bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correction of the Abnormal Trafficking of Primary Myelofibrosis CD34+ Cells by Treatment with Chromatin-Modifying Agents
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Zhang Wei , Ishii Takefumi , Sozer Selcuk , Wang Jiapeng , Xu Mingjiang , Hoffman Ronald 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The abnormal trafficking of CD34+ cells is a unique characteristic of primary myelofibrosis (PMF). We have further studied the behavior of PMF CD34+ cells by examining their homing to the marrow and the spleens of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Following the infusion of PMF and normal granulocyte colony-stimulating factor–mobilized peripheral blood (mPB) CD34+ cells into NOD/SCID mice, reduced numbers of PMF CD34+ cells and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) compared with mPB were detected in the marrow of these mice, whereas similar numbers of PMF and mPB CD34+ cells and CFU-GM homed to their spleens. The abnormal homing of PMF CD34+ cells was associated with reduced expression of CXCR4, but was not related to the presence of JAK2V617F. The sequential treatment of PMF CD34+ cells with the chromatin-modifying agents 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5azaD) and trichostatin A (TSA), but not treatment with small molecule inhibitors of JAK2, resulted in the generation of increased numbers of CD34+CXCR4+ cells, which was accompanied by enhanced homing of PMF CD34+ cells to the marrow but not the spleens of NOD/SCID mice. Following 5azaD/TSA treatment, JAK2V617F-negative PMF hematopoietic progenitor cells preferentially homed to the marrow but not the spleens of recipient mice. Our data suggest that PMF CD34+ cells are characterized by a reduced ability to home to the marrow but not the spleens of NOD/SCID mice and that this homing defect can be corrected by sequential treatment with chromatin-modifying agents. [Cancer Res 2009;69(19):7612–8]
Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Risk Factors
Authors: Samet Jonathan M. , Avila-Tang Erika , Boffetta Paolo , Hannan Lindsay M. , Olivo-Marston Susan , Thun Michael J. , Rudin Charles M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
More than 161,000 lung cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2008. Of these, an estimated 10 to 15% will be caused by factors other than active smoking, corresponding to 16,000 to 24,000 deaths annually. Thus lung cancer in never smokers would rank among the most common causes of cancer mortality in the United States if considered as a separate category. Slightly more than half of the lung cancers caused by factors other than active smoking occur in never smokers. As summarized in the accompanying article, lung cancers that occur in never smokers differ from those that occur in smokers in their molecular profile and response to targeted therapy. These recent laboratory and clinical observations highlight the importance of defining the genetic and environmental factors responsible for the development of lung cancer in never smokers. This article summarizes available data on the clinical epidemiology of lung cancer in never smokers, and several environmental risk factors that population-based research has implicated in the etiology of these cancers. Primary factors closely tied to lung cancer in never smokers include exposure to known and suspected carcinogens including radon, second-hand tobacco smoke, and other indoor air pollutants. Several other exposures have been implicated. However, a large fraction of lung cancers occurring in never smokers cannot be definitively associated with established environmental risk factors, highlighting the need for additional epidemiologic research in this area. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(18):5626–45)
Do Listeners Store in Memory a Speaker’s Habitual Utterance-Final Phonation Type?
Authors: Bőhm Tamás , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Earlier studies report systematic differences across speakers in the occurrence of utterance-final irregular phonation; the work reported here investigated whether human listeners remember this speaker-specific information and can access it when necessary (a prerequisite for using this cue in speaker recognition). Listeners personally familiar with the voices of the speakers were presented with pairs of speech samples: one with the original and the other with transformed final phonation type. Asked to select the member of the pair that was closer to the talker’s voice, most listeners tended to choose the unmanipulated token (even though they judged them to sound essentially equally natural). This suggests that utterance-final pitch period irregularity is part of the mental representation of individual speaker voices, although this may depend on the individual speaker and listener to some extent.
Religion and Belief Discrimination and the Employment of Teachers in Faith Schools
Authors: Vickers Lucy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article considers the extent to which the right to freedom of religion of teachers is adequately protected in English schools under the Employment Equality (Religion and Belief) Regulations 2003 and the Schools Standards and Framework Act 1998. It first considers the context in which religious schools operate, then considers the legislation that protects the religious freedom of teaching and non-teaching staff in state schools. It concludes that the legislative framework provides inadequate protection for the right of teachers to enjoy freedom of religion and belief, and, further, that the protection may not comply with EU standards protecting employees against religious discrimination.
On the Buoyancy Forcing and Residual Circulation in the Southern Ocean: The Feedback from Ekman and Eddy Transfer
Authors: Badin Gualtiero , Williams Richard G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The effect of buoyancy forcing on the residual circulation in the Southern Ocean is examined in two different ways. First, the rates of water-mass transformation and formation are estimated using air–sea fluxes of heat and freshwater in the isopycnal framework developed by Walin, which is applied to two different air–sea flux climatologies and a reanalysis dataset. In the limit of no diabatic mixing and at a steady state, these air–sea flux estimates of water-mass transformation and formation are equivalent to estimating the residual circulation and the subduction rates in the upper ocean, respectively. All three datasets reveal a transformation of dense to light waters between σ = 26.8 and 27.2, as well as positive formation rates peaking at σ = 26.6, versus negative rates peaking at σ = 27. The transformation is achieved either by surface heating or freshwater inputs, although the magnitude of the formation rates varies in each case. Second, an idealized model of a mixed layer and adiabatic thermocline for a channel is used to illustrate how changes in ocean dynamics in the mixed layer and freshwater fluxes can modify the buoyancy fluxes and, thus, alter the residual circulation. Increasing the Ekman advection of cold water northward enhances the air–sea temperature difference and the surface heat flux into the ocean, which then increases the residual circulation; an increase in wind stress of 0.05 N m−2 typically increases the surface heat flux by 8 W m−2 and alters the peaks in formation rate by up to 8 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Conversely, increasing the eddy advection and diffusion leads to an opposing weaker effect; an increase in the eddy transfer coefficient of 500 m2 s−1 decreases the surface heat flux by 3 W m−2 and alters the peaks in formation rate by 1 Sv.
The Newcastle condensation survey
Authors: Preston G. K. , Stephens C. J. , Brundrett G. W. 
Published: September 2009

The Housing Management Committee of the City of Newcastle wished to find some basis on which to establish priorities for remedial and up-grading work on existing houses. With the assistance of the Director of Housing three surveys were commissioned, two of which were specialist ones concentrating on over 600 dwellings sited in an area known to have condensation problems. The first survey, a technical one, established the incidence of problems. The second was a general conditions survey to identify family living styles. The final survey was one section in the 1978 General Household Survey which asked about condensation problems throughout the whole of Newcastle. These surveys show that condensation troubles occur in over 30 per cent of all dwellings. Worst affected were private rented unfurnished accommodation (49 per cent) with Local Authority tenants and private rented furnished dwellings similar at 41 per cent and 40 per cent respectively. Owner occupiers reported dampness in only 14 per cent of their houses. Recorded temperatures were much lower than expected and the total use of energy was less than half that required to meet the notional energy demand. The two key factors influencing dampness were house design and family size. Better insulated houses and sheltered houses such as an intermediate location in a terrace had much less dampness. The incidence of condensation increased with family size and with the presence of children. Knowledge of the empirical relations between occupancy, house type, heating and the incidence of condensation problems enabled remedial work to be more positively ranked.
Measurements of air flows through cracks between building components
Authors: McGrath P. T. , Howarth A. T. 
Published: September 2009

A simple device is constructed which pressurises an enclosed volume of air adjacent to individual components in the building fabric. The air flow through the crackage is measured and the interdependence of the flow rate and pressure is examined. Windows, doors, loft traps and suspended ceilings are examined. A simple relationship is found to be applicable to individual components but no universal relationship is found for a general range of components with superficially similar cracks. Measurements confirm the effectiveness of draught stripping and also show that some loose fitting loft traps can be made airtight by simple measures. Other loose fitting components with rough surface finishes (e.g. suspended ceiling tiles) may not be so easily sealed and extensive leakage may occur.
Alternative Lipids to Usual ω6 PUFAS: γ‐Linolenic Acid, α‐Linolenic Acid, Stearidonic Acid, EPA, Etc
Authors: Spielmann D. , Bracco U. , Traitler H. , Crozier G. , Holman R. , Ward M. , Cotter R. 
Published: September 2009

The intravenous administration of parenteral fat emulsions is widely used in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to supply essential fatty acids and concentrated energy in a relatively small volume of isotonic solution. They contain very high amounts of linoleic acid and usually about 8% of α‐linolenic acid calculated in the fat phase (10 or 20% of the total emulsion). Most of the time one emulsion is given as the sole source of fat, giving direct venous entry to a fatty acid composition substantially different from that encountered in a normal diet.Since the latter greatly influences the fatty acid composition of phospholipids which are critical determinants of membrane structural properties influencing a variety of membrane functions (Fig. 1) (enzyme activity, membrane transport, receptor function) and functional precursors of intracellular and intercellular mediators (diacylglycerols, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, hydroxy fatty acids), do we provide the right fatty acid at the right place and the right time for efficient cell cell interaction? In other words, given the three roles of fatty acids—energetic, structural, functional—are we using the best strategy to avoid imbalances between the three roles? (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12:111S‐123S, 1988)
Immunopathology of the Rat Kidney: A Review
Authors: Robertson John L. 
Published: September 2009

The rat has been used extensively as a model for human and animal renal diseases. Three types of model systems have been especially well researched. Autologous immune-complex (AIC) nephritis (Heymann nephritis) is induced in rats by the intraperitoneal injection of the tubular brush border antigen RTEα5 and complete Freund's adjuvant. Rats develop proteinuria and proliferation of glomerular endocapillary cells as complexes of antigen and antibody lodge in glomerular basement membrane. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTS), also called Masugi nephritis, is induced in rats by administration of antiserum to rat renal structural proteins. Binding of this antiserum to glomerular basement membranes (and other proteins) causes proteinuria. As the rat produces its own antibody to the injected “foreign” antiserum, a secondary phase of damage occurs with inflammation and cellular proliferation. Recently, there has been extensive work on anti-basement membrane nephritis in Brown-Norway rats. These rats, when immunized against heterologous glomerular and tubular basement membranes, develop florid tubulointerstitial and glomerulonephritis, with proteinuria and azotemia. These models may be used to research basic pathogenesis of renal disease and test treatment strategies.
Spontaneous Bladder and Kidney Lesions in Young Rats
Authors: Robertson John L. 
Published: September 2009

Spontaneous hyperplastic and inflammatory lesions were found in the bladders and kidneys of female rats and their offspring being observed as part of a reproduction study. Bladder lesions consisted of hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium, mucosal erosion and ulceration, and infiltration of the bladder mucosa with polymorpho-nuclear neutrophils. Kidney lesions included dilation of the renal pelvis, hyperplasia of the pelvic epithelium and inflammation of the renal pelvis (pyelitis). The incidence of these lesions is presented. Spontaneous lesions of this type may affect the interpretation of chemically-induced changes in these organs.
Lindane Bioassay Studies and Human Cancer Risk Assessment
Authors: Vesselinovitch Stan D. , Carlborg Frank W. 
Published: September 2009

Benzene hexachloride or hexachtorocyclohexane comes in eight isomeric forms which differ in the spatial positions of the chlorine atoms on the boat and chair forms. Only one, however, γ-isomer (lindane) possesses relevant insecticidal activity. The majority of studies on the potential carcinogenicity of benzene hexachloride, however, did not discriminate between the various isomers because they assumed that carcinogenicity is independent of steric structure. Also, proper differentiation between morphologic endpoints was not duly carried out and considered.The present evaluation of lindane's biologic activity was restricted to the lifelong studies in which pure lindane (>99.5%) was utilized and the morphology of the observed lesions, mainly in the liver, were classified according to their biologic behavior into hyperplastic, benign neoplastic, and malignant entities. None of the studies gave evidence that lindane was carcinogenic in mice and rats. An enhancement of benign liver tumors (tumorigenic effect) was observed only in CF1male mice (17/56 at the only tested dose: 400 ppm vs. 3/89 observed in the nontreated controls). Dose-response function of this tumor response in conjunction with two other lifetime studies (80 and 160 ppm in B6C3F1and 50, 25, and 12.5 ppm in NMRI mice) were best described by the Weibull model, giving a relatively high estimate of its shape parameter (m = 2.5). Assuming similar susceptibility of humans to lindane and considering maximal occupational exposure to this agent (professional applicators), the probability of lindane associated tumor development was estimated as 2.2times10-10. Because this cancer risk is five orders of magnitude below the acceptable health risk, this evaluation concludes that environmental exposure to lindane does not pose a threat to human health.
Advances in the Design and Reporting of Conventional Carcinogenicity Tests
Authors: Hess Robert , Bretz Rolf , Gfeller Walter 
Published: September 2009

It is generally acknowledged that animal experiments provide the most important and best reliable service of information for assessing the possible carcinogenic activity of chemicals. In the past, experimental procedure has mainly concentrated on the choice of species, improved animal husbandry, the modes of exposure, test conditions and pathological examination. Although experience gained thereby indicated the necessity for further scientific exploitation of bioassay models, the rather rigid stereotyped procedures—proposed for convenience—were generally accepted and adopted. Nevertheless, continuous improvements have been made in the design of carcinogenicity tests in rodents. Current developments in test design tend to be primarily concerned with the predictive significance of carcinogenicity studies. Modern protocols call for optimum facility operation as much as for computerized support of study monitoring and data evaluation. Of particular significance are the automated handling of autopsy and histopathological data and their proper statistical evaluation. By the economical use of modern technology, cost-saving protocols can be designed for the production of the data which are essential for the reliable assessment of risk.
Interface Between Pathology and Epidemiology in Carcinogenesis
Authors: Campbell James S. , Tryphonas Leander 
Published: September 2009

The bottom line here is how or whether our toxicological studies relate to ourselves, to human neoplasia—but the latter is, in important ways, imperfectly defined by the best that can so far be arranged using morphological and epidemiologic methods. There are at least three basic questons: 1) with what precision can the histopathologist define and diagnose cancer in humans—hence emphasis here upon human cancer models, 2) to what extents can difficulties be resolved using animal models, where some similar difficulties are met, and 3) to what extents can epidemiology resolve these difficulties. Not all these problems can be resolved, and the investigator is left with a residue of questions for which no answers are presently available. Some of these are exemplified or precipitated by inconclusive or mistaken diagnoses. In the future awaits practical help from specific biochemical markers and morphometry, but in the present, vigilance and consultation should limit error to a small fraction of observations. In the meantime, existing methods and data are perfectly adequate for study and action in various clinical problems, eg. transmission of familial polyposis of colon, definition and control of various adverse drug reactions.
Protection of Hepatocytes with Hyperoxia against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Injury
Authors: Bernacchi Adriana , Myers Roy , Trump Benjamin F. , Marzella Louis 
Published: September 2009

Hyperbaric oxygen (HPO) was administered to rats (100% O2at 2.8 atm for 90 min) immediately or 1 hr after severe carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication in order to study the mechanisms of protection against hepatocellular injury by hyperoxia. Slight to moderate hepatocellular injury was observed, particularly by morphologic criteria, 4 hr after CCl4intoxication. Little cell death was observed; 24 hr after CCl4, 20% of the untreated animals died. In the survivors, the following typical changes occurred in the liver: extensive hepatocellular swelling, vacuolization and necrosis; severe ultrastructural alterations; binding of CCl4to microsomal lipids; elevation of lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes); little decrease in cytochrome b5 and severe decrease in cytochrome P-450 levels. Serum (ransaminase (alanine aminotransferase and aspar-tate aminotransferase) levels were elevated. Immediate treatment with HPO prevented the mortality and markedly decreased the hepatocellular necrosis 24 hr after intoxication. Immediate HPO treatment did not lower the levels of free CCl4in the liver. However, the rise in lipid peroxidation products caused by CCl4intoxication at 4 hr was reduced. Delayed treatment with HPO (1 hr after CCl4) prevented the mortality but was less effective in preventing necrosis. Some hepatocellular protection was still demonstrable. In particular, the rise in lipid peroxidation products was reduced.Hyperoxia protects hepatocytes against CCl4toxicity. The rapid decline in protective effect within 60 min of intoxication suggests that hyperoxia inhibits CCl4activation and/or damage from molecular intermediates. Hyperoxia has little effect on the progression of sublethal injury to cell death in the livers of CCl4-intoxicated rats.
Mechanism of Action of Divicine in a Cell-free System and in Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase-deficient Red Cells
Authors: Baker Margaret A. , Bosia Amalia , Pescarmona Gianpiero , Turrini Franco , Arese Paolo 
Published: September 2009

Favism is an acute hemolysis occurring in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient (Mediterranean variant) individuals after intake of fava beans. Divicine (D), 2,6-diamino-4,5-dihydroxypyrimidine, is present in high amounts in the beans, and is suspected to play a role in hemolysis. Its mechanism of action was studied in a cell-free system and in G6PD (Mediterranean variant)-deficient red cells (RBC). Upon hydrolysis of the inactive β-glucoside vicine, reduced divicine is formed. Oxygen acts as a one- or two-electron acceptor; superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide are formed, respectivley, together with the semiquinoid free-radical form of D. This free radical gives an electron spin resonance (ESR) signal, which is similar to that of the alloxan free radical. Added reduced glutathione (GSH) is rapidly oxidized with a stoichiometry of one to one, and the ESR signal is abolished. Additional GSH is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and by a slow redox cycle which continuously regenerates oxidized D. The fast-direct and the slow-indirect oxidation result in nonstoichiometric oxidation of GSH. D added to G6PD-deficient RBC rapidly oxidizes GSH with an end point kinetics and a stoichiometry of one to one. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion are scavenged in the RBC and no redox cycling is taking place. No GSH is regenerated even after long incubation periods. After the primary event, i.e., oxidation of GSH and —SH groups, a number of metabolic, rheologic, and membrane modifications, together with increased erythrophagocytosis take place in G6PD-deficient, D-treated RBC only. There is almost complete correspondence between D effects and RBC changes during the favic crisis. Among these effects, increased erythrophagocylosis, membrane cross-bonding, and formation of Heinz bodies seem to be causally related with the hemolytic process.
Lipoprotein (a) Levels in Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Teber Serap , Deda Gülhis , Akar Nejat , Soylu Kazım 
Published: September 2009

Lipoprotein (a) is a cholesterol-rich plasma lipoprotein with a lipid composition similar to that of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Many prospective and case-control studies identified elevated levels of lipoprotein (a) as a risk factor for premature myocardial infarction and stroke. Elevated lipoprotein (a) has been identified as a genetically determined risk factor for stroke in young adults, but only preliminary data are available on its role as a risk factor for ischemic stroke in infants and children. Fifty two children with arterial ischemic stroke and 78 age- and sex-matched healthy children were studied. Data of this study indicate that 26.9% of children with arterial ischemic stroke had high lipoprotein (a) levels in comparison with the age matched healthy control group. Measurement of lipoprotein (a) should be included in screening programs performed in young patients suffering not only from venous thromboembolism but also arterial ischemic stroke, in addition to other thrombophilic factors.