bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Birth of a Noble Tea Country: on The Geography of Colonial Capital and The Origins of Indian Tea
Authors: LIU ANDREW B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper looks at the origins of the British tea industry of India from the standpoint of colonial and semicolonial involvement in, respectively, British India and Qing China. The imposition of the tea industry in Assam was integrally tied to the wars in East Asia fought in order to open markets for the movement of opium and other commodities. British officials championed both policies in the name of modern economic progress, liberalizing trade with the Qing and establishing a productive industry in Assam. The agricultural science of political economy aimed to extract the value of various objects which could then be united in a land hitherto considered a wasteland. Plants, soil and labor were each viewed as isolatable things whose values were objective and calculable. Such static representation, however, was already belied by the dynamic process of gathering and transporting these “things” across the vast and unevenly developed regions of Asia, ultimately valorizing them as a breakfast drink commodity enjoyed worldwide. The origins of the Assam tea plantations, mirroring developments elsewhere, relied upon spatio‐economic connections that force us to reevaluate how the specific histories of British India, Qing China and Southeast Asia are inseparably linked.
Codifying Manamba: History, Knowledge Production and Sisal Plantation Workers in Tanzania
Authors: SABEA HANAN 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the different bodies of knowledge produced about and by sisal plantation workers in Tanzania under colonialism and after independence. I take as my focus the labor category manamba, whose semantic field is rife with absences and contradictions. By examining the different modalities, agents and types of knowledge produced about and by sisal workers, I argue that the contradictions and absences of manamba reflect what David Scott calls “the dense field of operations” on the plantations. The multiple knowledges produced constituted on the one hand the modus operandi of organizing and regulating labor, while on the other they comprised the tactic workers deployed to subvert not only capitalist authority but also patriarchal structures of domination.
The 2009 Stock Conference Report: Inflammation, Obesity and Metabolic Disease
Authors: Hevener A. L. , Febbraio M. A. ,   the Stock Conference Working Group
Published: December 2009

SummaryObesity is linked with many deleterious health consequences and is associated with increased risk of chronic disease including type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and certain forms of cancer. Recent work has highlighted the impact of obesity to activate inflammatory gene networks and suggests a causal function of inflammation in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Since 2005, when Dr Gokhan Hotamisligil chaired the fourth Stock Conference in Istanbul, Turkey, entitled ‘Obesity and Inflammation’, there has been an explosion of studies investigating the relationship between obesity, inflammation and substrate metabolism. The exuberance surrounding this field of research is exemplified by the body of work that has been published in these past 4 years, including over 1400 publications. During this time, several novel mechanisms relating to cellular inflammation have been uncovered including the role of the hematopoietic system, toll‐like receptor activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and very recently T‐cell activation in obesity‐induced insulin resistance. These discoveries have led us to rethink cellular nutrient sensing and its role in inflammation and metabolic disease. Despite burgeoning investigation in this field, there still remain a number of unanswered questions. This review that evolved from the 2009 Stock Conference summarizes current research and identifies the deficiencies in our understanding of this topic. The overall goal of this Stock Conference was to bring together leading investigators in the field of inflammation and obesity research in the hope of fostering new ideas, thus advancing the pursuit of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce disease risk and or better treat chronic disease including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
DETAINED AND DRUGGED: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE USE OF PHARMACEUTICALS FOR THE INTERROGATION OF SUSPECTS, PRISONERS, PATIENTS, AND POWS IN THE US
Authors: CALKINS LAURA 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTUsing medical literature citations, Congressional hearings, and declassified documents this paper examines the uses of pharmaceuticals in the interrogation of vulnerable populations. From the use of IV relaxants on criminal suspects during the 1920s to the Global War on Terror, the nexus of drugs, testing, and interrogations will be explored in both the domestic and international contexts.
RESEARCH ON PRISONERS – A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE IOM COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS (2006) AND EUROPEAN REGULATIONS
Authors: ELGER BERNICE S. , SPAULDING ANNE 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThe Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Ethical Considerations for Revisions to DHHS Regulations for Protection of Prisoners Involved in Research published its report in 2006. It was charged with developing an ethical framework for the conduct of research with prisoners and identifying the safeguards and conditions necessary to ensure that research with prisoners is conducted ethically. The recommendations contained in the IOM report differ from current European regulations in several ways, some being more restrictive and some less so. For example, the IOM report suggests limiting the percentage of prisoners that should be involved in a biomedical study to 50%, a limit that does not exist in Europe. However, the report does not specifically advise against research without a direct benefit to an individual prisoner: the European regulations are more restrictive than the IOM committee recommendations in this respect. The definition of minimal risk varies, as well as the proposed role of the minimal risk requirement and of the principle of subsidiarity (research that can only be done effectively in prisons). The IOM report proposes a number of thoughtful suggestions, which it would be beneficial to implement everywhere, such as registers of research on prisoners. The European regulations offer pragmatic solutions to several thorny issues. In summary, the IOM committee report represents an admirable effort to tackle the present inconsistencies and deficiencies of federal regulations in the US on research on prisoners (45 CFR 46 Subpart C). Nonetheless, before acting on the recommendations, US regulators might consider revisiting international guidelines such as those published by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Science (CIOMS) and the Declaration of Helsinki.
PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION, GROWTH AND THE GENESIS OF SOCIAL CLASSES
Authors: Jacques Jean‐François , Rebeyrol Antoine 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to show that inequalities of wealth can be necessary conditions to explain the apparition and rise of a capitalistic system. We try to highlight Marx's insights on primitive accumulation. Our dynamic framework is consistent with Roemer's idea of endogenous class stratification. We extend this calculation by incorporating some features of the Pasinetti–Samuelson–Modigliani model, and provide an example of possible microfoundations.
Intense pulsed light vs. pulsed‐dye laser in the treatment of facial acne: a randomized split‐face trial
Authors: Choi YS , Suh HS , Yoon MY , Min SU , Lee DH , Suh DH 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground  Various laser and light therapy have been increasingly used for the treatment of acne vulgaris.Patients and methods  Twenty patients with facial acne were treated using intense pulsed light (IPL) on one side of the face and pulsed dye laser (PDL) on the other to compare the efficacy and safety of IPL and PDL. Treatment was performed 4 times at 2‐week intervals. Treatment effectiveness was determined using lesion counts, acne severity, patient subjective self‐assessments of improvement, and histopathological examinations, which included immunohistochemical staining for transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β).Results  Numbers of total acne lesions decreased following both treatments. For inflammatory lesions such as papules, pustules and nodules, IPL‐treated sides showed an earlier and more profound improvement than PDL‐treated sides. However, at 8 weeks after the 4th treatment, a rebound aggravation of acne was observed on IPL‐treated sides. On the contrary, PDL produced gradual improvements during the treatment sessions and these improvements lasted 8 weeks after the 4th treatment. Non‐inflammatory lesions as open and closed comedones also showed improvement following both treatments and PDL‐treated sides showed better improvement as the study proceeded. Histopathological examinations showed amelioration in inflammatory reactions and an increase in TGF‐β expression after both treatments, which were more prominent for PDL‐treated sides.Conclusion  Both PDL and IPL were found to treat acne effectively, but PDL showed a more sustained effect. TGF‐β might play a key role in the resolution of inflammatory acne lesions.
Studying Contemporary Constitutionalism: Memory, Myth and Horizon
Authors: HANSEN‐MAGNUSSON HANNES , WIENER ANTJE 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article proposes to apply a praxeological approach to study contemporary constitutionalism. The approach is conceptualized following critical constructivist research on constitutionalism that focuses on experience and expectation when studying the contested meaning of norms in international relations. It argues that the concept of memory offers an important view on the language‐based concept of experience which extends beyond the confines of behavioural approaches that study habitual change with regard to norms. The article offers a conceptual discussion of approaches to constitutionalism, emphasizing the distinction between modern and contemporary constitutionalism and their respective foci on regulatory versus cultural practices, introduces a praxeological dimension of horizons and elaborates on political memory and myth as concepts of functional memory.
The European Union's Fundamental Rights Myth*
Authors: SMISMANS STIJN 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAlthough not in the Rome Treaty, the EEC/EU has gradually developed fundamental rights narratives which constitute a political myth. They have a common basis of foundational claims, placing fundamental rights, retrospectively, as inherent to the EU and based on a common European heritage. Like all myths, this narrative contains factual error, but is believed and acted upon by both institutional myth‐makers and civil society actors. Through mythological free‐riding on the Member States and the Council of Europe, the EU has been relatively successful in avoiding myth competition. Success in the longer run depends on broader myth appropriation, coherence and competition with other narratives.
Global Europa: Mythology of the European Union in World Politics
Authors: MANNERS IAN 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe mythology of the European Union (EU) in world politics can be told and untold in many different ways. This article focuses on the lore or stories of who did what to whom, the ideological projection of the past onto the present and the escapist pleasure of storytelling in looking at the mythology of ‘global Europa’– the EU in the world. It concludes with a reflection on the way in which the many diverse myths of global Europa compete for daily attention, whether as lore, ideology or pleasure. In this respect the mythology of global Europa is part of our everyday existence, part of the EU in and of the world.
The Economic Mythology of European Integration
Authors: JONES ERIK 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article examines the economic myths that surround the process of European integration. It argues that while such myths once played an important role in fostering identification and support for the process, they no longer serve that function. Instead, these economic myths have become a focal point for contestation and concern. Europeans will have to develop a new mythology to explain and justify their process of integration as a result.
The Myth of a Green Europe
Authors: LENSCHOW ANDREA , SPRUNGK CARINA 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUnlike most nation‐states, the EU faces the challenge of actively creating and sustaining myths about its polity. In this article we explore if and under what conditions the story of a ‘Green Europe’ represents a successful new myth on the European project, which is appealing to present and future generations and capable of generating legitimacy for EU politics. Exploring the narratives of policy leaders (storytellers) we trace the functional role of environmental policy for the EU polity as a whole, establish the legitimating role of environmental policy for the EU and search the extent to which the environmental narrative is constructed as an identity‐building story. We argue that, while the actual performance of the EU in environmental policy might raise some doubts about the credibility and hence sustainability of the Green Europe myth, ‘green’ has become a brand attribute of the EU to the European public and carries a high level of legitimacy and potential for identification.
The EU as a Gender Equal Polity: Myths and Realities
Authors: MACRAE HEATHER 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGender equality is an important aspect of the foundational myths of the European Union (EU). However, despite a number of equality policies, the gender myth has been largely unsuccessful in creating a sense of loyalty among European women. This article draws on two cases studies, parental leave policy and liberalization of the airline industry, to investigate why the myth of gender equality has not resonated with European women. The first case demonstrates that, if the European gender narrative runs up against contending national myths, the EU narrative may be undermined. The second case shows that if EU gender initiatives are forced to compete with dominant narratives in the economic sphere, they are quickly undermined. In other words, the EU gender myth, though well grounded in legislative reality, is too weak to create the gender equal polity that it envisions.
Neural correlates of verbal and nonverbal semantic integration in children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: McCleery Joseph P. , Ceponiene Rita , Burner Karen M. , Townsend Jeanne , Kinnear Mikaela , Schreibman Laura 
Published: December 2009

Background: Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social‐emotional, social‐communicative, and language skills. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies have found that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) evidence abnormalities in semantic processing, with particular difficulties in verbal comprehension. However, it is not known whether these semantic deficits are confined to the verbal domain or represent a more general problem with semantic processing. The focus of the current study was to investigate verbal and meaningful nonverbal semantic processing in high‐functioning children with autism (mean age = 5.8 years) using event‐related potentials (ERPs).Method: ERPs were recorded while children attended to semantically matching and mismatching picture–word and picture–environmental sound pairs.Results: ERPs of typically developing children exhibited evidence of semantic incongruency detection in both the word and environmental sound conditions, as indexed by elicitation of an N400 effect. In contrast, children with ASD showed an N400 effect in the environmental sound condition but not in the word condition.Conclusions: These results provide evidence for a deficiency in the automatic activation of semantic representations in children with ASD, and suggest that this deficit is somewhat more selective to, or more severe in, the verbal than the nonverbal domain.
Incentive‐elicited mesolimbic activation and externalizing symptomatology in adolescents
Authors: Bjork James M. , Chen Gang , Smith Ashley R. , Hommer Daniel W. 
Published: December 2009

Background:  Opponent‐process theories of externalizing disorders (ExD) attribute them to some combination of overactive reward processing systems and/or underactive behavior inhibition systems. Reward processing has been indexed by recruitment of incentive‐motivational neurocircuitry of the ventral striatum (VS), including nucleus accumbens (NAcc).Methods:  We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with an incentive task to determine whether externalizing symptomatology in adolescence is correlated with an enhanced VS recruitment by cues for rewards, or by deliveries of rewards. Twelve community‐recruited adolescents with externalizing disorders (AED) and 12 age/gender‐matched controls responded to targets to win or avoid losing $0, $0.20, $1, $5, or an unknown amount (ranging from $0.20 to $5).Results:  Cues to respond for rewards activated the NAcc (relative to cues for no incentive), in both subject groups similarly, with greatest NAcc recruitment by cues for the largest reward. Loss‐anticipatory NAcc signal increase was detected in a volume‐of‐interest analysis – but this increase occurred only in trials when subjects hit the target. Relative to controls, AED showed significantly elevated NAcc activation by a linear contrast between reward notification versus notification of failure to win reward. In a post hoc reanalysis, VS and pregenual anterior cingulate activation by the reward versus non‐reward outcome contrast also directly correlated with Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing total scores (across all subjects) in lieu of a binary diagnosis. Finally, both groups showed right insula activation by loss notifications (contrasted with avoided losses).Conclusions:  Externalizing behavior, whether assessed dimensionally with a questionnaire, or in the form of a diagnostic categorization, is associated with an exaggerated limbic response to outcomes of reward‐directed behavior. This could be a neurobiological signature of the behavioral sensitivity to laboratory reward delivery that is characteristic of children with externalizing symptomatology. Of interest is future research on incentive‐motivational processing in more severe, clinically referred AED.
C38, equivalent to BM88, is developmentally expressed in maturing retinal neurons and enhances neuronal maturation
Authors: Wakabayashi Taketoshi , Kosaka Jun , Mochii Makoto , Miki Yukari , Mori Tetsuji , Takamori Yasuharu , Yamada Hisao 
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 1235–1248.AbstractC38 antigen is specifically expressed in neuronal cells of the retina. The purpose of this study was to isolate C38 cDNA and determine its molecular functions. Sequence analysis of C38 cDNA revealed that C38 is equivalent to rat BM88, which has been reported to induce cell‐cycle arrest and neuronal differentiation in Neuro2a cells. C38 and Ki67, a marker of proliferating cells, were not colocalized during retinal development. C38 was first detected in the retinal ganglion cells at embryonic day 16, much later than the expression of doublecortin, a marker of immature neurons. Although all the horizontal cells were post‐mitotic at this stage, C38 was not detected in horizontal cells until the postnatal period. In addition, C38 over‐expression did not induce neuronal differentiation or cell‐cycle arrest of pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Instead, C38 promoted maturation during neuronal differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells by down‐regulating Oct‐3, a pluripotent cell marker and enhancing the expressions of positive regulators of neurogenesis. In conclusion, during retinal development, C38 is first expressed in post‐mitotic retinal neurons and is up‐regulated during their maturation. C38 does not induce neuronal competence in pluripotent cells, but does promote maturation in already committed neuronal cells.
The neuroprotective mechanism of 1‐(R)‐aminoindan, the major metabolite of the anti‐parkinsonian drug rasagiline
Authors: Bar‐Am Orit , Weinreb Orly , Amit Tamar , Youdim Moussa B. H. 
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem.(2010)112, 1131–1137.AbstractThe anti‐parkinsonian drug, rasagiline [N‐propargyl‐1‐(R)‐aminoindan; Azilect®], is a secondary cyclic benzylamine and indane derivative, which provides irreversible, potent monoamine oxidase‐B (MAO‐B) inhibition and possesses neuroprotective and neurorestorative activities. A prospective clinical trial has shown that rasagiline confers significant symptomatic improvement and demonstrated alterations in Parkinson’s disease progression. Rasagiline is primarily metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P‐450 to form its major metabolite, 1‐(R)‐aminoindan, a non‐amphetamine, weak reversible MAO‐B inhibitor compound. Recent studies indicated the potential neuroprotective effect of 1‐(R)‐aminoindan, suggesting that it may contribute to the overall neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects of its parent compound, rasagiline. This review article briefly highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective properties of the active metabolite of rasagiline, 1‐(R)‐aminoindan, supporting the valuable potential of rasagiline for disease modification.
Climate Innovation Centres: A partnership approach to meeting energy and climate challenges
Authors: Sagar Ambuj D. , Bremner Cath , Grubb Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMeeting the climate challenge will require both mitigation and adaptation. New, improved, or adapted technologies will play an important, often central role, in both of these activities. The scale of the problem is obviously enormous; at the same time, its complexity is underlined by the wide range of technologies that will be required for mitigation and adaptation and the vast differences among the countries where these technologies will be deployed. This is particularly important for developing countries, where technological capabilities are often limited, where financial, institutional and other constraints make the innovation challenge even starker, and where other developmental challenges — such as enhancing energy access and, sustaining livelihoods — are equally pressing. Given this context, it is imperative to explore institutional arrangements that can advance technology innovation to meet the energy and climate change needs of developing countries. This paper suggests ‘Climate Innovation Centres’ (CICs) as a way to advance and strengthen the energy innovation process in developing countries through a partnership between them and industrialized countries.