bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excavations at Carthage 1976: Third Interim Report
Authors: Hurst Henry 
Published: November 2011

SummaryAt the end of the third season of work by the British team participating in the UNESCO Save Carthage project, a summary is given of present knowledge of the occupation sequence on the Ilôt de l'Amirauté from c. 400 B.C. to A.D. 700. New information or reinterpretation since 1975 covers the relationship between the Punic and Roman planning of the island and the nature of its possible Augustan, Severan, and Justinianic rebuildings. The structures which have been excavated since 1974 between two Roman streets on the north side of the circular harbour are interpreted as a series of shops or small commercial premises of Roman and Byzantine date. Here, as on the island, a large-scale redevelopment of early Byzantine date is indicated. On the Avenue Habib Bourguiba the city wall now has archaeological dating consistent with the historical evidence that it was constructed c.A.D. 425 and it appears to be associated with a major defensive ditch. Burials were made between the wall and possible ditch shortly after, and perhaps during, the wall's construction. There is also archaeological confirmation of the historical evidence for the neglect of the defences under the Vandal occupation and for their repair following Belisarius' capture of Carthage in 533. By the end of the sixth century the defences were again being neglected and in the early seventh century there was a building on the site of the presumed Belisarian ditch. There is a suggestion of further defensive activity at the time of the Arab invasion. Within the wall, the sequence has been taken back to the destruction of a Roman building in the fifth century and a summary is made of the sequence for the whole site from the early fifth to the late seventh or early eighth century A.D. Field-work has now finished on this site while a further two seasons are anticipated on the two harbour sites.
The Roman Pewter-Moulds from Silchester
Authors: Blagg Thomas , Read Susan 
Published: November 2011

SummaryPieces of six limestone moulds for the casting of pewter vessels, found on the Forum site at Silchester, are described and illustrated. Five were for casting three types of dish or plate. Two were moulded on both sides to form part of nests of moulds. The sixth piece was the inner mould for a cup or flagon. The techniques of manufacture are considered. The grooves for casting the rims and feet appear to be compass-drawn, but it is argued that there is no evidence that the moulds were lathe-turned.
Some Romano-Saxon Pottery from Essex
Authors: Rodwell Warwick 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe paper discusses recent finds of Romano-Saxon pottery in Essex and shows how this class of vessel is apparently far more common in late Roman levels than has been hitherto realized. Fragments found in excavation are generally small and our present state of knowledge seldom permits reconstruction. The association of Romano-Saxon and Anglo-Saxon wares on several sites is noteworthy, and in the case of one villa site, Wickford, possible continuity of occupation and derivation of the name from the Roman vicus is discussed.The paper emphasizes the need for careful study of late Roman, Romano-Saxon, and early Anglo-Saxon pottery as a whole, and its consideration as an evolving tradition.
Derby Racecourse Kiln Excavations 1972–3
Authors: Brassington M. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe examination of the Romano-British kilns situated on the Derby Racecourse Playing Fields (SK36133755) was continued during 1972/3 and a total of six kilns, in two groups, was excavated. The first group comprised two kilns of likely early second-century date which shared a common stokehole; this stokehole and one of the kilns had been greatly disturbed by unauthorised digging. The remaining kiln was found to have been constructed partly over a filled-in well which yielded pottery pre-dating the kiln. The second group consisted of four kilns situated close to a Roman road. Two kilns were of Antonine date and shared a common stokehole; adjacent to this stokehole and partly cut by it lay a small kiln, the oven of which was only 0·46 m. in diameter. A fourth kiln, the furnace of which alone survived, was of a first-century type; what remained had also been partly destroyed when one of the Antonine kilns was constructed. The principal products of the kilns consisted of bowls, jars and dishes; oxidized BBI sherds were found in the furnace chamber of the first-century kiln.
Excavations at Gloucester. Fifth Interim Report: St. Oswald's Priory 1977–8
Authors: Heighway Carolyn M. , West J. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe third and fourth seasons of excavations at St. Oswald's Priory, Gloucester, have led to the discovery of two further pre-Conquest building phases, including evidence of a separate building to the east of the ‘New Minster’ founded by 909. It has also been established that the church occupies the site of a late Roman cemetery.Part of a decorated standing stone cross was found built into the early tenth-century church, and a report is provided on a carved slab from an early tenth-century context. A summary of the evidence from the Saxon grave-yard is given. The parish of the ‘New Minster’ and Free Chapel Royal is plotted and its origins discussed.
William Burges and the Completion of St. Paul's
Authors: Crook J. Mordaunt 
Published: November 2011

SummarySt. Paul's is a post-Reformation cathedral, built on a pre-Reformation plan; designed for Anglicans, re-planned for Evangelicals, and then re-decorated for Anglo-Catholics. Hence the complexity of its architectural history. This article examines Wren's unfinished legacy, and discusses the many schemes to complete the cathedral's decoration, beginning with Sir James Thornhill and ending with Sir William Richmond. Central to its theme are the decorative proposals produced between 1870 and 1874 by William Burges (1827–81). Public outcry prevented the implementation of Burges's plans for a full-scale programme of marble and mosaic decoration. Nevertheless, his schemes formed the basis of the cathedral's eventual refurbishment during the 1890s.
The Hewer Memorial at Clapham: A Reflection of Bernini
Authors: Ninnis R. J. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThis article draws attention to the presence in south-west London of what might be regarded as a monument by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. It is not from Bernini's hand and it is not quite a replica, but is an adaptation of the master's Raggi monument in Rome, and in a large degree preserves the High Baroque spirit of the original work. Although many examples of Bernini's influence can be found in the commemorative art of Britain in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, no other monument represents so faithfully the original Bernini design.The Hewer monument is not signed and, as yet, no documentary evidence can be produced to throw light on the means of inspiration for the English sculptor; it is, however, most likely to have been associated with John Jackson's purchases in Rome for the library of his uncle, Samuel Pepys.
The Romano-British Shrines at Brigstock, Northants
Authors: Greenfield Ernest 
Published: November 2011

SummaryTwo shrines of circular and polygonal shape, probably part of a larger group, were erected early in the second half of the third century A.D., and occupied until late in the fourth century. The shrines occur in an area of widespread settlement dating from the late Iron Age until the end of the fourth century. Many objects of bronze and iron of ritual significance, together with a large number of votive deposits and coins, were recovered from the circular shrine. Miss M. V. Taylor's discussion of the principal objects appears on pp. 264–8.
A Cistercian Ware Kiln of the Early Sixteenth Century at Potterton, Yorkshire
Authors: Mayes P. , Pirie Elizabeth J. E. , Le Patourel H. E. Jean 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThis report covers the excavation of a pottery kiln producing fine Cistercian wares at a date close to 1500. The coal-fired kiln has six flues. The pottery was fired in large, coarsely made saggars and was remarkable for the wide colour range exhibited. The kiln was situated in the front garden of Potterton Grange Farm and this meant that the area available for investigation was limited.
Excavations at South Cadbury Castle, 1969: A Summary Report
Authors: Alcock Leslie 
Published: November 2011

SummaryContinued excavations at South Cadbury in July-August 1969 failed to confirm the Early Neolithic enclosed settlement hinted at in 1968, but added Late Neolithic pottery to the known cultural sequence. For the Iron Age, particular interest attaches to evidence for stake-built round houses; to a rich collection of iron and bronze arms and armour perhaps from a workshop; and to a rectangular shrine with animal sacrifices. The moment of the Roman Conquest is represented by a field oven with military bronzes. In the fifth-sixth centuries A.D. the plan of a timber hall was traced, and it was shown that timber and reused Roman masonry had played a large part in the rampart and gateway.
The Garamantes of Fezzan: Excavations on Zinchecra 1965–7
Authors: Daniels Charles 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe Garamantes inhabited Fezzan, now the Saharan province of the Libyan Arab Republic, their capital, Garama, lying c. 105 miles west of Sebha in the wadi el Agial. After an unruly early history they appear to have become pacified and open to Roman influence. Before Garama was founded the tribe inhabited the promontory fortress of Zinchecra c. 2½ miles to the south-west, where excavation has revealed three main periods of occupation. The earliest consists of rock-scooped hearths, the second of rough dry-stone and frond shelters with stone-lined hearths. The third is more complex with buildings ranging from rough shelters to well-built mud-brick ‘houses’, the latest of which date to the first century B.C. and employed dressed stone in their basal courses. At the start of this period a complex of enclosure banks and walls was thrown around the base of the spur. Finally the site was abandoned to cemeteries.
Danebury, Hampshire: Second Interim Report on the Excavations 1971–5
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe results of five seasons of excavation (1971–5) are summarized. A continuous strip 30–40 m. wide extending across the centre of the fort from one side to the other was completely excavated revealing pits, gullies, circular stake-built houses, rectangular buildings, and 2-, 4-, and 6-post structures, belonging to the period from the sixth to the end of the second century B.C. The types of structures are discussed. A sequence of development, based largely upon the stratification preserved behind the ramparts, is presented: in the sixth–fifth century the hill was occupied by small four-post ‘granaries’ possibly enclosed by a palisade. The first hill-fort rampart was built in the fifth century protecting houses, an area of storage pits, and a zone of 4-and 6-post buildings laid out in rows along streets. The rampart was heightened in the third century, after which pits continued to be dug and rows of circular houses were built. About 100 B.C. rectangular buildings, possibly of a religious nature, were erected, after which the site was virtually abandoned. Social and economic matters are considered. The excavation will continue.
Excavations at Carthage 1977–8. Fourth Interim Report
Authors: Hurst Henry 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe present report covers the fourth and fifth seasons of excavation on the Ilôt de l'Amirauté at Carthage. Evidence from a borehole suggests that the pre-fourth-century B.C. sand previously taken for ‘natural’ may be a 5-m. thick fill above a level containing pottery. The later Punic sequence seems to indicate that the island and circular harbour were not made until the construction of the stone shipsheds in the late third or early second century B.C. The earth and timber ramps of these shipsheds were discovered with barnacles and probable ships’ nails lying on their surface. Much new evidence for the superstructure of the shipsheds was also found and an attempt has been made to reconstruct their appearance. Evidence for the Roman monumental rebuilding of the island in c. A.D. 200 has also been increased to the point where reconstructions can be attempted, and a large body of new information has been obtained for the structural sequence on the island from c. A.D. 200 to 700. Uncertainties remain over the interpretation of its function throughout the Roman period, although the rebuilding c. A.D. 200 might be associated with the creation of the African corn-fleet, the Classis Commodiana, in A.D. 186; and the site was possibly known as forum Karthag(inis) in the late fourth century and ‘the maritime agora’ in the time of Justinian.Apart from further small-scale work, the present excavations are concluded; some further study of the early environmental sequence in the harbour area will be carried out in the next two years. A fifth and final interim report is planned to cover the excavations since 1976 at the north side of the Circular Harbour.
The Wooden Church of St. Andrew at Greensted, Essex
Authors: Christie Håkon , Olsen Olaf , Taylor H. M. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe surviving wooden fabric of the nave at Greensted has no direct analogues in standing buildings either in England or on the Continent; but excavations have shown evidence for the former existence in both places of buildings with walls of upright logs, some set on sills and some fixed directly in the ground without any sill. Excavation at Greensted in 1960 indicated that the original chancel (and therefore probably also the nave) was of the earth-fast type, for which analogues have been found by excavation in Scandinavia.
Niello: an Historical and Technical Survey
Authors: Niece Susan La 
Published: November 2011

SummaryNiello is a black material composed of one or more metal sulphides. It contrasts particularly effectively with the metal when inlaid or fused into a recessed design in gold or silver, but is also found on bronze and brass. X-ray diffraction analysis of niello from 180 objects spanning the period between the first century A.D. and the present, from Europe and the Middle and Far East, has established that, as a general rule, Roman niello is composed of the sulphide of one metal only, either silver or copper and, furthermore, the niello is usually made of the same metal as that of the object into which it was inlaid. Sulphides made with silver and copper together were introduced at the end of the fifth century, though silver sulphides were still being made, particularly in the areas dominated by Rome. The manufacture of niello of more than one metal represents a technological advance as, unlike the single sulphides, they can be fused into an engraved design without damaging the metalwork. Lead was added to the ingredients as early as the eleventh century A.D. in eastern Europe. This composition will flow well when melted and therefore can be used to fill more complex designs. Leaded niello superseded the other types almost completely and is still made today. Gold silver sulphide, a hitherto unrecognized type of niello, was found on a number of gold items of various dates.
Three Surrey Hillforts: Excavations at Anstiebury, Holmbury, and Hascombe, 1972–1977
Authors: Thompson F. H. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryExcavation of the three Surrey hillforts of Anstiebury, Holmbury, and Hascombe between 1972 and 1977 showed a general similarity of design and function but some variation in detail. Ranging in area from 6 to 10 acres (2·3–4 ha.), they were all related to the use of the sling; two were multivallate but Hascombe was univallate. Occupation was seemingly slight and Anstiebury was possibly uncompleted. The contribution of scientific method to problems of prospecting and dating is discussed. This and the pottery evidence indicate construction within the period 200–50 B.C., most probably 100–50 B.C., and the three sites may have been abandoned simultaneously. At Hascombe a pit- or hearth-filling produced Class I potin coins and the hypothesis is advanced that the hillforts were dismantled as a result of Caesar's landings of 55 and 54 B.C. but it is emphasized that decisive proof is lacking.
Excavations at Hembury (Devon), 1980–83: A Summary Report
Authors: Todd Malcolm 
Published: November 2011

SummaryExcavations at Hembury (Devon) in 1980–83 have revealed a new Neolithic earthwork to the north of the causewayed enclosure excavated by Miss D. M. Liddell in 1930–35. The eastern defences of the Iron Age hillfort have been examined for the first time and a sequence of box rampart followed by dump rampart demonstrated. The latter phase of construction is datable to the second or first century b.c. On the Roman conquest of the region the northern end of the hillfort was occupied by Roman troops who constructed a series of regular planned timber buildings, including a structure identified as a fabrica. This occupation probably ended in the 60s a.d. and thereafter the hillfort remained in disuse.
Is Economic Reform Dead in Latin America? Rhetoric and Reality since 2000
Authors: STALLINGS BARBARA , PERES WILSON 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLiterature published a decade ago reflected a pessimistic view of the market-oriented reforms that Latin America carried out in the 1980s and 1990s, and many politicians have attacked these reforms openly. Indeed, the atmosphere is so negative that it would be reasonable to assume that many of the reforms have been reversed. This paper will take a new look at the situation ten years later. Our argument is that the reforms have generally not been reversed. The reversal that has occurred has been with respect to privatisation in a few countries; negative public opinion is also concentrated on privatisation; and the reforms helped to enable Latin America to take advantage of favourable conditions leading to high growth in the 2004–8 boom period and a relatively strong performance during the 2008–9 crisis. While much remains to be done to raise growth and improve distribution, objective information about the reforms is needed when policies for the future are made.
Detecting changes in the state of reindeer pastures in northernmost Finland, 1995–2005.
Authors: Colpaert Alfred , Kumpula Jouko 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe state of pastures in the Finnish reindeer management area has been monitored since 1995 using remote sensing and field inventory. The first inventory was made in 1995–1996, updated in the beginning of 2000s and repeated in 2005–2008. By comparing results from 1995–1996 and 2005–2008 we can observe clear changes in forest cover, structure and ground lichen abundance. To evaluate pasture/vegetation changes on the basis of separate classifications we have used a grid approach. By implementing a 500 by 500 m grid network and summarizing pasture classes for every grid cell we can visualize and quantify intensity of change. By comparing 1995–1996 and 2005–2008 we can see a clear decrease in the number of cells classified old growth dominated forest, and also an increase of fragmentation can be detected. With a 7.5 ha threshold the amount of old growth forest was reduced by 5%, for 20 ha the decrease was 21%. This indicates a significant change in forest landscape structure, fragmentation and reduction of reindeer winter pasture value in large areas. Pixel wise comparison showed no substantial changes in pasture areas. There is a degree of uncertainty in change detection; changes in remote sensing instrument, changes in processing software and methodology, changes in field methods and ancillary data, and obviously also bias introduced by differences between analysts. When comparing reindeer lichen biomass between 1995–1996 and 2005–2008 on the basis of field site data, the measured lichen biomass has declined in 19 out of the 20 reindeer management districts. Only one district showed slight improvement, in three districts there was a notable drop in lichen biomass, from over 1500 kg/ha to about 500 kg/ha. Also amount of arboreal lichens declined due to felling of old growth forest, confirming the findings on the grid cell level. Consequently grass, shrub and sapling stands increased as felled areas start to grow graminoids and herbs.
Vegetation mapping of Svalbard utilising Landsat TM/ETM+ data
Authors: Johansen Bernt E. , Karlsen Stein Rune , Tømmervik Hans 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe overall objective of this paper is to present and discuss the most recently developed vegetation map for Svalbard, Arctic Norway. The map is based on satellite images in which several Landsat TM/ETM+ images were processed through six operational stages involving: (1) automatic image classification, (2) spectral similarity analysis, (3) generation of classified image mosaics, (4) ancillary data analysis, (5) contextual correction, and (6) standardisation of the final map products. The developed map is differentiated into 18 map units interpreted from 37 spectral classes. Among the 18 units separated, six of the units comprise rivers, lakes and inland waters, glaciers, as well as non- to sparsely vegetated areas. The map unit 7 is a result of shadow effects and different types of distortions in the satellite image. The vegetation of the remaining eleven units varies from dense marshes and moss tundra communities to sparsely vegetated polar deserts and moist gravel snowbeds. The accuracy of the map is evaluated in areas were access to traditional maps have been available. The vegetation density and fertility is reflected in computed NDVI values. The map product is in digital format, which gives the opportunity to produce maps in different scales. A map sheet portraying the entire archipelago is one of the main products from this study, produced at a scale of 1:500,000.
Cuba económica en tiempos de las independencias Americanas. La hacienda y la consolidación de los vales reales en comparación con el caso de México
Authors: Cienfuegos Sigfrido Vázquez , García Antonio Santamaría 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe historiography emphasizes the importance of the fiscal policy and regional differences as causes of Hispano-American independences. The Consolidación de los Vales Reales (1804-1809), an endorsement of the debt contracted to its colonies by Spain in order to finance its constant wars, caused the collapse of the Mexican Treasury and was a key factor in its independence. This article demonstrates that in Cuba, the Consolidation had a different effect. Thanks to its different institutionalization and fiscal praxis, it was used to alleviate the deficit of situados, with which the Mexican Treasury financed the Cuban, and it may help to understand the reasons for non-independence. However, to prove this requires reconstructing the accounts of the Cuban Consolidation, which also demonstrates that the data used up until now were erroneous.