bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compound A, a Plant Origin Ligand of Glucocorticoid Receptors, Increases Regulatory T Cells and M2 Macrophages to Attenuate Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis with Reduced Side Effects
Authors: Zhang Zhiren , Zhang Zhi-Yuan , Schluesener Hermann J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a helper T cell-mediated autoimmune demyelinating inflammatory disease of the peripheral nervous system and serves as the animal model for human inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies. Compound A, a plant-derived phenyl aziridine precursor, was reported to activate glucocorticoid receptors to exert transrepression but not transactivation properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of Compound A in EAN rats. Compound A greatly suppressed paraparesis in EAN, even when administrated after the appearance of the first neurological signs. Accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes, demyelination, and mRNA levels of inflammatory molecules in sciatic nerves of EAN were greatly attenuated by Compound A. In addition, Compound A inhibited progression of neuropathic pain and repressed microglia but not astrocyte activation and IL-1β and TNF-α up-regulation in EAN spinal cords. In EAN sciatic nerves, Compound A treatment increased numbers of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Furthermore, Compound A induced the switch of macrophages from inflammatory M1 type to anti-inflammatory M2 type in vitro. In lymph nodes of EAN rats, Compound A depressed Th1 and Th17 cytokines, but increased Th2 cytokine and Foxp3 expression. An increase of Foxp3+/CD4+ regulatory T cells was seen in peripheral blood of EAN rats following Compound A treatment. In addition, Compound A did not cause a hyperglycemia effect in EAN rats as compared with the immunosuppressive steroid prednisolone. Therefore, our data demonstrated that Compound A could effectively suppress EAN with reduced side effects by attenuating inflammation, suggesting that Compound A could be a potent candidate for treatment of autoimmune neuropathies.
Antigen Affinity Controls Rapid T-Dependent Antibody Production by Driving the Expansion Rather than the Differentiation or Extrafollicular Migration of Early Plasmablasts
Authors: Chan Tyani D. , Gatto Dominique , Wood Katherine , Camidge Tahra , Basten Antony , Brink Robert 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
To optimize the initial wave of Ab production against T-dependent Ags, primary B cell clones with the highest Ag affinity are selected to generate the largest extrafollicular plasmablast (PB) responses. The mechanism behind this remains undefined, primarily due to the difficulty of analyzing low frequency Ag-specific B cells during the earliest phases of the immune response when key differentiation decisions are made. In this study, a high resolution in vivo mouse model was used to characterize in detail the first 6 days of a T-dependent B cell response and to identify the steps at which initial Ag affinity has a major impact. Ag-specific B cells proliferated within splenic follicles from days 1.0 to 3.0 before undergoing a dynamic phase of multilineage differentiation (days 3.0–4.0) that generated switched and unswitched populations of germinal center B cells, early memory B cells, and extrafollicular PBs. PB differentiation was marked by synchronous up-regulation of CXCR4 and down-regulation of CXCR5 and the adoption of a unique BCRhigh phenotype by unswitched PBs. Differences in Ag affinity of &gt;50-fold did not markedly affect the early stages of the response, including the differentiation and extrafollicular migration of PBs. However, high affinity PBs underwent significantly greater expansion within the splenic bridging channels and red pulp, due to both increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Extrafollicular PBs maintained class II MHC, but not IL-21R expression, and interacted directly with Ag-specific extrafollicular Th cells, suggesting that IL-21-independent T cell help may drive extrafollicular PB expansion in responses to foreign Ag.
Fatigue Crack Propagation and History Effects Induced by Plasticity
Authors: Pommier Sylvie 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFor security‐relevant components, a fracture mechanics assessment has to be carried out. When complex loading conditions are encountered, various problems arise. Among them the prediction of history effects induced by plasticity remains a difficult task and is the object of this paper. After an overload, for instance, plasticity‐induced crack closure is known to decelerate the crack growth. This effect is known to be related to residual stresses ahead of and behind the crack tip. Since residual stresses are related to the material stress–strain behavior, the overload effect may vary significantly from one material to another. Finite‐element (FE) methods are commonly employed to model plasticity and were shown to give very satisfactory results. However, if millions of cycles need to be modeled to predict the fatigue behavior of an industrial component, the method becomes computationally too expensive. By employing a multiscale approach, very precise analyses computed by FE methods can be brought to a global scale. The data generated using the FE method enables the identification of a global cyclic elastic‐plastic model for the crack tip region. Once this model is identified, it can be employed directly with no need of additional FE computations, resulting in fast computations. This method was employed so as to predict fatigue crack growth under variable amplitude fatigue in steels at room temperatures and correlates well with experimental data. It was also extended so as to model fatigue crack growth in a nickel base superalloy under non‐isothermal fatigue‐dwell conditions. At present, the method is being extended to mixed‐mode variable‐amplitude loading conditions.
Polar‐Molecule‐Dominated Electrorheological Fluids Featuring High Yield Stresses
Authors: Shen Rong , Wang Xuezhao , Lu Yang , Wang De , Sun Gang , Cao Zexian , Lu Kunquan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecent works on the development of various electrorheological (ER) fluids composed of TiO2, SrTiO, and CaTiO particles coated with CO/HO polar groups are summarized, in which an extremely large yield stress up to 200 kPa is measured and the dynamical yield stress reaches 117 kPa at a shear rate of 775 s−1. Moreover, unlike that of traditional dielectric ER fluids, the yield stress displays a linear dependence on electric field strength. Experimental results reveal that it is the polar molecules adsorbed onto the dielectric particles that play the decisive role: the polar‐molecule‐dominated ER effect arises from the alignment of polar molecules by the enhanced local electric field in the gap between neighboring particles. The pretreatment of electrodes and the contrivance of new measuring procedures, which are desirable for the characterization and practical implementation of this material, are also discussed. The successful synthesis of these fluids has made many of the long since conceived applications of the ER effect available.
Experimental and modeling analysis of diffusive release from single‐shell microcapsules
Authors: Tavera Enrique Muñoz , Kadali Shyam B. , Bagaria Hitesh G. , Liu Amy W. , Wong Michael S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThere is much experimental and mathematical work that describes chemical transport from multilayered films of planar geometries. There is less so, however, for chemical transport from multilayered spheres, a common structure for controlled‐release materials. Based on the Sturm–Liouville approach of Ramkrishna and Amundson (1974), explicit analytical solutions for the concentration profiles and release kinetics from spherical capsules are presented. Fluorescent dye‐release studies using single‐shelled microspheres called nanoparticle‐assembled capsules were performed to validate the model for uniformly and nonuniformly sized capsules. The combined experiment‐modeling approach allows optical microscopy images and release measurements to be readily analyzed for estimating diffusion coefficients in capsule core and shell walls. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Safe‐steering of batch process systems
Authors: Aumi Siam , Mhaskar Prashant 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis work considers the problem of controlling batch processes to achieve a desired final product quality subject to input constraints and faults in the control actuators. Specifically, faults are considered that cannot be handled via robust control approaches, and preclude the ability to reach the desired end‐point, necessitating fault‐rectification. A safe‐steering framework is developed to address the problem of determining how to utilize the functioning inputs during fault rectification to ensure that after fault‐rectification, the desired product properties can be reached upon batch termination. To this end, first a novel reverse‐time reachability region (we define the reverse time reachability region as the set of states from where the desired end point can be reached by batch termination) based MPC is formulated that reduces online computations, as well as provides a useful tool for handling faults. Next, a safe‐steering framework is developed that utilizes the reverse‐time reachability region based MPC in steering the state trajectory during fault rectification to enable (upon fault recovery) the achieving of the desired end point properties by batch termination. The proposed controller and safe‐steering framework are illustrated using a fed‐batch process example. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Architecture and performance of mesoporous silica‐lipase hybrids via non‐covalent interfacial adsorption
Authors: Lu Shan , He Jing , Guo Xin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTo investigate the effects of surface property of mesoporous supports on the lipase immobilization and the performance of immobilized lipase, the mesoporous molecular sieve SBA‐15 is functionalized with three organic moieties, dimethyl (DM), diisopropyl (DIP), and diisobutyl (DIB), respectively, by post‐synthesis grafting and one‐pot synthesis methods. Porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) is immobilized on SBA‐15 supports through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. The hydrophobic adsorption involves no active sites of PPL, and neither hyper‐activation nor total inactivation occurs. The study on the intrinsic stability of PPL, including thermal stability, pH stability, and storage stability, indicates that the entrapment in mesoporous supports, and especially in organic‐functionalized supports, makes PPL more resistant to temperature increment but more sensitive to pH change. The reusability investigation shows that the organic modification of mesoporous surface inhibits the enzyme leaching to some extent, resulting in a better operational stability. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Terminal and transient drop rise velocity of single toluene droplets in water
Authors: Wegener Mirco , Kraume Matthias , Paschedag Anja R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe knowledge of the drop rise velocity in dispersed systems is of fundamental importance. Especially, the residence time is needed for calculation of mass transfer rates in extraction columns. This work deals with fluid dynamic measurements of toluene droplets rising in water ranging from 1.0 to 7.0 mm, with the premise of high purity of the used chemicals. The toluene/water‐system is widely used as a test system with high interfacial tension. A semiempirical correlation for pure systems to predict the terminal velocity of single rising/falling droplets based on experimental data is presented. Results show that a distinction between maximum and characteristic mean values of the drop rise velocity is necessary, especially in the diameter range 2.4–3.0 mm where unexpected velocity fluctuations occur. Two distinct terminal rise velocities were observed for 3 mm droplets. Furthermore, comparisons of the Weber‐Reynolds‐correlation and the drag coefficient with correlations from literature show good agreement. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Numerical study of solid particle erosion on the tubes near the side walls in a duct with flow past an aligned tube bank
Authors: Wang Zeli , Fan Jianren , Luo Kun 
Published: August 2009

AbstractComputational fluid dynamic (CFD) tool has been applied to investigate the erosion of duct walls and that of tubers (10 × 10 aligned tube bank in the duct) near side walls, which is caused by coal ash particle impaction. The flow field is obtained by using direct numerical simulation (DNS) method. The coupling between tubes and flows are made through the immersed boundary technique. Particles are tracked by using Lagrangian approach and further coupled with gas phase. Four coal ash particles are considered 6.2, 20, 80, and 200 μm. In the end, the erosion of the duct walls and that of the tubes near side walls has been well predicted and characterized. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
HFE, SLC40A1, HAMP, HJV, TFR2, and FTL mutations detected by denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography after iron phenotyping and HFE C282Y and H63D genotyping in 785 HEIRS Study participants
Authors: Barton James C. , LaFreniere Susie A. , Leiendecker‐Foster Catherine , Li Honggui , Acton Ronald T. , Press Richard D. , Eckfeldt John H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe sought to identify mutations that could explain iron phenotype heterogeneity in adults with previous HFE genotyping to detect C282Y and H63D. HEIRS Study participants genotyped for C282Y and H63D were designated as high transferrin saturation (TS) and/or serum ferritin (SF) (high TS/SF), low TS/SF, or controls. We grouped 191 C282Y homozygotes as high TS/SF, low TS/SF, or controls, and 594 other participants by race/ethnicity as high TS/SF or controls. Using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), we screened 20 regions of HFE, SLC40A1, HAMP, HJV, TFR2, and FTL in each participant. DHPLC analyses were successful in 99.3% of 791 participants and detected 117 different mutations. In C282Y homozygotes, 4.0% of high TS/SF participants had SLC40A1 Q248H, HAMP ‐72C>T, or HAMP R59G heterozygosity (0% Controls; P = 0.1200). In whites, 4.1% with high TS/SF and 1.3% of controls had HFE S65C or E168Q (P = 0.3049). HJV c.‐6C>G and FTL L55L frequencies were greater in whites with high TS/SF than controls (0.0811 vs. 0.0200, P = 0.0144; 0.5743 vs. 0.4400, P = 0.0204, respectively). One Hispanic with high TS/SF (1.3%) had HAMP G71D heterozygosity. In blacks, SLC40A1 Q248H frequencies did not differ significantly between high TS/SF and control participants. Among Asians, 2.8% with high TS/SF were HFE V295A heterozygotes. Mutations other than HFE C282Y and H63D reported to be pathogenic were infrequently detected in high TS/SF participants. Genetic regions in linkage disequilibrium with HJV c.‐6C>G and FTL L55L could partly explain high TS/SF phenotypes in whites. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Southern French Neolithic populations: Isotopic evidence for regional specificities in environment and diet
Authors: Herrscher Estelle , Le Bras‐Goude Gwenaëlle 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe Middle Neolithic of the Northwestern Mediterranean area (∼4500–3500 BC cal) is characterized by the development of food production techniques as well as by increasing social complexity. These characteristics could have had an impact on human dietary patterns. To evaluate human dietary practices and lifeways of the Middle Neolithic populations from the South of France, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis was carried out on 57 human and 53 faunal bones from seven archaeological sites located in the Languedoc and Garonne regions between 20 and 100 km from the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. Results show regional differences in carbon isotope values. Animal and human bones from the Languedoc region are significantly enriched in 13C relative to the Garonne. Conversely, human and dog bones from the Garonne region are significantly enriched in 15N compared to human and dog bones from the Languedoc region. These results highlight the importance of the local ecosystem in human and animal diet as well as a regional differentiation of palaeodietary behavior, which probably relates to economic and social factors. The comparison of stable isotope data with archaeological and biological evidence does not show any significant intra‐ or interpopulation differences. However, the presence of human outliers suggests that migration probably occurred, perhaps in relation to the trade of animals and/or materials. This study also highlights the importance of investigating local animal stable isotope values for the interpretation of human palaeodiet. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lumbar vertebral morphology and isthmic spondylolysis in a British medieval population
Authors: Ward Carol V. , Mays Simon A. , Child Stephanie , Latimer Bruce 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe British medieval population from Wharram Percy, England, has a greater prevalence of isthmic spondylolysis (11.9% of skeletons, 8.5% at the L5 level) than in modern populations (3%–6%). This may in part be due to differences in activity patterns between groups. However, Ward and Latimer (Spine 30 [2005] 1808–1814) proposed that the likelihood of developing and maintaining spondylolytic defects is also influenced by a lack of sufficient increase in mediolateral separation between articular processes in the lowest lumbar segments, given the human lumbar lordosis. Here, we demonstrate that spondylolytic individuals from Wharram Percy tend to have a less pronounced difference between mediolateral facet joint spacing of adjacent segments in the lowest lumbar region than do unaffected individuals, as seen in modern clinical and skeletal populations. These comparisons suggest that regardless of lifestyle, insufficient mediolateral increase in facet spacing predisposes people to spondylolytic defects, and so interfacet spacing patterns may have predictive utility in a clinical context. We also compare the Wharram Percy sample to a modern sample from the Hamann Todd collection with a typically modern prevalence rate. Data do not support the hypothesis that the Wharram Percy individuals had a less pronounced interfacet increase than the Hamann Todd, although they do have narrower lumbar facet spacing at the lowest three levels. Further investigation of anatomical variation underlying population‐specific prevalence rates needs to be conducted. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Forearm pronation efficiency analysis in skeletal remains
Authors: Galtés Ignasi , Jordana Xavier , Malgosa Assumpció , Manyosa Joan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis work presents an original methodology for analyzing forearm‐pronation efficiency from skeletal remains and its variation with regard to changes in the elbow position. The methodology is based on a biomechanical model that defines rotational efficiency as a mathematical function expressing a geometrical relationship between the origin and insertion of the pronator teres. The methodology uses humeral distal epiphysis photography, from which the geometrical parameters for the efficiency calculus can be obtained. Rotational efficiency is analyzed in a human specimen and in a living nonhuman hominoid (Symphalangus syndactylus) for a full elbow extension (180°) and an intermediate elbow position (90°). In both specimens, the results show that this rotational‐efficiency parameter varies throughout the entire rotational range and show a dependency on the elbow joint position. The rotational efficiency of the siamang's pronator teres is less affected by flexion of the forearm than that of the human. The fact that forearm‐pronation efficiency can be inferred, even quantified, allows us to interpret more precisely the functional and evolutionary significance of upper‐limb skeletal design in extant and fossil primate taxa. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Historical perspective: Neurological advances from studies of war injuries and illnesses
Authors: Lanska Douglas J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEarly in the 20th century during the Russo‐Japanese War and World War I (WWI), some of the most important, lasting contributions to clinical neurology were descriptive clinical studies, especially those concerning war‐related peripheral nerve disorders (eg, Hoffmann‐Tinel sign, Guillain‐Barré‐Strohl syndrome [GBS]) and occipital bullet wounds (eg, the retinal projection on the cortex by Inouye and later by Holmes and Lister, and the functional partitioning of visual processes in the occipital cortex by Riddoch), but there were also other important descriptive studies concerning war‐related aphasia, cerebellar injuries, and spinal cord injuries (eg, cerebellar injuries by Holmes, and autonomic dysreflexia by Head and Riddoch). Later progress, during and shortly after World War II (WWII), included major progress in understanding the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injuries by Denny‐Brown, Russell, and Holbourn, pioneering accident injury studies by Cairns and Holbourn, promulgation of helmets to prevent motorcycle injuries by Cairns, development of comprehensive multidisciplinary neurorehabilitation by Rusk, and development of spinal cord injury care by Munro, Guttman, and Bors. These studies and developments were possible only because of the large number of cases that allowed individual physicians the opportunity to collect, collate, and synthesize observations of numerous cases in a short span of time. Such studies also required dedicated, disciplined, and knowledgeable investigators who made the most out of their opportunities to systematically assess large numbers of seriously ill and injured soldiers under stressful and often overtly dangerous situations. Ann Neurol 2009;66:444–459
Neuroplasticity predicts outcome of optic neuritis independent of tissue damage
Authors: Jenkins Thomas M. , Toosy Ahmed T. , Ciccarelli Olga , Miszkiel Katherine A. , Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A. , Henderson Andrew P. , Kallis Constantinos , Mancini Laura , Plant Gordon T. , Miller David H. , Thompson Alan J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether lateral occipital complex (LOC) activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) predicts visual outcome after clinically isolated optic neuritis (ON). To investigate the reasons behind good recovery following ON, despite residual optic nerve demyelination and neuroaxonal damage.MethodsPatients with acute ON and healthy volunteers were studied longitudinally over 12 months. Structural MRI, visual evoked potentials (VEPs), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were used to quantify acute inflammation, demyelination, conduction block, and later to estimate remyelination and neuroaxonal loss over the entire visual pathway. The role of neuroplasticity was investigated using fMRI. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to study associations between vision, structure, and function.ResultsGreater baseline fMRI responses in the LOCs were associated with better visual outcome at 12 months. This was evident on stimulation of either eye (p = 0.007 affected; p = 0.020 fellow eye), and was independent of measures of demyelination and neuroaxonal loss. A negative fMRI response in the LOCs at baseline was associated with a relatively worse visual outcome. No acute electrophysiological or structural measures, in the anterior or posterior visual pathways, were associated with visual outcome.InterpretationEarly neuroplasticity in higher visual areas appears to be an important determinant of recovery from ON, independent of tissue damage in the anterior or posterior visual pathway, including neuroaxonal loss (as measured by MRI, VEP, and OCT) and demyelination (as measured by VEP). ANN NEUROL 2010;67:99–113