bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The recovery of wool from sheepskin pieces
Authors: Green G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe recovery of wool from sheepskin pieces by digestion in warm water and with bacterial and mould proteases and papain has been investigated on a laboratory scale. The influence of conditions of pre‐shrinkage of the skin in hot water, temperature of digestion, pH, presence of buffers and other salts, and other factors have been studied. The wools recovered from the digested skin pieces have been examined to ascertain the extent of wool damage, if any. The optimum conditions have been found for each method and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods compared. The possible use of the various methods on a large scale is discussed.
The specification for tensile strength of rubber
Authors: Kase Shigeo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn earlier study showed that the tensile strengths of rubber samples were distributed in a doubly exponential curve. Use is made of this fact and recently published statistical concepts in setting up a more reliable criterion for the acceptance of a rubber compound based on the tensile strength. Further the number of determinations required can be judged, thereby reducing the amount of testing necessary. The equations and constants for three to six samples are given and the method of calculation illustrated so that comparable sets of figures can be calculated for other sample sizes. The calculations to find the proportion of samples meeting a fixed specification or tolerance range are included.
The estimation of ozone at high dilutions by electrometric and colorimetric methods
Authors: Pring J. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method has been devised for the determination of ozone at high dilutions, which does not require complete absorption of the ozone by the reagent and is independent of the volume of air passed. It is based on the measurement of the oxidation potential of a bromine–hydrobromic acid electrode, which is not affected by the oxides of nitrogen or other oxidizing substances in the concentrations which occur in the atmosphere. The results are compared with those obtained by the potassium iodide–starch paper method and the limitations of the different techniques are discussed.
Foam as a medium for gas absorption
Authors: Helsby F. W. , Birt D. C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method of removing the soluble part of a gas mixture by foam is described. The foam bed is formed by passing the mixture through a porous plate over which a suitable absorbent liquid is caused to flow. The process is illustrated by some results from experiments designed to remove carbon dioxide from the air. It is shown that high coefficients of absorption are obtained and that for the conditions specified the method is superior to the use of the conventional packed tower.
Organic fluorine compounds. I. Fluorination of benzene with manganic fluoride to give some polyfluorocyclohexenes
Authors: Fear E. J. P. , Thrower J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluorination of benzene, in the vapour phase, over manganic fluoride at temperatures between 200°and 350°gave a complex mixture of polyfluorocyclohexenes and dimeric material; monofluorobenzene and unreacted benzene were also present in the products of fluorination at 200°to 300°. Partial resolution of the mixture was achieved to give octa‐ and hepta‐fluorocyclohexenes. These olefins gave dibromo‐addition compounds and were oxidised readily to fluorodibasic acids. Dehydrofluorination of a heptafluorocyclohexene and oxidation of the resultant diolefin afforded difluoromalonic and tetrafluorosuccinic acids. Oxidation of the dimeric material gave tetrafluorosuccinic acid.
Use of perforated and porous plates in gas absorption
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Kiff P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe performance of perforated and porous plates in achieving contact between gas and liquid in an absorption process is described. A mixture of carbon dioxide and air is passed upwards through a porous disk forming the base of a column containing liquid absorbent and is disseminated throughout the liquid as a mass of bubbles. 30% v/v monoethanolamine is used as absorbent in quantitative tests and the behaviour of other liquids is studied qualitatively. A distinction is made between two types of absorption taking place in the column. Absorption at the plate surface is extremely active and is essentially complete within a very small compass. Absorption throughout the remainder of the column is much less efficient per unit space and more akin to that of ordinary absorption towers. The influence of various factors (total gas flow rate, and the number, cross‐sectional area, and position of perforations) on ‘plate surface’ absorption is expressed quantitatively. The absorptive behaviour of commercial porous plates broadly follows that of perforated plates but, owing to a less standardised distribution of pores, is not so well defined. The effect on absorption efficiency of change in the flow pattern of the foaming liquor is traced.
The oxidation of hydrazines. I.—The volumetric determination of carbonyl compounds with 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine
Authors: Barke D. J. , Cole E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe iodate oxidation of 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine has been investigated and procedures, based on this reaction, are now suggested for the semi‐micro volumetric determination of carbonyl compounds. Some observations on the completeness of precipitation of 2 : 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones are included.
Chemistry of caprolactam polymerization
Authors: Hermans P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPure dry caprolactam (CL) does not polymerize on heating at 250°, but does so readily in presence of small quantities of water to yield an equilibrium polymerizate consisting of a linear polymer fraction (including some monomeric ϵ‐aminocaproic acid), unconverted lactam and higher cyclic oligomers. This equilibrium was studied in closed vessels at two temperatures and over a range of water contents from 0.05 to 2.5 mole per mole CL (number average degree of polymerization, D.P., of chain fraction varying from ∼ 100 to 10). The analyses comprised quantitative determination of unconverted CL, cyclic oligomers, monomeric ϵ‐aminocaproic acid, total chain fraction and end groups (—NH2 and —COOH).The results were evaluated in terms of two equilibrium constants for the reversible formation and hydrolysis of the amide bond in CL (K1) and in linear molecules (K2). From these results it was concluded that the latter is independent of chain length, in conformity with the assumption introduced by Flory and Schulz in their general theory of polycondensation reactions.The value of K2 is in conformity with that derived from measurements on the polycondensation equilibrium of ω‐aminoheptanoic acid (where lactam formation is so small that it may be neglected). In both cases K2 is found to decrease proportionally with increasing water content (decreasing D.P.) of the system. This effect of the medium remains to be explained.Kinetic study of the CL‐water system reveals that amide‐bond formation and hydrolysis alone cannot account for the rate of lactam conversion but that at least one other predominating reaction, probably addition of lactam to chain ends, plays an important part.
Organophosphorus compounds. II. Interaction of dimethylphosphoramidic dichloride with hexamethylphosphoramide: Adduct formation and radical exchange
Authors: Pianka M. , Owen B. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen an equimolar mixture of dimethylphosphoramidic dichloride and hexamethylphosphoramide is heated (120–200°), radical exchange (NMe2 for Cl) takes place and tetramethylphosphorodiamidic chloride is formed. This radical exchange follows a first‐order reaction at 120°. An equimolar mixture of the dichloride and the amide undergoes polymerisation at room temperature, and after 6–8 days solidifies to a crystalline mass. This mass appears to be a mixture of a salt‐like addition product of the dichloride and the amide approaching a hexameric state, and the unchanged dichloride and amide. On heating, it undergoes radical exchange with the formation of tetramethylphosphorodiamidic chloride which yields bisdimethylaminophosphonous anhydride (schradan) on treatment with potassium hydroxide in toluene1.
Isomer distribution in the hydrocarbon products of the fischer‐tropsch synthesis
Authors: MacDonald P. , Sweett F. , Hall C. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe isomer distribution in the C6‐hydrocarbons from synthesis products has been shown to be markedly dependent on the temperature at which synthesis is effected, and it has been established that this result is not due to secondary isomerization of the initial reaction products.
The mechanics of bubble formation
Authors: Bowers R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe size of gas bubble produced from an open‐ended tube immersed in a liquid can be derived by equating surface tension and buoyancy forces. The equations do not apply, however, when the gas flow is large as in many industrial fermentations, and porous elements are therefore often used to provide many orifices and a low gas‐flow through each. Even this technique fails if a mycelial growth is formed during the fermentation because the bubbles coalesce in the fermenter. Mechanical agitation was examined by the author by measuring gas‐to‐liquid transfer rates using paper pulp to imitate the mycelium, since this was found to interfere chemically with the reaction. Without agitation, the paper pulp reduced the transfer rate by a factor of twenty. With simple paddle agitation in conjunction with a sparge ring, the effect of pulp was reduced to a factor of seven but with a high‐speed agitator used with an open tube gas inlet, the factor was reduced to two.
The kinetics of reactions in non‐isothermal systems
Authors: Gaensslen H. , MacKenzie H. A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen reactions in non‐isothermal systems are treated kinetically, complicated differential equations arise, as well as ‘integral rate constants’ of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop \smallint \limits_o^t $\end{document} k(t)dt. Methods are described for evaluating the integrals and for solving numerically the differential equations which are obtained for both reversible and irreversible reactions.
A method of evaluating the temperature drop across a condensate film
Authors: Goltz G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method of evaluating the temperature drop across a condensate film is evolved, based on the fact that for many substances the group of physical constants (k3p2λg/μ)1/4 appearing in the Nusselt equation is nearly independent of temperature. A graphical solution will give the desired temperature drop, thus eliminating trial‐and‐error methods.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. IV. Test of winkler's reaction to below 0·001 P.P.M. of dissolved oxygen
Authors: Potter E. C. , White J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experimental test is described of the analytical efficiency of Winkler's reaction, for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water at concentrations in the range 0·0007−0·0544 mg./1. No bias exceeding 0·0002 mg./1. was obtained by using the reaction as described, the analytical procedure giving a precision for a single estimate is ±0·0006 mg./1.
Desorption and absorption of gases by drops during impact
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Hands G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the desorption and absorption of gases by liquid drops during the period of their impact on various types of surfaces, following previous work on absorption during formation and during flight of drops. On impinging on a surface, drops form spray, and ‘residual liquid’ which is not detached from the surface and ultimately drains away. The amount of desorption in the spray does not vary greatly with either the height of fall of the drops or the type of surface. In the residual liquid, poor desorption is obtained with ‘dry’ surfaces, i.e. well‐drained surfaces with an average liquid depth of less than 0·1 mm., and relatively good desorption with ‘wet’ surfaces. Desorption in the residual liquid increases to a moderate extent with the velocity of drops before impact, but appears to be little affected by the nature or the contour of the surfaces tested. The process of absorption or desorption is interpreted in terms of the dynamics of the impinging drop. For desorption measurements, water drops containing carbon dioxide were used; as far as could be judged by a limited number of experiments, absorption of oxygen by drops of sodium dithionite or sulphite solution appeared to be affected by factors similar to those found in desorption.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. VIII. preparation of some organo‐tin hydrides
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Noltes J. G. , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation, according to the slightly modified procedure of Finholt et al., of the following organo‐tin hydrides is described: triethyltin hydride, tri‐n‐propyltin hydride, tri‐n‐butyltin hydride, triphenyltin hydride, di‐n‐propyltin dihydride, di‐n‐butyltin dihydride, diphenyltin dihydride and n‐butyltin trihydride.In addition, the preparation of the intermediate n‐butyltin trichloride is described.
The surface properties of precipitated alumina II ageing at room temperature
Authors: Harris M. R. , Sing K. S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlumina precipitates were prepared by mixing solutions of aluminium chloride and sodium hydroxide under conditions of constant concentration and pH, dried and stored under various conditions at room temperature. Adsorption isotherms of nitrogen, determined at −196° on the outgassed samples, were all of reversible S‐type. Surface areas were calculated from the isotherms by the usual Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (B.E.T.) method.Storage produced a change in surface area of all samples. With those containing more than about 100 parts of H2O per 100 parts Al2C3, an increase in surface area was produced over the first few days followed by a very gradual decrease. Samples stored after more thorough drying gave a marked fall in area, with no initial increase. Storage in vacuo produced little change, but admission of water vapour caused rapid ageing. Prolonged outgassing at room temperature of all samples reduced the composition to Al2O3,3H2O, but no hydrate structure could be detected by X‐ray analysis.
The autothermic cracking of light hydrocarbons
Authors: Calderbank P. H. , Hovnanian V. P. , Talbot F. D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental work is described in which ethane and propane have been autothermally cracked by admixture with air in a reactor packed with alundum spheres. The results obtained confirm those of Deanesly & Watkins3 in which high thermochemical efficiencies were reported. It has proved possible to predict the performance of such a reactor operating under varying air to gas ratios and feed rates. These predictions are in agreement with experimental findings and with established rates of combustion. Such calculations should be of value in assessing the economics of large‐scale operations of the autothermic process.Analysis of product distributions shows that little selective combustion of hydrogen occurs.
The influence of rubber on the brittleness and viscosity of bituminous materials
Authors: Mason P. , Thrower E. N. , Smith L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe brittleness and resistance to deformation of rubber/bitumens and of sand asphalts made with rubber/bitumens have been investigated and compared with results obtained with similar materials not containing rubber. The brittleness tests were carried out by subjecting the materials to an imposed rate of tensile strain at 0°, the stress and strain being measured throughout the test. The deformation characteristics were measured in a wide‐gap concentric‐cylinder apparatus, the tests on bitumens being conducted at 25° and those on sand asphalts at 45°. The results show that the incorporation of rubber produces a material which displays, under the test conditions used, a marked increase in resistance to deformation, simultaneously with a reduced brittleness at low temperatures. It is concluded that, although some free rubber is clearly present as a separate phase, the modification of the normal bitumen properties is due at least in part to dispersion of the rubber on a molecular scale.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. V. development of a self‐testing and fully compensating analytical method
Authors: Potter E. C. , White J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn ion‐exchange technique is shown to be effective for removing interference by ferrous ion in the Winkler reaction. A referee method for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water is described incorporating full allowance for interfering substances and tests for bias and precision. The precision of one estimate of dissolved oxygen by the method is ±0·0015 p.p.m.
The spontaneous ignition of wool. I. the causes of spontaneous fires in new zealand wool
Authors: Walker I. K. , Williamson H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn investigation was made of the causes of heating and spontaneous ignition of baled wool in the New Zealand wool trade. It is shown that temperatures high enough to cause combustion could not be promoted solely by exothermic wetting, bacterial rotting, or by friction during ‘dumping’. Direct reaction with oxygen at temperatures below 60° can cause temperature rises up to the ignition point in some samples of pie wool. Results of analyses of representative pie wools are presented. It is concluded that the majority of (and perhaps all) spontaneous fires in raw wool are caused by pie wool. Adequate scouring of the pie wool removes the combustion hazard.
The determination of 7‐oxocholesterol in wool wax
Authors: Milburn A. H. , Truter E. Vernon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method for quantitative determination of 7‐oxocholesterol is described, and used for examining a number of wool waxes from different sources. The amount of free 7‐oxocholesterol varies between 0·7 and 2·8%, and in addition 0·2–3·9% occurs in the form of esters. Cholestenone is present only in traces. It is shown that at least part of the 7‐oxocholesterol arises by autoxidation.
Phenol‐formaldehyde and allied resins. IV.—Rational synthesis of hexanuclear and heptanuclear novolaks
Authors: Davis A. C. , Hayes B. T. , Hunter R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe condensation of 3: 5: 3′: 5′‐tetrakis‐hydroxymethyl‐4: 4′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethane (I) with p‐substituted phenols provides a more convenient synthesis of bridged hexanuclear novolaks (II) than the reaction of formaldehyde with 2: 6‐dibenzylphenols under alkaline conditions, previously used for the synthesis of 4: 4′‐dihydroxy‐3: 5: 3′: 5′‐tetra‐(2″‐hydroxy‐3″: 5″‐dimethyl‐benzyl)diphenylmethane (II, R = R′ = Me). Debromination of 4: 4′‐dihydroxy‐3: 5: 3′: 5′‐tetra‐(5″‐bromo‐2″‐hydroxybenzyl)diphenylmethane (II, R = Br, R′ = H) by palladium and hydrogen furnished the unsubstituted hexanuclear novolak (II, R = R′ = H) which was finally obtained as a crystalline individual whose X‐ray diffraction pattern was quite different from that of the octamethyl compound. The X‐ray diffraction of the solvent‐free specimen of the latter proved quite distinct from that of the toluene‐adduct of the substance although two lines were common to both.
The determination of ferrous iron in P.F. ash and slags from pulverized fuel‐fired boilers
Authors: Jackson P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe method of Wilson for the determination of the total ferrous content of silicate rocks has been modified so that it could be applied conveniently to samples as small as 50 mg. The ferrous content could be determined with an error which in 19 cases out of 20 probably did not exceed ±30 μg. of FeO.A study was made of the state of oxidation of the iron in p.f. ash and corresponding boiler furnace slags; the dependence of the ferrous content on the total iron and carbon contents of the ash was demonstrated.The total iron content and the ferrous/ferric ratio were shown to increase with terminal velocity (free falling speed in air) of p.f. ash particles; the behaviour of the ferrous and ferric compounds in magnetic concentration of the iron in p.f. ash was also studied.
The alternating current electrolysis of concentrated acids
Authors: Bentley R. , Prentice T. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGold or platinum electrodes are widely used in conductivity measurements on acids because it is well known that these metals are not readily attacked. The authors have observed the corrosion of stainless steel, gold and platinum electrodes when low‐frequency alternating currents were passed through concentrated acids. The corrosion was not evident at frequencies greater than a few kilocycles/sec.The mechanism of the corrosion is discussed and the application of the results to conductivity measurement is mentioned.
Continuous removal of dissolved oxygen by established ion‐exchangers
Authors: Potter E. C. , Whitehead G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA way of using established ion‐exchangers for the removal of dissolved oxygen is described. The efficiency and capacity for deoxygenation are given and compared with those for other resinous deoxygenators. New types of water treatment are made possible by the combination of ion exchange and deoxygenation in the one resin.
Ternary vapour‐liquid equilibria: System ethyl methyl ketone‐benzene‐cyclohexane
Authors: Dakshinamurty P. , Rao C. Venkata 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIsobaric vapour‐liquid equilibrium data of the close‐boiling ternary system ethyl methyl ketonebenzene‐cyclohexane were determined at 760 mm. Hg total pressure using a modified Colburn still. The activity coefficient data for all the experimental points were correlated satisfactorily by Wohl's three suffix Margules ternary equations with a ternary constant. It was concluded that ethyl methyl ketone might be used as an entrainer in the separation of the benzene‐cyclohexane mixtures into pure components. No ternary azeotrope was observed in the regions studied.
Vapour‐liquid equilibria of ethyl acetate‐trichloroethylene system
Authors: Rao M. Raja , Rao K. V. Kurmanadha , Rao C. Venkata 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental vapour‐liquid equilibrium data are presented for the system, ethyl acetate‐trichloroethylene at absolute pressures of 760 and 700 mm. of mercury and at temperatures of 70°, 65° and 60°C. The calculated activity coefficient data indicate that the binnary system investigated is ideal within the limits of experimental error for all the pressures and temperatures used, as tested by the methods of Othmer & Gilmont, and Redlich & Kister.
Preparation of ‘high‐ortho’ novolak resins I. Metal ion catalysis and orientation effect
Authors: Fraser D. A. , Hall R. W. , Raum A. L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the phenol‐formaldehyde condensation reaction, the presence of electropositive bivalent metal ions such as Mn++, Zn++, Cd++, Mg++ and Co++ has been found to catalyse the production of 2‐ and 2 : 6‐substituted phenolic nuclei in the resulting novolak resins. The relative effectiveness of the different ions on the orientation effect and rate of condensation has been approximately determined. A fractionation technique for the resins has been developed and the molecular weight distributioin curves of resins prepared by different methods compared.
Preparation of ‘high‐ortho’ novolak resins. II. The course of the reaction
Authors: Fraser D. A. , Hall R. W. , Jenkins P. A. , Raum A. L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome intermediate products of the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde, in the presence of excess phenol, have been identified by paper chromatography. The reactions of the intermediates and the properties of the resins resulting from their further condensation have been investigated. The orientation effect of the cations of bivalent electropositive metals has been shown to operate both in the initial condensation of phenol and formaldehyde and in the subsequent reactions of the methylolphenols.