bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the length‐scale of the wind profile
Authors: Peña Alfredo , Gryning Sven‐Erik , Mann Jakob 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe present the results of an analysis of simultaneous sonic anemometer observations of wind speed and velocity spectra over flat and homogeneous terrain from 10 up to 160 m height performed at the National Test Station for Wind Turbines at Høvsøre, Denmark. The mixing length, l, derived from the wind speed profile, is found to be linearly proportional to the length‐scale of turbulence, derived either from the peak of the vertical velocity spectrum, (λm)w, or from a three‐dimensional turbulence spectral model, for a range of atmospheric stability conditions, friction Rossby numbers, and within the range of observational heights ((λm)w ∼ 7l). Under very unstable conditions and above 100 m, the local wind shear is low, and the relation between both length‐scales is slightly nonlinear. Mixing‐length and wind profile models, which depend on both atmospheric stability and friction Rossby number, generally show better agreement to the observations of the length‐scale and wind speed profile than the models from surface‐layer theory, which show good agreement with the observations for the first 80 m only. The results from this analysis demonstrate a close connection between these two types of length‐scales. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of electron‐beam irradiation on physicochemical properties of starches separated from stored wheat
Authors: Hu BiJun , Huang Man , Yin ShouWei , Zi MingYang , Wen QiBiao 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEffects of electron‐beam irradiation (0, 1.0, 2.7, and 4.4 kGy) on physicochemical properties, MW distribution as well as microstructure of starches separated from electron‐beam irradiated and stored wheats were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), SEM, and static multi‐angle laser light scattering (MALLS). The profiles of starch viscosity illustrated that peak, hot paste, cold paste, and setback were considerably decreased with increasing irradiation dose. The DSC pattern indicated that the electron‐beam irradiation caused a slight decrease in gelatinization temperature. SEM results showed that on the surfaces of a few starch granules fissures appeared and that they become rough when the irradiation doses reached 4.4 kGy. Damaged starch (DS) contents analysis suggested that the DS increased from 5.33 to 7.38% as the dose increased from 0 (control) to 4.4 kGy. HPSEC measurement showed that the starch molecule were gradually degraded due to the electron‐beam irradiation treatment, and the molar mass of wheat starches decreased by one order of magnitude when the irradiation doses reached 4.4 kGy.
Rheological and calorimetric properties of corn‐, wheat‐, and cassava‐ starches and soybean protein concentrate composites
Authors: Colombo Andrés , León Alberto Edel , Ribotta Pablo Daniel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe effect of soy protein concentrate (SPC) on the rheological and calorimetric properties of corn, wheat, and cassava starches was assessed. SPC increased To values and decreased the ΔH of all tested starches, which could be related to lower availability of water for starch gelatinization and/or to the interactions between SPC and amorphous regions of starch granules. SPC and sugar addition modified the viscosity parameters (obtained through a rapid visco‐analyser) of starch pastes, which was attributed to an increase in solid content and to the interaction of proteins with the starch dispersed phase. Frequency sweeps were carried out with a rheometer on gels containing starch, SPC, and sucrose. SPC raised storage and loss modulus, producing more consistent starch gels. Besides, penetration tests showed that SPC steadily increased starch gel firmness. Scanning electron micrographs showed that protein concentrate produced gels with closer structures. Summarizing, the starch and SPC in the gels obtained were expected to be arranged in a two‐phase system. Results showed that it is possible to achieve different textures for starch dessert formulations.
Oxidative stress and cell‐cycle change induced by coexposed PCB126 and benzo(a) pyrene to human hepatoma (HepG2) cells
Authors: Wei Wei , Li Xiao‐Feng , Li Xiao‐Nuan , Chen Xue‐Min , Liu Ai‐Lin , Lu Wen‐Qing 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBenzo(a)pyrene (BaP) never exists in the environment as a single compound but always coexists with other chemicals. These chemicals may affect the toxicity of BaP. Our previous study confirmed that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which were recently found coexisting with BaP in various environmental media, dramatically enhanced the genotoxicity of BaP. But the known mechanisms associated with this phenomenon are limited. Because BaP's genotoxicity is highly associated with its ability to induce the oxidative stress, we propose that the coexistence of PCBs may enhance BaP's genotoxicity by affecting BaP‐induced oxidative stress. In this study, the HepG2 cells were treated with either BaP (50 μM), 3,3′,4,4′,5‐pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 nM), or pretreated with PCB126 followed by a coexposure to BaP and PCB126. We found that the exposure to BaP alone effectively increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase, but decreased the percentage of S‐phase cells. Compared to BaP alone, coexposure to both BaP and PCB126 effectively enhanced the levels of ROS and MDA as well as the percentage of cells in S phase, but decreased the levels of GSH and percentage of cells inG0/G1 phase. Our findings suggest that increasing oxidative stress and impairing the normal cell‐cycle control may be mechanisms by which PCB126 enhances the genotoxity of BaP exposure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Ionenbeschuss von Polymeren für die Medizintechnik
Authors: Mändl Stephan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIonenimplantation, eine Standardtechnologie in der Halbleiterindustrie, wird seit den 1960er Jahren ebenfalls für Biomaterialien verwendet. Im Folgenden wird eine Variation des Verfahrens beispielhaft vorgestellt — Plasma‐Immersions‐Ionenimplantation (PIII). Bei PIII‐Behandlungen findet man bei Prozesszeiten von weniger als einer Minute änderungen der Oberflächenenergie, die über mehrere Wochen anhalten. Zusätzlich können bei der Modifizierung Reibkoeffizient, Verschleiß und Topographie verändert werden, wobei reduzierte Verschleißraten und eine erhöhte Rauhigkeit sich positiv auf die Biokompatibilität bzw. die Bioaktivität auswirken. Bei kombinierten PIII‐Beschichtungen mit gleichzeitigem energetischem Ionenbeschuss wird eine exzellente Adhäsion selbst bei Raumtemperatur ermöglicht. Neben der gezielten Aufbringung von photoaktiven Oberflächen, die antibakteriell wirken, kann hier ebenfalls eine osteoinduktive Topographie eingestellt werden.
The economics of adaptation along developed coastlines
Authors: Neumann James , Hudgens Daniel , Herter John , Martinich Jeremy 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSea‐level rise (SLR) increases the risk of permanent inundation of coastal lands and structures, while also increasing the risk of periodic damage from storms and risks to ecological resources. Prior studies have illustrated the importance of considering adaptation measures, such as armoring and beach nourishment, when estimating the economic cost of SLR, but these studies have taken the form either of careful, geographically limited case studies or national estimates based on limited samples. We present a framework for evaluating the economics of adaptation to permanent inundation from SLR that employs detailed local scale data and is spatially comprehensive, and apply the framework to estimate costs of adaptation for the full coastline of the continental US. Our results show that the economic cost of SLR is much larger than prior estimates suggest—more than $63 billion cumulative discounted cost (at 3%) for a 68 cm SLR by 2100, and $230 billion undiscounted—yet is only one‐fourth the total value of low‐lying property vulnerable to SLR, illustrating the importance of careful site‐specific consideration of adaptation. Further, the granularity of the framework provides spatial, temporal, and response mode details useful to both national policy‐makers and local adaptation planners, and can readily incorporate estimates of ecological and storm surge damages as they become available. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 89–98 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.90This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Aggregation Techniques for Impacts and Mitigation Costs
High‐Pressure Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of Zn2PN3 – A New catena‐Polynitridophosphate
Authors: Sedlmaier Stefan J. , Eberspächer Moritz , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPhase‐pure zinc catena‐polynitridophosphate Zn2PN3 was synthesized by means of high‐pressure high‐temperature conditions (1200 °C, 8 GPa) starting from Zn3N2 and P3N5 utilizing a multianvil assembly. It was obtained as a colorless, microcrystalline powder. The crystal structure of Zn2PN3 (Cmc21, no. 36, a = 937.847(6), b = 547.696(4), c = 492.396(3) pm, Z = 4, Rp = 0.0110, wRp = 0.0141) has been refined from powder X‐ray diffraction data by the Rietveld method using the atomic parameters of isotypic Mg2PN3 as starting values. Interconnected by N‐coordinated Zn2+ ions, the catena‐polynitridophosphate chain anions run parallel [001] with a chain periodicity P = 2 and a stretching factor fs = 0.88. FT‐IR and Raman spectra of Zn2PN3 were recorded and relevant bands were assigned. The solid‐state 31P MAS NMR spectrum yielded a single resonance at δ = 42.8. In addition an account of the thermal behavior of Zn2PN3 is given.
A brief assessment of eating habits and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort
Authors: Zazpe Itziar , Bes-Rastrollo Maira , Ruiz-Canela Miguel , Sánchez-Villegas Almudena , Serrano-Martínez Manolo , Angel Martínez-González Miguel 
Published: December 2010

Assessment of eating habits (EH) through closed questions could be an alternative tool to assess diet as a predictor of weight change in epidemiological studies. The aim was to assess the association between baseline EH and the risk of weight gain or becoming overweight/obese in a Spanish dynamic prospective cohort (the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Project) of 10 509 participants. The baseline questionnaire included ten short questions with two possible answers: yes or no. We calculated a baseline EH score, categorised in quartiles, positively weighting answers on more fruit, vegetables, fish and fibre and less meat, sweets and pastries, fat, butter, fatty meats and added sugar in drinks. Reducing the consumption of meat or fat and removing fat from meat were significantly associated with lower weight gain. The partial correlation coefficient between EH score and weight change was − 0·033 (P = 0·001). We observed 1063 cases of incident overweight/obesity among 7217 participants without overweight/obesity at baseline. Trying to eat more fruit, fish or fibre and less meat was inversely significantly associated with incident overweight/obesity. Those participants in the upper quartile of the score were at a 38 % (adjusted OR 0·62; 95 % CI 0·48, 0·81) lower risk of developing overweight/obesity during the follow-up compared with those in the lower quartile. However, the receiver-operating characteristic curves for the model with and without the EH score were materially identical. Despite the apparent significant inverse association, this score had a low predictive value for future weight gain and for incident overweight/obesity in a Mediterranean population, although some EH were independently and positively associated with weight gain.
Effects of hydroxytyrosol-enriched sunflower oil consumption on CVD risk factors
Authors: Vázquez-Velasco Miguel , Esperanza Díaz Ligia , Lucas Rocío , Gómez-Martínez Sonia , Bastida Sara , Marcos Ascensión , Sánchez-Muniz Francisco J. 
Published: December 2010

Inclusion of biophenols in traditional foods transforms them into functional foods that may help to decrease CVD risk. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the consumption of hydroxytyrosol-enriched sunflower oil (HSO) improves certain CVD biomarker values. A total of twenty-two healthy volunteers participated in a cross-over study involving two 3-week periods, separated by a 2-week washout period, in which volunteers consumed 10–15 g/d of either HSO (45–50 mg/d of hydroxytyrosol) or non-enriched (control) sunflower oil. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, arylesterase activity, oxidised LDL and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) levels were measured in the plasma obtained at the beginning and at the end of each treatment period. The HSO group displayed a significantly higher level (P < 0·01) of arylesterase activity and significantly lower levels of oxidised LDL and sVCAM-1 (bothP < 0·05) than the control group. These results suggest that HSO may help prevent CVD.
FINITE GROUPS WITH SOME WEAKLY S-SUPPLEMENTED SUBGROUPS
Authors: GUO WENBIN , SHUM K. P. , XIE FENGYAN 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLet H be a subgroup of a group G. Then, we call H weakly s-supplemented in G if G has a subgroup T such that HT = G and H ∩ T ≤ HsG, where HsG is the largest s-permutable subgroup of G contained in H. In this paper, we use the weakly s-supplemented subgroups to characterize the structure of groups. A series of known results in the literature are unified and generalized.
An evaluation of two perennial ryegrass cultivars (AberDart and Fennema) for sheep production in the uplands
Authors: EVANS J. G. , FRASER M. D. , OWEN I. , DAVIES D. A. 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYUnder lowland conditions there is evidence to indicate that animals consuming ryegrasses bred for elevated water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations are able to utilize the protein in their diet more efficiently, resulting in increased live-weight gain, milk production and lower loss of N. The current study evaluated the effects on upland sheep production of grazing two cultivars of perennial ryegrass nominally differing in WSC content. Replicate plots (n=4) of a cultivar bred for elevated levels of WSC (AberDart) and a control cultivar (Fennema) were grazed by ewes and lambs (pre-weaning) and by lambs only (post-weaning). Target surface sward heights of 40 and 60–70 mm were maintained during the pre-weaning and post-weaning periods, respectively. No differences were found in the WSC concentration of the two swards during either the pre-weaning or post-weaning periods. However, cultivar AberDart had a significantly lower fibre concentration during both periods (P<0·05), and a higher digestibility of organic matter in dry matter (DOMD) value during the post-weaning period (P<0·05). There was no cultivar effect of treatment on lamb growth during the pre-weaning period, but lamb live-weight gain was significantly higher for those grazing AberDart than Fennema during the post-weaning period (200 g/d v. 125 g/d; s.e.d.=26·5 g/d; P<0·01), leading to a greater proportion of lambs selected for slaughter by the end of September (0·99 v. 0·70 respectively; s.e.d.=0·062; P<0·05). The improved performance for lambs grazing AberDart relative to those grazing Fennema indicates that advances in plant breeding have the potential to improve the efficiency and profitability of lamb production in the uplands. However, additional research is required to explore the extent to which growing conditions in marginal environments influence the expression of traits.
Reliability of current Spanish irrigation designs in a changed climate: a case study
Authors: UTSET A. , DEL RÍO B. 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYA very serious effort to modernize irrigation systems is being made in Spain, to reduce water and energy losses in an environmentally sustainable way. This is expensive and it is important that the new irrigation systems work properly over a long period. The systems have been designed taking into account historical evapotranspiration (ET) averages during the months of maximum demand, as well as the crop-specific ET values (Kc coefficients) of typical crops. However, the increase in ET rates due to global warming could mean that the capacity of these new and expensive irrigation systems to fulfil the crop water requirements may be exceeded in the near future. However, the expected increase in CO2 concentration could diminish crop transpiration rates for similar water demands from the atmosphere, thereby reducing irrigation requirements. A methodology was developed in order to estimate crop water requirements under climate change conditions. The reliability of a new irrigation system designed in Valladolid, Northern Spain was tested. The regionalized climate change scenarios for Valladolid, provided by the National Institute of Meteorology, were used for the periods 2011–40, 2041–70 and 2071–2100 and the A2 and B2 emission scenarios were considered using the ECHAM and coupled general circulation model (CGCM) global circulation models. A historical series of daily meteorological data for Valladolid was used to generate statistical ET distributions through the LARS-WG generator. Simulations considered each of the above periods, global circulation models (GCM) and emission scenarios. Furthermore, the Kc of the typical irrigated crops of the zone (maize, potato and sugar beet) were reduced for each period, GCM and emission scenario according to the relationships between CO2 concentrations and transpiration obtained by Kruijt et al. (2008). The results indicated that, on average, historical ET rates provide a sufficiently robust indicator to enable estimations of the crop ET in the future, particularly considering the CO2 effect in reducing crop transpiration. However, ET variability is significantly increased after 2040, especially for the A2 emission scenario. The results show that ET variability rather than global increase is the most serious risk that current irrigation systems must face in the near future in Northern Spain, as consequence of climate change. Such variability should be included in irrigation designs.
Income and the midlife peak in common mental disorder prevalence
Authors: Lang I. A. , Llewellyn D. J. , Hubbard R. E. , Langa K. M. , Melzer D. 
Published: December 2010

BackgroundThe prevalence of psychological distress and common mental disorders has been shown to peak in midlife but analyses have ignored the association of poor material circumstances with prevalence. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the midlife prevalence peak occurs only in lower-income households.MethodPooled data were used from the annual Health Survey for England, a nationally representative cross-sectional study, on community-dwelling individuals aged ⩾16 years from years 1997 to 2006 (n=100 457). 12-item General Health Questionnaire scores, reported mental illness diagnoses and receipt of relevant medication were assessed in relation to household income and age. Analyses were separated by gender and adjusted for age, ethnicity, smoking, social class, education and co-morbidities.ResultsPrevalence of psychological distress, diagnoses and treatments rose with age until early middle age and declined subsequently. In analyses conducted separately by income categories, this pattern was marked in low-income groups but absent in high-income groups. Income-related inequalities in the prevalence of psychological distress were greatest in midlife; for example, in men aged 45–54 years the odds ratio of receiving psychiatric medication in the lowest income group compared with the highest was 7.50 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.24–13.27] and in women aged 45–54 years the odds ratio of reporting mental illness was 10.25 (95% CI 6.16–17.05).ConclusionsAn increased prevalence of psychological distress, common mental disorder diagnoses and treatment in midlife is not a universal phenomenon but is found only in those in low-income households. This implies the phenomenon is not inevitable but is potentially manageable or preventable.
Lack of progression of brain abnormalities in first-episode psychosis: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Schaufelberger M. S. , Lappin J. M. , Duran F. L. S. , Rosa P. G. P. , Uchida R. R. , Santos L. C. , Murray R. M. , McGuire P. K. , Scazufca M. , Menezes P. R. , Busatto G. F. 
Published: December 2010

BackgroundSome neuroimaging studies have supported the hypothesis of progressive brain changes after a first episode of psychosis. We aimed to determine whether (i) first-episode psychosis patients would exhibit more pronounced brain volumetric changes than controls over time and (ii) illness course/treatment would relate to those changes.MethodLongitudinal regional grey matter volume and ventricle:brain ratio differences between 39 patients with first-episode psychosis (including schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder) and 52 non-psychotic controls enrolled in a population-based case-control study.ResultsWhile there was no longitudinal difference in ventricle:brain ratios between first-episode psychosis subjects and controls, patients exhibited grey matter volume changes, indicating a reversible course in the superior temporal cortex and hippocampus compared with controls. A remitting course was related to reversal of baseline temporal grey matter deficits.ConclusionsOur findings do not support the hypothesis of brain changes indicating a progressive course in the initial phase of psychosis. Rather, some brain volume abnormalities may be reversible, possibly associated with a better illness course.
Regularity for subquadratic parabolic systems: higher integrability and dimension estimates
Authors: Scheven Christoph 
Published: December 2010

We consider weak solutions of parabolic systems of the typewhere the structure function b is differentiable with respect to x and satisfies standard ellipticity and growth properties with polynomial growth rate p ∊ (2n/(n + 2), 2). We investigate regularity properties of the solution, including the existence of second-order spatial derivatives, the existence of the time derivative and the higher integrability of the spatial gradient. As an application, we derive dimension estimates for the singular set of solutions of homogeneous parabolic systems. More precisely, we establish the boundprovided the structure function depends Höolder continuously on the space variable with Höolder exponent β ∊(0, 1].