bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managers' roles in the professional growth of Iranian clinical nurses
Authors: Rahimaghaee Flora , Nayeri Nahid Dehghan , Mohammadi Eesa 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAny progressive organization should consider investing in its clinical nurses' professional growth if it desires to survive and succeed in offering care. Managers play a significant role in facilitating clinical nurses' professional growth. A content analysis study was conducted with 20 clinical nurses and managers in Iran in order to describe how they experienced managers' roles in relation to their professional growth. They believed that managers played two major roles in their professional growth process: motivating and inhibiting. From the participants' point of view, managers, through supporting, encouraging, and valuing staff and creating opportunities for learning, played a facilitating role in their professional growth. But, whenever the staff did not receive this support, they became discouraged and did not make any progress. The results can be used to improve management and, consequently, to enhance the professional growth of staff.
Evolution of urological imaging
Authors: Bueschen Anton J , Lockhart Mark E 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe evolution of urological imaging has had a major impact on the diagnosis and treatment of urological diseases since the discovery of the X‐ray by Roentgen in 1895. Early developments included plain films of the abdomen, retrograde urographic techniques, development of contrast media, excretory urography, renal mass puncture, renal angiography, cystography and nuclear medicine procedures. These procedures led to the maturation of the specialties of diagnostic radiology and urology, and the development of the subspecialties of pediatric urology and urological radiology during the first seven decades of the 20th century. Subsequently, many imaging advances have occurred leading to changes in diagnosis and management of urological patients. Ultrasound and cross‐sectional imaging technologies (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) are increasingly applied in urological evaluation, treatment and surveillance. Current developments include dual energy computed tomography, positron emission tomography computed tomography, renal donor and renal transplant imaging, prostate magnetic resonance imaging, and microbubble contrast enhanced ultrasound. Imaging advances will continue. It is the responsibility of all physicians to assess the advantages of new developments while weighing those advantages against the additional radiation exposure and the costs associated with new procedures.
CARBON DIOXIDE SUBMUCOSAL INJECTION CUSHION: AN INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE IN ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION
Authors: Uraoka Toshio , Kawahara Yoshiro , Ohara Nobuya , Kato Jun , Hori Keisuke , Okada Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Kazuhide 
Published: November 2010

Aim:  Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) can successfully resect large lesions en bloc, but it requires a satisfactory submucosal (sm) injection agent for proper safety and efficacy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of carbon dioxide (CO2) as an ESD sm injection agent.Methods:  In vitro study using porcine stomachs compared CO2 with normal saline (NS) and sodium hyaluronic acid (SHA) solution, both of which are currently used to provide long‐lasting sm elevation during ESD. Histopathological examination assessed differences between CO2 and NS sm cushions. ESD were then carried out in vivo in the stomach and rectum of a live pig using CO2 sm injection.Results:  CO2 sm elevation was significantly longer lasting than either NS or SHA (P < 0.001). Histopathology revealed no mucosal layer tissue damage, and dissection of honeycomb‐like fibrous connective tissue in the CO2 sm cushion. Creating and maintaining a CO2 sm cushion of sufficient elevation combined with partial physical dissection of the sm layer was achieved, followed by complete endoscopic dissection of the sm layer with all ESD, resulting in successful en‐bloc resections having a mean specimen size of 24.3 mm within 15 min.Conclusion:  Safety and efficacy of CO2 as a satisfactory sm injection agent during ESD was successfully demonstrated in these preliminary studies, warranting further investigation of this innovative technique.
ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION FOR SUBMUCOSAL INVASIVE GASTRIC CANCER AND CURABILITY CRITERIA
Authors: Hoteya Shu , Yamashita Satoshi , Kikuchi Daisuke , Nakamura Masanori , Fujimoto Ai , Matsui Akira , Nishida Noriko , Mitani Toshihumi , Kuroki Yuichiro , Iizuka Toshiro , Yahagi Naohisa 
Published: November 2010

Aims:  The aims of the present study were to evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) as curative treatment for node‐negative submucosal invasive early gastric cancer (EGC) and to consider further expansion of the curability criteria for submucosal invasive EGC.Methods:  A total of 977 EGC in 855 patients treated by ESD were enrolled. They were divided into intramucosal cancer (M); minimally submucosal invasive cancer (<500 µm from the muscularis mucosa) (SM1); and deeper submucosal invasive cancer (>500 µm from the muscularis mucosa) (SM2). The technical feasibility of ESD for SM1 and M were compared, and the clinical prognosis of SM1 was evaluated. Furthermore, the volume of carcinoma invading to the submucosal layer, which we called the SM volume index, was calculated virtually to analyze its correlation with lymphatic‐vascular invasion.Results:  There were no statistical differences in technical outcomes and complications between M and SM1. Curative resection rates were significantly better in M than in SM1 (M, 92.6%; SM1, 63.8%). No local recurrences and distant metastases were found in 48 SM1 patients declared to have undergone curative resections. Most cases (72.0%) with successful ESD but non‐curative resection exceeded 30 mm in maximum size, and no local recurrences and metastases were found in these patients. The SM volume index of these cases was comparatively small.Conclusion:  The technical and theoretical validity of ESD for SM1 was validated. The possibility of further expansion of the curability criteria for submucosal invasive cancers was suggested by the evaluation of the SM volume index.
Young children attribute normativity to novel actions without pedagogy or normative language
Authors: Schmidt Marco F.H. , Rakoczy Hannes , Tomasello Michael 
Published: November 2010

AbstractYoung children interpret some acts performed by adults as normatively governed, that is, as capable of being performed either rightly or wrongly. In previous experiments, children have made this interpretation when adults introduced them to novel acts with normative language (e.g. ‘this is the way it goes’), along with pedagogical cues signaling culturally important information, and with social‐pragmatic marking that this action is a token of a familiar type. In the current experiment, we exposed children to novel actions with no normative language, and we systematically varied pedagogical and social‐pragmatic cues in an attempt to identify which of them, if either, would lead children to normative interpretations. We found that young 3‐year‐old children inferred normativity without any normative language and without any pedagogical cues. The only cue they used was adult social‐pragmatic marking of the action as familiar, as if it were a token of a well‐known type (as opposed to performing it, as if inventing it on the spot). These results suggest that – in the absence of explicit normative language – young children interpret adult actions as normatively governed based mainly on the intentionality (perhaps signaling conventionality) with which they are performed.
Defending Conditional Excluded Middle
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Lewis (1973) gave a short argument against conditional excluded middle, based on his treatment of ‘might’ counterfactuals. Bennett (2003), with much of the recent literature, gives an alternative take on ‘might’ counterfactuals. But Bennett claims the might‐argument against CEM still goes through. This turns on a specific claim I call Bennett’s Hypothesis. I argue that independently of issues to do with the proper analysis of might‐counterfactuals, Bennett’s Hypothesis is inconsistent with CEM. But Bennett’s Hypothesis is independently objectionable, so we should resolve this tension by dropping the Hypothesis, not by dropping CEM.
ATTENTION AND MENTAL PAINT1
Authors: Block Ned 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMuch of recent philosophy of perception is oriented towards accounting for the phenomenal character of perception—what it is like to perceive—in a non‐mentalistic way—that is, without appealing to mental objects or mental qualities. In opposition to such views, I claim that the phenomenal character of perception of a red round object cannot be explained by or reduced to direct awareness of the object, its redness and roundness—or representation of such objects and qualities. Qualities of perception that are not captured by what one is directly aware of or by representational content are instances of what Gilbert Harman has called “mental paint” (Block, 1990;Harman, 1990). The claim of this paper is that empirical facts about attention point in the direction of mental paint. The argument starts with the claim (later modified) that when one moves one's attention around a scene while keeping one's eyes fixed, the phenomenology of perception can change in ways that do not reflect which qualities of objects one is directly aware of or the way the world is represented to be. These changes in the phenomenology of perception cannot be accounted for in terms of awareness of or representation of the focus of attention because they manifest themselves in experience as differences in apparent contrast, apparent color saturation, apparent size, apparent speed, apparent time of occurrence and other appearances. There is a way of coping with these phenomena in terms of vague contents, but vague contents cannot save direct realism or representationism because the kind of vagueness required clashes wth the phenomenology itself.
The Effect of Regulation on Insurance Pricing: The Case of Germany
Authors: Berry‐Stölzle Thomas R. , Born Patricia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article analyzes the impact of policy form regulation on the unit price of insurance and determinants of premium changes using the 1994 deregulation of the German property–liability market as a natural experiment. Our result show that policy form regulation did not increase prices above competitive levels. Factors influencing premium changes are significantly different for the two time periods, pre‐ and post‐deregulation, indicating that regulation affects insurance pricing. Focusing on highly competitive lines after deregulation, we find a significant price decrease, and this decrease is offset by higher prices in the remaining other lines.
Sentinel node micrometastases in breast cancer: Clinical outcome
Authors: KIHARA Stephen M , GIBLETT Neil A , MCNEIL Catriona , CREA Paul 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim:  The sentinel lymph node biopsy has steadily replaced axillary lymph node dissection for staging clinically node‐negative breast cancer. This study assesses surgical and adjuvant practice in relation to micrometastases and isolated tumor cells found on biopsy in a single surgeon cohort.Methods:  Clinicopathological characteristics were collated from 700 breast cancer patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsies between 1999 and 2007. The status and details of the node biopsies, continuing treatment and adverse outcomes were reported. Patient details at the time of diagnosis were entered into Adjuvant! online to look at likely prognosis. For both isolated tumor cells and micrometastases, data input was conducted twice, once as node‐negative and again as node‐positive, thus providing two predicted benefit data series.Results:  A total of 665 women were eligible for inclusion, 67 with micrometastases and 20 with isolated tumor cells. Overall 33 patients developed recurrence with nine breast‐cancer related deaths. Women with isolated tumor cells or micrometastases were more likely to receive adjuvant radiotherapy to the axilla compared with women with node‐negative disease. Compared to those with isolated tumor cells, a higher number of women with micrometastases received systemic chemotherapy despite similar predicted benefits. Individual comparisons showed significantly higher rates of recurrence in women with isolated tumor cells than in node‐negative disease (P < 0.0001).Conclusion:  The biological behavior of early breast cancer with isolated tumor cells on sentinel node biopsy is similar to both micrometastases and macrometastases, i.e. they behave in a node‐positive fashion. This is an early indication that these patients should be treated with more aggressive adjuvant therapy.
SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE AS A POTENTIAL INTERVENTION FOR GROUND PORK DECONTAMINATION
Authors: BAE YUN YOUNG , KIM NAM HEE , KIM KYOUNG HEON , KIM BYOUNG CHUL , RHEE MIN SUK 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTGround meat has been frequently implicated as a vehicle of pathogenic bacteria. Once microorganisms contaminating the surfaces are embedded within the comminuted meat, they become difficult to inactivate due to the clumpy structure. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of decontaminating ground pork with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) treatment at various conditions (temperatures: 40, 45C; pressures: 100, 120, 140 bar; and treatment times: 20, 30, 40 min). The reduction of microorganisms in ground pork ranged from 1.66 to 2.42 log cfu/g (total mesophilic plate counts, 1.66; Listeria monocytogenes, 2.42; and Salmonella Typhimurium, 2.21 log cfu/g) following SC–CO2 treatment at 45C and 140 bar for 40 min. Even though solid foods were generally difficult to control with SC–CO2, our results indicate that it can be used to reduce the levels of microbes in ground pork through rapid diffusion. Thus, SC–CO2 can be suggested as helpful and novel devices for improving the microbiological safety of comminuted meat products.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe SC–CO2 treatment may contribute to reduce the microbial load of pathogenic bacteria contaminated deeply within ground meat in processed meat industries. It can be applied to inactivate bacterial cells of foodborne pathogens including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium and other spoiling bacteria, mostly mesophilic bacteria in comminuted meats. The major reason why it is useful especially for meat products is that it can be used at relatively mild condition than heat treatment rarely affecting meat quality. It can penetrate deep into a clumpy structure of ground meat depending on its physical property without toxicity. It is expected that SC–CO2 can be used to sterile ground pork in combination with other antimicrobial co‐solvents to develop microbiological safety of meat products.
THE POTENTIAL OF CHRYSEOBACTERIUM SPECIES TO PRODUCE BIOGENIC AMINES
Authors: MIELMANN ANNCHEN , HUGO CELIA J. , JOOSTE PIET JOHANNES 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe food spoilage potential of the genus Chryseobacterium has not been studied in equal detail than the taxonomy of this genus. The ability of seven Chryseobacterium species to produce biogenic amines (BAs) at different temperatures and sodium chloride concentrations, was investigated by using a modified Niven medium. Temperatures at and below 15C and 25C seemed to have a definite inhibitory effect on the production of BAs in some Chryseobacterium species. Salt concentrations in excess of 4% would be needed to prevent amine production of Chryseobacterium species in food products. Chryseobacterium species have therefore the ability to decarboxylate some precursors of BAs, making them important spoilage bacteria in dairy food products.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe determination of biogenic amines (BAs) is important not only from the point of view of their toxicity (symptoms such as headache, fever and vomiting may occur) but also because they can be used as indicators of the degree of freshness or spoilage of food. The ability of Chryseobacterium spp. to produce BAs, at low temperatures, is of great significance to the dairy and other food industries, because of the typical off‐flavors and putrid odors that are produced. Refrigerated products could cause amine poisoning if they were contaminated with amine‐producing bacteria, e.g., Chryseobacterium spp.. A previous study found that the content of BAs increases even during storage at +4C. It must be taken note of that most amines are heat‐stable and only partially destroyed in 3 h at 102C or 90 min at 116C. These findings stress the importance of the hygienic production and handling of food products and maintenance of the cold chain throughout production and distribution.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE ON THE MICROBIAL PROFILE OF PACKED GEMLIK DRY‐SALTED OLIVES
Authors: DEĞIRMENCIOĞLU NURCAN 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe effect of a chlorine wash on microbial growth in packed (vacuum and MAP), dry‐salted olives of the Gemlik variety stored at 4C and 20C was studied for 7 months. The study was based on microbiological changes occurring in dry‐salted olive samples during their shelf life. The microbiota were comprised of total viable bacteria, LAB and yeasts, mold, Enterobacteria and Pseudomonads. At 4 and 20C, the population of yeasts increased steadily in control samples during the shelf‐life period (with and without chlorine exposure). At 20C, neither of the packaging methods was effective in suppressing total viable and LAB growth. The count of TYM increased in the MAP samples after the third month at 20C; therefore, different combinations of chlorine and CO2 and N2 (or combinations of chlorine with only CO2 or N2) can be used to control yeast–mold growth. The combination of a 35% CO2 and 65% N2 (with a 10‐ppm chlorine wash) at 4C was the most effective at controlling the growth of total viable, LAB and TYM. No Enterobacteria and Pseudomonads were detected since the high salt content is not favorable for their growth.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMAP has been used for several years for preserving fresh fruits and vegetables. The use of MAP for the storage of fruits and vegetables at a low temperature is more effective than vacuum packaging alone for preventing the growth of microorganisms due to its bacteriostatic effects. Better results can be obtained if MAP is supported with a low‐concentration antimicrobial agent (chlorine). In future research, combinations of CO2 and N2 at various concentrations in the packaging should be evaluated to determine their ability to increase microbiological quality, especially to control yeast–mold growth in packaged olives.
Alcohol and lactation: An updated systematic review
Authors: GIGLIA Roslyn C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim:  The aim of this paper is to provide a critical review of the most recent literature from 2005 onwards, on the effect of alcohol intake during lactation on the hormonal control of lactogenesis; breastmilk alcohol concentration; the breastfeeding infant, and on the breastfeeding outcomes of the mother and infant dyad. An update on public policy guiding alcohol consumption during lactation nationally and internationally is explored.Methods:  The databases PubMed, CINAHL, Proquest Health and Medical Complete, ScienceDirect, Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched from 2005 onwards.Results:  Alcohol inhibits the role of oxytocin in breastfeeding women, resulting in an increased time to milk ejection and a decrease in total breastmilk yield. Breastfeeding women are less likely to consume alcohol at high‐risk levels, and drinking at these levels is associated with the early cessation of breastfeeding. A higher level of education and a higher income level are the characteristics of the maternal drinker during lactation.Conclusion:  Available public health policy in Australia provides direction for breastfeeding mothers who choose to drink alcohol during this important stage of infant development.
Crunching the numbers: The affordability of nutritious food for New Zealand children
Authors: HOPGOOD Timothy , ASHER Innes , WALL Clare R. , GRANT Cameron C. , STEWART Joanna , MUIMUIHEATA Soana , EXETER Daniel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim:  Good nutrition is vital to a growing child's health and development. It is unclear if New Zealand families are able to afford to provide meals that meet national nutritional guidelines for their children. The aim of the present study was to calculate the cost of meal plans, which include New Zealand European and Tongan food preferences and meet New Zealand national nutrition guidelines for children in three age groups (3–5, 5–10 and 13–14 years) in different regions of Auckland.Methods:  Meal plan exemplars from New Zealand national Food and Nutrition Guidelines were used to define both the European plan and the Tongan plan for each age group. Meal ingredient prices were measured in shops in January 2008 within seven randomly chosen, ‘most deprived’ (decile 10) areas and seven ‘least deprived areas’ (decile 1) in the Auckland region.Results:  The average annual cost of food for one child was, in New Zealand Dollars, $1472 (3–5 year old) to $4411 per year (13–14 year old) from supermarket pricings only. The Tongan adolescent ($3188) and 3–5 year olds' plans ($1665) were cheaper than their European equivalents ($4282, $1759, respectively). No difference was demonstrated between most and least deprived areas (P= 0.91). Large volume options were usually cheaper than small volume options.Conclusion:  Providing diets for children that are nutritionally appropriate requires on average 33% of the child‐related component of New Zealand Government provisions for low socioeconomic families in 2007. New Zealand should consider further strategies to make children's meals more affordable for low‐income families.
Participant characteristics and reach of a commercial web‐based weight loss program
Authors: NEVE Melinda J. , MORGAN Philip J. , COLLINS Clare E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim:  To describe the characteristics of participants who enrolled in a commercial web‐based weight loss program (SP Health Weight Loss Platform), and assess the reach of the program.Methods:  Participants were enrolled from 15 August 2007 to 31 May 2008. An enrolment survey captured self‐reported data for demographic, anthropometric and eating and exercise behaviours. The target population was defined as any Australian aged 18–75 years, with a body mass index of ≥22, who was using a commercial program to lose or maintain weight and had access to the Internet. The proportion of the target population reached and representativeness were determined from available population data.Results:  The 11 341 participants were predominantly obese middle‐aged women, of higher socioeconomic status, from major cities within Australia. Men (n = 1531) had a significantly higher mean body mass index, poorer eating and activity habits, and different reasons for eating and attempting weight loss than women (P < 0.05). Obese participants had a significantly higher mean age and were more likely to be from low socioeconomic and rural areas (P < 0.05). Approximately 1.6% of the potential target group enrolled in the program (2.0% women and 0.6% men). The highest participation rate was among obese 25‐ to 35‐year‐olds. This was true overall (7.7% total), as well as for both sexes (9.0% women and 4.6% men).Conclusion:  The present study demonstrates that web‐based weight loss programs have the ability to reach a large number of individuals at risk of weight‐related morbidity, including ‘hard‐to‐reach’ groups such as men and younger clients.