bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A National Epidemic of Campylobacteriosis in Iceland, Lessons Learned
Authors: Tustin J. , Laberge K. , Michel P. , Reiersen J. , Dađadóttir S. , Briem H. , Harđardóttir H. , Kristinsson K. , Gunnarsson E. , Friđriksdóttir V. , Georgsson F. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryEpidemics often result in organizational, policy and technical changes within a country. In 1999, an epidemic of campylobacteriosis was reported in Iceland. The recent availability of fresh poultry products in the marketplace was suggested as the source of infection. This paper reports on the context of the epidemic, reviews interventions implemented to prevent campylobacteriosis, and discusses lessons learned. A retrospective study of interventions implemented in Iceland from June 1995 to December 2007 was conducted by interviewing key informants and reviewing Iceland’s literature. Cumulative incidence rates of domestic campylobacteriosis by year and average incidence rates per epidemic period were calculated. Interventions included on‐farm surveillance of Campylobacter, producer education, enhanced biosecurity measures, changes in poultry processing, a leak‐proof packaging policy, a freezing policy for products from Campylobacter‐positive poultry flocks, consumer education, and the creation of a legislated inter‐organizational response committee. These interventions appear to have collectively contributed to a decrease in campylobacteriosis’ incidence rate near pre‐epidemic baseline levels. Expert consultations revealed that the implementation of a Campylobacter surveillance program in poultry and the freezing policy were critical to controlling the disease in the Icelandic population. It was also recognized that new multidisciplinary collaborations among public health, veterinary, and food safety authorities and a sustained co‐operation from the poultry industry were integral factors to the mitigation of the epidemic. Iceland’s response to the campylobacteriosis epidemic is a lesson learned of inter‐disciplinary and inter‐organizational precautionary public health action in the face of a complex public health issue.
Surface Modification of Individual Imogolite Nanotubes with Alkyl Phosphate from an Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ma Wei , Kim Jungeun , Otsuka Hideyuki , Takahara Atsushi 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Synthetic imogolite surface was modified with alkyl phosphate by covalent bonding from an aqueous solution, and the individual imogolite tubes with a hydrophobic external surface were directly observed with transmission electron microscopy.
Metal Coordinative-crosslinked Polysaccharide Nanogels with Redox Sensitivity
Authors: Sasaki Yoshihiro , Hirakura Tai , Sawada Shin-ichi , Akiyoshi Kazunari 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Metal coordinative-crosslinked nanogels were prepared by introducing a metal–ligand to a hydrophilic polysaccharide. The redox couple of Co(II) and Co(III) was utilized for construction of a redox-sensitive nanogel system. This is a new method for the preparation of hybrid nanogels with dual network structures of both physically and coordinative-crosslinking points.
Should shrimp culture be blamed? The interactions of diverse natural resources utilization in shrimp culture
Authors: Epa UPK , Wijeyaratne MJS 
Published: January 2011

Due to high demand and high price received for the produce and also due to capture fishery can no longer meet the demand, the shrimp culture industry is rapidly growing, especially in coastal belt of Asia where most of the environmental factors are conducive. In recent years, number of problems associated with the expansion of the industry has been identified. Therefore, the shrimp culture is considered to be environmentally damaging and unfriendly and as such it has been the target of criticism by environmental conservation lobby groups. As a result of such criticism the general public is of the impression that the shrimp farming is dangerous to the environment and to the economic development of a country. This paper explores the popular negative image of shrimp pond culture, focusing on the diverse natural resources utilization by the industry in tropical coastal areas.Keywords: Shrimp; environment; mangroves; pollution DOI: 10.4038/josuk.v4i0.2695J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 4 (2008): 21-35
Amoeba
Authors: Anderson O Roger , Rogerson Andrew 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Amoebae are single‐celled eukaryotic microorganisms that move by cytoplasmic streaming and possess characteristic surface projections of the cell known as pseudopodia. They are categorised among the heterotrophic protozoa and are grouped with photosynthetic protozoa and algae in an eclectic group, the protists. Modern molecular genetic research has begun to clarify the evolutionary relationships among the amoeboid protists leading to a more natural classification system. The focus here is on the naked amoebae (formerly known as gymnamoebae) that are included in the taxonomic group Amoebozoa. They are important as members of microbial communities where they are significant links in the foodwebs, promote purification of water in the natural environment and waste water treatment plants and contribute to the fertility of aquatic and terrestrial environments. Only a few are known to be human pathogens or carriers of pathogens, including the pathogenic bacterium causing Legionnaires disease.

Key Concepts:

Amoebae, though considered to be primitive unicellular organisms, have a highly complex cellular organisation and exhibit diverse behaviour.

Amoeboid protists, a group of pseudopod‐bearing unicellular organisms, are an eclectic group of phylogenetically diverse organisms that have adapted a similar amoeboid morphology through convergent evolution.

Naked amoebae lack a substantial surface coat or layer that distinguishes them from the testate amoebae, enclosed by an external test or tectum with one or more openings where the pseudopodia emerge.

Amoebae prey on a wide variety of other unicellular organisms, including bacteria and protists, though the smaller amoebae are almost exclusively bacterial predators.

Free‐living amoebae are significant members of aquatic and terrestrial communities where they serve as links at the base of the food web, promote remineralisation of nutrients through predation on bacteria and help to clarify waste water supply by removing bacteria and promoting the degradation of suspended waste particles.
Fruit Structure and Diversity
Authors: Ferrandiz Cristina 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Fruits are produced by flowers after pollination and fertilisation and derive mainly from the pistil of the flower. Fruits have a major economical importance, constituting the most valuable part of the crop production of the world. Fruits provide seeds with protection and mechanisms for dispersal and, thus, represent a key evolutionary innovation of the Angiosperms, enabling the offspring to travel and colonise new areas. Fruits may be dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indehiscent, and are adapted in a great variety of ways for the dispersal of seeds. Our knowledge on the genetics of fruit development has improved substantially in the past few years, mainly through studies of the dehiscence process in

Arabidopsis thaliana

and of the ripening process in tomato.

Key Concepts:

Fruits serve two main purposes: protect the developing seeds and ensure seed dispersal.

Fruits represent a major evolutionary innovation, key for Angiosperm success.

Fruit morphological and functional diversity reflect adaptations to different agents that are used for dispersal.
Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse
Authors: Osborne Michael A 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran was a French army physician. His 1880 discovery of the malaria parasite and other contributions to medical parasitology merited the 1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He also worked on sleeping sickness, Leishmaniasis and other parasitic human and animal diseases.

Key Concepts:

The parasite of malaria was discovered in 1880.

Malaria was an important disease in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin.
Interference Reflection Microscopy
Authors: Weber Igor 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInterference reflection microscopy (IRM) utilises interference of light reflected from closely apposed surfaces to provide an image containing information about the separation of those surfaces. In cell biology, IRM is used to image structures at the base of adherent cells and to measure cell–substratum distances, as well as to investigate mechanisms of cell–substratum adhesion. IRM is also used to study topology and dynamics of biomimetic systems such as vesicles, supported membranes and other multilayered structures. Basic IRM optical configuration is relatively easy to set up, and image analysis can provide information about interfacial distances with nanometer precision and millisecond time resolution. IRM can be readily combined with other microscopic techniques, and with force transducing devices such as optical tweezers, micropipettes and microcantilevers. New advancements in the field include dual‐wavelength IRM and fluctuation contrast IRM.Key Concepts:Interference reflection microscopy measures the distance between close surfaces.Cell adhesion areas such as focal contacts can be mapped by IRM.IRM provides vertical resolution in the nanometer range.Dual‐wavelength IRM removes ambiguity in measurements of vertical distances up to 800 nm.IRM can determine amplitudes of local membrane fluctuations.
History of Ecology
Authors: Jax Kurt 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Although there have been ‘ecological’ ideas and investigations over many centuries, the history of ecology as a self‐conscious science started only in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Originating from different roots, especially natural history and physiology, it soon developed into different specialities, such as animal and plant ecology, which at first developed at least partly independently from each other. Nevertheless, already from the first half of the twentieth century on, there have been attempts to arrive at unifying theories, an important culmination of which can be seen in the rise of ecosystems ecology. In the wake of an emerging awareness for environmental problems in the 1960s, ecology also became perceived by a broader public. This led to increasing demands on the science and also changed the work and subjects of ecologists to include much more application‐driven and interdisciplinary research.

Key Concepts:

Ecology has always been a hybrid science, building both on natural history and on physiology.

The different traditions of ecology have developed partly independently during the first decades of ecology as a ‘self‐conscious ecology’.

Only since the 1960s and 1970s ecology became a field also known and valued outside smaller academic circles.

Ecology is basically a biological science, must not be confused with ‘environmental thinking’.
GAS

5
Gene
Authors: Hirose Tetsuro 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

GAS5

(growth arrest‐specific 5) is a nonprotein‐coding small nucleolar
ribonucleic acid
(snoRNA) host gene. Ten box C/D snoRNAs are encoded within the 11 introns of the human

GAS5

gene, whereas the spliced exons have little protein‐coding potential.

GAS5

has been classified as a member of the 5′ oligopyrimidine tract (5′ TOP) gene family. It is ubiquitously expressed, but the spliced

GAS5

transcript is rapidly degraded in proliferating cells. Growth‐dependent translation mediated by the 5′ TOP sequence present at its 5′‐terminus determines the level of the

GAS5

spliced transcript by a mechanism of translation‐linked RNA degradation. The spliced

GAS5

transcript plays a critical role in arresting cell growth and inducing apoptosis. The decreased expression of

GAS5

in breast cancer suggests that

GAS5

acts as a tumour suppressor. The spliced

GAS5

transcript suppresses steroid‐responsive transcription by direct association of the several steroid receptors and acts as a molecular decoy.

Key Concepts:

GAS5
is a nonprotein‐coding small nucleolar RNA host gene.

A translation‐linked mRNA decay pathway controls growth arrest‐specific accumulation of
GAS5
by way of its 5′‐terminal oligopyrimidine tract (5′ TOP).

GAS5
functions to arrest cell growth and to induce apoptosis.

GAS5
binds to steroid hormone receptors through its 3′‐terminal stem‐loop structure to suppress steroid‐responsive transcription.
Schizophrenia and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Sundram Frederick , Murphy Kieran C 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), also known as velocardiofacial syndrome, is the most frequent known interstitial deletion found in humans. It is associated with high rates of psychiatric disorder and, in particular, schizophrenia (approximately 30%) and schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders. The 22q11.2 region is rich in genes coding for brain development, and consequently, deletion of 22q11.2 provides a useful neurodevelopmental model for understanding the evolution of psychotic disorders in both 22q11.2DS and the nondeleted general population. 22q11.2DS is also associated with significant structural and functional neuroanatomical abnormalities, which underlie the high rates of psychosis seen in affected individuals. Further research is currently underway to determine the cognitive, genetic and neuroanatomical correlates of psychosis seen in the disorder.

Key Concepts:

22q11.2DS provides for a genetic and neurodevelopmental model for understanding psychotic disorder seen not only with the syndrome but can also be extrapolated to the general nondeleted population.

Although 22q11.2DS is associated with marked phenotypic variability, psychiatric disorder and, in particular, schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders occur in approximately 30% of deleted individuals.

Schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders arise as prodromal or subthreshold psychotic symptoms during childhood and adolescence followed by subsequent expression during adulthood where it is largely indistinguishable from the psychosis seen in the nondeleted population.

Apart from being the monozygotic co‐twin of a proband with psychosis or being the offspring of parents with schizophrenia, 22q11.2 deletion is the highest known risk factor for the development of schizophrenia.
Image Analysis Tools in Proteomics
Authors: Dowsey Andrew W , English Jane A , Lisacek Frederique , Morris Jeffrey S , Yang Guang‐Zhong , Dunn Michael J 
Published: January 2011

AbstractImage analysis tools have matured into a number of established commercial packages and freely available programs that underpin research in expression proteomics. With respect to the available tools, we describe the challenges and methods for image analysis in two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and the emerging high‐throughput ‘shotgun’ proteomics platform of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Two workflows can be identified: the established pipeline of spot detection followed by spot matching, and the new alternative pipeline of image alignment followed by consensus spot detection. In practice, image analysis is often viewed as a major bottleneck in proteomics, and we will further touch on emerging research that aims to statistically model and integrate data earlier in the pipeline to minimise manual interaction and therefore the subjective bias and restrictions that it brings.Key Concepts:Precise quantification and differential analysis of protein expression is reliant on semiautomated image analysis tools.Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) datasets can be processed in a similar manner to 2‐D gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) by conversion to images with the mass to charge ratio on one axis and retention time on the other.The conventional image analysis workflow involves detection of protein/peptide spots on each dataset followed by matching of corresponding spots between each dataset and a designated reference.An alternative workflow has emerged, which warps the images into alignment before determining a consensus spot detection on the set of images as a whole.It is important for all researchers to understand the differing unique challenges for analysis tools posed by 2‐DE and LC/MS, such as varying operating conditions, artefacts and contaminants.LC/MS analyses also include peptide deisotoping and charge state estimation steps, plus computation of normalised retention times for improved peptide identification.Sound statistical treatment of the results is key, including the use of the false discovery rate correction for overcoming the multiple hypothesis problem.With existing approaches, errors at each stage propagate and amplify as the pipeline progresses; therefore, emerging techniques are aiming to provide an integrated consensus analysis that borrows strength across the image set.Consensus pinnacle detection and image‐based alignment and deconvolution are novel methods that can provide automated, reliable and robust quantification.Functional data analysis presents a new statistical paradigm for image‐based differential detection able to compensate for multiple experimental factors and discover protein regulation in comigrated regions missed by spot‐centric approaches.
Family‐based Association Test (
FBAT
)
Authors: Laird Nan M 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Statistical tests of association are commonly used to confirm or exclude a relationship between disease and selected genes. Tests which are based on data from unrelated individuals are very popular, but can be biased if the sample contains individuals with different genetic ancestries. Family‐based Association tests avoid the problem of bias due to mixed ancestry by using within family comparisons. Many different family designs are possible, the most popular using parents and offspring, but others use just sibships. Dichotomous, measured and time‐to‐onset phenotypes can be accommodated. FBATs are generally less powerful than tests based on a sample of unrelated individuals, but special settings exist, for example testing for rare variants with affected offspring and their parents, where the family design has a power advantage.

Key Concepts:

Genetic tests based on population samples can be biased due to differing genetic ancestries.

Association designs using family members can avoid bias by using within family comparison.

The simplest family test is the TDT which uses affected offspring and their parents.

FBAT refers to a class of tests for family designs that can accommodate any type of genetic model, any phenotype and any family configuration, e.g. parents and their offspring, sibships or even general pedigrees.

In general, FBAT's are less powerful than their population‐based counter‐parts, and they generally also require more genotyping, but in some circumstances, e.g. for rare variants and in testing for gene–environment interactions, they can be more powerful.
Deciphering the Evolution of the Mitochondrial Genetic Code in Arthropods
Authors: Abascal Federico , Patricio Mateus , Zardoya Rafael , Posada David 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Inside arthropod's mitochondria the AGG codon is translated differently by distinct species. In some species, AGG is translated as lysine (Lys), whereas in others the typical mitochondrial genetic code of invertebrates operates, and AGG is translated as serine (Ser). There are also arthropods that, instead of translating AGG as Lys or Ser, simply make no use of this codon. The reassignment of the translation of the AGG codon from Ser to Lys has never been observed outside this taxonomic group. The molecular basis of this reassignment lies on point mutations at the anticodons of tRNA (transfer
ribonucleic acid
)–Ser and tRNA–Lys. Decodification of the AGG codon by the tRNA–Lys (with a CUU anticodon) requires a unique wobble pairing at the second position. The low affinity between the AGG codon and the CUU anticodon most likely explains why tRNA–Ser dominates over tRNA–Lys when both are able to recognise AGG. Ancestral character state reconstruction suggests that the arthropod‐specific genetic code variant (AGG=Lys) possibly was already present in the ancestor of arthropods, having reverted to the invertebrate character state (AGG=Ser) multiple times in different arthropod lineages.

Key Concepts:

The genetic code provides a translation table between the DNA and protein alphabets.

A standard genetic code shared by all life domains exists, but there are many variants.

Alternative genetic codes are frequently found in metazoan mitochondrial genomes, probably due to their small size and lack of several tRNAs.

Arthropods encompass a unique variant in which the AGG codon is translated as lysine, instead of serine, which is the standard meaning of AGG in invertebrates.

Some arthropods make no use of the AGG codon.

Several events of codon reassignment and reversions have occurred in parallel along the arthropod lineages.

The translation of the AGG codon as lysine implies an exceptional wobble pairing with the CUU anticodon at the second position (G::U).
l‐carnitine: Structure and Function
Authors: Demarquoy Jean 
Published: January 2011

Abstractl‐carnitine is found in nearly all living cells.l‐carnitine present in human body can be either provided by a biosynthetic pathway or by food. Carnitine plays a major role in lipid and energy metabolism. In the human body, the primary role ofl‐carnitine is to shuttle long‐chain fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are used to produce energy.l‐carnitine is also involved in the peroxisomal oxidative metabolism and serves as a cofactor for various enzymatic reactions. Several reports suggest thatl‐carnitine may act as an anti‐oxidant agent and limit the deleterious effects of free radicals. Many studies have estimated the role and the potential effectiveness ofl‐carnitine in various physiological and pathophysiological states such as physical exercise, heart disease, aging, weight management and brain function. A deficiency inl‐carnitine has marked effects on the function of skeletal muscle, heart and nervous cells.Key Concepts:Carnitine is a cofactor for many enzymatic reactions.Carnitine regulates various physiological functions.Carnitine may limit ROS attack.
Photochemical Transformations Involving Copper Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines
Authors: Sergeeva Natalia N. , Senge Mathias O. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Introduction

Basic Photochemistry of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines

Electron Transfer Systems and Photochemical Reactions

Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Applied Photochemistry

Green Chemistry of Copper‐Based Dyes: Photodegradation, Stabilization and Photocatalysis

Photobiochemistry

Acknowledgements
Copper(
I
) Hydride Reagents and Catalysts
Authors: Riant Olivier 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Introduction

Preparation and Characterization of Copper Hydride Complexes and Catalysts

S
tryker's Reagent as a Chemoselective Reducing Agent

Catalytic Hydrosilylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Substrates

Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Ketones and Imines

Catalytic Domino Reactions

Hydrocupration of Alkynes
Fluorinated Organocopper Reagents
Authors: Davis Charles R. , Burton Donald J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroductionFluoroalkenylcopper ReagentsDifluorovinylcopper ReagentsPerfluoroallylcopper ReagentsPerfluoroalkynylcopper ReagentsCarboalkoxydifluoromethylenecopper ReagentsDialkoxyphosphinylfluoromethylcopper ReagentDialkoxyphosphinyldifluoromethylcopper ReagentsPerfluorobenzylcopper ReagentPerfluoroalkylcopper ReagentsPentafluorophenylcopper Reagent2,3,5,6‐Tetrafluoropyridylcopper Reagents