bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free to move, forced to flee: the formation and dissolution of suburbs in colonial Bombay, 1750–1918
Authors: CHOPRA PREETI 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT:This article shows the centrality of movement – the freedom to move, the inability to move and being forced to flee – to the suburban development of Bombay. The reason as well as the spatio-temporal rhythm of movement differed among population groups inhabiting the city. The early suburbs of colonial Bombay were predicated on the ability of a tiny European elite to move to different parts of the city according to the seasons. By the mid-nineteenth century, their movement would no longer be restricted to the several islands that constituted Bombay. Instead, tracing the governor's footsteps they would move many miles away, from Bombay to Poona during the monsoons, to Mahabaleshwar after the rains and back to Bombay for the cool winter season as the seat of governance shifted according to the season. In late nineteenth-century Bombay, the growth of the mill industry would force Europeans to retreat to other areas of the city from their former suburban homes, which were now transformed into mill districts. In contrast to the freedom of movement that underlay the early foundation of European suburban development in Bombay, Indian suburban development was based on the necessity to flee the crowded and insalubrious native city districts. The bubonic plague that first struck the city in 1896 was most virulent in the native districts of the city, long subject to municipal neglect. After 1896, large numbers of Bombay's native citizenry were forced to flee their homes each year during the plague season. Moving to different locations, often along the railway lines, they formed small communities that became the foundation of Bombay's future suburban development.
The 1910 Royal Institute of British Architects’ Conference: a focus for international town planning?
Authors: WHYTE WILLIAM 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT:The 1910 International Town Planning Conference is rightly seen as a major moment in the development of modern urban design. It drew together more than 1,000 architects and planners from across the world. At first sight, the conference consequently appears to provide further evidence for the importance of transnational town planning networks in this period. This article, by contrast, highlights the domestic agendas which underwrote the event. It shows that the conference was considerably less successful and less international than has previously been argued. It thus stresses the limitations of the town planning movement: underscoring the continued importance of national differences and national debates.
Characterization of oocyte-expressedGDF9gene in buffalo and mapping of its TSS and putative regulatory elements
Authors: Roy B. , Rajput S. , Raghav S. , Kumar P. , Verma A. , Jain A. , Jain T. , Singh D. , De S. , Goswami S.L. , Datta T.K. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryIn spite of emerging evidence about the vital role of GDF9 in determination of oocyte competence, there is insufficient information about its regulation of oocyte-specific expression, particularly in livestock animals. Because of the distinct prominence of buffalo as a dairy animal, the present study was undertaken to isolate and characterize GDF9 cDNA using orthologous primers based on the bovine GDF9 sequence. GDF9 transcripts were found to be expressed in oocytes irrespective of their follicular origin, and shared a single transcription start site (TSS) at –57 base pairs (bp) upstream of ATG. Assignment of the TSS is consistent with the presence of a TATA element at –23 of the TSS mapped in this study. Localization of a buffalo-specific minimal promoter within 320 bp upstream of ATG was consolidated by identification of an E-box element at –113bp. Presence of putative transcription factor binding sites and othercisregulatory elements were analyzed at ~5 kb upstream of TSS. Various germ cell-specificcis-acting regulatory elements (BNCF, BRNF, NR2F, SORY, Foxh1, OCT1, LHXF etc.) have been identified in the 5′ flanking region of the buffaloGDF9gene, including NOBOX DNA binding elements and consensuses E-boxes (CANNTG). Presence of two conserved E-boxes found on buffalo sequence at –520 and –718 positions deserves attention in view of its sequence deviation from other species. Two NOBOX binding elements (NBE) were detected at the –3471 and –203 positions. The fall of the NBE within the putative minimal promoter territory of buffalo GDF9 and its unique non-core binding sequence could have a possible role in the control of the core promoter activity.
Embryo production by parthenogenetic activation and fertilization of in vitro matured oocytes from Cebus apella
Authors: Lima Julianne S. , Leão Danuza L. , Sampaio Rafael V. , Brito Adriel B. , Santos Regiane R. , Miranda Moysés S. , Ohashi Otávio M. , Domingues Sheyla F. S. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe efficiency of in vitro fertilization (IVF) depends on the viability of spermatozoa. For capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), in vitro capacitation of spermatozoa is challenging because of their unique seminal coagulum. Motile spermatozoa can be obtained after liquefaction of the semen coagulum in coconut water-based solution. The objective of the present study was to establish an optimal in vitro maturation (IVM) protocol for capuchin monkeys and to observe the effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) on IVF and parthenogenetic activation (PA) of oocytes collected from unstimulated females. We assessed spermatozoa quality after recovery from seminal coagulum using the solution ACP-118® as an extender. Oocytes were matured in vitro for 36 or 40 h and subjected to IVF or PA by applying ionomycin combined either with 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) or roscovitine. In total, 87% of oocytes reached metaphase II (MII) after 40 IVM and 4-cell embryo production was obtained after IVF and parthenogenesis using ionomycin/6-DMAP. ACP-118® was used successfully to harvest viable spermatozoa from semen coagulum and in the preservation of spermatozoa, which were able to fertilize oocytes in vitro.
When the answer comes into question in question-answering: survey and open issues
Authors: MENDES ANA CRISTINA , COHEUR LUÍSA 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe answer determines the success of a Question-Answering (QA) system. In redundancy-based QA systems, a common approach is to extract the candidate answers from the information sources and select the most frequent answers as the final answers. However, this strategy has some pitfalls. For instance, if a system is not able to detect equivalences between the candidate answers, their frequencies might be erroneously calculated. Moreover, the user who posed the question should also be taken into account when answering: different persons require different (correct) answers. This can involve the use of suitable vocabulary and/or information details. In these situations, the generation of a response can be a more suitable strategy, instead of the extraction and direct retrieval of the answer from the information sources. The present survey targets the state of the art in the answering task in QA under three different lines of research. First, we present several works that focus on relating candidate answers. Then, we recover the concept of cooperative answer – a correct, useful, and non-misleading answer – and we bring up attempts to address cooperative answering. Finally, we investigate the research community endeavors on response generation. We will also present our perspective on each of these three topics throughout this paper.
BMI and obesity in US blood donors: a potential public health role for the blood centre
Authors: Murphy Edward L , Schlumpf Karen , Wright David J , Cable Ritchard , Roback John , Sacher Ronald , Busch Michael P 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveAccording to the 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of obesity in the US population was 33·8 %; 34·3 % and 38·2 %, respectively, in middle-aged men and women. We asked whether available blood donor data could be used for obesity surveillance.DesignCross-sectional study of BMI and obesity, defined as BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated with logistic regression.SettingA network of six US blood centres.SubjectsExisting data on self-reported height and weight from blood donors, excluding persons deferred for very low body weight.ResultsAmong 1 042 817 donors between January 2007 and December 2008, the prevalence of obesity was 25·1 %; 25·7 % in men and 24·4 % in women. Obesity was associated with middle age (age 50–59 years v. <20 years: aOR = 1·92 for men and 1·81 for women), black (aOR = 1·57 for men and 2·35 for women) and Hispanic (aOR = 1·47 for men and 1·49 for women) race/ethnicity compared with white race/ethnicity, and inversely associated with higher educational attainment (college degree v. high school or lower: aOR = 0·56 for men and 0·48 for women) and double red cell donation and platelet donation.ConclusionsObesity is common among US blood donors, although of modestly lower prevalence than in the general population, and is associated with recognized demographic factors. Blood donors with higher BMI are specifically recruited for certain blood collection procedures. Blood centres can play a public health role in obesity surveillance and interventions.
What eddy‐covariance measurements tell us about prior land flux errors in CO2‐flux inversion schemes
Authors: Chevallier Frédéric , Wang Tao , Ciais Philippe , Maignan Fabienne , Bocquet Marc , Altaf Arain M. , Cescatti Alessandro , Chen Jiquan , Dolman A. Johannes , Law Beverly E. , Margolis Hank A. , Montagnani Leonardo , Moors Eddy J. 
Published: January 2012

To guide the future development of CO2‐atmospheric inversion modeling systems, we analyzed the errors arising from prior information about terrestrial ecosystem fluxes. We compared the surface fluxes calculated by a process‐based terrestrial ecosystem model with daily averages of CO2flux measurements at 156 sites across the world in the FLUXNET network. At the daily scale, the standard deviation of the model‐data fit was 2.5 gC·m−2·d−1; temporal autocorrelations were significant at the weekly scale (>0.3 for lags less than four weeks), while spatial correlations were confined to within the first few hundred kilometers (<0.2 after 200 km). Separating out the plant functional types did not increase the spatial correlations, except for the deciduous broad‐leaved forests. Using the statistics of the flux measurements as a proxy for the statistics of the prior flux errors was shown not to be a viable approach. A statistical model allowed us to upscale the site‐level flux error statistics to the coarser spatial and temporal resolutions used in regional or global models. This approach allowed us to quantify how aggregation reduces error variances, while increasing correlations. As an example, for a typical inversion of grid point (300 km × 300 km) monthly fluxes, we found that the prior flux error follows an approximate e‐folding correlation length of 500 km only, with correlations from one month to the next as large as 0.6.
Shared-Reading Dynamics: Mothers' Question Use and the Verbal Participation of Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: McGinty Anita S. , Justice Laura M. , Zucker Tricia A. , Gosse Carolyn , Skibbe Lori E. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
In this study, the authors used sequential analysis to explore bidirectional and dynamic dependencies between mothers' question use and children’s verbal participation during shared reading.

Method

The sample was composed of mothers and their preschool-age children with specific language impairment (SLI;
n
= 14). Each mother and child extratextual utterance was transcribed and coded. Mother utterances were coded as “questions” or “other”; in turn, questions were coded for cognitive challenge and topic directiveness. Child utterances were coded as “verbal participation” (related to the book) or “other”; utterances designated as verbal participation were also coded for level of production (minimal, low, high) on the basis of their mean length of utterance.

Results
Descriptive data show variability in mothers' question use and some variability in the level of children’s verbal participation during shared reading. However, mothers' question use did not facilitate higher levels of verbal participation by children. Furthermore, the level of children’s verbal participation did not influence the cognitive challenge and topic directiveness of mothers' question use.

Conclusions
The findings were contrary to hypotheses and collectively suggest potentially unique and challenging verbal dynamics between mothers and their young children with SLI during shared-reading experiences. Future directions for research are discussed.
Developmental Trajectories of Early Communication Skills
Authors: Määttä Sira , Laakso Marja-Leena , Tolvanen Asko , Ahonen Timo , Aro Tuija 
Published: January 2012

PurposeThis study focused on developmental trajectories of prelinguistic communication skills and their connections to later parent-reported language difficulties.MethodThe participants represent a subset of a community-based sample of 508 children. Data include parent reports of prelinguistic communication skills at 12, 15, 18, and 21 months and language difficulties at age 4;7 (years;months). The authors used latent profile analysis to identify groups of children with differing developmental trajectories of prelinguistic communication skills (n= 271). The relations among these groups and follow-up data of parent-reported concerns of language development (n= 187), as well as the role of gender, were examined.ResultsSix meaningful prelinguistic communication groups were identified with the latent profile analysis, and these groups showed connections to later parent-reported concerns of language difficulties. Delayed early expressive language and a minor delay of overall performance, together with symbolic difficulties, appeared as predictors of later language difficulties. Nearly 80% of the children whose parents reported language-related concerns at the follow-up stage could already be identified before their 2nd birthday.ConclusionThe results support the potential of early screening in identifying children at risk of developing language difficulties, particularly when screening includes repeated surveillance of more than one area of communication skills.
Vocal Function in Introverts and Extraverts During a Psychological Stress Reactivity Protocol
Authors: Dietrich Maria , Verdolini Abbott Katherine 
Published: January 2012

PurposeTo examine the proposal that introversion predictably influences extralaryngeal and vocal behavior in vocally healthy individuals compared with individuals with extraversion and whether differences are of a nature that may support a risk hypothesis for primary muscle tension dysphonia.MethodFifty-four vocally healthy female adults between the ages of 18 and 35 years were divided into 2 groups: introversion (n= 27) and extraversion (n= 27). All participants completed a psychological stress reactivity experiment. Before, during, and after the stressor (public speaking), participants were assessed on extralaryngeal muscle activity (surface electromyography: submental, infrahyoid; control site: tibialis anterior), perceived vocal effort, and vocal acoustics (fundamental frequency and intensity).ResultsParticipants in the introversion group exhibited significantly greater infrahyoid muscle activity throughout the protocol and during perceived stress than participants in the extraversion group. For both groups, perceived vocal effort significantly increased during stress, and acoustic measures significantly decreased. Infrahyoid muscle activity during the stress phase was significantly correlated with introversion and Voice Handicap Index scores but not with vocal effort scores.ConclusionsThe data provided evidence of distinct differences in extralaryngeal behavior between introverts and extraverts. The findings are consistent with the trait theory of voice disorders (Roy & Bless, 2000).
Psychometric Evaluation of Children With Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): Comparison With Normal-Hearing and Clinical Non-APD Groups
Authors: Iliadou Vasiliki , Bamiou Doris Eva 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
To investigate the clinical utility of the Children's Auditory Processing Performance Scale (CHAPPS; Smoski, Brunt, & Tannahill, 1992) to evaluate listening ability in 12-year-old children referred for auditory processing assessment.

Method

This was a prospective case control study of 97 children (age range = 11;4 [years;months] to 12;7). Auditory processing disorder (APD) was diagnosed based on findings of deficits on at least 1 nonverbal test and on at least 2 tests of an auditory processing test battery. Clinically referred children were grouped as APD (
n
= 38) or non-APD (
n
= 20).

Results

The study found that (a) the APD group performed lower than the non-APD group on the Quiet, Ideal, Memory (
p
< .0001), and Attention (
p
< .05) subscales of the CHAPPS; (b) the non-APD group performed lower than the group with normal hearing on the Noise, Multiple Inputs, and Attention subscales (
p
< .0001); and (c) there were significant moderate-to-strong correlations (Spearman's ρ > .04) between Dichotic Digits, Duration Pattern tests, and the CHAPPS Attention, Memory, and total scores.

Conclusion
The CHAPPS may be a clinically useful tool to evaluate listening ability in 12-year-old children suspected of having APD. Restricting use of the CHAPPS to older children may help address its limitations as reported by other studies.
Perceptual Measures of Speech From Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis: Intelligibility and Beyond
Authors: Sussman Joan E. , Tjaden Kris 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
The primary purpose of this study was to compare percent correct word and sentence intelligibility scores for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) with scaled estimates of speech severity obtained for a reading passage.

Method
Speech samples for 78 talkers were judged, including 30 speakers with MS, 16 speakers with PD, and 32 healthy control speakers. Fifty-two naive listeners performed forced-choice word identification, sentence transcription, or visual analog scaling of speech severity for the Grandfather Passage (Duffy, 2005). Three expert listeners also scaled speech severity for the Grandfather Passage.

Results
Percent correct word and sentence intelligibility scores did not cleanly differentiate speakers with MS, PD, or control speakers. In contrast, both naive and expert listener groups judged reading passages produced by speakers with MS and PD to be more severely impaired than reading passages produced by control talkers.

Conclusion
Scaled estimates of speech severity appear to be sensitive to aspects of speech impairment in MS and PD not captured by word or sentence intelligibility scores. One implication is that scaled estimates of speech severity might prove useful for documenting speech changes related to disease progression or even treatment for individuals with MS and PD with minimal reduction in intelligibility.
Functional Brain Activation Differences in School-Age Children With Speech Sound Errors: Speech and Print Processing
Authors: Preston Jonathan L. , Felsenfeld Susan , Frost Stephen J. , Mencl W. Einar , Fulbright Robert K. , Grigorenko Elena L. , Landi Nicole , Seki Ayumi , Pugh Kenneth R. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
To examine neural response to spoken and printed language in children with speech sound errors (SSE).

Method
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare processing of auditorily and visually presented words and pseudowords in 17 children with SSE, ages 8;6[years;months] through 10;10, with 17 matched controls.

Results
When processing spoken words and pseudowords, the SSE group showed less activation than typically speaking controls in left middle temporal gyrus. They also showed greater activation than controls in several cortical and subcortical regions (e.g., left superior temporal gyrus, globus pallidus, insula, fusiform, and bilateral parietal regions). In response to printed words and pseudowords, children with SSE had greater activation than controls in regions including bilateral fusiform and anterior cingulate. Some differences were found in both speech and print processing that that may be associated with children with SSE failing to show common patterns of task-induced deactivation and/or attentional resource allocation.

Conclusion
Compared with controls, children with SSE appear to rely more on several dorsal speech perception regions and less on ventral speech perception regions. When processing print, numerous regions were observed to be activated more for the SSE group than for controls.
Effect of Speaker Age on Speech Recognition and Perceived Listening Effort in Older Adults With Hearing Loss
Authors: McAuliffe Megan J. , Wilding Phillipa J. , Rickard Natalie A. , O'Beirne Greg A. 
Published: January 2012

PurposeOlder adults exhibit difficulty understanding speech that has been experimentally degraded. Age-related changes to the speech mechanism lead to natural degradations in signal quality. We tested the hypothesis that older adults with hearing loss would exhibit declines in speech recognition when listening to the speech of older adults, compared with the speech of younger adults, and would report greater amounts of listening effort in this task.MethodNineteen individuals with age-related hearing loss completed speech recognition and listening effort scaling tasks. Both were conducted in quiet, when listening to high- and low-predictability phrases produced by younger and older speakers, respectively.ResultsNo significant difference in speech recognition existed when stimuli were derived from younger or older speakers. However, perceived effort was significantly higher when listening to speech from older adults, as compared with younger adults.ConclusionsFor older individuals with hearing loss, natural degradations in signal quality may require greater listening effort. However, they do not interfere with speech recognition—at least in quiet. Follow-up investigation of the effect of speaker age on speech recognition and listening effort under more challenging noise conditions appears warranted.
Use of Telehealth for Research and Clinical Measures in Cochlear Implant Recipients: A Validation Study
Authors: Hughes Michelle L. , Goehring Jenny L. , Baudhuin Jacquelyn L. , Diaz Gina R. , Sanford Todd , Harpster Roger , Valente Daniel L. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
The goal of this study was to compare clinical and research-based cochlear implant (CI) measures using telehealth versus traditional methods.

Method
This prospective study used an ABA design (A = laboratory, B = remote site). All measures were made twice per visit for the purpose of assessing within-session variability. Twenty-nine adult and pediatric CI recipients participated. Measures included electrode impedance, electrically evoked compound action potential thresholds, psychophysical thresholds using an adaptive procedure, map thresholds and upper comfort levels, and speech perception. Subjects completed a questionnaire at the end of the study.

Results
Results for all electrode-specific measures revealed no statistically significant differences between traditional and remote conditions. Speech perception was significantly poorer in the remote condition, which was likely due to the lack of a sound booth. In general, subjects indicated that they would take advantage of telehealth options at least some of the time, if such options were available.

Conclusions
Results from this study demonstrate that telehealth is a viable option for research and clinical measures. Additional studies are needed to investigate ways to improve speech perception at remote locations that lack sound booths and to validate the use of telehealth for pediatric services (e.g., play audiometry), sound-field threshold testing, and troubleshooting equipment.