bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irrigation of Monterey Pine with Wastewater: Effect on Soil Chemistry and Groundwater Composition
Authors: Cromer R. N. , Tompkins D. , Barr N. J. , Hopmans P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFifteen‐year old Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) was irrigated for 3 yr with wastewater derived from industrial and municipal sources. The wastewater contained high concentrations of Na2+ and HCO3− and was quite alkaline. Irrigation thus caused substantial increases in exchangeable Na2+, extractable P, exchangeable K+, pH, and the electrical conductivity of the soil solution. Highly colored organic compounds derived from pulp‐mill effluent apparently combined with inorganic N from municipal effluent to form organic N compounds. Nitrogen remained largely in the organic form and became concentrated in the groundwater with colored humic compounds. The greatest environmental hazard in the use of such blended wastewater for irrigation is the contamination of drainage water with colored, saline water containing high concentrations of organic N. The organic compounds appeared to inhibit nitrification in the groundwater.
Behavior Assessment Model for Trace Organics in Soil: II. Chemical Classification and Parameter Sensitivity
Authors: Jury W. A. , Farmer W. J. , Spencer W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the organic chemical transport screening model developed in Jury et al. (1983) is simplified by dividing chemicals into volatilization and mobility categories. The volatilization classification is based on whether or not the predominant resistance to volatilization loss lies in the soil or in the boundary layer above the soil surface. This categorization reduces to a condition on the Henry's constant (KH) and organic C partition coefficient (Koc) when standard values are used to represent soil and chemical parameters. The mobility categories are based on the calculated time to convect or diffuse a given distance through the soil.Simulations are conducted for chemicals falling into one or another of these volatilization or mobility categories to examine the sensitivity of these processes to variations in water evaporation, water content, organic C fraction, and boundary layer thickness. The dependence of both volatilization flux and leaching flux on these parameters is summarized.
Interlaboratory Comparison of a Standardized Phosphorus Adsorption Procedure
Authors: Nair P. S. , Logan T. J. , Sharpley A. N. , Sommers L. E. , Tabatabai M. A. , Yuan T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA standard P adsorption procedure was proposed and the ability of four laboratories to produce consistent results over a wide range of soils was determined. For this procedure, 0.5 to 1.0 g of soil were shaken in 0.01 mol L−1 CaCl2 at a soil/solution ratio of 1:25 in containers allowing a 50% head space for 24 h at 24 to 26°C on an end‐over‐end shaker. Initial dissolved inorganic P concentrations of 0 to 323 µmol P L−1 (as KH2PO4 or NaH2PO4) were used and microbial activity inhibited by 20 g L−1 chloroform. Excellent agreement between the four laboratories was obtained for the amount of P adsorbed by the 12 soils studied, with a mean coefficient of variation (CV) over all P levels and soils of 0.91%. The laboratories also exhibited a high degree of replication of individual treatments with no laboratory showing a strong consistent bias across all soils and P levels in terms of P adsorption. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin adsorption models were highly correlated with the adsorption data. Respective mean correlations for the 12 soils were 0.98, 0.97, and 0.95. The proposed method, therefore, has the potential to produce consistent results that can be used to predict partitioning of dissolved inorganic P between solid and solution phases in the environment.
The Role of Leaf Litter Nitrogen Immobilization in the Nitrogen Budget of a Swamp Stream
Authors: Qualls Robert G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interactions of water level, dissolved nutrients, litter decomposition, and N immobilization were investigated in two blackwater stream swamps in North Carolina: Creeping Swamp (CR) and Chicod Creek (CH). Leaf litterbags were sampled along hydroperiod‐elevation gradients in CR during the winter‐spring high water period. Litterbags were also sampled at two elevations at two sites in CH with contrasting levels of dissolved nutrients. With the low levels of dissolved nutrients in CR, there was little difference in litter decomposition rate along elevation gradients. Decomposition was faster at the inundated sites in CH and the faster decomposition was associated with nutrient enrichment. Exogenous N immobilized in litter reached higher levels in the enriched swamp (CH). Despite faster decomposition in CH, no substantial mineralization of litter N had occurred prior to June. A budget of litter N and dissolved inorganic N inflow showed that immobilization by flooded litter over 1 linear km of Creeping Swamp during the sampling period was 87 kg, equivalent to about 25% of the inorganic N inflow. This proportion shows that litter can play a significant role in controlling N concentrations in stream water in small swamp streams.
Metal Concentrations in Earthworms From Sewage Sludge‐Amended Soils at a Strip Mine Reclamation Site
Authors: Pietz R. I. , Peterson J. R. , Prater J. E. , Zenz D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 3‐yr study of earthworms was initiated in selected minesoil and nonmined fields at a Fulton County, IL land reclamation site. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the land application of anaerobically digested sewage sludge, used to reclaim the site, on heavy metal accumulations in earthworms.Two species of earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea tuberculata, were identified in the sludge‐amended and nonamended, nonmined fields sampled. Only A. tuberculata was found in the sludge‐amended and nonamended minesoil fields sampled.Earthworm metal concentrations generally increased with time in all the sampled fields. The decreasing order of metal accumulation by earthworms in all sludge‐amended fields sampled was Cu > Cd > Ni > Cr > Pb > Zn. Sewage sludge applications to fields on both land types resulted in significant accumulations of Cd, Cu, and Zn. Land type (minesoil vs. nonmined) significantly affected earthworm Zn concentrations, with levels being higher in all nonmined fields sampled. Earthworm Cd and Cu accumulations in all fields sampled were significantly related to the current amounts of sludge‐applied metals, the amount applied since the previous sampling. Concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Pb in earthworms were not significantly related to sewage sludge applications during the 1975 to 1977 sampling period. The higher Cd and Cu concentrations in earthworms from sludge‐amended fields may pose a potential hazard to predators.
Swine Lagoon Effluent Applied to ‘Coastal’ Bermudagrass: I. Forage Yield, Quality, and Element Removal
Authors: Burns J. C. , Westerman P. W. , King L. D. , Cummings G. A. , Overcash M. R. , Goode L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSwine (Sus scrofa domesticus) production in confinement requires economical and environmentally safe waste management systems. Anaerobic lagoons require periodic removal of effluent for land application to avoid lagoon overflow in humid regions. The objective of this experiment was to determine the utilization potential and the environmental effects of applying swine lagoon effluent to ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Effluent loading rates to apply approximately 335, 670, and 1340 kg of N ha−1 yr−1 were evaluated. The experiment was a randomized complete block with three replications and was conducted for 6 yr on a loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Paleudult (two replications) or a fine‐loamy, siliceous thermic Typic Paleudult (one replication). The highest application rate resulted in additions of N, P, and K at about 4, 10, and 8 times, respectively, the normally recommended fertilizer applications for high yields of bermudagrass hay.Effluent loading rates altered dry matter yields with the high and medium rates being similar (15 800 and 14 200 kg ha−1) but greater than the low rate (10 800 kg ha−1). Severe winters injured stands most on the medium and high loading rates and were associated with soil characteristics. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn were increased in forage by increased effluent loading rates, while Cl−, Cu, Fe, and Na varied. Effluent loading rates significantly increased in vitro dry matter disappearance 3 of the 6 yr and N concentrations all years, especially from the low to medium loading rates (quadratic effect). High applications of effluent greatly increased the concentration of nitrates in the forage to levels that approached, but did not exceed, concentrations unsafe for ruminants. The medium and high rates resulted in large additions of elements not recovered in the forage and could have environmental implications as to effects on the soil, groundwater, and surface runoff.
Swine Lagoon Effluent Applied to ‘Coastal’ Bermudagrass: II. Effects on Soil
Authors: King Larry D. , Westerman P. W. , Cummings G. A. , Overcash M. R. , Burns J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffluent from animal waste lagoons can degrade water quality if allowed to discharge into surface waters. To determine the feasibility of using swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) lagoon effluent as a source of water and nutrients for crop production, effluent was applied via sprinkler irrigation to ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] on Norfolk and Wagram soils (Paleudults) at rates to supply 335, 670, and 1340 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 6 yr. Soil nitrate concentrations to a depth of 300 cm showed significant differences in the order high > medium = low rate. At the high rate, 56% of the applied N could not be accounted for by crop removal or increased N content of the soil to a depth of 210 cm. Evidence of P movement to a depth of 60 cm was obtained. Calcium and Mg concentrations in the topsoil were reduced due to relatively high rates of application of Na+, K+, and NH4+. Soil pH was correspondingly reduced. Soil nitrate data suggest that groundwater pollution by nitrate would result from the high rate and possibly from the medium rate.
Fate of Nitrogen‐15‐Labeled Fertilizer Nitrogen in Revegetated Cretaceous Coal Spoils
Authors: Reeder J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWestern wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii L.) was grown in a greenhouse study on two Cretaceous coal spoils and a topsoil to describe the short‐term behavior of several levels of added 15N‐labeled (NH4)2SO4 (0, 60, 120, and 240 mg N kg−1 soil). Recovery and distribution of fertilizer N was measured at harvest in the soil materials and in the harvested tops, roots, crowns, and rhizomes of the western wheatgrass. Fertilizer N uptake by plants grown in the topsoil increased significantly with increasing fertilizer rate, but a significant increase in aboveground biomass did not occur with the 240 mg N kg−1 treatment. In contrast, aboveground biomass on the two spoils increased significantly with the addition of 60 mg N kg−1, but additional increases in plant biomass with higher fertilizer rates did not occur, and a significant decrease in plant biomass occurred with the 240 mg N kg−1 treatment. Significantly lower water holding capacities and cation exchange capacities resulted in significantly higher NH4+ concentrations in solution in the spoil materials as compared with the topsoil. Thus, suppressed seedling emergence and establishment in the spoil materials was attributed to NH3 toxicity and/or phytotoxicity due to NO2− accumulation in the spoil. Substantial fractions of added fertilizer N (65–72%) were immobilized by the plants and into soil organic matter in the topsoil, and only at the highest fertilizer rate did fertilizer N accumulate in mineral form. Under field conditions, this immobilized N should be available for recycling and plant uptake in subsequent years and thus help reestablish a functional N‐cycling ecosystem. In comparison, percent recovery of added N decreased in plant biomass and increased in NO3− form in the two spoils as the rate of fertilizer application increased. Thus, 40 to 50% of added fertilizer N could be susceptible to leaching losses under field conditions.
Hexazinone Adsorption‐Desorption Studies with Soil and Organic Adsorbents
Authors: Bouchard D. C. , Lavy T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHexazinone [13‐cyclohexyl‐6‐(dimethylamino)‐1‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐ 2,4(1H,3H)‐dione] adsorption‐desorption was studied using soil from different horizons and using organic adsorbents. Hexazinone was adsorbed less than atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine] by soil. The Oi horizon (leaf litter) of a forest soil showed the greatest adsorptivity for hexazinone (K = 15.09). Hexazinone was desorbable from all soil horizons with 0.01M CaCl2. Normalizing for the organic C content of the soil horizons with Koc removed differences in the adsorptivity between soils. The octanol‐water partition coefficient (Kow) estimated the Koc for the hexazinone‐soil horizon systems within a factor of 2 to 3.Hexazinone was not adsorbed from 0.01M CaCl2 by purified cellulose, or by anionic (pH = 5.8) or neutral (pH = 2.8) carboxymethyl cellulose. Nonpolar surfaces seem to be important in hexazinone adsorption as polystyrene adsorbed all of the hexazinone from 0.01M CaC2. The hexazinone adsorbed by polystyrene was not desorbable with 0.01M CaCl2, but was desorbable with a 3:2 methanol/water (vol/vol) solution. In the absence of competing water molecules, hexazinone was adsorbed from hexane solution on cellulose.
A Modified Langmuir Equation for Predicting Sorption of Methylacridinium Ion in Soils and Sediments
Authors: Brown David S. , Combs George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn empirical model for predicting sorption isotherms of organic cations was tested using a set of 10 soils and sediments. The model is based on a competitive Langmuir equation with modifications for grouping the various competing ion species and for normalizing over a broad range of sediment properties. Normalization is accomplished by substituting cation exchange capacities (CECs) determined with NH4+ for the Langmuir capacity term. Natural exchange ions are grouped and treated as a single competing species for simplicity. A single calibration enables estimation of sorption isotherms for other sediments for which estimates of CECs and competing electrolyte concentrations are known.
Salt Accumulation in the Rivers of North Dakota
Authors: Maianu A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical determinations on over 9000 water samples collected from 83 rivers and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey between 1949 and 1982 were used to establish the patterns of salt accumulation in North Dakota rivers. The concentrations of the principal anions, cations, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were related with the total salinity (electrical conductivity, EC) of each water sample. Some patterns of salt accumulation were observed: first, according to the anions that accumulate as a continuum with increases in total salinity; and secondly, by the rate of anion accumulation. Taking into consideration these two factors, eight groups of river waters were established. Thirdly, the change of the ratios between the anions with increases in total salinity creates a succession of stages of salt accumulation. Each stage corresponds to the change of the river water chemical composition between particular total salinity limits. These changes are specific for each group of rivers depending on the topographic and geologic conditions that prevail in the drainage basin of the rivers. Based on these three factors, a genetic classification of river waters was derived, which consists in ranking the waters in three categories: classes, groups, and stages of salt accumulation.
Aflatoxin Movement in Soil
Authors: Goldberg B. S. , Angle J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrops contaminated with > 20 µg kg−1 aflatoxin cannot be transported across state lines. Contaminated preharvest crops are often disposed of by plowing the crop into the soil, thereby creating the potential for aflatoxin contamination of groundwater. The objective of this study was thus to determine the leaching and adsorption potential of aflatoxin in soils.Leaching and adsorption studies were conducted with a silt loam, clay loam, sandy loam, and silty clay loam soil. Soil columns were utilized in the leaching experiment. The length of the column and the volume of soil used were 30.54 cm and 1234 cm3, respectively. A total of 2.5 mg aflatoxin B1 was applied to the soil surface and the column was leached with 1 L of water under saturated conditions for 24 h. The results demonstrate that aflatoxin B1 or its derivatives, aflatoxin B2 and G2, were retained within the upper 20 cm of all soil types. Between 80 and 92% of the total amount of aflatoxin applied was retained in the upper 2.5 cm of the soil columns. No aflatoxin was found in the leachate from any of the soils.Freundlichs isotherm was used to establish adsorption coefficients for the soils by the slurry technique. The concentrations of aflatoxin used to establish the constants were 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 10 mg L−1. The resulting adsorption coefficients were 238, 76, 46, and 17 mg kg−1 for the silty clay loam, silt loam, clay loam, and sandy loam, respectively. As a result of the two experiments, aflatoxin contamination of groundwater would not be expected to occur unless the soils were extremely sandy or shallow.
Partitioning Behavior of Insecticides in Soil‐Water Systems: I. Adsorbent Concentration Effects
Authors: Bowman B. T. , Sans W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption studies were conducted to determine whether adsorbent concentration (soil‐solution ratio) affected insecticide adsorption by soils and clays. Adsorption isotherms were obtained for several insecticides in Bondhead sandy loam and Ca‐saturated illite suspensions using adsorbent concentrations that were varied over several orders of magnitude. There was no evidence that altering adsorbent concentration exerted any influence on partitioning of insecticides between the adsorbent and solution phases. The centrifugation process, which in effect greatly increased adsorbent concentration at the bottom of the centrifugation tube, did not change the partitioning of the insecticides between the two phases. Dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10‐hexachloro‐exo‐6,7‐epoxyl, 4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐octahydro‐1,4‐endo,exo‐5,8‐dimethanophthalene), unlike the other insecticides, exhibited strong concentration‐dependent adsorption by glass surfaces, which invalidated the use of the normal “blank” (no adsorbent) sample for determining the initial solute concentration. Since glass adsorption appeared quite irreversible in aqueous solution, a sequential blank/sample adsorption technique was adopted whereby the stock solution was initially equilibrated in the glass bottle, then a small aliquot was removed for analysis before adding the adsorbent for its equilibration period. This technique produced consistent adsorption data that showed no evidence of being influenced by adsorbent concentration.
Partitioning Behavior of Insecticides in Soil‐Water Systems: II. Desorption Hysteresis Effects
Authors: Bowman B. T. , Sans W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation was undertaken to determine whether desorption hysteresis effects were dependent upon methods used in obtaining desorption data. Adsorption‐desorption isotherms were obtained for two organophosphorus insecticides in aqueous suspensions of a clay, a sandy loam, and an organic soil. Desorption isotherms were obtained using both the consecutive desorption method and the dilution method. In the consecutive method, the same sample (after adsorption step) was put through a series of equilibration‐centrifugation steps in which, following equilibration, the adsorbent was thrown down by centrifugation, and part of the supernatant pesticide solution was replaced by distilled water before reequilibration. In the dilution method a series of replicate samples (same adsorbent weight), after the adsorption step, were diluted to different volumes with distilled water, reequilibrated, then centrifuged to separate the phases. With the exception of one insecticide‐soil system (where both methods produced minimal hysteresis), hysteresis effects were considerably reduced by using the dilution method. Repeated centrifugation appeared to be associated with the appearance of hysteresis effects observed using the consecutive desorption method. A short discussion is included on the improper use of desorption data to construct “single point desorption isotherms,” which has created confusion in the literature.
Dissipation of Carbaryl and the 1‐Naphthol Metabolite in Flooded Rice Fields
Authors: Deuel L. E. , Brown K. W. , Price J. D. , Turner F. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField and laboratory experiments were conducted under flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) culture to evaluate persistence of carbaryl (1‐naphthyl‐N‐methyl carbamate) and the 1‐naphthol metabolite. Treatments consisted of two rates of carbaryl (1.12 and 5.60 kg ha−1) super‐imposed on two irrigation management schemes (i.e., intermittent and continuous flow) to determine their potential for environmental contamination. Results showed that foliarly applied carbaryl was washed from the rice canopy into plot water and subsequently degraded via chemical and biological mechanisms. Time of sample collection and application rate had a highly significant influence on the residual levels of carbaryl in the flood water for each of the 3 yr tested. The effect of irrigation management was statistically significant in two of the three seasons studied, with greater levels of carbaryl residues observed for the intermittent irrigation scheme. Carbaryl residues in plot water were greatest in those years when a rainfall event occurred within 24 h following the foliar spray application. A significant first order interaction between time and application rate was observed in 1973 and 1975, when measurable rainfall was recorded prior to the 24‐h sampling period. The 1‐Naphthol recovered in the plot water was proportional to the contamination level of the carbaryl spray formulation and did not reflect the quantities of dissipated carbaryl. Field results and laboratory experiments suggested that 1‐naphthol was degraded more rapidly under flooded soil conditions than carbaryl.
Description and Application of an Animal Waste Phosphorus Loading Model
Authors: Moore I. C. , Madison F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn animal waste loading model was developed to estimate total phosphorus (P) loadings from winter‐spread manure, barnyards and feedlots, and aboveground manure storage facilities. Literature studies were used to establish the percentage of manure P which could potentially be carried in runoff from a specific manure source. Likewise, a critical distance over which manure polluted runoff must travel as overland flow in order for P to be reduced to background levels was established. The model was tested on a 328‐ha watershed in Shawano County, WI, which is devoted to dairy agriculture and where surface water was monitored and intensive land use inventories were completed. For the years 1974 to 1976, the model predicted total P loadings from animal wastes of 96.0 kg yr−1, of which 24.6 kg yr−1 or 26% was attributed to winter spreading, and the balance of 71.4 kg yr−1 or 74% to runoff from barnyards and above‐ground storage facilities. The animal waste model was linked to a model estimating cropland losses of total P to develop a prediction of total P losses from the watershed. Comparison between predicted and monitored values suggested that the animal waste model was a useful tool for estimating total P losses from various waste handling practices on a long‐term basis. As such, it will serve as a valuable planning tool for nonpoint source abatement programs.