bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instant Electrocardiography
Authors: CANTWELL JOHN D. , FLETCHER GERALD F. 
Published: June 2012

Instant electrocardiograms before and after physical activity were recorded three times per week for three to six months in ten patients with postmyocardial infarction angina pectoris who engaged in a physical training program. Four patients developed ST-segment depressions of over 2 mm following exercise and one of the four had associated ventricular ectopia. Three other patients had asymptomatic runs of ventricular tachycardia. Two of the latter subsequently developed ventricular fibrillation during moderate physical activity and one subsequently died suddenly at home while engaged in yardwork.
Instant electrocardiography represents a simple way to screen for patients prone to exercise-induced arrhythmias. It is felt that the latter should be on antiarrhythmic drugs and be limited to rather light physical activity such as certain flexibility exercises, noncompetitive team sports, and moderately brisk walking.
Survival after Resuscitation from Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: BAUM ROBERT S. , ALVAREZ HERNAN , COBB LEONARD A. 
Published: June 2012

During the first three years in operating a comprehensive system for the management of out-of-hospital medical emergencies, 146 patients were resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation, hospitalized, and discharged home. The diagnosis of acute transmural myocardial infarction associated with the episode of ventricular fibrillation was confirmed in only 17% of the patients. The presence of myocardial necrosis, based on either evidence of new transmural infarction or LDH-isoenzyme criteria was established in 49.5% of the patients. During the follow-up period, averaging 418 days, 43 of the 146 patients died. Thirty-four of the 43 deaths occurred suddenly outside the hospital. Patients whose aborted sudden cardiac death was associated with acute transmural infarction had a mortality rate of 14% after two years of follow-up. In contrast, patients without evidence of acute myocardial necrosis had a high mortality rate — 47% at two years.
It is concluded that: 1) out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation is common and treatable; 2) the phenomenon of sudden cardiac death should not be equated with acute myocardial infarction; 3) patients resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation without associated acute myocardial infarction are prone to sudden death — most likely from ventricular fibrillation.
De Subitaneis Mortibus
Authors: JAMES THOMAS N. , PUECH PAUL 
Published: June 2012

A twenty-two-year-old woman with type A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome had a long history of paroxysmal tachycardia and died of a stroke. Until the last two years of life the tachycardias responded to medical treatment, but thereafter they could only be terminated with electrical shock. During one such shock her sinus rhythm disappeared and for over a year she had only atrioventricular (A-V) junctional rhythm although paroxysms of tachycardia persisted.
Special studies of the heart after death included serial sections of the entire A-V ring. Nonspecific degenerative disease of both atria included the internodal pathways. Both the sinus node artery and the A-V node artery were narrowed by mural thickening. The sinus node was generally intact but virtually all atrionodal connections were degenerated. The A-V node was similarly detached from its atrial connections but was in direct continuity with the His bundle. The right bundle branch was interrupted at its origin. Within the central fibrous body there were numerous lacunae and one long cleft extending from atrial to ventricular septum parallel to the A-V node. Although the cleft contained cells, there was no direct A-V connection. At the right lateral A-V junction a long thin cylinder of Purkinje cells lay parallel to the tricuspid valve ring and connected to the atrium but not the ventricle. Beneath the left atrial appendage there was a fault in the mitral annulus through which there was a direct A-V connection. Most of this connection was composed of P cells and thus resembled the patient's own sinus node. The atrial connection was to Bachmann's bundle, which was extensively degenerated. The ventricular connection was to ordinary working myocardium midway between epicardium and endocardium. Some functional implications of these anatomical findings are discussed.
The George E. Brown Memorial Lecture
Authors: BARR DAVID P. 
Published: June 2012

In this lecture a partial and tentative examination has been made of chemical factors possibly important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The discussion has centered about four observations concerning the incidence and extent of the disease. The first is that man appears to be unique among mammals in his predisposition; the second, that the condition is seldom if ever seen in the human infant at birth; the third, that healthy women are not likely to develop its complications before the time of the menopause; the fourth, that in man certain maladies and particularly diabetes, familial xanthomatosis, and nephrosis favor early and extensive atheromatous deposits.

An attempt has been made to relate present knowledge of lipid composition of the blood to known variations in the degree of predisposition to the disease. This has included scrutiny of observations on concentration of cholesterol and the S
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10-20 bodies of Gofman, on cholesterol-phospholipid ratios and on the distribution of cholesterol between the lipoproteins of plasma.

It has been shown that in mammals which never develop spontaneous atherosclerosis the values of all the criteria of concentration and distribution of lipids differ from those of man. Among human beings only the infant at birth has plasma which in its lipid composition closely resembles that of immune mammals. In young women the deviation is less than in other human adults. In groups of patients that display the greatest tendency to the development of atherosclerosis, the plasma lipid patterns differ most widely from those of other mammals.
Among survivors of myocardial infarction many but not all display striking abnormalities in every one of the criteria of lipid concentration and distribution. Comparison of the different methods indicates that in survivors of infarction the distribution of cholesterol between the lipoproteins is more constantly disturbed than the other chemical factors. No test however deviates with sufficient constancy to permit its use in the clinical diagnosis either of the presence of atherosclerosis or of a tendency to its development.
It has been shown that the lipid patterns in man are not immutable but can be manipulated to a considerable degree. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that the administration of estrogen can convert the highly pathologic patterns of survivors of myocardial infarction to normal adult human values, and that the use of methyl testosterone exaggerates the chemical pathology of myocardial infarction and may even produce deviant patterns in those who have been previously normal.
Although the observations which have been reviewed offer strong evidence that predisposition to atherosclerosis is related to deviations in the lipid composition of the blood, they do not establish the chemical hypothesis of pathogenesis. Although at present they lead to no practical applications in therapy, they are regarded as worthy of further investigation with a justifiable hope that greater knowledge may offer new clues to prevention and control.
Acute Pericarditis
Authors: MCGUIRE JOHNSON , KOTTE J. HAROLD , HELM ROBERT A. 
Published: June 2012

Statistical studies of the frequency of the different etiologic types of acute pericarditis may be misleading because of an increasing recognition of nonspecific pericarditis. In our experience this form is the most common in private practice, while on the wards of a general hospital, tuberculous pericarditis is the most frequent variety. Despite improvements in diagnostic technics there still remains a significant number of patients with acute pericarditis, the etiology of which cannot be categorized accurately. This latter group will be narrowed only after further clinical description and laboratory study.
The diagnosis of nonspecific pericarditis should be made carefully because of similarity of its onset to that of myocardial infarction and its benign course with tendency to relapse. Tuberculous pericarditis merits early recognition because of the improved prognosis following prompt treatment. Rheumatic pericarditis is often a problem in children and adolescents and indicates serious cardiac involvement; in adults the clinical course is generally more benign. Pericarditis occurring in uremia and myocardial infarction is usually an incidental finding in the course of a more important disease. Pyogenic pericarditis is now a rare occurrence except in certain infectious states.
The treatment of acute pericarditis has been considerably improved by the introduction of the antibiotic drugs. The judicious use of pericardial paracentesis may be life-saving in certain instances or it may yield diagnostic information from which effective therapy can be instituted.
Redox interactions of technetium with iron-bearing minerals
Authors: McBeth J. M. , Lloyd J. R. , Law G. T. W. , Livens F. R. , Burke I. T. , Morris K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIron minerals influence the environmental redox behaviour and mobility of metals including the long-lived radionuclide technetium. Technetium is highly mobile in its oxidized form pertechnetate (Tc(VII)O4–), however, when it is reduced to Tc(IV) it immobilizes readily via precipitation or sorption. In low concentration tracer experiments, and in higher concentration XAS experiments, pertechnetate was added to samples of biogenic and abiotically synthesized Fe(II)-bearing minerals (bio-magnetite, bio-vivianite, bio-siderite and an abiotically precipitated Fe(II) gel). Each mineral scavenged different quantities of Tc(VII) from solution with essentially complete removal in Fe(II)-gel and bio-magnetite systems and with 84±4% removal onto bio-siderite and 68±5% removal onto bio-vivianite over 45 days. In select, higher concentration, Tc XAS experiments, XANES spectra showed reductive precipitation to Tc(IV) in all samples. Furthermore, EXAFS spectra for bio-siderite, bio-vivianite and Fe(II)-gel showed that Tc(IV) was present as short range ordered hydrous Tc(IV)O2-like phases in the minerals and for some systems suggested possible incorporation in an octahedral coordination environment. Low concentration reoxidation experiments with air-, and in the case of the Fe(II) gel, nitrate-oxidation of the Tc(IV)-labelled samples resulted in only partial remobilization of Tc. Upon exposure to air, the Tc bound to the Fe-minerals was resistant to oxidative remobilization with a maximum of ∼15% Tc remobilized in the bio-vivianite system after 45 days of air exposure. Nitrate mediated oxidation of Fe(II)-gel inoculated with a stable consortium of nitrate-reducing, Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria showed only 3.8±0.4% remobilization of reduced Tc(IV), again highlighting the recalcitrance of Tc(IV) to oxidative remobilization in Fe-bearing systems. The resultant XANES spectra of the reoxidized minerals showed Tc(IV)-like spectra in the reoxidized Fe-phases. Overall, this study highlights the role that Fe-bearing biogenic mineral phases have in controlling reductive scavenging of Tc(VII) to hydrous TcO2-like phases onto a range of Fe(II)-bearing minerals. In addition, it suggests that on reoxidation of these phases, Fe-bound Tc(IV) may be octahedrally coordinated and is largely recalcitrant to reoxidation over medium-term timescales. This has implications when considering remediation approaches and in predictions of the long-term fate of Tc in the nuclear legacy.
Distinctive properties of rock-forming blue quartz: inferences from a multi-analytical study of submicron mineral inclusions
Authors: Seifert W. , Rhede D. , Thomas R. , Förster H.-J. , Lucassen F. , Dulski P. , Wirth R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe study discusses the mineralogical, geochemical and thermometric properties of rock-forming blue quartz from eight worldwide occurrences. Compared to non-blue quartz, blue quartz contains significant amounts of submicron-sized (1 μm—100 nm) and nanometre-sized (<100 nm) inclusions. Mica, ilmenite and rutile constitute the most abundant submicron-sized inclusions, and are formed probably by syngenetic precipitation in the boundary layer between quartz and melt (entrapment model). Nanometre-sized rutile possibly originated by epigenetic exsolution of Ti from the quartz structure (exsolution model). Rayleigh scattering of light by nano-particulate inclusions best explains the origin of the blue colour. Blue quartz is generally Ti-rich (∼100—300 ppm) and formed at high temperatures (∼700°C—900°C). The large number, and high spatial density, of tiny xenocrystic inclusions of Ti-bearing minerals make calculations of crystallization temperatures using the Ti-in-quartz thermometer unreliable. The geological significance of blue quartz remains obscure.
Hidden genetic diversity in the green alga Spirogyra (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta)
Authors: Chen Charlotte , Barfuss Michael HJ , Pröschold Thomas , Schagerl Michael 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe unbranched filamentous green algaSpirogyra(Streptophyta, Zygnemataceae) is easily recognizable based on its vegetative morphology, which shows one to several spiral chloroplasts. This simple structure falsely points to a low genetic diversity:Spirogyrais commonly excluded from phylogenetic analyses because the genus is known as a long-branch taxon caused by a high evolutionary rate.ResultsWe focused on this genetic diversity and sequenced 130Spirogyrasmall subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) strands of different origin. The resulting SSU rDNA sequences were used for phylogenetic analyses using complex evolutionary models (posterior probability, maximum likelihood, neighbor joining, and maximum parsimony methods). The sequences were between 1672 and 1779 nucleotides long. Sequence comparisons revealed 53 individual clones, but our results still support monophyly of the genus. Our data set did not contain a single slow-evolving taxon that would have been placed on a shorter branch compared to the remaining sequences. Out of 130 accessions analyzed, 72 showed a secondary loss of the 1506 group I intron, which formed a long-branched group within the genus. The phylogenetic relationship to the genusSpirotaeniawas not resolved satisfactorily. The genetic distance within the genusSpirogyraexceeded the distances measured within any other genus of the remaining Zygnemataceae included in this study.ConclusionOverall, we define eight distinct clades ofSpirogyra, one of them including the genusSirogonium. A large number of non-homoplasious synapomorphies (NHS; 114 NHS in total) was found forSpirogyra(41 NHS) and for each clade (totaling 73 NHS). This emphasizes the high genetic diversity of this genus and the distance to the remaining Zygnematophyceae.
Development of a dense SNP-based linkage map of an apple rootstock progeny using the Malus Infinium whole genome genotyping array
Authors: Antanaviciute Laima , Fernández-Fernández Felicidad , Jansen Johannes , Banchi Elisa , Evans Katherine M , Viola Roberto , Velasco Riccardo , Dunwell Jim M , Troggio Michela , Sargent Daniel J 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
A whole-genome genotyping array has previously been developed for Malus using SNP data from 28 Malus genotypes. This array offers the prospect of high throughput genotyping and linkage map development for any given Malus progeny. To test the applicability of the array for mapping in diverse Malus genotypes, we applied the array to the construction of a SNP-based linkage map of an apple rootstock progeny.

Results
Of the 7,867 Malus SNP markers on the array, 1,823 (23.2%) were heterozygous in one of the two parents of the progeny, 1,007 (12.8%) were heterozygous in both parental genotypes, whilst just 2.8% of the 921 Pyrus SNPs were heterozygous. A linkage map spanning 1,282.2 cM was produced comprising 2,272 SNP markers, 306 SSR markers and the S- locus. The length of the M432 linkage map was increased by 52.7 cM with the addition of the SNP markers, whilst marker density increased from 3.8 cM/marker to 0.5 cM/marker. Just three regions in excess of 10 cM remain where no markers were mapped. We compared the positions of the mapped SNP markers on the M432 map with their predicted positions on the ‘Golden Delicious’ genome sequence. A total of 311 markers (13.7% of all mapped markers) mapped to positions that conflicted with their predicted positions on the ‘Golden Delicious’ pseudo-chromosomes, indicating the presence of paralogous genomic regions or mis-assignments of genome sequence contigs during the assembly and anchoring of the genome sequence.

Conclusions
We incorporated data for the 2,272 SNP markers onto the map of the M432 progeny and have presented the most complete and saturated map of the full 17 linkage groups of M. pumila to date. The data were generated rapidly in a high-throughput semi-automated pipeline, permitting significant savings in time and cost over linkage map construction using microsatellites. The application of the array will permit linkage maps to be developed for QTL analyses in a cost-effective manner, and the identification of SNPs that have been assigned erroneous positions on the ‘Golden Delicious’ reference sequence will assist in the continued improvement of the genome sequence assembly for that variety.
Insights into the evolution of mammalian telomerase: Platypus TERT shares similarities with genes of birds and other reptiles and localizes on sex chromosomes
Authors: Hrdličková Radmila , Nehyba Jiří , Lim Shu Ly , Grützner Frank , Bose Henry R 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
The TERT gene encodes the catalytic subunit of the telomerase complex and is responsible for maintaining telomere length. Vertebrate telomerase has been studied in eutherian mammals, fish, and the chicken, but less attention has been paid to other vertebrates. The platypus occupies an important evolutionary position, providing unique insight into the evolution of mammalian genes. We report the cloning of a platypus TERT (OanTERT) ortholog, and provide a comparison with genes of other vertebrates.

Results
The OanTERT encodes a protein with a high sequence similarity to marsupial TERT and avian TERT. Like the TERT of sauropsids and marsupials, as well as that of sharks and echinoderms, OanTERT contains extended variable linkers in the N-terminal region suggesting that they were present already in basal vertebrates and lost independently in ray-finned fish and eutherian mammals. Several alternatively spliced OanTERT variants structurally similar to avian TERT variants were identified. Telomerase activity is expressed in all platypus tissues like that of cold-blooded animals and murine rodents. OanTERT was localized on pseudoautosomal regions of sex chromosomes X3/Y2, expanding the homology between human chromosome 5 and platypus sex chromosomes. Synteny analysis suggests that TERT co-localized with sex-linked genes in the last common mammalian ancestor. Interestingly, female platypuses express higher levels of telomerase in heart and liver tissues than do males.

Conclusions
OanTERT shares many features with TERT of the reptilian outgroup, suggesting that OanTERT represents the ancestral mammalian TERT. Features specific to TERT of eutherian mammals have, therefore, evolved more recently after the divergence of monotremes.
Use of human amelogenin in molecular encapsulation for the design of pH responsive microparticles
Authors: Bonde Johan Svensson , Bülow Leif 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
Proteins can be used in drug delivery systems to improve pharmacological properties of an active substance. Differences in pH between tissues can be utilized in order to achieve a targeted drug release at a specific location or tissue, such as a tumor. The enamel matrix protein amelogenin has a pH dependent solubility profile and self-assemble to form aggregates at neutral pH. This could make amelogenin useful in the design of pH responsive drug delivery systems.

Results
In this study amelogenin was evaluated as a pH responsive component in drug delivery applications. This was achieved by testing the ability of amelogenin to entrap/release other proteins upon changes in pH, and by testing if amelogenin could confer pH responsiveness to an existing and versatile drug delivery system, such as gelatin microparticles. Amelogenin was able to encapsulate bovine serum albumin and insulin, whichwere used as model target proteins. The composite aggregates of amelogenin and target protein were formed at neutral pH and could be reversibly solubilized at weakly acidic pH. Gelatin microparticles prepared in the presence of amelogenin, showed a modulated structure in response to pH change, when studied by scanning electron microscopy, compared to particles without amelogenin. At neutral pH amelogenin induced formation of pores in the particle surface, which were not present at acidic pH, or in particles lacking amelogenin.

Conclusions
The results from this study demonstrate that amelogenin can be a useful component in drug delivery systems in order to achieve a pH dependent response.
NanoTIO2 (UV-Titan) does not induce ESTR mutations in the germline of prenatally exposed female mice
Authors: Boisen Anne Mette Zenner , Shipley Thomas , Jackson Petra , Hougaard Karin Sørig , Wallin Håkan , Yauk Carole L , Vogel Ulla 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
Particulate air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Animal studies have shown that inhalation of air particulates induces mutations in the male germline. Expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) loci in mice are sensitive markers of mutagenic effects on male germ cells resulting from environmental exposures; however, female germ cells have received little attention. Oocytes may be vulnerable during stages of active cell division (e.g., during fetal development). Accordingly, an increase in germline ESTR mutations in female mice prenatally exposed to radiation has previously been reported. Here we investigate the effects of nanoparticles on the female germline. Since pulmonary exposure to nanosized titanium dioxide (nanoTiO2) produces a long-lasting inflammatory response in mice, it was chosen for the present study.

Findings
Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed by whole-body inhalation to the nanoTiO2 UV-Titan L181 (~42.4 mg UV-Titan/m3) or filtered clean air on gestation days (GD) 8–18. Female C57BL/6 F1 offspring were raised to maturity and mated with unexposed CBA males. The F2 descendents were collected and ESTR germline mutation rates in this generation were estimated from full pedigrees (mother, father, offspring) of F1 female mice (192 UV-Titan-exposed F2 offspring and 164 F2 controls). ESTR mutation rates of 0.029 (maternal allele) and 0.047 (paternal allele) in UV-Titan-exposed F2 offspring were not statistically different from those of F2 controls: 0.037 (maternal allele) and 0.061 (paternal allele).

Conclusions
We found no evidence for increased ESTR mutation rates in F1 females exposed in utero to UV-Titan nanoparticles from GD8-18 relative to control females.