bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial microsimulation as a method for estimating different poverty rates in Australia
Authors: Tanton Robert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper uses spatial microsimulation to calculate small area poverty severity and headcount poverty in Australia using the Foster‐Greer‐Thorbeck method. The estimates of poverty severity across Australia, and for certain subgroups of the population, are then compared with headcount poverty rates. Areas of difference are highlighted, and the reasons for some of these differences are investigated further. Because the spatial microsimulation gives unit record data on incomes in each small area, we can compare the microsimulated income distributions for the small areas to see what drives the difference between headcount poverty and poverty severity.We find that the headcount poverty rate is in the same quintile as poverty severity for 63% of people in Australia. The headcount poverty rate tends to be lower than poverty severity in areas where there is extreme poverty, and this is confirmed by looking at the microsimulated income distribution of areas where the differences were greater. This may be because poverty severity is giving greater weight to the extreme poor compared with headcount poverty. There were very few areas where the headcount poverty was higher than poverty severity.Looking at older single people, the picture was very different. Only 36% of aged single people were in the same quintile. In many areas, the headcount poverty was much higher than poverty severity. Areas where the headcount poverty rate was higher than the poverty severity tended to be areas where there were a number of people very close to the poverty line, which is common for aged single people on a pension. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International entrepreneurship: leveraging internal and external knowledge sources
Authors: Fernhaber Stephanie A. , Mcdougall‐Covin Patricia P. , Shepherd Dean A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInternational knowledge is a key intangible resource for international entrepreneurship. Yet, given the liabilities of newness and foreignness, how do new ventures obtain international knowledge? In this study, we draw on the knowledge‐based view to investigate both internal and external sources of international knowledge for 206 new ventures. The findings suggest international knowledge may be sourced externally, including from alliance partners, venture capital firms, and firms in close proximity. Interestingly, and contrary to absorptive capacity arguments, new ventures with limited internationally experienced top management teams benefited most from external international knowledge sources. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
Effects of international R&D alliances on performance of high‐tech start‐ups: a longitudinal analysis
Authors: Colombo Massimo G. , Grilli Luca , Murtinu Samuele , Piscitello Lucia , Piva Evila 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this article, we use the theoretical lens of resource and competence‐based perspectives and global strategic network theory to analyze the effects of international R&D alliances on the performance of high‐tech start‐ups. In the empirical section of the article, we consider the European Union‐funded international R&D alliances established by a large sample of Italian high‐tech start‐ups over the period from 1994 to 2003. We measure firm performance through total factor productivity, and we resort to generalized method of moments system estimates to detect the treatment effect of alliance formation according to type and home country of the partners. The econometric results suggest that international R&D alliances are most beneficial to high‐tech start‐ups if (1) they involve industrial partners located in a variety of countries and (2) these countries are closer to world knowledge sources. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
Functional Remodeling of Benign Human Prostatic Tissues In Vivo by Spontaneously Immortalized Progenitor and Intermediate Cells
Authors: Jiang Ming , Strand Douglas W. , Fernandez Suzanne , He Yue , Yi Yajun , Birbach Andreas , Qiu Qingchao , Schmid Johannes , Tang Dean G. , Hayward Simon W. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Tissue remodeling or regeneration is believed to initiate from multipotent stem and progenitor cells. We report here the establishment of two spontaneously immortalized adult non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell lines, NHPrE1 and BHPrE1. NHPrE1 (CD133high/CD44high/OCT4high/PTENhigh) was characterized as a putative progenitor cell, and BHPrE1 (p63high/p53high/p21(WAF1)high/RBhigh) was characterized as a putative epithelial intermediate cell. Genomic analysis demonstrated an abnormal karyotype with genomic rearrangements including PTEN amplification in NHPrE1 and CTNNB1 (β-catenin) amplification in BHPrE1 cells. Embedded three-dimensional culture of NHPrE1 showed greater branching than BHPrE1. A tissue recombination-xenografting model was utilized to compare remodeling of human prostatic tissues in vivo. A series of tissue recombinants, made by mixing different ratios of human prostatic epithelial cells and inductive rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme, were grafted to the renal capsule of severe combined immunodeficient mice. Both cell lines were able to regenerate benign secretory ductal-acinar architecture in vivo, containing intact basal and luminal epithelial layers confirmed by the expression of appropriate CK profiles. Prostate-specific antigen, 15-lipoxygenase-2, androgen receptor, and NKX3.1 proteins were appropriately expressed in the regenerated epithelia. Regeneration of benign prostatic glandular structures could be achieved using as few as 10 NHPrE1 cells, whereas 200,000 BHPrE1 cells were required to achieve prostatic architecture. This suggests a greater proportion of progenitor/stem cells in NHPrE1 than in BHPrE1. These cell lines provide important data on progenitor and intermediate cell phenotypes and represent significant new tools for the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of human prostatic regeneration, pathogenesis, and carcinogenesis.
Optimal control of nonlinear frames by Newmark and distributed genetic algorithms
Authors: Joghataie Abdolreza , Mohebbi Mohtasham 
Published: December 2009

AbstractActive control of multi‐storey frame structures with nonlinear hysteretic response has been studied in this paper. A new nonlinear optimal control algorithm based on nonlinear Newmark integration method and distributed genetic algorithm (DGA) has been developed. The objective has been to reduce the response to below any desired level. In this study, DGA has been used to determine the weights in the control law corresponding to displacement, velocity and acceleration. The capabilities of the method has been assessed through simulation where an eight‐storey frame with bilinear hysteretic behaviour has been subjected to a white noise ground acceleration and controlled by the controllers designed by the new algorithm. An active tendon control system comprised of prestressed tendons and either a single actuator, which could apply a force to one of the floors, or eight actuators, which could fully control the frame, has been used. Also, the optimum actuator placement in the single actuator case has been studied. The designed controllers have been tested under both near and far‐field earthquakes and have performed successfully. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased pain sensitivity in alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Authors: Jochum Thomas , Boettger Michael K. , Burkhardt Christin , Juckel Georg , Bär Karl‐Jürgen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWithdrawal from analgesic and addictive substances such as opioids or ethanol is associated with increased sensitivity to sensory stimulation in animal models.Here, we investigated perception of innocuous and noxious thermal or electric stimuli applied to the left hand or sternum in 30 male patients undergoing withdrawal from alcohol, 30 male abstained alcoholics and matched controls. The alcohol withdrawal scale and the Banger score were obtained to estimate the severity of withdrawal. In addition, the Beck depression inventory was used to estimate the influence of depressive symptoms on pain perception.The data presented provide substantial evidence that subjects undergoing alcohol withdrawal show increased heat pain sensitivity. Interestingly, this effect was observed both on the left hand and sternum. Pain thresholds and tolerances of electric stimuli did not differ between groups. However, in a subgroup analysis, a higher sensitivity for electrical pain thresholds and tolerances was observed in those patients that were identified to require pharmacological treatment for withdrawal according to disease severity. Furthermore, the perceived painful thermal and electrical sensation was substantially influenced by the affective state of patients. No differences were found between patients of the abstained group and control subjects for any pain parameter.In conclusion, we demonstrate withdrawal‐induced hyperalgesia upon thermal stimulation in patients. Since the influence of affective symptoms on pain perception during withdrawal is remarkable, we assume that peripheral and central mechanisms might account for this finding, which should be assessed in detail in future studies.
Cannabis use and neuropsychological performance in healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Scholes K. E. , Martin-Iverson M. T. 
Published: December 2009

BackgroundThe effects of cannabis use on neuropsychological indices that show characteristic disturbances in schizophrenia are unclear. The effect of cannabis use on these cognitive functions is of particular interest given the hypothesized association between cannabis use and schizophrenia. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of cannabis use on attentional control, working memory and executive functioning, in both healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia.MethodNeuropsychological performance was assessed in 36 cannabis users who were otherwise healthy, 35 healthy non-users, 22 cannabis-using patients with schizophrenia, and 49 non-using patients with schizophrenia. Participants were administered the Stroop task, the letter–number sequencing and spatial span subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).ResultsPatients with schizophrenia (both cannabis users and non-users) showed significantly poorer performance across all neuropsychological tasks, relative to controls; however, there were no significant differences between schizophrenic cannabis users and schizophrenic non-users on any measures, with the exception of increased non-perseverative errors on the WCST in cannabis-using patients. Similarly, healthy cannabis users showed no significant differences from healthy non-users in any of the cognitive domains, with the exception of a schizophrenic-like increase in perseveration on the WCST.ConclusionsAmongst both healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia there appears to be little difference in cognitive performance between cannabis users and non-users, suggesting that cannabis use has only subtle effects on the neurocognitive performance indices assessed here, which have been well established to be disturbed in schizophrenia.
An American Insect in Imperial Germany: Visibility and Control in Making the Phylloxera in Germany, 1870–1914
Authors: Jansen Sarah 
Published: December 2009

The ArgumentThe vine lousePhylloxera vastatrixbecame a “pest” as it was transferred from North America and from France to Germany during the 1870s. Embodying the “invading alien,” it assumed a cultural position that increasingly gained importance in Imperial Germany. In this process, the minute insect, living invisibly underground, was made visible and became constitutive of the scientific-technological object, “pest,” pertaining to a scientific discipline, modern economic entomology. The “pest” phylloxera emerged by being made visible in a way that enabled control measures against it. Thus, visibility functioned as a prerequisite for control measures. I differentiate between social visibility and physical visibility, as well as between social control and physical control of the “introduced pest.” The object phylloxera emerged at the intersection of techniques of social control such as surveillance, techniques of physical control such as disinfection, and representational practices of the sciences such as mathematics and graphics. The space of its visibility was not the vineyard as property of a vintner but the vineyard as national territory, where German (viti-) culture was defended against foreign infiltration and destruction. Many vintners had alternate visions of the grapevine disease, they resented the invasion and destruction of their vineyards by government officers, and thus they did not participate in the social and epistemic constitution of the “pest.” By 1914, the “introduced pest” had not yet become an effective “machinery.” However, the “pest” as an object of scientific knowledge emerged together with economic entomology. The field became organized as a discipline in Germany in 1913, forty years after the phylloxera had first aroused the minds of some worried Wilhelmians, and, together with its nationalistic images, the field of “pest” control became organized towards a redefinition of German society and its perceived dangers.
Police Chemistry
Authors: Wakefield R. Andre 
Published: December 2009

The ArgumentJohann von Justi, the foremost literary cameralist of his generation, served as chief police commissioner in Göttingen between 1755 and 1757. While in Göttingen, Justi offered lectures at the university on the “œconomic, police and cameral sciences.” He also arrested vagrants, wrote on chemistry, disciplined unruly students, conducted chemical experiments, supervised the pricing of Göttingen's staple goods, engaged in a public controversy with a prominent Berlin chemist, edited and published a bi-weekly periodical (Göttingische Policey-Amts Nachrichien), and worked with the university's curator to refashion the academic structure of the sciences. Taken together, these various activities reflected his broad vision for social and academic change, a vision with important implications for the form and content of the sciences. Drawing on archival material in Göttingen, on articles from thePolicey-Amts Nachrichten, and on Justi's other cameralist and chemical writings, I use his everyday experiences as a local police official to explore the meaning of his chemical work. I argue that Justi's chemistry was suffused with the cameralist dreams and ambitions of a small-town police commissioner. It is what I call police chemistry.
Penser la littérature médiévale: par-dela le binarisme
Authors: Cerquiglini-Toulet Jacqueline 
Published: December 2009

Résumé

Au-delà des formules binaires et du goût pour une pensée duelle qui caractérisent la pensée féodale selon Erich Auerbach, l'article analyse les figures de la complexité qu'offre le Moyen Âge. L'accent porté de plus en plus au fil du temps sur les états intermédiaires:
dorveille
,
nonchaloir
, clair-obscur signe la mise en question des vérités tranchées. Le blanc ne s'oppose plus au noir et des formules comme
Armes et Amours
s'adjoignent un troisième terme qui renvoie souvent à la littérature ou à la réflexivité. C'est l'ensemble de ces phénomènes que cerne l'article avec comme interrogation essentielle: comment écrit-on et lit-on la complexité dans les textes médiévaux, comment construit-on ou déconstruit-on du sens?
Propofol Depresses Angiotensin II–induced Cell Proliferation in Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts
Authors: Cheng Tzu-Hurng , Leung Yuk-Man , Cheung Chi-Wai , Chen Cheng-Hsien , Chen Yen-Ling , Wong Kar-Lok 
Published: December 2009

Background
Propofol may have beneficial effects on the prevention of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation via its antioxidative properties. The authors hypothesized that propofol may alter Ang II-induced cell proliferation and aimed to identify the putative underlying signaling pathways in rat cardiac fibroblasts.

Methods
Cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts were pretreated with propofol then stimulated with Ang II; cell proliferation and endothelin-1 gene expression were examined. The effect of propofol on Ang II-induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase activity, reactive oxygen species formation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, and activator protein 1-mediated reporter activity were also examined. The effect of propofol on nitric oxide production and protein kinase B and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylations were also tested to elucidate the intracellular mechanism of propofol in proliferation.

Results
Ang II (100 nm) increased cell proliferation and endothelin-1 expression, which were partially inhibited by propofol (10 or 30 microm). Propofol also inhibited Ang II-increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase activity, reactive oxygen species formation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, and activator protein 1-mediated reporter activity. Propofol was also found to increase nitric oxide generation and protein kinase B and nitric oxide synthase phosphorylations. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (N-nitro-L-arginine methylester) and the short interfering RNA transfection for protein kinase B or endothelial nitric oxide synthase markedly attenuated the inhibitory effect of propofol on Ang II-induced cell proliferation.

Conclusions
The authors' results suggest that propofol prevents cardiac fibroblast proliferation by interfering with the generation of reactive oxygen species and involves the activation of the protein kinase B-endothelial nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide pathway.
Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol on Lower Esophageal Sphincter and Gastroesophageal Pressure Gradient in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Turan Alparslan , Wo John , Kasuya Yusuke , Govinda Raghavendra , Akça Ozan , Dalton Jarrod E. , Sessler Daniel I. , Rauch Stefan 
Published: December 2009

Background
Many anesthetics reduce lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP). Reduced pressure and consequent reduction in the gastroesophageal pressure gradient (GEPG) thus promotes gastroesophageal reflux and may contribute to aspiration pneumonia and associated morbidity. Therefore, the authors compared LESP and GEPG during dexmedetomidine and propofol sedation.

Methods
Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 11 healthy volunteers were sedated on 2 separate days. Baseline LESP and GEPG were recorded each day. Subsequently, on each day volunteers received three 40-min-long sedative infusions of increasing doses of 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4 ng/ml dexmedetomidine or 1, 2, and 4 microg/ml propofol. LESP and GEPG were recorded during inhalation and expiration at 20 and 40 min after starting each infusion phase, and these measurements were averaged. Results are presented as mean (95% confidence interval).

Results
Two subjects did not return for the dexmedetomidine study day, and the dexmedetomidine results were unusable in another; propofol results in these volunteers were nonetheless retained for analysis. There were no significant differences in LESP and GEPG as a function of drug. However, there was a small but significant 7.4 (-1.6 to -13.2) mmHg (approximately 25%) dose-dependent decrease in LESP over the range of targeted low to high blood levels of each drug.

Conclusions
Both dexmedetomidine and propofol have similar effects on LESP and GEPG. Although both of the drugs cause some decrease in LESP at high concentrations, it is unlikely that this effect would promote gastroesophageal reflux during sedation.
Bupivacaine Inhibits Glutamatergic Transmission in Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons
Authors: Furutani Kenta , Ikoma Miho , Ishii Hideaki , Baba Hiroshi , Kohno Tatsuro 
Published: December 2009

Background
The local anesthetic bupivacaine is thought not only to block sodium channels but also to interact with various receptors. Here, the authors focus on excitatory glutamatergic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord with respect to its importance for nociceptive processing.

Methods
The effects of bupivacaine on the response to exogenous administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonists were examined in lamina II neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.

Results
Bupivacaine (0.5, 2 mm) dose-dependently reduced the peak amplitudes of exogenous NMDA-induced currents. However, this inhibitory effect of bupivacaine (2 mm) was not blocked by the presence of tetrodotoxin, a sodium channel blocker, or La(3+), a voltage-gated Ca+ channel blocker, and was unaffected by changes in pH conditions. Moreover, intrapipette guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (1 mm), a G-protein inhibitor, did not block the reduction of NMDA current amplitudes by bupivacaine. Similarly, lidocaine, ropivacaine, and mepivacaine also reduced the amplitudes of NMDA-induced currents.

Conclusions
These findings raise the possibility that the antinociceptive effect of bupivacaine may be due to direct modulation of NMDA receptors in the superficial dorsal horn. In addition to voltage-gated sodium channels, glutamate NMDA receptors are also important for analgesia induced by local anesthetics.
Guarding Pain and Spontaneous Activity of Nociceptors after Skin versus Skin Plus Deep Tissue Incision
Authors: Xu Jun , Brennan Timothy J. 
Published: December 2009

Background
Guarding pain after rat plantar incision is similar to pain at rest in postoperative patients. Spontaneous activity (SA) in nociceptive pathways quite likely transmits such ongoing pain. This study examined the extent of tissue injury by incision on pain behaviors and nociceptor SA.

Methods
Rat pain behaviors were measured after a sham procedure, skin incision, or skin plus deep tissue incision. Separate groups of rats underwent in vivo single-fiber recording 1 day after a sham procedure, skin, or skin plus deep tissue incision or 7 days after skin plus deep tissue incision.

Results
Compared with the control procedure, skin incision induced moderate guarding on the day of incision only, whereas skin plus deep tissue incision caused guarding for 5 days. Mechanical and heat hyperalgesia were similar in both incised groups, except that mechanical hyperalgesia lasted longer after skin plus deep tissue incision. On Postoperative Day 1, skin incision (18.2%) produced a similar prevalence of SA in nociceptors as in controls (13.0%), whereas skin plus deep tissue incision generated a greater prevalence of SA (61.0%); SA rate also tended to be greater (6.1 vs. 10.0 imp/s) after skin plus deep tissue incision. Seven days after skin plus deep tissue incision, the SA prevalence was similar (13.6%) as in controls.

Conclusions
These data demonstrated that incised deep tissue rather than skin had a central role in the genesis of guarding behavior and nociceptor SA. Understanding the responses of deep tissue to incision and the mechanisms for deep tissue pain will improve postoperative pain management.