bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synoptic-Scale Flow and Valley Cold Pool Evolution in the Western United States
Authors: Reeves Heather Dawn , Stensrud David J. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Valley cold pools (VCPs), which are trapped, cold layers of air at the bottoms of basins or valleys, pose a significant problem for forecasters because they can lead to several forms of difficult-to-forecast and hazardous weather such as fog, freezing rain, or poor air quality. Numerical models have historically failed to routinely provide accurate guidance on the formation and demise of VCPs, making the forecast problem more challenging. In some case studies of persistent wintertime VCPs, there is a connection between the movement of upper-level waves and the timing of VCP formation and decay. Herein, a 3-yr climatology of persistent wintertime VCPs for five valleys and basins in the western United States is performed to see how often VCP formation and decay coincides with synoptic-scale (∼200–2000 km) wave motions. Valley cold pools are found to form most frequently as an upper-level ridge approaches the western United States and in response to strong midlevel warming. The VCPs usually last as long as the ridge is over the area and usually only end when a trough, and its associated midlevel cooling, move over the western United States. In fact, VCP strength appears to be almost entirely dictated by midlevel temperature changes, which suggests large-scale forcing is dominant for this type of VCP most of the time.
Stress among Shanghai University Students
Authors: Honglin Chen  , Wong Yu-Cheung , Ran Mao-Sheng , Gilson Christie 
Published: June 2009

• Summary: College stress and psychological well-being have been widely recognized in the academic literature. The present study describes the relationship between college stress, coping strategy and psychological well-being. A quantitative approach has been undertaken to evaluate the differences among 342 students in six universities in Shanghai. Differences of college stress, psychological well-being and coping strategy with reference to gender, year of study, etc., have been explored in turn. • Findings: The study has proved that psychological well-being has a negative relationship with college stress and positive coping strategies have significant buffering effects on psychological health problems. Male students reported higher level of stress, worse psychological well-being, and having less inclination towards using positive coping strategies. Students studying in Science subjects scored higher in personal hassle. Students from private colleges reported highest level of academic hassle while Year 2 students had the highest level of stress and lowest level of psychological well-being compared to students studying in other years. • Applications : Efficient coping strategies should be cultivated within the different college cohorts in various situations. Intervention should be given to the high-risk college students groups. School social workers shall play an important role in cultivating proper coping strategies to future college students.
Social Workers' Ability to Assess How Clients Experience Investigation Sessions — With and Without the ASI
Authors: Engström Christer 
Published: June 2009

• Summary: Two groups of social workers ( n = 19, n = 13) carried out two different forms of assessment session, one involving an ASI (Addiction Severity Index) interview ( n = 40) and one without ( n = 43). After the sessions the social workers were requested to assess both the clients' experience and their own experience of the session. The clients also reported their own experience of the sessions. • Findings: The results show that the social workers' assessment of the clients' experience differs from the clients' own assessments regarding the sub-scales of alliance and the clients' sense of own competence. However, no difference was observed between the social workers' assessment and the clients' negative experiences of the sessions. The results show the importance of asking the clients for their views when testing new ways of working. This will provide a more balanced picture as social workers are inclined to perceive the negative aspects and misjudge other experiences. The two different forms of session, with or without the ASI, did not affect the social workers' assessment of the clients' experience of the sessions. • Applications : Testing of new methods of working in social work.
Social Work Supervision
Authors: Noble Carolyn , Irwin Jude 
Published: June 2009

• Summary: This article identifies important challenges facing social work supervision as a result of the social, political and economic changes that have characterized the last two decades in most Western countries. In response a re-positioning of the critical tradition in the scholarship and practice of social work has been proffered by several authors (for example, Allan et al., 2003; Dominelli, 2002) as a means of addressing and counteracting the more negative challenges facing social work emanating from these changes. We argue that this critical re-positioning can also be applied to similar challenges facing practice supervision. • Findings: As the social work landscape has to contend with a more conservative and fiscally restrictive environment, so too has practice supervision become more focused on efficiency, accountability and worker performance often at the expense of professional and practice development. In addition, current research has identified a crisis in the probity of practice supervision where many practitioners cite disillusionment and despair, as well as lack of opportunity to stop and critically reflect on practice situations as another challenge in this changed climate. • Application: As a significant site of practice, a critically informed supervision praxis has the potential to emerge as a site for modelling social change strategies associated with the critical social work tradition.
Fifty Years on
Authors: Rapaport Joan , Manthorpe Jill 
Published: June 2009

• Summary: Fifty years ago a Royal Commission report was published that has had an enduring legacy in mental health policy and practice in England and Wales. Known as the Percy Report, after the man who chaired this Royal Commission on the Law Relating to Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency, the Report made a series of recommendations, most of which were adopted and enacted in the Mental Health Act 1959. This article draws on parliamentary records and debates of the time to consider the context of the Royal Commission. It sets out the recommendations, particularly in respect of hospital admission and community care, and considers them in light of commentary about policy and practice in mental health services in the ensuing 50 years. • Findings: The Royal Commission's recommendations for wider local authority responsibilities and resources to implement community care services for people with mental illness were not adopted with consequences for the role of social work in mental healthcare. • Application: The article concludes that it is simplistic to portray the Royal Commission report as progressive or reactionary but that one lesson from history may be that practitioners and other stakeholders should continue to contribute to policy debates at national levels since such discussions shape services and practices for long periods.
Advance Care Planning: An opportunity for person-centred care for people living with dementia
Authors: Exley Catherine , Bamford Claire , Hughes Julian , Robinson Louise 
Published: June 2009

Many people want to be able to plan ahead, so that if in the future they cannot make decisions or do things, their wishes will be known. This is called Advance Care Planning (ACP). Although it is part of official NHS policy (NHS End of Life Care Planning), ACP is hardly ever done, and it may become more difficult once a person has memory problems. In the UK, there is very little research into ACP. By the time someone has signs of dementia, families often become involved. We are uncertain how this affects ACP and the views of the person with dementia, particularly with the new Mental Capacity Act which allow families to comment on health, as well as financial, issues. Our study will be exploring the area of ACP, especially in dementia, by • looking at the experience of other countries through a systematic review of the existing literature; • finding out what people who have carried out ACP in this country think through interviews and focus groups; • considering what factors might help professionals to encourage the process of ACP in practice; and • looking at how ACP might be done better for people with dementia. The ultimate aim of our study is to produce guidance on ACP for both people with dementia, their families and health care professionals.
Re-using intermittent pneumatic compression garments designed for single-patient-use is a potential source of cross-infection
Authors: Tweed Carol , Wigglesworth Neil 
Published: June 2009

Hospital acquired illnesses such as healthcare associated infection (HCAI) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) are often preventable; however, they occur frequently, are hugely expensive and cause increased patient morbidity and mortality. Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) has been proven to reduce the risk of patients developing a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT prophylaxis IPC garments are designed to be single patient use, however anecdotally some hospitals re-use these products on multiple patients. This study examines the bacterial bio-burden present on IPC garments from three different manufacturers after an episode of single patient use and compares these results to a sample of unused (clean) garments. Sixty-one percent of used garments recorded >100 colony forming units (CFU) present on at least one sample plate, while the samples taken from unused garments reported either no growth (67%) or had very few organisms (less than five CFU) present (33%). IPC garment wear time and/or presence of graduated compression stockings worn beneath the garment had no impact on reducing the garment bio-burden. After an episode of single patient use, IPC garments carry a significant bio-burden and could be a source of pathogens. DVT prophylaxis IPC garments should be utilised as single patient use.
Appraising the need for tighter control over the practices of the tattooing and body piercing industry
Authors: Chalmers Claire 
Published: June 2009

Tattooing and body piercing have had a resurgence in popularity over the past few decades, taking the activities of the industry from a place on the fringes of society into a position of mainstream status. This shift has led to debate on the level of legislation and control over the industry's practices, where concerns around risk to public health from such practices have prompted calls for tighter control over the industry (Anderson, 2006; Noah, 2006). This debate, however, is arguably more complex than simply reflecting upon the association between tattooing and body piercing activities and the risk of infection. This is the second in a three-part series of articles on the topical issue of tattooing and body piercing. It highlights and discusses additional key factors that have been influential, either explicitly or implicitly, within the debate to determine the need for tighter controls over the tattooing and body piercing industry.
The Liberal Form: An Interview with Jonathan Franzen
Authors: Connery Christopher , Franzen Jonathan 
Published: June 2009

Christopher Connery and Jonathan Franzen recorded this interview at a moment when Franzen's new work in progress was morphing into something quite different from the original plan. The discussion was fairly wide ranging—it touched on topics of regionalism, character, the novel versus the short story, and contemporary politics, but it was centered on the social and political capacity of the modern novel, the form's ability to reflect on or respond to its times, the novel's relationship to society, and the nature of politics in the current period, a period marked, in contrast to the nineteenth-century heyday of the realist novel, by a host of other media allowing for more immediate, constant, and comprehensive representations of the social and political. What can the novel add, in this mediated environment?
The interview touches on the blurred distinctions between the public and the private in the contemporary United States. Franzen reflects on the challenges that this situation of cultural entropy poses to the novelist, and on the capacity of the novel to respond to or affect this situation. Recognizing and rejecting the temptation in fiction to convey authoritative knowledge of or judgment on the social world, Franzen is inspired by fiction's capacity—when it is true to its exploratory, inventive, and creative character—to convey something significant about individual and social life, and about the complicated intersection of public and private. Throughout the interview, he shows a deep commitment to his readers and to the pleasure of reading.
The Brand as Cognitive Map in William Gibson's Pattern Recognition
Authors: Konstantinou Lee 
Published: June 2009

This essay analyzes William Gibson's eighth novel, Pattern Recognition, and argues that Gibson uses literary style to invite his readers to embrace the ethos of the coolhunter. Modeled on but not identical to Cayce Pollard's “violent reactivity to the semiotics of the marketplace,” Gibson's proposed coolhunting ethos treats the brand name as a cognitive map of the multinational economic supply chains that underlie the glossy surface of the brand.
The need for such a mapping exists because, across many industries, the brand has been transformed from a way of insuring product quality into a piece of intellectual property valuable in and of itself. As multinational corporations have outsourced less profitable areas of production, and brand ownership has become relatively more profitable, the connection between any particular brand name and the supply chains supporting it is increasingly concealed within a global maze of anonymous subcontractors.
Gibson's coolhunting aesthetic seeks to transform the reader's relationship to the “logo-maze,” to reconnect the free-floating brand to the hidden supply chains behind it. I relate this project of relinking to what Bruce Robbins has called the “sweatshop sublime” and to popular notions of ethical consumption and argue that Gibson's coolhunter is a modified type of ethical consumer, a person able to map economic systems onto personal meanings as meanings, translating the behavior of the market not into a more just price point at the mall but into an aesthetic sensibility.
The Hardest Magnet from a Coordination Polymer of Alternating Cobalt(II)–Radical Heterospins
Authors: Okamura Yoshitomo , Nogami Takashi , Ishida Takayuki 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A coordination polymer [Co(hfac)2·L] (L = o-ethoxyphenyl nitronyl nitroxide) was prepared, structurally characterized, and revealed to show a record coercive field of 54 kOe at 6 K. The magnetic easy axis was found to be perpendicular to the chain direction. Interchain dipolar coupling is important for the bulk and/or single-chain properties in this series.
Direct Deposition of Au Nanoparticles onto TiO2 Rods
Authors: Das Jaykrushna , Rane Gayatri , Khushalani Deepa 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A novel nongrafting route has been developed to anchor Au nanoparticles (NPs) onto titanium oxide rods. These rods have been synthesized through a process involving a glycolate precursor. A facile solid-state transformation allows anatase and rutile phases to be formed without the overall rod-like morphology being altered. Importantly, the sizes of the rods can be controlled through varying reflux time and temperature only, and hence the procedure does not necessitate the use of additives. These rods have then been used as supports to deposit Au NPs through a simple method that relies on hydrophobic interactions.
Synthesis of Indolo[2,3-b]quinolines by Palladium-catalyzed Annulation of Unsaturated Isothioureas
Authors: Takeda Hiroshi , Ishida Takayuki , Takemoto Yoshiji 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Treatment of 1-(2-alkynyl)phenyl-3-aryl-2-methylisothioureas with 5 mol % [Pd(η3-C3H5)Cl]2 in the presence of CuTC (copper thiophenecarboxylate) and Cs2CO3 at 130 °C provided a wide range of 6-N-alkylated indolo[2,3-b]quinolines in good yields.
Synthesis of Carboxylic Group Functionalized Monodispersed Mesoporous Silica Spheres (MMSSs) via Costructure Directing Method
Authors: Chen Qianru , Han Lu , Che Shunai 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
MMSSs with radially oriented porous structure were successfully synthesized by using cationic gemini surfactant as template and carboxyethylsilanetriol sodium salt (CES) as costructure-directing agent (CSDA). Particle size can be controlled by adding different cosolvent such as isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, or dimethyl sulfoxide.
O2 Binding Properties of Human Serum Albumin Quadruple Mutant Complexed Iron Protoporphyrin IX with Axial His-186 Coordination
Authors: Nakagawa Akito , Komatsu Teruyuki , Curry Stephen , Tsuchida Eishun 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The O2 binding properties of complexes of iron(II) protoporphyrin IX with quadruple mutants of recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) that provide axial His-186 coordination have been characterized; their O2 binding parameters were similar to those of analogues having proximal His-185 and of human red blood cells.
Ambidextrous Gel Property and pH-Responsive Sol–Gel Transition of Low Molecular Mass Gelator Based on a Long-chain Amide Derivative
Authors: Imura Yoshiro , Matsue Keisuke , Sugimoto Hiroki , Ito Reizo , Kondo Takeshi , Kawai Takeshi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
An amphiphilic compound of long-chain amide derivative bearing hydroxy groups as the terminal groups possessed an ambidextrous gel property, i.e., it made gels in both organic solvents and in aqueous solutions. Further, sol–gel transition of the hydrogel was able to be controlled reversibly by pH. Small-angle X-ray scattering and FT-IR measurements showed that the main interaction of the aggregate formation was hydrogen bonding between the amide groups and that the aggregates had lamellar structures in both the organogel and the hydrogel.
Synthesis of Ordered Cage-like Mesoporous Aluminosilicates from Na-A Zeolite Precursors Dissolved in HCl
Authors: Tanaka Shunsuke , Nakatani Norihito , Miyake Yoshikazu 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Highly ordered cubic mesoporous aluminosilicates were synthesized using PEO106PPO70PEO106 triblock copolymer and aluminosilicate sols containing Si–O–Al bonds, which are obtained by dissolving Na-A type zeolite in HCl, under mild acidic conditions (pH 1.9–3.2).
Spiro-ammonium Imide Salts as Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Abu-Lebdeh Yaser , Austin Emily , Davidson Isobel J 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Organic salts based on the bicyclic (spiro) ammonium cation were synthesized with a systematic variation in the size of the rings. The salts show high melting points and plastic crystal phases. The SP-56 salt showed the lowest melting point, highest ionic conductivity, and a reduction potential more positive than that of the Li/Li+ couple; therefore, it was mixed with EC before being employed in a Li/LiFePO4 battery. The battery maintained capacities between 100 and 113 mA h g−1 over 100 cycles.
Lactone Formation on Carbonaceous Materials during Electrochemical Oxidation
Authors: Nose Masafumi , Kinumoto Taro , Choo Hyun-Suk , Miyazaki Kohei , Abe Takeshi , Ogumi Zempachi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
We focused on lactone formation during the electrochemical oxidation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as a model carbonaceous material for use in polymer electrolyte fuel cells in the potential range between 0.6 and 1.0 V against a normal hydrogen electrode. Lactone groups could be identified on the oxidized HOPG surface after holding at 1.0 V. Therefore, lactone groups are formed from the reaction between carbonyl groups and carboxylic groups as an intermediate in the electrochemical carbon oxidation reaction to CO2 evolution.
Henry Reaction Catalyzed by Aminopropylated Nanosilica
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Sekifuji Masayoshi , Tsubokawa Norio , Hoshi Takashi , Suzuki Toshio 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Henry reaction was catalyzed by 0.01 equiv of aminopropylated nanosilica particles (nano-NAP) in refluxing nitroalkanes to provide nitrostyrenes in good yields. The catalyst could be recycled up to three times in 76% average yield.
Demographic Variations in HIV Testing History among Emergency Department Patients: Implications for Hiv Screening in US Emergency Departments
Authors: Merchant Roland C , Catanzaro Bethany M , Seage George R , Mayer Kenneth H , Clark Melissa A , Degruttola Victor G , Becker Bruce M 
Published: June 2009

Objective To determine the proportion of emergency department (ED) patients who have been tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and assess if patient history of HIV testing varies according to patient demographic characteristics. Design From July 2005–July 2006, a random sample of 18–55-year-old English-speaking patients being treated for sub-critical injury or illness at a northeastern US ED were interviewed on their history of HIV testing. Logistic regression models were created to compare patients by their history of being tested for HIV according to their demography. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Results Of 2107 patients surveyed who were not known to be HIV-infected, the median age was 32 years; 54% were male, 71% were white, and 45% were single/never married; 49% had private health-care insurance and 45% had never been tested for HIV. Of the 946 never previously tested for HIV, 56.1% did not consider themselves at risk for HIV In multivariable logistic regression analyses, those less likely to have been HIV tested were male (OR: 1.32 [1.37–2.73]), white (OR: 1.93 [1.37–2.73]), married (OR: 1.53 [1.12–2.08]), and had private health-care insurance (OR: 2.10 [1.69–2.61]). There was a U-shaped relationship between age and history of being tested for HIV; younger and older patients were less likely to have been tested. History of HIV testing and years of formal education were not related. Conclusion Almost half of ED patients surveyed had never been tested for HIV. Certain demographic groups are being missed though HIV diagnostic testing and screening programmes in other settings. These groups could potentially be reached through universal screening.