bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE FATE OF BLACK RHINOCEROSES RELEASED IN NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Hamilton P. H. , King J. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYInformation on the black rhinoceros population of Nairobi National Park has been obtained from two‐month surveys in 1967 and 1968 backed by data collected at random over the past few years. It proved impossible to identify some of the rhinoceroses whose presence was indicated by spoor and unidentified sightings, and an estimate of the total number present at the end of 1968 must vary between 27 and 33 animals. Twenty‐two rhinoceroses have been brought into the Park by the Game Department Capture Unit since November 1966. The fate of these animals has been: two dead, two not seen and 18 identified in the Park 3–33 months after release. The newcomers have produced only one serious conflict with a resident rhinoceros and two collisions with motor vehicles. Despite the small size of the Park, the inadequacy of its boundaries and the legendary intolerance of the species, it would appear that the translocation operations have been a success.
THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT II. The chemical nature of the diet
Authors: McCullagh K. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe stomach contents of 148 elephants, cropped at different times of the year, were analysed chemically as part of a programme of elephant research taking place in 1966 and 1967.On average these samples contained 8.4 g of protein, 1.5 g of fat, 43.5 g of carbohydrate, 35.7 g of fibre and 11.0 g of mineral material in 100 g of their dry matter. The percentage of protein during the dry season was less than half its value during the wet season and calculations suggest that these animals may be deficient in protein at this time.Calculations suggest that the intake of calcium is higher during the dry season than during the wet season, although it is argued that this is not a factor in inducing damage to trees.Analysis of the quality of the dietary fat showed it to contain relatively small amounts of essential poly‐unsaturated fatty acids.
Evaluation of a transportable capnometer for monitoring end‐tidal carbon dioxide
Authors: Hildebrandt T. , Espelund M. , Olsen K. S. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryWe compared a small and transportable Capnometer (EMMA™) with a reference capnometer, the Siesta i TS Anaesthesia. During air‐breathing through a facemask, both the EMMA (nine modules) and reference capnometer sampled expired gas simultaneously. A wide range of end‐tidal carbon dioxide values were obtained during inhalation of carbon dioxide and voluntary hyperventilation. The median IQR [range] difference between all sets of carbon dioxide values (EMMA – reference) was −0.3 (−0.6 to 0.0 [−1.7 to 1.6] kPa; n = 297) using new batteries, which was statistically significant (p = 0.04) and located to two of the nine EMMAs tested. Using batteries with reduced voltage did not influence the measurements. The 95% CI of the medians of the differences were −0.4 to −0.2. We conclude that the EMMA can slightly under‐read the end‐tidal carbon dioxide but is generally comparable with a free‐standing monitor. The precision of the EMMAs was similar whether new batteries or batteries with reduced voltage were used.
Evaluation of a morphine maturation model for the prediction of morphine clearance in children: how accurate is the predictive performance of the model?
Authors: Mahmood Iftekhar 
Published: September 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT The pharmacokinetics of morphine are well known in pre‐term and term neonates, infants, younger and older children, as well as in adults. There are circumstances when a pharmacokinetic study may not be possible in children (especially neonates and infants), and as a result one would like to predict drug clearance in children. Several methods, such as allometric scaling and prediction based on incorporation of physiological parameters, have been suggested. Recently a morphine maturation model has been proposed to predict morphine clearance in the paediatric population. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS The current study evaluates the predictive performance of the morphine maturation model for the prediction of morphine clearance in pre‐term, term, infants and children up to 5 years of age. The results of the study highlight the shortcomings of the model to predict morphine clearance in children in aforementioned age groups.AIMS Recently, a maturation model that incorporates a sigmoidal Emax type model has been proposed for the estimation of morphine clearance in paediatric patients. The primary objective of this report is to evaluate the predictive performance of the morphine maturation model for the prediction of morphine clearance in children of different ages. The secondary objective of this report is to evaluate the predictive performance of exponent 0.75 on bodyweight in the absence of the sigmoidal part of the morphine maturation model.METHODS In order to evaluate the predictive performance of the morphine maturation model, the clearance values of morphine for individual children (preterm neonates to 5‐year‐old children; n= 147) were obtained from the literature. The predicted clearance of morphine in an individual child, obtained from the maturation model as well as from the fixed exponent 0.75 was compared with the observed clearance in that individual child.RESULTS The morphine maturation model's predictive power in neonates, infants and younger children is poor and the inclusion of the sigmoidal part in the model only helps in reducing the substantial error introduced in the prediction due to the application of exponent 0.75 on bodyweight. Furthermore, the real benefit of the sigmoidal Emax part of the model disappears by 1 year of age.CONCLUSIONS The morphine maturation model has a poor predictive power of morphine clearance in preterm and term neonates, infants and very young children and may not be of any practical value for the prediction of morphine clearance in this age group.
CD23/FcεRII: molecular multi-tasking
Authors: Acharya M , Borland G , Edkins A L , MacLellan L M , Matheson J , Ozanne B W , Cushley W 
Published: September 2010

SummaryCD23 is the low-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin (Ig)E and plays important roles in the regulation of IgE responses. CD23 can be cleaved from cell surfaces to yield a range of soluble CD23 (sCD23) proteins that have pleiotropic cytokine-like activities. The regions of CD23 responsible for interaction with many of its known ligands, including IgE, CD21, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and integrins, have been identified and help to explain the structure–function relationships within the CD23 protein. Translational studies of CD23 underline its credibility as a target for therapeutic intervention strategies and illustrate its involvement in mediating therapeutic effects of antibodies directed at other targets.
Inbreeding depression and its effect on intrinsic population dynamics in engraver beetles
Authors: DOMINGUE MICHAEL J. , TEALE STEPHEN A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract1. Phloem‐feeding bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) generally disperse before mating, leading to expectations of outbreeding. New York and British Columbia populations of engraver beetles (Ips pini) were tested for inbreeding depression using different methods. Among several traits measured, only the number of offspring surviving to adulthood was strongly reduced by inbreeding.2. There was no evidence of avoidance of inbreeding depression in two possible mechanisms considered: differential male and female emergence times within full sib broods, and early termination of brood construction in forced sib mating.3. Sib‐mated females lay more eggs and have longer galleries than those in outbred crosses, despite a low rate of survival to adulthood for such eggs. This difference may be due to the ability of engraver beetles to assess crowding in broods as larvae begin to feed, and allows partial compensation for the effects of inbreed depression.4. Population models assuming density‐dependent generational effects were modified to account for inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression makes populations less prone to cyclical behaviour, particularly at lower carrying capacities.5. Inbreeding depression has not been previously measured in scolytids, nor has inbreeding‐related behaviour been explicitly considered outside of exclusively inbreeding tribes.
Limiting the success of stem borers (Prodoxus quinquepunctellus) in yuccas: indirect effects of ants, aphids, and fruit position
Authors: SNELL R. S. , ADDICOTT J. F. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. Although the moth–yucca mutualism is often studied as a pairwise interaction, yucca plants are also the sole host for a variety of other visitors. One of these additional visitors is a stem‐boring moth, Prodoxus quinquepunctellus.2. In this study, it is shown how the reproductive success of Prodoxus indirectly depends on the interactions between yuccas and their pollinators (Tegeticula, Prodoxidae) as well as the indirect effects of ants and aphids.3. Aggressive wood ants foraging on yuccas will attack adult Prodoxus moths while attempting to oviposit. This reduces the number of eggs laid in yucca stalks, leading to fewer larvae feeding in the stalks.4. Once in the stalk, the survival of Prodoxus eggs/larvae depends upon the rate at which the flowering stalks dry out during fruit maturation. Portions of the stalk above the highest fruit dry out quickly and survivorship approaches zero in these dry sections, while larvae in green sections of the flowering stalk have significantly higher survival rates. The presence of aphids feeding on the stalk slows down the rate of stalk drying and could lead to increased survival of Prodoxus larvae.5. Overall, ants have strong indirect effects on P. quinquepunctellus by controlling how many eggs are laid in the stalk and by influencing the distribution of aphids. However, it is primarily the presence and position of the fruit that can affect larval survivorship, and fruit position is a function of pollinator visits and resource limitation. These complex interactions illustrate the importance of studying the yucca–moth mutualism in a community context.
Reduction of the acute bioavailability of metformin by the α‐glucosidase inhibitor acarbose in normal man
Authors: SCHEEN A. J. , FERREIRA ALVES de MAGALHAES A. C. , SALVATORE T. , LEFEBVRE P. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn a double‐blind cross‐over study, we investigated a possible influence of the α‐glucosidase inhibitor acarbose on the bioavailability of the biguanide compound metformin. Each of the six healthy young male volunteers was randomly allocated during two consecutive 7 day periods to either acarbose (days 1–3: 3 times 50mg day−1; days 4–7: 3 times 100 mg day−1) or placebo. At day 7 and 14 of the study, the overnight‐fasted subjects ingested 1000mg metformin with the first bite of a standardized breakfast (500kcal; 60 g carbohydrates) and together with either placebo or 100 mg acarbose. Acarbose significantly (P < 0·05) reduced the meal‐induced increase in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. Acarbose induced a significant (P < 0·05) reduction in early (90, 120, 180min) serum levels, peak concentrations (Cmax: 1·22 ± 0·14 vs. 1·87 ± 0·60 mgl−1) and area under the curve of metformin (AUC 0–540min: 423±55 vs. 652±55 mg minl−1), but did not diminish its 24 h urinary excretion. In conclusion, acarbose significantly reduces the acute bioavailability of metformin in normal subjects.
Mutations in connexin genes and disease
Authors: Pfenniger Anna , Wohlwend Annelise , Kwak Brenda R. 
Published: September 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 41 (1): 103–116AbstractBackground  Connexins are a family of transmembrane proteins that are widely expressed in the human body. Connexins play an important role in cell‐cell communication and homeostasis in various tissues by forming gap junction channels, which enable a direct passage of ions or metabolites from one cell to another. Twenty‐one different connexins are expressed in humans, each having distinct expression patterns and regulation properties. Knowledge on this family of proteins can be gained by making an inventory of mutations and associated diseases in human.Design  PubMed and other relevant databases were searched. In addition, key review articles were screened for relevant original publications. Sections of representative organs were photographed and annotated.Results  The crucial role of connexins is highlighted by the discovery of mutations in connexin genes which cause a variety of disorders such as myelin‐related diseases, skin disorders, hearing loss, congenital cataract, or more complex syndromes such as the oculodendrodigital dysplasia. This review systematically addresses current knowledge on mutations in connexin genes and disease, focusing on the correlation between genetic defects, cellular phenotypes and clinical manifestations.Conclusions  The review of diseases caused by mutations in connexin genes highlights the essential nature of connexin function and intercellular communication in tissue homeostasis.
Three sisters in the same dress: cryptic speciation in African odonates
Authors: CORDERO‐RIVERA A. , LORENZO‐CARBALLA M. O. 
Published: September 2010

The discovery of cryptic species (i.e. two or more distinct but morphologically undistinguishable species) has grown exponentially in the last two decades, due mainly to the increasing availability of DNA sequences. This suggests that hidden in the known species, many of which have been described based solely on morphological information, there might be a high number of species waiting to be discovered. In this issue Damm et al. (2010) use a combination of genetic, morphological and ecological evidence to identify the first cryptic species complex found within dragonflies (insect order Odonata). Their findings add more evidence for the importance of combining information from different disciplines to new species’ discovery (DeSalle et al. 2005).
Hermann Friedberg's case report: an early description of CLOVES syndrome
Authors: Alomari AI , Thiex R , Mulliken JB 
Published: September 2010

Alomari AI, Thiex R, Mulliken JB. Hermann Friedberg's case report: an early description of CLOVES syndrome.CLOVES syndrome is a recently described overgrowth disorder with complex vascular anomalies. Careful analysis of the case report by the German physician Hermann Friedberg “gigantism of the right lower limb” published in 1867 revealed that the report probably represents one of the first written accounts of CLOVES syndrome.
Larger tidal volume increases sevoflurane uptake in blood: a randomized clinical study
Authors: ENEKVIST B. , Bodelsson M. , STURESSON L. W. , JOHANSSON A. 
Published: September 2010

Background: The rate of uptake of volatile anesthetics is dependent on alveolar concentration and ventilation, blood solubility and cardiac output. We wanted to determine whether increased tidal volume (VT), with unchanged end‐tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PETCO2), could affect the arterial concentration of sevoflurane.Methods: Prospective, randomized, clinical study. ASA physical status 2 and II patients scheduled for elective surgery of the lower abdomen were randomly assigned to one of the two groups with 10 patients in each: one group with normal VT (NVT) and one group with increased VT (IVT) achieved by increasing the inspired plateau pressure 0.04 cmH2O/kg above the initial plateau pressure. A corrugated tube added extra apparatus dead space to maintain PETCO2 at 4.5 kPa. The respiratory rate was set at 15 min−1, and sevoflurane was delivered to the fresh gas by a vaporizer set at 3%. Arterial sevoflurane tensions (Pasevo), Fisevo, PETsevo, PETCO2, PaCO2, VT and airway pressure were measured.Results: The two groups of patients were similar with regard to gender, age, weight, height and body mass index. The mean PETsevo did not differ between the groups. Throughout the observation time, arterial sevoflurane tension (mean±SE) was significantly higher in the IVT group compared with the NVT group, e.g. 1.9±0.23 vs. 1.6±0.25 kPa after 60 min of anesthesia (P<0.05).Conclusion: Ventilation with larger tidal volumes with isocapnia maintained with added dead‐space volume increases the tension of sevoflurane in arterial blood.
Maize‐ or potato‐derived hydroxyethyl starches: is there any thromboelastometric difference?
Authors: GODIER A. , DURAND M. , SMADJA D. , JEANDEL T. , EMMERICH J. , SAMAMA C. M. 
Published: September 2010

Background: Hydroxyethyl starches (HES) could differ with regard to the origin, and the influence on the coagulation of the raw material is unknown. This study compared the effects of a new potato‐derived HES with a maize‐derived HES and two crystalloid solutions.Methods: Whole blood from 10 healthy individuals was diluted by 20% and 40% using either non‐balanced potato‐derived HES 130/0.42/6 : 1, non‐balanced maize‐derived HES 130/0.4/9 : 1, isotonic saline or Ringer's lactate solution. Samples were analysed by thromboelastometry ROTEM®: Coagulation was initiated by acid ellagic [intrinsic thromboelastometry (INTEM)] or tissue factor (extrinsic thromboelastometry) with and without cytochalasin to determine the functional component of fibrinogen [cytochalasin‐d‐modified thromboelastometry (FIBTEM)]. Platelet count and fibrinogen activity were measured.Results: No effect of raw material was found as no difference was detected among the HES solutions. Whatever the solution, progressive haemodilution impaired haemostasis in a dose‐dependant manner: For INTEM, the clot formation time was increased up to 308% and the maximum clot firmness (MCF) was decreased down to 49%. As dilution increased, initiation of coagulation was also impaired. Thromboelastometric alterations were more severe with HES than with crystalloids, especially regarding fibrin polymerization explorations: MCF of FIBTEM was considerably reduced from 12[10–14] to 2[2–3] mm (P<0.05). Fibrinogen activity and platelet count were reduced by dilution in a dose‐dependant manner and decreased similarly in all groups.Conclusion: Maize‐ and potato‐derived HES have similar effects on coagulation. Both the starch preparations tested lead to more severe haemostatic defects than crystalloids, and impairment of fibrin polymerization appears to be a leading determinant of this coagulopathy.
Histopathological aspects of cardiac biopsy in pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Nishikawa Toshio , Uto Kenta , Kanai Saeko , Oda Hideaki , Kawamura Shunji , Nakanishi Toshio , Hagiwara Nobuhisa , Morimoto Shin‐ichiro 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart muscle disease with cardiac dysfunction and a heterogenous disorder. This disease may show various histopathological aspects of the myocardium, but little is known about these in children.Methods:  Histopathological findings of endomyocardial biopsy from 20 pediatric patients with DCM were analyzed and compared with those in adult patients.Results:  Advanced histopathology, including myocytolysis and/or fragmentation of muscle bundles, was frequently observed in patients with poor prognosis. Patchy fibrosis was predominantly demonstrated in the pediatric patients, whereas perivascular fibrosis was mostly observed in the older adults. The myocarditic index, assessed in terms of the findings of fibrosis, size variation of myocytes, disarrangement of muscle bundles and mononuclear cell infiltration was higher in the pediatric patients than in the older adults (P < 0.05). Bizarre myocardial hypertrophy with disorganization, which tends to be frequently demonstrated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, was revealed in 30% of the pediatric patients, whereas it was disclosed in none of the older adult patients (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  These results suggest that the major pathogenetic factors of DCM in children may be different from those in adults.
Challenges and opportunities for discovery of disease biomarkers using urine proteomics
Authors: Kentsis Alex 
Published: September 2010

AbstractModern medicine has experienced a tremendous explosion in knowledge about disease pathophysiology, gained largely from understanding the molecular biology of human disease. Recent advances in mass spectrometry and proteomics now allow for simultaneous identification and quantification of thousands of unique proteins and peptides in complex biological tissues and fluids. In particular, proteomic studies of urine benefit from urine's less complex composition as compared to serum and tissues, and have been used successfully to discover novel markers of a variety of infectious, autoimmune, oncological, and surgical conditions. This perspective discusses the challenges of such studies that stem from the compositional variability and complexity of human urine, as well as instrumental sampling limitations and the effects of noise and selection bias. Strategies for the design of observational clinical trials, physical and chemical fractionation of urine specimens, mass spectrometry analysis, and functional data annotation are outlined. Rigorous translational investigations using urine proteomics are likely to discover novel and accurate markers of both rare and common diseases. This should aid the diagnosis, improve stratification of therapy, and identify novel therapeutic targets for a variety of childhood and adult diseases, all of which will be essential for the development of personalized and predictive medicine of the future.
FEASIBILITY OF ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION FOR ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH EARLY GASTRIC CANCERS AND ADENOMAS
Authors: Onozato Yasuhiro , Kakizaki Satoru , Ishihara Hiroshi , Iizuka Haruhisa , Sohara Naondo , Okamura Shinichi , Mori Masatomo 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has the advantage of permitting en bloc and histologically complete resection for early gastric cancer. Elderly patients often have surgical operative risks due to disease, and the feasibility of this treatment for such patients will improve the quality of life. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ESD in elderly patients.Methods:  We reviewed patients who underwent ESD for gastric lesions at Maebashi Red Cross Hospital. Among 251 gastric lesions treated by ESD from 2002 to 2006, 110 lesions were discovered in 93 elderly patients who were 75 years of age or older. The one‐piece resection with tumor‐free margin rate and the complications were assessed in comparison with younger patients under 75 years old.Results:  The average age of the elderly patients was 79.8 years (range 75–92 years). The one‐piece resection with tumor‐free margin rate was 96.4% (106/110). Immediate bleeding occurred in one lesion (0.9%) and delayed bleeding requiring emergency endoscopy occurred in five lesions (4.5%). Perforation during ESD occurred in two patients (1.8%), and was immediately closed with endoclips and managed by conservative medical treatment. One case (0.9%) complicated with delayed perforation was managed by conservative medical treatment. The one‐piece resection with tumor‐free margin rate and the complication rate in elderly patients were not significantly different from those of younger patients.Conclusion:  The present study shows the technical feasibility of ESD for gastric neoplasms in elderly patients.