bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IJCM_292A: Chikungunya Outbreak Investigation at Village Bolasa, Petlawat, Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, India, September 2023
Authors: Mahadik Mrunal Madhukar , Jain Abhishek , Dzeyie Kevisetuo Anthony 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Chikungunya, a resurging vector-borne disease caused by chikungunya virus, remains a global health challenge. In 2023, globally 4.4 lakhs suspected cases and 365 fatalities were estimated; India accounting for 21% of the global burden. On 5 September 2023, suspected outbreak of chikungunya was reported at Bolasa village, Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh by local newspaper.

Objective:
We investigated to confirm the outbreak, describe the epidemiology and provide evidence-based recommendations.

Methodology:
We compared past three years Integrated Disease Surveillance System (IDSP) data to confirm the outbreak. We defined a suspect case as fever with arthralgia in a resident of Bolasa village, during 20 August-30 October 2023, searched cases by reviewing patients register from health-care-facilities and house-to-house in Bolasa village. Cases were interviewed using semi- structured questionnaire prepared by modifying WHO chikungunya toolbox and data analyzed using Microsoft-Excel. We conducted environmental survey at domestic and peri-domestic areas and serum samples collected for laboratory confirmation.

Results:
No chikungunya case was reported in the last three years. We identified 117 suspected cases (56% females) with median age of 40 years (range 27-52 years). Other than fever and arthralgia, the other symptoms included bodyache (78%) and headache (67%). Overall attack rate (AR) was 8%; highest AR in Tadvifaliya of 18% followed by Harijan and Patidar faliya with 12% each. Among the cases, 76% stored water in containers without cover, mosquito larvae were found in the containers in the house or nearby place of 60% cases. Of the 20 serum samples tested, nine were positive for chikungunya IgM-antibody.

Conclusion:
We detected a confirmed chikungunya outbreak in a rural setting with vector breeding sites identified in a community. Outbreak investigation led to vector control by eliminating breeding sites and community sensitization on water storage practices. We recommended early case reporting, periodic entomological surveys and source reduction.
IJCM_304A: A Study on Stigma-Discrimination and Sense of Grip on Disease Experienced by the PLHIV Visiting ART Centre of a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata
Authors: Roy Shuvajit , Bandyopadhyay Lina , Sahu Monalisha , Modak Dolanchamp , Paul Bobby 
Published: April 2024

Background:
People Living with HIV face not just a health challenge but also the burden of stigma-discrimination. The impact isn’t just physical; it takes a toll on their mental health. Many internalize this stigma, feeling shame about their condition. It Is crucial to address these issues not only for those directly affected but also to build a society that is compassionate and understanding, supporting individuals with HIV/AIDS rather than marginalizing them.

Objective:
To determine the level of stigma-discrimination faced by PLHIV visiting the ART center of a tertiary care hospital of Kolkata including the factors associated with it. The second objective is to explore their sense of grip on the disease among them.

Methodology:
This descriptive method study was conducted in November 2023 among 120 PLHIV (Selected by systematic random sampling) visiting the ART center of the School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata after getting permission from IEC & NACO. Qualitative data was collected via IDI & KII. Quantitative data were analyzed using MS Excel, SPSS v. 16, employing descriptive and inferential statistics. Manual thematic analysis applied for qualitative data.

Results:
Among 120 participants 45.8% of the participants faced more stigma & discrimination in comparison to others. There was a statistically significant difference in the level of stigma & discrimination based on their age group (p-value 0.033), type of family (p-value 0.014), Addiction status (p-value 0.037), co-morbidities (p-value 0.011), viral load (p-value 0.033). On exploring sense of grip on disease majority of the participants were shown to have a compliant profile.

Conclusion:
The levels of stigma- discrimination were associated with their behavioral & disease characteristics. Thus, raising awareness is essential to combat stigma and enhance sense of grip on the disease.
IJCM_308A: A descriptive study on Nipah outbreak at Kozhikode
Authors: Salam Ahana , Jayakrishnan T , Divya CV , Lakshmananan Anjali 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Out of 6 outbreaks happened in India 4 were from Kerala. Similar to the previous outbreak in Kerala, the one in 2023 also started with the one case and subsequent clustering of cases in family contacts and likely nosocomial transmission in hospitals. It shows the rest of the country are exposed to the high risk of another outbreak making preparedness vital.

Objective:
To understand the process of controlling the outbreak

Methodology:
The following data was collected from District Medical Office, Media, Press release collected. On 10th September information about death of a person and development of similar symptoms in family was reported. The death audit was done. The close contacts of primary case were also traced. The 2nd death of a person was investigated and taken as index case. All the primary and secondary contacts of both cases were traced, line listed, quarantined and followed for any onset of symptoms. Fever surveillance and fever clinics were started and outbreak was declared. Mapping of areas done and containment zones and lockdown was declared till October 1st. Later 2 more health care workers turned positive. Multi-disciplinary teams were mobilized. Nipah cell was opened and 19 core committees were formed. Contacts were categorised in to high and low risk. To disseminate the details media point was arranged.

Results:
The contact between primary and index case established. Two family members of the deceased were also turned positive within in 1 week. Field visit was done to recognise the source. Fever survey was started and fever cases were detected. Government hospitals were prepared to meet the emergency by arranging wards according to the severity of disease.

Conclusion:
In response to the recurrent NiV outbreaks, it is paramount that proactive measures be taken to mitigate future risks. Enhanced Surveillance is of utmost importance.
IJCM_315A: Pesticide exposure and Diabetes Mellitus - A Community based Analytical Cross-sectionalstudy among agricultural workers in Madurai east community block, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Thendralan V , Priya S. 
Published: April 2024

Background:
World Health Organization (WHO) states that diabetes mellitus (DM) is the ninth leading cause of death in 2019¹. The study by Velmurugan et.al² in 2021 in rural Tamil Nadu shows a high prevalence of DM among agricultural workers (15.0%) compared to non-farming communities (8.7%). Pesticides, a source of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) play a major etiological role in Diabetes Mellitus among them. Hence the need for present study.

Objectives:
1. To estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among agricultural workers in Madurai East Block 2. To find the association between pesticide exposure and other variables with DM.

Methodology:
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 agricultural workers in Madurai East using multistage cluster sampling during august to November 2023.Sample size was calculated using Velmurugan et.al studyÂ². After obtaining informed consent, study population was interviewed using semi-structured validated (containing details about sociodemographics, pesticide exposure questionnaire, diabetic status) followed by anthropometric measurements in the previous day evening and advised 8 hrs fasting that night. Next day morning by 6 am, second visit was made to check fasting capillary blood glucose (CBG) using Accu-Chek glucometer. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 21.0.

Results:
The mean age of the study population was 50.63 ± 13.36 years. Females constituted 66% (n=99). The mean years of agricultural work was 26.55 ± 13 years. The overall prevalence of DM among study population was 29.3%. The prevalence was slightly higher in pesticide applicators (33.33%) than agricultural workers (29.1%). Except for age, the chi-square test showed no significant association between pesticide exposure, gender, family history of DM, with DM.

Conclusion:
Higher Diabetic prevalence among agricultural workers demands further research to prove the hypothesis of pesticide exposure and development of diabetes.
IJCM_318A: Risk Factors for Anaemia among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Mangalore- A Case Control Study.
Authors: Rekha T , Ramakrishnan Mahima Advaitha , Archa KR , Dahiya Navneet , Chopdar Ankita , Sharma Vagish , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Mithra Prasanna , Holla Ramesh 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Anaemia, a common haematological abnormality, currently stands at a prevalence rate of 24.8% worldwide and 39.86% in India, affecting 1.62 billion individuals overall. Studies have shown that patients with Diabetes are twice as likely to be prone to anaemia.

Objective:
To study the risk factors for anaemia among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Methodology:
This is a record-based case-control study of 50 cases (diabetic with anaemia) and 100 controls (diabetic without anaemia) in Government Wenlock Hospital, Mangalore. Patients with haemoglobin concentration below the normal level (as defined by WHO as <13 g/dl for men and <12 g/dl for women) were considered anaemic. Data was entered and analyzed using the statistical software SPSS Version 17.0. Univariate analyses and a Chi-Square test were conducted to identify risk factors.

Results:
The median age of cases as well as controls was 60 years. The duration of diabetes was 8 years in cases and 7 years in controls. Among 50 cases, there were 39 (78%) males and 11(22%) females and among 100 controls, 68(68%) males and 32(32%) females. On univariate analysis, it was found that the low serum urea, creatinine, albumin, total protein and calcium levels were significantly associated with the presence of anaemia (P <0.05).

Conclusion:
The above parameters implicate impairment in renal function and hence we can conclude that impaired renal function is a risk factor for developing anaemia in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.
IJCM_319A: A Cross-sectional study on prevalence of work-related skin diseases among construction workers in Chengalpattu district
Authors: Kannan K Vinoth 
Published: April 2024

Background:
A variety of activities in construction site such as mason, painting, welding, cement mixing, concrete mixing, may eventually lead to exposures that can subject the construction workers as most vulnerable group to develop occupational skin diseases.

Objective:
To determine the prevalence of occupational skin diseases among construction workers in Chengalpattu district.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 301 construction workers in construction sites at Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu state over a period of two months (October 2022 to November 2022). Data collection was done using a interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire and statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS 21 version and p value of <0.05.

Results:
Among the respondents 40.9% (123) construction workers found to be suffering from skin diseases like pruritis (14%), dryskin(13%), fissures (6.3%), blisters (5.6%), redness (2%), Among them highest prevalence of occupational skin disease was seen in cement mixing worker (13%) and mason (13%)followed by mason helper (12%) and concrete worker (3%). Work related skin diseases were found to be associated with nature of work (p <0.05).

Conclusion:
The health problems among construction workers are one of the areas of public health concern in the country which is usually unnoticed as they are being under unorganized sectors. Thus, proper wearing of Personal protective equipment, providing a supportive workplace environment and reinforcement messages will have a favourable impact on the work productivity as well as ensuring a good health for those workers.
IJCM_320A: Occupational stress among special educators in India - A Narrative review
Authors: Habeeb Shifa , Akshaya R , Joy Teena Mary 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Occupational stress, a physiological and psychological reaction to workplace incidents, detrimentally affects health. In the field of special education, where the task of fostering learning and development for individuals with diverse abilities is both rewarding and challenging, understanding and addressing the occupational stress faced by educators becomes imperative. This review sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of the intricate relationship between occupational stress, teacher well-being, and the broader educational landscape, with a specific focus on the unique challenges faced by special educators in India.

Objective:
This study aims to review recent literature on occupational stress in special educators in India.

Methodology:
A comprehensive electronic search on databases like PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to include articles from the past 6 years.

Results:
The electronic search yielded 5 relevant articles in the past 6 years, including 4 cross-sectional studies and one exploratory study. Findings show that educators experience mild to severe occupational stress, with variations ranging from 5% to 75% in different studies across India.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of occupational stress among educators in India underscores the need for targeted interventions and support systems to enhance teacher well-being, fostering a positive impact on student outcomes, school stability, and teaching quality.
IJCM_323A: Assessment of Caregiver Burden Among Family Members of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in Costal Andhra Pradesh, India: - Mixed Method Study
Authors: Kumar Pathipaka Sravan , Madhavi B. Devi , Harish K. 
Published: April 2024

Background:
As PLHIV now live longer, family caregivers play a crucial role in providing physical, emotional, and financial support. This study investigates the burden experienced by family caregivers of People Living with AIDS (PLHIV) in Kakinada District, Andhra Pradesh.

Objectives:
1. To assess burden Among caregivers (family members) of PLHIV. 2. To Explore care giver perspective of caring experiences

Methodology: Methodology:
The study is a cross-sectional study. By using mixed-method approach both qualitative and quantitative data was collected by convenient sampling method in an ART Centre of Kakinada District. Prior approval was taken from Institutional Ethics Committee. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire for socio-demographic information and validated, standardized 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) tool to assess the perceived caregiver burden. Quantitative analysis done by using SPSS and Qualitative Information gathered through in-depth interviews. These were recorded, transcribed, translated, and later coded for analysis following thematic approach.

Results:
Demographics revealed that Female were 54.8% and Male were 45.2%. The mean age group was 38.38Â±11.5. In this study revealed that 22.6% were under severe burden & 12.9 % were moderate to severe &38.7% were mild to moderate burden. Mean Zarit Burden score was 36.32Â±18.8. Caregivers faced a range of challenges, pertaining to physical, psychological, emotional, social, and financial burden. Challenges experienced by the them regarding stigma and discrimination are more common.

Conclusion:
Majority of caregivers having Burden. Caring for someone with HIV/AIDS brings both positive and tough experiences for caregivers. ongoing support is crucial for families in this situation. Simple, focused measures can make a real difference in the well-being for caregivers and Improve Care givers experience.
IJCM_333A: Household Air Pollution Exposure and Autism Spectrum Disorder Outcomes in Children: Insights from the HAPIN India Study
Authors: Kantipudi Suvarna Jyothi 
Published: April 2024

Background:
The global public health challenge of household air pollution, stemming from conventional cooking practices and the widespread use of solid fuels, is a critical concern. Exposure to indoor air pollutants has been associated with adverse health outcomes, particularly affecting vulnerable populations like pregnant women and young children. The Household Air Pollution and Neurodevelopment (HAPIN) study addresses this issue through a multicentric randomized controlled trial spanning four diverse countries: Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda.

Objectives:
The study aims to evaluate the prevalence of autistic spectrum disorder among children residing in HAPIN study site of India.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional assessment for autism spectrum disorders within the HAPIN cohort was done.365 children aged 2 to 3 years were studied to explore the potential link between household air pollution and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Household air quality, measuring PM2.5, CO, and black carbon, was assessed using established protocols. Neurodevelopmental outcomes, particularly ASD, was screened using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) in children aged 2 to 3 years, and screened positive children were evaluated by a psychiatrist to diagnose autism spectrum disorder using DSM-5 criteria.

Results:
There is significant association between exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, and black carbon) and the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with a prevalence rate of 5.48%.

Conclusion:
ASD prevalence rate of 5.48%, underscore the global relevance of the impact of household air pollution on neurodevelopment. Urgent interventions are warranted to mitigate the risk of ASD, particularly for vulnerable populations like pregnant women and young children, emphasizing the imperative for cleaner cooking practices and improved indoor air quality.
IJCM_341A: Prevalence Of Depression And Anxiety Among High School Adolescents Of Urban Area, Belagavi - A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Sajjanar Ajay , Patil Manjula S. 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Adolescence, which lasts from the ages of 10-19, is the stage of life between childhood and adulthood. Health issues like alcohol and drug use, poor nutrition, and physical inactivity are widespread among adolescents. Notably, mental health stands out as one of the most prevalent and significant concerns in this age group. Schools are beneficial in recognizing the mental health care needs of adolescents, given that a substantial amount of their time is spent at school. Hence the study was conducted in school to investigate prevalence of depression and anxiety among adolescent students.

Objective:
To assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety among high school adolescents and to know the determinants associated with it.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was carried out among high school adolescent students of schools in urban area of Belagavi. After getting approval from IEC, the data was collected from 100 students using pre-designed, pretested questionnaire. And Depression and Anxiety were assessed using the Becks Depression Inventory (BDI) scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) respectively.

Results:
Depression prevalence was 45% among students, categorized as mild (23%), borderline (9%), moderate (8%), and severe (5%) based on Becks Depression Inventory. Mean BDI score was 11.31±8.40. Surprisingly, 97% had anxiety with 76% mild, 17% moderate,4% severe anxiety as per Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, with mean HAM-A score of 10.72±8.18. Most affected students were 16 years old, Class-2 socioeconomic status, Hindus, from nuclear families, residing in pucca houses, consuming mixed diet, facing learning difficulties and lacking relationship affairs. A statistically significant association existed between depression and house type, as well as history of child abuse (p<0.05).

Conclusion:
Almost half of high school students experience varying mental health issues. Supported counseling centers in schools, implementing periodic screening, and integrating mental health education into routine activities are crucial recommendations for reducing adolescent mental health problems.
IJCM_345A: Attitudes and Beliefs among Young Adults in Urban Meerut towards Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bargayary Harimu , Jain Seema , Kumar Sanjeev 
Published: April 2024

Background:
About 70 % of mental disorders can be diagnosed prior to age 25 years and they comprise the single largest component of disease burden during the second decade of the life span. Globally, Depression is one of the leading causes of disability. WHO estimates that the burden of mental health problems in India is 2443 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100 00 population. The economic loss due to mental health conditions, between 2012-2030, is estimated at USD 1.03 trillion. There has been an increased rise in the need for improved mental health literacy to address the complex issues surrounding mental well-being.

Objective:
To explore the attitudes and beliefs and its influencing factors among the young adults of urban Meerut towards Depression.

Methodology:
It is a community based cross-sectional study done among the 18-25 years age group residents of urban Meerut. The sample size was calculated to be 188 which was rounded off to 190, at 95% confidence interval with 6.5% absolute precision following a prevalence of 29.04% from a similar type of study. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire designed based on National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma Youth Boost Survey V5 by Anthony F. Jorm and Nicola Reavley.

Results:
In the current study, it was found that about 32.6% (62) of the study participants did not consider depression as a real medical illness. However, it was seen that majority i.e. 90.0% (171) had believed that if that sharing with the close family/friends could help in recovering from depression.

Conclusion:
By promoting accurate education, responsible media portrayals, personal storytelling, and community engagement towards developing positive public attitudes towards mental health conditions will hold significant power in influencing societal perceptions, shaping interactions, and impacting the well-being of individuals.