bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination anti-CD74 (milatuzumab) and anti-CD20 (rituximab) monoclonal antibody therapy has in vitro and in vivo activity in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Alinari Lapo , Yu Bo , Christian Beth A. , Yan Fengting , Shin Jungook , Lapalombella Rosa , Hertlein Erin , Lustberg Mark E. , Quinion Carl , Zhang Xiaoli , Lozanski Gerard , Muthusamy Natarajan , Prætorius-Ibba Mette , O'Connor Owen A. , Goldenberg David M. , Byrd John C. , Blum Kristie A. , Baiocchi Robert A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell malignancy with a median survival of 3 years despite chemoimmunotherapy. Rituximab, a chimeric anti–CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb), has shown only modest activity as single agent in MCL. The humanized mAb milatuzumab targets CD74, an integral membrane protein linked with promotion of B-cell growth and survival, and has shown preclinical activity against B-cell malignancies. Because rituximab and milatuzumab target distinct antigens and potentially signal through different pathways, we explored a preclinical combination strategy in MCL. Treatment of MCL cell lines and primary tumor cells with immobilized milatuzumab and rituximab resulted in rapid cell death, radical oxygen species generation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Cytoskeletal distrupting agents significantly reduced formation of CD20/CD74 aggregates, cell adhesion, and cell death, highlighting the importance of actin microfilaments in rituximab/milatuzumab–mediated cell death. Cell death was independent of caspase activation, Bcl-2 family proteins or modulation of autophagy. Maximal inhibition of p65 nuclear translocation was observed with combination treatment, indicating disruption of the NF-κB pathway. Significant in vivo therapeutic activity of combination rituximab and milatuzumab was demonstrated in a preclinical model of MCL. These data support clinical evaluation of combination milatuzumab and rituximab therapy in MCL.
Venous thromboembolism prevention in medical patients: a framework for improving practice
Authors: Vaughan-Shaw P G , Cannon C 
Published: January 2011

Objective Medical inpatients have been shown to be at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) including fatal pulmonary emboli. Several studies have shown that pharmacological thromboprophylaxis significantly reduces the rates of VTE, yet studies published to date have shown a considerable underuse of thromboprophylaxis in medical patients. This study assesses the current use of thromboprophylaxis in medical patients at our institution and aims to identify simple strategies to improve practice. Design A prospective study of thromboprophylaxis prescription was undertaken on three occasions over a 12-month period. Patients were stratified according to the number of risk factors and standards of thromboprophylaxis assessed according to risk. After the first round of data collection, results were presented, a local guideline was developed and a risk assessment was added to the clerking pro forma. Results There were 122 patients in the first round, 101 in the second and 163 in the third. Eligible moderate and high-risk patients receiving a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) increased from 31% to 63% ( P < 0.005) over the study period. Prescription of thromboembolic deterrent (TED) stockings in those contraindicated to LMWH increased from 23% to 35% although this was not statistically significant ( P = 0.08), and the percentage of high-risk patients correctly receiving LMWH, TED stockings or both increased from 22% to 62% ( P < 0.0005). Documentation of contraindications to thromboprophylaxis increased from 0% to 59% ( P < 0.0005). Conclusion This paper demonstrates an initial rate of thromboprophylaxis use considerably less than the ENDORSE trial. However the strategies employed following initial audit resulted in a significant increase in the prescription of both mechanical and pharmacological thromboprophylaxis. This example demonstrates the role of audit education and a risk assessment in stimulating change. Such strategies could be used to ensure compliance to recently published National Institute of Clinical Excellence VTE guidelines. Furthermore this example could be generalized to improve other aspects of care.
Non–HDL Cholesterol Shows Improved Accuracy for Cardiovascular Risk Score Classification Compared to Direct or Calculated LDL Cholesterol in a Dyslipidemic Population
Authors: van Deventer Hendrick E , Miller W Greg , Myers Gary L , Sakurabayashi Ikunosuke , Bachmann Lorin M , Caudill Samuel P , Dziekonski Andrzej , Edwards Selvin , Kimberly Mary M , Korzun William J , Leary Elizabeth T , Nakajima Katsuyuki , Nakamura Masakazu , Shamburek Robert D , Vetrovec George W , Warnick G Russell , Remaley Alan T 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUNDOur objective was to evaluate the accuracy of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score classification by direct LDL cholesterol (dLDL-C), calculated LDL cholesterol (cLDL-C), and non–HDL cholesterol (non–HDL-C) compared to classification by reference measurement procedures (RMPs) performed at the CDC.METHODSWe examined 175 individuals, including 138 with CVD or conditions that may affect LDL-C measurement. dLDL-C measurements were performed using Denka, Kyowa, Sekisui, Serotec, Sysmex, UMA, and Wako reagents. cLDL-C was calculated by the Friedewald equation, using each manufacturer's direct HDL-C assay measurements, and total cholesterol and triglyceride measurements by Roche and Siemens (Advia) assays, respectively.RESULTSFor participants with triglycerides &lt;2.26 mmol/L (&lt;200 mg/dL), the overall misclassification rate for the CVD risk score ranged from 5% to 17% for cLDL-C methods and 8% to 26% for dLDL-C methods when compared to the RMP. Only Wako dLDL-C had fewer misclassifications than its corresponding cLDL-C method (8% vs 17%; P &lt; 0.05). Non–HDL-C assays misclassified fewer patients than dLDL-C for 4 of 8 methods (P &lt; 0.05). For participants with triglycerides ≥2.26 mmol/L (≥200 mg/dL) and &lt;4.52 mmol/L (&lt;400 mg/dL), dLDL-C methods, in general, performed better than cLDL-C methods, and non–HDL-C methods showed better correspondence to the RMP for CVD risk score than either dLDL-C or cLDL-C methods.CONCLUSIONSExcept for hypertriglyceridemic individuals, 7 of 8 dLDL-C methods failed to show improved CVD risk score classification over the corresponding cLDL-C methods. Non–HDL-C showed overall the best concordance with the RMP for CVD risk score classification of both normal and hypertriglyceridemic individuals.
Effect of Physisporinus vitreus on wood properties of Norway spruce. Part 1: Aspects of delignification and surface hardness
Authors: Lehringer Christian , Koch Gerald , Adusumalli Ramesh-Babu , Mook William M. , Richter Klaus , Militz Holger 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The white rot fungus Physisporinus vitreus is currently tested for several biotechnological applications such as permeability improvement of refractory wood species or the optimization of the acoustic properties of wood for violins. The enzymatic activity of P. vitreus results in the degradation of pit membranes and simultaneous alterations of the tracheid cell wall structure in wood of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst]. By this means, selective delignification and simultaneous degradation occur in the latewood tracheids at short incubation times. To study the delignification of individual cell wall layers in latewood tracheids, cellular UV-microspectrophotometry was applied to wood of Norway spruce that had been incubated for between 3 and 9 weeks. By means of this technique, the progressing delignification was demonstrated in the latewood tracheid secondary walls. Moreover, local delignification in close proximity to hyphal tunneling, cavities, and notches was evident. Additionally, the mechanical changes were measured (a) at the macroscopic level by Brinell hardness test and (b) at the cellular level by nanoindentation. Brinell hardness was significantly reduced with increasing incubation time which was attributed to the partial delignification. Unlike Brinell tests, results from nanoindentation tests did not show a clear effect of fungal activity because of the material heterogeneity and the high spatial resolution of this technique. The present study provides methodological approaches for the investigation of wood-fungus interactions and contributes to a better understanding of the characteristics of wood decay at the subcellular level caused by the white rot fungus P. vitreus. Moreover, it establishes the basis for a subsequent chemical analysis, for which the results will be the topic of a second paper in this series.
Progestin effects in endometriosis treatment: new research on mechanisms
Authors: Mueck Alfred O. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
New research on mechanisms of progestin effects in endometriosis treatment has been performed with dienogest (DNG), which has recently been launched in this regard. It is effective in the same low dosage of 2 mg/day, similar to the use of contraception and hormone therapy, whereas other progestogens (with the exception of dydrogesterone) must be given in much higher dosages to treat typical symptoms of endometriosis. This short review summarizes experimental studies on DNG. They demonstrate strong antiproliferative effects in endometrial and endometriotic cells or experimental endometriosis, as well as anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic actions. By direct action on the ovarian folliculogenesis DNG lead to only modest suppression of estradiol production in contrast to the high-dosed progestogens or to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. These effects add to the well-known tolerability because DNG is very neutral regarding cardiovascular, metabolic or central action which also makes it suitable for long-term therapy.
Mechanisms for differential effects between natural progesterone and synthetic progestogens on normal breast tissue
Authors: Söderqvist Gunnar 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Both epidemiological studies and experimental data on normal breast tissue suggest increased cancer risk, proliferation and mammographic breast density (MD) during hormone therapy (HT) containing synthetic progestogens in traditional doses, and the relative risk or RR is approximately 1.5–3 (for women treated vs. untreated with the above therapies), proliferation levels of normal breast epithelial cells of around 10% and increase in MD in up to around 50% of women during treatment. Dose-response relationships have been inferred by correlations between progestogens as levonorgestrel, norethisterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate on the one hand and proliferation and/or MD on the other hand, and of indications of lower relative risk of breast cancer with modern low or ultra-low dose HT. In contrast, natural progesterone endogenously during the menstrual cycle has a weak effect and exogenous estrogen in combination with oral micronized progesterone in HT has shown to yield an indifferent effect on proliferation. Furthermore, in epidemiological studies such as the French E3N cohort, these combinations have not shown any risk increase for breast cancer for at least 5 years of treatment. Experimental data supporting or not supporting the view that the main proliferative mechanism for natural progesterone is through binding to its nascent progesterone receptors is discussed as well as the pros and cons that the non-physiological higher proliferation levels induced by synthetic progestogens is mainly mediated through interaction with potent growth factors and their paracrine and/or cell signaling pathways.
Humic substances extraction, characterization and interaction with U(VI) at Ruprechtov site (CZ)
Authors: Červinka Radek , Štamberg Karel , Havlová Václava , Noseck Ulrich 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe extent of complexation between natural humic acid (HA) and uranium(VI) has been investigated at the Ruprechtov natural analogue site, Czech Republic. Natural HA was extracted from the clay sediments enriched by organic matter and then characterized for their elemental composition, UV/Vis and infrared spectroscopic properties, exchange capacity and protonation constants. Moreover, the reference sample HA-leonardite was selected and studied for comparison. Complexation between natural HA and U(VI) was studied using the cation exchange technique at pH 5–6. The experimental work was focused on study dependence of U(VI) complexation with HA: i) on the concentration of HA 1–40 mg/l, and ii) on the concentration of U(VI) 1×10−5–1×10−7 M. The charge neutralization model (CNM) was used for evaluation of the experimental data, modified in a way, that the total charge was divided among the individual U(VI) species in solution under given conditions. The stability constant value was determined to be logβ=4.32±0.50, LC=50–60%, being independent on the HA concentration at U(VI) concentrations of 1×10−4 M. On the other hand, a dependence on the stability constant for the different U(VI) concentrations was observed. At close to real conditions of the site (U(VI)=1×10−7 M andmHA=5 mg/l) the stability constant logβ=6.16, LC=50.3–52.7%.
Comparative performance of semi-absolutek0-instrumental neutron activation analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) for compositional decoding of aluminum base alloys
Authors: Wasim Mohammad , Ahmad Sajjad , Arif Mohammad , Daud Muhammad , Nawaz H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSamples of certified aluminum base alloys were analyzed by semi-absolute, standardlessk0-instrumental neutron activation analysis (k0-INAA) for compositional decoding. Irradiations were performed at two research reactors located at Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology having nominal thermal neutron fluxes of 1013and 1012 cm−2s−1. The experimentally optimized parameters for NAA suggest a maximum of three sets of irradiations for the quantification of 8 major and minor elements. Moreover, the same conditions provided quantitative results for 10 other elements as impurities, which were not reported by the supplier of the reference material. The same alloys were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) where all impurity elements, quantified byk0-INAA, were below the detection limits. A comparison of % relative deviation of the results obtained byk0-INAA and ICP-OES revealed that the former has better accuracy than ICP-OES, butk0-INAA has poor limits of detection for Mg, Si and Ti in aluminum base alloy.
Determination of 235U/238U ratio by low energy gamma rays: an experimental evaluation
Authors: Mirashi Nirupama N. , Chakraborty Sumana , Aggarwal S. K. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Determination of the 235U/238U atom ratio is required for various applications. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) is generally used for this purpose since the method gives most precise results. However, the method has limitations like elaborate sample preparation and high cost. Thus, an alternative methodology based on low energy photon spectrometry (LEPS) was developed and tested using routine samples. It involves the determination of gamma (γ) activity at gamma energies of 63.3, 92.8, 143.6, and 185.7 keV in isotopic standard solutions of uranium and different enriched uranium sample solutions. The method is fast as it does not involve chemical treatment as in TIMS. In this paper, a comparative evaluation of thermal ionization mass spectrometry and low energy photon spectrometry is reported for the determination of the 235U/238U atom ratio. The results obtained by the two systems compare well with each other within the statistical uncertainties of each system. Between the two, low energy photon spectrometry will be useful for rapid analysis of routine samples of enriched uranium.
Current and Future Challenges for DEWATS Researchers and Designers
Authors: Buckley C.A. 
Published: January 2011

The current challenges facing the provision of sanitation services to the poor are explained in terms of the MDGs, rigid discharge standards, increasing water stress, intermittent energy supply are outlined. They are contrasted with future responses and objectives such as sustainability targets, risk based approaches to the setting of effluent limits, the emphasis on water conservation, food security and the acknowledgement of excreta as a resource. In spite of these secondary objective it must be noted that the primary reason for sanitation systems is public health. The main pathogen load is in excreta which is traditionally dispersed in many times its mass of water. The large numbers of peoples to be served implies that the systems need to be standardized, prefabricated and to be capable of integrating into an upgrade trajectory. This implies that although the systems must be inexpensive, the technology which is used to developing the systems must be sophisticated. The upgrade trajectory needs to take into account aspects such as low flows, separated waste streams (source separation), the beneficial use of the components in excreta (possibly in agriculture) and the use of low energy processes - possibly to be even a net energy producer.
Research challenges will include the splitting of streams so as to promote better treatment or reuse; the development of low pressure (or gravity driven) membrane systems and the integration of constructed wetlands and agricultural systems into the treatment process. The streams will become much more concentrated so that reactor design more sophisticated.
The DEWATS system which consisting of an anaerobic baffled reactor followed by an anaerobic filter which feeds into a constructed wetland and incorporating gravity membrane filtration will provide different qualities of treated wastewater for use in horticulture. The inclusion of source separation will provide additional cost savings and agricultural benefits.
Evaluation of the Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Plants in Four Provinces in Indonesia
Authors: Rochmadi R. , Ciptaraharja I. , Setiadi T. 
Published: January 2011

In Indonesia there is a number of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Plant or Community-based Sanitation (called SANIMAS) locations. In this study, the survey locations included Tangerang – Serang Province, Surabaya – East Java Province, Yogyakarta Province and Bali Province. These locations were selected for the following considerations: variation of influent into the SANIMAS system, ease of access to the SANIMAS manager, availability of resources and data completeness of the system and the distance to the available wastewater laboratory. Most of the SANIMAS, systems applied in Indonesia were developed by BORDA having a similar shape and size.
The study found that the typical BORDA biodigester (with a diameter of 3 meter) could work well at the loading rate of 1 kg-COD/day/m3 of biodigester, and it could reduce COD up to 3.5 kg-COD/day. If all of the removed COD was converted into biogas, it would produce 1,850 L of biogas/day, with the concentration of CH4 in biogas of about 75%. Moreover, the SANIMAS system operation was very simple; in general, there were no obstacles in the operation of SANIMAS system, neither in communal, tofu-tempe industries, nor in treating cattle dung. However, there were several constraints/problems associated with the system performance and SANIMAS system as a whole found in this study.
A Decentralized Grey Water Treatment and Reuse System in a Residential Area for Landscaping and Environmental Purposes
Authors: Wang X. C. , Cheng B. B. , Chen R. 
Published: January 2011

A case study was conducted in a residential area in Xi'an, China for grey water treatment and reuse for landscaping and environmental purposes. Through a dual-pipe system, grey water and black water were separately collected from 6 buildings at a flow rate about 100 m3/d. The collected grey water was treated by a hybrid physicochemical process using a fluidized pellet bed separator as the first stage and by ozone enhanced flotation as the second stage. In order to maintain good water quality in the artificial lake, part of the stored water was sent back to the second stage of the treatment facilities for water quality polishing. From the pond, water was also pumped for gardening and other non-potable uses. The average daily consumption (for gardening, surface evaporation and other losses) was about 60 m3/d.
The project was proved technically feasible because the treatment system could provide water with good quality to meet the specification of for scenic environment reuse and sustain a beautiful water environment. It was also proved economically feasible because the cost for water reclamation could be well compensated by the cost saved for purchasing fresh water which would be consumed for the same purpose of landscaping and environmental water use. This case study provided a good example of decentralized wastewater treatment and reclamation for landscaping and environmental reuse.
Anaerobic Digestion of Domestic Wastewater: The Role of Alkalinity in the Rate and Extent of Digestion
Authors: Foxon KM , Brouckaert CJ , Buckley CA 
Published: January 2011

For an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) treating domestic wastewater, the major variables affecting the rate and extent of digestion are the organic loading/residence time, the upflow velocity and the pH/alkalinity characteristics of the wastewater. In this study, an ABR was operated at two different flow rates; in Phase A, a higher loading rate of 0.74 kgCOD/m3.d was employed, while in Phase B, the loading rate was reduced to 0.40 kgCOD/m3.d. At the higher organic loading rate, significantly higher solids accumulation rates per kgCOD treated were obtained, and it was estimated that only 30% of the influent COD was converted to CH4. At the lower loading rate the estimated conversion to methane was 60%.
The most probable cause for the poor COD removal was failure of stable anaerobic microbial consortia to establish under the relatively high selection pressure experienced at the high loading rate, due to washout of anaerobic species. It was concluded that low wastewater alkalinity (240 mgCaCO3/l) characteristic of the KwaZulu-Natal East Coast region resulted in low compartment pH values and associated inhibition of microbial activity, causing slower digestion of organics, and greater washout, particularly of methanogenic organisms, at higher up-flow velocities. The implication was that critical value for up-flow velocity, above which washout of anaerobic species occurs, depends on the organic loading and the prevailing pH and alkalinity.
This has implications for the stability of any anaerobic system, and the extent of treatment of the effluent, specifically, that low wastewater alkalinity has the potential to significantly affect reactor design in any anaerobic system.
Urine Separation - Opportunities for Developing Countries
Authors: Ronteltap Mariska , Sirait Nanda Lasro Elisabet 
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we discuss the possibilities for separate urine collection, treatment and reuse. Treatment technologies are discussed per category of hygienisation, volume reduction, stabilisation, phosphorus and nitrogen removal. Several recovery products can be obtained, of which the slow-release fertiliser struvite is the most common.
Urine can also be applied as a fertiliser itself, after hygienisation and reducing ammonia loss to a minimum. It is shown that urine is well worth being regarded as a resource and not merely a waste stream. In combination with onsite sanitation, even without reuse, urine separation contributes to prevention of groundwater pollution.