bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POPULATION GROWTH OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), AND PLANT RESPONSE TO APHID NUMBERS IN COMMERCIALLY GROWN FIELD PEAS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Soroka J.J. , Mackay P.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were sampled weekly or biweekly over the summers of 1985 and 1986 in a total of 15 commercial plantings of Century, Trapper, or Triumph field peas across Manitoba. Pea aphid populations rose more quickly in fields of Trapper than in Century or Triumph fields. The owners of all Trapper fields sampled initiated aerial application of insecticide for pea aphid control; at the time of spraying in 1985, plants in Trapper fields had significantly greater numbers of aphids in sweep samples than such samples from Century or Triumph fields. In 1986, Triumph plants supported greater numbers of aphids than Century or Trapper plants. Triumph plants remained green longer than plants of the other cultivais; in 1985 pea aphid numbers on this cultivar were highest on the last date sampled.Yield components were measured in sprayed and unsprayed plots within the commercial fields. When data were averaged for each cultivar, there were no significant differences in yield per area or in 1000 seed weight between sprayed and unsprayed plots. Data indicated that existing economic thresholds are too low for Trapper peas. However, one of the fields of Trapper peas that we sampled had significantly reduced numbers of pods per plant, yield per square metre, and weight of 1000 seeds in the unsprayed plot; this field had the largest population of pea aphids of any field sampled, with aphid numbers peaking at 48.5 ± 9.2 (SE) per plant lip during pod formation and filling. Significant yield losses also occurred in unsprayed plots of a Triumph field, which had a peak aphid population of 4.8 ± 1.6 per plant stem at pod maturation.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF STYGAMERACARUS GEN.NOV. FROM NORTH AMERICA, AND PROPOSAL OF STYGAMERACARINAE SUBFAM.NOV. (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA: ATHIENEMANNIIDAE)
Authors: Smith Ian M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDeutonymphs, and male and female adults, of Stygameracarus cooki sp.nov., and a male adult of S. canadensis sp.nov., are described from interstitial habitats associated with small streams in temperate North America. The genus Stygameracarus and the monobasic subfamily Stygameracarinae are proposed and diagnosed, based primarily on the shape of the capitulum and the highly modified structure of the pedipalps in both deutonymphs and adults, and the distinctive structure of the genital field region in adults. Possible relationships between members of the new genus and other Athienemanniidae are discussed, and a new key to the subfamilies of Athienemanniidae is presented.
THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF IPS GRANDICOLLIS (EICHHOFF) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN JAMAICA
Authors: Garraway Eric , Freeman B.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIps grandicollis (Eichhoff) was first recorded from Jamaica in 1978 and has become a potential pest in Pinus plantations in the island. Its distribution there is determined by the occurrence of suitable food, but not by altitude or rainfall. Developmental mortality due to predators, parasites, and resin did not limit population numbers within logs: control resulted ultimately from competition among egg-laying females and among larvae for space in suitable logs. However, when the entire Jamaican population was considered, dispersive loss of adults played a major part in the limitation of numbers. A cyclic budget revealed that a minimum of 44% of the population was lost during dispersal. Dispersive loss in the males (77.3%) was higher than that in the females (35.4%), and this difference may be related to the primary role of the males in finding suitable logs.
PROPOSAL OF NUDOMIDEOPSIDAE FAM.NOV. (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA) WITH A REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICAN TAXA AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBGENUS AND SPECIES OF NUDOMIDEOPSIS SZALAY, 1945
Authors: Smith Ian M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe family Nudomideopsidae fam.nov. is proposed on the basis of an analysis of morphological characters of larvae and adults of species of Nudomideopsis and related genera, and consideration of the zoogeography of the group. The systematics and distribution of North American species are reviewed, and adults of Nudomideopsis (Allomideopsis) wichitaensis subgen.nov., sp.nov. are described.
EFFECTS OF LOW RATES OF PREDATION ON SELECTED LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (SAY) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , O’Neil Robert J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractReproductive and survival patterns of the heteropteran predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were measured under low prey inputs. A single prey, mealworm larva (Tenebrio molitor L.), of one of two sizes (120 or 30 mg), was given to predators for a 24-h period every 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 days. Additional treatments included: predators provided prey in excess of attack rates; predators given no food; and predators given green bean slices only. Results showed that predators provided with prey survived regardless of feeding interval. When given large prey, predators showed reproductive patterns that were not clearly reflective of feeding interval; only predators fed at 8- and 16-day intervals showed reduced fecundity. When given small prey, the reproductive patterns of predators clearly reflected the feeding intervals. Predators that were fed less frequently laid fewer eggs, less often, and later in life.
BODY WEIGHT OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (SAY) UNDER VARIOUS FEEDING REGIMENS
Authors: O’Neil Robert J. , Wiedenmann Robert N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBody weights were measured for Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) given low prey inputs. Predators were fed green bean slices ad lib and a single mealworm larva (Tenebrio molitor L.) of one of two size classes, for a 24-h period every 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 days. Other treatments included predators fed to excess of daily attacks, predators given only green bean slices, and predators given no food. Results showed that predators fed bean slices maintained body weight after an initial decline, whereas predators given no food lost weight continually until death. Predators maintained weight when fed prey ad lib, and when fed prey of either size daily. Those fed at longer intervals lost weight between feedings, and weight fluctuations increased as the interfeeding interval increased. Slopes of weight change between feedings did not differ significantly for predators fed at 2- through 16-day intervals. During oviposition, predators lost about 15 mg of body weight. Egg clutches comprised about 60% of the weight lost. Egg weights did not differ among treatments. The results suggest that P. maculiventris can survive long periods without prey, and adjusts its weight loss by reducing reproductive effort when prey become scarce. The importance of these adaptations for P. maculiventris to sustain populations in agricultural systems is discussed.
ALLOZYME SURVEY AND RELATIONSHIPS OFLIMNOPORUSSTÅL SPECIES (HETEROPTERA: GERRIDAE)
Authors: Sperling F.A.H. , Spence J.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFive species ofLimnoporusStål (L.canaliculatus[Say],L.dissortis[Drake and Harris],L.nearcticus[Kelton],L.notabilis[Drake and Hottes], andL.rufoscutellatus[Latreille]) were each sampled at 20 electrophoretic loci. Twofold differences among species in mean heterozygosity appear to be unrelated to presence of wing dimorphism. Low heterozygosity in some populations within species may reflect geographic isolation. There were substantial differences in allele frequency among, but not within, species.Limnoporus rufoscutellatusfrom western Europe andL.nearcticusfrom Alaska were the most similar pair of species, with a Nei’s standard genetic identity that is generally found only between populations of the same species.Limnoporus canaliculatuswas the most divergent species, and the relationship amongL.dissortis,L.notabilis, and theL.rufoscutellatus–L.nearcticuspair is resolved as a trichotomy.
PREDATORY BEHAVIOR AND PREY-STAGE PREFERENCES OF STIGMAEID AND PHYTOSEIID MITES AND THEIR POTENTIAL COMPATIBILITY IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Authors: Clements David R. , Harmsen Rudolf 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAlthough the role of phytoseiid mites as predators of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), on apple is well established, the role of another family of European red mite predators, the stigmaeids, is not as clearly understood. We compared predatory behavior and prey-stage preferences of the stigmaeid Zetzellia mali (Ewing) and the phytoseiid Typhlodromus caudiglans (Schuster) in the laboratory. The only predator–predator interaction we found to be potentially important was consumption of phytoseiid eggs by stigmaeids. Given a choice of equal numbers of both European red mite eggs and phytoseiid eggs, Z. mali consumed 38% phytoseiid eggs. Eggs and quiescent larval stages of European red mite were preferred by Z. mali, but active larval stages also were consumed. By contrast T. caudiglans preferred active forms to quiescent forms and eggs, and was able to consume adult forms. Although Z. mali was found to be slower, less active, and less voracious than T. caudiglans, Z. mali produced more eggs for a given number of prey consumed than did T. caudiglans. These behavioral and prey-stage preference differences should enable phytoseiids and stigmaeids to be compatible in the short term (within one generation).
HOST DISCRIMINATION BY THE APHID PARASITOID APHELINUS ASYCHIS (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE): WHEN SUPERPARASITISM IS NOT ADAPTIVE
Authors: Bai B. , Mackauer M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFemales of the solitary parasitoid Aphelinus asychis Walker discriminated between unparasitized and parasitized second-instar nymphs of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Wasps normally avoided superparasitism, except when they were confined with few hosts for a long time. Parasitoid females did not need previous experience with unparasitized aphids (learning) in order to discriminate. They probed with the ovipositor any aphids encountered, a behaviour suggesting that host acceptance and rejection were determined by internal cues. Prolonged ovipositor insertion (>80 s) was correlated with host acceptance and egg deposition, but short insertion times (≤80 s) generally indicated host rejection. Females tended to reject both self- and conspecific-parasitized aphids when provided with two of each kind. We consider hypotheses mat conspecific superparasitism may be adaptive and give examples to show exceptions. We propose that, in egg-limited parasitoid species such as A. asychis, a reproductive strategy based on the regulation of egg production and on oosorption can explain the equal avoidance of self and conspecific superparasitism.
INFLUENCE OF GRANARY TYPE AND FARM PRACTICES ON THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN GRANARY RESIDUES
Authors: Barker P.S. , Smith L.B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe abundance of nine stored-product species found in crop residues in farm granaries in the Prairie Provinces was influenced by farm practices, kinds of crops stored in the granaries, and the materials used in the construction of the granaries.Some species were found more frequently than expected on farms where there had been previous infestations (Pyralis farinalis L.), or where there was livestock (Cryptolestes ferrugineus [Stephens]).Fewer samples than expected were found infested with Cryptophagus varus (W. & C.), where insecticidal sprays were used, but more C. ferrugineus than expected were found where fumigants or insecticidal sprays were used.Fewer samples of canola residues than expected contained insects, but barley residues contained more insects than expected.Wooden granaries contained more insects than expected, except for C. ferrugineus.Cole’s coefficient of association showed that some species were often associated but other pairs of species such as Tribolium audax Halstead and Lathridius minutus L. were negatively associated.These relationships between species and their environments can be used to reduce the abundance of stored-products insects in farm granaries.
ATTRACTION OF HYLOBIUS PALES (HERBST) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) TO PHEROMONES OF BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Phillips Thomas W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractResults of a field experiment indicate that adults of the pine weevil Hylobius pales (Herbst) respond to pheromones of bark beetles. Each sex of H. pales was more attracted to traps baited with the combination of a pine bolt infested with male Ips calligraphus Germar plus the synthetic Dendroctonus Erichson pheromones frontalin and exo-brevicomin, than to traps baited with pine bolts alone. The combined numbers of male and female H. pales caught in traps baited only with Ips calligraphus-infested bolts were significantly greater than numbers caught in traps baited with uninfested control bolts. The attraction of H. pales to bark beetle pheromones may represent a kairomonal response in which weevils exploit semiochemicals from other species that signify a suitable host resource.
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE AND GALL INDUCTION BY PEGOMYA CURTICORNIS AND PEGOMYA EUPHORBIAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) WITHIN THE STEMS OF LEAFY SPURGE (EUPHORBIA × PSEUDOVIRGATA) (EUPHORBIACEAE)
Authors: Gassmann Andre , Shorthouse Joseph D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLeafy spurge (Euphorbia × pseudovirgata [Schur]) is an herbaceous perennial and serious weed of European origin that has been accidently introduced into North America. The European anthomyiid flies Pegomya curticornis (Stein) and Pegomya euphorbiae (Kieffer) are found on several spurge species in Europe and also attack leafy spurge. The two flies induce identical galls on the subterranean stems of their host plants, and the shoots wilt and die. Eggs are laid on the shoot tip, and the larvae bore into the stem by eating pith which is later replaced by callus. This is a rare example of an insect with both boring and gall-inducing feeding strategies. Galls are induced when larvae feed on the ring of vascular tissue. There is no proliferation of nutritive cells but instead thick layers of gall parenchyma are produced. The vascular connections are broken at the gall level and concentric vascular bundles appear in the cortical and gall parenchyma. After pupation an inner periderm differentiates around the chamber surface.
SPRUCE CONE AXIS MIDGE,DASINEURA RACHIPHAGATRIPP (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN CONES OF BLACK SPRUCE,PICEA MARIANA(MILL.) B.S.P.
Authors: Prévost Y.H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe development of spruce cone axis midge,Dasineura rachiphagaTripp, and its parasitoids,Platygaster lucidaFouts andTorymussp., was studied in relation to the availability and development stage of black spruce,Picea mariana(Mill.) B.S.P., cones.Spruce cone axis midge inhabiting black spruce cones appeared to undergo an extended diapause. This phenomenon probably was related to the production of cones.Platygaster lucidaalso appeared to undergo extended diapause and the proportion ofP.lucidaextending their diapause paralleled that of spruce cone axis midge which suggested a close dependance to their host.Spruce cone axis midge,P.lucida, andTorymussp. emerged from mature cones about the same time and were closely synchronized with the availability of black spruce flowers.External morphological characters of the spruce cone axis midge that separate the two sexes in the pupal stage were described.
A SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR EGGS OF WESTERN BLACKHEADED BUDWORM, ACLERIS GLOVERANA (WALSINGHAM) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), ON WESTERN HEMLOCK, TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA (RAF.) SARG.
Authors: Shepherd R.F. , Gray T.G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEggs of western blackheaded budworm, Acleris gloverana (Walsingham), are laid on the lower surface of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., needles. A comparison was made of the following measures of sample branch size as a basis for expressing egg density: fresh branch weight, branch area, total twig length, branch volume, and number of buds. The criteria for selection of these measures were as follows: correlations of branch size with dry needle weight, variances of egg density and their relative contribution to sample size, and ease of measurement. Fresh branch weight was the best choice. A sequential sampling system was developed on this basis and was related to a scale of predicted defoliation. In addition, a transformation was provided for use in data analysis.
LIFE HISTORIES, DIET, AND NICHE OVERLAP OF THREE SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF ELMIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN A TEMPERATE STREAM
Authors: Tavares Annette F. , Williams D. Dudley 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPromoresia elegans (LeConte), Optioservus fastiditus (LeConte), and Stenelmis nr. bicarinata LeConte coexist in Duffin Creek, Ont., making up 3.78–23.92% of the riffle fauna present.Promoresia elegans and O. fastiditus appeared to have semi-voltine life histories. Stenelmis nr. bicarinata appeared to be univoltine but with overlapping generations and slow recruitment occurring from late summer to fall; growth was slow in winter but fast in spring and summer.Based on the index of relative importance (Pinkas et al. 1971), detritus was identified as the most important food source for all size classes and all species throughout the year. Microinorganics ranked second, with diatoms, fungal hyphae, and vascular plant material being the least important food sources. There was no indication of ontogenic food switching in any of the species.The Schoener (1970) niche overlap index indicated almost complete dietary overlap (Cxy = 0.78–0.97) among the three species throughout the year and the Hurlbert (1978) niche overlap index similarly indicated a convergence of diets (L = 1.31–3.54).Niche breadth values were found to be high for all species on the rock surfaces (generalist diet) but were lower in the hyporheic zone indicating a higher degree of specialization there.
QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE INFLUENCE OF FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND SURVIVAL OF THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Elliott N.C. , Lance D.R. , Hanson S.L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAdult corn rootworm beetles, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, were maintained at five fluctuating temperature regimens with daily average temperatures of 16.0, 19.5, 23.0, 26.5, and 30.0°C. The mean number of eggs laid per female was greatest (602) at 26.5°C and least (295) at 16.0°C. The median length of life decreased with increasing temperature from 13.8 weeks at 19.5°C to 7.9 weeks at 30.0°C. Parameters were estimated for nonlinear functions relating age-specific fecundity and age-specific survival to physiological age.
LEVELS OF SITKA SPRUCE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (PECK), DAMAGE AMONG SITKA SPRUCE PROVENANCES AND FAMILIES NEAR SAYWARD, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Alfaro Rene I. , Ying Cheng C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVariation in tree height, number of attacks by the Sitka spruce weevil (= white pine weevil) (Pissodes strobi [Peck]), tree form, and stem defect were studied in a 15-year-old Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.) provenance test near Sayward, on Vancouver Island, B.C. An aggregated spatial distribution of the attacks was found in the plantation. Average number of attacks, tree form, and total tree height varied significantly among provenances and among families within provenances in both light and severe infestation patches. The number of unattacked trees varied by provenance from 5 to 51%, but in patches of severe infestation it varied from 0 to 64%. The number of attacks per tree had a significant negative effect on tree height. However, at the same level of attack, some provenances grew significantly taller than others. Thirty, 19, and 51% of all trees were classified as having a good, medium, or poor form, respectively. Among provenances located in severe infestation patches, the percentages of trees having good form varied from 4 to 64%. The type of defect that formed after an attack (minor crook, major crook, or fork) varied by provenance. Aggregated weevil attack and genetic differences among provenances may have accounted for this variation.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FIRST-INSTAR CABBAGE MAGGOT,DELIA RADICUM(L.) (ANTHOMYIIDAE: DIPTERA), TO STRAINS OF THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODESSTEINERNEMA FELTIAEFILIPJEV,S.BIBIONIS(BOVIEN),HETERORHABDITIS BACTERIOPHORAPOINAR, ANDH.HELIOTHIDIS(KHAN, BROOKS, AND HIRSCHMANN)
Authors: Bracken G.K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe susceptibility of first-instar cabbage maggot,Delia radicum(L.), to parasitism by seven strains or species of entomogenous nematodes was compared in Petri dishes lined with moist filter paper. The effective doses for 50% mortality (ED50) of the Mexican, Breton, and All strains ofSteinernema feltiaeFilipjev, ofS.bibionis(Bovien), and ofHeterorhabditis heliothidis(Khan, Brooks, and Hirschmann) ranged from 98 to 341 infective juveniles per host larva with overlapping 95% confidence intervals; the slopes ranged from 1.36 to 1.07. The DD136 strain ofS.feltiaeand the speciesH.bacteriophoraPoinar were significantly less lethal with ED50values of 1113 and 1719 nematodes per host larva, respectively. The addition of a thin disc of rutabaga into the test dishes increased ED50values by a factor of 20 or more. Application of the Mexican strain ofS.feltiaeat 5 × 105nematodes per plant to small caged field plots of rutabaga artificially infested with eggs ofD radicumprovided control similar to that with diazinon applied at 1.4 L AI per hectare. Practical control ofD.radicumon rutabaga with entomogenous nematodes would require strains or species considerably more lethal than those tested here.
REDUNDANCY IN THE SEMIOCHEMICAL MESSAGE REQUIRED TO INDUCE ATTACK ON LODGEPOLE PINES BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Borden J.H. , Chong L.J. , Lindgren B.S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBaited tree experiments confirmed the hypothesis that frontalin is a multifunctional pheromone that can induce the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to aggregate on and mass-attack lodgepole pine, Pinus conforta var. latifolia Engelmann. A re-examination was undertaken of the role of four known semiochemicals, myrcene, trans-verbenol, exo-brevicomin, and frontalin, tested as tree baits alone (with the exception of myrcene) and in all possible combinations. There was considerable redundancy evident in the semiochemical signal. For example, myrcene + frontalin and trans-verbenol + exo-brevicomin induced attack on baited trees at similar levels of intensity. The results suggest that beetles of either sex could initiate a mass attack. During the most attractive phase of host colonization, redundancy in the semiochemical signal could act as a fail-safe mechanism to ensure perception of and response to odors from an attacked tree. In addition the standard, commercial, tree bait containing myrcene, trans-verbenol, and exo-brevicomin might be modified by deleting myrcene, making a more acceptable and cost-effective operational bait.
REVISION OF THE GENUSMACRONEURAWALKER IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HYMENOPTERA: EUPELMIDAE)
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe species ofMacroneuraWalker are revised for America north of Mexico. Seven species are recognized, of whichM.camptoptera,M.cerasma,M.chrysosinamora, andM.tanyarisare described as new;M.meteori(Gahan) is removed from synonymy withM.epicaste(Walker) and accorded specific status.Eupelmus melanderiBrues is synonymized withEupelmus dryorhizoxeniAshmead and the taxa are reassigned toEupelmusDalman fromMacroneura. Diagnostic features are given to distinguish females and males ofMacroneurafrom members of other eupelmine genera; putative phylogenetic relationships ofMacroneuraare discussed, and a key is presented to distinguish females and known males of the North American species.