bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploration and engineering of biosynthetic pathways in the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica
Authors: Nett Markus , Moore Bradley S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In recent years, members of the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora have proven to be a precious source of structurally diverse secondary metabolites, including the potent anticancer agent salinosporamide A and the enediyne-derived sporolides. The tremendous potential of these marine-dwelling microbes for natural products biosynthesis, however, was not fully realized until sequencing of the Salinispora tropica genome revealed the presence of numerous orphan biosynthetic loci besides a plethora of rare metabolic pathways. This contribution summarizes the biochemical exploration of this prolific organism, highlighting studies in which genome-based information was exploited for the discovery of new enzymatic processes and the engineering of unnatural natural products. Inactivation of key genes within the salinosporamide pathway has expanded its inherent metabolic plasticity and enabled access to various salinosporamide derivatives by mutasynthesis. New insights into the biosynthesis of the sporolides allowed us to increase production titers of these structurally complex molecules, thereby providing the means to search for the DNA cleaving presporolide enediyne.
Recent aspects of chemical ecology: Natural toxins, coral communities, and symbiotic relationships
Authors: Uemura Daisuke , Kita Masaki , Arimoto Hirokazu , Kitamura Makoto 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The discovery of new ecologically active compounds often triggers the development of basic scientific concepts in the field of biological sciences, since such compounds have direct physiological and behavioral effects on other living organisms. We have focused on the identification of natural key compounds that control biologically and physiologically intriguing phenomena. We describe three recent aspects of chemical ecology that we have investigated: natural toxins, coral communities, and symbiotic relationships. Blarina toxin (BLTX) is a lethal mammalian venom that was isolated from the short-tailed shrew. Duck-billed platypus venom shows potent Ca2+ influx in neuroblastoma cells. The venom of the solitary wasp contains arginine kinase-like protein and is used to paralyze its prey to feed its larva. The ecological behaviors of corals are controlled by combinations of small molecules. The polyol compound symbiodinolide may serve as a defense substance for symbiotic dinoflagellates to prevent digestion of their host animals. These compounds reveal the wonder of nature, in both terrestrial and marine ecological systems.
Newly isolated marine Bacillus pumilus (SP21): A source of novel lipoamides and other antimicrobial agents
Authors: Berrue Fabrice , Ibrahim Abdelnasser , Boland Patricia , Kerr Russell G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA screening of marine bacteria for antimicrobial activity resulted in the isolation ofBacillus pumilus(SP21) from a sediment sample collected in the Bahamas. A bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of five surfactin analogs, glycocholic acid, amicoumacins A and B in addition to three new compounds named lipoamides A-C. The chemical structure of all the bioactive compounds was elucidated using spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR and MS. The antimicrobial activity of each compound was evaluated against a panel of pathogens and is reported herein.
Discovery of anticancer agents of diverse natural origin
Authors: Kinghorn A. Douglas , Carcache de Blanco Esperanza J. , Chai Hee-Byung , Orjala Jimmy , Farnsworth Norman R. , Soejarto D. Doel , Oberlies Nicholas H. , Wani Mansukh C. , Kroll David J. , Pearce Cedric J. , Swanson Steven M. , Kramer Robert A. , Rose William C. , Fairchild Craig R. , Vite Gregory D. , Emanuel Stuart , Jarjoura David , Cope Frederick O. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A collaborative multidisciplinary research project is described in which new natural product anticancer drug leads are obtained from a diverse group of organisms, constituted by tropical plants, aquatic cyanobacteria, and filamentous fungi. Information is provided on how these organisms are collected and processed. The types of bioassays are indicated in which crude extracts of these acquisitions are tested. Progress made in the isolation of lead bioactive secondary metabolites from three tropical plants is discussed.
Isolation and characterization of jadomycin L from Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230 for solid tumor efficacy studies
Authors: Jakeman David L. , Dupuis Stephanie N. , Graham Cathy L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Precursor-directed biosynthesis offers opportunities to modify natural products and obtain structurally complex metabolites without the need for chemical synthesis. However, such opportunities are limited owing to the inherent substrate specificity of biosynthetic enzymes. The jadomycins are a family of natural products produced by the soil microbe Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230. Their biosynthesis contains one step that is potentially non-enzymatic, namely, the condensation of a biosynthetic aldehyde and an amino acid that leads to a uniquely substituted oxazolone ring. Variation of amino acids in the culture media enables the production of a wide array of substituted oxazolones. These analogs have been shown to have a variety of biological activities against cancer cell lines and also against Gram-positive bacteria. Herein, we report the first isolation and characterization of jadomycin L and jadomycin L aglycone from 8 L of bacterial culture for solid tumor efficacy studies.
Glossary of class names of polymers based on chemical structure and molecular architecture (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)
Authors: Barón Máximo , Hellwich Karl-Heinz , Hess Michael , Horie Kazuyuki , Jenkins Aubrey D. , Jones Richard G. , Kahovec Jaroslav , Kratochvíl Pavel , Metanomski W. Val , Mormann Werner , Stepto Robert F. T. , Vohlídal Jiří , Wilks Edward S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This document defines class names of polymers based on the class names of starting monomers and characteristic features of the chemical constitution of polymer molecules (macromolecules), i.e., class names that have gained general acceptance in the polymer and material literature, science and technology as well as in public. The glossary is divided into three parts: Source-based class names, which identify common classes of starting monomers such as "acrylic", "diene", "phenolic", "vinylic". Class names based on chemical structure, which identify characteristic groups in the main chains (backbones) of the polymer molecules such as (i) inter-unit groups derived from functional groups, e.g., "amide", "ester", "ether"; (ii) a specific group of atoms, e.g., "alkenylene", "siloxane", "sulfone"; (iii) ring structures, e.g., "benzimidazole", "benzoxazole", "quinoxaline". Class names based on molecular architecture, which identify mainly the overall shapes of polymer molecules through the type of their graphical representation such as "linear", "branched", "dendritic", "comb". Each part of the glossary is arranged in a non-hierarchical alphabetical order. Each entry provides: (a) the polymer class name; (b) its definition; (c) specific or generic examples including IUPAC names and a structure or graphical representation; (d) relations to other polymer classes and subclasses; (e) notes on the inclusion or exclusion of borderline cases. An alphabetical index of all class names is included.
Analysis of microwave vs. thermally assisted grafting of poly(methyl-vinyl ether co-maleic acid)-polyethylene glycol to birch kraft pulp
Authors: Goetz Lee A. , Sladky Jessica P. , Ragauskas Arthur J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Alternative methods of enhancing water absorption of birch pulp fibers by crosslinking poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) and polyethylene glycol are briefly explored. While thermal initiated crosslinking is common, microwave initiated crosslinking of lignocellulosics is less studied. The thermal and microwave initiated crosslinking were compared through water absorption and retention. The microwave conditions were optimized to 105 s at 1600 W, while the thermal samples were placed in a 130°C oven for 6.5 min. Both methods resulted in successfully creating new superabsorbent fibers. The microwave initiated crosslinked fibers absorbed 45–413% more water and the thermal initiated fibers absorbed 210–582% more water than the control fibers (37.3 g/g and 29.4 g/g, respectively). This study demonstrated that it is possible to utilize microwave technology to enhance water absorption properties of lignocellulosics fibers and to reduce reaction times.
Selective enzyme impregnation of chips to reduce specific refining energy in alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping
Authors: Hart Peter W. , Waite Darrell M. , Thibault Luc , Tomashek John , Rousseau Marie-Eve , Hill Christopher , Sabourin Marc J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEucalyptus wood chips were impregnated with various blends of fiber modifying enzymes prior to preconditioning refiner chemical-alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp processing. The process includes chemical pretreatment and two stages of refining. The energy consumption was compared at the same Canadian standard freeness level of 350 ml. Some enzyme treatments were found to reduce specific refining energy (SRE) by at least 24%. The enzyme hydrolysis within the cell wall was observed by transmission electron microscopy of impregnated chips with high spatial resolution. The enzyme blends that successfully reduced SRE requirements were found to selectively loosen the bonds between the S1 and S2 layers of the fiber wall. Enzymes which selectively attached the S2 layer did not impart any SRE reduction. All experiments for impregnation and pulp processing were conducted at the Andritz Pilot Plant in Springfield, OH.
High-yield kraft pulping of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden biotreated by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora under two different culture conditions
Authors: Vicentim Marcos Paulo , de Almeida Faria Robson , Ferraz André 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In the present study, it was evaluated how two different culture conditions for the biotreatment of Eucalyptus grandis by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora affect a subsequent high-yield kraft pulping process. Under the varied culture conditions investigated, different extracellular enzyme activities were observed. Manganese-peroxidase (MnP) secretion was 3.7 times higher in cultures supplemented with glucose plus corn-steep liquor (glucose/CSL) as compared to non-supplemented (NS) cultures. The biotreated samples underwent diverse levels of wood component degradation as losses of weight and lignin were increased in glucose/CSL cultures. Mass balances for lignin removal during kraft pulping showed that delignification was facilitated when both biotreated wood samples were cooked. Delignification efficiency did not correlate positively with MnP levels in the cultures. On the other hand, biopulps from NS and glucose/CSL cultures saved 27% and 38% beating time to achieve 28° Schopper-Riegler freeness during refining, respectively. Biopulps disposed of decreased tensile and tear resistances, thus easier refining of the biokraft pulps seems to be a consequence of less resistant fiber walls. Improved beatability of biopulps was tentatively related to short fibers and fines formation during refining. We suggest that to some extent polysaccharide depolymerization occurred during the biotreatment, which also resulted in diminished pulp yields in the case of glucose/CSL cultures.
Revisiting the transition between juvenile and mature wood: a comparison of fibre length, microfibril angle and relative wood density in lodgepole pine
Authors: Mansfield Shawn D. , Parish Roberta , Di Lucca C. Mario , Goudie James , Kang Kyu-Young , Ott Peter 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn an attempt to examine the dynamic inter-relationship among wood density and fibre traits [tracheid length and microfibril angle (MFA)] in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), 60 trees were sampled in three age classes from four sites in central British Columbia. Breast height discs were taken and relative wood density was measured along two radii. Tracheid length was assessed on isolated 5-year increments from pith to bark at breast height for each tree. MFA was determined every 50 μm and the 5-mm composite intervals from pith to bark per disc at breast height were used in the analysis. Segmented regression was employed to identify the “juvenile to mature wood” transition point, which revealed transition ages of 31, 18 and 15 for wood density, fibre length and MFA, respectively. These traits were related to primary growth, expressed as area increment, ring width, percent earlywood and height increment during the juvenile wood phase. Comparisons of wood and fibre traits showed a higher congruence between the time of transitions for fibre length and MFA (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.52) than that between fibre length and wood density (0.07), and MFA and wood density (0.16). The cessation of early rapid radial increment growth terminated before wood and fibre transitions to mature wood occurred. Fibre length was significantly, but not strongly, related to ring width and percent earlywood (0.35 for both). The duration of juvenile fibre production was not significantly related to height growth.
2D-NMR (HSQC) difference spectra between specifically 13C-enriched and unenriched protolignin of Ginkgo biloba obtained in the solution state of whole cell wall material
Authors: Terashima Noritsugu , Akiyama Takuya , Ralph Sally , Evtuguin Dmitry , Neto Carlos Pascoal , Parkås Jim , Paulsson Magnus , Westermark Ulla , Ralph John 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In the structural analysis of lignins by 13C-NMR, signal overlap limits definitive assignment and accurate intensity measurement. Selective labeling by 13C-enrichment of a specific carbon in lignin enhances its signal intensity in the spectrum. Further enhancement of the specifically labeled carbons can be realized via difference spectra created from the enriched and unenriched samples. Difference 2D 13C-1H correlation (HSQC) NMR spectra, derived from the spectra of specifically 13C-enriched lignin model polymers (so-called dehydrogenation polymers) and their unenriched counterparts, take advantage of the enhanced dispersion afforded by both 13C and 1H chemical shifts, diminishing the difficulties arising from the signal-overlap problem and aiding in definitive signal assignments. In this research, protolignin in xylem cell walls was specifically 13C-enriched at all of the individual phenylpropanoid side-chain carbons by feeding 13C-enriched coniferins to growing stems of Ginkgo biloba. The whole xylem fractions containing 13C-enriched and unenriched protolignins were dissolved in a mixture of N-methylimidazole and DMSO, and then acetylated. Solution state 2D-NMR (HSQC) spectra of the acetylated whole cell wall were acquired. Difference spectra between the walls containing 13C-enriched and unenriched lignins afforded simplified 2D spectra in which well-separated signals were assigned exclusively to the specifically enriched carbons. This novel NMR technique provides a useful tool for elucidation of entire protolignin in the cell wall of ginkgo xylem.
An improved drying model for highly-impermeable hardwoods
Authors: Herritsch Alfred , Nijdam Justin James 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Previously reported drying experiments on highly impermeable hardwoods have shown that bell-shaped within-board moisture content profiles develop as drying proceeds, with a change in concavity around the fibre saturation point. However, drying models based on Fick's second law of diffusion with an Arrhenius temperature dependency for the diffusion coefficient predict a parabolic form. The present work showed that the influence of moisture content on the diffusion coefficient must also be considered to improve these drying predictions. A drying model that includes both temperature and moisture content effects on the diffusion coefficient was developed. This model is able to accurately predict the drying rates and within-board moisture content profiles of New Zealand's indigenous red and hard beech timbers for various timber thicknesses over a range of temperatures, relative humidities and air velocities used in practice.
Radical chain reactions in pyrolytic cleavage of the ether linkages of lignin model dimers and a trimer
Authors: Watanabe Toshihiro , Kawamoto Haruo , Saka Shiro 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
β-Ether-type dimers, [1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-propanol and 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-propanol], and an α,β-diether-type trimer [1-(4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl) -2- (2-methoxyphenoxy) -1-propanol] were pyrolyzed in a closed ampoule reactor (N2/250–400°C/2 min). 1-Phenylpropenes (Cα=Cβ) and 1-phenylpropanones (Cα=O) were obtained as the major β-ether-cleaved products. Radical chain mechanisms are proposed in which hydrogen abstraction at the phenolic O-H and Cα-Hs occurs, respectively. The former reaction which gives rise to three radical species was much more effective than the latter. As the effective reaction increases the radical concentration, cleavage of the β-ether linkage in the phenolic dimer is achieved at a much lower temperature (260°C) than that of the non-phenolic type (360°C). Radical chain reactions are initiated in the case of the trimer with a weak Cα-O bond at lower temperature (320°C) than those of the non-phenolic (methylated) dimer, since homolysis of the Cα-O bond produces the phenoxy type dimer and 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl radicals as initiators. However, some of the dimer phenoxyl radical was stabilized by H-abstraction (to form dimer) or by recombination with a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl radical (to form C-benzylated products) so that the chain depolymerization via quinone methide intermediate was suppressed.
Characterization of the wood quality of pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata Lam) by measurements of density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness, color, and NIR spectroscopy
Authors: Schimleck Laurence R. , Espey Charles , Mora Christian R. , Evans Robert , Taylor Adam , Muniz Graciela 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A total of 30 Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco) sticks were ranked based on their suitability for making high quality bows and were assigned to one of the three following categories: 0=very poor to poor, 1=good to very good, and 2=excellent. From the end of each stick a sample was cut for wood property and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis. Wood properties measured included air-dry density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness and wood color. NIR spectra were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and on the PC scores. Poor quality samples were discriminated from those of good to very good and excellent quality; however, samples from the two higher quality groups were mixed. Based on relationships observed between PC scores and wood properties, we suggest that, of the measured properties, density and stiffness were the most important in sample discrimination based on quality. Samples ranked in the excellent category had high average density (1119 kg m-3) and stiffness (25.2 GPa) and relatively low extractives content (21.2%) compared to samples in the very poor to poor category (density= 938 kg m-3, stiffness=18.9 GPa and extractives content=24.9%).
Marktpotenzial von Point-of-Care-Testing / Market potential of point-of-care testing
Authors: Ehrentreich-Förster Eva , Andresen Dennie 
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassung
Die In-vitro-Diagnostik nimmt aufgrund der Erkenntnisse der molekularen Medizin und Genomforschung der letzten Jahre in der medizinischen Versorgung eine zunehmend zentrale Rolle ein. Gleichzeitig gibt es einen Trend, nach der Zentralisierung der Diagnostik in großen Laboratorien, näher an den Patienten heranzurücken und eine Analyse, auch komplexer Parameter, vor Ort durchzuführen. In einer aktuellen Frost & Sullivan Studie wurde der sogenannte „Point-of-Care“-Markt mit einem Marktvolumen von ca. 5 Mrd. US$ bei einer durchschnittlichen jährlichen Wachstumsrate von 10,5% bis 2012 beziffert. Das Point-of-Care-Segment wird zusammen mit dem Teilmarkt für molekulare Diagnostik als das am schnellsten wachsende Segment im In-vitro-Diagnostik-Markt (Weltmarktvolumen in 2007 circa 30 Mrd. US$) angesehen.
The monologic Self as first-person narrator: Nadine Gordimer's “Good Climate, Friendly Inhabitants”
Authors: Berg Mari-Ann 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
There are many types of unreliable first-person narrators. This article shows that there is a certain kind of unreliable I-narrator who could be termed monologic in the Bakhtinian sense of the term. Bakhtin (1895–1975) saw monologism as closed, static and finalized in the sense that it is limiting in its denial of an Other. In her short story, “Good Climate, Friendly Inhabitants” (Gordimer, Gollancz, 1983 [1965]), Nadine Gordimer has created a first-person narrator whose unreliability is prominently active in the construction of meaning. The analysis focuses on this narrator's mind style, which is shown to be self-contradictory, faulty and limiting in such a way that it can be called monologic. Monologism is seen as a quality of the discourse and, it is argued, a monologic Self can be distinguished from other unreliable Selves by means of how they relate to other people and by their degree of stasis, closure and lack of development.
Connoting, associating and inferring in literary translation
Authors: Dahlgren Marta 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This study draws on elements from linguistics (pragmatics), literature and translation studies in order to analyze the use of the expressions “connotations” and “associations” and the pragmatic notion of “inference”. Existing definitions have been found to be confusing, and therefore an attempt is made at separating out the elements of connotation from those of association, with the aid of a comparison between translations from English into Swedish and Spanish. The study has its origin in an analysis of inference in literary translation which has broadened into an empirical study on what is generally called “associations” in a variety of genres, such as the translation of “serious” fiction, bestsellers and film titles.
“How could you tell how much of it was lies?” The controversy of truth in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
Authors: Chapman Siobhan 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This article considers the controversial nature of truth in George Orwell's Nineteen Eight-Four, both within the novel itself and in critical responses to it. It suggests a new account of the nature of the control exercised by the Party and the resultant schizophrenia induced by “doublethink”; the Party imposes two different and competing attitudes to truth on the people of Oceania. These might be described as “truth-committed” and “non truth-committed” attitudes (Routledge and Chapman, Forum for Modern Language Studies 39: 1–14, 2003). When we are free to choose between these two attitudes, both can form part of our everyday, non-pathological encounters. The non truth-committed approach is typical of encounters with literary texts, and this article argues that such an approach can enable the reader to dispense with too strong a concern for the factual veracity of Orwell's apparent predictions, and to concentrate on the literary qualities of his novel.