bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pore-Level Examination of Gel Destruction During Oil Flow
Authors: Seright R. S. , Lindquist W. Brent , Cai Rong 
Published: July 2009

Summary
Pore-scale X-ray computed microtomography (XMT) images were obtained at a variety of oil (hexadecane) throughput values after gel placement in cores [involving a pore-filling Cr(III)-acetate-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) gel]. For each pore in our image volume, we followed oil and water saturations as a function of oil throughput. These studies were performed both in water-wet Berea sandstone and in hydrophobic porous polyethylene cores. In hydrophobic porous polyethylene, oil saturations increased and gel was destroyed (presumably dehydrated) quite quickly in the smallest pores. Also, oil saturations increased and gel was destroyed quickly in the largest pores. In contrast, oil saturations rose much more gradually for the most common or intermediate-size pores (around 10-4 mm3). The minimum in oil saturation vs. pore size may result from a balance between gel dehydration by oil film growth vs. gel extrusion.
In contrast, in water-wet Berea sandstone, increases in oil saturation occurred evenly over all pore sizes (10-6 to 0.02 mm3) for all oil throughput values. Consistent with imbibition and drainage studies performed before gel placement, oil apparently had equal access to Berea pores of all sizes and, thus, uniformly dehydrated gel in pores of all sizes. Gel extrusion did not appear to be significant in the Berea pores.
Introduction of Steerable Percussion Air Drilling System
Authors: Bui H.D. , Meyers J.A. , Yost Albert B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
By increasing penetration rates and bit life, especially in hard formation, the use of down-hole air hammers in the oil field has significantly reduceddrilling costs in the Northeast U.S. and West Texas (Ref. 1). Unfortunately, drilling by this percussion method has been limited mostly to straight holeapplications. This paper presents a new concept of a percussion drilling tool which performs both the function of a down-hole hammer as well as that of adown-hole motor. Such a drilling tool, being introduced here as Steerable Percussion Air Drilling System (SPADS), eliminates the necessity to rotate the drill string and, consequently, enables the use of downhole air hammers to drill directional wells.

Introduction
In hard rock formations such as those found in the Appalachian mountains, the Permian basin, and the Rocky Mountain regions of the U.S. and Canada, the use of air or gas as the drilling medium is advantageous because of improved penetration rates. Conventional down-hole air hammer, on one hand, yields very high penetration rates. On the other hand, it depends on the rotation of the entire drill string to rotate the bit. The ability to control the direction of the well bore is therefore severely restricted. Directional drilling, undermost circumstances, requires the use of a PDM down-hole motor with a bent housing. Unfortunately, when employing gas or air as the drilling medium, PDMmotors, which were designed to operate with mud, suffer from poor stator life, due to high RPM and insufficient lubrication, low torque capacity, due to the compressibility of the drilling medium, and poor bit life, due to insufficient cooling of the seals and/or bearing while being subjected to high RPM.
Process for the Controlled Precipitation of the Inhibitor Scale in a Subterranean Formation
Authors: Bezerra M. C. , Rosário F. F. , Prais F. , Rodrigues J. R. P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The injection of seawater in offshore wells is used to maintain the reservoir pressure and keep the oil production. The seawater having high concentration of sulfate is incompatible with barium and strontium rich-formation water, causing the precipitation and scaling of sulfates at the base of the production tubing. Precipitation inhibitor squeeze treatment has been performed in wells to avoid barium sulfate and strontium sulfate scaling in the producing tubing. This treatment is usually performed by pumping a sequence of fluids containing respectively, the inhibitor, a spacer solution and a metal cation (Ca++) into the formation. Although this sequence of fluids avoids any precipitation during the injection, the efficiency of the inhibitor fixing on the rock depends on how good the mixture of the fluids are. In order to improve the efficiency of the precipitation squeeze treatment, a process for extending the fixing of scale inhibitor, in the pores of the petroleum-production formation was developed. The process is based on the injection of a single treatment solution replacing the conventional three solutions precipitation squeeze treatments. The kinetic of the reaction was determined and adjusted, for the conditions of sandstone formation, to assure that the precipitation does not ocurr before a delay of 5 hours. The precipitation squeeze inhibitor using a single treatment solution is applicable for fractured, horizontal and multilateral wells where conventional precipitation squeeze treatment does not work.
Successful Application of Coiled-Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Techniques in Egyptian Wells
Authors: Salahudin Sharifudin , Conrad Bruce , Maatjes Rein 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper presents three case histories that demonstrate the successful use of coiled tubing (CT) to convey tubing-conveyed perforating (TCP) guns under diverse well conditions and applications. The deployment of this type of gun with coiled tubing is commonly referred to as CTCP.
The three different well configurations perforated with the CTCP include an extended reach, intermediate pressure (&gt;3,000 psi WHP) live gas well with slotted liner; a horizontal openhole oil producer; and one well in which a downhole fish had to be bypassed to reach the perforating interval.
The paper discusses coiled tubing equipment selection, both surface and downhole, TCP equipment selection including gun size and firing head choice. Depth control is identified as a critical task in the process and is discussed in detail.
The paper concludes that CTCP technology can be applied successfully to a wide range of operations and well conditions.
Perception and Reality in Congressional Earmarks
Authors: Crespin Michael H , Finocchiaro Charles J. , Wanless Emily O 
Published: July 2009

Earmarks added to appropriations bills have generated a considerable amount of attention from the media, politicians, and fiscal watchdog groups. Taken as a whole, three truths" about earmarks are frequently discussed: 1) earmarks are the reason for large budget deficits, 2) using omnibus legislation instead of regular order leads to more earmarks, and 3)	airdropped" earmarks added at the conference stage compound the problem of pork. In this paper, we examine these truths" and find the conventional wisdom does not stand up to empirical tests. Finally, we show how Congress easily worked around new rules concerning the addition of earmarks at the conference stage.
Rehabilitation After Hallux Valgus Surgery: Importance of Physical Therapy to Restore Weight Bearing of the First Ray During the Stance Phase
Authors: Schuh Reinhard , Hofstaetter Stefan G. , Adams Samuel B. , Pichler Florian , Kristen Karl-Heinz , Trnka Hans-Joerg 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundOperative treatment of people with hallux valgus can yield favorable clinical and radiographic results. However, plantar pressure analysis has demonstrated that physiologic gait patterns are not restored after hallux valgus surgery.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to illustrate the changes of plantar pressure distribution during the stance phase of gait in patients who underwent hallux valgus surgery and received a multimodal rehabilitation program.DesignThis was a prospective descriptive study.MethodsThirty patients who underwent Austin (n=20) and scarf (n=10) osteotomy for correction of mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity were included in this study. Four weeks postoperatively they received a multimodal rehabilitation program once per week for 4 to 6 weeks. Plantar pressure analysis was performed preoperatively and 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. In addition, range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was measured, and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) forefoot questionnaire was administered preoperatively and at 6 months after surgery.ResultsThe mean AOFAS score significantly increased from 60.7 points (SD=11.9) preoperatively to 94.5 points (SD=4.5) 6 months after surgery. First metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion increased at 6 months postoperatively, with a significant increase in isolated dorsiflexion. In the first metatarsal head region, maximum force increased from 117.8 N to 126.4 N and the force-time integral increased from 37.9 N·s to 55.6 N·s between the preoperative and 6-month assessments. In the great toe region, maximum force increased from 66.1 N to 87.2 N and the force-time integral increased from 18.7 N·s to 24.2 N·s between the preoperative and 6-month assessments.LimitationsA limitation of the study was the absence of a control group due to the descriptive nature of the study.ConclusionsThe results suggest that postoperative physical therapy and gait training may lead to improved function and weight bearing of the first ray after hallux valgus surgery.
Development of a Self-Report Measure of Fearful Activities for Patients With Low Back Pain: The Fear of Daily Activities Questionnaire
Authors: George Steven Z. , Valencia Carolina , Zeppieri Giorgio , Robinson Michael E. 
Published: July 2009

Background
Self-report measures for assessing specific fear of activities have not been reported in the peer-reviewed literature, but are necessary to adequately test treatment hypotheses related to fear-avoidance models.

Objective
This study described psychomotor properties of a novel self-report measure, the Fear of Daily Activities Questionnaire (FDAQ).

Design
A prospective cohort design was used.

Methods
Reliability and validity cohorts were recruited from outpatient physical therapy clinics. Analyses for the reliability cohort included internal consistency and 48-hour test-retest coefficients, as well as standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change estimates. Analyses for the validity cohort included factor analysis for construct validity and correlation and multiple regression analyses for concurrent and predictive validity. Four-week responsiveness was assessed by paired t test, effect size calculation, and percentage of patients meeting or achieving MDC criterion.

Results
The FDAQ demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha=.91, 95% confidence interval=.87–.95) and 48-hour test-retest properties (intraclass correlation coefficient=.90, 95% confidence interval=.82–.94). The standard error of measurement for the FDAQ was 6.6, resulting in a minimal detectable change of 12.9. Factor analysis suggested a 2- or 3-factor solution consisting of loaded spine, postural, and spinal movement factors. The FDAQ demonstrated concurrent validity by contributing variance to disability (baseline and 4 weeks) and physical impairment (baseline) scores. In predictive validity analyses, baseline FDAQ scores did not contribute variance to 4-week disability and physical impairment scores, but changes in FDAQ scores were associated with changes in disability. The FDAQ scores significantly decreased over a 4-week treatment period, with an effect size of .86 and 55% of participants meeting the minimal detectable change criterion.

Limitations
The validity cohort was a secondary analysis of a clinical trial, and additional research is needed to confirm these findings in other samples.

Conclusions
The FDAQ is a potentially viable measure for fear of specific activities in physical therapy settings. These analyses suggest the FDAQ may be appropriate for determining graded exposure treatment plans and monitoring changes in fear levels, but is not appropriate as a screening tool.
Ambulation after Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Anderson Cathy M. , Overend Tom J. , Godwin Julie , Sealy Christina , Sunderji Aisha 
Published: July 2009

Purpose: To systematically review the effects of early ambulation on development of pulmonary embolism (PE) and progression or development of a new thrombus in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Methods: Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to June 2008. Study quality was appraised using the Jadad and PEDro scales. Meta-analyses were reported as relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Four randomized trials were accepted. For development of a PE, the pooled relative risks for ambulation and compression versus bed rest and compression (RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.34–1.19) and for ambulation and compression versus bed rest alone (RR = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.57–3.29) were not significant. For progression of an existing thrombus or development of a new thrombus, the independent relative risks for ambulation and compression versus bed rest and compression (RR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.13–1.14) and for ambulation and compression versus bed rest alone (RR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.20–1.57) were also not significant. Conclusions: Given the clinical benefits of mobility, and because there was no significant difference between ambulation and bed rest for risk of developing a PE or development and progression of a new DVT in any of the studies, clinicians should be confident in prescribing ambulation in this population.
Effects of Exercise Intervention on Persons with Metastatic Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Beaton Rebekah , Pagdin-Friesen Wendy , Robertson Christa , Vigar Cathy , Watson Heather , Harris Susan R. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose: To systematically review and synthesize results of studies that examined the effects of exercise on persons with metastatic cancer. Methods: Databases searched were MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Search terms used were “metastatic or advanced or palliative AND cancer or neoplasms AND exercise or physical activity or exercise therapy or physical fitness.” The search identified 8 studies published in 10 articles between 2000 and 2007. Two quality-assessment tools were used, and levels of evidence were assigned according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) guidelines. Results: Of the eight studies, three were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and five were case series. Because three of the RCTs were based on the same sample, only one was included in the results and discussion sections. CEBM levels of evidence ranged from 2b to 4. Two overall recommendations were made, one grade A and one grade C. Exercise interventions ranged from aerobic exercise and strength training to multidimensional programmes with exercise as one component. All studies used physical and/or quality-of-life outcome measures. Conclusions: Review findings suggest that exercise may be beneficial for persons with metastatic cancer. Future research should clarify optimal exercise dose parameters.
Immediate Effects of Cane Use on Gait Symmetry in Individuals with Subacute Stroke
Authors: Beauchamp Marla K. , Skrela Martina , Southmayd Degen , Trick Jaime , Kessel Meghan Van , Brunton Karen , Inness Elizabeth , McIlroy William E. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose: In stroke rehabilitation, there is a lack of consensus regarding the effects of cane use on gait symmetry. This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects on gait symmetry of ambulating with a standard cane and a quad cane among individuals with subacute stroke. Method: A within-subject experimental design was used to evaluate symmetry in in-patients with subacute stroke during ambulation on a pressure-sensitive walkway for three task conditions: with no cane, with standard single-point cane, and with quad cane. Results: Fourteen patients were classified as symmetric (n = 5) or asymmetric (n = 9) based on their gait symmetry while walking without an aid. Overall, use of a standard cane during ambulation significantly improved symmetry in asymmetric patients (p = 0.028). In contrast, the use of a quad cane did not improve symmetry (p = 0.36). There was no effect on symmetry in symmetric patients with use of either a standard cane (p = 0.88) or a quad cane (p = 0.32). Conclusions: These results indicate that the immediate effect of a standard cane is to improve symmetry in patients with subacute stroke who have asymmetric gait. Future studies are required to determine the long-term effects of canes on gait symmetry in this population.
Microsurgical anatomy of the ventral callosal radiations: new destination, correlations with diffusion tensor imaging fiber-tracking, and clinical relevance
Authors: Peltier Johann , Verclytte Sébastien , Delmaire Christine , Deramond Hervé , Pruvo Jean-Pierre , Le Gars Daniel , Godefroy Olivier 
Published: July 2009

Object
In the current literature, there is a lack of a detailed map of the origin, course, and connections of the ventral callosal radiations of the human brain.

Methods
The authors used an older dissection technique based on a freezing process as well as diffusion tensor imaging to investigate this area of the human brain.

Results
The authors demonstrated interconnections between areas 11, 12, and 25 for the callosal radiations of the trunk and rostrum of the corpus callosum; between areas 9, 10, and 32 for the genu; and between areas 6, 8, and 9 for the ventral third of the body. The authors identified new ventral callosal connections crossing the rostrum between both temporal poles and coursing within the temporal stem, and they named these connections the “callosal radiations of Peltier.” They found that the breadth of the callosal radiations slightly increases along their course from the rostrum to the first third of the body of the corpus callosum.

Conclusions
The fiber dissection and diffusion tensor imaging techniques are complementary not only in their application to the study of the commissural system in the human brain, but also in their practical use for diagnosis and surgical planning. Further investigations, neurocognitive tests, and other contributions will permit elucidation of the functional relevance of the newly identified callosal radiations in patients with disease involving the ventral corpus callosum.
Outcomes of cranial repair after craniectomy
Authors: Chang Victor , Hartzfeld Paul , Langlois Marianne , Mahmood Asim , Seyfried Donald 
Published: July 2009

Object
Hemicraniectomy is a commonly practiced neurosurgical intervention with a wide range of indications and clinical data supporting its use. The extensive use of this procedure directly results in more cranioplasties to repair skull defects. The complication rate for cranial repair after craniectomy seems to be higher than that of the typical elective craniotomy. This finding prompted the authors to review their experience with patients undergoing cranial repair.

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective review of 212 patients who underwent cranial repair over a 13-year period at their institution. A database tracking age, presenting diagnosis, side of surgery, length of time before cranial repair, bone graft material used, presence of a ventricular shunt, presence of a postoperative drain, and complications was created and analyzed.

Results
The overall complication rate was 16.4% (35 of 213 patients). Patients 0–39 years of age had the lowest complication rate of 8% (p = 0.028). For patients 40–59 years of age and older than 60, complication rates were 20 and 26%, respectively. Patients who originally presented with traumatic injuries had a lower rate of complications than those who did not (10 vs 20%; p = 0.049). Conversely, patients who presented with tumors had a higher complication rate than those without (38 vs 15%; p = 0.027). Patients who received autologous bone graft placement had a statistically significant lower risk of postoperative infection (4.6 vs 18.4%; p = 0.002). Patients who underwent cranioplasty with a 0–3 month interval between operations had a complication rate of 9%, 3–6 months 18.8%, and > 6 months 26%. Pairwise comparisons showed that the difference between the 0–3 month interval and the > 6-month interval was significant (p = 0.007). The difference between the 0–3 month interval and the 4–6 month interval showed a trend (p = 0.07). No difference was detected between the 4–6 month interval and > 6-month interval (p = 0.35).

Conclusions
The overall rate of complications related to cranioplasty after craniectomy is not negligible, and certain factors may be associated with increased risk. Therefore, when evaluating the need to perform a large decompressive craniectomy, the surgeon should also be aware that the patient is not only subject to the risks of the initial operation, but also the risks of subsequent cranioplasty.
The relationship between pain tolerance and trait aggression: effects of sex and gender role
Authors: Reidy Dennis E. , Dimmick Katie , MacDonald Kate , Zeichner Amos 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe literature on pain and aggression has indicated that pain elicits aggression. However, research has generally examined pain as a situational variable and focused less on the dispositional ability of an individual to tolerate pain. The dearth of research on pain tolerance and aggression appears to contradict the existing theory on the aggression‐eliciting effect of pain, in that studies have found a positive relationship between pain tolerance and aggression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the relationship between pain tolerance and aggression is moderated by sex and whether the positive relationship could be explained by masculine gender role conformity. A sample of 195 collegiate men and women completed trait measures and a laboratory assessment of pain tolerance. Results indicated that correlations between pain tolerance and trait aggression were significant and positive for men but not women. However, when men's conformity to masculine gender role was controlled for, the relationship between pain tolerance and trait aggression was nil and nonsignificant. Results are discussed in reference to socialization and maintenance of masculine status. Aggr. Behav. 35:422–429, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Layer‐By‐Layer Dendritic Growth of Hyperbranched Thin Films for Surface Sol–Gel Syntheses of Conformal, Functional, Nanocrystalline Oxide Coatings on Complex 3D (Bio)silica Templates
Authors: Wang Guojie , Fang Yunnan , Kim Philseok , Hayek Ali , Weatherspoon Michael R. , Perry Joseph W. , Sandhage Kenneth H. , Marder Seth R. , Jones Simon C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHere, a straightforward and general method for the rapid dendritic amplification of accessible surface functional groups on hydroxylated surfaces is described, with focus on its application to 3D biomineral surfaces. Reaction of hydroxyl‐bearing silica surfaces with an aminosilane, followed by alternating exposure to a dipentaerythritol‐derived polyacrylate solution and a polyamine solution, allows the rapid, layer‐by‐layer (LBL) build‐up of hyperbranched polyamine/polyacrylate thin films. Characterization of such LBL‐grown thin films by AFM, ellipsometry, XPS, and contact angle analyses reveals a stepwise and spatially homogeneous increase in film thickness with the number of applied layers. UV–Vis absorption analyses after fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling indicate that significant amine amplification is achieved after the deposition of only 2 layers with saturation achieved after 3–5 layers. Use of this thin‐film surface amplification technique for hydroxyl‐enrichment of biosilica templates facilitates the conformal surface sol–gel deposition of iron oxide that, upon controlled thermal treatment, is converted into a nanocrystalline (∼9.5 nm) magnetite (Fe3O4) coating. The specific adsorption of arsenic onto such magnetite‐coated frustules from flowing, arsenic‐bearing aqueous solutions is significantly higher than for commercial magnetite nanoparticles (≤50 nm in diameter).