bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of heat capacity enhancement in some nanostructured materials
Authors: Tan Zhi-Cheng , Wang Lan , Shi Quan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Heat capacity properties of some nanostructured oxides, metals, and zeolites were studied, mainly with the aid of low-temperature adiabatic calorimetry. Obvious enhancement in the heat capacity of nanostructured materials to different degrees was observed as compared with the corresponding coarse-grained materials. The contributions of enhanced heat capacity of nanostructured materials toward properties such as density, thermal expansion, sample purity, surface effect, and size effect are discussed.
Thermochemistry of organic molecules: The way to understand energy–structure relationships
Authors: Roux María Victoria , Foces-Foces Concepción , Notario Rafael 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe combination of experimental calorimetric measurements, particularly of the standard energies and enthalpies of combustion and formation, and theoretical examination of model molecules constitutes a powerful tool for the understanding of the conformational and chemical behavior of organic molecules. In this article, several examples are provided where the synergy between experiment and theory made possible the comprehension of various fundamental interactions in oxygen- and sulfur-containing six-membered heterocyclic compounds, the determination of the strain energy in two C8H8derivatives, dimethyl cubane-1,4-dicarboxylate and dimethyl cuneane-2,6-dicarboxylate, and the calculation of the enthalpies of formation of the parent compounds, cubane and cuneane, and the study of the energy–structure relationship in barbituric acid.
The role of experimental data in chemical process technology
Authors: Mathias Paul M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Experimental data have served two critical roles in chemical process technology: (1) by providing the definitive quantitative basis to evaluate competing processes, to optimize designs, and ultimately to guarantee plant performance; and (2) by guiding the form and structure of applied-thermodynamics correlations. This paper first presents two representative applications to highlight the role of thermodynamic and transport properties in chemical process technology: ammonia recovery from syngas using water as solvent, and design of a caustic-guard system to eliminate small residual concentrations of SO2 from a gas stream. These applications illustrate the first role of experimental data. The paper next studies the second role by examining the historical contribution of experimental data—over two centuries—in guiding the development of key concepts and correlations, such as Henry’s law (1802), group-contribution methods (Kopp, 1842), Raoult’s law (1878), second-virial-coefficient correlation (Berthelot, 1907), surface-tension correlation (Macleod, 1923), the use of one property to estimate another (Othmer, 1940), cubic equations of state (Redlich and Kwong, 1949), electrolyte systems (van Krevelen, 1949), acentric factor (Pitzer, 1955), and highly accurate equations of state (Span and Wagner, 2003). The analysis reveals that careful, accurate, and wide-ranging experimental data have identified the patterns of the underlying phenomena.
Factual data banks and their application to the synthesis and design of chemical processes and the development and testing of thermophysical property estimation methods
Authors: Rarey Jürgen , Gmehling Jürgen 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Factual data banks nowadays play an important role as a source for thermophysical property data for use in chemical process simulation, environmental models, and many other computer-based applications. In this work, the historical developments leading to modern factual data banks, the differences compared to other more bibliographically oriented data banks, and their most important applications and future potential will be discussed by using the example of the Dortmund Data Bank (DDB). As the development of the different predictive models for mixtures is covered in a separate publication, this paper focuses on pure-component property estimation, regression of model parameters, test and verification of model parameters prior to process simulation, and advanced topics in process synthesis such as selection of entrainers and data-mining applications.
Thermoanalytical methods applied to medicine
Authors: Glass Beverley D. , Brown Michael E. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Thermoanalytical methods have found increasing application in medicine due to the improved sensitivity and usability of the available instrumentation. Studies have identified important findings applied to medicine, including information on the thermal properties of the skin and the effect of insertion into body cavities of implants and prosthetics. These studies have explored the thermal stability of various materials to provide insight into drug penetration in order to design drug delivery systems, which are not only safe but capable of delivering improved and predictable therapeutic outcomes for patients. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has also been applied to the study of disease states such as diabetes, where changes in the collagen structure of the skin which may lead to long-term complications in these patients, can be detected. Although these results may at this stage not have significant clinical implications, they do provide medical researchers with a starting point for future investigations. The application of these techniques has been further extended to examinations of body systems and other disease states. The key for the future will be the ability of these techniques not only to provide information on alterations in these biological systems, but also to determine whether these alterations are clinically relevant.
Identification and Quantification of Combustion Products Released by Non-Metallic Materials Used for Medical Oxygen Equipment
Authors: Carré M. , Barthélémy H. , Bruat J. , Lombard S. , Longuet O. , Schaaff J. P. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Non-metallic materials (plastics, elastomers, and lubricants) are known to be the most critical ones in terms of safety in high pressure oxygen distribution systems. When proper oxygen system design guidelines are not followed, the risk of accidental ignition in service arises and has been known for many years. It has been observed that if sufficient mass was available when ignited, concentrations of species could arise in a level that could be considered toxic. This is a concern in particular for those non-metallic parts containing halogens. This risk shall especially be addressed for medical equipment and for any high pressure breathing gas system. International standards (ISO 15001 or EIGA 73/08) recommend how to address this toxicity risk. They give specific recommendations such as minimising non-metallic materials in design of equipment and use of non-metallic materials whose thermal decomposition and/or combustion in oxygen produce less toxic products (with lethal concentration LC50&gt;5,000 ppm). They also present a list of theoretical potential combustion products but no quantitative values of real combustion by-products from which a toxicity risk assessment can be achieved. Then, in order to evaluate the toxicity risk for medical oxygen and breathing gas applications, it is necessary not only to identify but to quantify compounds generated by combustion. In this paper, an analytical procedure used to identify and quantify the released products will be described. The target is to analyze these compounds with the shortest delay after combustion promoted by adiabatic compression with oxygen at 200 bars (20,000 kPa). The analysis of combustion by-products must be done in the few minutes following the combustion. Therefore direct analytical techniques, like Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry and mass spectrometry, were used to identify and quantify the generated species and sample extraction was taken on the closest emission point to the combustion on the installation. All such precautions were intended for avoiding modification or subsequent reaction of compounds due to sample preparation steps or delays in analysis. Comparisons were made for several plastics materials and elastomers. The list of quantified combustion by-products will be presented for polytetrafluoroethylene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene. The quantification data obtained during this study is proposed for use in a toxicity risk assessment. Then a global risk evaluation can be done including this toxicity risk assessment and an ignition risk assessment. Based on this global risk evaluation, practical recommendations could be provided.
Comparison of Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of Al 2024 and Al–Li 8090 Helicopter Fuselage Panels
Authors: Giglio M. , Manes A. , Fossati M. , Mariani U. , Giani C. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A comparison between two types of helicopter fuselage panels with a traditional design of skin and stringers was carried out. Panels were made with the same geometrical shape and dimensions but with two different aluminium alloys for the skin: Conventional 2024 and 8090 Al–Li alloy. Two different crack locations were considered to be taken into account for the damage tolerant behavior of the two panel typologies: A crack into the skin between two stringers and a crack into the skin under the stringer after the removal of a complete section of the stringer. The crack growth was monitored during the fatigue load application, and a finite element (FE) model was utilized in order to calculate the fracture mechanics parameters. The experimental data (crack growth rate da/dN) and the FE results (stress intensity range ΔKI) were checked with the crack propagation material data, with good agreement. According to these results, it is possible to compare the damage tolerant behaviors of the panels made by the two different materials, with the purpose of optimizing crack propagation behavior versus weight in this fundamental helicopter component.
Continuous Improvement Initiative to Optimize Reservoir Management in Carbonate Fracture Reservoir: Integrated GGRP in East Java Throughout Bali Area
Authors: Agusetiawan Galih , Sutadiwiria Gunawan , Rukmana Dadang 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Carbonate rocks have been placed in emphasis for several studies in Indonesia because it is almost covering 60% of production basins in Indonesia; on the other hand, the fractured carbonate zones formed important oil and gas reservoirs. Those reservoir qualities were able to pronounce the sustainability of Indonesia's production for some period of time. Unfortunately, the heterogeneity of carbonate fractured reservoir widely known as the most unpredicted production performances. In Indonesia oil and gas upstream activities, it is often overlook when deal with the development scenario of carbonate field, furthermore to carbonate fractured reservoir. In fact of those, some lesson learn gained from previous approach of reservoir judgment was able to guide in how to better manage the development of those fields in Indonesia.
Regional to detailed technical related aspect to develop carbonate fractured reservoir; involving Geology, Geophysics, Reservoir and Production (GGRP), are the primary important to be considered in order to gain understanding of the uncertainties from heterogeneities of those rock. History of carbonate rock environment depositional system in Indonesia is alongside with equatorial line throughout the geological time scale makes the location beneath Indonesia archipelago comprising with carbonate rock. The native characteristic of Indonesia archipelago became more complex by the support of subduction zone along the region. These complexities of geological condition create opportunities for upstream activities to develop those reservoirs, especially in East Java throughout Bali area.
The initiation to optimizing the production on named area was conduct by integration of reservoir management using a guideline from previous overlook result, without creating pessimistic impression. Seismic relative amplitude processing was deliver to appropriate attribute, supported by geological data from well and each test. Analogy of data was not being used as a prominent data, but rather than a validation of methodology approaches, especially for petrophysics and modeling input. Petrophysics evaluation carried in this study uses an approach of fractured rock rather than possible interconnecting vuggy porosity. The relationship between matrix permeability and fracture permeability was modeled in dual porosity/permeability model; which supported the conclusion to geological condition of carbonate fractured reservoir in the area.
Estimating the Reservoir Hydrocarbon Capacity Through Measurement of the Minimum Capillary Entry Pressure of Shale Cap-Rocks
Authors: Al-Bazali Talal M. , Zhang Jianguo , Chenevert Martin E. , Sharma Mukul Mani 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Shales play a major role in petroleum exploration and production because they occur both as source rocks and cap-rocks. Their small pore throat size means that very high capillary pressures are required to establish any hydrocarbon saturation in the shales. The minimum capillary entry pressure (trap capacity) defines the maximum height of a hydrocarbon column that can be trapped by a shale.
In this paper, pressure transmission tests were used to experimentally measure capillary entry pressures of various non-wetting fluids (oil-based mud, crude oil. Decane and Nitrogen gas) through different shales. These capillary entry pressures are needed for the estimation of a shale's seal capacity (h). Results show that measured capillary entry pressure (seal capacity) of shales are correlated with other shale properties such as CEC and permeability. The effects of fluid type and interfacial tension on capillary entry pressure of shales were also investigated. Results show that the presence of a hydrocarbon phase (decane) in the shale reduces the shale capillary entry pressure (seal capacity) and significantly increases hydrocarbon flux. Also, the presence of surfactants in the hydrocarbon phase significantly reduces the capillary entry pressure and, therefore, the shale's seal capacity. Measured capillary entry pressures were also used to estimate the pore throat radius of shales.
Since pressure transmission tests are so difficult to run, a quick and easy rig-site electrochemical test on shale cuttings to characterize the capillary entry pressure of drilled shale formations is suggested.
Rheological Characterization of Novel, Delayed-Transition Metal Crosslinked Fracturing Fluids: Correlation With First Field Applications
Authors: Mirakyan Andrey , Abad Carlos , Parris Mike , Chen Yiyan , Mueller Fred 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The extent of crosslinking produced by a polymeric fracturing gel can significantly contribute to the success or failure of a hydraulic fracturing treatment. In certain cases, excessive crosslinking while the fluid is in the tubulars can result in friction pressures that are too high, and these may prohibit the treatment from achieving the design goals. With titanium (Ti) or zirconium (Zr) crosslinked gels, which are prone to irreversible shear degradation, early crosslinking in the tubulars can substantially reduce the final gel strength, even to the degree that near-wellbore proppant transport is compromised, and the treatment may screen out. On the other hand, a Ti or Zr crosslinked gel that crosslinks substantially after exiting the perforations may not have sufficient proppant-transport capability to complete the treatment successfully.
Varying treatment conditions such as mix-water composition and temperature, tubular shear rate and transit time, and reservoir temperature pose difficult challenges to routinely achieving the optimal crosslinking state. Conditions such as offshore wellbore temperature and viscous heating in smaller-diameter tubing can further complicate the task. Various chemical means have been employed to tune the crosslinking temperature for specific treating conditions. These methods involve addition of chemicals to control the crosslinking kinetics, such as pH buffers; adjustment of crosslinker concentration; and competing ligands to temporarily bind the metal crosslinker. Blended crosslinkers containing a single Group 4 (Ti, Zr) metal with different organic ligands with different binding strengths have been employed to achieve crosslinking at two temperature ranges so that early viscosity for proppant transport can be developed. Mixed metal crosslinkers such as aluminum (Al) and Zr have also been formulated for this same purpose.
This paper examines the disadvantages of these strategies, and describes the development and application of a high-temperature fracturing fluid system that has overcome the issues described.
The Displacement of Viscous Oil by Associative Polymer Solutions
Authors: Buchgraber M. , Clemens T. , Castanier L. M. , Kovscek A. R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAbout half of world oil production results from waterflooding. The remaining resources, however, are more viscous and less amenable to waterflood as conventional oil reserves are produced. In offshore and Arctic environments improved methods of cold production for viscous oil are needed because the introduction of heat to thin viscous oil appears to be unlikely. Unfavorable mobility ratio and sweep is modified by use of polymer solutions. Of the various EOR polymer formulations, newly developed associative polymers show special promise. We investigate pore and pore network scales because polymer solutions ultimately flow through the pore space of rock to displace oil. We conduct and monitor optically water/oil and polymer solution/oil displacements in a two-dimensional etched-silicon micromodel. The micromodel has the geometrical and topological characteristics of sandstone. Conventional hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions and newly developed associative polymer solutions with concentrations ranging from 500 ppm to 2500 ppm were tested. The crude oil had a viscosity of 210 cP at test conditions. Our results provide new insight regarding the ability of polymer to stabilize multiphase flow. At zero and low polymer concentrations, relatively long and wide fingers of injectant developed, leading to early water breakthrough and low recoveries. At increased polymer concentration, a much greater number of relatively fine fingers formed. The width to length ratio of these fingers was quite small and the absolute length of fingers decreased. At a larger scale of observation, the displacement front appears to be stabilized; hence, recovery efficiency improved remarkably. Above a concentration of 1500 ppm, plugging of the micromodel by polymer and lower oil recovery was observed for both polymer types. For tertiary polymer injection that begins at breakthrough of water, the severe fingers resulting from water injection are modified significantly. Fingers become wider and grow in the direction normal to flow as polymer solution replaces water. Apparently, improved sweep efficiency of viscous oils is possible (at this scale of investigation) even after water flooding. The associative and conventional polymer solutions improved oil recovery by about the same amount. The associative polymers, however, showed more stable fronts in comparison to conventional polymer solutions.
Producing Heavy Oil by Thermal Progressive Cavity Pump in Steam Stimulation Process
Authors: Zhang Shoujun , Zhong Liguo , Song Fujun , Lang Baoshan , Wu Fei , Luo Enyong 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
As a new potential mean of artificial lift production, production using progressive cavity pump (PCP) has many advantages such as energy saving, lower first investment, and convenient in management. However, it is more challenging to implement this lifting method to thermal production of heavy oil for the temperature limitation of elastomer stator and bonding agent, and hostile temperature vibration in the wellbore environment, as a result, up to date, there is no application of PCP to thermal heavy oil production in Liaohe Oilfield which is the largest heavy oil field in China.
An applicable thermal PCP developed based on extensive testing is introduced in this paper. It involves an applicable thermal fluororubber stator and bonding agent which could operate under high temperature conditions (up to 210°C) enough for the thermal requirement of steam injection, and great temperature vibration condition in the wellbore ranging from 80°C to 210°C. The whole top-drive thermal pumping unit is designed in consideration of thermal wellbore environment in heavy oil production procedure of steam stimulation.
The thermal PCPs have been applied to 5 wells and detailed field testing dynamic is monitored and investigated. Favorable performance of the thermal pumping unit is observed in the rugged production environment (the measured wellbore fluid temperature is up to 165°C) for more than 6 months, and the pump efficiency is about 60%~70%. Compared with the conventional rod pumping lift production, about 20% increase in periodical cumulative oil production and 50% lower horsepower requirements is obtained.
In summary, the developed thermal progressive cavity pump is feasible for heavy oil production in steam stimulation process, which could operate under extensive temperature range, and the upper limitation is up to 210°C.
Simulation of Multiphase Non-Darcy Flow in Porous and Fractured Media
Authors: Wu Yu-Shu , Lai Bitao , Miskimins Jennifer L. , Di Yuan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A Buckley and Leverett type analytical solution is derived for non-Darcy displacement of immiscible fluids in porous media, in which non-Darcy flow is described using the general model proposed by Barree and Conway. Recent laboratory studies and analyses have shown that the Barree and Conway model is able to describe the entire range of relationships between rate and potential gradient from low- to high-flow rates through porous media, including those in transitional zones. We also present a general mathematical and numerical model for incorporating the Barree and Conway model to simulate multiphase non-Darcy flow in porous and fractured media, while flow in fractured rock is handled using a general multi-continuum approach. The numerical solution of the proposed multiphase, non-Darcy flow model is based on a discretization scheme using an unstructured grid with regular or irregular meshes for multi-dimensional simulation. The final discretized nonlinear equations are handled fully implicitly with the Newton iteration. As an application example, we use the analytical solution to verify the numerical solution for and to obtain some insight into one-dimensional non-Darcy displacement of two immiscible fluids according to the Barree and Conway model. Overall, this work provides an improved platform for modeling multiphase non-Darcy flow in oil and gas reservoirs, including complex fractured systems such as shale gas reservoirs.