bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert Training with Standardized Operative Technique Helps Establish a Successful Penile Prosthetics Program for Urologic Resident Education
Authors: King Ashley B. , Klausner Adam P. , Johnson Corey M. , Moore Blake W. , Wilson Steven K. , Grob B. Mayer 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Introduction
The challenge of resident education in urologic surgery programs is to overcome disparity imparted by diverse patient populations, limited training times, and inequalities in the availability of expert surgical educators. Specifically, in the area of prosthetic urology, only a small proportion of programs have full-time faculty available to train residents in this discipline.

Aim
To examine whether a new model using yearly training sessions from a recognized expert can establish a successful penile prosthetics program and result in better outcomes, higher case volumes, and willingness to perform more complex surgeries.

Methods
A recognized expert conducted one to two operative training sessions yearly to teach standardized technique for penile prosthetics to residents. Each session consisted of three to four operative cases performed under the direct supervision of the expert. Retrospective data were collected from all penile prosthetic operations before (February, 2000 to June, 2004: N = 44) and after (July, 2004 to October, 2007: N = 79) implementation of these sessions.

Main Outcome Measures
Outcomes reviewed included patient age, race, medical comorbidities, operative time, estimated blood loss, type of prosthesis, operative approach, drain usage, length of stay, and complications including revision/explantation rates. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-tests, Fisher's tests, and survival curves using the Kaplan-Meier technique (P value ≤ 0.05 to define statistical significance).

Results
Patient characteristics were not significantly different pre- vs. post-training. Operative time and estimated blood loss significantly decreased. Inflatable implants increased from 19/44 (43.2%, pre-training) to 69/79 (87.3%, post-training) (P &lt; 0.01). Operations per year increased from 9.96 (pre-training) to 24 (post-training) (P &lt; 0.01). Revision/explantation occurred in 11/44 patients (25%, pre-training) vs. 7/79 (8.9%, post-training) (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
These data demonstrate that yearly sessions with a recognized expert can improve surgical outcomes, type, and volume of implants and can reduce explantation/revision rates. This represents an excellent model for improved training of urologic residents in penile prosthetics surgery.
HEREDITY AND INTELLIGENCE: A REPLY TO CRITICISMS
Authors: Burt Cyril , Howard Margaret 
Published: August 2011

SummaryAn attempt is made to remove current misconceptions about the way in which individual differences in general intelligence appear to be inherited. Further support for a multifactorial form of the Mendelian theory is found in an examination (a) of the commoner objections, both methodological and statistical, and (b) of the chief alternative hypotheses, viz., (i) the theory of blending inheritance and (ii) the theory of exclusively or predominantly environmental determination.
CLASS DIFFERENCES IN GENERAL INTELLIGENCE: III
Authors: Burt Cyril 
Published: August 2011

The argument put forward in the following paper is based on three main premises, for which ample evidence is now available: (i) individual differences in ‘general intelligence’ are transmitted in accordance with the multifactorial theory of inheritance; (ii) in our own country for thirty generations or more, there has been a discernible tendency for individuals endowed with high intelligence to rise to a higher social class and for those of low intelligence to drop to a lower; (iii) with minor fluctuations, this twofold movement has increased at an accelerated rate from almost negligible amounts to the comparatively large proportions reported in recent sociological surveys. From these three propositions it is concluded that there must now be appreciable differences in the genetic composition of different social classes, and that these differences will show themselves most plainly in differences between the mean level of intelligence obtaining within each class. But it also follows that, within each class, there will be wide individual variations, so that each class remains highly heterogeneous; and these differences in innate ability will be still further magnified by environmental differences and by innate differences in temperament.The conclusions thus deduced appear to be fully confirmed by surveys carried out with tests of intelligence and other devices. But the test‐results themselves by no means form the only ground, as is so often supposed, for accepting the conclusions thus reached. The various objections urged against the foregoing arguments are discussed; and their practical consequences briefly indicated.
TRIADIC COMPARISONS OF MUSICAL INTERVALS1
Authors: Levelt W. J. M. , Geer J. P. van de , Plomp R. 
Published: August 2011

An analysis is made of the perception of musical intervals. Two kinds of stimuli were used; intervals consisting of two simultaneous simple tones (sinusoids) and intervals consisting of two simultaneous complex tones (fundamental plus harmonics). Subjects judged the stimuli by the method of triadic comparisons in an incomplete balanced design. Multidimensional analysis was performed according to Kruskal's MDSCAL program.The following results were obtained: (a) In both the space of simple‐tone intervals (S) and the space of complex‐tone intervals (C) musical intervals are ordered according to their width (frequency difference between fundamental tones). This ordering appears to follow a scale which is bowed upwards in the centre; extremely narrow and extremely wide intervals are therefore more similar than would be expected on the basis of their width alone. (b) In addition, the intervals in C are ordered along a dimension which is related to the complexity of the frequency ratio of the fundamental tones. This is much less true for S. (c) In S, on the other hand, intervals are differentiated on a dimension which is interpreted as indicating their resemblance to certain normative reference intervals.Attention is given to a number of methodological issues.
A note on computational efficiency in asymptotically distribution‐free correlational models
Authors: Mooijaart Ab 
Published: August 2011

Asymptotically distribution‐free (ADF) methods for the analyses of covariances or correlations require the calculation of an estimated variance–covariance matrix of those covariances or correlations.Formulae for this variance–covariance matrix are well known from the literature. However, it turns out that, in particular for the correlations, this matrix is quite elaborate because it seems to be necessary to compute and store fourth‐order standardized sample moments.In this paper we show that this can be avoided and that computations can be done in the data matrix directly. This may save a lot of core storage and computation time as well.
Implementation of a decision analytic aid to support examiners' judgements in aggregating pairs of components
Authors: French Simon , Allatt Paul , Slater John , Vassiloglou Marilena , Willmott Alan 
Published: August 2011

In a series of papers, the case has been argued for viewing the process of aggregating marks in an examination from a decision theoretic (or measurement theoretic) standpoint. The purpose of aggregating marks is to form an overall ranking of the candidates that corresponds with the ranking that the examiners would generate by holistic judgement, if they had the time and the powers of consistency required. Models of aggregation that parallel multi‐attribute value functions have been proposed. These models have not, until recently, been trialed with practising examiners, however. The problem has been that the interactive procedure, which the assessment of the models requires, needed to be implemented within a general examination processing package so that the context in which the models are used could be as realistic as possible. This has now been achieved for the restricted case of aggregating two components, and preliminary trials with examiners have begun.The implementation adopted was not the lock‐step procedure originally suggested, but rather a least‐squares fitting procedure of finite‐difference approximations to the aggregation functions. Although a least squares procedure is used, the assessment is iterative and allows the users to revise their judgements in the light of possible inconsistencies. The authors believe this approach has not been used before, either in the examination context or in the assessment of multi‐attribute utility functions.
Novel Sensitive Real-Time PCR for Quantification of Bacterial 16S rRNA Genes in Plasma of HIV-Infected Patients as a Marker for Microbial Translocation
Authors: Kramski M. , Gaeguta A. J. , Lichtfuss G. F. , Rajasuriar R. , Crowe S. M. , French M. A. , Lewin S. R. , Center R. J. , Purcell D. F. J. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT
We developed a real-time PCR to quantify 16S rRNA gene levels in plasma from HIV-infected patients as a marker of microbial translocation. The assay uses shrimp nuclease (SNuc) to eliminate DNA contamination, giving high sensitivity and low variability. The 16S rRNA gene levels measured in plasma from HIV patients correlated significantly with lipopolysaccharide levels.
Dynamically and Observationally Constrained Estimates of Water-Mass Distributions and Ages in the Global Ocean
Authors: DeVries Tim , Primeau François 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A data-constrained ocean circulation model is used to characterize the distribution of water masses and their ages in the global ocean. The model is constrained by the time-averaged temperature, salinity, and radiocarbon distributions in the ocean, as well as independent estimates of the mean sea surface height and sea surface heat and freshwater fluxes. The data-constrained model suggests that the interior ocean is ventilated primarily by water masses forming in the Southern Ocean. Southern Ocean waters, including those waters forming in the Antarctic and subantarctic regions, make up about 55% of the interior ocean volume and an even larger percentage of the deep-ocean volume. In the deep North Pacific, the ratio of Southern Ocean to North Atlantic waters is almost 3:1. Approximately 65% of interior ocean waters make first contact with the atmosphere in the Southern Ocean, further emphasizing the central role played by the Southern Ocean in the regulation of the earth’s climate. Results of the age analysis suggest that the mean ventilation age of deep waters is greater than 1000 yr throughout most of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, reaching a maximum of about 1400–1500 yr in the middepth North Pacific. The mean time for deep waters to be reexposed at the surface also reaches a maximum of about 1400–1500 yr in the deep North Pacific. Together these findings suggest that the deep North Pacific can be characterized as a “holding pen” of stagnant and recirculating waters.
Factors Affecting Rotator Cuff Healing After Arthroscopic Repair
Authors: Chung Seok Won , Oh Joo Han , Gong Hyun Sik , Kim Joon Yub , Kim Sae Hoon 
Published: August 2011

Background: The prognostic factors associated with structural outcome after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair have not yet been fully determined. Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this study was that bone mineral density (BMD) is an important prognostic factor affecting rotator cuff healing after arthroscopic cuff repair. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Among 408 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair for full-thickness rotator cuff tear between January 2004 and July 2008, 272 patients were included whose postoperative cuff integrity was verified by computed tomography arthrography (CTA) or ultrasonography (USG) and simultaneously who were evaluated by various functional outcome instruments. The mean age at the time of operation was 59.5 ± 7.9 years. Postoperative CTA or USG was performed at a mean 13.0 ± 5.1 months after surgery, and the mean follow-up period was 37.2 ± 10.0 months (range, 24-65 months). The clinical, structural, and surgery-related factors affecting cuff integrity including BMD were analyzed using both univariate and multivariate analysis. Evaluation of postoperative cuff integrity was performed by musculoskeletal radiologists who were unaware of the present study. Results: The failure rate of rotator cuff healing was 22.8% (62 of 272). The failure rate was significantly higher in patients with lower BMD ( P < .001); older age ( P < .001); female gender ( P = .03); larger tear size ( P < .001); higher grade of fatty infiltration (FI) of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis (all P < .001); diabetes mellitus ( P = .02); shorter acromiohumeral distance ( P < .001); and associated biceps procedure ( P < .001). However, in the multivariate analysis, only BMD ( P = .001), FI of the infraspinatus ( P = .01), and the amount of retraction ( P = .03) showed a significant relationship with cuff healing failure following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Conclusion: Bone mineral density, as well as FI of the infraspinatus and amount of retraction, was an independent determining factor affecting postoperative rotator cuff healing. Further studies with prospective, randomized, and controlled design are needed to confirm the relationship between BMD and postoperative rotator cuff healing.
New Pregnane Steroids from Formosan Red Alga Ceratodictyon spongiosum and Symbiotic Sponge Sigmadocia symbiotica
Authors: Lu Chung-Kuang , Wang Shang-Kwei , Duh Chang-Yih 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Four new pregnane steroids, ceratosteroid A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), were isolated from the Formosan red alga Ceratodictyon spongiosum and symbiotic sponge Sigmadocia symbiotica. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses. Compounds 2 and 4 showed cytotoxicity against P-388 cell line.
Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Dysosma pleiantha (Berberidaceae)
Authors: Guan Bi‐Cai , Gong Xi , Zhou Shi‐Liang 
Published: August 2011

• Premise of the study: The development of compound microsatellite markers was conducted in Dysosma pleiantha to investigate genetic diversity and population genetic structure of this threatened medicinal plant.• Methods and Results: Using the compound microsatellite marker technique, 14 microsatellite markers that were successfully amplified showed polymorphism when tested on 38 individuals from three populations in eastern China. Overall, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 14, with an average of 7.71 alleles per locus.• Conclusions: These results indicate that these microsatellite markers are adequate for detecting and characterizing population genetic structure and genetic diversity in Dysosma pleiantha.
Abdominal Paragangliomas: Analysis of Surgeon's Experience
Authors: FitzGerald SC , M Gingell Littlejohn , Parnaby CN , Connell JM , O'Dwyer PJ 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTAbdominal paraganglioma is a rare endocrine tumor associated with genetic mutations, however, the ability to predict long-term risk of metastasis has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to examine the clinicopathological features and outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for an abdominal paraganglioma. A retrospective analysis was performed for all patients undergoing surgery for abdominal paragangliomas from one surgical department between 1998 and 2010. Clinical presentation, hormone secretion and clinical outcomes were examined. A total of 23 patients underwent surgery for abdominal paraganglioma with the most common presentation being hypertension. Median time to metastasis was 32 months with all patients developing disease progression having a rise in urine catecholamines. Patients with capsular invasion or predisposing genetic conditions are at a higher risk of having more aggressive disease. All patients with a diagnosis of paraganglioma should be screened for predisposing genetic abnormalities and postoperative follow-up must include routine urinary catecholamine assessment.
Overview of Peroxiredoxins in Oxidant Defense and Redox Regulation
Authors: Poole Leslie B. , Hall Andrea , Nelson Kimberly J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPeroxiredoxins are important hydroperoxide detoxification enzymes, yet have only come to the fore in recent years relative to the other major players in peroxide detoxification, heme‐containing catalases and peroxidases and glutathione peroxidases. These cysteine‐dependent peroxidases exhibit high reactivity with hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite and play major roles not only in peroxide defense, but also in regulating peroxide‐mediated cell signaling. This overview focuses on important peroxiredoxin features that have emerged over the past several decades with an emphasis on catalytic mechanism, regulation, and biological function.Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 49:7.9.1‐7.9.15. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electrode Considerations for the Optical Enhancement of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Hadipour Afshin , Cheyns David , Heremans Paul , Rand Barry P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the optical effects in conventional and inverted bulk heterojunction organic solar cells associated with various electrodes, and perform a systematic study on the anode and cathode buffer layers commonly used in high performance devices. In the devices produced here, we determine that parasitic absorption by low work function metals such as calcium reduces photocurrent by 25%, and that parasitic reflection at interfaces between the transparent conducting oxide and metal oxide buffer layers can reduce photocurrent by more than 10%. We also quantify the impact of an optical spacer, and determine that this accounts for only a fraction of the improvement that can be gained through alternative electrode optimization routes. It is therefore our intention that this study serves as a guideline for the optimization of the electrodes of organic thin film photovoltaic devices.
A novel 4p16.3 microduplication distal to WHSC1 and WHSC2 characterized by oligonucleotide array with new phenotypic features
Authors: Cyr Andrew B. , Nimmakayalu Manjunath , Longmuir Susannah Q. , Patil Shivanand R. , Keppler‐Noreuil Kim M. , Shchelochkov Oleg A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLarger imbalances on chromosome 4p in the form of deletions associated with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) and duplications of chromosome 4p have a defined clinical phenotype. The critical region for both these clinical disorders has been narrowed based on the genotype–phenotype correlations. However, cryptic rearrangements in this region have been reported infrequently. We report on a male patient with a microduplication of chromosome 4p, who presents with findings of macrocephaly, irregular iris pigmentation‐heterochromia, and preserved linear growth in addition to overlapping features of trisomy 4p such as seizures, delayed psychomotor development, and dysmorphic features including prominent glabella, low‐set ears, and short neck. Using a high‐density oligonucleotide microarray, we have identified a novel submicroscopic duplication involving dosage sensitive genes TACC3, FGFR3, and LETM1. The microduplication did not involve WHSC1 and WHSC2 which are considered in the critical region for WHS and trisomy 4p. This patient's presentation and genomic findings help further delineate clinical significance of re‐arrangements in the 4p16 region without the involvement of WHS critical region. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of Aromatic Behavior in Heterobenzene‐Like Molecules with Metal–Metal Multiple Bonds
Authors: Fang Wenjuan , He Qiao , Tan Zhong Fei , Liu Chun Y. , Lu Xin , Murillo Carlos A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBinding two quadruply bonded dimolybdenum units [Mo2(DAniF)3]+ (DAniF=N,N′‐di‐p‐anisylformamidinate) with two chalcogen atoms generated two molecules with a central core composed of a cyclic six‐membered [Mo2]2(μ‐EH)2 species (E=S in 1 and O in 3, and [Mo2] is a quadruple‐bonded [Mo2(formamidinate)3] unit). Aerobic oxidation of 1 and 3 followed by concomitant deprotonation gave rise to the corresponding [Mo2]2(μ‐E)2 compounds 2 and 4. The latter show a striking coplanarity and near‐bond equalization of the Mo/E cluster. The oxidized species 2 and 4 are diamagnetic in the measured temperature range of 5 to 300 K, which is somewhat unexpected for molecules that have dimetal units with a σ2π4δ1 electronic configuration. This suggests there are strong interactions between the dimolybdenum units through the E atoms. The large electronic delocalization of the δ electrons over the entire Mo/E core is supported by the exceptionally large potential separation for the two successive one‐electron reductions of the linked Mo25+ units from the oxidized species (ΔE1/2=1.7 V for the sulfur analogue). This large electronic delocalization has an important effect on the NMR spectroscopic signals for the two sets of methine (N‐(CH)‐N) protons from the DAniF ligands. Those essentially parallel to the core, H∥, and those essentially perpendicular to the core, H⊥, exhibit downfield and upfield chemical shifts, respectively, that are separated by δ=1.32 ppm. The structural, electronic, magnetic, and chemical behaviors for 2 and 4 are consistent with aromaticity, with the [Mo2E2Mo2] cores that resemble the prototypical benzene molecule. Theoretical studies, including DFT calculations, natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses, and gauge‐independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR spectroscopic calculations, are also consistent with the aromaticity of the [Mo2]2(μ‐E)2 units being promoted by dδ(Mo2)–pπ(E) π conjugation. The cyclic π conjugation of the central moiety in 2 and 4 involves a total of six electrons with 2e from δ(Mo2) and 4e from pπ(E) orbitals, thereby conforming to Hückel’s rule when electrons in the MOs with δ character are considered part of the delocalized system.
Thermal Activation of Methane and Ethene by Bare MO.+ (M=Ge, Sn, and Pb): A Combined Theoretical/Experimental Study
Authors: Chen Kai , Wang Zhe‐Chen , Schlangen Maria , Wu Yun‐Dong , Zhang Xinhao , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe thermal ion/molecule reactions (IMRs) of the Group 14 metal oxide radical cations MO.+ (M=Ge, Sn, Pb) with methane and ethene were investigated. For the MO.+/CH4 couples abstraction of a hydrogen atom to form MOH+ and a methyl radical constitutes the sole channel. The nearly barrier‐free process, combined with a large exothermicity as revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, suggests a fast and efficient reaction in agreement with the experiment. For the IMR of MO.+ with ethene, two competitive channels exist: hydrogen‐atom abstraction (HAA) from and oxygen‐atom transfer (OAT) to the organic substrate. The HAA channel, yielding C2H3. and MOH+ predominates for the GeO.+/ethene system, while for SnO.+ and PbO.+ the major reaction observed corresponds to the OAT producing M+ and C2H4O. The DFT‐derived potential‐energy surfaces are consistent with the experimental findings. The behavior of the metal oxide cations towards ethene can be explained in terms of the bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of MO+H and M+O, which define the hydrogen‐atom affinity of MO+ and the oxophilicity of M+, respectively. Since the differences among the BDEs(MO+H) are rather small and the hydrogen‐atom affinities of the three radical cations MO.+ exceed the BDE(CH3H) and BDE(C2H3H), hydrogen‐atom abstraction is possible thermochemically. In contrast, the BDEs(M+O) vary quite substantially; consequently, the OAT channel becomes energetically less favorable for GeO.+ which exhibits the highest oxophilicity among these three group 14 metal ions.