bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amelioration of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity by the administration of ethanolic extract ofSida cordifoliaLinn.
Authors: Rejitha S. , Prathibha P. , Indira M. 
Published: January 2012

Sida cordifoliaLinn. (Malvaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of the inflammation of oral mucosa, asthmatic bronchitis, nasal congestion and rheumatism. We studied the hepatoprotective activity of 50 % ethanolic extract ofS. cordifoliaLinn. against alcohol intoxication. The duration of the experiment was 90 d. The substantially elevated levels of toxicity markers such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase due to the alcohol treatment were significantly lowered in the extract-treated groups. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione content, which was lowered due to alcohol toxicity, was increased to a near-normal level in the co-administered group. Lipid peroxidation products, protein carbonyls, total collagen and hydroxyproline, which were increased in the alcohol-treated group, were reduced in the co-administered group. The mRNA levels of cytochrome P450 2E1, NF-κB, TNF-α and transforming growth factor-β1 were found to be increased in the alcohol-treated rats, and their expressions were found to be decreased in the co-administered group. These observations were reinforced by histopathological analysis. Thus, the present study clearly indicates that 50 % ethanolic extract of the roots ofS. cordifoliaLinn. has a potent hepatoprotective action against alcohol-induced toxicity, which was mediated by lowering oxidative stress and by down-regulating the transcription factors.
The modification of the muscle fatty acid profile by dietary supplementation withAspergillus awamoriin broiler chickens
Authors: Saleh Ahmed A. , Eid Yahya Z. , Ebeid Tarek A. , Ohtsuka Akira , Hioki Kumiko , Yamamoto Masahiro , Hayashi Kunioki 
Published: January 2012

The present study was conducted to show that dietary supplementation with a fungus,Aspergillus awamori, modifies muscle fatty acid profiles in broiler chickens. A total of thirty chicks, selected from a group of 100 chicks aged 15 d, were divided into a control group and two treatment groups (ten birds per treatment). The control group was fed a basal diet, and the treatment groups were fed basal diets supplemented withA. awamoriat levels of 0·05 and 0·2 %. From the start of the study at 15 d, the birds were raised for an additional 12 d, and growth and the muscle fatty acid profile were evaluated. Although feed intake was decreased by the fungus, body-weight gain and breast muscle weight were increased, and thus, feed efficiency was improved. Abdominal fat and plasma cholesterol and TAG were decreased, while plasma HDL-cholesterol and breast muscle fat content were increased. Interestingly, muscle α-tocopherol content was increased and muscle thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were decreased byA. awamori. Furthermore, there was an observed decrease in SFA and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids in the muscle fat due to the fungus feeding. The mRNA of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and Δ-6 desaturase in the muscle were all increased, while the mRNA of 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A were decreased by the fungus. In conclusion, the present study clearly shows that the muscle lipid profile could be modified by the addition ofA. awamorito the diet.
The recent history of Finnish winter navigation in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Lépy Élise 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe Baltic Sea is one of the major maritime highway. During the middle ages, many of its southern ports belonged to the Hanseatic League. Since then, maritime traffic in the Baltic Sea has grown, having its trading activities internationalised through the diffusion of new shipping technologies. In 2007, the volume of cargo handled in Baltic ports was approximately 850 million tons. Moreover, the Baltic has an excellent network for passenger transportation: approximately 30 million people travel every year by ferry.Nowadays, its winter traffic represents about one quarter of the annual traffic. Nevertheless winter navigation is relatively recent in the extremities of the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Indeed, at the beginning of maritime transportation, the activity was seasonal and occurred only in open water, threatening to stop completely in winter due to sea ice formation. But for over a century, the evolution of materials and shipping techniques has allowed continuous maritime navigation. Despite the fact that sea ice conditions require the assistance of icebreakers, adapted port infrastructures, the introduction of ice classes and winter restrictions to the navigation, harsh winter conditions inevitably induce an increase in maritime incidents. There is the question of the future of winter navigation in the context of global warming and a possible significant reduction of sea ice.
Reciprocity: Weak or strong? What punishment experiments do (and do not) demonstrate
Authors: Guala Francesco 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEconomists and biologists have proposed a distinction between two mechanisms – “strong” and “weak” reciprocity – that may explain the evolution of human sociality. Weak reciprocity theorists emphasize the benefits of long-term cooperation and the use of low-cost strategies to deter free-riders. Strong reciprocity theorists, in contrast, claim that cooperation in social dilemma games can be sustained by costly punishment mechanisms, even in one-shot and finitely repeated games. To support this claim, they have generated a large body of evidence concerning the willingness of experimental subjects to punish uncooperative free-riders at a cost to themselves. In this article, I distinguish between a “narrow” and a “wide” reading of the experimental evidence. Under the narrow reading, punishment experiments are just useful devices to measure psychological propensities in controlled laboratory conditions. Under the wide reading, they replicate a mechanism that supports cooperation also in “real-world” situations outside the laboratory. I argue that the wide interpretation must be tested using a combination of laboratory data and evidence about cooperation “in the wild.” In spite of some often-repeated claims, there is no evidence that cooperation in the small egalitarian societies studied by anthropologists is enforced by means of costly punishment. Moreover, studies by economic and social historians show that social dilemmas in the wild are typically solved by institutions that coordinate punishment, reduce its cost, and extend the horizon of cooperation. The lack of field evidence for costly punishment suggests important constraints about what forms of cooperation can or cannot be sustained by means of decentralised policing.
Time allocation, religious observance, and illness in Mayan horticulturalists
Authors: Waynforth David 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAnalysis of individual differences in religious observance in a Belizean community showed that the most religious (pastors and church workers) reported more illnesses, and that there was no tendency for the religiously observant to restrict their interactions to family or extended family. Instead, the most religiously observant tended to have community roles that widened their social contact: religion did not aid isolation – thus violating a key assumption of the parasite-stress theory of sociality.
In medio stat virtus: Theoretical and methodological extremes regarding reciprocity will not explain complex social behaviors
Authors: Civai Claudia , Langus Alan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGuala contests the validity of strong reciprocity as a key element in shaping social behavior by contrasting evidence from experimental games to that of natural and historic data. He suggests that in order to understand the evolution of social behavior researchers should focus on natural data and weak reciprocity. We disagree with Guala's proposal to shift the focus of the study from one extreme of the spectrum (strong reciprocity) to the other extreme (weak reciprocity). We argue that the study of the evolution of social behavior must be comparative in nature, and we point out experimental evidence that shows that social behavior is not cooperation determined by a set of fixed factors. We argue for a model that sees social behavior as a dynamic interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
XVII. Anonymous Letter to Mr. John Stanhope, Treasurer of the Chamber to Queen Elizabeth, reporting the dispersion of the Spanish Armada. Communicated by the Right Hon. the Earl Stanhope, President; together with remarks on the same by Robert Lemon, Esq., F.S.A. In Letters addressed to Augustus W. Franks, Esq. M.A., Director
Authors: Stanhope Earl , Lemon Robert 
Published: January 2012

Among several MS. Letters which I purchased at the recent sale of Mr. Dawson Turner's Library, there is one which I think may have some interest for the Society of Antiquaries, and which I therefore take leave to send you for exhibition. You will perceive that it is addressed to one of my family, John Stanhope, who was created in 1605 Lord Stanhope of Harrington. At the time when this letter was written he was Treasurer of the Chamber to Queen Elizabeth; and the letter is evidently designed for the information of the Government.Being written from France in time of war, the letter is expressed with great caution and mystery, and it bears neither signature nor date of year. But it plainly appears I think to have been written in 1588, on the dispersion of the Spanish Armada.
XI.—On a Copy of Albertus Magnus' De Secretis Mulierum, printed by Machlinia
Authors: Ferguson John 
Published: January 2012

When collecting materials for the third part of my Bibliographical Notes on Histories of Inventions and Books of Secrets, I observed in the sale catalogue of the duke of Hamilton's library a copy of the well-known tract, De Secretis Mulierum, usually ascribed to Albertus Magnus. The following description of it was there given:“Alberti Magni Secreta Mulierum, wants A 1 (a blank leaf) and several leaves mended, sold therefore with all faults, red morocco extra, borders of gold, gilt edges, by J. Mackenzie, sm. 4to. s. l. & a.
Infants' responsiveness, attachment, and indiscriminate friendliness after international adoption from institutions or foster care in China: Application of Emotional Availability Scales to adoptive families
Authors: Van Den Dries Linda , Juffer Femmie , Van Ijzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , Alink Lenneke R. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn a short-term longitudinal design we investigated maternal sensitivity, child responsiveness, attachment, and indiscriminate friendliness in families with children internationally adopted from institutions or foster care in China. Ninety-two families with 50 postinstitutionalized and 42 formerly fostered girls, aged 11–16 months on arrival, were studied 2 and 6 months after adoption. Maternal sensitivity and child responsiveness were observed with the Emotional Availability Scales, attachment was assessed with the Strange Situation procedure, and mothers reported on children's indiscriminate friendliness. The postinstitutionalized children showed less secure attachment, whereas the former foster children did not differ from the normative distribution of attachment security. However, at both assessments the two groups of adopted children showed more disorganized attachments compared to normative data. Adoptive mothers of postinstitutionalized and former foster children were equally sensitive and their sensitivity did not change over time. Postinstitutionalized and former foster children did not differ on indiscriminate friendliness, but children with more sensitive adoptive mothers showed less indiscriminate friendliness. The former foster children showed a larger increase in responsiveness over time than the postinstitutionalized children, suggesting that children's responsiveness is more sensitive to change than attachment, and that preadoption foster care is more beneficial for the development of children's responsiveness after adoptive placement than preadoption institutional care.
Developmental correlates and predictors of emotional availability in mother–child interaction: A longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood
Authors: Easterbrooks M. Ann , Bureau Jean-Francois , Lyons-Ruth Karlen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this investigation we examined the developmental correlates and predictors of maternal emotional availability in interactions with their 7-year-old children among a sample of families at psychosocial risk. We found developmental coherence in maternal interactive behavior, and in the relations between maternal emotional availability and children's functioning in middle childhood. Mothers and children were observed at home and in a laboratory playroom in infancy to assess maternal interactive behavior and child attachment security. When children were 7 years of age, dyads were observed in the lab; maternal emotional availability was coded using the Emotional Availability Scales, and children's disorganized and controlling attachment behavior was assessed. Classroom teachers reported on children's behavior problems; at age 8, children reported on their depressive symptoms. Results showed that aspects of maternal emotional availability (sensitivity, nonhostility, nonintrusiveness [passive/withdrawn behavior]) were associated with children's functioning in middle childhood: (a) controlling and disorganized attachment behavior, (b) behavior problems in school, and (c) self-reported depressive symptoms. Maternal emotional availability in childhood was predicted by early mother–infant relationship dysfunction (maternal hostility, disrupted communication, and infant attachment insecurity).
The quality of the mother–child relationship in high-risk dyads: Application of the Emotional Availability Scales in an intergenerational, longitudinal study
Authors: Stack Dale M. , Serbin Lisa A. , Girouard Nadine , Enns Leah N. , Bentley Vivianne M. N. , Ledingham Jane E. , Schwartzman Alex E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe present research examined how family psychosocial risk may be associated with emotional availability (EA) across age and time in two longitudinal, intergenerational studies with high-risk, disadvantaged mother–child dyads. Study 1 examined dyads during preschool and middle childhood. Study 2 examined a different sample of dyads, tested intensively at five time points (6, 12, and 18 months; preschool; and school age). Across studies, maternal childhood histories of aggression and social withdrawal predicted negative EA (higher levels of maternal hostility) during mother–child interactions at preschool age. In Study 1, mothers with higher levels of social withdrawal during childhood had preschoolers who were less appropriately responsive to and involving of their mothers during interactions. In Study 2, higher levels of observed appropriate maternal structuring predicted child responsiveness while observed maternal sensitivity (and structuring) predicted observed child involvement. More maternal social support and better home environment combined with lower stress predicted better mother–child relationship quality. Findings contribute to the burgeoning literature on EA by focusing on a high-risk community sample across time and generations. Results are interpreted in light of the developmental psychopathology framework, and have implications for a broader understanding of how EA is related to parental history and personal characteristics, as well as ongoing family and environmental context.
The influence of five monoamine genes on trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Adkins Daniel E. , Daw Jonathan K. , McClay Joseph L. , van den Oord Edwin J. C. G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe influence of five monoamine candidate genes on depressive symptom trajectories in adolescence and young adulthood were examined in the Add Health genetic sample. Results indicated that, for all respondents, carriers of the dopamine receptor D4 5-repeat allele were characterized by distinct depressive symptom trajectories across adolescence and early adulthood. Similarly, for males, individuals with the monoamine oxidase A 3.5-repeat allele exhibited unique depressive symptom trajectories. Specifically, the trajectories of those with the dopamine receptor D4 5-repeat allele were characterized by rising levels in the transition to adulthood, while their peers were experiencing a normative drop in depressive symptom frequency. Conversely, males with the monoamine oxidase A 3.5-repeat allele were shown to experience increased distress in late adolescence. An empirical method for examining a wide array of allelic combinations was employed, and false discovery rate methods were used to control the risk of false positives due to multiple testing. Special attention was given to thoroughly interrogate the robustness of the putative genetic effects. These results demonstrate the value of combining dynamic developmental perspectives with statistical genetic methods to optimize the search for genetic influences on psychopathology across the life course.
Engaging older people in decisions about their healthcare: the case for shared decision making
Authors: Lally Joanne , Tullo Ellen 
Published: January 2012

SummaryShared decision making in clinical practice involves both the healthcare professional, an expert in the clinical condition and the patient who is an expert in what is important to them. A consultation involving shared decision making enables an examination of the options available, consideration of the risks and benefits whilst incorporating the values of the patient into the decision making process. A decision is aimed at, which is both clinically appropriate and is congruent with the patient's values.Older people have been shown to value involvement, to varying degrees, in decisions about their care and treatment. The case of atrial fibrillation shows the opportunities for, and benefits of, sharing with older people decision making about their healthcare.
Multinationals and environmental regulation: are foreign firms harmful?
Authors: Dardati Evangelina , Saygili Meryem 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe rise of globalization has directed the attention of economists to the effect of trade and multinational production on the environment. We explore whether multinational firms, frequently the target of environmentalists, are harmful for a host country's environment. We introduce environmental regulation in a two-country model of heterogeneous firms with monopolistic competition. Using plant-level data from Chile, we test the model implications. We find that foreign firms are cleaner than domestic plants even after controlling for productivity that is likely to be negatively correlated with emissions. We also show that increasing the stringency of environmental regulations in a previously unregulated market affects the domestic firms more than the multinationals.
Radiocarbon and stable‐isotope geochemistry of organic and inorganic carbon in Lake Superior
Authors: Zigah Prosper K. , Minor Elizabeth C. , Werne Josef P. 
Published: January 2012

We present a lake‐wide investigation of Lake Superior carbon and organic matter biogeochemistry using radiocarbon, stable isotope, and carbon concentrations. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) abundance in the lake was 121–122 Tg C, with offshore concentration andδ13C values being laterally homogenous and tightly coupled to the physical and thermal regime and biochemical processes. Offshore Δ14C of DIC (50–65‰) exhibited lateral homogeneity and was more 14C enriched than co‐occurring atmospheric CO2 (∼38‰); nearshore Δ14C of DIC (36–38‰) was similar to atmospheric CO2. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) abundance was 14.2–16.4 Tg C. DOC's concentration and δ13C were homogenous in June (mixed lake), but varied laterally during August (stratification) possibly due to spatial differences in lake productivity. Throughout sampling, DOC had modern radiocarbon values (14–58‰) indicating a semilabile nature with a turnover time of ≤60 years. Lake particulate organic carbon (POC, 0.9–1.3 Tg C) was consistently 13C depleted relative to DOC. The δ15N of epilimnetic particulate organic nitrogen shifted to more negative values during stratification possibly indicating greater use of nitrate (rather than ammonium) by phytoplankton in August. POC's radiocarbon was spatially heterogeneous (Δ14C range: 58‰ to −303‰), and generally 14C depleted relative to DOC and DIC. POC 14C depletion could not be accounted for by black carbon in the lake but, because of its spatial and temporal distribution, is attributed to sediment resuspension. The presence of old POC within the epilimnion of the open lake indicates possible benthic‐pelagic coupling in the lake's organic carbon cycle; the ultimate fate of this old POC bears further investigation.
Wind‐driven modification of the Alaskan coastal current
Authors: Shroyer E. L. , Plueddemann A. J. 
Published: January 2012

Across‐shelf transects over the eastern flank of Barrow Canyon were obtained in August 2005 with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Here, the shelf topography creates a “choke” point in which a substantial portion of Pacific inflow from the Bering Strait is concentrated within 30 km of the coast, providing an ideal setup for monitoring the flow with the AUV. Four transects, extending ∼10 km offshore of Barrow, Alaska, inshore of the ∼80 m isobath, were used in conjunction with a process‐oriented numerical model to diagnose the wind‐driven modification of the Alaskan coastal current. Poleward transports of 0.12 Sv were consistent among all sections, although the transport‐weighted temperature was about 1°C colder in the transect obtained during peak winds. An idealized numerical model reproduces the observed hydrographic structure and across‐shelf circulation reasonably well in that (1) winds were not sufficient to reverse the poleward flow, (2) upwelling was most pronounced in the nearshore, and (3) the onshore return flow occurred throughout the interior as opposed to the bottom boundary layer. The across‐shelf circulation provides a possible mechanism for a meltwater intrusion observed on the offshore side of the AUV transect made during peak winds. Also of interest is that the observed anticyclonic shear was much stronger (∣∂u/∂y∣ > f) than previously measured in the region.