bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hilltopping in the Pipevine Swallowtail Butterfly (Battus philenor)
Authors: Rutowski Ronald L. , Alcock John , Carey Michael 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn central Arizona, receptive females of the pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor, are widely scattered in time and space, and in this region the butterfly's mating system is one in which males patrol mountain peaks. Hilltopping males engage intruding males in ascending flights that appear to be ritualized aerial combat with individuals defending patrolling sites for relatively short periods on any given day. The day‐to‐day appearance of marked males is irregular, unlike the site fidelity shown by males of many other hilltopping insects. The distinctive pattern of male territoriality in B. philenor may be partly a response to very low male and female density in the observed population. Males at the hilltop chase, court, and attempt to copulate with virgin females released near them. Males assess the receptivity of females rapidly, and receptive females permit a lengthy copulation to occur after a courtship that lasts less than 30 s. During an initial copulation males pass a spermatophore that weighs about 6% of their body mass, with partners on following days receiving a smaller but still substantial donation.
A Test of Inbreeding Avoidance in the Zebra Finch
Authors: Schubert Claudia A. , Ratcliffe Laurene M. , Boag Peter T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOptimal‐outbreeding theory suggests that the genetic relatedness of individuals may be an important factor in mate choice. Several studies have demonstrated that matings between individuals of intermediate genetic relatedness tend to produce more offspring than those between more closely or distantly related mates. Inbreeding avoidance has been studied in captive zebra finches, Poephila guttata. Slater & Clements (1981) found a preference for closely related individuals, while Evans‐Layng (1987), in a different design, found a preference for less related mates. Our study examines patterns of mate choice in small flocks of zebra finches of known genetic relatedness. 13 flocks of 9 birds (3 females and 6 males) were released into separate aviaries and left until pairs had formed. 6 of these flocks consisted of siblings and nonrelatives and 7 consisted of cousins and nonrelatives. The degree of genetic relatedness of the individuals used did not affect mate choice, while factors such as male age and experience were correlated with mating success. There was a marginally significant trend for sibling pairs to take longer to lay eggs, although no overall difference in clutch size among sibling pairs, cousin pairs and genetically unrelated pairs was detected. We conclude, then, that there is no evidence of inbreeding avoidance in captive zebra finches.
Stimulus Movement, Hen Behaviour and Filial Imprinting in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: ten Cate Carel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA living hen is a very attractive imprinting stimulus compared to artificial stimuli. The present study examined to what extent this attractiveness is influenced by the behaviour of the hen. The effectiveness of a living quail hen as an imprinting stimulus was compared with that of a moving stuffed hen, a non‐moving stuffed hen and an empty cage. Naive quail chicks were exposed to one of these stimuli for 2 h. Both during and after this period chicks exposed to the living hen showed the strongest attachment to the stimulus, next came chicks exposed to a moving stuffed hen, while chicks exposed to a non‐moving stuffed hen showed no indication of any attachment, i.e. they behaved in the same way as chicks exposed to an empty cage. Also, among chicks exposed to the living hen a correlation was present between the strength of the attachment to the hen and the behaviour of this hen during the exposure. In particular pecking and behaviour directed at the chick seemed to stimulate the development of a filial bond. Together, these findings indicate that a living hen is attractive not just because she moved, but also because of specific qualities of this movement. The behaviour of the living hen differed in various ways from the movement of the moving stuffed hen. The influence of these differences on the filial imprinting process is discussed and compared with similar findings for sexual imprinting and song learning.
Migratory Orientation of Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla): Population‐specific Shifts of Direction during the Autumn
Authors: Helbig Andreas J. , Berthold Peter , Wiltschko Wolfgang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe population‐specific orientation of two groups of blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla), one from southwest Germany, the other from easternmost Austria, was studied outdoors in Emlen funnels. We investigated whether a seasonal shift in the migratory direction — as expected for the Austrian birds from ringing recoveries — occurs under experimental conditions and in a seasonally constant magnetic field. The West German birds, for which no shift was expected, oriented southwest during the entire season. The Austrian birds oriented southeast in October and southsouthwest in November. The clockwise shift by about 60° occurred within a 10‐day period.The results indicate that in this species seasonal changes of migratory direction are probably based on an endogenous program, occur without the birds actually migrating and are independent of changes in the magnetic field. Our results provide further evidence that directional shifts in Sylvia warblers may be controlled by a different mechanism than in pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca).
The Influence of Alarm Substance on Feeding in Zebra Danio Fish (Brachydanio rerio)
Authors: Jakobsen Johan , Johnsen Geir Helge 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe effects of alarm substance on feeding behaviour of zebra danio fish (Brachydanio rerio) were tested by offering them high and low densities of enclosed waterfleas (Daphnia magna). Normally the fish attacked high densities of prey, but when exposed to alarm substance they preferred lower and presumably less confusing prey densities — also lowering their feeding rate.
A Model of Search Behaviour for the Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe (Aves, Turdidae) and Other Pause‐travel Predators
Authors: Tye Alan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMany animals hunt by pausing to scan a particular locality then moving rapidly to the next pausing position. Prey are spotted from pausing positions. I develop a descriptive and analytical model which relates the distance moved between pauses (move‐length) to the area scanned at each pause, and which relates search rate to these two variables, and to pause time and running speed. The northern wheatear uses pause‐travel to hunt invertebrates on short grassland. Wheatears used a search pattern which reduced the distance moved to the minimum consistent with avoiding previously‐searched ground. The chosen move‐length maximized search rate at any given pause duration and running speed. When movement accounted for a small proportion of search time, search rate was little affected by variations in running speed. Incubating females searched faster, with shorter pauses, than males and non‐incubating females, but captured prey at a faster rate which implied reduced selectivity. The model showed that wheatears do not exhibit area‐restricted search by searching an area more than once, while plovers (Charadriidae) sometimes do, although previous assumptions about the search patterns which lead to area‐restricted search need to be modified. Examples from plovers, chats and thrushes (Turdidae) and tyrant‐flycatchers (Tyrannidae) show that pause duration is affected by prey visibility and density, and that search radius is affected by prey visibility.
Predator‐recognition Behaviour in Two Species of Gobiid Fishes, Asterropteryx semipunctatus and Gnatholepis anjerensis
Authors: Smith R. J. F. , Smith M. J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWhen Asterropteryx semipunctatus and Gnatholepis anjerensis detect a predator they bob rhythmically, raising and lowering the body. Bobbing and reduced movement was transmitted visually between fish in adjacent tanks, both within and between species. Fish isolated from other fish for at least 5 days still bobbed when they encountered a predator model. G. anjerensis remained resident in one location for an average of 61 days from marking to disappearance or the end of the study. They could, therefore, benefit if bobbing reduced predator hunting success. Three general categories of hypotheses have been proposed to account for predator‐recognition behaviour: assessment of the predator, informing the predator that it is detected, and warning the sender's conspecifics. Two of these, informing the predator and warning, seem most likely to account for goby bobbing. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.
Mating System Variation in Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii)
Authors: Sullivan Brian K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSexual selection and mating‐system variation was studied in two disjunct populations of Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousii) with dissimilar breeding‐period durations. In spite of the differences in breeding‐period duration, nightly operational sex ratios were roughly equivalent and strongly male biased in both populations, ranging from 0 to 0.5 in the population with a prolonged breeding period, and from 0 to 0.2 in the explosively breeding form. Although operational sex ratios were similar, some males mated with up to three females in the population with an extended breeding period, whereas none of the males mated polygynously in the population with a short breeding season. Two alternative reproductive tactics, satellite and active‐searching behavior, were only exhibited by males under high densities in the population with a short breeding period. In the population with an extended breeding period, male mating success was positively related to call rate, but independent of size or number of nights of participation in chorus activity. Although operational sex ratios were equally low, mating was random by size, number of nights of participation in chorus activity, and call rate for males in the explosively breeding population.
Associations between Langur Monkeys (Presbytis entellus) and Chital Deer (Axis axis): Chance Encounters or a Mutualism?
Authors: Newton Paul N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe relationship between a troop of hanuman langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus) and chital deer (Axis axis) was examined in Kanha Tiger Reserve, Central Indian Highlands. The frequency distribution of closest approaches between the two species suggested that associations (defined as proximity < 25 m) were not chance encounters; 70.1% of all those herds observed within 200 m came within 25 m of the troop. Associations were more frequent and lasted longer during the hot and cold weather than in the monsoon. Chital initiated and terminated the majority of associations, whilst langurs terminated them more frequently than they initiated.The langur troop dropped a mean of 4.0 kg vegetation fresh weight/day and chital were seen to scavenge or glean this forage in 38.2% of associations; more frequently in the hot and cold weather than in the monsoon. Chital gleaned items from 19 species of tree, with Shorea robusta the most frequently utilized.Responses to potential predators suggested that chital and langur responded to each other's alarm behaviour. Chital alerted to langur alarm more frequently than vice versa. Antagonistic interactions between the two species were observed in 5.8% of associations, predominantly directed from langurs to chital.The study suggests that chital‐langur associations are asymmetrical mutualisms. Chital gained by opportunistically taking advantage of vegetation dropped by langurs, and by responding to langur alarm behaviour. The benefit, if any, to langurs was probably slight; they may have gained from responding to chital alarms but incurred costs of antagonism and feeding competition with chital.
The Sexual Behaviour of the Great Crested Newt, Triturus cristatus (Amphibia: Salamandridae)
Authors: Green Andy J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe sexual behaviour of Triturus cristatus is described. The first stage of sexual behaviour consists of an orientation phase in which the male approaches the female, sniffs her and moves in front of and perpendicular to her. The second stage is a prolonged period of static display with two different tail movements, called Fan and Lash, in 13.8 ± 1.3 bouts (x̄ ± SE) with intervals of 10.5 ± 0.3 s between bouts. Each bout contains 6.7 ± 0.3 regular Fan beats at a frequency of 0.5–0.8 Hz. This Fanning provides olfactory and mechanical stimulation to the female. 15% of bouts also contain a violent Lash, in which the male rapidly slaps the female's flank. Some Lashes are used to stop the female when she tries to move away. In the third stage of the sexual sequence, the male turns away, Creeps for 6.7 ± 0.3 s (x̄ ± SE) and then Quivers his tail. A receptive female follows and touches his tail, and the male deposits a spermatophore and then turns to one side with his tail folded along his flank in a position called Brake. The female now approaches again and the male steps away sideways in a movement called Rebrake. After several Rebrakes the male stops, the female touches his tail and the spermatophore may now be picked up in her cloaca. This sequence can be repeated several times during one encounter. This behaviour is discussed in relation to previous studies of courtship in this genus.
Orientation and Communication in the Neotropical Ant Odontomachus bauri Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae)
Authors: Oliveira Paulo S. , Hölldobler Bert 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe Neotropical species Odontomachus bauri employs canopy orientation during foraging and homing. An artificial canopy pattern above the ants is much more effective as an orientation cue than horizontal landmarks or chemical marks. However, both horizontal visual cues and chemical marks on the ground can serve in localizing the nest entrance. Successful O. bauri foragers recruit nestmates to leave the nest and search for food. However, the recruitment signals do not contain directional information. Antennation bouts and pheromones from the pygidial gland most likely serve as stimulating recruitment signals. Secretions from the mandibular and poison gland elicit alarm and attack behavior.
Aggression, Dominance, and Social Organization in Evening Grosbeaks
Authors: Bekoff Marc , Scott Abby C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRelationships between social behavior and ecology are of great interest to ethologists and behavioral ecologists. For example, limited comparative data have already resulted in the development of broad explanations for possible interrelationships between patterns of social interaction and food supply in diverse species. Here, we analyzed agonistic behavior, dominance relationships, and social organization in evening grosbeaks (Coccothraustes vespertinus) living near Boulder, Colorado U.S.A. We found marked seasonal variations in mean rates of agonistic behavior, mean sex ratios, and mean flock sizes. Rates of agonistic encounters were positively correlated with group size and the number of adult males present. Generally, adult males dominated (>>) adult females, young males, and young females; young males >> adult and young females; and young females >> adult females. Adult males were most aggressive during the beginning of the breeding season.The formation of large flocks of grosbeaks most likely facilitates locating the dispersed and locally irruptive food on which these birds depend, and may also confer protection against predators. We suggest that flocks of grosbeaks composed of mainly transient birds are maintained by (1) low rates of noncontact aggressive encounters and (2) the rare occurrence of potentially disruptive fights, both of which appear to result from birds' being able to assess the likely outcome of an encounter with another animal using phenotypic cues such as wing length, weight, and especially plumage. The ability to predict the outcome of an aggressive encounter may also be important in the integration of young birds into flocks.
Plural Breeding in the Splendid Fairy‐wren, Malurus splendens (Aves: Maluridae), a Cooperative Breeder
Authors: Rowley Ian , Russell Eleanor , Payne Robert B. , Payne Laura L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGroups of the cooperatively breeding splendid fairy‐wren Malurus splendens may include more than one female. Previously this species has been described as singular breeding (only one female breeds). This paper describes the occurrence of plural breeding (PB) groups in 10% of group years, in which two females had separate nests. In all cases, the secondary female (Y) was related to the primary breeding female (X) and was generally a 2‐year old female which had helped in the group during the previous breeding season. Plural breeding was correlated with an increase in population density and in the number of female helpers; PB groups were larger than singular‐breeding groups. In most cases, the X female was occupied with her own nest or offspring when the Y female began to nest, and there was no aggression between them. Which birds helped the Y female to feed at her nest depended on the time between the hatching of the two nests. If the interval was small, some group members helped at each nest; with longer intervals, the group members began to feed at the earlier nest, and the other female was left to raise her brood alone. Female helpers were very active in feeding at single nestings, and the cost to an X female of a Y female breeding was mainly a loss of this assistance. The success of individual X nests was not affected. Effects on productivity were slight, but fewer X females in PB groups raised second broods than did experienced singular breeding females. Y females were less productive than X females, but no less productive than singular breeding novice females without helpers. It is not known whether Y females copulated with primary or secondary males within their group, or with males from outside the group. Certainly, they did not form an observable pairing with any male in the group. Plural breeding occurred in a minority of group years in response to extrinsic conditions and the current demographic situation, and shows the extreme plasticity of the mating system in M. splendens.
Time‐Place Learning by Garden Warblers (Sylvia borin): Route or Map?
Authors: Krebs John R. , Biebach Herbert 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Garden warblers are able to learn to go to four different feeding places at different times of day (time‐place learning). We investigated whether or not the birds rely on a fixed route by preventing them from entering one of the places at the normal time (blocking experiments). At the end of the blocking period the birds were allowed to visit any of the four feeding places.
In two such blocking experiments, one in which the blocking period was first thing in the morning (from 06.00–10.00 h), the other in which it was later in the day (from 12.00–16.00 h), there was no subsequent shift in the phase of visiting the places during the rest of the day, apart from a tendency to go to the first place of the day after the morning block. These results suggest that the birds do not rely on following a fixed route, but instead use a time‐place map.
Sexual Selection and Assortative Mating in Subdivided Populations of the Thrips Elaphrothrips tuberculatus (Insecta: Thysanoptera)
Authors: Crespi Bernard J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis study presents four years of data on size‐related mating patterns in Elaphrothrips tuberculatus, a subsocial thrips inhabiting subdivided populations (clusters of hanging dead oak leaves) that vary in sex ratio, operational sex ratio (ratio of males to females guarding eggs), and number of adults. Laboratory observations, experimental removals of guarding males, and field collections showed that: (1) males guard mates after copulation, (2) guarding males are larger than non‐guarding males, and (3) large male mating advantage is caused by male fighting. The populationwide intensity of sexual selection for large male body size varied substantially among years, reflecting yearly differences in the sex ratio and operational sex ratio. Among local populations (leaf clusters), the sexual selection intensity was correlated with the operational sex ratio in each year, and with the sex ratio in three of four years. Males and females mated assortively for size (fore‐femora length) in 1986, but not in 1983, 1984, or 1985. Assortative mating in 1986 was attributed to Darwin's (1871) mechanism for sexual selection in monogamous species: in this year alone, there was a highly significant tendency for large females to initiate breeding earlier than smaller females and strong directional selection for large male body size. Population subdivision affects mating patterns of E. tuberculatus by: (1) creating single‐male populations where male size does not affect mating success, (2) promoting high sexual selection intensities, relative to a continuous population, when the population‐wide sex ratio is female biased, and (3) constraining the size covariation between paired males and females.
Laughing, Smiling, and Talking: Relation to Sleeping and Social Context in Humans
Authors: Provine Robert R. , Fischer Kenneth R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe propabilities of laughing, smiling, or talking during a given hour and in various social environments were investigated by having undergraduate college students record their performance of these activitics in a log book during a one‐week period. All three activities were least likely to occur during the hours immediately before bedtime and after waking and were most frequent in social situations. Smiles and laughs, like talking, were performed primarily during social encounters and were often part of verbal and nonverbal conversations. Because laughing and smiling are phasic social acts, they are of limited value as indices of ongoing (tonic) emotional state. The role of laughing, smiling, and talking in communication, the production of mood, and social bonding is considered.
Pattern of Dispersion of Young Wild Rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus L., in Relation to Burrows
Authors: Vitale Augusto F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe development of dispersion in relation to burrows of young rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus L., was studied in a sand dune habitat between May and September 1984–1985. Generally, young rabbits did not show a close association with their original burrow. From the first week of life on the surface they used different burrows as well as the original one. No significant age‐related changes in the mean distance from different kinds of burrows were observed. The mean distance from the nearest burrow remained always under 3 m, but this distance may have been due largely to the high density of burrows. The apparent freedom of movements of young rabbits around different burrows may be related to the social system of the adults in a sand dune habitat.
Age‐dependent Discrimination of Unfamiliar Pups in Galea musteloides (Mammalia, Caviidae)
Authors: Künkele Joachim , Hoeck Hendrik N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this study we tested whether polygynously paired G. musteloides females discriminate between pups of the own and of unfamiliar groups. The transfer experiments showed that without exception unfamiliar pups older than 8 d were attacked immediately after introduction. If the resident females had no offspring or their offspring were older than 20 d the introduced strange pup was treated aggressively irrespective of its age. Transferred pups younger than 8 d were not treated aggressively, as long as the resident young were present and of an age below 20 d. The adaptivity of the observed behaviour is discussed.