bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the milk yields of Scottish Blackface ewes
Authors: Munro Joan 
Published: March 2009

1. Milk yields of thirteen Blackface ewes with single lambs were estimated over a period of 6 weeks at the hill farm of Glensaugh (Kincardineshire) and a further twenty-nine at Stanhope (Peeblesshire).2. The estimated average total milk yield over 6 weeks was 159 lb. at Glensaugh and 96 lb. at Stanhope. Recorded yields ranged from 86 to 220 lb. at Glensaugh and from 65 to 131 lb. at Stanhope.3. The average daily live-weight increase of lambs was 0·72 lb. at Glensaugh and 0·43 lb. at Stanhope. Daily live-weight increases ranged from 0·23 to 0·91 lb.4. At Glensaugh the average lactation curve reached a maximum 24 days after lambing. At Stanhope, the average lactation curve showed a peak 10 days after lambing and another peak 32 days after lambing. The lack of uniformity in this curve was attributed to changing conditions of nutrition.5. Linear regression was found between ewe milk yield and daily live-weight increase in lambs, and the correlation between ewe milk yield and ewe live weight was highly significant, though the regression coefficient is fairly small.6. Four samples of ewe's milk were analysed.7. The correlation between ewe milk yield and daily live weight increase in lambs persisted when figures representing other breeds of ewes (with single lambs) were included in the calculations.
Puberty in the buffalo-cow
Authors: Hafez E. S. E. 
Published: March 2009

Thirty-five buffalo heifers were tested daily with fertile males to ascertain the age and live weight at first possible oestrus and conception. Patterns of sexual behaviour were recorded while rectal palpation was carried out to define the conditions of the ovaries and to diagnose pregnancies. The mammary gland development, as well as the intensity of lactation, were noted post partum.1. Pubertal matings were allowed with less certainty than adult matings. The signs of oestrus were intensified by the recurrence of heat and association with the male. Homosexuality was only observed in the first and second oestrus.2. The average age of first oestrus, first conception and first calving were 406, 647 and 963 days respectively. The body weight at first oestrus and first conception were 198 and 319 kg. respectively.3. The number of services/conception ranged from 1 to 7 with an average of 4·25. The number of silent heats/female ranged from 1 to 4 with an average of 1·65. The period elapsing from first oestrus to first conception ranged from 52 to 438 days. Before conception, there was a period of anoestrus which ranged from 115 to 314 days, this was probably due to weak oestrus symptoms.4. The live weights at 28, 84, 140, 196, 252 and 308 days were correlated with the age and live weight at first oestrus as well as the live weight at first conception.5. All the buffalo-cows except two which showed oestrus conceived. Fourteen animals calved normally while fourteen aborted after 131–318 days. The gestation period ranged from 312 to 321 days with an average of 316 days. The birth weight of young ranged from 33 to 40 kg. Seven animals were not lactating while seven gave 1–2 kg. of milk.6. Puberty phenomenon is a gradual phenomenon and is attained in steps: sexual desire, ovulation, oestrus, conception, pregnancy then lactation.
Inter-breed ovum transfer in sheep
Authors: Hunter G. L. , Adams C. E. , Rowson L. E. 
Published: March 2009

Fertilized ova have been transferred from Border Leicester to Welsh Mountain ewes, and vice versa. The oestrous cycles of the ewes were synchronized by progesterone treatment, and donor ewes were super-ovulated with PMS. 68–90 hr. after the onset of oestrus in the donors, thirty-seven ova, representing 58% of the ovulations, were recovered in vivo from thirteen ewes. Nineteen ova were transferred to eighteen recipient ewes and a total of eight pure-bred lambs were born to ewes of the opposite breed.Transfers resulted in pregnancy when oestrus in the recipients commenced from 16 hr. before to 20 hr. after that in the donors; two of the ova which developed to term were 4-cell, five were 8-cell and one was a 16-cell ovum at the time of transfer. Four out of seven and four out of eleven transfers, using blood serum and Ringer's solution respectively, resulted in the birth of lambs. Prior to transfer to the recipients seven of the ova which developed to term were exposed for 30–45 min. at room temperature, whilst one developed after exposure for 70 min.
Meiotic irregularities in hexaploid oats IV. Hybrids between Avena sativa (spring and winter varieties) A. fatua, A. sterilis, A. byzantina and A. nuda
Authors: Joshi A. B. , Howard H. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Pollen mother cells with irregularities of meiosis were rare in the parent species and varieties, being usually less than 0·5% and the highest found being only 1·57% in the variety Grey Winter.2. F1A. fatua C.S. 473 (from Afghanistan) × Grey Winter had 33·5% of pollen mother cells with irregularities. On the other hand, the F1 hybrids of A. fatua (C.S. 46 (from Asia Minor) × both spring and winter varieties of A. sativa showed between 2·45 and 12·81% of irregular cells and were thus more regular than F1 spring variety of A. sativa × Grey Winter.3. F1A. sterilis × spring and winter varieties of A. sativa showed between 5·56 and 6·67% of cells with irregularities of meiosis.4. F1A. fatua C.S.46 × A. sterilis and F1A. nuda × A. sterilis had 5·65 and 7·60% of irregular cells respectively, but F1A. nuda × A.fatua C.S. 46 had 46·05%.5. All F1 hybrids with A. byzantina as one parent had high frequencies of pollen mother cells (from 59·12 to 88·45%).6. The commonest irregularity of meiosis was the occurrence of univalents. Multivalents were found at a high frequency only in the A. byzantina hybrids. Bridges and fragments were uncommon, occurring in not more than 2% of cells.7. The limitations of the cytological results in assessing the relationships between the different hexaploid species of oats are discussed. It would, however, appear that there is a close relationship between A. sativa (both spring and winter varieties), A.fatua (C.S. 46) and A. sterilis, but that A. byzantina is not closely related to that group.8. The importance of the results to the plant breeder is briefly indicated.
Studies on soil humic acids: I. The chemical nature of humic nitrogen
Authors: Bremner J. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. The chemical nature of the nitrogen in humic acid preparations isolated from 0·5M-sodium hydroxide and 0·1M-sodium pyrophosphate (pH 7·0) extracts of nine different soils has been studied by determining the amounts of acid-soluble-N, ammonia-N, amino-sugar-N and α-amino-N liberated by acid hydrolysis of the preparations and by paper chromatographic analysis of their acid hydrolysates.2. Humic acid preparations isolated from alkali and pyrophosphate extracts of the same soil differ markedly in total nitrogen content and in nitrogen distribution after acid hydrolysis. The alkali-extracted preparations have a higher nitrogen content and a higher proportion of acid-soluble-N and α-amino-N.3. A considerable fraction (20–60%) of the nitrogen in the preparations examined was not dissolved by acid hydrolysis. The major fraction of the nitrogen dissolved was in the form of amino-acids.4. At least 31–48% of the nitrogen in the alkaliextracted preparations and 20–35% of the nitrogen in the pyrophosphate-extracted preparations was in the form of protein. From 3 to 10% of the nitrogen in the preparations was in the form of amino-sugars.5. The results obtained by paper chromatographic analysis of acid hydrolysates of the preparations indicated that the protein materials in humic acids isolated from different soils by alkali or pyrophosphate are similar in their amino-acid composition. The following nineteen amino-acids were detected in every hydrolysate examined: phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, glycine, threonine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine, proline, hydroxyproline, α-amino-n-butyric acid, β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid and tyrosine. Two unidentified ninhydrin-reacting substances, oxidation products of cystine and methionine, and amino-sugars were also detected in every hydrolysate examined. A third unidentified ninhydrin-reacting substance and a substance provisionally identified as α,ε-diaminopimelic acid were found in some of the hydrolysates.
Intervals of superphosphate application to downland permanent pasture
Authors: Norman M. J. T. 
Published: March 2009

1. Superphosphate, at two levels and three intervals of application, was applied to calcareous downland pasture grazed by sheep over a period of 3 years.2. At the high level, total dry-matter and crudeprotein yields were higher from a single initial application and from thrice-yearly applications than from annual applications.3. At the high level, mean herbage phosphate content and total phosphate yield were higher following a single initial application than when superphosphate was applied at shorter intervals.4. Superphosphate increased the cover of grasses and legumes and reduced the cover of herbs.5. Superphosphate affected the cover of individual species in the following manner:(a) Favourably: Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Arrhenatherum elatius, Poa trivialis, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens.(b) Unfavourably: Agrostis stolonifera, Leontodon spp., Prunella vulgaris, and other minor herbs.(c) No measurable effect: Poa pratensis, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus bulbosus and Crepis capillaris.
Growth, development and yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in the lowland tropics:2. Effect of reduced assimilatory capacity
Authors: Tayo T. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn two field trials in 1980, 33, 67 or 100% of the leaves on pigeon pea (cv. Cita-1) plants were removed either at the vegetative stage, the onset of flowering, or at the rapid pod-filling stage, in order to evaluate the effect of reduced assimilatory capacity on the growth and yield characteristics of the crop.Reduction in the assimilatory capacity of the plant led to significant reduction in the vegetative growth, dry-matter accumulation and seed yield of the defoliated plants compared with the undefoliated control such that 33, 67 or 100% defoliation led to 15–55, 40–60 and 75–80% reduction in seed yield respectively, at both trials. Also, defoliation was more damaging to crop performance if carried out from the onset of flowering than at the vegetative stage. Thus, the seed yields of plants defoliated at the onset of flowering and the rapid pod-filling stage were 30–80 and 40–45 % lower than the yield from plants defoliated at the vegetative stage in both trials.
Growth, development and yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in the lowland tropics:3. Effect of early loss of apical dominance
Authors: Tayo T. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a pot experiment and two field trials, the apical portionof the main stem of a dwarf variety of pigeon pea (ev. Cita-1) was removed at 3 or 7 weeks after sowing in order to evaluate the effect of apical bud removal, during the vegetative stage of growth, on the subsequent growth, development and yield of the crop.The early loss of apical dominance led, in all cases, to increased vegetative development, reduced plant height (except in one of the field trials), higher dry-matter accumulation and more pods per plant, with the treatment effect on number of pods being related to the number of branches developed. The yield of seeds was significantly increased by the early loss of apical dominance in the pot experiment and second field trial.The results therefore show that an early loss of apical dominance, as could happen with insect and pest attack, may not be damaging to the vegetative growth and seed yield of pigeon pea under the prevailing lowland humid tropical conditions.
Control of Zn, Cu and Mn activities in alkaline and calcareous soils equilibrated with EDTA
Authors: Singh S. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe modified EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) method of determining the ionic activities in soils developed by Norvell was used to measure Zn2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ activities including the competition of Ca and Mg for the chelating ligand EDTA. In the Zn-EDTA system, the equilibrium mole fraction of CaL2− + MgL2− increased with an increase in pH of the soil solution, thereby leading to a decrease in the concentration of transition metal ions. In view of the pH dependence of the metal ion activities, the values of the expression pM + 2 pOH (where M may be Zn, Cu or Mn) were used to discuss the possible role of various oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, sulphides and unknown solid phases in regulating the activities of Zn2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ ions in alkaline and calcareous soils.
Evaluating methods of nitrogen application for efficiency of water use and yield of rainfed barley
Authors: Mahey R. K. , Cheema S. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryResponse of rainfed barley to different methods of nitrogen application was studied on a loamy sand soil in 1974–5 and 1975–6. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied by broadcasting, side drilling, drilling below the seed and in solution. In a year of lower rainfall, applying the fertilizer below the seed or in solution produced significantly more grain yield than broadcasting or side drilling. In a year of higher and well-distributed rainfall, applying the fertilizer below the seed was significantly better than other methods of nitrogen application. The magnitude of the response to applied nitrogen increased with increase of crop season rainfall and its better distribution. Placing N below the seed improved water use. It was followed in order by applying in solution, side drilling and broadcasting in both the years.
Coat colour in cattle: effect on thermal balance, behaviour and growth, and relationship with coat type
Authors: Finch Virginia A. , Bennett I. L. , Holmes C. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects of coat colours on thermal balance, behaviour and weight gain were studied. Measurements of thermal balance were made over 36 days in strong sunshine on highly contrasting coat colours of three white and three dark steers in each of two breeds, Brahman (B) and Shorthorn (S), and three light- and three medium-red steers in Brahman Hereford-Shorthorn cross breed (BX) where there was less contrast in coat colour. Each steer was measured for 30 min on six occasions randomly distributed among 6 h between 08.00 and 13.00 h, and on six occasions between 11.00 and 16.00 h, all on different days. For B, the difference between colours in mean rate of environmental heat gain at the skin was 64 ± 22·5 W/m2 and for S, 44 ± 20·5 W/m2, while the difference in mean rate of evaporative heat loss, between colours for B and S respectively was 44 ± 15·1 and 42 ± 14·3 W/m2. However, only within S was rectal temperature significantly higher in steers which were dark red and the reasons for this are discussed. Within BX the range of colour shades diminished during the experiment so thermal effects of colour were small. Colour had significant effects on growth; these effects were greatest in S where white steers gained 0·13 kg more per day than dark red ones. There were also differential effects within colour groups on activities at pasture; light steers spent more time in the sun and grazing than dark ones. In addition to colour, deep or woolly type coats negatively affected growth (P < 0·05), time spent in the sun (P < 0·05), and grazing time (P < 0·05); however, between animals within breeds the magnitude of the adverse effect of coat type on growth and behaviour was greater in dark- than light-coloured steers. These results provide evidence that coat colour is a trait which, interacting with coat type, exerts an influence on performance of cattle under heat stress.
Haemagglutinin extracts from raw, sprouting and differently processed limabeans
Authors: Ologhobo A. D. , Fetuga B. L. 
Published: March 2009

The nutritional importance of a foodstuff in a diet depends on the composition of the raw foodstuff, the amount that is usually consumed and the extent to which nutrients are destroyed or lost during preparation of the diet.Most Nigerian foods have to be prepared and cooked before they can be eaten. A lot of food preparation in Nigeria involves soaking, steeping, boiling, frying and roasting; at each stage of the preparation, some of the nutrients may be discarded or destroyed, while in some cases toxic substances may be discarded (Oke, 1968)
Genetic and phenotypic parameters of some measures of lifetime production and their relationship with milk yield in the first three lactations in Tharparkar cows
Authors: Taneja V. K. , Basu S. B. , Bhatnagar D. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe genetic parameters of lifetime production traits and their relationship with milk yield in first, second and third lactations were estimated from information on 753 Tharparkar cows. The heritability estimates for milk yield in first, second and third lactations were 0·22 ± 0·10, 0·33 ± 0·14 and 0·49 ± 0·17 and for number of lactations completed, lifetime milk production, number of days in milk and herd life 0·58 ± 0·23, 0·51 ± 0·22, 0·54 ± 0·22 and 0·34 ± 0·20 respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among the four lifetime production traits were in the range of 0·83–1·0 and 0·84–0·85 respectively. The phenotypic correlations of milk yield in first, second and third lactations with lifetime production traits were significant and ranged between 0·15 and 0·56. The corresponding genetic correlations ranged between 0·26 and 0·83. For the first three lactations, the genetic correlations of lifetime traits with the third lactation were high and that between lifetime milk yield and yield in third lactation the highest (0·83 ± 0·17). The direct and correlated responses from single trait selection were also estimated.
A missing value technique for the analysis of data with repeated measurements on each experimental unit
Authors: Walters D. E. , Rowell J. G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA missing value technique for the analysis of data where repeated measurements are taken on each experimental unit is proposed. The method suggested, which is a natural multivariate analogue of the well-known technique for univariate analyses, fits those missing values which minimize the determinant of the sums of squares and products matrix and provides the necessary downward adjustment to the residual degrees of freedom. A simulation exercise provides evidence that the method is fairly reliable.
The effects of monensin on the pool size and turnover rate of protozoa in the rumen of sheep
Authors: Leng R. A. , Nolan J. V. , Cumming G. , Edwards S. R. , Graham C. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects of including monensin in the diet on the dynamics of protozoa in the rumen of sheep were investigated using injections of protozoa labelled with14C-choline.The half time of rumen fluid was higher in sheep receiving monensin but neither the pool size nor the composition of protozoa species (mainly smaller entodiniomorph ciliates) was significantly affected.More protozoa passed out of the rumen as liquid outflow rate increased and there was a tendency for the apparent production rate of protozoa to be higher with the resulting increase in washout of protozoa.
The timing of nitrogen application for spring barley
Authors: Easson D. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree experiments were carried out in which nitrogen was applied to spring barley (cv. Midas) either all in the seed bed or as a divided dressing with 10 or 25 kg/ha in the seed bed and 50 or 60 kg applied at emergence or 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 70 days after emergence. Applying part of the nitrogen as a top dressing up to 30 days after emergence and 50 days after emergence had no significant effects on the grain and straw yields respectively, compared with applying all the nitrogen in the seed bed. Grain yields were progressively reduced with top dressings from 40 days after emergence (first node stage) onwards. Applications at 60 or 70 days did not give more grain yield than the no-nitrogen control, but gave straw yields which were intermediate between the no-nitrogen and seed-bed nitrogen treatments. Top dressing at 40 days after emergence stimulated tiller survival but did not improve grain yield because there were fewer grains per ear. Thousand-grain weights were lowest with top dressings at 50 days after emergence and grain nitrogen increased progressively with delay in top dressings from 30 days after emergence onwards.
The growth of three crisp lettuce varieties from different sowing dates
Authors: Wurr D. C. E. , Fellows Jane R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree American crisp lettuce varieties Ithaca, Pennlake and Saladin, formerly called Salinas, were sown on three occasions between April and July in 1980 and 1981 and on six occasions in 1982 between March and July. The rate of emergence of all three varieties increased with mean soil temperature at seed depth. The number of leaves was linearly related to air temperature measured on an accumulated day-degree scale > 0 °C from emergence. Pennlake had the highest rate of leaf production and Saladin the lowest rate. The relative growth rate of Ithaca increased with later sowing, while that of Pennlake declined. The time of maturity of one variety relative to another changed with sowing date but in all three varieties a quadratic curve relating the time of maturity to the time of sowing accounted for a high proportion of the variance in the time of maturity. When the times of sowing and maturity were both expressed on a day-degree scale > 0 °C a linear relationship accounted for more than 98% of the variance in time of maturity. These data provide the basis for planning a continuity programme. Within a variety there was considerable variation in mean head weight between sowings in the same year and different responses of head weight to sowing date from year to year. Using data from all 12 sowings, there was shown to be a significant association between head weight and the mean temperature up to 42 days from emergence but there was no association with radiation. Low mean temperatures (< 12 °C) were associated with lower head weights of Ithaca but higher head weights of Saladin. The opposite was true for mean temperatures greater than 16 °C. The reasons for this are discussed.
Effects of fluid drilling germinating onion seeds on seedling emergence and subsequent plant growth
Authors: Finch-Savage W. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe seedling emergence from fluid-drilled germinating and natural onion seeds was compared at five sowing dates between 10 February and 18 May on irrigated and unirrigated plots in two experiments. In the second experiment fluid-drilled seeds selected for uniform germination were also included. There were few significant differences between the emergence of seedlings from germinating and natural seeds in the field sowings of Expt 1. However, a reduction in mean emergence time at the earliest sowing led to an increase in bulb weight while a reduction in the spread of emergence at sowing 3 led to a reduced coefficient of variation of bulb diameter at harvest. Under the less variable conditions on the irrigated plots of Expt 2 germinating seeds reduced mean emergence time and increased percentage emergence compared with natural seed at some sowings. Fluid-drilled selected germinated seeds, however, reduced mean emergence time and increased percentage emergence at every sowing and reduced the spread of emergence at all but the first sowing compared with natural seed.Low soil moisture content made seedling emergence more unpredictable and reduced the benefits gained by sowing germinated seeds. The results presented suggest that techniques to increase the proportion of germinated seeds at the point of sowing and economical methods of applying water during periods of low soil moisture following sowing are needed if the full benefits of fluid drilling are to be realized.