bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Abnormal Conditions of Secondary Deposits when connected with the Somersetshire and South Wales Coal-basins; and on the Age of the Sutton and Southerndown Series
Authors: Moore Charles 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author first describes the geological constitution of the Mendip Hills, which, in his opinion, were upheaved by the intrusion of a basaltic dyke (now noticed for the first time) during the period of the Upper Trias. The Mendip chain proved an island barrier to the incursion of the deeper sea-deposits of the south, and on it lived the
Microlestes
and other terrestrial animals. Along the south side of this barrier shore-deposits were formed, the “Carboniferous Limestone” constituting the floor of the ocean at that time.

He then institutes a comparison between the Rhætic and Liassic formations within and those without the Somersetshire coal-basin. The thickness of the beds, from the Trias to the Inferior Oolite, is stated to be, outside the coal-field, 3320 feet, whilst inside it is only 169 feet. These results were obtained from an examination of numerous sections, which are described in detail by the author.
After considering the horizontal deposits beyond the Mendips, and the unconformable conditions within its coal-basin, the author discusses the abnormal conditions which are presented by deposits of the same age when they are intimately connected with the “Carboniferous Limestone.” In the Charterhouse Lead-mine a deposit of clay 12 feet in thickness, and containing Liassic shells, is stated to occur at a depth of 260 feet in the Carboniferous Limestone.

Among the organic remains, three species of terrestrial shells, referable to the genera
Helix, Vertigo
, and
Proserpina
, and a Charaseed, were discovered.

The author concludes by pointing out the peculiarities presented by the Liassic strata in Glamorganshire, with special reference to the stratigraphical position of the Sutton Stone and the Conglomerates of Brocastle &c.
The Alps and the Himalayas: a Geological Comparison
Authors: Medlicott Henry B. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

C
urrent
opinions on Alpine geology are first fully discussed by the author, especially as regards the abnormal nature of the actual boundary of the Molasse with the rocks of the higher Alps, including the explanation usually given of this phenomenon, and of the contortion of the inner zone of Molasse—namely, the direct upheaval of the main mountain-mass. Mr. Medlicott then describes some of the sections exposed on the south flank of the Himalayas, and suggests a parallelism between them and those exhibited in the Alps. The clays, sands, and conglomerates of the Sivaliks are very like those of the Molasse; and in both regions the coarser deposits prevail towards the top. In the Himalayas also the younger Tertiary deposits almost invariably dip towards the mountain-range which they fringe,—the plane of contact inclining in the same direction, and thus producing actual, though not parallel, superposition of the older rocks. All the arguments which have been used to prove prodigious faulting in the case of the Alps would therefore, the author states, be quite as applicable to that of the Himalayas. But, as regards the latter range, Mr. Medlicott brings forward evidence which appears to him sufficient to prove that the present contact of the Sivalik formation with the mountains is the original one, modified only by pressure, without relative vertical displacement; and that the
sinking
of the mountain-mass is the proximate cause of the contortions of the Tertiary strata. He then endeavours to show that this explanation is equally applicable to the Alps, especially as it seems also to account for collateral phenomena which appear difficult of explanation consistently with the ordinary hypothesis; and he concludes by discussing the current theories of the formation of lake-basins, in relation to the more immediate subject of his paper.
Observations on certain Points in the Dentition of Fossil Bears, which appear to afford good Diagnostic Characters, and on the Relation of
U. priscus
, Goldf., to
U. ferox
Authors: Busk George 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

A
fter
noticing the difficulties which attend the study of the bones of the skeleton generally in fossil Bears, and the somewhat confused and contradictory opinions as to the distinction of species which have arisen in consequence, Mr. Busk states that his object in the present communication is merely to call attention to some points in the dentition which seem to afford more certain and more readily ascertainable characters than can at present he drawn from the bones, and which, at any rate in the absence of other evidence, are a sufficiently sure guide in the distinction of species.

The characters derived from the teeth depend—

1
On their dimensions, absolute and relative.

2
On their form.

It is not necessary, however, to consider all the teeth. The canines vary too much even within the limits of one species to be of much utility; and, with certain exceptions, the differences exhibited in the molars are not sufficiently marked to allow of their being employed.

The teeth upon which reliance is to be placed are the upper and lower fourth premolars, and the last molar in each jaw; and the distinctive characters of these teeth in
U. spelœus, U. priscus, U. ferox
, and
U. arctos
are pointed out by the author.

It is also endeavoured to be shown that in the size, proportions, and form of the teeth no essential differences can be perceived between
U. priscus
and
U. ferox
; and the opinion is expressed that, so far as cranial and dental characters are concerned, those two species are at present indistinguishable.
Notes on the Geology of the Province of Canterbury, N. Z., principally in reference to the deposits of the Glacial Epoch at the western base of the Southern Alps
Authors: Haast Julius 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
a paper laid before the Society at its Meeting of the 7th December, 1866, I offered a résumé of my views on the causes by which the glaciation of the Southern Island of New Zealand had been produced in Postpliocene times, giving at the same time a short description of the deposits of that interesting epoch, by which the slopes and valleys on the eastern side of the dividing range are almost everywhere covered.

The western side of that important mountain-chain, called properly the Southern Alps, in this Province, was then not known to me; but I had the satisfaction of visiting that part of the country last year, and of finding that the physical features confirmed in many respects my former deductions, based upon my researches on the opposite slopes.
My notes on such an important subject would not be complete did I not lay before the Society a short description of that interesting region, where, perhaps more than anywhere else, the deposits of the Glacial (or here perhaps better named glacier) epoch are developed on such a huge scale that even the morainic accumulations on the eastern side sink into insignificance when compared to those of the opposite slopes. Moreover any addition to the knowledge of the Postpliocene beds in the southern hemisphere, deposited by glacial or glacier action, and of the changes wrought by them in the physical aspect of the country, will not be unwelcome to those who are occupied in unravelling the
The Sulphur-springs of Northern Formosa
Authors: Collingwood Cuthbert 
Published: October 2009

I
lately
had an opportunity afforded me, by a cruise in H.M.S ‘Serpent,’ Commander Bullock, of visiting the remarkable sulphur-springs in the neighbourhood of Tamsuy, in the north-east part of the island of Formosa. These springs are situated among the hills about equidistant from Tamsuy (or Hoowei) and Mangka, the capital of the Tamsuy district, and are highly interesting from a geological point of view, indicating as they do the existence of volcanic action near the surface in these regions—a circumstance which we might have been led to expect from the frequent occurrence of earthquakes.

The sulphur-springs which I am about to describe are not the only springs of the kind in those parts; others are indicated at no great distance. The road to them runs through a beautiful and highly cultivated district. Besides numerous paddy-fields situated upon the hillsides, and ingeniously irrigated by a series of platforms, down which the water flows from one to the other after the manner of the cascades of St. Cloud, a remarkable feature is an immense pineapple-plantation of many acres in extent; so that the verdure of these hills leaves one unprepared for the fact of subterranean heat finding a vent in such close proximity.
About halfway up the ascent we cross a stream having the character of a mountain-torrent, the stones at the bottom of which are covered with a deep-green deposit, very copious in the quieter and more sheltered spots; and upon dipping one's hand into this tream, the temperature is
Report on the Existence of a large Coal-field in the Province of St. Catherine's, Brazil
Authors: Thornton Edward 
Published: October 2009

T
he
Tubaraõ basin is situated in the southern extremity of the province of Sta. Caterina, lat.
28.5° S., long. 5.5° to 6° W. of Rio de Janeiro, and 48° 14′ to 48° 44′ W. of Greenwich, distant about forty-five miles north-west of the seaport of Laguna, and intersected by the river Tubaraõ and its tributaries, which stream is navigated by small vessels for about twenty-five miles.

The existence of coal in this district has for some years been an established fact; and the Belgian traveller, Van de Lede, in 1842, visited and reported upon the small seams which were exposed to view on the route from Laguna to Lages; but from 1861 to 1863 a practical exploration was carried out by the Viscount Barbacena (who engaged Mr. James Johnson, an experienced Lancashire coal-viewer, and the engineers Messrs. Borell and Klap), which resulted in his purchase of a tract of land containing the best seams, and his acquisition of a concession of mineral rights in the valley of the Tubaraõ from the Imperial Government, dependent upon the formation of a railway and the opening of the mines.
The exploration, by driving several levels and sinking pits over an area of about twelve miles, proved the existence of a series of
Coal-beds at nine different levels, underlying a sandstone formation, in almost horizontal strata of different qualities, and of thickness
varying from one and one-half to 10 feet, all more elevated than the waters of the adjacent streams.
The longest adit was driven 78
Australian Mesozoic Geology and Palæontology
Authors: Moore Charles 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author referred to the observations of Professor M‘Coy and the Rev. W. B. Clark on the occurrence of fossils of Mesozoic age in Australia, and then proceeded to notice the species which he had obtained from that region. Fossils of Mesozoic type occur both in Western Australia, in the centre of the Continent on Stuart’s route, and in Queensland; but the specimens have hitherto been found in apparently drifted blocks, and nothing is known of the bedded rocks from which they are derived. The author stated that the Australian Mesozoic fossils agree, not only in genera, but also in many cases in species, with British forms; and he gave a list of species from Western Australia, identical with British species from the Middle and Upper Lias, the Inferior Oolite, and the Cornbrash. Of the fossils from Queensland also, many are said to be identical with, or very nearly allied to, British species; but the author regards the general type of the Queensland remains as referring them to the Upper Oolite. A gigantic species of
Crioceras
is regarded by the author as possibly indicative of the occurrence of Neocomian deposits in Australia. The fossil evidence upon which Professor M‘Coy inferred the occurrence of the Muschelkalk in Australia was said by the author to be nugatory, his supposed
Myophoria
proving to be a
Trigonia
nearly allied to
T. gibbosa
of the Portland Oolite, and his doubtful
Orthoceras
a small
Serpula
. The author had found no indications of the existence of Triassic or Liassic deposits in Queensland.

The blocks from Western Australia, referred by the author to the Middle Lias, contain
Myacites liassianus
(Quenst.), and are quite as highly ferruginous as the English Marlstone. The species identified by the author with British Oolitic species would indicate a range from the Inferior Oolite to the Cornbrash; the author suggested that the species may have had a longer range in time in Australia than in England, or that the subordinate divisions of the Oolite were not clearly marked in the Australian Mesozoic deposits. He is inclined to refer the fossils to the period of the Inferior Oolite.

The author inferred, from the occurrence of these Mesozoic fossils in drifted blocks at the two extremities of Australia, separated by 38° of longitude, that an enormous denudation of rocks of the secondary series has taken place over a considerable part of Australia.
Descriptions of a great number of new species were appended to the paper.
The Physical Geography of Western Europe during the Mesozoic and Cainozoic periods elucidated by their Coral Faunas
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

The oldest Mesozoic reefs appear to have been formed upon the same plan as those which succeeded them through the consecutive geological ages; and all had the same general grouping of families, genera, and shapes which prevails in every modern reef. The scheme, which was feebly represented in the oldest reefs, became more fully developed in the Oolitic period, and was as perfect during the Nummulitic age as it is now. The faunas of the consecutive reefs rarely had species in common, but the genera were most constant and persistent. Certain coral-shapes and methods of growth and of reproduction prevailed during the whole of the periods; and there is a fair inference to be drawn that the external physical conditions which now are absolutely necessary for the formation and persistence of great aggregations of corals were present during the Mesozoic and Cainozoic periods.
These physical conditions have a geographical importance; and the same disposition of islands, deep and shallow seas, with remote continental spaces and rivers, which now prevails in the coral-areas, must be suggested to have existed in the reef-bearing seas of the past. The simplicity of the physical conditions, and their continuance on some one area during all ages, offer an explanation why the species and genera of the reefs and deep seas are respectively so representative and so evidently formed upon one definite plan.
There are relations, which can only be hinted at in this communication, between the floras and the reptilian and mammalian faunas of present
Notes on the Brachiopoda hitherto obtained from the “ Pebble-bed ” of Budleigh-Salterton, near Exmouth in Devonshire
Authors: Davidson Thomas 
Published: October 2009

O
n
the 16th of December, 1863, Messrs. W. Vicary and J. W. Salter made an important communication to the Geological Society on the “pebble-bed” at Budleigh-Salterton, wherein some thirty-six different fossils were described and illustrated; of these, ten or twelve were Brachiopoda.

Since that period Messrs. Vicary, Valpy, Edgell, Box, Winwood, and others have been zealously at work collecting additional information, and every specimen that might assist in determining the age of the rock from which these drifted pebbles were derived has been carefully preserved*.
The Brachiopoda were transmitted to me at various times for examination. I have studied and compared them, so far as this was compatible with the preservation of the specimens. These fossils occur in the shape of internal casts and external impressions only; but by the aid of gutta-percha it was often possible to reproduce the external as well as the internal surface of both valves, and thus describe and figure the entire shell in as complete a manner as if taken from the sea. There are, however, a number of species which have occurred but once, or very rarely, and in so incomplete a state of preservation that it has frequently been impossible to arrive at a decided or satisfactory specific identification; and in such a difficult problem as the age of these pebbles at Budleigh Salterton, one cannot be too cautious in the identification of the fossils which they contain.
After the careful examination of several hundred specimens, I have been able to recognize
On the Iron-ores associated with the Basalts of the North-east of Ireland
Authors: Tate Ralph , Holden John Sinclair 
Published: October 2009

General Conclusion

1.
That during the period of volcanic activity in the N.E. of Ireland, there was a cessation of igneous eruption over certain areas, during which lacustrine deposits were formed, and a growth of terrestrial plants took place.
As to the extent of the lake, or of the land-surface, the data are incomplete to form any conclusions. The lignite in the Giant's-Causeway basalt, the leaf-beds of the Isle of Mull, and the bituminous deposits in other localities may be on the same horizon. However, it is perhaps more probable that these several land-accumulations may have been formed in isolated areas, though during the one period of rest in the volcanic forces.

2.
The preceding remarks imply that there were at least two periods of volcanic activity, the plant-beds or lignite marking an unconformability of an upper basaltic series to a lower. The plants being of Upper-Miocene age enables us to assign a position in the scale of geological time to the superior basalts. What may be the age of the inferior series, is a question that can only be approximately answered. That it is newer than the White Limestone (Upper Chalk) and older than the upper Miocene, is apparent.

3.

The older basaltic series has undergone metamorphic changes in the composition of some of its interstratified lavas. The boles and ochres, which are decomposed basalts, are probably connected with subaqueous igneous flows, whilst the pisolitic iron-ore band, which is a metamorphosed
bole
, indicates subaerial action, and that during the period of emergence the bole
On the Geological Position and Geographical Distribution of the Reptilian or Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Bristol Area
Authors: Etheridge Robert 
Published: October 2009

I
t
is so long since any communication has been made to the Society upon the Dolomitic Conglomerate in a physical sense, that it appeared to me the time had arrived when a paper in our Journal embodying some general notice or history of the conglomerate might not be unacceptable, especially as the Dinosauria of the Trias have lately been so ably treated by Prof. Huxley. This paper is therefore devoted to a consideration of the geological position and geographical distribution of the conglomerate so widely spread over the Bristol area, and containing the remains of the Dinosaurian reptiles
Thecodontosaurus
and
Palæosaurus
.

I have little to communicate that has not been noticed by the older writers; and the mention of the names of Bright, Gilby, Buckland, Conybeare, De la Beche, and Murchison, will show how little is left for me to do; but uninviting as this nearly unfossiliferous rock may appear at first sight, it nevertheless possesses a history even yet not written, and its origin, date, and fauna are still matter for investigation and research.
This old breccia is a grand and striking feature over many parts of the area where it is well exposed, and is a marked condition in the geological history and physical structure of Britain, to be studied and understood only over the limited and complicated area occupied. by the palæozoic rocks of the Bristol coal-basin.
On the Surface-deposits in the Neighbourhood of Rugby
Authors: Wilson J. M. 
Published: October 2009

I
believe
no detailed information about the surface-deposits in the neighbourhood of Rugby has been communicated to this or to any Society; and I therefore offer the following observations, which fall under two heads:—

(1)
The surface-deposits of the high levels.

(2)
The deposits in the valleys.

In the present paper I confine myself strictly to facts for which I hold myself responsible as resting on my own observation, or on information obtained on the spot on which I can rely.
Notes on a Plant-and Insect-bed on the Rocky River, New South Wales
Authors: Moore Charles 
Published: October 2009

S
ince
my paper on Mesozoic Australian Geology was written, a lady, who had for some time resided in New South Wales, whilst on a visit in Bath, requested me to look at some minerals she had brought with her from Australia; and these consisted chiefly of auriferous quartz, variegated sandstones, and other specimens most likely to attract a lady collector. Amongst them, however, was a block, a few inches square, of what was supposed to be coal, which at first view looked very much like the Tertiary brown coal of Germany, and which Dr. von Hochstetter, in his account of the Geology of New Zealand, has shown to occur extensively in that colony. Its examination led me to observe that it was not bituminous, and that it was only a piece of chocolate-coloured, micaceous, laminated marl. Thinking it possible that it might contain Microzoa, the request that I might have it for examination was readily assented to.

A memorandum on the block of marl indicated that the bed from which it came was ten feet thick, and that it was met with in sinking a shaft for gold, at a depth of from 100 to 110 feet, on the banks of the Rocky River, Sydney Flats.
In the New-South-Wales Catalogue of the International Exhibition, T. Dalton, Esq., remarks, on the Rocky-River district, that vegetable remains were found in a silicified state amongst the lowest strata of sand, resting upon the granites, beneath the basalt on all parts of this gold-field.
Note on a New and Undescribed Wealden Vertebra
Authors: Hulke J. W. 
Published: October 2009

T
his
vertebra was found on the shore near Brooke, Isle of Wight, almost completely hidden in a large block of stone. Last autumn, when I obtained it, I showed the block to Mr. Fox, of Brighstone, whose knowledge of the Wealden strata in this neighbourhood is unrivalled; and he without hesitation referred it to a bed which occurs near the top of the high cliff between Brooke and Chilton.

The centrum has unfortunately been broken across, and the greater part of it, including both articular faces, is missing. Only a small part of it, including the floor of the neural canal, remains, surmounted by a singularly framed superstructure, which, although much distorted by pressure, is yet sufficiently preserved to afford a good idea of its perfect form.
The bony tissue is very compact, which makes the outer surface very smooth, and even polished. It takes principally the shape of thin plates, many of which are not thicker than stout writing-paper. Where the interior of the stouter parts of the vertebra is exposed, the broken surfaces show a thin outer shell of bone enclosing an extremely coarse cancellated tissue, the spaces of which are immense, exceeding by many times those of the cancellous tissue of all the contemporary Dinosaurs yet known to us, and reminding us in some measure of those of Pterodactylian bones.

The neurapephyses (P1. XXII. figs. 1 & 2,
np
), in their present mutilated state, measure about 5 inches from front to back; but their real length was