bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐precision SIMS oxygen, sulfur and iron stable isotope analyses of geological materials: accuracy, surface topography and crystal orientation
Authors: Kita N. T. , Huberty J. M. , Kozdon R. , Beard B. L. , Valley J. W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA high‐precision SIMS analysis technique has been established for oxygen, sulfur, and iron isotope ratios and applied to a wide range of geoscience research areas using a Cameca IMS‐1280 at the Wisconsin Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer Laboratory (WiscSIMS). Precision and accuracy of 0.3‰is achieved routinely for the measurement of 18O/16O ratio using multicollection Faraday Cup (FC) detectors and primary Cs+ beam size of 10 µm. Smaller beam sizes of 3 µm to < 1 µm yield precisions of 0.7–2‰using a multicollection Electron Multiplier (EM) in pulse‐counting mode for 18O. We evaluate small SIMS analytical biases at the level of a few ‰or less using standard minerals with homogeneous oxygen isotope ratios: (i) topography of samples related to polishing relief of grains and location of analysis in a sample holder; and (ii) crystal orientation effects in magnetite (Fe3O4). The latter effect has not been detected for oxygen isotope ratio measurements in other minerals including a variety of silicate, oxide, and carbonate minerals at WiscSIMS. However, similar analytical biases that are correlated with crystal orientation have been identified from Fe isotope analyses in magnetite and S isotope analysis in sphalerite (ZnS), and many minerals have not yet been evaluated. The total range of analytical bias among randomly oriented magnetite grains becomes smaller by reducing the sputtering energy of the primary ions (from 20 to 10 keV), which may help reduce crystal orientation effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS depth profiling of vitamin C layers using Cs+ and Xe+ ion beams
Authors: Wehbe Nimer , Houssiau Laurent 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCesium (Cs+) and xenon (Xe+) sputter beams of energy ranging from 150 to 1000 eV were used to depth profile a 70 nm vitamin C layer spin‐coated on silicon wafer. We have shown that under Xe+ beam we were able to maintain the molecular information throughout the profile. In particular, the intensity of the deprotonated molecular ion (C6H7O6)− in the steady‐state regime was the highest compared to other characteristic fragments. When Cs+ is used instead of Xe+, the molecular signals decrease as the Cs+ fluence increases so that no steady state is reached whatever the cesium beam energy. However, the fingerprint, i.e. molecular and fragment ions assigned to the ascorbic acid molecule, could be maintained at 500 eV. The reason for such observations could be related to the reactivity of the cesium implanted in the organic layer. The dependence of the sputtering yield with the beam energy was found to be linear for both Cs+ and Xe+ beams. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐of‐Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) using the metal‐cluster‐complex primary ion of Ir4(CO)7+
Authors: Fujiwara Yukio , Saito Naoaki , Nonaka Hidehiko , Suzuki Atsushi , Nakanaga Taisuke , Fujimoto Toshiyuki , Kurokawa Akira , Ichimura Shingo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn orthogonal acceleration Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (TOF‐SIMS) system has been developed with a metal‐cluster‐complex ion source. The ion source can produce ion beams of massive molecules called metal‐cluster‐complexes such as Ir4(CO)12, which has a molecular weight higher than 1000 u. Using the system, TOF‐SIMS of a contaminated silicon substrate and a room temperature molten salt (i.e. an ionic liquid) was performed. The ionic liquid N,N‐diethyl‐N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, which has a molecular weight of 426 u, consists of a polyatomic cation, [C8H20ON]+, and a polyatomic anion, [C2F6NO4S2]−. During SIMS analysis, an analytical sample was bombarded with a continuous primary ion beam of either Ir4(CO)7+ or Ar+ in a beam energy of 10 keV at an incident angle of 45°. It was confirmed that the use of Ir4(CO)7+ ions enhanced secondary ion intensity compared with that of Ar+ ions. Also, experimental results showed that the bombardment of Ir4(CO)7+ caused less fragmentation. In the case of the ionic liquid, cation‐attached ionic‐liquid molecules were observed in addition to the cation of the ionic liquid. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS and PCA of surface‐immobilized antibodies with different orientations
Authors: Park Ji‐Won , Cho Il‐Hoon , Moon Dae Won , Paek Se‐Hwan , Lee Tae Geol 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA number of studies have been done on the orientation of surface‐immobilized antibodies since it plays a significant role in the performance of immunoassays. Here, we present a new study by which the orientation of differently immobilized antibodies was directly probed by using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and principal component analysis (PCA). For greater control over the orientations of intact IgG and F(ab′)2 antibody fragment, they were either site‐directly biotinylated at the hinge region or randomly biotinylated at the amino groups, and were then immobilized onto a streptavidin‐terminated surface. According to the PCA results from ToF‐SIMS spectra, site‐directly and randomly biotinylated IgG became ‘end‐on’ oriented (Fc is closer to the surface) at a gradual rate as immobilization concentration increased, while site‐directly biotinylated IgG became oriented at a slightly faster rate. Furthermore, site‐directly biotinylated F(ab′)2 quickly became ‘end‐on’ oriented even at a low concentration of 1 µg/ml as immobilization concentration increased, whereas randomly biotinylated F(ab′)2 was not oriented at all over any concentration. Our results show that a ToF‐SIMS partnership with multivariate analysis is useful for interpreting protein orientations in terms of surface amino acid profiles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface morphology of PMMA surfaces bombarded with size‐selected gas cluster ion beams
Authors: Ichiki K. , Ninomiya S. , Nakata Y. , Yamada H. , Seki T. , Aoki T. , Matsuo J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe surface morphology and sputtering rate of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) samples bombarded with size‐selected Ar cluster ion beam (1000–16 000 atoms/cluster) was investigated. The incident cluster ion size was selected before irradiation by using the time‐of‐flight (TOF) method. The sputtering rates decreased with increasing incident cluster size at constant total energy. The average surface roughness values measured by AFM after 25 nm etching with 20 keV Ar1000+ and Ar16 000+ were 4.0 ± 0.4 and 0.78 ± 0.09 nm, respectively. Thus, small clusters would be effective for high‐speed etching, and large clusters would be suitable for low‐damage etching. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies for improving the sensitivity of FIB‐SIMS
Authors: Li Libing , McPhail David S. , Yakovlev Nikolai , Seng Hweeleng 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSecondary ion yields need to be enhanced to provide higher sensitivity in the SIMS technique in order to meet the demands for high performance in surface analysis of ever‐decreasing analytical volumes. In this work, we investigated how the ionization probability could be improved by changing the surface chemistry prior to analysis by oxygen implantation and flooding. The ion‐induced altered layer was analyzed with the FIB‐SIMS and oxygen flooding was carried with the ION‐TOF IV. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of organic multilayered samples for optoelectronic devices by (low‐energy) dynamic SIMS
Authors: Ngo K. Q. , Philipp P. , Jin Y. , Morris S. E. , Shtein M. , Kieffer J. , Wirtz T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe increasing sophistication of optoelectronic devices requires molecular‐level dimensional control in the fabrication of multilayered structures with specifically engineered interfaces. However, the effectiveness of growth and doping strategies devised to achieve the desired device structures often remains unverified due to the lack of adequate characterization techniques. This is particularly true for devices based on conjugated organic compounds, which find increasing use in energy applications (e.g. organic light emitting diodes and organic photovoltaic cells, etc.). The buried interfaces are simply inaccessible or suffer damage when using conventional characterization techniques. In a current project, we address this challenge by advancing the development of low‐energy (LE) SIMS for the analysis of organic‐based optoelectronic materials systems.In the present study, multilayered organic thin films have been analyzed, varying experimental conditions such as the impact energies for Cs+ bombardment in the MCsx+ and M− mode on a Cameca Sc‐Ultra instrument to investigate the ionization mechanisms as well as the atomic mixing at the interfaces between layers, and the degradation of the organic information. Low‐energy dynamic SIMS proved to be a reliable tool for the characterization of organic multilayered optoelectronic devices: MCsx+ secondary ions provide information about the distribution of elements within the samples, while negative fragments that are characteristic for the different molecules give information about the structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strontium distribution in bones and tissues of strontium ranelate‐administrated rats
Authors: Aranyosiova M. , Stancikova M. , Rovensky J. , Velic D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractStrontium accumulation and distribution are determined in bones of rats after strontium ranelate administration by using time‐of‐flight SIMS technique. Strontium ranelate is a newly developed drug effective in osteoporosis treatment by reducing bone resorption and promoting bone formation. The motivation is to study the strontium accumulation and distribution in bones and possible accumulations of strontium in soft tissues such as brain, liver and heart, are tested. The investigated rats are divided in the control group, one without strontium ranelate administration, and the other group of rats after five weeks of administration, with daily dose of 400 mg/kg. When the strontium ranelate‐treated bone samples are compared with the control, strontium is spectrally resolved and clearly identified within two‐dimensional distribution. Similar contours of calcium and strontium in two‐dimensional images support the hypothesis that strontium is capable of replacing calcium atoms as a part of the strontium ranelate mechanism in the osteoporosis treatment. Molecular ions, characteristic for biological samples as phospholipids, cholesterol and fatty acids are also identified. Strontium presence in heart, brain and liver tissues is not observed. Chemical characterization of biological samples in intact form without any chemical labeling by using SIMS could be, in this way, helpful in medical diagnostics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some surface and interface characterization and metrology requirements in the wafer processing industry
Authors: Brundle C. R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWith the rapid decrease in thickness of deposited layers during silicon wafer processing, there has been a parallel increase in the use of surface/interface materials analysis techniques. There is now little distinction between surface/interface and thin film analysis when films are only a few nm thick. This brief review presents some of the general concepts and needs for both materials characterization and metrology; some of the current requirements these needs impose on analytical methods; and briefly reviews the status of a few of the techniques better known to the surface/interface analysis community, particularly XPS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution XPS spectromicroscopy
Authors: Renault O. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe field of XPS imaging and spectromicroscopy has recently made significant progress thanks to laboratory X‐ray photoelectron emission microscopy (XPEEM), a novel, versatile parallel imaging method for which lateral resolution of core‐level images in the 500 nm range, and spectromicroscopy from decanometric‐size area of interest have been demonstrated (J. Electron Spectroc. Relat. Phenom. 171 (2009), 68). It uses a bright microfocussed monochromated Al Kα source and a photoelectron emission microscope (PEEM) as entrance lens of a high‐transmission, aberration‐compensated imaging spectrometer in the form of a double hemispherical analyzer. In this paper, restricted to laboratory aspects of XPS spectromicroscopy, we will first give some details of this novel instrumentation after a short historical review of the field until the presently existing imaging techniques. Then, some of the first results of laboratory core‐level XPEEM on practical samples will be presented. Future perspectives towards quantitative analysis, improvements of lateral resolution and multitechnique spectromicroscopic aspects with laboratory sources (including UPS spectromicroscopy in direct and reciprocal space) will be drawn. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orientation of Si phthalocyanine investigated by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and molecular orbital calculation
Authors: Sekiguchi Tetsuhiro , Baba Yuji , Shimoyama Iwao , Honda Mitsunori , Hirao Norie , Narita Ayumi , Deng Juzhi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe have investigated the orientation effect of silicon phthalocyanine dichloride evaporated on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces using linearly polarized synchrotron radiation. Polarization angular dependences of Si 1s and Cl 1s near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra were observed and compared with theoretical calculations based on equivalent core (Z + 1) approximation using the Hartree‐Fock molecular orbital method. The calculated properties are in agreement with the experimental spectra in symmetry, intensity and energy position. The intensities for the lowest energy peaks observed at both Si and Cl edges are enhanced when X‐ray electric field vector (E) is perpendicular to the surface. We assigned these peaks to out‐of‐plane transition into σz*(SiCl) final state orbital. We concluded that phthalocyanine plane is oriented parallel to the surface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent developments in general system theory
Authors: Drack Manfred , Schwarz Gregor 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBertalanffy's general system theory (GST) was conceived as a unifying research program, as a science of ‘wholeness’ to overcome or complement mechanistic and reductionist approaches. More than 50 years since the founding of the Society for General Systems Research (SGSR), today's International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), two questions arise about the developments in GST research. Are there recent contributions towards enhancing GST? Are there simplifications compared to Bertalanffy's original program? To answer these questions we analysed in detail 161 articles in peer reviewed journals that referred to GST and appeared between 1995 and 2006. We emphasized contributions made in science and philosophy. Even though the system approach was introduced in applied fields such as engineering and management, we did not include these fields in this article. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between different morphological types and abnormal karyotypes in early pregnancy loss
Authors: Angiolucci M. , Murru R. , Melis G. , Carcassi C. , Mais V. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the abnormal transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) findings typical of aneuploidic pregnancies that end with early pregnancy loss (EPL).MethodsThis was a prospective clinical trial over a 2½‐year period from January 2004 to June 2006 at the University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy. One hundred and fifty‐six singleton pregnancies with EPL were evaluated by TVS, both before and at the moment of EPL diagnosis. Fetal karyotyping was performed on products of conception using microsatellite analysis to exclude maternal contamination in 46,XX cases. The proportions of abnormal karyotypes were compared among different groups of EPLs characterized by different morphological features.ResultsSix morphological types were identified in EPLs, one normal and five abnormal (small gestational sac, small embryo/fetus, early symmetrical arrested growth, enlarged yolk sac and empty sac). The highest rate of chromosomal abnormalities was observed in the early symmetrical arrested growth group (100%), followed by small embryo/fetus (94.1%), enlarged yolk sac (93.3%) and empty sac (72.2%) groups. The majority of cases of trisomy 22 (92.3%) were in the enlarged yolk sac group and the majority of cases with a 45,X karyotype were in the small embryo/fetus group (77.8%).ConclusionsThere is an association in EPLs between some abnormal karyotypes and some morphological types. The demonstration by TVS of abnormalities in the development of early pregnancy structures could be helpful for predicting aneuploidy in EPLs. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cervical sonography in pregnant women with a prior cone biopsy or loop electrosurgical excision procedure
Authors: Fischer R. L. , Sveinbjornsson G. , Hansen C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo determine if pregnant women with a prior cone biopsy or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) have a shorter midtrimester cervical length than do matched controls without a history of cervical surgery.MethodsEighty‐five pregnant women with a singleton gestation and previous cone biopsy or LEEP and 85 controls matched by age ( ± 5 years), race, gestational age ( ± 2 weeks), and number of prior vaginal deliveries underwent a single transvaginal cervical sonographic scan at 15–22 weeks' gestation. No patient had a cerclage in either group.ResultsMean cervical length was significantly shorter in the cone biopsy/LEEP group (3.3 vs. 3.9 cm, P < 0.001), with no significant difference in the proportion of cervical lengths less than 2.5 cm (5.9 vs. 2.4%). Gestational age at delivery was slightly but significantly lower in the cone biopsy/LEEP group (38.1 vs. 39.1 weeks, P = 0.005) than in the control group, with a higher proportion of women delivering late preterm and very preterm in the cone biopsy/LEEP group. However, no woman with a prior cone biopsy/LEEP experienced a midtrimester loss suggestive of cervical insufficiency, and no patient with a cervical length less than 2.5 cm delivered before 34 weeks' gestation.ConclusionsMidtrimester cervical length in women with a previous cone biopsy or LEEP is significantly shorter than in those without prior cervical surgery. Based on the low frequency of a short cervix or midtrimester loss in women with prior excisional surgery, the routine use of midtrimester cervical sonography in such women is not supported. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatic venous Doppler in the evaluation of fetal extrasystoles
Authors: Saemundsson Y. , Johansson C. , Wenling S. , Gudmundsson S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the use of fetal hepatic venous Doppler in the diagnosis of fetal extrasystoles, to estimate the prevalence and persistence of extra atrial and ventricular heart beats throughout pregnancy, labor and delivery, and to estimate the frequency of coexisting congenital heart disease.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 256 singleton pregnancies attending our hospital as outpatients due to fetal extrasystoles. Hepatic venous Doppler and detailed fetal echocardiography were performed. Information on fetal heart rate patterns during labor and neonatal conditions was collected. Congenital heart malformations and the frequency and persistence of fetal extrasystoles were noted.ResultsOn venous Doppler examination, 228 (89%) of the fetuses showed signs of supraventricular extrasystoles (SVES) and 28 (11%) had ventricular extrasystoles (VES). One fetus with SVES developed atrial flutter during pregnancy and another case developed supraventricular tachycardia postnatally. SVES persisted until labor and delivery in 28 (12.3%) fetuses and VES persisted in six (21.4%). In 31 of 34 (91.2%) fetuses with extrasystoles during labor and delivery, the conduction pattern normalized within 3 days. Five neonates were referred for evaluation by a pediatric cardiologist. Two cases had congenital heart disease. Extrasystoles persisted until labor and delivery more frequently in male fetuses (P < 0.0001).ConclusionHepatic venous Doppler can differentiate between SVES and VES. Despite being the more uncommon of the two, VES persists throughout pregnancy more often. Our results strongly support the suggestion that extrasystoles are a benign finding, with very few cases developing tachycardia or having a coexisting congenital heart malformation. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability of the first‐trimester cardiac scan by ultrasound‐trained obstetricians with high‐frequency transabdominal probes in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency
Authors: Bellotti M. , Fesslova V. , De Gasperi C. , Rognoni G. , Bee V. , Zucca I. , Cappellini A. , Bulfamante G. , Lombardi C. M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo examine prospectively the reliability of ultrasound‐trained obstetricians performing a first‐trimester fetal cardiac scan with high‐frequency transabdominal probes, by confirming normal or abnormal heart anatomy, in pregnancies referred for increased nuchal translucency thickness (NT).MethodsTrained obstetric operators assessed the fetal heart in 133 fetuses with increased NT (> 95th centile) at 11–14 weeks of gestation. A high‐frequency transabdominal probe was used to confirm or refute normal cardiac anatomy rather than to establish a specific diagnosis. Following this preliminary screening by the ultrasound‐trained obstetrician, specialized fetal echocardiographers rescanned the fetal heart in order to confirm the accuracy of the obstetric operators' findings and to establish a diagnosis in abnormal cases. Fetal cardiologists repeated the examinations at 20 and 32 weeks of pregnancy. Postnatal follow‐up lasted 2 years. Twelve fetuses with normal karyotype and normal anatomy were lost to follow‐up.ResultsA total of 121 fetuses with increased NT between 11 and 14 weeks' gestation were studied. Congenital heart disease (CHD) was detected in 20/121 (16.5%) fetuses. In addition, there were three with mild ventricular disproportion, the right ventricle being larger than the left, considered as a minor non‐specific cardiac abnormality. CHD was associated with chromosomal anomalies in 12/20 (60%) cases. Among the 121 fetuses, there was agreement between ultrasound‐trained obstetricians and fetal cardiologists in 116 (95.9%) of the cases, and the ultrasound‐trained obstetricians correctly identified 18 cases with major cardiac defects. However, there was disagreement in five cases: two with small ventricular septal defects and three with ventricular disproportion.ConclusionsOur results provide evidence that obstetricians, trained to study the heart in the second trimester, can also differentiate reliably between normal and abnormal heart findings in the first trimester, when using a high‐frequency transabdominal ultrasound probe. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.