bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of genomic DNA sequences for beta-tubulin isotype 1 from multiple species of cyathostomin and detection of resistance alleles in third-stage larvae from horses with naturally acquired infections
Authors: Lake Sarah L , Matthews Jacqueline B , Kaplan Ray M , Hodgkinson Jane E 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Genetic resistance against benzimidazole (BZ) anthelmintics is widespread in cyathostomins, the commonest group of intestinal parasitic nematodes of horses. Studies of BZ-resistant nematodes of sheep, particularly Haemonchus contortus, have indicated that an anthelmintic resistance-conferring T/A polymorphism, encoding an F (phenylalanine) to Y (tyrosine) substitution, in beta-tubulin isotype 1 is present at two loci, codons 167 and 200 (F167Y, F200Y). Recent studies using complementary (c) DNA derived from BZ-susceptible and -resistant cyathostomins identified statistical differences in the frequency of the BZ-resistant A allele at these loci. However, the lack of high-throughput genomic DNA-based detection of polymorphisms limits the study of eggs or larvae from field isolates. In the present study, we report genomic DNA sequences for beta-tubulin isotype 1 from multiple cyathostomin species, thus facilitating the development of pyrosequencing assays to genetically characterize third-stage larvae (L3s) of cyathostomins from mixed-species field isolates.

Results
Sequence analysis of the beta-tubulin isotype 1 gene in a common species, Cylicocyclus nassatus, indicates a revised genomic structure to published data, revealing that codons 167 and 200 are located on separate exons. A consensus sequence was generated from 91 and 76 individual cyathostomins for the regions spanning codons 167 and 200, respectively. A multi-species genomic DNA-based assay was established to directly pyrosequence individual L3 from field samples of unknown species and BZ sensitivity in a 96-well plate. In this format, the assay to detect F167Y gave a 50-90% success rate. The optimisation of the assay at codon 200 is currently underway. Subsequently, the genotype at F167Y was determined for 241 L3s, collected prior to and after BZ treatment. These results demonstrated a reduction in the heterozygous genotype, TTC/TAC, and an increase in the homozygous resistant genotype TAC/TAC in post-treatment samples. However, the differences in allele frequencies determined before and after BZ treatment were not statistically significant.

Conclusion
Extensive genomic DNA sequence, spanning codons 167 and 200 of the beta-tubulin isotype 1 gene, was generated from multiple cyathostomin species. The data facilitated the development of a pyrosequencing assay, capable of detecting the genotype of individual cyathostomin L3s derived from mixed-species field samples. Differences in codon 167 allele frequencies were observed in L3s isolated pre- and post-BZ treatment.
Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium
Authors: Stabler Richard A , He Miao , Dawson Lisa , Martin Melissa , Valiente Esmeralda , Corton Craig , Lawley Trevor D , Sebaihia Mohammed , Quail Michael A , Rose Graham , Gerding Dale N , Gibert Maryse , Popoff Michel R , Parkhill Julian , Dougan Gordon , Wren Brendan W 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background
The continued rise of Clostridium difficile infections worldwide has been accompanied by the rapid emergence of a highly virulent clone designated PCR-ribotype 027. To understand more about the evolution of this virulent clone, we made a three-way genomic and phenotypic comparison of an 'historic' non-epidemic 027 C. difficile (CD196), a recent epidemic and hypervirulent 027 (R20291) and a previously sequenced PCR-ribotype 012 strain (630).

Results
Although the genomes are highly conserved, the 027 genomes have 234 additional genes compared to 630, which may contribute to the distinct phenotypic differences we observe between these strains relating to motility, antibiotic resistance and toxicity. The epidemic 027 strain has five unique genetic regions, absent from both the non-epidemic 027 and strain 630, which include a novel phage island, a two component regulatory system and transcriptional regulators.

Conclusions
A comparison of a series of 027 isolates showed that some of these genes appeared to have been gained by 027 strains over the past two decades. This study provides genetic markers for the identification of 027 strains and offers a unique opportunity to explain the recent emergence of a hypervirulent bacterium.
A murine model of myeloma that allows genetic manipulation of the host microenvironment
Authors: Fowler Jessica A. , Mundy Gregory R. , Lwin Seint T. , Lynch Conor C. , Edwards Claire M. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYMultiple myeloma, and the associated osteolytic bone disease, is highly dependent upon cellular interactions within the bone marrow microenvironment. A major limitation of existing myeloma models is the requirement for a specific host strain of mouse, preventing molecular examination of the bone marrow microenvironment. The aim of the current study was to develop a model of myeloma in which the host microenvironment could be modified genetically. The Radl 5T murine model of myeloma is well characterized and closely mimics human myeloma. In the current study, we demonstrate 5T myeloma establishment in recombination activating gene 2 (RAG-2)-deficient mice, which have improper B- and T-cell development. Importantly, these mice can be easily bred with genetically modified mice to generate double knockout mice, allowing manipulation of the host microenvironment at a molecular level. Inoculation of 5TGM1 myeloma cells into RAG-2−/− mice resulted in myeloma development, which was associated with tumor growth within bone and an osteolytic bone disease, as assessed by microcomputed tomography (microCT), histology and histomorphometry. Myeloma-bearing RAG-2−/− mice displayed many features that were similar to both human myeloma and the original Radl 5T model. To demonstrate the use of this model, we have examined the effect of host-derived matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in the development of myeloma in vivo. Inoculation of 5TGM1 myeloma cells into mice that are deficient in RAG-2 and MMP-9 resulted in a reduction in both tumor burden and osteolytic bone disease when compared with RAG-2-deficient wild-type myeloma-bearing mice. The establishment of myeloma in RAG-2−/− mice permits molecular examination of the host contribution to myeloma pathogenesis in vivo.
Episodic ataxia type 1 mutations differentially affect neuronal excitability and transmitter release
Authors: Heeroma Joost H. , Henneberger Christian , Rajakulendran Sanjeev , Hanna Michael G. , Schorge Stephanie , Kullmann Dimitri M. 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYHeterozygous mutations of KCNA1, the gene encoding potassium channel Kv1.1 subunits, cause episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1), which is characterized by paroxysmal cerebellar incoordination and interictal myokymia. Some mutations are also associated with epilepsy. Although Kv1.1-containing potassium channels play important roles in neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release, it is not known how mutations associated with different clinical features affect the input-output relationships of individual neurons. We transduced rat hippocampal neurons, which were cultured on glial micro-islands, with lentiviruses expressing wild-type or mutant human KCNA1, and injected either depolarizing currents to evoke action potentials or depolarizing voltage commands to evoke autaptic currents. α-Dendrotoxin and tetraethylammonium allowed a pharmacological dissection of potassium currents underlying excitability and neurotransmission. Overexpression of wild-type Kv1.1 decreased both neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release. By contrast, the C-terminus-truncated R417stop mutant, which is associated with severe drug-resistant EA1, had the opposite effect: increased excitability and release probability. Another mutant, T226R, which is associated with EA1 that is complicated by contractures and epilepsy, had no detectable effect on neuronal excitability; however, in common with R417stop, it markedly enhanced neurotransmitter release. The results provide direct evidence that EA1 mutations increase neurotransmitter release, and provide an insight into mechanisms underlying the phenotypic differences that are associated with different mutations.
Effects of Base Support and Load Transfer Efficiency (LTE) on Portland Concrete Pavement Performance
Authors: Chen Dar-Hao , Lin Huang-Hsiung 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This paper presents the results of seven field investigations (US59, IH20, SH342, US75, US90, MLK Blvd., and US96) to identify the underlying causes of settling and irregular cracking in Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement. Settling and cracking are not intended, and they are detrimental to the long-term performance of PCC pavement. The falling weight deflectometer and dynamic cone penetrometer were utilized to characterize the load transfer efficiency (LTE) and base support conditions. It was found that when there is adequate base support (e.g., a modulus&gt;345 MPa), the irregular cracks remain tight even after decades of truck trafficking, as evident in the IH20 and MLK projects. Irregular cracks on these projects were caused by late or too-shallow saw cutting. In areas that had 50 % lower base moduli, the cracks typically grew to about 57 mm. The subsidence and settling on US59 and US75 were observed in the areas with LTE in the range of 40 %. Tie bars were found to be ruptured in those areas. When LTE exceeds 80 %, the tie bar was intact and no settling was observed. The maximum deflections were approximately eight to ten times higher in the area with settling than the area without settling. It is because the low load transfer efficacy would lead to higher deflection under truck trafficking. The high deflection would initiate pumping and then settling. Despite severe spalling observed before the overlay on US96, the stone-mastic asphalt overlay is now 5 years old, and no visible cracks can be observed. This is because of the high LTE (exceeding 85 %) and sufficient base support (modulus exceeding 1378 MPa). The results from the seven projects investigated indicate that base support and LTE play a critical role in concrete pavement performance. To minimize the cracking and settling, it is preferable to have a base modulus and LTE exceeding 345 MPa and 80 %, respectively.
Evaluation of Engineering Properties of Rubberized Laboratory Mixes Containing Warm Mix Additives
Authors: Akisetty Chandra K. , Lee Soon-Jae , Rogers Will , Amirkhanian Serji N. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) refers to technologies which allow a significant reduction of mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt mixes. From previous studies, it is observed that warm mix additives work in different ways, either in reducing the viscosity of the asphalt binder or allowing better workability of the asphalt mix at lower temperatures through volume expansion in the binder. If the technologies of WMA are incorporated into rubberized asphalt mixes, which are generally produced and compacted at higher temperature than conventional mixes, it is possible to reduce the mixing and compaction temperatures of rubberized mixes to those of conventional mixes. This paper presents a limited study that characterizes the engineering properties of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) mixtures containing warm mix additives. Six CRM mixtures (two of control mixtures and four of warm mixtures) were prepared using two aggregate sources and two additives: Aspha-min® and Sasobit®. Evaluation of all mixtures included the following testing procedures: tensile strength ratio, asphalt pavement analyzer, resilient modulus, and resilient modulus after long-term oven aging. The results from this study showed that in general, there was no significant difference between the control and warm CRM mixtures for the properties evaluated in this study, indicating that the use of WMA technologies into CRM mixes is expected to have no negative effect on the mixture’s engineering properties.
Position Reporting Error of Intelligent Compaction and Continuous Compaction Control Roller-Measured Soil Properties
Authors: Facas Norman W. , Mooney Michael A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A field investigation was conducted with four intelligent compaction/continuous compaction control rollers to characterize the spatial reporting of vibratory roller-measured soil properties and to investigate global positioning system (GPS)-based position reporting error. The key reporting characteristics examined include the spatial resolution of roller measurement values (MVs) and the volume/area reflected in each MV. Each vibration-based roller MV investigated is a reflection of soil properties over spatial dimensions that vary across manufacturers. The reporting resolution of roller MVs also varied across manufacturers. Three sources of GPS-determined position error were observed, namely, (1) accuracy of GPS, (2) unaccounted for physical offset of roller-mounted GPS receiver from the drum center, and (3) the spatial averaging of vibration data during roller MV calculation coupled with possible computational latency. The physical offset error was found to be as great as 1.0–2.0 m, while the error due to spatial averaging of vibration data coupled with latency ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 m. Both of these errors are significant but can be estimated and corrected by using a validation procedure described in the paper. Left uncorrected, these errors have a significant adverse effect on the analysis and interpretation of roller MV data when used in quality control/quality assurance specifications.
Provenance and Impact of Complex Event Processing (CEP): A Retrospective ViewUrsprung und Bedeutung von Complex Event Processing (CEP): eine retrospektive Sicht
Authors: Chakravarthy Sharma , Adaikkalavan Raman 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This paper retrospectively outlines the progress of event-based capability over the last three decades. It further briefly elaborates the impact of this technology and how it has been adapted for a variety of domains and applications. Although research on event-based approaches started in a humble manner with the intention of introducing triggers in database management systems for monitoring application state and to automate applications by reducing/eliminating user intervention, currently it has become a force to reckon with as it finds use in many diverse domains. This is primarily due to the fact that a large number of real-world applications are indeed event-driven for which this paradigm is the most appropriate.
The PADRES Event Processing Network: Uniform Querying of Past and Future EventsDas PADRES Ereignisverarbeitungsnetzwerk: Einheitliche Anfragen auf Ereignisse der Vergangenheit und Zukunft
Authors: Jacobsen Hans-Arno , Muthusamy Vinod , Li Guoli 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This paper outlines requirements and sketches techniques for introducing to the publish/subscribe model the capability to uniformly access data produced in the past and future. The new model can filter, aggregate, correlate and project any combination of historic and future data. A flexible architecture is presented consisting of distributed and replicated data repositories that can be provisioned in ways to tradeoff availability, storage overhead, query overhead, query delay, load distribution, parallelism, redundancy and locality.
Event Correlation in Heterogeneous EnvironmentsEreigniskorrelation in heterogenen Umgebungen
Authors: Schilling Björn , Pletat Udo , Rothermel Kurt 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Complex event processing (CEP) is an emerging software technology for detecting business-relevant situations in streams of events and for providing these detected situations to business processes that are interested in it. While currently CEP-systems are mostly deployed within a single business domain at a limited scale, the cooperative nature of business applications gives reason that complex event processing will soon address multiple business domains and involve an increasingly large number of business events. In order to ensure interoperability as well as efficient utilization of processing and network capability, we motivate the need for heterogeneous correlation technology in the context of business applications. In this article we give an overview of the project “Distributed heterogeneous event processing” (DHEP) involving the IBM Böblingen lab and the Universität Stuttgart, where this need is adressed. The key aspect of the project is the deployment of collections of event correlation rules to a network of heterogeneous event correlation engines. We give an overview of challenges and possible solutions for the dynamic configuration of such environments and present our architecture which supports network-wide cooperation between different correlation engines.
Short-term treatment with olanzapine does not modulate gut hormone secretion: olanzapine disintegrating versus standard tablets
Authors: Vidarsdottir Solrun , Roelfsema Ferdinand , Streefland Trea , Holst Jens J , Rehfeld Jens F , Pijl Hanno 
Published: September 2009

BackgroundTreatment with olanzapine (atypical antipsychotic drug) is frequently associated with various metabolic anomalies, including obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Recent data suggest that olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets (ODT), which dissolve instantaneously in the mouth, might cause less weight gain than olanzapine standard oral tablets (OST).Design and methodsTen healthy men received olanzapine ODT (10 mg o.d., 8 days), olanzapine OST (10 mg o.d., 8 days), or no intervention in a randomized crossover design. At breakfast and dinner, blood samples were taken for measurement of pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, total glucagon, total ghrelin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations.ResultsWith the exception of pre- and postprandial concentration of ghrelin at dinner and preprandial CCK concentrations at breakfast, which were all slightly increased (respectivelyP=0.048,P=0.034 andP=0.042), olanzapine did not affect gut hormone concentrations. Thus, olanzapine ODT and OST had similar effects on gut hormone secretion.ConclusionShort-term treatment with olanzapine does not have major impact on the plasma concentration of gut hormones we measured in healthy men. Moreover, despite pharmacological difference, gut hormone concentrations are similar during treatment with olanzapine ODT and OST. The capacity of olanzapine to induce weight gain and diabetes is unlikely to be caused by modulation of the secretion of gut hormones measured here. We cannot exclude the possibility that olanzapine's impact on other gut hormones, to impair insulin sensitivity and stimulate weight gain, exists.
Injection Strategies To Overcome Gravity Segregation in Simultaneous Gas and Water Injection Into Homogeneous Reservoirs
Authors: Rossen W.R.. R. , van Duijn C.J.. J. , Nguyen Q.P.. P. , Shen C.. , Vikingstad A.K.. K. 
Published: September 2009

Summary
We extend a model for gravity segregation in steady-state gas/water injection into homogeneous reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). A new equation relates the distance gas and water flow together directly to injection pressure, independent of fluid mobilities or injection rate. We consider three additional cases: coinjection of gas and water over only a portion of the formation interval, injection of water above gas over the entire formation interval, and injection of water and gas in separate zones well separated from each other.
If gas and water are injected at fixed total volumetric rates, the horizontal distance to the point of complete segregation is the same, whether gas and water are coinjected over all or any portion of the formation interval. At fixed injection pressure, the deepest penetration of mixed gas and water flow is expected when fluids are injected along the entire formation interval.
At fixed total injection rate, injection of water above gas gives deeper penetration before complete segregation than does coinjection, but again exactly where the two fluids are injected does not affect the distance to the point of segregation. At fixed injection pressure, injection of water above gas is predicted to give deeper penetration before complete segregation. When injection pressure is limited, the best strategy for simultaneous injection of both phases from a vertical well would be to inject gas at the bottom of the reservoir and water over the rest of the reservoir height, with the ratio of the injection intervals adjusted to maximize overall injectivity.
The 2D model applies equally to gas/water flow and to foam, and to injection of water above gas from separate intervals of a vertical well or from two parallel horizontal wells, as long as injection is uniform along each horizontal well. Sample computer simulations for foam injection agree well with the model predictions if numerical dispersion is controlled.
Biometrics of Juvenile Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) Migrating in Autumn Through the Puck Bay Region (N Poland)
Authors: Meissner Włodzimierz , Zięcik Piotr 
Published: September 2009

Biometrics of Juvenile Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) Migrating in Autumn Through the Puck Bay Region (N Poland)
Between 1983 and 2001, altogether 593 juvenile Ruffs were caught and measured during autumn migration in Puck Bay region. The wing length is the best predictor of sex in juvenile Ruffs. Relatively small differences between sexes in bill and nalospi length imply that males and females forage in a similar manner. However, longer legs in males allow them to forage in deeper water than females.
The comparison of biometrics of juvenile Ruffs caught in different regions indicates that Ruffs from western populations are larger than their conspecifics breeding farther to the east. Slight decrease of mean measurements within the season in juveniles trapped in Puck Bay suggests that Ruffs from more western breeding areas pass study area earlier followed by birds originating further east.
Body mass adjusted for the size increased significantly along the season in males and in females. Thus, similarly to some other juvenile waders, Ruffs that stopped in Puck Bay region migrated with small energetic reserves. However, later migrating birds of both sexes had larger energetic stores than earlier migrants, which could allow them to make longer nonstop flights.
The genetics of sporadic ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a genetic meta-analysis of 8 genes and 13 polymorphisms in approximately 20,000 individuals
Authors: McColgan Peter , Thant Kyaw Zayar , Sharma Pankaj 
Published: September 2009

Object
Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are thought to have a multifactorial origin. The authors undertook a comprehensive meta-analysis on all genes investigated using a case-control model in ruptured (subarachnoid hemorrhage) and unruptured aneurysms.

Methods
Electronic databases were searched until and including July 2008 for any candidate gene studied in IA or subarachnoid hemorrhage using a case-control model. The ORs and 95% CIs were determined for each gene-disease association using fixed and random effect models.

Results
Thirty studies of 8 genes and 13 polymorphisms were analyzed among 19,961 individuals (6622 cases and 13,339 controls). Two genes and 3 polymorphisms were associated with IA. The eNOS gene T786C polymorphism (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.0–1.54; p = 0.05) and IL-6 gene G572C polymorphism (OR 7.08, 95% CI 2.85–17.57; p < 0.0001) both showed a significant association with ruptured/unruptured IA. The IL-6/G174C polymorphism exerted a significant protective effect against IA (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.25–0.95; p = 0.04). The other candidate genes investigated (ACE, endoglin, APOE, elastin, MMP-3, and SERPINA3) showed no significant associations.

Conclusions
There is a likely genetic basis to sporadic IAs. However, the evidence base is small when compared against other complex disorders.