bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frontal and Temporal Microbleeds Are Related to Cognitive Function
Authors: van Norden Anouk G.W. , van den Berg Heleen A.C. , de Laat Karlijn F. , Gons Rob A.R. , van Dijk Ewoud J. , de Leeuw Frank-Erik 
Published: September 2011

Background and Purpose—
Cerebral small vessel disease, including white matter lesions and lacunar infarcts, is related to cognitive impairment. Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) are increasingly being recognized as another manifestation of small vessel disease and are also related to cognitive function. However, it remains unclear whether this relation is independent of white matter lesions and lacunar infarcts and if location of MB plays a role. We investigated the relation between the presence, number, and location of MB and cognitive performance adjusted for white matter lesions and lacunar infarcts.

Methods—
Presence, number, and location of MB were rated on a gradient echo T2*-weighted MRI in 500 nondemented elderly patients with small vessel disease. Cognitive performance was assessed in different domains. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, total brain volume, white matter lesion volume, and lacunar and territorial infarcts.

Results—

Mean age was 65.6 years (SD 8.8) and 57% were male. MBs were present in 10.4% of the participants. Subjects with MBs were significantly older, had a higher white matter lesion volume, and more lacunar infarcts (
P
<0.001). Presence and number of MBs were related to global cognitive function (β−0.10,
P
=0.008; β−0.20,
P
=0.002), psychomotor speed (β−0.10,
P
=0.012; β−0.19,
P
=0.006), and attention (β−0.10,
P
=0.02; β−0.205,
P
=0.001). The relations with cognitive performance were mainly driven by frontal, temporal, and strictly deep located MB.

Conclusions—
Frontal and temporal located MBs correlate with cognitive performance in nondemented elderly patients independent of coexisting other small vessel disease-related lesions. MBs are clinically not silent and may help to understand the role of vascular disease in cognitive decline.
The Deleterious Effect of Admission Hyperglycemia on Survival and Functional Outcome in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Béjot Yannick , Aboa-Eboulé Corine , Hervieu Marie , Jacquin Agnès , Osseby Guy-Victor , Rouaud Olivier , Giroud Maurice 
Published: September 2011

Background and Purpose—
We aimed to evaluate the association between blood glucose (BG) levels at admission and both functional outcome at discharge and 1-month mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods—
All cases of first-ever ICH were identified from the population-based Stroke Registry of Dijon, France from 1985 to 2009. Clinical and radiological information was recorded. BG was measured at admission. Multivariate analyses were performed using logistic and Cox regression models. Multiple imputation was used as a sensitivity analysis.

Results—

We recorded 465 first-ever ICH. BG at admission was obtained in 416 patients (89.5%) with a median value of 6.92 mmol/L. In multivariate analyses, BG in the highest tertile (≥8.6 mmol/L) was an independent predictor of functional handicap (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.43–4.40;
P
=0.01) and 1-month mortality (hazard ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.23–2.43;
P
=0.002). The results were consistent with those obtained from multiple imputation analyses.

Conclusions—
Admission hyperglycemia is associated with poor functional recovery at discharge and 1-month mortality after ICH. These results suggest a need for trials that evaluate strategies to lower BG in acute ICH.
An Artificial Neural Network with Chaotic Oscillator for Wind Shear Alerting
Authors: Kwong K. M. , Wong Max H. Y. , Liu James N. K. , Chan P. W. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Current research based on various approaches including the use of numerical weather prediction models, statistical models, and machine learning models have provided some encouraging results in the area of long-term weather forecasting. But at the level of mesoscale and even microscale severe weather phenomena (involving very short-term chaotic perturbations) such as turbulence and wind shear phenomena, these approaches have not been so successful. This research focuses on the use of chaotic oscillatory-based neural networks for the study of a mesoscale weather phenomenon, namely, wind shear, a challenging and complex meteorological problem that has a vital impact on aviation safety. Using lidar data collected at the Hong Kong International Airport via the Hong Kong Observatory, it is possible to forecast the Doppler velocities with satisfactory accuracy and validate the prediction model with the potential to generate the wind shear alert. Experimental results are found to be comparable to the actual measurement. Moreover, the selected testing cases and results show that the value of correlation coefficient between the predicted and lidar-measured wind velocities exceeds 0.9 with various window sizes ranging from 1 to 3 h. These provide areas for further research of the proposed model and lidar technology for turbulence and wind shear forecasts.
Social Vulnerability to Climate-Sensitive Hazards in the Southern United States
Authors: Emrich Christopher T. , Cutter Susan L. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The southern United States is no stranger to hazard and disaster events. Intense hurricanes, drought, flooding, and other climate-sensitive hazards are commonplace and have outnumbered similar events in other areas of the United States annually in both scale and magnitude by a ratio of almost 4:1 during the past 10 years. While losses from climate-sensitive hazards are forecast to increase in the coming years, not all of the populations residing within these hazard zones have the same capacity to prepare for, respond to, cope with, and rebound from disaster events. The identification of these vulnerable populations and their location relative to zones of known or probably future hazard exposure is necessary for the development and implementation of effective adaptation, mitigation, and emergency management strategies. This paper provides an approach to regional assessments of hazards vulnerability by describing and integrating hazard zone information on four climate-sensitive hazards with socioeconomic and demographic data to create an index showing both the areal extent of hazard exposure and social vulnerability for the southern United States. When examined together, these maps provide an assessment of the likely spatial impacts of these climate-sensitive hazards and their variability. The identification of hotspots—counties with elevated exposures and elevated social vulnerability—highlights the distribution of the most at risk counties and the driving factors behind them. Results provide the evidentiary basis for developing targeted strategic initiatives for disaster risk reduction including preparedness for response and recovery and longer-term adaptation in those most vulnerable and highly impacted areas.
A Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust in Human-Robot Interaction
Authors: Hancock Peter A. , Billings Deborah R. , Schaefer Kristin E. , Chen Jessie Y. C. , de Visser Ewart J. , Parasuraman Raja 
Published: September 2011

Objective: We evaluate and quantify the effects of human, robot, and environmental factors on perceived trust in human-robot interaction (HRI). Background: To date, reviews of trust in HRI have been qualitative or descriptive. Our quantitative review provides a fundamental empirical foundation to advance both theory and practice. Method: Meta-analytic methods were applied to the available literature on trust and HRI. A total of 29 empirical studies were collected, of which 10 met the selection criteria for correlational analysis and 11 for experimental analysis. These studies provided 69 correlational and 47 experimental effect sizes. Results: The overall correlational effect size for trust was r̄ = +0.26, with an experimental effect size of d̄ = +0.71. The effects of human, robot, and environmental characteristics were examined with an especial evaluation of the robot dimensions of performance and attribute-based factors. The robot performance and attributes were the largest contributors to the development of trust in HRI. Environmental factors played only a moderate role. Conclusion: Factors related to the robot itself, specifically, its performance, had the greatest current association with trust, and environmental factors were moderately associated. There was little evidence for effects of human-related factors. Application: The findings provide quantitative estimates of human, robot, and environmental factors influencing HRI trust. Specifically, the current summary provides effect size estimates that are useful in establishing design and training guidelines with reference to robot-related factors of HRI trust. Furthermore, results indicate that improper trust calibration may be mitigated by the manipulation of robot design. However, many future research needs are identified.
Phased Training for High-Reliability Occupations
Authors: Baumann Michael R. , Gohm Carol L. , Bonner Bryan L. 
Published: September 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess whether the stress reduction effects of phased training culminating in repeated exposure to a stressful scenario generalize to new scenarios. Background: High-reliability occupations require personnel to operate in stressful situations involving complex environments, high degrees of uncertainty and time pressure, and severe consequences for mistakes. One method of training for such environments culminates in practice in high-fidelity, highly stressful simulations. For some domains, realism necessitates large-scale, difficult-to-modify physical simulations. This necessity often results in repeated exposure to one or very few scenarios. The literature gives reason to question whether the stress reduction effects of such exposure transfer to new scenarios. Method: Anxiety and cognitive difficulties were measured among firefighter trainees during three live-fire drills. For each trainee, two drills involved the same scenario, and the other involved a new scenario that was structurally similar to the repeated scenario. Results: As predicted, anxiety and cognitive difficulties decreased across repetitions of the same scenario. However, the reduction did not generalize to a new scenario, and a nontrivial portion of the sample showed signs of negative transfer. Conclusion: Repeated exposure to the same stressful scenario as the final phase of training has limited practical value for stress reduction. Methods for expanding the range of scenarios to which trainees are exposed or for increasing the value of the exposure are recommended. Application: The findings could help improve design of training programs for high-reliability occupations.
Mitigation of Conflicts with Automation
Authors: Dehais Frédéric , Causse Mickaël , Tremblay Sébastien 
Published: September 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to empirically assess the efficacy of cognitive countermeasures based on the technique of information removal to enhance human operator attentional disengagement abilities when facing attentional tunneling. Background: Lessons learned from human factors studies suggest that conflict with automation leads to the degradation of operators’ performance by promoting excessive focusing on a single task to the detriment of the supervision of other critical parameters. Method: An experimental setup composed of a real unmanned ground vehicle and a ground station was developed to test the efficiency of the cognitive countermeasures. The scenario (with and without countermeasure) involved an authority conflict between the participants and the robot induced by a battery failure. The effects of the conflict and, in particular, the impact of cognitive countermeasures on the participants’ cognition and arousal were assessed through heart rate measurement and eye tracking techniques. Results: In the control group (i.e., no countermeasure), 8 out of 12 participants experienced attentional tunneling when facing the conflict, leading them to neglect the visual alarms displayed that would have helped them to understand the evolution of the tactical situation. Participants in the countermeasure group showed lower heart rates and enhanced attentional abilities, and 10 out of 11 participants made appropriate decisions. Conclusions: The use of cognitive countermeasures appeared to be an efficient means to mitigate excessive focus issues in the unmanned ground vehicle environment. Applications: The principle of cognitive countermeasures can be applied to a large domain of applications involving human operators interacting with critical systems.
Neonates with Tongue‐Based Airway Obstruction
Authors: Bookman Laurel B. , Melton Kristin R. , Pan Brian S. , Bender Patricia L. , Chini Barbara A. , Greenberg James M. , Saal Howard M. , Taylor Jesse A. , Elluru Ravindhra G. 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveIn this systematic review, the authors summarize the current evidence in the literature regarding diagnosis, treatment, and long‐term outcomes in neonates with tongue‐based airway obstruction (TBAO) and assess the level of evidence of included studies.Data SourcesThe terms Pierre Robin syndrome/sequence, micrognathia, retrognathia, and cleft palate were combined with airway obstruction, treatment, tongue‐lip plication, and osteogenesis distraction to perform an Ovid literature search, yielding 341 references. The authors excluded references containing patients with isolated choanal/nasal obstruction, patients older than 12 months, and expert opinion papers, yielding 126 articles.Review MethodsThe authors searched 3 electronic databases and reference lists of existing reviews from 1980 to October 2010 for articles pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of TBAO. Reviewers assigned a level of evidence score based on Oxford’s Centre for Evidence Based Medicine scoring system and recorded relevant information.ResultsMost studies were case studies and single‐center findings. The lack of standardization of diagnostic and treatment protocols and the heterogeneity of cohorts both within and between studies precluded a meta‐analysis. There was little evidence beyond expert opinion and single‐center evaluation regarding diagnosis, treatment, and long‐term outcomes of neonates with TBAO.ConclusionsThe variability in the phenotype of the cohorts studied and the absence of standardized indications for intervention preclude deriving any definitive conclusions regarding diagnostic tools to evaluate this patient population, treatment choices, or long‐term outcomes. A coordinated multicenter study with a standardized diagnostic and treatment algorithm is recommended to develop evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of neonates with TBAO.
Effect of cortical spreading depression on basal and evoked traffic in the trigeminovascular sensory system
Authors: Lambert Geoffrey A , Truong Linda , Zagami Alessandro S 
Published: September 2011

Aim: To use an animal model to test whether migraine pain arises peripherally or centrally. Methods: We monitored the spontaneous and evoked activity of second-order trigeminovascular neurons in rats to test whether traffic increased following a potential migraine trigger (cortical spreading depression, CSD) and by what mechanism any such change was mediated. Results: Neurons ( n = 33) responded to stimulation of the dura mater and facial skin with A-δ latencies. They were spontaneously active with a discharge rate of 6.1 ± 6.4 discharges s−1. Injection of 10 µg lignocaine into the trigeminal ganglion produced a fully reversible reduction of the spontaneous discharge rate of neurons. Neuronal discharge rate returned to normal by 90 min. Lignocaine reduced the evoked responses of neurons to dural stimulation to 37% and to facial skin stimulation to 53% of control. Induction of CSD by cortical injection of KCl increased the spontaneous discharge rate of neurons from 2.9 to 16.3 discharges s−1 at 20 min post CSD. Injection of 10 µg lignocaine into the trigeminal ganglion at this time failed to arrest or reverse this increase. Injection of lignocaine prior to the initiation of CSD failed to prevent the subsequent development of CSD-induced increases in discharge rates. Conclusions: These results suggest that there is a continuous baseline traffic in primary trigeminovascular fibres and that CSD does not act to increase this traffic by a peripheral action alone − rather, it must produce some of its effect by a mechanism intrinsic to the central nervous system. Thus the pain of migraine may not always be the result of peripheral sensory stimulation, but may also arise by a central mechanism.
Viscoelastic and thermal properties of eco-friendly composites fabricated by resin transfer molding
Authors: Sreekumar P. A. , Selvin Thomas P. , Saiter Jean Marc , Unnikrishnan G. , Thomas Sabu 
Published: September 2011

This article reports the result of the effect of banana fiber on the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of polyester composites. Composites were prepared using resin transfer molding by varying the fiber content (20, 30, 40, and 50 vol.%). Studies revealed that increase in the fiber content will increase the storage modulus ( E′) and the maximum is given by the composites having a fiber loading of 40 vol.% at all temperature ranges. The peak height of loss modulus ( E″) and damping curves (tan δ) were lowered with respect to the fiber content. Glass transition temperature ( Tg) calculated from the E″ and tan δ shifted toward high temperature with the addition of fiber. An attempt has been made to correlate the experimental and theoretical values of storage modulus and tan δ. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that incorporation of fiber to the matrix will affect the thermal stability of the composites.
In vivo evaluation of calcium polyphosphate for bone regeneration
Authors: Comeau Patricia A , Frei Hanspeter , Yang Chiming , Fernlund Goran , Rossi Fabio M 
Published: September 2011

Current problems associated with bone allografts include risk of disease transmission, limited availability, and cost. Synthetic scaffolds have been proposed as substitute graft materials to address these issues. Calcium polyphosphate is a novel synthetic scaffold material that has shown good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Here, we evaluated calcium polyphosphate in terms of its ability to support cell proliferation and differentiation in vivo. Calcium polyphosphate, morsellized cancellous bone, and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate particles were seeded with marrow stromal cells and implanted subcutaneously in the back of NOD/Scid mice. At 7, 14, and 28 days the samples were harvested and the proliferation characteristics and gene expression were analyzed. All tested graft materials had similar proliferation characteristics and gene expression. The subcutaneous environment had a stronger impact on the proliferation and differentiation of the cells than the scaffold material itself. However, it was shown that calcium polyphosphate is superior to hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate and bone in its ability to support cell survival in vivo. The study confirmed that calcium polyphosphate has potential for replacing morsellized cancellous bone as a graft material for bone regeneration.
Biological evaluation of nano-hydroxyapatite–zirconia (HA–ZrO2) composites and strontium–hydroxyapatite (Sr–HA) for load-bearing applications
Authors: Brook Ian , Freeman Christine , Grubb Sarah , Cummins Niamh , Curran Declan , Reidy Colin , Hampshire Stuart , Towler Mark 
Published: September 2011

The biological response of strontium (Sr) doped hydroxyapatite (HA) and hydroxyapatite–zirconia (HA–ZrO2) composites produced by employing sol–gel technology, minimal ZrO2 loadings, and novel microwave-sintering regimes thereby retarding decomposition, is reported. In vitro evaluations indicate that all materials induce a favorable response from rat osteosarcoma cells. In vivo evaluations show osteoconductivity and biocompatibility for both the Sr–HA and HA–ZrO2. The materials did not cause any inflammatory response in bone. The Sr–HA displays better biocompatibility which may be due to the incorporation of Sr and the formation of a surface apatite layer.
Vortex shedding-free strainers
Authors: Khulief Y , Habib M A , Said S A M , Ben-Mansour R , Badr H M , Anis M , Khalifa A E 
Published: September 2011

The subject of the periodic vortex shedding behind bluff bodies, which exhibits oscillatory behaviour, is of direct relevance to many practical applications, e.g. pipelines and heat exchangers. Repetitive failures were occurring in associated piping components on the suction of a sales gas compressor. Available experimental investigations indicated the occurrences of vibrations at the predominant frequencies of 1500 and 3000 Hz in the compressor strainer pipes. Hence, this study is aimed at identifying the source of such high vibration levels. The study investigated the flow-induced vibrations in the compressor strainer pipe through numerical simulation of the flow in the pipe including the strainer, as well as structural modal analysis calculations for the strainer at steady-state conditions. Three different geometrical configurations were considered. The first strainer has a truncated-cone geometry with uniform size holes. The second is witch-hat geometry with uniform holes, while the third is a modified witch-hat configuration with non-uniform holes. The results obtained from the frequency analysis of the flow field downstream of strainers with the first two geometries indicated dominant amplitudes at 1500 Hz and appreciable excitations at its second harmonic. However, the results demonstrated that the dominant vibration amplitudes have been appreciably reduced for the third case of the modified witch-hat configuration with non-uniform holes.
Excision of Extensive Midfoot Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis With Microvascular Anastamosis of Iliac Crest Bone Graft Using External Fixation
Authors: Oloff Lawrence , Miller Kevin 
Published: September 2011

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a relatively rare lesion in the foot and ankle, most commonly involving the ankle joint and atypically, the subtalar and midtarsal joints. It is a benign proliferative disease characterized by an increase in villous or nodular synovium in joints. Resection of the tumor is often indicated in most cases because of the potentially aggressive joint destructive nature of this lesion. This report presents a case of chronic enlarging pervasive midtarsal and metatarsal–cuneiform joint PVNS in a 28-year-old male. This patient had a midtarsal mass that enlarged over a period of 2 years, causing increased pain, deformity, and difficulty with ambulation. Cross-sectional imaging studies identified evidence of erosive disease through much of the midfoot articulations, with biopsy confirming the mass as PVNS. The dimensions of the mass approximated 5.5 cm × 4.1 cm × 2.8 cm. Simple resection was problematic because of the size and multiple joints involved. Amputation was most commonly advised by multiple consultants. The patient preferred attempt at limb salvage. En bloc resection and placement of a revascularized iliac crest bone graft was used to fill the defect. The graft was microvascularly anastamosed and fixated with standard external fixation. Pathologic and histologic specimens from surgical biopsy reconfirmed the diagnosis of PVNS postoperatively. Second-stage arthrodesis was performed when the patient was stable and disease free. The patient was followed postoperatively for 10 years without recurrence and was able to return to full function and partake in moderate athletic activity at last visit. This case describes a retrospective review of the procedure and reconstruction, as well as an overview of current surgical management of PVNS. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV