bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gustation
Authors: Doty Richard L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMuch has been discovered over the last few decades about the anatomy and physiology of the human taste system, most notably its receptor mechanisms and intermodal factors that influence its function. While the taste system works in concert with the olfactory, somatosensory, auditory, and visual sensory systems to establish the overall gestalt of flavor, its primary specialization is to ensure that the organism obtains energy, maintains proper electrolyte balance, and avoids ingestion of toxic substances. Despite its focus on inborn functions, taste—like its sister sense of smell—is remarkably malleable, reflecting the need to adapt to changing circumstances and general nutrient availability. It is now widely appreciated that taste dysfunction is common in many diseases and disorders, and is a frequent side effect of a number of medications. This interdisciplinary review examines salient aspects of the human gustatory system, including its anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:29–46. doi: 10.1002/wcs.156This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Knowledge discovery in data streams with regression tree methods
Authors: Alberg Dima , Last Mark , Kandel Abraham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an advanced review of regression tree methods for mining data streams. Batch regression tree methods are known for their simplicity, interpretability, accuracy, and efficiency. They use fast divide‐and‐conquer greedy algorithms that recursively partition the given training data into smaller subsets. The result is a tree‐shaped model with splitting rules in the internal nodes and predictions in the leaves. Most batch regression tree methods take a complete dataset and build a model using that data. Generally, this tree model cannot be modified if new data is acquired later. Their successors, the incremental model and interval trees algorithms, are able to build and retrain a model on a step‐by‐step basis by incorporating new numerical training instances into the model as they become available. Moreover, these algorithms produce even more compact and accurate models than batch regression tree algorithms because they use intervals or functional models with a change detection mechanism, which makes them a more suitable choice for regression analysis of data streams. Finally, this review summarizes the performance results of the reviewed methods and crystallizes 10 requirements for successful implementation of a regression tree algorithm in data stream mining area. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining
Technologies > Machine Learning
Technologies > Prediction
“The Army is a Service, Not a Job”: Unionization, Employment, and the Meaning of Military Service in the Late-Twentieth Century United States
Authors: Mittelstadt Jennifer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article tells the story of an often-forgotten attempt to unionize the United States armed forces in the 1970s. The American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE), an AFL-CIO-affiliated union representing federal employees, voted to allow military personnel to join its union in 1976. Military personnel proved far more open to the bid than expected. Nursing grievances from threatened congressional cuts to their institutional benefits, between one-third and one-half welcomed the union. Though a worried Congress, a powerful military leadership, and skeptical public opinion quashed unionization within the year, the brief episode nevertheless left an influential legacy. Coming just after the difficult transition from the draft to the volunteer force, the union bid forced military leaders, soldiers, and supporters in Congress to defend both military service and military benefits from encroachments of an “occupational” model symbolized by unionization. Their successful distinction between military service and employment elevated the former as uniquely honorable and arduous—and thus deserving of unwavering congressional support. Public unions, the embodiment of the occupational threat to military service, emerged bruised by the comparisons to vaunted military service and endured a decades-long decline in membership and congressional protection.
Wars of Civilization: The US Army Contemplates Wounded Knee, the Pullman Strike, and the Philippine Insurrection
Authors: Murolo Priscilla 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article explores the military history that links federal suppression of the Pullman Strike in 1894 to the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890 and the US conquest of the Philippines in 1899–1903. Military men expressed remarkably similar understandings of their targets in the three campaigns, and in each case they paired condemnations of the enemy with many of the same positive stereotypes of soldiers like themselves. Analysis of this imagery offers new perspectives on the US Army's role in imperial projects as well as state action against labor. If strikers resembled unruly colonial subjects in the military mind, the reverse also held true; and soldiers' self-representations reveal that their goals did not necessarily match the state's agenda.
Militarism, Empire, and Labor Relations: The Case of Brice P. Disque
Authors: Freeman Joshua B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough war and militarization have loomed large in the history of the United States for well over a century, labor historians have only infrequently examined the relationship between American labor and the military. The career of General Brice Pursell Disque suggests the complex flow of ideas and personnel back and forth between labor relations in the military and in the civilian economy. First involved with the management of labor as an officer during the Spanish-American War, Disque went on to serve as a prison warden, the head of an army effort to suppress labor radicalism in the timber industry during the First World War, and in business posts involving collective bargaining. Through Disque we can begin to see the multiple connections between labor relations in the so-called free market of the private sphere and in the decidedly unfree arenas of military and penal life.
“Civilians in Uniform”: Class and Politics in the British Armed Forces, 1939–1945
Authors: Field Geoffrey 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe essay examines the British army's transformation from a small professional force into a mass conscript army between 1939 and 1945. Battlefield defeats and criticism of the nation's conduct of the war acted as a stimulus to reform in the early years. Examining such areas as officer selection, discipline, and the expansion of army education services (ABCA), the essay shows how the military adapted to the recruitment of millions of “civilians in uniform” and in some instances worked to contain or resist change. Special attention is given to class conflicts that arose between officers and “other ranks” and situations where perceived indifference to recruits' basic rights provoked protests and strikes, including protests over slow demobilization in 1946. A final section analyzes the role of ABCA and the forces press in creating a space for political discussion; the radical views prevalent among British servicemen; and the contradictions between the official ban on political debate in the forces, the rhetoric of “a people's war,” and the troops' growing focus on postwar reconstruction and the General Election of 1945.
Unmet Need for Assistance to Perform Activities of Daily Living and Psychological Distress in Community-Dwelling Elderly Women
Authors: Quail Jacqueline M. , Wolfson Christina , Lippman Abby 
Published: October 2011

RÉSUMÉDe plus en plus, les aînés vivant dans les communautés ont besoin d’une assistance physique pour les activités de la vie quotidienne (AVQ). L’association de ce besoin, que ce soit atteint ou non satisfaits, avec la détresse psychologique est inconnue. Nous avons mené une étude prospective des cohortes sur des résidents vivant dans les communautés âgées de 75 ans et plus à Montreal, au Canada. Nous rapportons les résultats pour les femmes seulement (n = 530). On a utilisé une régression lineaire multivariable pour examiner l’association entre les besoins satisfaits et ceux qui restent insatisfaits dans les activités déterminantes de la vie quotidienne (ADVQ) et les activités personnelles de la vie quotidienne (APVQ) et la détresse psychologique concomitante. Alors que les besoins ADVQ non satisfaits ont été associés à une détresse psychologique élevée, [β = 0.19 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.33)], comme cela a été avec les besoins ADVQ satisfaits [β = 0.42 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.60)], les besoins APVQ satisfaits et non satisfaits ne l’étaient pas. Le modèle complet explique 32,8 pour cent de la variance totale de la détresse psychologique. Recevoir de l’aide pour répondre aux besoins ADVQ est associé à une détresse psychologique élevée. Ne pas recevoir d’aide, cependant, est associé à une détresse encore plus élevée.
Escape From Machiavellianism? Thomist Themes in Twentieth Century Political Realism
Authors: Young Daniel Edward 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPolitical realism is often seen as vulnerable to the “Machiavellian temptation,” that is, to the bracketing out of moral principles in the conduct of statecraft. In this article, I explore the use of Thomist themes in the writings of Martin Wight (1913–1972), a seminal figure of the so-called English School of international relations theory. Scholars have commented on the Christian realist roots of the English School, but it is little noted that Wight's most famous essay, “Western Values in International Relations,” uses the language of Thomism. By exploring the use of Thomist concepts in Wight's thought and the parallels to be found in the thought of his contemporary, Thomist political philosopher Jacques Maritain, I show how he seeks to escape the realist temptation to Machiavellianism. I then go on to sketch out the possible shortcomings of this approach.
Towards an Open Taxonomy
Authors: Page Roderic 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTaxonomy is in many ways still predigital. Most taxonomic databases are little more than digitized index cards linking names to often-cryptic bibliographic citations, oblivious to the growing volume of scientific literature that is now online. A growing fraction of taxonomic literature is becoming freely available, either through adoption of Open Access publishing models, or through digitizing efforts such as the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Yet much of the most basic information about biodiversity, namely taxonomic description, remains either behind a pay wall, or only available in paper form. This talk sketches the goal of an "Open Taxonomy." The first step towards this goal is digitally linking scientific names to the primary literature using standard identifiers such as DOIs. I argue that until we make serious inroads into this task, taxonomic knowledge will remain in a ghetto largely ignored by the wider scientific community.
Osteopontin regulates α‐smooth muscle actin and calponin in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Gao Hong , Steffen Marlene C. , Ramos Kenneth S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractvSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) lose differentiation markers and gain uncontrolled proliferative activity during the early stages of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that OPN (osteopontin) mRNA and protein levels increase significantly on induction of proliferative activity by allylamine (an atherogenic amine) and that this response can be inhibited by OPN antibodies. We have investigated the role of OPN in vSMC differentiation. Primary cultures of aortic mouse vSMCs were transfected with an OPN expression plasmid and several vSMC differentiation markers including α‐SM actin (α‐smooth muscle actin), SM22‐α, tropomyosin and calponin were monitored in this cellular model. α‐SM actin and calponin protein levels were significantly decreased by OPN overexpression. Down‐regulation of α‐SM actin and calponin was also observed on extracellular treatment of mouse vSMCs with recombinant OPN. In addition, calponin mRNA was significantly decreased under serum‐restricted conditions when OPN mRNA was dramatically increased, while α‐SM actin mRNA remained unchanged. These data indicate that OPN down‐regulates α‐SM actin and calponin expression through an extracellular signalling pathway. Functional connectivity between OPN and vSMC differentiation markers has been established. Since vSMCs lose differentiation features during early atherosclerosis, a mechanistic basis for OPN functions as a critical regulator of proliferative cardiovascular disease has been presented.
Photocrosslinkable π-conjugated cruciform molecules for electronic/optoelectronic applications
Authors: Hoang Mai Ha , Nguyen Duc Nghia , Choi Dong Hoon 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The development of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) has seen much progress using solution-processable organic semiconductors, which can combine high charge transport mobility, stability and patternability. In this work, we report on the design and synthesis of a new type of photopatternable π-conjugated cruciform molecule. These molecules are capable of photopatterning by virtue of photopolymerization of the reactive end-groups (pentadien or acrylate). Their solubility is very good for solution processing. Transistor devices using these molecules provided a maximum field-effect mobility of 3.7×10−3
cm
2
V
−1
s
−1 as well as a high current on/off ratio. Remarkably, it was found that their charge carrier mobilities were well-maintained, even after the photocrosslinking process.
Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome
Authors: TAKAHASHI Hidetoshi , IIZUKA Hajime 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTPsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory and immune‐mediated disease associated with several comorbidities, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disorder. These comorbidities are components of metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is supposed to be related to increased levels of adipocytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and adiponectin. Recent study has revealed a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in psoriatics compared with other skin diseases. Biologic agents, including anti‐TNF‐α antibodies, are recommended as the first‐line treatment for psoriatics with metabolic syndrome. This article reviews the association of psoriasis and metabolic syndrome in terms of adipocytokines and evaluates the role of biologic agents in the treatment of psoriasis.
Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: multiple roles for the immune system in oncogene addiction
Authors: Bachireddy P , Rakhra K , Felsher D W 
Published: October 2011

Summary
OTHER THEMES PUBLISHED IN THIS IMMUNOLOGY IN THE CLINIC REVIEW SERIES
Metabolic Diseases, Host Responses, Allergies, Autoinflammatory Diseases, Type 1 diabetes and viruses.
Despite complex genomic and epigenetic abnormalities, many cancers are irrevocably dependent on an initiating oncogenic lesion whose restoration to a normal physiological activation can elicit a dramatic and sudden reversal of their neoplastic properties. This phenomenon of the reversal of tumorigenesis has been described as oncogene addiction. Oncogene addiction had been thought to occur largely through tumour cell-autonomous mechanisms such as proliferative arrest, apoptosis, differentiation and cellular senescence. However, the immune system plays an integral role in almost every aspect of tumorigenesis, including tumour initiation, prevention and progression as well as the response to therapeutics. Here we highlight more recent evidence suggesting that oncogene addiction may be integrally dependent upon host immune-mediated mechanisms, including specific immune effectors and cytokines that regulate tumour cell senescence and tumour-associated angiogenesis. Hence, the host immune system is essential to oncogene addiction.
Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: tumour-associated macrophages: undisputed stars of the inflammatory tumour microenvironment
Authors: Allavena P , Mantovani A 
Published: October 2011

Summary
OTHER THEMES PUBLISHED IN THIS IMMUNOLOGY IN THE CLINIC REVIEW SERIES
Metabolic Diseases, Host Responses, Allergies, Autoinflammatory Diseases, Type 1 diabetes and viruses.
Mononuclear phagocytes are cells of the innate immunity that defend the host against harmful pathogens and heal tissues after injury. Contrary to expectations, in malignancies, tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) promote disease progression by supporting cancer cell survival, proliferation and invasion. TAM and related myeloid cells [Tie2+ monocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC)] also promote tumour angiogenesis and suppress adaptive immune responses. These divergent biological activities are mediated by macrophages/myeloid cells with distinct functional polarization, which are ultimately dictated by microenvironmental cues. Clinical and experimental evidence has shown that cancer tissues with high infiltration of TAM are associated with poor patient prognosis and resistance to therapies. Targeting of macrophages in tumours is considered a promising therapeutic strategy: depletion of TAM or their ‘re-education’ as anti-tumour effectors is under clinical investigation and will hopefully contribute to the success of conventional anti-cancer treatments.
Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: double trouble for tumours: bi-functional and redirected T cells as effective cancer immunotherapies
Authors: Marr L A , Gilham D E , Campbell J D M , Fraser A R 
Published: October 2011

SummaryOTHER THEMES PUBLISHED IN THIS IMMUNOLOGY IN THE CLINIC REVIEW SERIESMetabolic Diseases, Host Responses, Allergies, Autoinflammatory Diseases, Type 1 diabetes and viruses.Cancer is one of the most important pathological conditions facing mankind in the 21st century, and is likely to become the most important cause of death as improvements continue in health, diet and life expectancy. The immune response is responsible for controlling nascent cancer through immunosurveillance. If tumours escape this control, they can develop into clinical cancer. Although surgery and chemo- or radiotherapy have improved survival rates significantly, there is a drive to reharness immune responses to treat disease. As T cells are one of the key immune cells in controlling cancer, research is under way to enhance their function and improve tumour targeting. This can be achieved by transduction with tumour-specific T cell receptor (TCR) or chimaeric antigen receptors (CAR) to generate redirected T cells. Virus-specific cells can also be transduced with TCR or CAR to create bi-functional T cells with specificity for both virus and tumour. In this review we outline the development and optimization of redirected and bi-functional T cells, and outline the results from current clinical trials using these cells. From this we discuss the challenges involved in generating effective anti-tumour responses while avoiding concomitant damage to normal tissues and organs.
Serous effusion cytology of extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Su X.‐Y. , Huang J. , Jiang Y. , Tang Y. , Li G.‐D. , Liu W.‐P. 
Published: October 2011

X.‐Y. Su, J. Huang, Y. Jiang, Y. Tang, G.‐D. Li and W.‐P. LiuSerous effusion cytology of extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphomaObjective:  Extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL‐N), is a rare form of lymphoma that typically occurs at extranodal sites. It is one of the most common extranodal lymphomas in China. Literature on effusions and cytological findings relating to ENKTCL‐N is limited. We studied five consecutive cases of ENKTCL‐N effusions collected over a 3‐year period. The cytomorphological, immunocytochemical and molecular biological features were evaluated with literature review. The purpose of this study is to discuss how to diagnose ENKTCL‐N cytologically in effusions.Methods:  Smears and cell block sections were reviewed for each case. Immunocytochemistry was performed on 4‐μm paraffin sections. Antibodies used were as follows: cCD3 (intracytoplasmic CD3), CD45RO, surface CD3, CD20, CD79a, CD56, TIA‐1, granzyme B, CD30, CD99, TdT and Ki‐67. In situ hybridization for EBER1/2 (EBER‐ISH) and T‐cell receptor γ (TCRγ) gene rearrangement were performed for all cases.Results:  Large to medium‐sized tumour cells with pleomorphic nuclei and coarse chromatin were found in a necrotic background in all cases. The cytoplasm of the tumour cells was scant to moderately abundant with occasional cytoplasmic projections; in Giemsa‐stained smears, fine granules were present in some tumour cells. Mitotic figures were frequent. The tumour cells were all positive for CD56, granzyme B, TIA‐1 and cCD3, and were negative for surface CD3, CD20 or CD79a, CD99 and TdT. The MIB index was 50–80%. Epstein‐Barr virus‐encoded RNA (EBER) hybridizing signals were detected for most neoplastic cells. The T‐cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement analysis showed germ‐line configuration, except for one case.Conclusions:  Effusion cytology may be appropriate for establishing the diagnosis of ENKTCL‐N, particularly for patients in whom tissue biopsy is not possible.
Scales of spatiotemporal variation in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure in monsoonal streams: the importance of season
Authors: LEUNG ALAN S. L. , LI AGGIE O. Y. , DUDGEON DAVID 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. We assessed the relative importance of different scales of spatial and temporal variability on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure in six unpolluted streams in monsoonal Hong Kong using ordination and complementary multivariate analyses. The spatial scales were regions, sites (streams) and sections (riffles) within sites. The temporal scales were years (three, including one with unusually high rainfall), seasons (dry versus wet) and days within seasons.2. Significant differences in assemblage structure were manifested at all temporal scales. Those at the site scale were most obvious, whereas demarcation of assemblage structure at the section (riffle) scale was smaller, and there was no significant regional differentiation in assemblage structure. Seasonal variability in assemblage structure was greater than that among years or days.3. Inter‐year differences in assemblage structure were recorded at all sites, and were noted among all years at some sites but not at others. They were recorded more frequently during the dry season, although their occurrence (in pair‐wise comparisons between years) appeared to be related to differences in the monsoonal (wet season) rainfall.4. Seasonal differences in assemblage structure were strongly evident at all sites. Inter‐site differences were more apparent during the dry season when local (site‐scale) influences on assemblages were stronger. By contrast, wet‐season samples were more variable because of spate‐induced disturbance, and inter‐site differentiation was less distinct.5. Differences among days at all sites were relatively minor, but shifts attributable to repeated spate‐induced disturbance were evident at some sites during the wet season.6. Differences at the section scale were recorded more frequently during the dry season, when the extent of within‐site variability among sections was higher, reflecting increased patchiness within sections resulting from increased substratum heterogeneity and/or greater intensity of biotic interactions.7. Seasonal shifts in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at a variety of scales in Hong Kong streams are likely to be attributable to monsoonal rains affecting the relative intensity of abiotic disturbance and biotic interactions in accordance with the harsh‐benign hypothesis.