bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles and Practice of Disaster Relief: Lessons From Haiti
Authors: Benjamin Ernest , Bassily‐Marcus Adel M. , Babu Elizabeth , Silver Lester , Martin Michael L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDisaster relief is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the organizational processes that help prepare for and carry out all emergency functions necessary to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies and disasters caused by all hazards, whether natural, technological, or human‐made. Although it is an important function of local and national governing in the developed countries, it is often wanting in resource‐poor, developing countries where, increasingly, catastrophic disasters tend to occur and have the greatest adverse consequences. The devastating January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake is a case study of the impact of an extreme cataclysm in one of the poorest and most unprepared settings imaginable. As such, it offers useful lessons that are applicable elsewhere in the developing world.Emergency preparedness includes 4 phases: mitigation or prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. Periods of normalcy are the best times to develop disaster preparedness plans. In resource‐poor countries, where dealing with the expenses of daily living is already a burden, such planning is often neglected; and, when disasters strike, it is often with great delay that the assistance from international community can be deployed. In this increasingly interconnected world, the Haiti earthquake and the important international response to it make a strong case for a more proactive intervention of the international community in all phases of emergency management in developing countries, including in mitigation and preparedness, and not just in response and recovery.Predisaster planning can maximize the results of the international assistance and decrease the human and material tolls of inevitable disasters. There should be a minimum standard of preparedness that every country has to maintain and the international assistance to achieve that. International academic medical centers interested in global health could strengthen their programs by prospectively including in them contingency planning for international relief operations. Healthcare professionals of these institutions who travel to disaster zones should rigorously prepare themselves and make provisions for collecting and reporting data, which will enrich the knowledge of this growing activity.Mt Sinai J Med 78:306–318, 2011.©2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
HIV Care for Geographically Mobile Populations
Authors: Taylor Barbara S. , Garduño L. Sergio , Reyes Emily V. , Valiño Raziel , Rojas Rita , Donastorg Yeycy , Brudney Karen , Hirsch Jennifer 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe interaction between geographic mobility and risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection is well recognized, but what happens to those same individuals, once infected, as they transition to living with the infection? Does mobility affect their transition into medical care? If so, do mobile and nonmobile populations achieve similar success with antiretroviral treatment? The definition of mobility has changed over the centuries to encompass a complex phenotype including permanent migration, frequent travel, circular migration, and travel to and from treatment centers. The heterogeneity of these definitions leads to discordant findings. Investigations show that mobility has an impact on infection risk, but fewer data exist on the impact of geographic mobility on medical care and treatment outcomes. This review will examine existing data regarding the impact of geographic mobility on access to and maintenance in medical care and on adherence to antiretroviral therapy for those living with human immunodeficiency virus infection. It will also expand the concept of mobility to include data on the impact of the distance from residence to clinic on medical care and treatment adherence. Our conclusions are that the existing literature is limited by varying definitions of mobility and the inherent oversimplification necessary to apply a “mobility measure” in a statistical analysis. The impact of mobility on antiretroviral treatment outcomes deserves further exploration to both define the phenomenon and target interventions to these at‐risk populations. Mt Sinai J Med 78:342–351, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Linking Population, Health, and the Environment: An Overview of Integrated Programs and a Case Study in Nepal
Authors: Hahn Sigrid , Anandaraja Natasha , D'Agnes Leona 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPopulation, health, and environment programs are cross‐sectoral development initiatives that link conservation, health, and family planning interventions. These programs are generally located in biodiversity hotspots, where population pressure is among the factors contributing to environmental degradation. This review describes the general structure of population, health, and environment programs and provides selected examples to highlight various aspects of this approach. We focus in depth on a case study from the Integrating Population and Health into Forestry Management Agendas program in Nepal that simultaneously addressed deforestation from fuel‐wood harvesting, indoor air pollution from wood fires, acute respiratory infections related to smoke inhalation, as well as family planning in communities in Nepal's densely populated forest corridors. Keys to the success of the Nepal project included empowerment of community forest user groups with population, health, and environment program know‐how and appropriate technology. Lessons learned in Nepal point to the critical role that nongovernmental organizations can play as catalysts of cross‐sectoral responses to complex development issues such as this one. The population, health, and environment approach can be an effective method for achieving sustainable development and meeting both conservation and health objectives. Mt Sinai J Med 78:394–405, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Post‐Soviet Transition: Improving Health Services Delivery and Management
Authors: Antoun Joseph , Phillips Frank , Johnson Tricia 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDuring the post‐Soviet transition of the last 2 decades, ex‐Communist countries of the Eastern Bloc, including eastern and central Europe, the Soviet Union, and its satellite and aligned states, have undergone major health system reforms. Many health systems of those countries—previously adopting a Soviet‐type Semashko model—are currently called “in transition,” as reform agendas, such as shifting to a Bismarck, Beveridge, or mixed financing scheme or adopting new health delivery management policies, are still in development. In this article, we first review common characteristics of Semashko health systems (the predominant health system of Communist countries during the Soviet era) and then discuss the “new public management” principles that ex‐Communist countries have recently started to adopt with various degrees of success. We then illustrate experiences with these principles using 2 case studies, from Russia and Albania, and propose health policy options for both cases. Based on a review of the literature and on the our work experience in Russia and Albania, we found that the 2 ex‐Semashko systems have not fully capitalized on expected positive outcomes of new public management principles due to low local healthcare financing levels, depreciated healthcare infrastructure and operational capacities, overlapping and contradicting ideology and policies of the former and newer health systems, and finally, lack of leadership that has successful experience with these principles. In the case of pharmaceutical pricing, reimbursement, and access in Russia, we show how a well‐intentioned but suboptimally designed and managed pharmaceutical coverage scheme has suffered moral hazard and adverse selection and has adversely impacted the new public management promise of efficient medicine coverage. In the case of Albania, the delayed investment in human resource reform within a depreciated and underfinanced delivery system has adversely affected the implementation of new public management principles. Mt Sinai J Med 78:436–448, 2011 © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
American Indian Youth Substance Abuse: Community‐Driven Interventions
Authors: Lane Dakotah C. , Simmons John 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSubstance abuse among American Indians has a long history that dates back to the colonial era. American Indian youth today continue to have one of the highest substance abuse rates when compared with other groups. Researchers have implemented American Indian youth substance abuse interventions that previously have worked in the general population, but studies have found that they are generally unprepared and poorly designed for American Indian populations. The lack of inclusion of American Indian populations in the interventional studies, poor understanding of American Indian diversity and cultures, and lack of consideration for the unique historical and sociopolitical context of each tribe were cited as reasons the interventions failed. It has been suggested that historical trauma plays a considerable role in American Indian youth substance abuse; however, much of this theoretical framework has yet to be rigorously tested. Contemporary trauma appears to contribute significantly more to American Indian youth substance abuse. The data on American Indian substance abuse are limited, but what is currently available appears to show a vast heterogeneity in the level of substance abuse among American Indian youth that varies across different American Indian tribes and geographical distribution. In summary, this article seeks to describe the special relationship American Indian tribes have with the federal government, review historical and contemporary trauma, review American Indian youth substance abuse and interventions today, and finally describe a unique intervention strategy that tribes in the Pacific Northwest are implementing in order to combat American Indian youth substance abuse. Mt Sinai J Med 78:362–372, 2011 © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Acrylic Acid Polymer Coatings on Silk Fibers by Room‐temperature APGD Plasma Jets
Authors: Chen Guangliang , Zhou Mingyan , Zhang Zhaoxia , Lv Guohua , Massey Sylvain , Smith Wilson , Tatoulian Michael 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe aim of this work is to coat silk fibers (SF) with polymer of acrylic acid (PAA) using an atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) plasma jet in order to immobilize antimicrobial peptide LL‐37. The polymer properties are characterized by contact angle goniometry (CAG), XPS, AFM and SEM. The CA of the SF film can be decreased to 34°, and the surface roughness of PAA in the center of plasma jet is larger than in other areas. Compared with the original SF, the concentration of carboxyl group increases greatly when the SF are modified by Ar plasma jet polymerization of AA. The augmentation of functional groups is very useful to immobilize larger concentrations of microbial peptide LL‐37 on the SF surface, and the satisfactory antimicrobial activity on inhibiting the Escherichia coli (E. coli) is thereby achieved.magnified image
H2: The Critical Juncture between Polymerization and Dissociation of Hydrocarbons in a Low‐temperature Plasma
Authors: Hansen Terje A. R. , van de Sanden Richard , Engeln Richard 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe chemistry in an argon plasma jet, admixed with a small percentage of CH4, C2H2, H2 and mixtures thereof, is investigated by means of residual gas a4lysis. Polymerization of such hydrocarbon precursors is known to occur when their densities exceed the Ar+ ion density. This paper shows that polymerization also occurs for precursor gas flows far below the initial Ar+ ion flow emanating from the plasma source. This is entirely due to the negative effect of H2 on the Ar+ ion density. Adding 1–2% of H2 to the total argon and hydrocarbon gas flow suffices to initiate polymerization. Although, H2 can be injected directly into the system, fragmentation of the hydrocarbon precursors themselves can likewise supply (part of) the required H2. Polymerization is furthermore enhanced when both precursors are used together. The contribution of C3Hy species to the plasma chemistry will likewise be substantiated.magnified image
High‐fat diet activates pro‐inflammatory response in the prostate through association of Stat‐3 and NF‐κB
Authors: Shankar Eswar , Vykhovanets Eugene V , Vykhovanets Olena V , MacLennan Gregory T , Singh Rajesh , Bhaskaran Natarajan , Shukla Sanjeev , Gupta Sanjay 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDSignal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)‐3 and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) are important signaling pathways constitutively activated during inflammation. We previously reported that high‐fat diet (HFD) intake induces oxidative stress in the prostate through elevated expression of NADPH oxidase subunits causing NF‐κB activation. We sought to determine whether Stat‐3 is involved in the activation of NF‐κB in the prostate as a result of HFD feeding, leading to inflammation.METHODSC57BL/6 mice were either fed with regular diet (RD) or HFD for 4 and 8 weeks. Plasma cytokine levels were determined by multiplex analysis. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of NF‐κB, Stat‐3, Akt, PDK1, PKCε, and their phosphorylated forms along with pathologic evaluation of the prostate. Immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were conducted to study the association between Stat‐3 and NF‐κB.RESULTSC57BL/6 mice fed with HFD showed a significant increase in the plasma levels of IL‐1ß, IL‐6, IL‐17, and TNFα after 4 and 8 weeks of feeding, compared with RD controls. HFD feeding elevated the intraprostatic expression of IL‐6 and caused activation of PKCε and Akt, the upstream kinase regulating Stat‐3 and NF‐κB. Nuclear extracts from the prostates of mice fed with HFD exhibited constitutively activated levels of Stat‐3 and NF‐κB/p65. Increased association between the activated forms of Stat‐3 and NF‐κB/p65 was observed in the nucleus as a result of HFD feeding, a finding that was accompanied by morphologic evidence of increased intraprostatic inflammation.CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that HFD activates Stat‐3 and NF‐κB/p65 in the prostate, and their interaction is associated with increased inflammation in the prostate. Prostate 72:233–243, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors determining electrostatic fields in molecular dynamics simulations of the ras/effector interface
Authors: Ensign Daniel L. , Webb Lauren J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUsing molecular dynamics simulations, we explore geometric and physical factors contributing to calculated electrostatic fields at the binding surface of the GTPase Ras with a spectroscopically labeled variant of a downstream effector, the Ras‐binding domain of Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (RalGDS). A related system (differing by mutation of one amino acid) has been studied in our group using vibrational Stark effect spectroscopy, a technique sensitive to electrostatic fields. Electrostatic fields were computed using the AMBER 2003 force field and averaged over snapshots from molecular dynamics simulation. We investigate geometric factors by exploring how the orientation of the spectroscopic probe changes on Ras‐effector binding. In addition, we explore the physical origin of electrostatic fields at our spectroscopic probe by comparing contributions to the field from discrete components of the system, such as explicit solvent, residues on the Ras surface, and residues on the RalGDS surface. These models support our experimental hypothesis that vibrational Stark shifts are caused by Ras binding to its effector and not the structural rearrangements of the effector surface or probe reorientation on Ras‐effector binding, for at least some of our experimental probes. These calculations provide physical insight into the origin, magnitude, and importance of electrostatic fields in protein–protein interactions and suggest new experiments to probe the field's role in protein docking.Proteins 2011; . © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological activity of natural phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga iva against the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the persea mite Oligonychus perseae
Authors: Aly Radi , Ravid Uzi , Abu‐Nassar Jackline , Botnick Ilan , Lebedev Galina , Gal Shira , Ziadna Hammam , Achdari Guy , Smirov Evgeny , Meir Ayala , Ghanim Murad 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Ecdysteroids are steroid hormones that control moulting and govern several changes during metamorphoses in arthropods. The discovery of the same molecules (phytoecdysteroids) in several plant species displayed a wide array of rather beneficial agricultural impact. Many representatives of the genus Ajuga plants contain phytoecdysteroids with a 5β‐7‐ene‐6‐one system exhibiting physiological activities in insects.RESULTS: By means of chromatographic (silica gel column, TLC) and LC‐MS, two major ecdysteroids (20‐hydroxyecdysone and cyasterone) have been isolated and identified from Israeli carpet bugle Ajuga iva (L.) Schreber (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) plants. Ajuga iva extract fractionated on the silica gel column yielded two fractions that showed high activity against the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisis tabaci and the persea mite Oligonychus perseae. A dose of 5 mg AI L−1 of the purely identified A. iva ecdysterone significantly reduced fecundity, fertility and survival of these pests, while commercial 20‐hydroxyecdysone at the same dose had lesser effects.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate considerable efficacy of natural phytoecdysteroids against major agricultural pests, and suggests that these materials should be considered for potential development of friendly control agents. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
RELATIONS BETWEEN ALTERED STREAMFLOW VARIABILITY AND FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN EASTERN USA STREAMS
Authors: Meador M. R. , Carlisle D. M. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAlthough altered streamflow has been implicated as a major factor affecting fish assemblages, understanding the extent of streamflow alteration has required quantifying attributes of the natural flow regime. We used predictive models to quantify deviation from expected natural streamflow variability for streams in the eastern USA. Sites with >25% change in mean daily streamflow variability compared with what would be expected in a minimally disturbed environment were defined as having altered streamflow variability, based on the 10th and 90th percentiles of the distribution of streamflow variability at 1279 hydrological reference sites. We also used predictive models to assess fish assemblage condition and native species loss based on the proportion of expected native fish species that were observed. Of the 97 sites, 49 (50.5%) were classified as altered with reduced streamflow variability, whereas no sites had increased streamflow variability. Reduced streamflow variability was related to a 35% loss in native fish species, on average, and a >50% loss of species with a preference for riffle habitats. Conditional probability analysis indicated that the probability of fish assemblage impairment increased as the severity of altered streamflow variability increased. Reservoir storage capacity and wastewater discharges were important predictors of reduced streamflow variability as revealed by random forest analysis. Management and conservation of streams will require careful consideration of natural streamflow variation and potential factors contributing to altered streamflow within the entire watershed to limit the loss of critical stream habitats and fish species uniquely adapted to live in those habitats. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neue [{Cp(CO)2Mo}2ESbCl]‐Cluster mit tetraedrischem Mo2SbE‐Gerüst (E = S, Se)
Authors: Wagner Christoph , Merzweiler Kurt 
Published: May 2011

AbstractReaction of [{Cp(CO)3Mo}2SbCl] with S8 or Se8 leads to the formation of cluster compounds [{Cp(CO)2Mo}2ESbCl] (E = S, Se). [{Cp(CO)2Mo}2SSbCl] crystallizes monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 812.28(3), b = 855.65(4), c = 2441.01(9) pm and β = 90.149(3)°; [{Cp(CO)2Mo}2SeSbCl]·CH2Cl2 crystallizes triclinic, space group P$\bar{1}$ with a = 828.82(9), b = 1002.8(1), c = 1340.0(2) and α = 109.24(1), β = 100.87(1), γ = 96.81(1)°. For both compounds X‐ray crystal structure analysis reveals tetrahedral Mo2SbE cluster cores with Sb–E bond lengths of 256.8(1) pm (E = S) and 265.3(1) (E = Se). According to the 18 electron rule the [{Cp(CO)2Mo}2ESbCl] clusters can be regarded as complexes of the 4 electron donator ESbCl that is coordinated “side‐on” to a {Cp(CO)2Mo}2 fragment.
Integrating microsatellite and pedigree analyses to facilitate the captive management of the endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla)
Authors: Henkel Jessica R. , Jones Kenneth L. , Hereford Scott G. , Savoie Megan L. , Leibo S.P. , Howard Jerome J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe minimization of kinship in captive populations is usually achieved through the use of pedigree information. However, pedigree knowledge alone is not sufficient if pedigree information is missing, questionable, or when the founders of the captive population are related to one another. If this is the case, higher levels of inbreeding and lower levels of genetic diversity may be present in a captive population than those calculated by pedigree analyses alone. In this study, the genetic status of the critically endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (MSC) (Grus canadensis pulla) was analyzed using studbook data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service managed captive breeding program as well as microsatellite DNA data. These analyses provided information on shared founder genotypes, allowing for refined analysis of genetic variation in the population, and the development of a new DNA‐based studbook pedigree that will assist in the genetic management of the MSC population. Zoo Biol 31:322–335, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.