bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion populaire et Révolution française dans le Nord-Ouest de la France (1789-1799)
Authors: Joblin Alain 
Published: May 2009

Alain Joblin, Popular Religion and the French Revolution in North-Western France (1789- 1799).
The study of the conflictual relations between Catholicism and the French Revolution has for long been confined to the history of ideas and ecclesiastical institutions. The laity had no place in that history. For some time, symposia such as that held at Chantilly in 1986 and works such as that of B. Cousin, M. Cubells and R. Moulinas (La Pique et la Croix) have attempted to tackle the attitude of the faithful, who were directly concerned by a religious policy which overturned their church-going habits and offended their spiritual convictions. The example of the Pas-de-Calais, and more specifically the former diocese of Boulogne-sur-Mer, affords an opportunity to retrieve and analyse the reaction of the laity in a geographical and historical context largely hostile to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. While the official Church establishment collapsed, in contrast a whole set of deeply embedded traditional practices imposed themselves.
La marine française au 18 Brumaire
Authors: Lévêque Pierre 
Published: May 2009

Pierre Lévêque, La marina francese alla data del 18 Brumaio
Alla vigilia del 18 Brumaio la marina pareva in uno stato pietoso. Le difficoltà finanziarie non permettono di aramre délie navi, marinai e opérai non percepiscono più salario. Le levé di uomini sono insufficienti e dilaga la diserzione. I porti dell'Ovest sono isolati a causa dei disordini che regnano nel retroterra. Ciò nonostante le cerimonie ufficiali testimoniano un attaccamento al governo o, per lo meno, un sicuro conformismo. Per quanto se ne può giudicare, il colpo di Stata è piuttosto ben accolto. Ma le cerimonie che seguono e le prestazioni di giuramento sono caratterizzate da una milita- rizzazione crescente e da una unanimité più o meno coatta.
La réception du 18 Brumaire en Helvétie
Authors: Czouz-Tornare Alain 
Published: May 2009

Alain- Jacques Czouz-Tornare, L'accoglienza del 18 Bruamaio nella regione elvetica .
Quando arriva il 18 Brumaio, una parte della Svizzera runge da campo di battaglia per le grandi potenze e si trova ancora occupata dalle forze della Coalizione. In questo autunno 1799 la miseria e lo sfinimento della Svizzera erano tali che la disperazione colpiva tutti gli strati sociali. Le relazioni tra il Direttorio francese e il suo omologo elevetico erano in quel momento particolarmente tese. Tutti i partiti in Svizzera accolsero o finsero di accogliere il 18 Brumaio con sollievo. A cominciare dagli avversari della Rivoluzione che concepirono la speranza di essere per il fututo sostenuti dai Consoh della Repubblica francese. I camblamenti intervenuti a Parigi ne richiamavano altri in Svizzera, dove il Direttorio elevetico sarà sciolto il 7 gennaio 1800. Con la partenza del patriota valdese Frédéric-César Laharpe, la Repubblica Elvetica entra in una fase di inesorabile decadenza. I Consigli legislativi incaricati di stabilire una nuova costituzione cercarono invano di ottenere il ristabilimento della neutralità, l'alleggerimento del peso dell'occupazione francese e una riforma del reclutamento delle truppe ausiliarie elvetiche. Dal punto di vista svizzero il 18 Brumaio apre un'epoca di destabilizzazione delle istituzioni politiche nate dalla Rivoluzione elvetica.
L'ordre politique chez Sieyès en l'an III
Authors: Tyrsenko Andreï 
Published: May 2009

Andrei Tyrsenko, L 'ordre politique chez Sieyès en l'an III.
Este estudio analiza las ideas politicas de Sieyès en el ano III, cuando se cristaliza su teoría constitucional. Se puede ver en particular los lazos entre sus ideas sociopolíticas y las tradiciones filosóficas de la Ilustración. Al final, el autor insiste en un punto desconocido del pensamiento de Sieyès : su adhesion al democratismo en el seno del sistema representative del que propone una vision acabada en el año III.
Quelle fut la part du « national » dans le bilan post-révolutionnaire de la mathématisation des Lumières ?
Authors: Dhombres Jean 
Published: May 2009

Jean Dhombres, What was the role of the «National» in the post-Revolutionary assessment ofmathematisation in Enlightenment Europe ?
Testimony from the protagonists of the process of mathematisation is amply supplied by the Report to the Emperor, which was signed by Delambre in his capacity as secretary for the mathematical sciences in the First Class of the Institute. It is significant that, after an interruption of over ten years, this report should still be a « universalist » text about science. But is this really classical universalism ? Or can one go beyond the inevitable imperial verbosity and make out the nationalistic effect of the revolutionary wars, and the conquest of all things scientific in Europe by the French mind for which the Italian campaign might stand as a symbol. We will not thereby avoid the question of the normativity of «national science». We can, however, limit the question of the universalism of science historically by discussing Paris alone, considered as the capital of science. The idea is to question the diverse meanings - historical, philosophical, and epistemological - of the title proposed for this session, « A National Science ? », without emptying the expression of its revolutionary meaning.
« Une science de nos jours » : rapport de Bon-Joseph Dacier sur la classe d'Histoire et de Littérature ancienne de l'Institut
Authors: Décobert Christian 
Published: May 2009

Christian Décobert, «A Science of Our Times»: Bon-Joseph Dacier's Report on the History and Ancient Literature Class at the Institut.
Although a composite mix, the report signed Bon- Joseph Dacier on the History and Literature Class of the Institut is very consistent. In between philology and philosophy, history is confined to historiography, a science of ancient texts deemed to express reality, without the mediation of any meaning imposed from without. The contribution by Silvestre de Sacy on Oriental Languages and Literatures is in this respect symptomatic of the report as a whole.
L'Anthropologie et l'histoire naturelle de l'homme en 1800. Les enjeux d'un héritage
Authors: Chappey Jean-Luc 
Published: May 2009

Jean-Luc Chappey, <i>Anthropology and the natural history of man in 1800: What's at stake
in a legacy. </i>
In an attempt to create the right conditions for the institutionalization and legitimation of their scientific programme, the members of the Société des Observateurs de l'homme (1799-1804) appealed to the legacy of Buffon, whose Natural History of Man can be considered as the central epistemological and methodological reference for their Anthropology. This appropriation of Buffon's legacy might appear surprising, as his scientific standing was the object of a number of attacks within the community of natural history during the 1800s. Thus, we need to investigate the stakes at play in this appropriation, as well as the motivations for it. The appeal to Buffon's legacy can be interpreted in the light of the social strategies of the « minor figures » in the field, and we examine the role played by this legacy in a possible offensive led by the Observateurs against the epistemological principles of the Idéologues Cabanis and de Tracy. The resulting observations will allow us to propose a series of hypotheses concerning the disappearance of the Observateurs in 1804, as well as the « failure » of their anthropological programme, which did not survive the profound transformations that characterized the social, epistemic and methodological forms of production and diffusion of knowledge between 1800 and 1810.
La médecine constitutive de la nouvelle science de l'homme : Cabanis
Authors: Saad Mariana 
Published: May 2009

Mariana Saad, Medicine as a constituent of the new Science of the Man : Cabanis
In his first treatise and magnum opus, the Rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme, P. J. G. Cabanis identifies the « science of man » as the final outcome of his thinking. He points out that this science resembles a tree whose branches are physiology, the analysis of ideas and morality. A study of the manner in which Cabanis envisioned these different branches of knowledge reveals that médecine - synonimous with physiology - is not only the portal through which an understanding of man is possible, but also another name for the science of man. To understand this, it is necessary to refer on the one hand to the central thesis of the Rapports which posits the identity of the physical and the moral, and on the other, to the way Cabanis conceives of man, as a plastic being whose specific features emerge through disease and can then be observed and investigated.
L'Académie royale des sciences et les grandes commissions d'enquête et d'expertise à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Mafarette-Dayries Pascale 
Published: May 2009

Pascale Mafarette-Dayries, The Royal Academy of Sciences and problems of public interest at the end of the Ancien Régime : Commissions of Inquiry and Expertise
Created by Colbert, the Royal Academy of Sciences remained intimately connected to the state and regularly served in pursuit of its utilitarian goals. Preparing maps and plans, as well as examining memoirs in order to grant permission for publication, the Academy was at the same time expert, judge, investigator and the author of scientific projects. During the last years of the Ancien Régime, it was more than ever solicited by the government, which used the Academy's reports to support its many goals. Within the Academy, major commissions of inquiry and expertise were charged with familiarizing themselves with and reporting on work which went beyond the scope of its traditional sphere of competence. The coincidence of the Baron de Breteuil's and Lavoisier's aspirations undoubtedly favored the emergence of these new structures for the work. The Academy of Sciences progressively became an indispensable auxiliary of the state in its task of informing itself with respect to questions of public interest. In parallel, the Academy imposed its own orientation with respect to new scientific and technical issues. The Revolutionary assemblies were not to be fooled by the Academy.
Le tribunal de la science, de 1795 à 1835 : les rapports négatifs à l'Académie des sciences comme illustrations d'un scientifiquement (in)correct (1795-1835)
Authors: Chabot Hugues 
Published: May 2009

Hugues Chabot, The judgment of the Academy of Sciences from 1795 to 1835: Negative reports as an illustration of scientific (in)correctness.
This article aims to characterise scientific activity and its ratification in France at the beginning of the 19th century by using the memoirs rejected by the Paris Academy of Sciences between 1795 and 1835. The recurring criticisms found in the negative reports allow one to sketch in relief the 'official' view of science at that time : a demand for rigor, topicality, and soundness. The utility as well as the limitations of the repetition of an experiment alone are illustrated using the case of the identification of chlorine in the period 1810-1811.
Base de données pour une étude prosopographique : les auditeurs du cours de Lamarck au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (1795-1823)
Authors: Bange Raphaël 
Published: May 2009

Raphaël Bange, A Data Base for a Prosopographical Study: Lamarck's Audience at his Lectures at the National Natural History Museum (1 795-1823)
This paper presents the computerised data-base developed in a collective research project aimed at identifying and studying the audience of the naturalist Lamarck, approximately one thousand people who enrolled for the lectures he delivered between 1795 and 1823. Designed to serve as a research-tool and clearing-house, this data-base (soon to be available on the web) reproduces the autographs of all the attendees together with the biographical and bibliographical data gathered for each. It should thus help support an investigation into the audience reached by Lamarck's theories and the ways in which they were disseminated and interpreted, and more broadly, lead to a better understanding of the social and cultural dimension of the transmission of scientific knowledge and the circulation of ideas in France and Europe from the revolutionary period to the Restoration.
Marengo en chantant
Authors: Pardoen Marie-Hélène 
Published: May 2009

Marie-Hélène Pardoen, Marengo in Song : Martial Music and Soldier's Songs during the Italian Campaign.
To talk of music when referring to Marengo and the death of General Desaix might seem a paradox. Music, however, was doubly present. Firstly, in the form of martial music on the field of battle, arrayed to the sound of drum-beat and trumpet-call. And secondly, after the victory, in order better to commemorate the event, or rather the events, not only were battle and victory consigned to melody, but also the death of the General.
Vertu antique et nouveaux héros
Authors: Monnier Raymonde 
Published: May 2009

Raymonde Monnier, Antique Virtue and New Heroes : the Press Records Desaix's Death and a Legendary Battle.
After the victory of Marengo, the press gave accounts of the tributes paid to Desaix in private institutions, mixing them with official honours and marks of gratitude offered by Paris to an army haloed with glory and immortality. In a context conducive to victory celebrations and hero-worship, the press record amplified the process of universal rallying to the regime, portraying in parallel the philosopher soldier (Desaix) and the peacemaker warrior (Bonaparte). Be it the art of conjuring up the shades of heroes and singing their virtue, or narrating the chorus of good wishes and popular enthusiasm, or acclaiming the victory of Marengo and whipping up patriotic fervour on 14 July, everything contributed to the symbolic representation of a community reconciled around the heroic figure of the General turned Consul.
La fête révolutionnaire aux Pays-Bas (1780-1806). De l'utopie à l'indifférence
Authors: Grijzenhout Frans 
Published: May 2009

Frans Gruzenhout, The Revolutionary Festival in the Netherlands (1780-1806) : from Utopia to Indifference.
The patriotic festivals celebrated between 1781 and 1787 are of interest for a variety of reasons. On the one hand, they borrowed from the national past and updated a specific iconography ; on the other, they repudiated everything pertaining to the house of Orange. Their highly Utopian character differentiates them from the French fêtes of the years 1789-1794, but also from the Batavian festivals which sought inspiration from the Parisian model without firing the enthusiasm of the sister republic, little inclined moreover to squander public funds on their use. The Minister of National Education thought it preferable to reorganize public schooling.
Carré de Malberg et le droit constitutionnel de la Révolution française
Authors: Maulin Éric 
Published: May 2009

Éric Maulin, Carré de Malberg and the Constitutional Law of the French Revolution.
The principle of national sovereignty is according to Carré de Malberg a cornerstone of the modern state. It implies a transformation of the very exercise of power, unlike the principle of monarchy and that of the sovereignty of the people. It rests upon a representation of the sovereign nation which Carré de Malberg, however, reinterprets by applying to it the German monarchist theory of the organ of state, his aim being to show that this theory is first and foremost revolutionary.
Les hussards des Alpes et le département de l'Ain
Authors: Croyet Jérôme 
Published: May 2009

Jérôme Croyet, The Hussars of the Alps and the Ain Department.
The Hussars of the Alps, a corps created in Year III by the people's representatives to the rear of the Army of the Alps, were employed in the western part of the Ain department by the representatives at Lyons and the local authorities to serve as occupying troops to hasten the dispatch of grain to the military stores. But the corps soon became a police force tasked with preventing grain trafficking. Useful to that end, their presence in the longer run was to leave a mark on the memory of the local population. Turned into a regiment, the corps was ordered to leave the Ain to rejoin the army and take part in the prestigious Italian campaign of 1796, at the end of which, as a result of pressure from its colonel, it was dissolved.
Un Consulat français dans la tourmente révolutionnaire
Authors: Chaumet Pierre-Olivier 
Published: May 2009

Pierre-Olivier Chaumet, A French Consulate in the Revolutionary Turmoil : Nice prior to Annexation (1789-1792).
In 1793, France annexes the earldom of Nice. But the Revolution has had repercussions in this province of the Sardinian kingdom for years. As sole official representative of the new regime in Nice, the french consul « Le Seurre » uses his diplomatic role in order to become the informant of Paris. In a regular correspondence the French official keeps the new authorities informed about the ever increasing schemings of the counter revolution in Nice and its region. Soon the French aristocrats in exile denounce the consul's doings and complain to the king Victor-Amédée III. In spite of threats, le Seurre remains in place. However the pressure put by the enemies of the Revolution on the Sardinian authorities became effective. In October 1792, a few days before the country was invaded, the French consul's prerogatives are restricted (his letters are opened, spies are placed in his surroundings). Because such mesures infringe on his diplomatic community, the consulate is forced to close down. Le Seurre himself is confined to his residence and is finally released after the general of Anselme, Chief commander of the French armies in War, interceded. That consular correspondence written on the eve of the invasion of the earldoms forms a valuable testimony. It reveals the impact of the Revolution, and the overthrows triggered by this event abroad.
La dialectique province-Paris dans la presse des départements : entre vie politique locale et réseaux nationaux d'opinion
Authors: Wauters Éric 
Published: May 2009

La circulation de l'information pendant la Révolution n'obéit pas à un simple schéma pyramidal, de la capitale vers la province. La distribution de la presse locale traduit d'abord l'influence culturelle ou économique de quelques villes. Diffusant une information essentiellement nationale, la presse tend, ensuite, à créer de nouveaux groupes qui se constituent autour des mêmes sensibilités idéologiques ou des mêmes intérêts de classes.
Comment ces groupes s'articulent-ils entre eux ou avec la capitale, pour constituer un courant d'opinion nationale? Une vaste enquête nationale sur la distribution des nouvelles, entre la capitale et la province d'une part, entre les départements d'autre part, permettrait sans doute de mieux connaître les mécanismes de formation de l'opinion publique.
La fin du pouvoir provincial
Authors: Legay Marie-Laure 
Published: May 2009

Marie-Laure Legay, The End of Provincial Power (4 August 1789 - 21 September 1791).
Provincial history came to an end between 4 August and 22 December 1789, when the members of the National Assembly adopted the principle of uniform division of the kingdom. Nonetheless, it survived administratively beyond that period until the decree of 21 September 1791 which abolished the commissariats established in the former provincial estates. We can thus follow, from 4 August 1789 to 21 September 1791, the ups and downs of its history, no longer as a political entity but as an administrative framework. Indeed, the executive organs were extended to avoid a hazardous power vacuum. Pending the effective formation of the départements, it was necessary to set up provisional committees to represent the inland revenue in each province, give them the required clout to maintain law and order in the face of popular unrest, appoint and encourage men of goodwill whose political legitimacy was soon undermined by the ballot-box. In short, at Dijon, Cambrai, Aix, Lille, Montpellier..., the continuity of the state needed to be upheld at a time when its very foundations were being called into question. The maintenance of provincial executives in competition with the new département and district authorities resulted here and there in political infighting, reflecting the balance of power in the upper reaches of the state. While the former officials brandished their letters of appointment, the new nominees appealed to the National Assembly to revoke the powers of their competitors. The ill will of the former, combined with the perfectly legitimate impatience of the latter to govern their constituencies, bred a pernicious climate hardly conducive to orderly transition.
An III : créer, inventer, réinventer le pouvoir exécutif
Authors: Le Bozec Christine 
Published: May 2009

Christine Le Bozec, Year III : Creating, Inventing, Reinventing Executive Power.
This is a comparison, in form and substance, of a variety of texts limiting executive power in the three constitutions (1791, 1793, Year III). It entailed taking a look at the draft tabled in April 1793 by Boissy d'Anglas, since he was one of the fathers of the constitution of Year III. What notably transpires is a barely concealed distrust of executive power.
La guérilla espagnole dans la guerre contre l'armée napoléonienne
Authors: Scotti Douglas Vittorio 
Published: May 2009

Vittorio Scotti Douglas, The Spanish Guerrilla War against Napoleons Army.
After discussing the change in meaning of the Spanish word guerrilla, from the original sense of "secondary military operation conducted by small groups of soldiers" to the modern one of "armed civilian struggle against an invader/occupier and their allies", the problem raised is that of the military effectiveness of the anti-Napoleonic guerrilla war. Four aspects are reviewed : the losses inflicted by the guerrillas on the Imperial army ; the communication difficulties arising, including the obstacles put in the way of troop supplies ; finally, the need for the Imperial army to use the greater part of their forces to control the territory, thus preventing them from making use of their numerical superiority in the order of battle against the Anglo-Luso-Spanish armies. Guerrilla warfare was also a non-negligible means of bringing psychological support to the Spanish population, while the Imperial troops dreaded the prospect of being sent to Spain, where they set foot already undermined by fear.
Le regard d'un royaliste sur la Révolution : Jacques-Marie Boyer de Nîmes
Authors: Duprat Annie 
Published: May 2009

Annie Duprat, A Royalist Looks at the Revolution : Jacques-Marie Boyer de Nîmes
In the spring of 1792, a royalist journalist originating from Nîmes, Jacques-Marie Boyer-Brun, who was a virulent polemicist, launched a loose-leaf publication entitled A History of the Caricatures of the Revolt of the French. The 10th August put a sudden stop to this original educational initiative, whose aim was to present some of the patriotic caricatures that had met with the most success, explain their meaning and context, in order to vilify them and denounce all the sins of the Revolution. A shrewd politician, Boyer was also an astute semiologist, who, using the traditional language of allegory, showed how caricatures were constructed and which marketing techniques were best suited to circulate them.