bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Military Expenditure – Economic Growth Nexus Revisited: Evidence from the United Kingdom
Authors: Hanson Robert , Jeon Joo Young 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The relationship between government defence expenditure and economic growth is a debated topic. This study uses UK data for the period of 1960–2012 and applies two of the most prevailing theories used within the literature, the ‘Feder-Ram’ and the ‘augmented Solow’ models, to assess this question. We utilise traditional model specifications, alongside extensively altered versions of both models, enabling a comprehensive comparison between them. The alterations to the models include re-evaluating how core variables are expressed, inclusion of measures of conflict, the impact of recession, etc. The results show that the augmented Solow model outperforms the Feder-Ram model, and we provide some explanations for this result. In addition, our results suggest that military expenditure has a positive effect on economic growth within the UK, implying that the decision to reduce defence spending may have been detrimental to the UK economy.
Can a Basic Income Make the Digital Revolution More Sustainable and Inclusive?
Authors: Menegatti Emanuele 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We are currently unsure whether the digital revolution will herald the end of work or whether it represents another evolutionary phase, similar to previous industrial revolutions. However, the changes in work brought about by AI and automation are already exerting negative impacts on both employment and people’s income. In this context, this article delves into the potential role of social law in mitigating these adverse effects. With this objective in mind, the author advocates for a departure from our current model of social inclusion in favour of broader income support mechanisms. The author expounds on how a universal basic income could contribute to steering the digital revolution with the aim of facilitating a more inclusive and effective transition into the digital era.
The Legal Situation of Operators of Essential Services and Digital Service Providers in the Provisions of the Act of 5 July 2018 on the National Cybersecurity System
Authors: Etel Maciej 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Act of 5 July 2018 on the National Cybersecurity System and its accompanying executive regulations have introduced into Polish law the provisions of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union (UE) 2016/1148. The fundamental reason for these regulations was to establish a coherent system to ensure the cyber security of the Republic of Poland with accordance to standards adopted for European Union Member States. This paper presents the legal situation of operators of essential services and digital service providers that was created by the provisions of the ANCS. The ANCS not only identifies operators of essential services, digital service providers, and their assigned obligations, but also addresses the competent authorities’ tasks of supervising, inspecting and imposing penalties within the cyber security system. The findings, assessments and conclusions presented here are based on the interpretation of the provisions of the ANCS and are supported by prominent claims of academic representatives. The analyses contained within this paper aim to show that despite the comprehensible and contemporary ratio legis – which falls within the framework of pursuing the state of digital safety – the provisions of the ANCS require adjustments that acknowledge the legal situation of operators of essential services and digital service providers.
Trade Secrets in the Digital Age: How Do the Measures Provided for in EU Law Face the Challenges of Protecting an Employer’s Trade Secrets against Unauthorised Acquisition, Use and Disclosure by Its Employees?
Authors: Korycińska-Rządca Paulina 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
One of the natural consequences of the development of technology is that an entrepreneur’s confidential information, including trade secrets, is commonly stored in electronic files. This form of information storage inevitably entails challenges in the area of its protection. The coronavirus pandemic has drastically accelerated the process of dissemination of new models of employment, in particular remote (distance) work and cloud working, and has made the protection of an entrepreneur’s secrets against unauthorised use even more complicated. This is due to the fact that in such models of employment, employees obtain access to their employer’s data remotely, which may decrease the employer’s level of control. To remedy this, employers may undertake various steps aimed at ensuring that their secrets are well protected; however, such actions may affect the free movement and mobility of workers. The purpose of this article is to verify how, in these circumstances, the measures provided for in EU law face the challenges of protecting an employer’s secrets against unauthorised use by employees and how they define the scope to which they can be applied without the abuse of employees’ rights and unjustified restrictions on their mobility. For that purpose, the author analyses in particular Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the Protection of Undisclosed Know-How and Business Information (Trade Secrets) against Their Unlawful Acquisition, Use and Disclosure. This research is based mainly on the dogmatic method of analysis.
The Digitalisation of Tools for Workers’ Representation in Europe and Spain: A First Approach
Authors: Boto Jose Maria Miranda , Brameshuber Elisabeth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The unstoppable digitalisation of work also brings with it alterations at the collective level of labour relations. On the one hand, the dispersal of the workforce entails the breaking of traditional ties of proximity, which engendered solidarity among workers. On the other hand, however, new technologies can contribute decisively to the development of representation activity, also being a fruitful field for collective bargaining. Through a synthetic examination of comparative law, several of these possibilities are presented, and how they fit with Spanish law is analysed. Among the subjects addressed are digital tools that can favour tasks in representation. In addition to the legislative dimension, the study takes into account the latest developments in jurisprudence and collective bargaining.
Changes in categorization or nomenclature within neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Vocino Trucco Giulia , Volante Marco 
Published: May 2024

Graphical abstract

Abstract
The 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is built to achieve a uniform terminology and to define a similar diagnostic scheme across different anatomic locations. Since the 4th edition, a chapter discussing NENs in nonneuroendocrine organs has been introduced, which proposes a binary system for classification segregating well-differentiated neoplasms, termed neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and poorly differentiated neoplasms, termed neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). A grading system for NETs is based on mitotic index and/or Ki-67 index and/or necrosis, depending on the different locations. Although this approach has been already well established in the digestive system, it modifies and homogenizes the classification of NENs in the urinary tract, in female genital organs, and in the male genital system. In the lung and thymus, the double terminology of carcinoid/NET, already introduced in the 5th edition of the WHO classification of thoracic tumors, is endorsed. This approach undoubtedly helps the multidisciplinary approach for the diagnosis and clinical management of patients affected by these neoplasms, without losing site-specific characteristics that influence the clinical and biological behavior of tumors in different anatomical sites. Other major advances of the new WHO scheme are the homogenization of epidemiological data and the correct integration of data from prospective future studies aimed at the definition of molecular profiles and at the identification of tumor type-specific and patient-specific therapeutic approaches.
Precious Metals in the Holocene Sediments of the Chukchi Sea
Authors: Астахова Н.В. , Колесник О.Н. , Астахов А.С. , Ши С. , Ху Л. , Алаторцев А.В. 
Published: May 2024

Изучено распределение золота, серебра и элементов платиновой группы (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru) в двух колонках донных осадков южной части Чукотского моря. Установлено значительное обогащение этими элементами, за исключением Ru и Rh голоценовых пелит-алевритовых осадков с возрастом до 4 тыс. лет, относительно их кларка в земной коре. При электронно-микрозондовом анализе самородные минералы серебра встречены по всем пробам, минералы золота только в поверхностном слое осадков колонки, наиболее близкой к побережью Чукотки. При анализе данных по химическому составу, гранулометрии, содержания органического вещества с использованием методов многокомпонентной статистики обосновано накопление благородных металлов в кластогенной и хемогенной формах. Аномально высокое содержание золота 0.3 г/т в современных осадках вблизи побережья Чукотки, возможно, обусловлено дополнительным выносом его с материка из-за разработки россыпных месторождений на суше.
We studied the distribution of gold, silver, and platinum group elements (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, and Ru) in two bottom sediment cores of the southern Chukchi Sea. It is shown that the Holocene pelite–silty sediments with an age of up to 4.0 ka BP are significantly enriched in these elements, except for Ru and Rh, relative to their clarkes. Native silver minerals were found in all samples by probe microanalysis, whereas gold minerals were revealed only in the surface layer of the sediment core closest to the Chukchi Sea coast. Multicomponent statistical analysis of the chemical composition and grain size of the sediments and the content of organic matter in them has led to the conclusion about the accumulation of clastogenic and chemogenic forms of precious metals. The abnormally high content of gold (0.3 ppm) in the recent sediments near the Chukchi Peninsula coast might be due to its additional removal from the continent as a result of the placer mining there.
New Nomos of the Earth? Perspectives of the Order in the Age of Chaos
Authors: Okoński Jan 
Published: May 2024

The article “The New Nomos of the Earth? Perspectives of the Order in the age of chaos” by Jan Okoński presents the concept of Nomos and its interpretations against the background of a changing global order. The author presented an analysis of the Nomos as a symbol of justice (similar to such ideas as: ius, maat, and tao) and Carl Schmitt’s analysis of this term, which is important from the point of view of the philosophy of law. Nomos is word derived from ancient Greek, a concept that somehow unites the plane of factuality and the plane of validity of law. In the word Nomos, there is contained, a strange, paradoxical union of violence and justice. The Italian philosopher and researcher of the thought of C. Schmitt, Giorgio Agamben, has pointed out that Hobbes’s sovereign is the only one that remains in a state of nature, retaining his “ius contra omnes”, we may say, perhaps along similar lines to the states in the UN Security Council. These considerations are set against the background of the former China-centred system of international relations in Asia and the current attempts to transform the global order. Nomos is proving to be an ever-present concept that, although not as popular as other ideas from ancient Greece, casts clear light on issues of the validity of law in general and helps to make the evolution of the global order easier to understand. Through the prism of the concept of Nomos, it can be seen that the old world order, crystallised by the Europeans, can be marginalised by the change of the global power relations. This is not a new process, for it has already occurred in history. It is clear from the content of the article that law has appeared, since ancient times, to be paradoxically linked to violence and the possibility of initiating it.
Antimicrobial resistance trends among Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with urinary tract infections in Crete, Greece, 2017–2022
Authors: Maraki Sofia , Mavromanolaki Viktoria Eirini , Stafylaki Dimitra , Iliaki-Giannakoudaki Evangelia , Kasimati Anna 
Published: May 2024

AbstractKlebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most prevalent bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). Its increasing resistance to a wide array of antibiotics limits available treatment options. This study investigated the characteristics and trends of antimicrobial resistance in K. pneumoniae isolated from UTIs in Crete, Greece, during 2017 and 2022. Among the 11,946 Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urine specimens, a total of 1,771 K. pneumoniae isolates were identified (14.8%), with an isolation frequency secondary to Escherichia coli (66.3%). K. pneumoniae isolates increased over the years, with a peak in the year 2022. Higher resistance rates were detected in ciprofloxacin (41%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) (38.1%) and nitrofurantoin (33.9%). Resistance to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, tigecycline, and TMP/SMX significantly increased from 33.7%, 24%, 6%, and 33.1%, respectively, over the years 2017–2019, to 47.8%, 34.2%, 14.3% and 42.8%, respectively, over the period 2020–2022. ESBL production and carbapenem resistance were decreased by 2.2% and 3.7%, respectively, over the two three-year periods (2017–2019 and 2020–2022). Among the 278 carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates, 164 (59%), 66 (23.7%), 18 (6.5%) and 16 (5.8%) were positive for KPC, NDM, VIM and OXA-48 enzymes, respectively. Only 14 (5%) isolates harboured two carbapenemase genes, namely 10 (3.6%) both blaNDM and blaVIM, and 4 (1.4%) both blaKPC and blaNDM. Females, inpatients and the elderly were more frequently affected by CRKP. The frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were 32.6% and 7.7%, respectively. Continuous surveillance of local microbial prevalence and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns provide critical information to guide the empiric therapy for UTIs and control the spread of MDR bacteria.
Antioxidant, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of onion (Allium cepa) and shallot (Allium oscalonicum L.) in food ingredients
Authors: Vichaibun V. , Sophonnithiprasert T. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBoth onion and shallot are the most common ingredients to use for many recipes. Consuming onion and shallot provide health benefits including antidiabetic effects. However, the benefits of onion and shallot mixture at different ratios have not been studied in terms of total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and antidiabetic effects. Our study revealed that shallot significantly increased total phenolic content in the mixture from 492 ± 32 μg mL−1 (100% v/v onion) to 803 ± 24 μg mL−1 (100% v/v shallot) depending on the ratios of shallot in the mixture. Shallot also significantly enhanced total antioxidant capacity, SOD-like activity, α-amylase inhibition, and α-glucosidase inhibition in the mixture. Shallot juice exhibited the highest percentage inhibition of α-amylase activity (40.51 ± 1.57%) and α-glucosidase activity (89.61 ± 2.85%) in comparison to those of onion juice and the mixture. In addition, significant positive correlation between phenolic compound and different variables was observed (P < 0.05). Phenolic compounds present in onion and shallot are probably responsible for many health benefits including antidiabetic effects.
Linking Basement Membrane and Slit Diaphragm in Drosophila Nephrocytes
Authors: Leroy Claire , Lang Konrad , Spitz Dominik , Milosavljevic Julian , Heinkele Helena , Kayser Séverine , Helmstädter Martin , Walz Gerd , Ulbrich Maximilian H. , Hermle Tobias 
Published: May 2024

Key Points

Drosophila nephrocytes feature a special basement membrane that may serve to model joint function of the glomerular filtration barrier.Silencing of Drosophila laminin and collagen IV genes reduced the density of slit diaphragms in nephrocytes, showing a direct effect of the matrix.Matrix receptor silencing phenocopied basement membrane disruption, indicating that the matrix guides slit diaphragm position through matrix receptors.

Background
The glomerular basement membrane and the slit diaphragm are essential parts of the filtration barrier. How these layers collaborate remains unclear. The podocyte-like nephrocytes in Drosophila harbor both a slit diaphragm and a basement membrane, serving as a model to address this critical question.

Methods
Basement membrane components and matrix receptors were silenced using RNA interference in nephrocytes. Slit diaphragms were analyzed using immunofluorescence, followed by automated quantification. Tracer endocytosis was applied for functional readouts.

Results
Immunofluorescence indicated a significant reduction in slit diaphragm density upon loss of laminin and collagen IV components. This was accompanied by reduced expression of fly nephrin and shallower membrane invaginations. Tracer studies revealed that the basement membrane defines properties of the nephrocyte filtration barrier. Acute enzymatic disruption of the basement membrane via collagenase rapidly caused slit diaphragm mislocalization and disintegration, which was independent of cell death. Loss of matrix-interacting receptors, particularly integrins mys and mew, phenocopied basement membrane disruption. Integrins and nephrin colocalized at the slit diaphragm in nephrocytes in a mutually dependent manner, interacting genetically. Human integrin α3 interacted physically with nephrin.

Conclusions
The glomerular basement membrane model in Drosophila nephrocytes reveals that matrix receptor–mediated cues ensure correct positioning of the slit diaphragm and the overall filtration barrier architecture.
The Impact of Personalisation Algorithms on Consumer Engagement and Purchase Behaviour in AI-Enhanced Virtual Shopping Assistants
Authors: Misra Ruhi Rachna , Kapoor Shikha , Sanjeev M A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Algorithms are increasingly used in consumer-oriented decision-making, and understanding how customers respond to them is crucial. The research is grounded in self-determination theory and aims to identify AI algorithm variables that affect consumers' decision-making. These can improve consumers' pleasure, and engagement and boost revenue by increasing customer loyalty. Online shopping involves making purchases through the internet, following a five-phase process. Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing customer engagement by providing tailored experiences and insights. Generative and conversational AI can generate product recommendations, while AI-driven systems offer advantages for both businesses and consumers, boosting sales, and customer satisfaction, and optimizing the shopping process. The study uses Social Exchange Theory (SET) and Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) to study how AI-powered technology can benefit consumers by offering personalized recommendations and quick service.
According to the study, different roles played by algorithmic agents have different impacts on consumers' purchasing decisions. This is consistent with the inverted U-shaped hypothesis. Purchase decisions made by customers have the most influence when algorithmic decision-making autonomy is at a medium degree. The psychological processes and behavioral attitudes of customers towards AI services and buying decisions must be understood. It recommends businesses prioritize personalized algorithm design and raise users' self-efficacy to maintain control over the purchasing process. Understanding customer engagement and balancing AI and human interaction can improve customer engagement strategies and satisfaction.
A generalized computer vision model for improved glaucoma screening using fundus images
Authors: Chaurasia Abadh , Liu Guei-Sheung , Greatbatch Connor , Gharahkhani Puya , Craig Jamie , Mackey David , MacGregor Stuart , Hewitt Alex 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
Worldwide, glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Timely detection is paramount yet challenging, particularly in resource-limited settings. A novel, computer vision-based model for glaucoma screening using fundus images could enhance early and accurate disease detection. Herein, we developed and validated a generalized deep-learning-based algorithm for screening glaucoma using fundus images.
Methods
The glaucomatous fundus data were collected from 20 publicly accessible databases worldwide, resulting in 18,468 images from multiple clinical settings, of which 10,900 were classified as healthy and 7,568 as glaucoma. All the data were evaluated and downsized to fit the model's input requirements. The potential model was selected from 20 pre-trained models and trained on the whole dataset except Drishti-GS. The best-performing model was further trained for classifying healthy and glaucomatous fundus images using Fastai and PyTorch libraries. The model's performance was compared against the actual class using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, and the F1-score.
Results
The high discriminative ability of the best-performing model was evaluated on a dataset comprising 1,364 glaucomatous discs and 2,047 healthy discs. The model reflected robust performance metrics, with an AUROC of 0.9920 (95% CI: 0.9920 to 0.9921) for both the glaucoma and healthy classes. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-scores were consistently higher than 0.9530 for both classes. The model performed well on an external validation set of the Drishti-GS dataset, with an AUROC of 0.8751 and an accuracy of 0.8713.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated the high efficacy of our classification model in distinguishing between glaucomatous and healthy discs. However, the model's accuracy slightly dropped when evaluated on unseen data, indicating potential inconsistencies among the datasets—the model needs to be refined and validated on larger, more diverse datasets to ensure reliability and generalizability. Despite this, our model can be utilized for screening glaucoma at the population level.