bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of simulated microgravity on the development of the swimbladder and buoyancy control in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Lindsey Benjamin W. , Dumbarton Tristan C. , Moorman Stephen J. , Smith Frank M. , Croll Roger P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe gas‐filled swimbladder of teleost fishes provides hydrodynamic lift which counteracts the high density of other body tissues, and thereby allows the fish to achieve neutral buoyancy with minimal energy expenditure. In this study, we examined whether the absence of a constant direction gravitational vector affects the ontogeny of the swimbladder and buoyancy control in zebrafish (Danio rerio). We exposed fertilized eggs to simulated microgravity (SMG) in a closed rotating wall vessel with control eggs placed in a similar but nonrotating container. All eggs hatched in both groups. At 96 hr of postfertilization (hpf), all larvae were removed from the experimental and control vessels. At this point, 62% of the control larvae, but only14% of SMG‐exposed larvae, were observed to have inflated their swimbladder. In addition, the mean volume of the inflated swimbladders was significantly greater in the control larvae compared with larvae raised in SMG. After transfer to open stationary observation tanks, larvae with uninflated swimbladders in both groups swam to the surface to complete inflation, but this process was significantly delayed in larvae exposed to SMG. Initial differences in swimbladder inflation and volume between groups disappeared by 144 hpf. Furthermore, there were no apparent changes in patterns of development and maturation of swimbladder musculature, vasculature, or innervation resulting from SMG exposure at later stages of ontogeny. These data indicate that, despite a transient delay in swimbladder inflation in zebrafish larvae exposed to SMG, subsequent swimbladder development in these animals proceeded similarly to that in normal larvae. J. Exp. Zool. 315:302–313, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tagging saccharides for signal enhancement in mass spectrometric analysis
Authors: Chang Yu‐Ling , Liao Sylvain Kuo‐Shiang , Chen Ying‐Chu , Hung Wei‐Ting , Yu Hui‐Ming , Yang Wen‐Bin , Fang Jim‐Min , Chen Chung‐Hsuan , Lee Yuan Chuan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMALDI‐MS provides a rapid and sensitive analysis of large biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. However, oligo‐ and polysaccharides are less sensitive in MS analysis partly due to their neutral and hydrophilic nature to cause low ionization efficiency. In this study, four types of oligosaccharides including aldoses, aminoaldoses, alduronic acids and α‐keto acids were modified by appropriate tags at the reducing termini to improve their ionization efficiency. Bradykinin (BK), a vasoactive nonapeptide (RPPGFSPFR), containing two arginine and two phenylalanine residues turned out to be an excellent MS signal enhancer for maltoheptaose, GlcNAc oligomers and oligogalacturonic acids. In the MALDI‐TOF‐MS analysis using 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5‐DHB) as the matrix, the GalA4–BK and GalA5–BK conjugates prepared by reductive amination showed the detection limit at 0.1 fmol, i.e. ∼800‐fold enhancement over the unmodified pentagalacturonic acids. The remarkable MS enhancement was attributable to the synergistic effect of the basic arginine residues for high proton affinity and the hydrophobic property phenylalanine residues for facile ionization. A tetrapeptide GFGR(OMe) and an arginine linked phenylenediamine (H2N)2Ph‐R(OMe) were thus designed to act as potent tags of oligosaccharides in MS analysis. Interestingly, concurrent condensation and lactonization of α2,8‐linked tetrasialic acid (SA4) was carried out with (H2N)2Ph‐R(OMe) to obtain a quinoxalinone derivative, which showed > 200‐fold enhancement over unmodified SA4 in the MALDI‐TOF‐MS analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mass spectrometric analysis of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal modificationof cytochrome c
Authors: Tang Xiaoxia , Sayre Lawrence M. , Tochtrop Gregory P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCytochrome c is a key mitochondrial respiratory protein that is particularly susceptible to modification during oxidative stress. The nature of this susceptibility is linked to the mitochondrial membrane being rich in esterified linoleic acid, which predisposes this organelle to the formation of lipid peroxidation products such as 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal (4‐HNE). To better understand the nature of cytochrome c modification by 4‐HNE, we initiated an in vitro study utilizing a combination of MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, LC‐ESI‐MS/MS and isotope labeling to monitor 4‐HNE modification of cytochrome c under various conditions. The overwhelming reaction observed is Michael addition by Lys side‐chains in addition to the modification of His 33. While the Lys‐4‐HNE adducts were generally observed to be reversible, the 4‐HNE‐His 33 was observed to be stable with half of the formed adduct surviving the denaturation and proteolysis protocols used to generate proteolytic peptides for LC–ESI‐MS/MS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of downwelling longwave irradiance under all‐sky conditions
Authors: Alados I. , Foyo‐Moreno I. , Alados‐Arboledas L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis work is focused on the characterization and parameterisation of the downward atmospheric irradiance (LW) for clear and cloudy skies. LW is a component of the surface radiation budget that is present throughout the day. Unlike solar irradiance, LW is not measured routinely in extended networks, so it must be estimated indirectly. We evaluated five parameterisations for estimating LW under clear skies. After some consideration regarding the local fitting of the parameterisations, we analysed their different behaviour during day and night and propose a correction model for this effect. We use measurements registered at Tabernas (Spain) from 2001 to 2003. For the locally adjusted parameterisations the root mean square deviation (RMSD) and the mean bias deviation (MBD) are smaller than 5.7 and 0.6%, respectively. The combination of the more complex correction parameterisation of the day/night differences with the locally adjusted formula of Brutsaert and the original formula of Berdalh and Martin leads to estimations with RMSD below 3.1%. Using data registered at Palaiseau (France) the proposed parameterisations yields MBD close to 0% and RMSD below 3.2%. Cloudy conditions were analysed and two different approaches were used to estimate the cloud effect. Both approaches determine all sky LW using a clear‐sky formulae and a cloud modification factor, computed with the solar global irradiance on a horizontal surface. The results show that LW can be estimated under all‐sky conditions during the daytime with a RMSD of 5.8 and 6.2%, and a MBD of 1.6 and − 2.2% for the Crawford and Duchon scheme and the parameterisation in kt, respectively, at Tabernas. The application of the same parameterisations to Palaiseau yields RMSD of 6.7 and 7.7%, and MBD of − 2.5 and 0.7%. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Modified house‐keeping gene expression in a rat tail compression loading‐induced disc degeneration model
Authors: Yurube Takashi , Takada Toru , Hirata Hiroaki , Kakutani Kenichiro , Maeno Koichiro , Zhang Zhongying , Yamamoto Junya , Doita Minoru , Kurosaka Masahiro , Nishida Kotaro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHouse‐keeping genes (HKGs) are generally used as endogenous controls for molecular normalization in quantitative PCR analysis. However, whether all the so‐called HKGs are useful for intervertebral disc research is controversial. Our objective was, using a prevalidated rat tail static compression loading‐induced disc degeneration model, to clarify the feasibility of common HKGs for gene‐quantification in the nucleus pulposus cells. In real‐time RT‐PCR for five HKGs [β‐actin, β‐glucuronidase, β‐2 microglobulin, glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA)], static compression at 1.3 MPa for up to 56 days demonstrated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of consistent β‐2 microglobulin and GAPDH, slightly up‐regulated β‐glucuronidase, and fairly down‐regulated β‐actin and LDHA. Especially, β‐actin had a drastic suppression to 0.15‐fold in the loaded relative to unloaded discs at 7 days. In immunofluorescence, β‐actin showed a significant down‐regulation to almost undetectable levels from 28 days, while GAPDH was constantly detected throughout. β‐Actin mRNA and protein‐distribution are thought to be affected by the loading treatment, however, GAPDH mRNA and protein‐distribution can retain relatively stable expressions. Under prolonged static compression, β‐actin and probably LDHA are inappropriate, and GAPDH is a feasible HKG as internal references in the disc cells. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1284–1290, 2011
Effects of Graptopetalum paraguayense consumption on serum lipid profiles and antioxidative status in hypercholesteremic subjects
Authors: Yu‐Ling Lin , Hsin‐Yi Peng , Hui‐Min Hsieh , Ching‐Hsiu Lin , Su‐Tze Chou 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is known to be an important component of cellular damage regarding hypercholesterolemia and its complications. In vitro study had demonstrated that extracts of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther exhibited strong antioxidative activities. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of G. paraguayense consumption on antioxidative status and serum lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic subjects.RESULTS: Eighteen hypercholesterolemic subjects were instructed to consume 100 g G. paraguayense as a serving of vegetable daily for 8 consecutive weeks. After consumption, there were no changes in waist measurement, body mass index, body fat component, blood pressure, hepatic function (serum alanine aminotransferase activity), renal function (serum creatinine, uric acid) or fasting plasma glucose levels. Daily G. paraguayense consumption significantly increased ascorbic acid and α‐tocopherol levels and decreased malondialdehyde level in plasma. Furthermore, daily G. paraguayense consumption significantly increased glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in erythrocyte. However, there were no significant changes in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol or high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol after G. paraguayense consumption.CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that consumption of G. paraguayense may increase in vivo antioxidant activities and have some protective effects in decreasing oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐pressure microfluidisation‐induced changes in the antigenicity and conformation of allergen Ara h 2 purified from Chinese peanut
Authors: Hu Chun‐qiu , Chen Hong‐bing , Gao Jin‐yan , Luo Chun‐ping , Ma Xiao‐juan , Tong Ping 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Peanut allergy is one of the most serious food allergies, and Ara h 2 is one of the most important peanut allergens as it is recognised by serum immunoglobulin E from more than 90% of peanut‐allergic individuals. Dynamic high‐pressure microfluidisation has been widely used in food processing as a new technology. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high‐pressure microfluidisation on the antigenicity and structure of Ara h 2. Extracted peanut allergen Ara h 2 was treated under a continuous pressure array of 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 MPa. Immunoreactivity was measured by indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay with rabbit polyclonal antibodies. Secondary structure was analysed by circular dichroism. Surface hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl groups were assessed via fluorescence and UV absorption spectra respectively.RESULTS: High‐pressure microfluidisation treatment decreased the antigenicity of peanut allergen Ara h 2, changed its secondary structure and increased its UV absorption intensity and surface hydrophobicity.CONCLUSION: The change in conformation contributed to the decrease in antigenicity of Ara h 2, and the spatial conformation of peanut allergen Ara h 2 plays a critical role in its antigenicity. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetic performance optimisation for liquid chromatography: Principles and practice
Authors: Causon Tim J. , Broeckhoven Ken , Hilder Emily F. , Shellie Robert A. , Desmet Gert , Eeltink Sebastiaan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis HPLC tutorial focuses on the preparation and use of kinetic plots to characterise the performance in isocratic and gradient LC. This graphical approach allows the selection of columns (i.e. optimum particle size and column length) and LC conditions (operating pressure and temperature) to generate a specific number of plates or peak capacity in the shortest possible analysis time. Instrument aspects including the influence of extra‐column effects (maximum allowable system volume) and thermal operating conditions (oven type) on performance are discussed. In addition, the performance characteristics of porous‐shell particle‐packed columns and monolithic stationary phases are presented and the potential of future column designs is discussed.
An isotopic approach to measuring nitrogen balance in caribou
Authors: Gustine David D. , Barboza Perry S. , Adams Layne G. , Farnell Richard G. , Parker Katherine L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNutritional restrictions in winter may reduce the availability of protein for reproduction and survival in northern ungulates. We refined a technique that uses recently voided excreta on snow to assess protein status in wild caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in late winter. Our study was the first application of this non‐invasive, isotopic approach to assess protein status of wild caribou by determining dietary and endogenous contributions of nitrogen (N) to urinary urea. We used isotopic ratios of N (δ15N) in urine and fecal samples to estimate the proportion of urea N derived from body N (p‐UN) in pregnant, adult females of the Chisana Herd, a small population that ranged across the Alaska‐Yukon border. We took advantage of a predator‐exclosure project to examine N status of penned caribou in April 2006. Lichens were the primary forage (>40%) consumed by caribou in the pen and δ15N of fiber tracked the major forages in their diets. The δ15N of urinary urea for females in the pen was depleted relative (−1.3 ± 1.0 parts per thousand [‰], ${\bar {x}}\pm {\rm SD}$) to the δ15N of body N (2.7 ± 0.7‰). A similar proportion of animals in the exclosure lost core body mass (excluding estimates of fetal and uterine tissues; 55%) and body protein (estimated by isotope ratios; 54%). This non‐invasive technique could be applied at various spatial and temporal scales to assess trends in protein status of free‐ranging populations of northern ungulates. Intra‐ and inter‐annual estimates of protein status could help managers monitor effects of foraging conditions on nutritional constraints in ungulates, increase the efficiency and efficacy of management actions, and help prepare stakeholders for potential changes in population trends. © 2010 The Wildlife Society.
Harvest regulations and artificial selection on horn size in male bighorn sheep
Authors: Hengeveld Pamela E. , Festa‐Bianchet Marco 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWild sheep in North America are highly prized by hunters and most harvest regulations restrict legal harvest to males with a specified minimum horn curl. Because reproductive success is skewed toward larger males that are socially dominant, these regulations may select against high‐quality, fast‐growing males. To evaluate potential selective effects of alternative management strategies, we analyzed horn increment measures of males harvested over 28 yr (1975–2003) in 2 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) ecotypes in British Columbia, Canada. Using mixed‐effect models we examined variation in hunter selection for horn size, early horn growth, and male age under different harvest regulations (Full Curl, Three Quarter Curl, Any Ram). Under all regulations, males with the greatest early horn growth were harvested at the youngest ages, before the age at which large horns influence reproductive success. Early growth decreased with harvest age and until ≥7 yr of age it was greatest in males harvested under Full Curl regulation. Permit type (General vs. Limited Entry Hunt) and hunter origin (British Columbia Resident vs. Non‐Resident) had little effect on horn size of harvested males. Full Curl regulations increased the average age of harvested males by <1 yr relative to Three‐Quarter Curl regulations. Age‐specific horn measures in the California ecotype harvested under Three‐Quarter Curl regulations declined over time but we observed no temporal declines in the Rocky Mountain ecotype, primarily harvested under Full Curl regulations. Management strategies that protect some males with greater early horn growth or provide harvest refuges to maintain genetic diversity are likely to reduce potential for negative effects of artificial selection. © 2010 The Wildlife Society
Life on the edge: Northern bobwhite ecology at the northern periphery of their range
Authors: Lohr Michael , Collins Bridget M. , Williams Christopher K. , Castelli Paul M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOver the past 40 years, Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations have declined range‐wide. The Mid‐Atlantic once held the highest densities in the country and now shows some of the worst declines. Although population parameters have been quantified throughout most of the bobwhite range, Mid‐Atlantic populations have been largely unstudied. To better quantify the dynamics of this declining system, we sought to not only gather annual data on home range, movement, and habitat selection, but also examine how some of these metrics might impact survival. We captured and radio‐tracked 154 bobwhites between May 2006 and April 2008 on a 125 km2 area of Cumberland County, New Jersey, USA. Seasonal daily movement ranged from 146 m to 158 m but several extreme movements were notable. Across seasons, grassland habitat was used in greater proportion to its availability, shrub‐scrub and agriculture habitats were used equally with their availability and forests and other habitats were used less than their availability. Differences in second‐order selection occurred between seasons with lower use of shrub‐scrub and forest habitats and higher use of other habitat in breeding seasons. Pooled breeding season survival was 0.343, nonbreeding season survival was 0.183, and annual survival was 0.063. Although mortality was dominated by avian predators, house cat mortalities were noteworthy. Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that risk of breeding season mortality risk was increased by longer daily movement, lower grassland use, and higher forest and other use. During the nonbreeding season, risk of mortality increased with shorter daily movement and proximity to occupied buildings and barns. This information could inform management decisions in the greater Mid‐Atlantic as well as other areas of their range where they exist at very low abundances. © 2010 The Wildlife Society.
Bird community response to filter strips in Maryland
Authors: Blank Peter J. , Dively Galen P. , Gill Douglas E. , Rewa Charles A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFilter strips are strips of herbaceous vegetation planted along agricultural field margins adjacent to streams or wetlands and are designed to intercept sediment, nutrients, and agrichemicals. Roughly 16,000 ha of filter strips have been established in Maryland through the United States Department of Agriculture's Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. Filter strips often represent the only uncultivated herbaceous areas on farmland in Maryland and therefore may be important habitat for early‐successional bird species. Most filter strips in Maryland are planted to either native warm‐season grasses or cool‐season grasses and range in width from 10.7 m to 91.4 m. From 2004 to 2007 we studied the breeding and wintering bird communities in filter strips adjacent to wooded edges and non‐buffered field edges and the effect that grass type and width of filter strips had on bird community composition. We used 5 bird community metrics (total bird density, species richness, scrub‐shrub bird density, grassland bird density, and total avian conservation value), species‐specific densities, nest densities, and nest survival estimates to assess the habitat value of filter strips for birds. Breeding and wintering bird community metrics were greater in filter strips than in non‐buffered field edges but did not differ between cool‐season and warm‐season grass filter strips. Most breeding bird community metrics were negatively related to the percent cover of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) in ≥1 yr. Breeding bird density was greater in narrow (<30 m) compared to wide (>60 m) filter strips. Our results suggest that narrow filter strips adjacent to wooded edges can provide habitat for many bird species but that wide filter strips provide better habitat for grassland birds, particularly obligate grassland species. If bird conservation is an objective, avoid planting orchardgrass in filter strips and reduce or eliminate orchardgrass from filter strips through management practices. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Climate change, uncertainty, and natural resource management
Authors: Nichols James D. , Koneff Mark D. , Heglund Patricia J. , Knutson Melinda G. , Seamans Mark E. , Lyons James E. , Morton John M. , Jones Malcolm T. , Boomer G. Scott , Williams Byron K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractClimate change and its associated uncertainties are of concern to natural resource managers. Although aspects of climate change may be novel (e.g., system change and nonstationarity), natural resource managers have long dealt with uncertainties and have developed corresponding approaches to decision‐making. Adaptive resource management is an application of structured decision‐making for recurrent decision problems with uncertainty, focusing on management objectives, and the reduction of uncertainty over time. We identified 4 types of uncertainty that characterize problems in natural resource management. We examined ways in which climate change is expected to exacerbate these uncertainties, as well as potential approaches to dealing with them. As a case study, we examined North American waterfowl harvest management and considered problems anticipated to result from climate change and potential solutions. Despite challenges expected to accompany the use of adaptive resource management to address problems associated with climate change, we conclude that adaptive resource management approaches will be the methods of choice for managers trying to deal with the uncertainties of climate change. © 2010 The Wildlife Society.
Mobiles Laserschweißen im Fusionsreaktor
Authors: Lötzsch Susanne 
Published: March 2011

Abstract„Zur Frage der Aufbaumöglichkeit der Elemente in Sternen”︁ — mit dieser wissenschaftlichen Publikation formulierten R. E. Atkinson und F. G. Houtermans Ende der 20er Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts wesentliche Grundlagen der modernen Kernfusionsforschung. Heute, gut 80 Jahre später, hilft moderne Laserschweißtechnik bei der Erprobung der nächsten Ausbaustufe des Fusionsexperiments ASDEX Upgrade in Garching bei München. Die Energieerzeugung in der Sonne ist elementar für alles Leben auf der Erde und seit Jahrzehnten ein Schwerpunkt bei der Forschung nach zukünftigen Energiequellen.