bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of terrorism
Authors: LaFree Gary , Yang Sue‐Ming , Crenshaw Martha 
Published: September 2009

Research SummaryAlthough researchers began to assemble open‐source terrorism event databases in the late 1960s, until recently most of these databases excluded domestic attacks. This exclusion is particularly misleading for the United States because, although the United States is often perceived to be the central target of transnational terrorism, the domestic attacks of foreign groups targeting the United States are often ignored. We began this article with 53 foreign terrorist groups that have been identified by U.S. State Department and other government sources as posing a special threat to the United States. Using newly available data from the Global Terrorism Database composed of both domestic and transnational terrorist attacks, we examined 16,916 attacks attributed to these groups between 1970 and 2004. We found that just 3% of attacks by these designated anti‐U.S. groups were actually directed at the United States. Moreover, 99% of attacks targeting the United States did not occur on U.S. soil but were aimed at U.S. targets in other countries (e.g., embassies or multilateral corporations). We also found that more than 90% of the non‐U.S. attacks were domestic (i.e., nationals from one country attacking targets of the same nationality in the same country). We used group‐based trajectory analysis to examine the different developmental trajectories of U.S. target and non‐U.S. target terrorist strikes and concluded that four trajectories best capture attack patterns for both. These trajectories outline three terrorist waves—which occurred in the 1970s, 1980s, and the early 21stcentury—as well as a trajectory that does not exhibit wave‐like characteristics but instead is characterized by irregular and infrequent attacks.Policy ImplicationsOur results underscore the importance of proximity for terrorist targeting. Terrorists, like ordinary criminals, are likely to choose targets close to their operational base. However, when attacks occur further from the terrorists' home bases, they are more deadly. Approximately half of the terrorist organizations studied here exhibited wave‐like boom and bust attack trajectories. Given that most attacks by groups identified as threats by the U.S. government are in fact aimed at non‐U.S. domestic targets, the United States should pursue efforts to strengthen the capacity of local governments to combat terrorism and to communicate to them our understanding that groups that are anti‐United States are also a threat to local governments. In framing counterterrorism policies, the United States should put threats into perspective by acknowledging that we are the exception and local governments are the rule. Terrorism is not just about us.
Critical events in the life trajectories of domestic extremist white supremacist groups
Authors: Freilich Joshua D. , Chermak Steven M. , Caspi David 
Published: September 2009

Research SummaryThis study examines the evolution of four domestic far‐right racist organizations: Aryan Nations, National Alliance, Public Enemy Number 1 (PEN1), and Oklahoma Constitutional Militia (OCM). Information about the groups was compiled through open‐source documents, including scholarly, government, watch‐group, and media accounts. We compared the changes that occurred in these organizations and found that they were influenced by contextual and organizational variables. We focused primarily on the rise of the groups. Three organizations experienced growth and longevity because they (1) had able leadership that set forth a clear ideological message and goals, (2) undertook concrete actions to advance their ideology and goals as well as had the finances necessary for this, (3) took advantage of political opportunities, and (4) were internally cohesive. Conversely, the OCM's leader displayed poor judgment, and the group did not set forth a coherent message, conduct successful actions, or take advantage of opportunities. The OCM neither grew nor amounted to an important extremist organization. We also examined the fall of the organizations. Three groups declined because of organizational instability and/or responses by law enforcement and nonstate actors, such as watch groups. PEN1—despite periodic internal debates about its mission—has avoided organizational instability and continues to grow.Policy ImplicationsLaw‐enforcement analysts must consider how critical incidents affect a group and account for organizational level variables that denote the group's strength. Understanding these organizations is like hitting a moving target. Analysts must engage in dynamic analyses because changes in the factors outlined above may cause a group to increase or decrease in strength and potential to commit violent acts. Although law‐enforcement (and watch‐group) responses can eliminate violent groups, authorities must be conscious of possible backlash effects. Law enforcement should use harsh responses only as a last resort. Simultaneous with police and watch‐group actions, the government should reassure noncriminal movement members that their rights will be protected and encourage them to join the political process. Anti‐extremist strategies should challenge the groups' ideologies and stress that violence will not be tolerated. Strategies that prevent the crimes these groups commit (e.g., situational crime prevention) could disrupt the groups, preempt harsh police responses, and thus avoid possible backlash effects. Finally, the authorities should focus on all criminal activities—including terrorist strikes and nonviolent and nonideological crimes—these organizations commit. This strategy could expand our theoretical explanations for group differences and help law enforcement establish priorities for responding to and preventing future terrorist activities.
Weapon choice and American political violence
Authors: Legault Richard L. , Hendrickson James C. 
Published: September 2009

Research SummaryThe criminal use of firearms presents a unique challenge to policymakers and is the subject of scientific study in fields such as criminology, public health, sociology, and law. Previous research has described firearm use by terrorists in the United States as uniformly common; however, little systematic attention has been focused on this phenomenon. Although valuable, progress in this area has been hampered by the absence of reliable quantitative information. Using data from the American Terrorism Study and the U.S. Sentencing Commission, we examine the firearm‐offending characteristics of 923 federal felons and 336 terrorists.Policy ImplicationsFindings indicate that many systematic differences exist between terrorists and other types of federal felons and that terrorists are more likely than other felons to be convicted of firearm‐related crimes. We recommend that official efforts to monitor weapons sales—such as the Brady Act—continue to include those named on the terrorist watch list and that those named on the list be subject to additional law‐enforcement scrutiny when attempting to purchase firearms. These efforts should be coordinated by federal law‐enforcement agencies to facilitate the effective use of existing antiterrorism mechanisms in both blocking purchases and garnering intelligence on terrorists attempting to obtain firearms.
‘I love nursing, but..’– qualitative findings from Australian aged‐care nurses about their intrinsic, extrinsic and social work values
Authors: Tuckett Anthony , Parker Deborah , Eley Robert M. , Hegney Desley 
Published: September 2009

Aim.  The aim of this qualitative analysis – a component of a larger survey study, was to provide insights and understandings about intrinsic and extrinsic work values for nurses in aged‐care.Background.  Intrinsic and extrinsic work values impact on nurses’ job satisfaction and ultimately nursing retention. This study contributes further to knowledge development in this area by building on a previous work values study in aged‐care nursing.Methods.  This paper presents the qualitative research findings from the final open‐ended question from a survey of nurses employed in the aged‐care sector in the State of Queensland, Australia in 2007. Data from a cohort of 105 aged care sector nurses was analysed relying on deductive content analysis.Findings.  Two intrinsic work values emerged – low morale and images of nursing and two extrinsic work values emerged – remuneration and working conditions. The work value ‘working conditions’ comprised four aspects of aged‐care work, specifically staff turnover, workplace violence, care team membership specifically the Assistants‐in‐Nursing and paperwork. A single social workplace value ‘support by management’ is discussed as identified as important to these nurses.Conclusion.  Qualitative insights into aged‐care nurses’ intrinsic and extrinsic work values suggest that work satisfaction is low. Workforce policy makers and employers of nurses in aged‐care need to comprehend the relationship between job satisfaction, retention and work values.Relevance to clinical practice.  These findings have implications for recruitment, retention and workforce planning within the aged‐care environment.
Barriers to and facilitators of self‐management adherence in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Song Misoon , Lee Mira , Shim Bomin 
Published: September 2009

song m., lee m. & shim b. (2009) Barriers to and facilitators of self‐management adherence in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 211–218 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2009.00189.xAim.  The aim of this study was to identify the barriers to and facilitators of self‐management adherence in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes.Design and methods.  Qualitative data collected from 24 participants in three focus groups who had previously taken part in a diabetes self‐management education programme in a community setting were analyzed using an interpretive method.Results.  The barriers to adherence to self‐management included ageing‐related physical and psychological changes, restrictions related to specific cultural factors, lack of self‐discipline and poor understanding of self‐management. Facilitators of self‐management were knowing the benefits of and having a system to reinforce self‐management, being the master of oneself by reshaping historical life habits and family support. The perceived barriers and facilitators differed with gender as a result of the characteristics of Korean culture.Conclusions.  This study identified the major barriers to and facilitators of self‐management adherence specific to Korean older adults with diabetes, which can be used to develop better diabetes self‐management education programmes for this population.Relevance to clinical practice.  Korean nurses working with Korean older adults with diabetes can utilize the findings of this study to structure better tailored and culturally appropriate self‐management programmes specific to older adults.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux: a prospective analysis of a 34 item symptom questionnaire
Authors: Papakonstantinou L. , Leslie P. , Gray J. , Chadwick T. , Hudson M. , Wilson J.A. 
Published: September 2009

Objectives:  Laryngopharyngeal reflux is increasingly diagnosed, but both its symptoms and relationship to gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease remain confused. Aims: (i) To assess symptoms in potential laryngopharyngeal reflux patients according to a comprehensive symptom list based on both a gastro‐oesophageal reflux questionnaire and a laryngopharyngeal reflux questionnaire. (ii) To assess whether there are statistically discrete symptom clusters which might map to specific syndromes e.g. globus pharynges.Design:  Prospective single cohort questionnaire survey.Methods: A 34‐item questionnaire comprising all symptoms identifiable on (i) the original 25‐item Gastroesophageal Symptom Assessment Scale (GSAS) and (ii) the nine Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) items, ‘unbundled’ as necessary, were administered to 62 ENT clinic attenders. Descriptive, correlation and cluster analysis was performed.Results:  All but two of the combined 34‐symptom list were endorsed by at least 20% of 62 patients. Certain symptoms which the Reflux Symptom Index groups as a single item were only weakly correlated. No specific symptom clusters were identified.Conclusions:  Neither the most popular ‘lower’ oesophageal (GSAS) nor the ‘throat’ reflux (RSI) questionnaire adequately captures the full range of potential reflux symptoms regularly encountered in otolaryngology patients: inadequate evaluation of patients’ symptoms may have contributed to the ongoing uncertainty about the role of acid or pepsin suppression. A more comprehensive reflux questionnaire is needed to characterise the true reflux correlations of laryngopharyngeal symptoms, and offer a symptom‐specific measure of response to placebo and anti‐reflux therapy.
Evaluation of cost effectiveness for conservative and active management strategies for acoustic neuroma
Authors: Verma S. , Anthony R. , Tsai V. , Taplin M. , Rutka J. 
Published: September 2009

Objective: To determine whether economic costs associated with a conservative management strategy for unilateral acoustic neuroma offer an economic advantage over active management options.Design: Cost and sensitivity analysis on a prospective cohort.Setting: Single centre study within a tertiary referral centre in Toronto, Canada.Participants: 72 patients (32 males, 40 females) aged 36 to 78 years with unilateral acoustic neuroma were assigned initially to a conservative management strategy. Entry criteria were small tumour size (less than 15mm in the cerebellopontine angle), patient preference and/or significant co‐morbidity.Interventions: MRI scanning was performed every 6 months for the first year, annually subsequently and then every 2‐3 years as required. Clinical review occurred every 6 months. Failure of conservative management led to active treatment.Main outcome measures: Cost analysis was performed to determine the mean total cost per patient for continued conservative management over the follow up period compared to the mean upfront total cost per patient undergoing active intervention.Results: Cost analysis within the Canadian health care system determined the mean total cost per patient for microsurgical removal at CAD$22,402 (£12,545; 14,561€), for gamma knife radiotherapy at CAD$27659 (£15,489; 17,978€), for LINAC radiotherapy at CAD$9,003(£5,041; 5,852€) and for conservative management at CAD$9,651 (£5,405;6,273€) over the follow‐up timeframe.Conclusion: An economic advantage can be demonstrated for the conservative management of acoustic neuromas compared to microsurgical removal and gamma knife radiotherapy on the proviso that no increase in active treatment complications arose from continued tumour growth during the period of observation.
Risk factors for nuisance barking in dogs
Authors: Cross NJ , Rosenthal K , Phillips CJC 
Published: September 2009

Objective To determine the key variables related to the environment, animal and owner that influence nuisance barking by dogs in a city with a subtropical climate.Design and Population A case–control survey of dog owners in Brisbane, Queensland, was conducted using a questionnaire investigating key variables connected to nuisance barking. Owners of dogs exhibiting nuisance barking were obtained from a list of dogs being treated in a Brisbane behaviour clinic, and those of control dogs were selected from a telephone directory.Results Univariate analysis showed that animal, owner and environmental factors all potentially influence the occurrence of nuisance barking. Multivariate analysis identified the following factors, with the relevant odds ratios (OR) as significant: age of the dog (young dog vs old dog, OR 11.2); multiple dogs in the household vs single (OR 5.6); origin of the dog (home bred vs obtained from breeder or friend, OR 4.0); type of dog, (herding vs other types, OR 3.2) and dog with access to the home vs dog without access (OR 2.5).Conclusion The greatest risk for nuisance barking occurs with a young dog of the herding type that is home bred and with access to the house in a multiple dog household.
Requirements for the welfare of baboons and pigs used in animal‐to‐animal xenotransplantation experiments
Authors: Cross N , Phillips CJC 
Published: September 2009

Objective  Review the welfare requirements of pigs and baboons used for xenotransplantation in research laboratories. Because of the requirements to maintain optimum health status, these animals are often kept in barren enclosures with little or no enrichment. They may also be exposed to procedures causing stress and discomfort. Although animal‐to‐human xenotransplantation is, at the present time, not approved in Australia, research is currently being performed to develop laboratory procedures, using the pig‐to‐baboon model.Results and conclusion  We make recommendations for the husbandry of baboons and pigs used for xenotransplantation, to increase their welfare and minimise stress during experimental procedures, while attempting to preserve the health status required. It is proposed that novel standards should be devised and implemented for baboons, whereas existing pig welfare appraisal schemes could, with minor changes, be suitable for assessing the welfare of pigs used for xenotransplantation.
Temperate marine reserves: global ecological effects and guidelines for future networks
Authors: Stewart Gavin B. , Kaiser Michel J. , Côté Isabelle M. , Halpern Benjamin S. , Lester Sarah E. , Bayliss Helen R. , Pullin Andrew S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMarine reserves, areas closed to all fishing and other extractive activities, provide a refuge for species of commercial and conservation importance. Given the considerable resources committed to designing temperate reserve networks, we synthesized data from temperate reserves worldwide to determine their ecological effects. In common with other studies, we found higher density, biomass, and species richness in temperate marine reserves compared to adjacent exploited areas. However, there was considerable heterogeneity in magnitude of effect among reserves, variability which was largely unexplained by species or reserve characteristics. Our analytical approach allowed for formal power analyses, indicating that detection of large reserve effects in temperate systems globally requires monitoring at least 37 reserves. These results must be qualified by the limitations of data available and will undoubtedly vary at different spatio‐temporal scales and for different focal species, but provide guidance for the design and monitoring of future marine conservations plans. International commitments toward establishment of multiple reserves offer a unique opportunity to assess reserve effectiveness; this opportunity can only be realized if reserves are designed to achieve clear and quantifiable objectives and are adequately monitored before and after establishment, based on appropriate power analyses, to assess how well those objectives are achieved.
Fenretinide stimulates the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells and ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in mice
Authors: Qian Jin , Zhang Jin Sheng , Wang Xue Qing , Ji Ju Ling , Mei Shuang 
Published: September 2009

Aim: To investigate whether fenretinide, a clinically proved apoptosis‐inducing chemopreventive agent in tumor cells, can induce apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and resolve hepatic fibrosis.Methods: CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis in mice and rat activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC‐T6) as well as hepatocytes (BRL‐3A) were studied.Results: The duplex staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and α‐ smooth muscle actin or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick‐end labeling and α‐ smooth muscle actin demonstrated that fenretinide executed its anti‐fibrosis effect in liver by inducing apoptosis rather than inhibiting proliferation of HSCs, while it had no apparently apoptotic effect on hepatocytes. Fenretinide could elicit apoptosis of HSC‐T6in vitroat the concentration range from 0.5 to 5 µM, but at higher concentrations ≥5 µM was required to induce apoptosis in hepatocytes (BRL‐3A).Conclusion: Further studies using malondialdehyde measurement, Western blot, antioxidant, inhibitors for p53, caspase 8 and 9 – as well as anti‐Fas neutralizing antibody – have shown that in HSC‐T6, fenretinide‐induced apoptosis involves a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐generated, P53‐independent, mitochondria‐associated intrinsic pathway, whereas in hepatocytes (BRL‐3A), a ROS‐generated, P53‐dependent, Fas‐related extrinsic pathway is triggered only at high concentration.
Altered regulation of extrinsic apoptosis pathway in HCV‐infected HCC cells enhances susceptibility to mapatumumab‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Zhang Xiaozhen , Frank Astrid C. , Gille Christine M. , Daucher Marybeth , Kabat Juraj , Becker Steven , Lempicki Richard A. , Cortez Karoll J. , Polis Michael A. , Subramanian G. Mani , Kottilil Shyam 
Published: September 2009

Background:  Hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients, including those co‐infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are at increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated the ability of agonistic human monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors, mapatumumab and lexatumumab, respectively, to induce TRAIL‐receptor mediated apoptosis (TRMA) in HCC (HCV‐infected and ‐uninfected) cells and in peripheral blood cells (HIV‐infected and ‐uninfected).Methods:  Susceptibility to antibody‐mediated TRMA was measured by caspase 3/7 activity and by confocal microscopy. Surface expression of receptors on HCV‐uninfected and ‐infected Huh7.5 cells was measured by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) RNA levels were quantified by RT‐PCR. DNA Microarray was performed using RNA isolated from Huh7.5 cells (HCV‐infected and uninfected) using Affymetrix U133A chips.Results:  Mapatumumab preferentially induces TRMA of HCV‐infected Huh7.5 cells by binding to TRAIL‐R1. Higher basal expression of TRAIL‐R2 compared to that of TRAIL‐R1 on HCV‐uninfected Huh7.5 cells were observed. Lexatumumab induces TRMA of both HCV‐infected and ‐uninfected cells by binding to TRAIL‐R2. IFN‐α has minimal effect on mapatumumab‐ and lexatumumab‐induced TRMA. HCV infection of Huh7.5 cells up‐regulates TRAIL‐R1 expression and X‐linked Inhibitor of apoptosis protein and survivin gene expression. Neither antibody had a pro‐apoptotic effect on PBMCs from patients with HIV infection ex vivo.Conclusion:  Both mapatumumab and lexatumumab are excellent candidates for therapy of HCC. HCV infection of Huh7.5 cells selectively up‐regulates TRAIL‐R1 receptor, associated with increased susceptibility to mapatumumab‐mediated TRMA. HCV infection up‐regulated IAP genes, offering promise for future combination therapy using TRAIL agonists and IAP inhibitors.