bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Premia and the Social Cost of Carbon: A Review
Authors: Kousky Carolyn , Kopp Robert E. , Cooke Roger 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions not only lowers expected damages from climate change but also reduces the risk of catastrophic impacts. However, estimates of the social cost of carbon, which measures the marginal value of carbon dioxide abatement, often do not capture this risk reduction benefit. Risk-averse individuals are willing to pay a risk premium, an additional amount beyond the difference in expected damages, to reduce risks. The authors review methods used and estimates obtained for calculating a risk premium to be included in the social cost of carbon. While more research is needed in this area, work to date suggests a positive, and potentially substantial, risk premium on the social cost of carbon is warranted.
From Trade Preferences to Trade Facilitation: Taking Stock of the Issues
Authors: Persson Maria 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to explore and give an overview of two central policy alternatives to improve the integration between the European Union and developing countries by removing barriers to trade: trade preferences and trade facilitation. The author reviews the relevant literatures and discusses the issues which constitute problems or opportunities for practitioners and researchers in both areas. She concludes that while at least some trade preferences actually have been less of a failure than their reputation suggests, trade facilitation is a far more promising policy option for the future.
Sulcus Implantation of a Single-Piece Foldable Acrylic Intraocular Lens after Posterior Capsular Rupture in Cataract Surgery
Authors: Renieri Giulia , Herzog Daniel , Niemann Stefan , Becker Matthias , Kurz Sabine , Thieme Hagen 
Published: May 2012

Purpose. To evaluate the safety of a foldable acrylic single-piece intraocular lens (IOL) in cases of complicated cataract surgery and sulcus implantation. The setting was University and private anterior segment surgery practices. Methods. In this observational case series study, 13 eyes of 13 patients were included after complicated phacoemulsification with extensive posterior capsule rupture with or without vitreous loss. A foldable acrylic single-piece IOL (Rayner Superflex 620H; Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited, Hove, East Sussex, UK) was implanted in the ciliary sulcus in each eye. Postoperative follow-up included best-corrected visual acuity, anterior segment biomicroscopy, IOL centration and position, intraocular pressure, and fundus biomicroscopy. Optical coherence tomography was performed in 2 subjects. Median follow-up time was 12 months (range 1-21 months). Results. Visual acuity 12 months after surgery was 6/18 and below in 5 eyes (39%), between 6/12 and 6/7.5 in 6 eyes (46%), and 6/6 in 2 eyes (15%). All patients experienced vision improvement. Postoperative complications included corneal edema (2 eyes), Descemet folds (1 eye), intraocular pressure elevations (3 eyes), and pronounced anterior segment inflammation (1 eye). Two eyes had minor pupil contour abnormalities. No significant IOL decentration was observed. Conclusions. Sulcus implantation of a foldable acrylic single-piece IOL in eyes with complicated cataract surgery maintains the advantages of easy insertion and small incision. Postoperatively, all IOLs were centered, visual results were good, and complications were manageable and not IOL-related.
Complex Connections: Communication, Mobility, and Relationships in Moravian Children's Lives
Authors: Schutt Amy C. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
This article explores the wide-ranging and complex relationships in the lives of children based on Moravian records of the 1740s and 1750s. Childrearing in Moravian settings involved integrating children into a web of connections with people both nearby and far away. Long-distance communication and mobility shaped the world of eighteenth-century Moravians and contributed to the complexity in children's relationships. These relationships are studied within three settings—boarding institutions where European American, Native American, and African American children were educated; rural, predominantly European American communities in Pennsylvania where Moravians operated day schools; and Native American mission communities, which also included day schools. This essay examines family relationships between children and adults, noting variations in parental influences and highlighting the role of the Delaware Indians' matrilineal social structure; however, it also devotes significant attention to the topic of child-to-child relationships, which represented both local and distant connections.
High‐Voltage Pyrophosphate Cathodes
Authors: Barpanda Prabeer , Nishimura Shin‐ichi , Yamada Atsuo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe quest to explore and to discover novel cathode materials is key to sustaining the progress of Li‐ion rechargeable batteries. It has encouraged materials’ chemists to design and develop a variety of polyanionic compounds. This paper reports and summarizes recent progress in the development of alkali metal pyrophosphate based cathode materials for battery applications. It points out that the pyrophosphate‐based polyanionic‐framework materials offer a rich crystal chemistry, ease of synthesis and robust structure offering good alkali‐ion mobility. Thus, they can form a promising class of cathode materials both for lithium‐ and sodium‐ion secondary batteries. In the Perspectives section, it is speculated that keen study of the myriad of pyrophosphate phases, selective screening and design of key pyrophosphate compounds with open frameworks and optimizing those compounds with nanosizing and carbon coating can lead to breakthroughs in the realization of commercially viable high‐voltage Li‐ion and Na‐ion pyrophosphate cathodes.
Oxygen permeation of various archetypes of oxygen membranes based on BSCF
Authors: Schulz Matthias , Pippardt Ute , Kiesel Lutz , Ritter Katrin , Kriegel Ralf 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBa0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ tubes, capillaries, capillary modules, and asymmetric membranes were prepared and tested for oxygen permeation in a dead‐end vacuum operation mode at temperatures up to 850°C. The capillary module was built up by reactive air brazing using seven capillaries and a supply tube. Two machined discs were used as an end cap and as a connector plate. The oxygen permeation behaves according to Wagner at small driving forces, but significant negative deviations were observed for asymmetric membranes and single capillaries at higher ones. This is caused by pressure drops at the vacuum side for single capillaries. The highest oxygen flux was revealed for the capillary module with 175.5 mL(STP)/min at a low‐vacuum pressure of 0.042 bar at 850°C, but the asymmetric membrane showing a little bit higher flux at moderate vacuum pressures above 0.07 bar. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3195–3202, 2012
Prevalence of primary immune thrombocytopenia in Oklahoma
Authors: Terrell Deirdra R. , Beebe Laura A. , Neas Barbara R. , Vesely Sara K. , Segal Jodi B. , George James N. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo determine the prevalence of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in Oklahoma regardless of age, clinical characteristics, insurance status, and source of health care. Patients with ITP were identified by the administrative code ICD‐9‐CM 287.3 in Oklahoma hematologists' offices for a 2‐year period, 2003–2004. Prevalence was estimated separately for children (<16 years old) and adults because of their distinct clinical characteristics. Oklahoma census data for 2000 was used as the denominator. Eighty‐seven (94%) of 93 eligible Oklahoma hematologists participated; 620 patients with ITP were identified. The average annual prevalences were as follows: 8.1 (95% CI: 6.7–9.5) per 100,000 children, 12.1 (95% CI: 11.1–13.0) per 100,000 adults, and 11.2 (95% CI: 10.4–12.0) per 100,000 population. Among children and adults less than age 70 years, the prevalence was greater among women. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the prevalence was greater among men. The highest prevalence of ITP was among men age 80 years and older. These data document for the first time the prevalence of ITP regardless of age, clinical characteristics, insurance status, and source of health care. The methodology developed for this prevalence analysis may be adaptable for epidemiologic studies of other uncommon disorders which lack specific diagnostic criteria and are treated primarily by medical specialists. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aging in Prader–Willi syndrome: Twelve persons over the age of 50 years
Authors: Sinnema Margje , Schrander‐Stumpel Constance T.R.M. , Maaskant Marian A. , Boer Harm , Curfs Leopold M.G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe life expectancy of persons with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) has increased in recent years. Because of the paucity of reports on older persons with PWS, the natural history, the onset, and type of age‐related problems are poorly understood. Twelve persons with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of PWS aged over 50 years are described (4 deletion; 8 mUPD). Data on physical, behavioral, psychiatric, and aging characteristics were collected through semi‐structured interviews with the individuals with PWS and their main carers. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, dermatological, and orthopedic problems were common physical complaints in older people with PWS. Functioning in activities of daily living, psychological functioning, physical functions, and care dependence were substantially worse in the older age group (50+) compared to the control group (18–49 years). Seven out of eight persons with mUPD had a history of psychiatric illness. Behavioral problems were observed in the older age group. Given the combination of age‐related physical morbidity, physical appearance, behavioral and psychiatric problems, and functional decline in our cohort, we hypothesize that premature aging occurs in PWS. The care for older people with PWS requires a lifespan approach that recognizes the presence, progression, and consequences of specific morbidity. Special medical surveillance of people with PWS from 40 years onwards would ensure that intervention and support is offered with respect to specific areas of decline at the earliest possible time. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome: Report of a variant case
Authors: Kiraz Aslihan , Ozen Samim , Tubas Filiz , Usta Yusuf , Aldemir Ozgur , Alanay Yasemin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome (WRS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that includes premature aging phenotype at birth. The condition is also known as a neonatal progeroid syndrome. Up to now only a few published case reports have been documented. The syndrome is characterized by progeroid appearance, decreased subcutaneous fat, hypotrichosis, macrocephaly, and in some natal teeth. We describe a new patient with features of bilaterally pelvicalyceal ectasia and partial syndactyly on 2th and 3th toes, not previously described, to our knowledge. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel clinical findings in a case of postnatally diagnosed trisomy 12 mosaicism
Authors: Al‐Hertani Walla , McGowan‐Jordan Jean , Allanson Judith E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe report on a girl with trisomy 12 mosaicism diagnosed postnatally. She has been followed from 4 months of age for developmental delay, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, intestinal malrotation, hemi‐hyperplasia, pigmentary dysplasia, retinopathy, and a vascular ring. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of complete trisomy 12 in the literature. However there have been a few reports describing the phenotype of individuals with trisomy 12 mosaicism. This case report is a description of the eighth liveborn individual diagnosed postnatally with this condition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brain abnormalities in patients with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
Authors: Gardiner Kate , Chitayat David , Choufani Sanaa , Shuman Cheryl , Blaser Susan , Terespolsky Deborah , Farrell Sandra , Reiss Rosemary , Wodak Shoshana , Pu Shuye , Ray Peter N. , Baskin Berivan , Weksberg Rosanna 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBeckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth disorder with variability in clinical manifestations and molecular causes. In most cases, patients with BWS have normal development. Cases with developmental delay are usually attributed to neonatal hypoglycemia or chromosome abnormalities involving copy number variation for genes beyond the critical BWS region at 11p15.5. Brain abnormalities have not previously been recognized within the BWS phenotypic spectrum. We report on seven cases of BWS associated with posterior fossa abnormalities. Of these, two cases presented with Blake's pouch cyst, two with Dandy–Walker variant (DWV; hypoplasia of the inferior part of the vermis), one with Dandy–Walker malformation (DWM) and one with a complex of DWM, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum and brain stem abnormality. In all these cases, molecular findings involved the centromeric imprinted domain on chromosome locus 11p15.5, which includes imprinting center 2 (IC2) and the imprinted growth suppressor gene, CDKN1C. Three cases had loss of methylation at IC2, two had CDKN1C mutations, and one had loss of methylation at IC2 and a microdeletion. In one case no mutation/methylation abnormality was detected. These findings together with previously reported correlations suggest that genes in imprinted domain 2 at 11p15.5 are involved in normal midline development of several organs including the brain. Our data suggest that brain malformations may present as a finding within the BWS phenotype when the molecular etiology involves imprinted domain 2. Brain imaging may be useful in identifying such malformations in individuals with BWS and neurodevelopmental issues. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Delineation of the interstitial 6q25 microdeletion syndrome: Refinement of the critical causative region
Authors: Michelson Marina , Ben‐Sasson Anat , Vinkler Chana , Leshinsky‐Silver Esther , Netzer Ifat , Frumkin Ayala , Kivity Sara , Lerman‐Sagie Tally , Lev Dorit 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInterstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 6 are rare. Clinically, this is a recognizable microdeletion syndrome associated with intellectual disability (ID), acquired microcephaly, typical dysmorphic features, structural anomalies of the brain, and nonspecific multiple organ anomalies. Most of the reported cases have cytogenetically visible interstitial deletions or subtelomeric microdeletions. We report on a boy with global developmental delay, distinct dysmorphic features, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, limb anomalies, and genital hypoplasia who has a small interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6 detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The deleted region spans around 1 Mb of DNA and contains only two coding genes, ARID1B and ZDHHC14. To the best of our knowledge, this case represents the typical phenotype with the smallest deletion reported so far. We discuss the possible role of these genes in the phenotypic manifestations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A rasopathy phenotype with severe congenital hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy associated with a PTPN11 mutation and a novel variant in SOS1
Authors: Fahrner Jill A. , Frazier Aisha , Bachir Suha , Walsh Michael F. , Applegate Carolyn D. , Thompson Reid , Halushka Marc K. , Murphy Anne M. , Gunay‐Aygun Meral 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe RAS‐MAPK pathway is critical for human growth and development. Abnormalities at different steps of this signaling cascade result in neuro‐cardio‐facial‐cutaneous syndromes, or the RASopathies, a group of disorders with overlapping yet distinct phenotypes. RASopathy patients have variable degrees of intellectual disability, poor growth, relative macrocephaly, ectodermal abnormalities, dysmorphic features, and increased risk for certain malignancies. Congenital heart disease, particularly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and pulmonic stenosis, are prominent features in these disorders. Significant locus heterogeneity exists for many of the RASopathies. Traditionally, these diseases were thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. However, recently patients with defects in two components of this pathway and overlapping features of various forms of Noonan syndrome and neurofibromatosis 1 and have been reported. Here we present a patient with severe, progressive neonatal HCM, elevated urinary catecholamine metabolites, and dysmorphic features in whom we identified a known LEOPARD syndrome‐associated PTPN11 mutation (c.1403 C > T; p.T468M) and a novel, potentially pathogenic missense SOS1 variant (c.1018 C > T; p.P340S) replacing a rigid nonpolar imino acid with a polar amino acid at a highly conserved position. We describe detailed clinical manifestations, cardiac histopathology, and the molecular genetic findings. Oligogenic models of inheritance with potential synergistic effects should be considered in the RASopathies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of the matrix resin structure on the mechanical properties and braking performance of organic brake pads
Authors: Wang Hai‐Qing , Wu Xing‐Yang , Li Tong‐Sheng , Liu Xu‐Jun , Cong Pei‐Hong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTwo chemically modified phenolic resins (PFs) designed and developed for the matrix resins of organic friction materials were characterized. The braking performance of organic brake pads based on the two modified resins and reinforced with hybrid fibers was investigated on a full‐scale test bench. The results indicate that the modified PF with more internal friction units possessed much higher impact and compression strengths, greater toughness, and better braking stability. We concluded that the matrix resin with more adjustable structural units allowed for an adjustable Young's modulus and dynamic mechanical properties and, hence, could indirectly allow an adjustable friction coefficient for organic brake pads during braking process and, furthermore, enable the optimization of braking stability of the friction couples. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012
Effect of the melt flow index and melt flow rate on the thermal degradation kinetics of commercial polyolefins
Authors: Abbas‐Abadi Mehrdad Seifali , Haghighi Mehdi Nekoomanesh , Yeganeh Hamid 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this study, several polyolefins, including different grades of polypropylene (PP), high‐density polyethylene, linear low‐density polyethylene, and low‐density polyethylene, were tested by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the relationships of their melt flow index (MFI) and melt flow ratio (MFR) values to the thermogravimetry (TG) curves, differential thermogravimetry (DTG) curves, and activation energy of thermal degradation were investigated. Kinetic evaluations were performed by Friedman and Kissinger analysis methods, and the apparent activation energy values for the overall degradation of different grades of polyethylenes (PEs) and PPs were determined. We found that for the samples with lower MFIs, the thermograms shifted to higher temperatures. Meanwhile, a higher activation energy was needed for their thermal degradation. Also, for samples with higher values of MFR, as a means of molecular weight distribution, a lower activation energy was needed for their thermal degradation, and their TGA thermograms shifted to lower temperatures. The breadth of the DTG curves depended on the MFR in the PEs, although MFR had little effect on the DTG curves in the studied PP grades. Among all of the samples studied, the injection‐molding grades with medium MFIs and low MFRs degraded at higher temperatures and showed better thermal stability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012
Preparation and characterization of crosslinked glyoxalated polyacrylamide paper‐strengthening agent
Authors: Yuan Zhaoyang , Hu Huiren 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo obtain additives that could simultaneously increase the dry strength and wet strength of paper sheets, we synthesized a series of crosslinked cationic glyoxalated polyacrylamide (GPAM) resins by using acrylamide (AM), 2‐methacryloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC), N‐methylolacrylamide (NMA), 2‐mercaptoethanol, and glyoxal as the main materials. GPAM demonstrated excellent properties and had a good strengthening ability under the following polymerization conditions: dosage of AM = 55 wt %, dosage of the cationic monomer DMC = 5.5 wt %, dosage of the crosslinking monomer NMA = 8.0 wt %, dosage of chain‐transfer agent 2‐mercaptoethanol = 1.0 wt %, dosage of glyoxal = 30 wt %, and charge of the initiator (ammonium persulfate/sodium bisulfite = 1 : 2) = 0.5 wt %. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, size exclusion chromatography, and Ubbelohde viscometry. The copolymers with a viscosity‐average molecular weight of approximately 26,000 and a polydispersity index of 1.460 had a much better strengthening ability. When these GPAM resins were used as paper‐strengthening agents, the mechanical strength of the paper was remarkably enhanced, and the dry and wet tensile indices of the handsheets increased by 24.6 and 381%, respectively, compared with those of handsheets without GPAM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012
Preparation of poly(styrene‐b‐2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) block copolymer using reverse iodine transfer polymerization
Authors: Greesh Nagi , Sanderson Ronald , Hartmann Patrice 
Published: May 2012

AbstractReverse iodine transfer polymerizations (RITP) of 2‐h‐ydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) were performed in N,N‐dimethylformamide at 75°C using AIBN as initiator. Poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) with Mn = 3300 g mol−1 and Mw/Mn <1.5 were obtained. Homopolymerization of styrene in RITP was also carried out under similar conditions using toluene as solvent. The resulting iodo‐polystyrene (PS‐I) with (Mn,
SEC = 607 g mol−1, polydispersity index (PDI) = 1.31) was used as a macroinitiator for the synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers based on HEA with controlled well‐defined structure. Poly(styrene‐b‐2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PS‐b‐PHEA) with Mn = 13,000 g mol−1 and polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) = 1.4 was obtained, copolymer composition was characterized using 1H‐NMR and FTIR, whereas SEC and gradient HPLC were used to confirm the formation of block copolymer and the living character of polymer chains. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synergistic effects of hybrid fillers on the development of thermally conductive polyphenylene sulfide composites
Authors: Leung Siu Ning , Khan Muhammad Omer , Chan Ellen , Naguib Hani E. , Dawson Francis , Adinkrah Vincent , Lakatos‐Hayward Laszlo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe future of integrated circuits with three‐dimensional chip architecture hinges on the development of practical solutions for the management of excessive amounts of heat generation. This requires new polymer–matrix composites (PMCs), with good processibility, high effective thermal conductivity (keff), and low but tailored electrical conductivity (σ). This article explores the synergy of hybrid fillers: (i) hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) platelets with different sizes and shapes; (ii) hBN platelets with carbon‐based fillers promoting the keff of the polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites. It explores the promotion of interconnectivity among the fillers in the PPS matrix, leading to higher keff, by the uses of hybrid fillers. It discusses using carbon‐based fillers as secondary fillers to tailor the PMCs' σ. Finally, it presents the effects of hybrid fillers on the PMCs' coefficient of thermal expansion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013