bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BMP4 regulates the hematopoietic stem cell niche
Authors: Goldman Devorah C. , Bailey Alexis S. , Pfaffle Dana L. , Al Masri Azzah , Christian Jan L. , Fleming William H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is required for mesoderm commitment to the hematopoietic lineage during early embryogenesis. However, deletion of BMP4 is early embryonically lethal and its functional role in definitive hematopoiesis is unknown. Consequently, we used a BMP4 hypomorph to investigate the role of BMP4 in regulating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and maintaining steady-state hematopoiesis in the adult. Reporter gene expression shows that Bmp4 is expressed in cells associated with the hematopoietic microenvironment including osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and megakaryocytes. Although resting hematopoiesis is normal in a BMP4-deficient background, the number of c-Kit+, Sca-1+, Lineage− cells is significantly reduced. Serial transplantation studies reveal that BMP4-deficient recipients have a microenvironmental defect that reduces the repopulating activity of wild-type HSCs. This defect is even more pronounced in a parabiosis model that demonstrates a profound reduction in wild-type hematopoietic cells within the bone marrow of BMP4-deficient recipients. Furthermore, wild-type HSCs that successfully engraft into the BMP4-deficient bone marrow show a marked decrease in functional stem cell activity when tested in a competitive repopulation assay. Taken together, these findings indicate BMP4 is a critical component of the hematopoietic microenvironment that regulates both HSC number and function.
Stage-specific Arf tumor suppression in Notch1-induced T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Volanakis Emmanuel J. , Williams Richard T. , Sherr Charles J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Frequent hallmarks of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) include aberrant NOTCH signaling and deletion of the CDKN2A locus, which contains 2 closely linked tumor suppressor genes (INK4A and ARF). When bone marrow cells or thymocytes transduced with a vector encoding the constitutively activated intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1) are expanded ex vivo under conditions that support T-cell development, cultured progenitors rapidly induce CD4+/CD8+ T-ALLs after infusion into healthy syngeneic mice. Under these conditions, enforced ICN1 expression also drives formation of T-ALLs in unconditioned CD-1 nude mice, bypassing any requirements for thymic maturation. Retention of Arf had relatively modest activity in suppressing the formation of T-ALLs arising from bone marrow–derived ICN1+ progenitors in which the locus is epigenetically silenced, and all resulting Arf+/+ tumors failed to express the p19Arf protein. In striking contrast, retention of Arf in thymocyte-derived ICN1+ donor cells significantly delayed disease onset and suppressed the penetrance of T-ALL. Use of cultured thymocyte-derived donor cells expressing a functionally null Arf-GFP knock-in allele confirmed that ICN1 signaling can induce Arf expression in vivo. Arf activation by ICN1 in T cells thereby provides stage-specific tumor suppression but also a strong selective pressure for deletion of the locus in T-ALL.
Factors affecting the outcome of human blastocyst vitrification
Authors: Kader Amr A , Choi Audrey , Orief Yasser , Agarwal Ashok 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
With single blastocyst transfer practice becoming more common in ART, there is a greater demand for a convenient and reliable cryostorage of surplus blastocysts. Vitrification has emerged in the last decade as an alternative promising substitute for slow freezing. Blastocysts represent a unique challenge in cryostorage due to their size, multicellular structure and presence of blastocoele. The continuous acquisition of experience and introduction of many different technological developments has led to the improvement of vitrification as a technology and improved the results of its application in blastocyst cryostorage. The current information concerning safety and efficacy of the vitrification of blastocysts will be reviewed along with the variables that can impact the outcome of the procedure.
Mortality in sepsis versus non-sepsis induced acute lung injury
Authors: Sevransky Jonathan E , Martin Gregory S , Shanholtz Carl , Mendez-Tellez Pedro A , Pronovost Peter , Brower Roy , Needham Dale M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) has been reported to have a higher case fatality rate than other causes of ALI. However, differences in the severity of illness in septic vs. non-septic ALI patients might explain this finding.

Methods
520 patients enrolled in the Improving Care of ALI Patients Study (ICAP) were prospectively characterized as having sepsis or non sepsis-induced ALI. Biologically plausible risk factors for in-hospital death were considered in multiple logistic regression models to evaluate the independent association of sepsis vs. non-sepsis ALI risk factors with mortality.

Results
Patients with sepsis-induced ALI had greater illness severity and organ dysfunction (APACHE II and SOFA scores) at ALI diagnosis and higher crude in-hospital mortality rates compared with non-sepsis ALI patients. Patients with sepsis-induced ALI received similar tidal volumes, but higher levels of positive end expiratory pressure, and had a more positive net fluid balance in the first week after ALI diagnosis. In multivariable analysis, the following variables (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) were significantly associated with hospital mortality: age (1.04, 1.02 to 1.05), admission to a medical intensive care unit (ICU) (2.76, 1.42 to 5.36), ICU length of stay prior to ALI diagnosis (1.15, 1.03 to 1.29), APACHE II (1.05, 1.02 to 1.08), SOFA at ALI diagnosis (1.17, 1.09 to 1.25), Lung Injury Score (2.33, 1.74 to 3.12) and net fluid balance in liters in the first week after ALI diagnosis (1.06, 1.03 to 1.09). Sepsis did not have a significant, independent association with mortality (1.02, 0.59 to 1.76).

Conclusions
Greater severity of illness contributes to the higher case fatality rate observed in sepsis-induced ALI. Sepsis was not independently associated with mortality in our study.
Modulation of human plasmacytoid DC function by IFN-λ1 (IL-29)
Authors: Megjugorac Nicholas J , Gallagher Grant E , Gallagher Grant 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the response of human pDC to IFN-I, shown by modulation of costimulatory and homing molecule expression, and changes in immunostimulatory ability.
The type III family of IFNs displays immunomodulatory and antiviral activity. Each member (IFN-λ1, −2, and −3) signals through the same heterodimeric receptor complex, which consists of the binding and signaling subunit (IL-28Rα) plus the IL-10Rβ chain. Although the receptor has a wide tissue distribution, the direct effects of IFN-λ on various immune cell subsets have not been fully characterized. We have identified high levels of IL-28Rα mRNA in pDC from peripheral blood and hypothesized that IFN-λ plays an important role in pDC maturation and development. We show that stimulation of pDC with HSV or Imiquimod causes an increase in IL-28Rα mRNA. In these cells, IFN-λ1 alters expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and ICOS-L and synergizes with IFN-α to up-regulate CD83. In addition, IFN-λ1 has a variable effect on the homing molecule expression of pDC and mDC. IFN-λ1-treated pDC display a marked difference in their ability to stimulate production of the signature cytokines IL-13, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in a MLR. This work characterizes the variable effects of IFN-λ on DC surface molecule expression and identifies a role in pDC activation and immunostimulatory potential.
Use of a FLAER-Based WBC Assay in the Primary Screening of PNH Clones
Authors: Sutherland D. Robert , Kuek Nancy , Azcona-Olivera Juan , Anderson Tanya , Acton Erica , Barth David , Keeney Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) with flow cytometry traditionally involves the analysis of CD55 and CD59 on RBCs and neutrophils. However, the ability to accurately detect PNH RBCs is compromised by prior hemolysis and/or transfused RBCs. Patients with aplastic anemia (AA) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) can also produce PNH clones. We recently described a multiparameter fluorescent aerolysin (FLAER)-based flow assay using CD45, CD33, and CD14 that accurately identified PNH monocyte and neutrophil clones in PNH, AA, and MDS. Here, we compared the efficiency of this WBC assay with a CD59-based assay on RBCs during a 3-year period. PNH clones were detected with the FLAER assay in 63 (11.8%) of 536 samples tested, whereas PNH RBCs were detected in only 33 (6.2%), and always with a smaller clone size. The FLAER assay on WBCs is a more sensitive and robust primary screening assay for detecting PNH clones in clinical samples.
An Update on Twenty Years of Anemia Management with Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Nephrology and Oncology/Hematology
Authors: Aapro Matti 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article reviews the manuscripts in this issue and summarizes the conclusion that erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are safe and effective in alleviating anemia, diminishing transfusion use, and improving quality of life in symptomatic anemic patients when used according to current guidelines.
Different Methods To Avoid Annular Pressure Buildup by Appropriate Engineered Sealant and Applying Best Practices (Cementing and Drilling)
Authors: Tahmourpour Farzad , Hashki Khaled , Hassan Hassan 
Published: September 2009

Summary
Many wells that have been successfully cemented initially are showing annulus pressure buildup because of damaged cement- sheath integrity by post-cementing operations/conditions. This has been a concern by many operators where wellbores may be exposed to severe conditions and/or production regimes over a period of time. Sometimes this problem can be temporarily dealt with by releasing the annulus pressure, if environmental conditions and well type will allow. However, this method of annular gas production relief is not a long-term solution to the problem. In addition, it is not always possible to reduce the annulus pressure by releasing the trapped pressure into the environment on a regular basis, even if all other conditions permit this operation. An engineered cement-slurry system can save the operator from facing this situation by applying a lifetime zonal isolation remedy through the proper cement job design.
Gas injection in specific areas in the UAE is performed to help maximize the production from these development fields. This paper will discuss the process of engineering a cementing system for these gas-injection wells and the development of a solution that has successfully protected wellbores in gas-injection areas where high pressures are applied to the wellbore. By treating the cement under defined wellbore conditions and studying the mechanical behavior of the cement sheath, it was possible to design a cement- slurry system that could withstand the high pressures applied through gas-injection operations. The mechanical behavior was evaluated using 3D finite element analysis (FEA) that considers mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and tensile strength in addition to confined compressive strength. The importance of complete zonal isolation is of high order. Elastic cement designs have provided a resilient nonfoamed, or conventional, system that successfully isolated the wellbores for more than a dozen gas-injection wells.
La Comunidad de Carhuancho y Sus Avatares por el Agua: Una Mirada al Bien Común y Las Desigualidades Persistentes en la Sierra Central, Perú
Authors: Suarez Rojas Luis Alberto 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
En el mundo andino el agua, los sistemas hídricos revelan aspectos dinámicos con un correlato en el poder. Tras la conquista, los españoles y criollos se apropiaron de tierras y el agua; luego, hicieron lo mismo los terratenientes en la República Criolla, e incluso en el s. XX se mantuvo el uso ilimitado del agua en favor de los hacendados y sus empresas. A partir de la primera mitad del siglo XX, se desarrollaron múltiples proyectos de irrigación, en este caso nos focalizaremos en el proyecto Choclococha, la cual permite irrigar el valle de Ica, beneficiando a los pequeños y medianos agricultores, así como las agroindustrias ahí localizadas. Actualmente, existe un déficit de agua, ello motivó al Gob. Regional de Ica, a través del Proyecto Especial Tambo Ccaracocha (PETACCC), implemente el “Canal Colector Ingahuasi” (73 km) para colectar agua de las lagunas y otras fuentes de agua. A causa de esto, hoy en los albores del siglo XXI, más de 5,000 familias de comunidades campesinas de Huancavelica (Sierra central - Perú) podrían quedarse sin agua debido a la construcción del “Canal Colector Ingahuasi” que rodea el Nevado Palomo (5.188 msnm) colocando en riesgo bofedales, pastizales de siete comunidades ubicadas a lo largo del canal, las cuales poseen 146,000 cabezas de ganado (alpacas, llamas y ovinos), además de cuatro comunidades del Distrito de Ascensión, Huancavelica, que también serán impactadas sumando 199,300 cabezas de ganado. Otro aspecto que agrava la situación es la reducción notable de los glaciares alrededor de la Laguna Choclococha. En este contexto, la comunidad de Carhuancho (Prov. Huaytara, Región Huancavelica) demandó al Gobierno Central del Perú y al Gobierno Regional de Ica ante el Tribunal Latinoamericano del Agua (TLA, San José Costa Rica http://www.tragua.com/en/ ). El TLA falló a favor de la comunidad, recomendó la paralización de la obra y la indemnización correspondiente. En este texto, ofrecemos una aproximación a la comunidad articulada a partir de las siguientes interrogantes: ¿De qué manera la comunidad de Carhuancho logra articularse y movilizar un conjunto de recursos (capital social, confianza, capital cognitivo) para llevar a cabo reivindicaciones entorno al agua?, ¿Cómo este caso pone en jaque al Estado Peruano, evidenciando sus fracturas institucionales?, a partir de este caso, ¿Cómo se construye la relación entre el “bien público” y políticas sociales del Estado?, ¿Es acaso que el alejamiento del Estado legitima la reproducción de las llamadas desigualdades persistentes?.
Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Fercher A.F. , Sander Birgit , Jørgensen Thomas Martini , Andersen Peter E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technique that is used to peer inside a body noninvasively. Tissue structure defined by tissue absorption and scattering coefficients, and the speed of blood flow, are derived from the characteristics of light remitted by the body. Singly backscattered light detected by partial coherence interferometry (PCI) is used to synthesize the tomographic image coded in false colors. A prerequisite of this technique is a low time‐coherent but high space‐coherent light source, for example, a superluminescent diode or a supercontinuum source. Alternatively, the imaging technique can be realized by using ultrafast wavelength scanning light sources. For tissue imaging, the light source wavelengths are restricted to the red and near‐infrared (NIR) region from about 600 to 1300 nm, the so‐called therapeutic window, where absorption (μa ≈ 0.01 mm−1) is small enough. Transverse resolution in OCT is diffraction limited, as in conventional imaging; depth resolution is limited by the coherence length of the light. Both figures are of the order of micrometers. Velocity resolution is of the order of 0.1 mm s−1. Several instruments are commercially available. At present, OCT is mainly used in the medical field, in particular, in ophthalmology. Owing to the high transmissivity of ocular media, the depth penetration is considerable. Corresponding applications in dermatology are somewhat hindered by the strong scattering of epidermic tissue (μs ≈ 102 mm−1). As OCT provides images with a resolution comparable to conventional histology, but in real time, it can be used as a biopsy technique in a wide range of biological systems to detect diseases. These include the tomographic imaging of the internal microstructure of in vivo atherosclerotic plaques, the tomographic real‐time diagnostics for intraoperative monitoring, and in microsurgical intervention. Optical biopsy based on OCT also provides diagnostic information by differentiating the architectural morphology of urological tissue, gastrointestinal tissue, and respiratory tissue.
Airborne Instrumentation for Aerosol Measurements
Authors: Stefanutti Leopoldo , Di Donfrancesco Guido , Cairo Francesco 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article gives a description of airborne and balloon‐borne instrumentation for the measurement of microphysical properties and the chemical composition of aerosol and cloud particles. Different techniques are described. In particular, the instrumentation is subdivided into two broad categories: remote sensing instrumentation and in situ instrumentation. In the first category are instrumentation like cloud RADARs (radio detection and ranging), LIDARs (light detection and ranging), backscatter sondes, limb, and occultation aerosol detection devices. They can determine the microphysical properties of the aerosols and, only with complex a priori assumptions, their chemical composition. Among the in situ instrumentation, for example, optical particle counters (OPC), condensation particle counters (CPC) determine the microphysical properties of aerosols, whereas their chemical composition is determined by means of mass spectrometers, and the counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) technique associated with tunable diode laser and Lyman‐α spectrometers.
Biological Samples in Environmental Analysis: Preparation and Cleanup
Authors: Kero Frank A. , Barr Dana B. , Blount Benjamin C. , Mawhinney Douglas B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe characterization of biological systems on a molecular level has led to sweeping developments in industries including pharmaceuticals, consumer product manufacturing, and environmental monitoring. The integrity of the sample preparation process is critical for development and discovery efforts in these fields. The art of biological sample preparation is in a perpetual state of evolution where boundaries and limitations reflect the sophistication of contemporary technology. Historical methods required laborious multistep procedures that resulted in analytical measurements with limited throughput and poor detection limits due to analyte losses. Present efforts in the scientific community are moving toward automated methods that require minimal sample volume and minimal sample cleanup. This change in the approach is due to the increasing selectivity of analytical systems that allow analyte separation and purification to be performed online with a variety of detectors. Trends of this nature are consistent with the so‐called “green chemistry” efforts, where less solvent consumption provides a more environmental friendly (and cost effective) platform for the next stage of development in this field. This article revisits historical approaches and describes current trends in the preparation of biological samples.
Quantitative Proteomics
Authors: Chance Mark R. , Chang Jinsook , Schlatzer Daniela , Miyagi Masaru 
Published: September 2009

AbstractQuantitative proteomics technologies have been evolving rapidly, but have reached a level of maturity where reliable results of well‐understood statistical significance can be expected from experiments intended to measure changes in protein abundance in paired samples of case versus control or in multiple comparison studies with substantial numbers of biological replicates and multiple treatments. This review provides an overview of the progress and challenges in the field and highlights specific methods to examine changes in protein abundance where the intact protein species are separated and quantified (top‐down proteomics) and where proteins are digested and separated and peptide abundance is quantified (bottom‐up or shotgun proteomics) to infer relative protein abundance. This paper provides specific examples of two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel‐based quantification along with shotgun methods using18O‐labeling and label‐free quantification methods. In each case, issues of sample numbers, target variance, sample prefractionation, and other considerations that are informative to the practical use of these techniques are highlighted. The future prospects of this field are bright, but the challenges of integrating the wealth of proteomics data available into an informative biological context remain an area of important future development.
Pharmaceuticals and Hormones in the Environment
Authors: Jones‐Lepp Tammy L , Alvarez David A , Englert Brian , Batt Angela L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSome of the earliest initial reports from Europe and the United States demonstrated that a variety of pharmaceuticals and hormones could be found in surface waters, source waters, drinking water, and influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is unknown though, at this time, what ecotoxicological effects can be had from pharmaceuticals and hormones that are essentially designed for one purpose (e.g., treatment of human and domestic livestock for illness and disease) and their possible adverse effects on terrestrial wildlife, aquatic organisms, bacteria, and ultimately humans, through unintentional environmental exposure.One of the challenges the analytical chemistry community faces is the development of robust and standardized analytical methods and technologies that can easily be transferred to laboratories worldwide. While today's analysts can detect picograms per liter and nanograms per liter concentrations of numerous pharmaceuticals, hormones, and their metabolites, in a variety of environmental matrices, there are still analytical gaps that are necessary to fill. We hope that this article will add to the body of knowledge of environmental analytical chemistry techniques regarding pharmaceuticals and hormones, giving environmental scientists a good overview of those analytical techniques that are currently available, and where possible, of improvements and new methodologies that can be developed in support of this important, and relevant, environmental issue.
Membrane Techniques in Analytical Applications: Developments and Recent Advances
Authors: Pabby Anil Kumar , Sastre Ana Maria 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe article first presents an overview of the various membrane‐based systems and their role in analytical applications. This is followed by a systematic review of the various membrane extraction methods used to determine various compounds in different matrices in chemical, environmental, and biological applications. The reviewed methods include supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction, microporous membrane liquid‐liquid extraction (MMLLE), polymeric membrane extraction (PME), semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), membrane‐assisted sorbent extraction (MASE), membrane extraction with a sorbent interface (MESI), and membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). Theory and principles, the possibility of combining membrane extraction methods with methods of final determination, and applications are discussed in detail. Emphasis is placed on the attractiveness of membrane‐based extraction techniques in terms of the challenging parameters and design aspects that must be considered when coupling membrane‐based extraction systems to on‐line or off‐line analytical systems. A section is devoted to familiarize analytical chemists who work with liquid samples with the practical aspects of the reviewed membrane extraction techniques. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are discussed.