bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Modelling of Electro Vortex Flow Inside Liquid Metal and Effect of External Magnetic Fields
Authors: Al Nasser M , karimi-Sibaki E , Wu M , Redl C , Ishmurzin A , Voller N , Hackl G , Kharicha A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Electrovortex flow emerges when the current inside conducting liquids interacts with its self-induced magnetic field. The flow structure and strength of the flow are dictated by the current value and the presence of an external magnetic field. We present here 3D simulations for the electrovortex flow inside a liquid metal cylinder. The results presented reveal a typical electrovortex structure for low currents. Higher currents induce turbulence inside the electrovortex flow without any presence of an external magnetic field. In presence of Earth’s magnetic field, the flow structure is affected significantly. Cyclone, tornado, and rope tornado are observed inside the domain due to the earth’s magnetic field depending on the ratio of current applied and the earth’s magnetic field.
Laboratory Scale Evaluation of the Slag Foaming Behavior
Authors: Pfeiffer Andreas , Thiele Kathrin , Wimmer Gerald , Schenk Johannes 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Due to the ambitious climate targets of the European Union, one can expect that the electric arc furnace (EAF) will gain greater importance in the future of steelmaking. Since slag foaming is a decisive factor in an efficient process, understanding this phenomenon is essential when applying hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI). Therefore, a method was developed to check different slag compositions concerning their foaming behavior. Slag samples are melted, and a carbon carrier is added. After a selected reaction time, the crucible is quenched in liquid nitrogen, superficially freezing the state while foaming. Afterward, it is halved, providing metallographic examination and height measurement possibilities. Three slags were tested, MgO-saturated EAF slag, MgO-unsaturated EAF slag, and electrical Smelter-like slag. Digital and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy are used to compare the slags and evaluate the method. The Smelter slag shows no foamability, unaffected by the FeO content. Contrary, good foamability can be observed for EAF slags.
Development of a new laboratory-scale reduction facility for the hydrogen plasma smelting reduction of iron ore based on a multi-electrode arc furnace concept
Authors: Hoffelner F , Zarl M A , Schenk J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Steel production accounts for a significant share of industrial CO2 emissions. The HPSR process is a possible alternative to reduce these emissions massively if not completely negate them. In principle, Fe-ore is reduced at high temperatures in the plasma of a DC electric arc. hydrogen reacts with the oxidic melt at the gas-liquid interface. Various concepts for the hydrogen plasma reduction of iron ore have been investigated, but the process technology has not yet surpassed the demonstration scale (TRL5). Experimental setups for charging masses from a few grams to a few hundred kilograms have been realized. Further investigations on the process stability and the reaction kinetics are still necessary. An improved laboratory-scale furnace concept shall provide the basis for the fundamental research. An existing laboratory facility is the starting point for designing and constructing the new plasma furnace. There are several problems with this experimental setup. Mainly, the reactor’s dimensions and power supply limitations restrict the arc’s length. The first leads to problems with excessive refractory wear, while the latter limits the variation of process parameters. Strong cooling when using Fe crucibles and the unstable nature of the arc complicate the process control. A promising concept to deal with the problem of arc stability is the use of multiple electrodes in a direct current arc furnace. Together with an optimized furnace geometry, new potential for further investigations can open. Using a multi-cathode furnace is also promising to further explore ferroalloy production via hydrogen plasma reduction. An electric arc furnace was designed based on the requirements for the planned plasma reduction facility. The energy requirement was based on assumptions for heat transfer from the arc to the melt, walls, and lid and continuous transfer through the individual furnace parts. Considerations of power supply, hearth dimensions, refractory design, controlled gas atmosphere, and the implementation of auxiliary equipment were central to creating an ideal basis for various experimental setups.
Silk fibroin increases the elasticity of alginate-gelatin hydrogels and regulates cardiac cell contractile function in cardiac bioinks
Authors: Vettori L , Tran H A , Mahmodi H , Filipe E C , Wyllie K , Liu Chung Ming C , Cox T R , Tipper J , Kabakova I V , Rnjak-Kovacina J , Gentile C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural protein extracted from Bombyx mori silkworm thread. From its common use in the textile industry, it emerged as a biomaterial with promising biochemical and mechanical properties for applications in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, we evaluate for the first time the effects of SF on cardiac bioink formulations containing cardiac spheroids (CSs). First, we evaluate if the SF addition plays a role in the structural and elastic properties of hydrogels containing alginate (Alg) and gelatin (Gel). Then, we test the printability and durability of bioprinted SF-containing hydrogels. Finally, we evaluate whether the addition of SF controls cell viability and function of CSs in Alg–Gel hydrogels. Our findings show that the addition of 1% (w/v) SF to Alg–Gel hydrogels makes them more elastic without affecting cell viability. However, fractional shortening (FS%) of CSs in SF–Alg–Gel hydrogels increases without affecting their contraction frequency, suggesting an improvement in contractile function in the 3D cultures. Altogether, our findings support a promising pathway to bioengineer bioinks containing SF for cardiac applications, with the ability to control mechanical and cellular features in cardiac bioinks.
Study on the wear performance of 304 stainless steel aerospace joint bearings
Authors: Sun Jingting , Yuan Zewei , Zheng Peng , He Yan , Tang Meiling , Wang Ying 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In order to investigate the influence of surface micro-texture on the oil film carrying capacity, a theoretical model of dynamic pressure lubrication is constructed based on CFD, and dynamic pressure lubrication simulation and friction and wear experimental research are used to analyse the influence of speed and load on the friction behaviour of the bearing pair, and the wear performance of the specimen is evaluated by means of the surface morphology and friction coefficient. The results show that the carrying capacity of the oil film on the textured surface is relatively large compared with that of the non-textured surface, showing regular fluctuations, and that the pressure values of turbulent flow are greater than those of laminar flow. As the rotational speed increases, the cavitation effect becomes more and more obvious, and the carrying capacity of the oil film increases. The smaller the thickness of the surface oil film, the higher the load carrying capacity and the lower the degree of wear; The surfaces of the textured specimens showed the best friction reduction and anti-wear properties, followed by the smooth surfaces and the worst rough surfaces. With the increase of rotational speed, the friction coefficient tends to decrease. When the rotational speed is 0.4 m s−1, the wear of the textured surface is reduced. With the increase of load, the thickness of the formed oil film decreases, the friction coefficient decreases, and the anti-friction effect of the textured surface increases. This indicates that the surface texure treatment of 304 stainless steel, and the selection of appropriate working condition parameters can effectively reduce wear during the friction process, and improve the wear resistance of bearings.
Establishing the morphotropic phase boundary in van der Waals ferroelectrics
Authors: Deng Jianming , Fu Zhengqian , Zhang Yixuan , Kang Jiaqian , Gong Weiping , Li Qiang , Zhou Xiaodong , Wang Wenbin , Hong Jiawang , Cheong Sang-Wook , Wang Xueyun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The formation of morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs) is a pivotal strategy in piezoelectric ceramics and crystals, primarily used to enhance the electromechanical coupling. However, the application of this strategy in van der Waals (vdW) piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics has been limited, largely due to challenges in achieving phase coexistence and enabling possible polarization rotation. In this study, we address this gap by synthesizing a Selenium doped vdW ferroelectric, CuInP2(S1−x
Se
x
)6, with a doping range of 0 ⩽ x⩽ 0.15, to create an MPB. Our findings indicate the presence of an MPB near x = 0.05, situated between monoclinic and trigonal phases. This boundary was confirmed using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope techniques. Remarkably, the composition at x = 0.05 shows a high dielectric constant (ϵr
= 13.8) and an impressive local effective piezoelectric coefficient (d
33eff = 51 pm V−1) at 80 K. Additionally, an unusual softening of the Young’s modulus was observed near MPB. These results are crucial for enhancing electromechanical coupling in vdW layered materials and herald new avenues for the design and optimization of piezoelectric and electromechanical properties in these materials.
Design of experiments integrated with neural networks for optimization and predictive modelling of electrode wear of novel Ti-6Al-4V-SiCp composites during die sinking electric discharge machining
Authors: Hegde Adithya , Shetty Raviraj , Nayak Rajesh , Shetty Sawan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Die Sink Electric Discharge Machining is a widely used manufacturing process for shaping hard and electrically conductive materials. This study investigates the effects of various electrode materials such as, Ti-6Al-4V-SiCp, Brass and Copper on the machining performance of AISI 316 l Stainless Steel workpieces using EDM. The methodology involved optimizing parameters such as Electrode Material, Discharge Current, Gap Voltage, Spark Gap, Pulse-on Time, and Pulse-off Time. From the extensive experimantation it was observed that the combination of Ti-6Al-4V-SiCp electrode material, 8Amp Discharge Current, 90 V Gap Voltage, 75 μm Spark Gap, 100 μs Pulse-on Time and 15 μs Pulse-off Time has resulted in lowest electrode eear rate, higher machining time, and low electrode surface roughness ratio. Ti-6Al-4V-SiCp electrodes possess higher hardness and electrical conductivity compared to Brass and Copper Electrodes leading to higher wear resistance against repeated thermal shocks during electric discharge machining operation. Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network is successfully applied to predict the output characteristics of the experimentation with high accuracy of 98.3% (Electrode Wear Rate), 94.6% (Machining Time) and 93.8% (Electrode Surface Roughness Ratio). Further, microstructure analysis concludes that lowest wear is observed in Ti-6Al-4V-SiCp electrodes compared to Brass and Copper electrodes.
Hacking coherent-one-way quantum key distribution with present-day technology
Authors: Rey-Domínguez Javier , Navarrete Álvaro , van Loock Peter , Curty Marcos 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Recent results have shown that the secret-key rate of coherent-one-way (COW) quantum key distribution (QKD) scales quadratically with the system’s transmittance, thus rendering this protocol unsuitable for long-distance transmission. This was proven by using a so-called zero-error attack, which relies on an unambiguous state discrimination (USD) measurement. This type of attack allows the eavesdropper to learn the whole secret key without introducing any error. Here, we investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of zero-error attacks against COW QKD with present-day technology. For this, we introduce two practical USD receivers that can be realized with linear passive optical elements, phase-space displacement operations and threshold single-photon detectors. The first receiver is optimal with respect to its success probability, while the second one can impose stronger restrictions on the protocol’s performance with faulty eavesdropping equipment. Our findings suggest that zero-error attacks could break the security of COW QKD even assuming realistic experimental conditions.
Recent advances in fabricating high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators via modulating surface charge density
Authors: Li Zekun , Yu Aifang , Zhang Qing , Zhai Junyi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), a type of promising micro/nano energy source, have been arousing tremendous research interest since their inception and have been the subject of many striking developments, including defining the fundamental physical mechanisms, expanding applications in mechanical to electric power conversion and self-powered sensors, etc. TENGs with a superior surface charge density at the interfaces of the electrodes and dielectrics are found to be crucial to the enhancement of the performance of the devices. Here, an overview of recent advances, including material optimization, circuit design, and strategy conjunction, in developing TENGs through surface charge enhancement is presented. In these topics, different strategies are retrospected in terms of charge transport and trapping mechanisms, technical merits, and limitations. Additionally, the current challenges in high-performance TENG research and the perspectives in this field are discussed.
A quantum inspired approach to learning dynamical laws from data—block-sparsity and gauge-mediated weight sharing
Authors: Fuksa J , Götte M , Roth I , Eisert J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in recovering dynamical laws of complex systems in a largely data-driven fashion under meaningful hypotheses. In this work, we propose a scalable and numerically robust method for this task, utilizing efficient block-sparse tensor train representations of dynamical laws, inspired by similar approaches in quantum many-body systems. Low-rank tensor train representations have been previously derived for dynamical laws of one-dimensional systems. We extend this result to efficient representations of systems with K-mode interactions and controlled approximations of systems with decaying interactions. We further argue that natural structure assumptions on dynamical laws, such as bounded polynomial degrees, can be exploited in the form of block-sparse support patterns of tensor-train cores. Additional structural similarities between interactions of certain modes can be accounted for by weight sharing within the ansatz. To make use of these structure assumptions, we propose a novel optimization algorithm, block-sparsity restricted alternating least squares with gauge-mediated weight sharing. The algorithm is inspired by similar notions in machine learning and achieves a significant improvement in performance over previous approaches. We demonstrate the performance of the method numerically on three one-dimensional systems—the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou system, rotating magnetic dipoles and point particles interacting via modified Lennard–Jones potentials, observing a highly accurate and noise-robust recovery.
Predictors of mortality shortly after entering a long-term care facility
Authors: Jorissen Robert N , Wesselingh Steve L , Whitehead Craig , Maddison John , Forward John , Bourke Alice , Harvey Gillian , Crotty Maria ,   STAAR-SA Study Collaborators, McNamara Carmel , Pham Clarabelle T , Karnon Jonathon , Lynch Elizabeth , Lave Kate , Rupa Jesmin , Inacio Maria C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
Moving into a long-term care facility (LTCF) requires substantial personal, societal and financial investment. Identifying those at high risk of short-term mortality after LTCF entry can help with care planning and risk factor management. This study aimed to: (i) examine individual-, facility-, medication-, system- and healthcare-related predictors for 90-day mortality at entry into an LTCF and (ii) create risk profiles for this outcome.

Design
Retrospective cohort study using data from the Registry of Senior Australians.

Subjects
Individuals aged ≥ 65 years old with first-time permanent entry into an LTCF in three Australian states between 01 January 2013 and 31 December 2016.

Methods
A prediction model for 90-day mortality was developed using Cox regression with the purposeful variable selection approach. Individual-, medication-, system- and healthcare-related factors known at entry into an LTCF were examined as predictors. Harrell’s C-index assessed the predictive ability of our risk models.

Results
116,192 individuals who entered 1,967 facilities, of which 9.4% (N = 10,910) died within 90 days, were studied. We identified 51 predictors of mortality, five of which were effect modifiers. The strongest predictors included activities of daily living category (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.99–5.88 for high vs low), high level of complex health conditions (HR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.58–1.77 for high vs low), several medication classes and male sex (HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.53–1.65). The model out-of-sample Harrell’s C-index was 0.773.

Conclusions
Our mortality prediction model, which includes several strongly associated factors, can moderately well identify individuals at high risk of mortality upon LTCF entry.
The end of court-ordered desegregation and US children’s health: quasi-experimental evidence
Authors: Wang Guangyi , White Justin S , Hamad Rita 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
School racial segregation significantly affects racial disparities in US children’s health. Recently, school segregation has been increasing, partially due to Supreme Court decisions since 1991 that have made it easier for school districts to be released from court-ordered desegregation. We investigated the association of the end of court-ordered desegregation with child health, using the 1997-2018 waves of the National Health Interview Survey (n = 8182 Black children; n = 16 930 White children). We exploited quasi-random variation in the timing of school districts’ releases from court orders to estimate effects on general health, body weight, mental health, and asthma, using difference-in-differences and event-study methods (including traditional and heterogeneity-robust estimators). Heterogeneity-robust difference-in-differences analyses show that release was associated with increased school segregation, improved mental health among Black children, and better self-reported health among White children. For heterogeneity-robust event-study analyses, school segregation increased steadily over time after release, with worse self-reported health and higher risk of asthma episodes among Black children aged 18 years or older after release. Black children’s mental health temporarily improved in the short term. In contrast, White children had improved self-reported health, mental health, and risk of asthma episodes in some years. Interventions to address the harms of school segregation are important for reducing racial health inequities.
Association Between Plasma Aldosterone Concentration and Intraglomerular Hemodynamics in Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Uedono Hideki , Kurajoh Masafumi , Toi Norikazu , Tsuda Akihiro , Shinmaru Kento , Miki Yuya , Nakatani Shinya , Nagata Yuki , Morioka Tomoaki , Mori Katsuhito , Imanishi Yasuo , Emoto Masanori 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

BACKGROUND
In primary aldosteronism (PA), aldosterone could affect glomerular hemodynamics by elevating renal vascular resistance and glomerular capillary pressure. However, the relationship between plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) and glomerular hemodynamics including efferent arteriolar resistance (Re), and afferent arteriolar resistance (Ra) in humans is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships of PAC with intraglomerular hemodynamic parameters in patients with PA.

METHODS
An observational study of glomerular hemodynamics was performed using simultaneous measurements of plasma clearance of para-aminohippurate and inulin (Cin; glomerular filtration rate (GFR)) in 17 patients with PA. Kidney function was evaluated by Cin, estimated GFR based on serum creatine (eGFRcre) and serum cystatin C (eGFRcys) and creatine clearance (Ccr). Intraglomerular hemodynamic parameters, including Re, Ra, and intraglomerular hydrostatic pressure (Pglo) were calculated using Gomez’s formulae.

RESULTS
In the 17 PA cases, PAC was significantly correlated with Cin (rho = 0.752, P = 0.001) and eGFRcys (rho = 0.567, P = 0.018), but was not correlated with eGFRcre and Ccr. PAC was also significantly correlated with Pglo, Re, and urinary protein/day (rho = 0.775, P = 0.0004, rho = 0.625, P = 0.009, and rho = 0.625, P = 0.007, respectively). Multivariable regression analysis showed that PAC was significantly associated with Cin and Re. In comparing aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and non-APA cases, Cin was significantly elevated in APA (P = 0.037), whereas eGFRcre, eGFRcys, and Ccr were not. Re tended to be higher in APA (P = 0.064).

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest high aldosterone causes glomerular hyperfiltration by constricting Re. Cin, but not eGFRcre and Ccr, may be useful for evaluating kidney function in PA.
GateMeClass: Gate Mining and Classification of cytometry data
Authors: Caligola Simone , Giacobazzi Luca , Canè Stefania , Vella Antonio , Adamo Annalisa , Ugel Stefano , Giugno Rosalba , Bronte Vincenzo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Cytometry comprises powerful techniques for analyzing the cell heterogeneity of a biological sample by examining the expression of protein markers. These technologies impact especially the field of oncoimmunology, where cell identification is essential to analyze the tumor microenvironment. Several classification tools have been developed for the annotation of cytometry datasets, which include supervised tools that require a training set as a reference (i.e. reference-based) and semisupervised tools based on the manual definition of a marker table. The latter is closer to the traditional annotation of cytometry data based on manual gating. However, they require the manual definition of a marker table that cannot be extracted automatically in a reference-based fashion. Therefore, we are lacking methods that allow both classification approaches while maintaining the high biological interpretability given by the marker table.

Results
We present a new tool called GateMeClass (Gate Mining and Classification) which overcomes the limitation of the current methods of classification of cytometry data allowing both semisupervised and supervised annotation based on a marker table that can be defined manually or extracted from an external annotated dataset. We measured the accuracy of GateMeClass for annotating three well-established benchmark mass cytometry datasets and one flow cytometry dataset. The performance of GateMeClass is comparable to reference-based methods and marker table-based techniques, offering greater flexibility and rapid execution times.

Availability and implementation
GateMeClass is implemented in R language and is publicly available at https://github.com/simo1c/GateMeClass