bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Recommendations for Vascular Access for Hemodialysis: Vascular Access Working Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology
Authors: Tazza Luigi , Mandolfo Salvatore , Carbonari Luciano , Forneris Giacomo , Di Dio Michele , Palumbo Roberto , Gallieni Maurizio , Bonforte Giuseppe , Carnabuci Antonio , Cavatorta Fosco , Aloisi Mauro , Galli Franco 
Published: March 2011

This paper presents an overview of the project carried out by the Vascular Access (VA) Working Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology with the aim of developing 4 position papers at the national level on how to choose, use, and implant the different, possible types of vascular access. The topics of the project are: 1) recommendations on the use of prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas for vascular access in hemodialysis, 2) recommendations on the use of venous catheters for hemodialysis, 3) infections induced by a venous catheter for hemodialysis, and 4) how to create and maintain a vascular access for hemodialysis. This paper also gives an explanation of the difficulties existing in Italy in the implementation of international guidelines, mostly due to significant differences in the procedures for the creation of VA, compared with the countries where most of the literature on the subject has been published. Individual position papers were drafted for each of the different topics. A list of recommendations was produced based on existing guidelines. Then these recommendations were critically reviewed by experts working in Italy, who expressed their opinion on their inclusion in position papers. The working method used to gather the opinions of the various experts is described. The final target is to provide clinicians interested in VA with updated documents on selected topics. Such documents will be updated periodically, and they will present a thorough overview of expert opinions.
In Conversation With Thomas Römer, The So-Called Deuteronomistic History: A Sociological, Historical And Literary Introduction (London: T. & T. Clark, 2005)
Authors: Person Jr. Raymond F. , Nelson Richard D. , McKenzie Steven L. , Otto Eckart , Amit Yairah , Römer Thomas 
Published: March 2011

This conversation with Thomas Römer, The So-Called Deuteronomistic History: A Sociological, Historical and Literary Introduction (London: T. & T. Clark, 2005) began in a special session of the Deuteronomistic History section of the Society of Biblical Literature at the SBL annual meeting held in November 2008, in Boston, MA. It includes an introduction by the editor and contributions by Richard Nelson, Steven McKenzie, Eckart Otto, and Yairah Amit. It concludes with a response by Thomas Römer.
אני ולבי - The Syntactic Encoding of the Collaborative Nature of Qohelet's Experiment
Authors: Holmstedt Robert D. 
Published: March 2011

The language of the book of Qohelet has both intrigued and frustrated generations of scholars due to its abundant orthographic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical peculiarities. One linguistic feature that has not received proper attention, however, is the presence and syntactic position of the first-person subject pronoun אני, e.g., 1:16דברתי אני עם־לבי. The independent subject pronoun is variously described as pleonastic, a strategy for emphasizing the subject, and a strategy for marking an important narrative point. However, none of these descriptions accurately describe its use in the book, and so in this essay I will address the syntax and function of Qohelet's use of the first-person subject pronouns.
Radiological Incident Preparedness: Planning at the Local Level
Authors: Tan Clive M. , Barnett Daniel J. , Stolz Adam J. , Links Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTRadiological terrorism has been recognized as a probable scenario with high impact. Radiological preparedness planning at the federal and state levels has been encouraging, but translating complex doctrines into operational readiness at the local level has proved challenging. Based on the authors' experience with radiological response planning for the City of Baltimore, this article describes an integrated approach to municipal-level radiological emergency preparedness planning, provides information on resources that are useful for radiological preparedness planning, and recommends a step-by-step process toward developing the plan with relevant examples from the experience in Baltimore. Local governmental agencies constitute the first line of response and are critical to the success of the operation. This article is intended as a starting framework for local governmental efforts toward developing a response plan for radiological incidents in their communities.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S151-S158)
Social, Psychological, and Behavioral Responses to a Nuclear Detonation in a US City: Implications for Health Care Planning and Delivery
Authors: Dodgen Daniel , Norwood Ann E. , Becker Steven M. , Perez Jon T. , Hansen Cynthia K. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA nuclear detonation in a US city would have profound psychological, social, and behavioral effects. This article reviews the scientific literature on human responses to radiation incidents and disasters in general, and examines potential behavioral health care provider (BHCP) contributions in the hours and days after a nuclear detonation. In the area directly affected by the blast, the immediate overarching goal of BHCP interventions is the support of lifesaving activities and the prevention of additional casualties from fallout. These interventions include 6 broad categories: promoting appropriate protective actions, discouraging dangerous behaviors, managing patient/survivor flow to facilitate the best use of scarce resources, supporting first responders, assisting with triage, and delivering palliative care when appropriate. At more distant sites, BHCP should work with medical providers to support hospitalized survivors of the detonation. Recommendations are also made on BHCP interventions later in the response phase and during recovery.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S54-S64)
Medical Response to a Nuclear Detonation: Creating a Playbook for State and Local Planners and Responders
Authors: Murrain-Hill Paula , Coleman C. Norman , Hick John L. , Redlener Irwin , Weinstock David M. , Koerner John F. , Black Delaine , Sanders Melissa , Bader Judith L. , Forsha Joseph , Knebel Ann R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTFor efficient and effective medical responses to mass casualty events, detailed advanced planning is required. For federal responders, this is an ongoing responsibility. The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) prepares playbooks with formal, written plans that are reviewed, updated, and exercised regularly. Recognizing that state and local responders with fewer resources may be helped in creating their own event-specific response plans, subject matter experts from the range of sectors comprising the Scarce Resources for a Nuclear Detonation Project, provided for this first time a state and local planner's playbook template for responding to a nuclear detonation. The playbook elements are adapted from DHHS playbooks with appropriate modification for state and local planners. Individualization by venue is expected, reflecting specific assets, populations, geography, preferences, and expertise. This playbook template is designed to be a practical tool with sufficient background information and options for step-by-step individualized planning and response.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S89-S97)
Radiation Injury After a Nuclear Detonation: Medical Consequences and the Need for Scarce Resources Allocation
Authors: DiCarlo Andrea L. , Maher Carmen , Hick John L. , Hanfling Dan , Dainiak Nicholas , Chao Nelson , Bader Judith L. , Coleman C. Norman , Weinstock David M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA 10-kiloton (kT) nuclear detonation within a US city could expose hundreds of thousands of people to radiation. The Scarce Resources for a Nuclear Detonation Project was undertaken to guide community planning and response in the aftermath of a nuclear detonation, when demand will greatly exceed available resources. This article reviews the pertinent literature on radiation injuries from human exposures and animal models to provide a foundation for the triage and management approaches outlined in this special issue. Whole-body doses >2 Gy can produce clinically significant acute radiation syndrome (ARS), which classically involves the hematologic, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and cardiovascular/central nervous systems. The severity and presentation of ARS are affected by several factors, including radiation dose and dose rate, interindividual variability in radiation response, type of radiation (eg, gamma alone, gamma plus neutrons), partial-body shielding, and possibly age, sex, and certain preexisting medical conditions. The combination of radiation with trauma, burns, or both (ie, combined injury) confers a worse prognosis than the same dose of radiation alone. Supportive care measures, including fluid support, antibiotics, and possibly myeloid cytokines (eg, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), can improve the prognosis for some irradiated casualties. Finally, expert guidance and surge capacity for casualties with ARS are available from the Radiation Emergency Medical Management Web site and the Radiation Injury Treatment Network.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S32-S44)
Prenatal Radiation Exposure: Background Material for Counseling Pregnant Patients Following Exposure to Radiation
Authors: Donnelly Elizabeth H. , Smith James M. , Farfán Eduardo B. , Ozcan Ibrahim 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTFetal sensitivity to radiation-induced health effects is related to gestational age, and it is highly dependent on fetal dose. Typical fetal doses from diagnostic radiology are usually below any level of concern. Although rare, significant fetal radiation doses can result from interventional medical exposures (fluoroscopically guided techniques), radiation therapy, or radiological or nuclear incidents, including terrorism. The potential health effects from these large radiation doses (possibly large enough to result in acute radiation syndrome in the expectant mother) include growth retardation, malformations, impaired brain function, and neoplasia. If exposure occurs during blastogenesis (and the embryo survives), there is a low risk for congenital abnormalities. (In all stages of gestation, radiation-induced noncancer health effects have not been reported for fetal doses below about 0.05 Gy [5 rad].) The additional risk for childhood cancer from prenatal radiation exposure is about 12% per Gy (0.12%/rad) above the background incidence.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:62-68)
Rural and Suburban Population Surge Following Detonation of an Improvised Nuclear Device: A New Model to Estimate Impact
Authors: Meit Michael , Redlener Irwin , Briggs Thomas W. , Kwanisai Mike , Culp Derrin , Abramson David M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTBackground: The objective of the study was to model urban evacuation into surrounding communities after the detonation of an improvised nuclear device (IND) to assist rural and suburban planners in understanding and effectively planning to address the effects of population surges.Methods: Researchers developed parameters for how far evacuees would travel to escape disasters and factors that would influence choice of destination from studies of historical evacuations, surveys of citizens' evacuation intentions in hypothetical disasters, and semistructured interviews with key informants and emergency preparedness experts. Those parameters became the inputs to a “push-pull” model of how many people would flee in the 4 scenarios and where they would go.Results: The expanded model predicted significant population movements from the New York City borough of Manhattan and counties within 20 km of Manhattan to counties within a 150-mi radius of the assumed IND detonation. It also predicted that even in some communities located far from Manhattan, arriving evacuees would increase the population needing services by 50% to 150%.Conclusions: The results suggest that suburban and rural communities could be overwhelmed by evacuees from their center city following an IND detonation. They also highlight the urgency of educating and communicating with the public about radiation hazards to mitigate panic and hysteria, anticipating the ways in which a mass exodus may disrupt or even cripple rescue and response efforts, and devising creative ways to exercise and drill for an event about which there is great denial and fatalism.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S143-S150)
Long-term Radiation-Related Health Effects in a Unique Human Population: Lessons Learned from the Atomic Bomb Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Authors: Douple Evan B. , Mabuchi Kiyohiko , Cullings Harry M. , Preston Dale L. , Kodama Kazunori , Shimizu Yukiko , Fujiwara Saeko , Shore Roy E. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTFor 63 years scientists in the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and its successor, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, have been assessing the long-term health effects in the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and in their children. The identification and follow-up of a large population (approximately a total of 200 000, of whom more than 40% are alive today) that includes a broad range of ages and radiation exposure doses, and healthy representatives of both sexes; establishment of well-defined cohorts whose members have been studied longitudinally, including some with biennial health examinations and a high survivor-participation rate; and careful reconstructions of individual radiation doses have resulted in reliable excess relative risk estimates for radiation-related health effects, including cancer and noncancer effects in humans, for the benefit of the survivors and for all humankind. This article reviews those risk estimates and summarizes what has been learned from this historic and unique study.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S122-S133)
Triage and Treatment Tools for Use in a Scarce Resources-Crisis Standards of Care Setting After a Nuclear Detonation
Authors: Coleman C. Norman , Weinstock David M. , Casagrande Rocco , Hick John L. , Bader Judith L. , Chang Florence , Nemhauser Jeffrey B. , Knebel Ann R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTBased on background information in this special issue of the journal, possible triage recommendations for the first 4 days following a nuclear detonation, when response resources will be limited, are provided. The series includes: modeling for physical infrastructure damage; severity and number of injuries; expected outcome of triage to immediate, delayed, or expectant management; resources required for treating injuries of varying severity; and how resource scarcity (particularly medical personnel) worsens outcome. Four key underlying considerations are: 1.) resource adequacy will vary greatly across the response areas by time and location; 2.) to achieve fairness in resource allocation, a common triage approach is important; 3.) at some times and locations, it will be necessary to change from “conventional” to “contingency” or “crisis” standards of medical care (with a resulting change in triage approach from treating the “sickest first” to treating those “most likely to survive” first); and 4.) clinical reassessment and repeat triage are critical, as resource scarcity worsens or improves. Changing triage order and conserving and allocating resources for both lifesaving and palliative care can maintain fairness, support symptomatic care, and save more lives. Included in this article are printable triage cards that reflect our recommendations. These are not formal guidelines. With new research, data, and discussion, these recommendations will undoubtedly evolve.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S111-S121)
Allocation of Scarce Resources After a Nuclear Detonation: Setting the Context
Authors: Knebel Ann R. , Coleman C. Norman , Cliffer Kenneth D. , Murrain-Hill Paula , McNally Richard , Oancea Victor , Jacobs Jimmie , Buddemeier Brooke , Hick John L. , Weinstock David M. , Hrdina Chad M. , Taylor Tammy , Matzo Marianne , Bader Judith L. , Livinski Alicia A. , Parker Gerald , Yeskey Kevin 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to set the context for this special issue of Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness on the allocation of scarce resources in an improvised nuclear device incident. A nuclear detonation occurs when a sufficient amount of fissile material is brought suddenly together to reach critical mass and cause an explosion. Although the chance of a nuclear detonation is thought to be small, the consequences are potentially catastrophic, so planning for an effective medical response is necessary, albeit complex. A substantial nuclear detonation will result in physical effects and a great number of casualties that will require an organized medical response to save lives. With this type of incident, the demand for resources to treat casualties will far exceed what is available. To meet the goal of providing medical care (including symptomatic/palliative care) with fairness as the underlying ethical principle, planning for allocation of scarce resources among all involved sectors needs to be integrated and practiced. With thoughtful and realistic planning, the medical response in the chaotic environment may be made more effective and efficient for both victims and medical responders.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S20-S31)
State-Level Emergency Preparedness and Response Capabilities
Authors: Watkins Sharon M. , Perrotta Dennis M. , Stanbury Martha , Heumann Michael , Anderson Henry , Simms Erin , Huang Monica 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTBackground: Prior assessments of public health readiness had identified gaps in radiation preparedness. In recent years, preparedness planning has involved an “all-hazards” approach. Current assessment of the national status related to radiation public health emergency preparedness capabilities at the state and local health department levels was needed.Methods: A survey of state health departments related to radiation readiness was undertaken in 2010 by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). States with nuclear power plants were instructed to consider their responses exclusive of capabilities and resources related to the plants given that the emergency response plans for nuclear power plants are specific and unique.Results: Thirty-eight (76%) state health departments responded to the survey, including 26 of the 31 states with nuclear power plants. Specific strengths noted at the state level included that the majority of states had a written radiation response plan and most plans include a detailed section for communications issues during a radiation emergency. In addition, more than half of the states indicated that their relationship with federal partners is sufficient to provide resources for radiation emergencies, indicating the importance states placed on federal resources and expertise. Specific weaknesses are discussed and include that most states had completed little to no planning for public health surveillance to assess potential human health impacts of a radiation event; less than half had written plans to address exposure assessment, environmental sampling, human specimen collection and analysis, and human health assessment. Few reported having sufficient resources to do public health surveillance, radiation exposure assessment, laboratory functions and other capabilities.Discussion: Levels of planning, resources and partnerships varied among states, those with nuclear power plants were better prepared. Gaps were evident in all states; however and additional training and resources are needed to ensure adequate levels of preparedness.Conclusion: Overall results of this assessment indicate that in most measures of public health capacity and capability, states are poorly prepared to adequately respond to a major radiation emergency event. Specific recommendations are noted in the discussion.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S134-S142)
Health Care System Planning for and Response to a Nuclear Detonation
Authors: Hick John L. , Weinstock David M. , Coleman C. Norman , Hanfling Dan , Cantrill Stephen , Redlener Irwin , Bader Judith L. , Murrain-Hill Paula , Knebel Ann R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe hallmark of a successful response to a nuclear detonation will be the resilience of the community, region, and nation. An incident of this magnitude will rapidly become a national incident; however, the initial critical steps to reduce lives lost, save the lives that can be saved with the resources available, and understand and apply resources available to a complex and dynamic situation will be the responsibility of the local and regional responders and planners. Expectations of the public health and health care systems will be met to the extent possible by coordination, cooperation, and an effort to produce as consistent a response as possible for the victims. Responders will face extraordinarily stressful situations, and their own physical and psychological health is of great importance to optimizing the response. This article illustrates through vignettes and supporting text how the incident may unfold for the various components of the health and medical systems and provides additional context for the discipline-related actions outlined in the state and local planners’ playbook.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S73-S88)
The Institute of Medicine's Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events: Regional Workshop Series on the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Campaign
Authors: Stroud Clare , Altevogt Bruce M. , Butler Jay C. , Duchin Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, public health authorities launched an ambitious vaccination program to protect tens of millions of Americans from the virus. In April and May 2010, the Institute of Medicine Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events hosted a series of 3 regional workshops to examine the 2009 H1N1 vaccination campaign. The workshops brought together stakeholders involved in distributing and dispensing H1N1 vaccine to discuss successes and challenges and to identify strategies to improve future vaccination programs and other medical countermeasure dispensing campaigns. On the basis of the presentations and the discussions that followed, several themes and opportunities for future efforts were identified in the following areas: vaccine supply and demand; state and local implementation of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations, including prioritization for vaccination; vaccine formulations and priority groups; opportunities for developing partnerships; opportunities to increase seasonal vaccination rates among pregnant women and health care workers and to increase acceptance of live attenuated nasal spray vaccine; standardization and improvement of immunization information management systems; opportunities to simplify, systematize, and automate processes and practices; and research needs and opportunities.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:81-86)
The
R
eformatsky Reaction
Authors: Shriner Ralph L. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The reaction which takes place between a carbonyl compound such as an aldehyde, ketone, or an ester, and an alpha‐haloester in the presence of zinc is commonly known as the Reformatsky reaction. It represents an extension of the reactions of carbonyl compounds with a dialkylzinc or an alkylzinc halide, but possesses the advantage that the isolation of the organozinc compound is unnecessary. The process creates a new carbon‐carbon linkage and involves the following: Formation of an organozinc halide; addition to the carbonyl group of the aldehyde or ketone, decomposition by dilute acids.