bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-resolution study of layering within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Brown Joel , Harper Joel , Pfeffer W. Tad , Humphrey Neil , Bradford John 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWithin the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet, the relationship between radar-derived internal reflection horizons and the layered structure of the firn column is unclear. We conducted two small-scale ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in conjunction with 10 m firn cores that we collected within the percolation and soaked facies of the Greenland ice sheet. The two surveys were separated by a distance of ~50 km and ~340m of elevation leading to ~40 days of difference in the duration of average annual melt. At the higher site (~1997ma.s.l.), which receives less melt, we found that internal reflection horizons identified in GPR data were largely laterally continuous over the grid; however, stratigraphic layers identified in cores could not be traced between cores over any distance from 1.5 to 14.0 m. Thus, we found no correlation between firn core stratigraphy observed directly and radar-derived internal reflection horizons. At the lower site (~1660ma.s.l.), which receives more melt, we found massive ice layers >0.5m thick and stratigraphic boundaries that span >15m horizontally. Some ice layers and stratigraphic boundaries correlate well with internal reflection horizons that are laterally continuous over the area of the radar grid. Internal reflection horizons identified at ~1997ma.s.l. are likely annual isochrones, but the reflection horizons identified at ~1660ma.s.l. are likely multi-annual features. We find that mapping accumulation rates over long distances by tying core stratigraphy to radar horizons may lead to ambiguous results because: (1) there is no stratigraphic correlation between firn cores at the 1997 m location; and (2) the reflection horizons at the 1660m location are multi-annual features.
A paleoclimatic perspective on the 21st-century glacier loss on Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Authors: Thompson Lonnie G. , Mosley-Thompson Ellen , Davis Mary E. , Mountain Keith 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAssessing the significance of current glacier loss on Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, demands a well-constrained temporal perspective. That context is provided by direct measurements, ancillary observations of the ice fields and the analyses of the ice cores collected from them. Ice retreat mechanisms observed there today are consistent with the preservation of the oldest ice, ~11.7 ka, in the central deepest part of the Northern Ice Field (NIF). This ice-core derived paleoclimate history published by Thompson and others (2002) is further confirmed by more recent paleoclimate records from tropical East Africa. Mounting evidence suggests that the (anticipated) loss of the entire NIF will be unprecedented within the past 10 000 years. New evidence bears directly on the mechanisms driving the current ice loss. Measurements made in 2000 on the NIF document that air temperature at 0.5 and 1.5 m above the surface remained below 5°C, while a surface temperature of 0.0°C was sustained for up to 8 hours d-1 under clear conditions, consistent with observations of melting on all Kilimanjaro summit ice fields. The linear relationship between oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios for all six ice cores drilled in 2000 lies very close to the global meteoric waterline and does not support sublimation (evaporation) as a major driver of ice loss today or in the past on Kilimanjaro.
La trajectoire éducative du Viêt-nam depuis 1945 : logiques politiques et logiques sociales
Authors: Martin Jean-Yves 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le caractère exceptionnel du développement de la scolarisation au Viêt-nam justifie que l’on l’interroge autant sur les ressorts politiques et sociaux qui ont joué historiquement en sa faveur que sur la réalité qu’il recouvre, en particulier dans la période contemporaine. L’article aborde l’héritage scolaire de la colonisation, héritage déterminant quant à la naissance de fortes aspirations éducatives dans la société vietnamienne. Puis il rend compte de la mise en place, dans le Viêt-nam du Nord et jusqu’à la fin de la guerre américaine, de la maîtrise nationale d’une transmission généralisée des savoirs, puis, une fois la paix revenue, des défis qu’a dû affronter la politique éducative : l’unification des systèmes scolaires, la crise économique et surtout les transformations sociales issues de la politique de libéralisation.
Partenariat bailleur/État et communauté pour l'enseignement primaire dans le sud de Madagascar : les écoles à « contrat-programme »
Authors: Deleigne Marie-Christine 
Published: January 2012

Résumé	Depuis le milieu des années quatre-vingt, l’école primaire publique à Madagascar est en crise, tant du point de vue de la qualité de l’enseignement que de la fréquentation scolaire. Le projet « Education primaire », issu du partenariat entre le ministère de l’Éducation nationale et l’Unicef, tente depuis 1995 de remédier à cette crise en impliquant davantage les communautés. Ce projet a pour originalité d’établir des contrats (dina) avec la population, lesquels s’inspirent du système législatif coutumier local. Au terme de cinq innées d’existence, les résultats du projet sont limités. Une enquête socioanthropologique sur « l’enfance, l’éducation et la scolarisation » menée en 1999-2000 auprès de familles rurales de l’extrémité sud de l’île, a permis d’appréhender les stratégies et perceptions des communautés face au projet. Si l’implication de la communauté et l’intégration du contexte local participent au succès du projet en termes d’adhésion et d’appropriation par les populations, les dysfonctionnements observés résultent de l’absence même d’éléments intrinsèques au système législatif et juridique dont il s’inspire : la responsabilité de chacun des acteurs dans les dysfonctionnements observés semble découler de ce vide » juridique.
La décentralisation sud-africaine et les métropoles : les défis de Durban
Authors: Lootvoet Benoît , Khan Sultan 
Published: January 2012

Résumé En installant les premières municipalités conformes à la Constitution de 1996, l’Afrique du Sud expérimente un modèle de décentralisation dans lequel le gouvernement local est une sphère de gouvernement au même titre que le gouvernement national et provincial. En charge des services publics et du développement local, les gouvernements locaux se voient ainsi confier une bonne part de la responsabilité de résorber la pauvreté et les inégalités sociales héritées de l’apartheid. La nature de ce défi est ici illustrée à partir de l’étude de Durban. Cette métropole donne à voir un pouvoir local qui a la capacité financière de définir une politique de développement propre et qui ambitionne de s’imposer, sinon comme régulateur, du moins comme interlocuteur incontournable sur la scène de l’économie locale. Cet exemple introduit la question du risque, dans le contexte de la décentralisation sud-africaine, « d’autonomisation » des métropoles qui concentrent l’essentiel de la richesse nationale.
Gestion de l'environnement urbain et municipalisation en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas de Mopti (Mali)
Authors: Dorier-Apprill Élisabeth 
Published: January 2012

Résumé L’analyse de la situation environnementale à Mopti révèle le décalage entre l’abstraction des discours globaux sur la décentralisation et le développement durable, la rationalité des priorités de gestion énoncés par le 3 e projet urbain, les bonnes intentions de la coopération décentralisée, et des réalités de terrain où la complexité des pratiques et des représentations culturelles se mêlent aux contradictions d’intérêts entre acteurs locaux. La ville est marquée par l’absence de toute gestion collective des eaux usées et notamment des effluents fécaux. La pratique courante est l’épandage sur des berges en cours de remblaiement (dépôts d’ordures ménagères) occupées par les huttes temporaires des migrants saisonniers. Cette pratique génère à la fois des conflits d’usages et de graves risques épidémiologiques (récurrence d’épidémies de choléra, la dernière en 1995). Malgré le risque vital, le peu d’enthousiasme des pouvoirs publics aux solutions proposées jusqu’à présent par des bailleurs internationaux laisse entrevoir qu’il s’agit d’un problème conflictuel, miné par des enjeux fonciers qui sont accrus par le nouveau contexte de municipalisation. Dans les conditions où elle s’incarne actuellement sur le terrain au Mali, il n’est pas sûr que la décentralisation (significativement traduite en bamana par « retour du pouvoir au terroir ») se conjugue avec citoyenneté, et facilite des arbitrages en faveur d’un développement urbain durable.
Flaring of Ala Nasi: A Reliable Diagnostic Sign for Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia
Authors: Menon Jayakumar R 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
A prospective double blinded controlled study was done to assess the relation between flaring of ala nasi and abductor spasms in abductor spasmodic dysphonia. All the 24 cases of clinically and stroboscopically proven cases of abductor spasmodic dysphonia were found to have visible and easily detectable flaring of ala nasi during the abductor spasm. Among the control group of 24 dysphonia patients, only two cases showed this sign. Both were cases of vocal nodules. Rest of the vocal nodule cases in the study did not show this sign. Even the two cases which demonstrated this particular finding had the ala nasi flaring almost persistently during the phonation, as opposed to the constantly recurring pattern found in abductor spasmodic dysphonia. The study found definite association between the clinical sign of flaring of ala nasi and abductor spasmodic dysphonia.

Objective
To study the reliability of flaring of ala nasi as a diagnostic sign in abductor spasmodic dysphonia.
Reliability of Frozen Section Analysis in Transoral Laser Microsurgery of Upper Aerodigestive Tract Advanced Malignant Tumors
Authors: Matar Nayla , Lawson Georges , Remacle Marc , Nollevaux Marie-Cécile , Delos Monique , Jamart Jacques 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective
Transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) for endoscopic excision of head and neck cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract has become an accepted treatment modality. As in any excision of head and neck tumors, the persistance of tumor at the surgical margins influences the outcome. One of the frequent criticisms of endoscopic resection is that the laser use makes interpretation of the surgical margins difficult due to the thermal effect. The goal of this study is to assess the reliability of frozen section after laser excision in locally advanced tumors.

Methods
The charts of patients with T2 and T3 tumors, who underwent TLM between January 2000 and 2008, using the CO2 laser AcuBlade system were reviewed. Frozen section margin results obtained during TLM were compared with margins after formalin fixation.

Results
Sixty-seven patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 20 had supraglottic tumors, 22 had oral cavity tumors, 13 had oropharyngeal tumors and 12 had hypopharyngeal tumors. Fifty-nine had no prior treatment, seven had prior radiation therapy and one had prior open surgery. The mean number of frozen margins per surgery was 4. Histological examination on the formalin-fixed tissue confirmed frozen section in 97% of the cases. In 3% of the frozen sections, the diagnosis of invasive carcinoma was missed. None of these patients had significant locoregional disease progression.

Conclusion
Frozen section analysis of margins is reliable during TLM when performed by an experienced team. It enables a one-stage approach reducing the need of a planned second procedure.
Stroboscopic and Multiparametric Acoustic Analysis of Voice after Vocal Loading Task
Authors: Samuel John , Mahalingam Shenbagavalli , Balasubramaniyam Subramaniyam , Boominathan Prakash , Arunachalam Ravikumar 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Voice overuse may result in roughness, fatigue and pain while speaking. Vocal loading tasks have been used to assess changes in voice quality under different controlled settings. This study was done to document changes in voice characteristics before, immediately and 24 hours post-vocal loading task (VLT) using stroboscopic and acoustic analysis.

Materials and methods
Ten healthy adult males (age range: 20 to 40 years) with no apparent comorbid illness participated in the study. They were instructed to read the standard Rainbow passage at intensity above 75 dB SPL until they perceived any symptoms of fatigue/ strain. Stroboscopy and comprehensive voice assessment were done on all subjects before, immediate post VLT and 24 hours post VLT.

Results
Symptoms of vocal fatigue were noted on an average of 45 minutes of loud reading. Vocal fold edema, ventricular band hyperadduction and arytenoid congestion were noticed in immediate post task. The vocal fold movements were asymmetric and aperiodic with reduced mucosal wave and amplitude. Maximum phonation time (MPT) revealed statistically significant decrease (approximately 7 sec). Multiparametric acoustic analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in fundamental frequency, perturbation measures and lowest intensity with significant decrease in dysphonia severity index (DSI). All parameters (stroboscopic findings, perceptual, aerodynamic and acoustic analysis) showed values within normal limits after 24 hours post-task indicating recovery at 24 hours after vocal loading. Stroboscopy served as an evidence for structural and functional changes in the vocal fold. Changes in voice characteristics and recovery following vocal loading task can be documented using comprehensive voice assessment.
An Analytical Study of Age and Gender Effects on Voice Range Profile in Bengali Adult Speakers using Phonetogram
Authors: Kumar Suman , Roychoudhury Amitabha , Chatterjee Indranil , Halder Hindol , Bari Sayani 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
The study was aimed to analyze the changes in acoustic parameters based upon age and gender effects and to obtain normal voice range profile (VRP) of adult male and female of three different age range. Total no. of 90 subjects were grouped into three groups as per their age (20-30, 40-50 and 60-70 years) consisting 15 males and 15 females in each group. All participants were native Bengla speakers, not reported to have any speech, language, hearing, respiratory, or any other motor/ sensory deficits. Dr. Speech Software Phonetogram (version 4) and SPSS software (version 11.0) were used as tools. VRP parameters such as maximum and minimum fundamental frequency (F0), fundamental frequency range, sound pressure level (SPL), semitone and area were measured. Subjects were asked to phonate /a/ vowel in seven consistent registering in normal loudness. The mentioned parameters were measured by the tools. Responses were statistically analyzed by SPSS software (version 11.0). There was significant difference in fundamental frequency of males and females. But, there were no such significant difference in other parameters. For females endochronological changes results in more massive vocal folds and consequently, reduced F0 in old age group. Elderly males had a significantly higher F0 than young and middle aged due to vocal cord atrophy and tissue stiffening. In daily practice, the clinician prefers to make use of visual tools to treat the patient with voice problem.
Granular Cell Tumor of Larynx in a Young Boy
Authors: Murthy PSN , Devarakonda Vennela , LNU Bhanuprasad , Anupama M , Sitalatha C 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Granular cell tumors are rare head and neck tumors and not a common presentation in larynx. We present a young boy of 12 years attending with hoarseness of voice. Clinical examination showed a well-defined lesion on the vocal process of the left vocal cord which was excised completely under operating microscope. The biopsy report came as histological surprise as granular cell tumor. The case is presented for its rarity of the lesion in the unusual site of the larynx.
Dream Interpretation and the Organic Metaphor of the State in John of Salisbury's Policraticus
Authors: Dean Swinford 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
In the history of political thought, John of Salisbury's Policraticus has been claimed as an important source for the idea of the organic metaphor of the state. In explaining the significance of this idea, commentators and translators tend to focus on its inclusion in the latter half of the Policraticus to the exclusion of material, including a discourse on dream interpretation, in the first several books of the work that have been deemed overly medieval and, hence, extraneous. This essay argues that John's representation in book 2 of dream interpretation as a mystical practice best trusted to spiritual advisers demonstrates structural connections in the work and should be read, like his representation of the organic metaphor, as an iteration of John's validation of clerical authority.
Prejudice is epistemically unwarranted belief
Authors: Lobato Emilio Jon Christopher , Holbrook Colin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn two preregistered online studies with U.S. adults, we provide evidence of a common psychological profile characterizing belief in prejudicial and non‐prejudicial epistemically unwarranted claims. We solicited self‐report ratings of beliefs in prejudicial and non‐prejudicial pseudoscientific, conspiratorial, and paranormal claims, as well as individual difference measures related to cognitive style, social dominance orientation (SDO), and trust in science. We found moderate to strong positive correlations between endorsing prejudicial and non‐prejudicial unwarranted claims, and robustly replicable associations between endorsement of all the assessed varieties of epistemically unwarranted beliefs, SDO, and perceptions of the credibility of science. Our findings suggest that individuals who endorse epistemically unwarranted beliefs are not only characterized by a rejection of epistemic authority (e.g., science), but also by preferences for a rigid, inequitably stratified society. This suggests that successfully challenging epistemically unwarranted beliefs may benefit by incorporating explicit challenges to social dominance motivations.
Visible‐Light Induced C‐3 Carbamoylation of Quinoxalinones Assisted by EDA Complex
Authors: Azim Aznur , Mandal Tanumoy , Vasudevan Vidhul , Patra Shefali , De Sarkar Suman 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA visible‐light‐promoted strategy for the decarboxylative C‐3 carbamoylation of quinoxalinone scaffolds is developed. This approach initiates through the formation of an EDA complex between oxamic acid and quinoxalinone. Successive SET and decarboxylative carbamoylation construct the C−C bond. This method utilizes aerial oxygen as the green oxidant and eradicates the process from the use of external photocatalysts and transition metals. Detailed synthetic and photophysical studies enlighten the reaction pathway.
Toughening Self‐Healing Elastomers with Chain Mobility
Authors: Tan Matthew Wei Ming , Thornton Patrick Michael , Thangavel Gurunathan , Bark Hyunwoo , Dauskardt Reinhold , Lee Pooi See 
Published: June 2024

AbstractEnhancing fracture toughness and self‐healing within soft elastomers is crucial to prolonging the operational lifetimes of soft devices. Herein, it is revealed that tuning the polymer chain mobilities of carboxylated‐functionalized polyurethane through incorporating plasticizers or thermal treatment can enhance these properties. Self‐healing is promoted as polymer chains gain greater mobility toward the broken interface to reassociate their bonds. Raising the temperature from 80 to 120 °C, the recovered work of fracture is increased from 2.86 to 123.7 MJ m−3. Improved fracture toughness is realized through two effects. First, strong carboxyl hydrogen bonds dissipate large energies when broken. Second, chain mobilities enable the redistribution of localized stress concentrations to allow crack blunting, enlarging the size of dissipation zones. At optimal conditions of plasticizers (3 wt.%) or temperature (40 °C) to promote chain mobilities, fracture toughness improves from 16.3 to 19.9 and 25.6 kJ m−2, respectively. Insights of fracture properties at healed soft interfaces are revealed through double cantilever beam tests. These measurements indicate that fracture mechanics play a critical role in delaying complete failure at partial self‐healing. By imparting optimal polymer chain mobilities within tough and self‐healing elastomers, effective prevention against damage and better recovery are realized.
Sexually Dimorphic Response to Hepatic Injury in Newborn Suffering from Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Authors: Wei Yu‐Sen , Tang Wen‐Jie , Mao Pei‐Yu , Mao Jiang‐Di , Ni Zhi‐Xiang , Hou Kang‐Wei , Valencak Teresa G. , Liu Da‐Ren , Ji Jun‐Fang , Wang Hai‐Feng 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), when a fetus does not grow as expected, is associated with a reduction in hepatic functionality and a higher risk for chronic liver disease in adulthood. Utilizing early developmental plasticity to reverse the outcome of poor fetal programming remains an unexplored area. Focusing on the biochemical profiles of neonates and previous transcriptome findings, piglets from the same fetus are selected as models for studying IUGR. The cellular landscape of the liver is created by scRNA‐seq to reveal sex‐dependent patterns in IUGR‐induced hepatic injury. One week after birth, IUGR piglets experience hypoxic stress. IUGR females exhibit fibroblast‐driven T cell conversion into an immune‐adapted phenotype, which effectively alleviates inflammation and fosters hepatic regeneration. In contrast, males experience even more severe hepatic injury. Prolonged inflammation due to disrupted lipid metabolism hinders intercellular communication among non‐immune cells, which ultimately impairs liver regeneration even into adulthood. Additionally, Apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) is explored as a novel biomarker by reducing hepatic triglyceride deposition as a protective response against hypoxia in IUGR males. PPARα activation can mitigate hepatic damage and meanwhile restore over‐expressed APOA4 to normal in IUGR males. The pioneering study offers valuable insights into the sexually dimorphic responses to hepatic injury during IUGR.
Multi‐Scale MXene/Silver Nanowire Composite Foams with Double Conductive Networks for Multifunctional Integration
Authors: Xu Chenhui , Li Zhihui , Hang Tianyi , Chen Yiming , He Tianlong , Li Xiping , Zheng Jiajia , Wu Zhiyi 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWith the onset of the 5G era, wearable flexible electronic devices have developed rapidly and gradually entered the daily life of people. However, the vast majority of research focuses on the integration of functions and performance improvement, while ignoring electromagnetic hazards caused by devices. Herein, the 3D double conductive networks are constructed through a repetitive vacuum‐assisted dip‐coating technique to decorate the 2D MXene and 1D silver nanowires on the melamine foam. Benefiting from the unique porous structure and multi‐scale interconnected frame, the resultant composite foam exhibited high electrical conductivity, low density, superb electromagnetic interference shielding (48.32 dB), and Joule heating performance (up to 90.8 °C under 0.8 V). Furthermore, a single‐electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with powerful energy harvesting capability is assembled by combining the composite foam with an ultra‐thin Ecoflex film and a polyvinylidene fluoride film. Simultaneously, the foam‐based TENG can also be considered a reliable wearable sensor for monitoring activity patterns in different parts of the human body. The versatility and scalable manufacturing of high‐performance composite foams will provide new design ideas for the development of next‐generation flexible wearable devices.