bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IJCM_231A: Barriers and Facilitators for Integrating Screening and Brief Intervention for Quitting Substance Use in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Kulkarni Muralidhar M , Viswanathan Anusha , Akhila D , Bantwal Priyanka , Praharaj Samir Kumar 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Substance Use disorders (SUD) are commonly encountered in general medical practice which include people of all ages and socioeconomic groups. In these circumstances, Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) can be a useful tool for managing the disease burden in primary care setting. There is a need to investigate the hurdles and enablers that act as a catalyst for integrating Screening and Brief Intervention in primary health care practice

Objectives:
To explore the barriers and facilitators for implementing screening and brief intervention (SBI) for SUD at primary health care settings

Methodology:
A written informed consent was obtained from the subjects after briefing about the topic and interview was initiated with the help of an interview guide. The interview was recorded using an audio recorder. The discussion was written in the vernacular language and translated verbatim. Inductive thematic coding was applied to analyse the data

Results:
A total of 10 participants were interviewed which included four Medical Officers (MO), two Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMS), one each Medical Social Worker (MSW), Tobacco Cessation Cell Consultant, Counsellor and substance user. Some challenges to integrating screening services included lack of manpower, hesitance to reveal substance use by women and identifying trained health care providers to seek assistance for quitting. Facilitators of Screening and brief intervention delivered at Primary Care level includes a favourable attitude of the health care provider, awareness among doctors about harmful effects of substance use and patients’ good rapport with field workers

Conclusion:
This study’s results point towards a multi-pronged approach like involvement and capacity building of different health care providers like Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA), ANMs and MO along with encouraging community participation for integrating Screening and Brief Intervention in this setting.
IJCM_245A: Beyond the Basics: Insights into Pharmacovigilance Literacy among Postgraduate Medical students: A Mixed-Methods study from central India.
Authors: Wath Darshan Ashok , Rathod Pragati , Wadhwa Sarita , Narlawar Uday 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Pharmacovigilance ensures medical intervention safety by detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse drug effects or related issues. As the guardians of patient well-being, healthcare professionals, particularly postgraduate medical students, are integral contributors to the pharmacovigilance landscape. Understanding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices in this domain is essential for fostering a culture of drug safety and continuous improvement in healthcare delivery. The present study aspires to identify potential gaps in awareness, uncover barriers to active participation in pharmacovigilance activities, and, ultimately, offer insights that can inform targeted educational interventions.

Objectives:
To assess the knowledge levels of postgraduate medical students regarding pharmacovigilance, to examine their attitudes towards reporting adverse drug reactions, and explore the practical application of pharmacovigilance principles in their clinical practice. Additionally, the study aimed to identify potential barriers and facilitators influencing their engagement with pharmacovigilance activities.

Methodology:
This research adopted a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. In Qualitative phase the focused group discussion has been undertaken followed by developing the questionnaire which after validation was used for quantitative data collection. The study population comprised postgraduate medical students from the tertiary care institute of central India. Data analysis involved thematic analysis for qualitative data and statistical techniques for quantitative data.

Results:
It was observed that the knowledge of the participants regarding ADR reporting and pharmacovigilance was poor.

Conclusion:
Various barriers regarding ADR reporting were identified, and appropriate interventions were suggested by the participants.
IJCM_258A: Perceptions regarding mid-day meal programme among parents of government school children in rural field practice area of a government medical college a cross sectional study.
Authors: Gowd P. Kavya Sree , Sowmya l. , Sujatha P. , Madhavi B. Devi 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Mid - Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) renamed as PM POSHAN in 2021 is aiding 11.80 crore children studying in 11.20 lakhs schools across the country making it the largest school feeding programme in the world. This study was intended to know the opinion of parents of children going to government schools regarding mid - day meal.

Objectives:
1. To study the perceptions of parents regarding Mid -Day Meal Scheme. 2. To identify the barriers for non-consumption of Mid - day meals.

Methodology:
Study Design Cross - sectional study Sampling Systematic Random Sampling Study setting “Rural Field Practice Area of a Government medical college. Study Period November - December 2023 Inclusion criteria Parents and Guardians who gave written informed consent. Exclusion criteria Parents who could not respond due to mental problems. Ethical Prior ethical approval was taken from Institutional Ethics Committee. Data collection and analysis data collection was done using pre-designed semi structured questionnaire and analyzed using Excel and SPSS software.

Results:
Mean age of the respondents (parent) was 33Â±7SD. Majority (72.9%) of the respondents were mothers. 59.4% of parents perceived that quality of MDM was good. It was found that overall satisfaction among parents regarding MDM was 65%. More than two thirds (67.5%) of parents felt that MDM has improved their childs school performance.

Conclusion:
Most of the parents were satisfied about the quality of mid - day meal and few parents agreed that MDM has encouraged parents to send their children to school. Most of the parents agreed that MDM is beneficial and should be continued
IJCM_26A: Validation of Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) screening tool in Screening of Developmental Delay (DD) among under 3-year children in Bengaluru.
Authors: Santhosh Gokul , Deepthi R , Ashwini L 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Most DD tools available are designed in western countries which are lengthy, time consuming and need expertise to administer. RBSK has a simple tool to screen children aged 0-6 for developmental delays and disabilities. However, the psychometric properties are not published in public domain to understand its validity

Objective:
To study psychometric properties of RBSK screening tool for Screening of Developmental Delay among under 3 year children in Bengaluru.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 262 children were screened in area covering five PHCs in Bengaluru. The children, categorized into eight strata based on age and underwent evaluation for developmental delay using both by the RBSK screening tool and the Ages and Stages questionnaire (ASQ) which is considered as gold standard. sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value along with kappa statistics was calculated readings of both the study tools.

Results:
The study encompassed a near-equal proportion of male (145,55.3%) and female (117,44.7%) children. Notably, the RBSK screening tool detected developmental delays in 13% of cases, slightly higher than the 10.7% identified by the ASQ tool. The RBSK tool exhibited a sensitivity of 97.01%, specificity of 96.43%, positive predictive value of 99.56% and negative predictive value of 79.41%. The calculated Kappa value of 0.854 signifies substantial agreement with the gold standard ASQ tool, reaffirming the RBSK tool’s validity in identifying developmental delays. Good psychometric properties was observed across gross motor, fine motor, communication, psychosocial and problem solving domains.

Conclusion:
This study demonstrates good psychometric properties of the RBSK screening tool in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. Its user-friendly administration enables screening a larger population, effectively identifying more children with developmental delays, thereby facilitating early interventions crucial for their well-being
IJCM_260A: Utilization of dbt(direct benefit transfer) under Nikshay poshan yojana by tuberculosis patients attending to tuberculosis unit in a government general hospital.
Authors: Tajunothu Siva Prasad , Garapati Sridevi , Peethala Sujatha , Madhavi Devi B 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Nikshay Poshan Yojana was launched by MoH&FW, a centrally sponsored scheme under National Health Mission (NHM)on April 2018. Under the programme financial incentive of Rs.500/- per month is given for each notified TB patient, whether treated in public or private sector notified on the Nikshay platform. This study aims to understand the utilization of NPY.

Objectives:
1. To know the purpose of utilizing the NPY by the TB patients. 2. To assess the gaps for delay in credit the amount.

Methodology:
It’s a cross-sectional study done among patients who were registered at DTC-TB unit of Government Medical College Kakinada through telephonic interview. Sample size was estimated to be 64 taking prevalence of NPY as 80% with absolute error of 10%. Data was collected by using questionnaire in November 2023 and analyzed by SPSS 21.0. Prior permission from Institutional Ethics committee was obtained.

Results:
Mean age of participants was 41.4+12.4yrs. Males contributing 85.4% and females 14.6%. Nearly half (48%) has taken 2months of treatment, 97.9%were under category I treatment and all were enrolled under NPY. Awareness on NPY was 79.2% and 95.8% reported irregularity in getting NPY. Out of those who received NPY, only 42.1% utilized it for nutrition.

Conclusion:
DBT enrolment was good. Availability of DBT to the patients was very minimal.
IJCM_264A: An assessment of Dialysis services in the state of Chhattisgarh
Authors: Nanda Sarthak , Verma Nirmal , Jain Kamlesh 
Published: April 2024

Background:
In India, about 3.4 crore people need dialysis, with 2.2 million new cases of renal diseases every year. With approximately 4950 dialysis centres, the demand is less than half met. Every Dialysis has an additional expenditure tag of about Rs.2000, it results in expenditure of Rs.3-4 Lakhs annually for the patient. The Dialysis Program under Public Private Partnership was formally announced in the Union Budget 2016-17 by the Honourable Finance Minister.

Objective:
To assess the dialysis centres working under the National Dialysis Programme. To look at the resources and equipment’s of various centres to look at the patient load of various centres

Methodology:
The teams from Pt. J.N.M Medical college went to 8 centres of various centres giving dialysis services. This covered 75% of the centres of the state. Centre staff as well as patients were interviewed. The interview was conducted using a predesigned, validated, semi-structured questionnaire.

Results:
The staff working in the centres is well trained and they are managing the workload well. The technicians are doing well in terms of giving services and most of the centres have multiple machines. Raipur is the most advanced one.

Conclusion:
These dialysis centres are doing a good job in managing workload however, the centres should have a dedicated Medical officer for the centre. Although, workload is well managed because of Medical Officers working in DH and trained staff of the centre, the medical officers of District Hospital can be trained for reduction of employment stress
IJCM_265A: Cellular Consequences of Fruit Juice Metallurgy: A Closer Look at Heavy Metal Influence
Authors: Mukhi Senna , Srikantiah Rukmini Mysore , Parashiva Guruprasad Kanive , Regupathi Iyyaswami 
Published: April 2024

Background:
The leaching of heavy metals from packaging materials into packed juices can have several adverse effects on the quality and safety of the products and potentially pose health risks to consumers.

Objective:
The research aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals specifically vanadium, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury, which are commonly found in packaging materials of marketable fruit juices which are leached into juices itself (orange and mixed fruit juices stored in cans, leak- proof bags, and tetraPaks).

Methodology:
The study utilized cell lines, namely HepG2 (human liver cancer) and HeK293 (human kidney), to assess the impact of these heavy metals on cellular viability, DNA damage, mitochondrial function, and cell cycle progression. Flow cytometry was used to analyse cell cycle alterations.

Results:
The MTT assay showcased dose-dependent decrease in cell viability with increasing concentrations of heavy metals. Annexin V Assay determined V, Hg and As had necrotic death pattern while Cd had apoptotic death pattern for both the cell lines in presence of heavy metal digests. Cells treated with heavy metals, and the resulting DNA damage observed to be high after quantified using comet tail length, olive tail movement, and tail moment measurements. Mitochondrial function assays in the presence of heavy metals revealed that increased mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and reactive oxygen species production. ROS generation assessed to understand the impact of heavy metals on cellular health and oxidative stress.

Conclusion:
This study shed light on the potential cytotoxic effects of heavy metals found in fruit juices. These findings contribute to our understanding of the potential risks associated with heavy metal exposure from consumer products and emphasize the importance of regulatory measures to ensure food safety and human health.
IJCM_276A: Determinants of Delayed Sputum Conversion among Tuberculosis Patients in Malappuram District: A Case Control Study
Authors: Rajeev Krishnaraj , Sebastian NM 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Treatment of drug-sensitive TB consists of an intensive phase of 2 months followed by a continuation phase of 4 months. After completion of intensive phase of therapy, sputum AFB smear microscopy is repeated and presence of smear conversion is suggested as a significant early predictor of treatment effectiveness. Delay in sputum conversion will lead to prolongation of the period of time that patients remain contagious.

Objectives:
To study the determinants of delayed sputum conversion among Tuberculosis patients in Malappuram district

Methodology:
A Case control study was conducted among tuberculosis patients residing in Malappuram district of Kerala and registered under NTEP in District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC), Manjeri, Malappuram. After satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 90 tuberculosis patients who failed to achieve sputum smear negativity after completion of 2 months of intensive phase multi drug therapy were taken as cases. Another 90 tuberculosis patients those who achieved sputum smear negativity after completion of 2 months of intensive phase therapy were selected as control group. Data was collected by interview method.

Results:
Patients with lower socio-economic status (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 1.92- 6.73), low BMI or underweight (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.1 - 3.6), multiple symptoms (OR= 5.50, 95% CI 1.98 - 15.28), increased duration of symptoms (OR=4.54, 95% 2.24-9.19), co-morbid condition of diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.24 - 4.09) are at statistically significant risk of delay in sputum smear conversion after intensive phase of anti-tubercular therapy.

Conclusion:
Patients with lower socio-economic status, low BMI or underweight, multiple symptoms, increased duration of symptoms, co-morbid condition of diabetes mellitus are at statistically significant risk of delay in sputum smear conversion after intensive phase of anti-tubercular therapy. Treating physicians and public health experts should give special attention to TB patients with these risk factors.
IJCM_278A: Forecasting of Dengue Cases and Deaths in India: An application of Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average Model
Authors: Tripathy Sashikanta , Mishra Amit Kumar , Ruikar Manisha 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Dengue is a mosquito borne viral disease caused by Dengue virus (DENV). Nearly about half of global population is at risk now with an estimated 100-400 million infections occurring every year. South East Asia (SEA) countries are at more risk for having Dengue infections due to its temperate climate. In India also, the cases are rising every year due to change in environmental and climatic conditions.

Objectives:
1. To assess the trend of Dengue in India, 2. To forecast Dengue cases and deaths in India

Methodology:
For this time series analysis study, data on Dengue were collected from National Health Profile 2005-2022 and NVBCDCP; and a secondary data analysis was done. Gretl software was used to develop the model and to forecast Dengue cases and deaths. Data were checked for stationarity and appropriate ARIMA (Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average) model for the available data was developed. Using the developed model, the cases and deaths are forecasted for next 3 years (2023-2025).

Results:
The available data showed an increasing trend of Dengue cases and deaths in India. The three years forecasted data for Dengue cases & deaths also shows an increasing trend. The predicted Dengue cases for 2025 are 278513 (95% CI; 208898-348128) and the Dengue deaths for 2025 are 308 (95% CI; 166-450).

Conclusion:
From the time series analysis of the data, it is clear that the public health burden of Dengue is on an increasing trend. Hence, it is recommended that the policy makers & health workers need to focus more on planning & implementing effective preventive interventions to reduce the public health burden of Dengue cases & deaths.
IJCM_28A: Prevalence of anemia and its association with Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Health seeking behaviour regarding anemia among women in the age group of 15 - 59 years : a community based cross-sectional study in a rural area in Ernakulam District.
Authors: Nikhila L.N , Abraham Ruth , Sajithamony  
Published: April 2024

Background:
29.9% of reproductive-age women globally and 57% in India suffer from anemia making it a public health concern.

Objectives:
1. To determine the prevalence of anemia among women aged 15-59 years in a rural area in Ernakulam District. 2. To assess the knowledge, attitude, practice and health seeking behaviour related to anemia among women in the study setting. 3. To find the association between anemia and the knowledge, attitudes, practices and health-seeking behavior (HSB) of women in the study setting.

Methodology:
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted over 3 months in Chengamanad panchayat among 208 women aged 15-59 years using cluster sampling. Study tool was an expert-validated semi-structured questionnaire in local language and participants were interviewed after taking informed consent. Hemoglobin levels were measured by Junior Public Health Nurses using a Digital Hemoglobinometer. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software and p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results:
In the study among 208 participants (mean age: 41.52 ± 12.11 years), anemia prevalence was 43.8% (37.1%, 50.5%) (Mild: 20.2%, Moderate: 19.7%, Severe: 3.8%), with a mean hemoglobin level of 11.98 ± 1.82 gm/dl. Among the 91 women with anemia, 72.5% (66.4%, 78.6%) lacked adequate knowledge, though 89% had a positive attitude. Only 59.3% (52.6%, 65.9%) practiced effective anemia prevention strategies, and 50.5% exhibited insufficient HSB. Anemia was found to be significantly associated with religion (?2 = 10.66) and education (?2 = 8.09). Significant association was found between knowledge and attitude (?2 = 5.88), practice (?2 = 3.60) and HSB (?2 = 19.24).

Conclusion:
A high anemia prevalence (43.8%) was idenitifed and was significantly associated with religion and education. Emphasizing behaviour change communication is crucial for effective intervention.
IJCM_288A: Factors responsible for death among HIV infected patients registered in ART Centre Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.
Authors: Klein Carefirmly , Toppo Neelam Anupama , Jabalpur Aditya Thakur- NSCB Medical College , Pradesh Madhya 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Factors responsible for death in HIV infected population are necessary to devise disease specific preventive interventions at both state and national level HIV programs. This study examines the factors responsible for death among HIV-infected individuals registered in Anti-Retro-viral Therapy (ART) center Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

Objectives:
1. To understand the trends of HIV deaths in last 6 years in Jabalpur District. 2. To understands the factors responsible for deaths among registered HIV positive patients in ART Centre of Jabalpur District.

Methodology:
A retrospective chart review of factors responsible for death was undertaken among HIV-infected patients who were treated between January 2016 and December 2021 at ART Center Jabalpur.

Results:
Among total of 83 sample cases registered from January 2016 to December 2021, 86.7% of those who died were males. Mean duration of survival after initiation of treatment is 17 months. 49.4% of the cases falls under the age group of 31-45 years. 75.9% of the cases contracted the virus through sexual mode of transmission. 56.6% of the cases had opportunistic infections. Tuberculosis is (32.5%) is the leading opportunistic infections and 28.9% of cases had CD4 count in the range of 50-199 cells/mm.

Conclusion:
Tuberculosis has remained the leading factor responsible for deaths among the HIV patients on ART. Deaths were significantly associated with patient’s CD4 count at the time of diagnosis and the presence of opportunistic infections during treatment.