bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of road‐kill locations of San Clemente Island foxes
Authors: Snow Nathan P. , Andelt William F. , Gould Nicholas P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMortalities from collisions with vehicles have created concern for the welfare of the San Clemente Island fox (Urocyon littoralis clementae); 1 of only 6 genetically distinct subspecies of island fox. To find possible solutions for minimizing these mortalities, we compared 9 characteristics of roads and roadsides at kill‐sites and control‐sites to ascertain whether certain features were associated with risk of collisions. We found that kill‐sites were positively associated with the volume of traffic, and negatively associated with the distance of motorists' visibility, which had not been previously identified for island foxes. Additionally, visual obstructions along roadsides (i.e., steep ditches and tall vegetation) showed some evidence of increasing mortalities. We also found that gravel mounds, a possible pseudo‐barrier along roadsides, were associated with reduced mortalities. Speeds of vehicles, presence of drainages, cacti, and culverts, and seasonality showed minimal effects on road‐kills. Our findings suggest that efforts to reduce mortalities should focus on roads with high volumes of traffic and high amounts of visual obstruction for motorists. Possible methods for reducing road‐kills include installing signs and speed bumps on curves of roads, regular mowing of roadsides, constructing gravel‐mound barriers along edges of roads, and educating motorists. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The Antler Religion
Authors: Matt Knox W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIntensive deer management characterized by high fences and supplemental feeding and, in some instances, selective breeding programs, has increased dramatically across North America (NA) over the past several decades. This new management philosophy is not, however, without controversy. At several levels intensive deer management is incompatible with the NA Model of Wildlife Conservation including the fact that it promotes the privatization of wildlife and creates markets that sell public wildlife resources. Lastly, deer “hunting” under the intensive deer‐management model violates the fundamental concept of fair chase, which is a cornerstone principle of hunting in NA. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
An online Fisheries and Wildlife degree: Can you really do that?
Authors: Edge W. Daniel , Sanchez Dana 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOnline education has moved into the mainstream in the United States higher learning educational system, with enrollments increasing more rapidly than on many university campuses. The Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Oregon State University began offering a Bachelor of Science (BS) Degree in Fisheries and Wildlife Science (FWS) completely online in autumn 2009, which resulted in numerous questions from potential students, educators, and fish and wildlife professionals. We provide an overview of our distance education (DE) degree and characterize our DE learners. The DE degree itself is the same as the on‐campus major but the curriculum is slightly different; online students have fewer choices in classes and hands‐on activities, but engage in more discussion than on‐campus students. Our DE students differ from on‐campus majors: they are on average 9 years older, 40% have a college degree, and 20% are employed by a natural resources agency. The value of our online FWS BS ultimately will be gauged by the success of our graduates and feedback from stakeholders. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Higher-order singular multi-point boundary-value problems on time scales
Authors: Dogan Abdulkadir , Graef John R. , Kong Lingju 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe study classes of higher-order singular boundary-value problems on a time scale $\mathbb{T}$ with a positive parameter λ in the differential equations. A homeomorphism and homomorphism ø are involved both in the differential equation and in the boundary conditions. Criteria are obtained for the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions. The dependence of positive solutions on the parameter λ is studied. Applications of our results to special problems are also discussed. Our analysis mainly relies on the mixed monotone operator theory. The results here are new, even in the cases of second-order differential and difference equations.
THE IMPACT OF CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION ON SCHOOLING: EVIDENCE FROM BANGLADESH
Authors: KHANAM RASHEDA , NGHIEM HONG SON , RAHMAN MOHAMMAD MAFIZUR 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThis paper examines the impact of childhood malnutrition on schooling performance in rural Bangladesh. The results reveal that malnourished children are less likely to enrol in school on time and achieve an age-appropriate grade by 26 percentage points and 31 percentage points, respectively. Other important determinants of schooling outcomes include infrastructure and education level of parents. One major contribution of this paper is the control for the endogeneity of malnutrition status, which otherwise might lead to bias estimates.
D-type iterative learning control without resetting condition for robot manipulators
Authors: Bouakrif Farah 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThis paper deals with iterative learning control (ILC) design to solve the trajectory tracking problem for rigid robot manipulators subject to external disturbances, and performing repetitive tasks. A D-type ILC is presented with an initial condition algorithm, which gives the initial state value in each iteration automatically. Thus, the resetting condition (the initial state error is equal to zero) is not required. The λ-norm is adopted as the topological measure in our proof of the asymptotic stability of this control scheme, over the whole finite time-interval, when the iteration number tends to infinity. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Task shifting in maternal and child health care: An evidence brief for Uganda
Authors: Nabudere Harriet , Asiimwe Delius , Mijumbi Rhona 
Published: March 2011

The Problem: There is a shortage and maldistribution of medically trained health professionals to deliver cost-effective maternal and child health (MCH) services. Hence, cost-effective MCH services are not available to over half the population of Uganda and progress toward the Millennium Development Goals for MCH is slow. Optimizing the roles of less specialized health workers (“task shifting”) is one strategy to address the shortage and maldistribution of more specialized health professionals.Policy Options: (i) Lay health workers (community health workers) may reduce morbidity and mortality in children under five and neonates; and training for traditional birth attendants may improve perinatal outcomes and appropriate referrals. (ii) Nursing assistants in facilities might increase the time available from nurses, midwives, and doctors to provide care that requires more training. (iii) Nurses and midwives to deliver cost-effective MCH interventions in areas where there is a shortage of doctors. (iv) Drug dispensers to promote and deliver cost-effective MCH interventions and improve the quality of the services they provide. The costs and cost-effectiveness of all four options are uncertain. Given the limitations of the currently available evidence, rigorous evaluation and monitoring of resource use and activities is warranted for all four options.Implementation Strategies: A clear policy on optimizing health worker roles. Community mobilization and reduction of out-of-pocket costs to improve mothers’ knowledge and care-seeking behaviors, continuing education, and incentives to ensure health workers are competent and motivated, and community referral and transport schemes for MCH care are needed.
The representational adequacy of Hybrid
Authors: CROLE R. L. 
Published: March 2011

The Hybrid system (Ambler et al. 2002b), implemented within Isabelle/HOL, allows object logics to be represented using higher order abstract syntax (HOAS), and reasoned about using tactical theorem proving in general, and principles of (co)induction in particular. The form of HOAS provided by Hybrid is essentially a lambda calculus with constants.Of fundamental interest is the form of the lambda abstractions provided by Hybrid. The user has the convenience of writing lambda abstractions using names for the binding variables. However, each abstraction is actually a definition of a de Bruijn expression, and Hybrid can unwind the user's abstractions (written with names) to machine friendly de Bruijn expressions (without names). In this sense the formal system contains a hybrid of named and nameless bound variable notation.In this paper, we present a formal theory in a logical framework, which can be viewed as a model of core Hybrid, and state and prove that the model is representationally adequate for HOAS. In particular, it is the canonical translation function from λ-expressions to Hybrid that witnesses adequacy. We also prove two results that characterise how Hybrid represents certain classes of λ-expression.We provide the first detailed proof to be published that proper locally nameless de Bruijn expressions and α-equivalence classes of λ-expressions are in bijective correspondence. This result is presented as a form of de Bruijn representational adequacy, and is a key component of the proof of Hybrid adequacy.The Hybrid system contains a number of different syntactic classes of expression, and associated abstraction mechanisms. Hence, this paper also aims to provide a self-contained theoretical introduction to both the syntax and key ideas of the system. Although this paper will be of considerable interest to those who wish to work with Hybrid in Isabelle/HOL, a background in automated theorem proving is not essential.
Traumafokussierte kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (Tf-KVT) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen nach Missbrauch und Misshandlung
Authors: Kirsch Veronica , Fegert Jörg M. , Seitz Diana C. M. , Goldbeck Lutz 
Published: March 2011

Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen (PTBS) sind eine häufige Folge von Missbrauch und Misshandlung im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Die Wirksamkeit der traumafokussierten kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie (Tf-KVT) nach sexuellem Missbrauch ist gut belegt. Diese Pilotstudie untersucht Machbarkeit und Behandlungsergebnisse bei Patienten mit posttraumatischen Stresssymptomen nach unterschiedlichen Misshandlungsformen und häuslicher Gewalt. 15 Kinder und Jugendliche mit klinisch relevanten PTBS Symptomen (sechs weiblich; Alter M = 10.5; SD = 3.7) wurden mit 12 bis 31 Sitzungen Tf-KVT behandelt. Die Symptomatik wurde im prä-post-Vergleich analysiert. Die Hintergründe von drei Therapieabbrüchen wurden ermittelt. Die Tf-KVT führte zu einer signifikanten Symptomreduktion (Gesamtrohwert im Interview für Belastungsstörungen vor Therapie: 40.6; SD = 10.5; nach Therapie: M = 15.2; SD = 14.3; p < .001; d = 1.8). Der Grund für Therapieabbrüche war Vermeidungsverhalten bei psychisch belasteten Bezugspersonen. Die Ergebnisse können als Hinweis für die Wirksamkeit der Tf-KVT bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit PTBS nach unterschiedlichen Misshandlungsformen gewertet werden. Die Therapie setzt die psychosoziale Stabilität von Patienten und Bezugspersonen voraus.
Construction of direction selectivity in V1: from simple to complex cells
Authors: Lochmann Timm , Blanche Tim , Butts Daniel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDespite detailed knowledge about the anatomy and physiology of the primary visual cortex (V1), the immense number of feed-forward and recurrent connections onto a given V1 neuron make it difficult to understand how the physiological details relate to a given neuron’s functional properties. Here, we focus on a well-known functional property of many V1 complex cells: phase-invariant direction selectivity (DS). While the energy model explains its construction at the conceptual level, it remains unclear how the mathematical operations described in this model are implemented by cortical circuits. To understand how DS of complex cells is constructed in cortex, we apply a nonlinear modeling framework to extracellular data from macaque V1. We use a modification of spike-triggered covariance (STC) analysis to identify multiple biologically plausible "spatiotemporal features" that either excite or suppress a cell. We demonstrate that these features represent the true inputs to the neuron more accurately, and the resulting nonlinear model compactly describes how these inputs are combined to result in the functional properties of the cell. In a population of 59 neurons, we find that both simple and complex V1 cells are selective to combinations of excitatory and suppressive motion features. Because the strength of DS and simple/complex classification is well predicted by our models, we can use simulations with inputs matching thalamic and simple cells to assess how individual model components contribute to these measures. Our results unify experimental observations regarding the construction of DS from thalamic feed-forward inputs to V1: based on the differences between excitatory and inhibitory inputs, they suggest a connectivity diagram for simple and complex cells that sheds light on the mechanism underlying the DS of cortical cells. More generally, they illustrate how stage-wise nonlinear combination of multiple features gives rise to the processing of more abstract visual information.
The sufficient minimal set of miRNA seed types
Authors: Ellwanger Daniel C. , Büttner Florian A. , Mewes Hans-Werner , Stümpflen Volker 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Pairing between the target sequence and the 6–8 nt long seed sequence of the miRNA presents the most important feature for miRNA target site prediction. Novel high-throughput technologies such as Argonaute HITS-CLIP afford meanwhile a detailed study of miRNA:mRNA duplices. These interaction maps enable a first discrimination between functional and non-functional target sites in a bulky fashion. Prediction algorithms apply different seed paradigms to identify miRNA target sites. Therefore, a quantitative assessment of miRNA target site prediction is of major interest.
Results: We identified a set of canonical seed types based on a transcriptome wide analysis of experimentally verified functional target sites. We confirmed the specificity of long seeds but we found that the majority of functional target sites are formed by less specific seeds of only 6 nt indicating a crucial role of this type. A substantial fraction of genuine target sites arenon-conserved. Moreover, the majority of functional sites remain uncovered by common prediction methods.
Contact: florian.buettner@helmholtz-muenchen.de v.stuempflen@helmholtz-muenchen.de
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Comparison of global tests for functional gene sets in two-group designs and selection of potentially effect-causing genes
Authors: Jung Klaus , Becker Benjamin , Brunner Edgar , Beißbarth Tim 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Motivation: An important object in the analysis of high-throughput genomic data is to find an association between the expression profile of functional gene sets and the different levels of a group response. Instead of multiple testing procedures which focus on single genes, global tests are usually used to detect a group effect in an entire gene set. In a simulation study, we compare the power and computation times of four different approaches for global testing. The applicability of one of these methods to gene expression data is demonstrated for the first time. In addition, we propose an algorithm for the detection of those genes which might be responsible for a group effect.
Results: We could detect that the power of three of the approaches is comparable in many settings but considerable differences were detected in the computation times. Our proposed gene selection algorithm was able to detect potentially effect-causing genes in artificial sets with high power when many genes were altered with a small effect, while classical multiple testing was more powerful when few genes were altered with a large effect.
Availability: An R-package called ‘RepeatedHighDim’ which implements our new global test procedures is made available from http://cran.r-project.org/.
Contact: tim.beissbarth@ams.med.uni-goettingen.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PlantMiRNAPred: efficient classification of real and pseudo plant pre-miRNAs
Authors: Xuan Ping , Guo Maozu , Liu Xiaoyan , Huang Yangchao , Li Wenbin , Huang Yufei 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Motivation: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a set of short (21–24 nt) non-coding RNAs that play significant roles as post-transcriptional regulators in animals and plants. While some existing methods use comparative genomic approaches to identify plant precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs), others are based on the complementarity characteristics between miRNAs and their target mRNAs sequences. However, they can only identify the homologous miRNAs or the limited complementary miRNAs. Furthermore, since the plant pre-miRNAs are quite different from the animal pre-miRNAs, all the ab initio methods for animals cannot be applied to plants. Therefore, it is essential to develop a method based on machine learning to classify real plant pre-miRNAs and pseudo genome hairpins.
Results: A novel classification method based on support vector machine (SVM) is proposed specifically for predicting plant pre-miRNAs. To make efficient prediction, we extract the pseudo hairpin sequences from the protein coding sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max, respectively. These pseudo pre-miRNAs are extracted in this study for the first time. A set of informative features are selected to improve the classification accuracy. The training samples are selected according to their distributions in the high-dimensional sample space. Our classifier PlantMiRNAPred achieves &gt;90% accuracy on the plant datasets from eight plant species, including A.thaliana, Oryza sativa, Populus trichocarpa, Physcomitrella patens, Medicago truncatula, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays and G.max. The superior performance of the proposed classifier can be attributed to the extracted plant pseudo pre-miRNAs, the selected training dataset and the carefully selected features. The ability of PlantMiRNAPred to discern real and pseudo pre-miRNAs provides a viable method for discovering new non-homologous plant pre-miRNAs.
Availability: The web service of PlantMiRNAPred, the training datasets, the testing datasets and the selected features are freely available at http://nclab.hit.edu.cn/PlantMiRNAPred/.
Contact: maozuguo@hit.edu.cn; yufei.huang@utsa.edu
Molecular Characterization of Potato leafroll virus, Potato virus A, and Potato virus X Isolates from Potatoes in Alaskan Cities and Villages
Authors: Robertson Nancy L. , Smeenk Jeffrey , Anderson Jodie M. 
Published: March 2011

Although all three viruses are commonly found in potatoes throughout the world, this is the first report of potato viruses from Alaska to be sequenced and molecularly analyzed for comparisons with known viruses. Accepted for publication 17 January 2011. Published 9 February 2011.
Brote Grande, A New Phytoplasma Associated Disease of Chile Peppers in the Desert Southwest
Authors: Randall Jennifer J. , Bosland Paul W. , Hanson Stephen F. 
Published: March 2011

Chile is one of the most important crops in New Mexico, contributing both to the agricultural economy and cultural identity of the state. Diseases are a major constraint on chile production in New Mexico and across the Desert Southwest. Chile producers in New Mexico recently reported a disorder of unknown etiology that was observed in increasing frequency for the past four years. Affected plants have a bushy appearance, develop overly large green calyces instead of normal flowers, and fail to set fruit. This characteristic phyllody has led the disorder to be referred to as “brote grande” which is Spanish for “big bud.” The phyllody is reminiscent of the aberrant flower development associated with tomato big bud, a phytoplasma disease of tomatoes. Microscopic analysis, including light microscopy and TEM along with PCR detection using phytoplasma specific primer sets, indicates that brote grande disease is associated with a novel phytoplasma. Field surveys conducted in 2008 and 2009 indicate that this new disease is widely distributed at low levels across chile production areas in New Mexico and Arizona. Accepted for publication 10 January 2011. Published 1 March 2011.
Ascochyta Blight of Peas
Authors: Skoglund Linnea G. , Harveson Robert M. , Chen Weidong , Dugan Frank , Schwartz Howard F. , Markell Samuel G. , Porter Lyndon , Burrows Mary L. , Goswami Rubella 
Published: March 2011

Field pea is an annual, cool-season legume native to northwest to southwest Asia. It was among the first crops cultivated by man. The crop is grown primarily in North Dakota, Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and southern Canada. Ascochyta blight is a serious disease affecting above ground portions at all growth stages. Stem, crown, pod, and foliar diseases of pea are caused by a complex of Ascochyta pisi, Mycosphaerella pinodes, and Phoma pinodella. This paper reviews the disease and the pathogens involved. Accepted for publication 28 January 2011. Published 30 March 2011.
Disruption of LACCASE4 and 17 Results in Tissue-Specific Alterations to Lignification of Arabidopsis thaliana Stems
Authors: Berthet Serge , Demont-Caulet Nathalie , Pollet Brigitte , Bidzinski Przemyslaw , Cézard Laurent , Le Bris Phillipe , Borrega Nero , Hervé Jonathan , Blondet Eddy , Balzergue Sandrine , Lapierre Catherine , Jouanin Lise 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Peroxidases have been shown to be involved in the polymerization of lignin precursors, but it remains unclear whether laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) participate in constitutive lignification. We addressed this issue by studying laccase T-DNA insertion mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified two genes, LAC4 and LAC17, which are strongly expressed in stems. LAC17 was mainly expressed in the interfascicular fibers, whereas LAC4 was expressed in vascular bundles and interfascicular fibers. We produced two double mutants by crossing the LAC17 (lac17) mutant with two LAC4 mutants (lac4-1 and lac4-2). The single and double mutants grew normally in greenhouse conditions. The single mutants had moderately low lignin levels, whereas the stems of lac4-1 lac17 and lac4-2 lac17 mutants had lignin contents that were 20 and 40% lower than those of the control, respectively. These lower lignin levels resulted in higher saccharification yields. Thioacidolysis revealed that disrupting LAC17 principally affected the deposition of G lignin units in the interfascicular fibers and that complementation of lac17 with LAC17 restored a normal lignin profile. This study provides evidence that both LAC4 and LAC17 contribute to the constitutive lignification of Arabidopsis stems and that LAC17 is involved in the deposition of G lignin units in fibers.
Sulphilimine/Sulfilimine cross-links in Goodpasture's disease
Authors: Vanacore R , Pedchenko V , Bhave G , Hudson B G 
Published: March 2011

Summary
The sulphilimine/sulfilimine cross-link of the Goodpasture (GP) autoantigen is a novel molecular mechanism (structural constraint) for conferring immune privilege to a site which otherwise is susceptible to structural changes that induce an immunogenic and pathogenic conformation. Perturbation of the assembly or cleavage of the sulphilimine/sulfilimine cross-links could be a key factor in the aetiology of Goodpasture's disease in susceptible individuals.