bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palaeoclimate of the Late Jurassic of Portugal: comparison with the Western United States
Authors: MYERS TIMOTHY S. , TABOR NEIL J. , JACOBS LOUIS L. , MATEUS OCTÁVIO 
Published: January 2012

AbstractInvestigation of the palaeoclimatic conditions associated with Upper Jurassic strata in Portugal and comparison with published palaeoclimate reconstructions of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in western North America provide important insights into the conditions that allowed two of the richest terrestrial faunas of this period to flourish. Geochemical analyses and observations of palaeosol morphology in the informally named Upper Jurassic Lourinhã formation of western Portugal indicate warm and wet palaeoclimatic conditions with strongly seasonal precipitation patterns. Palaeosol profiles are dominated by carbonate accumulations and abundant shrink‐swell (vertic) features that are both indicative of seasonal variation in moisture availability. The δ18OSMOW and δDSMOW values of phyllosilicates sampled from palaeosol profiles range from +22·4‰ to +22·7‰ and −53·0‰ to −37·3‰, respectively. These isotope values correspond to temperatures of formation between 32°C and 39°C ± 3°, with an average of 36°C, which suggest surface temperatures between 27°C and 34°C (average 31°C). On average, these surface temperature estimates are 1°C higher than the highest summer temperatures modelled for Late Jurassic Iberia using general circulation models. Elemental analysis of matrix material from palaeosol B‐horizons provides proxy (chemical index of alteration minus potassium) estimates of mean annual precipitation ranging from 766 to 1394 mm/year, with an average of approximately 1100 mm/year. Palaeoclimatic conditions during deposition of the Lourinhã formation are broadly similar to those inferred for the Morrison Formation, except somewhat wetter. Seasonal variation in moisture availability does not seem to have negatively impacted the ability of these environments to support rich and relatively abundant faunas. The similar climate between these two Late Jurassic terrestrial ecosystems is probably one of the factors which explains the similarity of their vertebrate faunas.
Construction of rice mini‐chromosomes by telomere‐mediated chromosomal truncation
Authors: Xu Chunhui , Cheng Zhukuan , Yu Weichang 
Published: January 2012

SummaryTelomere truncation has been shown to be an efficient technology for the creation of mini‐chromosomes that can be used as artificial chromosome platforms for genetic engineering. Artificial chromosome‐based genetic engineering is considered to be superior to the existing techniques of randomized gene integration by Agrobacterium or biolistic‐mediated genetic transformation. It organizes multiple transgenes as a unique genetic linkage block for subsequent manipulations in breeding. Telomere truncation technology relies on three components: the telomere sequence that mediates chromosomal truncation, a selection marker that allows the selection of transgenic events, and a site‐specific recombination system that can be used to accept future genes into the mini‐chromosome by gene targeting. These elements are usually pre‐assembled before transformation, a process that is both time and labor consuming. We found in this research that the three elements could be mixed to transform plant cells in a biolistic transformation, and produced efficient chromosomal truncations and mini‐chromosomes in rice. This system will allow rapid construction of mini‐chromosomes with a flexible selection of resistant markers, site‐specific recombination systems and other desirable elements. In addition, a rice telotrisomic line was used as the starting material for chromosomal truncations. Mini‐chromosomes from the truncations of both the telocentric chromosome and other chromosomes were recovered. The mini‐chromosomes remained stable during 2 years of subculture. The construction of mini‐chromosomes in rice, an economically important crop, will provide a platform for future artificial chromosome‐based genetic engineering of rice for stacking multiple genes.
Genome‐wide identification of SOC1 and SVP targets during the floral transition in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tao Zhen , Shen Lisha , Liu Chang , Liu Lu , Yan Yuanyuan , Yu Hao 
Published: January 2012

SummaryFloral transition in Arabidopsis is tightly controlled by complex genetic regulatory networks in response to endogenous and environmental flowering signals. SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), two key MADS‐domain transcription factors, perceive these signals and function as antagonistic flowering regulators. To understand how these factors mediate floral transition, we mapped in vivo binding sites of SOC1 and SVP using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by hybridization to whole‐genome tiling arrays (ChIP‐chip). Genes that encoded proteins with transcription regulator activity and transcription factor activity were the most enriched groups of genes of those bound by SOC1 and SVP, which indicates their central roles in flowering regulatory networks. In combination with gene expression microarray studies, we further identified the genes whose expression was controlled directly by SOC1 or SVP. Among the common direct targets identified, APETALA2 (AP2)‐like genes that repress FT and SOC1 expression were down‐regulated by SOC1, but up‐regulated by SVP, revealing a complex feedback regulation among the key genes that determine the integration of flowering signals. SOC1 regulatory regions were also accessed by SOC1 itself and SVP, suggesting that self‐activation and repression by SVP contribute to the control of SOC1 expression. In addition, ChIP‐chip analysis demonstrated that miR156e and miR172a, which are involved in the regulation of AP2‐like genes, were direct targets of SOC1 and SVP, respectively. Taken together, these findings revealed that feedback regulatory loops mediated by SOC1 and SVP are essential components of the gene regulatory networks that underpin the integration of flowering signals during floral transition.
The opportunity to be misled in studies of sexual selection
Authors: JENNIONS M. D. , KOKKO H. , KLUG H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIt is a challenge to measure sexual selection because both stochastic events (chance) and deterministic factors (selection) generate variation in individuals’ reproductive success. Most researchers realize that random events (‘noise’) make it difficult to detect a relationship between a trait and mating success (i.e. the presence of sexual selection). There is, however, less appreciation of the dangers that arise if stochastic events vary systematically. Systematic variation makes variance‐based approaches to measuring the role of selection problematic. This is why measuring the opportunity for sexual selection (Is and Imates) is so vulnerable to misinterpretation. Although Is does not measure actual sexual selection (because it includes stochastic variation in mating/fertilization success) it is often implicitly assumed that it will be correlated with the actual strength of sexual selection. The hidden assumption is that random noise is randomly distributed across populations, species or the sexes. Here we present a simple numerical example showing why this practice is worrisome. Specifically, we show that chance variation in mating success is higher when there are fewer potential mates per individual of the focal sex [i.e. when the operational sex ratio (OSR), is more biased]. This will lead to the OSR covarying with Is even when the strength of sexual selection is unaffected by the OSR. This can generate false confidence in identifying factors that determine variation in the strength of sexual selection. We emphasize that in nature, even when sexual selection is strong, chance variation in mating success is still inevitable because the number of mates per individual is a discrete number. We hope that our worked example will clarify a recent debate about how best to measure sexual selection.
Bericht über zwei Fälle von Unteridefer‐Osteomyelitis durch Candida albicans: Report on two Cases of Mandibular Osteomyelitis Caused by Candida albicans
Authors: Meier J. 
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung: Es wird über zwei Fälle von Unterkieferosteomyelitis berichtet, bei denen erst nach längerem therapierefraktärem Verlauf der Nachweis von Candida albicans gelang und die unter dreimonatiger Therapie mit Miconazol bzw. Ketoconazol zur Abheilung gebracht werden konnten. Osteomyelitiden durch Candida albicans sind extreme Raritäten. Bei weiterem z. T. kritiklosem Umgang mit Antibioth müssen solche Fälle zukünftig wohl häufiger erwartet werden. Erne Pilz‐(super‐)Infektion ist differentialdiagnostisch bei allen chronischen Osteomyelitiden in Betracht zu ziehen.Summary: Two cases of mandibular osteomyelitis caused by Candida albicans are described. In both the diagnosis was made after a long unsuccessful antibacterial and surgical therapy. Only the administration of Miconazole respectively Ketoconazole lead to healing. Osteomyelitis caused by fungi is an extremely rare disease, the partly uncritical use of antibiotics will probably provide increasing numbers of mycotic infections of bone. In all cases of chronic osteomyelitis (super‐) infection by fungi has to be considered.
Effekt von Insulin auf die Keimschlauch‐und Myzel‐Bildung von Candida albicans: Effect of Insulin on Germ Tube and Mycelial Formation of Candida albicans
Authors: Nolting S. , Hagemeier H. H. , Fegeler K. 
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung:
Insuli fördert den Prolineinbau in die Candida albicans‐Zelle.
Bei konstanten Insulin‐ und Prolin‐Konzentrationen, beeinflussen verschiedene Glucose‐Spiegel die Sproßzellen‐Myzel‐Transformation wesentlich.
Hohe Glucose‐Konzentrationen induzieren Sproßzellen‐Morphologie.
Summary:
Insulin enhances the uptake of proline in to the Candida albicans cell.
At constant concentrations of insulin and proline different glucose levels will influence considerably the transformation of blastospores into mycelia.
High glucose concentrations induce the blastospore morphology.
Etiology of Dermatophytoses in Denmark Based on a Material of 1070 Cases: Die Ätiologie der Dermatophytosen in Dänemark nach einem Material von 1070 Fällen
Authors: Foged E. K. , Nielsen T. 
Published: January 2012

Summary: To illustrate the actual distribution of dermatophytes in Denmark, 1070 patients with tineal affection diagnosed 1969–80 were divided into groups showing the relations between age, sex, localization and type of dermatophyte. The results are presented in four Tables.Compared with previous Danish investigations T. rubrum was the most frequent cause of infection (54.5%). This dermatophyte was rarely diagnosed before 1947 at which time T. mentagrophytes was the most commom cause of tineal infection. In the present material isolation of T. mentagrophytes amounted to only 19.9%.The zoophilic dermatophyte infections comprised about ten per cent and were mainly caused by M. canis and T. verrucosum.From a general point of view the dermatophytic flora was in accordance with the conditions in Europe apart from a few exceptions.Zusammenfassung: Um die aktuelle Verteilung der Dermatophyten in Dänemark zu illustrieren, wurde eine Aufstellung von 1070 Patienten mit Dermatophyteninfektionen aus der Zeitperiode von 1969 bis 1980 vorgenommen, die die Relation zwischen Alter, Geschlecht, Lokalisation und Dermatophytenart zeigt. Die Ergebnisse werden in 4 Tabellen angeführt.Im Vergleich mit früheren dänischen Untersuchungen wurde T. rubrum als häufigste Ursache der Infektion (54,3%) gefunden. Dieser Dermatophyt war vor 1947 selten, als T. mentagrophytes die häufigste Ursache der Mykose war, dessen Häufigkeit jetzt in unserem Material nur 19,9 % beträgt.Die zoophilen Dermatophytinfektionen machten etwa 10% aus und waren hauptsächlich von M. canis und T. vemcosum venusacht.Von einzelnen Ausnahmen abgesehen, wurde gefunden, daß die Dermatophytflora generell gesehen mit den Verhältnissen im übrigen Europa übereinstimmte.
An Evaluation of two Years of Clinical Experience with Ketoconazole: Die Auswertung der klinischen Erfahrungen mit Ketoconazol über zwei Jahre
Authors: Török Ibolya , Simon Gy. , Pap Maria 
Published: January 2012

Summary: In an open trial, ketoconazole, a new imidazole derivative with broad‐spectrum antifungal activity for oral use, was evaluated in 160 patients with superficial and systemic mycotic infections. The therapeutic efficacy of various daily and total dosages of ketoconazole are discussed. Ketoconazole was well tolerated by the patients. Laboratory values changed rarely and transiently.The clinical and mycological studies proved that ketoconazole is a highly effective drug for the systemic therapy of mycotic infections.Zusammenfassung: In einer offenen Studie wurde Ketoconazol, ein neues, oral wirksames Imidazol‐Breitband‐Antimykotikum an 160 Patienten geprüft, die an oberflächlichen oder systemischen Mykosen litten. Die therapeutische Wirksamkeit derverschiedenen täglichen und gesamten Dosen wurde diskutiert. Die Verträglichkeit des Ketoconazol war sehr gut. Die Laborwerte zeigten nur selten und vorübergehend Abweichungen. Klinische und mykologische Untersuchungen haben bewiesen, daß das Ketoconazol ein hochwirksames Mittel in der systemischen Behandlung der mykotischen Infektionen ist.
The Echinulate Conidia of Blastomyces Dermatitidis Gilchrist and Stokes and the Taxonomic Status of this Species: Die stacheligen Konidien von Blastomyces dermatitides Gilchrist und Stokes und der taxonomische Status dieser Art
Authors: Vermeil C. , Bouillard Ch. , Miegeville M. , Morin O. , Marjolet M. 
Published: January 2012

Summary: Scanning electron microscopy disclosed echinulate conidia present in all the American and African isolates of B. dermatitidis studied. The echinulate conidia are the basic taxonomic criterion allowing us to put together the genus Histoplasma and the genus Blastomyces.We think it is possible to integrate the species of these two genera in the sub‐genus Echinulatum. This sub‐genus should be in the genus Chrysosporium according to the idea of Carmichael.Zusammenfassung: Bei allen untersuchten amerikanischen und afrikanischen Stämmen von Blastomyces dermatitides konnte mit dem Raster‐Elektronenmikroskop die Anwesenheit von stacheligen Konidien festgestellt werden. Die stacheligen Konidien sind das grundlegende taxonomische Kriterium das es erlaubt, die beiden Arten Histoplasma und Blastomyces zusammenzulegen.Wir halten es für möglich, die Arten dieser beiden Gattungen in der Untergattung Echinulatum zusammenzuführen.Diese Untergattung sollte der Gattung Chrysosporium entsprechend der Vorstellung von Carmichael.
Intraoperative and postoperative hyponatremia with craniosynostosis surgery
Authors: Hosking Jane , Dowling Kate , Costi David 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackground:  An alarming incidence of significant intraoperative hyponatremia during major pediatric craniofacial surgery has recently been reported, the mechanism of which is unclear.Aims:  To establish the incidence and severity of hyponatremia occurring during and after major craniofacial surgery for craniosynostosis in our institution and identify any associated risk factors.Methods:  Retrospective review of case notes and blood test results for all cases of major craniofacial surgery for craniosynostosis in children under 10 years of age from January 2007 to May 2011. Hyponatremia was classified as: mild 131–134 mmol·l−1; moderate 126–130 mmol·l−1; and, severe ≤125 mmol·l−1. Analyses were performed to look for factors associated with hyponatremia including gender, weight, syndromic or not, duration of procedure, and volumes of crystalloid, colloid and blood administered.Results:  One hundred and two consecutive cases were identified. Mild intraoperative hyponatremia occurred in five (5%) of children. There were no cases of moderate or severe intraoperative hyponatremia. All five had normal sodium values within two hours of their single low readings of 134 mmol.l−1 and none had any subsequent episodes of hyponatremia in the postoperative period. Intraoperative hyponatremia was associated with lower body weight (P = 0.002). Mild postoperative hyponatremia on the day of surgery (POD0) occurred in three other children (3%) with no identifiable associations. There were no cases of moderate or severe postoperative hyponatremia on POD0. Hyponatremia on the first postoperative day (POD1) was mild in 23 children (24%) and moderate in one child (1%). There were no cases of severe postoperative hyponatremia on POD1. Hyponatraemia on POD1 was associated with male gender (P = 0.042).Conclusions:  Clinically significant intraoperative hyponatremia was not a feature of major craniofacial surgery in our institution. Mild postoperative hyponatremia was relatively common on POD1.
ALEXIS O‐Ring wound retractor vs conventional wound protection for the prevention of surgical site infections in colorectal resections1
Authors: Cheng K. P. , Roslani A. C. , Sehha N. , Kueh J. H. , Law C. W. , Chong H. Y. , Arumugam K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim  Surgical site infection (SSI) remains a common postoperative morbidity, particularly in colorectal resections, and poses a significant financial burden to the healthcare system. The omission of mechanical bowel preparation, as is performed in enhanced recovery after surgery programmes, appears to further increase the incidence. Various wound protection methods have been devised to reduce the incidence of SSIs. However, there are few randomized controlled trials assessing their efficacy. The aim of this study is to investigate whether ALEXIS wound retractors with reinforced O‐rings are superior to conventional wound protection methods in preventing SSIs in colorectal resections.Methodology  Patients undergoing elective open colorectal resections via a standardized midline laparotomy were prospectively randomized to either ALEXIS or conventional wound protection in a double‐blinded manner. A sample size of 30 in each arm was determined to detect a reduction of SSI from 20% to 1% with a power of 80%. Secondary outcomes included postoperative pain. The operative wound was inspected daily by a specialist wound nurse during admission, and again 30 days postoperatively. Statistical analysis was performed using spss version 13 with P < 0.05 considered significant.Results  Seventy‐two patients were recruited into the study but eight were excluded. There were no SSIs in the ALEXIS study arm (n = 34) but six superficial incisional SSIs (20%) were diagnosed in the control arm (P = 0.006). Postoperative pain score analysis did not demonstrate any difference between the two groups (P = 0.664).Conclusion  The ALEXIS wound retractor is more effective in preventing SSI in elective colorectal resections compared with conventional methods.
Ibipinabant attenuates β‐cell loss in male Zucker diabetic fatty rats independently of its effects on body weight
Authors: Rohrbach K. , Thomas M. A. , Glick S. , Fung E. N. , Wang V. , Watson L. , Gregory P. , Antel J. , Pelleymounter M. A. 
Published: January 2012

Aim: To test the antidiabetic efficacy of ibipinabant, this new cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist was compared with food‐restriction‐induced weight loss, rosiglitazone (4 mg/kg) and rimonabant (3 and 10 mg/kg), using parameters of glycaemic control in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats.Methods: Body weight, food and water intake, fasted and non‐fasted glucose and insulin, glucose tolerance and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were all assessed over the course of the 9‐week study. Pancreatic insulin content and islet area were also evaluated.Results: At the end of the study, vehicle‐treated ZDF rats were severely hyperglycaemic and showed signs of β‐cell decline, including dramatic reductions in unfasted insulin levels. Ibipinanbant (10 mg/kg) reduced the following relative to vehicle controls: fasting glucose (−61%), glucose excursion area under the curve (AUC) in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT, −44%) and HbA1c (−50%). Furthermore, non‐fasting insulin, islet area and islet insulin content were all increased (71, 40 and 76%, respectively) relative to vehicle controls by the end of the study. All of these effects were similar to those of rimonabant and rosiglitazone, where ibipinabant was slightly more effective than rimonabant at the lowest dose and somewhat less effective than rosiglitazone at all doses. These antidiabetic effects appear independent of weight loss because none of the parameters above were consistently improved by the comparable weight loss induced by food restriction.Conclusions: Ibipinabant may have weight loss‐independent antidiabetic effects and may have the potential to attenuate β‐cell loss in a model of progressive β‐cell dysfunction.
Broad‐scale ecological implications of ectothermy and endothermy in changing environments
Authors: Buckley Lauren B. , Hurlbert Allen H. , Jetz Walter 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAim  Physiology is emerging as a basis for understanding the distribution and diversity of organisms, and ultimately for predicting their responses to climate change. Here we review how the difference in physiology of terrestrial vertebrate ectotherms (amphibians and reptiles) and endotherms (birds and mammals) is expected to influence broad‐scale ecological patterns.Location  Global terrestrial ecosystems.Methods  We use data from the literature and modelling to analyse geographic gradients in energy use and thermal limits. We then compare broad‐scale ecological patterns for both groups with expectations stemming from these geographic gradients.Results  The differences in thermal physiology between ectotherms and endotherms result in geographically disparate macrophysiological constraints. Field metabolic rate (FMR) is stable or decreases slightly with temperature for endotherms, while it generally increases for ectotherms, leading to opposing latitudinal gradients of expected FMR. Potential activity time is a greater constraint on the distributions of ectotherms than endotherms, particularly at high latitudes. Differences in the primary correlates of abundance and species richness for two representative taxonomic groups are consistent with the consequences of these basic physiological differences. Ectotherm richness is better predicted by temperature, whereas endotherm richness is more strongly associated with primary productivity. Finally, in contrast to endotherms, ectotherm richness is not strongly related to abundance.Main conclusions  Differences in thermal physiology affect how organisms interact with and are constrained by their environment, and may ultimately explain differences in the geographic pattern of biodiversity for endotherms and ectotherms. Linking the fields of physiological and broad‐scale ecology should yield a more mechanistic understanding of how biodiversity will respond to environmental change.