bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION ON RICE YIELD AND NITROGEN AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY WITH DIFFERENT N APPLICATION RATES
Authors: ZHAO LIMEI , WU LIANGHUAN , LI YONGSHAN , LU XINGHUA , ZHU DEFENG , UPHOFF NORMAN 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYField experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to investigate the impacts of alternative rice cultivation systems on grain yield, water productivity, N uptake and N use efficiency (ANUE, agronomic N use efficiency; PFP, partial factor productivity of applied N). The trials compared the practices used with the system of rice intensification (SRI) and traditional flooding (TF). The effects of different N application rates (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1) and of N rates interacting with the cultivation system were also evaluated. Resulting grain yields with SRI ranged from 5.6 to 7.3 t ha−1, and from 4.1 to 6.4 t ha−1 under TF management. On average, grain yields under SRI were 21% higher in 2005 and 22% higher in 2006 than with TF. Compared with TF, SRI plots had higher harvest index across four fertilizer N rates in both years. However, there was no significance difference in above-ground biomass between two cultivation systems in either year. ANUE was increased significantly under SRI at 80 kg N ha−1 compared with TF, while at higher N application rates, ANUE with SRI was significantly lower than TF. Compared with TF, PFP under SRI was higher across all four N rates in both years, although the difference at 240 kg N ha−1 was not significant. As N rate increased, the ANUE and PFP under both SRI and TF significantly decreased. Reduction in irrigation water use with SRI was 40% in 2005 and 47% in 2006, and water use efficiency, both total and from irrigation, were significantly increased compared to TF. With both SRI and TF, the highest N application was associated with decreases in grain yield, N use efficiency and water use efficiency. This is an important finding given current debates whether N application rates in China are above the optimum, especially considering consequences for soil and water resources. Cultivation system, N rates and their interactions all produced significant differences in this study. Results confirmed that optimizing fertilizer N application rates under SRI is important to increase yield, N use efficiency and water use efficiency.
THE CUP QUALITY OF DISEASE-RESISTANT CULTIVARS OF ARABICA COFFEE (Coffea arabica)
Authors: VAN DER VOSSEN H. A. M. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYTraditional cultivars of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) are susceptible to coffee leaf rust (CLR, Hemileia vastatrix) and coffee berry disease (CBD, Colletotrichum kahawae). CLR is of worldwide importance, while CBD is still restricted to Africa. Host resistances present in C. canephora to both destructive diseases have been successfully introgressed into C. arabica, after several decades of breeding and selection notably in Brazil, Colombia, India and for CBD resistance in East Africa. CLR resistant cultivars have since been grown on hundreds of thousands of hectares in Latin America and elsewhere, while CBD (and CLR) resistant cultivars are now increasingly being planted in East and South Eastern Africa. They contribute to ecologically sustainable coffee production and to considerable socio-economic benefits for the coffee growers. Nevertheless, some representatives of the international coffee trade continue to be sceptical about the cup quality of these modern cultivars. This paper presents an overview of the considerable amount of scientific evidence accumulated over the years showing that, with all environmental factors at optimum level, disease-resistant cultivars can produce quality coffees as good as those from the best traditional varieties.
Analytical and experimental approaches in plasma displacement measurement in IR-T1 tokamak
Authors: EMAMI M. , GHORANNEVISS M. , ELAHI A. SALAR , RAD A. RAHIMI 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper two methods for determining plasma position in the IR-T1 tokamak are presented: a multipole moments method and an analytical solution of the equilibrium problem using the Grad–Shafranov equation. Based on the multipole moments method, modified Rogowski and saddle coils were designed and constructed for measuring plasma column displacement. Good agreement in comparison between the analytical and experimental approaches in determining plasma displacement in the IR-T1 tokamak is achieved.
Effects of a non-monotonic safety factor on the particle transport and diffusion in the case of a reversed magnetic shear
Authors: GHABBOURI M. , SAIFAOUI D. , BOULEZHAR A. , DEZAIRI A. , EL MOUDEN M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis work is based on a numerical study of particle transport and diffusion using ITER parameters. In particular, the effects of introducing a non-monotonic safety factor (NMSF) in the case of a reversed magnetic shear are shown. These results are compared with those found by using a monotonic safety factor (MSF). Double internal transport barriers are detected influencing the transport and diffusion of particles. The choices of the mode (m, n) and the m/n values play a dominant role for the particle diffusion, which leads to an improvement of the magnetic confinement.
Isolation and characterization of viableToxoplasma gondiiisolates revealed possible high frequency of mixed infection in feral cats (Felis domesticus) from St Kitts, West Indies
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , MOURA L. , MAJUMDAR D. , SUNDAR N. , VELMURUGAN G. V. , KWOK O. C. H. , KELLY P. , KRECEK R. C. , SU C. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYCats are essential in the epidemiology ofToxoplasma gondiibecause they are the only hosts that can excrete the environmentally resistant oocysts in nature. Samples of serum, feces, and tissues from feral cats from St Kitts, West Indies were examined forT. gondiiinfection. Antibodies toT. gondiiwere assayed by the modified agglutination test, and found in 71 of 96 (73·9%) of cats with titres of 1:10 in six, 1: 20 in six,1:40 in seven,1: 80 in three, 1: 160 in 10, 1:320 in 13, 1:640 in nine, and 1:1,280 or higher in 17. Tissues of 10 cats were bio-assayed in mice.Toxoplasma gondiiwas isolated from tissues of 7 cats; from hearts of 6, from tongue of 5, and brains of 3 cats. All 7 isolates were avirulent for mice.Toxoplasma gondiioocysts were not found in the feces of 51 cats. Genotyping of these 7T. gondiiisolates by 10 multi-locus PCR-RFLP markers, including SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and an apicoplast marker, Apico, revealed 4 genotypes, including clonal Type II, Type III and 2 unique genotypes. Five of the 7 cats had infection with 2 genotypes, indicating high frequency of mixed infection in the cat population on the St Kitts island.
The Toxoplasma gondii Plastid replication and Repair Enzyme Complex, PREX
Authors: MUKHOPADHYAY A. , CHEN C-Y. , DOERIG C. , HENRIQUEZ F. L. , ROBERTS C. W. , BARRETT M. P. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYA plastid-like organelle, the apicoplast, is essential to the majority of medically and veterinary important apicomplexan protozoa including Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium. The apicoplast contains multiple copies of a 35 kb genome, the replication of which is dependent upon nuclear-encoded proteins that are imported into the organelle. In P. falciparum an unusual multi-functional gene, pfprex, was previously identified and inferred to encode a protein with DNA primase, DNA helicase and DNA polymerase activities. Herein, we report the presence of a prex orthologue in T. gondii. The protein is predicted to have a bi-partite apicoplast targeting sequence similar to that demonstrated on the PfPREX polypeptide, capable of delivering marker proteins to the apicoplast. Unlike the P. falciparum gene that is devoid of introns, the T. gondii prex gene carries 19 introns, which are spliced to produce a contiguous mRNA. Bacterial expression of the polymerase domain reveals the protein to be active. Consistent with the reported absence of a plastid in Cryptosporidium species, in silico analysis of their genomes failed to demonstrate an orthologue of prex. These studies indicate that prex is conserved across the plastid-bearing apicomplexans and may play an important role in the replication of the plastid genome.
The Ontological Fallacy: a rejoinder on the status of scientific realism in international relations
Authors: CHERNOFF FRED 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article argues that scientific and critical realism have embraced several mistaken claims, among them that social science enquiry cannot proceed unless the theoretical objects of study are specified in advance. The article argues, rather, that although pre-scientific, observable objects and events must be specified from the outset, theoretical objects come to our attention only in the course of formulating theories. The article advances an alternative to scientific realist and critical realist foundations, namely, causal conventionalism, which is an adaptation to the social sciences of several elements of Pierre Duhem's conventionalist account of physical science. The article argues that major goals of theorising that scientific realism and critical realism seek to fulfill are better satisfied by the conventionalist alternative. In an effort to clarify some important issues, the article identifies and responds to a series of related criticisms of my views offered by Colin Wight in his recent article ‘A Manifesto for Scientific Realism in IR: Assuming the Can-Opener Won't Work!’ in ‘Millennium’, and in his book, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology.1
Evidence for an attentional bias for washing- and checking-relevant stimuli in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: MORITZ STEFFEN , VON MÜHLENEN ADRIAN , RANDJBAR SARAH , FRICKE SUSANNE , JELINEK LENA 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThere is equivocal evidence whether or not patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) share an attentional bias for concern-related material and if so, whether this reflects hypervigilance towards or problems to disengage from disorder-related material. In a recent study, we failed to detect an attentional bias in OCD patients using an emotional variant of the inhibition of return (IOR) paradigm containing OCD-relevant and neutral words. We reinvestigated the research question with a more stringent design that addressed potential moderators. A new IOR paradigm was set up using visual stimuli. Forty-two OCD patients and 31 healthy controls were presented with neutral (e.g., cup), anxiety-relevant (e.g., shark), checking-relevant (e.g., broken door), and washing-relevant (e.g., dirty toilet) cue pictures at one of two possible locations. Following a short or long interval sensitive to automatic versus controlled processes, a simple target stimulus appeared at either the cued or the uncued location. OCD patients responded significantly slower to targets that were preceded by an OCD-relevant cue. Results lend support to the claim that OCD patients share a processing abnormality for concern-related visual material. (JINS, 2009, 15, 365–371.)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging changes in amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment during encoding and recognition tasks
Authors: MACHULDA MARY M. , SENJEM MATTHEW L. , WEIGAND STEPHEN D. , SMITH GLENN E. , IVNIK ROBERT J. , BOEVE BRAD F. , KNOPMAN DAVID S. , PETERSEN RONALD C. , JACK CLIFFORD R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) shows changes in multiple regions in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). The concept of MCI recently evolved to include nonamnestic syndromes, so little is known about fMRI changes in these individuals. This study investigated activation during visual complex scene encoding and recognition in 29 cognitively normal (CN) elderly, 19 individuals with aMCI, and 12 individuals with nonamnestic MCI (naMCI). During encoding, CN activated an extensive network that included bilateral occipital–parietal–temporal cortex; precuneus; posterior cingulate; thalamus; insula; and medial, anterior, and lateral frontal regions. Amnestic MCI activated an anatomic subset of these regions. Non-amnestic MCI activated an even smaller anatomic subset. During recognition, CN activated the same regions observed during encoding except the precuneus. Both MCI groups again activated a subset of the regions activated by CN. During encoding, CN had greater activation than aMCI and naMCI in bilateral temporoparietal and frontal regions. During recognition, CN had greater activation than aMCI in predominantly temporoparietal regions bilaterally, while CN had greater activation than naMCI in larger areas involving bilateral temporoparietal and frontal regions. The diminished parietal and frontal activation in naMCI may reflect compromised ability to perform nonmemory (i.e., attention/executive, visuospatial function) components of the task. (JINS, 2009, 15, 372–382.)
Is “clinical” insight the same as “cognitive” insight in schizophrenia?
Authors: DONOHOE GARY , HAYDEN JUDY , McGLADE NICOLA , O’GRÁDA CARA , BURKE TERESA , BARRY SANDRA , BEHAN CARAGH , DINAN TIMOTHY G. , O’CALLAGHAN EADBHARD , GILL MICHAEL , CORVIN AIDEN P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPoor insight is associated with impaired cognitive function in psychosis. Whether poor clinical insight overlaps with other aspects of self-awareness in schizophrenia, such as cognitive self-awareness, is unclear. We investigated whether awareness of clinical state (“clinical insight”) and awareness of cognitive deficits (“cognitive insight”) overlap in schizophrenia in a sample of 51 stabilized patients with chronic schizophrenia. Cognitive insight was assessed in terms of the agreement between subjective self-report and neuropsychological assessment. Patients who show good cognitive insight did not necessarily show good clinical insight. By contrast, self-report and objective neuropsychological assessment only correlated for patients in the intact clinical insight group and not for those in the impairment clinical insight group. We conclude that while good cognitive insight may not be necessary for good clinical insight, good cognitive awareness is at least partly reliant on the processes involved in clinical insight. (JINS, 2009,15, 471–475.)
Source memory and frontal functioning in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: DRAG LAUREN L. , BIELIAUSKAS LINAS A. , KASZNIAK ALFRED W. , BOHNEN NICOLAAS I. , GLISKY ELIZABETH L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe most extensively described pathological abnormality in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, with degeneration of their striatal terminals. Because of the intimate connections between the striatum and the frontal lobes, individuals with PD often demonstrate impairments on those tasks relying on the prefrontal cortex (e.g., tests of executive functioning). Source memory, or memory for context, is believed to rely on the prefrontal cortex and has been previously associated with executive functioning performance, although it has received little attention in the PD literature. Executive functioning and source memory were measured in a group of nondemented PD patients and healthy control participants. Within the PD group, an anti-Parkinson’s medication withdrawal manipulation was used to examine whether source memory was affected by phasic changes in dopamine levels. Compared to healthy control participants, PD patients were impaired in source memory (both on- and off-medication) and on a composite measure of executive functioning. Within the PD group, medication administration improved motor performance but did not have a significant effect on source memory. (JINS, 2009, 15, 399–406.)
Prospective memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: KARANTZOULIS STELLA , TROYER ANGELA K. , RICH JILL B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIndividuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) often complain of difficulty remembering to carry out intended actions, consistent with findings of impaired prospective memory (PM) in this population. In this study, individuals with aMCI (N = 27) performed worse than healthy controls (N = 27) on the Memory for Intentions Screening Test (Raskin, 2004), including on time- and event-based subscales, and recognition of the intentions. The aMCI participants made more errors overall, but the proportion of the various error types did not differ between the two groups. Across all error types, both groups made more retrospective than prospective errors, especially on event-based PM tasks. Overall, the findings suggest that PM impairment in aMCI is associated with deficient cue detection involving both automatic (as in event-based tasks) and more strategic detection (as in time-based tasks) processes. These difficulties are likely due to a combination of problematic retrospective episodic memory (e.g., reduced encoding and/or consolidation of cue–intention pairings) and executive functions (e.g., decreased self-initiation, attention switching, and/or inhibition on memory tasks). Formal assessment of PM may help characterize the nature of the memory impairment among individuals with aMCI in clinical neuropsychological evaluations. (JINS, 2009, 15, 407–415.)
Partial measurement equivalence of French and English versions of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging neuropsychological battery
Authors: TUOKKO HOLLY A. , CHOU PAK HEI BENIDITO , BOWDEN STEPHEN C. , SIMARD MARTINE , SKA BERNADETTE , CROSSLEY MARGARET 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNeuropsychological batteries are often translated for use across populations differing in preferred language. Yet, equivalence in construct measurement across groups cannot be assumed. To address this issue, we examined data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, a large study of older adults. We tested the hypothesis that the latent variables underlying the neuropsychological battery administered in French or English were the same (invariant). The best-fitting baseline model, established in the English-speaking Exploratory sample (n = 716), replicated well in the English-speaking Validation sample (n = 715), and the French-speaking sample (FS, n = 446). Across the English- and FSs, two of the factors, Long-term Retrieval and Visuospatial speed, displayed invariance, that is, reflected the same constructs measured in the same scales. In contrast, the Verbal Ability factor showed only partial invariance, reflecting differences in the relative difficulty of some tests of language functions. This empirical demonstration of partial measurement invariance lends support to the continued use of these translated measures in clinical and research contexts and illustrates a framework for detailed evaluation of the generality of models of cognition and psychopathology, across groups of any sort. (JINS, 2009, 15, 416–425.)
Construct validity of the Trail Making Test: Role of task-switching, working memory, inhibition/interference control, and visuomotor abilities
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-CUBILLO I. , PERIÁÑEZ J.A. , ADROVER-ROIG D. , RODRÍGUEZ-SÁNCHEZ J.M. , RÍOS-LAGO M. , TIRAPU J. , BARCELÓ F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to clarify which cognitive mechanisms underlie Trail Making Test (TMT) direct and derived scores. A comprehensive review of the literature on the topic was carried out to clarify which cognitive factors had been related to TMT performance. Following the review, we explored the relative contribution from working memory, inhibition/interference control, task-switching ability, and visuomotor speed to TMT performance. Forty-one healthy old subjects participated in the study and performed a battery of neuropsychological tests including the TMT, the Digit Symbol subtest [Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Third Version) (WAIS-III)], a Finger Tapping Test, the Digits Forward and Backward subtests (WAIS-III), Stroop Test, and a task-switching paradigm inspired in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Correlation and regression analyses were used in order to clarify the joint and unique contributions from different cognitive factors to the prediction of TMT scores. The results suggest that TMT-A requires mainly visuoperceptual abilities, TMT-B reflects primarily working memory and secondarily task-switching ability, while B-A minimizes visuoperceptual and working memory demands, providing a relatively pure indicator of executive control abilities. (JINS, 2009, 15, 438–450.)
The impact of multiple sclerosis on patients’ performance on the Stroop Test: Processing speed versus interference
Authors: DENNEY DOUGLAS R. , LYNCH SHARON G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDeficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients’ performance on the Stroop Test have been attributed to problems with processing speed and selective attention. Data for 248 MS patients and 178 controls on all three trials of the Stroop were combined using various scoring formulas proposed for assessing processing speed, color difficulty, and interference. The greatest differences between patients and controls involved processing speed. Formulas purporting to measure interference yielded highly inconsistent results: Significant differences between groups were found on two of the most common measures but were in opposite directions. This contradiction stems from the failure of both measures to effectively control for processing speed when assessing interference. Three alternative measures, using relative, ratio, and residualized scores, offer much better indices of interference. When assessed with these alternative measures, interference increased with age, but no differences between patients and controls were found. Difficulties that MS patients have with the Stroop Test are confined to processing speed. (JINS, 2009, 15, 451–458.)
Food and nutrient intakes of 9-month-old infants in Adelaide, Australia
Authors: Conn Jennifer A , Davies Michael J , Walker Ruth B , Moore Vivienne M 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the food and nutrient intakes of 9-month-old infants.DesignA survey undertaken as part of a longitudinal study of child growth and development. Infant diet was characterised through a structured interview in which consumption frequency and portion size of foods were obtained. This method was compared with a 4 d diary and had adequate relative validity.SettingAdelaide, Australia.SubjectsThree hundred and forty-one infants for whom dietary data were plausible according to pre-specified criteria.ResultsAt 9 months of age, the median body weights for 161 girls and 180 boys were 8·8 and 9·6 kg, respectively. Differences in intakes between boys and girls largely reflected differences in size. Median daily energy intake was 3541 kJ and median contributions of protein, fat and carbohydrate to total energy were 13 %, 36 % and 50 %. Using published Estimated Average Requirements, Zn intake was inadequate for <1 % of children not breast-fed at this age while Fe intake was inadequate for 9 %. Infants who were still breast-fed (35 %) had more diversity in the foods that provided additional energy, compared with those not receiving breast milk, and were less likely to consume nutrient-displacing drinks such as juice or cordial. Cow’s milk was the main drink for 5 % of infants.ConclusionsIn a group of Australian-born children, an important proportion had weaning diets that were low in Fe. Fat intake of many children was below current recommendations and cow’s milk was the main milk source for a small minority.