bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer‐based Scaffold Designs For In Situ Vascular Tissue Engineering: Controlling Recruitment and Differentiation Behavior of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells
Authors: Fioretta Emanuela S. , Fledderus Joost O. , Burakowska‐Meise Ewelina A. , Baaijens Frank P. T. , Verhaar Marianne C. , Bouten Carlijn V. C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn situ vascular tissue engineering has been proposed as a promising approach to fulfill the need for small‐diameter blood vessel substitutes. The approach comprises the use of a cell‐free instructive scaffold to guide and control cell recruitment, differentiation, and tissue formation at the locus of implantation. Here we review the design parameters for such scaffolds, with special emphasis on differentiation of recruited ECFCs into the different lineages that constitute the vessel wall. Next to defining the target properties of the vessel, we concentrate on the target cell source, the ECFCs, and on the environmental control of the fate of these cells within the scaffold. The prospects of the approach are discussed in the light of current technical and biological hurdles.magnified image
PEGylated Click Polypeptides Synthesized by Copper‐Free Microwave‐Assisted Thermal Click Polymerization for Selective Endotoxin Removal from Protein Solutions
Authors: Guo Jinshan , Meng Fanbo , Li Xiaoyuan , Wang Mingzhe , Wu Yanjuan , Jing Xiabin , Huang Yubin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPEGylated click polypeptides (PEG‐CPs) containing α‐amino side groups as well as PEG segments are designed for selective endotoxin removal from protein solutions. The PEG‐CPs are synthesized via copper‐free thermal click copolymerization from aspartic (or glutamic) acid‐based dialkyne and diazide monomers (containing free amino side groups) and alkyne‐terminated mPEGs or dialkyne‐terminated PEGs. Microwave‐assisting technology is introduced into thermal click chemistry to improve the reaction efficiency. The monomers and polymers are fully characterized using NMR, XPS, and MALDI‐TOF MS. After immobilizing the PEGylated click polypeptides onto polystyrene microspheres, the adsorbents exhibit good endotoxin removal selectivity from BSA solutions.magnified image
Adsorption of Laponite on a Cellulose Model Surface
Authors: Findenig Gerald , Spirk Stefan , Reischl Martin , Kargl Rupert , Doliška Aleš , Stana‐Kleinschek Karin , Ribitsch Volker 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSummary: The adsorption behavior of laponite on cellulose model surfaces was studied by a quartz crystal microblance with dissipation (QCM‐D). The influence of prior adsorption of a trihydroxysilane has also been investigated. XPS was used to determine the elemental composition of the surfaces.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Bio‐Based Resin from Linseed Oil
Authors: Mahendran Arunjunai Raj , Aust Nicolai , Wuzella Günter , Kandelbauer Andreas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSummary: The use of renewable raw materials in the polymer industries is becoming increasingly popular because of environmental concerns and the need to substitute fossil resources. Plant oils with triglyceride backbones can be chemically modified and used to synthesize polymers from renewable resources (biopolymers). In the present study, linseed oil was epoxidized using a chemo‐enzymatic method based on Candida Antarctica lipase B (CALB) as a biocatalyst and the modified linseed oil was cured using maleinated linseed oil and a commercial polyamide resin. The amount of epoxidation achieved depended on the amount of lipase used and was determined by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. With 20% (weight per weight) catalyst concentration based on the wt % of oil a degree of epoxidation of > 90% was achieved. The cross‐linking reaction of epoxidized linseed oil with the maleinated linseed oil and the polyamide resin was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC traces showed that an increase in epoxidation degree lead to larger values for the exothermic enthalpy integrals of the curing reactions and hence to a higher reactivity of the linseed oil towards the cross‐linking agents.
Echoes from childhood—imitation in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Finis Jennifer , Moczydlowski Agnes , Pollok Bettina , Biermann‐Ruben Katja , Thomalla Götz , Heil Martin , Krause Holger , Jonas Melanie , Schnitzler Alfons , Münchau Alexander 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground:Tourette syndrome patients are reported to show automatic imitation (echopraxia), but this has not yet been proven experimentally.Methods:Video clips showing either tics of other Tourette patients or spontaneous movements of healthy subjects were presented to Tourette patients and healthy subjects. Participants' responses were assessed using blinded review of video recordings by 2 independent raters and related to stimuli presented.Results:Both raters detected more echoes in patients. In a permutation analysis, no healthy subject had echoes above chance level. In contrast, 6 and 5 patients were classified as echoers according to rater 1 and rater 2, respectively, in 1 analysis, and 9 patients were so classified in a second analysis (according to rater 2 only). Concordance between raters was high. Patients echoed both following stimuli showing tics and following stimuli showing spontaneous movements. Most echoes were part of patients' individual tic repertoire.Conclusions:Echopraxia is a hallmark of Tourette syndrome. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
‘FINDING GOD’ OR ‘MORAL DISENGAGEMENT’ IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? EVIDENCE FROM INDIA AND NIGERIA
Authors: Marquette Heather 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThere are growing calls for religion to be used in the fight against corruption on the basis of the assumption that religious people are more concerned with ethics than with the non‐religious, despite the fact that many of the most corrupt countries in the world also rank highly in terms of religiosity. This article looks at the evidence in the current literature for a causal relationship between religion and corruption and questions the relevance of the methodologies being used to build up this evidence base. This article shows that the new ‘myth’ about the relationship between religion and corruption is based on assumptions not borne out of the evidence. The article presents findings from field research in India and Nigeria that explores how individual attitudes towards corruption may (or may not) be shaped by religion. The research shows that religion may have some impact on attitudes towards corruption, but it has very little likely impact on actual corrupt behaviour. This is because—despite universal condemnation of corruption—it is seen by respondents as being so systemic that being uncorrupt often makes little sense. Respondents, by using a process that Bandura (2002) calls ‘selective moral disengagement’, were able to justify their own attitudes and behaviour vis‐a‐vis corruption, pointing towards corruption being a classic collective action problem, rather than a problem of personal values or ethics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PATRONAGE'S PROGRESS IN POST‐SOEHARTO INDONESIA
Authors: Blunt Peter , Turner Mark , Lindroth Henrik 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYEmpirical evidence and argument concerning governance conditions and human resource management practices indicate that since the fall of Soeharto, patronage has remained a defining feature of the governance of the Indonesian state, resulting in a condition of ‘patronage democracy’. Decentralisation together with the symbiotic relationships that can exist between patronage and development assistance have contributed to this. The willingness of factions at the centre to make concessions to competing interests to protect the bases of their own predation (political stability, a unitary state and economic growth); the pervasiveness, inventiveness and tenacity of patronage networks; the politically constrained reach of central anti‐corruption institutions; the weight of factional, donor and contractor self‐interest; the relative ease with which real intentions can be masked and politically correct appearances can be maintained; and the strength and convenience of (mistaken) neo‐institutionalist convictions concerning the efficacy of technocratic reform alone all make it unlikely that patronage will be subjected in the medium term to any greater threats than it has been in the past. It is perhaps still too early to tell whether the patterns of patronage competition are moving the state towards a genuinely representative form of democracy or whether they are dragging it down into the danger zone of governance and economic stagnation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AGAINST THE ODDS: ANTI‐CORRUPTION REFORM IN INDONESIA
Authors: Schütte Sofie Arjon 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThe discourse on anti‐corruption approaches during the last decade has been shaped by two extremes: those who prescribe specialized anti‐corruption bodies as a remedy in any context and those who consider general governance reform a prerequisite before a specialized anti‐corruption agency can function effectively. This article argues that the dichotomized discourse does not do reality justice and presents a “good enough” story from Indonesia. The Indonesian Corruption Eradication Commission (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi [KPK]) was established in a low‐governance environment and, although applying the three‐pronged Hong Kong strategy, bears considerable differences to the Independent Commission against Corruption Hong Kong's structure and powers. Despite not following the prescribed sequencing or models, the KPK has brought previously untouchable high‐profile perpetrators to jail, has recovered stolen assets, and enjoys a much higher degree of public trust and support than the other Indonesian law enforcement agencies. The Indonesian case demonstrates once more the importance of “local ownership” and public demand for sustainable change. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of placenta penetration during cordocentesis at mid‐pregnancy on fetal outcomes
Authors: Boupaijit Kuanoon , Wanapirak Chanane , Piyamongkol Wirawit , Sirichotiyakul Supatra , Tongsong Theera 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo compare the rates of fetal loss, low birth weight, and preterm birth between pregnancies undergoing cordocentesis at mid‐pregnancy with placenta penetration and those without it.MethodsConsecutive cases of cordocenteses were prospectively recorded. The inclusion criteria for analysis were: (1) singleton pregnancies, (2) no fetal abnormalities, (3) gestational age of 18–22 weeks, and (4) procedures performed by experienced operators. The primary outcome was fetal loss rate, and the secondary outcomes were rates of failed procedures, low birth weight, and preterm birth.ResultsOf 6147 cordocenteses recorded, 2829 met the inclusion criteria with complete data for analysis. Of these, 654 procedures were further excluded because the puncture site was at cord insertion. The remaining 2175 cases, consisting of 615 procedures with placenta penetration and 1560 cases with no penetration, were analyzed. Cordocenteses with placenta penetration had a significantly higher rate of fetal loss (3.6% vs 1.3%, p = 0.01) as well as of low birth weight and preterm birth.ConclusionCordocentesis with placenta penetration carries a higher risk for fetal loss, preterm birth, and low birth weight. This information may be helpful in prenatal diagnosis counseling, and it may encourage performers to avoid placenta penetration, if possible. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic analysis and molecular characterisation of laboratory and field mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) resistant to QoI fungicides
Authors: De Miccolis Angelini Rita M , Rotolo Caterina , Masiello Mario , Pollastro Stefania , Ishii Hideo , Faretra Francesco 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: QoI fungicides, inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration, are considered to be at high risk of resistance development. In several phytopathogenic fungi, resistance is caused by mutations (most frequently G143A) in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene. The genetic and molecular basis of QoI resistance were investigated in laboratory and field mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetz. exhibiting in vitro reduced sensitivity to trifloxystrobin.RESULTS: B. fuckeliana mutants highly resistant to trifloxystrobin were obtained in the laboratory by spontaneous mutations in wild‐type strains, or from naturally infected plants on a medium amended with 1–3 mg L−1 trifloxystrobin and 2 mM salicylhydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of alternative oxidase. No point mutations were detected, either in the complete nucleotide sequences of the cytb gene or in those of the aox and Rieske protein genes of laboratory mutants, whereas all field mutants carried the G143A mutation in the mitochondrial cytb gene. QoI resistance was always maternally inherited in ascospore progeny of sexual crosses of field mutants with sensitive reference strains.CONCLUSIONS: The G143A mutation in cytb gene is confirmed to be responsible for field resistance to QoIs in B. fuckeliana. Maternal inheritance of resistance to QoIs in progeny of sexual crosses confirmed that it is caused by extranuclear genetic determinants. In laboratory mutants the heteroplasmic state of mutated mitochondria could likely hamper the G143A detection, otherwise other gene(s) underlying different mechanisms of resistance could be involved. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling the formation of local highly aluminum‐doped silicon regions by rapid thermal annealing of screen‐printed aluminum
Authors: Müller Jens , Bothe Karsten , Gatz Sebastian , Brendel Rolf 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe formation of local highly aluminum‐doped (Al‐p+) regions by rapid thermal annealing (firing) of screen‐printed aluminum strongly depends on the temperature profile and the contact geometry. We measure the local Al‐p+ layer thickness WAl‐p+ as a function of the point and line contact size. Using quantitative yet simple analytical modeling, the time‐dependent silicon concentration in the Al melt is described by elementary differential equations. From this we calculate WAl‐p+ and find agreement with the measurements. In contrast to the formation of full area Al‐p+ layers we find a smaller silicon concentration at the end of the firing process compared to the equilibrium concentration. This is a result of the process dynamics such as the dissolution rate of solid silicon and the transport of silicon in the Al melt. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effect of 15N to 14N ratio on nitrification, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction
Authors: Tang Fiona H. M. , Maggi Federico 
Published: January 2012

RATIONALEEarlier experiments demonstrated that isotopic effects during nitrification, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction can be affected by high 15N contents. These findings call into question whether the reaction parameters (rate constants and Michaelis‐Menten concentrations) are function of δ15N values, and if these can also lead to significant effects on the bulk reaction rate.METHODSFive experiments at initial δ15N‐NO3− values ranging from 0‰ to 1700‰ were carried out in a recent study using elemental analyser, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry techniques coupled at various levels. These data were combined here with kinetic equations of isotopologue speciation and fractionation. Our approach specifically addressed the combinatorial nature of reactions involving labeled atoms and explicitly described substrate competition and time‐dependent isotopic effects.RESULTSWith the method presented here, we determined with relatively high accuracy that the reaction rate constants increased linearly up to 270% and the Michaelis‐Menten concentrations decreased linearly by about 30% over the tested δ15N‐NO3− values. Because the parameters were found to depend on the 15N enrichment level, we could determine that increasing δ15N‐NO3− values caused a decrease in bulk nitrification, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction rates by 50% to 60%.CONCLUSIONSWe addressed a method that allowed us to quantify the effect of substrate isotopic enrichment on the reaction kinetics. Our results enable us to reject the assumption of constant reaction parameters. The implications of δ‐dependent (variable) reaction parameters extend beyond the study‐case analysed here to all instances in which high and variable isotopic enrichments occur. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid, porphobilinogen and porphyrins
Authors: Benton Christopher M. , Lim Chang Kee , Moniz Caje , Jones Donald J. L. 
Published: January 2012

RATIONALEHuman porphyrias, diseases caused by enzyme defects in haem biosynthesis, are characterised by the excessive production, accumulation and excretion of porphyrins and/or 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG). A method for the simultaneous separation, detection and identification of ALA, PBG and porphyrins would greatly facilitate the screening and diagnosis of porphyrias. Such a method would also be invaluable for the biochemical study of the haem, chlorophyll and corrin pathways.METHODSAn aqueous mixture containing ALA, PBG and type I isomer porphyrins was diluted with acetonitrile and infused (10 μL/min) into a Waters Synapt G2 high‐definition mass spectrometer, equipped with a Z‐Spray electrospray ionisation (ESI) source. Mass spectra were acquired in positive ionisation mode and the optimised ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) conditions were as follows: IMS wave height (V), 40; IMS wave velocity (m/s), 648; IMS gas flow (mL/min) 90.40; helium gas flow (mL/min), 182.60.RESULTSThe IMS drift‐time increased with increasing ion mass in the order of ALA, PBG, mesoporphyrin, coproporphyrin I, penta‐, hexa‐ and heptacarboxylic acid porphyrin I and uroporphyrin I. The ESI‐IMS‐MS spectra shows that PBG could form two different positively charged ions by protonation [M+H]+, m/z 227, or deprotonation [M – H]+, m/z 225. The protonated PBG (m/z 227) easily eliminated ammonia in source and the fragment ion (m/z 210) was monitored instead. Doubly charged ions of porphyrins having different drift times from the protonated singly charged molecules were observed in high abundance, providing further structural characterisation.CONCLUSIONSWe have shown, for the first time, an analytical method capable of simultaneously separating haem biosynthetic intermediates and metabolites, for a potential rapid clinical screening method for the porphyrias. IMS‐MS allowed the separation of doubly charged porphyrin ions, which will be advantageous for the analysis of natural and synthetic tetrapyrrole compounds, while reducing the misinterpretation of contaminants. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linguistic security testing for text communication protocols
Authors: Kam Ben W.Y. , Dean Thomas R. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYWe introduce a new Syntax‐based Security Testing framework that uses a protocol specification to perform security testing on text‐based communication protocols. A protocol specification of a particular text‐based protocol under test represents its syntactic grammar and static constraints. The specification is used to generate test cases by mutating valid messages, breaking the syntax and constraints of the protocol. The framework is demonstrated using a toy web application and the open source application KOrganizer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow Curve and Failure Modeling for High‐Mn Steels on a Microstructural Scale
Authors: Twardowski Raphael , Steinmetz David , Prahl Ulrich 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA microstructural model for flow curve and failure modeling based on the representative volume element (RVE) approach is developed for high‐Mn steels. The polycrystalline structure is generated by discrete Voronoi tessellation. Physically based material models for mechanical twinning and the ε‐martensite phase transformation are implemented for describing the hardening behavior. A ductile damage model based on the multiaxial state of strain calculates the fracture and failure. Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out for the steel 22Mn0.6C with varying grain size and for a temperature range of 123–423 K. Experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated RVE models.
Chemical analysis of very small‐sized samples by wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Gazulla M. F. , Vicente S. , Orduña M. , Ventura M. J. 
Published: January 2012

The chemical characterisation of very small‐sized samples is often of major interest in forensic analysis, studies of artworks, particulate matter on filters, raw materials impurities, and so on, although it generally poses considerable problems owing to the difficulty of obtaining precise and accurate results. This study was undertaken to develop a set of methods for the chemical characterisation of very small‐sized samples by wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence.To conduct the study, sample preparation (as beads and pellets) and measurement conditions were optimised to reach the necessary detection and quantification limits and to obtain the appropriate measurement uncertainty for characterising the types of materials involved. The measurements were validated by using reference materials.Three test methods were developed. In two methods, the samples were prepared in the form of beads (one method being for geological materials and the other for the analysis of nongeological materials such as particulate matter on filters, glasses, frits, and ceramic glazes and pigments). In the third method, the samples were prepared in the form of pellets for the analysis of volatile elements in geological materials. In the three methods, detection limits, quantification limits and measurement uncertainties were obtained similar to those found when a bead or pellet is prepared by the usual methods from 0.5 g sample. However, in this study, sample size was between 30 and 40 times smaller in the case of beads and 100 times smaller in the case of pellets, thus broadening the range of possible wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence applications in the chemical characterisation of materials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melt‐spun Eu8Ga16–xGe30+x Clathrates
Authors: Laumann Stefan , Ikeda Matthias , Sassik Herbert , Prokofiev Andrey , Paschen Silke 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntermetallic clathrates are promising materials for thermoelectric applications. This is not only due to their low thermal and high electrical conductivities (“phonon glass – electron crystal”) but also due to the expectation that they are semiconductors and thus have large thermopower values. Band structure calculations of the stoichiometric compound Eu8Ga16Ge30 indeed yield a semiconducting ground state. However, with conventional synthesis methods the exact 8:16:30 stoichiometry could not be reached. Herein we use the melt‐spinning technique to obtain Eu8Ga16–xGe30+x samples with smaller x than previously realized. The quenching procedure and the results of the characterization of the quenched phases by X‐ray powder diffraction and electron microscopy are presented. The electrical resistivity shows that, in contrast to conventional synthesis procedures, semiconducting compounds can be produced.