bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Consistent Dataset of Kinetic Solubilities for Early‐Phase Drug Discovery
Authors: Kramer Christian , Heinisch Tilmann , Fligge Thilo , Beck Bernd , Clark Timothy 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHerein, we describe a new dataset of kinetic aqueous solubilities determined by nephelometry for 711 druglike compounds. The solubilities are reported in twelve classes ranging from <2 μg mL−1 to >250 μg mL−1. The measurements were designed to provide the appropriate data for applications in the early phases of drug discovery. Three class classification models (insoluble, moderately soluble, soluble) were built using the random forest algorithm and their performance for this dataset was analyzed.
Free vibration analysis of Timoshenko beams by DSC method
Authors: Civalek Ömer , Kiracioglu Okyay 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFree vibration analysis of Timoshenko beams has been presented. Discrete singular convolution method is used for numerical solution of equation of motion of Timoshenko beam. Clamped, pinned and sliding boundary conditions and their combinations are taken into account. Typical results are presented for different parameters and boundary conditions. Numerical results are presented and compared with that available in the literature. It is shown that very good results are obtained. This method is very effective for the study of vibration problems of Timoshenko beam. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intensity‐Carrying Modes in Raman and Raman Optical Activity Spectroscopy
Authors: Luber Sandra , Reiher Markus 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe describe a quantum‐chemical approach for the determination of modes with maximum Raman and Raman optical activity (ROA) intensity by maximizing the intensities with respect to the Raman and Raman optical activity intensity, respectively, which is shown to lead to eigenvalue equations. The intensity‐carrying modes are in general hypothetical modes and do not directly correspond to a certain normal mode in the spectrum. However, they provide information about those molecular distortions leading to intense bands in the spectrum. Modes with maximum Raman intensity are presented for propane‐1,3‐dione, propane‐1,3‐dionate, and Λ‐tris(propane‐1,3‐dionato)cobalt(III). Moreover, the mode with highest ROA intensity is examined for this chiral cobalt complex and also for the (chiral) amino acid L‐tryptophan. The Raman and ROA high‐intensity modes are an optimal starting guess for intensity‐tracking calculations, in which selectively normal modes with high Raman or ROA intensity are converged. We present the first Raman and ROA intensity‐tracking calculations. These reveal a high potential for large molecules, for which the selective calculation of normal modes with high intensity is desirable in view of the large computational effort required for the calculation of Raman and ROA polarizability property tensors.
Psychotherapy: Then and now
Authors: Garfield Sol L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSome of the important and interesting developments in psychotherapy that have occurred over the past 50 years are discussed. Included are the increased number and variety of individuals engaged inn psychotherapy, the prominent role and contribution of psychologists with reference to psychotherapy research, the proliferation of the forms of psychotherapy as well as the more recent movement for integration, the current popularity of brief forms of psychotherapy, and some practical future issues.
The appraisal of threat and the process of selective attention in clinical and sub‐clinical anxiety states I: Theoretical issues
Authors: Dalgleish Tim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe present paper is the first of two which seek to integrate the concepts of anxiety and attention within a cognitive framework and assess the empirical evidence which bears on this relationship. The current discussion concentrates on theoretical issues. An initial section examines the concept of attention at what Marr (1982) called the computational level of analysis. This is followed by a discussion of anxiety as a paradigm case within cognitive‐appraisal models of emotion, particularly that of Oatley and Johnson‐Laird (1987). An integrated framework is then proposed, in which four types of bias in attentional processing associated with anxiety are posited. This is supplemented by a discussion of the concept of self‐focused attention.
Utilization behaviour in adults with autism: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Fox Nicola S. , Tallis Frank 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResearch investigating frontal‐limbic system dysfunction in autism has gained some prominence in recent years, emanating from three main sources; animal studies, investigations of frontal lobe patients and neuropsychological assessment of individuals with autism. It is suggested that some of the repetitive behaviours associated with autism might represent examples of utilization behaviour. Some preliminary data are presented to support this suggestion. The implications of this account are discussed with respect to the links that are frequently made between obsessive‐compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome and autism.
Work stress, burnout and coping: A review and an empirical study of staff in supported housing
Authors: Bowden Gillian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe literature on work stress, burnout and coping is reviewed and a small scale empirical study reported which sought to explore the nature of burnout in staff of supported housing for people with long‐term mental health problems. Burnout was seen to arise principally as a result of job strain in relation to caring for people. As in depression, the process was hypothesized to be mediated by environmental and individual resources (including social support, coping and attributional styles, and life events). High levels of workplace stress correlated with the depersonalization component of burnout and with absence from work. Environmental and individual factors appeared to significantly mediate the effect of work stress. Social support at work (particularly practical support) was linked to all burnout measures at follow‐up. Specific, unstable attributions of negative work events and practically driven coping styles were found to be most adaptive in terms of experiencing less burnout. Individuals who experienced more negative life events were more likely to become emotionally exhausted. No correlation was found between burnout and depression, suggesting the processes are distinct. Unlike depression, burnout is specific to the work setting.
Cognitive therapy of personality disorders: The state of the art
Authors: Pretzer James 
Published: July 2009

AbstractContemporary cognitive‐behavioural approaches to conceptualizing and treating personality disorders are summarized and examined. The initial evidence regarding the effectiveness of these treatment approaches consisted primarily of clinical anecdotes but a growing body of empirical evidence regarding the efficacy of cognitive‐behavioural treatment for clients with personality disorders has developed in recent years. The available empirical literature is reviewed and is discussed in terms of its implications for clinical practice.
Cognitive‐behavioural treatment of multiple‐problem patients: Application to personality disorders
Authors: Persons Jacqueline B. , Bertagnolli Andrew 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConceptual and clinical problems arise in the treatment of patients with personality disorders, including three clinical problems: establishing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with these patients is often difficult, empirically‐validated treatments for personality disorders are generally not available, and personality‐disordered patients typically have multiple presenting problems. We describe a case formulation model for conceptualizing and treating multiple‐problem patients, and outline how it addresses these difficulties arising in the treatment of patients with personality disorders.
Some contributions of piaget's genetic epistemology and psychology to cognitive therapy
Authors: Favre Christine , Bizzini Lucio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCognitive therapists are presently striving to establish a theoretical foundation for their therapeutical practice. Having shown the efficacy of cognitive therapies in the treatment of certain psychiatric disorders and having refined their intervention techniques, these therapists are seeking a theory‐based understanding of the psychological mechanisms subtending the changes occurring during therapy. The absence of a directly relevant cognitive theory led us to consider how certain concepts of 'Piaget' constructivism—essentially a theory of knowledge change—might contribute to the issue. Our paper is thus not an instance of applying Piagetian theory to cognitive psychotherapy but of its use as an epistemic instrument. Egocentrism and decentration, the growth of awareness and action, and the relations between cognition and emotion are elements of Piagetian theory as well as nodal points in the area of cognitive therapy. Some clinical examples illustrate our approach.
Single case design: A critique of methodology and analysis of recent trends
Authors: Long Clive G. , Hollin Clive R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFollowing a brief discussion of the history of the development and use of single cases studies, an overview of the single case design in contemporary outcome research is offered. This overview encompasses varieties of single case design, methods of data analysis, and pitfalls and problems with single case methodology. An analysis of current trends in single case design, based on publications in two leading behavioural journals, highlights a move toward alternating treatment designs and the growth of cognitive measures in single case studies. It is concluded that while single case designs are not necessarily the design of choice in all circumstances they are a fundamental research strategy in outcome research.
Psychological needs and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Hedge Barbara , Sherr Lorraine 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMental Health problems are associated with life‐threatening illnesses generally and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) specifically. This report describes the range and extent of psychological problems and therapeutic input for all patients (n = 258) referred to an HIV clinical psychology service over a one‐year period at a teaching hospital in the area of highest HIV prevalence in the UK. The majority (79%) were HIV positive; of these 92% were gay males, 6.5% heterosexual women and 1.5% heterosexual men. The age range was 15 to 72 years. Referrals were received for patients at all stages of HIV disease and for partners and relatives who were HIV negative but affected by HIV infection in another. The highest rate of referral was for HIV positive patients who were asymptomatic and the greatest intensity of need was for those with AIDS. Suicide (ideation or behaviour) was an issue in referral for 43 patients.Assessment revealed the major problems to include anxiety (48%), relationship problems (31.7%), depression (26.5%), adjustment to HIV status (16.9%), bereavement (12%), employment (11%), sexual issues (10%), isolation and suicide (9% each). Psychological therapy for the majority took the form of short‐term or crisis intervention. Group intervention did not substitute for individual therapy. The needs of patients were examined. They ranged from general interventions addressing adjustment to infection with HIV or an AIDS diagnosis, to specific input for issues such as sexual difficulties or coping with physical illness and bereavement. The data are discussed in terms of the growing demand for psychological services.
Gold‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in Water at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Gorbanev Yury Y. , Klitgaard Søren K. , Woodley John M. , Christensen Claus H. , Riisager Anders 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aerobic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, a versatile biomass‐derived chemical, is examined in water with a titania‐supported gold‐nanoparticle catalyst at ambient temperature (30 °C). The selectivity of the reaction towards 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid and the intermediate oxidation product 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid is found to depend on the amount of added base and the oxygen pressure, suggesting that the reaction proceeds via initial oxidation of the aldehyde moiety followed by oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. Under optimized reaction conditions, a 71 % yield of 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid is obtained at full 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in the presence of excess base.
Cytopatholologic features of gliosarcoma with areas of primitive neuroepithelial differentiation of the brain in squash smears
Authors: Hayashi Toshitetsu , Kushida Yoshio , Kadota Kyuichi , Katsuki Naomi , Bando Kenji , Miyai Yumi , Funamoto Yasunobu , Haba Reiji 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGliosarcoma with areas of primitive neuroepithelial differentiation (GSPNED) is an extremely rare neoplasm. A case is presented here in which squash smears of a left temporal lobe tumor in a 76‐year‐old male demonstrated two distinct and easily recognizable cellular populations, i.e., densely hyperchromatic cells of a primitive nature in a fibrillary background and pleomorphic spindle‐shaped cells. Occasional pseudo‐rosette formations and nuclear cannibalism suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation were also found. A cytologic diagnosis of a malignant tumor was suggested, and histochemical and immunohistochemical studies were conducted on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded material. Reticulin stain highlighted increased intercellular collagen and reticulin deposition within the spindled regions, whereas nodules with primitive cells were reticulin‐poor. There was a diffuse and strong reactivity to neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin and CD56 immunostains. A stain for glial fibrillary acidic protein and S‐100 protein demonstrated a subset of tumor cells including elongated cytoplasmic processes. The spindled component was positive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin, whereas the primitive‐appearing tumor cells were negative. The diagnosis of GSPNED was confirmed based on cytopathologic, histopathological and immunohistochemical results. The cytomorphologic features of this distinctive tumor are illustrated, and the adjunctival value of squash smears for frozen‐section diagnosis is also discussed. This is the first presentation of a cytopathologic analysis that provides an important clue to an accurate diagnosis of GSPNED. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory learning in the rat immediately after birth: Unique salience of first odors
Authors: Miller Stacie S. , Spear Norman E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn infant rat's chance of survival is increased when it remains close to the nest. Early olfactory learning supports such adaptive behavior. Previous experiments indicated that non‐associative odor exposure immediately after birth promoted later attachment to a similarly scented artificial nipple. The goal of the current experiments was to extend these findings on olfactory learning in the hours after birth by: exposing pups to more than one odor exposure (Experiment 1), dissecting the role of timing versus order of odor exposure (Experiment 2), testing the odor specificity of these effects (Experiments 3 and 4), and evaluating associative odor conditioning soon after birth (Experiment 5). Without explicit prior odor experience, pups only hours old do not respond much to a novel odor. Prior non‐associative odor experience increases later motor activity to that same odor and to novel odors. Furthermore, these findings may be specific to certain amodal dimensions of the (in our case) lemon odor exposure. Single odor non‐associative and associative conditioning was equally effective immediately after birth and during the third postnatal hour. Nevertheless, pups given two mere odor exposures responded to the first one more than the second at test, regardless of whether the exposures began immediately or 2 hr after birth. Possible mechanisms for these findings concerning early olfactory learning are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 488–504, 2009
Different apoptotic responses of human and bovine pericytes to fluctuating glucose levels and protective role of thiamine
Authors: Beltramo Elena , Berrone Elena , Tarallo Sonia , Porta Massimo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundVascular cells in diabetes are subjected to daily fluctuations from high to low glucose. We aimed at investigating whether pulsed exposure to different glucose concentrations influences apoptosis in human retinal pericytes (HRP) versus bovine retinal pericytes (BRP), with consequences on the onset of diabetic retinopathy, and the possible protective role of thiamine.MethodsBRP and HRP (wild‐type and immortalized) were grown in physiological/high glucose for 7 days, and then returned to physiological glucose for another 24, 48 or 72 h. Cells were also kept intermittently at 48‐h intervals in high/normal glucose for 8 days, with/without thiamine/benfotiamine. Apoptosis was determined through ELISA, TUNEL, Bcl‐2, Bax and p53 expression/concentration.ResultsContinuous exposure to high glucose increased apoptosis in BRP, but not HRP. BRP apoptosis normalized within 24 h of physiological glucose re‐entry, while HRP apoptosis increased within 24–48 h of re‐entry. Intermittent exposure to high glucose increased apoptosis in HRP and BRP. Bcl‐2/Bax results were consistent with DNA fragmentation, while p53 was unchanged. Thiamine and benfotiamine countered intermittent high glucose‐induced apoptosis.ConclusionsHuman pericytes are less prone to apoptosis induced by persistently high glucose than bovine cells. However, while BRP recover after returning to physiological levels, HRP are more vulnerable to both downwardly fluctuating glucose levels and intermittent exposure. These findings reinforce the hypotheses that (1) glycaemic fluctuations play a role in the development of diabetic retinopathy and (2) species‐specific models are needed. Thiamine and benfotiamine prevent human pericyte apoptosis, indicating this vitamin as an inexpensive approach to the prevention and/or treatment of diabetic complications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondrocyte‐specific Smad4 gene conditional knockout results in hearing loss and inner ear malformation in mice
Authors: Yang Shi‐Ming , Hou Zhao‐Hui , Yang Guan , Zhang Ji‐Shuai , Hu Yin‐Yan , Sun Jian‐He , Guo Wei‐Wei , He David z. z. , Han Dong‐Yi , Young Wie‐Yen , Yang Xiao 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSmad4 is the central intracellular mediator of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling, which plays crucial roles in tissue regeneration, cell differentiation, embryonic development, and regulation of the immune system. Conventional Smad4 gene knockout results in embryonic lethality, precluding its use in studies of the role of Smad4 in inner ear development. We used chondrocyte‐specific Smad4 knockout mice (Smad4Co/Co) to investigate the function of Smad4 in inner ear development. Smad4Co/Co mice were characterized by a smaller cochlear volume, bone malformation, and abnormalities of the osseous spiral lamina and basilar membrane. The development of the hair cells was also abnormal, as evidenced by the disorganized stereocilia and reduced density of the neuronal processes beneath the hair cells. Auditory function tests revealed the homozygous Smad4Co/Co mice suffered from severe sensorineural hearing loss. Our results suggest that Smad4 is required for inner ear development and normal auditory function in mammals. Developmental Dynamics, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T‐cell‐specific deletion of gp130 renders the highly susceptible IL‐10‐deficient mouse resistant to intestinal nematode infection
Authors: Fasnacht Nicolas , Greweling Marina C. , Bollati‐Fogolín Mariela , Schippers Angela , Müller Werner 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGp130 is the common receptor of the IL‐6 family of cytokines and is involved in many biological processes, including acute phase response, inflammation and immune reactions. To investigate the role of gp130 under inflammatory conditions, T‐cell‐specific conditional gp130 mice were first bred to the IL‐10‐deficient background and were then infected with the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris. While IL‐10−/− mice were highly susceptible to T. muris, developed a mixed Th1/Th17 response and displayed severe inflammation of the caecum, infection of mice with an additional T‐cell‐specific deletion of gp130 signalling completely reversed the phenotype. These mice showed an accelerated worm expulsion that was associated with the rapid generation of a strong Th2 immune response and a significant increase in Foxp3‐expressing Treg. Therefore, gp130 signalling in T cells regulates a switch between proinflammatory and pathogenic Th1/Th17 cells and regulatory Th2/Treg in vivo. Taken together, the data demonstrate that gp130 signalling in T cells is a positive regulator of inflammatory processes, favouring the Th1/Th17 axis.
Complete protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis with complete soluble antigen from attenuated Leishmania donovani promastigotes involves Th1‐immunity and down‐regulation of IL‐10
Authors: Bhaumik Siddhartha Kumar , Naskar Kshudiram , De Tripti 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCompared with cutaneous leishmaniasis, vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis has received limited attention. Most available drugs are toxic, and relapse after cure remains a chronic problem. Growing limitations in available chemotherapeutic strategies due to emerging resistant strains and lack of an effective vaccine strategy against visceral leishmaniasis deepens the crisis. Complete soluble antigen (CSA), from a β1‐4 galactosyltransferase expressing attenuated Leishmania donovani parasite, induced protection against subsequent challenge and during active infections. CSA immunization was effective against both pentavalent antimony sensitive and resistant strains of L. donovani. Majority (∼85%) of the immunized animals showed sterile protection. Resolution of the disease required the presence of T cells, and the recovered animals remained immune to re‐challenge. Control of the parasites was dependent on type 1 CD4+ helper cells, which evolved in the presence of IL‐12 and activated macrophages through the production of IFN‐γ. Immunity was adoptively transferable and was dependent on both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. CSA immunization led to enhanced IFN‐γ production, while suppressing the IL‐10 production. However, CSA immunization did not abrogate IL‐4 production. Our results accentuate the need to establish a favorable cellular immunity while intervening with the development of Th2 cells during leishmania infection.
Arylation of Hydrocarbyl Ligands Formed from n‐Alkanes through C–H Bond Activation of Benzene Using a Triruthenium Cluster
Authors: Moriya Makoto , Tahara Atsushi , Takao Toshiro , Suzuki Hiroharu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTriruthenium complex 2 containing a perpendicularly coordinated 1‐pentyne ligand, which is one of the key intermediates of the reaction of triruthenium pentahydrido complex 1 with n‐pentane, reacts with benzene to yield μ3‐benzyne–μ3‐pentylidyne complex 5 by C–H bond activation. β‐H elimination form the μ3‐penytylidyne ligand occurred upon heating to yield μ3‐pentenylidene complex 6, which was followed by the formation of closo‐ruthenacyclopentadiene complex 8 by the connection of the two hydrocarbyl moieties placed on each face of the triruthenium plane with partial metal–metal bond breaking. Treatment of 8 with pressurized hydrogen resulted in exclusive liberation of n‐pentylbenzene, which is difficult to synthesize by conventional Friedel–Crafts alkylation. These sequential transformations correspond to the formation of linear alkylbenzene by the reaction of pentane with benzene on a trimetallic plane. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)