bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field and Growth‐Chamber Evaluations of Potassium Polyphosphate
Authors: Armbruster J. A. , Murphy L. S. , Meyer L. J. , Gallagher P. J. , Whitney D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults of field and growth chamber investigations indicate that potassium polyphosphate (KPP) is as effective as ammonium orthophosphate (AOP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and triple superphosphate (TSP) as a P source for corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). At one field site, on a soil high in total Fe, low P availability early in the growing season from both KPP and APP limited crop response. Field investigations of banded applications of KPP and AOP in direct contact with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorphum seed had little effect on seedling emergence. In a growth chamber, however, a high P rate as banded AOP retarded dry‐matter yield of grain sorghum. Application of large amounts of P as KPP, AOP, APP and TSP to corn in the presence of low available Zn significantly reduced Zn concentrations in the plants but there was no significant difference in the effects of the various P carriers.
Void Changes in Allophane Soils Determining Water Retention and Transmission
Authors: Maeda T. , Warkentin B. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater retention and transmission were measured on eight samples of allophane soils from the West Indies and Japan. Standard methods of pressure plate, horizontal infiltration and steady‐state horizontal flux were used.Soils with high allophane content have a sigmoid water content vs. log suction curve. Drying does not change the shape of the curve, but decreases the water content at any suction. Soils with low allophane content show a more linear water content vs. log suction curve, resembling that of clay soils with crystalline minerals.Water transmission in undried allophane soils is slow because of the high proportion of microvoids. Air‐dried or oven‐dried samples have a higher proportion of macrovoids, and more rapid infiltration of water. This change in void size distribution is large enough to dominate the effect of greater volume of voids to be filled with water in an initially dry soil, with the result that water movement in allophanes increases as initial water content decreases.
The Influence of Size Distribution on the Bulk Density of Uniformly Packed Glass Particles
Authors: Staple W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe theory of Westman and Hugill was used to predict the bulk density of uniformly packed mixtures of different sizes of glass beads. The density of packing depended on the number, the concentration, and the diameter ratio of the size components making up the mixture. Agreement between theory and experiment was good for binary mixtures but became less precise as the number of size components increased.
Steady Infiltration from Buried, Surface, and Perched Point and Line Sources in Heterogeneous Soils: II. Flow Details and Discussion
Authors: Philip J. R. , Forrester R. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPart I (Philip, 1972) developed physically relevant source solutions of the quasilinearized steady infiltration equation, generalized to apply to heterogeneous soils with conductivity depending exponentially on both moisture potential and depth. This paper discusses the results in further detail, and includes graphs of a wide range of solutions.
Variations in Picloram Leaching Patterns for Several Soils
Authors: Ping C. L. , Cheng H. H. , McNeal B. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory studies of picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid) leaching under saturated conditions were conducted for four soils. Leaching patterns could be related to variations in soil texture and pore uniformity for three soils from arid and semiarid regions. Diffusion from conducting pores into adjacent micropores appeared to be the most plausible explanation of leaching patterns obtained for an Oxisol of volcanic origin from Hawaii. Evidence supporting the presence of the postulated micropore structure in this tropical soil was obtained from constancy in flow rate, from scanning electron micrographs, and from picloram recovery at a reduced leaching rate.
Effects of Beef‐Feedlot Manure and Lagoon Water on Iron, Zinc, Manganese and Copper Content in Corn and in DTPA Soil Extracts
Authors: Wallingford G. W. , Murphy L. S. , Powers W. L. , Manges H. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of beef‐feedlot manure and lagoon water on DTPA‐extractable iron, zinc, manganese, and copper of a silty clay loam soil, concentrations of these elements in corn (Zea mays L.) forage and leaf tissue, and their uptake by corn forage were studied in the field. DTPA extractions were performed on the surface 1 m of soil cores collected from sets of plots that had received two annual applications of manure and three annual applications of feedlot lagoon water. Corn‐forage composition and nutrient uptake were measured from all plots for 3 years; corn leaf tissue composition was measured for 3 years on the manure plots only.Both manure and lagoon water increased DTPA‐extractable Fe, Zn, and Mn in the soil, but extractable Cu was increased only by the highest manure treatments. Corn and leaf concentrations of Zn and Mn and corn forage uptake of Mn were enhanced by the manure application. Corn‐forage Mn content was increased linearly by applied lagoon water. The feedlot manure and lagoon water were shown to be sources of Fe, Zn, and Mn.
Differential Magnesium Efficiency in Corn Inbreds: I. Dry‐Matter Yields and Mineral Element Composition
Authors: Clark R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn nutrient solutions, the corn (Zea mays L.) inbred B57 grew considerably better at low Mg levels and was more Mg‐efficient than the inbred Oh40B. B57 produced maximum dry‐matter yields near 0.12mM of Mg whereas Oh40B continued to increase dry‐matter up to 4.1mM of Mg. Roots of B57 contained lower Mg concentrations than roots of Oh40B at Mg levels below 1.2mM and slightly higher Mg concentrations at higher Mg levels. However, B57 leaves contained nearly twice as much Mg as Oh40B leaves did when plants were grown at the various Mg levels. With few exceptions, the root and leaf concentrations of the various essential mineral elements in both inbreds decreased as the Mg treatment increased. In nearly all plants, the decrease in B57 was greater at the lower levels of Mg than in Oh40B. Root concentrations of P, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Mo and leaf concentrations of Ca, P, Mn, Zn, B, and Cu were lower for B57 than for Oh40B. When B57 and Oh40B were grown together in the same container at various plant ratios and 0.062mM of Mg, B57 grew markedly better than Oh40B. The plant ratio did not significantly affect dry‐matter yield and mineral element concentration in the roots and leaves of either inbred.
Soil Properties Influencing Swelling in Canfield and Geeburg Soils
Authors: McCormack D. E. , Wilding L. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSwelling phenomena were measured on Saran3‐coated undisturbed clods, trimmed undisturbed samples in a consolidation frame, and on remolded compacted samples in the Percent volume change (PVC) meter and in a consolidation frame. Three horizons of the Canfield series and two horizons of the Geeburg series were studied at each of five sites. Swelling pressures of 1.5 to 2.0 kg/cm2 were measured for the clayey Geeburg samples; in the loamy Canfield samples swelling pressure was generally < 1.0 kg/cm2. Percent swell ranges from 5 to 8% in Geeburg soils and is generally < 1% in Canfield soils. Where other parameters are held constant, most of the variation in swelling is explained by variation in clay content. Values of r2 as high as 0.93 were derived. Coarse clay content is more highly correlated with swelling than fine clay content, possibly because of the effect of the higher charge density of the coarse clay on the thickness of oriented water films. Results indicate that expansive soils continue to swell at moisture contents above ⅓‐bar tension, and continue to shrink at moisture contents below 15‐bar tension and below the shrinkage limit.
Two‐Dimensional Solutes Transfer during Nonsteady Infiltration: Laboratory Test of Mathematical Model
Authors: Bresler Eshel , Russo David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe theory of two‐dimensional transport of solutes during nonsteady infiltration from trickle sources, as developed previously, was compared with experimental results. A laboratory experiment was conducted under conditions similar to those assumed in the two‐dimensional plane flow model. The agreement between theory and experiment as expressed by salt concentration distribution and location of wetting fronts, is generally good. This suggests that the theory is applicable to many situations similar to the conditions studied.
Leaching of Adsorbed Potassium from Humid Tropical Soils
Authors: Bower C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquilibrium between solution and adsorbed K in humid tropical soils leached by rainfall was found to be described by the Langmuir adsorption equation. The product of the two constants in the Langmuir equation k1 and k2, which is equal to the reciprocal of the intercept of the Langmuir isotherm, is a direct measure of the tendency of soil to retain adsorbed K against leaching. Retentivity was greatest in soil containing montmorillonite clay and least in soils derived from volcanic ash having clay dominated by amorphous silicates. Soils whose clay consisted of goethite, gibbsite, and kaolinite were intermediate in retentivity. As a consequence of the applicability of the Langmuir equation, it has also been found that the concentrations of solution and adsorbed K at any depth in the soil as a function of depth of water passing the depth during leaching can be satisfactorily predicted by simplified, approximate solutions of equations derived by Thomas, and Hiester and Vermeulen.
Anthraquinones and Phenols as Intermediates in the Formation of Dark‐Colored, Humic Acid‐Like Pigments by Eurotium echinulatum
Authors: Saiz‐Jimenez C. , Haider K. , Martin J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEurotium echinulatum, a fungus isolated from a vertisol in southern Spain, formed humic acid‐like pigments during growth in glucose‐asparagine or glucose‐NaNO3 media. After 6 to 7 days the phenols, orsellinic, p‐hydroxycinnamic, and p‐hydroxybenzoic acids, and the anthraquinones, endocrocin, emodin, and physicion were detected in the culture media. Upon further development of the mycelial mats additional aromatic compounds were produced and after 4 to 6 weeks more than 50 different ether‐extractable phenols and anthraquinones were detected. With further incubation the amounts and number of these compounds decreased and pigment formation in the media increased. After 2 to 3 months the culture media were dark brown to black and about 1 to 3.5 g/liter of polymer could be recovered upon acidification of the culture medium. Sodium amalgam reduction of this polymer yielded numerous phenols, anthraquinones, anthrones, and possibly anthracene derivatives. Treatment with sodium dithionite yielded largely anthraquinones. The polymer contained 1 to 4.5% N depending upon the N source. From 50 to 60% of this N was released in the form of amino acids upon acid hydrolysis. With both asparagine and NaNO3 as N sources the same amino acids were isolated from 6N HCl hydrolysates. Quantitatively, however, there were differences in the percentage distribution of the amino acids.
Effect of Degree of Soil Profile Disruption on Plant Growth and Soil Water Extraction
Authors: Rakov K. , Eck H. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractModification of slowly permeable soil profiles has been effective in ameliorating undesirable soil conditions. Various methods and depths of modification have been studied but little attention has been given to (i) the degree of disruption necessary to accomplish satisfactory profile modification or (ii) the relative merits of topsoil‐subsoil mixing and stockpiling and returning topsoil to the surface after profile modification. We studied seven degrees of profile disruption (clod size distributions in the B22t and mixing of topsoil with that horizon) in simulated soil profiles in the greenhouse. Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) was grown on Pullman clay loam. Disturbance of the B22t layer increased yields but once that layer was disturbed, degree of disturbance had no further effect on yield. Compared with retaining topsoil on the surface, mixing it with the B22t did not affect yields.
The Effect of Ammonia and Ammonia‐sulfur Solutions on Nitrification Rates and Chemical Properties of a Calcareous Soil
Authors: Stevens R. G. , Reuss J. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrification rates and changes in chemical properties of a calcareous soil were investigated after injection of liquid anhydrous NH3 and anhydrous NH3‐S solutions.Nitrification rates (on a whole pot basis) of 15.7, 25.3, and 32.2 mg of N per pot per day were found with the application of 200, 400, and 600 mg of N/pot, respectively. These nitrification rates were recorded during the initial 14 days of the study when total NO3‐ accumulation appeared to be linear.Ammonium depletion from zones 1 cm in thickness measured outward from the injection point appear to obey a first‐order rate law. Half life values ranged from 12.4 to 1.4 days. They were longest at the injection point with the highest NH3 rate and decreased with decreasing rate of application and with increasing distance from the injection point. There were no differences in the nitrification rates of the two sources as measured by either nitrate accumulation on a whole pot basis or ammonium depletion of individual zones.Less than 10% of the applied sulfur was recovered as SO42‐ during the incubation period. Little difference was found in the effect of the two sources on pH, DTPA extractable Zn or Fe, or NaHCO3 extractable P. DTPA‐extractable Mn was higher near the injection point in the NH3‐S treatments.
Micaceous Vermiculite, Glauconite, and Mixed‐Layered Kaolinite‐Montmorillonite Examination by Ultramicrotomy and High Resolution Electron Microscopy
Authors: Lee S. Y. , Jackson M. L. , Brown J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElectron optical fringes of the layer structures of micaceous vermiculite (Colorado), glauconite (Wisconsin), and mixed‐lavered kaolinite‐montmorillonite (Mexico) were observed after separation of clay fractions, saturation with various cations, embedment in Epoxy, thin sectioning normal to the (001) planes by a diamond‐knife ultramicrotome, and high resolution, diffraction contrast electron microscopy.In the thin section of Cs‐saturated micaceous vermiculite, the electron optical fringes at 10Å may represent the basal crystallographic spacing of unweathered K mica; fringes at 11Å and 5.5Å may represent the (001) and (002) crystallographic basal orders of Cs vermiculite with the interlayers nearly closed; and fringes at 12.5Å may represent incompletely collapsed vermiculite (possibly lower layer charge and/or hydrous metal oxideinterlayered). The K‐saturated glauconite particles occur as thin crystal packets consisting of 5 to 20 layers of mica + vermiculite + montmorillonite with 10Å spacing; occasional interstratified 14Å spacings are believed to represent the Raman‐Jackson chlorite. A Mg‐saturated, mixed‐layer kaolinite‐montmorillonite from Mexico showed interleaving among the electron optical (001) fringes of kaolinite (7Å), montmorillonite (12 to 14Å), micaceous vermiculite (10Å), and regularly interstratified kaolinite‐montmorillonite (19Å). The mixing among the minerals in the Mexico sample appears to involve (i) a whole series of interstratifications along the Z axis, and (ii) mixing across planes defined by the X and Y axes, including regularly alternating, irregularly mixed, and zones of specific minerals.
Pirimiphos Ethyl‐Clay Surface Interactions
Authors: Mingelgrin U. , Gerstl Z. , Yaron B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPirimiphos ethyl (PE) losses on Na‐kaolinite and Na‐bentonite were investigated, and the effect of moisture and temperature on the clay‐pesticide interactions determined. The behavior of PE on clay surfaces is discussed in view of the behavior of other organo‐phosphorus pesticides, and the mechanism of the hydrolysis of organo‐phosphorus pesticides catalyzed by clay surfaces. The data suggest that the dominant mode of loss is the hydrolysis of the phosphate ester bond with the pyrimidine ring of pirimiphos ethyl. Hydrolysis occurred at a significant rate on air‐dried Na‐kaolinite at 23C and 47C and on oven‐dried as well as air‐dried Na‐bentonite at 47C.
Charge Characteristics and Nitrate Retention By Two Andepts from South‐Central Chile
Authors: Espinoza W. , Gast R. G. , Adams R. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCharge characteristics of two Andepts, or volcanic‐ash‐derived soils, from south‐central Chile were studied using a combination of nitrate retention, pH dependent cation exchange capacity and pH titration curves. Nitrate retention was determined by washing the soil with KNO3 solutions having the appropriate concentration and pH and determining the amount of nitrate adsorbed. Net surface charge was determined from potentiometric titration curves conducted using a batch technique.Results show that both soils have a complex mixture of pH dependent and permanent charge surfaces. The maximum pH dependent charge is in the range of 15 to 20 meq/100g at either very low or very high pH and high electrolyte concentration. The permanent negative charge is in the range of 45 meq/100g and is apparently the result of ion substitutions and lattice vacancies in X‐ray amorphous oxides and hydrous oxides rather than 2:1 type clay minerals.
The Chemistry of Lead and Cadmium in Soil: Solid Phase Formation
Authors: Santillan‐Medrano Javier , Jurinak J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquilibrium batch studies were conducted to obtain solubility data of Pb and Cd in soils. The data were plotted on equilibrium solubility diagrams using pH as the master variable. In the construction of the diagram the hydroxide, carbonate, and phosphate compounds of Pb and Cd were given particular attention. Both Pb and Cd solubility decreased in the soils as pH increased. The lowest values were obtained in the calcareous soil. Under a given set of conditions, however, Cd activity in solution was always notably greater than that of Pb. In noncalcareous soils the solubility of Pb appeared to be regulated by Pb(OH)2, Pb3(PO4)2, Pb4O(PO4)2, Pb5(PO4)3OH, depending on the pH. In calcareous soils, PbCO3 also assumed importance. At higher Cd concentrations the precipitation of Cd3(PO4)2 and/or CdCO3 regulated cadmium solubility. At low Cd concentrations the equilibrium solution was undersaturated with regards to both Cd3(PO4)2 and CdCO3.
Characteristics of Computerized Soil Maps
Authors: Nichols Joe D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn computer‐generated interpretive soil maps, a detailed soil map is generalized by selecting the dominant soil by estimation within a grid or unit cell. The soil mapping unit from the detailed soil map is retained for its higher predictive value.Interpretive maps are generated by computer translation of the dominant soil in each unit cell to a rating and then printing the result on unlined paper as a graphic display. A study was made of the agreement between detailed soil maps and those generalized using various cell sizes. On a soil survey map with a medium amount of cartographic detail, the average agreement was 70.5, 64.4, and 48.4% for unit cell sizes of 8.64 ha (21.33 acres), 16.20 ha (40 acres), and 64.80 ha (160 acres). On soil maps with low, medium, and high amounts of cartographic detail, the average agreement was 71.6, 64.4, and 41.3%, respectively, for a standard unit cell size of 16.20 ha (40 acres). The t test was used to test the agreement between the acreage of soil mapping units obtained from the MIADS program versus the acreage measured by dot counting. The test showed no differences in sample means of the two methods for samples tested.
A Lithosequence in the Mountains of Southwestern Oregon
Authors: Parsons R. B. , Herriman R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA lithosequence derived from granite, schist, and pyroclastics was studied on gently sloping and steep mountain slopes. Each soil exhibits lithologic discontinuities related to increments of slope alluvium and identified on the basis of the depth distribution and weathering of rock fragments over saprolite. Soils developed from granite have coarse textures, low base saturation and cation exchange capacity, and no argillic horizons. Soils from pyroclastic rocks are fine‐textured, have argillic horizons, and have the highest base saturation and cation exchange capacity, whereas soils from schist may or may not have argillic horizons and have intermediate chemical properties. The soils developed from pyroclastics have higher woodland productivity and fewer watershed management and construction problems than soils developed from schist or granite. Soil landscapes underlain by schist are especially susceptible to mass movement.
Possible Mutual Prediction Between Black Cherry and Sugar Maple Foliar Analysis Data
Authors: Leaf Albert L. , Bickelhaupt Donald H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFertilizer treatments were established in duplicate in a 75‐ to 80‐year‐old mixed stand of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) on Cookport silt loam soil in a randomized‐blocks‐with‐split‐plot experimental design. The main unit treatments were control, N‐only, P‐only, NP, and NPK, and the subunit treatments were nonlime and lime. Foliage samples were obtained from 5 dominant‐codominant trees of each species in each plot for 1 pretreatment year and 3 consecutive years following treatments. Regression analysis of foliar mean values from each treatment plot and year was used to determine if a statistically significant relationship existed for concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Mn of the sample trees. The mutual prediction between black cherry and sugar maple foliage analysis data was statistically significant for several of the parameters investigated.
Solute Travel‐Time Estimates for Tile‐Drained Fields: II. Application to Experimental Studies
Authors: Jury W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe model of Jury (1975) for estimating travel time from surface application to point of discharge for tile‐drained fields is applied to data from published studies of tile‐drain effluent concentrations and solute flux. In all systems the observed values are consistent with model calculations, and in circumstances where an exact comparison is possible the agreement between measured and predicted values is very good. Measures proposed for improving water quality by requiring standards for affluent discharge levels are discussed and criticized, and model simulations of projected monitoring policies of typical field systems are used to demonstrate the potential for misinterpreting the relationship between surface inputs and output levels.
Predicting Ionic Distributions in Large Soil Columns
Authors: Wierenga P. J. , Shaffer M. J. , Gomez S. P. , O'Connor G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of various cations and anions was measured with depth and time in a large lysimeter column periodically irrigated with saline water. Samples of the soil solution were removed with extraction cups placed at depths of 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 cm below the soil surface in the lysimeters. Observed ionic distributions were compared with calculated values obtained by combining a transient water flow model with a chemical plate theory model. Good agreement was obtained between observed and predicted depth distribution profiles for SO42‐, Cl‐, Na+, and Ca2+. Soluble Mg2+ and HCO2‐ concentrations were overpredicted suggesting that further refinement of the chemical subroutine may be needed.