bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unfulfilled Potential of the Court and Legislature Dialogue
Authors: Webber Grégoire C. N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract.Constitutional scholarship has been exploring the idea that the court and the legislature engage in a dialogue over the meaning of the constitution. Yet, despite many contributions to the idea of dialogue over the last decade, its potential remains unfulfilled. The epistemological potential of dialogue remains understudied, in part because the court continues to be viewed as the supreme, if not also the sole, expounder of the constitution. For dialogue's potential to be realized, the legislature should be acknowledged as a co-ordinate actor in expounding constitutional meaning and both court and legislature should assume a disposition for dialogue.Résumé.La littérature en matière constitutionnelle explore l'idée que la cour et le législateur s'engagent dans un dialogue sur le sens à donner à la constitution. Cependant, malgré les nombreuses contributions à l'idée du dialogue au cours de la dernière décennie, son potentiel ne s'est pas épanoui. Le potentiel épistémologique de l'idée du dialogue demeure sous-étudié, en partie parce que la cour continue d'être considérée comme étant l'entité suprême, sinon la seule entité, qui puisse développer le sens de la constitution. Pour que l'idée du dialogue puisse être actualisée, le législateur devrait être reconnu comme étant un acteur complémentaire à la cour pour développer le sens de la constitution et tant la cour que le législateur devraient être disposés au dialogue.
Scaling Memory: Reparation Displacement and the Case of BC
Authors: James Matt 
Published: July 2009

Abstract.Although many historical injustices in Canada have BC roots, the ensuing debates have tended to frame redress as a federal responsibility. The article analyzes this dynamic and calls it “reparation displacement.” Reparation displacement saves the recalcitrant community or group from fighting aggressively to avoid its unpleasant past, shunting questions of cause, blame, and obligation away instead. Reparation displacement receives special attention here as an obstacle hindering BC's reconciliation with First Nations. The article also links the emphasis in “postpositivist” policy studies on civic deliberation to the focus in the reparations literature on historical acknowledgment. It suggests further that reparation displacement requires further research from scholars of federalism and multilevel governance.Résumé.La Colombie-Britannique est le site de plusieurs injustices commises dans l'histoire du Canada. Pourtant, les débats qui s'ensuivent tendent à concevoir la question de la réparation comme relevant de la responsabilité du gouvernement fédéral. Cet article examine cette dynamique et y réfère en tant qu'elle témoigne d'un «déplacement de la réparation». Un tel déplacement permet à la communauté ou au groupe récalcitrant d'éviter d'affronter les aspects malheureux de son histoire. Il fait dévier les questions de cause, de blâme et d'obligation hors des responsabilités de la communauté concernée. Une attention spéciale est dédiée ici à ce phénomène parce qu'il constitue un obstacle entravant le processus de réconciliation entre la Colombie-Britannique et les Premières Nations. Enfin, cet article établit un rapport entre l'emphase que mettent les études «post-positivistes» de politiques sur la délibération civique et l'importance accordée à la reconnaissance historique dans la littérature portant sur les enjeux de réparation. Il suggère, en outre, que ce phénomène de déplacement devrait faire l'objet de recherches approfondies dans les domaines d'étude du fédéralisme et de la gouvernance multipalier.
Histoire du mot «démocratie» au Canada et au Québec. Analyse politique des stratégies rhétoriques
Authors: Dupuis-Déri Francis 
Published: July 2009

Résumé.L'étude des discours des «pères fondateurs» du Canada moderne révèle qu'ils étaient ouvertement antidémocrates. Comment expliquer qu'un régime fondé dans un esprit antidémocratique en soit venu à être identifié positivement à la démocratie? S'inspirant d'études similaires sur les États-Unis et la France, l'analyse de l'histoire du mot «démocratie» révèle que le Canada a été associé à la «démocratie» en raison de stratégies discursives des membres de l'élite politique qui cherchaient à accroître leur capacité de mobiliser les masses à l'occasion des guerres mondiales, et non pas à la suite de modifications constitutionnelles ou institutionnelles qui auraient justifié un changement d'appellation du régime.Abstract.An examination of the speeches of modern Canada's “founding fathers” lays bare their openly anti-democratic outlook. How did a regime founded on anti-democratic ideas come to be positively identified with democracy? Drawing on the examples of similar studies carried out in the United States and France, this analysis of the history of the term “democracy” in Canada shows that the country's association with “democracy” was not due to constitutional or institutional changes that might have justified re-labelling the regime. Instead, it was the result of the political elite's discursive strategies, whose purpose was to strengthen the elite's ability to mobilize the masses during the world wars.
Nouvelles instances participatives et contre-pouvoirs : Fung et Wright «revisités» à partir des expériences marseillaises et québécoises
Authors: Patsias Caroline , Patsias Sylvie 
Published: July 2009

Résumé.Selon Fung et Wright, la mise en place d'une gouvernance participative impliquerait l'apparition de contre-pouvoirs spécifiques, différents de ceux qui caractérisent les espaces politiques «agonistiques» dans lesquels opèrent les mouvements sociaux. Nous discutons ces conclusions à partir d'une comparaison des rôles joués par des comités de citoyens à Marseille et à Québec dans l'émergence et l'activité d'instances participatives nouvelles. À l'inverse des deux auteurs, nous soulignons que, dans certains cas au moins, la mise en place d'une gouvernance plus participative ne saurait se passer de l'existence de mouvements sociaux, et que certaines des «qualités» que Fung et Wright prêtent aux contre-pouvoirs spécifiques des nouvelles instances participatives peuvent favoriser, au contraire, des logiques de cooptation, néfastes aux pratiques de la démocratie participative. Nous terminons cette discussion par une réflexion plus générale sur les façons de penser le conflit en science politique et sur leur pertinence épistémologique et heuristique.Abstract.According to Fung and Wright, the establishment of participatory governance involves specific stakeholders, different from those characterizing the “antagonistic” political spaces in which social movements operate. We discuss these conclusions via a comparison of roles played by citizens' committees in Marseille and Quebec City in the emergence of new participatory instances. Contrary to the two authors, we stress that, at least in certain cases, the establishment of more participatory governance could not occur without the existence of social movements. More precisely, some features that Fung and Wright attribute to participatory stakeholders could, on the contrary, favour co-optation, harmful to the practices of participatory democracy. We complete this discussion with a more general overview of ways of perceiving the conflict in political science and their epistemological and heuristic relevance.
Digenean diversity in labrid fish from the Bay of Bizerte in Tunisia
Authors: Gargouri Ben Abdalah L. , Elbohli S. , Maamouri F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSix species of digeneans (Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901), Helicometra fasciata (Odhner, 1902), Helicometra pulchella (Odhner, 1902), Macvicaria alacris (Looss, 1901), Peracreadium genu (Nicoll, 1909) and Zoogonus rubellus (Olson, 1868)) were found for the first time in labrid fish (Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758), Labrus merula (Linnaeus, 1758) and Labrus viridis (Linnaeus, 1758)) from the Bay of Bizerte. Except for P. maculatus and Z. rubellus, which are limited to the rectum, these helminths colonize the entire digestive tract. The study of the seasonal prevalence, abundance and mean intensity shows that three parasites, P. maculatus, H. fasciata and P. genu are present throughout the year while H. pulchella, M. alacris and Z. rubellus are less frequent and appear only in spring (H. pulchella and M. alacris) or in spring and summer (Z. rubellus). The levels of infection and digenean faunal diversity in labrid fish from the Tunisian coasts are generally lower than those from localities within the western Mediterranean.
Philometra floridensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Philometridae) from the ovary of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus (Osteichthyes: Sciaenidae) off the coast of Florida, USA
Authors: Moravec F. , Fajer-Avila E.J. , Bakenhaster M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new nematode species, Philometra floridensis sp. n. (Philometridae), is described from male and female specimens found in the ovary of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus) (Sciaenidae, Perciformes), from the Gulf of Mexico off Treasure Island, Florida, USA. Based on light and scanning electron microscopy examination, the new species differs from most other gonad-infecting Philometra spp. in having a smooth gubernaculum with a distinct dorsal tooth on the distal tip. The new species is most similar to P. carolinensis Moravec, de Buron & Roumillat, 2006, but differs in length and shape of spicules. It can be distinguished from P. carolinensis and other species with unknown males, by the markedly greater body length of gravid females (up to about 100 cm). Philometra floridensis is the third valid gonad-infecting species of Philometra reported from sciaenids.
Recasting Race: Casting Practices and Racial Formations
Authors: Pao Angela C. 
Published: July 2009

He used to come to the house and ask me to hear him recite. Each time he handed me a volume ofThe Complete Works of William Shakespeare.… He wanted me to sit in front of him, open the book, and follow him as he recited his lines. I did willingly.…And as his love for Shakespeare's plays grew with the years he did not want anything else in the world but to be a Shakespearean actor.Toshio Mori“Japanese Hamlet” (1939)
Antigone's Example: A View of the Living Theatre's Production, Process, and Praxis
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy 
Published: July 2009

The Living Theatre is a metaphor for the sixties, its very name conjuring up the undulating movement, the pulsing flow, the argumentative spirit that characterized that time.At the center of the Living Theatre's production of Sophocles' Antigone, translator and director Judith Malina presented the verbal battle between the State/Authority/Patriarchal-figure, kreon (played by Living Theatre co-director Julian Beck), and the Individual/Disenfranchised/Woman, Antigone, (played by Malina herself). At performances of Antigone presented throughout Europe during the dynamic years of 1967 and 1968, spectators were meant to see with new eyes the incendiary struggles taking place outside the theatre. Following Antigone's example, they were meant to take on—individually—the political responsibility and the challenge, and to take part in revolutionary actions. Foregrounded onstage was the battle of the sexes, the battle of the generations, the fire in the belly of the cultural/sexual/political Zeitgeist.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Murray Christopher 
Published: July 2009

A few points are suggested by James Maloon's interesting article, “From Beast to Mad Beast: A Further look at Tyrone Guthrie's Tamburlaine” (TS, XVIII, No. 1). First, there seems to be no warrant for and no future in considering the two parts of Tamburlaine as a unifiable production. As John D. Jump reminds us:The two parts were apparently designed for production in theaters of very different sorts. In Part II, the Captain commanding Balsera and the Governor of Babylon stand upon their respective city walls to parley with enemies below; in the scene of her death, Zenocrate is discovered on her bed, and an arras is drawn before her when Tamburlaine and the rest retire. In planning these scenes, Marlowe must have counted on a theater with an upper stage and a discovery-space. But he counted on nothing of the sort when writing Part I. Even the siege of Damascus is managed without the use of an upper stage. Part I could have been successfully performed on a simple platform stage, but the full resources of a well-equipped London theater would have been needed for Part II.
Taking of Property in the Practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
Authors: Pellonpää M. , Fitzmaurice M. 
Published: July 2009

The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (hereinafter, the ‘Tribunal’) established by virtue of the Claims Settlement Declaration of 19 January 1981 has:‘the purpose of deciding claims of nationals of the United States against Iran and claims of nationals of Iran against the United States, and any counterclaim which arises out of the same contract, transaction or occurrence that constitutes the subject matter of that national's claim, if such claims and counterclaims are outstanding on the date of this Agreement, whether or not filed with any court, and arise out of debts, contracts (including transactions which are the subject of letters of credit or bank guarantees), expropriation or other measures affecting property rights …’
State Responsibility and Tort Proceedings against a Foreign State in Municipal Courts
Authors: Fox H. 
Published: July 2009

There has been an undoubted increase since the Second World War in the legal accountability of States in municipal courts. The comparative lawyer, G. Eörsi, discussing the position of the State in relation to the private law of tort writes:‘Governmental liability is a relatively new phenomenon … A considerable number of States have eliminated the immunity of the State and have introduced direct liability of the State, even though in many countries enforcement of claims against the State is not allowed’.
Treaty interpretation in the legal theory of Grotius and its influence on modern doctrine
Authors: Vitányi Béla 
Published: July 2009

The application, or putting into effect, of any legal act presupposes a logically prior stage: its interpretation. Everyone who applies a legal act is interpreting it, and, in doing so, is, consciously or unconsciously, following a certain method. Viewed as an intellectual exercise, legal interpretation presupposes the existence of an act creating or determining rights and obligations, prescribing action or abstention from action: in short, designed to give rise to legal consequences. Every system of law deriving from formal sources necessarily involves some such process. On the other hand, it is difficult to speak of legal interpretation properly so called in the context of a system of moral precepts such as the law of nature, which remain more or less indefinite and which are arrived at by means of conjecture based on pure reason, and do not entail any immediate juridical consequences. Gény put it this way:“Proceedings on the assumption of the absolute power of human reason to discover the laws of human nature, both in principle and in detail, the natural law school intended to create, by the mere force of thinking, a complete system of absolute, immutable, directly and universally applicable law that the legislature had only to put into words,…”
Removal of installations in the Exclusive Economic Zone
Authors: Peters Paul , Soons Alfred H.A. , Zima Lucie A. 
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this report is to consider the provision on removal of disused installations, contained in Article 60.3 of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, in particular its history and scope, its further elaboration by “standards” to be established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other relevant questions. The questions to be considered with regard to the removal obligation include more specifically:a) the position under the corresponding provision of the 1958 Continental Shelf Convention;b) the position under customary international law;c) the effect of Article 60.3 of the new Convention pending its entry into force, and thereafter;d) the question of jus constituendum, i.e. the standards to be evolved in IMO or other appropriate international organizations;e) the relation between rights and obligations derived from a) to d) above and those based on other international instruments such as in particular the Oslo and London Dumping Conventions of 1972.
Foreign deserters and asylum in the Netherlands: the case of Ralph J. Waver
Authors: Oostvogels S.A.M. 
Published: July 2009

In the spring of 1971, the case of Ralph Joseph Waver, an American deserter, became a topic of discussion in Dutch legal circles, particularly those interested in public international law.R.J. Waver was a gunner in the United States Navy serving in the U.S.S. “Marias” which formed part of the Atlantic fleet. On 26 June 1970 his ship called at Rotterdam and Waver deserted,inter aliabecause he strongly disagreed with American policy in South Viet-Nam. He went into hiding in Amsterdam where he established contact, through friends, with “Release”, a foundation which among other things made it its business to assist foreigners, if necessary with the help of lawyers and other experts. On their advice Waver departed for Sweden on 21 July 1970, as this country was said to offer him the best chance of being admitted. Late in July 1970 he applied to the Swedish authorities in Malmö for a residence permit. However, when the Swedish Government proceeded to hand over friends of his, who found themselves in the same predicament, to the United States Army in Germany, even before they had had time to bring an appeal against the refusal to grant them a residence permit, Waver returned to the Netherlands late in August 1970. “Release” thereupon approached some Members of Parliament who in their turn sounded out the Minister of Justice in regard to Waver's chances of obtaining a residence permit in the Netherlands. The Minister promised to take up the case with the Assistant Secretary-General of Justice. On 22 October 1970 the above Members of Parliament and the Assistant Secretary-General had their first discussion, part of it in the presence of Waver and his Counsel. Opinions differ as to the results of this discussion.
International Labour Organisation: problems with the supervisory machinery in 1974
Authors: de Vries Reilingh O.G. 
Published: July 2009

The most remarkable event during the 59th session of the International Labour Conference in 1974 was undoubtedly the refusal to adopt the Report of the Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations. This is all the more noteworthy when one realizes that this has never before happened in the history of the International Labour Organisation.As a rule the Application Committee Report is adopted without taking a vote, despite the divergent views often expressed when the Report is discussed in the plenary session of the Conference. Only on very rare occasions has a vote been necessary (always resulting in adoption of the Report), while speakers sometimes simply indicated in the plenary discussion that they would abstain. Since the adoption of the Report of the Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations is the yearly culmination in the regular supervision of on the implementation of ILO standards, the non-adoption of the Report in 1974 could have serious repercussions in the future for the whole regular supervisory system of the ILO and consequently for the development of international law.
Logic-based reasoning about actions and plans in artificial intelligence
Authors: Lee Huaming , Tannock James , Williams Jon Sims 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReasoning about actions and plans is a vital aspect of the rational behaviour of intelligent agents, and hence represents a major research domain in artificial intelligence. Much work has been undertaken to develop logic-based formalisms and problem solving procedures for plan representation and plan synthesis. This paper consists of a survey of various paradigms for reasoning about actions and plans in artificial intelligence. Attention is focused on the logic-based theoretical frameworks which have built a formal foundation for the domain-independent approaches to the general principles of reasoning about actions and plans.
State-of-the-art report on reactive processing in databases and artificial intelligence
Authors: Bayer Petra 
Published: July 2009

AbstractActive rules have been a standard technique in artificial intelligence (AI) for almost two decades. Variants of the Al methods are currently being adapted to provide database systems with the ability to respond reactively to events and database state changes. This paper gives an overview of developments in reactive processing database research, concentrating on active databases that are integrated with relational and object-oriented systems. A general presentation of “trigger”-based processing techniques is given, with a detailed review of active relational and object-oriented database models. An overview of technologies for active processing in AI is also presented, and some common and contrasting themes in database and AI technology identified.
Commitments and conventions: The foundation of coordination in multi-agent systems
Authors: Jennings Nick R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDistributed Artificial Intelligence systems, in which multiple agents interact to improve their individual performance and to enhance the systems' overall utility, are becoming an increasingly pervasive means of conceptualising a diverse range of applications. As the discipline matures, researchers are beginning to strive for the underlying theories and principles which guide the central processes of coordination and cooperation. Here agent communities are modelled using a distributed goal search formalism, and it is argued thatcommitments(pledges to undertake a specific course of action) andconventions(means of monitoring commitments in changing circumstances) are the foundation of coordination in multi-agent systems. An analysis of existing coordination models which use concepts akin to commitments and conventions is undertaken before a new unifying framework is presented. Finally, a number of prominent coordination techniques which do notexplicitlyinvolve commitments or conventions are reformulated in these terms to demonstrate their compliance with the central hypothesis of this paper.
Embedding critics in design environments
Authors: Fischer Gerhard , Nakakoji Kumiyo , Ostwald Jonathan , Stahl Gerry , Sumner Tamara 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHuman understanding in design evolves through a process of critiquing existing knowledge and consequently expanding the store of design knowledge. Critiquing is a dialogue in which the interjection of a reasoned opinion about a product or action triggers further reflection on or changes to the artifact being designed. Our work has focused on applying this successful human critiquing paradigm to human-computer interaction. We argue that computer-based critiquing systems are most effective when they are embedded in domain-oriented design environments, which are knowledge-based computer systems that support designers in specifying a problem and constructing a solution. Embedded critics play a number of important roles in such design environments: (1) they increase the designer's understanding of design situations by pointing out problematic situations early in the design process; (2) they support the integration of problem framing and problem solving by providing a linkage between the design specification and the design construction; and (3) they help designers access relevant information in the large information spaces provided by the design environment. Three embedded critiquing mechanisms—generic, specific, and interpretive critics—are presented, and their complementary roles within the design environment architecture are described.