bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilingualism
Authors: Bialystok Ellen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe cognitive and linguistic processes involved in the acquisition and use of two languages are systematically different from those processes engaged in monolingual language use, leading to detectable changes in language and cognitive outcomes for bilinguals. The present article describes these differences and offers speculation on possible mechanisms. Measures of linguistic proficiency and processing are often poorer in bilinguals than in monolinguals: bilingual children have a smaller vocabulary in each language than comparable monolingual children in that language and bilingual adults take longer to retrieve specific words than monolinguals. In contrast, measures of nonverbal executive control, including the ability to selectively attend to relevant information, inhibit distraction, and shift between tasks is generally better in bilinguals than in monolinguals. These two types of outcomes are illustrated and explained through behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. The implications of these effects of bilingualism on cognitive and linguistic processing are considered in terms of both their clinical and theoretical consequences. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain
Psychology > Language
Variations in Eastern bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) feeding practices in UK zoological collections
Authors: Wright D. J. , Omed H. M. , Bishop C. M. , Fidgett A. L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe feeding strategy of the Eastern bongo in the wild is unusual, poorly understood, and few captive feeding recommendations are currently available to zoos. To assess the current state of nutritional husbandry of this rare antelope, eight UK zoos were surveyed. A nutritional husbandry questionnaire was completed and bongos at each zoo were visually assessed by body condition scoring (BCS). Representative samples of the forage and browse consumed by bongos at each zoo were analyzed for nutrient composition using standard agricultural techniques. Significant differences in bongo body condition were found, indicating that zoo husbandry practices are sufficiently varied to have identifiable impacts on the physical condition of the animals. The results highlight a disparity in feeding regimes and diet quality, with significant differences found in forage and browse nutrient compositions and in vitro digestibility. Most forage samples were of a low nutritional quality. Browse provision was found to be largely opportunistic and limited in most zoos. The provision of energy‐rich produce was also found to be unnecessary in maintaining a bongo herd at an ideal mean BCS. This survey provides baseline data which may be useful in establishing “good practice” standards for Eastern bongo captive nutrition and highlights several areas requiring further research. Zoo Biol 30:149–164, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilateral Internal Jugular Venous Sampling for Parathyroid Hormone Determination in Patients with Nonlocalizing Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Alvarado Raul , Meyer‐Rochow Goswin , Sywak Mark , Delbridge Leigh , Sidhu Stan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundFocused parathyroidectomy (FP) is offered to 60% to 70% of patients presenting to our unit with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). A recent report identified bilateral internal jugular venous sampling (BIJVS) as a useful tool for localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with scan‐negative PHPT. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of this approach in a clinical setting.MethodsA prospective case‐control trial was undertaken. Bilateral internal jugular venous blood samples were obtained. Patients were stratified into three groups: Group A consisted of patients with a negative sestamibi scan undergoing bilateral exploration; group B consisted of patients undergoing FP following a positive sestamibi scan; and group C patients were a control group undergoing total thyroidectomy.ResultsIn group A, 17 of 30 patients (56%) had lateralization of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, with 11 correctly lateralizing to the side of the adenoma, 5 lateralizing despite bilateral disease, and 1 lateralizing to the contralateral side. Of the remaining 13 patients in whom there was no lateralization, 3 had bilateral multigland disease, and 10 had a single parathyroid adenoma. In group B, 17 of 30 patients (56%) also had lateralization of PTH levels, with 15 lateralizing to the side of the adenoma and 2 to the contralateral side. Lateralization failed in the remaining 13 patients, although in all of these patients the calcium and PTH levels normalized postoperatively. The control group of patients without parathyroid disease (group C) demonstrated lateralization of PTH levels in 23 of 30 patients (76%).ConclusionsIn our hands, BIJVS for PTH determination was not a useful adjunctive test facilitating FP. We continue to offer all patients with PHPT and a negative sestamibi scan a standard bilateral neck exploration.
Analysis of 5‐Year Survivors After a Macroscopic Curative Pancreatectomy for Invasive Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Nara Satoshi , Esaki Minoru , Kosuge Tomoo , Hiraoka Nobuyoshi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundSurgical resections for invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas can provide the only chance of cure, although the 5‐year survivors are not always equated with cure.MethodsA total of 229 who underwent a macroscopic curative pancreatectomy for invasive ductal adenocarcinoma between 1990 and 2003 and have been observed for more than 5 years from the time of resection were retrospectively analyzed. The data of patients who survived more than 5 years were compared with those died within 5 years. The recurrence pattern and factors that influenced an additional 5‐year survival in the 5‐year survivors were investigated.ResultsForty patients (17%) survived more than 5 years, and the survival rate for an additional 5 years after surviving 5 years was 72%. A multivariate Cox hazards analysis showed that negative surgical margins status, less frequency of lymphatic invasion, stage ≤ IIB, and negative lymph node involvement were independent factors associated with long‐term survival. Thirty patients (75%) were alive without recurrence, and eight (20%) died of disease within 7.3 years. Intrapancreatic nerve invasion was a significant factor predicting additional long‐term survival in the 40 5‐year survivors.ConclusionsLimited cancer extension with negative lymph node metastases significantly contributes to the chance of surviving more than 5 years. A low incidence of intrapancreatic nerve invasion in the 5‐year survivors affects the subsequent favorable survival.
Newborn screening for disorders of fatty‐acid oxidation: experience and recommendations from an expert meeting
Authors: Lindner Martin , Hoffmann Georg F. , Matern Dietrich 
Published: April 2010

AbstractExperience with new‐born screening (NBS) for disorders of fatty‐acid oxidation (FAOD) is now becoming available from an increasing number of programs worldwide. The spectrum of FAOD differs widely between ethnic groups. Incidence calculations from reports from Australia, Germany, and the USA of a total of 5,256,999 newborns give a combined incidence of all FAOD of approximately 1:9,300. However, it appears to be much lower in Asians. Consequently, a significant prevalence and evidence for a clear benefit of NBS is proven for medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) only in countries with a high percentage of Caucasians, with very‐long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) and long‐chain 3‐hydroxy acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD) being additional candidates. The long‐term benefit for many disorders has still to be evaluated and will require international collaboration, especially for the rarest disorders. Short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) [as well as Systemic carnitine transporter deficiency (CTD) and dienoyl‐CoA reductase deficiency (DE‐RED)] are conditions of uncertain clinical significance, but most FAOD have a spectrum of clinical presentations (healthy–death). Confirmatory diagnostic procedures should be agreed upon to ensure international comparability of results and evidence‐based modifications. The case of short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) deficiency shows that even inclusion of conditions without a clearly known natural course may prove useful with respect to gain of knowledge and consecutive exclusion of a biochemical abnormality without clinical significance, although this line of argument implies the existence of structured follow‐up programs and bears ethical controversies. As a final conclusion, the accumulated evidence suggests all FAOD should to be included into tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)‐based NBS programs provided sufficient laboratory performance is guaranteed.
An Assay Method for Determining the Total Lipid Content of Fish Meat Using a 2‐Thiobarbituric Acid Reaction
Authors: Matsushita Teruo , Inoue Shin‐ichi , Tanaka Ryusuke 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA method for the determination of the total lipid content in fish meat was established using a 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction, which had previously been used for the determination of lipid peroxides in animal tissues. In this method, an unspecific peroxidation of fish oils was created by omitting the addition of antioxidant to the reaction mixture during the TBA reaction, because fish meat is more sensitive to the TBA reaction due to its higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, which can easily react artificially with TBA in the absence of an antioxidant in the assay system. As for a practical application of this method, we tried to optimize the assay procedures in the sampling, reaction, and detection steps of this method, and finally proposed a new standard procedure recommended for determining the total lipid content of fish using a TBA reaction. In order to confirm the accuracy of the new procedure, comparative evaluations for the lipid contents of commercially available fish, i.e., chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and saury (Cololabis saira) were made between the conventional procedure and the recommended TBA method. The lipid contents obtained by the two methods coincided well with high correlation. This method is relevant for total lipid content analysis of fish meat under restricted laboratory conditions.
Duration of sexual intercourse related to satisfaction: survey of Japanese married couples
Authors: Nakajima Koichi , Nagao Koichi , Tai Toshihiro , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Hara Hiroshi , Miura Kazukiyo , Ishii Nobuhisa 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPurposeInappropriate intromission time causes sexual problems for couples, and therefore it is important for the couple to set treatment targets.MethodsWe investigated appropriate intromission times by conducting a questionnaire survey of the interval from initiation of insertion to just before ejaculation in Japanese married couples. A questionnaire survey of 300 married couples was conducted by mail.ResultsThe estimated mean intromission times were 14.5 min (median: 10 min) for male subjects and 13.6 min (median: 10 min) for female subjects. The mean desired intromission time for female subjects was 15.7 min (median: 15 min). Regarding the difference between the actual and desired intromission times, the desired time was longer, the same, and shorter for 43.0%, 38.7%, and 18.3% of all the female subjects.ConclusionsIt seems that female subjects may consider a wide variety of intravaginal insertion times to be desirable. Accordingly, married couples need to improve communication regarding the desired duration of intromission and other related issues.
Opening Pandora’s box: the potential benefit of the expanded FAST exam is partially confounded by the unknowns regarding the significance of the occult pneumothorax
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andrew W. , Gillman Lawrence M. , Chun Rosaleen , Ball Chad G. , Tiruta Corina , Lall Rohan , Dunham Michael 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntroductionPoint of care (POC) ultrasound brings another powerful dimension to the physical examination of the critically ill. A contemporary challenge for all care providers, however, is how to best incorporate ultrasound into contemporary algorithms of care. When POC ultrasound corroborates pre-examination clinical suspicion, incorporation of the findings into decision-making is easier. When POC ultrasound generates new or unexpected findings, decision-making may be more difficult, especially with conditions that were previously not appreciated with older diagnostic technologies. Pneumothoraces (PTXs), previously seen only on computed tomography and not on supine chest radiographs known as occult pneumothoraces (OPTXs), which are now increasingly appreciated on POC ultrasound, are such an example.MethodsThe relevant literature concerning POC ultrasound and PTXs was reviewed after an electronic search using PubMed supplemented by ongoing research by the Canadian Trauma Trials Collaborative of the Trauma Association of Canada.ResultsOPTXs are frequently encountered in the critically injured who often require mechanical ventilation with positive pressure breathing (PPB). Standard recommendations for post-traumatic PTXs and the setting of PPB mandate chest drainage, recognizing a significant rate of complications related to this procedure itself. Whether these standard recommendations generated in response to obvious overt PTXs apply to these more subtle OPTXs is currently unknown, and evidence-based recommendations regarding appropriate therapy are impossible due to the lack of clinical studies.ConclusionsOPTXs are a condition that illustrates how incorporation of POC ultrasound findings brings further responsibilities to critically appraise the significance of these findings in terms of patient outcomes and overall care. Adequately powered and adequately followed-up clinical trials addressing the treatment are required.
The motivic fundamental group of the punctured projective line
Authors: Guillou Bertrand J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe describe a construction of an object associated to the fundamental group of ℙ1 − {0, 1, ∞} in the Bloch-Kriz category of mixed Tate motives. This description involves Massey products in the motivic cohomology of the ground field.
EXPANSION OF ORBITS OF SOME DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS OVER FINITE FIELDS
Authors: GUTIERREZ JAIME , SHPARLINSKI IGOR E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGiven a finite field 𝔽p={0,…,p−1} of p elements, where p is a prime, we consider the distribution of elements in the orbits of a transformation ξ↦ψ(ξ) associated with a rational function ψ∈𝔽p(X). We use bounds of exponential sums to show that if N≥p1/2+ε for some fixed ε then no N distinct consecutive elements of such an orbit are contained in any short interval, improving the trivial lower bound N on the length of such intervals. In the case of linear fractional functions we use a different approach, based on some results of additive combinatorics due to Bourgain, that gives a nontrivial lower bound for essentially any admissible value of N.
TURÁN TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Authors: BARICZ ÁRPÁD 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this paper our aim is to deduce some sharp Turán type inequalities for modified Bessel functions of the first and second kinds. Our proofs are based on explicit formulas for the Turánians of the modified Bessel functions of the first and second kinds and on a formula which is related to the infinite divisibility of the Studentt-distribution.
The Groningen LCPUFA study: no effect of postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy term infants on neurological condition at 9 years
Authors: de Jong Corina , Kikkert Hedwig K. , Fidler Vaclav , Hadders-Algra Mijna 
Published: April 2010

Long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) supplementation of formula can have beneficial effects on neurodevelopmental outcome in early infancy, but uncertainty exists regarding effects after 6 months. The present study is the first to investigate whether consumption by term infants of formula containing LCPUFA for the first 2 months after birth improves neurological condition of these children at 9 years of age. A prospective, double-blind, randomised control study was performed in two groups of healthy term infants: a control group with standard formula (n 169) and a LCPUFA-supplemented group (LF; n 146). A breast-fed group (BF; n 159) served as a reference. At age 9 years, children were neurologically assessed according to Touwen, resulting in a Neurological Optimality Score and information on severity and type of minor neurological dysfunction (MND). Information on potential confounders was collected at enrolment and follow-up. Multivariate analyses were carried out to evaluate the effect of nutrition while adjusting for confounders. Attrition (28 %) was selective: drop-outs in the LF group were more often boys and had a significantly lower mental developmental index at 18 months. Neurological optimality and severity and type of MND at 9 years did not differ between the two formula groups. Children in the BF group showed significantly less often fine manipulative dysfunction than formula-fed children. In conclusion, LCPUFA supplementation of formula during the first 2 postnatal months in healthy term infants does not alter neurological function at school age. The study confirmed that breast-fed infants have a slightly better neurodevelopmental outcome than formula-fed infants.
Comparison of complications attributable to enteral and parenteral nutrition in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Petrov Maxim S. , Whelan Kevin 
Published: April 2010

Enteral nutrition (EN) reduces infectious complications and mortality compared with parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis. However, to date the complications attributable to the administration of EN and PN in this patient group have not been comprehensively studied. The aim of the study was to systematically review the complications related to the use of nutrition in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis receiving EN v. PN. The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) of EN v. PN in predicted severe acute pancreatitis were selected. Pooled estimates of complications were expressed as OR with corresponding 95 % CI. Data from five RCT were meta-analysed. Diarrhoea occurred in six of ninety-two (7 %) patients receiving PN and twenty-four of eighty-two (29 %) patients receiving EN (OR 0·20; 95 % CI 0·09, 0·43; P < 0·001). Hyperglycaemia developed in twenty-one of ninety-two (23 %) patients receiving PN and nine of eighty-two (11 %) receiving EN (OR 2·59; 95 % CI 1·13, 5·94; P = 0·03). Given a significant reduction in infectious complications and mortality associated with the use of EN over PN that has been consistently demonstrated in previous studies, the former should be the treatment of choice in acute pancreatitis. Further clinical studies should investigate the strategies to mitigate the complications of enteral tube feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis.
Gastric emptying and orocaecal transit time of meals containing lactulose or inulin in men
Authors: Clegg Miriam , Shafat Amir 
Published: April 2010

The H2 breath test is ideal for orocaecal transit time (OCTT) measurement, as it is non-invasive and inexpensive. Indigestible substrates added to a test meal are metabolised by the colonic bacteria, resulting in the production of H2 which is detected in end-exhalation breath. However, the substrates themselves can alter the transit times in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study is to compare OCTT and gastric emptying (GE) when lactulose in liquid (L-L), solid lactulose (L-S) and solid inulin (IN-S) are added to a test meal, and subsequently, to examine if inulin alters GE. Firstly, ten male volunteers were tested on three occasions. Volunteers ate a pancake breakfast containing 100 mg of 13C-octanoic acid and either 12 g of L-L, 12 g of L-S or 12 g of IN-S in a randomised order. Secondly, seven male volunteers were tested twice with meals containing either 12 g of IN-S or no substrate (NO-S). L-L induced the shortest OCTT (85·3 (sd 42·8) min) compared with L-S (162·4 (sd 62·6) min) and inulin (292·4 (sd 66·7) min; P = 0·007). GE half-time and lag phase (L-L: 61 (sd 9); L-S: 57 (sd 10); IN-S: 52 (sd 10) min; P = 0·005) were also affected, with L-L being the slowest. Thirdly, inulin reduced GE lag and latency phases (P < 0·05) compared with NO-S. Lactulose accelerates OCTT but delays GE compared with inulin. Inulin accelerates the onset of stomach emptying, but it has no effect on GE half-time. For these reasons, inulin is the preferred substrate for the H2 breath test.
Use of propranolol to treat multicentric airway haemangioma
Authors: Mistry N , Tzifa K 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective:To report our experience of using propranolol to treat an infantile airway haemangioma.Methods:A five-week-old girl presented with upper airway obstruction. Having started systemic steroids, concurrent propranolol therapy was commenced. Propranolol was given with close monitoring of the blood pressure, pulse and capillary glucose level. The dose of propranolol was gradually increased to 2 mg/kg total daily dose, with simultaneous reduction and withdrawal of steroids.Results:Prior to propranolol treatment, laryngotracheobronchoscopy revealed an extensive haemangioma extending from the posterior pharyngeal wall to the subglottis. Following initiation of propranolol, a dramatic reduction in tumour bulk was seen on repeated laryngotracheobronchoscopy within 10 days of treatment. Eight months on, the patient remained asymptomatic on propranolol, with no endoscopic evidence of disease apart from mild telangiectasia.Conclusion:Haemangiomas of the airway can cause obstruction which may potentially be life-threatening. This case demonstrates the potential of propranolol to become a valuable therapeutic option in such clinical situations.
Combined tympanic epithelial layer avulsion and overlay myringoplasty for diffuse granular myringitis
Authors: Zhang Z , Liu X , Chen S , Zheng Y 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective:To explore the feasibility of a novel surgical management technique for severe, chronic granular myringitis with diffuse granulation tissue over the tympanic membrane, with or without involvement of the external auditory canal.Study design:This was a retrospective design.Method:A surgical technique combining tympanic epithelial avulsion with overlay myringoplasty was used to treat 21 severe cases.Results:All 21 cases were cured after one operation. Three months after surgery, patients' tympanic membranes had returned to normal, and their air–bone gaps were less than 10 dB.Conclusion:This new surgical procedure represents improved treatment for severe, chronic granular myringitis.