bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolving role of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities
Authors: Chenier John A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract: Following its near demise in 1982, the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) adopted new goals and processes designed to increase satisfaction and deliver concrete results to its member municipalities. Over time, the FCM assumed the role of primary interlocutor or broker, establishing a bridge between federal intentions and local government needs and playing a central role in the aggregation, definition, articulation and advocacy of local government issues at the federal level. These FCM actions, in conjunction with the significant improvements in the financial position of the federal government, resulted in significant monetary transfers from the federal to local governments and large increases in FCM membership. At the close of 2005, the FCM was poised to achieve its ultimate goal of establishing a joint federal‐local mechanism for policy development as part of the New Deal. However, the election of the Harper government in 2006 led to a change in the federal position, leaving the FCM in a position remnminiscent of 1982 and a way forward that was suddenly less clear. While continuing to lobby strongly for fiscal transfers to municipalities, the FCM is assuming a broader role of filling the research void on local issues at the federal level.Sommaire : Après avoir pratiquement disparu en 1982, la Fédération canadienne des municipalités (FCM) a adopté de nouveaux objectifs et processus afin d'accroître la satisfaction de ses municipalités membres et de leur fournir des résultats concrets. Au fil des ans, la FCM a assumé le rôle de principal interlocuteur ou représentant, en servant d'intermédiaire entre les intentions du gouvernement fédéral et les besoins des administrations municipales et en jouant un rôle majeur dans le regroupement, la définition, la formulation et la défense des questions relatives aux administrations municipales à l'échelle fédérale. Ces mesures prises par la FCM, de concert avec les améliorations importantes de la situation financière du gouvernement fédéral, ont eu pour résultat d'importants transferts monétaires du gouvernement fédéral aux administrations municipales et de fortes augmentations d'adhésion à la FCM. À la fin de 2005, la FCM était sur le point d'atteindre son but ultime qui était d'établir un mécanisme conjoint fédéral‐municipal pour l'élaboration de politiques, dans le cadre du Nouveau pacte pour les municipalités canadiennes. Cependant, l'élection du gouvernement Harper en 2006 a entraîné un changement dans la position du gouvernement fédéral, laissant la FCM dans une position très similaire à celle de 1982 et avec des perspectives d'avenir soudainement plus obscures. Tout en continuant à exercer de fortes pressions en faveur des transferts fiscaux aux municipalités, la FCM assume un rôle plus vaste en comblant le vide dans la recherche sur les questions municipales à l'échelle fédérale.
Federal grants to municipalities in Canada: Nature, importance and impact on municipal investments, from 1990 to 2005
Authors: Bojorquez Fabio , Champagne Eric , Vaillancourt François 
Published: September 2009

Abstract: This article examines the nature, importance and impact of federal grants on municipal capital expenditures in Canada. The first part recaps the history of federal grants to Canadian municipalities, focusing mainly on the last twenty years; the second presents some quantitative evidence on the amounts involved; and the third examines their impact on municipal capital expenditures for recent years.Sommaire : Le présent article examine la nature, l'importance et l'incidence des subventions fédérales sur les dépenses en capital des municipalités au Canada. La première partie récapitule l'historique des subventions fédérales accordées aux municipalités canadiennes, se concentrant essentiellement sur les vingt dernières années; la deuxième partie présente des informations quantitatives sur les montants en question; et la troisième examine l'effet de ces subventions sur les dépenses en capital des municipalités au cours des dernières années.
Association between Hyperglycemia and Survival in 228 Horses with Acute Gastrointestinal Disease
Authors: Hassel D.M. , Hill A.E. , Rorabeck R.A. 
Published: September 2009

Background:Glucose homeostasis is dysregulated in critically ill humans resulting in hyperglycemia and decreased survival. Hyperglycemia is common in horses presenting with abdominal crisis, and this might be associated with a worse prognosis for survival.Objective:To determine if hyperglycemia in horses with acute abdominal disease is associated with increased odds of failure to survive to hospital discharge.Animals:Two hundred and twenty‐eight adult horses with acute gastrointestinal disease.Methods:Observational retrospective study. Records of horses > 1 year of age presenting for treatment of colic over a 3‐year period were reviewed. Data collected included age, duration of colic, glucose, heart rate, PCV, total protein, anion gap, cost of hospitalization, breed, sex, pain at admission, diagnosis, whether surgery was performed, and life status at hospital discharge. Potential risk factors for nonsurvival were screened by univariable logistic regression and the best‐fitting univariable model was used as the basis for multivariable regression modeling.Results:Mean blood glucose was 155 mg/dL (8.5 mM) with 45% of the population above the reference range; 16.7% (38 of 228) of horses had severe hyperglycemia (>195 mg/dL; 10.7 mM). Factors associated with increased odds of failure to survive included glucose, severity of pain at admission, heart rate, PCV, anion gap, and diagnosis. The best‐fitting multivariable model included glucose and diagnosis, with age included as a confounding variable. The model correctly classified outcome for 92.5% of horses.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:This study has confirmed prior reports that hyperglycemia is common in horses with colic and is associated with a worse prognosis for survival to hospital discharge.
Inhibition of Herpesvirus Replication by 5-Substituted 4′-Thiopyrimidine Nucleosides
Authors: Prichard Mark N. , Quenelle Debra C. , Hartline Caroll B. , Harden Emma A. , Jefferson Geraldine , Frederick Samuel L. , Daily Shannon L. , Whitley Richard J. , Tiwari Kamal N. , Maddry Joseph A. , Secrist John A. , Kern Earl R. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTA series of 4′-thionucleosides were synthesized and evaluated for activities against orthopoxviruses and herpesviruses. We reported previously that one analog, 5-iodo-4′-thio-2′-deoxyuridine (4′-thioIDU), exhibits good activity both in vitro and in vivo against two orthopoxviruses. This compound also has good activity in cell culture against many of the herpesviruses. It inhibited the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of 0.1, 0.5, and 2 μM, respectively. It also inhibited the replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) with an EC50of 5.9 μM but did not selectively inhibit Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, or human herpesvirus 8. While acyclovir-resistant strains of HSV-1 and HSV-2 were comparatively resistant to 4′-thioIDU, it retained modest activity (EC50s of 4 to 12 μM) against these strains. Some ganciclovir-resistant strains of HCMV also exhibited reduced susceptibilities to the compound, which appeared to be related to the specific mutations in the DNA polymerase, consistent with the observed incorporation of the compound into viral DNA. The activity of 4′-thioIDU was also evaluated using mice infected intranasally with the MS strain of HSV-2. Although there was no decrease in final mortality rates, the mean length of survival after inoculation increased significantly (P< 0.05) for all animals receiving 4′-thioIDU. The findings from the studies presented here suggest that 4′-thioIDU is a good inhibitor of some herpesviruses, as well as orthopoxviruses, and this class of compounds warrants further study as a therapy for infections with these viruses.
OXA-143, a Novel Carbapenem-Hydrolyzing Class D β-Lactamase in
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Higgins Paul G. , Poirel Laurent , Lehmann Marlene , Nordmann Patrice , Seifert Harald 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

A carbapenem-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
strain was isolated in Brazil in 2004 in which no known carbapenemase gene was detected by PCR. Cloning experiments, followed by expression in
Escherichia coli
, gave an
E. coli
recombinant strain expressing a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamase (CHDL). OXA-143 showed 88% amino acid sequence identity with OXA-40, 63% identity with OXA-23, and 52% identity with OXA-58. It hydrolyzed penicillins, oxacillin, meropenem, and imipenem but not expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. The
bla
OXA-143
gene was located on a ca. 30-kb plasmid. After transformation into reference strain
A. baumannii
ATCC 19606, it conferred resistance to carbapenems. Analysis of the genetic environment of
bla
OXA-143
revealed that it was associated with neither insertion sequences nor integron structures. However, it was bracketed by similar replicase-encoding genes at both ends, suggesting acquisition through a homologous recombination process. This study identified a novel class D β-lactamase involved in carbapenem resistance in
A. baumannii
. This enzyme is the first member of a novel subgroup of CHDLs whose prevalence remains to be determined.
Bronchopulmonary Disposition of Intravenous Voriconazole and Anidulafungin Given in Combination to Healthy Adults
Authors: Crandon Jared L. , Banevicius Mary Anne , Fang Annie F. , Crownover Penelope H. , Knauft R. Fredrick , Pope J. Samuel , Russomanno John H. , Shore Eric , Nicolau David P. , Kuti Joseph L. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Voriconazole and anidulafungin in combination are being investigated for use for the treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis. We determined the pulmonary disposition of these agents. Twenty healthy participants received intravenous voriconazole (at 6 mg/kg of body weight every 12 h [q12h] on day 1 and then at 4 mg/kg q12h) and anidulafungin (200 mg on day 1 and then 100 mg every 24 h) for 3 days. Five participants each were randomized for collection of bronchoalveolar lavage samples at times of 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Drug penetration was determined by the ratio of the total drug area under the concentration-time curve during the dosing interval (AUC
0-τ
) for epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar macrophages (AM) to the total drug AUC
0-τ
in plasma. The mean (standard deviation) half-life and AUC
0-τ
were 6.9 (2.1) h and 39.5 (19.8) μg·h/ml, respectively, for voriconazole and 20.8 (3.1) h and 101 (21.8) μg·h/ml, respectively, for anidulafungin. The AUC
0-τ
values for ELF and AM were 282 and 178 μg·h/ml, respectively, for voriconazole, and 21.9 and 1,430 μg·h/ml, respectively, for anidulafungin. This resulted in penetration ratios into ELF and AM of 7.1 and 4.5, respectively, for voriconazole and 0.22 and 14.2, respectively, for anidulafungin. The mean total concentrations of both drugs in ELF and AM at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h remained above the MIC
90
/90% minimum effective concentration for most
Aspergillus
species. In healthy adult volunteers, voriconazole achieved high levels of exposure in both ELF and AM, while anidulafungin predominantly concentrated in AM.
Proteomic Analysis of
Rickettsia parkeri
Strain Portsmouth
Authors: Pornwiroon Walairat , Bourchookarn Apichai , Paddock Christopher D. , Macaluso Kevin R. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Rickettsia parkeri
, a recently recognized pathogen of human, is one of several
Rickettsia
spp. in the United States that causes a spotted fever rickettsiosis. To gain insights into its biology and pathogenesis, we applied the proteomics approach to establish a two-dimensional gel proteome reference map and combined this technique with cell surface biotinylation to identify surface-exposed proteins of a low-passage isolate of
R. parkeri
obtained from a patient. We identified 91 proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry. Of these, 28 were characterized as surface proteins, including virulence-related proteins (e.g., outer membrane protein A [OmpA], OmpB, β-peptide, and RickA). Two-dimensional immunoblotting with serum from the
R. parkeri
-infected index patient was utilized to identify the immunoreactive proteins as potential targets for diagnosis and vaccine development. In addition to the known rickettsial antigens, OmpA and OmpB, we identified translation initiation factor 2, cell division protein FtsZ, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase as immunoreactive proteins. The proteome map with corresponding cell surface protein analysis and antigen detection will facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms of rickettsial pathogenesis.
ORTHOGONALITY PRESERVERS REVISITED
Authors: Burgos María , Fernández-Polo Francisco J. , Garcés Jorge J. , Peralta Antonio M. 
Published: September 2009

We obtain a complete characterization of all orthogonality preserving operators from a JB *-algebra to a JB *-triple. If T : J → E is a bounded linear operator from a JB *-algebra (respectively, a C *-algebra) to a JB *-triple and h denotes the element T**(1), then T is orthogonality preserving, if and only if, T preserves zero-triple-products, if and only if, there exists a Jordan *-homomorphism [Formula: see text] such that S(x) and h operator commute and T(x) = h•r(h) S(x), for every x ∈ J, where r(h) is the range tripotent of h, [Formula: see text] is the Peirce-2 subspace associated to r(h) and •r(h) is the natural product making [Formula: see text] a JB *-algebra. This characterization culminates the description of all orthogonality preserving operators between C *-algebras and JB *-algebras and generalizes all the previously known results in this line of study.
Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems
Authors: Robu Valentin , Halpin Harry , Shepherd Hana 
Published: September 2009

This article uses data from the social bookmarking site del.icio.us to empirically examine the dynamics of collaborative tagging systems and to study how coherent categorization schemes emerge from unsupervised tagging by individual users.
First, we study the formation of stable distributions in tagging systems, seen as an implicit form of “consensus” reached by the users of the system around the tags that best describe a resource. We show that final tag frequencies for most resources converge to power law distributions and we propose an empirical method to examine the dynamics of the convergence process, based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence measure. The convergence analysis is performed for both the most utilized tags at the top of tag distributions and the so-called long tail.
Second, we study the information structures that emerge from collaborative tagging, namely tag correlation (or folksonomy) graphs. We show how community-based network techniques can be used to extract simple tag vocabularies from the tag correlation graphs by partitioning them into subsets of related tags. Furthermore, we also show, for a specialized domain, that shared vocabularies produced by collaborative tagging are richer than the vocabularies which can be extracted from large-scale query logs provided by a major search engine.
Although the empirical analysis presented in this article is based on a set of tagging data obtained from del.icio.us, the methods developed are general, and the conclusions should be applicable across other websites that employ tagging.
Memory buddies
Authors: Wood Timothy , Tarasuk-Levin Gabriel , Shenoy Prashant , Desnoyers Peter , Cecchet Emmanuel , Corner Mark D. 
Published: September 2009

Many data center virtualization solutions, such as VMware ESX, employ content-based page sharing to consolidate the resources of multiple servers. Page sharing identifies virtual machine memory pages with identical content and consolidates them into a single shared page. This technique, implemented at the host level, applies only between VMs placed on a given physical host. In a multiserver data center, opportunities for sharing may be lost because the VMs holding identical pages are resident on different hosts. In order to obtain the full benefit of content-based page sharing it is necessary to place virtual machines such that VMs with similar memory content are located on the same hosts.
In this paper we present Memory Buddies, a memory sharingaware placement system for virtual machines. This system includes a memory fingerprinting system to efficiently determine the sharing potential among a set of VMs, and compute more efficient placements. In addition it makes use of live migration to optimize VM placement as workloads change.We have implemented a prototype Memory Buddies system with VMware ESX Server and present experimental results on our testbed, as well as an analysis of an extensive memory trace study. Evaluation of our prototype using a mix of enterprise and e-commerce applications demonstrates an increase of data center capacity (i.e. number of VMs supported) of 17%, while imposing low overhead and scaling to as many as a thousand servers.
GPU virtualization on VMware's hosted I/O architecture
Authors: Dowty Micah , Sugerman Jeremy 
Published: September 2009

Modern graphics co-processors (GPUs) can produce high fidelity images several orders of magnitude faster than general purpose CPUs, and this performance expectation is rapidly becoming ubiquitous in personal computers. Despite this, GPU virtualization is a nascent field of research. This paper introduces a taxonomy of strategies for GPU virtualization and describes in detail the specific GPU virtualization architecture developed for VMware's hosted products (VMware Workstation and VMware Fusion).
We analyze the performance of our GPU virtualization with a combination of applications and microbenchmarks. We also compare against software rendering, the GPU virtualization in Parallels Desktop 3.0, and the native GPU. We find that taking advantage of hardware acceleration significantly closes the gap between pure emulation and native, but that different implementations and host graphics stacks show distinct variation. The microbenchmarks show that our architecture amplifies the overheads in the traditional graphics API bottlenecks: draw calls, downloading buffers, and batch sizes.
Our virtual GPU architecture runs modern graphics-intensive games and applications at interactive frame rates while preserving virtual machine portability. The applications we tested achieve from 86% to 12% of native rates and 43 to 18 frames per second with VMware Fusion 2.0.
Towards better performance per watt in virtual environments on asymmetric single-ISA multi-core systems
Authors: Kumar Viren , Fedorova Alexandra 
Published: September 2009

Single-ISA heterogeneous multicore architectures promise to deliver plenty of cores with varying complexity, speed and performance in the near future. Virtualization enables multiple operating systems to run concurrently as distinct, independent guest domains, thereby reducing core idle time and maximizing throughput. This paper seeks to identify a heuristic that can aid in intelligently scheduling these virtualized workloads to maximize performance while reducing power consumption.
We propose that the controlling domain in a Virtual MachineMonitor or hypervisor is relatively insensitive to changes in core frequency, and thus scheduling it on a slower core saves power while only slightly affecting guest domain performance. We test and validate our hypothesis and further propose a metric, the Combined Usage of a domain, to assist in future energy-efficient scheduling. Our preliminary findings show that the Combined Usage metric can be used as a starting point to gauge the sensitivity of a guest domain to variations in the controlling domain's frequency.
Coplanar Doppler Lidar Retrieval of Rotors from T-REX
Authors: Hill Michael , Calhoun Ron , Fernando H. J. S. , Wieser Andreas , Dörnbrack Andreas , Weissmann Martin , Mayr Georg , Newsom Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Dual-Doppler analysis of data from two coherent lidars during the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) allows the retrieval of flow structures, such as vortices, during mountain-wave events. The spatial and temporal resolution of this approach is sufficient to identify and track vortical motions on an elevated, cross-barrier plane in clear air. Assimilation routines or additional constraints such as two-dimensional continuity are not required. A relatively simple and quick least squares method forms the basis of the retrieval. Vortices are shown to evolve and advect in the flow field, allowing analysis of their behavior in the mountain–wave–boundary layer system. The locations, magnitudes, and evolution of the vortices can be studied through calculated fields of velocity, vorticity, streamlines, and swirl. Generally, observations suggest two classes of vortical motions: rotors and small-scale vortical structures. These two structures differ in scale and behavior. The level of coordination of the two lidars and the nature of the output (i.e., in range gates) creates inherent restrictions on the spatial and temporal resolution of retrieved fields.
The BH3-only protein Bim plays a critical role in leukemia cell death triggered by concomitant inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1/2 pathways
Authors: Rahmani Mohamed , Anderson Anh , Habibi Joseph Reza , Crabtree Timothy Ryan , Mayo Mandy , Harada Hisashi , Ferreira-Gonzalez Andrea , Dent Paul , Grant Steven 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Mechanisms underlying apoptosis induced by concomitant interruption of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (MEK/ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways were investigated in human leukemia cells. Inhibition of these pathways using the MEK inhibitor PD184352 or U0126 and the PI3K/Akt inhibitor perifosine strikingly induced apoptosis in multiple malignant human hematopoietic cells, and substantially reduced the colony-forming capacity of primary acute myeloblastic leukemia, but not normal CD34+ cells. These events were associated with pronounced Bim up-regulation, Mcl-1 down-regulation, marked Bak/Bax conformational change accompanied by Bax membrane translocation, and a pronounced increase in Bax/Bak association. Molecular studies using tet-inducible Akt, constitutively active MEK1, dominant-negative Akt, and MEK1 small interfering RNA revealed that inhibition of both MEK/ERK1/2 and Akt pathways plays a critical functional role in perifosine/PD184352-mediated lethality. Ectopic Mcl-1 expression potently inhibited perifosine/PD184352-induced apoptosis, as did Bak or Bax knockdown. Notably, knockdown of Bim, but not Bad, blocked Bak and Bax conformational change, inhibited Bax membrane translocation, diminished Bax/Bak binding, and sharply attenuated perifosine/PD184352-induced apoptosis. Finally, enforced expression of Bim significantly enhanced apoptosis induced by PI3K/Akt inhibitors, analogous to the effects of MEK1/2 inhibitors. Collectively, these findings suggest that Bim, and Mcl-1, but not Bad, integrate death signaling triggered by concomitant disruption of the PI3K/Akt and MEK1/2/ERK1/2 pathways in human leukemia cells.