bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time‐variant linear optimal finite impulse response estimator for discrete state‐space models
Authors: Shmaliy Yuriy S. , Ibarra‐Manzano Oscar 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYA general p‐shift linear optimal finite impulse response (FIR) estimator is proposed for filtering (p  =  0), p‐lag smoothing (p  <  0), and p‐step prediction (p  >  0) of discrete time‐varying state‐space models. An optimal solution is found in the batch form with the mean square initial state function self‐determined by solving the discrete algebraic Riccati equation. An unbiased batch solution is shown to be independent on noise and initial conditions. The mean square errors in both the optimal and unbiased estimates have been determined along with the noise power gain and estimate error bound. The following important inferences have been made on the basis of numerical simulation. Unlike the time‐invariant Kalman filter, the relevant optimal FIR one is very less sensitive to noise, especially when N  ≫ 1. Both time varying, the optimal FIR and Kalman estimates trace along almost the same trajectories with similar errors and sensitivities to noise. Overall, the optimal FIR estimator demonstrates better robustness than the Kalman one against faults in the noise description. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How useful is BMI in predicting adiposity indicators in a sample of Maya children and women with high levels of stunting?
Authors: Wilson Hannah J. , Dickinson Federico , Griffiths Paula L. , Azcorra Hugo , Bogin Barry , InÊS Varela‐Silva Maria 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives:Body mass index (BMI) is used frequently to estimate adiposity levels in children and adults. However, the applicability of BMI to populations with high levels of stunting has been questioned. Stunted people can have disproportionately short legs, which may increase BMI without increasing body fat because of the relatively larger trunk compared with the legs.Methods:A sample of 57 urban Maya schoolchildren, aged 7–9 years (31 boys), and 53 adult women underwent anthropometric assessments and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine whether the ability of BMI to predict adiposity indicators is altered by stunting and sitting height ratio (SHR). The adiposity indicators were waist circumference, sum of skinfolds, upper arm muscle area, upper arm fat area, and arm fat index.Results:BMI was the strongest predictor of all adiposity indicators and in most cases, explained more of the variance in adiposity of Maya children than Maya women. Abdominal adiposity was better predicted by BMI than peripheral adiposity in Maya women and Maya children. Stunting was significant in predicting adiposity in some models but never substantially changed the variance explained. SHR was never a significant predictor.Conclusions:The relationship between BMI and adiposity indicators is not changed by stunting status or body proportions in this short population of urban Maya children and women. BMI can be used as an indicator of adiposity for these children but not the women. It is recommended that BMI is used in conjunction with other estimates of body composition. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alignment of carbon nanotubes in polyimide under electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Romyen Natthakarn , Thongyai Supakanok , Praserthdam Piyasan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractUsually alignment of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in polymer composites can be induced by a single electrical or magnetic field. Here we report a comparison between the results of simultaneous application of both fields to the polyimide composite and a single field. Alignment of CNT in polyimide was performed under a 2 Tesla magnetic field and various electric fields (150, 300, 450, and 600 V/cm). Polarized Raman spectroscopy was used for assessing the degree of alignment of the nanotubes in the composites and many details of the alignment were examined. The results indicated that at the same electric field strength, incorporation of a magnetic field in a given direction will enhance the level of alignment as compared with only using an electric or magnetic field alone. The best alignment condition was for the CNT samples under parallel magnetic and electric fields. Optical microscopy observations also indicated that nanotube alignment appeared at the highest field strength and decreased when the field strength decreased. A possible mechanism for field alignment is presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Copper–amine complexes as new catalysts for rigid polyurethane foam preparations
Authors: Pengjam Wittaya , Saengfak Bhattarin , Ekgasit Sanong , Chantarasiri Nuanphun 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new class of catalyst for the preparation of rigid polyurethane (RPUR) foams was developed. Metal(II)–amine complexes [M(en)2 and M(trien), where M = Cu or Ni, en = ethylenediamine, and trien = triethylenetetramine] were synthesized and used as catalysts in the preparation of RPUR foams. The catalytic activity of the metal(II)–amine complexes and properties of the RPUR foams were investigated and compared to those prepared by N,N‐dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), which is a common commercial tertiary amine catalyst used in the preparation of RPUR foams. The use of M(en)2 and M(trien) can improve the working environment in RPUR foam processing because DMCHA and other commercial tertiary amine catalysts have a strong odor, whereas M(en)2 and M(trien) do not have any odor. The reaction times in RPUR foam preparation, namely, cream time, gel time, tack‐free time, and rise time, were investigated. These data indicated that the copper–ethylenediamine complex [Cu(en)2] and copper–triethylenetetramine complex [Cu(trien)] had comparable catalytic activity to DMCHA, whereas the catalytic activity of the nickel complexes was not good. Attenuated total reflection–IR spectroscopy of the RPUR foams prepared with Cu(en)2 and Cu(trien) showed quantitative isocyanate (NCO) conversion. The density and compressive strength of the RPUR foams prepared from Cu(en)2 and Cu(trien) were comparable to those prepared from DMCHA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Applicability of hemicyanine phenyltrialkylborate salts as free‐radical photoinitiators in the visible‐light polymerization of acrylate
Authors: Jędrzejewska Beata , Pietrzak Marek 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe photoinitiation ability of photoredox pairs composed of a hemicyanine dye cation and different borate anions for the radical polymerization of 2‐ethyl‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1,3‐propanediol triacrylate was investigated. In such a system, the excited dye chromophore is reduced by different tetraorganylborate anions. Upon irradiation at 488 nm, reductive carbon–boron bond cleavage occurs, producing reactive radicals, which start the chain reaction. The efficiency of bond‐breaking processes was found to be dependent on the nature of both the acceptors and the donors. The experimental results show that the photoinitiating ability of the tested photoredox pairs were controlled by both the driving force of the electron‐transfer process between the electron donor and the electron acceptor and the reactivity of the free radical that resulted from the secondary reactions occurring after the photoinduced electron‐transfer process. Using the nanosecond flash photolysis method, we studied the spectral and kinetic characteristics of the triplet state of cyanine dye and determined the rate constants of the triplet quenching by phenyltrialkylborate salts. The results obtained show that the tetramethylammonium phenyl‐tri‐n‐butylborate (TB7) has a faster electron‐transfer rate than the tetramethylammonium n‐butyltriphenylborate (TB2) salt, which bore only one butyl group attached to the boron. The relative initiator efficiency of the triphenylbutylborate salts, as compared to the corresponding phenyltrialkylborate salts with a common chromophore, was determined. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of m‐nitroaniline doping on the optical humidity‐sensing characteristics of cobalt/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites
Authors: Adhyapak Parag , Mahapure Poonam , Aiyer Rohini , Gosavi Suresh , Mulik Uttamrao , Amalnerkar Dinesh 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCobalt (Co) nanoparticles (with different loadings, 1 and 2 wt %, of Co) were synthesized in situ in a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix with and without meta‐nitroaniline (m‐NA) as a dopant (2.5 wt %). The obtained nanocomposite films were characterized with various physicochemical techniques, including ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, X‐ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. To study the effect of the humidity, the nanocomposite solutions were coated on planar glass substrates. The beam of an He–Ne laser was incident normal to the film surface and was subjected to variable relative humidities (RHs; 4–93%); the transmitted intensity was measured on a photovoltaic diode. Variations in the intensity of light caused by the changes in RH within the range 3–93% were recorded. We optimized the response by varying the film thickness by coating the solution layer by layer. We generated the RH (4–100%) by passing wet water vapors. The neat PVA film of similar thickness gave humidity sensing in the range 78–93% RH. The sensors with m‐NA‐doped Co/PVA gave better sensitivity (6.4 mV/% RH) than the undoped samples (1.78–2.45 mV/% RH), exhibiting a fast response of 3 s (2–93% RH) and a recovery of 10 s (93 to 2% RH). These samples also showed reversible behavior and long‐term stability (for nearly a year) with a good sensitivity and a large dynamic range (2–95% RH). An attempt was made to explain the results on the basis of a bulk mechanism. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
A Roadmap to Implementing Metal–Organic Frameworks in Electronic Devices: Challenges and Critical Directions
Authors: Allendorf Mark D. , Schwartzberg Adam , Stavila Vitalie , Talin A. Alec 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and related material classes are attracting considerable attention for applications such as gas storage, separations, and catalysis. In contrast, research focused on potential uses in electronic devices is in its infancy. Several sensing concepts in which the tailorable chemistry of MOFs is used to enhance sensitivity or provide chemical specificity have been demonstrated, but in only a few cases are MOFs an integral part of an actual device. The synthesis of a few electrically conducting MOFs and their known structural flexibility suggest that MOF‐based electronic devices exploiting these properties could be constructed. It is clear, however, that new fabrication methods are required to take advantage of the unique properties of MOFs and extend their use to the realms of electronic circuitry. In this Concepts article, we describe the basic functional elements needed to fabricate electronic devices and summarize the current state of relevant MOF research, and then review recent work in which MOFs serve as active components in electronic devices. Finally, we propose a high‐level roadmap for device‐related MOF research, the objective of which is to stimulate thinking within the MOF community concerning the development these materials for applications including sensing, photonics, and microelectronics.
Distribution of type 1 cannabinoid receptor‐expressing neurons in the septal‐hypothalamic region of the mouse: Colocalization with GABAergic and glutamatergic markers
Authors: Hrabovszky Erik , Wittmann Gábor , Kalló Imre , Füzesi Tamás , Fekete Csaba , Liposits Zsolt 
Published: September 2011

AbstractType 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is the principal mediator of retrograde endocannabinoid signaling in the brain. In this study, we addressed the topographic distribution and amino acid neurotransmitter phenotype of endocannabinoid‐sensitive hypothalamic neurons in mice. The in situ hybridization detection of CB1 mRNA revealed high levels of expression in the medial septum (MS) and the diagonal band of Broca (DBB), moderate levels in the preoptic area and the hypothalamic lateroanterior (LA), paraventricular (Pa), ventromedial (VMH), lateral mammillary (LM), and ventral premammillary (PMV) nuclei, and low levels in many other hypothalamic regions including the suprachiasmatic (SCh) and arcuate (Arc) nuclei. This regional distribution pattern was compared with location of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic cell groups, as identified by the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and type 2 vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2) mRNAs, respectively. The MS, DBB, and preoptic area showed overlaps between GABAergic and CB1‐expressing neurons, whereas hypothalamic sites with moderate CB1 signals, including the LA, Pa, VMH, LM, and PMV, were dominated by glutamatergic neurons. Low CB1 mRNA levels were also present in other glutamatergic and GABAergic regions. Dual‐label in situ hybridization experiments confirmed the cellular co‐expression of CB1 with both glutamatergic and GABAergic markers. In this report we provide a detailed anatomical map of hypothalamic glutamatergic and GABAergic systems whose neurotransmitter release is controlled by retrograde endocannabinoid signaling from hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic target neurons. This neuroanatomical information contributes to an understanding of the role that the endocannabinoid system plays in the regulation of endocrine and metabolic functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1005–1020, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Descending projections from the dysgranular zone of rat primary somatosensory cortex processing deep somatic input
Authors: Lee Taehee , Kim Uhnoh 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the mammalian somatic system, peripheral inputs from cutaneous and deep receptors ascend via different subcortical channels and terminate in largely separate regions of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). How these inputs are processed in SI and then projected back to the subcortical relay centers is critical for understanding how SI may regulate somatic information processing in the subcortex. Although it is now relatively well understood how SI cutaneous areas project to the subcortical structures, little is known about the descending projections from SI areas processing deep somatic input. We examined this issue by using the rodent somatic system as a model. In rat SI, deep somatic input is processed mainly in the dysgranular zone (DSZ) enclosed by the cutaneous barrel subfields. By using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) as anterograde tracer, we characterized the topography of corticostriatal and corticofugal projections arising in the DSZ. The DSZ projections terminate mainly in the lateral subregions of the striatum that are also known as the target of certain SI cutaneous areas. This suggests that SI processing of deep and cutaneous information may be integrated, to a certain degree, in this striatal region. By contrast, at both thalamic and prethalamic levels as far as the spinal cord, descending projections from DSZ terminate in areas largely distinguishable from those that receive input from SI cutaneous areas. These subcortical targets of DSZ include not only the sensory but also motor‐related structures, suggesting that SI processing of deep input may engage in regulating somatic and motor information flow between the cortex and periphery. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1021–1046, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lis1 reduction causes tangential migratory errors in mouse spinal cord
Authors: Moore Katherine D. , Chen Renee , Cilluffo Marianne , Golden Jeffrey A. , Phelps Patricia E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMutations in human LIS1 cause abnormal neuronal migration and a smooth brain phenotype known as lissencephaly. Lis1+/− (Pafah1b1) mice show defective lamination in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal formation, whereas homozygous mutations result in embryonic lethality. Given that Lis1 is highly expressed in embryonic neurons, we hypothesized that sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs and PPNs) would exhibit migratory defects in Lis1+/− mice. The initial radial migration of SPNs and PPNs that occurs together with somatic motor neurons appeared unaffected in Lis1+/− mice. The subsequent dorsally directed tangential migration, however, was aberrant in a subset of these neurons. At all embryonic ages analyzed, the distribution of SPNs and PPNs in Lis1+/− mice was elongated dorsoventrally compared with Lis1+/+ mice. Individual cell bodies of ectopic preganglionic neurons were found in the ventral spinal cord with their leading processes oriented along their dorsal migratory trajectory. By birth, Lis1+/− SPNs and PPNs were separated into distinct groups, those that were correctly, and those incorrectly positioned in the intermediate horn. As mispositioned SPNs and PPNs still were detected in P30 Lis1+/− mice, we conclude that these neurons ceased migration prematurely. Additionally, we found that a dorsally located group of somatic motor neurons in the lumbar spinal cord, the retrodorsolateral nucleus, showed delayed migration in Lis1+/− mice. These results suggest that Lis1 is required for the dorsally directed tangential migration of many sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and a subset of somatic motor neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1198–1211, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical, immunological, and genetic aspects in leprosy
Authors: Simon Marise , Scherlock Jonnia , Duthie Malcolm S. , Ribeiro de Jesus Amelia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLeprosy is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It affects the skin and peripheral nerves and can cause irreversible chronic disabilities. The worldwide registered number of cases in 2009 was 213,036. This review discusses clinical aspects of the disease, including leprosy reactions and neuronal damage, as well as immunological and immunogenetic aspects influencing disease susceptibility and outcome. The cardinal signs of leprosy are skin lesions with altered sensation, thickened peripheral nerves, and presence of alcohol acid‐resistant bacilli in skin biopsy or lymph. Confirmatory examinations include (1) bacteriological examination, which allows patients' classification into two operational groups, multibacillary (MB) and paucibacillary (PB); and (2) histopathological examination, which permits stratification in different clinical forms. These clinical forms differ not only by histopathology but also according to the host's immune response to M. leprae. These forms comprise the extremes of (1) tuberculoid leprosy (TT), with a specific Th1 response and control of M. leprae multiplication; (2) lepromatous leprosy (LL) without Th1 response and preserved Th2 response; and (3) the interpolar clinical forms, borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline borderline (BB), borderline lepromatous (BL), and indeterminate form (IL). Appropriate treatment is based on smear examination or the number of lesions at diagnosis. In the evolution of leprosy, acute inflammation, known as reactions, may occur during or after treatment. These reactions are classified into two main types: the type I reaction or reversal reaction (RR), and the type II reaction or erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). The role of innate immune response to control the infection is supported by immunological and genetic studies. Drug Dev Res 72:509–527, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Biosensor Based on Polyaniline‐Carbon Nanotube Core‐Shell for Electrochemical Detection of Pesticides
Authors: Cesarino Ivana , Moraes Fernando C. , Machado Sergio A. S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA core‐shell structure based on polyaniline (PANI) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) films was electrodeposited on glassy carbon (GC) for the immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as enzyme, in developing a biosensor for pesticides. The characterization and advantages of using the hybrid materials were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field‐emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG‐SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The immobilization of AChE on the surface of the electrode was largely improved due to the unique synergistic effect of PANI and MWCNT. The developed GC/MWCNT/PANI/AChE biosensor was evaluated for determination of carbamate by square wave voltammetry (SWV) and chronoamperometry. SWV allowed carbaryl to be determined in a linear range between 9.9 and 49.6 nmol L−1, with a detection limit of 4.6 nmol L−1 and using chronoamperometry the analytical curve was linear in the concentration ranges from 9.9 to 49.6 µmol L−1, with a detection limit of 1.4 µmol L−1.
High Electron Transfer Efficiency of Titania Dioxide Nanotube for Low Potential Electrochemiluminescent Biosensing
Authors: Liu Xuan , Hou Zhentao , Lei Jianping , Ju Huangxian , Cai Jingxuan , Shen Jianyi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractStrong electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of titania dioxide nanotubes at physiological condition was observed, with relatively low cathodic potential due to its large surface area and high electron transfer efficiency. The coreactant of the ECL emission was proved to be H2O2, produced from the reduction of dissolved oxygen, leading to a mild ECL system for biosensing. Based on “coreactant inhibition” mechanism, the ECL quenchers could be measured by inhibiting the transformation of O2 to H2O2. Using hemoglobin as a model, the quenched ECL emission followed SternVolmer equation in a wide linear range. Thus a novel methodology for detection of “coreactant inhibition”‐related quencher could be developed with acceptable sensitivity.
The damped cable system for seismic protection of frame structures — Part I: General concepts, testing and modeling
Authors: Sorace Stefano , Terenzi Gloria 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYResearch studies on the damped cable system (DCS) for seismic protection of frame structures are presented in this paper and the accompanying one. This technology includes prestressed steel cables linked to pressurized fluid viscous spring‐dampers fixed to the foundation at their lower ends, and to the top floor, or one of the upper floors, at their upper ends. The cables have sliding contacts with the floor slabs, to which they are joined by steel deviators. The general characteristics of the system, as well as of the constituting spring‐dampers and cables, are initially discussed. The results of a laboratory testing campaign developed on a DCS prototype are examined, and transferred into the formulation of the finite element model of the system, conceived to be easily generated by commercial structural analysis programs. A second dynamic experimental investigation follows, concerning a pilot installation of the system on a full‐scale mock‐up building. The benefits of the protective technology are evaluated in terms of maximum displacements and accelerations, as well as of equivalent viscous damping coefficient and MDOF transmissibility ratio. Further sections of the study, including a preliminary sizing criterion of DCS, additional numerical enquiries aimed at optimizing its geometrical layout, and the application to a real case study building, are offered in the companion paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.