bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylene Production in Soil Containing Quackgrass Rhizomes and Other Plant Materials
Authors: Harvey R. G. , Linscott J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEthylene was generated in the presence of quackgrass rhizomes [Agropyrou repens (L.) Beauv.] resulting in concentrations as high as 6.4 µliter/liter when rhizomes were incubated in sealed vials and 14.3 µliters/liter in waterlogged soil. These levels exceeded those previously shown to inhibit growth of crop plants. Reduced ethylene production following sterilization of rhizomes and soil demonstrated that microorganisms were actually responsible. Ethylene was also generated in the presence of other plant materials and by field soil alone. Fresh and dried quackgrass rhizomes were equally effective in producing ethylene. Significant concentrations of ethylene were not observed under aerobic soil conditions in the field. Ethylene production from quackgrass tissue as a result of microbial activity in the soil may be partially responsible for alleged allelopathic effects of the weed, but would probably only occur when soils are excessively wet or if physical soil properties produced anaerobic conditions.
Acid Tolerance of Rhizobia in Culture and in Symbiosis with Cowpea
Authors: Keyser H. H. , Munns D. N. , Hohenberg J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn greenhouse trials, 21 strains of slow‐growing rhizobia were tested for symbiotic effectiveness and ability to nodulate three varieties of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp., in two Ultisol subsoil samples, each adjusted to pH 4.6 and pH 6.0–6.2.The results confirmed that cowpea rhizobia contain a large and perhaps continuous variation in symbiotic tolerance of soil acidity. Some strains combined tolerance with high effectiveness.Laboratory testing, based on ability of rhizobia to grow in acid (pH 4.5) liquid media containing Al (50 µM), successfully identified about 65% of the strains that proved symbiotically sensitive in the greenhouse trials. No highly tolerant effective strain was misidentified as sensitive. Similar simple rapid growth tests, appropriately modified, might prove useful for screening other groups of rhizobia.
Soil Compaction from Logging with a Low‐Ground Pressure Skidder in the Oregon Coast Ranges
Authors: Sidle R. C. , Drlica D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreased bulk density of a clay loam soil on logging skid trails in the Oregon Coast Ranges was most highly correlated with the logarithm of the number of turns with a low‐ground pressure (FMC) skidder. The surface 15 cm of soil was impacted more by uphill than by downhill yarding. Downhill skid trails with three or fewer turns had small increases in bulk density, usually < 10%. The regression relationship (r2 = 0.411; Sy·x = 23.16) developed for the 7.5‐cm depth indicated that nine turns with an FMC skidder would increase soil bulk density approximately 25 and 45% for downhill and uphill yarding, respectively. After approximately 18 turns with an FMC skidder, the predicted bulk density increase at the 22.5‐cm soil depth was 25% (±5% at α = 0.1). Modified 10‐blow Proctor tests slightly overestimated increases of soil bulk density on high‐use downhill skid trails. The 15‐ and 10‐blow Proctor tests very closely estimated these density increases for the 7.5‐ and 15‐cm depths, respectively, for uphill skidding.
Method to Measure Soil Pores Outside the Range of Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter
Authors: Olson K. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method was developed to extend the pore size measurement range of the Hg intrusion porosimeter. Normally, the pore size diameters and corresponding volumes that can be measured are limited by the minimum pressure necessary to fill the sample chamber with Hg and by the maximum pressure that can be applied through the porosimeter. By comparing Saran coated clod bulk densities to a density measured at the minimum porosimeter pressure, the volume of large pores can be estimated. The volume of pores smaller than the ones that can be directly measured by intrusion porosimetry are calculated by comparing the difference between the sample density measured at the maximum porosimeter pressure and the solid particle density. The volume of Hg intruded into the soil can be used as a direct measure of the pore volume between the maximum and minimum pore size diameters. The volume of solids can be calculated by dividing the oven‐dried sample weight by the soil particle density, taken here as 2.65 Mg m−3. The volume of solids and three pore size class volumes can then be added together to calculate the total volume of soil solids and pores.
Vadose‐Zone Techniques for Estimating Groundwater Recharge in Arid and Semiarid Regions
Authors: Allison G. B. , Gee G. W. , Tyler S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBoth physical and chemical methods have been used to estimate recharge in arid and semiarid areas. Our review indicates that indirect, physical approaches, such as water balance and Darcy flux measurements, are the least successful, while methods using tracers (e.g., Cl, 3H, and 36Cl) have been the most successful in estimating ground‐water recharge in dry regions. Lysimeters, which can directly measure root‐zone drainage, have been useful in quantifying recharge, particularly for coarse soils, but are costly to construct and operate. Of the tracer techniques available, Cl balance techniques appear to be the simplest, least expensive, and most universal for recharge estimation. In Australian studies, under native vegetation in semiarid areas, Cl profiles were found to be remarkably uniform, indicating very low and relatively uniform rates of groundwater recharge. Following changes in land use, recharge appeared to become much more variable, increasing more than two orders of magnitude. Methods for scaling point estimates of recharge to large areas using indirect techniques (such as nondestructive electromagnetic induction) have also been developed. In deep unsaturated zones, the pressure response in the soil water may be recorded in the profile, and simple field measurements may be used to obtain semi‐independent verification of recharge rates determined by using Cl balance techniques.
Differential Availability of Manure and Inorganic Sources of Phosphorus in Soil
Authors: Sharpley Andrew N. , Sisak Istvan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs little information is available on whether differences in the availability of manure and fertilizer P in soil exist, manure management recommendations are being based on fertilizer response. Thus, the availability of P (as Fe‐oxide strip P) from poultry litter leachate or KH2PO4 was investigated by incubation for 7 d with 193 soils with a wide range of properties associated with P sorption. Phosphorus availability, calculated as the slope of the linear relationship (F) between strip P and P added (0–108 mg inorganic P kg−1), was consistently greater for soils treated with KH2PO4 (Fk of 0.50) than litter leachate (F1 of 0.29). Although Fk and Fl were linearly related (r2 of 0.92), relative availabilities were inversely related to the ratio of soil clay/organic C content (r2 of 0.68), an estimate of the reactive surface area involved in P sorption and availability. The differential availability in soil of the two sources of P is attributed to the complexation of P with Ca and organo‐Ca, Fe, and Al, with the addition of Ca and soluble organic compounds in poultry litter leachate. Thus, manure management recommendations should be based on yield trials for manure and its availability in soil rather than on fertilizer P. Current fertilizer recommendations may be modified by soil CaCO3, extractable Fe, and clay/organic C to account for the differential availability of manure and inorganic P sources in soil.
T. Vernon Wollaston and the “monstrous doctrine”
Authors: COOK L.M. 
Published: July 2010

T. V. Wollaston (1822–1878) was a passionate naturalist, specializing in Coleoptera and secondarily in land molluscs. As a result of illness, which took him to Madeira for convalescence, his main work was carried out on the faunas of the Atlantic islands. Interest in molluscs was almost certainly stimulated by his friend R.T. Lowe, who played a major part in naming and describing the endemic molluscan species of Madeira.Wollaston was particularly concerned with intraspecific variation, and wrote a book (1856) in which he discussed the physical, geological and geographical factors associated with particular kinds of variation, enabling him to describe rules governing the likelihood of finding variant races within a species. He admired Darwin for his accurate field observations. His own observations convinced him that there was no evidence that one species ever evolved into another, so that the races fall entirely into the category of adaptation to particular conditions within species. Wollaston therefore concluded that species are separately created according to a divine plan, the details of which can be elucidated by the study of natural history. In his theoretical writing he is at pains to point out that this conclusion stems not from religious belief but from observation and application of the inductive scientific method, his sources for this being Bacon's Novum Organum and a work of an eighteenth-century ancestor William Wollaston.These views led to disagreement with Darwin, resulting in a well-known hostile review of the Origin of Species. A progressive deterioration of their relationship can be seen in Darwin's correspondence. Wollaston may be sidelined as a nineteenth-century writer who opposed the idea of evolution by natural selection on religious grounds. However, this view underestimates the quality of his taxonomic and field observations and the rigour of his scientific method. He identified a difficulty which is still important in evolutionary studies. Observations on microevolution do not automatically account for the processes of speciation or the proliferation of guilds or similar species. Wollaston drew the contemporary conclusion from this difficulty, that speciation does not occur. We now look to various kinds of genomic reorganization for explanations of species formation.
Exponential stability of string system with variable coefficients under non‐collocated feedback controls
Authors: Chen Yunlan , Han Zhongjie , Xu Genqi , Liu Dongyi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a linear boundary non‐collocated feedback controller to stabilize a string system with variable coefficients and investigate the exponential stability of the closed‐loop system. We show that the system associates with aC0semigroup. Through the asymptotic analysis technique, we get the asymptotic values of all eigenvalues of the system operator 𝒜. Furthermore, we prove that there is a sequence of generalized eigenvectors of 𝒜 that forms a Riesz basis with parentheses for the energy state space. Hence, the system satisfies the spectrum determined growth assumption. Finally, we show that the system is exponentially stable with suitable choice of the feedback gains.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Material Properties and Structural Characterization of M3Si6O12N2:Eu2+(M=Ba, Sr)—A Comprehensive Study on a Promising Green Phosphor for pc‐LEDs
Authors: Braun Cordula , Seibald Markus , Börger Saskia L. , Oeckler Oliver , Boyko Teak D. , Moewes Alexander , Miehe Gerhard , Tücks Andreas , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe efficient green phosphor Ba3Si6O12N2:Eu2+and its solid‐solution series Ba3−xSrxSi6O12N2(withx≈0.4 and 1) were synthesized in a radio‐frequency furnace under nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures up to 1425 °C. The crystal structure (Ba3Si6O12N2, space groupP$\bar 3$(no. 147),a=7.5218(1),c=6.4684(1) Å,wR2=0.048,Z=1) has been solved and refined on the basis of both single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction data. Ba3Si6O12N2:Eu2+is a layer‐like oxonitridosilicate and consists of vertex‐sharing SiO3N‐tetrahedra forming 6er‐ and 4er‐rings as fundamental building units (FBU). The nitrogen atoms are connected to three silicon atoms (N3), while the oxygen atoms are either terminally bound (O1) or bridge two silicon atoms (O2) (numbers in superscripted square brackets after atoms indicate the coordination number of the atom in question). Two crystallographically independent Ba2+sites are situated between the silicate layers. Luminescence investigations have shown that Ba3Si6O12N2:Eu2+exhibits excellent luminescence properties (emission maximum at ≈527 nm, full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ≈65 nm, low thermal quenching), which provides potential for industrial application in phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs). In‐situ high‐pressure and high‐temperature investigations with synchrotron X‐ray diffraction indicate decomposition of Ba3Si6O12N2under these conditions. The band gap of Ba3Si6O12N2:Eu2+was measured to be 7.05±0.25 eV by means of X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). This agrees well with calculated band gap of 6.93 eV using the mBJ‐GGA potential. Bonding to the Ba atoms is highly ionic with only the 4p3/2orbitals participating in covalent bonds. The valence band consists primarily of N and O p states and the conduction band contains primarily Ba d and f states with a small contribution from the N and O p states.
Alcohol‐involved assault and the course of PTSD in female crime victims
Authors: Kaysen Debra L. , Lindgren Kristen P. , Lee Christine M. , Lewis Melissa A. , Fossos Nicole , Atkins David C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough alcohol use has been associated with increased risk of victimization, little is known about how victim substance use at the time of assault may affect posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom development. The present study is a longitudinal examination of substance use on PTSD symptom severity and course. A community sample of female crime victims (n = 60) were assessed within 5 weeks of sexual or physical assault with 3 and 6 month postassault follow‐ups. Twenty‐three participants had consumed alcohol or alcohol/drugs prior to the assault (38%) and 37 had consumed neither alcohol nor drugs. Analyses were conducted using hierarchical linear modeling. Participants who had consumed alcohol had lower initial intrusive symptoms, but their symptoms improved less over time.
The use of MR‐detectable reporter molecules and ions to evaluate diffusion in normal and ischemic brain
Authors: Ackerman Joseph J. H. , Neil Jeffrey J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs a result of the technical challenges associated with distinguishing the MR signals arising from intracellular and extracellular water, a variety of endogenous and exogenous MR‐detectable molecules and ions have been employed as compartment‐specific reporters of water motion. Although these reporter molecules and ions do not have the same apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) as water, their ADCs are assumed to be directly related to the ADC of the water in which they are solvated. This approach has been used to probe motion in the intra‐ and extracellular space of cultured cells and intact tissue. Despite potential interpretative challenges with the use of reporter molecules or ions and the wide variety used, the following conclusions are consistent considering all studies: (i) the apparent free diffusive motion in the intracellular space is approximately one‐half of that in dilute aqueous solution; (ii) ADCs for intracellular and extracellular water are similar; (iii) the intracellular ADC decreases in association with brain injury. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that the overall brain water ADC decrease that accompanies brain injury is driven primarily by a decrease in the ADC of intracellular water. We review the studies supporting these conclusions, and interpret them in the context of explaining the decrease in overall brain water ADC that accompanies brain injury. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can you market God? A case study of the ‘God Speaks’ social marketing campaign
Authors: Lancendorfer Karen M. , Reece Bonnie B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Public service campaigns, spanning more than 60 years and thousands of mass media advertisements, have asked individuals to take actions such as “Say No to Drugs” and “Keep America Beautiful,” as well as to support various nonprofit organizations. A case study of the “God Speaks” religious social marketing campaign is offered as an example of a non‐traditional campaign that provides insights for future endeavors. Although the campaign, which began as a local paid media effort, appeared to have little measurable impact on attitudes and behavior, it was able to generate extensive non‐paid media coverage that greatly increased its reach.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Participant's Dilemma: Bringing Conflict and Representation Back In
Authors: BECHER DEBBIE 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInnovations in democratic participation involving small‐scale, long‐term focused governing bodies have increased citizen influence in poor American urban neighborhoods. Scholars have described these emerging forms of participation as essentially cooperative in spirit and directly democratic in nature. I argue that the new participatory regimes continue to involve social processes of representation and conflict inherent to more traditional forms of engagement. Participants move dynamically between cooperation and conflict and between participating as individuals and representing constituencies. This article presents a careful study of how a single decision developed and was implemented in such a participatory experiment, the American Street Empowerment Zone in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, between 1994 and 2008. Archival and interview data support the general perspective shared by articles in this symposium — that participation involves dynamic movement between conflict and cooperation. This article suggests that the durability of the participatory regime depends not on the level of conflict but on how participants move between displaying identification with either government or their community constituents. This article uses the concept of intermediation to describe this kind of dynamism and to reflect the flexibility a participatory structure must nurture to endure.RésuméLes innovations en matière de participation démocratique qui impliquent des organes de gouvernement œuvrant à petite échelle et à long terme ont accru l'influence des habitants dans les quartiers urbains pauvres américains. D'après certains auteurs, ces formes nouvelles de participation sont, dans l'esprit, essentiellement coopératives et, par nature, directement démocratique. Il est exposé ici que les nouveaux régimes participatifs font encore intervenir des processus sociaux de représentation et de conflit propres à des formes d'engagement plus traditionnelles. Les participants oscillent de manière dynamique entre coopération et conflit, et entre participation en tant qu'individus et représentation collective. Cet article présente une étude minutieuse de la manière dont une décision a étéélaborée et mise en œuvre dans le cadre d'une expérience participative de ce type, ‘American Street Empowerment Zone’à Philadelphie (Pennsylvanie), de 1994 à 1998. Des données issues d'archives et d'entretiens corroborent la perspective générale commune aux articles de ce symposium: la participation implique un mouvement dynamique entre conflit et coopération. L'article suggère que la pérennité du régime participatif dépend, non pas du niveau de conflit, mais de la façon dont les participants alternent dans leur manifestation d'une identification soit au gouvernement soit aux membres de leur communauté. Le concept d'intermédiation est utilisé pour décrire cette forme de dynamique et pour traduire la souplesse que doit garder une structure participative pour perdurer.
Hygienic quality of cleaning cloths used in professional cleaning of private domestic homes
Authors: Toiviainen‐Laine Erja , Kymäläinen Hanna‐Riitta , Kuisma Risto 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this laboratory study was to obtain general background information concerning professional cleaning in private domestic homes. The specific aim was to examine the effect of storage and washing of dirty cloths on their hygienic status. The effect of storage on the number ofStaphylococcus aureusbacteria in cleaning cloths was examined using current or potential materials for professional cleaning in private homes. The bacterial content increased in microfibre cloths in some cases during a normal working day (8 h storage), and more clearly after 16 h or 48 h of storage. Disposable fibre cloths did not promote the growth of microbes as well as microfibre cloths. The effect of detergents on the hygienic status of cleaning cloths was unclear: some cleaning agents appeared to enhance the growth of bacteria, while others did not. In many cases, organic substances, i.e. protein added to the cloths, enhanced the growth of microbes. Washing of microfibre cloths at 60°C reduced the numbers of bacteria on the cloths but did not remove them entirely. Storage of dirty cloths before washing will probably cause difficulties in the proper washing of the cloths, and thus negatively affect their capacity for hygienic results in cleaning surfaces, as well as presenting a risk to the safety of the worker. Cleaning cloths should be washed as soon as possible after use: washing after each working day, at the latest, is recommended. Furthermore, cleaning cloths should be selected for professional use to allow washing at hot temperatures. The findings of this study could be used for training in professional home cleaning. They also provide valuable information for other branches of cleaning, including consumer use in households.
Real‐Time Monitoring of the Secretory Function of Cultured Adrenal Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Kumakura Konosuke , Ohara Mica , Satô Gen P. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:A system to discriminate the real‐time dynamics of the secretory function in cultured adrenal chromaffin cells, using a cell bed perfusion technique and an amperometric detector, was established. Examination of basal conditions revealed that the electrode potential and flow rate are crucial factors for monitoring precise dynamics of the secretory process. Stimulation of the cells either with acetylcholine (ACh) or with high K* concentration caused a transient current response. The current responses showed concentration dependence for both stimuli, and also showed a high correlation with the amount of catecholamines (CA) in the respective peak fraction of perfusate. Either prolonged cholinergic stimulation or maintained depolarization produced a transient response, which is not attributable to a depletion of releasable storage of CA as indicated by double‐stimulation experiments. Stimulation with high K* concentration evoked an additional release of CA even after the cellular response to prolonged ACh was inactivated, whereas maintained depolarization with high K* produced both facilitatory and inhibitory effects on the cell responsiveness to ACh. Most probably the transient natures of the secretory responses to ACh and to high K* are mediated by different mechanisms. All the results suggest that the direct monitoring is profitable for studies on the regulatory mechanisms of the secretory function.