bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymeric Materials Requirements for the GE High-Density Interconnect Process
Authors: Cole H.S. , Gorowitz B. , Gorczyca T. , Wojnarowski R. , Lupinski J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the GE High-Density Interconnect Process, thermoplastic polyetherimide adhesives with selectively variable glass transition temperatures (Tg's) are used as chip attach and overlay adhesive. Alternating layers of patterned metal and dielectric are then applied to fabricate the interconnect structure. Upper layer dielectrics are formed using a modified siloxane-polyimide that can be processed at temperatures below 200 °C. The unique materials requirements and materials development issues associated with this approach are discussed.
Strength Loss in Recycled Fibers and Methods of Restoration
Authors: Minor James L. , Atalla Rajai H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe reduced interfiber bonding capability and reduced conformability of recycled fibers compared to virgin wood pulp fibers is caused by the drying phase of the first papermaking cycle. Changes in the fiber result in stiffness. This effect is more pronounced in chemical pulps than in high lignin content mechanical pulps. This chapter describes methods for restoring some or all the interfiber bonding. In an attempt to develop a “dry” newspaper recycling process, the water-intensive repulping and paper-forming steps were replaced with dry-fiberizing, air-forming, gas-phase ozone and ammonia treatments, and pressdrying. The tensile strength of the dry-recycled paper approached that of the original newsprint.
Ink and Speck Dispersion and Removal
Authors: Doshi Mahendra R. , Klungness John H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAdvances in printing technology have posted serious problems for the deinking industry. When ink is fused, as in laser printing and the photocopy process, when water resistant binders are included in coatings or ink formulations, and when varnishes are applied to printed papers, conventional methods fail to disperse inks and specks. The objective of this article is to review different approaches available for removing these inks and specks. Copying processes, coatings, and varnishing processes are discussed prior to discussing deinking and speck removal processes.Deinking ideally involves intense mechanical, chemical, and thermal action needed to detach non-dispersible inks from fibers. The detached ink is then removed by screens, cleaners, washing, and the flotation process. If higher brightness and cleanliness are desired, high-consistency dispersion, together with bleaching or the use of agglomerating chemicals (for photocopy-laser toners), may have to be considered. For coating specks, increasing the pH. increased pulping time, and removal by cleaners are typically used to reduce the number and size of specks. Varnish specks can be more difficult to remove than coating specks, as they are resistant to chemical treatment and are not easily removed by centrifugal cleaners. Flotation removal holds promise for removing varnish specks if particle size is controlled.
Dry-Process Hardboards from Recycled Newsprint Paper Fibers
Authors: Krzysik Andrzej M. , Youngquist John A. , Muehl James M. , Rowell Roger M. , Chow Poo , Shook Steven R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDry-process hardboard represents a favorable option for recycling old newspaper fibers. However, dry-process boards tend to be less dimensionally stable than boards processed by other methods. Our objective was to determine the effects of various wood fiber (WF) to old newspaper (ONP) ratios (100:0, 50:50, and 0:100 WF/ONP) on the mechanical strength and water resistance of dry-process hardboards made from these fibers. Untreated and acetylated hardboards were made with 3 or 7 percent resin and 0.5 percent wax. Boards were tested for static bending and tensile strength properties and water resistance. As expected, increasing the resin level from 3 to 7 percent generally improved all measured properties. Acetylation substantially improved the water resistance of all boards; increasing the amount of ONP caused a corresponding deterioration in both mechanical properties and water resistance.
Compatibilization of Biomass Fibers with Hydrophobic Materials
Authors: Krishnan Mohan , Narayan Ramani 
Published: March 2011

AbstractComposites of biomass fibers with hydrophobic polymers like polypropylene (PP) represent material systems with poor or no interfacial adhesion because of the inherent incompatibility between the respective components. Block and graft copolymers can function as compatibilizers to improve interfacial adhesion and provide composites with an improved and unique balance of properties. Various approaches to improving interfacial adhesion with an emphasis on our work on the compatibilization of biofibers (lignocellulosics) with polypropylene is presented. The biofiber-reinforced polypropylene composite was prepared by reactive extrusion. The compatibilizer which is the graft copolymer produced by reaction of maleated polypropylene with the cellulosic component of the biofiber, was generated insitu during reactive extrusion processing. Maleated polypropylene (MAPP) was produced by the peroxide catalyzed grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) on polypropylene (PP) in the extruder. It was subsequently alloyed with the biofiber by use of a catalyst to form covalent bonds between the components. Alternatively, all the processing steps i.e. maleation, graft formation and the alloying were done in a single extruder run. The chemistry occurring during the two reactive extrusion processing modes and its effect on the properties of the resultant materials is discussed.
Comparative Studies of Ancient Mortars From Giza, Egypt, and Nevali ÇOri, Turkey
Authors: Reller A. , Wilde P.-M. , Wiedemann H.G. , Hauptmann H. , Bonani G. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTMortars collected from the Cheops pyramid, the Sphinx and the Chephren pyramid, all at Giza, Egypt, have been compared with recently found mortars of a cult building of the aceramic neolithic at Nevali üori (south east of Urfa, province Hilvan, Turkey), probably one of the earliest sites of civilization. As methods of investigation thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction as well as analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been used. The egyptian mortars have been found to be primarily made up of gypsum, anhydrite and calcite. The comparative results with mortar of the recently detected temple site at Nevali Con, Turkey, give evidence that the burning or otherwise chemical treatment of limestone as crucial ingredient for the fabrication of mortar has been performed at a very early period (10'000 - 8000 B.C.). In order to further confirm the described findings 14C dating measurements have been carried out. The results of the described studies raise many questions concerning early civilizations and their knowledge of technologies as well as the transfer mechanisms of this knowledge.
Theories of Corrosion as Applied to Preservation of Archaeological Ceramics
Authors: Schulz R.L. , Clark D.E. , Folz D.C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAn understanding of corrosion processes is beneficial in the preservation of ancient ceramic artifacts. A wealth of information is available on this topic in the materials science and engineering literature. Significant contributions to the corrosion literature have been made over the last 15 years due to the extensive research performed on nuclear wasteform systems. This paper will review the current state of understanding of aqueous corrosion of glasses. We will discuss how this information can be applied to some of the current issues in preservation of archaeological ceramics.
The Consolidation and Desalination of Ceramic Impregnated with Sodium Sulphate
Authors: Paterakis Alice B. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA calcareous and non-calcareous clay were fired to 900 degrees Celsius and subsequently impregnated with a solution of Na2SO4. These test samples were then impregnated with one of three consolidants: Acryloid B72, Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS), Methyl Triethoxysilane (MTS). Desalination tests using the static immersion and stirred solution methods were made to determine the effect of consolidation on the rate and extent of salt extraction. Desalination was monitored by Ionic Conductivity, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Ion Chromatography analysis of the extraction solutions.
A Strategy for Planning and Protecting Immovable Heritage: Lessons From Natural Disaster Planning
Authors: Thiel Charles C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTImmovable cultural properties, whether buildings, archeological sites, museums or libraries, are at substantial risk in the event of armed conflict. In many ways, natural disasters pose many of the same threats to such structures as does war. Earthquakes impose horizontal loads on structures, their weak direction, tornadoes and hurricanes impose large substantial over pressures on walls and roves, just as ground shock and air blast from explosions do. Fire spreads when there is both fuel and ignition, regardless of whether the ignition is purposeful or accidental. A clear message from the natural hazards literature is that you cannot do anything during the emergency period that you have not carefully thought through before the emergency. This paper reviews approaches to protection of cultural properties and the existing Hague Convention. It is proposed that a concerted effort be mounted by the professional conservation community to: 1) prepare guides on how to identify and document cultural properties important to the community; 2) descriptive manuals on how to protect cultural properties using easily available materials and techniques; 3) distributed them to the local communities likely to be impacted; and 4) provide limited technical resource teams to stabilize or repair after hostilities.
Rock Varnish Cation-Ratios May not be a Reliable Method for Dating Lithic Artifacts
Authors: Bierman Paul , Harry Karen 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPrevious research suggested that the chemical composition of rock varnish, a micrometer thick Si/AI/Mn/Fe coating, changed predictably through time and so could be used as a chronometer. In particular, the cation ratio, (Ca+K)/Ti, was posited to decrease as the varnish aged. However, many earlier varnish studies were not well documented and were based on chemical analyses now shown to be inaccurate. This paper describes a test and the first direct comparison between two different analytic methods used previously to “cation-ratio date” archeologic and geologic materials. It provides methodology sufficiently detailed for replication of analytical and sampling techniques.Our analyses of rock varnish from a prehistoric chert quarry in California show that the two principal methods used to “cation-ratio date” rock varnish generate consistently different elemental abundances and are therefore not comparable. Neither analytic method produced a significant time-dependent trend in varnish chemistry, suggesting rock varnish cation ratios are not a reproducible and thus probably not a reliable way to date lithic artifacts.
Chinese Budhi ST Brconzes in the Freer Gallery of Art: Physical Features and Elemental Composition
Authors: Eit Paul J , Douglas Janet G. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTTechnical studies were performed on one hundred and seven Chinese copper-alloy sculptures dating from the fifth to the nineteenth centuries A. D. in the collection of the Freer Gallery of Art. X-radiography, stereomicroscopy and metallography were used to determine various physical features; atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to characterize the metal composition. All sculptures were determined to be cast by the lost wax method, and details were tooled by engraving and chasing. Metallographic examination and microprobe analysis showed that the gilding technique used was mercury gilding. Bronzes from the Northern Wei to the Song dynasty are similar in their physical characteristics and alloy type, leaded tin bronze. Beginning in the Ming dynasty, an increase in the amount of zinc is found, both as an impurity in tin bronzes and as a brass alloy constituent.
The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Mechanical Properties of Modern Painting Materials
Authors: Erlebacher Jonah D. , Brown Eric , Mecklenburg Marion F. , Tumosa Charles S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe mechanical properties of strength, modulus, and elongation to break were studied for artists' acrylic and alkyd paints under varying conditions of temperature and relative humidity (RH). In the ambient environment, 23° C, 50% RH, acrylic paints are very flexible and are able to sustain large deformations (>50%). Alkyd paints are much stiffer and stronger, and they cannot sustain deformations nearly as dramatic as the acrylics. Acrylic paints at 5% RH are stiffer and stronger than at 50% RH and their ability to stretch is lessened. At temperatures below 15° C at 50% RH, the strength and stiffness of acrylic paints begin to rise rapidly. Some were found to be brittle at 5° C, and by −3° C, all were brittle. At a lower RH, some acrylic paints became brittle at a temperature near 11° C. These temperatures and relative humidities may be found in the transport environment of art objects, and may render them subject to possible damage.
The Moisture Buffering Capability of Museum Cases
Authors: Daniel Vinod , Maekawa Shin 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTHygrometric half-lives and air exchange rates of four commonly used types of museum cases: Solander boxes, portfolio boxes, music boxes, and document boxes were measured. This paper will present the experimental results and illustrate the effect of the construction materials and closure characteristics on the moisture buffering capability of museum cases.
Analysis of Use Wear on Ceramic Potter's Tools
Authors: Henrickson Robert C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAnalyses of the distribution and nature of abrasion on ceramic rings from the third millennium B.C. portion of the Godin III pottery assemblage in western Iran (2600-1400 B.C.) indicate that it represents use wear. Residual scars on pottery vessels and reconstruction of vessel forming sequences support identification of these rings as potter's tools. They provide interconnections among varied sizes of Buff Common ware vessels made using different forming and finishing methods. This strengthens the inference of workshop production by specialist potters who make the full range of Buff Common ware vessels.
A New Look at Stone Drills of the Indus Valley Tradition
Authors: Kenoyer J. Mark , Vidale Massimo 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTDrilling technology of the Indus Valley Tradition was highly specialized and various types of chert and jasper were used to drill different types of materials. Earlier studies used primarily macroscopic observations to define features such as the manufacturing technique of drills, the raw materials and the mechanics of drilling. These generalizations can be revised given the discovery of important workshop areas and the availability of SEM, XRD and electron microprobe analysis. This paper will summarize the current state of. drilling research and define two categories of drills that were used in antiquity; tapered cylindrical drills and constricted cylindrical drills. Directions for future research on the relationship between drilling and other contemporaneous technologies are discussed.
A Third Millennium B.C. Glazed Quartz Bead From Tell Es-Sweyhat, Syria
Authors: Vandiver Pamela B. , Fenn Mark , Holland T.A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe probable composition of a weathered, blue-green glaze on a ground quartz bead was reconstructed. The bead was excavated from Operation 5 at Tell es-Sweyhat, Syria, in 1991 and is dated to the last quarter of the third millennium B.C. Special sample handling was required by the poor state of preservation of the glaze. Microprobe analyses and replicate melts showed that the composition was 60% SiO2, 20% CuO and 20% flux, probably as soda, potassia or a combination. This composition is unusual for ancient glasses and glazes because of its high copper oxide content, which may indicate a link with copper or malachite technology. Very few glass and glaze compositions are known from the third millennium B.C., and none of these has such a high copper concentration, nor are there examples reported from the mid-second millennium B.C. with one exception of glazed tiles from Kerma in Sudan. This rare and unusual composition suggests that there may have been several paths to the development of glasses and glazes. Some of these paths were successful, and some others, as this one, did not continue and were “dead-end” technologies.
The Roman Ceramics of Salobrena (Granada-Spain) and their Raw Materials
Authors: Andres Ana M De , MuÑOZ Isabel 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTNineteen roman ceramic sherds found near Salobreña (Granada, Spain), in the western coast of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as different ceramic clays from the surroundingsare studied. Both clays and ceramic sherds are characterizad by X-ray diffraction and spectrometry, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron and optical microscopies. A good number of the ceramic pieces, among which some “Terrae Sigillatae”, have a composition similar to that of the local clays and, thus, have been probably manufactured at Salobreña. Only a few of them have a foreign origin. For most of them, the firing temperature was about 800-850 °C, although some have been produced at 900-1000 °C, and some others at 1000-1100 °C. It is concluded that Salobreña appearsto have been an important settlement just in the third century of the Christian era.
A Preliminary Scientific Study of Traditional Korean Celadons and their Modern Developments
Authors: Koh Choo C.K. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn studying celadons culture of Korea scientifically 81 sherds from nine different kiln sites of different periods are analyzed for their macroscopic, compositional and microstructural characteristics. The raw materials used for modern reproduction are analyzed for their chemical and mineralogical composition and compared with those of traditional pieces.
Archaeological Bitumen: Indentification, Origins and Uses of an Ancient Near Eastern Material
Authors: Connan Jacques , Deschesne Odile 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPrior to their modern invention, the use of petroleum products (bitumen, asphalt, etc.) was common in the prehistory of the Near East. In Mesopotamia where they are plentiful, often occurring at the surface of the ground, these products have been utilized in diverse ways: for construction and caulking of buildings, as a waterproofing agent, and even as a medicine to remedy coughing. Archaeologists have questioned the location of principal sites exploited in antiquity and the ways that these products have been used. As the result of a close collaboration between petroleum specialists and archaeologists, this article explains how geochemical analysis has enabled identification of the provenance of bitumen utilized at Babylon in Iraq, how the inhabitants of Susa in Iran used bitumen, its preparation and also its fabrication as an artificial material which has proven to be as durable as stone.
Preliminary Technical Study of Medieval Limoges Enamels
Authors: Dandridge Pete , Wypyski Mark T. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTEnamels from Northern Spain, Central France, and Limoges, dating from the 10th century to the mid 13th century, were analyzed by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry and x-ray diffractometry to determine their overall compositions, and the opacifiers and colorants used. The compositions suggest the re-use of Roman tesserae. Calcium and lead antimonates were found as the predominant opacifiers; however, tin oxide and lead-tin yellow were also found in some of the enamels, either singly or in combination with the antimonates. One of the enamels from Limoges varied from the others in that the enamels had overall compositions similar to Islamic or Venetian glasses, and contained only tin oxide as an opacifier.
Loss of Infrared Linear Dichroism in Collagen Fibers as a Measure of Deterioration in Skin and Semi-Tanned Leather Artifacts
Authors: Young Gregory S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPolarized radiation is used in a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopic technique to detect molecular conformational change in collagen fibers resulting from deterioration. Absorbance spectra of single fibers are produced with polarization oriented first parallel (A‖) and then perpendicular (A⊥) to the fiber axis. The amide Ill band (1230- 1300 cm−1) shows strong positive dichroism, with up to six times greater absorbance occurring with parallel polarization. Losses of dichroism result from breakdown in the molecular structure of collagen. Integrations of the amide III bands are used in ratios, A‖/A⊥;, which provide a measure of the degree of molecular order. Ratios for degraded and undegraded material are compared to produce semi-quantitative information about deterioration.
Pore Potential and Durability of Limestone at the Sphinx
Authors: Gauri K.L. , Yerrapragada Srinivas S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn mercury porosimetry of limestone two hystereses are generated. A PV-- diagram for initial intrusion and extrusion reveals one hysteresis as entrapment of mercury in large cavities that are connected to the exterior through narrow channels. The other hysteresis is a loop (HL) enclosed between the extrusion and reintrusion curves which indicate narrow channels. An HL is unique to a stone.The thermodynamic work (W) calculated as ΣPV, is W1, WE, WRE, WHy, and WT for the initial intrusion, extrusion, reintrusion, the hysteresis loop, and the entrapment, respectively. The pore-potential (U) defined asregulates the volume and rate of movement of water through the pores which in turn determines the stone's durability. Microporous stones are highly susceptible to weathering and have a large value for WHy. WHy. in association with the WT can be related to the durability factor (DF) asThe DF values, thus obtained, accurately reflect the observed condition of the strata of the Sphinx.
Electron Microscopy Studies of the Chronological Sequences of Teotihuacan Plaster Technique
Authors: Magaloni Diana , Falcon T. , Cama J. , Siegel R. W. , Lee R. , Pancei R. , Banos L. , Castano V 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTOver 108 samples of mural paintings from Teotihuacán, México, were studied by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The results show a sequence in the techniques employed to produce the mural painting's supporting plasters -made of lime and different sands. The technical stages found can be used as archaeological data to help understand the continuous evolution of 800-year mural paintings. The consequences of our study are discussed in detail.