bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Functionalization of 5‐Substituted Tetrazoles
Authors: Roh Jaroslav , Vávrová Kateřina , Hrabálek Alexandr 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTetrazoles are synthetic heterocycles with numerous applications in organic chemistry, coordination chemistry, the photographic industry, explosives, and, in particular, medicinal chemistry. In organic chemistry, 5‐substituted tetrazoles are used as advantageous intermediates in the synthesis of other heterocycles and as activators in oligonucleotide synthesis. In drug design, 5‐monosubstituted tetrazoles are the most important tetrazole derivatives because they represent non‐classical bioisosteres of carboxylic acids, with similar acidities but higher lipophilicities and metabolic resistance. In this review we focus on the preparation and further functionalization of these heterocycles. Firstly, the role of 5‐substituted tetrazoles in medicinal chemistry is described, including examples of their effects on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and metabolism of the associated drugs. Then, the main synthetic approaches to 5‐substituted tetrazoles – consisting of methods based on acidic media/proton catalysis, Lewis acids, and organometallic or organosilicon azides – are presented, from the early procedures to the most recent ones, with special attention paid to the reaction mechanisms. Functionalization of 5‐substituted tetrazoles is a challenging task because it usually leads to the formation of two isomers, 1,5‐ and 2,5‐disubstituted tetrazoles, in various ratios. In this overview, reactions with high or unusual regioselectivities are described, with comments on the possible mechanisms. Microwave‐assisted approaches to the synthesis and functionalization of 5‐substituted tetrazoles are also included.
Diethylaluminum Iodide Promoted Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction of D‐Glucose‐Derived Densely O‐Functionalized Cyclopentenone: Route to α‐C‐Branched Densely Functionalized Cyclic Enones
Authors: Ghosal Partha , Ajay Sama , Bajpai Vikas , Kumar Brijesh , Shaw Arun K. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMorita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction of D‐glucose‐derived highly O‐functionalized cyclopentenone is described for the first time. The MBH reaction of cyclopentenone with different aldehydes in the presence of diethylaluminum iodide proceeded smoothly in moderate to good yields. Promoters such as organic, inorganic, or Lewis bases and an aqueous medium are not suitable conditions for the MBH reaction of highly O‐functionalized cyclopentenones with aldehydes.
Access to 2,3‐Disubstituted Benzofurans through One‐Pot Acid‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution/TBAF‐Mediated Oxacycloisomerization
Authors: Raji Reddy Chada , Krishna Gaddam , Kavitha Nerella , Latha Bellamkonda , Shin Dong‐Soo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAn efficient synthetic strategy for the synthesis of diversely 2,3‐disubstituted benzofurans is described. This method is based on the use of propargylic alcohols generated from TBS‐protected ortho‐hydroxy benzaldehydes as starting materials and allows a library of 2,3‐disubstituted benzofurans to be built. The procedure consists of one‐pot nucleophilic substitution, TBS‐deprotection, and exo‐dig cycloisomerization.
Comparison of nanosilver and ionic silver toxicity in Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas
Authors: Hoheisel Sarah M. , Diamond Steve , Mount David 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The increasing use of nanosilver in consumer products and the likelihood of environmental exposure warrant investigation into the toxicity of nanosilver to aquatic organisms. A series of studies were conducted comparing the potency of nanosilver to ionic silver (Ag+) at acute and sublethal levels using two test organisms (Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas). The 48-h D. magna median lethal concentration (LC50) of multiple sizes (10, 20, 30, and 50 nm) of commercially prepared nanosilver (nanoComposix) ranged from 4.31 to 30.36 µg total Ag L−1 with increasing toxicity associated with decreasing particle size. A strong relationship between estimated specific particle surface area and acute toxicity was observed. Nanosilver suspensions (10 nm) treated with cation exchange resin to reduce the concentration of Ag+ associated with it were approximately equally toxic to D. magna compared to untreated nanosilver (48-h LC50s were 2.15 and 2.79 µg total Ag L−1, respectively). The 96-h LC50 and 7-d sublethal 20% effective concentrations (EC20s) for P. promelas were 89.4 and 46.1 µg total Ag L−1, respectively, for 10 nm nanosilver and 4.70 and 1.37 µg total Ag L−1, respectively, for Ag+; the resulting ratios of 96-h LC50 to 7-d EC20 were not significantly different for nanosilver and ionic silver. Overall, these studies did not provide strong evidence that nanosilver either acts by a different mechanism of toxicity than ionic silver, or is likely to cause acute or lethal toxicity beyond that which would be predicted by mass concentration of total silver. This in turn suggests that regulatory approaches based on the toxicity of ionic silver to aquatic life would not be underprotective for environmental releases of nanosilver. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2557–2563. © 2012 SETAC
Influence of temperature on fluoride toxicity and bioaccumulation in the nonindigenous freshwater mollusk Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, 1769
Authors: Del Piero Stefania , Masiero Luciano , Casellato Sandra 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Fluoride toxicity and bioaccumulation tests (short- and long-term) were performed on the nonindigenous freshwater mollusk Dreissena polymorpha at two different temperatures: 17 ± 0.5°C and 22 ± 0.5°C. Concentrations that did not result in toxicity in short-term experiments (96 h) induced effects over a longer period (17 weeks), especially at the warmest temperature, highlighting the role of this parameter. Fluoride bioaccumulation increased linearly with increasing concentration and temperature, reaching 4,202 µg F–/g dry weight in soft tissues only after 48 h of exposure at 22°C at a concentration of 640 mg F–/L. Comparing tolerance to fluoride and bioaccumulation values of this species with those of other freshwater invertebrates, D. polymorpha was much more resistant and revealed its capacity to accumulate a great quantity of this xenobiotic substance. The results of the present study demonstrated that fluoride accumulation in the soft tissue of this animal was much higher (up to 1,409.6 µg F−/g dry wt) than that in its shell (up to 706.4 µg F−/g dry wt). If we consider this datum and the fact that D. polymorpha is widespread in many aquatic ecosystems around the world, representing a food source for many birds and other vertebrates, we must acknowledge the possibility that it can represent a serious danger in view of fluoride biomagnification in the aquatic environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2567–2571. © 2012 SETAC
Linear Hygrothermal Viscoelastic Characterization of Nafion NRE 211 Proton Exchange Membrane
Authors: Patankar K. A. , Dillard D. A. , Case S. W. , Ellis M. W. , Lai Y.‐H. , Gittleman C. S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe tensile relaxation modulus of a commercially available proton exchange membrane, Nafion® NRE 211, was obtained over a range of humidity levels and temperatures using a commercial dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Hygral stress relaxation master curves were first constructed, followed by a hygrothermal master curve using the time temperature moisture superposition principle. The hygrothermal master curve was fitted using a 10‐term Prony series and validated using longer term stress relaxation tests. To validate the results from the stress relaxation experiments, short and long‐term creep compliance was converted into stress relaxation modulus using a well‐known viscoelastic conversion formula, and compared with the relaxation modulus obtained under identical conditions. Good agreement was found between the two datasets. It was evident that relaxation data at 2% RH at the test temperatures was not superposable with the master curves obtained at higher relative humidity (10% < RH < 90%) at the temperature range 70 °C < T < 90 °C. It was observed that the longer term relaxation modulus under humid conditions matched well with the hygrothermal master curve; however, the longer term relaxation modulus under dry conditions was significantly higher than the relaxation master curve obtained under dry conditions, raising the possibility of a physical aging process in the ionomer and/or irreversible morphological changes in the membrane under dry conditions.
Improved Electrodes/Electrolyte Interfaces for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell by Using Dual‐Sized Powders in Electrolyte Slurry
Authors: Pan W.‐P. , Lü Z. , Zhang Y.‐H. , Huang X.‐Q. , Wei B. , Wang Z.‐H. , Su W.‐H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe dense electrolyte film with the rough surfaces for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) was fabricated on NiO/yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) anode substrate by using dual‐sized YSZ powders without additional effort to roughen electrolyte film. The dual‐sized YSZ powders consisted of the fine YSZ powder and the coarse YSZ powder at different weight ratios. Incorporation of the coarse YSZ powder into the fine YSZ powder is in order to increase the surface roughness of electrolyte film, and the surface roughness obviously increased with the increase of coarse YSZ powder. The rough surfaces resulted in an enlargement of the electrochemical active area. It was found that electrode polarization was reduced evidently and cell electrochemical performance was enhanced, as the surface roughness increased. However, the excessive coarse YSZ powder was not beneficial for densification of electrolyte film and thus the open‐circuit voltage (OCV) was declined. The cell with 17 wt.% coarse YSZ powder in the electrolyte exhibited the best performance and the maximum power density was 1,930 mW cm–2 at 800 °C.
Layered YSZ/SCSZ/YSZ Electrolytes for Intermediate Temperature SOFC Part I: Design and Manufacturing
Authors: Chen Y. , Orlovskaya N. , Klimov M. , Huang X. , Cullen D. , Graule T. , Kuebler J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract(Sc2O3)0.1(CeO2)0.01(ZrO2)0.89 (SCSZ) ceramic electrolyte has superior ionic conductivity in the intermediate temperature range (700–800 °C), but it does not exhibit good phase and chemical stability in comparison with 8 mol% Y2O3–ZrO2 (YSZ). To maintain high ionic conductivity and improve the stability in the whole electrolyte, layered structures with YSZ outer layers and SCSZ inner layers were designed. Because of a mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion and Young's moduli of SCSZ and YSZ phases, upon cooling of the electrolytes after sintering, thermal residual stresses will arise, leading to a possible strengthening of the layered composite and, therefore, an increase in the reliability of the electrolyte. Laminated electrolytes with three, four, and six layers design were manufactured using tape‐casting, lamination, and sintering techniques. After sintering, while the thickness of YSZ outer layers remained constant at ∼30 μm, the thickness of the SCSZ inner layer varied from ∼30 μm for a Y–SC–Y three‐layered electrolyte, ∼60 μm for a Y–2SC–Y four‐layered electrolyte, and ∼120 μm for a Y–4SC–Y six‐layered electrolyte. The microstructure, crystal structure, impurities present, and the density of the sintered electrolytes were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray and neutron diffraction, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and water immersion techniques.
Survival differences among American Indians/Alaska natives with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Dwojak Sunshine M. , Sequist Thomas D. , Emerick Kevin , Deschler Daniel G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundAmerican Indians/Alaska Natives experience poor overall survival. Data are limited on American Indians/Alaska Natives with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).MethodsWe identified all cases of HNSCC among American Indians/Alaska Natives, and white patients from 1996 to 2007 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Univariate, multivariate, and Cox models were fit to analyze racial differences in sex, age, stage, treatment, and survival.ResultsAmerican Indians/Alaska Natives experienced decreased survival for oropharyngeal cancer (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.4; p = .008). After adjusting for demographic factors, survival was decreased for oral cavity cancer (HR = 1.3; p = .05) and hypopharyngeal/laryngeal cancer (HR = 1.6; p = .04). These disparities were eliminated after adjusting for treatment for oral cavity cancer (HR = 1.2; p = .17) and stage for hypopharyngeal/laryngeal cancer (HR = 1.4; p = .12). American Indians/Alaska Natives received less surgery for oral cavity cancer (78% vs 85%; p = .02).ConclusionDisparities in survival exist among American Indians/Alaska Natives patients with HNSCC. They are related to stage and differential treatment patterns. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Microindentation for in vivo measurement of bone tissue material properties in atypical femoral fracture patients and controls
Authors: Güerri-Fernández Roberto C , Nogués Xavier , Quesada Gómez José M , Torres del Pliego Elisa , Puig Lluís , García-Giralt Natalia , Yoskovitz Guy , Mellibovsky Leonardo , Hansma Paul K , Díez-Pérez Adolfo 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Atypical femoral fractures (AFF) associated with long-term bisphosphonates (LTB) are a growing concern. Their etiology is unknown, but bone material properties might be deteriorated. In an AFF series, we analyzed the bone material properties by microindentation. Four groups of patients were included: 6 AFF, 38 typical osteoporotic fractures, 6 LTB, and 20 controls without fracture. Neither typical osteoporotic fractures nor controls have received any antiosteoporotic medication. A general laboratory workup, bone densitometry by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and microindentation testing at the tibia were done in all patients. Total indentation distance (Total ID), indentation distance increase (IDI), and creep indentation distance (Creep ID) were measured (microns). Age-adjusted analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for comparisons. Controls were significantly younger than fracture groups. Bisphosphonate exposure was on average 5.5 years (range 5 to 12 years) for the AFF and 5.4 years (range 5 to 8 years) for the LTB groups. Total ID (microns) showed better material properties (lower Total ID) for controls 36 (± 6; mean ± SD) than for AFF 46 (± 4) and for typical femoral fractures 47 (± 13), respectively. Patients on LTB showed values between controls and fractures, 38 (± 4), although not significantly different from any of the other three groups. IDI values showed a similar pattern 13 (± 2), 16 (± 6), 19 (± 3), and 18 (± 5). After adjusting by age, significant differences were seen between controls and typical (p &lt; 0.001) and atypical fractures (p = 0.03) for Total ID and for IDI (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). There were no differences in Creep ID between groups. Our data suggest that patients with AFF have a deep deterioration in bone material properties at a tissue level similar to that for the osteoporotic fracture group. The LTB group shows levels that are in between controls and both type of fractures, although not statistically different. These results suggest that bisphosphonate therapy probably does not put the majority of patients at risk for AFF. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Pharmacological inhibition of PHOSPHO1 suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell calcification
Authors: Kiffer-Moreira Tina , Yadav Manisha C , Zhu Dongxing , Narisawa Sonoko , Sheen Campbell , Stec Boguslaw , Cosford Nicholas D , Dahl Russell , Farquharson Colin , Hoylaerts Marc F , MacRae Vicky E , Millán José Luis 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Medial vascular calcification (MVC) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease, obesity, and aging. MVC is an actively regulated process that resembles skeletal mineralization, resulting from chondro-osteogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Here, we used mineralizing murine VSMCs to study the expression of PHOSPHO1, a phosphatase that participates in the first step of matrix vesicles-mediated initiation of mineralization during endochondral ossification. Wild-type (WT) VSMCs cultured under calcifying conditions exhibited increased Phospho1 gene expression and Phospho1–/– VSMCs failed to mineralize in vitro. Using natural PHOSPHO1 substrates, potent and specific inhibitors of PHOSPHO1 were identified via high-throughput screening and mechanistic analysis and two of these inhibitors, designated MLS-0390838 and MLS-0263839, were selected for further analysis. Their effectiveness in preventing VSMC calcification by targeting PHOSPHO1 function was assessed, alone and in combination with a potent tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) inhibitor MLS-0038949. PHOSPHO1 inhibition by MLS-0263839 in mineralizing WT cells (cultured with added inorganic phosphate) reduced calcification in culture to 41.8% ± 2.0% of control. Combined inhibition of PHOSPHO1 by MLS-0263839 and TNAP by MLS-0038949 significantly reduced calcification to 20.9% ± 0.74% of control. Furthermore, the dual inhibition strategy affected the expression of several mineralization-related enzymes while increasing expression of the smooth muscle cell marker Acta2. We conclude that PHOSPHO1 plays a critical role in VSMC mineralization and that “phosphatase inhibition” may be a useful therapeutic strategy to reduce MVC. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
HSPB1 is an intracellular antiviral factor against hepatitis B virus
Authors: Tong Shi‐Wen , Yang Yi‐Xuan , Hu Huai‐Dong , An Xuan , Ye Feng , Ren Hong , Li Sang‐Lin , Zhang Da‐Zhi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most common of the hepatitis viruses that cause chronic liver infections in humans and it is considered a major global health problem. However, the mechanisms of HBV replication are complex and not yet fully understood. In this study, the HBV DNA‐transfected HepG2.2.15 cell line and its parental HepG2 cell line were analyzed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)‐coupled two‐dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass‐spectrophotometry (2D LC‐MS/MS), a successfully exploited high‐throughput proteomic technology. In total, 2,028 unique proteins were identified and 170 proteins were differentially expressed in HepG2.2.15 cells as compared with that in HepG2. Several differentially expressed proteins were further validated by Western blot and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR. Furthermore, the association of HBV replication with heat shock protein B1, one of the highly expressed proteins in HepG2.2.15 cells, was verified. HSPB1 functions as a anti‐viral protein during HBV infection by specifically inducing type interferon and some downstream antiviral effectors. This study is the first to report the application of iTRAQ technology to analyze the underlying mechanisms of HBV replication. Many of the differentially expressed proteins identified have not been linked to HBV replication before, and may provide valuable novel insights into HBV replication. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 162–173, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metacognition and Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: Stability and Relationship to Concurrent and Prospective Symptom Assessments
Authors: Hamm Jay A. , Renard Selwyn B. , Fogley Rebecca L. , Leonhardt Bethany L. , Dimaggio Giancarlo , Buck Kelly D. , Lysaker Paul H. 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveSchizophrenia has been linked with deficits in the ability to form complex representations about oneself and others. Less clear is whether these deficits are stable over time, and whether they are related to symptoms.MethodWe assessed metacognition capacity, affect recognition, executive function, and symptoms at baseline and 6 months later for 49 adults with schizophrenia.ResultsPaired t tests revealed assessments of metacognition and affect recognition were stable across measurements points. Metacognition was related to concurrent assessments of positive, negative and disorganized symptoms. Multiple regressions revealed metacognition was related to prospective assessments of negative symptoms after controlling for baseline negative symptoms and executive function.ConclusionsMetacognitive deficits are a stable feature of schizophrenia related with negative symptoms.
Levels of basic personality factors in a psychiatric population
Authors: Berger Audrey , Wrobel Thomas A. , Lycaki Helene 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDiverse sets of factors have been claimed by various investigators to be basic personality variables of the highest factor order. A sample of 400 psychiatric patient records were rated for presence or absence of 14 criteria. The data were factor analyzed, and four factors were extracted. Three of the four factors resemble Eysenck's three‐factor model of personality at the universal or general level. The fourth factor is interpreted to be a behavioral dimension at a lower level. The results are discussed in terms of the population and the type of data utilized.
Semi‐automated full battery
Authors: Vincent Ken R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPresented an outline of the development of a semi‐automated full psychological test battery. Focus is on the interpretation and narrative of the report. The format for the development of interpretive statements that cover the entire test battery content is presented on both objective tests and projective instruments. A sample case report is included. This procedure, which utilizes an automated typewriter, focuses on the development of a semiautomated method that can be employed by the individual psychologist who does not have access to extensive computer facilities. The Semi‐Automated Full Battery is a method that can lessen significantly the time and much of the repetition entailed in psychological report writing.
A comparison of the WISC and WISC‐R on hispanic children
Authors: Munford Paul R. , Munoz Alejandra 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAdministered the WISC and the WISC‐R in a counterbalanced design to 20 Hispanic children. Ss scored significantly lower on the WISC‐R on Similarities, Object Assembly, Coding, and Mazes subtests, which resulted in lower Performance and Full Scale IQs. WISC‐R scores tended to increase after practice on the WISC, but WISC scores tended to decrease after practice on the WISC‐R. There was an overall difference of approximately 14 points between the Verbal and the Performance IQs on both tests. The only sex difference occurred on the Coding subscale; girls' mean score was higher than boys'. The tests were highly correlated. Important implications are that the WISC‐R is as culturally biased as the WISC and that more Hispanic children may be labeled as mentally deficient. It is suggested that the Verbal IQ reflects the extent of acculturation, while the Performance IQ reflects actual ability.
The validity of the modified word learning test
Authors: Vaughan M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractInspected reports on 59 psychiatric patients who had completed the Modified Word Learning Test (MWLT), Memory for Designs Test, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in order to assess the validity of the MWLT. It was found that MWLT scores were correlated with age, Verbal Scale and Full Scale IQs and Verbal‐Performance Discrepancies. In addition, there was 61% agreement in classification with the Memory for Designs Test. It was suggested tentatively that the MWLT may misclassify patients with low Verbal Scale IQs.