bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunity to Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix infections in the fowl
Authors: Rose M. Elaine 
Published: June 2009

Resistance to E. necatrix induced by complete life-cycle infections was transferable from duodenum to caeca and vice versa.Complete life-cycle infections with E. tenella protected against subsequent attempts to infect with 2nd-generation merozoites. A similar experiment using E. necatrix showed a partial effect.E. necatrix gametogony-only infections did not protect against subsequent gametogony-only infections and did not protect against schizogony in the duodenum. They did suppress oocyst production resulting from entire life-cycle infections.Satisfactory oocyst production from the intra-caecal inoculation of second generation E. necatrix merozoites was not obtained.Repeated oral infections with E. tenella or E. necatrix reduced subsequent cross-infections with E. necatrix or E. tenella respectively by approximately half. Both schizogony and gametogony stages were affected.A similar result was obtained with E. tenella oocyst inoculation when previous infections were initiated by the intra-caecal injection of E. necatrix sporozoites.Oocyst production from the oral administration of E. tenella oocysts to birds previously infected with gametogony stages only of E. necatrix was much reduced but the schizogony stages of the challenge infection were not appreciably affected. Previous repeated caecal inoculation of E. necatrix merozoites did not reduce oocyst production from subsequent inoculations of E. tenella merozoites or of E. necatrix merozoites.Thanks are due to Mr P. L. Long for his interest and advice. The excellent technical assistance of Mr Brian Millard and other members of the Parasitology Department is also gratefully acknowledged.
The ingestion of particulate lipid containing a fluorochome dye, Acridine Orange, by Trypanosoma lewisi
Authors: Wotton R. M. , Becker D. A. 
Published: June 2009

When Acridine Orange was dispersed in cod-liver oil, its characteristic green fluorescence remained unaltered following absorption of this mixture into the peripheral circulation from the intestine. This result implies that there was little or no change in the lipid or its suspensoid as a result of undergoing this physiological process. The selective combination of this dye in aqueous solution with the cytoplasmic components of specimens of Trypanosoma lewisi, also present in the blood smears with the droplets of the green-appearing oil, resulted in an alteration of fluorescence as indicated by the rose red appearance of these organisms.The present findings on the absorption of lipid droplets, containing a fluorochrome, by trypanosomes occurring simultaneously in the circulation of rats confirm similar observations reported by Wotton & Halsey (1957). The possibility is suggested again that fats and oils may serve as pharmacological vehicles for orally administered trypanosomides for the elimination of trypanosomes.Part of this study was carried out in the department of Zoology and Anatomy of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, and was supported in part by a grant from the Nebraska Heart Association for 1959. We would like also to extend our appreciation to the Division of Laboratories of the Nebraska State Health Department of Lincoln, Nebraska, for the use of their ‘Fluorex’, ultraviolet illumination microscope unit.
On Adlerocystis n.gen. (Phycomycetes) a symbiote of Ornithodoros ticks
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B. , Havivi Y. 
Published: June 2009

A n.gen. and n.sp. of a yeast-like micro-organism—Adlerocystis ornithodori—is described. This micro-organism is probably a symbiote of sperm cells of Ornithodoros tholozani. Another species, A. parkeri n.sp., is found in O. parkeri.Adlerocystis sp. were also found in O. coriaceus, O. nicollei, O. erraticus, and O. savignyi.The earliest stage of development of A. ornithodori was observed in the posterior lobe of the complex of accessory genital glands of the male, where it has the shape of a round cell. It is spindle-shaped when attached to the mature sperm in the spermatophore.The development of A. ornithodori from a round cell to an elongated spindle-shaped organism, in vitro in the spermatophore, as well as in vitro, is described.We wish to thank Dr W. Burgdorfer, the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Mr R. Garcia, University of California, and Mr A. Avivi, the Israeli Institute of Biology, who provided ticks, as well as Mr E. B. Kennedy for taking the microphotographs and Mr N. Shultan from the Elyahu and Rosa Wunsch Electron Microscopy Laboratory for the electron micrograph, both from the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem.
A contribution to the morphology and life history ofProteocephalus niloticus(Beddard, 1913) fromVaranus niloticus(L.) in Ghana
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. A plerocercoid of ‘Acanthotaenia’ has been found in large numbers in ‘cysts’ in the pancreas ofRana occipitalis(Günther) in Ghana.2. ‘Cysts’ containing plerocercoids were fed toVaranus niloticus(L.). Adults ofProteocephalus niloticus(Beddard) were recovered from the intestine 3 weeks later.3. It is suggested that the life cycle involves three hosts, the first being a copepod.4. The morphology of the larva and adult is described.I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the authorities of the University of Ghana for inviting me to spend some time in the Zoology Department there. I am most grateful, also, to Professor R. D. Purchon for his kindly interest and for the facilities which he placed at my disposal. It is a pleasure to thank Dr J. D. Thomas and the technical staff for their assistance in the collection of material.
A new record of Ellobiopsis chattoni (Flagellata incertae sedis) and its incidence in a population of Undinula vulgaris var. major (Crustacea Copepoda)
Authors: Wickstead J. H. 
Published: June 2009

The presence of Ellobiopsis chattoni is recorded on Undinula vulgaris var. major for the first time.The presence of this parasite in shallow tropical water, within a temperature range of 25·92–26·28° C. (salinity range 35·43–36·38‰) is recorded for the first time.It is noted that the parasite was completely species specific to its host.Table l analyses the incidence of the parasite in a population of Undinula vulgaris.It was found that the parasite affected egg production in the ovaries. The suggestion is that it produces a starvation effect on the copepod, this effect being reversible.
Experimental approaches to the chemotherapy of Trichomoniasis
Authors: Ryley J. F. , Stacey G. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. Experimental systems are described for studying the interaction of compounds with various species of trichomonad.In vitrosystems have been used to study the effects of compounds on trichomonads growing in culture and to determine the speed of action of compounds on non-dividing populations.In vivoexperiments have utilized vaginal infections in hamsters and subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intra-muscular and caecal infections in mice.In vitroassays have also been carried out on serum and urine obtained from non-infected rats or monkeys dosed with compounds showingin vitroactivity.2. The types of activity which can be obtained experimentally are illustrated by reference to a number of local remedies already available and to representatives of a number of chemical types, notably acridines, quinoxaline N-oxides, anthrapyrimidines, nitrofurans, thiazoles, imidazoles and pyrazoles.We thank Dr R. F. Jennison and Mr H. Francis for clinical trial results, Drs J. K. Landquist, G. V. McHattie and D. Richardson for synthesis of some of the compounds mentioned, Dr G. E. Paget for toxicity data, Dr W. M. Duncan for data on the metabolism of 5667, Dr J. M. Pryce for pK determinations and Mrs M. Ryley, P. Ward, A. Fletcher, D. Wood and Miss V. Rowe for technical assistance at various stages in the work.
The evolution of acquired immunity to parasites
Authors: Mitchison N. A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryEvolutionary pressures exerted by parasites on the immune system, and vice versa, are surveyed from a speculative viewpoint. New information is presented about the possible channelling of suppression by MHC Class II genes in the mouse, where a novel pattern of dominant unresponsiveness mediated by H-2Abis described. In addition, the hypothesis is advanced that phosphatidyl–inositol anchorage on the surface of parasites may represent a novel evasion mechanism, in which the spread of the immune response by epitope linkage is inhibited by host phospholipase.
Immunological response of rabbits toToxocara canisinfection
Authors: Fernando S. T. 
Published: June 2009

Studies on immunological response of rabbits toToxocara canisinfection have been reported. It was observed that rabbits previously infected by two sublethal doses of 1200 infective ova each, with a 14-day interval between the two doses, acquired strong immunity to the effects of reinfestation induced by a large dose of infective ova, i.e. 100000. Post-mortem studies indicate that immunity is mainly directed against the migration of larvae to the lungs. The animals which resisted the effects of reinfestation showed an enhanced antibody response as shown by complement-fixation and agar-diffusion precipitin tests.The precipitin reaction in the sera of animals infected by oral and subcutaneous routes respectively was studied with three preparations of antigen, namely, saline extracts, boiled saline extracts of adult worms, and saline extracts of infective ova. It was observed that the extract of adult worms was deficient in a minimum of three antigenic components present in the extract of infective ova.It is a pleasure to thank Professor C. A. McGaughey for the facilities given for this study, Professor P. Seneviratna for his constructive criticism, and Messrs W. G. Senaratne and K. G. Karunaratne for technical assistance and the photo graphy respectively.
Chick embryo infections for the evaluation of anticoccidial drugs
Authors: Ryley J. F. 
Published: June 2009

Chick embryos have been infected with sporozoites of Eimeria tenella, but not with E. brunetti, and died from coccidiosis 5 days after infection.Chick embryos can be protected from death due to coccidiosis by some but not all drugs which give a therapeutic response in chickens. The system is therefore not satisfactory as a screening tool, but may have applications in studies on the nature of drug activity.
Seasonal occurrence and maturation of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas, 1781) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) in the Pike Esox lucius L. of Llyn Tegid
Authors: Chubb James C. 
Published: June 2009

1. An account is given of the seasonal occurrence and maturation of Triaenophorus nodulosus, based on the examination of the worms from 104 pike taken in Llyn Tegid from December 1957 to October 1959.2. The plerocercoids of T. nodulosus were found in the livers of the perch of Llyn Tegid. Infective plerocercoids were found throughout the year, and it is considered that invasion of the pike, also, occurred throughout the year.3. The annual cycle of maturation of T. nodulosus described by other workers is confirmed. Currently, five arbitrary stages of maturity were recognized, and the incidence of each of these stages during each month of the investigation is given. During June to September the worms were of plerocercoid-form, from October to December genital development occurred and the first eggs were observed in the uteri in December. Egg liberation was at a peak from April to May, and by June the population of matured worms was lost.4. A non-linear relationship was found between the length of the pike and the numbers of worms occurring in the intestines of these fish. This phenomenon was related to the feeding habits of the pike; the medium-sized most heavily infected pike were eating the largest number of the perch containing the plerocercoids.5. It was found that although invasion of the pike by plerocercoids of T. nodulosus occurred throughout the year, there was no increase in the numbers of worms in the pike intestines, to a maximum, at any time of the year, rather there was a more or less constant number of worms in pike of given length at all times of the year. It is suggested, therefore, that a dynamic equilibrium exists between gain of plerocercoids and loss of worms from the pike intestines at all times.6. Factors affecting the change from plerocercoid to a mature worm are discussed. It is suggested that an experimental approach is needed.I am grateful to the Welsh Land and Agricultural Sub-Commission for permission to net Llyn Tegid, and to Captain G. H. A. Boyle of the Sub-Commission for his help in the capture of the pike. I also wish to thank Professor R. J. Pumphrey in whose Department this work was carried out, Dr P. M. Sheppard for statistical analyses, Dr J. W. Jones and Mr S. Prudhoe (British Museum, Natural History) for discussion of the manuscript. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research studentship.
The attachment of the monogenean Diplozoon paradoxum to the gills of Rutilus rutilus L. I. Micro-habitat and adhesive attitude
Authors: Owen I. L. 
Published: June 2009

Both individuals of a pair of Diplozoon paradoxum Nord., 1832, when parasitizing the gills of Rutilus rutilus, are normally attached to the same hemibranch but never to the same surface of one primary lamella. A preference is shown for attachment to certain gills and also to particular locations on the gills.Diplozoon paradoxum displays asymmetry of its haptor when attached to the gills of the roach but the haptor assumes bilateral symmetry when unattached. As in Discocotyle, this impermanent asymmetry is facultative to the left or right, dependent upon the incidence of the gill-ventilating current, so that the body of a worm will present the least amount of resistance to the water as it passes across the gills. It is probable that impermanent, facultative asymmetry occurs in other species of the genus Diplozoon, and the usefulness of the asymmetrical nature of the haptor as a taxonomic criterion is therefore extremely limited.It is a pleasure to record my thanks to Dr F. G. Rees, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, for her encouragement and guidance and to Dr J. Llewellyn, University of Birmingham, for his valuable help and critical reading of the manuscript. I am indebted to Mr D. Haigh for supplying me with fishes. This work was done while receiving a grant from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Pathology of fatal and resolvingPlasmodium bergheicerebral malaria in mice
Authors: Neill A. L. , Hunt N.H. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYCBA/T6 and Balb/c mice inoculated withPlasmodium bergheiANKA strain (PbA) died from cerebral malaria 6–8 days post-inoculation. DBA/2J mice similarly inoculated developed a non-fatal cerebral malaria, with mild temporary cerebral symptoms, and died between days 15 and 22 from other malaria-related complications. When inoculated withP. bergheiK173 (Pb) these mouse strains did not develop a cerebral malaria but died between days 15 and 22 from other malaria-related complications. These mouse strain/parasite strain combinations allow for detailed examination of factors critical in the pathology of murine cerebral malaria. Monastral Blue, a colloid dye, when injected intravascularly between days 0 and 2 into PbA-inoculated CBA (PbA-CBA) or Balb/c (PbA-Balb/c) mice prevented death from cerebral malaria. There was no evidence of increased vascular permeability at this stage. When Monastral Blue was injected between days 5 and 8, there was increased vascular permeability in the kidney, liver, lung, spleen and brain of PbA-CBA and PbA-Balb/c mice. Injection of Monastral Blue into these animals at this time also precipitated cerebral symptoms and death, but not in Pb-infected mice. Endothelial and mononuclear cells phagocytosed, and were coated with, the Monastral Blue particles when the dye was injected between days 5 and 8 into PbA-CBA and PbA-Balb/c mice. Control, uninfected mice did not demonstrate either of these features. Pb-infected mice only demonstrated coated mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cell attachment to the endothelium, increased vascular permeability and increased association of Monastral Blue particles with monocytes and endothelial cells were correlated with cerebral symptoms and death. Monastral Blue is thus a useful agent for studying the roles of mononuclear cells and endothelium in murine cerebral malaria.
Unique ultrastructural adaptations of Pseudodiplorchis americanus (Polystomatidae: Monogenea) to a sequence of hostile conditions following host infection
Authors: Cable J. , Tinsley R. C. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe polystomatid Pseudodiplorchis americanus occupies a wider range of habitats and experiences more diverse physiological conditions than any other monogenean. It initially invades the respiratory system of an anuran, Scaphiopus couchii, and then migrates along the alimentary tract while the host is actively feeding, resulting in exposure to digestive enzymes and the surfactant action of bile. Whilst in the urinary bladder, parasites are exposed to wide osmotic fluctuations. This ultrastructural study reveals a set of adaptations unknown elsewhere in platyhelminth biology. During development within the respiratory tract, pre-migratory worms accumulate two types of electron-dense tegumental vesicle. Migration through the gut is accompanied by mass secretion of vesicles which appear to provide protection against digestion. Pre-migrants transferred experimentally to digestive fluids die within minutes unless they have received a specific cue which is responsible for triggering vesicle secretion. Migrants stimulated by this trigger factor can tolerate the same conditions for up to 8 h by continually releasing vesicles to form a protective surface coat. No specific structural adaptations were evident for survival in the lungs or bladder of the host.
Entomopathogenic nematode host finding: response to host contact cues by cruise and ambush foragers
Authors: Lewis E.E. , Gaugler R. , Harrison R. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYSearch behaviour of two entomopathogenic nematode species with different foraging strategies was compared by measuring parameters of unrewarded search after contact with host cues. Steinernema glaseri cruises in search of hosts. Steinernema carpocapsae ambushes hosts. Nematodes should respond to contact with relevant host cues by shifting their search from ranging to localized after contact with them. We predicted that cruising foragers rely on chemical cues more heavily than ambushers. These species were also tested for host affinities. Nematodes were tracked by image analysis after exposure to faeces, cuticle or food of either Popillia japonica or Spodoptera exiqua. Steinernema glaseri responded to selected host cues by shifting from ranging to localized search, characterized by decreased locomotory rate, distance travelled, search area and the proportion of the test period spent moving. Steinernema carpocapsae did not respond to host cues. Steinernema glaseri responds to selected chemical host cues for host location, whereas S. carpocapsae does not.
Schistosomes fromHippopotamus amphibiusL. II. The morphology ofSchistosoma edwardiensesp.nov.
Authors: Thurston June P. 
Published: June 2009

The morphology of the adult blood flukeSchistosoma edwardiensesp.nov. fromHippopotamus amphibiusL. is described and compared with that of other species ofSchistosoma.I wish to acknowledge the receipt of a research grant from Makerere University College towards expenses incurred during this work. I should like to thank Captain F. Poppleton, Warden of the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Dr R. M. Laws, Nuffield Unit for Tropical Animal Ecology, and Dr W. M. Longhurst, University of California, for helping me to get specimens from the hippopotami, also Mr L. Rugema, histologist, for sectioning the worms.
Nuclear division inEntamoeba invadensRodhain, 1934
Authors: Narasimhamurti C. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. Examination of dividing trophozoites ofE. invadensrevealed that the peripheral granules did not contribute directly to the formation of chromosomes. Material for the chromosomes seemed to be derived from the karyosome and the perikaryosomal particles. No centrioles and spindle mechanism were noticed.2. The nucleus showed Feulgen-positive material at all stages; in the interphase the reaction was faint because of the poor staining of the karyosome and widely dispersed perikaryosomal particles. The intensity of the staining reaction increased with the onset of division and continued so till late anaphase.3. Nuclear division in the cyst was found to be different from that of the trophozoites and involved the formation of a typical spindle.4. Karyosomes of the nuclei of the uni-, bi-, tetra-nucleate cysts were all positive to Feulgen staining.5. Observations on amoebae undergoing cytokinesis showed that the process of division supports the amoeboid movement theory of cleavage put forward by Chalkley (1935, 1951).Thanks are due to Dr P. Tate for constant guidance and encouragement during the course of this work and to Dr E. W. McConnachie for kindly giving the cultures and for critically reading through the manuscript. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Royal Society and Nuffield Foundation Commonwealth Bursary.
Observations on the gregarine Rotundula gammari (Diesing, 1859), Goodrich, 1949
Authors: Narasimhamurti C. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. A local population of Gammarus pulex, infected with Heliospora longissima and Rotundula gammari, was found to have an intracellular developmental stage.2. Experimental infections of G. pulex were made with the two species of gregarines. In the case of R. gammari infections, large numbers of intracellular developmental stages were found.3. The taxonomic relationship of the genera Cephaloidophora and Rotundula is discussed.Thanks are due to Dr P. Tate for constant encouragement and guidance during the course of this work and for the many helpful suggestions in the preparation of the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Mr D. W. T. Crompton for kindly giving me the infected material. The work was completed during the tenure of a Royal Society and Nuffield Foundation Commonwealth Bursary.
Assessment of parasite population dynamics in mixed infections of rodent plasmodia
Authors: Snounou G. , Bourne T. , Jarra W. , Viriyakosol S. , Wood J. C. , Brown K. N. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYCloned lines of the four rodentPlasmodiumspecies can be differentiated by the RFLP pattern generated following Southern blotting and probing with PCsv4.1, a probe derived from aP. chabaudi chabaudigenomic library. Groups of CBA/Ca mice were inoculated simultaneously with cloned lines from two parasite species or strains. Six mixed species and three mixed strain infections using rodent malaria lines were initiated. The composition of the parasite population in each group was determined qualitatively and semi-quantitatively by analysis of the DNA purified from daily blood samples, thereby providing a dynamic representation of each mixed infection. Effects on the course of parasitaemias are presented and discussed.