bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Polar WRF from Modeling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Antarctic Sea Ice in Autumn and Winter
Authors: Tastula Esa-Matti , Vihma Timo , Andreas Edgar L 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Regional simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer over Antarctic sea ice that have been adequately validated are rare. To address this gap, the authors use the doubly nested Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (Polar WRF) mesoscale model to simulate conditions during Ice Station Weddell (ISW) in the austral autumn and winter of 1992. The WRF simulations test two boundary layer schemes: Mellor–Yamada–Janjic and the Asymmetric Convective Model. Validation is against surface-layer and sounding observations from ISW. Simulated latent and sensible heat fluxes for both boundary layer schemes had poor correlation with the observed fluxes. Simulated surface temperature had better correlation with the observations, with a typical bias of 0–2 K and a root-mean-square error of 6–7 K. For surface temperature and wind speed, the Polar WRF yielded better results than the ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim). A more challenging test of the simulations is to reproduce features of the low-level jet and the temperature inversion, which were observed, respectively, in 80% and 96% of the ISW radiosoundings. Both boundary layer schemes produce only about half as many jets as were observed. Moreover, the simulated jet coincided with an observed jet only about 30% of the time. The number of temperature inversions and the height at the inversion base were better reproduced, although this was not the case with the depth of the inversion layer. Simulations of the temperature inversion improved when forecasts of cloud fraction agreed to within 0.3 with observations. The modeled inversions were strongest when the incoming longwave radiation was smallest, but this relationship was not observed at ISW.
Uncertainties in Trajectory Calculations within Near-Surface Mesocyclones of Simulated Supercells
Authors: Dahl Johannes M. L. , Parker Matthew D. , Wicker Louis J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This study addresses the sensitivity of backward trajectories within simulated near-surface mesocyclones to the spatiotemporal resolution of the velocity field. These backward trajectories are compared to forward trajectories computed during run time within the numerical model. It is found that the population of backward trajectories becomes increasingly contaminated with “inflow trajectories” that owe their existence to spatiotemporal interpolation errors in time-varying and strongly curved, confluent flow. These erroneous inflow parcels may mistakenly be interpreted as a possible source of air for the near-surface vortex. It is hypothesized that, unlike forward trajectories, backward trajectories are especially susceptible to errors near the strongly confluent intensifying vortex. Although the results are based on model output, dual-Doppler analysis fields may be equally affected by such errors.
Understanding the social costs of psychosis: The experience of adults affected by psychosis identified within the second Australian national survey of psychosis
Authors: Stain Helen J , Galletly Cherrie A , Clark Scott , Wilson Jacqueline , Killen Emily A , Anthes Lauren , Campbell Linda E , Hanlon Mary-Claire , Harvey Carol 
Published: May 2012

Background: Social inclusion is a key priority of the Fourth National Mental Health Plan for Australia (2009–2014), with strong evidence for its protective impact on mental health. Social integration has been associated with enhanced well-being for people with mental illnesses such as psychosis. Objective: To explore the impact of psychosis on an individual’s social and community participation. Method: The second Australian national survey of psychosis was conducted across seven Australian sites. Semi-structured interviews with adults living with psychosis assessed mental health status, social and role functioning, life satisfaction and future goals. The cohort comprised 1825 adults with a psychotic illness (59.6% were male; 42.4% were aged 18–34 years; 31.5% had 12 years or more of education) of whom 32.7% had been employed in the past year. Results: Most adults indicated experiencing loneliness (80.1%) and a need for more friends (48.1%). Men were more likely to have never had a long-term relationship (59.4% M, 33.2% F). Even though women were more likely to experience anxiety in social situations [(χ2(1) = 8.95, p < 0.01)], they were more likely to have attended a social activity in the past year [χ2(2) = 11.84, p < 0.01]. Just over half of the survey participants (56.7%) reported having daily or nearly daily contact with family members. In the past year, 69% had not attended any social activity and 43% described stigma as a barrier. Although 63.2% showed significant impairment in social functioning, only 29.5% had received help for this in the last year. Social isolation and loneliness were rated as major challenges by 37.2% of the cohort. Conclusions: Social isolation and dysfunction experienced by people with psychosis have not decreased since the last Australian national survey of people with psychosis. Alongside education and employment, social functioning and participation must be addressed to improve social inclusion for people with psychosis. Programs targeting social opportunities (befriending, peer support), social anxiety and social functioning for all stages of psychosis are warranted.
Depression and 5-year mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Analysis of the IDACC database
Authors: Wheeler Alexis , Beltrame John , Tucker Graeme , Air Tracy , Ling Liang-Han , Schrader Geoffrey 
Published: May 2012

Objective: Symptoms of depression are highly prevalent and persistent following myocardial infarction (MI). Whether depression is a risk factor for long-term mortality following MI remains controversial. The present study aimed to determine whether depression during hospitalisation for acute MI (AMI) predicted 5-year all-cause or cardiac mortality. Method: This study utilised the Identifying Depression as a Comorbid Condition (IDACC) database of 337 hospitalised patients with AMI. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). Data were linked to a government administrative death registry to determine 5-year mortality. Survival data were analysed using Cox’s proportional hazards model. Results: The mean age during AMI hospitalisation was 59 years ± 12, 74% of patients were men and depression (CES-D ≥ 16) was present in 132 patients (39.3%). The 5-year all-cause mortality rate was 10.4% (35 deaths) and the cardiac mortality rate was 6.5% (22 deaths). When depression was defined as a dichotomous variable, moderate to severe depression (defined by CES-D ≥ 27) at the time of AMI was associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.54, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 6.28; p = 0.04) but not cardiac mortality. However, when depression was defined by three categories (no depression CES-D < 16, mild depression CES-D 16–26, moderate to severe depression CES-D ≥ 27), it was not found to predict mortality. In addition, perceived social support was a predictor of all-cause and cardiac mortality in AMI patients. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the relationship between mortality and depression severity is not linear and that the association only becomes evident when the severity reaches a threshold level of CES-D ≥ 27, consistent with major depression. Low power may have influenced the finding of a lack of association between depression and cardiac mortality.
The Limits of Indigenismo in Ecuador
Authors: Becker Marc 
Published: May 2012

Although Ecuador is home to a large number of indigenous peoples, the country failed to produce the number of internationally recognized indigenista intellectuals or governmental policies that emerged in Mexico or Peru, countries with similar demographic profiles. Despite being one of the first countries to endorse proposals that emerged out of the Instituto Indigenista Interamericano (Inter-American Indian Institute) formed at Pátzcuaro, Mexico, in 1940, indigenista institutions were unable to gain traction in Ecuador. The shortcomings of a national indigenista institute in Ecuador were due to the failure of its liberal leaders to present a sufficiently radical critique of indigenous realities. Their failure opened spaces that allowed a grassroots movement to grow, leading to the organization of militant indigenous federations that pressed for economic and social justice. No obstante que Ecuador sea el hogar de un gran número de indígenas, el país no llegó a producir el número de intelectuales indigenistas con reconocimiento internacional o políticas gubernamentales que se vieron a dar en México o Perú, países con perfiles demográficos similares. Pese ser uno de los primeros entre países apoyando las propuestas que emergieron del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano formado en Pátzcuaro, México, en 1940, las instituciones indigenistas no lograron ganar cancha en Ecuador. La deficiencias de un instituto nacional indigenista en Ecuador se debían a la falla de sus lideres liberales en presentar una critica suficientemente radical de la realidades indígenas. Su fracaso abrió espacios que permitieron el crecimiento de movimientos de base, dirigiendo la organización de federaciones militantes indígenas que presionaron para la justicia económica y social.
Histories and Memories of the Indian Boarding Schools in Mexico, Canada, and the United States
Authors: Dawson Alexander S. 
Published: May 2012

Indigenismo can be found in almost every country in the Americas. Most indigenistas attempted to write the Indian into their national pasts and adopted similar modernizing projects. Still, what appears to be a common history can be deceiving. Examination of one indigenista project in three distinct American contexts—the indigenous boarding schools in Mexico, Canada, and the United States—indicates considerable differences in practice. For one thing, while the boarding schools north of the border aimed to separate students from the deleterious influence of their communities and bring them into the cultural mainstream, in Mexico indigenous communities were essential to development strategies, and the internados, as an important element of these strategies, sought to cultivate rather than break down ethnic affiliations. These and other differences in the politics that emerged from these projects suggest that the study of indigenismo may require attention to the ways in which particular power arrangements give meaning to indigenous identities. El indigenismo se encuentra en casi cada uno de los países de las Américas. La mayor parte de los indigenistas intentaban inscribir al indio en sus pasados nacionales y adoptaron similares proyectos modernizantes. Aún así lo que aparenta ser historia común puede engañar. El examen de uno de los proyectos indigenistas en tres distintos contextos americanos—los colegios internados indígenas en México, Estados Unidos, y Canadá—indica diferencias considerables en la práctica. Para mencionar una, aun cuando los colegios al norte de la frontera buscaban separar a los alumnos de los efectos perjudiciales de sus comunidades y traerlos a la corriente principal de la cultura, en México las comunidades indígenas formaban parte esencial en los planes de desarrollo, y los internados, como elemento importante de estos planes, buscaban cultivar y no desmantelar las afiliaciones étnicas. Estas y otras diferencias en la política que emerge de estos proyectos sugiere que el estudio del indigenismo puede requerir que se le de atención a la manera por la cual los arreglos políticos particulares le dan significado a la identidad indígena.
Oral nutritional support of older (65 years+) medical and surgical patients after discharge from hospital: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Beck Anne Marie , Holst Mette , Rasmussen Henrik Højgaard 
Published: May 2012

Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of oral nutritional support compared to placebo or usual care in improving clinical outcome in older (65 years+) medical and surgical patients after discharge from hospital. Outcome goals were: re-admissions, survival, nutritional and functional status, quality of life and morbidity. Data sources: Three recent Cochrane reviews and an update of their literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science. Search terms included randomized controlled trials; humans; age 65+ years; subset: dietary supplements. Review methods: One reviewer assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed trial quality. Results: Six trials were included ( N = 716 randomly assigned participants). All trials used oral nutritional supplements. A positive effect on nutritional intake (energy) and/or nutritional status (weight) (in compliant participants) were observed in all trials. Two pooled analysis was based on a fixed-effects model. No significant effect were found on mortality (four randomized controlled trials with 532 participants, odds ratio 0.80 (95% confidence (CI) interval 0.46 to 1.39)) or re-admissions (four randomized controlled trials with 478 participants, odds ratio 1.07 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.61)). Conclusion: Although the evidence is limited, we suggest that oral nutritional support may be considered for older malnourished medical and surgical patients after discharge from hospital.
Tracking-based semi-supervised learning
Authors: Teichman Alex , Thrun Sebastian 
Published: May 2012

We consider a semi-supervised approach to the problem of track classification in dense three-dimensional range data. This problem involves the classification of objects that have been segmented and tracked without the use of a class-specific tracker. This paper is an extended version of our previous work. We propose a method based on the expectation–maximization algorithm: iteratively (1) train a classifier, and (2) extract useful training examples from unlabeled data by exploiting tracking information. We evaluate our method on a large multiclass problem in dense range data collected from natural street scenes. When given only three hand-labeled training tracks of each object class, the final accuracy of the semi-supervised algorithm is comparable to that of the fully supervised equivalent which uses two orders of magnitude more. Further, we show experimentally that the accuracy of a classifier considered as a function of human labeling effort can be substantially improved using this method. Finally, we show that a simple algorithmic speedup based on incrementally updating a boosting classifier can reduce learning time by a factor of three.
Which Is More Effective to Prevent Enteral Nutrition–Related Complications, High‐ or Medium‐Viscosity Thickened Enteral Formula in Patients With Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy?
Authors: Ichimaru Satomi , Amagai Teruyoshi , Wakita Maki , Shiro Yoshihiko 
Published: May 2012

Background:Administration of thickened enteral formula (TEF) through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube is becoming a common practice in Japan to prevent enteral nutrition (EN)–related complications. However, what constitutes an adequate viscosity of TEF remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical effects of TEFs with different viscosities administered through PEG.Methods:The subjects were 50 patients admitted to a single institution who underwent PEG placement. Viscosities of TEFs frequently administered to the patients were measured, and EN‐related complications, nutrition intakes, and clinical outcomes were compared between high‐ and medium‐viscosity TEFs during the first 2 weeks after TEF feeding initiation.Results:The measured viscosities of high‐ and medium‐viscosity TEFs were 10,382 ± 931 and 3492 ± 296 mPa·s, respectively. Protein and fluid intakes with TEF were significantly less in the high‐viscosity group. There was no significant difference in EN‐related complications, energy intakes, or clinical outcomes between high‐ and medium‐viscosity TEFs.Conclusion:In this study, high‐viscosity TEFs showed no statistical difference in either EN‐related complications or clinical outcomes, in comparison with medium‐viscosity TEF.
Evaluation of the synergistic effect of layered double hydroxides with micro- and nano-CaCO3 on the thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride composites
Authors: Ahamad Abdul , Patil Chetan B , Gite Vikas V , Hundiwale Dilip G 
Published: May 2012

Synergistic stabilizing effect of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with micro- as well as nano-sized calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was studied and evaluated. Nano-sized CaCO3 was prepared in the laboratory by matrix-mediated growth and controlled (in situ deposition) technique. Crystal size of nano-CaCO3 was estimated by studying x-ray diffraction pattern. The PVC composites were prepared using Brabender Plastograph instrument. Various formulations were prepared by taking fixed amount of LDH and varying the concentration of micro-/nano-sized CaCO3. PVC sheets of 1 mm thickness were prepared on compression molding machine. Thermal stability in terms of thermal degradation was studied by thermogravimetric analyzer. Surface morphology and mechanical property were studied using scanning electron microscopy and universal tensile machine. Increase in the onset temperature of the PVC sheets was considered as imparting a better thermal stability to PVC. Better synergistic effect on the stabilization of PVC was observed in case of LDH with nano-sized CaCO3 and compared with micro-sized CaCO3.
Cell lineage analysis of acute leukemia relapse uncovers the role of replication-rate heterogeneity and microsatellite instability
Authors: Shlush Liran I. , Chapal-Ilani Noa , Adar Rivka , Pery Neta , Maruvka Yosef , Spiro Adam , Shouval Roni , Rowe Jacob M. , Tzukerman Maty , Bercovich Dani , Izraeli Shai , Marcucci Guido , Bloomfield Clara D. , Zuckerman Tsila , Skorecki Karl , Shapiro Ehud 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Human cancers display substantial intratumoral genetic heterogeneity, which facilitates tumor survival under changing microenvironmental conditions. Tumor substructure and its effect on disease progression and relapse are incompletely understood. In the present study, a high-throughput method that uses neutral somatic mutations accumulated in individual cells to reconstruct cell lineage trees was applied to hundreds of cells of human acute leukemia harvested from multiple patients at diagnosis and at relapse. The reconstructed cell lineage trees of patients with acute myeloid leukemia showed that leukemia cells at relapse were shallow (divide rarely) compared with cells at diagnosis and were closely related to their stem cell subpopulation, implying that in these instances relapse might have originated from rarely dividing stem cells. In contrast, among patients with acute lymphoid leukemia, no differences in cell depth were observed between diagnosis and relapse. In one case of chronic myeloid leukemia, at blast crisis, most of the cells at relapse were mismatch-repair deficient. In almost all leukemia cases, > 1 lineage was observed at relapse, indicating that diverse mechanisms can promote relapse in the same patient. In conclusion, diverse relapse mechanisms can be observed by systematic reconstruction of cell lineage trees of patients with leukemia.
Sarcopenia During Androgen-Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Smith Matthew R. , Saad Fred , Egerdie Blair , Sieber Paul R. , Tammela Teuvo L.J. , Ke Chunlei , Leder Benjamin Z. , Goessl Carsten 
Published: May 2012

Purpose To characterize changes in lean body mass (LBM) in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). Patients and Methods We prospectively evaluated LBM in a prespecified substudy of a randomized controlled trial of denosumab to prevent fractures in men receiving ADT for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. LBM was measured by total-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at study baseline and at 12, 24, and 36 months. The analyses included 252 patients (132, denosumab; 120, placebo) with a baseline and at least one on-study LBM assessment. Patients were stratified by age (< 70 v ≥ 70 years) and by ADT duration (≤ 6 v > 6 months). Results Median ADT duration was 20.4 months at study baseline. Mean LBM decreased significantly from baseline, by 1.0% at month 12 (95% CI, 0.4% to 1.5%; P < .001; n = 248), by 2.1% at month 24 (95% CI, 1.5% to 2.7%; P < .001; n = 205), and by 2.4% at month 36 (95% CI, 1.6% to 3.2%; P < .001; n = 168). Men age ≥ 70 years (n = 127) had significantly greater changes in LBM at all measured time points than younger men. At 36 months, LBM decreased by 2.8% in men age ≥ 70 years and by 0.9% in younger men (P = .035). Men with ≤ 6 months of ADT at study entry (n = 36) had a greater rate of decrease in LBM compared with men who had received more than 6 months of ADT at study entry (3.7% v 2.0%; P = .0645). Conclusion In men receiving ADT, LBM decreased significantly after 12, 24, and 36 months.
Increased Body Mass Index Is Associated With Improved Survival in United States Veterans With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Carson Kenneth R. , Bartlett Nancy L. , McDonald Jay R. , Luo Suhong , Zeringue Angelique , Liu Jingxia , Fu Qiang , Chang Su-Hsin , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose Obesity increases the risk of death from many malignancies, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common form of NHL, the association between body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis and survival is unclear. Patients and Methods We evaluated the association between BMI at diagnosis and overall survival in a retrospective cohort of 2,534 United States veterans diagnosed with DLBCL between October 1, 1998 and December 31, 2008. Cox modeling was used to control for patient- and disease-related prognostic variables. Results Mean age at diagnosis was 68 years (range, 20 to 100 years); 64% of patients were overweight (BMI, 25 to < 30) or obese (BMI, ≥ 30). Obese patients were significantly younger, had significantly fewer B symptoms, and trended toward lower-stage disease, compared with other BMI groups. Cox analysis showed reduced mortality in overweight and obese patients (overweight: hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.83; obese: HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.80), compared with normal-weight patients (BMI, 18.5 to < 25). Treatment during the rituximab era reduced the risk of death without affecting the association between BMI and survival. Disease-related weight loss occurred in 29% of patients with weight data 1 year before diagnosis. Cox analysis based on BMI 1 year before diagnosis continued to demonstrate reduced risk of death in overweight and obese patients. Conclusion Being overweight or obese at the time of DLBCL diagnosis is associated with improved overall survival. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for this association will require further study.