bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in resistance to organophosphorous insecticides in field‐collected colonies of Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Kostiainen T. , Hoy Marjorie A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFive colonies of Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) were collected from Finnish apple orchards and tested for tolerance to two organophosphorous insecticides (OPs), dimethoate and azinphosmethyl. Slide‐dip bioassays demonstrated clear differences between the five colonies. The LC50 value for the most resistant colony was about five times the value of the most susceptible colony for both pesticides. Colonies from orchards with previous OP treatments were more tolerant than the colonies from non‐treated areas. Existing variation indicates it may be possibile to increase resistance levels using laboratory selection.ZusammenfassungVariation in der Resistenz von Freilandpopulationen der Raubmilbe Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae) gegenüber OrganophosphatinsektizidenDie Toleranz von fünf Populationen der Raubmilbe Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) aus finnischen Apfelanlagen gegenüber zwei Organophosphaten, Dimethoat und Azinphos‐Methyl, wurde getestet. Die “Slide‐dip”‐Methode zeigte deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Stämmen. Die Population mit der höchsten Toleranz hatte eine ca. fünfmal höhere LC50 gegenüber den beiden Insektiziden als die empfindlichste Population. Die drei Stämme von mit Organophosphaten behandelten Apfelanlagen hatten höhere Toleranzen als die zwei Stämme von unbehandelten Anlagen. Diese existierende Variation zeigt, daß die Resistenz durch Selektion im Laboratorium erhöht werden kann.
Observations on the bionomics of Thyreocephalus interocularis (Eppelsheim) (Col., Staphylinidae), a predator of the banana weevil
Authors: Koppenhöfer A. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObservations made on the bionomics of Thyreocephalus interocularis (Eppelsheim) found in banana plantations in Western Kenya are given. After a preoviposition period of 32 ± 7.2 days, females laid a total of 31.2 ± 9.7 eggs. They were laid in decomposing banana pseudostems and in moist soil below banana mulch. Only two larval instars were observed which preyed on insect larvae in decomposing pseudostems and decomposing residual corms. Pupation occurred in the soil. In total the development took 46.2 ± 1.0 days. Longevity of adults was 142 ± 15.4 days in both sexes. The sex ratio was 1:1.ZusammenfassungZur Bionomie von Thyreocephalus interocularis (Eppelsheim) (Col., Staphylinidae), einem Prädator des Bananenrüßlers in WestkeniaVorgestellt werden Beobachtungen zur Bionomie von Thyreocephalus interocularis (Eppelsheim), der in Bananenpflanzungen in Westkenia vorkommt. Nach einer Präovipositionsperiode von 32 ± 7,2 Tagen legten die Weibchen insgesamt 31,2 ± 9,7 Eier in verrottende Bananenpseudostämme und in die Erde unterhalb von Bananenmulch. Die beiden Larvenstadien jagen Insektenlarven in den verrottenden Pseudostämmen und verrottenden Rhizomen abgeernteter Bananenschößlinge. Die Verpuppung findet im Boden statt. Die gesamte Entwicklung dauert 46,2 ±1,0 Tage. Die Imagines beider Geschlechter leben 142 ± 15,4 Tage. Das Geschlechtsverhältnis liegt bei 1:1.
Growth and survival of Dendroctonus micans larvae on six species of conifer
Authors: Wainhouse D. , Beech‐Garwood P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLaboratory experiments on the survival and development of the spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans, on six conifer species suggest that pine is a secondary host for this bark beetle. Larch, fir and Douglas fir did not support normal development. Lignin in bark, previously shown to be important in resistance of spruces, did not account for differences in larval performance between the conifers.SummaryIn a series of laboratory experiments, we measured survival and development of D. micans larvae in detached bark or logs of Norway and Serbian spruce, Japanese larch, Scots pine, Douglas fir and grand fir. In detached bark experiments, survival on Norway and Serbian spruce (54%) was significantly greater than that on larch, Douglas fir and grand fir (1–14%). Larvae were significantly heavier on Serbian than Norway spruce. Survival on Norway spruce and Scots pine logs was approx 60% and 49% respectively but this difference was not significant. Development on spruce logs was faster than that on pine but adult beetles on pine (35.8 mg) were significantly heavier than those on spruce (33.7 mg). Results suggest that pine is the main alternative host for this bark beetle.Lignin in bark, previously shown to be important in resistance of spruces, did not account for differences in larval performance on other conifers tested. Lignin may, however, provide a hitherto unrecognised defence against adapted bark beetles for some of the conifers tested.ZusammenfassungÜber Wachstum und Überleben von Dendroctonus micans Kug.‐Larven unter der Rinde von 6 KoniferenartenLaborexperimente zum Überleben und zur Entwicklung der Larven des Riesenbastkäfers, Dendroctonus micans in abgelösten Rinden‐ oder Stammstücken von Serbischer und Gemeiner Fichte, Japan‐Lärche, Gemeiner Kiefer, Douglasie und Riesentanne führten zu den folgenden Ergebnissen. In abgelöster Rinde war die Überlebensquote bei Gemeiner und Serbischer Fichte mit 54% signifikant höher als an Lärche, Douglasie und Riesentanne (1–14%). Die Larven waren signifikant schwerer in Serbischer als in Gemeiner Fichte. Die Überlebensquote in Stammstücken von Gemeiner Fichte und Kiefer betrug 60 und 49%, doch war der Unterschied nicht gesichert. Die Entwicklung in Fichten‐Stammstücken war kürzer als in Kiefern, jedoch wurden die Käfer in Kiefer (35,8 mg) signifikant schwerer als jene in Fichte (33,7 mg). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Kiefer der wichtigste alternative Wirtsbaum für D. micans ist.Lignin in der Rinde, das schon früher als wichtiger Faktor für die Resistenz von Fichten gegen Borkenkäfer erkannt wurde, konnte bei anderen Baumarten nicht als Ursache für Unterschiede des Befalls erkannt werden. Jedoch kann Lignin für einige der getesteten Koniferen als ein bisher unbekannter Abwehrfaktor gegen Borkenkäfer betrachtet werden.
Flight activity of winter rape pests
Authors: Šedivý J. , Kocourek F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe paper presents the results of a 5‐year research on Ceutorhynchus napi, C. pallidactylus, C. assimilis and Meligethes aeneus, pests of winter rape. The population dynamics, flight activity, changes in sex ratio, and oogenesis of these pests were studied using yellow water‐traps. The sums of effective temperatures for flight activity (SETF) were determined. The sex ratio of the above species showed distinct changes, the percentage of females being higher than that of males. Also, there was a considerable difference between the development of ova in the ovarioles of females captured in the water‐traps and those found on rape plants. The use of the SETF and yellow water‐traps in practical pest control is discussed.ZusammenfassungÜber die Flugaktivität einiger WinterrapsschädlingeIn vorliegender Arbeit sind die Ergebnisse von fünfjährigen Untersuchungen der Winterraps‐schädlinge Ceutorhynchus napi, C. pallidactylus, C. assimilis und Meligethes aeneus dargestellt. Die Populationsdynamik, Flugtätigkeit, Änderungen im Geschlechterverhältnis und die Eibildung wurden in Gelbfallen an einem Standort verfolgt. Die Temperatursummen für die Flugtätigkeit (SETF) wurden bestimmt. Das Geschlechterverhältnis der fliegenden Schädlinge war deutlich zugunsten der Weibchen verschoben. Auch die Eibildung in den Ovariolen war bei den Weibchen in den Gelbfallen und den Weibchen an den Rapspflanzen sehr verschieden. Die Verwendung von Gelbfallen im Warndienst wird diskutiert.
Induzierte Resistenz im Leitgewebe der europäischen Lärche Larix decidua (Mill) nach Befall durch den großen Lärchenborkenkäfer Ips cembrae (Heer) (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Jung P. , Rohde M. , Lunderstädt J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractInduced resistance in the phloem of the European larch Larix decidua (Mill) after attack by the great larch hark beetle Ips cembrae (Heer) (Col., Scolytidae)Recently caught Ips cembrae beetles were immediately transferred into cages attached to Larix decidua trees (or about 20 cm diameter) under field conditions (14.06. and 17.07.1991). After the formation of the galleries, compounds of the phloem of unsuccessfully attacked tissue, of tissue immediately adjacent to the galleries, and of tissue at a distance of 5 cm from the galleries were investigated. In comparison to undamaged tissue, the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and of the procyanidines were strongly diminished, the concentration of protein amino acids, however, had increased markedly, accompanied by qualitative changes in the tissue along the gallery. In unsuccessfully attacked tissue only a small decrease in all the above‐mentioned compounds was observed. The results are discussed with respect to induced resistance.ZusammenfassungAn befallsfreien Lärchen (ca. 20 cm Durchmesser) wurden unter Freilandbedingungen jeweils frische abgefangene Lärchenborkenkäfer gezwingert (14.06. und 17.07.1991). Nach Anlage der Brutbilder wurden Inhaltsstoffe der Bastschicht in erfolglos befallenem Gewebe, im Gewebe in unmittelbarer Nähe des Brutganges sowie in 5 cm Abstand vom Brutsystem vergleichend untersucht. Gegenüber befallsfreiem Gewebe werden bei erfolgreichem Befall entlang des Mutterganges die Konzentrationen der löslichen Kohlenhydrate und Procyanidine stark abgesenkt, die der Proteinaminosäuren unter qualitativer Änderung deutlich erhöht. In erfolglos befallenem Gewebe treten durchgehend nur geringe Verminderungen aller genannten Zellinhaltsstoffe auf. Die Ergebnisse werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt der induzierten Resistenz diskutiert.
Methoden zur kontinuierlichen Laborzucht von Apfelminiermotten des Artenkomplexes Phyllonorycter blancardella Fabr. (Lep., Gracillariidae) und seiner Parasitoide
Authors: Casas J. , Meyhöfer R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA method for the continuous laboratory‐rearing of the complex Phyllonorycter blancardella Fabr. (Lep., Gracillariidae) and its parasitoidsA new and simple method for the year‐round laboratory rearing of the leafminer species complex Phyllonorycter blancardella Fabr. and some of its associated parasitoids is presented.ZusammenfassungEine kontinuierliche Laborzuchtmethode von Apfelblattminiermotten des Artenkomplexes Phyllonorycter blancardella Fab. und seinen Parasitoiden wird auf Grundlage langjähriger Erfahrungen dargestellt.
Colonization behaviour and parasitization by Ephedrus cerasicola (Hym., Aphidiidae) in choice studies with two species of plants and aphids
Authors: Hågvar E. B. , Hofsvang T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractExperienced females of the aphid parasitoid Ephedrus cerasicola Stary were released into a glasshouse compartment or into a cage, where they could choose between an equal number of cucumber and swede plants. The plants were uninfested in some experiments, or cucumbers were infested with Aphis gossypii Glover and swedes with Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The parasitoids were reared on M. persicae on swedes. In all experiments, both with uninfested and infested plants, the females colonized the cucumber plants much more frequently than the swedes. Also mummy production was higher on the cucumber plants.In some additional cage experiments with a single infested plant (no choice), A. gossypii on cucumbers were more parasitized than M. persicae on swedes in three of four experiments.The results indicate that even if E. cerasicola is reared on M. persicae/swedes, parasitoid females released into a cucumber glasshouse will probably readily spread to the cucumber plants and parasitize A. gossypii there.
Biology and parasitism of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) on Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lep., Pyralidae) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lep., Noctuidae) eggs
Authors: Sá L. A. Nogueira de , Parra J. R. P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBiological aspects of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879, reared on artificial host Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller, 1879), were studied in incubators at 25°C (± 1°C); 60% (± 10%) RH and 14h photophase with the aim of obtaining basic information for the biological control of Heliothis zea (Boddie, 1850) in corn crop. The average duration of the life cycle (egg‐adult) of T. pretiosum was similar when reared on natural and factitious host. Sexual ratio of the parasitoid was not affected by the natural or factitious host. The longevity of T. pretiosum was higher when reared on factitious host relating to natural host. The parasitism capacity of the two strains of T. pretiosum on E. kuehniella eggs was similar, with a high rate of parasitism in the first four days of the female's life.
Diapause in the predacious mites Amblyseius cucumeris (Oud.) and Amblyseius barkeri (Hug.): Consequences of use in integrated control programmes
Authors: Rodriguez‐Reina J. M. , Ferragut F. , Carnero A. , Peña M. A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe mites Amblyseius cucumeris and A. barkeri are used in biological control commercial program against Frankliniella occidentalis. The diapause influence is essential to know the efficacy in climatic extreme conditions. The experiments were designed to verify the following: a) the effect of night temperatures on diapause induction; b) the effect of continuous darkness and low temperatures on diapause induction. In the first case A cucumeris at 12°C temperature in ecotophase diapause incidence was 100%. A. barkeri was not affected by 3 night temperatures. In the second case it could be seen that the test conditions did not induce diapause in either case.
Reproductive capacity of the horse chestnut scale insect, Pulvinaria regalis Canard (Hom., Coccidae)
Authors: Speight M. R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe surface area of pre‐oviposition female scale insects was closely correlated with their dry and wet weight biomass, and was used as a convenient, indirect method of adult size assessment. Adult females at oviposition were on average bigger when in low density populations than those in high densities, an indication of intraspecific competition in the nymphal stage. Larger females were found to be more fecund (laid more eggs), and produced larger eggs, than smaller females. No significant differences were detected between fecundities of females which had fed as nymphs on different species of host tree, and the general adult size/fecundity relationship was of sigmoid form, indicative of a maximum reproductive potential, which was independent of host tree species. Comparisons with other Hemipteran species indicated the generalist nature of P. regalis, adapted to widespread dispersal and large first instar losses from populations.
Factors involved in host discrimination by Epidinocarsis lopezi and Leptomastix dactylopii (Hym., Encyrtidae)
Authors: Van Baaren J. , Nénon J.‐P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe factors involved in host discrimination by two Encyrtid Hymenoptera, Epidinocarsis lopezi and Leptomastix dactylopii, parasitoids of the mealybugs Phenacoccus manihoti and Planococcus citri (Pseudococcidae) respectively, were compared in a behavioural study. Females of both species can discriminate between unparasitized and parasitized hosts whatever the time elapsed since first oviposition. Discrimination is based on several stimuli which act either simultaneously or successively. In E. lopezi, the rejection of parasitized hosts occurred either after a simple antennal contact, as a result of the defense behaviour of the parasitized host, or after the insertion of the ovipositor. In the latter the parasitoid probably detects a modification in the composition of the haemolymph due to the presence of the developing parasitoid. In L. dactylopii, parasitized hosts were rejected mainly after antennal palpation, the possible markers identified being either an external pheromone or the physical marker provided by the egg stalk emerging from the surface of the parasitized host. After 3 days of infestation, the use of the ovipositor is sometimes necessary.
Response of wild and laboratory‐reared Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Dipt., Tephritidae) flies from different geographic origins to a standard host marking pheromone solution
Authors: Boller E. F. , Hippe C. , Prokopy R. J. , Enkerlin W. , Katsoyannos B. I. , Morgante J. S. , Quilici S. , Stilinovic D. Crespo De , Zapater M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe response of 12 populations of Ceratitis capitata Wied. to host marking pheromone (HMP) eliciting oviposition deterrence was investigated by a group of scientists under the framework of the Global IOBC Working Group on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance. A new semi‐natural bioassay with fruits as oviposition substrates had been developed and was applied to local medfly strains in Argentina, Brazil, Greece, Hawaii, Mexico, Reunion Island and five laboratory strains in Switzerland. The results show that all geographic strains responded in a comparable fashion to the standard HMP solution and that laboratory strains with extremely long rearing histories have still retained a reduced capability to perceive and to react to the deterrent properties of HMP. The potential use of HMP in the management of medfly populations is discussed.
Problems in estimating the density of larval beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lep., Notodontidae), using frass drops by modification of the Southwood‐Jepson method
Authors: Kamata N. , Igarashi Y. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThree problems were recognized in estimating the last instar larval density of the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella, using frass drops by modification of the Southwood‐Jepson method. The first was that some frass was destroyed and washed away from the trap. The last instars' frass was exposed to the elements in a trap for 2 weeks and decreased 1.9 % in weight, the difference having been washed away by rainfall. 5.9% of the frass pellets by weight were destroyed and there was a 3.3 % decrease in their number. The remaining pellets accounted for 97.3 % of the original so that the width threshold of last instars' pellets fell to 1.78 mm from 1.8 mm. Since this decrease was minimal we concluded that no compensation was necessary for field application. The second problem was that density would be under‐ or overestimated when the survivorship curve of the target stage differed. We hence decided to employ another method which used a cumulative curve of frass falling during outbreak periods. The density (Y) could be estimated from the following equation: Y = 0.9881 log10 Xa + 0.898, where Xa is the maximum value of the cline combined with data collected two successive times on the cumulative curve. The third problem was the number of traps necessary to make the estimate at a given level of precision; this number decreased with density increase. Only five traps (1 m2 for each) were required with 0.2 of the ratio of tolerance limit at the 70% confidence level. This was because this method counted frass drops rather than individuals and larval mobility and winds randomized the spatial distribution of falling frass over a long period.
Secondary sexual differences of pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus Fabr. (Col., Nitidulidae) pupae
Authors: Charpentier R. , Weibull J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDistinct secondary sexual characters of Meligethes aeneus Fabr. pupae are described for the first time. Such characters are indistinct or lacking in adult beetles. This reliable method is non‐destructive and allows early sex determination of live M. aeneus.
Role of fundatrix and gallicola in the gall formation in Adelges japonicus (Monzen) (Hom., Adelgidae)
Authors: Ozaki K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn the gall formation of Adelges japonicus, fundatrices form the basic structure of the ‘pineapple’ galls, while gallicolac induce the closing of the larval chambers and promote gall enlargement. Gallicola eggs were removed without injuring fundatrices from the buds of Picea jezoensis to produce gallicola‐free galls. Gallicola‐free galls were similar to the normal galls in the basic structure except that all larval chambers were open. Gallicola‐free galls were significantly smaller than the normal galls, but there was no significant difference in proportion (length/diameter). In comparison with the normal galls, larval chambers were closed significantly later in the galls from which early‐deposited eggs of gallicolae were removed, thereby delaying their hatching date. This suggests that the absence of early gallicola colonization into the larval chambers delayed the closing of the chambers.
Modelling the larval development of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), (Lep., Noctuidae) on corn
Authors: Labatte J. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a major pest of corn, Zea mays L., throughout the southeastern United States, Central America, and the Caribbean. To quantify larval development under field study and its interactions with larval damage, host plant resistance, and microbial control, a mathematical larval development model was estimated in Guadeloupe, French Caribbean. This model, based on a degree‐day model describing the development rate‐temperature relationship, and normal distribution describing the variability of population development time, enable the larval development to be accurately described under various field conditions.