bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of chestnut tannins on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Maistrello L. , Vaccari G. , Sasanelli N. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Among the natural products extracted from plants, tannins have been reported to possess antihelmintic properties especially for gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. Also, they are toxic to a wide range of fungi, bacteria and yeasts. Therefore, an in vitro and a glasshouse pot experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effect of chestnut tannins on the control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. In the in vitro experiment, different tannin concentrations in a geometric scale (from 0.32 to 20.48 g/l), were tested for their effect on hatching of the nematode, whereas in the pot experiment, 100, 250 and 450 g/m2 of tannins in aqueous solutions, were used in pots at transplant or at transplant and two weeks later for their effect on nematode control. In both experiments treatments were compared to untreated and fenamiphos-treated controls. In vitro a nematostatic effect of tannins was observed, whereas in the pot experiment a significant reduction of eggs and juveniles/g root, total population density and reproduction rates of the nematode were recorded. The anatomical changes induced by M. javanica in tomato roots treated with tannins did not differ from those produced by this and other Meloidogyne species on various hosts reported earlier.
Taxonomic Study of Lichens of Phulchowki Hills, Lalitpur District (Kathmandu Valley)
Authors: Devkota A 
Published: February 2010

The lichens were collected from different altitudinal gradient ranges from 1500-2700 m. above sea level of Phulchowki hill. They were identified on the basis of their morphological, anatomical and chemical studies (colour reaction, thin layer chromatography and microcrystallography). A total of thirty-two species of lichens were identified which comprises nine families and ten genera. Among them family Parmeliaceae was largest one which comprises ten species. Key words: Lichens; Crustose; Foliose; Fructicose. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2633 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 44-51
Biological Control of Foot Rot Disease of Rice Using Fermented Products of Compost and Vermicompost
Authors: Manandhar T , Yami KD 
Published: February 2010

Field trial experiment was conducted at the premise of Nepal Academy of Science and Technology during rainy season (April-June) in 2004 under the rainfed condition. In this study, four types of compost tea: aerated vermicompost tea (ACTV), non aerated vermicompost tea (NCTV), aerated compost tea (ACTC) and non aerated compost tea (NCTV) was prepared and investigated for the suppression of Foot rot disease of Rice caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon - Gibberella fujikuroi. The result was compared with carbendazium (2.5 g per kg dry seeds) treatment and water check. And data was analyzed using one way ANOVA. Among these four compost tea, ACTV showed statistically significant maximum control (25.6% increment of healthy seedlings), followed by ACTC (22.4% increment of healthy seedlings). Least effect was obtained by NCTC (13.6% increment of healthy seedlings). It was observed that 18% of collected Khumal-4 variety rice was infected with Fusarium monoliforme as revealed by Standard Moist Blotter Technique. In concurrence with field trial experiment, treatment of the rice seeds in the Standard Blotter Technique with compost tea revealed highest efficiency of ACTV in reducing the number of affected seeds (12% reduction in affected seeds) followed by ACTC (10% reduction) and NCTV (8% reduction). NCTC were found to be least effective (6% reduction) among the four types of compost tea. Application of compost tea also increases the percentage of germination of seeds, with maximum effect obtained by ACTV (98%). Keywords: Compost tea; Vermicompost tea; Foot rot; Fusarium moniliforme. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2634 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 52-57
Study on Major Pesticides and Fertilizers used in Nepal
Authors: Diwakar Jasmine , Prasai Tista , Pant Shankar Raj , Jayana Bina Laxmi 
Published: February 2010

The data of Nepal Government shows that nine major pesticides groups with seven subgroups of Insecticides were imported from the year 1997 to 2003. The pesticide use amounts to 142 g/ha which is low compared to other counties. The highest pesticides quantity imported & quantity consumed from the 2056/57 (1999) to 2060/061(2003) were fungicides, bactericides, acaricides & seed treatment. group. For the year 2056/57 (1999) & 2057/58(2000), no import & consumption of biopesticides were done but from the year 2058/59(2001) to 2060/061(2003) no import & consumption of plant regulators was done. The various types of pesticides with 306 trade names and 71 technical names are registered / enlisted and used in Nepal which includes Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides, Rodenticides, Acaricides and Others. Moreover, twelve types of pesticides are band in Nepal for its import and use. Similarly, the demand of fertilizers were increased from 1997/98 to 2001/02 and then decreased dramatically with high amount from 2001/02 to 2002/03 and since then again it again increased up to 204/05. This trend is same for Urea and Diammonium Phoshphate whereas Murate of Potash is increasing from 1997/98 to 2004/04. Seven types of fertilizers are being used in Nepal viz. Urea, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Murate of Potash (MOP), Ammonium Sulphate (AS), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate (APS) and NPK. These are imported by Public institution like Agricultural Input Corporation (AIC) , Private Institutions and also donated/granted by the Government of Japan called as 2KR (Two Kenny Round). The import of fertilizers shows irregular trend. The import of fertilizers was highest in 1998/99 which amounted to 219038 metric ton and since then it decreased although there showed fluctuations. The distribution of fertilizers was increase from 1997/98 and reached highest in the year 2002/03 and since then it started decreasing. Similarly, the fertilizer consumption was highest in the year 1994/95 which was 30.4kg/ha which declined since then and showed fluctuation. The fertilizer consumption is regularly decreasing in the recent years from the year 2002/03. Key words: Agriculture; Fertilizer; Insecticide; Pest and pesticide. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2638 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 76-80
Infraspecific Variation of <i>Bambusa nutans</i> Subspecies <i>Nutans</i> from Six Different Sites of Central Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Ramesh , Shrestha Keshab 
Published: February 2010

Bambusa nutans Wallich ex Munro subspecies nutans is a valuable economic plant occurring especially on the Terai region and mid hills (Kathmandu valley) in Nepal from sea level to 1700 m. Variation plays major role to compare the populations and to select superior trees for breeding purpose. Infraspecific variation is the study of comparison between plants belonging to the same species but from different populations which could be distinguished in nature. Study on the infraspecific variation of this species has been carried out from six different stands (Kapan, Kirtipur, Sisneri, Naldum, Kafledi and Narayanghat) of Central Nepal ranging in altitude (from 256 m to 1850 m) and climatic conditions. Altogether 10 culms, from 3-4 clumps were selected and 6 morphological characters having utmost importance in bamboo growth has been studied. Those characters were culm height, culm diameter at breast height, culm wall thickness, internode length ,culm sheath length and culm sheath breadth. Statistical analysis was performed for the calculation of correlation coefficient using SPSS software program. Variation within and among population was analyzed using one way ANOVA. All the characters show significant differences with 5% level of significance and ratios of morphological characters also show the significant differences except CH/CD, which was not significant. From the present study it is concluded that significant differences were observed in phenotypic characters. Since genetic differences leads to the variation among the plants, these variations might be of genetic origin .Reciprocal transplant experiment and progeny testing should be conducted for further research. Provided information can be utilized to conserve the genetic resources and to exploit these resources scientifically and economically. Keywords: Bambusa nutans subspecies nutans; Infraspecific variation; Correlation; ANOVA; Genetic differences. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2639 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 81-84
Assessment of Drinking Water of Bhaktapur Municipality Area in Pre-Monsoon Season
Authors: Diwakar Jasmine , Yami Kayo Devi , Prasai Tista 
Published: February 2010

The physico-chemical and microbiological analyses of the 116 water samples from four different sources namely, public tap, well, tube well and stone spout of Bhaktapur Municipality area were done following standard techniques for water sample collection and analyses set by the American Public Health Association (1998). The pH values of all water samples were found to lie within Nepal standard. Similarly 57(49.14%), 9 (7.76%), 56 (48.28%) and 1(0.87%) of water samples were found to exceed Nepal standard value for conductivity, turbidity, iron and chloride content respectively. Hardness content of all water samples were within the standard whereas 6 (5.17%) samples crossed ammonia permissible level. The nitrate and arsenic content of all samples were found within permissible level. The bacteriological analysis of water samples revealed the presence of total coliform in 96 (82.76%) of samples. So, the study has pointed out that the drinking water quality of city water supply has not been improved and traditional sources like stone spouts and tube well water are also not free from contamination. Such circumstances are responsible for spreading water borne outbreaks. The waterborne diseases are closely related with the conditions of living and environmental sanitation in the community. So, it can be effectively controlled by appropriate water management and safe disposal of excreta. Key words: Arsenic; Coliform bacteria; Diseases; Iron and water quality. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2642 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 94-98
Screening of some Medicinal Plants used in Nepalese Traditional Medicine against Enteric Bacteria
Authors: Bajracharya Anup Muni , Yami Kayo Devi , Prasai Tista , Basnyat Shital Raj , Lekhak Binod 
Published: February 2010

Antibacterial properties of ethanolic extracts of 8 medicinal plants used in Nepal to treat gastrointestinal disorders were tested against ten different species of enteropathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella spp, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas spp. Among the selected medicinal plants: Punica granatum, Woodfordia fruticosa, Psidium guajava and Syzygium cumini were found effective against all enteric bacteria whereas Mimosa pudica, Acorus calamus, Aegle marmelos and Anethum sowa were found ineffective against all. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of these plant extracts found against Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris were lower (0.39-25mg/ml) so are more susceptible whereas the plants showed lethal effect against Pseudomonas spp, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, E. coli, Shigella spp. and Klebsiella spp. at MBC value of around 25-50mg/ml. Key words: Medicinal plants; Antibacterial activity; Plant extracts. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2644 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 107-110
Posterior interhemispheric transfalx transprecuneus approach to the atrium of the lateral ventricle: a cadaveric study
Authors: Wang Song , Salma Asem , Ammirati Mario 
Published: February 2010

Object
The posterior interhemispheric transprecuneus gyrus approach is one of the surgical routes that has been suggested to reach the atrium of the lateral ventricle. It has the advantage of avoiding the disruption of the optic radiations; however, it has a narrow working area that at times makes the execution of this approach rather challenging. The aim of this study was to test a modification of the approach that might create a better surgical angle and a wider corridor by accessing the atrium from the contralateral side after transection of the falx. The authors named this new approach the “posterior interhemispheric transfalx transprecuneus approach.”

Methods
The posterior interhemispheic transfalx transprecuneus approach was performed bilaterally on 6 fresh adult cadaveric specimens for a total of 12 procedures. Every head was held in the semisitting position and a parasagittal parietooccipital craniotomy on the contralateral side of the targeted ventricle was executed. The dura mater was opened and reflected based on the sagittal sinus. Then the falx was cut in a triangular fashion based on the inferior sagittal sinus. Using the parietooccipital artery and sulcus as landmarks, the contralateral precuneus gyrus was indentified, and a small area of the gyrus was transected to gain access to the atrium. A neuronavigational system was also used to conduct this approach. The working angle of this approach and other distances were measured

Results
The authors were able to visualize the ventricular atrium, posterior part of the temporal horn, pulvinar, and choroid plexus in all specimens. The temporal horn could be exposed for a length of 20–30 mm from the atrium. The working angle of the approach was better than that of the classic posterior interhemispheric transprecuneus approach with a mean value of 44.5° as opposed to 25.8°. The distance from the middle point of the corticotomy to the splenium ranged from 11 to 16 mm (mean 13.3 mm); the distance to the torcula, from 34 to 53 mm (mean 41.3 mm); and the distance to the atrium, from 22 to 31 mm (mean 25.7 mm).

Conclusions
Results of this study suggested that the proposed approach can expose the atrium and the posterior part of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle with a wider surgical angle compared with the conventional homolateral posterior interhemispheric transprecuneus gyrus approach. Moreover, by minimizing the amount of brain retraction homolateral to the target, this approach could make navigation more accurate.
Seeding neural progenitor cells on silicon-based neural probes
Authors: Azemi Erdrin , Gobbel Glenn T. , Cui Xinyan Tracy 
Published: February 2010

Object
Chronically implanted neural electrode arrays have the potential to be used as neural prostheses in patients with various neurological disorders. While these electrodes perform well in acute recordings, they often fail to function reliably in clinically relevant chronic settings because of glial encapsulation and the loss of neurons. Surface modification of these implants may provide a means of improving their biocompatibility and integration within host brain tissue. The authors proposed a method of improving the brain-implant interface by seeding the implant's surface with a layer of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from adult murine subependyma. Neural progenitor cells may reduce the foreign body reaction by presenting a tissue-friendly surface and repair implant-induced injury and inflammation by releasing neurotrophic factors. In this study, the authors evaluated the growth and differentiation of NPCs on laminin-immobilized probe surfaces and explored the potential impact on transplant survival of these cells.

Methods
Laminin protein was successfully immobilized on the silicon surface via covalent binding using silane chemistry. The growth, adhesion, and differentiation of NPCs expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) on laminin-modified silicon surfaces were characterized in vitro by using immunocytochemical techniques. Shear forces were applied to NPC cultures in growth medium to evaluate their shearing properties. In addition, neural probes seeded with GFP-labeled NPCs cultured in growth medium for 14 days were implanted in murine cortex. The authors assessed the adhesion properties of these cells during implantation conditions. Moreover, the tissue response around NPC-seeded implants was observed after 1 and 7 days postimplantation.

Results
Significantly improved NPC attachment and growth was found on the laminin-immobilized surface compared with an unmodified control before and after shear force application. The NPCs grown on the laminin-immobilized surface showed differentiation potential similar to those grown on polylysine-treated well plates, as previously reported. Viable (still expressing GFP) NPCs were found on and in proximity to the neural implant after 1 and 7 days postimplantation. Preliminary examinations indicated that the probe's NPC coating might reduce the glial response at these 2 different time points.

Conclusions
The authors' findings suggest that NPCs can differentiate and strongly adhere to laminin-immobilized surfaces, providing a stable matrix for these cells to be implanted in brain tissue on the neural probe's surface. In addition, NPCs were found to improve the astrocytic reaction around the implant site. Further in vivo work revealing the mechanisms of this effect could lead to improvement of biocompatibility and chronic recording performance of neural probes.
Development of and psychometric testing for the Brief Pain Inventory–Facial in patients with facial pain syndromes
Authors: Lee John Y. K. , Chen H. Isaac , Urban Christopher , Hojat Anahita , Church Ephraim , Xie Sharon X. , Farrar John T. 
Published: February 2010

Object
Outcomes in clinical trials on trigeminal pain therapies require instruments with demonstrated reliability and validity. The authors evaluated the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) in its existing form plus an additional 7 facial-specific items in patients referred to a single neurosurgeon for a diagnosis of facial pain. The complete 18-item instrument is referred to as the BPI-Facial.

Methods
This study was a cross-sectional analysis of patients who completed the BPI-Facial. The diagnosis of classic versus atypical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) was made before analyzing the questionnaire results. A hypothesis-driven factor analysis was used to determine the principal components of the questionnaire. Item reliability and questionnaire validity were tested for these specific constructs.

Results
Data from 156 patients were analyzed, including 114 patients (73%) with classic and 42 (27%) with atypical TN. Using orthomax rotation factor analysis, 3 factors with an eigenvalue > 1.0 were identified—pain intensity, interference with general activities, and facial-specific pain interference—accounting for 97.6% of the observed item variance. Retention of the 3 factors was confirmed via a Cattell scree plot. Internal reliability was demonstrated by calculating Cronbach's α: 0.86 for pain intensity, 0.89 for interference with general activities, 0.95 for facial-specific pain interference, and 0.94 for the entire instrument.
Initial validity of the BPI-Facial instrument was supported by the detection of statistically significant differences between patients with classic versus atypical pain. Patients with atypical TN rated their facial pain as more intense (atypical 6.24 vs classic 5.03, p = 0.013) and as having greater interference in general activities (atypical 6.94 vs classic 5.43, p = 0.0033). Both groups expressed high levels of facial-specific pain interference (atypical 6.34 vs classic 5.95, p = 0.527).

Conclusions
The BPI-Facial is a rigorous measure of facial pain in patients with TN and appears to have sound psychometric properties and is responsive to differences between classic and atypical TN. Future studies must assess the instrument's test-retest reliability, validity in additional populations, and responsiveness with respect to changes in patient outcomes following neurosurgical interventions and medical therapies.
Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus antibody in antenatal population in Bangladesh
Authors: Ashrafunnessa - , Khatun Shahla , Islam Mohammad Nazrul , Rashid M.H. 
Published: February 2010

Keywords: Antenatal; Antibody; Bangladesh; Cytomegalovirus; SeroprevalenceOnline: 11 Feb 2010DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.4081Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2009; 35: 110-112
Effect of carvedilol on adrenaline-induced changes in serum electrolytes in rat
Authors: Nahar Nurun , Akhter Nargis 
Published: February 2010

Circulating catecholamine that is increased in early phase of myocardial infarction alters serum electrolyte levels which might predispose to serious ventricular arrhythmias. In this study the effect of pretreatment of carvedilol on adrenaline-induced changes in the serum electrolytes (Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, Na+) was evaluated in rats. Adrenaline was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously 2 injections 24 hours apart and serum electrolytes were estimated at 12 hours, 24 hours and 7 days after the 2nd injection of adrenaline. Adrenaline administration initially caused hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hyponatremia, which were restored to normal spontaneously within 7 days. Pretreatment of carvedilol orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight for 2 weeks significantly prevented initial reduction in serum electrolyte levels induced by adrenaline. It was concluded that prophylactic use of carvedilol might prevent the serious consequences of myocardial infarction as sudden cardiac death due to arrhythmia caused by electrolyte changes. Keywords: Adrenaline; Carvedilol; Electrolyte; RatOnline: 9 Feb 2010DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.4116Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2009; 35: 105-109
Effect of washing on weight and strength of mechanically produced blended and 100% cotton curtain
Authors: Khan Md Abdus Salam , Azad Abdul Kalam , Jafrin Shamina , Haque Md Tahzibul 
Published: February 2010

A research had been taken to find out the suitability of blended curtain in respect to the property of 100% similar cotton curtain. Here, two main factors viz. wt. and strength are taken in to account considering the effect of washing on it. From the test results, it is shown that 50:50/ jute: cotton blended curtain is comparable to the 100% cotton curtain of Tk. 90 /meter. Even better than the properties of 100% cotton curtain of Tk. 60/ meter. Keywords: Jute, Cotton, Washing, Strength, Blended, Mechanical, Weight, Curtain. DOI: 10.3329/diujst.v5i1.4373 Daffodil International University Journal of Science and Technology Vol.5(1) 2010 pp.1-5
Effects of sand blasting with industrial enzyme silicon wash on denim apparel characteristics
Authors: Mazumder Sumon 
Published: February 2010

Washing is one of the most important finishing treatments applied on apparels that have great usage to create special outlooks and improving the fashion. Technologically denim washing is the most important fashion element for clothing industry. Usually the term ‘washing' is most significantly applied in case of sewn apparels so it is very essential to observe the effects that have been made by particular washing on the fabrics to hold the qualities of sewn apparels. The aim of this paper is to determine the effects of sand blasting with industrial enzyme silicon wash on denim apparel characteristics. For this investigation currently fashionable regular denim (100% cotton with twill 3/1 weave construction) trouser was chosen. The selected denim trouser has been processed by enzyme and silicon washes after sand blasting. In order to evaluate the washing effects on denim trouser, changes of fabric handle, fabric specification (ends/inch, picks/inch, surface density, warp & weft yarn linear density), fabric strength, seam strength & fabric stiffness has been determined after sandblasting with enzyme silicon wash. Keywords: Denim apparel, sand blasting, back staining, pumice stones, enzyme wash. DOI: 10.3329/diujst.v5i1.4377 Daffodil International University Journal of Science and Technology Vol.5(1) 2010 pp.6-9