bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Subchondral BMD: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Dore Dawn , Quinn Stephen , Ding Changhai , Winzenberg Tania , Jones Graeme 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Subchondral bone is hypothesized to be important in the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA); however, little is known about the determinants of subchondral bone. This study describes the relationship between tibial subchondral BMD (sBMD) and anthropometric, lifestyle, and structural measures in 740 randomly selected subjects (mean age, 62 yr; range, 50–80 yr; 52% women). We measured medial tibial sBMD by DXA at two regions of interest (ROIs). We also assessed anthropometrics, vitamin D, steps per day by pedometer, joint space narrowing (JSN) and osteophytes (by X-ray), cartilage defects, cartilage volume, and bone marrow lesions (BML; by MRI), and hip and spine BMD (by DXA). sBMD using ROI 1 was negatively associated with age and female sex and positively associated with BMI. In multivariable analysis, sBMD was positively correlated with steps per day (r = 0.08, p = 0.025), tibial osteophytes (r = 0.08, p = 0.028), JSN (r = 0.11, p &lt; 0.01), cartilage defects (r = 0.16, p &lt; 0.01), cartilage volume (r = 0.12, p = 0.01), BMLs (r = 0.17, p = 0.013 [tibial]; r = 0.16, p = 0.018 [femoral]), and hip and spine BMD (r = 0.36, p &lt; 0.01 and r = 0.38, p &lt; 0.01, respectively). Similar associations were observed using ROI 2, with vitamin D also associated with sBMD (r = 0.10, p &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, this study identified a large number of factors associated with sBMD, of which the most novel is cartilage defects. Longitudinal studies are required to address causality.
The Application of the Dual-Beam Laser Interferometer for Calibration Precision Machine ToolsAnwendung eines Zweistrahl-Laserinterferometers zur Kalibrierung von Präzisionswerkzeugen
Authors: Liu Chien-Hung , Jywe Wen-Yuh , Jäger Gerd , Jeng Yeau-Ren , Hsu Tung-Hui , Teng Yun-Feng , Chen I-Ching , Huang Hsueh-Liang , Wang Ming-Shi , Duan Li-Li , Jwo Hsin-Hung 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In this paper, a dual-beam laser interferometer measurement system for precision machine tools was presented. The straightness measurement module and the angular measurement module were combined to form this measurement system such that the operations of precision machine tools, the positioning, vertical straightness, horizontal straightness, pitch and yaw, can be obtained. The resolution of the positioning, straightness and angle has achieved 0.1 nm, 1 nm and 0.1 arcsec, respectively. The performance of this measurement system has been proved by experiments.
Design of a Novel Low-Cost and Long-Stroke Co-Planar Stage for NanopositioningNeuartiger preisgünstiger Zwei-Ebenen-Positioniertisch für die Nanopositionierung
Authors: Fan Kuang-Chao , Ke Zhi-Yua , Li Bai-Kun 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new co-planar stage has been designed based on the Abbé principle, symmetrical structure, and Bryan principle. It is used for the long-stroke and nanopositioning to be equipped as the X-Y stage to a developed Micro-CMM. Other than the common motor-ballscrew or linear motor driven type, this co-planar stage is moved by the friction force of an ultrasonic motor with the push-pull mode in each axis. This push-pull mechanism follows the Abbé principle that the measuring axis is in line with the moving axis. The developed new nanoscales can provide the displacement readings to 1 nm resolution after signal interpolation. The measuring length is about 20 mm. After careful assembly, the straightness and the flatness of the table can be achieved to submicron order.
An Improved Three-Probe Method for Precision Measurement of StraightnessVerbesserung der Drei-Sensoren-Methode für die Präzisions-Geradheitsmessung
Authors: Gao Wei , Lee Jung Chul , Arai Yoshikazu , Park Chun Hong 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a scanning three-probe method for precision measurement of straightness. This method employs two three-probe units, which are placed on the two sides of a cylindrical workpiece. The error motions of the scanning stage can be cancelled by taking the differential output in each of the probe units. A new algorithm is proposed for calculation and compensation of the difference between the zero-values of the probes, which appears in the differential output as an unknown.
Structural evolution of a 3T phengite mica up to 10 GPa: an in-situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study
Authors: Gatta G. Diego , Rotiroti Nicola , Pavese Alessandro , Lotti Paolo , Curetti Nadia 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The high-pressure structural evolution of a natural 3T-phengite [(K0.90Na0.05)S = 0.95(Al1.51Mg0.32Fe0.18Ti0.03)S = 2.04(Si3.40Al0.60)O10(OH)2, a = b = 5.2279(11) and c = 29.752(7) Å, space group: P3112] from Cima Pal (Sesia Zone, Western Alps, Italy) was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction with a diamond anvil cell under hydrostatic conditions up to about 10 GPa. Nine structural refinements were performed at selected pressures within the P-range investigated. The compressional behavior of the same phengite sample was previously studied up to about 27 GPa by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, and the corresponding P–V curve was modeled by a third-order Birch–Murnaghan Equation of State (BM-EoS). The significant elastic anisotropy of the 3T-phengite (i.e.
β(c) > β(a)) is mainly controlled by the compression of the K-polyhedra. The evolution of the volume of the inter-layer K-polyhedron as a function of P is monotonic, without any evidence of discontinuity. Fitting the P–V data with a truncated second-order BM-EoS, we obtain a bulk modulus value of K
0(K-polyhedron) = 35(3) GPa. The tetrahedra and octahedra in the 3T-phengite structure are significantly less compressible than the K-polyhedron, and behave similarly to rigid units within the P-range investigated. The main P-induced effect on the tetrahedral sheet consists in a cooperative rotation of the tetrahedra, describable by the evolution of the “tetrahedral rotation angle” (or “ditrigonal rotation angle”, α) as a function of P. The value of the ditrigonal rotation angle increases significantly with P: α (°) = α
P0 + 0.57(2)P (GPa) [R about 99%]. The volume of the K-polyhedron and the value of ditrigonal rotation parameter (α) are not independent of one another, showing a correlation of about 99%.
Synchrotron powder structure of a new layered lanthanide-organic network
Authors: Cunha-Silva Luis , Ananias Duarte , Carlos Luis D. , Almeida Paz Filipe Alexandre , Rocha Joao 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The hydrothermal synthesis and detailed structural characterisation of layered materials formulated as [Ln(H2cmp)] · xH2O [where H5cmp = (carboxyme thyl)iminodi(methylphosphonic acid) and x < 1; Ln3+ = Nd3+ (1) and Eu3+ (2)] are reported. Compounds were isolated as microcrystalline powders and the crystal structure of 1 was determined by ab initio methods from high-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data collected at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France – beam lines BM01a and BM01b). The structure of 2 was refined by conventional PXRD, starting from the atomic coordinates of 1. Materials contain a single Ln3+ metal centre in highly distorted dodecahedral coordination geometry. Connectivity through H2cmp3– anionic ligands leads to undulated tapes of Ln3+ running parallel to the b-axis [closest inter-Ln distances of 4.203(3) and 4.170(3) Å for 1 and 2] which coalesce into layers, 2
∞[Nd(H2cmp)], extended in the bc plane. The presence of a terminal protonated phosphonate group seems to induce the formation of the layers. Topologically, the structure is a 8-connected uninodal plane net, which can be further envisaged as two periodic self-penetrated (4,4) nets. The photophysical properties of the Eu3+-bearing material were studied at room temperature (with and without vacuum). The two materials have been further stud ied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR) and CHN elemental analyses.
Amine-templated uranyl selenates with chiral [(UO2)2(SeO4)3(H2O)]2– layers: topology, isomerism, structural relationships
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V. , Gurzhiy Vladislav V. , Tananaev Ivan G. , Myasoedov Boris F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Eleven new amine-templated uranyl selenate hydrates have been prepared by evaporation from aqueous solution of uranyl nitrate, selenic acid and the respective amines. The structures of the compounds have been solved by direct methods and refined using least-squares techniques. Each structure is based upon [(UO2)2(SeO4)3(H2O)]2– layers of corner-sharing UO7 pentagonal bipyramids and SeO4 tetrahedra. The layers are based upon 4- and 6-membered rings arranged in different fashion. In topology I, 6-membered rings form edge-sharing chains, whereas, in topology II, they form corner-sharing chains. Layers with the topology II exist in two geometrical isomers that differ in the system of ‘up’ and ‘down’ orientations of tetrahedra relative to the plane of the layer. There are two isomers, one of which is chiral and the other is achiral. The layers with the topology II are chiral. Chirality is induced by the combination of orientations of tetrahedra and direction of the U → H2O bond. The analysis of the relationships between composition and shape of amine molecules and layer topology reveals two important regularities. 1. Aliphatic components of amine molecules tend to associate with 6-MRs of the inorganic layers. 2. Molecules with longer and spacious aliphatic components favor formation of the layers with topology II, whereas those with shorter aliphatic components prefer layers with the topology I.
Structural characterization of azoic dye hosted layered double hydroxides
Authors: Mandal Sujata , Lerner Dan A. , Marcotte Nathalie , Tichit Didier 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The removal of methyl orange (MO) from an aqueous solution was performed using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in a move to develop cleaning processes of effluents contaminated with dye molecules. The intercalation of the guest anionic MO species into host MII/AlIII LDHs differing by the nature of the divalent cations (MII = Mg, Ni or Zn) was achieved by anionic exchange of the initially NO3
– present in the interlayer space and led to MO/LDH intercalation compounds. The exchange process was followed by XRD and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy at different stages. Almost all MO in solution is uptaken by the Mg-containing LDH in the concentration range corresponding to its anionic exchange capacity (AEC). A lower exchange is reached with the Ni- and Zn-containing LDHs, for which the diffusion of MO is limited due to a larger crystallite size. MO–Zn/Al LDH intercalation compounds exhibit the highest crystallinity and display a remarkable stacking of the layers at maximal MO exchange. This behaviour can be assigned to the higher intrinsic charge density of the host layers in agreement with its lower MII/AlIII molar ratio (ZnII/AlIII ≈ 1.5 whereas MgII/AlIII and NiII/AlIII = 2). The maximum amount of MO retained by the different LDHs is higher for Mg-containing LDH, than for Ni- and Zn-containing LDH, reaching respectively 1.15, 0.84 and 0.77 g/g.
Transient hyper-17-hydroxyprogesteronemia: a clinical subgroup of patients diagnosed at neonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Cavarzere Paolo , Samara-Boustani Dinane , Flechtner Isabelle , Dechaux Michèle , Elie Caroline , Tardy Véronique , Morel Yves , Polak Michel 
Published: May 2009

ObjectiveNeonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is characterized by a high false-positive rate, mainly among preterm and low birth weight infants. The aims of this study were to describe a subgroup of infants with transient serum hyper-17-hydroxyprogesteronemia (hyper-17-OHPemia) and to compare them with false positive and affected by 21-hydroxylase deficiency newborns.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of all newborns positive at CAH neonatal screening, who were referred to our hospital to confirm the diagnosis from 2002 to 2006. They were submitted to clinical investigations and blood tests to evaluate 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), renin, and electrolyte levels. CAH-unaffected newborns with increased serum 17-OHP were submitted to strict follow-up monitoring, which included an ACTH-stimulating test and genetic analysis of the 21-hydroxylase gene, until serum 17-OHP decreased.ResultsThirty-seven newborns with gestational ages ranging from 33 to 40 weeks were studied. Eight infants (three male and five female) were affected by CAH (serum 17-OHP: 277.5 (210–921) nmol/l), 14 (ten male and four female) were false positives (17-OHP: 3.75 (0.3–8.4) nmol/l), and 15 (ten male and five female) showed a serum hyper-17-OHPemia (17-OHP: 15.9 (9.9–33) nmol/l). No mutations of the 21-hydroxylase gene were found in infants with hyper-17-OHPemia and their serum 17-OHP levels were normalized by the third month of life.ConclusionWe identified a population of infants with transient serum hyper-17-OHPemia, and no clinical signs of disease or 21-hydroxylase gene mutations. No further investigations are necessary after birth in these newborns if 17-OHP levels decrease, other confirmatory tests such as ACTH-stimulation test or genotyping analysis are necessary only if symptoms appear.
Diagnostic Value of Immature Neutrophils (Bands) in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children With Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis
Authors: Kanegaye John T. , Nigrovic Lise E. , Malley Richard , Cannavino Christopher R. , Schwab Sandra H. , Bennett Jonathan E. , Mohseni Michael M. , Wang Vincent J. , Katsogridakis Yiannis L. , Herman Martin I. , Kuppermann Nathan ,   for the American Academy of Pediatrics, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of the presence and number of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bands in distinguishing bacterial from aseptic meningitis among children with CSF pleocytosis.METHODS. We identified retrospectively a cohort of children 29 days to 19 years of age with CSF pleocytosis (≥10 × 106 leukocytes per L) who were treated in the emergency departments of 8 pediatric centers between January 2001 and June 2004 and whose CSF was evaluated for the presence of bands. We performed bivariate and multivariate analyses to determine the ability of CSF bands to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis.RESULTS. Among 1116 children whose CSF was evaluated for the presence of bands, 48 children (4% of study patients) had bacterial meningitis. Bacterial meningitis, compared with aseptic meningitis, was associated with a greater CSF band proportion (0.03 vs 0.01; difference: 0.02; 95% confidence interval: 0.00–0.04) and CSF absolute band count (392 × 106 cells per L vs 3 × 106 cells per L; difference: 389 × 106 cells per L; 95% confidence interval: −77 × 106 cells per L to 855 × 106 cells per L). In addition, 29% of patients with bacterial meningitis, compared with 18% of patients with aseptic meningitis, had any bands detected in the CSF. After adjustment for other factors associated with bacterial meningitis, however, CSF band presence, CSF absolute band count, and CSF band proportion were not independently associated with bacterial meningitis.CONCLUSION. In this multicenter study, neither the presence nor quantity of CSF bands independently predicted bacterial meningitis among children with CSF pleocytosis.
Impact of a benzoyl urea insecticide on aquatic macroinvertebrates in ditch mesocosms with and without non-sprayed sections
Authors: Brock Theo C.M. , Roessink Ivo , Belgers J. Dick M. , Bransen Fred , Maund Steve J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe long-term response, including recovery, of aquatic macroinvertebrates to short-term insecticide exposure may be affected by the presence of uncontaminated refuges in the stressed ecosystem. Experimental ditches were used to study the influence of non-sprayed ditch sections regarding the ecotoxicological effects on and the recovery of macroinvertebrates following treatment with the insecticide lufenuron. The treatment regimes differed in the proportion of the ditch (0, 33, 67, and 100% of surface area) that was sprayed to reach a lufenuron concentration of 3 μ/L in the water column of the sprayed ditch section. The magnitude and duration of effects on macroinvertebrates, and on arthropods in particular, were higher when a larger proportion of the ditch was treated. Initially, more pronounced responses were observed for bivoltine and multivoltine insects and macrocrustaceans than for univoltine and semivoltine arthropods. Most macroinvertebrate arthropods showed delayed responses, with maximum treatment-related effects observed two to six weeks after lufenuron application. This latency of effects can be explained by the mode of action of lufenuron, involving inhibition of chitin synthesis, which affects arthropod molting and metamorphosis. The observed effects were short-lived only in those ditches where 33% of the surface area was sprayed. In the ditches where 67 and 100% of the surface area was sprayed, some insects and macrocrustaceans showed long-term effects. In the 100% sprayed ditches in particular, the treatment-related reduction in arthropods resulted in indirect effects, such as an increase in snails, and later in an increase in the ephemeropteran Cloeon dipterum, probably because of an increase in periphyton, and release from competition and predation. Effects that are most likely indirect also were observed for Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, and the flatworm Mesostoma sp.
Comparison of chemical binding to recombinant fathead minnow and human estrogen receptors alpha in whole cell and cell-free binding assays
Authors: Rider Cynthia V. , Hartig Phillip C. , Cardon Mary C. , Wilson Vickie S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Little evidence shows in vivo effects of phthalates on reproductive endpoints in fish. While most of the evidence is negative [24,25], a few studies report in vivo effects of phthalates on estrogen-dependent endpoints. Christiansen et al. found that BBP, but not DBP, induced vitellogenin in rainbow trout at concentrations of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg administered via intraperitoneal injection [26]. Kim et al. found that DEHP elicited potentially antiestrogenic effects in female medaka, as evidenced by decreased vitellogenin levels, decreased gonadal-somatic indices, and immature oocytes in DEHP-treated females as compared to their control counter-parts [27].
Remote Operation of Offshore Gas-Condensate Production
Authors: Ackerman V.L. , Lewright W.K. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The Pure Oil Co.'s initial installation in the Vermilion Block 39 Field operates a remote platform approximately 1–3/4 miles distant from a central platform. The remote platform contains three gas-condensate wells and their allied production equipment in conjunction with the require safety and aid to navigation equipment. The production equipment consists of low temperature extraction units with the gas and condensate being measured by orifice meters. Twenty-one temperature and pressure functions are continuously telemetered and recorded. Twelve additional temperature and pressure functions are telemetered on a selective basis and only indicated at the control platform. Twenty-three supervisory control points are provided for operational and safety requirements. A 6700-MC microwave system utilizing three channels for the telemetered and control functions and one voice communication channel provide the connecting link between the remote and control platform. Required power is supplied by diesel driven generators at each platform. This arrangement brought about a problem in frequency control and automatic synchronization of generators.
Selection of equipment and its application was based upon a fundamental requirement of "fail safe" operation with the viewpoint of its application being expanded to encompass a much larger area of operation.
It is believed that this installation will point the way toward means of reducing costs, increasing safety, and increasing efficiency in offshore gas-condensate production.

Introduction
The trend toward semi-attended or unattended production facilities in the oil industry has been gaining momentum during the past two or three years. Even prior to the present "recession," this trend was well established.
The ever rising costs of lease production including supplies replacement parts, salaries, etc., caused the oil industry to seek some means of reducing these operating costs, and further aggravating the situation of increasing costs were decreasing profits.
The Effect of Clay Blocking and Low Permeability on Formation Testing
Authors: Jones F.O. , Neil J.D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The influence of mud filtrate on well productivity was investigated. The particle movement concept of clay blocking was found to be more generally applicable as an explanation of the effect of clays on productivity than the interlamillar swelling concept. It was found that although oil productivity could be recovered to a great extent following clay damage, recovery times may be sufficiently long that potential production could be missed during conventional drill stem testing. A mathematical analysis indicated that the increase in time required to obtain productivity can be attributed to law permeability, low drawdown pressure, deep invasion and decreased mobility of water caused by clay effects.

Introduction
For a number of years it has been suspected that drilling muds occasionally damage the productivity of formations. Workover operations, for instance, have sometimes caused damage. Proved production which was temporarily by-passed while drilling deeper has at times been harmed or lost. Reservoirs have been missed on first wildcats because of negative tests. These productivity losses have been frequently ascribed to damage by mud. Invaded mud filtrate interferes with the flow of oil from the formation and can on occasion affect the matrix itself.
Statistical studies suggested that there was a correlation between length of exposure of a formation to mud and the degree of damage. Mathematical analyses of pressure build-up data indicated that there was a "skin effect" or zone of reduced permeability around some oil wells.
A damaged zone around a well may not only decrease productivity but may possibly even hide the presence of oil or gas. Consequently, it is important to find how the damage is done, how severe and permanent it is, and, using this information, to deduce to what extent the damage interferes with formation testing.
The fact that fresh water could affect certain rocks and reduce permeability was recognized during the early work in core analysis. Later it was discovered by X-ray diffraction analysis that montmorillonite, orbentonite, could admit relatively large quantities of water between inter crystalline layers and expand the crystal.