bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnesium Sulfate in Severe Perinatal Asphyxia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Bhat Mushtaq Ahmad , Charoo Bashir Ahmad , Bhat Javeed Iqbal , Ahmad Sheikh Mushtaq , Ali Syed Wajid , Mufti Masood-ul-Hassan 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to study whether postnatal magnesium sulfate infusion could improve neurologic outcomes at discharge for term neonates with severe perinatal asphyxia.METHODS. Forty term (≥37 weeks of gestation) neonates with severe perinatal asphyxia were studied in a prospective, longitudinal, placebo-controlled trial. Patients were assigned randomly to receive either 3 doses of magnesium sulfate infusion at 250 mg/kg per dose (1 mL/kg per dose) 24 hours apart (treatment group) or 3 doses of normal saline infusion (1 mL/kg per dose) 24 hours apart (placebo group). Both groups also received supportive care according to the unit protocol for perinatal asphyxia.RESULTS. In the treatment group, moderate encephalopathy was present in 35% (7 of 20) of the patients and severe encephalopathy in 65% (13 of 20) of patients at admission. In the placebo group, 40% (8 of 20) of patients had moderate encephalopathy and 60% (12 of 20) of patients had severe encephalopathy. The mean serum magnesium concentration in the treatment group remained at ≥1.2 mmol/L for 72 hours after the first infusion. At discharge, 22% (4 of 18) of infants in the treatment group had neurologic abnormalities, compared with 56% (10 of 18) of infants in the placebo group. Also, neuroimaging (head computed tomography) performed on day 14 yielded abnormal findings for fewer infants in the treatment group than in the placebo group (16% vs 44%). Infants in the treatment group were more likely to be receiving oral feedings (sucking) at discharge than were those in the placebo group (77% vs 37%). Good short-term outcomes at discharge occurred for 77% of the patients in the treatment group, compared with 37% of the patients in the placebo group.CONCLUSION. Postnatal magnesium sulfate treatment improves neurologic outcomes at discharge for term neonates with severe perinatal asphyxia.
Variability of Egg Characteristics among Female White Bass and the Relationship between Egg Volume and Length at Hatch of Sunshine Bass
Authors: Lochmann S E , Goodwin K J , Racey C L , Green C C 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Domesticated white bass Morone chrysops can be used in selective breeding programs to produce sunshine bass (female white bass × male striped bass M. saxatilis). In addition to fast growth or favorable feed conversion, selection could be based on favorable egg or larval characteristics. Eggs from 12 white bass were fertilized with striped bass sperm to produce sunshine bass larvae and were individually photographed and incubated. The yolk sac larvae hatched from these eggs were also photographed within 3 h of hatching. Percent hatch ranged from 49% to 96%. Egg and larval characteristics were determined from the digital images. Total lipid and fatty acid composition were determined for eggs from each female. Average egg volume ranged from 0.32 to 0.42 mm3. Standard lengths of yolk sac larvae ranged from 2.51 to 3.62 mm. The relation between individual egg volumes and individual standard lengths explained only 1% of the variability in length at hatch. Average egg characteristics were generally unrelated to average length at hatch, but fatty acid composition was related to percent hatch. Maternal effects explained about 11% of the variability in individual length at hatch, and time to hatch (i.e., the length of time from fertilization to hatch for an individual embryo) explained 25% of the variability in individual length at hatch. Some females produced eggs and larvae with characteristics that were more suitable to increasing survival and fingerling production. Selection for these characteristics in broodstock white bass females could lead to improved production of sunshine bass fingerlings.
The Effect of Dietary Protein Level on Channel Catfish Production Characteristics when Feeding on Alternate Days in Multiple-Batch Production
Authors: Engle Carole , Ruebush Kraig , Leyva Carlos , Trimpey Jeremy 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Pond studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to determine whether reduced growth from feeding channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus every other day in multiple-batch systems could be overcome by offering feeds with a higher crude protein level. In the 2002 study, fish were fed a commercial diet containing either 28% or 36% crude protein every other day to apparent satiation. Survival, net yield, total yield, and weight at harvest of either fingerlings or carryover fish (second year of production; mean weight, 300 g) fed a 28% crude protein diet were not significantly different from those of fish fed the 36% crude protein diet. Fingerling growth was less than 1.0 g/d for both diets, while carryover fish reached market size with both diets when fed every other day. The study was expanded in 2003 to include a 32% protein treatment and control (fed daily). Fingerling growth, weight at harvest, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly lower when fingerlings were fed every other day than when the fish were fed daily. Higher protein levels did not improve survival, FCR, growth, weight at harvest, or net yield of fingerlings. Carryover fish in all treatments reached market size by the end of the study, but yield was lower when fish were fed every other day and was not affected by protein level. Partial budget analysis indicated a positive change in revenue the first year from switching from feeding every day to feeding every other day, but returns turned negative during the second year. Feeding every other day resulted in smaller fish, lower carryover biomass, and second-year yields below the break-even level. No evidence was found to support the use of higher-protein diets when feeding every other day.
Juvenile Steelhead Release Strategies: A Comparison of Volitional- and Forced-Release Practices
Authors: Gale William L , Pasley Chris R , Kennedy Benjamen M , Ostrand Kenneth G 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In 2004 and 2005, steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at Winthrop National Fish Hatchery (Winthrop, Washington) were tagged with passive integrated transponders and subjected to a volitional or forced release. Gill Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) activity, body size, condition factor (K), travel time, and apparent survival were compared between volitional migrants (VMs), forced-release migrants (FRMs), and volitional-release nonmigrants (VNMs). Gill NKA activity and body size were similar between VNM, VM, and FRM groups, but K varied by date and migrant group. However, by the end of the volitional-release period, all three groups had similar K. The VNMs consistently demonstrated lower apparent survival to McNary Dam on the Columbia River than did the VM and FRM groups, which had three to eight times greater survival than did VNMs. Volitional migrants had higher apparent survival to McNary Dam than did FRMs in 2005; however, apparent survival was similar between the two groups in 2004. Apparent survival between McNary and John Day dams was similar among all three groups in 2004 and 2005. Median travel time to McNary Dam was not consistently different among groups and differed between years. By combining results from VNMs and VMs, we were able to compare apparent survival between volitional- and forced-release strategies. In 2004, the forced-release group had a significantly higher apparent survival to McNary Dam than did volitionally released fish, whereas there was no difference in apparent survival between the two release strategies in 2005. There was little evidence for a survival-, size-, or physiology-related advantage of volitionally released fish over forced-release fish. The consistently lower apparent survival of VNMs does support the use of volitional release to screen fish that will fail to migrate downstream due either to low survival or residualization in the natal stream.
A Quantitative Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Filtration-Based Fluorescent Antibody Test as Potential Tools to Screen Broodstock for Infection with Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Authors: Lindstrom Nicole M. , Call Douglas R. , House Marcia L. , Moffitt Christine M. , Cain Kenneth D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
There is strong evidence that Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the etiologic agent of coldwater disease, is transmitted vertically; it has been hypothesized that disease management at hatchery facilities can be improved through broodstock screening and implementation of culling programs. This paper describes the development of two assays used to screen broodstock tissues (kidney and ovarian fluid) for the presence of F. psychrophilum. Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated against outer membrane preparations of F. psychrophilum strain CSF (Clear Springs Foods) 259–93. Of these, MAb FL43 was selected for assay development; this MAb reacted with 67 isolates of F. psychrophilum but exhibited no reaction with two strains of F. columnare or single strains of F. pectinovorum, F. aquatile, F. branchiophilum, and F. saccharophilum. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using MAb FL43 as the capture antibody and MAb FL43 conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (enzyme number 1.11.1.7; IUBMB 1992) as the secondary detection antibody. The ELISA had a lower F. psychrophilum detection boundary of approximately 1.6 × 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL in kidney tissue homogenates spiked with known bacterial concentrations. Asymptomatic broodstock of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (n = 50 fish) were sampled, and 100% tested positive for infection by ELISA analysis of kidney tissue; bacterial load was estimated at 2.0 × 103 to 9.4 × 103 CFU/mL. Ovarian fluid was also collected from these same coho salmon as well as from broodstock of rainbow trout O. mykiss; however, the ELISA proved to be unsuitable for use with ovarian fluid. A filtration-based fluorescent antibody test (FAT) was subsequently developed by conjugating MAb FL43 to Alexa Fluor 488. This FAT was able to detect F. psychrophilum in 74% of ovarian fluid samples collected from coho salmon and 42% of ovarian fluid samples from rainbow trout. Interestingly, yellow-pigmented bacteria were isolated on culture plates from 100% of kidney and ovarian fluid samples. All yellow-pigmented colonies were tested by polymerase chain reaction, and 100% of the coho salmon and rainbow trout were confirmed positive for infection with F. psychrophilum.
Vandetanib (ZD6474), a Dual Inhibitor of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinases: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Morabito Alessandro , Piccirillo Maria Carmela , Falasconi Fabiano , De Feo Gianfranco , Del Giudice Antonia , Bryce Jane , Di Maio Massimo , De Maio Ermelinda , Normanno Nicola , Perrone Francesco 
Published: April 2009

Learning ObjectivesEvaluate the mechanism of action of vandetanib in the care of patients with thyroid cancer. Analyze the current status of clinical development and early clinical results observed with vandetanib. Determine appropriate dose and schedule of administration, safety, and identification of molecular biomarkers predictive of response.This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Community responses to contaminants: Using basic ecological principles to predict ecotoxicological effects
Authors: Clements William H. , Rohr Jason R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCommunity ecotoxicology is defined as the study of the effects of contaminants on patterns of species abundance, diversity, community composition, and species interactions. Recent discoveries that species diversity is positively associated with ecosystem stability, recovery, and services have made a community-level perspective on ecotoxicology more important than ever. Community ecotoxicology must explicitly consider both present and impending global change and shift from a purely descriptive to a more predictive science. Greater consideration of the ecological factors and threshold responses that determine community resistance and resilience should improve our ability to predict how and when communities will respond to, and recover from, xenobiotics. A better understanding of pollution-induced community tolerance, and of the costs of this tolerance, should facilitate identifying contaminant-impacted communities, thus forecasting the ecological consequences of contaminant exposure and determining the restoration effectiveness. Given the vast complexity of community ecotoxicology, simplifying assumptions, such as the possibility that the approximately 100,000 registered chemicals could be reduced to a more manageable number of contaminant classes with similar modes of action, must be identified and validated. In addition to providing a framework for predicting contaminant fate and effects, food-web ecology can help to identify communities that are sensitive to contaminants, contaminants that are particularly insidious to communities, and species that are crucial for transmitting adverse effects across trophic levels. Integration of basic ecological principles into the design and implementation of ecotoxicological research is essential for predicting contaminant effects within the context of rapidly changing, global environmental conditions.
Perspectives on ecological risk assessment of chiral compounds
Authors: Stanley Jacob K , Brooks Bryan W 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Enantiomers of chiral contaminants can significantly differ in environmental fate as well as in effects. Despite this fact, such differences are often ignored in regulation and in practice, injecting uncertainty into the estimation of risk of chiral compounds. We review the unique challenges posed by stereochemistry to the ecological risk assessment of chiral contaminants and existing regulatory guidance for chiral pharmaceuticals and pesticides in the United States. We identify the advantages of obtaining data on fate and effects of each individual enantiomer of chiral contaminants that are either distributed as or may end up as enantiomer mixtures in the environment due to enantiomerization. Because enantiomers of the same compound are highly likely to coexist in the environment with each other and can result in nonadditive effects, we recommend treatment of enantiomers as components of a mixture using widely accepted mixture models from achiral risk assessment. We further propose the enantiomer hazard ratio for retrospectively characterizing relative enantiomer risk and examine uncertainty factor magnitudes for effects analysis.
Preparations and production technologies of cleansing milks based on cenosphere obtained from flying ashes
Authors: Sułek Marian , Wasilewski Tomasz , Klimaszewska Emilia 
Published: April 2009

Preparations and production technologies of cleansing milks based on cenosphere obtained from flying ashes
Application of cenosphere obtained from flying ashes as effective abrasive for cleansing milks was analyzed in the paper. Preparations and production technology of ten milks with various contents of cenosphere (from 2% to 20%) were designed. The products were tested to determine their most important usable properties. The efficiency of application and dispersion, cleansing ability, ability to emulsify fatty soils and destructing activity, measured as polish of surfaces, were analyzed. Selected trade products were tested analogously. The results obtained show that cenosphere can be a good replacement of abrasives that are widely used. The cenosphere-based products revealed comparable usable properties to the trade products (or even better). It is probable that producers of cleansers will pay their attention to this waste, which will bring profits to the natural environment.
Résister par le droit ?
Authors: Israël Liora 
Published: April 2009

Cet article propose de mettre en évidence trois formes de résistance fondées sur le droit, à partir d’une analyse sociohistorique de l’engagement dans la Résistance d’avocats et de magistrats pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale en France. La première, « résister malgré le droit », renvoie à l’antagonisme entre le légalisme et l’entrée en résistance, qui constituait tout spécialement pour des juristes un obstacle à l’engagement. La seconde forme, « à l’ombre du droit », désigne la manière dont progressivement vont être découvertes et utilisées les possibilités d’action subversives offertes par ces professions, à condition de jouer un double jeu. Enfin, la résistance « au nom du droit » renvoie à l’élaboration d’argumentaires juridiques justifiant la Résistance intérieure et extérieure et apportant à ce combat la légitimité du droit. Cette tripartition, à la fois analytique et chronologique, invite ainsi à complexifier l’analyse des relations entre droit et politique.
Percer le secret de la grossesse : de la transparence du corps à la transparence psychique
Authors: Cailleau Françoise 
Published: April 2009

Résumé D’une société à l’autre, d’un siècle à l’autre, l’homme a tenté de percer le secret de la vie, l’énigme des origines. Avant l’ère de la médicalisation, le corps enceint était considéré comme perméable mais il faut attendre le développement des techniques d’imagerie médicale pour en divulguer les secrets. Cet article propose de retracer le parcours des pratiques divinatoires d’abord puis scientifiques qui ont permis de lever un coin de voile sur cet événement majeur que représente la grossesse. Et tandis que l’échographie nous permet d’approcher du corps du fœtus, la psychanalyse offre un cadre de référence pour penser les remaniement psychiques inhérents à cette période. Entre le corps et la psyché, apparaît alors un invariant : le désir de rendre cet événement transparent.
Psychose, suicide, secret et transmission
Authors: Duret Isabelle 
Published: April 2009

Résumé L’article porte sur la question de l’hérédité et de la transmission psychique au sujet de la dépression. Bien que l’origine exacte de cette maladie ne soit pas encore totalement étayée, l’implication de causes biologiques a été démontrée par diverses études. Cette question est de plus en plus souvent abordée dans les consultations psychologiques par nos patients, parents ou futurs parents. A partir d’une réflexion fondée sur des observations cliniques, nous discutons la question du secret et des difficultés qui peuvent se poser à un parent porteur d’une maladie psychiatrique à transmission génétique alors qu’apparaît un symptôme d’allure psychotique chez son enfant. Nous montrons, à l’aide d’une illustration clinique abordée dans une perspective systémique, comment le diagnostic médical (dans son aspect héréditariste) risque de s’imposer face à des comportements qui ne représentent qu’une réaction passagère d’un enfant de 7 ans face à une situation environnementale compliquée et chargée de culpabilité. Nous montrons dans cette situation que le secret qui semble bien gardé concernant le suicide de l’oncle maternel influence pourtant les représentations de l’enfant porteur du symptôme. L’approche systémique favorise un diagnostic affiné tenant compte de plusieurs lectures explicatives du symptôme. Les entretiens de famille vont permettre l’énonciation du secret ; ils vont permettre, dans un climat de sécurité, à tous les membres de la famille de reconnaître ensemble le passé et de rompre les chaînes qui les emprisonnaient en lui.
La révolution orange : un défi pour l'Ukraine, la Russie et l'Europe
Authors: Sherr James 
Published: April 2009

Résumé La « révolution orange » va tenter de transformer son succès électoral en succès politique. Elle peut pour ce faire s’appuyer sur nombre d’éléments positifs. Mais la structure même du pouvoir, ses liens avec une économie peu transparente, et l’immobilisme de Moscou, peuvent constituer de sérieux handicaps. L’Ukraine doit redéfinir ses relations avec l’Union européenne et l’Otan ; et ces dernières élaborer une stratégie de partenariat adaptée à une situation nouvelle.
Acteurs internationaux et islam de France
Authors: Amghar Samir 
Published: April 2009

Résumé Trois acteurs extérieurs pèsent sur l’organisation de l’islam français : les États du Sud, qui s’efforcent de prolonger en France leur politique interne d’organisation du religieux ; l’Arabie Saoudite, qui voit depuis plusieurs décennies sa projection religieuse comme une ressource politique capitale ; les firmes multinationales du religieux, enfin. Sous ces influences croisées, les musulmans de France tentent de se réapproprier un islam à la mesure de l’Hexagone.
L'islam aux États-Unis : une nouvelle religion publique ?
Authors: Zeghal Malika 
Published: April 2009

Résumé La communauté musulmane issue de l’immigration aux États-Unis s’intègre désormais pleinement dans le processus de déprivatisation du religieux. Le 11 septembre la fait sortir des « enclaves » constituées dans les années 1960 pour sauvegarder une identité, afin de devenir un acteur du débat public. La contradiction demeure pourtant entre l’islam inséré dans le jeu multireligieux américain, et l’islam dénoncé et combattu par la politique étrangère américaine.
Vers des armes biologiques de nouvelle génération
Authors: Berche Patrick 
Published: April 2009

Résumé Les progrès des biotechnologies permettent d’« améliorer » la virulence et la résistance des germes, bactéries ou virus. On a réussi à synthétiser in vitro des petits virus à partir des données informatiques des génomes des agents pathogènes : la synthèse de virus plus dangereux devient possible. Des avancées biotechnologiques récentes permettent la création de germes nouveaux, qui confronteraient les populations à des agents pathogènes inédits. La prévention des attaques suppose une surveillance étroite des innovations biotechnologiques potentiellement dangereuses, et une réflexion sur la diffusion des données les plus sensibles.
Japon : l'héritage irakien
Authors: Serra Régine 
Published: April 2009

Résumé Dans la dernière décennie, la classe politique japonaise a procédé aux adaptations juridiques nécessaires pour associer le pays aux opérations de paix de l’ONU. Les débats sur l’Irak, le Cambodge, ou les retombées du 11 septembre, ont ainsi débouché sur un changement progressif de la posture internationale du Japon : en ce qui concerne son rôle global, et en ce qui touche à sa sécurité. Les bases du pacifisme politique et juridique hérité de l’après-guerre sont ainsi questionnées.
Les opinions européennes face au traité constitutionnel
Authors: Jeanbart Bruno 
Published: April 2009

Résumé Les différences dans les modes de ratification du traité constitutionnel handicapent l’émergence d’un débat européen commun. Toutes les opinions européennes traduisent néanmoins deux caractères majeurs : un soutien à la légitimité du processus de construction européenne et une ignorance largement répandue quant au contenu concret des textes soumis à ratification. Parmi d’autres éléments, cette indifférence relative constitue une base pour une opposition ranimant d’anciennes peurs.
UE : un moment tocquevillien
Authors: Nicolaïdis Kalypso 
Published: April 2009

Résumé La voie constitutionnelle choisie a échoué parce qu’elle n’a pas pris la vraie mesure des contradictions actuelles de la construction européenne. L’exigence de démocratisation, qui demeurera, et l’ambition constitutionnelle devront être redéfinies dans un vaste débat sur la durée nécessaire de la transition politique, et sur notre « démoï-cratie » européenne. Dans ce débat, la place de la France sera centrale ; mais les Français devront sans doute faire évoluer fondamentalement leur vision de l’Europe future.