bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study and mathematical modeling of gaseous toluene biofiltration by thermophilic active compost
Authors: Karamanev Dimitre G. , Matteau Yanick , Ramsay Bruce A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe main goal of this work was to develop a mathematical model of the process of toluene biofiltration by thermophilic active compost. The model parameters were determined in laboratory‐scale experiments with a biofilter, as well as in microcosm experiments. Our experiments have shown that there are two distinctive shapes of compost particles: flat and round ones. The retention time distribution was also determined experimentally. The experimental results of the kinetics, retention time distribution and particle shape were used to develop a mathematical model of the process. Toluene and oxygen concentration profiles were calculated as a function of the particle depth. It has been shown that the oxygen concentration is always is excess and therefore, no anaerobic zones can be expected. A significant intraparticle mass‐transfer resistance was predicted for the case of round particles while the effect of internal mass‐transfer was not that important in the flat particles. The toluene concentration profile as a function of the bioreactor axial coordinate was calculated and compared to the experimental data.
Vapour—liquid equilibrium of H2S‐Hydrocarbon mixtures using a generalized cubic equation of state
Authors: Valderrama José O. , Arce Pedro F. , Ibrahim Ahmed A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA generalized cubic equation of state proposed by one of the authors has been applied to the calculation of vapour‐liquid equilibrium (VLE) of hydrogen sulfide‐containing systems. Experimental VLE data for hydrogen sulfide + hydrocarbons, taken from the literature, have been systematically studied using the generalized equation and conventional van der Waals's mixing rules. The interaction parameter required in the mixing rules was obtained for thirteen systems at different temperatures, and a correlation for the interaction parameter as a function of the reduced temperature of the hydrocarbon solvent is proposed. The correlation for the interaction parameter is recommended for predicting VLE in processes in which hydrogen sulfide mixtures are involved.
Experimental influence of kinetic inhibitors on methane hydrate particle size distribution during batch crystallization in water
Authors: Pic Jean‐Stéphane , Herri Jean‐Michel , Cournil Michel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper reports an experimental study of methane hydrate crystallization, crystallization and dissociation cycles are performed in an isothermal and isobaric pressurised stirred reactor. Both methane gas consumption and methane hydrate particles population size distribution (PSD) (calculated from turbidimetric measurements) are recorded. The influence of pressure, stirring and two kinetic inhibitors (PVP and FXAP) is quantified. The crucial moment of the additive introduction (dissolved before or injected during crystallization) is particularly focused on. Finally, the bases of a kinetic inhibition model are raised, introducing a dead zone for crystal nucleation and growth.'
Structure‐H gas hydrates in petroleum reservoir fluids
Authors: Tohidi B. , Østergaard K. K. , Danesh A. , Todd A. C. , Burgass R. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn integrated experimental/modelling investigation was conducted on the potential of newly discovered strueture‐H (sH) hydrates formation in petroleum reservoir fluids. A thermodynamic model was validated against a series of experimental data on a natural gas with various quantities of methylcyclohexane (MCH). Three mixtures were tested where structure‐II (sII), sII/sH and sH were the stable structures. The validated thermodynamic model was employed to predict the stable hydrate structure for a large number of real reservoir fluids, (i.e., black oils, volatile oils and gas condensates). The results showed that sII is the stable hydrate structure for all systems investigated in this work. However, sH might co‐exist with sII in some reservoir fluids where transportation of hydrates as slurry is being considered.
Den Zucker im Brei suchen
Authors: Hummel Sandra , Pflüger Maren , Ziegler Anette‐G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWenn Babys an Diabetes Typ 1 erkranken, kann das auch an ihrer Ernährung liegen. Eine groß angelegte Studie untersucht die Rolle des Glutens als Auslöser
„Ein Raunen im Saal”︁
Authors: Finetti Marco 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWie bekannt ist die Exzellenzinitiative im Ausland? Und wie wird sie dort gesehen? Nach einer Informations‐ und Werbetour durch die USA sprach Marco Finetti mit Annette Schmidtmann von der DFG und Hans‐Georg Kräusslich vom Exzellenzcluster „Cellular Networks”︁
Im virtuellen Reich der Myrmekologen
Authors: Pfeiffer Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDie staunenswerte Vielfalt der Ameisenfauna Südostasiens zeigt ein neues wissenschaftliches Internetportal. Auf den hochaufgelösten Automontagefotos sind selbst winzigste Körperdetails zu erkennen – eine wertvolle Hilfe für Artenforscher in aller Welt
Anxiety does not predict response to antidepressant treatment in late life depression: results of a meta‐analysis
Authors: Nelson J. Craig , Delucchi Kevin , Schneider Lon S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies of mixed aged and older adult samples with major depressive disorder (MDD) reported reduced depression response in anxious patients, but a systematic review and analysis has not been performed. Our aim was to determine if anxiety predicts antidepressant response in previously identified placebo‐controlled trials of second generation antidepressants for late‐life depression.MethodFrom a previous systematic review that identified ten randomized, placebo‐controlled trials of community dwelling patients aged 60 or older with major depression, anxious patients were identified by a score ≥7 on the anxiety/somatization factor of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Response was defined as 50% or greater improvement on the HDRS or the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale. A meta‐analysis was performed using a random effects model to calculate Odds Ratios (OR).ResultsData were available from eight trials having ten drug‐placebo contrasts that included 2322 anxious and 1387 non‐anxious patients. The odds ratio for response to drug compared to placebo in anxious patients was 1.57 (95% CI 1.15, 2.14; z = 2.86, n = 10, p < 0.001), in non‐anxious patients was 1.44 (95% CI 1.15, 1.80, z = 3.21, n = 10, p < 0.001), and did not differ between groups. Pooled response rates to drug and placebo respectively were 49.4% vs 37.4% in anxious patients and 44.2 vs 35.5% in non‐anxious patients.ConclusionsIn randomized, placebo‐controlled trials, anxiety in late‐life depression was not associated with decreased response to second generation antidepressants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of a phosphorylated p130Cas substrate domain attenuates the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt survival pathway in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells
Authors: Soni Shefali , Lin Bor‐Tyh , August Avery , Nicholson Robert I. , Kirsch Kathrin H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractElevated expression of p130Cas/BCAR1 (breast cancer anti estrogen resistance 1) in human breast tumors is a marker of poor prognosis and poor overall survival. Specifically, p130Cas signaling has been associated with antiestrogen resistance, for which the mechanism is currently unknown. TAM‐R cells, which were established by long‐term exposure of estrogen (E2)‐dependent MCF‐7 cells to tamoxifen, displayed elevated levels of total and activated p130Cas. Here we have investigated the effects of p130Cas inhibition on growth factor signaling in tamoxifen resistance. To inhibit p130Cas, a phosphorylated substrate domain of p130Cas, that acts as a dominant‐negative (DN) p130Cas molecule by blocking signal transduction downstream of the p130Cas substrate domain, as well as knockdown by siRNA was employed. Interference with p130Cas signaling/expression induced morphological changes, which were consistent with a more epithelial‐like phenotype. The phenotypic reversion was accompanied by reduced migration, attenuation of the ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt pathways, and induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis was accompanied by downregulation of the expression of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2. Importantly, these changes re‐sensitized TAM‐R cells to tamoxifen treatment by inducing cell death. Therefore, our findings suggest that targeting the product of the BCAR1 gene by a peptide which mimics the phosphorylated substrate domain may provide a new molecular avenue for treatment of antiestrogen resistant breast cancers. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 364–375, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laserschneiden von Faserverbundwerkstoffen
Authors: Lütke Matthias , Klotzbach Annett , Wetzig Andeas , Beyer Eckhard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOb beim Schneiden von Folien, technischen Textilien, Leder, Papier oder polymerbasierten Hochleistungs‐Faserverbundwerkstoffen: In allen Fällen zeigt die Laser‐Remote‐Technologie grundsätzlich Erfolg. Die Besonderheit von sehr hohen Prozessgeschwindigkeiten und damit sehr kurzen Wechselwirkungszeiten zwischen der Laserstrahlung und dem zu trennenden Material verbessert die Schnittqualität insbesondere im Vergleich zum klassischen, gasunterstützten Laserschnitt. Das ergab sich aus den nachfolgend vorgestellten Untersuchungen.
Automatisierte Prüfung und Optimierung von Schweißnähten
Authors: Maurer Markus , Zürn Michael , Class Rainer , Diehl Thomas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAls erster Automobilhersteller setzt die Daimler AG ein System zur automatisierten Prüfung und Optimierung von Schweißnähten ein. Das von Daimler entwickelte Gesamtkonzept wird, unter Verwendung des Nahtprüfsystems VIROwsi von Vitronic, erstmalig für die Hinterachsträgerfertigung der neuen C‐Klasse umgesetzt. Seit Februar 2007 wurden alleine am Standort Mettingen mehr als 15 Millionen Schweißnähte erfolgreich geprüft und bei Bedarf optimiert.
Effect of the Ionic Strength on Collapse Transition in Star‐like Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Polotsky Alexey A. , Zhulina Ekaterina B. , Birshtein Tatiana M. , Borisov Oleg V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe present an analytical theory describing intramolecular conformational transition in a star‐shaped polyelectrolyte (PE) molecule induced by a decrease in the solvent strength or/and increase in the ionic strength in the solution. We apply a mean‐field Flory‐type analysis in a box‐like approximation, that is we assume fairly uniform distribution of densities of charged monomer units and all mobile ions (co‐ and counterions) in the intra‐molecular volume of the star. We demonstrate that depending on the number of branches, fraction of charged monomers in the star and the ionic strength of the solution different scenario of the collapse transition may take place. At high ionic strength or low degree of ionization collapse transition occurs continuously resembling the collapse of a neutral polymer star.1 On the contrary, at low ionic strength and high degree of ionization collapse transition features first order phase transition, that is, occurs discontinuously and involves coexistence of collapsed and stretched states.
Schiff base‐substituted polyphenol: synthesis, characterisation and non‐isothermal degradation kinetics
Authors: Kaya İsmet , Doǧan Fatih , Bilici Ali 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Polymers of phenols and aromatic amines have emerged as new materials in fields such as superconductors, coatings, laminates, photoresists and high‐temperature environments. The stability, kinetics and associated pollution of the thermal decomposition of oligophenols are of interest for the aforementioned fields.RESULTS: A new Schiff base polymer, derived from N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenylmethylidene)‐2,6‐pyridinediamine, was prepared by oxidative polycondensation. Characterisations using Fourier transform infrared, UV‐visible, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis, gel permeation chromatography, cyclic voltammetry and conductivity measurements were performed. The number‐average (Mn) and weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) and dispersity (D = Mw/Mn) of the polymer were found to be 61 000 and 94 200 g mol−1 and 1.54, respectively. Apparent activation energies of the thermal decomposition of the polymer were determined using the Tang, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and Coats–Redfern methods. The most likely decomposition process was a Dn deceleration type in terms of the Coats–Redfern and master plot results.CONCLUSION: The mechanism of the degradation process can be understood through the use of kinetic parameters obtained from various non‐isothermal methods. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Intense emission of terahertz electromagnetic wave from an undoped GaAs/n ‐type GaAs epitaxial layer structure
Authors: Takeuchi Hideo , Yanagisawa Junichi , Hasegawa Takayuki , Nakayama Masaaki 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe have investigated the emission of the terahertz (THz) electromagnetic wave from an undoped GaAs (200 nm)/n ‐type GaAs (3 μm) epitaxial layer structure (i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure), where the doping concentration of the n ‐GaAs layer is 3 × 1018cm‐3. It is found that the first‐burst amplitude of THz wave of the i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure is considerably stronger than that of an n ‐GaAs crystal, which means that the i ‐GaAs layer enhances the THz emission intensity. The first‐burst amplitude of the i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure, by tuning the pump‐beam energy to the higher energy side, exceeds that of an i ‐InAs crystal known as one of the most intense THz emitters. We, therefore, conclude that the i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure is useful to obtain intense THz emission. From the pump‐beam energy dependence of the first‐burst amplitude, the THz‐emission mechanism of the i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure is attributed to the surge current of the photogenerated carriers flowing through the i ‐GaAs layer. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
InAlAs/InAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors exhibiting ultra‐fast optical response
Authors: Taguchi Hirohisa , Wakimura Nobuhito , Nakagawa Yugo , Iida Tsutomu , Takanashi Yoshifumi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHigh electron mobility transistors with a pseudomorphically strained InAs channel (InAs‐PHEMTs) have superior electron‐transport properties and high electron density, which are due to a large conduction‐band discontinuity. In this work, we demonstrate that InAs‐PHEMTs have an additional property: they exhibit an ultra‐fast optical response with a time‐constant of 3.5 × 10–11 s. By irradiating the optical signal onto the InAs‐PHEMTs, hole‐electron pairs are created in the channel layer. Holes accumulated in the source region of the channel layer recombine immediately with 2DEG due to an Auger recombination mechanism. Holes generated in the region outside the gate also recombine immediately with the 2DEG due to the Auger recombination mechanism before they drift or diffuse toward the gate region. This is why the optical response time of an InAs‐PHEMT is extremely small and it is restricted by the time for holes to transit across the gate region. A circuit incorporating an InAs‐PHEMT as a transistor and an InAlAs/InAs/InGaAs MSM photodiode that has the same structure as an InAs‐PHEMT as an optical detector has the potential to be applied as an ultra‐fast receiver optoelectronic integrated circuit. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical Kerr response to multi pump pulses on GaAs weakly confined exciton
Authors: Kanno Atsushi , Katouf Redouane , Kojima Osamu , Ishi‐Hayase Junko , Tsuchiya Masahiro , Isu Toshiro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe investigate optical Kerr response under two‐pump pulse irradiation induced by GaAs weakly confined exciton. Ultrafast response times of the order of picoseconds are observed despite long exciton lifetime of the order of nanoseconds. The difference may be attributed to the relaxation mechanisms between population relaxation and nonlinear relaxation of excitons. In addition, the observed temporal shapes of the optical Kerr response are conserved under irradiation by a preceding pulse that forms the exciton population. The pulse separation of the optical Kerr response between two pump pulses is achieved to be 800 fs, which corresponds to a signal train of 1.25 Tbits per second. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial growth of Al‐doped β‐FeSi2 on Si(111) substrate by reactive deposition epitaxy
Authors: Terai Yoshikazu , Hashimoto Syoutaro , Noda Keiichi , Fujiwara Yasufumi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAl‐doped β‐FeSi2 [β‐Fe(Si1‐x Alx)2] thin films with a thickness of 100 nm were epitaxially grown on Si(111) substrate by reactive deposition epitaxy (RDE). The reflective high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED) images showed epitaxial growth of β‐Fe(Si1‐x Alx)2 (101)(110)//Si(111) in the composition range of 0 < x < 2.3%. In high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements, the β(800) and β(406)(460) peaks shift to lower diffraction angles. The peak shifts linearly increase with Al composition. From an analysis of the peak shifts, Vegard's law of a, b, and c‐axis in Al‐doped β‐FeSi2 was proven for the investigated Al‐composition range. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Organic matter of the World Ocean
Authors: Romankevich E.A. , Vetrov A.A. , Peresypkin V.I. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Available data on synthesis, input, and decomposition of organic matter (OM) in the water column and recent bottom sediments of the World Ocean are generalized. The most reliable values of OM production and masses in the ocean, the total supply of organic carbon, and the input of terrigenous OM with coastal erosion, river runoff, and eolian matter are estimated. Maps of fossilization coefficients, distribution, and accumulation of OM in recent bottom sediments of the World Ocean are presented. A numerical expression is proposed for the main circumcontinental pattern of OM accumulation in the ocean. The group and elemental compositions of living matter of the ocean, land, and the Earth as a whole and the organic composition of bottom sediments are briefly considered.
Observations on the Fat Globules in Milk
Authors: Cooper W. F , Nuttall W. H , Freak G. A 
Published: March 2009

Results of our previous work were published in the Journ. of Agric. Sri., IV, 1911. There, also, a brief summary of the chief papers published on the subject of the fat globules was given, to which it is unnecessary to refer in detail here.When the work was first commenced in 1909, the problem before us was the consideration of the variation in the size of the fat globules, with relation to churning, as regards the different breeds of cattle. The breed was considered because it was usually supposed that this was one of the chief factors which influenced churning. The most definite result of our work was that it was shown that consideration must be given to the character of the milk, irrespective of the breed. This conclusion is quite contrary to that of other workers, but an examination of their figures shows, undoubtedly, that this is actually the case: the results given by Woll (Digestion Expts., Seventh Annual Report, Agric. Expt. Stat, Wisconsin, 1890, 238; also Agric. Sci., 1892, vi, 445) emphasise this point particularly. It is also shown by this year's work, as may be seen from Tables V–XI.The comparative size of the globules has been worked out very thoroughly by Gutzeit, who measured the mean volume of the globule. Other workers give their results as “relative sizes.” In our work we attempted to ascertain the distribution of the fat in the globules, and to this end the number of globules of each size was determined, and curves were drawn. The result of this, however, was negative. At that time we were considering the breeds of the cows from which the milks were obtained; had we considered them solely as milks of a certain mean size of globule, much more might have been achieved.An apparatus was devised to give an absolute figure for the churnability of any cream, but, until the effect of the other factors has been determined, it is impossible to interpret the results. Some experiments to ascertain the optimum temperature were described also.
The Atmosphere of the Soil: Its Composition and the Causes of Variation
Authors: Russell Edward John , Appleyard Alfred 
Published: March 2009

1. The free air in the pores of the soil to a depth of 6 inches is very similar in composition to the atmospheric air but it differs in two respects:(a) It contains more CO2 and correspondingly less oxygen, the average in 100 volumes being 0–25 volume CO2 and 20–6 of oxygen against 0–03 volume CO2. and 20–96 oxygen in atmospheric air.(b) It shows greater fluctuations in composition.Usually the sum of the CO2 and oxygen is only slightly less than in atmospheric air but at periods when nitrates rapidly increase there is a perceptible falling off of oxygen, and a still greater one in waterlogged soils.
The factors determining soil temperature
Authors: Keen B. A. , Russell E. J. 
Published: March 2009

The general principles regulating soil temperature are well known.Measurements in deep mines and wells indicate the existence of a temperature gradient in the earth's crust from the interior outwards, which causes a flow of heat to the surface at a sensibly constant rate. Extensive measurements were carried out by Forbes1 and by William Thomson (afterwards Lord Kelvin) who worked up the former's experimental values, and later by a Committee of the British Association, which concluded that an average of “41·4 gramme-degrees of heat escape annually through a sq. cm. of a horizontal section of the earth's substance.” For our present purpose this source of heat is negligible.
The evaporation of water from soil. II.: Influence of soil type and manurial treatment
Authors: Keen Bernard A. 
Published: March 2009

Further experiments have been done on the evaporation of water from soil, using the same apparatus and technique as described in an earlier paper. The present series of experiments was designed to investigate the effect of clay content and manurial treatment on the evaporation. Two soils have been used, one containing only 6% clay and the other 15%, and from each soil samples were taken from plots which had received (a) no manure, (b) artificial manure, (c) farmyard manure. The rate at which the soils lost water over concentrated sulphuric acid and at a constant temperature, was found to depend firstly on the amount of clay present, and secondly on the amount of organic material in the soil. The differences due to content of organic material were more obvious in the soil containing the larger amount of clay; the farmyard manure plot lost water at the slowest rate, and the unmanured plot occupied an intermediate position. In the sandy soil the differences in evaporation due to manuring were small.There is evidence that the moisture equivalent of these soils measures the percentage of water at which the evaporation is first directly affected by the soil particles, and that at percentages of water in excess of the moisture equivalent evaporation is taking place substantially from a free water surface.
Silver-leaf disease, III. (Including observations upon the injection of trees with antiseptics)
Authors: Brooks F. T. , Bailey M. A. 
Published: March 2009

The present paper contains the results of investigations on silver-leaf disease which are a continuation of those previously described by one of us (1,2) in earlier numbers of this periodical.Some time ago it was thought desirable to duplicate as far as possible in different localities the experiments conducted on this disease. Hence most of the experiments described in this paper have been carried out both at Cambridge and at the John Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton.