bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of, and Research Suggestions for, Solid-waste Management Issues: The Predicted Role of Incentives in Promoting Conservation Behaviour
Authors: Heinen Joel T. 
Published: August 2009

Several lines of evidence suggest that humans may be sensitive to the scale at which environmental problems occur, and that humans perceive to be more urgent those environmental problems that happen over relatively shorttime duration and at relatively local-spatial scales, compared with those that happen over greater spans of time and space. If this is true, then solutions to environmental problems should be planned accordingly: i.e. incentive-based strategies to promote some type of conservation may be more easily implemented, and most appropriately socially-based, for environmental problems that occur at the smaller societal scales. For those that occur at the larger societal scales, incentive-based strategies may be most appropriately economically-based, and are likely to be more difficult to implement, than the socially-based ones at the smaller societal scales.This theory is explored in the context of municipal solid wastes. There is some support for the general arguments in that various types of economic incentives have been effective in reducing household wastes across the scale of cities, and some more socially-based incentives appear to be effective in small town/neighbourhood settings, though much work on these issues remains to be done.
Environmental Education in the Market-place: A Decade of US Experience
Authors: Rajagopal R. 
Published: August 2009

Undergraduate students in the United States who major in an interdisciplinary environmental studies curriculum are at a competitive disadvantage in securing entry-level environmental employment as compared with those majoring in disciplinary or specialized curricula. Major factors that separate these two types of curricula and hence affect the employability of their graduates include: a)Programme Diversity: Interdisciplinary programmes significantly vary in emphasis, course offerings, teacher strengths, and physical facilities, whereas the many specialized programmes tend to be more uniformly defined; b)Linkage: Interdisciplinary programme objectives are not clearly tied to employment needs in the public and private sectors, whereas the goals of the many specialized programmes are based e.g. on congressional mandates, personnel needs, or well-defined occupational categories; c)Federal Support: The US Environmental Protection Agency's funding for manpower-related programmes is negligible in comparison with total pollution-control expenditures—the few million dollars allocated for manpower development in the 1970s were mainly used to support targeted specialized programmes instead of general interdisciplinary programmes; and d)Occupational Definitions: Both long- and short-term environmental employment opportunities are almost always pigeonholed and defined in terms of a disciplinary background with an associated set of skills. This favours specialized-programme graduates over interdisciplinary majors for entry-level positions.This situation can be changed with a concerted effort by faculty members, administrators, students, and employers, to become interested in fully tapping the potentials of interdisciplinary environmental majors. Towards this end, it is recommended that the faculty members (teachers) and administrators of environmental studies programmes form a national organization to promote their programmes' welfare, that students explore a double major, graduate education, or other specialized educational opportunities, and that employers investigate innovative short-courses, workshops, and intensive laboratory programmes, for retraining environmental studies majors.
Rangeland Problems of the Kainji Lake Basin Area of Nigeria
Authors: Ayeni J. S. O. 
Published: August 2009

The development of much-needed grazing reserves and pastures in the Kainji Lake Basin area of Nigeria is being initiated by the Kainji Lake Research Institute with generous support from the States' and Federal Governments. However, there is a continuous overlap of interest which results in conflict among land-users such as the nomadic Fulanis, peasant farmers, and wildlife/forestry conservation authorities. Currently the Kainji Lake Basin is a major ‘food basket’ for agricultural crop production in Nigeria. The Basin is also an attractive big-game tourist centre and a traditional source of dry-season water and green grass for the migratory livestock.Suggestions are made for a rational resource-management approach within the Basin, with establishment of rangeland reserves. Regular meetings between the representative of the Niger River Basin Development Authority, Kainji Lake National Park, States' Departments of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and the local Governments in the Basin area, should go a long way towards eliminating the sources of conflict.
Public Participation in the Environmental Review Process, with Special Reference to Coal-fired Power-plant Siting
Authors: Tobin Richard J. , Carpenter Richard A. 
Published: August 2009

However one chooses to accommodate public concerns about siting of power-plants, it does seem that public participation is essential for effective environmental assessment. This is because the ultimate questions about environmental consequences of economic development are: who cares and why? Technical assessors can measure changes in biogeophysical terms, and economists can monetize these effects. The social sciences are often not capable of delivering (with adequate certainty) information that is dependant on subjective human reactions and cultural values. Serious mistakes in power-plant siting can result, if decision-makers do not communicate with affected individuals and groups.The chances for mistakes increase if the nation concerned does not have a market economy where consumers have free choice, or a political process that regularly and effectively incorporates public values and opinions. As all nations are less effective than could be desired in these two classic means of citizen expression, it is incumbent on governments to foster public participation as an integral third channel.
A New Global Assessment of the Status and Trends of Desertification
Authors: Mabbutt Jack A. 
Published: August 2009

A reassessment of the status and trends of desertification was called for as part of a general assessment of progress in the implementation of the United Nations Plan of Action to Combat Desertification, seven years after the UN Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in 1977. Because of the inadequate data existing at the country or state level, the basic generalization has been set at a wider regional scale. The new assessment has confirmed the global scale of the problem of desertification as presented to UNCOD, and has increased the area and populations considered to be at risk through its recognition of the threat of desertification in the sub-humid tropics. The threatened area of 4,500 million ha constitutes 35% of the land surface of the Earth, with almost 20% (850 millions) of the world's total human population. Estimates indicate that, of this area, 75% is already moderately desertified, and 30% is severely or very severely desertified.The rural population affected by severe desertification totals some 280 millions, or 470 millions if the urban component is included, with, respectively, 135 millions and 190 millions severely affected. These are significantly larger than the figures presented to UNCOD—mainly through the inclusion of additional sub-humid land in this assessment, but partly through national population increases and growth in the extent of severely desertified land. Both in terms of areas and population affected, the so-called developing regions are shown to be those worst-hit by desertification; and within these, the tropical semiarid and sub-humid lands tend to be the most ‘critical’ areas.
The Forests of South Viet Nam in 1971–72: A Personal Account
Authors: Richards Paul W. 
Published: August 2009

An account is given of the work on the forests of Viet Nam of the US Academy of Sciences' Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in South Viet Nam during 1971–74. Owing to the insecure state of the country at the time, very little work on the ground was possible. The Committee's conclusions had therefore to depend largely on observations from the air and aerial photography, and were subject to considerable errors.The appearance after herbicide spraying of the Inland and mangrove forests as seen from the air in 1971 and 1972 is described. In the Inland forest most of the emergent trees were killed, but much of the undergrowth remained alive. In addition to the effects of herbicides, the Inland forests suffered widespread damage from bombing and other military operations. In the mangrove forests, herbicide spraying destroyed almost the whole biomass, resulting in the complete denudation of vast areas of soft sediments.
Foreseeable Effects of Nuclear Detonations on a Local Environment: Boulder County, Colorado
Authors: Bennett Jeffrey O. , Johnson Patricia S.C. , Key Jeffrey R. , Pattie Douglas C. , Taylor Alan H. 
Published: August 2009

The effects on Boulder County, Colorado, of a major nuclear war are predicted. Although many of the effects of such a horrific event would be global in nature, the direct ones on Boulder County were considered in terms of being primarily due to three one-megaton blasts in Denver, situated 40 km to the south-east. Under assumed wind conditions, agricultural crops would be contaminated with radionuclides for prolonged periods, rendering them dangerous for human consumption. Loss of animal life, flooding, increased sedimentation, and extensive soil-erosion, should also be expected. Recovery times for environmental systems are difficult to predict. Indeed, unknown synergistic effects and global changes in atmospheric conditons might preclude eventual recovery.Although numerous assumptions were made in these predictions, and the impacts described are scenario-dependent, the implications are clear: even if Boulder County received no direct hit, a nuclear war would have a devastating impact on the environmental systems that were considered.The prognosis from this study and others for human societies and involved ecosystems in the event of nuclear war is grim. We hope that continued research and dignified publicity of results on the effects of nuclear war will increase the urgency with which solutions to the nuclear dilemma are sought.
Classification of Coastal and Marine Environments
Authors: Hayden Bruce P. , Ray G. Carleton , Dolan Robert 
Published: August 2009

Marine and coastal areas are classified in this paper according to attributes of the physical environment and by the faunal assemblages involved. Oceanic and coastal-margin realms are defined and mapped with the marginal seas and archipelagos named according to their connections to oceanic realms. There are seven types of ocean realms and thirteen types of coastal-margin realms. Latitudinal symmetry is present between hemispheres and from ocean basin to ocean basin. The defining characteristics for these realms are the seasonal variations in ocean surface currents and the companion seasonal variations in the main wind-currents of the atmosphere.Forty faunal provinces are indicated on the six maps of the oceanic and coastal realms. As sufficient database for their inclusion is not yet available, coastal marine and coastal terrestrial floristics and vegetation are not considered in this classification.While the boundaries between faunal provinces do not always match boundaries between ocean and coastal realms, the foundation is laid for a binominal designation system with the coastal or oceanic realm as ‘genus’ and the faunal province as the ‘epithet’—e.g. Western Subtropical—Cortezian. With this system, global intercomparisons become manageable. For example, the Western Subtropical-Cortezian can be directly contrasted with the Western Subtropical—Louisianian and the Western Subtropical—Southwestern Australian.
The Conservation of Nature in Viet Nam
Authors: Pfeiffer Egbert W. 
Published: August 2009

Systematic efforts to conserve Viet Nam's natural resources began (in the North) in the early 1960s with the establishment of a 25,000-hectares' area, Cue Phuong National Park, south-west of Hanoi. Since the end of the Second Indochina war, Viet Nam's Ministry of Forestry has undertaken a comprehensive programme to restore forests that were destroyed or damaged in the fighting, to inventory forests and their resources, and to develop forest management for the economy and recreation of the Vietnamese people. The Ministry of Forestry's Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning is the agency carrying out these tasks; it employs about 5,000 people, including well-trained scientists.Before 1963, there were no regulations regarding hunting in Viet Nam. Now the Ministry of Forestry has a Department of Protection which attempts to regulate hunting of game, such as deer, Wild Pigs, Tigers, and Leopards. Many species of birds and mammals are now totally protected. These include two primates, the Indochina Gibbon and the Douc Langur, as well as three species of wild cattle, the Kouprey, Banteng, and Gaur. The Kouprey and the Javan Rhinoceros are classified as endangered species because only a few individuals are known to be still alive, at least in Viet Nam. Elephants are trapped and trained for commercial purposes and for capture of wild Elephants, while the wild herds are increasing owing to the war's end and the prevention of killing.
Evaluation in Nature Conservation Decision-making
Authors: Roome Nigel J. 
Published: August 2009

This paper considers alternative approaches to the evaluation of Nature conservation resources as part of the overall process of establishing Nature conservation priorities. The techniques available for evaluation are seen to differ in their ideological base and methodology, and in the relative importance which they attach to physical and ecological features. This lack of consistency means that existing techniques only represent a partial basis for determining conservation priorities. Furthermore, the assumptions on which evaluation techniques are based tend not to be stated explicitly and often appear not to have been substantiated. These inconsistencies are due in part to ambiguity concerning the objectives of conservation, in part to the lack of research into the relationship between human demands and the features of Nature conservation resources, and in part to uncertainty as to the position of evaluation in the conservation priority-setting process.A model of this process for setting conservation priorities is presented. It delimits ecological evaluation as an objective, value-free element in the priority-setting process—where ecological evaluation is seen to provide information which aids decision-makers in the more value-laden socio-economic elements of conservation priority-setting. The model implies that the objective and subjective elements in existing evaluation techniques are not sufficiently explicit to ensure consistency in decision-making.
Towards a Symbol for the World Campaign for The Biosphere
Authors: Vallentyne John R. 
Published: August 2009

Criteria in selecting a symbol for The World Campaign for The Biosphere are analyzed around fourteen questions posed to the World Council For The Biosphere (WCB) and the International Society For Environmental Education (ISEE). To be truly supranational the symbol must be free from words and focused on mind and The Biosphere—the key end-points in the circular causal chain of ‘education for ecologically sustainable development’. As the target audience is external to WCB-ISEE, the symbol should be open to use by other organizations, and perhaps have a designated place for their identification. To the extent that the symbol poses a moral question it should be spiritual, emotive, and applicable to instances of overexploitation and excessive waste. Technology should not be automatically excluded, nor should the focus be restricted to organizations (versus people) or specific age-groups.The essential message to be communicated is wholeness through feedback. Suitable geometric forms include irregular lines ending where they begin, circles, spheres, and (in terms of computer imagery) pulsating objects. Existing symbols with appropriate traditions to build on include: the yin-yang symbol of the Tao; the Atlas symbol of person-planet; individual life-forms such as a tree; and the glory—the shadow of a human head surrounded by concentric, rainbow-coloured circles.
Applied Ecology: An Integrative Paradigm for the 1980s
Authors: Barrett Gary W. 
Published: August 2009

There currently exists an environmental spectrum ranging from ecology (i.e. a basic, theoretical research approach) to environmental science (i.e. an applied, problem-solving testing approach). It is suggested that applied ecology be recognized as an integrative paradigm which encompasses the principles, concepts, and procedures, of both ecology and environmental science in an attempt (a) to unite reductionist and holistic research approaches and educational philosophies, (b) to generate a new synthesis for addressing important ecological topics such as biotic diversity and ecosystem regulation, (c) to educate personnel across the total environmental spectrum, and (d) to develop transdisciplinary ‘centres of excellence’ which serve as vital industrial-academic-governmental focal-points for long-term, integrative research endeavours.At present there is a dire need to develop unifying theory and coherent principles regarding the patterns, processes, and interactions, of both the natural and man-made environment. There also exists an urgent need to help solve problems related to world food production, energy resource management, genetic diversity, and environmental contamination, among many others. Further, the progress of emerging fields of study, such as landscape ecology and systems communications, will be likely to be impeded if such fields are not recognized as the synthetic interactions of numerous related disciplines. These fields of study hold great research potential for systematically addressing the above-mentioned problem-areas, but require the flexibility to merge new research approaches, technologies, and scientific theories, in an efficient, cost-effective manner. It is suggested that applied ecology serve as an integrative paradigm for these new and vital interdisciplinary fields of knowledge.
Possible Effects of Forestry on Inland Waters of Tasmania: A Review
Authors: Michaelis Frances B. 
Published: August 2009

Considerable public and political debate over the environmental consequences of large-scale operations associated with Tasmania's export forest industries prompted the present review and continuing field-studies. There are no known publications on the effect of forestry on inland waters of Tasmania, but relevant research in the Northern Hemisphere, the Australian mainland, and New Zealand, is summarized.Forest operations considered are roading, logging, and burning. In general, roading increases water-yield, reduces water quality, and modifies the physical structure of streams—particularly at bridge-sites. The impact of logging depends on the harvesting method used (generally, tractor and skidder-logging in Tasmania), the proportion of trees felled, the proportion of the catchment logged, and the precautions taken. However, stream-flows, sediment loads, nutrient levels, dissolved inorganic materials, and wood debris, all increase with logging. If riparian vegetation is cut, water temperature usually increases in summer and decreases slightly in winter, but temperature tolerances of most aquatic animals in Tasmania remain unknown. The effects of burning Australian forests are poorly understood, but there are changes in water-yield and a decrease in water quality.
Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves
Authors: Batisse Michel 
Published: August 2009

On the basis of the results of the First International Biosphere Reserve Congress, jointly convened in Minsk in 1983 by UNESCO and UNEP in cooperation with FAO and IUCN, at the invitation of the USSR, and of consultations with conservation specialists and scientists which have since taken place, an Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves was adopted by the International Coordinating Council of the Programme on Man and the Biosphere at its eighth session (Paris, 3–8 December 1984) and is presented in this document as a programme framework. This framework identifies a range of actions for consideration by Governments and concerned international organizations in developing the multiple functions of Biosphere Reserves within the overall context of the MAB Programme. Those actions concretely serve the implementation of the World Conservation Strategy. While a number of actions are of a permanent nature, the stress is placed on activities which can be carried out in the period 1985–89—see the following Table.In summary, Governments and international organizations are invited to undertake activities which will improve and expand the international Biosphere Reserve network, to develop basic knowledge for conserving ecosystems and biological diversity, and to make Biosphere Reserves more effective in linking conservation and development in fulfilling the broad objectives of MAB.
A Comparison of Two Recent Estimates of Disturbance in Tropical Forests
Authors: Melillo J. M. , Palm C. A. , Houghton R. A. , Woodwell G. M. , Myers N. 
Published: August 2009

The two best-documented studies of annual rates of clearing of tropical forests appear to come to very different conclusions; the published FAO/UNEP estimate is 7.4 × 106 ha cleared annually during the late 1970s, and the NAS (National Academy of Sciences) estimate is 22.0 × 106 ha disturbed annually during the same period. Closer examination reveals that when corrections are made for differences in forest types included in the studies, and for differences in definitions of ‘deforestation’ (FAO/UNEP) and ‘conversion’ (NAS), there appears to be general agreement on the rate of deforestation in tropical closed broad-leafed forests: 5.9 × 106 ha (FAO/UNEP) and 7.5 × 106 ha (NAS) per year for the late 1970s. ‘Deforestation’ is defined according to the FAO/UNEP report and is the transformation of closed tropical-broad-leafed forests to either land in the shifting-cultivation cycle or permanently-cleared land.‘Deforestation’ sensu FAO/UNEP is a more restricted term than the term ‘conversion’ used in the NAS report. ‘Conversion’ includes ‘deforestation’ sensu FAO/UNEP as well as: (1) the temporary clearing of fallow-cycle vegetation from land already in the shifting-cultivation cycle for short-term subsistence agriculture; and (2) the permanent clearing of fallow-cycle vegetation and thus the removal of land from the shifting-cultivation cycle.