bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T1‐corrected fat quantification using chemical shift‐based water/fat separation: Application to skeletal muscle
Authors: Karampinos Dimitrios C. , Yu Huanzhou , Shimakawa Ann , Link Thomas M. , Majumdar Sharmila 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChemical shift‐based water/fat separation, like iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation, has been proposed for quantifying intermuscular adipose tissue. An important confounding factor in iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation‐based intermuscular adipose tissue quantification is the large difference in T1 between muscle and fat, which can cause significant overestimation in the fat fraction. This T1 bias effect is usually reduced by using small flip angles. T1‐correction can be performed by using at least two different flip angles and fitting for T1 of water and fat. In this work, a novel approach for the water/fat separation problem in a dual flip angle experiment is introduced and a new approach for the selection of the two flip angles, labeled as the unequal small flip angle approach, is developed, aiming to improve the noise efficiency of the T1‐correction step relative to existing approaches. It is shown that the use of flip angles, selected such the muscle water signal is assumed to be T1‐independent for the first flip angle and the fat signal is assumed to be T1‐independent for the second flip angle, has superior noise performance to the use of equal small flip angles (no T1 estimation required) and the use of large flip angles (T1 estimation required). Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Verification of three‐dimensional anisotropic adaptive processes
Authors: Labbé Paul , Dompierre Julien , Vallet Marie‐Gabrielle , Guibault François 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA verification methodology for adaptive processes is devised. The mathematical claims made during the process are identified and measures are presented in order to verify that the mathematical equations are solved correctly. The analysis is based on a formal definition of the optimality of the adaptive process in the case of the control of the L∞‐norm of the interpolation error. The process requires a reconstruction that is verified using a proper norm. The process also depends on mesh adaptation toolkits in order to generate adapted meshes. In this case, the non‐conformity measure is used to evaluate how well the adapted meshes conform to the size specification map at each iteration. Finally, the adaptive process should converge toward an optimal mesh. The optimality of the mesh is measured using the standard deviation of the element‐wise value of the L∞‐norm of the interpolation error. The results compare the optimality of an anisotropic process to an isotropic process and to uniform refinement on highly anisotropic 2D and 3D test cases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cholesky decomposition with fixing nodes to stable computation of a generalized inverse of the stiffness matrix of a floating structure
Authors: Brzobohatý T. , Dostál Z. , Kozubek T. , Kovář P. , Markopoulos A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe direct methods for the solution of systems of linear equations with a symmetric positive‐semidefinite (SPS) matrix A usually comprise the Cholesky decomposition of a nonsingular diagonal block A𝒥𝒥 of A and effective evaluation of the action of a generalized inverse of the corresponding Schur complement. In this note we deal with both problems, paying special attention to the stiffness matrices of floating structures without mechanisms. We present a procedure which first identifies a well‐conditioned positive‐definite diagonal block A𝒥𝒥 of A, then decomposes A𝒥𝒥 by the Cholesky decomposition, and finally evaluates a generalized inverse of the Schur complement S of A𝒥𝒥. The Schur complement S is typically very small, so the generalized inverse can be effectively evaluated by the singular value decomposition (SVD). If the rank of A or a lower bound on the nonzero eigenvalues of A are known, then the SVD can be implemented without any ‘epsilon’. Moreover, if the kernel of A is known, then the SVD can be replaced by effective regularization. The results of numerical experiments show that the proposed method is useful for effective implementation of the FETI‐based domain decomposition methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marketing intangible services in a nonprofit environment
Authors: Vivian Sheryl 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMarketing the intangible is generally perceived to be a difficult and expensive undertaking. The new BMW and the hamburger, or alternatively, the aerobics session and infant immunisations all result in an end product; albeit in the case of the hamburger and the aerobics session, the product may be shortlived! But what about the product which cannot be seen, tasted, felt or physically taken away? What if the product is simply a change in behaviour? What if it is necessary to convince people of the worth of an idea before even hoping to change behaviour?The same rules for marketing the intangible apply to marketing the tangible, that is, the rules of identifying the target market and its current beliefs and actions, establishing a proposition and its supports, and finally, establishing the desired beliefs and action.This paper, through the analysis of a case study, explores the process by which a multi‐award winning adult community awareness campaign was initiated, developed and implemented. It was completed on a budget of A$35,000, but the same principles apply to a budget of A$100.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is highly expressed in liposarcoma and promotes migration and proliferation
Authors: Wagner Kay‐Dietrich , Benchetrit Maxime , Bianchini Laurence , Michiels Jean‐François , Wagner Nicole 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAberrations of specialized metabolic pathways might be implicated in the development of neoplasias. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand‐activated transcription factors with important functions in metabolism. PPARβ/δ and PPARγ act in the proliferation and differentiation of adipose tissue progenitor cells. Thus, a potential use of PPARγ agonists for the treatment of liposarcoma had been suggested, but clinical trials failed to detect beneficial effects. We show here that PPARδ is highly expressed in liposarcoma compared to lipoma and correlates with proliferation. Stimulation of liposarcoma cell lines with a specific PPARδ agonist increases proliferation, which is abolished by a PPARδ–siRNA or a specific PPARδ antagonist. Expression of the adipose tissue secretory factor leptin is lower in liposarcoma compared to lipoma and leptin reduces proliferation of liposarcoma cell lines. PPARδ activation stimulates cell migration whereas leptin diminishes it. We demonstrate that PPARδ directly represses leptin as: (a) leptin becomes down‐regulated upon PPARδ activation; (b) PPARδ represses leptin promoter activity in different sarcoma cell lines; (c) deletion of a PPAR/RxR binding element in the leptin promoter abolishes repression by PPARδ; and (d) in chromatin immunoprecipitation we confirm in vivo binding of PPARδ to the leptin promoter. Our data suggest inhibition of PPARδ as a potential novel strategy to reduce liposarcoma cell proliferation. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lower critical solution temperature in superheated water: the highest in the poly(N,N‐dialkylacrylamide) series
Authors: Fischer Fabian , Zufferey Daniel , Tahoces Raul 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMicrocalorimetry and cloud point extrapolation indicate a lower critical solution temperature of 216 °C for poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA). This is the highest phase‐transition temperature in the poly(N,N‐dialkylacrylamide) series. Cloud points were recorded from electrolyte solutions made of Na3PO4, CaCO3, (NH4)2SO4 and KOH. These measurements were realized below and beyond the boiling point of water. The hydrolytic properties of PDMA in superheated water (200 °C) were examined and verified using 1H NMR analysis. The knowledge of the phase‐transition temperature of pure PDMA is of interest, as it is often a constituent of smart copolymers, to adjust the responsiveness to a desired temperature threshold. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Distress in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumours
Authors: Goebel S. , Stark A. M. , Kaup L. , von Harscher M. , Mehdorn H. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjective: Patients with intracranial tumours often suffer from clinically relevant psychological distress. However, levels of distress and contributing factors have not been systematically evaluated for the early course of the disease. Using the National Comprehensive Cancer Network's Distress Thermometer (DT), we evaluated the extent and sources of distress within a population of patients with intracranial neoplasms.Methods: One hundred and fifty‐nine patients were included who underwent craniotomy for newly diagnosed intracranial tumours at our department. All patients completed the DT questionnaire, a single‐item 11‐point visual analogue scale measuring psychological distress. The appendant problem list (PL) consists of 40 items representing problems commonly experienced by cancer patients. Patients were asked to mark any experienced sources of distress.Results: Percentage of patients suffering from relevant distress was 48.4% (cut‐off ⩾6). DT‐scores were significantly associated with depression and anxiety as well as reported number of concerns. On average, patients reported 6.9 sources of cancer‐related distress. Objective medical data (e.g. tumour stage) as well as sociodemographic data (e.g. gender, IQ) were not associated with psychological distress at this early phase.Conclusions: Prevalence of elevated distress is high shortly after primary neurosurgical treatment in patients with intracranial tumours and cannot be predicted by objective data. As a consequence, sources of distress can and should be routinely assessed and targeted in these individuals in this particular period. Further studies are needed to help to identify patients who are at risk of suffering from long‐term emotional distress in order to enable targeted psychosocial intervention. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heating and Plasma Sheath Effects in Low‐Temperature, Plasma‐Assisted Growth of Carbon Nanofibers
Authors: Mehdipour Hamid , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) , Rider Amanda E. , Han Zhaojun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPlasma sheath, nanostructure growth, and thermal models are used to describe carbon nanofiber (CNF) growth and heating in a low‐temperature plasma. It is found that when the H2 partial pressure is increased, H atom recombination and H ion neutralization are the main mechanisms responsible for energy release on the catalyst surface. Numerical results also show that process parameters such as the substrate potential, electron temperature and number density mainly affect the CNF growth rate and plasma heating at low catalyst temperatures. In contrast, gas pressure, ion temperature, and the C2H2:H2 supply ratio affect the CNF growth at all temperatures. It is shown that plasma‐related processes substantially increase the catalyst particle temperature, in comparison to the substrate and the substrate‐holding platform temperatures. magnified image
A review of the effect of different application rates on pesticide residue levels in supervised residue trials
Authors: MacLachlan Dugald J , Hamilton Denis 
Published: March 2011

AbstractResidue trial data reported by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) have been reviewed to establish whether or not the resulting residues in harvested commodities are proportional to the pesticide application rate used on the crop. Numerous sets of trials were identified where the only parameter varied was application rate or spray concentration. Analysis of this database in terms of application rate, spray concentration, formulation type, preharvest interval, crop, pesticide, residue level and application type confirms that residues scale with application rate (proportionality principle). It is anticipated that use of the proportionality principle by regulators and those interested in evaluating pesticide residue data will improve pesticide risk assessment. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Benchmark study on glyphosate‐resistant crop systems in the United States. Part 2: Perspectives
Authors: Owen Micheal DK , Young Bryan G , Shaw David R , Wilson Robert G , Jordan David L , Dixon Philip M , Weller Stephen C 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA six‐state, 5 year field project was initiated in 2006 to study weed management methods that foster the sustainability of genetically engineered (GE) glyphosate‐resistant (GR) crop systems. The benchmark study field‐scale experiments were initiated following a survey, conducted in the winter of 2005–2006, of farmer opinions on weed management practices and their views on GR weeds and management tactics. The main survey findings supported the premise that growers were generally less aware of the significance of evolved herbicide resistance and did not have a high recognition of the strong selection pressure from herbicides on the evolution of herbicide‐resistant (HR) weeds. The results of the benchmark study survey indicated that there are educational challenges to implement sustainable GR‐based crop systems and helped guide the development of the field‐scale benchmark study. Paramount is the need to develop consistent and clearly articulated science‐based management recommendations that enable farmers to reduce the potential for HR weeds. This paper provides background perspectives about the use of GR crops, the impact of these crops and an overview of different opinions about the use of GR crops on agriculture and society, as well as defining how the benchmark study will address these issues. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The discovery of SYP‐10913 and SYP‐11277: novel strobilurin acaricides
Authors: Chai Bao‐Shan , Liu Chang‐Ling , Li Hui‐Chao , Zhang Hong , Liu Shao‐Wu , Huang Guang , Chang Jun‐Biao 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: As previously reported, methyl (E)‐2‐[2‐(2‐phenylamino‐6‐trifluoromethylpyrimidin‐4‐yloxymethyl)phenyl]‐3‐methoxyacrylate has proven to be a new lead with highly acaricidal activity. Following on from this, in an effort to discover new strobilurin analogues with improved activity, a series of substituted pyrimidines were synthesised and bioassayed.RESULTS: All compounds were characterised by 1H NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. Preliminary bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compounds exhibited notable control of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) at 1.25 mg L−1. The relationship between structure and acaricidal activity is discussed.CONCLUSION: Two compounds of particular interest, 6j (SYP‐10913) and 6k (SYP‐11277), exhibited potent acaricidal activity. The acaricidal potencies of these analogues are higher than that of fluacrypyrim in greenhouse applications, and are comparable with those of commercial acaricides such as spirodiclofen and propargite in field trials. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Patterned deposition by plasma enhanced spatial atomic layer deposition
Authors: Poodt Paul , Kniknie Bas , Branca Annalisa , Winands Hans , Roozeboom Fred 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition reactor has been developed, to deposit Al2O3 films from trimethyl aluminum and an He/O2 plasma. This technique can be used for 2D patterned deposition in a single in‐line process by making use of switched localized plasma sources. It was observed that the sharpness of the patterns is primarily influenced by the concentration of reactive plasma species and by the dimensions of the plasma source. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Compromise ascent directions for multiple‐response applications
Authors: Edwards David J. , Fuerte Jeffrey N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA process or system under study often requires the measurement of multiple responses. The optimization of multiple response variables has received considerable attention in the literature with the majority focusing on locating optimal operating conditions within the current experimental region and thus often occurs in the later stages of experimentation. This article focuses instead on the initial experiment and the location of additional experimental runs if the region of interest shifts. Considerable trade‐off is often required in the multiple response context. In order to account for uncertainty in the model parameters and correlations among the responses, we propose the computation of Bayesian reliabilities to determine optimal factor settings for future experimental runs. The approach will be described in detail for two common design follow‐up strategies: steepest ascent (descent) and shifting factor levels. Illustrative examples are provided for each application. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do haptic representations help complex molecular learning?
Authors: Bivall Petter , Ainsworth Shaaron , Tibell Lena A. E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study explored whether adding a haptic interface (that provides users with somatosensory information about virtual objects by force and tactile feedback) to a three‐dimensional (3D) chemical model enhanced students' understanding of complex molecular interactions. Two modes of the model were compared in a between‐groups pre‐ and posttest design. In both modes, users could move and rotate virtual 3D representations of the chemical structures of the two molecules, a protein and a small ligand molecule. In addition, in a haptic mode users could feel the interactions (repulsive and attractive) between molecules as forces with a haptic device. Twenty postgraduate students (10 in each condition) took pretests about the process of protein‐‐ligand recognition before exploring the model in ways suggested by structured worksheets and then completing a posttest. Analysis addressed quantitative learning outcomes and more qualitatively students' reasoning during the learning phase. Results showed that the haptic system helped students learn more about the process of protein–ligand recognition and changed the way they reasoned about molecules to include more force‐based explanations. It may also have protected students from drawing erroneous conclusions about the process of protein–ligand recognition observed when students interacted with only the visual model. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95:700–719, 2011
Hierarchical Micro‐ and Mesoporous Carbide‐Derived Carbon as a High‐Performance Electrode Material in Supercapacitors
Authors: Rose Marcus , Korenblit Yair , Kockrick Emanuel , Borchardt Lars , Oschatz Martin , Kaskel Stefan , Yushin Gleb 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOrdered mesoporous carbide‐derived carbon (OM‐CDC) materials produced by nanocasting of ordered mesoporous silica templates are characterized by a bimodal pore size distribution with a high ratio of micropores. The micropores result in outstanding adsorption capacities and the well‐defined mesopores facilitate enhanced kinetics in adsorption processes. Here, for the first time, a systematic study is presented, in which the effects of synthesis temperature on the electrochemical performance of these materials in supercapacitors based on a 1 M aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid are reported. Cyclic voltammetry shows the specific capacitance of the OM‐CDC materials exceeds 200 F g−1 in the aqueous electrolyte and 185 F g−1 in the ionic liquid, when measured in a symmetric configuration in voltage ranges of up to 0.6 and 2 V, respectively. The ordered mesoporous channels in the produced OM‐CDC materials serve as ion‐highways and allow for very fast ionic transport into the bulk of the OM‐CDC particles. At room temperature the enhanced ion transport leads to 75% and 90% of the capacitance retention at current densities in excess of ∼10 A g−1 in ionic liquid and aqueous electrolytes, respectively. The supercapacitors based on 250–300 μm OM‐CDC electrodes demonstrate an operating frequency of up to 7 Hz in aqueous electrolyte. The combination of high specific capacitance and outstanding rate capabilities of the OM‐CDC materials is unmatched by state‐of‐the art activated carbons and strictly microporous CDC materials.
Development of a thermal voltage converter with calculable high‐frequency characteristics
Authors: Sasaki Hitoshi , Kasai Naoko , Fujiki Hiroyuki , Shimizume Koji , Hidaka Shigeru 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA thermal‐voltage converter for high‐frequency (HF‐TVC) AC–DC transfer standard has been developed. The HF‐TVC was designed such that the frequency characteristic is calculable from the shape and dimension of the input circuit. A new multi‐junction thermal converter element (JSTC04) has been developed, which has a simple and straight heater configuration to minimize the parasitic impedances in the input circuit. The AC–DC difference of the HF‐TVC was evaluated by two independent methods, with agreement better than 7 µV/V up to 1 MHz. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Novel approach of modeling load duration curve for generation expansion planning based on Hill's function
Authors: Kato Moritoshi , Zhou Yicheng , Kang Chongqing , Yokoyama Ryuichi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel approach of modeling the load duration curve (LDC) based on Hill's function is proposed in this article. On the contrary to traditional models, the proposed model is completely an analytical one which can be determined by historic load data. This method is effective in calculating efficiency as well as controlling errors and it is quite simple in application because the model has only a few parameters, each of which has a definite economic or fiscal meaning. Based on the historic model, this method is easy and accurate in estimating the LDC model for a future year by changing the parameters of Hill's function, where only the peak load and the total demand in each year may be given. Results on the load data from IEEE reliability test system (IEEE‐RTS), PJM and Beijing Electric Power Corporation (BEPC) are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Numerical examples show that the modeling errors in both peak load and total demand, which are key indices for generation expansion planning and reliability evaluation, are less than 1%. The LDC model for a future year is also accurately estimated in these examples. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Arc behavior and interruption ability of uniform vacuum arc control technology and its application to vacuum interrupter
Authors: Niwa Yoshimitsu , Yokokura Kunio , Sasage Kosuke , Somei Hiromichi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe vacuum arc characteristics and high current interruption ability of several different sized electrodes applied in the uniform vacuum arc control method named self arc diffusion by electrode (SADE) are presented. The arc behavior of the test electrode during the arcing period was observed by a high‐speed video camera. At extremely high interruption currents, the arc of the conventional axial magnetic field (AMF) electrode concentrates, causing local heating of the electrode. However, the arc of the SADE diffuses over the whole contact area thus avoiding local heating. The interruption ability of SADE is about twice as much as that of the conventional AMF for the same sized electrode. By applying this arc control method to vacuum circuit breaker (VCB), it can be made more compact and lighter than the conventional type. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.