bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Analysis of the Functionalization of Gallium Phosphide With Organic Azides
Authors: Richards David , Luce Philip , Zemlyanov Dmitry , Ivanisevic Albena 
Published: April 2012

SummaryGallium phosphide (GaP) surfaces were functionalized with two different molecules that contain an azide moiety at their terminus. Compound 4‐azidophenacyl bromide (4AB) is an aryl azide with a bromine group at its opposite terminus that provides easy identification of the molecule's presence on the surface with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). O‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐O′‐(2‐azidoethyl)pentaethylene glycol (AAP) is a small poly(ethylene glycol) molecule with an amine group at its opposite terminus. Atomic force microscopy was used to identify the uniformity of the clean and functionalized GaP surfaces. Water contact angle revealed a more hydrophobic surface with AAP functionalization (33°) and even more hydrophobic (53°) with the 4AB functionalized surface compared to a clean surface (16°). XPS confirmed the presence of each of the organic azides on the surface. XPS was further used to calculate the adlayer thickness of each functionalization. This analysis revealed an adlayer thickness of about 8 Å for the 4AB functionalized surfaces compared to 1 Å for the AAP adlayer, which led to the conclusion that AAP functionalization only provided partial coverage. A stability study using 4AB‐functionalized surfaces showed good stability in saline solutions with varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Finally, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the gallium concentration in the stability solutions. While the functionalization with the organic azides did not provide complete suppression of gallium leaching, both of the azides decreased the leaching by 10–50%. SCANNING 34: 332–340, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancers
Authors: Cho Ken W.Y. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTranscription of eukaryotic genes is an exceedingly sophisticated and complicated process, orchestrated by layers of control mechanisms involving a myriad of transcription factors and DNA control sequences, with both groups subject to multiple modifications. The availability of various recent genomic approaches has provided previously unforeseen opportunities to examine the cis‐regulatory landscape of the entire genome, resulting in the identification of a potentially overwhelming number of enhancers and novel enhancer functions. In this review, we focus on the activities of enhancers in metazoans and discuss how they serve to regulate gene expression during early development. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:469–478. doi: 10.1002/wdev.53This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Cytoplasmic localization and reorganization in ascidian eggs: role of postplasmic/PEM RNAs in axis formation and fate determination
Authors: Makabe Kazuhiro W. , Nishida Hiroki 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLocalization of maternal molecules in eggs and embryos and cytoplasmic movements to relocalize them are fundamental for the orderly cellular and genetic processes during early embryogenesis. Ascidian embryos have been known as ‘mosaic eggs’ because of their autonomous differentiation abilities based on localized cell fate determinants. This review gives a historical overview of the concept of cytoplasmic localization, and then explains the key features such as ooplasmic movements and cell lineages that are essential to grasp the process of ascidian development mediated by localized determinant activities. These activities are partly executed by localized molecules named postplasmic/PEM RNAs, originating from approximately 50 genes, of which the muscle determinant, macho‐1, is an example. The cortical domain containing these RNAs is relocalized to the posterior‐vegetal region of the egg by cytoskeletal movements after fertilization, and plays crucial roles in axis formation and cell fate determination. The cortical domain contains endoplasmic reticulum and characteristic granules, and gives rise to a subcellular structure called the centrosome‐attracting body (CAB), in which postplasmic/PEM RNAs are highly concentrated. The CAB is responsible for a series of unequal partitionings of the posterior‐vegetal cytoplasmic domain and the postplasmic/PEM RNAs at the posterior pole during cleavage. Some components of this domain, which is rich in granules, are eventually inherited by prospective germline cells with particular postplasmic/PEM RNAs such as vasa. The postplasmic/PEM RNAs are classified into two groups according to their final cellular destinations and localization pathways. Localization of these RNAs is regulated by specific nucleotide sequences in the 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs). WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:501–518. doi: 10.1002/wdev.54This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization
Early Embryonic Development > Fertilization to Gastrulation
Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Principles and emerging applications of nanomagnetic materials in medicine
Authors: Clavijo‐Jordan Veronica , Kodibagkar Vikram D. , Beeman Scott C. , Hann Bradley D. , Bennett Kevin M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe development of nanometer‐scale magnetic materials for biomedical applications spans the interface between the physical sciences and biology. Applications of these materials are rapidly becoming important in medicine and enable targeted therapies and diagnostics. At the same time, specific applications add focus to the development of novel magnetic materials and facilitate a deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms behind their function. This review presents a broad, nontechnical overview of the basis of magnetism in materials at the nanometer scale and describes how these materials are created, characterized, and used. Specific emerging applications in medical diagnostics and therapies are discussed, including cancer cell targeting for thermal ablation, tissue engineering, and three‐dimensional noninvasive molecular imaging. Challenges in these fields are discussed, including the toxicity and delivery of magnetic nanomaterials and the sensitivity of imaging and therapeutic techniques. The development of novel nanomagnetic nanomaterials should continue to accelerate as new applications are identified and researchers uncover new mechanisms to increase and modulate magnetism at the nanometer scale. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:345–365. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1169This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants
Biochemical Profile and Outcomes in Trauma Patients Subjected to Open Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Prospective Observational Pilot Study
Authors: Schnüriger Beat , Talving Peep , Inaba Kenji , Barmparas Galinos , Branco Bernardino C. , Lam Lydia , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe predictive factors to regain a heartbeat following emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy (EDT) for trauma are poorly understood. The objective of the present study was to prospectively assess the electrolyte profile, coagulation parameters, and acid‐base status from intracardiac blood samples in trauma patients subjected to open cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the presence of established cardiac arrest.MethodsAll patients who underwent EDT following trauma were considered for inclusion. Prior to the injection of any resuscitative medications, a sample of intracardiac blood from the right ventricle was obtained for analysis.ResultsDuring the study period, a total of 22 patients had intracardiac blood samples obtained and were eligible for analysis. Twelve patients never regained cardiac activity, and 10 patients transiently regained a heartbeat for a mean of 51 ± 69 min, but ultimately died. Some 91 % (20/22) of patients presented with severe acidosis (pH < 7.20). The pCO2 was <45 mmHg in 68 % (15/22) of patients, and the pO2 level was >75 mmHg in 77 % (17/22) of patients. Patients who never regained cardiac activity had a significantly higher lactate level than those with a return of cardiac rhythm (17.1 ± 2.6 vs. 10.6 ± 4.9 mmol/L, p = 0.018). The sodium and potassium levels were higher for those who never regained a rhythm than for those who did regain a pulse (sodium: 155 ± 14 vs. 147 ± 9 mmol/L, p = 0.094; potassium: 6.0 ± 1.1 vs. 4.6 ± 1.0 mmol/L, p = 0.014). Severe hyperkalemia (potassium > 5.5 mmol/L) occurred significantly more often in patients who did not regain a heart beat (p = 0.030). Coagulopathy (INR > 1.2 and/or prothrombin time >15 s and/or platelet count <100,000/μL) was noted in 96 % of patients.ConclusionsMost patients undergoing open CPR have normal blood gas levels. Severe lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and hypernatremia are associated with decreased probability for return of cardiac function. Calcium and magnesium levels were not significantly different between the two groups, making the therapeutic role of these electrolytes very questionable.
The value “social responsibility” as a motivating factor for adolescents' readiness to participate in different types of political actions, and its socialization in parent and peer contexts
Authors: Schmid Christine 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTBased on a sample of tetrads (N = 839), including 16 year‐old adolescents, their mothers, fathers, and same‐sex friends, it was analyzed in which way the value social responsibility is related to adolescents' readiness for different types of political participation. Results showed that social responsibility was positively linked to readiness for participation in legal protest actions. No relationships with readiness for participation in federal elections or with readiness for participation in illegal protest actions occurred, and a negative relationship with readiness for participation in political violent actions was found. In a second step, the socialization of the value social responsibility in the parents and peer context was the focus. Value similarities between adolescents, their parents and friends, as well as other contextual factors were considered. Multiple regression analyses revealed differential effects for male and female adolescents. In male adolescents, authoritative parenting and political discussions with parents were positively linked to social responsibility. Furthermore, peer‐group membership had a negative impact. For female adolescents, significant value similarities with their parents, especially with their mothers, occurred. Value similarities with their friend were found in both gender groups, but appeared to be higher in the female group. Also, in both gender groups, a positive parent–child relationship quality was linked to higher social responsibility. In sum, findings show that parents as well as peer contextual factors were contributing to the adolescents' value acquisition.
Gesundheitsaspekte in der partizipativen Stadtentwicklung
Authors: Schmitt Jürgen 
Published: April 2012

Einleitung
Die Beteiligung der Bürger gewinnt in der Stadtentwicklung an Bedeutung. Am Beispiel von Prozessen im Kontext einer „nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung“ und im Kontext des Programms „Soziale Stadt“ skizziert der Beitrag, dass in der partizipativen Planung zunehmend auch Gesundheitsaspekte eine Rolle spielen. Gleichzeitig wird angerissen, wo weiterhin Handlungsbedarf besteht, um eine sowohl breite als auch selbstverantwortliche Mitwirkung der Bürger zu etablieren.
Tide‐induced vertical mixing in the Laptev Sea coastal polynya
Authors: Dmitrenko Igor A. , Kirillov Sergey A. , Bloshkina Ekaterina , Lenn Yueng‐Djern 
Published: April 2012

Enhanced semidiurnal‐band velocity shear across the shelf halocline layer (SHL) was found during land‐fast ice edge mooring‐based acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) observations over the eastern Laptev Sea shelf (∼74°N, 128°E) in April–May 2008 and April 2009. In 2008, the major axis amplitude for the lunar semidiurnal M2tidal ellipses demonstrated intermediate maximum in the SHL at 11–13 m (15 ± 3 cm/s), gradually decreasing to subice and near‐bottom layers to ∼9 ± 3 cm/s (at 7 m) and 7 ± 2 cm/s (at 19 m), respectively. In 2009, the semidiurnal tidal flow exhibited similar patterns, but velocities were reduced by about factor of 2. Our estimates of gradient Richardson numbers suggest that the velocity shear associated with semidiurnal baroclinic tidal flow may be strong enough to play a role in water mass modification, promoting shear instabilities, turbulence, and vertical mixing of seawater properties across the SHL. This suggestion is consistent with near‐homogeneous water layers episodically occurring in the SHL. Differences in the background stratification and local tidal dynamics between 2008 and 2009, together with rapid responses of the semidiurnal motion to polynya openings, suggest that the baroclinic tide is locally generated.
Mapping the Apollo 17 landing site area based on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera images and Apollo surface photography
Authors: Haase I. , Oberst J. , Scholten F. , Wählisch M. , Gläser P. , Karachevtseva I. , Robinson M. S. 
Published: April 2012

Newly acquired high resolution Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) images allow accurate determination of the coordinates of Apollo hardware, sampling stations, and photographic viewpoints. In particular, the positions from where the Apollo 17 astronauts recorded panoramic image series, at the so‐called “traverse stations”, were precisely determined for traverse path reconstruction. We analyzed observations made in Apollo surface photography as well as orthorectified orbital images (0.5 m/pixel) and Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) (1.5 m/pixel and 100 m/pixel) derived from LROC Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) and Wide Angle Camera (WAC) images. Key features captured in the Apollo panoramic sequences were identified in LROC NAC orthoimages. Angular directions of these features were measured in the panoramic images and fitted to the NAC orthoimage by applying least squares techniques. As a result, we obtained the surface panoramic camera positions to within 50 cm. At the same time, the camera orientations, North azimuth angles and distances to nearby features of interest were also determined. Here, initial results are shown for traverse station 1 (northwest of Steno Crater) as well as the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP) area.
The Public Knowledge Project and Open Journal Systems: open source options for small publishers
Authors: OWEN Brian , STRANACK Kevin 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis article provides an overview of the Public Knowledge Project (PKP) and its open source software development projects, with a particular focus on Open Journal Systems (OJS), an online journal publishing platform now used by over 11,500 journals around the world. OJS is just one of many examples of software and services that provide new and cost‐effective alternatives, especially for small scholarly societies and commercial publishers. The development of online publishing, open source software, and virtual communities are together opening up new opportunities for scholars, researchers, societies, small publishers, and librarians to reassert their independence and control over the publishing process, and provides a wider range of options than has ever existed before.
Treatment with the cancer drugs decitabine and doxorubicin induces human skin keratinocytes to express Oct4 and the OCT4 regulator mir‐145
Authors: CHINNATHAMBI Sathivel , WIECHERT Susan , TOMANEK‐CHALKLEY Ann , WINTER Michael C. , BICKENBACH Jackie R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPreviously, we showed that transient transfection with OCT4 not only produced high expression of Oct4 in skin keratinocytes, but also caused a generalized demethylation of keratinocyte DNA. We hypothesized that DNA demethylation alone might allow expression of endogenous OCT4. Here, we report that treatment with the cancer drug decitabine results in generalized DNA demethylation in skin keratinocytes, and by 48 h after treatment, 96% of keratinocytes show expression of the endogenous Oct4 protein and the OCT4 repressor mir‐145. This is true for keratinocytes only, as skin fibroblasts treated similarly show no OCT4 or mir‐145 expression. Decitabine‐treated keratinocytes also show increased mir‐302c and proliferation similar to other Oct4+ cells. Treatment with doxorubicin, another cancer drug, induces expression of mir‐145 only in cells that already express OCT4, suggesting that Oct4 regulates its own repressor. Co‐treatment with decitabine and doxorubicin results first in increased OCT4 and mir‐145, then a decrease in both, suggesting that OCT4 and mir‐145 regulate each other. The novel strategy presented here provides a regulatable system to produce Oct4+ cells for transformation studies and provides a unique method to study the effects of endogenous Oct4 in cancer cells and the surrounding somatic cells.
Randomised clinical trial: sustained response to PPI treatment of symptoms resembling functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome in patients suffering from an overlap with erosive gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Mönnikes H. , Schwan T. , van Rensburg C. , Straszak A. , Theek C. , Sander P. , Lühmann R. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundGastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are highly prevalent gastrointestinal conditions with accumulating evidence of overlap in patients. Despite availability of a vast body of research related to individual disorders, major pharmacological breakthrough in treatment of the overlap condition is still lacking.AimTo assess sustainability of GERD healing and whether known beneficial effects of proton pump inhibitor treatment on GERD also extend to symptoms suggestive of FD and IBS.MethodsA total of 626 patients with reflux oesophagitis were treated with pantoprazole for up to 16 weeks depending on healing of GERD, followed by an observational phase of up to 6 months without treatment. Rates of patients suffering from GERD, FD or IBS were assessed at baseline, and at last visits of treatment and observational phase.ResultsRates of patients with reflux oesophagitis and concomitantly with reflux symptoms, FD or IBS were each significantly lower after pantoprazole treatment (P < 0.0001). While rates of patients with reflux signs or symptoms increased again during observational phase, rates of FD and IBS were maintained at the low level after cessation of medication (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsPantoprazole is efficacious in the treatment of patients suffering from signs and symptoms suggesting an overlap of GERD, FD and/or IBS, providing a sustained response post‐treatment in FD and IBS symptom categories. Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of improvement in reflux oesophagitis on symptoms suggestive of FD or IBS still need to be determined.
Meta‐analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds
Authors: Wells M. , Chande N. , Adams P. , Beaton M. , Levstik M. , Boyce E. , Mrkobrada M. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundVasoactive medications such as vasopressin, somatostatin and their analogues (terlipressin, vapreotide and octreotide) are commonly used for the treatment of acute variceal bleeding. However, the risks and benefits of these interventions are not well understood.AimTo undertake a meta‐analysis of the efficacy of vasoactive medications in patients having acute variceal bleeds.MethodsRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vasopressin, somatostatin and their analogues, administered to patients with acute variceal bleeds were identified based on systematic searches of nine electronic databases and multiple sources of grey literature.ResultsThe search identified 3011 citations, and 30 trials with a total of 3111 patients met eligibility criteria. The use of vasoactive agents was associated with a significantly lower risk of 7‐day mortality (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.57–0.95; P = 0.02; I2 = 0%; moderate quality of evidence), and a significant improvement in haemostasis (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13–1.30; P < 0.001; I2 = 28%; very low quality of evidence), lower transfusion requirements (pooled mean difference −0.70 units of blood transfused, 95% CI −1.01 to −0.38; P < 0.001; I2 = 82%; moderate quality of evidence), and a shorter duration of hospitalisation (pooled mean difference −0.71 days; 95% CI −1.23 to −0.19; P = 0.007; I2 = 0%; low quality of evidence). Studies comparing different vasoactive agents did not show a difference in efficacy, although the quality of evidence was very low.ConclusionsThe use of vasoactive agents was associated with a significantly lower risk of acute all‐cause mortality and transfusion requirements, and improved control of bleeding and shorter hospital stay. Studies comparing different vasoactive medications failed to demonstrate a difference in efficacy.
Characterization of α‐smooth muscle actin positive cells during multilineage differentiation of dental pulp stem cells
Authors: Zhao X. , Gong P. , Lin Y. , Wang J. , Yang X. , Cai X. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectivesDental pulp tissue contains stem cells that can differentiate into multiple lineages under specific culture conditions; the origin of these dental pulp stem cells, however, is still unknown.Materials and methodsHere we have utilized an α‐SMA‐GFP transgenic mouse model to characterize expression of a‐smooth muscle actin (SMA)‐GFP in subpassages of pulp‐tissue‐derived dental pulp cells, as perivascular cells express α‐SMA.ResultsDuring subculturing, percentages of cells expressing a‐SMA increased signi?cantly from passage 1 to 3. α‐SMA‐GFP‐positive cells expanded faster than α‐SMA‐GFP‐negative cells. The dental pulp cells at passage 3 were induced towards osteogenic, adipogenic or chondrogenic differentiation. All three differentiated cell lines expressed high levels of α‐SMA (mineralized nodules, lipid droplets and chondrocyte pellets). GFP expression colocalized with differentiated osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. Co‐culturing the α‐SMA‐GFP‐positive cells with human endothelial cells promoted formation of tube‐like structures and robust vascular networks, in 3‐D culture.ConclusionsTaken together, the a‐SMA‐GFP‐positive cells were shown to have multilieange differentiation ability and to promote vascularization in a co‐culture system with endothelial cells.