bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of colour‐selective activity in the monkey inferior temporal cortex revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Harada Takuya , Goda Naokazu , Ogawa Tadashi , Ito Minami , Toyoda Hiroshi , Sadato Norihiro , Komatsu Hidehiko 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPrevious electrophysiological, neuroimaging and lesion studies have suggested that the anterior part of the monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex, or area TE, plays an important role in colour processing. However, little is known about how colour information is distributed in these cortical regions. Here, we explored the distribution of colour‐selective activity in alert macaque monkeys using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with two types of stimuli: a multicoloured (‘Mondrian’) pattern and an isoluminant colour grating. These two types of stimuli are both commonly used in human fMRI studies, but Mondrian stimuli, which contain a richer variety of hues and hence might be more suitable for activating higher‐order areas than grating stimuli, have not been used to examine colour‐selectivity in higher‐order areas in earlier monkey studies. With the Mondrian stimuli, we observed that areas along the ventral pathway, V1, V2/V3, V4 and the IT cortex, responded more strongly to colour stimuli than to luminance stimuli. In the IT cortex, we found that colour‐selective activities are not distributed uniformly, but are localized in discrete regions, each extending several millimetres in the anterior or posterior part of the IT cortex. The colour‐selective activation in the anterior IT was observed only with the Mondrian stimuli, whereas the colour‐selective activation in the posterior IT was observed with both the Mondrian and grating stimuli, with little overlap. These findings suggest that there are multiple subregions with differing stimulus selectivities distributed in the IT cortex, and that colour information is processed in these discrete subregions.
Regional specificity in the real‐time development of phasic dopamine transmission patterns during acquisition of a cue–cocaine association in rats
Authors: Aragona Brandon J. , Day Jeremy J. , Roitman Mitchell F. , Cleaveland Nathan A. , Mark Wightman R. , Carelli Regina M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDrug seeking is significantly regulated by drug‐associated cues and associative learning between environmental cues and cocaine reward is mediated by dopamine transmission within the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, dopamine transmission during early acquisition of a cue–cocaine association has never been assessed because of the technical difficulties associated with resolving cue‐evoked and cocaine‐evoked dopamine release within the same conditioning trial. Here, we used fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry to measure sub‐second fluctuations in dopamine concentration within the NAc core and shell during the initial acquisition of a cue–cocaine Pavlovian association. Within the NAc core, cue‐evoked dopamine release developed during conditioning. However, within the NAc shell, the predictive cue appeared to cause an unconditioned decrease in dopamine concentration. The pharmacological effects of cocaine also differed between sub‐regions, as cocaine increased phasic dopamine release events within the NAc shell but not the core. Thus, real‐time measurements not only revealed the initial development of a conditioned neurochemical response but also demonstrated differential phasic dopamine transmission patterns across NAc sub‐regions during the acquisition of a cue–cocaine association.
Testosterone replacement in prostate cancer survivors with hypogonadal symptoms
Authors: Leibowitz Robert L. , Dorff Tanya B. , Tucker Steven , Symanowski James , Vogelzang Nicholas J. 
Published: November 2009

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo describe the clinical outcomes of prostate cancer survivors who were treated with high‐dose testosterone‐replacement therapy (TRT) for the relief of hypogonadal symptoms.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe reviewed the records of 96 patients who received TRT after initial management for prostate cancer from 2000 to 2007.RESULTSIn all, 41 men had prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) progression (PSA Working Group) while on TRT, but only seven had radiographic progression of disease. Fifty‐six men discontinued TRT due to increasing PSA levels, and 59% of these men had significant reductions in PSA level with no additional intervention. In all, 31 men remain on TRT with no PSA or radiological progression at a median of 36.7 months; nine men stopped TRT for reasons other than progression. Characteristics associated with continuing TRT were radical prostatectomy as primary management, a low PSA level when starting TRT, and concurrent use of dutasteride. Hypogonadal symptoms were alleviated in most cases.CONCLUSIONSWhile most men in this series had increasing PSA levels during TRT, stopping TRT typically resulted in PSA declines. A subset of men were able to remain on TRT for several years without disease progression.
Max Weber on the Labour Contract: Between Realism and Formal Legal Thought
Authors: Coutu Michel 
Published: November 2009

Although Max Weber's review essay of the first part of Philipp Lotmar's The Labour Contract may appear peripheral to his overall contribution to legal sociology, it contains important insights on the relationship of law to economics, the utility of sociological empirical research for jurisprudence, the epistemological gap between ‘legal dogmatics’ and the sociology of law, and the fundamental distinction between state and non‐state law in properly understanding the developmental logic of labour law.In the review, far from appearing as a rigid partisan of positivistic legal formalism, Weber admits of a kind of ‘legal pluralism’ as a necessary path to the sociology of law, and allows some measure of realism, when celebrating Lotmar's analysis of the social facts of law as a precondition for proper juristic treatment of the labour contract. Nevertheless, Weber remained distrustful of legal realism which, for him, was founded on an epistemological confusion between ‘is’ and ‘ought’.
Development of a peer‐assisted learning strategy in computer‐supported collaborative learning environments for elementary school students
Authors: Tsuei Mengping 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study explores the effects of Electronic Peer‐Assisted Learning for Kids (EPK), on the quality and development of reading skills, peer interaction and self‐concept in elementary students. The EPK methodology uses a well‐developed, synchronous computer‐supported, collaborative learning system to facilitate students' learning in Chinese. We first review the theoretical framework and architecture of EPK. This study aimed to compare students learning Chinese language arts activities online using EPK with students learning face‐to‐face in a classroom setting. Students' online interactions were coded into four patterns of peer interactions: task coordination, tutor behaviour, tutee behaviour and off‐task. The online activity type significantly influenced the online peer interactions. Students in the online peer‐assisted learning group outperformed the face‐to‐face group on reading skills. Students learning online showed significant growth in self‐concept, and this was especially true for students who were passive participants. These findings demonstrate that EPK is an effective tool that can enhance elementary students' reading, as well as promote positive self‐concepts.
Video recording lectures: Student and professor perspectives
Authors: Odhabi Hamad , Nicks‐McCaleb Lynn 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper investigated the use of special eyeglasses designed with a built‐in video camera and microphone for the purpose of recording classroom activities from the point of view of both the professor and the student. The aim is to eliminate the need for dedicated video recording in the classroom. This paper reviewed the various techniques used to record a lecture and highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also presented 10 activities from the point of view of the student and the professor, which may play a role in improving students' understanding of the lecture. The videos produced by the professor and student cameras were reviewed in terms of their effectiveness and usefulness with regard to the 10 activities. The results were analysed and conclusions were drawn based upon the findings of this study.
The role of the principal's leadership style in the implementation of ICT policy
Authors: Hadjithoma‐Garstka Christina 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper presents findings of a study in information communication technology (ICT) implementation, on the principal's leadership style in relation to other factors that influence implementation. The principal's leadership style is perceived—on the basis of the characteristics of the context where the study was conducted—as a personal quality, rather than a change/transformational leadership behaviour or related to the principals' positional authority. The study employed firstly a large‐scale survey based on which case studies of four schools were selected for further research. The findings have implications for practice, more specifically, for principals' training and for the support provided to schools for embedding ICT. The paper draws on an institutionalist implementation approach to describe the principals' role in theorising the concept of ICT in education.
THE EMPATHIC EMOTIONS AND SELF‐LOVE IN BISHOP JOSEPH BUTLER AND THE NEUROSCIENCES
Authors: Dyck Arthur J. , Padilla Carlos 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn Joseph Butler, we have an account of human beings as moral beings that is, as this essay demonstrates, being supported by the recently emerging findings of the neurosciences. This applies particularly to Butler's portrayal of our empathic emotions. Butler discovered their moral significance for motivating and guiding moral decisions and actions before the neurosciences did. Butler has, in essence, added a sixth sense to our five senses: this is the moral sense by means of which we perceive what we ought or ought not do. The moral sense yields relatively reliable moral perceptions when we love our neighbors as ourselves, and when our love for ourselves is genuine. Accurate moral perceptions will be thwarted by self‐deceit—that is, by a self‐partiality devoid of neighbor love, a condition that thwarts genuine self‐love. This essay explores the parallels between Butler's understanding of self‐deceit and Robert J. Lifton's understanding of “doubling.”
“KEEPING THE HEART”: NATURAL AFFECTION IN JOSEPH BUTLER'S APPROACH TO VIRTUE
Authors: Moses Sarah 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis essay considers eighteenth‐century Anglican thinker Joseph Butler's view of the role of natural emotions in moral reasoning and action. Emotions such as compassion and resentment are shown to play a positive role in the moral life by motivating action and by directing agents toward certain good objects—for example, relief of misery and justice. For Butler, moral virtue is present when these natural affections are kept in proper proportion by the “superior” principles of the moral life—conscience, self‐love, and benevolence—which involve the capacity for reasonable reflection. For contemporary thinkers, Butler's approach suggests that natural emotion should not be viewed as the enemy of moral reasoning; in fact, it challenges ethicists to pay attention to and account for the significant role of the emotions in the moral life.
MUST ETHICS BE THEOLOGICAL? A CRITIQUE OF THE NEW PRAGMATISTS
Authors: Sherlock Richard 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn the last decade there has been a pragmatic turn in the work of those doing Christian ethics, especially as represented by the work of Jeffrey Stout and Franklin Gamwell. The pragmatic turn represents a critique of the highly influential work of Stanley Hauerwas and Alasdair MacIntyre, which argues for a strongly intra‐church ethics. The pragmatists are correct in arguing that Christian ethics must engage the public sphere. However, I argue that they are deeply mistaken in their claim that this engagement must rest on a weak or non‐existent theology. I show that the claim that robust theology adds nothing to ethics, and that we can get along without it, is unsustainable.
EDUCATING PHYSICIANS FOR MORAL EXCELLENCE IN THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY
Authors: López Lenny , Dyck Arthur J. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTMedical professionals are a community of highly educated individuals with a commitment to a core set of ideals and principles. This community provides both technical and ethical socialization. The ideal physician is confident, empathic, forthright, respectful, and thorough. These ideals allow us to define broadly “the excellence” of being a physician. At the core of these ideals is the ability to be empathic. Empathy exhibits itself in attributes of an individual's moral character and also in actions that actualize and support communal life. Empathy, however, can be diminished or even lost and must be nurtured on an ongoing basis. The development of ethical physicians is strongly linked to experiences in the training period. Moral traits are situation‐sensitive psychological and behavioral dispositions. The clinical environment of medical training programs can be so intense as to lead to conditions that may actually deprofessionalize trainees. Creating a clinical environment that is ethically nurturing and sustaining is an indispensable component of practicing medicine.
CHRISTIAN REALISM FOR THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY
Authors: Lovin Robin W. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTChristian realism has provided a theological understanding of politics that identifies the limits within which all political choices are made. Those limits are set by a theological understanding of judgment, which reserves the ultimate meaning of history to divine judgment, and by a theological understanding of responsibility, which gives proximate meaning to the choices between greater and lesser goods that are available to human politics. The assessments of global politics offered by Reinhold Niebuhr and other Christian realists during the Second World War and the Cold War which followed owe their influence partly to an astute and historically informed reading of events, but primarily, their influence is due to this basic theological understanding of politics. While the world has changed in ways that clearly reveal limitations in the original formulations of Christian realism, the theological principles of judgment and responsibility continue to provide an understanding of global politics adequate to the new realities of the twenty‐first century.
AN INCLUSIVE ETHICS FOR THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY: IMPLICATIONS FOR STEM CELL RESEARCH
Authors: Kilner John F. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAn important contribution of Christian ethics in the pluralistic world of the twenty‐first century is to emphasize inclusivity. Rather than promoting the interests of certain groups at the expense of the most vulnerable, society does well to prioritize ways forward that benefit all. For stem cell research, inclusivity entails benefiting or at least protecting the beneficiaries of treatment, the sources of materials, and the subjects of research. Adult stem cells are already benefiting many ill patients without causing harm, and select adult cells may prove even more beneficial in the future. Other types of stem cells require other bodily materials such as eggs and somatic cells that should be obtained without unduly harming those who provide them. Research subjects, especially the most vulnerable, require protection as well. Should human embryos be included among them? Considerations of location, formation, individuation, and intention are here examined. Ultimately, for safety reasons as well as workability, pluripotency, and compatibility, relatively new types of pluripotent stem cells, especially induced pluripotent stem cells, warrant special priority according to an inclusive ethics.
METANOIAAND HEALING: TOWARD A GREAT PLAINS LAND ETHIC
Authors: Friesen Duane K. , Guhr Bradley D. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTA Great Plains land ethic is shaped by an intimate knowledge of and appreciation for the evolution, ecology, and aesthetics of the plains landscape. The landscape evokes a sense of wonder and mystery suggested by the word “sacrament.” The biblical concept of “covenant” points to God as a community‐forming power, a creative process that has evolved into the earth community to which we humans belong. In contrast to an anthropocentric ethic which emphasizes human dominion over nature, a Theo‐centric land ethic seeks a balance, reflected in Genesis 1–3, between humans who are membersofthe earth community and moral agents accountable to Godforthe earth. A land ethic identifies concrete practices ofmetanoiaand healing: agricultural practices to address the loss and degradation of soil; conservation and protection of water sources; utilization of wind and solar energy; and prescribed burning to restore processes vital to the prairie ecosystem. The concept of subsidiarity suggests that practices ofmetanoiaand healing are a combination of wise public policy balanced by personal, family, church, business, and community responsibility.
A PRIMA FACIE DEFENSE OF HOBBESIAN ABSOLUTISM
Authors: COURTLAND SHANE D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHobbes advocates ‘thin absolutism’; a system of authority that merely ensures respect of the core concepts of sovereignty – hierarchy and normative closure. This new interpretation of Hobbes's absolutism shows that the concerns regarding sovereign tyranny are not fatal to his account of political authority. With thin absolutism, the sovereign is neither necessarily ineffective nor inherently dangerous. This, then, leaves Hobbesian absolutism in the position of being a ‘reasonable contender’– a system of political authority that might require our allegiance, but at the very least requires serious attention.
FRANCESCOTTI ON FISSION
Authors: JOHANSSON JENS 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMost versions of the psychological‐continuity approach to personal identity (PCA) contain a ‘non‐branching’ requirement. Recently, Robert Francescotti has argued that while such versions of PCA handle Parfit's standard fission case well, they deliver the wrong result in the case of an intact human brain. To solve this problem, he says, PCA‐adherents need to add a clause that runs contrary to the spirit of their theory. In this response, I argue that Francescotti's counterexample fails. As a result, the revision he suggests is not needed.
PERCEPTUAL PRESENCE
Authors: LEDDINGTON JASON 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPlausibly, any adequate theory of perception must (a) solve what Alva Noë calls ‘the problem of perceptual presence,’ and (b) do justice to the direct realist idea that what is given in perception are garden‐variety spatiotemporal particulars. This paper shows that, while Noë's sensorimotor view arguably satisfies the first of these conditions, it does not satisfy the second. Moreover, Noë is wrong to think that a naïve realist approach to perception cannot handle the problem of perceptual presence. Section three of this paper develops a version of naïve realism that meets both of the adequacy conditions above. This paper thus provides strong considerations in favor of naïve realism.
EVIDENTIAL SUPPORT, RELIABILITY, AND HUME'S PROBLEM OF INDUCTION
Authors: TUCKER CHRIS 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNecessity holds that, if a proposition A supports another B, then it must support B. John Greco contends that one can resolve Hume's Problem of Induction only if she rejects Necessity in favor of reliabilism. If Greco's contention is correct, we would have good reason to reject Necessity and endorse reliabilism about inferential justification. Unfortunately, Greco's contention is mistaken. I argue that there is a plausible reply to Hume's Problem that both endorses Necessity and is at least as good as Greco's alternative. Hence, Greco provides a good reason for neither rejecting Necessity nor endorsing inferential reliabilism.
CAN I KILL MY YOUNGER SELF? TIME TRAVEL AND THE RETROSUICIDE PARADOX
Authors: VRANAS PETER B. M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIf (backward) time travel is possible, presumably so is my shooting my younger self (YS); then apparently I can kill him – I can commitretrosuicide. But if I were to kill him I would not exist to shoot him, so how can I kill him? The standard solution to this paradox understands ability ascompossibilitywith the relevant facts and points to an equivocation about which facts are relevant: my killing YS is compossible with his proximity but not with his survival, so I can kill him if facts like his survival are irrelevant but I cannot if they are relevant. I identify a lacuna in this solution, namely its reliance without argument on the hidden assumption that my killing YS ispossible: if it is impossible, it is not compossible with anything. I argue that this lacuna is important, and I sketch a different solution to the paradox.
IS MEANING FRAUGHT WITH OUGHT?
Authors: WHITING DANIEL 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAccording to Normativism, what an expression means has immediate implications for how a subject should or may (not) employ that expression. Many view this thesis as imposing substantive constraints upon theories of linguistic meaning. In this paper, I shall not consider that view; instead, I shall address the prior issue of whether or not one should accept Normativism. Against certain recent prominent lines of attack common to a number of different anti‐Normativist discussions, I shall defend both the Normativist thesis and an attempt to appeal to a certain platitude in its support.
CEO Compensation and Firm Performance: an Empirical Investigation of UK Panel Data
Authors: Ozkan Neslihan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract This paper examines the link between CEO pay and performance employing a unique, hand‐collected panel data set of 390 UK non‐financial firms from the FTSE All Share Index for the period 1999–2005. We include both cash (salary and bonus) and equity‐based (stock options and long‐term incentive plans) components of CEO compensation, and CEO wealth based on share holdings, stock option and stock awards holdings in our analysis. In addition, we control for a comprehensive set of corporate governance variables. The empirical results show that in comparison to the previous findings for US CEOs, pay‐performance elasticity for UK CEOs seems to be lower; pay‐performance elasticity for UK CEOs is 0.075 (0.095) for cash compensation (total direct compensation), indicating that a ten percentage increase in shareholder return corresponds to an increase of 0.75% (0.95%) in cash (total direct) compensation. We also find that both the median share holdings and stock‐based pay‐performance sensitivity are lower for UK CEOs when we compare our findings with the previous findings for US CEOs. Thus, our results suggest that corporate governance reports in the UK, such as the Greenbury Report (1995) that proposed CEO compensation be more closely linked to performance, have not been totally effective. Our findings also indicate that institutional ownership has a positive and significant influence on CEO pay‐performance sensitivity of option grants. Finally, we find that longer CEO tenure is associated with lower pay‐performance sensitivity of option grants suggesting the entrenchment effect of CEO tenure.