bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Felling on the Occurrence of Microfungi Stimulatory to Armillaria Rhizomorph Formation in Thin Roots of Quercus robur
Authors: Kwaśna H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractEight fungal assemblages were isolated from thin branch roots (0.5–1 mm diameter) of living oak trees (Quercus robur) and their stumps 2 years after felling. The roots were serially washed or surface‐sterilized with ethanol and hypochlorite. The thin roots were inhabited by fungi that are stimulants of Armillaria rhizomorphs as found previously in thick roots (0.5–1 cm diameter). However, unlike thick roots, the densities of the fungi in serially washed roots were significantly less in stump roots than in living roots. Among the most common ‘stimulants’, the frequencies of Cylindrocarpon didymum, Mortierella gracilis, Mor. microspora var. macrocystis, Mycelium radicis atrovirens, Nectria grammicospora, Pseudogymnoascus roseus and Sporothrix schenckii were usually significantly greater in stump roots than in living roots, while the frequencies of Chrysosporium merdarium, Cy. destructans, Mor. hygrophila, Penicillium adametzii, Pe. citrinum, Pe. daleae, Pe. janczewskii and Pe. spinulosum were usually significantly less in stump roots. The frequency of Trichoderma viride was less in the stump roots. Serial washing of roots was more effective than chemical surface‐sterilization in the detection of Armillaria rhizomorph ‘stimulants’. The significance of these findings in the ecology and risk assessment of Armillaria in plantations is discussed.
Production of Polyclonal Antibodies to a Recombinant Coat Protein of Potato mop‐top virus
Authors: Čeřovská N. , Moravec T. , Rosecká P. , Dědič P. , Filigarová M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe coat protein (CP) coding regions of two Czech Potato mop‐top virus (PMTV) isolates were sequenced and shown to be identical. One, the Korneta isolate CP gene, was cloned in several expression vectors. The recombinant PMTV‐CP was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified recombinant protein was used to produce PMTV‐specific polyclonal antibodies. The antiserum had a titre of 1 : 2000 in an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reacted specifically in immunoblotting and IPTA‐ ELISA (indirect plate‐trapped antigen (PTA)‐ELISA).
Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in Soil and Weeds from Commercial Tomato Fields Using Immunocapture and the Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Dittapongpitch V. , Surat S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA detection assay for Ralstonia solanacearum in soil and weeds was developed by combining immunocapture and the polymerase chain reaction (IC‐PCR). Anti‐R. solanacearum polyclonal antibodies were produced in a white female rabbit and Dynal® super‐paramagnetic beads were coated with purified immunoglobulinG (IgG). Using IC‐PCR, the 718 bp target DNA was amplified at a detection threshold of approximately 104 colony‐forming units (CFU) bacteria per millilitre of suspension. DNA was not amplified in soil suspensions derived from autoclaved and non‐autoclaved soils, which contained R. solanacearum at 1–105 CFU/g soil. However, a positive PCR result was obtained when bacteria in the soil suspensions were first enriched in nutrient broth. IC‐PCR detected R. solanacearum in tomato stems 24 h after inoculation by stem puncture with a suspension containing approximately 105 CFU/ml. IC‐PCR detected the bacterium in 28 of 55 (51%) weeds and 10 of 32 (31%) soil samples. Of the weeds, Physalis minima, Amaranthus spinosus and Euphorbia hirta had the highest incidence of infection. R. solanacearum was not detected in soil taken from fallow fields, but it was discovered in some weed species. Symptomless tomato and pepper plants collected from the fields in which tomato bacterial wilt had previously occurred were found to contain R. solanacearum. These discoveries suggest that weeds and latent hosts may play a role in the survival of R. solanacearum between cropping cycles.
Carbon Metabolism Alterations in Sunflower Plants Infected with the Sunflower Chlorotic Mottle Virus
Authors: Arias M. C. , Lenardon S. , Taleisnik E. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus (SuCMoV) causes chlorotic mottling symptoms and important growth reductions and yield losses in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv. Contiflor 7). This paper describes the effects of SuCMoV on some aspects of carbon metabolism of sunflower plants. After symptoms became evident, CO2 fixation rates decreased, nevertheless, soluble sugars and starch increased in infected leaves. High H2O2 accumulation, lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll degradation were, like the other changes, observed only after symptom expression. Increased soluble carbohydrate accumulation was not related to changes in α‐amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity, nor in the activities of enzymes associated with sugar import and hydrolysis such as invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) and sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13), suggesting it did not derive from starch hydrolysis nor increased sugar import. Rather, it may derive from recycling of cell components associated with the development of oxidative damage. The physiological alterations caused by this virus share many common features with the development of senescence.
Repeated dose inhaled budesonide versus placebo in the treatment of croup
Authors: Roberts GW , Master VV , Staugas RE , Raftos JV , Parsons DW , Coulthard KP , Martin AJ 
Published: October 2010

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and tolerance of 12‐hourly dosing with 2 mg 4 mL–1 of inhaled budesonide versus placebo in patients admitted to hospital with moderate/severe croup. Method: Eighty‐two children hospitalised with croup received either 2 mg 4 mL–1 of budesonide or placebo 12 hourly (maximum four doses) via Ventstream® nebuliser in a randomised, double‐blind manner. Croup scores were performed at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h from initial nebulisation whilst the patient remained hospitalised. Follow‐up assessments were made 1 and 3 days after discharge. Results: Improvement was observed in the budesonide group over the 12‐h dosing interval when compared to placebo (P = 0.04). Time to attain a significant clinical improvement was superior in the budesonide group (P = 0.01). Three days after discharge seven of 32 placebo‐treated patients and one of 34 budesonide‐treated patients had sought further medical follow‐up (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Twelve‐hourly dosing with inhaled budesonide significantly improved symptoms of croup as well as decreased relapse rates when compared with placebo.
An evaluation of the autopsy following death in a Level IV neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Barr P , Hunt R 
Published: October 2010

Objective: To ascertain the determinants of neonatal autopsy, define clinical errors in the causes of death, and elucidate the possible audit and genetic value of the autopsy following death in a Level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: A review and correlation of clinical and autopsy information in a case series of infants who died during the period 1991–97. Results: Two hundred and twenty‐nine of 4057 infants admitted to the NICU died and 91 (39.7%) underwent an autopsy. The underlying cause of death was significantly different in infants who had an autopsy compared with infants who did not (P = 0.02). The autopsy rate was higher for deaths from miscellaneous causes (52.9%), lethal malformation (46.8%) and infection (45.4%) than deaths from prematurity (25.9%) and asphyxia (19%). Clinical errors in the causes of death were found in 22% of the infants, and in 4.4% a change in management may have been curative or prolonged life. The autopsy had audit value in 26% of infants and genetic value for a single gene (Mendelian) disorder in 4.4%. Conclusions: Although the autopsy following death in a Level IV NICU yields potentially useful information in more than one‐third of cases, this does not seem sufficient to ensure a high neonatal autopsy rate.
Impacts of Citrus Development on Habitats of Southwest Florida
Authors: PEARLSTINE LEONARD G. , BRANDT LAURA A. , KITCHENS WILEY M. , MAZZOTTI FRANK J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Examining resource management needs at the landscape level has become critical for the conservation of ecosystems and the preservation of species. Geographic information systems (GIS) that allow for the integration of spatially referenced databases are a powerful tool that can be used by resource managers to examine potential impacts and develop strategies for regional planning. We applied a landscape‐level approach to examine the potential impacts of citrus development on habitats and species in southwest Florida. We developed GIS models for panthers, Sandhill Cranes, and wading birds that reflect changes in potential habitats under a series of development scenarios. The models indicate that, under the maximum development scenario, 63% of potential panther habitat, 66% of potential Sandhill Crane habitat, and 67% and 33% of potential wading bird nesting and foraging habitats could be lost. In addition, the habitat that would remain would be severely fragmented. Several key areas were identified that will be critical to the continued existence of these species and to maintenance of regional biodiversity. The areas identified are habitats not represented on the existing public lands concentrated in the southern portion of the study area and/or that provide connections among existing natural areas.Impacto del desarrollo de cítricos en hábitats del suroeste de Florida
Using the Landscape Ecosystem Approach to Assess Species and Ecosystem Diversity
Authors: LAPIN MARC , BARNES BURTON V. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Diversity was determined for ground‐cover species within and among landscape ecosystem groups of the University of Michigan Biological Station, nortbern lower Michigan, USA. The concept of ecosystem diversity, number, kinds, and patterns of landscape ecosystems and their processes, was introduced and illustrated. The 4000‐ha area has been highly disturbed by logging and repeated post‐logging fires. Early successional species now dominate the overstory of upland ecosystems. Twenty‐one upland landscape ecosystem groups were identified, classified, described, and mapped on the basis of interrelationships among climate, physiography, soil, and vegetation. Six landscape ecosystem groups, representative of extremes along moisture, nutrient, and microclimate gradients, were selected for the analysis of alpha and beta diversity of ground‐cover vegetation. Alpha diversity indices calculated were species richness, Shannon‐Wiener diversity, Shannon‐Wiener evenness, and Simpson's index. Beta diversity was measured by percentage similarity and Jaccard's coefficient. The most moist and nutrient‐rich ecosystem group had the highest alpha diversity. The general pattern of decreasing alpha diversity was moist and nutrient‐rich, moderately moist and moderately nutrient‐rich, moist and nutrient‐poor and climatically extreme, dry and nutrient‐poor and climatically extreme, and dry and nutrient‐poor. Beta diversity analysis revealed significant between‐ecosystem diversity, despite the fact that the landscape appears relatively flat and strongly dominated by big‐tooth(Populus grandidentataMichx.) and trembling(P. tremuloidesMichx.) aspens. The richness of landscape ecosystems among four regional landscapes in Michigan, including the Biological Station was contrasted and described. Greater ecosystem richness of the Biological Station reflects greater geologic‐physiographic complexity of the area due to its glacial history. Distinguishing and mapping landscape ecosystems proves an excellent framework for assessing alpha and beta diversity of plant species and for similar analyses of whole landscape ecosystems and their processes.Utilización del enfoque ecosistémico a nivel de paisaje para evaluar la diversidad de especies y ecosistemas
Effect of Migration or Inbreeding Followed by Selection on Low‐Founder‐Number Populations: Implications for Captive Breeding Programs
Authors: BACKUS VICKIE L. , BRYANT EDWIN H. , HUGHES COLIN R. , MEFFERT LISA M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Using the housefly, Musca domestica (L), as a model system, we tested the ability of two extrems in the range of possible captive breeding protocols to yield sustainable populations following founding with low founder numbers. The protocols tested included two levels of migration as well as inbreeding followed by selection, each with appropriate controls. Each low‐founder‐number population was founded with two pairs of flies. The maximum migration scheme had 50% migration per generation, and the minimum migration populations experienced a migration rate of 2.5% per generation. The control level of migration was 0%. A fourth low‐founder‐number treatment was designed to test the effect of inbreeding followed by selection. Two sets of high‐founder‐number control groups were also derived from the stock population. Two fitness measures, viability and productivity of the populations, were recorded at the fifth generation. Populations in the minimum‐migration and zero migration treatment groups had lower fitness than populations in any other treatment for both measures. Populations that experienced inbreeding and selection for high fitness levels, high levels of migration, or large high‐founder‐number populations were equally fit. These results demonstrate that a captive‐breeding scheme that contains substantial levels of migration or inbreeding followed by selection can yield highly adapted populations.Efecto de la migración o intracruza seguido por la selección de poblacions originadas a partir de un número pequeño de fundadores
DNA Fingerprinting Reveals a Lack of Genetic Variation in Northern Populations of the Western Pond Turtle (Clemmys marmorata)
Authors: GRAY ELIZABETH M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: I used DNA fingerprinting to provide the first analysis of the genetic composition of western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata( populations in Washington, Oregon, and California. Populations of the western pond turtle in Washington and northern Oregon are rapidly approaching extinction. Genetic similarity within the largest northern populations, which are located inland, is high. An analysis of population substructure (Fst) revealed significant genetic divergence between inland populations, indicating a lack of dispersal and gene flow between sites. In contrast, northern coastal sites are not genetically distinct, but there are few if any viable populations remaining in this region. Genetic variability within southern California populations is a great deal higher than in northern inland sites. Similarly, a low Fst value indicated a lack of genetic differentiation between southern sites. An inter‐regional analysis of population substructure (Fst= 0.24) revealed a significant degree of genetic divergence between geographical regions throughout the range. In addition, an estimate of western pond turtle phylogeny showed a genetic break in the species between northern and southern populations. Both population subdivision and phylogenetic analyses suggest a lack of appreciable gene flow between geographical regions for a considerable period of time. Genetic analyses support traditional subdivision based solely on the morphological variation of Clemmys marmorata into two subspecies: northern Clemmys marmorata marmorata and southern Clemmys marmorata pallida. Recovery of dwindling northern populations must combine demographic and genetic considerations. A first step should be to preserve local gene pools while augmenting population numbers, with the goal of preventing the extinction of this genetically and morphologically distinct subspecies.La falta de variación genetica en poblaciones norteñas de la tortuga de agua dulce del oeste (Clemmys marmorata)
Selective Breeding Programs for Rare Alleles: Examples from the Przewalski's Horse and California Condor Pedigrees
Authors: MILLER PHILIP S. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: As extinction due to loss of habitat grows more imminent for a wide variety of species, population management has been recognized as an important means toward species survival and recovery in the wild. Genetic management practices generally seek to preserve population variation at the level of the genome. It has been proposed, however, that such efforts should instead be directed to specific loci barboring alleles with particular selective benefits. This strategy may in fact result in greater loss of variation in the rest of the genome, potentially threatening population viability. Pedigrees of Przewalski's horse (Equus prezewalskii) and the California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) were used to evaluate a “rare kinship” management strategy in which a single individual known to carry a unique allele is repeatedly bred to mates chosen by mean kinship in order to increase the frequency of the rare allele. This strategy led to increased population mean kinship and reduced gene diversity and founder genome equivalents relative to a no‐management control pedigree and performed considerably worse than a pedigree managed for mean kinship. Reduced success in the breeding program can be directly attributed to significant deviations of founders' representations from their respective target values. As a result, a strategy for increasing the frequency of rare alleles cannot be generally recommended for management of captive populations. Under strict conditions; however, limited use of this strategy may be applicable only if used for a short time under careful monitoring by pedigree analysis. Even if these conditions are met, managing by a more conventional method such as mean kinship is preferable. These results illustrate the utility of thoughtful analysis of pedigree information to successful population management.Programas de cría selectivos para alelos raros: Ejemplos de los pedigrés de los caballos de Przewalski y de los condores de California
Measurement and correlation of microstructures: the case of foliation intersection axes
Authors: Stallard A. R. , Hickey K. A. , Upton G. J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRecent studies have used the relative rotation axis of sigmoidal and spiral‐shaped inclusion trails, known as Foliation Inflexion/Intersection Axis (FIA), to investigate geological processes such as fold mechanisms and porphyroblast growth. The geological usefulness of this method depends upon the accurate measurement of FIA orientations and correct correlation of temporally related FIAs. This paper uses new data from the Canton Schist to assess the variation in FIA orientations within and between samples, and evaluates criteria for correlating FIAs. For the first time, an entire data set of FIA measurements is published, and data are presented in a way that reflects the variation in FIA orientations within individual samples and provides an indication of the reliability of the data. Analysis of 61 FIA trends determined from the Canton Schist indicate a minimum intrasample range in FIA orientations of 30°. Three competing models are presented for correlation of these FIAs, and each of the models employ different correlation criteria. Correlation of FIAs in Model 1 is based on relative timing and textural criteria, while Model 2 uses relative timing, orientation and patterns of changing FIA orientations, and Model 3 uses relative timing and FIA orientation as correlation criteria. Importantly, the three models differ in the spread of FIA orientations within individual sets, and the number of sets distinguished in the data. Relative timing is the most reliable criterion for correlation, followed by textural criteria and patterns of changing FIA orientations from core to rim of porphyroblasts. It is proposed that within a set of temporally related FIAs, the typical spread of orientations involves clustering of data in a 60° range, but outliers occur at other orientations including near‐normal to the peak distribution. Consequently, in populations of FIA data that contain a wide range of orientations, correlation on the basis of orientation is unreliable in the absence of additional criteria. The results of this study suggest that FIAs are best used as semiquantitative indicators of bulk trends rather than an exact measurement for the purpose of quantitative analyses.
Strain rates from snowball garnet
Authors: Biermeier C. , Stüwe K. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSpiral inclusion trails in garnet porphyroblasts are likely to have formed due to simultaneous growth and rotation of the crystals, during syn‐metamorphic deformation. Thus, they contain information on the strain rate of the rock. Strain rates may be interpreted from such inclusion trails if two functions are known: (1) The relationship between rotation rate and shear strain rate; (2) the growth rate of the crystal. We have investigated details of both functions using a garnetiferous mica schist from the eastern European Alps as an example. The rotation rate of garnet porphyroblasts was determined using finite element modelling of the geometrical arrangement of the crystals in the rock. The growth rate of the porphyroblasts was determined by using the major and trace element distributions in garnet crystals, thermodynamic pseudosections and information on the grain size distribution. For the largest porphyroblast size fraction (size L=12 mm) we constrain a growth interval between 540 and 590 °C during the prograde evolution of the rock. Assuming a reasonable heating rate and using the angular geometry of the spiral inclusion trails we are able to suggest that the mean strain rate during crystal growth was of the order of =6.6 × 10−14 s−1. These estimates are consistent with independent estimates for the strain rates during the evolution of this part of the Alpine orogen.
Geochronology and geochemistry of high‐pressure granulites of the Arthur River Complex, Fiordland, New Zealand: Cretaceous magmatism and metamorphism on the palaeo‐Pacific Margin
Authors: Hollis J. A. , Clarke G. L. , Klepeis K. A. , Daczko N. R. , Ireland T. R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Arthur River Complex is a suite of gabbroic to dioritic orthogneisses in northern Fiordland, New Zealand. The Arthur River Complex separates rocks of the Median Tectonic Zone, a Mesozoic island arc complex, from Palaeozoic rocks of the palaeo‐Pacific Gondwana margin, and is itself intruded by the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss. New SHRIMP U/Pb single zircon data are presented for magmatic, metamorphic and deformation events in the Arthur River Complex and adjacent rocks from northern Fiordland. The Arthur River Complex orthogneisses and dykes are dominated by magmatic zircon dated at 136–129 Ma. A dioritic orthogneiss that occurs along the eastern margin of the Complex is dated at 154.4 ± 3.6 Ma and predates adjacent plutons of the Median Tectonic Zone. Rims on zircon cores from this sample record a thermal event at c. 120 Ma, attributed to the emplacement of the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss. Migmatitic Palaeozoic orthogneiss from the Arthur River Complex (346 ± 6 Ma) is interpreted as deformed wall rock. Very fine rims (5–20 µm) also indicate a metamorphic age of c. 120–110 Ma. A post‐tectonic pegmatite (81.8 ± 1.8 Ma) may be related to phases of crustal extension associated with the opening of the Tasman Sea. The Arthur River Complex is interpreted as a batholith, emplaced at mid‐crustal levels and then buried to deep crustal levels due to convergence of the Median Tectonic Zone arc and the continental margin.