bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Intransitive split in Tundra Nenets, or how much semantics can hide behind syntactic alignment
Authors: Khanina Olesya 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This chapter investigates whether Basque's case-marking pattern is ergative or semantically-based. While Eastern and Central dialects can be considered to have a loose ergative alignment, Western dialects have a semantic alignment based on the contrast patient/non-patient. Historical data suggest that Modern Eastern Basque best conserves the original system.
8 From ergative case marking to semantic case marking: the case of historical Basque
Authors: Aldai Gontzal 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Tundra Nenets intransitive verbs are divided into three classes: A-verbs, B-verbs and A&B-verbs, according to their compatibility with one of the two intransitive paradigms. This chapter investigates the Aktionsart principles that govern (1) a verb's placement in one of the classes; and (2) the choice between the two paradigms for A&B-verbs.
13 Argument dereferentialization in Lakota
Authors: Pustet Regina , Rood David S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Lakota has been claimed to lack structural devices by means of which arguments can be foregrounded, such as with passives. However, recent field data show that in addition to various backgrounding constructions, Lakota has a construction which functions very much like an English passive in which the agent is present.
14 The emergence of active∕stative alignment in Otomi
Authors: Palancar Enrique L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Otomi is an Otomanguean, Mesoamerican language whose intransitive verbs display two types of semantic alignment patterns: agent-patient and active-stative. This uncommon feature makes Otomi an interesting language typologically. This chapter advances a proposal about how the active-stative alignment emerged diachronically in the grammar of Otomi.
17 Affectedness and viewpoint in Pilagá (Guaykuruan): a semantically aligned case‐marking system
Authors: Vidal Alejandra 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the semantic alignment in the Guaykuruan language Pilagá (Chaco region, Argentina) and situates it in a typological context. Pilagá exhibits an extensive fluid marking which involves distinctions of caused vs. spontaneous events, high vs. low intentionality, non-reflexive vs. reflexive acts, and, interestingly, movement to/from a vantage point.
Modelling three-dimensional directivity of sound scattering by Antarctic krill: progress towards biomass estimation using multibeam sonar
Authors: Cutter George R. , Renfree Josiah S. , Cox Martin J. , Brierley Andrew S. , Demer David A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Cutter, G. R., Renfree, J. S., Cox, M. J., Brierley, A. S., and Demer, D. A. 2009. Modelling three-dimensional directivity of sound scattering by Antarctic krill: progress towards biomass estimation using multibeam sonar. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1245–1251. Target strength (TS) estimation is a principal source of uncertainty in acoustic surveys of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Although TS is strongly dependent on krill orientation, there is a paucity of information in this regard. This paper considers the potential for narrow-bandwidth, multibeam-echosounder (MBE) data to be used for estimating the orientations of krill beneath survey vessels. First, software was developed to predict MBE measurements of the directivity patterns of acoustic scattering from individual or aggregated krill in any orientation. Based on the distorted-wave, Born approximation model (DWBA), scattering intensities are predicted vs. MBE angles for specified distributions of krill orientations (pitch, roll, and yaw angles) and swarm densities. Results indicate that certain distributions of orientations, perhaps indicative of particular behaviour, should be apparent from the sonar data. The model results are compared with measurements on krill made using a 200-kHz MBE deployed from a small craft off Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, Antarctica, in summer 2006. The stochastic DWBA model is then invoked to explain disparities between the model predictions and MBE measurements.
Influence of Sodium Chloride on Color Development of Cereal Model Systems Through Changes in Glass Transition Temperature and Water Retention
Authors: Moreau Lydie , Bindzus Wolfgang , Hill Sandra 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTResearch efforts aim to enhance fundamental understanding about the role of salt in cereal products. Such knowledge may open new strategies for salt reduction in respective product categories. A model system, containing pregelatinized starch, glucose, and amino acids heated at 230°C for up to 10 min demonstrated that NaCl leads to darker products compared with the same model heated without NaCl (P < 0.05). The same trend was observed in wheat breakfast cereal flakes toasted at 230°C. The present study investigated two hypotheses how salt may influence color formation through Maillard Reaction: 1) hygroscopic behavior of salt may change the retention of water during heating and encourage Maillard reactions by improving mobility of reactants; 2) salt has a plasticizing effect and the presence of salt might keep the product in a rubbery state longer while heating, hence improving mobility and Maillard reactions of reactants. The same models (pregelatinized starch, glucose, and amino acids) mixed with several types of plasticizers (NaCl, KCl, or trehalose) and a blank without plasticizer were made and heat‐treated under controlled conditions. The presence of plasticizers always led to darker products but no correlation was found between color formation, the hygroscopic behavior of the system, and its glass transition temperature as measured by phase transition analyzer.
Theoretical and Empirical Relationships Between Oat Test Weight and Groat Proportion
Authors: Doehlert Douglas C. , Ohm Jae‐Bom , McMullen Michael S. , Riveland Neil R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTTest weight and groat proportion are two very important quality characteristics of oat grain. In this study, we pose the hypothesis that these two characteristics are related through characteristics of grain density. Test weight is defined as the product of kernel density and packing proportion. Groat proportion, in theory, is the ratio of the groat mass to the kernel mass. We present two theoretical constructions expressing test weight in terms of groat proportion, packing proportion and kernel density components. To test these, we have applied measurements of test weight, groat proportion, kernel density components, and packing proportion of 18 oat cultivars grown at six environments. Whereas the groat proportion alone accounted for only 34% of the variation in test weight, our theoretical constructions that included groat proportion could account for ≤82% of variation in test weight. Also, we present previously undescribed variation in oat kernel density components across genotypes and environments. Although the kernel density alone could account for most of the variation in test weight across genotypes, packing proportion appeared to be more important in describing variation in test weight of a genotype across different environments. We observed significant variation in both groat and hull density which, together with groat proportion, described most of the variation in kernel density.
The Gene Controlling theIndole Glucosinolate Modifier1Quantitative Trait Locus Alters Indole Glucosinolate Structures and Aphid Resistance inArabidopsis
Authors: Pfalz Marina , Vogel Heiko , Kroymann Juergen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGlucosinolates are defensive secondary compounds that display large structural diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana and related plants. Much attention has been paid to variation in the biosynthesis of Met-derived aliphatic glucosinolates and its ecological consequences, but little is known about the genes that cause qualitative and quantitative differences in Trp-derived indole glucosinolates. We use a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) fine-mapping and microarray-based transcript profiling to identify CYP81F2 (At5g57220), encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, as the gene underlying Indole Glucosinolate Modifier1 (IGM1), a metabolic QTL for the accumulation of two modified indole glucosinolates, 4-hydroxy-indole-3-yl-methyl and 4-methoxy-indole-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate. We verify CYP81F2 function with two SALK T-DNA insertion lines and show that CYP81F2 catalyzes the conversion of indole-3-yl-methyl to 4-hydroxy-indole-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate. We further show that the IGM1 QTL is largely caused by differences in CYP81F2 expression, which results from a combination of cis- and trans-acting expression QTL different from known regulators of indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Finally, we elucidate a potential function of CYP81F2 in plant–insect interactions and find that CYP81F2 contributes to defense against the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) but not to resistance against herbivory by larvae from four lepidopteran species.
Polymorphism of the pig acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase α gene is associated with fatty acid composition in a Duroc commercial line
Authors: Gallardo D. , Quintanilla R. , Varona L. , Díaz I. , Ramírez O. , Pena R. N. , Amills M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAcetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase α (ACACA) catalyses the first committed step in the biosynthesis of long‐chain fatty acids (FA) by converting acetyl‐CoA into malonyl‐CoA. In pigs, the ACACA gene maps to a chromosome 12 QTL with important effects on FA composition. In the present study, we have sequenced the coding region of the pig ACACA gene in 15 pigs, identifying 21 polymorphic sites that were either synonymous or non‐coding. Ten of these SNPs segregated in a Duroc commercial population (n = 350) for which lipid metabolism and meat and carcass quality trait records were available. Significant associations were found between two linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (c.4899G>A and c.5196T>C) and percentages of carcass lean, intramuscular fat, monounsaturated, saturated (myristic, palmitic and stearic) and polyunsaturated (linoleic) FAs in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle, along with serum HDL‐cholesterol concentration. The most important allele substitution effects were observed for the polyunsaturated/saturated FA ratio (13–21% of the phenotypic mean) as well as for the percentages of ω‐6 and polyunsaturated FAs, especially linoleic acid (7–16% of the phenotypic mean). These results suggest the existence of a causal mutation, mapping to the chromosomal region containing the pig ACACA gene, with marked effects on FA composition of meat.
Effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms of CAPN1 and CAST genes on meat traits in Nellore beef cattle (Bos indicus) and in their crosses with Bos taurus
Authors: Curi R. A. , Chardulo L. A. L. , Mason M. C. , Arrigoni M. D. B. , Silveira A. C. , De Oliveira H. N. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe objectives of this work were to study the segregation of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the calpain 1, large subunit (CAPN1) and calpastatin (CAST) genes in Nellore (Bos indicus) and Nellore ×Bos taurus beef cattle, as well as to evaluate their effects on meat traits. For this, 300 animals, including 114 Nellore, 67 Angus × Nellore, 44 Rubia Gallega × Nellore, 41 Canchim, 19 Brangus three‐way crosses and 15 Braunvieh three‐way crosses, were genotyped for the CAPN4751 [AF_248054.2:g.6545C>T (GenBank accession AF248054.2)] and CAST/DdeI [AF_159246.1:g.2959A>G (GenBank accession AF159246.1)] polymorphisms and phenotyped for Ribeye Area, Backfat Thickness, Intramuscular Fat, Shear Force (SF) and Myofibrillar Fragmentation Index (MFI). In relation to the CAPN4751 polymorphism, a frequency of 10.5% was observed for the C allele in the Nellore breed. In the total sample of studied animals, a significant association was found between genotypes and meat tenderness, assessed by SF (P = 0.005) and MFI (P = 0.008), with genotype CT being more favourable than TT. For the CAST/DdeI polymorphism, a frequency of 55.7% was found for the A allele in the Nellore breed. In the total sample, a significant association was observed between genotypes and meat tenderness – SF (P = 0.004) and MFI (P = 0.006), with genotype AA being more favourable than AG. The relationship between genotypes and aged meat tenderness in confluence with the distribution of favourable alleles shows great potential for application of the CAPN4751 and CAST/DdeI polymorphisms in the genetic improvement of the Nellore breed, whilst contributing to the validation, in this breed and in its crosses with B. taurus, of the association results previously described in the literature.
Characterization of cerebral malaria in the outbred Swiss Webster mouse infected byPlasmodium bergheiANKA
Authors: Martins Yuri Chaves , Smith Mary Jane , Pelajo‐Machado Marcelo , Werneck Guilherme Loureiro , Lenzi Henrique Leonel , Daniel‐Ribeiro Claudio Tadeu , Carvalho Leonardo José de Moura 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPlasmodium bergheiANKA (PbA) infection in susceptible inbred mouse strains is the most commonly used experimental model to study pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM). Indeed, many concepts on mechanisms related to this complication have arisen from works using this model. Although inbred strains present several advantages and are indicated for most studies, the use of outbred models can show unique usefulness in a number of approaches such as fine post‐quantitative trait loci mapping and discovery of genes relevant to CM susceptibility or resistance, as well as pharmacological and vaccine studies. Here we describe the features of PbA infection and CM incidence, and characterize the associated multiorgan pathology in the outbred Swiss Webster mouse. This model showed a sizeable (62.7%) and reproducible incidence of CM demonstrated by clinical signs and histopathological changes in brain (microhaemorrhages, oedema and vessel plugging by mononuclear cells). Major pathological changes were also observed in lungs, liver, thymus and spleen, analogous to those observed in inbred strains. Parasitaemia levels were associated with the risk of CM development, the risk being significantly higher in mice showing higher values of parasitaemia on days 6–7 of infection. This outbred CM model is then suitable for genetic, vaccine and drug studies targeting this malaria complication.
Establishment of lethal inhalational infection with Francisella tularensis (tularaemia) in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Nelson Michelle , Lever Mark S. , Savage Victoria L. , Salguero Francisco Javier , Pearce Peter C. , Stevens Daniel J. , Simpson Andrew J. H. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySusceptibility and lethality studies of inhalational tularaemia were undertaken using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to determine its suitability as a non‐human primate model. Pairs of marmosets were exposed to varying challenge doses of Francisella tularensis by the airborne route and monitored for up to 14 days postchallenge (p.c.). Lethal infection was achieved following a retained dose of less than 10 bacterial colony‐forming units (CFU). However, precise LD50 determination was not possible. The model was characterized using a target challenge dose of approximately 100 CFU. Increased core body temperature was the first indicator of disease, at approximately 2.5 days p.c. Overt clinical signs were first observed 12–18 h after the temperature increase. Significantly decreased activity was observed after approximately 3 days. All animals succumbed to infection between 4.5 and 7 days p.c. At postmortem examination, gross pathology was evident in the liver, spleen and lungs of all animals and high bacterial numbers were detected in all the organs assessed. Bacteraemia was demonstrated in all animals postmortem. Histopathological observations included severe suppurative bronchopneumonia, severe multifocal pyogranulomatous hepatitis, splenitis and lymphadenitis. Tularaemia disease progression in the common marmoset therefore appears to be consistent with the disease seen in humans and other animal models. The common marmoset may therefore be considered a suitable model for further studies of inhalational tularaemia.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of the genusBifidobacteriumon macrophages by modification of phospho‐IκB and SOCS gene expression
Authors: Okada Yoshikiyo , Tsuzuki Yoshikazu , Hokari Ryota , Komoto Shunsuke , Kurihara Chie , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Nagao Shigeaki , Miura Soichiro 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAlthough beneficial roles of probiotics for inflammatory bowel diseases have been reported, their direct action on immune cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated how three species ofBifidobacteriumandEnterococcus faecalisdifferentially modulate production of cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophagesin vitrousing RAW264.7 cells. The mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines were remarkably increased after exposure to LPS,E. faecalisalone and LPS combined withE. faecalis. In contrast, IL‐10 mRNA levels were significantly decreased after exposure toE. faecaliscompared with exposure toBifidobacteriumspecies. When cells were exposed toBifidobacteriumspecies combined with LPS, mRNA levels of IL12p40 were decreased by co‐culture withB. breveandB. longum, IL‐1β mRNA levels were decreased byB. breveandB. adorescentisand TNF‐α mRNA levels were decreased byB. adolescentiscompared with LPS alone. The three species ofBifidobacteriumsignificantly inhibited phosphorylation of IκB‐α induced by LPS. The mRNA levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3 were increased by exposure to LPS alone; however, the mRNA levels of SOCS1 or SOCS3 were increased more by exposure toBifidobacteriumspecies combined with LPS. Conversely,E. faecaliscombined with LPS induced significantly lower levels of SOCS mRNA than those induced byBifidobacteriumspecies combined with LPS. These results indicated that certain species of genusBifidobacteriumcould negatively modulate mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines produced from LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which is possibly related to inhibition of IκB‐α phosphorylation and stimulation of SOCS signalling.
Evaluation of a magnetic resonance biomarker of osteoarthritis disease progression: doxycycline slows tibial cartilage loss in the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig
Authors: Bowyer Jonathan , Heapy Chris G. , Flannelly Joanne K. , Waterton John C. , Maciewicz Rose A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe objective was to assess the effect of doxycycline treatment on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker of cartilage volume loss, and on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in a guinea pig osteoarthritis model. Guinea pigs (9 months old) were dosed with vehicle or doxycycline, 0.6, 3.0 mg/kg/day for 66 days. Fat‐suppressed 3D gradient‐echo MRI of the left knee was acquired pre‐ and post dosing. Change in medial tibial plateau (MTP) cartilage volume (MT.VC) was determined using image analysis. At termination, MTP cartilage was removed from knees and proteolytic MMP activity determined using a fluorescent peptide substrate assay. Vehicle‐treated animals lost 20.5% (95% CI mean 25.6–15.1) MT.VC. The doxycycline (0.6 mg/kg/day) group lost 8.6% (P < 0.05, 95% CI 20.6 to −5.3) whilst the 3.0 mg/kg/day group lost 10.0% (P < 0.05, 95% CI 13.9–6.0%). Endogenous levels of active MMPs were below limits of detection in all samples. However, doxycycline treatment ablated amino phenyl mercuric acid activated MMP‐13 and MMP‐8 levels, reduced MMP‐9 levels by 65% and MMP‐1 levels by 24%. Doxycycline treatment resulted in partial protection from MT.VC loss and was associated with complete reduction in MMP‐13 and MMP‐8, and partial reduction in MMP‐9 activity. These data imply a role of MMPs in cartilage degeneration but incomplete protection suggests that additional doxycycline insensitive mechanisms are important in this model. The protective effect of doxycycline correlates with the clinical finding of lessened joint space narrowing, strengthens the utility of this animal model in identifying disease‐modifying osteoarthritic drugs and supports the use of MRI biomarkers of cartilage loss.
Back to basics – how the evolution of the extracellular matrix underpinned vertebrate evolution
Authors: Huxley‐Jones Julie , Pinney John W. , Archer John , Robertson David L. , Boot‐Handford Raymond P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex substrate that is involved in and influences a spectrum of behaviours such as growth and differentiation and is the basis for the structure of tissues. Although a characteristic of all metazoans, the ECM has elaborated into a variety of tissues unique to vertebrates, such as bone, tendon and cartilage. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular evolution of the ECM. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ECM genes represent a pivotal family of proteins the evolution of which appears to have played an important role in the evolution of vertebrates.
An open‐label, randomized, 64‐week study repeating 10‐ and 20‐U doses of botulinum toxin type A for treatment of glabellar lines in Japanese subjects
Authors: Kawashima Makoto , Harii Kiyonori 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground  Repeated botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) treatment typifies clinical practice. The long‐term safety and efficacy should be demonstrated in diverse populations.Objective  To evaluate the long‐term efficacy and safety of repeated BoNTA treatments of glabellar lines in Japanese subjects.Methods  This randomized, multicenter, 64‐week, open‐label study of 363 subjects compared 10‐U and 20‐U of BoNTA for up to five treatments. The endpoints were the physician ratings of line severity and duration of efficacy, and subject ratings of line improvement and satisfaction. Safety assessments included adverse events, laboratory tests, and vital signs. Tests for neutralizing antibodies were conducted.Results  Peak response rates (> 90%, maximal contraction) were observed at week 1 (treatment 1) and week 4 (treatments 2–5). The duration did not change with repeated treatments and was longer in the 20‐U than in the 10‐U group (17.1 ± 6.58 weeks vs. 14.8 ± 5.38 weeks; P < 0.001). Subject‐assessed improvement ratings, 4 weeks’ post‐treatment, were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in the 20‐U group. Overall satisfaction ratings were significantly higher in the 20‐U group (P < 0.001). No serious adverse events occurred. Neutralizing antibodies were not detected.Conclusion  Repeated treatments of glabellar lines with 10 or 20 U of BoNTA provided long‐term safety and efficacy in Japanese subjects. The 20‐U dose provided longer duration, greater subject satisfaction, and greater subject‐rated improvement. The 20‐U dose was identified as optimal for improving glabellar lines in Japanese subjects. These results apply only to the formulation of BoNTA used in this study.