bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abfraction, Abrasion, Biocorrosion, and the Enigma of Noncarious Cervical Lesions: A 20‐Year Perspective
Authors: GRIPPO JOHN O. , SIMRING MARVIN , COLEMAN THOMAS A. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTHitherto, noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) of teeth have been generally ascribed to either toothbrush—dentifrice abrasion or acid “erosion.”The last two decades have provided a plethora of new studies concerning such lesions. The most significant studies are reviewed and integrated into a practical approach to the understanding and designation of these lesions. A paradigm shift is suggested regarding use of the term “biocorrosion” to supplant “erosion” as it continues to be misused in the United States and many other countries of the world. Biocorrosion embraces the chemical, biochemical, and electrochemical degradation of tooth substance caused by endogenous and exogenous acids, proteolytic agents, as well as the piezoelectric effects only on dentin. Abfraction, representing the microstructural loss of tooth substance in areas of stress concentration, should not be used to designate all NCCLs because these lesions are commonly multifactorial in origin. Appropriate designation of a particular NCCL depends upon the interplay of the specific combination of three major mechanisms: stress, friction, and biocorrosion, unique to that individual case. Modifying factors, such as saliva, tongue action, and tooth form, composition, microstructure, mobility, and positional prominence are elucidated.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEBy performing a comprehensive medical and dental history, using precise terms and concepts, and utilizing the Revised Schema of Pathodynamic Mechanisms, the dentist may successfully identify and treat the etiology of root surface lesions. Preventive measures may be instituted if the causative factors are detected and their modifying factors are considered.(J Esthet Restor Dent 24:10–25, 2012)
Kisspeptin‐10 stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in pre‐ and post‐pubertal male goats
Authors: SAITO Hayato , SAWADA Tatsuru , YAEGASHI Tomoyoshi , GOTO Yuki , JIN Jin , SAWAI Ken , HASHIZUME Tsutomu 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe aims of the present study were to clarify the effect of kisspeptin‐10 (Kp10) on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) in pre‐pubertal and post‐pubertal male ruminants. Four male goats (Shiba goats) were given an intravenous (i.v.) injection of Kp10 (5 µg/kg body weight (b.w.)), gonadotoropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH, 1 µg/kg b.w.), or 2 mL of saline as a control at the ages of 3 (pre‐pubertal) and 6 (post‐pubertal) months. A single i.v. injection of Kp10 significantly stimulated the release of LH and T in both groups. The area under the response curve (AUC) of LH for a 60‐min period after the i.v. injection of Kp10 was significantly greater in the pre‐pubertal goats (P < 0.05). The AUC of T for a 120 min period post‐injection did not differ between the two age groups. A single i.v. injection of GnRH also significantly stimulated the release of LH and T in both groups (P < 0.05). The secretory pattern of LH and T in response to GnRH resembled that in response to Kp10. These results show that the LH‐releasing response to Kp10 is greater in pre‐pubertal than post‐pubertal male goats. They also show that Kp10, as well as GnRH, is able to stimulate the release of T in male goats.
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping of Dark‐Induced Senescence in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Li Hongwei , Lin Fanyun , Wang Gui , Jing Ruilian , Zheng Qi , Li Bin , Li Zhensheng 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn order to explore the genetics of dark‐induced senescence in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was carried out in a doubled haploid population developed from a cross between the varieties Hanxuan 10 (HX) and Lumai 14 (LM). The senescence parameters chlorophyll content (Chl a+b, Chl a, and Chl b), original fluorescence (Fo), maximum fluorescence level (Fm), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and ratio of variable fluorescence to original fluorescence (Fv/Fo) were evaluated in the second leaf of whole three‐leaf seedlings subjected to 7 d of darkness. A total of 43 QTLs were identified that were associated with dark‐induced senescence using composite interval mapping. These QTLs were mapped to 20 loci distributed on 11 chromosomes: 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 3B, 3D, 5D, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B. The phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 7.5% to 19.4%. Eleven loci coincided with two or more of the analyzed parameters. In addition, 14 loci co‐located or were linked with previously reported QTLs regulating flag leaf senescence, tolerance to high light stress, and grain protein content (Gpc), separately.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF “DULCE DE LECHE”
Authors: RANALLI N. , ANDRÉS S.C. , CALIFANO A.N. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTPhysicochemical and rheological characterization of “dulce de leche,” a milk‐based sauce especially popular in South America, was carried out on different types of commercial products (traditional, confectionery, reduced calories or reduced fat). Proximal composition, solid content, water activity, pH and color (Minolta Co., Ramsey, NJ) were evaluated. A controlled stress rheometer (Haake RS600; ThermoGap, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used to perform flow curves, dynamic oscillatory test in the linear viscoelastic range and creep‐recovery experiments. Although in all samples, η decreased with increasing γ′, corresponding to shear‐thinning behavior, clear differences were found in the rheological characteristics of different types of products. Experimental dynamic data were successfully modeled using the Baumgärtel–Schausberger–Winter equation to predict the mechanical relaxation spectrum. Satisfactory prediction of other mechanical properties was validated using creep experiments.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn spite of the differences in composition and rheological behavior of the several types of “dulce de leche” studied, it was possible to analyze the rheological characteristics of all systems and model the obtained results using the broadened Baumgärtel–Schausberger–Winter (BSW) model as a representation of the relaxation spectra to convert dynamic data into time domain. The parameters of the BSW model were used to explain structural characteristics of the systems; thus, the overall microstructural pattern of “dulce de leche” might be similar, and the differences observed would be mainly explained by the level of interactions among macromolecular components. Using the discrete spectrum obtained from the BSW model, it was possible to calculate other viscoelastic properties of interest; thus, the proposed methodology is a useful tool, especially for establishing a rheological data bank and analyzing viscoelastic experiments of this type of product.
IMPACT OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE ON THE TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF BUCKWHEAT NOODLES
Authors: HAN LIHONG , LU ZHANHUI , HAO XUELIANG , CHENG YONGQIANG , LI LITE 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe effects of calcium hydroxide on the textural properties of buckwheat noodles were studied to elucidate the mechanism of textural improvement for commercial production. The addition of calcium hydroxide significantly (P < 0.05) affected the textural parameters in a dose‐dependent manner. The highest values of tensile strength and cutting force of cooked buckwheat noodles were obtained simultaneously with a mass fraction of 0.4% calcium hydroxide. Further increases in the quantity of calcium hydroxide resulted in decreases in both parameters. Low mass fractions of calcium hydroxide (≤0.4%) might promote swelling and rupturing of the starch granules through formation of Ca2+‐starch and Ca(OH)+‐starch complexes. Release of amylose from the starch granules enhanced formation of a compact and homogeneous buckwheat noodle. Scanning electron microscopy observations confirmed that the microstructure of the cooked noodles containing 0.4% calcium hydroxide was more compact and homogeneous, and less porous than that of control.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBecause of their lack of gluten, pure buckwheat noodles are difficult to produce and their sensory characteristics are not fully acceptable compared with common wheat noodles. Introduction of calcium hydroxide into buckwheat noodles can greatly improve their textural properties. Because calcium is essential in the human diet, calcium hydroxide is an ideal additive for the manufacture of buckwheat noodles. The results of this work will provide a theoretical basis for commercial production of pure buckwheat noodles and improvement of the textural properties of other gluten‐free foods.
BALANCING TEXTURE AND OTHER SENSORY FEATURES IN REDUCED FAT SHORT‐DOUGH BISCUITS
Authors: LAGUNA LAURA , VARELA PAULA , SALVADOR ANA , SANZ TERESA , FISZMAN SUSANA M. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTShortening in short‐dough biscuits was replaced by a new ingredient, N‐Dulge (a mixture of tapioca dextrin and tapioca starch) at two different levels (10 and 20%). The texture was balanced by replacing part of the flour with resistant starch (RS) (20 and 40%). Nine different formulations were tested by a trained panel and by consumers. The results also correlated with the textural characteristics. The trained panel results showed that the fat replacer increased the hardness and crumbliness, and that these effects were balanced out by the addition of RS. These results correlated well with the instrumental texture parameters. The consumers did not find significant differences in acceptability between the control biscuits (no replacement) and the biscuits with 10% of fat replaced by N‐Dulge and 20% of flour replaced by RS.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBiscuits are widely consumed. Short‐dough biscuits, characterized by a high fat content, are one of the most popular types. Nutritionally, it would be advantageous to decrease their fat content while keeping their sensory properties unchanged.
EFFECT OF BARLEY, BANANA AND SOYA PROTEIN ISOLATE ON RHEOLOGICAL, MICROSTRUCTURAL AND NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTH INDIAN PAROTTA
Authors: BHARGAVA SHIPRA , JYOTHI LAKSHMI A. , INDRANI D. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe effect of replacement of whole wheat flour up to 60% with the blends of barley flour, banana flour and soya protein isolate (BBS) on the rheological, north Indian parotta (NIP)‐making characteristics of whole wheat flour and nutritional characteristics of NIP with special reference to protein, starch and dietary fiber was studied. The results showed an increase in the farinograph water absorption, amylograph peak viscosity and extensograph resistance to extension, and a decrease in extensibility and overall quality score of NIP from 54 to 25 for the maximum score of 60 with an increase in BBS up to 60%. The addition of combination of additives (CAs), namely dry gluten powder, sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, significantly improved the overall quality of NIP with 40% BBS. The NIP with 40% BBS + CA showed higher total protein, digestible protein, percent availability, total fiber, soluble and insoluble fibers, resistant starch and lower starch hydrolysis index than control NIP.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMajority of people are becoming more aware of the relationship between diet and disease, and believe that foods can be designed to help prevent various diseases. Recent trend in the milling industry is to produce nutritious whole wheat flour using a combination of different grains and seeds for the production of chapati, puri and parotta. However, there is no scientific information on the rheological characteristics of multigrain dough, product and its nutritional quality. The information generated on the use of barley, banana and soya protein isolate in north Indian parotta preparation will be helpful for the commercial manufacture of nutritious parotta.
Patient‐centeredness in long‐term care of older patients – a structured interview
Authors: Bruus Ireen , Varik Merle , Aro Ilme , Kalam‐Salminen Ly , Routasalo Pirkko 
Published: November 2011

Aim.  The aim of this study was to describe assessments of older people about patient‐centeredness in the long‐term care of Estonian hospitals, and to determine correlations between patients’ assessments and their socio‐demographic characters.Background.  Patient‐centeredness increases patients’ satisfaction and enhances their recovery. Still, patients’ opinions are not always taken into account.Method.  A cross‐sectional study included 111 older people in long‐term care of 14 Estonian hospitals. Data were collected in 2008 by means of structured interviews.Results.  What patients agreed most was that they were given enough opportunity to carry out activities they were capable of performing themselves. Two thirds of participants had not been sufficiently consulted on who would be providing their care. Half of the participants were not given sufficient opportunity to decide what kind of care was needed and how they would receive it. The more assistance patients needed in daily living activities, the less they considered the care as patient‐centred.Conclusions.  From the perspective of older people, the patient‐centeredness in Estonian long‐term care is above average. Providing patient‐centred long‐term care in Estonian hospitals deserves more attention.Relevance to clinical practice.  Older people should be more involved in decision‐making, especially those who need more assistance in daily living activities.
Influenza neuraminidase
Authors: Air Gillian M. 
Published: November 2011

Please cite this paper as: Air. (2012) Influenza neuraminidase. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(4), 245–256.Influenza neuraminidase is the target of two licensed antivirals that have been very successful, with several more in development. However, neuraminidase has been largely ignored as a vaccine target despite evidence that inclusion of neuraminidase in the subunit vaccine gives increased protection. This article describes current knowledge on the structure, enzyme activity, and antigenic significance of neuraminidase.
Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy in Lusitano Horses
Authors: Finno C.J. , Higgins R.J. , Aleman M. , Ofri R. , Hollingsworth S.R. , Bannasch D.L. , Reilly C.M. , Madigan J.E. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundEquine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has been previously associated with low vitamin E concentrations.ObjectiveTo describe the clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic features ofEDMin a group of related Lusitano horses.AnimalsFifteen Lusitano horses.ProceduresNeurologic examinations were conducted, and serum vitamin E concentrations were measured. Three neurologically abnormal horses were further evaluated by ophthalmologic examination, electroretinography, electroencephalography, muscle and nerve biopsies, and post‐mortem examination.ResultsSix horses appeared neurologically normal, 6 were neurologically abnormal, and 3 had equivocal gait abnormalities. Abnormal horses demonstrated ataxia and paresis. An inconsistent menace response was noted in 4 neurologically abnormal horses and in 1 horse with equivocal findings. All horses had low serum vitamin E concentrations (<1.5 ppm). Ophthalmologic examinations, electroretinograms, electroencephalograms, and muscle and peripheral nerve biopsies were unremarkable in 3 neurologically abnormal horses. At necropsy, major neuropathological findings in these horses were bilaterally symmetric, severe, neuro axonal degeneration in the gracilis, cuneatus medialis, cuneatus lateralis, and thoracicus nuclei and bilaterally symmetric axonal loss and demyelination mainly in the dorsolateral and ventromedial tracts of the spinal cord. A diagnosis ofEDMwas made based on these findings. Pedigree analysis identified 2 sires among the affected horses.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceEquine degenerative myeloencephalopathy is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes ataxia and, in severe cases, paresis, in young Lusitano horses. The disease appears to have a genetic basis, and although vitamin E deficiency is a common finding, low serum vitamin E concentrations also may occur in apparently unaffected related individuals.
Calculation of for several small detectors and for two linear accelerators using Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Francescon P. , Cora S. , Satariano N. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:The scope of this study was to determine a complete set of correction factors for several detectors in static small photon fields for two linear accelerators (linacs) and for several detectors.Methods:Measurements for Monte Carlo (MC) commissioning were performed for two linacs, Siemens Primus and Elekta Synergy. After having determined the source parameters that best fit the measurements of field specific output factors, profiles, and tissue‐phantom ratio, the generalized version of the classical beam quality correction factor for static small fields,, were determined for several types of detectors by using the Monte Carlo user code which can accurately reproduce the geometry and the material composition of the detector. The influence of many parameters (energy and radial FWHM of the electron beam source, field dimensions, type of accelerator) on the value of was evaluated. Moreover, a MC analysis of the parameters that influence the change of as a function of field dimension was performed. A detailed analysis of uncertainties related to the measurements of the field specific output factor and to the Monte Carlo calculation of was done.Results:The simulations demonstrated that the correction factor can be considered independent from the quality beam factor Q in the range 0.68 ± 0.01 for all the detectors analyzed. The of PTW 60012 and EDGE diodes can be assumed dependent only on the field size, for fields down to 0.5 × 0.5 cm2. The microLion, and the microchambers, instead, must be used with some caution because they exhibit a slight dependence on the radial FWHM of the electron source, and therefore, a correction factor only dependent on field size can be used for fields ≥0.75 × 0.75 and ≥1.0 × 1.0 cm2, respectively. The analysis of uncertainties gave an estimate of uncertainty for the 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 field of about 0.7% (1σ) for factor and of about 1.0% (1σ) for the field output factor, , of diodes, microchambers, and microLion.Conclusions:Stereotactic diodes with the appropriate are recommended for determining of small photon beams.
Involvement of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Related to Sequence Type 25 and Harboring
pvl
Genes in a Case of Carotid Cavernous Fistula after Community-Associated Sepsis
Authors: Damasco Paulo V. , Chamon Raiane C. , Barbosa Angélica T. L. , da Cunha Sérgio , Aquino José H. W. , Cavalcante Fernanda S. , dos Santos Kátia R. N. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes has become the cause of life-threatening infections. We describe a case of carotid cavernous fistula after bacteremia in a 12-year-old male, caused by a methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
isolate carrying the
pvl
,
fnbA
, and
ebpS
genes and related to sequence type 25 (ST25). The patient's condition was complicated by pleural empyema and osteomyelitis in the right femur. The patient was discharged in good clinical condition after 160 days of hospitalization.
Duck Hepatitis A Virus Possesses a Distinct Type IV Internal Ribosome Entry Site Element of Picornavirus
Authors: Pan Meng , Yang Xiaorong , Zhou Lei , Ge Xinna , Guo Xin , Liu Jinhua , Zhang Dabing , Yang Hanchun 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Sequence analysis of duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) led to its classification as the only member of a new genus,
Avihepatovirus
, of the family
Picornaviridae
, and so was renamed duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV). The 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) plays an important role in translation initiation and RNA synthesis of the picornavirus. Here, we provide evidence that the 651-nucleotide (nt)-long 5′ UTR of DHAV genome contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element that functions efficiently
in vitro
and within BHK cells. Comparative sequence analysis showed that the 3′ part of the DHAV 5′ UTR is similar to the porcine teschovirus 1 (PTV-1) IRES in sequence and predicted secondary structure. Further mutational analyses of the predicted domain IIId, domain IIIe, and pseudoknot structure at the 3′ end of the DHAV IRES support our predicted secondary structure. However, unlike the case for the PTV-1 IRES element, analysis of various deletion mutants demonstrated that the optimally functional DHAV IRES element with a size of approximately 420 nt is larger than that of PTV-1 and contains other peripheral domains (Id and Ie) that do not exist within the type IV IRES elements. The domain Ie, however, could be removed without significant loss of activity. Surprisingly, like the hepatitis A virus (HAV) IRES element, the activity of DHAV IRES could be eliminated by expression of enterovirus 2A protease. These findings indicate that the DHAV IRES shares common features with type IV picornavirus IRES elements, whereas it exhibits significant differences from type IV IRESs. Therefore, we propose that DHAV possesses a distinct type IV IRES element of picornavirus.
Migration of Norway Rats Resulted in the Worldwide Distribution of Seoul Hantavirus Today
Authors: Lin Xian-Dan , Guo Wen-Ping , Wang Wen , Zou Yang , Hao Zong-Yu , Zhou Dun-Jin , Dong Xue , Qu Yong-Gang , Li Ming-Hui , Tian Hai-Feng , Wen Jian-Fan , Plyusnin Alexander , Xu Jianguo , Zhang Yong-Zhen 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Despite the worldwide distribution, most of the known Seoul viruses (SEOV) are closely related to each other. In this study, the M and the S segment sequences of SEOV were recovered from 130 lung tissue samples (mostly of Norway rats) and from six patient serum samples by reverse transcription-PCR. Genetic analysis revealed that all sequences belong to SEOV and represent 136 novel strains. Phylogenetic analysis of all available M and S segment sequences of SEOV, including 136 novel Chinese strains, revealed four distinct groups. All non-Chinese SEOV strains and most of the Chinese variants fell into the phylogroup A, while the Chinese strains originating from mountainous areas clustered into three other distinct groups (B, C, and D). We estimated that phylogroup A viruses may have arisen only within the last several centuries. All non-Chinese variants appeared to be directly originated from China. Thus, phylogroup A viruses distributed worldwide may share a recent ancestor, whereas SEOV seems to be as diversified genetically as other hantaviruses. In addition, all available mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of Norway rats, including our 44 newly recovered mtDNA sequences, were divided into two phylogenetic groups. The first group, which is associated with the group A SEOV variants, included most of rats from China and also all non-Chinese rats, while the second group consisted of a few rats originating only from mountain areas in China. We hypothesize that an ancestor of phylogroup A SEOV variants was first exported from China to Europe and then spread through the New World following the migration of Norway rats.