bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students Learning English and Their Literacy Instruction in Urban Schools
Authors: Teale William H. 
Published: April 2009

Recent research meta‐analyses on the literacy education of children who are English‐language learners (ELLs) were reviewed. The author discusses instructional implications that (1) are strongly supported by research, (2) are likely to be true, given the research evidence, and (3) need more research before recommendations can be made.لقد تمت مراجعة الأبحاث ما وراء التحليل الأخيرة بشأن تعليم معرفة القراءة والكتابة لدى الأطفال الذين يدرسون اللغة الإنكليزية. ويناقش المؤلف الأعقاب التعليمية التي (1) تدعمها الأبحاث تدعيماً قوياً و(2) من الأرجح أن تكون صحيحة حسب الأدلة البحثية و(3) تحتاج إلى زيادة من الأبحاث قبل أن يتم طرح الاقتراحات.本文回顾近今有关学习英语语言的学童在读写能力教育方面的统合分析研究。作者认为该统合分析研究的教学含义是：(1)得到强而有力的研究支持；(2)根据已知的研究证据，所以有可能是正確的；(3)需要更多研究才能提出教学建议。On a effectué une revue de question des méta‐analyses relatives à l'enseignement de la littératie des enfants anglophones de naissance. L'auteur discute des implications pédagogiques qui 1) sont fortement soutenues par la recherche, 2) sont probablement vraies, compte tenu des preuves scientifiques, et 3) demandent d'autres recherches avant que des recommandations puissent être faites.В статье представлен мета‐анализ новейших исследований в области становления грамотности у детей, для которых английский язык не является родным (ELLs). Рассматривая значение полученных исследователями выводов для работы педагогов‐практиков, автор подразделяет эти выводы на три категории: (1) получившие серьезное подтверждение в научных исследованиях, (2) вероятно верные, о чем также свидетельствуют исследования, (3) требующие проведения дополнительных исследований прежде, чем на их основе можно будет предлагать рекомендации.Se repasaron recientes análisis de estudio sobre la educación de competencias de niños que están aprendiendo inglés (ELLs por sus siglas en inglés). El autor discute las implicaciones para la enseñanza que (1) están apoyadas por los estudios, (2) seguramente son ciertas, considerando la evidencia presentada en los estudios, y (3) necesitan más estudios antes de poder hacer recomendaciones.
Antidepressants at environmentally relevant concentrations affect predator avoidance behavior of larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Painter Meghan M. , Buerkley Megan A. , Julius Matthew L. , Vajda Alan M. , Norris David O. , Barber Larry B. , Furlong Edward T. , Schultz Melissa M. , Schoenfuss Heiko L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe effects of embryonic and larval exposure to environmentally relevant (ng/L) concentrations of common antidepressants, fluoxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and bupropion (singularly and in mixture) on C-start escape behavior were evaluated in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Embryos (postfertilization until hatching) were exposed for 5 d and, after hatching, were allowed to grow in control well water until 12 d old. Similarly, posthatch fathead minnows were exposed for 12 d to these compounds. High-speed (1,000 frames/s) video recordings of escape behavior were collected and transferred to National Institutes of Health Image for frame-by-frame analysis of latency periods, escape velocities, and total escape response (combination of latency period and escape velocity). When tested 12 d posthatch, fluoxetine and venlafaxine adversely affected C-start performance of larvae exposed as embryos. Conversely, larvae exposed for 12 d posthatch did not exhibit altered escape responses when exposed to fluoxetine but were affected by venlafaxine and bupropion exposure. Mixtures of these four antidepressant pharmaceuticals slowed predator avoidance behaviors in larval fathead minnows regardless of the exposure window. The direct impact of reduced C-start performance on survival and, ultimately, reproductive fitness provides an avenue to assess the ecological relevance of exposure in an assay of relatively short duration.
The toxicity of Roundup Original Max® to 13 species of larval amphibians
Authors: Relyea Rick A. , Jones Devin K. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
With the increased use of glyphosate-based herbicides (marketed under several names, including Roundup® and Vision®), there has been a concomitant increased concern about the unintended impacts that particular formulations containing the popular surfactant polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) might have on amphibians. Published studies have examined a relatively small number of anuran species (primarily from Australia and eastern North America) and, surprisingly, no species of salamanders. Using a popular formulation of glyphosate (Roundup Original Max®), the goal of the present study was to conduct tests of lethal concentrations estimated to kill 50% of a population after 96 h (LC5096-h) on a wider diversity of species from both eastern and western North America. Tests were conducted on nine species of stage 25, larval anurans from three families (Ranidae: Rana pipiens, R. clamitans, R. sylvatica, R. catesbeiana, R. cascadae; Bufonidae: Bufo americanus, B. boreas; and Hylidae: Hyla versicolor, Pseudacris crucifer) and four species of larval salamanders from two families (Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma gracile, A. maculatum, A. laterale; and Salamandridae: Notophthalmus viridescens). For the nine species of larval anurans, LC5096-h values ranged from 0.8- to 2.0-mg acid equivalents per liter with relatively little pattern in differential sensitivity among the species or families. The four species of larval salamanders were less sensitive than the anurans, with LC5096-h values ranging from 2.7- to 3.2-mg acid equivalents per liter and no substantial differences among the species of salamanders. This work substantially increases the available data on amphibian sensitivity to glyphosate formulations that include either POEA surfactants or the equally moderately to highly toxic surfactants of Roundup Original Max and should be useful for improving future risk assessments.
The Impact of the Stone Age Diet on Gingival Conditions in the Absence of Oral Hygiene
Authors: Baumgartner Stefan , Imfeld Thomas , Schicht Olivier , Rath Christian , Persson Rigmor E. , Persson G. Rutger 
Published: April 2009

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the oral microbiota and clinical data in subjects without access to traditional oral hygiene methods and who ate a diet available in the Stone Age.Methods: Ten subjects living in an environment replicating the Stone Age for 4 weeks were enrolled in this study. Bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival and plaque indices, and probing depth (PD) were assessed at baseline and at 4 weeks. Microbiologic samples were collected at the mesio‐buccal subgingival aspects of all teeth and from the dorsum of the tongue and were processed by checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization methods.Results: No subject had periodontitis. Mean BOP decreased from 34.8% to 12.6% (P <0.001). Mean gingival index scores changed from 0.38 to 0.43 (not statistically significant) and mean plaque scores increased from 0.68 to 1.47 (P <0.001). PD at sites of subgingival sampling decreased (mean difference: 0.2 mm; P <0.001). At week 4, the total bacterial count was higher (P <0.001) for 24 of 74 species, including Bacteroides ureolyticus, Eikenella corrodens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum naviforme, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Staphylococcus aureus (two strains), Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosis, and Streptococcus mitis. Bacterial counts from tongue samples were higher at baseline (P <0.001) for 20 species, including Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; serotype a), and Streptococcus spp.Conclusions: The experimental gingivitis protocol is not applicable if the diet (e.g., Stone Age) does not include refined sugars. Although plaque levels increased, BOP and PD decreased. Subgingival bacterial counts increased for several species not linked to periodontitis, whereas tongue bacterial samples decreased during the study period.
A Prospective Multicenter 5‐Year Radiographic Evaluation of Crestal Bone Levels Over Time in 596 Dental Implants Placed in 192 Patients
Authors: Cochran David L. , Nummikoski Pirkka V. , Schoolfield John D. , Jones Archie A. , Oates Thomas W. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Dental implants have been used to replace missing teeth to provide function and esthetics. One goal of such restorations is to maintain host tissue around the implants. The purpose of this prospective multicenter human clinical trial was to evaluate radiographic marginal bone levels around non‐submerged hollow cylindrical and solid‐screw implants for 5 years after loading.Methods: Patients older than 18 years of age with sufficient native bone to surround a dental implant without imposing on a vital structure were recruited at five sites. Solid‐screw or hollow‐cylinder implants with a titanium plasma–sprayed implant surface were placed in the anterior maxilla or anterior mandible and restored with fixed restorations. Baseline radiographs were taken at the time of implant placement. Subsequent radiographs were taken at the time of final prosthesis placement, at 6 months after prosthesis placement, and annually from prosthesis placement for 5 years.Results: The results of 596 implants in 192 patients at five international sites revealed that clinically significant remodeling of the marginal bone occurred during the first 6 months after implant placement, with a mean (± SD) marginal bone loss of 2.44 ± 1.20 mm. After that, clinically insignificant mean changes in the bone were observed. Overall, 0.22 ± 0.42 mm of bone loss occurred between the time of prosthesis placement and 1‐year postloading. Between 1‐year postloading and the last 5‐year recall, 0.18 ± 0.88 mm bone loss occurred. Because 2.84 ± 1.63 mm of bone loss occurred between implant placement and the 5‐year postloading follow‐up, 86% of the total mean bone loss over the course of 5 years was accounted for at the time of prosthesis placement. These same trends occurred if the data were analyzed with regard to implant design (solid screw and hollow cylinder), type of restoration (single and multiple), and length of implant (8 to 10, 12, and 14 to 16 mm).Conclusions: These data demonstrate that, in general, clinically significant marginal bone remodeling occurred between the time of implant placement and final prosthesis placement around one‐stage non‐submerged titanium implants with a titanium plasma–sprayed surface. Subsequent to that, bone loss observed around implants up to 5 years postloading was minimal. These results suggest that the factors that influence early healing around implants are significantly different from those that affect later marginal bone remodeling.
Decreased Interleukin‐2 Responses to Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Borch Tanja Skuldbøl , Løbner Morten , Bendtzen Klaus , Holmstrup Palle , Nielsen Claus Henrik 
Published: April 2009

Background: Compromised T‐cell responses to periodontal pathogens may contribute to the pathogenesis of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). In this study, we attempted to characterize T‐helper cell (Th1, Th2, and Th17) responses in patients with GAgP and healthy controls upon stimulation with disease‐relevant pathogens.Methods: Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from 10 white patients with GAgP and 10 white controls were stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 33277 (Pg), Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611, Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 49256 (Fn), and similar bacteria isolated from the participants' inherent oral flora. Tetanus toxoid (TT) was used as control antigen. The resulting production of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and interleukin (IL)‐2, −4, −5 and −17 and the induced proliferation of CD4+ T cells were measured.Results: MNCs from patients with GAgP exhibited decreased IL‐2 responses to Pg and Fn. No difference was observed between patients with GAgP and controls with regard to CD4+ T‐cell proliferation or the production of IFN‐γ and IL‐4, −5, and −17, irrespective of whether type strains or bacteria isolated from the participants' oral cavity were used for stimulation. Moreover, similar proliferative and cytokine responses to TT were observed. Notably, smoking patients with GAgP exhibited significantly lower IFN‐γ responses to the bacteria and to TT than non‐smoking patients or controls.Conclusions: The decreased IL‐2 responses of patients with GAgP to Pg and Fn combined with adequate IL‐2 responses to TT suggest an impaired antigen‐specific T‐cell reactivity with periodontal pathogens in GAgP. The decreased IFN‐γ responses of smokers within the patient group suggest that smoking may aggravate this impairment.
Temporal Association of Elevated C‐Reactive Protein and Periodontal Disease in Men
Authors: Yoshii Saori , Tsuboi Shinji , Morita Ichizo , Takami Yuko , Adachi Keiko , Inukai Junko , Inagaki Koji , Mizuno Kinichiro , Nakagaki Haruo 
Published: April 2009

Background: Most studies on the relationship between serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) and periodontal disease have been cross‐sectional. In this study, we investigated the temporal association between CRP and periodontal disease by following a large number of subjects for 1 year.Methods: We studied 11,162 men in Nagoya, Japan, who had an initial dental examination as part of a complete physical examination and then underwent the same examination 1 year later. For the 4,997 men without periodontal disease at baseline, logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between baseline CRP and periodontal disease 1 year later, adjusting for age, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level, and smoking status. Similarly, logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between periodontal disease at baseline and CRP 1 year later for the 10,376 men with normal baseline CRP, adjusting for the same confounding factors.Results: Among men without high CRP at baseline, periodontal disease at baseline correlated to CRP 1 year later. The odds ratio was 1.336 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.115 to 1.674). However, in the men without periodontal disease, no significant correlations were seen with baseline CRP or periodontal disease 1 year later. The odds ratio was 1.163 (95% CI: 0.894 to 1.513).Conclusion: Periodontal disease increased the risk for high serum CRP levels in men after 1 year of follow‐up.
Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of the Distribution of Fibronectin in Healthy and Diseased Root Surfaces
Authors: Komboli Mado G. , Kodovazenitis George J. , Katsorhis Theodore A. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Periodontal disease is an inflammatory process which may result in damage to and/or loss of tooth‐supporting tissues, including bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament. Significant evidence supports a strong correlation between periodontitis and diseased or altered cementum. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and distribution of fibronectin in normal human cementum and to determine whether its distribution is altered in periodontitis.Methods: Five healthy and 10 periodontally affected teeth were collected. Following fixation and demineralization, specimens were embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and exposed to antibodies against fibronectin. Stained sections were assessed using light microscopy.Results: The distribution of fibronectin, in the form of fibrils, in normal cementum was uniform in the whole cementum mass. In recession cementum, fibronectin appeared to lose its fibrillar morphology or to be completely amorphous on the whole cementum mass. Fibronectin showed variation in its distribution and fibrillar structure in pocket cementum; its absence from the cementum surface is characteristic. In the cementum apical to the pocket, fibronectin showed normal fibril structures, similar to normal cementum.Conclusions: Changes in cementum due to periodontitis include changes in the distribution and morphology of fibronectin. These changes may influence the ability for regeneration and connective tissue attachment onto periodontally affected root surfaces.
The Constitutive Activation of Extracellular Signal‐Regulated Kinase 1 and 2 in Periodontal Ligament Nerve Fibers
Authors: Korkmaz Yüksel , Bloch Wilhelm , Klinz Franz‐Josef , Kübler Alexander C. , Schneider Kurt , Zimmer Stefan , Addicks Klaus , Raab Wolfgang H.‐M. 
Published: April 2009

Background: The extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) have been implicated in the inflammation‐dependent sensitization of nociceptors. Because the periodontal ligament (PDL) contains numerous nociceptors and mechanoceptors, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was investigated in nerve fibers of the PDL to elucidate the role of constitutive local activation of ERK1/2 in peripheral sensitization.Methods: Decalcified free‐floating sections of rat molars with PDL were incubated using total (t)‐ERK1/2 and phosphorylated (p)‐ERK1/2 antibodies. For identification of nerve fibers in the PDL, double staining was performed using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) with p‐ERK1/2. To test whether p‐ERK1/2 activated in sensory and mechanoreceptive terminals, double incubations were performed using p‐ERK1/2 with calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and with calretinin. Labeled nerve fibers were quantified by the point‐counting method.Results: In cervical, midroot, and apical zones of the PDL, t‐ERK1/2– and p‐ERK1/2–labeled nerve fibers were found in close association with blood vessels. The p‐ERK1/2–labeled free nerve fibers were often detected in cervical and apical areas of the PDL. In nerve fibers of the PDL, p‐ERK1/2 was colocalized with PGP 9.5, CGRP, and calretinin.Conclusions: The perivascular distribution of t‐ERK1/2 and p‐ERK1/2 in nerve fibers in the PDL is compatible with a role for the constitutive activation of ERK1/2 in the neural regulation of blood vessels in the PDL. The colocalizations of p‐ERK1/2 with CGRP and calretinin indicate that ERK1/2 is constitutively activated in a subpopulation of sensory and mechanoreceptive nerve terminals in the PDL.
Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms Associated With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontitis in Japanese Adults
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuo , Murasawa Akira , Ito Satoshi , Yamamoto Kouji , Komatsu Yasutaka , Abe Asami , Sumida Takayuki , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: April 2009

Background: Cytokines play a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis. Both diseases were previously shown to be partly influenced by cytokine gene polymorphisms. Therefore, we evaluated whether the distributions of the cytokine genotypes were unique to subjects with both diseases.Methods: The study subjects consisted of Japanese adults with RA (RA group; n = 153), periodontitis only (P group; n = 117), and healthy individuals (H group; n = 108). Clinical periodontal condition was defined by measurements of probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and analyzed for the determination of 16 gene polymorphisms encoding interleukin (IL)‐1, −2, −4, −6, and −10, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, and transforming growth factor‐beta 1.Results: The frequency of patients with RA who exhibited periodontitis was 89.5% (RA + P group; n = 137). No significant differences were observed in any of the frequencies of cytokine genotypes and alleles among the subject groups. After adjustment for age, gender, and smoking status, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant difference in the distribution of IL‐1B +3954 genotypes between RA + P and P groups (P = 0.006) and between RA + P and H groups (P = 0.008).Conclusion: Japanese individuals with RA and periodontitis may exhibit different distributions of IL‐1B +3954 genotypes than healthy controls and subjects with periodontitis only.
Potential of Bioactive Glass Particles of Different Size Ranges to Affect Bone Formation in Interproximal Periodontal Defects in Dogs
Authors: Felipe Maria Emília M.C. , Andrade Patrícia F. , Novaes Arthur B. , Grisi Márcio F.M. , Souza Sérgio L.S. , Taba Mário , Palioto Daniela B. 
Published: April 2009

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the potential of bioactive glass particles of different size ranges to affect bone formation in periodontal defects, using the guided tissue regeneration model in dogs.Methods: In six dogs, 2‐wall intrabony periodontal defects were surgically created and chronified on the mesial surfaces of mandibular third premolars and first molars bilaterally. After 1 month, each defect was randomly assigned to treatment with bioabsorbable membrane in association with bioactive glass with particle sizes between 300 and 355 μm (group 1) or between 90 and 710 μm (group 2), membrane alone (group 3), or negative control (group 4). The dogs were sacrificed 12 weeks after surgeries, and histomorphometric measurements were made of the areas of newly formed bone, new mineralized bone, and bioactive glass particle remnants.Results: With regard to the area of bioactive glass particle remnants, there was a statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2, favoring group 1. There were greater areas of mineralized bone in groups 1 and 2 compared to groups 3 and 4 (P <0.05).Conclusion: The bioactive glass particles of small size range underwent faster resorption and substitution by new bone than the larger particles, and the use of bioactive glass particles favored the formation of mineralized bone.
Biologic Assessment of Antiseptic Mouthwashes Using a Three‐Dimensional Human Oral Mucosal Model
Authors: Moharamzadeh Keyvan , Franklin Kirsty L. , Brook Ian M. , van Noort Richard 
Published: April 2009

Background: The biologic safety profile of oral health care products is often assumed on the basis of simplistic test models such as monolayer cell culture systems. We developed and characterized a tissue‐engineered human oral mucosal model, which was proven to represent a potentially more informative and more clinically relevant alternative for the biologic assessment of mouthwashes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biologic effects of alcohol‐containing mouthwashes on an engineered human oral mucosal model.Methods: Three‐dimensional (3D) models were engineered by the air/liquid interface culture technique using human oral fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The models were exposed to phosphate buffered saline (negative control), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (positive control), cola, and three types of alcohol‐containing mouthwashes. The biologic response was recorded using basic histology; a cell proliferation assay; 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide tissue‐viability assay; transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis; and the measurement of release of interleukin (IL)‐1β by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in tissue viability among the mouthwashes, cola, and negative control groups. However, exposure to the positive control significantly reduced the tissue viability and caused severe cytotoxic epithelial damage as confirmed by histology and TEM analysis. A significant increase of IL‐1β release was observed with the positive control and, to a lesser extent, with two of the tested mouthrinses.Conclusions: The 3D human oral mucosal model can be a suitable model for the biologic testing of mouthwashes. The alcohol‐containing mouthwashes tested in this study do not cause significant cytotoxic damage and may slightly stimulate IL‐1β release.