bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Becoming a proficient academic writer: shifting lexical preferences in the use of the progressive
Authors: Wulff Stefanie , Römer Ute 
Published: December 2009

Recent corpus studies have shown that learners of English are aware of systematic associations between verbs and their preferred argument structures to an extent that is similar to that of a native speaker of English (e.g., Gries and Wulff, 2005 ). Given evidence for similarly systematic associations in native speaker data at the lexis–morphology interface (e.g., Römer, 2005a ), the question arises whether, and to what extent, learners of English are also sensitive to lexical dependencies at the level of morphology, and how their verb-aspect associations compare with those of native speakers. In order to address this question, this study focusses on the potential associations between verbs and progressive aspect in German learners' academic writing. On the basis of the German component of the International Corpus of Learner English and the Cologne–Hanover Advanced Learner Corpus, learners' significantly preferred verb-aspect pairs are identified using an adaptation of collostructional analysis ( Stefanowitsch and Gries, 2003 ). The results are complemented with corresponding analyses of a subset of the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers on the one hand and published research articles from the Hyland Corpus on the other hand. The findings indicate that upper-intermediate and advanced German learners of English exhibit clear lexical preferences in the use of progressives. Furthermore, comparative analyses suggest that verb-aspect preferences shift as a function of writers' mastery of text type-specific conventions rather than language proficiency at large.
Premature Aortic Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Controlled Transesophageal Echocardiographic Study
Authors: ROLDAN CARLOS A. , JOSON JOSEPH , SHARRAR JANEEN , QUALLS CLIFFORD R. , SIBBITT WILMER L. 
Published: December 2009

Objective.Premature carotid and coronary atherosclerosis are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but data on aortic atherosclerosis (AA) are limited. Thus, using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), we sought to determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of AA in patients with SLE.Methods.Forty-seven patients with SLE (44 women, age 38 ± 12 years) and 21 healthy controls (19 women, age 34 ± 12 years) underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations and TEE to assess AA defined as aortic intima media thickness (IMT) > 0.86 mm or plaques as > 50% focal IMT as compared with surrounding walls. TEE studies were interpreted by an experienced observer unaware of subjects’ clinical data.Results.The prevalence of abnormal aortic IMT, plaques, or both lesions was higher in patients as compared to controls (37%, 23%, and 43% vs 14%, 0%, and 14%, respectively, all p ≤ 0.02). In patients, age at diagnosis of SLE was the only positive independent predictor of AA [OR 1.12 per year from diagnosis of SLE, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.19, p = 0.001] and cyclophosphamide therapy was the only negative independent predictor of AA (OR 0.186, 95% CI 0.153–0.95, p = 0.04, equivalent to 5.4 times less likely to develop AA).Conclusion.AA is common in young patients with SLE and is predicted by a later age at diagnosis of SLE, but is negatively correlated with cyclophosphamide therapy. Thus, early diagnosis and more aggressive immunosuppressive therapy may be required to decrease the development and progression of atherosclerosis in patients with SLE.
Observational Study of Treatment Outcome in Early Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: HERRICK ARIANE L. , LUNT MARK , WHIDBY NINA , ENNIS HOLLY , SILMAN ALAN , McHUGH NEIL , DENTON CHRISTOPHER P. 
Published: December 2009

Objective.Randomized clinical trials in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) are challenging. We used an observational approach to estimate the relative effectiveness of different current treatment approaches, capturing entry and outcome data in a standardized way.Methods.Patients with dcSSc within 3 years of the onset of skin thickening were included. Standardized entry and followup data were collected in relation to the first disease-modifying treatment at baseline and 4–6 weeks, then 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. The 5 different protocols were (1) intravenous cyclophosphamide followed by mycophenolate mofetil (MMF); (2) antithymocyte globulin followed by MMF; (3) MMF alone; (4) no disease-modifying treatment; (5) other immunosuppressant treatment. The primary outcome measure was the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS). Inverse probability of treatment weights were used to allow for differing patient characteristics between groups.Results.The study included 147 patients from 12 centers. Numbers of patients starting on Protocols 1 to 5 were 29, 25, 61, 19, and 13, respectively. mRSS decreased over time from 24 (IQ 19–32) at baseline to 15.5 (IQ 9–24.5) at 3 years. Although there were differences in the magnitude of the change for different protocols, there were no significant differences between protocols in the rate of change of mRSS over time (p = 0.43). When inverse probability weights were applied, the results remained nonsignificant (p = 0.41).Conclusion.Using this observational approach, there were no obvious differences in outcome between groups after allowing as far as possible for baseline differences in treatment allocations.
Demographic and Clinical Features Related to a Symptomatic Onset of Paget’s Disease of Bone
Authors: VARENNA MASSIMO , ZUCCHI FRANCESCA , GALLI LAURA , MANARA MARIA , DE MARCO GABRIELE , SINIGAGLIA LUIGI 
Published: December 2009

Objective.Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) is a focal disorder of skeletal remodeling that can lead to bone pain, deformity, and fractures, but it can often be asymptomatic for a long time. This study investigated which factors may distinguish patients with clinical manifestations from asymptomatic patients.Methods.The study group consisted of 224 patients with PDB referred to our Bone Disease Unit. For all patients, data were collected about clinical and demographic variables and diagnostic procedures. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the role of recorded variables on the odds of being diagnosed clinically rather than by chance.Results.Among the 124 patients with clinical manifestations leading to the diagnosis (55.4%), 36 subjects complained of bone pain, 32 articular pain, 42 back pain, 2 headache; 9 had fractures in Paget bone, and 3 had bone deformity. In 100 patients (44.6%) PDB was diagnosed by chance. At the multivariate analysis, only the number of bones involved (OR for 1 site increment = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.007–1.402; p = 0.04) acted as an independent predictor for a clinical diagnosis. Some skeletal localizations were associated with a clinical diagnosis: the involvement of lumbar spine (OR = 2.085, 95% CI: 1.024–4.224; p = 0.043) was more likely in symptomatic patients; pelvis and tibia showed a borderline statistical significance. The skull was predictive for asymptomatic PDB.Conclusion.A systematic laboratory screening including serum alkaline phosphatase of an older subject complaining of bone pain, articular pain, or back pain is the sole strategy to improve the diagnostic sensitivity for PDB.
Developing a Successful Nursing Objective Structured Clinical Examination
Authors: McWilliam Paula , Botwinski Carol 
Published: December 2009

The evaluation of nursing students' clinical competencies is essential to the educational process. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) program was designed to assess students in a variety of health topics that may not be experienced during the assigned clinical rotation. Building on prior work, the purpose of this study was to examine specific aspects of the nursing OSCE toward developing a reliable and valid tool for evaluating selected students' clinical competencies.
The following areas were investigated using an assessment design: the development of case scenarios and updates, the role and training of the standardized patient, and students' perceptions of the nursing OSCE experience. Recommendations are made for the variety of case scenarios, frequency of updates, methods by which standardized patients should be trained, remediation, and program requirements. Students were overwhelmingly favorable to perceived benefits of participation in OSCEs during their nursing education.
Recent Applications of Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions in the Pharmaceutical, Agrochemical, and Fine Chemical Industries
Authors: Torborg Christian , Beller Matthias 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions have become a central tool for the synthesis of biologically active compounds both in academia and industry. Most of these transformations make use of easily available substrates and allow for a shorter and more selective preparation of substituted arenes and heteroarenes compared to non‐catalytic pathways. Notably, molecular‐defined palladium catalysts offer high chemoselectivity and broad functional group tolerance. Considering these advantages, it is not surprising that several palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions have been implemented in the last decade into the industrial manufacture of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In this review different examples from 2001–2008 are highlighted, which have been performed at least on a kilogram scale in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Highly Enantioselective Biginelli Reaction Promoted by Chiral Bifunctional Primary Amine‐Thiourea Catalysts: Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines
Authors: Wang Yangyun , Yang Haitao , Yu Jipan , Miao Zhiwei , Chen Ruyu 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe diastereospecific formation of dihydropyrimidines (DHPMs) has been achieved in moderate to high yields with up to 99% ee by a Biginelli reaction. The reaction was performed by using a combined catalyst consisting of a chiral bifunctional primary amine‐thiourea 9f and a Brønsted acid with tert‐butylammonium trifluoroacetate (t‐BuNH2⋅TFA) as additive in dichloromethane at room temperature. The possible mechanism for the reaction has been proposed to explain the origin of the activation and the asymmetric induction.
Copper‐in‐Charcoal‐Catalyzed, Tandem One‐Pot Diazo Transfer‐Click Reactions
Authors: Lee Ching‐Tien , Huang Shenlin , Lipshutz Bruce H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCopper‐in‐charcoal (Cu/C) is an effective heterogeneous catalyst for tandem diazo transfer/click reactions. In the presence of Cu/C, various azides can be generated in situ from the corresponding amines, and subsequently undergo [3+2] cycloaddition with terminal alkynes to afford triazoles in good yields. The catalyst is also easily recycled.
3,5‐Bis(n‐perfluorooctyl)benzyltriethylammonium Bromide (F‐TEBA): An Efficient, Easily Recoverable Fluorous Catalyst for Solid‐Liquid PTC Reactions
Authors: Pozzi Gianluca , Mihali Voichiţa , Foschi Francesca , Penso Michele , Quici Silvio , Fish Richard H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA readily available 3,5‐bis(perfluorooctyl)benzyl bromide and triethylamine were reacted under mild conditions to give 3,5‐bis(n‐perfluorooctyl)benzyltriethylammonium bromide (F‐TEBA), an analogue of the versatile phase‐transfer catalyst, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBA), containing two fluorous ponytails. This perfluoroalkylated quaternary ammonium salt was successfully employed as a catalyst in a variety of reactions run under solid‐liquid phase‐transfer catalysis (SL‐PTC) conditions. Thus, being both hydrophobic and lipophobic, F‐TEBA could be quickly recovered in quantitative yields, and reused without loss of activity over several reaction cycles.
Tuberculosis and leprosy in perspective
Authors: Stone Anne C. , Wilbur Alicia K. , Buikstra Jane E. , Roberts Charlotte A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo of humankind's most socially and psychologically devastating diseases, tuberculosis and leprosy, have been the subject of intensive paleopathological research due to their antiquity, a presumed association with human settlement and subsistence patterns, and their propensity to leave characteristic lesions on skeletal and mummified remains. Despite a long history of medical research and the development of effective chemotherapy, these diseases remain global health threats even in the 21st century, and as such, their causative agentsMycobacterium tuberculosisandM. leprae, respectively, have recently been the subject of molecular genetics research. The new genome‐level data for several mycobacterial species have informed extensive phylogenetic analyses that call into question previously accepted theories concerning the origins and antiquity of these diseases. Of special note is the fact that all new models are in broad agreement that human TB predated that in other animals, including cattle and other domesticates, and that this disease originated at least 35,000 years ago and probably closer to 2.6 million years ago. In this work, we review current phylogenetic and biogeographic models derived from molecular biology and explore their implications for the global development of TB and leprosy, past and present. In so doing, we also briefly review the skeletal evidence for TB and leprosy, explore the current status of these pathogens, critically consider current methods for identifying ancient mycobacterial DNA, and evaluate coevolutionary models. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 52:66–94, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging and Quantitative Assessment of Long Bone Vascularization in the Adult Rat Using Microcomputed Tomography
Authors: Jia Fei , Françoise Peyrin , Malaval Luc , Laurence Vico , Marie‐Hélène Lafage‐Proust 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop and validate a technique for both 3D imaging and quantification of the vascular network of bone tissue in the rat. Five month‐old male Wistar rats were divided into tail‐suspension (21 days) and control groups. Sixty percent barium sulfate solution was infused into the vena cava. The tibiae were evaluated in 2D and 3D before and after decalcification, using conventional microcomputerized tomography (μCT) at 10 and 5 μm resolution and synchrotron radiation (SR) μCT. The perfusion technique and tomography exhibited excellent bone vasculature imaging. Significant positive correlations were observed between 2D histomorphometric and 3D μCT vascular parameters (P < 0.05). 3DμCT discriminated significant changes of vessel structures in unloading condition: vessel number decreased by 25%, (P < 0.005), vessel separation increased by 27%, P < 0.01. SRμCT could image sinusoid clusters in bone. μCT is an accurate and reproducible technique for 3D quantitative evaluation of long bone vascularisation in the rat. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hair Whorls in the Dog (Canis familiaris), Part II: Asymmetries
Authors: Tomkins Lisa M. , McGreevy Paul D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn horses and cattle, hair whorls have been shown to act as a structural marker of reactivity and behavioral lateralization. Few studies on canine whorls have been reported and none have assessed whorl position or direction of flow. This study describes the distribution and characteristics of whorl in each of 10 regions in which whorls are typically located in dogs. Hair whorls were assessed in dogs (n = 120) and were recorded as clockwise or counterclockwise in the cephalic, cervical (dorsal, lateral, ventral), thoracic and brachial axillary, chest, shoulders, elbows, abdominal, and ischiatic regions. Bilateral whorls, including brachial axillary, elbow, abdominal and ischiatic whorls, rotated in opposing directions, allowing the dog's overall hair coat to be symmetrical. Cephalic, brachial axillary, and ischiatic whorls were consistent in their direction; cephalic and ischiatic whorls were clockwise on the right side of the body, and counterclockwise on the left, whereas right brachial axillary whorls were counterclockwise and left were clockwise. The central chest whorl was predominantly counterclockwise (91.21%). Direction of whorls was associated with several factors, including coat length, coat thickness, sex and source of the dog. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel approach to the extraction of roots from Arabic words using bigrams
Authors: Hmeidi Ismail I. , Al‐Shalabi Riyad F. , Al‐Taani Ahmad T. , Najadat Hassan , Al‐Hazaimeh Shaker A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRoot extraction is one of the most important topics in information retrieval (IR), natural language processing (NLP), text summarization, and many other important fields. In the last two decades, several algorithms have been proposed to extract Arabic roots. Most of these algorithms dealt with triliteral roots only, and some with fixed length words only. In this study, a novel approach to the extraction of roots from Arabic words using bigrams is proposed. Two similarity measures are used, the dissimilarity measure called the “Manhattan distance,” and Dice's measure of similarity. The proposed algorithm is tested on the Holy Qu'ran and on a corpus of 242 abstracts from the Proceedings of the Saudi Arabian National Computer Conferences. The two files used contain a wide range of data: the Holy Qu'ran contains most of the ancient Arabic words while the other file contains some modern Arabic words and some words borrowed from foreign languages in addition to the original Arabic words. The results of this study showed that combining N‐grams with the Dice measure gives better results than using the Manhattan distance measure.
Development and testing of a novel microcantilever technique for measuring the cohesive strength of intact biofilms
Authors: Aggarwal Srijan , Poppele Eric H. , Hozalski Raymond M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCohesive strength is an important parameter for understanding and modeling the mechanics of biomass detachment from bacterial biofilms. It is challenging to measure the mechanical properties of biofilms, however, because biofilms may desiccate when removed from liquid medium and they are inherently fragile. Poppele and Hozalski (Poppele and Hozalski, 2003, J Microb Methods 55:607–615) presented a microcantilever method for measuring the tensile strength of detached biofilm fragments while submersed in liquid medium. Here we present a modification of the microcantilever method to quantify the strength of intact bacterial biofilms. Initial testing was performed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms grown in rotating disk reactors. The cohesive strength values were highly variable (i.e., coefficients of variation ranging from 71% to 143%) and ranged from 59 to 18,900 Pa for the P. aeruginosa biofilms and from 61 to 5,840 Pa for the S. epidermidis biofilms. The biofilms also appeared to be isotropic as strength did not vary with angle of testing relative to the direction of applied shear. Strength testing using both the intact and fragment methods was performed on five samples of P. aeruginosa biofilms, and the strength populations were not from the same distribution in three cases. Equivalent diameters for the fragments detached from biofilms during strength testing ranged from 5 to 500 µm, which is within the range of size of biofilm fragments observed in the effluents of lab‐scale and full‐scale bioreactors. The microcantilever is a simple yet powerful tool for measuring the cohesive strength of intact biofilms at a relevant scale. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 924–934. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multichamber fluidic device for 3D cultures under interstitial flow with live imaging: Development, characterization, and applications
Authors: Bonvin Carmen , Overney Jan , Shieh Adrian C. , Dixon J. Brandon , Swartz Melody A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInterstitial flow is an important biophysical cue that can affect capillary morphogenesis, tumor cell migration, and fibroblast remodeling of the extracellular matrix, among others. Current models that incorporate interstitial flow and that are suitable for live imaging lack the ability to perform multiple simultaneous experiments, for example, to compare effects of growth factors, extracellular matrix composition, etc. We present a nine‐chamber radial flow device that allows simultaneous 3D fluidic experiments for relatively long‐term culture with live imaging capabilities. Flow velocity profiles were characterized by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) for flow uniformity and estimating the hydraulic conductivity. We demonstrate lymphatic and blood capillary morphogenesis in fibrin gels over 10 days, comparing flow with static conditions as well as the effects of an engineered variant of VEGF that binds fibrin via Factor XIII. We also demonstrate the culture of contractile fibroblasts and co‐cultures with tumor cells for modeling the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, this device is useful for studies of capillary morphogenesis, cell migration, contractile cells like fibroblasts, and multicellular cultures, all under interstitial flow. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 982–991. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex responses to culture conditions in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 continuous cultures: The role of iron in cell growth and virulence factor induction
Authors: Kim Beum Jun , Schneider David J. , Cartinhour Samuel W. , Shuler Michael L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe growth of a model plant pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, was investigated using a chemostat culture system to examine environmentally regulated responses. Using minimal medium with iron as the limiting nutrient, four different types of responses were obtained in a customized continuous culture system: (1) stable steady state, (2) damped oscillation, (3) normal washout due to high dilution rates exceeding the maximum growth rate, and (4) washout at low dilution rates due to negative growth rates. The type of response was determined by a combination of initial cell mass and dilution rate. Stable steady states were obtained with dilution rates ranging from 0.059 to 0.086 h−1 with an initial cell mass of less than 0.6 OD600. Damped oscillations and negative growth rates are unusual observations for bacterial systems. We have observed these responses at values of initial cell mass of 0.9 OD600 or higher, or at low dilution rates (<0.05 h−1) irrespectively of initial cell mass. This response suggests complex dynamics including the possibility of multiple steady states.Iron, which was reported earlier as a growth limiting nutrient in a widely used minimal medium, enhances both growth and virulence factor induction in iron‐supplemented cultures compared to unsupplemented controls. Intracellular iron concentration is correlated to the early induction (6 h) of virulence factors in both batch and chemostat cultures. A reduction in aconitase activity (a TCA cycle enzyme) and ATP levels in iron‐limited chemostat cultures was observed compared to iron‐supplemented chemostat cultures, indicating that iron affects central metabolic pathways. We conclude that DC3000 cultures are particularly dependent on the environment and iron is likely a key nutrient in determining physiology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 955–964. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.