bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends of traumatic spinal cord injury incidence in Spain, 2000–2008
Authors: Pérez K , Novoa A 
Published: March 2011

AimTo describe incidence trends of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in Spain.MethodsIt is a time series study of patients admitted to hospital in Spain from 2000 to 2008 due to a SCI (ICD9-CM: 806 and 952 in primary diagnosis). The information source was the National Hospital Discharge Register. Mechanisms of injury were classified as road traffic collisions (RT) or other mechanisms (NRT). Annual incidence rates per 1 000 000 inhabitants were calculated, and their trend change over the years was assessed using Poisson regression. Relative risks of the slope were derived, which allowed to estimate the annual average increase or decrease in the rate of SCI.ResultsFrom 2000 to 2008, 9352 persons were hospitalised due to SCI, 34.8% of which due to a RT. Annual age-adjusted incidence rates for RT were of 13.6 for men and of 4.0 for women. For NRT, they were of 22.2 and 8.3, respectively. The highest injury rates were observed among the group of 18–24 years for RT, while among people over 65 years for NRT. Incidence trend for RT showed an annual decrease of −2.4% for men (p=0.002) and of −7.6% for women (p<0.001), whereas no significant changes were observed for NRT.ConclusionsThere is a high incidence of SCI in Spain. Road traffic SCI incidence shows a decreasing trend while there are no changes in the incidence caused by other mechanisms.
Reports of interpersonal violence on residents of Recife identified in the public health services
Authors: e Silva M C Maia , De Brito A M , Tavares R , de Arajo J L Corra , De Lima Araujo A 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo identify and analyse the reports of interpersonal violence on residents of Recife identified in the public health services, from August 2006 to March 2008.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study. Used the surveillance system of domestic violence and sexual violence and other violences – VIVA. The variables analysed were gender, age, race, violence typology, place of occurrence and victim/aggressor relationship and presented in graphs and tables.ResultsReported 822 cases in 23 health services in Recife. Physical violence appeared in 253 notifications, 234 psychological, neglect/abandonment in 229 to 165 sexual, noting that one type of violence does not preclude the other, a case can be notified with more than one type of violence. Of the cases 90% were violence against children and adolescents – C/A. The female preponderance of 58, 3 cases with male and 40.8%. The race/colour brown prevailed with 34.2% followed by white and black with 13%. It is observed that 38.0% of the notifications do not have this information. Mothers appear as the main aggressor in violence against C/A, followed by friends, acquaintances, stepfathers, unknown and spouse. Children under 10 years were mostly victims of neglect/abandonment, aged 10–17 years of violence prevalent psychological. The health district VI had the highest number of cases.ConclusionsThe study revealed underreporting cases, only 19 reporting units, most violence against C/A, these data can support public policies for prevention and victim support.
Understanding the injury prevention resource and learning needs of family resource centres
Authors: Fuselli P , Lockhart S , Belton K 
Published: March 2011

The Community Action Program for Children (CAPC) and the Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program (CPNP) offer support services to at-risk Canadian families with children ages 0–6 years.The objectives of this project are to assess the needs of CAPC/CPNP in terms of delivering programmes on injury prevention to families across Canada. Working through an Advisory Committee, we will complete a literature review on effectiveness of such programmes in reducing injuries, conduct surveys and meetings/focus groups to determine the needs of CAPC/CPNP as well as the families they serve. We will create a report which will include our key findings, as well as an analysis of the results, and our recommendations for future resource and training needs of CAPC/CPNP.The expected results of the project are, the CAPC/CPNP national office will have, within a population health approachA clear understanding of the current involvement of CAPC/CPNP projects across Canada in the prevention of childhood injury (activities undertaken and resources used).A clear understanding of diverse needs of these projects for resources and training to better equip them to address the prevention of injury in babies and young children with their participants.CAPC/CPNP projects, provincial and national injury prevention organisations will have a better understanding of each others programmes and resources and how they may better work together on this mutual goal.
Progress in preventing injuries: from international collaboration to local implementation
Authors: Sethi D , Mitis F , Racioppi F 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionInjuries and violence are the third leading cause of death in WHO European Region and pose a threat to economic and social development.Aim and methodsThe results of a 3-year collaborative project between WHO and the European Commission on progress achieved by Member States in implementing resolution EUR/RC55/R9 and the European Council Recommendation on the prevention of injuries are presented. A web-based database of country profiles was developed using a questionnaire survey completed by health ministry focal persons for injury and violence prevention. Information was provided on progress in delivering on key items of resolution EUR/RC55/R9 and on the implementation of 99 selected evidence-based programmes to prevent unintentional injury and violence and on the cross-cutting risk factors of alcohol and socioeconomic inequalities.ResultsThere were responses from 47 of the 51 Member States with focal persons. Good progress is taking place, and resolution EUR/RC55/R9 has catalysed change in 75% of respondent countries. Development of national policies for individual types of injury and violence varied from 95% for road safety to 40% for preventing drowning. Implementation of evidence-based programmes for preventing all types of injury and violence varied in countries, and the median score was 73% for all these together.ConclusionsThis project reports that the health sector needs to commit more to the widespread implementation of effective programmes both in number and coverage, and to engage with other stakeholders in a multisectoral response to prevent injuries and violence.
GIS and IS based traffic accident in Khonkaen Municipality, Thailand
Authors: Tippayanate N 
Published: March 2011

Khon Kaen Hospital, has been developed the Injury Surveillance (IS) system since 1989 and the Geographic Information System (GIS) since 1998. Beyond these database, the most common causes of the traffic crash was human error (ie, drunk driver 37%, non-helmet driver 50%, non-seatbelt used 75%), moreover the road environment were also impact on the number of crashes.ObjectivesThis study aimed to monitor and evaluation the provincial road safety action and utilises the results for traffic injury prevention.MethodBoth IS and GIS information were distributed to the provincial road safety committee and implemented to road side by road safety auditor and municipality road safety team, then re-evaluated by those databases. It was retrospective data of the traffic injuries in Khon Kaen municipality, registered to the hospital from 1 January 2007 to 30 June 2009. By using IS and GIS software and analysed by descriptive study.ResultsIt was 256 road sections and 62 intersections in whole municipality. Within 2.5 years, the 1540 injuries were indicated the increasing injury rate in 15 intersections and eight road sections were distributed to the committee and then notified for road safety auditing.RecommendationThe GIS and IS database were effective tools to monitor and evaluate the road safety outcome.
Collision investigations of child pedestrians or cyclists stuck by motor vehicles:
Authors: Rothman L , Lee V , Howard A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundCollisions involving child pedestrians and cyclists represent a large injury burden in Canadians less than 14 years of age. Although motor vehicle collision studies investigating occupants and their injuries are well-established, collisions involving child pedestrians/cyclists have not been reconstructed in this manner. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for investigation of child cyclist and pedestrian collisions in order to reconstruct crash events based on data at the scene and medical assessment in hospital, and to discuss potential countermeasures.MethodsChildren aged 4–15 were included in the study if they were a pedestrian or cyclist involved in a collision with a motor vehicle and as a result, were admitted to the Hospital for Sick Children (HSC) in Toronto, Canada or stayed in the emergency department for over 12 h between 3 July 2007 and 31 October 2008. Crash scene investigations were performed by a collision investigator in collaboration with the Toronto Police Traffic Services Division. Medical trauma data collection was done via the child's medical charts at the HSC.ResultsThree child pedestrian and one child cyclist versus motor vehicle collisions were successfully reconstructed. Mechanisms of injury were determined.DiscussionInvestigations of child pedestrian and cyclist versus motor vehicle collisions provide useful insights regarding injury profiles and countermeasures. There were numerous inadequacies in the built-environment which set the stage for these collisions. Focus of countermeasures for prevention of child pedestrian and cyclist injuries should be directed at the built environment.
Gendered analysis of fathers injury prevention attitudes and practices
Authors: Brussoni M , Olsen L , Sheftel D , George A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionHow fathers engage in risk-taking and safety-related behaviours with their young children plays an important role in injury prevention. Concepts addressed through this gendered analysis included: negotiation of gender roles related to responsibility for child safety, consensus on acceptable risk and fathers perceptions of masculinity.PurposeTo explore fathers perceptions of gender roles and parental beliefs about safety. To explore the impact of dominant masculine ideals on fathers safety-related attitudes and practices.MethodInterviews with fathers of children aged 2–7 years in British Columbia, Canada probed their roles and activities with children, perceptions of risk taking and overprotection, parental responsibilities for child safety. Grounded theory methods guided data analysis.ResultsA diverse sample of 32 fathers was interviewed. Fathers identified themselves as protectors with responsibilities for child safety, but focused on outdoor versus home arenas. Many fathers described themselves as more accepting of risks than mothers, though the opposite was also true for some. Mothers were a major source of comfort after injury while fathers focused on assessing seriousness of the injury and teaching. For some fathers, physical consequences of injuries were celebrated as battle scars. For others, children's needs for comforting were dominant.ConclusionThe findings promote understanding of fathers perceptions of their roles as protectors within the gendered family. Conceptions of masculinity provide a way of understanding fathers beliefs around injury prevention. Helpful ideals can be harnessed for positive action while others need to be considered in designing programmes.
Obesity and the risk of death during traffic collisions
Authors: Rice T M , Zhu M 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveObesity is also known to increase morbidity and decrease quality of life. While there is a large body of research on the health consequences of obesity, few studies have looked at how obesity affects traffic collision injury risk. The goal of this study was to estimate the effect of obesity on death risk during severe collisions.MethodsA matched-pair cohort study was conducted using data for years 1999–2008 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, a national fatal collision data system. Identified were 24 936 pairs of adult drivers involved in two-vehicle collisions in which the vehicles were of similar type and size. Risk ratios for death were estimated for body mass index (BMI) quintiles using conditional Poisson regression.ResultsDrivers in the lowest BMI quintile (BMI 12.9–21.5; RR 1.15, p=0.08) and the highest quintile (BMI 29.4–71.4; RR 1.28 p=0.002) appeared to have an elevated risk of death, compared with drivers in the lowest normal-weight quintile (BMI 21.5–23.9), adjusted for age, sex, seat belt use, air bag deployment, seat belt-air bag interaction and collision type.ConclusionsUnderweight and obese vehicle occupants may be at higher risk of death than normal-weight occupants when involved in severe traffic collisions. The ability of passenger vehicles to protect obese occupants may have particular important public health implications, given the ongoing obesity epidemic in the USA.
Potentially preventable trauma deaths by the use of seat belt
Authors: Penuelas J E , Verdugo-Correa J E , Gil-Pineda J A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe usefulness of the seat belt has been widely proven in the world; it avoids the ejection of the passenger and the second impact.In the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, the prevalence of the seat belt use is 19% and the mortality by traffic incidents is 28 per 100 000 people.In our incidents studies, we have found that many deaths could have been avoided by the use of seat belt.ObjectiveTo estimate the number of deaths by crash or rollover incidents that were potentially preventable by the use of seat belt.Material and methodsAnalysis of the deaths by crash or rollover in the state of Sinaloa in the year 2006.Classification of the deaths as potentially preventable according to the following criteria: respected vital space in the vehicle cabin (photography material), victim passenger that were not using seat belt, ejected or not ejected, but not pressed, between 12 and 65 years old, not burned, not drowned.ResultsIn the year 2006, 761 deaths by traffic incidents were registered. 421 of these deaths were by crash or rollover. From these, 153 filled the criteria to be classified as potentially preventable: 73 by ejection and 80 by second impact.Conclusions153 deaths (36.3%) were considered potentially preventable with the seat belt use. We recommend to intensify programmes to increase its use and further studies to strengthen the evidence.
Cost effectiveness analysis of playground surfacing at preventing arm fractures in a randomised study
Authors: Rothman L , Macpherson A , Howard A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundUpper extremity fractures resulting from playground falls are commonly seen in emergency departments. A 2-year randomised surfacing trial conducted in 19 schools in Toronto, Canada, found that the risk of fracture from playground equipment falls was 4.9 times lower in schools with granite sand playground surfacing (0.019/1000 student months) compared to engineered wood fibre (EWF; 0.094/1000 student months). A subsequent analysis was conducted to determine the cost effectiveness of granite sand in reducing arm fractures in school playgrounds.MethodsThe Ontario Case Costing Initiative provided hospital costs. Physician service costs were obtained from the Ontario Health Insurance Schedule of Benefits. The Toronto District School Board provided costs of installation and maintenance for each surface type. Total cost was calculated per 1000 student months, by combining treatment costs with surfacing costs. Cost saved per fracture prevented was calculated.ResultsThe total cost of surfacing and injury was $890.61 for sand and $949.00 per 1000 student months for EWF. Although the cost of surfacing was greater for sand ($887.14 vs $841.83 for EWF), the cost per injury was substantially lower for those injured on sand ($3.47 vs $107.17 for EWF). Sand surfacing resulted in 0.08/1000 fractures prevented. The total cost saving per fracture prevented with sand was $779.00.DiscussionBoth healthcare and schools are publicly funded in Toronto through the provincial government. The installation of sand surfacing in school playgrounds would generate a cost savings to the public, while substantially reducing the number of arm fractures.
Pattern and trend of trauma in a tertiary health institution: an 8 year review
Authors: Ogundipe O K , AbdurRahman O L , Solagberu B A , Ofoegbu K P C , Adekanye A A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundTrauma is common and world wide, with varying causes and consequences. It constitutes a significant portion of presentation to the surgical accident and emergency units. Keeping databases enhance plans for preventive measures.MethodAn 8 year review of our institutional trauma database was carried out to determine the injury pattern and trend.ResultSixty-nine point seven percent of 13 755 patients presenting to the accident and emergency unit over an 8 year period presented on account of trauma. Of these, 72.7% were males and 26.7% were females. Six point four percent, 8.6%, 5.9%, 70.5% and 5.8% of the patients were in the age range 0 4, >4–10, >10–15, >15–55 and >55 years respectively. Road traffic injuries (RTIs), falls and assault were the commonest causes of trauma responsible for 61.0%, 10.9% and 8.5% of the injuries respectively. Drivers, pedestrians and passengers accounted for 21.1%, 23.4% and 55.5% of the victims of RTIs. Fall was the single most common cause of injuries among toddlers, followed by RTIs and burns. Assault and gunshot injuries were commonest among the >15–55 years age group. There is no statistically significant appreciable change in the trend of the various trauma types over the years.ConclusionTrauma still remains a major problem, with RTI the leading cause. Centres with no trauma databases are challenged to do so. Preventive measures should be made more focused to obtain reduction in injury prevalence.
Injury and spatial epidemiology of severe adult trauma: implications for prevention
Authors: Charyk-Stewart T , Tanner D A , Gilliland J , Healy M , Williamson J , McKenzie S , Girotti M J , Fraser D D 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundIdentifying who is injured within a geographic region, by what mechanism, is essential for injury prevention (IP). Our objective was to define the injury and spatial epidemiology of severe adult traumas to prioritise and target initiatives.MethodsEpidemiologic profiles were generated for severely injured (ISS>12) adult (≥18 years) patients treated at Lead Trauma Hospitals (LTH) in Southwestern Ontario, 2004–2009. Sub-analysis was undertaken by age groups (18–24; 25–64; 65+ years). Injury cases were mapped by patient residence and place of injury to examine spatial relationships.ResultsLTHs resuscitated 2804 severely injured adults (15% young adult, 55% adult, 30% senior; 72% male). Patient residences were dispersed throughout SWO, with clusters in cities and lower-income areas. MVCs accounted for 61% and 46% of injuries among young adults and adults, respectively. Only 60% of injured-occupants wore a seatbelt; 24% of drivers had a BAC above the legal limit. MVCs were overly concentrated on high-density urban areas with highly mixed land uses. Alcohol was involved with nearly one-third of non-senior severe injury (48% of assaults; 34% of crashes). Falls were the leading injury mechanism for seniors (68%); 67% occurred at home. Only 6% of patients were injured at work, half involved falls. Mortality was 15%, with 42% fall-related deaths.ConclusionIntegrating injury epidemiology with geographic data on patients daily surroundings allowed for the identification of socio-spatial variations in injury patterns among vulnerable groups. This approach identified MVCs, falls and alcohol use as IP priorities to be targeted to the populations and regions of greatest need.
The phenomenon of woundings and shootings in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Romany S 
Published: March 2011

The presentation examines the phenomenon of Woundings and Shootings (W&S) utilising data for 2007–2009 from the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service and other agencies. The data is categorised by civilian, uniformed personnel, age, gender and location. The categories are analysed for patterns of occurrence and levels of frequency by community and Police district.The results are compared to a similar analysis of data from the previous 3-year period to detect patterns in this phenomenon, especially the frequency of occurrence in lower-income communities.On the basis of the analysis and results, recommendations are made to reduce the incidents of W&S, taking into account the cultural sensitivities and environment of the affected communities.
Probability of multiple fractures in childhood
Authors: Howard A , Johnston L , Rothman L 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundFractures are common in childhood and yet little data exists on the probability of experiencing multiple fractures during childhood. Such data are important because multiple childhood fractures may indicate a correctable condition in the host child. An example of such a condition would be compromised bone health, due to genetic potential and/or vitamin D insufficiency in the diet. This would have important implications for prevention. Our objective was to empirically determine fracture risk and the cumulative risk of multiple fractures by year of age during childhood.MethodsWe obtained population based age incidence counts of all fractures from the Ambulatory Care Reporting System in the province of Ontario, Canada for boys and for girls from ages 0 through 15. We used the counts to estimate age specific fracture probabilities. Using combinatoric methods we calculated the probabilities of having zero, one, two, or three or more fractures at each age between 0 and 15.ResultsBy the age of 15, 72.6% of children should have no fractures; 23.5% one fracture, 3.5% two fractures and 0.34% should have three or more fractures. Age specific probabilities for all years are in the paper.ConclusionIf fractures were distributed at random in the population, very few children (under 0.34%) would be expected to have three or more fractures. Three fractures in childhood, or two before the age of 6, may be a threshold at which host factors can be sought in the child or family to inform the prevention of future fractures.
The impact of area socioeconomic inequity on serious injury in Victoria
Authors: Clapperton A , Cassell E 
Published: March 2011

Social factors such as socioeconomic status (SES) are increasingly being viewed as fundamental causes of premature death and illness and there is a growing body of evidence linking residential location with health outcomes.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the SES of the area in which a person lives and their risk of hospitalisation for injury.Local government areas (LGAs) in Victoria are assigned to SES deciles by the Australian Bureau of Statistics based on a composite measure of SES devised by the Bureau. For this research the deciles were combined to form quintiles. All individuals living in an LGA were assigned the same SES ranking ranging from 1 to 5 (1=most disadvantaged through 5=least disadvantaged) and their risk of injury compared overall and in broad age groups.The effect of area SES on injury risk varied substantially by age, gender and injury cause. Injury hospital admission rates were generally lowest in the least disadvantaged quintile of LGAs but not often highest in the most disadvantaged quintile of LGAs. The regression analysis showed that, overall, persons living in the more disadvantaged areas were significantly more likely to be hospitalised than persons in the least disadvantaged areas for transport injury (incident rate ratio range 1.18–1.36), machinery-related injury (1.50–1.83), fire/burns/scalds (1.25–1.61) and assaultive injury (1.20–1.77). These injury causes account for 20% of injury hospital admissions.