bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An outbreak of cowpox in captive cheetahs: virological and epidemiological studies
Authors: Baxby D. , Ashton D. G. , Jones D. M. , Thomsett L. R. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThis paper describes virological and epidemiological features of an infection which killed two of three affected cheetahs at Whipsnade Park in 1977. Two animals had profuse skin lesions and the third had an acute haemorrhagic pneumonia. The outbreak was shown to be caused by cowpox virus. Cowpox virus is believed to circulate in small wild animals, but the source of infection was not traced despite virological and serological tests on 93 captive and 102 wild animals.Sub-clinical infections did not occur in susceptible contact cheetahs. Immune globulin did not influence the outcome and smallpox vaccine does not take in cheetahs. Management of any future outbreak will rely on prompt diagnosis and segregation of infected animals.
Arginine deprivation and the generation of white variants in cowpox virus-infected cell cultures
Authors: Williamson J. D. , Mackett M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe white pock variant of cowpox virus shows limited growth in chick embryo fibroblasts maintained in arginine-deprived culture medium. Since these conditions inhibit the growth of parental virus, there is a marked increase in the frequency of the white variant in the virus population recovered after passage in the absence of arginine. The variants generated in this system have been characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis of virus DNA in the total DNA recovered from infected cell cultures. Such analysis shows that the white variants arise as deletion mutants of the parental virus, but there was considerable heterogeneity in the restriction patterns of different isolates examined shortly after their generation. Further passage selected white cowpox virus populations with a stable genome configuration comparable with the DNA of pock-purified white variants.
The pathogenicity of a newly discovered human mycoplasma (strain G37) for the genital tract of marmosets
Authors: Taylor-Robinson D. , Furr Patricia M. , Hetherington C. M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIn an attempt to demonstrate the pathogenicity of a newly discovered mycoplasma (strain G37) isolated from the human genital tract, six female marmosets (Callithix jacchus) were inoculated intravaginally. Four of the animals were infected as indicated by repeated recovery of the organisms on vaginal swabbing, and infection persisted for 72–149 days or more. In addition, the infected marmosets exhibited a serum antibody response detected most easily by an immunofluorescence technique, and a persistent vaginal polymorphonuclear leucocyte response not seen in two uninfected and in two uninoculated animals.
Effects of chloramphenicol onChlamydia trachomatisinfection in neonatal conjunctivitis and in McCoy cell cultures
Authors: Hobson D. , Stefanidis D. , Rees E. , Tait I. A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIt was found that 26 of 127 infants with chlamydial conjunctivitis had previously received chloramphenicol eye drops. This treatment had delayed the onset and reduced the degree of oedema, congestion and discharge compared with infected infants with no ‘first-line’ chemotherapy, but eye swabs remained positive in 22 (85 %) of the chloramphenicol treated infants.The problems of designing laboratory tests which might accurately forecast the clinical value, or lack of value of antibiotics in chlamydial infections were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chloramphenicol, againstChlamydia trachomatisin McCoy cell cultures varied widely according to the antibiotic preparation used, the timing and duration of its exhibition in relation to the single step growth cycle ofC. trachomatis, and, in particular, the method of examination of infected tissue cultures for residual chlamydial growth after incubation with chloramphenicol.
Characterization of the major antigens ofHaemophilus equigenitalis(contagious equine metritis organism)
Authors: Corbel M. J. , Brewer R. A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryImmunoelectrophoresis of ultrasonically disrupted Haemophilus equigenitalis (contagious equine metritis organism) cells against rabbit and equine antisera disclosed at least 11 precipitating antigens. Two of these, a polysaccharide and a lipopolysaccharide–protein complex, were of high molecular weight and located on the cell surface. The remaining antigens were intracellular and were small- to medium-sized proteins.The surface antigens were the most significant in relation to the serological response in infected horses. They also reacted with sera from apparently healthy cattle, but the reason for this was not determined. No serological cross-reaction betweenH. equigenitalisand species ofAchromobacterandMoraxellawas detected.
Human astrovirus serotypes
Authors: Lee T. W. , Kurtz J. B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryTwo serotypes of human astroviruses are described. It is proposed that these should be called serotype 1 and serotype 2. Using antisera to these two types, 13 of 15 other community-acquired strains were able to be typed, 12 as serotype 1 and one as serotype 2.
Successional changes in epiphytic rainforest lichens: implications for the management of rainforest communities
Authors: MORLEY Sharon E. , GIBSON Maria 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe explored lichen species richness and patterns of lichen succession on rough barkedNothofagus cunninghamiitrees and on smooth barkedAtherosperma moschatumtrees in cool temperate rainforests in Victoria, Australia.Nothofagus cunninghamiitrees from the Yarra Ranges, andA. moschatumtrees from Errinundra were ranked into size classes (small, medium, large and extra-large), and differences in species richness and composition were compared between size classes for each tree species.Nothofagus cunninghamiisupported a rich lichen flora (108 trees, 52 lichen species), with the largest trees supporting a significantly higher number of species, including many uncommon species. This success was attributed to varying bark texture, stand characteristics and microhabitat variations as the trees age.Atherosperma moschatumsupported a comparable number of species (120 trees, 54 lichen species). Indeed on average, this host supported more lichen species thanN. cunninghamii. However, successional patterns with increasing girth were not as clear forA. moschatum, possibly due to the more stable microclimate that this smooth barked host provided. Victorian cool temperate rainforests exist primarily as small, often isolated pockets within a sea of Eucalypt-dominated, fire-prone forest. Many are regenerating from past disturbance. We find that protection of Victoria's oldest rainforest pockets is crucial, as they represent sources of rare, potentially threatened lichen species, and may be acting as reservoirs for propagules for nearby ageing rainforests. Indeed, even single, large old trees have conservation importance, as they may provide exceptional microhabitats, not found elsewhere in the regenerating rainforest environment.
Lecanographa uniseptata, a new species from Gabon and Guatemala (Ascomycota, Arthoniales)
Authors: ERTZ Damien , van den BOOM Pieter P. G. , TEHLER Anders , DEGREEF Jérôme 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLecanographa uniseptata is described as new to science. It is characterized by having small rounded to lirellate ascomata, and 1-septate ascospores. The species is known from tropical Africa (Gabon) and tropical America (Guatemala).
Labrocarpongen. nov. forMelaspilea canariensis, with the description ofBuelliella protoparmeliopsissp. nov. from South America
Authors: PÉREZ-ORTEGA Sergio , ETAYO Javier 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe new genusLabrocarponis introduced for the speciesMelaspilea canariensisbased on the presence of excipular periphysoids. In addition,Buelliella protoparmeliopsisis described from Chile, the twelfth species of the genus. Notes on the two new taxa and related species are provided.
Population genetics and the detection of immunogenic and drug-resistant loci inPlasmodium
Authors: Hastings I. M 
Published: March 2010

SummaryHost immunity will result in increased homozygosity at immunogenic loci if they encode products that elicit allele-specific immune responses. This increased homozygosity can be detected by comparison to ‘neutral’ (i. e. unselected) loci in the same genome which act as controls for the various epidemiological factors, such as biting rate, which affect homozygosity. Numerical results suggest that homozygosity should be 20 to 500 % higher at immunogenic loci, a result which is robust to changes in host death rate and the degree of linkage between the immunogenic and neutral loci. The same logic applies to loci which encode drug resistance: treated individuals with resistant infections will transmit zygotes homozygous for the resistance allele. It is argued that this increased homozygosity at putative immunogenic loci can act as a diagnostic feature to test using field data. The method also serves as a potentially very powerful method of identifying immunogenic and drug-resistant loci in laboratory studies of species such as the murine malariaPlasmodium chabaudi.
Molecular forms of tegumental and muscle acetylcholinesterases of Schistosoma
Authors: Camacho M. , Alsford S. , Agnew A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAcetylcholinesterase (ACHE) is present in the muscle and on the tegument of schistosomes. Molecular forms of schistosome AChE were examined because particular AChEs are found in tissues of distinct function elsewhere. The dimeric globular form (G2) is the only form evident in adult Schistosoma haematobium: 32 % of the muscle AChE is hydrophilic and 61 % is membrane associated. A substantial amount of this enzyme is phosphatidylinositol (PI) anchored since it could be released by PI-specific phospholipase C from both muscle and tegumental membranes.
Changes in gas composition in the swimbladder of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) infected withAnguillicola crassus(Nematoda)
Authors: Würtz J. , Taraschewski H. , Pelster B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe effectof Anguillicola crassus(Nematoda) on gas composition in the swimbladder of eels (Anguilla anguilla) was studied using mass spectrometry in feral eels from two German rivers and in experimentally infected eels. In both naturally and experimentally infected eels significant correlations were observed between the proportion of oxygen in the swimbladder and level of infection withAnguillicola crassus. In swimbladders of naturally infected feral eels the contribution of oxygen to swimbladder gas was reduced by 36–62·9% and in experimentally infected eels it was reduced by 11·4–57% compared to uninfected controls. The proportion of CO2appeared to be lower in infected swimbladders compared to uninfected ones. However, this change was not significant. The findings are discussed in relation to an altered structure of the swimbladder wall due to the parasite.
Records in a Rival's Repository: Archives of the Dutch East India Company and Related Materials in the India Office Records (British Library), London (and the National Archives of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur)
Authors: Bes Lennart 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo of the former so-called rival empires of trade in the Orient, the Dutch and the British with their respective East India Companies, are today friendly neighbours, closely co-operating both politically and economically. Their erstwhile mercantile rivalry in the East, however, is still reflected in the fact that part of the records of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) is nowadays kept in—of all places—the department of India Office Records at the British Library in London, the very repository of the archives of the British East India Company (EIC).This article presents an overview of the relatively unknown and unexplored materials derived, copied, or translated from the VOC and stored in that lion's den. Apart from a few miscellaneous papers, three groups of records will be described: the remaining archives of the VOC establishment at Melaka (in Malaysia), VOC documents in the Mackenzie collections, and relevant materials in the archives of the EIC. The bulk of the first group of records and parts of the second and third group are unique. In addition, the few Dutch records from Melaka that still remain in Malaysia will be dealt with in an Appendix.
Explaining quantitative variation in the rate of Optional Infinitive errors across languages: A comparison of MOSAIC and the Variational Learning Model
Authors: FREUDENTHAL DANIEL , PINE JULIAN , GOBET FERNAND 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTIn this study, we use corpus analysis and computational modelling techniques to compare two recent accounts of the OI stage: Legate & Yang's (2007) Variational Learning Model and Freudenthal, Pine & Gobet's (2006) Model of Syntax Acquisition in Children. We first assess the extent to which each of these accounts can explain the level of OI errors across five different languages (English, Dutch, German, French and Spanish). We then differentiate between the two accounts by testing their predictions about the relation between children's OI errors and the distribution of infinitival verb forms in the input language. We conclude that, although both accounts fit the cross-linguistic patterning of OI errors reasonably well, only MOSAIC is able to explain why verbs that occur more frequently as infinitives than as finite verb forms in the input also occur more frequently as OI errors than as correct finite verb forms in the children's output.
Subtypes and variants ofMycoplasma pneumoniae: local and temporal changes in Germany 2003–2006 and absence of a correlation between the genotype in the respiratory tract and the occurrence of genotype-specific antibodies in the sera of infected patients
Authors: DUMKE R. , VON BAUM H. , LÜCK P. C. , JACOBS E. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYMycoplasma pneumoniaeis a frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Three subtypes and three variants ofM. pneumoniaehave been described showing sequence differences in the main P1 adhesin. Between 2003 and 2006 we collected respiratory tract samples of adult outpatients with symptoms of pneumonia in a German nationwide network and detectedM. pneumoniaeby real-time PCR in 140 specimens. The strains were typed by sequencing and demonstrated the circulation of subtypes 1 and 2 and variants 2a and 2b. The overall number of isolates belonging to the two variant genotypes increased during the investigation period but the relationship of subtypes and variants within the participating local centres varied strongly. ELISA experiments using sera of acute-phase patients with a knownM. pneumoniaetype in the respiratory tract resulted in no correlation of IgA and IgG antibodies to subtype- and variant-specific regions of theP1gene with the genotype of theM. pneumoniaestrain causing the actual infection.
Average genome size: a potential source of bias in comparative metagenomics
Authors: Beszteri Bánk , Temperton Ben , Frickenhaus Stephan , Giovannoni Stephen J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In gene-centric comparative metagenomics, differences in observed relative gene abundances among samples are often assumed to reflect the biological importance of individual genes in different habitats. Statistical tests and data mining for genes that represent habitat-specific adaptations are frequently based on this measure. We demonstrate that this measure is biased by the average genome size of the communities sampled. Average genome sizes can be estimated from the metagenomic data themselves, and taken into account in comparative analyses. We suggest that this would enable ecologically more meaningful comparisons, especially when the average genome sizes of compared communities differ substantially. We illustrate the influence of average genome-size differences on comparative analyses, with an example to highlight the need for further exploration of this bias.
Self‐citation in Chinese biomedical journals
Authors: Xue‐Li LIU , Mei‐Ying WANG 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTWe investigated the self‐citation rates of 884 Chinese biomedical journals, including 185 general medicine journals, 96 preventive medicine journals, 103 Chinese traditional medicine journals, 66 basic medicine journals, 370 clinical medicine journals, and 64 pharmaceutical journals. The average self‐citation rates of these journals for the years 2005–2007 were 0.113 ± 0.124, 0.099 ± 0.098 and 0.092 ± 0.089, respectively, i.e. a downward trend year by year. The upper limits of normal values of self‐citation rates for the same period were 0.316, 0.260 and 0.238, respectively. A significant difference was found in self‐citation rate between biomedical journals of different subjects. 52 Chinese biomedical journals had no self‐citation in 2007. The total citation frequency and impact factor of these 52 biomedical journals were 263 and 0.206, respectively, which were very much lower than the average levels of all Chinese biomedical journals in 2007. A self‐citation rate higher than the upper limit was considered as excessive self‐citation: 62 (7.01%), 68 (7.69%) and 66 (7.47%) biomedical journals showed excessive self‐citation in the years 2005–2007, respectively. However, a certain amount of self‐citation is reasonable and necessary.
Open access publishing: a viable solution for society publishers
Authors: COONEY‐McQUAT Sarah , BUSCH Stefan , KAHN Deborah 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThe open access (OA) business model has established itself as a viable alternative to traditional subscription‐based publishing and is an option that societies should now realistically consider for their journals. This paper outlines how the OA model can work for societies, and presents a number of case studies that demonstrate how it is already working in practice.
TopoGSA: network topological gene set analysis
Authors: Glaab Enrico , Baudot Anaïs , Krasnogor Natalio , Valencia Alfonso 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Summary: TopoGSA (Topology-based Gene Set Analysis) is a web-application dedicated to the computation and visualization of network topological properties for gene and protein sets in molecular interaction networks. Different topological characteristics, such as the centrality of nodes in the network or their tendency to form clusters, can be computed and compared with those of known cellular pathways and processes.
Availability: Freely available at http://www.infobiotics.net/topogsa
Contact: nxk@cs.nott.ac.uk; avalencia@cnio.es
Varicella Vaccination in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Lu Ying , Bousvaros Athos 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTChildren with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often receiving chronic immunosuppressive therapy to stay in clinical remission; however, these therapies also put patients at risk for infections. Therefore, it is important to immunize children to minimize vaccine‐preventable infections. However, there is a paucity of data on immune response to vaccines in patients with IBD. Current guidelines recommend that patients with IBD receive inactivated vaccines but suggest against immunizing immunosuppressed patients having IBD with live vaccines such as varicella. Unfortunately, the recommendation to not vaccinate with varicella was not based on any data. We present a case series of children with IBD receiving immunosuppressive therapy who tolerated and had a good immune response to varicella vaccine. We also review the literature and demonstrate that studies in other immunocompromised populations suggest that varicella vaccine is generally well tolerated and immunogenic. We also argue that it is important to weigh the benefits against risks with individual patients having IBD to decide whether varicella vaccination should be considered. Additional studies evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of varicella vaccine in patients with IBD are needed.
Indications to Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Children With Dyspepsia
Authors: Guariso G , Meneghel A , Pozza L Visonà Dalla , Romano C , Dall'Oglio L , Lombardi G , Conte S , Calacoci M , Campanozzi A , Nichetti C , Piovan S , Zancan L , Facchin P 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:The objective of the study was to ascertain the appropriateness of indications for upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy in children with dyspepsia.Methods:We used the RAND/University of California at Los Angeles method to investigate the appropriateness of the opinions of a panel of experts. The panel judged 2304 theoretical patient scenarios defined by a combination of demographic and clinical variables. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.Results:The panel rated UGI endoscopy as appropriate in 27.2% of cases, inappropriate in 14.3%, and dubious in 58.5%. Disagreement emerged for 21% of cases. UGI endoscopy was considered increasingly appropriate in cases with a positive family history of peptic ulcer and/or Helicobacter pylori infection (odds ratio [OR] 8.518, P < 0.0001), when dyspepsia interfered with activities of daily living (“sleep” OR 7.540, P < 0.0001; “normal activities” OR 5.725, P < 0.0001), and when patients were older than 10 years (“≤10 years” OR 0.310, P < 0.0001) the longer the duration (“0–2 months” OR 0.002, P < 0.0001; “3–5 months” OR 0.059, P < 0.0001; “6–11 months” OR 0.516, P = 0.0005) and the greater the severity (“mild” OR 0.002, P < 0.0001; “moderate” OR 0.013, P < 0.0001) of their dyspeptic symptoms.Conclusions:UGI endoscopy is not appropriate for all children with dyspeptic symptoms, but only for cases with a family history of peptic ulcer and/or Helicobacter pylori infection, older than 10 years of age, with symptoms persisting for more than 6 months and severe enough to affect activities of daily living.
The Arabidopsis Family GT43 Glycosyltransferases Form Two Functionally Nonredundant Groups Essential for the Elongation of Glucuronoxylan Backbone
Authors: Lee Chanhui , Teng Quincy , Huang Wenlin , Zhong Ruiqin , Ye Zheng-Hua 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
There exist four members of family GT43 glycosyltransferases in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome, and mutations of two of them, IRX9 and IRX14, have previously been shown to cause a defect in glucuronoxylan (GX) biosynthesis. However, it is currently unknown whether IRX9 and IRX14 perform the same biochemical function and whether the other two GT43 members are also involved in GX biosynthesis. In this report, we performed comprehensive genetic analysis of the functional roles of the four Arabidopsis GT43 members in GX biosynthesis. The I9H (IRX9 homolog) and I14H (IRX14 homolog) genes were shown to be specifically expressed in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening, and their encoded proteins were targeted to the Golgi, where GX is synthesized. Overexpression of I9H but not IRX14 or I14H rescued the GX defects conferred by the irx9 mutation, whereas overexpression of I14H but not IRX9 or I9H complemented the GX defects caused by the irx14 mutation. Double mutant analyses revealed that I9H functioned redundantly with IRX9 and that I14H was redundant with IRX14 in their functions. In addition, double mutations of IRX9 and IRX14 were shown to cause a loss of secondary wall thickening in fibers and a much more severe reduction in GX amount than their single mutants. Together, these results provide genetic evidence demonstrating that all four Arabidopsis GT43 members are involved in GX biosynthesis and suggest that they form two functionally nonredundant groups essential for the normal elongation of GX backbone.