bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Données sociales sur les personnes handicapées en France
Authors: Letourmy Alain , Ravaud Jean-François 
Published: September 2010

This article presents a set of statistical data on the population of disabled persons in France. It first characterizes the persons recognized as disabled and who therefore receive in-kind benefits or cash allowances. Then, data from
Handicaps, Incapacités, Dépendance (HID, handicaps, disabilities, dependency) surveys are used to characterize a broader population who have reported a disability, an activity limitation or an official recognition. The difference between the two sets of data illustrates how difficult it is to estimate the number of disabled persons living in a territory.
Présentation de l’enquête française SUMER 2002-2003 menée en France auprès des médecins du travail
Authors: Arnaudo Bernard , Floury Marie-Christine , Guignon-Back Nicole , Sandret Nicolas 
Published: September 2010

SUMER 2002-2003 est une enquête transversale qui fournit une évaluation des expositions professionnelles des salariés, de la durée des ces expositions et des protections collectives ou individuelles éventuelles mises à disposition. Les données sont recueillies par le médecin du travail lors de l’entretien médico-professionnel au cours des visites périodiques, et font également appel à la connaissance des postes de travail qu’il a acquise au cours de son tiers-temps. C’est la seconde enquête réalisée selon la même méthodologie. Comme en 1994, ses objectifs sont d’offrir:
£ aux responsables de la prévention un état des lieux des expositions professionnelles aux nuisances ou aux situations de travail susceptibles d’être néfastes pour la santé, étape nécessaire à la mise en place de mesures de prévention aux niveaux local, régional et national (veille sanitaire);
£ au législateur la possibilité de confronter le champ de la réglementation en hygiène et sécurité à la réalité des expositions professionnelles;
£ aux chercheurs une référence pour établir des priorités d’études, fondamentales ou appliquées.
Présentation des enquêtes sur les conditions de travail menées en France depuis 1978
Authors: Bué Jennifer , Hamon-Cholet Sylvie 
Published: September 2010

Les enquêtes Conditions de travail existent depuis 1978 et sont renouvelées environ tous les sept ans (1984, 1991, 1998 et 2005). La dernière, qui date de 2005, est en cours d’exploitation. Ces enquêtes visent à éclairer le débat public sur le thème des conditions et de l’organisation du travail. Les principaux objectifs sont les suivants:
£ décrire et analyser les situations de travail des actifs occupés;
£ apprécier l’ampleur des évolutions;
£ faire le lien entre les différentes composantes du travail;
£ décrire l’évolution des technologies et leur impact sur le travail;
£ décrire les risques professionnels et les pratiques de prévention. En 1984, l’enquête s’intéressait aux seuls salariés mais, depuis 1991, elle concerne tous les actifs occupés, salariés ou non. Elle offre ainsi un panorama global des conditions de travail en France.
Le bien-être économique des personnes âgées au Québec
Authors: Fugère Denis 
Published: September 2010

This article is based on most of the findings presented in a study of the Régie des rentes du Québec on the evaluation of the Quebec system of financial security in retirement as compared with that of other industrialized countries. However, it should be mentioned that the portrait presented in that study dates from the mid-1990s, which means that it does not reflect the effects of recent reforms undertaken in some countries, nor does it necessarily reflect the current situation regarding the economic well-being of older persons. The following facts nevertheless emerge:
-despite the diversity of income security systems for retirement, the living standard of older persons was, in the mid-1990s, more or less equivalent to that of persons of working age;
-the Canadian income security system for retirement is more oriented towards reducing the poverty of older persons, by the increase in income for the poorest, than towards reducing income inequalities.
-in a comparison of the countries under study, the OECD considers that Canada, and, indirectly, Quebec, was, in the mid-1990s, the country which had the least difficultymaintaining the economic wellbeing of the retired and protecting the most vulnerable categories.
Les défis de la réforme de Medicare aux États-Unis
Authors: Brown Lawrence D. 
Published: September 2010

Adopté en 1965, parallèlement à Medicaid un programme spécifiquement destiné aux citoyens à bas revenus, Medicare était le condensé politique du modèle d’assurance maladie national dont les réformateurs rêvent depuis longtemps, en vain. Il offrait une couverture maladie aux personnes âgées (et, par la suite, en 1972, aux invalides), couvrait les soins hospitaliers et médicaux, mais pas les médicaments délivrés en ambulatoire ni les soins de longue durée. Cet article s’organise en trois parties. Il commence par brosser un tableau du contexte dans lequel s’inscrit Medicare
et des grandes caractéristiques du programme. Il dresse ensuite un rapide bilan des débats actuels concernant trois domaines de réforme: les rémunérations des prestataires, la couverture et le financement. Enfin, il restitue Medicare dans le contexte du débat, qui refait surface en 2008 à l’approche des élections nationales, sur la réforme du système de santé américain dans son ensemble et fait ressortir certains liens entre les défis auxquels sont confrontés les États-Unis et ceux à relever par d’autres systèmes de santé.
État des lieux de l’enfance en danger, sources et données disponibles en France
Authors: Frechon  Isabelle , Guyavarch Emmanuelle , Halifax Juliette 
Published: September 2010

Created in 2004, the National Monitoring Centre for At-risk Children (Observatoire national de l’enfance en danger [ ONED]) identified the sources of data available on at-risk children. This expression means children who benefit from an assistance or a protection measure, whether administrative or judicial, and/ or children who have been reported as at-risk under parental authority. At-risk children are currently monitored on the basis of various sources of national data stemming from institutions which deal more or less directly with the phenomenon of at-risk children: the Directorate for Research, Studies, Evaluation and Statistics (Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques [ DREES]), the Directorate for Judicial Youth Protection, the National Observatory of Decentralized Social Action (Observatoire décentralisé de l’action sociale
[ ODAS]), etc. These data, however, show a number of limitations, such as their highly administrative nature, children are never the counting units; aggregated data that are impossible to match, thus posing numerous difficulties in terms of analysis of the population, trajectories and case management. Moreover, every year, the ONED annual report puts forward an estimate and the method used. Despite their definite limitations, they provide an understanding of child protection in terms of number of children. The monitoring based on homogeneous, individual and longitudinal data, as stipulated in article L 226-3 of the Family and Social Assistance Code, which is being implemented, will help to make up for these limitations.
Le devenir de jeunes de Seine-Saint-Denis passés par l’Aide sociale à l’enfance entre 1980 et 2000
Authors: Gheorghiu  Mihai Dinu , Labache  Lucette 
Published: September 2010

The recording of a child’s placement under Social Assistance for Children (Aide sociale à l’enfance
(ASE)) in his or her biography gives rise to numerous questions on the experience of this case management, the impact of events that occurred during this period, the consequences of the intervention of professionals, the child leaving the protection mechanism and his or her development. To answer these questions, a study conducted in Seine-Saint-Denis on how ASE children from the 1980s to the 2000s have evolved, examines the trajectories of children who were formerly placed under this mechanism (Gheorghiu et al., 2002). It examines how individuals, who were managed at the educational and social levels by a public authority, experienced this period and constructed their social and occupational path when leaving the institution.
Description du troisième cycle des enquêtes sur la maltraitance et la violence envers les enfants au Québec
Authors: Clément Marie-Ève , Trocmé Nico 
Published: September 2010

Adopting a public health approach to violence against children requires documenting not only the extent of the phenomenon but also its evolution over time. This makes it possible to describe the progress report and, in a more indirect way, the effectiveness of programs and measures put place in order to prevent or reduce situations involving abuse. In Canada and Quebec, the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect and the Quebec survey on family violence in the lives of children (Étude sur la violence familiale dans la vie des enfants)
document the extent and evolution of the phenomenon using two distinct measurements: incidence and prevalence. As the only sources of national and provincial data, these studies are in their third life cycle. This article summarizes their main goals and methodological characteristics.
Tous pour un ou un contre tous ? L’arme de l’intérêt public entre les mains d’un usager
Authors: Prémont Marie-Claude 
Published: September 2010

Le citoyen qui porte devant les tribunaux une question qui ne lui est pas personnelle mais qui touche plutôt l’ensemble de la collectivité s’appuie sur le concept de l’intérêt public. Il agit dans un contexte du Tous pour un en plaidant l’intérêt de tous pour gagner sa cause. C’est la position prise par les demandeurs dans l’affaire Chaoulli
pour contester la validité de la prohibition de l’assurance santé privée duplicative au Québec. La Cour suprême du Canada a accueilli cette demande. Pour en arriver à ce résultat, le plus haut tribunal du pays a dû modifier son raisonnement suivi jusque là. En effet, la Cour rompt avec son interprétation de la Charte et permet qu’une disposition soit invalidée sans que la preuve ne démontre quelle est la cause effective du préjudice allégué. La Cour a ainsi transformé le Tous pour un en Un contre tous.
Multiobjective Optimization for Drug Discovery
Authors: Ekins Sean , Honeycutt J. Dana , Metz James T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDrug discovery requires the simultaneous optimization of many properties such as bioactivity, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity, and the underlying physicochemical properties. The ability to consider many such requirements is termed multiobjective optimization, and we will discuss the importance of this for drug discovery with a specific focus on ADME/Tox. In particular, we provide examples of Pareto optimization methods and how they can be used in drug discovery to make trade‐offs between these different predicted or real molecular properties and describe a computer program, Pareto Ligand Designer, created using Pipeline Pilot™.
Structural Genomics, Its Application in Chemistry, Biology, and Drug Discovery
Authors: Schapira Matthieu 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Structural genomics has evolved from an emerging technology operating out of pilot centers into a mature scientific enterprise. We review the strategy, implementation, and production of the major structural genomics centers, their contributions to the structural coverage of the human proteome, as well as proteomes of human pathogens. Cased studies are used to illustrate how structural genomic data dissect mechanistic determinants for receptor specificity, contribute to the chemogenomic coverage of pioneer clinical intervention points, and accelerate target validation and drug discovery.
Assessing The Bioavailability of Drug Delivery Systems: Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Jean‐Maurice Vergnaud , Iosif‐Daniel Rosca 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to describe a method of calculation leading to what it could be called a “quantitative pharmacokinetics,” since the plasma drug profiles are reckoned. This is the answer to the questions set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the late 1980s about a possible correlation between thein vivotests and thein vitrotests for oral dosage forms with controlled release.
Polymorphic Crystal Forms and Cocrystals in Drug Delivery (Crystal Engineering)
Authors: Shan Ning , Zaworotko Michael J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractActive pharmaceutical ingredients, APIs, are most conveniently developed and delivered orally as solid dosage forms that contain a defined crystalline form of an API. This means that the pharmacokinetic profile of a dosage form is at the very least linked to the physicochemical properties of the crystal form that is selected for development. Furthermore, that crystal forms of new chemical entities are novel, lack obviousness, and have utility makes them patentable. Therefore, selection of a specific crystal form for a given API is a profoundly important step in drug development from clinical, legal, and regulatory perspectives. In this context, scientific developments that afford greater understanding of and diversity in the number of crystalline forms available for a given API, which have traditionally been limited to salts, polymorphs, and hydrates/solvates [(a) Byrn SR, Pfeiffer RR, Stowell JG. Solid State Chemistry of Drugs. 2nd ed. West Lafayette, IN: SSCI, Inc.; 1999. (b) Haleblian JK. J. Pharm. Sci. 1975;64:1269–1288.], are obviously of relevance to the pharmaceutical industry. The science of crystal engineering [(a) Etter MC. J Phys Chem 1991;95:4601–4610. (b) Zerkowski JA, MacDonald JC, Seto CT, Wierda DA, Whitesides GM. J Am Chem Soc 1994;116:2382–2391. (c) Pepinsky R. Phys Rev 1955;100:971. (d) Schmidt GMJ. Pure Appl Chem 1971;27:647–678. (e) Desiraju GR. Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1989. (f) Moulton B, Zaworotko MJ. Chem Rev 2001;101: 1629–1658. (g) Braga D. Chem Commun 2003;22:2751–2754. (h) Hosseini MW. Coord Chem Rev 2003;240:157–166. (i) Desiraju GR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995;34: 2311–2327.] focuses upon self‐assembly of existing molecules or ions and it has evolved in such a manner that a wide range of new crystal forms can be generated without the need to invoke covalent‐bond breakage or formation. This contribution will address the impact of crystal engineering upon our fundamental understanding of crystal form diversity and how physical properties of crystals can be customized via the emerging class of crystal forms that have been termed pharmaceutical cocrystals [(a) Almarsson Ö, Zaworotko MJ. Chem Commun 2004; 1889–1896. (b) Vishweshwar P, McMahon JA, Bis JA, Zaworotko MJ. J Pharm Sci 2006;95:499–516. (c) Peterson ML, Hickey MB, Zaworotko MJ, Almarsson O. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2006;9:317–326. (d) Zaworotko M. Am Pharm Outsourc 2004;5: 16–23. (e) Shan N, Zaworotko MJ. Drug Discov Today 2008;13:440–446. (f) Blagden N, de Matas M, Gavan PT, Yoark P, Crystal engineering of active pharmaceutical ingredients to improve solubility and dissolution rates Adv Drug Del Rev 2007;59:617–630. (g) Nangia A. Cryst Growth Des 2008;8:1079–1081].
Ophthalmic Agents
Authors: Gerard Klimko Peter 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The eye consists of geographically and functionally diverse layers of tissue that cooperate to focus, collect, and transmit light energy to the brain for interpretation. The maintenance of such a complicated organ across many phylogenetic lineages suggests the evolutionarily important role of vision. In this chapter, two major sight‐threatening diseases in the western world, namely, glaucoma and age‐related macular degeneration, are discussed in detail. Current and potential drug treatments of these afflictions are examined in light of the normal homeostatic function of the relevant cells and tissue, such as photoreceptors, retinal pigmented epithelial cells, Bruch's membrane, retinal ganglion cells, and the trabecular meshwork.
Structure‐Based Design of Kinase Inhibitors: Molecular Recognition of Protein Multiple Conformations
Authors: Liao Jeffrey Jie‐Lou 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Kinase enzymes switch functionally from one conformational state to another during the cell cycle. Binding a protein kinase into such a conformation can trap the enzyme, either competing with ATP binding or shifting the equilibrium toward an inactive state, thereby inhibiting the kinase activity. Multiple conformations of a protein kinase target offer an opportunity to design small‐molecule inhibitors with distinct but clinically useful profiles. The rationale underlying this strategy is that in different kinase conformations, the size, availability, and topological distribution of the binding pockets are different, molecular recognition of which can help to develop distinct kinase inhibitors. In particular, as toxicity‐related promiscuity and drug‐resistant mutations currently are two major issues in anti‐kinase therapy, targeting kinase multiple conformations is a structure‐based strategy to optimize the selectivity and acquired resistance profiles of kinase inhibitors in the field of protein kinase drug discovery.
This chapter starts with the introduction of recent important advances and challenges in the early‐stage protein kinase drug discovery. In Section 2, the binding pockets and their topological distributions in multiple conformational states of a kinase target are analyzed and classified. Targeting these different conformations to develop kinase inhibitors with potency, selectivity, and acquired resistance profiles is elucidated and exemplified in Sections 3 and 4. Conclusion remarks are given in Section 5.
Structure‐Morphology‐Property Relationships of Non‐Perfluorinated Proton‐Conducting Membranes
Authors: Peckham Timothy J. , Holdcroft Steven 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA fundamental understanding of structure‐morphology‐property relationships of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) is crucial in order to improve the cost, performance, and durability of PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this context, there has been an explosion over the past five years in the volume of research carried out in the area of non‐perfluorinated, proton‐conducting polymer membranes, with a particular emphasis on exploiting phase behavior associated with block and graft copolymers. This progress report highlights a selection of interesting studies in the area that have appeared since 2005, which illustrate the effects of factors such as acid and water contents and morphology upon proton conduction. It concludes with an outlook on future directions.
Photoresist Latent and Developer Images as Probed by Neutron Reflectivity Methods
Authors: Prabhu Vivek M. , Kang Shuhui , VanderHart David L. , Satija Sushil K. , Lin Eric K. , Wu Wen‐li 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhotoresist materials enable the fabrication of advanced integrated circuits with ever‐decreasing feature sizes. As next‐generation light sources are developed, using extreme ultraviolet light of wavelength 13.5 nm, these highly tuned formulations must meet strict image‐fidelity criteria to maintain the expected performance gains from decreases in feature size. However, polymer photoresists appear to be reaching resolution limits and advancements in measurements of the in situ formed solid/solid and solid/liquid interface is necessary. This Review focuses on the chemical and physical structure of chemically amplified photoresists at the lithographic feature edge at length scales between 1 nm and 100 nm. Neutron reflectivity measurements provide insight into the nanometer‐scale composition profiling of the chemical latent image at an ideal lithographic line‐edge that separates optical resolution effects from materials processing effects. Four generations of advanced photoresist formulations were examined over the course of seven years to quantify photoresist/photoacid and photoresist/developer interactions on the fidelity of lithographic features. The outcome of these measurements complement traditional resist design criteria by providing the effects of the impacts of the photoresist and processing on the feature fidelity. These physical relations are also described in the context of novel resist architectures under consideration for next‐generation photolithography with extreme‐ultraviolet radiation.
CNT Cytotoxicity: Carbon Nanotubes in the Biological Interphase: The Relevance of Noncovalence (Adv. Mater. 36/2010)
Authors: Lee Yeonju , Geckeler Kurt E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWith the increasing interest in the biological applications of carbon nanotubes, their interactions in the biological interphase and their general cytotoxicity have become major issues. In spite of their salient properties, major hurdles still exist for their use in biological applications, due to their main characteristics, including their hydrophobic surfaces and tendency to aggregate, as well as their unknown interactions in the cellular interphase. In this Research News, these characteristics of carbon nanotubes, a model nanomaterial, are investigated. Thus, the cytotoxicity of carbon nanotubes, the influence of functionalization, as well as their interactions with different mammalian cell lines are studied. Moreover, suggestions for the improvement of their biocompatibility and the design of biocompatible carbon nanotube‐based systems are provided.
Establishment of a Mouse IgA Nephropathy Model With the MBP‐20‐Peptide Fusion Protein
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ye Fei , He Yan , Kong Dan , Han Changsong , Zhao Zhijie , Zhu Jiang , Meng Hongxue , Liu Xinghan , Jin Xiaoming 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHere, we aimed to determine whether immunoglobulin‐A nephropathy (IgAN) could be induced in Balb/c mice by immunizing them with a fusion protein (MBP‐20 peptide) comprising the maltose‐binding protein (MBP) and a 20‐amino‐acid peptide derived from Staphylococcus aureus. A recombinant plasmid encoding the fusion protein was constructed and expressed in bacterial cells. The synthetic 20‐peptide was used to prepare the monoclonal antibody. Balb/c mice were immunized with the MBP‐20‐peptide fusion protein over a 21‐week course before renal histology was examined at the light and electron microscopic levels. Direct immunofluorescence staining with the anti‐20‐peptide monoclonal antibody was also performed using renal biopsy tissue from human IgAN patients as a comparison. IgA and IgG specific for the 20‐peptide in human and mice serum were detected. The IgAN experimental mice developed a clinical and pathological profile that closely resembled that of human IgAN patients, including the induction of hematuria and numerous histopathological features. Levels of IgA and IgG specific for the 20‐peptide were significantly increased in serum from the IgAN experimental mice and IgAN patients compared with control mice and non‐IgAN patients. In IgAN model mice, the anti‐20‐peptide antibody labeled glomeruli, while the antibody strongly labeled glomeruli and weakly labeled tubular epithelial cells in renal tissue from human IgAN patients. In conclusion, immunization with an MBP‐20‐peptide fusion protein is able to induce clinical and pathological features closely resembling IgAN in Balb/c mice, indicating a potentially useful role for the model in the study of IgAN and related diseases. Anat Rec 293:1729–1737, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.