bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Differences in the Incidence of Mesenchymal Tumors Associated with EWSR1 Translocation
Authors: Worch Jennifer , Cyrus Jobin , Goldsby Robert , Matthay Katherine K. , Neuhaus John , DuBois Steven G. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: The incidence of Ewing sarcoma varies by race, with very low rates among persons of African and East Asian ancestry. The incidence by race of other mesenchymal tumors that also harbor EWSR1 translocations has not been studied.
Methods: The SEER database was queried to find cases of mesenchymal tumors associated with EWSR1 translocations: Ewing sarcoma; clear cell sarcoma; extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma; myxoid liposarcoma; desmoplastic small round cell tumor; and myoepithelial tumor. Age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated for white, African American, and Asian/Native American populations and compared statistically.
Results: Ewing sarcoma was significantly less common in the African American and Asian/Native American populations compared with the white population, with incidence rate ratios of 0.12 (95% CI, 0.08–0.20; P &lt; 0.001) and 0.54 (95% CI, 0.41–0.69; P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor was significantly more common in the African American population compared with the white population (incidence rate ratio = 3.0; 95% CI, 1.62–5.49; P &lt; 0.001). Myxoid liposarcoma was significantly less common in the Asian/Native American population compared with the white population (incidence rate ratio = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56–0.92; P = 0.006). The incidence rates for extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, myoepithelial tumors, and clear cell sarcoma did not differ significantly by race.
Conclusions: Tumors associated with EWSR1 translocation are not uniformly more common in people of European ancestry.
Impact: The relationship between race and EWSR1 somatic translocation is complex. Future studies investigating the genetic epidemiology of EWSR1 translocated tumors are required. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(3); 449–53. ©2011 AACR.
Results from a Dose–Response Study Using 3,3′-Diindolylmethane in the K14-HPV16 Transgenic Mouse Model: Cervical Histology
Authors: Sepkovic Daniel W. , Stein Johann , Carlisle Antoine D. , Ksieski H. Barbara , Auborn Karen , Raucci Laura , Nyirenda Themba , Bradlow H. Leon 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The human papilloma virus is the major cause of cervical cancer. Viral infection initiates cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which progresses through several stages to cervical cancer. The objective of this study is to identify the minimum effective dose of diindolylmethane that prevents the progression from cervical dysplasia to carcinoma in situ. We document cervical histology in K14-HPV16 mice receiving different doses of diindolylmethane. Urinary diindolylmethane concentrations are reported. Diindolylmethane could enhance the efficacy of human papilloma virus vaccines, creating a new therapeutic use for these vaccines in women already infected with the virus. Five doses (0–2,500 ppm) of diindolylmethane were incorporated into each mouse diet. The reproductive tract was serially sectioned and urine was obtained for analysis of urinary diindolylmethane. The results indicate that 62% of mice receiving 1,000 ppm diindolylmethane remained dysplasia-free after 20 weeks compared with 16% of mice receiving no diindolylmethane and 18% receiving 500 ppm; 1,000 ppm of 3,3′-diindolylmethane in the diet completely suppressed the development of cervical cancer. Urinary diindolylmethane levels increased significantly as diindolylmethane in food increased. These findings imply usefulness for diindolylmethane in the search to prevent cervical cancer when used in combination with prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines. Cancer Prev Res; 4(6); 890–6. ©2011 AACR.
Viewpoint: Paradoxical excess mortality in the PLATO trial should be independently verified
Authors: Serebruany Victor 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe PLATO trial revealed excess all-cause (4.5%) and vascular (4.0%) mortality after experimental pyrimidine, ticagrelor, and even higher death rates (5.9% and 5.1%, respectively) after clopidogrel, which have never been seen in any previous acute coronary syndrome (ACS) trial. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted, and recently released the ticagrelor review outlining some paradoxical mortality patterns in PLATO, including the existence of alive patient, who initially was reported dead. The drug was recently approved in Europe, but repeatedly delayed in the USA. The objective of this viewpoint article was to evaluate extremely high death rates in PLATO by scrutinising FDA-released evidence, and comparing mortality patterns in recent ACS trials. These data were first presented as the analytical report submitted to the FDA on October 26, 2010. The available evidence suggest that mortality rates in PLATO, so as death benefit of ticagrelor over clopidogrel are extreme, despite incomplete follow-up, short duration of the trial, frequent preloading with clopidogrel, and gross mismatch between conventional average myocardial infarction rates but disproportionally frequent vascular fatalities, and heavily imbalanced sepsis-related deaths. In contrast to the overall PLATO results, the deaths rates in the USA were much lower (3.2% vs. 3.8%) not only favouring clopidogrel, but more importanly matching very well with identical rates in TRITON (3.2%), and one-year ACUITY (3.6%-3.9%) fatalities. Since the «play of chance» cannot explain these discrepancies due to excess death rates in both PLATO arms, and considering that study sponsor self-monitored sites in most countries, but not in the USA, the mortality data are questionable, and should be independently virified. It was concluded that excess mortality rates and delayed timing of the benefit onset in PLATO do not match with any recent ACS trial, and do not look natural. Reevaluation of the survival, especially driven from the several high-volume sponsor monitored sites in Eastern Europe may reveal discrepancies between those reported in PLATO and actual vital records. Future practice of self monitoring in pivotal indication-seeking clinical trials should be completely banned.
Left Ventricular Lead Position and Clinical Outcome in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial–Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT) Trial
Authors: Singh Jagmeet P. , Klein Helmut U. , Huang David T. , Reek Sven , Kuniss Malte , Quesada Aurelio , Barsheshet Alon , Cannom David , Goldenberg Ilan , McNitt Scott , Daubert James P. , Zareba Wojciech , Moss Arthur J. 
Published: March 2011

Background—
An important determinant of successful cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure is the position of the left ventricular (LV) pacing lead. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the LV lead position on outcome in patients randomized to cardiac resynchronization-defibrillation in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial–Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT) study.

Methods and Results—

The location of the LV lead was assessed by means of coronary venograms and chest x-rays recorded at the time of device implantation. The LV lead location was classified along the short axis into an anterior, lateral, or posterior position and along the long axis into a basal, midventricular, or apical region. The primary end point of MADIT-CRT was heart failure (HF) hospitalization or death, whichever came first. The LV lead position was assessed in 799 patients, (55% patients ≥65 years of age, 26% female, 10% LV ejection fraction ≤25%, 55% ischemic cardiomyopathy, and 71% left bundle-branch block) with a follow-up of 29±11 months. The extent of cardiac resynchronization therapy benefit was similar for leads in the anterior, lateral, or posterior position (
P
=0.652). The apical lead location compared with leads located in the nonapical position (basal or midventricular region) was associated with a significantly increased risk for heart failure/death (hazard ratio=1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 2.71;
P
=0.019) after adjustment for the clinical covariates. The apical lead position was also associated with an increased risk for death (hazard ratio=2.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.42 to 5.97;
P
=0.004).

Conclusion—
LV leads positioned in the apical region were associated with an unfavorable outcome, suggesting that this lead location should be avoided in cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00180271.
Vows as Contract in Ottoman Public Life (17th-18th centuries)
Authors: Canbakal Hülya 
Published: March 2011

AbstractStarting sometime in the seventeenth century, vows (nezir, Ar. nadhr) began to be used in the central lands of the Ottoman Empire as a means to seal contracts of a public nature. Although these vows were similar to the more common and older forms of customary compacts that also pertained to public matters, vows had a better defined status in sharia and could entail worldly liability in addition to moral/religious obligation. Using court records and fatwa collections, I argue that vows exemplified the expansion of legality and control of the state over custom and morality, as well as the recognition of a customary device of contract and its penetration into the legal sphere. On a secondary level, I also provide new material on contemporary political culture and the question of legal pluralism in the Ottoman context.
The Implications of Unbelief: Tracing the Emergence of Distinctively Shi˛i Notions Regarding the Food and Impurity of Non-Muslims
Authors: Freidenreich David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe distinctively Shi˛i conception of non-Muslims as bearers of a contagious form of impurity emerges gradually, reaching its classical form only in the 5th/11th century. Contrary to common scholarly presumptions, Q. 9.28 does not constitute the point of origin for this conception but rather serves as retroactive justification for its validity. This essay utilizes Hadīth collections and works of law from the 2nd/8th through 5th/11th centuries to trace the emergence of Shi˛i notions regarding the impurity of non-Muslims and the parallel emergence of distinctively Shi˛i norms regarding the meat of animals slaughtered by non-Muslims. It concludes by suggesting that the differences between Sunni and Shi˛i notions regarding the food and impurity of nonMuslims reflect the different ways in which Sunnis and Shi˛i conceive of the Islamic community itself.
An Athenian Tradition of Dactylic Paeans to Apollo and Asclepius: Choral Degeneration or a Flexible System of Non-Strophic Dactyls?
Authors: Faraone C.A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe different epigraphic versions of the so-called Erythraean Paean date from the early fourth century BCE to the mid-second century CE and are generally thought to trace the degeneration of an original monostrophic lyric poem attested in the eponymous late-classical version. I argue that such an approach is inadequate and that the later versions of this poem are witnesses to a hitherto unappreciated genre of paean to Apollo and Asclepius composed almost entirely in dactyls and organized into segments of varying length, which generally begin with a dactylic tetrameter and end with a version of the traditional paeonic cry (the so-called epiphthegma): Παιν or Παιν. The space between the opening tetrameter and the closing cry can, however, accommodate between four to eight additional dactylic feet. The late Hellenistic paean composed in Athens by Macedonicus of Amphipolis is yet another witness to this tradition, which probably dates back at least as early as a famous—albeit almost entirely lost—paean of Sophocles and is reflected in the first two strophes of the parodos of his Oedipus Rex.
Conversation in the Succession Narrative of Solomon
Authors: Willis Joyce 
Published: March 2011

AbstractReading 1 Kings 1-2, the account of the succession of Solomon, one is left with a strange impression. On the one hand, in its current telling and context it clearly seeks to offer a favourable account of the process. On the other hand, one just has to scratch the surface of this story to see an underlying and less favourable account. The paper notes the importance role that private conversations play in the story to argue that an earlier telling of the story was largely fabricated by a party opposed to the Davidic monarchy and Solomon in particular. According to this telling, a cloud stood over Solomon’s legitimacy; David was hoodwinked by Nathan and Bathsheba into believing that he had made an earlier promise that Solomon would succeed; Solomon came to the throne by means of a palace coup; Abishag was not David’s concubine and Adonijah’s request for her was quite innocent; however, his approach and private conversation with Bathsheba was manipulated by Solomon and his supporters to remove significant personal opponents.
Taking Tea Parties Seriously: Corporate Globalization, Populism, and Resentment
Authors: Berlet Chip 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe emergence of the Tea Party Movement after the election of President Barack Obama is the result of increasing anxieties, fears, and anger in a predominantly White middle class and working class constituency. Starting as a project of elite conservative strategists, the Tea Party movement quickly developed an actual mass base, and turned into the type of right-wing populist movement seen previously throughout US history. This article uses a social movement theory approach to explain the Tea Parties and considers how race, gender, and class dynamics are shifted toward the scapegoating of liberals, people of color, immigrants, and other targets.
Mission in a Post Modern World: Issues of Language and Dependency in Post-Colonial Africa
Authors: Harries Jim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe communication revolution has made texts and languages available to people who, it is here suggested, might not have the cultural components needed to use them in the same way as native speakers. Introduced languages have in much of Africa eclipsed indigenous knowledge from opportunity for home grown development. Africans flocking to Western languages supported by numerous Western subsidies, leaves African ways of life concealed from the West. Western languages can be used to undermine the West. The inadequacy of English in Africa is illustrated by the contrast between the holistic and dualistic worldviews; English being dualistic is a poor means for expressing African holism. This makes the use of English in and for Africa inherently confusing. It is proposed that indigenous development be encouraged through challenging and encouraging African theology on its own terms, by encouraging some Western missionaries to use African languages and resources in their task.
Bombus canariensis Pérez, 1895 n.stat and B. maderensis n.sp. from the Macaronesian Islands
Authors: Erlandsson Stellan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractJ. Pérez (1895) described Bombus terrestris var. canariensis. This variety now is found to represent a separate species; with reference to the Code article 45:3d (1961) the name Bombus canariensis Pérez, 1895 n.stat. is used. On the Island of Madeira Bombus maderensis n.sp. of the B. terrestris-group was collected in Funchal. It is described and figured here.
A catalogue of type-species in the family Silphidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Madge Ronald 
Published: March 2011

AbstractComplete type-species citations are presented for genus-group names in the beetle family Silphidae. Type designations are made for two names, Hyponecrodes Kraatz and Parasilpha Reitter, and new synonymy is proposed for the type-species of Oxelytrum Gistel.
Tracheal patterns in larval Chironomidae (Diptera, Nematocera)
Authors: Goetz Gregory 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe tracheal systems of 142 chironomid larvae (42 species) were examined. These tracheal patterns showed considerable variation, both between subfamilies, and within a particular subfamily. The dorsal trunks, lateral trunks, dorsal anastomoses, and subcuticular tracheation were the major tracheal components examined in this study. Orthocladiinae, Diamesinae and Tanypodinae larvae exhibit the most extensive tracheal systems differing mainly in the placement of anastomoses. In some Podonominae species the tracheal system extends only to abdominal segment 8, where the trunks merge to form an open spiracle. Other podonomines, though not examined, are apneustic. The Chironominae tracheal system appears to extend the entire length of the larva, but only certain portions of it are filled with air. In Tanytarisini air is present in the thoracic tracheae and the terminal abdominal tracheae. In some Chironomini, air is present only in the thoracic tracheae, while other members of this tribe exhibit the 'Tanytarsini' pattern. The phylogeny of the Chironomidae, and the effects of environmental factors on the tracheal system are discussed.
Obstacles and opportunities: recent Kurdish struggles for political representation and participation in Turkey
Authors: Özdoğan Günay Göksu , Ersanlı Büşra 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHaving gone through different phases of political action and facing various forms of suppression by the state, the Kurdish movement from 1990's persisted in establishing legal parties despite recurrent bans by the Constitutional Court. In the 2007 national elections DTP (after its ban the BDP) running as independent candidates formed a group in the Parliament which was followed by an extensive regional representation in eastern and southeastern Turkey in local elections of 2009. At the three levels of political activity (parliament, local government, civil society) the extent of women's presence exceeds well over the general percentage in Turkey while various civil society organizations at both the national and regional levels lend support for extension of minority/human rights. Although the new legal and political reforms as of early 2000's in line with Turkey's bid for accession to the EU have opened up a new venue for legitimization of Kurdish identity and recognition of various cultural, civil and cultural rights, strictness of the electoral law impedes fair representation and certain discriminatory attitudes and practices still persist in the civil and military bureaucracy, mass media and political parties in contention. Whether Kurdish participation in Turkey's politics will fare in 'normal' terms in the future is largely dependent on Turkey's democratization process in which the Kurdish politicians' claims to function as a non-regional Turkey party constitute an important but only one of the impacting factors, e.g., rehabilitation of the PKK, decentralization and empowerment of local government, extension of human rights, and a non-exclusionary definition of Turkish identity.
Southern High-Latitude Ocean Climate Drift in a Coupled Model
Authors: Cai Wenju , Gordon Hal B. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Climate drift in coupled models affects the response of the coupled system to an external forcing. In most existing coupled models that employ flux adjustments, the southern high latitudes, in particular, are still affected by some climate drift. In the CSIRO coupled model, within 100 years following coupling, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) intensifies by about 30 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). This happens despite the use of flux adjustments. Many other model fields such as sea ice, surface albedo, and heat fluxes of the coupled system also experience drift from the precoupled spinup states. It is therefore important to study the processes that give rise to these drifts.
The primary cause of drift in the CSIRO model is due to changes in the pattern of convection in the Southern Ocean relative to the spinup steady state. Upon coupling, the pattern of convection alters systematically regardless of surface boundary conditions. Consequently, overturning at shallow to intermediate depths (from the surface to about 2000 m) weakens, while that below these depths intensifies. The decline of overturning at shallow to intermediate depths leads to reduced surface temperatures because a lesser amount of warm subsurface water is mixed up into the colder surface mixed layer. The cooler surface temperature leads to an initial increase in sea ice, which is exacerbated by a significant albedo–temperature–sea ice feedback. The resulting increase in sea ice formation at the higher southern latitudes leads to increased brine rejection and a general increase in salinity throughout much of the high-latitude water column. This increase in salinity intensifies deep convection and bottom water formation, driving a stronger ACC.
Several additional experiments are performed to trace various oceanic and ocean–atmosphere feedbacks that give the drift its character. It is demonstrated that the feedbacks significant to the drift in the present model are the positive albedo–temperature–sea ice feedback and a negative feedback between sea ice and overturning. The role of these two feedbacks in the interconnection between the drifts in various model fields is discussed.
Parameterization for Cloud Longwave Scattering for Use in Atmospheric Models
Authors: Chou Ming-Dah , Lee Kyu-Tae , Tsay Si-Chee , Fu Qiang 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A parameterization for the scattering of thermal infrared (longwave) radiation by clouds has been developed based on discrete-ordinate multiple-scattering calculations. The effect of backscattering is folded into the emission of an atmospheric layer and the absorption between levels by scaling the cloud optical thickness. The scaling is a function of the single-scattering albedo and asymmetry factor. For wide ranges of cloud particle size, optical thickness, height, and atmospheric conditions, flux errors induced by the parameterization are small. They are &lt;4 W m−2 (2%) in the upward flux at the top of the atmosphere and &lt;2 W m−2 (1%) in the downward flux at the surface. Compared to the case that scattering by clouds is neglected, the flux errors are more than a factor of 2 smaller. The maximum error in cooling rate is ≈8%, which occurs at the top of clouds, as well as at the base of high clouds where the difference between the cloud and surface temperatures is large.
With the scaling approximation, radiative transfer equations for a cloudy atmosphere are identical with those for a clear atmosphere, and the difficulties in applying a multiple-scattering algorithm to a partly cloudy atmosphere (assuming homogeneous clouds) are avoided. The computational efficiency is practically the same as that for a clear atmosphere. The parameterization represents a significant reduction in one source of the errors involved in the calculation of longwave cooling in cloudy atmospheres.