bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consecutive acoustic observations of an Atlantic herring school in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Weber Thomas C. , Peña Héctor , Jech J. Michael 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Weber, T. C., Peña, H., and Jech, J. M. 2009. Consecutive acoustic observations of an Atlantic herring school in the Northwest Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1270–1277. Several successive images of the same school of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) were collected over the course of ∼1 h just north of Georges Bank in the Northwest Atlantic. Although the fish may not have been in their natural, undisturbed state, we observed what appeared to be the fish school fragmenting and dispersing, using a split-beam and a multibeam echosounder. Calibrated, 38 kHz, split-beam echosounder (Simrad EK60) and trawl-catch data provided accurate measures of the fish density beneath the vessel. Uncalibrated, 400 kHz, multibeam-echosounder (Reson 7125) data provided synoptic observations of the fish school including estimates of the school volume, morphology, and behaviour. Observations of the angular dependence in the multibeam-echosounder measurements of backscatter from fish allow investigation of the efficacy of extrapolating fish-school densities measured by the split-beam echosounder to the entire school.
First Report of Bean Rust Caused by Uromyces appendiculatus Race 19-63 in Puerto Rico
Authors: Vega Byron , Beaver James S. , de Jensen Consuelo Estévez , Steadman James R. 
Published: April 2009

Bean rust caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger is an important disease in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. To our knowledge this is the first report of a new race of U. appendiculatus (19-63) in Puerto Rico and in the western hemisphere. Accepted for publication 4 February 2009. Published 25 March 2009.
Effects of Diseases on Soybean Yields in the United States 1996 to 2007
Authors: Wrather Allen , Koenning Steve 
Published: April 2009

Research must focus on management of diseases that cause extensive losses, especially when funds for research are limited. Knowledge of yield suppression caused by various soybean diseases is essential when prioritizing research. The objective of this project was to compile estimates of soybean yield suppression due to diseases in the USA from 1996 to 2007. The goal was to provide information to help funding agencies and scientists prioritize research objectives and budgets. Yield suppression due to individual diseases varied among years. Soybean cyst nematode suppressed USA soybean yield more from 1996 to 2007 than any other disease. Phytophthora root and stem rot ranked second among diseases that most suppressed yield seven of 12 years. Seedling diseases and charcoal rot also suppressed soybean yield during these years. Research and extension efforts must be expanded to provide more preventive and therapeutic disease management strategies for producers to reduce disease suppression of soybean yield. Accepted for publication 25 February 2009. Published 1 April 2009.
Kaolin Particle Film Prevents Galling by Gynaikothrips uzeli
Authors: Held David W. , Wheeler Corey , Boyd David W. 
Published: April 2009

Feeding by Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a pest thrips, induces galls on the ornamental plant Ficus benjamina, which disfigures plants and can facilitate incidental transport of pests. This study evaluated foliar applications of azadirachtin (Azatin XL), bifenthrin (Talstar), or kaolin (Surround WP) to prevent galling in field and laboratory experiments. Azadirachtin did not significantly prevent galling, but kaolin-treated cuttings had 80% reduction in number of galls in laboratory tests, and in the field, kaolintreated plants had ≥ 74% reduction in number of galls versus unprotected plants. Weekly applications of kaolin provided comparable protection to bifenthrin. Laboratory choice and no-choice tests indicate kaolin is not lethal and adult G. uzeli do not avoid kaolin-treated surfaces. Particle film products are an effective alternative to insecticides for preventing leaf galls on weeping fig. Accepted for publication 18 February 2009. Published 7 April 2009.
Early effects of Sertoli cell‐selective androgen receptor ablation on testicular gene expression
Authors: Willems A. , De Gendt K. , Allemeersch J. , Smith L. B. , Welsh M. , Swinnen J. V. , Verhoeven G. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryEvidence from several models of hormone depletion and/or replacement and from knockout animals points to a key role of androgens in the control of spermatogenesis. In testes of mice with a Sertoli cell‐selective ablation of the androgen receptor (SCARKO), transcriptional profiling, using microarray technology, revealed that, already on postnatal day 10 692 genes are differentially expressed compared with testes of control mice. Further evaluation of a subset of these genes by quantitative RT‐PCR suggested that differences in expression may already be evident on day 8 or earlier. As the androgen receptor in mouse Sertoli cells becomes immunologically detectable around day 5, we tried to identify the earliest responses to androgens by a new transcriptional profiling study on testes from 6‐day‐old SCARKO and control mice. No obvious and novel early androgen response genes, potentially acting as mediators of subsequent indirect androgen actions, could be identified. However, several genes differentially expressed on day 10 already displayed a response to androgen receptor ablation on day 6. Quantitative RT‐PCR studies for 12 of these genes on 10 paired SCARKO and control testes from 4‐, 6‐, 8‐, 10‐, 20‐ and 50‐day‐old mice revealed significant differences in expression level from day 4 onwards for three genes (Eppin, PCI, Cldn11) and from day 6 onwards for one more gene (Rhox5). For at least two of these genes (Rhox5 and Eppin), there is evidence for direct regulation via the androgen receptor. For three additional genes (Gpd1, Tubb3 and Tpd52l1) significantly lower expression in the SCARKO was noted from day 8 onwards. For all the studied genes, an impressive increase in transcript levels was observed between day 4–50 and differential expression was maintained in adulthood. It is concluded that the SCARKO model indicates incipient androgen action in mouse Sertoli cells from day 4 onwards.
An experimental investigation on aspects of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) infection dynamics in seawater Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Gregory A , Munro L A , Snow M , Urquhart K L , Murray A G , Raynard R S 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study investigated infection dynamics of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) by conducting two experiments to examine minimum infective dose and viral shedding of ISAV. In terms of minimum infective dose, the high variability between replicate tanks and the relatively slow spread of infection through the population at 1 × 101 TCID50 mL−1 indicated this dose is approaching the minimum infective dose for ISAV in seawater salmon populations. A novel qPCR assay incorporating an influenza virus control standard with each seawater sample was developed that enabled the quantity of ISAV shed from infected populations to be estimated in values equivalent to viral titres. Viral shedding was first detected at 7 days post‐challenge (5.8 × 10−2 TCID50 mL−1 kg−1) and rose to levels above the minimum infective dose (4.2 × 101 TCID50 mL−1 kg−1) on day 11 post‐challenge, 2 days before mortalities in ISAV inoculated fish started. These results clearly demonstrate that a large viral shedding event occurs before death. Viral titres peaked at 7.0 × 101 TCID50 mL−1 kg−1 15 days post‐infection. These data provide important information relevant to the management of ISA.
Characterization of resistance response of pea (Pisum spp.) against rust (Uromyces pisi)
Authors: Barilli E. , Sillero J. C. , Moral A. , Rubiales D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractComponents of resistance to the pea rust (Uromyces pisi) were studied at the histological level in seedlings of seven pea (Pisum spp.) accessions showing partial resistance under field conditions. Resistance was characterized macroscopically by an increased latent period and a decreased infection frequency in spite of a compatible interaction (high infection type). Histological investigations revealed little differences among accessions in spore germination and appressoria formation, differences being more evident once the stomata were penetrated by the infection structures. Resistance was mainly due to a restriction of haustorium formation with significant levels of early aborted colonies in accessions IFPI3260, PI347321 and PI347347. Furthermore, a reduction in the number of haustoria per colony, hyphal tips per colony and smaller colony size were found in all genotypes studied. Resistance was not associated with early‐ or late‐acting hypersensitivity in any of the genotypes studied.
Suppression of the postoperative neutrophil leucocytosis following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer and implications for surgical morbidity
Authors: Kerr S. F. , Klonizakis M. , Glynne‐Jones R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective  The extent to which neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer influences postoperative morbidity is controversial. This study investigated whether this treatment suppresses the normal perioperative inflammatory response and explored the clinical implications.Method  Prospective databases were queried to identify 37 consecutive study patients undergoing definitive surgery following 5‐FU/capecitabine‐based chemoradiotherapy and 34 consecutive untreated control patients operated upon for rectal or rectosigmoid cancer. Preoperative (< 10 days) and postoperative (< 24 h) neutrophil counts, along with morbidity data, were confirmed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses assessed the apparent effect of chemoradiotherapy on change in neutrophil count. The latter’s association with postoperative morbidity was then examined.Results  Sufficient data were available for 34 study and 27 control patients. Repeated‐measures ANCOVA revealed significant differences between their perioperative neutrophil counts (P = 0.02). Of the other characteristics which differed between the groups, only age and tumour location were prognostically significant regarding perioperative change in neutrophil count. Accounting for relevant covariates, chemoradiotherapy was significantly associated with a suppressed perioperative neutrophil leucocytosis. Local postoperative complications affected 25 of 61 patients, who had lower perioperative neutrophil increases than their counterparts (P = 0.016).Conclusion  Chemoradiotherapy appears to suppress the perioperative inflammatory response, thereby increasing susceptibility to local postoperative complications.
Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for external rectal prolapse improves constipation and avoids de novo constipation
Authors: Boons P. , Collinson R. , Cunningham C. , Lindsey I. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective  Abdominal rectopexy is ideal for otherwise healthy patients with rectal prolapse because of low recurrence, yet after posterior rectopexy, half of the patients complain of severe constipation. Resection mitigates this dysfunction but risks a pelvic anastomosis. The novel nerve‐sparing ventral rectopexy appears to avoid postero‐lateral rectal dissection denervation and thus postoperative constipation. We aimed to evaluate our functional results with laparoscopic ventral rectopexy.Method  Consecutive rectal prolapse patients undergoing laparoscopic ventral rectopexy were prospectively assessed (Wexner Constipation and Faecal Incontinence Severity Index scores) pre‐, 3 months postoperatively, and late (> 12 months).Results  Sixty‐five consecutive patients with external rectal prolapse (median age 72 years, 34% > 80 years, median follow up 19 months) underwent laparoscopic ventral rectopexy. There was one recurrence (2%) and one conversion. Morbidity (17%) and mortality (0%) were low. Median operating time was 140 min and median length of stay 2 days. At 3 months, constipation was improved in 72% and mildly induced in 2% (median pre‐and postoperative Wexner scores 9 vs 4, P < 0.0001). Continence was improved in 83% and mild incontinence was induced or worsened in 5% (median pre‐ and postoperative incontinence score 40 vs 4, P < 0.0001). Significant improvement in both constipation and incontinence (P < 0.0001) remained at median 24 months late follow‐up.Conclusion  Ventral rectopexy has a recurrent prolapse rate of < 5%, similar to that of posterior rectopexy. Its correction of preoperative constipation and avoidance of de novo constipation appear superior to historical functional results of posterior rectopexy. A laparoscopic approach allows low morbidity and short hospital stay, even in those patients over 80 years of age in whom a perineal approach is usually preferred for safety.
Intussusception in adults: a retrospective study
Authors: Hanan B. , Diniz T. R. , Da Luz M. M. P. , Da Conceição S. A. , Da Silva R. G. , Lacerda‐Filho A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective  Intestinal intussusception in adult patients is rare. In contrast with paediatric patients, it is usually secondary to a definable lesion, often malignant. The purpose of this study was to determine the causes and the management of intussusception in adult patients.Method  A retrospective review was performed looking at patients over 18 years with intestinal intussusception who were admitted to a tertiary university hospital from 1997 to 2007.Result  There were 16 patients (out of whom 10 were female subjects) of mean age 49 years (range 19–76). All presented with abdominal pain and in seven (46.6%) patients, this was acute. The diagnosis of intussusception was correctly made preoperatively in eight (50%) patients. Six (37.5%) patients had the lead point for the intussusception at the ileocaecal valve, five (31.25%) in the small bowel and five (31.25%) had a colonic lead point. An anatomical cause was found in 14 (87.5%). In two (12.5%), the intussusception occurred in the postoperative period without any definable lesion. Half the patients had a malignant neoplasm. All patients underwent surgery. In 14 (87.5%) patients, this was by resection and in two (12.5%), a reduction with no resection was carried out.Conclusion  The features of intussusception may be nonspecific and the diagnosis is often made only during laparotomy. An identifiable organic lesion is present in most cases. En bloc resection is recommended for ileocaecal and colocolic intussusception.
Sigmoid diverticulitis. Longitudinal analysis of 222 patients with a minimal follow up of 5 years
Authors: Frileux P. , Dubrez J. , Burdy G. , Roullet‐Audy J.‐C. , Dalban‐Sillas B. , Bonnaventure F. , Frileux M.‐A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective  The surgical treatment of severe attacks of sigmoid diverticulitis and the indications for prophylactic surgery are currently matters of debate. We have analysed our experience in a university hospital, bringing new information into the discussion.Method  All patients admitted to our department between 1995 and 2002 for an attack of sigmoid diverticulitis were reviewed. There were 222 who had had a first attack and these formed the basis of the study. Analysis of short‐ and long‐term outcomes was made.Results  Of the 222 patients, 66 underwent an operation during the first admission (mainly Hartmann’s opertation) with no death. Twenty‐five patients were operated during a subsequent admission, either for a deterioration of their symptoms or prophylaxis. One hundred and twenty‐eight patients were managed conservatively, and were followed up for 5–12 years. Recurrence was observed in 43% of the patients with a trend to a higher incidence in patients under 50 years. Recurrent exacerbating diverticulitis were severe in 13% of cases.Conclusion  Complicated diverticulitis can be managed with a low mortality. Hartmann’s operation was proven safe in our experience. The risk of recurrence was higher than observed in many recent studies but few reccurences were severe.
Endoscopists’ estimation of size should not determine surveillance of colonic polyps
Authors: Moug S. J. , Vernall N. , Saldanha J. , McGregor J. R. , Balsitis M. , Diament R. H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective  Current British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines use adenomatous polyp size as one of the key factors in determining polyp follow‐up. This study aimed to compare polyp size assessment by colonoscopists and pathologists before and after fixation to determine the optimal method for measurement.Method  Thirty‐five colorectal polyps were found during pre‐arranged colonoscopies in one centre. Polyp size was measured to the nearest 1 mm by three different methods:

by the endoscopist at colonoscopy;
by the pathologist fresh, following removal;
by the pathologist fixed, following fixation.

The endoscopist and the pathologist were blinded to each other’s measurements.Results  Seventeen men, eighteen women with mean age of 66.2 years (SD: 9.4, range: 38.7–85.5) underwent polypectomy/s with all polyps removed intact. Polypectomies were performed by consultants (43%), nurse specialists (34%) and specialist registrars (23%).The median size (mm) of polyps measured were endoscopically, 6.5 (2–25 mm); fresh specimen 7.0 (4–28 mm) and fixed 7.0 (4–28 mm). Endoscopic measurements were significantly lower than that of fresh and fixed sizes (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003 respectively), with poor correlation [correlation of variance (CV): 21.0% and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCC): 0.841 for endoscopic and fresh measurements; CV: 21.1% and ICCC: 0.838 for endoscopic and fixed measurements]. There was no statistical difference between fresh and fixed specimen measurements (P > 0.05; CV: 4.2%, ICCC: 0.974). In three patients, the endoscopic measurement was < 1 cm in polyps that were found to be ≥ 1 cm on pathological measurement.Conclusions  Endoscopists consistently underestimated polyp size. Fixation had no effect on polyp size. Pathologists’ measurement of polyp size on fixed specimens should determine the need for further colonoscopic follow‐up.
The impact of national guidelines on the waiting list for colonoscopy: a quantitative clinical audit
Authors: Chivers K. , Basnyat P. , Taffinder N. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective  To assess the compliance of the surveillance colonoscopy waiting list with ACPGBI/BSG guidelines for colonoscopy follow‐up and to measure the impact of adjusting referrals to be inline with the guidelines.Design and Setting  This is a quantitative five‐stage clinical audit cycle involving a large patient cohort from the Kent and Medway Cancer Network, which includes seven hospitals across four NHS Hospital Trusts and an estimated population of 1.8 million.Participants  3020 patients were waiting for a surveillance colonoscopy. Their notes were reviewed and the indications for colonoscopy were compared with the ACPGBI/BSG 2002 guidelines.Interventions  Those patients whose referral to the surveillance colonoscopy waiting list was not found to be compliant were adjusted to be inline with the guidelines.Main outcome measures  The impact of adjusting the surveillance colonoscopy waiting list on the diagnostic colonoscopy service was assessed by measuring the average waiting times for a colonoscopy before and after the intervention.Results  Around 22% (n = 664) of surveillance colonoscopy referrals were inline with the guidelines, 51% (n = 1540) could be cancelled from the list and 27% (n = 816) could be given a new date. Implementing these recommendations reduced the average wait for a diagnostic colonoscopy from 76.8 to 56.0 days (P = 0.0022).Conclusion  Following guidelines for surveillance colonoscopy can reduce waiting times for diagnostic colonoscopy. This allows a faster patient journey for diagnostic colonoscopy and a uniform plan for duration and frequency of surveillance colonoscopy. However, this action promoted serious debate on the social, moral and ethical issues.
Surgery for obstructed defaecation: does the use of the Contour device (Trans‐STARR) improve results?
Authors: Wadhawan H. , Shorthouse A. J. , Brown S. R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim  The objective of the study was to assess safety, efficacy and outcomes of stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedure for obstructed defaecation syndrome (ODS) with two stapling devices, PPH01 and Trans‐STARR.Method  Data were collected on all patients undergoing PPH01 or Trans‐STARR over a 2 year period. Initially, all were treated using the PPH01 device and during the last 8 months using the Trans‐STARR.Results  During the analysis period, 25 consecutive patients were treated with PPH01 and 27 patients were treated with Trans‐STARR. The median follow up was 12 months (range 3–12 months) for the PPH01 group and 6 months (range 3–12 months) for the Trans‐STARR group. Although the resected specimen was larger in the Trans‐STARR group (P < 0.001), there was no difference in early adverse events, time to discharge or late complications between the groups. In both groups, postoperative urgency was common (occurring more than occasionally in up to 40% at last review) but the incidence was high preoperatively. ODS and symptom severity scores improved with surgery (P < 0.001). However, the degree of improvement was similar with complete resolution of symptoms occurring in 64% of the PPH01 group and 67% of the Trans‐STARR group.Conclusion  Our study shows that both procedures are safe and effective in the surgical treatment of obstructed defaecation but despite a larger resection the Trans‐STARR procedure does not offer any additional benefit. A policy of individualizing techniques tailored to the extent of prolapse may be appropriate, but requires further evaluation.
Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 30 years or more in general population
Authors: Aitola P. , Lehto K. , Fonsell R. , Huhtala H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective  The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with faecal incontinence in a Finnish population.Method  A population‐based age‐stratified random sample of 8000 people aged 30–81 years from a large city was obtained from the national population registry. A postal questionnaire was sent to all subjects. Questions regarding faecal incontinence were adopted from a previously developed validated questionnaire.Results  Response rate was 39.8%. Overall, the prevalence of faecal incontinence occurring in any frequency within the last year was 10.6% (CI: 9.5–11.6%). Women suffered significantly more often than men (11.9% vs. 8.7%). The prevalence of faecal incontinence occurring at least twice a month was 5.2% (CI: 4.5–6%). Of these subjects, 62.3% used a pad at least twice a month to protect their underwear (91 women, 10 men), 23.6% used it daily. There was a strong correlation between faecal incontinence and urinary incontinence. Of the 162 subjects reporting faecal incontinence at least twice a month, only 27.2% had discussed the problem with their physician. In 12.4%, their physician had raised the question of faecal incontinence. Only 10% had received treatment for it, but 66% (107/162) felt they needed treatment.Conclusion  Faecal incontinence is a common problem. Only a minority had reported this symptom to their physician and surprisingly few had received treatment for it. General awareness of faecal incontinence and treatment options should be improved among primary care physicians and general population.