bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applicability of the Ferguson principle to systems of mixed preservatives
Authors: Evans W P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Using solubility and distribution data for methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoates, the degree of saturation of the aqueous phase of an oil-in-water emulsion has been calculated for various oil: water ratios. In emulsions of low oil content the propyl ester gives the higher degree of saturation of the aqueous phase, while in emulsions of high oil content the methyl ester gives the higher degree of saturation. Irrespective of the oil: water ratio, a mixture of the esters cannot give a higher degree of saturation or a higher thermodynamic activity of the aqueous phase, than either ester alone. The finding of many investigators that mixtures of the esters have higher biological activities than a single ester must therefore depend, not only on the degree of saturation, or thermodynamic activity of the aqueous phase, but also on some other unknown factors.
Comparison of sleeping time, immobility time and arousal time in mice
Authors: Hughes F W , Forney R B , Richards A B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The sodium salts of the five barbiturate hypnotics hexoba rbitone, pentobarbitone amylobarbitone, secobarbitone and phenobarbitone, were studied in mice for their effect on duration of sleeping time, immobility time and arousal time. The latter measurement is described herein for the first time and is a measure of the duration of sleep with a moderate shocking stimulus to differentiate sedation and hypnosis in the mouse. The comparative potency of the drugs by these measurements is evaluated.
A comparison of anthelmintic and antibacterial activity of some phloroglucinol derivatives
Authors: Bowden K , Ross W J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Some simple phloroglucinol derivatives previously reported to have anthelmintic properties have been tested for antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. A comparison is made of the activities of these compounds against Staph. aureus and Hymenolepis nana.
Viscosity and stability relations of the system ascorbic acid: water: polysorbate 20
Authors: Nixon J R , Chawla B P S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The viscosity of dispersions of ascorbic acid in solutions of polysorbate 20 has been determined and found to be Newtonian at all concentrations studied. The course of the oxidation in polysorbate 20 appeared to be by the normal chain reaction, but the rate at which it occurred was modified by a number of factors. Incorporation within the micelle appeared to be responsible for an increase in oxidation rate, but the high viscosity of concentrated polysorbate 20 solutions, which would affect the diffusion of oxygen to the reaction site caused a much larger reduction in oxidation rate.
A new and sensitive bioassay for catecholamines
Authors: De La Lande I S , Harvey Judith A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The isolated central artery of the rabbit ear is highly sensitive to catecholamines when perfused with Krebs solution containing 5-hydroxytryptamine. The preparation responds to 1 ng of noradrenaline and is extremely long lasting. It does not discriminate between noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The nature of the adrenergic receptors of the trachea of the guinea-pig
Authors: FOSTER R W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The adrenergic receptors of the guinea-pig isolated trachea have been characterised as β-receptors by established criteria. No evidence was obtained that any α-receptors are present. (-)-Isoprenaline was 17 times more potent than (-)-adrenaline which was 10 times more potent than (-)-noradrenaline. High concentrations of piperoxan, thymoxamine and dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids did not antagonise the catecholamines, while phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine potentiated them, isoprenaline almost as much as noradrenaline. Propranolol, pronethalol and the 3, 4-dichloro-analogues of (+)-noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline each specifically antagonised the catecholamines, isoprenaline moreso than noradrenaline. The characteristics of this blockade by pronethalol and propranolol fulfilled established criteria for competitive antagonism; propranolol (pA2 against noradrenaline 6·56 + 0·21) was 18·6 (11·4 to 30·5) times more potent than pronethalol, (pA2 against noradrenaline 5·29 + 0·07).
The detection and identification of synthetic steroids in horse urine
Authors: MOSS M S , RYLANCE H J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A scheme for the detection of synthetic steroids which could be used in the “doping” of race-horses is described. The method involves extraction from urine into ethyl acetate: ether (1:1) followed by initial two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography using (1) ethyl acetate (2) methylene chloride: dioxan: water (100:50:50). Elution of the ultraviolet absorbing spots for extinction measurements is followed by further one way thin-layer chromatography as free alcohols in amyl acetate: acetone (1:1). Further chromatography of the steroid alcohols in chloroform: ether: water (80:20:0·5) on formamide-impregnated plates and chromatography of the acetates in ether helps to identify the unknown steroid. Additional identification is made by colour reactions with (1) a tetrazolium reagent (2) vanillin: perchloric acid.
Biotransformations in vitro undergone by phenothiazine derivatives in a liver preparation
Authors: ROBINSON ANN E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Characterisation of the products of biotransformations resulting when a wide range of medicinally used phenothiazine derivatives were incubated with a “microsomal and soluble” fraction of livers from albino Wistar rats, is described. The compounds were chlorpromazine, demethylchlorpromazine, dedimethylchlorpromazine, triflupromazine, promazine, acepromazine, propiomazine, diethazine, promethazine, isopromethazine, ethopropazine, trimeprazine, methotrimeprazine, ethylmemazine, proquamezine, cyamemazine, trifluoperazine, prochlorperazine, thioproperazine, fluphenazine, pecazine, and also the sulphoxides of the first three compounds and of promazine. The predominant reactions were those of dealkylation and of hydroxylation of the aromatic ring. Sulphoxidation did not occur to a significant extent with any of the compounds examined.
Release of tissue histamine by the babesicidal agents quinuronium and amicarbalide
Authors: EYRE P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Quinuronium sulphate liberated appreciable quantities of histamine from tissues of mice, rats and sheep. The signs of quinuronium poisoning in mice and rats were more severe than for compound 48/80. The animals acquired tolerance to the latter drug. Thus the toxicity of quinuronium probably depended on factors other than histamine release. Amicarbalide released amounts of histamine comparable with those liberated by quinuronium only in rat tissues.
Liver function and pyrexia caused by a pyrogen from Escherichia coli, lysergic acid diethylamide and dinitrophenol
Authors: VENULET JAN , DESPERAK-NACIαZEK ANNA 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Rabbits with liver damaged by carbon tetrachloride do not respond with hyperthermia to a lipopolysaccharide pyrogen from Escherichia coli or dinitrophenol, but lysergic acid diethylamide develops its usual effect. Rabbits with obstructive liver damage react with hyperthermia to all three pyrogenic factors. The results support the concept of a peripheral action of pyrogen. It is suggested that the liver plays a rôle in the process of transforming the bacterial pyrogen into the endogenous pyrogen.
A transistorised impulse generator for recording the heart rate from intact and isolated preparations
Authors: CLARKE D E , HISCOE A , HULLEY L N , JACKSON K , LEACH G D H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method for presenting the heart rate from intact and isolated preparations as a kymographic record is described. A transistorised impulse generator with either an integral or independent power supply is used to activate a Thorp impulse counter. The ability of the instrument to follow a wide range of heart rate changes and to measure rates in the usually encountered laboratory species is demonstrated.
The effect of isoprenaline on the contraction of smooth muscle produced by histamine, acetylcholine or other agents
Authors: FARMER J B , LEHRER D N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Isoprenaline given intravenously is a more potent antagonist of bronchospasm produced by histamine than of that produced by acetylcholine in the anaesthetised guinea-pig. This greater activity of isoprenaline against histamine was also observed on isolated tracheal muscle and ileum of the guinea-pig. It was also found in isolated guinea-pig ileum that stimulation of the periarterial sympathetic nerves produced a greater inhibition of contractions produced by histamine or 5-hydroxy-tryptamine than of those produced by acetylcholine or bradykinin. The inhibitory actions of isoprenaline were absent in tissues without β-receptors and tissues in which the β-receptors were blocked by pronethalol.
Neuromuscular blocking agents: branched-chain tetra-onium compounds
Authors: EDWARDS D , LEWIS J J , MARREN GLADYS 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The compounds tri(6-dimethylaminohexyl)amine, tri(6-diethylaminohexyl)amine and tri(6-dipropylaminohexyl)amine have been synthesised and eight tetra-onium derivatives prepared from these bases have been tested for neuromuscular blocking activity on the cat, hen, frog, rat and mouse. Two of the compounds possessed ganglion blocking activity and this was much weaker than in hexamethonium. All the compounds had tubocurarine-like properties, the most active being 7-ethyl-7-(6-triethyl-hexylammonium)-7-azoniatridecamethylenebis(triethylammonium) tetra-iodide. The results of the pharmacological tests give little support for a one-point theory of receptor attachment.
Ionisation constants and partition coefficients of some analgesically active 2-benzylbenzimidazole derivatives and related compounds
Authors: CASY A F , WRIGHT J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The ionisation constants (in aqueous ethanol) and the partition coefficients (in a water-cyclohexane system) of some analgesically active 2-benzylbenzimidazole derivatives and related compounds are reported. The results are discussed in terms of structure-activity relationships.
The nephrotoxicity of analgesics
Authors: Prescott L F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
IN recent years there has been increasing suspicion that prolonged or excessive use of analgesics may result in progressive renal damage very similar to that produced by chronic pyelonephritis. Phenacetin (acetophenetidin) has been widely incriminated as the offending drug, mainly because it was common to all the analgesic mixtures mentioned in the early reports. Histologically and functionally the renal lesions are predominantly tubular, with interstitial fibrosis, tubular degeneration and atrophy and a high incidence of papillary necrosis and pyelonephritis (Rubenstein, Abrahams, Stables & Levin, 1964).
Partial molal volumes of some non-ionic detergents in monomeric and micellar form
Authors: Florence A T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Partial molal volumes of five synthetic non-ionic detergents have been measured above and below their critical micellar concentrations. The increases in volume on micellisation are discussed in terms of changes in hydration and hydrophobic bonding. The change in partial molal volume at the critical micellar concentration decreased with temperature. At 20° increases of 5, 9 and 17 ml mole−1 were obtained for the n-butyl, n-hexyl and n-octyl hexaoxyethylene glycol ethers respectively. For comparison with the alkyl ethers, the partial molal volume of hexaoxyethylene glycol was determined at four temperatures. The utility of density measurements for the determination of the critical micelle concentration of these non-ionic detergents depended on the temperature of the system; at higher temperatures the change in slope of density-concentration plots at the critical micelle concentration decreases and sometimes is not detectable.
A periarterial nerve-circular muscle preparation from the caecum of the guinea-pig
Authors: Akubue P I 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A periarterial nerve-circular muscle preparation from the caecum of the guinea-pig has been described. Stimulation of the periarterial nerve produced relaxation of the circular muscle strip. These responses were blocked by adrenergic neurone blocking agents but not by ganglion blocking drugs. Phenoxybenzamine or piperoxan greatly reduced the relaxation but propranolol abolished it. No relaxation was observed on preparations from animals pre-treated with reserpine. It was observed that after the blockade of the responses to periarterial nerve by adrenergic neurone blocking drugs, stimulation of the periarterial nerves in the presence of physostigmine induced contractions which were blocked by local anaesthetics or hyoscine but not consistently by ganglion blocking drugs.
Aloe-emodin glycosides of senna leaf
Authors: Fairbairn J W , Shrestha A B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new glucoside has been isolated from senna leaf (Cassia senna L.) and shown to be identical with the aloe-emodin-8-mono-β-D-glucoside recently isolated from Rheum palmatum. This new quinone glucoside is insoluble in water and is present in only small quantities and therefore unlikely to contribute much to the activity of the drug. Confirmation of the presence of a second, highly water soluble glycoside based on a reduced form of aloe-emodin is given; this glycoside may well be responsible for the reported “synergistic effect” of the non-rhein glycosides of senna leaf.
An analysis of the action of drugs on the circular muscle strips from the caecum of the guinea-pig
Authors: AKUBUE P I 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The taenia-free circular muscle strips of the caecum of the guinea-pig contracted to acetylcholine or histamine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine produced small contractile responses but high concentrations (40 μg/ml or more) induced relaxation. The contractions to 5-hydroxytryptamine were enhanced by the organophosphorus anticholinesterase drug mipafox. The responses to nicotine were always relaxations but contractions were obtained after incubating the preparation with mipafox. Hence circular muscle strips treated with mipafox were used to investigate the mechanism of contractions to all the drugs. The site of action of acetylcholine or histamine was located on the smooth muscle cells because the responses were not blocked by pentolinium, dimethylphenylpiperazinium, procaine or cocaine. Hyoscine blocked the responses to acetylcholine but left those to histamine unchanged. The contractions to nicotine were blocked by hyoscine, local anaesthetics or ganglion blocking drugs. Nicotine is thought to activate cholinergic ganglion cells. 5-Hydroxytryptamine produced contractions which were potentiated by mipafox, blocked by hyoscine and almost abolished by local anaesthetics. The responses were not modified by pentolinium but were reduced by dimethylphenylpiperazinium at a concentration which did not block the responses to acetylcholine or histamine. It is concluded that the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine was wholly indirect, on nervous tissues, part of which was located on cholinergic ganglion cells.
Simultaneous polarographic determination of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole
Authors: DUMANOVIĆ D , VOLKE J , VAJGAND V 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method for the simultaneous quantitative polarographic determination of the three components in reaction mixtures has been proposed. The analysis is based on a separation of the half-wave potentials in strongly alkaline base solutions. The general polarographic behaviour of the three substances is also described.
The effect of frequency of coaxial electrical stimulation on the peristaltic activity of the guinea-pig isolated ileum
Authors: VARAGIĆ V , KAẐIĆ T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Low frequency coaxial electrical stimulation (6/min to 5/sec) of the guinea-pig isolated ileum, arranged for recording peristalsis, was found either to stimulate or to maintain the existing peristaltic activity. High frequency stimulation (5/sec to 100/sec) was found to inhibit regularly the existing spontaneous peristaltic activity. The propulsive peristaltic action was also significantly diminished by high frequency stimulation. In a fatigued preparation all the applied frequencies produced the coordinated peristaltic contractions which were blocked by hexamethonium and by cooling. The propulsive activity of these contractions was higher after low frequency stimulation. It is suggested that block of peristalsis after high frequency stimulation might be due to activation of inhibitory elements in the gut.
A smooth muscle contracting substance in extracts of human umbilical cord
Authors: KARIM S M M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Aqueous extracts of human umbilical arteries and vein have been shown to contain a smooth muscle contracting substance. The active principle has been distinguished from smooth muscle contracting substances which are found in mammalian tissues, namely esters of choline, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin, angiotensin, and darmstoff. Evidence indicates that the smooth muscle stimulating activity of umbilical blood vessel extracts is due to a lipid-soluble unsaturated hydroxy acid. The possible physiological function of the active substance is discussed.
A note on the diffusion of drugs through artificial phospholipid membranes
Authors: MISRA ANAND L , HUNGER ALFRED , KEBERLE HEINRICH 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A relatively simple method for the assessment of the passive diffusion of drugs through artificial phospholipid membranes composed of lecithin and collodion yields data on the permeability of some pharmaceutical substances through lipid barriers. Although there are inherent limitations in using artificial phospholipid membranes as substitutes for more complex biological membranes, this model system can furnish information on permeability kinetics and on the effect of structural groups on biological activity.
A note on perfusion with labelled compounds to determine intestinal absorption
Authors: KNOLL K R , PARKE R P , SWARTZ H A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An in vivo perfusion technique has been adapted for the measurement of intestinal absorption of labelled compounds. Salicylic acid, labelled with 14C, in solution with or without phenylephrine or caffeine, was perfused through the ligated and cannulated small intestine in situ of the rat. Absorption was estimated from the difference in count of the solutions entering the gut and the outflow which was sampled at 10 min intervals. Some 40–45% of the acid was found to be absorbed at each of three consecutive 10 min samplings. This was lower than, but consistent with, reported results derived by chemical assay. In the presence of the other two drugs the absorption of salicylic acid increased to 70%.
The effect of aprotic solvents on the adsorption of phenol by alumina
Authors: HIGGINS B , RICHARDS J H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The isotherms for the adsorption of phenol onto alumina from cyclohexane, benzene, nitrobenzene, ethyl acetate and 1,4-dioxan solutions have been determined at 25°. The change in solvent in the above order causes a successive decrease in the amount of phenol adsorbed at the ‘saturation level’ and possible explanations of the solvent effects are discussed.
The possible role of conformational isomerism in the biological actions of acetylcholine: spectral studies
Authors: MARTIN-SMITH M , SMAIL G A , STENLAKE J B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Infrared studies of the NC-H stretching frequencies of selected trimethylammonium salts, including acetylcholine, were made in an attempt to obtain evidence that intramolecular NC-H—O hydrogen bonding is responsible for the existence in solution of a quasi-ring conformation for acetylcholine. Acetylcholine and related compounds were also examined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The carbonyl stretching frequencies of an homologous series of acetoxy alkyl sulphones were measured in dioxan solution to gain information on the effect of electron withdrawing substituents in the absence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The observed high ester carbonyl absorption frequency in acetylcholine may be interpreted in terms of the inductive effect from the onium nitrogen atom but the results are not incompatible with the existence of a quasi-ring conformation involving C-H—O hydrogen bonding between one of the N-methyl groups and the acetoxy oxygen atom.
The use of the rabbit ear artery in the bioassay of catecholamines in urine
Authors: DE LA LANDE I S , GLOVER W E , HEAD R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Urine causes transient constriction of the isolated central artery of the rabbit ear. The substance responsible is qualitatively indistinguishable from noradrenaline when assessed by α-adrenergic blockade, sensitivity to oxidation by ferricyanide, behaviour on alumina, and comparison of dose response curves. The artery is equally sensitive to noradrenaline and adrenaline and approximately one hundred times less sensitive to dopamine. The results of bioassay, and chemical assay using the trihydroxyindole method, indicate that the constrictor response of the artery provides a useful guide to the urinary content of noradrenaline plus adrenaline.
The effect of α-methyldopa on excretion of noradrenaline metabolites
Authors: STOTT A W , ROBINSON R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of α-methyldopa on the rate of release of noradrenaline metabolites in patients with essential hypertension has been examined. The excretion of normetadrenaline increases during the first few hr after a dose of α-methyldopa while α-methylnormetadrenaline can be detected in the urine 8–12 hr after the initial dose. The results support the idea that α-methyldopa displaces noradrenaline from storage sites, the noradrenaline in turn being replaced by α-methylnoradrenaline.
On the disposition of [3H]metaraminol in the rat salivary gland*
Authors: ALMGREN O , WALDECK B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The left salivary glands of rats were sympathetically denervated or decentralized. In some experiments the excretory ducts of the left submaxillary and sublingual glands were ligated to produce atrophy of the acinar cells. The rats received [3H]metaraminol (3H-MA) intravenously and were killed at various time intervals thereafter. The amount of 3H-MA in the salivary glands was determined. 3H-MA was taken up and retained in the intact gland, but disappeared rapidly from the denervated one, indicating that 3H-MA is taken up and stored in the adrenergic neuron. Decentralization resulted in a decreased turnover of the amine, especially during the first 18 hr, which supports the view that metaraminol is released by nerve activity. The ability of the salivary gland to take up 3H-MA was diminished by glandular atrophy, and the disappearance of the 3H-MA so taken up was delayed.
Carrageenans and the proteolytic activity of human gastric secretion
Authors: ANDERSON W , BAILLIE A J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The inhibition of the peptic activity of human gastric secretion by undegraded and degraded carrageenans of similar sulphate content has been examined over the pH range 1.5–3.75. Inhibition by degraded carrageenan is constant throughout this range, but inhibition by undegraded carrageenan decreases between pH 2.5 and 3.25, when a lower level is established. The inhibition by both types of carrageenan is caused by substrate-inhibitor interaction. The differences in degree of inhibition and the effect of pH on the inhibition by undegraded carrageenan appear to originate in the differing natures of the substrate-inhibitor complexes formed by degraded and undegraded carrageenans.