bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Influenza Virus Infection by Multivalent Sialic‐Acid‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Papp Ilona , Sieben Christian , Ludwig Kai , Roskamp Meike , Böttcher Christoph , Schlecht Sabine , Herrmann Andreas , Haag Rainer 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of sialic‐acid‐terminated glycerol dendron to chemically functionalize 2 nm and 14 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is described. These nanoparticles are highly stable and show high activity towards the inhibition of influenza virus infection. As the binding of the viral fusion protein hemagglutinin to the host cell surface is mediated by sialic acid receptors, a multivalent interaction with sialic‐acid‐functionalized AuNPs is expected to competitively inhibit viral infection. Electron microscopy techniques and biochemical analysis show a high binding affinity of the 14 nm AuNPs to hemagglutinin on the virus surface and, less efficiently, to isolated hemagglutinin. The functionalized AuNPs are nontoxic to the cells under the conditions studied. This approach allows a new type of molecular‐imaging activity‐correlation and is of particular relevance for further application in alternative antiviral therapy.
Graphene Fluoride: A Stable Stoichiometric Graphene Derivative and its Chemical Conversion to Graphene
Authors: Zbořil Radek , Karlický František , Bourlinos Athanasios B. , Steriotis Theodore A. , Stubos Athanasios K. , Georgakilas Vasilios , Šafářová Klára , Jančík Dalibor , Trapalis Christos , Otyepka Michal 
Published: November 2010

AbstractStoichoimetric graphene fluoride monolayers are obtained in a single step by the liquid‐phase exfoliation of graphite fluoride with sulfolane. Comparative quantum‐mechanical calculations reveal that graphene fluoride is the most thermodynamically stable of five studied hypothetical graphene derivatives; graphane, graphene fluoride, bromide, chloride, and iodide. The graphene fluoride is transformed into graphene via graphene iodide, a spontaneously decomposing intermediate. The calculated bandgaps of graphene halides vary from zero for graphene bromide to 3.1 eV for graphene fluoride. It is possible to design the electronic properties of such two‐dimensional crystals.
Flexible electronics: 12‐GHz Thin‐Film Transistors on Transferrable Silicon Nanomembranes for High‐Performance Flexible Electronics (Small 22/2010)
Authors: Sun Lei , Qin Guoxuan , Seo Jung‐Hun , Celler George K. , Zhou Weidong , Ma Zhenqiang 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMultigigahertz flexible electronics are attractive and have broad applications. A gate‐after‐source/drain fabrication process using preselectively doped single‐crystal silicon nanomembranes (SiNM) is an effective approach to realizing high device speed. However, further downscaling this approach has become difficult in lithography alignment. In this full paper, a local alignment scheme in combination with more accurate SiNM transfer measures for minimizing alignment errors is reported. By realizing 1 μm channel alignment for the SiNMs on a soft plastic substrate, thin‐film transistors with a record speed of 12 GHz maximum oscillation frequency are demonstrated. These results indicate the great potential of properly processed SiNMs for high‐performance flexible electronics.
Attentional blink and repetition blindness
Authors: Arnell Karen M. , Shapiro Kimron L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWhen two masked, to‐be‐attended targets are presented within half a second of each other, report accuracy for the second target (T2) is impaired relative to when the two targets are presented farther apart in time or relative to when the first target (T1) can be ignored. This effect is known as the attentional blink (AB). An additional T2 accuracy deficit is observed if T1 and T2 are identical or highly similar on a task‐relevant dimension. This effect is known as repetition blindness (RB). For both AB and RB, targets are typically imbedded in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) streams and the dual‐task attention cost lasts approximately half a second. Given the high degree of superficial similarity, AB and RB are often considered to be related phenomena. Although research thus far has suggested that both phenomena reflect limits of the attentional system and how attention is allocated when needing to organize stimuli for entrance into awareness, these two phenomena are dissociable; RB is not simply an enhanced AB. Furthermore, investigations of AB and RB have taken quite different courses over the last two decades. The AB has been investigated extensively with a variety of experimental, behavioral, neurophysiological, and clinical approaches, and has become widely used as a paradigm of convenience with which to study other effects. In contrast, studies of RB have tended to manipulate the nature of the target information to understand the level of representation that supports RB. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 336–344 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.129This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention
Antibiotics that target protein synthesis
Authors: McCoy Lisa S. , Xie Yun , Tor Yitzhak 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe key role of the bacterial ribosome makes it an important target for antibacterial agents. Indeed, a large number of clinically useful antibiotics target this complex translational ribonucleoprotein machinery. The majority of these compounds, mostly of natural origin, bind to one of the three key ribosomal sites: the decoding (or A‐site) on the 30S, the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) on the 50S, and the peptide exit tunnel on the 50S. Antibiotics that bind the A‐site, such as the aminoglycosides, interfere with codon recognition and translocation. Peptide bond formation is inhibited when small molecules like oxazolidinones bind at the PTC. Finally, macrolides tend to block the growth of the amino acid chain at the peptide exit tunnel. In this article, the major classes of antibiotics that target the bacterial ribosome are discussed and classified according to their respective target. Notably, most antibiotics solely interact with the RNA components of the bacterial ribosome.The surge seen in the appearance of resistant bacteria has not been met by a parallel development of effective and broad‐spectrum new antibiotics, as evident by the introduction of only two novel classes of antibiotics, the oxazolidinones and lipopeptides, in the past decades. Nevertheless, this significant health threat has revitalized the search for new antibacterial agents and novel targets. High resolution structural data of many ribosome‐bound antibiotics provide unprecedented insight into their molecular contacts and mode of action and inspire the design and synthesis of new candidate drugs that target this fascinating molecular machine.WIREs RNA2011 2 209–232 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.60This article is categorized under:RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule–RNA InteractionsTranslation > Ribosome Structure/Function
Assessment of Quality of Life After Gastrectomy Using EORTC QLQ‐C30 and STO22
Authors: Kobayashi Daisuke , Kodera Yasuhiro , Fujiwara Michitaka , Koike Masahiko , Nakayama Goro , Nakao Akimasa 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire–Cancer (QLQ‐C30) and the site‐specific module for gastric cancer (QLQ‐STO22) have seldom been used to measure the postoperative health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in Japanese gastric cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the HRQOL after gastrectomy using these instruments and to compare various aspects of HRQOL among surgical procedures.MethodsA total of 98 patients who underwent gastrectomy and had no recurrence were evaluated. Among them, we compared the differences between major surgical procedures consisting of open total gastrectomy (TG, n = 8), open distal gastrectomy (DG, n = 24), and laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG, n = 44). Questionnaires were completed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively.ResultsThe worst scores for most of the items were observed at 1 month after surgery and usually improved thereafter. Scores after TG were the worst of all surgical procedures across all dimensions throughout the period. Scores after LADG were generally superior to those after DG at 1 and 3 months postoperatively but not at 12 months.ConclusionsEORTC QLQ‐C30 and STO22 detected differences in several aspects of HRQOL among patients treated by the three surgical procedures. The laparoscopic approach resulted in superior short‐term outcomes, whereas TG continued to affect the HRQOL in several items 12 months after surgery.
Challenges of Meeting Surgical Needs in the Developing World
Authors: Gosselin Richard A. , Gyamfi Yaw‐Adu , Contini Sandro 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe burden of surgical conditions and diseases is increasing in low‐income and middle‐income countries, but the capacity to meet the demands they present is not following pace. Ongoing initiatives, such as brief visits by surgeons from advantaged countries, sending surgical residents to spend time in a developing country as part of their training, or ships weighing anchor offshore and offering some limited on‐shore or on‐board services, have not proven successful. More comprehensive and sustainable solutions include the development of local training programs, better retention of trainees with adequate incentives particularly in rural areas, and engaging government and professional associations, as well as academic institutions, to develop and implement policies to address local training needs.
The effect of methylene blue during orthotopic liver transplantation on post reperfusion syndrome and postoperative graft function
Authors: Fukazawa Kyota , Pretto Ernesto A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground/PurposeIn orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), a major component of the post‐reperfusion syndrome is hypotension, which may lead to additional graft liver ischemia‐reperfusion injury. A proposed mechanism of reperfusion hypotension is the massive induction of oxidative stress triggering the release of pro‐inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO). Methylene blue (MB) is an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase and an NO scavenger that has been shown to attenuate reperfusion hypotension. Of note, recent reports have shown that the exogenous administration of NO during OLT significantly improved the recovery of the graft liver. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of MB on the functional recovery of the graft liver following OLT.MethodsWe analyzed retrospective data from 715 patients who underwent OLT between 2003 and 2008. We classified patients into those who received a 1–1.5 mg/kg intravenous bolus of MB immediately prior to reperfusion (MB group) and those who did not (control group). Propensity score matching was used to adjust for differences between patients who received intraoperative MB and those who did not, and these data were used to determine the association between a single MB bolus during OLT and postoperative graft dysfunction.ResultsOur study cohort consisted of 715 OLT patients, of whom 105 received MB and 610 did not. After propensity score matching, demographic and donor data were similar in the two groups, except for the older age of recipients in the MB group (55.5 ± 0.9 vs 53.1 ± 0.8 years,p= 0.026). No differences were seen in mean arterial pressure changes after reperfusion and no differences were found in vasopressor requirements (bolus or infusion) or transfusion requirements. In addition, there was no significant difference in the incidence of primary nonfunction, retransplantation within 60 days, acute rejection, or graft survival between the groups by multivariate analysis or Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.ConclusionsIn our study, the administration of MB at 1–1.5 mg/kg immediately prior to reperfusion did not prevent post‐reperfusion hypotension and did not decrease vasopressor usage or transfusion requirements after reperfusion. Also, MB did not have any impact on postoperative graft function. These findings may argue against the routine use of MB during OLT.
Enzymology of the branched‐chain amino acid oxidation disorders: the valine pathway
Authors: Wanders Ronald J. A. , Duran Marinus , Loupatty Ference J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractValine is one of the three branched‐chain amino acids which undergoes oxidation within mitochondria. In this paper, we describe the current state of knowledge with respect to the enzymology of the valine oxidation pathway and the different disorders affecting oxidation.
New insights on diet variability revealed by DNA barcoding and high‐throughput pyrosequencing: chamois diet in autumn as a case study
Authors: Rayé Gilles , Miquel Christian , Coissac Eric , Redjadj Claire , Loison Anne , Taberlet Pierre 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCharacterizing the diet of large herbivores and the determinants of its variation remains a difficult task in wild species. DNA‐based techniques have the potential to complement traditional time‐consuming methods based on the microhistology of plant cuticle fragments in fecal or rumen samples. Recently, it has been shown that a short chloroplast DNA fragment, the P6 loop of the trnL (UAA) intron, can act as a minimalist barcode. Here, we used the trnL approach with high‐throughput pyrosequencing to study diet from feces in a wild herbivore, the alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and showed that the fine resolution in plant determination obtained with this method allows exploring subtle temporal shifts and inter‐individual variability in diet composition. First, we built a DNA barcoding database of 475 plants species. Seventy‐two percent of plant species can be unambiguously identified to species level, 79% to genus level and 100% to family level using the P6 loop. Second, we analysed 74 feces collected from October to November. Based on 47,896 P6 loop sequences, we identified a total of 110 taxa, 96 in October and 76 in November, with a clear diet shift between October and November. We recognized four and two clusters of feces composition in October and November, respectively, revealing different diet categories among individuals within each month. DNA‐based diet analysis is faster and more taxonomically precise than studies based on microhistology, and opens new possibilities for analysing plant‐herbivore interactions in the wild.
Modeling the Primary Oxidation in Commercial Fish Oil Preparations
Authors: Sullivan Jenna C. , Budge Suzanne M. , St‐Onge Marc 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe quality of commercial fish oil products can be difficult to maintain because of the rapid lipid oxidation attributable to the high number of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). While it is known that oxidation in fish oil is generally the result of a direct interaction with oxygen and fatty acid radicals, there are very few studies that investigate the oxidation kinetics of fish oil supplements. This study uses hydroperoxides, a primary oxidation product, to model the oxidation kinetics of two commercially available fish oil supplements with different EPA and DHA contents. Pseudo first order kinetics were assumed, and rate constants were determined for temperatures between 4 and 60 °C. This data was fit to the Arrhenius model, and activation energies (Ea) were determined for each sample. Both Ea agreed with values found in the literature, with the lower PUFA sample having a lower Ea. The oil with a lower PUFA content fit the first‐order kinetics model at temperatures ≥20 °C and ≤40 °C, while the higher PUFA oil demonstrated first‐order kinetics at temperatures ≥4 °C and ≤40 °C. When the temperature was raised to 60 °C, the model no longer applied. This indicates that accelerated testing of fish oil should be conducted at temperatures ≤40 °C.
Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus und epigenetische Veränderungen des GNAS-Genlocus
Authors: Thiele S. , Hiort O. 
Published: November 2010

Zusammenfassung
Die Bezeichnung Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus (PHP) beschreibt eine heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen, die durch eine Endorganresistenz gegenüber Parathormon (PTH) gekennzeichnet sind. Sie werden durch eine Defizienz der α-Untereinheit stimulierender G-Proteine (Gsα) verursacht. Gsα ist essenziell für die Signalvermittlung durch extrazelluläre Liganden über mehr als 1000 verschiedene G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren in das Zellinnere. Durch eine gewebespezifische Prägung verursachen maternale, autosomal-dominant vererbte Mutationen in dem für Gsα kodierenden GNAS-Genlocus PTH-Resistenz und klinische Zeichen der hereditären Albright-Osteodystrophie (AHO), einschließlich Brachymetakarpie, Kleinwuchs, subkutaner Ossifikationen und mentaler Retardierung (PHP-Typ Ia). Paternal vererbte GNAS-Mutationen führen zu selektiven AHO-Zeichen ohne Parathormonresistenz (Pseudo-PHP). Der PHP-Typ Ib, bei dem eine isolierte PTH-Resistenz vorliegt, wird durch heterozygote, maternal vererbte Deletionen stromaufwärts vom oder innerhalb des GNAS-Locus hervorgerufen, die durch eine Störung des Imprintingmusters eine gewebespezifische Stilllegung der Gsα-Expression hervorrufen. Diese Patienten zeigen in der Regel keine Zeichen der AHO. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Überblick über die Rolle epigenetischer Faktoren bei der Ätiopathogenese verschiedener PHP-Formen gegeben.
The effect of feeding modified soyabean oil enriched with C18 : 4n-3 to broilers on the deposition ofn-3 fatty acids in chicken meat
Authors: Rymer C. , Hartnell G. F. , Givens D. I. 
Published: November 2010

Supplementing broiler diets with conventional vegetable oils has little effect on the long-chainn-3 PUFA (LCn-3 PUFA) content of the meat. The present study investigated the effect on fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of chicken meat when broilers were fed oil extracted from soyabeans (SDASOY) that had been genetically engineered to produce C18 : 4n-3 (stearidonic acid (SDA), 240 mg/g oil). Three diets were fed to 120 birds (eight replicate pens of five birds) from 15 d to slaughter (41–50 d). Diets were identical apart from the oil added to them (45 and 50 g/kg as fed in the grower and finisher phases, respectively), which was either SDASOY, near-isogenic soya (CON) or fish oil (FISH). The LCn-3 PUFA content of the meat increased in the order CON, SDASOY and FISH. In breast meat with skin, the SDA concentration was 522, 13 and 37 (sem14·4) mg/100 g meat for SDASOY, CON and FISH, respectively. Equivalent values for C20 : 5n-3 (EPA) were 53, 13 and 140 (sem8·4); for C22 : 5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) 65, 15 and 101 (sem3·5); for C22 : 6n-3 (DHA) 19, 9 and 181 (sem4·4). Leg meat (with skin) values for SDA were 861, 23 and 68 (sem30·1); for EPA 87, 9 and 258 (sem7·5); for DPA 95, 20 and 165 (sem5·0); for DHA 29, 10 and 278 (sem8·4). Aroma, taste and aftertaste of freshly cooked breast meat were not affected. Fishy aromas, tastes and aftertastes were associated with LCn-3 PUFA content of the meat, being most noticeable in the FISH leg meat (both freshly cooked and reheated) and in the reheated SDASOY leg meat.
UNDERSTANDING ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOUR RELATING TO SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI RE-INFECTION AFTER MASS TREATMENT
Authors: MOIRA ANGELA PINOT DE , KABATEREINE NARCIS B. , DUNNE DAVID W. , BOOTH MARK 
Published: November 2010

SummaryIt is now widely recognized that a decentralized approach to the control of parasitic infections in rural sub-Saharan populations allows for the design of more effective control programmes and encourages high compliance. Compliance is usually an indicator of treatment success, but cannot be used as a measure of long-term benefit since re-infection will be strongly influenced by a number of factors including the social ecology of a community. In this paper qualitative and quantitative methods are used to identify and understand the structural and behavioural constraints that may influence water contact behaviour and create inequalities with respect to Schistosoma re-infection following anti-helminth drug treatment. The research is set in a community where participant engagement has remained uniformly high throughout the course of a 10-year multidisciplinary study on treatment and re-infection, but where levels of re-infection have not been uniform and, because of variations in water contact behaviour, have varied by age, sex and ethnic background. Variations in the biomedical knowledge of schistosomiasis, socioeconomic constraints and ethnic differences in general attitudes towards life and health are identified that may account for some of these behavioural differences. The observations highlight the benefits of understanding the socio-ecology of control and research settings at several levels (both between and within ethnic groups); this will help to design more effective and universally beneficial interventions for control and help to interpret research findings.
INTELLIGENCE IN TAIWAN: PROGRESSIVE MATRICES MEANS AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN MEANS AND VARIANCES FOR 6- TO 17-YEAR-OLDS
Authors: LYNN RICHARD , CHEN HSIN-YI , CHEN YUNG-HUA 
Published: November 2010

SummaryData for Raven's Progressive Matrices are reported for a sample of 6290 6- to 17-year-olds in Taiwan. The Taiwanese obtained a mean IQ of 109.5, in relation to a British mean of 100. There was no difference in mean scores of boys and girls at age 7 years. At age 10 years girls obtained significantly higher scores than boys, and at ages 13 and 16 years boys obtained significantly higher scores than girls. There was no sex difference in variance at age 7 years. At ages 10, 13 and 16 years variance was significantly greater in boys.
Covered Farm Mortgage Bonds in the United States During the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Snowden Kenneth A. 
Published: November 2010

Covered mortgage bonds have been used successfully in Europe for two centuries, but failed in the United States when introduced as farm mortgage debentures in the 1880s. Using firm-level data and a sample of loans made by one Kansas mortgage company, I find that debenture programs grew out of established loan brokerage operations and were used to fund mortgages that were difficult to broker because of size, term, or risk characteristics. Debentures broadened access to the interregional mortgage market and facilitated an expansion of western farm mortgage debt before the innovation failed in the mortgage crisis of the 1890s.“[T]he availability of affordable mortgage financing is essential to turning the corner on the current housing crisis …. One option we have looked at extensively is covered bonds, which … have the potential to increase mortgage financing, improve underwriting standards, and strengthen U.S. financial institutions ….”Secretary of Treasury Henry PaulsonJuly 28, 2008
Investing in Talents: Manager Characteristics and Hedge Fund Performances
Authors: Li Haitao , Zhang Xiaoyan , Zhao Rui 
Published: November 2010

AbstractUsing a large sample of hedge fund manager characteristics, we provide one of the first comprehensive studies on the impact of manager characteristics, such as education and career concern, on hedge fund performances. We document differential ability among hedge fund managers in either generating risk-adjusted returns or running hedge funds as a business. In particular, we find that managers from higher-SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) undergraduate institutions tend to have higher raw and risk-adjusted returns, more inflows, and take fewer risks. Unlike mutual funds, we find a rather symmetric relation between hedge fund flows and past performance, and that hedge fund flows do not have a significant negative impact on future performance.