bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenicity of T.A.B.C. vaccine after admixture with tetanus toxoid for various periods
Authors: Hitch F. G. , Ashcroft L. S. , Green C. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. The antigenicity of batches of T.A.B.C. vaccine after mixture with tetanus toxoid and held at 18–25° C. for 6–7 weeks, 12–13 months and 16 months was tested in groups of adult males in whom the pre-inoculation titres for the various antigens were strictly comparable.2. The batch used within 6–7 weeks of production produced the greatest effect, but the older batches were not greatly reduced in potency.3. Within the limitations imposed by the restricted investigation, the more effective result following the use of the 16 months vaccine as compared with the 12–13 months vaccine indicates that factors in addition to that of time were concerned in the deterioration of antigenic power.We are indebted to the Medical Officers in charge of the Training Establishments concerned, Surgeon Captain H. F. Briggs, M.B., Ch.B, F.R.C.S. (Ed.), R.N., Surgeon Captain W. P. Vicary, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., R.N., and Surgeon Commander H. A. Shellwell, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., R.N.V.R., for their ready and valuable co-operation.
Concentration of the carcinogenic material in a Venezuelan spindle oil by simultaneous molecular distillation and chromatographic adsorption
Authors: Twort J. M. , Lyth R. 
Published: May 2009

Some concentration of the carcinogenic material in a Venezuelan spindle grade oil has been affected by simultaneous molecular distillation, and further concentration has also been accomplished by subjecting one of the more carcinogenic of these distillates to chromatographic adsorption. Animal experiments revealed that this distillate was about twice as carcinogenic as the oil from which it was derived. Two small fractions obtained from this distillate by chromatographic adsorption were painted on the skin of a few mice and both appeared to be appreciably more carcinogenic than the distillate from which they were derived. Further experiments with one of these fractions and the distillate, not yet completed, indicate that this fraction is at least five times as strong as the distillate from which it was derived. Thus by a combination of molecular distillation and chromatographic adsorption processes we have obtained a fraction about ten times as strong as the original oil. During the chromatographic adsorption process large quantities of colourless, low index, inert or almost inert material of relatively low viscosity have been separated from the highly coloured active remainder. It would appear that the most active material is highly viscous at room temperature, but its activity may be due to the presence in it of crystalline solids.In conclusion we wish to express our thanks to our steward, Mr L. Norburn, for his valuable assistance in the practical work.
Some observations on accidental vaccinations on the hands of workers in a vaccine lymph institute
Authors: Horgan E. S. , Haseeb Mansour Ali 
Published: May 2009

1. A series of cases of repeated accidental vaccinal infections of vaccinia and vaccinoid types in subjects possessing strong or complete vaccinal immunity, is presented.2. It is suggested that there is a similarity between such cases and the repeated infections on the hands of farm workers and milkers handling cows naturally infected with cowpox.3. It is difficult to fit satisfactorily such facts into the framework of the modern theory of vaccinal immunity, but no explanation of the apparent discrepancy can be suggested.
Studies in the dynamics of disinfection
Authors: Jordan R. C. , Jacobs S. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Disinfection curves obtained from data on the action of phenol onBact. coliat 35° C. under conditions such that unfavourable circumstances, other than the presence of the germicide, were as far as possible eliminated, have been used for the calculation of the concentration exponent for phenol, i.e.nin the formulaCnxt=K.The death-rate was not constant throughout the germicidal process but showed initially a phase of slow but increasing death-rate which merged gradually into a phase which was treated (for reasons given) as one of constant rate. This was also the maximum rate for any given phenol concentration.2. The virtual sterilization times (v.s.t.'s), i.e. the times in min. required for the mortality to reach 99·999999 % as determined by slight extrapolation of the log survivors-time curves, the 99·9 % mortality times and the 99 % mortality times could all be used for the calculation of values ofnfor phenol as they all gave satisfactory linear relations between log concentration and log time.3. The 50 % mortality times did not show a satisfactory linear relation between log phenol concentration and log time over the full concentration range, and at this mortality level the concentration exponent appeared to increase for concentrations above 4·62 g. phenol per 1.4. The value ofnvaried according to the mortality level chosen. It was 5·8421 ± 0·1876, 6·6062 ± 0·2034 and 6·9638 ± 0·2164 when thev.s.t.'s,99·9 % mortality times or 99 % mortality times were used. The differences between the first and second and first and third values are significant, but that between the second and third values is not. The value calculated from thev.s.t.'sis regarded as being the most important.5. Evidence was obtained that, as expected on theoretical grounds,nincreases for very low concentrations of phenol. If the aberrant value obtained at the lowest phenol concentration be omitted from the calculations, the value ofncalculated from thev.s.t.'s becomes 5·6588 ± 0·1422, but the decrease is not significant.6. The maximum death-rate was related to the phenol concentration according to the expression km= 9·1743 × 10−6C5·0752, wherekmis the maximum (logarithmic) death-rate per min. andCthe concentration of phenol in g. per 1.
An analysis of the complement-fixation reaction in influenza
Authors: Hoyle L. 
Published: May 2009

1. An analysis of the complement-fixation reaction in influenza has been made by the use of chess-board experiments in which serial dilutions of antigen are tested against serial dilutions of serum with a constant dose of complement.2. The reaction has been shown to be a complex one, involving two different antigens, the virus elementary body and the soluble antigen.3. The soluble antigens of all strains of influenza virus A are identical, and different from the antigen of virus B.4. The elementary body is a complex of several different antigens, and differences in antigenic structure can be detected between different strains of virus A. All elementary body preparations, however, contain soluble antigen which may be an intrinsic part of the elementary body or may be adsorbed.5. The most suitable antigen for use in epidemiological studies is one containing chiefly soluble antigen, and a description is given of the method of preparation and use of such an antigen derived from infected mouse-lung tissue.The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Dr C. H. Andrewes for some of the strains of influenza virus used in this work.
The isolation of Salmonella thompson from outbreaks of disease in chicks
Authors: Gordon R. F. , Buxton A. 
Published: May 2009

During the years 1943 and 1944 S. thompson, not hitherto reported in poultry in this country, has been isolated on forty-four occasions from thirty-one outbreaks in chicks, and two outbreaks in ducklings. Two extensive outbreaks are described in detail, and the epidemiology of the disease and its possible importance to public health are discussed.We wish to record our appreciation of the help given by the late Dr R. B. Haines and by Miss E. M. L. Elliot, Ministry of Food, Department of Pathology, Cambridge, in the identification of some of the strains isolated from outbreak no. 1, and for the gift of a stock strain of S. thompson which was used in the typing of strains 2768 and 3845.We also wish to thank Dr Joan Taylor, Emergency Public Health Laboratory, Oxford, for supplying us with factor 5 (absorbed) serum.
Warm-stage observations on the development of pseudo-mycelia in cultures of avian tubercle bacilli grown in dilute embryo extract
Authors: Brieger E. M. , Fell Honor B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Avian tubercle bacilli were grown in hanging-drop cultures in embryo extract prepared as for tissue culture, but diluted to 25–5% of its usual concentration.2. Microscopic branching colonies of pseudomycelia developed in the surface film of the hanging drops during the first few days of incubation, after which growth declined.3. The development of these colonies was studied on the warm stage and proceeds as follows:(a) The original rods elongate into filaments.(b) The filaments multiply by ordinary fission and also by forming fine, pin-like terminal sprouts which grow into independent bacilli.(c) After division the daughter filaments usually remain in contact at the site of fission; their terminal growth continues at an angle to the former cleavage plane and the colony thus acquires its characteristic branching structure.(d) The colony enlarges and ramification becomes increasingly complex until about the fifth day of incubation when growth declines. The bacilli remain filamentous.4. When transferred to embryo extract of normal concentration the pseudomycelial colonies revert to the ‘standard’ type of development characteristic of the more concentrated medium, i.e. they pass through a phase of filamentous proliferation followed by disintegration of the filaments into short discrete rods.5. The development of a pseudo-mycelium is compared with the three common types of growth previously seen in more concentrated embryo extract.6. The results of this investigation shed light on the controversial question of whether the ‘mycelial’ form of the tubercle bacillus is a single individual formed by ‘true’ lateral budding or a composite structure produced by the terminal, angular growth of coherent but independent bacilli. Our observations on the living organisms have shown that under appropriate experimental conditions both these forms may develop.
The differentiation ofStreptococcus cremorisandStreptococcus lactisby means of bacteriophage action
Authors: Hunter G. J. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. A series of lactic streptococci which were almost all capable of clotting milk in 24 hr. at 22°C. were divided into two groups on the basis of a few simple biochemical and morphological tests. The two groups corresponded to what some workers consider to be the speciesStr.lactisandStr.cremoris.2. A series of phage races were tested for their action on the streptococci under various temperature and growth conditions.3. The characteristics of phage attack on the organisms tended to confirm the division intoStr.lactisandStr.cremorisspecies. Each of the strains of the long-chainedcremoristype was attacked by only a few phages at the most, sometimes by a single phage only, whereas each of thelactis(short-chained) strains was attacked by a variety of phages. Furthermore, with two exceptions, the phage attacking thecremoristypes on the one hand and thelactistypes on the other formed quite separate and distinct groups.4. None of the phages acted upon the several available strains ofStr.faecalisand other group D (Lancefield) streptococci.5. The evidence obtained from the phage sensitivity tests seems to justify the division of the lactic streptococci into two species,Str. lactisandStr. cremoris.The author is indebted to Dr H. R. Whitehead for his interest in this work, and for helpful criticism and advice.
A comparative study of phenolized and alcoholized T.A.B. vaccines
Authors: Drysdale A. 
Published: May 2009

1. A comparative study of alcoholized and phenolized T.A.B. vaccines has been made.2. No difference could be detected in the immunological potency of the two vaccines.3. The contentions of Felix and others that the reactions with alcoholized vaccine are less severe and ‘Vi’ response greater than with phenolized vaccine are confirmed.4. The change over of large scale production in the Sudan from phenolized to alcoholized vaccine is not considered justifiable.I wish to record my grateful thanks to Dr E. S. Horgan, Assistant Director Research, Sudan Medical Service, for the help and advice given in the carrying out of these experiments and preparation of this paper and also to Col. H. T. Findlay for his helpful criticism and permission to quote the conclusions of his preliminary experiments.
Nutritional deficiency and resistance to infectionThe effect of caloric and protein deficiency on the susceptibility of rats and mice to infection withSalmonella typhi murium
Authors: Guggenheim K. , Buechler Edith 
Published: May 2009

1. The effect of either or both caloric and protein deficiency on the susceptibility of rats and mice to peroral infection withSalmonella typhi muriumwas studied.2. Moderate restriction of food intake (80% of normal diet) for a period of 5 weeks was without influence on the infection susceptibility of rats, even when the diet fed was low in protein.3. Long-term restriction of food intake (10 weeks) led to a marked lowering of the resistance of rats to the infection, there being a direct relation between the magnitude of the intake restriction and the extent of the resulting loss of resistance.4. The infection resistance of rats was lowered more markedly by a given total restriction of food intake, when the latter was imposed in the form of a gradually reduced ration, than when it was imposed in a uniformly restricted ration. The effect so produced was independent of the protein content of the diet.5. The effect of gradual food restriction was diminished by gradual supplementation of the diet with non-proteins and was augmented by gradual supplementation of the same diet with protein.6. In mice kept on a restricted diet loss of resistance toS. typhi muriumhas been shown to be due to a deficiency of both calories and protein.
The nature of somatic phase variation and its importance in the serological standardization of O-suspensions of Salmonellas for use in the Widal Reaction
Authors: Hayes William 
Published: May 2009

1.Phase variation of the somatic antigen I inBact. paratyphosumA and of the component XII2inBact. typhosumand British strains ofBact. enteritidishas been confirmed.2. Strains ofBact. enteritidisisolated in India by blood culture from cases of invasive disease in man fall into two serological types, neither of which undergoes demonstrable somatic phase variation.3. The probable mechanism of this type of variation is discussed in the light of experimental findings.4. The effect which phase variation may have on the clarity of end-points in agglutinin titrations and on the serological standardization of Salmonella O-suspensions is demonstrated.5. The variation is briefly discussed from the points of view of Salmonella philogeny and of human Salmonella infection.I am indebted to the D.M.S. in India for permission to publish this paper.
Craigie's Vi phage method and South African strains ofB. typhosus, with special reference to typhoid carriers
Authors: Crocker Clarice G. 
Published: May 2009

The work began with efforts to isolate a type II Vi phage from local sewage. When this attempt failed, typing material was obtained from Dr J. Craigie and Dr A. Felix.The typing method was applied to 495 strains of typhoid bacilli, the technique laid down by Craigie being followed throughout.It was found that in South Africa the distribution of the various types of typhoid bacilli is different from that obtaining in other countries where this typing method has so far been applied.During further investigations of type F strains the fact came to light that by means of a simple biochemical test type F strains can be subdivided into two sub-types, which subdivision will be useful in further epidemiological work. No such biochemical subdivision was found possible in any other type.It did not prove possible to type all South African strains with the available phage preparations. Some of these strains must represent new types. Workers in other countries have had similar experiences and it will become necessary to compare all these unusual strains directly with one another in order to reach uniformity in nomenclature. It has already been possible to co-operate with workers in England, and they have been assisted by my finding that a strain, unique in England and supposed to have been brought there by a carrier, who had typhoid fever in South Africa 40 years ago, was endemic in South Africa.During the course of the work, two outbreaks of typhoid fever occurred in which the typing method proved most useful, not only for linking up a particular carrier with a particular outbreak, but also for excluding an already known carrier who was under grave suspicion.I have to thank Dr Craigie and Dr Felix for supplying material, and Prof. Pijper, of the Pretoria University, for placing laboratory facilities at my disposal. I thank all others for cultures received for typing.
Feeding and breeding of laboratory animals
Authors: Bruce H. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Breeding records are given of fourteen female Dutch rabbits reared and maintained without green food, and of twelve of their female offspring.2. Fertility, average litter size at birth, and the percentage of young weaned, were good for the breed.3. No difference in growth rate was found between the first and second generations of young.4. With the dry pelleted diet, supplemented by drinking water, fresh green food is unnecessary for breeding rabbits, as it has already been shown to be unnecessary for growing animals (Bruce & Parkes, 1946).I should like to thank Dr A. S. Parkes, F.R.S., for his help in the preparation of the manuscript.
Improved guns for the delivery of liquid D.D.T. spray and powder by mechanical compressors
Authors: Gordon I. 
Published: May 2009

On the basis of experience in using D.D.T. as an insecticide in both liquid and powder forms, suggestions are made for improved spray and dust guns.My thanks are to S./Sgt. Toop, workshop foreman, and Pte Carter, tinsmith, of my old hygiene section, for the months of experiment, trial and error involved in producing these apparently simple innovations. Also to Brigadier H. B. F. Dixon, D.D.M.S. West Africa Command, for permission to forward this article for publication.
A survey of tuberculosis in the industrial county of Lanarkshire, Scotland
Authors: Brown T. Gow 
Published: May 2009

In this investigation the hitherto unexplored field of tuberculous Lanarkshire has been surveyed.The relative incidence of human and bovine strains of the tubercle bacillus in 80 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and in 311 cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis has been examined. Results have shown that bovine infections were present in 2·5% of the pulmonary cases, a figure that is in keeping with the expected incidence for an area as highly industrialized as Lanarkshire.The extrapulmonary strains have been further subdivided into 165 strains isolated from patients suffering from tuberculous meningitis, 72 strains isolated from patients with cervical adenitis and 74 strains from patients with tuberculous lesions affecting bone or joint. Each group has been analysed separately.In the 165 cases of tuberculous meningitis bovine infections accounted for 28·5 % of the total. This figure was slightly higher than the 22% given by Blacklock & Griffen (1935) for the Glasgow area and the 24% of Macgregor & Green (1937) for the Edinburgh area, but it was lower than the 36% found by Munro & Scott (1936) in the east of Scotland and the 40·5% given for Scotland by Griffith (1934) in his general survey. The greater preponderance of bovine infections in rural areas supported the observations of these workers.The cervical adenitis group gave the percentage of bovine infections as 30·4, a result much lower than any previously published for Scotland, but there can be no doubt that a family history of pulmonary tuberculosis obtained from 50 % of the patients in the industrial group who supplied human strains must have been a most important factor in influencing the relative incidence of the two types of tubercle bacillus. There were 72 cases of cervical adenitis investigated and 52 came from the industrial area.Seventy-four patients suffering from tuberculous lesions affecting bone or joint gave a bovine incidence of 18·9%, a percentage that is lower than that given by Munro & Cumming (1926) of 36·4% but approximating to the 20·5% given by Wang (1917) for the Edinburgh area. Munro & Cumming were dealing with a less industrialized area than Lanarkshire which probably accounts for the variation as also does the fact that, of 7 human cases occurring in the rural part of Lanarkshire, 5 gave a family history of pulmonary tuberculosis.These figures only serve to substantiate observations of regional variation and endorse the findings of other workers who have found a lower proportion of bovine infections in industrial districts. As Lanarkshire is the most highly industrialized county in Scotland it was to be expected that the results of this investigation might have given an even greater predominance of human infection than actually was found.
The influence of social factors on the incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculous infection
Authors: Brown T. Gow 
Published: May 2009

An investigation into the probable influence of environmental factors on the incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculous infections and into the possible explanation of their effect on regional differences in the proportional frequency of the type of infecting strain of the tubercle bacillus has been described.The importance of substandard housing and of family history in infection with the human type of the tubercle bacillus, particularly in children, has been noted.Circumstantial evidence of both low economic resources and milk supply influencing infection with the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus pointed to these factors being important in childhood.I wish to acknowledge the co-operation I received from the Medical Officers of Health for the several Local Authorities within the county of Lanark.
Isolation and maintenance of an L1-like culture fromFusiformis necrophorus(Syn. Bact. funduliforme, Bacteroides funduliformis)
Authors: Klieneberger-Nobel Emmy 
Published: May 2009

The studý of theFusiformis necrophorusculture ‘132’ showed that new pure LI cultures could be isolated from it, which have already been maintained for one year and undergone more than 100 passages without reverting to their original type. The new cultures resemble the old L 1 strains fromStreptobacillus moniliformisin every respect except for their strict anaerobiosis. It has been observed that swellings of the bacteria develop into large bodies not distinguishable from the elements of which the pure L 1 culture consists.In the light of the new observations onFusiformis necrophoruswhich are in full agreement with those of Dienes & Smith it is still not possible to disprove the symbiosis theory, for the newly established L 1 cultures have not reverted so far. Secondly, though it has been seen that L 1 forms develop from swellings of bacteria, the possibility that a parasite might behave in a similar way cannot be excluded.On the other hand Dienes's opinion of the bacterial nature of the L 1 component cannot be disproved either. However, we know yet too little about the normal developmental cycle of bacteria to be able to decide whether the L 1 form is an independent entity or whether it may be a normal stage through which bacteria have to pass from time to time or whether it may represent a ‘loss-mutant’ which some bacteria might produce under not yet known conditions. If in the future the bacterial nature of the L1 could be convincingly proved we would be faced with the fact that bacteria can assume a form in which they grow as a thin shapeless slime containing nuclear structures arranged as bodies, rings or very finely dispersed particles—not the dumbbell pattern so characteristic for young bacteria of all kinds—and that further very small parts of the material (filterable granules?) are able to reproduce the L1 culture which at least can go on for many years without reverting into the bacterium from which it was derived.