bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved depth of field in the scanning electron microscope derived from through‐focus image stacks
Authors: Boyde Alan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe depth of field limit in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be overcome by recording stacks of through‐focus images (as in conventional and confocal optical microscopy) which are postprocessed to generate an all‐in‐focus image. Images are recorded under constant electron optical conditions by mechanical Z‐axis movement of the sample. This gives rise to a change in magnification through the stack due to the perspective projection of the SEM image. Calculation of the necessary scaling as well as the derivation of best focus information at every patch in the image‐and a contour map function derived from the selected patch depths‐are incorporated in a new software package (Auto‐Montage Pro). The utility of these procedures is demonstrated with examples from the study of human osteoporotic bone, where results show uncoupling of resorption and formation. The procedure can be combined with pseudo‐colour coding for the direction of apparent illumination when using backscattered electron (BSE) detectors in contrasting positions.
Image signal‐to‐noise ratio and noise variance estimation using autoregressive model
Authors: Kamel Nidal S. , Sim K. S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDuring the last three decades, several techniques have been proposed for signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and noise variance estimation in images, with different degrees of success. Recently, a novel technique based on the statistical autoregressive model (AR) was developed and proposed as a solution to SNR estimation in scanning electron microscope (SEM) image. In this paper, the efficiency of the developed technique with different imaging systems is proven and presented as an optimum solution to image noise variance and SNR estimation problems. Simulation results are carried out with images like Lena, remote sensing, and SEM. The two image parameters, SNR and noise variance, are estimated using different techniques and are compared with the AR‐based estimator.
A spectroscopic scanning electron microscope design
Authors: Khursheed Anjam , Osterberg Mans 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a proposal to improve the design of scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). The design is based upon using an SEM column similar to the conventional one, magnetic sector plates and a mixed field immersion objective lens. The optical axis of the SEM column lies in the horizontal direction and the primary beam is turned through 90 degrees before it reaches the specimen. This arrangement allows for the efficient collection, detection and spectral analysis of the scattered electrons on a hemispherical surface that is located well away from the rest of the SEM column. The proposed SEM design can also be easily extended to incorporate time multiplexed columns and multi‐column arrays.
2.2 μm axial resolution optical coherence tomography based on a 400 nm‐bandwidth superluminescent diode
Authors: Chan Ming‐Che , Su Yi‐Shin , Lin Ching‐Fuh , Sun Chi‐Kuang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe demonstrate 2.2 μm axial resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 1.1‐1.7 μm wavelength regime by using a nonidentical multiple‐quantum‐well (MQW) superluminescent diode (SLD) with record‐bandwidth emission. The compact, low‐cost, and reliable light source with extreme broadband emission demonstrates significant potentials for spectroscopic and commercial OCT applications requiring ultrahigh spatial resolution.
Quantitative analysis of EcoR1 methylase‐DNA complex by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Zhu Yi , Zeng Hu , Gao Xiang , Lu Zuhong 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe EcoR1 methylase specifically recognize 5′–GA* ATTC‐3′in DNA duplex. We directly applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate linear pBR322‐EcoR1 methylase complexes and quantitatively analyzed the bend angles of linear pBR322‐EcoR1 methylase complexes and the bound protein widths. In this study, we made a novel observation that DNA‐EcoR1 methylase complexes exhibited two populations of conformation at recognition site: DNA bent an acute angle at the recognition site in the presence of one EcoR1 methylase monomeric molecule, while DNA bent an unacute angle at the recognition site and the complementary site on duplex DNAs in the presence of EcoR1 methylase dimer. The data indicated that the unacute angle state was the result of unique interactions between EcoR1 methylase and the recognition site and the complementary site on duplex DNAs, and suggested that the acute angle conformation could be an intermediate in the formation of the unacute angle state. Our works provide a detail insight into the DNA structural variations involved in EcoR1 methylase‐binding processes and demonstrate further the versatility of AFM as an imaging technique for studying the interaction between large DNA fragment and protein.
Analysis of point fabrication model for near‐field photolithography with experimental study
Authors: Lin Zone‐Ching , Yang Ching‐Been 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFor the Gaussian beam, the power density distribution of the aluminum‐coated optical tapered fiber probe is discussed and a theoretical fixed‐point fabrication model for near‐field photolithography is established. The energy density theorem is used to explore the surface exposure of photoresist, which is divided into multiple grids to evaluate the changes in the concentration of photoactive compounds at specific nodes of the interior layer. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the contour of the photolithograph following development are then calculated. The fixed‐point lithographic experiment and aperture verification of the optic fiber probe are performed to confirm the reliability of the present model, and Dill A, B, C parameters are first measured in this article. According to the experimental results, a better image of the probe aperture can be achieved by increasing the conductivity of the measured articles and reducing the electric charges during the image taken by field‐emission scanning electron microscope. The FWHM measured is 166.6 nm, while the measured average probe aperture size is 317.4 nm and the FWHM simulated by the proposed model is 151.3 nm. The error between experiment and simulation is <−9.2%. It is thus concluded that the proposed theoretical model is reasonable and acceptable.
Aberration model of a multibeam scanning microscope for electron beam‐induced deposition
Authors: van Bruggen M. J. , van Someren B. , Kruit P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA multibeam electron beam‐induced deposition (EBID) system is presented, which aims at the fabrication of sub‐10 nm structures with EBID. This system consists of a multibeam source (MBS) module, delivering 100 virtual sources and a standard scanning electron microscope (SEM) column to image the 100 sources onto a wafer. In the proposed concept, beamlets are traveling off‐axis through the projection lenses, introducing off‐axis aberrations. An analytical description of the projection lens aberrations is derived and the system is optimized by tuning a field lens, which only affects the direction of the beamlets as they enter the projection system. It is found that this lens must be excited such that all beamlets go through the center of the last projection lens. This is an important design rule for the total system.
Revealing the Role of Anchoring Groups in the Electrical Conduction Through Single‐Molecule Junctions
Authors: Zotti Linda A. , Kirchner Thomas , Cuevas Juan‐Carlos , Pauly Fabian , Huhn Thomas , Scheer Elke , Erbe Artur 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA combined experimental and theoretical study is presented revealing the influence of metal–molecule coupling on electronic transport through single‐molecule junctions. Transport experiments through tolane molecules attached to gold electrodes via thiol, nitro, and cyano anchoring groups are performed. By fitting the experimental current–voltage characteristics to a single‐level tunneling model, we extract both the position of the molecular orbital closest to the Fermi energy and the strength of the metal–molecule coupling. The values found for these parameters are rationalized with the help of density‐functional‐theory‐based transport calculations. In particular, these calculations show that the anchoring groups determine the junction conductance by controlling not only the strength of the coupling to the metal but also the position of the relevant molecular energy levels.
Out‐of‐Plane Magnetic Patterning Based on Indentation‐Induced Nanocrystallization of a Metallic Glass
Authors: Sort Jordi , Bonavina Luiz Fernando , Varea Aïda , Souza Carlos , Botta Walter J. , Kiminami Claudio S. , Bolfarini Claudemiro , Suriñach Santiago , Baró Maria Dolors , Nogués Josep 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPeriodic arrays of micrometer‐sized ferromagnetic structures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are prepared by nanoindentation at the surface of a Fe67.7B20Cr12Nb0.3 glassy ribbon initially showing in‐plane magnetic anisotropy. The indented regions exhibit enhanced coercivity and saturation magnetization with respect to the surrounding nondeformed matrix. These effects are due to a mechanically driven selective nanocrystallization of the metallic glass, induced by nanoindentation, even without the need for thermal annealing. In addition, while the amorphous matrix becomes paramagnetic above 325 K, the crystallized regions (consisting of α‐Fe) remain ferromagnetic upon heating to high temperatures. The local change in the magnetic anisotropy direction is ascribed to a certain degree of crystallographic texture, together with the inverse magnetostriction effect caused by the compressive indentation stresses.
Mandatory fortification of the food supply with cobalamin: an idea whose time has not yet come
Authors: Carmel Ralph 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe success of folic acid fortification has generated consideration of similar fortification with cobalamin for its own sake but more so to mitigate possible neurologic risks from increased folate intake by cobalamin‐deficient persons. However, the folate model itself, the success of which was predicted by successful clinical trials and the known favorable facts of high folic acid bioavailability and the infrequency of folate malabsorption, may not apply to cobalamin fortification. Cobalamin bioavailability is more restricted than folic acid and is unfortunately poorest in persons deficient in cobalamin. Moreover, clinical trials to demonstrate actual health benefits of relevant oral doses have not yet been done in persons with mild subclinical deficiency, who are the only practical targets of cobalamin fortification because >94% of persons with clinically overt cobalamin deficiency have severe malabsorption and therefore cannot respond to normal fortification doses. However, it is only in the severely malabsorptive disorders, such as pernicious anemia, not subclinical deficiency, that neurologic deterioration following folic acid therapy has been described to date. It is still unknown whether mild deficiency states, which usually arise from normal absorption or only food‐bound cobalamin malabsorption, have real health consequences or how often they progress to overt clinical cobalamin deficiency. Reports of cognitive or other risks in the common subclinical deficiency state, although worrisome, have been inconsistent. Moreover, their observational nature proved neither causative connections nor documented health benefits. Extensive work, especially randomized clinical trials, must be done before mandatory dietary intervention on a national scale can be justified.
Flaking as a Pretreatment for Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction Processing of Soybeans
Authors: de Moura J. M. L. N. , de Almeida N. M. , Jung S. , Johnson L. A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSoybean moisture content (7.2–12.8%) and conditioning temperature (51–79 °C) during flaking were evaluated to determine their effects on oil and protein extraction and oil distribution among fractions produced in enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP). Extractions were performed by using two‐stage countercurrent EAEP at a 1:6 solids‐to‐liquid ratio with 0.5% protease (wt/g extruded flakes) at pH 9.0 and 50 °C for 1 h. Oil extraction improved when using soybeans with moisture contents ranging from 8.0 to 12.0% for flaking but was not affected by conditioning temperature. Oil extraction was reduced when moving away from 10% moisture with the lowest values at 7.2 and 12.8% moisture. Free oil extraction increased as soybean moisture content increased from 7.2 to 12.8% although total oil extraction was reduced at 12.8% moisture. Higher (79 °C) and lower conditioning temperatures (51 °C) improved free oil extraction and reduced cream emulsion formation. Skim oil content was not significantly affected by soybean moisture content and the conditioning temperature, although an undesirable high oil content in the skim was observed at 8% moisture and at 55 °C. The cream with a high oil yield was easily demulsified compared with cream containing a low oil yield (95 vs. 76.5% de‐emulsification). Due to differences in cream stability, similar oil recoveries (78–80%) were obtained for treatments yielding creams with either low or high oil yields. Mean protein extraction of 95% was achieved for all treatments and was not significantly affected by soybean moisture content at flaking or conditioning temperature.
Preliminary NSQIP results: A tool for quality improvement
Authors: Stachler Robert J. , Yaremchuk Kathleen , Ritz Jennifer 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo utilize National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) data to evaluate patient outcomes in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery.Study DesignRetrospective medical chart abstraction of patients undergoing major surgical procedures in the inpatient and outpatient setting.SettingAcademic/teaching hospitals with more than 500 beds.Subjects and MethodsThe American College of Surgeons NSQIP collects data on 135 variables including preoperative risk factors, intraoperative variables, and 30‐day‐postoperative mortality and morbidity outcomes for patients undergoing major surgical procedures in the inpatient and outpatient setting. As of August 2008, there are currently 47 hospitals submitting data for otolaryngology–head and neck surgery.ResultsOpportunities for improvement were identified in respiratory, wound, and venothromboembolic (VTE) occurrences. Implementation of a standardized VTE and perioperative protocol resulted in a decreased length of stay and observed‐to‐expected (O/E) morbidity and mortality for all surgical services.ConclusionNSQIP reports form the basis for quality improvement with targeted interventions in areas of concern that result in changes in patient care processes. The reports are composed of outcomes‐based, risk‐adjusted data that are submitted by participating hospitals and have recently included data for otolaryngology–head and neck surgery. Actions taken based on NSQIP data demonstrate improvements in patient morbidity and mortality, decreased length of stay, and decreased hospital costs. In a time of increased scrutiny of health care costs and outcomes, NSQIP is an important tool for surgeons to improve quality and decrease costs.
Polymeric micelle nanoparticles for photodynamic treatment of head and neck cancer cells
Authors: Cohen Evan M. , Ding Huiying , Kessinger Chase W. , Khemtong Chalermchai , Gao Jinming , Sumer Baran D. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo encapsulate 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(meso‐hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (mTHPP), a photosensitizer, into polymeric micelles; characterize the micelles; and test in vitro photodynamic therapy efficacy against human head and neck cancer cells.Study DesignA nanoparticle design, fabrication, and in vitro testing study.SettingPolymer chemistry laboratory.Subjects and MethodsMicelles encapsulating mTHPP were produced, and micellar size was measured. Ultraviolet visible spectra and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the mTHPP‐loaded micelles. In vitro cell culture using HSC‐3 and HN‐5 cancer cells was performed to test the photodynamic therapy efficacy of the micelles using confocal microscopy and method of transcriptional and translational (MTT) assay.ResultsmTHPP was encapsulated with high loading efficiency (> 85%) and density (up to 17%) into micelles. Micelle size was 30.6 ± 3.3 nm by transmission electron microscopy and 30.8 ± 0.6 nm by dynamic light scattering. The absorption maximum for each sample was 418 nm, and fluorescent spectroscopy revealed quenching with maximal fluorescence at five percent loading. Significant cytotoxicity was observed with confocal microscopy when HSC‐3 cells were treated with 10 percent mTHPP micelles, with 100 percent cytotoxicity within the zone of laser light exposure at 420 nm. Phototoxicity and dark toxicity against HSC‐3 and HN‐5 cells measured using the MTT assay with five and 10 percent loaded mTHPP micelles demonstrated greater than 90 percent cytotoxicity with photodynamic therapy and less than 10 percent dark toxicity at a micelle concentration of 25 μg/mL for both cell lines.ConclusionMicelles were able to encapsulate and solubilize mTHPP at high loading densities with uniform size distribution. These micelles exhibit fluorescence and photodynamic therapy mediated cytotoxicity against head and neck cancer cells in vitro.
Patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and elevated high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein need priority treatment
Authors: Lee Li‐Ang , Chen Ning‐Hung , Huang Chung‐Guei , Lin Shih‐Wei , Fang Tuan‐Jen , Li Hsueh‐Yu 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical factors predicting the significantly elevated high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) concentrations, defined herein as hs‐CRP ≥ 3 mg/L, in adult males with untreated obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsSixty‐five consecutive male patients with newly diagnosed OSAS were enrolled to receive complete medical history review, physical examination, in‐laboratory overnight polysomnography, and hs‐CRP test. The patients had no current or history of cardiovascular disease. The patients had a mean age of 38.2 ± 9.9 years, body mass index (BMI) of 27.4 ± 3.5 kg/m2, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) of 11.3 ± 4.6. The serum levels of hs‐CRP were assessed using peripheral venous blood samples.ResultsTwenty‐three percent of the overall patients had significantly elevated serum levels of hs‐CRP. The increase of hs‐CRP correlated fairly with BMI, apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), tonsil size, and ESS (r = 0.450, 0.398, 0.393, and 0.300, respectively; all P ≤ 0.05) after adjustment for conventional coronary heart disease risk factors. However, only the AHI could predict for significantly elevated hs‐CRP after stepwise multiple linear regression (R 2 = 0.251, P < 0.001).ConclusionPatients in this study with hs‐CRP ≥ 3 mg/L were more prevalent in the severe OSAS group. This observation suggests that the severe OSAS patients need to have their cardiovascular statuses evaluated by use of an hs‐CRP screening test.
COMODULES AND CONTRAMODULES
Authors: WISBAUER ROBERT 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlgebras A and coalgebras C over a commutative ring R are defined by properties of the (endo)functors A ⊗R – and C ⊗R – on the category of R-modules R. Generalising these notions, monads and comonads were introduced on arbitrary categories, and it turned out that some of their basic relations do not depend on the specific properties of the tensor product. In particular, the adjoint of any comonad is a monad (and vice versa), and hence, for any coalgebra C, HomR(C, –), the right adjoint of C ⊗R –, is a monad on R. The modules for the monad HomR(C, –) were called contramodules by Eilenberg–Moore and the purpose of this talk is to outline the related constructions and explain the relationship between C-comodules and C-contramodules. The results presented grew out from cooperation with G. Böhm, T. Brzeziński and B. Mesablishvili.
RINGS OVER WHICH CYCLICS ARE DIRECT SUMS OF PROJECTIVE AND CS OR NOETHERIAN
Authors: HOLSTON C. J. , JAIN S. K. , LEROY A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractR is called a right WV-ring if each simple right R-module is injective relative to proper cyclics. If R is a right WV-ring, then R is right uniform or a right V-ring. It is shown that a right WV-ring R is right noetherian if and only if each right cyclic module is a direct sum of a projective module and a CS (complements are summands, a.k.a. ‘extending modules’) or noetherian module. For a finitely generated module M with projective socle over a V-ring R such that every subfactor of M is a direct sum of a projective module and a CS or noetherian module, we show M = X ⊕ T, where X is semisimple and T is noetherian with zero socle. In the case where M = R, we get R = S ⊕ T, where S is a semisimple artinian ring and T is a direct sum of right noetherian simple rings with zero socle. In addition, if R is a von Neumann regular ring, then it is semisimple artinian.
GOLDIE-SUPPLEMENTED MODULES
Authors: BIRKENMEIER G. F. , MUTLU F. TAKIL , NEBİYEV C. , SOKMEZ N. , TERCAN A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMotivated by a relation on submodules of a module used by both A. W. Goldie and P. F. Smith, we say submodules X, Y of M are β* equivalent, Xβ*Y, if and only if $\(\frac{X+Y}{X}\)$ is small in $\(\frac{M}{X}\)$ and $\(\frac{X+Y}{Y}\)$ is small in $\(\frac{M}{Y}\)$. We show that the β* relation is an equivalence relation and has good behaviour with respect to addition of submodules, homomorphisms and supplements. We apply these results to introduce the class of -supplemented modules and to investigate this class and the class of H-supplemented modules. These classes are located among various well-known classes of modules related to the class of lifting modules. Moreover these classes are used to explore an open question of S. H. Mohamed and B. J. Mueller. Examples are provided to illustrate and delimit the theory.
MONOMORPHISMS AND KERNELS IN THE CATEGORY OF FIRM MODULES
Authors: GONZÁLEZ-FÉREZ JUAN , MARÍN LEANDRO 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper we consider for a non-unital ring R, the category of firm R-modules for a non-unital ring R, i.e. the modules M such that the canonical morphism μM : R ⊗RM → M given by r ⊗ m ↦ rm is an isomorphism. This category is a natural generalization of the usual category of unitary modules for a ring with identity and shares many properties with it. The only difference is that monomorphisms are not always kernels. It has been proved recently that this category is not Abelian in general by providing an example of a monomorphism that is not a kernel in a particular case. In this paper we study the lattices of monomorphisms and kernels, proving that the lattice of monomorphisms is a modular lattice and that the category of firm modules is Abelian if and only if the composition of two kernels is a kernel.