bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximum Percentage of Mature Fruits and Associated Characters at Two Intra‐Row Spacings in Peanuts1
Authors: Gilman D. F. , Smith O. D. 
Published: July 2010

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) harvested at any time include immature fruits due to the indeterminate growth characteristic of the species. Immature peanuts represent a loss in plant metabolites and have been associated with both organoleptic and storage problems. This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of genetically reducing the percentage of immature fruits at harvest. Ten genotypes differing in botanical type and geographical source were evaluated for differences in maximum percentage of mature fruits (MPMF) at both conventional (5 to cm) and wide (46 cm) intra‐row spacings. Associations of several seedling, flowering, and fruiting characters also were studied.Genotype differences in MPMF were highly significant, with mean values ranging from 92.5 to 78.0. Years and the year ✕ genotype interaction were not significant. The results indicate that peanut genotypes differ in MPMF and that selection of superior genotypes should not be seriously complicated by genotype ✕ environmental interactions. Higher MPMF values were obtained at the close than at the wide intra‐row spacing. Interactions between genotype and intra‐row spacing were not significant indicating that selection of superior genotypes could be made effectively at either plant spacing. Correlations with MPMF generally were higher for flowering characters than for seedling or fruiting characters and higher at the wide than at the conventional intra‐row spacing. Correlations of MPMF with days from planting to opening of 25, 50, and 100 flowers and exertion of 25 pegs were all negative and highly significant for the wide intra‐row spacing.
Effect of Irrigation with Sewage Wastewater, Cutting Management, and Genotype on Tawny Blotch of Reed Canarygrass1
Authors: Zeiders K. E. , Sherwood R. T. 
Published: July 2010

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of irrigation, cutting management, and genotype on severity of tawny blotch caused by Stagonospora foliicola (Bres.) Bubak in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) used as a covercrop for land disposal of municipal sewage wastewater. Twelve clones were established in nonirrigated blocks and in blocks sprinkler‐irrigated with 5 cm of wastewater weekly from late May to early September. In the year after establishment (1975), plots were harvested at an 8‐cm height on 4 June and 3 October (twocut management); half of the plots were also harvested 31 July (three‐cut management). Clones were rated for naturally‐occurring disease prior to cutting on 31 July and 30 September.Irrigated plots had significantly more tawny blotch (P <0.01) than nonirrigated plots on both rating dates. About 67% of the treatment effects on tawny blotch severity were attributed to irrigation with sewage wastewater. The lesser effects of date of rating, cutting management, and interactions of irrigation ✕ date of rating, and cutting management )✕ date of rating were significant at P <0.01. The three‐factor interaction of irrigation ✕ cutting management )✕ date of rating was significant at P <0.05. The irrigation )✕ cutting management interaction was not significant. Clones varied from resistant to highly susceptible. Reactions of most clones were consistent between rating dates or cutting treatments.This study showed that when reed canarygrass is grown on sites used for land disposal of sewage wastewater, a three‐cut harvest system significantly reduced tawny blotch in most genotypes tested. The greenhouse ratings of clones were significantly correlated (r = 0.58 to 0.65) with field ratings except for two‐cut irrigated plots on 30 September.
Genetic Analyses of Four Diethyl Sulfate‐Induced Culm Height Mutants of Sorghum1
Authors: Singh Shree P. , Drolsom P. N. 
Published: July 2010

Four diethyl sulfate‐induced culm height mutants of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench were crossed among themselves and to the parental cultivars and four tester lines to obtain information on inheritance of the mutant characters. The mutants varied phenotypically among themselves and were different from the parental cultivars and from the tester lines for culm height, internode length, and node number.One mutant (ES‐1) showed a digenic difference for culm height, but two others (ES‐2 and RO‐1) exhibited monogenic differences in crosses with their parental cultivars. Monogenic inheritance was shown for internode length and number of nodes for progenies from mutant ✕ parent crosses ES‐2 and RO‐I. Data from crosses among mutants suggested that E‐2 and R‐I were nonallelic to each other for culm height, but ES‐I showed high dominance with ES‐2 and RO‐I for this character. Mutant ES‐3 was much different from the three others and did not allow flowering in 1972. Its behavior suggested that possibly a major mutation had occurred at a locus other than the four known height loci.Non‐additive effects played a more important role than additive effects in the expression of culm height and internode length. The ratio of h/d suggested high overdominance in most crosses for these two characters. The converse was true for number of nodes.
Genetic Vulnerability and Germplasm Resources of the True Clovers1
Authors: Taylor N. L. , Gibson P. B. , Knight W. E. 
Published: July 2010

The cultivated clovers (Trifolium spp.) are susceptible to a wide diversity of pests, and potential vulnerability exists in part because of a lack of programs that monitor crop‐pest relationships. The trend in number and diversity of cultivars of the cultivated species is downward, perhaps because of emphasis on other crops and narrowing of gene bases by breeding. However, because the cultivated clovers are mostly cross pollinated, heterozygous, and heterogeneous we do not believe they are particularly vulnerable at present.Germplasm resources are believed to be in a more hazardous position. Although many accessions of the cultivated species have been assembled at USDA Regional Plant Introduction stations and by scientists of other agencies, the accessions have not been examined and cataloged extensively for genetic characters including pest resistance. Only a few germplasm pools are now being maintained in the cultivated species. A complete collection of the wild Trifolium species has not been assembled, and many of those once available have been lost. It is recommended that collection of species and ecotypes of Trifolium be started immediately so that variability in the genus can be preserved and analyzed. Phylogenetic studies, including interspecific hybridization in the genus, should be expanded. Methods of evaluation and use of accessions should be established by a committee of experts for the Trifolium genus so that recommendations for action can be made to a national coordinating committee concerned with germplasm resources.
Interaction of Genetic Factors for Fertility Restoration in Hybrid Wheat1
Authors: Johnson Jerry W. , Patterson F. L. 
Published: July 2010

Four different sources of genes for fertility restoration in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em Thell., were intermated to study the interaction of these genes in the heterozygous condition compared to their homozygous parents. Parents and hybrids were evaluated for pollen production and dispersal in the laboratory on excised spikes from plants grown under field and greenhouse environments. Seed set was also evaluated in diverse controlled environments.Parental restorer sources showed variation for pollen production and dispersal as well as for seed set. Hybrids heterozygous for restorer genes from single sources were inferior to their homozygous parents and to the restorer ✕ restorer hybrids. Most combinations of the different sources of fertility restoration in the hybrid were equal or superior to their homozygous parents for pollen production and dispersal and for seed production. The best combinations of restorers were of Triticum timopheevi/ *3‘Marquis’ parents with parents TBR 26 or TBR 76.Both general combining ability and specific combining ability were highly significant for pollen production characters and for seed set. General combining ability for all characters except total pollen production made up the major portion of the total genetic variability.
Inheritance of Phytosterol Content in Tobacco1
Authors: Tojib Asep , Davis D. L. , Legg P. D. 
Published: July 2010

The pattern of sterol concentration and estimates of combining ability effects were studied in seven selected tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) genotypes. Data for total sterols and individual sterols in air‐cured laminae were obtained from the parental genotypes and all possible crosses among the genotypes.Total sterol contents of the genotypes ranged from 1.46 to 2.34 mg/g dry weight. Stigmasterol had the highest concentration of the four sterols in four of seven lines, while in the other three lines, sitosterol was predominant. The cumulative total of stigmasterol and sitosterol accounted for about 70% of the total sterol. Cholesterol was present in the least amount, followed by campesterol.With the exception of cholesterol, average heterosis was less than 2% and nonsignificant. The analysis of combining ability revealed that the variances of GCA effects for five variables (total sterol, cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol) were significant (0.05 level). Variances of SCA effects were signiicant (0.05 level) for stigmasterol, sitosterol, and total sterols. The relative magnitudes of the GCA and SCA effects suggest that the variables were governed more by additive gene action than by dominance. The relatively low amounts of nonadditive types of gene action was substantiated by the (Wr, Vr) graphs. Breeding procedures designed to accumulate favorable alleles at all loci should be an effective means for altering sterol content.
Effect of Leaf Width on Responses of Tall Fescue Genotypes to Defoliation Treatment and Temperature Regimes1
Authors: Asay K. H. , Matches A. G. , Nelson C. J. 
Published: July 2010

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) genotypes, selected to represent a range in leaf widths, were subjected to several combinations of defoliation treatments and temperature regimes. The effects and interrelationships of characters associated with forage yield were studied with the objective of ultimately developing more meaningful selection indices. Genotypic differences in tillering capacity were associated with leaf width. Number of tillers of genotypes selected for wide, medium, and narrow leaves increased 302, 342, and 406%, respectively, over a 15‐week period in the greenhouse. Increasing stubble height from 4 to 12 cm resulted in increased tillering and energy reserves and lower forage yield. Tillering, dry matter yield, and energy reserves increased as number of tillers left uncut at each harvest increased from 0 to 20%, and they tended to remain constant from 20 to 40% intact tillers.Genetic and temperature effects on tillering were significant at 17/7, 22/12, 27/17, and 32/22 C (day/night) temperature regimes in controlled environment chambers. Maximum tillering occurred at 22/12 C and declined significantly at higher temperatures. A genotype with narrow leaves from North Africa (194‐24) produced significantly more tillers than genotypes selected from North American strains and cultivars, particularly at lower temperature regimes. Although leaf width and number of tillers were negatively correlated (r = _0.67), neither was significantly correlated with dry matter yield.
Inheritance of Shattering in Wild Rice1
Authors: Elliott W. A. , Perlinger G. J. 
Published: July 2010

Wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.) is a native annual aquatic cereal that grows in lakes and streams in the upper great lakes region of North America. Native ecotypes shed staminate florets shortly after anthesis and grain shatters over a 2 to 3 week maturation period. A mutant was found which retains its staminate florets beyond anthesis and has a moderate degree of resistance to seed shattering. Objectives of this study were to determine the mode of inheritance of shattering resistance and to determine the relationship between staminate floret retention and resistance to seed shattering.Crosses were made between five shattering susceptible plants and five shattering resistant plants. The resulting S1, F1, and F2 progenies were studied. Two complementary dominant genes were proposed to explain the observed segregations. Susceptibility to shattering occurred when at least one dominate allele (Sh− Sh2−) was present at both loci. Shattering resistant genotypes were: sh sh sh2 sh2, sh sh Sh2−, and Sh− sh2 sh2. All F2 plants which retained 100% of their staminate florets at the completion of anthesis were classed as resistant, while all those which lost all of their staminate florets were classed as susceptible. Other plants were observed that retained some staminate florets. Some of these plants were susceptible and some were resistant to shattering. The selection of shattering resistant plants at anthesis can be accomplished by selecting plants having 100% staminate floret retention.
Relationship of Phloem Size to Leaf Size and Position1
Authors: Segovia A. J. , Brown R. H. 
Published: July 2010

Prior studies have shown that phloem cross‐sectional area in leaf bases or petioles may influence the rate of export of photosynthetic products from leaves. Since information could not be found on the variability in phloem size due to leaf size and position, an experiment was conducted to study phloem area in the leaf bases of two grass species and in petioles of two dicots. Leaves were removed from several nodes on each stem when the leaf at each node became fully expanded. Tall fescue (Festttca arundinacea Schreb.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinmrum L.), soybean (Glycine max Merr.), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were grown outside during the summer in full sunlight. Soybean and peanut were also grown under 50% shade. Lamina base or petiole sections were embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained for measurements of phloem cross‐sectional area under the light microscope.Leaf area increased with leaf position from the stem base toward the top. In peanut, soybean, and tall fescue, however, the distal one or two leaves were smaller than the one just below. Phloem area in the leaf bases or petioles followed a pattern similar to that for leaf area and the two parameters were closely correlated. The increased phloem area in larger leaves was due mainly to an increase in the number of vascular bundles per leaf in tall fescue and sugarcane. In soybean larger leaves had more and larger bundles per petiole and in peanut increased phloem in larger leaves was due to more phloem per bundle, since bundle number was constant at 5. Shading reduced phloem size in soybean even though leaf area was increased. Leaf area was barely affected by shading in peanut, but phloem size was reduced. Leaf weight was reduced to a greater extent than phloem size by shading, so that phloem per unit of leaf weight was increased in peanut and soybean. It is concluded that leaf position, size, and environment have an effect on phloem size that may complicate comparisons of species in studies of photosynthate translocation and anatomy.
Heterosis in Maize as Measured by K Uptake Properties of Seedling Roots1
Authors: Frick Hugh , Bauman Loyal F. 
Published: July 2010

The capacity of the primary root of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings to rapidly alter K uptake rates appears to be of adaptive value to the plant, and is related physiologically to dent corn hybrid vigor. A causal relationship is not implied.K+(86Rb) uptake rates of seedling roots were measured in freshly excised segments (basal K+ uptake rates) and in segments after 2 hours aeration in buffer (augmented K+ uptake rates). The calculated augmentation potential (augmented rate/basal rate)100, represents the ability to rapidly alter K uptake rates and was used to estimate inbred combining ability and heterosis in 39 single‐cross hybrids, and to predict single‐cross hybrid yield to within 5.7 q/ha better than 75% of the time in our tests of 29 single‐cross hybrids.
Influence of Temperature on Leaf Growth of Diverse Populations of Tall Fescue1
Authors: Nelson C. J. , Treharne K. J. , Cooper J. P. 
Published: July 2010

Rate and duration of leaf growth have been suggested as yield determinants in cool‐season grasses. Therefore, our objective was to compare temperature responses of leaf blade growth among diverse populations of tall rescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Seedlings of three Mediterranean populations, two European populations, and three cultivars were grown at 10, 15, 20, and 25 C with a 16‐hour photoperiod. An additional growth treatment was 8 C with an 8‐hour photoperiod.Area of leaf blade 3 (3rd complete leaf), and area and weight of leaf blade 5 were maximum, but time interval between leaves was minimum at 20 C. Elongation rate of leaf blade 3 was greatest (about 28 mm/day) at 20 and 25 C. Specific leaf weight of leaf blade 5 was highest at 10 and 15 C (3.4 mg/cm2) and decreased as temperature increased. Specific leaf weight was only 2.6 mg/cm e at 8 C, probably due to lower irradiation and shorter photoperiod than at the other temperatures.Elongation rate of leaf blade 3, as well as area expansion rate and specific leaf weight of leaf blade 5, was lowest in Mediterranean populations and highest in improved cultivars. However, time interval between leaves for Mediterranean populations was shorter than for other populations. Relative temperature response among populations was similar from 10 to 20 C. At 8 C with an 8‐hour photoperiod, population Bn 272 (from Tunisia) had higher dry weight and area of leaf blade 5 than at 10 C with a 16‐hour photoperiod. At 25 C and a 16‐hour photoperiod, area and weight of leaf blade 5 of continental populations were greater than those of Mediterranean populations. Yield superiority of improved populations may be due partially to their inherently faster leaf growth rate and larger leaves.
Morphology, Cytology, and Fertility of Agropyron podperae and its Hybrids with A. intermedium1
Authors: Dewey Douglas R. 
Published: July 2010

Seventy‐three collections of wheatgrass (Agropyron podperae Nabel.) from two sites in Iran were grown at Logan, Utah to determine the morphological, cytological, and reproductive characteristics of this rarely collected taxon. The A. podperae collections were morphologically similar to those of A. intermedium (Host) Beauv., except that A. podperae was caespitose (tufted) and A. intermedium was rhizomatous. Sixty‐nine of 71 A. podperae plants were 2n=42, and the other two were 2n=41 and 43 Agropyron podperae behaved meiotically as a segmental autoallohexaploid and averaged 0.23I, 20.58II, 0.01III, 0.14IV, 0.002VI, and 0.002VIII per cell in 487 metaphase‐I cells. Most plants were moderately to completely self‐sterile; some (11%) were highly self‐fertile.Agropyron podperae hybridized readily with A. intermedium, with 56% crossing success. Chromosome pairing was almost complete in the F1 hybrids, which averaged 1.17I, 18.57II, 0.27III, 0.68IV, 0.02V, 0.02VI, and O.OO1VII per cell in 681 metaphase‐I cells. The chromosomes of A. podperae differed from those of A. intermedium by structural rearrangements, primarily interchanges. The hybrids produced 10 to 75% stainable pollen and averaged 44%. Although A. podperae does not appear to have much direct potential as a forage grass, it may serve as a useful secondary gene pool for A. intermedium and Triticum aestivum L.The morphological, ecological, geographical, and cytogenetic differences that separate A. podperae from A. intermedium are on the order of those that distinguish subspecies. It is proposed that A. podperae be relegated to a subspecies of A. intermedium, i.e., A. intermedium (Host) Beauv. subsp. podperae (Nabel.) Dewey comb. nov.
Gibberellin Studies with Sugarcane. I. Cultivar Differences in Growth Responses to Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Moore P. H. , Buren L. L. 
Published: July 2010

The lowered radiation and temperatures of the subtropical winter season induce a physiological dwarfism in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). This reduction in growth can be overcome to increase yields by application of gibberellic acid (GA3).In Hawaii, cultivars are commercially developed for culture in specific environmental zones defined by their mean daily radiation. In this study, cultivars selected for culture under leeward conditions of high radiation and temperatures were more dwarfed by the adverse winter conditions and gave a greater response to GA3 than did cultivars selected for culture under the lower radiation and temperatures of higher elevations and windward zones.
Plant Regeneration from Hypocotyl‐ and Anther‐Derived Callus of Berseem Clover1
Authors: Mokhtarzadeh Ahmad , Constantin Milton J. 
Published: July 2010

Plants were regenerated from hypocotyl and anther explains of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing various combinations of plant growth regulators. The most efficient production of plants from hypocotyl explants involved:

callus induction on MS medium with 1.0 mg/liter of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1.5 mg/liter 6‐furfurylaminopurine (KIN);
callus increase on MS medium with 2.0 mg/liter of NAA and 0.1 mg/liter of N6‐(Δ2‐isopentenyl) adenine (2iP);
induction of shoots on MS medium with 0.5 mg/liter each of NAA and KIN followed by induction of roots on MS medium with 1.0 mg/liter of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 0.1 mg/liter of 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP). Suspension cultures in liquid MS medium containing 2.0 mg/liter of NAA and 0.2 mg/liter of 2iP provided filterable cell preparations with 45% viable cells, 4% of which gave rise to colonies within 3 weeks after transfer to agar plates. Shoot development was observed when callus from the colonies was cultured on MS medium with 0.5 mg/liter of NAA and KIN. Twenty percent of uncontaminated anthers from a single plant cultured on MS medium containing 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/liter of NAA, 2,4‐D, and 2iP, respectively, produced callus which could be maintained and from which plants could be regenerated by culturing on MS medium with 0.5 mg/liter each of NAA and KIN. Preliminary results indicate that cells of root tips from hypocotyl‐ and antherderived callus have the expected diploid and haploid number of chromosomes (2n = 16 and n = 8, respectively).