bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The identification of the SNARE complex required for the fusion of VLDL-transport vesicle with hepaticcis-Golgi
Authors: Siddiqi Shaila , Mani Arul M. , Siddiqi Shadab A. 
Published: May 2010

VLDLs (very-low-density lipoproteins) are synthesized in the liver and play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Following their biogenesis in hepatic ER (endoplasmic reticulum), nascent VLDLs are exported to the Golgi which is a physiologically regulatable event. We have previously shown that a unique ER-derived vesicle, the VTV (VLDL-transport vesicle), mediates the targeted delivery of VLDL to the Golgi lumen. Because VTVs are different from other ER-derived transport vesicles in their morphology and biochemical composition, we speculated that a distinct set of SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor) proteins would form a SNARE complex which would eventually facilitate the docking/fusion of VTVs with Golgi. Our results show that Sec22b is concentrated in VTVs as compared with the ER. Electron microscopic results show that Sec22b co-localizes with p58 and Sar1 on the VTV surface. Pre-treatment of VTV with antibodies against Sec22b inhibited VTV–Golgi fusion, indicating its role as a v-SNARE (vesicle SNARE). To isolate the SNARE complex, we developed an in vitro docking assay in which VTVs were allowed to dock with the Golgi, but fusion was prevented to stabilize the SNARE complex. After the docking reaction, VTV–Golgi complexes were collected, solubilized in 2% Triton X-100 and the SNARE complex was co-immunoprecipitated using anti-Sec22b or GOS28 antibodies. A ~110 kDa complex was identified in non-boiled samples that was dissociated upon boiling. The components of the complex were identified as Sec22b, syntaxin 5, rBet1 and GOS28. Antibodies against each SNARE component significantly inhibited VTV–Golgi fusion. We conclude that the SNARE complex required for VTV–Golgi fusion is composed of Sec22b, syntaxin 5, rBet1 and GOS28.
(–)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate down-regulates EGFR, MMP-2, MMP-9 and EMMPRIN and inhibits the invasion of MCF-7 tamoxifen-resistant cells
Authors: Farabegoli Fulvia , Papi Alessio , Orlandi Marina 
Published: May 2010

The activation of the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) signalling pathway is one of the key mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancer patients. As EGCG [(–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate], the most active catechin present in green tea, has been shown to down-regulate EGFR, we studied the effects of 10–100 μg/ml EGCG treatment on growth and invasion in a breast carcinoma cell line resistant to tamoxifen [MCF-7Tam (MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line resistant to tamoxifen) cells] and parental MCF-7. A dose-dependent down-regulation of EGFR mRNA expression and protein level occurred after 50 μg/ml EGCG treatment of MCF-7Tam cells. EGFR molecules on the plasma membrane surface of MCF-7Tam cells significantly decreased. EGFR phosphorylation (Tyr-992, Tyr-1045 and Tyr-1068) was higher in MCF-7Tam than in MCF-7 and it was reduced by EGCG treatment. ERK (extracellular regulated kinase) and phospho-ERK p42/44 were also down-regulated by EGCG treatment and in vitro cell growth and invasion decreased. MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2) and MMP-9, which are implicated in cell invasion and metastasis, and EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer), a glycoprotein able to activate MMPs, were significantly reduced after 50 μg/ml EGCG treatment. In keeping with this, TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1) and TIMP-2, which down-regulate MMPs, increased after EGCG treatment. Altogether, the present data demonstrated that EGCG could attenuate the tamoxifen-resistant phenotype of MCF-7Tam cells. EGCG could stop MCF-7Tam cell growth and in vitro invasion through down-regulation of EGFR and other molecules implicated in aggressive biological behaviour. The present data support the hypothesis that EGCG is an interesting molecule to be investigated in tamoxifen-resistant breast carcinoma.
Hydrogen sulfide attenuates cardiac dysfunction in a rat model of heart failure: a mechanism through cardiac mitochondrial protection
Authors: Wang Xianli , Wang Qian , Guo Wei , Zhu Yi Zhun 
Published: May 2010

HF (heart failure) after MI (myocardial infarction) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies have shown that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has cardioprotective effects. Hence, we aimed to elucidate the potential effects of H2S on HF after MI in rats. The HF model after MI was made by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. HF groups and sham-operated groups of rats were treated with vehicle, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) or PAG (propagylglycine). Equal volumes of saline, 3.136 mg·kg−1·day−1 NaHS or 37.5 mg·kg−1·day−1 PAG, were intraperitoneally injected into rats for 6 weeks after operation. Survival, lung-to-body weight ratio and left ventricular haemodynamic parameters were measured. The protein and gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3 and cytochrome c were analysed by Western blotting and RT–PCR (reverse transcription–PCR). TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) and EM (electron microscopy) were used to examine apoptosis of heart tissues. NaHS was found to improve the survival and lower the lung-to-body weight ratio. It increased the LVSP (left ventricular systolic pressure) and the maximum rate of pressure and decreased LVEDP (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure). Furthermore, NaHS promoted Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression and demoted Bax, caspase 3 protein and mRNA expression in HF rats. We also showed that NaHS decreased the leakage of cytochrome c protein from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. Histological observation by TUNEL and EM proved that NaHS inhibited cardiac apoptosis in HF hearts and improved mitochondrial derangements, but that PAG aggravated those indices. Hence, H2S has protective effects in HF rats.
Network-Level Measures
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNetwork level measures are measures calculated on the whole network and provide indicators of network structure. Eight network indicators are reviewed: size, density, reciprocity/mutuality, triadic census/transitivity, average path length, clustering, centralization, and core-periphery. The chapter then reviews two-mode data and closes with a discussion of network level influences on behavior. For example, how does density affect innovation diffusion?
Exponential Random Graph Models, P* and Actor Oriented Models
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes in non-technical terms how researchers can determine whether empirical networks exhibit certain structural properties (centrality, triadic transitivity, etc.) using a statistical test. These models are referred to as exponential random graph models (ERGM), named after the technique used to generate simulated networks, which can then be compared to the observed network in order to statistically assess network properties. The chapter provides an exposition of the actor oriented co-evolution model, which extends the cross-sectional ERGM framework to model longitudinal processes. These models can be used to determine what behaviors drive social network evolution, and whether social relationships influence behavioral changes. Public health examples are used throughout to illustrate concepts.
Vygotsky, Luria, and the Social Brain
Authors: Fernyhough Charles 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers the potential value of Vygotsky's and Luria's functional systems approach for our understanding of the developmental linkages between executive functioning and social understanding. It proposes that such linkages are best explained through taking an interfunctional approach to both classes of psychological process, according to which both executive functioning and social understanding are constituted of functional systems developmentally structured by social experience, and shaped by a general transition towards semiotic mediation of cognition and behavior in the preschool years. In addressing the significance of this view for the developing neuroanatomical localization of such functions, this chapter considers these relations in light of Luria's co-constructivist approach to neurodevelopment which allowed for bidirectional causal influences between biology and social environment.
Integration of Photoperiodic Timing and Vernalization inArabidopsis
Authors: Michaels Scott D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses how photoperiod and vernalization pathways contribute to the coordination of flowering in Arabidopsis with seasonal changes in day length and temperature. FRI-containing winter annuals typically germinate in late summer or fall. Even if the days are sufficiently long to induce CO protein accumulation, high levels of FLC act to block the expression of FT, FD, and SOC1, thereby preventing flowering. The plants then overwinter as a vegetative rosette. During this time, vernalization takes place, and the action of VIN3, VRN1, VRN2, VIL1, and LHP1 leads to repressive histone modifications in the chromatin of FLC. This creates an epigenetic repression of FLC that is stable even after temperatures warm in the spring. It is important to note, however, that the suppression of FLC is not sufficient to directly induce flowering. FT and SOC1 are not highly expressed until the days of spring become sufficiently long to induce CO protein accumulation. At that point, with the repression of FLC removed by vernalization, CO can induce the expression of FT. FT protein then moves to the apex where it interacts with FD to activate the expression of SOC1 and the floral meristem-associated genes AP1 and LFY, to trigger the production of flowers. In the embryos formed from these flowers, FLC expression is re-set to high levels, restoring the vernalization requirement in the next generation.
Photoperiodism in Amphibians and Reptiles
Authors: Weil Zachary M. , Crews David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides a broad overview of photoperiodic regulation of reproductive and nonreproductive responses in amphibians and reptiles. It focuses mostly on laboratory investigations of photoperiodic and seasonal phenomena where environmental factors can be precisely controlled, and the respective contributions of day length and environmental temperature elucidated.
Gap Junctions and the Notion of Electrical Coupling Between Axons
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGap junctions are an evolutionarily ancient form of intercellular communication, present in a variety of tissues, and essential to life. A variety of types of experimental evidence indicates that gap junctions can occur on axons, and can (at least in some circumstances) permit the spread of action potentials from cell to cell. Very fast oscillations at ~200 Hz occur in hippocampal slices in conditions where chemical synapses are blocked, but requiring gap junctions.
Task Switching: Mechanisms Underlying Rigid vs. Flexible Self-Control
Authors: Meiran Nachshon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the historical and current literature on task switching, focusing primarily on cognitive-behavioral studies on healthy human subjects. It outlines what I see to be widely accepted conclusions. These include the notion that tasks have mental representations (“task sets”) and that a change in this representation results in slowing (although the exact reasons for the slowing are debated). Following Ach (2006/1910), the chapter divides the processes that are currently mentioned in the literature into those making an inner obstacle against a task switch (thus causing rigidity) and those that enable a task switch (thus supporting flexibility). It also discusses some major controversies in the field and suggest that many of these controversies are more apparent than real by pointing out the many issues where a broad consensus exists.
Getting Our Act Together: Toward a General Model of Self-Control
Authors: Magen Eran , Gross James J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractResearch on self-control has enjoyed tremendous growth over the past few decades, as researchers from a variety of disciplines have tested different self-control techniques in different domains of self-control. The result has been a proliferation of theories, models, and approaches, each offering important, but so far largely unrelated insights. The lack of a unifying framework has been an impediment to the development of an incremental science of self-control, and has left researchers struggling to relate their work to that of others. In this chapter, we present a general model of self-control, which we call the cybernetic process model of self-control. This model integrates two existing models — Cybernetic control theory (Carver & Scheier, 1982) and the process model of emotion-regulation (Gross, 1998b) — and describes the process through which tempting impulses arise and may be regulated. The cybernetic process model of self-control provides a conceptual framework for organizing disparate findings from research on self-control, and serves as a useful aid in selecting and designing appropriate self-control techniques.
Chapter 1 Introduction: Culture, Self-Silencing, and Depression: A Contextual-Relational Perspective
Authors: Jack Dana C. , Ali Alisha 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept of this international book and the relevance of the self-silencing construct to understanding depression and related problems across cultures, contexts, and populations. The chapter summarizes silencing the self theory and situates the theory among other psychological theories of depression. The authors each describe the research that led them to become interested in the idea of this edited volume in which contributors from a range of different countries and settings explore self-silencing, and they provide a summary of the content of the book. The chapter also presents issues arising from research on self-silencing that raise questions for further investigation as well as ideas that relate self-silencing theory to broader constructs of “culture” and “self.” The authors argue that examining how gender-specific norms and social inequality affect self-silencing within relationships and across cultures is necessary for a fuller understanding of depression and its treatment.
Chapter 7 “I Don't Express My Feelings to Anyone”: How Self-Silencing Relates to Gender and Depression in Nepal
Authors: Jack Dana C. , Pokharel Bindu , Subba Usha 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines how self-silencing and depression are affected in gender-specific ways by the changing social context in Nepal. The authors explore whether self-silencing relates to depression differently in Nepal than it does Western industrialized countries. To examine this question, the authors draw upon data they have collected through three studies in Kathmandu, Nepal. The chapter outlines the findings from these studies, which used interviews, focus groups, and quantitative questionnaires to understand the experiences of depression and self-silencing among Nepalese men and women. The authors argue that gender is an important factor in explaining the risks and consequences associated with self-silencing and depression in Nepal, but also that both men and women are at risk for depression when they silence themselves in attempting to maintain social and familial harmony.
Chapter 19 Silencing the Heart: Women in Treatment for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Medved Maria I. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines how women who are in support groups after myocardial heart infarction are silenced by approaches to treatment that are derived solely from men's experiences with heart disease. It presents evidence of how treatment can address self-silencing in order to facilitate women's positive coping to help them return to health. It discusses the relevance of silencing the self theory in conceptualizing women's experience of cardiovascular disease, particularly in light of the lack of attention given to women's—as opposed to men's—experience of heart disease. Using illustrative case examples, the chapter demonstrates the contradictions between women's needs to focus on their own recovery and to simultaneously meet the needs of those around them. The chapter also describes possible psychosocial approaches for recovery and rehabilitation for women with cardiovascular disease.
Authors' Intentions, Literary Interpretation, and Literary Value
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers three prominent theories of literary interpretation: actual intentionalism (author's intentions constrain how their works are to be interpreted), hypothetical intentionalism (interpretations are justified as those most likely intended by a postulated author), and the value maximizing theory (interpretations presenting the work in the most favourable light are to be preferred). Either intentionalism cannot account for the appropriateness or legitimacy of some interpretations, or it must be weakened to the point that the considerations raised by hypothetical intentionalists and value-maxmizers come into play. Hypothetical intentionalism either reduces to the value-maximizing theory — which provides a more accurate and clearer expression of the position than does hypothetical intentionalism — or it mistakenly attributes to hypothesized intentions the kind of force that attaches only to actual intentions.
Relativism, Vagueness and What is Said
Authors: García‐Carpintero Manuel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractJohn MacFarlane has formulated a version of truth-relativism, and has argued for its application in some cases — future contingents, knowledge attributions, and epistemic modals among them. Mark Richard also defends a version of relativism, which he applies to vagueness-inducing features of the semantics of gradable adjectives. On MacFarlane's and Richard's characterization, truth-relativist claims posit a distinctive kind of context-dependence, the dependence of the evaluation of an assertion as true or otherwise on aspects of the context of the evaluation itself — in contrast with the context of the assertion. This chapter follows Evans in distinguishing two forms of truth-relativism: a moderate one concerning the evaluation of contents or propositions, and a radical one concerning the evaluation of acts. It argues against Richard's truth-relativist proposals for gradable adjectives, which are understood to be of the second kind, while accepting a form of moderate content-relativism for those cases.
Principles in Health Economics and Policy
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPrinciples in Health Economics and Policy is a concise introduction to health economics and its application to health policy. It introduces the subject of economics, explains the fundamental failures in the market for health care, and discusses the concepts of equity and fairness when applied to health and health care. The book takes a policy-oriented approach, emphasizing the application of economic analysis to universal health policy issues. It explores the key questions facing health policy-makers across the globe right now, such as: how should society intervene in the determinants that affect health? How should health care be financed? How should health care providers be paid? And, how should alternative health care programmes be evaluated when setting priorities? Exercises and suggested readings are included after each chapter.
Compulsory insurance
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses private health insurance, social health insurance, and tax-financed health care. These three health insurance systems differ in terms of three Cs: costs, coverage, and choice. Private health insurance is the most costly one to manage. Coverage is limited to people who have taken out insurance, but the choice to do so is of course voluntary. The contrasting system is taxation: it is cheap, it involves universal coverage, but it is compulsory. Social health insurance (SHI) lies between the two contrasting systems, but in practice is quite similar to tax-funded health care on two crucial issues. First, there is no link between size of the individual's contribution and their expected use of health care. Hence, the inefficiencies in the labour market associated with direct taxation would be the same, no matter whether some part of the compulsory taxation is ‘earmarked’ or not. Second, in high-income countries SHI has developed to universal coverage through top-up tax-financed contributions to the sickness funds from the state to cover non-member groups outside the workforce. Exercises and suggested readings are included at the end of the chapter.
The Form and Matter of the Categorical Imperative
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter regiments Kant's various formulations of the categorical imperative in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals by arguing that the two different versions of what Kant describes as the third formula — the ‘formula of autonomy’ and the ‘formula of the kingdom of ends’ — represent respectively the consequences of the systematic application or ‘complete determination’ of the first two formulas, the ‘formula of autonomy’ representing the systematic application of the ‘formula of universal law’, and the ‘formula of the kingdom of ends’ representing the systematic application of the ‘formula of humanity as an end in itself’.
It Takes Two to Tango: Beyond Reductionism and Non‐Reductionism in the Epistemology of Testimony
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHow precisely do we successfully acquire justified belief from either the spoken or written word of others? This question is at the center of the epistemology of testimony, and the current philosophical literature contains only two general options for answering it: reductionism and non-reductionism. While reductionists argue that testimonial justification is reducible to sense perception, memory, and inductive inference, non-reductionists maintain that testimony is just as basic epistemically as these other sources. This chapter challenges the current terms of the debate by, first, showing that there are serious problems afflicting both reductionism and non-reductionism and by, second, suggesting an alternate, hybrid, view of testimonial justification.
Economic Activity and the Advantage Analysis
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the economic activity of governments. The first part deals with the general principle of the market, focusing on the complexities and difficulties involved in the application of the actual benchmarks derived from this paradigm. In the second part, two case-studies explain the relationship between public intervention in the economy and market benchmarks. The attempt is to show — in the current context of redefinition of the roles of public and private actors in the economy — the interplay of two contrasting forces and their critical impact on the advantage analysis. A shift from complexity discourse to outspoken criticism is the subject of the final part. The fundamental critiques about the possibility, consistency and, ultimately, the legitimacy of using market benchmarks to test the economic conduct of public bodies are examined. The chapter concludes by offering a balanced rehabilitation of the market paradigm.