bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunogenic variation among the so-called LC strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides
Authors: Smith G. R. , Oliphant Janet C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMuch evidence of immunogenic heterogeneity among the LC strains of Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. mycoides emerged from cross-immunization and hyperimmunization experiments in mice in which three LC strains (Vom/Plum Island, 74/2488, and Mankefår 2833) were used for challenge purposes. All heterologous LC-strain vaccines cross-immunized against the three challenge strains, but protection was usually only ‘partial’, i.e. significantly less than that given by homologous vaccine. Cross-hyperimmunization with all heterologous LC but not SC strains produced protection against challenge with Vom/Plum Island that was virtually ‘complete’, i.e. similar to that produced by homologous vaccine. Challenge with 74/2488 gave generally similar results; but against Mankefår 2833 six heterologous LC vaccines gave complete protection and six did not.Vaccines prepared from the Smith (1423) strain of M. mycoides ssp. capri gave some protection against Vom/Plum Island but none against 74/2488 or Mankefrr 2833. The cross-immunizing ability of three further M. mycoides ssp. capri strains appeared to resemble that of Smith (1423).In a cross-hyperimmunization experiment, vaccines prepared from SC strains of M. mycoides ssp. mycoides varied greatly in their ability to protect against challenge with strains 74/2488 and Mankefår 2833.
Comparison of different methods for bacteriocin typing ofKiebsiellastrains
Authors: Simoons-Smit A. M. , Verweij-Van Vught A. M. J. J. , Kanis I. Y. R. , Maclaren D. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEpidemiological analysis ofKlebsiellastrains from nosocomial infections needs a simple, stable and reproducible technique of typing. We have evaluated three bacteriocin typing methods forKiebsiellaspp. by means of 15 bacteriocin-producing strains, with special reference to stability and reproducibility.With the three methods indicator strains and clinical strains were retyped on different days under constant test procedures. Stability of bacteriocins was tested by titration immediately after preparation and after 4 weeks of storage at –70°C. Thereafter, reproducibility of typing was tested by means of these freshly prepared bacteriocin lysates and of portions of the same lysates stored at –70 °C. A moderate reproducibility was obtained with one method after two typing experi ments: 79.2% and 61.3% for indicator strains and clinical strains respectively. The other two methods gave a much lower reproducibility of 38 .5% and 32.5 % for indicator strains and of 11.1% and 25.5% for clinical strains after two experiments.The reproducibility decreased after retyping three, four or five times. These methods are simple to perform but their usefulness for epidemiological studies is doubtful. Possible causes of the lack of reproducibility of the methods are discussed.
The Production of Milk of Low Bacterial Content by means of Milking Machines
Authors: Mattick A. T. R. , Procter F. 
Published: May 2009

This experiment has demonstrated that it is possible consistently to produce milk containing small numbers of bacteria and of good keeping quality by the use of milking machines.It has been shown that the milking units and their rubber components may be successfully sterilised by steam.The pipe lines have been shown to be a possible source of heavy contamination, and means of preventing this have been described.
A Serological Study of the Haemolytic Streptococci associated with Scarlatina
Authors: McLachlan D. G. S. , Mackie T. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. A minority only of scarlatina streptococci are agglutinated by antisera for individual strains and no group agglutination has been observed.2. Absorption tests reveal the existence of common or generalised agglutinogenic constituents but these are not restricted to scarlatina strains and can be recognised among the majority of the haemolytic streptococci isolated from various sources.3. Though certain serological groups among scarlatina streptococci may be recognised as corresponding generally to “types” described by Smith and Griffith, there is such considerable antigenic overlap among the different groups that the differentiation and relationship of strains cannot be expressed satisfactorily by formulating definite serological types.4. A system of serological analysis of scarlatina and other haemolytic streptococci is suggested (see Table IV).5. While strains presenting particular serological characters may be associated more frequently with scarlatina, haemolytic streptococci with common serological characters occur both in scarlatina and other conditions. No essential serological distinction can be drawn between scarlatinal and other haemolytic streptococci and a “Streptococcus scarlatinae” group cannot be defined by serological methods.6. Among the haemolytic streptococci derived from conditions other than scarlatina no relationship exists between serological characteristics and toxigenic properties (as evidenced by cutaneous reactions to culture nitrates).We have to thank Drs J. Smith and F. Griffith for cultures of the type strains referred to in the text.
A Study of Coliform Organisms in samples of “Certified Milk.”
Authors: Chalmers C. H. 
Published: May 2009

The experiments herein described show that:(1) Of the 268 coliform organisms isolated from 32 samples of certified milk, 65.7 per cent, fall within the true B. coli group and 18–6 per cent, in groups X and Y of Stewart.(2) 54–1 per cent. of the organisms, i.e. those of the B.faecalis alkaligenes group and those in subgroups 1, 2 and 3 of MacConkey which fermented lactose, gave a negative V. and P. and a positive M.R. reaction, can be assumed to be of faecal origin.(3) 45–9 per cent., namely those organisms of the B. proteus group, those of subgroup 4 of the B. coli group and those of groups X and Y are of the type generally found in soil and water.(4) All of the 32 samples examined contained coliform organisms in a dilution of 1 in 10 as shown by bile salt agar plates. None of these samples, however, gave a positive reaction with the presumptive test in two out of three tubes of 1/10 c.c. dilution. The presumptive test cannot, therefore, be relied upon to give a true indication of the presence of coliform organisms in milk. The inaccuracy of the test may be due in part to the structure of the ordinary Durham's tube which fails to ensure the collection of the gas produced.(5) Although the majority of the coliform organisms present in milk ferment lactose other members of the group which are not lactose fermenters occur and consequently their presence is not demonstrated by the presumptivetest.
Relation between the Nature of the Carbohydrate in the Diet and Refection in Rats
Authors: Kon Stanisłw Kazimierz , Watchorn Elsie 
Published: May 2009

1. The phenomenon of refection has been confirmed.2. The incidence of spontaneous growth of rats on a vitamin B-free diet is very much greater when potato starch instead of rice starch is used in the diet.3. Raw arrowroot starch gave similar but not such good results.4. The protective action is largely destroyed by gentle cooking of the starch, and less so by extraction with alcohol.We wish to thank Prof. Sir F. G. Hopkins for his encouragement and interest during this work.One of us (S. K. K.) is indebted to the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation for a fellowship, and the other (E. W.) is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant.
A Study of the So-called Bacterium Typhi Flavum
Authors: Cruickshank J. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. The results of a study of 19 strains of the so-called Bacterium typhi flavum are given.2. It is a Gram-negative rod, motile at 22° C., producing yellow colonies on agar and capable of fermenting a range of carbohydrates, but not lactose, with production of acid but no gas. It is not an antigenically homogeneous species.3. The organism is widespread, especially in air, dust and plants, and thus may be isolated from various animal sources.4. Prolonged subculture on agar failed to produce confirmation of the claims of certain workers to have observed the appearance of Bact, typhosum as variants of Bact. typhi flavum.5. It is suggested that any relation of this organism to enteric infections is unproven and that its appropriate place is in the genus Chromobacterium.
The influence of the growing family upon the diet in urban and rural districts
Authors: Brockington Fraser 
Published: May 2009

1. The weekly budgets of eighty out of ninety-nine families in four rural schools (containing 165 school children) and ninety-seven out of 200 families in one urban school (containing 183 school children) have been analysed.2. Evidence is given that housewives, despite varying social status, spend between 9 and 11s. per man per week on food when the income is sufficient to allow this.3. The lowest level of sufficiency in diet according to the instincts of the housewife is seen to correspond, at prices ruling in this district in the winter of 1936–7, with the cost of the diet of the British Medical Association Nutrition Report (1933) (7s. 8¾d.). This has been called standard A and compared with standard B costing 5s. 10¾d. which contains 1000 cal. and 13 g. of first-class protein a day less. Standard B is probably the lowest standard of diet which any authority would be prepared to recommend.4. In the school in a prosperous urban district, in working class families (income not exceeding £4) where the children were fully embarked on the school period (i.e. the eldest child over 7 years but no child yet earning more than 10s. weekly), and which contained more than one child, 60% of children fell below standard A and 47·6% below standard B.5. In the rural schools taking all the children, 72·2% were below standard A; where there was an income below 55s., 78% fell below standard A; below 40s. 85%; and below 35s. 91·7%. The figures below standard B were 40·6, 52·4, 60, and 75% respectively.6. Both in urban and rural families, with the exception of high income groups (e.g. farmers), increase in the size of the family steadily lowers the allowance of food per unit. In medium wage earners the allowance of 9–11s. per unit per week when the family is small, is reduced to about 3s. when the family grows to a large size and before the first children begin to earn.7. Most significant is the decline in the provision of first-class protein foods both in town and country in proportion as the family grows. Evidence is given that this contrasts markedly with the recognized needs of growth in childhood, and it is clear that in both town and country the large family in low wage groups produces a condition of extreme protein deficiency. Accepting 2s. per unit per week as a conservative estimate of the minimum expenditure upon first-class proteins, 13·2% of the school children in the urban school and 32·7% in the rural schools were subsisting on amounts suggesting protein starvation.
On the Absorption of Antibodies from the Subcutaneous Tissues and Peritoneal Cavity
Authors: Smith J. Henderson 
Published: May 2009

1. Antibodies in general are absorbed very slowly from the peritoneal cavity in lower animals, and from the subcutaneous tissues in man and animals. Absorption from the latter is not complete until at least 2—3 days have elapsed.2. The amount of antibody present at any one time in the general circulation after intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection is very much less than the amount injected.3. Clinically, in urgent cases of disease, to inject antibodies subcutaneously is not only to lose 2—3 days' time before the full action can be obtained but to reduce the amount of action that the dose injected can have.4. By intravenous injection the maximum amount of action is obtained at once.The whole of the experiments recorded in this paper were made in the Statens Serum-Institut at Copenhagen, where every possible facility was given me for the carrying out of this research. To Dr Thorvald Madsen I desire to express my thanks not only for his unvarying kindliness and courtesy, but also for suggestions and assistance constantly given. I am pleased to have this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to him.
Bovine Tuberculosis; the Etiological Support of Family History
Authors: Harries E. H. R. , Williams R. Stenhouse 
Published: May 2009

The work contained in the following paper demonstrates that valuable evidence of the relative incidence of bovine and human tuberculosis may probably be obtained by a careful record of the chances of contact infection in each case.The material dealt with was derived from a central clinic in a large industrial Country Borough(Newport, Mon.) and from a series of smaller clinics. Two of the latter were in industrial (coal and iron) districts and three in small country towns containing semi-urban and rural populations.
A Study of C. diphtheriae and other Members of the Genus Corynebacterium with Special Reference to Fermentative Activity
Authors: Barratt M. M. 
Published: May 2009

The fermentation reactions and some ancillary characters of 102 strains of virulent C. diphtheriae, 31 non-virulent strains and 150 diphtheroids have been studied.With the possible exception of dextrin which proved to be an unsuitable substance for biological tests all the strains of virulent C. diphtheriae examined were found to have constant biochemical reactions, fermenting glucose, maltose and galactose and having no action on cane-sugar, lactose and mannite.The strains classified as non-virulent C. diphtheriae had the same biochemical characters as the virulent strains and were indistinguishable from them either on morphological or cultural grounds.The diphtheroids examined showed great diversity in their power of attacking the carbohydrates used, at least eleven biochemical groups being recognised.By the use of three carbohydrates, glucose, galactose and cane-sugar 90 per cent, of the diphtheroids in this series could be distinguished from C. diphtheriae by their fermentation reactions. In the remaining 10 per cent, a clue as to the nature of the organism is often obtained from the character of the growth on agar.Among the corynebacteria examined other than C. diphtheriae no constant relationship was found between source, biochemical, morphological and other characters.Nevertheless in dealing with members of the genus in pure culture, the morphology, character of the growth on agar and fermentation reactions taken together give useful information as to whether the organism under consideration is C. diphtheriae (virulent or non-virulent) or a diphtheroid.My best thanks are due to Dr Ledingham for much help and advice given throughout the work and to Dr Atkin and Dr Robison for their assistance in dealing with the lactose and dextrin problems respectively.
The Minimum Temperatures of Growth of Some Bacteria
Authors: Haines R. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. The commonly occurring bacteria may be divided into four groups on the basis of their behaviour at various temperatures. These are (i) the Staphylococci, not growing below 10° C, (ii) most strains ofB. coli, B. proteusand Micrococci ceasing growth in the range 5−0° C, (iii) some strains ofB. proteusetc. capable of growth at 0° C, (iv) many strains ofAchromobacter, Pseudo monas, and various yeasts growing rapidly at 0° C. (sometimes in 5 days), and down to about −5° C. on unfrozen media.2. Bacterial growth on frozen media has not been observed below −3° C.The author is indebted to Dr G. S. Graham-Smith, F.R.S., who read the manuscript, to Mr W. A. Bmpey for the supply of cultures, and to Mr J. Barlow for assistance in the experimental work.
Sporadic Salmonella Infections: A New Salmonella Type
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

1. An account is given of sporadic Salmonella infections. In the period 1929–32, thirty outbreaks occurred, involving forty-six cases, whereas, in the year 1933, thirty outbreaks involving forty-four cases were encountered.2. The investigation has shown that the most frequent cause of such infections are Salmonella types aertrycke, thompson, dublin, enteritidis and european suipestifer.3. It has been found that the dublin and suipestifer types are definitely more tissue invasive than the other types. Septicaemia and meningitis have been associated with infections due to S. dublin, and septicaemia in cases infected with S. suipestifer.4. The biochemical serological characters of a new Salmonella type—S. aberdeen—have been described.5. An infection due to S. potsdam has been encountered. This type has not been previously described as occurring in this country.
Measurements of temperature and humidity between the clothes and the body
Authors: Marsh F. , Buxton P. A. 
Published: May 2009

The paper describes a series of observations made in a well-built room in south-west Persia. A study was made of conditions of temperature and humidity in the room, and between the clothes and the body.Observations were made in the cold and the hot seasons. In spite of the great contrast which prevailed in the room at these two seasons, there was very little difference on the surface of the body.The observations are consistent with those published by Mellanby, who worked under a wide range of artificially produced climatic conditions.
A new type of antigenic variation occurring in the Flexner group of dysentery bacilli
Authors: Takita Jungo 
Published: May 2009

The Flexner dysentery bacilli are non-flagellated, and their agglutination is determined by somatic antigens situated at the cell surface. So far as the author is aware, phasic variations, of the kind that Andrewes (1922) demonstrated in the flagellar antigens of the bacilli of the typhoid-paratyphoid group, have not yet been observed in the case of 0 antigens; but the variations described above would appear to be of this type. The V, W and Z strains examined gave rise to variants, such as Vb, that had lost, completely or almost completely, the group somatic antigen, or antigens, but showed a consistent tendency to revert to the form in which the group antigens were present.No evidence could be obtained of variants in which the group antigens were present, while the specific antigen was lacking; but the substrains, such as Va, that showed the presence of both group and specific antigens, appeared to differ from the parent strain in showing no tendency to give rise to variants of the Vb type.
The agglutinins of typhoid carriers
Authors: Pijper Adrianus , Crocker C. G. 
Published: May 2009

By limiting our cultural investigations to persons who possess appreciable quantities of O agglutinins, we have detected a number of typhoid carriers and there are no indications that any carriers have been missed by following this labour-saving procedure. Several of our carriers were found to possess no H agglutinins.As, however, O agglutinins occur in persons who are not carriers, and the number of such positive O reactors is increasing through the use of vaccines, the number of cultural examinations where no positive results can be expected is growing at a rate which will gradually make our procedure more difficult of application.It would seem that Vi agglutination might provide a new and efficient method of narrowing down the field for cultural examinations. Vi agglutinins are very rare in normal persons. We have 4 manifest chronic carriers who possess significant quantities of Vi agglutinins. We have 3 persons who at one time were chronic stool carriers, in whom we now also find significant quantities of Vi agglutinins, but in whom at the time we cannot demonstrate typhoid bacilli. We also have 5 persons who at one time were chronic carriers, who now do not show any Vi agglutinins, and in whom we also at this time cannot find typhoid bacilli. Two of these were urinary carriers, which makes their negative cultural results more significant. Lastly, we have 2 persons who at one time obviously were temporary urinary carriers, and who now have lost their bacilli, and in whom also we now cannot detect Vi agglutinins.In the search for typhoid carriers negative cultural results carry little weight. Our positive findings support the view that typhoid carriers are characterized by the possession of significant quantities of Vi agglutinins.
Sedimentation of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease in the Sharples-Super Centrifuge
Authors: Schlesinger M. , Galloway I. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. By means of a new technique, using the “closed bowl” of the Sharpies-Super Centrifuge, in which the distance which the virus particles have to travel under the influence of a given centrifugal force until they are caught mechanically in an agar-gel lining the wall of the bowl amounts to only a few tenths of a millimetre, the potency of 5 c.c. of a foot-and-mouth disease virus suspension can be reduced by 90–99 per cent in 3 min. using a centrifugal force of 24,000 times gravity. The virus can be recovered without loss by extraction of the agar-gel either in fresh medium or even in the liquid layer or “supernatant”, thus showing that adsorption phenomena play no role whatever in the effects obtained by centrifugation.2. The non-adsorbability of the virus by the agar, however, is determined by the presence of a certain though very small amount of impurities presumably protein which seem to have a “protective” effect. The limit of nonadsorption of the virus by the gel appears to be in that region of “purity” where the sulphosalicylic acid test for protein is negative whereas serological precipitation reactions for host protein are still positive. Virus purified beyond this limit is strongly adsorbed by an agar-gel.3. Measurements of the sedimentation rate were made on three strains of virus of different type Vallee A, Vallee 0 and Waldmann C and no differences between the three strains were observed. The average diameter of the virus particles determined from the sedimentation rate data was 20 mμ. All the evidence now available for the monodispersity of the virus is discussed. The fact that the infective particles are uniform in size indicates that the measurements recorded here concern actually the single virus elements.4. The sedimentation equilibrium of the virus has been estimated. The value calculated on this basis for the weight of a single virus particle is circ. 1 × 10−17 g. The diameter of a sphere of this weight and density 1·30 would be 25 mμ. The size values for the virus, 25 mμ estimated from sedimentation equilibrium data and 20 mμ estimated from sedimentation rate data, are discussed in relation to the possible shape of the virus particles.5. The virus can be sedimented in sucrose and sucrose-salt solutions of densities up to 1·28. On the basis of the sedimentation rates in these media the specific gravity of the virus particles is estimated to be about 1·40. This value however may be abnormally high due to the dehydrating effect of the high concentration of salt or sugar. The application of the centrifuge technique described here to the concentration and purification of the virus of foot-andmouth disease in conjunction with ultrafiltration methods will be the subject of a second paper by Galloway & Schlesinger (1937).