bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galectin-1 and Galectin-8 Have Redundant Roles in Promoting Plasma Cell Formation
Authors: Tsai Chih-Ming , Guan Chin-Huey , Hsieh Hsiao-Wu , Hsu Tsui-Ling , Tu Zhijay , Wu Kuan-Jung , Lin Chun-Hung , Lin Kuo-I 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Galectin (Gal) family members are a type of soluble lectin, and they play important roles in immunomodulation. Their redundant roles have been proposed. We previously found that Gal-1 promotes the formation of Ab-secreting plasma cells, but B cells from Gal-1–deficient and control animals produce comparable amounts of Abs. In the current study, we used synthetic sulfomodified N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) analogs and short hairpin RNAs for Gal-8 to demonstrate a redundancy in the effects of Gal-1 and Gal-8 on plasma cell formation. Gal-1 and Gal-8 were both expressed during plasma cell differentiation, and both Gals promoted the formation of plasma cells. Gal-1 and Gal-8 bound better to mature B cells than to plasma cells, and the expression of glycosyltransferase enzymes changed during differentiation, with a decrease in mannosyl (α-1,6-)-glycoprotein β-1,6-N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 mRNAs in plasma cells. Synthetic sulfomodified Galβ1-3GlcNAc disaccharides (type 1 LacNAcs) selectively prevented Gal-8 binding, leading to a blockade of Ab production in Gal-1–deficient B cells. Furthermore, synthetic type 1 LacNAcs that were able to block the binding of both Gals greatly reduced the effect of exogenously added recombinant Gal-1 and Gal-8 on promoting Ab production. These results reveal a novel role for Gal-8 in collaboration with Gal-1 in plasma cell formation, and suggest the possibility of using distinct LacNAc ligands to modulate the function of Gals.
IFN-β Mediates Suppression of IL-12p40 in Human Dendritic Cells following Infection with Virulent Francisella tularensis
Authors: Bauler Timothy J. , Chase Jennifer C. , Bosio Catharine M. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Active suppression of inflammation is a strategy used by many viral and bacterial pathogens, including virulent strains of the bacterium Francisella tularensis, to enable colonization and infection in susceptible hosts. In this study, we demonstrated that virulent F. tularensis strain SchuS4 selectively inhibits production of IL-12p40 in primary human cells via induction of IFN-β. In contrast to the attenuated live vaccine strain, infection of human dendritic cells with virulent SchuS4 failed to induce production of many cytokines associated with inflammation (e.g., TNF-α and IL-12p40). Furthermore, SchuS4 actively suppressed secretion of these cytokines. Assessment of changes in the expression of host genes associated with suppression of inflammatory responses revealed that SchuS4, but not live vaccine strain, induced IFN-β following infection of human dendritic cells. Phagocytosis of SchuS4 and endosomal acidification were required for induction of IFN-β. Further, using a defined mutant of SchuS4, we demonstrated that the presence of bacteria in the cytosol was required, but not sufficient, for induction of IFN-β. Surprisingly, unlike previous reports, induction of IFN-β by F. tularensis was not required for activation of the inflammasome, was not associated with exacerbation of inflammatory responses, and did not control SchuS4 replication when added exogenously. Rather, IFN-β selectively suppressed the ability of SchuS4-infected dendritic cells to produce IL-12p40. Together, these data demonstrated a novel mechanism by which virulent bacteria, in contrast to attenuated strains, modulate human cells to cause disease.
Encontros entre prática e pesquisa de ensino: Oralidade e letra¬mento no ensino da escrita
Authors: Correa Manoel Luiz Gonçalves 
Published: July 2011

Neste trabalho, parte-se do processo de constituição dos gêneros discursivos,tomando-se como noção teórica central a de relações intergenéricas (BAKHTIN, 1992). Tipos de letramentos, oralidade e heterogeneidade da escrita são os recursos pelos quais se investiga tanto o uso de provérbios parodiados na internet e em redações de vestibular, quanto o uso de temporalidades de diferentes ordens no processo de constituição dessas redações. Como resultado, evidencia-se a produtividade do encontro entre prática de pesquisa e ensino, mesmo que se reconheça que o tratamento teórico-metodológico do objeto de pesquisa não se transfere como tal para a atividade de ensinar.
Educação escolar e constituição do afetivo: algumas considerações a partir da psicologia histórico-cultural
Authors: Gomes Claudia Aparecida Valderramas , Mello Suely Amaral 
Published: July 2011

A Psicologia Histórico-Cultural afirma a tese da experiência social como base da formação humana e aponta a unidade afetivo-cognitiva como mediadora nas relações do sujeito com o conhecimento no desenvolvimento das funções psicológicas. Este artigo apresenta alguns elementos que apontam para a constituição dos processos afetivos a partir das relações que o sujeito mantém com as objetivações humanas. Parte da crítica ao pensamento organicista e subjetivista que, tanto na Psicologia quanto na Educação, separa as emoções das demais funções no conjunto a consciência humana – tratando-as como um impeditivo nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem escolar – e assinala a importância de se (re) pensar as relações que o sujeito estabelece com a realidade, o papel do conhecimento e das condições concretas de vida e de educação que produzem os processos afetivos. Defende que pensamento e sentimento são processos psicológicos desenvolvidos a partir da história de apropriação e objetivação de signos e instrumentos que cada sujeito realiza, e afirma a educação escolar e o caráter intencional do trabalho docente – na organização e condução da prática pedagógica – como elementos determinantes na transformação dos modos de pensar e sentir.
Exploring antecedents of experimentation and implementation of the balanced scorecard
Authors: Braam Geert , Nijssen Ed 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAdoption of management innovations like the balanced scorecard is generally a complex process. Many subdecisions are involved and customization is often required before firms can enjoy the benefits of these innovations. Consequently, firms tend to experiment before finally implementing such complex innovations. We develop a framework differentiating between antecedents of experimentation with and actual implementation of the balanced scorecard, a distinction that has largely been neglected in the literature. Focusing on a small set of firms that experimented with the balanced scorecard, we provide initial empirical evidence. The results support the framework showing that top management involvement, innovation-contingent departments and organizational-context factors play a significant positive role in the experimentation stage, while interdepartmental communication and formalization are important variables with positive and negative influences in the implementation stage. We discuss the findings and their managerial implications.
School-to-work transition and newcomer socialisation: The role of job-related education
Authors: Kowtha Narasimha Rao 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study investigated the interactive effects of on-the-job training (OJT), co-worker support (CWS), and supervisor support (SS) with newcomer job-related education (JRE), on newcomer adjustment. Given that socialisation is a learning process, an important factor in socialisation is job-related knowledge. Although many studies on organisational socialisation drew on new graduates making the school-to-work transition, they have not considered the role of JRE and associated job-related knowledge for socialisation. It was hypothesised that JRE and newcomer information-seeking will moderate the effects of OJT, CWS, and SS on role clarity, role conflict, and role orientation. The study was conducted with a sample 244 business and engineering graduates of an Asian university. Results provide some support for the moderating effects of JRE on role clarity and conflict. It was also found that SS was positively related to newcomer innovative role orientation. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Employee learning processes in New Zealand small manufacturing firms
Authors: Coetzer Alan , Peter Raja , Peter Vasanthi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe investigate differences between the ways novices and experienced specialists perceive their workplaces as learning environments and also examine differences between the learning processes of these two groups of employees. The study's research questions are explored by applying discriminant analysis to survey data collected from 218 employees in 31 New Zealand small manufacturing firms. We found that novices and experienced specialists do differ significantly in their perceptions of (1) work-environment conditions that either help or hinder learning, (2) supervisors' proximate support for learning, and (3) satisfaction with workplace learning. We also found that novices and experienced specialists do differ significantly in terms of the sources and methods of learning that they use. Our results identify the individual variables that contribute most to the discrimination between the two groups. Limitations of the study and the implications of our findings for researching and managing employee learning in small firms are discussed.
‘Kill Bill’ and the change agent: A multi-genre approach to organizational stories
Authors: Bryant Melanie , Frahm Jennifer 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper argues that change practitioners could benefit from expanding change communication strategies to allow for the emergence and use of multi-genre change stories in place of minimalist storylines. We argue that minimalist storylines do not acknowledge the polyvocal view of change that has been discussed in storytelling theory or engage with multiple modes of understanding and suggest that change agents adopt a multi-genre approach to storytelling to address this gap. Drawing from Quentin Tarantino's movies Kill Bill 1 & 2 as an example of how stories can be constructed, this paper proposes that the use of multiple story genres increases the likelihood of audiences finding a genre they can relate to, thus increasing better audience reach. Findings suggest that existing change narrative types can be viewed as genres of organizational change and added to change agents' repertoires to make change communication interventions more appropriate and appealing to employees. While our paper aims to provide a conceptual way forward for change agents, we acknowledge that change agents need to engage with living stories in the future. Living stories recognize the multiple loose ends developed from past and present change experiences that can be used to construct new stories, which are more likely to transform organizations and acknowledge the unfolding nature of change.
Exploring the Foucauldian interpretation of power and subject in organizations
Authors: Välikangas Anita , Seeck Hannele 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper assesses the recent contribution of Michel Foucault to the study of power and subject in organizations. First, we theoretically examine Foucault's thinking by dividing his works into archaeological, genealogical and aesthetic/ethical phases. We then conduct a review of 113 international journal articles from between the years 2000 and 2009. We do this in order to obtain an overview of the phases of Foucault's thinking that are prevalent in recent organization studies. We find that recent academic studies drawing on Foucault are increasingly leaning towards Foucault's writings on governmentality, as well as on his genealogical works, which have sustained their popularity. Reflecting the growing interest in governmentality and genealogy, we end by pointing out some avenues for future research.
Bilateral choroidal neovascularization associated with bilateral ABCA4 gene mutation
Authors: Parodi Maurizio Battaglia , De Benedetto Umberto , Knutsson Karl A. , Bandello Francesco M. 
Published: July 2011

Purpose To describe a case of ABCA4 gene mutation (G1961E) associated with bilateral choroidal neovascularization (CNV) treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injections. Methods A 52-year-old man with bilateral CNV associated with ABCA4 gene mutation underwent complete ophthalmologic examination over a 30-month follow-up and was treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injections on an as-needed basis. Results Baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/32 in the right eye (RE) and 20/63 in the left eye (LE). Two small CNVs with juxtafoveal location were detectable in the RE, whereas a single subfoveal CNV was visible in the LE. Overall, 6 and 9 intravitreal ranibizumab injections were administered in RE and LE, respectively, during the 30-month follow-up. At the end of the follow-up, BCVA was 20/100 in the RE and 20/200 in the LE. Conclusions This case report reveals that ABCA4 gene mutation may be complicated by multiple and bilateral CNVs. Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab can achieve temporary CNV stabilization, but cannot guarantee complete quiescence over a long-term follow-up. Other therapeutic approaches could be necessary to accomplish visual acuity preservation.
Aerosol (Aerobiology,Aerosols,Bioaerosols,MicrobialAerosols)
Authors: Mohr Allen Jeff 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAerobiology is the study of microbiological particles that have, either naturally or purposefully, been introduced into the air. Bioaerosols are attractive as terrorist weapons because they are silent, invisible, odorless, and can be introduced clandestinely to strike without warning. The fate, infectivity, and transport of bioaerosols are complicated issues involving many physical and biochemical factors. Both the physical properties of bioaerosols and the likelihood for their successful delivery depend largely on the dissemination method applied.
A
liens of
A
merica: A Case Study
Authors: Staff Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database , Elrod Sarah 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Aliens of America first surfaced in Los Angeles, CA, in 1974. It was led by Yugoslavian immigrant Muharem Kurbegovic, better known as the Alphabet Bomber, who first came to the United States in 1967. The group terrorized residents of the Los Angeles city area through taped threats of nerve gas use and other acts of terrorism. While it was suspected that Kurbegovic sought to weaponize chemical agents to stage an attack, police reports indicate that there was no evidence of any acquisition or production of biological weapons.
A
nthrax
H
oaxes:
A
C
ase
S
tudy
Authors: Staff Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database , Joliat Jacqueline N. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

The term “anthrax hoax” refers to a case when a perpetrator threatens a target by alleging to have exposed them to
Bacillus anthracis
, a potentially highly lethal pathogen of particular interest to bioterrorists, usually via a letter or package containing a white powdery substance intended to resemble actual spores of anthrax bacteria. Beginning in the 1990s, there was an alarming surge in anthrax hoaxes, and authorities still respond to hundreds of these cases each year. The so‐called “epidemic” of anthrax hoaxes has come in two major waves: those preceding the deadly 2001 bioterrorist attacks in the U.S. using actual
B. anthracis
, and those that have taken place since. Prior to the first wave, there were also a number of events which occurred that served to introduce terrorism, bioterrorism, and anthrax to the public, and cumulatively created the ideal fearful atmosphere in which hoaxers' goals could be realized. It has become such a problem and has cost so many resources that perpetrators now face serious legal repercussions if convicted. This entry explains the recent history of the anthrax hoax epidemic, briefly covers a number of specific cases, and provides an overview of the legal repercussions and legislation that have resulted from this issue.
Anti‐Materials Agents
Authors: Kosal Margaret E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMicroorganisms that metabolize organic and inorganic compounds are ubiquitous to the planet. The prospect of a bioterrorist using such an organism as a weapon is small, and the implications of this type of use would likely be far more economic or disruptive than life threatening. The use of recombinant DNA techniques (genetic engineering) has been suggested as a means to accelerate the natural degradation processes; however, little progress has been documented in the open literature to date.
B
aader‐
M
einhof
G
roup (
OR
B
aader‐
M
einhof
G
ang)
Authors: McAdams David , Kornblet Sarah 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Baader‐Meinhof Group (or Gang) was one of postwar West Germany's most violent and prominent left‐wing militant groups and its beginnings can be traced to the 1960s. Over the course of its existence, the Gang consisted of approximately 30 dedicated members (including leaders such as Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, Gundrun Ensslin, and Jan‐Carl Raspe) and up to 200 supporters (including such prominent individuals as politicians Horst Mahler and Silke Maier‐Witt).
In the 1980s, reports surfaced that the West German Red Army Faction (RAF), the second generation of the Baader‐Meinhof Gang, had sought to acquire biological weapons. Coinciding with these claims were reports in both German and French newspapers that French Police had raided a Paris RAF safe house in October 1980, and discovered vials containing Clostridium botulinum (the bacteria for producing botulinum toxi) and a basic biological laboratory. All further investigations into the incidents and those persons reportedly involved in the case turned up nothing, which suggests the incident was fabricated and never occurred. The terrorist activities of successive generations of RAF members continued until 1998, when the RAF sent a formal communiqué to the Reuters wire service declaring the group had officially disbanded.
Biotechnology and Bioterrorism
Authors: Zilinskas Raymond A. , Dando Malcolm , Nixdorff Kathryn 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAdvances in modern biotechnology may have a significant impact on how biological weapons are acquired, produced, and delivered. Of the three major components that constitute a biological weapon—agent payload, munition, and dispersal mechanism—the techniques of modern biotechnology have most applications for agents. Techniques that may be applicable to the weaponization of pathogens and toxins include genetic engineering, DNA technologies, protein engineering, functional genomics, artificial viruses, and systems biology. These techniques might be applied to enhance one or more of the five characteristics or traits of microorganisms and toxins considered important for weaponization: hardiness, resistance, infectivity, pathogenicity, and detection avoidance. However, although the barriers to applying the advanced biotechnologies for nefarious purposes continue to drop, it must be realized that substantial expertise is required to perform R&D to achieve complicated weapons objectives; expertise that is not available by far to most terrorist groups.
Breeders: a Case Study
Authors: Staff Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database , Sheer Jennifer L.O. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Breeders were a single‐issue environmental group that made itself known after authorities in Southern California decided to spray the pesticide malathion to stop an outbreak of Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) infestation in September 1989. The Breeders claimed to possess medflies, which they would release if the pesticide spraying was to take place. Because the medfly infestation did not fit the natural pattern, an investigation was done to determine the etiology of the infestation that found there was insufficient evidence to identify this infestation as an intentional introduction. As the Breeders has not been heard from for over 20 years, its leadership probably will never be known.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Bioterrorism Preparedness Program
Authors: Posid Joseph M. , Hayashi Konrad , Morse Stephen A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A comprehensive public health response to the deliberate release of a biological agent (or for that matter, to any outbreak of infectious disease) will involve laboratory identification, epidemiologic investigation, medical treatment, possible prophylaxis for affected persons, and the initiation of disease prevention activities. For the past decade, in concert with a wide array of public and private partners, CDC has been actively involved in assisting State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial public health agencies prepare for, and rapidly respond to outbreaks of infectious disease of deliberate or natural occurrence.
The Caucasus Emirate
Authors: Hahn Gordon M. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Chechen rebels once were one of the most aggressive groups in their attempts to procure or produce a biological agent. The rebels have carried out many attacks and have radicalized ideologically from a nationalist‐oriented separatist movement under the so‐called Chechen Republic of Ichkeria into an explicitly Salafist jihadist movement under the so‐called Caucasus Emirate (CE) declared in October 2007. Given a biological weapon they most likely would not hesitate to use it or at least threaten its use. There are indications that they have tried to make their own biological agents, including manuals found in rebel safe houses describing how to make biological agents and discoveries of traces of ricin.
Consequence Management
Authors: Dembek Zygmunt F. , Cieslak Theodore J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractConsequence management is the component of overall incident response that includes those sustained measures taken to protect public health, maintain essential government and health care services, and provide emergency relief where needed. State public health and healthcare agencies and providers have vital roles in the consequence management as applied to a public health emergency or bioterrorism event. State coordination of the response to any disaster occurs through the State Coordinating Officer (SCO) and the State Emergency Management Agency, acting on behalf of the state's governor. In the event that state consequence management resources become exhausted, the National Response Framework (NRF) may be activated through the intervention of the Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO). The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is the lead agent responsible for coordinating overall federal response efforts.
Cost Effectiveness of Biological Weapons
Authors: Siegrist David W. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Biological weapons may be the most cost effective weapons ever available. For a relatively small investment, knowledgeable perpetrators (or states) may develop bioterror or military‐type weapons. Yet, there are significant uncertainties concerning biological weapons. Will they work? Will they do more or less than expected? Will the environmental factors that are critical for effective employment be available to the attacker at the critical time? What opprobrium will attach to their use? Questions such as these may move ordinary actors who are pursuing weapons to opt for more reliable/predictable/less societally‐ostracized weapons, even though those could be more expensive. Nevertheless, biological weapons' invisible/invasive delayed onset characteristics may make them weapons of choice for the types of terrorists who desire such effects. They may find bioweapons' cost within their reach.
D
efense
R
esearch and
D
evelopment
C
anada—Suffield and Centre for Security Science
Authors: Staff DRDC 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This entry provides a brief overview of Defense Research and Development Canada—Suffield (DRDC Suffield), which for 50 years has been the principal centre in Canada for bio‐defense research. It also provides an overview of Defense Research and Development Canada—Centre for Security Science (DRDC CSS) whose mission is to enhance Canada's ability to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from, high‐consequence public safety and security events through investments in science and technology.