bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic criteria of English, French, and German psychiatrists
Authors: Kendell R. E. , Pichot Pierre , von Cranach M. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISVideotape recordings were made of brief diagnostic interviews with 27 patients newly admitted to a psychiatric hospital in London and then shown to groups of English-speaking psychiatrists in London, Paris, and Munich. Comparison of the diagnoses made by these three audiences suggests that English, French, and German psychiatrists have similar concepts of schizophrenia, neurotic illness, personality disorder, and alcholism, but differ markedly in their concept of affective illness, particularly manic-depressive illness. English psychiatrists have much broader concepts of both neurotic and psychotic depression and of mania than the French, with German psychiatrists in an intermediate position. Important differences in the use of other technical terms like agitation, perplexity, and thought disorder also emerged. The ratings of the English and German audiences were closer to one another than either was to the French.
Physiological accompaniments of neutral and phobic imagery
Authors: Marks Isaac , Marset Pedro , Boulougouris John , Huson John 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISEach of 16 phobic patients was treated by six sessions of flooding and six sessions of desensitization in a balanced crossover design. Clinical and physiological measurements were made before treatment and after the sixth and 12th sessions of treatment. Physiological measures were made of increase in heart rate and in spontaneous fluctuations and maximum change in level of skin conductance during neutral and phobic imagery. Patients estimated subjective anxiety during the imagery. Heart rate, skin conductance, and subjective anxiety ratings all differentiated significantly between phobic and neutral imagery. Increase in autonomic activity during imagery was roughly proportional to the intensity of the imagery in a phobic hierarchy. Autonomic changes during imagery imagined in silence did not produce autonomic changes considerably different from those during imagery stimulated by a running commentary from the therapist. Clinical ratings correlated significantly with measures of skin conductance, so that autonomic measures can be useful indicators of change after treatment. However, heart rate, skin conductance, and subjective anxiety during brief periods of imagery did not usually correlate significantly with one another. This supports the view of emotion as a System of responses linked imperfectly across several Systems.
The Psychiatric patient, the general practitioner, and the outpatient clinic: an operational study and a review
Authors: Kaeser A. C. , Cooper Brian 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA sample of general practitioner referrals to a Psychiatric teaching centre was investigated by means of standard interviews, first with the practitioners and subsequently with the patients. Hospital treatment and disposal were examined in the light of the doctors' reasons for referral, and of the expectations which they and the patients had held of the hospital service. The findings are related to previous work in this field, and the implications for service planning discussed.
Selective factors in memory. Part 2: affective disorder
Authors: Lishman W. A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe relationship between the affective connotations of material and the ease of its recall two weeks later has been examined in a group of psychiatric inpatients suffering from affective disorder. The tendency to recall more pleasant than unpleasant material has been less marked in patients showing overt depression than in patients who were hypomanic or recovered from depression at the time of the experiment. This has been chiefly because of the higher negative tone of recalled material in the depressed patients. Other attributes of the material, relative to its impact on the subject, have also appeared to be less influential in recall in the presence of depression.
Acute physical dependence in the waking dog after a single low dose of morphine
Authors: Jacob Joseph J. , Michaud Gérard M. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISIn the waking dog, a small dose of morphine (0·1 mg/kg intravenously) was sufficient (1) to induce a quite appreciable state of sedation which might be more closely related to clinical analgesia than experimental nociception, and (2) to allow for precipitation of clear-cut signs of abstinence (agitation, tachycardia, tachypnoea, mydriasis, hyperthermia, tremors, salivation, urination) when naloxone (3 mg/kg subcutaneously) was injected 1·5 hours later.
Note on the ordering of onset of symptoms in alcohol dependence
Authors: Orford Jim , Hawker Ann 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISJellinek's proposed phases in the development of alcohol dependence covered a wide diversity of areas. Trice and Wahl and others have rejected these detailed proposals on the grounds that not all alcoholics experience all symptoms and those that do experience them do not necessarily experience them in the same order. Data from 59 halfway house residents confirmed these two points. However, a small number of clusters of items were isolated which were reported to occur in characteristic sequence. These were: firstly, the onset of psychological dependence; secondly, tremor, morning drinking, and amnesia; and, thirdly, aspects of alcoholic psychosis. The conclusion is that there is a characteristic ordering of new events and symptoms suggestive of a developmental process in alcoholism, but this ordering is apparent only if attention is confined to a limited part of the broad spectrum of events and symptoms associated with alcoholism. This process is obscured by a consideration of the social concomitants of alcohol dependence.
Structured interview for the assessment of work-related attitudes in psychiatric patients: preliminary findings
Authors: Griffiths R. D. P. , Hodgson R. , Hallam R. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISA structured interview was developed to assess the drive, realism, self-confidence, and self-rated disablement of psychiatric patients in relation to work. The clinical and research value of the interview was demonstrated by (1) studies of rater consistency, temporal stability, and parallel form reliability, and (2) by an investigation of its predictive validity.
Plasma concentrations of tryptophan and other amino acids in manic-depressive patients
Authors: Rees Jancis R. , Allsopp M. N. E. , Hullin R. P. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISPlasma tryptophan concentrations were determined in serial blood samples from a short cycle (two to three day) manic-depressive patient and four manic-depressive patients with longer (60 day) affective cycles. Tryptophan levels varied significantly with affective state in the short cycle patient and one of the longer cycle patients. Correlation in the short cycle patient was better with blood samples taken at 3 p.m. than at 9 a.m.
Pre-treatment neurotransmitter metabolites and response to imipramine or amitriptyline treatment
Authors: Maas James W. , Kocsis James H. , Bowden Charles L. , Davis John M. , Redmond D. Eugene , Hanin Israel , Robins Eli 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPreliminary data are presented from the NIMH Collaborative Study on the psychobiology of depression, biological studies, dealing with relationships between the pre-treatment levels of the neurotransmitter metabolites 3-methoxy-4-hydrophenethyleneglycol (MHPG), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) and the subsequent therapeutic response of depressed patients to imipramine or amitriptyline. Eighty-seven depressed patients were studied during pre-treatment and treatment periods. It has been found that (1) both low pre-treatment urinary MHPG and low CSF 5-HIAA values are associated with a response to imipramine; these relationships were not artefacts due to sex or age; (2) there were no significant relationships between pre-treatment urinary MHPG, CSF MHPG, 5-HIAA, or HVA values and the subsequent response, or failure of response, to amitriptyline; (3) there was not a bimodal distribution for CSF 5-HIAA. For both males and females, there were positive and statistically significant correlations between CSF MHPG and urinary MHPG; for the females, there were positive and significant correlations between both urinary and CSF MHPG and CSF 5-HIAA. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Stereotypy in monkeys and humans
Authors: Ridley Rosalind M. , Baker Harry F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisStereotyped movements are described in monkeys and humans and are classified as arising from constraint, sensory deprivation in infancy, amphetamine treatment or psychotic states. It is argued that, with the exception of cage stereotypies, stereotyped behaviour is evidence of abnormality in the nervous system consequent upon distorted maturational processes, organic defect or biochemical disturbance. Stereotypy is associated with a state of cognitive inflexibility and social and sensory isolation in humans and monkeys. It is suggested that, while no simple biochemical disturbance in the brain can describe these various occurrences of stereotypy, the cross-species occurrence of a syndrome of isolation, cognitive inflexibility and stereotypy implies a related mechanism mediating these divergent effects. If stereotypy is regarded as a consequence of failure to use sensory input to direct behaviour, therapeutic regimes designed to stimulate responsive behaviours and social interactions are more likely to be effective in the long run than direct attempts to suppress stereotypy.
Picture perception and abstract thought in schizophrenia
Authors: Reich Shuli S. , Cutting John 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAcute schizophrenics were compared with depressed, normal and brain-damaged subjects on their ability to appreciate a meaningful picture. Their responses were measured for level of abstraction (how well the theme was conveyed), for strategy (whether details were reported before or after a global interpretation) and for appropriateness of content. Schizophrenics were less abstract than normals, more abstract than brain-damaged subjects, but no different from depressives on this measure. Their strategy was different from normals but comparable with that of depressives. The majority of schizophrenics gave inappropriate responses. It is suggested that meaningful picture interpretation might be a useful tool for evaluating the distortion of meaning which characterizes schizophrenia.
The course and outcome of cycloid psychosis
Authors: Brockington I. F. , Perris C. , Kendell R. E. , Hillier V. E. , Wainwright S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThirty patients with cycloid psychosis were found among 244 general psychotic and schizo-affective patients studied in London. The main clues to the diagnosis were the presence of ‘confusion’, a pleomorphic clinical picture or an acute onset. Most of the patients were classified as schizophrenic by British psychiatrists and the Catego system, and as schizo-affective or mood-incongruent affective psychotics by the American Research Diagnostic Criteria and DSM-III. There was little overlap between the cycloids and any Anglo-American category, and cycloid psychosis is not synonymous with schizo-affective psychosis. The outcome of the cycloids was better than that of psychotic patients as a whole, and much better than schizophrenia as defined by Catego, Schneider's, Langfeldt's or Carpenter's rules, or by the guidelines set by the International Classification of Diseases. Compared with manic-depressive patients (defined by the presence of mania at some stage), cycloids had more schizophrenic and fewer depressive and manic symptoms. There was a negligible concordance between the diagnosis of cycloid psychosis and the final diagnosis of manic-depressive disease. It is concluded that these patients should not be diagnosed as schizophrenic, but that the relation of cycloid psychosis to manic-depressive disease is not yet resolved.
Regional differences in obsessionality and obsessional neurosis
Authors: Scott A. , Kelleher M. J. , Smith A. , Murray R. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe Leyton Obsessional Inventory was administered to 69 orthopaedic patients in Glasgow, and their responses were compared with those of 77 similar subjects in London and 73 in Cork. The responses of the Scots and the English did not differ, but both of these groups were significantly less obsessional than the Irish subjects, who were particularly likely to regard cleanliness and tidiness as virtues in themselves. Obsessionality was unrelated to age, sex, social class, family size and birth order, but higher Leyton scores were found among bachelors, and among women living in the country and without outside employment. It is suggested that the common factor among these 3 subgroups is emotional or geographic isolation, and that this may enhance any tendency to obsessional ruminations and routines. This could also account for the higher Leyton scores and greater incidence of obsessional neurosis in the Irish.
Parental death in childhood and risk of adult depressive disorders: a review
Authors: Tennant Christopher , Bebbington Paul , Hurry Jane 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe authors review the evidence that parental death in childhood predisposes to depressive disorders in later life. The findings in general are quite inconsistent; this is due in part to the methodological limitations of most studies, principally that of inadequate control of potentially confounding variables. Where experimental and control samples were most rigorously matched, no association was found between childhood parental bereavement and depression in later life. Parental death in childhood appears to have little effect on adult depressive morbidity.
Reduced activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme in basal ganglia in early onset schizophrenia
Authors: Arregui Alberto , Mackay Angus V. P. , Spokes Ernest G. , Iversen Leslie L. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe dipeptidyl peptidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1), was measured in various regions of post-mortem brains. Results from 51 patients with the hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia who were divided into the clinical categories of ‘schizophrenia’ and ‘schizophrenialike’ illness on the basis of case-note analysis were compared with those from 40 control subjects. A significant reduction in angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was observed only in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and in the lateral and medial segments of globus pallidus in the ‘schizophrenia’ group, with no significant differences in enzyme activity in substantia nigra pars compacta, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, subthalamic nucleus or cerebellar cortex. Reduced enzyme activity was not seen in the ‘schizophrenia-like’ group, and occurred most significantly in ‘schizophrenia’ patients in whom the onset of the illness had occurred between the ages of 15 and 24 years. In the control population the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme in substantia nigra pars reticulata decreased significantly with age. It is possible that patients with early onset ‘schizophrenia’ may represent a separate disease entity, rather than belonging to a spectrum of a single disease.
Neurotic illness and its response to anxiolytic and antidepressant treatment
Authors: Johnstone Eve C. , Owens D. G. Cunningham , Frith C. D. , McPherson Klim , Dowie C. , Riley G. , Gold Aviva 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISTwo hundred and forty neurotic out-patients were allocated to no diagnostic category but were rated in terms of observer and self ratings of both depression and anxiety at weekly intervals during a 4-week trial of amitriptyline, diazepam, amitriptyline and diazepam, and placebo. The sample could not be divided into anxious and depressed groups on the basis of the clinical picture. The outcome tended to be good irrespective of medication but the significant drug effects found were due to amitriptyline and concerned measures of anxiety as well as depression. It is concluded that a distinction between anxiety and depression in neurotic out-patients is of no practical value with regard to drug treatment.
Prediction of clinical course of bipolar manic depressive illness treated with lithium
Authors: Johnston B. B. , Naylor G. J. , Dick E. G. , Hopwood S. E. , Dick D. A. T. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA group of bipolar manic depressive patients attending a routine lithium clinic were investigated. The results suggest that, when on treatment with lithium, manic depressive patients with a good prognosis tend to have a higher erythrocyte Na-K ATPase and higher plasma and erythrocyte lithium concentrations than those with a poor prognosis. There was no evidence to suggest that the erythrocyte: plasma lithium ratio was useful in predicting clinical response to lithium therapy. There was also a positive correlation between plasma lithium concentration and Na–K ATPase activity, confirming that in manic depressive subjects lithium produces a rise in erythrocyte Na–K ATPase activity.
Drug-related and illness-related factors in the outcome of chlorpromazine treatment: testing a model
Authors: Kolakowska T. , Gelder M. G. , Orr M. W. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISPatients who presented with acute psychoses and were treated with chlorpromazine were first divided into 2 groups with good (23) and poor (13) outcome. These outcome groups differed little in their initial clinical features and showed no difference in 2 indices of dopamine receptor blockade (extrapyramidal symptoms and plasma prolactin concentrations). The group which improved was then subdivided on the basis of evidence of dopaminergic blockade into 15 who had improved and also showed anti-dopamine effects (‘responders’) and 8 who had improved but showed no anti-dopamine effects (‘remitters’) The remainder were eventually classified as ‘resistant’ to the effects of the drug. The group of ‘remitters’ contained no patients with nuclear schizophrenia; the ‘responders’ were mainly nuclear schizophrenics; and the ‘resistant’ patients were schizophrenic or schizo-affective. The 3 groups who were defined in this way also differed in their subsequent clinical course. It is suggested that this scheme for dividing patients may be useful in clinical work and could also assist research workers to identify the patients who can most appropriately be studied to determine mechanisms of drug action.
Violent crime and the menstrual cycle
Authors: d'Orbán P. T. , Dalton J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISOf 50 women charged with crimes of violence, 44% committed their offence during the paramenstruum (P < 0·02) and there was a significant lack of offences during the ovulatory and post-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle (P < 0·01). This association could not be accounted for by psychosocial factors. Offences were unrelated to symptoms of premenstrual tension. When considering treatment, recurrent behavioural changes rather than subjective symptoms should be looked for.
An investigation of the genetic aspects of the alpha attenuation response
Authors: Young J. P. R. , Fenton G. W. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe alpha attenuation response (AAR) and its habituation rate during the course of 60 serially presented paired flash stimuli was measured in a small but homogeneous group of male identical and fraternal twins, all within the age range 19 to 40 years. Comparison of the intraclass correlation coefficients for each of the recorded AAR parameters between the two twin series and a constructed series of genetically unrelated individuals indicated that individual differences in the variables measured were significantly influenced by heredity. The findings are discussed in relation to previously reported studies of the genetic aspects of the normal spontaneous EEG.
Present status of the concept of drug dependence
Authors: Wikler Abraham 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISAt least for heuristic purposes, certain operationally definable concepts of conditioning theory can serve as a framework for research on ‘drug dependence’ both in man and in animals: primary and secondary pharmacological reinforcement, either of which may be direct (‘psychic’) or indirect (‘physical’); and social reinforcement (‘cultural’).
Severely retarded children in a London area: prevalence and provision of services
Authors: Wing Lorna 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA one-day census was made (from the Camberwell Register) of children excluded from education in school, children in ESN schools with IQs of 49 or below, and pre-school children suspected of being severely retarded. Their service placements were again recorded 26 months later. Comparison with other prevalence studies suggests that the ‘true’ prevalence of severe retardation (IQ 49 or below) for school-age children in the United Kingdom at the present time is approximately 3·6 to 4·0 per 1,000 (age-specific rate). About 40% of these children are also non-ambulant, or severely incontinent or have severe behaviour disorders. Early identification and plentiful provision of day places alone do not necessarily reduce the demand for residential accommodation. Detailed studies are needed to determine the factors which exacerbate or minimize the problems faced by families with severely retarded children.
Sedative effects on physiological and psychological measures in anxious patients
Authors: Bond Alyson J. , James D. Colin , Lader Malcolm H. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISTwenty outpatients with chronic anxiety states were tested on a large battery of physiological and psychological tests after amylobarbitone sodium, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and medazepam given in flexible dosage and compared with a placebo. Each patient received all five treatments for two to four weeks under double-blind conditions, as part of a fully balanced design. The tests included the electroencephalogram, the auditory evoked response, skin conductance, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, the Gibson Spiral Maze, and arithmetic tests, together with psychiatrist and patient ratings. Correlations within and between the different measures were computed. The benzodiazepines depressed slow wave and increased fast wave activity of the EEG, diminished the evoked response, reduced fluctuations in the skin conductance, and decreased motor speed on the Gibson Maze. Amylobarbitone had less physiological effect but impaired performance on the Gibson Maze and arithmetic tests. Significant correlations were found between the mean Hamilton and patient ratings and the physiological measures. It is concluded that physiological changes show useful correlations with clinical effects.
Clinical comparison of anxiolytic drug therapy
Authors: Lader Malcolm H. , Bond Alyson J. , James D. Colin 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISTwenty outpatients suffering from chronic anxiety states completed a trial of anxiolytic drug therapy. They each received five treatments: amylobarbitone sodium, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, medazepam, and a placebo in flexible dosage in a fully balanced design, using doubleblind procedures. They were assessed on the Hamilton rating scale for anxiety after a period of two to four weeks on each of the treatments and they completed self-ratings every three days. The selfratings were composed of at least three prime symptoms chosen by the patient himself and phrased in his own words as well as ‘loss of appetite’ and ‘insomnia’. Neither placebo nor amylobarbitone produced any substantial improvement from pre-drug levels of anxiety but all three benzodiazepines produced significant and very similar decreases in both Hamilton ratings and self-ratings. These two measures also correlated highly. The majority of the patients continued with medazepam at the end of the formal trial.