bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADJUSTMENT OF PRAIRIE POTHOLE STREAMS TO LAND‐USE, DRAINAGE AND CLIMATE CHANGES AND CONSEQUENCES FOR TURBIDITY IMPAIRMENT
Authors: Lenhart C. F. , Verry E. S. , Brooks K. N. , Magner J. A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTChanges in land use and drainage have contributed to channel adjustment in small‐order to medium‐order streams in the prairie pothole region of south‐west Minnesota. Although conversion from prairie to agriculture occurred a century ago, recent decades have seen increased subsurface tile drainage, annual row crop coverage and channel modifications, particularly at road crossings such that channel adjustment is ongoing. Channel evolution in Elm and Center Creeks, two fourth‐order streams in the Blue Earth River basin, was studied to understand relationships between changes in channel morphology and suspended sediment concentrations. The construction of drainage ditches and expanded subsurface tiling has connected isolated basins to stream channels, effectively increasing drainage areas of Elm and Center Creeks by 15–20%. Sinuosity has been reduced by grading and drainage of first‐order sloughs, channel straightening at road crossings and natural cut‐offs and agricultural ditching that have shortened Elm Creek by 15% between 1938 and 2003. Stream cross‐sectional area was enlarged in response to the land‐use and drainage changes. In the headwaters, public ditches are wider than historic channels and entrenched by berms. Unchannelized headwater and upper mainstem portions of Elm Creek are also highly entrenched (up to 1.07 meters below the pre‐channelization bed elevation with a bank height ratio > 1.5) but have not widened substantially. In contrast, the lower main channel has widened by an average of 68%. These channel adjustments contribute to the suspended sediment load and violations of Minnesota's turbidity and Index of Biotic Integrity standards. The watershed has a low sediment delivery ratio because it is a flat, poorly connected landscape and likely delivers less sediment to the Minnesota River than steeper rivers downstream, such as the Blue Earth River. Entrenchment and increased sediment transport capacity in the lower reaches of the river have lead to increased sediment delivery to the downstream Blue Earth and Minnesota rivers. Understanding geomorphic changes will be important for addressing water‐quality impairments in the region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HYDROLOGICAL GRADIENT AND SPECIES TRAITS EXPLAIN GASTROPOD DIVERSITY IN FLOODPLAIN GRASSLANDS
Authors: Ilg C. , Foeckler F. , Deichner O. , Henle K. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTFloodplains are characterized by high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Despite low active mobility, Central European floodplain gastropod communities show a high species diversity. They are supposed to have developed a large range of resistance and/or resilience strategies to survive in the highly variable and frequently disturbed floodplain habitats.Relating gastropod diversity and species traits to hydrological conditions, we tested how different groundwater and flood regimes affect gastropod diversity and identified the main species traits favouring their survival in highly dynamic floodplain grasslands.Species richness, species diversity and functional diversity peaked at intermediate flood disturbance and moisture levels. Harsher environmental conditions in either dryer or frequently flooded habitats restricted the gastropod communities to a few specialized species.Morphological and life‐history traits showed significant variations along the hydrological gradient. Shell character and mode of reproduction proved to be important functional determinants for gastropod community composition. Species with strongly calcified shells, which limit the risk of injuries in case of dislodgment, were more often found in flood prone sites. Uniparental reproduction dominated in the driest as well as in highly flood‐disturbed habitats, providing reproductive assurance where harsh environmental conditions may reduce the number of potential mates.Intermediate disturbance and moisture levels favoured local gastropod diversity whereas dryer or highly flood‐disturbed habitats sheltered specialized species. Therefore, the maintenance of areas with different disturbance and moisture levels is of major importance in favouring taxonomical and functional mollusc diversity across the whole floodplain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of Boronizing Mechanism of High‐Alumina Slag
Authors: Chenglin Qi , Jianliang Zhang , Jiugang Shao , Weijia Lu , Zhixing Zhao , Xuesong Zhang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAs the Al2O3 content of the iron‐making raw materials increasing, the Al2O3 content in the slag increases as well, which is the certain result in the development of the iron‐making process. Based on the slag which was from the 2# blast furnace in Hebei Qianan of China, 7 different kinds of B compositions were added. The viscosity values of the CaO ‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐B2O3 system were measured by using the torque. The SEM and EDS apparatus were used to observe the variation characteristics of the boronizing slag of the blast furnace. Viscosity mechanism model of the boronazing high‐alumina slag was got from the analysis of the EDS compositions. These detailed analysis including the influence on the slag forming components result from different B contents which shows the conclusion that the suitable B content makes good to the viscosity, melting temperature and stability of high‐alumina slag.
Genetic analysis of tolerance to infections using random regressions: a simulation study
Authors: KAUSE ANTTI 
Published: July 2011

SummaryTolerance to infections is the ability of a host to limit the impact of a given pathogen burden on host performance. This simulation study demonstrated the merit of using random regressions to estimate unbiased genetic variances for tolerance slope and its genetic correlations with other traits, which could not be obtained using the previously implemented statistical methods. Genetic variance in tolerance was estimated as genetic variance in regression slopes of host performance along an increasing pathogen burden level. Random regressions combined with covariance functions allowed genetic variance for host performance to be estimated at any point along the pathogen burden trajectory, providing a novel means to analyse infection-induced changes in genetic variation of host performance. Yet, the results implied that decreasing family size as well as a non-zero environmental or genetic correlation between initial host performance before infection and pathogen burden led to biased estimates for tolerance genetic variance. In both cases, genetic correlation between tolerance slope and host performance in a pathogen-free environment became artificially negative, implying a genetic trade-off when it did not exist. Moreover, recording a normally distributed pathogen burden as a threshold trait is not a realistic way of obtaining unbiased estimates for tolerance genetic variance. The results show that random regressions are suitable for the genetic analysis of tolerance, given suitable data structure collected either under field or experimental conditions.
Consultant-based otolaryngology emergency service: a five-year experience
Authors: Barnes M L , Hussain S S M 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjective:To present our experience of running a consultant-based otolaryngology emergency care service for more than five years.Materials and methods:In 2003, we developed a system of consultant-based emergency service: consultants spent a week on-call providing a dedicated emergency service, with routine commitments cancelled.Results:Our new system had advantages over traditional working practices in terms of consultant involvement, trainee education, continuity and efficiency. It also reduced disruption to elective commitments for both consultants and registrars. This system was fundamental to the successful review of all urgent (and in future elective) cases within target periods. Only 31 per cent of new referrals to the consultant emergency clinics required a further appointment. Good teamwork and flexibility in working arrangements have been essential to the success of this service.Conclusion:Given that health service changes have reduced junior trainee working hours and numbers, and that patients increasingly expect to be treated by trained doctors, our new consultant-based emergency service has merit. Although implementation in other units may differ, we recommend this new service, for the above reasons.
Interactive effects of protein nutrition, genetic growth potential andHeligmosomoides bakeriinfection pressure on resilience and resistance in mice
Authors: COLTHERD JENNIFER C. , BABAYAN SIMON A. , BÜNGER LUTZ , KYRIAZAKIS ILIAS , ALLEN JUDITH E. , HOUDIJK JOS G. M. 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYThe ability of animals to cope with an increasing parasite load, in terms of resilience and resistance, may be affected by both nutrient supply and demand. Here, we hypothesized that host nutrition and growth potential interact and influence the ability of mice to cope with different parasite doses. Mice selected for high (ROH) or low (ROL) body weight were fed a low (40 g/kg; LP) or high (230 g/kg; HP) protein diet and infected with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 L3infectiveHeligmosomoides bakerilarvae. ROH-LP mice grew less at doses of 150 L3and above, whilst growth of ROH-HP and of ROL mice was not affected by infection pressure. Total worm burdens reached a plateau at doses of 150L3, whilst ROH mice excreted fewer worm eggs than ROL mice. Serum antibodies increased with infection dose and ROH mice were found to have higher parasite-specific IgG1 titres than ROL mice. In contrast, ROL had higher total IgE titres than ROH mice, only on HP diets. The interaction between host nutrition and growth potential appears to differentially affect resilience and resistance in mice. However, the results support the view that parasitism penalises performance in animals selected for higher growth.
On the cohomology of uniform arithmetically defined subgroups in SU*(2n)
Authors: SCHWERMER JOACHIM , WALDNER CHRISTOPH 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe study the cohomology of compact locally symmetric spaces attached to arithmetically defined subgroups of the real Lie group G = SU*(2n). Our focus is on constructing totally geodesic cycles which originate with reductive subgroups in G. We prove that these cycles, also called geometric cycles, are non-bounding. Thus this geometric construction yields non-vanishing (co)homology classes.In view of the interpretation of these cohomology groups in terms of automorphic forms, the existence of non-vanishing geometric cycles implies the existence of certain automorphic forms. In the case at hand, we substantiate this close relation between geometry and automorphic theory by discussing the classification of irreducible unitary representations of G with non-zero cohomology in some detail. This permits a comparison between geometric constructions and automorphic forms.
Concordance of Bing Doubles and Boundary Genus
Authors: LIVINGSTON CHARLES , VAN COTT CORNELIA A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCha and Kim proved that if a knot K is not algebraically slice, then no iterated Bing double of K is concordant to the unlink. We prove that if K has nontrivial signature σ, then the n–iterated Bing double of K is not concordant to any boundary link with boundary surfaces of genus less than 2n−1σ. The same result holds with σ replaced by 2τ, twice the Ozsváth–Szabó knot concordance invariant.
Spectra ofL1-convolution operators acting onLp-spaces of commutative hypergroups
Authors: PERREITER EVA 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe show that, for commutative hypergroups, the spectrum of allL1-convolution operators onLpis independent ofp∈ [1, ∞] exactly when the Plancherel measure is supported on the whole character space χb(K), i.e., exactly whenL1(K) is symmetric and for every α ∈Reiter's conditionP2holds true. Furthermore, we explicitly determine the spectra σp(Tϵ1) for the family of Karlin–McGregor polynomial hypergroups, which demonstrate that in general the spectra might even be different for eachp.
Julia sets of uniformly quasiregular mappings are uniformly perfect
Authors: FLETCHER ALASTAIR N. , NICKS DANIEL A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIt is well known that the Julia set J(f) of a rational map f: ℂ → ℂ is uniformly perfect; that is, every ring domain which separates J(f) has bounded modulus, with the bound depending only on f. In this paper we prove that an analogous result is true in higher dimensions; namely, that the Julia set J(f) of a uniformly quasiregular mapping f: ℝn → ℝn is uniformly perfect. In particular, this implies that the Julia set of a uniformly quasiregular mapping has positive Hausdorff dimension.
The semantic range of the Dutch double object construction
Authors: Colleman Timothy 
Published: July 2011

Just like its English counterpart (cf. Goldberg 1995), the Dutch double object construction is a prime example of a highly polysemous argument structure construction, with a basic ‘X causes Y to receive Z’ sense and several extended meanings which depart from the prototype in various respects and to varying degrees. This paper provides a corpus-based overview of the semantic structure of this construction, following the multidimensional approach to constructional semantics advocated in Geeraerts (1998). On the basis of Stefanowitsch & Gries’s (2003) “collexeme analysis” method, we will identify the verbs which most typically realize the investigated construction in a one-million-word newspaper corpus. These verbs will be shown to instantiate extensions along various dimensions of semantic variation. Several of	these semantic extensions are paralleled in English, while others are not.
Clinical Effectiveness and Cost Benefit of Universal versus Targeted Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Screening upon Admission in Hospitals
Authors: Leonhardt Kathryn K. , Yakusheva Olga , Phelan David , Reeths Anne , Hosterman Teresa , Bonin Deborah , Costello Mike 
Published: July 2011

Objective.To conduct an exploratory study to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost benefit of universal versus targeted screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to prevent hospital-acquired MRSA infections.Design.Prospective, interventional study, using a case-control design, difference-in-differences, and cost-benefit analyses.Setting.Two community hospitals in Wisconsin.Patients.Consecutive sample of 15,049 adult admissions from April 2009 to July 2010.Interventions.MRSA surveillance performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on samples collected from all adult patients (aged over 18 years) within 30 days before or upon an admission to the hospital. During a 9-month baseline period, targeted screening was conducted at both hospitals. During the 5-month intervention period, all patients admitted to the intervention hospital were screened for MRSA. Infection control measures were consistent at both hospitals.Results.Universal screening was associated with an increase in admission screening of 43.58 percentage points (P<.01), an increase in MRSA detection of 2.95 percentage points (P<.01), and a small, nonsignificant decline in hospital-acquired MRSA infections of 0.12 percentage points (P = .34). The benefit-to-cost ratio was 0.50, indicating that for every dollar spent on universal versus targeted screening, only $0.50 is recovered in avoided costs of hospital-acquired MRSA infection.Conclusion.Compared with targeted screening, universal screening increased the rate of detection of MRSA upon hospital admission but did not significantly reduce the rate of hospital-acquired MRSA infection. Universal screening was associated with higher costs of care and was not cost beneficial.
Terminal Decontamination of Patient Rooms Using an Automated Mobile UV Light Unit
Authors: Boyce John M. , Havill Nancy L. , Moore Brent A. 
Published: July 2011

Objective.To determine the ability of a mobile UV light unit to reduce bacterial contamination of environmental surfaces in patient rooms.Methods.An automated mobile UV light unit that emits UV-C light was placed in 25 patient rooms after patient discharge and operated using a 1- or 2-stage procedure. Aerobic colony counts were calculated for each of 5 standardized high-touch surfaces in the rooms before and after UV light decontamination (UVLD). Clostridium difficile spore log reductions achieved were determined using a modification of the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) International E2197 quantitative disk carrier test method. In-room ozone concentrations during UVLD were measured.Results.For the 1-stage procedure, mean aerobic colony counts for the 5 high-touch surfaces ranged from 10.6 to 98.2 colony-forming units (CFUs) per Dey/Engley (D/E) plate before UVLD and from 0.3 to 24.0 CFUs per D/E plate after UVLD, with significant reductions for all 5 surfaces (all P<.02). Surfaces in direct line of sight were significantly more likely to yield negative culture results after UVLD than before UVLD (all P<.001). Mean C. difficile spore log reductions ranged from 1.8 to 2.9. UVLD cycle times ranged from 34.2 to 100.1 minutes. For the 2-stage procedure, mean aerobic colony counts ranged from 10.0 to 89.2 CFUs per D/E plate before UVLD and were 0 CFUs per D/E plate after UVLD, with significant reductions for all 5 high-touch surfaces. UVLD cycle times ranged from 72.1 to 146.3 minutes. In-room ozone concentrations during UVLD ranged from undetectable to 0.012 ppm.Conclusions.The mobile UV-C light unit significantly reduced aerobic colony counts and C. difficile spores on contaminated surfaces in patient rooms.
On the usability of grid middleware and security mechanisms
Authors: Zasada Stefan J. , Haidar Ali N. , Coveney Peter V. 
Published: July 2011

Usability is an all too often neglected aspect of grid computing, although it is one of the principal factors militating against the widespread uptake of distributed computing. Many resource providers on a grid infrastructure deploy a standard middleware stack and expect users to invoke the default client tools for that middleware stack to access their resources. Unfortunately, many of these middleware client tools have been developed as an afterthought, and are widely considered difficult to use. Such tools typically require a user to interact with a machine, to stage data and launch jobs, and to use digital certificates. Our experience of working with grids over many years has led us to propose a new model of grid interaction, which we call the
user–application interaction model
. Similar considerations have also led us to develop environments that remove digital certificates from the user's experience, replacing them with familiar username and password authentication credentials. In this paper, we investigate the usability of this interaction model and its security system through a series of tests, which compare the usability of our systems with commonly deployed middleware tools using five usability metrics. Our middleware and security solutions are judged to be more usable than the systems in use by most of today's computational grids.
Unlicensed use of metformin in children and adolescents in the UK
Authors: Hsia Yingfen , Dawoud Dalia , Sutcliffe Alastair G. , Viner Russell M. , Kinra Sanjay , Wong Ian C. K. 
Published: July 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Metformin is licensed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment in the UK.• Evidence has shown the moderate efficacy of metformin treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and obesity.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Metformin prescribing increased in children and adolescents between 2000 and 2010, in particular in girls aged 16–18 years.• PCOS and obesity were the main, but unlicensed, indications for metformin prescribing amongst female adolescents.AIMMetformin is the most commonly prescribed oral anti‐diabetic drug in young people. It is also prescribed for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and obesity treatment in adults in an unlicensed fashion. Little is known as to the extent metformin has been used in young people. We investigated the use of metformin in children and adolescents aged 0–18 years in the UK.METHODSPopulation‐based prescribing data were obtained from the UK IMS Disease Analyzer between January 2000 and December 2010.RESULTSA total of 2674 metformin prescriptions were issued to 337 patients (80% female) between 2000 and 2010. The prevalence of metformin prescribing increased from 0.03 per 1000 person‐years [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02, 0.05] to 0.16 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI 0.12, 0.20) (P= 0.001). There was a steady increase in metformin prescribing in girls aged 16–18 years. There were 290 metformin treated patients (81% female; n= 235) who had at least one diagnosis of diabetes, PCOS or obesity. Among these patients, PCOS was the most common indication for metformin prescribing in girls (n= 120) followed by diabetes. There were 22 patients (7.6%) who received metformin for obesity treatment only.CONCLUSIONSPrescribing of metformin increased between 2000 and 2010, in particular amongst girls aged 16–18 years. The main indication for metformin prescribing was PCOS. At present, metformin is not licensed for PCOS and obesity treatment in adults or children. As there is a steady increase in the prescribing of metformin in young people, further studies are required to investigate the efficacy and safety of these prescriptions.
Acute evaluation of pituitary function in patients with Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever
Authors: Kilicli Fatih , Dokmetas Hatice S. , Dokmetas İlyas 
Published: July 2011

SummaryContext  Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) can cause a fatal haemorrhagic syndrome. Pituitary ischaemia/infarction and necrosis are known causes of hypopituitarism, often remaining unrecognized because of subtle clinical manifestations.Objective  Our aim was to evaluate the effect of CCHF on pituitary function.Subject and methods  Levels of serum free T3, free T4, TSH, GH, IGF‐I, prolactin, cortisol, testosterone (in men) and oestrogen (in women) were studied in 20 patients who had been diagnosed with CCHF. TRH, LH‐RH and 1 μg adrenocorticotropin tests were performed in all patients. The hypothalamo‐pituitary region was examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in two patients who were diagnosed with hypocortisolism.Results  We found cortisol insufficiency in 2 (10%) of the 20 with CCHF. However, hypophyseal MRI findings were normal in these two patients. None of the patients had deficiencies of GH, TSH or FSH/LH.Conclusion  To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the effect of CCHF on pituitary function. We found that cortisol insufficiency may occur in patients diagnosed with CCHF; however, studies including a larger number of patients are required to make a definite conclusion on this issue.