bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BOUNDING THE MINIMUM ORDER OF Aπ-BASE
Authors: MUÑOZ MARÍA 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLetXbe a topological space. A family ℬ of nonempty open sets inXis called aπ-base ofXif for each open setUinXthere existsB∈ℬ such thatB⊂U. The order of aπ-base ℬ at a pointxis the cardinality of the family ℬx={B∈ℬ:x∈B} and the order of theπ-base ℬ is the supremum of the orders of ℬ at each pointx∈X. A classical theorem of Shapirovskiĭ [‘Special types of embeddings in Tychonoff cubes’, in:Subspaces of Σ-Products and Cardinal Invariants, Topology, Coll. Math. Soc. J. Bolyai, 23 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980), pp. 1055–1086; ‘Cardinal invariants in compact Hausdorff spaces’,Amer. Math. Soc. Transl.134(1987), 93–118] establishes that the minimum order of aπ-base is bounded by the tightness of the space when the space is compact. Since then, there have been many attempts at improving the result. Finally, in [‘The projectiveπ-character bounds the order of aπ-base’,Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.136(2008), 2979–2984], Juhász and Szentmiklóssy proved that the minimum order of aπ-base is bounded by the ‘projectiveπ-character’ of the space for any topological space (not only for compact spaces), improving Shapirovskiĭ’s theorem. The projectiveπ-character is in some sense an ‘external’ cardinal function. Our purpose in this paper is, on the one hand, to give bounds of the projectiveπ-character using ‘internal’ topological properties of the subspaces on compact spaces. On the other hand, we give a bound on the minimum order of aπ-base using other cardinal functions in the frame of general topological spaces. Open questions are posed.
The Spirit of a Heroine: Ya Mo—Spirit Reverence, Patriotism and Thai Buddhism
Authors: NILSEN MARTE 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe story of Ya Mo is that of a great Thai heroine honoured with a grand monument (the Suranari memorial) in the centre of Khorat, a city in the north-east of Thailand. The monument is a sacred shrine embedding Ya Mo's guardian spirit which protects the people of the city. She is a grantor of protection, auspiciousness and good luck, and can fulfil wishes, needs and requests. Her spirit can be benevolent as well as ferocious and revengeful. She is a warrior and a guardian, but also a grandmother and a symbol of patriotism, kinship and loving kindness. Ya Mo and her shrine must be perceived in relation to Thai religion and the position of deities, spirits, ghosts and otherworldly beings in Theravāda Buddhism. Ya Mo represents a wide range of meanings and functions, but when viewed exclusively as a historical figure, most of these do not surface. In order to understand the Ya Mo phenomenon, the field between religion and magic in Thai Theravāda Buddhism must therefore be explored, as well as how people create and uphold distinctions between religion and magic, and how they communicate and negotiate between these two spheres or dimensions. This paper attempts to analyse how non-Buddhist monuments and shrines, in this case a historical memorial to Ya Mo, erected as part of Thai nation-building, represent a vivid part of Thai religious and spiritual life, deeply rooted in a Buddhist worldview.
Theoretical and experimental studies of material radiative properties and their applications to laser and heavy ion inertial fusion
Authors: Orlov N. Yu. , Denisov O.B. , Rosmej O.N. , Schäfer D. , Nisius Th. , Wilhein Th. , Zhidkov N. , Kunin A. , Suslov N. , Pinegin A. , Vatulin V. , Zhao Y. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTheoretical and experimental studies of radiative properties of substances heated by pulsed current devises or lasers and used as X-ray sources have been carried out depending on plasma conditions, and specific spectra of X-ray absorption and radiation for different materials have been calculated. Important features of the theoretical model, known as the ion model of plasma, are discussed. This model can be applied for calculations of the radiative properties of complex materials over a wide range of plasma parameters. For purposes of indirect-driven inertial fusion based on the hohlraum concept, an optimization method is used for the selection of an effective complex hohlraum wall material, which provides high radiation efficiency at laser interaction with the wall. The radiation efficiency of the resulting material is compared with the efficiency of other composite materials that have previously been evaluated theoretically. A similar theoretical study is performed for the optically thin X-pinch plasma produced by exploding wires. Theoretical estimations of radiative efficiency are compared with experimental data that have been obtained from measurements of X-pinch radiation energy yield using two exploding wire materials, NiCr and Alloy 188. It is shown that the theoretical results agree well with the experimental data. A symmetric multilayer X-pinch, where W and Mo wires are used, is as well considered. The theoretical explanation of experimental phenomena is discussed based on the W and Mo radiative spectra. The ion model was as well applied for interpretation of experimental results on opacities of CHO-plasma obtained via indirect heating of low density polymer layers by means of soft X-rays. The new diagnostics method based on the deformation of the of the Carbon absorption K-edge when foam layer is heated to plasma is discussed. The spectral coefficients for X-ray absorption in CHO-plasma are calculated in the photon energy region around the Carbon K-edge for different plasma temperatures and mean foam density. In this case, the Carbon K-edge position on the energy scale can be used for plasma temperature diagnostic.
Lack of dietary diversity and dyslipidaemia among stunted overweight children: the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey
Authors: Li Yanping , Wedick Nicole M , Lai Jianqiang , He Yuna , Hu Xiaoqi , Liu Ailing , Du Songming , Zhang Jian , Yang Xiaoguang , Chen Chunming , Hu Frank B , Ma Guansheng 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveBoth stunting and overweight are present in children across China. Seemingly paradoxical, these two conditions can also coexist in the same child. The aim was to examine the associations between dietary food/nutrient intake and plasma lipid profiles related to stunting and overweight status.DesignThe 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey was a family-based nationally representative cross-sectional study.SettingThirty-one provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities.SubjectsThe study included 13 770 children aged 2–17 years. The sample size for the four exposure groups was 10 814 for children of normal height and weight, 2128 for stunted, 729 for overweight and 99 for stunted overweight.ResultsCompared with children of normal height and weight, stunted and stunted overweight children consumed more high-energy-dense foods with a lower dietary diversity score, less protein, polyunsaturated fat and Fe, and a higher molar ratio of phytate to Ca. On the contrary, overweight children tended to consume significantly less carbohydrates and more protein and fat. Overall, stunted overweight children consumed lower amounts of vegetables, fruit, white meat (poultry and fish) and more milk. The OR for prevalent dyslipidaemia were 1·32 (95 % CI 1·13, 1·53), 1·76 (95 % CI 1·48, 2·09) and 2·59 (95 % CI 1·65, 4·07) among stunted, overweight and stunted overweight children, respectively, compared with children of normal height and weight. In addition, being overweight was significantly associated with high glucose concentrations, whereas stunting was significantly associated with having anaemia.ConclusionsLimited dietary diversity and intake of high-energy-dense foods were notably observed among stunted overweight children. Furthermore, being stunted and/or overweight was associated with an increased likelihood of unhealthy lipid profiles.
Parent's responses to nutrient claims and sports celebrity endorsements on energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods: an experimental study
Authors: Dixon Helen , Scully Maree , Wakefield Melanie , Kelly Bridget , Chapman Kathy , Donovan Robert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess parents’ responses to common, potentially misleading strategies for marketing energy-dense and nutrient-poor (EDNP) child-oriented foods.DesignBetween-subjects online experiment to test whether nutrient claims and sports celebrity endorsements on the front of packs of EDNP products lead parents to prefer and rate these foods more favourably.SettingAustralia.SubjectsA total of 1551 parents of children aged 5–12 years, who were the main household grocery buyers.ResultsInclusion of nutrient claims or sports celebrity endorsements on EDNP products led parents to perceive these products to be more nutritious than if they did not include such promotions. When asked to choose between a pair of different products (EDNP v. healthier), 56 % of parents did not read a nutrition information panel (NIP) before making their choice and this did not differ by promotion condition. These parents were more likely to choose an EDNP product if it included a nutrient claim (OR = 1·83, 95 % CI 1·31, 2·56; P < 0·001) or sports celebrity endorsement (OR = 2·37, 95 % CI 1·70, 3·32; P < 0·001). Sports celebrity endorsements also enhanced parent's perceptions of typical consumers of the product, perceptions of product healthiness and quality, as well as purchase intentions.ConclusionsNutrient claims and sports celebrity endorsements tip consumer preferences towards EDNP products bearing such promotions, especially among the majority who do not read the NIP. As parents largely determine what foods are available to children at home, it is critical that initiatives aimed at reducing the persuasive impact of food marketing include this target group.
A NOTE ON APPROXIMATE BENCHMARK SOLUTIONS FOR VISCOUS TWO-LAYER FLOWS
Authors: SELLIER M. , LENZ R. D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn important test of the quality of numerical methods developed to track the interface between two fluids is their ability to reproduce test cases or benchmarks. However, benchmark solutions are scarce and virtually nonexistent for complex geometries. We propose a simple method to generate benchmark solutions in the context of the two-layer flow problem, a classical multiphase flow problem. The solutions are obtained by considering the inverse problem of finding the required channel geometry to obtain a prescribed interface profile. This viewpoint shift transforms the problem from that of having to solve a complex differential equation to the much easier one of finding the roots of a quartic polynomial.
BENT UPPERMOST INTERNODE1Encodes the Class II Formin FH5 Crucial for Actin Organization and Rice Development
Authors: Yang Weibing , Ren Sulin , Zhang Xiaoming , Gao Mingjun , Ye Shenghai , Qi Yongbin , Zheng Yiyan , Wang Juan , Zeng Longjun , Li Qun , Huang Shanjin , He Zuhua 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe actin cytoskeleton is an important regulator of cell expansion and morphogenesis in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms linking the actin cytoskeleton to these processes remain largely unknown. Here, we report the functional analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) FH5 /BENT UPPERMOST INTERNODE1 (BUI1), which encodes a formin-type actin nucleation factor and affects cell expansion and plant morphogenesis in rice. The bui1 mutant displayed pleiotropic phenotypes, including bent uppermost internode, dwarfism, wavy panicle rachis, and enhanced gravitropic response. Cytological observation indicated that the growth defects of bui1 were caused mainly by inhibition of cell expansion. Map-based cloning revealed that BUI1 encodes the class II formin FH5. FH5 contains a phosphatase tensin-like domain at its amino terminus and two highly conserved formin-homology domains, FH1 and FH2. In vitro biochemical analyses indicated that FH5 is capable of nucleating actin assembly from free or profilin-bound monomeric actin. FH5 also interacts with the barbed end of actin filaments and prevents the addition and loss of actin subunits from the same end. Interestingly, the FH2 domain of FH5 could bundle actin filaments directly and stabilize actin filaments in vitro. Consistent with these in vitro biochemical activities of FH5/BUI1, the amount of filamentous actin decreased, and the longitudinal actin cables almost disappeared in bui1 cells. The FH2 or FH1FH2 domains of FH5 could also bind to and bundle microtubules in vitro. Thus, our study identified a rice formin protein that regulates de novo actin nucleation and spatial organization of the actin filaments, which are important for proper cell expansion and rice morphogenesis.
Drug violations and aviation accidents: findings from the US mandatory drug testing programs
Authors: Li Guohua , Baker Susan P. , Zhao Qi , Brady Joanne E. , Lang Barbara H. , Rebok George W. , DiMaggio Charles 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the role of drug violations in aviation accidents.Design  Case–control analysis.Setting  Commercial aviation in the United States.Participants  Aviation employees who were tested for drugs during 1995–2005 under the post‐accident testing program (cases, n = 4977) or under the random testing program (controls, n = 1 129 922).Measurements  Point prevalence of drug violations, odds ratio of accident involvement and attributable risk in the population. A drug violation was defined as a confirmed positive test for marijuana (≥50 ng/ml), cocaine (≥300 ng/ml), amphetamines (≥1000 ng/ml), opiates (≥2000 ng/ml) or phencyclidine (≥25 ng/ml).Findings  The prevalence of drug violations was 0.64% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62–0.65%] in random drug tests and 1.82% (95% CI: 1.47–2.24%) in post‐accident tests. The odds of accident involvement for employees who tested positive for drugs was almost three times the odds for those who tested negative (odds ratio 2.90, 95% CI: 2.35–3.57), with an estimated attributable risk of 1.2%. Marijuana accounted for 67.3% of the illicit drugs detected. The proportion of illicit drugs represented by amphetamines increased progressively during the study period, from 3.4% in 1995 to 10.3% in 2005 (P < 0.0001).Conclusions  Use of illicit drugs by aviation employees is associated with a significantly increased risk of accident involvement. Due to the very low prevalence, drug violations contribute to only a small fraction of aviation accidents.
Adherence to national guidelines for initiation of antiretroviral regimens in HIV patients: a Danish nationwide study
Authors: Petersen Tonny S. , Andersen Stig E. , Gerstoft January , Thorsteinsson Kristina , Larsen Carsten S. , Pedersen Gitte , Pedersen Court , Obel Niels 
Published: February 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • National guidelines for start of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in HIV infected patients are available in many Western world countries. However the impact of the guidelines on clinical practice is poorly documented. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Adherence to the starting criteria for HAART and the choice of treatment regimen in the guidelines exceeded 90%.• Intravenous drug users were more likely to start HAART at a later time after fulfilling the starting criteria and starting an alternative regimen.• More than a third of the patients initiated HAART as a part of a clinical trial from 1998 to 2000.AIM To determine the adherence to the national guidelines for start of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in HIV infected patients.METHODS We used a Danish nationwide cohort of HIV infected patients to calculate the fraction of patients who in the period 1997–2006 started HAART according to the guidelines from The Danish Society of Infectious Diseases. We used Kaplan‐Meier tables to estimate time from fulfilling the criteria for start of HAART to initiation of the treatment. Cox regression and logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for delayed initiation of treatment and chance of being included in clinical trials.RESULTS The study included 3223 patients, 74% of whom initiated HAART in the study period. Ninety‐four% fulfilled the criteria for start of HAART, with minor differences over calendar periods. Ninety‐four% initiated a recommended regimen or were included in a clinical trial. Intravenous drug use predicted initiation of a non‐recommended regimen and delay in start of HAART, while non‐Caucasians were less likely to be included in clinical trials.CONCLUSIONS In a Western world setting, the adherence to national guidelines for start of HAART can be high. We suggest that simplicity of the guidelines, centralization of treatment and involvement of local clinicians in the development of guidelines are of major importance for high adherence to treatment guidelines.
Complementary and alternative therapy (CAT) use and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): current evidence in the literature, 2000–2009
Authors: Hoogbruin Amandah 
Published: February 2011

Aim and objective.  To determine current evidence about the use of complementary and alternative medicine in the context of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The following objectives included identifying the risks and benefits of using complementary and alternative medicine when living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and taking such medications.Background.  In Canada and the USA, HIV/AIDS service organisations recognise that people affected or infected by HIV are increasingly choosing to use complementary and alternative medicine to cope with this disease. These same organisations advocate for increased access to complementary and alternative medicine and more information about the safe use of complementary and alternative medicine to make informed decisions. Based on the increased integral use of complementary and alternative medicine and conventional medicine in Canada and the USA, the literature review was limited to these two countries.Design.  Systematic review.Method.  Available full‐text abstracts published in English from 2000–2009 were retrieved by electronic searches of selected databases, including the websites of Health Canada and American National Center for Complementary and Alternate Medicine (NCCAM). Forty studies were examined and were categorised by referring to the NCCAM (2007) four types of complementary and alternative medicine.Results.  Insufficient evidence exists to support the use of a particular complementary and alternate therapy to enhance the management of HIV disease.Conclusion.  Decisions about using complementary and alternative medicine in conjunction with highly active antiretroviral therapy are often poorly informed. Safety risks and potential drug interactions are frequently ignored as people who use highly active antiretroviral therapy prefer to focus on the physical and mental benefits of using selected complementary and alternate therapies to promote their quality of life.Relevance to clinical practice.  As life expectancy increases, from the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, it is important for health professionals like nurses to be knowledgeable about the prevention, assessment and treatment of HIV symptoms and treatment side effects. Given the increased trend of using complementary and alternative medicine by the general population, it is also important to understand the appropriate use of complementary and alternative medicine for symptom management in HIV/AIDS care.
Selection and efficacy of self‐management strategies for dysmenorrhea in young Taiwanese women
Authors: Cheng Han‐Fu , Lin Yu‐Hua 
Published: February 2011

Aims.  This study investigates the selection and efficacy of various strategies employed by young Taiwanese women in the self‐management of dysmenorrhea.Background.  Dysmenorrhea is the common gynaecological problem in reproductive‐aged women. In the past, non‐specific treatments such as heat and exercise were found to be less effective. Current therapies for dysmenorrhea include prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and herbal remedies.Design.  Descriptive survey.Method.  The researcher‐designed questionnaire listed common strategies used in Taiwan to self‐manage dysmenorrhea. Content validity was applied for the determination of content items in measures. The total reliability of menstrual distress questionnaire was 0·95, menstrual symptoms questionnaire was 0·92 and coping strategies questionnaire was 0·94. The participants were asked to indicate if they used any of the methods over the past 12 months and, if so, if they were effective. Chi‐square test comparisons were used to analyse the data collected.Results.  Of the 616 individuals who completed the questionnaire, 570 reported experiencing dysmenorrhea at least once in the past year. Of these, 180 reported dysmenorrhea at every period and were categorised as Group I. The remaining 390 women were classified as Group II. Women in Group I used all of the listed strategies more frequently; however, they benefited less from all therapies except paracetamol. The most effective strategies in both groups were found to be paracetamol and Dang‐Qui‐Shao‐Ya‐San.Conclusions.  Paracetamol and Dang‐Qui‐Shao‐Ya‐San are the most effective strategies in relieving dysmenorrhea in young Taiwanese women, while other less effective strategies are used more frequently.Relevance to clinical practice.  Identification of the most effective therapies for dysmenorrhea among commonly used strategies will help women choose the right therapy for them. As some young, inexperienced women might take two or more medications simultaneously because of ineffectiveness, thus increasing the risk of adverse effects, this study is of critical importance in promoting the safe use of medication for self‐management of dysmenorrhea.
Iranian version of Form B of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales among the youth
Authors: Moshki Mahdi , Ghofranipour Fazlollah 
Published: February 2011

Aims.  The purpose of this study was to translate the Form B of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales into Persian and then to measure its psychometric characteristics among the Iranian youth.Background.  The Health Locus of Control is regarded as an effective variable in developing health behaviours, clinical capacities and in determining health problems. Many studies have been conducted on Form B in the world, which have led to valuable results in health behaviours, health outcomes and health cares.Design.  Questionnaire survey.Methods.  Undergraduate students (n = 448) participated in this study. The reliability of the scale was calculated through three methods of estimating reliability, namely, test–retest, parallel forms and Cronbach’s alpha. To calculate the validity of the scale, we used content, concurrent, construct and predictive methods.Results.  We determined the content validity of the scale by forward and backward‐translating each item from English into Persian. The concurrent validity of the questionnaire was estimated as acceptable. To determine the predictive validity, the relationship between Form B and health status was used, an action that showed that health status correlated positively with Internal but negatively with Chance and did not correlate with Powerful others Health Locus of Control. The exploratory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure of the translated scale was quite similar to that of the original one. The internal consistency ranged from 0·69–0·72 and parallel forms reliability indices ranged from 0·70–0·72 for its subscales.Conclusion.  The results indicated that psychometric characteristics of the Iranian version of Form B were estimated acceptable among the youth.Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings will assist professional health educators and nurses to develop educational interventions that should be designed to support and strengthen students’ abilities so that they could recognise, understand and predict health behaviours.