bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silica Concentrations in Grazed and Ungrazed Forage Species1
Authors: Morton B. C. , Jutras M. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe presence of silica (SiO2) has been reported as significantly affecting the nutritional value of forages. This study was conducted to determine the SiO2 concentration in forage samples collected monthly from 2‐ha paddocks of ungrazed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) as they matured, and to determine the monthly SiO2 concentrations of vegetative tall fescue, tall fescue‐‘Ladino’ clover (Trifolium repens L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), orchardgrass‐Ladino clover, Coastal bermudagrass, and stockpiled tall fescue which were incorporated into four grazing systems. Samples representative of forage grazed by yearling beef heifers were collected monthly from caged areas to determine the SiO2 levels.The SiO2 concentrations ranged from 0.30 to 2.65% in dry matter and exhibited variations between species and from month to month within a given species. Silica accumulated rapidly in the forage tissue early in the growing season and thereafter concentrations remained relatively constant. Actively growing forages maintained in a vegetative state by grazing did not exhibit appreciable monthly differences in SiO2 concentration. Increases in SiO2 concentration were noted during winter dormancy. These results indicate the need for further study of the hypothesis that SiO2 can be used to reveal the nutritive value of a forage, particularly the nutritive value of grazed forages.
Growth Response of Crops to Depth and Salinity of Ground Water, and Soil Submergence. I. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)1
Authors: Chaudhary T. N. , Bhatnagar V. K. , Prihar S. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation on crop response to depth and salinity of ground water and soil submergence is important for planning drainage and optimizing crop production. Response of a semidwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to four depths (60, 90, 120, and 150 cm) and three salinities (EC 0.5, 2.9, and 5.2 mmho/cm) of ground water was studied in lysimeters filled with silt loam soil during 1970–71 and 1971–72. The plants were irrigated with water of EC 0.5 mmho/cm when the lysimeters with a 150‐cm water table depth indicated a tension of 0.5 bar at a 75‐cm depth. Ground water of EC 0.5 mmho/cm at 60 and 90‐cm depths gave highest yields. Comparable increase in the salinity of ground water caused greater reduction in yield with shallow water tables than with deep water tables. It is indicated that critical depth of ground water, for optimum crop production, would vary in relation to its salinity.Growth and yield response of wheat to soil submergence was investigated in another set of lysimeters with water table at 60 cm. Soil submergence up to 2 days did not affect growth. It decreased yield gradually up to 5 days and sharply thereafter. Prolonged soil submergence reduced protein content in the grain as indexed by N content. To ensure optimum grain quality and production, excess water must be drained from the root zone within 3 days of submergence.
Relationship Between Corn Yield and Plant Nutrient Content1
Authors: Walker W. M. , Peck T. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between corn (Zea mays L.) yield and the nutrient content of corn plants at three stages of growth. Experiments were conducted at two locations. For purposes of this research nutrient content refers to total amount of one or more nutrients contained in the corn plant or some part of it. Most previous research has involved relationships between nutrient concentrations (percentages or parts per million) and corn yield rather than between total amount of nutrients in the plant and corn yield.Corn yields were regressed on the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, B, Cu, and Zn content of corn plants averaging 25 cm in height and 76 cm in height, and of different plant parts at early tassel. Previous research had regressed yields on nutrient concentrations at the same stages of growth. It was found that in terms of R2 values more precise yield predictions could be made from the nutrient content of whole plants at early growth stages than from nutrient concentrations. At early tassel there was little advantage in using nutrient content for predicting yields when compared to nutrient concentration in different plant parts. These results suggest that early in the life of the corn plant, nutrient content may be a better tool for predicting yields and thus diagnosing possible deficiencies than nutrient concentration.Various correlations between cations in different plant parts were also investigated. Negative correlations between certain cations in plant tissue are frequently reported, but they most often involve concentrations in some specific part of the corn plant at early tassel. In this study negative correlations were observed between percent K and percent Mg in whole plants and in different plant parts. A negative correlation between percent Ca and percent K was observed in leaves but not in stalks. A positive correlation between the content of Ca and K was observed in all plant parts and growth stages, but there was no consistent correlation between K and Mg content over all growth stages and plant parts.
Effects of Diet of Fistulated Steer on In Vitro and In Vivo Nylon Bag Digestibility of Forage‐Corn Mixtures1
Authors: Monson Warren G. , Utley Phillip R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe evaluate dry matter digestibility of several thousand forage samples annually. This study was designed to assess the effects of a major diet change of a fistulated steer on in vitro and in vivo nylon bag dry matter digestibility estimates of several forages and forage‐corn (Zea mays L.) mixtures. The major variable was a change in the diet of the fistulated steer from ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) hay to a concentrate ration of corn (72%), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) hulls (20%), and protein supplement (8%). The correlation between in vitro dry matter digestion values on samples utilizing inoculum from a steer fed the two diets was .97. The correlation coefficient for the nylon bag dry matter digestion values for samples digested in a recipient steer fed the two diets was .95. The data indicate that a diet change need not interrupt a forage screening program aimed at relative ranking of substrate but could jeopardize nutritive evaluations.
Establishment of Tall Fescue and Koleagrass with Rye as a Companion Forage Crop1
Authors: Hoveland C. S. , McCormick R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAutumn‐planted tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in the lower southeastern United States results in low establishment‐year forage production. Rye (Secale cereale L.) as a companion crop should improve winter forage yield but may be harmful to stands of the perennial grasses. To study this problem, ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue and ‘Perla’ koleagrass (Phalaris aquatica L., previously classified as P. tuberosa var. hirtiglumis Batt. and Trab.) were planted on a new area each year for 3 years, both alone and in association with ‘Wren's Abruzzi’ rye.Rye, planted with tall fescue or kolea, increased total establishment‐year forage yield (October to May) nearly 150% over that of the perennial grasses seeded alone. Autumn and winter (October to mid‐March) production of the rye‐perennial grass mixtures were 500% greater than the perennial grasses planted alone. Second‐year stands of tall fescue were unaffected and kolea was reduced by seeding with rye the previous year. Second‐year forage yields (August to July) were reduced 25% on tall fescue and 62% on kolea when established with rye. However, most of the tall fescue yield reduction occurred during August and September when forage quality was low. Broadcast and row plantings gave similar results with both perennial species.It was concluded that rye could be planted with tall fescue to increase establishment‐year forage yields and still result in good tall fescue stands. Establishment of koleagrass with rye was unsatisfactory.
Root Development and Nutrient Uptake by Corn Grown in Solution Culture1
Authors: Warncke D. D. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough nutrient uptake by young corn (Zea mays L.) roots from solution culture has been extensively studied, little information is available on the rate of root development and nutrient uptake during the entire development of the corn plant. Corn root growth rate, the nutrient content of the root and shoot, and the nutrient uptake rate were studied for five stages of development of corn plants growing in solution culture in the greenhouse. The data were compared with similar observations in the field.Corn root length increased exponentially with time until the tasseling stage, as also occurred in the field. Beyond this stage root length in solution culture increased slowly. The proportion of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg present in the roots ranged from 0.11 to 0.22 and averaged 0.15 of the total. Nutrient uptake rate per meter of root was greatest for the first growth stage and decreased with plant age. Rates of uptake per meter of root were similar to those obtained in the field except that the rates for the youngest plants in solution culture were slower than for similar plants grown in the field.
Some Effects of Subirrigation on Bentgrass During Heat Stress in the Field1
Authors: Krans Jeffrey V. , Johnson Gordon V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe management of bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) in the southwestern United States presents numerous problems to the grower because of the long period of high summer temperatures associated with this region. Prolonged high temperature stress often results in turfgrass injury from dessication, disease, or insect damage. This study was conducted to determine if the adverse effects of heat stress could be alleviated by subirrigation.A field study was conducted to evaluate the merits of subirrigation on Agrostis palustris Huds. during a 4‐month period of heat stress. Effects were evaluated from clipping yields, chlorophyll content and root distribution. Three irrigation treatments were applied to artificial soils of washed mortar sand and a sand‐soil mixture. Temperature adversely affected clipping yields and chlorophyll content during excessive heat stress (30 to 35 C) early in the summer. Clipping yields remained low, but color gradually darkened following the initial stress period. Reduction in clipping yields was greater for the mix than sand. Chlorophyll content was not consistently affected by the kind of soil. Sprinkle irrigation and subirrigation from a fluctuating water table resulted in similar yields, whereas subirrigation from a single stable water table at 30 cm produced significantly lower yields. Subirrigated plots also had significantly lower chlorophyll production than sprinkle‐irrigated plots. The reduced color associated with subirrigated treatments apparently resulted from poor aeration. Root development was deeper (45 cm vs. 30 cm) and total mass greater in the sand than in the mix. This difference was attributed to a greater % air‐filled pore space and lower N levels in the sand. Differences in root mass between irrigation treatments were related to aeration differences in subirrigated plots and N nutrition in surface irrigated treatments. Sprinkler‐irrigated plots required periodic syringing while temporary wilting was not observed on subirrigation plots.
Field Comparisons of Formamide, Urea‐Ammonium Nitrate Solution, and Ammonium Nitrate as Nitrogen Sources for Grasses and Wheat1
Authors: Hunter Albert S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFormamide, HCONH2, closely related to urea, is a clear liquid containing about 31% N. It is a solvent for many fertilizer salts, lowers the salting‐out temperature of urea ammonium nitrate solutions (UANS) and makes possible higher concentrations of soluble N, and has a low vapor pressure and a high boiling point. Pot tests have indicated its possible utility as nitrogenous fertilizer but no reports of field plot tests were found. In this study it was compared with UANS and prilled ammonium nitrate (PAN) in 13 field plot experiments. Five of these were on established stands of grasses [(tall fescue (Festuca elatior var. arundinaceae), smooth bromegrass (Bromis inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canary‐grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and eight were on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). All materials were surface‐applied in early April when grasses and wheat were approximately 8 to 13 cm tall, at rates of 28, 56, and 112 kg N/ha. Formamide and UANS were applied as sprays and PAN was surface‐applied in bands 30 cm apart. Observations were made on leaf tip‐burning and lodging. Yields and N contents of grasses and grain were determined. Formamide was an effective source of N but, in general, somewhat less effective than UANS or PAN, as evidenced by lighter green color of plants, lower yield of grasses, less lodging of wheat, and lower N content of wheat grain. Some early leaf tip‐burning on grasses resulted from formamide; no such effects of UANS or PAN were observed.
Effect of Origin, Moisture Content, Maturity, and Mechanical Damage on Seed and Seedling Vigor of Beans1
Authors: Wijandi Soesarsano , Copeland L. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEach year a substantial portion of the dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) acreage in the Upper Great Lakes region of Michigan, New York, and Ontario, Canada is planted with seed produced in the western United States, particularly Idaho and California. Most of the seed brought from the West is that of large‐seeded, colored bean cultivars although there is interest in increasing the use of western‐produced navy bean seed.These studies compared the laboratory and field performance of hand‐threshed Michigan and Idaho‐grown seed of field beans (navy type), cultivar ‘Seafarer,’ following mechanical impaction at various moisture levels. Michigan‐produced seed exhibited less reduction in germination and seedling vigor than Idaho‐grown seed after impaction at comparable moisture levels.The level of injury increased as the seed moisture content decreased, but was significant at all moisture levels. Planting injury to seed was reduced by pretreating with talc, graphite, and diesel fuel; however, diesel fuel adversely affected seed germination.Significant reductions in germination and seedling vigor were observed in seed harvested prior to complete maturity.
Interactions between Rhizobium japonicum and Soybean Rhizosphere Bacteria1
Authors: Smith R. Stewart , Miller Robert H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe success of soybean inoculation is influenced by the survival of Rhizobium japonicum as a free‐living soil bacterium. One factor affecting survival is the interaction of R. japonicum with other rhizosphere bacteria. The objective of this study was to observe interactions of R. japonicum and soybean rhizosphere bacteria with techniques of increasing complexity with and without the soybean host (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Eight of nine rhizosphere isolates inhibited R. japonicum on agar. The degree of inhibition was dependent upon the strain of rhizobia, the bacterial isolate, and the agar medium. The interactions of R. japonicum and rhizosphere bacteria with the soybean host (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) were evaluated by observing soybean nodulation, plant weight, and plant elemental analysis. Nodulation was not affected by rhizosphere bacteria when plants were grown in vermiculite or in sterile soil. One rhizosphere isolate, which failed to inhibit R. japonicum on agar, caused severe soybean tap root injury under gnotobiotic growth in soil. Even with the root damage, nodulation was unaffected with this bacterium‐R. japonicum combination.
Portable Self‐Propelled Field Plot Forage Chopper for Agronomic Research1
Authors: Hunter Albert S. , Hoffman Lynn D. , Allshouse Gary W. , Kjelgaard William L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA commercially available farm forage harvester was converted to a self‐powered and readily portable forage chopper for experimental plots of either row crops or hay. The original harvester was towed and powered by farm tractors. In conversion, the original axle was shortened and moved, a chassis frame was constructed, and the front axle and wheels of a 4‐wheel drive automotive vehicle were mounted under the rear of the chassis for propulsion and steering. An engine was mounted on the chassis for mechanical transmission of power to the header, cutter head, and blower and for hydraulic transmission of power to propulsion wheels and header lift. A working platform and control center for the driver was built directly above the cutter head. A rear platform was constructed for the bagging, sampling, transport, and weighing of harvested forage. No modification of essential features of row‐crop head or cutter‐bar (grass) head was required and their ready inter‐changeability was maintained. Outside‐to‐outside distance for the tires is about 112 cm (48 in); if row spacing is of the order of 75 cm (30 in), one row may be harvested without disturbing the others. The cutter bar unit harvests a swath of 137 cm (54 in).
Effect of Ridging and Earley‐Season Cultivation on Bean Yield1
Authors: Cartee Ray L. , Hanks R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been observed! that small differences in the type and timing of ridging and subsequent early cultivation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) had seemingly large influences on yields. Since little information was available to substantiate or to give reasons for this observation, the study was undertaken.Three ridging and cultivation treatments, imposed near planting time, were conducted to determine the effect on pinto bean yield. The ridging treatments were: preemergence (ridged just: before plants emerged), plantingridge (ridged at planting time), postemergence (ridged after plants emerged), and control. The preemergence treatment was cultivated once, after ridging just prior to the first irrigation. The planting‐ridge and postemergence treatments were cultivated twice after ridging and prior to the first irrigation, and the control treatment was not cultivated after planting except for furrowing prior to the first irrigation. The yields of both bean seed and total dry matter were significantly influenced by all treatments, with the following ranking: preemergence > planting‐ridge > postemergence > control. The treatment effect was correlated with soil water content above 15 on in early season and root rot infection but not with soil temperature. Similar consistent results were found for three planting dates. The planting date yields were ranked latest > intermediate > earliest.
Influence of Between and Within‐Row Spacing on Agronomic Characteristics of Irrigated Soybeans1
Authors: Basnet B. , Mader E. L. , Nickell C. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral workers have reported on the effect of varying between and within‐row spacing on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield but few have used irrigated soybeans. We studied two row‐widths, and two in‐row spacings in a split‐split plot arrangement in 1969 and 1970 using five soybean cultivars on irrigated plots.Plants in '46‐cm row width or 3.8‐cm within‐row spacing were taller, lodged more, and produced fewer nodes, branches, pods on branches, pods on main stem, and total seeds on a per plant basis. Height to the first pod increased as row‐width or in‐row spacing decreased. Spacings between or in rows affected neither seed weight nor quality.Highest yields resulted at the lower plant density in narrow rows in 1969, and at the higher plant density in wider rows in 1970. Row‐width ✕ within‐row spacing and row‐width ✕ cultivar interactions were significant for some of the characteristics measured.
Response of Millet and Sorghum ✕ Sudangrass Crosses to Magnesium Fertilization1
Authors: Cummins D. G. , Perkins H. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the southeastern United States, millet (Pennisetum glacum) often produces more forage than sorghum ✕ sudangrass crosses [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] on sandy soils, while the reverse is often true on clay soils. Based on the hypothesis that difference in production may be related to different Mg requirements of the two crops, a study was made to (a) determine the critical levels of Mg for growth of millet and sorghum ✕ sundangrass crosses in the greenhouse, and (b) relate these results to field production. One greenhouse study was grown in sand using Hoagland's solution to develop different plant Mg levels. A second greenhouse study was grown on a Magnolia sandy loam with Mg rates ranging from 0 to 200 ppm. Two field studies were conducted with Mg rates ranging from 0 to 67.2 kg/ha, one on a Magnolia sandy loam and the other on a Lynchburg sand. In the greenhouse sand‐solution study, maximum yields occurred at 0.13 to 0.14% mg (whole plant samples) with both millet and sorghum ✕ sudangrass, whereas maximum yields in the greenhouse soil study occurred at 0.45% Mg (whole plant samples) in both crops. Maximum yields were higher in the sand‐solution study and forage contained lower Mg and higher K levels, compared to the soil study in which maximum yields were lower and were accompanied by higher Mg and lower K levels. Significant yield increases were not obtained due to added Mg in either field study, but Mg content in the plants increased with added Mg on the Magnolia soil. In the field, higher yields (the Magnolia soil) were accompanied by lower Mg and higher K levels in the plant tissue, whereas lower yields (the Lynchburg soil) were accompanied by higher Mg and lower K in the plant. Millet and sorghum ✕ sudangrass crosses used in these studies did not differ in their Mg requirements. Mg required for maximum growth varies according to environmental conditions affecting growth and K availability to the plants.
The Rhizotron — Lysimeter Research Facility at TVA, Muscle Shoals, Alabama1
Authors: Soileau J. M. , Mays D. A. , Khasawneh F. E. , Kilmer V. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA combined root observation laboratory (rhizotron) and lysimeter was constructed at TVA's National Fertilizer Development Center in 1973. This mainly belowground‐level facility consists of two rows of nine concrete bins, separated by an access area 3.3 m wide. Each bin holds an approximately 1.0 ✕1.2 ✕ 1.9 m volume of soil, has a transparent Plexiglas panel for root growth observations and treatment activities, and a 30 ✕30 cm porous ceramic filter plate at the bottom. A special feature of the facility is its automated, vacuum‐ controlled soil profile drainage and percolate sampling system; components of this apparatus are described in detail. The rhizotron ‐ lysimeter is being used to study crop root growth and the mobility of nutrients and heavy metals in soils and percolating water, as related to applications of municipal organic wastes and chemical fertilizers.
Effect of Row Direction on Sunflowers1
Authors: Robinson R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of row direction on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) performance was researched because young sunflowers are phototropic and after flowering ceases most heads face the east. Sunflowers planted in east‐west and north‐south rows in large, rectangular plots were compared in 1972 and 1973 at Rosemount, MN. Wheel‐spoke plant alignments in circular plantings were used to evaluate row directions in 1973. Row direction did not influence achene yield, weight, size, nor oil percentage, but plants lodged significantly more in EW than in NS rows both years. However, in the circular plantings, lodging differences did not occur.Row direction effect on sunflowers is not an important consideration for commercial production. For some research plots, EW rows with plot labels on the east end are easiest to evaluate because most heads face the viewer.