bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental aspects of general symptoms in the 18th century
Authors: Forrai Judit 
Published: May 2009

A XVIII. században voltak olyan betegségek, amelyeknek szájüregi tüneteivel a fogászmesterek vagy vándorfogászok foglalkoztak. A gyakori gyermekhalál okaként a nehéz fogzást jelölték meg, gyógymódként az íny felvágását, valamint pióca alkalmazását ajánlották. Skorbutnak neveztek el minden, ínyben található gyulladást, akut és krónikus formáját egyaránt. Gyógymódként elég volt a fogkövek eltávolítása, amelyet sok korabeli fogászati hirdetésben olvashatunk. Feltételezték, hogy a szifilisz, amely évszázadokon keresztül folyamatosan jelen volt a mindennapi életben, szájüregi elváltozást is okozhat. A mai kutatások eredményeiből kiderült, ezek az elváltozások nem a szifilisz kísérő tünetei voltak, hanem a szifilisz gyógyítására használt higany mérgezésének következményei.
Tackling Health Inequities in Chile: Maternal, Newborn, Infant, and Child Mortality Between 1990 and 2004
Authors: Gonzalez Rogelio , Requejo Jennifer Harris , Nien Jyh Kae , Merialdi Mario , Bustreo Flavia , Betran Ana Pilar 
Published: May 2009

Objectives. We analyzed trends in maternal, newborn, and child mortality in Chile between 1990 and 2004, after the introduction of national interventions and reforms, and examined associations between trends and interventions. Methods. Data were provided by the Chilean Ministry of Health on all pregnancies between 1990 and 2004 (approximately 4 000 000). We calculated yearly maternal mortality ratios, stillbirth rates, and mortality rates for neonates, infants (aged > 28 days and < 1 year), and children aged 1 to 4 years. We also calculated these statistics by 5-year intervals for Chile's poorest to richest district quintiles. Results. During the study period, the maternal mortality ratio decreased from 42.1 to 18.5 per 100 000 live births. The mortality rate for neonates decreased from 9.0 to 5.7 per 1000 births, for infants from 7.8 to 3.1 per 1000 births, and for young children from 3.1 to 1.7 per 1000 live births. The stillbirth rate declined from 6.0 to 5.0 per 1000 births. Disparities in these mortality statistics between the poorest and richest district quintiles also decreased, with the largest mortality reductions in the poorest quintile. Conclusions. During a period of socioeconomic development and health sector reforms, Chile experienced significant mortality and inequity reductions.
Distal-type cervical spondylotic amyotrophy: incidence and outcome after central corpectomy
Authors: Srinivasa Rao Nooti Venkata , Rajshekhar Vedantam 
Published: May 2009

Object
Distal-type cervical spondylotic amyotrophy (CSA) is a rare form of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). The authors documented the incidence, clinical presentation, radiological features, and outcome following central corpectomy (CC) in patients with this entity.

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective institutional database search of patients who underwent decompressive surgery for CSM between 1992 and 2006 to identify patients with distal-type CSA. Distal-type CSA was defined as weakness and wasting of hands and forearms without gait impairment (Nurick Grades 0 and 1) nor any sensory symptoms or signs in the lower limbs.

Results
The authors identified 7 male patients (1.1%) with distal-type CSA from among 653 patients who underwent either cervical laminectomy (135 patients) or CC (518 patients). There were sensory symptoms or signs in the upper limbs in all but 1 of the patients. Increased signal intensity in the cord was demonstrated on T2-weighted MR images in all patients. The compression was mainly at the C-6 vertebral level. At a mean follow-up of 46.5 months (range 12–98 months), 6 patients had improved by a mean patient perceived outcome score of 66.7% (range 20–100%). Patients' modified Japanese Orthopedic Association scores improved from a preoperative mean (± SD) of 16.1 ± 0.7, to a follow-up mean of 17.4 ± 0.5 (p = 0.004, paired t-test). One patient whose condition worsened 7 months after CC received a diagnosis of a coexistent motor neuron disease.

Conclusions
Distal-type CSA is a rare form of CSM that should be differentiated from motor neuron disease on the basis of subtle sensory symptoms or signs in the upper limbs, and the presence of significant cord compression on the MR imaging. Patient outcome after central corpectomy is good and long lasting.
Validation of the radiosurgery-based arteriovenous malformation score in a large linear accelerator radiosurgery experience
Authors: Raffa Scott J. , Chi Yueh-Yun , Bova Frank J. , Friedman William A. 
Published: May 2009

Object
The radiosurgery-based arteriovenous malformation (AVM) score (RBAS) is a grading system designed to predict patient outcomes after Gamma Knife surgery for AVMs. This study seeks to validate independently the predictive nature of the RBAS, not only after single treatment but for retreatment, and to assess the overall outcome regardless of number of radiosurgeries.

Methods
The authors analyzed 403 patients treated with linear accelerator (LINAC) radiosurgery for AVMs between May 1988 and June 2008. The AVM scores were determined by the following equation: AVM score = (0.1 × volume in cm3) + (0.02 × age in years) + (0.3 × location). The location values are as follows: frontal/temporal = 0, parietal/occipital/corpus callosum/cerebellar = 1, and basal ganglia/thalamus/brainstem = 2.

Results
Testing demonstrated that the RBAS correlated with excellent outcomes after single or repeat radiosurgery (p < 0.001 for both variables). One hundred sixty-two (49%) of 330 patients had excellent outcomes (obliteration without deficit) after a single treatment. Excellent outcomes were achieved in 74, 64, 50, and 11% of patients with AVM scores of < 1.0 (Group 1), between 1.0 and < 1.8 (Group 2), between 1.8 and < 2.5 (Group 3), and ≥ 2.5 (Group 4), respectively. Fifty-one patients (70%) obtained radiosurgical cure and 46 (63%) achieved excellent outcomes after repeat radiosurgery. Of these, 100% achieved excellent outcomes in Group 1, 70% did so in Group 2, 47% in Group 3, and 14% in Group 4. The RBAS correlated with excellent outcomes after overall treatment (p < 0.001). Two hundred seventy-seven patients (69%) obtained AVM obliteration, and 62% achieved excellent outcomes. In Group 1, 87% achieved excellent outcomes, 75% did so in Group 2, 61% in Group 3, and 24% in Group 4.

Conclusions
The RBAS is a good predictor of patient outcomes after LINAC radiosurgery.
Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-blocking Agents in Hepatitis B Virus-positive Patients: Reports of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: ZINGARELLI STEFANIA , FRASSI MICOL , BAZZANI CHIARA , SCARSI MIRKO , PUOTI MASSIMO , AIRÒ PAOLO 
Published: May 2009

Objective.To evaluate the development of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-α-blocking agents (TNFBA), and to evaluate whether lamivudine (LAM) prophylaxis can reduce the risk of viral reactivation in inactive HBsAg carriers.Methods.Local experience and published reports were reviewed. Patients with HBV infection were classified as having chronic HBV hepatitis, or being inactive HBsAg carriers or occult carriers.Results.Three patients in our series and 24 patients in the literature were identified: 2 had active HBV-associated disease, 23 were inactive HBsAg carriers, and 2 occult carriers. When exposed to TNFBA, HBsAg-inactive carriers pretreated with LAM had lower risk of having detectable HBV-DNA (p = 0.02) or viral reactivation (p = 0.046) than those without LAM prophylaxis. In 3 patients who discontinued TNFBA, LAM prophylaxis was also discontinued 10–12 months thereafter without hepatitis flares. Two cases of reactivation in occult carriers (HBsAg-negative, anti-HBs+, anti-HBc+) were described in the literature.Conclusion.TNFBA should be avoided in patients with active HBV replication and should be used with caution in inactive HBsAg carriers. In these patients, the risk of viral reactivation seems to be high, but it might be reduced by prophylactic LAM, which should probably be given for a long time when TNFBA are discontinued (e.g., 12 mo). Potential occult carriers might carry a low, but not negligible, risk of viral reactivation. They should therefore be monitored with particular care.
Curricular Contribution to Media Education: a Work in Progress
Authors: Opertti Renato 
Published: May 2009

The autor addresses the analysis of media and information literacy from an education and curricular perspective emphasizing the development of competencies that students require in order to have an active participation in the current world. He analyses the processes of curriculum development that, made up by political and technical components, reflect the type of society we wish to construct. Likewise, he presents the concept of inclusive education as an educational vision that aims at guaranteeing the right of all children, young people and adults to receive an education accommodated to their expectations, needs and forms of learning, assuring participation and equality of opportunities. He introduces the concept of a «glolocal » curriculum, which is based on the development of competencies in the students to make possible a feedback between the global and local realities, trying to bring the schools closer to the situations of the daily life. The analysis concludes by strengthening that media and information literacy should be cross-cutting in the curricula which requires, among other things, a high-quality teacher education, fluid communication among teachers and solid and inclusive educational proposals within participatory processes leading to agreements.El análisis de la educación en medios desde una perspectiva educativa y curricular es el objeto de este trabajo que enfatiza el desarrollo de las competencias que requieren los alumnos para su participación activa en el mundo actual. Se analizan los procesos de desarrollo curricular que, integrados por componentes políticos y técnicos, reflejan el tipo de sociedad que aspiramos a construir. Asimismo, se presenta el concepto de educación inclusiva como una visión educativa que busca garantizar el derecho que tienen todos los niños, jóvenes y adultos a recibir una educación adaptada a sus expectativas, necesidades y formas de aprendizaje, asegurando la participación y la igualdad de oportunidades. Se introduce el concepto de un currículo «glo-local»; que se sustenta en el desarrollo de competencias en los estudiantes para posibilitar una retroalimentación entre las realidades globales y locales, vinculando las escuelas a las situaciones de la vida cotidiana. El trabajo concluye afirmando el carácter transversal que debiera tener una educación en medios en el currículo, lo cual requiere, entre otras cosas, de una formación docente de calidad, fluida comunicación entre los docentes y propuestas educativas sólidas e incluyentes sustentadas en procesos participativos de consenso.
Media Education Issues for Professionals and Citizens: Bridging the Divides in Countries of the South
Authors: Naji Jamal Eddine 
Published: May 2009

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are imposing a radical reform in journalism and media education. Without a strategic, participatory pedagogical vision, journalism and media literacy will not work to the advantage of the plan for a democratic and inclusive information society. By the same token, they will be unable to reduce the gap experienced world-wide between training and employment, nor will they have a positive impact on Government or media operators’ policies, nor on the practices of professionals and citizens, particularly in cyberspace. The media are a source of knowledge, a development tool, a citizenship matrix, a source for construction of the «social being» and peace. The ultimate issue is the advent of an inclusive information society, and particularly in the countries of the South, its solid emergence depends on an «emancipation journalism». This must be the objective of all media education.
Las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC) están imponiendo una reforma radical en el periodismo y la educación mediática pero sin una visión pedagógica participativa estratégica, el periodismo y la alfabetización mediática no trabajarán en beneficio del plan para una sociedad de la información democrática e incluyente. Por lo mismo, serán incapaces de reducir la brecha presente en todo el mundo entre capacitación y empleo; tampoco tendrán un impacto positivo en las políticas del gobierno y en los operadores de los medios, ni en las prácticas de profesionales y ciudadanos, particularmente en el ciberespacio. Los periodistas y los medios ocupan un lugar decisivo en la sociedad, están cara a cara con el estado, y demandan políticas públicas para introducir la educación en alfabetización mediática desde la escuela primaria. Los medios son una fuente de conocimiento, una herramienta de desarrollo, una matriz para la ciudadanía, un recurso para la construcción del ser social y de la paz. El objetivo final es la llegada de una sociedad de la información incluyente, y particularmente en los países del sur, su sólida ascensión de pende de una «emancipación periodística».
History, Policy, and Practices of Media Education in South Korea
Authors: Jeong Hyeon-Seon 
Published: May 2009

The authors begin by providing the historical and social background of Korean media education, which has its roots in civil participation activities in the 1980s. Then, they discuss the legal and governmental policies on media education, focusing on the Broadcasting Act and the diverse programs provided by governmental organizations, particularly those under the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. They also provide good examples of media education practices by groups of teachers, civil society associations and the media industry, in addition to introducing the recent changes in the newly reformed National Curriculum, which includes some elements of media literacy. They conclude by pointing out the need for a more consistent policy on media literacy and a forum to activate discussion on the topic.
Los autores parten de los antecedentes históricos y sociales de la educación en medios coreana, la cual tiene sus raíces en actividades de participación civil en los ochenta. Luego, discuten las políticas legales y gubernamentales en educación en medios, fijando su atención en el Acta de Difusión y los diversos programas elaborados por organizaciones gubernamentales, particularmente aquéllas bajo el Ministerio de Cultura. También brindan buenos ejemplos de prácticas de educación en medios por grupos de educadores, asociaciones de la sociedad civil y la industria mediática, además de presentar los últimos cambios en el recién reformado Plan de Estudios Nacional, el cual incluye algunos elementos de alfabetización mediática. Concluyen señalando la necesidad de una política más consistente en alfabetización mediática y un foro para activar la discusión sobre el tema.
Media Literacy in MENA: Moving Beyond the Vicious Cycle of Oxymora
Authors: Saleh Ibrahim 
Published: May 2009

At a time when the region of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is full of potential for capacitybuilding, social unrest, political agitation and poor civil liberties are still plaguing the population. The status of media education is low in MENA countries, preoccupied by many other vital issues, and yet the lack of it is detrimental to civic engagement… Current literacy practices in MENA countries have poor standards for critically assessing the media and research findings show a widening gap between the general public and the journalists, which further impairs media literacy. The analysis deals first with MENA countries and their «mal-media situation», using the metaphor of the cycle of oxymora to explain the various tensions and contradictions that characterize media literacy in the region. It then attempts to provide a political and media-related context to explain the current situation. It also uses research data to explore the challenges and opportunities to change the current dim picture in MENA, and concludes with several crucial implications for policy-making about media literacy in MENA.En un momento en que la región del Medio Oriente y el Norte de África (MONA) está llena de potencial para el desarrollo de aptitudes, la inestabilidad social, la agitación política y las limitadas libertades civiles aún generan malestar entre la población. El desarrollo de la educación mediática en los países de la región, preocupada por muchos otros temas vitales, es bajo, en detrimento de su compromiso cívico… Las prácticas de alfabetización actual en los países de MONA tienen normas insuficientes para valorar críticamente a los medios, y los resultados de las investigaciones muestran una gran brecha entre el público en general y los periodistas, quienes desvirtúan aún más la alfabetización mediática. Este análisis trata primero de los países de MONA y su «mala situación mediática», usando la figura retórica del oxímoron para explicar las diferentes tensiones y contradicciones que caracterizan a la alfabetización mediática en la región. Intenta proveer el contexto político y su relación con los medios para explicar la situación actual. Utiliza también datos de investigaciones para explorar los retos y oportunidades para cambiar la débil imagen actual de la alfabetización mediática en MONA, y concluye con varias implicaciones cruciales para el diseño de políticas de alfabetización mediática en la región.
When Media Education is State Policy
Authors: Morduchowicz Roxana 
Published: May 2009

One of the specific challenges faced by media education in Latin America is to narrow the divide and promote more equitable, fairer access to cultural and technological commodities among youth from the poorest families. Although the obstacles are more than a few and the challenges are by no means negligible, the first step toward facing them is to insert Media Education as a public policy, as State policy. Fortunately, we have always had teachers who have used the media and taught others to analyze, interpret and use them creatively. The idea, when Media Education becomes part of public policy, is to move beyond individual initiative and turn these private efforts into a State commitment. This is the only way to overcome the huge obstacles and materialize the major challenges posed by media education in the 21st century.
Uno de los desafíos específicos que tiene la educación para los medios en América Latina es disminuir las brechas y promover un acceso más equitativo y justo a los bienes culturales y tecnológicos entre los jóvenes que provienen de familias más pobres. Aun cuando los obstáculos no son pocos y los desafíos no son menores, el primer paso para lograrlos es insertar la educación para los medios como una política pública, una política de Estado. Docentes que han utilizado los medios de comunicación y que han enseñado a analizarlos, interpretarlos y utilizarlos crea tivamente, ha habido –afortunadamente– siempre. La idea cuando la educación para los me dios forma parte de una política pública– es superar los voluntarismos individuales y convertir estos esfuerzos particulares en un compromiso de Estado. Éste es el único camino que puede conducir a superar los enormes obstáculos y a concretar los grandes desafíos que propone una educación para los medios en el siglo XXI.
The Role of Broadcasting Regulation in Media Literacy
Authors: Salomon Eve 
Published: May 2009

The author presents a global perspective on the reasons why television is regulated, the mechanisms used for regulation, and what regulation covers, particularly its cultural purposes. The author concludes with suggestions about how this might change as nations move to wards a converged, digital future, including an increased role for the regulator in the promotion of media literacy. The UK’s regulator, OFCOM, is used as an example of how a regulatory authority can take a leading role in media and information literacy, adding to its existing missions of allocating and regulating spectrum, in preparation for the digital switchover. Regulation and self-regulation, to be truly effective, will need to rely on extensive media literacy.
La autora presenta una perspectiva global sobre las razones por las que la televisión está regulada, los mecanismos utilizados para la regulación, y qué es lo que abarca esa regulación, particularmente en sus propósitos culturales. La autora concluye con sugerencias acerca de cómo se podría tender en las naciones hacia un futuro digital convergente, incluyendo un papel más preponderante de los consejos reguladores en la promoción de la alfabetización mediática. OFCOM, el regulador del Reino Unido es un ejemplo de cómo una autoridad reguladora puede tener un papel destacado en la alfabetización mediática y la información, agregando éstas a sus actuales objetivos de adjudicación y regulación del espectro, en preparación de la convergencia digital. La regulación y auto-regulación, para ser efectivas, tendrán que apoyarse sobre una integral educación en medios.
Promoting Youth Civic Participation with Media Production: The Case of Youth Voice Editorial Board
Authors: Kotilainen Sirkku 
Published: May 2009

Public space, especially online, is now offered more than ever before. Still, the role of public media production in youth cultures has not been very much noticed in civic pedagogic settings. This contribution provides insights to the relations between youth, civic participation and media pu blicity in the context of youth work. It is based on three years follow up study of the «Youth Voice Editorial Board» in Finland, among youngsters aged 13-17 years. The results of the study show that youth citizenship can be strengthened with media literacy education which consists on three elements related with each other: youth civic participation including media production, media publicity and pedagogy understood as learning community.Hoy más que nunca se promueve el espacio público, especialmente on-line. A pesar de ello, el papel de la producción mediática pública en la cultura juvenil no ha sido muy relevante en el ámbito de lo educativo. Este texto facilita la comprensión de las relaciones entre la participación cívica y la difusión mediática de la juventud en el contexto de sus intervenciones e interacciones. Está basado en el seguimiento durante tres años de la «Voz de la Juventud», de Finlandia, dirigido a jóvenes de entre 13 y 17 años de edad. Los resultados del estudio muestran que el fomento de la ciudadanía en los jóvenes puede potenciarse con la educación en medios, resultado de tres elementos relacionados entre sí: la participación ciudadana de la juventud, incluyendo la producción mediática, la difusión mediática, y la pedagogía entendida como aprendizaje colaborativo.
The Internet as a framework for communication and social interaction
Authors: Moral-Toranzo Félix 
Published: May 2009

This article addresses social interaction on the Internet using an online questionnaire. The sociodemographic characteristics are analysed as well as the web users habits and relationships. The Internet is a social interactive place where personal relationships among users develop into important aspects of their lives. These relationships develop in different ways to relationships where people meet face to face. Also, motivation and the consequences of maintaining a personal relationships reflect, different results when comparing the web users gender and marital status.
En este trabajo se estudian las interacciones sociales en Internet, a partir de las respuestas de un cuestionario on-line. Se analizan las características sociodemográficas, los hábitos y las relaciones de estos usuarios en la Red. Internet se manifiesta como un espacio de interacción social, en el que las relaciones personales han tenido lugar en una gran mayoría de usuarios. Estas relaciones se muestran, en algunos aspectos, de forma diferente a las que tienen lugar cara a cara. Asimismo, las motivaciones y las consecuencias de mantener relaciones personales reflejan resultados diferentes con relación al sexo y al estado civil de los internautas.