bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception of echo delay is disrupted by small temporal misalignment of echo harmonics in bat sonar
Authors: Bates Mary E. , Simmons James A. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY
Echolocating big brown bats emit ultrasonic frequency-modulated (FM) biosonar sounds containing two prominent downward-sweeping harmonics (FM1 and FM2) and perceive target distance from echo delay. In naturally occurring echoes, FM1 and FM2 are delayed by the same amount. Even though echoes from targets located off-axis or far away are lowpass filtered, which weakens FM2 relative to FM1, their delays remain the same. We show here that misalignment of FM2 with FM1 by only 2.6 μs is sufficient to significantly disrupt acuity, which then persists for larger misalignments up to 300 μs. However, when FM2 is eliminated entirely rather than just misaligned, acuity is effectively restored. For naturally occurring, lowpass-filtered echoes, neuronal responses to weakened FM2 are retarded relative to FM1 because of amplitude-latency trading, which misaligns the harmonics in the bat's internal auditory representations. Electronically delaying FM2 relative to FM1 mimics the retarded neuronal responses for FM2 relative to FM1 caused by amplitude-latency trading. Echoes with either electronically or physiologically misaligned harmonics are not perceived as having a clearly defined delay. This virtual collapse of delay acuity may suppress interference from off-axis or distant clutter through degradation of delay images for clutter in contrast to sharp images for nearer, frontal targets.
Propulsion efficiency and imposed flow fields of a copepod jump
Authors: Jiang Houshuo , Kiørboe Thomas 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY
Pelagic copepods jump to relocate, to attack prey and to escape predators. However, there is a price to be paid for these jumps in terms of their energy costs and the hydrodynamic signals they generate to rheotactic predators. Using observed kinematics of various types of jumps, we computed the imposed flow fields and associated energetics of jumps by means of computational fluid dynamics simulations by modeling the copepod as a self-propelled body. The computational fluid dynamics simulation was validated by particle image velocimetry data. The flow field generated by a repositioning jump quickly evolves into two counter-rotating viscous vortex rings that are near mirror image of one another, one in the wake and one around the body of the copepod; this near symmetrical flow may provide hydrodynamic camouflage because it contains no information about the position of the copepod prey within the flow structure. The flow field associated with an escape jump sequence also includes two dominant vortex structures: one leading wake vortex generated as a result of the first jump and one around the body, but between these two vortex structures is an elongated, long-lasting flow trail with flow velocity vectors pointing towards the copepod; such a flow field may inform the predator of the whereabouts of the escaping copepod prey. High Froude propulsion efficiency (0.94–0.98) was obtained for individual power stroke durations of all simulated jumps. This is unusual for small aquatic organisms but is caused by the rapidity and impulsiveness of the jump that allows only a low-cost viscous wake vortex to travel backwards.
Polarised skylight and the landmark panorama provide night-active bull ants with compass information during route following
Authors: Reid Samuel F. , Narendra Ajay , Hemmi Jan M. , Zeil Jochen 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY
Navigating animals are known to use a number of celestial and terrestrial compass cues that allow them to determine and control their direction of travel. Which of the cues dominate appears to depend on their salience. Here we show that night-active bull ants attend to both the pattern of polarised skylight and the landmark panorama in their familiar habitat. When the two directional cues are in conflict, ants choose a compromise direction. However, landmark guidance appears to be the primary mechanism of navigation used by forager ants, with those cues in the direction of heading having the greatest influence on navigation. Different colonies respond to the removal of these cues to different degrees, depending on the directional information provided by the local landmark panorama. Interestingly, other parts of the surrounding panorama also influence foraging speed and accuracy, suggesting that they too play a role in navigation.
Poor flight performance in deep-diving cormorants
Authors: Watanabe Yuuki Y. , Takahashi Akinori , Sato Katsufumi , Viviant Morgane , Bost Charles-André 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY
Aerial flight and breath-hold diving present conflicting morphological and physiological demands, and hence diving seabirds capable of flight are expected to face evolutionary trade-offs regarding locomotory performances. We tested whether Kerguelen shags Phalacrocorax verrucosus, which are remarkable divers, have poor flight capability using newly developed tags that recorded their flight air speed (the first direct measurement for wild birds) with propeller sensors, flight duration, GPS position and depth during foraging trips. Flight air speed (mean 12.7 m s–1) was close to the speed that minimizes power requirement, rather than energy expenditure per distance, when existing aerodynamic models were applied. Flights were short (mean 92 s), with a mean summed duration of only 24 min day–1. Shags sometimes stayed at the sea surface without diving between flights, even on the way back to the colony, and surface durations increased with the preceding flight durations; these observations suggest that shags rested after flights. Our results indicate that their flight performance is physiologically limited, presumably compromised by their great diving capability (max. depth 94 m, duration 306 s) through their morphological adaptations for diving, including large body mass (enabling a large oxygen store), small flight muscles (to allow for large leg muscles for underwater propulsion) and short wings (to decrease air volume in the feathers and hence buoyancy). The compromise between flight and diving, as well as the local bathymetry, shape the three-dimensional foraging range (&lt;26 km horizontally, &lt;94 m vertically) in this bottom-feeding cormorant.
The underwater photic environment of Cape Maclear, Lake Malawi: comparison between rock- and sand-bottom habitats and implications for cichlid fish vision
Authors: Sabbah Shai , Gray Suzanne M. , Boss Emmanuel S. , Fraser James M. , Zatha Richard , Hawryshyn Craig W. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY
Lake Malawi boasts the highest diversity of freshwater fishes in the world. Nearshore sites are categorized according to their bottom substrate, rock or sand, and these habitats host divergent assemblages of cichlid fishes. Sexual selection driven by mate choice in cichlids led to spectacular diversification in male nuptial coloration. This suggests that the spectral radiance contrast of fish, the main determinant of visibility under water, plays a crucial role in cichlid visual communication. This study provides the first detailed description of underwater irradiance, radiance and beam attenuation at selected sites representing two major habitats in Lake Malawi. These quantities are essential for estimating radiance contrast and, thus, the constraints imposed on fish body coloration. Irradiance spectra in the sand habitat were shifted to longer wavelengths compared with those in the rock habitat. Beam attenuation in the sand habitat was higher than in the rock habitat. The effects of water depth, bottom depth and proximity to the lake bottom on radiometric quantities are discussed. The radiance contrast of targets exhibiting diffused and spectrally uniform reflectance depended on habitat type in deep water but not in shallow water. In deep water, radiance contrast of such targets was maximal at long wavelengths in the sand habitat and at short wavelengths in the rock habitat. Thus, to achieve conspicuousness, color patterns of rock- and sand-dwelling cichlids would be restricted to short and long wavelengths, respectively. This study provides a useful platform for the examination of cichlid visual communication.
Pseudo–Pelger-Huët Anomaly Induced by Medications
Authors: Wang Endi , Boswell Elizabeth , Siddiqi Imran , Lu Chuanyi Mark , Sebastian Siby , Rehder Catherine , Huang Qin 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Pseudo–Pelger-Huët anomaly (PPHA) has been documented in association with transplant medications and other drugs. This iatrogenic neutrophilic dysplasia is reversible with cessation or adjustment of medications but is frequently confused with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) based on the conventional concept that PPHA is a marker for dysplasia. We investigated the clinicopathologic features in iatrogenic PPHA and compared them with MDS-related PPHA. The 13 cases studied included 5 bone marrow/stem cell transplantations, 3 solid organ transplantations, 1 autoimmune disease, 3 chronic lymphocytic leukemias, and 1 breast carcinoma. For 12 cases, there was follow-up evaluation, and all demonstrated at least transient normalization of neutrophilic segmentation. All 9 cases of MDS demonstrated at least 2 of the following pathologic abnormalities on bone marrow biopsy: hypercellularity (8/9), morphologic dysplasia (8/9), clonal cytogenetic abnormality (7/9), and increased blasts (3/9), whereas these abnormalities were typically absent in iatrogenic PPHA. Iatrogenic PPHA displayed a higher proportion of circulating PPHA cells than in MDS (mean, 47.4%; SD, 31.6% vs mean, 12.3%; SD, 9.8; P &lt; .01). A diagnostic algorithm is proposed in which isolated PPHA is indicative of transient or benign PPHA unless proven otherwise.
Use of Genotype Frequencies in Medicated Groups to Investigate Prescribing Practice: APOE and Statins as a Proof of Principle
Authors: Davies Neil M , Windmeijer Frank , Martin Richard M , Abdollahi Mohammad R , Smith George Davey , Lawlor Debbie A , Ebrahim Shah , Day Ian NM 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND
If treatments are used to modify a trait, then patients with high-risk genotypes for the trait should be found at higher frequency in treatment groups than in the general population. The frequency ratio of high- to low-risk genotypes treated should reflect the mean threshold above which the treatment is given in the population. As an example, we hypothesized that because APOE (apolipoprotein E) alleles affect the LDL cholesterol (LDLc) concentration, APOE genotype frequencies in statin takers should act as a proxy for the prevailing treatment threshold of LDLc.

METHODS
We used LDLc, statin usage, and APOE genotype data from the British Women's Heart and Health Study (n = 2289; age, 60–79 years) and calculated the genotype ratio treatment index (GRTI) by dividing the proportion of ε3/ε2 or ε3/ε4 participants prescribed a statin by the proportion of ε3/ε3 participants prescribed a statin, both overall and according to socioeconomic class, geographic region, and coronary heart disease (CHD) status. Genotype-specific LDLc distributions were used to calculate the mean LDLc treatment threshold.

RESULTS
For genotype ε3/ε2, the GRTI was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.30–0.87) for statin takers overall, 0.22 (95% CI, 0.00–0.56) for those without CHD, and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.31–1.18) for those with CHD. The GRTIs for those without and with CHD backcalculate to LDLc thresholds of 5.65 mmol/L (95% CI, 5.50–5.82 mmol/L) and 4.39 mmol/L (95% CI, 4.21–4.59 mmol/L), respectively. Scotland and North England showed dissimilar GRTIs, which backcalculated to LDLc thresholds of 5.06 mmol/L (95% CI, 4.83–5.28 mmol/L) and 5.44 mmol/L (95% CI, 5.19–5.69 mmol/L), respectively, for all women.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings illustrate how genotype frequencies can be a proxy for treatment thresholds used in clinical practice. Genome-wide studies have identified &gt;500 disease-relevant polymorphisms. GRTIs from cost-efficient genotyping, in combination with phenotypic data, may have wide potential in health services research.
Digital identity management: Old wine in new bottles
Authors: Solomon Michael R 
Published: January 2011

Fashion and identity are inextricably linked. Consumers throughout the ages have strategically deployed apparel and other self-expressive products to signal real and aspirational personas and to pursue hedonic exploration and fantasy. Often these transformations are entrusted to aesthetic
professionals such as clothing designers, cosmeticians and photographers.
Today, new technological platforms enable even the amateur to create a myriad of identities as she navigates the evolving virtual environment some call The Metaverse. But this is by no means a one-way journey;
in some cases cyber-spatial experiences also impact on real-world identity. This article explores the theoretical and practical ramifications of digital identity management as consumers in the form of avatar representations make the passage from the physical world to the virtual,
and back again.
Genetic and clinical characteristics of patients with HNF1A gene variations from the German–Austrian DPV database
Authors: Awa W L , Thon A , Raile K , Grulich-Henn J , Meissner T , Schober E , Holl R W , _ _ 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveTo determine prevalence, genetic and phenotype characteristics of patients with hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF1A) variants in the Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumenation (DPV) multicentre database and to examine the influence of HNF1A mutation type, or location on clinical phenotypes.Patients and methodsSeventy-one DPV patients were labelled as HNF1A-MODY (MODY3). Forty-four patients carried HNF1A mutations, while 27 patients were found to have HNF1A polymorphisms only. Associations between mutation type/position and age at disease onset, HbAlc, body mass index (BMI), diagnosis, family history and treatment modality were analysed using non-parametric statistics (Wilcoxon test).ResultsPatients with HNF1A mutations were 36% male, aged 14.1±5.8 years at diagnosis, and slightly overweight (BMI-SDS: +0.8±1.1). Treatment was lifestyle intervention (20.5%), insulin (35.3%), oral anti-diabetic (OAD, 43%) and both insulin+OAD (15.9%). More patients with missense mutations (60%) than patients with nonsense mutations/frameshift (23.8%) did not use insulin (P=0.03). No differences were found with regard to mutation types, isoform or domain.We identified several previously undescribed mutations in the cohort including c.-158insGGGTTGG in the promoter region, G31X, E41X, Q130X, L162P, R245I, A269P, S355X, Q398X, Q473X, Q495X, E508X, P588fs-insGCCA and P588fs-delAC. Patients carrying HNF1A polymorphisms were significantly younger at diagnosis than patients with HNF1A mutations (10.9±4.2 vs 14.19±5.8 years; P=0.027), and all carried I27L, S487N and A98V (n=3).ConclusionHNF1A-MODY is the second most frequent MODY diagnosis registered in the DPV database, and previously undescribed HNF1A mutations account for about one-third of HNF1A-MODY cases. Patients with HNF1A polymorphisms documented as HNF1A-MODY were misclassified. They may have autoantibody-negative type 1B or type 2 diabetes or may have other MODY types.
High serum adiponectin is associated with favorable lipoprotein subclass profile in 6.4-year follow-up
Authors: Vanhala Mauno , Kumpula Linda S , Soininen Pasi , Kangas Antti J , Ala-Korpela Mika , Kautiainen Hannu , Mäntyselkä Pekka , Saltevo Juha 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveAdiponectin is linked to a favorable lipoprotein profile, but potential longitudinal associations are not known.DesignA population-based follow-up study of all inhabitants born in 1942, 1947, 1952, and 1957 (n=1294) in Pieksämäki, a town in Finland. Of the 690 subjects participating in both the check-ups, 228 subjects with diabetes or any medication for dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, or diabetes were excluded. The final study population consisted of 462 (182 men and 280 women) apparently healthy subjects.MethodsMain outcome measures were lipoprotein particle sizes and concentrations, apolipoprotein A-1 (APOA1) and APOB levels at baseline and follow-up across baseline adiponectin tertiles. Serum adiponectin concentrations were determined using an enzyme immunoassay, and lipoprotein subclasses using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.ResultsAt the second health check-up 6.4 years later, the very low-density lipoprotein particle concentration decreased across the baseline adiponectin tertiles in men from 1.04 (0.28) to 0.91 (0.29) nmol/l (P for linearity=0.011) and in women from 0.92 (0.32) to 0.80 (0.24) nmol/l (P=0.002). Correspondingly, the mean high-density lipoprotein particle size increased from 9.78 to 9.90 nm in men (P<0.006) and from 10.00 to 10.14 nm in women (P<0.001).ConclusionThe favorable links between adiponectin and lipoproteins are detectable 6.4 years later.
Development of an Animal Model for Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans Biofilm‐Mediated Oral Osteolytic Infection: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Freire Marcelo O. , Sedghizadeh Parish P. , Schaudinn Christoph , Gorur Amita , Downey Jennifer S. , Choi Jeong‐Ho , Chen Weizhen , Kook Joong‐Ki , Chen Casey , Goodman Steven D. , Zadeh Homayoun H. 
Published: January 2011

Background: Biofilm‐induced inflammatory osteolytic oral infections, such as periodontitis and peri‐implantitis, have complex etiology and pathogenesis. A significant obstacle to research has been the lack of appropriate animal models where the inflammatory response to biofilms can be investigated. The aim of this study is to develop a novel animal model to study the host response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans)–biofilm colonizing titanium implants.Methods: Titanium implants were inoculated in vitro with A. actinomycetemcomitans, establishing a biofilm for 1 to 3 days. Biofilm‐inoculated and control implants were transmucosally placed into rat hard palate or alveolar ridge. Analysis included documentation of clinical inflammation, polymerase chain reaction, and culture detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans and microcomputed tomography quantitation of peri‐implant bone volume.Results: Viable A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm was successfully established on titanium implants in vitro, detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy. An inflammatory response characterized by clinical inflammation, bleeding, ulceration, hyperplasia, and necrosis was observed around biofilm‐inoculated implants. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected by polymerase chain reaction and culture analysis on 100% of biofilm‐inoculated implants for up to 3 weeks and 25% for up to 6 weeks. Microcomputed tomography analysis demonstrated significantly lower bone volume (P <0.05) around biofilm‐inoculated implants (29.6% ± 7.6%) compared to non‐inoculated implants (50.5% ± 9.6%) after 6 weeks.Conclusions: These results describe a novel animal model where A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm was established in vitro on titanium implants before placement in rat oral cavity, leading to an inflammatory response, osteolysis, and tissue destruction. This model may have potential use for investigation of host responses to biofilm pathogens and antibiofilm therapy.
Assessing and Ensuring a Comprehensive System of Services for Children With Special Health Care Needs: A Public Health Approach
Authors: Strickland Bonnie B. , van Dyck Peter C. , Kogan Michael D. , Lauver Cassie , Blumberg Stephen J. , Bethell Christina D. , Newacheck Paul W. 
Published: January 2011

The US Department of Health and Human Services called for comprehensive systems of services for children with special health care needs in its Healthy People 2000 and 2010 health care objectives for the nation. We report on the proportion of children with special health care needs receiving care in high-quality systems of services measured by attainment of 6 essential system elements, or quality indicators, generated from a survey of 40 723 families of children with special health care needs in 2005 to 2006. Only 17.7% of children with special health care needs received services in a high-quality service system that met all 6 quality indicators in 2005–2006. Therefore, much more work lies ahead to meet the national Healthy People objective for these children.
The Impact of Declining Smoking on Radon-Related Lung Cancer in the United States
Authors: Méndez David , Alshanqeety Omar , Warner Kenneth E. , Lantz Paula M. , Courant Paul N. 
Published: January 2011

Objectives. We examined the effect of current patterns of smoking rates on future radon-related lung cancer. Methods. We combined the model developed by the National Academy of Science's Committee on Health Risks of Exposure to Radon (the BEIR VI committee) for radon risk assessment with a forecasting model of US adult smoking prevalence to estimate proportional decline in radon-related deaths during the present century with and without mitigation of high-radon houses. Results. By 2025, the reduction in radon mortality from smoking reduction (15 percentage points) will surpass the maximum expected reduction from remediation (12 percentage points). Conclusions. Although still a genuine source of public health concern, radon-induced lung cancer is likely to decline substantially, driven by reductions in smoking rates. Smoking decline will reduce radon deaths more that remediation of high-radon houses, a fact that policymakers should consider as they contemplate the future of cancer control.
Vaccinating Health Care Workers Against Influenza: The Ethical and Legal Rationale for a Mandate
Authors: Ottenberg Abigale L. , Wu Joel T. , Poland Gregory A. , Jacobson Robert M. , Koenig Barbara A. , Tilburt Jon C. 
Published: January 2011

Despite improvements in clinician education, symptom awareness, and respiratory precautions, influenza vaccination rates for health care workers have remained unacceptably low for more than three decades, adversely affecting patient safety. When public health is jeopardized, and a safe, low-cost, and effective method to achieve patient safety exists, health care organizations and public health authorities have a responsibility to take action and change the status quo. Mandatory influenza vaccination for health care workers is supported not only by scientific data but also by ethical principles and legal precedent. The recent influenza pandemic provides an opportunity for policymakers to reconsider the benefits of mandating influenza vaccination for health care workers, including building public trust, enhancing patient safety, and strengthening the health care workforce.
Electronic excitations in ZnWO4 and ZnxNi1−x
WO4 (x = 0.1 − 0.9) using VUV synchrotron radiation
Authors: Kalinko Aleksandr , Kotlov Alexey , Kuzmin Alexei , Pankratov Vladimir , Popov Anatoli , Shirmane Liana 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The photoluminescence spectra and luminescence excitation spectra of pure microcrystalline and nano-sized ZnWO4 as well as the ZnxNi1−x
WO4 solid solutions were studied using vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation. The samples were also characterized by x-ray powder diffraction. We found that: (i) the shape of the photoluminescence band at 2.5 eV, being due to radiative electron transitions within the [WO6]6− anions, becomes modulated by the optical absorption of Ni2+ ions in the ZnxNi1−x
WO4 solid solutions; and (ii) no significant change in the excitation spectra of Zn0.9Ni0.1WO4 is observed compared to pure ZnWO4. At the same time, a shift of the excitonic bands to smaller energies and a set of peaks, attributed to the one-electron transitions from the top of the valence band to quasi-localized states, were observed in the excitation spectrum of nano-sized ZnWO4.