bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validating two survey methods for identifying cases of autism spectrum disorder among adults in the community
Authors: Brugha T. S. , McManus S. , Smith J. , Scott F. J. , Meltzer H. , Purdon S. , Berney T. , Tantam D. , Robinson J. , Radley J. , Bankart J. 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThere are no tested methods for conducting epidemiological studies of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in adult general population samples. We tested the validity of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule module-4 (ADOS-4) and the 20-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-20).MethodRandomly sampled adults aged ⩾16 years were interviewed throughout England in a general population multi-phase survey. The AQ-20 was self-completed by 7353 adults in phase 1. A random subset completed phase 2, ADOS-4 assessments (n=618); the probability of selection increased with AQ-20 score. In phase 3, informant-based Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) and Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) developmental assessments were completed (n=56). Phase 1 and 2 data were presented as vignettes to six experienced clinicians (working in pairs). The probability of respondents having an ASD was compared across the three survey phases.ResultsThere was moderate agreement between clinical consensus diagnoses and ADOS-4. A range of ADOS-4 caseness thresholds was identified by clinicians: 5+ to 13+ with greatest area under the curve (AUC) at 5+ (0.88). Modelling of the presence of ASD using 56 DISCO assessments suggested an ADOS-4 threshold in the range of 10+ to 13+ with the highest AUC at ADOS 10+ to 11+ (0.93–0.94). At ADOS 10+, the sensitivity was 1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59–1.0] and the specificity 0.86 (95% CI 0.72–0.94). The AQ-20 was only a weak predictor of ADOS-4 cases.ConclusionsClinically recommended ADOS-4 thresholds are also recommended for community cases: 7+ for subthreshold and 10+ for definite cases. Further work on adult population screening methods is needed.
Sub-chronic impact of cannabinoids in street cannabis on cognition, psychotic-like symptoms and psychological well-being
Authors: Morgan C. J. A. , Gardener C. , Schafer G. , Swan S. , Demarchi C. , Freeman T. P. , Warrington P. , Rupasinghe I. , Ramoutar A. , Tan N. , Wingham G. , Lewis S. , Curran H. V. 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundCannabis varies considerably in levels of its two major constituent cannabinoids – (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Recently, we found evidence that those who smoked cannabis containing detectable levels of CBD had fewer psychotic-like symptoms than those whose cannabis had no CBD. The present study aimed, first, to replicate those findings and, second, to determine whether protective effects of CBD may extend to other harms of cannabis, such as memory impairment and reduced psychological well-being.MethodA total of 120 current cannabis smokers, 66 daily users and 54 recreational users were classified into groups according to whether analysis of their hair revealed the presence or absence of CBD and high versus low levels of THC. All were assessed on measures of psychosis-like symptoms, memory (prose recall; source memory) and depression/anxiety.ResultsLower psychosis-like symptoms were found in those whose hair had CBD compared with those without. However, this was seen only in recreational users, who had higher levels of THC in their hair. Higher THC levels in hair were associated with increased depression and anxiety. Prose recall and source memory were poorer in daily users with high THC levels in hair while recognition memory was better in individuals with CBD present in hair.ConclusionsCBD attenuates the psychotic-like effects of cannabis over time in recreational users. Higher THC negatively impacts on memory and psychological well-being. These findings raise concerns for the harms stemming from use of varieties such as ‘skunk’ (sensimillia), which lack any CBD but currently dominate the supply of cannabis in many countries.
Functional anatomy of autobiographical memory recall deficits in depression
Authors: Young K. D. , Erickson K. , Nugent A. C. , Fromm S. J. , Mallinger A. G. , Furey M. L. , Drevets W. C. 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with deficits in recalling specific autobiographical memories (AMs). Extensive research has examined the functional anatomical correlates of AM in healthy humans, but no studies have examined the neurophysiological underpinnings of AM deficits in MDD. The goal of the present study was to examine the differences in the hemodynamic response between patients with MDD and controls while they engage in AM recall.MethodParticipants (12 unmedicated MDD patients; 14 controls) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning while recalling AMs in response to positive, negative and neutral cue words. The hemodynamic response during memory recall versus performing subtraction problems was compared between MDD patients and controls. Additionally, a parametric linear analysis examined which regions correlated with increasing arousal ratings.ResultsBehavioral results showed that relative to controls, the patients with MDD had fewer specific (p=0.013), positive (p=0.030), highly arousing (p=0.036) and recent (p=0.020) AMs, and more categorical (p<0.001) AMs. The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response in the parahippocampus and hippocampus was higher for memory recall versus subtraction in controls and lower in those with MDD. Activity in the anterior insula was lower for specific AM recall versus subtraction, with the magnitude of the decrement greater in MDD patients. Activity in the anterior cingulate cortex was positively correlated with arousal ratings in controls but not in patients with MDD.ConclusionsWe replicated previous findings of fewer specific and more categorical AMs in patients with MDD versus controls. We found differential activity in medial temporal and prefrontal lobe structures involved in AM retrieval between MDD patients and controls as they engaged in AM recall. These neurophysiological deficits may underlie AM recall impairments seen in MDD.
The evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness in children with beta-thalassaemia major
Authors: Dogan Mustafa , Citak Elvan Caglar 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundCardiovascular complications and vascular changes are common in patients with beta-thalassaemia major. The aim of this study is to investigate the common carotid artery intima-media thickness in children.MethodsThe study population was consisted of 33 thalassaemic children (22 boys and 11 girls, with a median age of 8 years) and 30 healthy children for control (12 girls and 18 boys, with a median age of 8 years) who were matched for age and gender. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness of the children was measured.ResultsThe patients’ age at diagnosis ranged from 0.25 to 2 years, with a median of 0.6 months. Their disease duration ranged from 4 to 13.75 years, with a median of 6.5 years. The patients’ median common carotid artery intima-media thickness was significantly higher than controls – that is, 0.87 versus 0.74, with a p-value less than 0.005. The mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness value was positively correlated with disease duration (r = 0.535), with a p-value less than 0.01 and ferritin level (r = 0.501), with a p-value less than 0.01.ConclusionOwing to the nature of the disease, patients with beta-thalassaemia major should be considered to have an increased risk of early vascular alteration and atherosclerosis. For this reason, common carotid artery intima-media thickness measurement can be recommended as a non-invasive and early diagnostic method.
Bayezid's Cage: A Re-examination of a Venerable Academic Controversy
Authors: MILWRIGHT MARCUS , BABOULA EVANTHIA 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article discusses a story that has enjoyed a long life in scholarly literature, drama, and the visual arts: the alleged caging of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I Yildirim (r. 1389–1402) by the Central Asian conqueror, Temür (r. 1370–1405). Attention is focused on the evolution of scholarly discourse on the existence (or otherwise) of the cage. The period from the late seventeenth to the first half of the twentieth century is looked at in particular detail. The debate around the captivity of Bayezid is only fully understood when it is located within a larger historical framework, namely the changing political relationships between Christian Europe and the Ottoman Empire from the fall of Constantinople in 1453 until the nineteenth century.
A Mongol Princess Makinghajj: The Biography of El Qutlugh Daughter of Abagha Ilkhan (r. 1265–82)
Authors: BRACK YONI 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study examines in detail the biographical entry of an Ilkhanid (the Mongol state centred in Iran) princess, El Qutlugh Khatun daughter of Abagha Ilkhan (r. 1265–82), in the biographical dictionaries of the Mamluk author Khalīl ibn Aybeg al-Ṣafadī (d. 1363). Al-Ṣafadī‘s biography of the lady provides a rare glance into the life of women of the Mongol royal household during the transitional period which followed the Ilkhanid conversion to Islam. It sheds light on issues such as the relations between the Mamluks and the Ilkhans in light of the latter's conversion to Islam and the influence of the process of Islamization on traditional Mongolian gender related practices. This paper also discusses the motivation of the Mamluk author in including El Qutlugh's unusual story in his biographical dictionaries showing how his choices might have been influenced not only by his own interests but also by what appealed to his readers.
Tissue-specific subnetworks and characteristics of publicly available human protein interaction databases
Authors: Lopes Tiago J. S. , Schaefer Martin , Shoemaker Jason , Matsuoka Yukiko , Fontaine Jean−Fred , Neumann Gabriele , Andrade-Navarro Miguel A. , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Kitano Hiroaki 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Protein-protein interaction (PPI) databases are widely used tools to study cellular pathways and networks; however, there are several databases available that still do not account for cell type-specific differences. Here, we evaluated the characteristics of six interaction databases, incorporated tissue-specific gene expression information and finally, investigated if the most popular proteins of scientific literature are involved in good quality interactions.
Results: We found that the evaluated databases are comparable in terms of node connectivity (i.e. proteins with few interaction partners also have few interaction partners in other databases), but may differ in the identity of interaction partners. We also observed that the incorporation of tissue-specific expression information significantly altered the interaction landscape and finally, we demonstrated that many of the most intensively studied proteins are engaged in interactions associated with low confidence scores. In summary, interaction databases are valuable research tools but may lead to different predictions on interactions or pathways. The accuracy of predictions can be improved by incorporating datasets on organ- and cell type-specific gene expression, and by obtaining additional interaction evidence for the most ‘popular’ proteins.
Contact: kitano@sbi.jp
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A powerful approach for association analysis incorporating imprinting effects
Authors: Xia Fan , Zhou Ji-Yuan , Fung Wing Kam 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Motivation: For a diallelic marker locus, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) is a simple and powerful design for genetic studies. The TDT was originally proposed for use in families with both parents available (complete nuclear families) and has further been extended to 1-TDT for use in families with only one of the parents available (incomplete nuclear families). Currently, the increasing interest of the influence of parental imprinting on heritability indicates the importance of incorporating imprinting effects into the mapping of association variants.
Results: In this article, we extend the TDT-type statistics to incorporate imprinting effects and develop a series of new test statistics in a general two-stage framework for association studies. Our test statistics enjoy the nature of family-based designs that need no assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Also, the proposed methods accommodate complete and incomplete nuclear families with one or more affected children. In the simulation study, we verify the validity of the proposed test statistics under various scenarios, and compare the powers of the proposed statistics with some existing test statistics. It is shown that our methods greatly improve the power for detecting association in the presence of imprinting effects. We further demonstrate the advantage of our methods by the application of the proposed test statistics to a rheumatoid arthritis dataset.
Contact: wingfung@hku.hk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Subjective measures of binge drinking and alcohol‐specific adverse health outcomes: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Paljärvi Tapio , Mäkelä Pia , Poikolainen Kari , Suominen Sakari , Car Josip , Koskenvuo Markku 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAim  To determine the performance of subjectively defined intoxications, hangovers and alcohol‐induced pass‐outs in identifying drinkers at risk for adverse health outcomes.Design  Prospective population‐based cohort study.Setting  Working‐aged Finnish general population.Participants  A total of 21 204 alcohol‐drinking men and women aged 20–24, 30–34, 40–44 and 50–54 years at baseline who participated in the Health and Social Support (HeSSup) postal survey in 1998.Measurements  Binge drinking was measured by subjectively defined intoxications/drunkenness, hangovers and alcohol‐induced pass‐outs. Hazardous drinking was defined according to Finnish guidelines as weekly total intake of >287 g of ethanol for men, and for women > 191 g of ethanol (≥24 and ≥16 standard drinks, respectively). Study participants were followed‐up for 7 years for alcohol‐specific hospitalizations and deaths. Proportional hazard models and areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC) were used to analyse the data.Findings  Of the drinkers, 6.5% exceeded the weekly limit for hazardous drinking, and 1.5% experienced the alcohol‐specific end‐point during the follow‐up. Subjective intoxications, hangovers and alcohol‐induced pass‐outs all predicted future alcohol‐specific diagnoses independently of average intake and of several other potential confounders. In identifying baseline hazardous drinking, subjective intoxications had a superior performance in relation to other subjective measures of binge drinking. In identifying future alcohol‐specific hospitalizations or death, subjective intoxications had also the best performance, but this was not significantly different from the other binge drinking measures, or average intake.Conclusions  Subjectively defined intoxications, hangovers and alcohol‐induced pass‐outs are population‐level proxy measures of at‐risk drinking patterns.
Kava hepatotoxicity in traditional and modern use: the presumed Pacific kava paradox hypothesis revisited
Authors: Teschke Rolf , Sarris Jerome , Schweitzer Isaac 
Published: July 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• The rhizome of the Pacific kava plant (Piper methysticum) contains as its active constituents numerous kavalactones known for their relaxing properties. Kavalactones are found in aqueous, acetonic and ethanolic extracts of the kava rhizomes. These kava extracts are consumed worldwide and used for recreational purposes as well as to treat general anxiety. Kava use is associated with rare hepatotoxicity.WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS• Kava is a Pacific herb consumed worldwide and used for recreational purposes and to treat general anxiety. Kava use is associated with rare hepatotoxicity. The previously proposed Pacific kava paradox was based on kava hepatotoxicity, not observed following use of traditional aqueous extracts in the Pacific region but restricted to use of Western acetonic and ethanolic extracts. However, cases assessed by the WHO report and additional published case reports revealed that traditional aqueous extracts used in New Caledonia, Australia, the USA and Germany may also be hepatotoxic; hence, there is no longer a basis to sustain the previously proposed Pacific kava paradox. It appears that the primary cause of toxicity may be attributed to poor quality of the raw material caused by mould hepatotoxins.Kava, a Pacific herb consumed worldwide for medicinal, recreational and cultural purposes, has been associated with rare hepatotoxicity, and there is currently a critical need to determine this causation. The previously proposed Pacific kava paradox was based on the theory that kava hepatotoxicity was not observed following use of traditional aqueous extracts in the Pacific region, but was restricted to use of Western acetonic and ethanolic extracts. Subsequent cases analyzed by the World Health Organization and published case reports revealed that traditional aqueous extracts used in New Caledonia, Australia, the USA and Germany may also be hepatotoxic; thus, there is no longer a basis to sustain the previously proposed Pacific kava paradox. It appears that the primary cause of toxicity may reside in the time before the preparation of the various kava extracts, possibly attributed to poor quality of the raw material caused by mould hepatotoxins. Rigorous testing of kava raw material is urgently advised, in addition to Pan‐Pacific kava manufacturing quality standards.
Clomipramine concentration and withdrawal symptoms in 10 neonates
Authors: ter Horst Peter G. J. , van der Linde Susanne , Smit Jan Pieter , den Boon Jan , van Lingen Richard A. , Jansman Frank G. A. , De Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T. W. , Wilffert Bob 
Published: July 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Antidepressants are associated with withdrawal symptoms after in utero exposure.• Half‐life of clomipramine in neonates is prolonged compared with that in adults.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• We present 10 cases of neonates exposed in utero to clomipramine, with detailed information about withdrawal symptoms and pharmacokinetics.• There is a high and severe complication rate in our cohort regarding the mother and the neonate.AIM After in utero exposure to tricyclic antidepressants, neonatal withdrawal symptoms have been reported with an estimated incidence between 20 and 50%; however, few data are available for clomipramine. This could also be the case for neonatal pharmacokinetic clomipramine parameters and so this study was set up.METHODS Babies exposed to clomipramine in utero were included in an observational study, approved by the local ethics committee, after written informed consent. Withdrawal symptoms were scored at 12, 24 and 48 h after birth using the Finnegan score. Plasma concentrations were determined using an in‐house‐developed, validated liquid chromatography with mass detection (LC‐MSMS) method at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h after birth.RESULTS We found that three of 11 pregnancies were complicated with pre‐eclampsia. Ten neonates were observed for clomipramine withdrawal symptoms. The observed withdrawal symptoms were too short a period of sleep after feeding (6), poor feeding (3), mild to severe tremors (6), hyperactive Moro reflex (3) and respiratory rate >60 breaths min−1. Serious withdrawal reactions, such as tachycardia and cyanosis, were seen. We calculated a half‐life value of 42 ± 16 h for clomipramine in neonates. Only a weak correlation was found between withdrawal reactions and clomipramine plasma concentration or desmethylclomipramine plasma concentration.CONCLUSIONS In neonates, clomipramine is eliminated with a half‐life value of 42 h, compared with 20 h in adults. In two of 10 neonates, tachycardia and cyanosis were seen as serious withdrawal symptoms after maternal use of clomipramine.
The development of the Tuebingen Cushing’s disease quality of life inventory (Tuebingen CD‐25). Part I: construction and psychometric properties
Authors: Milian Monika , Teufel Philipp , Honegger Juergen , Gallwitz Baptist , Schnauder Guenter , Psaras Tsambika 
Published: July 2011

SummaryObjective  To develop a disease‐specific questionnaire for Cushing’s disease (CD), the Tuebingen Cushing’s disease quality of life inventory (Tuebingen CD‐25).Methods  Sources for item generation consisted of technical literature, interviews with patients and the rating of neurosurgeons, endocrinologists and a neuropsychologist. A preliminary inventory with 64 items was handed out to 63 CD patients. Twenty‐eight patients filled out the questionnaire preoperative, the remaining 35 patients evaluated their health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) retrospectively. Item reduction and scale generation followed the principles of classical test theory. Validation was performed with the WHOQoL‐BREF.Results  The final version of the Tuebingen CD‐25 contained 25 items, showed high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0·93) and validity (r = −0·65) and includes the subdomains Depression, Sexual Activity, Environment, Eating Behaviour, Bodily Restrictions and Cognition. The retrospective rating of the Tuebingen CD‐25 showed similar results compared to the pretreatment group. We found a non‐linear correlation between the Tuebingen CD‐25 scores and patients’ age, younger (21–30 years) and middle‐aged (51–60 years) patients having inferior HRQoL than patients between 31 and 50 years and older than 61 years. Preoperative 24 h urinary free cortisol (UFC) levels correlated significantly with the subscale Cognition and only marginally failed significance level for the subscale Eating Behaviour, while preoperative cortisol and ACTH levels did not correlate with any scale.Conclusion  The Tuebingen CD‐25 is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate HRQoL in CD. Based on impairment of HRQoL for the different subdimensions, specific support can be offered to the patients.
Estimated standard metabolic rate interacts with territory quality and density to determine the growth rates of juvenile Atlantic salmon
Authors: Reid Donald , Armstrong John D. , Metcalfe Neil B. 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. Physiological traits can vary greatly within a species and consequently have a significant impact on other aspects of performance. Many species exhibit substantial variation in basal or standard metabolic rate (SMR), even after controlling for body size and age, yet the ecological consequences of this are little known.2. We examined the relationships between mass‐specific SMR of yearling salmon (estimated from their ventilation rate) and their feeding and growth rates across a range of natural population densities within a semi‐natural stream environment.3. Standard metabolic rate was strongly correlated with dominance rank, and higher ranking fish were more likely to acquire good feeding territories. Despite this, there was no overall relationship between SMR and growth. We show for the first time that this paradox can be explained because within territories of a given quality, there was a negative correlation between SMR and growth rate, presumably owing to the costs of metabolism.4. These effects were also influenced by density: lower densities led to reduced aggression and competition and hence higher average feeding and growth rates. Moreover, at low densities, where availability of good feeding locations was not limiting, there was no relationship between SMR and growth.5. As a result of these processes, there was a context‐dependent trade‐off in energy budgets: the fish achieving the greatest growth were those with the lowest SMR that was necessary to achieve dominance over conspecifics (and hence acquire a good territory), but this minimum threshold SMR increased with population density. These relationships and trade‐offs can explain the persistence of variation in SMR within populations.