bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooling Methods for High-Power Electronic Systems
Authors: Blinov Andrei , Vinnikov Dmitri , Lehtla Tõnu 
Published: October 2011

Cooling Methods for High-Power Electronic Systems
Thermal management is a crucial step in the design of power electronic applications, especially railroad traction and automotive systems. Mass/size parameters, robustness and reliability of the power electronic system greatly depend on the cooling system type and performance. This paper presents an approximate parameter estimation of the thermal management system required as well as different commercially available cooling solutions. Advantages and drawbacks of different designs ranging from simple passive heatsinks to complex evaporative systems are discussed.
Intelligent Transformer: Possibilities and Challenges
Authors: Viktor Beldjajev , Indrek Roasto , Tõnu Lehtla 
Published: October 2011

Intelligent Transformer: Possibilities and Challenges
This paper covers the concept of an intelligent transformer that is a good candidate to replace a conventional low frequency transformer in the microgrids. As the power production and consumption can vary in a wide range, the new substations have to meet many requirements to guarantee reliable energy management in the autonomous networks. Different topologies of intelligent transformers can be used to meet these requirements. Therefore the advantages and disadvantages of the existing topologies were analyzed. The future trends and challenges are also discussed.
Evaluation of Power Consumption Minimization Approaches for Autonomous Electronic Equipment
Authors: Suzdalenko Alexander , Galkin Ilya 
Published: October 2011

Evaluation of Power Consumption Minimization Approaches for Autonomous Electronic Equipment
The use of electronic data logging device is studied for energy minimization approaches. The energy harvesting elements are described and specific design of power supply unit is provided. The main focus is on the minimization of energy loses at conversion and storage stages, as well as software optimisation is discussed, allowing to prolong the autonomous operation of the electronic device. The example of optimized data logger design is presented.
Assessment of Energy Efficient LED Ballasts Based on their Weight and Size
Authors: Milashevski Irena , Tetervenok Oleg , Galkin Ilya 
Published: October 2011

Assessment of Energy Efficient LED Ballasts Based on their Weight and Size
LED elements always require some electronic ballast that may consist of a primary power supply and a number of secondary dimmers for light regulation. These circuits can be implemented as DC/DC converters. In the paper buck and boost dimmers are investigated from the point of view of their weight and size, that are close related to their losses. The analysis is provided for various modulation techniques and configurations of the converters. The above mention converters are investigated analytically, through simulation and experimentally.
Effects of Non-smooth Phenomena on the Dynamics of DC-DC Converters
Authors: Pikulin Dmitry 
Published: October 2011

Effects of Non-smooth Phenomena on the Dynamics of DC-DC ConvertersThis paper provides the analysis of nonlinear phenomena in switch-mode power converters. In distinction to majority of known researches this paper presents novelty approach, allowing the complete bifurcation analysis, considering stable and various types of unstable behavior of nonlinear systems. Main results are illustrated on one of the most widely used switching converters - current controlled boost converter, for which the complete one-parametric bifurcation diagrams are constructed. The results include the detection of various types of rare attractors, smooth bifurcations and non-smooth phenomena, specific to piecewise linear dynamical systems.
Preliminary Circuit Design for Robotics Environment Mapping Utilizing Ambient Light, Reflected Light and Stationary Infrared Radiation
Authors: Adrian Leslie 
Published: October 2011

Preliminary Circuit Design for Robotics Environment Mapping Utilizing Ambient Light, Reflected Light and Stationary Infrared RadiationThe paper deals with robotics mobility and a proposed topology for the acquisition of the necessary data to enable accurate mapping of a given environment, be that for basic maneuverability, (obstacle avoidance) or for higher level applications such as fire detection or item location. The topology is composed of a four layered system of analogue components which lends itself not only to excellent linearity but allows the system to control peripheral devices directly through any logic configuration, or to provide data needed for microcontrollers and their user defined algorithms. The various layers have been analyzed through simulation and to date confirmed though physical observation of the working model. The conclusions about the prospective solution are made.
The Model of Nonstationary Rotor Magnetic Field Observer in the Induction Motor
Authors: Burkov Alexander , Krasilnikyants Evgenii , Smirnov Alexander 
Published: October 2011

The Model of Nonstationary Rotor Magnetic Field Observer in the Induction Motor
This article is devoted to the questions, associated with observer construction for monitoring the values of rotor magnetic vector magnitude and angular deflection of induction motor oriented on bidimensional convolution on temporal and spatial actual parameters. The interrelation of induction motor breakdown torque and rotor characteristic time and transportation lag is shown. The system of rotor running stream observer on the basis of gage rotor position and stator current is put forward.
Double Carrier Pulse width Modulation Control for a Quasi Impedance Source Inverter
Authors: Akrami Amin , Gitizadeh Mohsen , Nayeripour Majid , Ghaderi Mohammad 
Published: October 2011

Double Carrier Pulse width Modulation Control for a Quasi Impedance Source Inverter
The quasi-Z-source inverter (QZSI) is similar to the ZSI. The QZSI has been developed which feature several improvements and no disadvantages when compared to the ZSI. Also Double carrier pulse width modulation control is a new control method for controlling the ZSI and it has a lot of benefit if to compare with other traditional control methods. This paper improved properties of the QZSI by using the double carrier pulse width modulation control. Simulation results will be presented to demonstrate the new features.
A Finite Element Implementation of Knowles Stored-Energy Function: Theory, Coding and Applications
Authors: Suchocki Cyprian 
Published: October 2011

A Finite Element Implementation of Knowles Stored-Energy Function: Theory, Coding and ApplicationsThis paper contains the full way of implementing a user-defined hyperelastic constitutive model into the finite element method (FEM) through defining an appropriate elasticity tensor. The Knowles stored-energy potential has been chosen to illustrate the implementation, as this particular potential function proved to be very effective in modeling nonlinear elasticity within moderate deformations. Thus, the Knowles stored-energy potential allows for appropriate modeling of thermoplastics, resins, polymeric composites and living tissues, such as bone for example. The decoupling of volumetric and isochoric behavior within a hyperelastic constitutive equation has been extensively discussed. An analytical elasticity tensor, corresponding to the Knowles stored-energy potential, has been derived. To the best of author's knowledge, this tensor has not been presented in the literature yet. The way of deriving analytical elasticity tensors for hyperelastic materials has been discussed in detail. The analytical elasticity tensor may be further used to develop visco-hyperelastic, nonlinear viscoelastic or viscoplastic constitutive models. A FORTRAN 77 code has been written in order to implement the Knowles hyperelastic model into a FEM system. The performance of the developed code is examined using an exemplary problem.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Generating a New Pulse in the Physical Therapy Profession
Authors: Elliott James M. 
Published: November 2011

The ability to refer for diagnostic tests is particularly relevant to the topic of this special issue on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). As a doctoring profession, one could argue that the ability to refer a patient for MRI (and other imaging applications) must be available to the direct-access physical therapist. Though the prescription for and use of MRI has not typically been considered within the scope of physical therapist practice, this may be the perfect time to challenge the obstacles precluding the obtainment of such diagnostic privileges and to specifically provide perspective on why and how such a specialized privilege could positively impact the provision of physical therapy services and patient outcomes. An expected obligation of such autonomy, however, is accountability. Is our entire profession adequately prepared to accept the role of, or the responsibilities associated with, referral for imaging privileges? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(11):803–805. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0109
Physical Therapist Practice and the Role of Diagnostic Imaging
Authors: Boyles Robert E. , Gorman Ira , Pinto Daniel , Ross Michael D. 
Published: November 2011

Synopsis For healthcare providers involved in the management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders, the ability to order diagnostic imaging is a beneficial adjunct to screening for medical referral and differential diagnosis. A trial of conservative treatment, such as physical therapy, is often recommended prior to the use of imaging in many treatment guidelines for the management of musculoskeletal conditions. In the United States, physical therapists are becoming more autonomous and can practice some degree of direct access in 48 states and Washington, DC. Referral for imaging privileges could increase the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare delivery, particularly in combination with direct access management. This clinical commentary proposes that, given the American Physical Therapy Association's goal to have physical therapists as primary care musculoskeletal specialists of choice, it would be beneficial for physical therapists to have imaging privileges in their practice. The purpose of this commentary is 3-fold: (1) to make a case for the use of imaging privileges by physical therapists, using a historical perspective; (2) to discuss the barriers preventing physical therapists from having this privilege; and (3) to offer suggestions on strategies and guidelines to facilitate the appropriate inclusion of referral for imaging privileges in physical therapist practice. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(11):829–837. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3556
Epoxy-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Applied to Powder Coatings
Authors: Piazza D. , Lorandi N. P. , Rieder E. S. , Scienza L. C. , Zattera A. J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The wide range of applications associated with nanocomposites is due to their improved properties when compared to conventional composites. In this study, commercial epoxy-based powder coatings were formulated with 2 and 4% (w/w) of an organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) by incorporation in the melt state (extrusion). These composites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XDR). The thermal behavior and stability of the epoxy nanocomposites were studied by TGA and DSC. The nanoparticle structure within the polymer matrix was analyzed by XRD and TEM. A predominantly exfoliated structure was observed by TEM, which was confirmed by XDR analysis. The study demonstrated that the nanoclay increases the glass transition and crosslinking temperatures and also enhances the thermal stability of the coating.
The Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Quality and Occurrence of Part Defects in Water-assisted Injection Molded Tubes
Authors: Sannen S. , De Keyzer J. , Van Puyvelde P. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This study investigates the influence of melt and process parameters on the quality of water-assisted injection molded tubes. The influence was determined by the aid of a design of experiments (DOE) for both a HDPE and a PP resin. This design was carried out on two different cavities, in which the residual wall thickness (RWT) and the part weight were set as response functions. This was combined with a visual inspection of the part surface to detect correlations in the occurrence of part defects such as fingering and double wall. It was found that the water injection delay time and the water volume flow rate have the largest influence on the RWT and part weight. Moreover, the shear viscosity of the applied material determines the width and shape of the water bubble and consequently the RWT and part weight. In addition, process parameters such as melt temperature, water hold time and water volume flow rate as well as melt parameters such as shear viscosity have an influence on the formation of part defects.
Axillary nerve injury associated with sports
Authors: Lee Sangkook , Saetia Kriangsak , Saha Suparna , Kline David G. , Kim Daniel H. 
Published: November 2011

Object
The aim of this retrospective study was to present and investigate axillary nerve injuries associated with sports.

Methods
This study retrospectively reviewed 26 axillary nerve injuries associated with sports between the years 1985 and 2010. Preoperative status of the axillary nerve was evaluated by using the Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC) grading system published by the senior authors. Intraoperative nerve action potential recordings were performed to check nerve conduction and assess the possibility of resection. Neurolysis, suture, and nerve grafts were used for the surgical repair of the injured nerves. In 9 patients with partial loss of function and 3 with complete loss, neurolysis based on nerve action potential recordings was the primary treatment. Two patients with complete loss of function were treated with resection and suturing and 12 with resection and nerve grafting. The minimum follow-up period was 16 months (mean 20 months).

Results
The injuries were associated with the following sports: skiing (12 cases), football (5), rugby (2), baseball (2), ice hockey (2), soccer (1), weightlifting (1), and wrestling (1). Functional recovery was excellent. Neurolysis was performed in 9 cases, resulting in an average functional recovery of LSUHSC Grade 4.2. Recovery with graft repairs averaged LSUHSC Grade 3 or better in 11 of 12 cases

Conclusions
Surgical repair can restore useful deltoid function in patients with sports-associated axillary nerve injuries, even in cases of severe stretch–contusion injury.
Costs and benefits of neurosurgical intervention for infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Warf Benjamin C. , Alkire Blake C. , Bhai Salman , Hughes Christopher , Schiff Steven J. , Vincent Jeffrey R. , Meara John G. 
Published: November 2011

Object
Evidence from the CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda (CCHU) suggests that treatment for hydrocephalus in infants can be effective and sustainable in a developing country. This model has not been broadly supported or implemented due in part to the absence of data on the economic burden of disease or any assessment of the cost and benefit of treatment. The authors used economic modeling to estimate the annual cost and benefit of treating hydrocephalus in infants at CCHU. These results were then extrapolated to the potential economic impact of treating all cases of hydrocephalus in infants in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective review of all children initially treated for hydrocephalus at CCHU via endoscopic third ventriculostomy or shunt placement in 2005. A combination of data and explicit assumptions was used to determine the number of times each procedure was performed, the cost of performing each procedure, the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted with neurosurgical intervention, and the economic benefit of the treatment. For CCHU and SSA, the cost per DALY averted and the benefit-cost ratio of 1 year's treatment of hydrocephalus in infants were determined.

Results
In 2005, 297 patients (median age 4 months) were treated at CCHU. The total cost of neurosurgical intervention was $350,410, and the cost per DALY averted ranged from $59 to $126. The CCHU's economic benefit to Uganda was estimated to be between $3.1 million and $5.2 million using a human capital approach and $4.6 million–$188 million using a value of a statistical life (VSL) approach. The total economic benefit of treating the conservatively estimated 82,000 annual cases of hydrocephalus in infants in SSA ranged from $930 million to $1.6 billion using a human capital approach and $1.4 billion–$56 billion using a VSL approach. The minimum benefit-cost ratio of treating hydrocephalus in infants was estimated to be 7:1.

Conclusions
Untreated hydrocephalus in infants exacts an enormous price from SSA. The results of this study suggest that neurosurgical intervention has a cost/DALY averted comparable to other surgical interventions that have been evaluated, as well as a favorable benefit-cost ratio. The prevention and treatment of hydrocephalus in SSA should be recognized as a major public health priority.
Five-year survival and outcome of treatment for postinfectious hydrocephalus in Ugandan infants
Authors: Warf Benjamin C. , Dagi Ariella R. , Kaaya Brian Nsubuga , Schiff Steven J. 
Published: November 2011

Object
Neonatal infection is the most common cause of infant hydrocephalus in Uganda. Postinfectious hydrocephalus (PIH) is often accompanied by primary brain injury from the original infection. Since 2001, ETV (with or without choroid plexus cauterization) has been our primary treatment for PIH. The long-term outcome in these children is unknown.

Methods
We studied the 5-year outcome in a cohort of 149 infants treated for PIH from 2001 to 2005 and who lived in 4 districts close to the hospital. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Statistical significance was determined using the Fisher, Breslow, and log-rank tests.

Results
The patients' mean age at presentation was 9.5 months (median 3.0 months). Eighty-four patients (56.4%) were successfully treated without a shunt. Operative mortality was 1.2% for ETV and 4.4% for shunt placement (p = 0.3). Five-year survival was 72.8% in the non–shunt-treated group and 67.6% in the shunt-treated group, with no difference in survival (log rank p = 0.43, Breslow p = 0.46). Of 43 survivors assessed at 5–11 years, those with shunts had significantly worse functional outcomes (p = 0.003–0.035), probably reflecting treatment selection bias since those with the worst sequelae of ventriculitis were more likely to be treated with shunt placement.

Conclusions
Nearly one-third of treated infants died within 5 years, and at least one-third of the survivors were severely disabled. There was no survival advantage for non–shunt-treated patients at 5 years. A randomized trial of endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus shunt placement for treating PIH may be indicated. Public health measures that prevent these infections are urgently needed.
Evaluating the Children's Hospital of Alabama endoscopic third ventriculostomy experience using the Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Success Score: an external validation study
Authors: Naftel Robert P. , Reed Gavin T. , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , Wellons John C. 
Published: November 2011

Object
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) success is dependent on patient characteristics including age, origin of hydrocephalus, and history of shunt therapy. Using these factors, an Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Success Score (ETVSS) model was constructed to predict success of therapy. This study reports a single-institution experience with ETV and explores the ETVSS model validity.

Methods
A retrospective chart review identified 151 consecutive patients who underwent ETV at a pediatric hospital between August 1995 and December 2009. Of these 151, 136 patients had at least 6 months of clinical follow-up. Data concerning patient characteristics, operative characteristics, radiological findings, complications, and success of ETV were collected. The actual success rates were compared with those predicted by the ETVSS model.

Results
The actual success rate of ETV at 6 months was 68.4% (93 of 136 patients), which compared well to the predicted ETVSS of 76.5% ± 12.5% (± SD). The C-statistic was 0.74 (95% CI 0.65–0.83), suggesting that the ability of the ETVSS to discriminate failures from successes was good. Secondary ETV was found to have a hazard ratio for failure of 4.2 (95% CI 2.4–7.2) compared with primary ETV (p < 0.001). The complication rate was 9.3% with no deaths. At the first radiological follow-up, the increased size of ventricles had a hazard ratio for failure of 3.0 (95% CI 1.5–6.0) compared with patients in whom ventricle size either remained stable or decreased (p = 0.002).

Conclusions
The ETVSS closely predicts the actual success of ETV, fitting the statistical model well. Shortcomings of the model were identified in overestimating success in patients with ETVSS ≤ 70, which may be attributable to the poor success of secondary ETVs in the authors' patient population.
Definition and measurement of rider-intrinsic physical attributes influencing all-terrain vehicle safety
Authors: Mattei Tobias A. , Bond Brandon J. , Hafner John W. , Morris Martin J. , Travis Jennifer , Hannah Greg , Webster Jim , Lin Julian J. 
Published: November 2011

Object
All-terrain vehicle (ATV) usage has grown tremendously over the years, reaching 9.5 million vehicles in use in 2007. Accompanying this growth has been a concomitant increase in rider morbidity (including traumatic brain and spine injuries) and death, especially in children. The purpose of this study was to define and measure, through field testing, those physical attributes intrinsic to riders, such as height, weight, and wingspan, which may have implications for ATV riders' safety.

Methods
Three field tests (J-hook, brake, and bump) were developed and performed to allow direct measurement of the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical dynamics in 5 riders of varying heights, weights, and wingspans. Two ATVs, a utility and a sport model, were tested for further comparisons. Data were acquired using a comprehensive data acquisition system attached to the ATVs. Assignment of individual rider/ATV test safety ratings and a rider/ATV Total Safety Rating were made from the results of these field tests.

Results
The J-hook test results demonstrated that larger rider wingspans positively influence ATV rider safety and mitigate against lateral instability. From the brake test it was determined that a 10-in (25.4-cm) longitudinal displacement, such as that experienced during a sharp deceleration, for a rider of any height or weight, breached the level of defined safety. As rider weight increased, displacement decreased. The bump test provided evidence that increased rider weight also mitigates against vertical displacement.

Conclusions
Individuals with light weights and small wingspans, such as those in the pediatric population, are under considerable risk of injury when operating an ATV due to lateral, longitudinal, and vertical operational instability.