bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origins and close relatives of a semi‐domesticated neotropical fruit tree: Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae)
Authors: Petersen Jennifer J. , Parker Ingrid M. , Potter Daniel 
Published: March 2012

• Premise of the study: Understanding patterns and processes associated with domestication has implications for crop development and agricultural biodiversity conservation. Semi‐domesticated crops provide excellent opportunities to examine the interplay of natural and anthropogenic influences on plant evolution. The domestication process has not been thoroughly examined in many tropical perennial crop species. Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae), the star apple or caimito, is a semi‐domesticated species widely cultivated for its edible fruits. It is known to be native to the neotropics, but the precise geographic origins of wild and cultivated forms are unresolved.• Methods: We used nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences to infer phylogenetic relationships among C. cainito and close relatives (section Chrysophyllum). We employed phylogeographic approaches using ITS and plastid sequence data to determine geographic origins and center(s) of domestication of caimito.• Key results: ITS data suggest a close relationship between C. cainito and C. argenteum. Plastid haplotype networks reveal several haplotypes unique to individual taxa but fail to resolve distinct lineages for either C. cainito or C. argenteum. Caimito populations from northern Mesoamerica and the Antilles exhibit a subset of the genetic diversity found in southern Mesoamerica. In Panama, cultivated caimito retains high levels of the diversity seen in wild populations.• Conclusions: Chrysophyllum cainito is most closely related to a clade containing Central and South American C. argenteum, including subsp. panamense. We hypothesize that caimito is native to southern Mesoamerica and was domesticated from multiple wild populations in Panama. Subsequent migration into northern Mesoamerica and the Antilles was mediated by human cultivation.
Perceptions of Structural Empowerment: Differences Between Nationally Certified Perinatal Nurses and Perinatal Nurses Who Are Not Nationally Certified
Authors: Samedy Ketly , Quinn Griffin Mary T. , Leask Capitulo Kathleen , Fitzpatrick Joyce J. 
Published: March 2012

Background:
Although there has been previous research linking perceptions of empowerment to specialty certification among critical care nurses, no research in this area has been conducted among nationally certified perinatal nurses.

Methods:
A comparative quantitative survey design was used. Participants included 80 perinatal registered nurses from one community hospital in New York.

Results:
Registered nurses who were nationally certified in a perinatal specialty had higher total empowerment scores and higher scores on five of the six subscales.

Conclusion:
This study supports the results of previous studies focused on differences in empowerment among nationally certified nurses and nurses without national certification. Because much of the preparation for certification is done within continuing education, nurse leaders must be cognizant of the value of certification and must develop and implement programs to support certification in the workplace.
Pig Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Resemble Human Macrophages in Their Response to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Kapetanovic Ronan , Fairbairn Lynsey , Beraldi Dario , Sester David P. , Archibald Alan L. , Tuggle Christopher K. , Hume David A. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) grown in M-CSF (CSF-1) have been used widely in studies of macrophage biology and the response to TLR agonists. We investigated whether similar cells could be derived from the domestic pig using human rCSF-1 and whether porcine macrophages might represent a better model of human macrophage biology. Cultivation of pig bone marrow cells for 5–7 d in presence of human rCSF-1 generated a pure population of BMDM that expressed the usual macrophage markers (CD14, CD16, and CD172a), were potent phagocytic cells, and produced TNF in response to LPS. Pig BMDM could be generated from bone marrow cells that had been stored frozen and thawed so that multiple experiments can be performed on samples from a single animal. Gene expression in pig BMDM from outbred animals responding to LPS was profiled using Affymetrix microarrays. The temporal cascade of inducible and repressible genes more closely resembled the known responses of human than mouse macrophages, sharing with humans the regulation of genes involved in tryptophan metabolism (IDO, KYN), lymphoattractant chemokines (CCL20, CXCL9, CXCL11, CXCL13), and the vitamin D3-converting enzyme, Cyp27B1. Conversely, in common with published studies of human macrophages, pig BMDM did not strongly induce genes involved in arginine metabolism, nor did they produce NO. These results establish pig BMDM as an alternative tractable model for the study of macrophage transcriptional control.
Characterization of Ly108 in the Thymus: Evidence for Distinct Properties of a Novel Form of Ly108
Authors: Dutta Mala , Schwartzberg Pamela L. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Ly108 (CD352) is a member of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors that signals through SLAM-associated protein (SAP), an SH2 domain protein that can function by the recruitment of Src family kinases or by competition with phosphatases. Ly108 is expressed on a variety of hematopoietic cells, with especially high levels on developing thymocytes. We find that Ly108 is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in murine thymi in a SAP- and Fyn kinase-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of Ly108 is rapidly lost after thymocyte disaggregation, suggesting dynamic contact-mediated regulation of Ly108. Similar to recent reports, we find at least three isoforms of Ly108 mRNA and protein in the thymus, which are differentially expressed in the thymi of C57BL/6 and 129S6 mice that express the lupus-resistant and lupus-prone haplotypes of Ly108, respectively. Notably, the recently described novel isoform Ly108-H1 is not expressed in mice having the lupus-prone haplotype of Ly108, but is expressed in C57BL/6 mice. We further provide evidence for differential phosphorylation of these isoforms; the novel Ly108-H1does not undergo tyrosine phosphorylation, suggesting that it functions as a decoy isoform that contributes to the reduced overall phosphorylation of Ly108 seen in C57BL/6 mice. Our study suggests that Ly108 is dynamically regulated in the thymus, shedding light on Ly108 isoform expression and phosphorylation.
Charles Bonnet plus syndrome: apropos of a case
Authors: Serrador-García Mercedes , Santos-Bueso Enrique , Sáenz-Francés Federico , Díaz-Valle David , Martínez-De-La-Casa-Borrelia José M. , García-Feijóo Julián 
Published: March 2012

Purpose Charles Bonnet syndrome plus is an exceedingly rare variant of this disorder. The variant has been described in patients with sight impairment and severe hypoacusis, and is usually characterized by complex visual and auditory—musical—hallucinations that the patients recognize as unreal. Methods Case report. Results A 75-year-old woman diagnosed with Usher syndrome presented with visual acuity of light perception in both eyes, which did not improve with the use of a pinhole occluder. She also had coptosis in right ear and severe hypoacusis in left ear, confirmed through audiometry. Audiometric tests were normal once the implant and the hearing aid were connected. The patient was referred to the Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit after recounting experiencing complex visual hallucinations, as well as auditory (musical) ones at night after disconnecting the hearing aid. She described the latter as a nightly occurrence of hearing “cabaret music.” Nevertheless, she was aware of reality and of her sensory impairments. The patient was diagnosed at the interdisciplinary Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, and began pharmacologic treatment with clear improvement. Conclusions Knowledge of Charles Bonnet syndrome and in particular of Charles Bonnet syndrome plus—due to its infrequency—on the part of ophthalmologists is fundamental to adequately diagnose and treat this rare disorder.
Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome: another consideration in corneal neurotrophic ulcers
Authors: Pastor-Idoate Salvador , Carreño Ester , Tesón Marisa , Herreras José M. 
Published: March 2012

Purpose To report a case of a Gómez-López-Hernández syndrome (GLHS) variant with corneal neurotrophic ulcer. Methods Case report and review of the literature. Results A 6-year-old child presented with watering in the right eye for 3 days without ocular inflammation or pain. He had a peculiar facial phenotype and scalp alopecia in the right side. Slit-lamp examination showed an epithelial defect in the right eye and a corneal scar around the defect. Belmonte noncontact esthesiometry showed reduced corneal mechanosensory and thermal sensitivity. In vivo confocal microscopy revealed the absence of innervation in the right cornea. There was also an evident insensitivity in the alopecic region. Despite normal magnetic resonance imaging, the phenotypic manifestations along with ocular features suggested the diagnosis of a GLHS variant. Conclusions Patients with GLHS remain asymptomatic even when they develop a corneal ulcer. Parents should be advised regarding the susceptibility of an affected child to the development of corneal lesions and the importance of regular follow-up and prompt treatment to prevent vision-threatening abnormalities.
Optic disc morphology in porencephaly
Authors: O'Gallagher Michael K. , McLoone Eibhlin M. 
Published: March 2012

Purpose To report a porencephalic cyst in a child with large optic disc cup but normal-sized discs. Methods Case report with figures. Results Clinical findings of a patient with porencephaly presenting with large cups in normal-sized optic discs are discussed. Conclusions Optic disc morphology is not a reliable indicator of the timing of ischemic brain injury. Intracranial pathology should be suspected in children with disc cupping but no other features of glaucoma.
Batch Ingesting into EPrints Digital Repository Software
Authors: Neugebauer Tomasz , Han Bin 
Published: March 2012

This paper describes the batch importing strategy and workflow used for the import of theses metadata and PDF documents into the EPrints digital repository software. A two-step strategy of importing metadata in MARC format followed by attachment of PDF documents is described in detail, including Perl source code for scripts used. The processes described were used in the ingestion of 6,000 theses metadata and PDFs into an EPrints institutional repository.
Sarcopenic Obesity and Outcomes for Patients With Cancer
Authors: Liu Chenan , Liu Tong , Deng Li , Zhang Qi , Song Mengmeng , Shi Jinyu , Liu Chenning , Xie Hailun , Chen Yue , Lin Shiqi , Zheng Xin , Zhang Heyang , Barazzoni Rocco , Shi Hanping 
Published: June 2024

ImportanceThe European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) have recently proposed a consensus definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity (SO).ObjectiveTo implement the ESPEN-EASO diagnostic algorithm to investigate the prevalence of SO and its association with outcomes in patients with solid tumor cancers, with particular regard to associations among SO, overall survival (OS), and patient quality of life (QoL).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with solid tumor starting in May 7, 2013, with the last follow-up on June 30, 2022. Patients with solid tumors were categorized into SO and non-SO groups according to ESPEN-EASO criteria. The primary outcome was OS and the secondary outcomes included patient QoL and risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Data were analyzed from June to December 2023.ResultsA total of 6790 patients were included in the study (mean [SD] age, 59.64 [10.77] years; 3489 were female [51.4%]). The prevalence of SO was 4.36% (296 of 6790) in the whole cohort and 14.98% (296 of 1976) in the subgroup with obesity. SO prevalence increased with age. During a median (IQR) follow-up period of 6.83 (5.67-7.04) years, 2103 patients died. Cox regression analysis indicated that SO was independently associated with lower OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.54; 95% CI, 1.23-1.92), which was observed in both men (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.09-2.10) and women (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.12-2.07). SO was also associated with poorer QoL and higher risk of ICU admission (odds ratio, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.06-5.29). Among the diagnostic components of SO, low hand grip strength (HGS) was the only SO component associated with poor OS (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.28).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study of SO found that SO was significantly associated with lower OS, poorer QoL, and higher risk of ICU admission. Weak HGS, 1 of the diagnostic conditions, was the only component of SO associated with OS. The ESPEN-EASO algorithm appears to be an applicable tool to identify cancer-associated SO, which represents a major clinical complication and factor associated with risk for poor outcomes in these patients.
Heritage Language Learners and Language Teaching
Authors: Song David , Kober Hannah Z. , Valdés Guadalupe 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this entry, we define and contextualize the term “heritage language,” which emerged in the 1980s in applied linguistics and has since been applied in both scholarly contexts and educational settings. We mainly discuss the educational paradigm's definition of the term, which, in order to conceptualize and concretize possibilities of language learning and transmission, emphasizes socially contextual use in multilingual environments, language minoritization, and the problematics surrounding the “native speaker” and language ideologies that privilege monolingualism. We then discuss the state of research on heritage language education, drawing attention to educational possibilities and problems in mainstream schooling as well as in local community‐based schools. Finally, we raise future directions for research and practice.
Politeness
Authors: Locher Miriam A. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Since the 1970s, the topic of politeness has boomed within pragmatics. Recognizing that people use language strategically to shape relationships, it is of interest how politeness and impoliteness effects come about and what patterns emerge in their linguistic rendition. Scholarship has moved from early universalist theories to more discursive discussions of linguistic and multimodal relational work situated in practices. The field is nowadays multidisciplinary and vibrant in its endeavor to combine theories and methodologies to better understand how (im)politeness is negotiated in language use and how this usage is tied to societal and group norms and ideologies. Factors that influence the choice of linguistic strategies are many, among them power, age, seniority, affect, distance or closeness, the roles of the interactants, and the norms of appropriate conduct in the particular historical, cultural, local, and social context.
Pragmatic Transfer
Authors: Bou‐Franch Patricia , Clavel‐Arroitia Begoña 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This entry deals with pragmatic transfer, that is, the influence among the language(s)/culture(s) known to an individual at the level of pragmatic knowledge in the context of language learning and communication. This entry begins with an introduction to the topic, which is then illustrated by an authentic example. The next section explains that this area of study lies at the intersection of second language (L2) acquisition and (discursive) pragmatics. Then, a pioneering definition of pragmatic transfer is revisited, and two main types of transfer are identified alongside pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic knowledge. The most extensive section of the entry discusses several recent studies that examine how learner and contextual factors combine to influence target language (TL) communication and development. Investigating the factors that promote or inhibit the occurrence of pragmatic transfer is a continuing topic of research in this field. Learner factors discussed in this section include proficiency level, perceived linguistic and cultural distance, and the willingness and motivation of the learner to adopt L2 sociocultural values. This section also discusses research on the contexts of study abroad learning experiences, heritage speaker communication, and lingua franca interactions. The entry ends underlining the need for future research on pragmatic transfer that focuses on diversity at the level of identity and context within current L2 pragmatics research and suggests investigating the role of pragmatic transfer in developing a flexible use of learners' pragmatic competence across different situations.
Speech Acts
Authors: Ren Wei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Performing speech acts is one of the fundamental functions of language. Speech act has become one of the most influential concepts in pragmatics and beyond. Speech act theory was put forward by Austin and further developed by Searle in the 1960s. It has become established as one of the central theories in pragmatics. This entry will offer an overview of speech act theory by introducing and analyzing utterances of constatives and performatives, layers of speech acts (i.e., locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary), felicity conditions, typology of speech acts, and indirect speech acts. This entry then discusses various fields of language sciences that have adopted and adapted the concepts and the framework of speech acts.
Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson
Authors: Allott Nicholas 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson are the co‐founders of relevance theory, one of the most influential programs of research in work on communication and utterance interpretation. This entry first provides brief biographical information and then explains the essentials of relevance theory.
Relevance theory aims to provide an explicit account of how utterances are interpreted, grounded in a more general account of human cognition. According to relevance theory, interpretation of utterances is governed by principles that apply to cognition and to communication and is carried out by an inferential heuristic, guided by the hearer's expectations, which yields representations of both explicatures and implicatures.

This framework provides explanations of many apparently diverse phenomena in communication. Two are discussed here: verbal irony and lexical pragmatics. Sperber and Wilson distinguish between use of an utterance to represent the speaker's own thoughts and those of another and analyze verbal irony as language use in which the speaker says something that she tacitly attributes to someone else and to which she tacitly expresses a negative (“dissociative”) attitude. Working with Robyn Carston and others, Sperber and Wilson have set out a theory of lexical pragmatics according to which many uses of words express occasion‐specific “
ad hoc
concepts.” On this basis, they argue that literal use, loose use, hyperbole, and metaphor form a continuum.

This entry concludes with brief remarks on other areas of active research, including experimental pragmatics and work on epistemic vigilance.
Research Questions in Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Collins Kathleen Mary Theresa 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The goal of this entry is to present procedural guidelines applicable for writing research questions in integrative mixed methods research (IMMR). This entry introduces the topic by a discussion of selective features of IMMR questions that signify their contribution toward expanding researchers' options in design. Next, types of research questions applicable for designing confirmatory, exploratory, and IMMR are outlined. This entry concludes with a presentation of an empirical example of phrasing of IMMR questions in practice.
Discourse and Hegemony
Authors: Flax Rocío 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The concept of “hegemony” has been fundamental to several research areas and political praxis: cultural studies, political studies, sociology, philosophy, and linguistics. Conceived within the Marxist theory at the beginning of the twentieth century, it is essential to consider not only class struggle but other kinds of social struggle as well. Many authors have been working with this concept to understand and promote social change. This entry offers an overview of hegemony in relation to discourse studies starting from Gramsci's first conceptualizations, moving toward the uses and reformulations that philosophy of language and critical discourse analysis have been developing for the last decades. Finally, we present a theoretical proposal based on Gramsci's studies from a Latin American perspective.
L2 Motivation and Language Learning
Authors: Csizér Kata 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This entry focuses on second language (L2) language learning motivation, that is, how applied linguists have theorized about and empirically studied the amount of effort and persistence students invest in L2 learning and its impact on L2 learning. First, I provide a generally accepted definition of the core concept of L2 learning motivation. Then, I briefly overview the history of L2 motivation research and its major trends: socio‐psychological, cognitive classroom oriented, and dynamic, process‐oriented studies. In the next section, I summarize some currently important issues pertaining to L2 motivation research, such as the importance of theoretical underpinnings of empirical studies, various research approaches, the “time” perspective, linear versus nonlinear changes, the context as a variable in L2 studies, the role of teachers in student motivation, and other relevant individual difference variables. Finally, I outline future directions of researching L2 learning motivation.
Corpus Analysis of Vocabulary
Authors: Ballance Oliver J. , Coxhead Averil 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Corpora and corpus tools are essential resources for modern vocabulary research. On one hand, corpora can provide researchers with a powerful evidence base for their analyses. On the other hand, corpus tools can facilitate efficient management and analysis of huge data sets and thereby greatly expand the scope and rigor of research. This means that corpora and corpus tools enable a previously unattainable level of scientific rigor in the study of the vocabulary. They have changed the way that researchers approach the study of individual vocabulary items, the vocabulary of a whole language, language variety or domain of language use, and the vocabulary of individual texts. However, corpus analysis of vocabulary needs to be aware of the core methodological issues in any type of corpus analysis: the absence of negative evidence, automated corpus analysis being limited to form‐based information processing rather than meaning‐based processing, and the standards that need to be met to support generalizations from corpus observations. This entry begins with a brief explanation of a corpus and moves on to some key findings from corpus‐based research on vocabulary. The next sections focus on word, language level, and then text‐level vocabulary research, along with examples and suggestions for further reading.