Abstract 3433: Disruption of TGF-β signaling induces demethylation of E-cadherin promoter and reverses mesenchymal phenotype in ovarian cancer
Authors: Chen Lin-Yu , Huang Rui-Lan , Chou Han-Lin , Chou Jian-Liang , Deng Wei-Ting , Yang Hui-Wen , Lin Ru-Inn , Li Chin , Lin Huey-Jen , Huang Tim H.-M. , Chiu Chien-Chih , Lai Hung-Cheng , Chan Michael W.Y. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathway plays an important role in controlling cell growth and differentiation. In advanced ovarian cancer, frequent TGF-β-induced metastasis or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be observed. This phenomenon is often associated with epigenetic silencing of epithelial marker, E-cadherin which can also be observed in ovarian cancer cell lines that demethylation treatment restored E-cadherin expression. We recently hypothesized that long term activation of TGF-β signaling may induce EMT phenotype by epigenetic silencing of E-cadherin and that inhibition of the signaling may restore E-cadherin and reverse EMT in ovarian cancer (Chou et al., Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010). In this study, we cloned the cDNA of the inhibitory SMAD, SMAD7 from a human immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cell, IOSE into pcDNA3.1 mammalian expression vector. The inhibitory effect of this SMAD7 expression vector on TGF-β signaling has been confirmed by reporter assay. We then stably transfected the SMAD7 expression vector into a mesenchymal ovarian cancer cell, CP70 in which E-cadherin is silenced by complete promoter methylation. Cells over-expressing SMAD7 showed up-regulation of SMAD7 and a decrease in SMAD2 phosphorylation while the control cells maintained a hyperphosphorylation of SMAD2 thus suggesting that TGF-β signaling is disrupted in SMAD7-overexpressing cells. We further examined the expression of E-cadherin from passage 5 up to 30 of the stable transfectants. Surprisingly, stable restoration of E-cadherin can only be observed from passage 20 and thereafter, of the SMAD7-overexpressing cells, while E-cadherin remained silence in the control cells. To investigate if this restoration is due to promoter demethylation of E-cadherin, we performed bisulphite pyrosequencing on the E-cadherin promoter CpG island spanning -586 to -12 of the region. Compared with control cells, consistent demethylation of E-cadherin promoter can be observed at 2 CpG sites located at -214 and -235 of the promoter such that gradual demethylation occurred from passage 5 to 30 of the SMAD7-overexpressing cells (passage 20, methylation% control vs SMAD7: 91% vs 67% at -235; 80% vs 52% at -214); while the rest of the CpG sites remained heavily methylated. This demethylation may be due to down-regulation of transcriptional repressor, TWIST after SMAD7 transfection. Additionally, one of the SMAD7 stable expression clones with highest restoration of E-cadherin showed decreased migration and invasion ability as determined by wound healing and invasion assay. Taken together, disruption of TGF-β signaling can induce demethylation of E-cadherin promoter and reverse EMT phenotype in ovarian cancer. The therapeutic potential of targeting TGF-β signaling pathway in inhibiting metastasis of ovarian cancer deserves further investigation.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3433. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3433