bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving susceptibility mapping using a threshold‐based K‐space/image domain iterative reconstruction approach
Authors: Tang J. , Liu S. , Neelavalli J. , Cheng Y. C. N. , Buch S. , Haacke E. M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTo improve susceptibility quantification, a threshold‐based k‐space/image domain iterative approach that uses geometric information from the susceptibility map itself as a constraint to overcome the ill‐posed nature of the inverse filter is introduced. Simulations were used to study the accuracy of the method and its robustness in the presence of noise. In vivo data were processed and analyzed using this method. Both simulations and in vivo results show that most streaking artifacts inside the susceptibility map caused by the ill‐defined inverse filter were suppressed by the iterative approach. In simulated data, the bias toward lower mean susceptibility values inside vessels has been shown to decrease from around 10% to 2% when choosing an appropriate threshold value for the proposed iterative method. Typically, three iterations are sufficient for this approach to converge and this process takes less than 30 s to process a 512 × 512 × 256 dataset. This iterative method improves quantification of susceptibility inside vessels and reduces streaking artifacts throughout the brain for data collected from a single‐orientation acquisition. This approach has been applied to vessels alone as well as to vessels and other structures with lower susceptibility to generate whole brain susceptibility maps with significantly reduced streaking artifacts. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Information Seeking over the Course of Illness: The Experience of People with Fibromyalgia
Authors: Chen Annie T. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveAlthough there is literature addressing the fibromyalgia illness experience, there has been limited work concerning how people with fibromyalgia utilize health information. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the information needs and information‐seeking patterns of such individuals, and how these might change over time.MethodsData were collected through an online survey of fibromyalgia‐related information behaviours (N = 190). The participants were recruited through two methods: an email invitation sent out over a university listserv including faculty, staff and students, and invitational posts on fibromyalgia discussion boards on various health‐related websites.ResultsRespondents used the internet most frequently, but also placed great value on information from others, including healthcare practitioners, family and friends. Among the online sources, organization websites, health portals and health‐related social networking sites were most frequently used. Topics of interest to people with fibromyalgia vary as they move from an initial stage of confusion, to diagnosis and eventually to a stage of equilibrium in which they are satisfied with their management of their condition. Aside from symptoms and treatments, topics often reflect a need to understand the meaning of their condition and coping skills.ConclusionThe areas of information need identified in the present study can be used to tailor patient education materials and information services to address contextual and temporal factors in the illness experiences of those with fibromyalgia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nash equilibrium solutions of tracking game for bilinear systems with exponential reference signals
Authors: Ning Gaorong , Tie Lin , Cai Kai‐Yuan , Wu Xian‐Yuan 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we consider the problem of Nash equilibrium solutions of two players tracking game for bilinear systems. A successive approximation approach is modified to design optimal controllers for bilinear systems. More specifically, a sequence of extended Sylvester differential equations are solved by this modified approach. A simulation example is given to demonstrate the validity of this approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of spider‐web‐like electrospun mats of meta‐aramid
Authors: Oh Hyun Ju , Pant Hem Raj , Kang Young Sic , Jeon Kyung Soo , Pant Bishweshwar , Kim Cheol Sang , Kim Hak Yong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe effect of salt formation during condensation polymerization on the morphology of electrospun meta‐aramid fibers was investigated. The presence of a by‐product salt (CaCl2) improved the electrospinability of the meta‐aramid solution and induced the formation of a spider‐web‐like structure in the mat. The effect of the concentration of the solution and the applied voltage on the formation of the spider‐web‐like fibrous structure was investigated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images indicated that thin fibers were uniformly distributed with thick fibers throughout the mats in the form of a spider‐web‐like structure. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of the electrospun mat was affected by CaCl2. The observed enhancement in the thermal and mechanical properties of the mats, which was attributed to the formation of the spider‐web‐like structure, may increase the number of potential applications of meta‐aramids, such as water/air filtration, protective clothing and electrical insulation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Finding Foreigners: Race and the Politics of Memory in British Prisons
Authors: Kaufman Emma 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn the summer of 2009, the British government introduced a new policy for managing foreign nationals imprisoned in England and Wales. Dubbed hubs and spokes, that policy reorganises the penal estate, concentrating non‐citizens in select prisons ‘embedded’ with full‐time immigration staff. The policy also requires prison staff to identify foreign nationals to immigration authorities and obliges prisons to detain prisoners facing deportation beyond the length of their criminal sentences. This paper explores the effects of such an approach to foreign national prisoners. In particular, I examine how the effort to find the ‘foreigners’ in British penal institutions has affected the meaning of race behind bars. Drawing on a year of ethnographic fieldwork, I argue that the process of identifying foreign nationals is more piecemeal and political than it can seem from outside prison walls. In practice, the effort to find ‘foreigners’ depends on racialised assumptions about foreignness and British national belonging. These assumptions contrast with the fluid and highly personalised articulations of race and nation that circulate within the prison. I examine this contrast, asserting that the hubs and spokes policy remakes and racialises the concept of British citizenship. I also consider the new policy in the historical context of British colonialism. Ultimately, I assert that the government's approach to foreign national prisoners perpetuates amnesia about the politics of imprisoning ‘foreigners’. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chaotic masking for securing RFID systems against relay attacks
Authors: Malek Behzad , Miri Ali 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe relay attack is a simple yet effective attack against most radio‐frequency identification (RFID) authentication systems. Because of the minimalist design of an RFID system, a lightweight authentication scheme must be designed to provide a strong level of security for low‐cost RFID tags. In this work, we propose a simple but secure masking scheme that counters the relay attack in RFID systems. Our scheme is the first solution based on the chaos suppression theory. We have exploited the chaotic characteristics of a dynamic Lorenz controller to distinguish a legitimate RFID reader from a proxy reader in the relay attack. We also show that the proposed approach is practical using simulation results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Physical and Chemical Properties of Electric Arc Furnace Dusts for the Purposes of Their Utilization
Authors: Lis Teresa , Nowacki Krzysztof 
Published: June 2012

AbstractElectric arc furnace dusts are among the most environment polluting wastes. Numerous utilization technologies have been developed for dusts containing up to 4% of Zn and more than 20% of Zn. However, the remaining part of steelmaking dusts are the most problematic ones, as they are mostly dumped generating costs and posing serious environmental threats. This paper provides an analysis of the potential utilization options for dusts containing ca. 10% of zinc generated in a single electric steelmaking shop. Physical and chemical properties of dusts have been determined and examined, and furthermore, results of the studies on the EAFD utilization in production of cement clinker and industrial glass have been discussed. It has been found that a particularly beneficial feature of the production technology proposed is that the iron content exceeds 30%. The influence of the dusts used on the functional properties of the products obtained has been established as well as the environmental impact of the processes and products in question and the dust mass possible to be utilized in the production technology proposed have been determined.
The climate benefit of Swedish ethanol: present and prospective performance
Authors: Börjesson Pål , Ahlgren Serina , Berndes Göran 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBiofuels are introduced in the transportation sector as a means to reduce the sectorŉs greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. European and other national and global standardization schemes for biofuels also include certain minimum GHG emission reduction among the requirements to be met. Assessments of the GHG performance of biofuels are complex due to the complexities of physical, chemical, and biological conversion processes, feedstock diversity, and variability in site‐specific environmental conditions. Differences may also arise in analytical approaches, including in how direct and indirect land use change is accounted for. Current production of first‐generation ethanol in Sweden, based on wheat, causes relatively low GHG emissions, whereas a future expansion may cause increased emissions from changes in land use and less optimal utilization of by‐products. Such negative impacts may be avoided by an introduction and expansion of second‐generation ethanol based on lignocellulosic feedstock (e.g., straw, short rotation coppice, and forest residues), which eventually could become the major feedstock in ethanol production. This transition to low, indirect impact ethanol systems creates an opening for a significant expansion of ethanol in the transport sector without compromising the sizeable climate benefits and sustainable resource exploitation.This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
Bioenergy > Climate and Environment
GreenATP: APPortunities to catalyze local to global positive tipping points through collaborative innovation networks
Authors: Totten Michael P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHumanity's unceasing ingenuity is generating vast economic gain for billions of people with goods unavailable to even kings and queens throughout most of history. Unfortunately, this economic growth has triggered unprecedented security challenges of global and historical magnitude: more absolute poor than any time in human history, the sixth largest extinction spasm of life on earth, climate destabilization with mega‐catastrophic consequences, and multi‐trillion dollar wars over access to energy. These multiple, inextricably interwoven challenges have low probability of being solved if decision makers maintain the strong propensity to think and act as if life is linear, has no carrying capacity limits, uncertainty is controllable, the future free of surprises, planning is predictable and compartmentalized into silos, and Gaussian distributions are taken as the norm while fat‐tail futures are ignored. Although the future holds irreducible uncertainties, it is not fated. The emergence of Internet availability to one‐third of humanity and access by most of humanity within a decade has spawned the Web analogue of a ‘Cambrian explosion’ of speciation in knowledge applications. Among the most prodigious have been collaboration innovation networks (COINs) reflecting a diversity of ‘genome’ types, facilitating a myriad of collective intelligence crowd‐swarming phenomena (Malone T, Laubacher R, Dellarocas C. The Collective Intelligence Genome. MIT Sloan Management Review, Spring; 2010, Vol. 51). COINs are essential tools for accelerating and scaling transformational solutions (positive tipping points) to the wicked problems confronting humanity. Web COINs enable acceleration of multiple‐benefit innovations and solutions to these problems that permeate the nested clusters of linked nonlinear complex adaptive systems comprising the global biosphere and socioeconomy [Raford N. How to build a collective intelligence platform to crowdsource almost anything. Available at: http:news.noahraford.com. (Accessed November 30, 2011)]. The Web initiative, GreenATP, illustrates this opportunity.This article is categorized under:

Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy
On Tris(dithiocarbamato)‐Chromium(III), Cr(S2CNH2)3
Authors: Teske Christoph Ludwig , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: June 2012

AbstractScarab blue crystals of the title compound were precipitated from aqueous solutions of CrIII salts by adding an excess of ammoniumdithiocarbamate solution. The compound crystallizes in the trigonal space group R$\bar{3}$ (No. 148) with a = 13.2694(8), c = 11.2542(7) Å and γ = 120°. The crystal structure consists of a three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded network of six Cr(S2CNH2)3 molecules per unit cell. The CrS6 polyhedron is twisted with trigonal antiprismatic arrangement and approximate D3 symmetry. Thermal decomposition starts at T ≈ 185 °C followed by several simultaneous decomposition reactions. The residue is a mixture of Cr2S3 and deficient sulfur chromium sulfides.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Thermal Behavior of Five New Complexes Containing 2, 4, 6‐Trifluorobenzoate as Ligand
Authors: Lamann Rainer , Hülsen Michael , Dolg Michael , Ruschewitz Uwe 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFive new complexes containing 2, 4, 6‐trifluorobenzoateas ligand have been synthesized and structurally characterized, namely Li(C6F3H2COO)(H2O) (P21, Z = 2, 1),Cs(C6F3H2COO)(C6F3H2COOH) (P21/c, Z = 4, 2),Cu(C6F3H2COO)2(H2O)2 (P$\bar{1}$, Z = 1, 3), Cu(C6F3H2COO)2(MeOH) (P21/c. Z = 4, 4) and Ag(C6F3H2COO)(H2O) (C2/c, Z = 8, 5). 1–3 and 5 are coordination polymers forming strands (1, 3, 5) or corrugated layers (2). In 1 and 2 the benzoate ligand acts as a bridging ligand, whereas in 3 and 5 the benzoate ligand is not bridging and the molecular units are interconnected by bridging water molecules. In 4 and 5, dimeric Cu2 and Ag2 units, respectively, are formed with short M···M contacts. The dimeric units in 4 resemble the well‐known paddlewheel structural motif. In 5 these dimeric units are further connected by bridging water molecules, whereas in 4 only very weak F···H interactions connect the dimeric units. DTA/TG experiments on 1, 3 and 4 reveal that in a first step solvent molecules (H2O, MeOH) are unquestionably released. In 1–5 the torsion angles of the carboxylate group with respect to the aromatic ring deviate significantly from zero. These results are in very good agreement with the results of quantum chemical calculations of free 2, 4, 6‐trifluorobenzoic acid and its dimer at the DFT and RI‐MP2 level of theory.
Comparable Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality After Laparoscopic and Open Emergent Restorative Colectomy: Outcomes From the ACS NSQIP
Authors: Ballian Nikiforos , Weisensel Natalie , Rajamanickam Victoria , Foley Eugene F. , Heise Charles P. , Harms Bruce A. , Kennedy Gregory D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic surgery is safe and effective in the management of common abdominal emergencies. However, there is currently a lack of data about its use for emergency colorectal surgery. We hypothesized that laparoscopy can improve the postoperative outcomes of emergency restorative colon resection.MethodsAdult patients undergoing emergent open and laparoscopic colon resection with primary anastomosis were retrieved from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for the years 2005 to 2008 inclusive. Demographic and operative characteristics, laboratory values, and postoperative outcomes were compared between patients undergoing laparoscopic and open colon resection using univariate analyses, multivariate logistic regression, and propensity score analyses.ResultsA total of 341 laparoscopic (9.6 %) and 3211 (90.4 %) open colon resections were included. Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery had a significantly lower prevalence of co‐morbidities and better postoperative outcomes. On multivariate analysis, laparoscopic surgery was an independent predictor of a longer operating time (p < 0.001) and shorter total (p = 0.013) and postoperative (p = 0.004) hospital stays, but it did not affect the need for intraoperative blood transfusion (p = 0.488), the 30‐day reoperation rates (p = 0.969), or mortality (p = 0.417). After adjusted propensity score analysis, postoperative morbidity (p = 0.833) and mortality (p = 0.568) were comparable in patients undergoing laparoscopic and open surgery.ConclusionsOn a national scale, laparoscopic emergent colon resections are being performed in a small number of patients, who have favorable co‐morbidity characteristics and improved postoperative outcomes. Laparoscopic emergent colon resection with primary anastomosis has postoperative morbidity and mortality rates comparable to those seen with the open approach, and it reduces the total and postoperative length of hospital stay.
Factors Associated with Psychological Distress among Women of African Descent at High Risk for BRCA Mutations
Authors: Cukier Yael R. , Thompson Hayley S. , Sussner Katarina , Forman Andrea , Jandorf Lina , Edwards Tiffany , Bovbjerg Dana H. , Schwartz Marc D. , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis B. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLittle is known about psychological distress among women of African descent who are at high risk for a BRCA mutation. This is a group for whom breast cancer risk reduction is critical due to the group's high rates of breast cancer mortality. Distress is important to consider as it may reduce the potential benefit of genetic counseling and negatively affect decision making related to risk reduction. The goals of the current study were to examine breast cancer‐specific distress and depressive symptoms in women of African descent at who are at high risk for a BRCA mutation and to identify background factors associated with these outcomes. Participants were 148 high‐risk African American and Caribbean women who were part of a larger study that offered participants BRCA counseling at no cost. Participants completed the Impact of Events Scale, which assessed breast cancer‐specific distress, and the Center of Epidemiological Studies‐Depression Scale, which assessed depressive symptoms. Results of analyses revealed that almost half of the sample achieved scores indicating high and clinically significant breast cancer‐specific distress, while almost one‐third had clinically significant depression scores. Results further showed that low income was significantly associated with cancer‐specific distress, while having a cancer diagnosis was significantly associated with depressive symptoms. These results underscore the need for targeted psychological support throughout the genetic risk assessment process for this particular high‐risk group.
Design and Evaluation of a Decision Aid for Inviting Parents to Participate in a Fragile X Newborn Screening Pilot Study
Authors: Bailey Donald B. , Lewis Megan A. , Harris Shelly L. , Grant Tracey , Bann Carla , Bishop Ellen , Roche Myra , Guarda Sonia , Barnum Leah , Powell Cynthia , Therrell Bradford L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe major objectives of this project were to develop and evaluate a brochure to help parents make an informed decision about participation in a fragile X newborn screening study. We used an iterative development process that drew on principles of Informed Decision Making (IDM), stakeholder input, design expertise, and expert evaluation. A simulation study with 118 women examined response to the brochure. An independent review rated the brochure high on informational content, guidance, and values. Mothers took an average of 6.5 min to read it and scored an average of 91.1 % correct on a knowledge test. Most women rated the brochure as high quality and trustworthy. When asked to make a hypothetical decision about study participation, 61.9 % would agree to screening. Structural equation modeling showed that agreement to screening and decisional confidence were associated with perceived quality and trust in the brochure. Minority and white mothers did not differ in perceptions of quality or trust. We demonstrate the application of IDM in developing a study brochure. The brochure was highly rated by experts and consumers, met high standards for IDM, and achieved stated goals in a simulation study. The IDM provides a model for consent in research disclosing complicated genetic information of uncertain value.
Holocene dune formation at Ash Meadows National Wildlife Area, Nevada, USA
Authors: Lancaster Nicholas , Mahan Shannon A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSmall isolated dune fields in the northern Mojave Desert are important centers of biodiversity and archaeological occupation sites. Currently dunes at Ash Meadows, Nevada, are stabilized by vegetation and are experiencing erosion of their upwind margins, indicating a negative sediment budget. New OSL ages from dunes at Ash Meadows indicate continuous eolian accumulation from 1.5 to 0.8 ka, with further accumulation around 0.2 ka. Prior studies (e.g., Mehringer and Warren, 1976) indicate periods of dune accumulation prior to 3.3 ka; 1.9–1 ka; and after 0.9 ka. These periods of eolian accumulation are largely synchronous with those identified elsewhere in the Mojave Desert. The composition of the Ash Meadows dunes indicates their derivation from regional fluvial sources, most likely during periods when axial washes were active as a result of enhanced winter precipitation.
Mountain glaciation and paleoclimate reconstruction in the Picos de Europa (Iberian Peninsula, SW Europe)
Authors: Serrano Enrique , González-Trueba Juan José , González-García María 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGeomorphic mapping and stratigraphic analysis of a lake core document the late Quaternary glacial history of the Central and Eastern Massifs of the Picos de Europa, northwestern Spain. The distribution of glacial deposits indicates that at their most advanced positions glaciers occupied 9.1 km2, extended as far as 7 km down-valley and had an estimated equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) ranging between 1666 and 1722 m. Radiocarbon dating of sediment deposited in a lake dammed by moraines of this advance show that the maximum glacial extent was prior to 35,280 ± 440 cal yr BP. This advance was followed by two subsequent but less extensive late Pleistocene advances, recorded by multiple moraines flanking both massifs and sedimentary characteristics in the lake deposits. The last recognized glacial episode is the 19th-century maximum extent of small Little Ice Age glaciers in the highest cirques above 2200 m.