bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The survival of Shigella sonnei on cotton threads
Authors: Spicer C. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. Experiments have been carried out to estimate quantitatively the survival of Sh. sonnei at various R.H.'S and two different temperature ranges.2. A fraction may survive for 7–10 days under favourable conditions.3. At R.H.'S of 40–60% the organism survives less well than at higher or lower values.4. Survival is better at temperatures of 5–10°C. than at 20–30°C.I am very grateful to Mr T. Nash for his advice during the course of this work, and also to Col. H. J. Bensted for his comments on the MS.
The association of starch-accumulating strains of Group A streptococci with acute nephritis and acute rheumatic fever
Authors: Crowley Nuala 
Published: May 2009

On the basis of starch synthesis and degradation by the strains three subdivisions of Group A streptococci were made. In defined cultural conditions about a third of the strains accumulated starch, the majority belonging to one subgroup. Of patients from whom starch-accumulating strains were isolated at the onset of infection, the observed numbers who developed either acute nephritis or acute rheumatic fever were more than three times the expected numbers. Of eighty-six strains, including forty-six members ofType 12, and forty belonging to several other serotypes, which were associated with either nephritis or rheumatic fever, more than 90% were starch-accumulating strains. Though 47% of allType 12strains accumulated starch, there was a primary association of starch-accumulating strains and the sequelae, irrespective of serotype. On the basis of type-frequency, and the starch synthesizing and degrading activities of the three most common serotypes,Types 1, 4and 12, together with the host factor (for only 25% of patients infected with starch-accumulating strains developed the sequelae) the chances ofType 12incidents are four to one againstTypes 1and 4. The probability of the findings occurring by chance was considerably less than 0·001.Technical assistance was paid for by grants from the Royal Free Hospital Endowment Fund, and I thank the Board of Governors of the Hospital. The drawings were made by Mrs Audrey Besterman, medical artist. For all their help and patience I wish to thank Dr R. E. O. Williams, Dr M. Patricia Jevons, Mr W. R. Maxted, Dr P. J. L. Sequeira, Dr W. J. Whelan and Dr Rebecca Lancefield.
The isolation of salmonellae from the mesenteric lymph nodes and faeces of pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs and cats and from other organs of poultry
Authors: Smith H. Williams 
Published: May 2009

1. The mesenteric lymph nodes and faeces of pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs and cats and the intestinal wall and other organs of chickens in Essex, England, have been examined for salmonellae. These animals were either healthy or were not suffering from clinical salmonella infection.2. Salmonellae were isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of sixty (12%) of 500 pigs, nine (4·5%) of 200 dogs, five (2·5%) of 200 cats and none of 200 cattle and 100 sheep. None was found in the chickens.3. One (0·5%) of the cats and one (0·5%) of the dogs and six (1·2%) of an additional 500 healthy pigs were excreting salmonellae in their faeces.4. Of the seventeen serotypes found in pigs, Salm. typhi-murium, Salm. anatum and Salm. cholerae-suis occurred most frequently.5. All strains of Salm. cholerae-suis were isolated in brilliant green MacConkey broth; selenite broth was unsuitable for this purpose.6. Despite the high isolation rate from pigs, clinical salmonella infection was diagnosed relatively infrequently at this laboratory. Salm. cholerae-suis was isolated from only one of seventeen epidemiologically unrelated cases of necrotic enteritis in pigs.7. The results are discussed from the public health and agricultural view points with particular regard to the part infected feedingstuffs may play in causing salmonella infection in animals.The expenses of the investigation were, in part, defrayed by grants from the Agricultural Research Council, whose help I gratefully acknowledge.I am grateful to Mr A. J. Harman and Miss Linda Kelly for their capable technical help and to Dr K. C. Sellers for useful suggestions made during the course of this work. I am also indebted to Dr Joan Taylor for typing all the salmonella cultures and to Mr L. G. Smart for collecting the lymph nodes from the cattle, sheep and pigs.
Ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic studies on neonatal calf sera and maternal colostrum
Authors: Johnson P. , Pierce A. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Neonatal serum proteins and those of maternal colostrum have been examined in the Spinco analytical ultracentrifuge and the Perkin-Elmer electrophoresis apparatus. To facilitate correlations between the two types of result, certain protein fractions have been prepared electrophoretically and examined in the ultracentrifuge.2. The electrophoretically distinguishable components of precolostral serum, albumin, α and β globulin and traces of γ globulin sedimented mainly as a single boundary which showed evidence of a slower component (probably fetuin) with a sedimentation constant of about 3S. A small proportion of a macroglobulin component (S020 ≅ 16S), associated with the α globulin, was also present. In conformity with the very low γ globulin, there was a complete lack of globulin with S020 ≅ 6·5–7·0S. The β globulin and the bulk of the α globulin sedimented closely with albumin, whose sedimentation constant in an electrophoretically isolated fraction was somewhat lower than normal, probably as a result of α-globulin contamination.3. The electrophoretic and ultracentrifuge analysis of postcolostral calf serum showed evidence of passive absorption from the maternal colostrum of immune lactoglobulin. There was a rise in the concentration of total serum protein of which up to 51·6% was immune lactoglobulin, of sedimentation constant 6–6·5S. No such component occurs in precolostral sera. The electrophoretic and ultracen-trifugal characteristics of this globulin were not significantly altered as the result of absorption. The acquisition of immune lactoglobulin was accompanied by a simultaneous fall in serum albumin concentration.4. Examination of colostrum, rennin-produced colostral whey, and of electrophoretic fractions prepared from colostrum showed the presence of a small proportion of a macroglobulin (S020 ≅ 18S), a well-defined immune lactoglobulin of S020 ≅ 6·4S and electrophoretic properties in the γ-range, and a group of electrophoretically more mobile components with sedimentation constants ranging downwards from 3S.5. Electrophoretically prepared fractions from the serum of a deprived calf 27 days old showed sedimentation properties in conformity with the results on precolostral sera, with the macroglobulin component being again associated with α globulin. The remainder of α and β globulin sedimented alongside albumin and the additional γ-globulin component in a single boundary of S020 ≅ 6·5–7S.6. The concentration of autogenous γ globulin developed by calves which had been deprived of colostrum increased with time and was generally in fair agreement with that of the 6·5–7S component.The authors wish to thank Sir Alan Drury, F.R.S., for his interest and encouragement during the course of this work, Mr N. Buttress, Mr D. Hardman and Miss J. Mallon for technical assistance and Mr J. Clark for assistance in the care and handling of the calves.
A new phage-typing scheme forSalmonella typhi-murium
Authors: Callow Bessie R. 
Published: May 2009

1. A new phage-typing scheme forSalm. typhi-muriumis described which initially defines thirty-four types of the organism.2. Types recognizable with the older scheme of Felix and Callow remain distinct with the new system. However, the latter method offers a finer subdivision of the organism than does the former.3. Thirteen of the twenty-nine typing phages used in the new scheme were prepared by adaptation ofSalm. paratyphiB typing phage 3b, and nineteen are serologically indistinguishable from this phage.4. The lysogenic properties of the new types are discussed. Twenty-three out of the thirty-three type strains yielded both thermolabile and thermostable phages and a further three yielded thermolabile phages only. No phages could be isolated from the remainder.5. The distinctive host ranges of the phages carried by most types can be used for type identification.I am indebted to Miss Alison M. Dykes for her valuable assistance with this work; to Mr F. J. Flynn for help in the preparation of phage stocks; and to Dr E. S. Anderson for many helpful discussions and advice in the preparation of this paper.
The distribution of the underground rat population of a south Yorkshire drift mine
Authors: Twigg G. I. 
Published: May 2009

Test baiting has shown that rats underground are distributed in a series of discrete colonies, each one in close association with a group of men. Interplay between colonies is rare in large mines although evident in small ones. In the absence of stables the rats must depend almost entirely on miners’ food scraps.These observations were made during work carried out under a research grant from Safety in Mines Research Establishment, Ministry of Power, and I am indebted to the Ministry for permission to publish the results. I should like also to express my gratitude to Dr E. T. B. Francis who supervised the work, Mr. C. S. W. Grice of the Ministry of Power and Miss B. B. Jones of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for their help in various aspects of the work.
The incidence and significance of Phase 1 complement-fixing antibody in Q fever
Authors: Powell O. W. , Stallman N. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. An attempt has been made to follow up a consecutive series of seventy-two patients for the presence of Phase 1 C.F. antibody approximately 2 years or more after the acute illness. Fifty-one of the series were tested.2. Fifteen of the fifty-one patients had detectable amounts of antibody, generally in low titre.3. The presence of Phase 1 antibody correlated well, in older age-groups, with the duration of convalescence following the acute illness. There was no correlation with the duration of fever.4. All cases with Phase 1 antibody also had Phase 2 antibody, usually in slightly higher titre. In no case in which Phase 2 antibody was absent or present in low titre was Phase 1 antibody found.5. It is suggested that the presence of Phase 1 C.F. antibody is an indication of past persistent infection. It cannot necessarily be concluded that it is an indication of present persisting infection.We wish to thank Dr H. Silverstone, Senior Lecturer in Medical Statistics, University of Queensland, for statistical advice.
Effect of treatment in percolating filters on the numbers of bacteria in sewage in relation to the composition and size of filtering medium
Authors: Tomlinson T. G. , Loveless J. E. , Sear L. G. 
Published: May 2009

For a period of a year the total count, Coli-aerogenes count and turbidity were determined on samples of sewage and effluent taken every week from pilot-scale percolating filters treating domestic sewage. The eight filters contained four types of filtering medium in two sizes.Numbers of coliform bacteria in the settled sewage were much higher during the warmer months but the total count showed no regular seasonal variation. Treatment in all the filters reduced the numbers of bacteria in both groups by over 95%. In general the reductions in numbers of bacteria and in numbers of all particles in suspension were proportional to the total area of filtering medium with which the sewage came into contact. The probability of discharging more than 10,000 coli-aerogenes per ml. ranged from 10% in the most efficient to 90 % in the least efficient filter.Experiments in which Serratia indica was added to the influent sewage showed that only 0·4 % were recovered in the settled effluent after 24 hr. Treatment in the filters had little selective action on the different types of coliform bacteria.This paper is published by permission of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Observations on the role of hospital blankets as reservoirs of infection
Authors: Caplan Harold 
Published: May 2009

A planned experiment to gauge the effect of regular blanket disinfection on bacterial, especially staphylococcal, contamination and infection in an acute geriatric unit is described.With formalinization of blankets, the total colony counts of sweep-plates of blankets in use fell to 43 and 34% of the control period counts on two test wards respectively. The staphylococcal counts fell to 20 and 25% of their previous levels on the two test wards. Ordinary laundering with soap and water did not significantly alter the degree of bacterial contamination of the blankets.Colony counts of slit-sampler plates taken during bed-making fell, with formalinization, to about one-third and one-half of the control period counts on the two test wards respectively. Staphylococcal colony counts fell to about one-fifth and one-third of their previous levels.Staphylococcal contamination of patients was measured by the nasal carrier rate, there being very little sepsis on the unit. The gross figures for nasal carriage of Staph. aureus showed little variation attributable to blanket disinfection. The number of patients acquiring a new strain of staphylococcus after admission tended to increase as the investigation continued. This trend was reversed on both test wards coincident with the introduction of blanket disinfection, and it would seem that this measure may have the effect of lessening the chances of the hospitalized patient becoming a nasal carrier of Staph. aureus, but the results are not formally statistically significant.There appears to be a lack of parallelism between the degree of environmental contamination and cross-infection rates. It is considered unlikely that contaminated blankets may cause infection except in two special circumstances: (a) in the wards, by direct contact with the patient's skin or in-dwelling catheter, and (b) in the operating theatre suite, either directly by contact with the patient's skin, or indirectly via the air.I am grateful to Professor R. E. O. Williams for the loan of a slit-sampler; to Dr Martin Hynes for advice and encouragement; to Mr M. P. Curwen for the analysis of statistical significance; to Mr F. Seage for much technical help; to Dr J. Sharkey, geriatrician; to Sister J. Cleary and the nurses of the geriatric unit; and to Mrs H. M. Page and Miss M. Hanworth for secretarial assistance.The work was supported by a grant from the free funds of the Northern Group Hospital Management Committee.
Staphylococcal disease and nasal carriage in the Royal Air Force
Authors: Miller D. L. , McDonald J. C. , Jevons M. P. , Williams R. E. O. 
Published: May 2009

1. The nasal carriage of Staph. aureus and its relation to disease was studied in new recruits, boy apprentices and trained men of the Royal Air Force.2. The proportions of Staph. aureus that were penicillin-resistant ranged from 15% in new recruits to 29% in trained men. In a school for apprentices the rate in new arrivals was 18%, and 23% for boys after the initial training. We were unable to find when these changes occurred.3. 31% of strains isolated from septic lesions were penicillin-resistant and the rate was similar in all types of unit. Resistant strains were not apparently more virulent than sensitive strains.4. About 1% of all strains isolated were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin and much smaller proportions to chloramphenicol and erythromycin.5. The phage-group distribution was similar for nasal and lesion strains, but nearly half the penicillin-resistant lesion strains belonged to Group I, and types 52A and 3C/55/71 were much commoner in lesions than in the nose.6. Penicillin-resistant strains were more readily acquired and more rapidly lost than the sensitive strains.7. Nasal carriers suffered from septic lesions more frequently than non-carriers, and those with a lesion tended to suffer further lesions. There was no evidence of cross-infection among bedroom contacts.8. The proportion of penicillin-resistant strains rose from 30 to 40% between admission to and discharge from service hospitals. Resistant strains were not carried for long after discharge.9. Penicillin treatment resulted in a fall in the total carrier rate and a rise in the resistance rate. Phage type analysis showed that this was mainly due to elimination of sensitive strains and recolonization with resistant strains.We are greatly indebted to Miss Susan Green for the large amount of work that she did in the laboratory. We should like to thank also many Royal Air Force medical officers for their assistance, in particular Wing Commander E. S. Odbert, Wing Commander M. White, Squadron Leader M. Shearer and Flight Lieutenant A. J. Zuckerman; and the Director-General of the Royal Air Force Medical Services for permission to publish the results.
The lethal effect of cotton-wool lipid on tubercle bacilli in acid conditions and its prevention by surface-active agents
Authors: Hart P. D'arcy , Lovelock J. E. , Nash T. 
Published: May 2009

Long-chain fatty acids are not appreciably bactericidal to tubercle bacilli at neutral pH, but become so even in slightly acid solution. In this way tubercle bacilli, normally resistant to 0·1 N hydrochloric acid (pH 1·0), are rapidly killed at this pH if traces of fatty acid are present, such as can be found inside test tubes that have been plugged with cotton wool and sterilized by dry heat.The lethal effect is largely prevented by non-ionic, cationic, and to a lesser extent anionic detergents, which probably take up the fatty acid into the micelles so that it can no longer attack the bacilli.The various fatty acids identified in the deposit from heated cotton wool were tested individually and found to be bactericidal. They comprised the usual C12to C18saturated acids and also oleic acid. The latter, however, showed no particular lethal toxicity in excess of that shown by, for example, palmitic acid. Shorter chained fatty acids than those represented in the deposit were less lethal.We wish to thank Dr A. T. James for the chromatographic analyses and for advice; Dr R. J. W. Rees for carrying out counts of total acid-fast bacilli in two experiments; Messrs. Robinson & Sons Ltd, Chesterfield, for information on the industrial processes involved in the preparation of cotton wool; Mr E. J. Latham for advice on preparing glassware; and Dr J. Marks for helpful criticism of the manuscript.
Efficacy of measles vaccine
Authors: Hartfield J. , Morley D. 
Published: May 2009

1. Approximately 1000 Nigerian children between the age of 6 months and 2 years were given Enders ‘B’ meásles vaccine, combined with gamma globulin in all except 120 children. A control group of similar numbers received gamma globulin alone plus inert material.2. In a preliminary village study the 26 vaccinated children remained free of measles, 19 of the 27 control children developed measles and 2 of these children died.3. In a blind study among children attending the large child out-patient clinic at the Ilesha hospital, a follow up was also attempted but was more difficult. In all, 272 cases of ‘measles-like’ illness were seen, 192 in control children, and 80 in the vaccinated group. The number in the vaccinated group is believed to be a reflexion of the difficulties under which this diagnosis was made, rather than a failure of the vaccine to immunize. Eleven children are known to have died from measles. All these 11 were in the control group who had not had vaccine.4. The control children showed a smaller mean gain in weight than the vaccinated in the months following inoculation. The difference may have been due to poor weight-gain among the control children who developed measles.This work was supported in part by the Health Research Council of the City of New York under contract U 1056 and by the office of the Surgeon General, Department of the U.S. Army, sponsored by the Commission on Viral Infection Armed Forces Epidemiological Board. We wish to thank Dr W. J. Martin, Ph.D., D.Sc. and Miss I. Allen of the Medical Research Council's Statistical Unit for Statistical help.The vaccines and gamma globulin were supplied by Dr Maurice Hilleman, Director, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research.
Studies in tissue culture on the pH-stability of rinderpest virus
Authors: Liess B. , Plowright W. 
Published: May 2009

The pH-stability of three strains of rinderpest virus, propagated in tissue cultures, was investigated at 4°C. in veronal-acetate buffers (Michaelis) of pH 3·0–10·7.An attenuated laboratory strain, in its 95th culture passage (RBOK), showed maximal stability in the pH range 7·2–8·0, the half-life being about 3·7 days. It was relatively stable from pH 4·0 to 10·2, the half-life at the extremes of this range being over 2 hr. At pH 3·0 the infectivity declined very rapidly, the half-life period being 24·0 sec.One virulent strain (RGK/1) showed a significantly lower resistance than strain RBOK at pH 3/0, probably also at pH 5·0. The inactivation rates for these two strains were, however, not greatly different at pH 10·7. The other virulent strain (RBT/1) was even less stable than RGK/1 at pH 4·0 or 5·0 but of a comparable stability at pH 9·0 and 10·2.These findings are discussed in comparison with published data on the related viruses of measles and canine distemper. The importance of strain differences in studies of this kind is stressed.We are grateful to Mr C. S. Rampton, A.I.M.L.T., and Mr L. W. Rowe, F.I.M.L.T., for help in the preparation of the diagrams. This paper is published with the permission of Mr H. R. Binns, C.M.G., O.B.E., Director, E.A.V.R.O.
Salmonellae and shigellae in a group of periurban South African Bantu school children
Authors: Richardson N.J. , Bokkenheuser V. 
Published: May 2009

1. Faeces from apparently healthy Bantu school children of a periurban district of Johannesburg were examined eight times at regular intervals over a period of 1 year.2. Of 75 children, 29·3 % experienced at least one salmonella infection and 2·7 % one shigella infection. It is suggested that over a year nearly all children will have one, and many of them several, infections with these pathogens. The infections occurred at a low rate throughout the year.3. In most cases the infections were asymptomatic. A few of the children showed evidence of being salmonella carriers of long standing.4. Eighteen different salmonella types were recovered. Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi B and S. paratyphi C were absent. The organisms were highly resistant to penicillin, erythromycin and novobiocin and a few strains were also resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline.5. The drinking water was of poor quality and may well be implicated in the transmission of the infections.Our thanks are due to the Director of this Institute, Dr J. H. S. Gear, for permission to publish this paper; to Mr R. G. Robinson for assessing the microorganisms'sensitivity to antibiotics; and to the South African Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, for a grant enabling us to meet the transport expenses.
The production and inactivation of pyocines
Authors: Wahba A. H. 
Published: May 2009

Certain strains ofPs. aeruginosaproduce, in addition to pyocines, substances which inhibit pyocine activity. These pyocine inhibitors are probably proteolytic enzymes.In order to investigate the production of pyocines by various strains ofPs. aeruginosa,aeruginosa, nutrient agar medium was devised in which the action of the pyocine-inhibiting substances is suppressed by incorporating 10–5M iodoacetic acid, 0·1 % sodium citrate and 0·1 % dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. This medium also diminished slime production.Pyocine production is a stable characteristic which is not lost on repeated sub-culture or prolonged storage, and might form the basis of a typing system forPs. aeruginosa.I wish to thank Dr M. T. Parker, Director of the Cross-Infection Reference Laboratory, Public Health Laboratory Service, for constant encouragement and helpful advice.