bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA barcodes for globally threatened marine turtles: a registry approach to documenting biodiversity
Authors: NARO‐MACIEL EUGENIA , REID BRENDAN , FITZSIMMONS NANCY N. , LE MINH , DESALLE ROB , AMATO GEORGE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDNA barcoding is a global initiative that provides a standardized and efficient tool to catalogue and inventory biodiversity, with significant conservation applications. Despite progress across taxonomic realms, globally threatened marine turtles remain underrepresented in this effort. To obtain DNA barcodes of marine turtles, we sequenced a segment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from all seven species in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins (815 bp; n = 80). To further investigate intraspecific variation, we sequenced green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from nine additional Atlantic/Mediterranean nesting areas (n = 164) and from the Eastern Pacific (n = 5). We established character‐based DNA barcodes for each species using unique combinations of character states at 76 nucleotide positions. We found that no haplotypes were shared among species and the mean of interspecific variation ranged from 1.68% to 13.0%, and the mean of intraspecific variability was relatively low (0–0.90%). The Eastern Pacific green turtle sequence was identical to an Australian haplotype, suggesting that this marker is not appropriate for identifying these phenotypically distinguishable populations. Analysis of COI revealed a north–south gradient in green turtles of Western Atlantic/Mediterranean nesting areas, supporting a hypothesis of recent dispersal from near equatorial glacial refugia. DNA barcoding of marine turtles is a powerful tool for species identification and wildlife forensics, which also provides complementary data for conservation genetic research.
Distribution, morphological description, and molecular characterization of Xiphinema and Longidorous spp. associated with plants (Miscanthus spp. and Panicum virgatum) used for biofuels
Authors: MEKETE TESFAMARIAM , GRAY MICHAEL E. , NIBLACK TERRY L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLongidorid plant pathogens, specifically Longidorus and Xiphinema, are known to reduce the biomass and seed yields of several monocotyledonous host plants and may serve as vectors for certain plant viruses. The occurrence and densities of species in these genera in the Midwestern United States may be of concern in the production of two biofuel plant species –Miscanthus (Miscanthus×giganteus) and Panicum virgatum. Here we present results from a morphological and molecular survey of plant parasitic nematodes in which two species of Xiphinema (X. americanum and X. rivesi) and one species of Longidorus (L. breviannulatus) were detected. A total of 73 soil samples were collected from 19 sites (nine Miscanthus and 10 P. virgatum) in three states during 2008. Xiphinema spp. was found in 36% of the Miscanthus plots and in 26% of the P. virgatum plots with a population density range of 22–857/100 cm3 soil. L. breviannulatus was detected in association with Miscanthus plot in Havana, IL, in large numbers (54/100 cm3 soil). The occurrence of this species was associated with severe damage to the fibrous root system, including stunting and necrosis. Short notes, measurements, illustrations and molecular data are given to the species level.
Greenhouse gas emissions from four bioenergy crops in England and Wales: Integrating spatial estimates of yield and soil carbon balance in life cycle analyses
Authors: HILLIER JONATHAN , WHITTAKER CARLY , DAILEY GORDON , AYLOTT MATTHEW , CASELLA ERIC , RICHTER GOETZ M. , RICHE ANDREW , MURPHY RICHARD , TAYLOR GAIL , SMITH PETE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAccurate estimation of the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of bioenergy crops requires the integration of a significant component of spatially varying information. In particular, crop yield and soil carbon (C) stocks are variables which are generally soil type and climate dependent. Since gaseous emissions from soil C depend on current C stocks, which in turn are related to previous land management it is important to consider both previous and proposed future land use in any C accounting assessment. We have conducted a spatially explicit study for England and Wales, coupling empirical yield maps with the RothC soil C turnover model to simulate soil C dynamics. We estimate soil C changes under proposed planting of four bioenergy crops, Miscanthus (Miscanthus×giganteus), short rotation coppice (SRC) poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray ×P. trichocarpa, var. Trichobel), winter wheat, and oilseed rape. This is then related to the former land use – arable, pasture, or forest/seminatural, and the outputs are then assessed in the context of a life cycle analysis (LCA) for each crop. By offsetting emissions from management under the previous land use, and considering fossil fuel C displaced, the GHG balance is estimated for each of the 12 land use change transitions associated with replacing arable, grassland, or forest/seminatural land, with each of the four bioenergy crops. Miscanthus and SRC are likely to have a mostly beneficial impact in reducing GHG emissions, while oilseed rape and winter wheat have either a net GHG cost, or only a marginal benefit. Previous land use is important and can make the difference between the bioenergy crop being beneficial or worse than the existing land use in terms of GHG balance.
Stability of practice beliefs and preferences for patients among private general dentists: a comparison of 1997 and 2007
Authors: Brennan DS , Spencer AJ 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground:  Practice beliefs and dentist preferences for patients have been related to service rates and appropriateness of care. If practice beliefs and preferences for patients are stable then they could restrain long‐term changes in practice styles and service rates. The aim of this paper was to assess the stability of practice beliefs and preferences for patients between 1997 and 2007.Methods:  Practice beliefs and dentist preferences for patients were recorded on a five‐point Likert scale using mailed questionnaires from a random sample of dentists in 1997 (response rate = 60 per cent) and 2007 (response rate = 77 per cent).Results:  In both 1997 and 2007, n = 215 dentists provided data. For practice beliefs, 1 out of 8 items were significantly different (p < 0.05; McNemar’s test) between the two observations (12.5 per cent of practice belief items) while 5 out of 37 dentist preferences for patient characteristics items were significantly different (13.5 per cent of items).Conclusions:  The majority of items were not significantly different over time. This demonstrates a generally high degree of stability over time in the level of agreement with dentist practice beliefs and preferences for patients. Given that it may be difficult for clinicians to change practice beliefs and behaviours that have become established, it is important for policy makers to understand the relationship between provider characteristics and service patterns and for educators to positively shape beliefs and behaviours through undergraduate and continuing education.
Female boxing in Italy: 2002–2007 report
Authors: Massimiliano Bianco , Nicola Sanna , Sante Bucari , Carmela Fabiano , Palmieri V , Paolo Zeppilli 
Published: August 2009

ObjectiveTo collect medical data on women's boxing.DesignCross-sectional and longitudinal study.SettingMedical examinations requested by Italian laws.ParticipantsA retrospective study was conducted on all female boxing competitions in Italy from April 2001 to December 2007. Sixty-one amateur female boxers were evaluated longitudinally.Interventions(1) Retrospective study: All pre-/postmatch medical reports were analysed. (2) Prospective study: Breast, gynaecologic, brain, eyes, ear, nose and throat examinations were carried out.Main outcome measurements(1) Retrospective study: Any injury assessed before/after the match. (2) Prospective study: Health problems which could be related to boxing activity.Results(1) Retrospective study: Data from 5600 examinations were collected. Precompetition, a medical problem was recorded in three athletes (one conjunctiva hyperemia, one zygomatic bruise, one eyelid haematoma). Post competition, 51/2800 medical checks showed mild common injuries, such as soft tissue facial lesions, epistaxis and hand-wrist problems. Only one concussion was recorded with hospitalisation (for a thorough evaluation). Another athlete was hospitalised for a nasal fracture. (2) Prospective study: Two fibroadenomas, three ovarian cysts and one intramural uterine myoma were diagnosed. In four boxers, non-specific electroencephalographic abnormalities were detected, however, with a normal brain MRI in three (the fourth is still waiting for the radiologic procedure). Nasal septum deviation was common (42.6%) and a transmissive hypoacusia was observed in two athletes. No major eye injuries were reported.ConclusionsFemale boxing seems to be a safe sport with a very low incidence of events requiring hospitalisation. No specific diseases in female boxers could be observed, in particular regarding the breast and reproductive system.
Associations of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness with total and central body fat in adolescents: The HELENA Study
Authors: Moliner-Urdiales D , Ruiz J R , Vicente-Rodriguez G , Ortega F B , Rey-Lopez J P , España-Romero V , Casajús J A , Molnar D , Widhalm K , Dallongeville J , González-Gross M , Castillo M J , Sjöström M , Moreno L A 
Published: August 2009

ObjectiveTo examine the association of healthrelated physical fitness with total and central body fat in adolescents.Participants/MethodsThe present cross-sectional study comprises 363 Spanish adolescents (186 female participants) aged 12.5–17.5 years. We assessed fitness by the 20-m shuttle run test (cardiorespiratory fitness); the handgrip strength, the standing broad jump and the Abalakov tests (muscular strength); and the 4×10-m shuttle run test (speed–agility). Total body fat was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), BodPod and sum of six skinfolds, and central body fat was measured by DXA at three regions (R1, R2 and R3) and waist circumference.ResultsThe Abalakov, the standing broad jump, the 4×10-m shuttle run and the 20-m shuttle run tests were negatively associated with all markers of total and central body fat in men and women after controlling for age, pubertal status and objectively assessed physical activity (p<0.01). Handgrip strength test was positively associated with waist circumference (p<0.01).ConclusionsLower body muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness are negatively and consistently associated with total and central body fat in adolescents, whereas levels of upper body muscular strength were superior in adolescents with higher levels of central body fat.
Scientific institutions and the beginnings of geology in Russia
Authors: Khain Victor E. , Malakhova Irena G. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
There were three major scientific centres in Russia at the turn of the nineteenth century: the Imperial St Petersburg Academy of Sciences; the Mining Department with its attached Mining School; and the Moscow University. Geology was only then emerging in Russia, where it was mainly focused on mineral prospecting and imported European concepts. However, Alexander I initiated major reforms of science and education, founding new universities in which geological education in Russia found a foothold. The first scientific societies – the Moscow Society of Naturalists and the Mineralogical Society – also played an active role in the consolidation of Russian geology.
A story of things yet-to-be: the status of geology in the United States in 1807
Authors: Newell Julie R. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
In the 1780s observations of geological phenomena by American authors appeared in American publications. Europeans had also begun to explore the American geological landscape, notably the immigrant William Maclure. But an American geological community had not yet formed by 1807. Much of this apparent ‘delay’ in the development of the geological sciences in the United States resulted from the cultural and political realities of the new nation. In a new and democratic–egalitarian society, it took time to negotiate the nature of the appropriate public support for the practice of science. Individuals with the resources to provide private patronage for scientific undertakings were exceedingly few. The educational institutions that would ultimately be a major factor in the transmission and extension of geological knowledge were only then beginning to multiply and grow. In 1807 Benjamin Silliman completed his first year of science instruction at Yale, but offered only chemistry and mineralogy. Geology would wait several more years. Other institutions and individuals critical to the future of geology in the United States were ‘born’ in 1807 – including the United States Coast Survey, and Louis Agassiz and David Dale Owen. Roughly another decade would pass before a ‘geological community’ would emerge in the United States.
Military men: Napoleonic warfare and early members of the Geological Society
Authors: Rose Edward P. F. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
At the time the Geological Society was founded in 1807, Europe had entered the latter half of some 23 years of near-continuous warfare, in which the overall scale and intensity were wholly new. Wars from 1792 to 1815 affected the careers of many well-known geologists in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Influential early members of the Society included a significant number of men with periods of military service or education, or militarily-funded employment: four of its 11 primary founders, Jacques-Louis, Comte de Bournon, James Franck, George Bellas Greenough and Richard Phillips, as well as six of its first 23 Presidents – Greenough, Henry Grey Bennet, John MacCulloch, Roderick Impey Murchison, Henry Thomas De la Beche and Joseph Ellison Portlock. Several councillors, such as Thomas Frederick Colby and John William Pringle, and three of its first five executives – William Lonsdale, David Thomas Ansted and T. Rupert Jones – also had military affiliations. Largely as a consequence of Napoleonic warfare, from 1814 to 1845 national geological mapping in Britain was supported by military funding, and between 1819 and the end of the century geology was a subject taught at various times in all military training establishments within Britain.
Geology at the crossroads: aspects of the geological career of Dr John MacCulloch
Authors: Bowden Alan J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Dr John MacCulloch MD was a pioneer of geological cartography. Prior to his surveys there had been few attempts to map and survey Scotland. Of these few, only the student efforts of Louis-Albert Necker de Saussure and the published map of Aimé Boué have attempted to show the whole country. MacCulloch's geological map of Scotland, published posthumously in 1836, remains one of the great cartographic milestones in the history of geology. Earlier, MacCulloch was the first government-appointed geologist through his work on the Board of Ordnance whilst carrying out the Millstone, Meridian and Mountain surveys. MacCulloch's work often generated controversy after 1820 when others began to take an interest in Scottish geology. MacCulloch was an active member of the Geological Society and was quickly recognized as a geologist of rare ability and influence, and was appointed to several committees. He was made Vice-President in 1815 and became its fourth President in 1816. From 1820 his influence and activity in the Society began to wane as the demands of his Survey work and ill health began to take their toll. He finally resigned from the Society in 1832.
John Playfair on Schiehallion, 1801–1811
Authors: Smallwood John R. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
John Playfair first visited the Scottish mountain, Schiehallion, during Nevil Maskelyne's 1774 plumbline deflection experiment, which was conducted to measure the density of the Earth. The mathematician Charles Hutton analysed the survey data from the experiment, reporting the mean Earth specific gravity as 4.5 in 1778. Playfair undertook a lithological mapping exercise in 1801, to improve the accuracy of Hutton's estimate, and reported a range of 4.56–4.87 in 1811. The computation of the gravitational effect of topography with variable subsurface density effectively made him the creator of the first geophysical model. As such, not only was Playfair's Schiehallion contribution pioneering in itself, but it was representative of his more significant works in both mathematics and geology, in that he built on existing benchmark work with novel and valuable additions of his own. Although Playfair's map of the extent of the Schiehallion quartzite was quite accurate, the Society's fourth President, John MacCulloch, having visited Schiehallion, was dismissive of Playfair's representation of the subsurface density variation. MacCulloch spent several years searching Scotland for a more favourable site for a plumbline experiment, travels that allowed him to compile the data for his 1836 geological map of Scotland.
Picturesque ruin and geological antiquity: Thomas Webster and Sir Henry Englefield on the Isle of Wight
Authors: Heringman Noah 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Thomas Webster published his earliest geological observations by commission in Sir Henry Englefield's
Description of the Isle of Wight
(1816), a work concerned as much with historic architecture and picturesque landscape as with geology. This paper shows how Englefield's broad three-part agenda fostered the development of Webster's specifically geological competence and sensibility. As a professional draftsman and architect, Webster was especially well equipped to translate Englefield's architectural and picturesque idiom into a more geological register. Their collaboration also illustrates how well the style and content of local history – a traditional literary and learned genre – could be applied to geology. For Webster in particular, the image of ruins was essential for representing the historicity of geological phenomena. This paper adduces close readings of numerous passages from Englefield and Webster's work to show how strongly the traditional language and research questions of antiquarianism continued to shape geology even as it became a professional specialization.
Facts and fancies: the Geological Society of London and the wider public, 1807-1837
Authors: O'Connor Ralph 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The leading lights of the Geological Society announced the birth of a newly scientific form of Earth science by claiming to dissociate geology from the grand theories, theological controversialism and flights of fancy that they felt had dominated eighteenth-century practice. For these gentlemen, geology was to comprise strict empirical induction. They cultivated a historical myth according to which their predecessors had been hopelessly romantic theory-mongers with overactive imaginations, while they themselves were sensible, sober men of science.
But if this was so, how did geology succeed in winning such an enormous middle- and upper-class public by the late 1830s? Public support required public interest, and public interest in this period was most easily stirred by the romantic, the speculative and the poetical. Older theories of the Earth remained popular for this very reason, as did biblically literalist reconstructions of Earth history. The challenge for the new school of geology was to dissociate Earth science from the content and methodology of such theories while retaining their accompanying sense of excitement, wonder and pleasure. This paper explores how members and allies of the Geological Society negotiated (or ignored) their own suspicions about the deceptive power of the ‘imagination’ when promoting geology as a science worth the public's attention.
Doctoring geology: the medical origins of the Geological Society
Authors: Lewis Cherry L. E. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Four of the Geological Society's 13 founders were medical men: William Babington, James Parkinson, James Franck and James Laird, the Society's first Secretary. All were physicians and mineralogists except Parkinson, an apothecary surgeon and fossilist. At least 20 percent of the Society's early members were also medical practitioners whose prime interest was mineralogy. The subject was taught as part of medical training, required as it was in the fabrication of medicines, thus medical men were drawn into mineralogy and on into geology. In 1805 a number of medical practitioners broke away from the constraints of their parent body, the Medical Society of London, to form the Medical and Chirurgical Society, which became a role model for the young Geological Society when challenged by its parent body, the Royal Society. Driven by wealthy mineral collectors and patrons of science like Charles Greville, one reason – perhaps
the
reason – for founding the Society was to map the mineralogical history of Britain. Towards this endeavour, Babington's expertise in mineralogy brought people together, Laird organized them and Parkinson was invited because he was
not
a mineralogist. Franck was unable to participate significantly, being away at war for much of the time. The contribution made to the founding of the Geological Society by each of the medical founders is examined, and a biographical sketch of each man reveals the close relationship between medicine and the emergence of this new science of geology.
The Geological Society on the other side of the world
Authors: Branagan David F. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
From its earliest years the Geological Society of London attracted the attention of scientifically- and technically-minded men in Australia and New Zealand. Members ‘at home’ in Britain were also eager for geological information about the antipodes. The publications of the Society acted as a major source of information about the geology of these southern lands, from vertebrate palaeontology and modern glaciation at sea level to ancient glaciations and mineralization (particularly of gold). At least 360 members were active in Australasia in the nineteenth century. Strong antipodean Society membership continued through the twentieth century. What is noteworthy is the number of mining figures, of varying scientific competence, who boasted of their membership. There were significant contributions to the Society's journals on Australasian geology from the 1820s to the early 1900s. Many topographic features on the maps of both Australia and New Zealand are named for Members and Fellows of the Geological Society. The lists of elected and ‘would-be’ antipodean members include a few enigmatic examples of chicanery, fraud and disappearance.
Dining with the Founding Fathers: a personal view
Authors: Moody Richard T. J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

The History of Geology Group's (HOGG) Bicentenary celebrations included a dinner on the site of the Freemasons' Tavern where the Geological Society was founded, entitled
Dine with the Founding Fathers
. It was organized by HOGG committee member, Dick Moody, who recounts the history of the Freemasons' Tavern, the difficulties leading up to the dinner and the highlights of a memorable evening.
Jacques-Louis, Comte de Bournon
Authors: Herries Davies Gordon L. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Jacques-Louis, Comte de Bournon was a French soldier and mineralogist who, following the French Revolution, took refuge in England. There he was elected to the Royal Society and became a leading figure within the scientific circle of the metropolis. He conducted masterclasses in mineralogy and in 1807 he was one of the founders of the Geological Society. He remained a leading light of that Society until his return to France at the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. His final years he passed as the Director-General of the Royal Mineral Cabinet.