bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbicide Runoff from Ornamental Container Nurseries
Authors: Keese R. J. , Camper N. D. , Whitwell T. , Riley M. B. , Wilson P. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRunoff and pond water samples from a container nursery that recycles water for irrigation were tested for movement of herbicides from the site of application. Residues of oryzalin [4‐(dipropylamino)‐3,5‐dinitrobenzene‐sulfonamide], pendimethalin [N‐(1‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4‐dimethyl‐2,6‐dinitrobenzamine]), and oxyfluorfen [2‐chloro‐1‐(3‐ethoxy‐4‐nitrophenoxy)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzene], active ingredients in the granular formulations of Rout [2‐chloro‐1‐(3‐ethoxy‐4‐nitrophenoxy)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzene+3,5‐dinitro‐N4,N4‐dipropylsulfanilamide] and OH‐2 (Ornamental Herbicide‐2), were evaluated. Herbicides were applied at labeled rates and followed by irrigation. Water samples were collected, herbicides were extracted by solid phase extraction and analyzed by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Maximum herbicide residues were detected within the first 15 min of water runoff; oryzalin residues were the greatest of the three herbicides evaluated (4 mg L−1 water at 15 min) and showed rapid decreases thereafter. Herbicide residues detected in pond samples decreased over time until the detection limit was reached (2 wk following application). A microplot study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plastic, woven fabric or gravel bedcovers on herbicide movement. Plastic and fabric allowed greatest movement of oryzalin and pendimethalin, while gravel significantly retained and retarded movement of all three herbicides. Results indicate that bedcover composition plays a significant role in the movement of herbicide from the site of application. Release of active ingredient from granular formulations was evaluated; dinitroanilines (oryzalin and pendimethalin) release faster than oxyfluorfen. Oryzalin in Rout was the most rapidly released, is the most water soluble, and 71% of total active ingredient was accounted for after 3 wk.
Decreasing Phosphorus Solubility in Poultry Litter with Aluminum, Calcium, and Iron Amendments
Authors: Moore P. A. , Miller D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractArkansas produces approximately one billion broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus) each year. Phosphorous runoff from fields receiving poultry fitter is believed to be one of the primary factors affecting water quality in northwest Arkansas. Poultry litter contains ≈20 g P kg−1, of which ≈2 g P kg−1 is water soluble. The objective of this study was to determine if soluble P levels could be reduced in poultry litter with Al, Ca, and/or Fe amendments. Poultry litter was amended with alum, sodium aluminate, quick lime, slaked lime, calcitic limestone, dolomitic limestone, gypsum, ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, and ferric sulfate, and incubated in the dark at 25 °C for 1 wk. The Ca treatments were tested with and without CaF2 additions in an attempt to precipitate fluorapatite. At the end of the incubation period, the fitter was extracted with deionized water and water soluble P determined. Water soluble P levels in the poultry litter were reduced from >2,000 mg P kg−1 litter to <1 mg P kg−1 litter with the addition of alum, quick lime, slaked lime, ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, and ferric sulfate under favorable pH conditions. Gypsum and sodium aluminate reduced water soluble P levels by 50 to 60%. Calcitic and dolomitic limestone were less effective. The results of this study suggest that treating litter prior to field application with some of these compounds could significantly reduce the amount of soluble P in runoff from litter‐amended pastures. Therefore, chemical additions to reduce soluble P in litter may be a best management practice in situations where eutrophication of adjacent water bodies due to P runoff has been identified. Preliminary calculations indicate that this practice may be economically feasible. More research is needed, however, to determine any beneficial and/or detrimental aspects of this practice.
Liming Value Determination of a Calcareous, Gypsiferous Waste for Acid Sulfate Soil
Authors: Offiah O. , Fanning D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReclamation of acid sulfate soils requires the use of liming materials. SWAN‐gypsum (secondary waste acid neutralization gypsum), a waste from a sulfuric acid, titanium oxide refining process, contains ≈10% CaCO3, as well as CASO4·2 H2O (gypsum) and Fe oxides. This material was tested via laboratory incubation studies in comparison to laboratory grade CaCO3 as a liming material for a silty clay material from a Typic Sulfaquept formed on dredged materials. A batch titration method (by shaking a set of soil samples amended with various levels of a potential liming material) was also tested. Closed, partially closed, and open systems were employed with the batch titration method. The ability of SWAN‐gypsum to raise soil pH was comparable to its CaCO3 content. The CaCO3 occurs as unreacted aragonite that is Fe oxide coated as a result of the acid neutralization process that produces the waste. Gypsum and Fe oxides, also present in the waste, were shown to have little or no liming value with the soil material employed. Batch titration (open system, 24 h shaking) gave neutralization results similar to those from regular incubation for 45 d. The pH values achieved with increasing levels of SWAN‐gypsum were lower with closed than with open systems at pH values above 6.6 (by 0.1 to 0.45 pH units, presumably due in part to differences in CO2 pressure), but higher with the closed system at lower pH values (by 0.2 to 2.3 pH units, perhaps due to oxidation of sulfides with the open system). At pHs below neutral following open hatch titration, pHs measured before drying the materials, were higher than those measured after drying and rewetting by 0.2 to 1.5 pH units, whereas they were slightly lower before drying, by up to 0.2 pH units, at pHs above neutral. Additional factors (e.g., physical properties and other possible effects of Fe oxides and CASO4·2 H2O) that need to be considered prior to field utilization of SWAN‐gypsum as a soil amendment are mentioned. The methods reported for testing the liming value of this waste should have value in testing the liming value of other potential acid neutralizing materials.
Simultaneous Extraction of Six Pesticides Using a Dual‐Column Extraction Procedure
Authors: Watts D. W. , Bogus E. R. , Hall J. K. , Mumma R. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method was developed that allowed for the simultaneous extraction of six pesticides (three chloro‐s‐triazines, a substituted amide, an organic phosphate, and a benzoic acid derivative) from either soil or water samples. This method utilizes two types of solid‐phase extraction columns, one reverse phase, and one anion exchange column, connected in series to extract all six compounds from a single sample. After separate elution of the two columns, high pressure liquid chromatography was employed to analyze the benzoic acid derivative utilizing a C‐18 column and paired ion techniques with a detection limit of 6 µg L−1. A gas chromatograph, equipped with a N‐P detector, was used to analyze the remaining five compounds. The detectable limit for the chloro‐s‐triazines was 3 µg L−1 while the detection limit of the substituted amide was 6 µg L−1.
Allocation of Carbon in Plants under Stress: An Analysis of the ROPIS Experiments
Authors: Laurence J. A. , Amundson R. G. , Friend A. L. , Pell E. J. , Temple P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses common patterns of plant C allocation in response to stress. The ROPIS studies used species ranging from slow growing, long‐lived evergreen trees (red spruce [Picea rubens Sarg.] and ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa Dougl.]), to fast growing evergreen and deciduous trees (loblolly pine [Pinus taeda L.] and aspen [Populus tremulaides Michx.]) and annuals (radish [Raphanus sativus L.]). Several factors helped to explain the effects of ozone, the common stress in all ROPIS experiments, on allocation in these diverse species. Species with high relative growth rates readily changed allocation in response to stress. For example, radish and aspen allocated C to produce new leaves in response to ozone and allocated C to roots in response to water and N deficits. In contrast, red spruce had the lowest relative growth rate, and neither total plant biomass nor C allocation were affected by ozone after four growing seasons. However, partitioning of C to foliar starch reserves was reduced. Ponderosa pine and loblolly pine had intermediate relative growth rates. Ozone reduced total plant biomass and allocation to coarse roots in ponderosa pine, while total plant biomass but not allocation was reduced in loblolly pine. Radish, aspen, and ponderosa pine all maintain low foliar starch reserves and experienced ozone‐induced foliar senescence. In contrast, red spruce and loblolly pine maintain substantial foliar starch reserves, which were reduced by ozone. However, they did not experience ozone‐induced senescence. While fast growing species showed the greatest changes in allocation in response to stress, we do not suggest that rapidly growing plants are more sensitive to stress. We suggest they have a higher capacity to allocate C to compensate for the stress. Slower growing species rely more on C storage or multiple shoot growth periods within the growing season to respond to stresses that alter the pattern of C allocation in faster growing species.
Compensation as a Plant Response to Ozone and Associated Stresses: An Analysis of ROPIS Experiments
Authors: Pell E. J. , Temple P. J. , Friend A. L. , Mooney H. A. , Winner W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the role that compensation plays in determining plant response to stress. In addition to exploring the compensatory responses to individual stresses, multiple stresses that induce different compensatory strategies are considered. To do this we have utilized results of many experiments conducted by the Response of Plants to Interacting Stresses (ROPIS) project. Similarities and differences in compensatory responses of plants are considered as a function of growth habits viz. herbaceous annuals, and deciduous and evergreen perennials. The predominant way that plants compensate for stress is through shifts in C allocation, with shifts toward the roots occurring in response to stresses like drought and nutrient deficiencies. Photosynthetic poisons like ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) will induce shifts in favor of the shoot. Plant physiological strategies for coping with stress can also lead to shifts in shoot/root ratio; these include accelerated senescence of injured leaves in favor of production of new foliage, altered leaf area and rates of photosynthesis, and N and C allocation. At the biochemical level, the mechanisms for induction of compensatory shifts are not known; however, it is likely that hormonal changes lead to altered genetic expression of protein synthesis that modify metabolism within tissues or organelles. At the whole plant level, the role of sink strength appears to be important in determining the flow of C and N in stressed plants.
Changes in Infiltration and Drainage during Wastewater Irrigation of a Highly Permeable Soil
Authors: Cook F. J. , Kelliher F. M. , McMahon S. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of wastewater irrigation on hydraulic properties of a highly permeable, volcanic‐ash soil are presented. Ponded infiltration rate, water content, and drainage were measured by the instantaneous profile technique in a 5‐m3, 2.3 m deep isolated soil monolith. This was done both before and after 32 mo of irrigation with secondary‐treated wastewater. Irrigation then continued for a further 4 mo. After 8 mo of no irrigation, a third set of measurements was made. Ponded infiltration rate decreased by 50% from 8.3 × 10−5 to 4.1 × 10−5 m s−1 after 32 mo of wastewater irrigation. A further decrease to 1.7 × 10−5 m s−1 was found 1 yr later. Three years of wastewater irrigation resulted in a 25‐mm decrease in the amount of water stored by the soil to a depth of 2.3 m after 20 d of drainage. This decrease was mainly at depths less than 1 m and may be due to restricted wetting of the soil. An identical decrease was found in the amount of water that drained from the soil during these 20 d. However, the water content at depth 0.1 m after 20 d of drainage was increased by 0.1 m3 m−3. This increase in water content and the concomitant decrease in infiltration rate appear to be caused by clogging of soil pores.
Mass Flow of a Volatile Organic Liquid Mixture in Soils
Authors: Gerstl Z. , Galin Ts. , Yaron B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe flow of kerosene, a volatile organic liquid mixture (VOLM), was studied in loam and clay soils and in a medium sand. The kerosene residual capacity and conductivity were determined for all three media at different initial moisture contents and with kerosene of different compositions. The kerosene conductivity of the soil was found to be strongly influenced by the soil texture and initial moisture content as well as by the kerosene composition. The kerosene conductivity of the sand was two orders of magnitude greater than that of the soils and was unaffected by initial moisture contents as high as field capacity. The kerosene conductivity of the loam soil was similar in oven dry and air dry soils, but increased significantly in soils at 70% and full field capacity due to the Yuster effect. In the clay soil the kerosene conductivity of the air dry soil was four times that of the oven dry soil and increased somewhat in the soil at 70% field capacity. No kerosene flow was observed in the oven dry soil at full field capacity. The differences in kerosene conductivity in these soils and the effect of moisture content were attributed to the different pore‐size distributions of the soils. Changes in the composition of the kerosene due to volatilization of the light fractions resulted in increased viscosity of the residual kerosene. This increased viscosity affected the fluid properties of kerosene, which resulted in decreased kerosene conductivity in the sand and the soils.
Persistence of Metals in Soil and Selected Vertebrates in the Vicinity of the Palmerton Zinc Smelters
Authors: Storm G. L. , Fosmire G. J. , Bellis E. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentration of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu in soil and wildlife at the Palmerton zinc smelter site in eastern Pennsylvania were determined 6 yr after zinc smelting was terminated in 1980. Levels of the four metals were higher in litter (01 and 02 horizon) than in soil (A1 horizon), and the metals were at or near levels when the smelters were still in operation. Levels of metals in soil were highest at sites close to the smelters and decreased as distances from the smelters increased. The relation of decreasing amounts of metals in body tissues with increasing distance from the smelters also held true for amphibians and mammals. An exception to this relation was higher level of Cu in red‐backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) captured ≈17 km downwind than those captured ≈12 km downwind. Levels of Zn, Pb, and Cu in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue of white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were not different (P > 0.05) which is reportedly considered an indication of environmental contamination. Levels of Cd in kidneys and liver of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at Palmerton were five times higher than those for whitetailed deer collected 180 km southwest of Palmerton in southcentral Pennsylvania. The abnormal amounts of metals in the tissues of terrestrial vertebrates, and the absence or low abundance of wildlife at Palmerton indicated that ecological processes within 5 km of the smelters were markedly influenced 6 yr after zinc smelting was discontinued.
Morphological Characteristics of Reconstructed Prime Farmland Soils in Western Pennsylvania
Authors: Bell James C. , Cunningham Robert L. , Anthony Craig T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe major soil horizons of prime farmlands disturbed by surface mining in the USA must be reconstructed during reclamation in accordance with current federal legislation. Consequently, the topsoil (Ap horizon) and subsoil (B and C horizons) are removed and stockpiled separately during overburden removal activities and are replaced over spoil during reclamation in an attempt to reconstruct the original soil profile and to help maintain soil productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the morphological, physical, and chemical properties of reconstructed mine soils and to identify characteristics of these soils that could limit crop growth. We described and sampled a total of 72, 1‐ to 2‐year‐old, reconstructed soil profiles at eight reclaimed surface mines throughout western Pennsylvania. Soil depth over spoil was generally >75 cm with an observed range of 5 cm to >2 m. Well‐expressed Ap horizons were observed in nearly all profiles. The structure of the reconstructed subsoils was drastically altered by mining to a structureless and massive condition. Excessively compacted shallow soil layers restricted downward penetration of plant roots within 47% of the soil profiles described. Reconstructed soil horizons that are likely to restrict plant growth included horizons composed of spoil, horizons with >50% rock fragments and excessively compacted soil layers. These restrictive soil horizons were found within 1 m of the surface for 57 of the 72 soil profiles described and within 50 cm for 51% of the soil profiles. Morphological investigations of reconstructed soils could be useful for evaluating reclamation success and soil productivity potential.
Adsorption and Desorption of Atrazine and Deethylatrazine by Low Organic Carbon Geologic Materials
Authors: Roy W. R. , Krapac I. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption and desorption of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) and a primary metabolite, deethylatrazine (2‐amino‐4‐chloro‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine; DEA), by low organic C (≤ 3.3 g kg−1) materials were measured by batch‐equilibrium techniques. The adsorbents were samples of glacial outwash sand, till, and stream sediments. The adsorption of both atrazine and DEA conformed to linear isotherms. The adsorption of atrazine by most of the adsorbents yielded apparent Koc values that were in excess of those based on surface agricultural soils. Adsorption correlated with only the pH of the sand‐water suspensions. The desorption of atrazine was hysteretic under the conditions of the measurement. DEA had a lower affinity for the same adsorbents; the mean ratio of Kd values of DEA to those of atrazine was 0.37 ± 0.20. DEA adsorption did not correlate with organic C, surface area, clay content of the adsorbents, or with the pH of the suspensions. DEA adsorption, unlike atrazine, tended to be reversible. There was a linear relationship between the adsorption constants of atrazine and those of DEA.
Water Quality in the Shingle Creek Basin, Florida, before and after Wastewater Diversion
Authors: O'Dell Kim M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShingle Creek is a major inflow to Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida. Water quality and the trophic status of Lake Tohopekaliga are affected strongly by the water quality of Shingle Creek. This report documents 10 yr of water quality data in Shingle Creek at the lake outfall; for a pre‐ (October 1981–December 1986) and a post‐wastewater discharge (January 1987–September 1991) removal period. Nutrient budgets for the subbasins were calculated from an intensive research program (January 1983–December 1985) to document instream impacts attributable to wastewater, determine the role of the cypress swamp in the middle subbasin, and document relationships between water quality and land uses. Rapid urbanization converted forested uplands and agricultural lands to housing and commercial land use during the study. Stormwater runoff in Florida has been identified as a major pollution source. Treatment of stormwater pollution, through Best Management Practices (BMPs), has been regulated by the State of Florida in this area since 1982. By 1988, 84% of the urban landuse in the upper basin was subject to stormwater treatment prior to being discharged to the creek. Potential increases in urban derived nutrient inputs were offset by stormwater management, and alum treatment and diversion of municipal wastewater. Nitrogen loads, and P loads and variance decreased significantly during the 10‐yr period, despite rapid urbanization in the northern and central subbasins. Nutrient export from the subbasins was influenced by the dominant land use. The middle subbasin contains a swamp that contributed the greatest P and Cl− loads because of the increase in discharge to the swamp from sources other than the canal. The northern urban subbasin received the wastewater discharges and served as a net sink for N and P exported from the subbasin.
Study of Pesticide Occurrence in Two Closely Spaced Lakes in Northeastern Nebraska
Authors: Spalding Roy F. , Snow Daniel D. , Cassada David A. , Burbach Mark E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDissolved pesticide concentrations in 168 water samples collected from two closely‐spaced lakes between early May 1990 and mid‐June 1991 indicated large differences in impacts from watershed nonpoint source inputs. Pesticide levels in Maskenthine Lake, a small impoundment of 34 ha, increased in response to spring and early summer runoff events. Twelve pesticides [atrazine, 2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine; alachlor, 2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetamide; metolachlor, 2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)acetamide; cyanazine, 2‐[[4‐chloro‐6‐(ethylamino)‐s‐triazin‐2‐yl]amino]‐2‐methylpropionitrile; EPTC, S‐ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; butylate, S‐ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate; propachlor, 2‐chloro‐N‐(1‐methylethyl)‐N‐phenylacetamide; trifluralin, α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2, 6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine; simazine, 2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(ethylamino)‐s‐triazine; propazine, 2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine; fonofos, O‐ethyl S‐phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate; metribuzin, 4‐amino‐6‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐3‐(methylthio)‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(4H)‐one] and two atrazine metabolites, deethylatrazine, 2‐amino‐4‐chloro‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine, 2‐amino‐4‐chloro‐6‐ethylamino‐s‐triazine (DIA) were detected. Atrazine, cyanazine, DEA and DIA levels were greater than 1 µg/L. Atrazine remained above the maximum contaminant level for potable water of 3 µg/L throughout the period of investigation. The pesticide response to spring and summer runoff events was much less pronounced at Willow Lake, a 284 ha impoundment. Ten of 12 pesticides and two atrazine metabolites in Maskenthine Lake were also detected in Willow Lake; however, concentrations did not exceed 1 µg/L. After the spring flush of pesticides in May and June, concentrations decreased until the following spring. Ratios of DEA to atrazine and DIA to atrazine remained relatively constant suggesting that appreciable amounts of biodegradates were not produced. Apparent half‐lives were calculated from observed concentration decreases that appeared to follow first‐order kinetics. Atrazine was the most persistent agrichemical (t1/2 = 193, t1/2 = 124) introduced in the spring runoff events. Extracted pesticide levels were higher hi bottom cores from Maskenthine Lake than from Willow Lake. Differences in pesticide levels in the two lakes were related to watershed slope, soil drainage capacity, landuse, and rainfall.