bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Laboratory Study on the Role of Stream Sediment in Nitrogen Loss from Water
Authors: Sain Pritam , Robinson J. B. , Stammers W. N. , Kaushik N. K. , Whiteley H. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted on samples of sediment collected from a stream having an appreciable input of nitrate at its source. Earlier work had shown that the water lost much of the nitrate as it moved downstream, presumably by denitrification. Columns of sediment were reconstituted in plexiglass tubes, overlain with water containing nitrate, and incubated at 10, 15, or 22C. The water was aerated with a helium‐oxygen mixture. Nitrate concentration decreased rapidly but the rate varied with temperature and depth of sediment. At 22C, in water overlying 10‐cm columns of sediment, over 90% of the nitrate was removed in 3 weeks from a solution originally containing 10 mg/liter nitrate‐N. Nitrate disappeared less rapidly at lower temperatures and when sediment columns were < 5 cm deep. It was concluded that in columns < 5 cm deep and at low temperatures nitrate diffused to the bottom of the columns, while columns 5 cm deep or more were effectively of infinite depth. Because of the interdependence of diffusion from the liquid phase into the sediment and denitrification, it is not possible to infer kinetics of denitrification in these experiments. It appeared that denitrification in these columns proceeded at a rate compatible with observations made previously in the stream from which the sediment originated.
Partitioning and Transport of Lead in Lake Washington
Authors: Baier Rodger W. , Healy Michael L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInput of lead to Lake Washington appears to result from the settling of airborne Pb onto surface waters and the washing of terrestrial accumulations to the lake as runoff. Some of the Pb received by the lake is associated with particles that sink, while the remainder leaves the lake with the overflow. The range in Pb concentration during 2 years of sampling was 0.04 to 6.6 ppb. The path of Pb to the sediments is not direct but involves cycling through both liquid and solid phases. Over 70% of the total Pb entering the lake is retained by sediment. Lead in top layers of sediment ranged from 242 ppm near a heavily used bridge to 4 ppm near the major tributary of the lake.A simple compartment model accounts for some of the interchanges between dissolved and particulate forms of Pb through the processes of adsorption, absorption, and complexation. The time required to achieve steady‐state conditions for the model is comparable to the yearly flushing period. Large shifts in the annual timing of flushing and mixing are encountered because of meteorological changes.
Two New Methods for Obtaining Water Samples from Shallow Aquifers and Littoral Sediments
Authors: John Peter H. , Lock Maurice A. , Gibbs Max M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo sampling techniques have been developed which enable ground water samples to be obtained from various depths within shallow aquifers and littoral sediments. Both techniques involve the insertion of a percussion‐driven spike to the desired depth. One method employs a sampling probe consisting of a perforated tip and a mechanism for the prevention of blockage by grit during the driving process, with samples being withdrawn through an internal plastic tube. The other technique involves permanent installation of a perforated plastic capsule connected to the surface by plastic tubing. Some examples of chemical data obtained during extensive testing of these techniques are presented. It is concluded that the techniques could have considerable application in the investigation of shallow ground water and littoral sediment chemistry.
Effects of Solid and Liquid Beef Manure and Liquid Hog Manure on Soil Characteristics and on Growth, Yield, and Composition of Corn
Authors: Evans S. D. , Goodrich P. R. , Munter R. C. , Smith R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolid beef (SB), liquid beef (LB), and liquid hog (LH) manures were applied at 224, 636, and 636 metric tons/ha (wet weight), respectively, for 2 successive years to a soil cropped to corn (Zea mays L.). The residual effects of the applications were studied for 2 additional years. The effects of the manure treatments were compared to an inorganic fertilizer (IF) treatment and a check (CK) treatment.Corn grain yields from the manure‐treated plots were not significantly different from the IF treatment in any year. All manure treatments significantly increased the N, P, and K levels and decreased the Ca and Mg levels in the plant tissue and grain in some years, as compared to the IF treatment. Phosphorus, K, and Mn concentrations in the ear leaves were at an “excess” level in some cases.Leaching of NO3− below the root zone of corn occurred by the end of the second season. Decreases in the Cl−/NO3−‐N ratio above 120 cm indicated NO3−‐N uptake by corn and denitrification. Below 120 cm the ratio was constant, indicating no uptake or denitrification.In the manure‐treated plots there were large increases in electrical conductivity, with LB > SB > LH. The salt levels were high enough to cause wilting of young plants, but not high enough to depress corn grain yield.Because of the rapid movement of NO3− below the rooting depth of corn, and the detrimental effects of the salts, these rates of manure were considered too high for continued annual application, even though grain yields were not affected.
Effects of Malathion on Microorganisms of an Artificial Salt‐Marsh Environment
Authors: Bourquin A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory salt‐marsh environments were treated with malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were monitored to determine changes in their microbial ecology. Several physiological activities were assayed in both treated and untreated controls; however, no reliable trends in numbers of these microorganisms were detected. On the other hand, populations of malathion sole‐carbon‐degrading bacteria increased significantly with increasing treatment levels and in the sediments with repeated treatment. Malathion cometabolizing bacteria increased significantly over the control systems in the water column with increasing treatment levels. Although numbers of malathion‐degrading bacteria increased with higher treatment levels or frequency of treatment, these changes had no effect on the total numbers of bacteria from the water or sediment. When an organochlorine insecticide, mirex, was used to treat the ecosystems, essentially no changes in the bacterial populations were detected.
An Assessment of the Use of Forests as Sinks for the Removal of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Murphy C. E. , Sinclair T. R. , Knoerr K. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA computer model was developed for estimating the uptake of sulfur dioxide (SO2) by forests. Submodels are used to calculate atmospheric diffusion immediately above and within the forest canopy, and into the sink areas within the trees. The program implementing the model is general and can be used with only minor changes for many gaseous pollutants.Simulations with SO2 sources above the canopy indicate that moderate amounts of SO2 can be absorbed by forests during periods of favorable weather. Simulations with sources inside the canopy suggest that SO2 uptake can be increased while tolerable levels of SO2 concentrations are maintained in the atmosphere within the forest.
Distribution and Cycling of Major and Trace Elements in Two Central European Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Heinrichs H. , Mayer R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations and annual fluxes of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, N, S, P, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cd, Hg, and Tl were measured in the precipitation input to the forest canopy, in precipitation beneath canopy, and in the seepage water below the humus layer and below the tree root zone (output) both in a Central European beech (Fagus silvatica) and in a spruce (Picea abies) forest. Concentrations were determined in an acid loess loam soil from the beech site and in a calcareous little‐weathered loess C‐horizon for the same elements plus Sr and V.When precipitation was passing through the forest canopy, some elements were partially retained (P, Cu, Fe, Zn, Hg, Cr). The flux of other elements increased during canopy passage.Strong retention of Pb and Ni in the organic surface layer (O‐horizon) was found when seepage water passed through it. Within the mineral soil, retention of dissolved elements from the seepage water is observed in the case of K, Ca, Fe, N, S, P, Cr, Pb, Sb, Hg, and Tl.Compared to the unweathered loess, the acid forest soil was nearly depleted of its Ca and carbonate‐C contents. A similar, but less distinct, decrease was found in the total profile (Na, Sr, V, Cr, Cu, Zn), or in the soil surface layer only (Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co). Carbon, N, P, S, Pb, Hg, Bi, and Tl accumulated in the soil surface layer.The input/output balance showed that both forest ecosystems accumulated all elements entering the system with atmospheric precipitation except Al and Mn. The elements Pb, Hg, Bi, and Tl accumulated mainly within the top soil.
Volatilization and Degradation Losses of Aldicarb from Soils
Authors: Supak James R. , Swoboda Allen R. , Dixon Joe B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAldicarb, 2‐methyl‐2(methylthio) propionaldehyde O‐(methylcarbamoyl) oxime, volatilization from two soils amended with 1 mg toxicant per gram of soil was determined by GLC analysis of trapped pesticide vapors. Volatilization losses were generally depressed by the presence of water and elevated temperatures. Losses ranged from 0.01 to 0.18% of the applied dose during an 18‐day period. The highest mortality rates of bioassay organisms subjected to the volatilization vapors were observed at 23C in a soil system being gradually dried by a stream of dry air.Degradation of aldicarb at 23C exceeded 10% of the applied dose only in the acid Beaumont soil, whereas 24 and 46% of the added material degraded in the moist and dry soil, respectively. At 42C, extensive degradation occurred in both acid and calcareous soil systems; losses ranged from 38 to 82% in the moist samples and 61 to 96% in those allowed to dry to an air‐dry state.
Chemical Monitoring of Sewage Sludge in Pennsylvania
Authors: Doty W. T. , Baker D. E. , Shipp R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSewage sludge samples were collected biweekly and analyzed for several components to determine the sampling procedures which should be required for the routine chemical monitoring of sewage sludge produced by a given treatment plant. While the composition varied significantly over time for every component and every plant, the standard deviation, expressed as a percentage of the mean for each treatment plant, indicated that two‐thirds of the values would be within the range of the true average value plus or minus 20 to 50%.Analyses for all samples collected in Pennsylvania, including those analyzed as a part of a service program, indicated that without chemical analysis the composition with respect to N, P, and K varied too much to establish an accurate prediction of the fertilizer value of unanalyzed sludge. In addition, the concentrations of the essential but phytotoxic elements, especially Zn and Cu, as well as trace elements harmful to the food chain, varied greatly among the treatment plants studied.
Abiological Methylation of Mercury in Soil
Authors: Rogers Robert D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe results from this work define several factors influencing the methylation of mercuric ion in soil. Two of the most important findings were that it is possible to extract the mercury methylating factor from soil with a solution of 0.5/V sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and that this factor is responsible for the abiological methylation of Hg in the soils under investigation.The ability of the soil extract to methylate Hg is influenced by temperature, mercuric ion concentrations, and solution pH. In addition, it was found that the methylating ability of the soil extract was stable at high temperatures (121C), but was lost after exposure to ultraviolet radiation.When the 0.5/V NaOH extract of soil was separated into a soluble fraction and an insoluble precipitate, the ability to methylate mercuric ion remained with the soluble fraction. It was found that the methylating factor was lost when the 0.5/V NaOH extract was dialyzed against distilled water. Other work showed that the methylating factor passes through dialysis tubing into the distilled water.
Nitrogen Fertilizer and Nitrate Concentrations in Tributaries of the Upper Sangamon River in Illinois
Authors: Klepper Robert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCross section multiple regressions were used to test the importance of nitrogen fertilizer use for variations in the nitrate nitrogen concentrations in 16 small tributaries of the Sangamon River in east central Illinois. Data were collected and regressions were run for 2 years, 1974 and 1975. Nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the spring of each year were regressed on estimated nitrogen fertilizer use per hectare of watershed in the previous crop or calendar year and variables representing other aspects of agronomic practice and hydrologic features. The fertilizer data were collected by surveying approximately 300 farmers. Nitrate nitrogen concentrations were measured at 4‐week intervals. The regression results are not clear‐cut but lend support to nitrogen fertilizer use as an important explanatory variable for variations in nitrate nitrogen concentrations.
Nitrate Leaching During Long‐term Spray Irrigation for Treatment of Secondary Sewage Effluent on Woodland Sites
Authors: Hook J. E. , Kardos L. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo waste water‐treated sites at The Pennsylvania State University Wastewater Renovation Project were monitored to measure nitrate and total N in soil water. Both long‐term waste water irrigation and varied irrigation rates were examined. Soil water was sampled by porous cup samplers. The concentration of N at the 120‐cm depth was taken as a measure of N which escaped the root zone and which would leach to the ground water. Recharge volume was calculated from irrigation, rainfall, and potential evapotranspiration.A hardwood forest site located on a well‐drained sandy loam soil was irrigated year round with secondary municipal effluent at a rate of 5 cm/week. In the last 6 of 9 years of effluent treatment 83% of the 4,954 kg N/ha added leached from the site. Nitrate concentration in soil water at the 120‐cm depth was generally > 15 mg N/liter. The hardwood forest was also ineffective in keeping nitrate concentration below 10 mg N/liter at the 120‐cm depth when the 5‐cm weekly application was split into two 2.5‐cm irrigations or when it was lowered to 2.5 cm/week year round.An abandoned old field site planted with white spruce (Picea glauca Moench) and located on a well‐drained clay loam soil was irrigated with effluent at 5 cm/week from Apr. through Nov. each year, beginning in 1963. Nitrate concentration at the 120‐cm depth rarely exceeded 10 mg N/liter and only 36% of the 1,246 kg N/ha applied leached during the 6th through the 9th years of this effluent treatment. In the 10th and 11th years, when the application rate was increased to 7.5 cm/week, nitrate concentration exceeded 10 mg N/liter at the 120‐cm depth, and the amount of N which leached increased to 75% of the amount applied.
Survival and Movement of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Soil under Conditions of Saturated Flow
Authors: Hagedorn C. , Hansen D. T. , Simonson G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAntibiotic‐resistant fecal bacteria were used to monitor the degree of movement and subsequent ground water contamination by septic‐tank effluent discharged into a drainfield under saturated conditions. Two pits of different depths were constructed to simulate drainfield beds, and ground water samples were removed during 32‐day sampling intervals from sampling wells installed at set distances from each inoculation pit. The bacteria added to the deep pit were released into a B2t horizon which contained a higher clay content than the A horizon in which the shallower pit was installed. Streptomycin‐resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis amended to each pit site moved in a directional manner, required more time to reach sampling wells when inoculated into the deeper of the two pits, and moved relatively long distances when considering that the area where the sites were located had only a 2% slope. Bacterial numbers peaked in the sampling wells in association with major rainfall patterns and the populations required longer periods to peak in the wells furthest from the inoculation pits. The results indicated that antibiotic‐resistant bacteria eliminated the problem of differentiating between the amended bacteria and those nonresistant strains already in the soil, and the potential is excellent for including this type of microbiological procedure for assessing the suitability of a soil site for septic‐tank and waste water drainfield installations.
Availability of Sulfur in Fly Ash to Plants
Authors: Elseewi Ahmed A. , Bingham F. T. , Page A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFly ash from a coal‐fired power plant was added to soil in variable amounts and the availability of sulfur to a variety of plant species from this source was compared to that of gypsum. The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions with a calcareous and two acid soils which were low in plant‐available sulfur.The fly ash used contained 0.4% S, all of which is extractable by NH4OAc. When mixed with a calcareous and an acid soil at rates of 1–2% by weight, the fly ash corrected a S deficiency in the soil and maximized the yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). The increase in yield (twofold to threefold in alfalfa and 40 to 70% in bermudagrass) was accompanied by an increase in the S content of the plant tops from a deficiency level (< 0.1%) to a sufficiency level (≥ 0.2%). The availability of fly ash‐S and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O)‐S was compared by the addition of equal amounts of S from the two sources (25‐, 50‐, and 100‐mg S/kg soil) to an acid soil. Yield and S content of turnip (Brassica rapa L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were equally improved, demonstrating that the availability of fly ash derived‐S is equivalent to that of gypsum‐S.
Trophic Status Related to Sediment Chemistry of Canadian Prairie Lakes
Authors: Allan R. J. , Williams J. D. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations of different sediment phosphorus forms vary in the Prairie lakes studied. Extremely high surface sediment available P concentrations in the Fishing Lakes of southern Saskatchewan were related to P loading from municipal and other cultural sources. Mean available P concentrations in surface sediments from the Fishing Lakes are higher than those found in other Prairie lakes and in most other Canadian lakes. Sediment cores show that presettlement concentrations of available P in the Fishing Lakes are higher than occur today in surface sediments from culturally eutrophied lakes, such as Lake Erie, elsewhere in Canada.Free iron is concentrated in the surface 10 to 15 cm of sediment cores from the Fishing Lakes and Lake Erie. Such a distribution, when coupled to low free Fe/available P ratios, is considered to reflect conditions favorable for P regeneration when anoxic conditions develop under winter ice cover.For the winter of 1976–1977, a mean sediment phosphorus release rate of 8.6 mg/m2 per day was calculated for the Fishing Lakes.
Influence of Cadmium and Zinc on Carbon Dioxide Evolution from Litter and Soil from a Black Oak Forest
Authors: Chaney W. R. , Kelly J. M. , Strickland R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies have shown that heavy metals can reduce decomposition rates. Since litter decomposition is an essential part of forest mineral cycles, understanding the degree of impact that these substances have on such a key process is important. Two similar black oak forests, East Chicago (impacted) and Willow Slough (background), were chosen as study areas. Microcosms containing litter and mineral soil were collected at each site and returned to the laboratory where comparative measurements of carbon dioxide evolution were taken at 0, 12, 36, and 84 hours, and at 23 days. Measurements indicated a higher decomposition rate for the Willow Slough microcosms (138 mg CO2/hour per kg at 23 days) compared to the East Chicago microcosms (94 mg CO2/hour per kg). Additional microcosms from Willow Slough were treated with solutions containing all possible combinations of 0, 0.1, or 10 ppm CdCl2 and 0, 100, or 1,000 ppm ZnCl2. Metal concentrations applied were equivalent to litter and soil levels at East Chicago. Statistically significant differences were detected only 36 hours and 23 days after treatment. Reduced respiration rates were associated with high concentrations of CdCl2/ZnCl2. Suppression of respiration rates due to osmotic effects of metal salts was rejected after microcosms treated with KCl and CaCl2 exhibited no change in respiration. While high levels of cadmium and zinc produced reductions in respiration rates compared to controls, low level treatments may have stimulated decomposition slightly.
Erosional Transport and Deposition of Plutonium and Cesium in Two Small Midwestern Watersheds
Authors: Muller Robert N. , Sprugel Douglas G. , Kohn Barbara 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe soils and sediments of two small watersheds and their retaining ponds were sampled in a study of the erosional transport of plutonium and cesium in midwestern ecosystems. In a watershed which had been used exclusively for row crops no relationship was observed between plutonium content of the sediments and location in the pond or clay content. In a pasture watershed sorting of the eroded material had occurred prior to entry into the pond and also within the pond. Clay content in the pasture pond sediments was significantly higher than in the soils of the surrounding watershed and increased with increasing distance from the inlet. Plutonium concentration in the sediments was strongly correlated with clay content, reflecting the higher plutonium content of finer soil particles. Cesium behaved similarly to plutonium in the soils and sediments of both watersheds. Where sorting occurs, as in the pasture watershed, deposits of fine sediments will contain higher plutonium and cesium concentrations than in the original surface soil.