bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic limitations of a bioelectrochemical electrode using carbon nanotube‐attached glucose oxidase for biofuel cells
Authors: Zhao Xueyan , Jia Hongfei , Kim Jungbae , Wang Ping 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used for various bioelectrochemical applications, presumably for substantial improvement in performance. However, often only moderate results observed, with many governing factors have been considered and suggested yet without much systematic evaluation and verification. In this study, CNT‐supported glucose oxidase (CNT–GOx) was examined in the presence of 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ). The intrinsic Michaelis parameters of the reaction catalyzed by CNT–GOx were found very close to those of native GOx. However, the Nafion entrapment of CNT–GOx for an electrode resulted in a much lower activity due to the limited availability of the embedded enzyme. Interestingly, kinetic studies revealed that the biofuel cell employing such an enzyme electrode only generated a power density equivalent to <40% of the reaction capability of the enzyme on electrode. It appeared to us that factors such as electron and proton transfer resistances can be more overwhelming than the heterogeneous reaction kinetics in limiting the power generation of such biofuel cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 1068–1074. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reassessing culture media and critical metabolites that affect adenovirus production
Authors: Shen Chun Fang , Voyer Robert , Tom Roseanne , Kamen Amine 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAdenovirus production is currently operated at low cell density because infection at high cell densities still results in reduced cell‐specific productivity. To better understand nutrient limitation and inhibitory metabolites causing the reduction of specific yields at high cell densities, adenovirus production in HEK 293 cultures using NSFM 13 and CD 293 media were evaluated. For cultures using NSFM 13 medium, the cell‐specific productivity decreased from 3,400 to 150 vp/cell (or 96% reduction) when the cell density at infection was increased from 1 to 3 × 106 cells/mL. In comparison, only 50% of reduction in the cell‐specific productivity was observed under the same conditions for cultures using CD 293 medium. The effect of medium osmolality was found critical on viral production. Media were adjusted to an optimal osmolality of 290 mOsm/kg to facilitate comparison. Amino acids were not critical limiting factors. Potential limiting nutrients including vitamins, energy metabolites, bases and nucleotides, or inhibitory metabolites (lactate and ammonia) were supplemented to infected cultures to further investigate their effect on the adenovirus production. Accumulation of lactate and ammonia in a culture infected at 3 × 106 cells/mL contributed to about 20% reduction of the adenovirus production yield, whereas nutrient limitation appeared primarily responsible for the decline in the viral production when NSFM 13 medium was used. Overall, the results indicate that multiple factors contribute to limiting the specific production yield at cell densities beyond 1 × 106 cells/mL and underline the need to further investigate and develop media for better adenoviral vector productions. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
CFD als Werkzeug zum Kolonnendesign – Möglichkeiten, Grenzen und Perspektiven
Authors: Rix A. , Meier R. , Bruckmann Ch. , Skillas G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPublizierte CFD‐Anwendungen aus der Destillation behandeln vor allem Kapazitätssteigerungen. Hier führt die Erhöhung der hydraulischen Belastungen in vorgegebenem Raum zu komplexen strömungstechnischen Fragestellungen. Diese können heute mit CFD‐Simulationen effizient beantwortet werden. Zukunftsweisende Anwendungen analysieren die Benetzung und Strömung in Packungen. Damit ist CFD ein wirkungsvolles Werkzeug zur Analyse elementarer Strömungen in Kolonnen.
Wilhelm Ostwald: 100 Jahre Nobelpreis
Authors: Fratzscher W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWilhelm Ostwald gilt als einer der Begründer der Physikalischen Chemie. Seinerzeit galt sein Institut in Leipzig als das Weltzentrum der Physikalischen Chemie. Er war eine faszinierende Persönlichkeit und außerordentlich vielseitig wirksam. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird nicht versucht, diese Vielseitigkeit nachzuvollziehen, sondern vielmehr ausgehend von der Begründung des Nobelpreises, den er 1909 erhalten hatte, Spuren aufzuzeigen, die von Ostwalds Ansätzen und Überlegungen zu heutigen Positionen führen.
Charakterisierung einer konischen Geometrie für einen Ultraschalldurchflussreaktor
Authors: Pohl B. , Özyilmaz N. , Brenner G. , Peuker U. A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUltraschalldurchflussreaktoren können als Alternative zu Rührkesseln bei der Fällung angesehen werden. Um die Abläufe in Ultraschalldurchflussreaktoren besser verstehen zu können, wurde die Mikromischung im Reaktor näher untersucht. Hierzu wurde die Iodid‐Iodat‐Reaktion nach Villermaux verwendet. Als verfahrenstechnische Anwendung ist die Bariumsulfatfällung als Modellsystem gewählt worden. Weiterhin ist die entstehende Morphologie der Partikel betrachtet worden.
The impact of Medicaid coverage and reimbursement on access to diagnostic mammography
Authors: Schuur Jeremiah D. , Shah Akash , Wu Zheyang , Forman Howard P. , Gross Cary P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Women of low socioeconomic status are at risk for delayed evaluation of abnormal mammograms and later stage presentations of breast cancer. Medicaid reimbursement for clinical services is lower than Medicare reimbursement, yet it is unclear whether low Medicaid reimbursement is a barrier to accessing mammography. The objective of the current study was to determine the association between reported insurance type (Medicaid vs Medicare), Medicaid reimbursement rate, and access to diagnostic mammography (DM).METHODS:Standardized patients (SPs) called 521 mammography facilities in defined geographic regions of 11 states in 2005. Facilities were divided between high, middle, and low reimbursing states based on the state's relative Medicaid‐to‐Medicare reimbursement rate for DM. SPs contacted each facility twice to schedule a DM using the same clinical vignette but switching insurance status (Medicaid vs Medicare). The authors measured the proportion of SPs who were offered 1) any appointment and 2) a timely appointment, defined as a third available appointment within 20 business days.RESULTS:SPs with Medicaid were less likely to receive an appointment than SPs with Medicare (91% vs 99.1%; difference, 8.1%; 95% confidence interval, 5.3%‐10.9% [P< .001]). Among facilities that offered appointments to both callers, the proportion of timely appointments did not differ between Medicaid (93.7%) and Medicare (92.9%;P= .51). States' Medicaid reimbursement rates for DM were not associated with the percentage of SPs with Medicaid who were offered any appointment (P= .50) or a timely appointment (P= .69).CONCLUSIONS:Callers with Medicaid were offered appointments for DM less frequently than callers with Medicare, although both were widely accepted. State Medicaid reimbursement rates did not affect access to mammography. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The role of shame and self‐critical thinking in the development and maintenance of current threat in post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Harman Rachel , Lee Deborah 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThere is increasing recognition of emotions other than fear in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and recent research has looked at the role of shame. Cognitive theory suggests that PTSD is caused by traumatic experiences being processed in a way that causes ongoing current threat. In this paper we suggest that shame might contribute to the creation/maintenance of ongoing current threat as it attacks an individual's psychological integrity. A correlational design was used to investigate some of the factors that might contribute to a shame response within a PTSD sample. It was hypothesized that individuals with PTSD who report higher levels of shame would be more prone to engage in self‐critical thinking and less prone to engage in self‐reassuring thinking than individuals with PTSD who report lower levels of shame. Data were gathered using self‐report questionnaires, and results supported the hypotheses. It is suggested therapy for shame‐based PTSD needs to incorporate strategies to help individuals develop inner caring, compassion and self‐reassurance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• Some individuals with PTSD report high levels of shame.• High levels of shame are associated with high levels of self‐critical thinking and low levels of self‐reassuring thinking.• Therapy for shame‐based PTSD needs to incorporate strategies that help individuals develop inner caring, compassion and self‐reassurance.
Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methanol and Ethanol for Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Hohn Keith L. , Lin Yu‐Chuan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHydrogen‐powered fuel cell vehicles feature high energy efficiency and minor environmental impact. Liquid fuels are ideal hydrogen carriers, which can catalytically be converted into syngas or hydrogen to power vehicles. Among the potential liquid fuels, alcohols have several advantages. The hydrogen/carbon ratio is higher than that of other liquid hydrocarbons or oxygenates, especially in the case of methanol. In addition, alcohols can be derived from renewable biomass resources. Catalytic partial oxidation of methanol or ethanol offers immense potential for onboard hydrogen generation due to its rapid reaction rate and exothermic nature. These benefits stimulate a burgeoning research community in catalyst design, reaction engineering, and mechanistic investigation. The purpose of this Minireview is to provide insight into syngas and hydrogen production from methanol and ethanol partial oxidation, particularly highlighting catalytic chemistry.
Genetic effects on infant handedness under spatial constraint conditions
Authors: Suzuki Kunitake , Ando Juko , Satou Naho 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPrevious studies have reported a genetic influence on the individual differences in adult handedness; however, relatively little is known about genetic influences on the development of infant hand selection. In the current study, we examined whether genetic influences on handedness are expressed in various spatial locations in infants aged 18 months using the twin method. Infants were asked to respond to targets positioned in left, middle, and right locations using grasping movements. Results showed that similarities in hand selection within monozygotic twin pairs was more than two times higher than that of the dizygotic twin pairs in the middle location. In the left location, similarities in hand selection within monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were low. In addition, low individual differences in hand selection in the right location were also observed. These results suggest a non‐additive genetic influence on handedness, and that spatial constraint is a crucial factor for the expression of genetic effects on handedness in infants. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 605–615, 2009
Long maternal separation has protective effects in rats exposed to activity‐based anorexia
Authors: Carrera O. , Cerrato M. , Sanchez A. , Gutierrez E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effect of three neonatal treatments of maternal separation during infancy in young adult rats exposed to standard activity‐based anorexia (ABA) consisting of food restriction plus free access to an activity wheel. During the first 20 postnatal days of life rat pups were exposed to periods of either brief maternal separation (BMS, 15 min), long maternal separation (LMS, 180 min), or were non‐handled (NH). Thereafter, male and female rats were exposed to ABA. Neonatal treatment produced no significant differences in the survival time of male rats, whereas survival was greater in female rats exposed to LMS than in NH rats under ABA procedure. In conclusion, prolonged maternal separation appears to promote resistance in female animals subjected to harsh ABA life‐threatening conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 616–624, 2009
Epigenetic dysregulation of dopaminergic genes in eating disorders
Authors: Frieling Helge , Römer Konstanze D. , Scholz Sarah , Mittelbach Franziska , Wilhelm Julia , De Zwaan Martina , Jacoby Georg E. , Kornhuber Johannes , Hillemacher Thomas , Bleich Stefan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:The pathophysiology of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) has been linked to an impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission, still the origin of this disturbance remains unknown. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to evaluate whether the expression of dopaminergic genes is altered in the blood of patients suffering from eating disorders and if these alterations can be explained by changes in the promoter specific DNA methylation of the genes.Method:We used quantitative real‐time PCR to measure both the expression and the promoter specific DNA methylation of the dopamine transporter (DAT), and the D2 (DRD2) and D4 receptor (DRD4) gene in the blood of 46 patients (22 AN, 24 BN) and 30 healthy controls.Results:Patients showed an elevated expression of DAT mRNA when compared with the controls and a downregulation of the DRD2 expression. The upregulation of the DAT gene was accompanied by a hypermethylation of the gene's promoter in the AN and BN group while a significant hypermethylation of the DRD2 promoter was only present in the AN group. No differences in expression or methylation were found for the other dopamine receptors investigated.Discussion:Our study shows a disturbed expression of dopaminergic genes that is accompanied by a dysregulation of the epigenetic DNA methylation. Further studies are necessary to provide more insight into the epigenetic dysregulation of the dopaminergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of eating disorders. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010;)
Ferrocene Conjugates Containing Diarginine and Aspartic Acid: Salt Bridge Interactions in Water
Authors: Lataifeh Anas , Bondy Chantelle R. , Kraatz Heinz‐Bernhard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe ferrocene peptide conjugates of diarginine (MeO‐Fc‐Arg‐Arg‐NH2) (1) and aspartic acid [Boc‐Fca‐Asp(OH)‐OH] (2) were found to form a stable 1:1 associate in aqueous solution. The molecular recognition was achieved through a combination of multipoint hydrogen bonding (H‐bonding) sites and a guanidinium‐carboxylate ion pair. The associate stoichiometry was confirmed by using ESI‐MS and NMR experiments; the NMR titration curve shows multiple equilibria with stepwise interconversion from 1:2 → 1:1 binding ratios, and the electrochemical behaviour of the ferrocenyl groups (Fc, Fca) confirm the formation of an ion pair. The CD spectra in the peptide region exhibit a characteristic absorption of a more ordered structure, while the ferrocene helical chirality remains intact. The solid‐state IR measurements exclude the involvement of the amide backbone in the interaction.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Versatility in the Coordination Modes of n‐Chlorobenzoato Ligands: Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Three Types of Polynuclear MnII Compounds
Authors: Gómez Verónica , Corbella Montserrat 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThree different types of polynuclear manganese(II) compounds with chlorobenzoato bridges were obtained from the reaction of Mn(n‐ClC6H4COO)2 with 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen): three trinuclear compounds [Mn3(μ‐n‐ClC6H4COO)6(phen)2] with n = 2, 3, 4 (1–3), one one‐dimensional system [Mn(μ‐3‐ClC6H4COO)2(phen)]n (4) and one neutral dinuclear compound [{Mn(4‐ClC6H4COO)(phen)}2(μ‐4‐ClC6H4COO)2(μ‐H2O)] (5). Compounds 1, 3, 4 and 5 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and show four different coordination modes for the carboxylate ligand: as a bidentate bridge in a syn–syn mode or syn–anti mode, as a monodentate bridge and as a terminal monodentate ligand. The five compounds show weak antiferromagnetic coupling; the J values are –2.9, –2.8, –2.8, –1.8 and –3.6 cm–1 for compounds 1–5, respectively. Each type of compound may be distinguished by their characteristic EPR spectrum at 4 K. Fairly good simulations of the spectra at 4 K for the trinuclear compounds 1–3 were obtained with ground state ZFS parameters, D5/2 and E5/2, of 0.16 cm–1 and 0.05 cm–1 (1), 0.16 cm–1 and 0.043 cm–1 (2) and 0.16 cm–1 and 0.053 cm–1 (3), respectively. For the dinuclear complex 5, the best simulation of the spectrum at 4 K was obtained with ZFS parameters of the ion, DMn and EMn, of 0.187 cm–1 and 0.061 cm–1, respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Magnetic Slow Relaxation in Cyclic TbIII‐Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical Complexes
Authors: Tian Haixia , Liu Ruina , Wang Xiaoling , Yang Peipei , Li Zuoxi , Li Licun , Liao Daizheng 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTwo nitronyl nitroxide radical‐TbIII complexes, [Tb(hfac)3(NIT‐3Py)]2 (1) and [Tb(hfac)3(NIT‐4Py)]2 (2) {hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; NIT‐3Py = 2‐(3′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide; NIT‐4Py = 2‐(4′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide} have been synthesized. Both complexes possess cyclic dimer structure in which each pyridyl‐substituted radical links two different metal ions through the oxygen of nitroxide group and the pyridine nitrogen. DC magnetic studies show the TbIII ion interacts ferromagnetically with the directly bonding nitronyl nitroxide. Complex 1 exhibits magnetic slow relaxation resembling SMM behavior, while there are no clearly the frequency‐dependent out‐of‐phase signals for complex 2.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Halido‐Bridged Dinuclear Nickel and Zinc Complexes with a Bis(tripodal) Octaamine Ligand – Unusual Coordination Mode of an ortho‐Phenylenediamine
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Schröder Henning , Pape Tania 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA potentially dinucleating octaamine ligand H6‐4 consisting of two aliphatic tripodal tetraamine units connected by an ortho‐phenylenediamine spacer has been synthesized. Treatment of H6‐4 with Ni(BF4)2·6H2O or H10‐4(BF4)4 with Et2Zn in the presence of a halide source leads to the formation of the dinuclear complexes [Ni2(μ‐Cl)2(H6‐4)](BF4)2 (5) and [Zn(μ‐F)(H6‐4)](BF4)3 (6), respectively, which were structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies. In both 5 and 6 the ligand coordinates with four nitrogen donors to each metal center. The ortho‐phenylenediamine bridging unit coordinates in an unprecedented fashion with each of its amine functions to only one of the metal centers. The dinickel complex 5 possesses two bridging chlorido ligands that differ notably in their Cl–Ni bond lengths, due to interactions of four amine N–H protons with one of the chlorido bridges leading to a reduced donor ability. The dizinc complex 6 was synthesized without addition of an external halide source. The two zinc atoms in 6 facilitate the abstraction of a fluoride from a tetrafluoroborate anion through a cooperative activation by the two adjacent metal centers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Selective Syntheses of Mono‐ and Diphosphanyltriazines as Novel Ligands for Transition Metal Catalysts
Authors: Hayashi Minoru , Yamasaki Toshikazu , Kobayashi Yusuke , Imai Yoshito , Watanabe Yutaka 
Published: September 2009

Abstract1,3,5‐Triazines bearing one, two or three diphenylphosphanyl group(s) were selectively synthesized from cyanuric chloride by the one‐pot step‐by‐step addition of silylphosphane and other nucleophiles. Mono‐ and diphosphanyltriazines with a variety of substituents on the triazine ring could be easily prepared in good yields. The Pd complexes of mono‐ and diphosphanyltriazine were isolated, and the crystal structures were determined. Polymer‐supported and water‐soluble ligands were prepared. The Mizorogi–Heck reaction and the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction using the phosphanyltriazine‐Pd catalysts are described.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Temporary Carbohydrate Diol Protection with Ester Groups – Orthogonality under Solid‐Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis Conditions
Authors: Markad Shankar D. , Schmidt Richard R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFor regioselective deprotection studies under SPOS conditions the glucosamine derivatives 4ab/4ba, 4ac/4ca and 4ad/4da – with Fmoc/PA, Fmoc/Lev or Fmoc/Alloc, respectively, as temporary ester protecting groups at 3‐O and 4‐O – were prepared. Fmoc cleavage with triethylamine in 4ab or 4ba led to PA migration, so the Fmoc/PA pair does not permit regioselective access to the vicinal hydroxy groups. Under the same reaction conditions no Lev migration in 4ac/4ca or Alloc migration in 4ad/4da was observed. Lev removal with hydrazinium acetate in 4ac/4ca and Alloc removal with Pd0 and dimedone as nucleophile in 4ad/4da was also not accompanied by Fmoc migration, so the Fmoc/Lev pair and the Fmoc/Alloc pair can be successfully employed for regioselective access to the 3‐hydroxy or the 4‐hydroxy group, respectively. However, Fmoc cleavage with piperidine in 4ac/4ca led to Lev migration, and the use of a basic nucleophile for Alloc cleavage also led to Fmoc migration in 4ad. 4‐O‐Fmoc protection was also combined with Nap ether protection in 4ea. These two groups could be readily and regioselectively removed, thus providing another useful pair for temporary protection of vicinal diols.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Total Synthesis of (–)‐13‐Acetoxymodhephene and (+)‐14‐Acetoxymodhephene
Authors: Lee Hee‐Yoon , Murugan Ravichandran N. , Moon Deuk Kyu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStereoselective epoxidation of [4.3.3]propellane 16 set the stage for the Lewis acid catalyzed stereospecific ring contraction to an oxygenated modhephene structure and eventually led to the total synthesis of (–)‐13‐acetoxymodhephene and (+)‐14‐acetoxymodhephene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Efficient One‐Step Synthesis of Benzazoles in Aqueous Media
Authors: Zali Boeini Hassan , Hajibabaei Najafabadi Khadijeh 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBenzazoles (benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzimidazoles) were efficiently prepared by the aquatic reaction of the corresponding thioamidinium salts and 2‐aminophenol, 2‐aminothiophenol, and 1,2‐diaminobenzene, respectively. The thioamidinium salt was successfully applied as an alternative to a carboxylic acid derivative to react smoothly with an amino precursor and in the presence of catalytic amounts of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide salt to produce benzazoles in good to excellent yields.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)