bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Différenciation spatiale des prix du logement à Monaco : une reformulation du concept de distance au centre
Authors: Fustier Bernard , Vassallo Marc 
Published: May 2012

Résumé En économie urbaine, le choix de localisation résidentielle résulte d’un arbitrage entre le prix du logement et le coût du transport vers le centre-ville. Le modèle ALONSO-MUTH décrit rigoureusement les termes de cet arbitrage et conclut à une décroissance des valeurs foncières en fonction de la distance au centre. Malgré les hypothèses très fortes sur lesquelles repose l’analyse, on souhaite confronter la « loi de décroissance des valeurs foncières » à la distribution spatiale des prix du logement (à la vente et à la location) dans la ville de Monaco. Malgré l’exiguïté du territoire de la Principauté, c’est la détermination du centre-ville qui a constitué la plus grande difficulté de l’étude. L’assimilation du centre de la ville à son noyau historique (facilement identifiable) n’est pas satisfaisante et on montre que la « loi » ne s’applique pas dans ce cas. Une analyse plus fine de la localisation des activités conduit à mettre l’accent sur le caractère plus ou moins central des différents quartiers. Une hiérarchie de centralité est construite dans le cadre des modèles de potentiels et une nouvelle mesure de la distance au centre est proposée (écart de centralité par rapport au sommet de la hiérarchie). En substituant cette dernière à la distance physique, on montre que les prix des logements diminuent d’une manière significative avec le degré de centralité du lieu de résidence.
Du bon usage des « modèles » de police
Authors: Lévy René 
Published: May 2012

À la lumière de son dernier ouvrage, The Policing Web, cet article examine la manière dont Jean-Paul Brodeur utilise l’histoire pour conceptualiser l’opposition entre « haute » et « basse police » sur laquelle il a fondé sa réflexion théorique depuis le milieu des années 1980. En comparant la typologie des institutions policières élaborée par Jean-Paul Brodeur à celle de l’historien Clive Emsley, l’auteur oppose deux manières de faire l’histoire : soit comme l’étude d’une émergence, prenant en compte la complexité des phénomènes dans leur déploiement temporel à la faveurd’une nouvelle question ; soit comme quête d’une origine à partir d’unaboutissement - la situation actuelle - afin d’éclairer cette dernière. Dans un cas, l’accent est mis sur la relecture du passé à la lumière de préoccupations présentes ; dans l’autre, le passé est mis au service de la réévaluation du présent.
Keeping up with Best Evidence: What Resources are Available?
Authors: Hussain Nasir , Bhandari Mohit , Turvey Sarah 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) teaches physicians to base their decisions and actions on the best available scientific evidence in conjunction with their own expertise and the patient's values and preferences; however, this can be very time consuming as a one has to stay current and up-to-date with the most recent evidence. Several point-of-care databases, such as Up To Date and Dynamed, have been developed that distill the contents of medical journals into summaries with guidelines for practice in order to aid in EBM approach, but these also come with various limitations. Due to this, tools specific to surgical specialties are now beginning to be developed that systematically collect, appraise and summarize top quality evidence. One such tool is Ortho Evidence, which is an openaccess tool for orthopedic surgeons, researchers and allied healthcare professionals.

How to cite this article
Hussain N, Turvey S, Bhandari M. Keeping up with Best Evidence: What Resources are Available? J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(1):4-7.
Meta-analysis: Statistical Trickery or Sound Science?
Authors: Sohani Zahra 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
The goal of a systematic review is to present a balanced summary of existing research. In order to accomplish this, systematic reviews include a thorough search of relevant articles, including published and unpublished, using explicitly defined and reproducible criteria. The main rationale for conducting a meta-analysis comes from the fact that combining individual studies provide an increased sample size, which consequently improves the statistical power to detect treatment effect. If all steps outlined are followed properly and authors remain transparent regarding the design and conduct of the meta-analysis, this technique provides an excellent and scientifically sound means of synthesizing evidence.

How to cite this article
Sohani Z. Meta-analysis: Statistical Trickery or Sound Science? J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012; 46(1):12-14.
Massive Obscure Overt Gastrointestinal Bleed: An Unusual Cause diagnosed by Capsule Endoscopy
Authors: Singh Surjeet , Sharma Aman , Rao Chalapathi , Rana Surinder S , Bhauwala Amit , Singh Kartar , Bhasin Deepak K 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Common causes for obscure overt gastrointestinal bleeding originating from the small bowel include small bowel angioectasias, Crohn's disease, ulcers and tumors. In tropical countries, intestinal ulcerations secondary to tuberculosis and parasitic infestations have also been described as causes of gastrointestinal bleeding. We present a very unusual case of massive obscure overt gastrointestinal bleeding due to massive hookworm infestation of the small bowel that was diagnosed by capsule endoscopy and successfully treated with oral albendazole.

How to cite this article
Rao C, Sharma A, Rana SS, Bhauwala A, Singh S, Singh K, Bhasin DK. Massive Obscure Overt Gastrointestinal Bleed: An Unusual Cause diagnosed by Capsule Endoscopy. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(1):37-39.
Coexisting Tuberculosis and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT
Authors: Kashyap R , Mittal BR , Bhattacharya A , Agrawal KL , Manohar K , Varma SC , Dey P , Das A 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has been related to immune deficiency and may be preceded by chronic inflammatory diseases. Tuberculosis (TB), on the other hand, is a chronic infectious disease whose presentation and reactivation is known to be promoted by cell mediated immunodeficiency. The coexistence of NHL and TB in the same patient is not uncommon, and PET/CT using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) may show tracer-avid lymph nodes in both conditions. This case illustrates the importance of FDG PET/CT guided biopsy in confirming a diagnosis of concurrent NHL and TB.

How to cite this article
Bhattacharya A, Agrawal KL, Kashyap R, Manohar K, Mittal BR, Varma SC, Dey P, Das A. Coexisting Tuberculosis and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(1):49-50.
Visual Acuity Outcome and Predictive Factors after Bevacizumab for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Daien Vincent , Navarre Sophie , Fesler Pierre , Vergely Laurence , Villain Max , Schneider Christelle 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. To evaluate the 12-month outcome and predictive factors of visual acuity (VA) changes following bevacizumab therapy for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Methods. A total of 50 eyes from 50 patients with CRVO were consecutively included in this prospective study. Predictive factors were assessed by comparing baseline characteristics of patients classified into 3 groups: those showing a decrease in VA; those displaying a change in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letter score between 0 and 15; and those in whom an increase in VA ≥15 letters was achieved. Baseline variables considered in the analyses of predictive factors were demographic and clinical characteristics. Results. Mean baseline ETDRS letter score was 20±12 and mean macular thickness was 575.1±152.7 µm. Mean final ETDRS letter score improved significantly, reaching 27±20, p=0.04, while mean macular thickness decreased significantly to 391.1±229.6 µm, p<0.001. The predictive factors associated with an increase in VA ≥15 ETDRS letters were younger age (p=0.002), shorter duration of symptoms before treatment initiation (p=0.001), and a higher visual acuity pretreatment (p=0.004). The frequency of ischemic CRVO and low vision at baseline was higher among nonresponsive patients (p=0.005). Conclusions. Intravitreal bevacizumab seems to be an effective primary treatment option for macular edema due to CRVO. Its main drawback is that multiple injections are often necessary to maintain visual improvement. Early injections of bevacizumab in young patients in whom VA is relatively preserved leads to a significant improvement in VA. Ischaemic CRVO and poor baseline VA are associated with nonresponse to such therapy.
Power-Injectable Ports: Safety during Placement, Therapeutic use, and Contrast Administration during Computed Tomography Procedures
Authors: Alexander Matthew D. , Morrison Harry L. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose To determine the safety of power-injectable ports during placement, therapeutic use, and administration of intravenous contrast material using automated mechanical injectors. Methods This retrospective, single institution study examined all patients undergoing placement of a power-injectable port between May 1, 2006 and June 30, 2010, with follow-up data collected through October 31, 2010. Electronic records and PACs were searched for patient demographics, placement indication, device placed, placement site, attending operator, and complications. The number of CECT scans performed for patients with indwelling ports, rate of port access for such studies, and contrast extravasation or device failure events during power injection of contrast were recorded and compared to the results of all other methods of venous access for CECT scans. Results In total, 313 ports were placed in 307 patients. Device dwell time ranged from 3 to 1506 days with a mean of 577. A total of 20 (6.5%) complications were identified during the study period, all of which were late. There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates between five attending operators. Patients with ports underwent 676 CECT scans during which the port was injected 142 times (20.9%). Neither extravasation nor device failure occurred during any scan, yielding no statistically significant difference when compared to the results of other venous access methods. Conclusions Power-injectable tunneled catheters with attached subcutaneous ports are safe with low rates of complication during placement and dwell time. Power injection of contrast through these ports may be as safe as power injection using other venous access methods.
How can economists help to improve animal welfare?
Authors: Christensen T , Lawrence A , Lund M , Stott A , SandØe P 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo-date, the dominant approach to improving farm animal welfare has consisted of a combination of voluntary improvements undertaken by farmers and the tightening of legal requirements. However, history suggests that there is a limit to the improvements capable of being secured by this approach. In this paper, it is argued that economic principles can and should have an important role when new, market-driven and other approaches are set up to improve farm animal welfare. The paper focuses on two ways in which economic principles can improve analyses of animal welfare. Thefirstis by helping to define priorities as to which aspects of animal welfare should be promoted. Here, economic approaches can be used to capture and synthesise the perspectives of all the stakeholders, including the animals, in a transparent and systematic way. Thesecondway is by helping to ensure that incentives are set up in the right way. Where the benefits and costs of improving animal welfare are initially distributed unevenly across stakeholders so that a socially desirable situation will not develop automatically, or be implemented, suitable economic principles may help to create incentives which correct this situation. Thus, if society is to achieve its goal of improving animal welfare, scholars from different disciplines should collaborate in identifying animal needs, assessing stakeholder preferences, making priorities transparent and providing incentives that make solutions realistically attainable.
Animal welfare: a complex international public policy issue: economic, policy, societal, cultural and other drivers and constraints. A 20-year international perspective
Authors: Bayvel ACD , Diesch TJ , Cross N 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) policy definition that “animal welfare is a complex international public policy issue with scientific, ethical, economic, cultural and religious dimensions, plus important trade policy considerations” clearly demonstrates the multi-faceted nature of animal welfare. Progress made is inevitably incremental and compromises often have to be reached between animal welfare and other important societal values. Recognition of the need for managed change over agreed time-frames, and involving full consultation with affected animal user groups, is essential. This paper draws on case studies involving intensive livestock agriculture, live animal exports for slaughter, religious slaughter and vertebrate pest control in both New Zealand's domestic experience, gained over the last 20 years, and international (OIE) experience, gained over the last ten years. Case studies will also highlight policy considerations relating to animal health, food safety and the impact on the environment. Important drivers of animal welfare change will be discussed; as will the constraints to making changes. The paper will conclude by commenting on the direction, and rate, of animal welfare change and the impact of animal welfare being addressed, not only at the national and regional level, but now also at the international level.
Culled early or culled late: economic decisions and risks to welfare in dairy cows
Authors: Langford FM , Stott AW 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInvoluntary culling (IC) is where a cow is disposed of due to injury, poor health or infertility. The main reasons for IC are infertility, mastitis and lameness. These reasons have differing age profiles in when they affect cows, cost variable amounts to treat and have an effect on the value of the cow at market. They also reduce cow welfare in different ways. These factors influence the economically optimum cow replacement decision, which must balance the risks of future loss from the current cow against its future prospects and the net costs of a replacement. So the farmer's economic decision as to when to cull a cow may not occur at the same time as when the cow could, and sometimes should, be culled to maximise her welfare. To explore this dilemma, we developed a Dynamic Programme (DP) model to assess the optimum replacement policies for each of 180 possible cow states (12 parities and 15 milk-yield levels) under a simplified set of alternative husbandry systems and remedial practices. The DP was used to explore the relationships between financial outcomes, investment in improving welfare, lifespan and IC in dairy systems. There is a trade-off between dairy cattle lifespan and risk of suffering over which farmers have some control by the replacement and investment decisions they make. Our results show that improving cow welfare by reducing mastitis, lameness or infertility over the long term increases the mean longevity of the herd and also reduces the potential of long-term suffering resulting from chronic conditions. Additionally, it has the effect of increasing replacement opportunities and the annuities for each cow (£ per cow per year) mainly by increasing milk yield and reducing costly on-farm culls, creating a win-win situation for both farmer and cow.
Impact of rapid treatment of sheep lame with footrot on welfare and economics and farmer attitudes to lameness in sheep
Authors: Green LE , Kaler J , Wassink GJ , King EM , Thomas R Grogono 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis review article summarises the evidence for an effective management protocol for footrot to sheep, the welfare and economic benefits of such a protocol and its likely uptake by farmers. Over 90% of lameness in sheep in England is caused by Dichelobacter nodosus, the aetiological agent of footrot. Farmers can recognise lame sheep both from video clips and when examining their own sheep but make a separate decision about whether to catch lame sheep. Only farmers who catch and treat mildly lame sheep immediately report a low prevalence of lameness (< 5%). From a within-farm clinical trial, treatment of sheep lame with footrot with parenteral antibiotic and topical spray led to over 90% recovery from lameness within 10 days whilst only 25% of sheep treated with foot trimming and topical spray recovered in 10 days. In parallel, a within-farm clinical trial with approximately 800 ewes was run for 18 months to test the hypothesis that rapid appropriate treatment led to reduced prevalence of lameness. Ewes were stratified and randomly allocated to one of two groups. The prevalence and incidence of lameness decreased in the treatment group, where lame sheep were treated with parenteral and topical antibacterials within three days of being observed lame, but remained at approximately 8% in the control group where lame sheep were treated with trimming hoof horn and topical antibacterial spray when the farm shepherd considered them sufficiently lame. Sheep in the treatment group had a higher body condition and produced more lambs that grew faster. The net economic benefit to all sheep (whether lame or not) in 2006 was £6 per ewe put to the ram. A group of 265 farmers were asked about their satisfaction with methods to manage footrot. Satisfied farmers reported a prevalence of lameness of ≤ 5% and used rapid individual treatment. Dissatisfied farmers reported a prevalence of lameness of > 5% and used whole-flock footbathing and vaccination. Overall, farmers stated that their ideal managements would be footbathing and vaccination. One explanation for this apparent inconsistency is that farmers want effective vaccines and footbaths; an alternative explanation is that this is an example of cognitive dissonance, where subjects adopt a belief because it is their current practice despite evidence that it is not effective. We conclude that farmers can identify lame sheep and that rapid treatment of individual sheep lame with footrot with intramuscular and topical antibacterials is currently the most effective control of interdigital dermatitis and footrot in sheep but that in future effective measures that prevent footrot would be ideal.
Welfare risk assessment: the benefits and common pitfalls
Authors: Collins LM 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRisk is defined as a situation involving exposure to danger. Risk assessment by nature characterises the probability of a negative event occurring and quantifies the consequences of such an event. Risk assessment is increasingly being used in the field of animal welfare as a means of drawing comparisons between multiple welfare problems within and between species and identifying those that should be prioritised by policy-makers, either because they affect a large proportion of the population or because they have particularly severe consequences for those affected. The assessment of risk is typically based on three fundamental factors: intensity of consequences, duration affected by consequences and prevalence. However, it has been recognised that these factors alone do not give a complete picture of a hazard and its associated consequences. Rather, to get a complete picture, it is important to also consider information about the hazard itself: probability of exposure to the hazard and duration of exposure to the hazard. The method has been applied to a variety of farmed species (eg poultry, dairy cows, farmed fish), investigating housing, husbandry and slaughter procedures, as well as companion animals, where it has been used to compare inherited defects in pedigree dogs and horses. To what extent can we trust current risk assessment methods to get the priorities straight? How should we interpret the results produced by such assessments? Here, the potential difficulties and pitfalls of the welfare risk assessment method will be discussed: (i) the assumption that welfare hazards are independent; (ii) the problem of quantifying the model parameters; and (iii) assessing and incorporating variability and uncertainty into welfare risk assessments.
Do dog owners perceive the clinical signs related to conformational inherited disorders as ‘normal’ for the breed? A potential constraint to improving canine welfare
Authors: Packer RMA , Hendricks A , Burn CC 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSelection for brachycephalic (foreshortened muzzle) phenotypes in dogs is a major risk factor for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Clinical signs include respiratory distress, exercise intolerance, upper respiratory noise and collapse. Efforts to combat BOAS may be constrained by a perception that it is ‘normal’ in brachycephalic dogs. This study aimed to quantify owner-perception of the clinical signs of BOAS as a veterinary problem. A questionnaire-based study was carried out over five months on the owners of dogs referred to the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA) for all clinical services, except for Emergency and Critical Care. Owners reported the frequency of respiratory difficulty and characteristics of respiratory noise in their dogs in four scenarios, summarised as an ‘owner-reported breathing’ (ORB) score. Owners then reported whether their dog currently has, or has a history of, ‘breathing problems’. Dogs (n = 285) representing 68 breeds were included, 31 of which were classed as ‘affected’ by BOAS either following diagnostics, or by fitting case criteria based on their ORB score, skull morphology and presence of stenotic nares. The median ORB score given by affected dogs’ owners was 20/40 (range 8-30). Over half (58%) of owners of affected dogs reported that their dog didnothave a breathing problem. This marked disparity between owners’ reports of frequent, severe clinical signs and their perceived lack of a ‘breathing problem’ in their dogs is of concern. Without appreciation of the welfare implications of BOAS, affected but undiagnosed dogs may be negatively affected indefinitely through lack of treatment. Furthermore, affected dogs may continue to be selected in breeding programmes, perpetuating this disorder.
Economic, education, encouragement and enforcement influences within farm assurance schemes
Authors: Main DCJ , Mullan S 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFarm assurance schemes are voluntary certification schemes that aim to provide consumers and retailers with assurances on animal welfare, environment and food safety standards. Whilst current schemes have often been focused on resource-based standards there has been interest in schemes including more outcome-based assessments. In order to maximise the likely impact of including these outcome assessments it is important to consider the economic, education, encouragement and enforcement drivers that may improve welfare. Using dairy cattle lameness as an example, the potential mechanisms to use these drivers within farm assurance schemes is reviewed. Future development of schemes should focus on encouraging the active participation of farmers in monitoring and managing outcome measures. Economic and educational approaches have a role in supporting change. Where possible, economic drivers need to be working in the same direction as welfare (ie provide win-win situations). Educational initiatives, such as providing generic technical information and farm-specific advisory support, need to be available when requested. Finally, enforcement tools, based on existing noncompliance procedures, may be needed to stimulate activity if other initiatives prove ineffective on individual farms.