bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Lamp Zone-Melting Recrystallization
Authors: Mertens P.W. , Wouters D.J. , Yallup K.J. , Maes H.E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe intensity profiles of various kinds of topheaters are compared and discussed. Using the mercury-arc lamp heater experiments on polycrystalline silicon layers of thicknesses varying from 1 to 10 urn were performed. The 10 fiva layers were polished prior to recrystallization. After zone melting recrystallization they showed a strong (100) texture combined with an alignment of the [010] direction with the scan direction. By patterning 1 ¼m poly-silicon films into isolated narrow silicon stripes, the kinetic mechanism that is shown to be responsible for the alignment of the [010] direction along the scan direction could be inhibited. In this way other mechanisms that influence the orientation could be studied. Finally some electrical characteristics are presented.
Electrical Characterization of Si-SiO2 Interfaces in Thin-Film SOI Structures
Authors: Marshall T. , Arnold E. , Khan B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA technique is described for performing MOS capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements on thin Si films on insulating substrates. Such measurements are complicated by the lack of a back contact in SOI structures. Design considerations for an MOS capacitor geometry appropriate for this material were made by treating the structure as a distributed RC circuit. Based on these calculations, a structure has been designed and fabricated that permits both high and low frequency CV measurement and analysis. Use is also made of the Si substrate wafer as a back gate both to provide a back channel for front-gate CV measurements and to characterize the back interface.
CV measurements and interface state calculations are presented and compared for SIMOX and laser-recrystallized materials. The experimental results are compared with those of numerical solutions to Poisson's equation.
Fast Simulation Tool For MOS/SOI Process Optimization
Authors: Paelinck P. , Vancauwenberghe O. , Wiele F. Van de 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA fast simulation tool for MOS/SOI process optimization has been developed.lt solves Poisson's and one carrier current density equations in the one-dimensional case. NMOS and PMOS transistors characteristics in the linear region are reliably computed over a wide range of voltages. Moreover, special attention has been paid for threshold voltage (calculated by extrapolating the inversion charge as a function of front gate voltage ) and subthreshold current calculation. Therefore, process parameters can be easily selected in order to get enhanced device capabilities.
Cross-Sectional TEM Study of Three-Dimensional MOS Devices
Authors: Park Kyung-Ho , Sasaki T. , Iwai T. , Hasegawa M. , Sasaki N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper describes cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation on finished 3-D MOS devices, fabricated with a laser-recrystallized SOI. The laser-recrystallized SOI contained crystal defects such as micro-twinning, grain boundaries and dislocations. It is also clearly shown that the interface roughness between the gate oxide and SOI is as much as 20 nm height, in where the interface is very smooth between the gate oxide and bulk silicon.
Influence of the SOI Surface Morphology on Crystal Orientation and Device Characteristics
Authors: KUNIO Takemitsu , OYAMA Ken-Ichi , ENOMOTO Tadayoshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe surface morphology of SOI has been studied. The surface is very wavy and contains protrusions. Crystal orientations for SOI without protrusions were close to (100), while those for SOI with protrusions were close to either (111) or (101). The angle of orientation rotation for SOI without protrusions was less than 5 degrees over a 600um long SOI stripe, while the angle of SOI with protrusions was about 30 degrees. Threshold voltages of pMOSFET with protrusions in the channel were generally larger than those without protrusions in the channel.
Helium-induced porous layer formation in Silicon.
Authors: Veen A. Van , Griffioen C.C. , Evans J.H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe annealing behaviour of helium bubbles formed by ambient temperature 10 keV helium implantation into silicon has been studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and helium desorption spectroscopy (HDS). Although the TEM results indicated conventional bubble annealing processes due to bubble migration and coalescence, the HDS data demonstrated that helium can permeate out of bubbles in silicon around 1000K to leave behind empty cavities, thus giving a porous layer coincident with the original helium implant profile.The addition of a low dose of implanted oxygen to the silicon-helium samples has been shown to strongly improve the stability of the porous layer, at least up to 1300K.
TEM Observations of Silicon-on-Insulator Structures Formed by Nitrogen Implantation with Annealing at 1405°c.
Authors: Meekison Cd. , Booker G.R. , Reeson K.J. , Hemment P.L.F. , Celler G.K. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract(100) silicon waferSgWere-implanted with 200keV N ions to doses of 0.95 and 1.1x1018 cm-2 at a temperature of 520°C, and then annealed at 1405°C for 30 minutes. We report here observations of the resulting microstructures. A buried ɑ-Si3N4. layer and a good quality silicon overlayer were found. Evidence of cavities in the Si3N4. layer was found in the higher dose sample. Our results suggest that the cavities are associated with the delamination which sometimes occurs during annealing.
Silicon and Silicon Dioxide Thermal Bonding
Authors: Black Robert D. , Hall Ernest L. , Lewis Nathan , Gilmore Robert S. , Arthur Steven D. , Lillquist Robert D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe quality of the bond produced after mating oxidized and/or unoxidized silicon wafers has been studied using acoustic microscopy, infrared transmission thermographs, and transmission electron microscopy. The acoustic microscopy revealed that a significant number of unbonded regions (gaps) remain at the bond interface after bonding in oxygen, nitrogen, or high vacuum, and then annealing. These gaps could be virtually eliminated by a subsequent hyperbaric annealing step. The thermal imaging was found to have insufficient resolution to give a detailed picture of the bond quality. Transmission electron microscopy showed that an excellent bond could be produced when bonding clean silicon wafers, with only very small oxide or void bubbles present at the interface. Bonding two oxidized wafers resulted in a buried oxide layer with no detectable bond line. Mating an oxidized wafer to an unoxidized wafer produced a bonded silicon/oxide interface which was nearly indistiguishable from the wafer/thermal oxide interface.
Enhancement of Lateral Solid Phase Epitaxial Growth of Si on SiO2 with 31P Implantation
Authors: Pai C. S. , Bean J. C. , Cerullo M. , Short K. T. , White A. E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe lateral solid phase epitaxial growth of amorphous Si on SiO2 patterns with 31P implantation is studied. By implanting 31P into only the surface region of the sample to form a doped channel, the Si growth rate is enhanced and the random crystallization of Si is suppressed. The maximum length of lateral solid phase epitaxial Si obtained from samples with the doped channel (∼9μπι) is a factor of 3 more than that of the undoped sample. This Si on SiO2 film has a low dopant concentration after the highly doped channel is removed and should be useful for device application.
The Cracking and Decohesion of Thin Films
Authors: Evans A. G. , Drory M. D. , Hu M. S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe cracking and decohesion of thin films can be characterized by critical values of a non-dimensional parameter governed by the residual stress, the film thickness and a fracture resistance. This article describes the status of understanding concerning the magnitude of this number for various types of adherent film on either brittle or ductile substrates. Important effects of elastic properties, substrate thickness and yield strength are described.
Energy-Free Bonding of Materials with Fine Controlled Surfaces in Ultrahigh Vacuum
Authors: Kashib Y. , Machida K. , Okuda T. , Shimada W. , Nakata S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTBonding phenomena with clean and smooth surfaces at room temperature (293 K) in ultrahigh vacuum has been studied. The metal surfaces, finished to required smoothness in nm level, were bombarded by Ar ions to remove surface contaminants. Then, two cleaned surfaces were put together. Interaction of silver and copper was examined by SEM, AES, and TEM. In order to observe the fundamental phenomena, bonding was attempted between a silver disk with a flat surface and a copper sphere 80 pm in diameter. A bonding area of about 40 μm2 was confirmed under slight load at 293 K. Strong bonds were achieved and the fracture took place almost completely in silver bulk. Furthermore, it was found that the bonding area obtained by the process was much larger than the one derived from conventional plastic theory.
Deformation Behavior of Leadless 60% Pb–40% Sn Solder Joints
Authors: Subrahmanyan Ravichandran , Stone Donald , Li Che-Yu 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTRoom temperature deformation data of leadless solder joints are reported. The joints were sheared under cyclic, displacement controlled loading at frequencies between 0.001 and 0.01 Hz. A microplastic model was utilized to simulate the stress-strain loops, which demonstrated a pronounced Bauschinger effect. The implications of microplasticity on fatigue life of solder joints are discussed. This phenomenon must be taken into account in an accurate prediction of solder deformation at low strain ranges.
Shall Diensions or Low Dielectric Constant the Competing Approaches to High Density Interconnect
Authors: Balde W. John 
Published: March 2011

EXTENDED ABSTRACTTen years ago, the conventional wisdom as cited by Rex Rice and others was that interconnect wiring on a silicon chip was much less expensive than interconnections on a ceramic hybrid, a printed circuit board, or cable interconnect. That led to a major emphasis on increasing the size and complexity of the silicon chip, with the other interconnect media left for the overflow or leftovers that could not be placed on the chip.A major change of thinking was triggered by Knausenberger and Schaper of AT&T (1), with the realization that costs normalized per inch of wire length were nearly identical for all forms of interconnect. Literally an inch of interconnection circuit costs the same whether that circuit was on silicon or on ceramic, whether that circuit was on a printed circuit board or in cable.If the only important criteria is the length of the interconnect, then a system or a board of the smallest size and area for a given circuit will have the shortest path lengths and the lowest cost. The dominant criteria is the area of the interconnection medium that carries the active silicon.
Nonresonant Third-Order Nonlinear Polarizability in Linear Conjugated Molecules
Authors: Stevenson S. H. , Donald D. S. , Meredith G. R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTCrude pictures relating molecular features and enhancement of nonresonant second-order hyperpolarizability have been known and successfully utilized in selection and preparation of materials for nonlinear-optical applications for over a decade. On the other hand, other than the requirement of “electron delocalization”, such a useful picture does not exist for nonresonant third-order hyperpolarizability. In pursuit of such a picture, and to obtain a better view of the range of hyperpolarizability magnitudes which might be obtainable, simple linear conjugated molecules have been synthesized and characterized. Liquid solutions of these model compounds were studied using recently developed high precision optical third harmonic generation techniques. Results of these characterizations and a new addition to the picture of structure-property relationships are reported.
Studies of Orientational Order in Monolayers of Nonlinear Optical Dye Molecules
Authors: Legrange J. D. , King L. A. , Kuzyk M. G. , Singer K. D. , Katz H. E. , Schilling M. L. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWe present results of studies of orientational order of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer and multilayer films based on second harmonic generation and linear absorption measurements. Two new compounds, a tricyanovinyl aniline and a tricyanovinyl azo dye, both possessing large second order molecular susceptibilities have been synthesized and transferred as monolayers from the air-water interface to solid substrates using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The azo dye is a superior Langmuir-Blodgett material, forming films which are chemically and structurally stable. Multilayers of this compound show an enhancement in polar orientational order with thickness, as observed in the dependence of the second harmonic polarization components on number of layers.
Transmission of Electron Density Through Moieties Between Donors and Acceptors: Possible Implications for Non-Linear Optics
Authors: Wnek G. E. , Kitipichai P. , Frysinger G. , Korenowski G. M. , Gorodisher I. , Uhlmann D. R. , Wei Y. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTOrganic materials having aminophenyl and nitrophenyl moieties linked by various atoms or groups (S, O, SO, SO2, CH2) were prepared and their ability to generate a second harmonic was compared within the series and with urea. We find that the compound containing a sulfur bridge, 4-amino-4′-nitrodiphenyl sulfide, exhibits a powder second harmonic generation efficiency which is approximately 10x that of urea. The result is consistent with earlier spectroscopic studies which indicate that sulfur, as opposed to the other bridges studied in this series, is effective in allowing the transmission of electron density between donors and acceptors.
Nonlinear Optical Materials Based on Benzobisthiazole. Electronic Structure/Molecular Architecture/Polarizability/Hyperpolarizability Relationships Derived from π-Electron Theory
Authors: Li Dequan , Marks T. J. , Ratner M. A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTFactors contributing to the polarizability (αij) and frequencydoubling hyperpolarizability (βijk) of 2-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-(pnitrophenyl) benzo(l,2-d:4,5-d′ )blsthiazole (DNBT) are analyzed via perturbation theory and the PPP-SCF-MECI π-electron model Hamiltonian. While the observable part of β (βvec) is clearly identifiable with a small number of charge transfer excitations along the molecular dipole direction, a (and by inference, the second-order hyperpolarizability γ) is more closely related to the overall size (volume) of the π-electron cloud. As a consequence, βvec is far more sensitive to molecular distortions which affect donor-acceptor charge transfer interactions than is π. The more sensitive frequency dependence of βvec can be understood in terms of the three-photon character of this nonlinearity.
Transient Photoconductivity in Polyacetylene and Polydiacetylene
Authors: Moses D. , Phillips S. , Sinclair M. , Heeger A. J. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTConducting polymers have been found to be rather good photoconductors in the sub-nansecond time regime. The TP measurement is an effective probe for determining carrier photogeneration quantum yield as well as for investigating transport mechanisms. Here, we present a short survey of our results for a few interesting polymeric systems. We start with the trans-(CH)x grown by the Shirakawa method. We then compared the TP results to those obtained from PDA-TS which currently is the only conjugated polymer in single crystal form. From this comparison, we are able to gauge the improvements in the material quality as was demonstrated by recent TP in trans-(CH)x grown by the Naarmann method
Nonlinear Optical Response of Conducting Polymers
Authors: Wu Weikang , Kivelson Steven 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWe compute analytic expressions for the nonlinear optical response functions for the Peierls model of a conducting polymer by using the Keldysh non-equilibrium Green's function methods. The only parameter in the model is the gap, which can be determined independently from the linear optical response. Our results for 3rd harmonic generation are in excellent agreement with experiments on polyacetylene. This constitutes strong evidence that polyacetylene is well described by a model of weakly interacting quasi-particles. Further nonlinear optical effects, which should be experimentally observable, are predicted.
Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Effects in Organic Polymeric Films
Authors: Prasad Paras N. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper presents some recent theoretical and experimental work carried out in the author's laboratory on the nonlinear optical properties of organic polymers. The ab initio SCF theory has been used with the finite field method to calculate the third order nonlinearity of conjugated structures in order to understand the effect of conjugation and the role of substituents. Experimental studies of third order resonant nonlinearlty in polythiophenes and cumylphenoxy phthalocyanine, the latter in the form of Langmuir-Blodgett films, are presented using femtosecond degenerate four wave mixing.
Optical Threshold Elements Based on the Excited State Photophysical Properties of Molecular Materials
Authors: Potember Richard S. , Hoffman Robert C. , Stetyick Karen A. , Murphy Robert A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe wavelengths at which indanthrone behaves as an efficient reverse saturable absorber can be changed by chemical modification of the indanthrone chromophore. Several derivatives of indanthrone have been synthesized and they have been shown to be more efficient nonlinear optical materials than the parent chromophore. In this paper we will discuss the behavior of these indanthrone derivatives, attempt to correlate the nonlinear optical properties observed in this class of compounds to modifications in the structure of the indanthrone chromophore and suggest how these nonlinear materials may be applied to all-optical switching devices.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Polyaniline
Authors: Epstein A. J. , Ginder J. M. , Roe M. G. , Gustafson T. L. , Angelopoulos M. , Macdiarmid A. G. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPolyaniline is a family of polymers whose electronic and optical properties can be controlled through variation of the number of electrons and protons on the polymer chain. For example, the emeraldine base form of the polymer (EB) is insulating while the emeraldine salt form (ES) is metallic. We present here results for photoinduced absorption spectroscopy of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline. Unlike earlier studied polymers, the spectrum of emeraldine base contains both subgap photoinduced bleaching (at 1.8 eV) and photoinduced absorption (at 0.9, 1.4, and 3.0 eV). The existence of the bleaching peak is consistent with a model of optically excited localized molecular excitons in the emeraldine base polymer. The energies of the three photoinduced absorptions peaks and an associated interband bleaching (at energies greater than ∼3.5 eV) are in agreement with the photogeneration of polaron pairs. Laser intensity studies support that the excitons decay monomolecularly while the polarons decay bimolecularly. Picosecond time-resolved spectroscopy of the exciton decay demonstrates the rapid response of this system.
Second Harmonic Generation by Polymer Composites
Authors: Calvert P. D. , Moyle B. D. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTSecond harmonic generation was observed from composites consisting of 3-nitroaniline or 3-methyl-4-nitroaniline grown within a polymer matrix. In the amorphous polymers, polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate), the crystals formed as fine grains or needles. The intensity of the second harmonic, from Nd-YAG light at 1.06 μm, was measured as a function of the composition from 10–90 wt% of nitroaniline. The angular distribution of the light output was very dependent on the morphology of the precipitate, with a strong concentration of the output in the forward direction for samples containing locally aligned, needle-like crystals. The behaviour in SHG and in light scattering was compared.Composites with crystalline polymers were prepared as unoriented or oriented films. Nitroanilines and potassiun dihydrogen orthophosphate were crystallised from a number of polymers. The composite structure is governed particularly by the extent of liquid phase miscibility. The potential for optical applications of these materials are discussed.
On the Leaching Behaviour of a Simple Borosilicate Glass in a Confined Environment
Authors: Petit J.C. , Langevin Y. , Lameille J.M. , Dran J.C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTCm-sized blocks of a simple borosilicate glass have been leached in hydrothermal conditions with various rates of water renewal. Weight loss measurements reveal that restricted water access does not slow down the dissolution rate of this particular glass as would be expected from solubility limits, but instead accelerates its destruction and its transformation into a secondary solid phase still ill-defined.
Evaluation of a Pyridoxalated-Hemoglobin-Polyoxyethylene Conjugate (PHP) as an Oxygen Carrying Plasma Expander in Lethal Anemia
Authors: Matsushita M. , Yabuki A. , Malchesky P. S. , Iwashita Y. , Nosè Y. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPHP, mean molecular weight of approximately 90,000 daltons, is produced by chemical modifications of outdated human red cell hemoglobin (Hb). The P50 value of PHP is 22 ± 0.7mmHg. Eleven healthy mongrel dogs were exposed to severe anemia to a hematocrit of 5 ± 2% by normovolemic exchange (ET) with PHP (n=5) or a plasma expander, Hespan (Control, n=6). Hb concentration in the preparation is 6.0 g/dl. All the animals with PHP tolerated the procedure well and have survived for 1 year at sacrifice while five of the controls died within a week (p=0.004). Reductions in hematological and coagulation parameters occurred following ET and these parameters returned to the normal ranges by 4 weeks post ET. Renal function parameters (serum urea and creatinine) remained in the normal range throughout the experimental period. A transient slight increase in the hepatic enzyme SGOT was observed. Open biopsies of major organs at 2 weeks post ET showed vacuolated cells in the liver and kidneys. Normal histology was noted at and after 3 months. Oxygen transport properties as examined by arterial-venous oxygen differences, oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction showed that PHP continued to transport oxygen up to 48 hours studied post ET. PHP functioned as effectively as red blood cells at 6 hours in oxygen delivery to the tissues. PHP effectively supported life at lethal levels of anemia and is physiologically well accepted.
Electrodes for Functional Neuralmuscular Stimulation
Authors: Lee Y. S. , Anderson W. A. , Mendel F. C. , Fish D. R. , Anderson L. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractElectrodes for FNS were fabricated by photolithographic techniques from foils of Mo, Ta, and stainless steel with lateral dimensions of 1–3 mm and thickness of about 50 μm. More recent designs have utilized a Si carrier with either a Pt or diffused Si track terminated by Au electrodes. Biocompatibility studies conducted on frogs and rabbits indicate good stability of electrodes coated with SiO by plasma deposition. Carriers did not move after implantation and did not show signs of corrosion. The diffused Si design is now preferred since electrode tracks are sub-surface, tracks may be electrically and biologically insulated by SiO2, all fabrication steps are compatible with standard integrated circuit processing such that electronics may be integrated on the carrier with the electrode tracks, and small dimensions are easily attained.