bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patlak plot analysis CT‐GFR for the determination of renal function: comparison of normal dogs with autologous kidney transplant dogs
Authors: Alexander K. , Authier S. , del Castillo J. R. E. , Arora V. , Qi S. , Guillot M. , Beauchamp G. , Troncy E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGlomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be determined using Patlak plot analysis with single‐slice dynamic computed tomography (CT). Acute autologous graft failure has several causes, all of which induce a measurable decrease in glomerular filtration rate. This study demonstrated in an experimental model of canine autologous renal transplant that CT‐derived renal plasma clearance was significantly lower (p = 0.002) in dogs having undergone transplant (0.077 ± 0.058 ml min−1 ml renal tissue−1) compared with control dogs (0.396 ± 0.139 ml min−1 ml renal tissue−1). A significant negative curvilinear relationship was seen between serum creatinine and total renal plasma clearance (R2 = 0.84,p = 0.0001). Alterations in renal time attenuation curve shape in dogs having undergone transplant may have been related to increased renal vascular resistance related to tubular necrosis. CT‐GFR may be a useful experimental tool in the evaluation of renal dysfunction in transplant models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival outcomes for clonal evolution in chronic myeloid leukemia patients on second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy
Authors: Verma Dushyant , Kantarjian Hagop , Shan Jianqin , O'Brien Susan , Estrov Zeev , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Koller Charles , Borthakur Gautam , Cortes Jorge 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Clonal evolution is frequently detected in patients developing resistance to imatinib. The outcome of patients with clonal evolution treated with second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors is not known.METHODS:The authors analyzed the outcome of 177 CML patients after second tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.RESULTS:Ninety‐five patients were in chronic phase, 30 had clonal evolution, 28 were in accelerated phase (AP), and 24 were in AP plus clonal evolution. Major cytogenetic response rates were 58%, 54%, 28%, and 13%; 2‐year overall survival (OS) rates were 86%, 73%, 68%, and 33%; and 2‐year event‐free survival (EFS) rates were 69%, 67%, 31%, and 8%, respectively. The hematologic and cytogenetic response rates, OS, and EFS were no different between patients in chronic phase with clonal evolution and patients with chronic phase and no clonal evolution. However, clonal evolution had a significant adverse impact when associated with other features of AP. On multivariate analysis, clonal evolution had no independently significant effect on achieving major cytogenetic response on the second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The factors predicting increasing major cytogenetic response to second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors were prior achievement of major cytogenetic response with imatinib, higher hemoglobin levels, no splenomegaly, lower percentage of Philadelphia chromosome‐positive metaphases, and no prior chemotherapy.CONCLUSIONS:Clonal evolution constitutes a heterogeneous entity with variable outcome with second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, with trisomy 8, chromosome 17, and complex abnormalities having the worst outcome, regardless of the number of metaphases involved. The molecular events behind these abnormalities and potential therapeutic approaches directed at them need to be defined. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Clinical and pathologic factors that predict lymph node yield from surgical specimens in colorectal cancer
Authors: Chou Joanne F. , Row David , Gonen Mithat , Liu Yi‐Hai , Schrag Deborah , Weiser Martin R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The National Quality Forum endorses the recommendation of examining at least 12 lymph nodes (LNs) from colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens. However, heterogeneity in LN harvest exists. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic factors that influence LN yield.METHODS:The authors used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to identify patients who were diagnosed with stage I, II, and III CRC between 1994 and 2005. Poisson regression was used to model the number of LNs examined as a function of individual clinicopathologic factors, including age, sex, race, year of diagnosis, geographic region, anatomic site, preoperative radiation, tumor size, tumor classification, tumor differentiation, and LN positivity.RESULTS:In total, 153,483 patients with CRC were identified. The mean number of LNs examined (± standard deviation) was 12 (±9.3). Separate multivariate analyses revealed that age, year of diagnosis, tumor size, and tumor classification were significant predictors of LN yield for colon and extraperitoneal rectal cancers (P < .01 for all covariates). Tumor location and radiotherapy were significant predictors of LN yield in patients with colon cancer and rectal cancer, respectively. Overall LN yields increased between 2% and 3% annually.CONCLUSIONS:Despite the increasing yields observed over time, patients with rectal cancer and older patients who had distally located, early colon cancer were less likely to meet the benchmark yield of 12 LNs. Further investigation into how LN yield is influenced by alterable factors, such as the extent of mesenteric resection and the pathologic technique, as well as nonalterable factors, such as patient age and tumor location, may reveal innovative ways to improve current staging methods. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Dose‐dense temozolomide regimens
Authors: Neyns Bart , Tosoni Alicia , Hwu Wen‐Jen , Reardon David A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTemozolomide is an oral alkylating agent with established antitumor activity in patients with primary brain tumors and melanoma. The originally approved temozolomide dosing regimen is 150 to 200 mg/m2 per day (Days 1 to 5 every 28‐day cycle [5 of 28 days]). However, extended dosing regimens (eg, 7 of 14 days, 21 of 28 days, 6 of 8 weeks, or continuously daily) allow for administration of a higher cumulative dose per cycle and have been shown to deplete O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase, which may enhance cytotoxic activity. This article reviews efficacy and safety data from studies that investigated dose‐dense temozolomide regimens in patients with recurrent glioma and advanced metastatic melanoma. The clinical benefits of these dose‐dense regimens compared with the standard 5 of 28‐day regimen have yet to be established. Although the toxicity profile of dose‐dense temozolomide is generally similar to that of the standard 5 of 28‐day regimen, it is associated with an increased incidence and severity of lymphocytopenia. The clinical management of temozolomide‐associated lymphodepletion and the potential risks and benefits of extended dosing with temozolomide are discussed. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that temozolomide‐associated lymphodepletion may enhance the host immune response to tumor‐associated antigens and/or immunotherapy and may overcome tumor‐mediated immunosuppression. Further studies exploring the clinical implications of lymphodepletion are warranted. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in vietnam veterans with PTSD
Authors: Cockram David M. , Drummond Peter D. , Lee Christopher W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe role of early maladaptive schemas in understanding and treating post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was investigated. The first study examined the role of perceived adverse parenting and early maladaptive schemas in the development of PTSD in Australian and New Zealand Vietnam war veterans (n = 220). Veterans diagnosed with PTSD scored higher on the Young Schema Questionnaire (L3) and had higher scores on the Measure of Parental Style than veterans not diagnosed with PTSD. The results suggest that early maladaptive schemas have an important role in the development or maintenance of PTSD in Vietnam veterans. The second study measured at baseline, termination and 3 months the early maladaptive schemas, PTSD, anxiety and depression of war veterans (n = 54) participating in a PTSD group treatment programme that included schema‐focused therapy. Scores on the PTSD Checklist, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and 17 schemas decreased significantly after treatment. Change scores for the schema treatment were compared with change scores of war veterans (n = 127) who had completed a manualized cognitive–behavioural therapy programme without schema‐focused therapy. Pre‐treatment measures were similar in both groups. Nevertheless, PTSD and anxiety improved more significantly for the schema‐focused therapy group. Together, these findings support the feasibility of schema‐focused therapy to assist veterans with PTSD. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:

War veterans with PTSD may have high levels of early maladaptive schemas.
Early maladaptive schemas, possibly arising from adverse parenting, may be a vulnerability factor for PTSD.
Addressing early maladaptive schemas, with schema‐focused therapy, should be considered within PTSD treatment programmes.
Diagnosis and formulation: what should we tell the students?
Authors: Carey Timothy A. , Pilgrim David 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAppropriately assessing and coherently conceptualising psychological problems are important precursors to delivering effective interventions. In this regard, trainee psychologists and, in particular, clinical psychology trainees, are faced with a dilemma. Training programme documentation is unequivocal in its emphasis on formulation in preference to diagnosis. In practice, however, diagnosis is often seen as an important skill for a clinician to develop. A lack of clarity concerning the relationship between diagnosis and formulation is reflected in the literature. In this paper we highlight training programme documentation from both Australia and the United Kingdom to illustrate the clarity that exists. We also summarise the literature with regard to the confusion surrounding the relationship between formulation and diagnosis and we explore the concept of psychiatric diagnosis from a definitional perspective. It appears that even the creators of psychiatric classificatory systems are not clear about exactly what a psychiatric diagnosis is. We conclude by offering some suggestions to improve the situation and to assist psychologists to make a greater contribution to the understanding and amelioration of psychological distress. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• The use of formulation, rather than diagnosis, is endorsed in training guidelines for psychologists and should be the method of choice for practicing psychologists.
Expansion of regulatory T cells via IL‐2/anti‐IL‐2 mAb complexes suppresses experimental myasthenia
Authors: Liu Ruolan , Zhou Qinghua , La Cava Antonio , Campagnolo Denise I. , Van Kaer Luc , Shi Fu‐Dong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHuman autoimmune diseases are often characterized by a relative deficiency in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg). We therefore hypothesized that expansion of Treg can ameliorate autoimmune pathology. We tested this hypothesis in an experimental model for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG), a B‐cell‐mediated disease characterized by auto‐Ab directed against the acetylcholine receptor within neuromuscular junctions. We showed that injection of immune complexes composed of the cytokine IL‐2 and anti‐IL‐2 mAb (JES6‐1A12) induced an effective and sustained expansion of Treg, via peripheral proliferation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells and peripheral conversion of CD4+CD25−Foxp3− cells. The expanded Treg potently suppressed autoreactive T‐ and B‐cell responses to acetylcholine receptor and attenuated the muscular weakness that is characteristic of MG. Thus, IL‐2/anti‐IL‐2 mAb complexes can expand functional Treg in vivo, providing a potential clinical application of this modality for treatment of MG and other autoimmune disorders.
Recent Advances in Understanding the Capacitive Storage in Microporous Carbons
Authors: Daffos B. , Taberna P.‐L. , Gogotsi Y. , Simon P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a review of our recent work on capacitance of carbide‐derived carbons (CDCs). Specific capacitance as high as 14 μF cm–2 or 160 F g–1 was achieved using CDCs with tailored subnanometer pore size, which is significantly higher than 6 μF cm–2 or 100 F g–1 for conventional activated carbons. Such high capacitance was obtained in several types of organic electrolytes with or without solvent. A maximum is obtained for the carbons with the mean pore size close to the bare ion size, ruling out the traditional point of view that mesoporosity is highly required for maximum capacitance. Surprisingly, carbons with subnanometer porosity exhibit high capacitance retention, since only a 10% loss is measured when 6 A g–1 discharge is drawn. These findings show the importance of fitting the ion size with the mean pore size. The double layer theory falls short to explain such charge storage mechanisms at the nanometer scale; thus atomistic modelling is required to find out an alternative charge storage model.
Glial progenitors in the brainstem give rise to malignant gliomas by platelet‐derived growth factor stimulation
Authors: Masui Kenta , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Torisu Rina , Goldman James E. , Canoll Peter , Iwaki Toru 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGlial progenitors in the white matter and the subventricular zone are the major population of cycling cells in the postnatal central nervous system, and thought to be candidates for glioma‐initiating cells. However, less is known about the dividing cell populations in the brainstem than those in the cerebrum, leading to the lag of basic understanding of brainstem gliomas. We herein demonstrate much fewer cycling glial progenitors exist in the brainstem than in the cerebrum. We also show that infecting brainstem glial progenitors with PDGFB‐green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing retrovirus induced tumors that closely resembled human malignant gliomas. Of note, brainstem tumors grew more slowly than cerebral tumors induced by the same retrovirus, and >80% tumor cells in the brainstem consisted of GFP‐positive, infected progenitors while GFP‐positive cells in the cerebral tumors were <20%. These indicate that cerebral tumors progressed rapidly by recruiting resident progenitors via paracrine mechanism whereas brainstem tumors grew more slowly by clonal expansion of the infected population. The cerebral and brainstem glial progenitors similarly showed reversible dedifferentiation upon PDGF stimulation in vitro and did not show the intrinsic difference in terms of the responsiveness to PDGF. We therefore suggest that slower, monoclonal progression pattern of the brainstem tumors is at least partly due to the environmental factors including the cell density of the glial progenitors. Together, these findings are the first implications regarding the cell‐of‐origin and the gliomagenesis in the brainstem. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial glycine transporter 1 function is essential for early postnatal survival but dispensable in adult mice
Authors: Eulenburg Volker , Retiounskaia Marina , Papadopoulos Theofilos , Gomeza Jesús , Betz Heinrich 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) is expressed in astrocytes and selected neurons of the mammalian CNS. In newborn mice, GlyT1 is crucial for efficient termination of glycine‐mediated inhibitory neurotransmission. Furthermore, GlyT1 has been implicated in the regulation of excitatory N‐methyl‐D‐asparate (NMDA) receptors. To evaluate whether glial and neuronal GlyT1 have distinct roles at inhibitory synapses, we inactivated the GlyT1 gene cell type‐specifically using mice carrying floxed GlyT1 alleles GlyT1(+)/+). GlyT1(+)/(+) mice expressing Cre recombinase in glial cells developed severe neuromotor deficits during the first postnatal week, which mimicked the phenotype of conventional GlyT1 knock‐out mice and are consistent with glycinergic over‐inhibition. In contrast, Cre‐mediated inactivation of the GlyT1 gene in neuronal cells did not result in detectable motor impairment. Notably, some animals deficient for glial GlyT1 survived the first postnatal week and did not develop neuromotor deficits throughout adulthood, although GlyT1 expression was efficiently reduced. Thus, glial GlyT1 is critical for the regulation of glycine levels at inhibitory synapses only during early postnatal life. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocytic endogenous glial cell derived neurotrophic factor production is enhanced by bone marrow stromal cell transplantation in the ischemic boundary zone after stroke in adult rats
Authors: Shen L. H. , Li Y. , Chopp M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) facilitate functional recovery in rats after focal ischemic attack. Growing evidence suggests that the secretion of various bioactive factors underlies BMSCs' beneficial effects. This study investigates the expression of glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the ischemic hemisphere with or without BMSC administration. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by an injection of 3 × 106 BMSCs (n = 11) or phosphate‐buffered saline (n = 10) into the tail vein 24 h later. Animals were sacrificed seven days later. Single and double immunohistochemical staining was performed to measure GDNF, Ki67, doublecortin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression as well as the number of apoptotic cells along the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ) and/or in the subventricular zone (SVZ). BMSC treatment significantly increased GDNF expression and decreased the number of apoptotic cells in the IBZ (P < 0.05). GDNF expression was colocalized with GFAP. Meanwhile, BMSCs increased the number of Ki‐67 positive cells and the density of DCX positive migrating neuroblasts (P < 0.05). GDNF expression was significantly increased in single astrocytes collected from animals treated with BMSCs, and in astrocytes cocultured with BMSCs after OGD (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that BMSCs increase GDNF levels in the ischemic hemisphere; the major source of GDNF protein is reactive astrocytes. We propose that the increase of GDNF in response to BMSC administration creates a hospitable environment for local cellular repair as well as for migrating neuroblasts from the SVZ, and thus contributes to the functional improvement. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial and temporal variability of flood seasonality in Wales
Authors: Macdonald Neil , Phillips Ian D. , Mayle Gareth 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHigh‐magnitude floods across Europe within the last decade have resulted in the widespread reassessment of flood risk; this coupled with the introduction of the Water Framework Directive (2000) has increased the need for a detailed understanding of seasonal variability in flood magnitude and frequency.Mean day of flood (MDF) and flood seasonality were calculated for Wales using 30 years of gauged river‐flow records (1973–2002). Noticeable regional variations in timing and length of flood season are evident, with flooding occurring earlier in small catchments draining higher elevations in north and mid‐west Wales. Low‐altitude regions in West Wales exposed to westerly winds experience flooding during October–January, while large eastern draining catchments experience later flooding (January–February). In the northeast and mid‐east regions December–January months experience the greatest number of floods, while the southeast has a slightly longer flood season (December–February), with a noticeable increase in January floods. Patterns obtained from MDF data demonstrate their effectiveness and use in analysing regional patterns in flood seasonality, but catchment‐specific determinants, e.g. catchment wetness, size and precipitation regime are important factors in flood seasonality. Relatively strong correlations between precipitation and flood activity are evident in Wales, with a poorer relationship between flooding and weather types and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of trends in hydrological extremes for Canadian watersheds
Authors: Burn Donald H. , Sharif Mohammed , Zhang Kan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe potential impacts of climate change can alter the risk to critical infrastructure resulting from changes to the frequency and magnitude of extreme events. As well, the natural environment is affected by the hydrologic regime, and changes in high flows or low flows can have negative impacts on ecosystems. This article examines the detection of trends in extreme hydrological events, both high and low flow events, for streamflow gauging stations in Canada. The trend analysis involves the application of the Mann–Kendall non‐parametric test. A bootstrap resampling process has been used to determine the field significance of the trend results. A total of 68 gauging stations having a nominal record length of at least 50 years are analysed for two analysis periods of 50 and 40 years. The database of Canadian rivers investigated represents a diversity of hydrological conditions encompassing different extreme flow generating processes and reflects a national scale analysis of trends. The results reveal more trends than would be expected to occur by chance for most of the measures of extreme flow characteristics. Annual and spring maximum flows show decreasing trends in flow magnitude and decreasing trends in event timing (earlier events). Low flow magnitudes exhibit both decreasing and increasing trends. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How do disconnected macropores in sloping soils facilitate preferential flow?
Authors: Nieber John L. , Sidle Roy C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRunoff from hillslopes is generated by processes such as infiltration‐excess and saturation overland flow, subsurface stormflow and subsurface return flow. Preferential flow through macropores can affect any one of these runoff generation processes. Field studies at the Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed in Japan have noted that self‐organization processes may manifest the connectivity of such subsurface flow paths, particularly via macropores, from hillslopes to stream channels. It is well established from soil physics principles that the connectivity of macropore networks depends on soil wetness and this has been shown experimentally at Hitachi Ohta where subsurface flow and streamflow respond to thresholds of wetness. Numerical solutions to the three‐dimensional Richards equation are derived for a sloping soil block containing a population of disconnected macropores of various sizes, shapes and orientations. Solutions for the case of steady water flux applied to the surface of the soil block are evaluated to determine the conditions where the disconnected macropores become active in the flow process. Results show that subsurface flow is directed through the preferential flow network in the saturated portion of the soil but bypasses the macropores in the drier regions. The preferential flow network expands as the degree of saturation increases. The expanding network of active macropores leads to less resistance to overall flow in the domain and access to increased volumes of the flow domain. Although the individual macropores are disconnected, it is argued that large localized hydraulic gradients can potentially lead to preferred zones of subsurface erosion. In addition to the importance of these findings related to stormflow generation in catchments, they add support to the concept of self‐organization of subsurface flow systems in soils. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.