bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic transpapillary drainage for external fistulas developing after surgical or radiological pancreatic interventions
Authors: Rana Surinder Singh , Kumar Bhasin Deepak , Nanda Mohit , Siyad Ismail , Gupta Rajesh , Kang Mandeep , Nagi Birinder , Singh Kartar 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims:  External pancreatic fistulas (EPFs) are a therapeutic challenge. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic transpapillary nasopancreatic drainage (NPD) in patients with EPF.Methods:  Over 12 years, 23 patients (19 males) with EPF underwent attempted endoscopic transpapillary NPD. The end points were fistula closure with healing of pancreatic duct disruption on nasopancreatogram, or need for surgery.Results:  All 23 patients had persistent drain output (>50 mL/day) for >6 weeks. The mean output volume of the fistula was 223 mL (range: 60 mL to 750 mL). Sixteen patients had partial and seven patients had complete pancreatic duct disruption. The NPD could be successfully placed in 21/23 (91.3%) patients. Disruption was bridged in 15 of 16 patients with partial duct disruption. EPF healed in 2–8 weeks of placement of NPD in all of the patients with partial duct disruption that was bridged and there was no recurrence at a mean follow‐up of 38 months. The EPF resolved in only 2/6 (33%) patients with complete duct disruption.Conclusions:  External pancreatic fistulas developing following percutaneous drainage of pancreatic fluid collections or surgical necrosectomy can be effectively treated by transpapillary nasopancreatic drain placement especially when there is partial ductal disruption and the disruption can be bridged.
Multiple tiny granulomatous lesions with eosinophils in a patient with smoldering‐type adult T‐cell leukaemia: The possibility of a new type of bronchioloalveolopathy
Authors: ISHII Hiroshi , KAWABATA Yoshinori , AMEMIYA Yuka , OGATA Masao , KADOTA Jun‐ichi 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTWe herein describe the first case, to our knowledge, of pulmonary lesions characterized by necrotizing granuloma formation with eosinophils, in a patient with smoldering‐type adult T‐cell leukaemia. A 74‐year‐old man, diagnosed with smoldering‐type adult T‐cell leukaemia 1 year previously, was admitted due to repeated pyrexia and concurrent identification of diffuse small pulmonary nodules. A surgical lung biopsy specimen revealed inflammatory nodular lesions measuring up to 3 mm in size, which contained necrotizing and non‐necrotizing granulomas, intraluminar organization and eosinophils, and were of unknown aetiology. The patient's condition, including the radiological findings, improved gradually without any treatment. This case suggests the possibility of a new type of human T‐lymphotropic virus type‐1 associated bronchioloalveolar disorder.
The physical activity, stress and metabolic syndrome triangle: a guide to unfamiliar territory for the obesity researcher
Authors: Holmes M. E. , Ekkekakis P. , Eisenmann J. C. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryResearch aimed at deciphering the aetiology of obesity and the metabolic syndrome remains focused on two behavioural factors, namely diet and physical activity, even though epidemiologic research suggests that these two cornerstones of treatment and prevention account for only a small‐to‐moderate portion of the variance in these phenotypes. In recent years, this observation has prompted the intensified investigation of the pathogenic potential of factors that extend beyond the traditional concept of energy imbalance and examine the putative causes of this imbalance. Psychosocial stress has emerged as one such factor, raising the need for researchers to be informed about this expansive and complex literature. The purpose of this review is twofold (i) To introduce obesity researchers to fundamental concepts and historically important theoretical developments in the stress field and (ii) To outline the dyadic and triadic interactions between stress, physical activity and the metabolic syndrome. Although the expansion of the research focus to multiple, diverse and interacting putative causal agents will certainly increase the complexity of the research enterprise, this step seems essential for the comprehension and effective response to the continuing rise in the prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
Correlation of the Experience of Peer Relational Aggression Victimization and Depression among African American Adolescent Females*
Authors: Gomes Melissa M. , Davis Bertha L. , Baker Spencer R. , Servonsky E. Jane 
Published: November 2009

PROBLEM:  This study aimed to examine if the experience of peer relational aggression victimization (PRAV) can be linked to feelings of depression in the African American adolescent female population.METHODS:  The sample included 241 college‐age African American adolescent females assessed for PRAV and depression. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the variables.FINDINGS:  PRAV in this study population does exist as a detrimental phenomenon, whereby PRAV significantly correlates with depression, r (214) = 0.29, p < .01.CONCLUSION:  Nurses can assist the adolescent clients experiencing relational aggression by becoming knowledgeable on the presentation and manifestations of this experience.
Bacterial colonisation of root canal dentine previously treated with endodontic irrigants
Authors: Rasimick Brian J. , Shah Rinal P. , Musikant Barry L. , Deutsch Allan S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCertain irrigants leave antimicrobial residues on dentine. This study assessed if residues from MTAD, Endo‐CHX, Peridex Oral Rinse or 6% NaOCl were inactivated by exposure to simulated leakage. Extracted teeth (15/group) were cut and drilled to produce a cylindrical canal space. They were irrigated, dried with paper points and transferred into 1 mL of simulated leakage (Enterococcus faecalis in tryptic soy broth) every 24 h. After one, two or three transfers, the number of colony forming units was measured by drilling the canal space and recovering the dentine shavings in antimicrobial‐inactivating broth. Two‐way anova of the log‐transformed data showed irrigation method, leakage volume and their interaction were significant factors (P < 0.001). Compared with the positive control, the logarithmic reductions in the number of E. faecalis colonies after the first and third millilitre of leakage were: Endo‐CHX 6.2 and 2.4; MTAD 3.4 and 2.7; Peridex 1.6 and 0.4; NaOCl 1.0 and 0.0.
Evaluation of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Immunoassays Using a 22F Adsorption Step with Serum Samples from Infants Vaccinated with Conjugate Vaccines
Authors: Poolman Jan T. , Frasch Carl E. , Käyhty Helena , Lestrate Pascal , Madhi Shabir A. , Henckaerts Isabelle 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe history of the pneumococcal polysaccharide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is characterized by a continuous search for increased specificity. A third-generation ELISA that uses 22F polysaccharide inhibition has increased the specificity of the assay, particularly at low antibody concentrations. The present work compared various 22F ELISAs and non-22F ELISAs. The comparisons involved three different laboratories, including a WHO reference laboratory, and included sera from subjects from different geographic areas immunized with different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, including the licensed 7-valent Prevenar vaccine and the 10-valent Synflorix vaccine. All comparisons led to the same conclusion that the threshold defined as 0.35 μg/ml for the WHO non-22F ELISA is lower when any 22F ELISA is used. The use of highly purified polysaccharides for coating further improved the specificity of the assay. In conclusion, we confirm that the 22F ELISA can be recommended as a reference method for the determination of antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharides.
Oxidative Stress of
Burkholderia cenocepacia
Induces Insertion Sequence-Mediated Genomic Rearrangements That Interfere with Macrorestriction-Based Genotyping
Authors: Drevinek Pavel , Baldwin Adam , Lindenburg Laurens , Joshi Lovleen Tina , Marchbank Angela , Vosahlikova Sarka , Dowson Christopher G. , Mahenthiralingam Eshwar 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia cenocepacia
can cause serious infections and epidemics in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). A CF population in the Czech Republic experienced an epidemic outbreak caused by a
B. cenocepacia
ST-32 strain. The clonality of the isolates was evident by multilocus sequence typing; however, fingerprinting profiles obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed substantial band variability. We investigated whether the PFGE pattern diversity resulted from genomic rearrangements mediated by insertion sequences (IS); in addition, we determined whether stressful growth conditions altered the transposition activity of these IS. DNA probes for IS commonly found in
B. cenocepacia
were designed using the
B. cenocepacia
J2315 genome. Southern hybridization analysis of ST-32 isolates demonstrated diversity in both the copy number and the insertion site for a homologue of ISBcen20. Movement of the ISBcen20 homologue was detected when the ST-32 isolate CZ1238 was exposed to oxidative stress (growth in the presence of H
2
O
2
). PFGE analysis of CZ1238 derivatives exposed to oxidative stress demonstrated genomic rearrangements. Interestingly, when the closely related
B. cenocepacia
strain J2315 was exposed to oxidative stress, no movement of ISBcen20 was detected. Since frameshift mutations are present within the transposases of all copies of this IS in J2315, our data suggest that the transposase is inactive. In summary, we have demonstrated for the first time that IS movement can be mediated by oxidative stress and can lead to genomic rearrangements in the CF pathogen
B. cenocepacia
. These IS movements may alter the PFGE fingerprints of isolates that are clonal by other typing methods.
Corneal Graft Rejection Complicated by
Paracoccus yeei
Infection in a Patient Who Had Undergone a Penetrating Keratoplasty
Authors: Kanis M. J. , Oosterheert J. J. , Lin S. , Boel C. H. E. , Ekkelenkamp M. B. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

A 68-year-old man who had undergone two penetrating keratoplasties of his left eye was admitted with early corneal graft failure. Culture of the anterior chamber fluid yielded
Paracoccus yeei
, a nonfermentative Gram-negative bacillus which thus far had only been implicated in ocular disease by means of PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing directly on patient material.
Blimp-1-Dependent Plasma Cell Differentiation Is Required for Efficient Maintenance of Murine Gammaherpesvirus Latency and Antiviral Antibody Responses
Authors: Siegel Andrea M. , Rangaswamy Udaya Shankari , Napier Ruth J. , Speck Samuel H. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Recent evidence from the study of Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus supports a model in which terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells leads to virus reactivation. Here we address the role of Blimp-1, the master transcriptional regulator of plasma cell differentiation, in murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) latency and reactivation. Blimp-1 expression in infected cells was dispensable for acute virus replication in the lung following intranasal inoculation and in the spleen following intraperitoneal inoculation with MHV68. However, we observed a role for Blimp-1 in both the establishment of latency and reactivation from latency
in vivo
. Additionally, plasma cell-deficient mice also exhibited a significant defect in the establishment of latency in the spleen, as well as reactivation from latency, similar to mice that lacked Blimp-1 only in MHV68-infected cells. In the absence of plasma cells, MHV68 infection failed to elicit a strong germinal center response and fewer B cells in the germinal center were MHV68 infected. Notably, the absence of a functional Blimp-1 gene only in MHV68-infected cells led to a decrease in both B-cell and CD4
+
T-cell responses during the establishment of latency. Finally, Blimp-1 expression in infected cells played a critical role in the maintenance of both MHV68 latency in the spleen and antibody responses to MHV68. Together, these studies support a model wherein episodic Blimp-1-mediated plasma cell differentiation leads to MHV68 reactivation, which serves to both renew the latency reservoirs and stimulate long-lived plasma cells to secrete virus-specific antibody.
Mouse-Specific Residues of Claudin-1 Limit Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2a Infection in a Human Hepatocyte Cell Line
Authors: Haid Sibylle , Windisch Marc P. , Bartenschlager Ralf , Pietschmann Thomas 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTRecently, claudin-1 (CLDN1) was identified as a host protein essential for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To evaluate CLDN1 function during virus entry, we searched for hepatocyte cell lines permissive for HCV RNA replication but with limiting endogenous CLDN1 expression, thus permitting receptor complementation assays. These criteria were met by the human hepatoblastoma cell line HuH6, which (i) displays low endogenous CLDN1 levels, (ii) efficiently replicates HCV RNA, and (iii) produces HCV particles with properties similar to those of particles generated in Huh-7.5 cells. Importantly, naïve cells are resistant to HCV genotype 2a infection unless CLDN1 is expressed. Interestingly, complementation of HCV entry by human, rat, or hamster CLDN1 was highly efficient, while mouse CLDN1 (mCLDN1) supported HCV genotype 2a infection with only moderate efficiency. These differences were observed irrespective of whether cells were infected with HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) or cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc). Comparatively low entry function of mCLDN1 was observed in HuH6 but not 293T cells, suggesting that species-specific usage of CLDN1 is cell type dependent. Moreover, it was linked to three mouse-specific residues in the second extracellular loop (L152, I155) and the fourth transmembrane helix (V180) of the protein. These determinants could modulate the exposure or affinity of a putative viral binding site on CLDN1 or prevent optimal interaction of CLDN1 with other human cofactors, thus precluding highly efficient infection. HuH6 cells represent a valuable model for analysis of the complete HCV replication cycle in vitro and in particular for analysis of CLDN1 function in HCV cell entry.
Protective Memory Responses Are Modulated by Priming Events prior to Challenge
Authors: Rutigliano John A. , Morris Melissa Y. , Yue Wen , Keating Rachael , Webby Richard J. , Thomas Paul G. , Doherty Peter C. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTHuman infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses in the last decade have legitimized fears of a long-predicted pandemic. We thus investigated the response to secondary infections with an engineered, but still highly virulent, H5N1 influenza A virus in the C57BL/6 mouse model. Mice primed with the H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus were partially protected from lethality following respiratory infection with the modified H5N1 virus A/Vietnam/1203/04 (ΔVn1203). In contrast, those that had been comparably exposed to the HKx31 (H3N2) virus succumbed to the ΔVn1203 challenge, despite similarities in viral replication, weight loss, and secondary CD8+-T-cell response characteristics. All three viruses share the internal genes of PR8 that are known to stimulate protective CD8+-T-cell-mediated immunity. This differential survival of PR8- and HKx31-primed mice was also apparent for antibody-deficient mice challenged with the ΔVn1203 virus. The relative protection afforded by PR8 priming was abrogated in tumor necrosis factor-deficient (TNF−/−) mice, although lung fluids from the B6 HKx31-primed mice contained more TNF early after challenge. These data demonstrate that the nature of the primary infection can influence pathological outcomes following virulent influenza virus challenge, although the effect is not clearly correlated with classical measures of CD8+-T-cell-mediated immunity.
Upregulation of STAT3 Marks Burkitt Lymphoma Cells Refractory to Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle Induction by HDAC Inhibitors
Authors: Daigle Derek , Megyola Cynthia , El-Guindy Ayman , Gradoville Lyn , Tuck David , Miller George , Bhaduri-McIntosh Sumita 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTA fundamental problem in studying the latent-to-lytic switch of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the viral lytic cycle itself is the lack of a culture system fully permissive to lytic cycle induction. Strategies to target EBV-positive tumors by inducing the viral lytic cycle with chemical agents are hindered by inefficient responses to stimuli. In vitro, even in the most susceptible cell lines, more than 50% of cells latently infected with EBV are refractory to induction of the lytic cycle. The mechanisms underlying the refractory state are not understood. We separated lytic from refractory Burkitt lymphoma-derived HH514-16 cells after treatment with an HDAC inhibitor, sodium butyrate. Both refractory- and lytic-cell populations responded to the inducing stimulus by hyperacetylation of histone H3. However, analysis of host cell gene expression showed that specific cellular transcripts Stat3, Fos, and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were preferentially upregulated in the refractory-cell population, while IL-6 was upregulated in the lytic population. STAT3 protein levels were also substantially increased in refractory cells relative to untreated or lytic cells. This increase in de novo expression resulted primarily in unphosphorylated STAT3. Examination of single cells revealed that high levels of STAT3 were strongly associated with the refractory state. The refractory state is manifest in a unique subpopulation of cells that exhibits different cellular responses than do lytic cells exposed to the same stimulus. Identifying characteristics of cells refractory to lytic induction relative to cells that undergo lytic activation will be an important step in developing a better understanding of the regulation of the EBV latent to lytic switch.
The metabolic syndrome: common origins of a multifactorial disorder
Authors: Bruce K D , Byrne C D 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a combination of cardiometabolic risk determinants including obesity (central adiposity), insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hypertension. MetS is rapidly increasing in prevalence worldwide as a consequence of the continued obesity “epidemic”, and as a result will have a considerable impact on the global incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Currently, there is debate concerning whether the risk of cardiovascular disease is greater in patients diagnosed with MetS than that of the sum of the individual risk factors. At present, no unifying origin that can explain the pathogenesis of MetS has been identified and therefore no unique pharmacological treatment is available. This review summarises and critically evaluates the current clinical and scientific evidence supporting the existence of MetS as a multifactorial endocrine disease, for which maternal nutrition may be a common pathogenic mechanism. In addition, we suggest that ectopic fat accumulation (such as visceral and hepatic fat accumulation) and the proinflammatory state are central to the development of the MetS.
Factors that influence decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the views of doctors and medical students
Authors: Tyrer F , Williams M , Feathers L , Faull C , Baker I 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundA number of studies have explored doctors’ views and experiences of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), but to our knowledge there has been no research to identify the information that doctors take into account when they make decisions about CPR.Purpose of studyTo investigate factors that influence decisions about CPR.Study designQualitative study involving six focus groups with 17 doctors and four medical students in Leicester, UK.ResultsDoctors and medical students considered a number of factors important when making decisions about CPR—namely, the patient’s diagnosis, prognosis, age, quality of life, the opinions of doctors and other medical staff, and the wishes of patients and relevant others. The relative importance of each of these factors varied significantly and was influenced by the doctors’ own beliefs and values.ConclusionsDoctors would benefit from greater support for their decision making in relation to resuscitation to reduce variability in clinical practice and to promote appropriate patient care. Identification of factors that influence doctors’ individual beliefs, attitudes and values towards resuscitation and improvement in the quality of patient communication may help to guide policy in this area.
Chemopreventive Efficacy of Naproxen and Nitric Oxide–naproxen in Rodent Models of Colon, Urinary Bladder, and Mammary Cancers
Authors: Steele Vernon E. , Rao Chinthalapally V. , Zhang Yuting , Patlolla Jagan , Boring Daniel , Kopelovich Levy , Juliana M. Margaret , Grubbs Clinton J. , Lubet Ronald A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been highly effective in preventing colon, urinary bladder, and skin cancer preclinically, and also in clinical trials of colon adenoma formation. However, certain NSAIDs cause gastrointestinal ulceration and may increase cardiovascular events. Naproxen seems to cause the lowest cardiovascular events of the common NSAIDs other than aspirin. Nitric oxide (NO)-naproxen was tested based on the finding that adding a NO group to NSAIDs may help alleviate GI toxicity. In the azoxymethane-induced rat colon aberrant crypt foci (ACF) model, naproxen administered at 200 and 400 ppm in the diet reduced mean ACFs in the colon by about 45% to 60%, respectively. NO-naproxen was likewise administered in the diet at roughly equimolar doses (300 and 600 ppm) and reduced total ACF by 20% to 40%, respectively. In the hydroxybutyl (butyl) nitrosamine rat urinary bladder cancer model, NO-naproxen was given at 183 or 550 ppm in the diet, and naproxen at 128 ppm. The NO-naproxen groups had 77% and 73% decreases, respectively, in the development of large urinary bladder tumors, whereas the 128 ppm naproxen group also showed a strong decrease (69%). If treatments were started 3 months after hydroxybutyl (butyl) nitrosamine, NO-naproxen (550 ppm) and naproxen (400 ppm) were also highly effective (86-94% decreases). In the methylnitrosourea-induced mammary cancer model in rats, NO-naproxen and naproxen showed nonsignificant inhibitions (12% and 24%) at 550 and 400 ppm, respectively. These data show that both naproxen and NO-naproxen are effective agents against urinary bladder and colon, but not mammary, carcinogenesis.
Oral Cancer Prevention Advances with a Translational Trial of Green Tea
Authors: Shin Dong M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This perspective on Tsao et al. (beginning on p. 931 in this issue of the journal) discusses green tea extract, which was shown for the first time to have dose-dependent effects in a clinical chemopreventive setting (oral premalignant lesions). This translational trial provides important data on angiogenesis and other biomarkers on which to base future clinical research, which should include trials of green tea extract or polyphenols combined with other natural or synthetic compounds to enhance chemopreventive effects.