bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Involvement of the Private Sector to Ensure Sustainability of Systems
Authors: Henschel S. 
Published: January 2011

The need to enhance electricity access in rural areas of developing countries is universally recognized. However, tremendous challenges remain to finance electrification initiatives, to ensure the long term sustainability of rural electricity systems. In Lao PDR, one of the targets the government sets to achieve is the provision of electricity to 90% of the households by 2020. Considering the topography of the country and the low density of population, this ambitious objective can be reached only if innovative financing and operating mechanisms are developed and if private and public investors work closely together. A strategy based purely on government funded grid extension will not lead to the achievement of the objective.
Exploring small hydro-power generation and the operation of village grids, energy provider Sunlabob has developed an innovative private-public partnership aimed at producing clean, reliable and affordable electricity in remote areas, empowering local communities, and promoting the use of electricity for productive and social purposes. The innovative features of this partnership include, mutual leverage of public and private funds for infrastructure development, community ownership and management of the fixed structures of the mini-grid (small dam, power house, transmission poles and lines), a combination of different efficient and reliable modern renewable energy technologies privately installed and owned which provide electricity 24/7 at low cost, training of local technicians who become energy entrepreneurs, empowerment of local communities for management and decision making as well as participatory work with local communities to identify productive and social uses of electricity. Both private and public partners have clearly defined roles and responsibilities. Linking affordable electricity generation on the one hand and development of productive and social activities on the other hand is a new approach which is needed to ensure the viability of the mini-grid and to maximize the positive impact on the socio-economic development of target villages.
Randomized Study of Basal-Bolus Insulin Therapy in the Inpatient Management of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing General Surgery (RABBIT 2 Surgery)
Authors: Umpierrez Guillermo E. , Smiley Dawn , Jacobs Sol , Peng Limin , Temponi Angel , Mulligan Patrick , Umpierrez Denise , Newton Christopher , Olson Darin , Rizzo Monica 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE
The optimal treatment of hyperglycemia in general surgical patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is not known.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This randomized multicenter trial compared the safety and efficacy of a basal-bolus insulin regimen with glargine once daily and glulisine before meals (n = 104) to sliding scale regular insulin (SSI) four times daily (n = 107) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing general surgery. Outcomes included differences in daily blood glucose (BG) and a composite of postoperative complications including wound infection, pneumonia, bacteremia, and respiratory and acute renal failure.

RESULTS
The mean daily glucose concentration after the 1st day of basal-bolus insulin and SSI was 145 ± 32 mg/dL and 172 ± 47 mg/dL, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). Glucose readings &lt;140 mg/dL were recorded in 55% of patients in basal-bolus and 31% in the SSI group (P &lt; 0.001). There were reductions with basal-bolus as compared with SSI in the composite outcome [24.3 and 8.6%; odds ratio 3.39 (95% CI 1.50–7.65); P = 0.003]. Glucose &lt;70 mg/dL was reported in 23.1% of patients in the basal-bolus group and 4.7% in the SSI group (P &lt; 0.001), but there were no significant differences in the frequency of BG &lt;40 mg/dL between groups (P = 0.057).

CONCLUSIONS
Basal-bolus treatment with glargine once daily plus glulisine before meals improved glycemic control and reduced hospital complications compared with SSI in general surgery patients. Our study indicates that a basal-bolus insulin regimen is preferred over SSI in the hospital management of general surgery patients with type 2 diabetes.
La « Meseta accidental » de Jorge Guillén
Authors: Canavaggio Jean 
Published: January 2011

Desde Eugenio Frutos hasta Manuel Alvar, los comentaristas de Cántico han puesto de relieve el sabor castellano de Meseta. Aunque este romance trasciende cualquier localización anecdótica para ofrecernos un mundo quintaesenciado, el propio Guillen ha abogado en el mismo sentido, al incluirlo en Serie castellana, la antología realizada por él en 1978.
El presente estudio se propone situar este castellanismo en el lugar que le corresponde. Hablar de « pura inspiración castellana », a propósito de Meseta, es hacer caso omiso de su circunstancia inicial. Emprendido en julio de 1927, en el balneario normando de Veules-les-Roses, este poema procede de la contemplación de otra meseta que la que celebraron, en su época, los escritores del 98 : es el paisaje del Pays de Gaux, descrito, entre otros, por Flaubert y Maupassant. Ahora bien, tanto las connotaciones del título como la ausencia, en el texto, de cualquier elemento denotativo han facilitado una « castellanización » a posteriori de este paisaje, operada conjuntamente por el poeta y sus lectores. Así pues, el castellanismo de Meseta participa del valor polisémico de una poesía « elemental ». Meseta
Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Pain Management in Hospitalized Adults
Authors: Lewthwaite Barbara J. , Jabusch Kimberly M. , Wheeler Barbara J. , Schnell-Hoehn Karen N. , Mills Joanne , Estrella-Holder Estrellita , Fedorowicz Anna 
Published: January 2011

Background:
Pain management is a key component of patient satisfaction and well-being in acute care settings. Nurses spend more time with patients than any other members of the health care team and play a major role in pain management.

Methods:
This descriptive study in an urban tertiary care hospital explored the knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses regarding pain management. A modified version of the Ferrell and McCaffery Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain was used.

Results:
Forty-nine percent of respondents achieved a passing score of 80% or more. Pharmacology questions were the least likely to be answered correctly. Negative correlations were found between score and demographic variables of age and experience. A positive correlation between score and educational level was noted.

Conclusion:
Nurses require ongoing education on pain management, particularly pharmaceutical agents. However, this education alone is insufficient to substantively improve patients’ pain experiences.
Intraocular Pressure Measurements in Relation to Head Position and Through Soft Contact Lenses: Comparison of Three Portable Instruments
Authors: Klein Ainat , Shemesh Gabi , Loewenstein Anat , Kurtz Shimon 
Published: January 2011

Background and Objective:
To compare the reproducibility of three portable instruments—the Tono-Pen tonometer (Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY), the Phosphene tonometer (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY), and the TERT (Through Eyelid Russian Tonometer; Rjazan State Instrument Making, Rjazan, Russia)—in the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) with and without soft contact lenses and in different head positions.

Patients and Methods:
Twenty-six eyes of healthy volunteers were examined by the three instruments while the subjects were sitting, recumbent, and hyperextending their heads, and with and without contact lenses. IOP measurements were compared and the effects of head position and presence of contact lenses on the resultant values were analyzed.

Results:
The average difference between the recumbent and sitting positions was 3.56, 2.68, and 2.62 mm Hg for the Tono-Pen tonometer, Phosphene tonometer, and TERT, respectively. There was an increase of 5.60, 2.78, and 2.63 mm Hg in hyperextension compared to sitting for the Tono-Pen tonometer, Phosphene tonometer, and TERT, respectively. The difference in the IOP values obtained in the presence and absence of therapeutic contact lens for the three instruments in the three positions was between −1.23 and +1.47 mm Hg.

Conclusion:
IOP measurements of bedridden patients are only slightly higher than those of sitting patients except for the Tono-Pen tonometer in the hyperextension position. The presence of contact lenses does not affect IOP values obtained by the three evaluated instruments.
Surgical Management of Chronic Complete Sixth Nerve Palsy
Authors: Yurdakul Nazife Sefi , Ugurlu Seyda , Maden Ahmet 
Published: January 2011

Background and Objective:
To evaluate the results of strabismus surgery in patients with chronic complete sixth nerve palsy.

Patients and Methods:
The patients with negative traction test underwent full tendon vertical rectus muscle transposition, whereas the patients with positive traction test had medial rectus recession and transposition surgery. Traction sutures were used in patients with deviations greater than 65 prism diopters (PD) in addition to medial rectus recession.

Results:
The mean age of 6 female (35.3%) and 11 male (64.7%) patients was 45.1 ± 20.5 years (range: 13 to 80 years). The average preoperative and postoperative deviations at the primary position were 64.1 ± 14.3 PD (range: 45 to 85 PD) and 9.6 ± 17.6 PD (range: 0 to 75 PD), respectively, with an overall success rate of 76.5%.

Conclusion:
Most of the patients with chronic sixth nerve palsy could achieve good ocular alignment with a surgical approach that is tailored according to the needs of the individual patient.
Role of MicroRNA-214–Targeting Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog in Advanced Glycation End Product-Induced Apoptosis Delay in Monocytes
Authors: Li Li-Min , Hou Dong-Xia , Guo Ya-Lan , Yang Jun-Wei , Liu Yuan , Zhang Chen-Yu , Zen Ke 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) delay spontaneous apoptosis of monocytes and contribute to the development of inflammatory responses. However, the mechanism by which AGEs affect monocyte apoptosis is unclear. We studied the role of microRNA-214 (miR-214) and its target gene in AGE-induced monocytic apoptosis delay. Using microRNA (miRNA) microarray and stem-loop, quantitative RT-PCR assay, we studied genome-wide miRNA expression in THP-1 cells treated with or without AGEs. Significant upregulation of miR-214 was consistently observed in THP-1 and human monocytes treated with various AGEs, and AGE-induced monocytic miR-214 upregulation was likely through activation of receptor for AGEs. A striking increase in miR-214 was also detected in monocytes from patients with chronic renal failure. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-214 specifically binds to the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA 3′-untranslated region, implicating PTEN as a target gene of miR-214. PTEN expression is inversely correlated with miR-214 level in monocytes. Compared with normal monocytes, AGE-treated monocytes and monocytes from chronic renal failure patients exhibited lower PTEN levels and delayed apoptosis. Overexpression of pre–miR-214 led to impaired PTEN expression and delayed apoptosis of THP-1 cells, whereas knockdown of miR-214 level largely abolished AGE-induced cell survival. Our findings define a new role for miR-214–targeting PTEN in AGE-induced monocyte survival.
HCV Peptide (C5A), an Amphipathic α-Helical Peptide of Hepatitis Virus C, Is an Activator of N-Formyl Peptide Receptor in Human Phagocytes
Authors: Lin Qing , Fang Dan , Hou Xinwei , Le Yingying , Fang Jiazhu , Wen Feng , Gong Wanghua , Chen Keqiang , Wang Ji Ming , Su Shao Bo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5A, a phosphorylated zinc metalloprotein, is an essential component of the HCV replication complex. An amphipathic α-helical peptide (HCV peptide [C5A]) derived from nonstructural 5A membrane anchor domain possesses potent anti-HCV and anti-HIV activity in vitro. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of HCV peptide (C5A) to regulate host immune responses. The capacity of HCV peptide (C5A) in vitro to induce migration and calcium mobilization of human phagocytes and chemoattractant receptor-transfected cells was investigated. The recruitment of phagocytes in vivo induced by HCV peptide (C5A) and its adjuvant activity were examined. The results revealed that HCV peptide (C5A) was a chemoattractant and activator of human phagocytic leukocytes by using a G-protein coupled receptor, namely formyl peptide receptor. In mice, HCV peptide (C5A) induced massive phagocyte infiltration after injection in the air pouch or the s.c. region. HCV peptide (C5A) also acted as an immune adjuvant by enhancing specific T cell responses to Ag challenge in mice. Our results suggest that HCV peptide (C5A) derived from HCV regulates innate and adaptive immunity in the host by activating the formyl peptide receptor.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Treated Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Analysis of 14 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Ahmed Ala Eldin H. , Ibrahim Ahmed S. , Elshafie Somia M. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundPulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is an increasing global health problem that continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. The impact of PTB has been measured in terms morbidity and mortality and little attention has been paid to continuing respiratory disability in those who were cured. Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is a serious respiratory disability that results from structural lung damage and chronic hypoxia. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of PHT in a cohort of treated PTB patients who presented with shortness of breath.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study that included 14 consecutive patients who were cured of PTB and presented with shortness of breath. Demographic and clinical data were recorded for all patients. PHT was diagnosed using Doppler echocardiography.ResultsFourteen patients who were treated for PTB and were found to have PHT were studied. All patients were sputum smear negative at the time of the study. The mean age (SD) was 43.1 (13.6) and half of the patients were males. The mean number of years since PTB was diagnosed (SD) was 9.4 (10.9). All patients had abnormal chest x-rays. The commonest radiological abnormality was fibrocavitation which occurred in 50% of patients. Estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) of 51 to 80 mm/Hg was found in 9 patients (64.3%) whereas PASP of 40 to 50 mm/Hg was found in 4 patients (28.6%) and one patient had PASP more than 80 mm/Hg.ConclusionsDifferent grades of PHT occurred in this cohort of treated PTB patients on average about 9 years after cure. The findings of this study support implementation of strategies for early detection and prevention of PTB. For those who were cured from PTB, longer periods of disability should be implemented in assessment of disease burden.
Real‐Time Quantitative PCR Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Content
Authors: Venegas Victor , Wang Jing , Dimmock David , Wong Lee‐Jun 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMitochondrial disorders are a group of complex and heterogeneous diseases that may be caused by molecular defects in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome. The biosynthesis and integrity of the small 16.6‐kb mitochondrial genome require a group of nuclear encoded genes. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndromes (MDDSs) are autosomal recessive disorders caused by molecular defects in nuclear genes, and characterized by a reduction in mtDNA content. To date, mutations in at least nine genes (POLG, DGUOK, TK2, TYMP, MPV17, SUCLA2, SUCLG1, RRM2B, and C10orf2) have been reported to cause various forms of MDDSs. In the clinical setting, a simple method to determine mtDNA depletion would be useful prior to undertaking gene sequence analysis. This unit outlines the real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of mtDNA content in tissues. MtDNA content varies among different tissues and at different ages in the same individual. Detailed protocols for the selection of nuclear genes for normalization, PCR set up, validation procedures, tissue and age matched controls, and sensitivity and specificity in various tissues, as well as interpretation of results are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 68:19.7.1‐19.7.12 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Mode of Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination of Toxic Materials
Authors: Mirer Franklin E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractToxicology supports health risk assessments that generate exposure limits for chemicals. A toxic effect is presumed proportional to the concentration of the proximal toxicant at the target site of action. Uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a toxicant explain the action of the agent and the variation in potency between exposure circumstances, species, and agents with similar mode of action. The proximal toxicant may be the parent compound or a product of metabolism of the toxic agent. Portals for entry into the body in the occupational environment are primarily inhalation and skin absorption. The most prominent determinants of absorption are physical state, particle size and lipid solubility. The liver is the most prominent organ for metabolism of toxicants, oxidation by Cytochrome P450 enzymes the most prominent metabolic pathway for activation and detoxification. Excretion pathways include exhalation of volatile compounds, transport of polar compounds to urine by the kidney and transport of lipid soluble compounds to feces via bile. Examples of agents and detailed discussion of the structure of organ systems are given.
Characterizing Air Contaminant Emission Sources
Authors: Harris Robert L. , Arp Earl W. , Burton D. Jeff 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
All workers over‐exposures to air contaminants result from poorly controlled emissions of the contaminants into the work environment. The present study focuses mainly about the emission inventory and to implement cost‐effective emission and exposure controls. The role of IH has also been addressed in identifying and characterizing the emission sources which contribute to exposure.
Control Banding: Background, Critique, and Evolution
Authors: Nelson Deborah Imel , Zalk David M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractControl banding (CB) strategies offer easy solutions for controlling worker exposures to constituents that are found in the workplace in the absence of firm toxicological and exposure data. Several constrains and challenges for understanding the CB strategies have been discussed in the present study. The CB approach has been recognized in all the sectors of developing countries and is considered as the most practical approach for the prevention of work‐related risks
Nonionizing Radiation: Broadband Optical
Authors: Phillips Margaret Levin , Butler Allene “Scotty” 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Optical radiation consists of the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) regions of the nonionizing electromagnetic spectrum. The main target organs for optical radiation are the eye and skin. This chapter reviews the basic science of optical radiation, describes characteristics of common broadband optical radiation sources, discusses exposure criteria and methods for the quantitative assessment of optical radiation hazards, describes basic principles for control of these hazards, and provides practical discussion of hazard recognition and control for specific processes or sources, including solar UV, welding, germicidal radiation, and photocuring lamps.
Nonionizing Radiation: Radiofrequency
Authors: Hitchcock Robert Timothy 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

The Radio‐frequency radiation (RFR) is nonionizing, electromagnetic energy that extends from 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) in the health professions. The order‐of‐magnitude band for RFR and sub‐RF portion of the spectrum has been presented. The frequencies in the specific bands have been allocated for different applications. Besides this, specific frequencies have been designated for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) uses. It has been found that if the potential exposure exceeds the action limit, i.e., approximately 1/5
th
of the exposure limit, then a RF safety program (RFSP) should be implemented and maintained.
Vibration
Authors: Nelson Christopher M. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Human exposure to mechanical vibration is typically considered under two general headings:
whole‐body vibration
, usually occurring in transport systems or when operating a mobile machine; and
hand‐arm vibration
, resulting from use of vibrating hand‐held, hand‐guided or hand‐fed machines. This chapter is concerned with occupational exposure to hand‐arm vibration (HAV), which is associated with the development of sensorineural, vascular and musculoskeletal disorders, collectively known as the hand‐arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). The standardized methods, and their limitations, for measurement and evaluation of worker vibration exposure and the vibration emission of machinery are discussed. Disabling cases of HAVS are preventable if employers apply good practice to minimise risk and provide health surveillance for workers at risk; this chapter discusses risk assessment for HAVS and gives examples of good practice for risk control. Exposure limits and action levels laid down in national legislation or guidance, in the European Union, Japan and the USA, are discussed and compared.
Occupational Safety and Health Law
Authors: Howard John , Smith Steven C. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In 1970, Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSH Act”) which established a national system for workplace safety and health standards development, standards enforcement and consultative assistance under the administrative implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The OSH Act imposes duties on employers to comply with OSHA's safety and health standards under a system of civil and criminal sanctions, and provides for a number of employee inspection participation and anti‐discrimination rights. The OSH Act also established the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to conduct research that would inform OSHA about emerging workplace safety and health risks. The chapter provides an overview of the major provisions of the OSH Act as they have been administratively implemented by OSHA and judicially interpreted by the courts in the years since its enactment with an emphasis on OSHA's health standards that are used in the practice of industrial hygiene.
Contemporary Industrial Hygiene Considerations for Health Care Work Settings
Authors: Emery Robert J. , Charlton Michael A. , Brown Bruce J. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Individuals seek health care to improve their health status, so there may be the presumption that the health care workplace is inherently safe and relatively free from possible hazards. But intertwined with the provision of modern medical care are possible exposures to a wide variety of potentially hazardous conditions and agents. Industrial hygienists providing services to this unique work environment must develop a thorough understanding of all the risks present in order to effectively anticipate, recognize, evaluate, and control the hazards. The types of hazards possibly present in the typical health care worksetting are discussed along with suggested concurrent prudent control measures, all within the context of providing quality health care for patients, while protecting the workers.