bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should Small Wind Pursue Traditional Region 3 Control?
Authors: Bomze B , Visser K , Helenbrook B 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A strategy to eliminate Region 3 control for small, fixed pitch turbines and utilize an extension of Region 2 is presented. Variations in wind probability distribution, capacity factor, and percent overshoot were examined. The relative performance of different control objectives was compared based on projected annual energy production. The results indicated that the Region 2 only control objective can produce energy equivalent to that of the currently employed Region 3 control objective over a range of wind regime-turbine combinations and capacity factors. It is suggested that the additional complexity required to provide Region 3 control for small turbines may not be warranted by the energy extraction benefits, particularly when factoring in additional equipment costs.
Multi-model approach for wind resource assessment
Authors: Sengers Balthazar A.M. , Vollmer Lukas , Dörenkämper Martin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study presents a multi-model approach for wind resource assessment of a wind farm affected by external wakes. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), a mesoscale model, is employed to simulate external wind farm wakes, while the Farm Optimization and eXtended yield Evaluation Software (FOXES), an engineering model, is used to simulate the wind farm of interest. This hybrid approach addresses the limitation of both models, mainly the lack of layout effects in mesoscale models and the poor representation of cluster wakes in engineering models. A case study, focusing on the Kaskasi wind farm in the Heligoland cluster, shows that the WRF model predicts larger wake losses compared to FOXES, with the multi-model approach yielding intermediate results. Systematic differences are found as a function of wind speed and seasonality, while the models behave differently as a function of turbulence intensity. The external wake effect was clearly identified for one wind direction sector in WRF and the multi-model approach, while FOXES failed to represent this. The proposed methodology does not only enhance classic resource assessment, but also facilitates efficient layout optimization using cluster waked inflow and allows for wind farm control studies, contributing to both planning and operational phases of wind farm management.
Is the free wind speed sufficient to determine aerodynamic turbine performance in complex terrain?
Authors: Zengler C P , Troldborg N , Gaunaa M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The performance of a wind turbine is usually characterized by its power curve, which relates the wind speed at hub height with its energy production. This relation does not take streamwise inhomogeneities of the inflow – as they might be present in complex terrain – into account. In this work, the consequences of this simplification for performance predictions are analyzed. Simulations using Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes equations (RANS) with the k-ϵ-fp model as closure are performed. An actuator disc (AD) on the ridge of a quasi two-dimensional Gaussian hill subject to a neutral atmospheric inflow is investigated. Roughness length, hill width and thrust coefficient are varied and the respective induction evaluated. Results indicate that the induction at a given thrust coefficient depends on the terrain configuration; it can be higher or lower than predictions by momentum theory, translating to a decrease or increase in the power coefficient. In this work, a power decrease by up to 15.3 % compared to flat terrain is observed. The maximum power increase is approximately 1.6 %. It is concluded that hub height wind speed or rotor equivalent wind speed are no sufficient measures to universally characterize aerodynamic turbine performance in complex terrain.
Meteorological measurements affected by wind farm cluster wakes: How to deal with waked wind in AEP assessments?
Authors: Mayol ML , Navarro Diaz GP , Vermeij R , Rowen M , Erbslöh S 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis research explores a spectrum of correction methods to predict free wind speed conditions from offshore wind measurements influenced by nearby wind farm clusters. Three of these methods (reference data, wake model and mesoscale model correction) were evaluated at two measurement sites in the German Bight, and a matrix of wake correction factors was obtained for each method. Comparison among methods reveals that all can identify sectors affected by upstream clusters. However, using reference data for correction overestimates impacts at sector limits. Wake and mesoscale model corrections are similar in their proposed correction factors, but the wake method yields lower values due to underestimation of wind farm wake deficits over long distances. When applying the correction factors to the waked measurements, the resulting series did not show significant statistical differences. The choice of correction method is contingent upon factors such as time constraints, availability of information on surrounding wind farms, and desired level of accuracy. The reference method is suggested in the absence of relevant information, while the wake method is recommended when there are time constraints. The mesoscale method can be considered when more time is available.
Generalization of single wake surrogates for multiple and farm-farm wake analysis
Authors: Pish F , Göçmen T , Van Der Laan M P 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Wind farm efficiency is influenced by atmospheric turbulence and wake interactions from preceding turbines. Optimal performance necessitates effective control strategies, encompassing collective/individual pitch (and/or torque) control, yaw control, and innovative techniques, significantly boosting energy capture. Wake effects are crucial, impacting downstream turbines and reducing overall energy extraction. For this purpose, the study of wind farm flow control (WFFC) holds significant relevance in this context. In this study, a Deep Neural Network predicts downstream flow features of a wind turbine under diverse control scenarios, including varying thrust coefficient and yaw control. A feed-forward neural network models the deficit and added turbulent intensity of a single wake, trained using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations as reference data. Linear superposition establishes the wind farm flow field, allowing examination of downstream effects. Another feedforward neural network encompasses wind farm physics such as blockage and wake recovery in and around wind turbine arrays which are overlooked by the single wake model. The methodology employed in this study yields results that are more time-efficient compared to traditional CFD models while maintaining a higher level of accuracy (ideally) than the engineering models, especially when implemented for WFFC without calibration.
Alternative household water affordability metrics using water bill delinquency behavior
Authors: Skerker Jennifer B , Verma Aniket , Edwards Morgan , Rachunok Benjamin , Fletcher Sarah 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Rising water prices threaten affordable access to basic water service in the U.S., especially in low-income communities. Faced with unaffordable water bills, households may use less water than is healthy, forgo other essential services, or fall behind on water bill payments, risking water shutoffs. Affordability ratios (ARs), which express water bills as a fraction of income, are the most common measure of water affordability. However, ARs can underestimate unaffordability due to both spatial aggregation bias and their reliance on indirect proxies for ability to pay. New metrics are needed to identify households at risk of water insecurity due to affordability challenges. Here we investigate alternative water affordability metrics that use water bill late payments and debt to track actual payment behavior at the household level. We define metrics that capture the frequency, duration, and severity of water bill delinquency. We apply these metrics to a case study in Santa Cruz, California, using monthly billing data for approximately 40 000 households from 2009 through 2021. We find large variation in delinquency across households and over time, with higher delinquency linked to proxies for low wealth such as lower assessed home value. Census blocks with similar ARs often have distinct patterns of delinquency behavior, suggesting that block-level median affordability estimates may be masking sub-populations facing affordability challenges. These results highlight the benefits of using multiple, household-level metrics to capture the role affordability plays in household water security.
Integrating multi-source remote sensing data for mapping boreal forest canopy height and species in interior Alaska in support of radar modeling
Authors: Zhao Yu-Huan , Bakian-Dogaheh Kazem , Whitcomb Jane , Chen Richard H , Yi Yonghong , Kimball John S , Moghaddam Mahta 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Vegetation information is essential for analyzing aboveground biomass and understanding subsurface characteristics, such as root biomass, soil organic matter, and soil moisture conditions. In this study, we mapped boreal forest canopy height (FCH) and forest species (FS) distributions in the Delta Junction region of interior Alaska, by integrating multi-source remote sensing observations within a machine learning framework based on the extreme gradient boosting technique. Model inputs included multi-frequency (C-/L-/P-band) SAR observations from Sentinel-1, UAVSAR (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle SAR) and AirMOSS (Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface), and Sentinel-2 optical reflectance data. LVIS (Land Vegetation and Ice Sensor) LiDAR measurements (RH98) and Tanana Valley State Forest timber inventory data were used as respective canopy height and species ground truth data. The combination of multi-source datasets produced the best model performance (RMSE 1.62 m for FCH, and 84.27% overall FS classification accuracy) over other models developed from single source observations. The resulting FCH and FS maps using multi-source datasets were derived at 30 m spatial resolution and showed favorable agreement with plot level field measurements from the Forest Inventory and Analysis record. The model results also captured characteristic differences in stand structure between dominant species and from post-fire vegetation succession. Our results show the potential of multi-source remote sensing observations, including low frequency microwave sensors, for monitoring boreal forest complexity and changes due to global warming.
Combustion Characteristics of Coal with Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) Using Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Chaeruni W , Hadiyanto  , Cahyadi  , Sutardi T 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Indonesian government is commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, so it is necessary to utilize biomass in power generation as an alternative fuel. This study aims to analyze and evaluate combustion characteristics using TG-DTA (Thermo et al.) with coal, palm kernel shells (PKS), and a mixture of palm kernel shells (PKS) with coal. Sample testing was carried out with four variations of the mixture between PK and coal, namely 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, Tests were carried out with nitrogen gas and air with a constant heating rate of 20 °C/min at flow gas of 50 mL/min. Then, the mass reduction is calculated as the heating rate increases up to a temperature of 900 °C. Combustion characteristics can be analyzed by observing the combustion profile graph to obtain derived thermogravimetric data (DTG) to obtain the initiation temperature, temperature burnout, maximum combustion temperature, combustion reactivity, and energy activity of palm kernel shells (PKS), and a mixture of palm kernel shells (PKS) with coal with various composition variations. This research obtained the optimal composition for mixing palm kernel shells (PKS) and coal by TG-DTA.
The performance of floating Photovoltaic system over a small pond in Jakarta.
Authors: Hendarti R , Linggarjati J , Hernawan R A 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
It is recognized that photovoltaic (PV) cells exhibit a drawback when subjected to significant temperature increases. This paper presents an initial study of the performance of Floating PV (FPV) over a pond, encompassing the effect of the PV panel’s surface temperature on the variation of the PV cell efficiency. To facilitate this study, an experimental study was conducted. The experiment deployed four monocrystalline PV panels with a maximum power output (Pmax) of 100 Watts for each panel. These four panels were divided into two sets that each set contain two PV panels. The first set was installed over a small pond with an area of 24 m2 and a depth of 1.2 m, while the other set was placed over a concrete surface with the same area size. The steps of the experiment study were as follows: (1) to measure the PV panel’s surface temperature of the two sets, and (2) to calculate the operating PV cell efficiency using an energy balance equation. The measurement of the PV panel’s temperature was taken hourly from 08.00 AM to 04.00 PM on clear and cloudy day. The data on rainy day was excluded. The study was conducted in an urban area of Jakarta, where the average ambient temperature ranges between 25°C and 30°C. The experimental site conditions are relatively clear, only several trees located on the south of the area. The results indicated that pond has a significant effect on the reduction of the PV panel’s surface temperature as compared to the PV set over the concrete surface. The average temperature reduction is around 3.5°C on a clear day, whereas the maximum reduction is 7.8°C, when the irradiance level rises to around 1000 W/m2. Indeed, the observed improvement of the PV cell efficiency was approximately 3.9% at the highest and in average was around 2%.
Techno-economic Analysis of 100 kWp Floating Solar Photovoltaic for Renewable Energy Mix in Bali – Indonesia
Authors: Abiyasa Agus Putu , Otniel Sihombing Richard Benjamin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
To achieve renewable energy mix target and support the Indonesian Government’s policy on the use of solar power, PT. PLN Indonesia Power Bali has installed Floating Solar Photovoltaic (PV) above the surface of the Muara Nusa Dua reservoir. The 100 kWp Floating Solar PV was showcased at the G20 meeting held in Bali. In this study, a techno-economic analysis was carried out for the 100 kWp Floating Solar PV. The data collected was the real time data from the production of the 100 kWp Floating Solar PV and the costs incurred for the investment. The results of this study showed an average energy yield of 145.93 MWh with expected revenue of Rp 236,406,729.60 annually. Furthermore, the NPV and IRR were calculated and the resulted values were Rp 2,810,168,240.00 and 5.73 %, respectively with payback period approximately of 13 years. This showed that the 100 kWp Floating Solar PV is feasible investment to increase renewable energy mix in Bali – Indonesia.
Characterisation of Polyurethane-urea as Leading-Edge Erosion Resistant Materials of Wind Turbine Blades
Authors: Restasari Afni , Naderizadeh Sara , Kaur Anureet , Akutagawa Keizo , Busfield James , Tan Wei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Surrounded by oceans, building offshore wind turbines is a great strategy for archipelago countries, like Indonesia, to harvest renewable energy from wind. However, because of high rainfall rate, water droplet erosion on wind turbine blades is inevitably to be one of the most challenging problems. It causes decreasing produced energy and increasing cost of maintenance and repairment. A novel coating material which has better mechanical properties is therefore required. As a preliminary step, this work aims to characterise thermal and mechanical properties of soft and hard polyurethane-urea (PUU). In this work, the materials are soft PUU30 which has a hardness of 30 shore A, and hard PUU95 which has a hardness of 95 shore A. Thermal properties are characterised by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), while mechanical properties are investigated by tensile test at various strain rates. The results show that PUU95 has a higher strain rate dependence on modulus, tensile strength, and strain at break, which need to be considered for application regarding the range of wind speeds.
Correlation between Two Sunshine Parameters and Three Hydrometeorological Parameters
Authors: Maftukhah Tatik , Wijonarko Sensus , Purwowibowo  , Rustandi Dadang , Prakosa Jalu A. , Mahmudi  , Hidayat Siddiq Wahyu , Sirenden Bernadus H. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In designing the correct capacity of solar panels that will be used for any project, the designer should know the solar radiation in that area. Next, the UV index data is needed to know if that area is safe from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Unfortunately, solar radiation and UV index data from many hydrometeorological stations are usually rare. Hence, there is a necessity to solve this scarcity. The study, using the correlation method, intends to make the connection between two sunshine parameters (solar radiation and the ultraviolet (UV) index) and three hydrometeorological parameters (air temperature, humidity, or pressure). If these variable couplings are known, we can find the data of solar radiation (or UV index) based on air temperature, humidity, or pressure, which are usually much easier to obtain than solar radiation or UV index. The results showed that the correlation between solar radiation (or UV index) and air temperature, humidity, and pressure was strong positive-linear, strong negative-linear, and no strong correlation, respectively. Because it has a positive correlation, the temperature data have a strong potential to replace solar radiation or UV index data.
Performance Evaluation of High-Energy LiFePO4 Battery Pack for Electric Shuttle
Authors: Firdaus Himma , Supono Ihsan , Lailiyah Qudsiyyatul , Kasiyanto Iput , Kusnandar Nanang , Hanifa Rizky , Ma’arif Riky Alam , Triputra Fadjar Rahino , Purwoadi Michael Andreas , Rahardjo Sasono , Setianingrum Lesti , Hamidah Maratul , Dewi Mustika Fitriana , Purnomo Edhi , Honggowiranto Wagiyo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
For tourism-based electric shuttles, high-energy batteries are crucial. A 200 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery pack has been designed yet lacks performance evaluation. We conducted performance tests based on ISO 12405-4:2018. The battery comprises 24 cells connected in series, resulting in a 72 V output voltage. Under controlled conditions at 23°C, the test assessed charging and discharging at defined C-rates. The study assessed the resistance, capacity, and efficiency. We also monitored heat distribution in the battery system during test to detect abnormalities. The results revealed that the maximum attainable battery charge rate was C/3. Under this rate, the discharge capacity reached 160 Ah, and the battery temperature rose to just below 36.2°C. On the other hand, charging the battery at C/6 yielded 191.5 Ah, which increased the battery temperature to 31°C. Thus, the energy round-trip efficiency was measured at 86.5%. However, charging the battery at C/3 led to the Battery Management System (BMS) overheating, indicated by the casing temperature exceeding 67 °C. The overheating caused severe damage to the BMS charging component and triggered an automatic cut-off. The higher total battery resistance during charging was identified as the root cause of the issue, emphasizing the need for future research to focus on enhancing the BMS for faster and more efficient charging, improving the service reliability of the electric shuttle.
EU Food Law
Authors: Schebesta Hanna , Purnhagen Kai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This book provides a panorama of EU food law and legislation. It covers European Integration and Food Law (Part I); Food Safety Umbrella Laws: The General Food Law Regulation and the Official Controls Regulation (Part II); The Food Law Acquis (Parts III–VII), which comprises food technology law, food safety law, food information law, food quality law, food nutrition law; international food law (Part VIII) and a final chapter that presents the conclusions and an outlook on the future of food law. The book demonstrates that EU food law is currently predominantly food-safety oriented, and outlines initiatives and opportunities for a future of food law that is more oriented towards aspects of sustainability, health, and integrated food system regulation.
Introduction
Authors: Schebesta Hanna , Purnhagen Kai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the purpose of the book, which is to present a panorama of EU food law and legislation. It introduces the main structure of the book, which comprises the following parts: European Integration and Food Law (Part I), Food Safety Umbrella Laws: The General Food Law Regulation and the Official Controls Regulation (Part II), The Food Law Acquis (Parts III–VII), International Food Law (Part VIII), and a final chapter that presents the conclusions and an outlook on the future of food law.
Nutrition and Health Claims
Authors: Schebesta Hanna , Purnhagen Kai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the provisions of the Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation. After a general introduction of its legal basis, scope, and major definitions (sections 14.3–14.5), the general requirements for nutrition and health claims are elaborated (section 14.6). Subsequently, the chapter discusses the specific provisions for nutrition claims (section 14.7) and for the different types of health claims, that is generic health claims, reduction of disease risk claims, and claims referring to children’s development and health (section 14.8), respectively. The chapter concludes by pointing out the limitations of the NHCR in contributing to a food and health agenda (section 14.13).
Normative Data Study of Verbal Fluency and Naming Tests in Elderly People in Costa Rica
Authors: Mora-Villalobos Lara , Brown-Mata Gloriana , Smith-Castro Vanessa , Ramos-Usuga Daniela , Rivera Diego , Arango-Lasprilla Juan Carlos 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objective
To generate normative data for the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) and the Boston Naming Test (BNT) in the Costa Rican population.

Method
The sample consisted of 563 healthy older people (aged 59–90 years). Polynomial multiple regression analyses were run to evaluate the effects of the age, sex, and education variables on VFT and BNT scores.

Results
The results showed a significant linear effect of education on the four-letter VF scores and an effect of sex on the letter P score, with females performing better than males. The explained variance ranged from 20.9% to 28.3%. A linear effect of age and education was also found for the four semantic VF scores, with scores decreasing with increasing age and lower education. The sex variable was significant for all semantic categories, with females performing better than males except in the animal category. The explained variance ranged from 21.7% to 30.9%. In the BNT, a linear effect of education was found, so that the more education, the better the score. In addition, a sex effect was also found, with males having higher scores than females. The predictors of the model explained 9.6% of the variance.

Conclusions
This is the first study that generates normative data for the VF and BNT in the Costa Rican population over 59 years of age based on demographic variables. The use of these normative data will help clinicians in Costa Rica to better understand language functioning in the elderly, allowing for better classification and diagnosis in the future.