bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitigating On‐Off attacks in reputation‐based secure data aggregation for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Alzaid Hani , Foo Ernest , Nieto Juan González , Ahmed Ejaz 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn‐network aggregation is considered as an efficient way to reduce the energy consumption in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, it opens doors for a compromised node to distort the integrity of the aggregated data by altering the data and disrupting transmission of the aggregation results. Thus, several secure data aggregation protocols were designed to mitigate the effect of the node compromise attack and ensure data integrity. Most protocols can detect the manipulation of the aggregation results and then reject them at the base station, which gives a single node compromise the opportunity to disrupt the limited resources in the network. Reputation‐based secure data aggregation protocols take a step further in helping to identify compromised nodes as early as possible. However, reputation‐based protocols are prone to On‐Off attacks (OOs) in which a compromised node is able to affect the aggregation results without being detected. The compromised node behaves maliciously now and then to ensure that its reputation value is within the trustable level. A solution to defeat this attack is proposed in this paper. The significance of the proposal is twofold: (i) it extends Alzaid et al.'s protocol and mitigates the effect of the OO on the aggregation results, and (ii) it considers non‐homogeneous environments, which requires distinguishing between abrupt and incipient changes. In a comparative analysis of our proposal with Alzaid et al.'s protocol, plain estimate, and reputation‐based estimate shows its superior performance in mitigating the effect of the attack. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LPA: a new location‐based privacy‐preserving authentication protocol in VANET
Authors: Xue Xiaoping , Ding Jia 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we introduce a location‐based privacy‐preserving authentication protocol (LPA) in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to address the issue on conditional privacy preservation in which safety messages can be anonymously authenticated by peer vehicles while an authority can trace the sender in a dispute. Specifically, in the LPA protocol, we propose a top‐down security system: the top authority (TA) authorizes the roadside units (RSUs) to issue group certificates to the onboard units (OBUs). In addition, we also introduce RSU neighbor set to enhance security and efficiency. We demonstrate the merits of the proposed scheme through extensive analysis and performance evaluation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian approaches to sensory integration for motor control
Authors: Berniker Max , Kording Konrad 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe processing of sensory information is fundamental to the basic operation of the nervous system. Our nervous system uses this sensory information to gain knowledge of our bodies and the world around us. This knowledge is of great importance as it provides the coherent and accurate information necessary for successful motor control. Yet, all this knowledge is of an uncertain nature because we obtain information only through our noisy sensors. We are thus faced with the problem of integrating many uncertain pieces of information into estimates of the properties of our bodies and the surrounding world. Bayesian approaches to estimation formalize the problem of how this uncertain information should be integrated. Utilizing this approach, many studies make predictions that faithfully predict human sensorimotor behavior. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 419–428 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.125This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Behavior
The residential segregation of mixed-nativity married couples
Authors: Iceland John , Nelson Kyle Anne 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article examines the ways in which mixed-nativity marriage is related to spatial assimilation in metropolitan areas of the United States. Specifically, we examine the residential patterns of households with a mixed-nativity—and, in some cases, interracial—marriage to determine whether they are less segregated from the native-born than entirely foreign-born households. Using restricted-use data from the 2000 census, we find that compared with couples in which both spouses are foreign-born, mixed-nativity couples tend to be less segregated from various native-born racial and ethnic groups. Further, among both foreign-born Asians and Hispanics, those with a native-born non-Hispanic white spouse are considerably less segregated from native-born white households than from other foreign-born Asian and Hispanic households. We also find that even though nativity status matters for black couples in a manner consistent with assimilation theory, foreign-born and mixed-nativity black households still each display very high levels of segregation from all other native-born racial/ethnic groups, reaffirming the power of race in determining residential patterns. Overall, our findings provide moderate support for spatial assimilation theory and suggest that cross-nativity marriages often facilitate the residential integration of the foreign-born.
A cross‐sectional study of docosahexaenoic acid status and cognitive outcomes in females of reproductive age with phenylketonuria
Authors: Yi Sarah H. L. , Kable Julie A. , Evatt Marian L. , Singh Rani H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDiet therapy for phenylketonuria (PKU) requires restricted phenylalanine (Phe) intake, with the majority of protein and other nutrients coming from synthetic medical food. The fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important in brain development and function; however, there are reports of low blood DHA concentrations in people treated for PKU. Although the implications of this low blood DHA are unclear, subtle cognitive deficits have been reported in those treated early and continuously for PKU. For this study, we investigated the relationship between DHA status and cognitive performance in 41 females 12 years and older with PKU. Participants were attending the baseline visit of a research‐based camp or a supplementation trial. We assessed the domains of verbal ability, processing speed, and executive function using standardized tests, and the proportions of DHA in plasma and red blood cell (RBC) total lipids using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Percent plasma and RBC total lipid DHA were significantly lower in the participants compared with laboratory controls (P < .001), and participants consumed no appreciable DHA according to diet records. Plasma and RBC DHA both negatively correlated with plasma Phe (P < .02), and performance on the verbal ability task positively correlated with RBC DHA controlling for plasma Phe (R = .32, P = .03). The relationship between DHA and domains related to verbal ability, such as learning and memory, should be confirmed in a controlled trial. Domains of processing speed and executive function may require a larger sample size to clarify any association with DHA.
Gender variability in presentation with Alpers’ syndrome: a report of eight patients from the UAE
Authors: Mohamed Khalid , FathAllah Waseem , Ahmed Elamin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIntroductionAlpers’ syndrome is a progressive and often fatal cerebral and hepatic degeneration caused by a mutation in the polymerase gamma (POLG) gene involved in mitochondrial DNA replication.ObjectiveWe report on eight successive cases from five families.MethodsOur analysis consisted of case series reports and literature search.ResultsThe eight patients were from five extended families, all with clinical manifestations of the syndrome. Seven were confirmed by POLG sequence analysis and one died before testing was possible. We observed that whereas the five females presented with advanced hepatic disease at the onset of neurological symptoms, the three males had normal hepatic function well after presentation, with progressive neurological disease. Two of the three males are distant relatives; two of the five females were sisters of two male patients.DiscussionMost authors report the coexistence of both hepatic and cerebral disease at the onset of Alpers’ syndrome. It is unusual that all three males in our series had no signs of liver disease but had advanced neurological signs.ConclusionInitial manifestations in Alpers’ syndrome may be gender specific. In males, the condition should be considered in patients with seizures and encephalopathy, even in the absence of hepatic disease.
Efficacy of a microencapsulated iron pyrophosphate-fortified fruit juice: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Spanish iron-deficient women
Authors: Blanco-Rojo Ruth , Pérez-Granados Ana M. , Toxqui Laura , González-Vizcayno Carmen , Delgado Marco A. , Vaquero M. Pilar 
Published: February 2011

Fe-deficiency anaemia is a worldwide health problem. We studied the influence of consuming an Fe-fortified fruit juice on Fe status in menstruating women. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 16 weeks of duration was performed. Subjects were randomised into two groups: the P group (n58) or the F group (n64), and consumed, as a supplement to their usual diet, 500 ml/d of a placebo fruit juice or an Fe-fortified fruit juice, respectively. The Fe-fortified fruit juice, containing microencapsulated iron pyrophosphate, provided 18 mg Fe/d (100 % of the RDA). At baseline and monthly, dietary intake, body weight and Fe parameters were determined: total erythrocytes, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), Hb, serum Fe, serum ferritin, serum transferrin, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP). The fruit juice consumption involved increased intake of carbohydrates and vitamin C, and increased BMI within normal limits. Ferritin was higher in the F group after week 4 (P < 0·05) and became 80 % higher than in the P group after week 16 (P < 0·001), and transferrin decreased in the F group compared with the P group after week 4 (P < 0·001). RDW was higher at weeks 4 and 8 in the F group compared with the P group (P < 0·05). Transferrin saturation increased after week 8, and haematocrit, MCV and Hb increased after week 12, in the F group compared with the P group. Serum Fe did not change. sTfR and ZnPP decreased in the F group at week 16 (P < 0·05). Iron pyrophosphate-fortified fruit juice improves Fe status and may be used to prevent Fe-deficiency anaemia.
Flavonoid intake in relation to cognitive function in later life in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
Authors: Butchart Catherine , Kyle Janet , McNeill Geraldine , Corley Janie , Gow Alan J. , Starr John M. , Deary Ian J. 
Published: February 2011

Previous studies have suggested a link between flavonoid intake and better cognitive function in later life but have not been able to control for possible confounding by prior intelligence quotient (IQ). The aim of the present study was to address this issue in a cross-sectional survey of 1091 men and women born in 1936, in whom IQ was measured at age 11 years. At the age of 70 years, participants carried out various neuropsychological tests and completed a FFQ. Associations between test scores and nutrient intake were assessed by linear regression with adjustment for potentially confounding variables. Total fruit, citrus fruits, apple and tea intakes were initially found to be associated with better scores in a variety of cognitive tests, but the associations were no longer statistically significant after adjusting for confounding factors, including childhood IQ. Flavanone intake was initially found to be associated with better scores in verbal fluency (P = 0·003, with standardised regression coefficient 0·10), but, again, the association was no longer statistically significant after adjusting for confounding factors. These findings do not support a role for flavonoids in the prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Studies of diet and cognitive function should include measurement of potential confounding variables, including prior IQ wherever possible.
Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change
Authors: Branch Jordan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article examines the effect of cartography on the development of the modern state system. I argue that new mapping technologies in early modern Europe changed how actors thought about political space, organization, and authority, thus shaping the creation of sovereign states and international relations. In particular, mapping was fundamental to three key characteristics of the medieval-to-modern shift: the homogenization of territorial authority, the linearization of political boundaries, and the elimination of nonterritorial forms of organization. Although maps have been interpreted as epiphenomenal to political change, each of these three transformations occurred first in the representational space of maps and only subsequently in the political practices of rulers and states. Based on evidence from the history of cartographic technologies and their use by political actors, the practices and texts of international negotiations, and the practical implementation of linearly bounded territoriality by states, this article argues that changes in the representational practices of mapmaking were constitutive of the early-modern transformation of the authoritative structure of politics. This explanation of the international system's historical transformation suggests useful new directions for investigations into the possibility of fundamental political change due to the economic, social, and technological developments of globalization.
‘New Violence’: Silencing Women's Experiences in the Favelas of Brazil
Authors: WILDING POLLY 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article contributes to recent analyses of gendered violence in Latin America by highlighting the relative neglect of women's experiences of violence in the discussion of ‘new violence’. In Latin America, women are consistently missing from mainstream debates about violence, which concentrate on urban crime, youth gangs and the police. With a focus on urban Brazil, this article argues for a gendered approach to the range of different forms of violence in order to render visible the variety of roles that women play in the context and in specific incidents of urban violence. It also explores the gendered impacts of various forms of violence and the gendered socialisation of violence. The article challenges the un-gendered concept of new violence, questioning its ability to capture the full gamut of violences that men and women experience, and the connections between these various forms. By adjusting the parameters of the debate, this article highlights the complexity of the gendered social relations and processes that reproduce violence, and adds a further dimension to the discussion of violence and security.
Feminist Activism, Union Democracy and Gender Equity Rights in Mexico
Authors: BRICKNER RACHEL K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBeyond competitive elections, democratisation should include a transformation of the institutions of state and civil society into spaces that recognise the rights of citizens and allow for their participation. This study explores the question of how Mexican labour unions are transformed into institutions with a commitment to the rights and participation of women workers. Drawing on evidence from five unions, the paper shows that compared to their corporatist counterparts, unions with a ‘democratic ethos’ provide a context within which gender equity rights are more readily recognised. However, recognition of gender equity is primarily dependent on feminist activism and union leadership. The paper argues that women's efforts to transform their unions into spaces that reflect and advocate for gender equity rights are critical to strengthening democratic citizenship in Mexico.
China's Global Expansion and Latin America
Authors: JENKINS RHYS 
Published: February 2011

AbstractChina's rapid growth and increased integration with the global economy over the past three decades have significant economic impacts and political implications for Latin America. This paper reviews the debate over whether these impacts have on balance been positive or negative for the region. It argues that those who emphasise the positive economic impacts of China have been over-optimistic and underplay some of the negative impacts associated with Chinese competition in manufacturing and increasing Latin American specialisation in primary products. On the other hand, when focusing on the political dimensions, there has been a tendency to exaggerate both the extent of China's influence in the region and the fears to which this gives rise, particularly among US commentators.
Extent of the Ross Orogen in Antarctica: new data from DSDP 270 and Iselin Bank
Authors: Mortimer N. , Palin J.M. , Dunlap W.J. , Hauff F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Ross Sea is bordered by the Late Precambrian–Cambrian Ross–Delamerian Orogen of East Antarctica and the more Pacific-ward Ordovician–Silurian Lachlan–Tuhua–Robertson Bay–Swanson Orogen. A calcsilicate gneiss from Deep Sea Drilling Project 270 drill hole in the central Ross Sea, Antarctica, gives a U-Pb titanite age of 437 ± 6 Ma (2σ). This age of high-grade metamorphism is too young for typical Ross Orogen. Based on this age, and on lithology, we propose a provisional correlation with the Early Palaeozoic Lachlan–Tuhua–Robertson Bay–Swanson Orogen, and possibly the Bowers Terrane of northern Victoria Land. A metamorphosed porphyritic rhyolite dredged from the Iselin Bank, northern Ross Sea, gives a U-Pb zircon age of 545 ± 32 Ma (2σ). The U-Pb age, petrochemistry, Ar-Ar K-feldspar dating, and Sr and Nd isotopic ratios indicate a correlation with Late Proterozoic–Cambrian igneous protoliths of the Ross Orogen. If the Iselin Bank rhyolite is not ice-rafted debris, then it represents a further intriguing occurrence of Ross basement found outside the main Ross–Delamerian Orogen.
Production of transgenic canine embryos using interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Hong So Gun , Oh Hyun Ju , Park Jung Eun , Kim Min Jung , Kim Geon A. , Koo Ok Jae , Jang Goo , Lee Byeong Chun 
Published: February 2011

SummarySomatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has emerged as an important tool for producing transgenic animals and deriving transgenic embryonic stem cells. The process of SCNT involves fusion of in vitro matured oocytes with somatic cells to make embryos that are transgenic when the nuclear donor somatic cells carry ‘foreign’ DNA and are clones when all the donor cells are genetically identical. However, in canines, it is difficult to obtain enough mature oocytes for successful SCNT due to the very low efficiency of in vitro oocyte maturation in this species that hinders canine transgenic cloning. One solution is to use oocytes from a different species or even a different genus, such as bovine oocytes, that can be matured easily in vitro. Accordingly, the aim of this study was: (1) to establish a canine fetal fibroblast line transfected with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene; and (2) to investigate in vitro embryonic development of canine cloned embryos derived from transgenic and non-transgenic cell lines using bovine in vitro matured oocytes. Canine fetal fibroblasts were transfected with constructs containing the GFP and puromycin resistance genes using FuGENE 6®. Viability levels of these cells were determined by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay. Interspecies SCNT (iSCNT) embryos from normal or transfected cells were produced and cultured in vitro. The MTT measurement of GFP-transfected fetal fibroblasts (mean OD = 0.25) was not significantly different from non-transfected fetal fibroblasts (mean OD = 0.35). There was no difference between transgenic iSCNT versus non-transgenic iSCNT embryos in terms of fusion rates (73.1% and 75.7%, respectively), cleavage rates (69.7% vs. 73.8%) and development to the 8–16-cell stage (40.1% vs. 42.7%). Embryos derived from the transfected cells completely expressed GFP at the 2-cell, 4-cell, and 8–16-cell stages without mosaicism. In summary, our results demonstrated that, following successful isolation of canine transgenic cells, iSCNT embryos developed to early pre-implantation stages in vitro, showing stable GFP expression. These canine–bovine iSCNT embryos can be used for further in vitro analysis of canine transgenic cells and will contribute to the production of various transgenic dogs for use as specific human disease models.
Insulin–transferrin–selenium (ITS) improves maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro
Authors: Hu Junhe , Ma Xiaoling , Bao Jian Chang , Li Wei , Cheng De , Gao Zhimin , Lei Anmin , Yang Chunrong , Wang Huayan 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine if insulin–transferrin–selenium (ITS) promoted a nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of porcine oocytes that better supports subsequent embryonic development. The rate of oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) in an experimental group treated with hormones for 42 h was significantly increased compared with that in a control group without hormone treatment (47.8% vs. 11.7%, respectively, p < 0.05). Following reduction of the hormone treatment period from 42 h to 21 h, which included both the first 21 h period of hormones treatment (45.4%) and the second 21 h period of hormone treatment (44.8%), the rate of oocyte IVM was still higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). To improve porcine oocyte nuclear maturation, 1% ITS was added to medium supplemented with hormones. The rate of nuclear maturation in the ITS-treated group was significantly higher than in the ITS-untreated group (78.6% vs. 54.4%, respectively, p < 0.05). ITS treatment also significantly reduced the per cent of oocytes with type I and type III cortical granule (CG) distribution, respectively, and significantly increased the per cent of oocytes with type II CG distribution (85.3%). These observations indicated that the synchronization rates of nuclear and ooplasmic maturation reached 67.04% (78.56 × 85.33%). In conclusion, the combination of modified Tissue Culture Medium-199 (mM199) + 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF) + 10 IU/ml pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) + 10 IU/ml human chorion gonadotrophin (hCG) + 2.5 IU/ml follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) + 1% ITS is suitable for culturing porcine oocytes in vitro, and effectively enhances porcine oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation.
The pressure wire as a diagnostic tool in patients with congenital cardiac disease
Authors: Hamid Tahir , Hadi Haider , Clarke Bernard , Mahadevan Vaikom 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe pressure wire has emerged as a useful tool to assess the clinical severity of moderate coronary artery lesions. We report a novel use of the pressure wire in adult patients with complex congenital cardiac disease in whom it was used in assessing pressures beyond the stenosis in the distal pulmonary artery, aorto-pulmonary collaterals, and across prosthetic tricuspid valves, where conventional catheters were unable to reach. We used this in three of our patients for assessment of pulmonary artery pressures and in two patients for assessment of pressures across a prosthetic St Jude® valve. Out of the three patients referred for assessment, only two had significantly raised distal pulmonary pressures enabling them to receive appropriate therapy. Out of the two patients with a prosthetic tricuspid valve, only one required surgery based on this assessment. We describe a novel use of the pressure wire in the functional assessment of adults with congenital cardiac disease in whom conventional catheter techniques may not be able to provide adequate data. It can be a guide to provide appropriate therapy and avoid unnecessary interventions in this patient group.