bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volcanoes and climate
Authors: Cole‐Dai Jihong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOf the natural forcings causing short‐term climatic variations, volcanism, along with its climatic impact, is perhaps the best understood. The primary net result of the impact is the reduced receipt of solar energy at Earth's surface due to the scattering of incoming solar radiation by secondary sulfate aerosols formed from volcanic sulfur. The quantitative effects can be measured in energy‐balance‐based climate models, which require validation using high‐quality paleoclimatic and paleovolcanic data. An important advancement in the effort to understand the role of volcanism in climate change in the recent decade is the significant improvement in paleovolcanic records from polar ice cores, represented by long records with unprecedented temporal accuracy and precision, and by the potential to identify climate‐impacting stratospheric eruptions in the records. Other improvements include (1) the investigation of long‐term relationship between eruptions (including super‐eruptions) and climate variations, beyond an eruption's radiative impact of up to a few years; (2) a better understanding of the response to volcanic perturbation of feedback mechanisms in the climate system; and (3) the limited role of volcanic eruptions in the era of human‐induced greenhouse warming. Urgent research/investigation is needed to evaluate the geoengineering proposition to counteract greenhouse warming by injecting sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, which is based on the significant cooling effects of stratospheric volcanic eruptions, and its serious unintended consequences. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 824–839 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.76This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Climate Forcing
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate
Climate hazards and disasters: the need for capacity building
Authors: McBean Gordon , Rodgers Caroline 
Published: September 2010

AbstractClimate and climate‐related hazards such as floods, storms, and droughts have served as trigger events for more than 75% of the disasters that have occurred globally over the past decade. Proportionately, these disasters affect the least developed countries most intensely, proving to be especially harmful to poverty stricken populations. In the future, a changing climate is likely to exacerbate these effects and could make development unsustainable in many places. It is necessary to develop the capacity of all countries to combat hazards so that they do not become disasters. The international framework connects climate change and development, mainly within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Millennium Development Goals and Hyogo Framework for Action on Disaster Risk Reduction, and most recently the Declarations of the G8 and the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate provide further mandates for action. Climate hazards are now clearly linked with issues such as food security, migration, and national security. The linking of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction provides a framework for responding. The development of capacity for knowledge‐based reduction of hazards and disasters risk demands an integrated approach that recognizes the changing nature of natural hazards. Further, capacity development must also recognize the limitations in governmental response and facilitate alternate ways to overcome barriers. For example, the role of resilience is examined in order to demonstrate the tools available for policymakers and individuals, to respond to hazards as they occur. The path forward to sustainable development depends on investments in the development and then the utilization of knowledge‐based, integrated approaches that factor in the future in balance with the present needs of societies. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 871–884 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.77This article is categorized under:

Climate and Development > Sustainability and Human Well‐Being
Climate and Development > Social Justice and the Politics of Development
Pyrylium‐Synthesen 65 Jahre Pyryliumsalze
Authors: Schroth Werner , Fischer Gerhard , Balaban A. T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPyryliumsalze finden in den letzten Jahren ein steigendes theoretisches und präparatives Interesse. Es erscheint daher sinnvoll, im Rahmen einer Übersicht Synthesewege sowie sonstige präparative und reaktive Zusammenhange darzustellen.Andere Übersichtsartikel betreffen vorwiegend die Reaktionen von Pyryliumsalzen und spezielle Synthesemöglichkeiten [12a], [77]. Über die von uns nur wahlweise und zu Vergleichszwecken angeführten Synthesen benzologer Pyryliumsalze (z. B. Chromylium‐ und Xanthyliumsalze) unterrichten bis zum Jahre 1951 ausführlich die Monographien in [12b].Zweck einer solchen Gesamtschau soll es sein, weitere Arbeiten auf diesem experimentell wie theoretisch gleichermaßen wichtigen Teilgebiet der Heterocyclen‐Chemie anzuregen und die Einschätzung des bisher Erreichten zu erleichtern.
Neue Methoden zur Bestimmung von Leitfähigkeiten
Authors: Von Cruse K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn Gegenüberstellung bisher bekannter Leitfähigkeitsmeßmethoden werden die prinzipiell anwendbaren Wege aufgezeigt, diskutiert und erörtert, die sich aus der Entwicklung der Meßtechnik ergeben. Soweit Meßergebnisse zu neuen Methoden vorliegen, wird auf deren Prinzip, auf deren Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und auf deren Vor‐ und Nachteile eingegangen. Neue Methoden mit Hochfrequenz werden dabei bevorzugt behandelt. Abschließend wird auf noch in Entwicklung begriffene neue Methoden hingewiesen.
Physikalisch‐chemische Untersuchungen tribomechanischer Vorgänge (Fragestellung, Ergebnisse, Aussichten)
Authors: Thießen P. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie „Tribomechanik”︁ befaßt sich mit den submikroskopischen Vorgängen der Eingriffe in das Gefüge der Grenzflächen fester Körper. Alle Wechselwirkungen zwischen Werkzeug und Werkstück bei beliebigen mechanischen Bearbeitungen von Festkörpern beginnen mit tribomechanischen Prozessen. Erfolge ihrer molekular‐mechanischen Deutung sind in den letzten Jahren zunehmend auf den Einsatz physikalisch‐chemischer Methoden zurückzuführen. Die submikroskopische Zone der ersten Verformungsschritte stellt sich als ein Bereich dar, in dem für jeweils sehr kurze Zeiten neben stark zerstörtem Gefüge ein sehr heißes Plasma besteht. Bewegungsvorgänge, Veränderungen der Partner und ihrer Umgebung, optische, elektrische und chemische Vorgänge lassen sich aus einem submikroskopischen Verformungsmodell („Magma‐Plasma‐Modell”︁) herleiten, das nach einem synoptischen„ Verfahren der geringsten Widersprüche”︁ aufgestellt wurde.
Trennung und Reinigung von Makromolekülen und Partikeln durch multiplikative Verteilungsverfahren
Authors: Schwenke Klaus Dieter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractVerfahren der multiplikativen Verteilung werden in zunehmendem Maße zur Lösung analytischer Probleme der makromolekularen Chemie herangezogen. Durch Benutzung geeigneter Zweiphasensysteme gelang es in letzter Zeit, hochmolekulare natürliche Polymere, wie Proteine und Nucleinsäuren, sowie Partikel, wie Zelltrümmer, ganze Zellen und Viren, anzureichern oder in reiner Form darzustellen. In einigen Fallen konnten auch synthetische Polymere durch Anwendung dieser Methodik wirksam fraktioniert werden.Es wird eine Übersicht über die wichtigsten Beispiele der Trennung und Reinigung natürlicher und synthetischer Makromoleküle durch multiplikative Verteilung gegeben.
Die Mehrzentrenbindung im Modell der freien Elektronen
Authors: Müller Hans 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAuf der Grundlage der Elektronengasmethode (FE‐Modell) wird für lineare und zyklische Strukturen die Quantenchemie der k‐Zentren‐Bindung (k = 2, 3, 4,…) entwickelt, die Bindungsfestigkeit und relative Stabilität der einzelnen Bindungstypen sowie ihre Elektronenverteilung diskutiert und ein Vergleich mit der LCAO‐MO‐Formulierung vorgenommen. An Hand einiger Beispiele werden die verschiedenen Bindungstypen erläutert.
Quantifying the vitamin D3 synthesizing potential of UVB lamps at specific distances over time
Authors: Schmidt Debra A. , Mulkerin Diane , Boehm Daniel R. , Ellersieck Mark R. , Lu Zhiren , Campbell Matthew , Chen Tai C. , Holick Michael F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to quantify the ultraviolet B (UVB) output and in vitro previtamin D3 synthesis over time from various artificial light sources. Three incandescent lamps, T‐Rex Active UVHeat 160 watt spot, T‐Rex Active UVHeat 160 watt flood, and ZooMed PowerSun 160 watt flood, and two 1.2 m fluorescent lamps, Sylvania Blacklight 350 BL and ZooMed Reptisun 5.0, were studied. Total UVB irradiance and concentration of previtamin D synthesized using an in vitro ampoule model were quantified initially and at monthly intervals for 1 year. Incandescent lamps were measured at distances of 0.9 and 1.5 m while fluorescent lamps were measured at distances of 30.5 and 45.7 cm at the lamp's center, using both the radiometer and ampoules. Fluorescent lamp irradiance was also measured at the lamp's ends. Data were analyzed as a repeated measures split‐plot in time using SAS with all mean differences determined using Least Squares Means. Incandescent lamp irradiance differences were seen at various distances. The UVHeat lamps had consistently higher previtamin D3 production and irradiance readings compared with the PowerSun lamp. Reptisun 5.0 was consistently higher in UVB irradiance over Sylvania BL 350 at both 30.5 and 45.7 cm. However, there were no differences when comparing conversion of 7‐dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3. Irradiance differences were detected between the centers and ends of the fluorescent lamps. Until UVB requirements for vitamin D3 synthesis in animals are determined, it is impossible to state that one light is superior to another. Zoo Biol 29:741–752, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The chaos game on a general iterated function system
Authors: BARNSLEY MICHAEL F. , VINCE ANDREW 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe main theorem of this paper establishes conditions under which the ‘chaos game’ algorithm almost surely yields the attractor of an iterated function system. The theorem holds in a very general setting, even for non-contractive iterated function systems, and under weaker conditions on the random orbit of the chaos game than obtained previously.
What is a (global) polity?
Authors: CORRY OLAF 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDespite sustained theoretical and empirical criticism of ‘statism’, a recognisablemodelof political structure other of hierarchy and anarchy (the models that underpin the state system-model) has long been lacking. Even many proponents of radical transformation of the international system often remain ‘post-international’, describing world politics essentially in terms of complications to the international system. This article agrees that a new point of departure is needed but offers a different model of political structure by redefining the term ‘polity’ – a term which is increasingly used to capture non-territorial political entities neither constituted by hierarchy nor by the lack of it. With the new definition building on Waltz's theory of theory as a ‘picture, mentally formed’ in order to simplify a domain, a polity is deemed to exist when a set of subjects are oriented towards a common ‘governance-object’. The new polity model is applied illustratively to the idea of a global polity and a new polity research agenda of international relations is suggested.
First Report of Soft Rot of Potatoes Caused by Dickeya dadantii in Zimbabwe
Authors: Ngadze E. , Coutinho T. A. , van der Waals J. E. 
Published: September 2010

A survey was carried out in the potato- (Solanum tuberosum L.) growing regions of Zimbabwe in April 2009 to assess the prevalence of bacterial soft rot. A total of 125 tubers with soft rot symptoms were collected. The disease caused severe economic losses ranging from 20 to 60% on tubers in the field and in storage. Affected tubers had symptoms that ranged from light vascular discoloration to complete seed piece decay. Infected tuber tissue was often cream colored and soft to the touch. In the field, plants showed severe wilting, often accompanied by a slimy, brown necrosis of the lower stems. Seventy-five of 125 isolations from diseased tubers yielded pectolytic bacteria on crystal violet pectate (CVP) medium and colonies were characterized after purification on King's B medium. All 75 isolates were gram-negative rods, oxidase negative, facultatively anaerobic, able to degrade pectate, and rot potato slices. They grew at 37°C, were sensitive to erythromycin, positive for phosphatase, indole production, cis-aconitate, lactose, d-arabinose, meso-tartrate, casein, d-melibiose, myo-inositol, and malonate utilization, while negative for acid production from trehalose, inuline, and α-methyl glucose. Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 from the Scottish Research Institute) was included in all biochemical and pathogenicity tests. These characteristics are typical for two species, D. zeae and D. dadantii (2). Thus, the 75 isolates were further identified by PCR amplification with BOX and REP primers (3) and five isolates by gyrB sequence analysis (1). These analyses give support for the isolates being D. dadantii. Partial gyrB sequence analysis showed that the analyzed isolates had 96% sequence identity with the D. dadantii type strain Ech 586T (GenBank Accession No. CP001836.1). One-microliter suspensions (108 CFU per ml) of 20 samples were injected into the stolon end of potato tubers (S. tuberosum L.) cv. BP1. Each isolate was inoculated into three tubers, which were maintained at 25°C. Three control tubers were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Soft rot symptoms identical to those observed in the field and in storage appeared on all inoculated tubers 1 to 2 days after inoculation but not on the control tubers. A bacterium with identical characteristics to those described above was consistently reisolated from the rotted tissue of inoculated tubers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of soft rot on potato in Zimbabwe caused by D. dadantii, formerly referred to as E. chrysanthemi. This finding has implications for import and export of potato material into and out of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe imports seed from various countries because of the current seed shortage and exports table potatoes to other African states. References: (1) C. Brady et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Micobiol. 59:2339, 2009. (2) R. Samson et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55:1415, 2005. (3) J. Versalovic et al. 1991. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:6823, 1991.
Fast and Controllable Simulation of the Shattering of Brittle Objects
Authors: Smith Jeffrey , Witkin Andrew , Baraff David 
Published: September 2010

We present a method for the rapid and controllable simulation of the shattering of brittle objects under impact. An object is represented as a set of point masses connected by distance‐preserving linear constraints. This use of constraints, rather than stiff springs, gains us a significant advantage in speed while still retaining fine control over the fracturing behavior. The forces exerted by these constraints during impact are computed using Lagrange multipliers. These constraint forces are then used to determine when and where the object will break, and to calculate the velocities of the newly created fragments. We present the details of our technique together with examples illustrating its use.An earlier version of this paper was presented at Graphics Interface 2000, held in Montreal, Canada.
Virtually Documented Environments: A New Interface Paradigm for Task‐oriented Access to Information
Authors: Kakez Samory , Conan Vania , Bisson Pascal 
Published: September 2010

We present a suitable virtually documented environment system providing the user with high level interaction possibilities. The system is dedicated to applications where the operator needs to have his hands free in order to access information, carry out measurements and/or operate on a device (e.g. maintenance, instruction). The system merges video images acquired through a head‐mounted video camera with synthetic data (multimedia documents including CAD models and text) and presents these merged images to the operator. Registration techniques allow the operator to visualise information properly correlated to the real world: this is an essential aspect in order to achieve a feeling of presence in a real environment.We increase the sense of immersion through high level Human‐Computer Interaction (HCI) allowing hands‐free access to information through vocal commands as well as multimodal interaction associating speech and gesture. In this way, the user can access information and manipulate it in a very natural manner. We discuss the construction of the documentation system and the requested functionalities which led to the system architecture.
A Framework for Interacting with Paper
Authors: Robinson Peter , Sheppard Dan , Watts Richard , Harding Robert , Lay Steve 
Published: September 2010

This paper reports on ways of using digitised video from television cameras in user interfaces for computer systems. The DigitalDesk is built around an ordinary physical desk and can be used as such, but it has extra capabilities. A video camera mounted above the desk, pointing down at the work surface, is used to detect where the user is pointing and to read documents that are placed on the desk. A computer‐driven projector is also mounted above the desk, allowing the system to project electronic objects onto the work surface and onto real paper documents. The animated paper documents project is considering particular applications of the technology in electronic publishing. The goal is to combine electronic and printed documents to give a richer presentation than that afforded by either separate medium.This paper describes the framework that has been developed to assist with the preparation and presentation of these mixed‐media documents. The central component is a registry that associates physical locations on pieces of paper with actions. This is surrounded by a number of adaptors that assist with the creation of new documents either from scratch or by translating from conventional hypermedia, and also allow the documents to be edited. Finally the DigitalDesk itself identifies pieces of paper and animates them with the actions described in the registry.
A Modeling and Rendering Method for Snow by Using Metaballs
Authors: Nishita Tomoyuki , Iwasaki Hiroshi , Dobashi Yoshinori , Nakamae Eihachiro 
Published: September 2010

The display of natural scenes such as mountains, trees, the earth as viewed from space, the sea, and waves have been attempted. Here a method to realistically display snow is proposed.In order to achieve this, two important elements have to be considered, namely the shape and shading model of snow, based on the physical phenomenon. In this paper, a method for displaying snow fallen onto objects, including curved surfaces and snow scattered by objects, such as skis, is proposed. Snow should be treated as particles with a density distribution since it consists of water particles, ice particles, and air molecules. In order to express the material property of snow, the phase functions of the particles must be taken into account, and it is well‐known that the color of snow is white because of the multiple scattering of light.This paper describes a calculation method for light scattering due to snow particles taking into account both multiple scattering and sky light, and the modeling of snow.
Evolution on a shaky piece of Gondwana: is local endemism recent in New Caledonia?
Authors: Murienne Jérôme , Grandcolas Philippe , Piulachs Maria Dolors , Bellés Xavier , D'Haese Cyrille , Legendre Frédéric , Pellens Roseli , Guilbert Eric 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNew Caledonia is well known as a hot spot of biodiversity whose origin as a land mass can be traced back to the Gondwanan supercontinent. The local flora and fauna, in addition to being remarkably rich and endemic, comprise many supposedly relictual groups. Does the New Caledonian biota date back to Gondwanan times, building up its richness and endemism over 100 Myr or does it result from recent diversifications after Tertiary geological catastrophic events? Here we use a molecular phylogenetic approach to answer this question with the study of the Neocaledonian cockroach genus Angustonicus belonging to the subfamily Tryonicinae from Australia and New Caledonia. Both geological and molecular dating show that the diversification of this group is less than two million years old, whatever the date of its origin itself. This dating is not consistent with hypotheses of Gondwanan richness and endemism in New Caledonian biota. In other terms, local richness and endemism at the specific level are not necessarily related to an old Gondwanan origin of the Neocaledonian groups.© The Willi Hennig Society 2005.
Further problems with the incongruence length difference test: “hypercongruence” effect and multiple comparisons
Authors: Ramírez Martín J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe incongruence length difference (ILD) test may produce artificially large significance values with the addition not only of uninformative characters, but also of informative characters not relevant to the groups in conflict. Previously reported problems with the ILD test involved cases of false positives, reporting high incongruence when none is expected. Under certain conditions, the test can suffer with the opposite problem (false negatives), reporting non‐significant values in cases of high incongruence. These opposing effects can be combined in a data set, such that a comparison over all partitions appears as congruent, while some of the pair‐wise comparisons are reported as significantly incongruent.© The Willi Hennig Society 2006.
Morphological data indicates two major clades of the subtribe Gorteriinae (Asteraceae‐Arctotideae)
Authors: Karis Per Ola 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe phylogeny of subtribe Gorteriinae (Asteraceae‐Arctotideae) is investigated by means of cladistic analysis of morphological characters. Two sister groups are formed, namely a Gorteria clade also containing Hirpicium and Gazania, and a Berkheya clade, which also contains Cullumia, Cuspidia, Didelta and Heterorhachis. The Gorteria clade has strong jackknife support and is diagnosed by four morphological characters (leaves with longitudinally striate hairs, fringed anther apical appendages, pollen of the “Gazania‐type”, and subulate‐ensiform, ascending style sweeping hairs) that are unique within the Asteraceae. The Berkheya clade is moderately supported and diagnosed by two characters without contradiction (spiny leaves, and mamillate, large style sweeping hairs). Hirpicium and Berkheya are paraphyletic, with the other, morphologically more homogeneous genera (Gorteria, and Gazania, Cullumia, Cuspidia, Didelta and Heterorhachis, respectively) nested within them. There is some evidence for a radiation of species of the summer rainfall area of South Africa and tropical Africa and the corresponding species are nested within a grade confined to the Cape Floristic Region.© The Willi Hennig Society 2006.