bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ce qui engendre la corruption : une analyse microéconomique sur données africaines
Authors: Lavallée Emmanuelle , Razafindrakoto Mireille , Roubaud François 
Published: January 2011

Résumé	Quels sont les individus les plus enclins à recourir à la corruption ? À qui demande-t-on des pots-de-vin ? Qui en paye ? Cet article explore ces problématiques à partir d’un riche corpus d’enquêtes-ménages comparables réalisées sur un continent où la corruption sévit avec beaucoup d’acuité : les enquêtes Afrobaromètre . Afin de répondre à ces questions, il s’interroge également sur les caractéristiques des utilisateurs des services publics en Afrique. Notre article apporte des résultats nouveaux tant sur la propension à corrompre et l’exposition à la corruption que sur les déterminants de l’utilisation des services publics. Nos estimations montrent notamment que les facteurs d’appartenance ethnique, traditionnellement mis en avant en Afrique, ne jouent pas un rôle aussi clair sur la corruption que ne le suggère la littérature.	Classification JEL : D73 ; H4, H31
Impact de la fragmentation sociale sur la production de biens publics : polarisation et patronage en Uttar Pradesh et au Bihar, Inde
Authors: Bros Catherine 
Published: January 2011

Résumé De nombreux travaux théoriques ont mis en lumière la relation négative entre la fragmentation sociale et la production de biens publics. Les résultats empiriques semblent plus mitigés. Dans cet article nous explorons un fait souvent ignoré par la littérature : la possibilité qu’il existe du patronage de caste dans l’accès aux biens publics, qui pourrait induire une relation positive entre la fragmentation sociale et la présence de biens publics. Nos résultats indiquent que si la fragmentation sociale doit avoir un effet, ce dernier est majoritairement positif. En revanche la polarisation n’a aucun effet ce qui contredit l’idée sous-jacente à la littérature selon laquelle la fragmentation sociale induit des rivalités qui gênent la production de biens publics. Enfin nous tentons d’établir que l’appartenance à la caste dominante du village modifie la probabilité d’accès aux biens publics pour le foyer. Si tel est le cas, nos résultats renforceraient l’hypothèse du patronage. Classification JEL : H4, O1, O2
Un autre viking dans le prétoire
Authors: Lecomte Franck 
Published: January 2011

Le même jour, le Parlement danois adopte deux lois. La première crée un registre international autorisant les armateurs, dont le navire est inscrit sur ce registre, à employer des travailleurs résidant en dehors de l’UE à des conditions d’emploi régies par le droit de leur pays d’origine. La seconde vise à accorder diverses exonérations fiscales aux marins employés sur ces navires. S’appuyant sur les dispositions relatives aux aides d’État, un syndicat conteste la légalité de ces dernières mesures et forme par la suite un recours contre la décision de la Commission de ne pas soulever d’objections à l’égard de ces exonérations. Le présent arrêt examine l’appel formé contre l’ordonnance de rejet du TPI et se distingue pour trois motifs. En premier lieu, la Cour de justice (ex-CJCE) traite avec la plus grande diligence l’exception d’irrecevabilité soulevée par la Commission. Elle choisit en effet de statuer sur la recevabilité de l’action syndicale avant de renvoyer l’affaire devant le Tribunal (ex-TPI). Recevoir la demande fournit un instrument supplémentaire dans la « boîte à outils » syndicale et équivaut à reconnaître, en droit, la légitimité des représentants des travailleurs à participer à l’élaboration des politiques de l’emploi. En second lieu, le Tribunal devra se prononcer sur le fond du litige. L’examen de la procédure appropriée permet d’examiner de nouveau certains aspects relatifs à la compatibilité des politiques nationales de l’emploi à l’aune des dispositions relatives aux aides d’État. En dernier lieu, la nouvelle mention de l’article 151 TFUE (ex-136 TCE) mérite une attention particulière. Considéré comme une des pierres angulaires de la politique de l’emploi de l’Union, le caractère « programmatique » de cet énoncé l’a malgré tout confiné à un second rôle dans le système juridique de l’Union. La Cour semble avoir progressivement évolué sur cette question, puisque ce dispositif est désormais invocable afin de mettre en pratique la dualité d’objectifs de l’Union. À la suite de la récente saga du droit de l’emploi, l’examen de cette question, à partir de la présente décision, est une opportunité supplémentaire d’explorer à la fois l’utilisation qui est faite de cet énoncé dans le modèle argumentatif de la Cour et la dimension sociale de l’édifice juridique de l’Union.
Le marché des noms de domaine à l'aube du « Big bang » de la libéralisation
Authors: Barbet Philippe 
Published: January 2011

Les noms de domaine font l’objet d’achats et de ventes et ce marché devient de plus en plus important. La création de nouveaux noms de domaine de premier niveau est contrôlée par une organisation en monopole : l’Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). La politique de cette organisation repose sur une forte rareté de l’offre qui crée de nombreuses rentes que nous précisons dans la première partie en distinguant le marché de premier enregistrement de celui de la revente de noms de domaine. La réforme en cours dans le domaine de la création de nouveaux noms de premier niveau va considérablement modifier les règles de ce marché en libéralisant l’offre. Cet article examine dans un second temps les conditions et les conséquences, notamment sur la concurrence et pour les possesseurs de marques, de cette modification profonde des règles du jeu.
Genetic Traits of Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head Analyzed by Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Hwang Jung-Taek , Baik Seung-Ho , Choi Jin-Soo , Lee Kweon-Haeng , Rhee Seung-Koo 
Published: January 2011

In an attempt to observe the genetic traits of avascular necrosis of the femoral head, we analyzed the genomic alterations in blood samples of 18 patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head (9 idiopathic and 9 alcoholic cases) using the array comparative genomic hybridization method and real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Several candidate genes were identified that may induce avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and we investigated their role in the pathomechanism of osteonecrosis of bone. The frequency of each candidate gene over all the categories of avascular necrosis of the femoral head was also calculated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The highest frequency specific genes in each category were FLJ40296, CYP27C1, and CTDP1. FLJ40296 and CYP27C1 had the highest frequency (55.6%) in the idiopathic category. FLJ40296 had a high frequency (44.4%) in the alcoholic category, but CYP27C1 had a relatively low frequency (33.3%) in the alcoholic category. However, CTDP1 showed a significantly high frequency (55.6%) in the alcoholic category and a low frequency (22.2%) in the idiopathic category.
Although we statistically analyzed the frequency of each gene with Fisher’s exact test, we could not prove statistical significance due to the small number of samples. Further studies are needed with larger sample numbers. If the causal genes of avascular necrosis of the femoral head are found, they may be used for early detection, prognosis prediction, and genomic treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in the future.
Mid-Term Survivorship Results for a Rotating-Platform Knee Prosthesis
Authors: Goldstein Wayne M. , Gordon Alexander C. , Youderian Ari , Branson Jill J. , Murphy Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2011

Interest in mobile-bearing knee prostheses is increasing in the US market. We studied results at 2 to 5 years with a mobile-bearing system that includes a cobalt–chrome tibial tray and femoral component with a polyethylene cruciate-retaining tibial component insert that allows rotation around a central axis and can be used with cruciate-retaining or posterior-stabilized femoral components. The inserts used in this study were cruciate retaining and did not include the posterior-stabilized design. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the function and safety of this prosthesis along with the lack of spinout, which is a major concern in the mobile-bearing knee.
Four hundred thirty-five knees constituted the study cohort and underwent survivorship analysis and complication reporting. Routine clinic evaluations included pre- and postoperative radiographs and Knee Society knee and function scores at 6 and 12 weeks and every 2 years. The most recent follow-up data within 2 to 5 years was included for the study along with survey data. Flexion at most recent follow-up averaged 125°. Knee Society score at most recent visit averaged 88 of 100. Knee Society function score averaged 83 of 100. Radiographic results were available for 226 knees, with 97.3% assessed as normal and 6 with these issues: patella stress fracture (3), aseptic tibial loosening (1), patellar osteolysis (1), and patella aseptic loosening (1). In comparison with the fixed-bearing knee equivalent, this mobile-bearing knee demonstrated at least equivalent results in terms of survivorship, function, and patient satisfaction in the short- and mid-term.
An Algorithmic Approach to Surgical Decision Making in Acetabular Retroversion
Authors: Peters Christopher L. , Anderson Lucas A. , Erickson Jill A. , Anderson Andrew E. , Weiss Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2011

The optimum treatment for the young adult patient with symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement due predominately to acetabular retroversion remains unknown. The retroversion deformity can be associated with a volumetrically deficient or sufficient acetabulum based on the adequacy of lateral and posterior coverage. We prospectively collected clinical data from 2001 to 2006 on 60 hips with symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement that had radiographic evidence of acetabular retroversion defined as a crossover sign on an adequate anteroposterior radiograph or retroversion on magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Our treatment algorithm for acetabular retroversion used measurements of acetabular coverage (lateral center edge angle and the posterior wall sign) and condition of acetabular cartilage to direct treatment of acetabular retroversion. The algorithm directed the surgeon to perform a periacetabular osteotomy in 30 hips and a surgical dislocation and osteochondroplasty of the femoral head–neck junction and acetabular rim in 30 hips.Harris Hip Score improved from 52 to 90 in the hips treated with surgical dislocation and osteochondroplasty and 72 to 91 in the hips treated with periacetabular osteotomy, with an overall survivorship of 96% at 4 years. Patient follow-up averaged 46 months (range, 24–75 months). Elimination of the crossover sign and correction of the posterior wall sign occurred in >90% of all patients when present. The results indicate that hips with acetabular retroversion, deficient posterior and/or lateral acetabular coverage, and intact hyaline cartilage can be effectively treated with acetabular reorientation, while retroverted hips with anterior overcoverage but sufficient posterior coverage are effectively treated with osteochondroplasty of the acetabulum and proximal femur.
Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Accelerates Chondrocytic Phenotype Expression on Chitosan Substrate
Authors: Chang Shih-Hsin , Hsiao Yi-Wei , Lin Hsin-Yi 
Published: January 2011

To find whether low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields help repair larger cartilage defects with the assistance of tissue-engineered scaffolds, we tested their effect on the behavior of chondrocyte cells cultured on chitosan films. Primary porcine chondrocytes growing on chitosan films were exposed to low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (frequency=75 Hz; impulse width=1.3 ms; strength=1.8-3 mT) 2 hours a day for 3 weeks. The cells that were not exposed to low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields served as controls. For 3 weeks, cell proliferation, viability, and expressions of type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan were measured weekly. Cell morphology and histological stains of glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen were performed at the end of the test. The cell proliferation and viability of the low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields group and the control were similar each week. By the end of the third week, cells in the low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields group deposited 28% more glycosaminoglycan than the control cells. The amounts of type II collagen deposited in the low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields group were 24% and 27% higher than those of the control group by week 2 and 3, respectively. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the releases of glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen. Cells from both groups grew in aggregates and possessed a spherical shape after 3 weeks.These results suggest that low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields can enhance extracellular matrix production on chitosan substrate. Combining tissue engineering and low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields could further accelerate cartilage repair.
Hip Pain as Initial Presentation for Varicella-Zoster Infection in an Adolescent Male
Authors: Micucci Chad Joseph , Nease Emily Kathryn , Tuten Hans Robert 
Published: January 2011

Hip pain and varicella infections are common diagnoses affecting children and adolescents. Hip pain in childhood can be a challenging presenting complaint for the pediatrician or orthopedic physician. The differential diagnosis is broad, and ranges from benign conditions, such as transient synovitis and muscle strains, to more serious infections or malignancies. Acute hip pain is usually referred to an orthopedic surgeon, and the principal concern is to distinguish infection of the hip joint or pelvis from an irritable hip or musculoskeletal pain.
The Varicella-zoster virus, a member of the herpes virus family, often presents as a generalized, pruritic, vesicular rash. The primary infection is commonly known as chickenpox. The prevalence of varicella infections has decreased significantly over the past decade with use of the varicella vaccine. Reactivation of varicella infection, or herpes zoster, in patients younger than 20 years is seen in only 68 per 100,000 people.
Hip pain as the presenting symptom for onset of a herpes zoster infection is rare. This article presents a case of herpes zoster infection with initial presentation of hip pain in a 13-year-old boy. This case highlights the difficulty in diagnosing atraumatic joint pain in the pediatric population. The clinical importance of a thoughtful differential diagnosis, and the necessity of close follow-up by a pediatrician and/or orthopedic surgeon until there is a confirmed diagnosis cannot be overstated.
Artiflex Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation After Corneal Collagen Cross-linking in Keratoconic Eyes
Authors: Izquierdo Luis , Henriquez Maria A. , McCarthy Martin 
Published: January 2011

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and stability of the Artiflex (Ophtec BV) foldable anterior iris-claw phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) following corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in select cases of progressive keratoconus.

METHODS:

This prospective, comparative study, conducted between March 2007 and June 2008, involved 11 eyes with progressive keratoconus. Inclusion criteria were progressive keratoconus (Amsler-Krumeich classification grades I and II) with no corneal opacities, corneal thickness >450 μm, endothelial cell count >2500 cells/mm
2
, anterior chamber depth >3.2 mm, spherical equivalent refraction >4.50 diopters (D) (with a cylinder component <2.00 D), and no other treatment for keratoconus other than contact lens. Each patient underwent CXL in the keratoconic eye with implantation of the Artiflex IOL 6 months thereafter. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and refraction and topographic profiles were examined at 1, 6, and 12 months after the CXL procedure.

RESULTS:

All eyes achieved UDVA of 0.3 logMAR or better. Final spherical and cylindrical error ranged from 0 to −1.50 D and 0 to −1.75 D, respectively. No eyes lost lines of preoperative CDVA. Statistically significant reductions in mean maximum (2.14 D,
P
<.001) and minimum (1.17 D,
P
=.02) keratometry values were present 12 months after the CXL procedure. No complications were observed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Combined CXL and Artiflex implantation was a safe and effective treatment in this subset of eyes with progressive keratoconus. Good results in terms of visual acuity, postoperative residual refractive error, and keratometry values were identified.
Automated Donor Tissue Preparation for Descemet Membrane Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMAEK): An Experimental Study
Authors: Kymionis George D. , Yoo Sonia H. , Diakonis Vasilios F. , Grentzelos Michael A. , Naoumidi Irini , Pallikaris Ioannis G. 
Published: January 2011

Background and Objective:
Graft harvesting for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) occurs manually and demonstrates surgical difficulties. In the current study, a mechanical automated technique for preparing a donor Descemet membrane (DM) carrying autologous endothelium for DMEK was evaluated.

Materials and Methods:
Ten rabbit corneas were placed on an artificial anterior chamber and mechanical separation of the DM was conducted using an Epi-keratome (Senturium; Norwood Abbey EyeCare, Victoria, Australia). All DM specimens were properly fixated and optical microscopy was performed.

Results:
DM separation was achieved in a controlled fashion in 7 of 10 eyes. As demonstrated by optical microscopy of the specimens, no corneal stroma was attached on the DM, whereas the endothelial layer was preserved in several areas.

Conclusion:
Automated separation of the DM can be achieved using an Epi-keratome. Additional studies and improvements of the current technique are needed to draw final conclusions.
Concurrent Allorecognition Has a Limited Impact on Posttransplant Vaccination
Authors: Manzo Teresa , Hess Michelini Rodrigo , Basso Veronica , Ricupito Alessia , Chai Jian-Guo , Simpson Elizabeth , Bellone Matteo , Mondino Anna 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells with or without immunocompetent lymphocytes has proved a successful strategy in the treatment of hematological malignancies. We have recently shown that this approach can also cure mouse prostate cancer, provided that it is combined with tumor-specific vaccination. Whether the response to alloantigens acts by providing helper function to enhance vaccine-specific responses or in other ways impinges on vaccine immunogenicity remains to be clarified, and this question is of clinical relevance. In this study, we have addressed this issue by comparing the immunogenicity of dendritic cells pulsed with a peptide derived from a tumor/viral model Ag in recipients of donor cells either syngeneic to the host or differing for either Y-encoded or multiple minor H antigens. We report that vaccination elicits comparable proliferation and differentiation of peptide-specific CD8+ T cells despite concurrent expansion and differentiation of minor H antigen-specific IFN-γ effector T cells. Depletion of alloreactive CD4+ T cells reduced alloreactivity but not vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell priming, suggesting that alloresponses do not provide helper functions in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Vaccine-mediated T cell priming was also preserved in the case of multiple minor H antigen disparities, prone to graft-versus-host disease. Thus, in the context of nonmyeloablative allotransplantation aimed at restoring an effective tumor-specific T cell repertoire, minor H antigen-specific T cells do not interfere with vaccine-induced T cell priming, supporting the notion that posttransplant vaccination is a valuable strategy to boost tumor and pathogen-specific protective immunity.
Invariant NKT Cells Inhibit Autoreactive B Cells in a Contact- and CD1d-Dependent Manner
Authors: Yang Jun-Qi , Wen Xiangshu , Kim Peter J. , Singh Ram Raj 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAutoantibody production is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Accumulating evidence suggests a role of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in their pathogenesis. Mechanisms underlying the role of iNKT cells in these diseases, however, remain unclear. In this study, we show that iNKT cells suppress IgG anti-DNA Ab and rheumatoid factor production and reduce IL-10–secreting B cells in a contact-dependent manner, but increase total IgG production and enhance activation markers on B cells via soluble factors. In vivo reconstitution with iNKT cells also reduces autoantibody production in iNKT-deficient mice and in SCID mice implanted with B cells. Using an anti-DNA transgenic model, we found that autoreactive B cells spontaneously produce IL-10 and are activated in vivo. In the presence of activated iNKT cells, these autoreactive B cells are selectively reduced, whereas nonautoreactive B cells are markedly activated. Because iNKTs recognize CD1d, we reasoned that CD1d might play a role in the differential regulation of autoreactive versus nonautoreactive B cells by iNKT cells. Indeed, autoreactive B cells express more CD1d than nonautoreactive B cells, and CD1d deficiency in lupus mice exacerbates autoantibody production and enhances Ab response to a self-peptide but not to a foreign peptide. Importantly, iNKT cells fail to inhibit autoantibody production by CD1d-deficient B cells. Thus, iNKT cells inhibit autoreactive B cells in a contact- and CD1d-dependent manner but activate nonautoreactive B cells via cytokines. Such ability of iNKTs to suppress autoantibody production, without causing global suppression of B cells, has important implications for the development of iNKT-based therapy for autoimmune diseases.
Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Control Humoral Autoimmunity by Suppressing the Development of Long-Lived Plasma Cells
Authors: Jang Eunkyeong , Cho Wang Sik , Cho Mi-La , Park Hyun-Joo , Oh Hye-Joa , Kang Sang Mee , Paik Doo-Jin , Youn Jeehee 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFoxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for maintaining T cell tolerance, but their role in humoral autoimmunity remains unclear. To address this, we combined a model of autoantibody-dependent arthritis (K/BxN) with Foxp3 mutant scurfy mice to generate Treg-deficient K/BxN mice, referred to as K/BxNsf mice. The disease symptoms of K/BxNsf mice were exacerbated, and this coincided with increases in extrafollicular Th cells, follicular Th cells, and germinal centers. Surprisingly, the K/BxNsf mice exhibited an abnormal accumulation of mature plasma cells in their spleens and a corresponding loss of bone marrow plasma cells. The plasma cells were unresponsive to the bone marrow homing chemokine CXCL12, despite normal expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Importantly, they were long-lived and less susceptible to the cytotoxic action of cyclophosphamide. They also expressed less FcγRIIb and were less apoptotic in response to autoantigen–autoantibody immune complexes. This suggests that Tregs control plasma cell susceptibility to cell death induced by engagement of FcγRIIb with immune complexes. Direct cytotoxic effects of Tregs also contribute to the death of plasma cells. Thus, our results reveal that Tregs suppress the emergence of long-lived splenic plasma cells by affecting plasma cell-autonomous mechanisms as well as T cell help, thereby avoiding the persistence of humoral autoimmunity.