bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African species of Phlebotomus, subgenus Synphlebotomus Theodor (Diptera, Psychodidae), with special reference to South West Africa
Authors: Lewis D. J. , Ledger J. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe subgenus Synphlebotomus of Phlebotomus is reviewed, and an illustrated key is given for the six African and two non-African species. The status of P. rossi De Meillon & Lavoipierre, the suspected vector of dermal leishmaniasis among animals in South West Africa, is revised, and it is described and illustrated in detail.
Oral application of D-glucoascorbic acid to adult Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) inducing sterility by spermatophore malformation
Authors: Navon A. , Levinson H. Z. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractD-glucoascorbic acid in 0·05–0·30% aqueous solution fed to adult males of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) caused the production of deformed spermatophores. During mating the spermatophore corpus did not become inflated and permanent copulations were often observed. The inadequate moulding of the spermatophore was caused exclusively by oral uptake of D-glucoascorbic acid in male moths. This ascorbic acid analogue did not affect adult longevity, number of spermatophores or egg fecundity. Moths feeding on an aqueous diet of 0·3 % of this chemical were completely sterile. Bait-stations containing this material might possibly be used to induce sterility in the natural insect population.
Adult behaviour and oviposition of five noctuid and tortricid moth pests and their control in glasshouses
Authors: Burges H. D. , Jarrett P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdult behaviour and oviposition patterns of Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hb.), Phlogophora meticulosa (L.), Autographa gamma (L.), Mamestra brassicae (L.) and Lacanobia oleracea (L.) were studied by introducing laboratory reared pupae into glasshouses. Adults emerging from these pupae were located by direct visual searching of chrysanthemum plants and of the greenhouse structures for up to three weeks after emergence.In small houses (2·9×3·3×2·5 m), 49 adults of C. pronubana emerged. At least 15 stayed inside the house and laid 1 750 eggs. With P. meticulosa, A. gamma and L. oleracea, 262 adults emerged and escaped from the houses without laying eggs inside.In a large glasshouse (9·8×13·1×5·1 m) with automatic ventilators, 840 adults of P. meticulosa, A. gamma and M. brassicae emerged and many were prevented from escaping when the ventilators were closed during the moths' flight period. Moths were inactive in daytime and most were found on the highest parts of the aluminium framework, mainly on the sides which received most external light overnight. None were found on the glass. Only 27·3% of the P. meticulosa were found on the plants. Moth distributions probably result from moths flying until they reach a barrier, which they then tend to follow, with directional responses to gravity, light, settling site, food plant and oviposition site superimposed in varying degrees on this basic pattern. About 30 470 eggs were laid, more in outer than in inner beds and more in the outer than in the inner rows of a bed. P. meticulosa and A. gamma laid eggs only on plants. M. brassicae laid about 1 854 eggs on the undersides of leaves and 2 972 on glass and framework, mainly in the direction of external light.All five species can cause serious damage to crops. Initial infestations can be controlled by sprays of chemical insecticides or Bacillus thurin-giensis. Usually a few larvae survive a single spray and, in the absence of further control measures, they may produce a troublesome second generation, although in certain circumstances further control measures may not be required. If biological control of other tomato pests becomes widespread, steps should be taken to prevent L. oleracea again becoming an important pest.
Physiology of tsetse flies (Glossinaspp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae): a review
Authors: Langley P. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSince no major review of the literature on tsetse physiology has hitherto been undertaken, relevant papers up to the beginning of 1977 are included in the present work. The physiology of Glossina is dealt with under three major headings; reproductive, developmental and nutritional events in the life of this haematophagous and viviparous insect are discussed in relation to general principles of insect physiology gained from the study of other genera. The role of adult maturation and the possible involvement of a sex pheromone in successful mating are considered. The difficulties of studying neuroendocrine function in relation to reproductive physiology in a viviparous insect, where reproductive and developmental events are not always separated chronologically, are emphasised. Nevertheless, the role of the neuroendocrine system in the control of such events as ovarian development, ovulation, parturition, pupariation and metamorphosis is considered, and the contribution that recent work onGlossinahas made to an increased understanding of general principles in this field is discussed. Laboratory observations have demonstrated circadian components of behaviour in Glossina that can influence interpretation of field observations and likewise should influence the design of physiological experiments. Utilisation of nutritional reserves for larval growth and for flight activity has received considerable attention recently. The general pattern seems to be one of rapid mobilisation of blood-meal amino acids and the involvement of a large lipid reserve. The combined haematophagous and viviparous habit ofGlossinahas led to some interesting modifications of basic physiology particularly in regard to flight metabolism, female accessory gland function and Malpighian tubule activity. The relevance of physiological studies to current developments in the field of tsetse control is discussed and the importance of exploiting our knowledge in the quest for novel insecticidal techniques emphasised.
Studies On The biology and systematic position of a new species of ichneumonid parasitising the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Australia
Authors: Danthanarayana W. , Farrugia D. , Gauld I. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAustraloglypta latrobei gen. et sp.n., an ichneumonid parasitic on the larvae of the tortricid Epiphyas postvittana (Wlk.) in Australia, is described and compared with related genera. The mating and oviposition behaviour of the ichneumonid is noted, and its abundance over 13 generations of E. postvittana between 1972 and 1976 was investigated. A delayed inverse (density-dependent) relationship was found to exist between host and parasite. Possible beneficial effects of this parasite are discussed.
The effect of some cowpea varieties on the development and survival of larvae of the seed moth, Cydia ptychora (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Perrin R. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn studies in Nigeria, survival and weight increase of the larvae of Cydia ptychora (Meyr.) were affected by the variety of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on which they fed. The weights of fifth-instar larvae immediately prior to pupation and the amount of fresh food ingested were similar on three varieties when loose seeds were fed, but in a more natural situation, larvae appeared to face a manoeuvrability problem in small pods, which resulted in reduced weight gain. Differences in weight due to diet were less pronounced in emerging adults. Larval mortality was greatest on two varieties with large pods and may have been related to the nutritional quality of mature seeds or the presence of toxic chemicals. Some first-instar larvae died during the pod-boring process, particularly in the variety Vita-5. Two known susceptible varieties produced a moderate-to-small degree of mortality and large females. Significantly greater weight was attained when larvae fed for five days on 10-day-old seed followed by 15-day-old seed, or on 15-day-old seed throughout, than on 15-day-old seed followed by dried seed, or on 10-day-old seed throughout. Ovipositing females seemingly select pods of an age that minimises exposure of young larvae to drying or fully dried seed, which is a relatively unsuitable diet.
The night resting sites of Glossina tachinoides Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in northern Nigeria
Authors: Spielberger U. , Barwinek F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe night resting sites of Glossina tachinoides Westw. were observed in riverine forest at Bara, Bauchi State, northern Nigeria. The flies were marked with an ultraviolet-reflecting paint and released at dusk. They were detected with the aid of an ultraviolet lamp. Most of the flies (84·6%) rested on leaves (68·3% on the upper sides) and on small twigs and creepers (11·5%). The resting heights ranged from ground level up to 6·8 m. The average resting height was highest (2·6 m) in the mid-rains at 20.00–24.00 h; however, at 24.00–04.00 h at the same season the mean height was only 1·6 m. Resting height was lowest (1·3 m) in the early rains. Females were found to rest slightly higher than males and, in moonlit periods, both sexes had a tendency to perch higher. The night resting behaviour of G. tachinoides is compared with that of G. palpalis palpalis (R.-D.), which was investigated in an earlier study at the same location. There is much similarity in the behaviour of the two species, but G. tachinoides selects lower resting sites, and a slightly higher proportion of this species is found to rest on leaves as opposed to small twigs
A new genus and species of Erythroneurini (Hemiptera: Cicadelloidea) causing severe damage to flamboyant trees (Delonix regia) in Mauritius and Reunion
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCerneura delonixia gen. et sp. n. is described from specimens collected on flamboyant trees (Delonix regia) in Mauritius and Reunion, where it causes severe damage. Attention is drawn to other leafhoppers causing similar damage to other trees elsewhere in the tropics.
The flight activity of the sheep headfly,Hydrotaea irritans(Fallén) (Diptera:Muscidae)
Authors: Berlyn A. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe flight activity ofHydrotaea irritans(Fall.) was investigated in western Scotland using an unbaited suction trap, a carbon-dioxide-baited suction trap and a Manitoba trap. Consistently more female flies were caught than males. Trapping experiments showed that carbon dioxide and visual or thermal stimuli influence long-range attraction and short-range orientation in host-seeking flies. The seasonal activity of adults was determined from the geometric means of catches from a suction trap baited with carbon dioxide and a Manitoba trap.H. irritanswas shown to be univoltine. The activity of females was greatest in the middle of July and declined sharply in the first week of August. Male activity reached a peak at the same time as that of the females, then declined until no males were caught after mid-August. Females were most active between 10.00 and 18.00 h B.S.T., with a peak about 13.00 h. There was no variation in sex ratio during the day. Multiple regression equations of climatic and seasonal factors with log catches of flies were very similar for the two types of trap. Radiant temperature, illumination, wind speed and date were shown to influence activity of females and, with the exception of illumination, male activity also. Seasonal activity curves calculated from the regression equations were plotted for both sexes in the two traps.
Biting rhythms of some Pakistan mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Reisen W. K. , Aslamkhan M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA total of 18 873 mosquitoes comprising 18 species in 4 genera was collected during a series of 12 monthly all-night collections on bovid baits near the village of Sattoki, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Anopheles pulcherrimus Theo. and usually An. Culicifacies Giles and An. Stephensi List. had unimodal biting rhythms. Mansonia uniformis (Theo.), An. Annularis Wulp and An. Nigerrimus Giles had essentially unimodal rhythms, with most feeding occurring early in the evening but with occasional very slight morning increases.Aedes caspius (Pall.), Culex pseudovishnui Colless, C. tritaeniorhynchus Giles and usually An. Subpictus Grassi had distinctly bimodal biting rhythms, with well-defined early evening and predawn peaks. An. culicifacies, An. Stephensi and An. Subpictus occasionally had multimodal rhythms or were arhythmic. Some species exhibited more than one type of biting curve. In species having a distinct bimodal curve, the amplitude of the predawn or dawn increase varied considerably from month to month. The anophelines, especially An. culicifacies, An. Stephensi and An. Subpictus, exhibited a marked seasonal shift in feeding times, with most biting occurring at dusk during the cold period and late at night during the warm period. However, all components of the biting curves for these species were maintained at varying magnitude throughout the year, perhaps suggesting seasonal variations in the relative frequency of more than one behavioural genome. The remaining species exhibited little or no seasonal change in biting rhythms
An energy budget for Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Bursell E. , Taylor P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEnergy values for Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and for the vertebrate blood which constitutes its food were determined. On this basis, energy budgets for the hunger cycle were drawn up over a range of temperatures. The results indicate that daily flight duration for females is limited to a few minutes, while for males it averages about 15 min in the hot season and more than twice as long in the cold season.
Characterisation of a laboratory strain of the potato moth,Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Briese D. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe demographic performance of a laboratory strain ofPhthorimaea operculella(Zell.) was characterised by measurements of seven parameters under standard breeding conditions at six constant temperatures. The parameters were fertility, larval survival, sex ratio, weight of females, fecundity, development time and adult life-span. This information provides reference values which would be useful in experiments designed to determine the demographic effects of treatments, to identify strains and genetic populations of the species, and eventually to detect evolutionary changes in the specific properties of forms under study. The results of this investigation could be used in constructing simulation models of the species’ life system.
The effect of nitrogen and carbon dioxide on eggs of Ephestia cautella (Walker) and E. kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Bell C. H. , Spratt E. C. , Mitchell D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSome eggs of Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) and E. kuehniella Zell. hatched after exposure to near 100% atmospheres of nitrogen (N2) or carbon dioxide (CO2) for up to 5 days at 15°C, 3 days at 20°C and 1 day at 25°C. The most tolerant age at the start of treatment at 25°C in E. cautella was 7–24 h after oviposition for CO2 and 7–30 h for N2. Generally, hatch was lower in CO2 than in N2 whatever the exposure, and lower for E. kuehniella than for E. cautella. Considerably more eggs of E. cautella aged 30 and 42 h hatched after exposure to N2 than to CO2, showing a toxic effect of CO2 in the absence of oxygen. Eggs of both species treated with either CO2 or N2 hatched 1–2 days later than controls, regardless of age or percentage survival.
The bionomics of three sympatric Eretmapodites (Diptera: Culicidae) at the Kenya coast
Authors: Lounibos L. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAmong collections from natural microhabitats in coastal forests in Kenya, larvae of Eretmapodites quinquevittatusTheo. and E. silvestris conchobius Edw. were recovered almost exclusively from water-filled snail shells, while those of E. subsimplicipes Edw. were found in tree holes, snail shells, leaf pools, cavities in fungi and most often in fruit husks. E. quinquevittatus oviposited in shells of Achatina fulica set as traps during periods when E. s. conchobius was not abundant, thereby reducing niche overlap of these two species in this microhabitat. The eggs of all three species were moderately drought-resistant. In the laboratory, larvae of E. subsimplicipes preyed upon larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) but pupated sooner when offered particulate food instead. E. quinquevittatus failed to complete development on a diet consisting only of prey larvae. Mating and oviposition of all three species was achieved in the laboratory, and blood-feeding was not a prerequisite for insemination of E. subsimplicipes.
Modification of the attractiveness of the primary pheromone component of the Egyptian cotton leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis(Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by secondary pheromone components and related chemicals
Authors: Campion D. G. , Hunter-Jones P. , McVeigh L. J. , Hall D. R. , Lester R. , Nesbitt B. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractKnown components of the female sex pheromone ofSpodoptera littoralis(Boisd.), tetradecyl acetate (I), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (IIA), (Z,E)-9, 11-tetradecadienyl acetate (III) and (Z,E)-9, 12-tetradecadienyl acetate (IV), and related compounds dispensed from polyethylene vials were used to bait water traps and funnel traps in lucerne fields in Crete. In comparison with the catches of males in traps baited with the primary component (III) alone, catches were increased by the addition of 1–100% of I in relation to the amounts of III, decreased by the addition of 5% or more of IIA and decreased by the addition of more than 5% of IV. The diene III was more attractive than any of the other three geometric isomers, although combining theZ,Zisomer (V) or theE,Eisomer (VI) with III increased catches while the addition of theE,Zisomer (VII) decreased catches. The alcohols VIII and IX corresponding to the acetates III and IIA were not attractive but caused a marked reduction in trap catch when combined with III. The homologue of III (Z,E)-11-methyl–9, 11-tetradecadienyl acetate (X), was unattractive to males but increased trap catches when combined with III. 9-Tetradecynyl acetate (XI) exhibited neither attractant nor inhibitory activity, and similar results were obtained with ethyl cyclohexane carboxylate (XII) and 2-nonynal dimethyl acetal (XIII), compounds which have similar far-infrared spectra to that of diene III. The distributions of males landing on sticky board traps 70 cm in diameter baited with III or mixtures of III with I, IIA or IV showed that a greater percentage of the moths landed at the periphery of the traps baited with certain combinations of III with I and IV than on traps baited with III alone. Collection and analysis of the volatiles emitted by virgin females of different origins indicated that those from Crete produced I and III only, those from Israel produced I, III and IV, while those from Egypt produced I, III, IV and IIA and/or (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (IIB). The results are discussed in relation to previous work onS. littoralisand current theories on insect communication, and also in terms of their relevance to the practical field usage of pheromones in control of this pest.
Oviposition preference by the black cowpea moth, Cydia ptychora (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), for different varieties of cowpea
Authors: Akingbohungbe A. E. , Agbede T. , Olaifa J. I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn tests in Nigeria with its principal host-plant, cowpea, Cydia ptychora (Meyr.) showed distinct oviposition preferences. Most of the eggs were laid on the sepals (including their remains on pods) in screenhouse tests involving four varieties. There were distinct differences in the number of eggs laid on different varieties in both no-choice tests with four or five varieties and free-choice tests with 17 varieties in the field. Vita-3 was the preferred variety in the laboratory tests and H 13–1 in the larger comparisons in the field. Fewest eggs were deposited on Tvu 2994 in all tests.
Improved estimates of the efficiency of traps for Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae), with a note on the effect of the concentration of accompanying host odour on efficiency
Authors: Hargrove J. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe efficiencies of five mechanical traps and an electric trap for tsetse flies were measured by estimating the numbers of flies which approached the devices but were not captured by them. With this method, it was possible to discern significant differences in efficiencies even if the means differed by as little as 25%. Three biconical traps had estimated efficiencies of 40–70% for Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and 50–80% for G. pallidipes Aust. when used in the presence of the odour of one ox. The efficiency of a small electric net was estimated at 70–75% for all tsetse under this test condition, and a modification of one of the biconical traps had an estimated efficiency of 55–85%. The efficiency of this trap increased by a factor of 1·2–2·2 when used with the odour of six oxen, compared to the efficiency in the absence of host odour. Preliminary results suggested that, when used in the presence of ox odour, the efficiency of this trap for teneral tsetse was at least as high as for mature flies.
Observations on The bionomics ofAnopheles darlingiRoot (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil
Authors: Charlwood J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe physiological age-structure of populations of the malaria vectorAnopheles darlingiRoot, collected biting man, was determined from collections made from March to June 1979 at the end of the rainy season in the village of Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The number of mosquitoes biting increased during the transition between the wet and dry seasons, but adult survival remained low at all times. Only seven of 1596 females dissected had laid eggs four or more times, and thus the proportion of females that could be potentially infective with malaria sporozoites was 0.4%. The mosquitoes rested in the vicinity of the host for periods of up to 10 min before biting. The results are compared to those obtained during a study onA. darlingion the Manaus-Boa Vista Highway, 1000 km to the north. In this area, peak numbers were collected at the beginning of the rainy season and adult survival was longer than at Aripuanã.
Studies of winds and weather during migrations of Simulium damnosum Theobald (Diptera: Simuliidae), the vector of onchocerciasis in West Africa
Authors: Magor J. I. , Rosenberg L. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReports of the presence and absence of biting by Simulium damnosum Theo. in the Volta River Basin in 1962, 1966 and 1975 were used to identify occasions when sites were invaded by parous and nulliparous females. Circumstantial evidence suggests that this insect is a wind-borne migrant, and the weather before and during some of these invasions was examined. Although most invasions studied took place south of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone, for the first time evidence is presented suggesting that migration also takes place to the north of this zone. Immigrants were captured at the invaded sites only when light winds or calms were present. This cannot, however, be used as proof that S. damnosum migrates and lands only where winds are light or it is calm because host-seeking is inhibited by high winds and the time of arrival, as opposed to capture on a host, is unknown. Until the factors initiating emigration, as well as the height, duration and number of flights in each gonotrophic cycle and the time of immigration are known, the present findings cannot be tested rigorously nor can wind records be used to trace the source of immigrants.