bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY POPULATION IN RACIALLY DIVERSE CITIES AND COUNTIES OF XINJIANG, CHINA
Authors: Li Yuhui , Dorsten Linda 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis research examines the impact of ethnic concentration and community socioeconomic status (SES) on elderly health in ethnically diverse communities in Xinjiang in northwest China. Effects of the concentration of two major ethnic populations are compared: the Han, which is the dominant ethnic group in China, and the Uyghur, the largest Muslim group in Xinjiang. Net of socioeconomic status, we find that population densities of the ethnic groups have a significant impact on our aggregate-level indicators of elderly health. Han density predicts good health, while Uyghur density predicts poor health. However, we do not find that SES indicators are independent predictors of community elder health. These findings suggest that rapidly developing economies, like those in China, do not necessarily provide the attention to health care that would result in improved quality of life and health status for the population.
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH
Authors: Sternthal Michelle J. , Slopen Natalie , Williams David R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDespite the widespread assumption that racial differences in stress exist and that stress is a key mediator linking racial status to poor health, relatively few studies have explicitly examined this premise. We examine the distribution of stress across racial groups and the role of stress vulnerability and exposure in explaining racial differences in health in a community sample of Black, Hispanic, and White adults, employing a modeling strategy that accounts for the correlation between types of stressors and the accumulation of stressors in the prediction of health outcomes. We find significant racial differences in overall and cumulative exposure to eight stress domains. Blacks exhibit a higher prevalence and greater clustering of high stress scores than Whites. American-born Hispanics show prevalence rates and patterns of accumulation of stressors comparable to Blacks, while foreign-born Hispanics have stress profiles similar to Whites. Multiple stressors correlate with poor physical and mental health, with financial and relationship stressors exhibiting the largest and most consistent effects. Though we find no support for the stress-vulnerability hypothesis, the stress-exposure hypothesis does account for some racial health disparities. We discuss implications for future research and policy.
“IT'S A LOT OF WORK”
Authors: Viruell-Fuentes Edna A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractExplanations for immigrant and Latino health outcomes often invoke culture through the use of the concept of acculturation. The use of acculturation models in health research has been, however, the topic of growing debate. Critics of acculturation-based explanations point out that despite the growing psychometric sophistication in measuring acculturation, the concept and its underlying assumptions remain flawed. Specifically, questions regarding how Mexicans experience and make sense of the ethnoracial structure of the United States and how racialization processes impact health and well-being remain largely ignored within acculturation-based models. By examining the processes Mexican women engage in as they construct ethnic identities within a stigmatizing social environment in the United States, this paper contributes answers to these questions. Based on a qualitative analysis of forty in-depth interviews conducted with first-generation Mexican immigrant women and second-generation Mexican American women in Detroit, this paper describes how Mexican women work through the tensions and complexities embedded in the process of constructing a sense of ethnic belonging while, at the same time, confronting and resisting racial stereotypes of Mexicans in the United States. Women's narratives suggest that the stress involved in negotiating ethnic identities under stigmatizing environments might be one of the ways in which living in a racialized society affects health outcomes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for Latino and immigrant health.
STRUCTURAL RACISM AND HEALTH INEQUITIES
Authors: Gee Gilbert C. , Ford Chandra L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRacial minorities bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality. These inequities might be explained by racism, given the fact that racism has restricted the lives of racial minorities and immigrants throughout history. Recent studies have documented that individuals who report experiencing racism have greater rates of illnesses. While this body of research has been invaluable in advancing knowledge on health inequities, it still locates the experiences of racism at the individual level. Yet, the health of social groups is likely most strongly affected by structural, rather than individual, phenomena. The structural forms of racism and their relationship to health inequities remain under-studied. This article reviews several ways of conceptualizing structural racism, with a focus on social segregation, immigration policy, and intergenerational effects. Studies of disparities should more seriously consider the multiple dimensions of structural racism as fundamental causes of health disparities.
THE IMPACT OF RACISM ON CLINICIAN COGNITION, BEHAVIOR, AND CLINICAL DECISION MAKING
Authors: van Ryn Michelle , Burgess Diana J. , Dovidio John F. , Phelan Sean M. , Saha Somnath , Malat Jennifer , Griffin Joan M. , Fu Steven S. , Perry Sylvia 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOver the past two decades, thousands of studies have demonstrated that Blacks receive lower quality medical care than Whites, independent of disease status, setting, insurance, and other clinically relevant factors. Despite this, there has been little progress towards eradicating these inequities. Almost a decade ago we proposed a conceptual model identifying mechanisms through which clinicians' behavior, cognition, and decision making might be influenced by implicit racial biases and explicit racial stereotypes, and thereby contribute to racial inequities in care. Empirical evidence has supported many of these hypothesized mechanisms, demonstrating that White medical care clinicians: (1) hold negative implicit racial biases and explicit racial stereotypes, (2) have implicit racial biases that persist independently of and in contrast to their explicit (conscious) racial attitudes, and (3) can be influenced by racial bias in their clinical decision making and behavior during encounters with Black patients. This paper applies evidence from several disciplines to further specify our original model and elaborate on the ways racism can interact with cognitive biases to affect clinicians' behavior and decisions and in turn, patient behavior and decisions. We then highlight avenues for intervention and make specific recommendations to medical care and grant-making organizations.
PERFORMING BLACKNESS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN HIV/AIDS CHOIR
Authors: Okigbo Austin C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Siphithemba Choir, an HIV/AIDS support group at the McCord Mission Hospital in Durban, South Africa, uses songs that conflate “Africa” and “Black Race” (abantu abamnyama)or “Black Nation” (Umnyama yezwe) to perform their experience of HIV/AIDS, thus signaling global ethnic/racial consciousness in the context of the HIV/AIDS discourse. This paper argues that the musical referencing of race and ethnicity by this group of HIV-positive South Africans could be explained as a function of related factors: the nature of the AIDS virus, the history and lingering effects of apartheid, the continuing interracial acrimony in the post-apartheid environment, and the global politics of AIDS. A combination of these factors has inevitably impacted how HIV/AIDS is perceived and interpreted through the lens of race. Hence the Siphithemba Choir's musical performance is analyzed in this paper as an expressive articulation of an African and Black experience of AIDS, and a performance of Black identity in the context of the global AIDS pandemic.
Urban people as paddy farmers: The Japanese Tanada Ownership System discussed from a European perspective
Authors: Kieninger Pia R. , Yamaji Eiji , Penker Marianne 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe degradation of the traditional cultural landscape due to abandonment of agricultural management is perceived as a serious problem in different parts of the world. Rising consciousness concerning this issue in Japan led to the formation of numerous voluntary civil farming programs. This paper presents a multi-method case study conducted in Japan (Ōyamasenmaida, Chiba prefecture) about a highly relevant rural–urban cooperation, where landholders lease out their rice terraces to city dwellers to grow their own rice under the intensive instruction and well-organized support by local farmers and other local experts. The activity is known as ‘Tanada Ownership’ (tanada means rice terrace). It is spread over the country and promises, in contrast to the short-term individualistic European models, long-term rural–urban relations, the valorization of local knowledge and natural resources as well as the maintenance of the rice-terrace landscapes in several regions of Japan. The particular goal of this research is the investigation of the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of the system and the motivation of its participants. The Japanese approach is compared with similar European initiatives and conclusions focus on the particularities of the Japanese Ownership System and its transferability to the European context. Despite the innovativeness and popularity of the Ownership System, scientific studies are relatively scarce and none of them published are in English. This article therefore presents an original and important contribution to the scientific community, as it provides insights into the Tanada Ownership System and puts it into an international context by comparing it with European initiatives of voluntary farm work.
Bismark: a flexible aligner and methylation caller for Bisulfite-Seq applications
Authors: Krueger Felix , Andrews Simon R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Summary: A combination of bisulfite treatment of DNA and high-throughput sequencing (BS-Seq) can capture a snapshot of a cell's epigenomic state by revealing its genome-wide cytosine methylation at single base resolution. Bismark is a flexible tool for the time-efficient analysis of BS-Seq data which performs both read mapping and methylation calling in a single convenient step. Its output discriminates between cytosines in CpG, CHG and CHH context and enables bench scientists to visualize and interpret their methylation data soon after the sequencing run is completed.
Availability and implementation: Bismark is released under the GNU GPLv3+ licence. The source code is freely available from www.bioinformatics.bbsrc.ac.uk/projects/bismark/.
Contact: felix.krueger@bbsrc.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Integrating ecophysiology and plankton dynamics into projected maximum fisheries catch potential under climate change in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Cheung William W. L. , Dunne John , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Pauly Daniel 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCheung, W. W. L., Dunne, J., Sarmiento, J. L., and Pauly, D. 2011. Integrating ecophysiology and plankton dynamics into projected maximum fisheries catch potential under climate change in the Northeast Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1008–1018. Previous global analyses projected shifts in species distributions and maximum fisheries catch potential across ocean basins by 2050 under the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B. However, these studies did not account for the effects of changes in ocean biogeochemistry and phytoplankton community structure that affect fish and invertebrate distribution and productivity. This paper uses a dynamic bioclimatic envelope model that incorporates these factors to project distribution and maximum catch potential of 120 species of exploited demersal fish and invertebrates in the Northeast Atlantic. Using projections from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model (ESM2.1) under the SRES A1B, we project an average rate of distribution-centroid shift of 52 km decade−1 northwards and 5.1 m decade−1 deeper from 2005 to 2050. Ocean acidification and reduction in oxygen content reduce growth performance, increase the rate of range shift, and lower the estimated catch potentials (10-year average of 2050 relative to 2005) by 20–30% relative to simulations without considering these factors. Consideration of phytoplankton community structure may further reduce projected catch potentials by ∼10%. These results highlight the sensitivity of marine ecosystems to biogeochemical changes and the need to incorporate likely hypotheses of their biological and ecological effects in assessing climate change impacts.
Spatial organization of krill and seabirds in the central California Current
Authors: Santora Jarrod A. , Ralston Stephen , Sydeman William J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSantora, J. A., Ralston, S., and Sydeman, W. J. 2011. Spatial organization of krill and seabirds in the central California Current. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1391–1402. The hypothesis that krill and krill–predator spatial organization and abundance co-vary interannually was tested by investigating the spatial organization of krill and planktivorous seabirds in the central California Current ecosystem over 5 years of varying oceanographic conditions, 2002–2006. To measure the abundance and distribution of krill, data were integrated from large-scale hydroacoustic surveys and station-based net samples, and these data linked to concurrent shipboard visual surveys of seabirds. Acoustically based estimates of the relative abundance of krill were correlated with net samples of Euphausia pacifica, suggesting that acoustic signals mainly reflected the distribution of this numerically dominant species. The distribution and abundance of krill displayed marked changes over years, but the characteristic spatial scale of krill and seabirds remained similar (1–4 nautical miles), confirming the hypothesis of covariance in spatial structure. Krill and the seabird species investigated showed similar habitat associations, i.e. the outer shelf and shelf–slope region, showing that the at-sea distributions of seabirds can provide information on the presence/absence of krill patches. The results also underscore the importance of measuring spatial organization as well as relative abundance in promoting better understanding of predator–prey and marine ecosystem dynamics.
Milk‐derived or recombinant transforming growth factor‐beta has effects on immunological outcomes: a review of evidence from animal experimental studies
Authors: Oddy W. H. , McMahon R. J. 
Published: April 2011

Cite this as: W. H. Oddy and R. J. McMahon, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 783–793.SummaryIdentified factors from milk have been shown to improve health outcomes. One specific factor, transforming growth factor‐Beta (TGF)‐β, has been identified previously as having the potential to impact on immunological outcomes in the newborn offspring. The primary objective of this review was to examine the published studies that have considered TGF‐β in association with immunological outcomes of experimental models. We hypothesized that oral administration of TGF‐β (through human milk, cow's milk, infant formula) or recombinant TGF‐β delivered via gavage, may down‐regulate immune activation in newborn offspring. Animal experimental studies were identified through MEDLINE, CAB Abstracts, Biological Abstracts and Scopus. Selection criteria included well‐described animal populations, sample and study design, source of TGF‐β, age and immunological outcomes measured and effect size. The findings were summarized temporally in tabular format, giving an overall measure of effect based on the literature available since 1994. Animal experimental studies (n=13) were included in the review to determine an association between maternal TGF‐β and immunological outcomes. Overall 92% of these studies (12/13) showed a positive association with TGF‐β1 or TGF‐β2, demonstrating protection against immunologically related outcomes in early life in an animal model. TGF‐β is important in developing and maintaining appropriate immune responses in the offspring. TGF‐β delivered orally to neonatal animals provides protection against adverse immunological outcomes, corroborating and supporting findings from human studies. Animal studies provide important clues to the pathogenesis and therapeutics of immune activation and allergy in early childhood. TGF‐βs are important growth factors involved in maintaining homeostasis in the intestine, regulating inflammation and allergy development and promoting oral tolerance in infants. Thus, taken as a whole, these and our other findings suggest that this cytokine in milk may influence the development of immunological outcomes in offspring.
The content of the work of clinical nurse specialists described by use of daily activity diaries
Authors: Oddsdóttir Elín Jakobína , Sveinsdóttir Herdís 
Published: April 2011

Aim. Evaluate the usefulness of the role of clinical nurse specialists and the content of their work by mapping their activities.Background. The clinical work of advanced practice nursing differs in different countries, and a clear picture is lacking on what exactly advanced practice nurses do.Design. Prospective exploratory study.Method. The setting of the study was the largest hospital in Iceland where over half of the country’s active nursing workforce are employed, including the only clinical nurse specialists. Of 19 clinical nurse specialists working at the hospital, 15 participated. Data were collected over seven days with a structured activity diary that lists 65 activities, classified into six roles and three domains. In 17 instances, the ‘role activities’ and ‘domain activities’ overlap and form 17 categories of practice. The clinical nurse specialists coded their activities at 15‐minutes interval and could code up to four activities simultaneously. Daily, the clinical nurse specialists evaluated their clinical nurse specialist background.Results. The roles that occupied the greatest proportion of the clinical nurse specialists’ time were education, expert practice and ‘other’ activities, while the smallest proportions were in counselling, research and practice development. The domain they worked in most was the institutional domain, followed by the client/family domain and the clinical outcome management domain. All of the clinical nurse specialists reported working on two activities simultaneously, 11 of them on three activities and six on four activities. They self‐assessed their background as clinical nurse specialists as being very useful.Conclusion. The activity diary is a useful tool for assessing the content of practice. Clinical nurse specialists spend too much time on activities related to the institution. Nurse managers are advised to provide clinical nurse specialists with ample time to develop the direct practice role in the client/family domain.Relevance to clinical practice. The development of advanced nursing practice requires that clinical nurse specialists take an active and visible part in direct patient care.
Life events and emergency department visits in response to crisis in individuals with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Lunsky Y. , Elserafi J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground  Stressful life events have been linked to psychopathology in the general population, but few studies have considered the relationship between life events and psychopathology for people with intellectual disabilities (ID), and the link between particular life events and hospital use.Methods  Informants provided data on 746 adults with ID who had experienced at least one ‘crisis’. Informants completed a checklist of recent life events from the Psychiatric Assessment for Adults with Developmental Disabilities Checklist (PAS ADD checklist) and also indicated whether the crisis resulted in a visit to the hospital emergency department.Results  Individuals experiencing life events in the past year were more likely to visit the emergency department in response to crisis than those who did not experience any life events. Individuals experiencing a move of house or residence, serious problem with family, friend or caregiver, problems with police or other authority, unemployed for more than 1 month, recent trauma/abuse, or a drug or alcohol problem were more likely to visit the emergency department.Conclusions  Six specific life events were found to be associated with use of emergency departments in response to crisis. We suggest intervention efforts be targeted towards people who experience life events, particularly these events, as they may be a risk factor for hospital visits.
Modelling rotations: can crop sequences explain arable weed seedbank abundance?
Authors: BOHAN D A , POWERS S J , CHAMPION G , HAUGHTON A J , HAWES C , SQUIRE G , CUSSANS J , MERTENS S K 
Published: April 2011

Bohan DA, Powers SJ, Champion G, Haughton AJ, Hawes C, Squire G, Cussans J & Mertens SK (2011). Modelling rotations: can crop sequences explain arable weed seedbank abundance? Weed Research51, 422–432.SummaryWe investigated the effects of crop sequences on monocotyledon, dicotyledon and total weed seedbank abundance. Using seedbank data sampled from the conventionally cropped part of the GB farm‐scale evaluations of genetically modified, herbicide‐tolerant (GMHT) crops, we asked whether it is possible to identify crop sequence effects, to identify their duration and to simplify crop sequences into crop management classes with similar effects on weed seedbanks. This work showed that it is possible to detect historical effects of past crops, sown in sequence, on weed seedbanks for up to 3 years and that crop sequences may be simplified to crop management classes describing the season of sowing, crop type and weed target for herbicide application. Model estimates for the seedbanks were validated against an independent, follow‐up seedbank data set. The analysis provided abundance estimates that ranged over 3 and 1.7 orders of magnitude for the monocotyledon and dicotyledon weed seedbanks for different crop sequences. This work yields a methodology for estimating seedbank abundance in current crop sequences, potentially allowing sequences to be identified that better reconcile the competing needs for weed control to maintain crop productivity and the demand for increased farmland biodiversity.