bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Tetrakis(tetramethylammonium) Bis[decabromotetraselenate(II)]‐bis[dibromodiselenate(I)], [(CH3)4N]4[(Se4Br10)2(Se2Br2)2], the Salt of a Mixed‐Valence Bromoselenate(II/I) Anion
Authors: Janickis Vitalijus , Necas Marek 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBrown crystals of [NMe4]4[(Se4Br10)2(Se2Br2)2] (1) were obtained from the reaction of selenium and bromine in acetonitrile in the presence of tetramethylammonium bromide. The crystal structure of 1 was determined by X‐ray diffraction and refined to R = 0.0297 for 8401 reflections. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c with Z = 4 and a = 12.646(3) Å, b = 16.499(3) Å, c = 16.844(3) Å, β = 101.70(3)° (123 K). In the solid‐state structure, the anion of 1 is built up of two [Se4Br10]2– ions. Each shows a triangular arrangement of three planar SeBr4 units sharing a common edge through two μ3‐bridging bromine atoms, and one SeBr2 molecule, which is linked to the SeII atoms of two SeBr4 units; between the Se4Br102– ions a dimerized Se2Br2 molecule (Se4Br4) is situated and one SeI atom of each Se2Br2 molecule has two weak contacts [3.3514(14) Å and 3.3952(11) Å] to two bromine atoms of one SeBr4 unit. Four SeI atoms of a dimerized Se2Br2 molecule are in a almost regular planar tetraangular arrangement. Contacts between the SeII atom of the SeBr2 molecule and the SeII atoms of two SeBr4 units are 3.035(1) Å and 3.115(1) Å, and can be interpreted as donor‐acceptor type bonds with the SeII atoms of SeBr4 units as donors and the SeBr2 molecule as acceptor. The terminal SeII–Br and μ3‐Br–SeII bond lengths are in the ranges 2.3376(10) to 2.4384(8) Å and 2.8036(9) to 3.3183(13) Å, respectively. The bond lengths in the dimerized Se2Br2 molecule are: SeI–SeI = 2.2945(8) Å and 3.1398(12), SeI–Br = 2.3659(11) and 2.3689(10) Å.
Reactions of Metal Carbonyls with the Azide Ion and – vice versa – Reactions of Azido Complexes with Carbon Monoxide: Isocyanato Complexes. Analogous Reactions in NO+/N3– Transition Metal Chemistry [1]
Authors: Beck Wolfgang , Fehlhammer Wolf Peter 
Published: January 2010

Abstract , Contents, 1. Introduction, 2. Reactions of Carbonyl Metal Complexes with the Azide Ion, 3. Reactions of Azido Metal Complexes with Carbon Monoxide, 4. Reactions of the Azide Ion with the NO+ Cation, 5. Reaction of Nitrosyl Complexes with the Azide Ion, 6. Nitrosation of the Coordinated Azide Ligand
Tetrapyridin‐Beryllium‐Polyiodid. Synthese und Kristallstruktur von [Be(Py)4]2(I3)2(I4)
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTetrapyridine‐beryllium polyiodide [Be(py)4]2(I3)2(I4) (1) was prepared from beryllium powder and iodine in pyridine suspension to give brown crystal plates, which were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. 1 crystallizes monoclinically in the space group C2/c with four formula units per unit cell. Lattice dimensions at 100(2)K: a = 2044.1(1), b = 1524.5(1), c = 1843.8(1)pm, β= 103.65(1)°, R1 = 0.0301. The structure of 1 consists of distorted tetrahedral dications, triiodide ions without site symmetry, and centrosymmetric linear tetraiodide ions.
Synthesis and Characterization of N‐heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Titanium(IV) and Titanium(III)
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Schulzke Carola , Merkel Sebastian , Roesky Herbert W. , Samuel Prinson P. , Döring Alexander , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of two N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of titanium (IPr)Ti(NMe2)2Cl2 (1) [IPr = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] and (IPr)2TiCl3 (2) are described. Reactions of one and two equivalents of IPr with Ti(NMe2)2Cl2 and TiCl3(thf)3 yield the mono‐NHC titanium(IV) complex 1 and the bis‐NHC titanium(III) complex 2, respectively. They feature distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometries. Short intramolecular Cl···CNHC contacts are observed in the X‐ray single‐crystal structures of 1 and 2.
A Temperature‐dependent Structural Study of anti‐ReO3‐type Na3N: to Distort or not to Distort?
Authors: Vajenine Grigori V. , Hoch Constantin , Dinnebier Robert E. , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Niewa Rainer 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe rather open anti‐ReO3‐type crystal structure for sodium nitride is completely preserved in the temperature range between 20 K and its decomposition temperature at around 393 K according to temperature‐dependent X‐ray and neutron diffraction data collected on single crystals and microcrystalline powder of Na3N. Strong anisotropy of thermal displacement parameters even at low temperatures is attributed to purely dynamic effects. The tendency of ReO3‐type and anti‐ReO3‐type compounds towards an octahedron‐tilting distortion is compared theoretically by using cubic AlF3 and Li3N model compounds.
Investigation of the Coordination Behavior of P4S3 towards CuBr
Authors: Biegerl Andreas , Gröger Christian , Kalbitzer Hans Robert , Wachter Joachim , Zabel Manfred 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe formation of coordination polymers from copper(I) bromide and P4S3, a potentially tetradentate P‐donor bridging ligand, was studied. Whereas (P4S3)3(CuBr)7 (1) formed in excellent yield, (P4S3)(CuBr)3 (2) and (P4S3)(CuBr) (3) crystallized as mixtures. The new compounds were characterized by X‐ray crystallography and solid‐state 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy. The structure of 1 consists of a 3D network of cylindrical (CuBr)n columns, castellated (CuBr)n chains and diatomic CuBr units. These building blocks are linked by tetradentate P4S3 molecules. The structure of 2 comprises undulated (CuBr)n layers, which are intra‐ and interlayer linked by tridentate P4S3 molecules. Compound 3 is a one‐dimensional polymer composed of four‐membered Cu2Br2 rings, which are bridged by the P3 bases of two P4S3 molecules.
Polymorphism of Eu8In3 and the Solid Solution (CaxEu1–x)8In3
Authors: Gäbler Frank , Niewa Rainer 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the binary intermetallic system Eu/In, a new compound with the composition Eu8In3 was observed and the crystal structures of two polymorphs determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The low‐temperature β‐modification crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system with the Yb8In3 structure type (R$\bar3$c (No. 167), a = 957.7(1) pm, c = 5674(1) pm, Z = 12, R(F) = 0.020, wR(F2) = 0.038), the high‐temperature α‐phase triclinic (P$\bar1$ (No. 2), a = 992.67(6) pm, b = 998.08(4) pm, c = 1007.89(5) pm, α = 99.140(4)°, β = 101.172(5)°, γ = 119.452(6)°, Z = 2, R(F) = 0.035, wR(F2) = 0.080) in the Ca8In3 structure type. The densities (ρtriclinic = 6.36 g·cm–1; ρtrigonal = 6.90 g·cm–1) as well as the synthesis conditions are compatible with the assignment as high‐ and low‐temperature phase. The two polymorphs can be rationalized as polytypes of close packings of In with occupation of all octahedral holes and 5/6 of the tetrahedral voids. In this description, indium atoms realize the motif of a double‐hexagonal stacking for the low‐temperature β‐modification and a cubic stacking for the high‐temperature α‐phase. Alternatively, both structures can be described by the occurring coordination polyhedra (tetrahedra for europium, cubes, icosahedra and cubicosahedra surrounding indium). α‐Eu8In3 is versatile to europium substitution by calcium, with little preference for either europium or calcium on the sites exhibiting the highest degree of distortion from tetrahedral shape (Ca4Eu4In3: P$\bar1$, a = 975.2(2) pm, b = 987.1(2) pm, c = 992.8(2) pm, α = 99.12(3)°, β = 101.06(3)°, γ = 119.59(3)°, Z = 2, R(F) = 0.023, wR(F2) = 0.044).
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Luminescence Studies of Di‐ and Trinuclear Gold(I) Alkynyl‐phosphine Complexes
Authors: Koshevoy Igor O. , Koskinen Laura , Smirnova Ekaterina S. , Haukka Matti , Pakkanen Tapani A. , Melnikov Alexei S. , Tunik Sergey P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractReactions of the polymer {AuIC2Ph}n with polyphosphine ligands [1,4‐bis(2‐diphenylphosphino‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐benzene (dpib), 1,3,5‐tris(4‐diphenylphosphinophenyl)benzene (tppb), 2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐4,4′‐bipyridine (dpbp), and 3,6‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)pyridazine (dppz)] afforded four gold(I) alkynyl‐polyphosphine complexes [{AuC2Ph}2(μ‐dpib)] (1), [{AuC2Ph}3(μ3‐tppb)] (2), [{AuC2Ph}2(μ‐dpbp)] (3), and [{AuC2Ph}2(μ‐dppz)] (4) in nearly quantitative yield. The compounds obtained were characterized using elemental analysis, ESI‐MS, X‐ray crystallography, and polynuclear NMR spectroscopy. Intermolecular aurophilic interaction together with π–π and σ–π stacking build up the supramolecular 3D network of complex 3, whereas none of these intermolecular bondings were found in the crystal structures of compounds 1, 2, and 4. Complexes 1–4 are luminescent both in solution (CH2Cl2) and in solid state under laser irradiation (λex = 308 nm). In solution, the diphosphine complexes 1–4 display dual emission corresponding to ligand centered transitions (λem = 360–375 nm) along with weaker contribution from MLCT excited states at ca. 490 nm. The long wavelength component of the emission plays a dominant role in the solid state luminescence spectra of complexes 1, 3, and 4 (460, 544, 520 nm, respectively) whereas the triphosphine complex 2 shows dual luminescence (372 and 520 nm) with considerable contribution from ligand centered excited state.
Genetik der Nikotinabhängigkeit
Authors: Hartz S. , Bierut L. 
Published: January 2010

ZusammenfassungDie körperliche Abhängigkeit von Nikotin ist eine genetisch bedingte Suchtkrankheit, die es den Betroffenen erschwert, mit dem Rauchen aufzuhören. Sie ist dadurch für die meisten mit dem Rauchen verbundenen Erkrankungen (mit)verantwortlich ist. In mehreren unabhängigen Studien wurde eine allelische Assoziation zwischen Nikotinabhängigkeit und DNA-Varianten einer Region auf Chromosom 15, die das Gencluster für die α5-, α3- und β4-Untereinheiten des Nikotinrezeptors beinhaltet, gefunden. Bemerkenswerterweise wurde auch eine Assoziation von Markern der gleichen Region mit Lungenkrebs und der Gruppe der chronisch-obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen detektiert. Dies unterstreicht, wie wichtig das Wissen um die genetischen Ursachen der Nikotinabhängigkeit für das Verständnis von Erkrankungen ist, die durch Rauchen verursacht werden.
L’anonymat dans l’insémination avec don de sperme: un regard éthique
Authors: Marzano M. 
Published: January 2010

Résumé
Quel rapport existe-t-il entre secret et anonymat dans le cadre d’une insémination avec don ? Est-il nécessaire pour un enfant né par don de sperme de connaître le nom de son donneur pour avoir accès à son histoire personnelle ? Qu’entend-on par « origines » ? Cet article vise à analyser ces questions d’un point de vue philosophique, en essayant de montrer l’existence d’une différence fondamentale entre le secret, qui concerne le mode de conception, et l’anonymat, qui concerne en revanche le nom du donneur de sperme.
A longitudinal examination of adolescent career planning and exploration using a social cognitive career theory framework
Authors: Rogers Mary E. , Creed Peter A. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis study used social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994), as a framework to investigate predictors of career choice actions, operationalised as career planning and career exploration. The model was tested cross‐sectionally and longitudinally with 631 high school students enrolled in Grades 10–12. Students completed measures of self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, goals, supports and personality. Results of the hierarchical regression analyses indicated strong support for self‐efficacy and goals predicting career planning and exploration across all grades at T1, and predicting change in career planning and exploration from T1 to T2. Whilst support for pathways among other predictor variables (personality, contextual influences and biographic variables) to choice actions was found, these pathways varied across grades at T1, and also from T1 to T2. Implications for social cognitive career theory, career counselling practice and future research are discussed.
Long‐term facilitation of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes following low‐frequency conditioning electrical stimulation: A new model for central sensitization in humans
Authors: Manresa José A. Biurrun , Mørch Carsten D. , Andersen Ole K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCentral sensitization is believed to be one of the key mechanisms behind chronic pain conditions, and several models have been developed in order to characterize this phenomenon in humans. One of these models relies on conditioning electrical stimulation to elicit long‐lasting effects on the nociceptive system. The aim of this study was to evaluate these effects using an objective electrophysiological measurement, the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR). Long‐term changes in spinal nociception after high‐ and low‐frequency conditioning electrical stimulation were assessed in 13 healthy volunteers. Perceptual intensity ratings to mechanical stimuli and blood flow variations were assessed in the conditioned area (dorsum of the foot) and surroundings. To evaluate the excitability of the nociceptive system, the NWR was elicited within the same innervation area (superficial peroneal nerve) at graded stimulation intensities and recorded in the hamstrings. Following low‐frequency stimulation, an intensity‐independent long‐lasting facilitation of the NWR was observed, with a significant increase in the reflex size (average of 31 ± 4%,p< 0.001) and in the number of reflexes (average increase of 22 ± 10%,p< 0.01), accompanied by a significant increase in the blood flow (average increase of 40 ± 10%,p< 0.001). These findings suggest that activity‐dependent central sensitization can be elicited using conditioning electrical stimulation with a stimulation frequency that lies within the physiological firing range of primary afferents, and that it can be objectively assessed in humans using the NWR.
Use does not wear ragged the fabric of friendship: Thinking of objects as alive makes people less willing to replace them
Authors: Chandler Jesse , Schwarz Norbert 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnthropomorphic beliefs about objects lead people to treat them as if they were alive. Two experiments test how anthropomorphic thought affects consumers' product replacement intentions. Consumers induced to think about their car in anthropomorphic terms (i) were less willing to replace it and (ii) gave less weight to its quality when making replacement decisions. Instead, they (iii) attended to (experimentally induced connotations of) the car's “warmth,” a feature usually considered relevant in the interpersonal domain. While anthropomorphic beliefs about brands are often seen as advantageous by marketers because they increase brand loyalty, similar beliefs about products may be less desirable.
A petition to a woman at the Fatimid court (413–414a.h./1022–23c.e.)
Authors: Rustow Marina 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Genizah of the Ben Ezra synagogue in Fustat preserved dozens of petitions addressed to the Fatimid and Ayyubid chanceries in Cairo and decrees that they issued in response. This article provides an edition, translation, and discussion of a petition housed among the Genizah documents of the Bodleian Library directed to Sitt al-Mulk, half-sister of the caliph al-Ḥākim (386–411/996–1021) and head of the Fatimid state between his death and her own in 414/1023. Geoffrey Khan had previously identified two petitions to a Fatimid princess housed in Cambridge and New York; it is likely that they, too, were addressed to Sitt al-Mulk. Such documents elucidate Sitt al-Mulk's role in government after her brother's death and provide evidence for the chronicler al-Musabbiḥī's claim that she received and responded to petitions from subjects. The article offers possible explanations as to why petitions such as this one, which concerns an Ismaili mosque, should have found their way to the Jewish community of Fustat whose members reused and preserved them. It also suggests some broader conclusions about the dispersal, survival, or disappearance of pre-Ottoman Middle Eastern archives and documents.
Revisiting the language factor in Zionism: The Hebrew Language Council from 1904 to 1914
Authors: Aytürk İlker 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe role of language and linguistic-philological studies in the nationalist movements of the nineteenth century received much attention. The aim of this article is to focus on the language factor in Zionism and the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language in the Yishuv between 1904 and 1914. Founded in 1904, the Hebrew Language Council was expected to enhance the process of revival and, from the very beginning, an unmistakably nationalist attitude to its subject matter marked the Council's agenda. However, the authority of the Council to make binding decisions on linguistic matters was contested by a number of other Zionist institutions, a development which ruined the prestige and effectiveness of the Council. The controversy resulted less from a turf war or quarrels over scarce resources than a deeper question of which institution represented the “true” Hebraic spirit. The World Zionist Organization's decision to de-align from cultural matters, including the revival of Hebrew, worsened the conditions under which the Council operated. From a comparative perspective, thus, the Hebrew case provides an unusual case of linguistic nationalism, which should be of interest to students of both nationalism and sociolinguistics.
The poetic forms and two longer poems in the Manju gisun i yobo maktara sarkiyan
Authors: Toh Hoong Teik 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIt is generally assumed that, throughout the Qing dynasty, there was only translated literature in the Manchu language and that, by the nineteenth century, the Manchu literati had become too “sinicized” to unleash literary creativity in their native language. Nevertheless the discovery of a mid-nineteenth-century manuscript of Manchu literary verse, penned by the well-known prose translator Jakdan, points to the fact that Manchu belles-lettres existed even at a time when the role of Manchu in practical arenas was much in decline within the Qing empire in China. In addition to a preliminary account of the poetic forms found in Jakdan's Manju gisun i yobo maktara sarkiyan (“Transcript of bantering in Manchu language”), a supplementary volume to the Jabduha ucuri amtanggai baita (“Leisurely delights”), two intricate poems from the collection of Manchu verse are here presented (in transcription), translated and annotated for the first time.
The Meroitic script and the understanding of alpha-syllabic writing
Authors: de Voogt Alexander J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAt the time of its decipherment by Griffith (1911), the Meroitic writing system was considered an alphabet. This alphabet was found to have a rather limited vowel notation. It was not until 1970 that the system was understood to have a more complex vowel notation. This system of vowel notation is comparable to what is found in an alpha-syllabary, a term used to describe the scripts of the Indian sub-continent, such as Brahmi and Devanagari. Since alpha-syllabaries were rare when the Meroitic writing system was in use (c. 200 bce–c. 500 ad), it is tempting to suggest a possible historical connection between the Meroitic kingdom in Sudan and the then existent scripts in India. A systematic analysis, as opposed to a description of alpha-syllabic writing, indicates that the structure of this type of script is less regionally confined. Rather, it places Meroitic writing among scripts that were created in the presence of alphabetic writing both in modern and in ancient times.
Social Security and the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Harris Neville 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTSocial security provision for young people has been cut back by a succession of reforms since 1980 culminating in the almost complete withdrawal of income support from 16 and 17 year olds by the Social Security Act 1988. Conservative government policy seems to indicate a desire that families assume greater responsibility for young people until either they find work or reach their mid-twenties. It is assumed that until young unemployed people reach this stage they are dependants, to be treated as such by the social security system (and, to a large extent, by the training schemes). But the twentieth century has seen a progressive growth of young people's independence and expectations of it among young people and their families. The enforced dependency produced by recent government policy runs counter to this trend. More importantly, it may be having a profound effect on the progress of the transition to adulthood.
The evolution of misbelief
Authors: McKay Ryan T. , Dennett Daniel C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFrom an evolutionary standpoint, a default presumption is that true beliefs are adaptive and misbeliefs maladaptive. But if humans are biologically engineered to appraise the world accurately and to form true beliefs, how are we to explain the routine exceptions to this rule? How can we account for mistaken beliefs, bizarre delusions, and instances of self-deception? We explore this question in some detail. We begin by articulating a distinction between two general types of misbelief: those resulting from a breakdown in the normal functioning of the belief formation system (e.g., delusions) and those arising in the normal course of that system's operations (e.g., beliefs based on incomplete or inaccurate information). The former are instances of biological dysfunction or pathology, reflecting “culpable” limitations of evolutionary design. Although the latter category includes undesirable (but tolerable) by-products of “forgivably” limited design, our quarry is a contentious subclass of this category: misbeliefs best conceived as design features. Such misbeliefs, unlike occasional lucky falsehoods, would have been systematically adaptive in the evolutionary past. Such misbeliefs, furthermore, would not be reducible to judicious – but doxastically1noncommittal – action policies. Finally, such misbeliefs would have been adaptive in themselves, constituting more than mere by-products of adaptively biased misbelief-producing systems. We explore a range of potential candidates for evolved misbelief, and conclude that, of those surveyed, onlypositive illusionsmeet our criteria.
Misbelief and the neglect of environmental context
Authors: Dunning David 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFocusing on the individual's internal cognitive architecture, McKay & Dennett (M&D) provide an incomplete analysis because they neglect the crucial role played by the external environment in producing misbeliefs and determining whether those misbeliefs are adaptive. In some environments, positive illusions are not adaptive. Further, misbeliefs often arise because the environment commonly fails to provide crucial information needed to form accurate judgments.
God would be a costly accident: Supernatural beliefs as adaptive
Authors: Johnson Dominic D. P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractI take up the challenge of whyfalsebeliefs are better than “cautious actionpolicies” (target article, sect. 9) in navigating adaptive problems with asymmetric errors. I then suggest that there areinteractionsbetween supernatural beliefs, self-deception, and positive illusions, rendering elements of all such misbeliefs adaptive. Finally, I argue that supernatural beliefs cannot be rejected as adaptive simply because recent experiments are inconclusive. The great costs of religion betray its even greater adaptive benefits – we just have not yet nailed down exactly what they are.
(Not so) positive illusions
Authors: Kruger Justin , Chan Steven , Roese Neal 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe question a central premise upon which the target article is based. Namely, we point out that the evidence for “positive illusions” is in fact quite mixed. As such, the question of whether positive illusions are adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint may be premature in light of the fact that their very existence may be an illusion.