bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-14 Effect of dietary xylanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digesta viscosity of weaned pigs fed wheat-soybean meal-based diets
Authors: Sheffield Sydney , Haydon Keith D , Levesque Crystal L , Palencia Jorge Y Perez 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Xylanase supplementation can improve nutrient digestibility in pig diets by degrading cell wall non-starch polysaccharides and reducing digesta viscosity as well as promoting intestinal health of pigs after weaning. This study determined the effects of dietary xylanase supplementation on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and digesta viscosity in different digestive sites of weaned pigs. A total of 312 weaned pigs [body weight (BW) = 5.1 ± 0.9 kg] were weaned into 48 pens and assigned to one of six dietary treatments, each treatment with 8 pens, 6 to 7 pigs per pen, and sex ratios maintained within BW blocks. Experimental diets were formulated in a 3-phase nursery feeding program: Phase 1 (d 0 - d 7), Phase 2 (d 8 - d 21), and Phase 3 (d 22 – d 42). Experimental diets consisted of a wheat/soybean meal-based diet formulated to meet pig requirements (positive control, PC), the PC diet with reduction of 100 kcal of ME (negative control, NC), and the NC diet supplemented with either 900, 1,800, 3,600, or 7,200 units of xylanase. Feed disappearance and body weight were measured at d 7, 14, 21, and 42. Pen fecal score was assessed daily during d 0 to 14 and three times a week during d 15 to 28. On d 21 to 24 of the experiment (12 pigs per day), one pig per pen was selected for sample collection: ileal, cecal, and mid-colon digesta for viscosity and ileal digesta and feces for nutrient digestibility. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing levels of xylanase in NC diets. Contrast analysis was used to compare PC and NC groups with xylanase-supplemented groups. Fecal score data were analyzed using the PROC FREQ procedure. Supplementing xylanase to NC diets did not improve pig growth performance (P &gt; 0.05) through the nursery period. In wk 2 and wk 3, pigs fed the PC and NC diets had a greater (χ2 &lt; 0.05) incidence of fecal scores 3 & 4 (diarrhea) than the xylanase-supplemented pigs. The AID of DM and ATTD of crude protein, gross energy, and NDF were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in the PC and 900-xylanase supplemented diets than in the other dietary treatments. In addition, the ATTD of NDF and ADF increased linearly (P &lt; 0.1) in response to xylanase supplementation. Xylanase supplementation (900 to 7,200 U) decreased digesta viscosity in colon when compared with PC and NC diets. Overall, xylanase supplementation can improve nutrient digestibility, particularly at total tract level, and reduce viscosity in the hindgut, which could be related with decreasing the occurrence of looseness. However, the effects on growth performance were not expressive when xylanase was supplemented to wheat-soybean meal-based diets with reduction of 100 kcal of ME.
PSI-16 Effect of HiPhorius phytase on finishing pig growth performance and bone mineralization with the use of two diet formulation strategies
Authors: Reeb Macie E , Reeb Macie E , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Bergstrom Jon R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of HiPhorius (dsm-firmenich, Parsippany, NJ) phytase on finishing pig growth performance, serum chemistry, bone mineralization, and carcass characteristics. In Exp. 1, 1,161 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 36.7 ± 0.48 kg) were used in a 105-d trial. There were 27 pigs per pen and 10 or 11 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control diet with no added phytase and formulated to NRC (2012) requirement estimates for standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P; 2) 600 FYT/kg added phytase formulated to the same STTD P as the control diet considering a release of 0.13% STTD P and 0.095% STTD Ca; 3) 1,000 FYT/kg added phytase formulated to the same STTD P as the control diet considering release of 0.16% STTD P and 0.107% STTD Ca, and 4) high STTD P (no phytase; approximately 22% above NRC requirement estimates). All diets were formulated to a 1.30:1 STTD Ca:STTD P ratio, but analysis suggested all phases were greater than the formulated target. Overall, pigs fed NRC (2012) or increased STTD P had increased average daily gain (ADG) and hot carcass weight (HCW; P &lt; 0.05) compared with pigs fed the treatments with added phytase. Pigs fed NRC (2012) STTD P had greater (P &lt; 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F) compared with those with 1,000 FYT/kg with other treatments intermediate. In Exp. 2, 1,160 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 75.9 ± 1.32 kg) were used in a 58-d trial. There were 27 pigs per pen and 11 replications per treatment. Treatments were the same as in Exp.1 except diets were formulated to the same total Ca:P ratio [1.15:1 from 75 to 100 kg and 1.12:1 from 100 to 136 kg body weight (BW)] without a STTD Ca release consideration from phytase; however, diets analyzed with a wider Ca:P compared with the expected value (Table 1). Overall, there were no differences in ADG, average daily feed intake (ADFI) or G:F among treatments (P &gt; 0.10). For pigs fed NRC or increased STTD P, there was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in metacarpal bone density, and a tendency for increased (P &lt; 0.10) bone ash weight and percentage bone ash compared with pigs fed treatments containing phytase. In conclusion, regardless of diet formulation strategy, pigs fed diets with phytase had decreased growth performance (Exp.1) and bone mineralization (Exp.2), which was unexpected and could be a result of the nutrient release values attributed to the phytase being overestimated, not enough phytate-bound P that is phytase-sensitive present in the diets, or too wide of a Ca:P ratio leading to reduced phytase activity in the analyzed diet samples compared with the intended ratio based on diet formulation.
PSI-21 Optimizing sample size for accurate measurements and prediction equations for intestinal morphology in broiler chickens
Authors: Alagbe Emmanuel O , Sung Jung Y , Lindsey Kylee , Pasternak Jonathan A , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Histological measurements of intestinal morphology, including villi height (VH) and crypt depth (CD), are routinely used to evaluate intestinal health and the nutrient absorptive capacity in monogastric animals. These metrics suffer from significant natural variation, and there is no established standard for the number of unique measurements required to robustly estimate these variables for a given animal. Furthermore, the potential utility of additional variables, including villus width (VW), perimeter (VP), or villus area (VA), has not been explored. Therefore, the objective of the current experiment was to estimate the minimum number of measurements required to control the intrasample variance in each variable and determine if more complex or time-consuming metrics, such as VP and/or VA, can be accurately estimated from linear measurements. A set of 1283 intestinal morphology data, including VH, CD, VW, VP, and VA, measured from 68 intestinal tissues (46 ileum and 22 jejunum) of 4 experiments were used in the current study (Figure 1). Retrospective calculation of the CV for all combinations of N measurements per sample was used to determine the impact of measurement number on the quality of data. Data for the jejunum and ileum were pooled together, and the NLIN procedure of SAS was used to estimate the optimal measurement for intestinal morphology measurements using a quadratic broken line. The VA was estimated using geometric calculation with the assumption that VA equals 0.67 × base width × VH. A paired t-test was conducted to compare measured and calculated VA. The optimal number of measurements to minimize within-sample CV for VH, CD, VW, VP, and VA ranged from 10.6 to 10.8. The VH was highly correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with VP (r = 0.95 and 0.87) and VA (r = 0.77 and 0.63) in the jejunum and ileum, respectively (Table 1 and 2). Additionally, there was a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) between measured (0.110 µm2) and calculated VA (0.086 µm2). In conclusion, this study shows that measuring 11 villi per sample is required for minimizing variations within the jejunal or ileal tissue in broiler chickens. Also, estimating VA based on idealized geometry was found to be inaccurate, necessitating either direct measurement or more complex prediction equations.
PSI-10 Combination of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus coagulans in sow diets improves litter quality and piglet performance
Authors: Alvarenga Patrícia , Schlagheck Alexandra , Zeibich Lydia , Asmussen Sarah 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a dietary two-strain probiotic on sows, and the subsequent effects on litter quality and piglet performance. The total trial duration was 32 d and started 7 d before farrowing. A total of 160 sows (DanBred x Duroc) were assigned into two dietary treatment groups (80 sows each), considering their body weight, body condition score, and parity (Ø 2.4). Sows in the control group received a basal pelleted diet lacking probiotic supplementation, whereas sows in the probiotic group received an identical diet but supplemented 7 d pre-partum and 25 d post-partum with a two-strain probiotic (total inclusion rate: 1.5 x 109 CFU/kg of feed, 0.3 x 109 CFU/kg CFU/kg of B. coagulans DSM 32016 and 1.2 x 109 CFU/kg of B. licheniformis DSM 33806) produced by Biochem Zusatzstoffe Handels- und Produktionsgesellschaft mbH, Germany. Within 24 h after birth, the litters of all sows in the trial were standardized to 13 piglets by removing weak and low weight individuals (≤ 0.7 kg). Cross-fostering was restricted to the experimental group. Data were subjected to t-Test or non-parametric Mann-Whitney-U-test, P ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The results indicate a significant reduction of dead-born piglets (P = 0.01), increase of daily litter weight gain (P = 0.002), improvement of piglet weaning weight (P = 0.01), and increase of the total number of weaned piglets (P=0.001) in the probiotic group compared with the control group. Furthermore, the individual daily weight gain (P = 0.003) and final weight of piglets at weaning (P &lt; 0.001) were significantly improved by probiotic supplementation. The body weight loss of sows and feed intake were not statistically different (Table 1). In conclusion, the probiotic combination of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus coagulans fed to sows improved litter quality and piglet performance.
PSI-15 Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs
Authors: Cristobal Minoy , Lee Su A , Torres-Mendoza Leidy J , Mallea Andrea P , Parsons Carl M M , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that feeding intact protein from soybean meal (SBM) to growing pigs instead of crystalline amino acids (AA) increases nitrogen (N) retention, digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME). A control corn-SBM diet and three diets, in which the inclusion rate of SBM was reduced and 3, 4, or 5 crystalline AA (i.e., Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val) were added, were formulated. The concentration of standardized ileal digestible AA was constant among diets, but crude protein was reduced as crystalline AA were added. Pigs were limit fed at 3.2 times the ME requirement for maintenance. Forty pigs (initial body weight = 20.5 kg; SD = 2.4) were allotted to the 4 diets using a randomized complete block design with 2 blocks of 20 pigs with five pigs per diet in each block. Pigs were housed in metabolism crates with pans and screens that allowed for quantitative collection of feces and urine for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Samples of diets, feces, and urine were analyzed for gross energy (GE) and N. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and block as random effect, and pig was the experimental unit. Contrasts coefficients were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of reducing dietary protein. Results indicated that apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) decreased (quadratic, P = 0.027) and ATTD of GE tended to decrease (quadratic, P = 0.076; Table 1) as SBM inclusion was reduced in the diets. Absorbed N, retained N (g/d), and ATTD of N were decreased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) as SBM decreased in diets, but retention of N (% of intake and % of absorbed) increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) as SBM decreased in diets. The DE decreased (linear, P = 0.007) as SBM decreased in diets, whereas SBM had no effect on ME. Dietary SBM also had no effect on ME to GE ratio, but ME to DE increased (linear, P = 0.008) by reducing SBM in diets. In conclusion, diets containing intact protein from SBM had greater ATTD of GE and N, and greater DE, but reduced N retention rate when compared with diets containing crystalline AA. However, daily protein retention could not be maintained when crystalline AA rather than SBM were used to furnish the digestible AA in the diets, which may have negative consequences on carcass quality.
PSI-20 Isobutyrate supplementation improved energy and nitrogen digestibility in prepubertal gilts fed a high insoluble, but not soluble, fiber diet
Authors: Schweer Wesley , Rodrigues Lucas , Cornelison Alyssa S , Socha Mike , Kerr Brian J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Isoacids are short, branched-chain volatile fatty acids produced by microbial degradation of branched-chain amino acids. While there is a lack of information on isoacids supplementation in monogastric animals, in ruminants, isoacids are growth factors for cellulolytic bacteria which leads to improved digestibility of fibrous ingredients. The objective was to determine if feeding isoacids to prepubertal gilts could improve digestibility of high fiber diets. Two groups of 45 prepubertal gilts (body weight = 139.10 ± 0.68 kg) were individually housed and allotted to 1 of 9 dietary treatments for a 28-d trial (n = 10 per treatment). Dietary treatments consisted of a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with factors of diet type [corn-soybean meal (CSBM), CSBM with 40% inclusion of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or CSBM with 40% inclusion of sugar beet pulp (SBP)] and isoacids inclusion [no isoacid (NO), 0.50% inclusion of isobutyrate (IB), or 0.88% inclusion of an isoacid mixture (isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, isovalerate; 1:1:1 ratio; MX). Isobutyrate inclusion was the same between IB and MX diets. Gilts were limit fed approximately 2.2 kg per day. Overall growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nitrogen (N), and fecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) profile (d 26) were determined. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was reduced and gain:feed ratio (GF) was increased in gilts fed DDGS (2.14 ± 0.07 kg/d and 0.20 ± 0.02 kg/kg, respectively) or SBP (2.07 ± 0.07 kg/d and 0.19 ± 0.02 kg/kg, respectively) compared with gilts fed CSBM (2.30 ± 0.07 kg/d and 0.15 ± 0.02 kg/kg, respectively), regardless of isoacids inclusion (P &lt; 0.05). Gilts fed DDGS-IB had increased energy (86.5 vs. 83.5 ± 0.42%) and N (84.7 vs. 81.3 ± 0.85%) ATTD compared with gilts fed DDGS-NO (P &lt; 0.05). Gilts fed CSBM-MX had reduced energy (86.9 vs. 88.3 ± 0.50%) and N (75.4 vs. 78.7 ± 0.39%) ATTD compared with gilts fed CSBM-NO (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, gilts fed SBP-NO had increased energy (85.9 vs. 83.6 ± 0.44%) ATTD compared with the other groups and increased N (71.8 vs. 67.2 ± 0.51%) ATTD compared with SBP-IB (P &lt; 0.05). Fecal content of isobutyrate was decreased in NO compared with the other groups (2.10 vs. 3.00 ± 0.31 mM/L), while fecal content of heptanoate was increased in MX compared with NO (0.06 vs. 0.03 ± 0.01 mM/L), regardless of diet type (P &lt; 0.05). Gilts fed SBP-MX had increased fecal content of total VFA compared with gilts fed SBP-NO (108.90 vs. 67.60 ± 11.50 mM/L; P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that IB may positively impact the digestibility of diets with a high content of insoluble fiber.
PSI-11 Determination of standardized total tract phosphorus digestibility in expeller-pressed Canadian prairie grown soybean meal fed to growing pigs
Authors: Patel Shiven , Lee Jinyoung , Mohamed Neijat , Yang Chengbo , House James , Patterson Rob , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in soybean expeller (SBE), and 2) to examine the effects of microbial phytase supplementation on ATTD and STTD of P in SBE. A total of 48 growing barrows (body weight = 15.5 ± 0.7 kg, mean ± SD) were assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments (4 with 500 phytase units/kg and 4 without phytase) in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per treatment. SBE was the only source of P in diets. Four SBEs were used in the experiment, with three derived from soybeans grown in Manitoba (MB1, MB2, and MB3) whereas the fourth was derived from soybeans grown in Ontario. The experiment was conducted over 3 consecutive 12-d periods; within each period the initial 7 d were for adaptation followed by 5 d for total fecal collection (marker to marker procedure). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Fixed effects were the type of SBE and phytase whereas period was included as a random effect in the model. Dry matter (DM), Ca and P content was analyzed in diets and feces. The ATTD and STTD of P were not affected by the source of SBE and averaged 63.0% and 69.9%, respectively. Phytase supplementation significantly increased (P &lt; 0.001) P digestibility in all SBE types. The ATTD and STTD values of P with phytase supplementation averaged 72.8% and 79.7%, respectively. There was no interaction effect between type of SBE and phytase supplementation. The ATTD of Ca (P &lt; 0.001) in MB2 was significantly less (55.7%) than in the other SBEs whose values averaged71.6%. Ca digestibility was not affected by phytase inclusion. In conclusion, the ATTD and STTD of P were not different among the SBE types. Phytase supplementation increases the P digestibility in SBE irrespective of source.
PSII-21 Feed intake and growth of young turkeys in the brood when supplemented with Viribus Essentials, a blend of botanical extracts and natural flavors
Authors: Sandberg Fredrik , England Steve J , Kwon Woong Bi , Fischer Robert 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of adding Viribus Essentials (VB) on top of standard commercial brood diets on the performance and survivability of young turkeys in a large-scale commercial research facility. A total of 1,360 hybrid turkey toms were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design for a 42-d trial. There were 85 turkeys per pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. The 2 dietary treatments were 1) CONTROL a standard set of commercial turkey brood rations (Starter, Grower), and 2) CONTROL + 1,362 grams per ton of VB in Starter and Grower. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded by pen for d 0 to 42 to calculate average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. The Grubb’s test was used to check data for outliers with P &lt; 0.05 as the level of significance for eliminating a replicate; no replicates were removed. Data were used to calculate all parameters and were analyzed using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. Results from this trial are shown in Table 1. VB improved feed intake by 4.6% (P &lt; 0.05), which resulted in improved average daily gain (ADG) by 3.8% (P &lt; 0.01), with no change in feed conversion ratio (FCR) or Mortality adjusted FCR. Survivability was numerically increased by 1.1% (P = 0.367). Overall, the supplementation of VB increases the body weight of the turkey toms at the end of the brood by 4.7% (P &lt; 0.01) which is an important indicator for the lifetime performance of turkeys.
PSII-17 Effect of protease supplementation on amino acids digestibility of soybean meal fed to growing pigs of different ages
Authors: Galli Gabriela M Miotto , Infante Angie P Benavides , Levesque Crystal L , Cantarelli Vinicius S , Chaves Rhuan F , Silva Claudia C , Fascina Vitor , Palencia Jorge Y Perez 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Protease supplementation can increase amino acids (AA) availability; however, the effectiveness of protease in swine diets varies and has been associated with the type and dose of protease, dietary ingredients, and potentially animal age. This study investigated the interactive effect of protease inclusion level and pig age on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of protein (CP) and AA of soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. A corn starch–based diet was formulated with SBM as the sole source of AA and containing titanium as an indigestible marker. Protease was supplemented at 0, 15,000; 30,000 and 45,000 NFP/kg of feed (ProAct 360). An N-free diet was used to estimate basal ileal endogenous AA losses. Ten cannulated pigs (body weight = 21 kg ± 2 kg) were assigned to experimental diets in a duplicate 5 × 5 Latin square design. In Phase I (23 to 30 kg-pigs, 90 ± 17 d of age), ileal digesta was collected in 5 periods of 7 d (5 d adaptation and 2 d ileal digesta collection). In Phase II (50 to 65 kg-pigs. 140 ± 17 d of age), using the same diets, ileal digesta was collected in 5 more periods of 7 d. Pigs were fed at 4% of body weight (BW) adjusted at the end of each period. Diets and ileal digesta were analyzed for CP, AA, and titanium and SID was calculated. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of protease supplementation. The combined data were analyzed as 4 x 2 factorial, including the fixed effects of protease inclusion (excluding N-free diet), age, and their interactions. In phase I, increasing levels of protease resulted in linear improved (P &lt; 0.1) of SID for the majority of indispensable AA (Except Arg, His, Met + Cys, and Trp) and the average of dispensable AA. In phase II, the SID of Ile, Leu, Met, Met + Cys, Val, the average of indispensable AA, and the majority of dispensable AA was quadratically improved. Overall (Phase I and II), the SID of Ile, Leu, Met + Cys, Val, Cys, Glu, Tyr, and the average of dispensable AA was quadratically improved (P &lt; 0.1). In most cases, the supplementation of 30,000 NFP/kg of feed resulted in the greatest AA digestibility improvements. However, the linear response in the first phase for some AA suggests that diets for younger pigs could be supplemented with a greater level (45,000 NFP/kg of feed). There were no interactions between protease levels and age. Younger pigs had improved (P &lt; 0.1) SID of CP and most AA (Except Cys, Gly, and Ser). In conclusion, dietary protease supplementation can improve SID of AA in soybean mean independent of pig age. Pigs age can influence AA digestibility where younger pigs have greater AA digestibility.