bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is maternal nutrition knowledge more strongly associated with the diets of mothers or their school-aged children?
Authors: Williams Lauren , Campbell Karen , Abbott Gavin , Crawford David , Ball Kylie 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveMaternal nutrition knowledge has frequently been identified as an important target for nutrition promotion interventions. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether maternal nutrition knowledge is more strongly associated with the mother's own diet or that of her child.DesignCross-sectional multivariate linear regression with interactions analyses of survey data.SettingSocio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Victoria, Australia.SubjectsFive hundred and twenty-three mothers and their children who participated in the Resilience for Eating and Physical Activity Despite Inequality (READI) study, a cross-sectional survey study conducted in 2009 among women and their children residing in socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods.ResultsIn adjusted models, for three (vegetable, chocolate/lollies and soft drink consumption) out of the seven dietary outcomes assessed, there was a significant association between maternal nutrition knowledge and maternal diet, whereas for the children's diets none of the seven outcomes were associated with maternal nutrition knowledge. Statistical comparison of regression coefficients showed no difference between the maternal nutrition knowledge–maternal diet association and the maternal nutrition knowledge–child diet association.ConclusionsPromoting maternal nutrition knowledge may represent an important avenue for improving diet in mothers from socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods, but more information is needed on how and when this knowledge is translated to benefits for their children's diet.
Acceptance of health-promoting Brassica vegetables: the influence of taste perception, information and attitudes
Authors: Cox David N , Melo Lauro , Zabaras Dimitrios , Delahunty Conor M 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relative importance of specific health knowledge and taste on acceptance of Brassica vegetables (broccoli, red and green cabbages, broccolini, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts).DesignIn a sample of adults all reporting medium–high physical activity (as a marker/control of health behaviour) and reporting either low (≤2 portions/d) or high (≥3 portions/d) vegetable intake, half of those with low vegetable consumption (Li group) and half of those with high vegetable consumption (Hi group) received cancer protection information, while the other half did not (Ln and Hn groups), before hedonic (9-point), perceived taste and flavour impact responses (100 mm scales) to samples of six Brassica vegetables were elicited. Additionally, attitudes towards foods for health, pleasure and reward, sociodemographics, intentions to consume the vegetables in the near future and recall of health information were also measured.SubjectsAdult males and females (n 200) aged 18–55 years.SettingCentral location testing, Adelaide, Australia.ResultsInformation groups Li and Hi reported specific cancer protection information knowledge, in contrast to Ln and Hn groups (P < 0·000). Information independently influenced responses to (the least liked) Brussels sprouts only. Multivariate regression analysis found sensory perception tended to predict liking and intentions to consume Brassica vegetables. For example, broccoli hedonics (adjusted R2 = 0·37) were predicted (P < 0·05) by bitterness (β = −0·38), flavour (β = 0·31), sweetness (β = 0·17) and female gender (β = 0·19) and intentions to consume (adjusted R2 = 0·20) were predicted (P < 0·05) by bitterness (β = −0·38), flavour (β = 0·24), female gender (β = 0·20) and vegetable intake (β = 0·14).ConclusionsAddressing taste dimensions (while retaining healthy compounds) may be more important than promoting health information in order to increase the popularity of Brassica vegetables.
Intensive Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD) for Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy and Dysarthria
Authors: Fox Cynthia Marie , Boliek Carol Ann 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an intensive voice treatment (Lee Silverman Voice Treatment, commonly known as LSVT LOUD) for children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and dysarthria.

Method
A nonconcurrent multiple baseline single-subject design with replication across 5 children with spastic CP was used. Auditory–perceptual analysis of speech, acoustic measures of vocal functioning, and perceptual ratings by parents of participants were obtained at baseline, posttreatment, and 6-week follow-up recording sessions.

Results
Listeners consistently preferred the speech samples taken immediately posttreatment over those taken during the baseline phase for most perceptual characteristics rated in this study. Changes in acoustic measures of vocal functioning were not consistent across participants and occurred more frequently for maximum performance tasks as opposed to speech. Although parents of the treated participants reported an improved perception of vocal loudness immediately following treatment, maintenance of changes at 6-week follow-up varied across the participants. No changes were observed in the 5th participant, who did not receive treatment.

Conclusions
These findings provide some preliminary observations that the children with spastic CP in this study not only tolerated intensive voice treatment but also showed improvement on select aspects of vocal functioning. These outcomes warrant further research through Phase 2 treatment studies.
Sequence and System in the Acquisition of Tense and Agreement
Authors: Rispoli Matthew , Hadley Pamela A. , Holt Janet K. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The relatedness of tense morphemes in the language of children younger than 3 years of age is a matter of controversy. Generativist accounts predict that the morphemes will be related, whereas usage-based accounts predict the absence of relationships. This study focused on the increasing productivity of the 5 morphemes in the tense productivity score (copula BE, third-person singular present –
3s,
past –
ed,
auxiliary DO, auxiliary BE; Hadley & Short, 2005) and their relationship to one another.

Method
Twenty typically developing children were observed longitudinally from 21 to 33 months of age. One hour of naturalistic caregiver–child interaction sampled every 3 months was analyzed.

Results

Copula BE was more productive than all other morphemes from age 27 months onward. Auxiliary BE was significantly less productive than –
3s,
–
ed,
and DO from age 27 months onward. Evaluation of third-person singular tense morphemes at age 33 months revealed that the productivity scores of copula
is,
–
3s,
and
does
were all correlated.

Conclusions
There is sequence and simultaneity in development that no prior framework has fully explained, as well as evidence of cross-morpheme relationships. In this article, the authors interpret these findings as support for the gradual morphosyntactic learning hypothesis (Rispoli & Hadley, 2011; Rispoli, Hadley, & Holt, 2009).
Development of Phonological Processing Skills in Children With Specific Language Impairment With and Without Literacy Delay: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Vandewalle Ellen , Boets Bart , Ghesquière Pol , Zink Inge 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
To compare the development of phonological skills in children with specific language impairment (SLI) with and without literacy delay and to examine whether kindergarten phonological skills could discriminate these 2 groups.

Method
In a longitudinal study, 8 children with SLI and literacy delay, 10 children with SLI and normal literacy, and 14 typically developing children were studied from the last year of kindergarten to the start of Grade 3. A wide range of phonological tasks (phonological awareness [PA], verbal short-term memory [vSTM], and rapid automatized naming [RAN]) were administered yearly.

Results
The SLI group with literacy delay scored significantly lower than the typically developing children on almost all phonological tasks in all grades, whereas the SLI group with normal literacy scored significantly lower only on demanding PA and vSTM tasks. A combination of kindergarten PA and RAN skills could correctly classify 75% of the children with SLI. By including vSTM, the discriminatory value did not increase.

Conclusions
Children with SLI and normal literacy at age 8;1 [years;months] continued to have difficulties with demanding PA and vSTM tasks. Children with SLI and poor PA and RAN in kindergarten were at high risk of developing literacy problems in a transparent orthography.
Contribution of Family Environment to Pediatric Cochlear Implant Users' Speech and Language Outcomes: Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Holt Rachael Frush , Beer Jessica , Kronenberger William G. , Pisoni David B. , Lalonde Kaylah 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
To evaluate the family environments of children with cochlear implants and to examine relationships between family environment and postimplant language development and executive function.

Method
Forty-five families of children with cochlear implants completed a self-report family environment questionnaire (Family Environment Scale—Fourth Edition; Moos & Moos, 2009) and an inventory of executive function (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [Gioia, Isquith, Guy, & Kenworthy, 2000] or Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Preschool Version [Gioia, Espy, & Isquith, 2003]). The authors also evaluated children's receptive vocabulary (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Fourth Edition; Dunn & Dunn, 2007) and global language skills (Preschool Language Scale—Fourth Edition [Zimmerman, Steiner, & Pond, 2002] and Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals—Fourth Edition [Semel, Wiig, & Secord, 2003]).

Results
The family environments of children with cochlear implants differed from those of normal-hearing children but not in clinically significant ways. Language development and executive function were found to be atypical but not uncharacteristic of this clinical population. Families with higher levels of self-reported control had children with smaller vocabularies. Families reporting a higher emphasis on achievement had children with fewer executive function and working memory problems. Finally, families reporting a higher emphasis on organization had children with fewer problems related to inhibition.

Conclusion
Some of the variability in cochlear implantation outcomes that have protracted periods of development is related to family environment. Because family environment can be modified and enhanced by therapy or education, these preliminary findings hold promise for future work in helping families to create robust language-learning environments that can maximize their child's potential with a cochlear implant.
Less Advanced Stages of Colon Cancer in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: an Unexpected Finding?
Authors: Nagel J. , Bücker S. , Wood M. , Stark R. , Göke B. , Parhofer K. , Allgayer H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEpidemiological studies have found an increased risk for colon cancer and faster disease progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to determine whether patients with T2DM are diagnosed with more advanced stages of colorectal cancer, i. e., metastasized disease (UICC III and IV), at the time of diagnosis, since such a finding may have an impact on future guidelines for patients with T2DM.A cross-sectional analysis of colorectal cancer patients was performed. Stages at diagnosis in patients with (18.0%) or without (82%) T2DM were compared using logistic regression analysis to correct for confounders.Patients with T2DM were older, more obese, and more often male (each p<0.05). Unexpectedly, patients with T2DM had a lower risk for metastasized disease at diagnosis (p=0.023). Correction for age, gender, BMI, smoking and aspirin intake in a multiple logistic regression analysis did not change the result (OR=0.57, p=0.037). When looking at individual cancer stages rather than collapsed categories, there was a trend for less advanced stages in patients with T2DM (p=0.093). Excluding stage I because of potential screening bias due to the introduction of (insurance-covered) colonoscopy screening improved model fit, and confirmed less advanced cancer stages (p=0.0246).Possibly because of earlier detection, patients with T2DM may be at lower risk for advanced stages of colon cancer at diagnosis. Further studies are warranted to confirm our results and to investigate the impact of closer medical surveillance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Induction of antisporozoite antibodies by biting of transgenic Anopheles stephensi delivering malarial antigen via blood feeding
Authors: Yamamoto D. S. , Sumitani M. , Nagumo H. , Yoshida S. , Matsuoka H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe produced a transgenic mosquito expressing a rodent malaria vaccine candidate antigen in the salivary gland. Three tandemly repeated amino acid units from the repeat region of circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium berghei (PbCS3R) fused to red fluorescent protein (monomeric DsRed) was chosen as a vaccine candidate antigen. Immunoblot and fluorescence microscopic analyses showed the transgene expression in the female salivary gland. The transgene product was released from the proboscis as a component of saliva. The monomeric DsRed‐fusion expression system could be suitable for transgene secretion in the saliva of female mosquitoes. Mice repeatedly bitten by transgenic mosquitoes raised antibodies against P. berghei sporozoites, and the sera had protective ability against sporozoite invasion of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. These results suggest that transgene products are immunogenically active in saliva, and induce the antibodies to malaria parasite. These findings indicate that this technology has the potential for production of a ‘flying vaccinator’ for rodent malaria parasites.
BsrG/SR4 from Bacillus subtilis– the first temperature‐dependent type I toxin–antitoxin system
Authors: Jahn Natalie , Preis Heike , Wiedemann Christoph , Brantl Sabine 
Published: January 2012

SummaryHere, we describe bsrG/SR4, a novel type I toxin–antitoxin system from the SPβ prophage region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. The 294‐nucleotide bsrG RNA encodes a 38‐amino‐acid toxin, whereas SR4 is a 180‐nucleotide antisense RNA that acts as the antitoxin. Both genes overlap by 123 nucleotides. BsrG expression increases at the onset of stationary phase. The sr4 promoter is 6‐ to 10‐fold stronger than the bsrG promoter. Deletion of sr4 stabilizes bsrG mRNA and causes cell lysis on agar plates, which is due to the BsrG peptide and not the bsrG mRNA. SR4 overexpression could compensate cell lysis caused by overexpression of bsrG. SR4 interacts with the 3′ UTR of bsrG RNA, thereby promoting its degradation. RNase III cleaves the bsrG RNA/SR4 duplex at position 185 of bsrG RNA, but is not essential for the function of the toxin–antitoxin system. Endoribonuclease Y and 3′‐5′ exoribonuclease R participate in the degradation of both bsrG RNA and SR4, whereas PnpA processes three SR4 precursors to the mature RNA. A heat shock at 48°C results in faster degradation and, therefore, significantly decreased amounts of bsrG RNA.
Notch Signalling Regulates Cytokine Production by CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Sauma D. , Ramirez A. , Alvarez K. , Rosemblatt M. , Bono M. R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Notch signalling pathway regulates several aspects of cellular differentiation such as T lineage commitment and effector functions on peripheral T cells; however, there is limited information regarding Notch receptor expression on different T cell subsets and the putative role of the different receptors on T cell effector function. Here, we studied the protein expression of Notch receptors on murine T cells in vitro and in vivo and analysed the role of the Notch pathway in cytokine production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We found that resting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells do not express Notch receptors, but they upregulate Notch 1 and Notch 2 shortly after in vitro and in vivo activation. Using a γ‐secretase inhibitor, which blocks Notch signalling through all Notch receptors, we demonstrated that the Notch pathway regulates IL‐10 production by CD4+ T cells and IFN‐γ and IL‐17 production by CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that Notch 1 and 2 are expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and represent the putative Notch receptors that regulate effector functions and cytokine production by these cells.
Partial Tolerance Induced by Transplantation of Spatially Separated Thymuses: A Cue for T Cell Retolerization in Thymus Grafts
Authors: Zhou J. , Wang X. , Luo G. , He W. , Cui Y. , Tan J. , Yang S. , Yang J. , Sun W. , Song H. , Xiang F. , Yao Z. , Liu D. , Wu Y. , Wu J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThymus grafts made up of mixed syngeneic and xenogeneic thymus tissues could induce donor‐specific tolerance to xenografts with no development of autoimmune syndrome (AIS). But the requirements for the simultaneous presentation of tissue antigens from both species in the process of T cell development in thymus grafts have not hitherto been defined. To do this, we setup a model in which xenothymus grafts from F344 rats were heterotopically implanted into BALB/c nude mice carrying syngeneic thymus grafts, and the grafts were either mixed together or spatially separately; next, we examined the induction of donor‐specific tolerance, any pathological changes and the distribution of T lymphocytes. In contrast to the mixed thymus grafts, spatially separated thymus transplants could neither induce a long‐term tolerance to skin grafts nor prevent AIS completely. 51Cr‐labelled cell‐tracing experiments showed that mature peripheral T cells could re‐enter into both kinds of thymus grafts, while the T cells isolated from the syngeneic thymus tended to concentrate in the xenothymus grafts. Hence, our data suggest that the immune tolerance induced by mixed thymus transplants could be partially reversed if the thymus tissues from donors and recipients were segregated by spatial telorism. The uneven recirculation of mature T cells might imply that T cells get retolerized within the thymus grafts.
Enveloped Virus but not Bacteria Block IL‐13 Responses in Human Cord Blood T Cells In Vitro
Authors: Svensson A. , Nordström I. , Rudin A. , Bergström T. , Eriksson K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractInfections that occur early in life may have a beneficial effect on the immune system and thereby reduce the risk of allergen sensitization and/or allergic disease. It is not yet clear to what extent specific virus and/or bacteria can mediate this effect. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of virus and bacteria in CD4+ T cell‐derived cytokine production in newborns. We compared the effects of five bacteria (Staphlococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidus) and seven virus (adenovirus, coronavirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, morbillivirus and poliovirus) on the Th1/Th2 cytokine production in mixed lymphocyte reactions using CD4+ T cells from cord blood cocultured with allogenic myeloid or plasmacytoid dendritic cells. When comparing the baseline cytokine production prior to microbial stimulation, we observed that cord plasmacytoid DC were stronger inducers of Th2 cytokines (IL‐5 and IL‐13) compared with cord myeloid DC and to adult DC. When adding microbes to these cultures, bacteria and virus differed in two major respects; Firstly, all enveloped viruses, but none of the bacteria, blocked Th2 (IL‐13) production by cord CD4+ cells. Secondly, all Gram‐positive bacteria, but none of the virus, induced IL‐12p40 responses, but the IL‐12p40 responses did not affect Th1 cytokine production (IFN‐γ). Instead, Th1 responses were correlated with the capacity to induce IFN‐α secretion, which in cord cells were induced by S. aureus and influenza virus alone. These data imply that enveloped virus can deviate Th2 responses in human cord T cells.
Advances in Proteomics of Mycobacterium leprae
Authors: Parkash O. , Singh B. P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlthough Mycobacterium leprae was the first bacterial pathogen identified causing human disease, it remains one of the few that is non‐cultivable. Understanding the biology of M. leprae is one of the primary challenges in current leprosy research. Genomics has been extremely valuable, nonetheless, functional proteins are ultimately responsible for controlling most aspects of cellular functions, which in turn could facilitate parasitizing the host. Furthermore, bacterial proteins provide targets for most of the vaccines and immunodiagnostic tools. Better understanding of the proteomics of M. leprae could also help in developing new drugs against M. leprae. During the past nearly 15 years, there have been several developments towards the identification of M. leprae proteins employing contemporary proteomics tools. In this review, we discuss the knowledge gained on the biology and pathogenesis of M. leprae from current proteomic studies.
IL‐8 from Local Subcutaneous Wounds Regulates CD11b Activation
Authors: Lundahl J. , Jacobson S. H. , Paulsson J. M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe cellular and soluble mediators of a dermal inflammation can be studied by the skin chamber technique. The aim of this study was to address the physiological effect of soluble mediators, released into the skin chamber, with special focus on neutrophil CD11b activation. Mediators released at the inflammatory site were studied by Milliplex and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correlated with transmigration and CD11b activation in vivo and in vitro. Transmigration was studied by the skin chamber technique and by the transwell method, and expression of the CBRM1/5 epitope on activated CD11b was analysed by flow cytometry following in vivo and in vitro incubation with chamber fluid or recombinant interleukin‐8 (IL‐8). Leucocyte in vivo and in vitro transmigration both correlated with the concentrations of IL‐1β, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and IL‐8 at P < 0.05 (R > 0.7). Furthermore, CD11b was activated, in terms of exposure of the activation epitope, on neutrophils after 30 min of in vitro incubation with chamber fluid and correlated solely with the concentration of IL‐8, P < 0.05 (R = 0.72). In vitro incubation with recombinant IL‐8 confirmed a concentration‐dependent expression of the activation epitope; however, induction of CBRM1/5 by recombinant IL‐8 required a concentration that was significantly higher compared with that in chamber fluid. In addition, the CBRM1/5 epitope was analysed on in vivo extravasated neutrophils that displayed a significantly higher expression compared with circulating neutrophils, P = 0.04. We conclude that IL‐8 is the major factor regulating the expression of CD11b activation epitope in neutrophils.
Socially Influenced Behaviour and Learning in Locusts
Authors: Lancet Yaara , Dukas Reuven 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAs a part of our research on the evolution of social learning in insects, we examined socially influenced behaviour and social learning in desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) nymphs and adults. In the nymphs, the only positive effect we documented was an increased tendency to feed while in the company of another locust than alone. The adults, on the other hand, showed significant preference for joining others (local enhancement) in both the contexts of feeding and egg laying. Neither nymphs nor adults, however, showed social learning. Our preliminary analyses pointed to locusts as a likely insect that might possess social learning. Our research, when taken together with research on phase‐shifts and swarm/marching behaviour of gregarious locusts, suggests that the behavioural dynamics of gregarious locusts may make local enhancement but not social learning beneficial. The possible difference we documented between the nymphs and adults could enable us to further explore the proximate and ultimate mechanisms that underlie socially influenced behaviour.