bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Cross‐Link Density of PEO‐Like Plasma Polymers Influence their Resistance to Adsorption of Fibrinogen?
Authors: Choukourov Andrei , Gordeev Ivan , Arzhakov Dmitry , Artemenko Anna , Kousal Jaroslav , Kylián Ondřej , Slavínská Danka , Biederman Hynek 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThin films of PEO‐like plasma polymers with different extent of cross‐linking were deposited by plasma‐assisted vacuum thermal depolymerization of PEO. The films underwent considerable volume changes when in contact with water, i.e., they behaved as hydrogels. A Flory–Rehner theory of gels corrected for non‐Gaussian chain distribution was applied to derive the average molar mass between cross‐links. Films with up to ten monomeric units between cross‐links were fabricated, this number decreasing to one at enhanced rf power. Such changes of structure resulted in a three‐orders‐of‐magnitude increase of Young's modulus. Even highly cross‐linked films did not adsorb fibrinogen unless the concentration of the ether groups dropped below 65%.magnified image
Study of roughness in multilayer Mo–Si mirrors
Authors: Valkovskiy G. A. , Baidakova M. V. , Brunkov P. N. , Konnikov S. G. , Yagovkina M. A. , Zadiranov Ju. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCombined approach based on X‐ray reflectometry (XRR), atomic‐force microscopy (AFM), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) has been applied to two series of multilayer Mo/Si mirrors grown by magnetron sputtering on standard and specially smoothed substrates under different technological conditions (A and B). Simulation of XRR data, using a model of two layers in period, can distinguish the mirror quality in terms of the total root mean square roughness. The quality is better for mirrors grown on smoother substrate, but it also depends on technological conditions. In addition, use of a model with transition layers reveals an asymmetry of Mo/Si and Si/Mo interfaces. Analysis of surface roughness PSD functions obtained by AFM shows that the surface diffusion is the dominant smoothing mechanism for all the mirrors studied. The low‐frequency roughness is conformal to that of the substrate for better mirrors (series A), but increases for poorer quality mirrors (series B). Simulation of SAXS data provides roughness parameters of the internal interfaces. For the better mirrors, the lateral correlation length of the roughness does not exceed 13 nm. However, this length is about 50 nm for the poorer quality mirrors, in agreement with AFM data.
Blending a probabilistic nowcasting method with a high‐resolution numerical weather prediction ensemble for convective precipitation forecasts
Authors: Kober K. , Craig G. C. , Keil C. , Dörnbrack A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA seamless prediction of convective precipitation for a continuous range of lead times from 0–8 h requires the application of different approaches. Here, a nowcasting method and a high‐resolution numerical weather prediction ensemble are combined to provide probabilistic precipitation forecasts. For the nowcast, an existing deterministic extrapolation technique was modified by the local Lagrangian method to calculate the probability of exceeding a threshold value in radar reflectivity. Numerical forecasts were obtained from an experimental high‐resolution ensemble that provides 20 different deterministic forecasts of synthetic radar reflectivity. Probabilistic information was calculated by different approaches from the ensemble output. The probabilistic forecasts based on the ensemble were calibrated with the reliability diagram statistics method. The skill of the probabilistic nowcasts and forecasts was evaluated using three quality measures. Finally, a seamless probabilistic forecast was generated as an additive combination of nowcast and forecast, using a weighting function based on their relative skills. The skill of the seamless forecast was greater than or equal to that of the nowcast or ensemble forecast in all quality measures and at all lead times. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
ESTIMATION OF JUVENILE SALMON HABITAT IN PACIFIC RIM RIVERS USING MULTISCALAR REMOTE SENSING AND GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Whited D. C. , Kimball J. S. , Lorang M. S. , Stanford J. A. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWe conducted a regional classification and analysis of riverine floodplain physical features that represent key attributes of salmon rearing habitats. Riverine habitat classifications, including floodplain area and river channel complexity, were derived at moderate (30 m) spatial resolution using multispectral Landsat imagery and global terrain data (90 m) encompassing over 3 400 000 km2 and most North Pacific Rim (NPR) salmon rivers. Similar classifications were derived using finer scale (i.e. ≤ 2.4‐m resolution) remote sensing data over a smaller set of 31 regionally representative flood plains. A suite of physical habitat metrics (e.g. channel sinuosity, nodes, floodplain width) were derived from each dataset and used to assess the congruence between similar habitat features at the different spatial scales and to evaluate the utility of moderate scale geospatial data for determining abundance of selected juvenile salmon habitats relative to fine scale remote sensing measurements. The resulting habitat metrics corresponded favorably (p < 0.0001) between the moderate scale and the fine scale floodplain classifications; a subset of these metrics (channel nodes and maximum floodplain width) also were strong indicators (R2 > 0.5, p < 0.0001) of floodplain habitats defined from the finer scale analysis. These relationships were used to estimate the abundance and distribution of three critical shallow water floodplain habitats for juvenile salmon (parafluvial and orthofluvial springs, and shallow shore) across the entire NPR domain. The resulting database provides a potential tool to evaluate and prioritize salmon conservation efforts both within individual river systems and across major catchments on the basis of physical habitat distribution and abundance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SEM of the tubules of the hepatopancreas and the stomach gland of the scorpion (buthus quinquestriatus): A methodological study
Authors: El‐Salhy M. , Grimalius L. , Arro E. , Fredriksson B. A. , Hörstedt P. , Brunk U. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDifferent procedures were tested for the purpose of circumventing the technical obstacles encountered in SEM of the scorpion hepatopancreas and stomach gland. These problems are caused by the relatively high osmotic pressure of the body fluid of this animal, the irregular surface contour, and the very high content of fat in the organs under investigation. The best results were obtained following glutaraldehyde fixation at an effective osmotic pressure approaching that of scorpion body fluid, ensuring stabilization of fat by post‐fixation in osmium tetroxide, and overcoming the charge effects via the OTOTO (Osmium‐Thiocarbohydrozide) method in combination with metal coating. Dehydration by CPD or FD both gave rise to inevitable artefacts (shrinkage or cracking). Used together, however, CPD and FD were complementary.The surfaces of hepatopancreatic and stomach gland tubules showed a distinct similarity. Tubules of both organs were lined mostly with cells equipped with parallel arrays of microvilli on the apical surface and containing large amounts of fat.
Electron beam testing: Problems in practice
Authors: Wolfgang E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractElectron beam testing has now become an almost indispensable design verification aid for very large scale ICs. The test preparations for circuit analysis are very important as the purpose of these preparation is to ensure that the integrated circuit is driven as it was during characterization on the computerized test system. The same applies when the circuit is being irradiated by the electron beam. This involves the use of preparation techniques such as plasma etching and plasma cleaning, the development of measuring equipment, determining suitable parameters for the electron probe and constantly checking how the circuit is functioning. The actual circuit analysis is carried out in two stages – first the defective block is located and then the individual circuit responsible for the design weakness pinpointed. Cases may arise where measurements on interconnections covered by an oxide layer are required. It might also be necessary to impress signals on certain nodes using a mechanical probe or to separate the circuits.
Examples of image processing using a computer controlled SEM
Authors: Artz Bruce E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSeveral examples of the use of digital image processing on SEM images are presented. The emphasis is on image enhancement as opposed to pattern recognition. Examples given include non‐linear histogram modification, noise filtering, and frame by frame subtraction. Image processing is done on digitally stored images obtained from a modified SEM. The SEM has been modified to allow minicomputer control of the electron/CRT beam position and blanking. Digitization of the sample signals, such as secondary electron, backscattered electron, and absorbed current is done using a 5 MHz voltage to frequency converter and a 100 KHz timer/sealer combination. Software for image storage and manipulation is also described.
Quantitative image and electron microprobe analysis
Authors: Beswick J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractImage analysis in the scanning electron microprobe analyser by use of a suitable digital scan drive/computer interface to an LSI 11/23 computer and dual 5.2 Mbyte hard disc system is described. The image processing of 1024 × 1024 pixel and 256 grey level resolution is performed to obtain size and particle coordinate positions. At these particle coordinates, x‐ray analysis is automatically performed by suitable interfacing to an EDAX PV 9100 EDX system. Software has been developed for electron microprobe analysis to interface with the spacial image analysis information. By use of the video range for binary image detections and correct choice of the elemental analysis parameters, composition specific image analysis of second phase features in microstructures can be obtained. The composition specific information can be expressed in terms of size related to composition range, or composition related to size range for up to 10 elements simultaneously.
A review of bone cell and substratum interactions: An illustration of the role of scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Jones S. J. , Boyde A. , Ali N. N. , Maconnachie E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe first experimental studies concerning observations of changes in bone cell functional morphology were made using the SEM, and SEM has remained paramount in this field. Bone forming and resorbing cells only exist on surfaces – which are available for study after removal of adjacent tissue layers: The underlying matrix surface can then be studied after removal of the cells, and the mineral front examined after removing the matrix (with an appropriate solvent or by plasma ashing).In this review, we analyse the main findings which we have made in this laboratory concerning the biological activities of osteoblasts (bone forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells). The technical problems of specimen preparation of cells which shrink more than the substrate to which they are attached have been convered previously (Boyde et al. 1977). Such problems obviously affect the lateral, cell to cell inter‐relationships more than the cell to substrate effects which we cover here.At present, we can conclude that SEM has made a major contribution to bone biology by permitting observation of normal cells and natural and surrogate substrates. We confidently predict that it will continue to play a pivotal role in the closer observation of cell‐cell‐substrate interactions particularly in respect of local hormonal effects, as well as in bone pathology and implantology.
Methodology and practice of in situ differential scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Sicignano A. , Iravani M. Vaez 
Published: October 2011

AbstractContrast plays a crucial role both in qualitative and quantitative imaging in scanning microscopy. Usual methods of obtaining high contrast images in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) involve performing specific operations on the video signal already produced by the SEM. In this article, the concept of in situ differential imaging in the SEM is discussed. In this imaging modality, a true differential image of the sample is generated simultaneously with the normal video. The signal can be obtained at low and high video band‐widths, thus allowing low contrast objects to be readily imaged. Various methodologies developed to perform in situ differential imaging are reviewed. A characteristic of all these techniques is their sensitivity to edges, a feature which is extensively used in a number of applications. The ability to obtain feature enhancement in any desired direction is another important attribute of this approach. Examples are given on the use of the method in general imaging as well as in the metrology of critical dimensions.
A circuit for voltage coding synchronizing
Authors: Immediato M. J. , Jenkins K. A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe appearance of stationary stripes in a voltage contrast SEM image of a circuit, generally known as voltage coding, is a commonly used technique for tracing circuit lines for failure analysis and for locating nodes for waveform measurements. Maintaining a steady striped image requires synchronizing a pattern generator to the SEM raster scan. A circuit is described which can be attached to any SEM to perform this synchronization, and which has a number of features which extend the usefulness of voltage coding.
A new high‐resolution dual‐probe system for detecting and imaging thermal and plasma waves
Authors: Suddendorf M. B. , Liu M. , Somekh M. G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThermal and plasma waves have been simultaneously and independently probed by a novel differential system. This new detection system for characterising and imaging materials such as semiconductors in a noncontacting, nondestructive manner, is based on two parallel, heterodyne interferometers, which probe the specimen on a microscopic scale. These detect changes in sample reflectivity and surface displacement which are induced by a separate laser source. The optical and electronic configuration is described and results showing the measurement and imaging capabilities of the system are presented. New results indicating interference between photodisplacement and photoreflectance effects are discussed.
Dipolar versus Octupolar Triphenylamine‐Based Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles as Brilliant One‐ and Two‐Photon Emitters for (Bio)imaging
Authors: Parthasarathy Venkatakrishnan , Fery‐Forgues Suzanne , Campioli Elisa , Recher Gaëlle , Terenziani Francesca , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTwo related triphenylamine‐based dipolar and octupolar fluorophores are used to prepare aqueous suspensions of fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) via the reprecipitation method. The obtained spherical nanoparticles (30–40 nm in diameter) are fluorescent in aqueous solution (up to 15% fluorescence quantum yield) and exhibit extremely high one‐ and two‐photon brightness, superior to those obtained for quantum dots. Despite the two chromophores showing similar fluorescence in solution, the fluorescence of FONs made from the octupolar derivative is significantly red‐shifted compared to that generated by the dipolar FONs. In addition, the maximum two‐photon absorption cross section of the FONs made from the octupolar derivative is 55% larger than that of the dipolar derivative FONs. The experimental observations provide evidence that the different molecular shape (rodlike versus three‐branched) and charge distribution (dipolar versus octupolar) of the two chromophores strongly affect the packing inside the nanoparticles as well as their spectroscopic properties and colloidal stability in pure water. The use of these FONs as probes for biphotonic in‐vivo imaging is investigated on Xenopus laevis tadpoles to test their utilization for angiography. When using FONs made from the octupolar dye, the formation of microagglomerates (2–5 μm scale) is observed in vivo, with subsequent lethal occlusion of the blood vessels. Conversely, the nanoparticles of the dipolar dye allow acute imaging of blood vessels thanks to their suitable size and brightness, while no toxic effect is observed. Such a goal cannot be achieved with the dissolved dye, which permeates the vessel walls.
Writing a roll‐out‐roll‐in facility for small machines
Authors: Bowring C. A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper describes some routines to save the current contents of the main memory of a small computer, activate any other program (e.g. a file enquiry program, or a batch stream) and later restore the original program. In the description attention is paid to those aspects of the implementation that gave some difficulty and how they were overcome.
Ganzheitliche Bewertung von Stahl‐ und Verbundbrücken nach Kriterien der Nachhaltigkeit
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Maier Philippa , Friedrich Heinz , Kaschner Rolf , Mensinger Martin , Pfaffinger Marjolaine , Sedlbauer Klaus , Fischer Matthias , Beck Tabea , Ummenhofer Thomas , Zinke Tim 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBrückenbauwerke stellen einen unentbehrlichen Bestandteil der Infrastruktur dar und umfassen ein großes öffentliches Investitionsvolumen. Im Vergleich zum Hochbau handelt es sich bei Brücken um besonders langlebige Bauwerke mit einer planmäßigen Nutzungsdauer von 100 Jahren. Es ist daher ersichtlich, dass der Nachhaltigkeit im Brückenbau ein besonderes Augenmerk geschenkt werden muss. In dem zum Titel des Artikels gleichnamigen Forschungsprojekt P843 wird eine ganzheitliche Bewertung von Stahl‐ und Verbundbrücken durch die Analyse der drei Aspekte der ökologischen Qualität, der ökonomischen Qualität und der sozialen und funktionalen Qualität durchgeführt. Drei unterschiedliche Typen von Referenzbrücken werden in diesem Forschungsvorhaben über den gesamten Lebenszyklus untersucht und brückenbauspezifische Besonderheiten für die Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung herausgestellt. Durch die Erfassung von Degradationsprozessen kann eine möglichst präzise Vorhersage des Lebenszyklus und somit der erforderlichen Unterhaltungsmaßnahmen erfolgen. Die Erarbeitung einer ganzheitlichen Datenbasis für den Brückenbau soll hier Grundlagen zur Entscheidungsunterstützung bei Planung und Ausschreibung von Brücken und ihrer Beurteilung nach Kriterien der Nachhaltigkeit geben.Holistic assessment of steel and composite bridges according to criteria of sustainability. Bridges are essential for the infrastructure network and cover a large investment volume. Compared to building construction bridges are especially long‐living structures with a scheduled service‐life of 100 years. Therefore, it is evident that special attention must be focussed on the sustainability in bridge construction. In the research project P843, named as this article, a holistic assessment of steel and composite bridges is made by the analysis of the three aspects of the environmental, economic and socio/cultural quality. Three different types of reference bridges are studied over the entire life cycle and specific characteristics of bridges pointed out regarding sustainability analyses. By the description of degradation processes the life cycle can be described and anticipated as accurate as possible and required maintenance measurements planed. The elaboration of a holistic database for bridges shall give support during design and at tender stage for an evaluation by criteria of sustainability.
Zur Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Stahlkonstruktionen für regenerative Energien
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Bechtel Anne , Wagner Hermann‐Josef , Baack Christoph , Lohmann Jessica , Stranghöner Natalie , Berg Jörn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDie Betrachtung der Nachhaltigkeit nimmt einen wachsenden Stellenwert in der Gesellschaft ein. Nachhaltige Systeme, die weder ökologische noch ökonomische Auswirkungen haben und kein negatives Erbe für zukünftige Generationen sind, werden bevorzugt eingesetzt. Dieser Grundsatz bildet sich insbesondere in der Baubranche zu einem maßgebenden Faktor bei Bemessung und Planung aus.Für den Gebäude‐ und Industriebau haben sich Bewertungssysteme zur Quantifizierung der Nachhaltigkeit bereits durchgesetzt und bewährt. Durch den politisch initiierten Umschwung von fossilen Energieträgern auf regenerative ist es insbesondere für deren Tragkonstruktionen von wachsender Bedeutung nachhaltig zu sein. Daher wird in diesem Beitrag die Entwicklung einer Methode zur Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung von Stahlkonstruktionen regenerativer Energien behandelt. Die Vorgehensweise sowie erste methodische Ansätze und Ergebnisse werden vorgestellt. Dabei werden insbesondere die ökologischen Auswirkungen stählerner Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen vertieft analysiert. Für anstehende Untersuchungen von Biogasanlagen wird der Betrachtungsrahmen festgelegt.Sustainability assessment for steel constructions of renewables. The consideration of sustainability gets more important to society aspects. Sustainable systems that eliminate ecologic and economic effects on future generations are preferred. Especially in civil engineering this convention gains importance.Up‐to‐date established and approved assessment systems to evaluate and quantify the sustainability of constructions regard only buildings. With respect to the change of energy sources from fossil to renewable, the constructions for renewables should fulfil sustainable criteria. Therefore this article establishs a rating system regarding sustainability for steel structures of renewable energies. The approach as well as preliminary results considering ecological effects of offshore wind energy support structures are given. Indicators derived from the building sector are presented. Beside the wind energy, the focus is set to biogas plants.
Die Windelbachtalbrücke – Überbauerneuerung mit innovativem Montageverfahren
Authors: Langer Stephan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract40 Jahre nach ihrer Erbauung wird die 302 m lange Talbrücke Windelbach einer Instandsetzung unterzogen, die eine Erneuerung der Überbauten auf zu sanierenden Talpfeilern erforderlich macht. Dabei kommt als Ersatzneubau für die bestehenden Spannbetonträger ein moderner Verbundüberbau zum Einsatz. Aufgrund der topographischen Verhältnisse und der Bedingungen zur Aufrechterhaltung eines 4+0‐Verkehrs wurde ein innovatives Montageverfahren mit Schwerlastgleiswagen zur Montage der neuen Stahlverbundkästen und Demontage der bestehenden Spannbetonträger entwickelt (Bild 1).The Windelbach viaduct – Renewal with an innovative assembly method. 40 years after its construction, the 302 m long Windelbach viaduct undergoes repairs, which requires a renewal of the superstructure on to be rehabilitated pillars. At this a modern composite‐steel‐superstructure replaces the existing prestressed concrete beams. Due to the topographical conditions and the conditions for maintaining a 4+0 traffic an innovative assembly method with heavy‐duty rail‐trolleys to mount the new composite steel boxes and removal of existing prestressed concrete beams has been developed (fig. 1).