bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of European corn borer in sweet corn by Trichogramma brassicae Bezd. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Burgio G. , Maini S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe biological control effectiveness of the indigenous egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezd, reared continuously on Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) (ECB) eggs, was tested against ECB in sweet corn in 1991 (2 ha release plot) and 1992 (3.5 ha release plot). T. brassicae was reared for three‐four generations on the factidious host Ephestia kuehniella Zell. and then released on the crop; a 0.5 ha plot situated at 300–400m from the test plots was used as control in both years. Four releases, each totalling 250–300 000 individuals, were made the first year and three at the same rate per ha the second. ECB adult emergence was monitored using traps baited with sex pheromone and phenylacetaldehyde food attractant. The parasitoid activity was monitored via sentinel egg masses following each release. The parasitization rates of the sentinel egg masses was always higher in the release plot vs. control. The parasitization of natural egg masses sampled in both years before harvest was: 12.5 and 10.86% in control as against 87.5 and 68.58% in T. brassicae plots in the respective years. ECB damage was calculated on crop ear samples. The rate (%) of sentinel egg mass predation by wild predators showed no significant difference between control and release plots for both years. The low level of ECB damage to crop ears evinced the good search capacity, parasitization and control effectiveness of T. brassicae.
Susceptibility of neem to attack by the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shir. (Isopt., Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Delate K. M. , Grace J. K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe neem tree, Azadirachta indica, is a source of natural compounds with potent insecticidal, feeding deterrent and insect growth regulator activity. However, little information is available on the effects of these natural products on termites. We assessed the effects of mulches made from ground neem branches and roots on survival of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and compared termite feeding and survival on neem wood and bark to that on susceptible Pseudotsuga menziesii wood. Termite survival was fairly low in both P. menziesii heartwood and neem mulches over the 14 day test period, and did not differ significantly among those treatments. However, termites exposed to either P. menziesii wood, neem wood, or neem bark for 4 weeks fed significantly less on neem wood and bark. Feeding on neem bark caused significant termite mortality (56.4%) in comparison to that induced by feeding on neem wood (27.1%) or P. menziesii wood (12.5%). Thus, although neem is not entirely resistant to termite attack, the antifeedant properties of its wood and bark and the toxicity of neem bark support the use of neem trees for arboriculture in areas where termites are a problem.
The dynamics of the adult population of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hom., Psyllidae) in the region of Magnesia (Greece)
Authors: Stratopoulou E. T. , Kapatos E. T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDuring the years 1991/92, the dynamics of the adult population of Cacopsylla pyri L. was studied in Greece (region of Magnesia). At regular intervals during the year, estimates were obtained of the size of the population of males and females, percentage gravid females, sex ratio, number of eggs per gravid female and daily rate of oviposition. The adult population of pear psylla was sampled in such a way that estimates can be directly related quantitatively with simultaneous estimates of the immature stages. During most of the year females were more abundant than males except during the period of high adult emergence and the period of diapause when sex ratio remained close to 1:1.During the infestation period (February‐October) a large proportion of the females contained mature eggs except during the period of high emergence of new females when, briefly, the proportion of mature females in the total female population was low. The mean number of mature eggs per gravid female changed considerably during the same period (February‐October). It was very high during late winter, spring and autumn and low during summer suggesting that ovarian development is depressed during summer, which may be due to high temperatures. Consequently, the daily rate of oviposition was high during spring and autumn and low during summer. During late winter (February‐March) the daily rate of oviposition was low, although the females contained a high number of mature eggs suggesting that ovarian development and rate of oviposition are not equally affected by weather conditions.
Application of discriminant analysis to electrical penetration graphs of the aphid Sitobion avenae feeding on resistant and susceptible wheat
Authors: Caillaud C. M. , Di Pietro J. P. , Chaubet B. , Pierre J. S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe stylet penetration activities of Sitobion avenae F. were followed with an electronic method (DC‐EPG) on resistant and susceptible wheat genotypes. Discriminant analysis was therefore applied to data evaluated on each electrical penetration graphs obtained (EPGs). The variables which mostly explained the resistance‐susceptibility status of the wheat genotypes appeared to be related to the ingestion sap event (as represented by pattern E2), either to the time preceding first occurrence of a sap ingestion event or to the total time spent by the aphid ingesting sap from the sieve elements of the phloem. On the basis of their stylet penetration activities, individuals were separated into three blocks. The first one was made up the individuals tested on susceptible or slightly resistant wheat (‘susceptible block’). The second one contained the individuals tested on two resistant genotypes (‘resistant block l’) and the third one regrouped the individuals tested on another resistant genotype (‘resistant block 2’). These results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms of wheat resistance to S. avenae.
Importance of generalist epigeal predator species in a cereal field: predation on baits
Authors: Tolonen T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAn experiment was carried out using bait cards to assess the contribution of different polyphagous predators in a wheat field to degree of predation.Activity abundancy of predators was measured by pitfall trapping. In June the most abundant carabids were Bembidion guttula, B. properans and Clivina fossor, later Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus discus. Staphylinids and spiders were most abundant in July. The total number of predators increased towards the end of the season.Predatory pressure was assessed using Drosophila melanogaster pupae as bait on small bait cards placed on the soil twice a week from 4/6–6/8. At the beginning of the experiment, predation was lower than later. Degree of predation varied between plots within every two‐week period. According to the model obtained, Amara sp. contributed to predation 9/7–7/8. Bembidion guttula contributed to predation in every period, B. properans 4–14/6. Clivina fossor contributed to predation from the middle of June to the beginning of August, as did Trechus discus. Staphylinids contributed to predation 18–27/6 and 23/7–7/8 and spiders 18/6–19/7. Patrobus atrorufus and Synuchus nivalis contributed to predation 23/7–7/8, although not many were caught in the traps.
Comparative susceptibility of chironomid larvae (Dipt., Chironomidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis with special reference to altered susceptibility due to food difference
Authors: Kondo S. , Ohba M. , Ishii T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis exhibited larvicidal activities, with varying degrees, against detritusfeeding larvae of the six species belonging to the subfamily Chironominae (Dipt., Chironomidae): Chironomus kiiensis, Chironomus yoshimatsui, Dicrotendipes pelochloris, Glyptotendipes tokunagai, Paratanytarsus sp., and Stictochironomus akizukii. Of these, the most susceptible were C. kiiensis, C. yoshimatsui, and Paratanytarsus sp.; in these species a high/rapid mortality (70–100%) occurred within 2 days at a bacterial concentration of 17 μg/ml. The least susceptible was S. akizukii. The degree of difference in susceptibility ranged from 10 to 1000 times among the six species.There was a marked difference in susceptibility between two larval populations of a euryphagous species, Pentapedilum tigrinum, when reared on different foods prior to treatment; the larvae reared on aquatic plant tissue were 100 times more susceptible than the larvae fed on detritus.
Sensitivity of grapevine phenological stages to larvae of European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae)
Authors: Gabel B. , Roehrich R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study compares the sensitivity of different phenological stages of grapevine cultivars to infestation by larvae of the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.The fructiferous organs of six cultivars: Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon, Semillon and Müller Thurgau were infested at 5–10 days intervals from the beginning of the vegetative period, with a constant number of newly hatched L. botrana larvae (five per organ). After the larvae reached the fifth instar, the fructiferous organs were cut and each grape analysed according to the damage. Each organ was classified into one of three groups: I — no damage; II — traces of probing activity and III — traces of feeding activity.At the beginning of the vegetative period (stages D and E) the percentage of fructiferous organs with traces of feeding activity is relatively low (20–35% dependent on cultivar). From stage F onwards the number of bunches with traces of feeding activity progressively increases, reaching a maximum at stage H (78–93%). In all cultivars tested a period was clearly observed when the fructiferous organs were significantly (ANOVA procedure, P< 0.0001) unsuitable for infestation by freshly hatched larvae, and this corresponded to phenological stages I and J (8–35% of bunches with traces of feeding activity). The phenological stages following stage until harvest were again suitable for development of the larvae (50–95% of bunches in the group III), but with greater individual alter variability than observed for stages from F to H.
An example of numerical response of the carabid beetle, Calosoma maximowiczi Morawitz (Col., Carabidae), to the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lep., Notodontidae)
Authors: Kamata N. , Igarashi Y. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe carabid beetle, Calosoma maximowiczi, is a conspicuous predator of the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella. The beech caterpillar population gradually increased in all study plots from the time our research began and a severe defoliation was found in 1990. Seasonal and annual change in beetle abundance was investigated in the beech forests where this defoliation was observed. Adult carabids appeared from late July to mid‐August when larvae of the caterpillar were full grown, and their abundance showed a strong relationship with the caterpillar density. Though carabid larvae are usually scarce in forests, they were abundant the year that catches of adult beetles were heavy.
Using degree‐days model to determine the optimum spray timing for the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lep., Olethreutidae)
Authors: Ahmad T. R. , Ali M. A. , Hamad B. Sh. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSuccessful spraying against Cydia pomonella (L.), the main pome fruits pest in Iraq orchards, depends on correct timing, which was determined by the degree‐days model or at intervals of 100 ° 10 degree‐days after the biofix. Sprays are most effective against the newly hatched larvae before entry into the fruits. The optimum timing with laresban treatments was determined to be at 200 degree‐days after the biofix or after an average degree‐days accumulation of 195 DD (SD = 59) and 298 DD (SD = 67) when daily degree‐days calculated by the method of the sine‐wave.
Life table of Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) and its analysis
Authors: Hui Ye , Zhimo Zhao 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA life table was developed for the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), on the basis of two consecutive years of field research in Kunming, China. Based on the analysis of the life table, intraspecific larval competition, pine resin, parasitoids, predators and the other unknown factors composed the main factors affecting insect mortality. Among them the intraspecific larval competition contributed to highly proportional mortality of the population, approximately 39.85%, and was supposed to be a major factor determining productivity of the insect. The second highest proportional mortality, around 20.59%, was attributed to pine resin. The percentage of unknown mortality was 13.37%, in which temperature and humidity as well as forest hygiene were involved. For different stages the larval mortality of 52.38% was the highest compared with others, and therefore played the greatest role in the population mortality process. The mortality rate for the adult, egg and pupa was 15.5%, 5.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The generation mortality rate of 78.24% indicated a increasing population in Kunming over the study years
The comparative effectiveness of chemical traps, and fir, spruce and larch billets, for the estimations of pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) (Col., Curculionidae) density indices
Authors: Wilson W. L. , Day K. R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is attracted to damaged conifer species by the release of the volatiles apinene and ethanol. Recent attention has focused on the effectiveness of these volatiles in attracting the weevils to chemical traps. This study, in reforested clearfell areas, found that chemical traps were less effective than three species of conifer billet traps. In plantations of Douglas fir and Japanese larch, where these species were also used as billet traps, the comparative effectiveness of Sitka spruce billets was always greater. It is concluded that there is still a significant role for billet traps in studies of weevil activity and densities.
The impact of Medetera dendrobaena Kowarz (Dipt., Dolichopodidae) on bark beetles
Authors: Nicolai V. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMany natural enemies of bark beetles have been studied in central Europe. However, little is known about the impact that these natural enemies might have on developing bark beetle populations in the field. The larvae of Medetera dendrobaena are known to be important natural predators of bark beetles, especially in virgin forests. In the laboratory, bark beetles (Pityogenes chalcographus (Col., Scolytidae)) were reared to produce larvae which were then fed as a food resource to the M. dendrobaena. Eggs of the M. dendrobaena could be placed in newly infested standardized wooden pieces. The time as well as the densities could be varied under constant laboratory conditions. Infested wooden pieces without eggs of M. dendrobaena were used as controls. Only if the eggs of the M. dendrobaena were placed in newly infested wooden pieces up to 48 h, a high mortality of the developing bark beetles could be proven. The mortality of the bark beetles was density dependent. The higher the density of the bark beetles per wooden piece, the more larvae of bark beetles were killed through a larvae of M. dendrobaena per day.In the field similar results were observed. Here, up to 100 M. dendrobaena emerged per m2 of spruce bark infested with bark beetles. The adults of the M. dendrobaena are present from May up to the first periods of frost on the trunks of trees. Throughout the whole summer, the females of M. dendrobaena are able to lay eggs in newly infested trunks very soon after an infestation of bark beetles. This corresponds well with the results from the laboratory investigations.
Entomopathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana toward flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze (Col., Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Miranpuri G. S. , Khachatourians G. G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA series of bioassays were conducted on flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae using various strains/isolates of Beauveria bassiana. Flea beetles were sprayed with a conidiospore suspension of 108 spores/ml in different experiments. Fungus‐treated and water‐treated beetles were placed in groups of 10–50 insects in various bioassay containers including cups, jars, and cages and maintained on a fresh supply of host plant. Insect mortality was monitored daily. The LT50 values found in B. bassiana ranged from a low of 1.9 for DAOM 210569 to a high of 16.6 for ATCC 44860. In addition to this, the results of 6 experiments of two most stable and highly sporulating strains of B. bassiana GK 2016 and SG 8702 in our laboratory showed a variation in their LT50 values 4.3 ± 1.7 and 2.8 ± 1.6 days, respectively. The mortality data was supported by examination of mummified cadavers. In different experiments 50–90% of the cadavers showed fungal mummification within 7 days depending upon the isolate tested. The results indicated that some strains of B. bassiana are pathogenic toward the flea beetle.
Effet d'une ceinture de diffuseurs à attractif sexuel sur la distribution des captures de mâles, des accouplements de femelles attachées et de l'attaque de Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. en vignoble
Authors: Charmillot P.‐J. , Pasquier D. , Alipaz N. J. , Neumann U. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Effect of pheromone dispensers placed as a belt on the distribution of male catches, tethered female matings and damage of Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. in vineyards: In a vineyard in the Lake Geneva Region, BASF ampulla dispensers containing pheromone of grape vine moth L. botrana, were hung exclusively along a 10 ha rectangle. Pheromone traps were distributed 50 m of one another, inside and outside of the belt of dispensers. Virgin females were tethered throughout the vineyard. During both flight periods, male catches and tethered female matings inside the belt of dispensers were reduced by more than 90% in comparaison with the outside. First generation damage was 12.4% outside and 3.9% inside. Reduction of damage was as important in the center of the trial as in the vicinity of the dispensers; in average 68.5%. This trial shows that mating disruption techniques could eventually be conducted by distributing a high density of dispensers along the edge, and by adding a large spaced grid of dispensers inside vineyards.RésuméDans un grand coleau de vignc du Bassin lémanique, des diffuscurs de BASF contenant de l'attractif à eudémis L. botrana, sont distribués exclusivement sur le pourtour d'une surface de 10 ha. Des pièges sexuels sont répartis à 50 m les uns des autres, à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur du périmètre formé par les diffuseurs et des femelles vierges d'eudémis sont attachées dans ce dispositif.Durant les deux périodes de vol. les captures de mâles aux pièces sexuels et les accouplements chez les femelles attachées a l'intérieur de la ceinture de diffuseurs sont réduits de plus de 90% par rapport à l'extérieur. En première génératio, l'attaque moyenne est de 12,4% à l'exterieur de la ceinture de diffuseurs et de 3,9% à l'intérieur. La réduction d'attaque est aussi importante au centre de l'essai que dans les zones proches des diffuseurs; elle atteint en moyenne 68,5%.Cet essai indique que la lutte par confusion pourrait éventuellement être réalisée en distribuant une forte densité de diffuseurs sur les bordures du vignoble et en ajoutant un réseau très espacé à l'intérieur.
Food bait enhancement of fruit mimics to attract Mediterranean fruit fly females
Authors: Katsoyannos B. I. , Hendrichs J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn field experiments conducted in a citrus orchard in Chios, Greece, we compared, by direct observations, the response of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Dipt. Tephritidae) to citrus fruits and leaves and to fruit and leaf mimics (plastic, 7 cm diam. hollow yellow spheres and 10 × 15 cm yellow rectangles resp.), with and without 10 droplets of Nulure, a proteinaceous food lure. We found that on orange trees yellow spheres provided with Nulure were the most attractive to both sexes, and attracted more females than males. They were about three times more attractive to females than those without lure and about seven times more attractive than ripening orange fruit. We also found that prepunctured hollow yellow spheres containing an aqueous solution of 9% Nulure and 3% borax were five times more attractive to females than the same sphere without Nulure when hung on food‐poor mandarin trees but only slightly more attractive when hung on food‐rich fig trees.Our findings suggest that combining food odor and visual stimuli can considerably enhance the attractiveness of fruit models to C. capitata. Such a prepunctured fruit mimic, further enhanced by the addition of host odors, can probably find important applications for medfly management and control and for collecting eggs from wild medfly females to estimate egg fertility in programs involving the release of sterile males.
Larvae of Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) as affected by various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Salama H. S. , Ragaei M. , Sabbour M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe potential activity of 65 strains of the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated against the first instar larvae of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella. The larvae of this insect pest showed to be susceptible to some varieties kurstaki, thuringiensis, tolworthi, galleriae, kenyae and aizawai. Data on the LC50 and potencies of the highly active varieties (causing larval death of 80% or more) indicate that var. galleriae was the most potent. The LC50, for other varieties, ranged between 28.83–101 μg/ml. The different larval instars of P. operculella were affected by B. thuringiensis var. galleriae HD‐234 in varying degrees, showing a gradual increase of LC50 with the increase of larval age.
Larval development variation and adult emergence in the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas Gyllenhal (Col., Curculionidae)
Authors: Menu F. , Debouzie D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe chestnut weevil Curculio elephas is an important pest of the European chestnut Castanea sativa. Our results show that, in the Rhône region, most larvae leave chestnuts from October to early December and immediately burrow into the soil where they overwinter. On average, 95% of larvae leave the fruit after the chestnut has fallen. Adult emergence occurs the following summer‐fall, from mid‐August to early October. Weevils burrowing in November (cohort 2) usually emerge later than those burrowing in October (cohort 1). Whatever the cohort, some larvae extend diapause over several winters but frequency of prolonged diapause is greater in cohort 2. Because of great emergence variability and prolonged larval diapause, efficient chemical controls may be costly and damaging to the environment. Conversely, collecting chestnuts under trees combined with biological control with pathogenic fungi may drastically decrease the population density of this pest without ecological damage.