bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global characterization of Artemisia annua glandular trichome transcriptome using 454 pyrosequencing
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Yejun , Zhang Qing , Qi Yan , Guo Dianjing 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
Glandular trichomes produce a wide variety of commercially important secondary metabolites in many plant species. The most prominent anti-malarial drug artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is produced in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua. However, only limited genomic information is currently available in this non-model plant species.

Results
We present a global characterization of A. annua glandular trichome transcriptome using 454 pyrosequencing. Sequencing runs using two normalized cDNA collections from glandular trichomes yielded 406,044 expressed sequence tags (average length = 210 nucleotides), which assembled into 42,678 contigs and 147,699 singletons. Performing a second sequencing run only increased the number of genes identified by ~30%, indicating that massively parallel pyrosequencing provides deep coverage of the A. annua trichome transcriptome. By BLAST search against the NCBI non-redundant protein database, putative functions were assigned to over 28,573 unigenes, including previously undescribed enzymes likely involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Comparison with ESTs derived from trichome collections of other plant species revealed expressed genes in common functional categories across different plant species. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression of selected unigenes and novel transcripts in A. annua glandular trichomes.

Conclusion
The presence of contigs corresponding to enzymes for terpenoids and flavonoids biosynthesis suggests important metabolic activity in A. annua glandular trichomes. Our comprehensive survey of genes expressed in glandular trichome will facilitate new gene discovery and shed light on the regulatory mechanism of artemisinin metabolism and trichome function in A. annua.
The effect of duration of exercise at the ventilation threshold on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in 9 to 14 year old boys and girls
Authors: Bozinovski Natalie C , Bellissimo Nick , Thomas Scott G , Pencharz Paul B , Goode Robert C , Anderson G Harvey 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
The effect of exercise on subjective appetite and short-term food intake has received little investigation in children. Despite a lack of reported evaluation of short-duration activity programs, they are currently being implemented in schools as a means to benefit energy balance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of duration of exercise at the ventilation threshold (VeT) on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in normal weight boys and girls aged 9 to 14 years.

Methods
On 4 separate mornings and in random order, boys (n = 14) and girls (n = 15) completed 2 rest or 2 exercise treatments for 15 (short-duration; SD) or 45 min (long-duration; LD) at their previously measured VeT, 2 h after a standardized breakfast. Subjective appetite was measured at regular intervals during the study sessions and food intake from a pizza meal was measured 30 min after rest or exercise.

Results
An increase in average appetite, desire to eat, and hunger (p < 0.05) was attenuated by SD exercise, but was further increased (p < 0.05) by LD exercise. However, food intake after SD and LD exercise was similar to after rest in both boys and girls (p = 0.55). The energy cost of SD and LD exercise resulted in a lower net energy balance compared to resting during the study measurement period in boys (SD: Δ = -418 ± 301 kJ; LD: Δ = -928 ± 196 kJ) and in girls (SD: Δ = -297 ± 105 kJ; LD: Δ = -432 ± 115 kJ).

Conclusion
Neither SD nor LD exercise at the VeT increased short-term food intake and SD exercise attenuated increases in appetite. Thus, SD exercise programs in schools may be an effective strategy for maintaining healthier body weights in children.
Efficacy dilution in randomized placebo-controlled vaginal microbicide trials
Authors: Mâsse Benoît R , Boily Marie-Claude , Dimitrov Dobromir , Desai Kamal 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Background
To date different vaginal gel microbicides have been evaluated in phase 2b/3 trials, but none have demonstrated effectiveness for preventing HIV infection. Failure to demonstrate effectiveness however does not necessarily indicate that a product is truly inefficacious, as several sources of efficacy dilution may compromise our ability to identify products that may have been truly efficacious.

Methods
For four individual sources of dilution, we describe the dilution mechanisms and quantify the expected effectiveness. An overall expected effectiveness that combines all sources of dilution in a trial is derived as well.

Results
Under conditions that have been observed in recent microbicide trials, the overall expected effectiveness assuming an active gel with true efficacy of 50% and 75% are in the range of [16%; 33%] and [28%; 50%], respectively, when considering the four major sources of dilution. In contrast the diluting effect due to adherence alone (assuming an adherence of 80%) leads to higher expected effectiveness, 40% and 60% assuming an active gel with true efficacy of 50% and 75%, respectively. Individual sources of dilution may demonstrate a small effect when evaluated independently, but the overall dilution effect in a trial with several sources of dilution can be quite substantial.

Conclusion
Currently planned phase 2b/3 microbicide trials of new candidate vaginal microbicides are not immune from these shortcomings. A good understanding of dilution effects is necessary to properly interpret microbicide trial results and to identify products worthy of further development and evaluation. Greater attention should be devoted to reducing and assessing the impact of efficacy dilution and to carefully selecting the effect size in the design of future trials.
Improving accuracy of total knee component cementation: description of a simple technique
Authors: Lutes William B , Flierl Michael A , Dayton Michael R , Morgan Steven J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundTotal knee arthroplasty represents a common orthopedic surgical procedure. Achieving proper alignment of its components with the predrilled patellar and tibial peg holes prior to polymerization of the bone cement can be challenging.TechniqueAfter establishing the femoral, patellar and tibial bone cuts, the cancellous bone around the tibial keel, as well as the peg holes for the patella and femoral components are marked with methylene blue using a cotton swab stick. If bone cement is then placed onto the cut and marked bone edges, the methylene blue leaches through the bone cement and clearly outlines the tibial keel and predrilled femoral and patellar peg holes. This allows excellent visualization of the bone preparations for each component, ensuring safe and prompt positioning of TKA components while minimizing intraoperative difficulties with component alignment while the cement hardens.ConclusionThe presented technical note helps to improve the accuracy and ease of insertion when the components of total knee arthroplasty are impacted to their final position.
The ITGAVrs3738919 variant and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in four Caucasian sample sets
Authors: Hollis-Moffatt Jade E , Rowley Kerry A , Phipps-Green Amanda J , Merriman Marilyn E , Dalbeth Nicola , Gow Peter , Harrison Andrew A , Highton John , Jones Peter BB , Stamp Lisa K , Harrison Pille , Wordsworth B Paul , Merriman Tony R 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Angiogenesis is an important process in the development of destructive synovial pannus in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The ITGAV +gene encodes a cell cycle-associated antigen, integrin ανβ 3, which plays a role in RA angiogenesis. Previously, two independent studies identified an association between the major allele of the ITGAV single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3738919 and RA. We therefore tested this association in an independent study using New Zealand (NZ) and Oxford (UK) RA case control samples.

Methods
We compared genotype frequencies in 740 NZ Caucasian RA patients and 553 controls genotyped for rs3738919, using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. A TaqMan genotyping SNP assay was used to type 713 Caucasian RA patients and 515 control samples from Oxford for the rs3738919 variant. Association of rs3738919 with RA was tested in these two sample sets using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test. The Mantel-Haenszel test was used to perform a meta-analysis, combining the genetic results from four independent Caucasian case control cohorts, consisting of 3,527 cases and 4,126 controls. Haplotype analysis was also performed using SNPs rs3911238, rs10174098 and rs3738919 in the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, NZ and Oxford case control samples.

Results
We found no evidence for association between ITGAV and RA in either the NZ or Oxford sample set (odds ratio [OR] = 0.88, P
allelic
= 0.11 and OR = 1.18, P
allelic
= 0.07, respectively). Inclusion of these data in a meta-analysis (random effects) of four independent cohorts (3,527 cases and 4,126 controls) weakens support for the hypothesis that rs3738919 plays a role in the development of RA (OR
combined
= 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.29). No consistent haplotype associations were evident.

Conclusions
Association of ITGAV SNP rs7378919 with RA was not replicated in NZ or Oxford case control sample sets. Meta-analysis of these and previously published data lends limited support for a role for the ITGAV in RA in Caucasians of European ancestry.
Direct Comparison of Chiral Substituent Effects for Viologens in Stereoselective Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Reactions with Zinc Myoglobin
Authors: Takashima Hiroshi , Shibata Satomi , Sekiguchi Yuka , Imai Yoshitane , Tsukahara Keiichi 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In order to understand the detailed mechanisms of stereoselective photoinduced electron-transfer (ET) reactions of zinc-substituted myoglobin (ZnMb) with optically active viologens by flash photolysis, we prepared new optically active agents, such as (R,R)- and (S,S)-1,1′-bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-4,4′-bipyridinediylium dichloride ([BMV]Cl2). The photo-excited triplet state of ZnMb, 3(ZnMb)*, was successfully quenched by (R,R)- and (S,S)-[BMV]2+ ions to form the radical pair of ZnMb cation (ZnMb•+) and (R,R)- and (S,S)-[BMV]•+, followed by a thermal back ET reaction to the ground state. The ratio of the rate constants (kq) for ET quenching at 25 °C, kq(R,R)/kq(S,S) = 1.1, indicates that the (R,R)-[BMV]2+ preferentially quenches 3(ZnMb)*. The selectivity of the rate constants (kb) for the back ET from (R,R)- and (S,S)-[BMV]•+ to ZnMb•+ at 25 °C was kb(R,R)/kb(S,S) = 0.83. The highest stereoselectivity of 1.3 for [BMV]•+ was found at low temperature (10 °C) in the thermal back ET reaction, where ΔΔH≠(R–S) = 6.2 ± 1.9 kJ mol−1 and ΔΔS≠(R–S) = 19 ± 2 J mol−1 K−1 were obtained. The structural differences between [BMV]2+ and the other viologens imply that the bulky aromatic substituent seems to be more important than the distance from the chiral center to the viologen moiety in order to enhance the ET stereoselectivity.
Structure and Enantio-Differentiating Behaviors of Nickel(II) Complexes with Chiral Schiff Base Ligands Derived from 1,1′-Binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine
Authors: Saito Mariko , Sato Hisako , Mori Yukie , Fukuda Yutaka 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Crystal structures of nickel(II), copper(II), and palladium(II) complexes with (R)-/(S)-2,2′-bis(salicylideneamino)-1,1′-binaphthyl were determined. The nickel complex 1 is binuclear consisting of two Ni2+ ions and homochiral two ligand dianions in the crystal. Each Ni2+ ion has a trans-N2O2 square-planar coordination sphere. Either the metal ion or the ligand is less distorted in binuclear complex 1 as compared with the mononuclear copper(II) complex, which has an intermediate structure between square-planar and tetrahedral forms. When dissolved in solvent, complex 1 dissociates into mononuclear species. It is likely that crystallization involves partial ligand-exchange of a mononuclear complex with another molecule of the same chirality to form a homochiral dimer in a self-sorting fashion. Nickel complex with 2,2′-bis(4-methoxysalicylideneamino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (2) forms a 1:1 adduct with (R)-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)pyridine in chloroform solution. The binding constant of (R)-2 is twofold higher than that of (S)-2, which means that the adduct formation proceeds with enantio-differentiation.
Columnar Structure Formed by Dimeric FeII Schiff Base Complex: Twisted-Overlap Salophen Platforms and Ferromagnetic Interaction
Authors: Yu Zhong , Shimizu Toshiyuki , Tominaga Toshi , Okubo Takashi , Maekawa Masahiko , Kuroda-Sowa Takayoshi 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Columnar assembly of dimeric FeII Schiff base complex based on twisted-overlap orientation of salophen platforms exhibits ferromagnetic interactions at low temperature, which is ascribable to μ-phenoxy-bridged Fe…Fe interactions and π–π interactions.
A Polymer Complex [Cu(O2CC6F5)2(pyz)]n Formed from Copper(II) Pentafluorobenzoate and Pyrazine
Authors: Handa Makoto , Ishitobi Yoshiyuki , Yakuwa Taku , Yoshioka Daisuke , Ishida Hideaki , Mikuriya Masahiro , Hiromitsu Ichiro , Tanaka Hidekazu , Ikeue Takahisa 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The reaction of copper(II) pentafluorobenzoate ([Cu2(O2CC6F5)4]) with pyrazine (pyz) in methanol gave a polymer complex [Cu(O2CC6F5)2(pyz)]n. The pyz-bridged structure of Cu(O2CC6F5)2 was characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility showed the existence of an antiferromagnetic interaction (J = −3.0 cm−1) within the polymer.
Chemistry of Anthracene–Acetylene Oligomers. XIV. Convenient Synthesis of Anthrylethynes by Double Elimination Reaction from Aldehydes and Sulfones
Authors: Toyota Shinji , Azami Rie , Iwanaga Tetsuo , Matsuo Daisuke , Orita Akihiro , Otera Junzo 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Three dianthrylethynes and an anthracene–acetylene trimer were conveniently synthesized by double elimination reactions starting from anthraldehydes and [(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]anthracenes. In the optimal one-shot process, a THF solution of these substrates and diethyl chlorophosphate was treated with LiHMDS at room temperature to give the desired alkynes in excellent yields without chromatographic purification. The structure of one of the intermediate vinyl sulfones was determined by X-ray crystallography.
A Highly Selective Catalytic System for the Cross-Coupling of (E)-Styryl Bromide with Benzeneboronic Acid: Application to the Synthesis of All-Trans Poly(arylenevinylene)s
Authors: Wakioka Masayuki , Mutoh Yuichiro , Takita Ryo , Ozawa Fumiyuki 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A highly selective system for palladium-catalyzed polycondensation of (E,E)-1,4-bis(2-bromoethenyl)benzene ((E,E)-1) with 2,5-dioctyloxybenzene-1,4-diboronic acid (2a) to give all-trans poly[( p-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene)] (all-trans 3) has been investigated using (E)-styryl bromide ((E)-4) and 2,5-dioctyloxybenzeneboronic acid (5a) as model compounds of (E,E)-1 and 2a, respectively. The reaction of (E)-4 and 5a in toluene in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst and aqueous K2CO3 base affords considerable amounts of homocoupling products (i.e., 1,4-diphenylbutadiene (13%) and 2,2′,5,5′-tetraoctyloxybiphenyl (22%)), together with (E)-2,5-dioctyloxystilbene ((E)-6a) as the cross-coupling product (30%). The use of aqueous NaOH as a strong base and Bu4NBr as a phase-transfer catalyst notably reduces the homocoupling products, and the use of Pd(PBut3)2 instead of Pd(PPh3)4 results in almost perfect selectivity of the cross-coupling product (E)-6a. Under optimized catalytic conditions, the desired all-trans 3 has been successfully prepared without notable defects in the polymer chain.
Rationale for Consolidation to Improve Progression-Free Survival in Patients with Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Morschhauser Franck , Dreyling Martin , Rohatiner Ama , Hagemeister Fredrick , Bischof Delaloye Angelika 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) comprises both indolent forms, including follicular lymphoma (FL) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), and aggressive forms, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). FL and DLBCL are the most common subtypes of indolent and aggressive NHL, respectively. Although these lymphomas exhibit different clinical behaviors and outcomes, the prognosis is negatively affected in both DLBCL and FL by the lack of a complete response (CR) with standard treatment options. The aim of therapy should therefore be achievement of a CR, which is not only associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival times, but is also a prerequisite for a cure, particularly in DLBCL.
Consolidation treatment with radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is an innovative treatment approach to increase CR rates. Phase II studies have indicated promising results with yttrium-90 (90Y)-ibritumomab tiuxetan and iodine-131 (131I)-tositumomab as consolidation following induction therapy for previously untreated patients with advanced FL. More recently, investigators reported a marked increase in CR rates and significant improvements in PFS using standard chemotherapy regimens followed by 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan in a phase III randomized trial in patients with previously untreated FL. Data also suggest that RIT may play a role in the treatment of high-risk DLBCL, with encouraging PFS results from a phase II trial of 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan consolidation following induction with rituximab plus chemotherapy in elderly patients with previously untreated DLBCL. With the higher CR rates and longer PFS times observed in patients with FL and DLBCL, as well as encouraging early data from MZL and MCL consolidation trials, RIT appears to have an important role in the treatment of patients with NHL.
Expert Opinions on Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography Imaging in Lymphoma
Authors: Delbeke Dominique , Stroobants Sigrid , de Kerviler Eric , Gisselbrecht Christian , Meignan Michel , Conti Peter S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Revised guidelines for the staging and response criteria of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) were recently published to include the expanding role of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose. Here, we discuss the new guidelines and the need for standardized PET acquisition and interpretation in HL and NHL. We also discuss how the role for CT is evolving in the process of making treatment decisions and provide insight on how best to standardize the use of PET/CT for making therapeutic choices.
Radioimmunotherapy for Stem Cell Transplantation in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: In Pursuit of a Complete Response
Authors: Gisselbrecht Christian , Vose Julie , Nademanee Auayporn , Gianni Alessandro M. , Nagler Arnon 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHigh-dose chemotherapy (HDC) conditioning given in association with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) or reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) are established treatment approaches for patients with chemotherapy-sensitive, relapsed, aggressive, or low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). These approaches have been shown to be the only curative option for patients with relapsed NHL. Despite data suggesting that prolonged event-free survival can be achieved with SCT combined with HDC, there are problems that may limit the utility of this approach for a broad patient population. For example, older patients, who make up the majority of the NHL population, may not be able to withstand the toxicities associated with this intensive regimen, and this therapy combination, especially when it includes the use of total-body irradiation, has been associated with a greater risk for secondary malignancies. Furthermore, relapse is the most common cause of treatment failure after HDC with ASCT and there is a poor success rate for those patients with either chemotherapy-refractory or heavily pretreated, multiple-relapsed disease. Consequently, there is an urgent need for other effective and well-tolerated approaches that will eradicate the residual disease that may persist before SCT, thus improving outcomes for patients with this life-threatening disease. In addition, approaches with better safety profiles would allow older patients to benefit from this therapeutic option. Because lymphomas are highly sensitive to radiation, radioimmunotherapy (RIT) has been used with great success in consolidation therapy and, as a result, there is great interest in exploring the use of RIT, either as a single agent or as augmentation of HDC, as part of a conditioning regimen for ASCT. The flexibility of including RIT as part of conditioning therapy also allows it to be combined with RIC to reduce the toxic effects of HDC. This treatment option replaces any concomitant loss of chemotherapy efficacy with a gain in RIT efficacy. The data so far suggest that the use of RIT in the autologous setting can improve clinical outcome with no added toxicity in these patients, whereas similar positive findings have been reported in preliminary studies of yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan combined with RIC and alloSCT in high-risk patients.
Infants Born Preterm Exhibit Different Patterns of Center-of-Pressure Movement Than Infants Born at Full Term
Authors: Dusing Stacey C. , Kyvelidou Anastasia , Mercer Vicki S. , Stergiou Nick 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundInfants born preterm are at risk for developmental impairments related to postural control.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine whether infants born preterm and infants born at full term differed in postural control at 1 to 3 weeks after term age.DesignThis study included 17 infants born preterm (mean gestational age=31.9 weeks, range=25.0–34.6) and 15 infants born at full term (mean gestational age=38.9 weeks, range=37.3–40.6). All infants were without diagnosed neurological or genetic conditions.MeasurementCenter-of-pressure (COP) data were recorded at 5 Hz while each infant was positioned supine on a pressure-sensitive mat in an alert behavioral state. Root mean square (RMS) displacement and approximate entropy (ApEn) were used to describe the COP movement variability in the time series. Differences between groups were identified using independent t tests.ResultsThe COP time series were found to be deterministic, suggesting order in the time series. Infants born preterm exhibited significantly larger RMS values in the caudal-cephalic direction than infants born at full term (1.11 and 0.83 cm, respectively; t=−2.6, df=30, P=.01). However, infants born at full term had significantly larger ApEn values in the caudal-cephalic direction (1.19 and 1.11, respectively; t=2.4, df=30, P=.02). The 2 groups did not differ in RMS or ApEn values in the medial-lateral direction or the resultant.ConclusionsInfants born at full term exhibited COP displacements in the caudal-cephalic direction that were smaller in amplitude, but may be considered more complex or less predictable, than those of infants born preterm. One explanation is that infants born preterm exhibited more stereotypic patterns of movement, resulting in large, but repetitive, COP excursions. A combination of linear and nonlinear measures may provide insight into the control of posture of young infants.