bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurses’ Perceptions and Experiences at Daycare for Elderly With Stroke
Authors: Park Yeon‐Hwan , Han Hae‐Ra 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Purpose: While adult daycare (ADC) is considered a culturally acceptable model of long‐term care in countries with a tradition of family‐oriented caregiving, Korea is struggling as soaring needs for ADC outpace qualified staff and regulatory systems. This study aimed to describe Korean daycare nurses’ perceptions of key daycare services and their working experiences with stroke patients and their families. Design: A mixed‐method design was used. First, we conducted a cross‐sectional descriptive survey to assess Korean nurses’ perceptions about the importance of daycare services. Then focus group interviews were performed to explore the nurses’ experiences at ADC. Methods: Seventy of a total of 96 nurses at ADC that specialized in the care of stroke patients responded to the survey (response rate 72.9%) and rated the importance of 11 key daycare service items on a visual analogue scale (0–10). Using a purposive sampling design, 16 eligible nurses were interviewed as a group. The qualitative data from focus group interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis to classify common themes into larger categories. Findings: Survey data revealed that the nurses perceived “skilled nursing services,”“functional recovery,” and “general health counseling” as the most important daycare service areas. Focus group data resulted in five themes: “Providing the same, standard care,”“Lack of partnership with family caregivers,”“Conflict with other staff: ambiguity of the roles and tasks,”“Lack of proper education and training,” and “Need for quality control and monitoring.” Conclusions: Daycare nurses fully recognized the importance of direct nursing care services that are keys to adequate recovery and rehabilitation of older patients with stroke. However, they experienced substantial barriers to carrying out these services due to role confusion, insufficient number of qualified nursing staff, and lack of partnership with family caregivers. Clinical Relevance: The results provide insight into changing healthcare policy to support daycare nurses in a country with limited resources and regulations. Strategies such as better quality control and monitoring of daycare services, provision of continuing education, and prioritizing key services should be considered as a way to address challenges experienced by daycare nurses.
Occurrence of a New Microsporidan: Enterocytozoon bieneusi n. g., n. sp., in the Enterocytes of a Human Patient with AIDS1
Authors: Desportes I. , Charpentier Y. Le , Galian A. , Bernard F. , Cochand‐Priollet B. , Lavergne A. , Ravisse P. , Modigliani R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA new microsporidium is reported infesting the enterocytes of a Haitian patient with AIDS. The stages observed were diplokaryotic cells, sporogonial plasmodia, unikaryotic sporoblasts, and spores. Neither a sporophorous vesicle (pansporoblastic membrane) nor parasitophorous vacuole were differentiated around the developmental stages, which were in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm. The polar tube (5‐6 coils) was differentiated before fission of the sporogonial plasmodium. The mature spores measured 1.5 m̈m × 0.5 m̈. The spore wall was very thin as the endospore was absent or poorly differentiated. The organism is named Enterocytozoon bieneusi n. g., n. sp. and is assigned to the suborder Apansporoblastina.
Fine Structure of Hepatozoon mocassini (Apicomplexa, Eucoccidiorida) Gamonts and Modifications of the Infected Erythrocyte Plasmalemma1
Authors: Nadler Steven A. , Miller Joseph H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTransmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the fine structure of Hepatozoon mocassini gamonts and modifications of the infected erythrocyte plasmalemma. Intraerythrocytic gamonts were contained within a parasitophorous vacuole. An electron‐lucid space observed between the gamont pellicle and the membrane of the vacuole corresponded to the unstained space described in light microscopy studies. Gamonts possessed a conoid, polar ring, subpellicular microtubules, four pairs of rhoptries, micronemes, ovoid granules, mitochondria with tubular cristae, and a pellicle composed of three individual unit membranes. The conoid had an anterior diameter of 320 nm, a posterior diameter of 360 nm, and a length of 150 nm. In contrast to a report on Hepatozoon aegypti, no micropore or “canopy‐like structure” was observed. The plasmalemma of infected erythrocytes exhibited two types of modifications: gross membrane deformations and knobs with an electron‐dense central mass. These knobs are structurally distinct from previously described membrane excrescences.
Form and Function of the Dinoflagellate Transverse Flagellum1
Authors: Gaines Gregory , Taylor F. J. R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA reexamination of the dinoflagellate transverse flagellum in relation to swimming in more than 50 species, using a television recording system, has revealed the following new facts: the flagellar beat always proceeds counterclockwise when seen from the cell apex; the cell always rotates in the direction of the flagellar beat, and fluid is propelled in the opposite direction. These observations can be explained by the actions of flagellar mastigonemes not included in previous models. The shape of the flagellar wave is not isotropic. New explanations are offered for other morphological features of the cell as they relate to swimming.
Phagocytized Intracellular Microsporidian Blocks Phagosome Acidification and Phagosome‐Lysosome Fusion
Authors: Weidner Earl , Sibley L. David 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examines the relationship between phagosome acidification and phagosome‐lysosome fusion events using phagocytized Glugea hertwigi spores. The incidence of lysosome fusion with Glugea spores in phagosomes of mouse peritoneal macrophages and of Tetrahymena was monitored using colloidal gold and acridine orange as labels for secondary lysosomes. Over 80% of the Glugea phagosomes remained segregated from the labeled compartments in macrophages after 60 min; this inhibition of fusion was still evident after 4 h. In Tetrahymena, Glugea spores also showed a high capacity to block fusion with secondary lysosomes (67%); however, spores coated with cationized ferritin showed an 80% fusion rate with labeled acidic compartments (i.e. lysosomes) after 60 min with both Tetrahymena and macrophages. The pH of phagosome compartments was monitored by measuring the emissions of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITQ‐labeled Glugea ingested by Tetrahymena. Tetrahymena phagosomes with FITC‐Glugea did not acidify within the first hour after phagocytosis; however, phagosomes with cationized ferritin‐labeled Glugea underwent acidification during this time period. This acidification took place although the capability of the host cells' lysosomes to fuse was blocked by pretreatment with poly‐D‐glutamic acid. The cationized ferritin bound to Glugea spores was uncoupled from the spore wall prior to fusion with colloidal gold‐labeled compartments. In vitro testing showed that ferritin dissociation requires an acid pH, indicating that phagosomes acidify prior to lysosome fusion.
Interactions of Plasmodium berghei‐Infected Erythrocytes with Complement1
Authors: Schetters Theo P. M. , Lent Peter Van , Zon Adriaan A. J. C. Van , Eling Wijnand M. C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIncubation of radioactively labeled parasitized (Plasmodium berghei) erythrocytes (PE) with adherent peritoneal exudate cells in the presence of 10% (v/v) fresh mouse serum (NMS) resulted in the uptake of a proportion of radioactive material (PE). Inactivation of the added serum by heat or zymosan treatment resulted in diminished uptake of radioactivity. These results suggest that PE activated complement. Incubation of fresh NMS with PE reduced the hemolytic complement level of the serum as shown by its subsequent decreased ability to lyse antibody‐coated rabbit red blood cells. No such effect was found when uninfected erythrocytes from either infected or uninfected blood were preincubated with fresh NMS. Thus, PE or PE‐derived material activated complement. Addition of EGTA during incubation of fresh NMS with PE did not inhibit the decrease in complement level. This indicated that complement was activated by the alternative pathway. Complement levels decreased even when fresh NMS and PE were incubated in the presence of EDTA (which inhibits both classical and alternative pathway activation), suggesting that a complement activating factor (or a complement inhibitor) was released from the PE. However, lysis of PE after incubation with either fresh rabbit or guinea pig serum did not occur unless anti‐mouse erythrocyte antibody was added. The production of a complement‐activating factor by PE might explain part of the decreasing complement levels during infection and might enable the parasite to escape from a complement‐mediated defense mechanism of the host.
Oxidative Metabolism Associated with Phagocytosis in Acanthamoeba castellanii1
Authors: Brooks Steven E. , Schneider Donald L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWhen amebae were incubated with latex beads, cyanide‐insensitive oxygen consumption increased nearly two‐fold. This cyanide‐insensitive respiration was inhibited by salicylhydroxamate. Furthermore, cell fractionation studies revealed a localization for a portion of the NAD(P)H oxidase activity in phagolysosomes. The presence of low concentrations of divalent metal during fractionation resulted in an increased yield of oxidative activity in the phagolysosome fraction. In addition, the phagolysosome membrane was enriched about two‐fold in a b‐type cytochrome. These results show that oxidative metabolism in amebae has some striking similarities to the respiratory burst oxidase of neutrophils.
Incorporation and Toxicity of 32P‐Orthophosphate and Occurrence of Poly phosphate in Entamoeba Trophozoites1
Authors: López‐Revilla Rubén , Gómez‐Domínguez Rodolfo 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWe explored the requirements of inorganic phosphate (Pi), the incorporation of 32P‐orthophosphate (32Pi), and the occurrence of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) in axenic Entamoeba cultures. Maximal population densities and growth rates of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites were attained in complete TP‐S‐1 medium. As 32Pi concentration was increased in the medium, its own incorporation and the culture growth rate were progressively inhibited, especially in Pi‐deficient medium. PolyP grains were found in the cytoplasm and occasionally in the nuclear membrane of E. histolytica, E. histolytica‐like, E. invadens, and E. moshkovskii trophozoites.
A Comparison of Spore Polypeptides in Microsporidia from a Grasshopper Control Program1
Authors: Streett D. A. , Henry J. E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSpore polypeptide profiles of Nosema locustae and an unidentified microsporidium infecting Aulocara elliotti and Psoloessa delicatula are compared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Unique spore polypeptide profiles are not detected for the unknown microsporidium from A. elliotti and P. delicatula whereas these profiles are distinctly different from N. locustae spore polypeptide profiles. These results indicate that the microsporidium is not a polymorphic form of N. locustae but a separate species.
Evidence Supporting the Existence of a Host Cell Surface Receptor for Trypanosoma cruzi1
Authors: KIERSZENBAUM FELIPE , STILES BRAD 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMembrane fragments from trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi inhibited the association of intact trypomas‐ tigotes with rat heart myoblasts whereas a similar preparation from non‐invasive epimastigotes did not. Furthermore, killed trypo‐ mastigotes bound to the host cell surface and prevented the attachment of living organisms. Conversely, the extent of association of killed parasites with the host cells was reduced by the presence of living flagellates. These results suggest the presence of a distinct structure(s) on the surface of rat heart myoblasts to which infective forms of T. cruzi can bind.
A Fifteen‐Year Perspective on the In Vitro Culture of Pneumocystis carinii
Authors: PIFER LINDA L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe in vitro cultivation of Pneumocystis carinii in chick lung cell culture made it possible to observe the organism proceeding through its life cycle It provided the foundation for extensive scrocpidcmiologic studies, for in vitro drug screening, and for essential biological, metabolic, and morphologic research, in vitro culture made possible the discovery of P. carinii antigencmia, its biochemical nature, and its relevance to subclinical and clinical infection. Its utility in the presumptive diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia and in monitoring responses to drug therapy illustrate the value and clinical application of basic research.
Propagation and Purification of Rat Pneumocystis carinii in Short‐Term Cell
Authors: ARMSTRONG MARTINE V.K. , RICHARDS FRANK F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA short‐term cell culture is used to propagate and purify rat‐derived Pneumocystis carinii (Pc). An aliquot of pelleted material washed out of the lungs of rats with moderate to severe Pc pneumonia is cultured for 7 to 10 days on the adherent mink lung cell line Mv 1 Lu, and the rest of the material is frozen down in medium with 10% glycerol. Although it has not been established that substantial multiplication of Pc occurs in culture, the Pc organisms harvested from the supernatant at the end of the culture period arc relatively free of both host and feeder cells. This is in marked contrast with the lung wash inoculum in which the Pc organisms arc heavily contaminated with rat cells and enmeshed in a highly sticky material. Lung wash preparations frozen down in glycerol and stored at −70.°C for as long as 6 months or more can be successfully cultured upon thawing with no apparent loss of viability of the Pc organisms.
Binary Fission of Pneumocystis carinii Trophozoites Grown in Vitro
Authors: RICHARDSON J.D. , QUEENER S.F. , BARTLETT M. , SMITH J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTrophozoites grown in vitro were shown to undergo binary fission by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Standard fixation with subsequent embedding in Spurr was employed using 3% gluuraldehydc and 1% osmium tetroxide with 5% sucrose added to bom fixatives and 0.1 M cacodylate buffer washes. Trophozoites were grown on WI‐38 cells in vitro. Trophozoites were found in various stages of fission. The dividing trophozoite has daughter cells that arc rounder than the pleomorphic, non‐dividing trophozoites. Tubular forms external to the dividing trophozoites were decreased in number; tubular forms when present were concentrated around the forming septa. Nuclear material was sometimes, but not always, well defined in both daughter cells. There was no concentration of nuclear material at the poles. Vacuoles without membrane were present in the dividing forms. Separate nuclear regions were sometimes found in the dividing trophozoites. These observations suggest that binary fission does occur in culture; however, the significance of binary fission to the life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) is not yet clear.
Codon Usage in Tetrahymena and Other Ciliates
Authors: MARTINDALE DUANE W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCodon usage in ciliates was examined by analyzing the coding regions of 22 ciliate genes corresponding to a total of 26, 142 nucleotides (8, 714 codons). It was found that Tetrahymena, Paramecium and the hypotrichs (Oxytricha and Stylonychia) differed in which synonymous codons were used most frequently by their genes. In fact, the codon choices in highly expressed Tetrahymena genes were more similar to those of yeast genes than those of Paramecium genes. The ciliates do not appear to have unusually strong biases in codon usage frequency when compared to other protists such as yeast. The analysis of the Tetrahymena genes indicated that genes which are highly expressed during normal cell growth have a stronger bias towards using the “preferred” codons than those expressed at lower levels during growth or for brief periods during processes such as conjugation. This conforms to what is found in other protists.
Pneumocystis Antigen Appearance during Immunosuppression
Authors: TVEY M.H. , DOWNS T.A. , HART M.C. , GRAVES D.C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe sequential appearance of Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) antigens during the progression of immunosuppression in rats was studied using the immunobloiting technique and specific immunologic probes. Putative Pc soluble antigens, with molecular weights of approximately 70 and 90 kd. were delected as early as 2 wk after initiation of immunosuppression in rats using a pool of monoclonal antibodies produced to I c isolated from lungs using enzymatic digestion. Monoclonal antibodies produced to Pc isolated by massaging the lung tissue using a Stomacher apparatus and infection‐derived sera did not detect soluble antigens until at least the 6th wk of immunosuppression. Analysis of Pc pellets obtained from Stomacher‐ and lavage‐processcd lungs revealed that the lower molecular weight antigens (≤ 40, 45 and possibly 55–60 kd) were recognized early during the immunosuppression process.
Lectins as Probes to Pneumocystis carinii Surface Glycocomplexes
Authors: DE STEFAN'O J. A. , CUSHION M. T. , TRINKLE L. S. , WALZER P. D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe binding characteristics of a panel of commercially available FITC‐conjugated lectins to Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) were assessed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Rat Pc obtained from infecteding homogenates were incubated with FTTC‐conjugated lectins in a series of concentrations, counlerstained with propidium iodide, and analyzed for percent fluorescence and fluorescence intensity. All organisms bound concanavalin A and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, 2 representatives of the glucose/mannose‐binding group. From the lectin group specific for N‐acctylglucosamine, Pc reacted more strongly with wheat germ agglutinin than with Solanum tuberosum agglutinin or Griffonia simpiicifolia II lectin. Pneumocystis treated with lectins specific for N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine and galactose exhibited much variation; the cells reacted moderately well to soybean agglutinin and less to Bauhinia purpurea, Madura pomifera and Dolichos biflorus agglutinins and Giffonia simpiicifolia Hectin. Arachis hypogaea agglutinin, Viscum album agglutinin and Griffon'ui simpiicifolia I—β Section had not effect. The organisms reacted weakly with Ulex europeus I agglutinin which is specific for fucose and did not react with Limax ftavus lectin, which is specific for sialic acid. Competitive inhibition studies using relevant carbohydrates were performed to indicate that the positive reactions were specific. These studies should help to elucidate the mechanisms of attachment and pathogenesis of this organism.
Treatment of Experimental Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia with Analogs of Pentamidine
Authors: TIDWELL R.R. , KILGORE S. G. , OKEMENG K.A. , GERATZ J.D. , HALL JAMES EDWIN 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSeven analogs of pentamidine were tested for their activity against an immunosuppressed rat model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Structural alterations of the pentamidine molecule included variations of the alkyl chain linking the two p‐amidino phenoxy moieties and relocation of the amidine groups from the para to the meu position on the phenoxy rings. All analogs of pentamidine were active against P. carinii pneumonia when compared to a saline‐treated control group. One derivative, 1, 4‐di(4′‐amidinophenoxy)butanc, proved to be statistically more active than the parent drug.
Ultrastructure of In Vivo‐Produced Caryocysts Containing the Coccidian Caryospora bigenetica (Apicomplexa: Eimerüdae)
Authors: SUNDERMANN CHRISTINE A. , LINDSAY DAVID S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA cotton rat was inoculated orally with oocysts of Caryospora bigenetica from the feces of a rattlesnake. Sixteen days later the rat was euthanized, and portions of the scrotum, foot pad and muzzle were processed for histological sections and transmission electron microscopy. Sporozoites within caryocysts had typical coccidian features such as an anterior and posterior refractile body, centrally located nucleus, micronemes, rhoptries, a conoid, a micropore near the anterior refractile body, a posterior pore, amylopectin granules, lipid bodies, a Golgi‐like body, a mitochondrion and subpellicular microtubules. The infected host cell was spherical and surrounded by a fibrous wall‐like covering, 0.35–1.00 μm thick. This outer covering, when viewed in stained histological sections, was periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive.
Generic Statements Require Little Evidence for Acceptance but Have Powerful Implications
Authors: Cimpian Andrei , Brandone Amanda C. , Gelman Susan A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGeneric statements (e.g., “Birds lay eggs”) express generalizations about categories. In this paper, we hypothesized that there is a paradoxical asymmetry at the core of generic meaning, such that these sentences have extremely strong implications but require little evidence to be judged true. Four experiments confirmed the hypothesized asymmetry: Participants interpreted novel generics such as “Lorches have purple feathers” as referring to nearly all lorches, but they judged the same novel generics to be true given a wide range of prevalence levels (e.g., even when only 10% or 30% of lorches had purple feathers). A second hypothesis, also confirmed by the results, was that novel generic sentences about dangerous or distinctive properties would be more acceptable than generic sentences that were similar but did not have these connotations. In addition to clarifying important aspects of generics’ meaning, these findings are applicable to a range of real‐world processes such as stereotyping and political discourse.
Early identification of non‐remission in first‐episode psychosis in a two‐year outcome study
Authors: Simonsen E. , Friis S. , Opjordsmoen S. , Mortensen E. L. , Haahr U. , Melle I. , Joa I. , Johannessen J. O. , Larsen T. K. , Røssberg J. I. , Rund B. R. , Vaglum P. , McGlashan T. H. 
Published: August 2010

Simonsen E, Friis S, Opjordsmoen S, Mortensen EL, Haahr U, Melle I, Joa I, Johannessen JO, Larsen TK, Røssberg JI, Rund BR, Vaglum P, McGlashan TH. Early identification of non‐remission in first‐episode psychosis in a two‐year outcome study.Objective:  To identify predictors of non‐remission in first‐episode, non‐affective psychosis.Method:  During 4 years, we recruited 301 patients consecutively. Information about first remission at 3 months was available for 299 and at 2 years for 293 cases. Symptomatic and social outcomes were assessed at 3 months, 1 and 2 years.Results:  One hundred and twenty‐nine patients (43%) remained psychotic at 3 months and 48 patients (16.4%) remained psychotic over 2 years. When we compared premorbid and baseline data for the three groups, the non‐remitted (n = 48), remitted for <6 months (n = 38) and for more than 6 months (n = 207), duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) was the only variable that significantly differentiated the groups (median DUP: 25.5, 14.4 and 6.0 weeks, respectively). Three months univariate predictors of non‐remission were being single, longer DUP, core schizophrenia, and less excitative and more negative symptoms at baseline. Two‐year predictors were younger age, being single and male, deteriorating premorbid social functioning, longer DUP and core schizophrenia. In multivariate analyses DUP, negative and excitative symptoms predicted non‐remission at 3 months, but only DUP predicted at 2 years.Conclusion:  Long DUP predicted both 3 month and 2‐year non‐remission rates in first‐episode psychosis.