bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perioperative cardiac arrests in children at a university teaching hospital of a developing country over 15 years
Authors: AHMED ALIYA , ALI MOHAMMAD , KHAN MUEENULLAH , KHAN FAUZIA 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjective/Aim: To study the incidence, causes, and outcome of perioperative cardiac arrests in children at a university teaching hospital with an aim of improving quality of care.Background: Analysis of anesthesia‐related complications is routinely performed by most anesthesia departments to make prevention strategies.Methods: All perioperative cardiac arrests in children up to 18 years from induction of anesthesia to postanesthesia care unit discharge or ICU admission during noncardiac surgery from January 1992 to December 2006 were analyzed. Outcome variable was noted as survival to discharge. Anesthesia‐related cardiac arrests were identified and their causes analyzed.Results: Ten cardiac arrests occurred among 20216 patients. Overall incidence was 4.95 per 10000 (95% CI: 1.88–8.01). Six (6.53/10000) were females. Seven (19.44/10000) patients belonged to the classification III–IV of ASA physical status, eight (18.28/10000) were below 1 year, and two (1.26/10000) above 1 year. Three patients (6.53/10000) were undergoing emergency surgery. Anesthesia was primarily responsible in four cases. The causes of anesthesia‐related arrests were medication‐related (two), airway‐related (one), and under‐replacement of fluids (one). Seven patients died during the arrest and three were discharged home. The event was considered avoidable in seven (70%) cases.Conclusion: Perioperative cardiac arrests were higher in patients with poor physical status, in those under 1 year of age, and in female patients. Anesthesia‐related cardiac arrests were mainly due to medication‐ or airway‐related causes. The majority of arrests were avoidable indicating the importance of prevention strategies.
Risk in pediatric anesthesia
Authors: Paterson Neil , Waterhouse Peter 
Published: August 2010

SummaryRisk in pediatric anesthesia can be conveniently classified as minor or major. Major morbidity includes cardiac arrest, brain damage and death. Minor morbidity can be assessed by clinical audits with small patient samples. Major morbidity is rare. It is best assessed by very large clinical studies and by review of closed malpractice claims. Both minor and major morbidity occur most commonly in infants and children under three, especially those with severe co‐morbidities. Knowledge of risk profiles in pediatric anesthesia is a starting point for the reduction of risk.
Anesthetic management of congenital tracheoesophageal fistula
Authors: Broemling Natasha , Campbell Fiona 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis article reviews (a) risk factors and preoperative considerations of the patient with tracheoesophageal fistula, (b) anesthetic management, including (i) airway management, (ii) induction of anesthesia and monitoring and (iii) postoperative disposition, (c) considerations for concomitant congenital heart disease, (d) considerations for thoracoscopic repair and (e) long‐term outcomes and considerations of the patient with repaired esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula.
Overfishing and the Common Fisheries Policy: (un)successful results from TAC regulation?
Authors: Villasante Sebastián , do Carme García‐Negro María , González‐Laxe Fernando , Rodríguez Gonzalo Rodríguez 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper combines official data from 1990–2007 for (i) the Total Allowable Catchs (TACs) recommended by International Council for the Exploration for the Sea (ICES) scientists and the proposed and approved TACs and (ii) biomass, recruitment, catches, fishing effort, and current exploitation rates for all marine populations subjected to TAC regulation. The differences between the fishing quotas and the scientific recommendations provided by the ICES were calculated to be 19% after the first CFP reform (1992–2001) and 21% after the second one (2002–2008). In some species, these differences showed a three‐fold increase, in particular those currently considered to be beyond the biological safety limits.Regarding the most important index of abundance, the results also indicate a biomass and recruitment reduction of ∼75–85% of the stocks and 90% of catches, whereas the fishing mortality increased in 35% of stocks. In addition, of all populations analysed under TAC regulation, 20% presents an increase in the current exploitation rate, 17% did not show significant changes, and the remaining 63% presented a reduction between 1990 and 2007. These results could contribute to the recovery of stocks. However, following the methodology used by Worm et al. who reported that 6 out of the 10 (60%) marine ecosystems examined showed current exploitation rate values that were significantly higher than those that provide the maximum sustainable yield, this study demonstrates that 86% of the populations regulated by TACs present values higher than exploitation rates that give maximum sustainable yield, following an alarming pattern of exploitation.
Production of biologically active recombinant human factor H in Physcomitrella
Authors: Büttner‐Mainik Annette , Parsons Juliana , Jérôme Hanna , Hartmann Andrea , Lamer Stephanie , Schaaf Andreas , Schlosser Andreas , Zipfel Peter F. , Reski Ralf , Decker Eva L. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe human complement regulatory serum protein factor H (FH) is a promising future biopharmaceutical. Defects in the gene encoding FH are associated with human diseases like severe kidney and retinal disorders in the form of atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis II (MPGN II) or age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). There is a current need to apply intact full‐length FH for the therapy of patients with congenital or acquired defects of this protein. Application of purified or recombinant FH (rFH) to these patients is an important and promising approach for the treatment of these diseases. However, neither protein purified from plasma of healthy individuals nor recombinant protein is currently available on the market. Here, we report the first stable expression of the full‐length human FH cDNA and the subsequent production of this glycoprotein in a plant system. The moss Physcomitrella patens perfectly suits the requirements for the production of complex biopharmaceuticals as this eukaryotic system not only offers an outstanding genetical accessibility, but moreover, proteins can be produced safely in scalable photobioreactors without the need for animal‐derived medium compounds. Transgenic moss lines were created, which express the human FH cDNA and target the recombinant protein to the culture supernatant via a moss‐derived secretion signal. Correct processing of the signal peptide and integrity of the moss‐produced rFH were verified via peptide mapping by mass spectrometry. Ultimately, we show that the rFH displays complement regulatory activity comparable to FH purified from plasma.
The production of artemisinin precursors in tobacco
Authors: Zhang Yansheng , Nowak Goska , Reed Darwin W. , Covello Patrick S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryArtemisinin, in the form of artemisinin‐based combination therapies (ACTs), is currently the most important compound in the treatment of malaria. The current commercial source of artemisinin is Artemisia annua, but this represents a relatively expensive source for supplying the developing world. In this study, the possibility of producing artemisinin in genetically modified plants is investigated, using tobacco as a model. Heterologous expression of A. annua amorphadiene synthase and CYP71AV1 in tobacco led to the accumulation of amorphadiene and artemisinic alcohol, but not artemisinic acid. Additional expression of artemisinic aldehyde Δ11(13) double‐bond reductase (DBR2) with or without aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) led to the additional accumulation dihydroartemisinic alcohol. The above‐mentioned results and in vivo metabolic experiments suggest that amorphane sesquiterpenoid aldehydes are formed, but conditions in the transgenic tobacco cells favour reduction to alcohols rather than oxidation to acids. The biochemical and biotechnological significance of these results are discussed.
Use of doubled haploid technology for development of stable drought tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) transgenics
Authors: Chauhan Harsh , Khurana Paramjit 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAnther culture–derived haploid embryos were used as explants for Agrobacterium‐mediated genetic transformation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv CPAN1676) using barley HVA1 gene for drought tolerance. Regenerated plantlets were checked for transgene integration in T0 generation, and positive transgenic haploid plants were doubled by colchicine treatment. Stable transgenic doubled haploid plants were obtained, and transgene expression was monitored till T4 generation, and no transgene silencing was observed over the generations. Doubled haploid transgenic plants have faster seed germination and seedling establishment and show better drought tolerance in comparison with nontransgenic, doubled haploid plants, as measured by per cent germination, seedling growth and biomass accumulation. Physiological evaluation for abiotic stress by assessing nitrate reductase enzyme activity and plant yield under post‐anthesis water limitation revealed a better tolerance of the transgenics over the wild type. This is the first report on the production of double haploid transgenic wheat through anther culture technique in a commercial cultivar for a desirable trait. This method would also be useful in functional genomics of wheat and other allopolyploids of agronomic importance.
Royal Patronage and the Earls in the Reign of Edward I
Authors: SPENCER ANDREW M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDespite his reputation as one of the most successful English monarchs of the middle ages, Edward I has never been seen as a generous king. This article looks afresh at the accepted view of Edward I as a miserly king and, by examining his relationship with his earls, seeks to demonstrate that Edward had a sophisticated and judicious approach to patronage which was based upon rewarding good service. The article attempts to place Edward I's patronage in line with the later template of Edward III. In reassessing the judgements of K. B. McFarlane and M. C. Prestwich, the article reconsiders Edward's policy of land grants in England, Wales and Scotland, and also draws upon new material such as the king's grants of deer from the royal forests, charters of free warren and the remission of debts to the exchequer.
Narrow band UVB: is it effective and safe for paediatric psoriasis and atopic dermatitis?
Authors: Pavlovsky M , Baum S , Shpiro D , Pavlovsky L , Pavlotsky F 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground  Phototherapy has a time‐honoured place in the treatment of variety of skin diseases in adults. The use of this modality in children is limited mainly due to concerns about long‐term carcinogenic potential. Only a few clinical trials have been performed on the efficacy and safety of phototherapy in children.Objectives  To determine the efficacy and safety of NB‐UVB phototherapy in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis.Methods  This is a retrospective review of the treatment outcomes of 129 children with psoriasis and AD, who were treated with NB‐UVB between 1998 and 2006 at our institute.Results  Fifty per cent of the psoriatic patients and 25% of patients with AD achieved clearance by the end of the treatment. NB‐UVB phototherapy was well‐tolerated, with no serious adverse effects except one doubtful case of melanoma in situ.Conclusions  NB‐UVB may be considered as a viable therapeutic option in children with psoriasis and AD. Children who are treated by phototherapy should remain under annual dermatologic observation. To determine true carcinogenic risk of UV therapy, longer follow‐up is essential.
COLLOIDAL STRUCTURE AND ITS BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE1
Authors: LLOYD D. JORDAN 
Published: August 2010

SummaryTo sum up the evidence which we have considered here on the close relation between colloidal structure and biological function, we find that we pass over a series of possibilities. At the one end we get highly active tissues such as primitive connective tissue, growing tissues and generative cells. In these there is a high percentage of water, the percentage decreasing with age; the proteins are present as colloid sols, probably uni‐molecular, each molecule consisting of a back‐bone which is not highly hydrated, carrying at periodic intervals side chains or limbs which are of varied character, often lengthy and of complex chemical structure, highly polar, heavily hydrated and undoubtedly playing an important rôle in the metabolic activities of the cells. Next we get biologically inactive tissues such as mesenteries, tendons and skin, which are built up mainly of connective tissue fibres which have a skeletal but not a metabolic function. Here we find a low percentage of water and the protein molecules are arranged in a compact and orderly manner to form fibres; the backbone of the molecule is still the same, it is very little if at all hydrated and carries at periodic intervals the side chains or limbs, but these are now for the most part shorter and of a much simpler molecular structure, less polar, probably less hydrated and playing little if any part in any metabolic cycle. Finally, we get tissues such as the keratinous layer of the epidermis in animals, cellulose cell walls in plants, external fibres, such as wool and cotton hairs, internal fibres such as bast fibres. The biological function of these tissues is purely mechanical; chemical activity is not desired. Here the importance of the backbone of the colloid is paramount; the chemical potentialities of the limbs are of little significance and we find in these tissues, as might have been anticipated, compact, stable ring structures which leave very little space for the entry of water or any other disturbing molecule. In the animal world, these resistant fibres are protein; in the plant world carbohydrate. For biological stability either material is equally effective.
UNIT CHARACTERS IN FOSSILS
Authors: SWINNERTON H. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. This article is concerned only with visible features, or unit characters, and not with the invisible factors which control their expression.2. The methods used in establishing a gens are explained, and it is shown that well‐established gentes provide suitable material for the study of unit characters.3. The work of Ford and Huxley upon Gammarus furnishes an invaluable link between the investigations of geneticists and those of palaeontologists.4. For the palaeontologist the study of the behaviour of unit characters in development is fundamental. Peculiarities of such behaviour, long known to palaeontologists, are seen to characterise the development of such a typical Mendelian unit as that investigated by Ford and Huxley. It is inferred therefore that the two classes of units are comparable.5. This inference is greatly strengthened by the fact that conclusions arrived at by Ford and Huxley concerning the relationship of certain Mendelian units to one another in holometabolous insects had already been independently expressed in palaeontological writings upon the same topic.6. The correlation of the results of palaeontological and experimental methods of enquiry leads to the discovery of evidence that the terms “ mutation” and “transient” merely express different aspects of the behaviour of the same unit.7. The distinction between a unit character and a combination of unit characters makes it possible to separate the elements of truth and error in the Theory of Recapitulation from one another.8. It is suggested that parallelism between the behaviour of a character in development and in evolution is a corollary of the factorial hypothesis.
THE BIOLOGY OF LEPIDOPTERA INFESTING STORED PRODUCTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO POPULATION DYNAMICS
Authors: BENSO1 J. F. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryI. This review provides a background to those aspects of the biology and behaviour of Lepidoptera infesting stored products which may be important in terms of population dynamics.2. The general biologies of four common species of Phycitid moth are described.3. Both the fecundity and the fertility of the adult can be influenced by the diet of the female, the size of the female, the numbers of adults per unit area and a variety of environmental factors.4. Egg mortality may be caused by sterility or cannibalism. Larval mortality may be caused by starvation or cannibalism. Crowding leads to emigration, reduced size and extended developmental period. Pupal and adult mortalities are of minor importance. Pupae may suffer developmental disorders and adults are killed by spiders and lost by emigration.5. Parasitoids, predators and diseases, which also contribute to mortality of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, are described.6. The importance of planning and sampling in order to obtain detailed data on populations are discussed, together with the analysis of the data.7. It is shown that Lepidoptera which infest stored products and the parasitoids associated with them have proved convenient experimental tools for the elucidation of certain aspects of population dynamics. A small number of studies have succeeded in identifying the main factors or processes responsible for fluctuation or regulation of the densities of these moths.
NON‐SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS AND ITS THERMOREGULATORY SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: JANSKý L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Non‐shivering thermogenesis (NST) is a heat‐production mechanism participating in the chemical thermoregulation of mammals.2. NST is additional to shivering and takes place at temperatures close to the thermoneutral zone.3. NST occurs in newborn mammals and in those that hibernate. In some adult mammals it can be induced by adaptation to cold.4. In small mammals NST produces approximately the same amount of heat as shivering. It becomes less important with increasing body weight of the animals.5. NST is regulated by the hypothalamus and it is based predominantly on the calorigenic action of noradrenaline released from sympathetic nerve‐endings.Participation of other calorigenic substances and of the specific dynamic action of food cannot be excluded.6. NST is localized mainly in skeletal muscles and in brown adipose tissue. Small amounts of NST may come from liver, intestine, heart and brain.7. The biochemical basis of the calorigenic action of noradrenaline has not yet been fully elucidated.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF AMPHIBIAN SKIN SECRETIONS, THEIR NORMAL FUNCTIONING AND POTENTIAL MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: CLARKE B. T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAmphibians occupy a wide range of habitat types from arid deserts to deep freshwater lakes; they may spend most of their life underground or high in cloud forest canopy. Some are found north of the Arctic Circle and can tolerate freezing conditions, while others have evolved a range of adaptations to avoid desiccation in some of the hotter areas of the world. The skin plays key roles in the everyday survival of amphibians and their ability to exploit a wide range of habitats and ecological conditions. The normal functions of the skin are surveyed and Eisner's biorational approach to chemical prospecting – seeking clues from an animal's behaviour and its interactions with its environment to reveal the presence of chemical compounds with potential medical or veterinary applications – is applied to amphibians. The biology and natural history of amphibian skin, its glands and their secretions are briefly reviewed. Four categories of compounds are found in the granular or poison glands, these are: biogenic amines, bufodienolides (bufogenins), alkaloids and steroids, peptides and proteins. Toads, particularly members of the genus Bufo, are identified as a particularly convenient and useful source of granular gland secretions. The potential medical‐pharmaceutical significance of products derived from amphibian skin secretions is discussed. The need for a humane approach to this work is noted.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: LEE MICHAEL S. Y. , DOUGHTY PAUL 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe relationship between phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary theory is reassessed. It is argued here that phylogenies, and evolutionary principles, should be analysed initially as independently from each other as possible. Only then can they be used to test one another. If the phylogenies and evolutionary principles are totally consistent with one another, this consilience of independent lines of evidence increases confidence in both. If, however, there is a conflict, then one should assess the relative support for each hypothesis, and tentatively accept the more strongly supported one. We review examples where the phylogenetic hypothesis is preferred over the evolutionary principle, and vice versa, and instances where the conflict cannot be readily resolved. Because the analyses of pattern and process must initially be kept separate, the temporal order in which they are performed is unimportant. Therefore, the widespread methodology of always proceeding from cladogram to evolutionary ‘scenario’ cannot be justified philosophically. Such an approach means that cladograms cannot be properly tested against evolutionary principles, and that evolutionary ‘scenarios’ have no independent standing. Instead, we propose the ‘consilience’ approach where phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses are formulated independently from each other and then examined for agreement.
DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, DISEASE AND MEDICINE
Authors: THORNHILL RANDY , MØLLER ANDERS PAPE 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDevelopmental stability reflects the ability of a genotype to undergo stable development of a phenotype under given environmental conditions. Deviations from developmental stability arise from the disruptive effects of a wide range of environmental and genetic stresses, and such deviations are usually measured in terms of fluctuating asymmetry and phenodeviants. Fluctuating asymmetry is the most sensitive indicator of the ability to cope with stresses during ontogeny. There is considerable evidence that developmental stability, and especially fluctuating asymmetry, is a useful measure of phenotypic and genetic quality, because it covaries negatively with performance in multiple fitness domains in many species, including humans. It is proposed that developmental stability is an important marker of human health. Our goal is to initiate formally the integration of the sciences of evolutionary biology, developmental biology and medicine. We believe that this integrative framework provides a significant addition to the growing field of Darwinian medicine. The literature linking developmental stability and disease in humans is reviewed. Recent biological theoretical treatments pertaining to developmental stability are applied to a range of human health issues such as genetic diseases, ageing and survival, subfertility, abortion, child maltreatment by parents, cancer, infectious diseases, physiological and mental health, and physical attractiveness as a health certification.