bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elastic intramedullary nailing of paediatric fractures of the forearm
Authors: Kang S.-N. , Mangwani J. , Ramachandran M. , Paterson J. M. H. , Barry M. 
Published: February 2011

We present the results of 90 consecutive children with displaced fractures of the forearm treated by elastic stable intramedullary nailing with a mean follow-up of 6.6 months (2.0 to 17.6). Eight (9%) had open fractures and 77 (86%) had sustained a fracture of both bones. The operations were performed by orthopaedic trainees in 78 patients (86%). All fractures healed at a mean of 2.9 months (1.1 to 8.7). There was one case of delayed union of an ulnar fracture. An excellent or good functional outcome was achieved in 76 patients (84%). There was no statistical difference detected when the grade of operating surgeon, age of the patient and the diaphyseal level of the fracture were correlated with the outcome. A limited open reduction was required in 40 fractures (44%). Complications included seven cases of problematic wounds, two transient palsies of the superficial radial nerve and one case each of malunion and a post-operative compartment syndrome. At final follow-up, all children were pain-free and without limitation of sport and play activities. Our findings indicate that the functional outcome following paediatric fractures of the forearm treated by elastic stable intramedullary nailing is good, without the need for anatomical restoration of the radial bow.
Minimally invasive Oxford phase 3 unicompartmental knee replacement
Authors: Pandit H. , Jenkins C. , Gill H. S. , Barker K. , Dodd C. A. F. , Murray D. W. 
Published: February 2011

This prospective study describes the outcome of the first 1000 phase 3 Oxford medial unicompartmental knee replacements (UKRs) implanted using a minimally invasive surgical approach for the recommended indications by two surgeons and followed up independently. The mean follow-up was 5.6 years (1 to 11) with 547 knees having a minimum follow-up of five years. At five years their mean Oxford knee score was 41.3 (sd 7.2), the mean American Knee Society Objective Score 86.4 (sd 13.4), mean American Knee Society Functional Score 86.1 (sd 16.6), mean Tegner activity score 2.8 (sd 1.1). For the entire cohort, the mean maximum flexion was 130° at the time of final review. The incidence of implant-related re-operations was 2.9%; of these 29 re-operations two were revisions requiring revision knee replacement components with stems and wedges, 17 were conversions to a primary total knee replacement, six were open reductions for dislocation of the bearing, three were secondary lateral UKRs and one was revision of a tibial component. The most common reason for further surgical intervention was progression of arthritis in the lateral compartment (0.9%), followed by dislocation of the bearing (0.6%) and revision for unexplained pain (0.6%). If all implant-related re-operations are considered failures, the ten-year survival rate was 96% (95% confidence interval, 92.5 to 99.5). If only revisions requiring revision components are considered failures the ten-year survival rate is 99.8% (confidence interval 99 to 100). This is the largest published series of UKRs implanted through a minimally invasive surgical approach and with ten-year survival data. The survival rates are similar to those obtained with a standard open approach whereas the function is better. This demonstrates the effectiveness and safety of a minimally invasive surgical approach for implanting the Oxford UKR.
Combined pelvic osteotomy for the bipartite acetabulum in late developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Rejholec M. 
Published: February 2011

In late developmental dysplasia of the hip in childhood, the deformed dysplastic acetabulum is malaligned and has lost its shape due to pressure from the subluxed femoral head. The outer part of the acetabulum involves the upper part of the original acetabulum, thereby giving a bipartite appearance. A clear edge separates the outer from inner part which represents the lower part of the original acetabulum and has no direct contact with the femoral head. Combined pelvic osteotomy (CPO) using a Lance acetabuloplasty with either a Salter or a Pemberton procedure restores the original shape and realigns the acetabulum. A total of 20 children (22 hips), with a mean age of 46 months (28 to 94) at primary operation underwent CPO with follow-up for between 12 and 132 months. In each case concentric stable reduction with good acetabular cover was achieved and maintained throughout the period of follow-up.
Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Economy Effects of 16 % Butanol and Various Ethanol Blended Fuels (E10, E20, and E85)
Authors: Schulz Melissa , Clark Shaleen 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Due to various concerns involving conventional gasoline, there has been a growing interest in the study of alternative fuels and their use in the automotive industry. There has been particular interest in the fuel effects of varying levels of ethanol blends and other alternative fuels on vehicle emissions and fuel economy. This paper will examine and compare both exhaust emissions and fuel economy for various ethanol blended fuels, and a 16 % butanol blended fuel. The results were generated using the U.S. Federal Test Procedure. Vehicles that are certified to U.S., European, and Brazilian government standards were tested. These vehicles include a flex fuel capable (FFV) 2007 Chevrolet Zafira (E100-FFV), 2007 Chevrolet Suburban (E85-FFV), 2007 Saab 9-5 BioPower (E85-FFV), 2007 Chevrolet Suburban, 2007 Pontiac G5, and a 2006 Pontiac G6. The fuels examined were E10, E20, E85, and Bu16. Each fuel was splash blended to make up the proper finished fuel blend. Fuel economy and emissions results from these fuels were compared with those from Tier 2 Emissions Certification fuel.
Influence of Feedback Control on Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete in ASTM C1399 Tests
Authors: Banthia Nemkumar , Mindess Sidney , Jiang Zhengwu 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The influence of feedback control on the measured flexural toughness of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) remains elusive. Some tests such as ASTM C1609/C1609M-07 require closed-loop control, while others such as ASTM C1399/C1399M-10 are considered control independent, and hence open-loop testing is allowed. Recent field experience has indicated that results from even ASTM C1399/C1399M-10 tests may be test control dependent. Towards this end, a test program was initiated to understand the influence of feedback control in ASTM C1399/C1399M-10 tests. Tests were performed on specimens of two different concrete strengths and one dosage of a polymeric fiber under both open-loop and closed-loop environments. In addition to performing the analysis using the ASTM C1399/C1399M-10 approach, Ri values as per the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC-S06-16) were calculated. Ri values are derived from the Average Residual Strength (ARS) values obtained from ASTM C1399/C1399M-10 tests. The results indicate that while the influence of feedback control on the measured ARS values in the case of normal strength FRC is only marginal, its influence on high strength FRC is significant. The same applies to the Ri values calculated in CHBDC-S06-16, where the results indicate that based on the published minimum acceptance criteria, the choice of feedback control may in fact govern the acceptance or rejection of a given FRC material. In the context of these findings, it is recommended that beyond a certain compressive strength, ASTM C1399/C1399M-10 tests should only be performed in a closed-loop environment.
Vision Screening for Children 1 to 5 Years of Age: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
Authors:   US Preventive Services Task Force
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE:
The goal was to provide an update of the 2004 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) statement about screening for visual impairment in children &lt;5 years of age.

METHODS:
The USPSTF examined evidence on the association of screening for visual impairment in children 1 to 5 years of age with improved health outcomes, the accuracy of risk factor assessment and screening tests, the effectiveness of early detection and treatment, and the harms of screening and treatment.

RECOMMENDATION:
The USPSTF recommends vision screening for all children at least once between the ages of 3 and 5 years, to detect the presence of amblyopia or its risk factors (grade B recommendation). The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of vision screening for children &lt;3 years of age (I statement).
A Diffusion Multiple Approach for the Accelerated Design of Structural Materials
Authors: Zhao Ji-Cheng , Jackson Melvin R. , Peluso Louis A. , Brewer Luke N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA diffusion multiple is an assembly of three or more different metal blocks, in intimate interfacial contact, that is subjected to a high temperature to allow thermal interdiffusion. The power of using a diffusion multiple approach in the efficient mapping of phase diagrams and materials properties for multicomponent alloy systems is illustrated in this article using several examples. It is now possible to map phase diagrams and materials properties at an efficiency some 3 orders of magnitude higher than the conventional one-alloy-at-a-time approach. With this high efficiency, many critical materials data that otherwise would be too time-consuming and expensive to acquire can be obtained and employed to accelerate our understanding of a system's materials physics and chemistry. It is postulated that coupling the diffusion multiple approach with the CALPHAD (calculation of phase diagrams) method will have a significant impact on the computational design of materials.
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
Authors: Lear Kevin L. , Jones Eric D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis issue of MRS Bulletin presents a review of the progress that vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have made throughout the wavelength spectrum. A VCSEL is a semiconductor laser diode in which light propagates normal to the epitaxial layers. In its older cousin, the Fabry—Pérot laser, light propagates in the plane of the epitaxial layers and reflects from mirrors formed by cleaving a crystal facet across the active layers. No cleaving is required for VCSEL mirrors, which are formed from multiple layers of epitaxially grown or otherwise-deposited thin films. The simple twist in the direction of the laser beam with respect to the epitaxial layers is responsible for most of the unique attributes of VCSELs, which arise from their short cavity length, their completely lithographically defined cross section, and their reliance on only wafer-scale processes for device fabrication. The articles in this issue cover a range of topics, including blue devices, short-wavelength communications lasers, recent advances in 1.3-μm VCSELs, fundamental materials issues related to distributed Bragg reflectors, theoretical quantum-well gain calculations, and work on quantum-dot VCSELs.
Catalyzed Complex Metal Hydrides
Authors: Bogdanović Borislav , Sandrock Gary 
Published: February 2011

AbstractComplex hydrides are mixed ionic–covalent compounds that can serve as reversible H2storage media only when they are catalyzed by a transition metal such as Ti. As the prime example, the phenomenology of Ti-catalyzed sodium alanate (NaAlH4) is reviewed from a historical perspective. Dehydriding yields a theoretical 5.6 wt% H2during two-step decomposition, NaAlH4→ Na3AlH6→ NaH + Al, although 100% recovery of that H2is not currently possible. H2can be discharged and recharged at practical rates at 125°C. More work is needed on the alanates, in particular, as well as the identification and optimization of the catalytic mechanism and a broad extension of the concept to other than Na-based alanates. The possibility of an even further extension of the concept to other complex hydrides (e.g., the borohydrides and transition-metal complexes) is discussed.
Silicon in All its Forms
Authors: Chelikowsky Jim 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe following article is based on an edited transcript of the Turnbull Lecture presented by Jim Chelikowsky (University of Minnesota), recipient of the 2001 Materials Research Society David Turnbull Lectureship, at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting on November 27 in Boston. Chelikowsky was cited for “contributions to the fundamental understanding of electronic, optical, mechanical, surface, and interface properties of bulk and nanostructured semiconductors, ceramics, and metals through ab initio calculations; and for excellence in teaching, lecturing, and writing.”
Conductive Adhesives for Electronic Assemblies
Authors: Murray C. T. , Rudman R. L. , Sabade M. B. , Pocius A. V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA number of different types of adhesives are used in the assembly of electronic components and devices. This article provides an overview of such adhesives that also have another job–they work at conducting electricity or heat. The resins or binders in these adhesives range from thermosetting to pressure-sensitive. Conductivity is obtained by the judicious choice of filler. For electrically conducting adhesives, the fillers range from silver flake to silver-coated fibers. For thermally conducting adhesives, the fillers range from aluminum oxide to boron nitride. We also discuss a specific type of electrically conducting adhesive–the z-axis film adhesive. In these adhesives, particles are oriented in such a fashion that allows conduction in the direction perpendicular to the adhesive, but not in the plane of the adhesive.
Mo-Si-B Alloys: Developing a Revolutionary Turbine-Engine Material
Authors: Dimiduk Dennis M. , Perepezko John H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article discusses three main points. First, ultrahigh-temperature materials offer a large return to the propulsion community and to the economy, but replacing Ni-based alloys is a very difficult problem for both technical and financial reasons. Second, the oxidation resistance of selected Mo-Si-B alloys and the prospects for combining this with useful structural properties are remarkable, given the nature of conventional Mo alloys; however, there are nagging issues associated with their low-temperature (∼700°C) behavior. Third, further advances in the processing of such materials, together with assessments of their affordability and reliability, are vital for achieving a successful engineering technology.
Design and Performance of Inkjet Print Heads for Non-Graphic-Arts Applications
Authors: Creagh Linda T. , McDonald Marlene 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInkjet print heads have become the dominant printing element for home and office printers; they have been a key driver forthe digitization of wide-format graphic arts printing and other printing areas as diverse as addressing and carton coding. In the past few years, inkjet print heads have begun to have an impact in areas outside the graphics arts. In these applications, the inkjet print head may be considered a manufacturing tool; this implies that it will differ in design depending on the application. Also, standards forreliability, consistency, and dependability will differ from those in graphic arts areas. Even though non-graphic-arts applications differ widely in their details, there are general considerations in terms of the systems that are required. Each nontraditional application has specific goals for manufacturing, and a unique inkjet print head designed to meet these goals may be required. This article focuses on a specific piezo-based inkjet print head that has been engineered to meet the manufacturing requirements for flat-panel displays basedon light-emitting polymeric materials.
Nanocomposite Hard Coatings for Wear Protection
Authors: Patscheider Jörg 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNanocomposite thin films successfully promote hardness, oxidation resistance, improved wear behavior, and other properties relevant for wear-reducing coatings. Such coatings are composed of nanocrystalline grains of transition-metal nitrides or carbides surrounded by an amorphous hard matrix. The properties of nanocomposite coatings, especially hardness, are directly linked to nanostructure. The codeposition of the amorphous and nanocrystalline phases of different compositions results in different morphologies, which in turn affect the coating's properties. A maximum hardness ranging from 30 GPa to reported values above 60 GPa has been observed for most nanocomposite coatings. To obtain enhanced hardness, the domain size of the nanocrystalline phase must be below 10 nm, while the thickness of the amorphous layer separating the nanocrystals must be maintained at only a few atomic bond lengths. The prime reason for the hardness enhancement is the absence of dislocation activity.
Manufacturing Nanocomposite Parts: Present Status and Future Challenges
Authors: Seal S. , Kuiry S.C. , Georgieva P. , Agarwal A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe promises of nanotechnology are mostly based upon the ability to produce nanostructured materials with novel properties. Nanocomposites are defined here as a class of materials that contain at least one phase with constituents in the nanometer domain. This article describes the present state of knowledge of the fabrication of nanocomposite materials, with special emphasis on plasma forming of bulk parts. Future challenges facing the development of methods for consolidating nanocomposites with retained nanostructures are also highlighted.
Scanning Probe Microscopy Measurements of Friction
Authors: Perry Scott S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article describes the details of scanning probe microscopy measurements of interfacial friction from an experimental perspective. In such studies, the probe tip is taken as a model of a single asperity within a tribological contact, and interfacial forces are measured as a function of the sliding contact of the probe tip with the surface. With appropriate detection schemes, friction and load forces can be monitored simultaneously and used together to describe the frictional properties of the microscopic contact. This article provides a detailed description of the procedures and protocols of friction measurements performed with scanning probe microscopy, the relevant properties of probe tips, and the influence of environment on microscopic friction measurements. In addition, the article provides a brief overview of several categories of friction studies performed with scanning probe microscopy, highlighting the type of materials characterized in these studies as well as the importance and impact of the microscopic measurements.
High-Performance YBCO-Coated Superconductor Wires
Authors: Paranthaman M. Parans , Izumi Teruo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis issue of MRS Bulletin provides an overview of the current status of research and development in the area of high-temperature superconductor (HTS) wires. High-temperature oxide superconductors, discovered in the late 1980s, are moving into the second generation of their development.The first generation relied on bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, and the second generation is based on yttrium barium copper oxide, which has the potential to be less expensive and to perform better.The potential uses of HTS wires for electric power applications include underground transmission cables, oil-free transformers, superconducting magnetic-energy storage units, fault-current limiters, high-efficiency motors, and compact generators.Wires of 10–100 m in length can now be made, but material and processing issues must be solved before an optimized production scheme can be achieved.This issue covers a range of processing techniques using energetic beams, rolling, and laser and chemical methods to form wires with good superconducting properties.
MOCVD-Based YBCO-Coated Conductors
Authors: Selvamanickam V. , Xie Y. , Reeves J. , Chen Y. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMetalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is a well-developed deposition process that shows great promise for scaling up the production of high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) to quickly fabricate useful lengths of superconducting tapes and wires.The primary advantage of MOCVD is its potential for high tape throughput, a key factor in determining the cost of second-generation HTS tapes.This article details progress in long-length HTS tape fabrication, high-throughput processing, and techniques to improve critical current levels in high magnetic fields.
Flash Memory Scaling
Authors: Fazio Al 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn order to meet technology scaling in the field of solid-state memory and data storage, the mainstream transistor-based flash technologies will start evolving to incorporate material and structural innovations. Dielectric scaling in nonvolatile memories is approaching the point where new approaches will be required to meet the scaling requirements while simultaneously meeting the reliability and performance requirements of future products. High-dielectric-constant materials are being explored as possible candidates to replace the traditional SiO2 and ONO (oxide/nitride/oxide) films used today in memory cells. Likewise, planar-based memory cell scaling is approaching the point where scaling constraints force exploration of new materials and nonplanar, three-dimensional scaling alternatives. This article will review the current status and discuss the approaches being explored to provide scaling solutions for future transistor floating-gate-based nonvolatile memory products. Based on the introduction of material innovations, it is expected that the planar transistor-based flash memory cells can scale through at least the end of the decade (2010) using techniques that are available today or projected to be available in the near future. More complex, structural innovations will be required to achieve further scaling.
Three-Dimensional X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy Using High-Energy X-Rays
Authors: Poulsen Henning F. , Jensen Dorte Juul , Vaughan Gavin B.M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThree-dimensional x-ray diffraction (3DXRD) microscopy is a tool for fast and nondestructive characterization of the individual grains, subgrains, and domains inside bulk materials. The method is based on diffraction with very penetrating hard x-rays (E ≥ 50 keV), enabling 3D studies of millimeter-to-centimeter-thick specimens.The position, volume, orientation, and elastic and plastic strain can be derived for hundreds of grains simultaneously. Furthermore, by applying novel reconstruction methods, 3D maps of the grain boundaries can be generated. The 3DXRD microscope in use at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, has a spatial resolution of ∼5 μm and can detect grains as small as 150 nm. The technique enables, for the first time, dynamic studies of the individual grains within polycrystalline materials. In this article, some fundamental materials science applications of 3DXRD are reviewed: studies of nucleation and growth kinetics during recrystallization, recovery, and phase transformations, as well as studies of polycrystal deformation.
Recent Advances in Methods of Forming Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Liu Jie , Fan Shoushan , Dai Hongjie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSince their discovery, carbon nanotubes, both single-walled and multiwalled, have been a focus in materials research. Fundamental research and application development hinge on high-quality nanotube materials and controlled routes to their organization and assembly. The aim of this article is to provide updated information on recent progress in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes.