bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Promoting Effect of Europium on PtSn/C Catalyst for Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Wang F. , Zheng Y. , Guo Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWell‐dispersed PtSnEu/C and PtSn/C catalysts were prepared by the impregnation–reduction method using formic acid as a reductant and characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersion X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The synthesised catalysts with different atomic ratios of Pt/Sn/Eu have the Pt face centered cubic (fcc) structure and their particle sizes are 3–4 nm. The PtSnEu/C catalyst is composed of many Pt (0), SnO2, Eu(OH)3, a small amount of Pt(II) and partly alloyed PtSn, but no metallic Eu. The electrochemical measurements indicate that in comparison with Pt3Sn1/C catalyst, the Pt3Sn1Eu1/C catalyst for ethanol oxidation has more negative onset potential, smaller apparent activation energy and lower electrochemical impedance so that it exhibits very high catalytic activity. Its peak current density increases by 135% and 40%, compared with Pt3Sn1/C and Pt1Ru1/C (JM) catalysts, respectively. This is because the Eu(OH)3 formed by adding Eu to PtSn/C catalyst can provide the OH group which is in favour of the removal of adsorbed intermediates and ethanol oxidation.
Methanol‐Tolerant Heterogeneous PdCo@PdPt/C Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yang J. , Cheng C. H. , Zhou W. , Lee J. Y. , Liu Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have prepared carbon‐supported nanoparticles with the heterogeneous structure of a PdPt shell on a PdCo core which are effective for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the presence of methanol. The preparation was based on the galvanic replacement reaction between PdCo/C nanoparticles and PtCl42–, a method of general utility which can be extended to the preparation of other core‐shell electrocatalysts. The heterogeneous PdCo‐core and PtPd‐shell architecture was confirmed by multiple techniques including high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The activity of the PdCo@PdPt/C catalyst in ORR was evaluated in acidic solutions both with and without methanol (0.1 M). The results showed four to sixfold increases in activity over a standard Pt/C catalyst with no apparent loss of catalyst stability. It is inferred that the strain effect from the lattice mismatch between the shell and core components is the major contributor for the enhancement of ORR activity and selectivity.
Investigation of Channel‐to‐Channel Cross Convection in Serpentine Flow Fields
Authors: Tehlar D. , Flückiger R. , Wokaun A. , Büchi F. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChannel‐to‐channel cross convection in serpentine flow fields of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) can influence the overall cell performance. The effect strongly depends on the gas transport properties of the gas diffusion layer (GDL). For the first time measured anisotropic, compression dependent permeability and effective diffusivity of GDLs are used to quantify the influence of cross convection on the local current distribution and performance. A model was developed to examine different channel‐rib geometries and GDL characteristics. The results show that cross convection can significantly increase the current density and consequently the power density of PEFCs. A strong sensitivity to GDL compression, flow velocity and rib width was found. As an optimised case the GDL thickness under the rib was increased resulting in about 20% higher current densities. Precise knowledge of the GDL characteristics and its compression are key to understand channel‐to‐channel cross convection and optimise perfomance.
On the Stability of Sr‐Doped La2CuO4 Against Different Electrolytes for IT‐SOFCs
Authors: Ruiz‐Bustos R. , Cantos‐Gómez A. , Dos santos‐García A. J. , Sánchez‐Bautista C. , van Duijn J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermal stability of the cathode material against an electrolyte at the operating temperature plays an important role in the fuel cell's performance. As such, compatibility tests of the most common used electrolytes with La2–xSrxCuO4 have been performed. The chemical reaction between these two materials in the temperature ranging from 800 to 1,000 °C was examined by X‐ray diffraction analyses. The results show that in all the cases there is reaction above 925 °C, making conventional cell fabrication non‐appropriate. However, we demonstrate that infiltration is a useful technique for obtaining cuprate cermets for use as cathode materials in IT‐SOFCs.
Geophysical prospection for late Holocene burials in coastal environments: Possibilities and problems from a pilot study in South Australia
Authors: Moffat Ian , Wallis Lynley A. , Hounslow Mark W. , Niland Katrina , Domett Kate , Trevorrow George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGeophysical techniques have been widely employed for the noninvasive location of burial sites in archaeological and forensic investigations. This approach has met with varying degrees of success, depending on factors such as equipment choice, survey methodology, burial type, and geological setting. This paper reports the results of a multitechnique geophysical survey carried out immediately prior to the salvage excavation of two Indigenous burials from an eolian dune in coastal South Australia. Ground‐penetrating radar was not successful in defining the location of the burials owing to the disturbed nature of the local stratigraphy. Magnetic field intensity and apparent magnetic susceptibility surveys identified discrete anomalies that coincided with the location of skeletal material revealed during excavation, which we hypothesize to be due to burning or ochre use during funerary practices. Despite the spatial association of these features, subsequent laboratory analyses of the mineralogy and magnetic properties of sediments collected from the site failed to find a definite cause of the anomalies. Nevertheless, the association between them and the primary interment locations has implications for archaeological surveys carried out in the Australian coastal zone, as it highlights the potential of magnetic field intensity and apparent magnetic susceptibility geophysical techniques undertaken with a more refined survey methodology to afford a noninvasive, culturally appropriate means through which to detect Indigenous burials. This approach may prove particularly useful in areas with disturbed stratigraphy where ground‐penetrating radar is less effective. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geophysical identification of unmarked historic graves
Authors: Dalan Rinita A. , De Vore Steven L. , Clay R. Berle 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDown‐hole magnetic susceptibility techniques were explored as a means of improving near‐surface geophysical surveys in historic grave detection. These techniques were used to document distinctive magnetic characteristics of grave shafts at three historic cemeteries first surveyed using various near‐surface geophysical methods. Tests revealed a low magnetic susceptibility signature that soil magnetic studies indicated was largely related to differential soil compaction associated with the excavation and refilling of grave shafts. Most apparent at depths beyond those reached by soil penetrometers, this magnetic signature offers a way to assess anomalies identified by near‐surface techniques that potentially represent graves. At one cemetery, magnetic studies of the interments themselves suggested spatially patterned, magnetically enhanced zones that might also aid in burial identification in certain contexts. While down‐hole techniques will not be foolproof, they do provide another geophysical tool that can be used to improve grave detection. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enigmatic spiny‐rayed fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy
Authors: Bannikov Alexandre F. , Carnevale Giorgio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new genus and species of percomorph fish,Pietschellus aenigmaticusgen. et sp. nov., is described from the Eocene (Ypresian) micritic limestone of the Monte Postale site of the Monte Bolca locality, northern Italy. This new percomorph taxon is based on a single well‐preserved nearly complete specimen that exhibits a unique combination of features. A detailed comparative analysis indicates thatPietschelluspossibly was a benthic fish which shares several character states with certain lophiiform, callionymoid, trachinoid, blennioid, pterygocephalid, cottoid and scorpaenoid taxa. Most of these shared character states, however, are reductive and seem to be related to the convergent benthic lifestyle and/or to the relative elongation of the body, being the product of parallel or convergent evolution. Therefore, the present evidence does not favour any sister‐group relationship and, as a consequence,Pietschellusis placed asincertae sediswithin the percomorph fishes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing the early 19th‐century Waal River by means of a 2D physics‐based numerical model
Authors: Arboleda Alejandro Montes , Crosato Alessandra , Middelkoop Hans 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuspended‐sediment concentration data are a missing link in reconstructions of the River Waal in the early 1800s. These reconstructions serve as a basis for assessing the long‐term effects of major interventions carried out between 1850 AD and the early 20th century. We used a 2D physics‐based morphodynamic model accounting for the influence of floodplain vegetation to fill in this gap. Historical discharge hydrographs were derived from a correlation between flow discharge records at Cologne and water level measurements of the Rhine branches in the Netherlands, taking into account the discharge distribution between the branches. Historical floodplain sedimentation rates were estimated using old cartographic information and recent geomorphologic field work. The computed historical sedimentation rates are found to be within the range of measured data, which suggests that fine suspended sediment concentrations in the early 1800s were comparable to contemporary ones. The computations show also how vegetation enhances the formation of natural levees close to the main channel and at the same time decreases the sedimentation rates in farther areas of the floodplain. A sensitivity analysis shows suspended sediment composition to have a strong influence on the resulting quantities and patterns of floodplain deposition. The reconstruction has also provided validation of the modelling tools to reproduce the effects of vegetation on sediment dynamics, enabling their implementation to study other cases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A revised land hydrology in the ECMWF model: a step towards daily water flux prediction in a fully‐closed water cycle
Authors: Balsamo G. , Pappenberger F. , Dutra E. , Viterbo P. , van den Hurk B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ECMWF land surface hydrology has been revised in the last 3 years in its soil and snow hydrological components, leading to improvements in weather and seasonal predictions. It has been shown that efforts devoted to the improvement of land surface processes can lead to a more accurate representation of the global water cycle on monthly timescales. In this paper, we analyse the impact of land hydrology revisions at daily timescales on both atmospheric near‐surface quantities and river discharges by coupling the ECMWF land surface model (HTESSEL) to a river routing scheme total runoff integration pathways (TRIP2). This application defines a hydro‐meteorological verification for land surface models and it shows the usefulness of river discharge observations for quantitative evaluation of the global water cycle at daily timescales. The relative contributions of the soil and snow hydrology revisions on atmospheric state, in particular for temperature, and the predicted river discharge are evaluated showing a significant incremental performance with the land surface updates. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using satellite altimetry data to augment flow estimation techniques on the Mekong River
Authors: Birkinshaw S. J. , O'Donnell G. M. , Moore P. , Kilsby C. G. , Fowler H. J. , Berry P. A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSatellite altimetry is routinely used to provide levels for oceans or large inland water bodies from space. By utilizing retracking schemes specially designed for inland waters, meaningful river stages can also be recovered when standard techniques fail. Utilizing retracked waveforms from ERS‐2 and ENVISAT along the Mekong, comparisons against observed stage measurements show that the altimetric measurements have a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0·44–0·65 m for ENVISAT and 0·46–0·76 m for ERS‐2. For many applications, however, stage is insufficient because discharge is the primary requirement. Investigations were therefore undertaken to estimate discharges at a downstream site (Nakhon Phanom (NP)) assuming that in situ data are available at a site 400 km upstream (Vientiane). Two hypothetical, but realistic scenarios were considered. Firstly, that NP was the site of a de‐commissioned gauge and secondly, that the site has never been gauged. Using both scenarios, predictions were made for the daily discharge using methods with and without altimetric stage data. In the first scenario using a linear regression approach the altimetry data improved the Nash‐Sutcliffe r2 value from 0·884 to 0·935. The second scenario used known river cross‐sections while lateral inflows were inferred from a hydrological model: this scenario gave an increase in the r2 value from 0·823 to 0·893. The use of altimetric stage data is shown to improve estimated discharges and further applications are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling discharge from a coastal watershed in southeast Sweden using an integrated framework
Authors: Salazar Osvaldo , Joel Abraham , Wesström Ingrid , Linnér Harry , Skaggs R. Wayne 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe field hydrology model DRAINMOD integrated with Arc Hydro in geographical information system (GIS) framework (Arc Hydro–DRAINMOD) was used to simulate the hydrological response of a coastal watershed in southeast Sweden. Arc Hydro–DRAINMOD uses a distributed approach to route water from each field edge to the watershed outlet. In the framework the Arc Hydro data model was used to describe the stream network in the watershed and to connect the individual simulated DRAINMOD‐field outflow time series from each plot using Arc Hydro schema‐links features, which were summed at Arc Hydro schema‐nodes features along the stream network to generate the stream network flow. Hydrology data collected during six periods between 2003 and 2008 were used to test Arc Hydro–DRAINMOD and its performance was evaluated by considering uncertainties in model inputs using generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE). The GLUE estimates obtained (uncertainty bands 5% and 95%) agreed satisfactorily with measured monthly discharges. The percentage of time in which the observed discharges were bracketed by the uncertainty bands was 88% in calibration periods and 75% in validation periods. Although monthly time step simulations showed good agreement with observed discharges during the two main discharge events in spring, the contradictory daily time step results indicate that the watershed response simulations on a daily basis need to be improved. The uncertainty analysis showed that in periods of higher discharge, such as spring periods, the uncertainty in prediction was higher. It is important to note that these uncertainty estimations using the GLUE procedure include the uncertainties in measured discharge values, model inputs, boundary conditions and model structures. It was estimated that stream baseflow represented 42% of the total watershed discharge, but further research is needed to confirm this. These results show that the new Arc Hydro–DRAINMOD framework is applicable for predicting discharge from artificially drained watersheds in southeast Sweden. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neighbor of punc E11, a novel oncofetal marker for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Marquardt Jens Uwe , Quasdorff Maria , Varnholt Heike , Curth Harald‐Morten , Mesghenna Senait , Protzer Ulrike , Goeser Tobias , Nierhoff Dirk 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 5th common malignancy worldwide, but established markers fail to detect up to one third of HCC. We have recently identified Neighbor of Punc E11 (Nope) as a surface marker for murine fetal liver stem cells. Similar to commonly used HCC markers such as α‐Fetoprotein (Afp) and Glypican‐3 (Gpc‐3), we here establish Nope as an oncofetal marker of murine and human HCC and investigate its specific expression in hepatoma cell lines and primary HCC. Murine and human hepatoma cell lines and Cre‐inducible SV40 T‐antigen transgenic mice (Alb‐SV40TAgind) were analyzed for Nope expression in comparison to common HCC markers by quantitative RT‐PCR, Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. Nope expression in primary human HCC was investigated using Oncomine Microarray database. Nope expression was elevated in 8 of 10 investigated murine and human hepatoma cell lines and in all tumors of our oncogenic mouse model but remained undetectable in normal liver and at preneoplastic stages of murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, a significant induction of Nope was detected in primary human cancers compared to corresponding normal or cirrhotic tissue. Nope expression in tumor specimens and murine cell lines correlated closely with expression levels of Gpc‐3, whereas expression levels of Afp showed high variations. In conclusion, we identified Nope as a novel oncofetal surface marker for murine and human HCC. Nope is specifically expressed by epithelial tumor cells but not in preneoplastic stages and is a promising marker for clinical application because of its high detection rate in Afp‐positive and Afp‐negative tumors.
Cigarette smoke induces promoter methylation of single‐stranded DNA‐binding protein 2 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Huang Yiping , Chang Xiaofei , Lee Juna , Cho Yong Gu , Zhong Xiaoli , Park Il‐Seok , Liu Jun‐Wei , Califano Joseph A. , Ratovitski Edward A. , Sidransky David , Kim Myoung Sook 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the sixth most frequent cause of cancer death in the world, and cigarette smoke is a key factor in esophageal carcinogenesis. To identify molecular changes during cigarette smoke‐induced ESCC, we examined the methylation status of 13 gene promoters in the human immortalized, nontumorigenic esophageal epithelial cell line (Het‐1A) that were exposed to mainstream (MSE) or sidestream cigarette smoke extract (SSE) for 6 months in culture. The promoter of sequence‐specific single‐stranded DNA‐binding protein 2 (SSBP2) was methylated in the Het‐1A cells exposed to MSE (MSE‐Het‐1A). Promoter methylation (86%, 56/70) and downregulation of SSBP2 expression were frequently detected in tumor tissues from ESCC patients. In addition, reintroduction of SSBP2 in an ESCC cell line (TE1) that does not express SSBP2 and in the MSE‐Het‐1A cells inhibited expression of LRP6 and Dvl3, which are mediators of the Wnt signaling pathway. SSBP2 expression markedly decreased the colony‐forming ability of ESCC cell lines and significantly inhibited cell growth of the MSE‐Het‐1A cells. Our results indicate that cigarette smoking is a cause of SSBP2 promoter methylation and that SSBP2 harbors a tumor suppressive role in ESCC through inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Detection of melanoma‐derived cancer‐testis antigen CT16 in patient sera by a novel immunoassay
Authors: Rappu Pekka , Nylund Camilla , Ristiniemi Noora , Kulpakko Janne , Vihinen Pia , Hernberg Micaela , Mirtti Tuomas , Alanen Kalle , Kallajoki Markku , Vuoristo Meri‐Sisko , Pyrhönen Seppo , Heino Jyrki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCancer‐testis antigens (CTAs) are expressed mainly in various cancer tissues and in testis or placenta. Because of their restricted expression pattern, the CTAs can be potentially used for vaccine development and diagnostic applications. CTA CT16 has been found to be expressed in lung and renal cancers as well as in melanomas. Detection of CT16 protein directly from patient serum could facilitate monitoring of tumor growth and response to therapy in CT16‐positive patients. A highly sensitive time‐resolved fluorescence‐based immunoassay measuring CTA CT16 in serum was developed. Generally, CTAs have not been measured directly from body fluids. CT16 level was detectable in 14 of 23 (61%) patients with metastatic melanoma, whereas none of the nine healthy volunteers collected by us had measurable CT16 level. For an unknown reason, 1 of 20 commercial control serum samples gave a positive result. The Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney exact test showed statistically significant difference when patients with metastatic melanoma were compared to our control group (p = 0.006) or to the commercial set (p < 0.001). Four melanoma patients had exceptionally high serum CT16 level. CT16 did not correlate either with S100B, a recognized marker of progressing melanoma, or with unspecific serum marker lactate dehydrogenase. Elevation of CT16 titers preceded or followed the clinical diagnosis of disease progression in four patients with metastatic melanoma. As a conclusion, our results show that CT16 protein can be measured directly from patient serum, and the developed assay has a potential for clinical use.
Flood management and risk assessment in flood‐prone areas: Measures and solutions
Authors: De Wrachien Daniele , Mambretti Stefano , Schultz Bart 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater‐related disasters have increased considerably worldwide in recent years. While certain trends are global (like climate change), some actions to cope with these problems have to be taken locally. In any case, the land characteristics need to be known and analysed in order to cope with the hazards and avoid their transformation into damage or disasters when exceptional events occur.This paper firstly presents preliminary definitions about the concepts of hazard, vulnerability, risk and damage/disaster, because there is a certain lack of uniformity in the use of terms, which sometimes causes confusion; thus definitions are offered, with special attention paid to flood problems. Then, risk analysis procedures are described, which consist of systematic actions in a cycle of preparedness, response and recovery, and would have to form part of integrated flood risk management. Moreover, flooding problem characteristics and the policy and related measures adopted by different European countries to protect themselves against floods, are considered and the lessons learnt from flood defence analysed, with the aim of featuring a new integrated flood management and mitigation approach that allocates more room for rivers and keeps a balance between present and foreseeable future spatial requirements of both water and people. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.