bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft‐tissue profile changes after orthognathic surgery of mandibular prognathism
Authors: Chen Chun‐Ming , Lai Steven , Lee Huey‐Er , Chen Ker‐Kong , Hsu Kun‐Jung 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDuring surgical correction of facial deformities, accurate prediction of the resulting facial profile is important for the patient and the surgeon. The purpose of the present study was to investigate profile changes after surgical treatment of mandibular prognathism. Thirty patients (20 females and 10 males; ages 17–28 years) with mandibular prognathism underwent vertical ramus osteotomy. Preoperative and postoperative cephalograms were analyzed; landmarks were identified and compared. The mean horizontal setback of the pogonion (Pog) was 11.7 mm. The setback ratios of labrale inferius (Li)/incision inferius (Ii), labiomental sulcus (Si)/point B, and soft tissue pogonion (PogS)/pogonion (Pog) were 0.98, 0.99, and 0.95, respectively. There were no sex‐related changes in soft tissue. These findings indicate that changes in soft tissue closely correlate with the amount of mandibular setback in the horizontal direction. Such information might facilitate more accurate prediction of the outcome of orthognathic surgery.
Dissipation, enstrophy and pressure statistics in turbulence simulations at high Reynolds numbers
Authors: Yeung P. K. , Donzis D. A. , Sreenivasan K. R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe use data from well-resolved direct numerical simulations at Taylor-scale Reynolds numbers from 140 to 1000 to study the statistics of energy dissipation rate and enstrophy density (i.e. the square of local vorticity). Despite substantial variability in each of these variables, their extreme events not only scale in a similar manner but also progressively tend to occur spatially together as the Reynolds number increases. Though they possess non-Gaussian tails of enormous amplitudes, ratios of some characteristic properties can be closely linked to those of isotropic Gaussian random fields. We present results also on statistics of the pressure Laplacian and conditional mean pressure given both dissipation and enstrophy. At low Reynolds number intense negative pressure fluctuations are preferentially associated with rotation-dominated regions but at high Reynolds number both high dissipation and high enstrophy have similar effects.
Lichenicolous fungi growing onThamnolia, mainly from the Holarctic, with a worldwide key to the known species
Authors: ZHURBENKO Mikhail P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTwenty species of lichenicolous fungi are reported onThamnoliaspecies and discussed.Epithamnolia karatyginiigen. et sp. nov.,Capronia thamnoliaesp. nov.,Cercidospora epithamnoliasp. nov.,C. thamnogalloidessp. nov.,C. thamnoliaesp. nov., andSphaerellothecium thamnoliaesp. nov. (var.thamnoliae, var.taimyricum) are described fromThamnolia.Dacampia thamnoliicolaandPhoma thamnoliaeare introducedad interim.Cercidospora lecidomaeis reduced to synonymy withC. punctillata.Polycoccum vermiculariumis new to Asia,Odontotrema santessoniiandO. thamnoliaeare new to North America,Cladosporium licheniphilumis new to the Arctic,Thamnogalla crombieiis new to Greenland and Svalbard,Stigmidium frigidumis new to Mongolia and confirmed in the USA,Lichenopeltella thamnoliaeis new to Bolivia.Cladosporium licheniphilumandPhaeospora arcticaare newly documented onThamnoliaandLichenopeltella thamnoliaeonThamnolia papelillovar.subsolida.Thamnolia vermicularis, supporting 23 species of lichenicolous fungi, is shown to be the 15th most hospitable lichen species in the world. A worldwide key to 23 species of fungi known to occur onThamnoliais provided.
Ascospore ontogeny and discharge in megalosporousTrypetheliaceaeandGraphidaceae(Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes and Lecanoromycetes) suggest phylogenetic relationships and ecological constraints
Authors: SWEETWOOD Garrett , LÜCKING Robert , NELSEN Matthew P. , APTROOT André 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe studied ascospore dispersal and ontogeny in several species ofTrypetheliaceaeand one species ofGraphidaceaewith megalosporous (very large) ascospores, includingAptrootia terricola(Aptroot) Lücking, Umaña & Chaves,Architrypethelium nitens(Fée) Aptroot,A. seminudum(Mont.) Aptroot,Astrothelium diplocarpoidesMüll. Arg.,Laurera gigantospora(Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., andOcellularia subpraestansHale. Although mature ascospores are very different among species ofTrypetheliaceae, all species studied share plesiomorphic ontogenetic features such as the formation of a single central euseptum and subsequent development of a variable number of transverse distosepta with diamond-shaped lumina (astrothelioid ascospore type). Even the dark brown, richly muriform ascospores ofAptrootia terricolago through an astrothelioid stage. This suggests that ascospore types may be more closely related than suggested by their mature morphology, and could explain why related taxa can develop markedly different ascospore types. We discuss the implications for systematic classification ofTrypetheliaceaein the light of recent molecular studies, and also speculate about the ecological importance of large ascospores, especially with muriform septation.
Rinodina chrysidiata, a new species from far eastern Asia and the Appalachian Mountains of North America
Authors: LENDEMER James C. , SHEARD John W. , THOR Göran , TØNSBERG Tor 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA new isidiate, xanthone-producing species,Rinodina chrysidiata, is described and compared in detail withR. xanthophaea, a species with which it co-occurs in eastern Asia. The two species have an identical chemistry but are clearly separated by their differing lichenized diaspores, thallus morphology and ascospore type.
Lecanora coppinsiarum, a new Tasmanian lichen related to Lecanora symmicta
Authors: KANTVILAS Gintaras 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe new species Lecanora coppinsiarum Kantvilas is described, based on collections from Tasmania. It is characterized by an entirely sorediate thallus containing atranorin only, and the anatomy of its biatorine apothecia, its Lecanora-type asci and small, hyaline, simple ascospores suggest a relationship to L. symmicta (Ach.) Ach. The South American species L. subviridis de la Rosa & Messuti is recorded for the first time for Tasmania.
A new microsporidian parasite,Heterosporis sauridan. sp. (Microsporidia) infecting the lizardfish,Saurida undosquamisfrom the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia: ultrastructure and phylogeny
Authors: AL-QURAISHY S. , ABDEL-BAKI A. S. , AL-QAHTANI H. , DKHIL M. , CASAL G. , AZEVEDO C. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYA new microsporidian that infects the lizardfishSaurida undosquamis(Richardson, 1848) that are caught in the Arabian Gulf in Saudi Arabia is described here. This parasite invades the skeletal muscle of the abdominal cavity forming white, cyst-like structures containing numerous spores. The prevalence of the infection was 32·1% (135/420). The spores were oval to pyriform in shape and measured approximately 3·3μm×2·0μm. The developing spores were found within parasitophorous vacuoles. In mature spores, the polar filament was arranged into 5 coils in a row. Molecular analysis of the rRNA genes, including the ITS region, and phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference were performed. The ultrastructural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses support the recognition of a new species, herein namedHeterosporis sauridan. sp.
Isolation and culture of Sphaerothecum destruens from Sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus) in the UK and pathogenicity experiments in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: PALEY RICHARD K. , ANDREOU DEMETRA , BATEMAN KELLY S. , FEIST STEPHEN W. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYThe sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus), a cyprinid fish native to continental Europe and now established in the UK, is experiencing population decline which appears to be linked to the spread of the invasive Asian cyprinid (Pseudorasbora parva). A population of sunbleak in the UK has previously been identified as infected with S. destruens at low prevalence. Because Sphaerothaecum destruens has, on occasion, caused severe disease in cultured and wild salmonids the aim of this work was to establish laboratory cultures of S. destruens from sunbleak in the UK and use these cultures in challenge experiments to determine if the UK isolate of S. destruens from cyprinid species is a potential threat to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The first isolation and culture of S. destruens in the UK and from a cyprinid species is described. Cultured S. destruens spores from sunbleak are infective to EPC, CHSE and FHM cells, replicating most rapidly in FHM and EPC cells. Spores can be induced to zoosporulate in water forming motile, uni-flagellated zoospores. Challenge experiments indicated the spores are able to replicate and disperse in Atlantic salmon and are associated with increased mortality (up to 90%) when injected intraperitonealy.
On infinitely cohomologous to zero observables
Authors: DE LIMA AMANDA , SMANIA DANIEL 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe show that for a large class of piecewise expanding maps T, the bounded p-variation observables u0 that admit an infinite sequence of bounded p-variation observables ui satisfying \[ u_{i}= u_{i+1}\circ T-u_{i+1} \] are constant. The method of the proof consists of finding a suitable Hilbert basis for L2(hm), where hm is the unique absolutely continuous invariant probability of T. On this basis, the action of the Perron–Frobenius and the Koopman operator on L2(hm) can be easily understood. This result generalizes earlier results by Bamón, Kiwi, Rivera-Letelier and Urzúa for the case T(x)=ℓx mod 1 , ℓ∈ℕ∖ {0,1} and Lipschitzian observables u0.
Canonical compactifications for Markov shifts
Authors: FIEBIG DORIS 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe give a complete characterization of the compact metric dynamical systems that appear as boundaries of the canonical compactification of a locally compact countable state mixing Markov shift. Consider such a compact metric dynamical system. Then there is a pair of non-conjugate Markov shifts with conjugate canonical compactifications, one of which has the given compact system as canonical boundary.
Low-Dose Hydrogen Peroxide Application in Closed Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Pedersen Lars-Flemming , Good Christopher M , Pedersen Per B 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The aim of the present work was to simulate water treatment practices with hydrogen peroxide (HP) in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Six identical 1,700-L pilot-scale RAS were divided into two experimental groups based on daily feed allocation and operated under constant conditions for a period of 3 months. The organic and nitrogenous loadings of the systems differed fourfold between the two groups and were achieved by predefined constant daily feed loads and constant additions of water. The fixed cumulative feed burden was 1.6 × 103 mg feed/L in the low-intensity RAS and 6.3 × 103 mg/L in the high-intensity RAS. The decay of HP in rearing tanks and disconnected biofilter units was investigated by means of HP spiking experiments. The decay in high-intensity RAS rearing units and biofilters was orders of magnitude faster than that in low-intensity units. The application of HP impaired biofilter nitrite oxidation in low-intensity RAS but not in high-intensity RAS. The impact of HP exposure time on biofilter nitrification capacity was then assessed in biofilter bench-scale experiments with nitrite spiking. Exposure time was found to significantly affect nitrite oxidation. Compared with unexposed biofilter elements, nitrite oxidation was reduced more than 90% following 3 h of exposure to 15 mg HP/L, whereas 30 min of exposure had only minor negative effects on nitrite oxidation. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential for developing HP water treatment practices for RAS and contradict prevailing notions that HP cannot be used safely in RAS that employ biofiltration. The development of effective new HP treatment protocols for recirculating aquaculture could reduce the current dependence on formalin to improve water quality and control parasitic loads.
Fission Yeast HMT1 Lowers Seed Cadmium through Phytochelatin-Dependent Vacuolar Sequestration in Arabidopsis
Authors: Huang Jing , Zhang Yu , Peng Jia-Shi , Zhong Chen , Yi Hong-Ying , Ow David W. , Gong Ji-Ming 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Much of our dietary uptake of heavy metals is through the consumption of plants. A long-sought strategy to reduce chronic exposure to heavy metals is to develop plant varieties with reduced accumulation in edible tissues. Here, we describe that the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) phytochelatin (PC)-cadmium (Cd) transporter SpHMT1 produced in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was localized to tonoplast, and enhanced tolerance to and accumulation of Cd2+, copper, arsenic, and zinc. The action of SpHMT1 requires PC substrates, and failed to confer Cd2+ tolerance and accumulation when glutathione and PC synthesis was blocked by l-buthionine sulfoximine, or only PC synthesis is blocked in the cad1-3 mutant, which is deficient in PC synthase. SpHMT1 expression enhanced vacuolar Cd2+ accumulation in wild-type Columbia-0, but not in cad1-3, where only approximately 35% of the Cd2+ in protoplasts was localized in vacuoles, in contrast to the near 100% found in wild-type vacuoles and approximately 25% in those of cad2-1 that synthesizes very low amounts of glutathione and PCs. Interestingly, constitutive SpHMT1 expression delayed root-to-shoot metal transport, and root-targeted expression confirmed that roots can serve as a sink to reduce metal contents in shoots and seeds. These findings suggest that SpHMT1 function requires PCs in Arabidopsis, and it is feasible to promote food safety by engineering plants using SpHMT1 to decrease metal accumulation in edible tissues.
Current status of alcohol marketing policy—an urgent challenge for global governance
Authors: Casswell Sally 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTAims To review research literature and available information on the extent and impacts of marketing, current policy response and the interests engaged in the policy debate in order to inform recommendations for policy change on alcohol marketing.Methods Relevant literature, including systematic reviews and publicly available information (websites and participant observation) is reviewed and synthesized.Results Alcohol marketing has expanded markedly in the past 50 years and, while there remains uncertainty about the impact across the population, there is now clear evidence of its impact on the consumption of young people. Few countries have effective policy in place restricting alcohol marketing, and there is a lack of an international response to alcohol marketing which crosses national boundaries. The protection of alcohol marketing has been a major focus for vested interest groups and this has affected governmental response at national and international levels. There has been a lack of non‐governmental organization engagement. The policy response to tobacco marketing provides a clear contrast to that of alcohol marketing policy and provides a model for alcohol marketing policy.Conclusion The global exposure of young people to alcohol marketing requires an urgent policy response. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provides an appropriate model for global governance to control alcohol marketing. There are extant examples of national level legislation achieving comprehensive bans with France's Loi Evin providing a feasible model. Resources from philanthropic organizations to allow non‐governmental organization engagement are urgently required, as is engagement by the governmental sector independent of commercial influence.
Addiction and the science of history
Authors: Courtwright David T. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTAims To discuss the contributions historians have made to the addiction field, broadly construed to include licit and illicit drug use, drug policy, drug treatment and epidemiological and neuroscientific research.Methods Review of literature, highlighting specific contributions and controversies from recent research on the United States, the United Kingdom, China and world history.Findings and conclusions At the bar of addiction knowledge, historians make for excellent companions—until they turn quarrelsome. Historians' companionability arises from their ability to tell a particularly rich kind of story, one that blends structure, agency and contingency in a contextualizing narrative. Historians' occasional quarrelsomeness arises from their skepticism about the ascendant brain‐disease paradigm, the medical and pharmaceutical establishments and the drug war, especially in its US incarnation. These enterprises have put some historians in a polemical frame of mind, raising doubts about the objectivity of their work and questions about the political orientation of historical scholarship (and, more generally, of social science research) in the field.
Organizing care for persons with psychotic disorders and risk of or existing diabetes mellitus type 2
Authors: HULTSJÖ S. M. , HJELM K. 
Published: February 2012

Accessible summary
This is a literature review of 16 studies about care requirements for persons with psychotic disorders and risk of or existing type 2 diabetes. The studies together indicate that mental health nurses play an important role in motivating diabetes care as they are often known to and trusted by the persons.
A holistic approach to the person's health, with close follow‐ups in psychiatric care and cooperation with diabetes care, may have benefits for the diabetes care.
Screening for and treating psychotic symptoms is an important task for mental health nurses, as these symptoms drain energy from the person and prevent diabetes self‐care. Antipsychotic medication increases the need for follow‐ups of glycaemic control.
Lifestyle and diabetes education needs to be practical, adapted to the individual and focused on maintaining a healthy diet, taking exercise, changing smoking habits and preventing diabetes complications.
AbstractThis literature review aimed to explore previous knowledge about specific care requirements for persons with psychotic disorders and risk of or existing type 2 diabetes. Sixteen qualitative and quantitative studies in the area were identified and summarized. The studies together indicate that mental health nurses play an important role in motivating people to perform diabetes care as they are often known to and trusted by the patients. A holistic approach to the person's health, with close follow‐ups by psychiatric care and cooperation with diabetes care, may have benefits for the person with diabetes. Screening for and treating psychotic symptoms is an important task for the mental health nurse, as these symptoms drain energy from the person and prevent diabetes self‐care. Lifestyle and diabetes education needs to be practical, adapted to the individual and focused on maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, changing smoking habits and preventing diabetes complications. Treatment with antipsychotic drugs increases the need for follow‐ups of glycaemic control.
Pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis: similarities and differences
Authors: Straumann A. , Aceves S. S. , Blanchard C. , Collins M. H. , Furuta G. T. , Hirano I. , Schoepfer A. M. , Simon D. , Simon H.‐U. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEarly in the 1990s, several case series described adults suffering from dysphagia and children with refractory reflux symptoms, both accompanied by an eosinophil‐predominant infiltration, thereby conclusively distinguishing it from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) was recognized as its own entity in the adult and in the pediatric literature. In the last decade, evidence has accumulated that EoE represents a T‐helper (Th)2‐type inflammatory disease. Remodeling of the esophagus is a hallmark of EoE, leading to esophageal dysfunction and bolus impaction. Familial occurrence and disease association with single‐nucleotide polymorphisms underscore the influence of genetics in this disease. Eosinophilic esophagitis may affect individuals at any age, although the clinical presentation is highly age dependent. There is a significant allergic bias in the EoE population, with the majority of patients having concurrent allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema, and/or a history of atopy. One noteworthy difference is that in children, EoE seems to be primarily a food antigen–driven disease, whereas in adults, mainly aeroallergen sensitization has been observed. Treatment modalities for EoE include the 3Ds: drugs, diet, and dilation. The crucial question of whether adult and pediatric EoE are different phenotypes of one single entity or whether we are confronted with two different diseases is still open. Here, we review similarities and differences between EoE in adults and children.
More than a meal… integrating non‐feeding interactions into food webs
Authors: Kéfi Sonia , Berlow Eric L. , Wieters Evie A. , Navarrete Sergio A. , Petchey Owen L. , Wood Spencer A. , Boit Alice , Joppa Lucas N. , Lafferty Kevin D. , Williams Richard J. , Martinez Neo D. , Menge Bruce A. , Blanchette Carol A. , Iles Alison C. , Brose Ulrich 
Published: February 2012

Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 291–300AbstractOrganisms eating each other are only one of many types of well documented and important interactions among species. Other such types include habitat modification, predator interference and facilitation. However, ecological network research has been typically limited to either pure food webs or to networks of only a few (<3) interaction types. The great diversity of non‐trophic interactions observed in nature has been poorly addressed by ecologists and largely excluded from network theory. Herein, we propose a conceptual framework that organises this diversity into three main functional classes defined by how they modify specific parameters in a dynamic food web model. This approach provides a path forward for incorporating non‐trophic interactions in traditional food web models and offers a new perspective on tackling ecological complexity that should stimulate both theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding the patterns and dynamics of diverse species interactions in nature.
Generative Processes: Thick Drawing
Authors: Wallick Karl 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article presents techniques and theories of generative drawing as a means for developing complex content in architecture design studios. Appending the word ‘generative’ to drawing adds specificity to the most common representation tool and clarifies that such drawings are not singularly about communication or documentation but are also productive instruments for architectural inquiry. A particular aspect of generative drawings is their potential to directly activate conceptualisation processes. Such advancement is demonstrated through evidence of continued design thinking development rather than isolation of schemes at a particular point in a process. Generative drawings offer the means of advancing multiple paths of inquiry rather than singular research channels typified in introductory pedagogies. The relevance of drawings as polemical instruments or tools of critique and history is well established, but the intellectual and physical techniques of generative drawing that advance multiple modes of architectural research are less explicit. The use of drawings as discursive instruments is a critical step towards the alignment of authorship as but one category of priority alongside the rich and complex field of forces beyond individual intuition. The recognition of design research as a category of inquiry commensurate with scientific or historical disciplines requires that our instruments have explicitly defined purpose. By discussing specific techniques and the reasons for communicating such intuitive or inexplicit architectural conditions, this article seeks to disperse the mysterious haze that obscures the legibility of architectural drawing from the uninitiated.