bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy, paleoecology and biostratigraphy of the late Neoproterozoic Chichkan microbiota of South Kazakhstan: the marine biosphere on the eve of metazoan radiation
Authors: Sergeev Vladimir N. , Schopf J. William 
Published: May 2010

Carbonaceous bedded cherts of the late Neoproterozoic (Cryogenian) ∼800 to 750 Ma old Chichkan Formation of South Kazakhstan contain an abundant, diverse assemblage of exquisitely preserved microorganisms. Like many Proterozoic microbiotas, the Chichkan assemblage is dominated by prokaryotic cyanobacteria, both filamentous (oscillatorialeans and nostocaleans, represented primarily by cellular trichomes and empty sheaths) and coccoidal (chroococcaleans and pleurocapsaleans, including solitary, colonial, and stalk-forming specimens). However, unlike Proterozoic microbiotas reported from peritidal settings, the Chichkan fossils, permineralized in cherts deposited in the open shelf facies of the formation, include diverse microscopic eukaryotes: vase-shaped testate amoebae, spiny (acanthomorphic) phytoplanktonic unicells, large (up to ∼1 mm diameter) megasphaeromorphic acritarchs, and sausage-shaped vaucheriacean green alga-like filaments.Given the composition of this biota and the presence in it and similarly aged assemblages of numerous taxa typical of late Neoproterozoic deposits (e.g.,Cerebrosphaera, Jacutianema, Melanocyrillium, Stictosphaeridium, Trachyhystrichosphaera, andVandalosphaeridium), the Chichkan Lagerstätte appears representative of the Cryogenian biota as now known, thereby documenting the status of the marine biosphere at a time closely preceding the radiation of the Metazoa. As such, we interpret this and other coeval mixed assemblages of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microfossils as representing an evolutionary stage transitional between the predominantly prokaryote-dominated Precambrian and the eukaryote-dominated Phanerozoic biospheres.As reported here, the Chichkan assemblage is composed of 39 taxa (of which two forms are described informally) that are assigned to 23 genera of microscopic prokaryotes and eukaryotes and that include two new species:Polybessurus crassusn. sp. andVandalosphaeridium koksuicumn. sp.
Pathways to Smoking and Snus Use Cessation - Is Spontaneous Quitting Underrated?
Authors: Toftgard Mats , Gilljam Hans , Tomson Tanja 
Published: May 2010

Aim:
To investigate to what extent smokers and snus users in Sweden consider and plan their quit attempts in
advance, and to assess if spontaneity is associated with success.

Methods:
A sample of 5999 Swedish men and women between 16 and 80 years were interviewed via telephone about current
and former smoking and snus use and their latest quit attempts.

Results:
Among 2272 ex-smokers and current smokers who had ever made a serious quit attempt 48% reported to not having
planned their latest attempt in advance. Furthermore, 40% reported to not even having considered giving up smoking before
they actually made the attempt. Of 809 former and current snus users 48% did not plan, and 44% did not consider quitting in
advance. Smokers and ex-smokers were more likely to remain smoke-free for at least six months if the attempt was
unplanned (sex and age adjusted OR=2.6; 95% CI=1.7-3.8). When dividing the smoking quit attempts into considered versus
not considered the advantage of the spontaneous attempts remained (adjusted OR=1.9; CI=1.3-2.9). The corresponding
analyses of snus use quitting showed similar advantages for the unplanned and the not considered quit attempts.

Conclusions:
In Sweden, a considerable proportion of the attempts to quit smoking, as well as to quit using snus, are made
without prior consideration or planning. Spontaneous quit attempts appear to have a greater chance of long-term success than
those preceded by consideration or planning.
What is a Successful Outcome Following Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty?
Authors: Roy Jean-Sébastien , MacDermid Joy C. , Goel Danny , Faber Kenneth J. , Athwal George S. , Drosdowech Darren S. 
Published: May 2010

Background:With variations in joint destruction, patient expectations and health status, it can be difficult to interpret outcomes following arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between different outcome indicators in 44 patients followed for two years after a reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

Methods:Prospectively collected outcomes included the Constant-Murley score, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), range of motion (ROM), strength, patient satisfaction with their care and independent clinician case-review to determine global clinical outcome. Continuous outcomes were divided in two subgroups according to definitions of functional outcomes. Cohen’s kappa was used to evaluate agreement between outcomes. Pearson correlations were used to quantify interrelationships.

Results:Although 93% of patients were substantially satisfied, fewer had good results on the other outcomes: 68% on global clinical outcome, 46% on SST and 73% on Constant-Murley score. The SST demonstrated better than chance agreement with Constant-Murley score, ROM in flexion, abduction and external rotation, and strength in external rotation. No agreement between satisfaction and other outcomes were observed. Significant correlations were observed between Constant-Murley score and SST (r = 0.78). The Constant-Murley score and SST demonstrated variable correlation with ROM and strength in flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation (0.38 < r < 0.73); the highest correlations being observed with shoulder elevation ROM (r > 0.50).

Conclusions:Results show that outcome varies according to patient perspective and assessment methods. Patient satisfaction with their care was related to neither self-reported nor physical impairment outcomes. Positive patient ratings of satisfaction may not necessarily be evidence of positive outcomes.
Accidents, Liability Obligations and Monopolized Markets for Spare Parts
Authors: Baake Pio 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
We analyze the effects of accidents and liability obligations on the incentives of car manufacturers to monopolize the markets for their spare parts. We show that monopolized markets for spare parts lead to inefficiently high prices for spare parts. Furthermore, monopolization induces the manufacturers to choose inefficiently high qualities. The key for these results is the observation that high prices for spare parts entail a negative external effect inasmuch as liability obligations imply that consumers of competing products have to pay the high prices as well.
Implicit Theories of Intelligence, Perceived Academic Competence, and School Achievement: Testing Alternative Models
Authors: Gonida Eleftheria , Kiosseoglou Grigoris , Leondari Angeliki 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In the present study 3 alternative causal models concerning the relationships between implicit theories of intelligence, perceived academic competence, and school achievement were tested. The direction of changes in implicit theories and perceived competence during early adolescence also was examined. A total of 187 fifth and sixth graders were tested and retested a year later, when they were sixth and seventh graders, respectively. Cross-lagged regression analyses indicated that school achievement determined the adoption of a particular implicit theory through the mediation of perceived competence. Implicit theories were found to change toward the adoption of more incremental beliefs and perceived academic competence declined; however, high achievers, as compared with their low- and middle-level classmates, adopted more incremental beliefs and had significantly higher perceived competence.
Susceptibility to Memory Distortion: How Do We Decide It Has Occurred?
Authors: Morris Erin K. , Laney Cara , Bernstein Daniel M. , Loftus Elizabeth F. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
When given suggestive information, some people can be led to believe that they had experiences that they did not actually have. For example, they may come to believe falsely that they got sick eating particular foods as children, and as a result of that belief they may avoid the foods. But how do we know that someone has developed a false belief or memory in this research? The criteria we choose when classifying whether someone has fallen for the suggestion are somewhat arbitrary. We reanalyze our prior data, using different criteria for deciding that a person fell for the suggestion (called a "believer") or did not (called a "non-believer"). Changing criteria obviously affects the percentage of people who are called susceptible and could conceivably affect the conclusions reached about that group. Comparisons between false memories and true memories could differ, too, depending on how memories are defined.
Do Explicit Memory Manipulations Affect the Memory Blocking Effect?
Authors: Landau Joshua D. , Leynes P. Andrew 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The memory blocking effect (MBE) occurs when people are prevented from completing word fragments because they studied orthographically similar words. Across 3 experiments, we investigated how manipulations that influence explicit memory tasks would influence the MBE. Although a significant MBE was observed in all 3 experiments, manipulating depth of processing (Experiment 1), time to complete the fragments (Experiment 2), and awareness of the MBE (Experiment 3) did not change the magnitude of the MBE. We discuss these results in the context of a suppression mechanism involved in retrieval-induced forgetting.
Modern Application of Evolutionary Theory to Psychology: Key Concepts and Clarifications
Authors: Goetz Aaron T. , Shackelford Todd K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Darwinian selection has become the centerpiece of biology, and in the past few decades many psychologists and anthropologists have recognized the value of using an evolutionary perspective to guide their work. With a focus on evolved psychological mechanisms and associated information processing features, evolutionary psychology has risen as a compelling and fruitful approach to the study of human psychology and behavior. In this article we review the instrument of evolution: natural selection, the products of evolution, and the impact of evolutionary thinking on modern psychological science. We conclude that as prejudicial barriers are overcome, as more evolutionary psychological work is conducted, and as hypothesized psychological mechanisms are substantiated in other disciplines, evolutionary psychology will emerge as the metatheory for psychology.
Inductive Inference or Inductive Behavior: Fisher and Neyman: Pearson Approaches to Statistical Testing in Psychological Research (1940-1960)
Authors: Halpin Peter F. , Stam Henderikus J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The application of statistical testing in psychological research over the period of 1940-1960 is examined in order to address psychologists’ reconciliation of the extant controversy between the Fisher and Neyman-Pearson approaches. Textbooks of psychological statistics and the psychological journal literature are reviewed to examine the presence of what Gigerenzer (1993) called a hybrid model of statistical testing. Such a model is present in the textbooks, although the mathematically incomplete character of this model precludes the appearance of a similarly hybridized approach to statistical testing in the research literature. The implications of this hybrid model for psychological research and the statistical testing controversy are discussed.
Interference and Negative Priming Effects in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Pritchard Verena E. , Neumann Ewald , Rucklidge Julia J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Three visual selective attention tasks were used to measure potential differences in susceptibility to interference and inhibitory cognitive control processes in 16 adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 45 similar-aged controls. Susceptibility to interference was assessed using the Stroop color and word naming test. Efficiency of distractor inhibition was assessed in two conceptual negative priming tasks. The majority of studies in this area indicate that people with ADHD demonstrate higher levels of interference and lower negative priming effects in comparison with age-matched peers. However, we found that although the ADHD group was consistently slower to name target stimuli than the control group, there were no differences in interference or negative priming between the two groups.
Expectancies and Memory for an Emotional Film Fragment: A Placebo Study
Authors: van Oorsouw Kim , Merckelbach Harald 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This study investigated whether positive ("memory-enhancing") and negative ("memory-impairing") placebos may enhance and undermine, respectively, memory of a film fragment. After watching an emotional film fragment, participants were assigned to a "memory-enhancing" placebo group (n = 30), control group (n = 30), or "memory-impairing" placebo group (n = 30). Only participants who believed in the placebo effect were included in the analyses. In the positive placebo group, memory for the film fragment was better than that of participants who received negative placebos or control participants. Participants in the negative placebo group made more distortion errors than participants in the positive placebo or control group. Our findings show that people’s expectancies about their memory may affect their memory performance. These results may have implications for both clinical practice and the legal domain.
Are Written and Spoken Recall of Text Equivalent?
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Writing is less practiced than speaking, graphemic codes are activated only in writing, and the retrieved representations of the text must be maintained in working memory longer because handwritten output is slower than speech. These extra demands on working memory could result in less effort being given to retrieval during written compared with spoken text recall. To test this hypothesis, college students read or heard Bartlett’s (1932) "War of the Ghosts" and then recalled the text in writing or speech. Spoken recall produced more accurately recalled propositions and more major distortions (e.g., inferences) than written recall. The results suggest that writing reduces the retrieval effort given to reconstructing the propositions of a text.
The Relationship between Self-Reported Vividness and Latency during Mental Size Scaling of Everyday Items: Phenomenological Evidence of Different Types of Imagery
Authors: D’Angiulli Amedeo , Reeves Adam 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
We examined how the relationship between ratings of vividness (or image strength) and image latency might reflect the concerted action of two visual imagery pathways hypothesized by Kosslyn (1994): the ventral pathway, processing object properties, and the dorsal pathway, processing locative properties of mental images. Participants formed their images at small or large angular display sizes, varying the amount of size scaling needed. In Experiment 1, display size varied between participants, and images were trial unique. The higher the vividness, the faster the generation of small images (requiring size scaling of less than 10°), which would recruit mainly the ventral pathway. This vivid-is-fast relationship changed for large images (requiring size sccaling of 10° or more), which would recruit mainly the dorsal pathway. The size-dependent alteration of the vivid-is-fast relationship was replicated in the first block of Experiment 2. However, when repeated over 3 consecutive blocks, image generation sped up, and gradually the vivid-is-fast relationship tended to occur for all display sizes until complete automatization of image generation occurred. The findings suggest that differential patterns of vividness-latency relationship can reflect the types of images involved, their relative ventral and dorsal contributions, and the involvement of working memory.
Recalling Taboo and Nontaboo Words
Authors: Jay Timothy , Caldwell-Harris Catherine , King Krista 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
People remember emotional and taboo words better than neutral words. It is well known that words that are processed at a deep (i.e., semantic) level are recalled better than words processed at a shallow (i.e., purely visual) level. To determine how depth of processing influences recall of emotional and taboo words, a levels of processing paradigm was used. Whether this effect holds for emotional and taboo words has not been previously investigated. Two experiments demonstrated that taboo and emotional words benefit less from deep processing than do neutral words. This is consistent with the proposal that memories for taboo and emotional words are a function of the arousal level they evoke, even under shallow encoding conditions. Recall was higher for taboo words, even when taboo words were cued to be recalled after neutral and emotional words. The superiority of taboo word recall is consistent with cognitive neuroscience and brain imaging research.
The Psychology of Risk Taking: Toward the Integration of Psychometric and Neuropsychological Paradigms
Authors: Llewellyn David J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The prevention of counterproductive or antisocial risk taking is a research priority. Attempts to understand risk-taking behaviors are dominated by the psychometric and neuropsychological paradigms, which have developed in relative isolation. Previous studies indicate that risk taking is associated with the sensation-seeking personality trait, although the relationship with impulsivity may be complex. Poor risk-related decision making is associated with lesions to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Further research is necessary to establish which forms of risk taking are associated with the 5-factor model of personality and may be influenced by ventromedial prefrontal cortex functioning. The relationship between risk-related decision making and personality traits is also discussed in order to provide a basis for future research adopting an integrated model of risk taking behavior.
The Visual Metacognition Questionnaire: A Measure of Intuitions about Vision
Authors: Levin Daniel T. , Angelone Bonnie L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Recent research has revealed a series of striking limits to visual perception. One important aspect of these demonstrations is the degree to which they conflict with intuition; people often believe that they will be able to see things that experiments demonstrate they cannot see. This metacognitive error has been explored with reference to a few specific visual limits, but no study has yet explored people’s intuitions about vision more generally. In this article we present the results of a broad survey of these intuitions. Results replicate previous overestimates and underestimates of visual performance and document new misestimates of performance in tasks that assess inattention blindness and visual knowledge. We also completed an initial exploratory factor analysis of the items and found that estimates of visual performance for well-structured information tend to covary. These results represent an important initial step in organizing the intuitions that may prove important in a variety of settings, including performance of complex visual tasks, evaluation of others people’s visual experience, and even the teaching of psychology.
A Unified Theory of All-or-None and Incremental Learning Processes via a New Application of Study-Test-Rest Presentation Programs and Psychophysiological Measures
Authors: Izawa Chizuko 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The all-or-none (AON) versus incremental learning debate was newly examined using heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) under varied study-test-rest (STR) presentation programs. Fifty university students learned a list of 20 consonant-vowel-consonant-2-digit pairs in a simple learning situation. Three item types were analyzed: items learned, never learned, and in-between. Learning performance moved from the unlearned to the learned state in one jump in the AON fashion, despite nonsignificant incremental trends during some precriterion trials. New HR and GSR phenomena were unveiled: Persistent relaxation occurred abruptly a few trials before actual learning. The relaxation attained unconsciously, after intense conscious effort, might facilitate mastery. Unlearned items lacked such jumps for all 3 response measures. Of all conditions examined, STTTTTTT produced the most efficient learning with the greatest attention (HR), most relaxation (GSR), and least test anxiety (interprogram comparisons). By using Estes’ mathematical derivations, a unified theory is advocated: AON learning can be regarded as a special case of incremental learning. The former is associated with very simple learning situations, whereas the latter involves complex learning situations. The 2 positions are not irreconcilable; instead, they represent 2 extremes of such experiments, the simple and complex learning situations.
Effect of Context and Personality on the Forgiveness Schema
Authors: Gauché Mélanie , Mullet Etienne 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This study examined the extent to which the type of aggressive behavior affected the impact of circumstances of the aggression on the victim’s willingness to forgive. The participants were 97 adults aged 17 to 68 years. They expressed willingness to forgive in 3 contexts: breaking up of a love affair, gossiping at work, and collision during a game. As hypothesized, apologies and intent had more impact in the physical aggression condition than in the psychological aggression conditions, cancellation of consequences had more impact in the psychological aggression conditions than in the physical aggression condition, the structure of the forgiveness schema varied as a function of the type of harmful situation, and participants with a higher score in emotional stability and agreeableness were more willing to forgive than participants with a lower score.
States and Households: The Social Organization of Terrace Agriculture in Postclassic Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez Verónica Pérez 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis is a study of agricultural intensification on the household scale in a Mixtec cacicazgo of Oaxaca, Mexico, during the Postclassic period (A.D. 800–1521). Through archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic methods this study investigates the roles of the state and the independent farming household in the emergence and operation of intensive agricultural systems, and agricultural terracing. I present data on two Postclassic houses and residential and agricultural terraces excavated at the site of Nicayuju in the municipality of San Juan Teposcolula, Oaxaca. Artifact and architectural data are reported. Ethnographic information is presented and used to create a model for terrace construction that is tested against the terrace excavation data presented in this article. It is argued that Robert Netting’s agrarian smallholder model may characterize the social organization of intensive agricultural production in prehispanic Mixtec society and that intensification may have functioned without direct state direction. The application of the agrarian smallholder model in Prehispanic Mesoamerica is significant in that it suggests that long-lasting and environmentally viable methods of agricultural production may originate and operate at the household and community levels.