bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POSSIBILITY OF USING WHITE AND GREEN MUSCARDINE FUNGI FOR CONTROL OF CONE AND SEED INSECT PESTS
Authors: Timonin M. I. , Fogal W. H. , Lopushanski S. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPreconditioning of isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sor. with specific insects increases their virulence. An isolate of B. bassiana used two years previously in pathogenicity tests against spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., required only one passage through this insect to attain 100% mortality in 48 h of incubation, whereas an isolate of M. anisopliae that was not previously used against this insect required four passages to attain the same degree of virulence as B. bassiana. Larvae of Laspeyresia youngana (Kft.), Dasineura rachiphaga Tripp, and Dasineura canadensis Felt were very susceptible to both fungi and 100% mortality was obtained in less than 48 h of incubation. Larvae of Lasiomma anthracina Czerny were much less susceptible. Puparia of both genera of Diptera were more resistant than larvae and required longer incubation to obtain 100% mortality.
PROLONGED INHIBITION OF BROOD PRODUCTION IN DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) BY DIMILIN
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Ibaraki A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPre-attack feeding for 48 h on a diet containing 200 ppm Dimilin® (diflubenzuron), by adult Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), caused a complete inhibition of larval eclosion from eggs deposited by such beetles in the untreated host logs for the duration of the reproductive cycle. Inhibition of larval eclosion was mediated through the females only. Pre-attack application of 1% Dimilin to host logs reduced the number of larvae per gallery by 55% and reduced the number of galleries with successful larval eclosion by 42%.
GILLASPYTES JANZENI, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN DYNASTINAE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Howden H. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGillaspytes janzeni, a new genus, new species, of Dynastinae from northeastern Mexico is described and figured. Reasons for placement of the genus in the tribe Pentodontini are briefly discussed.
EFFECTS OF (E)-9-DODECEN-1-YL FORMATE ON THE SEX PHEROMONE RESPONSE OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Weatherston J. , Grant G. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFormates analogous to the aldehyde sex pheromones of several species of Lepidoptera have been shown to have biological activity, (E)-9-Dodecen-1-yl formate was therefore tested against male spruce budworm (C. fumiferana) by EAGs and by field trapping experiments designed to test for attraction, inhibition, and disruption. No biological activity was detected.
HUNGER, MOVEMENT, AND PREDATION OF COCCINELLA CALIFORNICA ON PEA APHIDS IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD
Authors: Frazer B. D. , Gill B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHunger and abundance of adult Coccinella californica (Mannerheirn) preying on pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., were assessed in the field. There was no consistent relationship between abundance or hunger and aphid density. The field beetles encountered in sampling were 4 times hungrier at each observed aphid density than expected from a simulation model of the predation that is driven by hunger. Laboratory studies revealed a circadian rhythm of beetle activity that was modified by hunger. An index of predatory potential (number of beetles times average hunger) was found to be a better indicator of impact of the beetles than absolute numbers of all coccinellids or hunger separately. It is suggested that the beetles encountered in simply walking through a field produce the most useful index of numbers of hungry beetles. This census must be done daily however because of the high vagility of adult coccinellids.
THE LARVA AND ADULT BIOLOGY OFRHINOSIMUS VIRIDIAENEUS(COLEOPTERA: SALPINGIDAE)
Authors: Howden Anne T. , Howden Henry F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdults and larvae ofRhinosimus viridiaeneusRandall observed on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, prefer the inner bark of dead branches of red alder (Alnus rubraBong.) for food. When feeding, the flattened elongated rostrum of the adult is inserted between the papery outer bark and the cambium. The rostrum is also used to prod or flip intrudingRhinosimusaway from a feeding site. The larva is described for the first time.
PREOVIPOSITION AND OVIPOSITION PERIODS OF THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Neilson W. T. A. , Knowlton A. D. , McRae K. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe preoviposition period of R. pomonella (Walsh) varied from 5 to 11 days at constant and 6 to 15 days at variable rearing conditions. Its duration was influenced by the source of the adults, cultivars for oviposition, and rearing conditions: ca. 3 days longer for adults from infested Wealthy apples than for adults from infested Gravensteins, ca. 2 days longer when the apples for oviposition were late season cultivars, and ca. 1 day longer at variable than at constant rearing conditions. Estimates of the preoviposition period of adults in two unsprayed orchards were 14 and 21 days in 1979 and 16 days in both orchards in 1980, and were 7–14 days longer than that for adults at constant rearing conditions.The oviposition periods of adults were 40–74 days at constant and 25–55 days at variable rearing conditions in 1979, and were influenced by the source of the adults, cultivars for oviposition, and the rearing conditions. Females from infested Gravensteins laid 339.2 and 180.7 eggs/female at constant and variable conditions and those from infested Wealthy 178.4 and 68.8 eggs/female at constant and variable conditions. Females also laid fewer eggs in Red Delicious apples than in Gravenstein, McIntosh, or Cortland apples.The first spray for control of apple maggot in Nova Scotia can be applied at least 14 days after first emergence or first capture as the preoviposition period in natural (orchard) conditions exceeded the recommended time of 7–10 days.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OFMANSONIA PERTURBANSADULTS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Allan S. A. , Surgeoner G. A. , Helson B. V. , Pengelly D. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeasonal emergence, abundance, biting and oviposition activity ofMansonia perturbans(Walker) were monitored in southwestern Ontario during 1977 and 1978. Adults emerged from 13 June until 24 August with the greatest emergence occurring in mid-June and mid-July. In both 1977 and 1978, adults were collected by dry ice-baited CDC light traps from 7 June until at least 7 September, with a peak of abundance in late June, followed by a smaller second peak in early August. Biting activity occurred from the second week of June until the first week in September with a maximum during the last week of June. Oviposition occurred from 30 June until 24 August with a maximum in early July.
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPRODUCTION IN THE LADYBIRD BEETLE, HIPPODAMIA CONVERGENS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Baumgaertner J. U. , Hagen K. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA simple model for growth and development of the ladybird beetle (Hippodamia convergens G-M.) which partitions aphid biomass eaten into components of excretion, assimilation, growth and/or reproduction, and metabolic costs associated with searching and maintenance respiration is reported. All parameters in the model were estimated from simple minimal laboratory experiments, and have biological and/or physical meaning. The effects of predator nutrition on aging, survival, and emigration were also modelled. Most rates in the model for growth, reproduction, and respiration are controlled by the interplay between prey consumption and maximum prey biomass demands. The model for biomass flow is related to standard predator/prey theory.
HOST FOLIAGE IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FOREST SITES IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA TO OUTBREAKS OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Mason R. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHost foliage was evaluated for nonpreference and antibiosis by field rearing Douglas-fir tussock moth larvae, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), (instars 2–6) at typical outbreak and non-outbreak forest sites in central California. Nonpreference was evaluated by comparing frass production and antibiosis by comparing survival, pupation, and fecundity on the different sites. Typical outbreak sites had a lower site index and higher plant moisture stress than typical non-outbreak sites. Production of frass for all crown levels collectively was not significantly different between sites, although more frass was produced in the tops of trees on outbreak sites. Survival and pupation were also not significantly different between sites, but egg production was 28% higher on outbreak sites than non-outbreak sites. If differences in foliage quality did exist between sites, they did not affect the tussock moth enough to explain observed differences in population numbers.
PINE OIL PROTECTS LIVING TREES FROM ATTACK BY THREE BARK BEETLE SPECIES, DENDROCTONUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Nijholt W. W. , McMullen L. H. , Safranyik L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPine oil, a by-product of sulphate wood pulping, protected pheromone-baited, living Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), and spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss - P. engelmannii Parry hybrids) from attack by Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.), mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosa Hopk.), and spruce beetle (D. rufipennis (Kirby)), respectively. Pine oil also protected surrounding trees and reduced attack incidence on Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and spruce within at least a 10 m radius. α-Terpineol, one of the constituents of the pine oil mixture, was less effective.
PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF THE CLERID BEETLE THANASIMUS DUBIUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE) ON THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Frazier J. L. , Nebeker T. E. , Mizell R. F. , Calvert W. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe behavior of adults of clerid beetle Thanasimus dubius (F.) preying upon adult southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, in an arena in the laboratory is described by classifying the acts according to their consequences. A sequence of five stereotyped acts is performed by the predator: either searching or ambush, seizure of prey, alignment of prey, consumption of prey, and grooming. Handling time by the predator consists of the sums of the durations of the four acts of seizure through grooming, which was not significantly different for male and female predators, but was significantly longer for male prey (13.81 min) than for female prey (10.49 min). Consumption of prey (8–9 min) is the major component of handling time. Predators searched or waited in ambush an average of 5.8 mm before seizing a prey, and captured prey with an efficiency of 72%. Blinding predators had no significant effect on their efficiency at capturing prey. Maxillary and labial palpectomy alone or in combination significantly reduced efficiency of capture, and reduced numbers of prey consumed.
BIOLOGY, LIFE TABLES, AND INNATE CAPACITY FOR INCREASE OF THE TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Herbert H. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe threshold temperature of development, life table, and innate capacity for increase of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were established from life stage development studies at constant temperatures. The threshold for development was determined to be 10.0°C. The durations in degree-days above 10°C from the beginning of the egg stage to adult for females were 141.3, 152.3, and 139.8; for males 134.2, 144.7, and 135.2 at 15°, 18°, and 21°C, respectively. Life tables were constructed and innate capacity for increase was .069, .156, and .372; net reproduction rate 20.8, 38.4, and 58.1; and mean generation time 44.0, 23.4, and 10.9 at 15°, 18°, and 21°C, respectively.
EFFICACY OF BACILLUS SPHAERICUS STRAIN 1593 AGAINST THE FOUR INSTARS OF LABORATORY REARED AND FIELD COLLECTED CULEX PIPIENS PIPIENS AND LABORATORY REARED CULEX SALINARIUS
Authors: Wraight Stephen P. , Molloy Daniel , Jamnback Hugo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCulex pipiens pipiens and C. salinarius were found equally susceptible in laboratory tests to Bacillus sphaericus strain 1593 with LC50 values for the four instars ranging between 20 and 137 ppb (approximately 820 and 5600 spores/ml). Tests against field collected C. p. pipiens larvae revealed a regularly decreasing susceptibility with increasing larval age, the first instars being between 2 and 5 times more susceptible than fourth instars. In contrast, no significant differences in the susceptibility of second, third, and fourth instars were found in tests of laboratory reared larvae.
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND SURVIVAL OF THE LARVAE OF THE RED TURNIP BEETLE,ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ONBRASSICA CAMPESTRISANDB.NAPUS(CRUCIFERAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H. , Obadofin A. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGrowth, development, and survival were investigated for the larvae of the red turnip beetle,Entomoscelis americanaBrown, fed excised cotyledons or first true leaves of four cultivars ofBrassica campestrisL. (Torch, Echo, Candle, and R500) or three cultivars ofB.napusL. (Midas, Target, and Tower) in the laboratory. The red turnip beetle has four larval instars and its growth curve is S-shaped. The seven cultivars ofB.campestrisandB.napustested were suitable host plants for the larvae. On all the cultivars, survival was relatively high, the weights and developmental times were similar, and the percentage of malformed adults was low. InB.campestrisandB.napus, the cotyledon stage was marginally better than the first true leaf stage as food for the larvae. Survival usually was higher and in one of the three experiments the adults at emergence were heavier on the cotyledons than on the first true leaves. However, the developmental times were similar, except in one of the three experiments where they were longer on the cotyledons, and the incidence of malformed adults was low on both stages of plant growth.
PAXYLOMMATIDAE: THE CORRECT FAMILY-GROUP NAME FOR HYBRIZON FALLÉN (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONOIDEA), WITH FIGURES OF UNUSUAL ANTENNAL SENSILLA
Authors: Mason W. R. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA review of the literature and application of the latest rules show that the justified emendation Paxylommatidae Foerster 1862 is the correct family-group name for Hybrizon Fallén 1813. Because Hybrizon lacks the chief apomorphy of braconids, fused metasomal terga II and III, and also lacks a major apomorphy of ichneumonids, loss of 1r-m and retention of 2r-m in the hindwing, it is placed in a separate family. Some unusual antennal sensilla are illustrated.
PHYSICAL COMPARISONS OF FOUNDRESSES OF THE PAPER WASP, POLISTES METRICUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
Authors: Dropkin Jennifer A. , Gamboa George J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the paper wasp, Polistes metricus Say, subordinates and single foundresses of early colonies (< 16 days old) nesting in the same habitat were very similar in size, reproductive condition, and probability of being fertilized suggesting that these types of foundresses are comparable in reproductive potential. Queens of multiple foundress, early colonies were significantly larger, had larger ovaries, and more oocytes than their subordinates. In late colonies (> 30 days old) the differences in reproductive condition between queens and their subordinates were more pronounced. Reproductive condition and body size are likely to be important characters for sorting foundresses into hierarchies.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND PREDATORY EFFICIENCY OF RAVINIA LHERMINIERI (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE) ON THE FACE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Pickens Lawrence G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn laboratory tests, Ravinia lherminieri (Robineau-Desvoidy) larvae significantly reduced the numbers of face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, eggs or larvae (98% mortality), in 100 ml of bovine feces at R. lherminieri to face fly ratios down to 10:200. Face fly immature mortality due to R. lherminieri decreased from 98% to 0% as the volume of feces per larva increased from 10 ml to 80 ml. Although R. lherminieri larvae survived on feces alone, their survival increased 26% (63% vs. 89%) when face fly immatures were added to the feces.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARROT RUST FLY, PSILA ROSAE (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE), RELATIVE TO TEMPERATURE IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Stevenson A. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of temperature on development of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (F.), was determined at constant temperatures in the laboratory. The relationship between rate of development and temperature was essentially linear from 10° to 17.5°C but began to diverge from linearity between 17.5° and 20°C. Estimated threshold temperatures (t) and thermal constants (K) for development of overwintered pupae were 2.3°C and 319 degree-days (dd) for first emergence and 1.8°C and 368 dd for 50% emergence. For laboratory-reared stages, t and K values were 4.1°C and 102 dd for egg hatch, 2.0°C and 642 dd for development from egg to mature larvae, and 3.0°C and 107 dd for pupation. Development in the laboratory from egg (less than 24 h old) to adult was completed in 59, 70, and 81 days at 20°, 17.5°, and 15°C respectively; no threshold or thermal constant was estimated because few or no individuals completed development to adult at 12.5° or 10°C within expected times, presumably because diapause was induced at these temperatures.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A SAMPLING SCHEME FOR THE GYPSY MOTH EGG PARASITOID OOENCYRTUS KUVANAE (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE)
Authors: Brown M. W. , Rosenberger James L. , Cameron E. Alan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFour sampling methods for Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) populations were compared for efficiency using coefficients of variation. On this basis, none of the sampling methods was uniformly superior to any other, but a cluster of 0.01 ha subplots was chosen as the best method because of the aggregation of both gypsy moth egg masses and parasitoids. From the estimated population variance per egg mass it was calculated that 150 egg masses should be sampled per plot to provide an error bound of 0.2 parasitoid per egg mass (α = 0.1). An analysis of variance indicated that variation among study areas was the largest source of variation, and that among day, within day, and plot configuration variation were significant. Estimates of parasitoid activity are most reliable during the period between 1300 and 1600 h EST. Activity of parasitoids was reduced on overcast days. In August, the distribution of O. kuvanae approximates that of the negative binomial but with too many individuals in the high frequency classes. In a compromise between cost and accuracy, the sampling scheme selected consists of thirty 0.01 ha subplots per plot sampled between 1300 and 1600 h EST on sunny days. This sampling scheme was found satisfactory using field evaluation.
BIONOMICS OF THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER, AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE), IN EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Guppy J. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani), typically develops through three complete generations a year. It overwinters as a partially developed pupa that completes its development in mid-May. Three distinct adult flight periods occur: mid-May to mid-June, late June to late July, and early to late August. Eggs are deposited singly in alfalfa leaflets beneath the lower epidermis and on hatching, the larvae move toward the upper leaflet surface where they feed on the mesophyll and develop through three instars to form blotch mines, each representing about 27% of the leaflet area. The mature larvae emerge from the mines and drop to the soil to form light brown puparia, mainly in the top 2.5 cm of soil.Duration of each stage decreased with rise in temperature up to 25° but none of the stages survived 30°C. Developmental rates plotted against temperature gave highly correlated linear relationships for all stages. The theoretical threshold for the egg, larva, and pupa was 7°, 3°, and 4°C, respectively; thermal requirements for these stages were 55, 123, and 333°D, respectively.Survival of the larvae was higher in leaflets with solitary mines than in those with multiple mines; only 25% of the leaflets with two mines gave rise to two mature larvae. Three larvae seldom survived in a single leaflet.
A THERMAL SUMMATION MODEL FOR PREDICTING SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Harcourt D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA thermal summation model based on heat units above 9°C accurately predicted peak hatch of eggs, an event critical to management of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), in southern Ontario. The model also gave accurate predictions for maximum numbers of the larval and pupal stages, as well as other significant events such as cocooning and adult emergence.
NOCTURNAL FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA) IN ALPINE TUNDRA
Authors: Kendall Deborah M. , Kevan Peter G. , LaFontaine J. Donald 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA blacklight trap was established at 3790 m in 1978 and at 3505 m, 3657 m, 3790 m, and 3810 m, in 1979, on the alpine tundra in Colorado. Weekly catches from 6 July to 4 August 1978, and 26 June to 14 September 1979, resulted in ca. 3500 individuals of over 48 species of moths. These results establish that a greater diversity of moths exists and greater nocturnal flight activity occurs than was previously supposed for alpine tundra communities. The implications for pollination and insect foraging are discussed.
OLFACTORY AND ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OFPSEUDOHYLESINUS NEBULOSUS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON DOUGLAS-FIR BARK
Authors: Oester P. T. , Rudinsky J. A. , Ryker L. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMature malePseudohylesinus nebulosus(LeConte) walking on Douglas-fir logs were strongly arrested and stridulated at a female gallery or artificial galleries with female frass, but not at artificial galleries without frass. This response diminished after the female had accepted a male in the gallery. Mature males emitted distinctive chirps for stress, attraction, and rivalry, all of which were different from chirps of immature males, and pushed intruding males from the gallery. In contrast, reproductively immature adult males were only weakly arrested both at artificial galleries and those of feeding females, and were not aggressive toward other males. Only stress chirps of immature males were distinguishable from chirps in other contexts. These observations suggest that adult reproductive maturation includes development of close-range olfactory and acoustic signals and territorial behavior.
BIOLOGY, LIFE TABLES, AND INTRINSIC RATE OF INCREASE OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Herbert H. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDevelopment of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Nova Scotia was studied at three constant temperatures to construct a life table and establish the intrinsic rate of development. The threshold temperature for development was 10.6°C. The duration from the beginning of the egg stage to adult for females was 31.2, 20.5, and 14.0 days and for males 21.9, 19.6, and 12.8 days at 15°, 18°, and 21°C, respectively. The duration in degree-days above 10.6°C for females was 137.3, 151.7, and 145.2 and for males 128.0, 144.9, and 133.1 at the same three temperatures. The duration of the preoviposition period decreased, duration of the oviposition period remained constant, and the number of eggs laid increased with temperature. Life tables were constructed at 15°, 18°, and 21°C; the intrinsic rates of increase were 0.56,.092, and.134; net reproduction rates 10.06, 13.50, and 17.37; and mean generation times were 41.4, 28.3, and 21.3 days, respectively.