bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rewriting the Climatology of the Tropical North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea Atmosphere
Authors: Dunion Jason P. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The Jordan mean tropical sounding has provided a benchmark reference for representing the climatology of the tropical North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea atmosphere for over 50 years. However, recent observations and studies have suggested that during the months of the North Atlantic hurricane season, this region of the world is affected by multiple air masses with very distinct thermodynamic and kinematic characteristics. This study examined ∼6000 rawinsonde observations from the Caribbean Sea region taken during the core months (July–October) of the 1995–2002 hurricane seasons. It was found that single mean soundings created from this new dataset were very similar to C. L. Jordan’s 1958 sounding work. However, recently developed multispectral satellite imagery that can track low- to midlevel dry air masses indicated that the 1995–2002 hurricane season dataset (and likely Jordan’s dataset as well) was dominated by three distinct air masses: moist tropical (MT), Saharan air layer (SAL), and midlatitude dry air intrusions (MLDAIs). Findings suggest that each sounding is associated with unique thermodynamic, kinematic, stability, and mean sea level pressure characteristics and that none of these soundings is particularly well represented by a single mean sounding such as Jordan’s. This work presents three new mean tropical soundings (MT, SAL, and MLDAI) for the tropical North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea region and includes information on their temporal variability, thermodynamics, winds, wind shear, stability, total precipitable water, and mean sea level pressure attributes. It is concluded that the new MT, SAL, and MLDAI soundings presented here provide a more robust depiction of the tropical North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea atmosphere during the Atlantic hurricane season and should replace the Jordan mean tropical sounding as the new benchmark soundings for this part of the world.
In Situ Calibration of Hot-Film Probes Using a Collocated Sonic Anemometer: Angular Probability Distribution Properties
Authors: Kit E. , Grits B. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In a recent paper by Kit et al., a novel algorithm for the calibration of hot-film probes using a collocated sonic anemometer combined with the neural network approach is described. An important step in the algorithm is the generation of a calibration dataset by an appropriate low-pass filtering of the voltage and velocity time series obtained from hot-film probes and a sonic anemometer, correspondingly. Kit et al. report that a polynomial least squares fit that was used to approximate the relations of these voltage–velocity data from the dataset failed while a neural network approach worked satisfactorily. The same polynomial fit worked successfully with a calibration dataset obtained using a standard calibration unit that enables one to generate calibration data at evenly distributed yaw angles, varying in a wide range (−30°, 30°). In the current study, an attempt is made to uncover the reason for the failure of the polynomial fit algorithm with a sonic anemometer–based calibration dataset (SBS-PF). The probability densities of the velocity angles for the calibration dataset, as well as for a full velocity dataset obtained using the neural network approach, are computed. Also developed are theoretical expressions for the same angular density probability distributions based on the following assumptions: (i) an axisymmetric turbulent velocity field, (ii) Gaussian density probability distribution for velocity components, and (iii) weak correlations between the velocity components (i.e., the probability density distribution of the entire velocity vector is a product of probabilities of its components). The agreement between measured and theoretical angular probability distributions is good. The results herein indicate that the angular density probability of the low-pass-filtered calibration dataset is twice as narrow as that of the full velocity time series. This result can explain the failure of the polynomial fit to reconstruct the full velocity time series satisfactorily as resulting from the intrinsic property of this algorithm to ascribe a large weight to the highly concentrated points and a light weight to the thinly concentrated points while performing fitting.
Learning from Climate Variability: Adaptive Governance and the Pacific ENSO Applications Center
Authors: Lynch Amanda H. , Brunner Ronald D. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Adaptive governance is a pattern that began to emerge from conflicts over natural resources in the American West a few decades ago. This was a pragmatic response to the emerging evidence that effective control was dispersed among multiple authorities and interest groups, that efficiency was only one of the many goals to be reconciled in policy decision processes, and that science itself was politically contested. Climate change as a policy problem exhibits many of these same features and has similarly led to gridlock in international and national forums. But humankind is not without guidance in securing the protection of life, limb, and livelihood in the face of environmental distress, particularly with regard to the challenge of adaptation. One effective analogy can be drawn to adaptations in the face of large climate variability such as El Niño. This paper compares adaptive governance with the tradition of scientific management in the international climate change regime, and it explores an example of adaptive governance in responding to the effects of a severe El Niño event in the Pacific islands. This event illustrates some of the specific kinds of human choices that will be made by those who are concerned about climate change as a policy problem. The basic choice is not scientific management or adaptive governance but continuing with business as usual or opening the frame to a wider range of possibilities.
Screen-printed Cu2S-based Counter Electrode for Quantum-dot-sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Deng Minghui , Huang Shuqing , Zhang Quanxin , Li Dongmei , Luo Yanhong , Shen Qing , Toyoda Taro , Meng Qingbo 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Cu2S-based counter electrodes screen-printed on different substrates for CdS/CdSe quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells are reported. The photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 3.71% was obtained with Cu2S counter electrode deposited on conductive substrate due to low charge-transfer resistance. By addition of conductive carbon material, a cell with Cu2S/C composite counter electrode screen-printed on insulated glass substrate displayed an efficiency of 3.37%. These results showed the potential application of such Cu2S-based counter electrode for large-scale quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells in the future.
Structural Control of Three-dimensional Assemblies of Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles Based on Their Different Shapes
Authors: Kuwahara Yutaka , Mizoguchi Daigou , Yoshimori Keishiro , Endo Hiroaki , Iwanaga Mio , Iwanaga Tomoki , Sawada Tsuyoshi , Goto Motonobu , Shosenji Hideto , Yamada Sunao 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
We have observed novel formation of differently shaped three-dimensional aggregates among hydrophobic gold nanospheres, nanorods, and nanobones. Gold nanobones preferentially formed spherical assemblies of 100-nm scale. In the case of gold nanorods, the shapes of assemblies were profoundly affected by the aspect ratios, changing from spherical to bundle-like structure.
N-Formylation of Amines Catalyzed by Nanogold under Aerobic Oxidation Conditions with MeOH or Formalin
Authors: Preedasuriyachai Patcharee , Kitahara Hiroaki , Chavasiri Warinthorn , Sakurai Hidehiro 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Gold nanoclusters stabilized by poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (Au:PVP) are active and selective catalysts for N-formylation of amines under aerobic oxidation using methanol or formalin as a formyl source.
Xylitol production from olive-pruning debris by sulphuric acid hydrolysis and fermentation with Candida tropicalis
Authors: García Martín Juan Francisco , Sánchez Sebastián , Bravo Vicente , Cuevas Manuel , Rigal Luc , Gaset Antoine 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe debris of olive pruning is a renewable, low-cost and widely available agricultural waste. Its biochemical conversion by hydrolysis and fermentation was undertaken in the present study. Diluted acid hydrolysis was conducted in a heterogeneous stirred tank reactor at 90°C and at a low sulphuric acid concentration (0.0–1.0 N) for 300 min. To increase thed-xylose/d-glucose ratio into the hydrolysate, in another experiment amorphous cellulose and extracts were removed by means of a pretreatment in an extruder with 1 N H2SO4at 70°C before the acid hydrolysis. The fermentation of hydrolysates was performed under microaerobic conditions in a batch bioreactor at 30°C and pH 5 withCandida tropicalisNBRC 0618. The controlled fermentation parameters included maximum specific growth rate, biomass productivity, rate of the specific substrate uptake, rates of specific ethanol and xylitol production, and overall yield of ethanol and xylitol. In the presence of 1.0 N H2SO4, the fermentation of the pretreated hydrolysate led to specific xylitol production rates and overall xylitol yield (0.1 g g-1 h for t=25 h; 0.49 g g-1, respectively) higher than those achieved without pretreatment (0.03 g g-1 h for t=25 h; 0.39 g g-1, respectively). Under these conditions, 53 g xylitol kg-1of dry olive-pruning debris was obtained from the pretreated culture, whereas without pretreatment 70 g ethanol and 34 g xylitol were recovered.
Spherical PF resin beads prepared from phenol-liquefied Bambusa dolichoclada with suspension polymerization
Authors: Lee Wen-Jau , Yu Chao-Yun , Chang Kuo-Chun , Huang Ying-Pin , Chang Ching-Hui , Liu Cheng-Tzu 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Bambusa dolichoclada Hayata (long-shoot bamboo) was liquefied in phenol with H2SO4 as a catalyst. The phenol-liquefied bamboo was then used as a raw material to prepare spherical phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin beads by a suspension polymerization in a two-step process. The influence of the stirring speed (300, 350 and 400 rpm), the stabilizer dosage (3%, 4% and 5%) and the total molar ratio of formaldehyde to free phenol (F/P) (3.0/1, 3.5/1 and 4.0/1) on the properties of spherical PF beads was investigated. The results show that the yield, diameter and dimensional distribution of prepared PF beads were influenced by reaction conditions. The diameter of beads decreased as the stabilizer dosage increased. It had a more uniform dimensional distribution when stirred with a speed of 400 rpm. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis shows that PF beads obtained were not completely cured and the post-curing reaction took place at temperatures exceeded 150°C. As revealed by thermal gravimetric analysis, the char yield was over 60% after heating to 800°C.
Préposition, cas et syntaxe latine dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Colombat Bernard 
Published: October 2010

Bernard COLOMBAT: Préposition, cas et syntaxe latine dans l' «Encyclopédie». This paper aims at studying how Du Marsais and Beauzée consider the system of Latin cases in the numerous grammatical articles dealing with this language in < d'Encyclopédie». For them case must be studied in conjunction with the preposition. A preliminary study of the connections established between case and preposition throughout the history of Latin grammar shows the emergence of this part of speech: having long been considered as a simple intermediate element, in Sanctius the preposition becomes an essential component. For Du Marsais, case is the sign of a relation between words, and so is the preposition. The difficulty springs from the co-occurrent use of the
pr~ position and case which, according to Du Marsais, cannot be «governed» by the preposition. So, it must be admitted that any case, after a preposition, loses the value it has when used on its own. Beauzée bases his analysis on different grounds: it cannot be admitted that case could have a primitive purpose and at the same time could be arbitrarily related to such and such a preposition. The solution consists in distinguishing «adverbial» cases, equivalent to prepositional phrases, and «completive» cases which can only be connected to a preposition. In this way Beauzée relationalizes the description of the case system in Latin, which seemed partial1y inconsistent to his predecessor.
Court de Gébelin (1725-1784) et le comparatisme : deux textes inédits
Authors: Auroux Sylvain , Boes Anne , Porset Charles 
Published: October 2010

S. AUROUX, A. BOES, avec la collaboration de Ch. PORSET: Court de Géhelin (1 725-1 784) et le comparatisme. Deux textes inédits. This paper deals with manuscripts from the French Protestant Antoine Court de Gébelin (1725-1 784), one of the first scholars to have developed a historical and comparative approach to world languages
(Monde primitif, 1773-1784), before the great compilations of Hervas (1 784, 1800-1805) AdelungjVater (1806-1807) and Balbi (1826). With these two texts we have material that enables us to construct elements of a seriaI history of the comparative method. The first text (which deals with the Tahitian language and assumes its Malaysian origin) is particularly important for this purpose: it exists in three different versions and we can replace · it in the wider context of a whole series on this topic (Reeland, De Brosses, Pereire, Humboldt, Buschmann). In the introduction we give a probable date for the texts and an essay on Court's methodology. Our epistemological approach is influenced by Lakatos' scientific research programmes. After a description of Court'g programme, the characteristic feature of which is the assertion of a universal, organic and · primitive language, we attempt to answer the question of its failure. We assert that the rejection by later comparatism of such a hypothesis cannot be based on empirical falsification. Court's theory is an empirical one, and the scholar refers to facts which largely confirm it. Each of the three versions deals with new facts which support the claim to the primitive language and also new assertions on the relationship between particular languages. But one cannot at the same time collect facts for the universal connection between languages and empirical evidence for localized language grouping. This epistemological contradiction is the main reason which explains Court's failure and perhaps the new directions taken at the outset of the nineteenth century.
La grammaire idéologique et sa place dans l'histoire de la grammaire philosophique
Authors: Baum Richard 
Published: October 2010

La grammaire idéologique et sa place dans l'histoire de la grammaire philosophique
(R. Baum). The author begins with a statement by F. Thurot (1796) in his preliminary discourse on the Hermes of Harris; according to this statement, the best account of Aristotle's theory is contained in the treatise entitled Hermêneia.
The history of universal grammar depends on the Stagirite's interpretation of natural language. The Ideologists inherited this tradition, which is briefly outlined by the author. As a result, this appoach shows how the stability and success of the " Grammaire Générale" stems from a centuries-old organization of the parts of speech which accords for the most part with the Indo-European languages, as shown by Benveniste in his treatment of Aristotle.
Les Idéologues et le style
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2010

Le style (J.-Cl. Chevalier) For the Ideologists, scientific discourse, judged to be simple and trude, is the stylistic model for the new society which should be based on reason. Idealistically, then, rhetoric merges with grammar, and grammatical analysis merges with stylistic analysis. But the disorder in social relations, the expression of emotions troubles the transparent link between signs and ideas; therefore a perfect language appears impossible. Nevertheless, thanks to its proper characteristics and above all to the dynamic reform of French society, the French language is more
likely to lend itself to the pure and efficient style of scientific discourse.
Les concours de l'Institut en sciences politiques
Authors: Staum Martin S. 
Published: October 2010

Statistical approach to the " Concours de l'Institut" concerning language and mind (topics, authors, etc...).

Les premiers périodiques linguistiques français (1784-1840) (S. Auroux, F. Dougnac, T. Hordé) Inventory of French periodicals on language, from the Journal de la langue Française by U. Domergue. down to the Journal de la langue française et des langues en général, which became the organ of the Société de Linguistique.
six of those periodicals are described, with a brief analysis of their content and orientation; introduction on the usefulness of that type of work which had until now been absent in the history of linguistics.
Circulaires sur l'enseignement de la grammaire
Authors: Désirat Claude , Hordé Tristan 
Published: October 2010

Circulaires du ministère de 11ntérieur sur l'enseignement de la grammaire (Cl. Désirat, T. Hordé) Under this title are presented two unpublished circulars from the
Ministère de 11ntérieur, dated the year VII (1799), which il1uminate the Ideologists' influence on the organization of the teaching of grammar and literature during the le Republic.
Roger Bacon et le problème du sujet sous-entendu
Authors: Rosier-Catach Irène 
Published: October 2010

IRÈNE ROSIER: Roger Bacon and the ellipsis of the subject. The speculative grammar of the Modists, which appears around the middle of the XIIth century, rejects the study of rhetorical figures and focuses on the forms of simple and canonical discourse. On the other hand, although Roger Bacon, one of the major figures of the century, is one of the immediate grammatical forerunners of the Modists, his Summa grammatica only deals with figures. This point of view, however, does not keep him from engaging in the quest for basic rules: since each figure raises a double question -what is the «vice» and what is the «ratio excusans» a
rule must first be set up in order to show subsequently how it may have been violated. This paper deals mainly with the problem of the ellipsis of the subject, a point which is at the crossroads of logic and grammar and which is treated differently by the two disciplines. The questions are: is cu" it a complete sentence, is there a type of semantic completeness distinct from morpho-syntactic completeness, is it the nominative form of the noun, or the pronoun, which is understood, what distinguishes the currit structure from ille cu" it, what kinds of words can or should be reconstructed when the subject is not explicit, etc. This leads to a discussion of the notion of «supposition», an ambiguous term which denotes both a word, with the function of grammatical subject, and an object, that is to say what a noun refers to.
Théorie de la signification et théorie de la nomination
Authors: Clementz François 
Published: October 2010

François Clementz: Meaning Theory and Naming Theory. It is the contention of this article that Russell's views on meaning and reference should be approached from the standpoint of the
nomen/ nominatum relationship, which The Principles of Mathematies
regarded as paradigmatic for · the more generalquestion of how language is tied to reality. At the same time, Russell's twofold account of naming provides a good illustration of the kind of espistemological requirements the principle of acquaintance places upon the philosophy of language. The final section of the article tries to appraise Russell's contribution to the semantic theory of proper names, beyond his well-known thesis that «ordinary» proper names are truncated or telescoped descriptions.
Grammaire, Logique, Sémantique, deux positions opposées au XIIème siècle : Roger Bacon et les modistes
Authors: Rosier-Catach Irène 
Published: October 2010

IRÈNE ROSIER: Grammar, Logic, Semantic. Two Conflicting Doctrines in the Thirteenth Century: Roger Bacon and the Modistae
The complex interplay between grammar and logic in the 12th and 13th centuries is an important element in understanding the development of these two disciplines. Two 13th century doctrines (the Modistae's and Roger Bacon's) show a strong coherence in their logico-semantic and grammatical theories, but rely on diametrically opposed assumptions about language: the Modistae seek to base themselves on the universal and stable (logical and grammatical) properties of a timeless language, Bacon on the variability of language and the freedom of the speaker to change the meaning of words as of constructions, thus enabling mm to take into account the evolution of language. The differences between the two conceptions explain the contradictory answers of the Modistae and Roger Bacon to the important linguistic questions of the latter half of the 13th century.
La notion grammaticale du sujet au XIXe siècle
Authors: Stéfanini Jean 
Published: October 2010

JEAN STÉFANINI: The Grammatical Notion of Subject in the Nineteenth Century.
Of the simplified theoretical, rationalist and logical framework of Port-Royal, the assimilation of the grammatical subject and predicate to the logical subject and predicate was to hold sway for a long time. It was put to question oruy in the 18th century during the dispute on the order of words and was dealt its fmal blow by Condillac's «psychology» and its rejection of the notion of substance. Slowly elaborated and inseparable from human progress, language involved man as a whole, body and soul, action and reflection. Emphasis was laid on the unity of the gesture and the cry, of perception-judgment on the analytical role of language. Linguistics was founded on a sensualist and associationist phychology (Herbert) to which Humboldt gave its historical and social dimension and which his disciple Steinthal placed in a framework defmed by individual collective and logical psychology. In this new, psychology-based, general grammar (of which Wundt was the last avatar), psychological subject and predicate play an essential role along with the grammatical subject and predicate and their logical counterparts.
Le problème de Ramsey
Authors: Bouveresse Jacques 
Published: October 2010

JACQUES BOUVERESSE: Ramsey ' s Problem
One of the fundamental principles underlying aIl of Frege's logic and ontology is the idea of the existence of a constitutive and radical asymmetry between subject and predicate such that, and inspite of what the superficial grammar of sentences might suggest, they can never really exchange roles. Ramsey, however, maintained that the distinction between subject and predicate in a sentence had no significance other than a pragmatic or rhetorical one, and corresponded to a simple difference of point ofveiw, emphasis or interest. The origins of the present controversy between fol1owers of Ramsey and Frege are traced here in detail through an in-depth examination of the arguments Ramsey himselfused.