bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investing in the Ground: Reflections on Scarcity, Remediation and Obdurate Form
Authors: Spencer Douglas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDouglas Spencer develops David Harvey's notion of the ‘spatial fix’ in which material processes in the built environment and the ground itself are repeatedly used up for the purposes of capital investment. This can be to the detriment of the quality of the land itself, which is often abandoned after a period of time as polluted and unusable brownfield sites; while available resources are bled dry. It is a situation that has been worsened over the last few decades with the emphasis on entrepreneurial and intensive modes of urbanisation. Spencer indicates how this situation can be negated by landscape urbanism through critical interventions, such as those represented here in the work of the Architectural Association Landscape Urbanism (AALU) Masters programme in London and Groundlab, the practice associated with it.
Icelandic Initiatives
Authors: Mathiesen Arna 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIceland has come to epitomise the vicissitudes of the banking system, as it was catapulted from boom to bust in October 2008. During the burgeoning years of the 2000s, ambitious construction projects were implemented. As Arna Mathiesen explains, this has resulted in ‘a scarcity of means to finish the plans and maintain buildings, public spaces and infrastructure, and indeed to inhabit the spaces produced’.
Austeria: City of Minimum Consumption
Authors: Suryawinata Daliana , Maas Winy 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIf a new stringency with economic and material resources is to become a new way of life, how should austerity be recast as a positive force rather than a negative imposition? Daliana Suryawinata and Winy Maas look at definitions of austerity and describes the Austeria project at The Why Factory at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) that looked at new models for combating excessive consumption, such as the ‘Zen road to affluence’.
The Collision of Scarcity and Expendability in Architectural Culture of the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Parnell Steve 
Published: July 2012

AbstractArchitecture as a practice assimilates contradictions. Nowhere is this more apparent than in approaches to materials and sustainability. New finishes, details and products are continually specified and often fetishised, while architects are at pains to show their minimal impact on the environment. Steve Parnell highlights an era in the pages of Architectural Design in the late 1960s and early 1970s that congregated these incongruities by simultaneously advocating low‐energy solutions and expendability, most notably the inflatable.
Estrogen receptor 1 promoter polymorphism and digit ratio in men
Authors: Vaillancourt Kathryn L. , Dinsdale Natalie L. , Hurd Peter L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectives:The 2D:4D digit ratio, the relative lengths of the index and ring fingers in humans, is a widely used proxy measure for prenatal testosterone exposure. Varying distributions of androgen and estrogen receptors on the second and fourth digits, both of which regulate digit development, appears to be the basis for this effect. Polymorphism in a tandem repeat in the gene coding for the estrogen receptor α (ESR1) in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) not only explains a significant amount of variation in digit ratio but also seems to explain the significant correlation between digit ratio and sexual behavior in these birds. Here, we investigate the effect of TA polymorphism in ESR1 on 2D:4D and aggressive behavior in men.Methods:We genotyped ESR1 polymorphism in samples collected for a previous study in which we had demonstrated an association between androgen receptor polymorphism and aggression, but not 2D:4D.Results:We found a significant effect of ESR1 TA repeat number on left hand 2D:4D ratio. More TA repeats were associated with higher, more feminized, digit ratios. We found no effect on right hand 2D:4D. We also found an effect of ESR1 polymorphism on aggressive behavior. Greater heterozygosity in TA(n) was associated with lower physical aggression.Conclusions:Our results suggest that a significant amount of left hand 2D:4D variation and aggressive behavior is due to this variation in ESR1, and that some of the correlation between digit ratio and social behavior is due to pleiotropic effects of ESR1 variation on the two traits. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lignocellulosic jute fiber as a bioadsorbent for the removal of azo dye from its aqueous solution: Batch and column studies
Authors: Roy Aparna , Chakraborty Sumit , Kundu Sarada Prasad , Adhikari Basudam , Majumder Subhasish Basu 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe feasibility of the use of jute fiber for the adsorption of azo dye from an aqueous solution was evaluated with batch and fixed‐bed column studies. The batch studies illustrated that dye uptake was highly dependent on different process variables, namely, the pH, initial dye concentration of the solution, adsorbent dosage, contact time, ionic strength, and temperature. The exothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption was revealed from thermodynamic study. The equilibrium adsorption data were highly consistent with the Langmuir isotherm and yielded an R2 value of 0.999. Kinetic studies divulged that the adsorption followed a pseudo‐second‐order model with regard to the intraparticle diffusion. In the column studies, the total amount of adsorbed dye and the adsorption capacity decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing bed height and initial dye concentration. Also, the breakthrough time and exhaustion time increased with increasing bed depth but decreased with increasing flow rate and influent dye concentration. The column performances were predicted by the application of the bed‐depth service time model and Thomas model to the experimental data. The virgin and dye‐adsorbed jute fiber was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The investigation suggested that jute fiber could be applied as a promising low‐cost adsorbent for dye removal. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation of stable luminescent poly(methyl methacrylate)–europium complex nanospheres and application in the detection of hydrogen peroxide with the biocatalytic growth of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Li Zhanjun , Zhang Hongwu , Shen Jiangshan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA simple and effective solvent swelling method was developed for the preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/europium (Eu) complex hybrid nanospheres. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering results indicate that the as‐prepared PMMA–Eu nanoparticles had a spherical morphology, with a narrow particle size distribution ranging from 100–200 nm. The PMMA–Eu nanospheres exhibited strong red emissions with a maximum peak at 612 nm under UV excitation, and the luminescence lifetime of the Eu complex was enhanced after it was swollen into PMMA nanospheres. Furthermore, the luminescence intensity of the PMMA–Eu nanospheres was very stable in various severe media, including aqueous solutions with various pHs, 1 mM Ca2+, 1 mM Fe2+, 1 mM Cu2+, 0.1M phosphate‐buffered saline solution, 1 mM citric acid solution, 1 mM lysine, and 1 mM glutamic acid. After the nanospheres were incubated at various temperatures for 1 h, the luminescence properties remained stable when the temperature was less than 40°C yet decreased slightly between 40 and 60°C and decreased rapidly at higher temperatures. These luminescent nanospheres were successfully applied in the luminescence‐sensing assay of hydrogen peroxide and exhibited a high sensitivity and broad linear concentration range. Because of their unique luminescence properties, the as‐synthesized PMMA–Eu nanospheres are expected to have great potential for use as luminescent labels or probes for long‐time imaging and analysis in which severe media situations are present. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis of triphenyl phosphine oxide‐containing polymers via atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Türel Betül , Karataş Sevim , Güngör Atilla , Serhatli I. Ersin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBis[(4 ‐β‐(2‐bromopropanoate)ethoxy)phenyl]phenylphosphine oxide was used for the first time as the initiator of atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate in the presence of CuBr/N, N,N′, N″, N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as catalyst/ligand and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent. The presence of phosphine oxide linkages in the backbone gives the polymers special properties; low Tg, high char yield, and decreases the oxygen induction time value. A linear increase of number average molecular weight (Mn) versus monomer conversion was observed, and the molecular weight distribution was relatively narrow (Mw/Mn = 1.1–1.3). FTIR, 1HNMR, gel permeation chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopies were used for the characterization of the related polymers. The thermal properties of these polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The Localization of the Supraorbital Notch or Foramen is Crucial for Headache and Supraorbital Neuralgia Avoiding and Treatment
Authors: Tomaszewska Agnieszka , Kwiatkowska Barbara , Jankauskas Rimantas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to provide the morphological and morphometric data of the supraorbital foramina or notches related to sex, side, and the climatic conditions where the population lived. It was hypothesized that the distribution of the occurrence and location of these openings depends on climatic conditions in which the population lived. Orbits from 866 dried skulls obtained from three climatic regions: warm, temperate, and cold were examined. The examination concentrated on the configuration (notch/foramen) and on the distances to the reference points: nasion, frontomalare orbitale, infraorbital foramen and the superior orbital rim. In 14.3% of cases a smooth supraorbital rim was observed while different variants of the structures were observed in 85.7% of the cases. In cold climatic conditions, supraorbital foramina were found in the highest frequency (35.4%). In warm and temperate climates, the observed frequencies of supraorbital foramen were the lowest (18.8% and 19.9%, respectively). Frequency of supraorbital notches was the lowest of those skulls from a cold climate (44.0%) and the highest in those from a warm climate (59.0%). These results support the hypothesis that the occurrence of the supraorbital notches is greater in populations from warm compared with cold regions. This would provide a greater exit route for the neurovascular bundle and this may be related to the thermoregulatory processes in the supraorbital region. Furthermore, knowledge of precise locations of supraorbital structures is important when a supraorbital nerve block is given, for example, in the treatment of migraine headaches. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oral apremilast in the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Schett Georg , Wollenhaupt Jurgen , Papp Kim , Joos Rik , Rodrigues Jude F. , Vessey Adele R. , Hu ChiaChi , Stevens Randall , de Vlam Kurt L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of apremilast, a novel, orally available small molecule that specifically targets phosphodiesterase 4, in the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis (PsA).MethodsThis phase II, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study included the following: a 12‐week treatment phase, with patients receiving placebo, apremilast 20 mg twice per day, or apremilast 40 mg once per day; a 12‐week treatment‐extension phase, with patients in the placebo group re‐randomized to receive apremilast; and a 4‐week observational phase after treatment cessation. The primary end point was the proportion of patients achieving the American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% improvement (ACR20) at week 12. Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), physical examinations, vital signs, laboratory parameters, and electrocardiograms.ResultsOf the 204 patients with PsA who were randomized to a treatment group, 165 completed the treatment phase. At the end of the treatment phase (week 12), 43.5% of patients receiving apremilast 20 mg twice per day (P < 0.001) and 35.8% of those receiving 40 mg once per day (P = 0.002) achieved an ACR20 response, compared with 11.8% of those receiving placebo. At the end of the treatment‐extension phase (week 24), >40% of patients in each group (patients receiving apremilast 20 mg twice per day, patients receiving apremilast 40 mg once per day, and patients in the placebo group re‐randomized to receive apremilast) achieved the ACR20 level of improvement. Most patients in the treatment phase (84.3%) and treatment‐extension phase (68.3%) reported ≥1 AE. Diarrhea, headache, nausea, fatigue, and nasopharyngitis were reported most frequently; most events were mild or moderate. No clinically relevant laboratory or electrocardiographic abnormalities were reported.ConclusionTreatment with apremilast at a dosage of 20 mg twice per day or 40 mg once per day demonstrated efficacy in comparison with placebo and was generally well tolerated in patients with active PsA. The balance of efficacy, tolerability, and safety supports further study of apremilast in PsA.
Towards a Zinc‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation/Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines
Authors: Werkmeister Svenja , Fleischer Steffen , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe first asymmetric hydrogenation/transfer hydrogenation of imines to amines using zinc(II) triflate in combination with chiral ligands is described. The monodentate binaphthophosphepine ligand (3g) provided the highest enantioselectivities. Using different imines, the corresponding amines were obtained in moderate yields and enantioselectivities.
Total Synthesis of Ceratopicanol through Tandem Cycloaddition Reaction of a Linear Substrate
Authors: Lee Sang‐Shin , Kim Won‐Yeob , Lee Hee‐Yoon 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTotal synthesis of ceratopicanol (1) was achieved with a tandem cycloaddition reaction of allenyl diazo compound 6 via a trimethylenemethane (TMM) diyl intermediate. The TMM diyl mediated [2+3] cycloaddition reaction furnished the consecutive quaternary carbon centers and showed an unusual diastereoselectivity.
Novel Adaptive Control Design for Nonlinear System with Extended Partition of Unity Method
Authors: Luo Liang , Wang Yin‐He , Fan Yong‐Qing , Zhang Yun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOne of the amazing abilities of fuzzy logic systems or neural networks is their ability to approximate unknown certainties. When nonlinear systems possess multiple variables, however, the process of the adaptive fuzzy or neural network online control becomes difficult. In this paper, we will introduce the extended partition of unity (EPU), composed of scalars and saturators, to address this problem. The merit of the suggested design scheme is that the construction of the partition of unity and the design of adaptive laws are separate. This means the proposed design method only adjusts the outputs of EPU and one update law, even in nonlinear systems with multiple variables. Therefore, this new method of EPU leads to easier selection of basis functions, reduces the number of adaptive laws, has greater robustness, and is suitable for different kinds of universal approximators. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Validation of NARCCAP temperature data for some forest sites in the southeast United States
Authors: Shem Willis Otieno , Mote T. L. , Shepherd J. M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractValidation of North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) climate simulations is conducted for selected US Forest Service sites in the southeastern United States. Results focus on qualitative and quantitative comparisons of seasonal and monthly temperature data from NARCCAP simulations to the surface air temperature data sets developed at the University of Delaware. The Regional Climate Model, RCM3, driven by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Global Climate Model underestimates average surface temperature for some areas of the southeast United States by about 4 °C for the daily average during the winter of the selected period. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with HBr on Ice comparison with N2O5+HCl
Authors: Seisel Sabine , Flückiger Benoit , Rossi Michel J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 with HCl and HBr on ice have been studied in the temperature range 180 to 200 K using a Knudsen flow reactor.The uptake of N2O5 on ice in the presence of HBr was found to be strongly dependent on the HBr concentration. For the highest HBr concentrations used a maximum uptake coefficient of N2O5 of γ=0.11 has been determined. We observed Br2 and HONO in 80% yield as products with respect to N2O5 taken up. The uptake coefficient of N2O5 on ice in the presence of HCl was found to be 3.2·10−2 and increased with increasing HCl concentration. CINO2 was detected as the sole reaction product with a maximum yield of 63% with respect to N2O5 consumed.Hydrolysis of N2O5 resulting in HNO3 was found to be competitive with the title reaction. For the case of the HBr reaction the branching ratio between Br2 and HONO formation, on the one hand, and hydrolysis of N2O5, on the other hand, has been determined. Mechanistic aspects of the heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with HX have been discussed.
Calculation of the first and second stoichiometric dissociation constants of glycine in aqueous sodium chloride solutions at 298.15 K
Authors: Partanen Jaakko I. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractEquations for the calculation of the first and second stoichiometric dissociation constants (Km,1 and Km,2) of glycine in aqueous NaCl solutions at 298.15 K were determined by a method developed recently. In this method, a simple equation of the Hückel type is used for single‐ion activity coefficients. The thermodynamic dissociation constants of this amino acid were taken from the literature, and the parameters for the activity coefficient equation were determined from the electromotive force data measured on cells without a liquid junction. These data were taken from the literature, and they were also used to test the resulting equations. The equations predict the data usually within ±0.3 mV. The recommended activity coefficients equations were also tested with literature results measured on cells containing a liquid junction. The activity coefficient equations apply in the best case up to ionic strengths of about 3 mol kg−1. For the glycine solutions where NaCl alone determines the ionic strength, the recommended Km,1 and Km,2 are tabulated at rounded ionic strengths. Possibilities to calculate the ionic activity coefficients for glycine species by means of the Pitzer equations are also considered.
Evaluation of pharmacokinetic differences of acetaminophen in pseudo germ‐free rats
Authors: Lee Soo Hyun , An Ji Hye , Lee Hwa Jeong , Jung Byung Hwa 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the metabolic interaction between host and gut microflora on drug metabolism, pseudo germ‐free rats were prepared with an antibiotics cocktail to change their gut conditions. The usefulness of the pseudo germ‐free model was evaluated for observing the DMPK of acetaminophen (APAP). Pseudo germ‐free rats were prepared by orally administering antibiotic cocktails consisting of bacitracin, streptomycin and neomycin, and then APAP was orally administered to control and pseudo germ‐free rats. The plasma concentration of APAP and its six metabolites were quantified using a validated LC‐MS/MS method. A non‐compartment model estimated the pharmacokinetic parameters of APAP and its metabolites, and the ratios of the area under curve (AUC; AUCmetabolite/AUCAPAP) were also observed to evaluate the change of APAP metabolism. The AUCs of APAP and APAP‐Glth (glutathione) were higher and the AUCAPAP‐Sul/AUCAPAP (metabolic efficiency of sulfate conjugation) was lower in pseudo germ‐free rats than those in the control rats. The decrease in metabolic efficiency of sulphate conjugation could result from the reduction of the sulphate supply, causing an increase of the AUC of APAP and APAP‐Glth. The activities of gut microflora can affect the state of hepatic sulphate for drug conjugation, indirectly leading to characteristic APAP metabolism. These results indicate that gut microflora may play an important role in the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of APAP. Thus, the metabolic interaction between host and gut microflora should be considered upon drug administration and pseudo germ‐free rats prepared in the present study can be competent for investigating the metabolic interaction between host and gut microflora on drug metabolism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is there an embryopathy associated with first‐trimester exposure to angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists? A critical review of the evidence
Authors: Polifka Janine E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDrugs that interfere with the renin‐angiotensin system, such as angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), are widely used to manage hypertension and heart failure. Adequate functioning of the RAS is essential for normal fetal kidney development. The potential for ACEIs and ARBs to impair fetal and neonatal renal function if taken after the first trimester of pregnancy has been well documented. Although these drugs were not found to be teratogenic in animals, until recently little was known about the teratogenic effects of ACEIs and ARBs in humans when exposure was limited to the first trimester of pregnancy. New evidence from epidemiologic studies indicates that there may be an elevated teratogenic risk when these drugs are taken during the first trimester of pregnancy. However, this elevated risk does not appear to be specific to ACEIs and ARBs, but is instead related to maternal factors and diseases that typically coexist with hypertension in pregnancy, such as diabetes, advanced maternal age, and obesity. Women who become pregnant while being treated with an ACEI or ARB should be advised to avoid exposure to these drugs during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy by switching to a different class of antihypertensive drugs between weeks 8 and 10 after conception. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 94:576–598, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mushroom Tyrosinase Oxidizes Tyrosine‐Rich Sequences to Allow Selective Protein Functionalization
Authors: Long Marcus J. C. , Hedstrom Lizbeth 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe show that mushroom tyrosinase catalyzes the formation of reactive o‐quinones on unstructured, tyrosine‐rich sequences such as hemagglutinin (HA) tags (YPYDVPDYA). In the absence of exogenous nucleophiles and at low protein concentrations, the o‐quinone decomposes with fragmentation of the HA tag. At higher protein concentrations (>5 mg mL−1), crosslinking is observed. Besthorn's reagent intercepts the o‐quinone to give a characteristic pink complex that can be observed directly on a denaturing SDS‐PAGE gel. Similar labeled species can be formed by using other nucleophiles such as Cy5‐hydrazide. These reactions are selective for proteins bearing HA and other unstructured poly‐tyrosine‐containing tags and can be performed in lysates to create specifically tagged proteins.