bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing minority research participation through collaboration with community outpatient clinics: the STEP-BD Community Partners Experience
Authors: Kogan Jane N , Bauer Mark S , Dennehy Ellen B , Miklowitz David J , Gonzalez Jodi M , Thompson Peter M , Sachs Gary S 
Published: July 2009

Background Minority populations have been under-represented in mental health research studies. The systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder developed the Community Partners Program (CPP) to address this issue in a large, prospective treatment study of persons with bipolar disorder. Purpose The primary goal of CPP was to develop a community-based infrastructure for studying bipolar disorder that would enhance the ethnic/racial and socioeconomic diversity of participants. Methods Selected academic sites partnered with local clinics (n = 6 partnerships in five cities). This report describes the conceptualization, implementation, and qualitative evaluation of CPP, as well as quantitative analysis of clinical and sociodemographic differences between the samples recruited at academic versus community sites. Results Quantitative analysis of the 155 participants from the six partnerships revealed enrollment of 45% from minority populations (vs. 15% in academic sites). Significant sociodemographic differences were evident not only between academic and community sites, but within minority and non-minority groups across site types. Notably, clinical differences were not evident between participants from academic and community sites. Review of qualitative data suggests that certain factors around implementation of research protocols may enhance community participation. Conclusions Moving research recruitment and participation into community sites was more successful in increasing minority enrollment than efforts to attract such individuals to academic sites. Recommendations for creating and maintaining academic/community partnerships are given. Limitations Several important variables were not considered including mood severity, hospitalization, or treatment differences. Minority participants were grouped by combining African American and Hispanics, which may have obscured subgroup differences. A derivation of standard qualitative methods was used in this study. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 344—354. http://ctj.sagepub.com
The Creolization of the New World: Local Forms of Identification in Urban Colonial Peru, 1560–1640
Authors: Graubart Karen B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This article investigates two local coinages used in notarial documents, especially wills and real estate sales contracts, in urban early colonial Peru: the “indio solarero” and the “indio criollo.” These terms, apparently invented by the indigenous parties or with their approval, suggest that these residents were inventing new roles for themselves and took pains to bring attention to their new social positions as property-owners (“solarero,” or owner of a solar), Spanish speakers, Catholics, and city dwellers (“criollo,” or born in the city rather than in a rural community). The indigenous men and women who utilized these terms had accumulated some of the social markers of colonial success—real estate, slaves, imported clothing, language, religion—and while they may have been few in number and unlikely to turn their world upside down, they saw themselves as having achieved according to the new standards that they embraced, whether slightly or wholeheartedly. By identifying and understanding the idiosyncratic language they used to identify themselves (as opposed to labels such as “Indian” placed upon them by outsiders), the article approaches the possibility of gaining access to the mentalité of these urban colonial residents.
Recalling pain experienced during a colonoscopy: Pain expectation and variability
Authors: Gavaruzzi Teresa , Carnaghi Andrea , Lotto Lorella , Rumiati Rino , Meggiato Tamara , Polato Francesca , De Lazzari Franca 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. This study investigated the relationship between participants' expected levels of pain intensity before a colonoscopy, pain intensity experienced while they were undergoing this medical procedure (real‐time pain), and their retrospective evaluation of this experience.Design. Correlational design. Regression analyses were performed and mediational models were tested.Methods. Ninety patients who were about to undergo a colonoscopy were asked to report the pain intensity on a scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (extreme pain). They reported the expected intensity of pain before the examination, their real‐time intensity of pain every 60 s during the colonoscopy, and their global retrospective evaluation of the pain experienced when the procedure was over.Results. Results confirmed that, regardless of participants' gender, the variability of the real‐time pain distribution was a significant predictor of the accuracy of recall (i.e. the discrepancy between recalled pain and mean real‐time pain). Moreover, participants' pain expectations preceding the examination were a significant predictor of the accuracy of recall. It was further demonstrated that the effect of patients' expectations on the discrepancy was mediated by the real‐time pain variability.Conclusions. The results of the present study provide useful indications about what the target of interventions aimed at reducing the bias in pain recall should be.
Mineralization density distribution of postmenopausal osteoporotic bone is restored to normal after long-term alendronate treatment: qBEI and sSAXS data from the fracture intervention trial long-term extension (FLEX)
Authors: Roschger P , Lombardi A , Misof BM , Maier G , Fratzl-Zelman N , Fratzl P , Klaushofer K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Long-term treatment studies showed that the therapeutic effects of alendronate (ALN) were sustained over a 10-year treatment period. However, data on the effects on intrinsic bone material properties by long-term reduction of bone turnover are still sparse. We analyzed transiliacal bone biopsies of a subgroup of 30 Fracture Intervention Trial Long-Term Extension (FLEX) participants (n = 6 were treated for 10 years with ALN at dose of 10 mg/day, n = 10 were treated for 10 years with ALN at dose of 5 mg/day, and n = 14 were treated for 5 years with ALN plus a further 5 years with placebo) by quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI) and scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (sSAXS) to determine the bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) and the mineral particle thickness parameter T. BMDD data from these FLEX participants were compared with those from a previously published healthy population (n = 52). Compared with 5 years of ALN plus 5 years of placebo 10 years of ALN treatment (independent of the dose given) did not produce any difference in any of the BMDD parameters: The weighted mean (Camean), the typical calcium concentration (Capeak), the heterogeneity of mineralization (Cawidth), the percentage of low-mineralized bone areas (Calow), and the portion of highly mineralized areas (Cahigh) were not different for the patients who continued ALN from those who stopped ALN after 5 years. Moreover, no significant differences for any of the BMDD parameters between the FLEX participants and the healthy population could be observed. In none of the investigated cases were abnormally high mineralization or changes in mineral particle thickness observed (Cahigh and T were both in the normal range). The findings of this study support the recommendation that antiresorptive treatment with ALN should be maintained for 5 years. Even with longer treatment durations of up to 10 years, though, no negative effects on bone matrix mineralization were observed. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Risedronate reduces intracortical porosity in women with osteoporosis
Authors: Borah Babul , Dufresne Tom , Nurre Joe , Phipps Roger , Chmielewski Paula , Wagner Leigh , Lundy Mark , Bouxsein Mary , Zebaze Roger , Seeman Ego 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Nonvertebral fractures account for 80% of all fractures and their accompanying morbidity and mortality. Despite this, the effect of drug therapy on cortical morphology has received limited attention, partly because cortical bone is believed to remodel less and decrease less with age than trabecular bone. However, the haversian canals traversing the cortex provide a surface for remodeling that produces bone loss, porosity, and cortical fragility. We developed a new method of 3D micro-computed tomography (µCT) to quantify intracortical porosity and the effects of treatment. Women with osteoporosis randomized to risedronate (5 mg/day, n = 28) or placebo (n = 21) had paired transiliac biopsies at baseline and 5 years imaged using 3D µCT. Pores determined from 8 to 12 slices were stratified by their minor axis length into those 25 to 100 µm (closing cone of haversian canals), 100 to 300 µm (cutting cone of haversian canals), and &gt;300 µm (coalescent cavities). Porosity was analyzed as pore area (percent bone area) and pore density (pore number/mm2). Medians are reported. Risedronate reduced pore area in the 25 to 100, 100 to 300, and 300 to 500 µm ranges over 5 years (p = .0008, .04, NS, respectively) corresponding to an 18% to 25% reduction. In the placebo group, pore area was unchanged. At 5 years, pore area and pore number/mm2 in the 25 to 100 µm range were each 17% lower in the risedronate group than in the placebo group (p = .02 and .04, respectively). Risedronate is likely to maintain bone strength and reduce nonvertebral fracture risk in part by reducing remodeling and therefore the number and size of intracortical cavities. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Catecholamine Interference in Enzymatic Creatinine Assays
Authors: Saenger Amy K , Lockwood Christina , Snozek Christine L , Milz Thomas C , Karon Brad S , Scott Mitchell G , Jaffe Allan S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Background: Enzymatic creatinine assays are routinely used in clinical laboratories to provide more accurate estimated glomerular filtration rates and to avoid a perceived lack of analytical specificity associated with picrate (Jaffe) methods. Negative interferences with the enzymatic creatinine assay, which we noted in several patients on dopamine or dobutamine, prompted our further investigation into interference of catecholamines with enzymatic methods.
Methods: Spiked solutions of dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were added to pooled sera at catecholamine concentrations consistent with clinically relevant dosing. Creatinine was measured enzymatically on the Roche P-Modular, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics Vitros 350, and Abbott i-STAT. Jaffe methods were performed on the Roche P-Modular and Siemens Dimension RxL. In 10 patients receiving dopamine and/or dobutamine via a venous or arterial line we evaluated and compared the extent of in vivo creatinine interference in paired serum samples obtained by venipuncture and from indwelling catheters.
Results: All catecholamines caused significant negative interference with the Roche enzymatic creatinine assay, most pronounced for dopamine and dobutamine. The Vitros enzymatic assay demonstrated slight negative interferences, and i-STAT enzymatic and Jaffe methods were unaffected by the presence of catecholamines. Significant (P &lt; 0.001) differences in creatinine concentrations by Roche enzymatic vs Jaffe methods were observed in venipuncture specimens compared with arterial or venous catheter specimens, suggesting dopamine and dobutamine reversibly adhere to the catheter lumen.
Conclusions: Negative interferences were pronounced for Roche enzymatic results in blood samples obtained from indwelling catheters, a phenomenon not observed in peripheral draws. Physicians and laboratorians should be alert to the possibility of a falsely low creatinine result and reevaluate questionable samples using a method unaffected by catecholamines.
Smoothing Mechanisms in Defined Benefit Pension Accounting Standards: A Simulation Study*
Authors: Morrill Cameron , Morrill Janet , Shand Kevin 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe accounting for defined benefit (DB) pension plans is complex and varies significantly across jurisdictions despite recent international convergence efforts. Pension costs are significant, and many worry that unfavorable accounting treatment could lead companies to terminate DB plans, a result that would have important social implications.A key difference in accounting standards relates to whether and how the effects of fluctuations in market and demographic variables on reported pension cost are “smoothed". Critics argue that smoothing mechanisms lead to incomprehensible accounting information and induce managers to make dysfunctional decisions. Furthermore, the effectiveness of these mechanisms may vary.We use simulated data to test the volatility, representational faithfulness, and predictive ability of pension accounting numbers under Canadian, British, and international standards (IFRS). We find that smoothed pension expense is less volatile, more predictive of future expense, and more closely associated with contemporaneous funding than is “unsmoothed” pension expense. The corridor method and market‐related value approaches allowed under Canadian GAAP have virtually no smoothing effect incremental to the amortization of actuarial gains and losses. The pension accrual or deferred asset is highly correlated with the pension plan deficit/surplus. Our findings complement existing, primarily archival, pension accounting research and could provide guidance to standard‐setters.
Completion Design for a Highly Compacting Deepwater Field
Authors: Procyk Alexander D. , Jamieson David P. , Miller Joe A. , Burton Robert C. , Hodge Richard M. , Morita Nobuo 
Published: July 2009

Summary
The Magnolia field, located in the deepwater region of the Gulf of Mexico, produces oil and gas from a tension leg platform (TLP) in 4,673 ft of water. The reservoirs comprise several stacked sandstone intervals within the early to mid Pleistocene with some minor production from the Miocene and Pliocene sands. A total of eight wells have been completed, with the majority of the production from the B25 sandstone. The formation-particle size is fine-grained sand to coarse silt and has relatively low K*H compared to other deepwater reservoirs. The reservoirs are significantly overpressured, highly compartmentalized, highly compacted, and have experienced significant pressure declines in excess of 8,000 psi in some cases during production.
The wells were completed with cased-hole frac packs and each completion included a permanent downhole gauge, enabling interpretation of the K*H and skin throughout the producing history of the wells to date. The perforating guns, frac fluids, and screens were extensively tested before completion. The perforation-shot size and density was carefully chosen and tested to achieve the required production. Well test results matched inflow analysis predictions. The initial skin values generally met expectations and improved during production because of a combination of well cleanup and reduced reservoir permeability from compaction. Proppant integrity has been maintained under extreme depletion (&gt;8,000 psi) conditions. Productivity was measured using perforation tunnel permeability (Kpt) analysis. The Kpt values were analyzed over the course of production and compared to similar type completions. The Kpt benchmark analysis shows that the completions are among the best in class. Well productivity has met or is above expectations, and the longevity has exceeded expectations in most cases.
Current State of the Premium Screen Industry: Buyer Beware, Methodical Testing and Qualification Shows You Don't Always Get What You Paid For
Authors: Adams Peter R. , Davis Eric R. , Hodge Richard M. , Burton Robert C. , Ledlow Lewis , Procyk Alex D. , Crissman Seth C. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
Within the sand-control-technology sector today, there are many sand-exclusion screen options available for use in completion design. Sand-control screens have steadily improved with the introduction and enhancement of metal sand-retention-media-based sand-exclusion products in the early 1990s. However, recent catastrophic sand-exclusion failures have led some operators and independent laboratories to perform additional testing and quality control checks on sand-exclusion products to ensure full life cycle field value.
This paper describes a process to select sand-exclusion products by uniquely qualifying an individual product design, which includes retention media, metallurgy, subcomponents, manufacturing process, and the final assembled product. The technical evaluation is based on a two-tier qualification process that "uniquely qualifies" products for purchase consideration. Step 1 of the process tests the sand-retention media for plugging potential and solids retention. Step 2 then tests full-joint screens manufactured using media qualified during Step 1 for burst and collapse to ensure the product meets downhole performance specifications.
Recent testing has illustrated a range of significant conclusions that the industry should be aware of:
Published screen burst and collapse ratings are not always equivalent to actual screen performance. Burst and collapse pressures are not equivalent to basepipe rating. Welds can vary by plant; therefore, screens may vary by manufacturing location. Excessive drainage layer gap leads to premature burst or collapse failure. Not adjusting screen design for changes in metallurgy may lead to premature failure. Delamination has been observed in some sintered retention media. Scaling a product design up or down without conducting a detailed engineering analysis may lead to premature failures.
Delivering Steering Success in Problematic Soft-Formation Directional Wells
Authors: Barton Steve , Card Kirk , Pierce Garrett 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Development and diversification of directional-drilling tools continues, as do the applications in which they operate. As a result, there is continual demand for development and refinement of drill bits and string tools to meet the latest challenges and issues faced. One such challenge is the ability to reliably deliver consistent directional performance in very soft formation applications. Issues such as hole washout, inappropriate drilling parameters, stabilization, and hole quality can all contribute to poor directional-drilling performance.
Several commercial projects are reviewed where technical merit has justified use of rotary steerable systems (RSSs), but because of the very soft lithologies, these systems have been unable to deliver the required directional control. In each example, a separate engineered solution is introduced. These include An innovative concentric string reamer (CSR), featuring a mid reamer section that enables effective stabilization of the reamer even if the pilot borehole is of poor quality or is over gauge.A soft formation fixed-cutter drill-bit design with an engineered hydraulic configuration to avoid hole washout and extended circumferential gauge geometry.A near-bit stabilizer incorporating a full ring gauge that delivers 360° circumferential coverage, thus providing greater contact with the wellbore and higher potential for deviation.A specific bicenter design that uses a secondary component configuration on the face of the pilot to enable appropriate drilling parameters to be used for efficient directional control. The gauge geometry and profile is also tailored to suit soft formation drilling.
Global case studies document where these solutions, in combination with both push and point RSSs, have proven extremely successful. These have provided greater flexibility with regard to tool selection, well planning options, and delivering lower cost per foot in rotary-steerable projects.
Genetic Tests and Inter-Temporal Screening in Competitive Insurance Markets
Authors: Emons Winand 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We consider successive generations of non-altruistic individuals carrying either a good or bad gene. Daughters are more likely to inherit their mother's gene. Competitive insurers can perform a genetic test revealing an agent's gene. They can condition their quotes on the agent's or on her ancestors' genetic status. In equilibrium, generation one is bribed to take the test with an unconditional premium. The insurer uses this information to profitably screen a finite number of generations of their offspring. The offspring of good-gene carriers subsidize the tested generation.
NKG2D-Dependent IL-17 Production by Human T Cells in Response to an Intracellular Pathogen
Authors: Paidipally Padmaja , Periasamy Sivakumar , Barnes Peter F. , Dhiman Rohan , Indramohan Mohanalaxmi , Griffith David E. , Cosman David , Vankayalapati Ramakrishna 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We studied the factors that control IL-17 production in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. CD4+ cells from healthy tuberculin reactors produced IL-17 in response to autologous M. tuberculosis-stimulated monocytes, and most IL-17+ cells were Ag experienced, CD4+CD62L−. IL-17 production by CD4+ cells was inhibited by anti-IL-23, but not by Abs to IL-1, IL-6, or TGF-β. Anti-NKG2D reduced IL-17 production and the frequency of CD4+CD62− IL-17+ cells, suggesting that NKG2D stimulates IL-17 production. CD4+NKG2D+ cells did not produce IL-17. Monocytes and alveolar macrophages from healthy donors produced IL-23 in response to M. tuberculosis. Addition of CD4+ cells markedly enhanced IL-23 production by M. tuberculosis-stimulated monocytes, and this was inhibited by anti-NKG2D and by Abs to UL-16 binding protein (ULB)1, a ligand for NKG2D on APCs. We conclude that binding of NKG2D to UL-16 binding protein (ULB)1 contributes to IL-23-dependent IL-17 production by CD4+ cells in human M. tuberculosis infection.
IL-13 Receptor α2 Regulates the Immune and Functional Response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection
Authors: Morimoto Motoko , Zhao Aiping , Sun Rex , Stiltz Jennifer , Madden Kathleen B. , Mentink-Kane Margaret , Ramalingam Thirumalai , Wynn Thomas A. , Urban Joseph F. , Shea-Donohue Terez 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
IL-13 has a prominent role in host defense against the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis; however, the role of IL-13Rα2 in the immune and functional response to enteric infection is not known. In the current study, we investigated changes in smooth muscle and epithelial cell function as well as alterations in gene expression of IL-13 and IL-4 and their receptors using laser-capture microdissection of specific cell types in the small intestine of N. brasiliensis-infected mice. An infection-induced up-regulation of IL-13Rα2 gene expression was confined to smooth muscle and was dependent on STAT6 and IL-13, but not on IL-4. In contrast, expression of IL-13Rα1 was reduced, indicating that changes in IL-13α2 expression serve to limit the biological effects of IL-13. The increased availability of IL-13 in IL-13Rα2−/− mice resulted in marked changes in constitutive epithelial and smooth muscle function. In addition, maximal changes in smooth muscle hypercontractility and epithelial cell resistance peaked earlier after infection in IL-13Rα2−/− compared with wild-type mice. This did not coincide with an earlier Th2 immune response as expression of IL-4 and IL-13 was attenuated in IL-13Rα2−/− mice and worm expulsion was similar to that of wild-type mice. These data show that IL-13Rα2 plays an important role in nematode infection by limiting the availability of IL-13 during infection, thereby regulating both the immune and biological effects of IL-13.