bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifetime Risk and Sex Difference of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B and C
Authors: Huang Yen-Tsung , Jen Chin-Lan , Yang Hwai-I , Lee Mei-Hsuan , Su Jun , Lu Sheng-Nan , Iloeje Uchenna H. , Chen Chien-Jen 
Published: August 2011

Purpose Both hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses (HCV) are causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but lifetime risk and sex difference remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the lifetime risk and sex difference of HCC among patients with chronic HBV and/or HCV. Methods A prospective cohort of 23,820 residents of Taiwan age 30 to 65 years were enrolled from 1991 to 1992, with 477 instances of HCC occurring subsequently. Serum samples collected at enrollment were tested for seromarkers and viral load of HBV and HCV. Newly developed HCC was ascertained through computerized data linkage with national cancer registry and death certification systems. Results The cumulative lifetime (age 30 to 75 years) incidences of HCC for men and women positive for both HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) were 38.35% and 27.40%; for those positive for HBsAg only, 27.38% and 7.99%; for those positive for anti-HCV only, 23.73% and 16.71%; and for those positive for neither, 1.55% and 1.03%, respectively. There was a significant male predominance in incidence of HCC for chronic HBV carriers but not for chronic carriers of HCV or both. Multivariate adjusted hazard ratio of developing HCC decreased with age in HBsAg-seropositive men but increased with age in anti-HCV–seropositive women. Among dual-infected participants, there was an inverse association between HBV and HCV viral load. Risk of HCC increased significantly with increasing viral load of HBV and HCV. Conclusion There exists a suppressive effect of HCV on HBV viral load. Individual and combined effects of the two viruses on HCC vary with sex and age.
Digital Microfluidic Platform for Multiplexing Enzyme Assays: Implications for Lysosomal Storage Disease Screening in Newborns
Authors: Sista Ramakrishna S , Eckhardt Allen E , Wang Tong , Graham Carrie , Rouse Jeremy L , Norton Scott M , Srinivasan Vijay , Pollack Michael G , Tolun Adviye A , Bali Deeksha , Millington David S , Pamula Vamsee K 
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUNDNewborn screening for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) has been gaining considerable interest owing to the availability of enzyme replacement therapies. We present a digital microfluidic platform to perform rapid, multiplexed enzymatic analysis of acid α-glucosidase (GAA) and acid α-galactosidase to screen for Pompe and Fabry disorders. The results were compared with those obtained using standard fluorometric methods.METHODSWe performed bench-based, fluorometric enzymatic analysis on 60 deidentified newborn dried blood spots (DBSs), plus 10 Pompe-affected and 11 Fabry-affected samples, at Duke Biochemical Genetics Laboratory using a 3-mm punch for each assay and an incubation time of 20 h. We used a digital microfluidic platform to automate fluorometric enzymatic assays at Advanced Liquid Logic Inc. using extract from a single punch for both assays, with an incubation time of 6 h. Assays were also performed with an incubation time of 1 h.RESULTSAssay results were generally comparable, although mean enzymatic activity for GAA using microfluidics was approximately 3 times higher than that obtained using bench-based methods, which could be attributed to higher substrate concentration. Clear separation was observed between the normal and affected samples at both 6- and 1-h incubation times using digital microfluidics.CONCLUSIONSA digital microfluidic platform compared favorably with a clinical reference laboratory to perform enzymatic analysis in DBSs for Pompe and Fabry disorders. This platform presents a new technology for a newborn screening laboratory to screen LSDs by fully automating all the liquid-handling operations in an inexpensive system, providing rapid results.
The Measurement of Platelet-Poor Plasma Serotonin: A Systematic Review of Prior Reports and Recommendations for Improved Analysis
Authors: Brand Theresa , Anderson George M 
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUNDRecent reports of new and important roles for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the periphery have substantially increased interest in measuring peripheral serotonin. Nearly all circulating serotonin is found within platelets and this pool has been assessed by measuring serotonin in whole blood or in platelet-rich plasma. Measurement of the much smaller but potentially critically important pool of human free plasma serotonin in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) has proven much more difficult, with a wide range of reference values reported.CONTENTTo characterize the available data we carried out a systematic literature search of previous reports of PPP serotonin and attempted to determine the best estimate of true PPP serotonin concentration in humans. A total of 101 published reports that included PPP serotonin values in healthy controls were found and included in the summary statistical analyses. The distribution of PPP serotonin values demonstrated high skewness (+1.98), and the reported values ranged from 0.6 to 179 nmol/L, with a mean of 31.6 nmol/L, an SD of 38.9 nmol/L, and a median of 14.8 nmol/L.SUMMARYReported concentrations for human PPP or free plasma serotonin were highly discrepant, with most reports giving erroneously high values that should be disregarded. Inherent difficulties in selectively measuring the extremely low concentrations of serotonin present in PPP and in preparing PPP without contamination from platelet-derived serotonin contributed to the problem, as did the failure of researchers to compare their results with those from prior studies. There is a clear and pressing need for reference materials for the measurement of plasma (PPP) serotonin.
Effect of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stability and Quenching Performance of Soybean Oil and Palm Oil Quenchants
Authors: Belinato Gabriela , Canale Lauralice C. F. , Totten George E. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Although the quenching performance of various vegetable oils has been reported in the past, reports on the effect of antioxidants on the oxidative stability of these seed oils and on the initial quenching performance are less common. The objective of this work was to assess the effect of the relative oxidative stability of two readily available seed oils with significantly different degrees of saturation, soybean oil and palm oil, on quenching performance and to determine the ability of readily available antioxidants to stabilize these oils. In addition to the determination of relative oxidative stability, a further objective of this work was to assess the effect of antioxidants on the initial quenching performance of soybean oil and palm oil using a cooling curve analysis. The results of these studies are reported here.
Potential for Liver and Kidney Donation After Circulatory Death in Infants and Children
Authors: Shore Paul M. , Huang Rong , Roy Lonnie , Darnell Cindy , Grein Heather , Robertson Tammy , Thompson Lisa 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the potential effect of organ donation after circulatory death (DCD) on the number of kidney and liver donors in a PICU.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
All deaths in the PICU of an academic, tertiary care children's hospital from May 1996 to April 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, premortem physiology, and end-of-life circumstances were recorded and compared with basic criteria for potential organ donation. A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the effect of more strict physiologic and time criteria as well as 3 different rates of consent for donation.

RESULTS:
There were 1389 deaths during 11 years; 634 children (46%) underwent withdrawal of life support, of whom 518 had complete data and were analyzed. There were 131 children (25% of those withdrawn, 9% of all deaths) who met basic physiologic and time criteria for organ donation (80 kidney; 107 liver). Consideration of consent rates in sensitivity analysis resulted in an estimated 24 to 85 organ donors, an increase of 28% to 99% over the 86 actual brain-dead donors during the same time period. Assuming historical rates of organ recovery, these DCD donors might have produced 30 to 88 additional kidneys and 8 to 56 additional livers, an increase of 21% to 60% in kidney donation and 13% to 80% in livers above the number of organs recovered from brain-dead donors.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although relatively few children may have been eligible for DCD, they might have increased the number of organ donors from our institution, depending greatly on consent rates. DCD merits additional discussion and exploration.
The Walking School Bus and Children's Physical Activity: A Pilot Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mendoza Jason A. , Watson Kathy , Baranowski Tom , Nicklas Theresa A. , Uscanga Doris K. , Hanfling Marcus J. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the impact of a “walking school bus” program on children's rates of active commuting to school and physical activity.METHODS:We conducted a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial among 4th-graders from 8 schools in Houston, Texas (N = 149). Random allocation to treatment or control conditions was at the school level. Study staff walked with children to and from school up to 5 days/week. Outcomes were measured the week before (time 1) and during weeks 4 and 5 of the intervention (time 2). The main outcome was the weekly rate of active commuting, and a secondary outcome was moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Covariates included sociodemographics, distance from home to school, neighborhood safety, child BMI z score, parent self-efficacy/outcome expectations, and child self-efficacy for active commuting. A mixed-model repeated measures regression accounted for clustering by school, and stepwise procedures with backward elimination of nonsignificant covariates were used to identify significant predictors.RESULTS:Intervention children increased active commuting (mean ± SD) from 23.8% ± 9.2% (time 1) to 54% ± 9.2% (time 2), whereas control subjects decreased from 40.2% ± 8.9% (time 1) to 32.6% ± 8.9% (time 2) (P &lt; .0001). Intervention children increased their minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from 46.6 ± 4.5 (time 1) to 48.8 ± 4.5 (time 2), whereas control children decreased from 46.1 ± 4.3 (time 1) to 41.3 ± 4.3 (time 2) (P = .029).CONCLUSIONS:The program improved children's active commuting to school and daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
Parental Sedentary Restriction, Maternal Parenting Style, and Television Viewing Among 10- to 11-Year-Olds
Authors: Jago Russell , Davison Kirsten K. , Thompson Janice L. , Page Angie S. , Brockman Rowan , Fox Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To examine whether parenting styles or practices were associated with children's television (TV) viewing.

METHODS:
A total of 431 parent-child dyads (10- to 11-year-old children) from Bristol, United Kingdom, were included. Child and parent TV viewing were self-reported and categorized as &lt;2, 2 to 4, or &gt;4 hours/day. Children reported maternal parenting style (authoritarian, authoritative, or permissive). Child-reported maternal and paternal sedentary restriction scores were combined to create a family-level restriction score. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine whether child TV viewing was predicted by parenting style or family restriction.

RESULTS:
A greater proportion of children with permissive mothers watched &gt;4 hours of TV per day, compared with children with authoritarian or authoritative mothers (P = .033). A greater proportion of children for whom both parents demonstrated high restriction watched &lt;2 hours of TV per day (P &lt; .001). The risk of watching 2 to 4 hours (vs &lt;2 hours) of TV per day was 2.2 times higher for children from low-restriction families (P = .010). The risk of watching &gt;4 hours (vs &lt;2 hours) of TV per day was 3.3 times higher for children from low-restriction families (P = .013). The risk of watching &gt;4 hours of TV per day was 5.2 times higher for children with permissive (versus authoritative) mothers (P = .010).

CONCLUSIONS:
Clinicians need to talk directly with parents about the need to place limitations on children's screen time and to encourage both parents to reinforce restriction messages.
Clinical Prediction Rules for Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Maguire Jonathon L. , Kulik Dina M. , Laupacis Andreas , Kuppermann Nathan , Uleryk Elizabeth M. , Parkin Patricia C. 
Published: August 2011

CONTEXT:The degree to which clinical prediction rules (CPRs) for children meet published standards is unclear.OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the quality, performance, and validation of published CPRs for children, compare them with adult CPRs, and suggest pediatric-specific changes to CPR methodology.METHODS:Medline was searched from 1950 to 2011. Studies were selected if they included the development of a CPR involving children younger than 18 years. Two investigators assessed study quality, rule performance, and rule validation as methodologic standards.RESULTS:Of 7298 titles and abstracts assessed, 137 eligible studies were identified. They describe the development of 101 CPRs addressing 36 pediatric conditions. Quality standards met in fewer than half of the studies were blind assessment of predictors (47%), reproducibility of predictors (18%), blind assessment of outcomes (42%), adequate follow-up of outcomes (36%), adequate power (43%), adequate reporting of results (49%), and 95% confidence intervals reported (36%). For rule performance, 48% had a sensitivity greater than 0.95, and 43% had a negative likelihood ratio less than 0.1. For rule validation, 76% had no validation, 17% had narrow validation, 8% had broad validation, and none had impact analysis performed. Compared with CPRs for adult health conditions, quality and rule validation seem to be lower.CONCLUSIONS:Many CPRs have been derived for children, but few have been validated. Relative to adult CPRs, several quality indicators demonstrated weaknesses. Existing performance standards may prove elusive for CPRs that involve children. CPRs for children that are more assistive and less directive and include patients' values and preferences in decision-making may be helpful.
Parent Involvement in Pain Management for NICU Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Franck Linda S. , Oulton Kate , Nderitu Sue , Lim Magdalene , Fang Swee , Kaiser Anthony 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVES:
To demonstrate feasibility and estimate the effect of an intervention to increase parental involvement in infant pain management in the NICU on parents' stress and postdischarge parenting competence and confidence.

METHODS:
The study involved a randomized controlled trial. Parents recruited from 4 NICUs were randomly assigned by site to receive (1) a pain information booklet and instruction on infant comforting techniques (n = 84 intervention) in addition to a generic NICU care booklet or (2) the generic NICU care booklet alone (n = 85 control). The primary outcome was postintervention Parent Stressor Scale: NICU (PSS:NICU) scores. Secondary outcomes included parent attitudes about infant pain, nursing pain assessment, and parenting competence and role attainment after discharge.

RESULTS:
No differences were found between groups in PSS:NICU scores. Significant differences favoring the intervention group were found for satisfaction with pain information, parents shown infant pain cues and comforting techniques, nursing pain assessment, and parent preference for involvement during painful procedures. Role attainment after discharge was higher for the intervention group than for the control group. Both the intervention and control groups highly valued attention to infant pain and wanted information and involvement.

CONCLUSIONS:
These results provide no evidence of a reduction in NICU-related stress for parents who receive an intervention to increase their understanding and involvement in infant pain management. However, parents in the intervention group were better prepared to take an active role in infant pain care and had more positive views about their role attainment in the postdischarge period.
Ethnic Variability in Persistent Asthma After In Utero Tobacco Exposure
Authors: Akuete Kwei , Oh Sam S. , Thyne Shannon , Rodriguez-Santana Jose R. , Chapela Rocio , Meade Kelley , Rodriguez-Cintron William , LeNoir Michael , Ford Jean G. , Williams L. Keoki , Avila Pedro C. , Burchard Esteban González , Tcheurekdjian Haig 
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:The effects of in utero tobacco smoke exposure on childhood respiratory health have been investigated, and outcomes have been inconsistent.OBJECTIVE:To determine if in utero tobacco smoke exposure is associated with childhood persistent asthma in Mexican, Puerto Rican, and black children.PATIENTS AND METHODS:There were 295 Mexican, Puerto Rican, and black asthmatic children, aged 8 to 16 years, who underwent spirometry, and clinical data were collected from the parents during a standardized interview. The effect of in utero tobacco smoke exposure on the development of persistent asthma and related clinical outcomes was evaluated by logistic regression.RESULTS:Children with persistent asthma had a higher odds of exposure to in utero tobacco smoke, but not current tobacco smoke, than did children with intermittent asthma (odds ratio [OR]: 3.57; P = .029). Tobacco smoke exposure from parents in the first 2 years of life did not alter this association. Furthermore, there were higher odds of in utero tobacco smoke exposure in children experiencing nocturnal symptoms (OR: 2.77; P = .048), daily asthma symptoms (OR: 2.73; P = .046), and emergency department visits (OR: 3.85; P = .015) within the year.CONCLUSIONS:Exposure to tobacco smoke in utero was significantly associated with persistent asthma among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and black children compared with those with intermittent asthma. These results suggest that smoking cessation during pregnancy may lead to a decrease in the incidence of persistent asthma in these populations.
Simplified Prognostic Model in Patients with Oxaliplatin-Based or Irinotecan-Based First-Line Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A GERCOR Study
Authors: Chibaudel Benoist , Bonnetain Franck , Tournigand Christophe , Bengrine-Lefevre Leila , Teixeira Luis , Artru Pascal , Desramé Jérôme , Larsen Annette K. , André Thierry , Louvet Christophe , Gramont Aimery 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe prognostic factors in metastatic colorectal cancer.Estimate prognostic score with a simple model using only PS and LDH as parameters.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.
The present study was done to establish a prognostic model for patients and trials using an oxaliplatin-based or irinotecan-based first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.

Patients and Methods.
Eight hundred three patients treated with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI in three prospective trials were randomly separated into learning (n = 535) and validation (n = 268) samples. Eleven baseline variables were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analysis as prognostic factors for overall survival, and a prognostic score was developed.

Results.
Independent prognostic factors identified in multivariate analysis for overall survival were performance status (PS) (p &lt; .001), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p &lt; .001), and number of metastatic sites (p = .005). A prognostic score based on these three variables was found efficient (Harrell's C index 0.61). This new model was improved by selecting only PS and LDH (Harrell's C index 0.64). Three risk groups for death could be identified: a low-risk group (n = 184; median overall survival [OS] 29.8 months), an intermediate-risk group (n = 223; median OS 19.5 months), and a high-risk group (n = 128; median OS 13.9 months). Median survival for the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups were 26.8, 21.1, and 16.5 months, respectively, in the validation sample (Harrell's C index 0.63).

Conclusions.
Serum LDH level was the main prognostic factor in predicting survival, followed by WHO PS. We identified three risk groups for death depending on these two baseline parameters. This simple prognostic model can be useful for clinician's use and patient stratification in future clinical trials.
An Evaluation of Bioactive Glass in the Treatment of Periodontal Defects: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Sohrabi Keyvan , Saraiya Veeral , Laage Thomas A. , Harris Maureen , Blieden Marissa , Karimbux Nadeem 
Published: August 2011

Background: The regenerative surgical treatment of intrabony defects caused by periodontal disease has been examined in several systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. The use of bioactive glass (BG) as a graft material to treat intrabony defects has been reported, but all data have not been synthesized and compiled. Our objective was to systematically review the literature on the use of BG for the treatment of intrabony defects and to perform a meta‐analysis of its efficacy.Methods: A search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, as well as a manual search of recently published periodontology journals, were conducted to identify randomized controlled trials of the use of BG in the treatment of intrabony and furcation defects. Criteria included publication in English, follow‐up duration of ≥6 months, baseline and follow‐up measures of probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and an appropriate control arm. Twenty‐five citations were identified, 15 of which were included in the final analysis. Data, including study methods and results, as well as CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) criteria, were extracted from eligible studies and cross‐checked by at least two reviewers.Results: Meta‐analyses of eligible studies were performed to ascertain summary effects for changes in PD and CAL among experimental and control groups, using the mean change plus standard deviation for each study. Pooled analyses showed that BG was superior to control for both measures: the mean (95% CIs) difference from baseline to follow‐up between BG and controls was 0.52 mm (0.27, 0.78, P <0.0001) in reduction for PD and 0.60 mm (0.18, 1.01, P = 0.005) in gain for CAL. Analyses of CAL revealed heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 60.5%), although studies reporting PD measures were homogeneous (I2 = 0.00%). CAL heterogeneity appeared secondary to active controls versus open flap debridement (OFD) alone and to defect‐type modifying BG treatment success. Per subgroup analyses, the benefit of BG over control treatment was highly significant only in studies comparing BG to OFD (P <0.0001), with mean difference change in CAL being 1.18 mm (95% CI = 0.74, 1.62 mm) between the BG and OFD group.Conclusion: Treatment of intrabony defects with BG imparts a significant improvement in both PD and CAL compared to both active controls and OFD.