bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety Devices and Disposal Systems for Multipurpose Plants. Part 2 – Disposal Systems
Authors: Schmidt Jürgen 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFür die Produktion von Feinchemikalien und in der pharmazeutischen Industrie werden überwiegend Mehrzweckanlagen eingesetzt. Charakteristisch sind viele Rezepturen und zahlreiche, zum Teil sehr unterschiedliche Prozesse. Die verfahrenstechnische Herausforderung besteht oft darin, ein bestimmtes Verfahren an eine gegebene Anlage anzupassen. Mit einer systematischen Risikoanalyse werden mögliche Gefahren und die Auslegungsszenarien identifiziert. Das Schutzkonzept der Anlage soll dabei nicht geändert werden. Sicherheits‐ und Rückhalteeinrichtungen müssen sorgfältig aufeinander abgestimmt sein und dürfen weder zu klein noch unzulässig groß bemessen sein. Nachgeschaltete Abscheider oder Tauchungen werden dadurch häufig erheblich überdimensioniert. Dies führt zu erheblichen Mehrkosten und es besteht die Gefahr, dass die Einrichtungen nicht mehr spezifikationsgerecht funktionieren. Die Auslegung von Rückhalteeinrichtungen nach dem Stand der Technik wird dargestellt.
Heterogeneous Condensation of Water Vapor in Membrane Modules
Authors: Niklas Jens , Ripperger Siegfried 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDie heterogene Kondensation von Wasserdampf an submikronen Partikeln kann gezielt zur Verbesserung der Trägheitsabscheidung ausgenutzt werden. Durch Vergrößerung der Partikelmasse infolge der Wasserdampfkondensation lassen sich anschließend auch feinste Partikeln durch Trägheitseffekte abscheiden. Zum Erzeugen der zur Kondensation notwendigen kritischen Übersättigung wird ein neues membranbasiertes Verfahren vorgestellt. Die Kondensation an den Partikeln wird dabei mit einem optischen Inline‐Partikelzähler detektiert.
Impedance Spectroscopic Studies of (Model)‐Pore Solutions of Building Materials
Authors: Bakhramov Oybek , Kaps Christian 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEs wurden impedanzspektroskopische Messungen durchgeführt und elektrische Eigenschaften aus dem Impedanzspektrum abgeleitet, um eine Differenzierung zwischen dem Wasser‐ und Salzgehalt zu ermöglichen. Für impedanzspektroskopische Untersuchungen in elektrischen Nieder‐ und Mittelfrequenzbereichen (100 Hz – 15 MHz) wurden elektrische Messbedingungen ermittelt, unter denen eine Diagnostik des Feuchte‐ und Salzgehalts möglich ist. Bisher wurde in der Literatur dieser Frequenzbereich für eine derartige Analyse als ungeeignet angesehen.
Treatment of Biomass with Supercritical Water
Authors: Kruse Andrea 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDie Biomasse‐Konversion in überkritischem Wasser ist ein vielversprechendes Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff – neben Kohlendioxid und geringen Mengen Methan. Aufgrund der besonderen Eigenschaften des überkritischen Wassers wird die Biomasse schnell abgebaut und die unerwünschte Polymerisation zu Teer und Koks unterdrückt. Beide Effekte sind Ursachen dafür, dass die Vergasung schon bei 600 – 700 °C, also bei deutlich geringeren Temperaturen als die Vergasung von trockener Biomasse, durchgeführt werden kann.
Initiatives and Policy Measures for Bio‐Based Products in Germany
Authors: Wydra Sven 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBislang können biobasierte Produkte ihr Marktpotenzial nicht voll ausschöpfen. Mehrere Initiativen und Gremien haben Vorschläge zur Beseitigung der Hemmnisse erarbeitet. Demgegenüber stehen bereits eine von Vielzahl von aktuellen Maßnahmen für biobasierte Produkte in Deutschland, die vorrangig FuE‐Aktivitäten adressieren. Für Kommerzialisierungsaktivitäten existieren einige passfähige Programme, aber es werden nicht alle Hemmnisse abgedeckt. Eine breite Förderung zur Markteinführung/‐durchdringung von biobasierten Produkten findet in Deutschland wie auch in anderen Ländern nicht statt.
Optimum processing gain for a hybrid direct sequence/slow frequency hopping code division multiple access cellular system over Rayleigh fading channels: the direct sequence/slow frequency hopping code division multiple access case
Authors: Varzakas P. 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, the optimum value of the processing gain of a hybrid direct sequence/slow frequency hopping code division multiple access cellular system, when operating in a Rayleigh fading environment, is examined. The optimization is based on the maximization of the average spectral efficiency achieved, expressed in bits per second per Hertz, which is estimated in terms of the achievable average channel capacity (in the Shannon–Hartley theorem sense) per user during the operation over a broadcast cellular time‐varying link. The analysis leads to a simple theoretical novel closed‐form expression for the optimal processing gain that is related with the system's parameters but becomes independent of hopping frequencies assigned to each system's cell. Finally, the expression derived can be useful for the practical design of a direct sequence/slow frequency hopping code division multiple access cellular system and for an initial quantitative analysis. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the presented analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biophysics of substrate interaction: Influence on neural motility, differentiation, and repair
Authors: Moore Simon W. , Sheetz Michael P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe identity and behavior of a cell is shaped by the molecular and mechanical composition of its surroundings. Molecular cues have firmly established roles in guiding both neuronal fate decisions and the migration of cells and axons. However, there is growing evidence that topographical and rigidity cues in the extracellular environment act synergistically with these molecular cues. Like chemical cues, physical factors do not elicit a fixed response, but rather one that depends on the sensory makeup of the cell. Moreover, from developmental studies and the plasticity of neural tissue, it is evident that there is dynamic feedback between physical and chemical factors to produce the final morphology. Here, we focus on our current understanding of how these physical cues shape cellular differentiation and migration, and discuss their relevance to repairing the injured nervous system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 1090‐1101, 2011
Conversion of L‐Cysteine into D‐α‐Amino Acids and Related Transformations
Authors: Duthaler Rudolf O. , Wyss Bernhard 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNaturally configured cysteine is converted into 4‐substituted thiazolidines via the 4‐carbaldehyde corresponding to the serine derived Garner's aldehyde. The key transformation is the conversion into 5‐thiazolidinones by 1O2 oxidation, and fragmentation of the primary 5‐hydroperoxides under in situ acetylating conditions. Whereas the reagent couple trimethylsilyl halides/phenol selectively cleaves the N‐Boc group, LiOH/H2O2 transforms the thiol lactones into lactones by an unknown mechanism, and, subsequently, also cleaves the acetonide affording N‐Boc‐protected D‐amino acids without loss of optical activity. This sequence tolerates unsaturated residues with sensitive allylic functions. In some cases, double bond isomerization is, however, observed. Thethiazolidine intermediates can be cleaved with 3‐nitro‐2‐pyridinesulfenyl chloride, giving reactive mixed disulfides.
Efficient and Versatile Modification of the Secondary Face of Cyclodextrins through Copper‐Catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Ward Sandra , Ling Chang‐Chun 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe perfunctionalization of the secondary face of cyclodextrins (CDs) is a challenging task that often results in poor yields. Here, we report that the use of copper‐catalyzedHuisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition is an efficient and versatile strategy that provides perfunctionalized CDs at the secondary face with good to high yields. A variety of functional groups, such as alkyl, alkenyl, ester, carboxylic acid, amide, and alcohol, have been successfully incorporated on the secondary face of β‐CD from the same starting material. These functionalized CD derivatives could be used as building blocks for further structural modification or as hosts for different applications.
Runoff generation and sediment yield on homogeneous dune slopes: scale effect and implications for analysis
Authors: Kidron Giora J. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTData concerning runoff and sediment yield in arid zones is of prime importance for hydrologists, geomorphologists, pedologists, ecologists and landscape engineers. For data comparison and extrapolations, runoff and sediment yield are often presented in mass per unit area. Runoff and sediment yield collected on dune slopes over a wide range of plot sizes during 1990–1994 in the Negev Desert, Israel, showed that the contributing area was mainly confined to a narrow belt at the bottom of the slopes. It was therefore hypothesized that the very short rain bursts, capable of runoff generation, may result in a scale effect (SE). Indeed, average duration of duration of consecutive medium and high rain intensities which are potentially above the surface infiltration rate ranged between 2.2 and 3.0 minutes, implying that flow connectivity is largely limited. Based on the intermittent character of the rain spells capable of runoff generation it is argued that SE is an inherent outcome of the rain properties. Yet, it is further argued that the magnitude of the SE is surface‐dependent. As a result, it is argued that the conventional way for runoff and sediment yield presentation as mass per unit area implies theoretical misconceptions and may cause gross overestimation in extrapolation and the presentation of runoff and sediment yield in mass per unit width of the slope is suggested. The accuracy of the two extrapolation methods are compared to the actual runoff and sediment yield collected in the field. The data show that extrapolation based on runoff (or sediment) yield per plot width deviates from the actual amounts collected by a factor of 1·1 to 1·3 only while deviating by a factor of 4·2 to 5·6 and 10·7 to 11·8 if the extrapolation is based on large and small plots, respectively. Theoretical and practical reasons for presentation of runoff and sediment yield as mass per unit width are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The legacy of initial conditions in landscape evolution
Authors: Taylor Perron J. , Fagherazzi Sergio 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTLandscapes subject to constant forcing tend to evolve toward equilibrium states in which individual landforms have similar characteristics. Yet, even in landscapes at or near equilibrium, there can be significant variability among individual landforms. Furthermore, sites subject to similar processes and conditions can have different mean landform characteristics. This variability is often ascribed to on‐going transient evolution, or to heterogeneity in processes, material properties, forcing, or boundary conditions. Three surprising outcomes of landform evolution models suggest, however, that such variability could arise in equilibrium landscapes without any heterogeneity in the physical processes shaping the topography. First, homogeneous systems subjected to constant forcing can generate a heterogeneous distribution of equilibrium landforms. Second, even simple non‐linear systems can have multiple stable equilibrium states. Third, evolving landscapes can exhibit path dependence and hysteresis. We show how these three mechanisms can produce variability in landforms that arises from the characteristics of the initial topographic surface rather than from heterogeneity in geomorphic processes. Numerical experiments on the formation of low‐order fluvial valleys and transportational cyclic steps in erodible streambeds illustrate why it is important to consider the influence of initial conditions when comparing models with natural topography, estimating the uncertainty of model predictions, and studying how landscapes respond to disturbances. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hand shape selection in pantomimed grasping: Interaction between the dorsal and the ventral visual streams and convergence on the ventral premotor area
Authors: Makuuchi Michiru , Someya Yoshiaki , Ogawa Seiji , Takayama Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn visually guided grasping, possible hand shapes are computed from the geometrical features of the object, while prior knowledge about the object and the goal of the action influence both the computation and the selection of the hand shape. We investigated the system dynamics of the human brain for the pantomiming of grasping with two aspects accentuated. One is object recognition, with the use of objects for daily use. The subjects mimed grasping movements appropriate for an object presented in a photograph either by precision or power grip. The other is the selection of grip hand shape. We manipulated the selection demands for the grip hand shape by having the subjects use the same or different grip type in the second presentation of the identical object. Effective connectivity analysis revealed that the increased selection demands enhance the interaction between the anterior intraparietal sulcus (AIP) and posterior inferior temporal gyrus (pITG), and drive the converging causal influences from the AIP, pITG, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to the ventral premotor area (PMv). These results suggest that the dorsal and ventral visual areas interact in the pantomiming of grasping, while the PMv integrates the neural information of different regions to select the hand posture. The present study proposes system dynamics in visually guided movement toward meaningful objects, but further research is needed to examine if the same dynamics is found also in real grasping. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Reconstruction of the jejunoesophageal anastomosis with a circular mechanical stapler in total laryngopharyngectomy defects
Authors: Schneider Daniel S. , Gross Neil D. , Sheppard Brett C. , Wax Mark K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to demonstrate the technical feasibility and potential benefits of using a circular mechanical stapler with free jejunal transfer for jejunoesophageal anastomosis in total laryngopharyngectomy reconstruction while comparing the rates of fistula and stricture.MethodsThis study was a retrospective review of 12 free jejunal flaps completed with circular mechanical stapler for the jejunoesophageal anastomosis with comparison to 17 jejunal free flaps where all anastomoses were hand sewn.ResultsIn all, 29 patients underwent free jejunal transfer: 12 had jejunal free flap with circular mechanical stapler for jejunoesophageal anastomosis, whereas 17 patients had hand‐sewn anastomosis. Corresponding rates of fistula and stricture were 0/12 fistulas and 3/12 strictures in the stapler cohort and 2/17 fistulas with 0/17 strictures in the hand‐sewn cohort. No statistically significant difference in rate of fistula was observed between each cohort, whereas a trend toward increased rate of stricture (p = .06) was observed in the stapled anastomosis cohort.ConclusionsUse of circular mechanical stapler appears to be a safe and effective technique at the jejunoesophageal anastomosis for total laryngopharyngeal defects with comparable fistula and stricture rates to grafts that are hand sewn. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Improved survival with elective neck dissection in thick early‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ebrahimi Ardalan , Ashford Bruce G. , Clark Jonathan R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundManagement of the node–negative neck in T1 to T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine if elective neck dissection improves outcomes in thick primary tumors since this reflects current practice in most institutions and has not been specifically addressed in the literature.MethodsRetrospective analysis comparing elective neck dissection versus observation in 153 patients with T1 to T2 N0 oral SCC ≥4 mm thick.ResultsOn multivariable analysis, elective neck dissection was a significant predictor of improved regional control (hazard ratio [HR], 0.1; p < .001), disease‐specific (HR, 0.1; p < .001), and overall survival (HR, 0.3; p = .001). Regional failure accounted for 22% of disease‐related deaths in the elective neck dissection group compared to 92% in the observation arm.ConclusionElective neck dissection is associated with a clinically significant survival advantage in thick T1 to T2 oral SCC by reducing the risk of regional failure, and we support its routine application in these patients. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Functional capacity of the thyroid autograft and heterograft: An experimental study
Authors: Karaman Murat , Tuncel Arzu , Sheidaei Shahrouz , Karabulut Murat Hakan , Tatlıpınar Arzu 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the functional capacity of thyroid autografts/heterografts in a guinea pig model.MethodsA total of 24 guinea pigs were divided into 4 groups. Group A had only a thyroidectomy incision, and group B had total thyroidectomy. We performed autotransplantation in group C and heterotransplantation in group D. We monitored the guinea pigs for an 8‐week period, with weekly measurements of free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH). At the final stage, the autografts/heterografts were histologically examined.ResultsIn group B, fT3/fT4 showed a gradual decrease; however, an increase of TSH was noted. In groups C and D, fT3/fT4 showed a gradual decrease, followed by a gradual increase until euthyroid levels; an exact opposite was noted for TSH. In histologic examination, there were functional thyroid follicles in all animals of groups C and D.ConclusionsThe autotransplanted/heterotransplanted guinea pig's thyroid tissue provides adequate thyroid function. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
4‐ to 6‐week‐old adult‐born hippocampal neurons influence novelty‐evoked exploration and contextual fear conditioning
Authors: Denny Christine A. , Burghardt Nesha S. , Schachter Daniel M. , Hen René , Drew Michael R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTo explore the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in novelty processing, we assessed novel object recognition (NOR) in mice after neurogenesis was arrested using focal x‐irradiation of the hippocampus, or a reversible, genetic method in which glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive neural progenitor cells are ablated with ganciclovir. Arresting neurogenesis did not alter general activity or object investigation during four exposures with two constant objects. However, when a novel object replaced a constant object, mice with neurogenesis arrested by either ablation method showed increased exploration of the novel object when compared with control mice. The increased novel object exploration did not manifest until 4–6 weeks after x‐irradiation or 6 weeks following a genetic ablation, indicating that exploration of the novel object is increased specifically by the elimination of 4‐ to 6‐week‐old adult born neurons. The increased novel object exploration was also observed in older mice, which exhibited a marked reduction in neurogenesis relative to young mice. Mice with neurogenesis arrested by either ablation method were also impaired in one‐trial contextual fear conditioning (CFC) at 6 weeks but not at 4 weeks following ablation, further supporting the idea that 4‐ to 6‐week‐old adult born neurons are necessary for specific forms of hippocampal‐dependent learning, and suggesting that the NOR and CFC effects have a common underlying mechanism. These data suggest that the transient enhancement of plasticity observed in young adult‐born neurons contributes to cognitive functions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Type 1 diabetes—not all in the genes
Authors: Leslie David 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe incidence of autoimmune diseases is appreciable and increasing. Type 1 diabetes is one such disease, and is, in part, determined genetically, involving many genes (up to 40 at the last count), but they alone cannot account for the frequency of the disease, indicating that non‐genetic factors are important [Leslie et al., 2004; Weets et al., 2002]. The character of such non‐genetic factors is important to understand since the prevention or modulation of such factors provides a more likely source of a cure for type 1 diabetes. Non‐genetic factors play a major role in causing type 1 diabetes as shown by studies of twins, populations that have migrated, and populations with changing disease incidence [Hermann et al., 2003; Weets et al., 2002]. Disproportionate maternal influences on disease‐risk suggest that critical disease‐inducing environmental events operate very early in life, even in utero [Leslie et al., 2004]. Firm evidence for a role of viral infections in the etiology of type 1 diabetes comes from a recent demonstration that four rare variants of interferon‐producing genes are each associated with a 50% reduction in type 1 diabetes risk [Nejentsev et al., 2009]. Early infant diet affects type 1 diabetes development, while exposure to westernized heat‐processed food could be relevant given the close relationship between disease incidence and the gross national product of European countries [Leslie et al., 2004]. Epigenetic regulation could mediate environmental influences and is a candidate for that elusive “missing heritability” in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes, e.g. in peripheral blood monocyte activation [Beyan et al., 2010]. In summary, epidemiological evidence favors the induction of childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes by an environmental event, possibly a virus or a dietary factor, or both, operating over a finite period in early childhood. J. Med. Virol. 83:1670–1670, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus genotype F complete genome sequences from Chilean patients with chronic infection
Authors: Venegas Mauricio , Alvarado‐Mora Mónica V. , Villanueva Rodrigo A. , Rebello Pinho João R. , Carrilho Flair J. , Locarnini Stephen , Yuen Lilly , Brahm Javier 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMolecular epidemiological data concerning the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Chile are not known completely. Since the HBV genotype F is the most prevalent in the country, the goal of this study was to obtain full HBV genome sequences from patients infected chronically in order to determine their subgenotypes and the occurrence of resistance‐associated mutations. Twenty‐one serum samples from antiviral drug‐naive patients with chronic hepatitis B were subjected to full‐length PCR amplification, and both strands of the whole genomes were fully sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed along with reference sequences available from GenBank (n = 290). The sequences were aligned using Clustal X and edited in the SE‐AL software. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted by Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations (MCMC) for 10 million generations in order to obtain the substitution tree using BEAST. The sequences were also analyzed for the presence of primary drug resistance mutations using CodonCode Aligner Software. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that all sequences were found to be the HBV subgenotype F1b, clustered into four different groups, suggesting that diverse lineages of this subgenotype may be circulating within this population of Chilean patients. J. Med. Virol. 83:1530–1536, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.