bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diagnostic capability of x‐ray scattering parameters for the characterization of breast cancer
Authors: Elshemey Wael M. , Desouky Omar S. , Fekry Mostafa M. , Talaat Sahar M. , Elsayed Anwar A. 
Published: July 2010

Purpose: The evaluation of the diagnostic capability of easy to measure x‐ray scattering profile characterization parameters for the detection of breast cancer in excised samples. The selected parameters are the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and area under the x‐ray scattering profile of breast tissue in addition to the ratio of scattering intensities at to that at (corresponding to scattering from soft and adipose tissues, respectively).Methods: A histopathologist is asked to classify 36 excised breast tissue samples into healthy or malignant. A conventional x‐ray diffractometer is used to acquire the scattering profiles of the investigated samples. The values of three profile characterization parameters are calculated and the diagnostic capability of each is evaluated by determining the optimal cutoffs of scatter diagrams, calculating the diagnostic indices, and plotting the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Results: At the calculated optimal cutoff for each of the examined parameters, the sensitivity ranged from 78% (for area under curve) up to 94% (for FWHM), the specificity ranged from 94% [for and area under curve] up to 100% (for FWHM), and the diagnostic accuracy ranged from 86% (for area under curve) up to 97% (for FWHM). The area under the ROC curves is greater than 0.95 for all of the investigated parameters, reflecting a highly accurate diagnostic performance.Conclusions: The discussed tests offered a means to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the suggested breast tissue x‐ray scattering characterization parameters. The performance results are promising, indicating that the evaluated parameters would be considered a tool for fast, on spot probing of breast cancer in excised tissue samples.
Thermoacoustic molecular tomography with magnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for targeted tumor detection
Authors: Nie Liming , Ou Zhongmin , Yang Sihua , Xing Da 
Published: July 2010

Purpose:The primary feasibility steps of demonstrating the ability of microwave‐induced thermoacoustic (TA) in phantoms have been previously reported. However, none were shown to target a diseased site in living subjects in thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) field so far. To determine the expressions of oncogenic surface molecules, it is quite necessary to image tumor lesions and acquire pathogenic status on them via TAT.Methods:Compared to biological tissues, iron oxide nanoparticles have a much higher microwave absorbance./polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles were prepared via polymerization of aniline in the superparamagnetic fluids. Then /PANI was conjugated to folic acid (FA), which can bind specifically to the surface of the folate receptor used as a tumor marker. /PANI targeted tumor was irradiated by pulsed microwave at 6 GHz for thermoacoustic detection and imaging.Results:The effect of the/PANI superparamagnetic nanoparticles for enhancing TAT images was successfully investigated in ex vivo human blood and in vivo mouse tail. Intravenous administration of the targeted nanoparticles to mice bearing tumors showed fivefold greater thermoacoustic signal and much longer elimination time than that of mice injected with nontargeted nanoparticles in the tumor. The specific targeting ability of /PANI to tumor was also verified on fluorescence microscopy.Conclusions:Fabricated iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with tumor ligands for targeted TAT tumor detection at the molecular level was reported for the first time. The results indicate that thermoacoustic molecular imaging with functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles may contribute to targeted and functional early cancer imaging. Also, the modified iron oxide nanoparticles combined with suitable tumor markers may also be used as novel nanomaterials for targeted and guided cancer thermal therapy.
Surface bacteriology of venous leg ulcers and healing outcome
Authors: Moore Keith , Hall Val , Paull Alan , Morris Trefor , Brown Sarah , McCulloch Dorothy , Richardson Mark C , Harding Keith G 
Published: July 2010

AimBacteria can be cultured from all venous leg ulcers (VLUs) regardless of healing status, and the significance of a positive swab result in non-clinically infected ulcers is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterise the bacteriological flora of VLUs by routine culture to determine whether the data generated had prognostic value.MethodsThe ulcers of 178 patients were sampled weekly for 12 weeks and healing outcome monitored while the limb was treated with graduated compression. Wound bacteriology was assessed using culture methodology standardised to ensure data reproducibility.Results153 individual bacterial species were identified. The species most frequently found wereStaphylococcus aureus(64.3% of assessments),Corynebacterium striatum(60.6%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(32.6%),Helcococcus kunzii(22.0%),Finegoldia magna(21.4%) andProteus mirabilis(16.1%). No single species or the presence of anaerobes and increasing diversity of bacterial species, previously thought to be predictive of impaired healing, was shown to be associated with healing outcome. The presence ofC striatumwas associated with healing outcome but not after adjusting for the known prognostic factors of wound area and duration.ConclusionRoutine bacteriological culture analysis of the VLU wound surface may be used to identify diverse flora in all ulcers. However, the data generated are of no additional value as a prognostic indicator of healing outcome. The presence ofC striatummay represent colonisation of non-healing VLU by normal skin flora.
Are Australian smokers interested in using low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco for harm reduction?
Authors: Gartner C E , Jimenez-Soto E V , Borland R , O'Connor R J , Hall W D 
Published: July 2010

AimsTo determine (1) whether Australian smokers are aware of low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco (LNSLT) products and (2) whether they would be interested in using LNSLT either as a long-term substitute for smoking or as an aid to quitting, if these products were to become legally available.Methods401 daily smokers were recruited by a market research company to complete an internet questionnaire about their smoking history, knowledge of smokeless tobacco and intentions to purchase LNSLT under different scenarios.FindingsJust under half (48%) indicated they were willing to buy an LNSLT product. Predictors of an interest in purchasing LNSLT were low income, poorer health, prior SLT use, belief that SLT is less harmful than cigarettes, switching to a lower tar cigarette in the past year, ever using nicotine replacement therapy products for quitting or other reasons, having made a failed cessation attempt in the previous year and not planning to quit smoking. Analysis of quitting and LNSLT purchasing intentions under different scenarios suggest that making LNSLT available at a much lower cost than smoked cigarettes while increasing taxes on cigarettes could provide a greater reduction in the number of smokers than the same tax increase alone. These results support further examination of the potential for LNSLT to reduce smoking-related harm in Australia.
PSEUDO-FINSLERIAN SPACE–TIMES AND MULTIREFRINGENCE
Authors: SKÁKALA JOZEF , VISSER MATT 
Published: July 2010

Ongoing searches for a quantum theory of gravity have repeatedly led to the suggestion that space–time might ultimately be anisotropic (Finsler-like) and/or exhibit multirefringence (multiple signal cones). Multiple (and even anisotropic) signal cones can be easily dealt with in a unified manner, by writing down a single Fresnel equation to simultaneously encode all signal cones in an even-handed manner. Once one gets off the signal cone and attempts to construct a full multirefringent space–time metric the situation becomes more problematic. In the multirefringent case we shall report a significant no-go result: in multirefringent models there is no simple or compelling way to construct any unifying notion of pseudo-Finsler space–time metric, different from a monorefringenent model, where the signal cone structure plus a conformal factor completely specifies the full pseudo-Riemannian metric. To throw some light on this situation we use an analog model where both anisotropy and multirefringence occur simultaneously: biaxial birefringent crystal. But the significance of our results extends beyond the optical framework in which (purely for pedagogical reasons) we are working, and has implications for any attempt at introducing multirefringence and intrinsic anisotropies to any model of quantum gravity that has a low energy manifold-like limit.
Pythagorean Number Symbolism, Alchemy, and the Disciplina Noua of John Dee's Monas Hieroglyphica
Authors: Clucas Stephen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTant dans sa Monas Hieroglyphica (1564) que dans sa Mathematical Praeface (1570), John Dee défend une vue des mathématiques qui se veut compatible avec l'idée d'un 'Pythagoricall, and Platonicall perfect scholer'. Cet article montre que ce furent les doctrines arithmologiques contenues dans les épîtres de Trithème—lues par Dee dans une copie du De vsu et mysteriis notarum (1550), qu'il acheta à Anvers en 1562/3—qui exercèrent sur les doctrines pythagoriciennes de la Monas de Dee un impact en profondeur. Alors que des commentateurs antérieurs ont mis l'accent sur l'orientation alchimique de l'oeuvre de Dee, une lecture serrée des lettres de Trithème (et les annotations portées par Dee sur celles-ci) montre qu'il croyait que le connaissance des mystères arithmologiques de Trithème s'étendait bien au-delà de l'alchimie, et devait constituer une 'discipline nouvelle' appelée à devenir une science occulte universelle.
Oratorium—Auditorium—Laboratorium: Early Modern Improvisations on Cabala, Music, and Alchemy
Authors: Forshaw Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLa gravure du Lab-Oratorium, dans l'Amphithéâtre de la Sagesse Eternelle (1595/1609), du paracelsien Heinrich Khunrath de Leipzig (1560–1605)—'docteur des deux médecines et fidèle amoureux de la théosophie'—est une image bien connue des historiens de l'ésotérisme du début des Temps Modernes, mais peu de choses ont été dites sur la signification des instruments musicaux qui sont au premier plan de l'image. Cet article examine les diverses références qui, dans les écrits de Khunrath, concernent la musique et le thème y relatif de l'harmonie dans le contexte des activités kabbalistiques et alchimiques de Khunrath en son Oratoire et son Laboratoire. Il examine l'influence d'idées pythagoriciennes sur les pratiques théurgiques de Khunrath, identifie la source christiano-kabbalistique de l'hymne polyglotte qu'il relie à l'une des images théosophiques sur la table de son Oratoire, et propose une réflexion sur l'usage de la musique dans cette dimension kabbalistique de son œuvre. Etant donné que Khunrath est connu surtout comme praticien de l'alchimie, la seconde section de l'article traite de quelques exemples de chant et de musique, à commencer par un manuscrit qui a survécu dans le travail de Khunrath, et se termine par un bref examen de la plus célèbre combinaison d'alchimie et de musique; à savoir, l' Atlanta Fugiens (1617), de son admirateur le Comte Michael Maier (1568–1622).
Nous and Two Kinds of Epistêmê in Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics
Authors: Perelmuter Zeev 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAt the beginning of Posterior Analytics 2.19 Aristotle reminds us that we cannot claim demonstrative knowledge (epistêmê apodeiktikê) unless we know immediate premisses, the archai of demonstrations. By the end of the chapter he explains why the cognitive state whereby we get to know archai must be Nous. In between, however, Aristotle describes the process of the acquisition of concepts, not immediate premisses. How should we understand this? There is a general agreement that it is Nous by means of which we acquire both premisses and concepts. I argue that this cannot be the case. Since concepts are simples while premisses are composites (predications of concepts), the two cannot be objects of the same cognitive state. I further argue that, whereas Nous is responsible for our grasp of concepts, the state Aristotle elsewhere calls non-demonstrable knowledge is the one whereby we get to know the premisses of demonstrations.
Ideology and Organization in the Qing Empire
Authors: Guy R. Kent 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article considers an essay on provincial government written by the Yongzheng Emperor of China shortly after his ascension to the throne in 1723. The essay treats provincial governors’ role in personnel, financial and military matters and the problems of China’s southwest. It reflects the emperor’s dissatisfaction with policies in each of these areas, which were all to be the focus of reforming efforts during his reign. But perhaps more important, it expresses the Emperor’s new concern with the value of administrative efficacy. The essay argues that this was a fundamental innovation in the political theology of the Chinese state. Although practical ideas for reform often came from governors themselves, who were closer to the problems than the Emperor and more familiar with the details of solution, imperial leadership created a climate in which reform ideas would be welcomed and implemented.
News and Views
Authors: Hout F.A.G. , Frederiks B.J.M. , Nienhuis E.D. , Legemaate J. , Robben P.B.M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Dutch Healthcare Inspectorate’s (Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg) supervisory activities are based on proportional use of the instruments. The primary instruments it uses are advice and encouragement. If these do not achieve the desired result, it can implement corrective action by, for example, enhancing its supervision or through agreements limiting the ability to practise a profession. Recourse to disciplinary or administrative measures can be sought, if necessary. There is a tendency to use statutory instruments, which means greater equality before the law and greater legal certainty. It is important in this respect for the Inspectorate to make its considerations more uniform, transparent and predictable.
Printing and Social Control in Russia 1: Passports
Authors: Franklin Simon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies of the history of print in Russia tend to focus on the printing of books, and to a lesser extent pictures. However, the implications of the spread of information technologies extend beyond their cultural uses. In particular, the adoption of printing (like the spread of writing before it, and the spread of electronic and digital technologies in recent decades) has potential implications for administration and social control. This study – the first in a series on related themes – considers the introduction and uses of print in one category of document, the passport, in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The main sources are legislative. The printing of passports was not just an administrative practice but a legislative issue and a recurrent problem. The use of print for specified types of passport was first decreed in 1726, as an anti-forgery measure, but successive revisions and modifications of the legislation show that precisely the feature which made print attractive as a device to combat fraud - centralised State control of the means of production - also created logistical difficulties which could obstruct the effective operations of the passport system itself. The final section of the survey is comparative, setting Russia's practices and preoccupations in the printing of passports in a wider European and American context, in order to identify what may have been distinctive to Russia.
The Post Recession Growth Prospects of South East European Economies
Authors: Kukavčić Jasena , Bićanić Ivo , Spajić Vjerana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper starts with a discussion of how the world recession as an external shock influenced the already vulnerable South East European (SEE) economies. All countries except Albania and Kosovo experienced a recession as well as a termination of the foreign debt based heating-up that generated high growth rates after 2000. The paper provides an overview of states' policy responses, with individual countries surveyed in the appendix. We argue that, with the exception of Albania, all SEE economies started with a fiscal expansion, which coincided with elections in which the existing governments were not re-elected. This was followed by public finance crises, fiscal consolidation and more active monetary policy which averted a financial crisis, with only three of these economies turning to the IMF for help. Nevertheless, the cumulative effect was an extended trough. The paper then discusses the recession's impact on growth in terms of three growth projections derived from historical experience and two ad hoc benchmarks. We examine the consequences of returning to a lower post recession growth trajectory and calculate the time required to return to secular growth and achieve chosen benchmarks. The conclusion for both is that convergence time varies from less than a decade to no convergence before 2040, with the exception of Albania.
Migraine diagnosis and management in general emergency departments in France
Authors: Valade D , Lucas C , Calvel L , Plaisance P , Derouet N , Meric G , Lanteri-Minet M , Giroud M 
Published: July 2010

Background We conducted a prospective study of patients admitted to 22 general emergency departments in France over 1 week. Patients and methods Of 15,835 adult patients, 483 (3.1%) had headache and 98 (0.6%) had migraine. Results Compared with the migraine population in France, our migraine patients were similar in terms of proportion of female patients (75%) and mean age (37.6 ± 13.8 years) but presented earlier in their disease course. Patients sought emergency treatment because of a severe attack (49%) or because of ineffective treatment (20%). Non-opioid analgesics excluding non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and NSAIDs, were most commonly prescribed as acute treatment, yet it took more than 48 h for symptom resolution in 36% of 92 follow-up patients. Conclusions Results suggest there is room for improvement in choice of agents prescribed. We propose additional education and training of clinicians to improve adherence to clinical practice guidelines.
Cluster headache associated with a sixth nerve palsy: A case report
Authors: Grosberg Brian M , Vollbracht Sarah , Robbins Matthew S , Lipton Richard B 
Published: July 2010

Background: Cluster headache is a rare primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent, stereotyped short-lasting attacks of severe, unilateral head pain accompanied by autonomic symptoms. Methods/results: Ophthalmic features such as conjunctival injection, lacrimation, ptosis and miosis occur in the vast majority of patients with cluster headache, whereas co-existent ocular movement disorders are rare. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, only two documented cases of cluster headache with external ocular movement disorders have been reported. We describe herein an additional case with this unusual finding and discuss the putative pathophysiology of cluster headache associated with ophthalmoparesis.
Structural Properties of the Primary Medial Knee Ligaments
Authors: Wijdicks Coen A. , Ewart David T. , Nuckley David J. , Johansen Steinar , Engebretsen Lars , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: July 2010

Background: The structural properties of the individual components of the superficial medial collateral ligament (MCL), deep MCL, and posterior oblique ligament (POL) have not been studied in isolation. To define the necessary strength requirements for an anatomical medial knee reconstruction, knowledge of these structural properties is necessary. Hypothesis: The components of the superficial MCL, POL, and deep MCL have significantly different structural properties. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: This study used 20 fresh-frozen nonpaired cadaveric knee specimens with a mean age of 54 years (range, 27 to 68 years). These knees provided 8 samples for each tested medial knee structure, which was individually isolated and loaded to failure at 20 mm per minute. Specifically tested were the superficial MCL with intact femoral and detached proximal tibial attachments, the superficial MCL with intact femoral and detached distal tibial attachments, the central arm of the POL, and the isolated deep MCL. Load was recorded as a function of displacement. Stiffness of the ligament at failure was calculated from these measurements. Results: The mean load at failure for the superficial MCL with the intact femoral and distal tibial attachments was 557 N. Mean load at failure was 88 N for the intact femoral and proximal tibial divisions of the superficial MCL, 256 N for the POL, and 101 N for the deep MCL. Stiffness of the ligaments just before failure was 63, 17, 38, and 27 N/mm, in the same order as above. Conclusion: The proximal and distal tibial divisions of the superficial MCL, POL, and deep MCL produced loads of clinical importance. Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of the structural properties of these attachment sites will assist in reconstruction graft choices, fixation method choices, and overall operative treatment of medial knee injury.
Kinematic Impact of Anteromedial and Posterolateral Bundle Graft Fixation Angles on Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions
Authors: Anderson Colin J. , Westerhaus Benjamin D. , Pietrini Sean D. , Ziegler Connor G. , Wijdicks Coen A. , Johansen Steinar , Engebretsen Lars , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: July 2010

Background: Currently in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions, the range of knee flexion angles that surgeons use for anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundle graft fixation spans from 0° to 90° for both bundle grafts. Despite the recent popularity of this procedure, no consensus exists on an optimal set of AM and PL graft fixation angles. Hypothesis: Graft fixation angles that simulate the native tensioning relationship of the AM and PL bundles will produce kinematic results similar to the intact knee, while graft fixation angles that do not simulate this relationship will under- or overconstrain the knee. Study design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twelve cadaveric knees were biomechanically tested in the intact state, ACL-sectioned state, and a randomized order of 7 double-bundle ACL reconstructed states at multiple graft fixation angle combinations. For each test state, data were collected for 88 N anterior tibial loads, 10 N·m valgus torques, 5 N·m internal rotation torques, and 2 simulated pivot shift loads consisting of a 5 N·m internal rotation torque coupled with either a 10 N·m valgus torque or an 88 N anterior tibial load at 0°, 20°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. Results: The AM and PL graft fixation angle combinations of 0°/0° (AM graft fixation angle/PL graft fixation angle), 60°/0°, 45°/15°, and 75°/15° restored normal laxity to the reconstructed knee in all of the biomechanical tests. The 30°/30°, 60°/60°, and 90°/90° graft fixation angle combinations significantly restricted knee laxity compared with the intact state in various biomechanical tests. Conclusion: We found that as long as the PL bundle graft was fixed between 0° and 15°, the AM graft could be fixed up to 75° without restricting knee laxity. However, fixation of the PL graft at 30° of knee flexion and above significantly overconstrained the knee. Clinical Relevance: This study provides a range of angles that can be used in double-bundle ACL reconstructions to restore normal knee stability without causing overconstraint.