bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the susceptibility to gingivitis during childhood—a review
Authors: MATSSON L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. A variety of biological changes take place during childhood which have an impact on the development of gingival inflammatory disease. This paper reviews the literature concerning changes in the susceptibility to gingivitis during childhood. It is concluded that during certain periods the risk of developing gingivitis is relatively low, while in others the gingival tissues are more susceptible and react to bacterial irritation with inflammation. Factors that may be responsible for these changes include differences in bacterial plaque composition, in immune defence systems and in morphology of the gingival tissues, and also factors related to tooth eruption and puberty.Résumé.Les différents changements biologiques pendant l'enfance influent sur le développement de la gingivite inflammatoire. Cette étude passe on revue la littérature concernant la prédisposition à la gingivite pendant l'enfance. La conclusion est que, pendant certaines périodes, ce risque est très bas alors que pendant d'autres, l'aggression bactériennes etraîne une réaction inflammatoire. Parmi les facteurs responsables, on retrouve les différences de composition de la plaque bactérienne, des systémes immunitaires de défense, de morphologie des tissus gingivaux et des facteurs en relation avec l'éruption dentaire et la puberté.Zusammenfassung.Während der Kindheit finden eine Vielzahl von biologischen Veränderungen statt, die sich auf die Anfälligkeit für Gingivitis auswirken. In diesem Beitrag wird die Fachliteratur im Hinblick auf Veränderungen der Gingivitisanfälligkeit während der Kindheit überprüft. Es wird die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß während gewisser Zeiten das Risiko, an Gingivitis zu erkranken, relativ gering ist, während zu anderen Zeiten das Zahnfleischgewebe anfälliger ist und auf eine bakterielle Reizung leichter mit einer Entzündung reagiert. Zu den Faktoren, auf die diese Schwankungen zurückzuführen sein können, gehören Unterschiede in der bakteriellen Plaquezusammensetzung, im Immunsystem und in der Morphologie des Zahnfleischgewebes sowie Faktoren betreffend Zahndurchbruch und Pubertät.Resumen.Una variedad de cambios biológicos ocurren durante la niñez los cuales tienen impacto en el desarrollo de la enfermedad gingival inflamatoria. Este artículo hace una revisión de la literature en ralación con los cambios en la susceptibilidad a la gingivitis durante la niñez. Se concluye que durante ciertos peñodos, el riesgo adesarrollar gingivitis es my bàjo mientras que en otros los tejidos gingivales son mas susceptibles a reaccionar con inflamación a la irritación bacteriana. Los factores que pueden ser responsables por estos cambios incluye diferencias en la composición de la placa bacteriana, sistema de defensa inmume, morfología de los tejidos gingivales y tambien factores relacionados con la erupción dental y pubertad.
Candida infection of a persistent palatal ulcer in a 20‐month‐old child
Authors: BOYD D. H. , GREGG T. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. A 20 month‐old infant presented with a painless, persistent lesion on the hard palate which had been present for 6 months. The lesion was aggressive in appearance, approximately 2 cm in diameter with raised, rolled edges, and there was what appeared to be granulation tissue present together with some necrotic slough in its base. It was considered to represent a traumatized area with superimposed secondary Candida infection. A direct smear of the lesion was positive for Candida. Antifungal therapy, and an attempt to avoid further irritation by advising the mother not to give the child a feeding bottle whenever possible, resulted in complete healing of the lesion. There has been no recurrence in 2 years.Résumé.Infection par Candida d'une ulcération palatine persistante chez un enfant âgé de vingt moisUn nourrisson âgé de vingt mois présentait une lésion indolore et persistante du palais dur, depuis 6 mois. La lésion, d'apparence aggressive, d'environ 2 centimétres de diamétre avec des bords arrondis surélevés et, au fond, ce qui semblait du tissu de granulation et une zone nécrotique, faisait penser à une lésion traumatique avec infection à Candida surajoutée. L'examen du frottis s'est révélé positif pour le Candida. Un traitement anti‐fongique et des conseils à la mére, pour éviter des irritations supplémentaires en supprimant le biberon quand celà était possible, ont entrainé une guérison compléte de la lésion. Il n'y a pas eu de récidive depuis deux ans.Zusammenfassung.Eine Candia‐Infektion eines palatinalen persistierenden Ulkus bei einen 20 Monaten alten KindBei einem 20 Monate alten Kleinkind wurde eine schmerzlose 6. Monate persistierende Läsion am harten Gaumen festgestellt. Diese war 2 cm im Durchmesser mit erhöhten gerollten Rändern und Granulationsgewebe mit nekrotischen Gewebe am Grund. Es sah aus wie eine traumatisch geschädigte Zone mit sekundärer Candida‐infektion. Ein Abstrich war positiv für Candida antifungale Therapie und der Verzicht auf die Saugflasche ermöglichte eine Vollständige Heilung der Läsion, ohne Rezidif wärend 2 Jahren.Resumen.Infección de Cándida persistente en una úcers palatina en un niño de 20 meses de edadSe presentó un niño de 20 meses de edad con una lesión indolora en el paladar duro que habia estado presente por 6 meses. La lesion mostró una apariencia agresiva, de aproximadamente 2 cm de diámetro con rebordes elevados y redondeados y con lo que parecía ser tejido de granlación con tejido necrótico en la base. Se consideró representar a un area traumatizada con superimposición de infección de Cándida. La terapia fungicida e indicación a la madre de no darle el biberón siempre que sea posible, resultó en una resolución completa de la lesión. No ha habido recurrencia a los 2 años.
Mandibular enlargement: an unusual complication of a cervical cystic hygroma
Authors: HUTCHINSON I. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. A 13‐year‐old boy with a large cervical cystic hygroma, which extended into the floor of mouth, was referred for treatment of painful teeth and tongue. Clinically there was a large submandibular swelling, enlargement of the mandible and a Class III malocclusion. Intra‐orally the tongue was enlarged and vesiculated. Gross caries was present in both mandibular permanent first molar teeth. Treatment comprised oral hygiene instruction, dietary advice, chlorohexidene mouth rinse, and removal of the carious teeth. At a later date, removal of the lesion and correction of the mandibular enlargement will be undertaken.Résumé.Elargissement mandibulaire: une complication inhabituelle d'un hygroma kystique du couUn garçon de 13 ans, avec important hygroma kystique du cou, étendu au plancher de la bouche, été adressé pour douleurs de la langue et des dents. Cliniquement on notait une importante tuméfaction sous mandibulaire, avec élargissement de la mandibule et malocclusion Classe III, langue augmentée de volume et porteuse de vésicules, caries importantes au niveau des premières molaires permanentes à la mandibule et au maxillaire supérieur. Le traitement a consisté en conseils d'hygiène orale, conseils diététiques, bains de bouche à base de chlorhéxidine et extractions de dents cariées. Par la suite, a tumeur a été supprimée et l'élargissement mandibulaire corrigé.Zusammenfassung.Mandibulaire Vergrösserung: eine ungewöhnliche Komplikation eines zervikalen zystischen HygromasEin 13 jähriger Knabe mit einem grosser zervikaler zystische Hygroma, welches sich bis in den Mundboden ausdehnte, wurde überwiesen zur Behandlung von schmerzenden Zähne und Zunge, Klinisch wurde eine grosse submandibuläre Schwellung und eine Vergrösserung der Mandibula festgestellt. Intraoral war die Zunge blasenförmig vergrössert. Gross kariöse Lasionen wurden in beiden unteren ersten Molaren gefunden. Die Behandlung umfasste Mundhygieneanweisungen, Dietvorschriften, Chlorhexidinspülungen. Geplant ist das Entfernen des Hygromas und die Verkleinerung der Mandibula.Resumen.Alargamiento mandibular: inusual complicatión de un higroma quístico cervicalUn niño de 13 años de edad con un gran higroma quistico cervical, extendido al suelo de boca, fue referido para el tratamiento del dolor dental y lingual. Clínicamente se veía una gran hinchazón submandibular, alargamiento mandibular y una maloclusión de Clase III. A nivel intraoral la lengua se veía engrosada y vesiculizada. Caries avanzadas se veían en ambos primeros molares mandibulares. El tratamiento consistió en instrucción de hugiene oral, consejo dietético, enjuagues bucales con clorhexidina y la eliminación de los dientes cariados. En la próxima visita, la eliminación de la lesión y la corrección del alargamiento mandibular serán llevados a cabo.
An unusual dental cause of nasal discharge: a case report
Authors: COBOURNE M. T. , BLOOM K. L. , HARLEY K. E. , PORTER S. R. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. A case is reported of an unusual cause of localized nasal discharge. A 6‐year‐old girl presented complaining of pain and discharge from the left nostril. Clinical and radiological evaluation revealed the cause of the symptoms to be a previously asymptomatic intruded primary incisor on the floor of the nasal cavity. The tooth was removed under general anaesthesia and healing occurred without complication.Resumé.Cause dentaire inhabituelle d'un écoulement nasal: rapport d'un casLe cas rapporté est celui d'une cause inhabituelle d'écoulement nasal. Une fillette de 6 ans a consulté pour douleur et écoulement de la narine gauche. L'examen clinique et radiologique a montré que 1 cause de ces symptômes était l'intrusion d'une incisive temporaire dans le plancher de la cavité nasale. Le dent a été extrait sous anesthésie générale et la guérison obtenue sans complication.Zusammenfassung.Elle nicht übliche Ursache von nasalen Ausflusses: ein FallberichtEin 6 Jahre altes MåUdchen beschwerte sich über Schmerzen im linken Nasenloch und wegen ungewöhnlicher Ausfluss aus diesem Nasenloch. Mittels klinischer und röntgologischer Untersuchungen fand man die Urasche dieser Syndrome: Einer, vor einiger Zeit, den Nasenboden intrudierter Milchfrontzahn. Dieser wurde in Vollnarkose entfernt und die Heilung erfogte ohne Komplikationen.Resumen.Una inusual cause de descarga nasal: caso clínicoSe reportóo un caso de una inusual causa de descarga nasal localizada. Una niña de 6 años de edad se presentó lamentando dolor y descarga del orificio nasal izquierdo. La evaluación clínica y radiogråAfica reveló que la causa de la sintomatología era una previa intrusión de un incisivo temporal en el piso de las fosas nasales. El diente fue removido bajo anestesia general y la recuperación se llevó a cabo sin complicaciones.
Evolutionary history of the Paradoxurus palm civets – a new model for Asian biogeography
Authors: Patou Marie‐Lilith , Wilting Andreas , Gaubert Philippe , Esselstyn Jacob A. , Cruaud Corinne , Jennings Andrew P. , Fickel Jörns , Veron Géraldine 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim  Using molecular data and dental features, we investigated the genetic and morphological diversity among species of palm civets in the genus Paradoxurus, with a focus on the common palm civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Carnivora, Viverridae), in order to address biogeographic scenarios and provide recommendations for a taxonomic revision.Location  Asia: Pakistan to the Lesser Sunda Islands.Methods  We investigated the genetic diversity within Paradoxurus using two mitochondrial (cytochrome b, control region) and one nuclear (intron 7 of the β‐fibrinogen) markers. We used samples from 85 individuals of P. hermaphroditus (including 20 museum specimens) and one representative of each of the other species in the genus Paradoxurus: Paradoxurus jerdoni and Paradoxurus zeylonensis. DNA sequences were analysed using phylogenetic and haplotype network methods, and divergence dates were estimated for the clades retrieved. Furthermore, we examined dental characters from a large series of specimens and compared the morphological variation with the molecular data.Results  Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that P. hermaphroditus is paraphyletic. We identified three major lineages distributed: (1) in the Indian subcontinent, south China, Hainan and in areas above 200 m in Indochina; (2) in Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatra and in areas below 200 m in Indochina; and (3) in Borneo, the Philippines and the Mentawai archipelago. Our morphological observations were congruent with these three molecular lineages. Divergence date estimates inferred a Pliocene origin for Paradoxurus (2.8–5.7 Ma), with the three main clades diversifying from the mid–Early Pliocene to the end of the Pliocene. We suggest that the flooding of the Isthmus of Kra during the Pliocene was a major event shaping the diversification of Paradoxurus palm civets. We also hypothesize that the elevational segregation of the two lineages on the mainland could have resulted from the vegetational changes that were induced by Late Pliocene glacial episodes.Main conclusions  The Isthmus of Kra is a major boundary between two major lineages of P. hermaphroditus. There is a need for a taxonomic revision for P. hermaphroditus, and we suggest that this species should be split into at least three species.
Evidence‐based medicine training and implementation in surgery: the role of surgical cultures
Authors: Kitto Simon , Petrovic Ana , Gruen Russell L. , Smith Julian A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurpose  This qualitative study identifies cultural factors that influence the effective implementation of evidence‐based medicine (EBM) in surgical practice among Australian surgeons.Methods  In‐depth interviews (n = 22) were conducted with surgeons from a variety of specialties within a large hospital system in Victoria, Australia. The interviews explored the surgeons' understanding of EBM; and challenges to the adoption of EBM. The canons and procedures of the Miles and Huberman's Matrix Analyses approach to qualitative research guided the coding and organization of the data derived from the semi‐structured interviews.Results  Surgeons had a good understanding of EBM, but viewed it as little more than a system of evidence, which was often divorced from actual clinical practice. The data also suggested that surgical culture(s) and typologies of surgical style were important variables in the implementation of EBM. The results suggest that the ideal method of EBM implementation is workplace instruction led by surgeons, who exhibit scientist and/or clinician styles of surgical practice; EBM training should occur early in the surgeons' careers; and EBM practice should be role modelled in the presence of trainees by surgeons who exhibit either a scientist and/or clinician style of surgical practice.Conclusions  The study findings suggest that using pre‐existing surgical culture(s) and styles is an important component in the implementation of EBM in surgery. The effective use of the scientist and/or clinician surgeon within the apprenticeship model and the context‐specific collegial networks of the surgical profession appear to be key elements in ensuring the successful implementation of EBM in surgery.
A variant of the interleukin‐1β gene in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., is associated with increased resistance against Vibrio anguillarum
Authors: Chistiakov D A , Kabanov F V , Troepolskaya O D , Tischenko M M 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVibriosis caused by the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum leads to serious losses in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Because of its pleiotropic activity in controlling immune and inflammatory responses against various pathogens, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) is an attractive candidate for resistance to bacterial vibriosis. Four polymorphisms c.76 + 52C>T, c.76 + 157A>G, c.76 + 215A>and c76 + 310A>G of IL1B were genotyped in progeny of four families of wild sea bass captured in geographically distinct regions of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov and challenged with V. anguillarum. In the transmission disequilibrium test, the TGGG haplotype of IL1B showed significant overtransmission from parents to surviving progeny, thereby suggesting an association with higher resistance to V. anguillarum infection (Odds Ratio 0.38, P < 10−7). Using a luciferase reporter assay, we found a 1.4‐fold increase in transcription activity of the protective IL1B TGGG variant compared to the susceptible CAAA variant of IL1B. The higher transcriptional activity of IL1B TGGG may arise from the functional effects of c.76 + 157A>G and c.76 + 215A>G polymorphisms disrupting potential binding sites for glucocorticoid receptor and YY1, both are negative transcription regulators.
Prenatal exposure to elevated maternal body temperature and risk of epilepsy in childhood: a population‐based pregnancy cohort study
Authors: Sun Yuelian , Vestergaard Mogens , Christensen Jakob , Olsen Jørn 
Published: August 2010

SummarySun Y, Vestergaard M, Christensen J, Olsen J. Prenatal exposure to elevated maternal body temperature and risk of epilepsy in childhood: a population‐based pregnancy cohort study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2010.Elevated maternal body temperature during pregnancy is of clinical concern as side effects have been reported. We estimated the association between maternal fever and sauna bathing during pregnancy and risk of epilepsy in the offspring. We identified 86 810 liveborn singletons from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) and followed them for up to 9 years of age. Information on fever including number, timing, level, duration, and symptoms of each fever episodes was collected in two computer‐assisted telephone interviews around 17 and 32 gestational weeks; information on maternal use of a sauna was collected in the latter interview, and information on epilepsy was obtained from the Danish National Hospital Register. We applied Cox regression models to estimate the incidence rate ratios (IRR) of epilepsy for children exposed to maternal fever and sauna bathing during pregnancy. Maternal sauna bathing during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of epilepsy. Maternal fever during pregnancy in general was not associated with an increased risk of epilepsy in the offspring [IRR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85, 1.19], and no dose‐response pattern was found according to number, level and duration of fever. However we did find an increased risk of epilepsy among children exposed to at least 3 fever episodes (IRR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.19, 2.98), to maternal fever with symptoms in the urinary system (IRR = 4.86, 95% CI 1.56, 15.17), and to one‐day maternal fever of 39.0–39.4°C (IRR = 2.79, 95% CI 1.60, 4.84). Our findings do not support a strong association between hyperthermia and epilepsy but the associations between underlying causes of fever, especially prenatal infections, call for more research.
Metabolic rates, genetic constraints, and the evolution of endothermy
Authors: HAYES J. P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe metabolic distinction between endotherms and ectotherms is profound. Whereas the ecology of metabolic rates is well studied, how endotherms evolved from their ectothermic ancestors remains unclear. The aerobic capacity model postulates that a genetic constraint between resting and maximal metabolism was essential for the evolution of endothermy. Using the multivariate breeders’ equation, I illustrate how the (i) relative sizes of genetic variances and (ii) relative magnitudes of selection gradients for resting and maximal metabolism affect the genetic correlation needed for endothermy to have evolved via a correlated response to selection. If genetic variances in existing populations are representative of ancestral conditions, then the aerobic capacity model is viable even if the genetic correlation was modest. The analyses reveal how contemporary data on selection and genetic architecture can be used to test hypotheses about the evolution of endothermy, and they show the benefits of explicitly linking physiology and quantitative genetic theory.
Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome
Authors: Braitberg George , Miller Mary Beth , Curry Steven C 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAnticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome is a rare disorder which occurs after administration of phenytoin, phenobarbitone or carbamazepine. It may be distinguished from a simple drug rash by the presence of fever, hepatitis, haematological abnormalities and other signs of systemic disease. These drugs all contain a benzene ring which is thought to form a toxic metabolite called arene oxide. This highly electrophilic molecule covalently binds to molecules and causes cell death. This compound is normally detoxified by the enzyme epoxide hydroxylase. Those individuals with impaired or absent activity of the enzyme will manifest the syndrome. In the unborn foetus, lack of this enzyme will predispose the child to developing foetal hydantoin syndrome. Treatment consists of removing the offending agent and supportive care. The use of steroids remains controversial.
Ocular manifestations in the mucopolysaccharidoses – a review
Authors: Ashworth Jane L , Kruse Friedrich E , Bachmann Björn , Tormene Alma P , Suppiej Agnese , Parini Rossella , Guffon Nathalie 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOcular manifestations are very common in all types of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and often lead to visual impairment. They arise as a result of the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans deposits in ocular tissues or secondary to increased intracranial pressure. Typical ocular features in MPS include corneal clouding, retinopathy, glaucoma, optic disc swelling, optic atrophy, and ocular motility and refractive error problems. This paper reviews the ocular features in patients with MPS, discusses the diagnosis of these ocular features and the diagnostic problems that may arise in patients (children) with MPS, and highlights the central role ophthalmologists may play in the diagnosis and follow‐up of these patients.
A maturation model for midazolam clearance
Authors: Anderson Brian J. , Larsson Peter 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground:  Physiological‐based pharmacokinetic models have been used to describe midazolam clearance (CL) maturation. There are no maturation descriptors of CL from neonate to adulthood based on reported estimates at different ages.Methods:  Published CL estimates after intravenous administration from time–concentration profiles were used to construct a maturation model based on size and age. Curve fitting was performed using nonlinear mixed effects models.Results:  There were 16 publications reporting an estimate of CL after intravenous administration in children, although few estimates were available from 44–80 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). CL maturation, standardized to a 70 ‐kg person was described using the Hill equation. Mature CL was 523 (CV 32%, 95%CI 469, 597) ml·min−1·70 kg−1. The maturation half‐time was 73.6 (95%CI 59.4, 80.0) weeks PMA and the Hill coefficient 3 (95%CI 2.2, 4.1). Predicted CL changes with age based on this model were in close agreement with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. A comparison with a published PBPK model predictions revealed a root mean squared prediction error (precision) of 4.0% (95%CI 1.1, 5.8) and bias was −0.9% (95%CI −4.3, 2.6).Conclusions:  Previously published pharmacokinetic parameters can be used to develop maturation models that address gaps in current knowledge regarding the influence of age on a drug’s disposition. If a midazolam sedation target concentration of 0.1 mg·l−1, similar to that given to adults, is assumed, then we might anticipate steady‐state infusion rates of 0.014 mg·kg−1·h−1 in neonates, 0.05 mg·kg−1·h−1 in a 1‐year‐old, 0.06 mg·kg−1·h−1 in a 5‐year‐old and 0.05 mg·kg−1·h−1 in a 12‐year‐old child. Age‐related pharmacodynamic differences that will affect dose and the impact of active metabolites on response are not yet quantified.