bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution of neutrophilic inflammation by H2O2 in antigen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Lopes Fernando , Coelho Fernanda M. , Costa Vivian V. , Vieira Érica L. M. , Sousa Lirlândia P. , Silva Tarcília A. , Vieira Leda Q. , Teixeira Mauro M. , Pinho Vanessa 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveNeutrophil accumulation contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. This study was undertaken to examine the ability of H2O2 to influence neutrophilic inflammation in a model of antigen‐induced arthritis (AIA) in mice.MethodsAIA was induced by administration of antigen into the knee joints of previously immunized mice. Neutrophil accumulation was measured by counting neutrophils in the synovial cavity and assaying myeloperoxidase activity in the tissue surrounding the mouse knee joint. Apoptosis was determined by morphologic and molecular techniques. The role of H2O2 was studied using mice that do not produce reactive oxygen species (gp91phox−/− mice) and drugs that enhance the generation or enhance the degradation of H2O2.ResultsAntigen challenge of immunized mice induced neutrophil accumulation that peaked at 12–24 hours after challenge. H2O2 production peaked at 24 hours, after which time, the inflammation resolved. Neutrophil recruitment was similar in wild‐type and gp91phox−/− mice, but there was delayed resolution in gp91phox−/− mice or after administration of catalase. In contrast, administration of H2O2 or superoxide dismutase (SOD) resolved neutrophilic inflammation. The resolution of inflammation induced by SOD or H2O2 was accompanied by an increase in the number of apoptotic neutrophils. Apoptosis was associated with an increase in Bax and caspase 3 cleavage and was secondary to phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation.ConclusionOur findings indicate that levels of H2O2 increase during neutrophil influx and are necessary for the natural resolution of neutrophilic inflammation. Mechanistically, enhanced levels of H2O2 (endogenous or exogenous) inhibit p‐Akt/NF‐κB and induce apoptosis of migrated neutrophils. Modulation of H2O2 production may represent a novel strategy for controlling neutrophilic inflammation in the joints.
Formal body bequest program in Nigerian medical schools: When do we start?
Authors: Akinola Oluwole Busayo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHuman body dissection is a prerequisite for the training of health professionals and the conduct of medical research. However, most Nigerian medical schools experience difficulty obtaining an adequate and regular supply of human tissue. Presently, the major source of anatomical material comes from unclaimed bodies collected from hospital mortuaries. However, one sure way to ensure a regular supply of bodies for anatomical dissection is to establish a whole body bequest program among the departments of anatomy in Nigerian medical schools. If such a program were to be supported by an appropriate legislative act of parliament, the supply of acceptable cadavers for anatomical teaching and research would be substantially increased. The author advocates for establishing a whole body bequest program among Nigerian medical schools. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Location‐based questions and local knowledge
Authors: Bishop Bradley Wade 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article explores location‐based questions, local knowledge, and the implications stemming from these concepts for digital reference staff in consortial question‐ answering services. Location‐based questions are inquiries that concern a georeferencable site. Digital reference personnel staffing the statewide chat reference consortium used in this study respond to location‐based questions concerning over 100 participating information agencies. Some literature has suggested that nonlocal digital reference staff have difficulties providing accurate responses to location‐based questions concerning locations other than their own. This study utilized content analysis to determine the quantity of location‐based questions and the question‐negotiation process in responding to location‐based questions. Key findings indicate location‐based questions comprised 50.2% of the total questions asked to the statewide service, 73.6% of location‐based questions were responded to by nonlocal digital reference staff, and 37.5% of location‐based questions ended in referral. This article's findings indicate that despite digital reference's capability to provide anyplace, anytime question‐answering service, proximity to local knowledge remains relevant.
Intramolecular Aromatic Carbenoid Insertion of Biaryldiazoacetates for the Regioselective Synthesis of Fluorenes
Authors: Kim Jinho , Ohk Youhwa , Park Sae Hume , Jung Yousung , Chang Sukbok 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe rhodium‐ or copper‐catalyzed intramolecular aromatic carbenoid insertion of biaryldiazoacetates offers a convenient route to fluorene carboxylates with high yields. Whereas, thermal conditions provided a mixture of two regioisomeric products when substituted biaryldiazoacetates were employed as substrates. The developed catalytic conditions displayed an excellent level of regioselectivity, presumably owing to steric effects. The insertion mechanism was assumed to be an electrophilic aromatic substitution, which was supported by preliminary mechanistic studies. A chloro‐substituted fluorene derivative was efficiently synthesized and utilized as a base‐sensitive protecting group of amines.
Renewable energy targets, forest resources, and second‐generation biofuels in Finland
Authors: Heinimö Jussi , Malinen Heikki , Ranta Tapio , Faaij André 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroduction of second‐generation biofuels is an essential factor for meeting the EU's 2020 targets for renewable energy in the transport sector and enabling the more ambitious targets for 2030. Finland's forest industry is strongly involved in the development and commercializing of second‐generation biofuel production technologies. The goal of this paper is to provide a quantified insight into Finnish prospects for reaching the 2020 national renewable energy targets and concurrently becoming a large‐scale producer of forest‐biomass‐based second‐generation biofuels feeding the increasing demand in European markets. The focus of the paper is on assessing the potential for utilizing forest biomass for liquid biofuels up to 2020. In addition, technological issues related to the production of second‐generation biofuels were reviewed. Finland has good opportunities to realize a scenario to meet 2020 renewable energy targets and for large‐scale production of wood‐based biofuels. In 2020, biofuel production from domestic forest biomass in Finland may reach nearly a million ton (40 PJ). With the existing biofuel production capacity (20 PJ/yr) and the national biofuel consumption target (25 PJ) taken into account, the potential net export of biofuels from Finland in 2020 would be 35 PJ, corresponding to 2–3% of European demand. Commercialization of second‐generation biofuel production technologies, high utilization of the sustainable harvesting potential of Finnish forest biomass, and allocation of a significant proportion of the pulpwood harvesting potential for energy purposes are prerequisites for this scenario. Large‐scale import of raw biomass would enable remarkably greater biofuel production than is described in this paper. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Bioenergy policies in Africa: mainstreaming gender amid an increasing focus on biofuels
Authors: Molony Thomas 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMany developing countries are now working to update their existing energy strategies and to formulate their bioenergy policies to accommodate rises in domestic and external supply and demand for biofuels. This paper presents a case for mainstreaming gender into African countries' bioenergy policies, and uses a review of the literature on gender and bioenergy to suggest some important avenues for future research to expand the current poor state of information on gender and the newer issue of biofuels. The paper opens with a brief discussion on the motivation for interest in biofuels in some African countries and suggests that in the integrated global context of biofuels, the conditions that generate inequality between rich and poor remain unchanged. It then discusses equity and energy poverty, and points to the lack of empirical evidence on gender issues relating specifically to biofuels. From this it turns to our knowledge of what the existing state of broader bioenergy use can tell us about bringing gender equity to African national bioenergy policies, and suggests that gender equity can be ‘energized’ through a perspective that focuses as much on social roles and relations between men and women as it does on ascribed responsibilities. National level bioenergy Policy Working Groups (PWGs) are then introduced as having an important role to play in ensuring that gender issues are mainstreamed into bioenergy policy within the context of the increasing focus on biofuels. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Eastern Europe on the way up in biodiesel and ethanol?
Authors: Covrig Claudiu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEastern Europe is beginning to unveil an important biofuel and agricultural potential. Dr Claudiu Covrig, from Kingsman, reviews the progress that eastern EU countries have made toward exploiting disposable arable land for the production of biofuels, and considers which countries have the most potential. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Tools to evaluate the conformation of protein products
Authors: Manta Bruno , Obal Gonzalo , Ricciardi Alejandro , Pritsch Otto , Denicola Ana 
Published: May 2011

AbstractProduction of recombinant proteins is a process intensively used in the research laboratory. In addition, the main biotechnology market products are recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. The biological (and clinical) properties of the protein product strongly depend on the conformation of the polypeptide. Therefore, assessment of the correct conformation of the produced protein is crucial. There is no single method to assess every aspect of protein structure or function. Depending on the protein, the methods of choice vary. There are general methods to evaluate not only mass and primary sequence of the protein, but also higher‐order structure. This review outlines the principal techniques for determining the conformation of a protein from structural (biophysical methods) to functional (in vitro binding assays) analyses.
Discovery of a Small Peptide from Combinatorial Libraries That Can Activate the Plant Immune System by a Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway
Authors: Miyashita Masahiro , Oda Masashi , Ono Yuji , Komoda Eriko , Miyagawa Hisashi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPlants defend themselves by using an innate immune system that is activated in response to a variety of molecules derived from pathogens. These molecules have provided profound insights into the mechanisms of pathogen recognition and subsequent signaling pathways in plants. In the present study, we screened a combinatorial random hexapeptide library for peptides that activate the plant immune system, by using a cell‐based high‐throughput screening system in which H2O2 generation was monitored. We discovered a novel small peptide (YGIHTH‐amide, PIP‐1) that triggered H2O2 production in tobacco and tomato cells, but not in Arabidopsis cells. PIP‐1 induced significant levels of phytoalexin biosynthesis and defense‐related gene expression in tobacco cells; this is likely to be activated by a jasmonic acid pathway.
Outcomes following treatment of femoropopliteal in‐stent restenosis: A single center experience
Authors: Yeo Khung‐Keong , Malik Umer , Laird John R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study is to describe a single‐center experience with endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal in‐stent restenosis (ISR). Background: Femoropopliteal artery stenting is associated with a significant risk of ISR. Data are limited on the optimal treatment strategy and associated outcomes. Methods: A single institution retrospective chart review study was performed for patients who underwent endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal ISR from January 2006 to October 2008. Clinical and procedural characteristics, angiographic findings, and 12‐month primary and secondary patency rates were analyzed. Univariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of 12‐month primary patency. Results: Twenty‐two limbs were treated in 20 patients during the study period. Procedural success was achieved in 21 limbs (95.5%). Laser, balloon angioplasty, and excisional atherectomy were the primary therapy in 52.4%, 33.3%, and 14.3% of the cases, respectively. Adjunctive balloon angioplasty was performed after laser and excisional atherectomy in all cases. The mean length of ISR was 13.2 ± 11.3 cm with a significant proportion of cases (40.9%) having Type IV pattern of ISR. At 12 months, primary and combined primary‐assisted and secondary patency rates were 47.6 and 61.9%, respectively. Of the 11 limbs that did not have secondary patency, 6 had mild or no symptoms, and, therefore, repeat intervention was not performed. There was one transmetatarsal amputation during the 12‐month follow‐up period. In this study, there was no significant predictor of 12‐month primary patency. Conclusions: Treatment of ISR remains challenging with significant risk of recurrent restenosis. Further research is required to improve long‐term patency. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decreased risk of stent fracture‐related restenosis between paclitaxel‐eluting stents and sirolimus eluting stents: Results of long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Freixa Xavier , Almasood Ali S. , Khan Sohail Q. , Wainstein Rodrigo , Osherov Azriel , Mackie Karen , Seidelin Peter H. , Džavík Vladimír 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective: To compare the outcomes between paclitaxel‐eluting stents (PES) and sirolimus‐eluting stents (SES) for the treatment of drug‐eluting stent (DES) fracture. Background: DES fracture is considered as an important predictor of in‐stent restenosis (ISR). However, little data are available evaluating the optimal treatment for this complication of coronary stenting. Methods: From January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2008, patients with DES ISR treated with a second DES were identified and evaluated for stent fracture. Stent fracture was defined by the presence of strut separation in multiple angiographic projections, assessed by two independent reviewers. Target lesion revascularization (TLR) at 6 and 12 months were the primary end points. Results:Of 131 lesions with DES ISR treated with a second DES, we found 24 patients (24 lesions, 18.2%) with angiographically confirmed stent fracture. Of these, 20 patients (20 lesions) treated with either PES (n = 11/55%) or SES (n = 9/45%) were included in the study. TLR at 6 months occurred in 9% of patients treated with PES and 22% of those treated with SES (P = 0.41). After 12 months, TLR was 9% and 55.5%, respectively (P = 0.024). Conclusions:This study demonstrates a high incidence of stent fracture in patients presenting with DES ISR in need of further treatment with another DES. The suggested association between treatment of stent fracture‐associated DES ISR with PES as compared with SES, and better long‐term outcomes, is in need of confirmation by larger prospective registries and randomized trials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A pH‐Responsive Cleavage Route Based on a Metal–Organic Coordination Bond
Authors: Xing Lei , Zheng Haoquan , Che Shunai 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe physical or chemical event that generally causes stimuli responses is limited to the formation or destruction of secondary forces, such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effects, electrostatic interactions, and simple reactions. Here, pH‐responsive behavior of metal–organic coordination bonding, which is intrinsic to natural systems (e.g., transferrin recycling in cells), is becoming a strong candidate for a new stimulus–responsive route. We have designed a simple pH‐responsive release system by integrating a metal ion and ligand or self‐assembling these species with biodegradable host molecules to form nanoparticles with “metal–ligand” or “host–metal–ligand” architectures. The cleavage of either or both the “metal–ligand” or the “host–metal” coordination bond in response to pH variations causes significant damage to the nanoparticles and the subsequent release of ligand molecules under designated pH conditions.
Robust and Efficient Amide‐Based Nonheme Manganese(III) Hydrocarbon Oxidation Catalysts: Substrate and Solvent Effects on Involvement and Partition of Multiple Active Oxidants
Authors: Song Young Joo , Lee Sun Hwa , Park Hyun Min , Kim Soo Hyun , Goo Hyo Geun , Eom Geun Hee , Lee Ju Hoon , Lah Myoung Soo , Kim Youngmee , Kim Sung‐Jin , Lee Ju Eun , Lee Hong‐In , Kim Cheal 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTwo new mononuclear nonheme manganese(III) complexes of tetradentate ligands containing two deprotonated amide moieties, [Mn(bpc)Cl(H2O)] (1) and [Mn(Me2bpb)Cl(H2O)]⋅CH3OH (2), were prepared and characterized. Complex 2 has also been characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Magnetic measurements revealed that the complexes are high spin (S=5/2) MnIII species with typical magnetic moments of 4.76 and 4.95 μB, respectively. These nonheme MnIII complexes efficiently catalyzed olefin epoxidation and alcohol oxidation upon treatment with MCPBA under mild experimental conditions. Olefin epoxidation by these catalysts is proposed to involve the multiple active oxidants MnVO, MnIVO, and MnIIIOO(O)CR. Evidence for this approach was derived from reactivity and Hammett studies, KIE (kH/kD) values, H218O‐exchange experiments, and the use of peroxyphenylacetic acid as a mechanistic probe. In addition, it has been proposed that the participation of MnVO, MnIVO, and MnIIIOOR could be controlled by changing the substrate concentration, and that partitioning between heterolysis and homolysis of the OO bond of a Mn‐acylperoxo intermediate (MnOOC(O)R) might be significantly affected by the nature of solvent, and that the OO bond of the MnOOC(O)R might proceed predominantly by heterolytic cleavage in protic solvent. Therefore, a discrete MnVO intermediate appeared to be the dominant reactive species in protic solvents. Furthermore, we have observed close similarities between these nonheme MnIII complex systems and Mn(saloph) catalysts previously reported, suggesting that this simultaneous operation of the three active oxidants might prevail in all the manganese‐catalyzed olefin epoxidations, including Mn(salen), Mn(nonheme), and even Mn(porphyrin) complexes. This mechanism provides the greatest congruity with related oxidation reactions by using certain Mn complexes as catalysts.
Direct Experimental Evidence for the High Chemical Reactivity of α‐ and β‐Xylopyranosides Adopting a 2,5B Conformation in Glycosyl Transfer
Authors: Amorim Luis , Marcelo Filipa , Rousseau Cyril , Nieto Lidia , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Marrot Jérôme , Rauter Amélia P. , Sollogoub Matthieu , Bols Mikael , Blériot Yves 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe effect of a 2,5B boat conformation on xyloside reactivity has been investigated by studying the hydrolysis and glycosylation of a series of synthetic xyloside analogues based on a 2‐oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane framework, which forces the xylose analogue to adopt a 2,5B conformation. The locked β‐xylosides were found to hydrolyze 100–1200 times faster than methyl β‐D‐xylopyranoside, whereas the locked α‐xylosides hydrolyzed up to 2×104 times faster than methyl α‐D‐xylopyranoside. A significant rate enhancement was also observed for the glycosylation reaction. The high reactivity of these conformers can be related to the imposition of a 2,5B conformation, which approximates a transition state (TS) boat conformation. In this way, the energy penalty required to go from the chair to the TS conformation is already paid. These results parallel and support the observation that the GH‐11 xylanase family force their substrate to adopt a 2,5B conformation to achieve highly efficient enzymatic glycosidic bond hydrolysis.
Unmodified “GNP–Oligonucleotide” Nanobiohybrids: A Simple Route for Emission Enhancement of DNA Intercalators
Authors: Maiti Subhabrata , Dutta Sounak , Das Prasanta Kumar 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe present herein a simple method for enhancing the emission of DNA intercalators in homogeneous nanobiohybrids of unlabeled oligonucleotides and unmodified gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Pristine single‐stranded DNA (ss‐DNA) has been wrapped around unmodified GNPs to induce metal‐enhanced fluorescence (MEF) of DNA intercalators, such as ethidium bromide and propidium iodide. The thickness of the ss‐DNA layer on the gold nanosurface determines the extent of MEF, since this depends on the position of the intercalator in relation to the metal surface. Presumably, at a suitable thickness of this DNA layer, more of the intercalator is localized at the optimum distance from the nanoparticle to give rise to MEF. Importantly, no external spacer or coating agent was needed to induce the MEF effect of the GNPs. The concentration ratios of Au to DNA in the nanohybrids, as well as the capping agents applied to the GNPs, play key roles in enhancing the emission of the intercalators. The dimensions of both components of the nanobiohybrids, that is, the size of the GNPs and the length of the oligonucleotide, have considerable influences on the emission enhancement of the intercalators. Emission intensity increased with increasing size of the GNPs and length of the oligonucleotide only when the DNA efficiently wrapped the nanoparticles. An almost 100 % increment in the quantum yield of ethidium bromide was achieved with the GNP–DNA nanobiohybrid compared with that with DNA alone (in the absence of GNP), and the fluorescence emission was enhanced by 50 % even at an oligonucleotide concentration of 2 nM. The plasmonic effect of the GNPs in the emission enhancement was also established by the use of similar nanobioconjugates of ss‐DNA with nonmetallic carbon nanoparticles and TiO2 nanoparticles, with which no increase in the fluorescence emission of ethidium bromide was observed.
Exploring the Oxidative Cyclization of Substituted N‐Aryl Enamines: Pd‐Catalyzed Formation of Indoles from Anilines
Authors: Neumann Julia J. , Rakshit Souvik , Dröge Thomas , Würtz Sebastian , Glorius Frank 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe direct Pd‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of two CH‐bonds within N‐aryl‐enamines 1 allows the efficient formation of differently substituted indoles 2. In this cross‐dehydrogenative coupling, many different functional groups are tolerated and the starting material N‐aryl‐enamines 1 can be easily prepared in one step from commercially available anilines. In addition, the whole sequence can also be run in a one‐pot fashion. Optimization data, mechanistic insight, substrate scope, and applications are reported in this full paper.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Highly Selective Method for the Synthesis of 4‐Iodo‐3‐substituted 1H‐Isoselenochromenes and ‐Isothiochromenes.
Authors: Schneider Caroline C. , Bortolatto Cristiani , Back Davi F. , Menezes Paulo H. , Zeni Gilson 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe presented synthesis of the title compounds (IV) and (VII) via Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction proceeds cleanly under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Negishi Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Secondary Alkylzinc Halides and Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Joshi‐Pangu Amruta , Ganesh Madhu , Biscoe Mark R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn the presence of NiCl2 and terpyridine, a wide range of aromatic iodides are found to undergoes efficient and selective cross‐coupling with secondary alkylzinc halides to afford products of type (III) and (V).