bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social security health insurance for the informal sector in Nicaragua: a randomized evaluation
Authors: Thornton Rebecca L. , Hatt Laurel E. , Field Erica M. , Islam Mursaleena , Solís Diaz Freddy , González Martha Azucena 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article presents the results from an experimental evaluation of a voluntary health insurance program for informal sector workers in Nicaragua. Costs of the premiums as well as enrollment location were randomly allocated. Overall, take‐up of the program was low, with only 20% enrollment. Program costs and streamlined bureaucratic procedures were important determinants of enrollment. Participation of local microfinance institutions had a slight negative effect on enrollment. One year later, those who received insurance substituted toward services at covered facilities and total out‐of‐pocket expenditures fell. However, total expenditures fell by less than the insurance premiums. We find no evidence of an increase in health‐care utilization among the newly insured. We also find very low retention rates after the expiration of the subsidy, with less than 10% of enrollees still enrolled after one year. To shed light on the findings from the experimental results, we present qualitative evidence of institutional and contextual factors that limited the success of this program. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analytical solution for describing the transient temperature distribution in an aquifer thermal energy storage system
Authors: Li Kuang‐Yi , Yang Shaw‐Yang , Yeh Hund‐Der 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mathematical model is developed for predicting the temperature distribution in an aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system, which consists of a confined aquifer bounded from above and below by the rocks of different geological properties. The main transfer processes of heat include the conduction and advection in the aquifer and the conduction in the rocks. The semi‐analytical solution in dimensionless form for the model is developed by Laplace transforms and its corresponding time‐domain solution is evaluated by the modified Crump method. Field geothermal property data are used to simulate the temperature distribution in an ATES system. The results show that the heat transfer in the aquifer is fast and has a vast effect on the vicinity of the wellbore. However, the aquifer temperature decreases with increasing radial and vertical distances. The temperature in the aquifer may be overestimated when ignoring the effect of thermal conductivity. The temperature distribution in an ATES system depends on the vertical thermal conduction in the rocks and the horizontal advection and thermal conduction in the aquifer. The present solution is useful in designing and simulating the heat injection facility in the ATES systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revealing the preferences of the US Federal Reserve
Authors: Ilbas Pelin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe use Bayesian methods to estimate changes in US post‐war monetary policy in the Smets and Wouters model. We perform the estimations by allowing for a break in monetary policy at the time of Volcker's appointment as chairman. This enables us to capture changes in the monetary policy regime introduced by Volcker during the Volcker–Greenspan period. We find support for the assumption that monetary policy in the Volcker–Greenspan period performed optimally under commitment. Our estimation strategy allows us to estimate the preferences of the US Federal Reserve in the Volcker–Greenspan period, where the main objective of policy appears to be inflation, followed by interest rate stabilization, output growth and interest rate smoothing. We find that the Great Moderation of output growth is explained by a combination of two factors: the decrease in the volatility of the structural shocks and the improved monetary policy conduct. Inflation Stabilization, however, is mainly due to the change in monetary policy that took place at the beginning of Volcker's mandate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FGF-23: More than a regulator of renal phosphate handling?
Authors: Jüppner Harald , Wolf Myles , Salusky Isidro B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is likely to be the most important regulator of phosphate homeostasis, which mediates its functions through FGF receptors and the coreceptor Klotho. Besides reducing expression of the sodium-phosphate cotransporters NPT2a and NPT2c in the proximal tubules, FGF-23 inhibits the renal 1α-hydroxylase and stimulates the 24-hydroxylase, and it appears to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in short-term studies. FGF-23 synthesis and secretion by osteocytes and osteoblasts is upregulated through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and through an increased dietary phosphate intake. FGF-23 levels are elevated or inappropriately normal in patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia and several inherited hypophosphatemic disorders, but the most significant increases are found in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). During the early stages of CKD, increased FGF-23 production enhances urinary phosphate excretion and thus prevents the development of hyperphosphatemia, reduces the circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D3, and therefore contributes to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), FGF-23 levels can be extremely high and were shown to be predictors of bone mineralization, left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular calcification, and mortality. It remains to be determined, however, whether FGF-23 represents simply a sensitive biomarker of an abnormal phosphate homeostasis or has, independent of serum phosphate levels, potentially negative “off-target” effects. Nonetheless, reducing the production and/or the biologic activity of FGF-23 may be an important therapeutic goal for this patient population. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Proton transfer in phenol–amine complexes: Phenol electronic effects on free energy profile in solution
Authors: Aono Shinji , Kato Shigeki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFree energy profiles for the proton transfer reactions in hydrogen‐bonded complex of phenol with trimethylamine in methyl chloride solvent are studied with the reference interaction site model self‐consistent field method. The reactions in both the electronic ground and excited states are considered. The second‐order Møller‐Plesset perturbation (MP) theory or the second‐order multireference MP theory is used to evaluate the effect of the dynamical electron correlation on the free energy profiles. The free energy surface in the ground state shows a discrepancy with the experimental results for the related hydrogen‐bonded complexes. To resolve this discrepancy, the effects of chloro‐substitutions in phenol are examined, and its importance in stabilizing the ionic form is discussed. The temperature effect is also studied. In contrast to the ground state, the ππ* excited state of phenol–trimethylamine complex exhibits the proton transfer reaction with a low barrier. The reaction is almost thermoneutral. This is attributed to the reduction of proton affinity of phenol by the ππ* electronic excitation. We further examine the possibility of the electron–proton–coupled transfer in the ππ* state through the surface crossing with the charge transfer type πσ* state. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
New ω‐substituted anisoles. VIII. Aryloxymethyl quaternary ammonium salts
Authors: Barber H. J. , Green M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhenoxymethyl chlorides react readily with tertiary amines to give well‐defined quaternary salts, many of which show considerable bactericidal activity. Phenylthiomethyl chlorides react similarly but more slowly. The quaternary salts break down on heating with dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
The drawing of ‘terylene’
Authors: Marshall I. , Thompson A. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method of analysis of continuous‐drawing processes in terms of the basic load/extension/temperature properties of high polymers is given. Experimental work has been largely confined to polyethylene terephthalate (‘Terylene’ multi‐filament yarn), for which material quantitative results are presented. This includes load/extension curves covering the temperature range in which uniform extension takes place, and results on ‘natural’ draw ratios when the extension proceeds by ‘necking’.A brief account of a theory of ‘cold‐drawing’ is given.
Crystallization phenomena in fibre‐forming polymers
Authors: Morgan L. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present position reached in a general study of how fabrication conditions affect the crystalline texture and therefore the properties of crystalline polymers is reviewed. The mechanism by which long‐chain molecules order themselves into some form of crystalline array is postulated to be one involving normal nucleation processes, but modified to take account of the fact that polymers melt over a range of temperatures, and the nucleation act is followed by preferential crystal growth in the direction of the polymer chains. This mechanism, with the additional concept of coiling growth, is not inconsistent with kinetics that fit the crystallization‐rate processes on the one hand and observable structure in crystalline polymers on the other.It is considered that lateral accretion of the polymer molecules to the already formed long helical polymer‐crystal results in haphazard branching growth with the new fibril developing along a path parallel to the parent crystal. This leads to the formation of coiled families of fibrillar crystals and this structure appears to be a suitable model on which to explain the many wide‐angle and low‐angle X‐ray observations that have been made at various stages of the drawing and relaxing of filaments of crystalline polymers.
Production of fibres from 6, 6‐, 6, 10‐ and 6‐polyamides
Authors: Meacock G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe differences in physical and chemical properties of 6, 6‐, 6, 10‐ and 6‐polyamides are reflected in the conditions required for the production of the fibres, and in their properties. These factors have been compared.The 6, 6‐polymer has the highest melting‐point and the least thermal stability. On the other hand, 6‐polymer produces a fibre containing sufficient monomer to involve process complications, and its initial modulus is low. The 6, 10‐fibres absorb less moisture than 6, 6 or 6.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. I. The preparation of butyltin compounds by a Wurtz reaction
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of tetrabutyltin by a Wurtz reaction from stannic chloride, butyl chloride and sodium is described. To avoid losses of tin, due to the reduction of stannic chloride, a cyclic process is developed: instead of stannic chloride, dibutyltin dichloride is used as a starting material in the Wurtz reaction. The tetrabutyltin obtained is treated with stannic chloride to give dibutyltin dichloride, part of which has to be recycled.The disproportionation reaction used in the preparation of dibutyltin dichloride from tetrabutyltin and the chlorination of hexabutyldistannane, obtained as a by‐product in the Wurtz reaction, are briefly dealt with.
The mechanism of the corrosion‐inhibitive action of paints, with special reference to basic pigments
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. , van Rooyen D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been shown previously that water becomes non‐corrosive to iron and steel after contact with certain metal soaps (Pb, Zn, Ba, Sr, Ca) of linseed‐oil fatty acids.Aqueous extracts of the lead and calcium soaps have now been analysed, mainly by chromatography. The extracts contained salts of formic acid, azelaic acid and an unsaturated hydroxy‐acid derived from pelargonic acid; small quantities of the salts of acetic, propionic, butyric and suberic acids were also detected.Immersion tests showed that lead and calcium formates were corrosive, but the lead and calcium salts of azelaic acid, suberic acid and pelargonic acid were inhibitive at pH 4.6. A synthetic mixture was made, which had inhibitive properties similar to those of a natural extract.Two hypotheses are put forward to explain the results.
Studies on the ammonium sulphate fractions of groundnut protein
Authors: Kelly Kirsteen O. , Naismith W. E. F. , Thomson R. H. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the three fractions of groundnut protein—arachin, conarachin I and conarachin II. Both the conarachin fractions are coagulated at 75–80°. The amino‐acids in the three fractions and the total protein have been examined by two‐dimensional paper partition chromatography, the same amino‐acids being found present in each. Diffusion chromatography has been employed to examine the relationship of arachin, the two conarachin fractions and the X fraction of Thomson. The X fraction, which occurs in spray‐dried groundnut protein but not in the nut, is probably derived at least in part from arachin. An appreciable increase in viscosity increment of arachin and conarachin II occurs by raising the pH above 12, and both these fractions can be readily extruded into fibre at the high pH value. With conarachin I the increase in the viscosity increment is less appreciable and this fraction can be spun into fibre only with difficulty. The fibres from both conarachin fractions are poor.
Fischer‐tropsch synthesis with cobalt catalysts. II. The effect of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and methane in the synthesis gas
Authors: Gibson E. J. , Hall C. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis at atmospheric pressure in the presence of a cobalt catalyst the rate of conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is reduced by the addition of diluents to the synthesis gas. The fall in reaction rate has been shown to be approximately directly proportional to the fall in concentration of the reactants. The proportion of gaseous to non‐gaseous products increases with increasing dilution. For a fixed amount of diluent, the proportion of non‐gaseous products increases with change in the nature of the diluent in the order nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide.By using as diluent carbon dioxide containing 14CO2, it has been shown that carbon dioxide does not participate in the synthesis under the conditions used in these experiments.
Tests on the relative efficiency of chromate pigments in anticorrosive primers
Authors: Cole H. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSea‐water‐spray corrosion tests have been made on two magnesium alloys, an aluminium alloy and mild steel painted with primers made from seventeen chromate pigments incorporated in turn in a stand oil/coumarone medium. Best all‐round protection was given by strontium chromate. Fair to good protection was given by potassium zinc chrome, sodium zinc chrome, zinc monoxychromate, zinc tetroxychromate and calcium chromate. Three complex cadmium chromes, three lead chromes and barium chromate all gave poor results.
Aldolization, ketolization, and crotonization: Catalysis with anion‐exchangers
Authors: Austerweil G. V. , Pallaud R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aldolization of aldehydes, catalysed by anionic exchangers, as formerly described, can be extended to a similar reaction in which aldehydes react with ketones; it is shown that, by using rather strongly basic anion exchangers, the reaction goes a step further in the condensation process through loss of water to give olefinic aldehydes by crotonization.
The carburization of iron oxide with carbon monoxide: Modifications of hägg iron carbide
Authors: Cohn E. M. , Bean E. H. , Mentser M. , Hofer L. J. E. , Pontello A. , Peebles W. C. , Jack K. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was undertaken because of its potential use in catalysis as well as in metallurgy. Modifications of Hägg iron carbide, exhibiting differences in X‐ray diffraction patterns and Curie points, have been observed; the differences appear to be linked to the mode of preparation. Carburization of reduced iron with carbon monoxide leads to ‘normal’ Hägg iron carbide with a Curie point at 245°to 250°; carburization of iron oxide produces Hägg iron carbide with a higher Curie point, up to 276°. The ‘high‐Curie‐point’ carbide progressively approaches the ‘normal’ form with increasing temperature and time of carburization. Possible explanations for the ‘high‐Curie‐point’ modification, based on the effect of oxygen, alkali, or crystallite size, are suggested. The Curie point of 247 ± 3°is that of pure, well‐crystallized Hägg iron carbide.
The estimation of solvent power by the dilution ratio method
Authors: Moore W. R. , Brown A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeterminations of the volumes of different precipitants required just to cause precipitation of cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate and ethyl cellulose from dilute solutions in representative solvents are made and the values compared with those of the polymer‐solvent interaction parameter μ. Estimates are made of the solubility parameters of the polymers precipitated and a qualitative interpretation of the variation of volume of precipitant with solvent is attempted. In certain cases, enhancement of solvent power on addition of precipitant is suggested and confirmed by osmotic pressure studies using solvent—precipitant mixtures as solvents. Criteria for the use of the dilution ratio method as a means of assessing thermodynamic solvent power are suggested. In the cases of ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate, a quantitative treatment predicts conditions under which precipitation and enhanced solvent power may occur fairly well.
The effect of surface abrasion on the hydrogen content of steel
Authors: Cooke F. , Shanahan C. E. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAbrasion of mild and stainless steel on a 3 M Company 120‐grade silicon carbide paper has been shown to increase the hydrogen content by 0·0049 and 0·0034 ml. per sq. cm. of apparent abraded area, respectively.The application of the results to the determination of hydrogen in steel is discussed and, in the particular case of mild‐steel sheet where the surface area may be as high as 200 sq. cm. per 100 g., the magnitude of the error due to abrasion on the above silicon carbide paper is sufficiently high to invalidate the determination of internal hydrogen on such materials unless appropriate corrections are made.
The pyrolysis of acetylene below 550°C
Authors: Minkoff G. J. , Newitt D. M. , Rutledge P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe polymerization of acetylene below 550° has been examined in a static system. For unpacked vessels it was found possible to obtain reproducible results, from which second‐order rate constants, and an activation energy of 46·7 | 2 kcal., have been obtained. The effect of a large number of additives has been examined, with particular reference to compounds which might be present as impurities in the acetone in which commercial acetylene is dissolved. The results were mainly negative, catalysis being observed only in the presence of diacetyl. Nitric oxide considerably lengthened the induction period, while alkyl halides and traces of some metals led to the replacement of polymerization by decomposition. In packed vessels the reaction is controlled mostly by the surface, and, with some packings, it is more rapid than in unpacked vessels.
Adsorption at inorganic surfaces. II. Adsorption of dyes and related compounds by silica
Authors: Allingham Margaret M. , Cullen J. M. , Giles C. H. , Jain S. K. , Woods J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the adsorption by varieties of silica of a number of aromatic compounds, (chiefly dyes), from aqueous solution.Basic dyes are adsorbed by ion‐exchange in the form of a monolayer of cationic micelles, the amount adsorbed being considerably in excess of that required to cover the surface with a normal monolayer. In the case of methylene blue and pseudocyamine chloride, micellar adsorption is confirmed by spectroscopic examination of the solution before and after adsorption. This form of adsorption is very rapid (complete in a few minutes at room temperature) and is not temperature‐dependent.Two typical anionic (sulphonated azo) dyes, Orange I and II, are also adsorbed, but much more slowly and to a less extent than basic dyes. Orange I is adsorbed probably by hydrogen bonding as a monolayer. Both of these dyes are oriented perpendicularly as single anions, but some micellar adsorption may occur. Orange II has no free phenolic group and is adsorbed probably by accompanying sodium ions themselves adsorbed by ion‐exchange, and its extent of coverage is much less than a monolayer. It is suggested that the low adsorption rates are a result of the difficulty the dye anions have in penetrating to the negatively charged silicon surface.p‐Nitrophenol is adsorbed as a monolayer, probably by hydrogen bonding. There is no clear evidence that forces other than ion‐exchange and hydrogen‐bonding are effective in adsorption of any aromatic compounds on silica.
The theory of recovering salt from sea‐water by solar evaporation
Authors: Myers D. M. , Bonython C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA theory is developed for the production of salt by the evaporation of sea‐water. The theory leads to simultaneous differential equations, solutions of which were evaluated on a differential analyser, for both steady‐state and transient conditions.The steady‐state solutions provide data which can be used in the design of a saltfield, particularly in the determination of the ‘concentrating’ area required to provide an adequate supply of concentrated brine to feed the ‘crystallizing’ area from which the salt is ultimately recovered.The transient solutions show the behaviour of the saltfield after flooding with fresh brine, and also after a sudden change is made in the rate of flow through the system. The latter studies are of interest from the operating, rather than design, point of view.
The effect of conditions of preparation on the form of alumina. I. Precipitation and subsequent calcination of products in the system aluminium sulphate‐sodium aluminate‐water
Authors: Lewis J. A. , Taylor C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults are given of an investigation, using X‐ray powder photography for identification, of the effects of temperature, concentration, order of addition and excess of either of the reagents used on the nature of precipitates and their calcination products. Some clarification of the interrelationships of the various forms of alumina is adduced.
The preparation of aluminium soaps by a continuous process. II. Aluminium nonanoate
Authors: Taylor A. J. , Woods D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn account is given of the laboratory preparation of aluminium dinonanoate, the aluminium soap of 3: 5: 5‐trimethylhexanoic acid, using a continuous process. The effect, on the composition and quality of the soap produced, of changing variables such as concentration and proportions of the reacting solutions, degree of agitation and time and temperature of reaction, has been found. It is shown that the product of the best quality, when judged by the consistency and storage stability of gels in hydrocarbons, is produced when the reaction pH is kept within the range 3.6 to 4.0. The conclusions from the laboratory preparations were later confirmed on pilot‐plant scale.
Relationship between viscosity and molecular weight of ethyl cellulose
Authors: Moore W. R. , Brown A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix fractions of ethyl cellulose have been obtained. Their number‐average molecular weights have been determined osmotically and limiting viscosity numbers at 25° obtained using five solvents. Values of K and α in the expression [η] = KMa are given. Those for α do not vary much with solvent and are not simply related to solvent power. Up to a molecular weight of about 80,000, the relationship between [η] and M̄n seems to be linear and values are given of the constant Km in the Staudinger expression [η] = KmM.