bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active control of flow separation and structural vibrations of wind turbine blades
Authors: Maldonado Victor , Farnsworth John , Gressick William , Amitay Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe feasibility of using synthetic jet actuators to enhance the performance of wind turbine blades was explored in wind tunnel experiments on a small scale model blade. Using this technique, the global flow field over the blade was altered such that flow separation was mitigated. Consequently, this resulted in a significant decrease in the vibration of the blade. Global flow measurements were conducted, where the moments and forces on the blade were measured using a six component wall‐mounted load cell. The effect of the actuation was also examined on the surface static pressure at two spanwise locations; near the blade's root and near its tip. In addition, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to quantify the flow field over the blade. Using synthetic jets, the flow over the blade was either fully or partially reattached, depending on the angle of attack, and the Reynolds number. Furthermore, the changes induced on the moments and forces, as well as on the blade vibrations were found to be proportionally controllable by either changing the momentum coefficient, the number of synthetic jets used, or by the driving waveform. Finally, a proof‐of‐concept closed‐loop control system was developed to test the ability of using synthetic jet actuators to restore and maintain flow attachment and reduce the vibrations in the blade during dynamic pitching maneuvers. The control system demonstrated the ability of synthetic jet actuators to reduce blade vibrations during dynamic motion depending upon their control concept, which might be either pitch or active stall control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind turbine extreme gust control
Authors: Kanev Stoyan , van Engelen Tim 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper focuses on the problem of extreme wind gust and direction change recognition (EG&DR) and control (EEC). An extreme wind gust with direction change can lead to large loads on the turbine (causing fatigue) and unnecessary turbine shutdowns by the supervisory system caused by rotor overspeed. The proposed EG&DR algorithm is based on a non‐linear observer (extended Kalman filter) that estimates the oblique wind inflow angle and the blade effective wind speed signals, which are then used by a detection algorithm (cumulative sum test) to recognize extreme events. The non‐linear observer requires that blade root bending moments measurements (in‐plane and out‐of‐plane) are available. Once an extreme event is detected, an EEC algorithm is activated that: (i) tries to prevent the rotor speed from exceeding the overspeed limit by fast collective blade pitching; and (ii) reduces 1p blade loads by means of individual pitch control algorithm, designed in an ℋ∞optimal control setting. The method is demonstrated on a complex non‐linear test turbine model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four‐dimensional dynamics of MAPK information‐processing systems
Authors: Kholodenko Boris N. , Birtwistle Marc R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades process a myriad of stimuli received by cell‐surface receptors and generate precise spatiotemporal guidance for multiple target proteins, dictating receptor‐specific cellular outcomes. Computational modeling reveals that the intrinsic topology of MAPK cascades enables them to amplify signal sensitivity and amplitude, reduce noise, and display intricate dynamic properties, which include toggle switches, excitation pulses, and oscillations. Specificity of signaling responses can be brought about by signal‐induced feedback and feedforward wiring imposed on the MAPK cascade backbone. Intracellular gradients of protein activities arise from the spatial separation of opposing reactions in kinase‐phosphatase cycles. The membrane confinement of the initiating kinase in MAPK cascades and cytosolic localization of phosphatases can result in precipitous gradients of phosphorylated signal‐transducers if they spread solely by diffusion. Endocytotic trafficking of active kinases driven by molecular motors and traveling waves of protein phosphorylation can propagate phosphorylation signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, especially in large cells, such as Xenopus eggs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Design principles of the bacterial quorum sensing gene networks
Authors: Goryachev Andrew B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBacterial quorum sensing (QS) has attracted much interest as the manifestation of collective behavior in prokaryotic organisms once considered strictly solitary. Significant amount of genetic, biochemical, and structural data which, has been accumulated in studies on QS in many species allows us to map properties of specific molecules and their interactions on the observed population‐wide bacterial behavior. The present review attempts to give a systems biology perspective on the structure of genetic regulatory networks that control QS and considers functional implications of a variety of design principles that recur in the organization of these networks across species Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
A systems biology approach to defining metastatic biomarkers and signaling pathways
Authors: Goldberger Natalie E. , Hunter Kent W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMetastasis is the final stage of cancer and the primary cause of mortality for most solid malignancies. This terminal phase of cancer progression has been investigated using a variety of high‐throughput technologies (i.e., gene expression arrays, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and proteomics) to identify prognostic expression profiles and better characterize the metastatic process. For decades, the predominant model for the metastatic process has been the ‘progression model’, yet recent microarray results tend to support an inherent metastatic capability within primary tumors. Moreover, studies using a highly metastatic transgenic mammary tumor model suggest that germline polymorphisms are significant determinants of metastatic efficiency. Likewise, a strong concordance of survival has been observed between family members with cancer, further supporting the link between genetic inheritance and survival. In addition, chromosomal aberrations and signaling pathways related to metastatic capacity have been identified by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and proteomic studies, respectively. Lastly, carcinoma enzyme activity profiles using activity‐based proteomics (ABPP), may be more clinically useful than expression‐based proteomics for certain cancers. Most importantly, the application of these high‐throughput techniques should expedite the search for additional biomarkers, germline polymorphisms, and expression signatures with greater prognostic value. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Integrin activation in the immune system
Authors: Laudanna Carlo , Bolomini‐Vittori Matteo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractModulation of leukocyte adhesiveness is critical to leukocyte function during the immune response. A central paradigm in this phenomenon is represented by integrin activation, which is controlled by inside‐out signal transduction mechanisms triggered by selectins, chemoattractants and TcR‐bound Ag and facilitated by mechanochemical forces. Integrins are heterodimeric adhesive receptors differently expressed on all leukocyte subtypes. At least two distinct modalities of integrin activation are known, namely conformational changes, leading to increased affinity, and lateral mobility leading to increased valency, both enhancing cell avidity (adhesiveness). Several signal transduction events have been correlated to integrin activation in leukocytes. The complexity of intracellular signaling networks leading to leukocyte integrin activation is likely functional to generate robustness and fine tuning of integrin activation allowing integration of qualitative and quantitative variations of extracellular signals leading to leukocyte‐, agonist‐ and integrin‐specific control of adhesion. In this context, the recent modular abstraction proposed for the functional architecture of biological networks may provide a powerful paradigm to understand regulation and specificity of signaling events. Accordingly, pro‐adhesive intracellular signaling networks may be organized in regulatory signalosomes, or modules, corresponding to discrete clusters of interacting signaling proteins, with some devoted to context‐dependent regulation of specificity and dynamics of integrin activation. The principles and technologies of systems biology, and more specifically of network theory, may help to address this complexity and unveil the inner logic governing leukocyte recruitment during the immune response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
A Hydrogen‐Bonded Framework Complex without Lattice Solvents: Synthesis Reversible Crystal‐to‐Amorphous Transformation and Chromic Properties
Authors: Xiao Weiming , Zhang Ning , Deng Shengjun , Mao Xuejin , Chen Chao 
Published: May 2009

AbstractReaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with H4BPTC (H4BPTC = Biphenyl‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic acid) produced a 3D hydrogen‐bonded framework complex 1, not containing lattice solvents, with empirical formula [Ni(H2O)6]·H2BPTC. The complex exhibits an interesting reversible crystal‐to‐amorphous transformation property unaccompanied by lattice solvents release/loading and shows selective and reversible chromic response to methanol.
GPS assessment of the use of exhibit space and resources by African elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Leighty Katherine A. , Soltis Joseph , Savage Anne 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn public discussions of animal rights and welfare, we as members and proponents of zoological institutions often face significant challenges addressing the concerns of our detractors due to an unfortunate deficiency in systematically collected and published data on the animals in our collections. In the case of elephants, there has been a paucity of information describing their use of space within captive environments. Here, using collar‐mounted GPS recording devices, we documented the use of exhibit space and resources by a herd of five adult female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) housed at Disney's Animal Kingdom®. We found that dominant animals within the herd used a greater percentage of the available space and subordinate females avoided narrow or enclosed regions of the enclosure that we termed “restricted flow areas.” In their use of other resources, dominant females demonstrated increased occupation of the watering hole over subordinate females, but all females demonstrated relatively equivalent use of the mud wallow. Overall, our results provide preliminary evidence that position within the dominancy hierarchy impacts the percentage of space occupied in a captive setting and may contribute to resource accessibility. These findings can be applied to future decisions on exhibit design and resource distribution for this species. Zoo Biol 29:210–220, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Galactosaemia in a Brazilian population: High incidence and cost–benefit analysis
Authors: Camelo J. S. , Fernandes M. I. Machado , Maciel L. M. Zanini , Scrideli C. A. , Santos J. L. Ferreira , Camargo A. S. , Passador C. Souza , Leite P. Carvalho , Resende D. Ruffato , de Souza L. Oliveira , Giugliani R. , Jorge S. Moysés 
Published: May 2009

SummaryObjectives:To study the incidence of galactosaemia in the state of São Paulo and the benefit/cost (B/C) ratio of the introduction of neonatal screening for galactosaemia, comparing it with a selective approach.Methods:An enzymatic‐colorimetric assay was used for the screening of total galactose (TG) in a sample of 10% of the births in São Paulo in one year and positive cases were confirmed by the activity of galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT). Detected and referred cases were genotyped using enzyme restriction studies for Q188R, N314D and S135L mutations of the GALT gene. The economic analysis was determined by calculating the B/C ratio and by analysis of sensitivity as a function of the incidence of the disease detected and the variation of the interest rate in the economy.Results:59 953 newborns were screened for TG, with 3 cases of galactosaemia being identified (0.26% false positives), corresponding to a frequency of 1:19 984 liveborns (95% confidence interval: 1:7494 to 1:59 953). One classical case and one Duarte 2 variant referred to as a selective approach were confirmed. With an incidence of 1:19 984, the B/C ratio was 1.04 for the 11.75% interest rate in effect in Brazil, with values already decapitalized. With a maximum possible incidence of 1:7494, the B/C ratio was 2.79.Discussion:There is an economic advantage in introducing neonatal screening for galactosaemia in the national neonatal screening programme. This advantage could increase with a reduction of the current interest rates in the economy.
High School Biology/Life Science Teachers’ Presentation of Genetic Counseling and Health Care Career Options in Their Classrooms
Authors: Owens Thea A. , Tabangin Meredith E. , Huether Carl A. , Bowling Bethany Vice , Warren Nancy Steinberg 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStudies show teachers play an influential role in the career decision‐making process of students and early knowledge of genetic counseling (GC) increases the likelihood students will consider this career option. This quantitative study is the first to explore the presentation of GC and other health care career options by high school (HS) biology/life science (B/LS) teachers in their classrooms. Our findings indicate most B/LS teachers present GC as a career option to HS students, agree it complements classroom activities, and perceive students as interested in learning about the profession. However, teachers note many barriers to spending class time presenting GC careers. Consequently, a substantial number of teachers spent a minimal amount of time presenting health care careers in general. We discuss ways genetic counselors can enhance career resources, reduce barriers, and foster student interest in pursuing a career in GC by developing partnerships with HS B/LS teachers.
Heat Conduction of Air in Nano Spacing
Authors: Zhang Yao-Zhong , Zhao Bo , Huang Gai-Yan , Yang Zhi , Zhang Ya-Fei 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The scale effect of heat conduction of air in nano spacing (NS) is very important for nanodevices to improve their life and efficiency. By constructing a special technique, the changes of heat conduction of air were studied by means of measuring the heat conduction with heat conduction instrument in NS between the hot plate and the cooling plate. Carbon nanotubes were used to produce the nano spacing. The results show that when the spacing is small down to nanometer scale, heat conduction plays a prominent role in NS. It was found that the thickness of air is a non-linear parameter for demarcating the heat conduction of air in NS and the rate of heat conduction in unit area could be regard as a typical parameter for the heat conduction characterization at nanometer scale.
Tuberous sclerosis complex: everything old is new again
Authors: Ess Kevin C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a multiorgan genetic disease caused by loss of function of either the TSC1 (encodes hamartin) or TSC2 (encodes tuberin) genes. Patients with TSC have benign tumors (hamartomas) in multiple organs though brain involvement is typically the most disabling aspect of the disease as very high rates of neurodevelopmental disorders are seen. While first described well over 120 years ago, recent advances have transformed TSC into a prototypical disorder that exemplifies the methods and potential of molecular medicine. This review will detail historical aspects of TSC and its strong associations with neurodevelopmental disorders focusing on epilepsy and autism. Finally, promising new approaches for the treatment of epilepsy and autism in patients with TSC as well as those in the general population will be discussed.
Study of Some Experimental Parameters in the Synthesis of Triacylglycerols with CLA Isomers and Structural Analysis
Authors: Blasi Francesca , Maurelli Silvia , Cossignani Lina , D’Arco Gilda , Simonetti Maria Stella , Damiani Pietro 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe present research deals with the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols (TAG) by enzymatic treatment of sn‐1,3‐diacylglycerol (sn‐1,3‐DAG) with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers using the immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme® IM) under different experimental conditions. In particular, the influence of reaction parameters, such as temperature, enzymatic load, reaction time and DAG/CLA ratio has been evaluated using an experimental design software with a screening objective. Two responses have been selected, they are the percentage of CLA isomers in total TAG and in the sn‐2‐ position and a three‐level‐4‐factor fractional factorial experimental design was used to screen the variables. The results showed that the selected experimental variables have an influence on the enzymatic reaction, in particular, the DAG/CLA substrate ratio and the temperature, both of which inversely correlated with CLA incorporation, but also the enzymatic load and the reaction time, both directly correlated with CLA incorporation. The best results for CLA isomer % content both in total TAG (46.3%) and in the sn‐2‐ position (52.2%) were obtained at 40 °C for 96 h, with 20% enzymatic load and a 0.5 reactive ratio.
Leg muscle atrophy in idiopathic congenital clubfoot: Is it primitive or acquired?
Authors: Ippolito Ernesto , De Maio F. , Mancini F. , Bellini D. , Orefice A. 
Published: May 2009

Purpose To investigate whether atrophy of the leg muscles present in congenital clubfoot (CCF) is primitive or secondary to treatment of the deformity. Methods Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both legs was taken in three cohorts of patients with unilateral congenital clubfoot (UCCF): eight untreated newborns (age range 10 days to 2 weeks); eight children who had been treated with the Ponseti method (age range 2–4 years); eight adults whose deformity had been corrected by manipulation and casting according to Ponseti, followed by a limited posterior release performed at age 2–3 months (age range 19–23 years). All of the treated patients wore a brace until 3 years of age. Muscles were measured on transverse MRI scans of both legs taken midway between the articular surface of the knee and the articular surface of the ankle, using a computer program (AutoCAD 2002 LT). The same program was used to measure leg muscles in the histologic cross sections of the legs of two fetuses with UCCF, spontaneously aborted at 13 and 19 weeks of gestation, respectively. Measurements of the whole cross section of the leg (total leg volume: TLV), of the muscular tissue (muscular tissue volume: MTV), and of the adipose tissue (adipose tissue volume: ATV) of the tibia, fibula, and of the other soft tissues (tendons, nerves, and vessels) were taken by using an interactive image analyzer (IAS 2000, Delta System, Milan, Italy). Results Marked atrophy of the leg muscles on the clubfoot side was found in both fetuses and untreated newborns, with a percentage ratio of MTV between the normal and the affected leg of 1.3 and 1.5, respectively. Leg muscle atrophy increased with growth, and the percentage ratio of MTV between the normal and the affected leg was, respectively, 1.8 and 2 in treated children and adults. On the other hand, fatty tissue tended to increase relatively from birth to adulthood, but it could not compensate for the progressive muscular atrophy. As a result, the difference in TLV tended to increase from childhood to adulthood. Conclusions Our study shows that leg muscular atrophy is a primitive pathological component of CCF which is already present in the early stages of fetal CCF development and in newborns before starting treatment. Muscular atrophy increases with the patient's age, suggesting a mechanism of muscle growth impairment as a possible pathogenic factor of CCF.
Expression of the homeobox genes PAX6, OTX2, and OTX1 in the early human fetal retina
Authors: Larsen Karen B. , Lutterodt Melissa , Rath Martin F. , Møller Morten 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe studied the spatial and temporal expression of the homeobox genes PAX6, OTX2, and OTX1 using a developmental series of human fetal eyes aged from 6 to 10 weeks post‐conception. Previous animal studies have shown that PAX6 may regulate progenitor cell proliferation, timing of differentiation and neural retina cell fate determination. OTX2 may play a role in development of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor differentiation, whereas OTX1 may be important in ciliary body development.In this study, we demonstrate the presence of the mRNAs and proteins for these genes within human fetal retinas of different stages. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we show that PAX6 was primarily localized to nuclei of the neural retina, OTX2 was localized to the nuclei of retinal pigment epithelium and OTX1 expression was confined to anterior retina. Expression peaks for PAX6 occur at days 51–60 and for OTX2 occur around fetal days 48–54.We conclude that the human expression patterns correspond spatially with the patterns observed in the rat retina. Further, the expressions occur during similar fetal stages as described in the developing rat retina.
The differential impact of product complexity, inventory level, and configuration capacity on unit and order fill rate performance
Authors: Closs David J. , Nyaga Gilbert N. , Voss M. Douglas 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the simultaneous impact of configuration capacity, inventory level, and complexity on service performance as measured by unit and order fill rates in a configure‐to‐order environment. Demand skew is treated as a control variable. A simulation model based on data from a leading electronics manufacturer is used to test the hypotheses and identify the impact. Results suggest that there are differential direct and interactive effects of examined variables on unit and order fill rates.
CONVOLUTIONS OF GENERIC ORBITAL MEASURES IN COMPACT SYMMETRIC SPACES
Authors: GUPTA SANJIV KUMAR , HARE KATHRYN E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe prove that in any compact symmetric space, G/K, there is a dense set of a1,a2∈G such that if μj=mK*δaj*mk is the K-bi-invariant measure supported on KajK, then μ1*μ2 is absolutely continuous with respect to Haar measure on G. Moreover, the product of double cosets, Ka1Ka2K, has nonempty interior in G.