bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Length of Stay and Hospital Costs Associated with a Pharmacodynamic‐Based Clinical Pathway for Empiric Antibiotic Choice for Ventilator‐Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Nicasio Anthony M. , Eagye Kathryn J. , Kuti Effie L. , Nicolau David P. , Kuti Joseph L. 
Published: April 2010

Study Objective. To determine hospital costs associated with the use of a clinical pathway implemented in our intensive care units (ICUs) to optimize antibiotic regimen selection for patients with ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) compared with costs in a historical control group treated according to prescriber preference.Design. Retrospective cost analysis from the hospital perspective.Setting. Single, tertiary‐care medical center.Patients. One hundred sixty‐six adults with VAP from the medical, surgical, and neurotrauma ICUs (73 historical control patients [2004–2005] and 93 patients given an empiric antibiotic clinical pathway for VAP [2006–2007]).Measurements and Main Results. The VAP clinical pathway consisted of an ICU‐specific three‐drug regimen that considered local minimum inhibitory concentration distributions and a pharmacodynamically optimized dosing strategy. Hospital cost data were collected and inflated to 2007 according to the consumer price index. The VAP‐related length of treatment, hospitalization costs, and antibiotic costs were compared between groups. The median VAP length of treatment was 24 days (interquartile range [IQR] 13–35 days] and 11 days (IQR 7–17 days) for historical and clinical pathway groups, respectively (p<0.001). Daily hospital costs were similar for both cohorts over the first 7 days, after which costs declined significantly for patients treated with the clinical pathway (p<0.001). When controlling for baseline differences between groups and length of stay before development of VAP, patients treated with the clinical pathway had shorter lengths of ICU stay after VAP, shorter total hospital lengths of stay after VAP, and lower hospital costs after the treatment of VAP. Median total antibiotic costs for individual patients were similar between groups ($535 [IQR $261–998] vs $482 [IQR $222–985] clinical pathway vs control, p=0.45), and the proportion of VAP hospital resources consumed by antibiotics for both groups was low.Conclusion. Although aggressive dosing of more costly antibiotics was empirically prescribed using the clinical pathway, patients in this group exhibited a shorter duration of treatment, reduced hospital length of stay after VAP, and lower hospital costs without any significant increase in antibiotic expenditures.
Public‐Private Coproduction of Risk: Government Indemnification of the Commercial Space Launch Industry
Authors: Brennan Timothy J , Kousky Carolyn , Macauley Molly 
Published: April 2010

AbstractUsing rockets to launch communications satellites and other spacecraft poses risks to the uninvolved public, including persons and property under the flight path of the launch vehicle. The federal government plays a pivotal technical role during the actual launch by carrying out certain risk‐related procedures, thus causing third‐party risk to be jointly produced by the company and the government. In addition, under the Commercial Space Launch Act, the government partially indemnifies commercial launch companies for third‐party damages. We compare the indemnification policy to optimal liability rules under public‐private co‐production of risk. Under modest assumptions, shared liability created by the indemnification rules decreases the incentive of both parties to take care relative to the optimum. If care were observable, it would be preferable for the government to fully indemnify companies that take due care. The role of the government as an agent for third parties may qualify these findings.
Inhibition of β-Cell Sodium-Calcium Exchange Enhances Glucose-Dependent Elevations in Cytoplasmic Calcium and Insulin Secretion
Authors: Hamming Kevin S.C. , Soliman Daniel , Webster Nicola J. , Searle Gavin J. , Matemisz Laura C. , Liknes David A. , Dai Xiao-Qing , Pulinilkunnil Thomas , Riedel Michael J. , Dyck Jason R.B. , MacDonald Patrick E. , Light Peter E. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVEThe sodium-calcium exchanger isoform 1 (NCX1) regulates cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+c) required for insulin secretion in β-cells. NCX1 is alternatively spliced, resulting in the expression of splice variants in different tissues such as NCX1.3 and -1.7 in β-cells. As pharmacological inhibitors of NCX1 splice variants are in development, the pharmacological profile of β-cell NCX1.3 and -1.7 and the cellular effects of NCX1 inhibition were investigated.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThe patch-clamp technique was used to examine the pharmacological profile of the NCX1 inhibitor KB-R7943 on recombinant NCX1.3 and -1.7 activity. Ca2+ imaging and membrane capacitance were used to assess the effects of KB-R7943 on Ca2+c and insulin secretion in mouse and human β-cells and islets.RESULTSNCX1.3 and -1.7 calcium extrusion (forward-mode) activity was ∼16-fold more sensitive to KB-R7943 inhibition compared with cardiac NCX1.1 (IC50s = 2.9 and 2.4 vs. 43.0 μmol/l, respectively). In single mouse/human β-cells, 1 μmol/l KB-R7943 increased insulin granule exocytosis but was without effect on α-cell glucagon granule exocytosis. KB-R7943 also augmented sulfonylurea and glucose-stimulated Ca2+c levels and insulin secretion in mouse and human islets, although KB-R7943 was without effect under nonstimulated conditions.CONCLUSIONSIslet NCX1 splice variants display a markedly greater sensitivity to pharmacological inhibition than the cardiac NCX1.1 splice variant. NCX1 inhibition resulted in glucose-dependent increases in Ca2+c and insulin secretion in mouse and human islets. Thus, we identify β-cell NCX1 splice variants as targets for the development of novel glucose-sensitive insulinotropic drugs for type 2 diabetes.
β-Cell Replication Is Increased in Donor Organs From Young Patients After Prolonged Life Support
Authors: Veld Peter In't , De Munck Neelke , Van Belle Kristien , Buelens Nicole , Ling Zhidong , Weets Ilse , Haentjens Patrick , Pipeleers-Marichal Miriam , Gorus Frans , Pipeleers Daniel 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
This study assesses β-cell replication in human donor organs and examines possible influences of the preterminal clinical conditions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
β-Cell replication was quantified in a consecutive series of n = 363 human organ donors using double immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and insulin. Uni- and multivariate analysis was used to correlate replication levels to clinical donor characteristics and histopathologic findings.

RESULTS
β-Cell replication was virtually absent in most donors, with ≤0.1% Ki67-positive β-cells in 72% of donors. A subpopulation of donors, however, showed markedly elevated levels of replication of up to 7.0% Ki67-positive β-cells. β-Cell replication was accompanied by the increased replication of glucagon-, somatostatin-, and CA19.9-positive cells. Prolonged life support, kidney dysfunction, relatively young donor age, inflammatory infiltration, and prolonged brain death before organ retrieval were all found to be significantly associated with an increased level (≥90th percentile) of β-cell replication, with the first three risk factors being independent predictors. Increased β-cell replication was most often noted in relatively young donors (≤25 years) who received prolonged (≥3 days) life support (68%); in contrast, it was rare in donors with a short duration of life support regardless of age (1%). Prolonged life support was accompanied by increased levels of CD68+ and LCA/CD45+ infiltration in the pancreatic parenchyma.

CONCLUSION
These results indicate that preterminal clinical conditions in (young) organ donors can lead to increased inflammatory infiltration of the pancreas and to increased β-cell replication.
Development and Progression of Renal Insufficiency With and Without Albuminuria in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study
Authors: Molitch Mark E. , Steffes Michael , Sun Wanjie , Rutledge Brandy , Cleary Patricia , de Boer Ian H. , Zinman Bernard , Lachin John ,   for the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study Group
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
This multicenter study examined the impact of albumin excretion rate (AER) on the course of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the incidence of sustained eGFR &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m2 in type 1 diabetes up to year 14 of the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study (mean duration of 19 years in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial [DCCT]/EDIC).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Urinary albumin measurements from 4-h urine collections were obtained from participants annually during the DCCT and every other year during the EDIC study, and serum creatinine was measured annually in both the DCCT and EDIC study. GFR was estimated from serum creatinine using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation.

RESULTS
A total of 89 of 1,439 subjects developed an eGFR &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (stage 3 chronic kidney disease on two or more successive occasions (sustained) during the DCCT/EDIC study (cumulative incidence 11.4%). Of these, 20 (24%) had AER &lt;30 mg/24 h at all prior evaluations, 14 (16%) had developed microalbuminuria (AER 30–300 mg/24 h) before they reached stage 3 chronic kidney disease, and 54 (61%) had macroalbuminuria (AER &gt;300 mg/24 h) before they reached stage 3 chronic kidney disease. Macroalbuminuria is associated with a markedly increased rate of fall in eGFR (5.7%/year vs. 1.2%/year with AER &lt;30 mg/24 h, P &lt; 0.0001) and risk of eGFR &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (adjusted hazard ratio 15.3, P &lt; 0.0001), whereas microalbuminuria had weaker and less consistent effects on eGFR.

CONCLUSIONS
Macroalbuminuria was a strong predictor of eGFR loss and risk of developing sustained eGFR &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m2. However, screening with AER alone would have missed 24% of cases of sustained impaired eGFR.
Metabolic Syndrome, Independent of Its Components, Is a Risk Factor for Stroke and Death But Not for Coronary Heart Disease Among Hypertensive Patients in the ASCOT-BPLA
Authors: Gupta Ajay K. , Dahlof Bjorn , Sever Peter S. , Poulter Neil R. ,   for the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA) investigators
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether in hypertensive patients the risk of cardiovascular disease is greater in association with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) or the sum of its individual components.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cox regression analysis models were developed to assess the influence of age, sex, ethnicity, and the individual components of MetS on risk associated with the MetS (using several definitions) of coronary outcomes, stroke, and all-cause mortality.

RESULTS
MetS was significantly associated with coronary outcomes, stroke, and all-cause mortality after adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity. However, when the model was further adjusted for the individual components, MetS was associated with significantly increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio 1.34 [95% CI 1.07–1.68]) and all-cause mortality (1.35 [1.16–1.58]) but not coronary outcomes (fatal coronary heart disease plus nonfatal myocardial infarction 1.16 [0.95–1.43] and total coronary events 1.06 [0.91–1.24]).

CONCLUSIONS
MetS, independent of its individual components, is associated with increased risk of stroke and all-cause mortality but not coronary outcomes.
Is the Recent Rise in Type 2 Diabetes Incidence From 1984 to 2007 Explained by the Trend in Increasing BMI?
Authors: Hardoon Sarah L. , Morris Richard W. , Thomas Mary C. , Wannamethee S. Goya , Lennon Lucy T. , Whincup Peter H. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the extent to which increasing BMI may explain the rise in type 2 diabetes incidence in British men from 1984 to 2007.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A representative cohort ratio of 6,460 British men was followed-up for type 2 diabetes incidence between 1984 (aged 45–65 years) and 2007 (aged 67–89 years). BMI was ascertained at regular intervals before and during the follow-up.

RESULTS
Between 1984–1992 and 1999–2007, the age-adjusted hazard of type 2 diabetes more than doubled (hazard ratio 2.33 [95% CI 1.75–3.10]). Mean BMI rose by 1.42 kg/m2 (95% CI 1.10–1.74) between 1984 and 1999; this could explain 26% (95% CI 17–38) of the type 2 diabetes increase.

CONCLUSIONS
An appreciable portion of the rise in type 2 diabetes can be attributed to BMI changes. A substantial portion remains unexplained, possibly associated with other determinants such as physical activity. This merits further research.
Copeptin, IGFBP-1, and Cardiovascular Prognosis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Mellbin Linda G. , Rydén Lars , Brismar Kerstin , Morgenthaler Nils G. , Öhrvik John , Catrina Sergiu B. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether C-terminal provasopressin (copeptin) explains the prognostic importance of insulin growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in patients with myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Copeptin and IGFBP-1 were analyzed in 393 patients participating in the Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) 2 trial.

RESULTS
Copeptin was associated with IGFBP-1 (Spearman rank correlation test, r = 0.53; P &lt; 0.001). During follow-up there were 138 cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke). In univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses both biomarkers were predictors of events: the hazard ratio for log copeptin was 1.59 (95% CI 1.41–1.81; P &lt; 0.001) and for log IGFBP-1 was 1.49 (1.26–1.77; P &lt; 0.001). In the final model, adjusting for age and renal function, copeptin was the only independent predictor (1.35 [1.16–1.57]; P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Copeptin is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and appears to at least partly explain the prognostic impact of IGFBP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction. Copeptin may be a pathogenic factor to address to improve outcome in these patients.
Comparison of the Amounts of Aflatoxin Extracted From Raw Peanuts Using AOAC Methods I and II1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Four lots of raw shelled peanuts, naturally contaminated with aflatoxin, were each ground into a paste. Sixty-four 50-g samples were removed from three of the lots and forty 50-g samples were removed from the fourth lot. For each lot, aflatoxin was extracted from half of the samples by the AOAC Method I (CB) and from the remaining half by the AOAC Method II (BF). The 4 lots averaged 57.8, 127.6, 238.5, and 447.1 parts per billion (ppb) total aflatoxin when measured by the CB method. On the average across the four lots, the BF method extracted 26, 25, 22, and 18% less aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively, than the CB method.
Improved Methods for Removing Oil from “Difficult-to-Press” Peanuts1
Authors: Pominski J. , Pearce H. M. , Spadaro J. J. , Baxley J. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In pressing peanuts for subsequent use in partially defatted products, the oil is difficult to remove in certain lots of peanuts. New laboratory procedures showed increased yields of oil can be obtained from “difficult-to-press” (DTP) peanuts by mixing them with “easy-to-press” (ETP) peanuts on a 50-50 basis or by drying them to a moisture level between 4.3 and 4.7%. Oil yields by pressing are little affected when peanuts are stored at temperatures of 4.4 (40F) and 23.9C (75F) for periods of up to 12 months.
Peanut Peg Strength: Force Required for Pod Detachment in Relation to Peg Structure1
Authors: Thomas R. J. , Pettit R. E. , Taber R. A. , Jones B. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut peg strength, which influences the proportion of peanut pods harvested, was measured as a function of the force required either to detach the peg from the pod or to break the peg. Pegs from 10 commercial cultivars and 30 plant introductions were tested for peg strength with an Instron Test Instrument. The mean peg detachment forces for Florunner, Florigiant, Spantex, Tamnut-74, and Toalson varieties were 10.0, 12.7, 13.0, 17.2, and 22.1 Newtons (N), respectively. Peg detachment forces for Plant Introductions 295210, 393523, 393530, and 393647 were 28.2, 35.2, 35.3, and 37.2 N, respectively. Peg anatomy and the intensity of phloroglucinol staining for lignin were directly correlated with peg detachment forces. Strong pegs had highly developed sclerenchymatous tissue and large crescentshaped, closely spaced, and highly lignified bundle caps. Bundle caps in weaker pegs were small, less compact, and spaced farther apart. Peg detachment forces and peg anatomy are criteria that could be considered in the development of improved peanut varieties.
Interaction of dinitramine and dinoseb with Cylindrocladium crotalariae and the Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) disease of peanut.1
Authors: Barron J. A. , Phipps P. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Axenic growth by Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers in potato dextrose broth was suppressed significantly by dinoseb at 50 and 100 μg/mL, and Dyanapà (dinoseb + naptalam) at 100 μg/mL. High concentrations of either dinitramine or alachlor suppressed growth of only one of two C. crotalariae isolates tested. Benefin, diphenamid, vernolate, and 2,4 DB at rates up to 100 μg/mL failed to have similar effects on growth of either isolate. Dinitramine at rates up to 100 μg/g soil had no effect on survival of C. crotalariae microsclerotia (ms) in a Ruston or a Woodstown loamy fine sand. Dinoseb reduced ms populations significantly in Woodstown soil at 5, 10, 50 and 100 μg/g soil and in Ruston soil at rates of 50 and 100 μg/g soil. Soil type inoculum density, and herbicide dosage were demonstrated to be important interacting factors affecting CBR development in peanut. Greenhouse and field tests implicated dinitramine at 0.56 kg/ha and dinoseb at 1.68 kg/ha as herbicide treatments which can increase the severity of CBR in Florigiant peanut.
A Comparison of Methods of Evaluating Resistance to Cylindrocladium crotalariae in Peanut Field Tests1
Authors: Green C. C. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Three methods presently used to evaluate disease resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) were compared to identify the most efficient method to screen peanut lines in field tests. Forty randomly selected F2 families in the F5 generation from a cross of the CBR-resistant source NC 3033 with NC 6 and the two parents were evaluated for percent dead and diseased plants, root rot index and microsclerotia/g of root. Significant differences were detected between the parents (p = 0.05) and among segregates (familes) (p = 0.01) for percent dead and diseased plants only. Error components exceeded the mean square values for differences among segregates for the root rot index and microsclerotia/g of root resulting in no significant differences among entries for these traits and low to no correlations among traits. Percent dead and diseased plants was concluded to be the best of the three methods for screening peanut lines in the field for CBR resistance.
Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on Visibly Sound Rehydrated Peanut, Corn and Soybean Seed1
Authors: Wilson David M. , Bell Durham K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut, corn and soybean seed were inoculated with 14 isolates of Aspergillus flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare. The seeds were hand sorted to remove all visibly damaged seeds and were fumigated under vacuum (-95.25 k Pa Hg) with 2.2% cyano (methylmercuri) guanidine at 37 C for 48–96 hours. All fumigated seed had a minimum of 95% germination and a maximum of 5% residual contamination by fungi and bacteria. Corn and peanut samples (100 g/flask) were rehydrated to 28% moisture and inoculated with all isolates; soybean samples (100 g/flask) were rehydrated to 28% moisture and inoculated with four A. flavus and two A. parasiticus isolates. Samples were incubated for 10 days at 30 C and analyzed for aflatoxins. Aspergillus parasiticus isolates produced aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 while A. flavus isolates produced aflatoxin B1 and B2. Mean B1 production for 12 isolates was 34 mg/kg in peanut seed and 3.6 mg/kg in corn seed. Two A. flavus isolates produced 3.8 to 5.4 mg/kg B1 in peanut seed, and 2.2 mg/kg in corn seed. Overall, the mean B1 production was about 10 times higher on peanut seed than on corn seed. However, more G1 was produced on soybean seed than B1. The isolate and the substrate are apparent limiting factors in aflatoxin production. Peanut seed accumulated more aflatoxin than corn or soybean seed when inoculated with the same isolates and incubated under similar conditions.
Irrigation Scheduling Based on Evaporation and Crop Water Requirement for Summer Peanuts1
Authors: Pahalwan D. K. , Tripathi R. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiment was conducted during dry season of 1981 and 1982 to determine the optimal irrigation schedule for summer peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in relation to evaporative demand and crop water requirement at different growth stages. It was observed that peanut crop requires a higher irrigation frequency schedule during pegging to pod formation stage followed by pod development to maturity and planting to flowering stages. The higher pod yield and water use efficiency was obtained when irrigations were scheduled at an irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation ratio of 0.5 during planting to flowering, 0.9 during pegging to pod formation and 0.7 during pod development to maturity stage. The profile water contribution to total crop water use was higher under less frequent irrigation schedules particularly when the irrigations were scheduled at 0.5 irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation ratio up to the pod formation stage.
Changes in Free Amino Acids and Sugars of Peanuts During Oil Roasting1
Authors: Oupadissakoon Chintana , Young Clyde T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Changes in free amino acids and sugars during oil roasting of peanuts at a temperature of 147C (9–14 min) were investigated. While a majority of the free amino acids decreased as a result of the roasting treatment, glutamic acid and peptide-cysteine showed the largest percent decreases (59.5% and 83.5% respectively). Alanine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, unknown (4)-tyrosine showed only small changes. Typical flavor precursors (the sum of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, peptide, phenylalanine, and histidine) decreased about 57% during roasting while atypical flavor precursors (the sum of threonine, tyrosine, lysine, and arginine) dercreased slightly. The sugar data were variable, but on the average significantly decreased 8%.