bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An identity in combinatorial analysis
Authors: Mordell L. J. 
Published: May 2009

In a very recent paper [1], Basil Gordon discusses generalizations of Jacobi's identitywhere x and z are complex numbers and |x| <1. He notes that some of its consequences, inter alia Euler's formulaare of interest in number theory and combinatory analysis. He proves the apparently new and striking resultwhere |s|<1, and also considers the possibility of generalizations. His methods are algebraic and quite simple, but perhaps do not make obvious what underlies such formulae. It may be worth while to do so, especially since the details become simpler and the presentation more perspicuous. The method given here assumes no more knowledge than his does, although the new proof is expressed in terms of theta-functions, in simple properties of which, formulae such as (3) have their origin. Further, (3) appears in a slightly more symmetrical form.
Positive matrices and eigenvectors
Authors: Putnam C. R. 
Published: May 2009

For i, j = 1, 2, …, let aij be real. A matrix A = (aij) will be called positive (A>0) or non-negative (A≧0) according as, for all i and j, aij>0 or aij≧0 respectively. Correspondingly, a real vector x = (x1, x2, …) will be called positive (x>0) or non-negative (x≧0) according as, for all i, xi>0 or x≧0. A matrix A is said to be bounded if ∥ Ax ∥ ≦M ∥ x ∥ holds for some constant M, 0 ≦ M < ∞, and all x in the Hilbert space H of real vectors x = (x1, x2, …) satisfying . The least such constant M is denoted by ∥ A ∥. If x and y belong to H, then (x, y) will denote as usual the scalar product Σxiyi. Whether or not x is in H, or A is bounded, y = Ax will be considered as defined bywhenever each of the series of (1) is convergent.
Some further properties of a q-analogue of MacRobert's E-function
Authors: Agarwal R. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. Introduction. Recently, I gave an analogue [1] of the MacRobert's E-function [4[ in the formwhere the symbol denotes that a similar expression with a and β interchanged is to be added to the expression following it. It has since then been generalized by N. Agarwal [2], who defined and studied the q-analogue of the generalized E-function. In this paper I give some further properties of the Eq-function.
On generating points of a lattice in the region
Authors: Foster D. M. E. 
Published: May 2009

A lattice An in n-dimensional Euclidean space En consists of the aggregate of all points with coordinates (xx,…, xn), wherefor some real ars (r, s = 1,…, n), subject to the condition ∥ αrs ∥nn ╪ 0. The determinant Δn of Λn, is denned by the relation , the sign being chosen to ensure that Δn > 0.If A1…, An are the n points of Λn having coordinates (a11, a21…, anl),…, (a1n, a2n,…, ann), respectively, then every point of Λn may be expressed in the formand Ai,…, An, together with the origin O, are said to generate Λn. This particular set of generating points is not unique; it may be proved that a necessary and sufficient condition that n points of Λn should generate the lattice is that the n × n determinant formed by their x coordinates should be ±Δn, or, equivalently, that the n×n determinant formed by their corresponding u-coordinates should be ±1.
Note on a paper of Tsuzuku
Authors: Farahat H. K. 
Published: May 2009

In [2], Tosiro Tsuzzuku gave a proof of the following:THEOREM. Let G be a doubly transitive permutation group of degree n, let K be any commutative ring with unit element and let p be the natural representation of G by n × n permutation matrices with elements 0, 1 in K. Then ρ is decomposable as a matrix representation over K if and only ifn is an invertible element of K.For G the symmetric group this result follows from Theorems (2.1) and (4.12) of [1]. The proof given by Tsuzuku is unsatisfactory, although it is perfectly valid when K is a field. The purpose of this note is to give a correct proof of the general case.
Isomorphic congruence groups and Hecke operators
Authors: Rankin R. A. 
Published: May 2009

Let G, H, K be groups such that G is normal in K and G ⊆ H ⊆ K. Let I(H, K) be the set of inner automorphisms of K restricted to H; thus α ∊ I(H, K) if and only if, for some κ∊ K, α(h) = k-1hk for all h ∊ H. Let φ be an isomorphism of H/G onto a subgroup Hφ/G of K/G. An isomorphism Φ of H onto H(φ) is called an extension of ø ifΦ(h)G = φ(hG) for all h∊H.
The structure of cancellative power-free groups
Authors: Geddes A. , Walker R. G. 
Published: May 2009

The definition of a power-free group will be found in [1]. It is a partial algebraic system which, roughly speaking, may be thought of as a group in which (with the exception of the identity) squares and higher powers of an element are not defined.It has been shown [1, Theorem 3.3] that the usual cancellation laws need not hold in a power-free group. When these laws do hold, the power-free group is called cancellative. In this paper we shall be solely concerned with cancellative power-free groups and the term ‘power-free group’ is to be understood to mean ‘cancellative power-free group’.
A Definition for Strong Rieszian Summability and its Relationship to Strong Cesaro Summability
Authors: Boyd A. V. , Hyslop J. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Introduction. Given a series we define , by the relationsThe series Σan is said to be summable (C, k) to the sum s, ifas n→∞, and strongly summable (C, k), k>0, with index p, to the sum s, or summable [C; k, p] to the sum s, if
The Product of Two Legendre Polynomials
Authors: Dougall John 
Published: May 2009

1. It is known that any polynomial in μ. can be expanded as a linear function of Legendre polynomials [1]. In particular, we haveThe earlier coefficients, say A0, A2, A4 may easily be found by equating the coefficients of μp+q, μp+q-2, μp+q-4 on the two sides of (1). The general coefficient A2k might then be surmised, and the value verified by induction. This may have been the method followed by Ferrers, who stated the result as an exercise in his Spherical Harmonics (1877). A proof was published by J. C. Adams [2]. The proof now to be given follows different lines from his.
The Cerebral Cortex and Memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief summary of the evidence regarding functional specialization of the cortex. It then reviews the role of experience in shaping the responses of neurons in various cortical areas. There are striking commonalities in the forms of plasticity observed across cortical areas and among different types of experiential modifications. These commonalities provide the basis for the subsequent outline of general rules for how memories are represented in the cortex and, more specifically, how memory is embedded in the various networks, a fundamental part of these networks in operation.
A Brain System for Procedural Memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractResearchers have divided procedural memory into two general types. One type involves the acquisition of habits and skills, the capacity for a very broad variety of stereotyped and unconscious behavioral repertoires. The other type of procedural memory involves specific sensory-to-motor adaptations, that is, adjustments of reflexes, such as changing the force exerted to compensate for a new load, or acquisition of conditioned reflexes that involve novel motor responses to a new sensory contingency. This chapter analyzes the brain systems that support these two types of unconscious learning. It shows that procedural learning is mediated by a complex circuitry involving the motor cortical areas and two main subcortical loops, one through the striatum and another through the cerebellum.
Foraging
Authors: Whishaw Ian Q. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses foraging behavior in rats. It describes eating behavior, food protection and theft, food carrying, and some aspects of their neural control. The rich array of behaviors related to food handling in the rat provides a challenge to investigators of the neural control of behavior. Eating behavior can also be a useful measure in a wide range of studies, including those related to addiction, eating disorders, individual differences, and spatial and temporal behavior.
Stress
Authors: Koolhaas Jaap M. , de Boer Sietse F. , Buwalda Bauke 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines stress models in the rat using the biology of the rat and its natural defense mechanisms as a starting point. It focuses on tests that explore the capacity of rats to cope with ecologically relevant problems. Stress models challenge the natural defense mechanisms and hence call on the adaptive capacity of the animal. However, rather than pushing the animal toward a stress physiological ceiling, it might be far more informative to explore the natural factors that determine and modulate the individual adaptive capacity. These factors include not only perinatal and adult (social) experience but also factors that affect the speed of recovery after a stressor.
Play and Fighting
Authors: Pellis Sergio M. , Pellis Vivien C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines play and fighting behavior in rats. It begins with a discussion of serious fighting of adults, which is then contrasted with the playful fighting of juveniles. It shows that serious and playful fighting are distinct behaviors in rats, with play derived from sex, not aggression. Rats have modified the sexual content of play fighting and have co-opted its use in adulthood for quasi-aggressive purposes.
Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: Metz Gerlinde A. , Kolb Bryan , Whishaw Ian Q. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the seven main categories of behavioral assessment and describes some individual tests of behaviors in each category. It is broken into seven sections that provide overviews on a selection of behavioral tests useful in assessing that behavioral category. Representative references are provided for each test, but the reader is directed to specific chapters earlier in the book for more extensive reference lists. The test descriptions are intended to present a summary of a given test procedure rather than presenting the apparatus and procedural details; these can be obtained in cited methods references.
1 Asia and the Future of Capital Punishment
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter explains why this is a critical time for the death penalty in Asia and why Asia will be so significant in determining the future course of the death penalty worldwide. The first section provides a short review of the history of death penalty policy since the end of World War II; it focuses on western Europe, which has been the center of a two-stage change in death penalty practice and theory: first capital punishment was abolished, then the stated reasons for concern about state execution were transformed from criminal justice questions into basic principles about limiting the power of governments to ignore the interests of any of their citizens. The second section outlines some of the unanswered questions that remain about the death penalty. The most fundamental open question is how far the European-led campaign to end execution will go. The third and final section shows why Asia is a critical proving ground for theories about capital punishment and for claims about the future of death as a criminal sanction.
4 A Lesson Learned?
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAfter a brief history of capital punishment through the Marcos era, this chapter describes and explains the two Philippine abolitions and some of the other major death penalty developments that have occurred since Marcos was driven into exile and democratization began in this nation. Several themes are prominent, including volatility in death penalty policy and ambivalence about its usage, the high salience of capital punishment in the Philippine polity, the influence of the Catholic Church and of transnational flows of money and ideology, the European-like nature of the first abolition, the “developmentally precocious” nature and timing of the second abolition, and the high frequency of extrajudicial killing. At the end of this story the question remains whether the second abolition has permanently ended the battle over capital punishment in the Philippines or whether it is just one milepost on a journey that the Philippine death penalty will continue to travel. Although some observers believe capital punishment could be revived again, that seems unlikely, not least because the death penalty that was imagined at the time of restoration in 1994 turned out to be very different from the death penalty that was actually delivered.
9 The Pace of Change
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOn current evidence, the abolition of capital punishment in Asia is not a question of “if” but of “when,” and the critical issues concern the pace and processes of change rather than the direction changes will take or their eventual end point. That said, a large margin of error accompanies efforts to guess the rate at which Asian capital punishment will change. Should we think in terms of a few years, a few decades, or a few centuries? What are the leading indicators of the cessation of executions? And what contingencies could slow the process? These are the central concerns of this concluding chapter.
The Effect of Treaties on Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Sauvant Karl P. , Sachs Lisa E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn recent years, the treaties and strategies promoting global investment have changed dramatically. The widespread liberalization of economic policy has effectively spurred an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI). By encouraging foreign investors to enter international markets, many countries are witnessing exponential growth within their economies and local industries. The surge of FDI not only brings capital for emerging or growing industries, but it is also capable of boosting the country's economy by creating greater access to financing, more job opportunities, and potential knowledge and technology spillovers. The basic purpose of concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and double taxation treaties (DTTs) is to signal to investors that investments will be legally protected under international law in case of political turmoil and to mitigate the possibility of double taxation of foreign entities. But the actual effect of BITs and DTTs on the flows of foreign direct investment is debatable. This book assesses the performance of these treaties, and presents the most recent literature on BITs and DTTs and their impact on foreign investments.
Explaining the Popularity of Bilateral Investment Treaties
Authors: Guzman Andrew T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter looks at why BITs have become the preferred method for governing the relationship between foreign investors and host governments in developing countries. It offers a novel explanation of why developing states fought aggressively against the former rule of “prompt, adequate, and effective” compensation for expropriation and in favor of a more lenient standard, and yet contemporaneously flocked to sign treaties that offer investors much greater protection than did the old rule of customary international law. It shows that although an individual country has a strong incentive to negotiate with and offer concessions to potential investors—thereby making itself a more attractive location relative to other potential hosts—developing countries as a group are likely to benefit from forcing investors to enter contracts with host countries that cannot be enforced in an international forum, thereby giving the host a much greater ability to extract value from the investment. The chapter offers a comprehensive explanation for the behavior of developing countries and assesses the desirability of BITs. It discusses the welfare implications of BITs as compared to the “appropriate compensation” standard that developing countries have advocated at the UN. It demonstrates that although BITs increase global efficiency, they likely reduce the overall welfare of developing countries. Finally, the chapter discusses the impact of BITs on customary international law.
The Effects of Bilateral Tax Treaties on U.S. FDI Activity
Authors: Blonigen Bruce A. , Davies Ronald B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the first estimates of the effects of bilateral treaties governing the taxation of foreign direct investment (FDI) on bilateral FDI activity. The chapter proceeds as follows. Section A discusses U.S. tax treaties including their history, how they are formed, and their key functions. Section B presents empirical methodology and data. Section C presents results and the last section concludes. There is no systematic evidence that bilateral tax treaties affect FDI activity, despite statements by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and other sources that such agreements are meant to increase the efficiency of world capital flows. Instead, the results suggest that either the provisions of a treaty have no effect, or the positive and negative aspects of treaty formation largely cancel one another.
Do Double Taxation Treaties Increase Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries?
Authors: Neumayer Eric 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines whether double taxation treaties (DTTs) attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) to developing countries. It begins by describing the importance of foreign investment to developing countries and illustrates the growth of DTTs. It then reviews the existing empirical studies, presents the research design, and reports results. The final section concludes with the finding that DTTs are effective in attracting FDI, but only in the group of middle-, not low-, income developing countries.
Evaluation of Foliar Sprays of Bacteriophages for the Management of Bacterial Canker in Greenhouse Tomatoes
Authors: Ingram David M. , Lu Shi-En 
Published: May 2009

AgriPhage applied as a preventative foliar spray significantly reduced severity of bacterial canker of greenhouse tomato in two of three years. Area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) indicated that AgriPhage slowed the progression of bacterial canker symptom development by 50% and 59% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Plant mortality was significantly reduced by 76% in 2006 as compared to the inoculated control. AgriPhage-treated plants produced significantly greater total yield in 2006 only. Copper and Kasumin sprays also significantly reduced severity (AUDPC) of bacterial canker in 2007 as compared to the inoculated control. However, none of these treatments reduced symptom development or increased yield in 2008. Accepted for publication 9 April 2009. Published 12 May 2009.
Isolated Liver Transplant in Infants With Short Bowel Syndrome: Insights Into Outcomes and Prognostic Factors
Authors: Dell‐Olio D , Beath SV , de Ville de Goyet J , Clarke S , Davies P , Lloyd C , Protheroe S , Millar AJW , Kelly DA , Gupte GL 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTObjective:Selected infants with short bowel syndrome (SBS) and progressive intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) may benefit from isolated liver transplantation (iLTx). The aim of the study is to identify risk factors for unfavourable outcome in iLTx.Patients and Methods:A retrospective review of medical records from 1998 to 2005 was undertaken. Risk factors were assessed by comparing long‐term survivors with those who died after iLTx.Results:Fifteen iLTx were performed in 14 infants with IFALD. All were parenteral nutrition (PN) dependent, but had tolerated enterally 54% (38–100) of energy intake before iLTx. Median residual bowel was 60 cm (30–200). Eight out of 14 had intact ileocaecal valve (ICV). Median bilirubin was 298 μmol/L (87–715) and all had portal hypertension. Eight out of 9 survivors were weaned from PN after median 15 months. In 4 out of 9 children, nontransplant surgery after iLTx facilitated intestinal adaptation. Growth velocity had improved at 3 years after iLTx (P = 0.001). Five children who died had poor enteral tolerance following iLTx (P < 0.002), which correlated with pretransplant dysmotility seen in 4 out of 5 children shown by contrast studies (P = 0.02) and increased frequency of line infections before (>6/year P < 0.04) and after (P < 0.001) iLTx.Conclusions:Isolated liver transplantation is a lifesaving option for selected children with SBS and IFALD. Revised criteria are proposed: progressive IFALD; 50 cm functional bowel in absence of ICV or 30 cm with ICV; 50% daily energy intake tolerated enterally for 4 weeks with satisfactory growth; and children with dysmotile bowel should be assessed for combined liver/bowel transplant unless the dysmotility is resolved and associated with minimal line infections.
New curcumin analogues exhibit enhanced growth‐suppressive activity and inhibit AKT and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation in breast and prostate cancer cells
Authors: Lin Li , Hutzen Brian , Ball Sarah , Foust Elizabeth , Sobo Matthew , Deangelis Stephanie , Pandit Bulbul , Friedman Lauren , Li Chenglong , Li Pui‐Kai , Fuchs James , Lin Jiayuh 
Published: May 2009

Curcumin, the active component of turmeric, has been shown to protect against carcinogenesis and prevent tumor development in cancer. To enhance its potency, we tested the efficacy of synthetic curcumin analogues, known as FLLL11 and FLLL12, in cancer cells. We examined the impact of FLLL11 and FLLL12 on cell viability in eight different breast and prostate cancer cell lines. FLLL11 and FLLL12 (IC50 values 0.3–5.7 and 0.3–3.8 µmol/L, respectively) were substantially more potent than curcumin (IC50 values between 14.4–50 µmol/L). FLLL11 and FLLL12 were also found to inhibit AKT phosphorylation and downregulate the expression of HER2/neu. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that FLLL11 and FLLL12 inhibit phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, an oncogene frequently found to be persistently active in many cancer types. The inhibition of STAT3 signaling was confirmed by the inhibition of STAT3 DNA binding and STAT3 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, FLLL11 and FLLL12 were more effective than curcumin in inhibiting cell migration and colony formation in soft agar as well as inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. These results indicate that FLLL11 and FLLL12 exhibit more potent activities than curcumin on the inhibition of STAT3, AKT, and HER‐2/neu, as well as inhibit cancer cell growth and migration, and may thus have translational potential as chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for breast and prostate cancers. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1719–1727)