bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1‐V continuous‐time equalizers for multi‐gigabit short‐haul optical fiber communications
Authors: Gimeno C. , Aldea C. , Aznar F. , Sánchez‐Azqueta C. , Celma S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTwo new CMOS analog continuous‐time equalizers for high‐speed short‐haul optical fiber communications are presented in this paper. The proposed structures compensate the limited bandwidth‐length product of 1‐mm step‐index polymer optical fiber channels (45 MHz, 100 m) and have been designed in a standard 0.18‐µm CMOS process. The equalizers are aimed for multi‐gigabit short‐range applications, targeting up to 2 Gb/s through a 50‐m step‐index polymer optical fiber. The prototypes operate with a single supply voltage of only 1 V and overcome the severe limitations suffered by the widely used degenerated differential pair caused by the low supply voltage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weak patriline effects are present in the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of isolated Formica exsecta ants but they disappear in the colony environment
Authors: Martin Stephen , Trontti Kalevi , Shemilt Sue , Drijfhout Falko , Butlin Roger , Jackson Duncan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractChemical recognition cues are used to discriminate among species, con‐specifics, and potentially between patrilines in social insect colonies. There is an ongoing debate about the possible persistence of patriline cues despite evidence for the mixing of colony odors via a “gestalt” mechanism in social insects, because patriline recognition could lead to nepotism. We analyzed the variation in recognition cues (cuticular hydrocarbons) with different mating frequencies or queen numbers in 688
Formica exsecta ants from 76 colonies. We found no increase in the profile variance as genetic diversity increased, indicating that patriline effects were absent or possibly obscured by a gestalt mechanism. We then demonstrated that an isolated individual's profile changed considerably relative to their colony profile, before stabilizing after 5 days. We used these isolated individuals to eliminate the masking effects of the gestalt mechanism, and we detected a weak but statistically significant patriline effect in isolated adult workers and also in newly emerged callow workers. Thus, our evidence suggests that genetic variation in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of
F. exsecta ants (n‐alkanes and alkenes) resulted in differences among patrilines, but they were obscured in the colony environment, thereby avoiding costly nepotistic behaviors.
Salen‐Type Triple‐Decker Trinuclear Dy3 Complexes Showing Slow Magnetic Relaxation Behavior
Authors: Yang Fan , Yan Pengfei , Li Quan , Chen Peng , Li Guangming 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTwo new Dy3 sandwich complexes, namely, [Dy3La3(CH3OH)2(NO3)3]·CH2Cl2·CH3OH·2H2O [1, H2La = N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,2‐phenylenediamine] and [Dy3Lb3(OAc)3]·3CH3OH·H2O [2, H2Lb = N,N′‐bis(3‐methoxysalicylidene)‐1,2‐phenylenediamine], have been synthesized from the reactions of a tetradentate salen‐type ligand (H2La) with Dy(NO)3·6H2O and a hexadentate salen‐type ligand (H2Lb) with Dy(OAc)3·6H2O. X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals that both 1 and 2 have a similar new triple‐decker trinuclear sandwich structure. Magnetic studies indicate that 1 exhibits an antiferromagnetic interaction between the Dy3+ ions, whereas 2 exhibits a ferromagnetic interaction between spin carriers. Although both 1 and 2 display slow magnetic relaxation behavior, two relaxation processes were observed in 2, which expand on the recent reports of pure 4f‐type single molecule magnets (SMMs).
An Electron‐Rich {RuNO}6 Complex: trans‐[Ru(DMAP)4(NO)(OH)]2+ – Structure and Reactivity
Authors: Osa Codesido Nicolás , De Candia Ariel G. , Weyhermüller Thomas , Olabe José A. , Slep Leonardo D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe pseudo‐octahedral nitrosyl species trans‐[Ru(DMAP)4(NO)(OH)]2+ [12+, DMAP = 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine] was prepared by the reaction between [Ru(DMAP)5(H2O)]2+ and NaNO2 under mild conditions (room temperature, pH = 6–8), and precipitated with NaBF4 or NaPF6. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data of 1(BF4)2·2H2O point to a {RuNO}6 electronic configuration of the cation, although there is a significant deviation from the expected linear arrangement of the RuNO moiety (Ru–N–O angle: 169.3°). The remarkably low wavenumber of the NO stretching band (νNO) of 1832 cm–1 in the solid state corresponds to an electron‐rich ligand environment with strong backbonding interactions between dπ metal orbitals and π*NO orbitals of the (formal) NO+ (nitrosonium) ligand. Consistently, the complex acts as a poor electrophile: it is extremely unreactive toward OH– and toward the stronger nucleophile cysteine. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments show three reduction processes in acetonitrile. The first one at –0.50 V [vs. Ag/AgCl, KCl(s)] is reversible on the CV time scale. Spectroelectrochemical experiments (IR and UV/Vis) suggest that the reduced complex has a {RuNO}7 configuration. The νNO wavenumber of 1603 cm–1 agrees with a reduction mostly centered at the nitrosyl ligand. This species appears to be inert toward substitution in the coordination sphere, and the original {RuNO}6 ion can be quantitatively recovered upon oxidation. In contrast, further reduction of this species is completely irreversible, even on the CV timescale, which is probably due to the lability of the presumably formed nitroxyl (NO–) ligand.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrathin Tin‐Doped Zinc Oxide Nanowires
Authors: Jin Yizheng , Yi Qing , Zhou Limin , Chen Dongdong , He Haiping , Ye Zhizhen , Hong Jinhua , Jin Chuanhong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractUltrathin tin‐doped zinc oxide (Sn‐doped ZnO) nanowires with uniform diameters of 2.3 ± 0.2 nm were synthesized by means of a facile colloidal method employing an aminolysis approach. This finding suggests that the introduction of group IV dopants may serve as an effective strategy to control the shape of doped ZnO nanocrystals. This doping procedure may be extended to the synthesis of other doped oxide nanocrystals.
Effects of nanopolystyrene on the feeding behavior of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.)
Authors: Wegner A. , Besseling E. , Foekema E.M. , Kamermans P. , Koelmans A.A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
As the industrial production of nanoplastic and the degradation of microplastic into smaller particles at sea increase, the potential amount of nanoplastics in the marine environment rises. It has been reported that mussels uptake 100-nm polystyrene (PS) beads; to date, however, the effects of this uptake on the organism are unknown. In the present study, the authors investigated the effects of 30-nm PS on the feeding behavior of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) by exposing the organism to different nano PS and different algae (Pavlova lutheri) concentrations. The state of nano PS aggregation in the exposure medium was assessed using dynamic light scattering. In all treatments that contained nano PS, M. edulis produced pseudofeces. The total weight of the feces and pseudofeces increased with increasing nano PS and increasing algae concentration. Furthermore, M. edulis reduced its filtering activity when nano PS was present but still caused a decrease in the apparent nano PS concentration in the water. The presence of nano PS around the foot of M. edulis after the bioassay confirmed that the organism removed nano PS from the water. Chronic effect studies are therefore needed to investigate the effects of nanoplastics in M. edulis and possible consequences for its predators, including humans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2490–2497. © 2012 SETAC
Gene expression, glutathione status, and indicators of hepatic oxidative stress in laughing gull (Larus atricilla) hatchlings exposed to methylmercury
Authors: Jenko Kathryn , Karouna-Renier Natalie K. , Hoffman David J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Despite extensive studies of methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity in birds, molecular effects on birds are poorly characterized. To improve our understanding of toxicity pathways and identify novel indicators of avian exposure to Hg, the authors investigated genomic changes, glutathione status, and oxidative status indicators in liver from laughing gull (Larus atricilla) hatchlings that were exposed in ovo to MeHg (0.05–1.6 µg/g). Genes involved in the transsulfuration pathway, iron transport and storage, thyroid-hormone related processes, and cellular respiration were identified by suppression subtractive hybridization as differentially expressed. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) identified statistically significant effects of Hg on cytochrome C oxidase subunits I and II, transferrin, and methionine adenosyltransferase RNA expression. Glutathione-S-transferase activity and protein-bound sulfhydryl levels decreased, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased dose-dependently. Total sulfhydryl concentrations were significantly lower at 0.4 µg/g Hg than in controls. Together, these endpoints provided some evidence of compensatory effects, but little indication of oxidative damage at the tested doses, and suggest that sequestration of Hg through various pathways may be important for minimizing toxicity in laughing gulls. This is the first study to describe the genomic response of an avian species to Hg. Laughing gulls are among the less sensitive avian species with regard to Hg toxicity, and their ability to prevent hepatic oxidative stress may be important for surviving levels of MeHg exposures at which other species succumb. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2588–2596. © 2012 SETAC
Distinct mechanisms of endocrine disruption of DDT-related pesticides toward estrogen receptor α and estrogen-related receptor γ
Authors: Zhuang Shulin , Zhang Jing , Wen Yuezhong , Zhang Chunlong , Liu Weiping 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is ubiquitous in the environment, and the exposure to DDT and its related pesticides has long been linked to endocrine disruption. The mechanism of endocrine disruption toward targeted receptors, however, remains unclear. Probing the molecular recognition of DDT analogs by targeted receptors at the atomic level is critical for deciphering this mechanism. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to probe the molecular recognition process of DDT and its five analogs, including dichlordiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), methoxychlor (MXC), p,p′-hydroxy-DDT (HPTE), and dicofol by human estrogen receptor (ER) α and human ER-related receptor (ERR) γ. Van der Waals interactions mainly drive the interactions of DDT analogs with ERα ligand-binding domain (LBD) and ERRγ LBD. Minor structural changes of DDT analogs in the number and position of chlorine and phenolic hydroxyl moiety cause differences in binding modes through aromatic stacking and hydrogen bonding and thus affect differently conformational changes of ERα LBD and ERRγ LBD. The binding of DDT analogs affects the helix 12 orientation of ERα LBD but causes no rearrangement of helix 12 of ERRγ LBD. These results extend our understanding of how DDT analogs exert their estrogen-disrupting effects toward different receptors via multiple mechanisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2597–2605. © 2012 SETAC
Reanalysis of uranium toxicity data for selected freshwater organisms and the influence of dissolved organic carbon
Authors: van Dam R.A. , Trenfield M.A. , Markich S.J. , Harford A.J. , Humphrey C.L. , Hogan A.C. , Stauber J.L. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The present study reanalyzed 46 existing uranium (U) chronic toxicity datasets for four freshwater species to generate consistent toxicity measures and explore relationships between U toxicity and key physicochemical variables. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was consistently the best predictor of U toxicity based on 10% inhibitory concentration (IC10) and median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, with water hardness also being a significant co-predictor of IC50 concentrations for one species. The influence of DOC on acute and chronic U toxicity was further characterized using existing data for five species, and was found to vary depending on species, DOC source, and exposure duration (acute vs chronic). The slopes of the relationships between DOC and (normalized) acute and chronic U toxicity were modeled using cumulative probability distributions. From these, slopes were selected for which to correct acute or chronic U toxicity values or hazard estimates based on the aquatic DOC concentration. The fifth percentiles of these cumulative probability distributions for acute and chronic exposure data were 0.064 and 0.090, respectively, corresponding to a 6.4 and 9.0% reduction in U toxicity relative to the toxicity at the base DOC concentration for each 1 mg/L increase in DOC concentration (over the DOC range 0–30 mg/L). Algorithms were developed to enable the adjustment of U toxicity values and U hazard estimates, depending on DOC concentrations. These algorithms will significantly enhance the environmental relevance of water quality/risk assessments for U in fresh surface waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2606–2614. © 2012 SETAC
Adaptive variational multiscale method for the Stokes equations
Authors: Song Lina , Hou Yanren , Zheng Haibiao 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYAn adaptive variational multiscale method for the Stokes equations is presented in this paper. We solve the coarse scale problem on the coarse mesh and approximate the fine scale solution by solving a series of local residual equations defined on some local fine grids, which can be implemented in parallel. In addition, we also propose a reliable local a posteriori error estimator and construct an adaptive algorithm based on the corresponding a posterior error estimate. Finally, numerical examples are presented to verify the algorithm.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A demonstration of the necessity and feasibility of using a clumsy decision analytic approach on wicked environmental problems
Authors: Stahl Cynthia , Cimorelli Alan 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Because controversy, conflict, and lawsuits frequently characterize US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) decisions, it is important that USEPA decision makers understand how to evaluate and then make decisions that have simultaneously science-based, social, and political implications. Air quality management is one category of multidimensional decision making at USEPA. The Philadelphia, Pennsylvania metropolitan area experiences unhealthy levels of ozone, fine particulate matter, and air toxics. Many ozone precursors are precursors for particulate matter and certain air toxics. Additionally, some precursors for particulate matter are air toxics. However, air quality management practices have typically evaluated these problems separately. This approach has led to the development of independent (and potentially counterproductive) implementation strategies. This is a methods article about the necessity and feasibility of using a clumsy approach on wicked problems, using an example case study. Air quality management in Philadelphia is a wicked problem. Wicked problems are those where stakeholders define or view the problem differently, there are many different ways to describe the problem (i.e., different dimensions or levels of abstraction), no efficient or optimal solutions exist, and they are often complicated by moral, political, or professional dimensions. The USEPA has developed the multicriteria integrated resource assessment (MIRA) decision analytic approach that engages stakeholder participation through transparency, transdisciplinary learning, and the explicit use of value sets; in other words, a clumsy approach. MIRA's approach to handling technical indicators, expert judgment, and stakeholder values makes it a potentially effective method for tackling wicked environmental problems. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 17–30. © 2012 SETAC
Risk factors for gallbladder cancer: A case–control study
Authors: Jain Kajal , Sreenivas V. , Velpandian T. , Kapil Umesh , Garg Pramod Kumar 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRisk factors for gallbladder cancer (GBC) except gallstones are not well known. The objective was to study the risk factors for GBC. In a case–control study, 200 patients with GBC, 200 healthy controls and 200 gallstones patients as diseased controls were included prospectively. The risk factors studied were related to socioeconomic profile, life style, reproduction, diet and bile acids. On comparing GBC patients (mean age 51.7 years; 130 females) with healthy controls, risk factors were chemical exposure [odd ratios (OR): 7.0 (2.7–18.2); p < 0.001)], family history of gallstones [OR: 5.3 (1.5–18.9); p < 0.01)], tobacco [OR: 4.1 (1.8–9.7); p < 0.001)], fried foods [OR: 3.1 (1.7–5.6); p < 0.001], joint family [OR: 3.2 (1.7–6.2); p < 0.001], long interval between meals [OR: 1.4 (1.2–1.6); p < 0.001] and residence in Gangetic belt [OR: 3.3 (1.8–6.2); p < 0.001]. On comparing GBC cases with gallstone controls, risk factors were female gender [OR: 2.4 (1.3–4.3); p = 0.004], residence in Gangetic belt [OR: 2.3 (1.2–4.4); p = 0.012], fried foods [OR: 2.5 (1.4–4.4); p < 0.001], diabetes [OR: 2.7 (1.2–6.4); p = 0.02)], tobacco [OR 3.8 (1.7–8.1); p < 0.001)] and joint family [OR: 2.1 (1.2–3.4); p = 0.004]. The ratio of secondary to primary bile acids was significantly higher in GBC cases than gallstone controls (20.8 vs. 0.44). Fried foods, tobacco, chemical exposure, family history of gallstones, residence in Gangetic belt and secondary bile acids were significant risk factors for GBC.
Diagnostic value of fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for the detection of metastases in non–small‐cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Wu Yihua , Li Peiwei , Zhang Honghe , Shi Yu , Wu Han , Zhang Jinjie , Qian Yufeng , Li Chao , Yang Jun 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn the recent years, fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) has emerged as a new modality for staging non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to assess the diagnostic value of 18F‐FDG PET/CT in detecting metastatic lesions in NSCLC patients. Meta‐analysis methods were used to pool sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likehood ratios, diagnostic odd ratios and to construct a summary receiver‐operating characteristic curve. Data from included studies were pooled to compare the diagnostic accuracy between PET/CT and PET or CT alone in nodal staging. Totally, 56 studies involving 8,699 patients met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivities and specificities of 18F‐FDG PET/CT were 0.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65–0.78] and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86–0.94) in determining mediastinal nodal staging; 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60–0.80) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.77–0.88) in intrathoracic staging; 0.78 (95% CI: 0.64–0.87) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.84–0.94) in intrathoracic staging on a per‐node basis. For detecting extrathoracic metastases, the pooled sensitivities and specificities of 18F‐FDG PET/CT were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.47–0.93) and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92–0.97) for all extrathoracic metastases; 0.91 (95% CI: 0.80–0.97) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94–0.99) for bone metastases. 18F‐FDG PET/CT is beneficial in detecting lymph node metastases and extrathoracic metastases although PET/CT showed low sensitivity in detecting brain metastases. 18F‐FDG PET/CT confers significantly higher sensitivity and specificity than contrast‐enhanced CT (both p < 0.01) and higher sensitivity than 18F‐FDG PET in staging NSCLC (p < 0.05).
Dynamic variations of c‐Fos expression in the spinal cord exposed to intramuscular hypertonic saline‐induced muscle nociception
Authors: Chen Y.‐K. , Lei J. , Jin L. , Tan Y.‐X. , You H.‐J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundNumerous studies focus on intramuscular (i.m.) injection of hypertonic saline‐induced muscle pain and nociception. The spatio‐temporal characteristics and dynamic variation of spinal neuronal activities elicited by i.m. hypertonic saline remain unknown.MethodsThe spatio‐temporal variations of c‐Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord exposed to i.m. injection of 5.8% saline were investigated in male rats.ResultsAfter a unilateral i.m. 5.8% saline injection, c‐Fos expression in dorsal horn of spinal L4‐6 segments was significantly enhanced bilaterally (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). These 5.8% saline‐induced bilateral spinal Fos expression occurred rapidly 0.5 h following the i.m. injection, and reached the peak levels within 1 h, which declined gradually and returned to the control levels within 8 h. Compared with intact rats without i.m. insults, no significant influence of the spinalization on spinal c‐Fos expression was found. However, the 5.8% saline‐induced increases in Fos expression in intact and spinalized rats differed significantly. During muscle nociception, the c‐Fos expression within the superficial layer (laminae I–II) and the deep layer (laminae V–VI) in spinalized rats were significantly lower and higher than that of in intact rats (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). Fentanyl (20 μg/kg, intraperitoneal) completely attenuated the 5.8% saline intramuscularly induced increases in c‐Fos expression in laminae III–VI (p < 0.001), but not laminae I–II.ConclusionsIt is suggested that spinal nociceptive neuronal activities in superficial and deep layers may differently be modulated by endogenous descending facilitation and inhibition, respectively.
Subchronic urinary bladder toxicity evaluation of N‐Nitrosodiphenylamine in Fischer 344 rats
Authors: Dodd Darol E. , Pluta Linda J. , Sochaski Mark A. , Funk Kathleen A. , Thomas Russell S. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTFemale Fischer 344 (F344) rats were exposed to N‐nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPA) by dietary feed at concentrations of 0, 250, 1000, 2000, 3000 or 4000 ppm for 5 days, 2, 4 and 13 weeks duration. Endpoints evaluated included clinical observations, body weights, urinary bladder weights, blood NDPA, gross pathology and urinary bladder histopathology. There were no NDPA exposure‐related clinical signs of toxicity. The mean body weight decreased 3% to 5% compared with the control in the 4000 ppm group during study weeks 2 through to 13. Statistically significant increases in urinary bladder weight were observed as early as after 5 days exposure and were concentration dependent at ≥ 3000 ppm. NDPA‐related urinary bladder microscopic alterations consisted of mixed cell infiltrates, increased mitosis, increased necrosis of epithelial cells, diffuse and/or nodular transitional epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of transitional epithelium. These changes affected only rats exposed to NDPA concentrations ≥ 2000 ppm. Blood NDPA concentrations were negligible in animals exposed to ≤ 1000 ppm and ranged from 0.12 to 0.19 µg ml–1 in rats of the ≥ 2000 ppm groups at the 5 days and 2 weeks time points. A no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 1000 ppm NDPA (60 mg kg–1 day–1) was selected based on the absence of urinary bladder histopathology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.