bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammographic Density, Response to Hormones, and Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Boyd Norman F. , Melnichouk Olga , Martin Lisa J. , Hislop Greg , Chiarelli Anna M. , Yaffe Martin J. , Minkin Salomon 
Published: June 2011

Background Percent mammographic density (PMD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer that changes in response to changes in hormone exposure. We have examined the magnitude of the association of hormone exposure with PMD according to subsequent breast cancer risk. Methods In three case-control studies, with 1,164 patient cases and 1,155 controls nested in cohorts of women screened with mammography, we examined the association of PMD measured in the baseline mammogram with risk of breast cancer in the following 1 to 8 years (mean, 3 years), according to use of oral contraceptives (OCs) in premenopausal women, menopause, and hormone therapy (HT) in postmenopausal women. All statistical comparisons are adjusted for age and other risk factors. Results In premenopausal women who later developed breast cancer (patient cases), PMD was 5.3% greater in past users of OCs than in nonusers (P = .06). In controls, OC users had 2% less density than nonusers (P = .44; test for interaction P = .06). The difference in PMD between premenopausal and postmenopausal women for patient cases was 8.5% (P < .001) and for controls, 3.9% (P = .01; test for interaction P = .03). In postmenopausal women, PMD was 6% greater in patients who used HT than in never users (P < .001). Controls who used HT had 1.6% greater PMD (P = .26) than never users (test for interaction P = .001). Differences in PMD resulted mainly from differences in the dense area of the mammogram. Conclusion Differences in PMD associated with differences in hormone exposure were greater in women who later developed breast cancer than in controls in each of the hormone exposures examined.
Phase II Trial of Cetuximab, Gemcitabine, and Oxaliplatin Followed by Chemoradiation With Cetuximab for Locally Advanced (T4) Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Correlation of Smad4(Dpc4) Immunostaining With Pattern of Disease Progression
Authors: Crane Christopher H. , Varadhachary Gauri R. , Yordy John S. , Staerkel Gregg A. , Javle Milind M. , Safran Howard , Haque Waqar , Hobbs Bridgett D. , Krishnan Sunil , Fleming Jason B. , Das Prajnan , Lee Jeffrey E. , Abbruzzese James L. , Wolff Robert A. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose This phase II trial was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of cetuximab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin followed by cetuximab, capecitabine, and radiation therapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Patients and Methods Treatment-naive eligible patients (n = 69) received intravenous gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2) and oxaliplatin (100 mg/m2) every 2 weeks for four doses, followed by radiation (50.4 Gy to the gross tumor only) with concurrent capecitabine (825 mg/m2 twice daily on radiation treatment days). Cetuximab (500 mg/m2) was started on day 1 of chemotherapy and was continued every 2 weeks during chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Diagnostic cytology specimens were immunostained for Smad4(Dpc4) expression. Results Median overall survival time was 19.2 months (95% CI, 14.2 to 24.2 months), and 1-year, 2-year, and 4-year actuarial overall survival rates were 66.0%, 25.02%, and 11.3%, respectively. Acneiform rash correlated with improved survival (P = .001), but initial CA19-9, borderline resectable initial stage, and surgical resection (n = 7) did not. The 1-year and 2-year radiographic local progression rates were 22.8% and 61.0%, respectively. The worst acute toxic effects were GI toxicity (32% and 10% for grades 2 and 3, respectively); fatigue (26% and 6% for grades 2 and 3, respectively); sensory neuropathy (9% and 1% for grades 2 and 3, respectively); and acneiform rash (54% and 3% for grades 2 and 3, respectively). Smad4(Dpc4) expression correlated with a local rather than a distant dominant pattern of disease progression (P = .016). Conclusion This regimen appears effective and has acceptable toxicity. The primary end point (1-year overall survival rate > 45%) was met, with encouraging survival duration. Smad4(Dpc4) immunostaining correlated with the pattern of disease progression. Prospective validation of Smad4(Dpc4) expression in cytology specimens as a predictive biomarker is warranted and may lead to personalized treatment strategies for patients with localized pancreatic cancer.
Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score: An Analysis of Reliability and Validity From the Spine Oncology Study Group
Authors: Fourney Daryl R. , Frangou Evan M. , Ryken Timothy C. , DiPaola Christian P. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Berven Sigurd H. , Bilsky Mark H. , Harrop James S. , Fehlings Michael G. , Boriani Stefano , Chou Dean , Schmidt Meic H. , Polly David W. , Biagini Roberto , Burch Shane , Dekutoski Mark B. , Ganju Aruna , Gerszten Peter C. , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Groff Michael W. , Liebsch Norbert J. , Mendel Ehud , Okuno Scott H. , Patel Shreyaskumar , Rhines Laurence D. , Rose Peter S. , Sciubba Daniel M. , Sundaresan Narayan , Tomita Katsuro , Varga Peter P. , Vialle Luiz R. , Vrionis Frank D. , Yamada Yoshiya , Fisher Charles G. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose Standardized indications for treatment of tumor-related spinal instability are hampered by the lack of a valid and reliable classification system. The objective of this study was to determine the interobserver reliability, intraobserver reliability, and predictive validity of the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS). Methods Clinical and radiographic data from 30 patients with spinal tumors were classified as stable, potentially unstable, and unstable by members of the Spine Oncology Study Group. The median category for each patient case (consensus opinion) was used as the gold standard for predictive validity testing. On two occasions at least 6 weeks apart, each rater also scored each patient using SINS. Each total score was converted into a three-category data field, with 0 to 6 as stable, 7 to 12 as potentially unstable, and 13 to 18 as unstable. Results The κ statistics for interobserver reliability were 0.790, 0.841, 0.244, 0.456, 0.462, and 0.492 for the fields of location, pain, bone quality, alignment, vertebral body collapse, and posterolateral involvement, respectively. The κ statistics for intraobserver reliability were 0.806, 0.859, 0.528, 0.614, 0.590, and 0.662 for the same respective fields. Intraclass correlation coefficients for inter- and intraobserver reliability of total SINS score were 0.846 (95% CI, 0.773 to 0.911) and 0.886 (95% CI, 0.868 to 0.902), respectively. The κ statistic for predictive validity was 0.712 (95% CI, 0.676 to 0.766). Conclusion SINS demonstrated near-perfect inter- and intraobserver reliability in determining three clinically relevant categories of stability. The sensitivity and specificity of SINS for potentially unstable or unstable lesions were 95.7% and 79.5%, respectively.
Occurrence of Multiple Subsequent Neoplasms in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Armstrong Gregory T. , Liu Wei , Leisenring Wendy , Yasui Yutaka , Hammond Sue , Bhatia Smita , Neglia Joseph P. , Stovall Marilyn , Srivastava Deokumar , Robison Leslie L. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose Childhood cancer survivors experience an increased incidence of subsequent neoplasms (SNs). Those surviving the first SN (SN1) remain at risk to develop multiple SNs. Because SNs are a common cause of late morbidity and mortality, characterization of rates of multiple SNs is needed. Patients and Methods In a total of 14,358 5-year survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed between 1970 and 1986, analyses were carried out among 1,382 survivors with an SN1. Cumulative incidence of second subsequent neoplasm (SN2), either malignant or benign, was calculated. Results A total of 1,382 survivors (9.6%) developed SN1, of whom 386 (27.9%) developed SN2. Of those with SN2, 153 (39.6%) developed more than two SNs. Cumulative incidence of SN2 was 46.9% (95% CI, 41.6% to 52.2%) at 20 years after SN1. The cumulative incidence of SN2 among radiation-exposed survivors was 41.3% (95% CI, 37.2% to 45.4%) at 15 years compared with 25.7% (95% CI, 16.5% to 34.9%) for those not treated with radiation. Radiation-exposed survivors who developed an SN1 of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) had a cumulative incidence of subsequent malignant neoplasm (SMN; ie, malignancies excluding NMSC) of 20.3% (95% CI, 13.0% to 27.6%) at 15 years compared with only 10.7% (95% CI, 7.2% to 14.2%) for those who were exposed to radiation and whose SN1 was an invasive SMN (excluding NMSC). Conclusion Multiple SNs are common among aging survivors of childhood cancer. SN1 of NMSC identifies a population at high risk for invasive SMN. Survivors not exposed to radiation who develop multiple SNs represent a population of interest for studying genetic susceptibility to neoplasia.
The cultural divide: exploring communication barriers between scientists and clinicians
Authors: Restifo Linda L. , Phelan Gerald R. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Despite remarkable advances in basic biomedical science that have led to improved patient care, there is a wide and persistent gap in the abilities of researchers and clinicians to understand and appreciate each other. In this Editorial, the authors, a scientist and a clinician, discuss the rift between practitioners of laboratory research and clinical medicine. Using their first-hand experience and numerous interviews throughout the United States, they explore the causes of this ‘cultural divide’. Members of both professions use advanced problem-solving skills and typically embark on their career paths with a deeply felt sense of purpose. Nonetheless, differences in classroom education, professional training environments, reward mechanisms and sources of drive contribute to obstacles that inhibit communication, mutual respect and productive collaboration. More than a sociological curiosity, the cultural divide is a significant barrier to the bench-to-bedside goals of translational medicine. Understanding its roots is the first step towards bridging the gap.
Conceptual metaphors in gesture
Authors: Chui Kawai 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This study investigates metaphoric gestures in face-to-face conversation. It is found that gestures of this kind are mainly performed in the central gesture space with noticeable and discernable configurations, providing visible evidence for cross-domain cognitive mappings and the grounding of conceptual metaphors in people's recurrent bodily experiences and in what people habitually do in social and cultural practices. Moreover, whether metaphorical thinking is conveyed by gesture exclusively or along with metaphoric speech, the manual enactment of even conventional metaphors manifests dynamism in communicating metaphors. Metaphoric gestures can provide salient, additional information about the aspect of the conceptualization which is the speaker's focus of attention in real-time multimodal communication.
Does framing work? An empirical study of Simplifying Models for sustainable food production
Authors: Jaspaert Koen , Van de Velde Freek , Brône Geert , Feyaerts Kurt , Geeraerts Dirk 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We investigate empirically whether framing in general, and the use of Simplifying Models as a framing tool in particular, has an effect on the way topics are cognitively construed. Existing studies on framing in linguistics have either been theoretical or descriptive. Going beyond such methodologically simple approaches, we use a more rigid test design involving the use of a control group, the construction of test conditions in which different Simplifying Models constitute the major source of variation, the inclusion of independent variables like age and prior knowledge of the subjects, and the use of linear and logistic regression analysis. Our results show that our more rigid methodological approach yields a more reliable image of the effect of Simplifying Models on the way in which people deal with information on a complex topic like sustainable food production. Fleshing out these effects further may in time lead to a better informed construction of communication on complex social topics.
Form and function in Irish child directed speech
Authors: Cameron-Faulkner Thea , Hickey Tina 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In the present study we analyse a sample of Irish Child Directed Speech in terms of item-based constructions and the communicative intents which they express. The study is based on the speech of an Irish native speaker engaged in daily activities with her son (aged 1;9). The findings of the analyses indicate the high degree of lexical specificity attested in the sample; in total 35 item-based frames account for just under 70% of analysed utterances. In most cases there was a one-to-one relationship between item-based frame and communicative intent. However, of particular interest was the clustering of structurally related frames around specific functions. We propose that this relationship highlights the role of communicative intent in the organisation of structural linguistic knowledge.
A Compound Modulation Diffraction Grating
Authors: Li Jian-Long , Feng Guoying 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A compound modulation diffraction grating is brought forward, and successful acting as a beam splitter. Compared with beam splitters made with this traditional single modulation grating, the beam splitter made with the compound modulated grating has some superiority on the error of optical parameters. And the model of the compound modulation diffraction grating can be applied to analysis the influence on diffraction efficiencies of the diffraction grating caused by the surface undulation.
High-Dose Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation of Preterm Infants: Respiratory and Allergy Outcomes
Authors: Manley Brett J. , Makrides Maria , Collins Carmel T. , McPhee Andrew J. , Gibson Robert A. , Ryan Philip , Sullivan Thomas R. , Davis Peter G. ,   for the DINO Steering Committee
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND:
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been associated with downregulation of inflammatory responses.

OBJECTIVE:
To report the effect of DHA supplementation on long-term atopic and respiratory outcomes in preterm infants.

METHODS:
This study is a multicenter, randomized controlled trial comparing the outcomes for preterm infants &lt;33 weeks' gestation who consumed expressed breast milk from mothers taking either tuna oil (high-DHA diet) or soy oil (standard-DHA) capsules. Data collected included incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and parental reporting of atopic conditions over the first 18 months of life.

RESULTS:
Six hundred fifty-seven infants were enrolled (322 to high-DHA diet, 335 to standard), and 93.5% completed the 18-month follow-up. There was a reduction in BPD in boys (relative risk [RR]: 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47–0.96]; P = .03) and in all infants with a birth weight of &lt;1250 g (RR: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.57–0.98]; P = .04). There was no effect on duration of respiratory support, admission length, or home oxygen requirement. There was a reduction in reported hay fever in all infants in the high-DHA group at either 12 or 18 months (RR: 0.41 [95% CI: 0.18–0.91]; P = .03) and at either 12 or 18 months in boys (RR: 0.15 [0.03–0.64]; P = .01). There was no effect on asthma, eczema, or food allergy.

CONCLUSIONS:
DHA supplementation for infants of &lt;33 weeks' gestation reduced the incidence of BPD in boys and in all infants with a birth weight of &lt;1250 g and reduced the incidence of reported hay fever in boys at either 12 or 18 months.
Comparison of the World Health Organization Growth Velocity Standards With Existing US Reference Data
Authors: de Onis Mercedes , Siyam Amani , Borghi Elaine , Onyango Adelheid W. , Piwoz Ellen , Garza Cutberto 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:
The goal of this study was to compare World Health Organization (WHO) growth velocity standards with reference data based on US children.

METHODS:
Comparisons were made between reference values for weight and length gains based on serial data from US children and the WHO child growth standards. We compared weight velocities for boys and girls for selected percentiles (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th) for 1-month intervals from birth to 6 months, 2-month intervals up to 12 months, and 3-month intervals up to 24 months. For length, we compared 2-month intervals from birth to 6 months and 3-month intervals up to 24 months.

RESULTS:
WHO and US monthly weight increments were similar at the 5th percentile up to 3 months of age; values for other US percentiles were below the WHO percentiles ∼150 g on average. From 3 months onward, the US values converged to a narrow range of &lt;100 g between estimated percentiles. Two- and 3-month weight gains showed similar variations. Differences between the WHO and US values were more pronounced at the lower end of the distribution. For length, medians were in closer agreement, but as occurred with weight, values at the outer US percentiles converged to a narrower range with increasing age compared with those of the WHO standards.

CONCLUSIONS:
There are important differences between the WHO standards and the reference values for growth velocity based on US data. The WHO values are a better tool for assessing growth velocity and making clinical decisions.
Parents' Experiences of Expanded Newborn Screening Evaluations
Authors: DeLuca Jane M. , Kearney Margaret H. , Norton Sally A. , Arnold Georgianne L. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:
Abnormal results of newborn screening for common metabolic diseases are known to create substantial distress for parents. We explored parents' perceptions during diagnostic evaluations for newer disorders that are less well understood.

METHODS:
Thirty families completed 48 open-ended interviews before and/or after parents received confirmatory test results for their infants. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS:
Parents were shocked by the notification of the abnormal test result. Their urgent and often frustrating searches for information dominated the early phase of the screening process. Treatment center personnel were mainly informative and reassuring, but waiting for results exacerbated parents' distress. Equivocal results from diagnostic testing created uncertainties for parents regarding their infants' long-term health. After counseling, some parents reported inaccurate ideas about the disorders despite exposure to large amounts of information. Regardless of the challenges and anxieties of the evaluation, nearly every parent thought newborn screening was an important program for infant health.

CONCLUSIONS:
The evaluation of a newborn for an abnormal screening result was highly stressful for parents. To help reduce parents' distress, improvements in communications and clinical services are needed. Recommendations of useful Internet sites and discussions of this information may benefit parents. Tailoring counseling to meet the needs of culturally and educationally diverse families is needed. Families and infants with equivocal results are a new group of patients who merit comprehensive clinical follow-up.
Children, Adolescents, Obesity, and the Media
Authors: Strasburger Victor C. ,   Council on Communications and Media
Published: June 2011

This Policy Statement was retired March 2018.
Obesity has become a worldwide public health problem. Considerable research has shown that the media contribute to the development of child and adolescent obesity, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. Screen time may displace more active pursuits, advertising of junk food and fast food increases children's requests for those particular foods and products, snacking increases while watching TV or movies, and late-night screen time may interfere with getting adequate amounts of sleep, which is a known risk factor for obesity. Sufficient evidence exists to warrant a ban on junk-food or fast-food advertising in children's TV programming. Pediatricians need to ask 2 questions about media use at every well-child or well-adolescent visit: (1) How much screen time is being spent per day? and (2) Is there a TV set or Internet connection in the child's bedroom?
Protecting Children From Sexual Abuse by Health Care Providers
Authors: Christian Cindy W. , Feldman Kenneth W. ,   Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect
Published: June 2011

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed October 2014 and January 2020.
Sexual abuse or exploitation of children is never acceptable. Such behavior by health care providers is particularly concerning because of the trust that children and their families place on adults in the health care profession. The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly endorses the social and moral prohibition against sexual abuse or exploitation of children by health care providers. The academy opposes any such sexual abuse or exploitation by providers, particularly by the academy's members. Health care providers should be trained to recognize and abide by appropriate provider-patient boundaries. Medical institutions should screen staff members for a history of child abuse issues, train them to respect and maintain appropriate boundaries, and establish policies and procedures to receive and investigate concerns about patient abuse. Each person has a responsibility to ensure the safety of children in health care settings and to scrupulously follow appropriate legal and ethical reporting and investigation procedures.
The Effect of a Non-negative Salinity Gradient on ASP Flood Performance
Authors: Levitt David B. , Chamerois Manuel , Bourrel Maurice , Gauer Pascal , Morel Danielle 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Several decades of research have led to general acceptance that a negative salinity gradient represents the optimal injection strategy in surfactant-polymer (SP) and alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding. However, in many situations, such as when formation brine salinity is low either naturally or due to extensive waterflooding, a classical, negative salinity gradient is not feasible. In this case, other options may include the retention of a negative gradient between the slug and drive, but with the allowance of type I formation brine salinity, or a "I-III-I" gradient. We investigate how this strategy will affect flood performance in respect to a classical, negative, or "II-III-I" gradient. Corefloods and 1-D simulations are used to compare the production profiles of the two, and additional simulations examine the difficulty in capturing the tradeoff between low interfacial tension and phase trapping near the transition between type I and type III phase behavior.