bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syndiotactic Polystyrene
Authors: Tomotsu Norio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSyndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) is a semicrystalline polymers with a high melting point and rapid crystallization rate, which makes it possible to injection mold the material. The stereospecific polymerization is made possible by the combination of a transition metal catalyst with weakly coordinating cocatalysts, such as methylaluminoxane or compounds with tetrapentafluorophenylborate. The excellent balance of mechanical, electrical, solvent resistant, and dimensional stability properties combined with a relatively low price (based on the styrene monomer) have made this material a competitor to existing engineering plastics. The products also have excellent heat performance and are finding application in automotive (under the hood), electrical, and electronic connector systems.
Alternating flow of immiscible liquids in microchannel
Authors: Matsuno Hiroki , Hirano Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Tomohiro , Wang Xian , Okamoto Naotaka 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis article is an experimental study of the alternating flow of immiscible liquids in a microchannel. The two‐phase flow system of water and cyclohexane was adopted. The flow was visualized by the use of the color dyes, and the segment length was measured to investigate the aspect of the alternating flow. Furthermore, the four kinds of surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), n‐heptyl‐β‐D‐thioglucoside, and n‐nonanoyl‐N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine (MEGA‐9)) were dissolved into the water phase to change the fluid properties, and the effect of the fluid properties on the aspect of the alternating flow was studied. The alternating flow was also visualized with the use of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer to observe the detailed aspect of the segments of each phase. As a result, it was concluded that the fluid properties are quite uniform, and there seems no prominent internal flow inside each segment. In addition, the segment length decreases with the increase of the fluid velocity and the decrease of the channel width and the interfacial tension between the two phases. After all, the segment length or the aspect ratio of the segment could be correlated well with the Capillary (Ca) number from Ca = 0.0001 to 0.0015. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crosslinked electrolytes based on poly(butoxymethylenenorbornene) for proton exchange membrane
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Hu Jianqiang , Hu Ting , Zhang Yanyun , Chen Yiwang , Zhou Weihua , Xiao Shuqin , He Xiaohui 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe poly(butoxymethylenenorbornene‐co‐norbornenemethyl acetate) (PBN/NA) were successfully synthesized via the vinyl addition copolymerization of 2‐butoxymethylene norbornene (BN) and norbornene‐2‐methyl acetate (NA). The poly(butoxymethylenenorbornene‐co‐norbornenemethanol) (PBN/NOH) was obtained by the de‐esterification of PBN/NA. After doping with 4,5‐imidazole dicarboxylic acid (IDA) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4), the proton exchange membranes with crosslinked structure were obtained and the corresponding morphology, water uptake, proton conductivity, methanol permeability, thermal stability, as well as tensile properties were investigated. The results indicate that the crosslinked membranes showed higher proton conductivity at higher temperatures and lower methanol permeability after incorporation of more content of IDA and H3PO4. The PNIH membranes showed lower tensile strength, elongation at break as well as the elastic modulus than pristine PBN/NOH. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
[Re(CO)3Cl]‐Chelation‐Mediated Electronic Coupling between Two Amine Redox Sites through the 5,5′‐Positions of 2,2′‐Bipyridine
Authors: Nie Hai‐Jing , Yao Chang‐Jiang , Yao Jiannian , Zhong Yu‐Wu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe electronic coupling between two amine redox sites bridged through the 5,5′‐positions of the [Re(CO)3Cl]‐chelated 2,2′‐bipyridine was studied by the electrochemical, spectroscopic, and EPR analysis. Interestingly, multiple near‐infrared bands were observed in this new organic mixed‐valent system. The results are interpreted with the aid of DFT and TDDFT calculations.
Current progress and limitations of spider silk for biomedical applications
Authors: Widhe Mona , Johansson Jan , Hedhammar My , Rising Anna 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSpider silk is a fascinating material combining remarkable mechanical properties with low density and biodegradability. Because of these properties and historical descriptions of medical applications, spider silk has been proposed to be the ideal biomaterial. However, overcoming the obstacles to produce spider silk in sufficient quantities and in a manner that meets regulatory demands has proven to be a difficult task. Also, there are relatively few studies of spider silk in biomedical applications available, and the methods and materials used vary a lot. Herein we summarize cell culture‐ and in vivo implantation studies of natural and synthetic spider silk, and also review the current status and future challenges in the quest for a large scale production of spider silk for medical applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 468–478, 2012.
In vivo flow cytometry: A horizon of opportunities
Authors: Tuchin Valery V. , Tárnok Attila , Zharov Vladimir P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFlow cytometry (FCM) has been a fundamental tool of biological discovery for many years. Invasive extraction of cells from a living organism, however, may lead to changes in cell properties and prevents studying cells in their native environment. These problems can be overcome by use of in vivo FCM, which provides detection and imaging of circulating normal and abnormal cells directly in blood or lymph flow. The goal of this review is to provide a brief history, features, and challenges of this new generation of FCM methods and instruments. Spectrum of possibilities of in vivo FCM in biological science (e.g., cell metabolism, immune function, or apoptosis) and medical fields (e.g., cancer, infection, and cardiovascular disorder) including integrated photoacoustic‐photothermal theranostics of circulating abnormal cells are discussed with focus on recent advances of this new platform. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Predictive Models for Freshwater Biological Assessment: Statistical Approaches, Biological Elements and the Iberian Peninsula Experience: A Review
Authors: Feio Maria Joao , Poquet José Manuel 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the last three decades, predictive models have been developed and applied worldwide for freshwater bioassessment. They consist of statistical tools that follow the concept of the Reference Condition Approach. Composed of several sequential steps, these assessment tools assess the deviation of given site assemblages from the expected biological condition in the absence of human disturbance. The most common approaches (RIVPACS/AUSRIVAS and BEAST) are based on a posteriori classifications that use the biological composition of a community to classify reference sites in groups, and afterwards to establish which environmental features best discriminate the biological groups obtained. Here, we review the predictive modeling procedures used in freshwaters bioassessment (RIVPACS/AUSRIVAS, BEAST, ANNA, Artificial Neural Networks, Bayesian Belief Networks and others) as well as the biological elements to which they have been applied.We also review the Spanish and Portuguese experiences in the development and application of predictive models, with particular attention to regional environmental conditions, the different modeling approaches, and the available implementation tools. Moreover, and considering the natural continuity within the Iberian Peninsula (which include several transnational rivers), we discuss the possibilities of the development of common predictive models across the region, considering all factors that may influence their performance, such as the target scale used to develop the models (regional or peninsular); common reference criteria; sampling and sorting procedures; the taxonomic resolution used in the models; the temporal variability (mainly in the Iberian Mediterranean region); and the biological elements to consider. We concluded that there are good technical conditions for the implementations of a common predictive approach throughout the Iberian Peninsula, which should allow a global biological assessment of streams with different biological elements and seasons that could be used by water managers in the context of the Water Framework Directive. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ovarian development of a river catfish Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840) in captivity
Authors: Adebiyi Fatimat Adenike , Siraj Siti Shapor , Harmin Sharr Azni , Christianus Annie 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHemibagrus nemurus is a riverine catfish with high economic and nutritive values. Investigations on ovarian development of this fish were carried out to determine the mode of ovarian development and describe the oocyte developmental stages. Histological studies were done on ovaries using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Fish were sampled monthly for a period of six months (August 2009 to January 2010). The mean oocyte diameter (OD) ranged from 871 ± 161.41 µm to 1,167 ± 26.77 µm and the highest OD was in November. Oocyte size–frequency distribution showed a polymodal distribution. The mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) ranged from 1.14 ± 0.87% to 7.06 ± 1.40% and highest GSI was in November. The ovaries exhibited three phases of oocyte growth, which were primary growth, secondary growth and maturation phases. Based on histological criteria, the oocyte developmental stages were divided into seven stages as chromatin nucleolar, early perinucleolar, late perinucleolar, cortical alveolar, vitellogenesis, mature oocyte and germinal vesicle migration stages. All the seven stages of oocyte development were observed in the ovaries. Oogonia were always present throughout the developmental stages. The ovaries had more than two stages of oocyte development. This is the first report on the mode of ovarian development of H. nemurus. These findings indicated that H. nemurus has asynchronous mode of ovarian development and is capable of spawning several times in a year under favourable conditions. J. Exp. Zool. 315:536–543, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resistance to empiric antimicrobial treatment predicts outcome in severe sepsis associated with gram‐negative bacteremia
Authors: Micek Scott T. , Welch Emily C. , Khan Junaid , Pervez Mubashir , Doherty Joshua A. , Reichley Richard M. , Hoppe‐Bauer Joan , Dunne W. Michael , Kollef Marin H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Gram‐negative bacteria are an important cause of severe sepsis. Recent studies have demonstrated reduced susceptibility of Gram‐negative bacteria to currently available antimicrobial agents.METHODS:We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with severe sepsis who were bacteremic with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species, or Enterobacteriaceae from 2002 to 2007. Patients were identified by the hospital informatics database and pertinent clinical data (demographics, baseline severity of illness, source of bacteremia, and therapy) were retrieved from electronic medical records. All patients were treated with antimicrobial agents within 12 hours of having blood cultures drawn that were subsequently positive for bacterial pathogens. The primary outcome was hospital mortality.RESULTS:A total of 535 patients with severe sepsis and Gram‐negative bacteremia were identified. Hospital mortality was 43.6%, and 82 (15.3%) patients were treated with an antimicrobial regimen to which the causative pathogen was resistant. Patients infected with a resistant pathogen had significantly greater risk of hospital mortality (63.4% vs 40.0%; P < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, infection with a pathogen that was resistant to the empiric antibiotic regimen, increasing APACHE II scores, infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, healthcare‐associated hospital‐onset infection, mechanical ventilation, and use of vasopressors were independently associated with hospital mortality.CONCLUSIONS:In severe sepsis attributed to Gram‐negative bacteremia, initial treatment with an antibiotic regimen to which the causative pathogen is resistant was associated with increased hospital mortality. This finding suggests that rapid determination of bacterial susceptibility could influence treatment choices in patients with severe sepsis potentially improving their clinical outcomes. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Provider expectations and experiences of comanagement
Authors: Hinami Keiki , Whelan Chad T. , Konetzka R. Tamara , Meltzer David O. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Hospitalist comanagement of complex surgical and medical specialty patients is increasingly common, but it is unclear how provider expectations and experiences under the collaborative practice model differ from those of traditional consultations.METHODS:We analyzed survey data examining expectations and experiences on a medical hepatology comanagement service. Participating hospitalists, nonphysician providers (NPPs), hepatologists, and fellows completed a Baseline Survey that addressed preferences for decision‐making under comanagement. Repeated Surveys, administered to each unique team of comanagers, addressed their experiences with decision‐making on their rotations on the service between April and October 2008.RESULTS:All 43 providers completed the Baseline Survey. Among these, 32 providers who rotated on the service completed 79% (177/223) of Repeated Surveys. The majority of respondents indicated understanding their role. More providers of every professional role indicated their preference for hospitalists to participate in every management decision and for hepatologists not to participate in every management decision. Most indicated that they both preferred and experienced the direction of management issues by a single physician leader. Almost all indicated at baseline that comanagement tends to improve patient care (hospitalists 94%, hepatologists 83%, NPPs 100%, fellows 100%), although fewer NPPs (40%) and fellows (50%) felt comanagement actually improved care following their rotations.CONCLUSIONS:Preferences and experiences about provider roles are not uniform under comanagement, and conflicting preferences exist around decision‐making processes. Providers generally agreed that comanaging hospitalists should participate broadly in management decisions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Posttraumatic stress hyperarousal symptoms mediate the relationship between childhood exposure to violence and subsequent alcohol misuse in Mi'kmaq youth
Authors: Zahradnik Marc , Stewart Sherry H. , Sherry Simon B. , Stevens Doreen , Wekerle Christine 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study was part of a school‐based collaborative research project with a Canadian Mi'kmaq community that examined the potential role of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom clusters in mediating the relationship between childhood exposure to violence (EV) and alcohol misuse in a sample of Mi'kmaq adolescents (N = 166). The study employed a cross‐sectional design and used several well‐validated self‐report questionnaires. Path analytic results showed that when each PTS symptom cluster was independently investigated for mediating effects while controlling for depressive symptoms, age, and gender, only the PTS hyperarousal symptom cluster fully mediated the EV–alcohol misuse relationship. Results are discussed within the context of previous theory and research on the topic of PTS as a mediator between EV and alcohol misuse.
Stakeholder management and program planning in German public theaters
Authors: Boerner Sabine , Jobst Johanna 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTaking the example of a German public professional theater, this study is the first to analyze how stakeholder interests are managed in the process of program planning. We address the following questions: (1) What are the goals and interests of the most influential stakeholders? (2) How are these goals and interests reflected by theater management when deciding the season's program? (3) Which strategies does theater management apply to balance conflicting stakeholder goals and interests? Results of our qualitative study identify five decisions to be made with regard to program planning: selection of the season's theme, plays, stage directors, cast, and chronological order of productions. Four strategies of balancing conflicting stakeholder goals and interests are identified: setting priorities, combining stakeholder interests, focusing on neutral goals, and developing audiences.
Miscibility and morphological properties of quaternized polysulfone blends with polystyrene and poly(4‐vinylpyridine)
Authors: Albu Raluca Marinica , Avram Ecaterina , Stoica Iuliana , Ioanid Emil Ghiocel , Ioan Silvia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractQuaternized polysulfones were synthesized by the quaternization reaction of chloromethylated polysulfone with different tertiary amines −N,N‐dimethylethylamine (DMEA) andN,N‐dimethyloctylamine (DMOA), respectively. New blends from these quaternized polysulfones (PSF‐DMEA or PSF‐DMOA) with polystyrene (PS) or poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP) were prepared by the solution casting method. Pure quaternized polysulfones, inN,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)/methanol (MeOH) and DMF/water solvent/nonsolvent mixtures, and their blends with PS and P4VP, as well, were investigated by shear viscometry and viscoelasticity, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and surface properties. The results obtained revealed that the blends have good miscibility. Surface morphology is characterized by roughness and nodules formations, depending on the alkyl radical lengths, composition of the polymer mixtures, including specific electron‐donor or electron‐acceptor characteristics of polymers. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Electron spin resonance study of single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Monge Aida Abiad , Ferrer‐Anglada Núria , Lloveras Vega , Vidal‐Gancedo José , Roth Siegmar 
Published: September 2011

AbstractStudies of electron spin resonance (ESR) are reported on several types of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) synthesized by different methods. We work both with the obtained samples, which contained randomly distributed semiconducting and metallic SWCNTs, and with selected 99% semiconducting or metallic SWCNTs. Our aim is to use ESR spectroscopy in order to assess the quality of carbon nanotubes. We analyze the temperature dependence of ESR spectra in the range 4–300 K and report the temperature dependence of the linewidth, the intensity and the asymmetry factor (I+/I−) of the ESR lines. The ESR response from the arc discharge SWCNTs produced using non‐magnetic Pt/Rh catalyst and from the selected semiconducting tubes exhibits an asymmetric line with an intensity that remains almost constant with decreasing temperature, showing a constant linewidth of about 2.9 mT. For selected bucky paper (BP) metallic or semiconducting carbon nanotubes, we also study the ESR signal according to the BP parallel or perpendicular orientation to the magnetic field. The g‐factor and the asymmetry factor show a clear anisotropy.
A randomised crossover study investigating the effects of galacto-oligosaccharides on the faecal microbiota in men and women over 50 years of age
Authors: Walton Gemma E. , van den Heuvel Ellen G. H. M. , Kosters Marit H. W. , Rastall Robert A. , Tuohy Kieran M. , Gibson Glenn R. 
Published: September 2011

Faecal microbial changes associated with ageing include reduced bifidobacteria numbers. These changes coincide with an increased risk of disease development. Prebiotics have been observed to increase bifidobacteria numbers within humans. The present study aimed to determine if prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) could benefit a population of men and women of 50 years and above, through modulation of faecal microbiota, fermentation characteristics and faecal water genotoxicity. A total of thirty-seven volunteers completed this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. The treatments – juice containing 4 g GOS and placebo – were consumed twice daily for 3 weeks, preceded by 3-week washout periods. To study the effect of GOS on different large bowel regions, three-stage continuous culture systems were conducted in parallel using faecal inocula from three volunteers. Faecal samples were microbially enumerated by quantitative PCR.In vivo, following GOS intervention, bifidobacteria were significantly more compared to post-placebo (P = 0·02). Accordingly, GOS supplementation had a bifidogenic effect in allin vitrosystem vessels. Furthermore, in vessel 1 (similar to the proximal colon), GOS fermentation led to more lactobacilli and increased butyrate. No changes in faecal water genotoxicity were observed. To conclude, GOS supplementation significantly increased bifidobacteria numbersin vivoandin vitro. Increased butyrate production and elevated bifidobacteria numbers may constitute beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota in a maturing population.
Review about acceleration of plasma by nonlinear forces from picoseond laser pulses and block generated fusion flame in uncompressed fuel
Authors: Hora H. , Miley G.H. , Flippo K. , Lalousis P. , Castillo R. , Yang X. , Malekynia B. , Ghoranneviss M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn addition to the matured “laser inertial fusion energy” with spherical compression and thermal ignition of deuterium-tritium (DT), a very new alternative for the fast ignition scheme may have now been opened by using side-on block ignition aiming beyond the DT-fusion with igniting the neutron-free reaction of proton-boron-11 (p-11B). Measurements with laser pulses of terawatt power and ps duration led to the discovery of an anomaly of interaction, if the prepulses are cut off by a factor 108(contrast ratio) to avoid relativistic self focusing in agreement with preceding computations. Applying this to petawatt (PW) pulses for Bobin-Chu conditions of side-on ignition of solid fusion fuel results after several improvements in energy gains of 10,000. This is in contrast to the impossible laser-ignition of p-11B by the usual spherical compression and thermal ignition. The side-on ignition is less than ten times only more difficult than for DT ignition. This is essentially based on the instant and direct conversion the optical laser energy by the nonlinear force into extremely high plasma acceleration. Genuine two-fluid hydrodynamic computations for DT are presented showing details how ps laser pulses generate a fusion flame in solid state density with an increase of the density in the thin flame region. Densities four times higher are produced automatically confirming a Rankine-Hugoniot shock wave process with an increasing thickness of the shock up to the nanosecond range and a shock velocity of 1500 km/s which is characteristic for these reactions.
Scattering of carbon ions in the material of the protective membrane of a fast ignition, indirect compression target without cone
Authors: Shmatov Mikhail L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIt is shown that scattering of the laser-accelerated carbon ions in the material of the protective membrane of a fast ignition, indirect compression target without cone can result in a significant increase in the hot spot radius and will complicate significantly or even prevent the effective shaping of the bombarded region of the compressed fuel.