bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asian Americans and workplace discrimination: The interplay between sex of evaluators and the perception of social skills
Authors: Lai Lei , Babcock Linda C. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryIn two role‐playing scenarios, we investigate how White male and female evaluators perceive an Asian American versus White job candidate on the dimensions of competence and social skills and how these perceptions affect evaluators' decisions in hiring and promotion. Specifically, Study 1 examines how the perceptions of competence and social skills affect Asian (versus White) college graduates' chance of obtaining a non‐technical (versus technical) position, and Study 2 tests how these perceptions affect Asians' probability of promotion relative to Whites'. Our findings suggest that female evaluators were less likely to select Asian than White candidates into positions involving social skills and were less likely to promote Asian than White candidates into these types of positions. Furthermore, female evaluators' perception that Asians were less socially skilled than Whites mediated both of these decisions. This paper contributes to the understanding of workplace discrimination of Asian Americans. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of fibrin glue instillation under skin flaps in the prevention of seroma formation and related morbidities following breast and axillary surgery for breast cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Sajid Muhammad S. , Hutson Kristian , Kalra Lorain , Bonomi Riccardo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA systematic review of randomised, controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of fibrin glue (FG) in reducing the postoperative seroma and seroma related morbidities following breast and axillary surgery was conducted. FG failed to influence the incidence of postoperative seroma, average volume of seroma, wound infection, complications and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. However, a major multicentre and high quality randomised, controlled trial is required to validate these findings. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:783–795. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Depthwise Viscosity Gradients in UV‐Cured Epoxy Coatings
Authors: Song Jin‐Oh , McCormick Alon V. , Francis Lorraine F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA magnetic microrheometer is used to characterize the development of viscosity at different depths in UV‐cured epoxy coatings. Lateral magnetic particle velocities are tracked at different depths to quantify viscosity gradients. In general, viscosity build‐up is faster near the coating surface, tending to produce a “skin”. The effects of process conditions on the viscosity gradient development, on the rate of viscosity increase, and on surface defects are studied. More severe gradients develop in thicker coatings and in those with higher photoinitiator concentration. Under some conditions, the skin layer wrinkles, indicating the development of local compressive stress. Curing at higher temperature, however, increases cure rates while reducing the viscosity gradients and wrinkling defects.magnified image
Simultaneous quantification of fat content and fatty acid composition using MR imaging
Authors: Peterson Pernilla , Månsson Sven 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNot only the fat content but also the composition of fatty acids (FAs) in stored triglycerides might be of interest in the research on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In this study, a novel reconstruction approach is proposed that uses theoretical knowledge of the chemical structure of FAs to simultaneously quantify the fat fraction (FF) and the FAs composition (chain length cl, number of double bonds ndb, and number of methylene‐interrupted double bonds nmidb) from multiple gradient echo images. Twenty phantoms with various fat contents (FF = 9–100%) and FA compositions (cl = 12.1–17.9, ndb = 0.23–5.10, and nmidb = 0.04–2.39) were constructed and imaged in a 3‐T Siemens scanner. In addition, spectra were acquired in each phantom. Slopes and “standard deviations from true values” were used to investigate the accuracy of the two methods. The imaging method holds well in a comparison to the previously suggested spectroscopy method and showed similar overall accuracy. The in vivo feasibility was demonstrated in the thigh adipose tissue of a healthy volunteer. In conclusion, our developed method is a promising tool for FF and FA composition quantification. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma‐enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Aluminum Oxide Using Ultrashort Precursor Injection Pulses
Authors: Dingemans G. , van de Sanden M. C. M. , Kessels W. M. M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAn alternative plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method is developed and applied for the deposition of high‐quality aluminum oxide (AlOx) films. The PECVD method combines a continuous plasma with ultrashort precursor injection pulses. We demonstrate that the modulation of the precursor flow in the reactor leads to enhanced control over plasma‐surface interactions. By variation of the time interval between the sequential Al(CH3)3 precursor injection pulses (10–50 ms) into the O2 plasma, the deposition rate (>30 nm · min−1) and material properties can be tailored. In situ diagnostics revealed that the deposition process is governed by fast precursor depletion and film growth directly after the precursor pulse. Subsequently, in the remainder of the interval between the precursor pulses, densification of the layer takes place under influence of the O2 plasma. The resulting AlOx films exhibit a low impurity content and refractive index >1.6 for optimized process settings. The films can be applied for effective surface passivation of Si as indicated by ultralow surface recombination velocities <1 cm · s−1. The structural properties and interface quality are quite similar as obtained for atomic layer deposited films. We anticipate that pulsed‐flow PECVD processes may also prove beneficial for the synthesis of other functional thin films.magnified image
Selectivity and injury risk in an improved neck snare for live‐capture of foxes
Authors: Short Mike J. , Weldon Austin W. , Richardson Suzanne M. , Reynolds Jonathan C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNeck snares have been considered valuable for the control of canids and to catch canids for scientific purposes, but they have been criticized for perceived low target selectivity and poor animal‐welfare. In 2006, we designed an experimental passive neck snare for live‐capture of red fox (Vulpes vulpes), in which postcapture selectivity was addressed by means of a breakaway device and minimum loop size. In field trials during 2007–2009, performance was compared against snare types already in use (i.e., nonexperimental snares) by full‐time game managers at 34 different sites in the United Kingdom (UK). Red fox, European badger (Meles meles), and brown hare (Lepus europaeus) made up 91% of 1,296 captures. Capture rate of red fox (n = 359) was similar in experimental and nonexperimental snares (6.6 captures/1,000 snare‐days). The percentage of European badgers that escaped after capture was 39% (n = 76) in experimental and 14% (n = 36) in nonexperimental snares. The percentage of brown hares that escaped after capture was 33% (n = 384) in experimental snares compared with 18% (n = 311) in nonexperimental snares, but it was further improved to 68% (n = 192) in a second version of the experimental snare with increased minimum loop size. In experimental snares, 31% of captured badgers, 10% of captured brown hares, and 6% of captured foxes escaped by opening the breakaway device. The study showed that careful snare design can improve selectivity without sacrificing effectiveness. For restrained animals, however, condition was also strongly influenced by operating practices. Entanglement with nearby objects was the principal determinant of externally visible injury or death in restrained animals. Given a well‐designed snare, entanglement can largely be avoided through choice of snare location as described in UK best practice guidelines. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of radiotransmitters and breeding effort on harvest and survival rates of female mallards
Authors: Arnold Todd W. , Howerter David W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThere has been widespread speculation that breeding activity places adult female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) at heightened risk of harvest due to insufficient time to complete the wing molt or recover body condition prior to onset of hunting and autumn migration. We tested the hypotheses that breeding females have higher rates of harvest and reduced prospects for survival by estimating band recovery rates (f) and annual survival (S) in relation to individual measures of breeding effort for 3,055 adult female mallards that had been banded and radiomarked during the breeding season in the Prairie‐Parkland Region of Canada, 1993–2000. Birds that had been marked with external prong‐and‐suture transmitters had lower estimated survival rates (S = 0.518, SE = 0.118) than birds marked with implant transmitters (S = 0.731, SE = 0.061), but rates for birds marked with implant transmitters did not differ from expectations based on other studies for females marked only with legbands. After excluding external transmitters, we found that recovery rates were unaffected by any measures of reproductive effort, but annual survival was lower for females that tended broods to 60 days of age (S = 0.474 ± 0.115) versus females that never hatched a nest (S = 0.654 ± 0.042). Telemetry data indicated that brood‐rearing females experienced extremely low mortality, so reduced survival of females that raised broods presumably resulted from insufficient time to molt and prepare for autumn migration. Management efforts that promote successful early nesting attempts may also improve adult female survival by allowing females more time to molt and prepare for autumn migration, whereas hunting regulations designed to protect late‐breeding females may prove ineffective if such individuals have higher natural mortality. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Ratio of Cesarean Sections to Total Procedures as a Marker of District Hospital Trauma Capacity
Authors: Petroze Robin T. , Mehtsun Winta , Nzayisenga Albert , Ntakiyiruta Georges , Sawyer Robert G. , Forrest Calland J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundThere are few established metrics to define surgical capacity in resource‐limited settings. Previous work hypothesizes that the relative frequency of cesarean sections (CS) at a hospital, expressed as a proportion of total operative procedures (%CS), may serve as a proxy measure of surgical capacity. We attempted to evaluate this hypothesis as it specifically relates to hospital capacity for emergency interventions for injury.MethodsWe conducted a WHO survey of emergency surgical capacity at 40 Rwandan district hospitals in November 2010 and extracted annual operative volume for 2010 from the Ministry of Health centralized statistical system. We dichotomized the 40 hospitals into low and high %CS groups below and above the median proportion of CS performed. We compared low and high %CS groups across self‐reported capabilities related to facility characteristics, trauma supplies, procedural capacity, and surgical training using bivariate χ2 statistics with significance indicated at p ≤ 0.05. We evaluated herniorrhaphy proportion of total procedures (%Hernia) as a representative general surgery procedure in the same manner.ResultsHigh %CS hospitals were less likely to report capability related to blood banking (p = 0.05), amputation (p = 0.04), closed fracture repair (p = 0.04), inhalational anesthesia (p = 0.05), and chest tube insertion (p = 0.05). Availability of reliable electricity was the only measure that showed statistical significance with the %Hernia measure (p = 0.02).ConclusionsCesarean section proportion shows some utility as a marker for district hospital injury‐care capacity in resource‐limited settings.
The Geography of Speciation: Case Studies from Birds
Authors: Zink Robert M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOur understanding of the origin of species, or speciation, is sometimes viewed as incomplete, a “mystery of mysteries.” We in fact know a lot about speciation, especially when we consider its two basic components, the geography of speciation and the biology of speciation (changes in phenotype and genotype that occur during the process). Our understanding of the geography of speciation is quite clear. The process involves the separation of a once-continuous range into two or more geographically isolated, or allopatric parts, which over time accrue genetic changes that result in new daughter species. Current distributions show that recently evolved species are currently allopatric, supporting the role of allopatry in speciation. However, many species originated in the early- to mid-Pleistocene, meaning that they persisted through the environmental perturbations of multiple glacial cycles. It has been assumed that species maintained allopatric distributions during these episodes of glacial advance and retreat. I used Grinnelian niche models to estimate species distributions at the Last Glacial Maximum and the Last Interglacial. For a pair of recently isolated warbler species, and a pair of relatively old sister species of gnatcatchers, allopatry was observed at all time periods. Thus, there is no mystery about the geography of speciation: at least in birds, allopatry predominates. The sentiment that speciation is mysterious comes, I argue, from the biological species concept, which requires populations to be reproductively isolated before recognizing them as species. Reproductive isolation is a complicated process that rarely occurs the same way twice, and I argue that this lack of generality has been misinterpreted as a mystery.
ARGET–ATRP Synthesis and Characterization of PNIPAAm Brushes for Quantitative Cell Detachment Studies
Authors: Shivapooja Phanindhar , Ista Linnea K. , Canavan Heather E. , Lopez Gabriel P. 
Published: April 2012

Stimuli responsive (or “smart”) polymer brushes represent a non-toxic approach for achieving release of biofouling layers. Thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) polymer brushes have been shown to modulate bacterial adhesion and release through transition between temperatures above and below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST ~32 °C) of PNIPAAm in water. In this article, we describe a convenient method to synthesize grafted PNIPAAm brushes over large areas for biological studies using a relatively simple and rapid method which allows atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in presence of air using the activator regenerated electron transfer (ARGET) mechanism. PNIPAAm brushes were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements. Our studies demonstrate that uniform, high purity PNIPAAm brushes with controlled and high molecular weight can be easily produced over large areas using ARGET–ATRP. We also report the use of a spinning disk apparatus to systematically and quantitatively study the detachment profiles of bacteria from PNIPAAm surfaces under a range (0–400 dyne/cm2) of shear stresses.
The Clinical Implications Of Cognitive Impairment and Allostatic Load in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Vieta E. , Popovic D. , Rosa A.R. , Solé B. , Grande I. , Frey B.N. , Martinez-Aran A. , Sanchez-Moreno J. , Balanzá-Martínez V. , Tabarés-Seisdedos R. , Kapczinski F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundAllostatic load (AL) relates to the neural and bodily “wear and tear” that emerge in the context of chronic stress. This paper aims to provide clinicians with a comprehensive overview of the role of AL in patophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) and its practical implications.MethodsPubMed searches were conducted on English-language articles published from 1970 to June 2011 using the search terms allostatic load, oxidative stress, staging, and bipolar disorder cross-referenced with cognitive impairment, comorbidity, mediators, prevention.ResultsProgressive neural and physical dysfunction consequent to mood episodes in BD can be construed as a cumulative state of AL. The concept of AL can help to reconcile cognitive impairment and increased rates of clinical comorbidities that occur over the course of cumulative BD episodes.ConclusionsData on transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of mood episodes converges to the concept of AL. Mood episodes prevention would not only alleviate emotional suffering, but also arrest the cycle of AL, cognitive decline, physical morbidities and, eventually, related mortality. These objectives can be achieved by focusing on effective prophylaxis from the first stages of the disorder, providing mood-stabilizing agents and standardized psychoeducation and, potentially, addressing cognitive deficits by the means of specific medication and neuropsychological interventions.
Lifting the Lid on “The Community”: Who Has the Right to Control Access to Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture?
Authors: Forsyth Miranda 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article explores some key considerations around determining who should have the right to control access to, and benefit from, traditional knowledge and intangible cultural heritage. It highlights the complexities involved in these considerations by examining in detail the different claims to control by different segments of the population in regard to two case studies: Samoan tattooing and the Vanuatu land dive. It uses insights from this analysis to problematize the assumptions about the use of concepts such as “community” in legislation designed to protection traditional knowledge and expressions of culture, and it also reflects on what effect such legislative developments may have on the cultural industries initiative and the implementation of the Convention on Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Dengue infections in non-immune travellers to Thailand
Authors: MASSAD E. , ROCKLOV J. , WILDER-SMITH A. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYDengue is the most frequent arboviral disease and is expanding geographically. Dengue is also increasingly being reported in travellers, in particular in travellers to Thailand. However, data to quantify the risk of travellers acquiring dengue when travelling to Thailand are lacking. Using mathematical modelling, we set out to estimate the risk of non-immune persons acquiring dengue when travelling to Thailand. The model is deterministic with stochastic parameters and assumes a Poisson distribution for the mosquitoes' biting rate and a Gamma distribution for the probability of acquiring dengue from an infected mosquito. From the force of infection we calculated the risk of dengue acquisition for travellers to Thailand arriving in a typical year (averaged over a 17-year period) in the high season of transmission. A traveller arriving in the high season of transmission and remaining for 7 days has a risk of acquiring dengue of 0·2% (95% CI 0·16–0·23), whereas the risk for travel of 15 and 30 days' duration is 0·46% (95% CI 0·41–0·50) and 0·81% (95% CI 0·76–0·87), respectively. Our data highlight that the risk of non-immune travellers acquiring dengue in Thailand is substantial. The incidence of 0·81% after a 1-month stay is similar to that reported in prospective seroconversion studies in Israeli travellers to Thailand, highlighting that our models are consistent with actual data. Risk estimates based on mathematical modelling offer more detailed information depending on various travel scenarios, and will help the travel medicine provider give better evidence-based advice for travellers to dengue-endemic countries.
Paul Broca and the Evolutionary Genetics of Cerebral Asymmetry
Authors: Crow Tim J. 
Published: April 2012

In 1873, within two years of the publication ofThe Descent of Man, Friedrich Max Mueller wrote:There is one difficulty which Mr Darwin has not sufficiently appreciated … There is between the whole animal kingdom on the one side, and man, even in his lowest state, on the other, a barrier which no animal has ever crossed, and that barrier is – Language … If anything has a right to the name of specific difference, it is language, as we find it in man, and in man only … If we removed the name of specific difference from our philosophic dictionaries, I should still hold that nothing deserves the name of man except what is able to speak … a speaking elephant or an elephantine speaker could never be called an elephant.' and (quoting Schleicher) ‘If a pig were ever to say to me, “I am a pig” it would ipso facto cease to be a pig’.
The Sad and Sorry History of Consciousness: being, among other things, a Challenge to the ‘Consciousness-studies Community’
Authors: Hacker P.M.S. 
Published: April 2012

The term ‘consciousness’ is a latecomer upon the stage of Western philosophy. The ancients had no such term. Sunoida, like its Latin equivalent conscio, meant the same as ‘I know together with’ or ‘I am privy, with another, to the knowledge that’. If the prefixes sun and cum functioned merely as intensifiers, then the verbs meant simply ‘I know well’ or ‘I am well aware that’. Although the ancients did indeed raise questions about the nature of our knowledge of our own perceptions and thought, and introduced the idea of an inner sense, they did not characterize the mind as the domain of consciousness. Aristotelians conceived of the mind as the array of powers that distinguish humanity from the rest of animate nature. The powers of self-movement, of perception and sensation, and of appetite, are shared with other animals. What is distinctive of humanity, and what characterizes the mind, are the powers of the intellect – of reason, and of the rational will. Knowledge of these powers is not obtained by consciousness or introspection, but by observation of their exercise in our engagement with the world around us. The mediaevals followed suit. They likewise lacked any term for consciousness, although they too indulged in reflections upon ‘inner senses’ – in the wake of Avicenna's distinguishing, arguably to excess, five such senses.
Advanced characterization of a W-band phase shifter based on liquid crystals and MEMS technology
Authors: Fritzsch Carsten , Giacomozzi Flavio , Karabey Onur Hamza , Bildik Saygin , Colpo Sabrina , Jakoby Rolf 
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we present a continuously tunable phase shifter realized in MEMS technology. Varactors with liquid crystal as a tunable dielectric layer underneath gold bridges are used to build a loaded line phase shifter. Measurements show that the phase shifter has a differential phase shift of 92°, a figure of merit (FoM) of 42°/dB and an input matching of −19 dB at 76 GHz.The tuning speed of the phase shifter is measured at different temperatures between 10 and 50°C. The realized phase shifter can be used in combination with MEMS switches in order to build a 360° tunable reflection phase shifter.