bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of skin temperature in Mexican children
Authors: Kolosovas‐Machuca Eleazar Samuel , González Francisco Javier 
Published: February 2011

Background: Infrared thermography can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the evaluation and management of several pathologies; however, the temperature pattern of the healthy body should be known in order to perform a more precise clinical evaluation.Methods: A total of 25 healthy children (10 female and 15 male) were examined with a thermographic camera. Eighty‐four temperature points of the body were recorded, saved in a database, and analyzed.Results: The measurements showed that the forehead, neck, and the cervical area have the highest average temperatures of the whole body, and that the temperature distribution between boys and girls is very similar. The difference in skin temperature along the y‐axis of the body varied up to 5.1 °C; however, the average difference in skin temperature along the x‐axis of the body was 0.7 °C. These temperature variations observed in children are lower than the ones reported for adults, which could be due to a greater variation of body fat distribution in adults.Conclusion: This study shows that thermography could be a good tool for disease diagnosis in children as there is a lower skin temperature variation among children than among adults.
Lack of physical activity in young children is related to higher composite risk factor score for cardiovascular disease
Authors: Tanha Tina , Wollmer Per , Thorsson Ola , Karlsson Magnus K. , Lindén Christian , Andersen Lars B. , Dencker Magnus 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  This study evaluates whether accelerometer‐measured physical activity is related to higher composite risk factor scores for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children.Methods:  Cross‐sectional study that included 223 children aged 7.9–11.1 years (boys n = 123, girls n = 100). Daily physical activity was assessed by accelerometers for 4 days. Body fat was quantified by dual X‐ray absorptiometry. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured during a maximal exercise test. Resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured. Z‐scores [(value for the individual − mean value for group)/SD] were calculated for each variable, and the sum of different risk factor z‐scores used as an index of composite risk factors score for CVD.Results:  Partial correlations, from General Linear Model, between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA) and general physical activity versus index of composite risk factor score were in boys 0.29, 0.33 and 0.30 (all p < 0.05), respectively. The corresponding correlations in girls were −0.28, −0.32 (both p < 0.05) and −0.18 (NS), respectively.Conclusion:  Low amounts of MVPA and VPA were related to higher composite risk factor scores for CVD in children aged 8–11 years.
Fulminant hepatitis and glomerulonephritis‐a rare presentation of Hepatitis A virus infection
Authors: Pal Radha B , Saha Pritam , Das Ira , Sinha Malay K 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  We report a case of fulminant hepatitis and glomerulonephritis by Hepatitis A virus infection.Methods:  We observed the patient’s clinical course and analyzed his data retrospectively.Results:  The three‐year‐old boy presented with features of acute renal failure and stage 2 hepatic encephalopathy. Renal biopsy showed diffuse mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis with immunoglobulin M and complement 3 deposition. After receiving supportive treatment for over 6 weeks, the hepatic and renal function became normal. Renal biopsy after 3 months was normal.Conclusion:  Acute renal failure is a rare complication of Hepatitis A virus infection. Physicians should be aware of the potential renal involvement of Hepatitis A virus infection as the prognosis is not always favourable.
Brainstem auditory response findings in late preterm infants in neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Jiang Ze D , Zhou Yi , Ping Li L. , Wilkinson Andrew R 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  To examine brainstem auditory function at term in late preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Methods:  Fifty‐two preterm infants, born at 33–36 week gestation, were recruited in an NICU and were studied at term using brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER).Results:  Compared with normal term infants, BAER wave V latency in the NICU preterm infants was increased at 51 and 91/sec (p < 0.05, 0.05). Intervals of III–V and I–V were increased at all 21, 51 and 91/sec clicks (p < 0.05–0.01), which was more significant at higher than lower rates. Interval ratio of III–V/I–III was increased significantly at 51 and 91/sec (p < 0.05 and 0.01). Wave I and III latencies and I–III interval did not differ significantly from normal controls at any click rates. All amplitudes of waves I, III and V amplitude tended to be reduced at higher rates, while wave I amplitude was reduced significantly at 91/sec clicks.Conclusion:  There were BAER abnormalities in the NICU late preterm infants, suggesting compromised brainstem auditory function. Compared with a basically normal BAER in low‐risk late preterm infants previously reported, the abnormalities suggest that perinatal problems or complications adversely affect the late preterm auditory brainstem.
Packer in Context: Formalism and Fairness in the Due Process Model. Herbert L. Packer. 1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . Pp. viii + 388. $37.95 paper.
Authors: Aviram Hadar 
Published: February 2011

Herbert Packer'sThe Limits of the Criminal Sanction(1968) has spawned decades of commentary. This essay argues that Packer's two‐model conceptualization of the criminal process is best understood within his professional milieu of doctrinal legal scholarship and the political context of the Warren Court revolution. Within this context, the essay suggests a distinction between two due process visions: formalism and fairness. This distinction is useful for illuminating debates and decisions on criminal procedure matters in the Supreme Court such asTerry v. Ohio(1968) andApprendi v. New Jersey(2000). I conclude by encouraging sensitivity to legal and historical context in future commentary on Packer's framework.
Riding the Trojan horse: combating pest insects with their own symbionts
Authors: Jurkevitch Edouard 
Published: February 2011

SummaryInsects form an extremely large group of animals and bear a consequently large variety of associated microbes. This microbiota includes very specific and obligate symbionts that provide essential functions to the host, and facultative partners that are not necessarily required for survival. The Tephritidae is a large family that includes many fruit pests such as the Mediterranean fruit fly (the medfly, Ceratitis capitata) and the Olive fly (Bactrocera oleae). Community and functional analyses showed that the microbiota of both flies contribute to their diet, and affect host fitness parameters. The analysis of the microbiota's community structure of mass‐reared, sterilized medfly males used in the sterile insect technique revealed a strong reduction in Klebsiella spp. compared with non‐sterile and wild flies. Inoculation of sterile males with this gut population affected female mating behaviour as they preferentially mated with inoculated versus non‐inoculated males. These studies suggest that control can be significantly improved by manipulating symbionts in pest animals.
The Toughest Nut: Handling Cases Pitting Unrepresented Litigants Against Represented Ones
Authors: Engler Russell 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTCases pitting unrepresented parties against represented ones present immense challenges for family law judges. This article discusses the governing law, including the Canons of Judicial Conduct and cases applicable to the scenario, before turning to materials providing guidance for judges, including articles, protocols, guidelines, and bench guides. The article concludes by broadening the frame, since judges do not act in a vacuum. Solutions to the dilemmas facing judges involve not only judicial techniques, but initiatives to ensure that the litigants appearing before the judges are better able to handle their cases and an expansion of the availability of counsel.
The American Bar Association (ABA) 2007 Model Code of Judicial Conduct: What Does it Mean to Juvenile and Family Court Judges?
Authors: Hornsby Thomas E. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis article is an examination of the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Code of Judicial Conduct (2007) and codes in states that have adopted the 2007 Code or made revisions based on it. The discussion will be limited to those Canons and Rules that are of concern to juvenile and family court judges in exercising their leadership roles in judicial and extrajudicial duties to help juveniles and their families in and outside the courtroom. Nothing in this article is to be considered the rendering of legal advice. Judges are urged to examine the codes of judicial conduct in their own states.
Problems with medicines use: The Bolton project
Authors: Forbes A J , Ross A J , Rees J A 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The overall results are reported from a project designed to identify the type and frequency of problems associated with the use of medicine by the general public, and to establish any differences between the inner urban area and the rest of the borough of Bolton, England. Two separate groups in the community have been identified who need assistance with medicines. One group, referred by health care professionals, need extensive support and supervision of their medicines. The other group, identified by postal questionnaire, exhibit specific problems, such as difficulties with medicine packaging, general use and storage problems. All could be resolved, to varying degrees, by the intervention of pharmacists.
Pharmacy resource management — three methods to assess individual patient drug costs
Authors: Berns Nicola J , Bass Janet E , Bateman David N , Longshaw Rodney N 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Resource management has important implications for pharmacy, and methods of costing drugs to individual patients require evaluation as part of this approach. Three systems of allocating medication costs to individual patients have been examined in a study over a year on one medical and one surgical ward at Freeman hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne.
These systems were investigated in three phases: (i) calculation of average cost per bed occupied day, using existing data; (ii) retrospective collection of data from prescription charts; (iii) data capture at the time of administration.
The first approach gave variable and insensitive data about medication costs. Although having little effect on workload, it had no clear potential for resource management.
The second phase evaluated two methods for calculation of drug costs from medication records after discharge. The system accounted for less than 70 per cent of drug costs, and poor staff acceptability, and was time-consuming to administer with no additional benefits.
The third phase captured data via lightpens, with bar codes identifying patient and drug. Between 66 per cent and 93 per cent of issues were recorded accurately by this system.
Advantages included computerised ordering with subsequent time-savings and improvement in stock control. The system has clear potential for use in clinical audit and drug utilisation review
How do ward pharmacists spend their time?: An activity sampling study
Authors: Jenkins D , Cairns C , Barber N 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A regular clinical pharmacy service to wards is well established in Britain, yet there has been little practice research in this area. In this study, we established how pharmacists distribute their time between different activities on all the wards. All 28 pharmacists in two London hospitals were observed. The observer recorded their activities at one minute intervals and categorised the activity. Thirty-three hours and five minutes of observations were made. The pharmacists visited a total of 55 wards, and checked 982 drug charts.
The major activities were prescription monitoring, which accounted for 31 per cent ± 2 per cent, of the time (mean of pooled data ± 95 per cent confidence intervals), travel to wards 21 per cent ± 2 per cent, stock control 12 per cent ± 1 per cent, transcription 8 per cent ± 1 per cent and clinical monitoring (such as checking giving sets) 7 per cent ± 1 per cent.
The proportion of time spent on each activity was very similar between the two sites, except for the category “transcription”, which took 11 per cent ± 2 per cent of the time in one hospital, where all discharge prescriptions were transcribed onto ward pharmacy sheets (allowing processing in the pharmacy without the need for drug charts to leave the ward), and 3 per cent ± 1 per cent at the other site, in which they were not transcribed.
These results demonstrate that, when on the ward, pharmacists spend the majority of their time in a clinical role. The methodology is simple to use and appears reproducible. This work, if repeated locally, could be used to highlight areas of inefficiency, and could be used to test and predict the impact of other methods of delivery of clinical pharmacy.
Evaluation of an erythropoietin dosing nomogram in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: Bailie G R , Hamilton R A , Eisele G 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The ability of a published nomogram to predict doses of erythropoietin was studied in eight continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with anaemia. The actual doses given to the patients to produce a steady state haematocrit was compared with the doses predicted by the nomogram. In addition, using described equations, individual erythrokinetic parameters of bone marrow sensitivity (S), red blood cell life (T), and the production of new red blood cells per day (NPe) by marrow, were calculated and compared with population averages in the literature. The actual doses given (50.4 ± 24.4 units/kg three times a week) were not significantly different from the predicted doses (53.2 ± 9.1). The calculated erythrokinetic values were: S = 0.0028 ± 0.0021 ml/unit; T = 72 ± 29 days; NPe = 0.144 ± 0.068 ml/kg/day. There was no consistent over- or under-dosing, but the large variability in nomogram doses and erythrokinetic parameters suggest a limited applicability of the nomogram.
An audit of thrombolysis and adjunct drug use in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: McGlynn S , Matanjun D C 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This study looked at outcomes of acute myocardial infarction patients following administration of streptokinase or alteplase. For 150 patients (155 thrombolytic drug administrations), the median time delay between onset of symptoms and thrombolytic therapy was 3.6 hours. Only 65 per cent of streptokinase-treated patients tolerated the recommended dose, compared with 85 per cent of those treated with alteplase. Aspirin usage was uncommon (9 per cent) prior to admission but rose to 68 per cent on discharge. However, β-blocker usage only increased from 16 per cent to 24 per cent. Parenteral and oral anticoagulant usage was numerically greater in the alteplase group. There was no significant difference between streptokinase or alteplase in the incidence of any observed adverse effects. There were no allergic type reactions in the alteplase group. The incidence of such reactions in the streptokinase group was not affected by pre-treatment with anti-allergy drugs. Patients in both thrombolytic drug groups experienced similar falls in blood pressure but severe hypotension was more common in the streptokinase group.
Academic pharmacy practice units: Their development and role in England
Authors: Wolfson David J 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The benefits to be gained from closer relationships between academia and practice were given official endorsement in Britain in the independent Nuffield report into pharmacy and in a circular issued by the Department of Health. Hospital based academic pharmacy practice units (APPUs) were recommended. This paper examines the planning and development of such units and the threats and opportunities presented. The experiences gained in directing a hospital-based unit serving a complete region (Mersey) are provided. Nationally it is shown that APPUs differ in rate of development, organisational structure, relationships and financial support. Their differences are outweighed by their common purpose to improve pharmacy practice by linking academia and practice.
Patients' views of computerised pharmacy records
Authors: Britten Nicky , Gallagher Kenneth , Gallagher Helen 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
There is public support for patient medication records (PMRs). A sample survey showed that a large majority of customers in four pharmacies are in favour of computerised record keeping. The majority of respondents endorsed specified advantages of the use of PMRs, including ensuring that the prescription is correct and avoidance of incompatible medicines
A survey of the use of analgesia in newborn intensive care
Authors: Rutter N , Richardson J 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The use of analgesia and sedation in 70 United Kingdom units which practise newborn intensive care was examined by questionnaire. Sixty-one units (87 per cent) responded. Fifty-nine per cent of units used drugs for this purpose very commonly (more than once a week) and 26 per cent used them commonly (more than once a month). The commonest indication was to provide analgesia and/or sedation during mechanical ventilation, but drugs were frequently used in post-operative pain relief, in necrotising enterocolitis, for fractures and in meningitis, as well as for several less common indications. Opiates were widely used, particularly morphine (77 per cent of units), diamorphine (31 per cent), fentanyl (16 per cent) and pethidine (16 per cent). They were administered by bolus injection or continuous infusion, usually intravenously. The range of doses used, especially for morphine and diamorphine, was wide and adverse effects (cardiovascular, respiratory, bowel and bladder) were commonly reported (48 per cent). Non-opiate drugs, especially chloral hydrate and paracetamol, were commonly used, too; adverse effects were rarely reported. There is a need to examine the most effective and safest ways of adminstering analgesia and sedation, particularly opiates, to the newborn.
Routine urinalysis on admission: time to review the hospital policy
Authors: Mayne P D , Sutters C A , Lewis M , Ball S G 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Routine urinalysis is common practice on hospital admission, to screen for the presence of occult disease. It is frequently performed by nurses and the results recorded in the patient's notes. A questionnaire to hospital doctors identified that few knew exactly which tests were performed or where the results were recorded. Only 70 per cent of patients actually had urinalysis performed at the time of admission and, for these, abnormal findings rarely altered patient management. Quality assurance was unsatisfactory in that few nurses adhered to the manufacturer's instructions with respect to timing and the results obtained were qualitatively different from those which were obtained in the laboratory. This study highlights the importance of audit in order to assess the contribution of different groups of hospital staff to effective urinalysis on admission. These groups include the nursing staff who perform the test, doctors who make decisions on the basis of results obtained, clinical chemistry laboratories which provide quality assurance, and pharmacy departments which purchase and supply urine testing sticks.
Heparin administration using prefilled syringes or ampoules: a comparative cost-effectiveness study
Authors: Barber Nicholas D , Hoffmeyer Ullrich K 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHeparin is commonly administered for prophylaxis of thromboembolism in a dose of 5,000iu in 0.2ml subcutaneously twice or three times daily. The presentation may be as a prefilled syringe or as an ampoule. The effect of the presentation on nursing time and the true costs involved has been studied in two London hospitals. Thirty-eight administrations from prefilled syringes and 27 from ampoules were recorded. The mean times to prepare and administer the dose and dispose of the equipment were 67.6 seconds for a prefilled syringe and 128.5 seconds for an ampoule; the mean time saving per dose (95 per cent confidence intervals) was 60.9 (40.8, 80.9) seconds. The total cost per dose using a prefilled syringe was 104p; using an ampoule it was 113p. A generic cost model was created. The use of prefilled syringes saved approximately one minute of time and 9p (8 per cent) in cost per administration.
Electronically produced information leaflets increase patients' understanding of antibiotics
Authors: Peura S , Klaukka T , Hannula A-M , Eerikäinen S 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The effects of electronically produced patient information leaflets on the understanding of and compliance with antibiotic medication were studied in 15 pharmacies in Finland. The study subjects (n=500) were randomly divided into two groups, the control group receiving only verbal information and the intervention group receiving both verbal and electronically produced written information. A few days later the participants were interviewed by telephone. In the intervention group the patient's understanding about the proper use and adverse effects of the medication was better than in the control group. Enhanced awareness of possible adverse effects of the medication did not lead the patients in the intervention group to interrupt their antibiotic medication. Electronically produced written material is easy to administer, and it can be an important counselling aid for pharmacists.
Liposomes for drug delivery: developments and possibilities
Authors: Taylor Kevin M G , Craig Duncan Q M 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The ability to target a drug specifically to its site of action has long been a goal in therapeuties. Liposomes (phospholipid vesicles) have been investigated as a means of achieving such selectivity and of prolonging the duration of drug activity. With reference to current and future clinical applications, this article outlines why liposomes are appropriate vehicles for drug delivery and describes the possible further development of liposome-based pharmaceutical formulations.
“Mental mirrors” of pharmacists: How do pharmacists perceive their over-the-counter customers?
Authors: Lilja John , Larsson Sam 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse how a sample of Finnish pharmacists perceived a number of video-taped customers requesting over-the-counter medicines. The conceptual basis of the study was cognitive psychology.
Eleven female pharmacists took part in the study. In a questionnaire, each pharmacist was asked how she perceived each customer and to say what information she would have given the customer if time was available in the pharmacy. This was followed by a set of questions to which the pharmacist responded by using the ordinal scales provided.
The data were analysed by a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The reaction to a specific situation was found to vary considerably among the pharmacists and was influenced by the cognitive structures of the pharmacist, the perceived personal qualities of the customer and the situation. The pharmacists indicated that they would give health information to complement information about the OTC preparation if time was available. Customers who were presumed to be independent would be given more information about side effects and alternative preparations than other customers.