bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience with quantitative ecosystem assessment tools in the northeast Pacific
Authors: Hollowed Anne B , Aydin Kerim Y , Essington Timothy E , Ianelli James N , Megrey Bernard A , Punt André E , Smith Anthony D M 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe consider the question of which quantitative modelling tools can be used to support an ecosystem approach to management (EAM), with a focus on evaluating the implication of decisions on the biological system being managed. Managers of federal fisheries in the eastern Bering Sea, USA, have adopted an EAM. The tools used to support EAM in the eastern Bering Sea serve as a guide to what types of models could be used elsewhere. A review of the role of natural science in the implementation of EAM shows that scientific advice enters into decision‐making at a variety of steps. Single‐species stock assessment and projection models are the most commonly used tools employed to inform managers. Comprehensive assessments (e.g. management strategy evaluation) are emerging as a new and potentially valuable analysis technique for use in assessing trade‐offs of different strategic alternatives. In the case of management in the eastern Bering Sea, end‐to‐end models and coupled biophysical models have been used primarily to advance scientific understanding, but have not been applied in a management context. This review highlights that implementation of an EAM in a management environment such as eastern Bering Sea requires substantial commitments to the collection and analysis of data and support for a group of analysts with interdisciplinary training in population dynamics, oceanography and ecology. This review supports the growing recognition that a diverse suite of modelling tools is needed to address tactical and strategic management issues germane to the adoption of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management.
DISPLAYING UNCERTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT PROBABILITY: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Morone Andrea , Ozdemir Ozlem 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTDifferent from previous experiments that used three representations of uncertain information for probabilities: best estimate, interval and sets of probabilities, we use visual display to represent different levels of uncertainty through varying amount of probabilistic information provided to subjects. Results confirm that the individuals’ willingness to pay is higher when a larger amount of information is available. Further, individuals are found uncertainty averse for high probability of gain and uncertainty seekers for low probability of gain. Similarities in results across different representations of uncertainty indicate that the representation tested here is a viable method for communicating uncertainty to decision makers.
TARIFF POLICY AND WELFARE IN AN INTERNATIONAL DUOPOLY WITH CONSUMER‐FRIENDLY INITIATIVE
Authors: Wang Leonard F. S. , Wang Ya‐Chin , Zhao Lihong 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to explore how strategic tariff policy and welfare are affected by the consumer‐friendly initiative of foreign exporting firms. We define a firm that is consumer‐friendly or non‐profit‐based if it considers both its own profit and consumer surplus. This paper extends Brander and Spencer by taking the consideration of consumer‐friendly firms into an international duopoly, and within such context examining the tariff policy and welfare. The consumer‐friendly initiative that leads to trade liberalization is a ‘Win‐Win‐Win’ solution in the sense that it is not only beneficial for foreign exporting firms, but also for the government and consumers of the importing country.
A New Look at Halley’s Life Table
Authors: Bellhouse David R. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryEdmond Halley published his Breslau life table in 1693, which was arguably the first in the world based on population data. By putting Halley’s work into the scientific context of his day and through simple plots and calculations, new insights into Halley’s work are made. In particular, Halley tended to round his numbers and to massage his data for easier presentation and calculation. Rather than highlighting outliers as would be done in a modern analysis, Halley instead smoothed them out. Halley’s method of life table construction for early ages is examined. His lifetime distribution at higher ages, which is missing in his paper, is reconstructed and a reason is suggested for why Halley neglected to include these ages in his table.
Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model
Authors: Balogh T. S. , Pedriali C. A. , Gama R. M. , de Oliveira Pinto C. A. S. , Bedin V. , Villa R. T. , Kaneko T. M. , Consiglieri V. O. , Velasco M. V. R. , Baby A. R. 
Published: March 2011

SynopsisSunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment provided by these formulasis designed to resemble a UV‐induced tan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of carbomer gels and cold process self emulsifying bases on skin pigmentation, using different concentrations of a chemical system composed of DHA and N‐acetyl tyrosine, which are found in moulted snake skins and their effectiveness was tested by Mexameter® MX 18. Eight different sunless tanning formulas were developed, four of which were gels and four of which were emulsions (base, base plus 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% (w/w) of a system of DHA and N‐acetyl tyrosine). Tests to determine the extent of artificial tanning were done by applying 30 mg cm−2 of each formula onto standard sizes of moulted snake skin (2.0 cm × 3.0 cm). A Mexameter® MX 18 was used to evaluate the extent of coloration in the moulted snake skin at T0 (before the application) and after 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 and 216 h. The moulted snake skins can be used as an alternative membrane model for in vitro sunless tanning efficacy tests due to their similarity to the human stratum corneum. The DHA concentration was found to influence the initiation of the pigmentation in both sunless tanning systems (emulsion and gel) as well as the time required to increases by a given amount on the tanning index. In the emulsion system, the DHA concentration also influenced the final value on the tanning index. The type of system (emulsion or gel) has no influence on the final value in the tanning index after 216 h for samples with the same DHA concentration.
Scleritome construction, biofacies, biostratigraphy and systematics of the tommotiid Eccentrotheca helenia sp. nov. from the Early Cambrian of South Australia
Authors: SKOVSTED CHRISTIAN B. , BROCK GLENN A. , TOPPER TIMOTHY P. , PATERSON JOHN R. , HOLMER LARS E. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Large collections of Eccentrotheca helenia sp. nov. from the lower Cambrian Wilkawillina and Ajax limestones in the Arrowie Basin, South Australia, contain abundant low, cap‐shaped and high, laterally compressed isolated sclerites in addition to partially articulated tubular specimens. The scleritome of Eccentrotheca helenia sp. nov. is fully described for the first time and shown to be formed by ontogenetic fusion of sclerites into successively stacked sclerite rings, forming a larger, tubular structure. The apical termination of the tube is highly variable, but is primarily constructed by low, cap‐shaped sclerites and characterised by a central aperture of variable inclination. The adapical portion of the tube is predominantly constructed by high, laterally compressed sclerites, but individual sclerite rings can contain both cap‐shaped and laterally compressed sclerites along with sclerites of intermediate morphology. The apical aperture presumably housed organic structures for attachment to a hard substrate, but the scleritome also occasionally preserves small lateral perforations between fused sclerites, which may have served to stabilise the scleritome by providing additional points of anchorage. In the Arrowie Basin, E. helenia is found in association with archaeocyath‐microbial‐spongiomorph‐dominated bioherms and most likely inhabited pendant or cryptic habitats within these bioherms. Eccentrotheca‐like sclerites form an integral part of the scleritomes of many tommotiids which may confuse taxonomic analysis. Sclerites previously assigned to ‘E.’guano, consistently occur together with sclerites of Kulparina rostrata in stratigraphic intervals consistently older than strata hosting E. helenia. Rare fused specimens indicate that the sclerites of K. rostrata and ‘E.’guano belong to the same scleritome.
A new species of watering pot shell (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagelloidea) from the Miocene of the Murray Basin, South Australia
Authors: YATES ADAM M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  A new species of penicillid watering pot shell, Kendrickiana coquinacola sp. nov., is described from the middle Miocene (Balcombian) Bryant Creek Formation of the Murray Basin, South Australia. The new species differs from the extant K. veitchi in its smaller size, much shorter posterior tube, fewer tubules in the anterior watering pot structure, absence of the pedal slit, discontinuous dorsolateral bands of pitted muscle scars on the internal surface of the anterior bulb and habit of cementing itself to the shells in its surrounding environment. The fossil record of Kendrickiana is reviewed. The record from the Dry Creek Sands is discounted, while a record for the extant K. veitchi from the earliest Pleistocene of York Peninsula is added. K. coquinacola indicates the highly derived anatomy of the genus evolved over a 10‐Ma period from the late Oligocene through the early Miocene.
Postcranial morphology, functional adaptations and palaeobiology of Callistoe vincei, a predaceous metatherian from the Eocene of Salta, north‐western Argentina
Authors: ARGOT CHRISTINE , BABOT JUDITH 
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Callistoe vincei Babot et al., 2002 is a Paleogene borhyaenoid known from exceptionally complete postcranial elements, which provides rare information about the anatomy and evolutionary history of metatherian predators during the South American Cenozoic. The axial skeleton of Callistoe is characterized by the peculiar transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae emphasizing lateral instead of sagittal traction. There is no clavicle and eighteen thoracolumbar vertebrae, of which only five are lumbars. The shoulder and elbow joints suggest movements restricted to parasagittal flexion/extension that are consistent with primarily terrestrial locomotion, as is also emphasized in Borhyaena tuberata and Lycopsis longirostrus. On the manus, the pollex is not reduced and the ungual phalanges indicate very long claws, similar to those observed in some extant digging taxa. This feature is unique to C. vincei among borhyaenoids. The knee joint is characterized by the presence of ossified patellae but shallow femoral trochleae. This joint suggests that the leg was nearly parasagittal, a position also inferred for Borhyaena. The astragalus shape is consistent with parasagittal flexion/extension, as in all Miocene–Pliocene borhyaenoids. The hind foot is characterized by reduced claws in comparison with the manus as well as the slenderness of the first and fifth digits, another peculiarity of C. vincei. The habitat of Callistoe was a temperate humid forest and according to the known fossil record, Callistoe was the largest mammalian predator of its time, sharing the predator ecological niche with crocodiles.
The Effects of Intermittent Electrical Stimulation on the Prevention of Deep Tissue Injury: Varying Loads and Stimulation Paradigms
Authors: Curtis Cara Anne , Chong Su Ling , Kornelsen Isaak , Uwiera Richard R.E. , Seres Peter , Mushahwar Vivian K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA pressure ulcer is a medical complication that arises in persons with decreased mobility and/or sensation. Deep pressure ulcers starting at the bone–muscle interface are the most dangerous, as they can cause extensive damage before showing any signs at the skin surface. We previously proposed a novel intervention called intermittent electrical stimulation (IES) for the prevention of deep tissue injury (DTI). In this study, we tested the effects of four paradigms of IES and one conventional pressure relief paradigm in preventing the formation of deep pressure ulcers in rats. Loading equivalent to 18, 28, or 38% of the body weight (BW) of each rat was applied to the triceps surae muscle in one hind limb. Treatment groups received IES every 10 min for either (i) 5 or 10 s with moderate or maximal contraction, or (ii) complete pressure removal every 10 min for 10 s (conventional pressure relief). The results showed that conventional pressure relief, emulating a wheelchair push‐up every 10 min, was inadequate for the prevention of DTI. In contrast, all IES paradigms were equally effective in significantly reducing the extent of deep muscle damage caused by 28 or 38% BW pressure application. These findings suggest that, in conjunction with existing techniques, IES may be an effective intervention for the prophylactic prevention of DTI.
Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy for Grasping in Traumatic Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Kapadia Naaz M. , Zivanovic Vera , Furlan Julio , Craven B. Cathy , McGillivray Colleen , Popovic Milos R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this single‐site randomized control trial was to assess the short‐term and long‐term efficacy of functional electrical stimulation (FES) therapy over conventional occupational therapy in improving voluntary hand function in incomplete C4‐C7 spinal cord injury individuals. All 22 participants recruited in this randomized control trial received treatment for both the left and right upper extremities. Every participant, irrespective of group allocation, received one dose (60 min per day, 5 days per week for the duration of 8 weeks) of conventional occupational therapy for hand function. Of the 22 participants, 12 individuals received an additional dose of conventional occupational therapy, while the remaining 10 participants received a dose of FES hand therapy. The primary outcome measure was Functional Independence Measure (FIM) self‐care subscore. The secondary outcome measures were Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) self‐care subscore and Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Hand Function Test (TRI‐HFT). The participants who received FES therapy showed significantly greater improvements in hand function at discharge, and were able to maintain their gains at long‐term follow‐up as assessed using FIM self‐care subscore, SCIM self‐care subscore, and TRI‐HFT. The FES therapy effectively increased independence and thereby improved quality of life of individuals with tetraplegia when compared with conventional occupational therapy.
Including Nonideal Behavior in Simulations of Functional Electrical Stimulation Applications
Authors: Lynch Cheryl L. , Graham Geoff M. , Popovic Milos R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSimulations of functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems are usually based on the typical or ideal stimulated muscle response, which may result in an overly optimistic prediction of the FES system's performance in real‐world applications. We have developed a Simulink block that allows actual nonideal behavior of electrically stimulated muscles to be incorporated into existing FES simulations. This block is based on data collected from complete spinal cord injuries (SCI) subjects, and it modifies the nominal stimulated muscle response to reflect undesirable behavior seen in real‐world FES applications, including spasms, tremors, and fatigue. The severity of each type of undesirable behavior can be specified by the user. In this paper, we discuss the design of the block and also present an example of how the block can be used to more accurately assess the probable real‐world performance of FES systems prior to testing with SCI subjects.
Artificial Organs 2010: A Year in Review
Authors: Malchesky Paul S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders “to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level.”Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley‐Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.
Cortical Thickness, Surface Area, and Volume of the Brain Reward System in Alcohol Dependence: Relationships to Relapse and Extended Abstinence
Authors: Durazzo Timothy C. , Tosun Duygu , Buckley Shannon , Gazdzinski Stefan , Mon Anderson , Fryer Susanna L. , Meyerhoff Dieter J. 
Published: March 2011

Background:  At least 60% of those treated for an alcohol use disorder will relapse. Empirical study of the integrity of the brain reward system (BRS) is critical to understanding the mechanisms of relapse as this collection of circuits is implicated in the development and maintenance of all forms of addictive disorders. This study compared thickness, surface area, and volume in neocortical components of the BRS among nonsmoking light‐drinking controls (controls), individuals who remained abstinent and those who relapsed after treatment.Methods:  Seventy‐five treatment‐seeking alcohol‐dependent individuals (abstinent for 7 ± 3 days) and 43 controls completed 1.5T proton magnetic resonance imaging studies. Parcellated morphological data were obtained for following bilateral components of the BRS: rostral and caudal anterior cingulate cortex, insula, medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), rostral and caudal middle and superior frontal gyri, amygdala and hippocampus as well as for 26 other bilateral neocortical regions. Alcohol‐dependent participants were followed over 12‐months after baseline study and were classified as abstainers (no alcohol consumption; n = 24) and relapsers (any alcohol consumption; n = 51) at follow‐up.Results:  Relapsers and abstainers demonstrated lower cortical thickness in the vast majority of BRS regions as well as lower global thickness compared to controls. Relapsers had lower total BRS surface area than both controls and abstainers, but abstainers were not significantly different from controls on any surface area measure. Relapsers demonstrated lower volumes than controls in the majority of regions, while abstainers showed lower volumes than controls in the superior frontal gyrus, insula, amygdala, and hippocampus, bilaterally. Relapsers exhibited smaller volumes than abstainers in the right rostral middle and caudal middle frontal gyri and the lateral OFC, bilaterally. In relapsers, lower baseline volumes and surface areas in multiple regions were associated with a greater magnitude of post‐treatment alcohol consumption.Conclusions:  Results suggest relapsers demonstrated morphological abnormalities in regions involved in the “top down” regulation/modulation of internal drive states, emotions, reward processing, and behavior, which may impart increased risk for the relapse/remit cycle that afflicts many with an alcohol use disorder. Results also highlight the importance of examining both cortical thickness and surface area to better understand the nature of regional volume loss frequently observed in alcohol use disorders. Results from this report are consistent with previous research implicating plastic neurobiological changes in the BRS in the maintenance of addictive disorders.
Geriatric Conditions, Medication Use, and Risk of Adverse Drug Events in a Predominantly Male, Older Veteran Population
Authors: Steinman Michael A. , Lund Brian C. , Miao Yinghui , Boscardin W. John , Kaboli Peter J. 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether geriatric conditions and functional impairment are independent risk factors for adverse drug events (ADEs).DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: Veterans Affairs Medical Center.PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred seventy‐seven veterans aged 65 and older and taking five or more medications.MEASUREMENTS: Geriatric conditions and functional status were assessed using participant interviews and structured assessments at study baseline. ADEs were elicited during participant interviews 3 and 12 months after study enrollment using validated methods.RESULTS: The strong majority (97%) of participants were male, with a mean age of 74±5; 123 (33%) had one or more dependencies in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Over the 1‐year study period, 126 participants (33%) developed 167 ADEs. Upon multivariable analysis, risk of ADEs was not associated with any of the geriatric conditions that there was sufficient power to evaluate, including IADL function, cognitive impairment, depression, visual impairment, incontinence, constipation, and a summative measure of geriatric burden comprising the above and history of falls or gait instability. In exploratory analyses, the strongest factor associated with ADEs was the number of drugs added to a participant's medication regimen during the 1‐year study period (incidence rate ratio 1.11 per each added drug, 95% confidence interval=1.03–1.19).CONCLUSION: Common geriatric conditions and IADL function were not associated with ADEs in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Although it is important to consider the unique circumstances of each participant, excessive caution in prescribing to older adults with these geriatric conditions may not be warranted.