bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics, Culture, and the Security of France: A Reinterpretation of French Foreign and Security Policy after the First World War
Authors: Jackson Peter 
Published: November 2011

French foreign and security policy after the First World War has long been depicted as an attempt to use traditional strategies based on the balance of power and alliance politics to compel Germany to comply with its obligations under the Treaty of Versailles. The change to a more conciliatory policy in 1924 is typically understood as a response to pressure from Britain and the United States, as well as to French weakness. This interpretation ignores important internationalist currents in French thinking about security during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and their impact during and after the First World War. It also fails to account for key developments in the French public sphere after that conflict. This article argues that an approach to security best described as “juridical internationalism” played an increasingly influential role in shaping national security policy during the early 1920s. The result was a gradual move away from a policy of confrontation and a growing emphasis on compulsory arbitration and binding mutual assistance. This process culminated in the Locarno Accords of 1925.
La politique étrangère en matière de sécurité française après la Première Guerre mondiale a longtemps été dépeinte comme une tentative d’exécuter les stratégies classiques fondées sur l’équilibre des puissances et une politique d’alliances pour contraindre l’Allemagne à se conformer aux obligations du traité de Versailles. En outre, le changement vers une politique plus conciliante en 1924 est systématiquement compris d’une part comme une réponse à la pression commune de la Grande-Bretagne et des Etats-Unis et d’autre part comme un effet de l’affaiblissement de la France. Cette interprétation dominante ignore les importants courants internationalistes dans la pensée française en matière de sécurité depuis la fin du dix-neuvième siècle et au début du vingtième siècle et leur impact sur l’élite après la Première Guerre mondiale. D’autre part, ceci ne tient pas compte des développements importants au sein de la sphère publique au lendemain du conflit. Cet article défend l’idée qu’une autre approche de la sécurité, appelée « internationalisme juridique », a émergé et joué un rôle croissant dans l’édification d’une politique de sécurité nationale au début des années 1920. Le résultat fut un éloignement progressif d’une politique de confrontation fondée sur des méthodes traditionnelles et une insistance croissante sur l’arbitrage obligatoire et l’assistance mutuelle. Ce processus connut son apogée avec les accords de Locarno en 1925.
Fighting “Communist Banditry” in French Vietnam: The Rhetoric of Repression after the Yen Bay Uprising, 1930–1932
Authors: Thomas Martin 
Published: November 2011

One of the most striking aspects of the Vietnamese political disorders that erupted in Tonkin and Annam in 1930–31 was how the French colonial authorities represented them. The colonial authorities developed a distinct rhetoric of repression in the blame games that followed the outbreak of the Yen Bay mutiny in February 1930 and in the more protracted unrest associated with the Nghe-Tinh Soviets in Annam. The depiction of concerted political violence as self-interested criminal activity delegitimized its organizers, their motives, and their claims. Pointing to traditions of rural banditry and local particularism, Governor-General Pierre Pasquier’s administration insisted to sometimes skeptical officials and parliamentarians in France that the extreme repression meted out by the colonial security forces was effective, appropriate, and popularly understood. In this way Yen Bay’s rhetoric of repression drew on an established language of colonial social control to justify a strategy of extreme state violence.
Un des aspects déroutants des désordres politiques en Indochine française de 1930–31 fut la multiplicité de complots dits « banditismes » ou « criminels » par les autorités coloniales et militaires. Les efforts d’expiation et de blâme montés par l’administration du gouverneur-général Pierre Pasquier et ses collègues furent dans la nature des choses pour les organisations coloniales, elles-mêmes embarrassées par un éclat de violence sociale inattendue, accompagné d’une « rhétorique de répression » distincte. Ces objectifs étaient la criminalisation des rebelles et, par conséquent, l’imputation des motifs infantiles aux mouvements communistes et nationalistes vietnamiens. Le Parti communiste indochinois n’y échappa pas; toutefois, les fonctionnaires du Ministère des Colonies et une minorité de parlementaires français restèrent franchement sceptiques face aux explications officielles de la répression sanglante au Tonkin et à Annam. Pourtant, bien que cette rhétorique ne tienne aucun compte des preuves des soulèvements populaires et d’un mouvement national en voie de développement, elle sert bien de tactique coloniale. L’accusation d’un banditisme, provenu des traditions et pratiques des pirates tonkinois, refuse la signification politique des événements en même temps qu’elle justifie les méthodes violentes des forces de sécurité coloniale.
Plots and Rumors: Conspiracy Theories and the Six Février 1934
Authors: Jenkins Brian 
Published: November 2011

The events surrounding the six février 1934 riots were accompanied by intense rumor and speculation, with political rivals accusing each other of conspiracy and subversion at every turn. Following suit, historians have also been preoccupied with the mechanics of these conspiracy theories, seeing them as the acid test of whether the regime was in any kind of danger. On this basis most scholars have concluded that there was no “plot,” no attempted coup, and therefore no significant threat. This article argues that this whole perspective is misguided. It misjudges how such crises develop, how popular mobilizations gather momentum, and how they escape the control of those who might wish to manipulate them. The real importance of the conspiracy theories lies not in their evidential foundations but in the fact that they were widely believed and therefore influenced behavior on both sides. They were therefore a vital ingredient in the creation of political emergency.
Les événements du six février 1934 se déroulent dans un climat fébrile de rumeur et de conjecture, les rivaux politiques s’entraccusant à tout moment de subversion et de conspiration. Les historiens, à leur tour, restent préoccupés des mécanismes de ces thèses du complot, censées prouver définitivement si ou non le régime était en danger. Ainsi, la plupart d’entre eux arrivent à la conclusion qu’il n’y avait ni complot ni coup d’état manqué, et par conséquent aucune menace importante. On propose ici que cette perspective est fallacieuse. Elle méconnaît les modalités des crises de ce genre, l’élan vital de ces mobilisations populaires qui échappent au contrôle de ceux qui auraient voulu les manipuler. L’importance de ces thèses du complot réside moins dans le domaine des faits que dans les perceptions: elles étaient très largement acceptées, elles ont façonné le comportement des acteurs et elles ont ainsi contribué à préparer le climat d’urgence politique.
Association of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 with Coronary Atherosclerosis and Mortality in a Young, Multiethnic Population: Observations from the Dallas Heart Study
Authors: Rohatgi Anand , Patel Parag , Das Sandeep R , Ayers Colby R , Khera Amit , Martinez-Rumayor Abelardo , Berry Jarett D , McGuire Darren K , de Lemos James A 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is produced by cardiomyocytes and atherosclerotic lesions under stress conditions. Although higher circulating GDF-15 concentrations are associated with mortality across a spectrum of cardiovascular conditions, the relationship of GDF-15 with atherosclerosis and mortality in the general population remains undefined.

METHODS
We measured plasma GDF-15 in 3219 participants of the Dallas Heart Study, a population sample of adults ages 30–65 years (55% women, 49% black). GDF-15 was analyzed in prespecified categories (&lt;1200; 1200–1799; and ≥1800 ng/L) and continuously. End points included prevalent coronary artery calcium (CAC &gt;10 Agatston units), increased CAC (CAC ≥100 Agatston units) by electron beam computed tomography, and mortality through a median 7.3 years of follow-up (120 deaths, 48 cardiovascular deaths).

RESULTS
Increasing GDF-15 associated with older age, black race, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, left ventricular (LV) mass/body surface area, and worse renal function (P &lt; 0.0001 for each). In multivariable models adjusted for traditional risk factors, renal function, and LV mass/body surface area, GDF-15 ≥1800 ng/L was associated with CAC &gt;10 (odds ratio 2.1; 95% CI 1.2–3.7; P = 0.01), CAC ≥100 (odds ratio 2.6; 95% CI 1.4–4.9; P = 0.002), all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 3.5; 95% CI 2.1–5.9, P &lt; 0.0001), and cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio 2.5; 95% CI 1.1–5.8, P = 0.03). Adding log GDF-15 to fully adjusted models modestly improved the c statistic (P = 0.025), the integrated discrimination index (0.028; P &lt; 0.0001) and the category-less net reclassification index (0.42; P = 0.002). These findings remained significant with further adjustment for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, and cardiac troponin T.

CONCLUSIONS
GDF-15 is independently associated with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and mortality, and its potential role for risk stratification in the general population merits further evaluation.
Memory impairment induced by amphetamine derivatives in laboratory animals and in humans: a review
Authors: Camarasa Jordi , Rodrigo Teresa , Pubill David , Escubedo Elena 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe 20th century brought with it the so-called club drugs (the most notorious being amphetamine derivatives), which are used by young adults at all-night dance parties. Methamphet­amine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) are synthetic drugs with stimulant and psychoactive properties that belong to the amphetamine family. Here, we have reviewed the literature about the cognitive impairment induced by these two amphetamine derivatives and the preclinical and clinical outcomes. Although there is controversial evidence about the effect of methamphetamine and MDMA on learning and memory in laboratory animals, results from published papers demonstrate that amphetamines cause long-term impairment of cognitive functions. A large number of pharmacological receptors have been studied and screened as targets of amphetamine-induced cognitive dysfunction, and extensive research efforts have been invested to provide evidence about the molecular mechanisms behind these cognitive deficits. In humans, there is a considerable body of evidence indicating that methamphetamine and MDMA seriously disrupt memory and learning processes. Although an association between the impairments of memory performance and a history of recreational amphetamine ingestion has also been corroborated, a number of methodological difficulties continue to hamper research in this field, the most important being the concomitant use of other illicit drugs.
Ingenieurtechnische Besonderheiten bei der automatischen Handhabung von biologischen Organismen
Authors: Pylatiuk Christian , Pfriem Alexander , Liebel Urban , Schulz Stefan , Bretthauer Georg 
Published: November 2011

Zusammenfassung
Der Zebrabärbling hat sich als Modellorganismus in der Erforschung der Embryonalentwicklung und für toxikologische Untersuchungen etabliert. Automatisches Handhaben und Mikroskopieren von lebenden Objekten ist dabei in allen Prozessschritten nötig. Hierfür wurden in den letzten Jahren verschiedene Roboter entwickelt. Die Einflüsse von abiotischen Stressfaktoren auf die Embryonalentwicklung von Zebrafischen, wie z. B. mechanische Belastungen beim Handhaben oder die Bestrahlung mit hellem Weißlicht während des Mikroskopiervorgangs wurden in der vorliegenden Studie erstmals evaluiert.
DG3173 (somatoprim), a unique somatostatin receptor subtypes 2-, 4- and 5-selective analogue, effectively reduces GH secretion in human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas even in Octreotide non-responsive tumours
Authors: Plöckinger U , Hoffmann U , Geese M , Lupp A , Buchfelder M , Flitsch J , Vajkoczy P , Jakob W , Saeger W , Schulz S , Dohrmann C 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveSomatostatin analogues (SSA) reduce autonomous GH secretion by activating somatostatin receptors (sst) 2 and 5 in 50–60% of acromegalic patients. However, by inhibiting insulin secretion these SSA reduce glucose tolerance. DG3173 is a novel SSA with additional binding to sst4 and low insulin-suppressing activity. We investigated the effect of DG3173, including its relation to specific tumour characteristics, on GH secretion in human somatotroph adenoma cell cultures (hSA) in comparison with Octreotide.MethodsTwenty-seven hSA were characterised immunohistochemically for their hormone- and sst-expression, granularity and pre-surgical therapy with SSA. GH was determined in supernatants of hSA treated with DG3173 or Octreotide in time- (n=6) and dose–response (n=21) experiments. A positive response was defined as GH suppression to below 80% of baseline.ResultsIn the dose–response experiments DG3173 suppressed GH secretion in more adenomas than Octreotide (10/21 vs 5/21), including 38% (6/16) of Octreotide non-responders. In responders the extent of GH suppression and IC50 were comparable for both SSA. The response-rate of both SSA was higher in monohormonal vs bihormonal adenomas, yet GH declined similarly in both groups. Neither pre-surgical SSA (n=6) nor tumour morphology was related to the GH response. However, semi-quantitative analysis indicated a small but significant negative correlation between the GH response to Octreotide and the immunoreactivity scores of sst2 expression.ConclusionsDG3173 equalled Octreotide in suppressing GH secretion in hSA. Since DG3173 suppressed GH in some Octreotide-non-responsive adenomas, its clinical effectiveness will be worth testing. Moreover, its reduced insulin-suppressive potency would make it a valuable alternative to Octreotide.
Critically Ill Children During the 2009–2010 Influenza Pandemic in the United States
Authors: Randolph Adrienne G. , Vaughn Frances , Sullivan Ryan , Rubinson Lewis , Thompson B. Taylor , Yoon Grace , Smoot Elizabeth , Rice Todd W. , Loftis Laura L. , Helfaer Mark , Doctor Allan , Paden Matthew , Flori Heidi , Babbitt Christopher , Graciano Ana Lia , Gedeit Rainer , Sanders Ronald C. , Giuliano John S. , Zimmerman Jerry , Uyeki Timothy M. ,   for the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigator's Network and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ARDS Clinical Trials Network
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND:
The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) virus continues to circulate worldwide. Determining the roles of chronic conditions and bacterial coinfection in mortality is difficult because of the limited data for children with pH1N1-related critical illness.

METHODS:
We identified children (&lt;21 years old) with confirmed or probable pH1N1 admitted to 35 US PICUs from April 15, 2009, through April 15, 2010. We collected data on demographics, baseline health, laboratory results, treatments, and outcomes.

RESULTS:
Of 838 children with pH1N1 admitted to a PICU, the median age was 6 years, 58% were male, 70% had ≥1 chronic health condition, and 88.2% received oseltamivir (5.8% started before PICU admission). Most patients had respiratory failure with 564 (67.3%) receiving mechanical ventilation; 162 (19.3%) received vasopressors, and 75 (8.9%) died. Overall, 71 (8.5%) of the patients had a presumed diagnosis of early (within 72 hours after PICU admission) Staphylococcus aureus coinfection of the lung with 48% methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA). In multivariable analyses, preexisting neurologic conditions or immunosuppression, encephalitis (1.7% of cases), myocarditis (1.4% of cases), early presumed MRSA lung coinfection, and female gender were mortality risk factors. Among 251 previously healthy children, only early presumed MRSA coinfection of the lung (relative risk: 8 [95% confidence interval: 3.1–20.6]; P &lt; .0001) remained a mortality risk factor.

CONCLUSIONS:
Children with preexisting neurologic conditions and immune compromise were at increased risk of pH1N1-associated death after PICU admission. Secondary complications of pH1N1, including myocarditis, encephalitis, and clinical diagnosis of early presumed MRSA coinfection of the lung, were mortality risk factors.
Clinical and Microbiologic Evaluation, by Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, of Non‐Surgical Treatment of Aggressive Periodontitis Associated With Amoxicillin and Metronidazole
Authors: Rodrigues Ariana S. , Lourenção Daniele Salami , Lima Neto Lidio G. , Pannuti Claudio M. , Crespo Hirata Rosario Dominguez , Hirata Mario H. , Lotufo Roberto F.M. , De Micheli Giorgio 
Published: November 2011

Background: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical and microbiologic changes resulting from non‐surgical periodontal treatment associated with amoxicillin and metronidazole in individuals with aggressive periodontitis.Methods: Fifteen individuals with aggressive periodontitis received non‐surgical periodontal treatment and 45 days after completion of treatment were treated with antibiotics. Clinical data and samples of subgingival plaque were collected at baseline, 45 days after the non‐surgical periodontal treatment, and 1 month after the use of antimicrobial agents. After 3 and 6 months, only clinical data were collected. The presence and quantification of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td), and Dialister pneumosintes were determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.Results: All clinical parameters, with the exception of clinical attachment level (CAL), had significantly (P <0.05) improved at the end of the third month after non‐surgical therapy associated with antibiotics. There was significant (P <0.05) reduction in the quantities of Td and Tf. After 1 month, there were significant (P <0.05) reductions in the frequencies of Pg and Tf.Conclusion: Non‐surgical mechanical treatment associated with the use of amoxicillin and metronidazole led to an improvement in all clinical parameters studied, except for CAL, and significantly reduced the amount of subgingival Tf and Td.
Microbiota Downregulates Dendritic Cell Expression of miR-10a, Which Targets IL-12/IL-23p40
Authors: Xue Xiaochang , Feng Ting , Yao Suxia , Wolf Kyle J. , Liu Chang-Gong , Liu Xiuping , Elson Charles O. , Cong Yingzi 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Commensal flora plays important roles in the regulation of the gene expression involved in many intestinal functions and the maintenance of immune homeostasis, as well as in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. The microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, noncoding RNAs, act as key regulators in many biological processes. The miRNAs are highly conserved among species and appear to play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, as they can control the differentiation of various immune cells, as well as their functions. However, it is still largely unknown how microbiota regulates miRNA expression, thereby contributing to intestinal homeostasis and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. In our current study, we found that microbiota negatively regulated intestinal miR-10a expression, because the intestines, as well as intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells of specific pathogen-free mice, expressed much lower levels of miR-10a compared with those in germ-free mice. Commensal bacteria downregulated dendritic cell miR-10a expression via TLR–TLR ligand interactions through a MyD88-dependent pathway. We identified IL-12/IL-23p40, a key molecule for innate immune responses to commensal bacteria, as a target of miR-10a. The ectopic expression of the miR-10a precursor inhibited, whereas the miR-10a inhibitor promoted, the expression of IL-12/IL-23p40 in dendritic cells. Mice with colitis expressing higher levels of IL-12/IL-23p40 exhibited lower levels of intestinal miR-10a compared with control mice. Collectively, our data demonstrated that microbiota negatively regulates host miR-10a expression, which may contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by targeting IL-12/IL-23p40 expression.
Cutting Edge: A Role for Inside-Out Signaling in TCR Regulation of CD28 Ligand Binding
Authors: Sanchez-Lockhart Mariano , Kim Minsoo , Miller Jim 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Efficient T cell activation depends on the engagement of both TCR and CD28, although the molecular mechanisms that control this signal integration are not fully understood. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we show that T cell activation can drive a reorientation of the cytosolic tails of the CD28 dimer. However, this is not mediated through CD28 ligand binding. Rather, TCR signaling itself mediates this conformation change in CD28. We also show that TCR signaling can induce CD28–ligand interactions. Although the CD28 dimer appears to bind ligand monovalently in solution, we show that both ligand binding sites are required to efficiently recruit CD28 to the immunological synapse. These results suggest, that analogous to the cross-talk from TCR that regulates integrin activation, TCR-initiated inside-out signaling may induce a conformational change to the extracellular domains of CD28, enabling ligand binding and initiating CD28 signaling.
Pilot Study of the Effectiveness of Weighted Vests
Authors: Collins Amy , Dworkin Rosalind J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. In this pilot study, we determined the effectiveness of a weighted vest on attention to task for second-grade general education students with difficulty attending.
METHOD. We used an intervention and a control group and an ABA design to compare participants’ percentage of time on task with and without a vest. Ten participants from nine elementary schools in a suburban Texas school district were randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. Control group participants wore a nonweighted vest. Participants, classroom teachers, and research assistants who coded the data were blind as to the group to which the participants were assigned.
RESULTS. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between groups or between baseline, intervention, and withdrawal conditions.
CONCLUSION. Our results indicated that the weighted vests were not effective in increasing time on task. These results should be generalized cautiously owing to the small sample size and participant selection process.
Perspectives on Home Safety: Do Home Safety Assessments Address the Concerns of Clients With Vision Loss?
Authors: Barstow Beth A. , Bennett Deborah K. , Vogtle Laura K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPURPOSE. We explored the occupational performance and home safety perspectives of older adults with vision loss. Our study focused on the person–environment interaction to ascertain whether participants’ concerns are addressed by three commonly used home safety assessments.METHOD. Twenty-two older adults with vision loss participated in face-to-face interviews regarding their perspectives on home safety. We compared categories generated from a content analysis of the data with the contents of three standardized home safety assessments.RESULTS. Five categories of home safety emerged from the analysis: (1) lighting, (2) contrast, (3) visual distractions, (4) glare, and (5) compensation strategies. Comparisons of content in the three home safety assessments with emerged categories revealed that study participants had specific concerns about home safety that were not thoroughly addressed in the selected assessments.CONCLUSION. The findings provide preliminary content areas that should be included in the development of a home assessment specific to the low vision population.