bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleophilic substitution sulfonation in emulsions: Formation of sodium benzyl sulfonate
Authors: Husein Maen M. , Weber Martin E. , Vera Juan H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBenzyl bromide was sulfonated at 298 K in emulsions formed with dioctyldimethylammonium bromide, or chloride. If mixing was sufficient, the emulsion was maintained throughout the reaction period. Lower conversions were obtained whenever benzyl bromide phase separated from the mixture. Chloride as surfactant counterion gave higher reaction rate, but decreased the conversion to C7H7SO3−Na+due to formation of benzyl chloride. The conversion to C7H7SO3−Na+ displayed a broad maximum as R2(Me)2−N+Br concentration increased. Except at low concentration, the reaction rate increased with the concentration of Na2SO3 in accord with the SN2 mechanism. The reaction rate increased with the reactant concentrations until interface saturation was achieved, suggesting that product formation did not interfere with the access of the reactants to the interface.
A CFD assessment of film coating process viscosity models
Authors: Alonso Sergio , Bertrand Franqois , Tanguy Philippe A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractComputer fluid dynamic simulations of the metering nip flow were used to assess the process viscosity of the coating colours. The numerical solution was based on a Calerkin/finite element technique that included the deformation of the roll cover to better represent the flow elastohydrodynamics. The Navier‐Stokes prediction was compared with experimental measurements of torque and pressure in the metering nip. From the comparisons, the process viscosity determined in a region of shear‐dominated flow is the one, among the three models analyzed, that can better describe the hydrodynamics of the metering nip flow. To improve further the fluid flow numerical description, this process viscosity was combined with an adapted transient Cross model. This new semianalytical rheological model decreased the differences between the numerical and experimental results. The findings also suggested that the model requires further enhancements, topic that will be addressed in future work.
Structure and Function of Benzoylurea‐Derived α‐Helix Mimetics Targeting the Bcl‐xL/Bak Binding Interface
Authors: Rodriguez Johanna M. , Ross Nathan T. , Katt William P. , Dhar Deepali , Lee Gui‐in , Hamilton Andrew D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTargeting Bcl‐xL/Bak: A family of rationally designed α‐helix mimetics with improved solubility and synthetic feasibility based on a benzoylurea scaffold is presented. These benzoylurea derivatives favor a linear conformation stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond, and are able to mimic the spatial projection of the i, i+4, and i+7 residues of an α‐helix. Binding affinities of the benzoylurea derivatives to Bcl‐xL have been assessed using fluorescence polarization competition assays and isothermal titration calorimetry.magnified imageThe Bcl‐xL/Bak protein–protein interaction has emerged as an important target for cancer therapy due to its role in apoptosis. Inhibition of this interaction by small‐molecule antagonists induces apoptosis in unhealthy cells. Bak, a pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 protein, projects four hydrophobic side chains (V74, L78, I81, and I85), corresponding to the i, i+4, i+7, and i+11 positions of an α‐helix, into a hydrophobic cleft on Bcl‐xL. Herein, we present a novel family of rationally designed α‐helix mimetics with improved solubility and synthetic feasibility based on a benzoylurea scaffold. These benzoylurea derivatives favor a linear conformation stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond, and are able to mimic the spatial projection of the i, i+4, and i+7 residues of an α‐helix. The binding of the benzoylurea derivatives to Bcl‐xL was assessed using fluorescence polarization competition assays, isothermal titration calorimetry, and 15N‐HSQC experiments. These experiments showed that these agents bind to and disrupt Bcl‐xL with low micromolar inhibition and dissociation constants, with 15N‐HSQC experiments confirming binding to the hydrophobic pocket of Bcl‐xL normally occupied by the Bak helix.
Ru‐Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Bearing pH‐Responsive N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands: Activity Control via Degree of Protonation
Authors: Balof Shawna L. , Yu Bing , Lowe Andrew B. , Ling Yan , Zhang Yong , Schanz Hans‐Jörg 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOlefin metathesis catalysts (H2ITap)(PCy3)Cl2Ru=CHPh (4) and (H2ITap)Cl2Ru=CH‐(C6H4‐O‐iPr) (5) [H2ITap = 1,3‐bis(2′,6′‐dimethyl‐4′‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene] were used for the ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of exo‐7‐oxanorbornene derivative 7 in the presence of various amounts of acid. Upon gradual protonation of the NMe2 groups of the H2Tap ligand, the metathesis activity of both catalysts were gradually reduced due to electronic changes of the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand donor capability. The investigation of the ROMP polymer 8, DFT calculations and measurements of the initiation kinetics prove that the reduced activity is solely due to reduced rates of propagation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Clonazepam as a therapeutic adjunct to improve the management of depression: a brief review
Authors: Morishita Shigeru 
Published: March 2009

AbstractClonazepam, first used for seizure disorders, is now increasingly used to treat affective disorders. We summarize the use of clonazepam to improve the management of depression. Clonazepam is useful for treatment‐resistant and/or protracted depression, as well as for acceleration of response to conventional antidepressants. Clonazepam is at this time recommended for use in combination with SSRIs (fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline) as an antidepressant, and should be used at a dosage of 2.5–6.0 mg/day. If clonazepam is effective, a response should be observed within 2–4 weeks. It is significantly more effective for unipolar than for bipolar depression. Low‐dose, long‐term treatment with clonazepam exhibits a prophylactic effect against recurrence of depression. Although the mechanism of action of clonazepam has not yet been established, some investigators have been suggested that it involves enhancement of anti‐anxiety effects, anticonvulsant effects on subclinical epilepsy, increase in 5‐HT/monoamine synthesis or decrease in 5‐HT receptor sensitivity mediated through the GABA system, and regulate in GABA activity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection of highly osteogenic and chondrogenic cells from bone marrow stromal cells in biocompatible polymer‐coated plates
Authors: Liu G. , Iwata K. , Ogasawara T. , Watanabe J. , Fukazawa K. , Ishihara K. , Asawa Y. , Fujihara Y. , Chung U.‐L. , Moro T. , Takatori Y. , Takato T. , Nakamura K. , Kawaguchi H. , Hoshi K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo enrich the subpopulation that preserves self‐renewal and multipotentiality from conventionally prepared bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs), we attempted to use 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer‐coated plates that selected the MSCs with strong adhesion ability and evaluated the proliferation ability or osteogenic/chondrogenic potential of the MPC polymer‐selected MSCs. The number of MSCs that were attached to the MPC polymer‐coated plates decreased with an increase in the density of MPC unit (0–10%), whereas no significant difference in the proliferation ability was seen among these cells. The surface epitopes of CD29, CD44, CD105, and CD166, and not CD34 or CD45, were detectable in the cells of all MPC polymer‐coated plates, implying that they belong to the MSC category. In the osteogenic and chondrogenic induction, the MSCs selected by the 2–5% MPC unit composition showed higher expression levels of osteoblastic and chondrocytic markers (COL1A1/ALP, or COL2A1/COL10A1/Sox9) at passage 2, compared with those of 0–1% or even 10% MPC unit composition, while the enhanced effects continued by passage 5. The selection based on the adequate cell adhesiveness by the MPC polymer‐coated plates could improve the osteogenic and chondrogenic potential of MSCs, which would provide cell sources that can be used to treat the more severe and various bone/cartilage diseases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Inactivation of uPA and its receptor uPAR by 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) leads to the inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth and migration
Authors: Ahmad Aamir , Kong Dejuan , Sarkar Sanila H. , Wang Zhiwei , Banerjee Sanjeev , Sarkar Fazlul H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract3,3′‐Diindolylmethane (DIM) has been studied for its putative anti‐cancer properties, especially against prostate cancer; however, its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. We recently provided preliminary data suggesting down‐regulation of uPA during B‐DIM (a clinically active DIM)‐induced inhibition of invasion and angiogenesis in prostate cancer cells. Since the expression and activation of uPA plays important role in tumorigenicity, and high endogenous levels of uPA and uPAR are found in advanced metastatic cancers, we investigated their role in B‐DIM‐mediated inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth and motility. Using PC3 cells, we found that B‐DIM treatment as well as the silencing of uPA and uPAR by siRNAs led to the inhibition of cell growth and motility. Conversely, over‐expression of uPA/uPAR in LNCaP and C4‐2B cells resulted in increased cell growth and motility, which was effectively inhibited by B‐DIM. Moreover, we found that uPA as well as uPAR induced the production of VEGF and MMP‐9, and that the down‐regulation of uPA/uPAR by siRNAs or B‐DIM treatment resulted in the inhibition of VEGF and MMP‐9 secretion which could be responsible for the observed inhibition of cell migration. Interestingly, silencing of uPA/uPAR led to decreased sensitivity to B‐DIM indicating important role of uPA/uPAR in B‐DIM‐mediated regulation of prostate cancer cell growth and migration. Our data suggest that chemopreventive and/or therapeutic activity of B‐DIM is in part due to down‐regulation of uPA–uPAR leading to reduced production of VEGF/MMP‐9 which ultimately leads to the inhibition of cell growth and migration of aggressive prostate cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 516–527, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social outsourcing as a development tool: The impact of outsourcing IT services to women's social enterprises in Kerala
Authors: Heeks Richard , Arun Shoba 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSocial outsourcing means the contracting out of goods or services to social enterprises. When used by government, it can be seen as a hybrid of the workfare outsourcing found in wage employment schemes, and the commercial outsourcing of government activities to the private sector. This paper focuses on a social outsourcing initiative operated by the government of Kerala State, India. Part of this outsources information technology (IT) services to dozens of cooperatives of women from below‐poverty‐line families. Interview and case study research was undertaken to assess the impacts of this initiative on five areas of livelihood assets—financial, human, physical, social and political capital. This scheme has Keralan specificities and research shows that social outsourcing may introduce vulnerabilities and questions of sustainability. Overall, though, this paper suggests that social outsourcing has the potential to deliver developmental benefits to marginalised groups. It is therefore worthy of greater attention from international development agencies and governments in developing countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myelin under stress
Authors: D'Antonio Maurizio , Feltri M. Laura , Wrabetz Lawrence 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe capacity to fold proteins properly is fundamental for cell survival. Secreted and transmembrane proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle that has the ability to discriminate between native and nonnative proteins, in a process called protein quality control. When folding is not properly achieved, misfolded proteins can accumulate. The terminally misfolded proteins are typically retrotranslocated into the cytoplasm for degradation by the proteasome, in a process known as endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation. However, if the degradation is insufficient, accumulation of abnormal proteins in the ER activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a complex set of new signals aimed to reduce further the load of abnormal protein in the ER. Massive synthesis of myelin lipids and proteins is necessary to support myelinogenesis. Not surprisingly, therefore, ER stress (including the UPR), the proteasome, and autophagy (lysosomes) have been implicated in myelin disorders, such as Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease and vanishing white matter disease in the central nervous system and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth neuropathies in the peripheral nervous system. Here we discuss recent evidence supporting an important role for ER stress in myelin disorders. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wind speed measurements and forest damage in Canton Zurich (Central Europe) from 1891 to winter 2007
Authors: Usbeck Tilo , Wohlgemuth Thomas , Pfister Christian , Volz Richard , Beniston Martin , Dobbertin Matthias 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe most severe damage to forests in central Europe occurs during winter storms that are caused by Northern Hemispheric mid‐latitude cyclones. These winter storms have caused several catastrophic windthrows during the past four decades. Amounts of forest storm damage are believed to be a function of both the size of the forest and the storm intensity. To test this hypothesis, the Zurich region (city and canton) was chosen because long‐term climate observation data is available for the region. The relationships between forest attributes, wind speed and forest damage were explored by comparing data on forests and wind speed from 107 winters with forest damage. Storm damage was defined as the proportion of damaged forests with respect to the growing stock. The variables: daily wind run (91 years), daily maximum hourly average wind speed (107 years) and peak gust wind speed (74 years) were homogenized with respect to high wind speed and related to levels of forest damage.High maximum wind speed at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century was followed by low maximum wind speed in the 1940s, 1960s and 1970s. Since then, maximum values have increased. Gusts (extremes of the maximum wind speed) increased from the beginning of the recordings in 1933 and peaked in the early 1990s.Forest damage due to winter storms is best correlated with peak wind speed. Gusts exceeding 40 m/s and resulting in catastrophic windthrow have increased in recent winters. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Temperature and rainfall variation over Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, (1970–2006)
Authors: Rehman Shafiqur 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe paper presents an analysis of daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature and daily total rainfall records from a meteorological data collection station in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia over a period of 37 years spanning from 1970 to 2006. The temperature data analysis indicated a warming trend of the local air and the total annual rainfall values showed almost a constant trend during the reporting period. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Soft tissue complications after small incision pediatric cochlear implantation
Authors: Davids Taryn , Ramsden James D. , Gordon Karen A. , James Adrian L. , Papsin Blake C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To report and analyze the soft tissue complications of 462 consecutive cochlear implants using a minimal access approach at a single institution.Study Design:A retrospective case series analysis was performed.Methods:A database of all patients implanted at our institution between January 2002 and December 2007 was searched, and 385 consecutive patients were identified. Postcochlear implantation notes and case records were searched for soft tissue complications. Soft tissue complications were divided into minor and major complications. All devices were implanted using a minimal access technique with device fixation in all but five patients.Results:There were 385 consecutive children implanted with 462 cochlear implants. Of these, 322 were primary single‐sided implants, 124 bilateral implants, and 16 reimplants for device failure. Median follow up was 2.9 years. There were two minor complications: one minor seroma and one postoperative hematoma, both were managed conservatively. There were five major complications: two soft tissue infections, one extrusion, and two major seromas leading to device migration. Four of the five major complications involved loss of device fixation. Three out of the five major complications required device explantation; the decision not to reimplant was made in two cases.Conclusions:An overall soft tissue complication rate of 1.51% (7/462) at our institution supports the use of a small incision technique combined with device fixation as a safe method of cochlear implantation. We believe that good fixation is especially important in pediatric implantation, because of the thinner soft tissue envelope and increased frequency of minor head trauma. Laryngoscope, 2009
Laser‐Mikroschneiden mit single‐mode Faserlaser
Authors: Baumeister Marc , Pohle Tim , Dickmann Klaus 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSingle‐mode Faserlaser kombinieren eine hohe Ausgangsleistung mit einer nahezu beugungsbegrenzten Strahlqualität. Die hierdurch gebotene Brillanz ermöglicht eine hohe Intensität und einen kleinen Fokusdurchmesser am Werkstück. Dank solcher Strahleigenschaften steigt die Prozessgeschwindigkeit bei der Mikrobearbeitung von Edelstahl im Vergleich mit herkömmlichen Nd:YAG‐Laserquellen. Zudem verringert sich die Schnittfugenbreite. Für einen verlässlichen Schmelzaustrieb insbesondere bei höheren Materialdicken gilt es den Zusammenhang von Schnittfugenbreite und Gratbildung als Funktion des Vorschubs zu berücksichtigen.
UV‐Cured Polysiloxane Epoxy Coatings Containing Titanium Dioxide as Photosensitive Semiconductor
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Palmero Paola , Montanaro Laura 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUV‐cured polysiloxane epoxy coatings containing titanium dioxide were prepared by means of a cationic photopolymerization process. A good distribution of the inorganic filler was achieved within the polymeric network with an average size dimension of around 500 nm. UV‐vis analysis performed on organic dye (methylene blue) stained coatings showed a high efficiency of the titania photocatalytic activity: a complete degradation of the dye on the coating surface is reached after 60 min of UV irradiation without affecting the matrix photo‐degradation.magnified image
Simulation of the Mechanical Unfolding of the Ubiquitin by Pulling in Different Directions with Constant Speed
Authors: Falkovich Stanislav , Darinskii Anatolii , Balabaev Nikolai , Neelov Igor 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMechanical extension of the ubiquitin with constant speed in five different directions is simulated on coarse‐grained Go‐like and all‐atom models. The anisotropy of the mechanical resistance of the protein is observed in agreement with experimental data. Differences and similarities between the results obtained for two models are discussed. It is shown that the unfolding begins from the rupture of contacts between residues located in the vicinity of points of the external load application.
Internationalisation of British fundraising charities: a two‐phase empirical study
Authors: Bennett Roger , Ali‐Choudhury Rehnuma 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

A two‐phase mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) study was undertaken to identify and then to confirm the main dimensions and the principal antecedents of the internationalisation behaviour of a sample of British charities known to engage in foreign operations. Specifically the investigation examined the factors that explained charities' decisions to enter foreign countries, the motivations and practical methods involved and the time periods elapsing between first and subsequent entry. Outcomes were compared against theories of internationalisation developed by previous studies completed in the commercial domain. The approaches to internationalisation adopted by 15 organisations were established, and the generalisability of these approaches tested via a mail survey that elicited 238 responses. Least squares, Cox time and logistic regression analyses were completed to determine the factors that significantly influenced the extents and timings of the sample members' international activities. It emerged that some but not all of the considerations that have been found to affect the internationalisation of commercial firms also impacted on the patterns of internationalisation pursued by many of the sample organisations, especially managerial inclinations and participation in networks. However, psychic distance was seemingly irrelevant to charities' internationalisation decisions. Rather, a construct termed for present purposes as ‘philanthropic imperative’ constituted a crucial determinant of behaviour. The results imply that charities' levels of involvement in networks should be encouraged and that charity support organisations need to develop their institutional networking facilities. Also, charity managers should question whether the most favoured mode of entry to foreign countries (i.e. the ad hoc project partnership (PP)) is necessarily the most effective.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of taxanes in extracts from leaves of Taxus baccata L. using 13C‐NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Duquesnoy Emilie , Paoli Mathieu , Castola Vincent , Bighelli Ange , Casanova Joseph 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntroductionThe study of taxanes is a hot topic worldwide because of their potential activity against cancer. Analysis of taxanes in extracts of various Taxus species is generally achieved using HPLC.ObjectiveThe aim of the current work was to identify taxanes in different fractions of extracts from Taxus baccata L. using the computer‐aided analysis of their 13C‐NMR spectra.MethodologyA computerised procedure, based on 13C‐NMR spectroscopy using literature data, has been developed in order to identify taxoids in natural mixtures. Leaves and twigs of T. baccata were extracted with various solvents and the extracts were fractionated according to rapid fractionation schemes described in the literature.ResultsThe computer‐assisted analysis of the 13C‐NMR spectra of the fractions of chromatography led to the identification of 16 taxanes belonging to the taxine, taxicine, taxinine and taxuspine families.ConclusionIt has been shown that 13C‐NMR is a powerful alternative tool for the identification of taxanes in extracts of leaves and twigs of various Taxus species after a rapid fractionation step. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of cerebral lesions acquired in utero and with a late appearance
Authors: Carletti Angela , Colleoni Giulia Gandolfi , Perolo Antonella , Simonazzi Giuliana , Ghi Tullio , Rizzo Nicola , Pilu Gianluigi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough no precise figures are available, many congenital brain lesions arise from intrauterine disruption, frequently due to obstetric complications. The most common entities include intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic lesions, thrombosis of venous vessels and infections. Accurate prenatal diagnosis is possible in many of these cases. However, the findings may be subtle, particularly in the early stage of the disruptive process. Identification of these conditions requires therefore specific expertise, the combination of fetal neurosonography and magnetic resonance, and frequently there is a need for serial examinations. Targeted diagnostic imaging should be offered to obstetric patients with conditions predisposing to prenatal cerebral insults. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.