bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of temperature and scarification on germination and emergence of wild safflower, Carthamus oxyacantha Bieb.
Authors: Bassiri A. , Rouhani I. , Ghorashy S. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSeeds of wild safflower, Carthamus oxyacantha Bieb., collected from the Bajgah area, Iran, were subjected to chilling and/or scarification and their germination and emergence characteristics and seedling growth were studied in two laboratory experiments. Seeds of Arak 2811 variety of cultivated safflower, C. tinctorius L., harvested from the same area at the same time was used for comparison.In the first experiment, the untreated, scarified, chilled at 0 °C for 1 month, and chilled and scarified wild seed and seed of the variety Arak 2811 were incubated at six different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) and their germination percentage and seedling lengths were recorded. In the second experiment, the seeds of the above five treatments were planted in a silty clay loam at room temperature (23 ± 2 °C) and their emergence and seedling heights were noted.In all cases, the cultivated variety, Arak 2811, had higher germination and emergence percentages and seedling heights than the wild type. Germination of both strains was greatly reduced at the two extreme temperatures (5 and 30 °C). The optimum temperatures for germination of the wild and the cultivated strains were between 15 and 20 °C.Scarification of the wild seed did not improve the germination or emergence percentages and chilling of the seed for a month at 0 °C reduced the emergence of the wild seed. Temperature of germination, however, seemed to be an important factor affecting germination and seedling growth of wild safflower.
Potassium in soils under different cropping systems: 3. Non-exchangeable potassium in soils from long-term experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn
Authors: Addiscott T. M. , Johnston A. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSoils from long-term experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn were cropped for very long periods (up to 5½ years) with ryegrass in pots. Measurements of the potassium taken up by the ryegrass that was not exchangeable to ammonium acetate and the kinetics of its release both suggested two categories of non-exchangeable K. Of these, the first to be released was closely related to the initial exchangeable K, whilst the second, though partly related to the initial exchangeable K was also influenced by the clay percentage. Release of both categories may have been controlled by diffusion, because both showed good relationships between the quantity released and time. It is suggested that the first category may be K ‘trapped’ when K fertilizer added in the field decreased the interlamellar spaces of vermiculite layers in clay particles, whilst the second may simply be the ‘native’ K (described by others) present in clay and other minerals in the soil.Resowing the soils (without drying them) during the later stages of K. uptake suggested that the ability of the old ryegrass to absorb K was not a factor limiting K uptake even after long growth.When the ryegrass ceased to grow, the mean K potentials in the exhausted soils were close to the ‘uptake potential’ for ryegrass derived earlier by considering K uptakes from soils in relation to the quantity/potential relationships of the soils. Drying and rewetting the exhausted soils released K; the amount was influenced in one group of soils by the exchangeable K in the moist exhausted soil and in another group by the clay percentage.
Rapid methods of examining soils. III. The use of dihydrogen potassium phosphate in studying base exchange capacity
Authors: Schofield R. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe reduction in the electrical conductivity of a mixed solution of K2HPO4 and KH2PO4 caused by the addition of soil is a measure of the potassium uptake, and is therefore an indication of the “;base exchange capacity” of the soil at pH. 7. Two disturbing factors are noted, and it is concluded that the method is likely to be most useful where a rapid comparison of soils of a similar nature and pH is required.
Factors in the development of deforming leg weakness in chickens (With plate I.)
Authors: Parkhurst Raymond T. , McMurray Mary R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAbnormal leg trouble or perosis occurred in chickens getting an excessive amount of meat and bone meal in their ration, and rarely occurred when the bone meal content was low or nil.The use of the battery brooder was found to intensify bone deformities, when the ration was unsatisfactory in mineral balance.The floor space allowed was not found to be a factor in perosis.Under the conditions of the experiment, slipped tendons were not produced by feeding calcium carbonate (ground limestone) in the ration.The protein content of the ration and the rate of growth did not materially affect the occurrence of perosis.
The relative importance of the total cell wall and quantity of digested cell wall in the regulation of the voluntary intake of grass hays by sheep
Authors: Moir K. W. , Laws L. , Blight G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn 18 digestibility experiments with sheep, 9 diets consisting of single-grass hays and 9 diets each consisting of equal quantities of a good and poor quality hay were fed. Correlations between the voluntary intake of organic matter, digested organic matter, total cell wall and digested cell wall in all possible combinations were investigated. There were no significant differences among the simple correlation coefficients for hays fed singly or as mixtures, even though they were eaten in very different amounts. The simple pooled correlationswere significant (P < 0·01) among voluntary intake, digested organic matter and cell wall. The cell wall was significantly correlated with digested cell wall, but there was no simple correlation between voluntary intake and digested cell wall. However, when considered together in a multiple linear model they explained 58% of the variation in voluntary intake compared with 43% explained by the total cell wall alone. The additional variation accounted for by the digested cell wall was significant (P < 0·05).The relative importance of the total cell wall and digested cell wall is discussed in relation to selection in grass breeding.
The appraisal of fineness in greasy wool sale lots
Authors: Whiteley K. J. , Charlton D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRelationships among quality number, crimp frequency and. fibre diameter of sale lots are reported for a wide range of Australian wools, the quality number appraisals being those of the selling broker and the successful bidder at auction.Results show that sale lots classified as having the same quality number exhibit a 95% confidence interval of ± 2·5 μm about the mean value. This variation is attributed first to the dependence of quality number on staple crimp frequency and secondly to the strength of the relationship between crimp frequency and fibre diameter.
A quantitative comparison of the growth, development and yield of different varieties of oilseed rape
Authors: Allen E. J. , Morgan D. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA field experiment to compare the growth, development and yields of four varieties of oilseed rape, Cresus, Guile, Rigo and Nilla, is described and the results discussed. Cressus was the highest-yielding variety largely because it produced more pods and more seeds per pod. The numbers of pods and seeds per pod were positively correlated with the leaf area index at the onset of flowering. This suggests that the rate of supply of carbon assimilates to the inflorescences around the time of anthesis is an important yield-determining character. The mean weight of the individual seeds was greater in Cresus than Guile and this difference, which developed late on in pod growth, also contributed to the higher yields in Cresus.
Survey of the presence and methods of control of wild oat, black grass and couch grass in cereal crops in the United Kingdom during 1977
Authors: Elliott J. G. , Church B. M. , Harvey J. J. , Holroyd J. , Hulls R. H. , Waterson H. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn summer 1977 a random survey was made of 2250 fields on 1153 farms selected throughout the United Kingdom. Wild oat, Avena spp., was surveyed in all countries; black grass, Alopecurus myosuroides, was surveyed in England and Wales; and couch grass, including Agropyron repens and other perennial grasses, in Scotland and N. Ireland.Wild oat was reported by farmers on 95% of farms in England, 34% in Wales, 65% in Scotland and 30% in N. Ireland; the areas of infestation in the different countries were 67, 13, 37 and 16% respectively. The majority of wild oat was A.fatua. Only 6% of the cereal area of U.K., including sprayed and unsprayed fields, contained more than one wild oat seed head/m2 (10000/ha), the majority had less than one/20 m2. Black grass was reported on 50% of farms in England (22% of cereal area) mainly in East and South, and on 2% of farms in Wales. Couch grass occurred on 92% of farms in Scotland and 68% in N. Ireland: areas of infestation were 88 and 67% respectively. Most of the infestations of all three weeds had been present for longer than 5 years.Most farmers intended to eliminate or reduce wild oat and few proposed to hold the weed at its present level or do nothing. Herbicides were used against wild oat on approximately half of the infested area in England and Wales, with proportionately more use in Wales and much less in Scotland and N. Ireland. A third of the black grass infested area of England was treated with a herbicide. There was little spraying against couch grass in Scotland and N. Ireland. Details of dose, time of application and mixing of chemicals were obtained. Wild oat was subsequently found on most of the area treated against this weed, similar observations were made of black grass and couch grass. Most farmers considered herbicide performance good or excellent and those in East and South England believed wild oat to be decreasing as a problem; farmers elsewhere thought the problem to be increasing.Hand pulling of wild oat (roguing) had occurred on only one tenth of the infested area but a greater area was intended to be rogued after the survey visit. Much of the land that had been rogued was found subsequently to contain few wild oats.The survey provided information on associations between weed presence, soil type and cropping system, the types of herbicide used and farmers’ impressions of their performance. Comparisons are made with previous surveys in 1972, and information on the disposal of the 1976 crop of straw and on types of cultivation used in different regions is provided. The implications of the results are discussed.
The effect of level and frequency of concentrate feeding on the performance of dairy cows of different yield potential
Authors: Johnson C. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn experiment has been made using adult lactating cows in a randomized block design to study the effectiveness of basing feeding during the first 20 weeks of lactation on yield predicted from that obtained during the 8–12th days of lactation. Cows were classified as high yielding (HY) or low yielding (LY). The levels of feeding were identical within each yield group during the first 8 weeks of lactation but during the 9th to the 20th week two different levels of concentrate feed (HP and LP) were used. Over the 20-week period concentrates were offered in two or five daily feeds. Thus the effect of two levels and two frequencies of feeding on feed intake, milk yield and composition, and on live-weight change were studied.Cows in the HY group achieved a mean daily peak yield 2·6 kg higher than predicted while those in the LY group achieved the predicted mean peak daily yield. There was no significant effect of level of feeding on the 20-week milk yield but there was a significant effect on the yield of the LYLP class in weeks 9–20. Frequency of feeding had no significant effect on yield in either high-low-yielding cows. There was no significant effect of level of feeding on milk composition but low-yielding cows gave milk with a higher fat percentage than high-yielding cows. Five-times-a-day feeding also produced milk with a higher fat percentage than twice-a-day feeding.Live-weight changes were small and the largest variation was recorded in highyielding cows.The number of days from calving to first service was not significantly different for the two yield groups but there was a significant effect of level of feeding.
The partition of fat between depots and its distribution in the carcasses of water buffalo and Dutch Friesian cross-bred cattle
Authors: Abdallah O. Y. , Shahin Karima A. , Latif M. G. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDissection data from an experiment involving 12 buffalo, nine ♂Friesian × ♀Egyptian native Baladi (½ Friesian) and nine ♂ Friesian × ♀ ½ Friesian (¾ Friesian) bulls were used to examine the growth and partition of fat between depots and its distribution in different regions of the carcass.Growth of total dissectible carcass fat (TCF) and its component depots (subcutaneous (SCF); intermuscular (IMF); kidney knob and channel (KKCF)) and total offal fat (TOF) and its component depots (caul (CF); mesenteric (MF); heart (HF)) relative to total body fat (TBF = TCF + TOF) was examined.Relative to TBF, no significant differences in growth coefficients or adjusted means of TCF, TOF, carcass SCF and carcass KKCF were found between genotypes. Compared with ¾ Friesians, buffaloes had lower rates of deposition of CF and IMF, lower proportion of TBF deposited as MF and a greater proportion of HF.As dissected side fat (DSF) increased, the proportion of fat decreased in the distal hind limb and neck, increased in the abdominal wall and adjacent ventral part of the thoracic cavity and remained unchanged in the other carcass regions. Fat growth coefficients differed between genotype groups in all carcass regions except the distal hind limb, fore limb and thorax. A posterior-anterior decrease in growth impetus of fat from the loin (b < 1) towards the neck (b > 1) was traced in buffaloes while the growth coefficients within all dorsal cuts in cattle did not differ significantly from 1. Compared with cattle, buffaloes had more of the DSF occurring in the combined expensive cuts with higher SCF: IMF ratio only at the upper limits of fatness considered in the present work.It is argued that buffaloes relative to Friesian cross-breds have a beef-type fat partition and that characteristic changes in rates of increase in fat depots relative to empty-body weight and in fat in various regions relative to total fat could be related to the increase in Friesian blood.
A survey of the damage caused to crops of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.) by insect pests in south-central England and their effect on seed yield
Authors: Free J. B. , Williams Ingrid H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryNo correlation was found between the seed yield per plant of oil-seed rape, the percentage of podless stalks and the percentage of pods infested with seed weevil larvae. The weight per seed and the percentage of podless stalks of winter and spring rape plants were similar.In winter crops the mean number of seeds per plant, weight of seeds per plant, and number of pods per plant were greater near the crop centre than near the crop edge. Plants with relatively few seeds tend to compensate by having heavier ones.Pods infested with seed weevil had fewer and lighter seeds than pods not infested, but the overall decrease in weight of seed per pod was small. The proportion of pods infested with seed weevil in winter rape was twice that in spring rape plants, but was not great. In lightly infested fields the weevils were concentrated at the edges, but the opposite occurred as infestation increased.Infestation of pods of winter rape by seed weevil increased with the number of years rape had been grown on the farm. There was no correlation between insecticide application and yield, but the number of insecticide applications to spring rape crops was positively correlated with the number of years for which the farmer had grown rape.
Paraformaldehyde as a silage additive
Authors: Wilson R. F. , Wilkins B. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn three experiments, ryegrass and lucerne were ensiled for 100 days in test-tube silos containing about 100 g of crop either without additive or after the addition of paraformaldehyde or formalin to provide 0·1–0.4% of the fresh crop weight as formaldehyde (HCHO). When applied as prills containing 82% HCHO, paraformaldehyde was as effective as formalin in restricting fermentation and preventing extensive protein breakdown at comparable HCHO application rates. The lower solubility of paraformaldehyde containing 98 % HCHO as powder or prills made these forms less effective than formalin in restricting fermentation. Paraformaldehydecontaining 98% HCHO was, however, effective even at the lowest rate of application, in preventing clostridial-type fermentations when these were present in silages made from untreated crops.This was in contrast to formalin which promoted such fermentation at low rates of application.
The hormone control of ovulation in the calf
Authors: Marden William G. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Unlike many other mammals, the calf is capable of responding to pituitary injections almost from birth. Age has little effect on the ability of the follicles to develop during a series of a.p.h. injections, the follicular response generally being as good 3 weeks after birth as in calves 6–8 months old.2. Ovulation can occur spontaneously in the a.p.h. treated calf before the end of the first month of post-natal life.3. Ova obtained from such ovulations are capable of fertilization, although the percentage becoming fertilized is very low. This is thought to be due to the infantile state of the Fallopian tube and the difficulty in inseminating into the uterus, rather than faulty maturation of ova.4. Although many follicles (10–60) can develop during a series of a.p.h. injections, superovulation was not consistently obtained either by intravenous injections ofa.p.h., l.h.orp.u., or combinations of any of these three.5. Superovulation can generally be obtained, with the formation of many corpora lutea, if the a.p.h. treatment is repeated a second time after a period of luteal activity.6. The inhibitory effect of a corpus luteum on ovulation in cattle can be overridden in tho a.p.h. treated animal if suitable quantities ofa.p.h., l.h.orp.u.are intravenously injected when the newly formed follicles are approaching maturity.7. Ovulation in the calf at all ages up to 8 or 9 months of age, either in the presence or absence of luteal tissue, is unaccompanied by oestrus. Oestrus, when occurring during a series of a.p.h. injections, commenced after 90–100 hr. of treatment. In such cases slaughter has always revealed the presence of luteal tissue, indicating that ovulation during a ‘silent heat’ had occurred before the commencement of pituitary treatment.8. Great individual variation exists in the ability of the ovary to respond to pituitary injections. This insensitivity to gonadotropins is not confined to young calves and has been observed in calves 4–6 months of age.
A survey of maincrop potatoes I. Estimates of yield, 1948–50
Authors: Dyke G. V. , Avis P. R. D. 
Published: March 2009

The survey shows that objective estimates of the yield of maincrop potatoes can be obtained from small samples carefully selected and dug by hand. Samples taken from about 1000 fields gave estimates of the mean yield of all counties sampled with a standard error due to sampling of less than ± 0·2 ton/acre. The precision of the estimate could have been improved by a better distribution of samples among counties.The results point to underestimation on the part of the official estimates, in each of the 3 years, especially in the case of high yields in particular counties, and in particular years. The discrepancy between the official and the survey yields is of the order of 1¾ tons/acre, after all necessary corrections have been applied to the survey yields.The experience gained in the survey indicates that the method of sampling adopted provides an accurate and reliable method of estimating the yields of potatoes which could supplement, and, possibly, ultimately replace the present official estimates if more accurate estimates are required. A national scheme, properly designed, which would include all the potato-growing areas in due proportion should not be unduly expensive to operate. Estimates so obtained would not only be generally more accurate than those obtained by the present official method, but, perhaps more important, would indicate far more closely the fluctuation in yield from year to year.
Nutrient composition of the produce of the Broadbalk continuous wheat experiment I. Changes over seventy years
Authors: Chambers W. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. A rapid extraction procedure of dried and ground plant material has been used in conjunction with the Lundegårdh flame method of spectrographic analysis. The accuracy of the analysis has been estimated, and the method has been shown to be comparable with ashing and gravimetric analysis.2. The effect of fertilizer treatment on yield and on the nutrient composition of the crop has been outlined. The changes which occurred in the period1852 to 1921 have been summarized by linear regressions fitted to 10-year means.3. The recovery of potassium was estimated, and the exhaustion or accumulation of potassium was shown to be related to exchangeable potassium in the surface soil.4. Sodium and magnesium sulphates used as fertilizers were shown to increase crop yield by increasing the potassium supply to the crop. It has been shown that the extra potassium came from non-exchangeable forms.
Stomach development in buffalo calves as influenced by different feeds
Authors: Singh Manohar , Yadava I. S. , Rao A. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThirty-two milk-fed Murrah buffalo calves of 3 weeks of age were randomly allotted to four dietary groups: milk, concentrate-berseem hay in the ratios 1:1 and 1:3, or berseem hay alone. Milk intake was gradually reduced and completely stopped after the sixth week of age in the groups given dry feeds. Two calves from each group were slaughtered at 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks of age. In addition, four buffalo calves were slaughtered at 21 days of age for comparison.Observations on ruminal tissue weight, content weight and the ruminal capacity indicate that the ruminant stomach of buffalo calves weaned on dry food after the sixth week of age becomes structurally developed by 9 weeks of age, whereas the rumen remains underdeveloped in calves fed milk to 15 weeks of age.