bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Anatomy of the Test of
Amphidetus (Echinocardium) Virginianus
, Forbes; and on the Genus
Breynia
.
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

A
fter
a careful examination of the Miocene
Amphidetus
from the Virginian Tertiaries, the author regarded the recent species of the genus from the European and Australian seas as a group of very closely allied forms. The Crag specimen of
A. cordatus
, described by Forbes, could not be found; but the examination of a series of recent specimens decided that they were not specifically different from the Miocene form.

The unusual form of the ambulacral spaces, the nature of the fasciole crossing them, and the resulting absence (more or less) of pores within the fasciole were asserted to be of third-rate value as regards structural importance; and the author did not consider that the genera
Echinocardium, Breynia, Lovenia
, &c. had a common origin, or that there was a close genetic relationship between them, because they had this fasciolar structure. He considered the fasciole to be an appendage to several generic groups which were distinctly separated by other structural distinctions. An examination of the Nummulitic
Breyniœ
in the Society's collection satisfied Dr. Duncan that there were only race characters separating them from
Breynia Australiensis
—a recent Echinoderm. The persistence of these species, widely distributed, and of great geological age, was very remarkable.
On Flint Flakes from Carrickfergus and Larne
Authors: Du Noyer G. V. 
Published: October 2009

O
n
the 3rd of March last I had the honour to address a letter to the Director-General of the Geological Surveys of Great Britain, Sir Roderick Murchison, Bart., K.C.B., on the subject of worked flint flakes from the “drift” of the Belfast district, of which the following is an extract:—

These worked flint flakes, of which I send a typical collection to the Museum in Jermyn Street, were picked up by me, during the progress of my geological work last summer, from the gravelly drift and subsoil clay of the districts around Carrickfergus, Larne, and Belfast, in the co. Antrim, and Holywood and Bangor, in the co. Down.
I enclose a list and descriptive catalogue of these flint flakes, which I believe are capable of being subdivided into eleven groups, placing the rudest form of flake in the first.
When these singular implements were discovered, some four or five years ago, in the co. Antrim, along the chalk escarpment, their mechanical origin was questioned; indeed, I thought at first that their primary origin might possibly be due to the natural crushing of the flint nodules, which occur as a conglomerate enclosed in a red or hæmatitic paste, resting on the subaerially eroded surface of the chalk, and therefore directly interposed between it and the basalt,—granting at the same time that the chippings round the edges of the flakes were artificial.
Subsequent examination into the subject, however, clearly showed me that every flake, no matter how rude its form, provided it
On Quaternary Gravels
Authors: Tylor A. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
continuation of a paper on this subject in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiv. p. 103, I now submit a number of measured sections selected as instances of the deposition of gravels of different character under different circumstances both of height above the sea-level and distance from the sea.

The illustrations and remarks in this paper relate to the unfossiliferous gravels of the rivers Taff, Rhondda, and Cynon, in Glamorganshire, South Wales, to those of the Aire, in Yorkshire, and to the fossiliferous gravels and brick-earths of the lower part of the Thames and Lea rivers, in the counties of Kent and Essex.
One section of the fossiliferous gravel of the river Avon, at Salisbury, is given for the purpose of comparison with those of the Thames; and a section across the valley of the Aire, in Yorkshire, is compared with those in the valleys of the Taff and Rhondda.
A map of part of Glamorganshire, and a longitudinal section of the bed of the river Taff, with the heights along its course measured above the height of spring tides at Cardiff, have been prepared to define the exact locality of the Welsh gravels alluded to. A similar map and sections of the course of the river Aire, in Yorkshire, with heights measured from the Ordnance datum, are given for comparison with the Welsh illustrations.
A sketch-map of part of the river Thames, and of the adjoining counties of Kent and Essex, and separate maps, on a large
Notes on the Geology of China, with more especial Reference to the Provinces of the Lower Yangtse
Authors: Kingsmill T. W. 
Published: October 2009

So far as I am aware, no attempt has been as yet made to classify the several geological formations of this huge empire. Isolated accounts of small sections have, indeed, appeared, but these for the most part were the productions of travellers inexperienced in the nomenclature of the science. Two exceptions, however, may be mentioned: one of these is Mr. Raphael Pumpelly, who in the years 1863-5 examined the coal-beds of the north-eastern provinces; the other, Mr. A.S. Bickmore, who in the year 1866 penetrated from Canton by Kwangsi and Hunan to Hankow in the centre of the empire. Unfortunately Mr. Pumpelly, so far as I know, has published no full statement of his researches, the only account being a short notice in Silliman's Journal in 1866, which, unluckily, I have not had the opportunity of perusing in full; while Mr. Bickmore's stay was too short, and the restrictions imposed on him during his adventurous journey too severe, to have afforded him the opportunity of forming a regular classification. I shall in the course of this paper, however, allude to some very interesting observations of his, detailed in a paper read before the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and published in the volume of their Transactions for last year.
My own personal observations have been made during a residence of nearly seven years, distributed between Hongkong, Canton, Shanghai, and Hankow, having had besides the advantage of occasional visits to all the open ports in the South of China
Notice of Plant-remains from Beds interstratified with the Basalt in the County of Antrim
Authors: Baily W. H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
deposit referred to by the author was discovered by the late Mr. G. V. Du Noyer in cuttings of the Northern Railway of Ireland, near Antrim; the plant-layer consists of a red clay deposit from 4 to 8 inches in thickness, separated by a bed of 10 or 12 feet, containing nodular iron-ore, from the underying basalt, and by earthy beds of about equal thickness from the superficial basaltic rock.

The author regarded a large cone as that of a true
Pinus
, and branches of another coniferous tree as belonging to a
Sequoia
nearly allied to
S. Sternbergi
, Heer; of this species he thought a small imbricated cone might possibly be the fruit. Other fragments of Coniferæ seem to belong to
Cupressites
or
Taxites
. The fossils consist chiefly of leaves of true Dicotyledonous plants. The author compared some of them with species of
Rhamnites, Olea, Fagus
, and
Quercus
. Leaves of endogenous plants, such as Sedges and Grasses, occur not unfrequently. A large mass of fossil wood of dicotyledonous structure was obtained from the hæematitic deposit. Seed-like bodies are also found. The plant-remains are accompanied by by a few elytra of Beetles.

The author remarked that these plant-remains differ as a group from these of the island of Mull. Their alliance appears to be with Mid-European forms; and they are certainly of Upper-Tertiary age; probably Miocene.
Remarks upon the Basalt Dykes of the Mainland of India, opposite to the Islands of Bombay and Salsette
Authors: Clark George T. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
following remarks are the result of observations made during the years 1845-6-7 upon the trap rocks of a part of the Bombay Presidency. They were laid aside as being, at that time, of no great interest in England, and are slightly alluded to in a letter from the writer to Dean Buckland, not intended for publication, but which was printed in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for January, 1847 [vol. iii. p. 221].

The paper now offered to the Society was written in that year. Some recent remarks by Mr. A. B. Wynne upon the letter to Dr. Buckland induce the writer now to bring it forward. Whatever value it may possess is derived chiefly from the fact that it relates to a district but little known, geologically, and which, from the difficulties of climate and other local circumstances, is less accessible than might be expected from its easy distance from Bombay.
The physical features of Western India are very peculiar. The surface of the peninsula rises very gradually from the Bay of Bengal to an irregular line ranging north and south from twenty to fifty miles from the western coast. At this line the ground, there very high, terminates in an escarpment of from 100 to 1000 feet in depth, and more or less precipitous. The strip of land intervening between this escarpment and the western sea, though of irregular surface, and containing several lofty spurs from the high ground, and some detached ridges, is on
On the Coal-mines at Kaianoma, in the Island of Yezo
Authors: Adams F. O. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
writer stated that the works at Kaianoma have made considerable progress since they were reported upon by Mr. Mitford last year*. There are four seams of coal, each about 7 feet thick and at a distance from each other of from 50 to 100 feet. Mr. Adams mentions a tunnel, 430 feet above the sea-level, bored through the whole thickness of one of the seams for a distance of between 150 and 250 feet. A cross tunnel near the mouth of this reached coal at a distance of 50 feet. The coal is carried down to the shore by men, mules, and ponies; its price on the spot is 4 dollars per ton.

Mr. Adams also stated that, from what he had heard, there are unworked coal-seams in the neighbourhood of Otarunai, and indications of lead, copper, and even gold in various parts of the island.
On a Peculiarity of the Brendon Hills Spathose-Iron-Ore veins
Authors: Morgans M. 
Published: October 2009

A
ccording
to the author the Brendon Hills consist of a Devonian Slate, dipping about S. by E. at 30° and N. by W. at 60° on the two sides of the axis of elevation. The cleavage-laminæ dip nearly S. by W. at 80°; and the cleavage-strike varies but little from E. by N. and W. by S., forming only a slight angle with the
main axis
of elevation.

The clay-slate of the Brendon Hills contains very fine lenticular veins of spathose iron-ore exceedingly rich in manganese, the dip and strike-lines of which are not influenced by irregularities in the strata, but for the most part follow the direction of the cleavage-planes, although, as they are often tortuous, they do not constantly coincide with them (fig. 1).
The depth of the veins has not been ascertained. The main ones extend for several miles in length, sometimes dividing and reuniting. The greater part of each vein is “dead” or unproductive; the productive portions or “pockets” vary from a few yards to 100 fathoms in length and from a few inches to nearly 30 feet in thickness. The pockets are sometimes very close together, sometimes more than a mile apart in the same vein; in all cases they are connected by a vein-“track,” consisting chiefly of softened clay-slate and quartz with occasionally a little iron-ore (fig. 2).

The “pockets” are found not to descend parallel to the line of their dip, but to
slope endwise
, generally to the west, but in one or
On a peculiar Instance of Intraglacial Erosion near Norwich
Authors: Wood Searles , Harmer F. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
authors described the general structure of the valley of the Yare, near Norwich, in which the fundamental chalk-rock is covered by the following drift-beds:—1, the Chillesford sand and clay; 2, pebbly sands and pebble-beds; 3, the equivalent of the contorted Drift of Cromer; 4, the middle glacial sand; and, 5, the Boulder-clay. The valley is hollowed out in these beds. Sewer-shafts sunk in the bottom of the valley near Norwich have shown the existence of an abrupt hole or narrow trough in the chalk, having one of its sides apparently almost perpendicular. This is filled up in part by a deposit of dark-blue clay, full of chalk débris, exactly resembling the Boulder-clay at a distance from Norwich, but quite different in character from that occurring in the vicinity (No. 5); and this is overlain in part by a bed of the middle glacial sand (No. 4), and in part by a postglacial gravel. The authors believed that this peculiar hole or trough was excavated by glacial action after the deposition of the bed No. 3, and that it belongs to the earliest part of the middle glacial period. At Somerleyton Brick-kiln, near Lowestoft, a perfectly similar bed occurs between the drift and sand (Nos. 3 and 4).
On the Occurrence of
Terebratula Diphya
in the Alps of the Canton de Vaud
Authors: Tawney E. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
answer to certain statements of Prof. Hébert as to the probability of the non-occurrence of
Terebratula diphya
in the Jurassic Series (Bulletin Soc. Géol. de France, vol. xxiii, p. 530, 1866), it may be well to put on record the following discovery of this species in strata in the Alps of the Canton de Vaud, which belong indubitably to the Oxfordian series. This is, I believe, the first time that this species has been found in Jurassic beds in the Canton.

In the summer of 1867, when exploring the geology of the valley of the Sarine, near Château d’Oex (Canton de Vaud), I came upon this fossil in a block of Oxfordian limestone, among the “éboulis” around the chalets of Paray Charbon: these blocks, which are nearly all Oxfordian, have fallen from the ridge of the Vanil Noir. This range, from Merit Cray to Dent de Branleire, which forms here the boundary between the Cantons de Vaud and Fribourg, is formed by an arch of Bajocian (Inf. Ool.) dark grey limestones and shales, surmounted by the Oxfordian series at the N.E. end (Dent de Branleire, &c.); but the vault rises higher where the chain becomes lower, so that at the S.W. end the Oxfordian is thrown off only at the sides, and is quite cut away from the top, the summit of Mont Cray being Bajocian.
As our locality is about the middle of the range, the Oxfordian is seen at some height in the precipices above the chalet.
Note on the Locality of the Fossil above described
Authors: Miall Louis C. 
Published: October 2009

F
ragments
of the fossil above described were found last summer in the roof of the Black-Bed or Royd's Coal, at Toftshaw, near Bradford. Much difficulty was experienced in extricating the remains uninjured, for the coal beneath had yet to be worked. The greater portion was ultimately removed in a fair state of preservation, owing to the persevering attention of William Firth, a miner whose zeal was stimulated by some knowledge of geology and in particular of coal fossils.

The shale which forms the roof of the Black-Bed Coal has long been known to collectors as a repository of interesting and well-preserved fish-remains.
The Black-Bed Coal is in the middle division of the Yorkshire Coal-field, lying about 40 yards above the Better-Bed Coal, and separated by about 220 yards from the Halifax Coals, which are the lowest workable seams. The exact horizon of important fossils is, perhaps, worth noting, though within the Coal-measures no true vertical limits of species are known to exist.
Judging from a cursory survey of several public and private collections, I am inclined to think that the remains of various interesting Carboniferous Batrachians are still unrecognized as such, and taken by their possessors for parts of fishes. When we are in a position to make a correct estimate, it will probably be found that the Batrachia of the Coal-measures are not only specifically numerous but individually abundant.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. Part of the upper jaw with teeth of
Pholiderpeton scutigerum
.

Fig. 2, 3, 4
Notice of Plant-Remains from Beds interstratified with the Basalt in the County of Antrim
Authors: Baily William Hellier 
Published: October 2009

T
he
existence of deposits containing vegetable remains, interstratiffed with the basaltic rocks of the Island of Mull, was first made known by the Duke of Argyll, through the medium of this Society, in January 1851†.

This important discovery, from its supplying reliable, indications as to the climatal condition and period of eruption of the basaltic rocks of that portion of Scotland, also led to the inference that a corresponding age might reasonably be assigned to the basalt of the north of Ireland, a conjecture which could only be satisfactorily determined by actual proof of the association of similar plant–beds with the basaltic rocks of that part of the country.
This question is now rendered capable of solution by the required evidence having been obtained, during the progress of the Geological Survey of Ireland, in the neighbourhood of Antrim, where the late Mr. G. V. Du Noyer, District Surveyor, discovered a bed containing fossil plants, a large proportion of which are dicotyledonous leaves, interstratified with and lying between masses of basalt, and therefore occurring under very similar conditions to the leaf-beds of the Isle of Mull.
This plant–bed was exposed in a cutting through the basalt on the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway, between Templepatrick and Doagh Stations, about seven miles east of Antrim. From a rough section furnished me by Mr. Du Noyer in September 1868, being enumerated in descending order.
(1); Basalt, 15 feet; (2); brown earth, 3 inches; (3); layer of impure earthy lignite, 8 to 12 inches;
On the Geology of a portion of Abyssinia
Authors: Blanford W. T. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
geology of Abyssinia has been more or less examined by several eminent French and German travellers—Rüppell† Roth‡, D'Abbadie§ Rocher d'Héricourt‖, and especially Ferret and Galinier¶ but still there is very much left to be ascertained before the geological structure of the country can be said to be thoroughly known. The peculiar circumstances under which the late expedition was carried out limited the area of observation to the line of march from Annesley Bay to Mágdala; but along that line and, in some instances, in its immediate neighbourhood a very fair opportunity was afforded for judging of the general geological structure of the country, and of the relations of the most important rock-systems to each other. Roughly speaking, after passing the Posttertiary or late Tertiary volcanic rocks and alluvial deposits of the coast, the formations met with presented a regular ascending series as far as Mádala, where the rocks belong to the highest group, with the exception of recent alluvial deposits, met with on the highlands.

After the departure of the expeditionary force, a few additional observations were made in Northern Abyssinia about Massowa, the Bogos country, and the Anseba valley.

The following are the formations which have been noticed in Abyssinia, in descending order:—

7.
Recent.—Soils of the highlands. Alluvial deposits near the coast.

6.
Posttertiary?—Aden series of volcanic rocks.

5.
Tertiary? or Cretaceous?—Bedded traps, basaltic and trachytic. Mágdala group.

4.
Cretaceous? or Jurassic?—Bedded traps, chiefly basaltic. Ashángi group.

3.
Jurassic.—Antalo limestones.

2.
Infrajurassic (Triassic?).—Adigrat sandstones.

1.
?—Metamorphic

It is unnecessary to dwell on the physical
On the Connexion of the Geological Structure and Physical Features of the South-east of England with the Consumption Death-rate
Authors: Whitaker W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author stated that his investigation of this subject, which was carried on in conjunction with Dr. Buchanan, was suggested by the fact that improved drainage had been found to exert a marked influence upon the average number of deaths by consumption in certain districts. The chief result arrived at by an examination of fifty-eight registration districts in Kent and Sussex was, that “wetness of the soil is a great cause of consumption;” and this depends not only upon the perviousness or imperviousness of the soils, but upon their position as regards elevation and slope.
On the Fossil Myriopods of the Coal Formations of Nova Scotia and England
Authors: Scudder Samuel H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
this paper the author discussed and described the species of Chilognathous Myriopods which have been detected in the Coal measures. Of these he recognized 6, viz.
Xylobius sigillariœ
(Daws.),
X. similis
, sp. n.,
X. fractus
, sp. n.,
X. Dawsonii
, sp. n.,
X. Woodwardii
(═
sigillariœ
, Woodw.), and a species upon which he founded a new genus,
Archiulus xylobioides
. He regarded these forms as constituting a peculiar family, for which he proposed the name of
Arehiulidœ
.
On the Geology of the Country surrounding the Gulp of Cambay
Authors: Rogers Alexander 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author described the surface of the country as consisting chiefly of deep alluvial soils, derived from the denudation of the primary and metamorphic rocks surrounding the district, the former making their appearance in groups of isolated peaks, projecting, as it were, from a sea of alluvium. The author considered that this alluvium could not have been produced by the action of the existing rivers, and suggested that the Indus may formerly have flowed into the sea by the Gulf of Cambay, the land at the same time being much depressed below its present level. He indicated the evidence in favour of this view furnished by various facts in the geology of the district, and referred especially to the mode of occurrence of laterite.
On a peculiar Instance of Intraglacial Erosion near Norwich
Authors: Wood Searles V. , Harmer F. W. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
object of the present brief notice is to bring before the Society, while the works are in progress, a feature of intraglacial structure disclosed by the sewerage works at Norwich, in order that, since the case appears to us to be peculiar among the perplexing features presented by the glacial beds as far as yet known, the opportunity may be afforded, to any who may suspect that some mistake has been made, of investigating the accuracy of our representation before the means of doing so are removed. For this reason we have ventured to bring the subject forward now, instead of reserving it for description with the general glacial structure of the east of England, which we hope at some future time to lay before the Society.

All the valleys of Suffolk, and of Central and Eastern Norfolk, are excavated out of the glacial beds, and possess no connexion whatever with any preglacial condition of the surface. They appear, however, to have had their configuration and direction determined in several places by a denudation of the glacial beds themselves, which was effected during the progress of their deposit. Of this the case before us affords one instance.
The accompanying section shows the structure of the valley of the Yare, near the places of its inosculation with that of the Tese and that of the Wensum.
The sewer-works, up to the present time, have been carried on by shafts, sunk in the bottom of the valley, where the surface is