bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐resistance to three frequently used sulfonylurea herbicides in populations of Apera spica‐venti from the Czech Republic
Authors: HAMOUZOVÁ K , SOUKUP J , JURSÍK M , HAMOUZ P , VENCLOVÁ V , TŮMOVÁ P 
Published: October 2010

Hamouzová K, Soukup J, Jursík M, Hamouz P, Venclová V & Tůmová P (2011). Cross‐resistance to three frequently used sulfonylurea herbicides in populations of Apera spica‐venti from the Czech Republic. Weed Research51, 113–122.SummaryWhole‐plant glasshouse bioassays, enzyme assays and field experiments were conducted to examine the sulfonylurea herbicide resistance pattern in Apera spica‐venti populations from the Czech Republic. Varying, but very high levels of resistance to chlorsulfuron, sulfosulfuron and iodosulfuron were found, and cross‐resistance to all three herbicides was confirmed. In dose–response glasshouse studies, resistance factors (GR50 ratios relative to a susceptible standard) were above 230 for chlorsulfuron, 115–270 for sulfosulfuron and 27–148 for iodosulfuron. A biotype originating from Lomnice that was cross resistant to the three herbicides was also highly resistant to sulfometuron‐methyl. Concentrations of herbicides required to inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme activity by 50% were substantially higher (up to 4000 times) for all three resistant populations, compared with the reference susceptible population, indicating that the A. spica‐venti populations have ALS enzymes that are highly insensitive to the tested sulfonylureas. The differences in the spectra of resistance suggest that the sulfonylurea resistance mechanisms may differ among biotypes. The field experiment was designed to compare the control effect of selected sulfonylureas (chlorsulfuron and iodosulfuron), isoproturon and fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl on ALS‐resistant populations. Sulfonylurea herbicides failed to control resistant populations, but these were well controlled with alternative mode of action herbicides, thus demonstrating practical options for weed management.
Weed detection for site‐specific weed management: mapping and real‐time approaches
Authors: LÓPEZ‐GRANADOS F 
Published: October 2010

López‐GranadosF (2011). Weed detection for site‐specific weed management: mapping and real‐time approaches.Weed Research 51, 1–11.SummaryThis work describes the current status of remote and proximal (on‐ground) weed detection systems for site‐specific weed management and discusses the limitations and opportunities of these technologies. Remote sensing based on multispectral aerial imagery can provide accurate weed maps, especially at late weed phenological stages, whereas images from high spatial resolution satellite and unmanned aerial vehicles must still be analysed. Hyperspectral images produce highly accurate maps at early and late phenological stages at a farm scale or medium spatial scale. However, this technology is not profitable, because of current operating costs, which are prohibitive. In studies of on‐ground weed seedling detection, accurate results can be obtained at a medium farm scale. Despite numerous efforts, a powerful and flexible classifier of soil, weeds and crops in a number of situations, remains the greatest challenge of this technology. The main limitations of remote and proximal sensing may be summarised in the following two points: (i) the time and education required for applying new technological advances and (ii) the high cost of the technology and the lack of compatibility of the machinery. Possible solutions might include: (i) offering an advisory service that provides technical support, agronomic knowledge and specific training courses, (ii) the development and implementation of uniform and cheaper standards, (iii) increased research of both high resolution satellite imagery exploring object‐based image analysis and pan‐sharpened imagery and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and (iv) enabling the development of current prototypes of robotic weeding into commercial products. The general lack of multidisciplinary research groups can be a disadvantage when comparing the economic feasibility of site‐specific weed management with conventional systems.
Transplant tourism – a dangerous journey?
Authors: Polcari Anthony J. , Hugen Cory M. , Farooq Ahmer V. , Holt David R. , Hou Susan H. , Milner John E. 
Published: October 2010

Polcari AJ, Hugen CM, Farooq AV, Holt DR, Hou SH, Milner JE. Transplant tourism – a dangerous journey? Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 633–637. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Introduction: While the ethical aspects of transplant tourism have received much attention recently, less has been written about the medical safety of this practice. We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of patients who purchased organs internationally and presented to our center for follow‐up care.Methods: Baseline demographic characteristics were recorded. Post‐operative outcomes including patient survival, graft survival, five‐yr graft function, and complications were assessed.Results: Eight patients who purchased international organs for transplant were identified. The country of transplant was China (n = 3), Pakistan (n = 3), India (n = 1), and the Philippines (n = 1). All patients were born in either Asia or the Middle East and traveled to the region of their ethnicity for transplantation. The mean time to presentation was 49 d post‐operatively. The overall one‐ and two‐yr patient survival rates were 87% and 75%, respectively. One patient died of miliary tuberculosis and another ofAcinetobacter baumaniisepsis. There was one case of newly acquired hepatitis B infection. At last follow‐up, all six surviving patients had functioning grafts with a mean creatinine level of 1.26 mg/dL at five yr.Conclusion: Although intermediate‐term graft function is acceptable, the early morbidity and mortality among transplant tourists is high. These results suggest that the associated risks may not justify the trip.
Selection on signal–reward correlation: limits and opportunities to the evolution of deceit in Turnera ulmifolia L.
Authors: BENITEZ‐VIEYRA S. , ORDANO M. , FORNONI J. , BOEGE K. , DOMÍNGUEZ C. A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBecause pollinators are unable to directly assess the amount of rewards offered by flowers, they rely on the information provided by advertising floral traits. Thus, having a lower intra‐individual correlation between signal and reward (signal accuracy) than other plants in the population provides the opportunity to reduce investment in rewards and cheat pollinators. However, pollinators’ cognitive capacities can impose a limit to the evolution of this plant cheating strategy if they can punish those plants with low signal accuracy. In this study, we examined the opportunity for cheating in the perennial weed Turnera ulmifolia L. evaluating the selective value of signal accuracy, floral display and reward production in a natural population. We found that plant reproductive success was positively related to signal accuracy and floral display, but not to nectar production. The intensity of selection on floral display was more than three times higher than on signal accuracy. The pattern of selection indicated that pollinators can select for signal accuracy provided by plants and suggests that learning abilities of pollinators can limit the evolution of deceptive strategies in T. ulmifolia.
Early amplitude integrated electroencephalography and outcome of very low birth weight infants
Authors: El‐Dib Mohamed , Massaro An N. , Glass Penny , Bulas Dorothy , Badrawi Nadia , Orabi Azza , Aly Hany 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective:  Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) has been used in neonates in various clinical and research applications. We hypothesized that an abnormal aEEG score could be used as a predictor of short‐term adverse outcome.Methods:  Very low birth weight infants were enrolled in a prospective observational cohort study. Two channel 12‐hour continuous aEEG recordings were performed within 48 h of life and at 1 week of age. Recordings were classified as abnormal if they correspond to a 2 point difference in score. Short‐term adverse outcome was defined as either death or Bayley scales ≤70 at 4 months corrected age.Results:  One hundred infants were enrolled. Their average gestational age was 27.9 ± 2.6 weeks and average birth weight was 997 ± 299 gram. Fifteen enrolled infants died, one was withdrawn, 29 lost to follow up, and 55 examined at 4 months. Those with adverse outcome had significantly increased percentages of abnormal EEG at 1 week of life (31% vs. 8%), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (27% vs. 4.5%), intubation in the delivery room (45% vs. 16%), and increased average days of mechanical ventilation (16 days vs. 4 days). Combining abnormal aEEG at 1 week of life to severe IVH on early head ultrasound increased the sensitivity of ultrasound to detect short‐term adverse outcome from 27% to 50%.Conclusion:  aEEG is feasible in premature infants and when its data at 1 week of life are combined with early head ultrasound, sensitivity for detecting short‐term adverse outcomes was increased.
Anatomy of the ward round: the time spent in different activities
Authors: Creamer Gowan L. , Dahl Angela , Perumal Divya , Tan Grace , Koea Jonathan B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground:  The ward round, central to inpatient care, has not been well studied. One recent trend is for hospitals to run at capacity by placing ‘overflow’ patients into ‘outlying’ beds. Bed occupancy rates are increased and ward rounds may require visits to many wards. The present study aims to identify the time spent in different activities on general surgical ward rounds, with particular reference to the impact of outlying patients.Methods:  For 4 days, the morning ward round was observed. Activity was timed to the second. The resulting data were analysed to compare outlying wards, acute wards and home ward patients.Results:  Seven hours and 7 min of ward rounds were documented. One hundred ten consultations were observed. Four hours and 4 min were spent at the bedside (58%). Sixty‐six minutes were spent in transit between wards. The average times spent at the bedside and in patient discussion were similar for the different ward types. The mean average time per patient was nearly doubled for outlying patients compared with home wards (5:40 min versus 2:57 min, respectively). Although patient discussion and consultation were longer for outlying patients, most of the increased time was related to time travelling between wards (2:16 min average per patient consultation).Conclusion:  Most of the time spent on surgical ward rounds is in patient contact. Travel time to outlying patients for morning ward rounds is more than an hour per week.
A survey of general surgery clerkships in Australian and New Zealand medical schools
Authors: Yu Tzu‐Chieh , Wheeler Benjamin Robert Logan , Hill Andrew Graham 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground:  Surgical clerkships facilitate development of knowledge and competency, but their structure and content vary. Establishment of new medical schools and raising student numbers are new challenges to the provision of standardized surgical teaching across Australasian medical schools. A survey was conducted to investigate how Australian and New Zealand medical schools structure their general surgery clerkships.Methods:  Between April and August 2009, a 30‐item web‐based survey was electronically sent to academic and administrative staff members of 22 Australian and New Zealand medical schools.Results:  Eighteen surveys were returned by 16 medical schools, summarizing 20 clerkships. Ten schools utilize five or more different clinical teaching sites for general surgery clerkships and these include urban and rural hospitals from both public and private health sectors. Student teaching and assessment methods are similar between clerkships and standardized across clinical sites during 10 and 16 of the clerkships, respectively. Only eight of the surveyed clerkships use centralized assessments to evaluate student learning outcomes across different clinical sites. Four clerkships do not routinely use direct observational student assessments.Conclusions:  Australian and New Zealand medical schools commonly assign students to multiple diverse clinical sites during general surgery clerkships and they vary in their approaches to standardizing curriculum delivery and student assessment across these sites. Differences in student learning are likely to exist and deficiencies in clinical ability may go undetected. This should be a focus for future improvement.
Optimizing the operating theatre environment
Authors: Wong Shing W. , Smith Richard , Crowe Phil 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe operating theatre is a complex place. There are many potential factors which can interfere with surgery and predispose to errors. Optimizing the operating theatre environment can enhance surgeon performance, which can ultimately improve patient outcomes. These factors include the physical environment (such as noise and light), human factors (such as ergonomics), and surgeon‐related factors (such as fatigue and stress). As individual factors, they may not affect surgical outcome but in combination, they may exert a significant influence. The evidence for some of these working environment factors are examined individually. Optimizing the operating environment may have a potentially more significant impact on overall surgical outcome than improving individual surgical skill.
What does leadership in surgery entail?
Authors: Patel Vanash M. , Warren Oliver , Humphris Penny , Ahmed Kamran , Ashrafian Hutan , Rao Christopher , Athanasiou Thanos , Darzi Ara 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground:  Leadership is not formally taught at any level in surgical training; there are no mandatory leadership courses or qualifications for trainees or specialists, and leadership performance is rarely evaluated within surgical appraisal or assessment programmes.Methods:  Literature obtained from a MEDLINE search was reviewed to determine the characteristics of surgical leaders; outline an analytical framework through which these characteristics can be developed both in surgeons and surgical departments; and reflect on future challenges and recommendations for the central role of leadership in the field of surgery.Results:  Leadership in surgery entails professionalism, technical competence, motivation, innovation, teamwork, communication skills, decision‐making, business acumen, emotional competence, resilience and effective teaching. Leadership skills can be developed through experience, observation, and education using a framework including mentoring, coaching, networking, stretch assignments, action learning and feedback.Conclusion:  Modern surgery will need leaders with superior leadership skills that are well defined. It is vital that leadership programmes to develop leadership skills are put into practice in medical education curriculum and postgraduate surgical training. This will ensure maintenance and improvement in the quality of patient care.
Neuropeptide‐mediated calcium signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus network
Authors: Irwin Robert P. , Allen Charles N. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNeuroactive peptides and the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) play important roles in light‐induced modulation of gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons that ultimately control behavioral rhythms. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are expressed rhythmically within populations of SCN neurons. Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP) is released from retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) terminals synapsing on SCN neurons. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (OFQ) receptors are functionally expressed in the SCN. We examined the role of several neuropeptides on Ca2+ signaling, simultaneously imaging multiple neurons within the SCN neural network. VIP reduced the [Ca2+]i in populations of SCN neurons during the day, but had little effect at night. Stimulation of the RHT at frequencies that simulate light input signaling evoked transient [Ca2+]i elevations that were not altered by VIP. AVP elevated the [Ca2+]i during both the day and night, PACAP produced variable responses, and OFQ induced a reduction in the [Ca2+]i similar to VIP. During the day, VIP lowered the [Ca2+]i to near nighttime levels, while AVP elevated [Ca2+]i during both the day and night, suggesting that the VIP effects on [Ca2+]i were dependent, and the AVP effects independent of the action potential firing activity state of the neuron. We hypothesize that VIP and AVP regulate, at least in part, Ca2+ homeostasis in SCN neurons and may be a major point of regulation for SCN neuronal synchronization.
A novel approach reveals temporal patterns of synaptogenesis between the isolated growth cones of Lymnaea neurons
Authors: Luk Collin C. , Schmold Nichole M. , Lee Thomas K. M. , Syed Naweed I. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAll brain functions, ranging from motor behaviour to cognition, depend on precise developmental patterns of synapse formation between the growth cones of both pre‐ and postsynaptic neurons. While the molecular evidence for the presence of ‘pre‐assembled’ elements of synaptic machinery prior to physical contact is beginning to emerge, the precise timing of functional synaptogenesis between the growth cones has not yet been defined. Moreover, it is unclear whether an initial assembly of various synaptic molecules located at the extrasomal regions (e.g. growth cones) can indeed result in fully mature and consolidated synapses in the absence of somata signalling. Such evidence is difficult to obtain both in vivo and in vitro because the extrasomal sites are often challenging, if not impossible, to access for electrophysiological analysis. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to precisely define various steps underlying synapse formation between the isolated growth cones of individually identifiable pre‐ and postsynaptic neurons from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. We show for the first time that isolated growth cones transformed into ‘growth balls’ have an innate propensity to develop specific and multiple synapses within minutes of physical contact. We also demonstrate that a prior ‘synaptic history’ primes the presynaptic growth ball to form synapses quicker with subsequent partners. This is the first demonstration that isolated Lymnaea growth cones have the necessary machinery to form functional synapses.
Brain mechanisms involved in predatory aggression are activated in a laboratory model of violent intra‐specific aggression
Authors: Tulogdi Aron , Toth Mate , Halasz Jozsef , Mikics Eva , Fuzesi Tamas , Haller Jozsef 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCallous‐unemotional violence associated with antisocial personality disorder is often called ‘predatory’ because it involves restricted intention signaling and low emotional/physiological arousal, including decreased glucocorticoid production. This epithet may be a mere metaphor, but may also cover a structural similarity at the level of the hypothalamus where the control of affective and predatory aggression diverges. We investigated this hypothesis in a laboratory model where glucocorticoid production is chronically limited by adrenalectomy with glucocorticoid replacement (ADXr). This procedure was proposed to model important aspects of antisocial violence. Sham and ADXr rats were submitted to resident/intruder conflicts, and the resulting neuronal activation patterns were investigated by c‐Fos immunocytochemistry. In line with earlier findings, the share of attacks aimed at vulnerable targets (head, throat and belly) was dramatically increased by ADXr, while intention signaling by offensive threats was restricted. Aggressive encounters activated the mediobasal hypothalamus, a region involved in intra‐specific aggression, but sham and ADXr rats did not differ in this respect. In contrast, the activation of the lateral hypothalamus that is tightly involved in predatory aggression was markedly larger in ADXr rats; moreover, c‐Fos counts correlated positively with the share of vulnerable attacks and negatively with social signaling. Glucocorticoid deficiency increased c‐Fos activation in the central amygdala, a region also involved in predatory aggression. In addition, activation patterns in the periaqueductal gray – involved in autonomic control – also resembled those seen in predatory aggression. These findings suggest that antisocial and predatory aggression are not only similar but are controlled by overlapping neural mechanisms.
Lack of protein‐tyrosine sulfation disrupts photoreceptor outer segment morphogenesis, retinal function and retinal anatomy
Authors: Sherry David M. , Murray Anne R. , Kanan Yogita , Arbogast Kelsey L. , Hamilton Robert A. , Fliesler Steven J. , Burns Marie E. , Moore Kevin L. , Al‐Ubaidi Muayyad R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTo investigate the role(s) of protein‐tyrosine sulfation in the retina, we examined retinal function and structure in mice lacking tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPST) 1 and 2. Tpst double knockout (DKO; Tpst1−/−/Tpst2 −/−) retinas had drastically reduced electroretinographic responses, although their photoreceptors exhibited normal responses in single cell recordings. These retinas appeared normal histologically; however, the rod photoreceptors had ultrastructurally abnormal outer segments, with membrane evulsions into the extracellular space, irregular disc membrane spacing and expanded intradiscal space. Photoreceptor synaptic terminals were disorganized in Tpst DKO retinas, but established ultrastructurally normal synapses, as did bipolar and amacrine cells; however, the morphology and organization of neuronal processes in the inner retina were abnormal. These results indicate that protein‐tyrosine sulfation is essential for proper outer segment morphogenesis and synaptic function, but is not critical for overall retinal structure or synapse formation, and may serve broader functions in neuronal development and maintenance.
Differential effects of short‐ and long‐term hyperhomocysteinaemia on cholinergic neurons, spatial memory and microbleedingsin vivoin rats
Authors: Pirchl Michael , Ullrich Celine , Humpel Christian 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) has been identified as a cardiovascular risk factor for neurodegenerative brain diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of short (5 months) or long (15 months) HHcy in Sprague–Dawley ratsin vivo. Short‐ and long‐term HHcy differentially affected spatial memory as tested in a partially baited eight‐arm radial maze. HHcy significantly reduced the number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)‐positive neurons in the basal nucleus of Meynert and ChAT‐positive axons in the cortex only after short‐term but not long‐term treatment, while acetylcholine levels in the cortex were decreased at both time points. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was significantly enhanced in the cortex only after 15 months of HHcy. HHcy did not affect cortical levels of amyloid precursor protein, beta‐amyloid(1‐42), tau and phospho‐tau181 and several inflammatory markers, as well as vascular RECA‐1 and laminin density. However, HHcy induced cortical microbleedings, as illustrated by intensive anti‐rat IgG‐positive spots in the cortex. In order to study the regulation of the key enzyme ChAT, organotypic rat brain slices were incubated with homocysteine, which induced a decline of ChAT that was counteracted by NGF treatment. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that chronic short‐ and long‐term HHcy differentially caused memory impairment, cholinergic dysfunction, NGF expression and vascular microbleedings.