bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School Nursing for Children With Special Needs: Does Number of Schools Make a Difference?
Authors: Kruger Barbara J. , Toker Karen H. , Radjenovic Doreen , Comeaux Judy M. , Macha Kiran 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Few recent studies have focused on the role of school nurses who predominantly care for children with special health care needs (CSHCN). The primary aim of this study was to explore differences related to (a) child health conditions covered, (b) direct care procedures, (c) care management functions, and (c) consultation sources used among nurses who spent the majority of their time caring for CSHCN compared to a mixed student population and among nurses who covered a single school versus multiple schools.METHODS: A community‐based interdisciplinary team developed a 28‐item survey which was completed by 50 nurses (48.5% response) employed by health departments and school districts. Descriptive and comparative statistics and thematic coding were used to analyze data.RESULTS: Nurses who covered a single school (n = 23) or who were primarily assigned to CSHCN (n = 13) had a lower number of students, and more frequently (a) encountered complex child conditions, (b) performed direct care procedures, (c) participated in Individualized Education Plan (IEP) development, (d) collaborated with the Title V‐CSHCN agency, and e) communicated with physicians, compared to nurses who covered multiple schools or a general child population. Benefits centered on the children, scope of work, school environment, and family relationships. Challenges included high caseloads, school district priorities, and families who did not follow up.CONCLUSION: The number of schools that the nurses covered, percent of time caring for CSHCN, and employer type (school district or health department) affected the scope of school nurse practice. Recommendations are for lower student‐to‐nurse ratios, improved nursing supervision, and educational support.
Associations of Trying to Lose Weight, Weight Control Behaviors, and Current Cigarette Use Among US High School Students
Authors: Johnson Jonetta L. , Eaton Danice K. , Pederson Linda L. , Lowry Richard 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Approximately one‐quarter of high school students currently use cigarettes. Previous research has suggested some youth use smoking as a method for losing weight. The purpose of this study was to describe the association of current cigarette use with specific healthy and unhealthy weight control practices among 9th–12th grade students in the United States.METHODS: Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (2005) were analyzed. Behaviors included current cigarette use, trying to lose weight, and current use of 2 healthy and 3 unhealthy behaviors to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight. Separate logistic regression models calculated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for associations of current cigarette use with trying to lose weight (Model 1) and the 5 weight control behaviors, controlling for trying to lose weight (Model 2).RESULTS: In Model 1, compared with students who were not trying to lose weight, students who were trying to lose weight had higher odds of current cigarette use (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.15–1.49). In Model 2, the association of current cigarette use with the 2 healthy weight control behaviors was not statistically significant. Each of the 3 unhealthy weight control practices was significantly associated with current cigarette use, with AORs for each behavior approximately 2 times as high among those who engaged in the behavior, compared with those who did not.CONCLUSION: Some students may smoke cigarettes as a method of weight control. Inclusion of smoking prevention messages into existing weight management interventions may be beneficial.
Psychosocial Distress and Alcohol Use as Factors in Adolescent Sexual Behavior Among Sub‐Saharan African Adolescents
Authors: Page Randy M. , Hall Cougar P. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: This study examines the relationship between sexual behavior, alcohol use, and indicators of psychosocial distress (mental health) of adolescents in 6 sub‐Saharan African countries using the Global School‐based Student Health Survey (GSHS).METHODS: The sample consisted of 22,949 adolescents from Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe who participated in 2003 or 2004 GSHS surveys. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether sexual behaviors increased with levels of psychosocial distress and alcohol use.RESULTS: Sexual behaviors (having sex or having sex with 2 or more people) were associated with both psychosocial distress and alcohol use. Odds ratios showed that both boys and girls reporting psychosocial distress and alcohol use were at higher risk for having sex. Results also indicated that the likelihood of sexual behaviors increased when there was an increase in the number of psychosocial indicators and frequency of alcohol consumption.CONCLUSION: The results of this study are consistent with those conducted in the United States suggesting that sexual behavior, psychosocial distress, and substance use are interconnected. These findings highlight the need for school health education and health services in sub‐Saharan Africa, specifically the efforts to reduce psychosocial distress and prevent substance use in efforts to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections.
Transnational Resistance: Global Justice Networks and Spaces of Convergence
Authors: Routledge Paul 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study will consider how the reconfiguration of political life in relation to globalising economic and social processes has seen renewed efforts by social movements to extend their reach beyond local or national boundaries. To achieve this, social movements are constructing multiscalar networks of support and solidarity for their particular struggles, and participating with other movements in broad networks to resist neoliberal globalisation. Much of the recent literature on transnational activism has neglected the spatial practices of transnational political activity, and presents a singular notion of what constitutes transnational resistance networks. This study will discuss how, within such networks, diverse interests and identities are constituted within geographically complex set of relations, reconfiguring politics at all scales.
Monsoon in the Americas: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Rickenbach Thomas M. , Ferreira Rosana Nieto , Rickenbach John F. , Wright Emily A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article presents a comparative review of the North and South America Monsoon Systems and highlights the challenges and opportunities presented to those regions by the seasonal rains. Monsoon precipitation represents a major component of the water resources available to the southwestern US and to Brazil. Although each system shares classical features of the well‐known southwest Indian monsoon, water use, agriculture, public safety, and energy policy in these two countries have been shaped by the unique regional complexities of monsoon rain across each region. A comparison between these two systems may offer perspective for ways by which these societies may adapt to current and future challenges, and take advantage of new opportunities.
Quantitative X‐Ray Diffraction Determination of α‐Lactose Monohydrate and β‐Lactose in Chocolate
Authors: Thomas Nathan R. , Shumway Logan S. , Hansen Lee D. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT:  Lactose is a constituent of milk chocolate. During processing and cooling, lactose may precipitate as α‐lactose monohydrate and β‐lactose. The presence of α‐lactose monohydrate has a deleterious effect on the quality of milk chocolate. A quantitative X‐ray diffraction method for determination of α‐lactose monohydrate and β‐lactose in chocolate is described. The α‐lactose monohydrate signal at 19.9°2θ with Cu‐Kα X‐rays is a cubic function of concentration. The β‐lactose signal at 20.9°2θ is a linear function of concentration. α‐Lactose monohydrate is detectible at about 0.1 weight% and can be quantified at >0.5 weight%. β‐Lactose is detectible at about 1 weight% and can be quantified at >3 weight%. About 10 min is required to prepare and run a sample.Practical Application: The crystalline form of lactose affects the quality of chocolate. A rapid method for quantifying crystalline forms of lactose in chocolate is described. The method can be used for quality control and for improving chocolate quality.
Misrepresentational Innateness
Authors: Marcus Gary 
Published: July 2009

Abstract— Both nature and nurture are important contributors to development, but the two are not mutually exclusive. Understanding their joint contribution will require a balanced look at both contributors. This commentary proposes that the target article by J. P. Spencer et al. (2009) falls short in this regard, largely because it misrepresents the very “nativist” position it seeks to critique.
Seeing the World Through a Third Eye: Developmental Systems Theory Looks Beyond the Nativist–Empiricist Debate
Authors: Spencer John P. , Samuelson Larissa K. , Blumberg Mark S. , McMurray Bob , Robinson Scott R. , Bruce Tomblin J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract—In response to the commentaries on our article (J. P.Spencer et al., 2009), we summarize what a developmental systems perspective offers for a 21st‐century science of development by highlighting 5 insights from developmental systems theory. Where applicable, the discussion is grounded in a particular example—the emergence of ocular dominance columns in early development. Ocular dominance columns are a paragon of epigenesis and are inconsistent with the nativist view. We conclude with optimism that developmental science can move beyond the nativist–empiricist debate armed with both modern technological tools and strong theory to guide their use.
Establishment of a reference interval for natural killer cell activity through flow cytometry and its clinical application in the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: CHUNG H. J. , PARK C. J. , LIM J. H. , JANG S. , CHI H. S. , IM H. J. , SEO J. J. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryRecently, the Histiocyte Society revised the diagnostic criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) to include low or absent natural killer (NK) cell activity, according to local laboratory reference. The aim of this study was to establish reference interval for functional NK‐cell activity in 63 healthy Korean individuals using a flow‐cytometric assay. We used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as effector cells and Fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled K562 cells as target cells. NK‐cell activity was calculated using the following equation: NK‐cell activity (%) = (test lysis − spontaneous lysis) × 100/(maximum lysis − spontaneous lysis). NK‐cell activity was analyzed in 13 known HLH patients and 16 suspected non‐HLH patients using a flow‐cytometric assay. The mean (±SD) cytotoxicity of PBMCs from healthy individuals was 20.9 ± 5.3% and the reference interval was 11.8–31.9%. The mean NK‐cell activity of HLH patients (8.3 ± 8.9%) was significantly lower (P = 0.001) than that of non‐HLH patients (20.1 ± 7.8%). The sequential changes in NK‐cell activity in the HLH group corresponded to clinical and laboratory findings following treatment. We successfully developed a functional NK‐cell activity test for use in the clinical laboratory and obtained a reference interval of NK‐cell activity from healthy donors. This assay, and associated reference interval, was used to analyze 30 clinically relevant specimens and the results were shown to be well correlated.
Single Cell Analysis of Complex Thymus Stromal Cell Populations: Rapid Thymic Epithelia Preparation Characterizes Radiation Injury
Authors: Williams Kirsten M. , Mella Heather , Lucas Philip J. , Williams Joy A. , Telford William , Gress Ronald E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThymic epithelial cells (TECs) and dendritic cells are essential for the maintenance of thymopoiesis. Because these stromal elements define the progenitor niche, provide critical survival signals and growth factors, and direct positive and negative selection, detailed study of these populations is necessary to understand important elements for thymic renewal after cytotoxic injury. Study of TEC is currently hindered by lengthy enzymatic separation techniques with decreased viability. We present a new rapid separation technique that yields consistent viable TEC numbers in a quarter of the prior preparation time. Using this new procedure, we identify changes in stromal populations following total body irradiation (TBI). By flow cytometry, we show that TBI significantly depletes UEA+ medullary TEC, while sparing Ly51+ CD45− cells. Further characterization of the Ly51+ subset reveals enrichment of fibroblasts (CD45− Ly51+ MHCII−), while cortical TECs (CD45− Ly51+ MHCII+) were markedly reduced. Dendritic cells (CD11c+ CD45+) were also decreased following TBI. These data suggest that cytotoxic preparative regimens may impair thymic renewal by reducing critical populations of cortical and medullary TEC, and that such thymic damage can be assessed by this new rapid separation technique, thereby providing a means of assessing optimal conditioning pretransplant for enhancing thymic‐dependent immune reconstitution posttransplant.
New single nucleotide polymorphisms in Alectoris identified using chicken genome information allow Alectoris introgression detection
Authors: SEVANE N. , CORTÉS O. , GARCÍA D. , CAÑÓN J. , DUNNER S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUsing the chicken genome, 114 polymorphisms (109 SNPs and 5 INDELs) were identified in the Alectoris genus by polymerase chain reaction–single strand conformation polymorphism. Using these, a panel of SNPs is described, which allows easy detection of introgression of Alectoris chukar in wild Alectoris rufa populations, when used with a primer extension protocol. The selected polymorphisms were genotyped and their allelic frequencies estimated on 98 A. rufa partridges sampled from nonrestocking Spanish areas, and 63 A. chukar partridges from Greek and Spanish farms. Power calculations to determine an optimum subset of markers for a given significance level were performed.
A Welfare Trap? The Duration and Dynamics of Social Assistance Use among Lone Mothers in Canada
Authors: COOKE MARTIN 
Published: July 2009

À la fin des années 1990, la politique de l'aide sociale canadienne s'est transformée, pour se concentrer sur la diminution de la «dépendance» ou de l'aide sociale à long terme. En utilisant des données de l'Enquête sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu (1996–2001) et l'analyse historique des événements, l'auteur étudie la durée de l'aide sociale chez les mères monoparentales et autres chefs de ménage. Ses résultats montrent que l'instruction des mères monoparentales et leur expérience du marché du travail constituaient des prédicteurs moins importants de la durée de l'aide sociale que leur histoire conjugale. Quoique les prestations qu'elles recevaient duraient généralement peu de temps, l'auteur a trouvé la preuve d'une dépendance néfaste, ou du «piège de l'aide sociale», après un contrôle de l'hétérogénéité non observée. C'est un exemple démontrant que recevoir de l'aide sociale est non seulement le résultat de trajectoires de vie particulières, mais façonne aussi la vie.In the late 1990s, the Canadian social assistance policy changed to focus on reducing “dependency” or long‐term receipt. Using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (1996–2001) and event history models, we investigate the duration of social assistance receipt for lone mothers and other household heads. We find that lone mothers' education and labor force experience were less important predictors for their duration on social assistance than their previous marital history. Although receipt was generally short term, we find evidence of negative duration dependence, or a “welfare trap,” after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. This indicates one way in which a welfare receipt is not only the result of particular life course trajectories but also shapes lives.
Policy Change and the Politics of Ideas: The Emergence of the Canada/Quebec Pension Plans
Authors: BABICH KRISTINA , BÉLAND DANIEL 
Published: July 2009

Insistant sur l'impact direct des idées sur le changement politique, les auteurs se penchent sur l'adoption du Régime de rentes du Québec (RRQ) et du Régime de pensions du Canada (RPC) de 1965, en examinant deux questions étroitement liées: 1) Pourquoi le gouvernement fédéral a‐t‐il décidé de créer au milieu des années 1960 un système public de pension proportionnel aux revenus, en plus du Programme de la sécurité de la vieillesse alors en vigueur? et 2) Pourquoi ce nouveau système présente‐t‐il un taux de remplacement plus élevé que celui proposé initialement, de même qu'un régime différent pour le Québec? De manière à répondre à ces deux questions, les auteurs analysent les débats menant à l'adoption du RRQ et du RPC.Stressing the direct impact of ideas on policy change, this article explores the adoption of the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans (C/QPP) in 1965 by addressing two closely related questions: in the mid‐1960s: why did the federal government decide to create an earnings‐related public pension system on top of the existing Old Age Security program? Second, why did that new system feature a replacement rate higher than initially proposed as well as a separate scheme for the province of Quebec? In order to answer these two questions, the article analyzes the debates leading to the enactment of the C/QPP.
DOMAINS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
Authors: YINNON CARMI A. , YINNON TAMAR A. 
Published: July 2009

Experimentally observed aggregates in under-saturated aqueous solutions are analyzed. Aggregates studied include: 0.5 to 6 micrometer-sized domains composed of solvated strong electrolyte ions, organic- or bio-molecules; clusters of up to 280 water molecules. Hitherto, the customary electrostatic (ES) theories could not explain the formation of these large aggregates. Recently, it was shown that quantum electrodynamic (QED) interactions might affect the structure of solutions. Our analysis indicates that these interactions cause the observed aggregations. We found the observed aggregate characteristics conform to those of QED coherent domains. For example, QED predicts that dilution, e.g. from 2 M to 1 M, causes an increase of several hundred percent in the size of domains composed of solvated coherently oscillating molecules or ions. For solutions of DNA or NaCl , the measured cluster size as a function of concentration is available in the literature. We found it to be in agreement with the QED predictions.
You must be joking...
Authors: Faloutsos Michalis 
Published: July 2009

"Don't even get me started" is a powerful and direct, yet vague and meaningless, expression. What if you reply: "By all means, please, get started". I believe that this will stun your opponent (it may be a friendly discussion, but if you don't believe the other person is an opponent, you will never win.). Then, you can quickly grab his/her nose and yell: "Twos before eights, and one bird in the bush". It can be very entertaining unless the other person is your boss or your psychiatrist. In any case, this column dares to go where no column at CCR has gone before. It is all about getting started. And by that, we mean starting start-ups.
Warning: the content below is not suitable for small children or adults with common sense.
Breast Cancer Migration and Invasion Depend on Proteasome Degradation of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 4
Authors: Xie Yan , Wolff Dennis W. , Wei Taotao , Wang Bo , Deng Caishu , Kirui Joseph K. , Jiang Haihong , Qin Jianbing , Abel Peter W. , Tu Yaping 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Aberrant signaling through G-protein coupled receptors promotes metastasis, the major cause of breast cancer death. We identified regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) as a novel suppressor of breast cancer migration and invasion, important steps of metastatic cascades. By blocking signals initiated through Gi-coupled receptors, such as protease-activated receptor 1 and CXC chemokine receptor 4, RGS4 disrupted Rac1-dependent lamellipodia formation, a key step involved in cancer migration and invasion. RGS4 has GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity, which inhibits G-protein coupled receptor signaling by deactivating G-proteins. An RGS4 GAP-deficient mutant failed to inhibit migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in both in vitro assays and a mouse xenograft model. Interestingly, both established breast cancer cell lines and human breast cancer specimens showed that the highest levels of RGS4 protein were expressed in normal breast epithelia and that RGS4 down-regulation by proteasome degradation is an index of breast cancer invasiveness. Proteasome blockade increased endogenous RGS4 protein to levels that markedly inhibit breast cancer cell migration and invasion, which was reversed by an RGS4-targeted short hairpin RNA. Our findings point to the existence of a mechanism for posttranslational regulation of RGS4 function, which may have important implications for the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype by breast cancer cells. Preventing degradation of RGS4 protein should attenuate aberrant signal inputs from multiple Gi-coupled receptors, thereby retarding the spread of breast cancer cells and making them targets for surgery, radiation, and immune treatment. [Cancer Res 2009;69(14):5743–51]
CCL5-Mediated Endogenous Antitumor Immunity Elicited by Adoptively Transferred Lymphocytes and Dendritic Cell Depletion
Authors: Nesbeth Yolanda , Scarlett Uciane , Cubillos-Ruiz Juan , Martinez Diana , Engle Xavier , Turk Mary-Jo , Conejo-Garcia Jose R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antitumor T cells is a promisingly effective therapy for various cancers, but its effect on endogenous antitumor immune mechanisms remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the administration of naive T cells de novo primed for only 7 days against tumor antigens resulted in the durable rejection of otherwise lethal ovarian cancers when coupled with the depletion of tumor-associated immunosuppressive dendritic cells (DC). Therapeutic activity required tumor antigen specificity and perforin expression by the adoptively transferred T cells, but not IFN-γ production. Importantly, these shortly primed T cells secreted large amounts of CCL5, which was required for their therapeutic benefit. Accordingly, transferred T cells recruited CCR5+ DCs into the tumor, where they showed distinct immunostimulatory attributes. Activated CCR5+ host T cells with antitumor activity also accumulated at tumor locations, and endogenous tumor-specific memory T cells remained elevated after the disappearance of transferred lymphocytes. Therefore, persistent, long-lived antitumor immunity was triggered by the administration of ex vivo activated T cells, but was directly mediated by immune cells of host origin. Our data unveil a CCL5-dependent mechanism of awakening endogenous antitumor immunity triggered by ex vivo expanded T cells, which is augmented by tumor-specific targeting of the cancer microenvironment. [Cancer Res 2009;69(15):6331–8]