bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospects for autosterilisation of tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), using sex pheromone and bisazir in the field
Authors: Langley P. A. , Coates T. W. , Carlson D. A. , Vale G. A. , Marshall J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the presence of the odour of carbon dioxide and acetone, an electrified net adjacent to a stationary cylindrical black model in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe, in the hot dry season caught more adults of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. than in the absence of odour. In the absence of odour, a moving model attracted more G. m. morsitans males than did a stationary model. Between 20 and 50% of males of G. m. morsitans but only 0 to 12% of males of G. pallidipes near a model were caught by electrified decoys (surrogate females) on the model. Hidden observers recorded the numbers of flies copulating with decoys baited with pheromone or pheromone plus bisazir (P, P-bis(1-aziridinyl)-N-methylphosphinothioic amide) on a stationary model with odour between 16.00 and 19.00 h daily. Males of G. m. morsitans contacted the decoys with much greater frequency than did males of G. pallidipes although the latter species was the more abundant. The numbers of copulatory attempts by G. m. morsitans males during each 10 min suggested that changes were a function of the total numbers of flies attracted to the model. At all times of the day, the average duration of copulation was 37–40 s. However, approximately 50% of responses were of 10 s duration or less and fewer than 10% endured for longer than 3 min. The presence of bisazir on the decoys did not influence the response duration or the total numbers of flies responding. A comparison with laboratory data suggested that further refinement of technique will allow pheromone-baited decoys to be used in the autosterilisation of G. m. morsitans males with bisazir in the field.
Further study of DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) and a cage test of elimination of resistance from a population by male release
Authors: Prasittisuk Chusak , Curtis C. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree West African strains of Anopheles gambiae Giles were intensively selected for DDT resistance at the adult stage using both mass selection and family selection with inbreeding. The LT50s for 4% DDT were thereby raised to 2–6 h, i.e. 6–18 × that of a susceptible strain. The selected strains were found to show DDT resistance as first-instar larvae and permethrin resistance as adults. The results of tests for the number of genes involved in causing the resistance and their linkage to genes for dieldrin resistance were equivocal. One of the DDT-resistant strains was bred in population cages with overlapping generations. Releases were made of males of the R70 translocation strain which transmit DDT and dieldrin susceptibility to their female progeny. When DDT selection on the cage population was relaxed, the releases caused a more rapid and complete loss of resistance than occurred in a control population. When selection for DDT resistance was applied to females of the cage population, the releases were able to prevent a build-up of resistance. The use of male releases is discussed as a possible means of countering insecticide resistance in mosquitoes.
Laboratory evaluation of new insecticides and bait matrices for the control of leaf-cutting ants (hymenoptera, formicidae)
Authors: Etheridge P. , Phillips F. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory evaluation of alternative insecticides to replace persistent organochlorines in leaf-cutting ant baits is described, based on tests of 40 candidate compounds which were bioassayed with Atta cephalotes (L.) and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich). Insecticides having a suitable delayed killing action are listed, together with others which, although highly toxic to ants, had too rapid an action, but could feasibly be modified by using a controlled-release formulation.A search was also made for alternative bait matrices to replace the expensive and often inadequate materials in current use. Horticultural grade vermiculite with sorbed orange juice as an arrestant was the best matrix tested, being at least as attractive as dried citrus pulp, which was the best previously known matrix.Treatment of dried citrus pulp bait with propionic acid gave considerable protection against moulds, which spoil stored baits and baits placed in the field, and did not alter the attractiveness of these baits to ants.
Formulation and field evaluation of experimental baits for the control of leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Brazil
Authors: Phillips F. T. , Etheridge P. , Scott G. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTen non-organochlorine insecticides which had shown promise in laboratory tests as formicides, because of their delayed toxic action, were field-tested in Brazil in experimental leaf-cutting ant baits and were compared with a mirex bait. Seven of these gave good control (similar to mirex) against Atta sexdens (L.) colonies. Several showed some success, at the concentrations used, against the larger Atta cephalotes (L.) colonies, but were not as good as mirex.By microencapsulating some quick-acting and very potent insecticides it was shown that useful formicides could be produced, presumably because encapsulation delayed the toxic action.Substituting vermiculite plus orange juice in place of dried citrus pulp as an attractive bait matrix gave successful results.
Prostaglandins in the saliva of the cattle tick,Boophilus microplus(Canestrini) (Acarina, Ixodidae)
Authors: Higgs G. A. , Vane J. R. , Hart R. J. , Potter C. , Wilson R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSaliva was obtained by applying capillary tubes to the mouthparts of the cattle tick,Boophilus microplus(Can.), after the subcuticular injection of pilocarpine hydrochloride. Acid-lipid extracts of this saliva showed prostaglandin (PG)-like activity on bioassay. Chromatographic studies confirmed this activity as being due to PGE2. Extracts from homogenates ofB. micropluslarvae and salivary gland tissue also showed prostaglandin-like activity. A role for PGs inB. microplusfeeding mechanisms is discussed.
Effect of host movement on multiple feeding by Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera, Culicidae) in a laboratory experiment
Authors: Lenahan J. K. , Boreham P. F. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of host movement on multiple feeding by Aedes aegypti (L.) was observed in a laboratory experiment and the value of techniques developed to measure multiple meals was assessed. Multiple feeding on the arms of two human volunteers was significantly increased when both hosts moved their arms. If only one host was moving, a slight increase in multiple feeds over the level obtained with no movement was noted, although in such cases the majority of meals were taken from the stationary host. Statistical analyses of the results showed that the association between host movement and multiple feeding was highly significant.
Infestation, susceptibility and damage of Araucaria plantations in papua new guinea by Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)
Authors: Gray B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA branchlet-mining scolytid beetle, Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl, has invaded the hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations at Bulolo and Wau in Papua New Guinea. A study of the infestation pattern in a plot of 184 young (5–6 year-old) trees at Bulolo from February 1968–August 1972 revealed four major phases: (i), a relatively prolonged but small build-up of the population on most trees over a period of 12–18 months following the first attack; (ii), a dramatic upsurge in the infestation over the following 12–18 months, reaching a peak infestation with the severe attack of nearly all trees in the plot; (iii), a sharp decline in the number of attacks and population over the next 12–18 months due to a lack of nest sites and food and (iv), a slow decline over a protracted period. The variation (313 to 6220) in the maximum number of infested branchlets on the trees in the plot at peak attack was great, due to the differing amounts of foliage and size of the trees, but it usually represented an estimated 85–95% of the foliage.A comparative study of seedling resistance of the two major plantation species, hoop pine and klinkii pine (Araucaria hunsteinii) was carried out at Bulolo in 1967 using seedlings from the local nursery and placing them in cages with large quantities of infested foliage. Over a two-month period, no colonies of H. araucariae were established in the klinkii pine seedlings and only three of 32 attacks recorded in the hoop pine seedlings had produced brood. Infestation of seedlings was extremely rare in the plantations and natural stands. On the other hand, most trees aged 2·5 to 12 years in the plantations at Bulolo and Wau were susceptible to severe infestation. Older trees were seldom severely attacked. Klinkii pine has proved non-susceptible to attack. In studies of impact in three plots of 1000 trees at Bulolo from 1967–1971, least growth increment and highest mortality was recorded in the plot that had been initially severely affected by the scolytid. In contrast, good growth and low mortality was recorded in the plot of healthy trees. They were later exposed to severe infestation from the adjacent plantation of young 3–4 year-old trees, but escaped relatively unscathed. In another study of impact at Bulolo from 1967–1972, the effect of two levels of pruning on subsequent growth and re-infestation was examined. The results indicated that site also strongly affected the situation, with little growth and high mortality evident on poor sites. Secondary insects, notably the weevil Vanapa oberthueri Pouillaude, were an important factor contributing to mortality among the stressed trees.
Ovarian and larval development of the sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera, Muscidae)
Authors: Kirkwood A. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) has been studied at Weybridge since 1973. The flies have failed to mate in cages and only those which have been fertilised before capture have laid viable eggs in the laboratory. In experiments in 1975–76 flies in the field emerged from June onwards but development of the ovaries (noted in seven stages) to the point of ovi-position was not completed until September. Some 1400 larvae were established in culture and, although they had reached a maximum size by January, they continued to feed until 14 March. Pupation lasted for 25 to 32 days during 6 May to 12 June and a total of 185 flies emerged from 4 June to 9 July. The results of these experiments confirm that H. irritans does not diapause and that the species is univoltine.
Differences in laboratory performance between strains ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestwood from Rhodesia and Tanzania and associated chromosome diversity
Authors: Jordan A. M. , Trewern M. A. , Southern D. I. , Pell P. E. , Davies E. D. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA laboratory colony ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestw. which originated from puparia collected near Kariba, Rhodesia was more productive than another colony which originated from Handeni, northern Tanzania; during 1975, the former produced an average of 5–9 puparia per female and the latter 3–6. Although mortality in the Tanzanian colony was somewhat higher than in the Rhodesian colony, the main reason for the lower productivity of the Tanzanian colony was the much poorer fecundity of the females. This was associated with abnormalities of the reproductive system. The differences in laboratory performance between the two stocks were probably a reflection of their genetic diversity. Thus the Tanzanian Y chromosome is metacentric compared with the almost acrocentric Y chromosome of Rhodesian males, and some individuals carry small metacentric supernumerary chromosomes which are not present in Rhodesian flies. Giemsa C-banding showed band differences between the chromosome complements of the two stocks. Probably the most important difference, revealed by polytene chromosome analysis, is a large inversion in the X chromosome of Tanzanian flies, which, together with at least one band difference, is fixed in the homozygous condition. The possible evolutionary pathways of these mutations are outlined and their significance is discussed in terms of their distribution in nature and of the performance of the two strains in the laboratory.
Field observations on Ceratopogonidae and other Diptera: Nematocera associated with cocoa flowers in Brazil
Authors: Winder J. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn field collections of Diptera associated with approximately 12 000 cocoa flowers in Bahia State, Brazil, 66% of the total catch consisted of Cecidomyiidae, 33% of Ceratopogonidae and 2% of Chironomidae and Psychodidae. The ceratopogonid species collected included Forcipomyia (F.) sp., F. (F.) genualis (Lw.), F. (F.) harpegonata Wirth & Soria, F. (F.) pictoni Macfie, three species of Forcipomyia (Euforcipomyia) sp., F. (E.) bromeliae Saund., F. (E,.) quasiingrami Macfie or near species, Forcipomyia (Thyridomyia) jipajapae Wirth, F. (Warmkea) lesliei Wirth, F. (Microhelea) fuliginosa (Mg.), Atrichopogon sp., Dasyhelea sp., Culicoides glabellus Wirth & Blanton and C. paraensis (Goeldi). There was some evidence that F. genualis or near species, Atrichopogon sp., Dasyhelea sp., and some species of Cecidomyiidae may pollinate cocoa. Of nine different organic substrates investigated as potential breeding sites, most species of Ceratopogonidae were reared from epiphytic bromeliads, rotting jackfruit, rotting banana stems and rotting cocoa pod husks.
Preliminary analysis of a field population of citrus red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and the measurement and expression of stage duration and reproduction for life tables
Authors: Atkinson P. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA population of Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) was studied on 72 Clanor orange trees in an orchard of 1800 15-year-old trees growing at an altitude of 280 m at Tshaneni, Swaziland. This orchard had not been sprayed with toxic chemicals for 18 months before observations started. Trees were banded with ‘Formex’ compound to control ants during the observation period which lasted from February 1972 to June 1975, and during which only nutritional and fungicide sprays were applied. Samples taken at 2–3 week intervals, measured three parameters: live adult female scale intensity on leaves, twigs and fruit; predation and parasitism levels; and adult parasite and predator intensities. A logarithmic transformation and 90% confidence limits showed that short-term fluctuations of adult female scales within each season were real, not due to sampling variation, and represented generations. These generations, more or less discrete in spring, became increasingly overlapped as the season advanced. Suction machine samples showed that the endoparasites Compendia bifasciata How. and Habrolepis rouxi Comp., were closely synchronised with these generations but were not otherwise density dependent. The hyperparasite Marietta javensis (How.) was more closely correlated with C. bifasciata than with H. rouxi. Aphytis spp. and total predator numbers apparently responded in a density dependent manner to seasonal scale increases. Predation predominated on twigs, Aphytis parasitism on leaves and fruit, while endoparasitism passively followed the adult female scale peaks, firstly on leaves and twigs, later in the season on fruit.A method for making life tables is proposed, based upon the expression of stage duration and reproduction in terms of a physiological time-scale. For this purpose, stage duration and reproduction were measured on orange plants at ambient temperature in an insectary over one year. A development threshold of 12°C was established and stage duration expressed in hour-degrees (h°) above 12°C. The greatest factor affecting daily crawler production per female was reproductive age. Accordingly, based upon the per cent contribution of each reproductive age group to the rate of increase, r, only the first 35 days of reproduction were considered, and the mean crawlers/female/day was plotted against over this period. Development and reproduction were fastest on fruit, slowest on leaves, and because the population behaved so differently on leaves, twigs and fruit, these sites should be analysed separately. Migration experiments showed negligible net exchange of crawlers between sites.
Morphology and biometry of larval instars of Pimpla instigator (F.) (Hymen-optera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Rojas-Rousse D. , Benoit M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarvae of Pimpla instigator (F.) were found to pass through five larval instars during development. Initial studies of external morphology identified only three morphological groups: the primary larva (L1) the intermediate larvae (L2−4) and the final instar larvae (L5). Biometrical study of the maximum head width, width of buccal mask, inter-metatentorial distance and diameter of spiracles permitted morphological separation of all five larval instars. Under a 16 h photophase (at 25±1°C; 70±10% r.h.) and an 8 h scotophase (at 15±l°C; 80±10% r.h.) the 2nd, 3rd and 4th larval instars were found to last about 24 h each, and the 5th instar 9±1 days. Progressive development of the genital buds during the 5th instar and prepupal stages facilitated sexing of the larvae.
Adult lifespan and reproductive status of Culicoides species (Diptera: Cerato-pogonidae) in Kenya, with reference to virus transmission
Authors: Walker Alan R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLight-traps were used to sample populations of C. comutus De Meillon, C. pallidipennis G, I. & M. and C. schultzei (End.) gp. at sites at Embakasi, Kiboko and Makindu between 1971 and 1975. The samples were graded into age-groups by the degree of abdominal pigmentation, estimates of calendar ageing were made, and the seasonal variation in age-structure of the populations was recorded. Survival rates were calculated on the basis of a graphical model of the continually overlapping generations, and the survival rate of 0·8 was found typical. This rate is considered sufficiently high for C. cornutus, C. pallidipennis and C. schultzei gp. to act as vectors of bluetongue virus disease of sheep and/or ephemeral fever virus disease of cattle.
Laboratory studies of plant searching behaviour by Coccinella septempunctata L. larvae
Authors: Marks R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMovements of individual fourth instar Coccinella septempunctata L. larvae on pot-grown broad bean plants in England were recorded continually to assess plant recognition and the effects of prey capture. Prey capture was also studied in a 25X25 cm artificial arena. Approximately 80% of the total distance moved by larvae on plants was along leaf edges and mid-veins. Typical search speeds were 0−38−0−51 cm s−1. An average of only 3−2% of larval search time on plants was spent on leaf laminae on which movement was considerably slower, about 0−15 cm s−1. Discovery of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) nymphs on plants induced intensive re-searching of the general area of discovery for periods of up to 12 min whereas in the arena the intensive search following prey capture lasted only up to 72 s and was much more localised. Examination of larval search times on plants revealed that 64% and 36% of maximum search times were recorded for the first and for the second or third searches, respectively, in a sequence of searches of the same plant. Only after prey capture was a fourth or subsequent search the longest. Plants previously searched unsuccessfully were recognised by detection of a chemical marker, specific for each individual, secreted via the anal disc during searching. Since C. septempunctata larvae are unable to detect aphids by sight or smell, recognition of areas previously searched unsuccessfully minimises wasteful energy expenditure.
Studies on the biology of Acanthomia tomentosicollis (Stål) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the field and insectary
Authors: Egwuatu R. I. , Ajibola Taylor T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies on the biology of Acanthomia tomentosicollis (Stål) at Ibadan, Nigeria, showed that the periods of development in the field and the insectary averaged 17 and 18 days, respectively. The hemispherical, hexagonally sculptured eggs were laid in batches of 2.99 (mean=7 eggs per batch in the insectary and 20 in the field). Preoviposition periods were 11–22 days in unmated and 6–9 days in mated females. The mean number of eggs deposited by mated females (202) was significantly higher than that deposited by unmated females (135), although the average oviposition period of 16 weeks in unmated females was three weeks longer than in mated females. Unmated males and females were longer-lived than their mated counterparts, and females generally lived longer than males. These results and other observations on 'the biology of A. tomentosicollis are discussed in the context of its seasonal biology and the pattern of infestation of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajari), its main host plant.
A new species of Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera : Ephydridae) attacking rice in southern Nigeria
Authors: Deeming J. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA species of Hydrellia, discovered on rice at Ibadan, Nigeria, is described and named Hydrellia prosternalis sp. n. The third-instar larva and puparium are described. Eggs are laid singly per seedling on leaves, and larvae consume the growing points of the shoots, resulting in severe stunting. Pupation takes place in the centre of the shoot, just below the ligule. Hymenopterous parasites of a species of Opius (Braconidae), a genus near Peckelachertus (Eulophidae) and a genus near Cirrospilus (Eulophidae) were reared from pupae.
Physiological reactions ofPinus radiatato attack by woodwasp,Sirex noctilioF. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)
Authors: Madden J. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhysiological studies ofPinus radiatadamaged artificially and of others attacked bySirex noctilioF. indicated that temporary disturbances of the normal physiology of the host trees produce potential breeding sites for the woodwasp. Different physiological processes within trees were monitored after treatment and attack; these included changes in trans-location, transpiration, phloem respiration and osmotic and moisture content. The response of theS. noctilioto trees baited with phloem extracts or monoterpene solutions was investigated. The results of these studies, together with the published findings of other workers on the effects of insect secretions on trees and the resistance phenomenon, were interpreted into a general hypothesis of the interaction of the insect with the host tree. It was found that damage impaired translocation and enhanced transpiration and phloem respiration. These changes resulted in changes in tissue permeability and increased the rates of monoterpene and water vapour loss through the bark. The attraction ofS. noctilioto trees was related to these changes, and the lowered osmotic status of the phloem favoured egg deposition. Drilling also was accompanied by the secretion of arthrospores of the symbiotic fungusAmylostereum areolatumand mucus, which inhibited translocation. High water tensions in stressed trees favoured fungus invasion, and low turgor resulting from the permeability changes minimised resinosis at oviposition sites. Successful establishment of the fungus, together with the effects of the mucus, resulted in tree death and the creation of a suitable milieu forSirexdevelopment. The hypothesis proposes that the outcome of any attack is related to the duration and effects of the initial stressor on the tree and the tree's ability to moderate these effects. The response in the physiology of individual trees to stress affects the probability of attack while the resultant interaction between insect and tree determines the intensity of drilling, arthrospore and mucus load, and tree susceptibility or resistance to that attack.