bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of riparian logging and in-stream large wood removal on pool habitat and salmonid density and biomass: a meta-analysis
Authors: Mellina Eric , Hinch Scott G. 
Published: August 2009

We conducted a meta-analysis using data from 37 studies to assess whether the effects of streamside clear-cut logging on large wood (LW), pool size and number, and summertime salmonid density and standing crop biomass were influenced by stream size and gradient, time since logging was last conducted (1–100 years), and removal of in-stream LW. Age-specific (age 0 (fry) and age 1+ (juveniles)) and species-specific (coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ), cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki ), and steelhead and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )) comparisons were also made. The majority of studies reported negative postlogging responses for LW and pool habitat but positive responses for salmonid density and biomass, with the greatest reductions in all variables generally associated with a thorough removal of in-stream LW. The magnitude of postlogging responses was largely independent of stream size, gradient, and time since logging last occurred. In terms of density and biomass, juveniles were more negatively affected by logging than fry. Of the surveyed species, steelhead trout appeared to be most resilient to riparian logging. Within the time frame covered by the analyses, streams whose riparian zones have been logged may be able to sustain salmonid populations (and even exceed preharvest levels) as long as rigorous removal of LW is not undertaken.
Fire history of a central Nevada pinyon–juniper woodland
Authors: Bauer John M. , Weisberg Peter J. 
Published: August 2009

Our study reconstructed fire history (1445–2006) from tree rings for a Great Basin single-needle pinyon pine ( Pinus monophylla Torr & Frém.) – Utah juniper ( Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little) woodland. Information from multiple lines of evidence, including dateable fire scars (n = 83), tree demography, and charred coarse woody debris, was used to quantify fire frequency, severity, and extent. Fire cycle models were developed using survivorship analysis of time-since-fire estimates. We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in historical fire regime, addressing the plausibility of postsettlement fire exclusion as an explanation for increased woodland area and density since the late 1800s. Historical fire regime was characterized by infrequent, small, high-severity fires. Estimated fire cycle (1570–1880) was 427 years, with no evidence of postsettlement stand-replacing fires. Topographic analyses indicated that in this drought-prone landscape, more mesic conditions favor continuous fuels that lead to more frequent or extensive fire. Superposed epoch analysis showed increased fire occurrence during drought years but with no influence of antecedent climatic conditions. More frequent grassland and shrubland fires were recorded by fire scars near valley floors. Thus, anthropogenic fire exclusion in adjacent, shrub-dominated communities presents a plausible mechanism for woodland expansion in the study area. However, there is little ecological justification for reintroducing fire to areas of historic woodland, where effects of fire exclusion have been minimal.
TEST OF EFFECT FROM FUTURE IN LARGE HADRON COLLIDER: A PROPOSAL
Authors: NIELSEN HOLGER B. , NINOMIYA MASAO 
Published: August 2009

We have previously proposed the idea of performing a card-drawing experiment of which the outcome potentially decides whether the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) should be closed or not. The purpose is to test theoretical models such as our own model that have an action with an imaginary part that has a similar form to the real part. The imaginary part affects the initial conditions not only in the past but even from the future. It was speculated that all the accelerators producing large amounts of Higgs particles such as the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) would mean that the initial conditions must have been arranged so as not to allow these accelerators to work. If such effects existed, we could perhaps cause a very clear-cut "miracle" by having the effect of a drawn card to be the closure of the LHC. Here we shall, however, argue that the closure of an accelerator is hardly needed to demonstrate such an effect and seek to calculate how one could perform a verification experiment for the proposed type of effect from the future in the statistically least disturbing and least harmful way. We shall also discuss how to extract the maximum amount of information about such as effect or model in the unlikely case that a card preventing the running of the LHC or the Tevatron is drawn, by estimating the relative importance of high beam energy or high luminosity for the purpose of our effect.
A METHODOLOGY FOR THE STOCHASTIC MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SYMPATRIC SPECIATION BY SEXUAL SELECTION
Authors: BARBUTI ROBERTO , MAGGIOLO-SCHETTINI ANDREA , MILAZZO PAOLO , TROINA ANGELO 
Published: August 2009

In the evolution literature, sympatric speciation is the origin of two, or more, species from a single local population. Many models have been developed to study the role of ecological competition and sexual selection in sympatric speciation.In this paper we propose a methodology for systematically deriving efficient computational models to study speciation in populations evolving with overlapping generations. As a particular case, we consider sympatric speciation by sexual selection and we follow an individual based approach: a population is represented as a set of individuals that can mate and survive according to given probabilities.We use our methodology to construct four different models for sympatric speciation, based on male traits and female preferences. These models differ in the genotypical representation of the individuals. Results of simulations in the different models are shown and discussed.The study of the models show that sympatric speciation by sexual selection is unlikely, also with a favorable distribution of genotypes in the initial population.
The Effects of Adapting to Complex Motions: Position Invariance and Tuning to Spiral Motions
Authors: Snowden Robert J. , Milne Alan B. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Recent neurophysiological evidence (e.g., Graziano, Andersen, & Snowden, 1994) suggested that some cells in the medial superior temporal area (MST) of the Old World monkey are sensitive to complex motions such as those brought about by a surface moving in depth or rotating. Two important findings were that these cells show position invariance (i.e., their preferred stimulus does not change across the receptive field), and that some cells were selective for “spiralling” stimuli rather than pure rotations or pure expansion/contractions. This paper attempts to provide evidence for similar processes in the human visual system by employing the technique of selective adaptation. We have simulated surfaces undergoing a motion in depth (div) or a rotation (curl), but have removed any cues that are not related to global motion. After adapting to a large pattern undergoing, say, an expansion, an aftereffect that contained an element of contraction could be elicited by placing small test patterns anywhere in the adapted area. This suggests that the global structure of the motion field must have been encoded as well as the local motion. Likewise thresholds for detecting motions similar to the adapting motion were elevated across the adapted area, while thresholds for other motions were not. Hence the effects of adaptation are both selective and show a degree of position invariance. Adaptation to pure div or pure curl stimuli was compared with adaptation to spiralling stimuli. Threshold elevation was always selective for the adapting motion and the shape and broadness of tuning did not vary. In simulations we could not reproduce our results using a model that had only div and curl detectors, but we could reproduce them if we allowed for detectors tuned for a broad range of spiral pitches. Our results suggest that humans encode the complex motion of surfaces by detectors tuned to many different types of motion and that the detectors are invariant across space in their properties.
Magical Realism in Ghādah al-Sammān's The Square Moon
Authors: Suyoufie Fadia 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study focuses on the use of magical realism as a means of investigating reality in Ghādah al-Sammān's collection of short stories entitled The Square Moon (al-Qamar al-Murabba'). While her stories suggest new perspectives for what is normally considered "real" through their evocation of "wonder" (al-dahshah), al-Sammān's ultimate goal is to critique contemporary Arab society. Each of her stories targets several problems which are the result of cultural, social, and economic conditions in the Arab world. Conceiving al-Sammān's work in a postmodern/postcolonial context, the study tackles themes of the supernatural, exile, identity, and gender. In conclusion, it is argued that al-Sammān perceives herself as a medium whose conjuring of the magical and the supernatural infuses new energy into our apparently exhausted world.
The de Jure 'Artist' of the Bobrinski Bucket: Production and Patronage of Metalwork in pre-Mongol Khurasan and Transoxiana
Authors: Kana'an Ruba 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe Bobrinski bucket, made in Herat in 599/1163, is one of the most iconic metalwork objects studied by historians of Islamic art. To date, art historical scholarship on the bucket has focused on interpreting its decorative programme and identifying the decorator, Mas'ud ibn Ahmad, whose name is inscribed on the bucket, as the 'artist' who had the intellectual property of the design and its application. In this essay, I investigate the meaning of signatures left by 'artists' by examining the range of possible relationships between four men whose names appear in the dedication inscription of the Bobrinski bucket. The legal writings of Hanafī jurists from Khurasan and Transoxiana, including al-Sarakhsī (d. ca. 1090), provide an important, and hitherto unexplored, source for understanding the legal rights and responsibilities of the different parties involved in the production of a metalwork object from conception to final product, including the stages of commissioning, manufacture, sale, and repair. The treatment by Muslim jurists of the different forms of trade provides a better understanding of the potential legal and contractual capacity in which a metalwork artist could sign his work.
Gender and Legal Authority: An Examination of Early Juristic Opposition to Women's Hadīth Transmission
Authors: Sayeed Asma 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article analyzes two cases of early juristic opposition to the legal authority of hadīth narrated by women. These cases appear as striking anomalies for two reasons: first, jurists broadly agreed that the gender of narrators in a chain of transmission was not a criterion in evaluating hadīth; and second, the cases involve female Companions of the Prophet whose value as transmitters came to be universally acknowledged by Muslim scholars of the classical period. In this article, I demonstrate that these incidents of gender-based disparagement are more useful because of what they reveal about the development of hadīth transmission (riwāya) and legal testimony (shahāda) as technical categories rather than for what they can tell us about normative gender discourse in early and classical Islam. I also contextualize the cases in terms of early methodological debates on the legal authority of isolated reports (khabar al-wāhid, akhbār al-ahād).
The Effect of Weight Reduction Interventions for Persons With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Huisman Sasja D. , De Gucht Véronique , Dusseldorp Elise , Maes Stan 
Published: August 2009

Purpose The main purpose of this article was to investigate the value of a self-regulation approach for weight reduction interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, the potentially moderating effect of other intervention characteristics was explored. Methods In a meta-analysis of 34 studies, overall effect sizes were calculated for weight and A1C. The focus of the analysis was, however, on the moderating effect of intervention characteristics, especially whether interventions that score high on self-regulation produce stronger effects. Results The overall effect sizes (d) for weight loss in the short term (<6 months) were low and even lower in the longer term (>6 months). The overall effect sizes for A1C outcomes were higher and remained stable in the longer term. Interventions that scored high on self-regulation characteristics produced significantly better effects on both weight and A1C outcomes. Furthermore, “goal reformulation” increased the effect on weight outcomes whereas “emotion regulation” increased the effect on A1C. With respect to the other intervention characteristics, only the “inclusion of a patient’s partner or relative” increased the effect on weight loss. Conclusions This meta-analysis underlines the importance of a self-regulation approach for weight reduction interventions in diabetes patients, in particular, for A1C outcomes. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship among self-regulation, weight, and A1C.
Evaluation of a clinical scoring scale to direct early appropriate therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Wirth Scott M , Macaulay Tracy E , Armitstead John A , Steinke Douglas T , Blechner Michael D , Lewis Daniel A 
Published: August 2009

Background. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious adverse effect associated with heparin therapy. Current laboratory confirmation for immune mediated HIT often results in false positives and unnecessary treatment, exposing individuals to possible complications. As a result, clinical evaluation has been recommended in conjunction with laboratory testing. We hypothesize that utilization of a clinical scoring scale, the 4T’s, will result in the initial appropriate therapy for suspected HIT. Methods. This is a retrospective chart review of 108 patients who underwent ELISA testing for HIT at a university hospital. The 4T’s scale was applied, stratifying individuals into low, intermediate, and high-risk categories. Each risk score was compared to the ELISA results to determine if the 4T’s can predict the diagnosis of HIT and result in appropriate management. ELISA optical density scores as well as incidence of adverse events were also compared among risk categories. Study Results. Individuals with low risk correlate with a negative ELISA compared to intermediate and high-risk individuals (p = 0.01 and p<0.01) and also were significantly more likely to predict institution of appropriate therapy (p<0.01). Median optical density scores were 0.184 (0.046—2.116), 0.226 (0.067—1.887), and 0.476 (0.096—1.309) for low, intermediate, and high 4T scores. Major adverse events include thrombosis and bleeding. Conclusions. Individuals with low risk were more likely to receive initial, appropriate therapy and were also significantly more likely to have a negative ELISA test result. Individuals with low risk determined by the 4T score therefore may have therapy and serologic testing for HIT withheld.
Factor VIII C1 domain residues Lys 2092 and Phe 2093 contribute to membrane binding and cofactor activity
Authors: Meems Henriët , Meijer Alexander B. , Cullinan David B. , Mertens Koen , Gilbert Gary E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBinding of factor VIII to membranes containing phosphatidyl-L-serine (Ptd-L-Ser) is mediated, in part, by a motif localized to the C2 domain. We evaluated a putative membrane-binding role of the C1 domain using an anti-C1 antibody fragment, KM33scFv, and factor VIII mutants with an altered KM33 epitope. We prepared a dual mutant Lys2092/Phe2093 → Ala/Ala (fVIIIYFP 2092/93) and 2 single mutants Lys2092 → Ala and Phe2093 → Ala. KM33scFv inhibited binding of fluorescein-labeled factor VIII to synthetic membranes and inhibited at least 95% of factor Xase activity. fVIIIYFP 2092/93 had 3-fold lower affinity for membranes containing 15% Ptd-L-Ser but more than 10-fold reduction in affinity for membranes with 4% Ptd-L-Ser. In a microtiter plate, KM33scFv was additive with an anti-C2 antibody for blocking binding to vesicles of 15% Ptd-L-Ser, whereas either antibody blocked binding to vesicles of 4% Ptd-L-Ser. KM33scFv inhibited binding to platelets and fVIIIYFP 2092/93 had reduced binding to A23187-stimulated platelets. fVIIIYFP 2092 exhibited normal activity at various Ptd-L-Ser concentrations, whereas fVIIIYFP 2093 showed a reduction of activity with Ptd-L-Ser less than 12%. fVIIIYFP 2092/93 had a greater reduction of activity than either single mutant. These results indicate that Lys 2092 and Phe 2093 are elements of a membrane-binding motif on the factor VIII C1 domain.
Platelet-associated IgAs and impaired GPVI responses in platelets lacking WIP
Authors: Falet Hervé , Marchetti Michael P. , Hoffmeister Karin M. , Massaad Michel J. , Geha Raif S. , Hartwig John H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe role of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) in platelet function is unclear because platelets that lack WASp function normally. WASp constitutively associates with WASp-interacting protein (WIP) in resting and activated platelets. The role of WIP in platelet function was investigated using mice that lack WIP or WASp. WIP knockout (KO) platelets lack WASp and thus are double deficient. WIP KO mice have a thrombocytopenia, similar to WASp KO mice, resulting in part from enhanced platelet clearance. Most WIP KO, but not WASp KO, mice evolved platelet-associated immunoglobulins (Ig) of the IgA class, which normalize their platelet survival but diminish their glycoprotein VI (GPVI) responses. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation, including that of phospholipase C-γ2, and calcium mobilization are impaired in IgA-presenting WIP KO platelets stimulated through GPVI, resulting in defects in α-granule secretion, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, and actin assembly. The anti-GPVI antibody JAQ1 induces the irreversible loss of GPVI from circulating platelets in wild-type mice, but not in WIP KO mice that bear high levels of platelet-associated IgAs. Together, the data indicate that platelet-associated IgAs negatively modulate GPVI signaling and function in WIP KO mice.
von Willebrand factor–cleaving protease ADAMTS13 reduces ischemic brain injury in experimental stroke
Authors: Zhao Bing-Qiao , Chauhan Anil K. , Canault Matthias , Patten Ian S. , Yang Janie J. , Dockal Michael , Scheiflinger Friedrich , Wagner Denisa D. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. The only therapy available is recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, but side effects limit its use. Platelets play a crucial role during stroke, and the inflammatory reaction promotes neurodegeneration. von Willebrand factor (VWF), an adhesion molecule for platelets, is elevated in patients with acute stroke. The activity of VWF is modulated by ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I repeats-13) that cleaves VWF to smaller less-active forms. We recently documented that ADAMTS13 negatively regulates both thrombosis and inflammation. We report that deficiency or reduction of VWF reduces infarct volume up to 2-fold after focal cerebral ischemia in mice, thus showing the importance of VWF in stroke injury. In contrast, ADAMTS13 deficiency results in larger infarctions, but only in mice that have VWF. Importantly, infusion of a high dose of recombinant human ADAMTS13 into a wild-type mouse immediately before reperfusion reduces infarct volume and improves functional outcome without producing cerebral hemorrhage. Furthermore, recombinant ADAMTS13 did not enhance bleeding in a hemorrhagic stroke model. Our findings show the importance of VWF in regulating infarction and suggest that recombinant ADAMTS13 could be considered as a new therapeutic agent for prevention and/or treatment of stroke.
The pleiotropic role of the fibrinogen γ′ chain in hemostasis
Authors: Uitte de Willige Shirley , Standeven Kristina F. , Philippou Helen , Ariëns Robert A. S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA fraction of fibrinogen contains a differently spliced γ chain called γ′, which presents itself mainly as heterodimer with the common γA chain as γA/γ′ fibrinogen. The γ′ chain differs from the γA chain in its C-terminus and has important functional implications for fibrinogen. The presence of the γ′ chain modulates thrombin and FXIII activity, influences clot architecture, and eliminates a platelet-binding site. Associations of γA/γ′ fibrinogen levels with arterial and venous thrombosis have been reported, indicating that the functional effects of γA/γ′ fibrinogen may contribute to the pathology of thrombosis. This review summarizes the key biologic aspects of this interesting variant of fibrinogen and discusses inconsistencies in current reports.
miRNA deregulation by epigenetic silencing disrupts suppression of the oncogene PLAG1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Pallasch Christian Philipp , Patz Michaela , Park Yoon Jung , Hagist Susanne , Eggle Daniela , Claus Rainer , Debey-Pascher Svenja , Schulz Alexandra , Frenzel Lukas P. , Claasen Julia , Kutsch Nadine , Krause Günter , Mayr Christine , Rosenwald Andreas , Plass Christoph , Schultze Joachim L. , Hallek Michael , Wendtner Clemens-Martin 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) play a key role in cellular regulation and, if deregulated, in the development of neoplastic disorders including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). RNAs from primary cells of 50 treatment-naive CLL patients and peripheral B cells of 14 healthy donors were applied to miRNA expression profiling using bead chip technology. In CLL cells, a set of 7 up- and 19 down-regulated miRNAs was identified. Among the miRNAs down-regulated in CLL cells, 6 of 10 miRNA promoters examined showed gain of methylation compared with normal B-cell controls. Subsequent target prediction of deregulated miRNAs revealed a highly significant binding prediction at the 3′ untranslated region of the pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) oncogene. Luciferase reporter assays including site-directed mutagenesis of binding sites revealed a significant regulation of PLAG1 by miR-181a, miR-181b, miR-107, and miR-424. Although expression of PLAG1 mRNA was not affected, PLAG1 protein expression was shown to be significantly elevated in CLL cells compared with the levels in healthy donor B cells. In summary, we could demonstrate disruption of miRNA-mediated translational control, partly due to epigenetic transcriptional silencing of miRNAs, with subsequent overexpression of the oncogenic transcription factor PLAG1 as a putative novel mechanism of CLL pathogenesis.