bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro Propagation of Mentha viridis L. from Nodal and Shoot tip Explants
Authors: Raja H. David , Arockiasamy D.I. 
Published: September 2009

A simple micropropagation method from nodal and shoot tip explants is reported here for Mentha viridis, an economically important medicinal plant. High frequency of microshoots was obtained from these two explants on MS supplemented with various concentrations of BAP (1.0 - 4.0 mg/l) and Kn (1.0 -4.0 mg/l). Maximum number of shoots was obtained from nodal explants in the medium containing 3.0 mg/l BAP. The root induction was carried out by using IBA and IAA (0.5 - 2.0 mg/l). Among these, high frequency of root proliferation was achieved in the medium containing 1.5 mg/l of IBA. The rooted plantlets were hardened and transferred to the field. The survival rate was 90 - 95% after 25 days. Key words: Micropropagation, Mentha viridis, Node, Shoot tip, Multiple shoots D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i1.3243 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(1): 1-6, 2008 (June)
An Improved Protocol for Multiple Shoot Regeneration from Seedlings and Mature Explants of Citrus macroptera Mont.
Authors: Miah Md. Nesawar , Islam Shahina , Hadiuzzaman Syed 
Published: September 2009

Efforts have been made to establish a protocol for direct multiple shoot regeneration from both in vitro grown seedlings and mature plants of Citrus macroptera. Both nodal and shoot tip explants taken from in vitro grown seedlings were cultured in MS supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and Kn either singly or in combinations. Both these explants are capable to regenerate and produce in vitro multiple shoots. Maximum number of shoots were obtained from nodal explants in MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP. BAP alone was found superior to Kn. On the other hand, only nodal explants from mature plants were used and 1.0 mg/1 BAP was also found best suitable for shoot induction and multiplication. Ex vitro rooting in pot soil (mixed with biogas slurry derived from cow-dung) was most successful compared to in vitro rooting in half strength of MS supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and IBA. Key words: In vitro, Shoot regeneration, Citrus macroptera D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i1.3246 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(1): 17-24, 2008 (June)
In vitro Clonal Propagtion of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. cucumerina
Authors: Devendra N. K. , Rajanna L. , Sheetal C. , Seetharam Y. N. 
Published: September 2009

An efficient protocol was established for in vitro shoot multiplication from shoot tip explant of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. cucumerina on semisolid MS basal medium supplemented with BA. NAA in the culture medium along with BA promoted higher number of shoot multiplication than BA alone. The rate of shoot multiplication was maximum 12.00 ± 0.70 after four weeks of culture on MS basal medium supplemented with BA 1.0 mg/l + NAA 0.1 mg/l. The elongated shoots rooted within seven - eight days in half strength of MS basal salts supplemented 1.0 mg/l IBA and 3% (w/v) sucrose. About 90% of the rooted plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse and successfully transferred to the field with 80% survival rate. The histological study shows that the organogenesis occurs directly, without callus formation on epidermal and sub epidermal layer of the explants. Adventitious shoots were characterized by the development of shoots apical meristem and leaf primordial. Key words: Trichosanthes cucumerina var. cucumerina, Clonal propagation, Shoot multiplication, Ontogeny D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i2.3270 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(2): 103-111, 2008 (December)
In vitro Mass Multiplication with Pure Genetic Identity in Anthurium andreanum Lind.
Authors: Gantait S. , Mandal N. , Bhattacharyya S. , Das P. K. 
Published: September 2009

A novel protocol for enhanced in vitro multiple shoot induction was developed for Anthurium andreanum Lind. First shoot bud was induced within a week in MS supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA and 0.25 mg/l BAP where maximum six buds from single apical bud explant appeared within next 20 days. For multiple shoot proliferation MS with 0.5 mg/l BAP and 60 mg/l adenine sulphate (ADS) proved to be best resulting ten multiple shoots per inoculated shoot bud within 50 days. As many as 11 roots per plantlet were produced in 27 days using MS with 0.5 mg/l IAA and 2 g/l activated charcoal. Autoclaved sand and intermittent water spraying optimized the primary hardening period of 15 days and then earthen pots filled with sand, soil, charcoal and coconut fibre ensured the recovery of 51 well hardened plantlets out of 60 in next 30 days showing 85% success. The genetic identity of both ex vitro hardened clones and in vitro sustained clones with their mother ant were tested using 10 ISSR primers, displayed no polymorphism. Key words: Anthurium, In vitro cloning, Multiple shoot, Genetic identity D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i2.3361 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(2): 113-122, 2008 (December)
Pharmacists' Perspectives on Providing Chronic Disease Management Services in the Community — Part I: Current Practice Environment
Authors: Grindrod Kelly A. , Rosenthal Meagen , Lynd Larry , Marra Carlo A. , Bougher David , Wilgosh Chuck , Tsuyuki Ross T. 
Published: September 2009

Background: Several practice models have been developed to support pharmacists in providing chronic disease management. However, most of these models have not been readily accepted by pharmacists, which has led to low uptake and short-term change. Methods: Pharmacists were recruited to participate in focus groups held in Alberta and British Columbia. Qualitative methodologies involving a phenomenological approach with content analysis were used to gather and analyze information. Results: In total, 36 pharmacists participated in 8 focus groups. Analysis of their discussions revealed 4 main themes: the current practice environment and the need for education about, remuneration for and a plan for the implementation of chronic disease management services. Participants cited several challenges to the provision of this type of care, as experienced in the current practice environment: time constraints; relationships with physicians, patients and employers; limited access to clinical information; and absence of a model for chronic disease management in pharmacy practice. However, these perceptions were not universal, and pharmacists with experience in this area described some of these commonly cited “challenges” (e.g., relationships with physicians) as enablers in their own practices. In addition, staff pharmacists, regional managers and owners often had differing opinions about the key challenges and the role of remuneration. Conclusion: Some of the perceived challenges to providing chronic disease management described by staff pharmacists were not consistently supported by employers or those with experience in this practice area. This observation suggests that the greatest challenge to developing a successful model of chronic disease management for pharmacists lies in pharmacists' own perceptions about their relationships with other health care providers and their own role as health care professionals. These issues must be addressed if the practice of pharmacy is to move forward.
Réformer l'État : avec, sans ou contre ses serviteurs ?
Authors: Lulin Élisabeth 
Published: September 2009

Résumé Réformer l’État, si l’on veut un changement réel et durable des structures et des comportements influant sur les coûts et la qualité du service public, n’est possible qu’avec l’adhésion des fonctionnaires. Pourtant peu nombreux sont les exemples réussis d’association des fonctionnaires à la réforme. Nous avançons trois hypothèses pour expliquer ce paradoxe. D’une part, la fragmentation extrême du terrain administratif français entre de multiplescorps de fonctionnaires et d’innombrables démembrements de l’État oblige le réformateur à composer avec des intérêts très dispersés et d’autant plus âprement défendus qu’ils sont institutionnalisés ; d’autre part, la pratique actuelle du dialogue avec les agents – ou de ce qui en tient lieu – est un rituel hyper-centralisé, dominé par le face-à-face avec les syndicats et donc fort politisé, au lieu du dialogue décentralisé, passant par une mobilisation des divers échelons d’encadrement, que l’on voit ailleurs ; enfin, la négociation sur la réforme intervient dans un vide, non sur le terreau d’un dialogue managérial au quotidien, et ce faisant cristallise toutes les aspirations et frustrations au lieu de débattre de manière dépassionnée des projets de changement proposés.
La Pologne à l'heure américaine
Authors: Rupnik Jacques 
Published: September 2009

Résumé De tous les nouveaux membres de l’UE, la Pologne a apporté le soutien le plus explicite à la politique des États-Unis. La crise irakienne a conforté cette image réductrice. L’article examine d’abord les raisons de l’américanophilie polonaise, pour la relativiser dans un second temps : un soutien à la politique étrangère américaine, une convergence avec les États-Unis sur une « politique des valeurs » ne signifient pas adhésion au modèle économique et social « anglo-saxon ». Il est temps de donner une image plus nuancée de la position polonaise, américanophile et européenne, et de nous interroger sur l’évolution de ce pays au-delà de la phase de transition qu’elle a connue entre la chute du système soviétique et son intégration dans l’Union européenne.
Long-term Outcome of Shelf Grafts in Total Hip Arthroplasty for Developmental Hip Dysplasia
Authors: Nousiainen Markku T. , Maury Anthony C. , Alhoulei Ali , Backstein David J. , Gross Allan E. 
Published: September 2009

Primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with osteoarthrosis secondary to developmental hip dysplasia is often complex due to anterolateral acetabular bone deficiency. The use of femoral head (shelf) autograft during the index arthroplasty provides nonimmunogenic, osteoconductive support with the potential for enhanced bone stock should revision surgery be required. Few long-term studies document the outcome of the use of shelf grafts in primary THA or quantify the need for further bone graft at revision surgery.
A retrospective analysis was conducted of a single surgeon's series of 31 THAs performed in 25 patients with developmental hip dysplasia. Postoperative biplanar radiographic analysis was performed at 3 and 6 months and annually thereafter for a mean of 14 years (range, 8–18 years). Grafts were assessed for union, resorption, and displacement. The need for acetabular bone graft at revision surgery was recorded. Bony union was observed in 93% of cases; fibrous union developed in the remaining 7%. There was no graft displacement. In 71% of cases, less than one-third of the graft had resorbed; one-third to one-half had resorbed in the remaining 29% of cases. Of 10 patients revised (all for loosening of the acetabular component), 2 required structural allograft for inadequate bone stock.
Femoral head autograft allows effective acetabular coverage with excellent rates of union, exhibits minimal graft resorption in the long-term, and rarely requires further acetabular allograft in revision surgery.
The Role of Impaction Grafting: The When and How
Authors: Haddad Fares S. , Rayan Faizal 
Published: September 2009

The challenges of acetabular revision include bone loss and poor bone biology. Favorable 10-year reports exist of uncemented acetabular revision using hemispherical uncemented sockets. In the presence of bone stock deficiency, adjunctive morsellized impaction bone grafting is a recognized means of restoring bone stock. We attempt to restore bone stock with impaction grafting beneath a cementless cup for contained defects, defects that can be rendered contained, and whenever there is capacity for rim fixation.
The technique of bone graft preparation is important. We use a mixture of bone milling and bone chips of various sizes. Morsellized allograft is inserted, packed, and/or reverse reamed into any defects. The reconstruction relies on the ability to gain biological fixation of the component to the underlying host bone. This requires intimate host bone contact and rigid implant stability. The fixation is therefore augmented with screws in all cases.
It is important to achieve host bone contact in a least part of the dome and posterior column. When this is possible, and particularly when there is a good rim fit, we have not found it absolutely necessary to have contact with host bone over >50% of the surface. Stability of primary fixation is a better predictor of outcome than volume of graft or percentage of host bone contact.
The advantages of bone grafting in acetabular reconstruction include the ability to restore bone stock, rebuild a normal hip center and hip biomechanics, and increase bone stock for future revisions.
Stiffness Associated With Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Scott Richard D. 
Published: September 2009

Multiple factors may lead to stiffness after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including patient diagnosis, preoperative range of motion (ROM), prosthetic geometry used, surgical technique, intraoperative ROM after capsular closure, postoperative rehabilitation, and wound healing factors. An ipsilateral arthritic hip can also inhibit postoperative recovery and lead to knee stiffness.
Exposure of the ankylosed knee can be difficult. One must take care to avoid excessive stress on the patellar tendon insertion leading to patellar tendon avulsion. The 2 most common methods to facilitate exposure are a proximal release or a tibial tubercle osteotomy.
When patients fail to achieve satisfactory ROM after TKA, manipulation under anesthesia is considered. It is usually performed approximately 6 weeks postoperatively. The best indicator of each patient's potential is his or her intraoperative flexion against gravity with the capsule closed at the end of the procedure.
MRI Measurement of the 2 Bundles of the Normal Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Cohen Steven B. , Vanbeek Corinne , Starman James S. , Armfield Derek , Irrgang James J. , Fu Freddie H. 
Published: September 2009

Anatomical studies have shown that the normal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) consists of 2 distinct functional bundles: the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles. To date, no study has assessed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles. The purpose of this study was to measure the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles using high-field digital MRI.
Fifty MRIs of the knees of 50 patients were prospectively collected using a 1.5-T magnet. The length and width of each ACL bundle was measured on sagittal and coronal digital MRIs, independently performed by 2 observers blinded to each other's measurements. The average length and width of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles were determined for all patients. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to determine intertester test–retest reliability. In the sagittal plane, the anteromedial bundle averaged 36.9±2.8 mm in length and 5.1±0.7 mm in width. The posterolateral bundle, by contrast, averaged 20.5±2.4 mm in length and 4.4±0.8 mm in width. In the coronal plane, the width of the anteromedial bundle averaged 4.2±0.8 mm and of the posterolateral bundle averaged 3.7±0.8 mm. Interobserver reliability for length of the ACL in the sagittal plane was 0.85, with a 95% CI of 0.75 to 0.91 for the anteromedial bundle and 0.75 with a 95% CI of 0.60 to 0.85 for the posterolateral bundle.
Providing precise measurement of the ACL anteromedial and posterolateral bundles on MRI may improve the ability to detect damage to 1 or both of the bundles following injury.
Beneficial Immunomodulation by Streptococcus mutans Anti-P1 Monoclonal Antibodies Is Fc Independent and Correlates with Increased Exposure of a Relevant Target Epitope
Authors: Robinette Rebekah A. , Oli Monika W. , McArthur William P. , Brady L. Jeannine 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We showed previously that deliberate immunization of BALB/c mice with immune complexes (IC) of the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans and mAbs against its surface adhesin P1 results in changes in the specificity and isotype of elicited anti-P1 Abs. Depending on the mAb, changes were beneficial, neutral, or detrimental, as measured by the ability of the serum from immunized mice to inhibit bacterial adherence to human salivary agglutinin by a BIAcore surface plasmon resonance assay. The current study further defined changes in the host response that result from immunization with IC containing beneficial mAbs, and evaluated mechanisms by which beneficial immunomodulation could occur in this system. Immunomodulatory effects varied depending upon genetic background, with differing results in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Desirable effects following IC immunization were observed in the absence of activating FcRs in BALB/c Fcer1g transgenic mice. mAb F(ab′)2 mediated desirable changes similar to those observed using intact IgG. Sera from IC-immunized BALB/c mice that were better able to inhibit bacterial adherence demonstrated an increase in Abs able to compete with an adherence-inhibiting anti-P1 mAb, and binding of a beneficial immumomodulatory mAb to S. mutans increased exposure of that epitope. Consistent with a mechanism involving a mAb-mediated structural alteration of P1 on the cell surface, immunization with truncated P1 derivatives lacking segments that contribute to recognition by beneficial immunomodulatory mAbs resulted in an improvement in the ability of elicited serum Abs to inhibit bacterial adherence compared with immunization with the full-length protein.
MS4A4B Is a GITR-Associated Membrane Adapter, Expressed by Regulatory T Cells, Which Modulates T Cell Activation
Authors: Howie Duncan , Nolan Kathleen F. , Daley Stephen , Butterfield Emma , Adams Elizabeth , Garcia-Rueda Hugo , Thompson Claire , Saunders Nigel J. , Cobbold Stephen P. , Tone Yukiko , Tone Masahide , Waldmann Herman 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In the aftermath of thymic negative selection, natural and adaptive regulatory T cells (Tregs) must acknowledge peripheral, “danger-free” self-Ag to ensure their sustained activity. In this paper, we show that natural and adaptive Tregs or T cells transduced with cDNA for Foxp3, just like Th1 cells, express members of the MS4A family of transmembrane molecules. Naive T cells transduced with MS4A4B become able to respond to lower levels of Ag. Using two family members, MS4A4B and MS4A6B, as baits in a yeast split-ubiquitin Treg library screen, we demonstrate their interaction with each other and with GITR, Orai1, and other surface receptors. Interaction of 4B with GITR augments GITR signaling and T cell IL-2 production in response to triggering with GITR ligand or anti-GITR Abs. This interaction provides a mechanism whereby MS4A family members, through lateral coassociation with costimulatory molecules, may amplify Ag signals. We propose that T cells preoccupied with immune defense use this MS4A family to enhance sensitivity to extrinsic Ag stimulation, ensuring its elimination, while Tregs use these adaptors to allow low level Ag signals to sustain regulatory function.
Aldose Reductase Inhibition Suppresses the Expression of Th2 Cytokines and Airway Inflammation in Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma in Mice
Authors: Yadav Umesh C. S. , Naura Amarjit S. , Aguilera-Aguirre Leopoldo , Ramana Kota V. , Boldogh Istvan , Sur Sanjiv , Boulares Hamid A. , Srivastava Satish K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAirway inflammation induced by reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors is the hallmark of asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease. In various cellular and animal models, we have recently demonstrated that, in response to multiple stimuli, aldose reductase (AR) regulates the inflammatory signals mediated by NF-κB. Because NF-κB-mediated inflammation is a major characteristic of asthma pathogenesis, we have investigated the effect of AR inhibition on NF-κB and various inflammatory markers in cellular and animal models of asthma using primary human small airway epithelial cells and OVA-sensitized/challenged C57BL/6 mice, respectively. We observed that pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of AR by small interfering RNA prevented TNF-α- as well as LPS-induced apoptosis; reactive oxygen species generation; synthesis of inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-8, and PGE2; and activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in small airway epithelial cells. In OVA-challenged mice, we observed that administration of an AR inhibitor markedly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, IgE levels, eisonophils infiltration, and release of Th2 type cytokines in the airway. Our results indicate that AR inhibitors may offer a novel therapeutic approach to treat inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma.
CRTAM Confers Late-Stage Activation of CD8+ T Cells to Regulate Retention within Lymph Node
Authors: Takeuchi Arata , Itoh Yasushi , Takumi Akiko , Ishihara Chitose , Arase Noriko , Yokosuka Tadashi , Koseki Haruhiko , Yamasaki Sho , Takai Yoshimi , Miyoshi Jun , Ogasawara Kazumasa , Saito Takashi 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In vivo immune response is triggered in the lymph node, where lymphocytes for entry into, retention at, and migration to effector sites are dynamically regulated. The molecular mechanism underlying retention regulation is the key to elucidating in vivo regulation of immune response. In this study, we describe the function of the adhesion molecule class I-restricted T cell-associated molecule (CRTAM) in regulating CD8+ T cell retention within the lymph node and eventually effector function. We previously identified CRTAM as a receptor predominantly expressed on activated CD8+ T cells, and nectin-like molecule-2 (Necl2) as its ligand. In vivo function of CRTAM-Necl2 interaction was analyzed by generating CRTAM−/− mice. CRTAM−/− mice exhibited reduced protective immunity against viral infection and impaired autoimmune diabetes induction in vivo. Although Ag-specific CRTAM−/− CD8+ T cells showed normal CTL functions in vitro, their number in the draining lymph node was reduced. Because CRTAM+ T cells bound efficiently to Necl2-expressing CD8+ dendritic cells (DCs) that reside in T cell area of lymph node, CRTAM may induce retention by binding to CD8+ DCs at the late stage of activation before proliferation. The CRTAM-mediated late interaction with DCs induced retention of activated CD8+ T cells in an Ag-independent fashion, and this possibly resulted in effective CTL development in the draining lymph node.