bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are You Paying Your Employees to Cheat? An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Cadsby C. Bram , Song Fei , Tapon Francis 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
We compare, through a laboratory experiment using salient financial incentives, misrepresentations of performance under target-based compensation with those under both a linear piece-rate and a tournament-based bonus system. An anagram game was employed as the experimental task. Results show that productivity was similar and statistically indistinguishable under the three schemes. In contrast, whether one considers the number of overclaimed words, the number of work/pay periods in which overclaims occur, or the number of participants making an overclaim at least once, target-based compensation produced significantly more cheating than either of the other two systems. While earlier research has compared cheating under target-based compensation with cheating under non-performance-based compensation, which offers no financial incentive to cheat, this is the first study that compares cheating under target-based schemes to cheating under other performance-based schemes. The results suggest that cheating as a response to incentives can be mitigated without giving up performance pay altogether.
Some aspects of the taxonomy, biology, possible evolution and biogeography of nematodes of the spirurine genus Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 (Rhabdochonidae, Thelazioidea)
Authors: Moravec František 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAt present the nematode genus Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 (Rhabdochonidae) comprises 92 possibly valid species, mostly intestinal parasites of freshwater fishes in all zoogeographical regions. Because of the absence of any phylogenetic studies using molecular methods in this nematode group, an attempt to evaluate affinities among these parasites and their zoogeography on the basis of morphological features and host-parasite relationships has been carried out. Only true definitive hosts should be considered for such evaluation. It appears that, during the evolution of Rhabdochona spp., there occur an increase in the number of anterior prostomal teeth, loss of lateral alae, the right spicule attains a boat-like shape and a dorsal barb develops on its distal tip, and the distal tip of the left spicule attains gradually a more complex structure; the eggs with a smooth surface are considered to be more primitive. Nematodes of this genus most probably originated in the region of present southern Asia at the beginning of Tertiary. Closest to the initial type appear to be members of the subgenus Globochona Moravec, 1972, from which lineages leading to the subgenera Globochonoides Moravec, 1975, Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 and Sinonema Moravec, 1975 can be derived. The morphology of Rhabdochona spp. indicate a close relationship between the Palaearctic fauna of these nematodes with the Nearctic species, and the Oriental fauna with the Ethiopian fauna. The Neotropical species can be derived from Nearctic members of the subgenus Rhabdochona; the latter probably penetrated, along with leuciscine hosts into North America from Palaearctic Eurasia at the end of Tertiary. The distribution of Palaearctic species of Rhabdochona corresponds to faunistical complexes in the conception of ichthyologists.
Heterocotyle tokoloshei sp. nov. (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) from the gills of Dasyatis brevicaudata (Dasyatidae) kept in captivity at Two Oceans Aquarium, Cape Town, South Africa: Description and notes on treatment
Authors: Vaughan David , Chisholm Leslie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHeterocotyle tokoloshei sp. nov. is described from the gills of a single Short-tail stingray, Dasyatis brevicaudata, kept in captivity at the Two Oceans Aquarium in Cape Town, South Africa. The stingray exhibited laboured gill ventilation and deteriorating health on exhibit and was removed to the quarantine area for parasitological study and treatment. A 12 h bath treatment of praziquantel at 20mg/l, pre-dissolved in ethanol, removed 3084 parasites from the gills of the ray. However, the presence of a large number of eggs 24 h post-treatment indicated that viable egg laying adults remained on the gills and that the treatment was not 100% effective. Praziquantel was subsequently administered orally by intubation to the same ray at 150 mg/kg under anaesthetic (2-phenoxyethanol at 0.15 ml/l for approximately 1 h), which resulted in the removal of approximately 392 000 parasites from the gills 12 h post-oral treatment. Twenty-four h post-oral treatment, 3383 worms, but no eggs were recovered. No worms or eggs were recovered 48 h to 10 days post-oral treatment. The ray died approximately 30 days after the completion of the treatment. Heterocotyle tokoloshei sp. nov. is the first Heterocotyle species described from South Africa and represents the first record of a pathogenic Heterocotyle species. The new species can be distinguished from the other 16 species in the genus by the distal region of the male copulatory organ which has distinct small spines and by the morphology of the male copulatory organ accessory piece. Eggs of H. tokoloshei sp. nov. are laid singly and hatch spontaneously between 5 and 8 days at 18°C.
A new genus and new species of microbothriid monogenean (Platyhelminthes) with a functionally enigmatic reproductive system, parasitic on the skin and mouth lining of the largetooth sawfish, Pristis microdon, in Australia
Authors: Kearn Graham , Whittington Ian , Evans-Gowing Richard 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDermopristis paradoxus gen. et sp. nov., a microbothriid monogenean parasite from the skin and mouth lining of the largetooth sawfish, Pristis microdon (Elasmobranchii, Pristidae) in Australia, is described. The parasite has 2 juxtaposed testes and differs from other microbothriids in possessing a unique and unusual terminal male reproductive tract comprising a proximal and a distal tube, the latter with a conspicuous opening on the ventral surface and lacking a recognisable male copulatory organ. The smalltooth sawfish, P. pectinata, also has a skin-parasitic microbothriid, Dermophthirioides pristidis Cheung et Nigrelli, 1983, but this parasite species has a prominent copulatory papilla. Dermopristis paradoxus also has parallel ridges with broad tops running in a roughly transverse direction across the ventral surface of the body. The ventral ridges are prominent from the level of the pharynx to the posterior region of the body. The function of the ridges is unknown. Reproductive biology, attachment and feeding in D. paradoxus are discussed. In the absence of unmounted parasite specimens for sectioning, a mounted specimen of D. paradoxus was released from the slide and successfully processed to provide serial, stained, resin sections. This useful technique is recommended to provide anatomical information in situations where only specimens on slides are available for study.
Prevalence and habitat preference of quill mites (Acari, Syringophilidae) parasitizing forest passerine birds in Poland
Authors: Skoracki Maciej , Michalik Jerzy , Sikora Bozżena 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe surveyed the prevalence of quill mites in wild passerines captured in Wielkopolski National Park, Poland. A total of 438 birds of 12 species were mist-netted during three consecutive spring seasons from 2006–2008. Eight bird species were infested with syringophilid mites: Erithacus rubecula (L.) (index of prevalence, IP = 16.2%), Turdrus merula L. (IP = 22.4%), T. philomelos Brehm (IP = 10.5%), Fringilla coelebs L. (IP = 36.2%), Coccothraustes coccothraustes (L.) (IP = 7.4%), Sturnus vulgaris L. (IP = 53.6%), Sylvia atricapilla (L.) (IP = 6.1%) and Troglodytes troglodytes (L.) (IP = 7.1%). In four cases, multiple infestation was observed, where one bird species was parasitized by 2–3 species of quill mites occupying separate niches in the plumage of the host.
New data on the occurrence of Acanthocephala in Antarctic Amphipoda
Authors: Laskowski Zdzisław , Jeżewski Witold , Zdzitowiecki Krzysztof 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn total, 6401 amphipods, including 5707 Cheirimedon femoratus, caught at the Galindez Island (Argentine Islands, Western Antarctica) were examined for the presence of cystacanths and advanced acanthellae of Acanthocephala. Two parasite species, Corynosoma pseudohamanni Zdzitowiecki, 1984 and Metacanthocephalus johnstoni Zdzitowiecki, 1983, were found in the haemocoeloma of C. femoratus. Total prevalence was 1.19%, that of C. pseudohamanni 0.68% and of M. johnstoni 0.51%. Additionally, 8 of 1416 C. femoratus caught in the Admiralty Bay (South Shetland Islands) were found to be infected with C. pseudohamanni and free of M. johnstoni. The representative of the genus Metacanthocephalus was found in the intermediate host for the first time. C. pseudohamanni was more abundant at the Galindez Island (prevalence 0.68%) than in the Admiralty Bay (prevalence 0.42% in previous investigations and 0.56% in present ones). Amphipods harboured usually one or rarely two acanthocephalans of one species. Both parasites were more abundant in amphipods caught in the polluted water closely to the Vernadsky Station than in the Mick Channel, farther from the station (prevalence 0.77% vs. 0.51% for C. pseudohamanni and 0.64% vs. 0.26% for M. johnstoni).
Resurrection and redescription of Globocephaloides wallabiae Johnston et Mawson, 1939 (Nematoda, Trichostrongyloidea) from macropodid marsupials in north-eastern Australia
Authors: Fazenda Inês , Gasser Robin , Carvalho Luís , Beveridge Ian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGlobocephaloides wallabiae Johnston et Mawson, 1939, is resurrected as a valid species and is redescribed. G. wallabiae is distinguished from its closest congener, G. macropodis Yorke et Maplestone, 1926, by the spicules (length and tip) and pattern of the bursal rays. G. wallabiae occurs commonly in Macropus dorsalis (Gray, 1837) in north-eastern Queensland, but is also present in Petrogale mareeba Eldridge et Close, 1992 and P. assimilis Ramsay, 1877. By contrast, G. macropodis is found commonly in M. agilis (Gould, 1842) and P. persephone Maynes, 1982 in the Northern Territory and north-eastern Queensland, and occurs incidentally in other hosts, probably as a result of host-switching ((Aepyprymnus rufescens (Gray, 1837), P. brachyotis (Gould, 1841), P. inornata Gould, 1842, M. dorsalis, M. parryi Bennett, 1835, M. giganteus Shaw, 1790 and Largochestes conspicillatus Gould, 1842)). This morphological study, with additional host and geographical distributional data, provides support for the resurrection of the species.
Subulura (Murisubulura) tanjinensis sp. nov. (Nematoda, Subuluroidea) from Eutamias sibiricus (Laxmann) (Rodentia) in Tianjin, China
Authors: Ming Zhu , Zhang Luping 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSubulura (Murisubulura) tanjinensis sp. nov. was collected from the Siberian chipmunks, Eutamias sibiricus (Laxmann) at Jixian County, Tianjin, China. The new species can be distinguished from all species of subgenus Murisubulura by the structures of labia lobes, by having a telamon and by the numbers of caudal papillae.
Training Health Professionals in Bioinformatics
Authors: López-Campos G. , López-Alonso V. , Martin-Sanchez F. 
Published: April 2010

Summary
Background: Genomic technologies and particularly bioinformatics have significantly changed biomedical research along the last decade and are being recognized as potential methods for application also in medical practice and public health. There exists a growing need for different collectives of the healthcare sector to receive training in the methods, tools and databases related with these new areas.
Objectives: This paper describes the teaching experience of our department during the last ten years and analyzes past activities designed for teaching bioinformatics to different groups of health professionals. We aim to illustrate the main lessons learned and offer useful clues to other groups interested in setting up training initiatives in bioinformatics for health professionals.
Methods: The group selected several methodologies for the training activities (“face-to-face”, online/e-learning) on the basis of three criteria: 1) the target collective, 2) the contents of the course, and 3) its length. Courses were evaluated and the results are hereby presented and discussed.
Results: National and international training courses on bioinformatics, biomedical informatics and genomics were developed according to specific requirements defined by the profile of each of the targeted health professional group. These activities provided the students with the necessary skills for better understanding the use of bioinformatics tools and databases and the appropriate way of applying them into specific health domains.
Conclusions: The increasing demand of training courses in new technologies related to genomics and bioinformatics by health professionals provides a good opportunity for the development of tailored courses based on their specific needs, expectations and demands geared to bridge the gap between research and practice and facilitating their everyday work.
A Medical Informatics Distance-learning Course for Latin America
Authors: Hersh W. , Luna D. , González Bernaldo de Quirós F. , Otero P. 
Published: April 2010

Summary
Background: There is a growing need and interest worldwide for healthcare and information technology professionals trained in medical informatics. Distance learning technologies are increasingly used to deliver such education, but have mainly been limited to the English language.
Objective: Describe the implementation and student satisfaction of a medical informatics course delivered in Spanish for a Latin American audience.
Methods: The course was based on the 10 x 10 program of the American Medical Informatics Association and Oregon Health & Science University that was translated and adapted to the Latin American setting. The initial course consisted of ten one-week units, currently the course has 15 modules that are delivered in 16 weeks with topics that address the needs of medical informatics in the region. We also administered an anonymous questionnaire of student satisfaction.
Results: A total of 499 individuals have enrolled in the course, and 70% have completed it. Most of the students have been healthcare professionals (86%), with the largest proportion from Argentina. Student satisfaction with all aspects of the course was high. After the initial experience and feedback from the students, the course has been adapted to better meet regional needs.
Conclusion: The initial experience obtained in training healthcare professionals in medical informatics in Latin America in their own language demonstrated that it could be used across the region, and this could represent a model for disseminating knowledge of medical informatics across other languages and cultures.
Testing Conformance and Interoperability of eHealth Applications
Authors: Namli T. , Dogac A. 
Published: April 2010

Summary
Objective: To explain the common conformance and interoperability testing requirements of eHealth applications through two case studies; one using a prominent eHealth messaging standard, namely HL7 v3 [1], and the other using Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) [2] Profiles and to describe how these testing requirements can be addressed through an automated, modular and scenario-based testing framework, namely Test BATN.
Methods: Summarizing the conformance testing requirements of HL7 v3 messages. Illustrating the interoperability testing requirements of IHE Profiles through a scenario based on the IHE XDS, IHE XDS-MS and IHE PIX profiles. Explaining how these requirements can be handled through a dynamic and configurable test framework addressing all the layers in the interoperability stack within a single test scenario.
Results: Conformance and interoperability testing are necessary to maintain correct information exchange as the correctness of the exchanged data is essential in the healthcare domain. There are many standards used in eHealth that the applications need to conform. Additionally, there are profiling initiatives such as IHE and Continua Health Alliance which publish integration profiles addressing a specific clinical need or a use case and describe how to combine or use the existing standards to provide interoperability. However, as the results of our case studies demonstrate, there are many commonalities in the conformance and interoperability testing requirements of these standards and profiles and therefore an integrated testing environment is needed.
Conclusion: Our main conclusion is that rather than having individual testing tools for each standard or initiative, a generic and modular test framework exploiting the commonalities in the testing processes and fostering reusability of modular, pluggable testing components will improve the efficiency of testing. Through the TestBATN framework, we describe how this modularity can be achieved by providing common interfaces facilitating the development of adaptors which allows different testing components to be plugged into the system.
Characterization of nuclear microsatellite loci in the Neotropical tree Parkia panurensis (Fabaceae)
Authors: Luettmann Kathrin , Michalczyk Inga M. , Mengel Christina , Ziegenhagen Birgit , Heymann Eckhard W. , Pinedo Saboya Pedro P. , Bialozyt Ronald 
Published: April 2010

• Premise of the study: We present here a set of nine polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci, identified for the first time within the neotropical legume tree species Parkia panurensis Benth. ex H. C. Hopkins, which is widespread in western and central Amazonia.• Methods and Results: To characterize these loci, 33 Parkia panurensis adult trees were analyzed. The number of alleles ranged from eight to 32, with an average of 14.4 alleles per locus. Mean expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.74 to 0.955.• Conclusions: All nine loci could also be verified in six other Parkia species and polymorphic fragments amplified. The new marker set can be used for future studies of genetic diversity and differentiation, as well as estimation of gene flow and parentage analyses in various Parkia species.
SMAD4 Is Required for Development of Maximal Endotoxin Tolerance
Authors: Pan Hongjie , Ding Enyu , Hu Mai , Lagoo Anand S. , Datto Michael B. , Lagoo-Deenadayalan Sandhya A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractInitial exposure of monocytes/macrophages to LPS induces hyporesponsiveness to a second challenge with LPS, a phenomenon termed LPS tolerance. Molecular mechanisms responsible for endotoxin tolerance are not well defined. We and others have shown that IL-1R–associated kinase (IRAK)-M and SHIP-1 proteins, negative regulators of TLR4 signaling, increase in tolerized cells. TGF-β1, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is upregulated following LPS stimulation, mediating its effect through SMAD family proteins. Using a monocytic cell line, THP1, we show that LPS activates endogenous SMAD4, inducing its migration into the nucleus and increasing its expression. Secondary challenge with high dose LPS following initial low-dose LPS exposure does not increase IRAK-M or SHIP1 protein expression in small hairpin (sh)SMAD4 THP-1 cells compared with control shLUC THP1 cells. TNF-α concentrations in culture supernatants after second LPS challenge are higher in shSMAD4 THP-1 cells than shLUC THP1 cells, indicating failure to induce maximal tolerance in absence of SMAD4 signaling. Identical results are seen in primary murine macrophages and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, demonstrating the biological significance of our findings. TGF-β1 treatment does not increase IRAK-M or SHIP1 protein expression in shSMAD4 THP-1 cells, whereas it does so in shLUC THP1 cells, indicating that TGF-β1 regulates IRAK-M and SHIP1 expression through a SMAD4-dependent pathway. Knockdown of endogenous SHIP1 by shSHIP1 RNA decreases native and inducible IRAK-M protein expression and prevents development of endotoxin tolerance in THP1 cells. We conclude that in THP-1 cells and primary murine cells, SMAD4 signaling is required for maximal induction of endotoxin tolerance via modulation of SHIP1 and IRAK-M.
NMR‐Based Screening and Drug Discovery
Authors: Craik David J. , Smith Phillippa A. , Clark Richard J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for determining the structures of molecules in solution. It involves placing a sample in a strong homogeneous magnetic field and irradiating it with radiowaves of defined frequency. The emitted signals provide information about the local molecular environments of nuclei in the sample, from which structures can be derived. NMR can also be used for determining interactions between molecules and is particularly useful for determining the nature of binding interactions between ligands and macromolecules. This information is very important in drug design: by understanding how bioactive molecules interact with a target protein or nucleic acid it is, in principle, possible to design ligands with improved affinity and specificity that may make useful drug leads. In addition to this structure‐based approach to drug design NMR is also useful as a screening tool in drug discovery programs to identify ligands that bind to target macromolecules.
The
FDA
and Drug Regulatory Issues
Authors: Randad Ramnarayan S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). It is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. The FDA is also responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more affordable; and helping the public get the accurate, science‐based information they need to use medicines and foods to improve their health (
http://www.fda.gov/opacom/morechoices/mission.html
).
GPCRHomology Model Development and Application
Authors: Garland Stephen L. , Blaney Frank E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractG‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a very important class of proteins for drug discovery. Exciting progress has been made recently in the determination of X‐ray crystal structures. However, despite this, structural coverage of the receptor family is still thin. We lack direct structural knowledge of many important subfamilies, we have only modest detail of the conformational changes associated with receptor activation and we lack robust crystallographic systems for the rapid determination of ligand binding modes. As a consequence, the ability to build and apply homology models for drug discovery at these targets is very valuable. The accuracy of the models has improved in parallel with the increase in available structural data and the models have been successfully applied to a wide range of lead generation and optimization problems.