bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012
Authors: Siegel Rebecca , DeSantis Carol , Virgo Katherine , Stein Kevin , Mariotto Angela , Smith Tenbroeck , Cooper Dexter , Gansler Ted , Lerro Catherine , Fedewa Stacey , Lin Chunchieh , Leach Corinne , Cannady Rachel Spillers , Cho Hyunsoon , Scoppa Steve , Hachey Mark , Kirch Rebecca , Jemal Ahmedin , Ward Elizabeth 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAlthough there has been considerable progress in reducing cancer incidence in the United States, the number of cancer survivors continues to increase due to the aging and growth of the population and improvements in survival rates. As a result, it is increasingly important to understand the unique medical and psychosocial needs of survivors and be aware of resources that can assist patients, caregivers, and health care providers in navigating the various phases of cancer survivorship. To highlight the challenges and opportunities to serve these survivors, the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute estimated the prevalence of cancer survivors on January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2022, by cancer site. Data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries were used to describe median age and stage at diagnosis and survival; data from the National Cancer Data Base and the SEER‐Medicare Database were used to describe patterns of cancer treatment. An estimated 13.7 million Americans with a history of cancer were alive on January 1, 2012, and by January 1, 2022, that number will increase to nearly 18 million. The 3 most prevalent cancers among males are prostate (43%), colorectal (9%), and melanoma of the skin (7%), and those among females are breast (41%), uterine corpus (8%), and colorectal (8%). This article summarizes common cancer treatments, survival rates, and posttreatment concerns and introduces the new National Cancer Survivorship Resource Center, which has engaged more than 100 volunteer survivorship experts nationwide to develop tools for cancer survivors, caregivers, health care professionals, advocates, and policy makers. CA Cancer J Clin 2012. Published 2012 American Cancer Society.
High Order Cubic-Polynomial Interpolation Schemes on Triangular Meshes
Authors: Feng Renzhong 
Published: June 2012

Abstract The Cubic-Polynomial Interpolation scheme has been developed and applied to many practical simulations. However, it seems the existing Cubic-Polynomial Interpolation scheme are restricted to uniform rectangular meshes. Consequently, this scheme has some limitations to problems in irregular domains. This paper will extend the Cubic-Polynomial Interpolation scheme to triangular meshes by using some spline interpolation techniques. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed schemes.
A Numerical Scheme for the Quantum Fokker-Planck-Landau Equation Efficient in the Fluid Regime
Authors: Hu Jingwei , Jin Shi , Yan Bokai 
Published: June 2012

Abstract We construct an efficient numerical scheme for the quantum Fokker-Planck- Landau (FPL) equation that works uniformly from kinetic to fluid regimes. Such a scheme inevitably needs an implicit discretization of the nonlinear collision operator, which is difficult to invert. Inspired by work [9] we seek a linear operator to penalize the quantum FPL collision term QqFPL in order to remove the stiffness induced by the small Knudsen number. However, there is no suitable simple quantum operator serving the purpose and for this kind of operators one has to solve the complicated quantum Maxwellians (Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac distribution). In this paper, we propose to penalize QqFPL by the "classical" linear Fokker-Planck operator. It is based on the observation that the classical Maxwellian, with the temperature replaced by the internal energy, has the same first five moments as the quantum Maxwellian. Numerical results for Bose and Fermi gases are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the scheme in both fluid and kinetic regimes.
Similarity between runoff coefficient and perennial stream density in the Budyko framework
Authors: Wang D. , Wu L. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Streams are categorized into perennial and temporal streams based on flow durations. Perennial stream is the basic network, and temporal stream (ephemeral or intermittent) is the expanded network. Connection between perennial stream and runoff generation at the mean annual scale exists since one of the hydrologic functions of perennial stream is to deliver runoff. The partitioning of precipitation into runoff and evaporation at the mean annual scale, on the first order, is represented by the Budyko hypothesis which quantifies the ratio of evaporation to precipitation (E/P) as a function of climate aridity index (Ep/P, ratio of potential evaporation to precipitation). In this paper, it is hypothesized that similarity exists between perennial stream density (Dp) and runoff coefficient (Q/P) as a function of climate aridity index, i.e., DpDp* (EpP) and QP (EpP) where Dp* is a scaling factor and Q is mean annual runoff. To test the hypothesis, perennial stream densities for 185 watersheds in the United States are computed based on the high resolution national hydrography dataset (NHD). The similarity between perennial stream density and runoff coefficient is promising based on the case study watersheds. As a potential application for macroscale hydrological modeling, perennial stream density in ungauged basin can be predicted based on climate aridity index using the complementary Budyko curve.
Pragmatist Resources for Experimental Philosophy: Inquiry in Place of Intuition
Authors: Koopman Colin 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTRecent attention given to the upstart movement of experimental philosophy is much deserved. But now that experimental philosophy is beginning to enter a stage of maturity, it is time to consider its relation to other philosophical traditions that have issued similar assaults against ingrained and potentially misguided philosophical habits. Experimental philosophy is widely known for rejecting a philosophical reliance on intuitions as evidence in philosophical argument. In this it shares much with another branch of empiricist philosophy, namely, pragmatism. Taking Kwame Anthony Appiah's forthright and cautious endorsement of experimental philosophy as my model, I show that experimental philosophy and pragmatist philosophy share more than adherents of either philosophical method have yet to allow. I then use this comparison to show how the new experimentalisms could benefit from a rereading of century-old pragmatist insights about philosophical methodology.
Comparison of Severity of Illness Scores to Physician Clinical Judgment for Potential Use in Pediatric Critical Care Triage
Authors: Sweney Jill S. , Poss W. Bradley , Grissom Colin K. , Keenan Heather T. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTObjective:A pediatric triage tool is needed during times of resource scarcity to optimize critical care utilization. This study compares the modified sequential organ failure assessment score (M-SOFA), the Pediatric Early Warning System (PEWS) score, the Pediatric Risk of Admission Score II (PRISA-II), and physician judgment to predict the need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) interventions.Methods:This retrospective cohort study evaluates three illness severity scores for all non-neonatal pediatric patients transported and admitted to a single center in 2006. The outcome of interest was receipt of a PICU intervention (mechanical ventilation, acute dialysis, depressed consciousness, or persistent hypotension). Predictive ability was assessed using receiver operating curves (ROCs).Results:Of 752 patients admitted to the hospital, 287 received a PICU intervention. Median scores for all tools were significantly higher for children receiving an intervention than for those who did not. ROCs showed PEWS had the least discriminatory ability, followed by PRISA-II and pediatric M-SOFA. No value of the pediatric M-SOFA produced both positive and negative predictive values better than clinician judgment.Conclusions:No score had a clinically acceptable discriminate ability to predict patients who required a PICU intervention from those who did not. Physician judgment outperformed all three triage scores.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:126–130)
Regional Variation in Critical Care Evacuation Needs for Children After a Mass Casualty Incident
Authors: Kanter Robert K. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTObjectives: To determine the ability of five New York statewide regions to accommodate 30 children needing critical care after a hypothetical mass casualty incident (MCI) and the duration to complete an evacuation to facilities in other regions if the surge exceeded local capacity.Methods: A quantitative model evaluated pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) vacancies for MCI patients, based on data on existing resources, historical average occupancy, and evidence on early discharges and transfers in a public health emergency. Evacuation of patients exceeding local capacity to the nearest PICU center with vacancies was modeled in discrete event chronological simulations for three scenarios in each region: pediatric critical care transport teams were considered to originate from other PICU hospitals statewide, using (1) ground ambulances or (2) helicopters, and (3) noncritical care teams were considered to originate from the local MCI region using ground ambulances. Chronology of key events was modeled.Results: Across five regions, the number of children needing evacuation would vary from 0 to 23. The New York City (NYC) metropolitan area could accommodate all patients. The region closest to NYC could evacuate all excess patients to PICU hospitals in NYC within 12 hours using statewide critical care teams traveling by ground ambulance. Helicopters and local noncritical care teams would not shorten the evacuation. For other statewide regions, evacuation of excess patients by statewide critical care teams traveling by ground ambulance would require up to nearly 26 hours. Helicopter transport would reduce evacuation time by 40%-44%, while local noncritical care teams traveling by ground would reduce evacuation time by 16%-34%.Conclusions: The present study provides a quantitative, evidence-based approach to estimate regional pediatric critical care evacuation needs after an MCI. Large metropolitan areas with many PICU beds would be better able to accommodate patients in a local MCI, and would serve as a crucial resource if an MCI occurred in a smaller community. Regions near a metropolitan area could be rapidly served by critical care transport teams traveling by ground ambulance. Regions distant from a metropolitan area might benefit from helicopter transport. Using local noncritical care transport teams would involve shorter delays and less expert care during evacuation.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:146–149)
Adequacy of Pediatric Triage
Authors: Debono Pharrah , Debattista Juanita , Attard-Montalto Simon , Pace David 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTObjective:To assess the adequacy of the pediatric triage system in an acute care general hospital.Methods:All children younger than 14 years of age who presented with a primary medical condition to the accident and emergency department (ED) during January to March 2009 were recruited. Suitability of the triage system was assessed according to the vital parameters taken and the priority code assigned. Triage workload was assessed from the number of children presenting to ED and the timing of presentation.Results:Of 2269 children presenting to ED, 1617 (71.3%) were younger than 5 years, and 883 (38.9%) were younger than 2 years. Only 0.26% (6/2269) had four vital parameters crucial for priority assignment measured, and 19.3% (437/2269) had at least one parameter measured. A priority code was assigned to 10% (225/2269).Conclusions:Our study revealed inadequacies in the pediatric triage system. A simple and objective triage system that is based on the measurement of crucial vital parameters and on prompt recognition of warning signs and symptoms to correctly identify high-risk groups has been introduced to ensure appropriate and effective triage of sick children.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:151–154)
Two‐Step, One‐Pot Synthesis of Inosine, Guanosine, and 2′‐Deoxyguanosine O6‐Ethers via Intermediate O6‐(Benzotriazol‐1‐yl) Derivatives
Authors: Kokatla Hari Prasad , Lakshman Mahesh K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA simple method for the etherification at the O6‐position of silyl‐protected inosine, guanosine, and 2′‐deoxyguanosine is described. Typically, a THF solution of the silylated nucleoside is treated with 1H‐benzotriazol‐1‐yloxy‐tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) and Cs2CO3 under a nitrogen atmosphere. Conversion to the O6‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl) ethers occurs within about 10 min for inosine, and within about 60 min for guanosine and 2′‐deoxyguanosine. Then, for reaction with alcohols, the reaction mixture is evaporated and the O6‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl) ether is treated with Cs2CO3 and an appropriate alcohol, at room temperature. On the other hand, for reaction with phenols, Cs2CO3 and the appropriate phenol are added to the reaction mixture without evaporation, and the reaction is carried out at 70°C. Subsequently, workup, isolation, and purification lead to the requisite O6‐alkyl or O6‐aryl ethers in good to excellent yields. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 49:1.26.1‐1.26.16. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the KEGG Database Resource
Authors: Tanabe Mao , Kanehisa Minoru 
Published: June 2012

AbstractKEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a bioinformatics resource for understanding the functions and utilities of cells and organisms from both high‐level and genomic perspectives. It is a self‐sufficient, integrated resource consisting of genomic, chemical, and network information, with cross‐references to numerous outside databases. The genomic and chemical information is a complete set of building blocks (genes and molecules) and the network information includes molecular wiring diagrams (interaction/reaction networks) and hierarchical classifications (relation networks) to represent high‐level functions. This unit describes protocols for using KEGG, focusing on molecular network information in KEGG PATHWAY, KEGG BRITE, and KEGG MODULE, perturbed molecular networks in KEGG DISEASE and KEGG DRUG, molecular building block information in KEGG GENES and KEGG LIGAND, and a mechanism for linking genomes to molecular networks in KEGG ORTHOLOGY (KO). All of these many protocols enable the user to take advantage of the full breadth of the functionality provided by KEGG. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 38:1.12.1‐1.12.43. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the Reactome Database
Authors: Haw Robin , Stein Lincoln 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThere is considerable interest in the bioinformatics community in creating pathway databases. The Reactome project (a collaboration between the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York University Medical Center, and the European Bioinformatics Institute) is one such pathway database and collects structured information on all the biological pathways and processes in the human. It is an expert‐authored and peer‐reviewed, curated collection of well‐documented molecular reactions that span the gamut from simple intermediate metabolism to signaling pathways and complex cellular events. This information is supplemented with likely orthologous molecular reactions in mouse, rat, zebrafish, worm, and other model organisms. This unit describes how to use the Reactome database to learn the steps of a biological pathway; navigate and browse through the Reactome database; identify the pathways in which a molecule of interest is involved; use the Pathway and Expression analysis tools to search the database for and visualize possible connections within user‐supplied experimental data set and Reactome pathways; and the Species Comparison tool to compare human and model organism pathways. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 38:8.7.1‐8.7.23. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using Cloud Computing Infrastructure with CloudBioLinux, CloudMan, and Galaxy
Authors: Afgan Enis , Chapman Brad , Jadan Margita , Franke Vedran , Taylor James 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCloud computing has revolutionized availability and access to computing and storage resources, making it possible to provision a large computational infrastructure with only a few clicks in a Web browser. However, those resources are typically provided in the form of low‐level infrastructure components that need to be procured and configured before use. In this unit, we demonstrate how to utilize cloud computing resources to perform open‐ended bioinformatic analyses, with fully automated management of the underlying cloud infrastructure. By combining three projects, CloudBioLinux, CloudMan, and Galaxy, into a cohesive unit, we have enabled researchers to gain access to more than 100 preconfigured bioinformatics tools and gigabytes of reference genomes on top of the flexible cloud computing infrastructure. The protocol demonstrates how to set up the available infrastructure and how to use the tools via a graphical desktop interface, a parallel command‐line interface, and the Web‐based Galaxy interface. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 38:11.9.1‐11.9.20. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modulation of Dendritic Cells by Lipid Grafted Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules
Authors: De Temmerman Marie‐Luce , Rejman Joanna , Lucas Bart , Vandenbroucke Roosmarijn E. , Libert Claude , Demeester Jo , De Smedt Stefaan C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPolyelectrolyte microcapsules are fabricated by layer‐by‐layer deposition of dextran sulfate and poly‐L‐arginine layers at the surface of calcium carbonate template microparticles followed by core removal to produce hollow microcapsules. In the context of vaccination, these biodegradable LbL capsules emerge as promising antigen carriers and are believed to have potential for the co‐delivery of antigens and immunomodulators associated within the same particle to enhance and steer the type of immune response. To this end, it is shown that LbL microcapsules can be functionalized at their surface with lipid layers containing immunopotentiators of lipid nature. The potency of the different lipid modified microcapsules to activate dendritic cells (DCs) is demonstrated by increased expression levels of the migration marker CCR7 and the maturation markers CD40 and CD86. Additionally, the DCs cytokine secretion profile is evaluated. The findings reveal that the lipid grafted microcapsules are superior to non‐modified microcapsules in DC activation and suggest their potential as immune modulating antigen delivery systems.
Highly Porous and Preferentially Oriented {100} Platinum Nanowires and Thin Films
Authors: Ponrouch Alexandre , Garbarino Sébastien , Bertin Erwan , Andrei Carmen , Botton Gianluigi A. , Guay Daniel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHighly {100} oriented Pt deposits were prepared by electrodeposition from a 10 mM HCl, 100 mM KCl and Na2PtCl6.xH2O electrolyte. The deposits were prepared in the form of thin films and array of nanowires. A qualitative assessment of the proportion of {100} oriented Pt surfaces was obtained through X‐ray diffraction measurements and cyclic voltammetry in 0.5 M H2SO4. The effect of the deposition potential, Edep, temperature of the electrolyte, Tdep, platinum salt concentration [Na2PtCl6.xH2O], and nature of the substrate were investigated. It was shown that the proportion of {100} oriented Pt surfaces reaches a maximum for Edep = ‐0.35 V vs SCE. Moreover, this proportion increases steadily as Tdep and [Na2PtCl6.xH2O] are decreased from 75 to 25 °C and from 2.5 to 0.25 mM, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy micrographs indicate that the more oriented samples are made of pine tree‐like structures that are effectively single crystals, and that the growth facets appear to be close to the {001} plane. This observation also clearly indicates that the plane exposed during the CV experiment is also {001}. As suggested by these micrographs, the films and nanowires are highly porous and roughness factors as large as 1000 were obtained on highly {100} oriented Pt nanowires. The predominance of {100} facets is attributed to their energetically favoured growth in the presence of hydrogen, and is shown to be significantly enhanced when the mass transport of Pt4+ is limited. Due to the predominance of {100} facets, the normalized electrocatalytic activity (μA cm−2Pt) for the electro‐oxidation of hydrazine and ammonia is higher than non‐oriented polycrystalline Pt by a factor of 4 and 2.7, respectively.
Nanoarchitecture Multi‐Structural Cathode Materials for High Capacity Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wang Dapeng , Belharouak Ilias , Zhou Guangwen , Amine Khalil 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLithium‐rich composite cathodes have been extensively investigated for lithium‐ion batteries. Nanoarchitecture hydroxide precursor for these cathodes with two levels of particle agglomeration (1–2 μm and 10 μm) is produced using a co‐precipitation method. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction confirm that the precursor is a composite comprising transition metal hydroxides and Mn3O4. Cathode materials synthesized based on the precursor are “layered (R$ \bar 3 $m)‐layered (C2/m)‐spinel (Fd$ \bar 3 $m)” composite phase. The electrochemical performance of lithium cells utilizing this material as the cathode is determined to be excellent. Both the layered‐layered‐spinel composite structure and the nanoarchitecture morphology contribute to the electrochemical performance advantage of this material over other cathode materials.
Phosphorous Pentasulfide as a Novel Additive for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Lin Zhan , Liu Zengcai , Fu Wujun , Dudney Nancy J. , Liang Chengdu 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries suffer from rapid capacity decay and low energy efficiency because of the low solubility of lithium sulfide (Li2S) in organic solvents and the intrinsic polysulfide shuttle phenomenon. Here, a novel additive, phosphorus pentasulfide (P2S5) in organic electrolyte, is reported to boost the cycling performance of Li‐S batteries. The function of the additive is two‐fold: 1) P2S5 promotes the dissolution of Li2S and alleviates the loss of capacity caused by the precipitation of Li2S and 2) P2S5 passivates the surface of lithium metal and therefore eliminates the polysulfide shuttle phenomenon. A Li‐S test cell demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 900–1350 mAh g−1 and a high coulombic efficiency of ≥90% for at least 40 stable cycles at 0.1 C.