bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language adaptation and learning: Getting explicit about implicit learning
Authors: Chang Franklin , Janciauskas Marius , Fitz Hartmut 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLinguistic adaptation is a phenomenon where language representations change in response to linguistic input. Adaptation can occur on multiple linguistic levels such as phonology (tuning of phonotactic constraints), words (repetition priming), and syntax (structural priming). The persistent nature of these adaptations suggests that they may be a form of implicit learning and connectionist models have been developed which instantiate this hypothesis. Research on implicit learning, however, has also produced evidence that explicit chunk knowledge is involved in the performance of these tasks. In this review, we examine how these interacting implicit and explicit processes may change our understanding of language learning and processing.
Typological Universals as Reflections of Biased Learning: Evidence from Artificial Language Learning
Authors: Culbertson Jennifer 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe study of language typology has played a critical role in revealing potential constraints on possible linguistic systems. Such constraints, often called “typological universals” have long been used to support a foundational premise of generative linguistics—that languages share a set of underlying commonalities. However, recent research has challenged the idea that typological universals—which (at least on the surface) are often statistical tendencies rather than absolute laws—reflect meaningful biases in the linguistic or cognitive system. In part as a response to these critiques, new behavior methods have been developed to probe the link between recurrent typological patterns and the linguistic (and broader cognitive) system. This article focuses on the novel findings which have resulted from this trend, in particular those which use Artificial Language Learning (ALL) paradigms. This exciting strand of research suggests the viability of experimental methods for investigating constraints on human language, and points to new ways of gaining traction on critical questions in cognitive science.
Friction and wear in sliding contact of cast iron against phenolic resin composites reinforced with carbonaceous fibres from plantain fibre bundles
Authors: Betancourt S. , Cruz J. , Toro A. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTCarbonaceous fibres from Colombian plantain crops residues were obtained by slow pyrolysis process to preserve the morphological aspects of the natural fibres. Composite materials were manufactured by thermal press process using carbonaceous fibres and commercial phenolic resin as reinforcement and matrix, respectively. Different reinforcement contents (0–12.5% v/v) were evaluated in a pin‐on‐disc tribometer to determine the effect on wear and coefficient of friction of this kind of carbonaceous fibres as a potential reinforcement or lubricant filler for tribological applications. Cast iron brake discs were used as counter bodies in all the tests. Worn surfaces of composite pins and metallic discs were analysed in optical and scanning electron microscopes.A decrease in both friction coefficient and mass loss of composites was observed with the increase in fibre volume fraction. The reduction was associated to a beneficial effect of the detachment of carbonaceous material from the worn surface, which remains at the interface between the composite and the cast iron and acts as a solid lubricant. Although adhesion marks were observed, surface fatigue and polymer crazing were identified as principal wear mechanisms of the composites. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atorvastatin inhibits pancreatic carcinogenesis and increases survival in LSL‐KrasG12D‐LSL‐Trp53R172H‐Pdx1‐Cre mice
Authors: Liao Jie , Chung Yeon T. , Yang Allison L. , Zhang Meng , Li Haonan , Zhang Wanying , Yan Liang , Yang Guang‐Yu 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThere are several studies supporting the role of HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors such as atorvastatin against carcinogenesis, in which inhibiting the generation of prenyl intermediates involved in protein prenylation plays the crucial role. Mutation of Kras gene is the most common genetic alteration in pancreatic cancer and the Ras protein requires prenylation for its membrane localization and activity. In the present study, the effectiveness of atorvastatin against pancreatic carcinogenesis and its effect on protein prenylation were determined using the LSL‐KrasG12D‐LSL‐Trp53R172H‐Pdx1‐Cre mouse model (called Pankras/p53 mice). Five‐week‐old Pankras/p53 mice were fed either an AIN93M diet or a diet supplemented with 100 ppm atorvastatin. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with Log‐Rank test revealed a significant increase in survival in mice fed 100 ppm atorvastatin (171.9 ± 6.2 d) compared to the control mice (144.9 ± 8.4 d, P < 0.05). Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis showed that atorvastatin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume and Ki‐67‐labeled cell proliferation. Mechanistic studies on primary pancreatic tumors and the cultured murine pancreatic carcinoma cells revealed that atorvastatin inhibited prenylation in several key proteins, including Kras protein and its activities, and similar effect was observed in pancreatic carcinoma cells treated with farnesyltransferase inhibitor R115777. Microarray assay on the global gene expression profile demonstrated that a total of 132 genes were significantly modulated by atorvastatin; and Waf1p21, cyp51A1, and soluble epoxide hydrolase were crucial atorvastatin‐targeted genes which involve in inflammation and carcinogenesis. This study indicates that atorvastatin has the potential to serve as a chemopreventive agent against pancreatic carcinogenesis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highlights in Antiviral Drug Research: Antivirals at the Horizon
Authors: Clercq Erik De 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis review highlights ten “hot topics” in current antiviral research: (i) new nucleoside derivatives (i.e., PSI‐352938) showing high potential as a direct antiviral against hepatitis C virus (HCV); (ii) cyclopropavir, which should be further pursued for treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections; (iii) North‐methanocarbathymidine (N‐MCT), with a N‐locked conformation, showing promising activity against both α‐ and γ‐herpesviruses; (iv) CMX001, an orally bioavailable prodrug of cidofovir with broad‐spectrum activity against DNA viruses, including polyoma, adeno, herpes, and pox; (v) favipiravir, which is primarily pursued for the treatment of influenza virus infections, but also inhibits the replication of other RNA viruses, particularly (‐)RNA viruses such as arena, bunya, and hanta; (vi) newly emerging antiarenaviral compounds which should be more effective (and less toxic) than the ubiquitously used ribavirin; (vii) antipicornavirus agents in clinical development (pleconaril, BTA‐798, and V‐073); (viii) natural products receiving increased attention as potential antiviral drugs; (ix) antivirals such as U0126 targeted at specific cellular kinase pathways [i.e., mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK)], showing activity against influenza and other viruses; and (x) two structurally unrelated compounds (i.e., LJ‐001 and dUY11) with broad‐spectrum activity against virtually all enveloped RNA and DNA viruses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med. Res. Rev., 00, No. 0, 1–34, 2012
A Novel QSPR Model for Prediction of Gas to Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvation Enthalpy of Organic Compounds Based on Support Vector Machine
Authors: Golmohammadi Hassan , Dashtbozorgi Zahra , Acree William E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this study, a quantitative structureproperty relationship (QSPR) study is developed for the prediction of gas to dimethyl sulfoxide solvation enthalpy (ΔHSolv) of organic compounds based on molecular descriptors calculated solely from molecular structure considerations. Diverse types of molecular descriptors were calculated to represent the molecular structures of the various compounds studied. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was employed to select an optimal subset of descriptors that have significant contributions to the ΔHSolv overall property. Our investigation revealed that the dependence of physicochemical properties on solvation enthalpy is a nonlinear observable fact and that MLR method is unable to model the solvation enthalpy accurately. It has been observed that support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) demonstrates better performance compared with MLR. The standard error value of the test set for SVM is 1.731 kJ mol−1, while it is 2.303 kJ mol−1 and 5.146 kJ mol−1 for ANN and MLR, respectively. The results showed that the calculated ΔHSolv values by SVM were in good agreement with the experimental data, and the performance of the SVM model was superior to those of MLR and ANN ones.
High Precision Freeform Polymer Optics
Authors: Dick Lars 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInjection molding offers a cost efficient method for manufacturing high precision plastic optics for high volume applications. Beside classical optical surfaces like planes, spheres and also aspheres the demand for surfaces without symmetric properties, so called freeform surfaces, continues to rise. To push the surface accuracy for high volume applications for the molded freeform lens, new 3D iteration cycles to compensate systematically residual errors have to be developed. This paper will illustrate a new way for the manufacturing of ultra precision mold tool inserts with submicron precision and show the manufacturing of replicated freeform surfaces with micrometer range shape accuracy at diameters up to 40 mm. Furthermore, two examples for molded, energy and material efficient freeform optics adapted to the green photonics philosophy are shown and explained.
gSTED Microscopy with an OPSL: Cutting Edge Super‐Resolution
Authors: Eggeling Christian , Honigmann Alf , Schulze Matthias 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn order to probe cell biology at the molecular level and correlate single molecule activity with macroscopic cellular behavior in real‐time, biologists need farfield microscopy techniques with the highest possible spatial as well as temporal resolution. Driven by this need, the use of lasers in confocal microscopy has taken fluorescence microscopy to the diffraction limit, which was long considered the theoretical and practical limit on spatial resolution of this technique. In the 1990's novel super‐resolution far‐field microscopy (or nanoscopy) approaches based on the reversible modulation of the fluorescence signal have evolved which pushed the spatial resolution to the nanoscale [1]. And Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) nanoscopy has been developed [2] as a broadly applicable method and can be used with both fixed and live tissue samples [1]. The combination of a continuous‐wave (CW) laser [3] with a gated detection (gSTED) [4] and the availability of a yellow (577 nm) low‐noise laser has enabled further optimization.
Ion Beam Figuring Technology in Optics Manufacturing
Authors: Zeuner Michael , Kiontke Sven 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIon beam technologies have become an established alternative to common mechanical polishing methods in manufacturing optics. Ion Beam Figuring (IBF) is increasingly being used for the precise figuring and finishing of optical elements, such as spheres, aspheres and free forms on lenses and mirrors. Next to the finishing of optical components, an IBF process can also be employed on the molds that are used to produce optical lenses. The mold pins that are employed in the consumer goods market usually require a fairly high financial investment. As the quality of a lens ultimately depends on the surface of the optical mold, an error correction process on the mold itself may proof a more cost effective exercise than the polishing of the lenses post‐production.
Leukämie
Authors: Marschalek Rolf , Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObwohl der erste Krankheitsfall bereits 1827 beschrieben wurde, dauerte es bis 1845, dass Rudolf Virchow den Begriff “Leukämie” einführte. Zeitgleich beschrieben der Schotte John Hughes Bennett und der Franzose Alfred Donné ebenfalls das Krankheitsbild einer chronischen myeloischen Leukämie (CML).
Genetische Grundlagen von Leukämie‐Erkrankungen
Authors: Marschalek Rolf 
Published: May 2012

AbstractZusammenfassend lässt sich resümieren, dass viele pädiatrische Leukämie‐Erkrankungen durch bestimmte chromosomale Translokationen klassifizierbar sind. Zudem finden sich kaum weitere Mutationen (Sekundärmutationen). Dies wird auch durch Studien an ganzen Krebsgenomen bestätigt. Das lässt den Schluss zu, dass chromosomale Translokationen gravierende Folgen für betroffene Zellen haben, die Wachstum, Apoptose und Stammzelleigenschaften beeinflussen. Die entstehenden Fusionsgene kodieren für onkogene Fusionsproteine, die Zellen in Tumorzellen verwandeln können. Damit unterscheiden sich diese pädiatrischen Tumoren in genetischer Hinsicht deutlich von anderen soliden Tumoren, wie z.B. Brustkrebs oder Dickdarmkrebs bei Erwachsenen, die zwischen 60 und 80 Einzelmutationen pro Patient aufweisen.
Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Rezidiv einer ALL
Authors: Tallen Gesche , Henze Günter , von Stackelberg Arend 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLeukämien sind mit einem Anteil von etwa 30 % die häufigsten bösartigen Erkrankungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Noch in den 1960er Jahren kam die Botschaft “Ihr Kind hat eine Leukämie” einem Todesurteil gleich, denn zu dieser Zeit galten Leukämien bei Kindern und Jugendlichen noch als unheilbar. Heute überleben in den westlichen Industrieländern etwa vier von fünf Kindern mit einer akuten lymphoblastischen Leukämie (ALL). Und das fünfte? – Leider gehört zu den jungen Menschen, die auch heute noch an der Erkrankung versterben, die Mehrzahl der Rezidivpatienten.
Infektiöse Komplikationen bei akuter lymphatischer Leukämie
Authors: Lehrnbecher Thomas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMit immer intensiveren Therapien versucht man die Heilungsrate bei Kindern mit Leukämien zu verbessern. Durch die Therapie‐Intensivierung wird jedoch gleichzeitig auch eine zunehmende Immunsuppression hervorgerufen, sodass infektiöse Komplikationen trotz Verbesserungen in der Supportivtherapie noch immer eine wichtige Ursache für Morbidität und Mortalität bei Kindern mit akuter lymphatischer Leukämie (ALL) darstellen.
A case study of a child with chronic hemolytic anemia due to a Donath–Landsteiner positive, IgM anti‐I autoantibody
Authors: Karafin Matthew S. , Shirey R. Sue , Ness Paul M. , King Karen E. , Keefer Jeffrey 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn children, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) is generally considered an acute self‐limited autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by an IgG biphasic auto‐anti‐P antibody identified by the Donath–Landsteiner (D‐L) test. We report a case of a 5‐year‐old female with a chronic hemolytic anemia. The etiology of the hemolysis appears to be an unusual D‐L positive, IgM antibody with specificity for the I antigen. The clinical course is described and a discussion of PCH and the D‐L antibody is presented. We also discuss intravenous immunoglobulin infusions as a therapy for children with this form of severe chronic autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 953–955. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization of poly‐2‐ (2‐hydroxybenzylideneamino)‐6‐phenyl‐4,5,6, 7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene‐3‐carbonitrile: Investigation of antibacterial activity and optical properties
Authors: Kaya Esin , Turan Nevin , Gündüz Bayram , Çolak Naki , Körkoca Hanifi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe oxidative polycondensation reaction conditions of 2‐(2‐hydroxybenzylideneamino)‐6‐phenyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene‐3‐carbonitrile were examined. The magnitude of the reflectance of the polymer decreases sharply with increasing of wavelength up to 524 nm, then reflectance of the polymer increases slowly with increasing of wavelength. The refractive index values of the polymer vary from 1.474 to 2.350. The Ep and Ed values of the polymer were found to be 4.56 and 7.068 eV, respectively. Absorption coefficient K of the polymer is of the order 817.062–1434.77 m−1. Angle values of incidence and refraction of the polymer vary from 57.36 to 66.95° and from 23.05 to 32.65°, respectively. The film‐phase thickness of the polymer increases with increasing photon energy. The thickness, d, of the polymer was of the order 439.3–4184.7 Å for 190 and 1100 nm, respectively. The real part of dielectric constant of the polymer decreases slowly with increasing of frequency up to about 600 THz, then the real part of dielectric constant of the polymer increases sharply with increasing of frequency. The real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant of the polymer vary from 2.17 to 5.52 and from 5.81 × 10−5 to 3.58 × 10−4, respectively. Finally, polymer was tested for antibacterial activities against some bacteria. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Viscoelastic behaviors of shell‐crosslinked core–shell nanoparticles suspended in polystyrene solutions
Authors: Yin Xianze , Tan Yeqiang , Chen Yuyin , Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractShell‐crosslinked core–shell nanoparticles (SCCSNs) were prepared via miniemulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of silane‐modified inorganic silica. The polystyrene (PS) shell of 58.6% in weight fraction was crosslinked using divinylbenzene. SCCSNs were spherical with a diameter distribution from 32 to 98 nm determined by dynamic light scattering. Dynamic rheology of SCCSNs suspended in PS/toluene solution was compared with that of suspensions of naked silica. The critical strain for onset of rheological nonlinearity was independent of SCCSN concentration above a concentration threshold, which differs from the silica suspensions. Linear dynamic rheological investigation revealed that SCCSN suspensions with a PS volume fraction of 20% were fluid‐like at low particle concentrations while suspensions containing 4.2 vol% SCCSNs formed a gel‐like structure. On the contrary, the silica suspensions with 20.0 vol% PS underwent a fluid‐to‐solid‐like transition with increasing silica concentration. Reasons for the different rheological behaviors of the naked silica and SCCSN suspensions are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Was leistet die Erde?
Authors: Kleidon Axel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDie Erde als thermodynamisches System betrachtet arbeitet als planetare Wärmekraftmaschine. Sie erzeugt Leistung, verrichtet Arbeit und erhält damit die Dynamik. Die Grenzen beschreibt die Thermodynamik, insbesondere der zweite Hauptsatz, der die Umsetzung von Wärme zu Leistung limitiert. Diese Betrachtungsweise erschließt eine grundsätzliche Perspektive über die Zusammenhänge und Wechselwirkungen von planetaren Antrieben und Erdsystemprozessen. Sie macht deutlich, wie die physikalische Leistung im Erdsystem limitiert ist. Zudem zeigt sie, welche zentrale Bedeutung das Leben auf der Erde für die Erzeugung von chemischer freier Energie hat. Allerdings verbraucht die menschliche Aktivität bereits auf planetarer Skala erheblich an freier Energie. Eine nachhaltige Planung der Zukunft sollte darauf zielen, durch effizientere Nutzung der Solarstrahlung die Gesamtleistung des Erdsystems zu erhöhen.
Mond, Erde und Sonne als Antrieb
Authors: Ruprecht Albert , Weilepp Jochen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFür den Klimaschutz und eine nachhaltige Energieversorgung erfährt die Nutzung der Meeresströmungen zunehmendes Interesse. Bis heute wurden eine große Anzahl an Konzepten und Technologien entwickelt und an einigen Pilotanlagen auch erste Erfahrungen gesammelt. Es zeigt sich, dass die raue, technikfeindliche Umgebung des Meeres eine große Herausforderung darstellt und besondere Entwicklungen erfordert. Am Beispiel der Technologieentwicklung von Voith Hydro werden die notwendigen Anstrengungen erläutert, die einen langjährigen, zuverlässigen Betrieb gewährleisten.
Ultraschnelle Bewegungen im magnetischen Phasenübergang
Authors: Staub Urs , Johnson Steven L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDas Wissen, wie die Ausrichtung magnetischer Momente (Spins) in ultrakurzen Zeitspannen geändert werden kann, ist von großem Interesse in der modernen Datenspeicherung. Mit welcher Geschwindigkeit sich die Spins neu ausrichten, nachdem sie angeregt wurden, ist bis heute jedoch fast völlig unbekannt. Experimente mit dem ersten harten Röntgen‐Freie‐Elektronen‐Laser, der Linear Coherent Light Source am Stanford National Accelerator Laboratory SLAC (USA), brachten jetzt Einblicke in das ultraschnelle Verhalten magnetischer Phasenübergänge.
Quantenoptik mit Röntgenlicht: Eisen wird transparent
Authors: Röhlsberger Ralf 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMit Hilfe von intensivem Laserlicht lassen sich bestimmte Materialien für Licht einer bestimmten Wellenlänge durchsichtig machen. Dieser Effekt der elektromagnetisch induzierten Transparenz spielt eine große Rolle auf dem Weg zu optischen Quantencomputern, da man auf diese Weise Licht mit Licht steuern kann. An der Synchrotronstrahlungsquelle PETRA III am DESY in Hamburg demonstrierte unsere Forschergruppe erstmals elektromagnetisch induzierte Transparenz mit Röntgenlicht.
Pionier im Silicon Valley
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractGeboren wird er in London als Sohn eines amerikanischen Bergbauingenieurs. Als er drei Jahre alt ist, kehrt die Familie in die USA zurück. Doch die Eltern halten wenig von den dortigen öffentlichen Schulen, und daher übernimmt Mommy selbst für ein paar Jahre den Mathe‐ und Leseunterricht. Jahre später promoviert er am Massachusetts Institute of Technology über die “Berechnung von Elektronenwellenfunktionen in Natrium‐Chlorid‐Kristallen.” Die Festkörperphysik wird ihn Zeit seines Lebens nicht mehr loslassen.
The influence of admission characteristics on outcome: Evidence from a medium secure forensic cohort
Authors: Gibbon Simon , Huband Nick , Bujkiewicz Sylwia , Hollin Clive R. , Clarke Martin , Davies Steffan , Duggan Conor 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveOutcomes for any mental health service will vary with the characteristics of those admitted as well as with the clinical provision of the service itself. This study aims to explore, for a medium secure forensic service in England, temporal changes in (1) characteristics of those admitted and (2) outcome after discharge and (3) to examine whether such changes are related.MethodBaseline characteristics and reconviction outcomes were derived from multiple data sources for 550 first admissions to a medium secure forensic unit for a 20‐year period. Time to reconviction was examined using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression.ResultsOver time, severity of admissions increased, as did discharges to prison; discharges to non‐secure hospitals reduced. Risk of reconviction increased by 3.9%–4.2% for each year of admission from 1983, which was explained by the increased admission of higher‐risk patients.ConclusionThis medium secure service admitted patients with increasing levels of risk; reoffending rates reflect admission characteristics. Service funding decisions should take account of the characteristics of those admitted.Significant outcomes

This study indicates that the profile of patients admitted over a 20‐year period increased in severity.
Over time, reconviction after discharge occurred earlier after release.
This increase in reconviction was explained by the type of patient admitted.Limitations

Examination of a cohort from a single medium secure unit limits the generalizability of the findings.
The study focuses on a criminological outcome measure (i.e. reconviction); other domains may be equally relevant (e.g. the relief of psychological distress).
Examining an entire series of admissions introduces heterogeneity by, for example, considering the outcome of men and women together. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.