bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epiphasic Carotenoids in Post‐Glacial Lake Sediments
Authors: VALLENTYNE J. R. 
Published: March 2010

The presence of α‐ and β‐carotenes in surface mud from Lower Linsley Pond, Connecticut, and Little Round Lake, Ontario, was demonstrated by comparing the chromatographic positions and absorption spectra of the isolated compounds with authentic specimens of the same compounds prepared from carrots. Seven other carotenes were isolated from the Lower Linsley Pond mud, three of which were probably myxoxanthin, rhodoviolascin, and lycopene.Carotenoids were found in sediment cores taken from Upper Linsley Pond and Bethany Bog, Connecticut. On the basis of radiocarbon dates and pollen zonations the age of the oldest sediments in these cores was estimated to be approximately 11,000 years. Carotenoids were present in the organic sediments at all depths, but were present in traces or not at all in the basal clay‐silts. Five carotenoid zones of the paper chromatograms were estimated separately using an arbitrary concentration scale: carotene (consisting of α‐ and β‐carotenes and perhaps their cis‐isomers as well), myxoxanthin (?), rhodoviolascin (?), and two unidentified epiphasic carotenoids termed compounds A and B. In the core from Bethany Bog, rhodoviolascin was maximal in the upper part, carotene in the middle, and myxoxanthin and compound B in the middle and lower parts. Myxoxanthin, a pigment of the blue‐green algae, was present only in sediments of the mesotrophic phase of the history of Bethany Bog, and not in those of the dystrophic (bog) phase. The same pigments obtained from the Bethany Bog core were found in a core from Upper Linsley Pond, but the changes in concentration with depth were less striking. A new yellow pigment was present in the Upper Linsley Pond samples.Data on the biochemical composition of mud may be important in determining the kind and amounts of plant tissues incorporated into the mud.
Some Oceanographic Applications of Recent Determinations of the Solubility of Oxygen in Sea Water1
Authors: RICHARDS FRANCIS A. , CORWIN NATHANIEL 
Published: March 2010

The solubility of oxygen in fresh and sea water has recently been redetermined by Truesdale, Downing, and Lowden (1955), who found that the data of Fox (1909), long considered definitive, are in substantial error. The old and new data are compared, and the new are used to recompute the percentage saturation in the surface layer of the South Atlantic and equatorial North Atlantic Oceans from the METEOR observations. It is shown that most of the surface waters are in equilibrium with the atmosphere. The effects of the error on computations of oxygen consumption and of oxygen tension are discussed.A new nomogram relating the equilibrium oxygen concentration, the temperature, and the salt content of the water is presented.
Biological Factors in Treatment of Raw Sewage in Artificial Ponds
Authors: BARTSCH A. F. , ALLUM M. O. 
Published: March 2010

Ninety‐nine communities in the northern plains area use artificial ponds as the sole method of sewage treatment. Five ponds, selected for variability in design and loading, were studied intensively during each season for one year.A typical biota principally composed of algae and bacteria becomes established and participates in the treatment process. Reduction in coliform density (most probable number) was 99% more than half the time and always 95% or greater. Oxygen demand (B.O.D.) was typically reduced by 70–90%. Total suspended matter was reduced 80% or more in winter, but sometimes was increased up to 258% in summer as result of algal production.Various factors affect the treatment process. Depth of the euphotic zone ranged from 0.1–0.7 meter. Bottle tests gave oxygen production rates between zero and 3.6 g/m2/hr at different times of day, and total respiration rates from 0.1–2.4 g/m2/hr. Oxygen demand from contributed sewage was only 6–7% of total respiratory demand. Vertical gradients, diurnal variations, ice cover, and other factors prevent simple projection of bottle test data to the ponds.
The Vitamin‐B12 Activity of Mullet and Shark Serum
Authors: STARR THEODORE J. , MARTINEZ DOMINGO , FOSBERG WALTER 
Published: March 2010

Microbiological assay procedures using Euglena gracilis, z strain, were employed to measure the vitamin‐B12 activity of samples of mullet, shark, and human sera. The average activity was 10.7, 0.84, and 1.15 mµg/ml, respectively. The relatively higher activity of mullet sera compared to shark sera may reflect significant physiological differences between these subclasses of fish and possibly different feeding habits.Bacteria isolated from mullet intestinal contents were grown in a vitamin B12‐deficient medium. Of 8 cultures tested, 6 had vitamin‐B12 activity when assayed with Escherichia coli 113‐3 and 1 had activity for Euglena. In other experiments concentrates of cell residues were assayed. Two out of 4 supposedly negative vitamin‐B12 producers had activity for Euglena.
Studies of algal antibiosis using Haematococcus and Chlamydomonas
Authors: PROCTOR VERNON W. 
Published: March 2010

Five common freshwater algae were grown in the ten possible two‐membered combinations. No two species grew as well in mixed cultures as they did separately. One combination, Haematococcus‐Chlamydomonas, was selected for more detailed study. When grown together in the same container, Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlamydomonas reinhardi were found to be incompatible. The latter invariably dominated the cultures, usually within 3–5 days after inoculation. The rate at which Chlarmydomonas eliminated Haematococcus was influenced by a number of factors, the most important being light intensity and nitrogen source. Inhibition of Haematococcus was due to a fat‐like extracellular substance that was soluble in alkaline medium, somewhat heat stable, and steam distillable from an acid medium. The inhibitor was produced by Chlamydomonas and liberated upon the death of the cells. It is suggested that the inhibitor is probably a long‐chain fatty acid or mixture of such acids.Eight long‐chain, unbranched, saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids of known composition were assayed against six algae. Palmitic was the most toxic saturated acid tested, linoleic the most toxic unsaturated. Haematococcus was the most sensitive alga tested, Chlorella and Scenedesmus the least sensitive. There was a relatively narrow range of concentrations between those causing no inhibition and complete inhibition in the case of Haematococcus.The results of the present study are compared with those from other investigations of algal antibiosis.
The Effects of Winds on Water Levels on the New England Coast1
Authors: MILLER ARTHUR R. 
Published: March 2010

Tidal records from Nantucket Sound, Cape Cod; Montauk, Long Island; and Portland, Maine, have been studied along with wind and barometric observations from each location. Results of this study show that departures from mean sea level due to wind may be resolved into two components. The first is a component which refers to symmetrical sinusoidal variation of sea level departure as a function of wind direction and applies to the outer coast and to the general level of Nantucket Sound in particular.The second is an asymmetrical component which refers the responses of sea level at each observing station to local wind force, direction, fetch length, and local topography. Under different circumstances these components vary in relative importance in determining the local departure from mean sea level. In addition to wind direction and velocity, duration and size of wind field may determine whether one component is more important than the other.The varying importance of each component probably governs the time‐lag between peak winds and maximum sea level departures which will vary from several hours to as much as twenty hours.
Some Biochemical Aspects of Red Tides and Related Oceanographic Problems1
Authors: COLLIER ALBERT 
Published: March 2010

“Red Tides” are blooms of plankton organisms which may or may not be lethal to aquatic organisms. The sudden increase in multiplication rates of the organisms is caused by a complex of biological factors, and physical factors play a major role in effecting mechanical concentration.This paper deals with the biological factors operative in the genesis of blooms. Nutritional studies show that organic factors which occur naturally in the water are important. The existence of biologically active organic compounds and possible modes of action are discussed. The method of measurement of “carbohydrates” is explained and their production by bacteria‐free cultures of Prorocentrum is demonstrated. Such organic compounds could serve as substrates for vitamin B12‐producing bacteria and thus play a role in the conditioning of water for succeeding populations.Gymnodinium breve, the causative organism of the Florida Red Tide, responds differentially to Gulf of Mexico waters of different origins. A suggested explanation is the interaction between environmental copper and hydrogen sulfide. Once started, a bloom may replenish the required nutrients by the decomposition of the fish that it kills.
Orientation of fish to gravity1
Authors: BRAEMER WOLFGANG , BRAEMER HELGA 
Published: March 2010

The equilibrium position about the transverse axis was studied in three species of Characinoidei, following the original work of von Holst.The equilibrium position was measured in intact fish and in fish with one utricular statolith removed, under conditions in which the weight was increased from 1.0 to 2.2 g through centrifuging. Some specimens were fixed and cleared so that the position of the utricular statoliths relative to the long axis could be photographed.The experiments show: (1) The equilibrium function is a feedback process of peripheral and central factors, with the sensory receptor built into the system as the external control element. (2) Removal of one utricular statolith results in a marked weakening of the peripheral equilibrium component, but is not equal to an exact halving as should be expected from the results of other workers. This suggests that one of the other statoliths may be acting in maintaining the equilibrium position around the transverse axis. (3) The direct measurement of the morphological angle of the utricular statoliths imbedded in the body of the fish was compared with the calculated value obtained by centrifuging the whole animal.
A Volumetric Study of Zooplankton Distribution in the Cape Hatteras Area1
Authors: ST. JOHN PHILIP A. 
Published: March 2010

The displacement volumes of 82 zooplankton samples, collected from the offshore waters of North Carolina during May and June of 1953 and January 1954, are determined and reported. A brief review is given of the topographic and hydrographic features of the area. A comparison of zooplankton volumes is made with other areas in the eastern and western North Atlantic. In the present area, the mean zooplankton volume in May was 0.29 cc/m3; in June, 0.28 cc/m3; in January, 0.20 cc/m3. The volumes of zooplankton are shown to be least in shallow coastal areas and in offshore Florida Current water and to be generally at a maximum near the mid‐shelf region.Winter volumes in the present area were about 70% of the late spring values, while north of Cape Hatteras the plankton undergoes a 50% reduction between these seasons. Over Georges Bank the winter volumes are about 15% of the spring volumes, and in Norwegian waters the winter plankton volume is less than 3% of the spring value. The relatively slight reduction in plankton volumes from spring to winter in the Cape Hatteras area appears due to (1) the proximity of the Florida Current which supplies the shelf waters with reproducing populations of oceanic plankton species, and (2) the relatively high winter water temperatures and high solar radiation which insure a moderate standing crop of phytoplankton and hence a food supply for the animal fraction of the plankton.
Phytoplankton Nitrogen in the Oceans1
Authors: YENTSCH CHARLES S. , VACCARO RALPH F. 
Published: March 2010

The ratio of cellular nitrogen and chlorophyll has been studied in cultures of marine phytoplankton during and after recovery from nitrogen deficiency. The time factors were observed to vary together; however, the ratio was only constant when the cells were sufficient in nitrogen. Since nitrogen deficiency produced chlorotic cells in all species studied, the degree of deficiency could be ascertained by measuring the ratio of carotenoid to chlorophyll a. Thus an expression utilizing the ratio of plant pigments has been formulated to compute cellular nitrogen from chlorophyll a. This pigment:nitrogen relationship has been applied to estimate the quantity of nitrogen in natural populations of phytoplankton.The amounts of nitrogen in phytoplankton estimated from plant pigment measurements has been observed to vary between 18–70% of the total particulate matter.
The Seasonal Development of a Population of Diaptomus ashlandi Marsh, and Related Phytoplankton Cycles in Lake Washington
Authors: COMITA G. W. , ANDERSON G. C. 
Published: March 2010

The development of a Diaptomus ashlandi population and the simultaneous phytoplankton cycles in Lake Washington, Seattle, were studied in samples taken from October 1949 to October 1950. The lake is 8762 ha in area and 65.2 m deep in its deepest part. Temperature measurements showed that stratification began late in March, and the surface maximum of 22.2° C occurred late in August. Typically the epilimnion was 10 m deep, the thermocline 10 m, and hypolimnion 40 m. Chemical determinations showed the lake to be slightly alkaline usually, but during the summer months the pH was above 8.0. Alkalinity ranged from 0.246 to 0.524 millequivalents/liter. Phosphate determinations showed a winter maximum and summer minimum in the surface and 15 m water, with an accumulation in the bottom waters as summer progressed. Dissolved oxygen was abundant, but in the hypolimnion was depleted at the rate of 2.0 mg/cm2/month during the summer.Cell volume and chlorophyll measurements showed that a phytoplankton bloom occurred in spring and another in late August. The taxonomic composition of these is presented.The Diaptomus ashlandi population was found to be monocyclic. The period of greatest sexual activity was noted by counting the number of females carrying spermatophores. By this measure transfer of spermatophores lasted for approximately six months starting in January and continuing through July with the peak occurring in April, but egg production occurred from October to the following August, with the largest pulse occurring from mid‐January to mid‐March. These eggs developed into the nauplius stages which lasted until mid‐June. Development through the copepodid stages was traced to October 28 at which time the single annual cycle was complete. Six nauplius and six copepodid stages were noted in the life cycle. The approximate time required for all the nauplii to undergo their development was 75 days. For the copepodids, I and II together required 65 days; III, 40 days; IV, 84 days; V, 90 days; and VI, 5 to 6 months. Study of separate hauls from the epilimnion and hypolimnion showed that the epilimnion was the site of most of the activity of D. ashlandi during the period of growth and metamorphosis in the summer.A coefficient of correlation was computed for chlorophyll concentration and mean number of eggs/sac in the epilimnion. This was 0.598, which was significantly different from zero at the 1 per cent level.Metasome measurements were made on all the copepodids. These showed that the period of maximal size for the adult females occurred from June to September 1950. This increase in size began just as the peak of phytoplankton had passed. The summer females were found to be significantly larger than the winter females at the 1 per cent level.Study of the sex ratios showed that females were in excess for much of the year, although males were in excess for as long as 3 months (April, May, June).
The Origin and Distribution of Phosphorus in Western Lake Erie
Authors: CURL HERBERT 
Published: March 2010

The phosphate phosphorus distribution in western Lake Erie in May 1951 and the average concentration throughout 1950–1951 are shown to be a result of the drift current pattern and the discharge of the Maumee and Detroit Rivers. The bed rock in the lake appears to provide negligible quantities. The Detroit River supplies 405 metric tons per year at an average concentration of 2.6 µg PO4‐P/L, and the Maumee River supplies 125 tons at an average concentration of 43 µg PO4‐P/L. The remaining streams supply 39 tons at a concentration of 16 µg PO4‐P/L. There is a loss of soluble phosphorus, possibly as precipitating ferric phosphate and by adsorption onto ferric hydroxide. The bottom sediments are considerably enriched in phosphorus.Phosphate phosphorus and turbidity in the lake are positively correlated (r = +0.65), and evidence from turbidity data indicates that the lake is enriched by a thin‐layered tongue of water from the south shore streams which flow over or under the clearer, nutrient poor water, and then mixes vertically with it.Removal of fish by man accounts for an annual loss of 29 metric tons, or six per cent of the average annual input of phosphorus. Approximately 94 metric tons, 20 per cent of the average annual input, may be held temporarily as phytoplankton.Although phosphorus is probably never limiting in the southern waters of western Lake Erie, the accompanying turbidity sometimes prevents any significant phytoplankton growth.
Bacterial Populations in Sea Water as Determined by Different Methods of Enumeration1
Authors: JANNASCH HOLGER W. , JONES GALEN E. 
Published: March 2010

Five different cultural and two direct microscopic methods were employed for estimating the abundance of bacteria in samples of sea water collected from both oceanic and neritic areas. The cultural methods included macrocolony counts on nutrient agar, silica gel, and membrane filters, microcolony counts on membrane filters, and the extinction dilution method. Direct microscopic counts were made of microbes on membrane filters and of microbes transferred from membrane filters to glass slides. Direct counts showed the presence of from 13 to 9,700 times as many bacteria as cultural methods. The extinction dilution method and the microcolony membrane filter method gave counts 20 and 35 times higher, respectively, than did any of the macrocolony methods. Direct microscopic counts on membrane filters were approximately 150 times higher than plate counts, and the numbers of microbes transferred from membrane filters to glass slides were approximately 2,000 times higher than plate counts. In all of the cultural methods, a peptone‐yeast extract medium was used.Differences in the abundance of microorganisms obtained by the various methods are attributed to a variety of factors: the presence of bacteria in aggregates, selective effects of the media, and the presence of inactive cells. A marked decrease in bacterial numbers was observed just below the thermocline as reflected in the macrocolony methods but not by the direct microscopic methods. A considerable population of spirilli‐like forms was noticed directly under the microscope but not after cultivation.
Aggregates of Bacteria in Sea Water as Determined By Treatment With Surface Active Agents1
Authors: JONES GALEN E. , JANNASCH HOLGER W. 
Published: March 2010

Sea water samples were treated with the surface active agents, Tween 80, MYRJ‐52, Renex 31, and Dow Corning Antifoam AF Emulsion to determine their effect on the dispersal of microbes in aggregates. All of these substances in the concentration of 10 ppm increased the plate counts compared to untreated controls. In the case of Tween 80, the most carefully studied of the wetting agents, the results from different water samples were somewhat variable, with an average of almost twice as many colonies developing from the treated sea waters. Mechanical agitation of the sea water had little effect on the number of colonies developing on plates compared to stationary controls. Maximum development of colonies on agar pour plates occurred when sea water samples were treated with 1 to 10 ppm Tween 80. There was evidence for inhibition of pigmented colonies at concentrations of the wetting agent higher than 10 ppm as indicated by serial dilution and replica plate methods.Direct microscopic observations of microorganisms from water before and after treatment with the surface active agents indicated the occurrence of cells in large clumps, usually on detritus, and individual cells. Less than 13 per cent of the total number of cells was removed from the aggregates by the surface active substances. There was a tendency for the percentage of clumped bacteria to be inversely proportional to the total microscopic count.The dispersal of bacterial clumps by the surface active agents is attributed to their surface tension depression.
Uptake, Accumlation and Loss of Radioactive Cerium‐144 by Marine Planktonic Algae1
Authors: RICE T. R. , WILLIS VIRGINIA M. 
Published: March 2010

Following the uptake of an element by marine planktonic algae is difficult if the element occurs in both the ionic and particulate states. In this investigation the radioactive cerium (Ce144) occurred mostly in the particulate state when added to sea water. The rate of formation of particles containing Ce144 was influenced by dilution, temperature, salinity, added cerium, and the presence of a chelating compound.A culture of Nitzschia closterium containing dividing cells removed all the Ce144 originally added to the medium. Different species of algae concentrated cerium from 300 to 3000 times over amounts in the medium in a period of 30 minutes. After 24 hours all 6 species tested had concentrated cerium from about 2,000 to 4,500 times. Radioactive cerium continues to be taken up for as long as three days by non‐dividing Nitzschia cells kept in the dark. The amount of cerium taken up by Nitzschia cells increased as the concentration of cerium in the medium was increased. Particulate cerium became associated with the cells at a faster rate than ionic cerium. The presence of a chelating compound in the medium resulted in a reduction in the uptake of Ce144 by Nitzschia cells.Radioactive Nitzschia cells resuspended in nonactive medium lost about 25 per cent of their contained Ce144 in 5 hours. More Ce144 was lost from cells resuspended in 4 portions of nonactive medium, one after the other, than from cells remaining in the first portion of nonactive medium. A larger amount of Ce144 was lost from cells to medium containing a chelating compound. The greatest loss of Ce144 per unit of protoplasm in cells in nonactive medium was from “biological dilution.” This loss amounted to ½ of the contained activity of the cells at each division.