bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment Source Assessment in a Lowland Watershed Using Nitrogen Stable Isotopes1
Authors: Fox James F. , Davis Charles M. , Martin Darren K. 
Published: October 2010

Fox, James F., Charles M. Davis, and Darren K. Martin, 2010. Sediment Source Assessment in a Lowland Watershed Using Nitrogen Stable Isotopes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1192–1204. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00485.xAbstract:  Sediment sources and transported sediments were sampled in a lowland watershed with pronounced fine sediment storage in the streambed. Sediments were analyzed for carbon and nitrogen content and stable nitrogen isotopic composition. Analysis of the data shows that temporarily stored streambed sediments dominate the sediment load during moderate‐ and low‐flow hydrologic events. Modeling of sediment transport and nitrogen elemental and isotopic mass balance was performed for the watershed for a 12‐month time period using a continuous, conceptual‐based model. The model results show that during moderate‐ and low‐flow hydrologic events, the streambed is slowly downcutting. During very high‐flow hydrologic events, deposition is pronounced in the streambed and sediment is replenished to the bed. Nitrogen model results show that elemental and isotopic nitrogen of streambed sediments vary substantially over the simulation period. In this manner, the streambed in a lowland watershed functions as a temporary storage zone that, in turn, can impact the nitrogen elemental and isotopic signature of sediments. The variation could significantly impact estimates of sediment provenance using nitrogen tracer‐based methods. Future work should consider both hydrologic and biogeochemical control on the nitrogen isotopic signature of sediments in small lowland watersheds and streams where a significant portion of deposited fines are temporarily stored.
Heterogeneity of Hydrologic Response in Urban Watersheds1
Authors: Meierdiercks Katherine L. , Smith James A. , Baeck Mary Lynn , Miller Andrew J. 
Published: October 2010

Meierdiercks, Katherine L., James A. Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Andrew J. Miller, 2010. Heterogeneity of Hydrologic Response in Urban Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1221–1237. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00487.xAbstract:  The changing patterns of streamflow associated with urbanization are examined through analyses of discharge and rainfall records for the study watersheds of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES). Analyses utilize a decade (1999‐2008) of observations from a dense U.S. Geological Survey stream gaging network and Hydro‐NEXRAD radar rainfall fields. The principal study watershed of the BES is Gwynns Falls (171 km2). Focus is given to two Gwynns Falls basins with contrasting patterns and histories of development, Dead Run and Upper Gwynns Falls. The sharp contrasts in streamflow properties between the basins reflect the differences in urban development prior to implementation of stormwater management regulations (much of Dead Run) and development for which stormwater management is an integral part of the hydrologic system (Upper Gwynns Falls). The mean annual runoff in Dead Run (558 mm) is 35% larger than that of Upper Gwynns Falls; larger contrasts in runoff properties typify the “warm season” and are linked to storm event hydrologic response. Spatial heterogeneities in storm event response are reflected in seasonal and diurnal properties of streamflow. Analyses of storm event response are presented for June 2006, during which monthly rainfall over the BES region ranged from less than 150 to more than 500 mm. Baisman Run, the BES forest reference watershed, and Moores Run, a highly urbanized watershed in Baltimore City, provide “end‐member” representations of urban impacts on streamflow.
Paediatric Dentistry Avulsion: Case reports
Authors: Rutar J. E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractChildren may present at a dental surgery for management of oro‐facial injuries. Most general dental practitioners are able to handle straight‐forward cases but referral may be required for complex injuries. Successful healing following tooth avulsion depends on the amount of damage to teeth and supporting structures, emergency treatment, and follow‐up treatment. All of these play a role in the long‐term prognosis of avulsed teeth.
Paediatric Dentistry Discussion Paper and Case Report Management of small carious lesions in primary teeth: Caries removal versus fluoride application and periodic ‘observation’ until exfoliation
Authors: Gotjamanos Theo 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDifferences in treatment rationale exist between dental practitioners with respect to the management of small carious lesions in primary teeth. Some do not consider it necessary to use a conventional restorative approach, preferring to apply topical fluoride and/or ‘monitor’ the lesion(s). This paper advocates the alternative approach which entails complete caries removal by mechanical means, the rationale being to eliminate the pool of cariogenic microorganisms and thereby protect sound teeth from succumbing to carious attack. A case is presented to illustrate the extent to which caries can progress and also involve other teeth if small cavitated lesions are simply treated by ‘spot’ application of fluoride. Clinical treatment of caries must be based on scientific knowledge of the microorganisms involved and an understanding of its transmissible and infectious nature.
Growth factors and their implications for clinicians: A brief review
Authors: McGeachie John , Tennant Marc 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGrowth factors play a vital role in both homeostasis and disease. In recent years considerable research has revealed the importance of growth factors in biology and they are now becoming incorporated in the clinical literature. Growth factors are peptides (protein fractions) that transmit signals within and between cells. They were discovered in the early 1960s as growth stimulants in tissue culture. It is now evident that growth factors play a comprehensive role in the modulation of tissue growth and development. The modes of action of growth factors are discussed with examples pertinent to clinical dentistry.
Trends in dental caries experience of school children in Australia ‐ 1977 to 1993
Authors: Davies M. J. , Spencer A. J. , Slade G. D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractData on the dental health of Australian school children from 1977 to 1985 have previously been reported. Significant features included a secular decline in caries experience as defined by the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth in both the deciduous dentition (dmft index) and permanent dentition (DMFT index), and a change in the distribution of caries experience within the child population in Australia, indicated by increasingly smaller percentages of children accounting for greater proportions of total disease experience. The aim of the present paper was to extend the annual reporting on caries experience in Australia up to and including 1993, and to document the change in the distribution of caries within the child population since 1977. In addition, the data are compared with dental targets for children for the year 2000 in Australia and internationally. Caries data were obtained for the years 1977–1993 for children who were patients at School Dental Services in each State and Territory of Australia. Caries experience was recorded by uncalibrated dentists and dental therapists during routine dental examinations. From 1977‐89 data were weighted by State and Territory estimated resident populations. From 1989, the data were stratified according to age, year, and State, and weighted to reflect proportions in the national estimated resident population for each State/age stratum. Between 1977 and 1993 there has been a decline in caries experience for 6 year old children from a dift‡ of 3.13 to a dmft of 1.90, and an increase in the per cent with dmft=0 from 33.1 per cent to 53.2 per cent with dmft=0 in 1993. Over the same time period the DMFT for 12 year olds reduced from 4.79 to 1.10 and the per cent while DMFT=0 increased from 10.5 per cent to 53.1 per cent. Projection of the decline in DMFT indicates the dental health target for 12 year old children of DMFT=1.0 by the year 2000 should have been achieved by the end of 1995
Integrating infection control into the dental curriculum
Authors: Savage Neil W. , Walsh Laurence J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe dental profession has possessed traditional standards of cross‐infection control but the recent expression of real concerns by both the public and the profession over the transmissibility of infectious diseases in the dental surgery has demanded a formalized and extended approach to teaching cross‐infection control in the dental curriculum. Clear curriculum content must be formulated within contemporary Workplace Health and Safety Guidelines and the Strategic Plan of the Dental School or academic health centre. The full integration demands that the area is taught as a discrete entity but recognized as an intrinsic part of each clinical encounter. This paper discusses the structure and integration of cross‐infection control into the curriculum at the University of Queensland Dental School.
Conservative management of recurrent keratocysts in Basal‐cell naevus syndrome
Authors: McGrath C. J. R. , Myall R. W. T. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBasal‐cell naevus syndrome is characterized by multiple odontogenic keratocysts as well as skeletal, ophthalmologic and neurologic features. It is important that the dental practitioner be aware of this syndrome as it has important ramifications for the developing dentition. A case of Basal‐cell naevus syndrome is presented along with a review of the literature regarding the management of this disorder. An argument for conservative surgical management of this syndrome is made.
Ear Acupoint Detection before and after Hysteroscopy: Is it Possible to Clarify the Representation of the Uterus on the Outer Ear?
Authors: Romoli Marco , Allais Gianni , Bellu Daniela , De Ramundo Biagina , Gabellari Ilaria Castagnoli , Giommi Andrea , Benedetto Chiara 
Published: October 2010

Background In the auricular maps introduced over the past 50 years by the French and Chinese schools, most organs and systems overlap consistently. One exception is the reproductive system, which shows a markedly different somatotopic representation—for example, for the uterus and the ovary. Objective To identify the distribution of points with increased tenderness to pressure or with reduced electrical resistance, on the outer ear of a group of women undergoing hysteroscopy. Methods For diagnostic purposes the auricles of 78 women were examined before and after hysteroscopy using a pain–pressure test and electrical skin resistance test. The points identified were transcribed onto a graphic system called Sectogram. Spatial cluster analysis was used to identify the statistically significant clusters of sectors with a higher concentration of points appearing after hysteroscopy. Results The points identified after hysteroscopy tend to be concentrated in specific areas not previously recognised and which only partially overlap with the French and Chinese representation of the uterus. Conclusion When auricular acupuncture is applied to reduce discomfort during hysteroscopy, particular attention must be paid when choosing the points/areas to be stimulated, which are not only those indicated in the Chinese or French maps.
Putative role of TNF-α, interleukin-8 and ICAM-1 as indicators of an early inflammatory reaction after burn: a morphological and immunohistochemical study of lung tissue of fire victims
Authors: Boehm Joachim , Fischer Kai , Bohnert Michael 
Published: October 2010

AimsTo investigate incipient inflammatory changes as first steps in the development of a systematic inflammatory response syndrome in the lungs of burn victims.MethodsAt the Institute of Legal Medicine of the University Hospital of Freiburg a collection of 40 forensic autopsy cases of burn victims was established that had died within 1 h after fire exposure. This group was compared with a total of 48 autopsy cases in three control groups (postmortem burns vs deaths from haemorrhagic shock vs railway suicide deaths). In all cases, immunohistochemical studies of lung tissue probes were performed to detect the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators using antibodies against tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1).ResultsThe lungs of burn victims showed a significantly higher extent of intra-alveolar oedema than the other groups. Immunohistochemically, macrophages in all groups mostly showed a distinct expression of TNF-α, but not of IL-8 or ICAM-1. Interestingly, intravascular erythrocytes often showed a positivity of TNF-α that was strongest in the group of burn victims and differed significantly from all the control groups.ConclusionsIn burn victims with short survival times of ≤1 h after fire exposure, the immunohistochemical expression profiles of TNF-α, IL-8 and ICAM-1 in the lungs were not altered enough to prove an instant inflammatory reaction in these cases. Nevertheless, the positive reaction of TNF-α in erythrocytes of burn victims may indicate the beginning of a non-specific immune response to fire-induced inhalation trauma.
The molecular basis of the chemosensitivity of metastatic cutaneous melanoma to chemotherapy
Authors: Parker Katharine A , Glaysher Sharon , Polak Marta , Gabriel Francis G , Johnson Penny , Knight Louise A , Poole Matthew , Narayanan Ajit , Hurren Jeremy , Cree Ian A 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundChemotherapy benefits relatively few patients with cutaneous melanoma. The assessment of tumour chemosensitivity by the ATP-based tumour chemosensitivity assay (ATP-TCA) has shown strong correlation with outcome in cutaneous melanoma, but requires fresh tissue and dedicated laboratory facilities.AimTo examine whether the results of the ATP-TCA correlate with the expression of genes known to be involved in resistance to chemotherapy, based on the hypothesis that the molecular basis of chemosensitivity lies within known drug resistance mechanisms.MethodThe chemosensitivity of 47 cutaneous melanomas was assessed using the ATP-TCA and correlated with quantitative expression of 93 resistance genes measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) in a Taqman Array after extraction of total RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.ResultsDrugs susceptible to particular resistance mechanisms showed good correlation with genes linked to these mechanisms using signatures of up to 17 genes. Comparison of these signatures for DTIC, treosulfan and cisplatin showed several genes in common.HSP70, at least one human epidermal growth factor receptor, genes involved in apoptosis (IAP2,PTEN) and DNA repair (ERCC1,XPA,XRCC1,XRCC6) were present for these agents, as well as genes involved in the regulation of proliferation (Ki67, p21, p27). The combinations tested included genes represented in the single agent signatures.ConclusionsThese data suggest that melanoma chemosensitivity is influenced by known resistance mechanisms, including susceptibility to apoptosis. Use of a candidate gene approach may increase understanding of the mechanisms underlying chemosensitivity to drugs active against melanoma and provide signatures with predictive value.
Strong cytoplasmic expression of COX2 at the invasive fronts of gallbladder cancer is associated with a poor prognosis
Authors: Kim Haeryoung , Song Joo-Yeon , Cho Jai Young , Yoon Yoo-Seok , Han Ho-Seong , Lee Hye Seung , Ryu Han Suk , Choe Gheeyoung 
Published: October 2010

AimThe significance of cell cycle proteins, p21 and p53, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2) is still controversial in gallbladder adenocarcinoma. Conflicting results exist with regard to the prognostic significance of p21 and p53 expression, and the strong association of gallbladder cancer with chronic inflammation makes it only natural that COX2 negativity is rarely encountered, even in non-neoplastic biliary epithelia.MethodsThe authors explored whether the p21 and p53-labelling indices (LI) and strong cytoplasmic COX2 expression differ in the central parts (TC) and invasive fronts (IF) of gallbladder cancer. Paraffin-embedded whole tissue sections of 67 gallbladder cancers were immunohistochemically analysed for p21, p53 and COX2-LI at the IF and TC, and results were correlated with the clinicopathological features.ResultsSignificantly higher LI was seen in IF compared with TC for p21, p53 and COX2. COX2-LI-IF showed significant positive correlations with perineural and lymphatic invasion, higher T and N stages, and non-papillary gross morphology. Gall-bladder cancers with COX2-LI-IF≥30% showed decreased overall and disease-free survival, and COX2-LI-IF≥30% was an independent poor prognostic factor on multivariable analysis. Gall-bladder cancers with high COX2 and p21-LI-IF showed decreased overall and disease-free survival.ConclusionsThe IF of gallbladder cancer is characterised by significantly increased expression of p21, p53 and strong COX2 expression, and strong cytoplasmic COX2 expression at IF is associated with a poorer prognosis. Heterogeneity between TC and IF should be considered in in situ molecular studies, especially during interpretation of immunohistochemical stain results and tissue microarray construction.
Exploring the feasibility of establishing a disease-specific post-mortem tissue bank in the UK: a case study in ME/CFS: Table 1
Authors: Lacerda Eliana M , Nacul Luis , Pheby Derek , Shepherd Charles , Spencer Peter 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundMyalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a condition, the aetiology of which remains controversial, and there is still no consensus on its nature and determination. It has rarely been studied in post-mortem examinations, despite increasing evidence of abnormalities from neuroimaging studies.AimTo ascertain the feasibility of developing a national post-mortem ME/CFS tissue bank in the UK, to enhance studies on aetiology and pathogenesis, including cell and tissue abnormalities associated with the condition.MethodsThe case study was carried out combining qualitative methods, ie, key informant interviews, focus group discussions with people with ME/CFS, and a workshop with experts in ME/CFS or in tissue banking.Results and conclusionsThe study results suggest that the establishment of the post-mortem ME/CFS tissue bank is both desirable and feasible, and would be acceptable to the possible tissue donors, provided that some issues were explicitly addressed.
A short history of research on
Archaeopteryx
and its relationship with dinosaurs
Authors: Wellnhofer Peter 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Archaeopteryx
, first discovered in 1861 from the Solnhofen lithographic limestone of Bavaria, is the oldest feathered animal in the fossil record. Since its discovery it has been the focus of discussions about avian ancestry. Its mosaic of saurian and avian skeletal characters made it the classical ‘missing link’ of the Darwinian Theory of evolution. Even as early as 1868 Huxley advocated a close dinosaurian relationship of birds, a position followed later by such palaeontological luminaries as Marsh, Baur, Nopcsa and Abel, among others. Only in 1926, when Gerhard Heilmann published his seminal work,
The Origin of Birds
, was a ‘thecodontian’ origin of birds favoured. This book dominated perceptions of avian origins for the next half century, until John H. Ostrom reinvigorated the hypothesis of a dinosaurian ancestry for birds based on more
Archaeopteryx
specimens and new discoveries of theropod dinosaurs. Finally, the advent of cladistic methodology was instrumental in supporting
Archaeopteryx
and Aves within the theropod clade Maniraptora, a view almost ubiquituous today.
Thomas Henry Huxley and the reptile to bird transition
Authors: Switek Brian 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

The overwhelming evidence that birds evolved from maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs has rekindled an interest in the work of the Victorian anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Many popular and technical accounts credit Huxley with being the first to propose that birds evolved from dinosaurs, but this is a misinterpretation of Huxley's work. During the 1860s Huxley was preoccupied with identifying the basic ‘groundplans’ that united vertebrate forms. Birds and reptiles were two groups united by a shared body plan, with dinosaurs representing an intermediate form. Huxley did not begin to cast dinosaurs as transitional forms between birds and earlier reptiles until he read Ernst Haeckel's
Generelle Morphologie
, at which time Huxley amassed ample anatomical evidence to illustrate how birds could have evolved from something dinosaur-like. Even then, however, Huxley did not say that birds had evolved from dinosaurs. As he explicitly stated in public addresses during the 1870s, small bird-like dinosaurs like
Compsognathus
only represented the form of what the true ancestors of birds might have looked like. Bird-like dinosaurs chiefly served to show that such a transition was possible. Thus, Huxley's views on the evolution of birds were much more complex than many modern authors appreciate.
A history of digit identification in the manus of theropods (including Aves)
Authors: Hansen Kasper Lykke 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The identification of avian and dinosaurian digits remains one of the major controversies in vertebrate evolution. A long history of morphological interpretations of fossil forms and studies of limb development in embryos has been given as evidence for two differing points of view. From an originally pentadactyl forelimb, either digits I, II and III form in the manus of birds and thus support a dinosaurian ancestry, or digits II, III and IV form in the manus supporting a more ancient ancestry or an evolutionary frame shift. A review of the history of research into the subject is presented here, dating from approximately 1825 to 2009.
Pteranodon
and beyond: the history of giant pterosaurs from 1870 onwards
Authors: Witton Mark P. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

The immense size of many pterosaurs is now well known to academics and laymen alike, but truly enormous forms with wingspans more than twice those of the largest modern birds were not discovered until 83 years after the first pterosaur fossils were found. These remains were discovered in an expedition to the Cretaceous chalk deposits of Kansas led by O.C. Marsh in 1870: initially revealing animals with 6.6 m wingspans, Marsh eventually found material from animals estimated to span 7.6 m. Marsh's record breaking pterosaur – the largest flying animal known for nearly 80 years – was equalled by a supposed wing bone described by C.A.
Arambourg in 1954
, and then surpassed with the discovery of the 10 m span azhdarchid
Quetzalcoatlus northropi
by D. Lawson in 1972. Subsequent fragmentary azhdarchid discoveries suggest even larger forms: reinterpreting Arambourg's ‘wing bone’ as a cervical vertebra suggests an animal with an 11–13 m wingspan, while the Romanian taxon
Hatzegopteryx thambema
is a particularly large and robust form with a 12 m wingspan. Giant pterosaur footprints are also known, with the largest footprints recording walking azhdarchids of comparable size to those suggested by body fossils.