bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intersubband optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in a V‐groove quantum wire
Authors: Khordad R. , Khaneghah S. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the intersubband optical absorption coefficients and the refractive index changes are studied in a V‐groove quantum wire. We use analytical expressions for these properties obtained by the compact‐density matrix formalism. In this regard, the linear, nonlinear and total intersubband absorption coefficients and refractive index changes are investigated as a function of the bend width wire (b), the incident optical intensity (I), and the angle θ. According to the results obtained from the present work, it is deduced that: (i) The linear terms in the refractive index changes and absorption coefficients dose not change with incident optical intensity whereas nonlinear terms depend on incident optical intensity; (ii) The total refractive index changes and the absorption coefficients reduce as the incident optical intensity increases; (iii) The total absorption coefficient and refractive index changes increase and also shift toward higher energies as the bend width wire increases; and (iv) The total refractive index changes and absorption coefficients shift toward higher energies as the angle θ increases.
Study of Open Eye Formation in an Argon Stirred Ladle
Authors: Wu L. , Valentin P. , Sichen D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo cold models were employed to simulate the formation of open‐eyes in a gas stirred ladle. In the first model, water and silicon oils were employed to simulate liquid steel and slag respectively. In the second one, liquid Ga‐In‐Sn alloy was used to simulate liquid steel, while 12% hydrochloric acid simulated the top slag. The experimental results indicated that the gas flow rate, height of the lower liquid and height of the top liquid had a strong impact on the open‐eye size. On the other hand, the viscosity of the top liquid and the interfacial tension between the two liquids had only little effect on the open‐eye size. A semi‐empirical model was developed to describe the size of open‐eye as a function of the heights of the two liquids and the gas flow rate. The two sets of parameters obtained for the water and Ga‐In‐Sn models were very different. Industrial trials were also conducted to examine the applicability of the models. The model developed based on the Ga‐In‐Sn model could well predict the formation of an open‐eye during ladle treatment. The model could be adopted by the industry to estimate the real gas flow rate by measuring the size of the open‐eye online. On the other hand, the mathematical model based on water model experiments was unsatisfactory when applied to the industrial ladle process.
Nanoimaging and neurological surgery
Authors: Grosu Ion Dan , Toms Madalina Alexandra , Toms Steven A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOver 32 million surgical procedures are performed in the United States each year. Increasingly, image guidance is used in order to aid in the surgical localization of pathology, minimization of incisions, and improvement of surgical intervention outcomes. A variety of imaging modalities using different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are used in neurological surgery. These include wavelengths used in ultrasonography, optical, infrared, ionizing radiation, and magnetic resonance. The use of currently available image‐guidance tools for neurological surgery is reviewed. Advances in nanoparticulates and their integration into the neurosurgical operating room environment are discussed. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 601–617This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery
Salt‐like Structures of Oligomeric Gold Complexes and Polyoxometalates
Authors: Gruber Franziska , Jansen Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy cleaving large gold clusters, dimeric and trimeric cationic gold complexes were generated and combined with polyoxometalates to form salt‐like intercluster compounds. Four of them comprise binuclear gold complexes [Au2(dppx)2]2+ with dppx = Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2 with n = 1–3. Short chain lengths with n = 1 and 2, respectively, either enforce, or allow for short gold–gold distances. With n = 3 the gold atoms are kept at distances not allowing significant metallophilic interactions. The overall packing of these compounds can be related to the anti‐As2O3, CsCl, anti‐CaCl2 type. (nBu4N)2[Au3dppm2Cl2][PW12O40] contains a trinuclear gold complex and realizes a distorted Li3Bi‐type of topology.
A Case Study of Participatory Action Research in a Public New England Middle School: Empowerment, Constraints and Challenges
Authors: Phillips Evelyn Newman , Berg Marlene J. , Rodriguez Chiedza , Morgan Damion 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPAR recognizes teachers and students as co‐creators in a learning process that builds self‐efficacy essential to long‐term educational success. In enabling contexts, PAR projects also allow teachers to critically deconstruct societal power, examine how these dynamics are reproduced in the classroom, and work against the silencing of student voices. This case study describes the process of implementing an inquiry‐based PAR model into a formal urban middle school program intended to reduce drop out rates. The anthropologist/researchers employed participant observation, interviews, and review of student work to explore the dynamics, challenges, and constraints confronted during the process. The intervention demonstrated the gap between practice and theory in a middle school environment marked by well‐defined hierarchies and roles as well as high‐stakes testing.
Bowel Preparation for Pediatric Colonoscopy Procedures
Authors: Hunter Anna , Mamula Petar 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTColonoscopy is a routinely performed procedure in children and adolescents. Proper visualization of the intestinal mucosa, completion of the procedure, including examination of the terminal ileum, detection of pathological lesions, and therapeutic maneuvers, all are highly dependent on the quality of the bowel preparation. A significant proportion of patients, in some reports up to one third, are inadequately prepared for the examination, which leads to extended procedure time, incomplete examination, or need for repeat procedure. Aside from efficacy and safety, the most important aspects of colon preparation in pediatrics are ease of administration, palatability, dietary restriction, and minimization of disruption of daily routine. An ideal preparation does not exist and a wide variety of regimens are being used. Several of these have been investigated in pediatric clinical trials. This article reviews the published literature with an emphasis on the most commonly used agents, their mechanism of action, efficacy and ease of use, and safety.
The importance of family management, closeness with father and family structure in early adolescent alcohol use
Authors: Habib Cherine , Santoro Joseph , Kremer Peter , Toumbourou John , Leslie Eva , Williams Joanne 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the importance of family management, family structure and father–adolescent relationships on early adolescent alcohol use.Design  Cross‐sectional data was collected across 30 randomly selected Australian communities stratified to represent a range of socio‐economic and regional variation.Setting  Data were collected during school time from adolescents attending a broad range of schools.Participants  The sample consisted of a combined 8256 students (aged 10–14 years).Measurements  Students completed a web‐based survey as part of the Healthy Neighbourhoods project.Findings  Family management—which included practices such as parental monitoring and family rules about alcohol use—had the strongest and most consistent relationship with alcohol use in early adolescence. Adolescents reporting higher family management were less likely to have drunk alcohol in their life‐time, less likely to drink alcohol in the preceding 30 days and less likely to have had an alcohol binge. Adolescents reporting emotionally close relationships with their fathers were less likely to have drunk alcohol in their life‐time and less likely to have had an alcohol binge in the preceding fortnight.Conclusions  Findings indicate that family management practices may contribute to alcohol abstinence in adolescents. Furthermore, emotionally close father–adolescent relationships may also foster abstinence; however, fathers’ drinking behaviours need to be considered.
In vivo levels and in vitro production of interferon-gamma in fibrosing interstitial lung diseases
Authors: PRIOR C , HASLAM P L 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
The in vivo role of interferons in the development of fibrosis is not fully understood but it is known that interferons can suppress fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in vitro. We have recently demonstrated that in a group of patients with sarcoidosis having predominant pulmonary involvement, patients with the highest levels of circulating interferon-gamma (IFN-y) more frequently resolved on corticosteroids, suggesting that they had a less‘fibrotic’ component to their disease. We now report that in two other diseases, where the tendency to develop pulmonary fibrosis is greater than in sarcoidosis, namely cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) and fibrosing alveolitis associated with the systemic connective tissue disease progressive systemic sclerosis (FA + PSS), very few patients have elevations in IFN-γ in their serum. However, as in sarcoidosis, those with the highest levels responded to corticosteroids (P &lt; 0·05). Attempts to measure IFN-γ levels in the lungs, using cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid supernatants, were negative in all the study groups, suggesting that these samples may be inadequate for such studies. To investigate whether there might be an intrinsic defect in T lymphocyte function associated with predisposition to fibrosing lung diseases, we then investigated the in vitro production of IFN-y by lymphocytes separated from the blood of 18 untreated patients (six with CFA, six with FA + PSS and six with sarcoidosis). IFN-γ production was impaired in 10 (56%) (two with CFA, four with FA + PSS and four with sarcoidosis). A higher proportion of the fibrosing alveolitis patients (CFA or FA + PSS) with impaired IFN-γ production have subsequently shown spontaneous lung functional deterioration. These findings suggest that impaired IFN-γ release might be a potentiating factor in the pathogenesis of these fibrosing lung diseases.
Low back pain and work‐related factors among nurses in intensive care units
Authors: June Kyung Ja , Cho Sung‐Hyun 
Published: July 2010

Aim.  To examine the relationship of low back pain prevalence and treatment to personal and work‐related characteristics among intensive care unit nurses.Background.  Back pain is the most common work‐related health problem among nurses.Design.  A cross‐sectional study including a survey conducted in 2007.Methods.  The study sample included 1345 nurses in 65 intensive care units in 22 South Korean hospitals. Back pain prevalence was measured by the frequency of back pain (always, once a week, once a month or once in two or more months) during the past year. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between back pain and personal and work‐related characteristics.Results.  The mean age of nurses was 27·2 years. Overall, 90·3% of nurses had back pain at least once a month (21·9% always, 40·7% once a week and 27·7% once a month). Only 18·3% had received medical treatment for their back pain. Compared with neonatal intensive care unit nurses, who had the lowest prevalence, nurses in other specialties, excluding paediatric intensive care units, had a greater likelihood of back pain. Specialty medical (e.g. cardiology, neurology) intensive care unit nurses had the greatest probability of back pain and treatment. Perceiving staffing as inadequate and working 6 or more night shifts per month were related to a 64% increase (OR = 1·64; 95% CI = 1·16–2·33) and 48% increase (OR = 1·48; 95% CI = 1·10–1·99) in back pain, respectively. Nurses with 2–4 years of working experience in intensive care units had the greatest probability of back pain and treatment.Conclusions.  A high prevalence of back pain was found in intensive care unit nurses, even though they comprise a very young workforce in Korea.Relevance to clinical practice.  Improving nurse staffing, reducing the frequency of night shifts and assessing risk factors in specific intensive care unit specialties are suggested to decrease back pain prevalence.
Patients’ experience of pain and pain relief following hip replacement surgery
Authors: Joelsson Maud , Olsson Lars‐Eric , Jakobsson Eva 
Published: July 2010

Aims.  The aim of this study was to describe patients’ experience of pain and pain relief following hip replacement surgery.Background.  Annually, many patients undergo hip replacement surgery. Previous research has focused largely on the long‐term effects on pain for patients who undergo hip replacement surgery and to a lesser degree on their subjective, early postoperative pain experience.Design.  A descriptive qualitative design was used.Methods.  The study was carried out in an orthopaedic ward at a hospital in Sweden during 2006. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 patients who had undergone hip replacement surgery. Data were analysed by means of qualitative content analysis.Results.  The postoperative pain experience was characterised in terms of interrelated contexts of time, various bodily activities and postoperative pain intensity. The postoperative pain intensity was characterised in terms of intensive and worst imaginable, strange feelings and fear and a feeling of faintness. Easing of postoperative pain was related to professional care features, such as nursing staff, pharmacological pain relief and technical aids. Self‐care features were related to relieving body positions, endurance and looking ahead.Conclusion.  Although the development of total hip replacement surgery has been very successful, there are issues that need to be addressed in relation to postoperative pain management. The findings in this study show that there are reasons for making a more concerted effort to develop postoperative pain management, particularly during the first few days after surgery.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results provide some indication that pain management for this group of patients in the early postoperative period needs to be improved to reduce the fear of moving and improve the process of regaining independence. Devoting more attention to the patients during the initial postoperative phase may be the key to improve the training and making it even more effective.
Erhebungen über das Vorkommen und den Schaden der Holzschädlinge in Wohnhäusern in Südschweden
Authors: Butovitsch V. 
Published: July 2010

ZusammenfassungIm Herbst 1948 wurde unter Leitung der Zoologischen Abteilung der Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt Schwedens eine Stichprobenuntersuchung der Wohnhäuser in der Provinz Blekinge und im südlichen Teil der Provinz Kalmar (Südschweden) ausgeführt. Die Untersuchung hatte einen orientierenden Charakter und bezweckte vor allem die approximative Feststellung der Ausbreitung der Holzschädlinge sowie des Umfangs der verursachten Schäden innerhalb der betreffenden Gebiete. Die Untersunchung umfaßte 513 Wohnhäuser, gleichmäßig verteilt auf hierzu ausgewählte 14 Kirchspiele. Bei der Wahl der Kirchspiele hatte man dafür Sorge getragen, daß sowohl das Küistenland als auch das Inland berücksichtigt wurde. Die zu untersuchenden Häuser wurden aus den Registern des Kgl. Wohnungsamtes sowie der Provinzialbehörden gewählt und zwar so, daß die verschiedenen Altersklassen der Häuser nach Möglichkeit gleichmäßig vertreten waren (s. Tab. 2).Die Untersuchung selbst wurde von einem Entomologen und einem Schädlingsbekämpfungspraktiker gemeinsam ausgeführt. Die Angaben über gemachte Beobachtungen, Proben und Berechnungen wurden in besondere Fragebogen für jedes Haus besonders eingetragen.Von den im vorliegenden Bericht dargelegten Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchung werden hier die wirtschaftlich wichtigsten angeführt.
Tenuipalpus oudemansi Geijskes, eine für Deutschland neue Spinnmilbenart
Authors: Dosse Gudo 
Published: July 2010

ZusammenfassungErstmalig für Deutschland wurde in der Umgebung von Stuttgart‐ Hohenheim an Apfel eine Spinnmilbenart aus der Gattung Tenuipalpus festgestellt, die als T. oudemansi Geijskes bestimmt wurde. Nach kurzem Vergleich der Morphologie der in Hohenheim gefundenen Weibchen mit den Angaben von Geijskes und Taher Sayed und dem Geijskes'schen Originalpräparat wird die Beschreibung des Männchens vorgenommen, das bisher in Europa unbekannt war. Es ist in Größe, Farbe und Form von den Weibchen verschieden und weist einige Abweichungen im Körperbau auf. An Hand von Abbildungen wird dies erläutert.Der Populationsverlauf auf den Apfelbäumen in Hohenheim wird für die Vegetationsperiode 1952 wiedergegeben. Der Höchstbefall der Milben lag im Monat Juli bei 225 Tieren und 100 Eiern auf einem Blatt, bei einem Durchschnitt von 100 Milben pro Blatt.Einige Beobachtungen über die Eiablage und Überwinterung der T. oudemansi werden mitgeteilt, und aus den gemachten Angaben der Schluß gezogen, daß es sich in Hohenheim nicht um einen Zufallsbefund handelt, sondern daß die Art in der Gegend bereits heimisch geworden sein muß.
Vergleichende Betrachtungen über den Massenwechsel der Kiefernbuschhornblattwespen
Authors: Thalenhorst Walter 
Published: July 2010

ZusammenfassungDie vergleichende Kauslanalyse der Populationsdynamik systematisch und ökologisch verwandter Insektenarten verspricht weitere Aufschlüsse über die Ursachen der Entstehung von Massenvermehrungen. Den sich auf diesem Wege ergebenden Möglichkeiten wird an Hand eines Beispiels (Kiefernbuschhornblattwespen) nachgegangen. Dabei lassen sich bis zu einem gewissen Grade artgebundene und umweltgebundene Voraussetzungen für das Vehalten der Untersuchungsobjekte voneinander trennen. Eine entscheidende Rolle können bestimmte biologische Eigentümlichkeiten spielen, die ihrerseits spezifische gegenseitige Reaktionen zwischen den Arten und ihrer ökologischen Umwelt bedingen und dadurch gewisse, dieser Umwelt angehörige Hemmungsfaktoren ein‐ oder ausschalten.
Über die wichtigsten artdifferenzierenden Merkmale der Schildlaus Quadraspidiotus mařani ZahradníK (=Qu. schneideri Bachmann)
Authors: Zahradník Jiři 
Published: July 2010

ZusammenfassungQuadraspidiotus mařani Zahr. (‐schneideri Bachm.) ist eine gute Art, nicht nur vom Standpunkt der Morphologie (konstante Form von p1, Dorsaldrüsenzahl), sondern auch vom Standpunkt der Bionomie. Die Art überwintert als befruchtetes Weibchen, die naheverwandte Qu. piri Licht.als Zweitlarve. Beide Arten sind variabel, man kann aber zwischen ihnen eine scharfe Grenze ziehen.
Zur Atmung von Aphiden vor und nach Begiftung mit insektiziden Phosphorsäure‐estern
Authors: Ehrhardt P. , Voss G. 
Published: July 2010

The first part of the recent work deals with the respiratory activity of different aphids. Also, the relation between the oxygen consumption and temperature as well as the respiratory quotient ofMegoura viciae Buckt. were investigated.The second part is devoted to the effect of “Systox” and “E 605” (Parathion) on the respiration ofMegoura viciaeBuckt. A short period of excitation accompanied by a rise in the oxygen consumption was observed when these two insecticides were applied as contact poisons or as fumigants but not when they were sucked along by the aphids with the plant sap. By all such methods of application however, a continuous slight decrease in the oxygen consumption of the poisoned insects was observed which amounted to only about 8 % after 28 hours as compared with the control, although the aphids were almost completely motionless after 3 hours of the insecticide application.Finally the results were discussed and compared with those of Jochum (1956) onLeptinotarsa decemlineataL.ZusammenfassungIm ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Atmungsmessungen an verschiedenen Aphiden beschrieben. Des weiteren wird die Abhängigkeit des O2‐Verbrauchs von der Temperatur und der respiratorische Quotient vonMegoura viciaeBuckt. untersucht.Der 2. Teil behandelt den Einfluß von “Systox” und “E 605” auf die Atmung vonMegoura viciaeBuckt. Nach Kontakt‐ und Atembegiftung ließ sich eine kurze Erregungsphase verbunden mit leichtem Anstieg des O2‐Verbrauchs beobachten. Diese Erscheinungen bleiben nach peroraler Systoxaufnahme aus. Bei den drei angewandten Applikationsmethoden fiel der Sauerstoffverbrauch in einem Zeitraum von 28 Stunden gegenüber der Kontrolle nur unwesentlich ab, obwohl sich die Tiere seit 25 Stunden in irreversibler Rückenlage befanden. Abschließend werden die Befunde diskutiert und mit den Ergebnissen von Jochum(1956) anLeptinotarsa decemlineataL. verglichen.
Forstentomologische Beiträge aus Belgisch Congo
Authors: Schedl Karl E. 
Published: July 2010

In 1952, the author had the opportunity of studying a number of forest entomology problems, mainly wood destroying insects, for the Institut National pour l'Etude Agronomique du Congo Belge. The results of these studies are now gradually becoming available.The wood inhabiting anthribids are of common occurrence in African rain forests but their habits were hardly known up to now, as far as Africa is concerved. This short paper is intended to fill the gap for the species observed.ZusammenfassungIm Jahre 1952 hatte der Verfasser Gelegenheit für das Institut National pour l'Etude Agronomique du Congo Belge eine Reihe von forstentomologischen Problemen, in erster Linie die holzzerstörenden Insekten, zu studieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen kommen jetzt zur Veröffentlichung.Die holzbewohnenden Anthribiden sind im afrikanischen Regenwald eine häufige Erscheinung. Ihre Lebensweise war, soweit der afrikanische Raum in Frage steht, bisher kaum bekannt. Diese Lücke auszufüllen sowie die beobachteten Arten aufzuzählen, ist der Zweck dieser kleinen Arbeit.