bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in the ACE, PPARGC1A and PPARA genes in Lithuanian football players
Authors: Gineviciene Valentina , Jakaitiene Audrone , Tubelis Linas , Kucinskas Vaidutis 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of ACE (I/D), PPARGC1A (G/A) and PPARA (G/C) polymorphisms on footballers performance among 199 Lithuanian professional footballers and 167 sedentary, healthy men (controls). Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods on DNA from leucocytes. Results revealed that the angiotensin‐1‐coverting enzyme gene (ACE) genotype distribution was significantly different between total football players group (II 23.6%, ID 46.7% and DD 29.6%) and the controls (II 24.6%, ID 29.9% and DD 45.5%; P=0.002). Although investigating PPARGC1A (G/A) and PPARA (G/C) polymorphisms no significant results were obtained in the total football players group, however, significant differences were determined between forwards and controls [PPARGC1A: GG 54.6%, GA 29.5%, AA 15.9% vs. GG 49.7%, GA 44.3% and AA 6.0% (P = 0.044); PPARA: GG 52.3%, GC 40.9%, CC 6.8% vs. GG 72.4%, GC 24.6% and CC 3.0% (P = 0.034)]. In the whole cohort, the odds ratio of the genotype [ACE ID + PPARA GG] being a footballer was 1.69 (95% CI 1.04–2.74), and of [ACE ID + PPARGC1A GG] 1.93 (95% CI 1.10–3.37) and of [ACE II + PPARA GC] 2.83 (95% CI 1.02–7.91) compared to controls. It was revealed that ACE ID genotype together with PPARA GG and PPARGC1A GG as well as ACE II genotype with PPARA GC is probably the ‘preferable genotype’ for footballers. Summing up, the present study suggests that the ACE, PPARGC1A and PPARA polymorphisms genotypes are associated, separately and in combination, with Lithuanian footballers’ performance.
Electrical and spectroscopic characterization of underwater plasma discharge inside rising gas bubbles
Authors: Vanraes Patrick , Nikiforov Anton , Leys Christophe 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The generation of high-energetic species in plasma by discharge in liquids makes it suitable for applications such as water treatment. Effective reduction of input power and an increase in the process efficiency can be achieved by externally generated gas bubbles introduced in the liquid. Pulsed discharge in nitrogen, helium and argon bubbles in between a pin-to-plate electrode system submerged in a water solution has been investigated by electrical characterization and emission spectroscopy. A dynamic model for a bubble discharge, based on previously reported experiments and our measurements, is reported. Two types of bubble discharge are observed: a direct bubble discharge, with an immediate onset of a spark discharge inside the bubble, and a delayed bubble discharge, where spark discharge occurs after a delay time of typically several microseconds. The width of the Hα Balmer line in the emitted spectra is dominated by Stark broadening and implies electron densities in the order of 1024 to 1025 m−3, which is relatively high in comparison with other low-temperature atmospherical plasmas. Also, the emitted spectra contain a continuum, originating from black-body radiation of the heated bubble gas, with black-body temperatures from 6000 to 9000 K. The dependence of the measured plasma characteristics on the experimental parameters is in agreement with our proposed model.
Global Private Banking
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Private banking caters to wealthy individuals who, like other investors, base asset-allocation choices on their relative preferences for risk and return. There is value in diversification across individual assets, asset classes, political-economic environments, and other asset allocation categories. The lower the correlations across asset buckets, the greater the power of diversification. Like everyone else, wealthy people are explicitly or implicitly looking for “efficient” portfolios that minimize risk for a given target rate of return or maximize total returns for a given level of portfolio risk. They are different from nonwealthy people in that they have a lot to preserve, so that they often tend toward relatively conservative asset-allocation approaches. They are also sensitive to confidentiality, trust, and service quality.
Introduction
Authors: Labrune Laurence 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis first chapter provides a general introduction to the book, presenting its aims, methods, theoretical background, the status, origins, and periodisation of the Japanese language, as well as the previous scholarship written on the subject of Japanese phonology. It also presents the writing system of modern Japanese, made of a mixture of Chinese characters, two kana syllabaries and Latin alphabet, and describes and discusses the issue of the lexicon partition into Yamato, Sino-Japanese and Western words.
Special segments
Authors: Labrune Laurence 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe term “special segments” refers to the three moraic segments of Japanese, which constitute a rather unique feature of the language and have been granted special status in traditional Japanese analyses, namely the mora nasal /N/, the first part of an obstruent geminate /Q/ and the second part of a long vowel /R/. The chapter provides a description of their phonetic realisation, their historical development, and their general phonological properties in modern Japanese.
EU Administrative Law
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The second edition of this book provides comprehensive coverage of the administrative system in the EU and the principles of judicial review that apply in this area. The chapters in the first half of the book deal with all the principal variants of the EU administrative regime. Thus, there are chapters dealing with the history and taxonomy of the EU administrative regime, direct administration, shared administration, Comitology, agencies, social partners, and the open method of coordination. The coverage throughout focuses on the legal regime that governs the particular form of administration and broader issues of accountability, drawing on literature from political science as well as law. The focus in the second part of the book shifts to the principles of judicial review. There are detailed chapters covering all principles of judicial review and the discussion of the law throughout is analytical and contextual. The discussion in this part of the book begins with a chapter that considers the principles that have informed the development of EU judicial review. This is followed by a chapter dealing with the judicial system and the way in which reform could impact on the subject matter of the book. There are then chapters dealing with competence, access, transparency, process; law, fact and discretion; rights, equality, legitimate expectations, two chapters on proportionality, the precautionary principle, two chapters on remedies, and the ombudsman. The book paints a comprehensive picture of administrative law as it exists in the EU today.
Agencies
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter explores the role played by agencies in the EU. The discussion begins with consideration of the rationale for agencies in nation states and the EU respectively, followed by examination as to how EU agencies have evolved. The focus then turns to the classification of EU agencies in the light of their powers and functions, and explication of the legal limits that constrain the powers that can be given to EU agencies. The remainder of the chapter analyses the legal, political, and financial mechanisms for controlling agencies and rendering them accountable. It concludes with discussion as to whether the powers of agencies ought to be extended.
Open Method of Co-ordination
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter deals with a rather different method of policy delivery, the Open Method of Co-ordination. The discussion begins by reviewing the imprimatur given by the European Council to the Open Method of Co-ordination (OMC) at the Lisbon and Nice Summits. This is followed by a look at the operation of the OMC process in the three key areas of economic policy, employment policy, and social inclusion, which lays the foundation for the subsequent analysis. There is also some consideration of the differences between the OMC and more traditional modes of EU regulation. The focus then shifts to an evaluation of the OMC, looking to see how far it fulfils the aspirations that underpin this mode of policy delivery in the EU.
Access
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with access. It is the natural starting point for consideration of administrative law doctrine. Any system of administrative law will have access points or gateways, which determine who can get into the system. There are two crucial access points in any legal regime. There will be procedural rules determining who is entitled to be heard or intervene before the initial decision is made, or who is entitled to be consulted before a legislative-type norm is enacted. There will also be rules of standing that determine who should be able to complain to the court that the initial decision-maker overstepped its powers. The discussion begins with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and Court of First Instance/General Court concerning the right to take part in the initial determination. It shows that the courts have distinguished sharply between the right to be heard in relation to individualized decisions and consultation and participation in relation to norms of a legislative nature. This is followed by consideration of political initiatives to foster consultation in the EU legislative process. The remainder of the chapter is concerned with the other main access point, standing to seek judicial review. There is a critical evaluation of the case law, discussion of the possible impact of the Charter of Rights, and consideration of the reforms made by the Lisbon Treaty.
Rights
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The Lisbon Treaty rendered the Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding, thereby resolving an issue that had been left open since the Charter was initially drafted almost a decade earlier. The Lisbon Treaty in addition imposed an obligation on the EU to join the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), thereby resolving another issue that had been on the agenda for even longer. The legal and political consequences of these developments will be significant for the EU polity, and are analysed in this chapter. The discussion begins with a brief account of the evolution of fundamental rights in the EC, followed by the genesis and drafting of the Charter. The status accorded to the Charter in the Lisbon Treaty is examined, as is the EU's obligation to accede to the ECHR. The focus then turns to the Charter itself. It provides a brief overview of the content of the Charter, with attention thereafter being on important issues that arise from Title VII, which contains general provisions concerning the interpretation and application of the Charter. The discussion concludes by examining some of the broader implications of the Charter for the profile and legitimacy of judicial review within the EU.
Remedies I: EU
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter considers the remedies available against the EU. The two principal remedies available against the Union are annulment and compensation. Annulment embodies the fundamental precept that where action is invalid or illegal then it should prima facie be void and of no effect. Compensation is equally significant as a remedy, although the precise criterion for recovery depends upon whether the loss flows from the exercise of a discretionary or non-discretionary power. The discussion begins with consideration of the principles governing interim relief pending the final decision on the substance of the case and the way in which those principles are applied in relation to both direct and indirect actions. This is followed by analysis of the consequences of finding that the contested measure is illegal or invalid, the extent to which the Union courts modify the basic precept that a measure found to be invalid or illegal is void ab initio, and the relationship between the finding that the measure is void and the obligations placed on the EU institutions to redress the wrong. The focus then turns to compensation, the criteria for recovery under Article 340 TFEU, and the way in which the tests have evolved over time.
Administrative Systems
Authors: Palmer Donald 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter presents the administrative systems explanation of organizational wrongdoing. This explanation is the first of five alternative accounts of wrongdoing considered in the book. It is rooted in a theoretical perspective that views organizations as structures for coordinating people engaged in interdependent tasks, and depicts organizational participants as decision makers who operate within these structures to acquire and analyze information with an eye to performing their tasks in a way that optimizes efficiency and effectiveness. The chapter elaborates the two main types of administrative structures, obtrusive controls (such as rules) and unobtrusive controls (such as scripts and schemas). It then delineates how obtrusive and unobtrusive controls can facilitate organizational wrongdoing, distinguishing between instances in which they do so inadvertently and occasions on which they do so by design. The chapter concludes by offering an overall assessment of the administrative systems account.
The Social Control of Organizational Wrongdoing
Authors: Palmer Donald 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter presents the social control explanation of organizational wrongdoing, the final account of wrongdoing considered in this book. This explanation follows from the normal organizational wrongdoing perspective presented in Chapter 2 and builds on the sociological definition of wrongdoing elaborated in Chapter 3. This chapter draws on labeling theory and conflict theory to examine the role that social control agents can play in creating organizational wrongdoing, focusing primarily on the state. It describes two ways that the state creates wrongdoing. Then, it elaborates the factors that determine where the state draws the line separating right from wrong, which ultimately dictate the kinds of wrongdoing that the state creates. After each discussion, the chapter draws inferences about the impact of social control agent behavior on organizational participants, the potential perpetrators of wrongdoing. It concludes with a consideration of the overarching implications of these inferences.
1962: Introduction
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this book, which is about socio-cultural change in Britain between 1940 and 1970. It examines how social science sampling methods associated with letter writing, questionnaires, interviews, and surveys mined down to reveal mundane, ordinary life, in miniature, and how such research was implicated in a broader process of building a modern, rational, post-imperial nation. The chapter shows how the deployment of new research techniques involved the remaking of politics and culture, notably as the arts and the humanities were increasingly demarcated away from the everyday.
1938: The British Intellectual and Highbrow Culture
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on intellectual and highbrow culture in Great Britain in 1938. It criticises the perspectives on knowledge and expertise which assume that the intellectual position is fundamentally one based in the humanities. The chapter shows that, in the middle years of the twentieth century, there was an increasingly clear rejection of what was deemed the snobbish and elitist refrain of highbrow culture and an increasing enthusiasm for a different kind of intellectuality, one bound up with science, technique, and skill.
1940: The Resurgence of Gentlemanly Expertise in Post-war Britain
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of the ‘gentlemanly social sciences’ that dominated Great Britain not only in the first part of the twentieth century, but well into the 1950s. It shows that there was no easy progression from these gentlemanly social sciences to the ‘new’ social sciences of the 1960s, and describes the dramatic changes which took place between 1955 and 1965 in the conduct of sociological research. The chapter discusses how gentlemanly social sciences prospered in post-war conditions, leading to a reviving synthetic sociology based at the London School of Economics (LSE), and explains how the expansion of the LSE brought tensions between sociology as a specialist discipline and as an overarching evolutionary synthesis to a head.
1962: The Moment of Sociology
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter traces the institutional rise of sociology within the academic social sciences in Great Britain during the 1960s. It shows that sociology was directly implicated in claims to modernity and novelty during this period, and that it can be considered as a social movement concerned to challenge traditional forms of knowing in the name of a new, rational mode of expertise which embraced science. The chapter considers the launch of New Society in the early 1960s and suggests that, during this period, the social scientists were not innocent observers of change, but imported it as an essential feature of their self-identity.
1956: The End of Community: The Quest for the English Middletown
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines how a new breed of social scientists in Great Britain during the 1950s sought to define an ordinary, average, national society. It suggests that outside influences were to be vital in allowing established and assumed national characteristics to be understood in a new, apparently social light, and argues that social anthropology was effective in developing a demoralised social science. The chapter also shows how the relations between sociology and social anthropology fractured in the early 1960s over the issue of change, as sociology seized the banner of the new as a means of justifying its distinctive expertise, thus consigning anthropology a subordinate role.
Conclusion
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter sums up arguments about the politics of method and the key findings of this study on socio-cultural change in Great Britain during the period between 1940 and 1970. It describes the battery of techniques and methods that could be used to expose the social tissue during the post-war decades, and the technical identities associated with them. The chapter also highlights how the social sciences systematically conceal their own tracks through their deployment of ethical issues as a kind of screen that distinguishes past from present.
Electronic structure and luminescence of low-dimensional semiconductors
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUnlike all of the previous chapters, this one is devoted to low-dimensional semiconductor structures (quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dots-nanocrystals). Basic classification of these structures is outlined and densities of electronic states are described. A detailed theoretical treatment of electronic states and exciton effects in quantum wells, both with infinite and finite barriers, is presented in effective-mass approximation. Strong and weak quantum confinement limits are discussed. Selection rules for optical transitions in quantum wells are outlined and optical absorption and emission spectra are compared. Specificity of exciton behaviour is stressed. Quantum dots with spherically symmetric potential are described in strong and weak quantum confinement regime. Salient luminescence features of quantum dots are summarized and illustrated via typical examples. Briefly mentioned are other interesting luminescence-related phenomena: phonon bottleneck, excitons indirect in real space, enhancement of nano-luminescence by metal nanoparticles and exciton multiplication.
Effects of high excitation in low-dimensional structures
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Effects of high excitation in low-dimensional structures are treated in close analogy with bulk semiconductors. The existence of excitonic molecules (biexcitons) and trions (charged excitons) in quantum wells is experimentally evidenced and characteristic emission lineshapes are described theoretically and compared with experiment. Also luminescence due to free exciton collisions can happen in quantum wells. The question of electron–hole liquid occurrence in 2D structures is also addressed; the terms phase space filling, dielectric confinement and Mott transition are invoked. Certain limits for the electron–hole liquid universality in quantum wells are discussed. Controversial data concerning the coexistence of free excitons, biexcitons, trions, electron–hole liquid and electron–hole plasma in quantum wires are commented. High excitation effects in quantum dots are discussed from the point of view of the mean number of electron–hole pairs per nanocrystal.
13 Rome, Pessinous, and Battakes: Religious Encounters with the East
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the visit of Battakes, priest of the Mother of the Gods at Pessinous, to Rome in 102 bc. It argues that the cult of Magna Mater in Rome had originally been imported from Pergamon. Whatever the precise purpose of his embassy, Battakes will have used the shared cult of the Mother as a reason for closer ties to be established between Rome and Pessinous. The Roman tradition that the cult of Magna Mater was introduced from Pessinous developed in the wake of Battakes' visit. The whole episode suggests that Roman religion in the second century bc was not, as scholars have generally argued, becoming increasingly conservative, but remained open to eastern influence.
14 Festivals and Games in Polybius
Authors: Gibson Bruce 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines festivals and games in Polybius' Histories. Such events have typically been seen in terms of the cultural politics of civic and ethnic identity, and also as an important interface between Greek communities and Rome in period of Rome's expansion in the Mediterranean. The chapter considers these types of events in historiographical terms, and aims to demonstrate Polybius' use of festivals and games to delineate sections of narrative and to provide contrasting juxtapositions of formal occasions and the realities of Roman power. It then examines the way in which Polybius uses the epideictic dimension of festival and games as opportunities for authorial interventions in the form of praise and blame. The final section underlines the importance of metaphors drawn from the world of contests.
“Developing Member” and Least-Developed Country Status at the GATT and WTO: Self-Designation versus the Politics of Accession
Authors: Rolland Sonia E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Neither general international law nor the WTO legal system have a set definition of “developing country.” Members simply designate themselves as developing countries for purposes of particular WTO provisions. In practice, however, a more nuanced picture emerges. This chapter examines the theory and practice of the developing country designation under the GATT and WTO agreements, particularly through the lens of accessions. The accession process, including the availability of special and differential treatment and other benefits and the level of concessions extracted from the acceding members, has effectively become a critical threshold issue for the 59 developing countries and 14 transitional countries (Eastern and Central European countries) that became WTO members since 1995, and 29 countries currently negotiating their accession.