bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Volatiles on Combustion Rate of Loy Yang Coal Char in a Fluidised Bed Combustor
Authors: Ross D. P. , Laurent P. J. , Schluter G. B. , Zhang D. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn experimental investigation into the influence of volatiles as simulated by propane on the combustion rate of Loy Yang coal char in a bubbling fluidised bed combustor has been conducted. The weight loss and burn‐out times for a batch of +3.35‐3.175 mm sized coal particles were examined at temperatures of 700°C, 800°C and 900° C. Silica sand (+250–180μm) as the bed material was fluidised either by a 10% v/v oxygen stream or 10% v/v oxygen and 3% v/v propane mixture, both balanced with nitrogen. Samples were retrieved at various time increments by means of a movable gauze basket and quenched in a nitrogen stream. It was observed that burnout times of char particles at 700°C, 800°C and 900°C in a propane/air environment were 13%, 39% and 88% greater respectively, than those at the same temperatures but in the 10% v/v oxygen stream. At the lower combustion temperature of 70O°C, minimal effect of extended char combustion times is concordant with observations of particles spending a small proportion of time at the bed surface, where oxygen concentration is lower due to over‐bed burning of propane. At the higher bed temperatures, the reduction in the char combustion rate in the presence of propane is consistent with the transition from over‐bed to in‐bed combustion of propane. Consequently, there is competition between the propane and char for available oxygen, causing a substantial decrease in the char combustion rate with increasing temperature. The influence of propane on the burnout times observed compare favourably to that reported in literature. The rate of char combustion was found to correlate well to the simple diffusion‐controlled oxidation of a char particle in laminar flow.
Simulation of 3D Radiative Heat Transfer Using a Hybrid Numerical Method
Authors: Huawei X. , Chuguan Z. , Zhaohui L. , Wei R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA hybrid‐combination of the Monte Carlo and zone methods [1] is based on the zone method and uses the Monte Carlo method to calculate direct radiative exchange areas. This approach is developed to analyze three‐dimensional radiative heat transfer with anisotropically scattering media. Special technique of the Monte Carlo method for slop walls is presented. The code is applied to two test cases. In the first test case the program is validated by simulating a rectangular enclosure, in which the computed temperatures and wall heat fluxes are compared with Hottel's zone method. In the second case the code is applied to a 100 MW pulverized coal‐fired utility boiler. The geometry is discretised on a Cartesian grid.
An Experimental Study of Calcination of South Australian Caroline Limestone
Authors: Telfer M. , Zhong Z. , Xu Y. , Li D. , Zhang M. , Zhang D. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCalcination experiments were conducted on Caroline Limestone from 53μm to 1.0 mm in size, under a range of partial pressures of CO2 and total pressures and temperatures between 700–900°C using both an atmospheric and a pressurised thermogravimetric apparatus. Results revealed that under these conditions the calcination of Caroline Limestone was unaffected by particle size. The behaviour was attributed to particle explosion that allowed less diffusion resistances for the larger particles. It still needs to be determined whether the explosion was a result of thermally induced fractures (TIFs) or low‐temperature decomposition of MgCO3. The calcination of Caroline Limestone conducted under a variety of partial pressures of CO2 was found to be proportional to the equilibrium partial pressure of CO2 minus the partial pressure of CO2 at interface, PCO2e ‐ PCO2i, for the 0.21–0.35 and 0.5–0.6mm particle size fractions. For the larger particle size fractions between 0.85–1.0mm and 0.5–0.6mm in N2 environment under higher pressures (up to 5 atm), the use of a constant mole fraction y1, was necessary to correlate the calcination rates with effect of CO2 partial pressure. The calcination rate under these conditions was therefore found proportional to PCO2e ‐ PCO2i ‐ Py1. Calcination rates calculated from data up to 100% conversion for the 0.2–0.35mm particles also required the inclusion of y1 and its value was also found to increase from 0.03 at 850°C to 0.22 at 900°C. The observed trends in the value and requirement of the constant mole fraction, y1 clearly indicates that it is included to account for heat and mass transport processes which supports previous justification for its introduction in the rate equation.
A Study of the Mechanism of Petroleum Coke Pyrolysis
Authors: Shen Bo‐Xiong , Liu De‐Chang , Chen Han‐Ping 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the pyrolysis model given by (1‐α)3.0 is found to predict the pyrolysis of petroleum coke by thermogravimetric analysis. On this basis, the pyrolysis mechanism of petroleum coke is proposed and the kinetic parameters of four types of petroleum cokes are presented.
Robust Stability Conditions for SISO Dynamic Matrix Control
Authors: Dai L.K. , Cheng Z.Q. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the robust stability conditions for single‐input/single‐output (SISO) dynamic matrix control (DMC). Model uncertainty is described by using a range of possible plant impulse responses, and a new form of DMC algorithm based on a finite impulse response (FIR) model is discussed. Then robust stability conditions for the new DMC algorithm are derived by applying Jury's dominant coefficient lemma. These results provide theoretical foundations for analyzing and designing predictive control systems.
Application of Wavelet Transform to Process Operating Region Recognition
Authors: Zhao Zhong , Jin Yihui 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBased on the analysis of wavelet transform, we studied how to extract the frequency band and multi‐scale qualitative features of process measurement signals. It was proved that the extracted features could describe the process performance region in a stable and complete way. Combining the pattern inductive algorithm, a method of process region recognition based on wavelet transform has been proposed. Results of an actual application have verified its feasibility and effectivenes.
Operational Optimization of Ideal Internal Thermally Coupled Distillation Columns
Authors: Liu Xing‐Gao , Qian Ji‐Xin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLack of the optimal operation parameters in operation is one of major difficulties associated with the use of advanced energy saving distillation methods. In this paper, the operational optimization of the ideal Internal Thermally Coupled Distillation Column (ITCDIC) is considered. An optimization model and the related simulation algorithm are proposed. An optimization and the related result analysis are carried out, which pave the way for further design studies and its practical application.
A Novel Modeling and Optimal Control Method for Discrete‐Event Chemical Processes
Authors: Dai Huaping , Sun Youxian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDiscrete‐event chemical processes can be almost characterized as Discrete Event Dynamic Systems (DEDS). In this paper, we present a timed‐event‐multigraph (TEMG) and dioid based modeling method to describe synchronization, sharing and event quantity. On this algebraic basis, the optimal behaviors are found as extreme solutions of a system of inequations over a complete lattice.
Robust Sampled‐Data Control for Fuzzy Uncertain Systems
Authors: Hu L.‐S. , Shao H.‐H. , Sun Y.‐X. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSampled‐data control which is capable of stabilizing general nonlinear systems with the intersample behavior taken into account are of great current interest. In this paper, the Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy models were considered for representing the nonlinear plants. For the Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy model and the Takagi‐Sugeno uncertain fuzzy model, the fuzzy sampled‐data control and the robust sampled‐data control were considered in this paper. The robust sampled‐data control for the Takagi‐Sugeno uncertain fuzzy model with the constraints on the states was also developed. The results were described as the matrix inequalities, which could be solved by LMITool. Finally, a numerical example based on the missile autopilot model was considered, the result showed the effectiveness of the proposed procedures.
Principles for Utilization of Seawater in the Flue‐Gas Desulfurization Process
Authors: Yao Tong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Flake‐Hydro Process (SWFGD) is a flue gas desulfurization method in which sea water is used for absorption of sulfur dioxide. Shenzhen West Power Plant Unit 4 (300MW) imported this technology from Norway and installed SWFGD system. At present, the operational situation is good. All performance guarantees are secured. Shenzhen Energy Environmental Engineering Co. Ltd, also takes responsibility for monitoring and study of key techniques.
Classification of Micro‐Particles in Fly Ash
Authors: Sun Jun‐Min , Yao Qiang , Xu Xu‐Chang 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFly ash samples collected from five power plants, different in either the rank of the fed coals or the type of the boilers, were analyzed with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the difference in chemical composition and microstructure, a classification scheme for micro‐particles in fly ash is proposed. First, according to chemical composition, the micro‐particles in fly ash are divided into four groups, namely aluminosilicate, ferruginous, calcareous, and unburnt carbon. Second, these groups are sub‐divided into 16 categories by the difference in morphology and internal microstructure. For example, the aluminosilicate group is sub‐divided into cenospheres, plerospheres, porous spheres, solid spheres, irregular porous particles and dense particles. The microscopic properties of each category are discussed from the environmental and utilization standpoint.
Numerical Simulation of Nagging Films in the Aachen Pressurized Coal Combustion Facility
Authors: Hecken M. , Reichelt L. , Renz U. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCombined gas and steam turbine processes based on direct coal firing show a high thermal efficiency. At RWTH Aachen, University of Technology, an experimental test furnace has been built to investigate the pressurized pulverized coal combustion (PPCC). The PPCC‐facility has been constructed as a slag tap furnace. Particles hitting the walls at temperatures above the melting point came stagging depositions and create a film flowing down the reactor walls. As a part of the PPCC‐program different mathematical models have been developed and implemented into the CFD‐code FLUENT to predict the behavior of slag films at the furnace walls. Numerical strategies and the mathematical models used are described in detail.
Effects of Steam Reactivation on the Pore Characteristics of Calcium‐based Absorbent
Authors: Wang Ai‐Jun , Qi Hai‐Ying , You Chang‐Fu , Lu Ping , Xu Xu‐Chang 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper studied the effect of steam reactivation on the pore characteristics of calcium‐based (Ca‐based) absorbent at temperatures of 150‐600d̀C. With a mercury porosimeter, the influence of steam reactivation on the micro‐pores was studied. The effects of steam reactivation on the external morphology were evidenced by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) photographs. At the same time, the fractal dimension was calculated. It is found that the conversion enhancement of Ca‐based absorbent was attributed to the improved pore characteristics of absorbent and the reduced diffusion resistance of SO2 into the pores.
Flow Regimes, Holdup and Pressure Loss for Two‐Phase Flow Through Vertical and Near Vertical Tubes
Authors: Spedding P. L. , Woods G. S. , Rahunathan R. S. , Watterson J. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo‐phase, air‐water, co‐current flow in a pipe, slightly inclined from the vertical at +86.5d̀, showed significant differences to both the corresponding vertical data and results obtained for other angles of inclination. The regime map obtained for the inclined flow was the same as that found with the vertical geometry at the higher gas rates where the annular flow regimes were present. The maps for the two geometries exhibited significant differences as the gas rate was lowered and the churn and intermittent flow patterns appeared. Two new flow regimes were discovered in the inclined flow data under these conditions, namely the slug‐blow through slug and the slug‐churn patterns.The liquid holdup was, in general, greater with the inclined geometry, particularly at lower gas and liquid rates where the new types of flow patterns were in evidence. Models are presented which allow prediction of holdup with the inclined geometty for all patterns except the churn flow regime. The total pressure loss was, in general, higher for the inclined geometry. An explanation is presented based on the anisotropy of the liquid across the pipe due to the inclination from the vertical.
A Study on Increasing Separation Efficiency of an Industrial, Compound Distillation Column
Authors: Mu Shengjing , Su Hongye , Hu Yongyou , Chu Jian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSimulation of a multistage distillation column is often required for its design and operation A debottieneck study for an acetic acid (HAc) dehydration column is presented in this paper. The column is consists of 4 structured packing sections at the top, a sieve tray section with smaller diameter in the middle, and a sieve tray section with larger diameter at the bottom By using steady‐state simulation, the bottleneck to increasing the efficiency of separation is identified to be the middle sieve tray section with smaller diameter and smaller tray spacing Renovation schemes without any additional investment on equipment are proposed
Development of a Resin Transfer Molding Test‐bed with Process Control Capability
Authors: Raghavan Kaushik , Palanki Srinivas 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFiber reinforced plastic parts have traditionally been manufactured by resin transfer molding. This method is based on a fixed recipe and no attempt is made to control process conditions during the manufacturing process. In this paper, an experimental test‐bed is developed which has the capability of implementing a wide variety of temperature and pressure profiles for the manufacture of plastic parts via resin tranfer molding. The performance of the test‐bed is evaluated by implementing several desired pressure and temperature profiles in production of fiber reinforced polyester parts.
Use of Simulation and Expert Systems to Increase the Energy Efficiency in Cane Sugar Factories
Authors: León Osvaldo Gozá , Victoria Héctor Pérez De Alejo , Rijckaert Marcel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAs part of a strategy to increase the energy efficiency of Cuban sugar factories, an automated method of analysis has been developed and is being applied based on the use of STA and ANSTE programs STA is a steady state sequential modular simulation program aimed at evaluating energy systems in cane sugar factories ANSTE which is an expert system based on calculations with STA and certain additional information, makes it easy to detect problems affecting the energy efficiency of the factory, and to make recommendations for solutions In this paper, the strategy of these two programs is briefly discussed, and the main features of the STA and ANSTE programs are presented Some problems detected by the expert system and the conceptions of its knowledge base are described An application in an actual factory is presented In this factory, both programs were applied in the evaluation of the energy system, and proposed solutions were accepted by managers
Process Systems Engineering: Successful Application in an Industrial Process
Authors: Tian Yu‐Chu , Tadé Moses O. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractProcess systems engineering (PSE) is an interdisciplinary field covering almost all aspects of processes It deals with complex system problems with considerations of global objectives and performance Through discussion of a successful PSE application in a large‐scale galvanising process, this work showed how the PSE techniques can be applied to real complex processes System analysis was carried out to clarify objectives, define problems, and find some candidate schemes Hierarchical structure was introduced into the system and flows of materials, energy, and information of the system were identified In addition to flows of materials and energy, the information flow played an important role in large‐scale systems and was considered as the third basic flow Computer communications were discussed in both hardware and software Instrumental automation (IA) and supervisory control (SC) were highlighted, in which advanced strategies were implemented for process control, optimisation, and coordination The developed system was successfully put into routine operation
Holdup and Pressure Drop in Vertical and Near‐Vertical Three‐Phase Up‐Flow: A Collection of Flow Regimes
Authors: Spedding P.L. , Woods G.S. , Cooper R.K. , Watterson J.K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThree‐phase oil, water and air data are reported for vertical and near vertical +86 5° upflow in a 0 026 m i d pipe In general, the liquid holdup for near vertical flow was greater than for the corresponding vertical upflow, the exception being at low liquid and superficial velocities under 0 6 m/s and high superficial gas velocities over 20 m/s Here the liquid holdup varied being sometimes below and other times above the corresponding vertical value These variations of liquid holdup were shown to depend on the fine structure of the flow patterns presentThe total pressure drop and its component parts showed significantly different patterns of behaviour depending on whether the superficial gas velocity was above or below the rise velocity of a Taylor bubble The total pressure drop generally was greater for near vertical flow compared to the vertical upflow case but reflected changes in the fine structure of the flow patterns A comprehensive collection of flow regimes is included in this paper
Superheated Steam Drying of Paper Web
Authors: Kiiskinen H.T. , Edelmann K.E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe use of superheated steam as a drying medium for paper drying has been studied on a laboratory scale since the mid‐1980s. This paper reviews previous studies in the context of a study aiming at industrial application of superheated steam drying of paper. The drying rates in a superheated steam atmosphere as well as the quality effects of steam drying on paper are both extensively reported in the literature. However, there are a number of questions to be answered before applying steam drying on an industrial scale. Air tightness, quality of steam, and the use of steam are examples of topics to be addressed. To study these questions more closely, a continuous steam dryer was built. Integration of a steam dryer was studied with steady‐state process simulation.
The Differences in Drying Rate Curves of Sintered Glass Beads at Subatmospheric and Atmospheric Pressures and at Lower Pressures in Steam
Authors: Shibata Hiromichi , Ide Mitsuharu 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSteam drying of sintered glass beads under vacuum was investigated. The drying rates were predicted from an evaporation zone model for the constant rate period, and from a receding evaporation front model for the falling rate period in which the data of moisture contents in the pendular state were estimated from those in air under vacuum. The predicted, as well as observed, normalized drying rate curves including the critical moisture contents in steam under vacuum were different from those in steam at subatmospheric and atmospheric pressures. However, they were similar to those in air under vacuum in the corresponding pressure range. This was because the moisture content in the pendular state under vacuum was larger than that at subatmospheric and atmospheric pressures, and heat transfer was a rate‐controlling step both in steam and in air under vacuum.
Experimental Study of Nanometer TiO2 for Use as an Adsorbent for SO2 Removal
Authors: Luo Yonggang , Li Daji 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe flue gas desulphurization (FGD) process for the majority of industrial applications worldwide is chemical absorption. A large amount of adsorbent is spent and becomes waste material. If a new type of adsorbent can be found, which utilizes physical adsorption (and hence can be regenerated) instead of chemical absorption, then FGD processes will be greatly improved. Significant technical progress and economic benefits would be obtained.A new kind of adsorbent, namely nanometer sized TiO2 particles, which is processed and sintered at low temperature and having high porosity and surface area is investigated in this paper. Using different sintering temperatures, four TiO2 adsorbents are prepared. The pore structure of TiO2 particles is characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the BET method, and calculated pore size distribution by the BJH model. The crystal types of all four samples are found to possess anatase structures by XRD. The tests of adsorption dynamics for FGD and the performance of SO2 removal are investigated in a fixed‐bed system for different samples. Different operating conditions such as adsorption temperature, SO2 concentration in flue gas, and the superficial velocity of flue gas were investigated.The experimental adsorption breakthrough curves for these types of adsorbents in a fixed‐bed show good SO2 removal performance which is strongly influenced by adsorption temperature, SO2 concentration in the flue gas, and superficial velocity of the flue gas. The mechanism for SO2 removal is demonstrated by infrared (IR) spectroscopy to be mainly physical adsorption. The pore texture of TiO2 particles to be used as a physical adsorbent is very important for its adsorption capacity. The SO2 removal process using TiO2 as a physical adsorbent is reversible, and the TiO2 adsorbent can then be regenerated by raising the temperature.
Ted White's Legacy to Gibbsite Precipitation Research
Authors: Ilievski D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractProfessor E.T. (Ted) White's direct contribution to the understanding of gibbsite precipitation and to the modelling of this process has been enormous. In addition, he has had, and will continue to have, a profound indirect influence on developments in this area through former students, their students, and others following upon work that he has pioneered. The outcomes have been both academically and commercially important. The precipitation of gibbsite (aluminium trihydroxide) is a critical step in the production of alumina from bauxite, and Australia produces over 25% of the world's smelter grade alumina, earning about $3.5bn in revenue. This paper traces some of the recent developments in this area that have built upon the foundations laid by the seminal studies of Ted and his students.
Free‐falling Crystals: Biological Macromolecular Crystal Growth Studies in Low Earth Orbit
Authors: Judge Russell A. , Snell Edward H. , Pusey Marc L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSpacecraft orbiting the earth experience a reduced acceleration environment due to being in a state of continuous free‐fall. This state colloquially termed microgravity, has produced improved X‐ray diffraction quality crystals of biological macromolecules. Improvements in X‐ray diffraction resolution (or detail) or signal to noise, provide greater detail in the three‐dimensional molecular structure providing information about the molecule, how it works, how to improve its function or how to impede it. Greater molecular detail obtained by crystallization in microgravity, has important implications for structural biology. In this paper we examine the theories behind macromolecule crystal quality improvement in microgravity using results obtained from studies with the model protein, chicken egg white lysozyme.