bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolomics and Cardiovascular Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Rhee Eugene P , Gerszten Robert E 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Metabolomics, the systematic analysis of low molecular weight biochemical compounds in a biological specimen, has been increasingly applied to biomarker discovery.

CONTENT
Because no single analytical method can accommodate the chemical diversity of the entire metabolome, various methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) have been employed, with the latter coupled to an array of separation techniques including gas and liquid chromatography. Whereas NMR can provide structural information and absolute quantification for select metabolites without the use of exogenous standards, MS tends to have much higher analytical sensitivity, enabling broader surveys of the metabolome. Both NMR and MS can be used to characterize metabolite data either in a targeted manner or in a nontargeted, pattern-recognition manner. In addition to technical considerations, careful sample selection and study design are important to minimize potential confounding influences on the metabolome, including diet, medications, and comorbitidies. To this end, metabolite profiling has been applied to human biomarker discovery in small-scale interventions, in which individuals are extremely well phenotyped and able to serve as their own biological controls, as well as in larger epidemiological cohorts. Understanding how metabolites relate to each other and to established risk markers for diseases such as diabetes and renal failure will be important in evaluating the potential value of these metabolites as clinically useful biomarkers.

SUMMARY
Applied to both experimental and epidemiological study designs, metabolite profiling has begun to highlight the breadth metabolic disturbances that accompany human disease. Experimental work in model systems and integration with other functional genomic approaches will be required to establish a causal link between select biomarkers and disease pathogenesis.
The Insider's Experience of Long-Term Peer Victimisation
Authors: Mackay Graham J. , Carey Timothy A. , Stevens Bruce 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBullying in schools continues to be a problem despite the best efforts of educators, researchers, and clinicians. Of most concern for the present study is that some children experience long-term victimisation by their peers. To improve our understanding in this area, the phenomenology of being bullied over the course of the school year was investigated with three participants aged from 11 to 15 years. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Two superordinate themes with associated subthemes were identified: ‘experience of victimisation’ (‘being different’, ‘dynamics of bullying’, ‘school’, and ‘social network’) and ‘strategies’ (‘help-seeking’, ‘behaviour’, ‘response to bullying’, ‘personal coping’, and ‘solutions’). Through these interviews some of the factors that may contribute to long-term peer victimisation were identified. The implications of these results for prevention and intervention are discussed.
National Trends in Exposure to and Experiences of Violence on the Internet Among Children
Authors: Ybarra Michele L. , Mitchell Kimberly J. , Korchmaros Josephine D. 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To examine rates of technology-based violent experiences (eg, bullying, harassment, unwanted sexual experiences [USEs] perpetration, and victimization) and exposures (eg, hate sites) from 2006 to 2008 among US children.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
One thousand five-hundred eighty-eight youth aged 10 to 15 years were surveyed nationally online in 2006, 2007 (76% follow-up rate), and 2008 (73% follow-up rate).

RESULTS:
All other things equal, rates of Internet-based violent exposures and experiences were stable. Of exception, harassment perpetration and exposure to violent cartoon sites reduced by 26% and 36% over the 2 year period (P &lt; 0.05), respectively. In contrast, several rates of violent experiences via text messaging increased over time, specifically: harassment victimization (aOR = 1.6, p = 0.001) and perpetration (aOR = 1.4, p = 0.03), and USE victimization (aOR = 1.9, p = 0.02). Increases in bullying victimization were suggested (aOR = 1.5, p = 0.06). Text messaging USE perpetration did not significantly change, however. General technology use (i.e., intensity and frequency of Internet and text messaging) was consistently influential in explaining the odds of almost all violent experiences and exposures both online and via text messaging; as was age for many exposures and experiences online.

CONCLUSIONS:
Ongoing surveillance of text-messaging–based experiences is needed to understand trends as population usage rates begin to stabilize. General technology use is a predictive factor for almost all technology-based violent experiences and exposures. Age is also influential in explaining involvement in Internet-based experiences and exposures. Prevention programs should focus on reducing risk as youth age into later adolescence and to help heavy technology users manage their risk for violence involvement.
Neotropical Eois (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Checklist, Biogeography, Diversity, and Description Patterns
Authors: Brehm Gunnar , Bodner Florian , Strutzenberger Patrick , Hünefeld Frank , Fiedler Konrad 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The moth genus Eois Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) comprises 254 validly described species, 211 of them (83%) occurring in the Neotropical region, 12% in the Asian-Australian region, and 5% in Africa. A checklist of Neotropical Eois is provided and some taxonomic changes are made. Aplogompha noctilaria (Schaus) is excluded from the genus, and Eois bermellada (Dognin) and Eois fragilis (Warren) are transferred to the genus. Further changes include Eois cellulata (Prout) stat. rev., Eois ambarilla (Dognin) stat. rev., and Eois telegraphica Prout stat. rev. By far, the majority of Eois species (82%) were described between 1891 and 1920; approximately half of all species by just two authors. Within the Neotropical region, the majority of species (55%) were described from the tropical Andes (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia), followed by Central America and the Caribbean (28%), and the rest of South America (17%). Large regions such as the Amazon basin, eastern South America, but also northern Peru are heavily underrepresented. Regional diversity studies provide evidence that the wet tropical Andes are the diversity hotspot of Eois. From a forested elevational gradient (1,020–2,670 m above sea level) in southeastern Ecuador, 154 morphospecies are currently known, with only ≈12% of them described. Regional species richness in Central America is lower (Costa Rica, 66 observed morphospecies along a gradient from 40 to 2,730 m; ≈29% described). Total richness of the genus is estimated to be &gt;1,000 species in the Neotropical region. R the low proportions of described species only partly recur in other groups of Neotropical geometrid moths, their number may exceed 19,000 species. A taxonomic revision of Eois will be a prerequisite for comparison of ecological data from different regions.
Two Possible Caterpillar Mimicry Complexes in Neotropical Danaine Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Willmott Keith R , Elias Marianne , Sourakov Andrei 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCaterpillar mimicry is surprisingly scarce, despite many examples of apparently defended, aposematic species. Here, we describe two possible examples of caterpillar mimicry in two tribes of the Neotropical Danainae: Danaini and Ithomiini. The first example, from the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, includes two subtribes of Danaini: Danaus plexippus (L.), Danaus gilippus (Cramer), Danaus cleophile (Godart) (Danaina), Anetia briarea (Godart), and Anetia jaegeri (Ménétriés) (Itunina). The first two widespread Danaus species have unusually dark phenotypes on Hispaniola, which we suggest are the result of mimicry with endemic Caribbean danaines. The second example, from the upper Amazon of eastern Ecuador, involves four subtribes of Ithomiini: Forbestra olivencia (Bates) (Mechanitina), Hypothyris fluonia (Hewitson), Hypothyris semifulva (Salvin) (Napeogenina), Ithomia amarilla Haensch (Ithomiina), Hyposcada anchiala (Hewitson), Oleria sexmaculata (Haensch) (Oleriina), and Pseudoscada florula (Hewitson) (Godyridina). Hyposcada illinissa (Hewitson) (Oleriina) is a possible additional member. This mimicry ring shows a color pattern known only from the upper Amazon, with the caterpillar having a yellow body and bright blue anterior and posterior segments, and this pattern has clearly evolved at least four times in the Ithomiini. We suggest that precise mimicry among caterpillars may be rarer than among adult butterflies because of a lack of sexual selection to drive the initial evolution of bright colors in larvae. We also suggest that the evolution of warning colors in protected caterpillars is more difficult than in butterflies, because a novel, conspicuous caterpillar is less able to avoid capture than the more agile adult.
Phylogeny of the South Asian Halyine Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Halyini) Based on Morphological Characters
Authors: Memon Nasreen , Gilbert Francis , Ahmad Imtiaz 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA phylogenetic analysis of 31 Oriental and Palaearctic genera of the tribe Halyini of South and Central Asia is presented here, concentrating upon the 22 genera for which complete data were available. Sixty-one morphological characters were analyzed using parsimony, including characters of the scent-gland apparatus and internal and external male and female genitalia. Using Phricodus as an outgroup, a single most-parsimonious tree resulted, following character reweighting according to their fit to the 52 multiple shortest trees initially found. Carenoplistus was always basal, and Jugalpada and Mustha were plesiomorphic in most bootstrapped trees. Two relatively plesiomorphic clades were identified, the Halys group (Salixocoris, Halys, and Neohalys) and the Paranevisanus group (Erthesina, Apodiphus, and Paranevisanus). Although strong bootstrap support existed for a clade of 12 genera (Tipulparra, Sarju, Izharocoris, Dalpada, Tachengia, Meridindia, Cahara, Ameridalpa, Eupaleopada, Meridalpa, Lodosocoris, and Neolodosocoris), the only consistent clades within it were a Dalpada group (Sarju, Izharocoris, Tachengia, and Dalpada) and a Lodosocoris group (Lodosocoris and Neolodosocoris). Tentative placements of the other nine genera are made, and a generic key is provided.
Suitability of Various Artificial Pupation Chambers for use by Koinobiont Parasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Henderson Ruth E , Kuriachan Indira , Vinson S Bradleigh 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Although koinobiont parasitoids depend on their hosts for nutrition, they often exploit them in other ways during pupation. The solitary endoparasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) spins its cocoon in a chamber formed by its host Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctudidae). The parasitoid prepupae depend on this host-formed pupation chamber; if left on an open surface, T. nigriceps larvae are unable to form a cocoon. To determine whether T. nigriceps larvae can form cocoons in artificial pupation chambers, common laboratory materials were tested for suitability. Test chambers included cotton balls, upright test tubes, gelatin capsules, and the wells of microtube racks. The proportion of parasitoids that formed cocoons in each chamber, as well as the proportion that survived to adulthood, were recorded and compared with each other and to those placed in host-formed chambers, as well as to those placed in petri dishes, a flat surface. Parasitoid larvae were able to spin cocoons in all artificial chambers that provided a small, partially enclosed space. The proportion of parasitoids that formed cocoons was largest in cotton balls, but no chambers (other than petri dishes) were significantly different from the host formed control. The proportion of parasitoids that survived to adulthood was significantly smaller in the petri dish and test tube treatments than in the control. Due to the high success rate for cocoon formation and survival, as well as practicality in a mass-rearing situation, gelatin capsules and microtube rack wells were considered the best choices for use as artificial pupation chambers among those tested.
Activity Patterns of Two Species of Neotropical Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) from Costa Rica
Authors: Wade Ryan R , Loaiza-Phillips Ednidia M , Townsend Victor R , Proud Daniel N 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNatural history studies serve as important foundations for future investigations of behavioral ecology and provide biologists with critical information needed for the development of empirical research programs. Relatively little is known about the biology of most species of Neotropical harvestmen in Central America. In this field study, we investigated the activity patterns of two common species Cynorta marginalis (Cosmetidae) and Prionostemma sp. (Sclerosomatidae) in a wet tropical forest in Costa Rica. We used visual encounter surveys along randomly selected transects to compare the relative abundance of these species during morning, afternoon, evening, and late night sampling periods. To generate ethograms, we observed up to three individuals of each species for 10 min along each transect, generating 69 behavioral observations for C. marginalis and 51 for Prionostemma. Both species occupy perches on vegetation and are generally nocturnal with respect to activity. After dusk, individuals of C. marginalis actively climb, interact with conspecifics, and forage on the surfaces of small and large trees. During the day, adult Prionostemma form relatively inactive clusters of up to 40 individuals on arboreal perches and descend to the leaf litter after dusk to forage.
Geographic Variation of Photoperiodic Diapause but Not Adult Survival or Reproduction of the Invasive MosquitoAedes albopictus(Diptera: Culicidae) in North America
Authors: Leisnham P T , Towler L , Juliano S A 
Published: November 2011

AbstractClimate differences across latitude can result in seasonal constraints and selection on life-history characters. Because Aedes albopictus (Skuse) invaded North America in the mid-1980s, it has spread across a range of ≈14° latitude and populations in the north experience complete adult mortality because of cold winter temperatures that are absent in the south. Life-table experiments were conducted to test for differences in the adult survival and reproductive schedules of Ae. albopictus females from three populations from the northern (Salem, NJ; Springfield, IL; Eureka, MO; ≈39° N) and southern (Palm Beach, Palmetto, Tampa, FL; ≈27–28° N) extremes of the species distribution in North America. There were consistent differences between northern and southern populations in incidence of photoperiodically-induced egg diapause. Under short daylength, diapause eggs constituted twice the proportion of total viable eggs from northern females (81.9–92.1%) than southern females (35.9–42.7%). There were no consistent differences between northern and southern populations in resource allocation between reproduction and maintenance, reproduction over time, and reproductive investment among offspring, and no apparent trade-offs between diapause incidence with reproduction or longevity. Our results suggest that the main response of North American Ae. albopictus to unfavorable winter climates is via the life history strategy of producing diapausing eggs, rather than quantitative variation in reproduction, and that there are no detectable costs to adult survival. Inherent geographic variation in the expression of diapause, consistent with the latitudinal extremes of A. albopictus, indicates evolutionary loss of diapause response in southern populations because of the invasion of A. albopictus in North America.
Molecular Cloning, Expression Pattern, and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Selenophosphate synthetase Gene from Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Authors: Sun Shou-Hui , Li Yu-Ping , Zheng Ya-Nan , Xu Xiao-Rui , Jin Xiang-Dong , Wu Song , Li Wen-Li , Liu Yan-Qun 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Selenophosphate synthetase (Sps), the product of the SelD gene, produces a biologically active selenium donor compound from ATP and selenide. We have isolated and characterized the Sps gene from Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), an economically important insect. The resulting 1601 bp cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame of 1209 bp encoding a polypeptide of 402 amino acids, with 87% sequence identity to that from Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen). Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the Sps gene was transcribed during four developmental stages (egg, larva, pupa, and adult) and in all the tissues tested (blood, fat body, midgut, silk glands, body wall, spermaries and ovaries), suggesting that ApSps plays an important role in the development of A. pernyi. From a database search, Sps protein homologs were found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including bacteria, fungi, invertebrates and vertebrates, with 47–98% amino acid sequence identities between eukaryotes, suggesting that they were highly conserved during the evolution of eukaryotes. Phylogenetic analysis, based on Sps protein homolog sequences, clearly separated the known bacterial, fungal, invertebrate and vertebrate Sps proteins, consistent with the topology tree of classical systematics, suggesting the potential value of the Sps protein sequence in phylogenetic inference.
Two Separate Introductions of Asian Citrus Psyllid Populations Found in the American Continents
Authors: León Jesse H de , Sétamou Mamoudou , Gastaminza Gerardo A , Buenahora José , Cáceres Sara , Yamamoto Pedro T , Bouvet Juan P , Logarzo Guillermo A 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A phylogeographic analysis inferred from the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (433 bp) was performed with 22 populations of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama collected in the Americas and one in the Pacific. Eight populations from four countries in South America, 14 from four countries in North America, and one from Hawaii were analyzed. Twenty-three haplotypes (hp) were identified and they fell into two groups: hp1–8 were identified in South America (group 1) and hp9–23 were identified in North America and Hawaii (group 2). Hp1 and nine were present in the highest frequencies within each population and within their group, 81 and 85% for group 1 and group 2, respectively. A diagnostic nucleotide at position 48 was identified that allowed for the discrimination of the two groups; in addition, no haplotypes were shared between the two groups. An analysis of molecular variance uncovered significant genetic structure (φCT = 0.733; P &lt; 0.001) between the two groups of the Americas. Two haplotype networks (ParsimonySplits and Statistical Parsimony) discriminated the two groups and both networks identified hp1 and nine as the predicted ancestral or founding haplotypes within their respective group. The data suggest that two separate introductions or founding events of D. citri occurred in the Americas, one in South America and one in North America. Furthermore, North America and Hawaii appear to share a similar source of invasion. These data may be important to the development of biological control programs against D. citri in the Americas.
Production Optimization through Systematic Removal of Formation Damage, A Case Study Eni Pakistan
Authors: Heikal S. , Santellani G. , Sultan A. , Mugheri S. , Eisa H. , Iqbal J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Formation damage removal using matrix acid stimulation in Sandstone reservoir is recognized as a risky production optimization operation, however, a good understanding of formation mineralogy, root cause of formation damage, and stimulation procedures can help reduce the risk and increase the chance of success. The scope of this paper is to share Eni Pakistan’s workflow which lead to successful matrix acid stimulation campaigns in Bhit, Badhra and Kadanwari fields.
Prior to the damage removal operation, the selected wells’ deliverability analysis showed low productivity as compared to the ideal one. To restore the ideal wells’ productivity index, detailed damage analysis was performed as per following workflow.
Perform pressure transient test to evaluate and quantify the level of damage Evaluate individual perforation contributions using production logging tools Assess the origin of damage by reviewing the drilling, completion operation Estimate the possible gain in production after removing the damage Define the proper chemical requirements and design the stimulation procedures and perform Post stimulation analysis to optimize the stimulation procedure prior to the next job if required.
Seven candidate wells were selected for damage removal operation. The matrix stimulation operation resulted in incremental daily production of up to 160%. The increase in the production rate was accomplished by regaining the wells’ potential deliverability. This helped improve the fields’ reservoir management, accelerating hydrocarbon recovery and adding to the reserves.
An Integrated Approach to Evaluate Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoir in TAL Block, Kohat Basin
Authors: llyas Asad , Farooq Umar , Ahmad Jawad , Saleem Omer , Palekar Arshad Hussain , Ramzan Muhammad , Siddiqui Faraz Hassan 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Petroleum play in North Pakistan comprises of naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) both in clastics and carbonates. These fractures play key role in the determination of reservoir quality and production behavior of the formations and is a subject of interest for E & P companies particularly working in Kohat Plateau.
In TAL Block, naturally fractured Lockhart formation has very low matrix porosity and fractures provide the main source for storage and fluid flow in it. It has also been observed that all the fracture sets in carbonate reservoirs do not contribute to flow. Flow variations have been observed with different fracture trends identified from open-hole logs based on their connectivity, fracture apertures and secondary porosity. This leads to the development of an integrated approach using existing information from open hole logs, image logs, formation tester and production logs to optimize the reservoir modeling, history matching and selection of future perforation intervals.
In this paper, data from six wells located in different structures in TAL Block has been utilized to study the behavior of naturally fractured carbonate reservoir. During the study, it was observed that in some wells, the top part of Lockhart formation was contributing more to production while in others, the bottom part was more productive. These flow variations could be associated with different fracture trends, their connectivity, fracture apertures and secondary porosity. This problem was addressed by sub-dividing Lockhart in to different layers/facies based on fracture evaluation (types, density, secondary porosity, nodularity and rock texture), open hole logs, formation tester results and production logs interpretation.