bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological methods for the restoration of contaminated aquifers
Authors: Lee M. D. , Ward C. H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Contamination of aquifers is a serious threat to groundwater supplies. Once an aquifer is contaminated, it may remain so for many years. Biological methods for restoring aquifers polluted by organic compounds offer a promising solution. Techniques such as in situ treatment by stimulating the indigenous microbial population or withdrawal of the contaminated groundwater and treatment by conventional wastewater treatment processes have been used successfully. Mutant and acclimated microorganisms can be used in these systems in attempts to increase the rate of degradation of recalcitrant compounds. Stimulation of the indigenous microbial population by the addition of oxygen and nutrients has been shown to be effective in the removal of petroleum products, iron and manganese, and organic solvents. Acclimated and mutant strains of bacteria have been inoculated into treatment reactors and into soil to degrade various organic chemicals. Polluted groundwater also has been withdrawn and treated by activated sludge processes. While some of these processes have not been adequately tested under field conditions and may be limited in applicability, biological methods are effective in restoring some contaminated aquifers.
Photooxidant activity in natural waters
Authors: Ross Ronald D. , Crosby Donald G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
After exposure to sunlight or laboratory UV light, sterilized water samples (or their reconstituted concentrates) from California and Hawaii oxidized several common environmental contaminants, including ethylenethiourea, thiobencarb, DDE and aldrin, which do not absorb ultraviolet radiation appreciably in the sunlight wavelength region. Unirradiated controls were inactive. The generated oxidant remained active in the water samples for at least 60 min in the dark at ambient temperature. Tryptophan and tyrosine were isolated as causative agents but were not the actual oxidants. Such light-induced degradation reactions have important implications for the environmental fate of chemicals in water and for environmental modelling.
Effect of organic chemicals on growth and reproduction in the marine red alga Champia Parvula
Authors: Thursby Glen B. , Steele Richard L. , Kane Michael E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A previously developed static-renewal toxicity test was used to test the effect of 10 organic chemicals on the growth and reproduction of the marine red alga Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey. The test measured vegetative growth, formation of tetrasporangia (site of meiosis — asexual spore production) and production of cystocarps (evidence of sexual reproduction). The procedure was used to test the effects of one ketone (isophorone), two volatile hydrocarbons (benzene and naphthalene), three phenols (phenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) and four chlorinated hydrocarbons (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, endosulfan, pentachloroethane and toxaphene). Chronic values were determined for vegetative growth and formation of reproductive structures based on statistically significant decreases from control levels. Absence of reproductive structures was also used to determine chronic values. No endpoint was consistently more sensitive than any other, and the ranking of the compounds from most to least toxic was similar regardless of the endpoint used. The results of these tests indicate that the Champia test is often as sensitive or more so than the most sensitive aquatic animal test and is almost always more sensitive than microalgae tests, demonstrating the importance of conducting chronic tests with the previously overlooked macroalgae. The test is easily conducted, sensitive and reproducible.
Characterization and evaluation of JP-4, jet a and mixtures of these fuels in environmental water samples
Authors: Roberts Ann J. , Thomas Thomas C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Capillary gas chromatographic data can be used to distinguish between JP-4 and commercial Jet A fuels that have contaminated groundwater. This is accomplished from chromatographic patterns by using normalized area percents of the C-15 and C-16 n-alkane components. Analyses of the neat fuels, mixtures of the neat fuels and of their solvent extract from water have been performed. Analyses of contaminated groundwaters have identified the presence of jet fuel and other distillate fuels similar to diesel fuel. Even with the complex nature of these fuels, percent amounts of each fuel present as a contaminant could be determined. This technique may prove useful in determining the party responsible for pollution of groundwater.
Environmental levels of p,p'-DDE indicate multiple sources
Authors: Hunt W. Grainger , Johnson Brenda S. , Thelander Carl G. , Walton Brian J. , Risebrough Robert W. , Jarman Walter M. , Springer Alan M. , Monk J. Geoffrey , Walker Wayman 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Studies undertaken to determine the causes of continuing reproductive failures of populations of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus anatum) in Texas and California demonstrate exceptionally high levels of DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene) in prey species in western Texas and unchanged high levels of DDE since 1969 in the peregrine population of the central coast of California. Although DDE is a derivative of DDT (p,p'-DDT; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane), levels of DDT were very low in in these samples. These observations follow a recent pattern of DDE contamination in the South and Southwest that is characterized by locally high environmental levels of DDE and low levels of DDT. The virtual absence of DDT indicates that the possible illegal uses of DDT, or the transport of DDT compounds from Latin America by migrating birds, cannot account for all of the DDE in these samples. Another source of environmental DDE is therefore indicated.
Exhaustive steam distillation extraction of aromatic organics from rainbow trout and water
Authors: Meyer Joseph S. , Linder Greg 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Exhaustive steam distillation extracted several intermediate molecular weight organic chemicals effectively from rainbow trout, but a high molecular weight organic, benzo[a]pyrene, was not extracted. Fish lipids that do not steam-distill appear to retain extremely lipophilic organics in the boiling flask. Therefore, exhaustive steam distillation should be used cautiously in screening effluents for chemicals that are bioaccumulated.
Effect of application methods on movement and degradation of aldicarb residues in Maine potato fields
Authors: Jones R.L. , Hansen J.L. , Rourke R.V. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of application methods on movement and degradation of aldicarb residues was studied in a typically stony, Maine potato field by comparing aldicarb applied in-furrow at planting with aldicarb top-dressed at emergence. At the end of the growing season, residues from the at-planting application were found primarily in the top 0.6 m of soil and the residues from the emergence application were found primarily in the top 0.3 m. One year later, the residues were dispersed throughout the top 1.5 m of soil and had been reduced to about 5% of the original application. This study supports other work that has demonstrated that in the northeastern United States and Wisconsin, early aldicarb at-planting applications generally result in greater aldicarb residue movement than do later emergence applications.
The study is also useful in illustrating variability of soil samples, which exhibited an average coefficient of variation of 110%. The results indicate that little information is lost due to compositing samples, so that compositing samples appears to be an option for reducing analytical costs associated with soil studies.
Toxicity of methyl parathion to bats: Mortality and coordination loss
Authors: Clark Donald R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The 24-h oral LD50 of methyl parathion (phosphorothioic acid O, O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) ester) to little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) (372 mg/kg) was 8.5 times the LD50 for mice (Mus musculus) (44 mg/kg). However, orally dosed mice either died or appeared behaviorally normal after 2 to 3 h, whereas many dosed bats, although alive at 24 h, could not right themselves when placed on their backs. The oral dose estimated to cause this loss of coordination in 50% of a sample of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) was one-third or less the LD50 of this species. Cholinesterase activity depression in brains of little brown bats was similar whether dosage was oral or dermal. With death as the criterion, bats proved relatively insensitive to methyl parathion in 24-h tests, but considerations of the chemical's potential to cause coordination loss, leading to capture and death by predators, coupled with bats' naturally low reproductive rates, suggest possible injury to exposed bat populations.
Adaptation of Selenastrum Capricornutum (chlorophyceae) to copper
Authors: Kuwabara J.S. , Leland H.V. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Selenastrum capricornutum Printz, growing in a chemically defined medium, was used as a model for studying adaptation of algae to a toxic metal (copper) ion. Cells exhibited lag-phase adaptation to 0.8 μM total Cu (10−12 M free ion concentration) after 20 generations of Cu exposure. Selenastrum adapted to the same concentration when Cu was gradually introduced over an 8-h period using a specially designed apparatus that provided a transient increase in exposure concentration. Cu adaptation was not attributable to media conditioning by algal exudates. Duration of lag phase was a more sensitive index of copper toxicity to Selenastrum that was growth rate or stationary-phase cell density under the experimental conditions used. Chemical speciation of the Cu dosing solution influenced the duration of lag phase even when media formulations were identical after dosing. Selenastrum initially exposed to Cu in a CuCl2 injection solution exhibited a lag phase of 3.9 d, but this was reduced to 1.5 d when a CuEDTA solution was used to achieve the same total Cu and EDTA concentrations. Physical and chemical processes that accelerated the rate of increase in cupric ion concentration generally increased the duration of lag phase.
Statistical analysis of the cladoceran reproductivity test
Authors: Hamilton Martin A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe data from a renewal toxicity test are awkward to interpret if some of the adult organisms die during the experiment. The usual summary statistic is the mean number of young produced per adult, but when some adults die, the mean can be defined in two different ways, the mean overall (MOA) and the mean ignoring mortality (MIM). The MOA will be small if adults die but the MIM is relatively unaffected by mortalities. The MIM estimate is valid only if the effect of the toxicant on survival is not correlated with the effect on production of young. Analysis of data from several 7-d cladoceran renewal tests indicates that this correlation is negligible. For such tests, it appears that MIM calculations provide a valid way to separate the effect of the toxicant on the production of young from the effect on the survival of the adults. For both MOA and MIM, methods of statistical analysis are presented, including methods of point estimation, standard error estimation, interval estimation and significance test calculation.
Effects of sample storage on a copper-spiked freshwater sediment
Authors: Malueg K.W. , Schuytema G.S. , Krawczyk D.F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFreshwater sediment from an Oregon lake was spiked with copper in the laboratory to study the effect of storage on copper toxicity. Peat moss was added to enhance the carbon content of a portion of the sediment. One-half of the sediment samples were stored at 5°C while the other half were frozen (−20°C). At intervals up to 25 weeks, samples were brought to 20°C and 48-h toxicity tests were conducted in 1-liter beakers (200 ml sediment, 800 ml water) using the cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus.Copper released into the water from the sediment stored at 5°C increased over the first 8 weeks of storage, then decreased. Freezing the sediment attenuated the release of total and soluble copper into the overlying water, resulting in low or no toxicity to daphnids. Based on total copper concentrations in the overlying test water, LC50s ranged from 7 to 44 μg/L in sediments without peat and from 52 to 96 μg/L in sediments with added peat. Soluble copper LC50s for-the same test waters ranged from 3 to 18 and from 25 to 68 μg/L, respectively. No LC50s could be calculated from the frozen sediment tests because of low mortality. Freezing is not recommended as a storage procedure because of its undependability in preserving sediment integrity for toxicity tests.
A field study of physiological effects on fish in lead-contaminated lakes
Authors: Haux Carl , Sjöbeck Maj-Lis , Larsson Åke , Lithner Göran 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In a field investigation, physiological parameters were studied in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) living in lead-contaminated lakes in northern Sweden. Fish from an uncontaminated lake were used as a reference. The activity of the enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in blood was inhibited up to 88% in fish from lead-contaminated lakes, as compared with fish from the reference lake, indicating the presence of lead pollution. In addition, higher blood glucose levels and lower plasma sodium content were observed in fish from lead-contaminated lakes. These results suggest that lead affects fish in the environment in a way similar to that observed in laboratory experiments.
Discrimination learning in adult bobwhite quail fed paraquat
Authors: Bunck Christine M. , Bunck Theodore J. , Sileo Louis 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Adult male bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were fed a diet containing 0, 25 or 100 ppm paraquat dichloride. After 60 d on treated diets, discrimination learning was evaluated with acquisition and reversal tests. The three groups performed similarly on these tests. Dose-related histopathological lesions were not found in liver, kidney or lung tissues.
Structure-activity relationship studies on the toxicities of benzene derivatives: II. An analysis of benzene substituent effects on toxicity
Authors: Hall Lowell H. , Kier Lemont B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The toxicity of benzene derivatives to fathead minnows is analyzed in terms of an additivity model. Each substituent appears to contribute a constant and additive amount to the overall toxicity of the benzene derivatives in the data set. However, the nitro group does display some unusual behavior within the additivity model. The model put forth in a previous article is reexamined with respect to the nitro group contribution. A new set of values for nitro groups is developed, giving a contribution for the mono nitro, meta dinitro and ortho/para dinitro groups. There is a modest improvement in the correlation statistics: r = 0.953, s = 0.243 and F = 81.7 for seven regression variables. Some suggestions concerning mechanism are made based on the toxicity coefficients.
Unsaturated zone studies of the degradation and movement of aldicarb and aldoxycarb residues
Authors: Jones R.L. , Hansen J.L. , Romine R.R. , Marquardt T.E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Unsaturated zone studies to measure the movement and degradation of aldicarb and aldoxycarb residues were conducted in 1983 at seven locations: Maricopa, Arizona; Harrellsville, North Carolina; Blackstone, Virginia; Blissfield, Michigan; Bluecast, Indiana; Pasco, Washington; and Fort Pierce, Florida. The Blissfield and Bluecast studies also included monitoring of tile-drain water and the Fort Pierce test included shallow ground water analyses. These research studies indicate that aldicarb or aldoxycarb residues will not enter drinking water supplies under agricultural conditions similar to those encountered in these seven field studies. Most, if not all, of the residues will degrade in the unsaturated zone at a rate corresponding to half-lives of between 0.5 and 2.0 months. The field studies also demonstrate that aldicarb and aldoxycarb residues degrade at about the same rate.
Effects of high dietary concentrations of glyphosate (roundup®) on a species of bird, marsupial and rodent indigenous to Australia
Authors: Evans D.D. , Batty Marian J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Five zebra finches, Poephila guttata (Gould), allowed unrestricted access to seed containing 5,000 μg glyphosate/g all died in 3 to 7 d, but they may well have died from starvation since their food consumption was drastically reduced. Six finches survived after ingesting seed containing 2,500 μg glyphosate/g for 5 d. The marsupial Sminthopsis macroura (Gould), and two species of hopping-mouse, Notomys alexis Thomas and Notomys mitchelli (Ogilby) (N = 5 controls and 5 treated, for each species) survived on a diet in which the concentration of glyphosate was increased from 625 μg/g to 5,000 μg/g by doubling the concentration of glyphosate in the food every few days during a 23-d period. The only toxic effect observed in the mammals was a marked body weight loss in the treated N. alexis. The data indicate that glyphosate for these four species is in the probably not toxic to slightly toxic category for rating the relative acute toxicity of chemicals.
Site-specific toxicity of un-ionized ammonia in the tittabawassee river at midland, michigan: Overview
Authors: Alexander Howard C. , Latvaitis P. Brad , Hopkins Daniel L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Site-specific acute and chronic toxicity tests with un-ionized ammonia were conducted in Tittabawassee River water from Midland, Michigan. The results of these tests were used by the State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) to establish site-specific acute and chronic un-ionized ammonia water quality criteria for the portion of the river at Midland. The acute water-quality criterion established by the state using walleye data from this study was 1.0 mg/L un-ionized ammonia nitrogen. The chronic criterion established using fathead minnow embryo-larval data was 0.095 mg/L un-ionized ammonia nitrogen. The chronic criterion was used in determining the assimilative capacity for ammonia in this portion of the river. The MDNR allocated a portion of the assimilative capacity to each discharger and set effluent limitations based on the allocated capacities. Ammonia effluent limits have been set in the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits of the Dow Chemical Company and the City of Midland. Ammonia effluent limits will be set in the NPDES permit of the Consumers Power Company.
Site-specific acute and chronic toxicity of ammonia to Daphnia magna straus
Authors: Gersich F. M. , Hopkins D. L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The acute and chronic toxicity of ammonia (expressed as un-ionized ammonia nitrogen, NH3-N) to Daphnia magna was determined in support of the development of site-specific water quality standards for ammonia in the Tittabawassee River at Midland, Michigan. The 48-h LC50 value (95% confidence interval) obtained was 2.94 (2.70 to 3.22) mg NH3-N/L. The 21-d chronic value, presented as the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), was between 0.42 and 0.87 mg NH3-N/L. Expressing the chronic value as the geometric mean of 0.42 and 0.87 resulted in an MATC of 0.60 mg NH3-N/L. The toxicity values derived during this study were similar to those reported in the literature for D. magna.
Biodegradation of pyridine derivatives in soil suspensions
Authors: Sims Gerald K. , Sommers Lee E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Relationships between structure and biodegradability were evaluated for 28 pyridine derivatives in nutrient solutions inoculated with soil and incubated at 24°C. Compounds studied included pyridine; mono- and disubstituted pyridinecarboxylic acids; and hydroxy-, chloro-, amino-and methylpyridines. Disappearance of the pyridine added was measured by UV spectrophotometry, and the ammonium released by cleavage of the pyridine ring was measured by colorimetry. Volatilization was estimated by analysis of the pyridines collected on the polyurethane foam stoppers used to plug the incubation vessels; sorption by soil was estimated from the initial decrease in solution concentration upon addition of soil. Pyridinecarboxylic acids, monohydroxypyridines and the unsubstituted pyridine ring did not volatilize and were degraded within 7 to 24 d. Methylpyridines were intermediate in degradability, disappearing in from less than 7 to more than 30 d. None of the aminopyridines was completely degraded in 30 d. Of the chloropyridines tested, only 4-chloropyridine was completely degraded in 24 d. The susceptibility of 4-chloropyridine to degradation may be attributed to the ease with which a chlorine group is removed from position 4 on the pyridine ring. No degradation was detected in 30 d for any of the other chloropyridines. Chloro-and methylpyridines volatilized extensively.
Effect of age on sensitivity ofDaphnia Magnato cadmium, copper and cyanazine
Authors: Nebeker Alan V. , Cairns Michael A. , Onjukka Samuel T. , Titus Ray H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDaphnia magna were exposed to cadmium, copper and cyanazine to determine the relative sensitivities of several age groups: less than 4 h, less than 24 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 4 d, 5 d and 6 d old. Mean cadmium 48-h EC50 values for each age group ranged from 23 to 164 μg/L. Mean copper EC50 values ranged from 6 to 18 μg/L. Cyanazine EC50 values ranged from 53 to 106 mg/L. The 1-d-old and 5-d-old Daphnia mean EC50s were 48 and 49 μg/L for cadmium, 10 and 10 μg/L for copper and 84 and 86 μg/L for cyanazine, respectively. These similar sensitivities indicate that older animals can be used in tests equally as well as younger animals, thus simplifying the recovery of daphnids in acute sediment toxicity tests.
Toxicity of pentachlorophenol to aquatic organisms under naturally varying and controlled environmental conditions
Authors: Hedtke Steven F. , West Corlis W. , Allen Kathleen N. , Norberg-King Teresa J. , Mount Donald I. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) was determined in the laboratory for 11 aquatic species. Tests were conducted seasonally in ambient Mississippi River water and under controlled conditions in Lake Superior water. Fifty-one acute toxicity tests were conducted, with LC50 values ranging from 85 μg/L for the white sucker Catastomus commersoni during the summer to greater than 7,770 μg/L for the isopod Asellus racovitzai during the winter. The effect of PCP on growth and/or reproduction was determined for seven species. The most sensitive chronically exposed organisms were the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia reticulata and the snail Physa gyrina. Both were adversely affected at the lowest concentrations tested, i.e., 4.1 and 26 μg/L, respectively. The duckweed Lemna minor was the least sensitive, with no apparent effects after exposure for 21 d to concentrations as high as 1,440 μg/L.
The greatest variation in toxicity was due to species sensitivity. Within a given season there was as much as a 40-fold difference in LC50 values between species. For any one species, the maximum variation in LC50 between seasons was approximately 14-fold. There were also substantial differences in acute-chronic relationships, with acute/chronic ratios ranging from greater than 37 for C. reticulata to 1 for Simocephalus vetulus. It is suggested that the composition of the aquatic community should be the most important consideration in estimating the potential environmental effects of PCP.