bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of brain tumor cell motility in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Chicoine Michael R. , Silbergeld Daniel L. 
Published: February 2011

✓ Brain tumor dispersal far from bulk tumor contributes to and, in some instances, dominates disease progression. Three methods were used to characterize brain tumor cell motility in vivo and in vitro: 1) 2 weeks after implantation in rat cerebral cortex, single C6 cells labeled with a fluorescent tag had migrated to brain sites greater than 16 mm distant from bulk tumor; 2) time-lapse videomicroscopy of human brain tumor cells revealed motility of 12.5 µm/hr. Ruffling leading edges and pseudopod formation were most elaborate in more malignant cells; 3) an in vitro assay was devised to quantitatively evaluate motility from a region of high cell density to one of lower cell density.
Human brain tumor cells were plated in the center of a petri dish, washed, and refed, establishing a 2-cm circular zone of cells in the dish center. Motility was determined by counting cells daily at predetermined distances from the central zone perimeter. Cells were found 1 cm from the perimeter by 24 hours and 3 cm from the perimeter by 4 days. Increasing serum concentration increased motility; however, neither fibronectin nor arrest of cells in the G0 phase by hydroxyurea altered motility. The addition of cytochalasin B to block cytoskeletal assembly prevented cell motility. Motility increased with increased malignancy. Subpopulations of cells were created by clonal amplification of cells that had migrated most rapidly to the dish periphery. Although morphologically indistinguishable when compared to the original cell line from which they were derived, these subpopulations demonstrated significantly increased motility.
Os odontoideum: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment in a series of 78 patients
Authors: Klimo Paul , Kan Peter , Rao Ganesh , Apfelbaum Ronald , Brockmeyer Douglas 
Published: February 2011

ObjectThe most contentious issue in the management of os odontoideum surrounds the decision to attempt atlantoaxial fusion in patients with asymptomatic lesions. The authors examined the clinical presentation and outcome in patients with os odontoideum who underwent surgical stabilization, with an emphasis on 3 patients who initially received conservative treatment and suffered delayed neurological injury.MethodsSeventy-eight patients (mean age 20.5 years; median 15 years) were identified in a 17-year retrospective review. The median follow-up period was 14 months (range 1–115 months). Neck pain was the most common symptom (64%), and 56% of patients presented after traumatic injury. Eighteen patients had neurological signs or symptoms at presentation, and an additional 15 had a history of intermittent or prior neurological symptoms. Fifteen patients had undergone ≥ 1 attempt at atlantoaxial fusion elsewhere.ResultsSeventy-seven patients underwent posterior fusion and rigid screw fixation combined with a graft/wire construct: 75 had C1–2 fusion and 2 had occipitocervical fusion. One patient had an odontoid screw placed. Fusion was achieved in all patients at a median of 4.8 months (range 2–17 months). Approximately 90% of patients had resolution or improvement of their neck pain or neurological symptoms.ConclusionsThe authors believe that patients with os odontoideum are at risk for future spinal cord compromise. Forty-four percent of our patients had myelopathic symptoms at referral, and 3 had significant neurological deterioration when a known os odontoideum was left untreated. This risk of late neurological deterioration should be considered when counseling patients. Stabilization using internal screw fixation techniques resulted in 100% fusion, whereas 15% of patients had previously undergone unsuccessful wire and external bracing attempts.
Disseminated neurenteric cyst
Authors: Yasuda Muneyoshi , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Ozawa Hiroaki , Inukai Chikage , Watabe Takeya , Mizuno Junichi , Takayasu Masakazu 
Published: February 2011

This case report presents the unusual holospinal dissemination of a neurenteric cyst, which was successfully treated by fenestration and placement of a subarachnoid-peritoneal (SP) shunt. The patient was a 46-year-old Japanese woman with a history of fourth ventricle neurenteric cysts, which were managed with cyst fenestration in 1996 and 2005. She had been doing well until January 2006, when she developed dizziness and an unsteady gait. A neurological examination revealed a disturbance in the deep sensation of the feet. A neuroimaging evaluation demonstrated multiple cystic lesions in the whole spinal canal, which significantly distorted the spinal cord. Because the spinal cord distortion was the most severe in the lower cervical to upper thoracic areas, a unilateral osteoplastic laminotomy with an endoscopic cyst fenestration was performed in these areas, followed by placement of an SP shunt. The pathological diagnosis was a disseminated neurenteric cyst. There was no malignancy, and the patient has been well, with an improved gait and no signs of peritoneal dissemination, for > 1 year.The present case showed a unique extent of dissemination, which was most likely a secondary characteristic. Neurenteric cysts are well known for their tendency to recur, and total removal is usually difficult because of adhesion of the cyst membrane to important structures. The lesion also compromises cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Cyst fenestration combined with SP shunt placement might be a treatment option in such a case.
Correlation between change in graft height and change in segmental angle following central corpectomy for cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Authors: Thakar Sumit , M.Ch.  , Vedantam Aditya , Rajshekhar Vedantam 
Published: February 2011

Object
This study was undertaken to examine the correlation between change in graft height and change in angulation across grafted segments (segmental angle) in patients undergoing central corpectomy (CC) with autologous bone reconstruction for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM).

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 70 cases in which patients with CSM underwent uninstrumented single- or multilevel CC and had evidence of osseous fusion of their grafts at follow-up. The segmental angles and heights of the grafted segments on preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up radiographs were compared.

Results
The mean change in graft height (± standard deviation) was −7.3 ± 3.8 mm (mean duration of follow-up 19.7 ± 5.4 months, range 13–53 months). There was a mean kyphotic change in segmental angle of −7.3 ± 3.8° (p < 0.001). In patients who had a straight or kyphotic cervical spine (28 patients) or a straight or kyphotic segment (32 patients) preoperatively, there was a significant linear correlation between changes in graft height and changes in segmental angle (Pearson correlation, r = 0.40, p = 0.03; r = 0.40, p = 0.02, respectively). Such a correlation was not seen in the patients who had a lordotic cervical spine (42 patients) or a lordotic segment (38 patients) preoperatively (Pearson correlation, r = −0.04, p = 0.81; r = 0.08, p = 0.62, respectively). The change in segmental angle did not influence improvement in Nurick grade (p = 0.8). The degree of agreement between the 2 observers was almost perfect for measurement of graft height (postoperative intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.94, follow-up ICC = 0.90) but was significantly lower for measurement of segmental angles (postoperative ICC = 0.71, follow-up ICC = 0.67).

Conclusions
Among patients undergoing uninstrumented CC for CSM, there is a significant correlation between postoperative settling and kyphotic change across fused segments in those who had straight or kyphotic cervical spines or segments preoperatively but not in those who had lordotic cervical spines or segments preoperatively. A more vigorous surgical correction of the segmental kyphosis than achieved in this study might have caused the kyphotic segments to behave like the lordotic segments. Paraspinal muscles and ligaments may play a role in determining the segmental angle as graft settling in patients with lordotic spines or segments is not linearly correlated with angular change.
A review of the utility of obtaining repeated postoperative radiographs following single-level anterior cervical decompression, fusion, and plate placement
Authors: Ugokwe Kene T. , Kalfas Iain H. , Mroz Thomas E. , Steinmetz Michael P. 
Published: February 2011

Object
Pseudarthrosis and construct failure following single-level anterior cervical discectomy, fusion, and plate placement (ACDFP) rarely occur. Routine postoperative anteroposterior and lateral radiographs may be an inconvenience to patients and expose them to additional and potentially unnecessary radiation. No standard exists to define when patients should obtain radiographs following an ACDFP. The authors hypothesize that routinely obtaining static anteroposterior and lateral radiographs in patients who recently underwent a single-level ACDFP without new axial neck pain or other neurological complaints or symptoms is unwarranted and does not alter the long-term treatment of the patient.

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts and radiographs of patients who underwent a single-level ACDFP between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2005. All patients underwent a single-level ACDFP and had routine cervical radiographs obtained at various intervals after surgery.

Results
Twenty-one patients underwent ACDFP at C5–6, 14 patients underwent surgery at C6–7, 11 patients at C4–5, and 7 patients at C3–4. None of the intraoperative radiographs demonstrated malposition of the graft or instrumentation. Based on subjective reporting by the patients, the vast majority (49 of 53) showed improvement in neck and arm pain, and/or neurological dysfunction following surgery. Overall, 5 patients (9%) demonstrated abnormalities on their postoperative radiographs. No patients were returned to the operating room as a result of postoperative radiographic findings. The sensitivity of plain radiographs in this patient series or the percentage of patients with new symptoms that had an abnormality related to the construct on plain radiography was 50%. The specificity of plain radiographs or the percentage of patients who were asymptomatic and had normal radiographs was 94%. The positive predictive value was 25%; that is, there was a 25% chance that patients with symptoms would have a construct abnormality on postoperative radiographs. The negative predictive value was 98%; that is, 98% of patients without symptoms will have normal radiographs.

Conclusions
Pseudarthrosis and construct failure following single-level ACDFP occur rarely, and patients with new symptoms following surgery are as likely to have normal radiographic findings as they are to have abnormalities identified on their postoperative plain radiographs. Routinely obtaining postoperative radiographs at regular intervals in asymptomatic patients following single-level ACDFP does not appear to be warranted.
Transfacet screw placement for posterior fixation of C-7
Authors: Horn Eric M. , Theodore Nicholas , Crawford Neil R. , Bambakidis Nicholas C. , Sonntag Volker K. H. 
Published: February 2011

Object
Lateral mass screws are traditionally used to fixate the subaxial cervical spine, while pedicle screws are used in the thoracic spine. Lateral mass fixation at C-7 is challenging due to thin facets, and placing pedicle screws is difficult due to the narrow pedicles. The authors describe their clinical experience with a novel technique for transfacet screw placement for fixation at C-7.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was undertaken in all patients who underwent transfacet screw placement at C-7. The technique of screw insertion was the same for each patient. Polyaxial screws between 8- and 10-mm-long were used in each case and placed through the facet from a perpendicular orientation. Postoperative radiography and clinical follow-up were analyzed for aberrant screw placement or construct failure.

Results
Ten patients underwent C-7 transfacet screw placement between June 2006 and March 2007. In all but 1 patient screws were placed bilaterally, and the construct lengths ranged from C-3 to T-5. One patient with a unilateral screw had a prior facet fracture that precluded bilateral screw placement. There were no intraoperative complications or screw failures in these patients. After an average of 6 months of follow-up there were no hardware failures, and all patients showed excellent alignment.

Conclusions
The authors present the first clinical demonstration of a novel technique of posterior transfacet screw placement at C-7. These results provide evidence that this technique is safe to perform and adds stability to cervicothoracic fixation.
Herniated and spondylotic intervertebral discs of the human cervical spine: histological and immunohistological findings in 500 en bloc surgical samples
Authors: Kokubo Yasuo , Uchida Kenzo , Kobayashi Shigeru , Yayama Takafumi , Sato Ryuichiro , Nakajima Hideaki , Takamura Takaharu , Mwaka Erisa , Orwotho Norbert , Bangirana Alexander , Baba Hisatoshi 
Published: February 2011

Object
In this paper the authors' goal was to identify histological and immunohistochemical differences between cervical disc herniation and spondylosis.

Methods
A total of 500 cervical intervertebral discs were excised from 364 patients: 198 patients with disc herniation and 166 patients with spondylosis. We examined en bloc samples of endplate-ligament-disc complexes. Types of herniation and graded degrees of disc degeneration on MR images were examined histologically and immunohistochemically.

Results
The herniated discs showed granulation tissue, newly developed blood vessels, and massive infiltration of CD68-positive macrophages, which surrounded the herniated tissue mainly in the ruptured outer layer of the anulus fibrosus. The vascular invasion was most significant in uncontained (extruded)-type herniated discs. Chondrocytes positive for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were abundant in both herniated and spondylotic discs. Free nerve fibers, positive for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurofilament 68, growth-associated protein (GAP)-43, and substance P, were strongly apparent in and around the outer layer of uncontained (extruded)-type herniated discs, with enhanced expression of NGF. The authors observed that herniated discs showed more advanced degeneration in the outer layer of the anulus fibrosus around the granulation tissue than spondylotic discs. On the other hand, spondylotic discs showed more advanced degeneration in the cartilaginous endplate and inner layer of the anulus fibrosus than herniated discs. Spondylotic discs also had thicker bony endplates and expressed TNFα and MMP-3 more diffusely than herniated discs, especially in the inner layer of the anulus fibrosus.

Conclusions
The authors' results indicate that herniated and spondylotic intervertebral discs undergo different degenerative processes. It is likely that TNFα, MMP-3, bFGF, and VEGF expression is upregulated via the herniated mass in the herniated intervertebral discs, but by nutritional impairment in the spondylotic discs. Macrophage accumulation around newly formed blood vessels in the herniated disc tissues seemed to be regulated by MMP-3 and TNFα expression, and both herniated and spondylotic discs exhibited marked neoangiogenesis associated with increased bFGF and VEGF expression. Nerve fibers were associated with NGF overexpression in the outer layer of the anulus fibrosus as well as in endothelial cells of the small blood vessels.
The original drawings for the Historia naturalis Brasiliae of Piso and Marcgrave (1648)
Authors: WHITEHEAD P. J. P. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY The Historia naturalis Brasiliae is the most important early account of Brazilian zoology, botany, medicine and, to some extent, ethnology. Its animals and plants were frequently cited by Linnaeus and later authors, but identification of the species is often hindered by the poor descriptions and woodcut illustrations. Much help can be gained, however, from a collection of contemporary drawings and paintings of these same animals and plants, many being the basis for the woodcuts. Officially, this collection is lost, after nearly three hundred years of safekeeping in Berlin, but recent investigations suggest that these precious pictures are now in Poland and that, with persistence, they can once more be made available to scientists and scholars.
Des historiens sans histoire ?
Authors: Singaravélou Pierre 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Depuis plus de 50 ans, l’historiographie coloniale française a été oblitérée par les spécialistes de l’histoire de la discipline. Pourtant, sous la Troisième République, l’histoire de la colonisation française à fait l’objet de nombreux enseignements universitaires, soutenances de thèses et publications de manuels spécialisés. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de revenir sur les modalités de développement de cette spécialité dans l’enseignement supérieur en observant les marges du champ universitaire, dans lesquelles s’insinuent les « sciences coloniales ». Cette histoire de la colonisation semble être le produit d’une communauté d’historiens professionnels qui partagent une même culture académique et appliquent une méthodologie spécifique. Jugée traditionnellement conformiste et médiocre, l’historiographie coloniale révèle de nouvelles méthodes de recherche (pluridisciplinarité, histoire orale, contemporaine et comparée, etc.). Le discours historique colonial apparaît toutefois répétitif. En effet, les historiens ont à répondre à la même question paradoxale qui met en jeu leur légitimité : comment écrire l’histoire de peuples sans histoire ? Aussi privilégient-ils une histoire diffusionniste de la colonisation et des peuples colonisateurs, les colonisés accédant à l’Histoire grâce à l’œuvre bienfaitrice des colonisateurs français et de leurs prédécesseurs (Romains, Arabes, Indiens, etc.).
Le charisme et la construction des héros de l'Empire en Grande-Bretagne et en France, 1880-1914
Authors: Berenson Edward 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Comment expliquer la légitimation des conquêtes coloniales européennes menées en Afrique à la fin du XIX e siècle, alors que ces explorations se révélèrent, pour une bonne part, soit des entreprises hasardeuses ou des échecs, soit des faits irrationnels de politique étrangère ? Les études de cas d’Hubert Lyautey et de Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza en France, d’Henry Morton Stanley en Grande-Bretagne, montrent le rôle décisif de l’enthousiasme et de la confiance que soulevèrent ces personnages charismatiques auprès de larges couches de la population. La figure exemplaire du héros colonial qu’ils en vinrent à incarner dans leurs pays respectifs, en une période épargnée par la guerre, qui voit se généraliser l’alphabétisation et se créer un large circuit commercial pour l’imprimé, eut un grand rôle dans le retournement de l’opinion, d’abord indifférente, voire hostile, aux projets impérialistes. Leur célébrité et leurs exploits magnifiés furent diffusés et amplifiés à travers les nouveaux médias de masse (presse bon marché à grand tirage, best-sellers, comme les récits de Stanley), la commercialisation de biens de consommation (prolifération d’images et d’objets liés à Brazza et à ses expéditions), ou les distinctions honorifiques qui les rendirent politiquement influents (entrée à l’Académie française pour Lyautey, élection au Parlement pour Stanley). Le succès de cette référence culturelle inédite est attesté par l’étude de journaux intimes et de courriers, où des lecteurs formulèrent l’admiration et la dévotion qu’ils ressentirent pour ces hommes.
De la déconstruction de l'ethnie au branchement des cultures : un itinéraire intellectuel
Authors: Amselle Jean-Loup 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Dans cet article, l’auteur retrace son itinéraire d’anthropologue depuis les années de formation jusqu’à celles de la maturité en évoquant successivement les différentes phases de l’élaboration de sa pensée. Partant de la déconstruction de la notion d’ethnie, puis de son remplacement par celle de métissage, Jean-Loup Amselle a été ensuite conduit à remettre en cause cette dernière notion, pour lui substituer celle de « branchements ». Cette évolution théorique et conceptuelle s’applique non seulement à des contextes exotiques – africains, entre autres – mais également à des situations domestiques, comme celle de la France, à travers l’usage de plus en plus répandu de la notion de multiculturalisme.
Médiation culturelle : l'enjeu de la gestion des ressources humaines
Authors: Aubouin Nicolas , Kletz Frédéric , Lenay Olivier 
Published: February 2011

Résumé	Au cours des 30 dernières années, les activités de médiation culturelle ont connu un essor continu dans l’ensemble des domaines artistiques et culturels, au sein des institutions et sur les territoires, notamment sous l’impulsion des politiques publiques de la culture, de la ville et de l’emploi. Pour autant, les activités de médiation ne constituent pas aujourd’hui un ensemble homogène ; le métier et les compétences, divers selon les établissements et les secteurs, restent peu reconnus. Au moyen d’une méthode inédite qui se décline sous la forme de 6 configurations professionnelles, l’étude dresse un état des lieux actualisé des situations professionnelles rencontrées (contenus d’activité, statuts d’emploi, conditions d’accès et identités professionnelles) et identifie l’enjeu majeur que constitue la gestion des ressources humaines pour la professionnalisation des activités de médiation.
Pratiques culturelles chez les jeunes et institutions de transmission : un choc de cultures ?
Authors: Octobre Sylvie 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Avec la révolution numérique, les usages culturels évoluent, particulièrement dans les générations des digital natives , jeunes familiers des technologies de l’information et de la communication. Pour autant, les nouveaux usages culturels des jeunes (10-24 ans) ne sont pas exclusifs : les pratiques artistiques amateurs, la fréquentation des équipements culturels et la consommation médiatique se maintiennent auprès des jeunes générations où l’usage de l’internet apparaît lié à un intérêt plus global pour la culture et l’information. Le genre, l’âge et l’appartenance à une catégorie socioprofessionnelle demeurent des variables significatives. C’est du côté des instances de transmission – la famille, l’école et les institutions culturelles – que les évolutions sont les plus notables : celles-ci interrogent les instances de transmission (famille, école, équipements culturels) à repenser leurs modes d’action, qu’il s’agisse de transmission familiale, du lien entre culture et savoir ou encore de médiation.
« La peur de la peur » ou l'observation attentive en néonatologie
Authors: Simon José-Annick 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Dans un service de néonatologie, l’équipe médicale et les intervenantes de pédopsychiatrie accueillent Nicolas et Nicolette, deux jumeaux nés à 6 mois. Nous sommes ainsi plongés dans un service « ventre-de-mère », chaleureux et porteur, mais aussi sur un océan où nous sommes roulés, fouettés par les vagues des émotions. C’est l’application de l’observation du nourrisson selon Esther Bick qui va permettre aux « pédopsys », par un travail d’attention (une attention soignante), d’accompagner ce long et douloureux voyage en transformant les vécus archaïques et violents en des pensées, et les pensées en paroles.