bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sample Design and Analysis for Regional Geochemical Studies
Authors: Klusman R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe compilation of baseline geochemical data prior to the development of large‐scale energy projects is necessary in order to assess possible impacts the development may have on the local environment. Most studies are site specific and difficult to integrate where several independent studies are being carried out on adjacent projects. Methods are presented, hierarchial analysis of variance complemented with kriging, to carry out preliminary geochemical baseline determinations over relatively large regions. These efficient, low‐cost methods provide data on natural compositional trends with a known degree of reliability. Soil molybdenum from the Piceance Basin of Colorado and Uinta Basin of Utah are used to illustrate the methods. Sample densities ranging from one per 62 km2 to one per 0.5 km2 are evaluated with respect to effectiveness in presenting the distribution of soil molybdenum of these areas. A sample density of one per 47 km2 was determined to be adequate by analysis of variance, for low resolution mapping of a portion of the eastern Uinta basin. Maps generated by geostatitical analysis followed by kriging provide a visual representation of soil molybdenum and the associated estimation variance. A density of one sample per 62 km2 was demonstrated not to be adequate for low resolution mapping of soil molybdenum in the Piceance basin. A higher sampling density of one per 0.66 km2 was utilized in mapping soil molybdeuum of oil shale Tract C‐a and vicinity. Analysis of variance demonstrates this is an adequate density for mapping at higher resolution. Geostatistical analysis and kriging were used to generate an estimate map and variance estimate for Tract C‐a and vicinity.
Sorption and Transport of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in Aqueous and Mixed Solvent Systems: Model Development and Preliminary Evaluation
Authors: Rao P. S. C. , Hornsby A. G. , Kilcrease D. P. , Nkedi‐Kizza P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA theoretical approach, based upon the assumption of predominance of solvophobic interactions, was formulated to quantitatively describe the sorption and transport of hydrophohic organic chemicals (HOC) from aqueous and aqueous‐organic‐solvent mixtures. In the theoretical approach, solvent‐sorbate interactions (solubility) are specifically considered in order to predict sorbate‐sorbent interactions (sorption). For HOC sorption from a single solvent, the HOC sorption coefficient was shown to increase loglinearly with the hydrocarbonaceous surface area (HSA) of the sorbate. For HOC sorption from aqueous‐organic binary solvent mixtures, the sorption coefficient is predicted to decrease exponentially as the fraction of organic cosolvent increases. This is a direct consequence of increased HOC solubility in the binary solvent. Because sorption and mobility of HOC are inversely related, a decrease in sorption coefficient leads to an enhanced HOC mobility as the fraction of organic cosolvent is increased. A preliminary verification of the theory was performed by an analysis of published data for (i) HOC sorption by soils and sediments from water, (ii) HOC retention by reversed‐phase chromatographic sorbents during isocratic elution with methanol‐water binary solvent mixture, and (iii) HOC mobility on soil‐TLC plates eluted with ethanol‐water mixtures.
Redistribution of Bromide by Rainfall Infiltration into a Cecil Sandy Loam Landscape
Authors: Bruce R. R. , Leonard R. A. , Thomas A. W. , Jackson W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe redistribution of bromide applied to the soil surface at selected positions in a sample Cecil sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults) landscape was measured in relation to rainfall and pedon characteristics. Three bromide application sites were located in drainageway positions and three on slope positions exhibiting different degrees of erosion. Observations of nearly 4 yr measured 4.7 m of rainfall to show that rainfall was more effective in transporting Br through drainageway pedons than those on the slopes. After 1000 mm of rainfall, half of the applied Br was above 0.6 m on the slope sites and above 1.0 m on the drainageway sites. This difference seems to relate closely to the higher hydraulic conductivity in the Bt horizon above 1.2 m in the drainageway pedons than in the slope pedons. Also, the maximum clay zones in the Bt horizons of the drainageway sites were significantly lower than those on the slope sites and occurred about 0.5 m deeper. At the completion of this study, an elevated Br level was measured in a drainageway site between 1.5 and 2.4 m with no evidence of Br below 3.8 m. These data provide a basis for assigning solute transport characteristics to the identified variability in this and similar landscapes.
Determination of Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, and Magnesium in Natural Waters by Ion Chromatography
Authors: Basta N. T. , Tabatabai M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSimultaneous determination of alkali and alkaline earth metals in water samples is needed. Studies to evaluate the Dionex Model 10 Ion Chromatograph (IC) for simultaneous determination of K and Na or Ca and Mg in diverse types of natural waters, including soil extracts, showed that the results by the IC method closely agreed with those obtained by flame photometry for K and Na and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for K, Na, Ca, and Mg. The IC method is based on separation of the monovalent and divalent cations by a separator column containing a low‐capacity sulfonated divinylbenzene polystyrene copolymer, cation‐exchange resin in the H↓ form and on converting the various metal ions to their corresponding hydroxides by a suppressor column containing a high‐capacity, anion‐exchange resin in the OH− form. The eluent used for determination of alkali metals was 5 mM HCl, and a solution containing 2.5 mM HCl + 2.5 mMm‐phenylenediamine dihydrochloride was used for determination of alkaline earth metals. Electrical conductivity is used as the mode of detection. The method is precise, accurate, and can detect as little as 0.1 mg L−1 of K, Na, Ca, or Mg in water samples. The coefficient of variation values ranged from 1.3 to 5.0% for K, from 0.63 to 9.1% for Na, from 1.9 to 3.5% for Ca, and from 0 to 2.4% for Mg. With the IC method, K and Na or Ca and Mg can be determined simultaneously in 2 mL of water in approximately 7 min. A single operator can perform about 40 analyses of alkali or alkaline earth metals in a normal working day. Successive analyses of waters containing high concentrations of metals (e.g., Fe) may lead to loss of resolution of alkali metals, but this can be restored by washing the separator column with 3 M HCl saturated with EDTA.
Headwater Stream Losses of Nitrogen from Two Coastal Plain Watersheds
Authors: Jacobs T. C. , Gilliam J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen concentrations and water flow were measured for a 3‐yr period from two watersheds of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in North Carolina to assess sinks for NO3‐N4 Both of the areas are typical of the largest agricultural producing area in the region. From the Middle Coastal Plain watershed with 1299 ha of predominantly well‐ to moderately well‐drained soils, the losses of NO3‐N and total N in surface drainage water were 2.5 and 4.5 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The Lower Coastal Plain watershed with 6998 ha of somewhat poorly‐ to poorly‐drained soils had NO3‐N and total N losses of 0.5 and 2.5 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. These values were much lower than expected based on agricultural production, fertilizer used, and crop efficiency. The soils included in the study were Typic Paleudults to Aquic Paleudults and Aquic Hapludults to Aeric Paleaquults. Denitrification between the field and stream was concluded to be the primary reason for these low values. However, the concentrations of NO3‐N in streams near the field outlets decreased significantly as N enriched water moved through the transport system. The lowest stream elevations sampled on the Middle and Lower Coastal Plain watersheds averaged 0.6 and < 0.1 mg L−1 NO3‐N with maximum values of 2.5 and 0.6 mg L−1, respectively. Comparing changes in nitrate and chloride concentrations and the reducing Eh in the stream and floodplain sediments suggest denitrification as the loss mechanism in the stream transport system. Ostensibly the stream is responsible for the loss rather than the riparian area; however, the area inundated by the stream is small compared to the flood plain. The Middle and Lower Coastal Plain watersheds have 2.5 and 94 ha inundated by the stream while confined to the channel, but while in a moderate flood these values increase to 20 and 250 ha, respectively. While instream losses of NO3‐N are important in this region to maintain water quality, they are not sufficient to completely counter heavy loading by nonpoint sources.
Residual Cadmium Forms in Acid‐extracted Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge
Authors: Feltz Robert E. , Logan Terry J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of phosphorus and lime additions after acid extraction on residual Cd solubility and chemical forms in an anaerobically digested sewage sludge were investigated. High Cd content (11 mmol Cd kg−1) anaerobically digested sewage sludge was aerated and then acidified to pH 2 to solubilize Cd. After 18 h of acidification, the sludge was dewatered and the supernatant and solids separated. Seventy or more percent of the Cd was removed from the solids. Similar amounts of Ni, Mn and Zn were also removed, but Cu removal was only 26% and that of Pb was < 5%. The acid extracted sludge was neutralized to pH 5.9 with Ca(OH)2. Before liming, the sludge was amended with rock phosphate (RP) or monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The RP was insoluble while MCP dissolved, providing a high level of phosphate ligand for Cd precipitation or coprecipitation. Solution Cd in the limed MCP sludge was 12% of that in the limed RP sludge or in the limed sludge without P addition. Estimated sludge solution solubility products for major Fe, Al and Ca phosphates showed that several of these minerals could have precipitated with P addition, especially with MCP, and Cd may have coprecipitated with these solid phases. Cadmium phosphate may also have been formed in the MCP sludge. Chemical fractionation indicated that 50% of the Cd in the aerated unextracted sludge existed as inorganic precipitates with another 40% Na4P2O7 extractable (organically bound). Acidification solubilized 98% of the inorganic Cd and 86% of the organically bound Cd. Seventy‐nine percent of the Cd remaining in the dewatered acidified sludge was in the KNO3 extractable (exchangeable) fraction. Liming redistributed the Cd with 13 to 19% as inorganic precipitates, 70 to 85% organically bound and < 3% in the exchangeable fraction. Phosphate addition had no significant effect on Cd fractionation.
Distribution of Plutonium and Americium Beneath a 33‐yr‐old Liquid Waste Disposal Site
Authors: Nyhan J. W. , Drennon B. J. , Abeele W. V. , Wheeler M. L. , Purtymun W. D. , Trujillo G. , Herrera W. J. , Booth J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of Pu, 241Am, and water in Bandelier Tuff beneath a former liquid waste disposal site at Los Alamos was investigated. The waste use history of the site was described, as well as the previous field and laboratory studies of radionuclide migration performed at this site. One of the absorption beds studied had 20.5 m of water added to it in 1961 in an aggressive attempt to change the distribution of radionuclides in the tuff beneath the bed. Plutonium and 241Am were detected to sampling depths of 30 m in this bed, but only found to depths of 6.5 to 13.41 m in an adjacent absorption bed (bed 2) not receiving additional water in 1961. After 17 yr of migration of the slug of water added to bed 1, 0.3 to 5.1% of the Pu inventory and 3.0 to 49.6% of the 241Am inventory was mobilized within the 30‐m sampling depth, as less than one column volume of water moved through the tuff profile under the bed. The results of similar lab and field studies performed since 1953 were compared with our 1978 data and site hydrologic data was used as a time marker to estimate how fast radionuclide migration occurred in the tuff beneath absorption bed 1. Most of the radionuclide migration appeared to have occurred within 1 yr of the 20.5‐m water leaching in 1961. The implications of our research results to nuclear waste management were also discussed.
Two Agricultural Production Data Libraries for Risk Assessment Models
Authors: Baes C. F. , Shor R. W. , Sharp R. D. , Sjoreen A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo data libraries based on the 1974 United States Census of Agriculture are described. The data packages (AGDATC and AGDATG) are available from the Radiation Shielding Information Center (RSIC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 (contact: B. L. McGill, 615‐574‐6176 or FTS 624‐6176). Agricultural production and land‐use information by county (AGDATC) or by 1/2 by 1/2 degree longitude‐latitude grid cell (AGDATG) provide geographical resolution of the data. The libraries were designed for use in risk assessment models that simulate the transport of radionuclides from sources of airborne release through food chains to man. However, they are also suitable for use in the assessment of other airborne pollutants that can affect man from a food ingestion pathway such as effluents from synfuels or coal‐fired power plants. The principal significance of the data libraries is that they provide default location‐specific food‐chain transport parameters when site‐specific information are unavailable. Plant food categories in the data libraries include leafy vegetables, vegetables and fruits exposed to direct deposition of airborne pollutants, vegetables and fruits protected from direct deposition, and grains. Livestock feeds are also tabulated in four categories: pasture, grain, hay, and silage. Pasture was estimated by a material balance of cattle and sheep inventories, forage feed requirements, and reported harvested forage. Cattle (Bos spp.), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), hog (Sus scrofa), chicken (Gallus domesticus), and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) inventories or sales are also tabulated in the data libraries and can be used to provide estimates of meat, eggs, and milk production. Honey production also is given. Population, irrigation, and meteorological information are also listed.
Mobility and Uptake by Plants of Elements Placed Near a Shallow Water Table Interface
Authors: Sheppard S. C. , Evenden W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe water table interface is the transition between unsaturated, usually aerated, soil and water‐saturated, often anaerobic soil. Plant roots may approach this transition zone and absorb elements soluble in and below the transition zone. To examine this possibility, we studied elements that differ in solubility as a function of oxidation‐reduction potential. Barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Conquest) was grown in field lysimeters, and treatments included various elements (iron, technetium and uranium plus phosphorus), element placement depths, and water table regimes. Measurements included plant uptake of each element, plant root distribution, and soil profiles of total and extractable amounts of each study element and related elements. The transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions occurred −10 cm above the water table interface. The mobility of the elements decreased in the order Tc > U > P ≥ Fe. The redox gradient markedly modified the mobility of Tc and U. The Fe was more soluble in the reducing environment than in the oxidizing environment, but no migration of Fe was detected. The plant roots were almost entirely confined to the oxidized layers of soil. The plants absorbed no treatment Fe, very little treatment P and U (from the shallow placement only), but substantial amounts of Tc. A fluctuating water table further restricted plant uptake. The water table interface markedly changed the mobility of some of the study elements but the effect on rooting depth was more profound. Thus, the water table interface did not present a unique condition for plant roots to absorb elements as the elements diffused upward from the reducing environment.
Plant Uptake of Trace Elements from Coal Gasification Ashes
Authors: Francis C. W. , Davis E. C. , Goyert J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUptake of trace elements in annual ryegrass (L. multiflorum Lam.) grown in mixtures of three gasification ashes and two soils under greenhouse conditions is reported. The gasification ashes selected were those produced in fluidized‐, fixed‐, and entrained‐bed gasification processes. Soils consisted of a surface agricultural soil and a subsurface weathered shale. Plant uptake was evaluated under two management regimes, with and without lime and fertilizer amendments. Six harvests were made over 180 d. Ryegrass yields were highly dependent on application of lime and fertilizer regardless of quantity or type of ash in the soil‐ash mixtures. Yields from unlimed/unfertilized treatments were low because of the limited supply of N, P, and K and phytotoxic levels of Al, Cd, Ni, and Zn. The entrained‐bed ash contained a relative high S concentration (38 g/kg) that oxidized and made the soil‐ash mixtures very acid (pH < 4). Ryegrass grown in unlimed/unfertilized soil‐ash mixtures of this ash contained very high concentrations of Al, B, Cd, Co, Mo, Ni, and Zn (up to 2449, 97, 24, 38, 5, 532, and 1109 mg/kg, respectively). Many of these concentrations were considered to be phytotoxic and/or sufficiently high to be toxic to animals under continuous long‐term grazing conditions. However, applications of the same gasifier ash to soils that were limed and fertilized with N, P, and K produced ryegrass that did not contain phytotoxic levels of any of the trace elements examined or concentrations that would be of concern in the transport of these metals along foodchains to man. Risk was related to soil pH, a factor that can be managed with proper liming and fertilizing practices.
Evidence for Movement of Heavy Metals in a Soil Irrigated with Untreated Wastewater
Authors: Schirado T. , Vergara I. , Schalscha E. B. , Pratt P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Vertisol irrigated for over five decades with an untreated municipal wastewater had elevated levels of DTPA extractable Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in the cultivated layer of the soil as compared to lower layers. Total Co, Ni, and Zn were uniformly distributed in the 150‐cm depth of the soil profile, total Cu increased with depth and total Cd, Cr, and Mn had higher concentrations in the cultivated layer than in some deeper layers. Assuming that the added metals had accumulated in the cultivated layer of the soil and assuming uniform distributions of metals in the soil profile at the start of irrigation with wastewater, the amounts of metals added would have produced increased concentrations in the cultivated layer. These expected differences were not found, except for Mn. These results suggest that the metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn may have migrated downward from the cultivated layer and are now distributed throughout the soil profile or leached below the depth of sampling.
Distribution of Heavy Metals in Waste Drilling Fluids Under Conditions of Changing pH
Authors: Deeley G. M. , Canter L. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA laboratory study was conducted to determine the influence of pH on the distribution of arsenic (As), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) in three different oil and gas well drilling fluid wastes. Samples were obtained from disposal pits and equilibrated in the laboratory under controlled conditions of pH. A sequential extraction procedure was then used to fractionate the selected elements into the fractions of aqueous, KNO3‐extractable, H2O‐extractable, NaOH‐extractable, EDTA‐extractable, and HNO3‐extractable phases. The chemical fractions present at each pH were then compared, thus providing insight into the potential of mobilization of As, Ba, Cr, and Pb into ground‐ or surface waters. The majority of each of the elements studied was found in the NaOH‐extractable, EDTA‐extractable or HNO3‐extractable fractions except for one waste which contained a major portion of the total barium in the KNO3‐extractable fraction. Generally, decreasing pH caused a shift from the more stable HNO3‐extractable fraction toward less stable EDTA‐extractable, NaOH‐extractable, or KNO3‐extractable fractions. In no case was there a substantial release to the aqueous phase with changing pH. The significance of these results is that with pH changes to be expected in the natural environment there is not likely to be a major release of As, Ba, Cr, and Pb from drilling fluid waste disposal pits. The lower pH values (< 4) which might produce some impact are unlikely to occur in the environment because the wastes themselves have a large neutralizing capacity.
Nickel, Cadmium, and Selenium Levels in Native Soil, Overburden, and Spoil Materials
Authors: Pitt J. L. , Hossner L. R. , Melton J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and selenium (se) analyses showed that there was no significant difference in the concentration of these elements when compared over the three sample types examined (native soil, overburden, and spoil materials obtained from four surface mining operations in Texas). The soils belong to the Paleustalf, Paleudult, Hapludalf, and Paleudalf Great Groups. Ranges in total concentrations of the individual elements were 4.01 to 71.4 mg kg−1 Ni, 0.00 to 2.46 mg kg−1 Cd, and 0.04 to 10.7 mg kg−1 Se for the native soil, overburden, and spoil samples. At each site, the geological environments of deposition had significantly different levels of Ni, Cd, and Se. Depositional environments containing higher concentrations of fine materials (Backswamp, flood basin, etc.) had the highest concentrations of Ni and Cd. Selenium was highest in the lignite and deposits closely associated with the lignite. Results of this study indicate that no significant elevation of total Ni, Cd, and Se would be expected from the complete mixing of overburden following the surface mining operation.
Comparison of Methods for Estimating Sulfate Export from a Forested Watershed
Authors: Dann M. S. , Lynch J. A. , Corbett E. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeven methods of estimating sulfate export from a forested watershed in central Pennsylvania were compared. One method involved simple linear regression of discharge and concentration data, two methods were based on regression models in which the concentration data were stratified by flow frequency or duration, two methods weighted the mean concentration by discharge, one method used a simple unweighted mean concentration, and one weighted export according to the length of the sampling period interval. The regression models produced the highest export estimates but were considered statistically invalid because the data set did not adhere to the statistical requirements of independence, normality, and linearity. Weighted and unweighted mean concentration methods gave the lowest estimates of export because they gave less emphasis to high flows during which the majority of sulfate was exported from the watershed. The period‐weighted method gave intermediate to high export estimates because it took into consideration the large export of sulfate during high flows. This method appeared to offer the best estimate of sulfate export from the watershed studied within the conditions and limitations of the data set. Although limited to sulfate export from a forested watershed, these results would appear to be applicable to any ion, particularly if the solute concentration of the ion is flow related.