bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional movement screen: inter-rater and subject reliability
Authors: Shultz R , Mooney K , Anderson S , Marcello B , Garza D , Matheson G O , Besier T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundA screening test evaluates a functional movement by assessing an athlete's functional limitations, weaknesses, or impairments that may increase the risk of injury for the athlete.ObjectiveTo assess the inter-rater reliability and subject variability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and to analyze the use of video scoring as opposed to live scoring.DesignA reliability study. Each athlete was tested and retested, 1 week apart by the same rater, who also scored the athlete's first session from a video recording. These video recordings were then scored by five other raters.SettingHuman Performance Lab using two standard video cameras (sagittal and frontal views) and SiliconCoach video capture software.Participants21 female (19.6±1.5 years, 64.4±5.1 kg, 1.7±0.1 m) and 19 male (19.7± 1.0 years, 80.1 ±9.9 kg, 1.9±0.1 m) Varsity athletes from swimming, soccer, volleyball, cross-country and gymnastics volunteered to participate, along with six raters.AssessmentThe FMS consists of seven tasks that focus on mobility and stability. Each task is rated out of 3, with pain being an automatic zero, for a total score out of 21. Raters (6) looked for malalignment and asymmetry.Main outcome measurementThe Krippendorff alpha (Kalpha) was used to assess the reliability of each of the three tests: inter-rater, test-retest, live versus video.ResultsThe Kalpha for the inter-rater, the test-retest, and the live/video was 0.3806, 0.6161, and 0.9096, respectively.ConclusionInter-rater reliability results show that clinicians should avoid comparison across multiple raters. It is possible that with more training this value may increase. Fortunately, if a single rater is used, clinicians can be confident that a change in the FMS score is due to a change in the athlete as the test-retest produced good reliability. This study also demonstrates that streamlining the FMS process with the use of video capture is appropriate.
Atrial fibrilation in a tetraplegic paralympic athlete
Authors: Silva P , Watt J , Soni B , Hlaing T , Pulya K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIndividuals with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) experience various types of cardiovascular dysregulation depending on the level of their cord lesion. The recognition and management of cardiovascular dysfunction following SCI represent challenging clinical issues. Moreover, cardiovascular disorders are among the most common causes of death in individuals with SCI.ObjectiveTo raise awareness that persons, athletes included, with SCI may develop cardiac arrhytmia without any obvious underlying cause or discernable symptoms.DesignCase report of atrial fibrilation (AF) in asymptomatic tetraplegic athlete diagnosed on routine pre-op ECG.SettingNorth West Regional Spinal Injuries Centre at Soutport UK and British Wheelchair Athletics Association.Case report37 year old, C6 complete (Abbreviated Injury Scale A) traumatic tetraplegic was diagnosed with AF during routine ECG for elective replacement of intrathecal baclofen pump. He is a full time athlete, medallist at Paralympic and World Games and held at one time the world record in his category (F51) in the Discus.There were no symptoms, no recent history of infection or alcohol excess and no past history suggestive of underlying cardiac pathology, as his previous ECG, echocardiography, thyroid function test and electrolytes were normal. After anticoagulation, cardioversion was successfully carried out after failure of treatment with amiodarone and flecainide for 4 months. Currently, 1 year after initial diagnosis, he is in sinus rhythm, not taking any medication and resumed normal physical activity and competitive sports. In his subjective opinion, he feels he can train harder than before cardioversion.ConclusionFirst, SCI may contribute to increase risk of developing arrhythmia (AF in this case), which will have negative effect on cardiac performance and if left untreated can increase the risk of cerebrovascular events that could further impair the patient's (athlete in this case) functional status and reduce his life expectancy. Second, we feel that more diligent preparticipation athletic screening and diagnosis is recommended in persons with SCI.
Medical facilities and encounters at the 2010 vancouver winter olympic games
Authors: Taunton J , Schamasch P , Wilkinson M , Renstrom P , Engebretsen L , Celebrini R , Stewart R , Sasyniuk T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundEpidemiological data and logistical details are crucial pieces of information for organisers of medical care at mass sporting events.ObjectiveTo outline the medical facilities at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games and to report the epidemiology of medical encounters.DesignProspective descriptive study.SettingNine competition venues, six non-competition venues and two Polyclinics (Vancouver and Whistler). Medical services were available at all venues. The Polyclinics housed an inter-disciplinary team of health-care professionals. Imaging modalities (including CT and MRI) were on-site at the Polyclinics.Participants2567 athletes, 82 National Olympic Committees, an estimated 4000 Officials, 25 000 Workforce/Volunteers, 10 000 Performers and 10 000 Media. Medical Services included 1560 volunteers and 19 full-time staff.AssessmentMedical encounters were entered into a Medical Encounter Database (ATOS Origin). Games-Time reporting period was February 4th to 28th, inclusive. Computers were located at each Venue.Main outcome measureMedical encounters.ResultsThere were 9038 medical encounters (8198 accredited; 840 spectator). The busiest venues were the Whistler Polyclinic (n=3124) and Vancouver Polyclinic (n=2930). Of the competition venues, the busiest were Whistler Sliding Centre (bobsleigh/luge/skeleton), Canada Hockey Place and Pacific Coliseum (figure skating and short track speed skating). Venues with the greatest number of spectator medical encounters were Canada Hockey Place (n=186), B.C. Place Stadium (Opening/Closing Ceremonies) (n=128) and UBC Sports Centre (hockey) (n=90). Sports with the highest and lowest athlete medical encounters were Alpine Skiing and Nordic Combined, respectively. The majority of encounters were musculoskeletal (MSK) (n=29%). There were 131 ground ambulance transfers and seven air ambulance extractions/transfers resulting in 14 hospital admissions and 43 outpatient visits.ConclusionThe majority of medical encounters were seen at the Polyclinics. Although most were MSK, there was a high demand for other disciplines such as Dental and Imaging. Multi-disciplinary Polyclinics equipped with primary and ancillary services are essential at future Games.
What is a sports injury?
Authors: Timpka T , Jacobsson J , Ekberg J , Nordenfeldt L 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundWhile athletes and coaches, government policy-makers, and sports managers need evidence for decision-making, unambiguous terms and definitions for reporting and analyzing sports injuries across settings are lacking.ObjectiveTo define unambiguous concepts for reporting sports injuries across settings.DesignMeta-analysis of sports injury-related concepts followed by development of an integrated conceptual framework and appraisal of current sports injury definition practices.SettingDefinitions used in the scientific literature on sports injury, injury concepts related to the ICD and ICF, and action-theoretical notions used describe disability.Main outcome measuresDefinition of reportable episodes employed in consensus statements about injury reporting in specific sports and in epidemiological studies of athletics injuries published in PubMed before October 2009.ResultsA three-context framework for cross-referencing of sports injury-related concepts was developed using the WHO notion of impairment as foundation, that is, loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. In each context, the concepts are differentiated with regard to the duration of the process leading to the loss or abnormality, reflecting the possibilities for prevention and clinical interventions. This three-context framework covered all definitions of sports injury in the evaluated studies (18/18). In comparison, no single study used a definition of sports injury that covered all contexts included in the three-context framework. The sports institution context (‘time loss from sports’) dominated the definitions of reportable events (13/18 studies). Data from the athlete self-evaluation context was only included in three of the 18 studies. None of the studies used clinical screening as the primary context for defining injury.ConclusionPresent practices for definition of sports injury have important limitations. A three-context framework representing the major stakeholder perspectives (the athlete, clinical medicine, and sports institutions) have been defined and situated with regard to international definitions of injury, disease, and function.
Quantitative analysis of patellar tracking for screening of lateral patellar instability in adolescent population
Authors: Tsuda E , Ishibashi Y , Yamamoto Y , Maeda S , Kimura Y , Sasaki S 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe incidence of lateral patellar dislocation becomes higher with increased participation in sports activities in adolescence. A screening test to diagnose asymptomatic lateral patellar instability could be useful for prevention of the sports-related patellar dislocation, however, has not been established.ObjectiveTo quantitatively analyze patellar tracking in the adolescent population using a video system.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingHealthy students participating sports activities in 2nd year junior high school.Participants38 female and 49 male students with no past traumatic history or complaints of the knees.Assessment of risk factorsThe subject was seated on a testing table with reflective markers placed on the medial and lateral femoral condyles (knee markers). To identify the medial and lateral edge of patella, the examiner pinched the patella with the thumb and index finger with reflective markers attached to the finger tips (patellar markers). The subject actively extended the knee from 90° to full extension, and the examiner followed the patella. A frontal view of knee joint was recorded with a digital video camera.Main outcome measurementsThe patella position was defined as patellar lateral index (PLI), which was a percentage of the distance from the medial knee marker to the midpoint of the medial and lateral patellar markers divide by the distance between the medial and lateral knee markers. The PLI at 0% and 80% of extension phase (approximately 90° and 20° of flexion) was determined.ResultsThe average PLI was 57.0 ± 2.8% and 55.7 ± 4.1% at 0% and 80% of extension phase, respectively. Four students showed patellar lateral shift with more than 5% increase in PLI according to the extension.ConclusionThe excessive increase in PLI at the knee extension might be a risk factor for the patellar dislocation. Follow-up study is required to determine the relationship between PLI and the clinical presence of patellar instability.
Compliance with an injury prevention program in dutch adult male amateur soccer
Authors: van Beijsterveldt A , Krist M , van de Port I , Backx F 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundCompliance with and attitudes towards injury prevention programs, like ‘The11’ (from FIFA), can influence the effectiveness of such programs.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to monitor the use of the ‘The11’ during practice sessions in one season and to determine opinions of coaches and players concerning this program.DesignThis study is part of a cluster-randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ‘The11’.SettingFirst class amateur teams from one district in the Netherlands participated in this study. They all had practice sessions 2–3 times a week.ParticipantsMale players aged 18–40 years were eligible for inclusion in the study. 10 teams, including 212 players, participated and were followed for one season (September 2009–June 2010).InterventionThe participating teams were instructed to perform ‘The11’, during each practice session throughout the season.Main outcome measurementsCompliance of all players was registered each session by the coaches. At the end of the season coaches as well as players were asked to fill in a questionnaire to assess their attitudes towards ‘The11’ and injury prevention in general.ResultsPreliminary results show that teams completed ‘The11’ in 81% of all practice sessions and players in 84% of the sessions they attended.All the coaches (n=12) stated that including injury prevention in the practice sessions is important. 53% of the players returned their questionnaire (n=110). Of them 54.8% was moderately to highly motivate to perform ‘The11’ during each practice session. On average a third of the players mentioned every exercise as ‘boring’. Coaches and players believed that ‘bench’, ‘sideways bench’ and ‘hamstrings’ are the most important three (from 10) exercises to prevent soccer injuries.ConclusionMore extensive results of this study are expected in February 2011. Also the correlations between compliance, attitudes and injuries can be presented in Monaco.
Epidemiology of illness during the super 14 rugby tournament – a prospective cohort study
Authors: Schwellnus M , Derman W , Lambert M , Redhead C , Page T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThere is some evidence suggesting that medical illness can account for a significant proportion of consultations by a team physician travelling with a group of elite athletes. The Super 14 Rugby tournament is conducted over a 3 months period and involves intercontinental travel.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of medical illness in rugby players participating in the 2010 Super 14 Rugby tournament.Setting2010 Super 14 Rugby tournament.ParticipantsA cohort of elite rugby players from eight Super 14 rugby teams (average squad size of 30 players) was recruited.AssessmentAll players completed a pre-competition questionnaire pertaining to personal details, training history, personal general medical history and medication. Players were then followed daily over the 3 month competition period (total of 20 836 player days). Team physicians completed a daily medical illness and treatment log using a newly developed illness coding system based on the ICD10 codes (100% compliance). Information included the daily squad size and illness details (system affected, final diagnosis, symptoms, treatment and training/match days lost).Main outcome measurementIncidence of illness (illness per 1000 player days).ResultsThe overall incidence of illness in the cohort was 21.4 per 1000 player days. The highest incidence (per 1000 player days) of illness by system was in the respiratory system (6.6), gastro-intestinal system (5.9) and the dermatological system (4.7). Respiratory tract illness accounted for 31% of all illness followed by the gastro-intestinal system (28%) and the dermatological system (22%).ConclusionMedical illness is common in elite rugby players participating in an international tournament over a 3-month period. Respiratory tract, gastro-intestinal tract and dermatological illness accounted for over 80% of these illnesses.
Kinematics of lumbar spine motion in rowing during a fatiguing protocol: a comparison of ergometer and boat rowing
Authors: Wilson F , Simms C , Gormley J , Gissane C 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe incidence of lumbar spine injury is high. Ergometer rowing and fatigue have been cited as risk factors for this injury.ObjectiveCompare the kinematics of the lumbar spine in rowers on an ergometer and a sculling boat during a fatiguing protocol.DesignLumbar spine kinematics were assessed in the sagittal plane using a twin axis electrogoniometer.SettingA laboratory and field based study of elite level rowing.Participants19 male rowers, mean age 24.2 (3.7) years, mean weight 82.5 (8.4) kg and height 1.88 (0.05) m.Assessment of risk factorsMaximum range of lumbar flexion was measured before each test. Sagittal plane lumbar spine angular kinematics were measured during an ergometer rowing trial which comprised of an incremental ‘step test’ on a Concept 2 ergometer. The trial was repeated in a sculling boat on the water.Main outcome measurementsPre-test maximum flexion and maximum lumbar flexion during each test were compared. Mean sagittal flexion in the lumbar spine during the first and last stage of the step test was compared. The findings of ergometer and boat rowing were compared.ResultsMaximum sagittal flexion was 113% (15.2) of pre-test range during ergometer rowing and 104.1% (10.2) during boat rowing. Lumbar flexion increased over the course of testing. Increase in lumbar flexion was significantly greater on the ergometer (mean change+4.4°(0.85)) compared with the boat (mean change+1.3°(1.1)), (mean difference 3.1, 95% CI 0.3 to 5.9, t=2.28, p=0.035).ConclusionRowers experience a very high level of lumbar spine flexion which increases over the course of a rowing trial. Ergometer rowing results in significantly greater increases in sagittal motion in the lumbar spine compared to boat rowing.
Determination of the prevalence of bronchial asthma (BA) and development of an effective protocol to detect BA in japanese elite athletes
Authors: Dohi M , Komatsu Y , Yamasawa F , Akama T , Watanabe K , Hasegawa A , Hirashima M , Fujita Y , Ota K , Kawahara T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe prevalence of bronchial asthma (BA) including exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and airway hyperresponsivenss (AHR) is increasing not only among normal population but also among athletes and prevention of these attacks are just as life saving and crucial for the athlete. The negative impact on athletic performance and the effect of inhaled corticosteroids and ƒÀ2-agonists are factors to providing prevention strategies in these athletes.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of BA (including silent BA) and develop an effective protocol to detect BA and provide preventive measures in elite athletes.MethodsAsthma questionnaires and spirometry were conducted for all regardless of their clinical history. Bronchodilator tests were administered to those who met our criteria of past history, suspicious symptoms, values of FEV1%, and concave shape of flow-volume curves. Bronchial provocation tests were held to detect EIB and AHR in some athletes with suspicious symptom. IOC-criteria were used to consider those tests to be positive. Diagnosis of BA was made by consideration of all factors.Participants347 male and 305 female Japanese elite athletes participating at the Beijing Olympic Games 2009 and the Vancouver Olympic Games 2010.Main outcome measurementsDetecting BA and silent BA is important to prevent BA attacks and begin early intervention strategies in elite athletes in view of their performance and doping violence.Results21 athletes met IOC criteria in bronchodilator test. The provocation test was positive for asthma in four cases. The prevalence of BA among Japanese elite athletes was 12.1%. Number of Asymptomatic athletes diagnosed as BA reached to 2.9%.ConclusionThe prevalence of BA among Japanese elite athletes is similar to prevalence of athletes reported and our protocol can sufficiently detect BA and silent BA as well.
Are kinetic chain rowing exercises relevant in shoulder and trunk injury prevention training?
Authors: De Mey K , Danneels L , Cagnie B , Cools A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundRecent guidelines emphasise the importance of functional kinetic chain exercises during injury prevention training. Knowledge of muscle activation levels during various unilateral rowing exercises is lacking.ObjectiveTo describe and compare the activation levels of scapulothoracic and lumbopelvic muscle parts during eight variations of the high rowing exercise.DesignDescriptive study. Exercise performance was standardised and individualised based on height, age and body weight.SettingControlled laboratory study at Ghent University (Belgium).Participants30 young healthy volunteers with a history of being active in sports and able to perform the exercises correctly.InterventionsActivation levels of the upper trapezius (UT) and lower trapezius (LT) muscles of the dominant shoulder, and multifidus (MF) and erector spinae (ES) muscles at both sides of the trunk were investigated. Exercises were performed in front of a pulley apparatus.Main outcome measurementsIndividual muscle activation levels captured by surface Electromyography.ResultsShoulder muscle activation was characterised by superior LT (>12.5% MVIC) over UT (<7.12% MVIC) muscle activation across exercises. Rowing in a static unipedal squat position revealed highest LT muscle activation (18.33% MVIC). Upright exercises (squatted or lunged) showed generally higher trunk muscle activation levels compared to a sitting or standing execution. Superior MF (>21% MVIC) over ES (<30.13% MVIC) muscle activation was found during all upright exercises, except during static bipedal squatting. Highest MF muscle activation was found heterolateral to arm movement during the dynamic single leg squat version of the exercise (33.26% MVIC; p<0.05).ConclusionHigh rowing exercises recruit posterior shoulder and trunk muscles relevant in injury prevention training. Unilateral rowing during a single leg squat position or movement seems most favourable for athletic injury prevention training purposes.
Spondylolysis decreases sports performance in sumo wrestlers – radiological changes of lumbar spine in high school and collegiate sumo wrestlers
Authors: Nakagawa Y , Mukai S , Hattori Y , Nakamura T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundSumo has long been a traditional sport in Japan, and recently is becoming a popular sport that is rapidly attracting enthusiasts abroad. With the aim of having the sport included in the Olympics, World Women Sumo Championships as well as World Sumo Championship have also been held since 1999. In October 2010, these Championships will be held in Poland.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the radiological changes in the lumbar spine in freshman collegiate and high school sumo wrestlers and the relationship between the radiological changes and the lumbar spine symptoms.DesignEpidemiology.SettingHigh school league and elite division.ParticipantsWe examined 78 freshman collegiate and 16 high school sumo wrestlers who belonged to the Japanese Sumo Federation. They were high level players.InterventionsThey underwent routine radiographic examination of their lumbar spine and questionnaire of their lumbar symptoms as a medical check.ResultsTheir mean height was 175.3 cm, weight was 113.8 kg, body mass index (BMI) was 37.0 kg/m2, and sumo career was 7.9 years in college. High school sumo wrestlers were significantly smaller than collegiate ones in weight, BMI and sumo career. 10 high school wrestlers (62.5%) and 43 collegiate ones (55.1%) had some lumbar symptoms. Seven high school wrestlers (43.8%) and 25 collegiate ones (32.1%) had deformities of lumbar spine. No significant difference existed during two groups in the above phenomena. However, the occurrence rate of spondylolysis in high school wrestlers (31.3%) was significantly larger than collegiate ones (11.5%). The correlation between spondylolysis and lumbar symptoms was significant. Therefore, it may be indicated that sumo wrestlers give up to continue this sport because of symptomatic spondylolysis.ConclusionEarly detection and treatment of spondylolysis is needed because it may decrease sports performance in sumo wrestlers.