bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Coal Mine in the Sea: Culross and the Moat Pit
Authors: Adamson Donald 
Published: August 2009

The article reconsiders the archaeology of the sixteenth-century Moat Pit mining complex at Culross and offers new interpretations of that archaeology. It places the coal mine in a wider context, suggesting a pivotal role in the development of the burgh. The study emphasises the innovative nature of Sir George Bruce's coal mining. The archaeologies of salt and iron working in Culross are considered along with their symbiotic relationships with coal. These industries gave impetus to the development of commerce in Culross, with its much altered, and now sadly neglected, pier at its heart. A comparison between the houses of George Bruce and his brother Edward highlights changing attitudes in Scottish society after the Union of the Crowns in 1603. The Moat Pit is also used as a case study to consider issues arising between industrial and urban archaeology in Scotland. It explores the impact of this debate upon the site's current unprotected and arguably undervalued status.
Integrated FDG-PET/CT for detection, therapy monitoring and follow-up of granulocytic sarcoma
Authors: Häntschel M. , Öksüz M. , Werner M. K. , Lichy M. , Vogel W. , Pfannenberg C. , Aschoff P. 
Published: August 2009

Summary
Aim: Granulocytic sarcomas (GS) are rare extramedullary manifestations of myeloid or lymphoblastic leukaemia. Laboratory examinations are of limited use for diagnosis of extramedullary disease. Radiological imaging based on morphology is challenging. To date, the possible role of FDG-PET/CT as a method for combined metabolic and morphologic imaging is unclear. We present a series of 10 patients to evaluate the potential role of FDGPET/ CT in the management of GS. Patients, materials, methods: A retrospective evaluation of 18 FDG-PET/CT exams in 10 patients with histologically proven GS was performed. All scans included a contrast enhanced CT. The FDG uptake of GS was analyzed and the sensitivity of lesion detection was compared to PET and CT alone. The changes in FDG uptake after therapy were compared to morphological changes detected by CT and follow-up / clinical outcome. Results: 52 untreated or recurrent GS lesions were detected by FDG-PET/CT and all showed an increased FDG uptake with a mean SUVmax and SUVavg of 5.1 and 3.4, respectively. GS was multifocal in 8/10 patients. Combined PET/CT avoided 5 false positive findings compared to PET alone and 13 false negative findings and 1 false positive compared to CT alone. Changes in FDG uptake after therapy correlated with clinical outcome and were more reliable than CT assessment alone. PET/CT identified recurrent GS in 3 patients. Conclusion: Viable GS are FDG-avid. Using this metabolic information and morphologic CT criteria, combined FDG-PET/CT was more accurate in lesion detection than FDG-PET or CT alone. Changes in FDG uptake after therapy might be a useful additional parameter for therapy monitoring. Therefore, FDG-PET/CT appears to be a promising diagnostic and monitoring tool in the management of patients with GS.
The Management of Condyloma Acuminata in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Culton Donna A. , Morrell Dean S. , Burkhart Craig N. 
Published: August 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Discuss the routes of transmission of condyloma acuminata in the pediatric population.

2.
Determine which factors may suggest a route of transmission for condyloma acuminata in children other than sexual abuse.

3.
Outline the available treatment options for condyloma acuminata in children.
Immunotherapy for Childhood Warts
Authors: Dasher David A. , N.Burkhart Craig , Morrell Dean S. 
Published: August 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Describe the currently available immunologically-based treatments for warts that have become resistant to standard therapies.

2.
Understand the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment modality to appropriately tailor treatment to individual patients.

3.
Recognize the relative lack of well-controlled clinical trials to support the use of individual treatment modalities.
Injection in the Cervical Facet Joint for Shoulder Pain With Myofascial Trigger Points in the Upper Trapezius Muscle
Authors: Tsai Chien-Tsung , Hsieh Lin-Fen , Kuan Ta-Shen , Kao Mu-Jung , Hong Chang-Zern 
Published: August 2009

The goal of this double-blinded, randomized, controlled study was to confirm the effectiveness of the cervical facet joint injection in treating shoulder pain with the myofascial trigger point in the upper trapezius muscle secondary to cervical facet lesion. Eighty-nine patients with chronic unilateral shoulder pain due to myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle received an injection to the C4-5 facet joint in the experimental group and to the corresponding unilateral multifidi muscle in the control group. Subjective pain intensity and pressure pain threshold of the myofascial trigger point were assessed, and the prevalence of endplate noise in the myofascial trigger point region was measured in 28 patients before, immediately after, and 1 month after the injection.
Half of the patients in the experimental group, but none of the control patients, reported being completely pain free 1 month after the injection. Both the decrease in the pain intensity and the increase in pressure pain threshold were significantly more in the experimental group than in the control group either immediately or 1 month after the injection. There was no significant difference in the change of endplate noise prevalence between the 2 groups.
This study demonstrates that intra-articular or peri-articular injection into the cervical facet joint region can effectively inactivate the upper trapezius myofascial trigger point secondary to the facet lesion.
Bilateral and Simultaneous Triceps Avulsions in a Patient With Chronic Renal Failure Receiving Long-term Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Moon Young Lae , You Jae Won , Noh Kyung Hwan , Song Kun Sang , Venkat Gorthi 
Published: August 2009

Simultaneous bilateral triceps tendon avulsions are extremely rare; only 4 cases have been reported in the international literature. This article describes a case of a 32-year-old woman with bilateral and simultaneous avulsions of the triceps tendons. She suffers from chronic renal failure and undergoes peritoneal dialysis every day.
The patient presented with ecchymosis and swelling at the posterior aspect of both elbows. While climbing stairs a few hours earlier, she had fallen back on both outstretched arms, experienced moderate pain, and heard a sudden popping sound in her right elbow, followed by similar pain in the left elbow. On examination, she revealed intact extensor mechanism. Radiographs revealed a small osseous flake just proximal to the olecranon in both arms and the absence of associated fractures. During surgery, both triceps tendons appeared normal, other than being avulsed at their tendo-osseous junction. The patient obtained a successful result and full range of motion bilaterally within 3 months postoperatively.
A high index of suspicion is needed and careful attention should be paid to elbow pain after minor trauma so that triceps injuries, especially in chronic kidney disease cases, are not missed.
Factor G Utilizes a Carbohydrate-Binding Cleft That Is Conserved between Horseshoe Crab and Bacteria for the Recognition of β-1,3-d-Glucans
Authors: Ueda Yuki , Ohwada Shuhei , Abe Yoshito , Shibata Toshio , Iijima Manabu , Yoshimitsu Yukiko , Koshiba Takumi , Nakata Munehiro , Ueda Tadashi , Kawabata Shun-ichiro 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
In the horseshoe crab, the recognition of β-1,3-d-glucans by factor G triggers hemolymph coagulation. Factor G contains a domain of two tandem xylanase Z-like modules (Z1-Z2), each of which recognizes β-1,3-d-glucans. To gain an insight into the recognition of β-1,3-d-glucans from a structural view point, recombinants of Z1-Z2, the C-terminal module Z2, Z2 with a Cys to Ala substitution (Z2A), and its tandem repeat Z2A-Z2A were characterized. Z2 and Z1-Z2, but not Z2A and Z2A-Z2A, formed insoluble aggregates at higher concentrations more than ∼30 and 3 μM, respectively. Z1-Z2 and Z2A-Z2A bound more strongly to an insoluble β-1,3-d-glucan (curdlan) than Z2A. The affinity of Z2A for a soluble β-1,3-d-glucan (laminarin) was equivalent to those of Z1-Z2, Z2A-Z2A, and native factor G, suggesting that the binding of a single xylanase Z-like module prevents the subsequent binding of another module to laminarin. Interestingly, Z2A as well as intact factor G exhibited fungal agglutinating activity, and fungi were specifically detected with fluorescently tagged Z2A by microscopy. The chemical shift perturbation of Z2A induced by the interaction with laminaripentaose was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The ligand-binding site of Z2A was located in a cleft on a β-sheet in a predicted β-sandwich structure, which was superimposed onto cleft B in a cellulose-binding module of endoglucanase 5A from the soil bacterium Cellvibrio mixtus. We conclude that the pattern recognition for β-1,3-d-glucans by factor G is accomplished via a carbohydrate-binding cleft that is evolutionally conserved between horseshoe crab and bacteria.
Inflammatory Regulation by TLR3 in Acute Hepatitis
Authors: Xiao Xiaoyan , Zhao Peng , Rodriguez-Pinto Daniel , Qi Dake , Henegariu Octavian , Alexopoulou Lena , Flavell Richard A. , Wong F. Susan , Wen Li 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
TLR3 is known to respond to dsRNA from viruses, apoptotic cells, and/or necrotic cells. Dying cells are a rich source of ligands that can activate TLRs, such as TLR3. TLR3 expressed in the liver is likely to be a mediator of innate activation and inflammation in the liver. The importance of this function of TLR3 during acute hepatitis has not previously been fully explored. We used the mouse model of Con A-induced hepatitis and observed a novel role for TLR3 in hepatocyte damage in the absence of an exogenous viral stimulus. Interestingly, TLR3 expression in liver mononuclear cells and sinus endothelial cells was up-regulated after Con A injection and TLR3−/− mice were protected from Con A-induced hepatitis. Moreover, splenocytes from TLR3−/− mice proliferated less to Con A stimulation in the presence of RNA derived from damaged liver tissue compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To determine the relative contribution of TLR3 expression by hematopoietic cells or nonhematopoietic to liver damage during Con A-induced hepatitis, we generated bone marrow chimeric mice. TLR3−/− mice engrafted with WT hematopoietic cells were protected in a similar manner to WT mice reconstituted with TLR3−/− bone marrow, indicating that TLR3 signaling in both nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic cells plays an important role in mediating liver damage. In summary, our data suggest that TLR3 signaling is necessary for Con A-induced liver damage in vivo and that TLR3 regulates inflammation and the adaptive T cell immune response in the absence of viral infection.
Novel Human Interleukin-15 Agonists
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyun , Marcus Warren D. , Xu Wenxin , Lee Hyung-il , Han Kaiping , Egan Jack O. , Yovandich Jason L. , Rhode Peter R. , Wong Hing C. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
IL-15 is an immunostimulatory cytokine trans-presented with the IL-15 receptor α-chain to the shared IL-2/IL-15Rβ and common γ-chains displayed on the surface of T cells and NK cells. To further define the functionally important regions of this cytokine, activity and binding studies were conducted on human IL-15 muteins generated by site-directed mutagenesis. Amino acid substitutions of the asparagine residue at position 72, which is located at the end of helix C, were found to provide both partial agonist and superagonist activity, with various nonconservative substitutions providing enhanced activity. Particularly, the N72D substitution provided a 4–5-fold increase in biological activity of the IL-15 mutein compared with the native molecule based on proliferation assays with cells bearing human IL-15Rβ and common γ-chains. The IL-15N72D mutein exhibited superagonist activity through improved binding ability to the human IL-15Rβ-chain. However, the enhanced potency of IL-15N72D was not observed with cells expressing the mouse IL-15Rα-IL-15Rβ-γc complex, suggesting that this effect is specific to the human IL-15 receptor. The enhanced biological activity of IL-15N72D was associated with more intense phosphorylation of Jak1 and Stat5 and better anti-apoptotic activity compared with the wild-type IL-15. IL-15N72D superagonist activity was also preserved when linked to a single-chain TCR domain to generate a tumor-specific fusion protein. Thus, the human IL-15 superagonist muteins and fusions may create opportunities to construct more efficacious immunotherapeutic agents with clinical utility.
Both Complement and IgG Fc Receptors Are Required for Development of Attenuated Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Nephritis in Mice
Authors: Otten Marielle A. , Groeneveld Tom W. L. , Flierman Roelof , Rastaldi Maria Pia , Trouw Leendert A. , Faber-Krol Maria C. , Visser Annemieke , Essers Maria C. , Claassens Jill , Verbeek J. Sjef , van Kooten Cees , Roos Anja , Daha Mohamed R. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms of glomerulonephritis, including Goodpasture’s syndrome, mouse models are used that use heterologous Abs against the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) with or without preimmunization with foreign IgG from the same species. These studies have revealed the requirement of either FcγR or complement, depending on the experimental model used. In this study, we provide evidence that both FcγR and complement are obligatory for a full-blown inflammation in a novel attenuated passive model of anti-GBM disease. We demonstrate that administration of subnephritogenic doses of rabbit anti-GBM Abs followed by a fixed dose of mouse mAbs to rabbit IgG, allowing timing and dosing for the induction of glomerulonephritis, resulted in reproducible complement activation via the classical pathway of complement and albuminuria in wild-type mice. Because albuminuria was absent in FcR-γ-chain−/− mice and reduced in C3−/− mice, a role for both FcγR and complement is postulated. Because C1q−/− and C4−/− mice lacking a functional classical and lectin pathway did develop albuminuria, we suggest involvement of the alternative pathway of complement. Anti-GBM glomerulonephritis occurs acutely following the administration of mouse anti-rabbit IgG, and proceeds in a chronic fashion dependent on both FcγR and complement. This novel attenuated model allows elucidating the relative contribution of different mediator systems of the immune system to the development of renal injury, and also provides a platform for the assessment of different treatment protocols and evaluation of drugs that ultimately may be beneficial for the treatment of anti-GBM mediated glomerulonephritides.
Estrogen Controls Vitamin D3-Mediated Resistance to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Controlling Vitamin D3 Metabolism and Receptor Expression
Authors: Nashold Faye E. , Spach Karen M. , Spanier Justin A. , Hayes Colleen E. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease with a rapidly increasing female gender bias. MS prevalence decreases with increasing sunlight exposure, supporting our hypothesis that the sunlight-dependent hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) is a natural inhibitor of autoimmune T cell responses in MS. We found that vitamin D3 inhibited experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in intact female mice, but not in ovariectomized females or males. To learn whether 17β-estradiol (E2) is essential for vitamin D3-mediated protection, ovariectomized female mice were given E2 or placebo and evaluated for vitamin D3-mediated EAE resistance. Diestrus-level E2 implants alone provided no benefit, but they restored vitamin D3-mediated EAE resistance in the ovariectomized females. Synergy between E2 and vitamin D3 occurred through vitamin D3-mediated enhancement of E2 synthesis, as well as E2-mediated enhancement of vitamin D receptor expression in the inflamed CNS. In males, E2 implants did not enable vitamin D3 to inhibit EAE. The finding that vitamin D3-mediated protection in EAE is female-specific and E2-dependent suggests that declining vitamin D3 supplies due to sun avoidance might be contributing to the rapidly increasing female gender bias in MS. Moreover, declining E2 synthesis and vitamin D3-mediated protection with increasing age might be contributing to MS disease progression in older women.
Inducing a Stroop Effect
Authors: Pothos Emmanuel M. , Tapper Katy 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe examine the conditions that lead to Stroop interference for a meaningless linguistic label. Tiffany's cognitive model of drug abuse implies that individuals will respond more slowly to drug‐related words compared to neutral words in an emotional Stroop task, because the former have many automatic associations (e.g. positive expectancies). To examine this proposal, we trained participants to associate a meaningless label with either one other word or several other words and examined the induced Stroop interference for these meaningless labels. In two experiments, and contrary to expectations from Tiffany's work, we observed greatest Stroop interference for the meaningless label with just one association. These results are discussed in terms of associative learning theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear model predictive control for the polymorphic transformation ofL‐glutamic acid crystals
Authors: Hermanto Martin Wijaya , Chiu Min‐Sen , Braatz Richard D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPolymorphism, a phenomenon where a substance can have more than one crystal forms, has recently become a major interest to the food, speciality chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. The different physical properties for polymorphs such as solubility, morphology, and dissolution rate may jeopardize operability or product quality, resulting in significant effort in controlling crystallization processes to ensure consistent production of the desired polymorph. Here, a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategy is developed for the polymorphic transformation ofL‐glutamic acid from the metastable α‐form to the stable β‐form crystals. The robustness of the proposed NMPC strategy to parameter perturbations is compared with temperature control (T‐control), concentration control (C‐control), and quadratic matrix control with successive linearization (SL‐QDMC). Simulation studies show that T‐control is the least robust, whereas C‐control performs very robustly but long batch times may be required. SL‐QDMC performs rather poorly even when there is no plant‐model mismatch due to the high process nonlinearity, rendering successive linearization inaccurate. The NMPC strategy shows good overall robustness for two different control objectives, which were both within 7% of their optimal values, while satisfying all constraints on manipulated and state variables within the specified batch time. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Liquid–liquid two‐phase flow in pore array microstructured devices for scaling‐up of nanoparticle preparation
Authors: Li Shaowei , Xu Jianhong , Wang Yujun , Luo Guangsheng 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNanoparticles have been produced by a T‐junction microchannel device in our previous work (Li et al., Langmuir. 2008;24:4194‐4199). As a scaling‐up strategy, pore array microstructured devices were designed to prepare nanoparticles in this article. H2SO4 and BaCl2, respectively, in two phases to form BaSO4 nanoparticles was used as a test system. The characteristics of a well controlled liquid–liquid two‐phase flow in the pore array microstructured devices were presented. Nanoparticles with small size and good dispersibility were produced through drop or disk flows in the microstructured devices. The influence of mass transfer and chemical reaction on interfacial tension and flow patterns was discussed based on the experiments. Meanwhile, the effect of the two phase flow patterns on the nanoparticle size was discussed. It was found that the increase of the amount of mass transfer and chemical reaction could change the flow patterns from disk flow to drop flow. The droplet diameter could be changed in a wide range. Flow patterns could be distinguished based on the measured interfacial tension in different concentrations. The prepared nanoparticles were ranged from 10 nm to 30 nm. Apparently the particle size was decreased with the increase of the droplet size in both the drop flow region and the disk flow region whereas it had a reverse trend in the transition region. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Bioorthogonale Chemie – oder: in einem Meer aus Funktionalität nach Selektivität fischen
Authors: Sletten Ellen M. , Bertozzi Carolyn R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBiomoleküle in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung zu erforschen, ist wegen der enormen Komplexität zellulärer Systeme eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe. In den letzten Jahren entwickelte Methoden zur selektiven Modifizierung biologischer Spezies in lebenden Systemen haben neue Einblicke in zelluläre Prozesse gegeben. Grundlage dieser neuen Techniken sind bioorthogonale chemische Reaktionen, deren Komponenten unter physiologischen Bedingungen in Gegenwart zahlreicher Funktionalitäten, wie sie zur Erhaltung des Lebens notwendig sind, schnell und selektiv miteinander reagieren müssen. Hier beschreiben wir die bisher entwickelten bioorthogonalen chemischen Reaktionen und wie sie zum Studium von Biomolekülen eingesetzt werden können.
Samariumdiiodid‐vermittelte Reaktionen in der Totalsynthese
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Ellery Shelby P. , Chen Jason S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSamariumdiiodid (SmI2) hat nach seiner Einführung vor mehr als drei Jahrzehnten durch Henri Kagan zunehmend Verwendung in der chemischen Synthese gefunden. Dieses Ein‐Elektronen‐Reduktionsmittel ist besonders nützlich für C‐C‐Bindungsknüpfungen, wie sie unter anderem auch bei Totalsynthesen erforderlich sind. In diesem Aufsatz werden ausgewählte Anwendungsbeispiele von SmI2in der Totalsynthese vorgestellt, wobei neuartige Umwandlungen und mechanistische Überlegungen besonders hervorgehoben werden. Die hier erörterten Beispiele verdeutlichen die Wirksamkeit dieses Reagens beim Aufbau komplizierter Verbindungen und geben Anreize für die Entwicklung von Synthesestrategien für natürliche wie auch synthetische Verbindungen.
Samarium Diiodide Mediated Reactions in Total Synthesis
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Ellery Shelby P. , Chen Jason S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIntroduced by Henri Kagan more than three decades ago, samarium diiodide (SmI2) has found increasing application in chemical synthesis. This single‐electron reducing agent has been particularly useful in CC bond formations, including those found in total synthesis endeavors. This Review highlights selected applications of SmI2in total synthesis, with special emphasis on novel transformations and mechanistic considerations. The examples discussed are both illustrative of the power of this reagent in the construction of complex molecules and inspirational for the design of synthetic strategies toward such targets, both natural and designed.