bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Victims and Martyrs: Converging Histories of Violence in Amazonian Anthropology and U.S. Cinema
Authors: HIGH CASEY 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSince the 1950s, indigenous Waorani people of Amazonian Ecuador have had a prominent place in the evangelical imagination in the United States and Europe because of their reputation for violence. Their symbolic status as “wild” Indians in popular imagination reached its peak in 1956, when five U.S. missionaries were killed during an attempt to convert the Waorani to Christianity. With the opening of a U.S.‐produced film in January 2006 about the history of Waorani spear killing, entitled End of the Spear, Waorani violence has become part of a truly global imagination. In juxtaposing the film's Christian‐inspired narrative with Waorani oral histories of violence, this article explores how indigenous ideas about predation and victimhood are related to the trope of martyrdom that has become prominent in Christian representations of the Waorani since the 1950s. It suggests that visual media such as popular film hold the potential to recontextualize ethnographic representations and allow us to rethink the ways in which Amazonian cosmologies are related to sociopolitical processes that transcend the temporal and spatial boundaries of ethnographic fieldwork. More generally, the article argues that new anthropological knowledge can be produced through the combination of fieldwork and attention to less conventional sources, such as historical missionary narratives and popular cinema.
Immunogenetic and Immunological Problems of Allogeneic Haemopoietic Radio‐Chimaeras in Man
Authors: Mathé G. , Schwarzenberg L. , Amiel J. L. , Schneider M. , Cattan A. , Schlumberger J. R. , Tubiana M. , Lalanne Cl. 
Published: August 2010

Allogeneic bone marrow grafting is described in 21 human leukaemic subjects. Failure of the graft occurred in 6 cases and take in 15 cases. In the latter group, all 15 cases were complicated by the secondary syndrome, which was fatal in 11 cases and controlled in 4 cases.The immunogenetic and immunological factors determining the establishment and evolution of haematological radio‐chimaeras in man are discussed.The choice of donor in fundamental. Three tests are considered to be effective in donor selection, the indirect histocompatibility test (the so‐called third man test proposed by us), the leucocyte antigen test and the reaction of donor and recipient leucocytes in the dermis of an irradiated hamster. When marrow from several donors is transfused, the recipient spontaneously selects that genetically nearest.It seems likely there is more chance of finding a suitable donor among genetically related subjects than among those who are unrelated.The frequency of graft take seems slightly less in recipients who have previously received blood transfusions.Total bone marrow graft is associated with specific tolerance towards donor tissues. This is paralleled by the production in the chimaera of immunoglobulins produced by the graft.The secondary syndrome seems, as in animals, to be related essentially to the graft versus host reaction. It is convenient to distinguish between its various manifestations, on the one hand, those lesions which are readily controlled such as hepatitis or erythrodermia associated with infiltration and proliferation of immunologically competent cells from the graft, and on the other hand immune insufficiency with regard to micro organisms, especially viruses and Candida albicans. This latter group, the mechanism of which is complex, still eludes attempts at preventive and curative control.The use of multiple donors, the administration of cortisone during marrow transfusion and amethopterin and/or cyclophosphamide in the days following transfusions, all seem to have reduced the severity of the secondary syndrome, which however still cannot be satisfactory controlled.The graft reaction against the leukaemic cells is utilised as an antileukaemic treatment. In the 4 patients who escaped acute secondary syndrome survival has been notably longer, the longest lasted 20 months, when death from zoster encephalitis supervened. There were no clinical signs of leukaemia or histological evidence of this at autopsy.
SERUM IRON INCREASE AS A MEASURE OF IRON ABSORPTION ‐ STUDIES ON THE CORRELATION WITH TOTAL ABSORPTION
Authors: Ekenved Gunnar , Norrby Anders , Sölvell Lermart 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe correlation between the magnitude of the increase of serum iron after an oral dose of iron and the total absorption of iron was studied in 51 healthy subjects and 10 patients with iron deficiency anaemia.59Fe‐labelled solutions of ferrous sulphate (25–100 mg iron) were administered to the fasting subjects. The serum iron concentration was followed for 4–6 hours and the absorption was measured in a whole‐body counter.Good correlation was found between the maximal increase of serum iron and the total amount of iron absorbed after a dose of iron given as a solution. The serum iron method may be used for comparisons of the absorbability of different doses of iron by performing cross‐over studies in groups of subjects. However, it was found that in an individual subject the serum iron method could not be used to determine the amount of iron absorbed from an oral dose of iron.
STANDARDIZATION OF THE APTT TEST CURRENT STATUS
Authors: Poller L. 
Published: August 2010

The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) which is used as an overall measure of the intrinsic clotting system, is the commonest coagulation test employed in routine laboratories apart from the prothrombin time. The main functions of the test are: 1. to screen intrinsic coagulation defects; 2. to control heparin administration; 3. in the control of oral anticoagulant treatment.Many different preparations of phospholipid of human, animal and vegetable origin are used as PTT reagents. In addition, different activators, incubation times, concentrations of calcium chloride and test dilutions of plasma and phospholipid are recommended for routine laboratory use. The need to standardise both reagents and technique has been emphasised in many reports. To meet the need for a reference preparation for the PTT test, a large batch of phospholipid material of human brain origin, designated 71/25, was prepared in the National (UK) Reference Laboratory in lyophilised form in 1971 and proposed as a provisional international reference material. This primary master preparation has been used to calibrate subsequent batches of secondary reference preparations distributed to hospitals in the UK and overseas. Results of a number of collaborative studies have demonstrated the greater reliability of the standardised PTT extract compared with commercial extracts used at the same centres in the three aspects of PTT testing.The conclusion to be drawn from these extensive studies of the laboratory and clinical application of the provisional international reference preparation (71/25) is that we may now be in a position to define an acceptable international standard for the APTT.
Immunological Typing of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Authors: Reijden Hendrik J. van der , Wering Elizabeth R. van , Rijn J. Mathijs van de , Melief Cees J. M. , Veer Mars B. van T , Behrendt Henk , Borne Albert E. G. Kr. von dem 
Published: August 2010

The blasts of 37 adult and 126 childhood cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were characterized with a panel of xeno‐antisera and rosette tests. The Orthoclone® monoclonal antibodies (OKT series) were applied as well. Like other investigators, we were able to distinguish 4 major classes of ALL: T‐ALL, common‐ALL with the subclass pre‐B‐ALL, null‐ALL, and B‐ALL. We did not encounter a common‐ALL antigen‐positive T‐ALL subclass. In both adult and childhood ALL, all classes were present, and in about the same frequency as reported by others. In children, common‐ALL was the most frequent (66%); in adults, null‐ALL (38%). T‐ALL was seen both in adults and in children with about the same frequency (27 and 23%, respectively). We found pre‐B‐ALL only in children. Patients with B‐ALL comprised the smallest group in both adults and children (8 and 1.5%, respectively). The application of the OKT antibodies led to recognition of 3 major subclasses of T‐ALL: an immature, a common thymocyte and a mature thymocyte subclass. These antibodies were helpful in defining a better classification of null‐ALL.With regard to remission induction and prognosis in adult ALL, complete remissions were always obtained in T‐ALL, followed by 70% of complete remissions in common‐ALL. The worst prognosis was encountered in null‐ALL and B‐ALL, with 50 and 0% remission, respectively, and a shorter survival in null‐ALL of those patients who achieved complete remission. Thus, the high number of cases of null‐ALL in adults partly explains the generally much worse prognosis for adult ALL.
Peripheral giant cell granuloma. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: Carvalho YR , Loyola AM , Gomez RS , Araújo VC 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To study the nature of multinucleated and mononuclear cells from peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG).MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections of 40 cases of PGCG were immunohistochemically stained for vimentin, alpha I‐antichymotrypsin, CD68, S‐100 protein, lysozyme. leucocyte common antigen (LCA), factor VIII‐retated antigen and muscle cell actin. Six cases of PGCG were also studied by transmission etectron microscopy.RESULTS: Vimentin, alpha I‐antichymotrypsin and CD68 were expressed in both the mononuclear and multinucleated giant cells. Dendritic mononuclear cells, positive for 5–100 protein, were noted in 67.5% of the lesions, whereas lysozyme and leucocyte common antigen were detected in occasional mononuclear cells. Ultrastructural examination showed mononuclear cells with signs of phagocytosis and sometimes interdigitations with similar cells. Others presented non‐specific characteristics and the third type exhibited cytoplasmic processes and occasional Birbeck granules. Some multi‐nucleated giant cells showed oval nuclei, abundant mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum whereas others presented with irregular nuclei and a great number of cytoplasmic vacuoles.CONCLUSIONS: lmmunohistochemical and ultrastructural results suggest that PGCGs of the jaws are composed mainly of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and that Langerhans cells are present in two thirds of the lesions.
Expression of lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 3 in oral lichen planus
Authors: Kirby AC , OIsen I , Farthing PM , Porter SR 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The expression pattern of lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 3 (LFA‐3) in the buccal mucosa of oral lichen planus (OLP) patients was compared to that of healthy controls to investigate the possible role of LFA‐3 in cell interactions within OLP lesions.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of buccal mucosa from 17 clinically healthy individuals and 17 OLP lesions were analysed. Expression of LFA‐3, CD2, CD3 and CD 14 was visualized by an immunoperoxidase technique and assessed microscopically.RESULTS: In healthy buccal mucosa LFA‐3 was expressed on keratinocytes, Langerhans cells within the epithelium and on endothelial cells in the lamina propria. In OLP patients a similar pattern of LFA‐3 staining was observed. In addition, cytoplasmic LFA‐3, without accompanying surface staining, was seen on a subpopul‐ation of macrophage‐like cells. Substantial amounts of LFA‐3 also appeared to be associated with non‐cellular components of the extracellular matrix within the inflammatory infiltrate.CONCLUSIONS: We have obtained evidence for a previously undescribed localization of LFA‐3 within macro‐phages, and have observed that expression of LFA‐3 is apparently elevated within OLP lesions. LFA‐3 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of OLP.
Laboratory studies of sweets re‐formulated to improve their dental properties
Authors: Grenby TH , Mistry M 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the potential dental effects of ten new types of sugar‐free sweets formulated with Lyca‐sin or isomalt as bulk sweeteners instead of sugars.METHODS: Examination of the sweets for their acidity, fermentability by oral microorganisms, influence on the demineralisation of dental enamel, and their influence on human interdental plaque pH. compared with conventional sugar‐containing sweets.FINDINGS: The importance of reducing the levels of flavouring acids in the sweets was demonstrated. It was not straightforward to evaluate chocolate products in this system, but the potential benefits of re‐formulating fruit gums, lollipops, chew‐bars, toffee and fudge with Lycasin or isomalt in place of sugars were shown by determining their reduced acidogenicity and ferment‐ability compared with conventional confectionery.CONCLUSIONS: The extent of demineralisation of dental enamel was related to both the acidity and the fermentability of the sweets. Re‐formulating sweets with reduced acidity levels and bulk sweeteners not fermentable by dental plaque microorganisms can provide a basis for improving their potential dental effects.
Altered interface adhesion molecules in oral lichen planus
Authors: Ramirez‐Amador V , Dekker NP , Lozada‐Nur F , Mirowski GW , MacPhail LA , Regezi JA 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate expression of key epithelial‐connective tissue interface adhesion molecules (basal keratinocyte integrins and extracellular matrix receptors) in oral lichen planus (LP).DESIGN: Integrins α3, α6, β1, β4 and basement membrane proteins laminin 1, laminin 5, collagen IV, and collagen VII were immunohistochemically identified in frozen biopsy specimens (14 oral LP and 11 matched controls) using a standard avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase technique.RESULTS: An increased staining intensity of all antigens in LP was shown, as compared to controls. Integrin expression by LP keratinocytes was generally more intense and appeared on more upper level cells. Staining for basement membrane‐associated extra‐cellular matrix proteins was also generally more intense, although fragmentation and gaps were typically seen. Reactions for α6, β4, laminin 5, and collagen VII stains were particularly intense along the basement membrane. In LP, strands of laminin 5, collagen IV, and collagen VII appeared in the submucosa approximating or duplicating the basement membrane.CONCLUSIONS: The apparent increased expression of the interface‐associated adhesion molecules may be reflective of a keratinocyte compensatory response (due to lymphocyte‐mediated damage) that would functionally help resist epithelial separation (ulceration). Expression of α3β1 and α6β4 would also assist in epithelial migration associated with wound repair. We interpret the submucosal extensions and deposits of basement membrane proteins as representing remnants of basement membrane, indicating recent remodeling or atrophy of epithelial rate ridges.
High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of chondroitin sulphate isomers in human whole saliva in a variety of clinical conditions
Authors: Okazaki J , Kamada A , Gonda Y , Sakaki T , Embery G 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: Tests have been carried out to assess the level of unsaturated disaccharide isomers obtained from chondroitin sulphate in whole saliva, which contains chondroitin sulphate derived from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whole saliva was collected from periodontally diseased subjects (PDS), clinically healthy subjects (CHS) and edentulous subjects (ES). Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were liberated by digestion with Pronase E, and precipitated with cetylpyridinium chloride and ethanol. The unsaturated disaccharides obtained by chondroitinase ACII digestion of the liberated GAG were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The unsaturated disaccharides included ΔDi‐0S, ΔDi‐6S and ΔDi‐4S.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of data indicated that ΔDi‐0S, ΔDi‐6S and ΔDi‐4S were found in all PDS samples. The amount (ng ml‐1 collected whole saliva) of ΔDi‐0S, ΔDi‐6S and ΔDi‐4S (P < 0.01) indicated significant differences between CHS and PDS whole saliva samples. The quantities of ΔDi‐0S and ΔDi‐4S (P < 0.01) indicated significant differences between PDS and ES whole saliva. The amount of ΔDi‐0S (P < 0.05) and ΔDi‐6S (P<0.01) also indicated significant differences between CHS and ES whole saliva. These results indicate that chondroitin sulphate in PDS and CHS whole saliva is representative of that previously reported in gingival crevicular fluid and so provides a useful and alternative means of assessing the role of GAG as indicators of periodontal disease.
Rheumatoid factor from periodontitis patients cross‐reacts with epitopes on oral bacteria
Authors: The J , Ebersole JL 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the antigenic specificity of rheumatoid factor (RF) that had previously been reported in the serum of patients with periodontitis.DESIGN: IgM‐RF was isolated from the serum of five RF‐seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients and 14 RF‐seropositive periodontitis patients and examined for specificity to human IgG and selected oral bacteria. METHODS: IgM‐RF was prepared by affinity chromatography on human IgG columns. Human IgG antibody to Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleaturn, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was isolated by binding and elution of antibody from the bacteria, followed by purification using a rabbit anti‐lgG affinity column.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Binding of the isolated IgM‐RF was determined using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antigens used for detection of binding included isolated human IgG, human IgG antibody bound to the bacteria, and the bacteria alone. Inhibition of the IgM‐RF binding with IgG or Fcγ was used to assess the specificity of the reactivity with IgG and/or the bacteria.RESULTS: The results showed that the IgM‐RF reacted with polyclonal human IgG nonspecifically bound to microtiter plates. The reactivity of the IgM‐RF was increased when incubated with IgG that bound as antibody to C. gingivalis, F. nucleaturn or A. actinomyceternco‐mitans. However, the IgM‐RF did not bind with increased intensity to the specific IgG antibody preparations or to IgG preparations lacking antibody to these microorganisms. Additionally, the IgM‐RF preparations bound to surface components of both C. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. Blocking studies showed that Fcγ but not IgG inhibited IgM‐RF binding to both micro‐organisms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the RF detected in the serum of some periodontitis patients may be elicted by certain micro‐organisms in the subgingival plaque. Furthermore, C. gingivalis and F. nucleaturn appear to express surface antigen epitopes that are antigenically related to determinants on IgG and can induce cross‐reactive IgM‐RF.
Immunocompetent cells in oral candidiasis of HIV‐infected patients: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopical study
Authors: Romagnoli P. , Pimpinelli N. , Mori M. , Reichart PA , Eversole LR , Ficarra G. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis, a common cause of discomfort and social impairment among HIV‐infected individuals.STUDY DESIGN, MATERIALS AND METHODS: The oral mucosal immune system cells were analysed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in biopsies from five erythematous and four pseudomem‐branous candidiasis cases and were compared with those from seven HIV‐positive and 10 HIV‐negative controls without candidiasis.RESULTS: The superficial lamina propria and basal epithelial layer was populated by CD1a+ Langerhans cells with infiltration of CD8+ lymphocyteS. Within the submu‐cosa are CD36+ dendritic macrophages and lymphocytes, although CD4+ subsets were absent from the infiltrate. The expression of human leukocyte antigen system, DR locus (HLA‐DR) and leukocyte specific adhesion molecules was low in erythematous, yet more marked in pseudomembranous candidiasiS. In the pseudomembra‐nous form, CD14+ leukocytes were found in the basal epithelial layer. Langerhans cells were significantly more numerous and were richer in dendrites and Birbeck granules in erythematous than in pseudomembranous can‐didiasis.CONCLUSIONS: Candidiasis is associated with alterations in the number and differentiation of lymphocytes and dendritic cells, being more severe in the pseudo‐membranous than erythematous form. We propose that these alterations play a role in the pathogenesis and evolution of the disease.
Immunohistochemistry of ‘tertiary lymphoid follicles' in oral amalgam‐associated lichenoid lesions
Authors: Larsson Ä , Warfvinge G 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To characterise lymphoid follicle‐like aggregates incidentally found to occur in biopsies of oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) and to correlate the findings to hyperplastic tonsil follicles.DESIGN: An immunocytochemical analysis of archival material.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In an arbitrarily selected period 1992–1994 with a total of 13 924 oral biopsies, 2407 cases were signed out as OLR or lichen planus. These were microscopically reviewed, with the purpose to retrieve all cases showing histologic changes resembling secondary lymphoid follicles.RESULTS: 87 cases showed lymphoid follicle‐like changes and 82 of these were in oral regions known to constitut‐ively lack ‘organised MALT‘. Unexpectedly, all of the 82 were found retrospectively to be in close or direct contact with amalgam fillings. Immunocytochemically, using antibodies to B and T cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells and proliferation and apoptosis markers, the mucosal follicles stained similar to tonsillar secondary follicles. In several of an additional 11 OLR cases with histologic changes suggestive of primary follicles, we also found immunocytochemical evidence of such changes.CONCLUSIONS: ‘Tertiary lymphoid follicles' may occasionally develop in OLR at sites of the oral mucosa constitutively lacking organised lymphoid tissue. The microenvironment of the OLR T cell infiltrate may occasionally favour such follicle development and amalgam constituents may causally be involved in an unknown way.