bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory studies in foals from birth to seven days old
Authors: STEWART JENNIFER H. , ROSE R. J. , BARKO ANNE M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryRespiratory measurements and blood‐gas and acid‐base values are reported in nine term induced foals. Measurements were performed at 2, 15, 30 and 60 mins, 4, 12, 24 and 48 h, and four and seven days after birth. Minute respiratory volume was significantly lower at birth than values from 12 h old. Tidal volume peaked at 60 mins old, while respiration rate decreased significantly at 15 mins after birth. Oxygen consumption was high at birth and decreased to its lowest values at 24 and 48 h. The respiratory exchange ratio and ventilatory equivalent showed few significant changes to seven days, as did the minute alveolar ventilation and physiological deadspace.The blood‐gas and acid‐base values indicated that the foals rapidly establish adequate pulmonary ventilation within minutes of birth, and that those values changed little from 12 h to seven days after birth. Body position had a significant effect on arterial oxygen tension with Pao2 values in lateral recumbency being, on average, 14 mmHg lower than when the foals were standing.
Echocardiography in foals from birth to three months old
Authors: STEWART JENNIFER H. , ROSE R. J. , BARKO ANNE M. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySimultaneous echocardiograms, phonocardiograms and electrocardiograms were performed on 16 foals at the following times after birth: 15 mins, 60 mins, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48 h, four, seven, 14 days and four, eight and 12 weeks. Positive correlations were found between both age and body weight and the following measurements: left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension, right ventricular end‐diastolic dimension, left atrial dimension and aortic root dimension, posterior left ventricular wall thickness and interventricular septal thickness. Heart rate was negatively correlated with left ventricular electromechanical systole, ejection time and isovolumic contraction time. Means and standard deviations are presented for 29 echocar‐diographic parameters and the results are discussed against the background of the transitional neonatal circulation.
Clinical and clinicopathological characteristics of the septicaemic neonatal foal: Review of 38 cases
Authors: KOTERBA ANNE M. , BREWER BARBARA D. , TARPLEE F. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn an effort to identify improved methods for diagnosis of infection in the neonatal foal, clinical records from 38 septicaemic foals of less than one week of age were examined for trends in history, physical examination and clinicopathological findings. The survival rate of septicaemic foals, 26 per cent, was markedly less than the rate for all other foal admissions. Blood cultures were valuable in diagnosis and treatment of septicaemia and identified a preponderance of Gram‐negative infection. Zinc sulphate turbidity test results were abnormally low in all septicaemic foals tested. The clinical course was often distinguished by severe complications and multiple organ dysfunction, leading to death. Conditions present in the mare pre‐partum resulted in weak or diseased foals; bacterial placentitis, vaginal discharge and premature lactation were most common. There was no single diagnostic criterion of the septicaemic foal. Fever was not a consistent finding. The most useful white blood cell parameters were neutropenia, the presence of band neutrophils (greater than 0.2 × 109/litre) and toxic changes in the neutrophil population. Hypoglycaemia, metabolic acidosis and hypoxaemia were also common findings.
Radiological investigations of osteochondrosis dissecans in Standardbred Trotters and Swedish Warmblood horses
Authors: HOPPE F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA total of 106 Standardbred Trotters and 27 Swedish Warmblood horses, with a radiological diagnosis of osteochondrosis dissecans, were studied over a six year period. The majority were young horses. No statistical difference in frequency between the sexes was demonstrated. In both breeds osteochondrosis was most common in the hock joints, the site of predilection being the distal dorsal tip of the intermediate tibial ridge. On radiographs the lesions of the hock joints were graded on a scale from 0 to 5 according to size, number and localisation of defects and visible loose bodies. The sizes of the loose bodies estimated radiologically were fairly closely correlated with those found at surgery or autopsy.
Contagious equine metritis — Use of gas liquid chromatography in identifying the causal agent
Authors: NEILL S. D. , O'BRIEN J. J. , McMURRAY C. H. , BLANCHFLOWER W. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCellular fatty acid compositions of contagious equine metritis isolates and three reference Haemophilus equigenitalis cultures were determined by gas chromatography. The chromatographic data were standardised and normalised fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were produced. The profiles were compared visually and similarity indices were determined using a computer peak matching method. There was little difference between the profiles of the three reference strains, each strain being characterised by three major fatty acids; C 18:1, C 16:0 and 30H‐C 14:0. Variations in cultural conditions had no significant effect on the FAME profiles. The identification of laboratory isolates using the technique was in agreement with the presumptive identification based on the currently recommended tests and an improvement on the confirmatory serological identification. The FAME profiles provided confirmation of identity where it was not possible to use the presently recommended serological procedures. The authors recommend the gas chromatography technique for use in the diagnostic laboratory as an adjunct to the presently accepted identification methods.
Arterial blood gas tension and acid base balance during exercise in horses with pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia
Authors: BAYLY W. M. , GRANT B. D. , BREEZE R. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryArterial blood gas and acid‐base values during maximal exercise over a 1.2 km distance were recorded in four Thoroughbred horses before and after the chemical induction of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH). Samples were collected after galloping 0.8 km and 1.2 km, immediately upon stopping and 5 mins after exercising. In only one horse was any difference noted in the pre and post PLH induction results. The horse was more hypercapnoeic at the 1.2 km mark and also took much longer to complete the gallop when it had PLH. However, it also had signs of lower respiratory disease. In the other horses, the only changes which could be attributed to PLH were seen immediately upon stopping. It seems that PLH does not inhibit gas exchange during exercise unless the lesions are extremely severe.
Ulcerative colitis and protein losing enteropathy associated with intestinal salmonellosis and histoplasmosis in a horse
Authors: GOETZ T. E. , COFFMAN J. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryUlcerative colitis, protein losing enteropathy and intestinal histoplasmosis‐salmonellosis were diagnosed in a six‐year‐old Quarterhorse stallion. For six months before examination, the horse experienced a slow continual loss of weight. During the 17 day period of hospitalisation the horse developed progressive generalised oedema. On the 12th day of hospitalisation a severe profuse watery diarrhoea began; the horse was killed five days later.
Potassium concentration in equine red blood cells: Normal values and correlation with potassium levels in plasma
Authors: MUYLLE E. , VAN DEN HENDE C. , NUYTTEN J. , DEPREZ P. , VLAMINCK K. , OYAERT W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe concentration of potassium in plasma and in red blood cells was determined in 948 horses. The coefficient of correlation between the two parameters was low. In 436 of these horses, which were clinically healthy, the red blood cell potassium (RBCK+) levels did not fit within a normal distribution curve, but a bimodal distribution was observed with a section point at 90 mmol/litre. In 90 per cent of these normal horses, mean RBCK+ content was 97.5 mmol/litre. In the remaining 10 per cent, mean RBCK+ concentration was 93.8 mmol/litre. A subdivision into a ‘low potassium group’ and a ‘high potassium group’ was made. In 10 out of 15 horses in the ‘low potassium group’, bimonthly sampling over a period of one year showed that RBCK+ content remained low. In the remaining five horses an increase was observed.
Observations on structure and function of the equine mitral valve
Authors: MILLER P. J. , HOLMES J. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe anatomy of the equine mitral valve and certain variations observed in 60 adult horses are described. The functional role of this valve, sited between the left atrium and the high pressure‐generating left ventricle, is discussed in relation to its anatomical structure. A method of examining the left side of the heart post mortem is described.
Serial investigations of early pregnancy in pony mares using real time ultrasound scanning
Authors: ALLEN W. E. , GODDARD P. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe uteri of 13 pony mares were examined daily by ultrasound during the first two months of gestation. The conceptus was first identified between 12 and 16 days after ovulation and the embryo was seen on the ventral surface of the conceptus after Day 21. The foetal heart could be visualised after Day 22 and spontaneous movement of the foetus occurred after Day 39. No consistent pattern was seen in the development of the foetal membranes, although attachment of the umbilical cord to the allantochorion was always on the dorsal aspect of the conceptus. Daily measurements were made of the diameter of the conceptus and the length of the embryo and foetus.
Thirteen cases of botulism in horses fed big bale silage
Authors: Ricketts S. W. , Greet T. R. C. , Glyn P. J. , Ginnett C. D. R. , McAllister E. P. , McCAIG J. , Skinner P. H. , Webbon P. M. , Frape D. L. , Smith G. R. , Murray L. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn outbreak of pharyngeal and limb paresis involving four horses and nine ponies in the south east of England is described. Nine of the animals died or were destroyed on humane grounds. The clinical features suggested a diagnosis of botulism and mouse innoculation tests confirmed the presence of type B toxin in the serum of one case. All animals were fed big bale silage. It is described how, in plastic wrapped silage manufacture, conditions of fermentation may be inadequate to prevent the growth of Clostridium botulinum. Examination of a sample of silage fed to the affected horses suggested that this was probably the source of the toxin.
Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns in ponies
Authors: SUFIT ELIZABETH , HOUPT KATHERINE A. , SWEETING MARTHA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe stimuli that elicit thirst were studied in four ponies. Nineteen hours of water deprivation produced an increase in plasma protein from 67 ± 0.1 g/litre to 72 ± 2 g/litre, a mean (± se) increase in plasma sodium from 139 ± 3 to 145 ± 2 mmol/litre and an increase in plasma osmolality from 297 ± 1 to 306 ± 2 mosmol/litre. Undeprived ponies drank 1.5 ± 0.9 kg/30 mins; 19 h deprived ponies drank 10.2 ± 2.5 kg/30 mins and corrected the deficits in plasma protein, plasma sodium and plasma osmolality as well as compensating for the water they would have drunk during the deprivation period.In order to determine if an increase in plasma osmolality would stimulate thirst, 250 ml of 15 per cent sodium chloride was infused intravenously. The ponies drank when osmolality increased 3 per cent and when plasma sodium rose from 136 ± 3 mmol/litre to 143 ± 3 mmol/litre. Ponies infused with 15 per cent sodium chloride drank 2.9 ± 0.7 kg; those infused with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride drank 0.7 ± 0.5 kg. In order to determine if a decrease in plasma volume would stimulate thirst, ponies were injected with 1 or 2 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) frusemide. Plasma protein rose from 68 ± 2 g/litre pre‐injection to 75 ± 2 g/litre 1 h after 1 mg/kg bwt frusemide and to 81 ± 1 g/litre 1 h after 2 mg/kg bwt frusemide. Ponies treated with 1 mg/kg frusemide voided 5.3 ± 0.81 kg urine and drank 3.0 ± 2 kg water. Ponies injected with 2 mg frusemide voided 6.4 ± 5 kg urine and drank 4.3 ± 1.4 kg water. Controls injected with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride voided 1.5 ± 0.5 kg urine and drank 0.9 ± 0.6 kg water. When food and water were freely available the ponies drank 27 ± 8 mins/day, 89 per cent of which occurred within a period from 10 mins before to 30 mins after feeding. They drank 8.7 ± 0.9 kg/day at a rate of 552 ± 232 ml/min. It was concluded that ponies usually drink periprandially and when challenged with either an increase in the osmotic pressure of their body fluids or a decrease in the volume of their body fluids they responded by increasing their water intake.
Coprophagy by foals: Effect of age and possible functions
Authors: CROWELL‐DAVIS SHARON L. , HOUPT KATHERINE A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn colts and fillies observed from birth to 24 weeks old, coprophagy occurred from Weeks 1 to 19. Its frequency was greatest during the first two months. Coprophagy was rarely observed in mares and stallions. Foals usually ate the faeces of their mother but were observed to eat their own and those of a stallion and another unrelated mare. Urination by the foal occurred before, during or after 26 per cent of the coprophagy incidents. It is hypothesised that foals may consume faeces in response to a maternal pheromone which signals the presence of deoxycholic acid or other acids which the foal may be deficient in and which it may require for gut immunocompetence and myelination of the nervous system. Such a pheromone may also serve to accelerate growth and sexual maturation. Coprophagy may also provide nutrients and introduce normal bacterial flora to the gut.
Feed preferences of ponies
Authors: HAWKES J. , HEDGES M. , DANILUK P. , HINTZ H. F. , SCHRYVER H. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPreference trials were conducted with mature ponies. In Trial 1, oats were compared with oats plus sucrose. Four of six pony geldings selected oats plus sucrose, but one pony demonstrated a dislike for sucrose and one selected from the bucket on the right side regardless of content. Oats, maize, barley, rye and wheat were compared in Trial 2 using six mature pony mares. Oats were the preferred grain, with maize and barley ranking second and third respectively. Wheat and rye were the least preferred. Even though the ponies demonstrated preference, the total intake at a given meal was not greatly depressed when only the less palatable grains were fed. In Trial 3, pony mares selected a diet containing 20 per cent dried distillers' grain and 80 per cent of a basal mixed diet of maize, oats, wheat bran, soybean meal, limestone and molasses over 100 per cent basal mixed diet, but selected the basal diet over diets containing 20 per cent blood meal, beet pulp or meat and bone meal and 80 per cent basal diet. They did not differentiate against diets containing 20 per cent alfalfa meal or 10 or 5 per cent meat and bone meal when the diets were compared to the basal mixed diet.
Distribution of substance P‐like immunoreactivity in the enteric neurons of the large colon of normal and amitraz‐treated ponies: An immunocytochemical study
Authors: CUMMINGS J. F. , SELLERS A. F. , LOWE J. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe distribution of the putative motor excitatory neurotransmitter, substance P, was studied immunocytochemically in the left dorsal colon of four normal control ponies and three ponies with amitraz‐induced impaction colic. Substance P‐like immunoreactivity in the control ponies was observed in nerve fibres in all layers of the bowel wall and in the nerve cell bodies of the enteric ganglia. The substance P‐like immunoreactivity was clearly more intense in the cell bodies of submucosal ganglia than in those of the myenteric ganglia. The internodal nerve strands of the myenteric plexus were very rich in substance P‐like immunoreactivity and within the ganglia they formed dense varicose networks around the neuronal cell bodies. Nerve bundles rich in substance P‐like immunoreactivity diverged inward from the myenteric plexus to contribute an abundance of varicose immunoreactive fibres to the circular muscle of the tunica muscularis. Nerve fascicles with substance P‐like immunoreactivity were sparse in the longitudinal muscle except in the thickened taenial band. In the submucosa many of the nerve fibres with substance P‐like immunoreactivity appeared to arise from ganglionic cell bodies. Immunoreactive fibres commonly condensed around arterial vessels in the submucosa. Fine immunoreactive nerve fascicles from the submucosal plexus also projected internally to supply the muscularis mucosae and form periglandular arrays in the lamina propria. The distribution of substance P‐like immunoreactivity in the normal equine colon differed in some respects from patterns observed in large intestines of other mammals. When the colons of normal and amitraztreated ponies were compared no differences were discerned in the distribution or intensity of substance P‐like reactivity.
Tendon injuries in horses treated with carbon fibre implants
Authors: VAUGHAN L. C. , EDWARDS G. B. , GERRING E. L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryImplants of carbon fibre, made by plaiting a tow of 10,000 filaments of Grafil type HT‐S, were used to treat strains and ruptures of digital flexor tendons in 46 horses. The relevant clinical data, the techniques employed and an analysis of the results are described. Apart from two horses in which the implant was extruded and had to be removed, there were minimal untoward consequences of the surgery. Of the 34 horses with acute or chronic tendinitis, 14 returned to racing, seven were used as hunters and seven as hacks. Among the former group, seven suffered a further strain while racing but the others performed well for some time. Twelve horses with severed tendons recovered well and only in one did infection occur. Overall the results in the latter were better than had previously been achieved using other repair materials.
Clinical anaesthesia in the horse: Comparison of enflurane and halothane
Authors: TAYLOR P. M. , HALL L. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAnaesthesia was induced in 24 horses with xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane (12 cases) or enflurane (12 cases) in oxygen. Pulse rate, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas values, respiratory rate and tidal volume were measured at regular intervals during anaesthesia. Serial venous blood samples were taken for assay of glucose, urea, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase. Operating conditions and the horses' behaviour in the recovery period were also recorded. In the case of the group of horses receiving enflurane, difficulty was experienced maintaining anaesthesia deep enough for surgery. This group also displayed greater respiratory depression. There were no significant differences between arterial blood pressure values, or any of the haematological or biochemical parameters recorded in each group. Recovery from anaesthesia was significantly faster in horses receiving enflurane but less smooth. It was concluded that, although enflurane appeared to be safe in the horse, the respiratory depression and the unpleasant recovery did not make it a desirable alternative to halothane.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic uses of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in the horse
Authors: LEES P. , HIGGINS A. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWeak organic acids possessing anti‐inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties — commonly known as aspirin‐like drugs — have been used in equine medicine for almost 100 years. These non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be classified chemically into two groups; the enolic acids such as phenylbutazone and carboxylic acids like flunixin, meclofenamate and naproxen. All NSAIDs have similar and possibly identical modes of action accounting for both their therapeutic and their toxic effects. They block some part of the cyclo‐oxygenase enzyme pathway and thereby suppress the synthesis of several chemical mediators of inflammation, collectively known as eicosanoids. The available evidence indicates that some of the newer NSAIDs have a reasonable safety margin but further studies are required. The toxicity of phenylbutazone in the horse has been investigated very thoroughly in recent years and it has been shown to cause renotoxicity and, most significantly, ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract when relatively high doses are administered. Several factors may predispose towards phenylbutazone toxicity in the horse, including breed and age, but high dosage is considered to be particularly important. The absorption into, and fate within, the body of NSAIDs are considered and particular attention is drawn to the ways in which these pharmacokinetic properties relate to the drugs' toxicity and clinical efficacy. In reviewing current knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of this important group of drugs, it is hoped to provide the clinician with a rational, scientific basis for their safe and effective use in equine practice.
Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young Thoroughbred horses in training
Authors: BURRELL M. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA group of racehorses in training was examined on several occasions with a fibreoptic endoscope and monitored for viral infection. Only equine herpes virus‐2 (EHV‐2) infection was detected. Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) was present in all horses and decreased in severity with age. There was no association between PLH severity and antibody titres to EHV‐1, or with the isolation of EHV‐2. Finishing position in races was not affected by PLH severity. Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) was evident on 23 out of 49 (47 per cent) examinations after maximal speed training exercise. Eighteen out of 19 (95 per cent) horses examined on at least two occasions had EIPH but its occurrence was not predictable. Observable mucoid or mucopurulent exudate was present in the trachea in 60 out of 118 (50 per cent) examinations and the amount seen was increased following exercise.
Turbidimetric measurement of IgG(T) in the serum of healthy Thoroughbreds and ponies
Authors: KENT JOYCE E. , BLACKMORE D. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe turbidimetric analysis of IgG(T) in the serum of horses is described. Reference values are provided for ‘worm‐free’ ponies (2.6 ± 0.7 g/litre), stabled Thoroughbreds two years old and over (4.1 ± 1.3 g/litre), grazing Thoroughbred broodmares (7.1 ± 2.4 g/litre) and regularly wormed adult and young ponies grazing pasture contaminated with intestinal parasite eggs and larvae.
Use of guaiacol glycerine ether in clinical anaesthesia in the horse
Authors: BROUWER G. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA total of 103 anaesthetic inductions were performed in horses for a variety of elective procedures. All cases were premedicated with acepromazine maleate (0.02 to 0.05 mg/kg body weight [bwt] intramuscularly [im]). In 50 cases (Group A) anaesthesia was induced by a single intravenous (iv) bolus of thiopentone sodium (11.1 mg/kg bwt or 1 g/90 kg bwt) followed immediately by a bolus of suxamethonium chloride (0.1 mg/kg bwt). In 53 cases (Group B) anaesthesia was induced using iv guaiacol glycerine ether (GGE) (approximately 50 mg/kg bwt) followed by a bolus of thiopentone at half the usual dose rate (5.6 mg/kg bwt or 1 g/180 kg bwt). Induction of anaesthesia was uneventful in both groups although in Group B it was particularly smooth. Following endotracheal intubation anaesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen administered via a circle system. The duration of anaesthesia was comparable between the two groups; however, the mean (± sd) time to standing in Group B, 35 ± 22 mins, was significantly shorter than in Group A, 48 ± 25 mins. The use of the GGE/thiopentone technique is discussed.