bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Height Growth of Yellow‐poplar from Soils and Topography in Southeastern Ohio
Authors: Munn Larry C. , Vimmerstedt John P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIntensive forest management requires an accurate knowledge of site productivity. Where inadequate stocking prohibits direct measurement of site quality, predictive models based on soils and topography may be used to estimate site potential. A predictive model was developed for estimating height growth of yellow‐poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) on a Muskingum‐Neotoma‐Berks soils complex (Typic Dystrochrepts and Ultic Halpludalfs) in Tar Hollow State Forest, Ross County, Ohio. Measurements were made of selected topographic and soil physical and chemical factors for 203 dominant or codominant yellow‐poplars in 39 plots. Observed variation in site index within the mapping unit was 7.0 m. Multiple regression equations of the form: LOG(tree height) = C0 + B0 (1/AGE) + B1V1 + … + BnVN. were used to construct prediction equations. Significant correlations (p = 0.05 level) were found between tree height (with age accounted for), and the following variables; slope position; A horizon thickness; depth to the B2 horizon; depth to a restriction; corrected aspect (minor angle from the southwest); soil pH and lime test index; kg/ha of available P (p = 0.10 level) and Mn; kg/ha of exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K; percent base saturation; and soil organic matter. Approximately 65% of the observed variability in tree height was accounted for by the regressions.
A Semi‐Micro Method for Determining Total Nitrogen in Soils and Plant Material Containing Nitrite and Nitrate
Authors: Douglas L. A. , Riazi A. , Smith C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA convenient semi‐micro procedure for total N analysis (including NO2‐ and NO3‐) of soil and plant material is described. The sample plus KMnO4, H2SO4, and Fe is initially placed in a test tube and heated in a water bath (90°C). Final digestion with concentrated H2SO4 occurs in a heated Al (to 370°C) block. The NH4+ content of the cooled tube contents is determined by steam distillation. This method allows simultaneous digestion of 60 samples, is inexpensive, accurate and precise, and includes NO2‐ and NO43‐ in the total N estimation.
Bicarbonate‐Extractable Phosphorus in Fresh and Composted Dairy Manures
Authors: Elias‐Azar K. , Laag A. E. , Pratt P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe availability of the P from manure and from KH2PO4 was estimated by extraction with NaHCO3 following incubation in soils for 15, 30, and 45 days. In two alkaline sandy soils the availability of the P from manures was equal to that from KH2PO4. The availability of manure P relative to P from KH2PO4 increased as the pH increased and as the sand content increased, i.e., as the clay plus silt increased. The relative availability of the manure P increased in some soils as the time of incubation increased.
Modeling Vapor Losses of Soil‐Incorporated Triallate
Authors: Jury W. A. , Grover R. , Spencer W. F. , Farmer W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVapor losses of triallate [S‐(2,3,3‐trichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate] incorporated into two soils with widely different organic matter contents were measured in the absence and presence of evaporating water. Adsorption isotherms (relating triallate solution concentrations to adsorbed triallate) were used to compare predicted and measured transport of triallate by mass flow and diffusion. With San Joaquin sandy loam, volatilization rate was greater when water was evaporating than when evaporation was suppressed but with Flanagan silt loam packed to a much lower bulk density, vapor loss was nearly the same in the presence and absence of evaporation. Total vapor losses during the 29‐ or 30‐day, period were 2.97 and 3.76% of the amounts applied from San Joaquin sandy loam and 3.72 and 3.80% from Flanagan silt loam without and with evaporation, respectively. Good agreement was observed between the total measured triallate vapor flux with evaporation and the convective mass flux calculated from the product of the solution concentration below the surface times the water evaporation flux.
Effect of Exchangeable Sodium Percentage, Cation Exchange Capacity, and Soil Solution Concentration on Soil Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Shainberg I. , Rhoades J. D. , Prather R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe electrical conductivity of eight soils was measured as a function of the solution electrical conductivity over a wide range of salt concentration and salt composition. The soils electrical conductivity increased nonlinearly with respect to the equilibrium solution electrical conductivity in the low range of salt concentration (< 2–3 mmho/cm). In the higher salt concentration range, straight line relationships were obtained. The shape of the curves was explained by the inclusion of a solid‐water in series element in the conductance model. The effect of the soil ESP on the electrical conductivity curve parameters is slight and is not significant when the electrical conductivity method is used to survey soil salinity.
Nature and Extent of Directly Measured Denitrification Losses from Some Irrigated Vegetable Crop Production Units
Authors: Ryden J. C. , Lund L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDirectly measured denitrification N flux from field study sites in irrigated vegetable production units, ranged from 0.024 to 1.92 kg N ha−1 day−1 subsequent to irrigation, and values up to 3.60 kg N ha−1 day−1 were observed after rain. The N denitrification flux was measured as nitrous oxide (N2O) evolution from locations within each study site treated with actylene (C2H2) to establish C2H2 concentrations close to 1% (vol/vol) in the soil pore space. Denitrification N flux showed a pronounced dependence on soil‐water suction. Peak fluxes were observed for suctions between 50 and 100 mbars and were associated with field‐measured Eh (redox potential) values between 400 and 650 mV. Flux decreased to < 0.096 kg N ha−1 day−1 when suction increased above 250 mbars and Eh returned to values > 650 mV. Nitrate in extracts of soil cores sampled concurrently with measurements of gas evolution appeared to have little effect on the magnitude of the N flux. Fluxes of at least 1.20 kg N ha−1 day−1 were observed for nitrate levels as different as 2 and 33 µg N/g. The major impact of increased soil nitrate concentrations was in shifting the distribution of denitrification products in favor of N2O. Annual dentrification N loss from each study site, estimated from direct measurements, compared favorably with the indirect estimate based on the imbalance in the N budget. Direct estimates ranged from 95 to 233 kg N ha−1 year−1 (14 to 52% of N input), and coupled with other directly measured inputs and outputs of N provided an 80 to 95% accountability of the N applied. Nitrous oxide emission comprised 13 to 20% of the total denitrification loss at sites with pH above 7, but values of approximately 30% were observed at more acid sites.
Fate of Tagged Nitrogen Fertilizer Applied to Irrigated Corn
Authors: Olson R. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted for 2 years with ammonium sulfate tagged with 5.93 atom % 15N to determine the fate of N fertilizer applied to sprinkler‐irrigated corn (Zea mays L.). All areas of triplicate, 356‐cm square plots were treated with 50 or 150 kg tagged N/ha. N fertilizer used by the crop and that remaining in the top 240 cm of soil were measured. NH4+‐N and NO3‐‐N in the 0‐ to 10‐cm layers after the second harvest also were determined. Grain yields in 1976 did not differ significantly. In 1977 response to N was significant, but responses to two N rates did not differ significantly.Only about one‐fourth of the N fertilizer at either rate was removed by the grain. Amounts in the soil were in proportion to amounts applied and about three times more after 2 years than 1 year, reflecting the N in crop residue from the first crop. The N balance indicated losses from the system of 17 to 18% of the N applied during the 2 years, after correcting for apparent errors. Fertilizer did not significantly alter amounts of soil N used by the crop but total N uptake increased with each fertilizer increment. There was no priming effect on mineralization of indigenous soil N. Comparng the 15N and difference methods for calculating fertilizer N uptake showed that the difference method varied more and showed significantly less uptake in one case.From 65 to 73% of the N fertilizer remaining in the soil was in the 0‐ to 10‐cm layer. Depth of movement was related to amount applied, varying from 20 cm with 50 kg after 1 year to 240 cm with 150 kg applied each year for 2 years. Some of the N with the 150‐kg rate may have leached below 240 cm after 2 years, but there appeared to be no leaching from the measured zone in other cases so losses from the system must have been by denitrification.Most of the N fertilizer in the 0‐ to 10 cm‐layer after 2 years was immobilized with only 4.4 to 4.7% remaining in the NH4+ and NO3‐ forms. However, there was about seven times more inorganic N in the soil originating from fertilizer than came from indigenous soil N, which confirms that residual fertilizer N is more likely than indigenous N to be present in inorganic forms.Amounts of fertilizer N found in grain and lost were proportional to amounts applied. The 150 kg N/ha rate gave no higher grain yields than 50 kg N/ha rate, but resulted in much greater crop removal, gaseous loss, and downward movement into the soil profile.
Reaction of MnEDTA Applied Alone or with Ammonium Polyphosphate Fertilizer to Soils
Authors: Mortvedt J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese ethylenediamine tetraacetate (MnEDTA) applied alone to some low‐Mn, high‐Fe soils generally is not an effective Mn source for plants; apparent substitution of other soil cations for Mn in MnEDTA decreases plant availability of applied Mn. A laboratory study was conducted to estimate cation substitution for Mn in MnEDTA by determining changes with time in H2O‐soluble cations in treated soil. Four moist soils (pH 5.4 to 7.7) were treated with MnEDTA at rates of 0, 25, and 100 ppm Mn; soils were aerobically incubated up to 148 days. In addition, MnEDTA was applied to these soils with 10‐15‐0 (10‐34‐0 oxide basis) fluid polyphosphate fertilizer at rates of 1,500 ppm P and 100 ppm Mn. The application rate simulated that in soil around a fertilizer band of 10‐15‐0 containing 1% Mn at a rate of 50 kg of P/ha (100 lb of P2O5/acre).Water‐soluble Mn increased with MnEDTA rate in all soils just after application but decreased with time to the level of untreated soils. In soils treated with MnEDTA alone, H2O‐soluble Fe increased with time in acid soils, and H2O‐soluble Ca increased in limed or calcareous soils, suggesting substitution of these cations for Mn in the EDTA molecule. Levels of H2O‐soluble Mg, Zn, and Cu in all soils were not affected by application of MnEDTA.Application of MnEDTA with 10‐15‐0 reduced the apparent rate of cation substitution for Mn in MnEDTA by precipitation of competing cations in soil. Thus, Mn in MnEDTA should remain available to plants for a longer time with band application in fluid polyphosphate fertilizers than with mixed application alone or with other fertilizers to soil.
Hexachlorobenzene: Its Vapor Pressure and Vapor Phase Diffusion in Soil
Authors: Farmer W. J. , Yang M. S. , Letey J. , Spencer W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe vapor pressure of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), measured with the gas saturation technique, was related to the temperature by the equation log10p = 12.94 − (5279/T) giving HCB vapor pressure values from 0.420 × 10−5 to 22.4 × 10−5 mm Hg over the temperature range 15 to 45° C. The heat of vaporization of HCB was calculated to be 24.2 kcal/mol. The vapor pressure data was used to measure the vapor phase diffusion of HCB in soil using a vapor‐diffusion cell. The steady‐state vapor diffusion of HCB in soil was directly related to soil air‐filled porosity and was therefore greatly reduced by increased soil bulk density and increased soil water content. The apparent steady‐state HCB diffusion coefficient was linearly related to the soil porosity term, Pa10/3 / PT2 where Pa is the soil air‐filled porosity and PT is the total soil porosity. The calculated diffusion coefficient in air for HCB was 1.0 × 104 cm2/day.
Bulk Densities of California Soils in Relation to Other Soil Properties
Authors: Alexander E. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnalyses of 721 samples from inorganic horizons of upland and alluvial soils in seven orders were utilized to develop equations for predicting soil bulk density at 1/3‐bar water content. The minimum standard errors of estimate (0.14 g cm−3, r2 = 0.723, for upland soils and 0.11 g cm−3, r2 = 0.672, for alluvial soils) were obtained with functions of organic carbon content, 15‐bar water content, the ratio of 15‐bar water to clay, silt and sand contents, parent material, calcium carbonate equivalent, mean soil horizon depth, and for alluvial soils, soil drainage class too. Functions of electrical conductivity of saturation extract and, for alluvial soils, mean soil horizon depth did not lower the standard errors of estimate (SE) further when added to this list. Organic C content (OC) alone predicts the bulk densities (DB) of upland soils with a SE of 0.19 g cm−3 (r2 = 0.462): DB = 1.66 − 0.308 · OC0.5.
Metal Binding Properties of Leaf Litter Extracts: I. Discontinuous Spectrophotometric Titration with Iron and Copper
Authors: Blaser P. , Flühler H. , Polomski Janina 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA spectrophotometric titration method is proposed with which the maximum Fe or Cu binding ability of leaf litter extracts and the conditional stability constants of the organo‐metallic compounds can be determined. The method was checked against the dialysis method of Zunino and Martin (1977) using Cu as titrant. With Fe instead of Cu the spectrophotometric titration yields also plausible results. In the latter case, however, the results cannot be verified with dialysis experiments because of the colloidal nature of aqueous Fe(OH)3.The distribution between bound and free metal ions can be described by rectangular hyperbolas (Langmuir type regression models). The measurements deviate systematically from the simple Langmuir equation. These deviations can be adequately described if the heterogeneous mixture of dissolved organic constitutents is considered as a system of two independent components with distinct distribution isotherms. The errors involved in the estimation of the conditional stability constants and of the maximum binding abilities are analyzed.
Mineralogy of a Chronosequence Formed in New River Alluvium
Authors: Harris W. G. , Iyengar S. S. , Zelazny L. W. , Parker J. C. , Lietzke D. A. , Edmonds W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mineralogy of four soils (T0, T1, T2, T3), formed in progressively older New River alluvium, was studied with the assumption that trends could be attributed to age differences. Particle size was determined by pipette; free Fe by citrate‐dithionite (CD) extraction; sand mineralogy by petrographic techniques, heavy liquid separation, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD); and silt and clay mineralogy by XRD and thermal analysis. Clay illuviation and percent CD‐Fe increase with age. An increase in CD‐Fe with depth suggests Fe illuviation. Quartz, feldspar, mica, and amphibole are the major sand‐sized minerals in T0 and T1, with slightly less amphibole in T1. Predominance of quartz and resistant heavy minerals in T2 and T3 suggests a wide time gap between T1 and T2. Trends in silt mineralogy parallel those of sand. Clay mineralogical data show an age progression from mica and vermiculite to hydroxy interlayered vermiculite to kaolinite. Kaolinite appears to form very slowly from other layer silicates, but whole‐soil trends suggest that it may form more rapidly from sand and silt‐sized feldspar. With time, hydroxy interlayered vermiculite becomes the dominant clay‐sized mineral in Ap horizons while kaolinite and vermiculite increase with depth. The depth trend for kaolinite is attributed to eluviation and slow replenishment in the surface, and for the other minerals to decreasing weathering intensity with depth. Whole‐soil data reflect illuviation and reveal a concentration of quartz in the surface with time. Comparison of mineralogical trends suggests that stability is reached sooner in coarser than in finer size fractions.
Polycomponent Interstratified Phyllosilicates in Dolomite Residuum and Sandy Till of Central Wisconsin
Authors: Lim C. H. , Jackson M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClay minerals of four central Wisconsin soil parent materials containing highly interstratified layer silicates were difficult to identify in conventional Mg‐glycerol X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. One group was from dolomite residuum (65% clay); another from sandy till (6% clay, with only small resolved XRD peaks). The Mg‐saturated, glycerol‐solvated clays of the former gave X‐ray diffractograms with diffuse and continuous low‐angle scatter ending with a dropoff at the (001) spacing of 7Å. Potassium saturation and heating at 400°C yielded an intense, sharp 10Å peak, identifying coincidence of XRD peaks for mica + vermiculite + smectite. Shoulders extending from the sharpened 10Å peak to the 7Å peak and toward low‐angle spacings indicated the presence of chlorite. Incomplete collapse of interlayers at 550°C and the production of a 14.2Å peak following fusion in LiNO3 at 300°C confirmed the presence of chlorite. Discrete kaolinite occurring in association with other phyllosilicates was revealed by the 11.2Å peak after Li saturation and DMSO intercalation. The X‐ray diffractograms indicated short‐range order in irregularly interstratified phyllosilicates occurring in ternary (3‐component), quaternary (4‐component), and quinary (5‐component) mixtures. The quantitative mineralogy, as assessed by K content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), selective dissolution, and thermal methods, averaged 15% mica, 10% vermiculite, 25% montmorillonite, 5% chlorite, and 30% kaolinite.
Response of the Cu2+ and Cd2+ Ion‐Selective Electrodes to Solutions of Different Ionic Strength and Ion Composition
Authors: Cavallaro N. , McBride M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Cu2+ and Cd2+ specific ion electrodes are shown to closely reflect calculated activities of Cu2+ and Cd2+ in solution with variable amounts of Cl‐ and a wide range of ionic strengths. Published stability constants for the chloride complexes of Cd2+ are consistent with the electrode readings, while those given for Cu2+ appear to underestimate the stability of the CuCl+ species. The Al3+ ion interferes with electrode measurement of Cu2+ and Cd3+, creating a problem for the use of electrodes in some acid soils.
Statistical Analysis of Results from Irrigation Experiments Using the Line‐Source Sprinkler System
Authors: Hanks R. J. , Sisson D. V. , Hurst R. L. , Hubbard K. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe line‐source irrigation system has been used in many studies to determine the influence of several treatment variables and irrigation on yield and other traits. It has the advantage of using a minimum of space and shows visually the irrigation effects for some traits. Valid statistical tests for treatment effects and the treatment by irrigation interaction are possible if the treatments are replicated and randomized in strips at right angles to the sprinkler line. No statistical test is available for the effect of irrigation level on yield because irrigation amount is always applied systematically with no randomization. Since the irrigation effects are usually large and obvious there is no need to assign a probability level to their significance. However, caution should be exercised in the interpretation of small differences between adjacent irrigation levels and for potential bias in the estimates of the regressions of yield on irrigation level brought about by the systematic arrangement.
The Terra Rossa Limestone Contact Phenomena in Karst, Southern Indiana
Authors: Olson C. G. , Ruhe R. V. , Mausbach M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA prevalent view is that the red clayey parent material (terra rossa) of Crider and associated soils is a residual product from solution of limestone in the karst of southern Indiana. The sharp, abrupt contact between terra rossa and limestone provides no evidence to support the concept of a residual origin from limestone solution. In addition, insufficient quantities of insoluble residue in the rock require dissolution of thickness greater than the limestone available. Elemental oxides common in the clay are many magnitudes greater than in the rock and vice versa. Clay minerals in the red clay differ in kind and amount from those of the rock. The <2µm size fraction is many magnitudes greater in the red clay than in the rock. Soil‐geomorphic studies indicate that the terra rossa is mainly debris derived from erosion of higher lying clastic sedmentary rocks and transport and deposition of that debris (pedisediment) on pediments cut into lower lying limestones. The pedisediment subsequently weathers to terra rossa. Therefore the premise is rejected that terra rossa is a residual product from the solution of limestone.
Simple Method for Predicting Drainage from Field Plots
Authors: Sisson J. B. , Ferguson A. H. , van Genuchten M. Th. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen the one‐dimensional moisture flow equation is simplified by applying the unit gradient approximation, a first‐order partial differential equation results. The first‐order equation is hyperbolic and easily solved by the method of P. D. Lax. Three published K(θ) relationships were used to generate three analytical solutions for the drainage phase following infiltration. All three solutions produced straight lines or nearly straight lines when log of total water above a depth was plotted versus log of time. Several suggestions for obtaining the required parameters are presented and two example problems are included to demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the method.
Kinetics of Potassium Desorption in Soil using Miscible Displacement
Authors: Sparks D. L. , Zelazny L. W. , Martens D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKinetics of K desorption were conducted on samples from the Ap, A2, B21t, and B22t horizons of two Dothan (Plinthic Paleudults) soils. Aluminum‐ and calcium‐ saturated samples were equilibrated with K for 96 hours and then continuously leached with 0.01M CaCl2 until K was not detected in the leachate. The rate of K desorption from all samples increased rapidly initially and levelled off with time. Desorption was nearly complete in approximately 3 to 4 hours for the Ap, A2, and B21t horizons, and in 8 to 9 hours for the B22t horizons. Approximately 95–98% of the adsorbed K was subsequently desorbed suggesting K adsorption‐desorption in the Dothan soils was reversible. A linear relationship between time½ and percent K desorption indicated that diffusion was the predominant mechanism of K desorption in these soils. Diffusion‐controlled exchange would be expected due to the vermiculitic clay minerals present in the soils.Potassium desorption conformed to first‐order kinetics. Apparent desorption rate coefficients (k′d) ranged from 0.3 to 1.3 hour−1. The magnitude of the k′d values decreased as clay content increased in the soils. This was ascribed to increased intraparticle transport and to increased diffusion in the more clayey samples. The k′d values were generally higher in the Al‐than in the Ca‐ saturated samples. The effect of flow velocity on rate of K desorption was investigated using velocities of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ml min−1. The rate of K desorption increased only slightly with flow velocity.