bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Venture Capital in Canada: Lessons for Building (or Restoring) National Wealth
Authors: Brenner Reuven , Brenner Gabrielle A. 
Published: March 2010

Canadian policymakers and regulators have been praised for avoiding many of the policy blunders that, when combined with excessive risk‐taking by the banks, nearly brought down the U.S. financial sector. But, as the global economy begins to recover, policymakers everywhere need to find ways to stimulate the creation of new ventures.On that score, Canada's record is not encouraging. The returns on Canadian venture capital investment have been dismally low, particularly in its government‐run funds. In a recent survey, 40% of U.S. venture capital partners identified Canada as having the least favorable treatment of investors of any country they had dealings with. And perhaps most troubling, half of the Canadian corporate executives responding to another survey cited “inability to retain talent” as the biggest threat to their firms.The authors begin by suggesting that these findings are all related. Without investors and the know‐how and networks they bring with them, a country's ability to attract, develop, and retain top talent—business and managerial talent in particular—is significantly reduced. And as the authors go on to argue, the key to building a successful venture capital industry is to match talent with capital in such a way that all three parties—talent, capital providers, and the “matchmakers” who bring together talent and capital—are rewarded for superior performance and held accountable for failure.
Promotion Incentives and Corporate Performance: Is There a Bright Side to “Overpaying” the CEO?
Authors: Kale Jayant R. , Reis Ebru , Venkateswaran Anand 
Published: March 2010

Earlier studies have shown that stronger equity‐based incentives for CEOs are generally associated with better corporate performance and higher values. In this article, the authors report the findings of their recent study of the effects of promotion‐based “tournament” incentives for non‐CEO executives (or “VPs”) on corporate performance for a large sample of companies during the 12‐year period from 1993‐2004.The study's main finding is that such tournament incentives, as measured by the pay differential between the CEO and VPs, were associated with better corporate operating performance and higher corporate stock returns. Moreover, tournament incentives, as one would expect, appeared to be more effective when CEOs were nearing retirement—but less effective when the firm had a new CEO (and even weaker when the new CEO was an outsider).
The skill and style to model the evolution of resistance to pesticides and drugs
Authors:   REX Consortium
Published: March 2010

AbstractResistance to pesticides and drugs led to the development of theoretical models aimed at identifying the main factors of resistance evolution and predicting the efficiency of resistance management strategies. We investigated the various ways in which the evolution of resistance has been modelled over the last three decades, by reviewing 187 articles published on models of the evolution of resistance to all major classes of pesticides and drugs. We found that (i) the technical properties of the model were most strongly influenced by the class of pesticide or drug and the target organism, (ii) the resistance management strategies studied were quite similar for the different classes of pesticides or drugs, except that the refuge strategy was mostly used in models of the evolution of resistance to insecticidal proteins, (iii) economic criteria were rarely used to evaluate the evolution of resistance and (iv) the influence of mutation, migration and drift on the speed of resistance development has been poorly investigated. We propose guidelines for the future development of theoretical models of the evolution of resistance. For instance, we stress the potential need to give more emphasis to the three evolutionary forces migration, mutation and genetic drift rather than simply selection.
Preserving environmental health and scientific credibility: a practical guide to reducing conflicts of interest
Authors: Rohr Jason R. , McCoy Krista A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractConflicts of interest, situations where personal or organizational considerations have compromised or biased professional judgment and objectivity, can weaken scientific credibility, pose threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services, and are often precursors to corruption. Here, we review historical and international examples of conflicts of interest and their impacts on global biodiversity. We present a contemporary example of a conflict of interest that might have implications for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's re‐evaluation of the safety of the herbicide atrazine. To help scientists, natural resource managers, policy makers, and judicial officials identify and thwart conflicts of interest, we review strategies used by individuals and organizations with conflicts of interest to evade environmental and public health decisions, discuss the role of the scientific and governmental review processes in maintaining scientific integrity, and offer recommendations to reduce bias and facilitate sound and swift decision making for enhanced environmental health.
Expression of the RNA‐binding protein Musashi1 in adult liver stem‐like cells
Authors: Hattori Etsuko , Shu Hong‐Jin , Saito Takafumi , Okumoto Kazuo , Haga Hiroaki , Yokozawa Junji , Ito Junitsu , Watanabe Hisayoshi , Saito Koji , Togashi Hitoshi , Kawata Sumio 
Published: March 2010

Aim:  Musashi1 is an RNA‐binding protein that regulates the Notch signaling pathway in stem cells. Our previous study revealed that Musashi1 is expressed in early hepatocytes during liver development in the mouse. However, whether this unique protein is expressed with Notch signaling markers in adult liver stem‐like cells remains unknown.Methods:  Established hepatic stem‐like cells (HSLC), which were derived from adult Sprague–Dawley rats, were used for experiments in vitro. HSLC were differentiated into mature cells in terms of producing albumin when co‐cultured with epidermal growth factor (EGF). The mRNA expression of Musashi1, Notch family (Notch1 and Notch2), Jagged1 and Hes1 was examined in HSLC before and after cell differentiation using polymerase chain reaction‐based techniques. Protein expression of Musashi1 was examined in the HSLC and normal mature hepatocytes by immunofluorescence staining.Results:  The mRNA expression of Musashi1, Notch1, Jagged1 and Hes1 was detected in the original HSLC before culturing with EGF but not in primary cultured mature hepatocytes. The mRNA expression of Musashi1 and Hes1 was found to be downregulated in differentiated HSLC that produce albumin. Protein expression of Musashi1 was detectable in the original HSLC but not in both differentiated HSLC and mature hepatocytes.Conclusion:  These findings demonstrate that the RNA‐binding protein Musashi1 is expressed with Notch signaling markers in adult liver stem‐like cells.
CORWIN–GREENLEAF MULTIPLICITY FUNCTIONS FOR HERMITIAN SYMMETRIC SPACES AND MULTIPLICITY-ONE THEOREM IN THE ORBIT METHOD
Authors: NASRIN SALMA 
Published: March 2010

Kobayashi's multiplicity-free theorem asserts that irreducible unitary highest-weight representations π are multiplicity-free when restricted to every symmetric pair if π is of scalar type. The aim of this paper is to find the "classical limit" of this multiplicity-free theorem in terms of the geometry of two coadjoint orbits, for which the correspondence is predicted by the Kirillov–Kostant–Duflo orbit method.For this, we study the Corwin–Greenleaf multiplicity function [Formula: see text] for Hermitian symmetric spaces G/K. First, we prove that [Formula: see text] for any G-coadjoint orbit [Formula: see text] and any K-coadjoint orbit [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text]. Here, 𝔤 = 𝔨 + 𝔭 is the Cartan decomposition of the Lie algebra 𝔤 of G.Second, we find a necessary and sufficient condition for [Formula: see text] by means of strongly orthogonal roots. This criterion may be regarded as the "classical limit" of a special case of the Hua–Kostant–Schmid–Kobayashi branching laws of holomorphic discrete series representations with respect to symmetric pairs.
Stem cells for myocardial repair
Authors: Siu Chung-Wah , Liao Song-Yan , Liu Yuan , Lian Qizhou , Tse Hung-Fat 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThere is a growing interest in the clinical application for stem cell as a novel therapy for treatment of acute myocardial infarction and chronic myocardial ischaemia. The initial premise is the transplanted exogenous stem cells can engraft and integrate with host myocardium for cardiac regeneration. However, recent experimental studies suggest that multiple mechanisms, including remodelling of extracellular matrix, enhancement of neovascularisation and recruitment of endogenous stem cells are more likely to contribute to the beneficial effects of stem cell therapy that direct trans-differentiation of stem cells into functional myocardium. Among different potential cell sources, bone marrow-derived cells and skeletal myoblasts have been tested in pilot clinical trials. Phase I/II randomised controlled clinical trials suggest that intracoronary or intramyocardial injection of bone marrow-derived cells may be safe and feasible strategies for treatment of acute myocardial infarction as well as chronic myocardial ischaemia. In addition, these studies show a modest, but significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction and clinical status of patients after cell transplantation. Nevertheless, most of these studies included a relatively small sample size (<200) and short duration of follow-up (<6 months), and the clinical efficacy of stem cell therapy need to be confirmed by future clinical trials. Furthermore, the optimal timing, cell types and mode of delivery need to be addressed, and strategies to improve cell survival and engraftment should also be developed to overcome the potential hurdles related to cell-based therapy.
Association of common genetic variations and idiopathic venous thromboembolism
Authors: Delluc Aurélien , Gourhant Lénaïck , Lacut Karine , Mercier Bernard , Audrezet Marie-Pierre , Nowak Emmanuel , Oger Emmanuel , Leroyer Christophe , Mottier Dominique , Gal Grégoire Le , Couturaud Francis 
Published: March 2010

SummaryVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multifactorial disease, caused by interacting environmental and genetic risk factors. Gene-centric geno-typing strategy is one of the approaches to explore unexplained associations between risk factors and VTE. It was the objective of this study to evaluate, using a gene-centric genotyping strategy, polymorphisms in genes involved in the following pathways: coagulation cascade process, renin-angiotensin or adrenergic systems, lipid metabolism, platelet aggregation. Allele frequency was compared between 677 cases with idiopathic VTE and their matched controls. After Bonferroni adjustment, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with VTE: Factor XI rs925451 polymorphism, factor XI rs2289252 polymorphism, factor II rs1799963 (G20210A) polymorphism and factor V Leiden rs6025. An additive mode of inheritance fitted best both factor XI polymorphisms. In this hospital-based case-control study, two polymorphisms located on the factor XI gene were significantly associated with VTE. Other newly investigated polymorphisms with potentially false negatives may warrant further analyses.
Calpain inhibition by calpeptin does not prevent APLT activity reduction in PS-exposing platelets, but calpeptin has independent pro-apoptotic effects
Authors: Gwozdz Adam , Leung Roland , Wang Hong , Bang K. W. Annie , Packham Marian , Freedman John , Rand Margaret 
Published: March 2010

SummaryExposure of procoagulant phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of activated platelets is not readily reversible and this may propagate thrombosis. Persistence of PS exposure may be attributed, at least in part, to a continued reduction of the activity of aminophospholipid translocase (APLT), that transports PS from the outer to the inner membrane leaflet. We investigated whether calpain is involved in the inhibition of APLT activity. In flow cytometric investigations, using the inhibitors calpeptin or E64d at a concentration that blocks calpain activation, we found that calpain is not responsible for the reduction in APLT activity that results in persistence of PS exposure. Unexpectedly, we found that the inhibitors had additional effects independent of blocking calpain. Incubation of resting platelets with calpeptin resulted in a subpopulation of platelets with increased intracellular Ca2+ and persistent PS exposure. The inhibitors also increased the proportion of platelets with persistent PS exposure in suspensions stimulated with thrombin and/or collagen or the Ca2+-ionophore A23187 under conditions in which calpain was not activated or in which its activation was completely blocked; P-selectin expression on thrombin and/ or collagen-stimulated platelets was inhibited. Furthermore, in stimulated platelets, calpeptin increased the proportion of the PS-exposing platelets expressing a second apoptotic hallmark, collapsed mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨm). These additional effects of calpeptin on platelet regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels and apoptotic-like events should be taken into account when it is used as an inhibitor of calpain.
Dabigatran etexilate – a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: Interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity
Authors: Stangier Joachim , Haertter Sebastian , Liesenfeld Karl-Heinz , Wienen Wolfgang , Feuring Martin , Clemens Andreas , Ryn Joanne van 
Published: March 2010

SummaryDabigatran etexilate is an oral, reversible direct thrombin inhibitor that is approved in the EU and several other countries for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective hip and knee replacement, and is in advanced clinical development for other thromboembolic disorders. Dabigatran has a predictable pharmacokinetic profile, allowing for a fixed-dose regimen without the need for routine coagulation monitoring. In certain clinical situations such as serious bleeding into critical organs (e.g. intracerebral bleeding), potential overdose and emergency surgery, clinicians will need to make an assessment of the anticoagulant status of a patient receiving dabigatran before deciding on future management strategies. If available, thrombin clotting time (TT), ecarin clotting time (ECT) and TT determined by Hemoclot→ thrombin inhibitor assay are sensitive tests to evaluate the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran. Prothrombin time (INR) is less sensitive than other assays and cannot be recommended. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) can provide a useful qualitative assessment of anticoagulant activity but is less sensitive at supratherapeutic dabigatran levels. There are limited data for activated clotting time (ACT). Overall, the aPTT and TT are the most accessible qualitative methods for determining the presence or absence of anticoagulant effect. Although there is no specific antidote to antagonise the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran, due to its short duration of effect drug discontinuation is usually sufficient to reverse any excessive anticoagulant activity. In case of potential overdose, the feasibility of early administration of activated charcoal and subsequent charcoal filtration are undergoing preclinical evaluation. Dabigatran can also be dialysed in patients with renal impairment. In instances of life-threatening bleeding, where conventional measures have failed or are unavailable, other non-specific prohaemo -static agents such as recombinant activated factor VII and prothrombin complex concentrates can be considered.Disclosure statement: All authors are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim.Figure 1 has been corrected in this version of the article.
Comorbidities, alone and in combination with D-dimer, as risk factors for recurrence after a first episode of unprovoked venous thromboembolism in the extended follow-up of the PROLONG study
Authors: Legnani Cristina , Tosetto Alberto , Pengo Vittorio , Ghirarduzzi Angelo , Testa Sophie , Prisco Domenico , Poli Daniela , Tripodi Armando , Palareti Gualtiero , Cosmi Benilde ,   for the PROLONG Investigators
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe PROLONG randomised clinical trial showed that an abnormal D-dimer at one month after vitamin K antagonist (VKA) suspension for a first episode of unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with a higher risk of recurrence. However, other patient characteristics, such as comorbidities, in combination with D-dimer could also influence the recurrence risk. It was the objective of this study to assess the predictive value of comorbidities and D-dimer in combination for recurrence after withdrawal of VKA in patients enrolled in the PROLONG study. On the day of VKA suspension, the presence of known (coronary, peripheral,cerebral) vascular disease, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, autoimmune disease, diabetes, arterial hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemias was registered. D-dimer was measured at 30 ± 10 days afterwards. The primary outcome was recurrent objectively documented VTE. Mean follow-up was 2.55 years. An abnormal D-dimer was observed in 44% (135/309) of patients with comorbidities and in 29% (87/299) of patients without (p=0.0003). An on-treatment analysis was conducted in 483 patients in whom VKAs were not resumed. In patients with a normal D-dimer, recurrences were observed in 14.3% (24/168) of patients with comorbidities and 10.8% (22/203) of subjects without (p=ns). In patients with an abnormal D-dimer, recurrences were observed in 24.6% (16/65) patients with comorbidities and 21.3% (10/47) of patients without (p=ns). Although abnormal D-dimer levels were significantly more frequent in patients with comorbidities, D-dimer was an independent risk factor for recurrence and the presence of comorbidities did not increase the risk of recurrence associated with an abnormal post-anticoagulation D-dimer.ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00264277
Effects of Aging on Hippocampal and Anterior Temporal Activations during Successful Retrieval of Memory for Face–Name Associations
Authors: Tsukiura Takashi , Sekiguchi Atsushi , Yomogida Yukihito , Nakagawa Seishu , Shigemune Yayoi , Kambara Toshimune , Akitsuki Yuko , Taki Yasuyuki , Kawashima Ryuta 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Memory for face–name associations is an important type of memory in our daily lives, and often deteriorates in older adults. Although difficulty retrieving face–name associations is often apparent in the elderly, there is little neuroscientific evidence of age-related decline in this memory. The current fMRI study investigated differences in brain activations between healthy young and older adults during the successful retrieval of people's names (N) and job titles (J) associated with faces. During encoding, participants viewed unfamiliar faces, each paired with a job title and name. During retrieval, each learned face was presented with two job titles or two names, and participants were required to choose the correct job title or name. Retrieval success activity (RSA) was identified by comparing retrieval-phase activity for hits versus misses in N and J, and the RSAs in each task were compared between young and older adults. The study yielded three main findings. First, the hippocampus showed significant RSA in both tasks of N and J, and the activity was greater for young compared to older subjects. Second, the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) showed greater RSA in N than in J, but there was no age difference in the activity in this region. Third, functional connectivity between hippocampal and ATL activities in both retrieval tasks was higher for young than for older adults. Taken together, age-related differences in hippocampal activities and hippocampus–ATL connectivity could contribute to age-related decline in relational memory and to complaints of poor retrieval of people's names by older adults.
The Packet Switching Brain
Authors: Graham Daniel , Rockmore Daniel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe computer metaphor has served brain science well as a tool for comprehending neural systems. Nevertheless, we propose here that this metaphor be replaced or supplemented by a new metaphor, the “Internet metaphor,” to reflect dramatic new network theoretic understandings of brain structure and function. We offer a “weak” form and a “strong” form of this metaphor: The former suggests that structures and processes unique to Internet-like architectures (e.g., domains and protocols) can profitably guide our thinking about brains, whereas the latter suggests that one particular feature of the Internet—packet switching—may be instantiated in the structure of certain brain networks, particularly mammalian neocortex.
How Different Types of Conceptual Relations Modulate Brain Activation during Semantic Priming
Authors: Sachs Olga , Weis Susanne , Zellagui Nadia , Sass Katharina , Huber Walter , Zvyagintsev Mikhail , Mathiak Klaus , Kircher Tilo 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Semantic priming, a well-established technique to study conceptual representation, has thus far produced variable fMRI results, both regarding the type of priming effects and their correlation with brain activation. The aims of the current study were (a) to investigate two types of semantic relations—categorical versus associative—under controlled processing conditions and (b) to investigate whether categorical and associative relations between words are correlated with response enhancement or response suppression. We used fMRI to examine neural correlates of semantic priming as subjects performed a lexical decision task with a long SOA (800 msec). Four experimental conditions were compared: categorically related trials (couch–bed), associatively related trials (couch–pillow), unrelated trials (couch–bridge), and nonword trials (couch–sibor). We found similar behavioral priming effects for both categorically and associatively related pairs. However, the neural priming effects differed: Categorically related pairs resulted in a neural suppression effect in the right MFG, whereas associatively related pairs resulted in response enhancement in the left IFG. A direct contrast between them revealed activation for categorically related trials in the right insular lobe. We conclude that perceptual and functional similarity of categorically related words may lead to response suppression within right-lateralized frontal regions that represent more retrieval effort and the recruitment of a broader semantic field. Associatively related pairs that require a different processing of the related target compared to the prime may lead to the response enhancement within left inferior frontal regions. Nevertheless, the differences between associative and categorical relations might be parametrical rather than absolutely distinct as both relationships recruit similar regions to a different degree.