bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Peat and Granular Inoculum for Soybean Yield and N Fixation Under Irrigation1
Authors: Bezdicek D. F. , Evans D. W. , Abede Evans B. , Witters R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGranular inocula have the potential advantage over peat inocula in ease of handling and application. Further, more total rhizobia can be applied with the granular form. The purpose of this study was to evaluate these carriers for effectiveness in nodulation, N fixation, and yield of soybeans (Glycine max, L. Merr.) in a soil deficient in N. Soybeans were inoculated in the field with peat and granular carriers containing Rhizobium japonicum strains and evaluated for yield, nodulation, and N fixation in a R. japonicum‐free Xerollic Camborthids soil. Maximum yield response from inoculation (less control) was 3,454 kg/ha (51.4 bu/A) in 1975 and 2,547 kg/ha (37.9 bu/A) in 1976. Total N fixed was estimated to as high as 311 and 263 kg/ha in 1975 and 1976, respectively. The proportion of plant N derived from N fixation ranged from 71 to 80%. Estimates of total N fixed based on acetylene reduction were half of those based on total plant N. In general, higher soybean yield and better nodulation were obtained with the granular than peat carriers, although in these instances, higher‐than‐recommended rates of granular carriers were used. Beltsville R. japonicum strains 110 and 138 added as granular inoculum were associated with the highest yields in both years. Strains 110 and 138, in addition to being associated with the highest soybean yield, were more competitive as determined from serological recovery. These studies show that soybeans are capable of fixing over 300 kg/ha of N, an amount which is considerably higher than that reported elsewhere. The data suggest that in soybean‐growing areas where 25 to 40% of the total N is from fixation, the soybean symbiotic N‐fixing system is capable of fixing sufficient N for yields far beyond that now reported. Applying Rhizobium in granular carriers may be superior to peat where more Rhizobium is needed than applying Rhizobium by conventional peat inoculation.
Influence of Intra‐Row Spacing and Cutting Regimes on the Growth and Yield of Leucaena1
Authors: Guevarra A. B. , Whitney A. S. , Thompson J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) has proven to be a very productive tropical legume, but the factors which control production under intensive management have not been well defined. Thus three harvest frequencies (based on attained plant height), three population densities, and two plant types of leucaena were evaluated at North Kohala, Hawaii (120‐m elevation, Typic Ustropept). Plants of K341 (a shrubby “Hawaiian” type) and K8 (an arboreal “Salvador” type) were grown at spacings of 15 ✕ 50, 30 ✕ 50, and 45 ✕ 50 cm, and harvested when plants attained average heights of 55, 105, or 155 cm. Stem elongation rates and yields were highest during periods of high solar radiation and high night temperature. Selection K341 tended to flower at an early stage, especially at the lower planting densities, with consequent reduction in vegetative growth. Selection K8 increased in height more rapidly than K341 and thereby intercepted more sunlight until about 14 weeks when light interception values were similar at 96%.Yields increased with less frequent cutting. Total dry matter yields when cut at attained heights of 55, 105, and 155 cm (about 2 1/2, 3, and 4 months growth duration) were 11.9, 16.9, and 20.8 metric tons/ha, respectively. However, the percentage forage fraction was higher under more frequent cutting; averaging 79, 68, and 59% for the same three treatments. Percentage forage fraction also tended to be slightly higher at the highest plant density, since leucaena was unable to compensate for wide spacing by producing more shoots. Plant type, spacing, and cutting treatments did not affect the levels of N or mimosine in the forage fraction (4.3 and 6.7% respectively) or in the stem fraction (1.5 and 0.9%, respectively. K341 yielded nearly 600 kg N ha−1year−1 in the forage fraction while K8 yielded about 500 kg N ha−1year−1.Dense planting (15 ✕ 50 cm) and cutting when the plants were approximately 1 m in height were desirable management practices considering forage yield, percentage forage fraction, forage quality, flowering behavior, and average cutting frequency (3 months).
Response of Winter Wheat to Date of Planting and Fall Fertilization1
Authors: Knapp W. R. , Knapp J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWinter injury of small grains often results in severe yield reductions. This study was conducted to determine how planting date and fall fertilization interact to affect winter survival and performance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In 1975 ‘Arrow’ wheat was planted in central New York on eight dates ranging from 21 August to 24 October. In 1976 five plantings were made from 31 August to 14 October. In both years 75 kg/ha of K was disked in and then four fertility treatments were band applied at each planting date. These were 0 N and 0 P, 0 N and 20 kg/ha P, 22 kg/ha N and 0 P, and 22 kg/ha N and 20 kg/ha P. At harvest measurements were taken for grain yield, plant height, grain moisture, test weight, and components of grain yield. Wheat planted in mid to late September had greater winter survival and produced significantly more grain with a higher test weight than did later planted wheat. The effects of earlier planting varied between years because of different weather conditions. Grain moisture content increased with planting delay. Planting after the optimum time decreased the number of spikes per square meter both years. This component was closely related to yield and was an indication of the degree of winterkilling. Planting date had variable effects on the number of kernels per spike and kernel weight. Phosphorus alone or with N significantly increased wheat yields and winter survival. This effect was reflected in an increased number of spikes per unit area and increased kernel weight. Nitrogen alone had little effect on yields when compared to unfertilized wheat; and when N was applied with P the results were similar to those from P alone. Test weight generally increased with P but not with N. Phosphorus also hastened grain maturation, while N had no beneficial effect. Nitrogen also did not increase any yield component. As planting date was delayed, the value of P for increasing winter survival, grain yields, and grain maturation became increasingly important, resulting in significant planting date ✕ fertilization interactions for these characteristics.
Critical Manganese Deficiency Level of Soybean Related to Leaf Position1
Authors: Ohki K. , Boswell F. C. , Parker M. B. , Shuman L. M. , Wilson D. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorrect interpretation of results from plant analyses depends on many factors which include sampling the appropriate leaf blade for microelement analysis. Although numerous reports conclude that the recently matured leaf should be sampled for tissue analysis, specific information relating concentration of leaf‐blade Mn by leaf position to yield of field‐grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield has not been reported previously. A 2‐year field study was conducted on an Olustee‐Leefield sand (Ultic Haplaquod‐Arenic Plinthaquic Paleudult) to determine the most ap ropriate leaf on the main axis for tissue analysis. Leaf samples were taken at the R2 growth stage (flower at node immediately below the uppermost node with completely unrolled leaf) from plots treated with 0 to 56 kg/ha Mn. Leaf blades sampled were one (top) down the axis in sequential order through blade five. Relationships between leaf Mn concentrations and seed yield over 2 years showed that critical Mn deficiency levels for blades one through five were 18, 13, 11, 11, and 10 µg/g, respectively. The critical deficiency levels for each leaf position were similar between years.
Agronomic Performance and Protein Content of Fall‐planted Triticale, Wheat, and Rye1
Authors: Bishnoi U. R. , Hughes J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTriticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a relatively new grain and forage crop, but no information is available on agronomic performance of this crop relative to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) grown in the southeastern U. S. A field experiment was conducted during three growing seasons, 1973–1975, on a Decatur silty clay loam soil (Rhodic Paleudult) to provide comparative data on seven triticale cultivars and one recommended cultivar each of wheat and rye. Results indicated that forage yields of two winter‐type triticales, ‘6TA 131’ and ‘6TA 385’, were equal to that of ‘Winter‐grazer 70’ rye and significantly better than ‘Arthur’ wheat or rye for grain yield. Clipping for forage reduced grain yied 15 to 20%, in intermediate types, 9 to 12% in wheat and winter triticales, and less than 4% in rye. Winter triticales were taller or equal to rye in height and also showed relatively more lodging than wheat and intermediate types. Test weight of wheat was highest. The protein content in dry green forage ranged from 24 to 27% among all the entries. Triticale cultivars averaged 14.4% protein in the whole grain while wheat and rye averaged 13.7 and 13.2%, respectively.
Plant Spacings with Irrigated Cotton1
Authors: Smith C. Wayne , Waddle B. A. , Ramey H. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe majority of research concerning stand density of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was conducted several years ago under dryland conditions and deals primarily with lint yield and earliness of a single genotype. Therefore an experiment to compare three cultivars at three stand densities was initiated in 1975. ‘Quapaw’, ‘Rex 713’, and ‘Deltapine 16’ were grown in stand densities of one plant per 6.1, 10.2, and 30.5 cm, which corresponds to populations of 169,841, 101,573, and 33,969 plants/ha, respectively, A split plot design with cultivars as main treatments and stand densities as sub‐plots was utilized with furrow irrigation on a Grenada‐Calloway silt loam soil, a fine, silty, mixed, thermic alfisol.The cultivars differed in lint yield and boll and fiber properties as expected. Plants spaced 10.2 cm yielded significantly (P<0.05) more lint, 1,109 kg/ha, than plants growing 6.1 cm apart and yielding 954 kg/ha, but did not differ from the wider spacing, which yielded 1,031 kg lint/ha. The low stand density caused significantly later maturity; while the high stand density (6.1 cm spacing) resulted in significantly lower lint percentage and smaller bolls. Fiber elongation was the only character measured in which a significant interaction of density ✕ cultivar was found.Cotton in central east Arkansas under irrigation should be grown approximately 10.2 cm apart in 96.5 cm rows (101,573 plants/ha). Based on these data, plant genotype does not affect plant response to stand density.
Response of Soybean Cultivars to Planting Patterns1
Authors: Costa J. A. , Oplinger E. S. , Pendleton J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] acreage continues to increase in the higher latitudes of the world the objective was to obtain agronomic information on the effect of inter and intra‐row spacings on several of the most widely grown, early cultivars in America. Ten soybean cultivars differing in maturity (Group 0 through II) and growth characteristies were grown in two row spacings (27‐cm and 76‐cm) and varying populations (132,000 to 741,000 plants/ha) for 3 years in field trials on Typic Arguidolls fine silty; mixed mesic soil near Madison, Wis.Planting soybeans in 27‐cm rows vs. more conventional 76‐cm rows showed an average seed yield increase of 21% over all years, populations, and cultivars. All cultivars produced higher seed yields in narrow row spacings. The three early cultivars (Group O Maturity) generally exhibited a greater yield response (+27%) to narrow row spacings than did cultivars in Maturity Groups I and II (+19%). However, the later maturing cultivars generally produced the highest yields over all row spacings, plant populations and years. Varying the intra‐row plant spacing did not significantly affect seed yields. Increasing plant populations decreased the number of branches per plant and increased lodging, seed weight, and LAI. While the LAI increased as plant population increased in both the narrow and wide rows, no correlation existed with grain yield. Increasing the plant population in each row spacing increased the height of the lower pod by a range of 40 to 50%.The availability of new varieties with improved lodging resistance and herbicides with greater selectivity may lead to an accelerated acceptance of narrow row soybean production systems to capitalize on the increased yield potential in the northern growing regions.
An Energy‐Crop Growth Variable and Temperature Function for Predicting Corn Growth and Development: Planting to Silking1
Authors: Coelho Dirceu T. , Dale Robert F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWeather effects on crop growth, development and yield have to be quantified to interpret agronomic experiments properly and to encourage use of weather and climate information in agricultural planning and the assessment of crop yield potentials. The main objective of this research was to develop a single environmental index for use in identifying the effects of the three most important weather variables on crop production: light, temperature, and moisture. An Energy‐Crop Growth (ECG) variable was generated and tested to predict the increase in dry matter of total above‐ground corn (ZeA mays L.) plants from the time the growing point rose above the soil surface to silking. The Crop Growth Rate (CGR) was measured by destructively sampling corn plants in the field every few days in a randomized, complete‐block design, where treatments represent successive harvests in time (weather). Early and late plantings of a full‐season corn hybrid at 62,000 plants/ha on a Typic Argiaquoll at West Lafayette, Ind. from 1972 to 1974 were used to develop the relations. The ECG variable is defined as the daily product of the solar radiation intercepted by the crop canopy, a moisture stress factor and a temperature function (FT). For each unit of ECG, CGR increased about 547 kg/ha from the time the growing point rose above the soil surface to about 10 days before silking, after which it decreased to about 355 kg/ha per ECG until silking. These CGR on ECG relations were tested with independent experimental data for 1970 and 1971 to find a 1:1 relation between the predicted and measured plant dry weights. The accumulation of the temperature function alone (∑FT) was used to define the corn phenology periods examined in the development of the CGR‐ECG relations. Maximum and minimum temperatures at the 10‐cm depth in bare soil were used to calculate FT from planting to ∑FT = 12, and then air temperatures to silking. The ∑FT from planting to silking for full‐season corn hybrids averaged 37.4 ± 1.2 for 12 planting‐years, 1969 to 1974. The ∑FT method was tested for its precision and accuracy, relative to that of the modified growing degree day method (∑MGDD), by predicting dates that 50% of the corn acreage had silked in the West Central Crop Reporting District in Indiana, 1962 to 1978. The absolute error between actual and predicted silk dates averaged 3.1 ± 2.2 days using ∑FT, slightly better than the 4.1 ± 2.4 days predicted with ∑MGDD. The ECG, timed with ∑FT offers definite Potential for defining weather effects on corn growth with a single variable.
Nutritional Quality of Vegetable Crops as Affected by Phosphorus and Zinc Fertilizers1
Authors: Peck N. H. , Grunes D. L. , Welch R. M. , MacDonald G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe nutritional quality as well as the yield of the portions of vegetable plants used for human consumption should be considered in fertilization programs.The purpose of this study was to Determine the effects of rates of concentrated superphosphate and zinc sources on some nutritionally important factors including the concentration of P, Zn, phytic acid (myoinositol hexaphosphoric acid), and oxalic acid in the edible portions of four vegetables. The plants, pea (Pisum sativum L.), snap bean [Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. humilis], cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), and table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were grown on a Honeoye fine sandy loam (Glossoboric Rapludalf, fine loamy, mixed mesic) derived from calcareous glacial till. These crops were fertilized with concentrated superphosphate (CSP) at rates of 0, 30, 60, and 120 kg P/ha, and ZnSO4 or ZnCl2 at rates of 0, 5, 20, and 80 kg Zn/ha applied in a band at planting time in a factorially designed experiment. The plants were sampled at processing stage except that pea and snap bean seeds were also sampled at full maturity. Increasing fertilizer CSP rates increased yields and P concentrations in all crops. Fertilizer CSP increased phytic acid concentrations in immature and mature pea seeds and in mature snap bean seeds. Oxalic acid concentrations in table beet plants decreased with increasing rates of CSP fertilizer. Fertilizer CSP without Zn fertilizer decreased Zn concentrations in the plants, but CSP with Zn fertilizer generally increased Zn concentrations. Fertilizer Zn did not affect yields nor cause visible plant toxicities. However, Zn fertilizer increased Zn concentrations in the plants, especially when applied with high rates of CSP fertilizer. Thus, CSP fertilization without Zn fertilization of vegetable crops can reduce their nutritional quality by lowering their Zn concentrations. However, the concomitant use of Zn fertilizer, with high rates of CSP fertilization, can improve the nutritional quality of vegetable crops with respect to Zn.
Response of Maize Inbred Lines to N Fertilizer1
Authors: Balko L. G. , Russell W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMaize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines are the parents of single‐cross hybrids, yet few studies have been reported with inbred lines as the experimental material in N fertilizer studies. The genetic materials in this field study were 10 inbred lines. The objectives were to determine: 1) inbred line response to sidedress N fertilizer, 2) rate of N for maximum grain yield, and 3) inbred line response to N‐fertilizer treatments. The N treatments were: check (0 kg/ha), three levels of preplant broadcast (60, 120, and 180 kg/ha), and three levels of preplant‐sidedress (30‐30, 60‐60, and 90‐90 kg/ha). Soil types involved were Typic Haplaquolls and Cumuli Haplaquolls. Data were obtained for 12 plant, ear, and grain traits in four environments. Growth conditions differed greatly among the environments. There was no yield response in one environment, a small response in two environments, and a large response in one environment. Generally, the greatest yield response was for the first N increment (60 kg/ha), and only in the environment with the greatest response did further N increments give important yield increases. The preplant vs. preplant‐sidedress comparison showed no significant yield differences in any environment. In the environment that had the greatest response to N treatments, there were significant differences among the inbred lines; i.e., a significant inbred × N interaction was observed. One line had no response, five lines had significant linear responses, and four lines had significant quadratic responses. Ear length, ears per plant, and kernel weight were the most important yield components, but the relative importance of these components varied among the inbreds. Effects of N treatments generally were of no practical importance for plant and ear height, but pollen shed and silk emergence were significantly earlier in the environment with the greatest yield response.
Influence of Fungicide and Insecticide Applications on Persistence of Ladino Clover1
Authors: James J. R. , Lucas L. T. , Chamblee D. S. , Campbell W. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLadino clover (Trifolium repens L.) is the most important perennial forage legume grown in North Carolina; however, stands often begin to decline within 2‐3 years after seeding. An entomological‐pathological complex has been reported as a major cause for decline of ladino clover. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of benomyl [methyl l‐(butylcarbamoyl)‐2‐benzimidazolecarbamate] and carbofuran (2, 3‐Dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) applications on disease and/or insects which influence persistence of ladino clover.The percent ground cover of ladino clover in control, benomyl, carbofuran, and carbofuran plus benomyl treated plots after 3‐1/2 years was 12, 24, 75 and 88%, respectively. Plants treated with carbofuran had less root injury from the clover root curculio (Sitona hispidula Fab.) than fungicide and check plots. Carbofuran and carbofuran plus benomyl applications decreased root and stolon rot and increased yield and persistence of ladino clover. None of the treatments significantly increased tap root longevity. Insect damage and root and stolon rot were highly correlated in plant samples collected throughout the experiment. Results indicate that a pathological‐entomological complex is a major factor involved with lack of persistence of ladino clover.
Moisture‐Sensitive Growth Stages of Dwarf Wheat and Optimal Sequencing of Evapotranspiration Deficits1
Authors: Singh S. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCareful management of a limited water supply would require that unavoidable water deficits coincide with growth stages which influence grain yield the least. This study was conducted to quantify moisture‐sensitive growth stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a coarse loamy Typic Camborthid soil. Treatment variables were water, N and seeding rate. Each variable had five coded levels: −1.682, −1, 0, 1, and 1.682. A central composite rotatable design was used. Parameters included initial soil water, irrigation depth, periodic as well as seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), and grain yield (Y). For ordering the relative sensitivities of growth stages, Y and ET data from those plots were considered in which N and seeding rate were at code O, least limiting to yield. The Y and ET from the plot with 1.682 coded level of water were taken to represent maximum yield (Ym) and maximum ET (ETm,), expressed as (100, 100). All data points below Ym and ETm were considered to represent the lower level of Y and ET. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa); deficit intensity, expressed as % of ETm by which ETa fell short in a time period; and its interrelations to yield responses were sequenced for three selected growth stages: vegetative, booting/heading, and flowering to grain formation. The Y response to evapotranspiration deficit (ETd) timings was expressed as the ratio of percent yield reduction to percent seasonal ETd. The reduction in Y refers to the actual yield (Ya) as percent of Ym.The ETd sequences produced two ranges of percent Y reduction/percent seasonal ETd ratio. Low ratios of 0.2 to 0.7 denoted the “optimal” timing of ETd, since mean yield reduction was small, 17%. Large ratios of 1.0 to 1.2 represented “suboptimal” timing of ETd, which brought about 51 to 78% Y reduction. Within the range of optimal ETd sequence, the Y reduction versus ETd relation was linear. This relationship yielded a dimensionless slope to the order of 1.29, which being constant can be used for prediction of Ya if Ym is known. Without prior ETd in the vegetative stage, wheat yields were sensitive to water deficit during the critical booting/heading period but were relatively insensitive when the plants were conditioned to some 15% moisture stress in the vegetative stage. This led to the conclusion that in relation to wheat grain yields if water is limited, the deficits should be spread nearly evenly over the previous growth stages and the critical stage.