bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining Spoken Language Benchmarks and Selecting Measures of Expressive Language Development for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Tager-Flusberg Helen , Rogers Sally , Cooper Judith , Landa Rebecca , Lord Catherine , Paul Rhea , Rice Mabel , Stoel-Gammon Carol , Wetherby Amy , Yoder Paul 
Published: April 2009

Purpose
The aims of this article are twofold: (a) to offer a set of recommended measures that can be used for evaluating the efficacy of interventions that target spoken language acquisition as part of treatment research studies or for use in applied settings and (b) to propose and define a common terminology for describing levels of spoken language ability in the expressive modality and to set benchmarks for determining a child’s language level in order to establish a framework for comparing outcomes across intervention studies.

Method
The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders assembled a group of researchers with interests and experience in the study of language development and disorders in young children with autism spectrum disorders. The group worked for 18 months through a series of conference calls and correspondence, culminating in a meeting held in December 2007 to achieve consensus on these aims.

Results

The authors recommend moving away from using the term
functional speech,
replacing it with a developmental framework. Rather, they recommend multiple sources of information to define language phases, including natural language samples, parent report, and standardized measures. They also provide guidelines and objective criteria for defining children’s spoken language expression in three major phases that correspond to developmental levels between 12 and 48 months of age.
Passive- and active-acoustic properties of a spawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) aggregation
Authors: Fudge Susan B. , Rose George A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Fudge, S. B., and Rose, G. A. 2009. Passive- and active-acoustic properties of a spawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) aggregation. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1259–1263. A spawning aggregation of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was observed at depths of 40–50 m with passive- and active-acoustic sensors at the Bar Haven grounds in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, in April 2003. A hydrophone was positioned on the seabed beneath the aggregation, while a 38-kHz split-beam echosounder was moored at the sea surface above it for 18.5 h. Ten grunts were recorded with peak frequencies ranging from 30 to 250 Hz and durations of nearly 300 ms. These grunts are similar to the sounds recorded in the presence of captive, spawning cod from the same substock. The echogram reveals that cod exhibit diel, vertical-migratory behaviour, densely aggregating near the seabed by day and forming columns that extend approximately halfway to the surface at night. This is the first study to demonstrate that cod produce sounds and form columns while migrating vertically during night-time spawning.
Insurance mechanisms to mediate economic risks in marine fisheries
Authors: Mumford J. D. , Leach A. W. , Levontin P. , Kell L. T. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Mumford, J. D., Leach, A. W., Levontin, P., and Kell, L. T. 2009. Insurance mechanisms to mediate economic risks in marine fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 950–959. Uncertainty affects the behaviour of fishers and fisheries regulators in a way that can adversely affect the sustainability of fish stocks, fisheries income, and productivity. In agriculture, there has been a long history of using levy funds and public and private insurance schemes to mediate economic risks to growers resulting from environmental variability and quarantine risks. In the United States, the federal government continues to underwrite funds (collected by contracted private agents) that are used to protect contributors from the effects of extreme weather and pest and disease losses. In Europe, there are examples of industry-based mutual funds to mediate risks from exotic agricultural diseases. In agriculture, insurance mechanisms have been successful in reducing risk-inducing behaviour by contractual compliance to risk-reducing codes of practice. For fisheries, insurance may provide a tool to address some elements of uncertainty in a way that would help both the fishing industry and the regulators achieve objectives of sustainability, income security, and productivity. This paper presents a brief review of insurance in agriculture and capture fisheries and uses a stochastic model to illustrate how insurance funds could protect revenue and encourage increased sustainability of fisheries and improve compliance with and enforcement of fisheries regulation. Although insurance may be a partial solution to unsatisfactory fisheries management and fishing performance, some potential challenges to this novel approach are also discussed.
Frontiers in Neuropharmacotherapy Part II: Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Chappell Jill C. , Cohen Henry 
Published: April 2009

Disease-modifying agents such as β-interferons and glatiramer acetate have a significant impact on slowing the course of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Therapeutic guidelines recommend initiating therapy with 1 of the 3 agents shortly after diagnosis of clinically definite MS, but there is insufficient data to specifically select one of the therapies. New research helps differentiate the therapies based on their induction of neutralizing antibodies, optimal dosing, and monitoring strategies. New treatments for secondary progressive MS are also emerging with evidence for the use of interferon β-1b and the approval of mitoxantrone. Future therapies for MS include oral glatiramer acetate and combination therapy. Levodopa continues to be the standard of care for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, but the approval of newer therapies that spare the use of levodopa and improve safety profiles are changing the management of the disease. Dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine and pergolide have been used to manage complications of levodopa therapy in patients with advanced disease, but new research supports the use of the more selective dopamine agonists, pramipexole and ropinirole, as monotherapy in early Parkinson’s disease. The combination of a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor with levodopa provides a new therapeutic option for treating patients with motor complications in advanced disease.
Ergot: from witchcraft to biotechnology
Authors: HAARMANN THOMAS , ROLKE YVONNE , GIESBERT SABINE , TUDZYNSKI PAUL 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYThe ergot diseases of grasses, caused by members of the genus Claviceps, have had a severe impact on human history and agriculture, causing devastating epidemics. However, ergot alkaloids, the toxic components of Claviceps sclerotia, have been used intensively (and misused) as pharmaceutical drugs, and efficient biotechnological processes have been developed for their in vitro production. Molecular genetics has provided detailed insight into the genetic basis of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis and opened up perspectives for the design of new alkaloids and the improvement of production strains; it has also revealed the refined infection strategy of this biotrophic pathogen, opening up the way for better control. Nevertheless, Claviceps remains an important pathogen worldwide, and a source for potential new drugs for central nervous system diseases.
Clinical trial: benefits and risks of immunomodulators and maintenance infliximab for IBD‐subgroup analyses across four randomized trials
Authors: LICHTENSTEIN G. R. , DIAMOND R. H. , WAGNER C. L. , FASANMADE A. A. , OLSON A. D. , MARANO C. W. , JOHANNS J. , LANG Y. , SANDBORN W. J. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryBackground  Benefits and risks of concomitant immunomodulators and maintenance infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have not been adequately evaluated.Aim  To assess the effect of concomitant immunomodulator and infliximab maintenance therapy using data from four prospective, randomized Phase 3 trials in IBD patients.Methods  Overall, 1383 patients from ACCENT I and ACCENT II [luminal and fistulizing Crohn’s disease trials] and ACT 1 and ACT 2 [ulcerative colitis trials] were analysed. Patients were treated with placebo or infliximab 5 or 10 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2 and 6 followed by every‐8‐week maintenance therapy. Clinical response, clinical remission, fistula response, complete fistula response, infection and infusion reaction rates; serum infliximab concentrations and immunogenicity were summarized by baseline concomitant immunomodulator subgroup (use or non‐use).Results  Overall, almost 40% of evaluated IBD patients received concomitant immunomodulators. Efficacy, infection, and serious infection rates were generally similar in patients who received maintenance therapy with or without concomitant immunomodulators. There were no consistent differences in serum infliximab concentrations with or without immunomodulators in patients who received scheduled maintenance therapy. Concomitant immunomodulators reduced infusion reactions and immunogenicity.Conclusion  Concomitant immunomodulators did not improve efficacy or pharmacokinetics in IBD patients who received maintenance infliximab.
Systematic review: the epidemiology and clinical features of travellers’ diarrhoea
Authors: DUPONT H. L. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryBackground  Travellers’ diarrhoea is the most common medical complaint among persons venturing into developing areas from industrialized regions.Aim  To review recent developments dealing with microbiological, clinical, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of travellers’ diarrhoea.Methods  The author’s extensive file plus a review of publications listed in PubMed on January 22, 2009 on the topic of travellers’ diarrhoea were reviewed.Results  Travellers’ diarrhoea is largely caused by detectable and undetected bacterial enteropathogens, explaining the remarkable effectiveness of antibacterial agents in prophylaxis and therapy of the illness. A number of host genetic polymorphisms have been recently linked with susceptibility to travellers’ diarrhoea. Novel antisecretory agents are being developed for treatment considering their physiological effects in acute diarrhoea. All travellers should be armed with one of three antibacterial drugs, ciprofloxacin, rifaximin or azithromycin, before their trips to use in self therapy should diarrhoea occur during travel. Loperamide may treat milder forms of travellers’ diarrhoea and can be employed with antibacterial drugs.Conclusions  Diarrhoea will continue to plague international travellers to high‐risk regions. More studies of the incidence rate, relative important of the various pathogens by geographical region of the world, host risk factors and optimal therapeutic approach are needed.
Fine mapping of quantitative trait loci for mastitis resistance on bovine chromosome 11
Authors: Schulman N. F. , Sahana G. , Iso‐Touru T. , Lund M. S. , Andersson‐Eklund L. , Viitala S. M. , Värv S. , Viinalass H. , Vilkki J. H. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryQuantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting clinical mastitis (CM) and somatic cell score (SCS) were mapped on bovine chromosome 11. The mapping population consisted of 14 grandsire families belonging to three Nordic red cattle breeds: Finnish Ayrshire (FA), Swedish Red and White (SRB) and Danish Red. The families had previously been shown to segregate for udder health QTL. A total of 524 progeny tested bulls were included in the analysis. A linkage map including 33 microsatellite and five SNP markers was constructed. We performed combined linkage disequilibrium and linkage analysis (LDLA) using the whole data set. Further analyses were performed for FA and SRB separately to study the origin of the identified QTL/haplotype and to examine if it was common in both populations. Finally, different two‐trait models were fitted. These postulated either a pleiotropic QTL affecting both traits; two linked QTL, each affecting one trait; or one QTL affecting a single trait. A QTL affecting CM was fine‐mapped. In FA, a haplotype having a strong association with a high negative effect on mastitis resistance was identified. The mapping precision of an earlier detected SCS‐QTL was not improved by the LDLA analysis because of lack of linkage disequilibrium between the markers used and the QTL in the region.
Detection of QTL affecting harvest traits in a commercial Atlantic salmon population
Authors: Houston R. D. , Bishop S. C. , Hamilton A. , Guy D. R. , Tinch A. E. , Taggart J. B. , Derayat A. , McAndrew B. J. , Haley C. S. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryGenetic variation in performance and quality traits measured at harvest has previously been demonstrated in Atlantic salmon aquaculture populations. To map major loci underlying this variation, we utilized data from 10 families from a commercial breeding programme. Significant QTL were detected affecting harvest weight and length traits on linkage group 1, and affecting waste weight on linkage group 5. In total, 11 of the 29 linkage groups examined showed at least suggestive evidence for a QTL. These data suggest that major loci affecting economically important harvest characteristics are segregating in commercial salmon populations.
Human CD80/IL2 lentivirus‐transduced acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells promote natural killer (NK) cell activation and cytolytic activity: implications for a phase I clinical study
Authors: Ingram Wendy , Chan Lucas , Guven Hayrettin , Darling David , Kordasti Shahram , Hardwick Nicola , Barber Linda , Mufti Ghulam J. , Farzaneh Farzin 
Published: April 2009

SummaryImmunotherapeutic strategies may promote T and/or natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. NK cells have the potential to exert a powerful anti‐leukaemia effect, as demonstrated by studies of allogeneic transplantation. We have previously shown that CD80/interleukin 2 (IL2) lentivirus (LV)‐transduced AML cells stimulate in‐vitro T cell activation. The present study demonstrated that allogeneic and autologous culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with CD80/IL2‐expressing AML cells also promoted NK cell cytotoxicity. Expression of the activation receptors NKp30, NKp44, CD244, CD25, CD69 and HLA‐DR significantly increased following allogeneic culture and a consistent increased expression of NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKG2D, NKG2C and CD69, and up‐regulation of the cytolytic marker CD107a was detected following autologous culture with LV‐CD80/IL2 AML cells. Furthermore, increased NK cell lysis of K562 and primary AML blasts was detected. The lytic activity increased by twofold against K562 (from 46·6% to 90·4%) and allogeneic AML cells (from 11·8% to 20·1%) following in‐vitro stimulation by CD80/IL2‐expressing AML cells. More importantly for potential therapeutic applications, lysis of primary AML cells by autologous NK cells increased by more than 40‐fold (from 0·4% to 22·5%). These studies demonstrated that vaccination of patients with CD80/IL2‐transduced AML cells could provide a powerful strategy for T/NK cell‐mediated stimulation of anti‐leukaemic immunological responses.
The protein kinase C agonist PEP005 increases NF‐κB expression, induces differentiation and increases constitutive chemokine release by primary acute myeloid leukaemia cells
Authors: Olsnes Astrid Marta , Ersvær Elisabeth , Ryningen Anita , Paulsen Kristin , Hampson Peter , Lord Janet M. , Gjertsen Bjørn Tore , Kristoffersen Einar Klæboe , Bruserud Øystein 
Published: April 2009

SummaryAcute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells show constitutive release of several chemokines that occurs in three major clusters: (I) chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand (CCL)2–4/chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand (CXCL)1/8, (II) CCL5/CXCL9–11 and (III) CCL13/17/22/24/CXCL5. Ingenol‐3‐angelate (PEP005) is an activator of protein kinase C and has antileukaemic and immunostimulatory effects in AML. We investigated primary AML cells derived from 35 unselected patients and determined that PEP005 caused a dose‐dependent increase in the release of chemokines from clusters I and II, including several T cell chemotactic chemokines. The release of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and hepatocyte growth factor was also increased. CCL2–4/CXCL1/8 release correlated with nuclear factor (NF)‐κB expression in untreated AML cells, and PEP005‐induced chemokine production was associated with further increases in the expression of the NF‐κB subunits p50, p52 and p65. Increased DNA binding of NF‐κB was observed during exposure to PEP005, and the specific NF‐κB inhibitor BMS‐345541 reduced constitutive chemokine release even in the presence of PEP005. Finally, PEP005 decreased expression of stem cell markers (CD117, CXCR4) and increased lineage‐associated CD11b and CD14 expression. To conclude, PEP005 has a unique functional pharmacological profile in human AML. Previous studies have described proapoptotic and T cell stimulatory effects and the present study describes additional T cell chemotactic and differentiation‐inducing effects.
Engineering of major house dust mite allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 for allergen‐specific immunotherapy
Authors: Asturias J. A. , Ibarrola I. , Arilla M. C. , Vidal C. , Ferrer A. , Gamboa P. M. , Viñuela J. , Sanz M. L. , Andreu C. , Martínez A. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryBackground
Specifically designed recombinant allergens with reduced IgE reactivity are promising candidates for a more defined, effective, and safer specific immunotherapy (SIT).Objective
We sought to obtain hypoallergenic hybrid molecules which could potentially be applied to house dust mite (HDM) allergy treatment.Methods
Two hybrid molecules (QM1 and QM2) derived from the two major Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens, Der p 1 and Der p 2, were engineered by PCR, produced in Escherichia coli, and purified. The overall IgE‐binding capacity of the hybrids was compared with their single components by Western blot, specific IgE, skin prick test (SPT), and IgE‐inhibition assays. T cell proliferation assay were performed to confirm their retention of T cell reactivity. Immune responses to the hybrid molecules were studied in BALB/c mice.Results
The IgE reactivity of both hybrid proteins was strongly reduced as evaluated by in vitro methods. Furthermore, in vivo SPTs performed on 106 HDM‐allergic patients showed that the hybrid proteins had a significantly lower potency to induce cutaneous reactions than the individual components. Hybrid molecules induced higher T cell proliferation responses than those produced by an equimolecular mixture of Der p 1 and Der p 2. Immunization of mice with the hybrid proteins induced Der p 1‐ and Der p 2‐specific IgG, which inhibited the binding of allergic patients' IgE to these natural allergens.Conclusion
QM1 and QM2 hybrids exhibited less IgE‐binding activity but preserved immunogenicity and fulfilled the basic requirements for hypoallergenic molecules suitable for a future SIT of HDM allergy.
Effects of soil characteristics and human disturbance on tiger beetle oviposition
Authors: CORNELISSE TARA M. , HAFERNIK JOHN E. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract 1. Understanding species‐specific habitat requirements is important in insect ecology. Co‐occurrence of closely related species can provide insight into microhabitat segregation. Tiger beetles are well suited for such studies, as they occur in multi‐species assemblages, exhibit species‐specific habitat requirements, and are sensitive to anthropogenic modifications of the environment.2. This study investigated ovipositional microhabitat choice of two sympatric tiger beetles at Point Reyes National Seashore, California, U.S.A., and evaluates how human activity affects that choice. Cicindela oregona is widespread and common whereas C. hirticollis, an undescribed subspecies, is locally threatened. Laboratory experiments tested oviposition‐site selection of the two species in response to variations in moisture, pH, salinity, and grain size. Field experiments tested larval burrow location in response to experimental shading and experimental human disturbance.3. Laboratory results indicated that while C. hirticollis females preferred a narrow range of moisture levels and fine sands, C. oregona females had more specific pH and salinity requirements and preferred coarser sands. They also differed in timing of activity. Preferences are probably related to prevention of fungal or bacterial infection and avoidance of desiccation and immersion.4. In the field, significantly more larval burrows were found under experimental shading for both species. In addition, repeated human compaction of the sand significantly decreased the number of larval burrows.5. Results suggest that protection of microhabitat, restoration of native plants, and limitation of human traffic are vital in the conservation management of tiger beetles.
Selenite interactions with some particulate organic and mineral fractions isolated from a natural grassland soil
Authors: Coppin F. , Chabroullet C. , Martin‐Garin A. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe nature of the main selenium (Se) carrier phases in soil is in debate, with some authors emphasizing the role of minerals, and others the role of organic material. In this study, we address the role of the different soil components in Se sorption by determining its interaction with easily separable and workable fractions of bulk soil. Thus four separated fractions (two organic and two mineral) isolated by size density fractionation from a grassland soil were taken as models for soil Se carrier phases. Two concentrations of selenite were used to estimate its reactivity during experiments. In addition, SEM‐TEM analyses (coupled with EDS) were used to determine the chemical environment of Se sorbed onto the different fractions. The results showed that for the smaller selenite concentration nearly all the fractions gave the same selenite sorption (approximately 99%). For the larger concentration, selenite sorption ranged between 44% (mineral fractions) and 93% (organic fractions), indicating that the sorption capacities of organic fractions were greater than those of mineral fractions. In all soil fractions, elementary analyses and SEM/EDS and TEM/EDS observations revealed that Se sorption and the detection of Se hot spots on the soil particles correlated with the presence of Fe and Al. Although a direct association between Se and organic material could not be excluded, we suggest that Se sorption on organic particles is indirect, mainly resulting from association with surface Fe oxides or clays. These findings question the current view of a direct correlation between organic carbon and Se in natural soil samples.