bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serotonin and GABA are colocalized in restricted groups of neurons in the larval sea lamprey brain: insights into the early evolution of neurotransmitter colocalization in vertebrates
Authors: Barreiro‐Iglesias Antón , Cornide‐Petronio María Eugenia , Anadón Ramón , Rodicio María Celina 
Published: June 2009

AbstractColocalization of the classic neurotransmitters serotonin (5‐HT) and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) (or the enzyme that synthesizes the latter, glutamate decarboxylase) has been reported in a few neurons of the rat raphe magnus‐obscurus nuclei. However, there are no data on the presence of neurochemically similar neurons in the brain of non‐mammalian vertebrates. Lampreys are the oldest extant vertebrates and may provide important data on the phylogeny of neurochemical systems. The colocalization of 5‐HT and GABA in neurons of the sea lamprey brain was studied using antibodies directed against 5‐HT and GABA and confocal microscopy. Colocalization of the neurotransmitters was observed in the diencephalon and the isthmus. In the diencephalon, about 87% of the serotonergic cells of the rostral tier of the dorsal thalamus (close to the zona limitans) exhibited GABA immunoreactivity. In addition, occasional cells double‐labelled for GABA and 5‐HT were observed in the hypothalamic tuberal nucleus and the pretectum. Of the three serotonergic isthmic subgroups already recognized in the sea lamprey isthmus (dorsal, medial and ventral), such double‐labelled cells were only observed in the ventral subgroup (about 61% of the serotonergic cells in the ventral subgroup exhibited GABA immunoreactivity). An equivalence between these lamprey isthmic cells and the serotonergic/GABAergic raphe cells of mammals is suggested. Present findings suggest that serotonergic/GABAergic neurons are more extensive in lampreys than in the rat and probably appeared before the separation of agnathans and gnathostomes. Cotransmission by release of 5‐HT and GABA by the here‐described lamprey brain neurons is proposed.
An unlikely alliance: the 1907 Ukrainian–Jewish electoral coalition
Authors: SHANES JOSHUA , PETROVSKY‐SHTERN YOHANAN 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT.This paper contextualises a political alliance between Ukrainian and Jewish national activists in Austrian Galicia during the 1907 parliamentary elections, Austria's first elections with universal manhood suffrage. This alliance represented a milestone in the making of a new paradigm of Ukrainian–Jewish relations. Ironically, the Ukrainian and Jewish nationalists, portrayed elsewhere as staunch enemies, were uniquely able to overcome the profound social, religious, political, and cultural barriers separating the two communities. Ukrainian nationalists recognised the potential of a nationalised Jewish community to undermine Polish hegemony in Galicia, while some Zionists saw the potential to elect Jewish parliamentary representatives in rural Ukrainian districts where Poles and Jews competed for the districts' second mandate. The alliance mobilised the Ukrainian and Jewish electorate around shared slogans and goals. It was a qualified success, leading to a more powerful national Ukrainian faction as well as the first Zionist faction in any European parliament. Although the two sides failed to repeat the alliance in the subsequent elections in 1911, the coalition sparked a new sense of history for both communities. It created a pro‐Ukrainian discourse in Jewish politics, and a pro‐Zionist one in Ukrainian politics. The alliance also exposes Zionism as a response to the European‐wide nationalist revivalism rather than a reaction to rampant turn‐of‐the‐century racial anti‐Semitism.
The assessment of minor neurological dysfunction in infancy using the Touwen Infant Neurological Examination: strengths and limitations
Authors: HADDERS‐ALGRA MIJNA , HEINEMAN KIRSTEN R , BOS AREND F , MIDDELBURG KARIN J 
Published: June 2009

Aim  Little is known of minor neurological dysfunction (MND) in infancy. This study aimed to evaluate the inter‐assessor reliability of the assessment of MND with the Touwen Infant Neurological Examination (TINE) and the construct and predictive validity of MND in infancy.Method  Inter‐assessor agreement was determined in a sample of 40 infants (24 males, 16 females) aged 3 to 12 months (25 born at term: gestational age 37–41wks, median 39; and 15 born preterm, gestational age 24–35wks, median 32). Thirty typically developing term infants (18 males, 12 females; gestational age 37–42wks, median 40) and 59 preterm infants (34 males, 25 females) born at <35 weeks’ gestation (gestational age 25–34wks, median 29) participated in the validity study. They were neurologically assessed with the TINE at the corrected ages of 4, 6, 10, and 12 months and with the Hempel assessment at 18 months.Results  The findings indicated that MND can be assessed reliably (inter‐assessor agreement: kappa=0.83). MND during infancy was related to prenatal, perinatal, and social factors, and in particular to preterm birth. Neurological condition during infancy was prone to change, but was related to neurological condition at 18 months at all ages tested.Interpretation  We conclude that MND can be determined reliably in infancy. Important considerations in the construct of MND in infancy are its relation to prenatal and perinatal factors, its limited stability, and its moderate predictive value.
Essential fatty acids and attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review
Authors: RAZ RAANAN , GABIS LIDIA 
Published: June 2009

Aim  Essential fatty acids (EFAs), also known as omega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids, have been claimed to have beneficial effects as a treatment for attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Animal experiments have provided information about the role of EFA in the brain, and several mechanisms of EFA activity are well known. The current review provides an updated, systematic overview of the theory and use of EFA in ADHD.Method  Clinical studies and review papers of EFA blood levels and EFA supplementation trials in children with ADHD were researched in the Medline PubMed database. Additional studies were found from the references of these reports.Results  Children with ADHD present lower levels of blood EFAs, and open‐label EFA supplementation trials in ADHD raise EFA blood levels and improve symptoms of ADHD. Randomized controlled trials, however, have generally been unsuccessful in demonstrating any behavioural treatment effects.Interpretation  Current findings do not support the use of EFA supplements as a primary or supplementary treatment for children with ADHD.
Differentiating attention deficits in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder or attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder
Authors: KOOISTRA LIBBE , CRAWFORD SUSAN , GIBBARD BEN , RAMAGE BARBARA , KAPLAN BONNIE J 
Published: June 2009

Aim  The attention and inhibition problems found in children with attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are also common in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Attempts to distinguish ADHD from FASDs in terms of these deficits are rare and were pursued in this study.Method  A total of 116 children (47 with ADHD, 31 males, 16 females; 30 with FASDs, 17 males, 13 females; and 39 comparison children, 20 males, 19 females) participated. The mean age was 9 years 4 months (SD 1y 8mo) in the ADHD groups, 8 years 10 months (SD 1y 2mo) in the FASD group, and 9 years 1 month (SD 1y 1mo) in the comparison group. Sustained attention was tested with a slow event rate continuous performance task (CPT). Inhibitory control was tested with both a slow and fast event rate Go/No‐Go task.Results  On the CPT task, children with ADHD, combined type (ADHD‐C), ADHD, primarily inattentive type (ADHD‐PI), and FASDs showed greater declines in task performance as a function of time than comparison children, suggesting sustained attention problems in all clinical groups. Children’s Go/No‐Go performance was event‐rate dependent, with the ADHD‐C group being affected in the slow condition and the ADHD‐PI and FASD groups having problems with the fast condition.Interpretation  Children with ADHD‐C are typically impaired in handling understimulation, while children with FASDs may have problems with overstimulation. The dissociation in responsivity to event rate between groups may have significant differential diagnostic value.
Sibling sex ratio of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder as children
Authors: MOURIDSEN SVEND ERIK , RICH BENTE , ISAGER TORBEN 
Published: June 2009

Aim  To study the sex ratio (proportion of males) in siblings of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) as children.Method  In the current study, we extended previous studies dealing with the androgen theory of autism and examined sex ratios in the siblings of 326 individuals with ASD (245 males, 81 females) who had been consecutively assessed at two Danish university clinics of child psychiatry during the 25‐year period from 1960 to 1985.Results  Among the 513 siblings, 300 were males and 213 females. This yields a sex ratio of 0.585, which is significantly higher than the Danish live‐birth sex ratio over the same period (0.514, p=0.001). The sibling sex ratio was not associated with the IQ in the autistic probands.Interpretation  Our findings suggest a potential indirect confirmation of the androgen theory of autism.
Facial EMG and heart rate responses to emotion‐inducing film clips in boys with disruptive behavior disorders
Authors: De Wied Minet , Boxtel Anton Van , Posthumus Jocelyne A. , Goudena Paul P. , Matthys Walter 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe examined aspects of emotional empathy across different physiological response systems in boys with disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and normal controls. Heart rate (HR) and electromyographic (EMG) reactivity in zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii muscles were monitored during sadness‐, anger‐, or happiness‐inducing film clips. Relative to controls, DBD boys showed significantly less HR reduction during sadness, and a smaller increase in corrugator EMG activity both during sadness and anger. No significant group differences emerged in HR and zygomaticus EMG responsivity during happiness. We also examined cardiac activity at rest and found higher resting HR and lower respiratory sinus arrhythmia in DBD boys compared to controls. Findings give evidence for a selective impairment in empathy with sadness and anger (not happiness) among DBD boys who exhibit relatively high levels of anxiety and poor emotional control.
An alternative scoring method for skin conductance responding in a differential fear conditioning paradigm with a long‐duration conditioned stimulus
Authors: Pineles Suzanne L. , Orr Matthew R. , Orr Scott P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractResearchers examining skin conductance (SC) as a measure of aversive conditioning commonly separate the SC response into two components when the CS‐UCS interval is sufficiently long. This convention drew from early theorists who described these components, the first‐ and second‐interval responses, as measuring orienting and conditional responses, respectively. The present report critically examines this scoring method through a literature review and a secondary data analysis of a large‐scale study of police and firefighter trainees that used a differential aversive conditioning procedure (n=287). The task included habituation, acquisition, and extinction phases, with colored circles as the CSs and shocks as the UCS. Results do not support the convention of separating the SC response into first‐ and second‐interval responses. It is recommended that SC response scores be derived from data obtained across the entire CS‐UCS interval.
Enhanced cardiac perception is associated with benefits in decision‐making
Authors: Werner Natalie S. , Jung Katharina , Duschek Stefan , Schandry Rainer 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the present study we provide the first empirical evidence that viscero‐sensory feedback from an internal organ is associated with decision‐making processes. Participants with accurate vs. poor perception of their heart activity were compared with regard to their performance in the Iowa Gambling Task. During this task, participants have to choose between four card decks. Decks A and B yield high gains and high losses, and if played continuously, result in net loss. In contrast, decks C and D yield small gains and also small losses, but result in net profit if they are selected continuously. Accordingly, participants have to learn to avoid the net loss options in favor of the net gain options. In our study, participants with good cardiac perception chose significantly more of the net gain and fewer of the net loss options. Our findings document the substantial role of visceral feedback in decision‐making processes in complex situations.
Relationship between microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra: a time course study in a 6‐hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Marinova‐Mutafchieva Lilia , Sadeghian Mona , Broom Lauren , Davis John B. , Medhurst Andrew D. , Dexter David T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCellular interactions between activated microglia and degenerating neurons inin vivomodels of Parkinson’s disease are not well defined. This time course study assesses the dynamics of morphological and immunophenotypic properties of activated microglia in a 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) was induced by unilateral injection of 6‐OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle. Activated microglia, identified using monoclonal antibodies: clone of antibody that detects major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens (OX6) for MHC class II, clone of antibody that detects cell surface antigen‐cluster of differentiation 11b – anti‐complement receptor 3, a marker for complement receptor 3 and CD 68 for phagocytic activity. Activation of microglia in the lesioned SNc was rapid with cells possessing amoeboid or ramified morphology appeared on day 1, whilst antibody clone that detects macrophage‐myeloid associated antigen immunoreactivity was observed at day 3 post‐lesion when there was no apparent loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ve dopaminergic (DA) SNc neurons. Thereafter, OX6 and antibody clone that detects macrophage‐myeloid associated antigen activated microglia selectively adhered to degenerating axons, dendrites and apoptotic (caspase 3+ve) DA neurons in the SNc were observed at day 7. This was followed by progressive loss of TH+ve SNc neurons, with the peak of TH+ve cell loss (51%) being observed at day 9. This study suggests that activation of microglia precedes DA neuronal cell loss and neurons undergoing degeneration may be phagocytosed prematurely by phagocytic microglia.
A protein–protein interaction of stress‐responsive myosin VI endowed to inhibit neural progenitor self‐replication with RNA binding protein, TLS, in murine hippocampus
Authors: Takarada Takeshi , Tamaki Keisuke , Takumi Toru , Ogura Masato , Ito Yuma , Nakamichi Noritaka , Yoneda Yukio 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe have shown preferential expression of both mRNA and corresponding protein for myosin VI (Myo6) in the murine hippocampus within 24 h after the extreme traumatic experience, water‐immersion restraint stress (WIRS), prior to a drastic decrease in neural progenitor proliferation in the dentate gyrus. Myosin (Myo6) protein levels were significantly increased in hippocampus within 24 h after flashback experience in mice previously exposed to WIRS. Myo6 protein was ubiquitously distributed in discrete mouse brain regions with exceptionally high expression in olfactory bulb, whereas Myo6 protein was expressed in cultured rat astroglia and neurons, in addition to Myo6 mRNA expression by cultured neural progenitors. In mouse embryonal carcinoma P19 cells endowed to proliferate and differentiate, Myo6 protein was expressed in line with astroglial marker protein expression. Transient over‐expression of Myo6 induced a significant decrease in the size of clustered aggregates as an index of self‐replication in P19 cells. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed the interaction between Myo6 and the RNA‐binding protein, translocated in liposarcoma (TLS), while TLS was predominantly expressed by neurons in the cortex, striatum, cerebellum, and hippocampus. These results suggest that Myo6 may play a pivotal role in the mechanism underlying the suppressed adult neurogenesis after traumatic stress in association with TLS.
αA‐crystallin and αB‐crystallin, newly identified interaction proteins of protease‐activated receptor‐2, rescue astrocytes from C2‐ceramide‐ and staurosporine‐induced cell death
Authors: Li Rongyu , Rohatgi Tanuja , Hanck Theodor , Reiser Georg 
Published: June 2009

AbstractProtease‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2) is a G protein‐coupled receptor activated by trypsin and other trypsin‐like serine proteases. The widely expressed PAR‐2 is involved in inflammation response but the physiological/pathological roles of PAR‐2 in the nervous system are still uncertain. In the present study, we report novel PAR‐2 interaction proteins, αA‐crystallin and αB‐crystallin. These 20 kDa proteins have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alexander’s disease, Creutzfeldt‐Jacob disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Results from yeast two‐hybrid assay using the cytoplasmic C‐tail of PAR‐2 as bait suggested that αA‐crystallin interacts with PAR‐2. We further demonstrate thein vitroand cellularin vivointeraction of C‐tail of PAR‐2 as well as of full‐length PAR‐2 with αA(αB)‐crystallins. We use pull‐down, co‐immunoprecipitation, and co‐localization assays. Analysis of αA‐crystallin deletion mutants showed that amino acids 120–130 and 136–154 of αA‐crystallin are required for the interaction with PAR‐2. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments ruled out an interaction of αA(αB)‐crystallins with PAR‐1, PAR‐3, and PAR‐4. This demonstrates that αA(αB)‐crystallins are PAR‐2‐specific interaction proteins. Moreover, we investigated the functional role of PAR‐2 and α‐crystallins in astrocytes. Evidence is presented to show that PAR‐2 activation and increased expression of α‐crystallins reduced C2‐ceramide‐ and staurosporine‐induced cell death in astrocytes. Thus, both PAR‐2 and α‐crystallins are involved in cytoprotection in astrocytes.
GABA action in immature neocortical neurons directly depends on the availability of ketone bodies
Authors: Rheims Sylvain , Holmgren Carl D. , Chazal Genevieve , Mulder Jan , Harkany Tibor , Zilberter Tanya , Zilberter Yuri 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the early postnatal period, energy metabolism in the suckling rodent brain relies to a large extent on metabolic pathways alternate to glucose such as the utilization of ketone bodies (KBs). However, how KBs affect neuronal excitability is not known. Using recordings of single NMDA and GABA‐activated channels in neocortical pyramidal cells we studied the effects of KBs on the resting membrane potential (Em) and reversal potential of GABA‐induced anionic currents (EGABA), respectively. We show that during postnatal development (P3–P19) if neocortical brain slices are adequately supplied with KBs, Em and EGABA are both maintained at negative levels of about −83 and −80 mV, respectively. Conversely, a KB deficiency causes a significant depolarization of both Em (>5 mV) and EGABA (>15 mV). The KB‐mediated shift in EGABA is largely determined by the interaction of the NKCC1 cotransporter and Cl−/HCO3 transporter(s). Therefore, by inducing a hyperpolarizing shift in Em and modulating GABA signaling mode, KBs can efficiently control the excitability of neonatal cortical neurons.
Effect of biological soil crusts on soil elemental concentrations: implications for biogeochemistry and as traceable biosignatures of ancient life on land
Authors: BERALDI‐CAMPESI H. , HARTNETT H. E. , ANBAR A. , GORDON G. W. , GARCIA‐PICHEL F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBiological soil crusts (BSCs) are topsoil biosedimentary structures built by photosynthetic microbes commonly found today on arid soils. They play a role in soil stabilization and the fertility of arid lands, and are considered modern analogues of ancient terrestrial microbial communities. We determined the concentrations of four biogenic and 21 other elements, mostly metals, in surface soils that hosted BSCs, in the soils underneath those crusts, and in proximate but non‐crusted surface soils. The samples were from six sites in the Colorado Plateau highlands and the Sonoran Desert lowlands. In spite of the variability in climate and geologic setting, we found statistically significant overall trends of enrichment in biogenic elements and depletion in non‐biogenic elements when BSCs were compared with non‐crusted soils. The differences between crusted and non‐crusted soils were statistically significant at ∼95% confidence for C, N (enrichments) and for Ca, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, and Zr (depletions). These trends are best explained by the activity of microbes. As expected, no differences in the concentrations of C, N, P, and S were detected between the soils underneath the crusts and the non‐crusted soils, but the former showed depletion of non‐biogenic elements, indicating that the leaching effect of crust microbes extends downward in the soil. These patterns speak to the need for a sustained input of allochthonous material, possibly dust, to maintain BSC fertility. These elemental patterns can be considered a biosignature that may be preserved in the rock record and might help identify ancient microbial communities on land.
Time course of vascular prostanoid production in the fructose‐hypertensive rat
Authors: Puyó A. M. , Zabalza M. , Mayer M. , Carranza A. , Peredo H. A. 
Published: June 2009

Summary 1 There is a relationship between hypertension, insulin resistance and an altered plasmatic lipid profile known as ‘metabolic syndrome’. Fructose (F) overload induces in the rat a mild hypertension associated with metabolic alterations such as hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, resembling such syndrome. 2 Prostanoids (PR), metabolites of arachidonic acid, include vasoactive substances synthesized and released by the vessel wall. An altered pattern of PR release has been previously found in mesenteric vessels of experimental diabetic rats. 3 This study analyzed the effects of F‐overload during different periods (4, 9, 15 and 22 weeks) on PR release in aorta (A) and mesenteric vascular beds (MVB). Animals received tap water (control) or F solution (10% w/v) to drink. 4 Rats with F overload showed significantly higher systolic blood pressure, glycemia and triglyceridemia than controls; but no differences in this parameters were found among periods of treatment either in controls or experimental animals. 5 In A, prostacyclin was decreased at 9, 15 and 22 weeks of treatment when compared to 4 weeks and controls. In MVB, prostacyclin showed different patterns of release in the studied periods of F overload. Prostaglandin (PG) E2 diminish in MVB at the same extent in all periods. No changes were observed in A. The vasoconstrictor thromboxane was elevated in the MVB at 9 weeks. PGF2α, also a vasoconstrictor, remains unchanged. 6 In conclusion, F overload provokes in the rat a decrease in the vascular production of vasodilator PR and, in one of the studied periods, an increase in the release of the vasoconstrictor thromboxane, leading to a negative imbalance in the prostacylin/thromboxane ratio. This could be involved in the blood pressure alterations found in this experimental model of metabolic syndrome.