bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Fabrication of Porous Isotactic Poly‐1‐Butene With Form I From the Melt Using CO2
Authors: Li Lei , Liu Tao , Zhao Ling 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe deformation of isotactic poly‐1‐butene (iPB‐1) matrix, during the CO2‐assisted foaming process, makes the iPB‐1 melt crystallize into form I rather than form I′, which crystallizes after annealing under high‐pressure CO2 without foaming. The result provides a new strategy to directly obtain porous iPB‐1 with stable form I from iPB‐1 melt.
Synthesis of Dendrigraft Poly(ϵ‐Caprolactone)s Using Side Hydroxyl Groups for the Grafting of Branch Chains
Authors: Cheng Juan , Ling Xiujun , Zhong Zhenlin , Zhuo Renxi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDendrigraft poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)s with high molecular weight and narrow polydispersity are synthesized via a convenient generation‐growth approach. Copolymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone (CL) and 4‐(2‐benzoxyethoxy)‐ϵ‐caprolactone (BECL) with stannous octanoate as a catalyst affords a functionalized poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) with benzyl‐protected hydroxyl side groups. After removal of benzyl groups by palladium‐catalyzed hydrogenolysis, the graft copolymerization of CL and BECL onto the hydroxyl‐bearing linear polyester (zero‐generation) affords the first‐generation graft polyester. Further deprotection and graft polymerization cycles led to dendrigraft polyesters. Molecular weights are multiplied in each graft copolymerization. The second‐generation dendrigraft poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) has an Mw of 236 000 g·mol−1 and Mw/Mn of 1.53.
Intrinsically Microporous Polyesters From Betulin – Toward Renewable Materials for Gas Separation Made From Birch Bark
Authors: Jeromenok Jekaterina , Böhlmann Winfried , Antonietti Markus , Weber Jens 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBetulin, an abundant triterpene, can be extracted from birch bark and can be used as a renewable monomer in the synthesis of microporous polyesters. Cross‐linked networks and hyperbranched polymers are accessible by an A2 + B3 reaction, with betulin being the A2 monomer and B3 being a trifunctional acid chloride. Reaction of betulin with a diacid dichloride results in linear, soluble polyesters. The present communication proves that the polyreaction follows the classic schemes of polycondensation reactions. The resulting polymers are analyzed with regard to their micro‐porosity by gas sorption, NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray scattering methods. The polymers feature intrinsic microporosity, having ultrasmall pores, which makes them candidates for gas separation membranes, e.g., for the separation of CO2 from N2.
Tetrahydrocurcumin, a major metabolite of curcumin, induced autophagic cell death through coordinative modulation of PI3K/Akt‐mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in human leukemia HL‐60 cells
Authors: Wu Jia‐Ching , Lai Ching‐Shu , Badmaev Vladimir , Nagabhushanam Kalyanam , Ho Chi‐Tang , Pan Min‐Hsiung 
Published: September 2011

AbstractScope: Autophagy (type II programmed cell death) is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Several autophagy‐deficient or knockout studies indicate that autophagy is a tumor suppressor. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a major metabolite of curcumin, has been demonstrated with anti‐colon carcinogenesis and antioxidation in vivo.Methods and results: In the present study, we found that treatment with THC induced autophagic cell death in human HL‐60 promyelocytic leukemia cells by increasing autophage marker acidic vascular organelle (AVO) formation. Flow cytometry also confirmed that THC treatment did not increase sub‐G1 cell population whereas curcumin did with strong apoptosis‐inducing activity. At the molecular levels, the results from Western blot analysis showed that THC significantly down‐regulated phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalings including decreasing the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin, glycogen synthase kinase 3β and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Further molecular analysis exhibited that the pretreatment of 3‐methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) also significantly reduced acidic vascular organelle production in THC‐treated cells.Conclusion: Taken together, these results demonstrated the anticancer efficacy of THC by inducing autophagy as well as provided a potential application for the prevention of human leukemia.
Deception tactics for network interdiction: A multiobjective approach
Authors: Salmerón Javier 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article develops defender‐attacker network interdiction models with deception. Here, deception refers to a preemptive and intelligent use of concealed interdiction assets and decoys by the defender, in addition to transparent assets commonly employed in modeling defender‐attacker problems. These models can help security planners to locate a limited number of checkpoints and sensors of various types to, for example, detect the smuggling of illegal products. The problem is complex, in part, because the objective functions of the defender and the attacker are different, and because the latter (which represents the attacker's behavior) is difficult to predict by the defender. First, we use duality theory and a generalized network flow model to devise an equivalent mixed‐integer programming formulation, and develop its Benders decomposition. We extend this formulation with a multiobjective approach to account for several behaviors simultaneously. The computational effort to solve these models is considerable, as exemplified by our testing on a variety of cases for a medium‐sized, notional network. Published 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
Consequences of the discontinuation of the International Protein Index (IPI) database and its substitution by the UniProtKB “complete proteome” sets
Authors: Griss Johannes , Martín María , O'Donovan Claire , Apweiler Rolf , Hermjakob Henning , Vizcaíno Juan Antonio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe International Protein Index (IPI) database has been one of the most widely used protein databases in MS proteomics approaches. Recently, the closure of IPI in September 2011 was announced. Its recommended replacement is the new UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) “complete proteome” sets, launched in May 2011. Here, we analyze the consequences of IPI's discontinuation for human and mouse data, and the effect of its substitution with UniProtKB on two levels: (i) data already produced and (ii) newly performed experiments. To estimate the effect on existing data, we investigated how well IPI identifiers map to UniProtKB accessions. We found that 21% of human and 10% of mouse identifiers do not map to UniProtKB and would thus be “lost.” To investigate the impact on new experiments, we compared the theoretical search space (i.e. the tryptic peptides) of both resources and found that it is decreased by 14.0% for human and 8.9% for mouse data through IPI's closure. An analysis on the experimental evidence for these “lost” peptides showed that the vast majority has not been identified in experiments available in the major proteomics repositories. It thus seems likely that the search space provided by UniProtKB is of higher quality than the one currently provided by IPI.
Titanium complexes based on aminodiol ligands for the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone, rac‐β‐butyrolactone, and trimethylene carbonate
Authors: Dakshinamoorthy Deivasagayam , Peruch Frédéric 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSeveral titanium complexes based on aminodiol ligands were tested as initiators for the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone under solution and bulk conditions. All complexes were found to be efficient under both conditions. For bulk polymerization at 70 °C, high activities were observed (113.3–156.2 gpoly mmolcat−1 h−1) together with controlled molar mass distribution. Kinetic studies revealed controlled polymerization, and the chain propagation was first order with respect to monomer conversion. One complex was also tested for the ROP of rac‐β‐butyrolactone and the end‐group analysis suggested that ring opening occurs through acyl‐oxygen bond cleavage via coordination–insertion mechanism. The microstructure analysis of polymer by 13C NMR indicates atactic polymer. Another complex was also found to be efficient initiator for the ROP of trimethylene carbonate under solution and bulk conditions. Again, end‐group analysis suggests coordination–insertion mechanism. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
The configurational energy gap between amorphous and crystalline silicon
Authors: Kail F. , Farjas J. , Roura P. , Secouard C. , Nos O. , Bertomeu J. , Cabarrocas P. Roca i 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe crystallization enthalpy of pure amorphous silicon (a‐Si) and hydrogenated a‐Si was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for a large set of materials deposited from the vapour phase by different techniques. Although the values cover a wide range (200–480 J/g), the minimum value is common to all the deposition techniques used and close to the predicted minimum strain energy of relaxed a‐Si (240 ± 25 J/g). This result gives a reliable value for the configurational energy gap between a‐Si and crystalline silicon. An excess of enthalpy above this minimum value can be ascribed to coordination defects. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strong magnetoelectric coupling in highly oriented ZnO films deposited on Metglas substrates
Authors: Viswan Ravindranath , Gray David , Wang Yaojin , Li Yanxi , Berry David , Li Jiefang , Viehland D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe have studied the magnetoelectric coupling in ZnO films deposited on Metglas substrates. Highly c‐axis oriented ZnO films were successfully deposited using pulsed laser deposition at a low temperature of 300 °C. High quality films with low surface roughness of 2.82 nm and thicknesses of about 2 μm were obtained. A large converse magnetoelectric coef‐ ficient of 3 × 10–6 s/m and a direct magnetoelectric coefficient of 47 mV/cm Oe at a low dc bias field of 17 Oe and frequency of 1 kHz were obtained by dynamic converse and direct magnetoelectric measurements, respectively. Our results demonstrate a significant magnetoelectric coupling in these layers. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Learning to critique and adapt science curriculum materials: Examining the development of preservice elementary teachers' pedagogical content knowledge
Authors: Beyer Carrie J. , Davis Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTeachers often engage in curricular planning by critiquing and adapting existing curriculum materials to contextualize lessons and compensate for their deficiencies. Designing instruction for students is shaped by teachers' ability to apply a variety of personal resources, including their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). This study investigated a criterion‐based approach to lesson plan analysis as one way to help preservice elementary teachers develop and use their PCK to plan instruction for students. Results show that the preservice teachers demonstrated a range of strengths and weaknesses in applying their knowledge of science assessment, science curriculum materials, and instructional strategies for teaching science. This range was influenced, in part, by the presence of alternative ideas about science teaching, the extent to which the original curriculum materials aligned with reform‐based standards and practices, and the presence of prompts to use criteria in their analyses. Despite these factors, preservice teachers' PCK improved significantly over time when they had multiple opportunities to practice applying the same criterion in their analyses. Insights into science teacher knowledge and implications for science teacher education are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed96:130–157, 2012
Group influence activities and the performance of strategic initiatives
Authors: Lechner Christoph , Floyd Steven W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study examines relationships between group influence activities and the performance of strategic initiatives. Theory suggests that the strength of these relationships is contingent upon the degree of exploration inherent in an initiative's goals. An analysis of 96 initiatives in three large firms supports the moderating role of exploration for the use of formal authority and coalition building, demonstrating that these group influence activities are more important to performance in more exploratory initiatives. Although the direct relationship between rational justification and initiative performance is significant, there is no evidence of the moderating effect for this form of influence. The results show how groups associated with strategic initiatives use different forms of influence to reduce the investment and political uncertainties that limit initiative performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diameter thresholds for distinguishing between red wolf and other canid scat
Authors: Dellinger Justin A. , Mcvey Justin M. , Cobb David T. , Moorman Christopher E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDifferentiation between scats of sympatric canid species is important for determining species‐specific presence and movements, but distinction in the field is difficult. We calculated upper and lower thresholds of scat diameters to distinguish between scats of red wolves (Canis rufus) and scats of coyotes (C. latrans) and coyote–wolf hybrids in the field, in North Carolina, USA, from February 2009 to March 2010. We used DNA genotyping to identify scats collected in the field and took diameter measurements of those scats. Based on normal‐distribution probability functions of scat diameters, scats ≥29 mm in diameter were ≥95% certain to be of red wolf origin. Conversely, scats ≤14 mm in diameter were 95% certain to be of coyote or hybrid origin. Scats >14 mm and <29 mm in diameter could not be identified by diameter alone. We suggest these upper and lower thresholds of scat diameters be used in concert with other methods (e.g., DNA genotyping) to monitor for red wolf, coyote, and hybrid activity to help conserve a lone, free‐ranging population of wild red wolves. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Envisioning the future of wildlife in a changing climate: Collaborative learning for adaptation planning
Authors: Ledee Olivia E. , Karasov William H. , Martin Karl J. , Meyer Michael W. , Ribic Christine A. , Van Deelen Timothy R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNatural resource managers are tasked with assessing the impacts of climate change on conservation targets and developing adaptation strategies to meet agency goals. The complex, transboundary nature of climate change demands the collaboration of scientists, managers, and stakeholders in this effort. To share, integrate, and apply knowledge from these diverse perspectives, we must engage in social learning. In 2009, we initiated a process to engage university researchers and agency scientists and managers in collaborative learning to assess the impacts of climate change on terrestrial fauna in the state of Wisconsin, USA. We constructed conceptual Bayesian networks to depict the influence of climate change, key biotic and abiotic factors, and existing stressors on the distribution and abundance of 3 species: greater prairie‐chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus), and Karner blue butterfly (Plebejus melissa samuelis). For each species, we completed a 2‐stage expert review that elicited dialogue on information gaps, management opportunities, and research priorities. From our experience, collaborative network modeling proved to be a powerful tool to develop a common vision of the potential impacts of climate change on conservation targets. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
HfSb2–xTex: The Second New Compound on the Quasi‐Binary Section HfSb2‐HfTe2 with Different Sb–Sb Interactions
Authors: Kleinke Katja M. , Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Holger 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThus far, three different ribbons and layers of antimony atoms with various Sb–Sb bonds were found in Hf5Sb9, HfSb2 and HfSbTe. We uncovered a new variant when trying to dope Hf5Sb9 with tellurium atoms, namely HfSb2–xTex, with 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 0.7. HfSb2–xTex adopts the monoclinic OsGe2 type, space group C2/m, a = 10.5216(8) Å, b = 3.7142(3) Å, c = 8.5924(7) Å, β = 11.571(1), V = 292.05(4) Å3 (Z = 4) when x = 0.5. This structure is composed of a layer of puckered six‐membered rings of antimony atoms, with Sb–Sb distances of 2.82 and 3.12 Å. The different antimony atom substructures are compared in this article. Independent of the exact Sb/Te ratio, monoclinic HfSb2–xTex is predicted to be metallic, as are Hf5Sb9, HfSb2 and orthorhombic HfSbTe.
Factors Affecting the Outcome of Artificial Insemination Using Cryopreserved Spermatozoa in the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Authors: Huang Yan , Li Desheng , Zhou Yingmin , Zhou Qiang , Li Rengui , Wang Chengdong , Huang Zhi , Hull Vanessa , Zhang Hemin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractArtificial insemination (AI) is an important component of captive breeding programs for endangered species, such as the giant panda. The panda has been the subject of increasingly successful captive breeding programs involving a compilation of assisted breeding techniques, including AI using cryopreserved spermatozoa. AI implementation is currently hampered by a lack of understanding of the factors that may cause failure. We investigated factors influencing the probability of success of AI for 14 giant panda females housed at the China Center for Research and Conservation of the Giant Panda (CCRCGP) inseminated in a total of 20 instances using cryopreserved spermatozoa from 11 males currently residing in 6 different captive breeding institutions. One of the pandas was the oldest giant panda female to ever successfully conceive from AI (20.5 years old). The success of AI was significantly affected by the timing of AI in relationship to both timing of peak urinary estrogen of the female and percent decline in urinary estrogen between the peak level and the first AI attempt. Our results suggest that the window for successful AI in giant pandas may be narrower than previously suspected, although individual differences in rates of decline in urinary estrogen may reflect some degree of variation in this crucial window across females. Our results are consistent with recent research on pandas and other species that demonstrates the efficacy of cryopreserved spermatozoa for AI and highlights the need for more in‐depth analysis of factors related to female physiology that may influence its success. Zoo Biol 31:561‐573, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental study of three-scalar mixing in a turbulent coaxial jet
Authors: Cai J. , Dinger M. J. , Li W. , Carter C. D. , Ryan M. D. , Tong C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the present study we investigate three-scalar mixing in a turbulent coaxial jet. In this flow a centre jet and an annular flow, consisting of acetone-doped air and ethylene respectively, are mixed with the co-flow air. A unique aspect of this study compared to previous studies of three-scalar mixing is that two of the scalars (the centre jet and air) are separated by the third (annular flow); therefore, this flow better approximates the mixing process in a non-premixed turbulent reactive flow. Planar laser-induced fluorescence and Rayleigh scattering are employed to measure the mass fractions of the acetone-doped air and ethylene. The results show that the most unique aspects of the three-scalar mixing occur in the near field of the flow. The mixing process in this part of the flow are analysed in detail using the scalar means, variances, correlation coefficient, joint probability density function (JPDF), conditional diffusion, conditional dissipation rates and conditional cross-dissipation rate. The diffusion velocity streamlines in scalar space representing the conditional diffusion generally converge quickly to a manifold along which they continue at a lower rate. A widely used mixing model, interaction through exchange with mean, does not exhibit such a trend. The approach to the manifold is generally in the direction of the ethylene mass fraction. The difference in the magnitudes of the diffusion velocity components for the two scalars cannot be accounted for by the difference in their dissipation time scales. The mixing processes during the approach to the manifold, therefore, cannot be modelled by using different dissipation time scales alone. While the three scalars in this flow have similar distances in scalar space, mixing between two of the scalars can occur only through the third, forcing a detour of the manifold (mixing path) in scalar space. This mixing path presents a challenging test for mixing models since most mixing models use only scalar-space variables and do not take into account the spatial (physical-space) scalar structure. The scalar JPDF and the conditional dissipation rates obtained in the present study have similarities to those of mixture fraction and temperature in turbulent flames. The results in the present study provide a basis for understanding and modelling multiscalar mixing in reactive flows.
From eco-catastrophe to zero deforestation? Interdisciplinarities, politics, environmentalisms and reduced clearing in Amazonia
Authors: HECHT SUSANNA B. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYBrazil's rate of deforestation has declined by more than 70% since 2004, a dynamic unimaginable even a decade ago. Even the worst drought in more than 100 years (2010) produced a flat clearing profile from 2009–2010, an unexpected result, since dry periods usually have clearing spikes. While deforestation continues throughout the tropics (and Amazonia), and the recent change in Brazil's Forest Code has produced a modest increase in deforestation, there are significant processes that are slowing clearing and fostering woodland recovery. This paper outlines the multiplicities and interdisciplinarities of political ecologies, policies, politics scientific approaches and technologies that have moderated forest conversion and shaped Amazonia's unusual, and unusually effective development and conservation conjunctures in Brazil's post-authoritarian period. New institutional framings, ideologies, political decentralization, globalizations and an expanded arena for new social movements and civil society provided the context for this transformation. Changing environmental institutions, discourses and the relatively redistributive social pact that underpinned President Ignacio (Lula) da Silva's administration had a significant role in promoting more resilient land uses, monitoring, compliance and new markets, while regional social movements and national and international commodity boycotts affected more damaging ones. Finally, other forms of payment for environmental services, such as REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) and REDD+ are changing the value of standing forests. This paper describes how complex interdisciplinarities shaped the politics, policies and practices that slowed forest clearing. However, Amazonia's politics are extremely dynamic: destabilizing processes, violence and indifferent national leadership could still reverse this remarkable turnaround.