bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turning Status 'Upside Down' in Philippi Christ Jesus' 'Emptying Himself' as Forfeiting Any Acknowledgment of His 'Equality with God' (Phil 2:6-11)
Authors: Moessner David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRather than reward Christ Jesus for his obedience to a humiliating death, the 'hymn' to Christ, Phil 2:6-11, exalts "the death of the cross" as the most sublime disclosure of the status and power of God. This elevation of the Self-sacrificing 'character' of God turns the notion of status 'upside down.' That Christ Jesus "did not take advantage of his equality with God but rather deprived himself of all justification" of that status is a particularly poignant message to a status-saturated, 'race to honor' colony like Roman Philippi.
Hope in the Midst of Tragedy: (Isa 5:1-7; 27:2-6; Matt 21:33-46 par.)
Authors: Story J. Lyle 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe unity of the Bible is exemplified through the agrarian image of the vine/vineyard in the songs of Isa 5:1-7; 27:2-6 and in the parable of Matt 21:33-46. The metaphor expresses a development and reinterpretation of the themes of judgment and promise, wherein God wills to accomplish his purposes for his people, despite his repeated frustration with human rebellion. God expresses his love for his people in a wholly vulnerable manner. Both Isaiah and Jesus underscore the truth that God could do nothing more than he had already done for his people; no blame can be attached to God. Where there is unbelief and rejection of the Beloved Son, there is tragedy and destruction. Where there is receptivity, there is joy, promise, fruitfulness and fulfillment.
Avicenna's Enthymeme: A Pointer
Authors: Reisman David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn reaction to earlier scholarship on the role of Aristotelian political theory among medieval Arabic-writing intellectuals, this paper argues that another approach of those intellectuals might more profitably be followed: that of the role of rhetorical speech. That political speech is investigated in Aristotle's Rhetoric makes it a suitable candidate for such a pursuit. However, what the present investigation concludes is that even this aspect of political theory by way of the Rhetoric also was not perceived to warrant investigation among medieval Arabic-writing intellectuals. In a review of all constituents of Greek political theory as it is now understood, this paper finds that there was one aspect of rhetorical speech that captivated the attention of these writers: the use of the enthymeme in speech patterns. Drawing on the writings of Avicenna, the author concludes that, instead of the application of the enthymemic construction of political rhetoric, Avicenna perceived yet another arena for its applicability: the training of philosophy students.
Conflicting Loyalties: Fugitives and “Traitors” in the Russo-Manchurian Frontier, 1651-1689
Authors: Ivanov Andrey 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor many contemporary historians, the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk was not only the first diplomatic treaty between China and a European power, but also an example of a peaceful boundary settlement, which ended the protracted conflict between the two expanding empires. Yet despite modern emphasis on territorial demarcation, clarity of border signs hardly dominated this seventeenth century conflict in the Far East. In fact, careful examination of the published Russian archival record of Muscovite-Qing diplomatic correspondence reveals that competition for tributary allegiances of indigenous and settler populations proved to be a much greater source of tension between the two empires. Ultimately, the mercurial loyalties of local Tungus and Mongol tribes as well the cross-nation desertions of Cossacks, military commanders and Ming loyalists drove both Qing and Muscovite officials to stabilize their shared frontiers through negotiation.
Author, Publisher, Patron, World: A Case Study of Old Books and Global Consciousness
Authors: Wills, Jr. John 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis essay focuses on the big books on distant parts of the world compiled by Olfert Dapper of Amsterdam between 1668 and 1688. It shows that in addition to his own efforts his publisher, Jacob van Meurs, and his patron, Nicolaes Witsen, made vital contributions to these works. It makes a case for the vital contribution to European knowledge of a wider world, and to the impact of that knowledge on broader cultural trends, of one who was not an eyewitness of distant shores but a diligent and sophisticated stay-at-home compiler. It urges scholars of these distant areas to pay attention to these books and others like them, and teachers to think about the benefits of discussing them with their students.
The Community of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Introduction
Authors: Knibb Michael A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article is intended to provide an introduction to the essays included in this special issue of Dead Sea Discoveries on the theme of the community of the Dead Sea Scrolls and to offer an assessment of some of the issues that they raise. Support is offered for the view that the S tradition was not intended for a single group, and that the yahad was not confined to Qumran, and it is argued that the communal organization of the Dead Sea Scrolls movement was more flexible and more complex than is sometimes imagined.
An Experiment on Idem Identity in the Qumran Movement
Authors: Jokiranta Jutta 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe debate on the relationship between the Rule of the Community (S) and the Damascus Document (D) can be distorted by concentrating on the differences between the documents, without a clear appreciation of the significance of their mutual correspondences. The concept of Idem identity is here adopted to demonstrate that what the movement was considered to be is at least as important to ask as who its members were considered (and considered themselves) to be (questions of their ipse identity). The movement could be perceived to be the same, persisting overtime, despite various kinds of differences. The article seeks to identify critical elements of diversity allowed within the same movement. An experiment on the Idem identity is provided by looking at the rule documents and the admission in particular. In its shared social identity, the movement seems to depict itself rather in terms of its activities such as counsel and qualifications than particular forms of communities and organizations.
Problems in Reconstructing the Organizational Chart of the Essenes
Authors: Metso Sarianna 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAttempts at reconstructing the nature and organizational structure of the Essene movement have largely been based on the manuscripts of the Damascus Document and the Rule of the Community. This article calls attention to a number of additional fragmentary documents from Cave 4, and examines the challenges they pose and how they relate to various theories regarding the nature of the communities behind them. A fundamental question is to what extent the so-called rule texts reflect actual historical circumstances, and this question is intrinsically linked to the question of the function of the texts in the communities that used them. A study of the organizational terms used in the documents reveals that these terms were used in a variety of ways, and while some terms may reflect actual historical circumstances, others probably did not. This result has implications for the feasibility of using these texts for historical reconstruction.
The Oath and the Community
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Serek and the Damascus Document describe aspects of the procedures by which a person joined the community, and Josephus explains the entry procedures for aspiring Essenes. An oath is included in all of these descriptions, but, it has been claimed, it is placed at different points in them. A close examination of the texts shows that all of the sources probably locate the oath at the same point in the process of entry into the community; as a result, this aspect of the entry procedures constitutes another close parallel between the communal texts found at Qumran and Josephus's description of the Essenes.
Trading on Knowledge: The Iddin-Papsukkal Kin Group in Southern Babylonia in the 7th and 6th Centuries B.C.
Authors: Nielsen John 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe witness list in BM 113927 dated at Ur in 658 includes the names of a father and son who, on the basis of evidence from three colophons, can be shown to have been members of the Iddin-Papsukkal kin group. These men appear to have had their origins at Borsippa, were active in temple affairs at Ur, and they or their descendants may have become part of the personnel at the Eanna temple at Uruk. The author makes arguments concerning the identity of these men and then proposes a link between them and a lineage from the Iddin-Papsukkal kin group at Uruk. The author concludes with observations about the movements of scholars between temples in Babylonia.
An Old Babylonian Incantation Collective with Incantations Involving a Counter-Measure Against Oath-Breaking and the Alteration of a Dream of the King
Authors: Peterson Jeremiah 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA previously unpublished fragmentary Old Babylonian incantation collective that is housed in the University Museum in Philadelphia furnishes a duplicate to VAS 17: 28, a royal ritual text that is devoted to changing an ill-portending dream into a good one.
Distributions of Raindrop Sizes and Fall Velocities in a Semiarid Plateau Climate: Convective versus Stratiform Rains
Authors: Niu Shengjie , Jia Xingcan , Sang Jianren , Liu Xiaoli , Lu Chunsong , Liu Yangang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractJoint size and fall velocity distributions of raindrops were measured with a Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) precipitation particle disdrometer in a field experiment conducted during July and August 2007 at a semiarid continental site located in Guyuan, Ningxia Province, China (36°N, 106°16′E). Data from both stratiform and convective clouds are analyzed. Comparison of the observed raindrop size distributions shows that the increase of convective rain rates arises from the increases of both drop concentration and drop diameter while the increase of the rain rate in the stratiform clouds is mainly due to the increase of median and large drop concentration. Another striking contrast between the stratiform and convective rains is that the size distributions from the stratiform (convective) rains tend to narrow (broaden) with increasing rain rates. Statistical analysis of the distribution pattern shows that the observed size distributions from both rain types can be well described by the gamma distribution. Examination of the raindrop fall velocity reveals that the difference in air density leads to a systematic change in the drop fall velocity while organized air motions (updrafts and downdrafts), turbulence, drop breakup, and coalescence likely cause the large spread of drop fall velocity, along with additional systematic deviation from terminal velocity at certain raindrop diameters. Small (large) drops tend to have superterminal (subterminal) velocities statistically, with the positive deviation from the terminal velocity of small drops being much larger than the negative deviation of large drops.
Removing ENSO-Related Variations from the Climate Record
Authors: Compo Gilbert P. , Sardeshmukh Prashant D. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
An important question in assessing twentieth-century climate change is to what extent have ENSO-related variations contributed to the observed trends. Isolating such contributions is challenging for several reasons, including ambiguities arising from how ENSO itself is defined. In particular, defining ENSO in terms of a single index and ENSO-related variations in terms of regressions on that index, as done in many previous studies, can lead to wrong conclusions. This paper argues that ENSO is best viewed not as a number but as an evolving dynamical process for this purpose. Specifically, ENSO is identified with the four dynamical eigenvectors of tropical SST evolution that are most important in the observed evolution of ENSO events. This definition is used to isolate the ENSO-related component of global SST variations on a month-by-month basis in the 136-yr (1871–2006) Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadISST). The analysis shows that previously identified multidecadal variations in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans all have substantial ENSO components. The long-term warming trends over these oceans are also found to have appreciable ENSO components, in some instances up to 40% of the total trend. The ENSO-unrelated component of 5-yr average SST variations, obtained by removing the ENSO-related component, is interpreted as a combination of anthropogenic, naturally forced, and internally generated coherent multidecadal variations. The following two surprising aspects of these ENSO-unrelated variations are emphasized: 1) a strong cooling trend in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and 2) a nearly zonally symmetric multidecadal tropical–extratropical seesaw that has amplified in recent decades. The latter has played a major role in modulating SSTs over the Indian Ocean.
An Observed Tropical Oceanic Radiative–Convective Cloud Feedback
Authors: Lebsock Matthew D. , Kummerow Christian , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Anomalies of precipitation, cloud, thermodynamic, and radiation variables are analyzed on the large spatial scale defined by the tropical oceans. In particular, relationships between the mean tropical oceanic precipitation anomaly and radiative anomalies are examined. It is found that tropical mean precipitation is well correlated with cloud properties and radiative fields. In particular, the tropical mean precipitation anomaly is positively correlated with the top of the atmosphere reflected shortwave anomaly and negatively correlated with the emitted longwave anomaly. The tropical mean relationships are found to primarily result from a coherent oscillation of precipitation and the area of high-level cloudiness. The correlations manifest themselves radiatively as a modest decrease in net downwelling radiation at the top of the atmosphere, and a redistribution of energy from the surface to the atmosphere through reduced solar radiation to the surface and decreased longwave emission to space. Integrated over the tropical oceanic domain, the anomalous atmospheric column radiative heating is found to be about 10% of the magnitude of the anomalous latent heating. The temporal signature of the radiative heating is observed in the column mean temperature that indicates a coherent phase-lagged oscillation between atmospheric stability and convection. These relationships are identified as a radiative–convective cloud feedback that is observed on intraseasonal time scales in the tropical atmosphere.
Physical Mechanisms of the Wintertime Surface Air Temperature Variability in South Korea and the near-7-Day Oscillations
Authors: Kim Kwang-Yul , Roh Joon-Woo 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The first three principal modes of wintertime surface temperature variability in Seoul, South Korea (37.33°N, 126.59°E), are extracted from the 1979–2008 observed records via cyclostationary EOF (CSEOF) analysis. The first mode represents the seasonal cycle, the principle physical mechanism of which is associated with the continent–ocean sea level pressure contrast. The second mode mainly describes the overall wintertime warming or cooling. The third mode depicts subseasonal fluctuations of surface temperature. Sea level pressure anomalies to the west of South Korea (eastern China) and those with an opposite sign to the east of South Korea (Japan) are a major physical factor both for the second mode and the third mode. These sea level pressure anomalies with opposite signs alter the amount of warm air to the south of South Korea, which changes the surface temperature in South Korea. The PC time series of the seasonal cycle is significantly correlated with the East Asian winter monsoon index and exhibits a conspicuous downward trend. The PC time series of the second mode exhibits a positive trend. These trends imply that the wintertime surface temperature in South Korea has increased and the seasonal cycle has weakened gradually over the past 30 yr; the sign of greenhouse warming is clear in both PC time series.
The ∼7-day oscillations are a major component of high-frequency variability in much of the analysis domain and are a manifestation of Rossby waves. Rossby waves aloft result in the concerted variation of physical variables in the atmospheric column. Due to the stronger mean zonal wind, the disturbances by Rossby waves propagate eastward at ∼8–12 m s−1; the passing of Rossby waves with alternating signs produces the ∼7-day temperature oscillations in South Korea.
Predictability of Seasonal Precipitation Using Joint Probabilities
Authors: Yilmaz M. Tugrul , DelSole Timothy 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper tests whether seasonal mean precipitation is predictable using a new method that estimates and analyzes joint probabilities. The new estimation method is to partition the globe into boxes, pool all data within the box to estimate a single joint probability of precipitation for two consecutive seasons, and then apply the resulting joint probability to individual pixels in the box. Pooling data in this way allows joint probabilities to be estimated in relatively small sample sizes; however, the new method assumes that the transition probabilities of pixels in a box are homogeneous and stationary. Joint probabilities are estimated from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project dataset in 21 land boxes and 5 ocean boxes during the period 1979–2008. The state of precipitation is specified by dry, wet, or normal terciles of the local climatological distribution. Predictability is quantified by mutual information, which is a fundamental measure of predictability that allows for nonlinear dependencies, and is tested using bootstrap methods. Predictability was verified by constructing probabilistic and quantitative forecasts directly from the transition probabilities and showing that they have superior cross-validated skills than forecasts based on climatology, persistence, or random selection. Spring was found to be the most predictable season, whereas summer was the least predictable season. Analysis of joint probabilities reveals that although the probabilities are close to climatology, the predictability of precipitation arises from a slight tendency of the state to persist from one season to the next, or if a transition occurs, then it is more often from one extreme to normal than from one extreme to the other.
Buoyancy Arrest and Bottom Ekman Transport. Part I: Steady Flow
Authors: Brink K. H. , Lentz S. J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
It is well known that along-isobath flow above a sloping bottom gives rise to cross-isobath Ekman transport and therefore sets up horizontal density gradients if the ocean is stratified. These transports in turn eventually bring the along-isobath bottom velocity, hence bottom stress, to rest (“buoyancy arrest”) simply by means of the thermal wind shear. This problem is revisited here. A modified expression for Ekman transport is rationalized, and general expressions for buoyancy arrest time scales are presented. Theory and numerical calculations are used to define a new formula for boundary layer thickness for the case of downslope Ekman transport, where a thick, weakly stratified arrested boundary layer results. For upslope Ekman transport, where advection leads to enhanced stability, expressions are derived for both the weakly sloping (in the sense of slope Burger number s = αN/f, where α is the bottom slope, N is the interior buoyancy frequency, and f is the Coriolis parameter) case where a capped boundary layer evolves and the larger s case where a nearly linearly stratified boundary layer joins smoothly to the interior density profile. Consistent estimates for the buoyancy arrest time scale are found for each case.
Corrections for Temporal Discontinuities in the OPI
Authors: Sapiano M. R. P. , Janowiak J. E. , Arkin P. A. , Lee H. , Smith T. M. , Xie P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The longest record of precipitation estimated from satellites is the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) precipitation index (OPI), which is based on polar-orbiting infrared observations from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument that has flown onboard successive NOAA satellites. A significant barrier to the use of these data in studies of the climate of tropical precipitation (among other things) is the large bias caused by orbital drift that is present in the OLR data. Because the AVHRR instruments are deployed on the polar-orbiting spacecraft, OLR observations are recorded at specific times for each earth location for each day. Discontinuities are caused by the use of multiple satellites with different observing times as well as the orbital drift that occurs throughout the lifetime of each satellite. A regression-based correction is proposed based solely on the equator crossing time (ECT). The correction allows for separate means for each satellite as well as separate coefficients for each satellite ECT. The correction is calculated separately for each grid box but is applied only at locations where the correction is correlated with the OLR estimate. Thus, the correction is applied only where deemed necessary.
The OPI is used to estimate precipitation from the OLR estimates based on the new corrected version of the OLR, the uncorrected OLR, and two earlier published corrected versions. One of the earlier corrections is derived by removing variations from AVHRR based on EOFs that are identified as containing spurious variations related to the ECT bias, whereas the other is based on OLR estimates from the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) that have been corrected using diurnal models for each grid box. The new corrected version is shown to be free of nearly all of the ECT bias and has the lowest root mean square difference when compared to gauges and passive microwave estimates of precipitation. The EOF-based correction fails to remove all of the variations related to the ECT bias, whereas the correction based on HIRS removes much of the bias but appears to introduce erroneous trends caused by the water vapor signal to which these data are sensitive. The new correction for AVHRR OLR works well in the tropics where the OPI has the most skill, but users should be careful when interpreting trends outside this region.