bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro susceptibility of public indoor swimming pool fungi to three disinfectants
Authors: Bobichon H. , Dufour‐Morfaux F. , Pitort V. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. The floors of indoor swimming pools are contaminated by yeasts, dermatophytes and other saprophytic species. Previous epidemiolog‐ical studies have revealed that the fungi persist even after cleaning. Three disinfectants were tested in vitro against fungi standard isolated from swimming pool floors. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests and AFNOR standard T72–201 were carried out. Adilon and Decalcite, commonly used in swimming pools, were ineffective against most of the fungi, while Nobactel, recommended elsewhere, was particularly effective against the studied fungi. In addition to the necessary technical modifications of the methods, this study highlights the need to choose effective anti‐fungal compounds and to alternate cleaning products to minimize acquired resistance.Zusammenfassung. Die Fußböden öffentlicher Hallenbäder sind kontaminiert durch Hefen, Dermatophyten und weiterhin durch saprophytische Pilze. Frühere epidemiologische Studien belegten die Persistenz von Pilzen auch nach Fußboden‐Pflegemaßnahmen. Drei Desinfektionsmittel wurden in vitro in ihrer Wirksamkeit auf Pilzisolate von Schwimmhallen‐Fußböden untersucht. Es wurden MHK‐Bestimmungen und Untersuchun‐gen gemäß der Norm AFNOR T 72–201 durchge‐führt. Adilon und Decalcite, verbreitet in Schwimmhallen in Gebrauch, waren gegen die meisten Pilze unwirksam, während Nobactel, für andere Zwecke empfohlen, besonders wirksam gegen die Testpilze war. Die Studie zeigt, daß neben technischen Modifikationen es notwendig ist, mit den Reinigungsmitteln abzuwechseln, um erworbene Resistenz gering zu halten, sowie pilzwirksame Substanzen zu verwenden.
Im vitro antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from officinal plants against dermatophytes
Authors: Lima E. O. , Gompertz O. F. , Giesbrecht A. M. , Paulo M. Q. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Thirteen essential oils were isolated from officinal plants and tested in vitro against dermatophyte strains isolated from patients with dermatophytosis. Of the tested oils, those obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus, Eugenia uniflora and Alpinia speciosa were found to be the most active, inhibiting 80% of the dermatophyte strains tested and producing inhibition zones more than 10 mm in diameter.Zusammenfassung. Dreizehn ätherische Öle wurden aus Heilpflanzen isoliert und in vitro gegen Dermatophytenstämme getestet, die von Dermatophytose‐Patienten isoliert worden waren. Von den untersuchten Ölen erwiesen sich die von Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Ocimum gratissi‐mum, Cymbopogon citratus, Eugenia uniflora und Alpinia speciosa gewonnenen als die aktivsten. Sie hemmten 80% der eingesetzten Dermatophytenstämme und bildeten Hemmzonen von mehr als 10 mm Durchmesser aus.
Pathogenicity of strains of the black yeast Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis: an evaluation based on polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Uijthof J. M. J. , de Hoog G. S. , de Cock A. W. A. M. , Takeo K. , Nishimura K. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Strains of Exophiala dermatitidis, mainly originating from patients with systemic neurotropic mycosis in Asia and from the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in Europe, were analysed by ribotyping of the small subunit rDNA and by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A characteristic banding pattern for the species was found after restriction analysis of amplified fragments V9 and ITS4. The small subunit rDNA gene of five strains was about 1800 base pairs (bp) long, while in 16 strains its length was about 3000 bp Using RAPD, seven populations could be distinguished. European CF strains as well as Asian strains from systemic mycoses are mainly distributed over two populations, one of which contained both CF strains and a systemic strain. It is concluded that the two clinical pictures are caused by genetically similar strains. The differences in pathogenicity may be explained by immunological differences in the hosts or by differences in exposure to the fungal propagules.Zusammenfassung. Ribotypisierung von SS rDNA und RAPD wurde an Stämmen von Exophiala dermatitidis, darunter Isolaten aus neurotropen Mykosen in Asien und Isolaten aus Lungen von Patienten mit zystischer Fibrose in Europa, durchgeführt. Das Bandenmuster amplifizierter und verdauter V9‐ITS4 Fragmente erwies sich als konstant und artspezifisch. Das SS rDNA Gen von 5 Stämmen war 1800 Basenpaare lang, während bei 16 Stämmen zusätlich Insertionen von etwa 1200 Basenpaaren nachgewiesen wurden. Mit RAPD wurden 7 Populationen unterschieden. Die europäischen CF‐Stämme ließen sich in zwei Populationen aufgliedern; die Stämme von systemischen Mykosen aus Asien gehörten ebenfalls zwei Populationen an. Dabei umfaßte die umfangreichste Population sowohl CF‐Stämme als auch einen systemischen Stamm, nebst Isolaten anderer Herkunft. Dies läßt den Schluß zu, daß genetisch ähnliche Stämme beide Krankheitsbilder verursachen können. Die Pathogenitätsunterschiede lassen sich möglicherweise durch immunologische Unterschiede der Wirte oder durch regionale Expositionsunterschiede für die Pilze erklären.
White piedra and Trichosporon species in equatorial Africa. III. Identification of Trichosporon species by slide agglutination test
Authors: Douchet C. , Thérizol‐Ferly M. , Kombila M. , Duong T. H. , de Diaz M. Gomez , Barrabes A. , Richard‐Lenoble D. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Fifty‐two Trichosporon strains isolated from Gabonese female patients 15–60 years, were studied. The identity of these strains was established by two different methods: the method proposed by Guého et al. (1992), based on mycological criteria, and a slide agglutination method performed with monospecific antisera prepared in our laboratory. The final results show a perfect correlation between the two methods, which allowed us to identify 25 strains of T. mucoides, 21 strains of T. inkin and seven strains of T. asahii. The results of the agglutination tests performed with 24‐h‐old subcultures grown on Sabouraud glucose agar are available in less than 15 mins. In the light of these results, it appears that this method, which is rapid and easy to perform and reproduce, may readily be used in hospital laboratories. In addition, this method allowed us to verify the presence of antigens common to the genera Cryptococcus and Trichosporon, which were easily shown by the use of crude sera. The fact that the anti‐Triehosporon monospecific sera lose their capacity to agglutinate Cryptococcus neoformans proves their high specificity.Zusammenfassung. Die Identität von 52 Trichosporon‐Stämmen, isoliert von gabunesischen Frauen im Alter zwischen 15 und 60 Jahren. wurden nach zwei unterschiedlichen Methoden identifiziert: 1. Nach der Methode von Guého et al. 1992, die auf mykologischen Kriterien beruht. und 2. mittels einer Objektträger‐Agglutinations‐methode unter Verwendung monospezifscher, in unserem Labor hergestellter Antiseren. Die Ergebnisse belegen eine vollkommene Korrelation zwischen beiden Methoden, die es erlaubte, 25 Stämme von T. mucoides, 21 Stämme von T. inkin und 7 Stämme von T. asahii zu identifizieren. Die Agglutinationsreaktionen wurden mil 24 h alten Subkulturen auf Sabouraud‐Glucose‐Agar durchgeführt; ihre Ergebnisse waren in weniger als 15 Minuten verfügbar. Auf dem Hintergrund dieser Befunde wird diese Methode als schnell, leicht durchführbar und sicher reproduzierbar für die allgemeine Anwendung in Krankenhauslaboratorien empfohlen. In dieser Studie war auch der Besitz gemeinsamer Antigene bei den Gattungen Cryptococcus und Trichosporon nachweisbar, wenn Rohseren verwendet wurden. Der Nachweis, daß monospezifische Anti‐Trichosporon‐Seren die Fähigkeit verlieren, Cryptococcus neoformans zu agglutinieren, belegt ihre hohe Spezifität.
Ecology and physiology of the emerging opportunistic fungi Pseudallescheria boydii and Scedosporium prolificans
Authors: de Hoog G. S. , Marvin‐Sikkema Femke D. , Lahpoor Greetje A. , Gottschall J. C. , Prins R. A. , Guého Eveline 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Nutritionally physiological patterns of Pseudallescheria boydii (Microascaceae) and the related species Scedosporium prolificans were established. Differences between the two species were found in assimilation of sucrose, ribitol, xylitol and L‐arabinitol. In contrast, no physiological distinction could be made between the three intraspecific variants of P. boydii which have been recognized on the basis of nDNA/DNA homology data and of morphological and clinical differences. Some potential virulence factors were studied in the fungi mentioned above and in some related anamorphs. All species were capable of anaerobic growth, but differed in their temperature relations.Zusammenfassung. Assimilations‐Muster von Pseudallescheria boydii (Microascaceae) und der verwandten Art Scedosporium prolificans wurden untersucht. Dabei wurden Art‐Unterschiede in der Assimilation von Saccharose, Ribitol, Xylitol und L‐Arabinitol festgestellt. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden keine physiologischen Unterschiede zwischen den drei Varianten innerhalb der Art P. boydii nachgewiesen. Damit lassen sich die bisher verwendeten Merkmalsunterschiede, bzw. nDNA/DNA Homologie‐Werte sowie morphologische und klinische Characteristika, nicht bestätigen. Einige mögliche Virulenz‐Faktoren bei den oben beschriebenen sowie auch bei einigen verwandten Arten, wurden untersucht. Alle Arten erwiesen sich im gleichen Maß zum anaeroben Wachstum befähigt, unterscheiden sich aber in ihrem Temperaturverhalten.
Polymerase chain reaction‐based detection of dermatophyte DNA with a fungus‐specific primer system
Authors: Bock M. , Maiwald M. , Kappe R. , Nickel P. , Näher H. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. There is significant clinical interest in primers which are specific for fungi and do not hybridize to DNA of other eukaryotes or prokaryotes. Such primers would allow specific amplification of fungal DNA from human tissue samples containing fungi. Fungal identification to the species level could follow by direct sequencing or restriction analysis. Several previously described primer systems cross‐react with DNA of plants and animals.We have designed a primer system that amplifies a fragment of the gene coding for the small ribosomal subunit 18S rRNA. Database searches and sequence analyses were performed using the HUSAR (Heidelberg Unix Sequence Analysis Resources) computer system at the German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany. Primers TR1 (5′‐GTTTCTAGGACCGCCG‐TA) and TR2 (5′‐CTCAAACTTCCATCGAC‐TTG) bind to sequences which are homologous within the fungi, but differ from corresponding DNA fragments of plants and animals. The amplified fragment is 581 base pairs in length and contains variable, and therefore species‐specific, regions.The DNA of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton terrestre, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum and of several yeast species was amplified by the primers, but not the DNA from 42 normal human skin samples. Furthermore, other DNA preparations from plants and animals, including those from radish, cabbage, wheat and mouse, did not show amplification reactions.Zusammenfassung. Es besteht großes klinisches Interesse an Primern, die für Pilze spezifisch sind und nicht mit DNA von anderen Eukaryonten oder Prokaryonten hybridisieren. Solche Primer würden die spezifische Amplifikation von Pilz‐DNA aus menschlichen Gewebeproben, die Pilze enthalten, erlauben. Die Pilzidentifizierung bis zur Speziesebene könnte folgen—mittels direkter Sequenzierung oder Restriktionsanalyse. Mehrere früher beschriebene Primersysteme zeigten Kreuzreaktionen mit DNA von Pflanzen und/oder Tieren.Wir entwarfen ein Primersystem, welches ein Fragment des Gens amplifiziert, das für die kleine ribosomale Untereinheit (18S rRNA) kodiert. Datenbanksuche und Sequenzanalysen wurden mit dem HUSAR (Heidelberg Unix Sequence Analysis Resources)‐Computersystem des Deutschen Krebsforschungszentrums (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, durchgeführt. Die Primer TR1 (5′‐GTTTCTAGGACCGCC‐GTA) und TR2 (5′‐CTCAAACTTCCATCGAC‐TTG) binden an Sequenzen, die innerhalb der Pilze homolog sind, sich jedoch von korrespondierenden DNA‐Abschnitten bei Pflanzen und Tieren unterscheiden. Das amplifizierte Fragment ist 581 Basenpaare lang und enthält variable, und daher spezies‐spezifische Regionen.
Partial purification and characterization of a 235000Mr extracellular proteinase from Trichophyton rubrum
Authors: Lambkin Imelda , Hamilton A. J. , Hay R. J. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. An extracellular proteinase has been partially purified from culture filtrates of Trichophyton rubrum by ultrafiltration, isoelectric focusing and gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme has a non‐reduced molecular weight of 235000 by substrate SDS‐PAGE. It has a pH optimum of 8.5 using azocasein and azoalbumin as substrates and a pI of 3.6‐3.8. The metalloproteinase inhibitors EDTA and 1,10‐phenanthroline, together with the chymotrypsin inhibitor chymostatin, strongly inhibited its activity. The serine proteinase inhibitors phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride and diisopropylfluorophosphate showed weak inhibitory activity. The proteinase exhibited broad substrate activity against azocoll, azoalbumin, azocasein, laminin and fibronectin. It exhibited weak activity against elastin and keratin. Observations on the occurrence of this proteinase together with previously described lower molecular weight proteinases suggests that the former is the first to appear in minimal medium cultures. Freeze/thaw cycling of the partially purified 235000Mr proteinase was found to generate low molecular weight proteinases, particularly at 53000, 27000 and 25000Mr, indicating that the latter may originate from the larger molecule.Zusammenfassung. Aus Kulturfiltraten von Trichophyton rubrum wurde durch Ultrafiltration, isoelektrische Fokussierung und Gelfiltrationschromatographie eine extrazelluläre Proteinase partiell gereinigt. Das Enzym hat nicht reduziert in der Substrat‐SDS‐PAGE ein Molekulargewicht von 235000. Bei Verwendung von Azocasein und Azoalbumin wurde ein pH‐Optimum von 8,5 bestimmt; der pI liegt bei 3.6‐3.8. Die Enzymaktivität wurde durch die Metalloproteinase‐Hemmer EDTA und 1,10‐Phenanthrolin zusammen mit dem Chymotrypsin‐Hemmer Chymostatin stark gehemmt. Die Serinproteinasen‐Hemmer Phenylmethansulfonylfluorid und Diisopropylfluorphosphat zeigten nur schwache Hemmwirkung. Die Proteinase zeigte breite Substrataktivität gegen Azocoll, Azoalbumin, Azocasein, Laminin und Fibronectin; sie zeigte schwache Aktivität gegen Elastin und Keratin. Im Vergleich mit früher beschriebenen niedrigmolekular‐gewichtigen Proteinasen scheint das hier vorgestellte Enzym in Minimalmedium‐Kulturen früher aufzutreten. Wiederholtes Frieren‐Auftauen der partiell gereinigten 235000Mr‐Proteinase führte zum Auftreten niedrigmolekulargewichtiger Proteinasen insbesondere von 53000, 27000 und 25000Mr, was darauf hindeutet, daß die letzteren vom größeren Molekül abgespalten werden.
InvasiveTrichosporon beigeliiinfection in immunosuppressed rats
Authors: Dörlemann A. , Listemann H. , Iglauer F. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.Fulminant systemic mycoses were seen as complications in rats undergoing drug trials for the treatment ofPneumocystis cariniipneumonia. Rats were immunosuppressed with corticosteroids and by feeding with a low‐protein diet. Homogenized pulmonary tissue from a rat with pneumocystosis was inoculated transtracheally. Secondary invasive mycosis was found in 56 of 59 rats examined.Trichosporon beigeliiwas identified as the causative agent in the majority of cases. After examining possible sources of infection, aPneumocystisinoculum contaminated with fungi was found to be the obvious source.T. beigeliiinfections are becoming increasingly significant in immunocompromised human patients. The need for suitable and reproducible animal models is therefore also increasing. Observations described in this paper may help in the further development of such models.Zusammenfassung.In einem Versuchsansatz, in dem am Rattenmodell derPneumocystis carinii‐Pneumonie neue Medikamente getestet werden sollten, traten als unerwartete Komplikationen fulminant verlaufende Systemmykosen auf. Bei 56 von 59 untersuchten Ratten, die durch Kortisonbehandlung und mittels einer proteinarmen Diät immunsupprimiert wurden und denen transtracheal ein Lungenhomogenat von einer Pneumocystosis‐erkrankten Ratte inokuliert worden war, bildeten sich sekundär invasive Mykosen aus. Überwiegend konnteTrichosporon beigeliials verursachender Keim identifiziert werden. Wie die Überprüfung möglicher Infektionsquellen ergab, waren die Pilze offensichtlich durch kontaminiertes Inokulum übertragen worden.T. beigelii‐Infektionen gewinnen bei Patienten mit Abwehrschwächen zunehmend an Bedeutung und folglich auch der Bedarf an geeigneten und reproduzierbaren Tiermodellen, für deren Entwicklung die hier beschriebenen Beobachtungen eine weiterführende Chance bieten.
INTERACTION OF DIHYDROOROTATE DEHYDROGENASE WITH LIGHT*
Authors: Miller Richard W. , Kerr Carolyn T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract— Several flavoproteins are known to undergo photoactivated reduction by EDTA. However, the effects of visible light on the non‐heme iron containing flavoproteins have not been characterized previously. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase was studied as an example of this class of enzymes. Interaction with visible light was found to be complex.Under low intensity photoirradiation of long duration the anaerobic enzyme was partially reduced to a form having increased absorbance at 630 nm. Similar absorbance changes have been correlated with semiquinone species. However, the irradiated enzyme exhibited irreversible changes in catalytic function. Activity with NADH was greatly reduced and a portion of the flavin coenzyme content was labilized. Fluorescence intensity of the enzyme was markedly increased by exposure to light, confirming partial degradation of a catalytic site.Isothermal irradiation with light of high intensity in the range 330–600 nm caused the enzyme to be reduced rapidly. Spectroscopic changes were observed which persisted after reoxidation of flavins. Intense new absorbance maxima between 310 and 330 nm together with a large decrase in absorbance at 450 nm were noted. Under controlled conditions approximately half of the total flavin and practically all of the bound FAD were labilized. NADH oxidase activity and NADH linked reduction of orotate were selectively lost. The correlation between FAD labilization and loss of activity strengthens the hypothesis that FAD represents the site of activity with NADH. Activity with NADH was partially restored by incubation of the irradiated enzyme with FAD or FMN.
THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF p‐AMINOBENZOIC ACID
Authors: Shaw Anthony A. , Wainschel Larry A. , Shetlar Martin D. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract— We have studied the photoreactions occurring when p‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a component of some sunscreens, is irradiated in aqueous solution. These studies were carried out in the presence and absence of oxygen, using light of Λ= 254 nm as well as light of wavelengths greater than 290 nm. In deoxygenated solution between pH 7.5 and 11.0, we found two photoproducts that were identified as 4‐(4′‐aminophenyl)aminobenzoic acid (I) and 4‐(2′‐amino‐5′‐carboxy‐phenyl)aminobenzoic acid (V); we used H and 13C NMR, electron impact mass spectrometry and synthesis by an independent route to identify each of these compounds. Rapid discoloration of the photolyzed sample was observed when PABA was irradiated in aerated solution. Although a number of products were detected under these conditions, the three most abundant stable compounds have been isolated and identified as 4‐amino‐3‐hydroxybenzoic acid, 4‐aminophenol and 4‐(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)aminobenzoic acid (IV). The latter compound was shown to result from rapid photo‐induced oxidation of I in the presence of oxygen. Even in the presence of trace amounts of oxygen, the yield of I was significantly reduced in favor of IV. Studies of the thermal oxidation of I, coupled with evidence gathered from studies of the photochemistry of incompletely deoxygenated PABA solutions, indicate that 4‐(2,5‐cyclohexadien‐4‐one)iminobenzoic acid (III) is an intermediate on the pathway between I and IV.Qualitatively, we found that the photochemical reactions resulting from irradiation of PABA solutions with Λ= 254 nm light and light with Λ > 290 nm were the same. The quantum yields for formation of I and V are highly pH dependent, both being less than 10–4 at pH 7 and rising steadily to values greater than 10–3 at pH 11. The detailed pH dependence suggests that the deprotonated PABA radical cation may be an important intermediate entering into the reactions forming I and IV.
Induction of Chromosome Aberrations and Delayed Genomic Instability by Photochemical Processes
Authors: Limoli Charles L. , Day Joseph P. , Ward John F. , Morgan William F. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTExponentially growing cells cultured in medium containing bromodeoxyuridine, then exposed to UVA light in the presence of the dye Hoechst 33258, show significant levels of DNA strand breaks and base damage. This dye–bromodeoxyuridine–UVA photolysis treatment is markedly cytotoxic. We now demonstrate that exposure of cells to the agents used in photolysis leads directly to the formation of chromosome aberrations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this photochemical treatment induces delayed chromosomal instability in clonal populations derived from single progenitor cells surviving photolysis. These results suggest that photolysis‐induced DNA damage leads to chromosome rearrangements that could account for the observed cytotoxicity. Furthermore, in those cells surviving photolysis, the delayed effects of this treatment can be observed several generations after exposure and are manifested as compromised genomic integrity.
Detection of Dysplastic Lesions by Fluorescence in a Model of Chronic Colitis in Rats After Local Application of 5‐Amlnolevullnic Acid and its Esterified Derivatives¶
Authors: Endlicher Esther , Rümmele Petra , Hausmann Florian , Rath Heiko C. , Knüchel Ruth , Krieg Rene C. , Schölmerich Jürgen , Messmann Helmut 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT5‐Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and ALA ester‐induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) fluorescence are used for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy with promising results. The aim of the present study was to investigate the detection of dysplastic lesions by fluorescence after topical application of ALA and different esterified derivatives in a model of chronic colitis in rats. In female CD rats chronic colitis was induced by oral application of 5% dextrane sulfate sodium. ALA was used at different concentrations (0.072 and 0.036 mol/L). ALA‐methylester (m‐ALA), ALA‐hexylester (h‐ALA) and ALA‐benzylester (b‐ALA) were used at a concentration of 0.003, 0.002 and 0.002 mol/L, respectively. Fluorescence was examined under blue light, and histological findings of fluorescent and nonfluorescent biopsy specimens were recorded. Using ALA at a concentration of 0.072 mol/L, all dysplastic lesions (8/8) showed fluorescence (sensitivity 100%). Specificity was low at 57%. Reducing the concentration to 0.036 mol/L resulted in a sensitivity of only 56% (5/9) with an increase in specificity to 76%. On using h‐ALA, sensitivity was 60% (3/5) with a specificity of 51%. Using m‐ALA and b‐ALA, sensitivity values were 25% and 33%, and values for specificity were 62% and 63%, respectively. Despite a low number of dysplastic lesions, the results of this study indicate that ALA ester‐induced PPIX fluorescence has the potential for the detection of premaligant lesions but was not superior to ALA. ALA esters were used in 18‐ to 36‐fold lower concentrations compared with ALA.