bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of immunosuppressive agents on inflammatory response in septic rats
Authors: Filiz Ali , Ozturk Ahmet , Kurt Yavuz , Sucullu Ilker , Akin Mehmet , Yildiz Mehmet 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Sepsis remains a serious clinical problems resulting in high morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate the inflammatory response in a septic rat model treated with immunomodulator agents. We used the cecal ligature and puncture model to establish septic peritonitis in rats. Male Wistar-Albino rats were randomized into groups of seven rats each and assigned different regimens: Tacrolimus 1 mg/kg/day, cyclosporin-A 5 mg/kg/day and methylprednisolone 15 mg/kg/day. These immunsuppressive agents were applied at the 6 and 48 hour intraperitoneally. The animals were euthanized after 6 and 48 hours and systemic parameters including, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-a, CRP, AST and creatinine were examined. Our study demonstrated that the experimental peritonitis model caused a meaningful rise in the values of systemic parameters. This was especially apparent for early-applied cyclosporin A; in addition, tacrolimus significantly decreased the levels both at the 6 and 48 hour. The excess immune response in complex sepsis treatment might be restrained using immunosuppressive agents administered early. Although additional supportive, comprehensive, experimental and clinical studies are still needed, this therapy model may prove to be an alternative for the future.
Remarks on the taking and recording of biometric measurements in bird ringing
Authors: Morgan John 
Published: April 2010

Remarks on the taking and recording of biometric measurements in bird ringing
Ringing operations hold opportunities for introducing error into biometric recording. This situation needs to be addressed by field workers, data processors and archivists. Avoidable error may be systematic and/or random, and adds "noise" to random error from natural variation. Handling techniques and measuring equipment are responsible for introducing systematic errors in fieldwork. This aspect requires an increased level of professionalism among ringers to correct it. Analysis of data can induce further random error, e.g. when generating indices from measurements. Analysts also need to be aware of pitfalls inherent in field data, especially that collected historically.
Speed of autumn migration of the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) along the eastern and southern Baltic coast
Authors: Nowakowski Jarosław , Chruściel Jacek 
Published: April 2010

Speed of autumn migration of the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) along the eastern and southern Baltic coast
An analysis of the speed of autumn migration was based on 315 ringing recoveries of Blue Tits caught between 1963-1999 at 6 ringing stations along the south-eastern and southern Baltic coast. It was found that among passerines the Blue Tit is the slowest European migrant (median value - 25.8 km/day, average - 28.4 km/day), with a very low (intra- and interpopulation) variation of migration speed. No differences in migration speed were found between individuals of different age and sex and among years of different intensities of movements. The migration speeds of the Blue Tit and the Great Tit (Parus major) in different years correlated.
A comparison of the Emlen funnel and Busse's flat cage for orientation studies
Authors: Ożarowska Agnieszka , Yosef Reuven 
Published: April 2010

A comparison of the Emlen funnel and Busse's flat cage for orientation studies
The Emlen funnel cage was introduced in 1966. Since then it has been used in numerous studies on bird orientation. In 1995, Busse proposed another technique - in the form of flat, round cylindrical cage. Busse also tested nocturnal migrants in the daytime. He, and Nowakowski and Malecka (1999), proved that birds tested in daylight and at night displayed similar distributions of their preferred directions. This study also supports their findings. Zehtindijev et al. (2003) found that results in the Emlen funnel and Busse's flat cage were coherent, despite the tests were performed in different conditions (night-day) and in different years. This study is the first one that compares results of the same individuals tested in the two types of orientation cages during the day (N = 75) and night (N = 17). Results of both methods did not differ (Watson-Williams test of mean angles, Mann-Whitney U-test of angular dispersion) both during the day and at night. Multiheading bird behaviour is common in both types of cages and seems to be a normal feature of orientation data. The only difference was found in bird activity (i.e. number of scratches during 10 minutes of testing) that was higher for Busse's flat cage in daytime tests.
Catch numbers at ringing stations is a reflection of bird migration intensity, as exemplified by autumn movements of the Great Tit (Parus major)
Authors: Nowakowski Jarosław 
Published: April 2010

Catch numbers at ringing stations is a reflection of bird migration intensity, as exemplified by autumn movements of the Great Tit (Parus major)
Results from six ringing stations located along sea coast (maximally 517 km apart) were used to check if the method of catching birds in traps (mist-nets, heligoland) can be applied in analysing the real pattern of daily migrants migration. On the basis of catch dynamics of nearly 440 000 Great Tits, it was possible to demonstrate that the method of catching can be used successfully in studies of the daily passage of migrants, not only in order to probe the overall intensity of migration, but also to analyse migration routes and the influence of atmospheric conditions on birds' movements. It was found that migrating Great Tits cover the area uniformly, but atmospheric conditions disturb the passage.
Autumn migration of the Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) in western Hungary
Authors: Gyurácz József , Góczán József , Bánhidi Péter , Lepold Ágnes 
Published: April 2010

Autumn migration of the Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) in western Hungary
At a site in Tömörd (W Hungary) in 2000-2001, numbers of Goldcrests peaked on the last days of October and the first days of November (24 Oct. - 10 Nov.). Migration of both sexes was somewhat differentiated - females migrated a little bit earlier than males. Goldcrests arriving in the peak migration periods stored significantly more fat than individuals ringed in the other periods (ANOVA: F4,305
= 28.6, p < 0.0001). The spatial occurrence of migrating Goldcrests revealed clumped distribution - 83% of the total captures took place in a dense scrubland, 17% in a grassland overgrown by bushes. During the migration there were more males - the average sex ratio in Tömörd was 1.61 : 1. These results are discussed in relation to the species' migration strategies and patterns of occurrence in northern Europe.
Stop-over of migrant Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) on autumn passage through the Polish Baltic coast
Authors: Kędzior Katarzyna 
Published: April 2010

Stop-over of migrant Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) on autumn passage through the Polish Baltic coast
In this analysis, data on Blackcaps caught on autumn migration at the Operation Baltic stations: Bukowo-Kopań (54°28'N, 16°25'E) in 1984-1999 and Mierzeja Wiślana (54°21'N, 18°19'E) in 1982-1999 (in period: 14 August - 1 November) were used.
Total percentage of stopping-over (retrapped) Blackcaps was 11.6% at Mierzeja Wiślana and 7.9% at Bukowo-Kopań station. On average birds stayed longer at Mierzeja Wiślana (median - 5 days) than at Bukowo-Kopań (median - 4 days). Most probably, the Blackcap stop-over length and frequency depended on the food abundance in the area. Initial weight and fat load of birds retrapped later in the season were on average lower than of those caught only once, what suggests that birds stop-over to replenish their energy deficits. Weight and fat changes were influenced by the stop-over length. Individuals that left early, i.e. 1-2 days after ringing, not only did not gain energy, but also lost the reserves they had on their arrival. As the season progressed, birds tended to stop-over for a shorter time. The density of individuals already present in the studied area did not affect the decision of migrating birds to stop-over.
Age-Related Hyperkyphosis: Its Causes, Consequences, and Management
Authors: Katzman Wendy B. , Wanek Linda , Shepherd John A. , Sellmeyer Deborah E. 
Published: April 2010

Synopsis Age-related hyperkyphosis is an exaggerated anterior curvature in the thoracic spine that occurs commonly with advanced age. This condition is associated with low bone mass, vertebral compression fractures, and degenerative disc disease, and contributes to difficulty performing activities of daily living and decline in physical performance. While there are effective treatments, currently there are no public health approaches to prevent hyperkyphosis among older adults. Our objective is to review the prevalence and natural history of hyperkyphosis, associated health implications, measurement tools, and treatments to prevent this debilitating condition. Level of Evidence Diagnosis/prognosis/therapy, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(6):352–360.doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3099
Development and multiplexing of microsatellite markers in the polyploid perennial herb, Menyanthes trifoliata (Menyanthaceae)
Authors: Raabová Jana , Hans Guillaume , Risterucci Ange‐Marie , Jacquemart Anne‐Laure , Raspé Olivier 
Published: April 2010

• Premise of the study: We developed microsatellite primers to investigate genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the endangered herb Menyanthes trifoliata.• Methods and Results: Using the microsatellite‐enriched library method, we identified 10 primer pairs in M. trifoliata. The primers amplified nine di‐ and one tri‐nucleotide repeats with 4–13 alleles per locus in two Belgian populations.• Conclusions: The results indicate that these markers offer an appropriate amount of variation to investigate genetic diversity, pollen dispersal (through paternity inference), and other conservation issues.
Lung CD4−CD8− Double-Negative T Cells Are Prominent Producers of IL-17A and IFN-γ during Primary Respiratory Murine Infection with Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain
Authors: Cowley Siobhán C. , Meierovics Anda I. , Frelinger Jeffrey A. , Iwakura Yoichiro , Elkins Karen L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
For several intracellular infections, pulmonary vaccination provides measurably better protection against pulmonary challenge. The unique factors that contribute to pulmonary immune responses are not well characterized. In this study, we show that CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) T cells are a major responding T cell subset in the lungs of mice during pulmonary Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) infection. DN T cells were a minor (&lt;2%) subset in spleens and lungs of mice during sublethal intradermal infection with LVS. In contrast, they were a major responding T cell subset in lungs during pulmonary LVS infection, producing large quantities of IFN-γ and IL-17A. The numbers of IL-17A+ DN T cells in the lungs exceeded that of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on day 7 postinfection; by day 14 postinfection, all three IL-17A–producing T cell subsets were present in equivalent numbers. CD4+, CD8+, and DN T cell production of IL-17A was not observed in the spleens of pulmonary-infected mice or the lungs and spleens of intradermally infected mice. Correspondingly, IL-17A knockout mice were more susceptible to respiratory than intradermal LVS infection, with delayed clearance 1–3 wk postinfection. Finally, in vitro treatment of LVS-infected macrophages and alveolar type II epithelial cells with IFN-γ and IL-17A affected significantly greater LVS growth control than treatment with either cytokine alone. The data presented in this study demonstrate that DN cells contribute to production of IL-17A and IFN-γ in the lungs during inhalational Francisella infection and that these cytokines additively activate host cells to control LVS intracellular growth.
Protein Biotinylation
Authors: Elia Giuliano 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSince its discovery in the first half of the twentieth century, the high‐affinity, noncovalent interaction between biotin (vitamin H) and the avian protein avidin (and its bacterial homologs) has been exploited for many diverse biotechnology applications. This unit provides several basic protocols for labeling various protein reactive groups with biotin. These protocols can be applied not only to labeling in vitro or in tissue culture, but also to in vivo labeling of whole laboratory animals or to ex vivo labeling of surgically resected organs.Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 60:3.6.1‐3.6.21. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acrylonitrile
Authors: Bradzil James F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAcrylonitrile (also called acrylic acid nitrile, propylene nitrile, vinyl cyanide, and propenoic acid nitrile) is among the top 50 chemicals produced in the United States. It is used as a starting material for a wide range of chemical and polymer products. Acrylonitrile is an unsaturated molecule having a carbon‐carbon double bond conjugated with a nitrile group. It is miscible in a wide range or organic solvents, eg, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, toluene, etc. Acrylonitrile is produced commercially almost exclusively by the vapor‐phase catalytic propylene ammoxidation process. Interest in the use of propane as the feedstock is increasing because of the high cost of propylene. Acrylonitrile undergoes a wide range of reactions at its two chemically active sites, the nitrile group and the carbon‐carbon double bond. Acrylontirile is highly toxic . It will polymerize violently in the absence of oxygen if initiated by heat, light pressure, peroxides or strong acids and bases. The principal uses of acrylonitrile are in the production of acrylic fiber, acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) resins, adiponitrile, nitrile rubbers, elastomers, styrene‐acrylonitrile resins (SAN), acrylamide, and polyacryonitrile
Ammonia
Authors: Eggeman Tim 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Ammonia is a colorless gas, lighter than air and has a unique penetrating odor. it occur naturally throughout the universe. This article lists the important properties of ammonia and discusses its manufacture. Ammonia is produced by the steam reforming of methane. This process is discussed in detail along with other routes. Current technology from Udhe and KBR are touched on. Ammonia is a world‐class commodity. U.S. and world production data are given. Ammonia produced by steam reforming is relatively clean, but ammonia produced from heavy feedstocks can cause environmental problems. Ammonia is a strong local irritant. The largest use for ammonia is in the production of fertilizer. It is also used to produce chemicals such as caprolactam, acrylontirile, urea, and hydrogen cyanide.
Rhenium and Rhenium Compounds
Authors: Millensifer Tom A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Rhenium remains one of the least abundant elements, existing in nature only in trace amounts. The major commercial source of rhenium is still molybdenite as a by‐ or coproduct of porphyry copper ores but also in the sediment‐hosted copper ores of Dzhezkazgan where the mineral was designated Dzhezkazganite after the name of the area. In the past three years, production has begun from similar copper deposits in Poland. Rhenium oxides are released during the roasting of the molybdenite or processing of the copper ores and captured by wet scrubbing followed by chemical processing of the scrub liquors to recover the rhenium as ammonium perrhenate, which then can be reduced to pure metal or converted to other rhenium chemicals.
The metal has many high temperature uses as a pure metal or as an alloy with the elements of molybdenum, tungsten, and nickel. Those uses include filaments in bulbs and mass spectrometers, in thermocouples, and in heating elements. Ammonium perrhenate and perrhenic acid are both used to produce petroleum and petrochemical catalysts. The greatest use today is in the production of rhenium bearing nickel‐based alloys for the production of aircraft and land‐based gas turbine blades to improve the heat resistance of those blades. The use has grown to the point of creating a deficit in availability. Consumption has exceeded production, causing an increase in price from the $1100/kg range a few years ago to as much as $1l,000/kg in early 2009. However, recovery from super alloy scrap and other recycling, as well as gas turbine engine makers reducing the level of rhenium in certain areas of the engines and eliminating it in others, has caused the price to fall back to the $6500/kg range.
Rhenium forms a wide variety of compounds in oxidation states from −1 to +7. High oxidation state compounds are the most common, whereas the lower oxidation states are primarily metal carbonyls and derivatives. Polynuclear compounds that have strong metal‐metal bonds are plentiful.
Very little is know about the toxicity of rhenium or its compounds primarily because they are available and are used in significantly smaller quantities than most other materials of commerce. There seems to be significant information available on the Internet concerning the experimental use of a radioactive isotope of rhenium, Re 186 HEDP (1,1 hydroxyethylidene diphosphate) to aid in the reduction of bone pain resulting from metastatic cancer.
Nanocomposites for Food Packaging
Authors: Sanchez‐Garcia M. D. , Lagaron J. M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNanoscale structures display a high‐surface‐to‐volume ratio, which becomes ideal for applications that involve composite materials, chemical reactions, drug delivery, controlled and immediate release of substances in active and functional packaging technologies and in energy storage. Companies are developing packaging materials based on nanotechnologies and claim to extend the shelf life of food and drinks. Information on the barrier technologies that have been developed for improving properties of thermoplastic materials is given. Most applications of nanocomposites in plastics have made use of laminar clays and in some cases, carbon nanotubes.
ElectrophilicC‐Amination withO‐Substituted Hydroxylamines, Oximes andO‐Substituted Oximes
Authors: Erdik Ender 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntroductionElectrophilicC‐Amination withO‐Substituted HydroxylaminesElectrophilicC‐Amination with Oximes andO‐Substituted OximesOverview and Concluding RemarksAcknowledgements
Deposition of Functionalized Cr7Ni Molecular Rings on Graphite from the Liquid Phase
Authors: Ghirri Alberto , Corradini Valdis , Cervetti Christian , Candini Andrea , del Pennino Umberto , Timco Grigore , Pritchard Robin J. , Muryn Christopher A. , Winpenny Richard E. P. , Affronte Marco 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGraphite is a clean substrate and its nanostructures hold great potential for applications. Anchoring large molecules on graphite represents a challenge for several reasons that essentially rise from the planar bonds of the packed honeycomb structure of carbon. Here, a systematic investigation by AFM and XPS on different derivatives of molecular Cr7Ni rings deposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is reported. Cr7Ni is emerging as a prototipical example of molecular antiferromagnet on which quantum phenomena and coherence have been demonstrated. For the deposition of Cr7Ni on HOPG, two strategies are adopted: 1) Cr7Ni rings are functionalized with extended alkyl/benzene terminations and 2) a self‐assembled monolayer of alkyl chains with sulfonate terminations is deposited and then a cationic Cr7Ni derivative is used. In both cases the electronic bond with the carbon surface is soft, but the two‐step procedure is efficient, albeit indirect, in sticking molecular Cr7Ni on HOPG. These strategies can be easily extended to deposit other complex molecular aggregates on graphite from the liquid phase.
Digit ratio (2D:4D), sex differences, allometry, and finger length of 12–30‐year olds: Evidence from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) internet study
Authors: Manning John T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMany studies have reported digit ratio (2D:4D) to be sexually dimorphic, (males lower 2D:4D than females). However, Kratochvíl and Flegr ([ 2009]: Biol Lett 5:643‐646) have suggested that 2D regressed on 4D has an allometric regression line with nonzero Y‐intercept that is shared by males and females. Thus, 2D is shorter than expected when 4D is long, and males have lower 2D:4D than females because they have longer fingers. In this study, it is shown that this suggestion may be incorrect because sex differences in slope were not considered. Participants were recruited in an Internet study and had an age range of 12–30 years. The expected sex difference in 2D:4D was found, and the regression of 2D on 4D showed a significant sex difference in slope (males lower than females). A comparison of 10 age groups (12 years, 13 years…, 21–30 years) showed that sexual dimorphism for fingers was age dependent, varying from monomorphic to very dimorphic. Changes in sexual dimorphism of 2D:4D were much less marked, but there was a significant reduction in mean 2D:4D with age. The tendency for slopes of 2D regressed on 4D to be lower in males compared with females was significant in eight age groups. Sex difference in 2D:4D varied across the age groups and was positively related to the magnitude of the difference in female and male slopes. In contrast to the report of Kratochvíl and Flegr, it was found that the regression of 2D on 4D showed sex differences in slope, and such differences gave rise to the sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:604–608, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered inflammatory responses in preterm children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Lin Chang‐Yi , Chang Ying‐Chao , Wang Shan‐Tair , Lee Ting‐Yang , Lin Chiou‐Feng , Huang Chao‐Ching 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectivePerinatal inflammatory responses contribute to periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and cerebral palsy (CP) in preterm infants. Here, we examined whether preterm children with CP had altered inflammatory responses when school‐aged.MethodsThirty‐two preterm children with PVL‐induced CP (mean [±standard deviation] age, 7.2 ± 3.6 years) and 32 control preterm children with normal neurodevelopment (6.2 ± 2.2 years) and matched for gestational age were recruited. We measured tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α levels in the plasma and the supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, and proinflammatory gene expression in the PBMCs.ResultsTNF‐α expression was significantly higher in the plasma (p< 0.001) and supernatants of LPS‐stimulated PBMCs (p= 0.003) in the CP group than in the control group. After LPS stimulation, the intracellular TNF‐α level in the PBMCs was significantly lower in the control group (p= 0.016) and significantly higher in the CP group (p= 0.01). The CP group also had, in their nonstimulated PBMCs, significantly higher mRNA levels of inflammatory molecules: toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4) (p= 0.0023), TNF‐α (p= 0.0016), transforming growth factor‐β–activated kinase 1 (p= 0.038), IκB kinase‐γ (p= 0.029), and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (p= 0.045). The TLR‐4 mRNA levels in the PBMCs were highly correlated with TNF‐α levels in LPS‐stimulated PBMCs (Spearman rank correlation = 0.38,p= 0.03).InterpretationThe finding that preterm children with PVL‐induced CP have altered inflammatory responses indicates the possibility of programming effect of PVL or inflammation‐related events during early life. ANN NEUROL 2010;68:204–212