bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment and ecosystem effects of the alien invasive red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Barents Sea–a review
Authors: Falk-Petersen Jannike , Renaud Paul , Anisimova Natalia 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Falk-Petersen, J., Renaud, P., and Anisimova, N. 2011. Establishment and ecosystem effects of the alien invasive red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Barents Sea – a review. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . Since its introduction to the Barents Sea from the North Pacific in the 1960s, the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) has become invasive. The crab represents an important source of income, but also a potential threat to the highly productive fisheries in the region through its ecosystem impacts. A literature review was conducted, identifying factors contributing to the success of the crab as well as its interactions with native biota. Characteristics of the Barents Sea and the crab itself that may explain its success include suitable habitat for settlement and growth of the larvae; the wide range of habitats occupied throughout its life history, high mobility, generalist prey choice, low fishing pressure during establishment, and the lack of parasites. Being a large, bottom-feeding omnivore of great mobility, the king crab can significantly impact the ecosystem. Reduced benthic diversity and biomass have been registered in invaded areas. Important prey items include large epibenthic organisms whose structures also represent important habitat. Impacts on commercial and non-commercial fish species, through egg predation or indirect interactions, are difficult to detect and predict.
Constructing Ancient Judaism from the Scrolls
Authors: Goodman Martin 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Most of the Dead Sea Scrolls can be classified as religious documents of one kind or another, and all the studies since 1947 that have been devoted to their significance can be characterized as attempts to construct some aspect of ancient Judaism from them. Where agreement has been harder to achieve is on the centrality of the role to be accorded to the evidence from the scrolls in constructing a picture of Judaism in the last centuries BCE and the first century CE. Although the scrolls provide reason to believe that some sectarians believed that much was wrong with the Temple in Jerusalem, no text actually states that sectarians should avoid the Temple altogether. The question for the historian is whether the evidence from such texts should be enough to encourage the view that sectarian Jews with such beliefs would cut themselves off from the Temple.
Purity in the Dead Sea
Scrolls
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article considers Leviticus, the Rabbis, and Qumran; ritual purity, moral purity, and their evolution at Qumran; and other incongruities facing the purity–community model. The dominant understanding of purity at Qumran has much to commend it. Inspired by Mary Douglas's style of structuralism, scholars – notably Harrington – have reconstructed a meaningful and logically coherent sectarian purity system by following the interconnections among the various texts and correlating them with archaeological evidence. A number of questions, however, remain. When some purity practices are attributed to the sect's past or future, while others in the same document are taken as characteristic of the group's present, one can rightly question whether the evidence or the model is driving the interpretation. Moreover, the present paradigm rests, in part, on reconstructed evidence: can such a theory justify overlooking seeming contradictions between the literary and archaeological evidence?
Ireland: Halting Steps Towards Local Democracy
Authors: Loughlin John 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Ireland used to form part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. After the campaign for Home Rule and the War of Independence, Ireland was partitioned and some of the northern part of the island remained with the UK while majority of the counties formed the Free State. In 1949, the Free State declared itself as a Republic and left the Commonwealth. This history of separating from the UK and gaining independence formed the institutions and political culture of modern Ireland. This article discusses the evolution of the Irish government, particularly local government, since its separation from the Commonwealth. Although Ireland came to form its own political culture, its political and administrative institutions have their origins from the time of British rule. The pattern of installing democracy and the role of the local government, and the defined areas of competence of the local area mirrors that of the typical British approach. Irish local government with its foundations from British local rule is relatively weak, financially incapacitated, and dominated by central government. The political culture of Ireland is dominated by a central government that acts as a principal and which uses the local government as an agent to implement its own policies and programmes with little input from the local government. In sum, the democratic dimension of Irish local government is overridden by its administrative dimension.
Germany: Varieties of Democracy in a Federal
System
Authors: Benz Arthur , Zimmer Christina 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article discusses the patterns of subnational democracy within the context of German federalism and local government. The first section discusses the distinctive institutional expression of democracy and the evolution of state in Germany. The second section focuses on the interplay and the relationship between federalism and the political organization of society. This structural framework elucidates on the mechanisms of subnational democracy, in German Länder, and at the local level. The last section of this article collates the changes in society and state and their implications on the subnational democracy of Germany.
Finland: The Limits of the Unitary Decentralized
Model
Authors: Sjöblom Stefan 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
After more than seven centuries as a part of Sweden and one century as an autonomous grand duchy of Russia, Finland gained its independence in 1917. The long period of Swedish rule undoubtedly influenced the Finnish legal and social system. Conquered by Russia in 1808, Finland was ruled by the Czar of Russia under old Swedish constitutional laws. Two years after gaining independence from the weakened Russia, Finland enacted its first own Constitution Act. This Constitution Act of 1919 retained the leading principles of the 1906 Parliamentary Act. It was a compromised between republican and monarchist ideals. Following the two wars against the Soviet Union and the period of urbanization and industrialization, Finnish welfare state and administrative institutions underwent a transformation. These developmental processes were similar to that of Nordic countries however lagging slightly behind. Finland' societal development allowed for an improvement in social conditions and Finland's administrative development allowed for the gradual transfer of responsibility for the production of welfare state services from the state administration to the municipalities. This article focuses on Finland and the limits of its unitary decentralized model of governance. It also discusses several challenges faced by the Finnish subnational democracy and the local government. These challenges were partly due to the limitations of the unitary decentralized model, characterized by a large number of small municipalities, lack of an all-purpose organization and representative bodies at the regional level, and regional cleavages.
Sweden: Party‐dominated Subnational
Democracy Under Challenge?
Authors: Lidström Anders 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article discusses Sweden, its political system and the challenges faced by its subnational democracy. Sweden was established when the Kalmar Union was abolished. With the accession of a new king, a unified form of a state with a centralized government was established. This afforded the king a stronger position, included a national four-estate assembly, and introduced a coherent legal system. From the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, Sweden underwent extensive modernization. Democracy was introduced and parliamentarism succeeded the medieval four-estate national assembly. The development of the Swedish state was furthered by the establishment of a comprehensive public welfare system. Today, the political system of Sweden is a representative democracy. The formal base of the Swedish democracy is a constitutional monarchy although the monarch no longer has formal powers. Swedish democracy is defined as ‘rule by the people’. This states that the Swedish democracy is realized through a representative and parliamentary system and a local government. While the Swedish system of subnational government is based on the strong institutions of representative democracy, it is now facing major challenges. Major challenges which include demands for new reforms of representative democracy, demands for the expansion of the citizen's direct involvement in local decision making, and regional transformation.
Malta: Local Government: A Slowly Maturing Process
Authors: Frendo Henry 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Malta is the smallest member of the European Union. Strategically located, the nation has been under successive invasions and domination of several other European nations. Given the strategic location of the nation, recurring fears of invasion have dominated Malta, hence the need for concerted collective watchfulness under a supreme command. Governance was centralized, however, localities have distinct identities before any democratic norm could be institutionalized in their service. This article discusses Malta and the slow maturation of its local government. It discusses Malta's move towards devolvement, delegation, and regionalization; all of which have been trivial issues within the formation of the political system of the nation. Although the delegation of political powers in Malta was trivial, they nevertheless contributed to the service delivery agenda, especially as councils have been entrusted with the enacting as well as with the enforcement of their own by-laws. Despite the limitations and deficiencies circumscribed by the lack of critical mass, local governments in Malta have worked reasonably well and moved at a steady pace. This has crystallized local identities in a secular sense and hurried the pace of infrastructure works. It has also dented the notion and practice of over-centralized government. Keeping abreast with the changing times and with the new responsibilities as an EU member, Malta has been working for reforms.
Latvia: Experiments and Reforms in
Decentralization
Authors: Vilka Inga 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Latvia is an independent country which was founded in 1918. Its independence was interrupted by the Soviet Union and was renewed in 1991. It joined the European Union in 2004. Latvia is a sovereign, independent, unitary, and indivisible nation-state. Its government is republic and it is organized on the principle of separation and balance of the legislative, executive, and judicial powers. This article focuses on Latvia and its decentralization reforms. Latvia has a long history of development of local government. From 1918 to 1934, Latvia had a positive experience of creating democratic society and local governments; however the fruits of these efforts were lost after the formation of an autocratic regime in 1934 and the Soviet occupation. In 1991, after its independence, Latvia implemented public administration and local government reforms. From 1991 to 1998, reforms which centred on democratization, decentralization, increased local accountability for the implementation of entrusted functions, improvement of the quality services, and extensive involvement of citizens in the local government activities were introduced.
Bulgaria: The Dawn of a New Era of Inclusive
Subnational Democracy?
Authors: Nikolova Pavlina 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article focuses on the state of Bulgaria. In a geographical area where continents, religions, and influences of power meet, Bulgaria has relied on the traditions of centralism and uniformity to reserve itself as a state. These traditions were first carved by the governing elite of the early Bulgarian state, and later reaffirmed by the nation when under territorial repartitions and foreign invasion. As a result, strong regional identities hardly ever existed in Bulgaria. Communism furthered centralized power and insisted that no minorities could be recognized. Even after communism was abolished, the traditions of constitutionalism and centralization continued. In 1991, a new constitution which conforms to the European standards was adopted. It borrowed democratic experiments elsewhere establishing Bulgaria as a parliamentary republic but with a directly elected president and vice-president. The new constitution was controversial because it was passed by a Great National Assembly dominated by former communists. In conformity to the requirements of EU accession, Bulgaria amended the constitution. This 2007 constitutional amendment led to some decentralization of Bulgaria. It allowed subnational governance, subnational finance, and fiscal decentralization.
12-Hydroxyjasmonic Acid Glucoside Is a COI1-JAZ-Independent Activator of Leaf-Closing Movement in Samanea saman
Authors: Nakamura Yoko , Mithöfer Axel , Kombrink Erich , Boland Wilhelm , Hamamoto Shin , Uozumi Nobuyuki , Tohma Kentaro , Ueda Minoru 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Jasmonates are ubiquitously occurring plant growth regulators with high structural diversity that mediate numerous developmental processes and stress responses. We have recently identified 12-O-β-d-glucopyranosyljasmonic acid as the bioactive metabolite, leaf-closing factor (LCF), which induced nyctinastic leaf closure of Samanea saman. We demonstrate that leaf closure of isolated Samanea pinnae is induced upon stereospecific recognition of (−)-LCF, but not by its enantiomer, (+)-ent-LCF, and that the nonglucosylated derivative, (−)-12-hydroxyjasmonic acid also displays weak activity. Similarly, rapid and cell type-specific shrinkage of extensor motor cell protoplasts was selectively initiated upon treatment with (−)-LCF, whereas flexor motor cell protoplasts did not respond. In these bioassays related to leaf movement, all other jasmonates tested were inactive, including jasmonic acid (JA) and the potent derivates JA-isoleucine and coronatine. By contrast, (−)-LCF and (−)-12-hydroxyjasmonic acid were completely inactive with respect to activation of typical JA responses, such as induction of JA-responsive genes LOX2 and OPCL1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) or accumulation of plant volatile organic compounds in S. saman and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), generally considered to be mediated by JA-isoleucine in a COI1-dependent fashion. Furthermore, application of selective inhibitors indicated that leaf movement in S. saman is mediated by rapid potassium fluxes initiated by opening of potassium-permeable channels. Collectively, our data point to the existence of at least two separate JA signaling pathways in S. saman and that 12-O-β-d-glucopyranosyljasmonic acid exerts its leaf-closing activity through a mechanism independent of the COI1-JAZ module.
Coffee consumption is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in Chinese
Authors: Lin Wen‐Yuan , Xaiver Pi‐Sunyer F. , Chen Ching‐Chu , Davidson Lance E. , Liu Chiu‐Shong , Li Tsai‐Chung , Wu Mei‐Fong , Li Chia‐Ing , Chen Walter , Lin Cheng‐Chieh 
Published: January 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (6): 659–666AbstractBackground  Coffee consumption has been shown to be inversely associated to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but evidence in Chinese populations is limited. We investigated the relationship between coffee consumption and T2DM in a population‐based cohort of middle‐aged Chinese.Materials and methods  We studied 2332 subjects who participated in the Taichung Community Health Study in Taiwan in 2004. The relationships between coffee consumption, T2DM and fasting glucose were assessed.Results  The prevalence of T2DM was 14·0% and 10·4% in men and women. After adjustment for age, body mass index, blood pressure, smoking, alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing, physical activity, income, education level, fat%, protein%, carbohydrate% and magnesium, coffee intake was inversely associated with T2DM. Habitual coffee drinkers had 38–46% lower risk of T2DM than nondrinkers. Compared to nondrinkers, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for T2DM according to subjects with habitual coffee consumption (< 1, 1–6, ≥ 7 times per week) were 0·77 (0·52–1·13), 0·46 (0·28–0·76) and 0·37 (0·16–0·83), respectively. The decreasing ORs indicate a dose–response effect of coffee consumption on the likelihood of having T2DM (P < 0·001). A similar relationship was also evident in newly diagnosed T2DM (P < 0·05). The adjusted mean fasting glucose levels gradually decreased as the frequency of coffee consumption increased (P < 0·05).Conclusions  Coffee intake is inversely associated with T2DM in Chinese. Coffee may be a protective agent for T2DM in Chinese.
Serum concentrations of lectin‐pathway components in healthy neonates, children and adults: mannan‐binding lectin (MBL), M‐, L‐, and H‐ficolin, and MBL‐associated serine protease‐2 (MASP‐2)
Authors: Sallenbach Seraina , Thiel Steffen , Aebi Christoph , Otth Margrith , Bigler Susanna , Jensenius Jens C. , Schlapbach Luregn J. , Ammann Roland A. 
Published: January 2011

To cite this article: Sallenbach S, Thiel S, Aebi C, Otth M, Bigler S, Jensenius JC, Schlapbach LJ, Ammann RA. Serum concentrations of lectin‐pathway components in healthy neonates, childrens and adults: mannan‐binding lectin (MBL), M‐, L‐, and H‐ficolin, and MBL‐associated serine protease‐2 (MASP‐2).Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011;: 424–430.AbstractThis study aimed to measure serum concentrations of five lectin‐pathway components, mannan‐binding lectin (MBL), M‐ficolin, L‐ficolin, H‐ficolin, and MBL‐associated serine protease‐2 (MASP‐2), in healthy neonates and children, to determine if they change with age and to compare them with serum concentrations in healthy adults. Concentrations were measured in 141 preterm and 30 term neonates, in 120 children including infants and adolescents, and in 350 adults (97 for L‐ficolin) by inhouse time‐resolved immunofluorometric assays or commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The adjacent categories method applying Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests was used to determine age categories where concentrations differed significantly. Displaying serum concentration vs. age, an inverted‐U shape (higher concentrations in children than in neonates and adults) was found for MBL and the ficolins, and an S‐shape for MASP‐2. Serum concentrations of all five lectin‐pathway components were significantly lower in preterm neonates <32‐wk gestational age compared to older neonates, infants, and children. Only M‐ficolin in children >1 yr and H‐ficolin in term neonates and in children were found to be comparable with adult values. MBL, M‐, L‐, and H‐ficolin, and MASP‐2 serum concentrations show important changes with age. The respective normal ranges for adults should not be used in the pediatric population. The age‐specific pediatric ranges established here may be used instead.
Plantar verrucous carcinoma masquerading as toe web intertrigo
Authors: McKay Catherine , McBride Penelope , Muir James 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTA 77‐year‐old man presented with a 6‐month history of intractable toe web intertrigo located in the third and fourth web spaces of his left foot. Biopsy and histological examination confirmed the presence of a verrucous carcinoma. Verrucous carcinoma of the foot has been called epithelioma cuniculatum, a case arising in the intertriginous area of the foot is presented.
Heparin prophylaxis and the risk of venous thromboembolism after robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy
Authors: Patel Trushar , Kirby Will , Hruby Greg , Benson Mitchell C. , McKiernan James M. , Badani Ketan 
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in major urological surgery has decreased over time with the introduction of pharmacological prophylaxis, early mobilization, and the use of sequential mechanical compression devices. We examined the value of heparin prophylaxis in robotic assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP), where the risk of DVT is already low.The rate of thromboemolic events within 30 days was 0.6% in this series. Heparin did not influence estimated blood loss, haematrocrit change, or length of stay. The incidence of thromboembolism is low after RALP, which may obviate the use of heparin prophylaxis. However, its use appears to be safe and does not affect surgical outcomes.OBJECTIVE• The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) in patients receiving perioperative heparin prophylaxis was compared with those who did not receive such prophylaxis.MATERIALS AND METHODS• Between July 2007 to February 2010, a total of 307 RALPs were performed at our institution by two surgeons. A total of 187 patients operated on by surgeon 1 received perioperative heparin prophylaxis, whereas 120 patients operated on by surgeon 2 did not receive any.• All demographic, clinical and pathological data were prospectively recorded, whereas the incidence of venous thromboembolism within 30 days of the operation was retrospectively reviewed. Evaluation for potential VTE was based on clinical symptoms.RESULTS• Cohorts were comparable with respect to PSA, clinical stage, preoperative Gleason score, body mass index, smoking status, pathological stage, path Gleason score and margin status. A total of two thromboemoblic events occurred (0.6%) within 30 days of surgery (one in each arm of the study).• Heparin prophylaxis did not influence estimated blood loss (P= 0.076) or haematocrit change from preoperative levels (P= 0.378). Length of stay was comparable between the two groups (1.4 vs 1.3 days; P= 0.159).CONCLUSION• The incidence of thromboembolism is low after RALP, which may obviate the need for heparin prophylaxis. However, its use is safe and does not impact surgical outcomes. Larger series are needed to confirm the results obtained in the present study.