bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Roasting Conditions on Color and Volatile Profile Including HMF Level in Sweet Almonds (Prunus dulcis)
Authors: Agila Amal , Barringer Sheryl 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Microwave, oven, and oil roasting of almonds were used to promote almond flavor and color formation. Raw pasteurized almonds were roasted in a microwave for 1 to 3 min, in an oven at 177 °C for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min; and at 135 and 163 °C for 20 min, and in oil at 135, 163, and 177 °C for 5 min and 177 °C for 10 min. Volatile compounds were quantified in the headspace of ground almonds, both raw and roasted, by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Strong correlations were found between L value, chroma, and 5‐(hydroxy methyl)‐2‐ furfural; and were independent of roasting method. Raw almonds had lower concentrations of most volatiles than roasted almonds. Conditions that produced color equivalent to commercial samples were 2 min in the microwave, 5 min at 177 °C in the oven, and 5 min at 135 °C in oil. Microwave heating produced higher levels of most volatiles than oven and oil roasting at commercial color. Sensory evaluation indicated that microwave‐roasted almonds had the strongest aroma and were the most preferred. Oil‐roasted almonds showed significantly lower levels of volatiles than other methods, likely due to loss of these volatiles into the oil. Alcohols such as benzyl alcohols and strecker aldehydes including benzaldehyde and methional were at higher concentrations than other volatiles in roasted almonds. The oxidation of lipids to form alkanals such as nonanal and degradation of sugars to form furan type compounds was also observed. The Maillard reaction contributed to the formation of more of the total volatiles in almonds than the lipid oxidation reaction.Practical Application:  The level of 5‐(hydroxy methyl)‐2‐ furfural (HMF), color, volatile profile, and sensory perception can be used to develop the best roasting method, time, and temperature for almonds. The rate of color development and the production of volatiles differ under different roasting conditions. Based on the color, volatile, and sensory assessments of the 3 almonds, the use of microwave technology as a process for roasting almonds reduces processing time and leads to an almond product with better flavor than oven or oil roasting.
Hydrothermal Activity Events at Kairei Field, Central Indian Ridge 25°S
Authors: WANG Yejian , HAN Xiqiu , JIN Xianglong , QIU Zhongyan , MA Zhibang , YANG Haili 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Kairei hydrothermal field is located on the Central Indian Ridge at 70°02′E, 25°19'S, which was discovered in 2000. Eight representative hydrothermal product samples including massive sulfide, sulfide chimney and mineralized rock breccia samples collected from this field were age‐dated using the 230Th/234U and 210Pb/Pb methods. Four episodes of hydrothermal activity were determined: 94.5 to 96.3 ka (event I), 56.6 to 61.2 ka (event II), 8.4 to 10.6 ka (event III), and <180 a to present (event IV). Among them, event I is the oldest and is characterized by the low‐temperature mineralization of rock breccias which probably represents for the onset of the hydrothermal activity of the field. Events II to IV represent the episodic high‐temperature hydrothermal activities characterized by Cu and Zn‐rich sulfides. The recent hydrothermal activity has lasted for at least 180 a.
The Classification of Glenoid Version and Its Relevance to Shoulder Instability
Authors: Mcmurray Dave , Monk Andrew Paul , Limb David , Soames Roger 
Published: March 2012

Background Previous studies have demonstrated that the glenoid fossa can be anteverted or retroverted with respect to the scapular spine and that this may affect the propensity to dislocate, although clinical studies have provided conflicting evidence. Methods We have used a highly accurate, noncontact laser morphometric method of analysis to determine the precise shape of 59 glenoid fossae from shoulders, with no evidence of instability, arthritis or rotator cuff disease. Results We have shown that, at the mid-glenoid level, most fossae are retroverted, although some are anteverted. Furthermore, below this level, the glenoid can either twist into greater anteversion or retroversion. This forms the basis of a classification system that describes how much static restraint to dislocation is provided by the bony glenoid, and we have repeated the work to identify any contribution from variations in the thickness of overlying articular cartilage. Of 59 fossae, five were of type 1A, comprising an anteverted glenoid that becomes increasingly anteverted below its equator and provides least bony restraint to anterior dislocation. Conclusions We propose that this classification system is used to study the effect of glenoid shape on shoulder stability and options for reconstruction.
INVESTIGATING THE GENDER GAP IN SOUTH AFRICAN TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP: A DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS
Authors: NTULI MIRACLE 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates the gender difference in trade union membership among African men and women in South Africa. Using labour force survey data for 2001 and 2007, we show that at least two thirds of the gender gap is explained by differences in union‐related characteristics. When compared with gender differences in personal, household‐ and job‐related characteristics, disparities in job characteristics account for a larger proportion of the gender gap. These findings imply that women would have had higher unionisation rates than men if they possessed male endowments of union‐related characteristics, especially access to unionised jobs.
Bigq-ample line bundles
Authors: Brown Morgan V. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA recent paper of Totaro developed a theory ofq-ample bundles in characteristic 0. Specifically, a line bundleLonXisq-ample if for every coherent sheaf ℱ onX, there exists an integerm0such thatm≥m0impliesHi(X,ℱ⊗𝒪(mL))=0 fori>q. We show that a line bundleLon a complex projective schemeXisq-ample if and only if the restriction ofLto its augmented base locus isq-ample. In particular, whenXis a variety andLis big but fails to beq-ample, then there exists a codimension-one subschemeDofXsuch that the restriction ofLtoDis notq-ample.
Continued fractions with low complexity: transcendence measures and quadratic approximation
Authors: Bugeaud Yann 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe establish measures of non-quadraticity and transcendence measures for real numbers whose sequence of partial quotients has sublinear block complexity. The main new ingredient is an improvement of Liouville’s inequality giving a lower bound for the distance between two distinct quadratic real numbers. Furthermore, we discuss the gap between Mahler’s exponentw2and Koksma’s exponentw*2.
New Concepts on Two-Dimensional Data Visualization With Applications in Engineering Analysis and Design
Authors: Simionescu P. A. , Mehrubeoglu Mehrube 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The use of information visualization in engineering analysis and design has increased exponentially, making it indispensable in science and engineering education. In this paper, several new concepts on graphical representation of two-dimensional data are presented, and their implementation in a computer program called D_2D detailed. Application examples include mechanism kinematics, vibrations, and optimizations. New ideas on plotting inequalities of two variables, damping ratio evaluation of single degree-of-freedom vibratory systems, and time ratio calculation of crank-driven mechanisms are presented in paper.
High intensity focused ultrasound with large aperture transducers: A MRI based focal point correction for tissue heterogeneity
Authors: Mougenot Charles , Tillander Matti , Koskela Julius , Köhler Max O. , Moonen Chrit , Ries Mario 
Published: March 2012

Purpose:The risk of undesired tissue damage to thoracic cage, heart, and lung during MR guided HIFU ablations of breast cancer can be greatly reduced if a phased array transducer design with a lateral beam direction is used in combination with a large aperture. The disadvantage is an increased sensitivity to focus aberrations due to tissue heterogeneity. Here, the authors propose to restore the focal coherence by using a matched aperture phase correction, which is based on a noninvasively obtained tissue model.Methods:The method combines high resolution MRI with ultrasound wave measurements of different tissue types to determine a phase correction, which compensates focal point aberrations caused by tissue heterogeneity. 3D segmentation of tissue is used to quantify the relative proportion of each tissue type along a line running from the center of each element of the phased array to the target focal point.Results:For tissue types with a celerity difference of 3%, the proposed method allows to quantify the phase aberration with an accuracy of 6° ± 20° and a correlation factor R² = 0.95. Using the refocusing method for a complex heterogeneous phantom resulted in 95% of the maximal pressure, whereas only 70% of the maximal pressure is obtained in absence of any phase correction.Conclusions:Since the proposed refocusing algorithm is compatible with a standard interventional preplanning and requires only a minimal amount of processing, it presents a promising approach to compensate for aberration in heterogeneous tissues such as the human breast.
PB1 A new measure to assess the quality of care at the emergency department from patients' perspective in The Netherlands
Authors: Bos N , Sturms L M , Schrijvers A , van Stel H 
Published: March 2012

Objectives and BackgroundMeasurements of patients' perceptions have been recognised as an important part of evaluations of the quality of care. However, in the Netherlands a standardised and validated instrument to systematically measure how patients experience the healthcare delivered in an emergency department (ED) is lacking. Therefore, we developed the Consumer Quality Index for the Emergency Department (CQI ED).MethodsThe CQI ED was developed according to the national CQI guideline. First, qualitative research was used to construct the CQI ED. Second, to assess psychometric characteristics the 84-item CQI ED, temporarily extended with 50 important questions, was sent to 653 patients who attended a large-sized ED in the Netherlands in January 2010. Exploratory factor analyses were used to determine the domains of the questionnaire. Improvement scores were computed by multiplying the importance scores with the percentages to the negative answering categories of the experience questions.ResultsSurvey data of 304 (47%) patients were used for analyses. The first exploratory factor analysis resulted in 15 items grouped in three internally consistent domains: Attitude of the healthcare professionals, environment and impression of the ED and respect and explanation towards the patient. The second analysis, ignoring the general CQI guidelines, included 27 items and resulted in 5 domains: Attitude of the healthcare professionals, information and explanation, environment of the ED, leaving the ED, and general information and rapidity of care. The three most important aspects in healthcare performance at the ED were: trust in the competence of the healthcare professionals, hygiene at the ED and received care as expected. The highest improvement scores were mostly about informing patients.ConclusionsThe CQI ED is a reliable instrument to measure patients' experiences with care at the ED and seems applicable for local quality improvement. Preferring a construct of three or five domains depends on the choice for a between-ED or within-ED comparison.
PB10 Safe Elderly Emergency Discharge (SEED) project: determining best practice for safe discharge of the older emergency patient
Authors: Lowthian J , Cameron P , Smit D , Newnham H , Hunter P , Brand C , Barker A , Banerjee J , Cooke M 
Published: March 2012

Background and ObjectivesIncreasing numbers of older patients presenting for emergency hospital care is a major worldwide concern. The fastest growth is in people aged ≥65 years representing 18% of all presentations. An ED visit for older people is a sentinel health event that can lead to substantial functional decline and adverse outcomes. This age group present with more complex conditions, consume more resources, have longer ED stays, are more likely to be admitted, have long hospital stays, and a higher rate of re-presentation. This will increase with population ageing. Although social/psychological support is often required there is little evidence this occurs in a systematic coordinated manner.SEEDaims toDetermine whether current models of emergency care ensure safe discharge and facilitate optimal health outcomes for older patients.Develop a tailored evidence-based care framework applicable to Australian and international settings.MethodsPHASE 1: Review of best practice: Systematic review of best evidence for models of care for older patients in ED or short stay units.PHASE 2: Evaluation of methods for assessment of unsafe discharge risk: Evaluation of effectiveness of discharge risk screening tools designed to reduce risk of unsafe discharge.PHASE 3: Audit current practice against published best practice: Prospective process mapping of the patient care journey in 3 EDs in Australia and UK: during ED stay and post-discharge, with monitoring of health outcomes in the following 6 months.Expected OutcomesDevelopment of an Older Patient Care Service Framework: Redesign of emergency care for older patients. To include:Development of policy and principles of management, care pathways, and performance improvement measures.Validation of an unsafe discharge screening tool in an Australian & English cohort.Development of a stream-lined care pathway.Reduced ED length of stay.Improved patient experience.Safe discharge with optimisation of health outcomes, reduced unplanned emergency re-presentations; reduced need for higher level residential care; reduced unplanned deaths.Reduced emergency demand and improved patient flow.
PB12 Documentation of intravenous morphine administration in the emergency department
Authors: MacDougall-Davis Sophie 
Published: March 2012

Objectives and BackgroundIntravenous morphine is commonly used in the Emergency Department (ED) and is often prescribed with a dose range from 1 to 10 mg to allow for administration to be titrated to pain. Accurate documentation of the actual dose given or multiple doses given under a single prescription is a legal requirement and is particularly important for a controlled drug. Inadequate documentation may lead to over- or under-dosing, poor handover from ED staff to wards/theatres and raises issues of patient safety, clinical effectiveness and potential medico-legal consequences. We aimed to assess documentation of morphine administration within the ED and evaluate methods for improving practice.MethodsDocumentation of morphine prescribing was reviewed against pharmacy guidelines for a baseline sample of 1200 attendances to our department over a 1-month period. Following staff re-education and protocol dissemination the review was repeated prospectively. After the second review a prescribing sticker was introduced, prompting documentation of the number, dose and timing of morphine boluses given to satisfy each variable dose prescription. A third prospective review was performed.ResultsOverall, 3600 ED attendances were investigated over the three reviews. In 172 cases the drug chart included a variable dose prescription of intravenous morphine. The baseline review showed the actual dose of morphine administered was documented in only 66% of cases. Following re-education and protocol dissemination adherence to pharmacy guidelines rose to 89% and after the introduction of prescribing stickers this increased further to 98%.ConclusionsThe use of a simple drug chart modification and re-education has been shown to improve the documentation of morphine administration to a near perfect level within the ED. Accurate prescribing of controlled drugs is essential and methods such as this can be easily employed to improve patient safety and quality of care.
PB14 Audit of procedural sedation in the Emergency Department of Wishaw General Hospital
Authors: Millington R 
Published: March 2012

Objectives and BackgroundSedation is a commonly performed procedure with a number of significant consequences should it go wrong. The Working Party chaired by Royal College of Anaesthetists, Canadian Consensus Guidelines and the American College of Emergency Physicians have all published guidelines detailing the minimum standards required for safe sedation. These cover the topics of patient assessment, general facilities, sedation procedure and post-sedation care. Our aims were twofold: to determine if sedation was being carried out safely and whether documentation was thorough.MethodsThirty eight notes from August 2010 to February 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. These were identified by searching the department database for diagnoses of “dislocation” and “radial fracture”, then cross-referencing with patients who received midazolam (recorded in the controlled drugs register). Children were excluded. The data collected was compared against aforementioned published guidelines.ResultsThere was no recorded assistant in 25/38 (66%) of cases. Drug doses were not recorded in 14/38 (37%) and in 7/38 (18%) there was no prescription. Physiological monitoring was documented in only 11/38 (29%) of cases. Fasting status was recorded in 6/38 (16%) of cases. Of patients discharged home 24/38 (63%), there was no documentation of follow-up in 15/24 (62.5%). The notes were recorded by the following staff: junior 19/38 (50%), middle grade 11/38 (29%), Consultant 5/38 (13%) and other 3/38 (8%).ConclusionsDocumentation is falling short of achieving the expected standards. Essential aspects of safe sedation are not being carried out. All ED doctors now have to attend a short workshop on safe sedation prior to carrying out any procedures requiring sedation. A sedation form is being introduced for recording and monitoring purposes. We have organised a re-audit starting in September to see if our changes have improved practice.
PB15 Retrospective re-audit of the 48 h post-admission mortality rates via an emergency department (ED) in the UK
Authors: Ritchie R , Wilson J , Tolat V 
Published: March 2012

Objectives and BackgroundThe Medway Maritime District General Hospital's Emergency Department (ED) had a patient census of 84 000 in 2009. Monthly adverse events in 2008 and 2009 prompted a 48-h post admission mortality audit in July 2009 which identified multiple hospital and departmental failings with some related to a chain of missed events. Changes to clinical and operational practices within the department were implemented. These include: reducing Inappropriate Observation Ward admissions, the greater use of the Medway Modified Early Warning System scores, early Clinical Intervention by senior ED doctors and on-call teams, reducing the length of stay of critical care patients, improving Written and Chart Documentations, and changes to Staffing Rota & Skill-mix. The impact of these changes was re-audited in 2010.MethodThe demographic and clinical / nursing records of patients who died within 48-h of admission and were seen by an ED doctor were analysed for July 2009 and January 2010. Patients seen by other admitting specialities were excluded.Result7326 and 6664 patients registered in July 2009 and January 2010 respectively. The majority of patient deaths occurred in the medical and surgical units. Both audited groups had similar age, age range, and sex distribution, and mortality demographics (14 and 13 deaths respectively).The emergency department had no recorded deaths in January 2010 and continued to record zero mortality for several months in 2010.ConclusionsThe 48-h mortality audit could be an effective quality evaluation tool for EDs. Changes to operational practices and attitudes towards patient care and mortality reduction require a systematic programme of changes across an organisation and are not solely the responsibility of any one department.
PB17 Handover tool use in the emergency department
Authors: Shere H 
Published: March 2012

Objectives and BackgroundOngoing patient management in the Emergency Department involves the handing over of patients between medical and nursing staff. Ideally, this should enable the receiving staff to be as well informed as their predecessors to ensure optimal patient care. In practice this has been found to be one of the most dangerous aspects of shift working patterns. Handovers are highly variable and often perceived to be diverting attention from seeing patients, rather than an essential part of their care.MethodsI have designed a more formal written handover tool to enable a one-to-one written, sit-down handover. The aim of this is to ensure that routine investigations carried out are appropriately checked and that the new doctor knows exactly what is left to chase up. The idea is that both doctors sign the bottom of the handover sheet and this is used as part of the notes to show it took place.ResultsI have been successfully trialling this in Poole Hospital Emergency Departmen, Dorset.ConclusionsI feel that robust handover systems such as this need to be instigated more rigorously in order to prevent latent errors that may occur due to lack of continuity of care.
PB18 Minor injury units: are they a safe alternative for emergency treatment of orthopaedic minor injuries?
Authors: Smith J , Balogun-Ojuri B , Chesser T 
Published: March 2012

Objectives and BackgroundWith the drive to bring the provision of emergency care into the community, the number of minor injury units (MIU) is rising. While these units may lead to improved access to medical services, they must be introduced without compromise to quality of patient care. This study aims to determine whether the quality of care delivered by two MIU in the community is akin to that provided by a hospital Emergency Department (ED), and thus a safe and efficient use of NHS time and resources.MethodRetrospective case note review of orthopaedic outpatient fracture clinic referrals from two MIU (one fully established and one recently opened) and one teaching hospital ED. Units were assessed on their accuracy of diagnosis and initial management.ResultsA total of 439 orthopaedic outpatient referrals were included from July–September 2010. Appropriate management was achieved in 63% of referrals from the newly opened MIU, compared with 81% from the teaching hospital ED (p=0.003). 64% of the newly opened MIU patients were correctly diagnosed, versus 83% at the ED (p=0.001). A quarter of patients who attended the recently opened MIU received inappropriate initial treatment (p=0.04). There was no significant difference between results for the established MIU and the ED in any measure.ConclusionFor the management of minor orthopaedic injury, well supported nurse-led centres can provide a safe and effective alternative to doctor led care, thus reducing the workload on already burdened hospital EDs. However, new nurse-led MIU must have close observation and tight regulation to prevent the inefficient use of NHS resources and more importantly a risk to patient safety and quality of care.