Abstract PO3-03-01: Impact of Environmental Temperature on Clinical Outcomes and Tumor Microenvironment of Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Roy Arya Mariam , Rosario Spencer , George Anthony , Hu Qiang , Czerniecki Brian , Carpten John , Borges Virginia , Schneider Bryan , Kolesar Jill , Moskaluk Christopher , Shriver Craig , Matsen Cindy , Ganesan Shridar , Phadke Sneha , Razaq Wajeeha , Attwood Kristopher , Gandhi Shipra 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Preclinical evidence using mouse model suggests that thermal/cold stress increases tumor growth by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME); however, the clinical relevance of temperature on breast cancer (BC) outcomes is unknown. Studies show that residing in cold regions is associated with higher incidence of BC. We aim to study the impact of environmental temperature on the pathological complete response (pCR) and survival of early-stage BC patients (pts).
Methodology
A multi-institutional study was conducted within the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN). We analyzed the clinical and genomic data for early-stage BC pts from 12 centers in different environment zones (5 warm and 7 cold) (based on average annual regional temperature obtained from National Centers for Environmental Information). Cox regression was used to measure the association of climate and overall/relapse-free survival (OS/RFS) after adjusting for age, race, body mass index, grade, stage, treatments, comorbidities, and subtype. Raw feature counts were normalized, and differential expression analysis was carried out using DESeq2, while adjusting for all of the covariates. Differential expression rank order was used for subsequent gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), performed using the cluster profile package in R. Gene sets queried included the Hallmark, Canonical pathways, and GO Biological Processes Ontology collections available through the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB).
Results
Out of the 1,304 early-stage BC pts, 271 pts received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) (186 warm, 85 cold). Higher clinical T- and N-stages were observed in pts from warm compared to cold regions (p&lt; 0.001). Pts residing in cold regions had more comorbidities (57.6% vs 4.8%, p&lt; 0.001). Pts in warm regions had higher pCR, though not statistically significant (8% vs 2.5%, p= 0.1). In the overall population, the OS (univariate (UV) HR= 0.48, 95% CI 0.27-0.64, p &lt; 0.001; adjusted HR (aHR)= 0.56, 95% CI 0.32 - 0.96, p= 0.03) and RFS (UV HR= 0.51, 95% CI 0.38 - 0.68, p&lt; 0.001; aHR= 0.52, 95% CI 0.36 - 0.75, p= 0.0005) were higher in pts from warm compared to cold regions (Table 1). Among the patient subgroup treated with NAC, the OS (aHR= 0.35, p= 0.02) and RFS (aHR= 0.49, p= 0.02) of pts from warmer regions was also higher than cold regions. RNA sequencing was performed on 826 tumors (443 warm, 383 cold) using pre-treatment samples. Naïve B-cells (mean: 0.09 vs 0.08, p=0.004), CD4 naïve T cells (0.03 vs 0.02, p= 0.0008), CD4+ memory T cells (0.03 vs 0.02, p= 0.04), gamma-delta T-cells (0.007 vs 0.004, p= 0.006) were higher in pts residing in cold compared to warm regions while CD8 T cells, T regulatory cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells were similar in both regions. Macrophage signaling, cholesterol metabolism and the pathway for negative regulation of cell migration in angiogenesis were upregulated in pts living in warm compared to cold regions.
Conclusion
Early-stage BC pts living in cold have worse OS and RFS compared to warm regions. Our study is the first to report significant differences in the TME among these pts. However, it is important to acknowledge that the limited availability of comprehensive data regarding patients' relocation to different environmental temperature zones during treatments, and individual temperature preferences may be considered a potential limitation of our study. To ensure the validity and robustness of these intriguing findings, larger multi-center studies should be conducted, encompassing detailed information on the duration of exposure to both warm and cold weather conditions.
Table 1: OS and RFS of patients living in warm vs cold environments
Citation Format: Arya Mariam Roy, Spencer Rosario, Anthony George, Qiang Hu, Brian Czerniecki, John Carpten, Virginia Borges, Bryan Schneider, Jill Kolesar, Christopher Moskaluk, Craig Shriver, Cindy Matsen, Shridar Ganesan, Sneha Phadke, Wajeeha Razaq, Kristopher Attwood, Shipra Gandhi. Impact of Environmental Temperature on Clinical Outcomes and Tumor Microenvironment of Early-Stage Breast Cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-03-01.