bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract B107: Mechanistic study of Ex in suppression of cellular proliferation inducing apoptosis in human cancer cell lines.
Authors: Tripathi Shweta , Chandna Sudhir , Dwarkanath B.S. , Saluja Daman , Chopra Madhu 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B107
Cyclooxygenase (COX), also known as prostaglandin endoperoxidase or prostaglandin G/H synthase is a rate limiting enzyme involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Two forms of cyclooxygenase ,COX-1 & COX-2 ,have been identified.Cox-1 is constitutively expressed in many tissues , while COX-2 is an inducible enzyme involved in the inhibition of apoptosis , potentiation of cell growth & angiogenesis and as such is a target for drug development. (1) Recently, clinical, cellular and animal experimental studies have indicated it to tumor invasion & metastasis . Ex is a new generation, Cox-2 selective NSAID that stops the production of inflammatory prostaglandins, without stopping the production of prostaglandins that protects the stomach and intestine. The underlying signal transduction pathway is not clarified at the moment but different COX independent mechanisms might contribute to wanted and unwanted effects of this drug. This study examined the proapoptotic effects of Ex in different normal as well as cancerous cell lines. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and apoptosis was examined by DNA fragmentation & Comet assay. MTT assay on cancerous cell lines especially, Cervical cancer cell line HeLa(COX positive), showed about 50% cell viability at a conc of 200μM. Interestingly, no cytotoxicity was seen with normal cell lines such as NIH3T3,Cos-7 and HEK cells. In conclusion our study shows that in the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa, Ex displays cytostatics, induces apoptosis & cause cell death by DNA damage.The mechanism of action of the drug was seen through Western Blotting with an upregulation of Caspase 3 and inhibition of NF-kB. Similar studies is being carried out on cervical cancer cells,C33A (COX negative) and pancreatic adenocarcinomas,Capan-1 (COX positive ) and MiaPaCa-2 (Cox negative) to determine the effects of Ex on the growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in these various cell lines.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B107.
Abstract B122: Factors associated with ER/PR status in African American and white women in the National Cancer Database
Authors: DeSantis Carol , Jemal Ahmedin , Ward Elizabeth 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B122

Background
Previous studies documented that African American women are more likely to be diagnosed with ER and/or PR negative breast tumors than whites. However, little is known about the effect of socioeconomic position and other tumor characteristics on the ER/PR tumor status differences between African American and whites. We studied this relationship using the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Methods
The NCDB collects information on demographic and clinical characteristics for approximately 1,500 Commission on Cancer-approved hospitals, representing almost 70% of all cancer patients treated in the United States. We selected invasive breast cancer in women ages 18-99 years reported to the NCDB during 2004-2005. A total of 175,820 women diagnosed with breast cancer were available for the analysis after excluding those patients with missing ER/PR status. Frequency distributions were used to assess the relationships between hormone receptor status and demographic and clinical variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine these associations while controlling for age, race, insurance status, educational attainment, stage, histology, and tumor size.

Results
African American women are 2.26 times more likely to be diagnosed with ER-PR- breast cancer vs. ER+PR+ breast cancer compared to whites. After controlling for socioeconomic factors, including educational attainment (based on patient’s zip code) and insurance status, African American women remained 1.97 times more likely to have hormone negative tumors than white women. Adjustment for tumor characteristics (stage, tumor size, and histology) further attenuated the odds ratio (RR=1.85). Lower educational attainment was associated with ER-PR- breast cancers. Women who were uninsured at the time of diagnosis were also more likely to have receptor negative disease compared to women with private health insurance, however, after adjusting for tumor characteristics this association was no longer significant.

Conclusion
Our results confirm previous reports which indicate African American women are more likely to be diagnosed with ER-PR- breast cancer. A third of this excess risk was explained by differences in socioeconomic factors, stage at diagnosis, tumor size, and histology type. Further studies with additional individual-level data on socioeconomic factors could help clarify these relationships.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B122.
Abstract B135: A Mediterranean dietary intervention for reducing colon cancer risk
Authors: Djuric Zora , Ren Jianwei , Cornellier Maria , Rapai Mary , Ruffin Mack , Turgeon D. Kim , Brenner Dean 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B135
Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that the major components of the traditional Cretan-Mediterranean diet have great promise for the prevention of colon cancer while improving overall health. We designed an exchange-list diet that would target 1) an increase in amount and variety of fruits and vegetables, 2) an increase in whole grains and 3) a decrease in n-6 fatty acids with increased n-3 and n-9 fatty acids. The exchange list approach provided flexibility in food choices for meeting nutrient goals. In this ongoing study we are recruiting study participants at increased risk for colon cancer. Subjects are being randomized to a modified Mediterranean diet or a Healthy People 2010 diet for 6 months, each of which involves intensive dietary counseling. Dietary intake data, blood samples and biopsies of normal colonic mucosa from flexible sigmoidoscopy are being collected and analyzed. Thus far 45 subjects have been enrolled with a mean age of 52 years, mean BMI of 28 kg/m2 and 67% were female. Two thirds of the subjects had a family history of colon cancer and the remainder had a personal history of adenomas. Dietary intakes of mono-unsaturated fats increased by about 70% and fruit and vegetables intakes doubled, but caloric intake did not change appreciably in the Mediterranean arm. This indicates that the exchange list diet was an effective tool. HPLC-MS-MS methods were developed to profile prostaglandins and leukotrienes in granulocytes and colonic mucosa using a single chromatographic run. Thus far granulocyte samples from 23 subjects have been analyzed there was a trend for decreases in several eicosanoids in samples from the Mediterranean arm while changes in the Healthy Eating arm were more variable. These preliminary data indicate that subjects can make large dietary changes and that this may impact on inflammation. Effects on biomarkers in the colonic mucosa are ongoing and will be important to evaluate the potential preventive effects of a Mediterranean type of diet.
Supported by NIH grant 1RO1CA120381.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B135.
Abstract B136: Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced mucin depleted foci in the rat colon by a novel resistant starch
Authors: Zhao Yinsheng , Hasjim Jovin , Jane Jay-lin , Birt Diane 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B136
The purpose of this study was to test the inhibitory effects of a novel resistant starch on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. The novel resistant starch was processed from a commercial high amylose cornstarch(patent pending). Three groups of 5-week-old male Fischer 344 rats including 15 animals each were injected with AOM and fed normal cornstarch diet, high amylose cornstarch diet, and novel resistant starch diet respectively. Another three groups of male Fischer 344 rats with 5 animals in each group were injected with saline and fed the same three kinds of diets as control groups. Two injections were performed one week apart. Each of the 3 diets contained 55% water boiled high moisture starch, together with 45% of other ingredients necessary for rats’ nutritive requirements. The rats were fed with the above diets for 9 weeks after the second injection and then killed. Liver weight, caecal fermentation (caecum weight and pH), and a predictor of carcinogenicity - Mucin Depleted Foci (MDF) - were investigated. MDF were only seen with AOM treatment and were significantly reduced in rats fed novel resistant starch diet in comparison with rats fed the other two diets. Increased caecum weight and decreased caecum pH were also observed in the novel resistant starch diet group in comparison with the other two diet groups. No significant difference was found comparing liver weights. These results suggested that the novel resistant starch, which is less digestible than regular cornstarch or commercial high amylose cornstarch, may inhibit colonic carcinogenesis, and the inhibition might be related to increased caecal fermentation.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B136.
Abstract B15: HPV vaccinations among a multi-ethnic female outpatient clinic sample
Authors: Sheinfeld Gorin Sherri , Westhoff Carolyn , Study Team New York Physicians against Cancer 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B15

Background
High risk types of HPV are necessary though not sufficient causes of the vast majority of cervical cancers. With the approval by FDA of the HPV vaccine among women age 9-26, dissemination is critical. Fewer than one-third of the US population has heard of HPV. Few know about its association with cervical cancer, and how to prevent its spread. Yet, physician recommendation is key to vaccination.

Methods
The study examines vaccination intentions and practices among a sample of 235 multi-ethnic/racial, urban primary care physicians who are enrolled in an RCT of an educational intervention. Intention was measured via self-report prior to FDA approval. Vaccination rates were assessed two years post-FDA vaccine approval, among their multi-ethnic female patients, age 18-26, using medical audit.

Results
Prior to the approval of the vaccine, findings revealed strong intention to vaccinate among physicians, at 92% extremely or somewhat likely to vaccinate. Multivariate analyses of primary care physicians revealed that those who regularly performed recto-pelvic examinations on asymptomatic women (β=0.21, p=0.03), and those who were more familiar with the ACS screening guidelines held stronger intentions to vaccinate (β=0.24, p=0.01) than did comparable others. Female primary care physicians had stronger intentions to vaccinate for HPV than male providers (β=0.21, p=0.03). Two years post-approval, 10% of multi-ethnic female patients age 18-26 have received at least one inoculation, 2% have received the entire 3-dose protocol. Major barriers are awareness, cost, and availability of the vaccine. Conclusions: The findings reveal stronger intentions to vaccinate than contemporaneous population-based surveys (80%), but similar predictors in gender and knowledge. The rate of vaccination is comparable to the 14% for the Hepatitis B vaccine among children one year post-approval, but much lower than among pediatricians in a Boston metropolitan hospital (57%) during a similar period of time. This is the first study to observe vaccination intentions among urban physicians working in under-resourced communities, and to systematically report the HPV vaccination uptake among their young adult female patients. Targeted dissemination strategies to urban primary care physicians in under-resourced areas, with tailored messages, are critical. In addition to exploring the pragmatic issues in disseminating the vaccine, we will examine the ethical, political, and social contexts for population-based HPV vaccine inoculations.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B15.
Abstract B26: Analyzing health benefits beyond the treatment period
Authors: Simon Jay , Meyskens Frank 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B26
When studying cancer treatments, the benefits and risks are usually reported following a specific duration of time. For example, the probability of recurrence might be reported with and without the treatment after five years. However, cancer treatments often provide benefits which last beyond the duration of the treatments themselves. Studies have demonstrated this clearly for calcium supplements in preventing recurrence of colorectal adenomas (1), and for isotretinoin in head and neck tumors (2).
The risks associated with such treatments, on the other hand, usually persist only as long as the treatments are being applied. It is therefore impractical to compare the reduction of one risk with the increase of others at any single point in time in these cases. This is especially true for treatments that carry multiple risks, such as tamoxifen (3). A preferred method would be to consider the patient's survival curves both with and without the treatment. Adjusting the patient's initial (cancer-free) survival curve according to a disease-specific survival curve and a risk-specific survival curve yields the patient's probability of survival over time, accounting for all factors relevant to the treatment decision. This is a much more effective method for weighing the risks of a treatment against its benefits. In this work, we describe the process of the analysis, and apply it to specific cases.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B26.
Abstract B28: Effects of low- versus high-literacy materials on knowledge and risk perceptions regarding cervical dysplasia
Authors: Basen-Engquist Karen , Shinn Eileen , Irvin Vidrine Jennifer , Peterson Susan , Parker Patricia 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B28

Background
Health literacy is an important determinant of health status. Developing and evaluating health education materials for low-literate audiences is a priority and critical to helping individuals participate in health care decisions and self-management. However, questions remain as to whether low-literacy materials are appropriate for all audiences. We sought to determine if low-literacy materials would be appropriate and effective in educating individuals at wide ranges of health literacy, or if materials should be tailored to a patient’s health literacy level.

Methods
Eighty patients returning for follow-up colposcopy appointments were randomized to read a brochure about cervical dysplasia that was written at either a high (8th grade) or low (4th grade) reading level. Before reading the brochure, patients completed assessments of health literacy (Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, STOFHLA; Rapid Assessment of Adult Literacy in Medicine, REALM), knowledge, and perceived risk. After reading, knowledge, perceived risk, and brochure evaluation assessments were completed.

Results
Overall, patients had a high level of health literacy (STOFHLA M=70.1, SD=2.3; REALM, 4 patients 7-8th grade level, 76 patients 9th grade level and above). Average knowledge score before reading was 12.9 (SD=2.4) on a 17-point scale. Patients receiving either high- or low-reading level brochures improved their knowledge scores after reading (Mpst = 14.4, SDpst=1.7, p&lt;0.001). Change in knowledge score did not differ between the two groups (p=0.664). Groups did not differ significantly in their ratings of brochure quality (e.g., completeness, clarity and organization, interest, credibility, relevance).

Conclusions
Brochures written at low reading levels can improve knowledge about cervical dysplasia, even for patients with high health literacy, and are judged by patients to be similar in quality.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B28.
Abstract B35: Effect of socioeconomic status on the occurrence of precancerous lesions of the cervix.
Authors: Sharma Nidhi , Kumar Ashok , Bhargav Adrash , Sharma Anju 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B35

Objectives
Cervical cancer accounts for 80% of the total genital cancers in India. The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between socioeconomic status such as - age, education, age at the time of marriage, income, contraceptive usage, menstrual/obs history, hygiene, diet and the occurrence of pre-cancerous legions of cervix.

Method
We studied the above SES indicators in 800 female patients between 2002-2005 who undergone pap smear for clinical diagnosis in Zanana hospital, Jaipur, India by filling up perfoma which included their demographic data, past and present history, family, menstrual, marital and OBS history and the details of genetic disorders as well.

Results
Positive correlation between indicators of decreasing social class and increase incidence of pre-cancerous legions of cervix were seen. Our patient knowledge of cervical cancer was poor. Predictive value positive was found to be 13.33%, which result when the pap smear yields a high proportion of true positives (i.e., &gt; 10%) which also indicates high prevalence of pre clinical disease. The incidence increases at about 35-40 years and reaches maximum in women in there 50’s, only 4 out of 88 patients who were tested positive for pap smear were educated up to X grade. Average age at the time of marriage was in between 13-14 years, which in turn reflect early age at first intercourse. Use of OC was noted in 50% of cases. Irregular menstrual history with poor hygiene was seen in 90% of the cases, diet poor in vitamins and limited access to early prevention was seen in almost all patients.

Conclusions
The lack of effective screening, lack of analysis of cervical disease and ways to prevent the disease, difficulty getting to clinic and hospitals, the need of multiple hospital visit and high cost associated with screening, myths and misconception about the disease also pose barriers to prevention. Educational efforts, the screen and treat approach to prevention and organized health information system will reduce the burden of disease.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B35.
Abstract B39: Mammographic density and breast lobular involution
Authors: Ghosh Karthik , Scott Christopher , Wang Alice , Visscher Daniel , Reynolds Carol , Pankratz Vernon , Brandt Kathleen , Sellers Thomas , Hartmann Lynn , Vachon Celine 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B39

Background
The breast glandular epithelium is composed of lobules that undergo age-related involution that increases as women age and has been associated with lowered breast cancer risk. Mammographic density (MD) is an established risk factor for breast cancer that has been shown to decrease with age. This study examined the association of age-related lobular involution with mammographic breast density.

Materials and Methods
The study sample was selected from approximately 20,000 healthy women who were enrolled in a screening cohort at the Mayo Clinic (Mayo Mammography Health Study) from 2003 to 2006 and had a benign breast biopsy (BBD) within 2 years of the enrollment mammogram. A quantitative measure of mammographic density, percent density (PD) was estimated on the enrollment mammogram, in addition to its components dense and nondense area (NDA). All biopsies were reviewed by a breast pathologist for the type of benign breast disease (BBD) as well as lobular involution status. Involution was defined as the proportion of terminal ductal lobular units (TDLUs) in the background tissue on biopsy that showed at least 50% decrease in size and number of acini from normal lobules and was subjectively assessed as: No- 0% involution, Partial- 1 to 74%, or Complete- &gt;75% involution. Mean density was estimated for the 3 categories of involution using generalized linear models and square root transformation. Confounders were assessed including age, parity, body mass index (BMI), type of BBD, menopausal status, age at first birth and family history

Results
A total of 317 women from the MMHS had BBD within 2 years of enrollment. Mean age at BBD diagnosis in this sample was 55 years. Age- and BMI- adjusted analyses suggested an inverse association of involution and percent density with adjusted mean PD values of 23.3 (95%CI [17.2, 30.3]) for no involution, 21.9 (95%CI [20.0, 23.9]) for partial involution, and 17.8 (95% CI [14.7, 21.3]) for complete involution (p for trend 0.05). This trend was driven primarily by the positive association of involution with nondense area with adjusted mean NDA values of 103.1cm2 (95% CI [86.1, 121.7]) for no involution, 104.9 cm2 (95% CI [99.4, 110.7]) for partial involution, and 126.2 cm2 (95% CI [115.0, 137.9]) for complete involution (p for trend 0.004).

Discussion
Our findings suggest that MD is inversely associated with involution of breast tissues, providing a plausible mechanism through which MD influences breast cancer risk.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B39.
Abstract B40: Genetic variations in PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and bladder cancer risk
Authors: Chen Meng , Cassidy Adrian , Gu Jian , Yang Hushan , Lin Jie , Ye Yuanqing , Hildebrandt Michelle , Dinney Colin , Wu Xifeng 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
B40
Bladder cancer is a complex disease involving multiple genes interacting with each other and/or with environment factors in the tumorigenesis process. We examined 245 SNPs of 22 genes of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway which is an essential cellular pathway controlling cell growth, proliferation and survival. We used a case-control design with 803 cases and 803 controls systematically evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this pathway as predicators of bladder cancer risk, in close interaction with environmental factors. In individual SNP analysis, increased bladder cancer risk was significantly associated with 20 SNPs (AKT3: rs12045585, RHEB: rs1920978, RPS6KA5: rs8018757, IRS2: rs9515120, TSC2: rs2073636 and rs8063461, and Raptor: rs11653499, rs9890502, rs8071015, rs7211818, rs9915378, rs9674559, rs7208536, rs7219896, rs4969444, rs2672890, rs7212142, rs9897968, rs2271608, and rs1062935) adjusting by age, gender and smoking status using logistic regression. We grouped the unfavorable SNPs into four categories based on the distribution of the control. Compared to the reference group, the second, third and fourth category showed 1.01 (95%CI: 0.76-1.34), 1.16 (95%CI: 0.89-1.50), and significantly 1.53 (95%CI: 1.14-2.07, P=0.005) fold increased risk of bladder cancer respectively (P for the trend: &lt;0.0001). Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was performed to explore the high order gene-gene and gene-environment interaction. Further stratification, haplotype and diplotype analysis are still ongoing. This is the first study to address the role of germline genetic variation in this pathway as cancer susceptibility factors. The identification of novel genetic susceptibility markers for bladder cancer etiology will not only help understand the biology of bladder carcinogenesis, but also help identify high risk individuals for bladder cancer. These findings warrant further replication in independent populations.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B40.