bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of anti-lymphocyte immunotoxins containing different ribosome-inactivating proteins and antibodies
Authors: BOLOGNESI A , TAZZARI P L , TASSI C , GROMO G , GOBBI M , STIRPE F 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYImmunotoxins were prepared with several single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs type 1) and with the A-chain of ricin linked to the F(ab′)2 fragment of sheep anti-mouse IgG. The cytotoxic activity of these conjugates was tested on human lymphocytes pretreated with an anti-CD3 murine MoAb. The immunotoxins inhibited DNA synthesis in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes with IC50S (concentrations causing 50% inhibition) ranging from 8·9 × 10−13 to 5·7 × 10−11m (immunotoxins containing dianthin 32, saporin, pokeweed antiviral protein from seeds (PAP-S), bryodin, momordin, momorcochin, and trichokirin), 1 × 10−8m (immunotoxin containing gelonin) and 5 × 10−9m (immunotoxin containing ricin A-chain). The immunotoxin containing saporin linked to the anti-mouse IgG F(ab′)2 fragment was also highly toxic to human lymphocytes pretreated with anti-CD2, -CD3, -CD5 and -CD45 MoAbs, with IC50s ≤ 10−11m. Immunotoxins were prepared also with saporin linked to MoAbs against various CD antigens. The immunotoxin prepared with the anti-CD3 antibody had the highest specific cytotoxicity to human lymphocytes.
Effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β and monocytes on lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) induction from natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes
Authors: YONEDA K , OSAKI T , YAMAMOTO T , UETA E 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYRoles of monocytes and cytokines were investigated on LAK induction from T and NK cells. Monocytes augmented more T-LAK induction than did NK-LAK. Expression of IL-β, TNF-α and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-mRNA and their cytokine production were superior in NK cells compared with T cells in parallel with their LAK activities. An increase of TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ production was induced by co-culturing NK or T cells with autologous monocytes. The augmentation of T cell cytokine production and T-LAK activity by monocytes was more prominent than that of NK cells. TNF-α and IL-1β were generated 24 h after IL-2 stimulation, and these cytokines were able to almost substitute for monocytes in LAK induction. Conversely, LAK induction was almost completely suppressed by both anti-IL-1β and anti-TNF-α antibodies, if they were added within 24 h after the start of the LAK induction. IFN-γ, which was produced at a later stage, scarcely affected LAK induction in spite of the cooperation with TNF-α. The results obtained indicate conclusively that the superiority of NK-LAK depends on their superior productivity of both IL-1β and TNF-α, and that the up-regulation of LAK induction by monocytes is largely due to the enhanced generation of both cytokines.
HIV-1 infection of monocyte-derived macrophages reduces Fc and complement receptor expression
Authors: KENT S J , STENT G , SONZA S , HUNTER S D , CROWE S M 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYFc receptor (FcR) and complement receptor (CR) expression on HIV-infectcd monocyte-derived macrophages may be an important determinant of immune function. We studied the effects of HIV-1 infection of macrophages in vitro on FcR and CR expression. Macrophages were infected with HlV-lpv 7 days following isolation, and the expression of FcgI-III and CR3 were measured at intervals thereafter by flow cytometry. We found a reduction in receptor expression with the percentage of cells expressing FcRI 14 days post infection declining from 77% to 13%, FcRII fell from 96% to 85%. FcRIII from 45%, to 9%. and CR3 from 91%. to 67& 14 days following infection. As these receptors are important for macrophage function, their down-modulation muy contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV-related disease.
Quantitative analysis of C4Ab and C4Bb binding to the C3b/C4b receptor (CR1, CD35)
Authors: REILLY B D , MOLD C 
Published: August 2010

SummaryComplement-dependent clearance of immune complexes in humans is dependent on the activation and binding of the early components of the classical complement cascade. This prevents immune complex precipitation and promotes binding of the complexes by the C4b/C3b complement receptor CR1 (CD35) found on erythrocytes. The fourth component of human complement is encoded by two closely linked genes within the MHC. These genes give rise to the isotypic forms C4A and C4B, and recent studies suggest that CR1 binds activated C4A (C4Ab) to a greater extent than activated C4B (C4Bb). To study this difference in a more quantitative way the binding reactions between CR1 and C4Ab- and C4Bb-coated immune complexes and between CR1 and soluble dimers of C4Ab (C4Ab2) and C4Bb (C4Bb2) were analysed using the native receptor on human erythrocytes. The binding reaction between immune complexes with equivalent amounts of covalently bound C4Ab or C4Bb and erythrocyte CR1 showed a two-fold higher binding of complexes coated with C4A. Furthermore, erythrocyte CR1 bound C4Ab2 with an apparent four-fold higher affinity (Kd= 1·4 × 10−7m) than C4Bb2 (Kd=4·8×10−7m), indicating a preferential binding of CR1 for C4A.
Txk, a member of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase of the Tec family, forms a complex with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and elongation factor 1α and regulates interferon-γ gene transcription in Th1 cells
Authors: Maruyama T , Nara K , Yoshikawa H , Suzuki N 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWe have found previously that Txk, a member of the Tec family tyrosine kinases, is involved importantly in T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine production. However, how Txk regulates interferon (IFN)-γ gene transcription in human T lymphocytes was not fully elucidated. In this study, we identified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) as Txk-associated molecules that bound to the Txk responsive element of the IFN-γ gene promoter. Txk phosphorylated EF-1α and PARP1 formed a complex with them, and bound to the IFN-γ gene promoter in vitro. In particular, the N terminal region containing the DNA binding domain of PARP1 was important for the trimolecular complex formation involving Txk, EF-1α and PARP1. Several mutant Txk which lacked kinase activity were unable to form the trimolecular complex. A PARP1 inhibitor, PJ34, suppressed IFN-γ but not interleukin (IL)-4 production by normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Multi-colour confocal analysis revealed that Txk and EF-1α located in the cytoplasm in the resting condition. Upon activation, a complex involving Txk, EF-1α and PARP1 was formed and was located in the nucleus. Collectively, Txk in combination with EF-1α and PARP1 bound to the IFN-γ gene promoter, and exerted transcriptional activity on the IFN-γ gene.
BY55/CD160 cannot be considered a cytotoxic marker in cytomegalovirus-specific human CD8+ T cells
Authors: Merino J , Ramírez N , Moreno C , Toledo E , Fernández M , Sánchez-Ibarrola A 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCD160/BY55 is a glucosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell membrane receptor that is expressed primarily in natural killer (NK) cells. Its presence in CD8+ T lymphocytes is considered to be a marker of cytotoxic activity, although there are few data in this regard. In the present work, we analysed the expression of CD160 in subpopulations of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8+ T cells. Subpopulations were defined by CD28 and CD57 expression and exhibited varying degrees of differentiation and cytotoxic potential, as evaluated by the expression of perforin, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-7Rα/CD127. We included subjects with different intensities of anti-viral immune response. Results showed that the terminally differentiated CD28– CD57+ subset displaying the highest level of perforin expressed CD160 at a level similar to that of memory CD28+ CD57–perforin– cells. A comparison of the expression of perforin in CD160+ cells versus CD160– cells showed that expression was significantly higher in the absence of CD160. Interestingly, the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell subset from a patient with ongoing CMV reactivation did not begin to express CD160 until day +92 of the follow-up period. Taken together, our data show that CD160 cannot be considered a cytotoxic marker in CMV-specific CD8+ T cells.
The intriguing normal acute inflammatory response in mice lacking vimentin
Authors: Moisan É , Chiasson S , Girard D 
Published: August 2010

SummaryNeutrophils express only two intermediate filament proteins, vimentin and, to a lesser extent, lamin B. Lamin B mutant mice die shortly after birth; however, mice lacking vimentin (vim−/−) develop and reproduce normally. Herein, we investigate for the first time the role of vimentin in general inflammation in vivo and in neutrophil functions ex vivo. Using the murine air pouch model, we show that the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-21 or carageenan is, intriguingly, uncompromised in vim−/− mice and that neutrophil functions are not altered ex vivo. Our results suggest that vimentin is dispensable for the establishment of an acute inflammatory response in vivo. In addition, based on several criteria presented in this study, one has to accept the existence of a very complex compensatory mechanism to explain the intriguing normal inflammatory response in absence of vimentin.
Suppression of lipopolysaccharide- and tumour necrosis factor-α-induced interleukin (IL)-8 expression by glucocorticoids involves changes in IL-8 promoter acetylation
Authors: Tsaprouni L G , Ito K , Adcock I M , Punchard N 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThere is accumulating evidence that the transrepressional effect of glucocorticoids in down-regulating proinflammatory gene expression might be regulated by an action on histone acetylation. To investigate this, we studied the effect of two glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide) on reducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced interleukin (IL)-8 release in a monocytic cell line and two lymphocytic cell lines (HUT-78 and Jurkat). The effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on LPS- and TNF-α-induced IL-8 release and its repression by glucocorticoids was also examined. LPS and TNF-α induced IL-8 release in all three cell lines and this induction was inhibited by both dexamethasone and triamcinolone. Pretreatment of cells with TSA enhanced basal and LPS- and TNFα-stimulated IL-8 release in all three cell lines. TSA also attenuated the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on stimulated IL-8 release. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that LPS and TNF-α enhanced histone acetylation at the IL-8 promoter and that this was inhibited by triamcinolone in all three cell types. Changes in histone acetylation at the IL-8 are important in its regulation by proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents, and modulation of this activity may have therapeutic potential in inflammatory conditions.
Morphological determination of pore connectivity as a function of pore size using serial sections
Authors: VOGEL H. J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe geometry of pore space in soil is considered to be the key in understanding transport of water, gas and solute. However, a quantitative and explicit characterization, by means of a physical interpretation, is difficult because of the geometric complexity of soil structure.Pores larger than 40 μm within two soil horizons have been analysed morphologically on 3‐dimensional digital representations of the pore space obtained by serial sections through impregnated specimens. The Euler‐Poincaré characteristic has been determined as an index of connectivity in three dimensions. The pore connectivity is quantified as a function of the minimum pore diameter considered leading to a connectivity function of the pore space. Different pore size classes were distinguished using 3‐dimensional erosion and dilation. The connectivity function turned out to differentiate between two soil materials. The pore space in an upper Ah horizon is intensely connected through pores between 40 and 100 μm, in contrast to the pore space in the AhBv beneath it. The morphological pore‐size distributions were compared to the pore‐size distribution obtained by water retention measurements. The discrepancy between these different methods corresponds to the expectation due to pore connectivity.
Regression and functional relations
Authors: WEBSTER R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryRegression is frequently abused in soil research. Its proper use is for statistical prediction. It may also be used to calculate equations for calibration A regression equation may be used to express a functional relation between two soil variables that are thought to be dated by some simple mathematical law but only where one of the variables is known exactly. In most other circumstances regression is inappropriate. Where departures from a functional relation are a result of errors of measurement and sampling fluctuation it should be replaced by a structural analysis to find the best equation. Where the underlying relation is truly bivariate it should be described as such.
Sexual and natural selection on body mass and metabolic rates in free‐living bank voles
Authors: Boratyński Zbyszek , Koteja Paweł 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Because energy is a crucial resource, adaptive significance of variation in the rate of energy metabolism, and especially in basal (BMR) and maximum aerobic (VO2max) metabolic rates, is a popular theme in evolutionary and ecological physiology. However, little is known about the association of these traits with fitness components in populations of free‐living animals. 2. We studied the association between body size, the metabolic rates, and reproductive success in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in an isolated, small island population. Correlation analyses were performed for two measures of reproductive performance: mating success (the number of partners with which an individual had any offspring), and overall reproductive success (the number of offspring trapped in the field, calculated for all individuals, including those with no offspring). 3. Direction of the selection on metabolic traits varied between sexes and over time, which could contribute to maintaining a high additive genetic variance of the traits. 4. Mating success and overall reproductive success of males were positively correlated with body size (head width), but not with mass‐independent VO2max. The latter result undermines the hypothesis that evolution of high aerobic capacity could be driven by a selection for traits important in male competition. 5. Overall reproductive success was positively correlated with basal metabolic rate. The result corroborates the hypothesis that high BMR and endothermy in mammals could evolve as consequences of intensive parental care evolution. However, the generality of such a correlation remains uncertain and warrants further research.
Genome‐wide analysis of transcriptomic divergence between laboratory colony and fieldAnopheles gambiaemosquitoes of the M and S molecular forms
Authors: Aguilar R. , Simard F. , Kamdem C. , Shields T. , Glass G. E. , Garver L. S. , Dimopoulos G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOur knowledge ofAnopheles gambiaemolecular biology has mainly been based on studies using inbred laboratory strains. Differences in the environmental exposure of these and natural field mosquitoes have inevitably led to physiological divergences. We have used global transcript abundance analyses to probe into this divergence, and identified transcript abundance patterns of genes that provide insight on specific adaptations of caged and field mosquitoes. We also compared the gene transcript abundance profiles of field mosquitoes belonging to the two morphologically indistinguishable but reproductively isolated sympatric molecular forms, M and S, from two different locations in the Yaoundé area of Cameroon. This analysis suggested that environmental exposure has a greater influence on the transcriptome than does the mosquito's molecular form‐specific genetic background.
Vocabulary learning by mobile‐assisted authentic content creation and social meaning‐making: two case studies
Authors: Wong L‐H. , Looi C‐K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn recent years, we have witnessed the concomitant rise of communicative and contextualized approaches as well as the paradigmatic development of the mobile‐assisted language learning (MALL) framework in analysing language learning. The focus of MALL research has gradually shifted from content‐based (delivery of learning content through mobile devices) to design‐oriented (authentic and/or social mobile learning activities) study. In this paper, we present two novel case studies of MALL that emphasize learner‐created content. In learning English prepositions and Chinese idioms, respectively, the primary school students used the mobile devices assigned to them on a one‐to‐one basis to take photos in real‐life contexts so as to construct sentences with the newly acquired prepositions or idioms. Subsequently, the learners were voraciously engaged in classroom or online discussion of their semantic constructions, thereby enhancing their understanding of the proper usage of the prepositions or idioms. This work shows the potential of transforming language learning into an authentic seamless learning experience.
Some observations on certain tabanid flies in North‐Eastern Zululand (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Authors: Tinley K. L. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe relationship between the activities of three species of Tabanidae and the behaviour of hippopotamuses in north‐eastern Zululand is described. Notes on the seasonal occurrence of Tabanids in the area, and records of the prey attacked by 13 species, are given.
Two gynandromorphs of Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orthoptera: Acridoidea): morphology and behaviour
Authors: Pener M. P. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISTwo instances of gynandromorphism, one in a common and the other in an albino strain of S. gregaria are reported. The external morphology of the fifth (last) instar nymph as well as the external morphology, internal genital organs and sexual behaviour of the adult of the common strain are described. The external morphology, internal genital organs and sexual behaviour of the adult of the albino strain are also described. The bearing of the results on the comparative morphology of the external genitalia in Acridoidea, and the sexual behaviour of the gynandromorphs in the light of the anatomical findings, are discussed.
Egg resorption in Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Hopkins C. R. , King P. E. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISEgg resorption in Nasonia vitripennis, a parasite on the pupal stage of muscoid flies, was investigated histochemically and the changes in the carbohydrates, nucleic acids, protems and lipies of the egg yolk are described. Three types of yolk particle were demonstrated, which varied in their reaction to the histochemical tests used. An account is given of the changes in distribution in the resorbing egg of the yolk particles, alkaline phosphatase and RNA.
The time elapsing between oviposition and biting in the mosquito Mansonia (Coquillettidia) fuscopennata (Theobald)
Authors: Corbet Philip S. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISAn account is given of the oviposition cycle and the biting cycle in parous females of Mansonia fuscopennata, and the relationship between the major features of each is discussed.
The structure of the eggs of the British Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera)
Authors: Hartley J. C. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISDescriptions of the chorion structure of the eggs of 10 of the 11 species of British Tettigoniids are given. The eggs of the eleventh species, Phaneroptera falcatu, were unobtainable but those of the closely related P. nana are described instead. The chorion structure shows fundamental differences between the subfamilies, but only minor differences within them. A key for the identification of the eggs is included.
The life history and fecundity of Folsomia Candida (Willem) var. distincta (Bagnall) (Collembola: Isotomidae)
Authors: Green C. D. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISAn account is given of the life history of Folsomia candida var. distincta, based on individual laboratory cultures of females reproducing parthenogenetically. The oviposition rhythm of isolated individuals is recorded.
The source and specificity of trail pheromones in Termitopone, Monomorium and Huberia, and their relation to those of some other ants
Authors: Blum M. S. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe sources and specificity of the odour trail pheromones in the ponerine Termitopone laevigata, three species of Monomorium, and Huberia striata, have been determined. The lack of specificity of trail pheromones produced in the poison gland is discussed in terms of trace constituents which are common to myrmicine venoms. The chemistry of the poison gland secretions produced by the major formicid subfamilies is discussed.
Laboratory studies on the aggregation of feeding Dysdercus intermedius Distant (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae)
Authors: Youdeowei Anthony 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISAn account is given of the formation of aggregations on cotton seeds by Dysdercus intermedius. The part played by visual and olfactory stimuli in the formation of these aggregations is discussed, and a possible mechanism for the formation of feeding aggregations by adults in the field is suggested.
The life‐history of the Eastern Lubber Grasshopper, Romalea microptera (Beauvois), (Orthoptera: Acrididae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Hunter‐Jones Philip 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISAn account is given of nymphal coloration and of the number and duration of nymphal instars, and the adult coloration is described. Observations on oviposition are recorded, and the correlation of egg‐pod production with female longevity is noted. The effect of temperature on the incubation period of the eggs is discussed.
Polymorphism in the male of the mealy bug Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell)
Authors: Hafez Mahmoud , Salama H. S. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe occurrence of polymorphism in the male of the sugar cane mealy bug, Saccharicoccus sacchari, is recorded. Three different forms of adult males are recorded and described.
Comparative studies on reciprocal interchange of the corpora allata between males and females of adult Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Pener M. P. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisAn account is given of the effect of implanted male and female corpora allata on sexual behaviour of males, on oöcyte growth in females and on colour changes of both sexes in previously allotectomised adults of Schistocerca gregaria.
Pheromones of the queen honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) which enable her workers to follow her when swarming
Authors: Butler C. G. , Simpson J. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisAn account is given of the two pheromones that together enable swarming worker honeybees to find and cluster with their queen. The part played by these pheromones in various aspects of honeybee behaviour is discussed.
The “venom” system of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Ratcliffe N. A. , King P. E. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisThe structure of the acid and alkaline glands of Nasonia vitripennis is described, and the method by which the secretions of the acid gland are transferred to the ovipositor is discussed.
On the ecology of Anthocoris nemorum (L.) (Hemiptera‐Heteroptera)
Authors: Collyer Elsie 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisThe host relationships of Anthocoris nemorum (L.) are reviewed. Activities and seasonal trends in populations of the first and second generations in orchards in Kent are discussed, and an account is given of the life history of individuals reared in anoutdoor insectary.