bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stratigraphy of the Laki Series (Lower Eocene) of parts of Sind and Baluchistan (India); with a Description of the Larger Foraminifera contained in those beds
Authors: Nuttall Winfred Laurence Falkiner 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The following is a short account of the geology of the Lower Eocene Laki Series of the neighbourhood of Tatta, Meting, and the Laki Range in Sind, as well as of beds of the same age in the Bolan Pass (Baluchistan). The location of these places can be readily determined by reference to the map (fig. 1, p. 418). The first part of the paper includes a revision of the existing classification of the geological succession, and a brief description of the stratigraphy. In this respect the neighbourhood of Meting is of particular interest, as the highly fossiliferous lowermost beds of the Laki Series are well exposed, and so far in this area the true geological succession appears not to have been recognized.

The second part incorporates palæontological details, in particular with reference to foraminifera of the genera
Alveolina, Nummulites, Assilina
, etc. It is remarkable that several species with a limited stratigraphical range occur associated, just as they are in beds of similar age in Europe. The Indian representatives of these species have not been systematically examined or described since the classical Monograph on Nummulites by J. d'Archiac & E. J. A. Haime in 1853. At that time, specimens were not collected and separated according to their stratigraphical horizons, nor is it clear often which of the figures to specimens from India.

The field work in the area was done during the winter of 1920–21 and in the latter part of 1923, when most of the fossils described
The Geology of the Cader Idris Range (Merioneth)
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The mountain-range of Cader Idris is formed by a great escarpment of Ordovician volcanic rocks which looks northwards across the Mawddach estuary towards the extensive area of Lower Cambrian rocks comprised in the Harlech Dome. The range has a general east-north-east to west-south-west trend, but the central portion runs almost due east and west. Along the range from east to west are the following summits, all exceeding 2000 feet in altitude:—Geu Graig, Mynydd Moel, Pen y Gader (2927 feet, the highest point), Cyfrwy (or The Saddle), Tyrau Mawr, and Craig y Llyn. Situate a little south of the main escarpment, but connected with it by cols, are the heights of Mynydd Pencoed and Craig Cau. The range is bounded on the south by the Talyllyn Valley, and on the north by the valley running from Dolgelley past Llyn Grwernan. Both these valleys trend nearly north-east to south-west, and follow the lines of repeating faults; along them run the chief and almost the only roads within the district mapped.
North of the Llyn Grwernan Valley a smaller hill-range, or rather a series of ranges, intersected by the Gwynant Valley, intervenes between Cader Idris and the Mawddach estuary. The greater part of the area included in the map (PL XXXVII) lies above the 1000-foot contour, much of it indeed above the 2000-foot line, so that most of the ground is uncultivated and given over entirely as pasturage for sheep. Cultivated ground is restricted to small patches along the Llyn Gwernan
On a
Sagittal Section
of the
Skull of
Australopithecus Africanus
Authors: Sollas William Johnson 
Published: October 2009

That the Taungs skull represents the youthful form of a remarkably interesting kind of Ape has been made abundantly clear by the descriptions given of it by its discoverer and by my friend Dr. R. Broom. For fuller knowledge we must await the detailed account which Prof. R. A. Dart is now preparing, and the casts with which we hope that he will provide us.
Meanwhile we may learn something from a preliminary sagittal section, which I owe to the kindness of Dr. Broom and the generosity of Prof. Dart, who permitted him to trace it.
Fig. 1 (p. 2) is a reproduction of this section. The absence of any suggestion of a frontal torus, the small angle made by the nasion (ν) radius with the nasi-lambda (N.L.) axis, and the proximity of the nasion to the anterior termination of the brain will be seen at a glance. These are characters rather human than simian, and combine to give the forehead a striking human appearance, so much so as to suggest that ‘Homunculus’ might not inappropriately have been chosen for a surname.
The significance of these and other features may be best illustrated by comparison with similar sections provided by other members of the Primates. But, first of all, it is necessary as a preliminary to point out the capital importance of confining our comparisons to skulls in one and the same stage of development. This will be best appreciated by reference to the following illustrations. In fig. 2 the
The Volcanic Rocks of Christmas Island, (Indian Ocean)
Authors: Smith Walter Campbell 
Published: October 2009

Christmas Island occupies a very isolated position in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean in lat. 10° 25′ S.. long. 105° 42′ E. The nearest land is Java, 190 miles away to the north; a little south of west, at a distance of about (650 miles, are the Islands of Cocoa and North Keeling; while the nearest point on the Australian mainland is 900 miles distant on tlie south-east.
The greatest length of the island is 12 miles, and its greatest width 9. It forms the flat top of a submarine mountain, the base of which is 14,400 feet below sea-level and its summit about 1000 feet above. The slopes of this mountain are steep, depths of 1100 feet being found less than 4 miles out, and the base, 14,400 feet, being within 20 miles of the coast of the island. The slopes of the upper part are nearly alike on all sides, and are about 2 in 5 [1, p. 295].
A scientific exploration of the island was made by the late Dr. C. W. Andrews in 1897–98, the late Sir John Murray defraying the cost of the expedition and presenting the collections. to the British Museum (Natulral History). These collections were the subject of an important monograph published in 1900, to which Dr. Andrews contributed chapters on the physical features and geology [1], and it is from these that the following brief outline of the geological history of the island is taken.
Dr. Andrews showed that the
The Depth of Origin of Earthquakes
Authors: Oldham Richard Dixon 
Published: October 2009

It is a peculiarity of the present state of seismology that it is necessary to define the meaning which one attaches to the word. earthquake. Up to the end of the last century this was hardly necessary, the word was still used in its old-fashioned sense of a quaking, or shaking, of the earth which could be felt and, when violent enough, caused damage. When it was found that, with suitable instruments, disturbances could be detected, which could not be felt, and it was observed that some of these were evidently connected with great earthquakes, it was too readily assumed that this was true of all, and a new connotation of the word arose. This newer branch of seismology has been more and more extensively followed up, until it has almost ousted the older seismology, and some of its devotees are inclined to refuse the right, of the Disturbance which can be felt, to the name of earthquake, unless it is accompanied by long-distance records. In what follows the word is used in the old-fashioned sense, and the earthquakes dealt with are the disturbances which can be felt, which are essentially phenomena of the outer crust, and as such belong to the domain of geology.
In the study of these, one of the first objects is a determination of the depth of origin, and several distinct principles are involved in the methods which have been proposed. Robert Mallet believed that that angle of emergence could be determined from the measurement
The Pleistocene Deposits of the Lower Part of the Great Ouse Basin
Authors: Marr John Edward 
Published: October 2009

A paper by the present Author in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (vol. lxxv, 1919–20, p. 204) dealt with the Pleistocene deposits in the immediate vicinity of Cambridge. In the present paper it is proposed to consider further discoveries there, but more particularly to describe the deposits over a wider area, and to include some general observations concerning glaciation, earth-movements, and river-diversions which were barely mentioned in the previous paper.
It will be convenient to consider the sequence of events, so far as possible, in the order of their occurrence.

The evidence, part of which has been published, points to the following sequence of events in the area during the Pleistocene Period:—

(1)
Early glaciation: (Riss?).

(2)
Aggradation of valleys: climate becoming somewhat warm, but later in the period again cool. Acheulean, Micoque, and possibly also early Mousterian? (Riss-Würm Interglacial?).

(3)
Glaciation: Mousterian? (beginning of Würm?).

(4)
Erosion, with subsidiary aggradation: cold, with temporary period of less cold in the middle. Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian epochs (Bühl or recrudescence of Würm glaciation at the end, but the ice did not reach the South-East of England).

(5)
Azilio-Tardenoisian period.

For many years the first appearance of Man in this country in post-Glacial times was generally regarded as established. This is no longer the case, and it is necessary to obtain fresh evidence as to the actual sequence of glacial and genial periods in Pleistocene times.
Appendix: Description of a New Species of
Spirifer
and of one of
Reticularia
from the Lower Carboniferous near Clitheroe
Authors: Muir-Wood Helen Marguerite 
Published: October 2009

The following specific descriptions are based, partly upon material in Dr. D. Parkinson's collection at Birmingham University Museum and lent to me by the courtesy of Dr. Parkinson & Dr. L. J. Wills, and partly upon material in the British Museum (Natural History) especially from the Gilbertson Collection.

Diagnosis.3-
Spirifer
resembling
S. striatus (Conchyliolithus Anomites
(
striatus
) W. Martin, 1809, ‘Petreficata Derbiensia’ pl. xxiii, figs. 1 & 2) and allied forms, but differing from these in having (1) narrower and more numerous costæ with more frequent bifurcations; (2) the median fold prominently raised; (3) the anterior margin of the fold so excavated as to produce a more highly-arched anterior commissure; (4) rounded cardinal extremities; and (5) the cardinal area with converging sides.

Description.—Shell transverse, nearly twice as wide as long, valves biconvex; hinge-line slightly less than the greatest width of the shell: cardinal extremities rounded.
Pedicle-valve with a broad, rounded, median sinus produced into a long rounded tongue, and dorsally deflected; lateral slopes convex, not sharply demarcated from the sinus except on the umbo; umbo acute, elevated, and incurved; cardinal area curved, outline triangular and tapering towards the cardinal extremities, transversely striated; delthyral angle 58°. Brachial valve with a rounded median fold, increasing in width and prominence anteriorly; lateral slopes convex, demarcated from the median fold by a narrow sinus; cardinal area narrow and flattened.
Surface of shell with twenty-one to twenty-five prominent rounded costæ on each lateral slope, and nineteen to twenty on the fold and in the sinus; costæ irregular
Cretaceous Glaciation in Central Australia
Authors: Woolnough Walter G. , David T. W. Edgeworth 
Published: October 2009

In 1894, H. Y. L. Brown recorded in the part of his annual report (Geological Survey of South Australia; entitled ‘From Strangways to Mount Paisley’, p. 10, the following:— ‘Over all these stony downs and plains at intervals waterworn boulders, attaining often a considerable size, are thinly scattered on the surface. These are composed of quartzite, sandstone, quartz-felspar-porphyry, etc., all fragments of primary rocks which do not come to the surface anywhere in the neighbourhood. . . . The only theory which will account for their presence here, as well as in numerous other places where I have previously observed them, is that of their having been transported by drift-ice at the time when the central portion of Australia was under water.’
Various other references have been given in the bibliography quoted by the above-mentioned author, as well as by R. Lockhart Jack, Prof. Walter Howchin, L. K. Ward, and the present authors. One of us (W. G. W.) contributed a preliminary note on the occurrence of big erratics on the plains near the foot of the eastern escarpment of the Flinders Kange, at Muloowurtina, south-west of Lake Callabonna. Since then he has revisited the locality, which is situated in lat. 29° 58′ S., long. 139° 44′ E., about 370 miles north-north-east of Adelaide, and has been fortunate enough to obtain important palseontological evidence as to the age of the glaciation.
The object of the present note is particularly to record these latest observations, in the light of recent conclusions
The Geology of the District around Towyn and Abergynolwyn, (Merioneth)
Authors: Jehu Ralph Maurice 
Published: October 2009

The area to be dealt with in this paper lies south-west of the Corris-Aberllefenni district, recently described by Prof. W. J. Pugh. It includes about 35 square miles, extending from the coast, in the vicinity of Towyn, to Taren y Gresail in the east. The northern boundary is the Dysynni Valley, and a line due east from the Birds' Rock (Craig yr Aderyn) to the head of Glyn Iago; while the southern limit runs through Ffridd Cefn-isaf, Cwm Dyffryn, and Mynydd y Llyn, and thence north-east towards Corris. The area includes the mountain-country lying south and south-west of Cader Idris. Its most striking feature is the long, straight, steep-sided valley which runs south-westwards from Tal-y-llyn to Towyn, namely, the Tal-y-llyn or Bala Fault-Valley. The Dysynni river, which drains the greater part of the area, occupies this valley from Tal-y-llyn to Abergynolwyn, but at this point it is diverted through a narrow gorge into the broad alluvial valley known as Dyffryn Dysynni.
Between the Tal-y-llyn and Dysynni valleys the ground rises steeply to an average height of 900 feet, but Foel Caer-berllan (1233 feet) and Foel Wyllt (1013 feet) stand up above this general level. South of the Tal-y-llyn valley the country is more mountainous, and constitutes the main watershed between the Dysynni-Tal-y-llvn and the Dyfi drainage-systems. This watershed slopes south-westwards from 2187 feet in Taren-y-Gesail to 1332 feet in Corlan Fraith. The mountain-country is dissected by deeply incised tributary valleys running north-west and south-east–that is, at right angles to the
A Contribution to the Geology of the Eastern Part of the Denbighshire Moors
Authors: Boswell Percy George Hamnall 
Published: October 2009

The complex structure of the country around the Vale of Llangollen, the Clwydian Range, the Vale of Clwyd, and the Denbighshire Moors is to a large extent accountable for the attraction which this part of North Wales offers to the geologist. Between the Llanelidan fault system, (which forms the southern boundary of the Vale of Clwyd) and the Berwyn Hills is an area that has been studied in detail by Dr. L. J. Wills & Dr. Bernard Smith; but the full significance of the tectonics cannot be realized until the succession and structure of the country on the north and north-west, including the Clwydian Range and the Denbighshire Moors, have been unravelled. The geology of the central portion of the Clwydian Range has recently been investigated by Mrs. E. G. Woods & Miss M. C. Crosfield.
The present paper is a first contribution to the revision of the geology of the Denbighshire Moors. It presents the results of investigation of the eastern part of the area, between Llanefydd, Denbigh, Ruthin, and the centre of the Moors. It deals, therefore, with merely a part of a much larger area which must eventually be considered as a whole: for, not only is the succession of Salopian rocks incomplete here, but reference to the tectonics of the entire region is necessary, in order to interpret fully the structure of this part. It would seem undesirable, however, to postpone publication until the neighbouring areas have been investigated, for this would involve considerable delay, and
The Shineton Shales of the Wrekin District: with Notes on their Development in other parts of Shropshire and Herefordshire
Authors: Stubblefield Cyril James , Bulman Oliver Meredith Boone 
Published: October 2009

The Shineton Shales crop out on the south and south-west of the Wrekin in a more or less rhomboidal area, extending for a distance of about 9 miles from just north of Maddock's Hill to Shadwell Coppice (Acton Burnell Park), and from the neighbourhood of Dryton, 2½ miles south to the Harley-Kenley Road section near Stone House.
The area comprises parts of the following 6-inch Ordnance Survey quarter-sheets:—Shropshire XLII N.E, S.E., S.W.; XLIII N.W.; XLIX N.E.; L N.E., N.W.
Probably the earliest reference to the geology of the area here described is contained in Murchison's ‘Silurian System’ 1839. All rocks of this district older than the May Hill (Llandovery) Sandstone were apparently regarded as being of Caradoc Sandstone age, and were thus described in Chapter xix; in particular, on p. 233, he stated:— ‘The stratified deposits through which the trap rocks of the Wrekin protrude are of the same age as the Caradoc Sandstone.’

Aveline & Salter (1854) described all the shales of the area— comprising those seen at Acton Burnell, Cressage Park, Harnage, and at Shineton—as of Lower Llandeilo and Bala age (the Caradoc Sandstone of the ‘Silurian System’), and they were recognized as being overlain by the Hoar Edge Grit at Harnage and Cound. The authors recorded from Shineton the three fossils
Olenus
sp.,
Agnostus
sp., and
Asaphus
sp., and the last-named was noted as occurring in some abundance.

In 1867, Salter referred the Shineton Shales to the ‘top of the Llandeilo Flags proper’ (p. 203; but in
Preliminary Notes on the Geology of the Eastern Parts of Central Spitsbergen; with special reference to the Problem of the Hecla Hook Formation
Authors: Odell Noel Ewart 
Published: October 2009

It must be well known to most readers that Spitsbergen has not lacked some measure of geological exploration, although, mainly owing to its geographical position and to the shortness of the season when ice-conditions allow of free access and the winter covering of snow has vanished, geological investigation has been decidedly intermittent.
By far the greater amount of work has been done on the western coast, which is much the most accessible part of the country during a normal summer, and where, fortunately for the owners of them, the great fields of Tertiary coal exist. But it is in this region of the west that some of the most considerable earth-movements have taken place, and the oldest rocks in particular have suffered such deformation that their stratigraphy is in consequence extremely difficult to decipher.
Swedish, Norwegian, and British geologists have all contributed to the investigation, but their various labours cannot be entered into here, except in a few specific instances.
In Eastern Spitsbergen, or rather what, to adhere to current usage, must more properly be called Eastern Central Spitsbergen, much less has been accomplished, owing mainly to difficulty of access. The pioneer sledging journey of Prof. E. J. Garwood and Sir Martin Conway from the head of the Ice Fiord, in 1897, was the first real attempt to penetrate into the interior of this region; and, although the explorers were greatly hampered by adverse weather conditions, some interesting observations were made, one in particular being that the major portion of
The Geology of the Austral or Tubuai Islands (Southern Pacific)
Authors: Chubb Lawrence John 
Published: October 2009

The following paper embodies the geological results of the St.
George
Expedition to the South Pacific Ocean, organized by the Scientific Expeditionary Eesearch Association, in so far as they relate to the Austral or Tubuai Group. This group (see map, fig. 1, p. 292), which constitutes part of the Etablissements Français de l'Océanie, extends for a distance of about 750 nautical miles between lat. 21° 44′ S. and 27° 55′ S., and between long. 143° 26′ W. and 154° 48′ W. It includes seven islands, as well as several isolated rocks and shoals, which are arranged along lines having a west-north-westerly and east-south-easterly trend. These lines are continued westwards in the Cook Group, and are parallel to the trend-lines in the Society Islands on the north, and the Tuamotu Archipelago on the north-east.

Soundings are few and scattered in these regions, but the general depth of the ocean appears to be between 1900 and 2500 fathoms, with a bottom of red clay.
The expedition spent several weeks in this group in April and May, 1925. The islands are mainly volcanic, with or without coral-reefs. Little work on the geology of the region appears to have been done in the past. Four of the islands (Rapa, Marotiri, Rurutu, and Rimatara) are described here, and references to previous work on them will be found in the following pages. The others have received only the scantiest attention in geological literature.
Rapa Island is situated in lat. 27° 35′ south, long. 144° 17′ west.
The Geology of the Saltern Cove Area, Torbay
Authors: Anniss Leslie George , Smith Stanley 
Published: October 2009

The small complex of Lower, Middle, and Upper Devonian rocks which occupies a mile by half a mile, immediately south of Paignton, lies between Goodrington and Broadsands. The sequence and structure are well seen in the cliffs and the railway-cutting, but farther inland there is a lack of good exposures. The topography of the area is influenced by the geology in a marked manner. The Massive Limestone forms the high ground on the south and south-east, ending in a steep escarpment. The igneous intrusion with the overthrust limestone forms a remarkably steep-sided, conical hill—the Sugar Loaf. The deep valley between the two hills has been cut in the soft shales and associated tuffs of Upper Devonian age.
The locality is of special interest, since it was here that the Upper Devonian was first recognized in South Devon by Mr. J. E. Lee in 1877 (7).
Since Lee's paper, nothing worthy of mention has been published concerning the beds, except that included in the map and memoir of the district by W. A. E. Ussher (16). Concerning the literature of the area prior to Lee's paper, there is little to mention. De La Beche in 1835 (2) mentions Saltern Cove, and records the occurrence there of altered limestone, shale, and trap. Etheridge in 1867 (4) suggested the probability of the presence of Upper Devonian near Newton Bushel. Holl in 1868 (5), if we may judge from his map, places the shales and the volcanic rocks in his Lower South Devon Group