bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemoprevention of Human Actinic Keratoses by Topical dl-α-tocopherol
Authors: Foote Janet A. , Ranger-Moore James R. , Einspahr Janine G. , Saboda Kathylynn , Kenyon Jaime , Warneke James , Miller Richard C. , Goldman Rayna , Xu Min-Jian , Roe Denise J. , Alberts David S. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Prior research shows that topical application of free, nonfatty acid–conjugated vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol) prevents skin cancer in mice, as well as immunosuppression induced by UVB radiation. This study investigated the chemopreventive potential of dl-α-tocopherol in humans through monitoring surrogate end point biomarkers in sun-damaged skin. Contralateral arms of healthy human volunteers with actinic keratoses (AK) were randomly assigned to receive either 12.5% dl-α-tocopherol or placebo in a crème base for 6 months. Changes in number of AKs, levels of p53 protein expression, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and polyamines were assessed along with skin and systemic vitamin E levels. Following treatment, plasma concentration levels of dl-α-tocopherol were unchanged, but skin levels were highly elevated (P &lt; 0.001). Levels of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen did not change significantly, whereas number of AKs declined insignificantly in both placebo and treatment arms. Regression models showed significant decreases in putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and total polyamine concentrations following treatment. Topically applied dl-α-tocopherol was substantially absorbed in skin, but the 6-month application did not significantly reduce numbers of preexisting AKs on moderately to severely sun-damaged forearms. Increases in polyamine synthesis are expected during tumor initiation and promotion; conversely, the significant reductions in polyamine levels resulting from the topical dl-α-tocopherol application are consistent with reductions in tumorigenesis potential. Topical tocopherol did not normalize established sun-induced lesions, but dl-α-tocopherol–induced reductions in polyamine metabolism are consistent with the inhibition of skin squamous cell carcinogenesis as seen in previous human trials and animal models.
The Dominance Entry of the Principles of Ghārār in Electronic Contracts
Authors: Razali Siti Salwani 
Published: April 2009

AbstractContracts feature in all areas of our daily lives. For example, without much thought, we become party to a variety of contracts when we travel by bus or rail, purchase goods, accept services, and carry out our duties in the workplace. Contracts are so prevalent that ordinary men or women in the street do not realize the legal complexities of the transactions into which they enter. The use of Internet as a medium of communication has widened the scope for contract formation. Sales and purchase activities are conducted online using contracts either drawn up through the Internet itself or outside cyberspace. Several areas of uncertainty will have a significant impact on electronic contracting under Islamic Shari'ah law. This is a fundamental issue, especially with regard to online contracts for which the contracting parties are not physically present. In fact, if certain fundamental issues regarding online contracts are not resolved, then the dominance entry of the principles of ghārār (uncertainty) will apply, making such contracts unfeasible under Islamic Shari'ah law. Therefore, this paper aims to review what is actually meant by ghārār and how it affects the enforceability of electronic contracts under Shari'ah law. It also suggests how ghārār can be reduced or even eliminated to achieve an acceptable degree of certainty, thus enabling the practice of online contracts, particularly according to the Shari'ah.
Mercury Poisoning after Disc-battery Ingestion
Authors: Mant T.G.K. , Lewis J.L. , Mattoo T.K. , Rigden S.P.A. , Volans G.N. , House I.M. , Wakefield A.J. , Cole R.S. 
Published: April 2009

1 A case is described of a 2-year-old girl who swallowed an alkaline disc battery containing mercuric oxide. Two days after ingestion it disintegrated in the stomach necessitating laparotomy to remove the battery casing and most of its contents. 2 Postoperatively her blood mercury concentration rose to 340 μg/l and subsequently she developed small bowel obstruction due to adhesions. She was treated wth dimercaprol but blood mercury concentrations did not fall until after a second laparotomy to relieve the obstruction and to remove residual mercury salts from the colon. 3 The corrosive effects of swallowed disc batteries are well documented. The maximum blood concentration of mercury reported in this case is 17 times the 'acceptable level of mercury in the blood' and nearly double the highest level recorded previously after disc-battery ingestion. 4 A policy for management of swallowed batteries is suggested.
Right-to-left shunt with hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Vodoz Jean-Frédéric , Cottin Vincent , Glérant Jean-Charles , Derumeaux Geneviève , Khouatra Chahéra , Blanchet Anne-Sophie , Mastroïanni Bénédicte , Bayle Jean-Yves , Mornex Jean-François , Cordier Jean-François 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Background
Hypoxemia is common in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and may be partly related to ventilation/perfusion mismatch, low diffusion capacity, low cardiac output, and/or right-to-left (RL) shunting.

Methods
To determine whether true RL shunting causing hypoxemia is caused by intracardiac shunting, as classically considered, a retrospective single center study was conducted in consecutive patients with precapillary PH, with hypoxemia at rest (PaO2 < 10 kPa), shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) greater than 5%, elevated alveolar-arterial difference of PO2 (AaPO2), and with transthoracic contrast echocardiography performed within 3 months.

Results
Among 263 patients with precapillary PH, 34 patients were included: pulmonary arterial hypertension, 21%; PH associated with lung disease, 47% (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 23%; interstitial lung disease, 9%; other, 15%); chronic thromboembolic PH, 26%; miscellaneous causes, 6%. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, and pulmonary vascular resistance were 45.8 ± 10.8 mmHg, 2.2 ± 0.6 L/min/m2, and 469 ± 275 dyn.s.cm-5, respectively. PaO2 in room air was 6.8 ± 1.3 kPa. Qs/Qt was 10.2 ± 4.2%. AaPO2 under 100% oxygen was 32.5 ± 12.4 kPa. Positive contrast was present at transthoracic contrast echocardiography in 6/34 (18%) of patients, including only 4/34 (12%) with intracardiac RL shunting. Qs/Qt did not correlate with hemodynamic parameters. Patients' characteristics did not differ according to the result of contrast echocardiography.

Conclusion
When present in patients with precapillary PH, RL shunting is usually not related to reopening of patent foramen ovale, whatever the etiology of PH.
Recurrence of Hyperprolactinemia after Withdrawal of Long-Term Cabergoline Therapy
Authors: Kharlip J. , Salvatori R. , Yenokyan G. , Wand G. S. 
Published: April 2009

Context: Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after cabergoline withdrawal ranges widely from 36 to 80%. The Pituitary Society recommends withdrawal of cabergoline in selected patients.
Objective: Our aim was to evaluate recurrence of hyperprolactinemia in patients meeting The Pituitary Society guidelines.
Design: Patients were followed from the date of discontinuation to either relapse of hyperprolactinemia or the day of last prolactin test.
Setting: We conducted the study at an academic medical center.
Patients: Forty-six patients meeting Pituitary Society criteria (normoprolactinemic and with tumor volume reduction after 2 or more years of treatment) participated in the study.
Interventions: After withdrawal, if prolactin returned above reference range, another measurement was obtained within 1 month, symptoms were assessed by questionnaire, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed.
Main Outcome Measures: We measured risk of and time to recurrence estimates as well as clinical predictors of recurrence.
Results: Mean age of patients was 50 ± 13 yr, and 70% were women. Thirty-one patients had microprolactinomas, 11 had macroprolactinomas, and four had nontumoral hyperprolactinemia. The overall recurrence was 54%, and the estimated risk of recurrence by 18 months was 63%. The median time to recurrence was 3 months (range, 1–18 months), with 91% of recurrences occurring within 1 yr after discontinuation. Size of tumor remnant prior to withdrawal predicted recurrence [18% increase in risk for each millimeter (95% confidence interval, 3–35; P = 0.017)]. None of the tumors enlarged in the patients experiencing recurrence, and 28% had symptoms of hypogonadism.
Conclusions: Cabergoline withdrawal is practical and safe in a subset of patients as defined by The Pituitary Society guidelines; however, the average risk of long-term recurrence in our study was over 60%. Close follow-up remains important, especially within the first year.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Anticoagulation Strategies in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Maxwell Carleton B , Holdford David A , Crouch Michael A , Patel Dipen A 
Published: April 2009

Background: Contemporary studies document the outcomes of unfractionated heparin (UFH), enoxaparin, fondaparinux, and bivalirudin in patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). It remains unclear which anticoagulant regimen is the most cost-effective. Objective: To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing 4 anticoagulant regimens in NSTE-ACS. Methods: A decision analysis was conducted from a healthcare provider perspective. Data sources included the SYNERGY, OASIS-5, and ACUITY trials, including 2 subgroup analyses. A decision tree model was created incorporating the outcomes associated with 4 antithrombotic approaches: UFH with eptifibatide, enoxaparin with eptifibatide, bivalirudin alone, and fondaparinux with eptifibatide. The percentage of eptifibatide use in each arm was consistent with clinical trials. Probabilities of complications (eg, myocardial infarction, revascularization, major/minor bleeding at 30 days) were calculated. Costs were assigned to each outcome, incorporating the cost associated with diagnosis-related group and/or current procedural terminology codes, drug acquisition, and red blood cell infusions. Multiple sensitivity analyses were performed. Results: The base case analysis showed bivalirudin monotherapy to be the least costly regimen ($1131 per average course), and it dominated enoxaparin plus eptifibatide ($1609) and UFH plus eptifibatide ($1739) in cost-effectiveness. The total average cost of fondaparinux with eptifibatide ($1184) was higher than bivalirudin alone, but the combination was more effective, resulting in an incremental cost of $2569 per each additional patient treated without complication. Sensitivity analyses showed the model's results to be sensitive to drug acquisition cost and complication probabilities. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses favored neither bivalirudin nor fondaparinux; however, when 2 or more vials of bivalirudin were necessary, bivalirudin was no longer a cost-effactive alternative. Conclusions: Bivalirudin is the least costly agent in moderate- to high-risk NSTE-ACS patients managed with an early invasive approach, if its use is consistent with the ACUITY trial. Fondaparinux is the preferred agent in patients undergoing a conservative treatment strategy.
Association of the Tag SNPs in the Human SKT Gene (KIAA1217) With Lumbar Disc Herniation
Authors: Karasugi Tatsuki , Semba Kei , Hirose Yuichiro , Kelempisioti Anthi , Nakajima Masahiro , Miyake Atsushi , Furuichi Tatsuya , Kawaguchi Yoshiharu , Mikami Yasuo , Chiba Kazuhiro , Kamata Michihiro , Ozaki Kouichi , Takahashi Atsushi , Mäkelä Pirkka , Karppinen Jaro , Kimura Tomoatsu , Kubo Toshikazu , Toyama Yoshiaki , Yamamura Ken-ichi , Männikkö Minna , Mizuta Hiroshi , Ikegawa Shiro 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is one of the most common musculo-skeletal diseases. Recent studies have indicated that LDH has strong genetic determinants, and several susceptibility genes have been reported to associate with LDH; however, its etiology and pathogenesis still remain unclear. KIAA1217 (alias SKT, the human homolog of murine Skt [Sickle tail]) is a good candidate for an LDH susceptibility gene because SKT is specifically expressed in nucleus pulposa of intervertebral discs (IVDs) in humans and mice, and SktGt mice, which are established through a large-scale gene-trap mutagenesis, exhibit progressive, postnatal onset abnormality of the IVDs. Here, we report the association of SKT with LDH. Using tag SNPs, we examined the association in two independent Japanese case-control populations and found a significant association with SKT rs16924573 in the allele frequency model (p = 0.0015). The association was replicated in a Finnish case-control population (p = 0.026). The combined p value of the two population by meta-analysis is 0.00040 (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.14–1.58). Our data indicate that SKT is involved in the etiology of LDH.
Die Sowjetunion in der Auseinandersetzung über den NATO-Doppelbeschluss 1979–1983
Authors: Wettig Gerhard 
Published: April 2009

Vorspann
Wenige Ereignisse waren für die Bundesrepublik und für Westeuropa so folgenreich wie der NATO-Doppelbeschluss vom Dezember 1979. Die öffentliche Ablehnung war damals gewaltig. Wie aber stellt sich diese Reaktion 30 Jahre später dar – nach dem Zusammenbruch von Sowjetunion und Warschauer Pakt und nach der langsamen Öffnung der ehemaligen sowjetischen Archive? Lässt sich nun abschätzen, wer damals eigentlich der Aggressor war?
Fear Extinction in Rodents
Authors: Chang Chun‐hui , Knapska Ewelina , Orsini Caitlin A. , Rabinak Christine A. , Zimmerman Joshua M. , Maren Stephen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPavlovian conditioning paradigms have become important model systems for understanding the neuroscience of behavior. In particular, studies of the extinction of Pavlovian fear responses are yielding important information about the neural substrates of anxiety disorders, such as phobias and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans. These studies are germane to understanding the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral interventions that suppress fear, including exposure therapy in anxiety disorders. This unit describes detailed behavioral protocols for examining the nature and properties of fear extinction in laboratory rodents. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 47:8.23.1‐8.23.17. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Controlled synthesis of Cu2O cubic and octahedral nano‐ and microcrystals
Authors: Wang Zhenghua , Wang Hui , Wang Lingling , Pan Ling 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCubic and octahedral Cu2O nano‐ and microcrystals were selectively synthesized via a simple wet chemical reduction route at room temperature, with CuCl2 and NaOH as starting reactants, and ascorbic acid or hydrazine hydrate as the reducer. Hydrazine hydrate could be preferentially adsorbed on different crystal faces of Cu2O, affecting the growth rate along the 〈100〉 to that along the 〈111〉 direction, which resulted in the formation of octahedral Cu2O crystals. When ascorbic acid was used as the reducer, the growth rate along the 〈100〉 to that along the 〈111〉 direction was different, which resulted in the formation of cubic Cu2O crystals. The size of cubic and octahedral Cu2O crystals could be varied by adjusting the molar ratio of OH– to Cu2+. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acetic acid denaturing for RNA capillary polymer electrophoresis
Authors: Sumitomo Keiko , Sasaki Motoyasu , Yamaguchi Yoshinori 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA strong denaturant to cleave intramolecular hydrogen bonds in RNA is required for RNA size separation in a small sample volume (<10 nL). We found that carboxylic acids were strong denaturants for RNA and the RNA separation performance was dramatically improved by capillary electrophoresis with a sieving matrix containing acetic acid. We revealed that the denaturing ability of 2.0 M acetic acid was stronger than that of either 2.5 M formaldehyde or 7.0 M urea by estimating DNA melting temperature. Consequently, we suggested “in‐capillary denaturing polymer electrophoresis” as the RNA size separation methodology to simultaneously denature and separate RNA in a small sample volume without conventional in vitro sample preparation before electrophoresis. The baseline separation of RNA with a size of 100–10 000 nt was achieved in 25 min by “in‐capillary denaturing polymer electrophoresis” with the running buffer containing 2.0 M acetic acid. The resolution and the theoretical plates of RNA separation peaks were larger than those of the RNA separation in a conventional CGE with in vitro sample preparation by 7.0 M urea. In addition, we detected RNA peaks from the nucleic acids extracted from NIH 3T3 cells without DNase enzyme treatment.
Study of protein–protein binding reaction by whole‐column fluorescence‐imaged CIEF
Authors: Wu Xing‐Zheng , Asai Shinya , Yamaguchi Yoshie 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhole‐column fluorescence‐imaged CIEF was applied to study protein–protein binding reaction. A homemade whole‐column fluorescence‐imaged CIEF experimental setup was built, and its CIEF performance was evaluated with native fluorescent protein green fluorescence protein and fluorescently labeled proteins (bovine albumin, human albumin, and BSA). pIs, focusing time, detection limits, and linear quantitative range of the proteins were obtained. Furthermore, the method was used to study FITC–protein A–human IgG binding reaction. Experimental results showed that the apparent binding ratio of the FITC–protein A to human IgG was 1:2, and pI of the binding conjugates were about 6.3–6.5. No binding reaction was found between green fluorescence protein and the fluorescent‐labeled proteins.
A well‐balanced upstream flux‐splitting finite‐volume scheme for shallow‐water flow simulations with irregular bed topography
Authors: Lai Jihn‐Sung , Guo Wen‐Dar , Lin Gwo‐Fong , Tan Yih‐Chi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study extends the upstream flux‐splitting finite‐volume (UFF) scheme to shallow water equations with source terms. Coupling the hydrostatic reconstruction method (HRM) with the UFF scheme achieves a resultant numerical scheme that adequately balances flux gradients and source terms. The proposed scheme is validated in three benchmark problems and applied to flood flows in the natural/irregular river with bridge pier obstructions. The results of the simulations are in satisfactory agreement with the available analytical solutions, experimental data and field measurements. Comparisons of the present results with those obtained by the surface gradient method (SGM) demonstrate the superior stability and higher accuracy of the HRM. The stability test results also show that the HRM requires less CPU time (up to 60%) than the SGM. The proposed well‐balanced UFF scheme is accurate, stable and efficient to solve flow problems involving irregular bed topography. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and principal components analysis to monitor dissolved organic matter dynamics in a glacier system
Authors: Barker J. D. , Sharp M. J. , Turner R. J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe molecular characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) reflect both its source material and its biogeochemical history. In glacial systems, DOM characteristics might be expected to change over the course of a melt season as changes in the glacier drainage system cause the mobilization of DOM from different OM pools. To test this hypothesis we used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of synchronous fluorescence spectra to detect and describe changes in the DOM in meltwater from a glacier system in the Coast Mountains of northern British Columbia, Canada. For most of the melt season, the dominant component of subglacially routed meltwater DOM is characterized by a tyrosine‐like fluorophore. This DOM component is most likely derived from supraglacial snowmelt. During periods of high discharge, a second component of DOM is present which is humic in character and similar to DOM sampled from a nearby non‐glacial stream. This DOM component is inferred to be derived from a moss‐covered soil environment that has been glacially overrun. It is probably entrained into glacial melt waters when the supraglacial meltwater flux exceeds the capacity of the principal subglacial drainage channels and water floods areas of the glacier bed that are normally isolated from the subglacial drainage system. Another source of DOM also appears to be mobilized during periods of high air temperatures. It is characterized by both humic and proteinaceous fluorophores and may be derived from the drainage of supraglacial cryoconite holes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural determination of quercusides A and B, new flavonoid glucosides from Quercus incana, by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Iftikhar Benish , Perveen Shagufta , Malik Abdul , Sultana Najma , Arayne Saeed , Muhammad Pir 
Published: April 2009

AbstractQuercusides A and B, new flavonoid glucosides have been isolated from the chloroform soluble fractions of Quercus incana. Their structures were assigned from 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and by correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC) and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. Lupeol, β‐sitosterol and ursolic acid have also been reported from this species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Splenic hamartoma in a child in the era of PET‐CT
Authors: Avila Laura , Sivaprakasam Ponni , Viero Sandra , Somers Gino R. , Shago Mary , Gerstle J. Ted , Metser Ur , Gupta Abha A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe present a case of a healthy 7‐year‐old female with an incidental finding of a growing splenic lesion, diagnosed as a splenic hamartoma after splenectomy. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of splenic lesions and that the role of positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) in defining splenic lesions in the pediatric population remains to be defined. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:114–116. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.