bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5 Law, Institutions, and Finance in China and India
Authors: Allen Franklin , Chakrabarti Rajesh , De Sankar , Qian Jun ‘QJ’ , Qian Meijun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines and compares the legal and institutional set-ups in China and India. China differs from most of the countries studied in the law, institutions, finance, and growth literature: Its legal and financial systems as well as institutions are all underdeveloped, but its economy has been growing at a very fast rate. Despite its English common-law origin and British-style judicial system and democratic government, there is enough documented evidence to suggest that the effective level of investor protection and the quality of legal institutions in India are quite weak as well. However, this has evidently not prohibited growth in either country. Small and high growth firms in both countries make extensive use of informal and relationship-based arrangements to finance growth.
6 China and India: A Tale of Two Trade Integration Approaches
Authors: Kowalski Przemyslaw 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDespite the fact that China has gone further than India in terms of economic reform and opening, China's integration process so far remains characterized by a certain duality. On the one hand the opening up of trade and FDI in manufactured goods has spurred the emergence of a largely private sector. On the other hand the high level of public ownership and important regulatory barriers continue to dominate the services sectors. India has gone a long way in reducing its tariffs on nonagricultural products as well as selected non-tariff barriers but moderate protection still persists which likely adds to the hurdles faced by the Indian manufacturing sector. India has revealed a comparative advantage in certain segments of the services sector but its services trade policy is still very restrictive. More generally the extent of liberalization achieved so far in India suggests that the remaining goods and services trade barriers are just one item on the list of reforms that the country needs to tackle in order to promote trade-led expansion of more labor-intensive activities.
7 China's Growth Model: Choices and Consequences
Authors: Prasad Eswar S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChina has maintained a phenomenal rate of growth over the last two decades (until very recently), with annual GDP growth averaging about 10 percent. What accounts for this impressive growth performance? How long is this growth pattern likely to last and what are the risks? This chapter attempts to address these questions by providing a critical evaluation of the combination of macroeconomic and structural policies that has resulted in high rates of growth in recent years. The main argument is that the set of policies that has generated impressive headline GDP growth masks a number of problems that have led to unbalanced growth and portend serious risks for the future. It then discusses the main elements of a reform agenda that would ensure the sustainability of China's growth, improve the economic welfare of its citizens in a commensurate manner, and make the economy more resilient to shocks.
8 Deconstructing China's and India's Growth: The Role of Financial Policies
Authors: Aziz Jahangir 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe links between financial and economic development are well established in theory, but country-specific empirical evidence is hard to come by. This chapter shows that one empirical measure, the investment wedge or the gap between household's rate of intertemporal substitution and the marginal product of capital, is large. It is a significant determinant of Chinese and Indian growth in the last two decades. In China, distortions caused by nonperforming loans, borrowing constraints, and uncertainty over changes in government guidance in bank lending have implied large transfers from households to firms that have kept capital cost low and encouraged investment. In India, post-1992 financial sector reforms, particularly the reduction in the funds pre-empted by the government from the banking system, have played an important role in reducing the cost of capital. Simulations show that for rebalancing growth in China and sustaining high investment rate in India, financial sector reforms and financial market development will be key.
10 What Constrains Indian Manufacturing?
Authors: Gupta Poonam , Hasan Rana , Kumar Utsav 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIndia has undertaken extensive reforms in its manufacturing sector in the last two decades. However, an acceleration of growth in manufacturing, and a concomitant increase in employment, has eluded India. What might be holding the sector back? Using Annual Survey of Industries data at the three-digit level and difference in estimates this chapter finds that the post-reform performance of the manufacturing sector is heterogeneous across industries. In particular, industries dependent on infrastructure or external finance, and labor-intensive industries have not been able to reap the maximum benefits of reforms. The results point to the importance of infrastructure development and financial sector development for the manufacturing sector's growth to accelerate further. They also emphasize the need to clearly identify and address the factors inhibiting the growth of labor-intensive industries.
Lying
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter defines lying roughly as follows: a lie is a deliberate false statement that the speaker warrants to be true. Two features of this definition are noteworthy. First, contrary to most standard definitions, it argues that lying does not require that the liar intends to deceive others. (The chapter appeals to cases in which one is compelled or enticed to make false statements, cases of lying in which one can benefit by making false statements even if they do not deceive others, and cases of bald‐faced lies in which the liar knows that others know she is lying and therefore has no hope or intention of deceiving them.) Second, the chapter holds that in order to tell a lie, one must make a statement that one warrants to be true. According to the definition, any lie violates an implicit promise or guarantee that what one says is true. The definition makes sense of the common view that lying involves a breach of trust. To lie, on this view, is to invite others to trust and rely on what one says by warranting its truth, and at the same time to betray that trust by making a false statement that one does not believe to be true. The chapter discusses several published criticisms of the definition. The chapter isolates several criticisms that, while it is not certain, may require a refinement of the basic definition, and the chapter formulates a revised version of the definition that clearly answers them. According to the revised definition, lying requires that one intends to warrant the truth of what one says but does not require that one actually warrants its truth, as in the original definition. Nothing that is said in the book depends on the subtle difference between these two definitions.
Kant and the Absolute Prohibition against Lying
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn several works, Kant claims that lying is always wrong, no matter what. He is probably the most well‐known defender of an absolute prohibition against lying in the history of Western philosophy. The chapter surveys what Kant says about lying in his writings. It is noteworthy that he never directly appeals to the categorical imperative in any of his arguments to show that lying is always wrong. The chapter argues that the universal law version of the categorical imperative does not imply that lying is always wrong – one can consistently will that everyone follows maxims or principles that sometimes permit lying. Korsgaard to the contrary, the second version of the categorical imperative, which says that we should never treat another person as a mere means, does not imply that lying is never permissible. The chapter contends that Korsgaard's arguments rest on contentious interpretations of several ambiguous passages in Kant. None of the versions of the categorical imperative commits Kant to an absolute prohibition against lying. Not only does Kant fail to give a compelling argument for an absolute prohibition against lying, there are positive reasons to reject his absolutism. The duty not to lie can conflict with other moral duties. If lying is always wrong no matter what, then the duty not to lie must always be more important than any conflicting duty. However, it is most implausible to hold that the duty not to lie is always more important than any conflicting duty. Kant's own example of lying to thwart the plans of a would‐be murderer is one of the best illustrations of this.
Act‐Utilitarianism
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAct‐utilitarianism implies that lying is morally permissible when, and only when, there is no alternative course of action open to one that has better consequences than lying. Many critics contend that utilitarianism is too permissive about the morality of lying. Mill attempts to answer this objection in Utilitarianism where he claims that lying always has indirect bad consequences (lying makes one less honest and undermines trust between people). Mill claims that, therefore, utilitarianism implies that there is a strong moral presumption against lying. The chapter defends Mill's argument and note two ways in which it can be extended and strengthened. First, there is another indirect bad consequence of lying that Mill does not mention – the difficulties that liars incur in trying to “keep their stories straight.” Second, in addition to the indirect bad consequences of lying (and deception), there are also direct bad consequences. We are (generally) harmed when we are deceived because we cannot effectively pursue our ends and interests if we act on the basis of false beliefs.
Bluffing and Deception in Negotiations
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses deception and bluffing in negotiations and focuses on the following kind of case: I am selling a house and tell a prospective buyer that $350 000 is absolutely the lowest price that I will accept, when I know that I would be willing to accept as little as $320 000 for the house. In this case, I make a deliberate false statement about my intentions and bargaining position. Despite the strong presumption against harmful lying and deception in commercial transactions, lying and deception in negotiations can sometimes be justified on the ground of “self‐defense” if others are engaging in lying/deception and thereby gaining an advantage over one.
Lying and Deception about Questions of War and Peace: Case Studies
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines cases in which political leaders and public figures told lies or engaged in deception as a pretext for fighting wars. The examples given here include William Randolph Hearst, Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, George W. Bush, and Dick Cheney. The chapter devotes particular attention to the case of Bush and Cheney and argues that they lied and attempted to deceive the public. Although this claim will strike many readers as obvious, it has not been adequately defended by those who make it. The journalists, public officials, and commentators who have accused Bush and Cheney of lying and deception do not offer careful definitions of lying and deception, much less a careful application of those definitions to the cases at issue. Certain features of my definition of lying are salient in these cases and help to show that Bush and Cheney lied and attempted to deceive the public – they strongly warranted the truth of claims that they knew were open to serious doubts. In most of these cases, lying and deception led to disastrous consequences and were morally wrong. However, the chapter argues that Franklin Roosevelt was morally justified in his lying and deception in order to aid Britain during the early stages of WWII. The chapter also discusses cases in which Dean Acheson, John Foster Dulles, and Dwight Eisenhower may have engaged in lying and deception in order to avoid wars. These also seem be to cases of justifiable lying/deception.
Honesty as a Virtue
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHonesty is generally regarded as a cardinal virtue. In order to assess this conventional wisdom the chapter examines the arguments of several dissenters who reject it. Some argue that as lying and deception are frequently justified in certain spheres of life/activity, honesty is not a virtue (in those spheres). We need to distinguish between what, for lack of better terms, this chapter calls “honesty in a negative sense” (having a strong principled disinclination to tell lies or deceive others) and “honesty in a positive sense,” which (in addition to involving being disinclined to tell lies or deceive others) involves being candid, open, and willing to reveal information. The chapter argues that honesty in the negative sense (or something that closely resembles it) is a cardinal virtue in ordinary circumstances, but often honesty in the positive sense is not a virtue. The chapter also identifies spheres of activity in which candor and openness are virtues.
Feature hierarchies and contrast in phonology
Authors: Dresher B. Elan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that there is a deep connection between feature ordering, contrast, and phonological activity. Contrasts are governed by language‐specific feature hierarchies; only contrastive features so determined are active in the phonology. These claims are supported and illustrated by case studies involving vowel harmony, consonant co‐occurrence, and loanword adaptation.
Towards a typology of grammatical features
Authors: Kibort Anna 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers a typology of features which express meanings or functions correlating with different forms of inflected words. Morphosyntactic, morphosemantic, and purely morphological features are distinguished on the basis of their available realization options. It is suggested that the tense‐aspect‐mood‐polarity affixes of Kayardild (Tangkic) realize morphosemantic features.
Features in categorization, or a new look at an old problem
Authors: Plaster Keith , Polinsky Maria 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter reanalyses noun classification in the Australian language Dyirbal. While earlier analyses have proposed intricate class assignment principles rooted in conceptual features, we argue that Dyirbal noun classification is sensitive to salient phonological cues and a small core of cross‐linguistically common semantic cues in keeping with other familiar noun classification systems.
Feature geometry and predictions of locality
Authors: Sag Ivan A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that grammar is a set of local constraints. The Sign‐Based Construction Grammar architecture is feature‐based and model‐theoretic, utilizing constructs (mother–daughter configurations) as the structures over which grammatical dependencies are defined in localist terms. I examine a number of non‐local dependencies (agreement, case assignment, control, and filler–gap dependencies), providing localist analyses that embody precise hypotheses about the nature of non‐locality in language.
Inessential features and expressive power of descriptive metalanguages
Authors: Pullum Geoffrey K. , Tiede Hans‐Jörg 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLinguists feel intuitively that genuine features, those reflecting properties of natural language, are distinguishable from spurious ones – mere tricks exploiting feature machinery. Unfortunately, no such distinction is formally capturable, because eliminability of syntactic features in descriptions of sets of trees correlates with expressive power of the theoretical metalanguage assumed.
Social Relationships and Dependency
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that domination should be understood structurally, as a condition experienced by persons or groups when they are related to other persons or groups in a particular way. One of the structural features present in all social relationships characterized by domination is dependency; dependency is analyzed in terms of the costs of exit faced by the subjects of domination. This chapter also briefly considers the role of reflective equilibrium in developing a descriptive account of domination.
Matter Matters
Authors: Smith Kurt 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWhy is there a material world? Why is it fundamentally mathematical? This book explores a seventeenth‐century answer to these questions as it emerged from the works of Descartes and Leibniz. What we learn is the sense in which these philosophers held that an analysis of the material world must inevitably lead to mathematics, and that mathematics must inevitably take matter as its object. Here the connection between matter and mathematics was cast in terms of the conditions of intelligibility—matter is what underwrote the very intelligibility of mathematics. Thus, in every world in which mathematics in intelligible, matter exists, and vice versa. On this view, then, matter is not seen as a cosmic anomaly or divine afterthought, but as an essential constituent of the universe. As the title of the book asserts: matter matters.
Plato's Early and Late Methods
Authors: Smith Kurt 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, Plato is shown to have developed two methods of investigation: the first is his method of hypothesis, the second his method of collection and division. This latter method was a method of classification, which emerged as the method of analysis. The chapter shows how this method produces a scheme of categories, which looks to be the system of ideas or forms. The chapter explains how the method relates to the division of objects as established by the divided line analogy.
Matter and Division
Authors: Smith Kurt 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores two conceptual systems of division developed in the medieval period—one connected to the division of an immaterial substrate, the other connected to the division of a material substrate. This latter sort of division resulted in the numbers, which were additive. Here, an historical sketch is offered that traces a connection made between a certain conception of matter and mathematics, a connection that would have been available to the early moderns.
Enumeration, Quantity, and Measurement
Authors: Smith Kurt 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows how Descartes's concept of the enumeration underwrites the concepts of quantity and measurement in physics. Here it is shown how Descartes established what the chapter calls the master enumeration. Modes of body, it is found, are understood within Descartes's system as classes of ‘dimensions’ which are determined by systems of measurement. These systems are what today are called ratio scales. It is shown how the enumeration, the paradigm of a nominal scale, underwrites the ratio scale.
Material Structure and Calculating Machines
Authors: Smith Kurt 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this chapter it is shown how Leibniz and others in the period understood bodies to be mathematically informed (structured). This led to their designing and constructing calculating machines—the operations of mathematics being inherent in the manipulation of bodies. The chapter considers how Ramond Lull's combinatorial machines may have inspired both Descartes and Leibniz. And, the chapter shows how John Napier's famous calculating machines, the slide rule and the ‘bones’ worked.
How Analysis and Synthesis are Related
Authors: Smith Kurt 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows how the combinatorial nature of bodies expresses the permutation group concept, the latter expressing the conditions underwriting a genuine mathematical system. The chapter explains how synthesis, or a synthetic system, is isomorphic to a permutation group. What is more, it is shown how analysis, or the system of concepts resulting from analysis, is isomorphic to a synthetic system. This, it is argued, establishes a sense in which analysis and synthesis are ‘flip sides’ of the same conceptual coin. Since an analytic‐synthetic system is a group, and a group is a genuine mathematical system, it is seen the important role that Descartes's enumeration played in establishing a ‘mathematized’ physics.
On Some Properties of Criterial Freezing
Authors: Rizzi Luigi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter first examines the factors that render moved A′‐elements in the vicinity of C inert for further movement operations. Topic and Focus heads in the Complementiser Field are reconceived as criterial positions and a Criterion is formulated as a requirement for these heads to probe the derivation for a suitable goal in order to establish a Spec‐Head relation with it. In such a configuration, the goal is frozen into place once it has entered into a Spec‐Head relation with the criterial head. Extending the above to subjects, an independent Subject ‘criterial’ category with nominal properties, which expresses aboutness is posited. Although the constituent that satisfies the criterion, freezes into place and cannot undergo further movement, subconstituents from within may be subextracted, such as complements or adjuncts from within a subject.
(Non-)Extraction from Subjects as an Edge Phenomenon
Authors: Kotzoglou George 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the lack of Subject Condition violations in null subject languages (and, most prominently, Greek). The chapter proposes that Subject Condition effects are due to a prohibition on multiple phase‐internal movement. Modifying Nunes's (1999, 2004) proposal, and in the spirit of Richards (2001, 2006), Boeckx (2003, 2008) the chapter argues for a Restriction on Copy Reduction, an anti‐locality princple which bans the PF‐silencing of more than one movement copies of a single element within the lifespan of a syntactic phase. It is shown that this principle follows as soon as we assume that the notion ‘chain’ has no place in a derivational model of grammar.
Subextraction from Phase Edges
Authors: Gallego Ángel J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter investigates Chomsky's (2008) phase‐based analysis of CED effects, which capitalizes on an opacity created by phasal specifiers (so‐called ‘edges’). After reviewing different pieces of evidence, it is argued that an Agree/Activity Condition approach to islandhood phenomena is theoretically and empirically superior, a conclusion that is pushed to A‐over‐A situations where sub‐extraction takes place from dependents displaced to the CP edge.
On the Necessity of Phi‐features: The Case of Bavarian Subject Extraction
Authors: Mayr Clemens 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter deals with long‐distance extraction of subjects in Bavarian, which violates the comp‐trace filter. It is argued that complementiser agreement licenses such extraction. In particular complementiser agreement allows subjects to be probed by higher functional heads. That is, agreement makes subjects visible for the computation. Objects, on the other hand, do not need to be in such an agreement relation, as selection by the verb render elements visible for probing once and for all.
The Structure and Interpretation of (Romance) Complementizers
Authors: Manzini M. Rita 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Romance che‐type complementizer belongs to the same morpholexical series as wh‐phrases. This chapter proposes that both as a wh‐phrase and as a complementizer, che is nominal and argumental — therefore not a functional projection (C) of the sentence. This chapter argues that this proposal optimally accounts for fine variation across Romance.