bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Identical and Functional Igh Alleles Reveals a Nonessential Role for Eμ in Somatic Hypermutation and Class-Switch Recombination
Authors: Li Fubin , Yan Yi , Pieretti Joyce , Feldman Danielle A. , Eckhardt Laurel A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM), coupled with Ag selection, provides a mechanism for generating Abs with high affinity for invading pathogens. Class-switch recombination (CSR) ensures that these Abs attain pathogen-appropriate effector functions. Although the enzyme critical to both processes, activation-induced cytidine deaminase, has been identified, it remains unclear which cis-elements within the Ig loci are responsible for recruiting activation-induced cytidine deaminase and promoting its activity. Studies showed that Ig gene-transcription levels are positively correlated with the frequency of SHM and CSR, making the intronic, transcriptional enhancer Eμ a likely contributor to both processes. Tests of this hypothesis yielded mixed results arising, in part, from the difficulty in studying B cell function in mice devoid of Eμ. In Eμ’s absence, VH gene assembly is dramatically impaired, arresting B cell development. The current study circumvented this problem by modifying the murine Igh locus through simultaneous insertion of a fully assembled VH gene and deletion of Eμ. The behavior of this allele was compared with that of a matched allele carrying the same VH gene but with Eμ intact. Although IgH transcription was as great or greater on the Eμ-deficient allele, CSR and SHM were consistently, but modestly, reduced relative to the allele in which Eμ remained intact. We conclude that Eμ contributes to, but is not essential for, these complex processes and that its contribution is not as a transcriptional enhancer but, rather, is at the level of recruitment and/or activation of the SHM/CSR machinery.
The Neuroimmune Semaphorin-3A Reduces Inflammation and Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Arthritis
Authors: Catalano Alfonso 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Semaphorin-3A (Sema3A), a member of a large family of conserved proteins originally implicated in axon guidance, is expressed by activated T cells and downmodulates T cell activation in vitro. This study examined the effect and mechanism of action of Sema3A overexpression in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Prophylactic i.p. administration of plasmid DNA encoding Sema3A markedly reduced the incidence, disease severity, and articular inflammation compared with control plasmid without insert. Treatment of Sema3A reduced anticollagen IgG levels and suppressed collagen-specific proinflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-17) release, but increased IL-10 concentration in the serum. In line with results in arthritic mice, Sema3A expression is defective in CD4+ T cells derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In contrast, increased expression of the Sema3A receptor neuropilin-1 (NP-1) is detected in the same cells. The CD4+NP-1+ T cells are a T cell subset involved in the control of the immune responses. They express greater amounts of IL-10 and show suppressive activities on autologous CD4+ T cells. Sema3A acted directly on CD4+NP-1+ T cells, because it could increase IL-10 production and influence the regulatory function on CD4+ T cell growth. Therefore, I propose that Sema3A increases the CD4+NP-1+ T cell ability to suppress alloresponses, that its transient expression is altered in rheumatoid inflammation, and that reintroduction of Sema3A is sufficient to attenuate collagen-induced arthritis, supporting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
CXCL1 Regulates Pulmonary Host Defense to Klebsiella Infection via CXCL2, CXCL5, NF-κB, and MAPKs
Authors: Cai Shanshan , Batra Sanjay , Lira Sergio A. , Kolls Jay K. , Jeyaseelan Samithamby 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Pulmonary bacterial infections are a leading cause of death. Since the introduction of antibiotics, multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae became an escalating threat. Therefore, development of methods to augment antibacterial defense is warranted. Neutrophil recruitment is critical to clear bacteria, and neutrophil migration in the lung requires the production of ELR+ CXC chemokines. Although lung-specific CXCL1/keratinocyte cell-derived chemokine (KC) transgene expression causes neutrophil-mediated clearance of K. pneumoniae, the mechanisms underlying KC-mediated host defense against K. pneumoniae have not been explored. In this study, we delineated the host defense functions of KC during pulmonary K. pneumoniae infection using KC−/− mice. Our findings demonstrate that KC is important for expression of CXCL2/MIP-2 and CXCL5/LPS-induced CXC chemokine, and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in the lung. Furthermore, KC derived from both hematopoietic and resident cells contributes to host defense against K. pneumoniae. Neutrophil depletion in mice before K. pneumoniae infection reveals no differences in the production of MIP-2 and LPS-induced CXC chemokine or activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in the lung. Using murine bone marrow-derived and alveolar macrophages, we confirmed KC-mediated upregulation of MIP-2 and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs on K. pneumoniae infection. Moreover, neutralizing KC in bone marrow-derived macrophages before K. pneumoniae challenge decreases bacteria-induced production of KC and MIP-2, and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. These findings reveal the importance of KC produced by hematopoietic and resident cells in regulating pulmonary host defense against a bacterial pathogen via the activation of transcription factors and MAPKs, as well as the expression of cell adhesion molecules and other neutrophil chemoattractants.
Inducible microRNA-155 Feedback Promotes Type I IFN Signaling in Antiviral Innate Immunity by Targeting Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1
Authors: Wang Pin , Hou Jin , Lin Li , Wang Chunmei , Liu Xingguang , Li Dong , Ma Feng , Wang Zhugang , Cao Xuetao 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Effective recognition of viral infection and subsequent triggering of antiviral innate immune responses are essential for the host antiviral defense, which is tightly regulated by multiple regulators, including microRNAs. Our previous study showed that a panel of microRNAs, including miR-155, was markedly upregulated in macrophages upon vesicular stomatitis virus infection; however, the biological function of miR-155 during viral infection remains unknown. In this paper, we show that RNA virus infection induces miR-155 expression in macrophages via TLR/MyD88-independent but retinoic acid-inducible gene I/JNK/NF-κB–dependent pathway. And the inducible miR-155 feedback promotes type I IFN signaling, thus suppressing viral replication. Furthermore, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), a canonical negative regulator of type I IFN signaling, is targeted by miR-155 in macrophages, and SOCS1 knockdown mediates the enhancing effect of miR-155 on type I IFN-mediated antiviral response. Therefore, we demonstrate that inducible miR-155 feedback positively regulates host antiviral innate immune response by promoting type I IFN signaling via targeting SOCS1.
Lymphatic Endothelial Murine Chloride Channel Calcium-Activated 1 Is a Ligand for Leukocyte LFA-1 and Mac-1
Authors: Furuya Momoko , Kirschbaum Sara B. , Paulovich Amanda , Pauli Bendicht U. , Zhang Heidi , Alexander Jonathan S. , Farr Andrew G. , Ruddell Alanna 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The lymphatic circulation mediates drainage of fluid and cells from the periphery through lymph nodes, facilitating immune detection of lymph-borne foreign Ags. The 10.1.1 mAb recognizes a lymphatic endothelial Ag, in this study purified by Ab-affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry identified murine chloride channel calcium-activated 1 (mCLCA1) as the 10.1.1 Ag, a 90-kDa cell-surface protein expressed in lymphatic endothelium and stromal cells of spleen and thymus. The 10.1.1 Ab-affinity chromatography also purified LFA-1, an integrin that mediates leukocyte adhesion to endothelium. This mCLCA1–LFA-1 interaction has functional consequences, as lymphocyte adhesion to lymphatic endothelium was blocked by 10.1.1 Ab bound to endotheliumor by LFA-1 Ab bound to lymphocytes. Lymphocyte adhesion was increased by cytokine treatment of lymphatic endothelium in association with increased expression of ICAM-1, an endothelial surface protein that is also a ligand for LFA-1. By contrast, mCLCA1 expression and the relative contribution of mCLCA1 to lymphocyte adhesion were unaffected by cytokine activation, demonstrating that mCLCA1 and ICAM-1 interactions with LFA-1 are differentially regulated. mCLCA1 also bound to the LFA-1–related Mac-1 integrin that is preferentially expressed on leukocytes. mCLCA1-mediated adhesion of Mac-1– or LFA-1–expressing leukocytes to lymphatic vessels and lymph node lymphatic sinuses provides a target for investigation of lymphatic involvement in leukocyte adhesion and trafficking during the immune response.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERIODONTAL DISEASE (PD) AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD).
Authors: Trevisan Maurizio , Dorn Joan 
Published: October 2010

The recent focus on the potential link between periodontal and cardiovascular disease (PD and CVD) is part of the larger renewed interest on the role of infection and inflammation in the etiology of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. Periodontal Disease is an inflammatory process affecting the periodontium, the tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth . The process usually starts with an inflammatory process of the gum (gingivitis) but it may progress with an extensive involvement of the gum, as well as the periodontal ligament and the bone surrounding the teeth resulting in substantial bone loss. Periodontal disease is a common oral pathological condition in the adult age and represents the leading cause of tooth loss. PD prevalence increases with age and there are estimates that up to 49,000,000 Americans may suffer from some form of gum disease. The gingival plaque associated with PD is colonized by a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that have been shown to affect the initiation and development of PD and have been associated with the potential etiological role of PD in CVD and other chronic conditions. A potential etiological link between PD and CVD may have important public health implications as both the exposure (PD) and the outcomes (CVD) are highly prevalent in industrialized societies. In situations in which both the exposure and the outcome are highly prevalent even modest associations, like those observed in the studies reporting on the link between PD and CVD outcomes, may have relevance. There are not definite data on the effect of periodontal treatment on CVD clinical outcomes (either in primary or secondary prevention) however it should be pointed out that the limited (both in terms of numbers and study design) experimental evidence in humans suggests a possible beneficial effect of periodontal treatment of indices of functional and structural vascular health.
Nil graded self-similar algebras
Authors: Petrogradsky Victor M. , Shestakov Ivan P. , Zelmanov Efim 
Published: October 2010

In [19], [24] we introduced a family of self-similar nil Lie algebras

\bm L

over fields of prime characteristic

p > 0

whose properties resemble those of Grigorchuk and Gupta–Sidki groups. The Lie algebra

\bm L

is generated by two derivations

\begin{aligned}
v1 &= \partial_1 + t0p − 1(\partial_2 + t_1^{p − 1}(\partial_3 + t_2^{p − 1}(\partial_4 + t_3^{p − 1}(\partial_5 + t_4^{p − 1}(\partial_6 + \cdots ))))), \\
v2 &= \partial_2 + t_1^{p − 1}(\partial_3 + t_2^{p − 1}(\partial_4 + t_3^{p − 1}(\partial_5 + t_4^{p − 1}(\partial_6 + \cdots ))))
\end{aligned}

of the truncated polynomial ring

K[t_i, i \in \mathbb N\ |\ t_i^p = 0,\ i \in \mathbb N]

in countably many variables. The associative algebra

\bm A

generated by

v_1,\ v_2

is equipped with a natural

\mathbb Z \oplus \mathbb Z

-gradation. In this paper we show that for p, which is not representable as

p = m^2 + m + 1

,

m \in \mathbb Z

, the algebra

\bm A

is graded nil and can be represented as a sum of two locally nilpotent subalgebras. L. Bartholdi [3] and Ya. S. Krylyuk [15] proved that for

p = m^2 + m + 1

the algebra

\bm A

is not graded nil. However, we show that the second family of self-similar Lie algebras introduced in [24] and their associative hulls are always

\mathbb Z^p

-graded, graded nil, and are sums of two locally nilpotent subalgebras.
Strategies in Management of Oral Mucositis
Authors: Vahanwala Sonal , Pagare Sandeep 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Oral mucositis is a clinically important and sometimes dose-limiting complication of Cancer Therapy. Mucositis lesions are painful, affect nutrition, quality of life and often hampers continuity of the treatment modality. The pathogenesis of oral mucositis is multifactorial and complex. This is a review paper which discusses various aspects a clinician should know in management of mucositis.
Embryo and Oocyte Wastage in ART: Is it Inevitable?
Authors: Kar Sujata 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Natural human reproduction is very inefficient in achieving live births. Number of studies have shown that the maximum chances of conceiving a clinically recognized pregnancy in one natural menstrual cycle is about 30%, under optimal conditions for conception. Which implies in nature almost 70% of human embryos are lost at various stages from preimplantation embryo to full term pregnancies. From the time of number of oocytes retrieved, to cleavage stage embryos formed, IVF technologies are also marred with high loss of oocytes and embryos, low implantation and high early pregnancy loss rates. In fact right from the time of fetal germ cell production to live births—human reproduction is an extremely wasteful exercise both in nature and also in assisted reproduction. A process of continuous reduction or selection against aneuploid embryos starts right from the time of fertilization. Current methods used in the laboratory for embryo selection, do help choose better embryos but are still inaccurate. PGS and metabolomic profiling are technique that may help select chromosomaly normal embryos, how ever are not practical and cost-effective yet. This raises the obvious question of how far we can take the success of IVF? Have we reached the limits of improving pregnancy rates in IVF? Is it possible that majority of oocytes and embryos are intrinsically abnormal and not capable for implantation or developing further?
Primary Amenorrhea: Analysis of 108 Cases
Authors: Chowdhury TA , Mahmud Nusrat , Khatoon Habiba 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Primary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menses in females by the age of 14 years in the absence of secondary sex characteristics or the absence of periods by the age of 16 years regardless of appearance of secondary sex characters. A total of 108 cases of primary amenorrhea were referred to gynecological out-patient department of BIRDEM Hospital, Bangladesh between July 1995 to July 2008. These patients were studied with the aim to find out the cause of amenorrhea. After taking the detailed history, physical examinations and necessary investigations, patients were subjected to laparoscopic evaluation. The study highlights the role of transabdominal sonography in the work up of these cases and compare those with laparoscopic findings. About 69.4% of primary amenorrhoea were due to mullerian dysgenesis; 19.4% due to gonadal dysgenesis; 2.7% due to male pseudohermaphroditism with virilization; 2.7% due to genital tuberculosis and only one case was due to testicular feminization syndrome. Sonographic findings differ from laparoscopic findings in many cases. It can be observed that for optimal evaluation of primary amenorrhea, laparoscopy is the key tool for diagnosis.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Study
Authors: Sharma Paban K , Shrestha Ashis 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackgroundMaternal hyperglycemia is considered a risk factor for both fetus and mother which can lead to significant morbidity and sometimes, even mortality. Here, we present a two years study of gestational diabetes which was intended to see the incidence and its determinants in the Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Patan Hospital is a tertiary care level teaching hospital.Subjects and MethodsAll pregnant women visiting ANC clinic or admitted to the ward with the diagnosis of GDM from July 2005 to June 2007 at Patan Hospital were taken for the study. In Patan Hospital, pregnant ladies are routinely screened for diabetes with 50 gm glucose challenge test (GCT) and if the value is more than 140 mg/dl, they are subjected to 100 gm Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). If two or more than two values are increased, they are managed as gestational diabetes. These cases of gestational diabetes are enrolled for the study. Data was collected by interview and laboratory investigations using standard set of questioner.ResultsOut of 13,382 consecutive deliveries, 53 patients were admitted with the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Among them, 40.4% were Brahmin, 38.5% Newar, 11.5% Chettri and 9.6% from other cast. GDM was more common in the age group 26 to 35 years and was more prevalent in urban population than rural (urban 84.6% vs rural 15.4%). Similarly, it was more common in multipara patients. Only 28.8% of the cases were having polyhydramnios on ultrasound. Mean weight gain in pregnancy was 8.96 kg with a range of 3 to 20 kg approximately, 58% of patients had family history of diabetes, 48.7% of patients had history of GDM in previous pregnancy and 7.7% of patients had overt diabetes. Most of the patients needed insulin (92.3%) and only 7.7% of patients were managed with only diet and exercise. No significant fetomaternal complication was observed in our study.ConclusionThere was significant number of cases diagnosed as GDM. All patients who were diagnosed early and treated accordingly had less complications related to mother and child.
Misplaced Intrauterine Device (IUD): The Endoscopic Management
Authors: Duhan Nirmala , Lakra Pinkey , Dahiya Krishna 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
CuT is widely accepted contraceptive method because of its safety, economy, efficiency and reversibility. This is a retrospective analysis of 30 patients with misplaced IUD's. In 21 patients device was found to be intrauterine and removed hysteroscopically and in 9 patients device was found extrauterine, retrieved laparoscopically in 77.7% cases while 22.2% patients required laparotomy. Endoscopic procedure should be considered as first line attempt to removal of misplaced intrauterine or extrauterine device.
A Rare Combination of Omental Cyst, Ovarian Cyst and Leiomyoma of Uterus
Authors: Maheshwari Veena , LNU Shaheen , Hakim Seema , Bhargava Smriti 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Omental cysts are rarer abdominal tumors, with only about 150 cases documented till now. We are reporting an interesting and rarer case of combination of omental cyst with ovarian cyst and leiomyoma of uterus. Cystectomy is indicated even the patient has no symptoms because of possibility of torsion, rupture, bleeding and infection.
A Case of Illegal Septic Abortion Leading to Maternal Mortality
Authors: Inamdar SA , Malhotra Neharika , Sirsam S 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
A 26 years old female G3P2L2 with a previous LSCS done 10 months back, with 15 weeks twin gestation and history of criminal abortion by quack with a wooden stick brought to us in a moribund state with complaints of high grade fever with severe pain in abdomen associated with nausea and vomiting that morning. Clinical examination revealed incomplete abortion with features of sepsis. After evaluation a diagnosis of septic abortion was established based on the clinical presentation and biochemical parameters. This case is being reported for the increased incidence of illegal unsafe abortions in rural India despite legalizations of abortion.
Intravenous Leiomyomatosis: A Silent Killer
Authors: Suresh TN , Hemalatha A , Udaya Kumar M , Narayan Swamy M 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
We present a case of 30 years female presenting with irregular menstrual bleeding, diagnosed as extensive leiomyomatosis on ultrasonography, confirmed on histopathology and immunohistochemical markers Desmin and CD34. Intravenous leiomyomas are benign tumors of smooth muscle origin. Long-term follow of patients is necessary of patients diagnosed to have these tumors.
Localized Gingival Hyperplasia Associated with Pregnancy
Authors: Metgud Mrityunjay , Patil Renuka , Kumbhojkar Vinayak , Prabhakar Niranjan 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Localized gingival hyperplasia associated with pregnancy is a polypoid form of capillary hemangioma seen as a small, deep red or purplish lesion with a pedunculated base and a lobulated surface, which grows up to several centimeters in size. Its significant incidence of occurrence (1.5-8%) during pregnancy warrants the need for a meticulous oral hygiene care so as to reduce and eliminate the exuberant tissue response to local irritation or trauma seen in such cases. The manuscript highlights one such case report seen in our department.
Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Knowledge and Reducing Anxiety about Labor among Primigravidae in Selected Hospitals of Belgaum, Karnataka
Authors: Metgud MC , Gayathri KV 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To assess the knowledge and anxiety level of primigravidae about labor in both experimental and control group, evaluate the effectiveness of the planned teaching program on knowledge and reducing anxiety about labor among primigravidae in the experimental group as compared to the control group.

Methods
The research approach used for the study was the evaluative approach. The study was conducted using pre-test post-test, control group, a quasi experimental design. The study was conducted on 60 primigravidae (30 experimental and 30 control group) attending antenatal OPD's at KLE's Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and MRC, Belgaum using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by using a structured knowledge questionnaire and standardized Zung self-rating scale. The data was tabulated and analyzed in terms of objectives of the study, using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results
The results showed that knowledge score mean difference (MD) in experimental group was 16.8 and in control group it was 0.6. Therefore planned teaching program was effective method to gain knowledge about labor among primigravidae. The anxiety score MD was 37.6 in experimental group and in control group it was 0.16. Hence planned teaching program helped in reducing anxiety about labor and study findings showed that there was positive correlation between knowledge and reducing anxiety in experimental group (rxy = 0.1). Therefore planned teaching program helped to gain knowledge and reduce anxiety about labor in primigravidae.

Conclusion
Anxiety is common in life. It is more among primigravida mothers during labor and delivery. Mothers experience anxiety during their labor and delivery in hospitalization. Identification of anxiety and stress, helps nurses to plan provide holistic care which helps mothers to have smooth hospitalization and minimizes anxiety. Providing psychological support is one of the most important needs during their labor and delivery on the labor table. The study suggests the need for education, guidance and counseling which are essential for the primigravida mothers when they are under stress and anxiety during pregnancy and labor. It was also found that there is need to improve the awareness and encourage the mothers to participate in anxiety and stress management program to prevent further problems.