bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The German Peasants' War and the "Crisis of Feudalism." Reflections On a Neglected Theme
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe view that the Peasants' War stemmed from a "crisis of feudalism" has been principally advanced by Peter Blickle. His dominant interpretation of the War fuses the late medieval economic crisis and the struggle for territorial consolidation by means of a revived serfdom into a general crisis of feudalism. But this argument underplays the profound changes already underway in the social and economic structure of the main areas of revolt—the commercialization of agrarian production, the spread of rural crafts, the fragmentation of holdings, the penetration of urban capital through the putting-out system, and the mortgaging of lordships. The consequence was a triangular pattern of conflict, in which landlords and landless laborers, for instance, might combine against possessing peasants, or where rural craftsmen might be encouraged to undercut the urban guilds. The character of the War, therefore, was more a conflict over the appropriation of resources and the seizure of new economic opportunities than it was a "crisis of feudalism," a term which European comparison reveals to be highly problematic.
The Early Modern Muddle
Authors: Starn Randolph 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article traces the career of "Early Modernity" as a covering term for a post-medieval, pre-modern historical period and a deliberate challenge to the historiographical conventions of "ages" (Renaissance, Reformation, etc.), centuries, or national histories. The author argues that the widespread but uncritical acceptance of this usage has obscured its limitations and equivocations and discusses possible alternatives.
The Australia and New Zealand v Japan Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) Award of the First Law of the Sea Convention Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal
Authors: Kwiatkowska Barbara 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and Admissihilily) Award of 4 August 2000 marked the first instance of the application of compulsory arbitration under Part XV, Section 2 of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and of the exercise by the Annex VII Tribunal of la compétence de la compétence pursuant to Article 288(4) over the merits of the instant dispute. The 72-paragraph Award is a decision of pronounced procedural complexity and significant multifaceted impacts of which appreciation requires an in-depth acquaintance with procedural issues of peaceful settlement of disputes in general and the-law-of-the-sea-related disputes in particular. Therefore, the article surveys first the establishment of and the course of proceedings before the five-member Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal, presided over by the immediate former ICJ President, Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, and also comprising Judges Keith, Yamada. Feliciano and Tresselt. Subsequently, the wide range of specific paramount questions and answers of the Tribunal are scrutinised against the background of arguments advanced by the applicants (Australia and New Zealand) and the respondent (Japan) during both written and oral pleadings, including in reliance on the extensive ICJ jurisprudence and treaty practice concerned. On this basis, the article turns to an appraisal of the impacts of the Arbitral Tribunal's paramount holdings and its resultant dismissal of jurisdiction with the scrupulous regard for the fundamental principle of consensuality. Amongst such direct impacts as between the parties to the instant case, the inducements provided by the Award to reach a successful settlement in the future are of particular importance. The Award's indirect impacts concern exposition of the paramount doctrine of parallelism between the umbrella UN Convention and many compatible (fisheries, environmental and other) treaties, as well as of multifaceted, both substantial and procedural effects of that parallelism. All those contributions will importantly guide other courts and tribunals seised in the future under the Convention's Part XV, Section 2.
The Tribunal and the Prompt Release of Vessels
Authors: Mensah Thomas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe paper examines the way in which the Tribunal has so far dealt with applications for the prompt release of arrested vessels and crews under Article 292 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982. It begins by setting out the prerequisites for the Tribunal's jurisdiction to deal with such applications. These include the requirement that an application must be submitted by or on behalf of the flag State of the vessel, the need for the Tribunal to determine that the application is admissible and that the allegation of non-compliance with a provision of the Convention is "well founded." The paper then examines the nature and content of the Order of the Tribunal, including the issue of the reasonable bond or other financial security to be set for the release of the ship or its crew. A core problem considered is the relationship of the prompt release application to the proceedings "on the merits" before other courts or tribunals. In particular, consideration is given to possible problems that may arise where an application is presented after proceedings in the domestic courts have been completed. The paper concludes by noting with approval the flexible and evolutionary approach by which the Tribunal has so far applied this innovative provision of the Convention.
Dispute Settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Survey for 2010
Authors: Churchill Robin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis is the seventh of a series of annual surveys reviewing dispute settlement in the law of the sea both under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and outside the framework of the Convention. The main developments during 2010 were the commencement of four new, and very different, cases—a request for an advisory opinion in the Responsibilities and Obligations of States sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area case and three contentious cases, the Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan), the M/V Louisa (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Kingdom of Spain) and Dispute concerning the ‘Marine Protected Area’ related to the Chagos Archipelago (Mauritius v. United Kingdom) cases—and an order by the ITLOS declining to prescribe provisional measures in the M/V Louisa case.
Current Issues of Marine and Coastal Affairs in Indonesia
Authors: Agoes Etty R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIndonesia had long struggled to attain recognition by international law of its special geographical configuration, starting as early as 1958 at the Geneva Conference, until recognition of the archipelagic regime was embodied in Part IV of the LOS Convention. Now, with the legitimacy of archipelago status, Indonesia has enacted a new law on the Indonesian Territorial Waters in 1996, whereby the new straight archipelagic baselines using principles embodied in the LOS Convention can replace the old provision of straight baselines from point to point. This paper relates the leading role Indonesia has played in settling boundary disputes, and also gives an account of the ocean industries that have developed within the various regions of the archipelago. In contrast with its strong position on delimitation issues, Indonesia seems to have taken a somewhat more conservative approach to the development of its ocean industries.
The Establishment of a Marine Legal System in China
Authors: Keyuan Zou 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMarine affairs have a long history and tradition in China as it is a major coastal state. In the early 1980s, China began its efforts towards the establishment of a marine legal system. However, there have been a number of problems with China's marine legislation and enforcement. The entry into force of the LOS Convention and China's ratification in May 1996 have produced new opportunities as well as challenges in establishing China's marine legal system. This article attempts to review the existing elements of the Chinese marine laws and regulations, to examine them in the context of international treaties, particularly the LOS Convention, and finally to indicate the general trends of development in the construction of China's marine laws and regulations so as to establish and improve its marine legal system.
Restorative Justice as a Key for Healing Communities
Authors: Thesnaar Christo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSouth Africa is indeed a country of many contrasts, of extreme wealth and extreme poverty. All South Africans were deeply affected by apartheid and this had a huge effect on how communities (including both offenders and victims) on all levels took shape: where they lived, the quality of their housing and neighbourhoods, the resources they had or did not have at their disposal, what schools their children attended, what opportunities they had for economic gain and how they were emotionally affected by the policies of apartheid. This article specifically intends to argue that communities should deal in a positive and urgent way with the divide caused by the past so that victims and offenders do not stay victims and offenders but are assisted to move on in their life journey towards healing and wholeness. The author believes that the key for reaching this goal is justice, especially restorative justice. With this qualification in mind the article wants to argue that the Christian church in particular can play a central role in implementing restorative justice in local communities. This will ultimately help to break the destructive cycle of being a victim today and an offender tomorrow, or the other way round.
Moving Beyond Dehumanisation and Greed in the Light of African Economic Ethics – A Statement
Authors: Murove Munyaradzi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article argues that the popular term self-interest which is used in economic and political discourses can be used interchangeably with greed. Tracing the origins of the term greed from antiquity through the early Christian era, it is also argued that classical modern economic and political theorists justified and absolved greed when they replaced it with the word self-interest. It was argued by modern economists and political philosophers that the pursuit of self-interest was integral to human nature, and also indispensable to the attainment and increase of wealth. Contemporary economists have also absolved greed when they constructed an ideal homo economicus as solely a utility maximiser who is only concerned with his or her well-being without taking into account the well-being of others. In an African society where greed is primarily seen as dehumanising, I argue that egalitarian economic programmes that have been implemented by many postcolonial African governments should be seen as an expression of moral protest against greed.
Identiteit: 'n vlietende entiteit Die politieke invloed op die Israelitiese stamme gedurende die tyd van die Rigters
Authors: le Roux Magdel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPresent discussions about the history of Israel pay a great deal of attention to the question of Israel as an ethnic group with a prominent, distinguishable and unique identity. By means of empirical facts, this article aims to show that the Israelite tribes were subjected to many different and divergent influences during the settlement period which contributed towards their identity. Because of limited space this article will concentrate only on the political identity but it does not deny the other important historical dimensions pertaining to the discussion. The political situation is therefore an instrument to illustrate that ethnical identity is not shaped in a vacuum, but is dependent upon events taking place in their vicinity. They form part of an allencompassing process. The conclusion drawn from this discussion is that Israel should not be understood as an identifiable entity, because history does not allow existing identities to stagnate, but strives to affirm and to renew.
Sexual encounters of a different kind Hosea 1:2 as foreplay to the message of the book of Hosea1
Authors: Boshoff Willem 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHosea 1:2 functions as an introduction to the message of the book of Hosea. It introduces the imagery of conjugal infidelity and relates it to the prophet's marriage and to the relationship between Yahweh and Israel. The exegetical history of the verse suggests that through the ages the theme has confronted exegetes with difficulties. Their interpretations were often dictated by their dogmatic and moral conceptions of what God could or could not do to his prophet. The idea is put forward that the imagery and vocabulary in Hosea reflects something of the multifaceted religious situation in ancient Israel, in which the prophet represented one of the many contemporary ways of thinking. An example of a 'diverging' religious idea is illustrated with reference to the finds at Kuntillet Ajrud.
Conatus as active power in Hobbes
Authors: Pietarinen Juhani 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe idea of active power played central role in the 17th Century philosophy and science. The idea is as follows: if not prevented, bodies necessarily do certain things in virtue of their power. This kind of thought naturally arose from what might properly be called the law of persistence, according to which moving bodies continue their motion unchanged if no new external force intervenes.1 What bodies do in virtue of their power was called actions, and in terms of actions such things as resistance, pressure and affections were explained. What is this active power? One of the main aims of philosophers in the 17th and 18th Centuries was to find a good answer to this question.
Hobbes on Tacit Covenants
Authors: Murphy Mark C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTacit consent theories of political obligation have fallen into disfavor. The difficulties that plague such accounts have been well-known since Hume's "Of the Original Contract"1 and have recently been forcefully reformulated by M. B. E. Smith, A. John Simmons, and Joseph Raz.2 In this article, though, I shall argue that Hobbes' version of the argument from tacit consent escapes the criticisms leveled by Hume, Smith, Simmons, and Raz against tacit consent theories as a class. Crucial to my defense of this claim will be a certain interpretation of Hobbes' account of covenants, an account quite different than that presupposed by the opponents of the argument from tacit consent.
Belief in the dangerousness of people with mental disorders: A review
Authors: Jorm Anthony F , Reavley Nicola J , Ross Anna M 
Published: March 2012

Background: The scientific literature on stigma has been confused because there are multiple components of stigma with different correlates. In order to help make sense of this confusion, the present review focuses on research on one of the most commonly measured components - belief in dangerousness. Method and Results: The review examines: measurement of belief in dangerousness; prevalence of belief in dangerousness; characteristics of people who believe in dangerousness; experiences associated with belief in dangerousness; characteristics of people that elicit belief in dangerousness; the effects of psychiatric labelling; the effects of causal explanations; interventions to reduce belief in dangerousness; and effects on help-seeking. Conclusion: It is concluded that future research needs to focus on rigorous evaluation of interventions to reduce belief in dangerousness and the impact of this belief on people affected by mental disorders.
Body Posture as an Indicator of Workload in Mental Work
Authors: Qiu Jing , Helbig Rolf 
Published: March 2012

Objective: For this article, the relationships between body posture and workload for four mental tasks simulated on a computer were studied. Background: Human behaviors are observable during work and are related to human mental activities. A novel supplementary method, based on human behavior but not directly related to task execution, is proposed to assess the workload in mental work situations. Method: Body posture was quantitatively analyzed with the use of a video-based analysis system. The distance between a participant’s head and the display, the distance between the shoulder and the hip, and the trunk angle of the shoulder and the hip with respect to the gravitational field were calculated. Results: The various tasks affected the distance between the head and the display ( p < .001) and the trunk angle ( p < .001). The distance between the head and the display decreased with increasing workload ( p = .007). Conclusion: These results indicate that body posture can be used as an indicator for overall workload assessment. Application: The proposed method of workload may be useful for real-time observations or the monitoring of mental states in mental work environments (e.g., rail traffic dispatching, air traffic control).
Unverifiable Publications in Otolaryngology Residency Applications
Authors: Ishman Stacey L. , Smith David F. , Skinner Margaret L. , Vigilar Maria V. C. , Mettel Tiffany L. , Cavey Roxann M. , Benke James R. , Donahue Rachel L. , Ishii Lisa E. 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of unverifiable (“ghost”) publications in applications to an otolaryngology residency program through the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), correlate with applicant characteristics, and determine if incidence changed after the addition of PubMed (PMID) numbers in 2008.Study Design and SettingCross‐sectional study of residency applications before and after inclusion of PMID numbers at an academic otolaryngology program.Subjects and MethodsApplications for 2007 and 2008 were reviewed. Publications were verified against Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Google. Ghost publications were defined as journals, books, abstracts, or posters that could not be verified as presented, published, or including the applicant author.ResultsIn total, 489 applications were reviewed: 243 before PMID numbers were requested and 246 after. Of 2300 listed publications, 125 (5%) were not actual publications and 460 (20%) were in pending status. Forty‐five percent (775/1715) could not be verified: 660 of 953 (69%) abstracts/posters, 18 of 47 (38%) chapters, and 97 of 715 (14%) journal articles. Abstracts/posters and book chapters were hardest to verify. The proportion of overall reported publications that could be verified was lower following the addition of PMID to the ERAS application (P =. 0003), and the proportion of verifiable journal articles was unchanged from 86.0% to 86.9% (P =. 62). Unlike previous findings, gender and medical school ranking were not associated with ghost publications.ConclusionA substantial number of publications, especially book chapters and posters/abstracts, listed on otolaryngology residency applications could not be verified. The addition of the PMID to applications did not reduce the number of ghost journal publications.
An analysis of Confucianism’s yin-yang harmony with nature and the traditional oppression of women: Implications for social work practice
Authors: Yun Sung Hyun 
Published: March 2012

• : This article introduces basic tenents of Confucianism and its evolution, and explores its unique contribution to socio-cultural practices on gender-based oppression in social work practice. • : The yin-yang (陰-陽) relation is originally a cosmic idea that is cyclical and harmonizing, but not oppositional and contradictory. The yin-yang binary is not intended to indicate any human relations (gender) or political ethics but the harmony of human nature. Despite the complementary nature of the yin-yang union, a confucianized Chinese society consigned yang to male and yin to female, signifying hierarchal gender relations. Women were considered inferior to men in the patriarchal family system. Misinterpretation of Confucianism promoted hierarchal relationships between men and women and, as a result, dramatically affected the gender-based attitudes and behavior. • : Confucianism, one of the most crucial philosophies of Asian cultural norms, has long been studied from the perspectives of intellectual history and philosophical truth seeking; however, only a few scholarly texts are available in the area of Confucianism and its influence on gender inequality. In particular, this article attempts to help scholars and helping-professionals understand how the harmonious yin-yang concept evolved into the contradictory binary, which further perpetrated gender hierarchy and oppression toward women. Limitations of current Confucianism research and implications for social work practice are presented.
Regulation of Th1/Th2 polarization by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 via modulating dendritic cells
Authors: Shao Qianqian , Ning Hao , Lv Jiaju , Liu Yanguo , Zhao Xin , Ren Guangwen , Feng Alei , Xie Qi , Sun Jintang , Song Bingfeng , Yang Yongmei , Gao Wenjuan , Ding Kejia , Yang Meixiang , Hou Ming , Peng Jun , Qu Xun 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) is one of a family of proteins inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases, which has also been identified as a mediator for checking inflammation. Meanwhile, it is well known that inflammation causes the activation of the immune response. However, it is not clear whether TIMP-3 plays a role in the immune system. In the present study, we demonstrated a novel function of TIMP-3 in Th1/Th2 polarization through its influence on the antigen-presenting cells. First, TIMP-3 was found strikingly up-regulated by IL-4 during the differentiation of human dendritic cells via the p38MAPK pathway. Second, the expression of costimulatory molecule-CD86 was repressed by TIMP-3. Besides, the induction of IL-12 in matured dendritic cells was significantly inhibited in a PI3K-dependent manner. Furthermore, dendritic cells matured in the presence of TIMP-3 could stimulate allogeneic naive T helper (Th) cells to display a prominent Th2 polarization. Importantly, in an autoimmune disorder–primary immune thrombocytopenia, TIMP-3 showed a statistically positive correlation with IL-4 and platelet count, but a negative correlation with IFN-γ in patient blood samples. Collectively, these in vitro and in vivo data clearly suggested a novel role of TIMP-3 in Th1/Th2 balance in humans.
Randomized, multicenter, phase 2 study (EVOLUTION) of combinations of bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in previously untreated multiple myeloma
Authors: Kumar Shaji , Flinn Ian , Richardson Paul G. , Hari Parameswaran , Callander Natalie , Noga Stephen J. , Stewart A. Keith , Turturro Francesco , Rifkin Robert , Wolf Jeffrey , Estevam Jose , Mulligan George , Shi Hongliang , Webb Iain J. , Rajkumar S. Vincent 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Combinations of bortezomib (V) and dexamethasone (D) with either lenalidomide (R) or cyclophosphamide (C) have shown significant efficacy. This randomized phase 2 trial evaluated VDC, VDR, and VDCR in previously untreated multiple myeloma (MM). Patients received V 1.3 mg/m2 (days 1, 4, 8, 11) and D 40 mg (days 1, 8, 15), with either C 500 mg/m2 (days 1, 8) and R 15 mg (days 1-14; VDCR), R 25 mg (days 1-14; VDR), C 500 mg/m2 (days 1, 8; VDC) or C 500 mg/m2 (days 1, 8, 15; VDC-mod) in 3-week cycles (maximum 8 cycles), followed by maintenance with V 1.3 mg/m2 (days 1, 8, 15, 22) for four 6-week cycles (all arms) ≥ very good partial response was seen in 58%, 51%, 41%, and 53% (complete response rate of 25%, 24%, 22%, and 47%) of patients (VDCR, VDR, VCD, and VCD-mod, respectively); the corresponding 1-year progression-free survival was 86%, 83%, 93%, and 100%, respectively. Common adverse events included hematologic toxicities, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, and gastrointestinal disturbances. All regimens were highly active and well tolerated in previously untreated MM, and, based on this trial, VDR and VCD-mod are preferred for clinical practice and further comparative testing. No substantial advantage was noted with VDCR over the 3-drug combinations. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00507442).