bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of the ice-shelf/ocean system to the sub-ice-shelf cavity shape measured by NASA IceBridge in Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Schodlok Michael P. , Menemenlis Dimitris , Rignot Eric , Studinger Michael 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTwo high-resolution (1 km grid) numerical model simulations of the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica, are used to study the role of the ocean in the mass loss and grounding line retreat of Pine Island Glacier. The first simulation uses BEDMAP bathymetry under the Pine Island ice shelf, and the second simulation uses NASA IceBridge-derived bathymetry. The IceBridge data reveal the existence of a trough from the ice-shelf edge to the grounding line, enabling warm Circumpolar Deep Water to penetrate to the grounding line, leading to higher melt rates than previously estimated. The mean melt rate for the simulation with NASA IceBridge data is 28 ma–1, much higher than previous model estimates but closer to estimates from remote sensing. Although the mean melt rate is 25% higher than in the simulation with BEDMAP bathymetry, the temporal evolution remains unchanged between the two simulations. This indicates that temporal variability of melting is mostly driven by processes outside the cavity. Spatial melt rate patterns of BEDMAP and IceBridge simulations differ significantly, with the latter in closer agreement with satellite-derived melt rate estimates of ~50ma–1 near the grounding line. Our simulations confirm that knowledge of the cavity shape and its time evolution are essential to accurately capture basal mass loss of Antarctic ice shelves.
3D ultrasound DICOM data of the thyroid gland
Authors: Darr A. , Schierz J.-H. , Schleußner E. , Wiegand S. , Opfermann T. , Freesmeyer M. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryPurpose: It has recently become possible to generate and archive three-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US) volume data with the DICOM standard Enhanced Ultrasound Volume Storage (EUVS). The objective of this study was to examine the application of the EUVS standard based on the example of thyroid ultrasound. Patients, methods: 32 patients, who were referred for thyroid diagnosis, were given a 3D-US examination of the thyroid gland (GE Voluson E8, convex 3D probe RAB4–8-D). The 3D data sets were exported to EUVS. Necessary additions to DICOM entries and transformation into an established DICOM standard were carried out. The visual assessment and volume measurements were performed by two experts on nuclear medicine using standard software in our hospital. Results: In 24/32 (75%) of the patients, the whole organ was successfully recorded in a single 3D scan; in 8/32 (25%), only part of organ could be covered. In all cases, 3D-US data could be exported and archived. After supplementing the DICOM entry Patient Orientation and transformation into the DICOM PET format, 3D-US data could be displayed in the correct orientation and size at any viewing workstation and any web browser-based PACS viewer. Afterwards, 3D processing such as multiplanar reformation, volumetric measurements and image fusion with data of other cross sectional modalities could be performed. The intraclass correlation of the volume measurements was 0,94 and the interobserver variability was 5.7%. Conclusion: EUVS allows the generation, distribution and archiving of 3D-US data of the thyroid, facilitates a second reading by another physician and creates conditions for advanced 3D processing using routine software
Present Situation and Prospect of Medical Knowledge Based Systems in German-speaking Countries
Authors: Spitzer K. , Honekamp W. , Spreckelsen C. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackground: After a decrease of interest in classical medical expert systems, the publication activity concerning the medical application of Artificial Intelligence and the interest in medical decision support have markedly increased. Nonetheless, no systematic exploratory study has yet been carried out, which directly considers the actual fields of applications, exemplary approaches, obstacles, challenges, and future prospect as seen by pioneering users and developers in a given region.Objectives: This paper reports the results of an online survey designed to fill this gap with the “Knowledge Based Systems” working group of the German Society for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (GMDS) in 2010.Methods: The survey was based on an online questionnaire (5 single and multiple choice questions, 8 Likert-scaled items, 7 free text questions) consented to by the working group. The answers were analyzed by descriptive statistics and a qualitative analysis (bottom-up coding). All academic institutions of Medical Informatics in the German-speaking countries and contributors reporting KBS-related projects at the relevant scientific conferences and in a journal specialized in the field were invited to participate.Results: The survey reached a response rate of 33.4%. The results show a gap between the reported obstacles of medical KBS (mainly low acceptance and rare use in clinical practice) and their future prospect as stated by the participants. Problems previously discussed in the literature like low acceptance, integration, and sustainability of KBS projects were confirmed. The current situation was characterized by naming exemplary existing systems and specifying promising fields of application.Conclusions: The field of KBS in medicine is more diversified and has evolved beyond expectations in the German-speaking countries.
La place de la petite ville dans la recherche géographique en France : de la simple monographie au territoire témoin
Authors: Édouard Jean-Charles 
Published: April 2012

La recherche sur les petites villes en France a évolué depuis les années 1950. Le postulat de départ est que cette dernière a suivi les évolutions de la recherche en géographie de façon générale. Elle s’est d’abord focalisée sur des études monographiques, régionales et rurales, pour se préoccuper davantage, surtout dans les deux dernières décennies, de problématiques socioculturelles, dans un cadre de plus en plus urbain. Bien que restant le parent pauvre de la recherche en géographie urbaine, la petite ville a toujours été étudiée et elle est aujourd’hui de plus en plus choisie comme territoire d’étude sur des problématiques transversales de géographie et d’aménagement. De territoire « singulier », elle est progressivement devenue un territoire « témoin » en intégrant davantage les champs de questionnements plus habituels de la géographie des villes (stratégies économiques, mutations sociales, valorisation patrimoniale, politique culturelle, urbanité, etc.).
Visions ambiguës d'un pays disparu, le Brésil dans la Géographie universelle de Conrad Malte-Brun
Authors: Théry Hervé 
Published: April 2012

Le chapitre consacré au Brésil dans la Géographie Universelle de Conrad Malte-Brun (1835) est une source précieuse sur un Brésil depuis longtemps disparu, encore largement inexploré, rural et esclavagiste. Bien que structuré en « tiroirs » traditionnels, le texte contient des notations originales, parfois franchement subjectives. De ce parcours thématique et régional d’un bout à l’autre du Brésil ressort l’impression d’une mosaïque brésilienne en trompe-l’œil, où les Indiens sont à la fois craints et méprisés, alors qu’une autre composante majeure de la population – les Noirs importés d’Afrique comme esclaves– est à peu près complètement absente.
Labor Admission Test
Authors: Arulkumaran Sabaratnam , Talaulikar Vikram Sinai 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Labor admission test (LAT) is performed at the onset of labor to establish fetal well-being in low-risk pregnancies and identify those fetuses who either may be hypoxic, needing delivery or at risk of developing hypoxia during labor so that additional measures of fetal surveillance can be instituted to prevent adverse outcomes. We searched the literature in Medline, Cochrane Library and PubMed using the words— cardiotocograph, cardiotocogram, nonstress test, vibroacoustic stimulus (VAS), amniotic fluid index (AFI), Doppler, labor admission test, labor admission cardiotocography (CTG) and reviewed four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three systematic reviews to summarize the current evidence regarding use of LAT. Although the existing RCTs and systematic reviews do not favor admission testing, we have critically reviewed the methodology used in some of these major studies. There is a need for robust RCTs with adequate sample size to evaluate the effectiveness of LAT. In clinical practice, while a normal admission CTG reassures the mother and the clinician about the health of the baby, an admission CTG with nonreassuring FHR pattern leads to careful review which may reveal a growth restricted or compromised fetus before onset of active labor when the risk of fetal hypoxia is higher with increasing frequency and duration of uterine contractions. Like in other obstetric interventions, the woman should be offered the choice of LAT after providing appropriate information and her informed decision should be respected.
Determinants and Implications of Weak Teachers Performance in Education Sector: A Case of Affiliated Schools from Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Multan Division (Pakistan)
Authors: Sattar Tehmina 
Published: April 2012

Teachers are the foremost source of knowledge that assists the students to slot in higher order thinking and construct their own knowledge. Teachers can play an imperative role in converting the raw information into useful knowledge for the students. The major obstructions that are related with weak teachers performance incorporate low level of motivation, inadequate incentives for teachers, lack of supervision, weak inspection system, unfortunate teachers training, scarce teachers qualification and decentralized teachers monitoring system. Additional blockades embrace passive and traditional teaching methods, teachers opposition to reforms, little emphasize on teaching practice and lack of future economic security for the teachers. The researcher interviewed N1=600 respondents through multistage sampling technique. Interview schedule was used as a tool for data collection process from n1=20 affiliated schools (out of N2=306 affiliated schools of BISE) from Multan district. The researcher institute that usage of obsolete teaching methodologies (like memorizing, individual work, repetition and cramming) has deteriorating influences on the students educational carrier. On the basis of the recent research being conducted the researcher concluded that cheating in examinations, lack of dedication to studies, overemphasize on memorizing and weak conceptualization of the students about the particular lesson are the major outcomes of weak teachers performance. Accordingly usage of modern teaching methodologies (such as direct instruction, cooperative learning, group work and discussion) can improve the quality of teachers instruction.
Further Examination of the Market Valuation of Environmental Capital Expenditures by Pulp and Paper Companies
Authors: Solheim Perry Warren 
Published: April 2012

In this study I use the US pulp and paper industry to explore the equity market’s valuation of environmental capital expenditures. I replicate and extend a study by Clarkson, Li, and Richardson that bifurcates the industry into high and low polluting groups. As with their study, I find evidence indicating that the market values environmental capital expenditures by over-compliant firms while attaching no such value to the same expenditures by minimally compliant firms. I do not find that the market assesses unrecorded liabilities to firms that are minimally compliant. My extension also seeks to address two possible specification issues in the Clarkson, et. Al. approach. The first, levels model they used is unbiased but inefficient. Their model scaled by common shares outstanding attempts to rectify this inefficiency but may not be the optimal choice of scaling variable. My results suggest that a “Best Available Technology” approach to environmental regulation may carry additional incentives provided by the capital markets.
CMA Exam Review Courses
Authors: Barney Doug , Tschopp Daniel , Wells Steve 
Published: April 2012

The National Association of Accountants, later renamed theInstitute of Management Accountants (IMA), started the Certified Management Accountant (CMA) certification program in 1972. Since then the number of candidates seeking the CMA certificationhas grown, most notably in the last several years. This growth is fueled by several factors, including:The IMA has expanded the base of prospective candidates by easing the international application process.Surveys repeatedly show that CMAs earn significantly more than their counterparts without CMAs, thus enticing more accountants to seek the CMA certification.The redesigned CMA exam identifies and tests competence on practical business topics, thus emphasizing the applicability of CMA knowledge.Recognition and acceptance of the CMA by the business community has grown dramatically in the last 40 years. CMA candidates have a number of exam preparation options, includingseveral CMA review course providers. (called Providers hereafter in this article.) This article is intended to be informative for those individuals seeking the CMA certification and wishing to prepare for the exam with a review course. With the change in CMA exam format, a reexamination of Providers is certainly relevant, especially in light of the approaching 40 year anniversary of the CMA.
Interest Rate Transmission Effect on Money Supply: The Nigerian Experience
Authors: Thaddeus Ebiringa, Oforegbunam 
Published: April 2012

This paper investigates the effect of interest indices on money supply. The motivation is to ensure stability in money supply through sustainable interest rate management. The period 1990-2007 was covered. The Eviews software was used to carry out autoregressive analysis on the variable as well as an assessment of the effects on interest rate indices on money supply. The results among others show that minimum rediscount rate and savings rate have made significant positive impact on money supply. On the other hand, lending rate has made insignificant negative impact on money supply. Based on the above results the conclusion of the study the inability of the monetary authority to narrow the gap between saving and lending rate remains a key to the problem of instability in money supply, hence concerted effort must by made to strengthen the capacity of regulatory authorities to use market based options monitor and control periodic volatility in money supply through an effective interest rate regimes.
Jewish migration, antiquity
Authors: Gruen Erich S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA Roman army destroyed the Temple in Jerusalem in 70CE. For the Jews of antiquity the loss of the Temple not only constituted a devastating blow but signaled an enduring trauma. It has often been thought that this event triggered the major migration of Jews throughout the Mediterranean and shaped the consciousness of the Jewish diaspora for centuries to follow. To focus on the consequences of the Temple's destruction, however, overlooks a fact of immense significance: Jewish migration had a long history prior to Rome's crushing of Jerusalem. The record of Jewish experience included the notorious “Babylonian captivity” in the 6th centuryBCE, a serious dislocation from the homeland. Whatever the historicity of the alleged “Return” from that displacement, the migration was a fact, not to be reversed. Jews dwelled in Egypt in the 6th century, as papyri from a Jewish military colony at Elephantine reveal. And an archive of documents from Babylon attests to Jews in a variety of trades and professions there even after their supposed restoration to Judah.
A LiF Nanoparticle‐Modified Graphene Electrode for High‐Power and High‐Energy Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Xue Lili , Ren Wencai , Li Feng , Wen Lei , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSurface modification of carbon materials plays an important role in tailoring carbon surface chemistry to specify their electrochemical performance. Here, a surface modification strategy for graphene is proposed to produce LiF‐nanoparticle‐modified graphene as a high‐rate, large‐capacity pre‐lithiated electrode for high‐power and high‐energy lithium ion batteries. The LiF nanoparticles covering the active sites of the graphene surface provide an extra Li source and act as an effective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) inhibiter to suppress LiFP6 electrolyte decomposition reactions, affect SEI components, and reduce their thickness. Consequently, the Li‐ion diffusion is greatly sped up and the thermodynamic stability of the electrode is significantly improved. This modified graphene electrode shows excellent rate capability and improved first‐cycle coulombic efficiency, cycling stability, and ultrahigh power and energy densities accessible during fast charge/discharge processes.
The rocky road to translation in spinal cord repair
Authors: Filli Linard , Schwab Martin E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOver the past 2 decades, the biological understanding of the mechanisms underlying structural and functional repair of the injured central nervous system has strongly increased. This has resulted in the development of multiple experimental treatment strategies with the collective aim of enhancing and surpassing the limited spontaneous recovery occurring in animal models and ultimately humans suffering from spinal cord or brain injuries. Several of these experimental treatments have revealed beneficial effects in animal models of spinal cord injury. With the exception of neurorehabilitative therapies, however, therapeutic interventions that enhance recovery are currently absent within the clinical realm of spinal cord injury. The present review surveys the prospects and challenges in experimental and clinical spinal cord repair. Major shortcomings in experimental research center on the difficulty of closely modeling human traumatic spinal cord injury in animals, the small number of investigations done on cervical spinal injury and tetraplegia, and the differences in lesion models, species, and functional outcome parameters used between laboratories. The main challenges in the clinical field of spinal cord repair are associated with the standardization and sensitivity of functional outcome measures, the definition of the inclusion/exclusion criteria for patient recruitment in trials, and the accuracy and reliability of an early diagnosis to predict subsequent neurological outcome. Research and clinical networks were recently created with the goal of optimizing animal studies and human trials. Promising clinical trials are currently in progress. The time has come to translate the biologic–mechanistic knowledge from basic science into efficacious treatments able to improve the conditions of humans suffering from spinal cord injury. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:491–501
Changes in Biomechanical Strain and Morphology of Rat Calvarial Sutures and Bone After Tgf‐β3 Inhibition of Posterior Interfrontal Suture Fusion
Authors: Shibazaki‐Yorozuya Reiko , Wang Qian , Dechow Paul C. , Maki Koutaro , Opperman Lynne A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCraniofacial sutures are bone growth fronts that respond and adapt to biomechanical environments. Little is known of the role sutures play in regulating the skull biomechanical environment during patency and fusion conditions, especially how delayed or premature suture fusion will impact skull biomechanics. Tgf‐β3 has been shown to prevent or delay suture fusion over the short term in rat skulls, yet the long‐term patency or its consequences in treated sutures is not known. It was therefore hypothesized that Tgf‐β3 had a long‐term impact to prevent suture fusion and thus alter the skull biomechanics. In this study, collagen gels containing 3 ng Tgf‐β3 were surgically placed superficial to the posterior interfrontal suture (IFS) and deep to the periosteum in postnatal day 9 (P9) rats. At P9, P24, and P70, biting forces and strains over left parietal bone, posterior IFS, and sagittal suture were measured with masticatory muscles bilaterally stimulated, after which the rats were sacrificed and suture patency analyzed histologically. Results demonstrated that Tgf‐β3 treated sutures showed less fusion over time than control groups, and strain patterns in the skulls of the Tgf‐β3‐treated group were different from that of the control group. Although bite force increased with age, no alterations in bite force were attributable to Tgf‐β3 treatment. These findings suggest that the continued presence of patent sutures can affect strain patterns, perhaps when higher bite forces are present as in adult animals. Anat Rec,, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Branch‐Based Model for the Diameters of the Pulmonary Airways: Accounting for Departures From Self‐Consistency and Registration Errors
Authors: Neradilek Moni B. , Polissar Nayak L. , Einstein Daniel R. , Glenny Robb W. , Minard Kevin R. , Carson James P. , Jiao Xiangmin , Jacob Richard E. , Cox Timothy C. , Postlethwait Edward M. , Corley Richard A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe examine a previously published branch‐based approach for modeling airway diameters that is predicated on the assumption of self‐consistency across all levels of the tree. We mathematically formulate this assumption, propose a method to test it and develop a more general model to be used when the assumption is violated. We discuss the effect of measurement error on the estimated models and propose methods that take account of error. The methods are illustrated on data from MRI and CT images of silicone casts of two rats, two normal monkeys, and one ozone‐exposed monkey. Our results showed substantial departures from self‐consistency in all five subjects. When departures from self‐consistency exist, we do not recommend using the self‐consistency model, even as an approximation, as we have shown that it may likely lead to an incorrect representation of the diameter geometry. The new variance model can be used instead. Measurement error has an important impact on the estimated morphometry models and needs to be addressed in the analysis. Anat Rec,, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation guidelines for incisions patterns on RF shields
Authors: Yao Zhen , Wu Yong , Chmielewski Thomas , Shvartsman Shmaryu , Eagan Timothy , Martens Michael , Brown Robert 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA study is made and guidelines are found for optimizing slit patterns in radiofrequency (RF) shields. It is found that the gradient eddy currents can be effectively reduced by 1) placing a small number of azimuthal slits centered on “cold” bands outside of the central region of the RF shield and 2) restrictions on the lengths of the centralized axial slits. A simple “strip” model is presented to help understand the, perhaps counter‐intuitive, locations of the azimuthal cuts. Special consideration is given to hybrid MRI systems where there is a gap in the main‐magnet and gradient coils. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 41B: 37–49, 2012