bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE FACILITIES
Authors: Roe Arnold , Segal Earl 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe steps in conducting a generalized engineering design analysis for flowing channel aquaculture systems are: 1) List all factors which can affect the design; 2) Develop numerous alternative engineering designs for the important flowing channel subsystems, such as the water containment subsystems, the energy subsystems, and the materials handling subsystems; 3) Examine the economic trade‐offs using various combinations of subsystem components to determine the best system for a given set of conditions. This procedure is illustrated in an analysis of an aquaculture facility for Greece.
TWO YEARS OF SALMONID WINTER CULTURE EXPERIMENTS IN COASTAL ALABAMA1
Authors: Tatum Walter M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTExperiments in the winter culture of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in brackish water were conducted during the fall and winter 1971–72 and 1972–73. Similar experiments with coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were conducted during the fall and winter of 1972–73. Gains produced during each culture period with rainbow trout were substantial and resulted in a product we consider of marketable size. Coho salmon did not match gains produced on rainbow trout; however, their tolerance to warm‐water enabled their culture to be extended 6‐weeks beyond that of rainbow trout. This paper discusses culture techniques used and production data obtained during these 2 years of salmonid winter culture.
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS FOR THE CULTIVATION OF INVERTEBRATES AS FOOD FOR FISHES AND CRUSTACEANS
Authors: Persoone G. , Sorgeloos P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDevices and MethodsTechnological problems can be considered as one of the bottlenecks of research concerned with culturing aquatic invertebrates, as well at the laboratory –as at the pilot– or mass scale.Too many scientists are still using conventional items such as beakers, flasks or aquaria as the only culturing equipment.Invariably they will be confronted with three of the major difficulties in keeping organisms alive in the laboratory:a) oxygenation problemsb) circulation of the foodc) sedimentation problemsWe decided to adapt the shape of our culturing vessels to the aeration, circulation and suspension problems, instead of trying to solve the latter in conventional culturing jars, with the help of elaborate or cumbersome air‐supplying or pumping devices.Most of our culturing equipment has either funnel‐shaped bottoms or are narrow, high cylinders, with a very small bottom area from which the sedimentated food particles are easily “blown back” into suspension by air‐bubbling.A number of devices and systems have been developed for smallscale or mass‐scale culturing of algae, pelagic and benthic invertebrates, and fish larvae, as well as an interesting culturing unit with automatic continuous separation of the progeny.A peculiarity of the different systems described is that the only involved power supply is compressed air which (as a good conductor) has various functions: aeration, circulation, resuspension and providing carbon dioxide to the algae.For details on the culturing equipment, we refer the reader to our paper in press in “Aquaculture” where the devices are described and commented.Hatching and Culturing of the Brine Shrimp Artemia salina L.Although extensive fundamental research has been performed on the brine shrimp, Artemia salina L., the yields of hatching and culturing of this organism can greatly be improved.The hatching and separation techniques, commonly used in hatcheries are discussed. Better hatching results were obtained by using funnel‐shaped plastic or glass cylinders and by exposing the immersed cysts to light.This technique made it possible to hatch densities up to 10g cysts per liter with a yield of 80 to 95% depending on the brand.The separation of the nauplii from the hatching debris could be improved by using a modified version of a cylindrical separator box.According to the literature, controlled mass culture of brine shrimp larvae to the adult stage seems to be very difficult. A new technique of high density culturing in a pilot‐scale system is described: the larvae are kept at a density of 3 larvae per ml in 30 1 columns and aerated at regular intervals.The nauplii develop to adults within two weeks on a diet of dried algae, with a yield of more than 80,000 adults per column. For details and data we refer the reader to a paper in press in the journal “Aquaculture”.
Selective Breeding of the Fresh and Brackish‐Water Shrimp Macrobrachium Acanthurus
Authors: Dobkin Sheldon , van Montfrans Jack , Holland Denise H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA second year of work on the selective breeding of Macrobrachium acanthurus resulted in the rearing of the F2and F3generations to maturity, and the F4generation to the juvenile stage. A comparison of the growth of the F1and F3generations reared during roughly comparable periods in successive years shows that 129 F1generation animals with an average age of 188 days had a mean size of 8.6 cm and 127 F3generation animals with an average age of 177 days had a mean size of 9.4 cm. This increase in size is attributable partly to an increase in the percentage of males in the pond population, from 25% for the F1generation to 65% for the F3generation, and partly to the greater growth of F3females. The radical change in the sex ratio was brought about by selecting the largest postlarval animals for our primary pond rearing experiment. The remaining postlarvae, selected from the same broods, were reared separately and at an average age of 178 days showed a sex ratio of 18% male and 82% female.
Increased Production of Tank‐Reared Macrobrachium rosenbergii THROUGH USE OF ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Sandifer Paul A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe giant Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), is aggressive and cannibalistic when reared at high densities. In two experiments use of artificial substrates was tested as a means of increasing production. In experiment I, after 4 weeks average prawn mortality was 4 times greater in tanks (95 liters) not containing substrates than in tanks fitted with five‐tiered horizontal substrate units.In experiment II the effects of substrates and substrate configuration on prawn production were examined in larger tanks (2.2 kl). Prawns reared in tanks containing either the horizontal or vertical substrates grew faster and had a higher survival than those reared in tanks not containing the substrates. In addition, feed utilization was less efficient and cannibalism became apparent at a much smaller size among prawns reared in tanks without substrates. Biomass production and survival were slightly greater among prawns reared in tanks containing a horizontal substrate configuration than among prawns in the vertical configuration.
GROWTH AND BEHAVIOR OF POST JUVENILE Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de MAN) IN CLOSE CONFINEMENT
Authors: Segal Earl 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMacrobrachium rosenbergii is under examination in various parts of the world as a potential culture animal. Unfortunately, M. rosenbergii does not aggregate and has been reported to be aggressive and cannibalistic. The suitability of the animal for intensive culture in closed systems has not been established.In this study experiments have been carried out on growth rate, molting frequency, and incidence of cannibalism among equal age grouped and isolated M. rosenbergii of different sex and size with and without shelters and with and without removal of the second periopods.In groups, more aggressive males and females grow faster than less aggressive males and females. In isolation, males, on the average, grow faster for a longer period and thus get bigger. Molting frequency does not appear to be directly related to growth rate, but rather growth rate is related to food consumption, regardless of the molting frequency. Comparing equal age animals of different size, small animals molt more frequently than large animals but grow more slowly. The incidence of cannibalism is high. Cannibalism invariably follows attacks made on animals undergoing molt. The larger an animal the greater the chance of a kill, but small animals will attack larger animals and two or more animals may attack a single animal. Shelters which can be defended can reduce the incidence of cannibalism.
Maturation and Spawning in Captivity of Penaeid Shrimp: Penaeus merguiensis de Man Penaeus japonicus Bate Penaeus aztecus Ives Metapenaeus ensis de Hann Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan
Authors:   Aquacop,
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAs no indigenous species of commercial penaeid shrimp live in the waters of French Polynesia, the preliminary step in developing shrimp aquaculture was to obtain maturation and spawning in captivity.Five species have been investigated. Wild‐caught juveniles from the New Caledonia lagoon (P. merguiensis, P. semisulcatus, M. ensis) and postlarvae from the Galveston NMFS laboratory (P. aztecus) and Fujinaga Institute (P. japonicus) have been used to obtain adult stock.Experiments on larval rearing and growth of these species are in progress.Shrimps are reared in circular tanks of 12 m3with a continuous water circulation through a coral sand bed. Rate of exchange is from 1 to 3 times a day. Throughout the year water temperature is between 25 and 29 C, salinity around 34.5 ppt, and pH 8.2. Solar energy is reduced by shade covers. Artificial pellets of different composition are given as food. In these conditions we have obtained: 1) about 1,000 spawnings and two generations in captivity from September 1973 to September 1974 with P. merguiensis; 2) spawnings of M. ensis in 1973; 3) four spawnings of P. japonicus in September 1974; 4) about 20 spawnings of P. aztecus, but only after removing one eyestalk; 5) maturation signs in P. semisulcatus but no spawning.
Jeanne D. Joseph1
Authors: Williams Josephine E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA commercial crustacean diet (7% lipid) was impregnated with oil (3% by weight) extracted from heads of Penaeus setiferus and fed to juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii. After 3 weeks these prawns contained no more total lipid (1.4%) than control prawns fed the unaltered diet (1.3%), but changes in fatty acid composition were apparent. Whereas the sums of the saturates (25%), the monounsaturates (20%) and the polyunsaturates (54%) were the same for both groups, the experimental animals contained 6% more ω3 fatty acids and 6% less ω6 fatty acids than the control animals. Both groups contained the same percentage of ω3 fatty acids that were found in their respective diets, suggesting a retention of ω3 family acids.A more striking difference between the two groups was the far greater pigmentation in the experimental animals. Shrimp meals have been utilized in mariculture diets for a number of years, but these meals lack the pigmentation of fresh shrimp wastes because the carotenoids deteriorate when exposed to light, heat, and atmospheric oxygen. In contrast, oil extracted from the raw wastes is rich in carotenoids which are rapidly transmitted in the diet to laboratory reared prawns and result in a product more acceptable, visually, to the consumer.
Engineering Aspects of Bivalve Molluscan Mariculture: Culture System Configurations
Authors: Pruder Gary D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe University of Delaware Mariculture Project is working toward development of commercial, closed‐cycle, controlled environment shellfish mariculture. Thus far, three principal controlled environment system configurations have been designed and utilized. Each of these systems served a specific purpose.The technical feasibility of raising bivalve mollusks from egg to market size in a recirculating system with a diet of cultured algae has been demonstrated. Currently system optimization and cost reduction efforts are working toward achievement of an economically feasible system. Each of the principal system configurations is described and the essential differences among them discussed.
Past, Present, and Future Trends in Cultural Techniques and Oyster Production in the State of Washington
Authors: Westley Ronald E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTechniques of oyster culture in Washington state have changed markedly since the inception of the industry in the late 1920's. Annual source of seed has shifted from Japan to domestic sources. Many steps in mechanization have been successfully introduced. Improvement in economic conditions and in survival of oyster seed are are two major problems facing the industry.
Culture of the Mangrove Oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae GUILDING, IN PUERTO RICO
Authors: Watters Kenneth W. , Prinslow Thomas E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTExperiments to determine commercial feasibility of mangrove oyster culture in Puerto Rico have been underway since early 1973. Most of the work has been carried out in Rincon Lagoon, a rich mangrove‐lined estuary subject to periodic salinity fluctuations. The bulk of commercial oyster harvesting on the island is presently carried out in this lagoon.Initial experiments consisted of monitoring growth of oysters in bags in several locations. Cultch strings made of cut‐up tire casings were then suspended from two 3 times 4 m rafts, utilizing natural set from oysters growing on mangroves. Although a reasonable set and good growth was obtained, this method was very cumbersome. A revised method of cultching, consisting of 46 times 71 cm frames suspended from rafts, was used. The frames, utilizing several materials such as concrete‐coated plywood and plastic sheeting, showed sustained mean growth rates of 0.7 mm per day, with maximum individual rates of 1.4 mm per day.A program monitoring spatfall, salinity, and temperature was also carried out in an effort to determine the timing of natural spatfall in the lagoon. It appeared that spatfall closely followed drops in salinity.
Initial Development of Artificial Diets for the Lobster, Homarus americanus1
Authors: Conklin Douglas E. , Devers Kathryn , Shleser Robert A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGrowth trials are described for a series of artificial diets designed for the lobster, Homarus americanus. Methods of preparation and ingredients used for each of the manufactured feeds are presented. Details of experimental conditions are provided and results of growth trials are discussed. The influence of animals of differing genetic backgrounds on the results are also delineated.Normalized biomass increase, defining growth response as a function of survivability and wet weight increase, shows two promising artificial diets for use in studies on lobster nutrition. Diet 1, similar to a standard shrimp diet (Zein‐Eldin and Meyers, 1973), gives 39% of the growth response of control animals fed live brine shrimp. Diet 2 is more nutritionally defined and yields 25% of the growth response of the control group.
Status of Commercial Net‐Pen Farming of Pacific Salmon in Puget Sound
Authors: Mahnken Conrad V. W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCommercial salmon farms producing coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) have been established at several sites within central and southern Puget Sound, Washington. From an experimental salmon farm in 1971–72 that produced 60 metric tons of pan‐size fish, the industry has grown in 1973–74 to a production estimated at 350 metric tons.Although the technical feasibility of saltwater pen culture has been demonstrated, certain problems hinder a profitable operation. The major constraints are disease, availability of feeds and saltwater farm sites, institutional barriers (laws and regulations), and knowledge of saltwater hasbandry.
Some Forms of Gill Disease in Penaeid Shrimp1
Authors: Lightner D. V. , Fontaine C. T. , Hanks Kenneth 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGill disease in penaeid shrimp is a complex of several afflictions, any of which may result in death of affected animals either by outright destruction of the gills or by suffocation resulting from mechanical blockage of gas exchange across the surface of the gill lamellae. Organisms demonstrated to cause gill disease in penaeids include an imperfect fungus that belongs to the genus Fusarium, at least two types of epicommensal peritrichs that belong to the genera Zoothamnium and Lagenophrys, and a filamentous bacterium that superficially resembles Leucothrix mucor.“Black gills” or melanization of the gill process is a sign of several forms of gill disease and is not a disease in itself. “Black gills” occur in shrimp with heavy infestations of Lagenophrys.“Black gills” are not usually seen in animals that have heavy infestations on the surface of the gills of either the epicommensal peritrich Zoothamnium or the filamentous bacterium. Detritus and algae are often trapped by these epicommensals, and this results in gills that range in color from green to dark brown.Demonstrable histological damage to the gills does not occur in shrimp dying from heavy infestations of the filamentous bacterium or Zoothamnium. Histopathological changes are readily demonstrated in animals having Fusarium infections and in animals with the epicommensal Lagenophrys sp.
Filamentous Infestations Observed on Eggs and Larvae of Cultured Crustaceans1
Authors: Nilson E. H. , Fisher W. S. , Shleser R. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA variety of filamentous microorganisms infesting eggs, larvae, and postlarval crustacea are described. The mode of action of some of these microorganisms are considered, and the consequences of specific therapy are discussed.
The Selection of Sites for Aquaculture
Authors: New Michael B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe success of all aquaculture units, whether they are research and development or production facilities, is fundamentally based on the suitability of the sites chosen for them. Many of the fish farming ventures which have failed have done so largely because of the inadequate examination of this factor. Cursory site inspection may save money and certainly minimizes delay in commencing new aquaculture ventures, but it may also pay poor dividends. It may prove impossible or prohibitively expensive to try to improve the suitability of an established aquaculture site, and the expenditure already made on it may be placed in jeopardy because of early false economy. This paper suggests techniques for adequate site examination, using a coastal site as an example, and makes a plea for the delineation of areas with good aquaculture potential by public authorities so that they may be reserved and protected for future use.
Criteria for Candidate Species for Aquaculture
Authors: Webber Harold H. , Riordan Pauline F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe nature of the animal taxa that are the most probable candidates for an intensive, commercial aquatic animal husbandry industry is considered. A characterization is presented of those biological criteria that lend the species the necessary physiological and genetic malleability to be adapted and molded into a domesticated race. The animal cultivated must be amenable to intensive management in high‐density confinements such as those now being engineered for high‐yield aquaculture. Attributes considered are discussed in the context of the various aquacultural ecosystems in which the species is expected to achieve satisfactory growth and survival. Together with bionomic criteria, economic requirements are posed and evaluated in an effort to define a socially and financially profitable agribusiness system. Investment requirements and operating costs are considered in terms of expected returns. However, since production alone is insufficient to sustain an enterprise‐i.e., the product must be sold‐production costs must be judged against market values. Therefore, ultimate use or consumer acceptance criteria are incorporated into the list of essential requirements for a candidate species for aquafarming.
Viability of a Phytoflagellate After Freezing1
Authors: Flassch J. P. , Salaun G. , Normant Y. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe Prasinophyceae Tetraselmis suecica Butcher, was cultivated at a density of 2 to 3 million cells per ml and was concentrated with a decanting centrifugal extractor at 1 m3/hr flow. The samples, obtained in the form of a paste, were diluted to 50 times 106 cells per ml and mixed with two cryoprotective agents such as glycerol (10, 20, 30%) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 5, 10, 15%), then frozen and stored at ‐25 C.After a l month period, results by decreasing order of viability are as follows: glycerol, 10% 20%, DMSO 15%, glycerol 10%, a starting culture of 0.69 times 106 cells per ml in 500 ml sea water enriched with Conway stock solution reached 5.49 times 106 cells per ml culture at the end of 4 days.The aim of these experiments was to obtain a good conservation of phytoflagellate “master cultures” and to store seed cultures so that they could be distributed to “field hatcheries”, eliminating the need for them to produce their own seed cultures which must be voluminous in order to obtain the rapid and efficient growth of the necessary large volume cultures.
A New Experimental Saltwater Fish Rearing Facility on the West Coast of Canada
Authors: Kennedy W. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe physical plant of an experimental fishfarm completed in late 1974 is described. The plant includes standard hatchery facilities for salmon and, of special interest, pens in the sea for rearing about 50,000 pan‐size salmon annually. The pens are boxes of nylon netting supported by ferroconcrete floats and held in shape by a unique system. Because of marine fouling, nets are changed periodically by a technique that allows the fish to be herded from fouled to clean net without removal from the water. The net changing technique includes an easy method for estimating the number of fish transferred.
A Modular Nitrification Filter Design Based on a Study of the Kinetics of Nitrification of Marine Bacteria
Authors: Srna Richard F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe scope and significance of the problem of maintaining the quality of the water in recirculating mariculture systems is discussed. A quantitative study of the kinetics of important nutrient cycles is proposed as a means of establishing minimum system volumes, optimization of design, and the requisite environmental controls. Significant results in a study of inorganic nutrient nitrogen cycling and toxicity in recirculating systems is reported. A modular filter design suggested by a study of the kinetics of nitrification in marine systems demonstrates how a knowledge of kinetic and chemical factors can lead to more efficient water treatment hardware.
The Relationship Between Biotic Variety and the Efficiency of Biological Filtration in Closed Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Foster Neal R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSophisticated, carefully engineered biological filtration systems have the potential of being the least costly and most efficient method for the maintenance of good water quality (necessary for proper health, feeding, growth, and reproduction of the cultured organisms) in closed or semiclosed aquaculture systems. However, certain questions need to be answered. For example, what constitutes a “good” biological filter community under a given set of environmental conditions (salinity, temperature, flow velocity)? Are there particular “indicator” species whose population changes signal changes in the efficiency of the biological filtration system? What is the role of predation and cropping of the bacterial populations in the system? Some tentative answers are suggested to these and other questions.