bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man
Authors: Dobell Clifford 
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology and life-history ofDientamoeba fragilis, as observable in cultures, are described and illustrated, and the stages correlated with those commonly found in human faeces.2. The nuclear structure especially is reinterpreted, and nuclear and cytoplasmic division are described in detail.3. It is shown that the “normal” binucleate condition of this “amoeba” represents an arrested telophase stage of mitosis—the “granules” in the nuclei being really chromosomes (constant in number), and the strand connecting the nuclei being a persistent centrodesmus. The chromosome number is probably 6 (certainly not 4).4. Binary fission is the only method of reproduction hitherto observed: no cysts or other stages in the life-history have been discovered.5. Attempts to transmitD. fragilisto a man and 2 macaques (M. rhesusandM. sinicus) by administration of trophic amoebaeper os—and in the case ofM. rhesusinoculationper anum—were unsuccessful. It was also found impossible to infect chickens permanently by injectionper anum(though one chick acquired an infection lasting for a week).6. Consideration of its cytology and development leads to the conclusion thatD. fragilisis not a true amoeba but an aberrant flagellate closely related toHistomonas. No flagellate stages, however, have yet been discovered.7. Some consequences of this conclusion are briefly discussed, and hopeful directions for further inquiries are indicated.8. On analogy withHistomonas, it is suggested thatD. fragilismay be conveyed from man to man not by direct oral infection with trophic forms but in the ova of a nematode worm—possiblyTrichuris(orAscaris?).
OnBraula coecaNitsch and its affinities
Authors: Imms A. D. 
Published: June 2009

The developmental stages ofBraula coecaare described. The larva is an inquiline living in a tubular burrow which it makes by mining on the inner side of the capping of the honey cells in the comb of the hive bee. It is meta-pneustic and bears characteristic anterior and posterior girdles of sensoria.The pupa is apparently unique among Cyclorrhapha in that it is enclosed within the unmodified cuticle of the 3rd instar larva, no puparium being formed. It is suggested that this feature is a degenerative change owing to the cessation of a particular phase of hormone activity.The similarity of form and structure shown by the larvae ofBraulaand of the Chamaemyiidae (Ochthiphilidae) is indicative of a fundamentally close relationship. Their imagines on the other hand have undergone widely divergent evolution.
The variation of the British harvest mite (Trombiculidae, Acarina)
Authors: Richards W. S. 
Published: June 2009

Five main types of harvest mite larvae have been found in Great Britain. These may be distinguished according to the following key:(1) Galeal setae ciliatedGaleal setae not ciliated (2)(2) Scutal setae duplicatedScutal setae not duplicated (3)(3) Humeral setae duplicated Humeral setae not duplicated (4)(4) Eight setae in both the second andthe third rows of dorsal setae Normal type aSix setae in both the second andthird rows of dorsal setae Normal type bEight setae in the second dorsalrow but only six in the third Normal type cType a and type b may be further divided into groups based on differences in scutal width and setal length. Nevertheless, scutal width, setal length and setal number are not correlated with each other. Were larvae to be separated into two species on the hypothesis that one of these characters (e.g. differences in setal number) is genetically determined, then the range of variation with respect to the other two characters (namely scutal width and setal length) would be the same for each species. Forms with duplicated humeral setae do not differ otherwise from the normal type. The ciliation of the galeal setae and the duplication of the scutal setae is not consistent and larvae of mixed or intermediate type are known. It seems to me that these morphological differences may not be genetically determined but are solely phenotypic (and in the case of setal number may be influenced by rainfall and temperature). This, together with the lack of points of distinction among nymphs and adults, suggests that there is only one British species which was first described as Acarus autumnalis (Shaw, 17 90). As no type is known to exist, a lectotype has been selected from British material and deposited in the British Museum.The systematic position of this species is difficult to determine. Until larvae of known ancestry can be reared under controlled conditions the systematic significance of the variations described above must remain in doubt.Nymphs and adults do not appear to differ greatly from those described by André (1930). The adult is recorded for the first time in England. The male genitalia are described.
Sylvatic plague studies. X. Survival of rodent fleas in the laboratory
Authors: Burroughs A. L. 
Published: June 2009

The longevity of laboratory-reared fleas, two species parasitic on domestic rats and six species parasitic on wild rodents of the sylvatic plague reservoir, was studied. The 10,795 adult fleas used in these studies were maintained at different temperatures and humidities within a range encountered in their natural habitats. Different conditions of host availability were simulated by feeding some adult fleas only once, at the beginning of an experiment, by feeding others daily, and by not feeding others at all.Generally, a single blood meal exerted a beneficial effect on the fleas in that those fed before starvation survived a little longer than those that were never fed.With the exception of Opisodasys nesiotus, all fleas were potentially long-lived under some of the laboratory conditions. The longest-lived fleas in all instances were those kept at high humidities (90% relative humidity or more) and fed daily. An O. nesiotus male survived for 48 days, the longest period of any of this species. The maximum longevity for each of the other species was among females and was as follows: Xenopsylla cheopis, over 5 months; Malaraeus telchinum, over 6 months; Nosopsyllus fasciatus, over 9 months; Orchopeas sexdentatus sexdentatus, 10½ months; Diamanus montanus, over 11 months; Oropsylla idahoensis, nearly 12 months; Megahothris abantis, nearly 16 months.
Some Cestodes of the rat, Rattus rattus Linnaeus, of Ceylon and their epidemiological significance for man
Authors: Kulasiri Charles 
Published: June 2009

1. Hymenolepis diminuta is shown to be quite frequent in the rat, Rattus rattus, of Colombo; and reasons are suggested for its apparent rarity in man.2. An extremely low incidence of H. nana in rats was found. It is suggested that this cestode will not be found to parasitize man in Ceylon as long as its murine infection continues to be low.3. Raillietina madagascariensis is not uncommon in rats in Ceylon; but, until its vector has been detected, the possibility that it may infest man in Ceylon cannot profitably be discussed.4. Instances of variation in the arrangement of genital pores in R. madagascariensis, and in the general anatomy of H. diminuta were detected.I am grateful to Dr G. A. R. Perera, Medical Officer of Health, Colombo Municipal Council, for supplying the rats used in this study; to Drs V. Sivalingam and L. G. Jayawardena of this Institute for helpful criticism, and to Dr A. C. J. Weera-koon of the University of Ceylon for revising my manuscript.
On the Excretory System and Life History of Lecithodendrium chilostomum (Mehl.) and other Bat Trematodes, with a Note on the Life History of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Rudolphi)
Authors: Brown F. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The life history of Lecithodendrium chilostomum has been established; C. Lecithodendrii chilostomi penetrates a second intermediate host, the larva of Phryganea grandis, and unlike other stylet cercariae does not encyst, but feeds and grows in the host tissue as a mobile metacercaria. During pupation of the host in the following year these mobile forms migrate from the abdominal segments of the larva to the thorax, where they then encyst in the thoracic muscles in which they are also found in the imago. The largest metacercariae and the excysted worms are typical early adult Lecithodendrium chilostomum. No case of progenesis in the metacercaria was found.2. It is estimated that the maximum swarming of the cercariae probably occurs during July, when first penetration of the intermediate host takes place. Subsequent diminished swarming and penetration proceed until November. The life of the larval trematode as a mobile metacercaria is approximately 8 months; the imagines of Phryganea grandis emerge during May and June, the infective period for the final host.3. The metacercariae are not distributed throughout the body cavity of their larval host, but the majority are confined to the three posterior segments.4. Limnophilus rhombicus may also serve as a second intermediate host, but the infection is very light and the metacercariae do not encyst during pupation of this host.5. The excretory system has been determined in all stages of Lecithodendrium chilostomum; it is of the 2 (6 × 2) type. The occurrence of this type of system in other groups of cercariae is reviewed and since it is found in several widely separated families, it is suggested that its presence does not necessarily imply relationship, but is due to convergence.6. The life histories of the following bat trematodes are indicated: Lecitho-dendrium lagena, Plagiorchis vespertilionis and Crepidostomum moeticus.7. The life history of Dicrocoelium dendriticum is discussed.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford 
Published: June 2009

Amoebae of the genusEndolimaxhave been found naturally inhabiting the large intestine of 3 species ofMacacus (M. sinicus [= radiatus], M. rhesus [= mulatto], M. nemestrinus).In all these hosts the amoebae are morphologically and culturally identical, at all stages of development, and are indistinguishable by any structural or cultural character fromEndolimax nanaof Man—with which they have been carefully compared. The several forms have been studied in “pure” culture (i.e., free from all other protozoa, but accompanied by bacteria suitable for their growth).TheEndolimaxofM. sinicus, isolated in “pure” culture, has been experimentally transmitted to an uninfected man by the natural route (cystsper os): and in this human subject it has produced an infection indistinguishable from a natural one withE. nana. The induced infection has now persisted unchanged for close on 8 years.From the experimentally infected man the amoeba has been artificially transmitted to an uninfectedM. rhesus, in which it gave rise to an infection—likewise indistinguishable from a natural simian infection—which persisted for the rest of the monkey's life (2½ years).Some further information is given about the distribution, cultivation, emetine-resistance, and other peculiarities of the forms ofEndolimaxfound in Macaques and Man; and the findings of other workers with similar organisms are briefly considered. From all the evidence available it is concluded thatE. nananaturally lives not only in Man but also in at least 3 different species of Macacus, and probably in monkeys of this genus generally. As yet there is no evidence that more than one species ofEndolimaxinhabits any of these hosts.Infections withE. nana, whether in Man or Macaques, have usually been found to endure indefinitely; but a case (M. rhesus) has been observed in which the infection appears to have died out spontaneously after persisting for a known period of over 6 years.Attempts to infect kittens withE. nanahave all been unsuccessful hitherto, but there is evidence (from the work of others) that this amoeba may inhabit some other domestic mammals. Its host-distribution in nature needs further investigation.
A Redescription of Distomum incommodum Leidy, from Alligator mississippiensis, and Creation of a new Genus (Homoscaphis) for it
Authors: Canavan William P. N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDistomum incommodum (Leidy 1856) from mouth of Alligator mississippiensis is found to belong to the family Clinostomidae. A new genus Homoscaphis Canavan 1933 is erected for it, a diagnosis of which is given, with a redescription and illustration of the species.
The Bionomics of Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, with a redescription of the Adult and Nymphal Stages and a description of the Larvae
Authors: Ross I. Clunies 
Published: June 2009

1. Ixodes holocyclus is a three-host tick.2. It is found on native mammals, being abundant on Perameles nasuta (the bandicoot), while it has also been found on dogs, cats and man, and exceptionally on the large bush opossum and the rat.3. Eggs hatch in from 49–61 days in warm weather.4. Larvae harden and become active in about seven days, and engorge on host in 4–6 days.5. Larval metamorphosis is prolonged by cold, and is most rapid in warm weather, varying from 19–41 days.6. Nymphs harden and are quiescent for about seven days, and engorge in 4–7 days.7. Adults emerge from larval skin in 21–71 days.8. Coupling occurs away from the host and may last 11 days.9. Adults harden and seek the host in about seven days and engorge in from 6–21 days.10. Males are only rarely found on hosts, and have never been found attached or showing signs of engorgement.11. Oviposition begins 11–20 days after the female leaves the host, and may last from 16–34 days; the number of eggs laid being about 1800–2500.12. All stages are soon killed by desiccation, gorged nymphs and larvae being very soon killed even at moderate temperature.13. A mass infestation with Ixodes holocyclus has not been seen either on native or domesticated animals.
On Five New Species of Ticks (Arachnida Ixodoidea)
Authors: Warburton Cecil 
Published: June 2009

Male unknown.Female (Fig. 1): Scutum (2·2 x 1·8 mm.) much longer than broad, with well-marked lateral folds on the anterior half; cervical grooves rather far apart at origin, then faint and divergent; some very fine punctations on the lateral folds and in the area between them and the cervical grooves, the posterior region very glossy and almost devoid of punctations. Emargination very slight. Venter: vulva between coxae IV. Genital grooves only slightly divergent, not extending beyond the anus. Anal groove horseshoe-shaped, then shallow and divergent. Spiracles nearly circular and very large (larger than coxa IV). Capitulum long; basis triangular, without cornua or auriculae, its ventral surface divided by a transverse line. Porose areas large, sub-rectangular, with narrow interval. Palps fairly stout; hypostome lanceolate, dentition 2/2, about twelve teeth per file, the outer the stronger. Legs: coxa I deeply cleft into two equal flat teeth, recalling that of Rhipicephalus, and very unusual in Ixodes; coxae II–IV with an external tooth, diminishing in size. Tarsi long (especially tarsus I) and tapering, the pad nearly as long as the rather weak claws.
Infestation of the slugs Milax sowerbii Férussac and Agriolimax reticulatus Müller by trematode metacercariae (Brachylaemidae)
Authors: Foster R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The parasitization of the slugs Milax sowerbii and Agriolimax reticulatus by a brachylaemid trematode in an area in Durham, during the period 1949–53, is described. Evidence is given that M. sowerbii is a natural intermediate host of the parasite.2. Seasonal fluctuations in the incidence of infestation are described, including the fluctuations in the incidence of the four developmental stages of the metacercariae. Primary (spring) and secondary (autumnal) infestations of the molluscs are described.3. The implications of an unexplained decline in parasite density during 1953 are noted.4. A life history for the parasite, involving a small mammal as the vertebrate host, is postulated.
The transmission of Actinomyces rhodnii Erikson in Rhodnius prolixus stål (hemiptera) and its influence on the growth of the host
Authors: Brecher G. , Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: June 2009

Actinomyces rhodnii has been isolated regularly from Rhodnius prolixus reared in the laboratory. It is not transmitted through the egg but is taken up by the young nymph from the environment; sometimes from the contaminated surface of the egg; more often perhaps from the dry excreta of other members of the species.Rhodnius has been reared free from Actinomyces by sterilizing the surface of the egg and feeding with suitable precautions.These sterile insects grow and moult normally until the 4th or 5th instar. Moulting is then delayed or may fail entirely in spite of repeated feeds of blood. Very few insects without Actinomyces become adult, and those few are almost certainly incapable of reproduction. Normal growth and moulting and egg production are resumed if the insects are re-infected with Actinomyces.
Studies on phosphatase systems of cestodes II. Studies onCysticercus tenuicollisandMoniezia expansa(adult)
Authors: Erasmus David A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Histochemical and biochemical studies have demonstrated the presence and distribution of phosphatases inCysticercus tenuicollisand adultMoniezia expansa.2. Biochemical tests have differentiated the following types of optimum phosphatase activity:Cysticercus tenuicollis, acid phosphatase, pH 5·0 (approx.); alkaline phosphatase, pH 10·0 (approx.);Moniezia expansa, acid plaosphatase, pH 5·5 (approx.); alkaline phosphatase, pH 7·0–8·0 and pH 10·0–11·0.3. Attempts to locate the enzymes by normal histochemical methods were unsuccessful in the case ofCysticercus tenuicollis. In adultMoniezia, acid and alkaline phosphatase (both types) occurred in the cuticle. Alkaline phosphatase (pH 10·0–11·0) only was present in the tunicae enclosing the ovary, vitelline gland and testes. This enzyme was also the only one present in the interproglottidal glands, in the wall of the developing uterus and in the subcuticular cells.4. Tests for all types of phosphatase activity showed that cuticular activity inMonieziaoriginated in the walls of an extensive branched system of channels. This system was demonstrable in the cuticle of fixed and unfixed material.5. Incubation experiments with entire livingMonieziashowed that substrates external to the body were capable of being broken down. Similar tests withCysticercus tenuicollisshowed that at least some of the alkaline phosphatase activity recorded by the biochemical tests was located in the cuticle.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford 
Published: June 2009

(i) Amoebae closely resemblingEntamoeba coli(of Man) have been studied in macaques (M. rhesus, M. sinicus, M. nemestrinus) and in a marmoset (Hapale jacchus).(ii) Pure strains of these amoebae have been isolated and cultivated, and carefully compared with similar pure strains ofE. colifrom Man (E. coli hominis).(iii) The complete life-cycles of these various strains—amoebae, cysts, and all stages of precystic and metacystic development—have been studiedin vitro.(iv) The “E. coli” of macaques (E. c. macacorum) was experimentally transmitted to a man, who ingested pure culture-cysts of a strain derived fromM. rhesus.(v) The “E. coli” of the marmoset (E. c. jacchi) was likewise transferred toM. sinicus, and from this host again toM. rhesusand Man.(vi) The natural infections observed inM. sinicus,M. rhesus, andH. jacchusall died out spontaneously after persisting for various periods (4½ years, 2 years, and 1 year respectively). The experimental infection withE. coli macacoruminduced in Man also disappeared spontaneously (after about 6 weeks).(vii) Attempts to infect kittens experimentally withE. coli jacchiwere uniformly unsuccessful.(viii) All infections with “E. coli” from every source—whether natural or experimental—have proved to be completely innocuous.(ix) Culture-cysts of various strains of “E. coli” have been found able to live at low temperatures for all times up to about 4½ months (maximum 135 days at 1°–2° C., for a strain fromH. jacchus).(x) The “E. coli” ofH. jacchus—and all its experimental derivatives—ingests human red blood-corpuscles in vitro as readily asE. histolytica.(xi) Several strains ofE. coli hominis, isolated directly from naturally infected human beings, have been found to possess the same property.(xii) Since strains ofE. colithus exist—both in men and in monkeys—which eat human red corpuscles avidly, this faculty can no longer be considered as peculiarly characteristic ofE. histolytica; and the importance of this observation, for the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery, is therefore emphasized.The statement thatE. histolyticaingests red corpuscles, whileE. colidoes not, is untrue. It is not possible to distinguish these species by this character alone.(xiii) As it has been found impossible to distinguish various strains of “E. coli” living in macaques, a marmoset, and men, by any recognizable specific feature—all of them being so closely alike morphologically, physiologically, culturally, and in their ability to inhabit these different hosts—it is concluded that no specific difference actually exists between any of them. The “E. coli” of the Macaques and of the Common Marmoset is probablyEntamoeba coliitself—the species which naturally inhabits Man.
On the Effect of Random Oviposition on the Action of Entomophagous Parasites as Agents of Natural Control
Authors: Thompson W. R. 
Published: June 2009

It has been shown in an earlier paper that if the eggs of parasites are not deposited in unparasitised hosts alone, but distributed according to the laws of chance among unparasitised hosts and hosts already attacked by individuals of the same species, and if all the parasites develop successfully, no matter how many enter a single host, then the effect upon the time required for the extermination of the host, as compared to that which is required if only unparasitised hosts are chosen, is relatively slight.The hypothesis examined in this paper is that when several parasites enter a single host, one, and only one, will develop successfully. It is shown that in such a case, provided the reproductive rate is decidedly greater than that of the host (e.g. 1·5 times as great), the effect on the time required for the extermination of the host by the parasite will be very little if at all greater than when superparasitism causes merely a loss in efficiency, as in the hypothesis previously examined. When the reproductive rate of the host is practically or actually equal to that of the parasite, the process of control will be seriously retarded, the delay being very much greater than in the preceding hypothesis. Control will, however, occur, even in this case.Superparasitism of the type here examined will therefore not necessarily produce any marked retardation of the process of control in cases where control within reasonable time would otherwise be probable.
Notes on Mites collected from the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Hora A. M. 
Published: June 2009

Sixteen species of mites belonging to nine different families were found on Mus musculus and Apodemus hebridensis and in the nests of the former. Of these, eleven species may be regarded as parasitic in habit, two species have previously been recorded in association with rodents and moles, and three species may be described as accidental visitors.I wish to thank Mr Elton and Prof. Munro of the Imperial College for their help, and I am also greatly indebted to Dr Caiman and Dr Finnegan for allowing me to make use of the facilities afforded by the British Museum (Natural History).