bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soya and casein as dietary proteins for dogs
Authors: Zentek J. , Mischke R. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryIn a study with four adult dogs isolated soya protein and casein were compared as protein sources in canine diets with regards to digestibility, plasma concentrations of amino acids and some biochemical variables in the plasma. Casein and soya protein were highly digestible (apparent digestibility of crude protein: 85–90%). The plasma aminograms were influenced by dietary proteins and also subjected to postprandial changes (blood samples obtained in fasted dogs or 6 h postprandially). With soya protein the plasma concentrations of arginine increased, while the relation between branched chain and aromatic amino acids was not influenced. The effects of dietary proteins on biochemical variables were weak, but plasma urea, triglycerides and phosphorus increased signifcantly after meal intake. Dietary amino acids should be regarded especially in diets for clinical nutrition. Soya protein may counteract some of the changes in the plasma aminogram which have been reported in dogs with hepatocellular degeneration.ZusammenfassungSoja proteinisolat und kasein als Proteinträger für HundeIn einer Untersuchung mit 4 adulten Hunden wurden Sojaproteinisolat sowie Kasein als diätetische Proteinquellen unter Berücksichtigung der Verdaulichkeit, des Plasma‐Aminogramms sowie einiger weiterer klinisch‐chemischer Blutparameter verglichen. Kasein und Sojaproteinisolat waren hochverdaulich (scheinbare Verdaulichkeit von Rohprotein: 85–90%), bei den Plasmaaminosäuren waren deutliche postprandiale Konzentrationsänderungen und Effekte der Proteinquellen festzustellen. Nach Aufnahme von Sojaeiweiß zeigte sich im Plasma eine Zunahme des Arginingehaltes, die Relation verzweigtkettiger zu aromatischen Aminosäuren im Blut wurde nicht beeinflußt. Effekte auf klinischchemische Parameter waren nur in geringem Umfang vorhanden, postprandial ansteigende Plasmawerte waren für Harnstoff, Triglyzeride und Phosphor festzustellen. Die Aminosäurenzufuhr sollte insbesondere im Rahmen diätetischer Maßnahmen verstärkt berücksichtigt werden. Sojaprotein bietet sich zur Fütterung von Hunden mit Lebererkrankungen an, da den in der Literatur beschriebenen Veränderungen im Plasmaaminogramm zumindestens teilweise entgegengewirkt werden kann.
Dietary xylose as an energy source for young pigs
Authors: Verstegen M. W. A. , Schutte J. B. , Hel W. V. D. , Polziehn R. , Schrama J. W. , Sutton A. L. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryEnergy balances were compared in eight pigs (6–8 kg) fed 5% glucose or 10% D‐xylose added to a basal diet. In a carry‐over design, each pig received the glucose and 2 weeks later the xylose diet or vice versa. The basal diet consisted mainly of barley, corn, soya flour and skim milk powder. Pigs were fed 1.3 times the maintenance requirement for energy. Energy balances were measured after 4 days of adjustment to the diet and over a 7 day period. The rate of weight gain was similar between the treatments. The metabolizable energy of 10% D‐xylose was about equal to 5% glucose. The heat production was similar between treatments. This indicated that the absorbed and metabolized D‐xylose is probably utilized to the same extent as or somewhat less than glucose, with the potential of some xylose being fermented in the large intestine and absorbed as volatile fatty acids. This could contribute to the well‐being of the small pigs especially under situations of limited energy intakes.ZusammenfassungXylose als Energiequelle in Rationen für FerkelZum Vergleich von Energiebilanzen erhielten acht Ferkel (6–8 kg Lebendgewicht 5% Glucose oder 10% D‐Xylose zu einer Basaldiät in einem Carry over Versuch zu einer Basaldiät. Jedes Ferkel erhielt die Glucose und zwei Wochen später Xylose vice versa. Die Basaldiät bestand hauptsächlich aus Gerste, Mais, Sojamehl und Magermilchpulver und deckte das l,3fache des Bedarfes an Energie für Erhaltung. Die Energiebilanzen wurden nach einer viertägigen Adaptationsphase an das Futter in einer siebentägigen Versuchsperiode ermittelt. Die Zunahmeraten lagen bei etwa allen Behandlungen gleich hoch. Die umsetzbare Energie von 10% D‐Xylose entsprach etwa der von 5% Glucose. Die Wärmeproduktion war bei allen Behandlungen gleich. Das deutet daraufhin, daß die absorbierte und umgesetzte D‐Xylose zum gleichen oder etwas geringerem Anteil wie Glucose genutzt werden kann, wobei ein gewisser Anteil an Xylose im Dickdarm fermentiert und als flüchtige Fettsäuren absorbiert wird. Die Verabreichung von Xylose könnte damit zum Wohlbefinden der Ferkel beitragen, vor allem bei limitierter Energieaufnahme.
Digestibility of organic matter and digestible energy in single ingredients of extruded dog feeds and their effects on faecal dry matter concentration and consistency
Authors: Gröner T. , Pfeffer E. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryTwo basal diets and blends of these with one of 34 single ingredients were fed to groups of four Beagles for 21 days. The consistency of faeces was scored on the last 4 days of each period and the faecal dry matter was determined. The digestibility of organic matter and energy in the diets was determined by use of chromium sesquioxide as marker. No close correlation was found between the consistency and dry matter concentration of the faecal samples. Although the influences of individual feed ingredients on the faecal consistency and on faecal dry matter were obvious, these could not be explained by the digestibility of the organic matter or by the concentration of digestible energy in these feeds.ZusammenfassungVerdaulichkeit der organischen Substanz und verdaulichen Energie in einzelnen Komponenten extrudierter Hundefutter und deren Einfluß auf den Gehalt an Trockensubstanz und die Konsistenz des HundekotesZwei Grundmischungen, rein oder nach Verschneiden im Verhältnis zwischen 80:20 bis 60:40 mit 34 Einzelfuttermitteln, wurden als Extrudat an Gruppen von jeweils vier Beagles über 21 Tage gefüttert. An den letzten vier Tagen jeder Periode wurde jeweils die Konsistenz des Kotes nach dem Augenschein benotet, der Gehalt an Trockensubstanz wurde bestimmt. Die Verdaulichkeit der organischen Substanz und der Energie wurde indirekt mit Chromoxid als Marker bestimmt. Keine klare Korrelation wurde gefunden zwischen der Note für Konsistenz und dem Gehalt des Kotes an Trockensubstanz. Obwohl Einflüsse von Einzelfuttermitteln sowohl auf den Gehalt an Trockensubstanz als auch auf die Konsistenz des Kotes offenkundig waren, ließen diese sich nicht mit der Verdaulichkeit der organischen Substanz oder dem Gehalt an Verdaulicher Energie erklären.
Standorte für Candida aus medizinisch‐hygienischer Sicht: Habitats for Candida in medical and hygienic respects
Authors: Blaschke‐Hellmessen Renate 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die 163 anamorphen Arten der Gattung Candida leben in unterschiedlichen natürlichen Standorten. Die Erreger von Candida‐Mykoscn haben, im Vergleich zu den ubiquitär in terrestrischen und aquatischen Habitaten vorkommenden Arten, eine eingeschränkte Verbreitung in der Natur. Sie kommen primär in der Gemeinschaft mit dem Menschen und warmblütigen Tieren vor. Candida albicans nimmt eine Sonderstellung gegenüber den Non‐C.‐albicans‐Arten ein. Sie hat ihren primären Standort im Orointestinaltrakt des Menschen und warmblütiger Tiere und kommt nicht ubiquitär in wirtsfreien Habitaten vor. Die Umwelt wird gelegentlich sekundär durch Mensch und Tier mit Candida kontaminiert. Diese Kontaminationen breiten sich in der Regel nicht weit aus, da C. albicans nur kurze Zeit in trockenem, etwas länger in feuchtem Milieu lebensfähig bleibt. Einige. Non‐C.‐albicans‐Arten haben ebenfalls ihren Standort beim Menschen und bei Tieren. Sie kommen außerdem ubiquitär in der Natur (Erdboden, Pflanzen, Lebens‐ und Futtermittel) vor und sind insgesamt umweltresistenter als C. albicans. Candida‐Mykosen entwickeln sich größtenteils endogen. Wichtigste Infektionsquelle ist die Hefeflora der Patienten. Die exogen durch Schmier‐infektionen bedingten Mykosen werden vor allem von Non‐C.‐albicans‐Arten hervorgerufen. Die unterschiedlichen Standorte der Candida‐Spezies sind entscheidend für die direkte und indirekte Transmission von Hefen auf den Menschen sowie für Präventivmaßnahmen gegen endogen und exogen bedingte nosokomiale Candida‐Mykosen.Summary. The at present acknowledged 163 species of the genus Candida are living in different habitats. Agents of human candidosis have a comparatively restricted natural distribution, and have been discovered primarily in association with men and animals. Candida albicans holds an exceptional position opposite to the nearly 20 non‐C. albicans‐species with medical importance. Primary habitat is the digestive tract of men and warm‐blooded animals. C. albicans is not ubiquitously distributed in the nature. Carriers of Candida may contaminate their immediate environment with yeasts, but that contamination does not usually spread far. C. albicans survives poorly on dry surfaces, a little bit longer in moist materials. Some non‐C. albicans‐species have their habitat also in the digestive tracts of men and animals, but different to C. albicans they are also ubiquitously distributed in the surroundings (soil, plants, foods, forages) and are much more resistent to environmental influences. The most important source of Candida species in human diseases is endogenous. The via exogen contamination arising mycoses are involved above all by non‐C. albicans‐species. The different habitats of the Candida species are decisive for the direct and indirect transmission of yeasts to humans and also for the preventive measures against endogenous and exogenous nosocomial Candida mycoses.
Proteinasen pathogener Pilze: Proteinases of pathogenic fungi
Authors: Ruchel Reinhard 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. In einer kurzen übersicht wird über das Auftreten und die vermutliche pathogenetische Bedeutung von extrazellulären und strukturgebundenen Proteinasen bei opportunistischen und obligat pathogenen Pilzen berichtet.Summary. The present knowledge on the pathogenetic relevance of extracellular and cell wall‐attached proteinases from fungal pathogens is briefly reviewed.
übersichtsartikel Molekulare Grundlagen der antimykotischen Therapie: Review Article: Molecular basis of antimycotic therapy
Authors: Bastert J. , Korting Hans C. 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Es wird ein überblick über die derzeit klinisch eingesetzten Antimykotika, ihre Wirkungsmechanismen und ihre Anwendungsgrenzen sowie über derzeitige Antimykotika‐Neuentwicklungen und deren molekulare Angriffspunkte gegeben.Summary. A review is presented on the hitherto clinically administered antimycotic drugs, their action mechanisms and limitations as well as on the presently newly developed antifungals and their molecular targets.
Using self‐efficacy theory to educate a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A case study of 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Kaşıkçı Magfiret K 
Published: January 2011

Kaşıkçı MK. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 1–8 Using self‐efficacy theory to educate a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A case study of 1‐year follow‐up Self‐efficacy is important in determining which activities or situations an individual will perform or avoid. This is a case study report to explore the utility of structured education programme on strengthening self‐efficacy in an older adult with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To comprehensively evaluate this intervention, a combined qualitative and quantitative approach was used. Although qualitative data were collected following the interview guide, quantitative data were collected by the demographic data form and the COPD Self‐Efficacy Scale (CSES) at the preprogramme and postprogramme stage. The patient's self‐efficacy scores improved after 8 weeks of the structured education programme and remained relatively constant on all the repeated measurements after education. Qualitative data were identified as ‘difficulties’ and ‘facilities’. This study indicates that, by applying a self‐efficacy theory, a planned education programme could be useful in improving both short‐term and long‐term self‐efficacy in patients with COPD.
Conducting randomized controlled trials with older people with dementia in long‐term care: Challenges and lessons learnt
Authors: Murfield Jenny , Cooke Marie , Moyle Wendy , Shum David , Harrison Scott 
Published: January 2011

Murfield J, Cooke M, Moyle W, Shum D, Harrison S. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 52–59 Conducting randomized controlled trials with older people with dementia in long‐term care: Challenges and lessons learnt The characteristics of older people with dementia and the long‐term care environment can make conducting research a challenge and, as such, this population and setting are often understudied, particularly in terms of clinical or randomized controlled trials. This paper provides a critical discussion of some of the difficulties faced whilst implementing a randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of a live music programme on the behaviour of older people with dementia in long‐term care. A discussion of how these challenges were addressed is presented to aid investigators planning the design of similar research and help encourage a proactive approach in dealing with research‐related challenges right from project conception. The article is structured according to the three principles of a randomized controlled trial in order to keep experimental rigour at the forefront of this research area.
Swaziland rural maternal care: Ethnography of the interface of custom and biomedicine
Authors: Thwala Siphiwe BP , Jones Linda Katherine , Holroyd Eleanor 
Published: January 2011

Thwala SBP, Jones LK, Holroyd E. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 93–101 Swaziland rural maternal care: Ethnography of the interface of custom and biomedicine A retrospective ethnographic enquiry was used to examine the values and beliefs that underpin Swazi women's birth practices during pregnancy, labour, birth and the postnatal period. An unstructured interview guide was used to conduct 15 one‐to‐one audio‐taped interviews in the field. Results revealed that although Swazi women embraced modern biomedical practices, they also largely adhered to customary practices, including use of traditional model of causation of illness, and the use of traditional medicines during childbirth. Recommendations include parallel antenatal education, which gives credence to the customs within the context of scientific modernity. In addition, changes are needed to public health policy that allows parallel systems of care to be delivered within the context of community midwifery practice.
Initial experience from the transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy and biopsy: A stepwise approach from the laboratory to clinical application
Authors: Zheng Yongzhi , Wang Dong , Kong Xiangyu , Chen Danlei , Wu Renpei , Yang Li , Yu Enda , Zheng Chengzhu , Li Zhaoshen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Natural‐orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a newly minimally invasive technique that gives access to the abdominal cavity via transgastric, transcolonic, transvaginal or transvesical routes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy and biopsy from laboratory to clinical application.Methods:  With the animals under general anesthesia, a sterile esophageal overtube was placed and a gastric antibiotic lavage was performed. Subsequently, a needle‐knife and through‐the‐scope dilating balloon were used to make an anterior gastric wall incision through which a therapeutic gastroscope was advanced into the peritoneal cavity. After 2 weeks, another transgastric endoscopic exploration was performed in a different location of the stomach. The peritoneal cavity was examined before the gastric incision was closed. After 4 weeks of observation, necropsy was performed. In the clinical application, after gastric lavage, the first step was the creation of the gastrotomy under general anesthesia, sometime under direct vision of the laparoscopic scope. Then the endoscope can be maneuvered in the peritoneal cavity. And peritoneoscopy and biopsy were performed. Biopsies can be obtained from any suspicious areas using punch biopsy forceps. The gastrotomy was then closed with clips. The gastroscopy was examined after one week.Results:  Twenty‐eight transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopies and biopsies in pigs and a total of five transgastric human endoscopic peritoneoscopies and biopsies have been performed. All procedures were completed satisfactorily in the pig model and all patients. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications.Conclusions:  The advantages of peritoneoscopy and biopsy appeared to be enhanced by this approach. Patients had minor postoperative pain and minimal scarring. It is safe and feasible for us to use transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy and biopsy in humans.
Focal nodular hyperplasia or focal nodular hyperplasia‐like lesions of the liver: A special emphasis on diagnosis
Authors: Choi Ji Young , Lee Han Chu , Yim Ji Hye , Shim Ju Hyun , Lim Young‐Suk , Shin Yong Moon , Yu Eun Sil , Suh Dong Jin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and FNH‐like lesions are hypervascular masses that can mimic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have investigated the clinical, radiological and pathological features of FNH and FNH‐like lesions of the liver, with particular focus on the aspect of diagnosis.Methods:  A total of 84 patients, 77 with pathologically‐proven FNH and seven with FNH‐like lesions of the liver, were analyzed retrospectively.Results:  Of the 84 patients, seven had underlying liver cirrhosis, including two with Budd‐Chiari syndrome and one with cardiac cirrhosis. These cases were therefore classified as having FNH‐like lesions. Two of the remaining 77 patients without underlying liver cirrhosis were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Seven of 50 (14.0%) patients evaluated by four‐phase computed tomography (CT) showed portal or delayed washout, and three of 28 (10.7%) patients analyzed by three‐phase CT showed washout on the portal phase. Collectively, three of nine (33.3%) patients with risk factors for HCC could have been wrongly diagnosed with HCC based on the non‐invasive diagnostic criteria for HCC. A central scar was observed in 30 patients (35.7%) radiologically. Among 62 patients who underwent percutaneous needle biopsy, four patients (6.5%) were misdiagnosed as having HCC and two patients (3.2%) had inconclusive results by a first needle biopsy.Conclusions:  The presence of a hepatic lesion with arterial hypervascularity and/or portal/delayed washout is not necessarily diagnostic of HCC, particularly in patients without risk factors for HCC. These radiological findings can also occur in cirrhotic patients with FNH‐like lesions, including those with hepatic outflow obstruction.
Association of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen‐4 gene (rs60872763) polymorphism with Crohn's disease and high levels of serum sCTLA‐4 in Crohn's disease
Authors: Chen Zhitao , Zhou Feng , Huang Sha , Jiang Ting , Chen Liping , Ge Liuqing , Xia Bing 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Our aim was to evaluate cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) gene polymorphisms in Crohn's disease (CD) and explore soluble CTLA‐4 (sCTLA‐4) levels in serum of CD patients in central China.Methods:  A total of 126 Chinese CD patients and 300 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. CTLA‐4 (AT)n repeat polymorphism was genotyped by a semiautomatic fluorescently labeled polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and CTLA‐4 ‐1661A/G and ‐1722T/C polymorphisms were genotyped by DNA sequencing. Serum sCTLA‐4 and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunonephelometry, respectively.Results:  The frequency of 84 bp allele of CTLA‐4 (AT)n repeats was lower in CD patients than in the healthy controls (22.2% vs 33.2%, P = 0.001, odds ratio = 0.58, 95% confidence interval: 0.41–0.81). The 84 bp allele carriers of (AT)n repeats were associated with non‐stricturing and non‐penetrating disease behavior in CD patients (P = 0.007). Serum sCTLA‐4 levels were more elevated in CD patients than in the healthy controls (P < 0.001). Among CD patients, serum sCTLA‐4 levels were increased in active disease compared with inactive disease (P = 0.015), and were correlated with CRP levels (r = 0.524, P < 0.001). Serum sCTLA‐4 levels were higher in CD patients with stricturing disease behavior than in patients with other disease behaviors (P = 0.009).Conclusions:  84 bp allele of CTLA‐4 (AT)n repeat polymorphism was associated with CD in central China. sCTLA‐4 levels were highly expressed in CD, especially in active disease, and were correlated with CRP levels and disease behavior in CD patients.
Induction Of Megamitochondria In The Rat Liver By N‐Propyl Alcohol And N‐Butyl Alcohol
Authors: Wakabayashi Takashi , Horiuchi Michio , Sakaguchi Mikako , Onda Hiroyuki , Iijimass Moritake 
Published: January 2011

Propyl alcohol and butyl alcohol had similar effects to ethyl alcohol on ultrastructure of liver mitochondria. Rats were given 32% ethyl alcohol, 32% n‐propyl alcohol, and 6.9% n‐butyl alcohol in drinking water for up to three months. After one month, mitochondria in hepatocytes obtained from the experimental animals became elongated, constricted or cup‐shaped with scanty cristae. After two months, mitochondria in some hepatocytes became gigantic. In extreme cases, the megamitochondria exceeded 10 μm in diameter.Coupling efficiencies of hepatic mitochondria obtained from alcohol‐fed animals were well preserved despite their drastic morphologic changes. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 471–480, 1984.
Immunoelectron Microscopic Localization Of Thyroglobulin In The Human Thyroid Gland
Authors: Ide Michiya 
Published: January 2011

The microidentification of the organelles containing thyroglobulin (TG) in the follicular cells of human thyroid glands was studied by the immunoelectron microscopic method. Fresh human thyroid glands were used for the purification of TG. TG was purified by differential salt fractionation and DEAE‐cellulose chromatography. Anti‐human TG rabbit IgG antibody was obtained by immunization of this purified TG. F(ab')2 fragments of anti‐TG rabbit IgG antibody were prepared by pepsin digestion. The specificity of the antibody was tested on an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion plate. Conjugation of the purified F(ab')2 fragments of anti‐TG rabbit IgG antibody to horse radish peroxidase was performed in order to use the direct peroxidase labelled antibody method.Under immunohistochemical light microscopy, the luminal colloid and the follicular cells appeared heavily stained.Under immunoelectron microscopy, positive reactions were observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and the apical cell border. To date, no clear direct evidence of the presence of TG in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus of human thyroid cells has ever been reported in immunoelectron microscopic studies. This study indicates that the use of F(ab')2 fragments of anti‐TG rabbit IgG antibody in immunoelectron microscopic study is useful for the identification of TG in organelles of human thyroid follicular cells. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 575–584, 1984.
Inhibitor of plasminogen activator in human arterial wall: I. Histochemical Study
Authors: Okamura Takashi , Nanno Shigeru , Sueishi Katsuo , Tanaka Kenzo 
Published: January 2011

An inhibitor of urokinase, human urinary plasminogen activator, was found in the media of human arteries using a histochemical method (fibrin slide sandwich technique). Arteriosclerotic lesions, especially atherosclerosis, apparently contained the urokinase inhibitor. The inhibitor did not alter plasmin activity. This inhibitor of urokinase may be involved in regulation of fibrinolysis in arterial wall and thus a significant role in atherogenesis.Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 743∼747, 1984.