bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-similarity in coupled Brinkman/Navier–Stokes flows
Authors: Battiato Ilenia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this paper we derive self-similar solutions of flows through both a porous medium and a pure fluid. Self-similar filtration velocity and hydrodynamic shear profiles are obtained by means of asymptotic analysis in the limit of infinitely small permeability, and for both laminar and turbulent regimes over the porous medium. We show that a spatial length scale, related to the porous layer thickness, naturally emerges from the limiting process and suggests a more formal definition of thick and thin porous media. We finally specialize the analysis to porous media constituted of patterned cylindrical obstacles, which can freely deflect under the aerodynamic shear exerted by the fluid flowing through and over the forest. A self-similar solution for the bending profile of the elastic cylindrical obstacles is obtained as intermediate asymptotics, and applied to carbon nanotube (CNT) forests’ response to aerodynamic stresses. This self-similar solution is successfully used to estimate flexural rigidity of CNTs by linear fit of appropriately rescaled maximum deflection and average velocity measurements.
All Natural Right Is Changeable: Aristotelian Natural Right, Prudence, and the Specter of Exceptionalism
Authors: Roberts William Clare 
Published: April 2012

In his recent book on Strauss, Steven B. Smith has called attention to “a curiously neglected passage from the very center ofNatural Right and History,” a passage in which Strauss “acknowledges the way political decisions grow out of concrete situations and cannot be deduced from a priori rules.” The passage reads:Let us call an extreme situation a situation in which the very existence or independence of a society is at stake. In extreme situations there may be conflicts between what the self-preservation of society requires and the requirements of commutative and distributive justice. In such situations,and only in such situations, it can justly be said that the public safety is the highest law. A decent society will not go to war except for a just cause. But what it will do during a war will depend to a certain extent on what the enemy—possibly an absolutely unscrupulous and savage enemy—forces it to do. There are no limits which can be defined in advance, there are no assignable limits to what might become just reprisals.
Public Reason and Political Action: Justifying Citizen Behavior in Actually Existing Democracies
Authors: Stears Marc , Humphrey Mathew 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPolitical theorists seeking to respond to public concerns about citizen behavior in democratic politics might turn to the literature on public reason. Within that literature, idealized citizens are expected to abide by what we call the “public-reason-giving requirement” when engaging in political acts. Here we examine what the doctrine of public reason has to say to political actors in nonideal democratic circumstances. We find that the recommendations for actual behavior in this literature rely heavily upon a forward- and backward-looking “Janus-faced” justification, focused on the way in which non-reason-giving political actions have or could serve the long-term interests of public reason itself. Through a critical evaluation of this idea we suggest that public reason has nothing meaningful to say to contemporary political actors. This, we maintain, is a serious flaw in a putative standard for political behavior and thus the liberal commitment to “public reason” under nonideal circumstances is misplaced.
Methodological Reflections on Typologies for Numerical Notations
Authors: Widom Theodore Reed , Schlimm Dirk 
Published: April 2012

ArgumentPast and present societies world-wide have employed well over 100 distinct notational systems for representing natural numbers, some of which continue to play a crucial role in intellectual and cultural development today. The diversity of these notations has prompted the need for classificatory schemes, or typologies, to provide a systematic starting point for their discussion and appraisal. The present paper provides a general framework for assessing the efficacy of these typologies relative to certain desiderata, and it uses this framework to discuss the two influential typologies of Zhang & Norman and Chrisomalis. Following this, a new typology is presented that takes as its starting point the principles by which numerical notations represent multipliers (the principles of cumulation and cipherization), and bases (those of integration, parsing, and positionality). Many different examples show that this new typology provides a more refined classification of numerical notations than the ones put forward previously. In addition, the framework provided here can be used to assess typologies not only of numerical notations, but also of many other domains.
The Role of Hypotheses in Biomechanical Research
Authors: Rowbottom Darrell P. , Alexander R. McNeill 
Published: April 2012

ArgumentThis paper investigates whether there is a discrepancy between stated and actual aims in biomechanical research, particularly with respect to hypothesis testing. We present an analysis of one hundred papers recently published inThe Journal of Experimental BiologyandJournal of Biomechanics, and examine the prevalence of papers which (a) have hypothesis testing as a stated aim, (b) contain hypothesis testing claims that appear to be purely presentational (i.e. which seem not to have influenced the actual study), and (c) have exploration as a stated aim. We found that whereas no papers had exploration as a stated aim, 58 per cent of papers had hypothesis testing as a stated aim. We had strong suspicions, at the bare minimum, that presentational hypotheses were present in 31 per cent of the papers in this latter group.
A Sense of Mission: The Alfred P. Sloan and Russell Sage Foundations' Behavioral Economics Program, 1984–1992
Authors: Heukelom Floris 
Published: April 2012

ArgumentThe main contribution of the Alfred P. Sloan and Russell Sage Foundations' behavioral economics program (1984–1992) was not the resources it provided, which were relatively modest. Instead, the program's contribution lay in catalyzing “a sense of mission” in the collaboration between psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, economist Richard Thaler, and their associates. Partly this reflected the common strategy of American foundations to pick an individual or small group of scientists and stick with them until scientific success had been achieved. But moreover, it was a consequence of the careful management of the program's director Eric Wanner. The various actors involved in the behavioral economics program constructed a new behavioral economic sub-discipline in economics by tapping into existing missionary sentiments in the economic and psychological disciplines, while at the same time actively shaping this sense of mission.
Protection of Cultural Goods— Economics of Identity
Authors: Bicskei Marianna , Bizer Kilian , Gubaydullina Zulia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article addresses the current international debate on the protection of cultural goods. Whereas some groups (such as indigenous peoples) are arguing for the creation of cultural property rights analogous to classic intellectual property rights such as patent and copyright, most industrialized countries advocate to keep cultural goods within the public domain. In this article, we develop an economic perspective based on identity and clarify the question of which cultural goods should be protected, regulated, or left in the public domain. We conclude that protection based on the concept of identity is required for a very limited scope of cultural goods.
From climate and society to weather and landscape
Authors: Pillatt Toby 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article asks whether there is a role for weather in archaeological narratives. In archaeology, ideas of weather have been expressed almost solely through the aggregated measure of climate. A number of theoretical and practical problems arise from this, specifically in questioning how climatic change can be related to social change. The article reviews how other disciplines have developed a sense of climate that is more embedded in the human experience of landscape. A case study of a township in Cumbria uses the inhabited perspectives of two 18th-century diarists to explore how we might develop and apply these ideas in an archaeological context. The conclusion outlines some of the challenges for future research, arguing that we should consider weather as a material condition of the landscape – something as much open to archaeological investigation as any other aspect of the past.
Intrauterine growth restriction promotes vascular remodelling following carotid artery ligation in rats
Authors: Menendez-Castro Carlos , Cordasic Nada , Schmid Matthias , Fahlbusch Fabian , Rascher Wolfgang , Amann Kerstin , Hilgers Karl F. , Hartner Andrea 
Published: April 2012

Epidemiological studies revealed an association between IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction) and an increased risk of developing CVDs (cardiovascular diseases), such as atherosclerosis or hypertension, in later life. Whether or not IUGR contributes to the development of atherosclerotic lesions, however, is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that IUGR aggravates experimentally induced vascular remodelling. IUGR was induced in rats by maternal protein restriction during pregnancy (8% protein diet). To detect possible differences in the development of vascular injury, a model of carotid artery ligation to induce vascular remodelling was applied in 8-week-old intrauterine-growth-restricted and control rat offspring. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed in the ligated and non-ligated carotid arteries 8 weeks after ligation. IUGR alone neither caused overt histological changes nor significant dedifferentiation of VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells). After carotid artery ligation, however, neointima formation, media thickness and media/lumen ratio were significantly increased in rats after IUGR compared with controls. Moreover, dedifferentiation of VSMCs and collagen deposition in the media were more prominent in ligated carotids from rats after IUGR compared with ligated carotids from control rats. We conclude that IUGR aggravates atherosclerotic vascular remodelling induced by a second injury later in life.
Utility of 18-kHz acoustic data for abundance estimation of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)
Authors: Saunders Ryan A. , O'Donnell Ciaran , Korneliussen Rolf J. , Fässler Sascha M. M. , Clarke Maurice W. , Egan Afra , Reid Dave 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Saunders, R. A., O'Donnell, C., Korneliussen, R. J., Fässler, S. M. M., Clarke, M. W., Egan, A, and Reid, D. 2012. Utility of 18-kHz acoustic data for abundance estimation of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1086–1098. Current acoustic survey protocols for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) abundance estimation are principally dependent upon 38-kHz backscatter data. This can constitute a substantial problem for robust stock assessment when 38-kHz data are compromised. Research vessels now typically collect multifrequency data during acoustic surveys, which could be used to remediate such situations. Here, we investigate the utility of using 18- and 120-kHz data for herring abundance estimation when the standard 38-kHz approach is not possible. Estimates of herring abundance/biomass in the Celtic Sea (2007–2010) were calculated at 18, 38, and 120 kHz using the standard 38-kHz target-strength (TS) model and geometrically equivalent TS models at 18 and 120 kHz. These estimates were compared to assess the level of coherence between the three frequencies, and 18-kHz-derived estimates were subsequently input into standard 38-kHz-based population models to evaluate the impact on the assessment. Results showed that estimates of herring abundance/biomass from 18 and 38 kHz acoustic integration varied by only 0.3–5.4%, and acoustically derived numbers-at-age estimates were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from 1:1. Estimates at 120 kHz were also robust. Furthermore, 18-kHz-derived estimates did not significantly change the assessment model output, indicating that 18-kHz data can be used for herring stock assessment purposes.
Molecular phylogeography and genetic diversity of East Asian goats
Authors: Lin B. Z. , Odahara S. , Ishida M. , Kato T. , Sasazaki S. , Nozawa K. , Mannen H. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe domestic goat is one of the most important livestock species, but its origins and genetic diversity still remain uncertain. Multiple highly divergent maternal lineages of goat have been reported in previous studies. Although one of the mitochondrial DNA lineages, lineage B, was detected only in eastern and southern Asia, the geographic distribution of these lineages was previously unclear. Here, we examine the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Asian goats by mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological characteristics. The analyses of a total of 1661 Asian goats from 12 countries revealed a high frequency of lineage B in Southeast Asia. The frequency of this lineage tended to be higher in mountain areas than in plain areas in Southeast Asian countries, and there was a significant correlation between its frequency and morphological traits. The results suggest an original predominance of lineage B in Southeast Asia and the recent infiltration of lineage A into Southeast Asian goats.
Overexpression of chromatin assembly factor‐1 p60, poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 and nestin predicts metastasizing behaviour of oral cancer
Authors: Mascolo Massimo , Ilardi Gennaro , Romano Maria Fiammetta , Celetti Angela , Siano Maria , Romano Simona , Luise Chiara , Merolla Francesco , Rocco Alba , Vecchione Maria Luisa , De Rosa Gaetano , Staibano Stefania 
Published: April 2012

Mascolo M, Ilardi G, Romano M F, Celetti A, Siano M, Romano S, Luise C, Merolla F, Rocco A, Vecchione M L, De Rosa G & Staibano S  (2012) Histopathology Overexpression of chromatin assembly factor‐1 p60, poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 and nestin predicts metastasizing behaviour of oral cancerAims:  The natural history of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) is variable and difficult to predict. This study aimed to assess the value of the expression of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP‐1), chromatin assembly factor‐1 (CAF‐1)/p60 and the stem cell markers CD133, CD166, CD44, CD44v6 and nestin as markers of outcome and progression‐free survival in OSCC patients.Methods:  Clinical data were collected from 66 patients (41 male and 25 female, aged 29–92 years) who underwent surgery for OSCC of the tongue, floor, lips, and palate. During follow‐up (range: 12–131 months), 14 patients experienced relapse/metastasis and/or death. The study was performed by immunohistochemistry on paraffin‐embedded tumour tissues, western blot analysis of tumour protein lysates and human cell lines, and RNA silencing assays. In addition, the human papillomavirus (HPV) status of primary tumours was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and viral subtyping. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the correlation between these parameters and the clinical and pathological variables of the study population.Results and conclusions:  We found that a PARP‐1high/CAF‐1 p60high/nestinhigh phenotype characterized the OSCCs with the worst prognosis (all HPV‐negative). This may be of benefit in clinical management, since radio‐enhancing anti‐PARP‐1 and/or anti‐CAF‐1/p60 agents may allow radioresistance to be bypassed in the nestin‐overexpressing, metastasizing OSCC cells.
Association of tobacco use and periapical pathosis – a systematic review
Authors: Walter C. , Rodriguez F. R. , Taner B. , Hecker H. , Weiger R. 
Published: April 2012

Walter C, Rodriguez FR, Taner B, Hecker H, Weiger R. Association of tobacco use and periapical pathosis – a systematic review. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractThe aim was to review the current evidence regarding an association between tobacco use, that is, cigarette smoking, and periapical pathosis. A systematic MEDLINE search of articles published prior to October 2011 (4th) was conducted using the keywords ‘smoking and endodontics OR smoking and periapical index’. The study selection, data preparation and validity assessment were conducted by two reviewers. Nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and represented data from 3008 individuals. The studies differed with respect to (i) study design, (ii) radiographic techniques, (iii) assessment of periapical pathosis, (iv) classification of smoking characteristics and/or (v) potential confounders accounted for in the analyses. Five of six cross‐sectional studies revealed a significant positive association (OR 1.35–16.8) between periapical pathosis and current cigarette smoking. One of three longitudinal studies indicated an increased risk (OR 1.7) of root treated teeth for current smokers. The substantial heterogeneity of the included studies limited their interpretation. Further, well‐designed studies are required to investigate the association between tobacco use and periapical pathosis.
Characterization of MENX‐associated pituitary tumours
Authors: Marinoni I. , Lee M. , Mountford S. , Perren A. , Bravi I. , Jennen L. , Feuchtinger A. , Drouin J. , Roncaroli F. , Pellegata N. S. 
Published: April 2012

I. Marinoni, M. Lee, S. Mountford, A. Perren, I. Bravi, L. Jennen, A. Feuchtinger, J. Drouin, F. Roncaroli and N. S. Pellegata (2013) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology39, 256–269Characterization of MENX‐associated pituitary tumoursAims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the pathological features, serum hormone levels and ex vivo cultures of pituitary adenomas that occur in rats affected by MENX syndrome. MENX is multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome caused by a germline mutation in the cell cycle inhibitor p27. Characterization of MENX adenomas is a prerequisite to exploit this animal model for molecular and translational studies of pituitary adenomas. Methods: We investigated MENX pituitary adenomas with immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), measurement of serum hormone levels and ex vivo cultures. Results: Adenomas in MENX rats belong to the gonadotroph lineage. They start from 4 months of age as multiple neoplastic nodules and progress to become large lesions that efface the gland. Adenomas are composed of chromophobic cells predominantly expressing the glycoprotein alpha‐subunit (αGSU). They show mitotic activity and high Ki67 labelling. A few neoplastic cells co‐express gonadotropins and the transcription factor steroidogenic factor 1, together with growth hormone or prolactin and Pit‐1, suggesting that they are not fully committed to one cell lineage. Ex vivo cultures show features similar to the primary tumour. Conclusions: Our results suggest that p27 function is critical to regulate gonadotroph cells growth. The MENX syndrome represents a unique model to elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms mediating the pathogenesis of gonadotroph adenomas.
Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces species from potato common scab lesions in Norway
Authors: Dees M. W. , Sletten A. , Hermansen A. 
Published: April 2012

The present survey was conducted to isolate and characterize Streptomyces species from common scab lesions of potato in Norway. Bacteria were isolated from scab lesions on tubers sampled in two consecutive years at different locations in Norway spanning ∼1400 km from south to north. In total, 957 independent isolations from individual tubers were performed, with 223 putative pathogenic isolates obtained from 29 different potato cultivars and 130 different fields. Streptomyces europaeiscabiei was the most abundant species isolated from common scab lesions (69%), while 31% of the isolates obtained were S. turgidiscabies. Streptomyces scabies was not found. Pathogenicity of selected Streptomyces isolates was tested on potato. The ability of the bacterial isolates to infect potato was consistent with the presence of the txtAB operon. The results revealed no pattern in geographical distribution of S. europaeiscabiei and S. turgidiscabies; both could be found in the same field and even the same lesion. Four different pathogenicity island (PAI) genotypes were detected amongst the txtAB positive isolates: nec1+/tomA+, nec1–/tomA+, nec1+/tomA− and nec1−/tomA−. The current findings demonstrate that there is genetic variability within species and that the species are not spread solely by clonal expansion. This is thought to be the most comprehensive survey of Streptomyces species that cause common scab of potato in a European country.
Trait and state corticostriatal dysfunction in bipolar disorder during emotional face processing
Authors: Liu Jie , Blond Benjamin N , van Dyck Laura I , Spencer Linda , Wang Fei , Blumberg Hilary P 
Published: April 2012

Liu J, Blond BN, van Dyck LI, Spencer L, Wang F, Blumberg HP. Trait and state corticostriatal dysfunction in bipolar disorder during emotional face processing.  Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 432–441. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objectives:  Convergent evidence supports limbic, anterior paralimbic, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) abnormalities in emotional processing in bipolar disorder (BD) and suggests that some abnormalities are mood‐state dependent and others persist into euthymia. However, few studies have assessed elevated, depressed, and euthymic mood states while individuals processed emotional stimuli of varying valence to investigate trait‐ and state‐related neural system responses. Here, regional brain responses to positive, negative, and neutral emotional stimuli were assessed in individuals with BD during elevated, depressed, and euthymic mood states.Methods:  One hundred and thirty‐four subjects participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning while processing faces depicting happy, fearful, and neutral expressions: 76 with BD (18 in elevated mood states, 19 depressed, 39 euthymic) and 58 healthy comparison (HC) individuals. Analyses were performed for BD trait‐ and mood state‐related features.Results:  Ventral anterior cingulate cortex (VACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and ventral striatum responses to happy and neutral faces were decreased in the BD group, compared to the HC group, and were not influenced by mood state. Elevated mood states were associated with decreased right rostral PFC activation to fearful and neutral faces, and depression was associated with increased left OFC activation to fearful faces.Conclusions:  The findings suggest that abnormal VACC, OFC, and ventral striatum responses to happy and neutral stimuli are trait features of BD. Acute mood states may be associated with additional lateralized abnormalities of diminished right rostral PFC responses to fearful and neutral stimuli in elevated states and increased left OFC responses to fearful stimuli in depressed states.