bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immuno electron microscopy – tracking the sub‐cellular localization of antigens in high resolution
Authors: AKHTAR S 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Any antigen to which an antibody can be generated can be localized, at sub‐cellular level and viewed under very high magnification by immuno‐electron microscopy (immune‐EM). The applications of EM immunocytochemistry are very wide ranging.Methods A particular antigen is localized by primary antibody (monoclonal or polyclonal) within a tissue. The primary antibody is visualized using a secondary antibody, the gold conjugates of 5 or 10nm size. The gold particles are opaque and can be seen under an electron microscope. The antibody can be used on pre‐embedded or post embedded tissue. In the pre‐embedding method, a fresh thin piece of tissue is treated with primary and secondary antibodies. In the post‐embedding method, primary and secondary antibodies are used on ultrathin sections. The immunocytochemistry is also carried out on cryosection. Double immune labeling is also carried out by some authors.Results A number of extracellular matrix proteins and non‐collagenous glycoproteins, such as collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, keratan sulphate proteoglycan, BKS1, chondroitin sulphate, keratoepithilin have been demonstrated by the immuno‐EM procedure. A number of cellular proteins such as keratoepithelin and actin were also shown by immuno‐EM.Conclusion Immuno‐EM is a very powerful technique since it combines the specificity and flexibility of immunocytochemistry with the resolution at high magnification of electron microscopy. Acknowledgement: Supported by National Plan for Science and Technology, KSU, Riyadh.
Herpetic eye disease
Authors: VASSILEVA P 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Human herpes viral infection is a major cause of morbidity worldwide and a frequent cause of ocular pathology – conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, uveitis, optic neuritis. It is a recurrent disease and the complications may lead to blindness.Methods Diverse clinical picture with various manifestations, risk factors and diagnostic problems are discussed in a retrospective review of 120 consecutive patients with herpetic eye infection referred to our hospital for a year. Pathogenesis and classification of ocular herpetic disease are analyzed. 50 patients (42%) had stromal keratitis. Symptoms and signs of recurrence were documented in 34 patients (28%). Herpes simplex infection was observed in 85 patients (71%) and varicella zoster virus in 35 patients (29%). Therapeutic approach depended on clinical form and stage.Results Controversies in optimal management and current treatment strategy are demonstrated. Treatment of complications, including severe cases with corneal perforation are presented.Conclusion Systemic antiviral treatment demonstrate beneficial effect in our series of patients. Importance of differentiating HSV and VZV is emphasized. But still to date scientifically proven answers on herpetic eye disease are very limited.
Treatment: medical therapy
Authors: HERGELDZHIEVA T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To present the current medical treatment of herpetic eye disease (HED).Methods Electronic search of PubMed using the terms randomized clinical trials, treatment, herpes, and eye was performed.Results For herpes simplex virus (HSV) epithelial keratitis, trifluridine and acyclovir are more effective than idoxuridine or vidarabine. Brivudine and ganciclovir are at least as effective as acyclovir. The effectiveness of corneal epithelial débridement is improved by an antiviral agent. For HSV stromal keratitis, topical corticosteroids in addition to a topical antiviral agent are effective in managing HSV stromal keratitis. Topical cyclosporine A in conjunction with prophylactic antivirals is an alternative treatment for HSV stromal keratitis, especially in cases of non‐necrotizing disease not controlled by corticosteroids or in cases with side effects from steroid treatment. In patients with necrotizing HSV stromal keratitis, amniotic membrane transplantation with postoperative antivirals and corticosteroids are recommended when antivirals alone do not control the disease. For HSV iridocyclitis, a study’s results show a trend for a benefit from oral acyclovir in addition to topical corticosteroids. For ophthalmic herpes zoster, oral antiviral drugs at the first signs of infection are recommended for all patients. The monotherapy with antiviral ointment is insufficient. For metaherpetic eye disease, antiviral agents are generally contraindicated and resurfacing therapy and/or surgical reconstruction should be considered.Conclusion Appropriate and timely treatment of different forms of HED benefits better visual prognosis and improved quality of life.
Treatment: surgical methods
Authors: DEKARIS I , RATKOVIC M , PAUK M , DRACA N 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Herpetic keratitis may lead to a significant corneal scaring and loss of vision which often leads to surgical treatment, which can be both penetrating (PKP) and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). However, the survival of corneal grafts is hampered by the presence of neovascularization (NV) and possible recurrence of herpetic disease. In our prospective study we have used bevacizumab treatment at the end of surgery, aiming to decrease corneal NV,and consequently to increase graft survival rate.Methods Twelve high‐risk eyes undergoing PKP due to post‐herpetic corneal scar were progressively followed up for 17.54 months (range 6‐24). There were 7 females and 5 males of average age 51 and 44.28 years, respectively. All surgeries were ended by subconjunctival bevacizumab injection (25 mg/ml) under the NV. Grafts were prospectively examined for their clearance, presence of NV and endothelial cells density (ECD) loss.Results At the end of follow‐up 11 out of 12 (91.7%) of corneal grafts remained clear; corneal NV reduction was found in all eyes and ECD loss at 24 months was 26.63%. Two out of 12 (16.6%) of patients had herpetic recurrence in their graft, which was successfully treated with systemic acyclovir.Conclusion Subconjunctival bevacizumab may offer an adjunctive measure during surgical treatment of post‐herpetic corneal scars. This might be explained by suppression of the angiogenic potential mediated by VEGF in such patients.
Modern pterygium surgery
Authors: GICQUEL JJ 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPterigyum is the most common surgically managed ocular surface disorder . The primary Goals are to prevent recurrences in advanced cases and get a proper esthetic result in younger patients with less symptomatic cases There has been 1 article every month for the last 4 decades on the subject… Bare sclera technique should be avoided at all costs, because it involves too many recurrences. Hence will discuss other techniques, such as conjonctivo‐limbalautograft (sutured or glued), conjunctival graft, amniotic membrane and the use of anti‐mitotic drugs.
Eyelid tumours : The relative value of clinical signs
Authors: LASUDRY J 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Despite the fact that the majority of eyelid tumours are benign, proper management in daily practice requires to detect the malignant ones.Methods A few clinical behaviour criteria are usually examined to support the hypothesis of a malignancy, however most are of limited reliability.Results In any case of doubt, biopsy is recommended, which is readily done in the outpatient setting, to reach a pathologic diagnosis, and to draw the appropriate management plan.Conclusion In all malignant cases, complete carcinologic control is required.
Bases of pathological diagnosis of eyelid tumours
Authors: LOEFFLER K 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose This presentation will discuss a variety of tumours of the eyelid and adjacent conjunctiva both clinically and histopathologically.Methods Clinical features of some "usual" and "unusual" tumours will be correlated with histopathologic findings.Results In many cases, the clinical diagnosis based on certain morphologic criteria and patient's history will be correct. However, it is not infrequent that only histopathologic examination will reveal the exact diagnosis and help to further manage the patient appropriately.Conclusion The correct diagnosis of eyelid lesions can usually be established using appropriate clinical features but histopathology is mandatory to confirm this since "surprises" are more frequent than we might assume.
Bases of surgery for eyelid reconstruction
Authors: BRISCOE D 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Eyelid defects can be complex and often demand individual approaches in order to achieve a successful functional and cosmetic reconstruction. The course gives the basis of understanding and experience of the issues involved in rebuilding an eyelid. Course participants will be equipped with simple principles of understanding that will make this task much more simple.Methods Key principles of reconstruction including area and location of the defect, layers, support, anchorage, vascular supply, and the use of flaps and grafts, are discussed in detail. Numerous cases with graphic photographs and diagrams are presented and their reconstruction possibilities worked out interactively with the course participants.
B27‐associated uveitis
Authors: WILLERMAIN F 
Published: August 2012

AbstractB27 associated uveitis is a very frequent form of non infectious intraocular inflammation which account for approximately 50 % of acute anterior uveitis. Its main clinical features, natural history and association with seronegative arthritis are well known. B27 associated uveitis are thus often considered as an easy diagnosis. However, several aspects of the disease remain challenging and debated. This lecture will insist on the most controversial aspects of the work up, treatment, and management of ocular complications of B27 associated uveitis.
Experimental glaucoma models
Authors: KALESNYKAS G 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To introduce in vivo methods for experimental glaucoma research.Methods Animal models with natural elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and genetic manipulation to raise IOP will be discussed. Experimental elevation of IOP in rats and mice will be presented in more detail.Results Up to 30% of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss during a 3‐week period can be achieved with rat laser photocoagulation model. Similarly, experimental elevation of IOP in mice can result in up to 30% RGC axon loss in the optic nerve with a 6‐week follow‐up.Conclusion The age and strain of animals should be considered in experimental glaucoma research.
Oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model
Authors: UUSITALO‐JÄRVINEN H 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To introduce mouse model for oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR).Methods Newborn mice are exposed to 75 % oxygen at P7 for 5 days. High oxygen level leads to regression of retinal vasculature and large avascular areas of retina. At P12, upon return to normoxia avascular retinal areas become ischemic. Ischemia drives revascularization of the retina and formation of pre‐retinal neovascularization.Results The rate of revascularization and the amount of pre‐retinal neovascularization can be analyzed and quantified from retinal flat‐mount preparations and cross sections.Conclusion OIR model is a highly reproducible in vivo model for the studies on hypoxia driven angiogenesis.
Femtosecond laser and microkeratome preparation of ultrathin (UT) DSAEK Grafts, the six months clinical results
Authors: MURTA J , ROSA A , QUADRADO M , BRITO S , CARDOSO A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the use of a femtosecond laser and a mechanical microkeratome to prepare ultrathin posterior corneal disks for Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and to assess associated visual results, disk thickness and endothelial cell loss.Methods This clinical study involved ultrathin DSAEK tissue preparation used in 28 patients with endothelial dysfunction. The first cut was performed with an Intralase FS60 laser and the second cut with a Moria CBm 300‐ microkeratome. The thickness of the first cut was modified for each cornea to obtain a final graft thickness of 120 µm. Post‐op central graft thickness was performed with corneal laser tomography (Spectralis). Central endothelial cell density (ECD) was calculated before, 3 and 6 months after surgery.Results Final graft thickness was 92.9+28.5 µm, 83.1+23.6 µm, 77.2+16.9 µm and 74.3+27.5 µm at one week, one three and six months post‐op, respectively. No loss of corneas due to irregular cuts or perforation during preparation. The mean BSCVA was 0.4, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.7(0.39, 0.35, 0.16 and 0.17 LogMAR) after one week, one, three and six months post‐op, respectively. A 26.3% and 31.2% endothelial cell loss was observed after 3 and 6 months of the surgery, respectively. Significant positive correlation between BCVA (logMAR) and central graft thickness at 1 and 3 months was observed (r=0.76,p=0.01; r=0.73,p=0.01) as well as between BCVA (logMAR) at 3 months and preoperative central graft thickness (r=0.82,p=0.007; Spearman correlation). Patients without bullous keratopathy achieved better visual outcome at 3 months (p=0.04, Mann‐Whitney test).Conclusion Femtosecond laser and microkeratome can be used sequentially to prepare custom ultrathin DSAEK grafts with no loss of corneas. This procedure minimizes the variability inherent to microkeratomes and allows very quick recovery of visual acuity after posterior lamellar keratoplasty.
Endothelial cell viability of endothelial lenticules
Authors: THURET G , HE Z , CAMPOLMI N , HA THI BM , PISELLI S , DUMOLLARD JM , PEOC'H M , MURAINE M , TOUBEAU D , GAIN P 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Despite concerns about the attrition of the post‐operative endothelial cell density (ECD), endothelial keratoplasty, whatever the method of lenticule preparation has gain popularity over penetrating keratoplasty because of a short/medium‐term favourable benefit/risk balance. Because the long and very long‐term issues may mostly depend on the endothelial cell (EC) pool brought by the graft, and because the supplementary handling necessary to cut the lenticules may stress EC, we focused our attention on the EC viability of endothelial lenticulesMethods Systematic review of the literature and experimental data from our laboratoryResults We indentified in PubMed, articles where EC viability was assessed after lenticule preparation, and those with post‐operative clinical data. Methods of EC assessment and interpretation were analysed. Experimental assessment using a specifically designed triple Hoechst/Ethidium/Calcein staining coupled with image analysis of the whole graft surface provide a precise objective determination of the viable ECD (vECD), the only which is important for the recipient.Conclusion Almost all published series show that the preparation of endothelial lenticules trigger a significant EC loss. Reduction of initial ECD is liable to have long or very long‐term functional consequences, that remain to be investigate (maximal published follow‐up is only of 4‐5 years). Experimental data, especially the vECD, allow a precise quantification of the phenomenon and therefore comparison between different cutting techniques. There are strong bodies of evidence proving that we don’t graft as many EC as we think
Do not forget your slit lamp
Authors: BRON A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDuring their residency, young ophthalmologists are fascinated by all the imaging techniques now available almost everywhere. It is fair to acknowledge that the yield of these techniques in the screening, the diagnosis and the follow‐up of ocular hypertensive and glaucoma patients is invaluable. However before embarking to the prescription and the interpretation of these techniques it is mandatory to carefully retrieve the symptoms and signs of the patients. Ophthalmologists are still medical doctors and not only technicians. Therefore they cannot forget the basis of a medical examination. Like the stethoscope for general practitioners and cardiologists, the slit‐lamp is a key step of the examination for ocular diseases by ophthalmologists. In this course, young ophthalmologists will find a check list to help them in retrieving medical history, symptoms and a check list for the slit‐lamp examination from the lids to the optic nerve head. This rapid and systematic approach is designed to help them to improve their daily clinical practice with glaucoma patients.
How to become familiar with gonioscopy?
Authors: HOMMER A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractGonioscopy is an essential examination in Glaucoma care. There is no other technique available that can replace it. Differential diagnosis of the different types of glaucoma is not possible without it. This course will highlight the different lenses, examination technique, findings and classifications. It will be shown with Videos, Computer animation as well as clinical cases.
How to evaluate structure in glaucomas?
Authors: SUNARIC MEGEVAND G 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis course is designed for young ophthalmologists and will give the opportunity to discuss aspects of the structure and structural changes of the optic nerve head and the retinal nerve fiber layer related to glaucoma and the alteration of the visual function related to this disease. In the last few years there is increasing evidence of the importance of structural measurements particularly early in the disease, and combining information from structure and function can significantly improve detection and assessment of glaucoma progression. Different tools and new technologies for measuring structural changes will be discussed in details such as stereo‐ photographs, HRT, GDx and OCT.
A step‐by‐step approach to examining eye movements
Authors: BORRUAT FX 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe eyes move in order either to keep track of an object of interest or to change visual attention from an object to another. There are several types of eye movements, each of them can be altered due to different mechanisms and pathologies. Patients with eye movement disorders can be either symptomatic (diplopia, oscillopsia) or asymptomatic. This presentation will summarize the infranuclear, nuclear and supranuclear pathways of oculomotility with an emphasis on fixation, saccades, pursuit, convergence and basic examination of the vestibulo‐ocular reflex. Guidelines for an examination of eye movements in clinical practice will be provided with video presentations of both normal and abnormal situations. At the end of the session, participants should be able to examine eye movements adequately and recognize abnormal fixation, defective pursuit, and inappropriate saccades.
Pathology of pigmented fundus lesions
Authors: COUPLAND SE 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To describe the pathology of the most common pigmented fundus lesions.Methods A review of the histomorphological, immunophenotypical and genotypical features of the most common pigmented fundus lesions.Results Pigmented fundus lesions range in nature from benign to malignant lesions involving the retinal pigment epithelium and the melanocytes within the choroid as well as metastatic lesions to the posterior segment.Conclusion Although most pigmented fundus lesions can be diagnosed clinically, in some cases histomorphological confirmation of the diagnosis is required. Further, the additional information that can be obtained from genetic examination of the tissue sample, is of predictive and prognostic value.
Malignant melanoma of the uvea: diagnosis, characterization and prognosis
Authors: MIDENA E 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To summarize available data on uveal melanoma biology, diagnosis and clinical characterization.Methods Herein, we review diagnostic criteria, clinical characterization and therapeutic implications of the emerging molecular biology in posterior uveal melanoma/high risk indeterminate choroidal pigmented lesion.Results The diagnosis of uveal melanoma is based on clinical examination with indirect ophthalmoscope and ultrasonograpy. The use of mnemonic "to find small ocular melanoma" is useful in risk stratification of small indeterminate melanocytic choroidal lesions. The use of optical choerence tomograpy and autofluorescence also help in identifying sub‐retinal fluid and orange pigment. In the cytogenetic era, tumor‐sampling procedures are becoming the main prognostic tools for uveal melanoma patients.Conclusion Ophthalmic oncology is moving in the same direction as all other oncologic subspecialties, starting to determine the patient’s risk using sampling‐based laboratory techniques. However, it is essential to start treating patients earlier (in the premalignant tumor stage) and to develop consistent, selective and effective adjuvant therapy
The iris‐diaphragm in vitreoretinal surgery
Authors: BECHRAKIS NE 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose of this lecture is the description of problems that can occur in vitreoretinal surgery from defects of the iris‐diaphragm. These are associated with different intraocular tamponades that can cause severe corneal decompensation in case of endothelial contact. A variety of surgical procedures can address these issues, including surgery of the iris and implantation of artificial iris and lens‐iris diaphragms.
The first consultation
Authors: SPILEERS W 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Patients with "photophobia" need a full clinical ophthalmological work‐up.Methods Careful listening to the complaints and a clinical ophthalmological examination are the cornerstone of the decision making in the differential diagnosis.Results Retinal disorders are indeed one of the possible causes of aversion to bright lights but many others have to be considered (refraction, lens, inflammation,...)Conclusion When a patient does not like bright lights a well structured decision making tree of ophthalmological examinations is needed in order to proceed with the necessary technical investigations.
Photophobia in inherited retinal disease
Authors: LEROY BP 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To describe the phenotypes and genotypes of photophobia due to inherited retinal disease.Methods A case presentation format will be used to illustrate different genetically determined conditions leading to photophobia. Both clinical and electrophysiological phenotypes as well as genotypes will be discussed.Results Phenotypes and genotypes of genetically determined diseases leading to photophobia are very different. An important distinction to be made is the one between stationary and progressive diseases. Indeed, such distinction is important as the visual outcome may differ considerably between different conditions.Conclusion Genetically determined retinal diseases leading to photophobia are very diverse. Visual electrophysiology allows an important distinction between progressive and stationary conditions.