bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probability of Identification: A Statistical Model for the Validation of Qualitative Botanical Identification Methods
Authors: LaBudde Robert A , Harnly James 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A qualitative botanical identification method (BIM) is an analytical procedure that returns a binary result (1 = Identified, 0 = Not Identified). A BIM may be used by a buyer, manufacturer, or regulator to determine whether a botanical material being tested is the same as the target (desired) material, or whether it contains excessive nontarget (undesirable) material. The report describes the development and validation of studies for a BIM based on the proportion of replicates identified, or probability of identification (POI), as the basic observed statistic. The statistical procedures proposed for data analysis follow closely those of the probability of detection, and harmonize the statistical concepts and parameters between quantitative and qualitative method validation. Use of POI statistics also harmonizes statistical concepts for botanical, microbiological, toxin, and other analyte identification methods that produce binary results. The POI statistical model provides a tool for graphical representation of response curves for qualitative methods, reporting of descriptive statistics, and application of performance requirements. Single collaborator and multicollaborative study examples are given.
Determination of Total Iodine in Foods and Dietary Supplements Using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sullivan Darryl , Zywicki Richard 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A method was developed and validated for the determination of total iodine in a wide variety of food products and dietary supplements. The method involves a unique sample digestion with a KOH solution in an oven or by using an open-vessel microwave system. After digestion, a stabilizer is added and the solution is taken to volume, then filtered and analyzed either directly or after dilution. The amount of iodine is determined with inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method was validated by experiments to determine its precision, accuracy, linearity, specificity, ruggedness, and robustness. The LOQ of this method is 25–50 μg/kg. The method demonstrated an average RSD of 2.27% during analysis of milk powder and 4.30% during analysis of a dietary supplement tablet reference material. The accuracy of the method as determined with these same reference materials was 100 and 94.2%, respectively. The method has been used successfully on commodity foods, processed foods, dairy products, pet food, infant formula, animal feed, mineral premixes, and a variety of dietary supplements.
Determination of Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, Phosphorus, Sodium, and Zinc in Fortified Food Products by Microwave Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation and Ring Trial
Authors: Poitevin Eric 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A single-laboratory validation (SLV) and a ring trial (RT) were undertaken to determine nine nutritional elements in food products by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry in order to modernize AOAC Official MethodSM 984.27. The improvements involved extension of the scope to all food matrixes (including infant formula), optimized microwave digestion, selected analytical lines, internal standardization, and ion buffering. Simultaneous determination of nine elements (calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, and zinc) was made in food products. Sample digestion was performed through wet digestion of food samples by microwave technology with either closed- or open-vessel systems. Validation was performed to characterize the method for selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, ruggedness, and uncertainty. The robustness and efficiency of this method was proven through a successful RT using experienced independent food industry laboratories. Performance characteristics are reported for 13 certified and in-house reference materials, populating the AOAC triangle food sectors, which fulfilled AOAC criteria and recommendations for accuracy (trueness, recovery, and z-scores) and precision (repeatability and reproducibility RSD, and HorRat values) regarding SLVs and RTs. This multielemental method is cost-efficient, time-saving, accurate, and fit-for-purpose according to ISO 17025 Norm and AOAC acceptability criteria, and is proposed as an extended updated version of AOAC Official MethodSM 984.27 for fortified food products, including infant formula.
Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Heart Disease
Authors: Wong Julia M W , Esfahani Amin , Singh Natasha , Villa Christopher R , Mirrahimi Arash , Jenkins David J A , Kendall Cyril W C 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Modulation of the gut microbiota is an area of growing interest, particularly for its link to improving and maintaining the systemic health of the host. It has been suggested to have potential to reduce risk factors associated with chronic diseases, such as elevated cholesterol levels in coronary heart disease (CHD). Diets of our evolutionary ancestors were largely based on plant foods, high in dietary fiber and fermentable substrate, and our gut microbiota has evolved against a background of such diets. Therapeutic diets that mimic plant-based diets from the early phases of human evolution may result in drug-like cholesterol reductions. In contrast, typical Western diets low in dietary fiber and fermentable substrate, and high in saturated and trans fatty acids, are likely contributors to the increased need for pharmacological agents for cholesterol reduction. The gut microbiota of those consuming a Western diet are likely underutilized and depleted of metabolic fuels, resulting in a less than optimal gut microbial profile. As a result, this diet is mismatched to our archaic gut microbiota and, therefore, to our genome, which has changed relatively little since humans first appeared. While the exact mechanism by which the gut microbiota may modulate cholesterol levels still remains uncertain, end products of bacterial fermentation, particularly the short chain fatty acids (i.e., propionate), have been suggested as potential candidates. While more research is required to clarify the potential link between gut microbiota and CHD risk reduction, consuming a therapeutic diet rich in plant foods, dietary fiber, and fermentable substrate would be a useful strategy for improving systemic health, possibly by altering the gut microbiota.
Antifoaming Agents
Authors: Hilberer Alain , Chao Sung‐Hsuen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA review is presented of the materials used to control or eliminate foam in industrial processes and how these materials function. These materials are classified by their chemical type. The main active liquid‐phase components are hydrocarbon oils, polyethers, and silicone fluids; the main solid‐phase components are waxy hydrocarbons and hydrophobic silica. Formulating the antifoam active into a suitable delivery system is essential to ensure optimal performance in terms of activity, physical and chemical stability, cost, ease of use and for preventing negative side, and downstream effects. Examples of formulations for antifoams delivery in dispersions, emulsions, or powders are described. The mechanisms of foaming and defoaming are outlined with an emphasis on surface behavior such as entering, spreading, bridging, stretching, and dewetting phenomena. The importance of entry barrier on the rapidity of antifoaming action, the role of dispersed hydrophobic solids, and the mechanism of antifoam deactivation are highlighted. Applications in various areas are briefly reviewed, including pulp and paper, fermentation, paints, coatings and inks, oil and petrochemicals, cleaning compounds, wastewater treatment, metal working, polymerization, construction, textiles, fertilizers, food and beverages, leather, adhesives and sealants, chemical processing, and, medical and pharmaceuticals. Economic and health and safety factors are considered. Test methods, such as pneumatic, dynamic, shaking, pouring, stirring, and blending methods, are also briefly reviewed.
Metal‐Free Growth of Nanographene on Silicon Oxides for Transparent Conducting Applications
Authors: Medina Henry , Lin Yung‐Chang , Jin Chuanhong , Lu Chun‐Chieh , Yeh Chao‐Hui , Huang Kun‐Ping , Suenaga Kazu , Robertson John , Chiu Po‐Wen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractConventional methods to prepare large‐area graphene for transparent conducting electrodes involve the wet etching of the metal catalyst and the transfer of the graphene film, which can degrade the film through the creation of wrinkles, cracks, or tears. The resulting films may also be obscured by residual metal impurities and polymer contaminants. Here, it is shown that direct growth of large‐area flat nanographene films on silica can be achieved at low temperature (400 °C) by chemical vapor deposition without the use of metal catalysts. Raman spectroscopy and TEM confirm the formation of a hexagonal atomic network of sp2‐bonded carbon with a domain size of about 3–5 nm. Further spectroscopic analysis reveals the formation of SiC between the nanographene and SiO2, indicating that SiC acts as a catalyst. The optical transmittance of the graphene films is comparable with transferred CVD graphene grown on Cu foils. Despite the fact that the electrical conductivity is an order of magnitude lower than CVD graphene grown on metals, the sheet resistance remains 1–2 orders of magnitude better than well‐reduced graphene oxides.
Ultrasensitive, Biocompatible, Quantum‐Dot‐Embedded Silica Nanoparticles for Bioimaging
Authors: Jun Bong‐Hyun , Hwang Do Won , Jung Heung Su , Jang Jaeho , Kim Hyunsoo , Kang Homan , Kang Taegyu , Kyeong San , Lee Hyeokjae , Jeong Dae Hong , Kang Keon Wook , Youn Hyewon , Lee Dong Soo , Lee Yoon‐Sik 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe successful development of highly sensitive, water‐compatible, nontoxic nanoprobes has allowed nanomaterials to be widely employed in various applications. The applicability of highly bright quantum dot (QD)‐based probes consisting of QDs on 120 nm silica nanoparticles (NPs) with silica shells is investigated. Their substantial merits, such as their brightness and biocompatibility, for effective bioimaging are demonstrated. Silica‐coated, QD‐embedded silica NPs (Si@QDs@Si NPs) containing QDs composed of CdSe@ZnS (core‐shell) are prepared to compare their structure‐based advantages over single QDs that have a similar quantum yield (QY). These Si@QDs@Si NPs exhibit approximately 200‐times stronger photoluminescence (PL) than single QDs. Cytotoxicity studies reveal that the Si@QDs@Si NPs are less toxic than equivalent numbers of silica‐free single quantum dots. The excellence of the Si@QDs@Si NPs with regard to in vivo applications is illustrated by significantly enhanced fluorescence signals from Si@QDs@Si‐NP‐tagged cells implanted in mice. Notably, a more advanced version of QD‐based silica NPs (Si@mQDs@Si NPs), containing multishell quantum dots (mQDs) composed of CdSe@CdS@ZnS, are prepared without significant loss of QY during surface modification. In addition, the Si@mQDs@Si NPs display a fivefold higher fluorescence activity than the Si@QDs@Si NPs. As few as 400 units of Si@mQDs@Si‐ NP‐internalized cells can be detected in the cell‐implanted mouse model.
Effect of Elastic Network of Ceramic Fillers on Thermal Cycle Stability of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack
Authors: Lee Jong‐Ho , Kim Hyoungchul , Kim Sung Moon , Noh Tae‐Wook , Jung Hwa‐Young , Lim Hyun‐Yup , Jung Hun‐Gi , Son Ji‐Won , Kim Hae‐Ryoung , Kim Byung‐Kook , Je Hae‐June , Lee Jae‐Chun , Song Huesup , Lee Hae‐Weon 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGlass‐based seals for planar solid‐oxide fuel‐cell (SOFC) stacks are open to uncontrolled deformation and mechanical damages, limiting both sealing integrity and stack reliability, particularly in thermal cycle operations. If the glass‐based seals work like an elastomer‐based compressive seal, SOFC stacks may survive unprecedented numbers of thermal cycles. A novel composite sealing gasket is successfully developed to mimic the unique features of the elastomer‐based compressive seal by controlling the composition and packing behavior of binary ceramic fillers. A single‐cell SOFC stack undergoes more than 100 thermal cycles with little performance loss, during which the sealing integrity is lost/recovered repeatedly upon cooling and reheating, corresponding to unloading/loading of the elastomer‐based compressive seal. The thermal‐cycle responses of the SOFC stack are explained in sequence by the concurrent events of elastic deformation/recovery of ceramic filler network and corresponding redistribution of sealing glass.
Association between copy number variants in 16p11.2 and major depressive disorder in a German case–control sample
Authors: Degenhardt Franziska , Priebe Lutz , Herms Stefan , Mattheisen Manuel , Mühleisen Thomas W. , Meier Sandra , Moebus Susanne , Strohmaier Jana , Groß Magdalena , Breuer René , Lange Christoph , Hoffmann Per , Meyer‐Lindenberg Andreas , Heinz Andreas , Walter Henrik , Lucae Susanne , Wolf Christiane , Müller‐Myhsok Bertram , Holsboer Florian , Maier Wolfgang , Rietschel Marcella , Nöthen Markus M. , Cichon Sven 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe majority of genetic risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD) still await identification. Since copy number variants (CNVs) have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders, the question arises as to whether CNVs also play a role in MDD. We performed a genome‐wide CNV study using Illumina's SNP array data from 604 MDD patients and 1,643 controls. Putative CNVs were detected with the CNV algorithms QuantiSNP and PennCNV. CNVs with ≥30 consecutive SNPs and a log Bayes Factor/confidence value of ≥30 were statistically analyzed using PLINK. Further analyses and technical verification were only performed in the case of regions for which CNV calls from both programs showed nominal significance. Set‐based tests were used to test whether common variants in the CNV regions showed association in two GWAS datasets of MDD. CNVs from four chromosomal regions were associated with MDD. The following were more frequent in patients than controls: microdeletions in 7p21.3 (P = 0.033) and 18p11.32 (P = 0.030); microduplications in 15q26.3 (P = 0.033); and the combination of microdeletion/duplications in 16p11.2 (P ≤ 0.018). SNPs in CNV region 16p11.2 showed significant association in a set‐based test (P = 0.026). Microdeletions/duplications in 16p11.2 are the most promising CNVs, since these affect genes and CNVs in this region have been implicated in other neuropsychiatric disorders. The association finding for common SNPs provides further support for the hypothesis that this region is involved in the development of MDD. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Niedermolekulare organische Halbleiter auf dem Vormarsch – Ausblick auf künftige Solartechniken
Authors: Mishra Amaresh , Bäuerle Peter 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWir bieten hier aus der Sicht von Organikern einen aktuellen Überblick über organische Solarzellen, deren Absorberschicht auf niedermolekularen Molekülen oder Oligomeren basiert, und behandeln im Detail Planar‐Heteroübergangs‐ sowie Bulk‐Heteroübergangs‐Solarzellen mit organischen Donor‐ (p‐Halbleiter) und Akzeptormaterialien (n‐Halbleiter). Dabei liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf dem Design und der Entwicklung von molekularen Materialien und auf deren Leistung in entsprechenden Solarzellen. In den vergangenen Jahren wurde in großem Umfang akademische und industrielle Forschung in Richtung organischer Solarzellen betrieben. Kurz vor der geplanten Kommerzialisierung von organischen Solarzellen liefern wir hier einen Überblick über Effizienzen, die bisher in solchen Solarzellen erzielt wurden, und präsentieren Materialien und Solarzellenkonzepte, die in den letzten zehn Jahren entwickelt wurden. Darüber hinaus werden Ansätze zur Erhöhung der Effizienz von organischen Solarzellen analysiert.
Small Molecule Organic Semiconductors on the Move: Promises for Future Solar Energy Technology
Authors: Mishra Amaresh , Bäuerle Peter 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article is written from an organic chemist’s point of view and provides an up‐to‐date review about organic solar cells based on small molecules or oligomers as absorbers and in detail deals with devices that incorporate planar‐heterojunctions (PHJ) and bulk heterojunctions (BHJ) between a donor (p‐type semiconductor) and an acceptor (n‐type semiconductor) material. The article pays particular attention to the design and development of molecular materials and their performance in corresponding devices. In recent years, a substantial amount of both, academic and industrial research, has been directed towards organic solar cells, in an effort to develop new materials and to improve their tunability, processability, power conversion efficiency, and stability. On the eve of commercialization of organic solar cells, this review provides an overview over efficiencies attained with small molecules/oligomers in OSCs and reflects materials and device concepts developed over the last decade. Approaches to enhancing the efficiency of organic solar cells are analyzed.
Mechanical properties of functionally graded carbon black–styrene butadiene rubber composites: Effect of modifying gradation and average filler loading
Authors: Ahankari Sandeep , Kar Kamal K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe mechanical properties of functionally graded polymeric composites (FGPCs) with varying carbon black loading and the effect of stacking sequence in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix were studied. For a given average amount of nanofiller, the modulus of FGPCs for any given stacking sequence of layers is higher when compared with its uniformly dispersed polymeric composites (UDPCs) counterpart. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength either increase or decrease depending on the stacking sequence and average loading of the filler in FGPCs. In addition, the smoother gradation (i.e., lesser difference in the amounts of CB content in adjacent layers) and a wide gap of difference in CB content in a stack has a profound effect on the modulus and tensile strength of FGPCs. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows lesser damping in FGPCs than UDPCs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The Pulmonary Anatomy of Alligator mississippiensis and Its Similarity to the Avian Respiratory System
Authors: Sanders R. Kent , Farmer C.G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUsing gross dissections and computed tomography we studied the lungs of juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Our findings indicate that both the external and internal morphology of the lungs is strikingly similar to the embryonic avian respiratory system (lungs + air sacs). We identified bronchi that we propose are homologous to the avian ventrobronchi (entobronchi), laterobronchi, dorsobronchi (ectobronchi), as well as regions of the lung hypothesized to be homologous to the cervical, interclavicular, anterior thoracic, posterior thoracic, and abdominal air sacs. Furthermore, we suggest that many of the features that alligators and birds share are homologous and that some of these features are important to the aerodynamic valve mechanism and are likely plesiomorphic for Archosauria. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Distribution Change of Mast Cells in Human Nasal Polyps
Authors: Zhang Guimin , Shao Jie , Su Chao , Zhao Xiulan , Wang Xinting , Sun Xiaoming , Shi Wenjie , Sun Peiyong , Yao Zhi , Yang Jie 
Published: February 2012

AbstractRecent studies have shown that mast cells are involved in pathophysiologic processes of chronic inflammation. However, little is known about the distribution of mast cells in nasal polyps, which is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airways. Biopsy specimens from patients with nasal polyps (n = 20) and control patients without nasal polyps (n = 8) were included in this study. The distribution of mast cells in nasal polyps was determined by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, we detected the expression of chemokines (CCL5, CCL11, CX3CL1, IL‐8, IL‐6) in the epithelial cells of normal nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. In addition, the expression of these chemokines was investigated by western bolting in airway epithelial cells line (A549 cells) under inflammatory condition. Mast cells migrated toward intraepithelium in nasal polyps and the expression of chemokines (CCL5, CCL11, CX3CL1, IL‐8) was up‐regulated in the epithelial cells of nasal polyps compared with normal nasal mucosa. The expression of chemokines was also up‐regulated in A549 cells after Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treatment for 3 hr and 6 hr. Our findings showed that mast cells migrate toward intraepithelium in nasal polyps and the overexpression of chemokines (CCL5, CCL11, CX3CL1, IL‐8) suggested that they might be responsible for mast cells migration. It implies that mast cell play potential roles in the development of nasal polyps. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidate
Authors: Shi Rong , Zhou Hui , Ma Bingliang , Ma Yueming , Wu Dazheng , Wang Xinhong , Luo Hongfeng , Cheng Nengneng 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTJatrorrhizine, a protoberberine alkaloid derived from Coptis chinensis, is currently under investigation as a natural gastric prokinetic drug candidate. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to characterize its pharmacokinetics and metabolism. After intravenous administration, the plasma concentration kinetics and major metabolites in rats were investigated. The metabolic kinetics, key cytochrome P450 enzymes and UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase isoforms (UGTs) of jatrorrhizine were studied in rat liver microsomes (RLMs). After intravenous administration, plasma jatrorrhizine concentrations showed a biphasic decline, dose‐independent clearance and half‐life of terminal elimination phase, and a relatively large distribution volume. The metabolic pathway for the conversion of jatrorrhizine was important for its elimination. In addition, the demethylated and glucuronidated products were found to be the major metabolites in rats. The enzyme kinetics for both demethylation and glucuronidation were fitted to the hyperbolic Michaelis‐Menten equation in RLMs. CYP3A1/2 and CYP2D2 were mainly responsible for demethylation, and UGT 1A1 and 1A3 were responsible for glucuronidation in RLMs. The metabolic properties of jatrorrhizine suggest multiple metabolic pathways. These results will contribute to promote further research and development of jatrorrhizine. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.