bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principals and Agents
Authors: Salazar José , Husted Bryan W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Friedman's original critique of corporate social responsibility (CSR) remains one of the most important in the CSR literature. Perhaps it would be more accurate to say that Friedman provides an outline of a critique as he does not fully develop his arguments. In any case this article defines the requirements for a CSR, which is ethical because it does not renounce obligations to shareholding principals, as well as specifying the challenges of CSR given the nature of the principal-agent relationship. By following the logic inherent in Friedman's argument, this article highlights some of the very practical problems that need to be resolved in order to move the CSR agenda forward. This article identifies many of the challenges that CSR faces if it is to move beyond symbol to substance.
Critical Theory and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Kuhn Timothy , Deetz Stanley 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines corporate social responsibility (CSR) from the angle of critical theory. It begins by arguing that values shape corporate decisions in three general ways: managerial choices, routines, and reasoning processes; governmental regulation, incentives, tax structures, and oversight; and consumption choices within market systems. It shows that, alone and jointly, these ‘sites’ are fundamentally weak in their capacity to produce greater CSR in the sense of more diverse values and reasoning processes. Institutionalized power relations, various forms of systematically distorted communication, and ideology provide insight into different weaknesses and pitfalls. This article treats ideology as the presence of values embedded in language, routines, practices, and positions that privilege dominant groups which are difficult to identify, discuss, and assess owing to various covering mechanisms. Following this, it turns to exploring communication systems and practices that can provide for a more sustainable, and democratic, CSR.
Top Managers as Drivers for Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Swanson Diane L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article addresses top managers as drivers for corporate social responsibility (CSR). It summarizes the responsibility roles implied by or assigned to managers in selected models of corporate social performance. Given this backdrop for business and society research, it focuses on the importance of moral leadership in directing the formal and informal organization toward socially responsible goals. In other words, the emphasis is on the focal role of top executive managers in driving social responsibility. This focus is not meant to convey that middle or lower managers are irrelevant to CSR. It is simply that their decision-making discretion is largely circumscribed by top managers, which is why middle and lower managers often face uncomfortable moral dilemmas when their values are incompatible with those established at a higher level of command. Finally, this article points to some contextual factors that impact socially responsible leadership in terms of external and internal controls.
Socially Responsible Investment and Shareholder Activism
Authors: Kurtz Lloyd 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article looks at shareholder activism and the industry that has emerged around socially responsible investment, which has put pressure on publicly listed companies to comply with basic ethical and social standards. Socially responsible investment is a broad field with many points of connection and disconnection with corporate social responsibility (CSR). It would be natural to assume that socially responsible investment represents an implementation of CSR in financial markets, but many social investors have motivations very different from what one might call the academic view of CSR. Socially responsible investment has a long history, and many of its practices pre-date modern conceptions of social responsibility. Since studies of socially responsible investment are often cited in discussions of CSR, it is important to understand what is, and what isn't, being said. This article therefore begins by reviewing some basic definitional issues.
Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Buchholtz Ann K. , Brown Jill A. , Shabana Kareem M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCorporate governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goals and between individual and communal goals. The corporate governance framework is there to encourage the efficient use of resources and equally to require accountability for the stewardship of those resources. This article outlines the relationship between corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR). It begins by examining the role of corporate governance in creating value for shareholders. It focuses on the actions of the corporation and the board toward its shareholders and other stakeholders, i.e., how corporate governance serves or fails to serve their interests. It covers the assumptions that underlie theories of corporate governance and the expected outcomes of various board structures and compositions. It then examines the state of corporate democracy, the issue of accountability, and key legislation relative to corporate governance.
Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Dunfee Thomas W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a basic understanding of stakeholder thinking, arguably one of the very few theoretical frameworks generated by the corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature itself, to explore the management challenges of CSR. It considers the role of the stakeholder concept in helping managers make decisions allocating spending on discretionary social responsibility. Here, the focus is on CSR defined as discretionary spending in furtherance of an explicit measurable social objective consistent with relevant social norms and laws. This article introduces the concept of discretionary corporate social responsibility (dCSR) which involves voluntary spending on explicit social objectives consistent with societal expectations. The dCSR concept is justified as a proper and legitimate business investment based on supportive social political norms and supportive laws in most developed countries.
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Owen David L. , O'Dwyer Brendan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the development of corporate social and environmental reporting practice since it first began to achieve some degree of prominence on an international scale in the 1970s, before offering a critical evaluation of the state of current practice. This article focuses on the contribution of present day reporting, and associated assurance, initiatives made towards enhancing the transparency of corporate social and environmental impact, together with delivering enhanced levels of accountability to organizational stakeholders. A large part of this article draws on research in social and environmental accounting within the field of interdisciplinary accounting research. This research field has a thirty-five-year history and has developed in parallel with certain streams of corporate social responsibility research in the management literature. For example, social and environmental accounting research embraces both normative concerns with fulfilling obligations and duties to the wider society.
Educating for Responsible Management
Authors: Windsor Duane 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reviews theories of management education and current coverage of corporate social responsibility (CSR) concepts in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. It then examines prospects for responsible management education in the 21st century. It proceeds in four main sections. First, it addresses management education theories. Second, it assesses the state of knowledge concerning responsible management. Third, it examines the state of knowledge concerning education for responsible management. Views range from the impossibility of changing the moral character of adults and the uselessness of responsibility education through the identification of profit incentives for responsibility activities to demands for business schools and corporations to try harder in the wake of recent corporate scandals. Fourth, this article discusses the effect of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business international accreditation standards on responsibility education. A concluding section summarizes the chief points.
Senior Management Preferences and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Mackey Alison , Mackey Tyson B. , Barney Jay B. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine whether or not having senior managers who are personally committed to socially responsible causes is either necessary or sufficient for firms to implement socially responsible activities. While not denying that having such senior managers may increase the probability that a firm will pursue a socially responsible agenda, this article concludes that senior manager commitment to socially responsible causes is neither necessary nor sufficient for a firm to implement socially responsible activities. This article has important practical implications for those seeking to increase the amount of socially responsible corporate behavior in the economy. In particular, the arguments developed here suggest that efforts that focus exclusively on changing the social responsibility preferences of senior managers in firms may be misguided, and at the least should be augmented by efforts focused on different firm stakeholders.
The Transatlantic Paradox
Authors: Donaldson Thomas 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The concept of the corporation is not separable from the systems of incorporation and regulation that instantiate it. This is true of both the ‘American’ model of the corporation, with its dominant emphasis on shareholder rights (no matter how imperfectly those rights are protected), and of the ‘European’ model, with its attention on community interests, especially employment issues. The former is frequently attacked by Europeans for its neglect of the interests of key stakeholders, while the latter is attacked by Americans for its neglect of economic efficiency. This article shows why too much journalistic and academic debate has been wasted defending the American conception over the European and vice versa. Given the conceptual tools that both sides tend to employ defending their conceptions, the debate is irresolvable. It is, in effect, a puzzle with missing pieces.
Spirituality as a Firm Basis for Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Pruzan Peter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article focuses primarily on how to operationalize corporate social responsibility—how to integrate it into the corporation's vocabulary, policies, stakeholder communications, and reporting systems. It argues that in order for an organization and its members to be able to experience an obligation to live up to their social responsibility, an organization must address the following three fundamental questions. The first question asks what responsibility is. The second asks whether organizations can be responsible or not. Finally, the third asks why should organizations be responsible. This article briefly addresses these inquiries. In particular, based on theoretical reasoning and empirical research in the form of interviews with leaders from six continents and fifteen countries, it is argued that true responsibility, both by leaders and their organizations, is grounded in a perspective on leadership—spiritual-based leadership—that transcends the (self-imposed) limitations of economic rationality.
Future Perspectives of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Steger Ulrich 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This contribution not only tries to place the current debate in the context of developments over the last twenty-five years, but also exhorts academics to design less ‘holistic’ concepts (which easily degenerate into propaganda used in political debate), to contribute to transparency by providing sober empirical evidence, and to express more appreciation for marginal yet continuous incremental improvements in the business world. The public rhetoric about corporate social responsibility has not had any significant effect on everyday life in the corporate sector, nor has the wealth of currently available academic research and suggestions. To put it in a nutshell: even for the most risk-exposed companies or industries, everything beyond the (hard-) core business is of secondary importance. Any empirical evidence is only a snapshot of the status quo. Identifying drivers for change and emerging trends is a more compelling challenge than simply describing the current state of affairs.
Quantitative trait loci with effects on feed efficiency traits in Hereford × composite double backcross populations
Authors: Márquez G. C. , Enns R. M. , Grosz M. D. , Alexander L. J. , MacNeil M. D. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryTwo half‐sib families of backcross progeny were produced by mating F1 Line 1 Hereford (L1) × composite gene combination (CGC) bulls with L1 and CGC cows. Feed intake and periodic weights were measured for 218 backcross progeny. These progenies were genotyped using 232 microsatellite markers that spanned the 29 BTA. Progeny from L1 and CGC females was analysed separately using composite interval mapping to find quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting daily dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI). Results from both backcrosses were pooled to find additional QTL. In the backcross to L1, QTL were detected for RFI and DMI on BTA11, FCR on BTA16, and ADG on BTA9. In the backcross to CGC, QTL were detected for RFI on BTA10, FCR on BTA12 and 16 and ADG on BTA15 and 17. After pooling, QTL were detected for RFI on BTA 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13 and 16; for FCR on BTA 9, 12, 16, 17 and 21; for ADG on BTA 9, 14, 15, 17; and for DMI on BTA 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 20 and 23.
Evidence for a novel mechanism for gene amplification in multiple myeloma: 1q12 pericentromeric heterochromatin mediates breakage‐fusion‐bridge cycles of a 1q12∼23 amplicon
Authors: Sawyer Jeffrey R. , Tian Erming , Thomas Edward , Koller Mark , Stangeby Colin , Sammartino Gael , Goosen Linda , Swanson Charles , Binz Regina L. , Barlogie Bart , Shaughnessy John 
Published: September 2009

SummaryGene amplification is defined as a copy number (CN) increase in a restricted region of a chromosome arm, and is a mechanism for acquired drug resistance and oncogene activation. In multiple myeloma (MM), high CNs of genes in a 1q12∼23 amplicon have been associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. To investigate the mechanisms for gene amplification in this region in MM, we performed a comprehensive metaphase analysis combining G‐banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and spectral karyotyping in 67 patients with gain of 1q. In six patients (9%), evidence for at least one breakage‐fusion‐bridge (BFB) cycle was found. In three patients (4%), extended ladders of 1q12∼23 amplicons were identified. Several key structures that are predicted intermediates in BFB cycles were observed, including: equal‐spaced organization of amplicons, inverted repeat organization of amplicons along the same chromosome arm, and deletion of sequences distal to the amplified region. The 1q12 pericentromeric heterochromatin region served as both a recurrent breakpoint as well as a fusion point for sister chromatids, and ultimately bracketed both the proximal and distal boundaries of the amplicon. Our findings provide evidence for a novel BFB mechanism involving 1q12 pericentromeric breakage in the amplification of a large number of genes within a 1q12∼23 amplicon.
Immediate protein dietary effects on movement and the generalised immunocompetence of migrating Mormon crickets Anabrus simplex (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Authors: SRYGLEY ROBERT B. , LORCH PATRICK D. , SIMPSON STEPHEN J. , SWORD GREGORY A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.1. Mormon crickets form large migratory bands that march over rangeland in the western United States seeking salt and protein. Immune defence is particularly relevant to survival in migratory bands, but little is known about the role of nutrition in insect immunocompetence. We hypothesised that immune defences are compromised in these migratory bands due to nutrient limitations.2. In a migratory band in Utah, we investigated whether access to a protein relative to a carbohydrate diet would immediately reduce migratory activity, as had been shown for Mormon crickets in a previous study in Idaho, and whether the protein diet would enhance immune defence responses.3. Radio‐tracking Mormon crickets in the field, we found that locomotor activity was significantly and positively associated with body mass. Body mass‐adjusted locomotor activity declined marginally following access to a protein diet, whereas spontaneous phenoloxidase (PO) activity was enhanced by the same diet. The encapsulation response and lysozyme‐like activity were directly proportional to body mass, but unaffected by the dietary treatments in the short term. Within 6 h of feeding on protein or carbohydrates, Mormon crickets exhibited measurable effects on the immune system.4. We conclude that nutrition impacts immune function in migrating insects in the field. Spontaneous PO activity may be limited by dietary deficiency in a protein‐seeking band of Mormon crickets.
Seismic interferometry, intrinsic losses and Q‐estimation*
Authors: Draganov Deyan , Ghose Ranajit , Ruigrok Elmer , Thorbecke Jan , Wapenaar Kees 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTSeismic interferometry is the process of generating new seismic traces from the cross‐correlation, convolution or deconvolution of existing traces. One of the starting assumptions for deriving the representations for seismic interferometry by cross‐correlation is that there is no intrinsic loss in the medium where the recordings are performed. In practice, this condition is not always met. Here, we investigate the effect of intrinsic losses in the medium on the results retrieved from seismic interferometry by cross‐correlation. First, we show results from a laboratory experiment in a homogeneous sand chamber with strong losses. Then, using numerical modelling results, we show that in the case of a lossy medium ghost reflections will appear in the cross‐correlation result when internal multiple scattering occurs. We also show that if a loss compensation is applied to the traces to be correlated, these ghosts in the retrieved result can be weakened, can disappear, or can reverse their polarity. This compensation process can be used to estimate the quality factor in the medium.
Climate change and cattle nutritional stress
Authors: CRAINE JOSEPH M. , ELMORE ANDREW J. , OLSON K. C. , TOLLESON DOUG 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOwing to the complex interactions among climate, plants, cattle grazing, and land management practices, the impacts of climate change on cattle have been hard to predict. Predicting future grassland ecosystem functioning relies on understanding how changes in climate alter the quantity of forage produced, but also forage quality. Plant protein, which is a function of plant nitrogen concentrations, and digestible energy limit the performance of herbivores when in short supply; moreover, deficiencies can be expensive to mitigate. To better understand how changes in temperature and precipitation would affect forage protein and energy availability, we analyzed over 21 000 measurements of cattle fecal chemistry acquired over 14 years in the continental US. Our analysis of patterns in forage quality among ecologically defined regions revealed that increasing temperature and declining precipitation decreased dietary crude protein and digestible organic matter for regions with continental climates. Within regions, quality also declined with increased temperature; however, the effects of precipitation were mixed. Any future increases in precipitation would be unlikely to compensate for the declines in forage quality that accompany projected temperature increases. As a result, cattle are likely to experience greater nutritional stress in the future. If these geographic patterns hold as a proxy for future climates, agriculture will require increased supplemental feeds or the consequence will be a decrease in livestock growth.
Net biome production of the Amazon Basin in the 21st century
Authors: POULTER BENJAMIN , ARAGÃO LUIZ , HEYDER URSULA , GUMPENBERGER MARLIES , HEINKE JENS , LANGERWISCH FANNY , RAMMIG ANJA , THONICKE KIRSTEN , CRAMER WOLFGANG 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGlobal change includes multiple stressors to natural ecosystems ranging from direct climate and land‐use impacts to indirect degradation processes resulting from fire. Humid tropical forests are vulnerable to projected climate change and possible synergistic interactions with deforestation and fire, which may initiate a positive feedback to rising atmospheric CO2. Here, we present results from a multifactorial impact analysis that combined an ensemble of climate change models with feedbacks from deforestation and accidental fires to quantify changes in Amazon Basin carbon cycling. Using the LPJmL Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, we modelled spatio‐temporal changes in net biome production (NBP); the difference between carbon fluxes from fire, deforestation, soil respiration and net primary production. By 2050, deforestation and fire (with no CO2 increase or climate change) resulted in carbon losses of 7.4–20.3 Pg C with the range of uncertainty depending on socio‐economic storyline. During the same time period, interactions between climate and land use either compensated for carbon losses due to wetter climate and CO2 fertilization or exacerbated carbon losses from drought‐induced forest mortality (−20.1 to +4.3 Pg C). By the end of the 21st century, depending on climate projection and the rate of deforestation (including its interaction with fire), carbon stocks either increased (+12.6 Pg C) or decreased (−40.6 Pg C). The synergistic effect of deforestation and fire with climate change contributed up to 26–36 Pg C of the overall decrease in carbon stocks. Agreement between climate projections (n=9), not accounting for deforestation and fire, in 2050 and 2098 was relatively low for the directional change in basin‐wide NBP (19–37%) and aboveground live biomass (13–24%). The largest uncertainty resulted from climate projections, followed by implementation of ecosystem dynamics and deforestation. Our analysis partitions the drivers of tropical ecosystem change and is relevant for guiding mitigation and adaptation policy related to global change.