bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus and Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Burrows Lara J. , Creasey Alia , Goldstein Andrew T. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Women with lichen sclerosus (LS) are more likely to have dyspareunia, decreased orgasm, and decreased coital frequency as compared to unaffected women. It is unknown whether standard medical therapy to treat LS results in improved sexual functioning.

Aims
To describe sexual function in women with LS and to assess if LS-associated sexual dysfunction decreases after appropriate medical therapy.

Methods
Women enrolled in a double-blind trial 12-week trial comparing clobetasol vs. pimecrolimus for the treatment of LS were administered the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS) upon enrollment and at the end of the trial. The difference in the total score on the FSDS between the two groups before and after treatment was assessed with a paired t-test.

Main Outcome Measures
The change in mean FSDS score from baseline to 12 weeks.

Results
A total of 31 out of 36 enrolled women had adequate treatment of LS as determined by a dermatopathologist’s evaluation of pre and post-treatment biopsy specimens. The mean baseline FSDS score for the clobetasol group was 29 and, post-treatment, it was 15 (P = 0.001). In the pimecrolimus group, the mean baseline FSDS score was 27 and, post–treatment, it was 21 (P = 0.001).

Conclusions
Despite adequate treatment, women with LS continue to have significant sexual dysfunction as assessed by the FSDS.
Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in children: how reliable are clinical and radiological signs in the diagnosis?
Authors: Orji F.T. , Akpeh J.O. 
Published: October 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 479–485Objectives:  To evaluate the yield of clinical and radiological features in the diagnosis of suspected foreign body aspiration in children and to assess factors associated with delayed diagnosis of foreign body aspiration.Study design and setting:  Retrospective review of 10 years of experience in tertiary referral centre.Participants:  Data were extracted from clinical records of children who underwent rigid bronchoscopy for suspected foreign body aspiration at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu from 2000 to 2009.Main outcome measures:  Clinical features and radiological findings were validated against bronchoscopic findings.Results:  Data of 103 children, (mean = 2.7 years, range =7 months to 14 years; 64% boys and 36% girls, were analysed. Majority (73%) were under 3 years of age. Foreign body aspiration was proven bronchoscopically in 85 (83%) patients. The most common symptoms were sudden choking crisis (74%) and paroxysms of cough (73%). Independent predictors of proven foreign body aspiration were witnessed aspiration, choking crisis and unilateral decreased breath sounds in univariate (P = 0.001, <0.001, and 0.001 respectively) and multivariable analyses (P = 0.02, 0.001, and <0.001 respectively). The most sensitive and specific clinical features were choking (86%) and witnessed aspiration episode (89%), respectively. Available chest radiographs revealed radio‐opaque objects in 27% of patients. Delayed diagnosis of foreign body aspiration (>72 h) was significantly more in younger children (t = 3.29; P = 0.001), as well as in children with no history of witnessed aspiration, negative chest examination and radiological signs (P < 0.001, P = 0.02 and P = 0.04 respectively).Conclusion:  To prevent the delayed diagnosis, witnessed aspiration, choking crisis, unilateral decreased breath sounds and radiopaque objects should be checked in all suspected cases. When history is doubtful, regardless of radiological findings, bronchoscopy can be strongly recommended in the presence of two factors.
DNA barcodes of Philippine accipitrids
Authors: ONG PERRY S. , LUCZON ADRIAN U. , QUILANG JONAS P. , SUMAYA ANNA MAE T. , IBAÑEZ JAYSON C. , SALVADOR DENNIS J. , FONTANILLA IAN KENDRICH C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDNA barcoding is a molecular method that rapidly identifies an individual to a known taxon or its closest relative based on a 650‐bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). In this study, DNA barcodes of members of the family Accipitridae, including Haliastur indus (brahminy kite), Haliaeetus leucogaster (white‐bellied sea eagle), Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus (grey‐headed fish eagle), Spilornis holospilus (crested serpent‐eagle), Spizaetus philippensis (Philippine hawk‐eagle), and Pithecophaga jefferyi (Philippine eagle), are reported for the first time. All individuals sampled are kept at the Philippine Eagle Center in Davao City, Philippines. Basic local alignment search tool results demonstrated that the COI sequences for these species were unique. The COI gene trees constructed using the maximum‐likelihood and neighbour‐joining (NJ) methods supported the monophyly of the booted eagles of the Aquilinae and the sea eagles of the Haliaeetinae but not the kites of the Milvinae.
On Geophysical Background of Superlarge Deposits in the Chinese Continent
Authors: Cong PENG , Rongfu PEI , Rui GAO 
Published: October 2010

Abstract Based on the study of tens of geophysical profiles (seismic, geothermal flow and magnetotelluric sounding profiles) and 3‐D shear wave velocity structures of the Chinese continent and its neighbouring regions, this paper describes the 3‐D crustal and upper mantle structures and discusses briefly the deep geophysical background of superlarge ore deposits in the Chinese continent. Superlarge deposits are usually very few in number, but they are distributed still in certain forms such as “point”, “zone” and “area”. Most of the large‐, medium‐ and small‐sized deposits occur near the margins of different tectonic units; while the superlarge endogenic polymetallic deposits occur mostly in thinned mantle lithosphere, uplifts of the asthenosphere (vertical low‐velocity zones) and the transformation zones of lateral inhomogeneity (weak zones) in the upper mantle. The superlarge endogenic polymetallic deposits are almost unevenly distributed in three major ore zones in China, corresponding to the boundaries of inhomogeneous regions in the asthenosphere.The authors argue that the lithospheric structure is to some extent in agreement with the geotectonic units, suggesting that the crust structure is influenced and restricted by the lithosphere, and that the crust and upper mantle both exhibit low‐velocity nature. Therefore, vertical low‐velocity zones of seismic waves are considered to be a favourable environment for endogenic polymetallic ore belts.
ESR Dating of the Evolution of the Shuanghu Basin in the Northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhenhan WU , Wan JIANG , Blisniuk Peter , Siwen BI , Shukun ZHANG , Kuchel Olaf , Yi MAO 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Shuanghu basin is a NE‐trending rift basin bounded by NE‐striking normal faults and NW‐striking shear‐extensional faults of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Four samples from calcite veins in marginal faults and one sample from mudstone (S‐3) were collected for dating the evolution of the Shuanghu basin by using the ESR spectrograph of EXM‐type. Ages were calculated according to the close‐equilibrium model on the basis of the measured ESR signal spectra of samples, providing good chronological information. It is known from the ESR dating that the extensional faulting and rifting of the Shuanghu area began at 4.92 Ma B.P., followed by regional folding in 3.56–1.36 Ma, NW‐striking faulting in 0.60 Ma and normal faulting in 0.024 Ma in the Shuanghu basin.
High‐ and Ultrahigh‐pressure Metamorphism and Retrogressive Textures of Gneiss in the Donghai Area
Authors: Fulai LIU , Zhiqin XU , Huifen XU , Jingsui YANG 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn the gneisses from the drillhole ZK2304 of the Donghai area, there have been preserved high‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic mineral assemblages, a series of complicated retrogressive textures and relevant metamorphic reactions. In addition to garnet, jadeititic‐clinopyroxene and rutile, other peak stage (M2) minerals in some gneisses include phengite, aragonite and coesite or quartz pseudomorphs after coesite. The typical peak‐stage mineral assemblages in gneisses are characterized by garnet + jadeitic‐clinopyroxene + rutile + coesite, garnet + jadeitic‐clinopyroxene + phengite + rutile ± coesite and garnet + jadeitic‐clinopyroxene + aragonite + rutile ± coesite. The grossular content (Gro) in garnet is high and may reach 50.1 mol%. The SiO2 content of phengite ranges from 54.37% to 54.84% with 3.54–3.57 p.f.u. Quartz pseudomorphs after coesite occur as inclusions in garnet.The gneisses of the Donghai area have been subjected to multistage recrystallization and exhibit a closewise P‐T evolutional path characterized by the near‐isothermal decompression. The inclusion assemblage (Hb+Ep+Bi+Pl+Qz) within garnet and other minerals has recorded a pre‐peak stage (M1) epidote amphibole fades metamorphic event. High‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure peak metamorphism (M2) took place at T=750–860°C and P>2.7 GPa. The symplectitic assemblages after garnet, jadeitic‐clinopyroxene and rutile imply a near‐isothermal decompression metamorphism (M3, M4) during the rapid exhumation. Several lines of evidence of petrography and metamorphic reactions indicate that both gneisses and eclogites have experienced ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism in the Donghai area. This research may be of great significance for an in‐depth study of the metamorphism and tectonic evolution in the Su‐Lu ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic belt.
Fluids and Melts in the Upper Mantle
Authors: Linqi XIA , Zuchun XIA , Xueyi XU 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a direct study of the fluids and melts in the upper mantle by examining the fluid inclusions, melt inclusions and glasses trapped in the mantle lherzolite xenoliths entrained by Cenozoic alkali basalts (basanite, olivine‐nephelinite and alkali‐olivine basalt) from eastern China. The study indicates that the volatile components, which are dissolved in high‐pressure solid mineral phases of mantle peridotite at depths, may be exsolved under decompressive conditions of mantle plume upwelling to produce the initial free fluid phases in the upper mantle. The free fluid phases migrating in the upper mantle may result in lowering of the mantle solidus (and liquidus), thereby initiating partial melting of the upper mantle, and in the meantime, producing metasomatic effects on the latter.
The “Continuously Morphing” Retail TNC During Market Entry: Interpreting Tesco's Expansion into the United States
Authors: Lowe Michelle , Wrigley Neil 
Published: October 2010

abstractOne important element of recent conceptualizations of the distinctive nature and challenges of retail transnational corporations (TNCs) is a focus on the mutual transformation of both the markets entered by the retail TNCs and, reciprocally, of the organizational structures of the firms themselves. There are important similarities between this view of ongoing transnational‐operation‐induced organizational transformation of the retail TNCs and processes that strategic and organizational management scholars describe as “continuous morphing.” In this article, we provide a theoretically informed study of one of the most dynamic of the retail TNCs (Tesco plc) “morphing” its organizational structures and competencies during a high risk, but potentially transformational, market entry into the western United States. The article positions the study within the rapidly emerging literature on transnational retail and the global economy, interprets the innovative dimensions of Tesco's U.S. market entry—particularly its attempts to achieve “territorial” and “network embeddedness”—through the conceptual lens recently provided by economic geographers, and assesses ongoing transformational impacts of the entry on the firm. It adds value to the literature on retail foreign direct investment by documenting the ways in which this leading retail TNC has attempted both to reconfigure its existing capabilities and to develop the new capabilities required to support its U.S. market entry via a combination of processes that we describe as transference, splicing, and enhanced imitation.
World Development Report 2009: A Practical Economic Geography
Authors: Deichmann Uwe , Gill Indermit , Goh Chor Ching 
Published: October 2010

abstractThe World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography (WDR 2009a) was written to inform policy debates about urbanization, lagging areas, and globalization. During almost two years of consultations and dissemination, the report met with broad acceptance among government officials, development professionals, and researchers. Policymakers grappling with difficult spatial development issues have found the report's analytical framework compelling and its policy guidance useful. An exception to this generally favorable reception has been the reaction from a number of economic geographers. In this article, we respond to criticisms about the report's scope, guiding framework, and policy implications that are emphasized in the accompanying articles in this issue of Economic Geography. In conclusion, we agree with economic geographers such as Rodríguez‐Pose who call for critical engagement with the report and with the more detailed follow‐up studies that use the WDR 2009's framework. This would both improve the quality of spatial policy advice and increase the visibility of economic geographers in international development debates.
Learning Increases the Survival of Newborn Neurons Provided That Learning Is Difficult to Achieve and Successful
Authors: Curlik Daniel M. , Shors Tracey J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Learning increases neurogenesis by increasing the survival of new cells generated in the adult hippocampal formation [Shors, T. J. Saving new brain cells. Scientific American, 300, 46–52, 2009]. However, only some types of learning are effective. Recent studies demonstrate that animals that learn the conditioned response (CR) but require more trials to do so retain more new neurons than animals that quickly acquire the CR or that fail to acquire the CR. In these studies, task parameters were altered to modify the number of trials required to learn a CR. Here, we asked whether pharmacological manipulations that prevent or facilitate learning would decrease or increase, respectively, the number of cells that remain in the hippocampus after training. To answer this question, we first prevented learning with the competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (RS)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl) propyl-1-phosphonic acid. As a consequence, training did not increase cell survival. Second, we facilitated learning with the cognitive enhancer d-cycloserine, which increases NMDA receptor activity via its actions at the glycine binding site. Administration of d-cycloserine each day before training increased the number of learned responses and the number of cells that survived. All animals that learned the CR retained more of the new cells, but those that learned very quickly retained fewer than those that required more training trials to learn. Together, these results demonstrate that NMDA receptor activation modifies learning and as a consequence alters the number of surviving cells in the adult hippocampus.
Differential Callosal Contributions to Bimanual Control in Young and Older Adults
Authors: Fling Brett W. , Walsh Christine M. , Bangert Ashley S. , Reuter-Lorenz Patricia A. , Welsh Robert C. , Seidler Rachael D. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Our recent work has shown that older adults are disproportionately impaired at bimanual tasks when the two hands are moving out of phase with each other [Bangert, A. S., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Walsh, C. M., Schachter, A. B., & Seidler, R. D. Bimanual coordination and aging: Neurobehavioral implications. Neuropsychologia, 48, 1165–1170, 2010]. Interhemispheric interactions play a key role during such bimanual movements to prevent interference from the opposite hemisphere. Declines in corpus callosum (CC) size and microstructure with advancing age have been well documented, but their contributions to age deficits in bimanual function have not been identified. In the current study, we used structural magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging to investigate age-related changes in the relationships between callosal macrostructure, microstructure, and motor performance on tapping tasks requiring differing degrees of interhemispheric interaction. We found that older adults demonstrated disproportionately poorer performance on out-of-phase bimanual control, replicating our previous results. In addition, older adults had smaller anterior CC size and poorer white matter integrity in the callosal midbody than their younger counterparts. Surprisingly, larger CC size and better integrity of callosal microstructure in regions connecting sensorimotor cortices were associated with poorer motor performance on tasks requiring high levels of interhemispheric interaction in young adults. Conversely, in older adults, better performance on these tasks was associated with larger size and better CC microstructure integrity within the same callosal regions. These findings implicate age-related declines in callosal size and integrity as a key contributor to bimanual control deficits. Further, the differential age-related involvement of transcallosal pathways reported here raises new questions about the role of the CC in bimanual control.
Consumers' views on generic medicines: A review of the literature
Authors: Hassali Mohamed A A , Shafie Asrul A , Jamshed Shazia , Ibrahim Mohamed I M , Awaisu Ahmed 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo review the literature on consumers' knowledge, attitudes and opinions of the use of generic medicines.MethodA narrative review of studies conducted from 1970 to 2008 on consumers' perceptions and views towards generic medicines was performed. An extensive literature search was undertaken using indexing services available at the authors' institution library. The following keywords were used for the search: brand, generic, multisource, medications, medicines, drugs, pharmaceuticals and consumers, customers, and patients. Electronic databases searched were Medline, Inside Web, ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, Springer Link, JSTOR, Proquest, Ebsco Host and Google Scholar. These electronic databases were searched for full text papers published in English from 1970 to October 2008.Key findingsTwenty studies were identified. Eleven were from the USA, four were from Europe, two were from Canada and one each was from Australia, Brazil and Malaysia. In general, consumers showed mixed reactions towards the use of generic medicines. This was evident from the divergence of views observed by country development level, consumers' socioeconomic characteristics, drug product characteristics, pharmaceutical reimbursement system, policy environment, contact with health care professionals, past experience with medications, and knowledge of the seriousness of a medical condition.ConclusionsPatient confidence and knowledge pertaining to generic medicines use have increased over the past four decades, especially in developed countries. Mass educational efforts, financial incentives, and greater communication among patients and health care professionals were seen as major drivers to the uptake of generic medicines among consumers.
Views of pharmacist prescribers, doctors and patients on pharmacist prescribing implementation
Authors: Stewart Derek C , George Johnson , Bond Christine M , Diack H Lesley , McCaig Dorothy J , Cunningham Scott 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Aim
The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of pharmacist supplementary prescribers, their linked independent prescribers and patients, across a range of settings, in Scotland, towards pharmacist prescribing.

Method
Telephone interviews were conducted with nine pharmacist prescribers, eight linked independent prescribers (doctors) and 18 patients. The setting was primary and secondary care settings in six NHS Health Board areas in Scotland.

Key findings
In general, all stakeholders were supportive of pharmacists as supplementary prescribers, identifying benefits for patients and the wider health care team. Although patients raised no concerns, they had little idea of what to expect on their first visit, leading initially to feelings of apprehension. Pharmacists and doctors voiced concerns around a potential lack of continued funding, inadequate support networks and continuing professional development. Pharmacists were keen to undertake independent prescribing, although doctors were less supportive, citing issues around inadequate clinical examination skills.

Conclusions
Pharmacists, doctors and patients were all supportive of developments in pharmacist supplementary prescribing, although doctors raised concerns around independent prescribing by pharmacists. The ability of pharmacists to demonstrate competence, to be aware of levels of competence and to identify learning needs requires further exploration.
Early experiences of the mini-PAT (Peer Assessment Tool) amongst hospital pharmacists in South East London
Authors: Patel Jignesh P , West David , Bates Ian P , Eggleton Alison G , Davies Graham 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to describe early experience of use of the mini-PAT (Peer Assessment Tool) amongst general-level pharmacists working in secondary care, and to capture their views about the method of assessment.

Methods
General-level pharmacists who had completed two rounds of the mini-PAT assessment in their first year post-qualification were asked to complete a semi-structured questionnaire, assessing the usefulness and acceptability of the assessment method.

Key findings
The pharmacists found the assessment method useful and acceptable, with many citing that they found it useful to see how they were doing in relation to their peers. To further improve the assessment method, the general-level pharmacists suggested that any verbatim comments made should have the relevant assessor's name next to it, so the context of the comment can be understood.

Conclusions
Early experience suggests that the mini-PAT is a useful formative assessment tool for use amongst GLPs.
Feasibility of using motivational interviewing in a Swedish pharmacy setting
Authors: Söderlund Lena Lindhe , Nilsen Per 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Motivational interviewing (MI) is widely established as an effective counselling approach for many lifestyle issues, but is largely untested in pharmacy settings. The aim of this study was to identify factors that impact on the feasibility of using MI with pharmacy clients in routine community pharmacy work in Sweden.

Methods
Interviews were conducted with 15 pharmacists at two pharmacies after they had participated in manual-based MI skills training and used MI with clients for 6 months. The pharmacists were offered hands-on training from ‘pilot pharmacists’ who had received more MI training and were involved in assembling the manual that adapted MI for use in pharmacies. Three focus groups with the pharmacists and five individual interviews with pharmacists in leading positions were conducted. Data were interpreted from a phenomenological perspective.

Key findings
Pharmacists who had previously participated in education that included elements similar to MI felt this facilitated their use of MI. Pharmacists experienced many difficulties associated with the practical application of MI, including initiating and concluding client conversations. The opportunity to decide on appropriate clients and/or health-related behaviours for counselling was an important facilitator. The pharmacists believed the physical environment of the pharmacies was favourable for MI use, but they experienced time limitations when there were many clients on the premises. The organisational context in which MI was applied affected the pharmacists' attitudes to using MI.

Conclusions
There are several factors to take into consideration in the implementation of MI in pharmacies.