bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photochemical degradation of natural organic sulfur compounds (CHOS) from iron‐rich mine pit lake pore waters – an initial understanding from evaluation of single‐elemental formulae using ultra‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Herzsprung Peter , Hertkorn Norbert , Friese Kurt , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn order to better understand the chemical diversity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in iron‐rich mine waters, a variety of sediment pore waters was analysed by means of ultra‐high‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS). A considerable number of the DOM elemental formulae were found to contain sulfur. In a rather simplified experiment, DOM was exposed to sunlight in the presence of dissolved ferric iron, which is common in the oxygenated acidified epilimnetic waters of mine pit lakes. The photochemical alteration of the CHOS (carbon‐, hydrogen‐, oxygen‐ and sulfur‐containing) compounds was then categorised by following the changes in signal intensity of mass peaks. Nearly 20 000 elemental compositions were identified and sorted into the following categories: totally degraded, partially degraded, not significantly degraded, minor new photoproducts, and newly formed photoproducts. A large proportion of the CHOS compounds were found to be entirely degraded; the degradation ratios exceeded those of the CHO compounds. The pools of totally degraded compounds and those of newly formed products were contrasted with respect to photochemically relevant mass differences. These results indicate that photochemical loss of sulfur‐containing low molecular weight compounds can be considered likely. One feasible explanation is the photodegradation of sulfonic acids within the CHOS pool eventually leading to the release of sulfate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ability of N‐acetylcarnosine to protect lens crystallins from oxidation and oxidative damage by radical probe mass spectrometry (RP‐MS)
Authors: Ha Ji‐won , Schwahn Alexander B. , Downard Kevin M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe application of Radical Probe Mass Spectrometry based on protein footprinting studies is described to investigate the effectiveness of the antioxidant N‐acetylcarnosine (NAC) in preventing oxidative damage to lens crystallins present in the eye of mammals. Despite separate clinical trials which have reported the benefit of administering NAC to the eye as a 1% topical solution for the treatment of human cataract, no evidence was found to suggest that the antioxidant had any significant direct effect on reducing the levels of oxidation within the most abundant lens crystallins, α and β‐crystallin, at the molecular level at increasing concentrations of NAC. The results of this laboratory study suggest that the therapeutic benefit demonstrated in clinical trials is associated with the nature or formulation of the topical solution and/or that the mode of action of NAC as an antioxidant is not a direct one. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legacies of flood reduction on a Dryland river
Authors: Stromberg J. C. , Shafroth P. B. , Hazelton A. F. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe Bill Williams (Arizona) is a regulated dryland river that is being managed, in part, for biodiversity via flow management. To inform management, we contrasted riparian plant communities between the Bill Williams and an upstream free‐flowing tributary (Santa Maria). Goals of a first study (1996–1997) were to identify environmental controls on herbaceous species richness and compare richness among forest types. Analyses revealed that herbaceous species richness was negatively related to woody stem density, basal area and litter cover and positively related to light levels. Introduced Tamarix spp. was more frequent at the Bill Williams, but all three main forest types (Tamarix, Salix/Populus, Prosopis) had low understory richness, as well as high stem density and low light, on the Bill Williams as compared to the Santa Maria. The few edaphic differences between rivers (higher salinity at Bill Williams) had only weak connections with richness. A second study (2006–2007) focused on floristic richness at larger spatial scales. It revealed that during spring, and for the study cumulatively (spring and fall samplings combined), the riparian zone of the unregulated river had considerably more plant species. Annuals (vs. herbaceous perennials and woody species) showed the largest between‐river difference. Relative richness of exotic (vs. native) species did not differ. We conclude that: (1) The legacy of reduced scouring frequency and extent at the Bill Williams has reduced the open space available for colonization by annuals; and (2) Change in forest biomass structure, more so than change in forest composition, is the major driver of changes in plant species richness along this flow‐altered river. Our study informs dryland river management options by revealing trade‐offs that exist between forest biomass structure and plant species richness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring and assessment of a river restoration project in central New York
Authors: Buchanan B. P. , Walter M. T. , Nagle G. N. , Schneider R. L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA widespread lack of post‐project appraisals (PPAs) not only hinders progress in the field of river restoration but also limits the application of adaptive management – a powerful heuristic tool particularly well suited to dynamic fluvial environments. In an effort to contribute to the limited body of scientific literature pertaining to PPAs, we evaluated a stream restoration project completed in the fall of 2005 in central New York. Using a variety of evaluation approaches, we documented both successes (e.g. enhanced in‐stream habitat) and short‐comings (e.g. channel avulsions). Overall, we concluded that the project was marginally successful in achieving its stated goals and that future prospects remain uncertain based on current trajectory. Lessons learned from this monitoring study include: (i) protect vulnerable banks and floodplains until vegetation is established, e.g. via integrated bio‐ and geo‐technical methods, (ii) perform scour depth analyses and excavate scour pools associated with hydraulic structures to design depth to prevent clogging of the channel during post‐construction floods, (iii) orient bank vanes such that cross‐stream flows are not deflected towards the bank, (iv) cross‐validate restoration designs via multiple methods, including process‐based sediment transport relations, especially in unstable gravel‐bed rivers, (v) anticipate and fund for fixing natural channel design (NCD) projects for 3–5 years after completion to account for uncertainties and (vi) identify measurable, goal‐specific success criteria that account for watershed scale stressors and site constraints prior to construction to facilitate successful project design and ensure effective outcomes appraisal. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing highway maintenance operations: dynamic considerations
Authors: Fallah‐Fini Saeideh , Rahmandad Hazhir , Triantis Konstantinos , de la Garza Jesus M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEffective highway maintenance depends on several activities, including the understanding of current and the prediction of future pavement conditions and deciding how to best allocate limited resources for maintenance operations. In this paper, a dynamic micro‐level simulation model of highway deterioration and renewal processes is presented. This model is calibrated with data from eight road sections in Virginia and is coupled with an optimization module that optimizes maintenance operations. The analysis offers alternative priority setting schemes that improves current maintenance practices at the project and network levels. This approach provides a blueprint for designing optimal highway maintenance practices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A system dynamics approach to land use transport interaction modelling: the strategic model MARS and its application
Authors: Pfaffenbichler Paul , Emberger Günter , Shepherd Simon 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLand use transport interaction models have been developed in various forms dating back to the early 1960s. They have moved from spatial interaction models or statistical models through econometric models to micro‐simulation, cell‐based automata and agent‐based models. There has been a move towards more detail in representing space and individual behaviour. This paper presents an alternative approach which uses an intentionally developed strategic high‐level model. Nevertheless this model still delivers comparable levels of statistical fit in terms of validation but is easy to present to decision makers and planners. The paper introduces the concepts behind the MARS model, deals with validation and transferability between cities and provides example applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin‐Directed Assembly of Gold Nanocrystals: Tailoring the Plasmon Coupling Through Controllable Gap Distances
Authors: Zhang Li , Chen Huanjun , Wang Jianfang , Li Yuan Fang , Wang Jian , Sang You , Xiao Sai Jin , Zhan Lei , Huang Cheng Zhi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIt is known that universality and controllability over nanocrystal orientation must be accomplished to facilitate the potential applications of metal nanocrystals in the areas of photonics, electronics, and optics. The facile fabrication of linear chains of Au nanorods and bifurcated junctions of nanorods/nanospheres is achieved via the crosslinking of H‐type tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin aggregates in solution. The tuning of the plasmon coupling between the Au nanocrystals is demonstrated by varying the porphyrin concentration and thus the interparticle gap distances. Finite‐difference time‐domain calculations show that the red shift of the plasmon band exhibits a nearly exponential decay with increasing interparticle gap distances, thus giving rise to a “plasmon ruler equation.” The gap distances determined according to this equation agree well with the experimental observations and further confirm the porphyrin‐directed assembly process. The interaction mechanism between the Au nanorods and porphyrins is further investigated by a biological procedure using the dark‐field light scattering technique.
Physicochemical characteristics of starch from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) with “yellow berry”
Authors: López‐Ahumada Guadalupe A. , Ramírez‐Wong Benjamín , Torres‐Chávez Patricia I. , Bello‐Pérez Luis A. , de Dios Figueroa‐Cárdenas Juan , Garzón‐Tiznado José A. , Gomez‐Aldapa Carlos A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe physiological disorder of yellow berry (YB) in wheat is characterized by starchy or mealy spots in the grains, and it is present mainly in irrigated wheat crops. YB grains have characteristic low protein content. This disorder is a problem that has been increasing in bread and durum wheat in the northern part of Mexico. Limited availability of nitrogen is considered to be the main cause. Starch of normal and yellow berry wheat grains were analyzed and properties were compared. Starch of YB wheat grains had higher percent crystallinity, as demonstrated by X‐ray diffraction and DSC studies. Differences in pasting behavior were also observed. Starch from YB wheat grains had higher peak and set back viscosities. Starch granule size distribution as well as physicochemical properties indicates changes in composition or microstructure of starch granules of YB wheat grains.
Effect of heating rate at different moisture contents on starch retrogradation and starch–water interactions during gelatinization
Authors: Patel Bhavesh. K. , Seetharaman Koushik 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe objective of this research was to investigate the effect of heating rate at different moisture contents on starch retrogradation and gelatinization process. Starch retrogradation was not influenced by either moisture content (water/starch ratio of 0.7 or 2.0) or heating rate (5°C/min, 20°C/min, or 40°C/min). In order to further understand the effects of heating rate on starch–water interactions, starch suspensions at a water/starch ratio ranging from 0.7 to 3.0 were heated at 5, 15, or 25°C/min by using a DSC to different final temperatures and rescanned. The deconvoluted G and M1 endotherms and the corresponding additional unfrozen water (AUW) were determined. The results showed that the G and M1 endotherms merged at higher heating rates and at higher moisture contents as expected. A significant interaction was observed between moisture content and heating rate. The results suggest that the gelatinization process is governed by moisture content at the lower heating rate (5°C/min) and by heating rate at the higher heating rates (15 or 25°C/min). Results from the AUW data suggest that the M1 component of gelatinization dominated at moisture content below water/starch ratio of 1.5 and at 5°C/min heating rate. However, at moisture contents above water/starch ratio 1.0, an interaction was observed between moisture content and heating rate. The data suggest that at higher moisture content (>1.5 water/starch ratio) and at higher heating rate (≥15°C/min), there is still a kinetic limitation to the complete melting of the M1 endotherm.
BIdirectional Regulation of Neurogenesis by Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Derived from Neurons and Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Luo Chun-Xia , Jin Xing , Cao Chang-Chun , Zhu Ming-Mei , Wang Bin , Chang Lei , Zhou Qi-Gang , Wu Hai-Yin , Zhu Dong-Ya 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
It has been demonstrated that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) negatively regulates adult neurogenesis. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying are poorly understood. Here, we show that nNOS from neural stem cells (NSCs) and from neurons play opposite role in regulating neurogenesis. The NSCs treated with nNOS inhibitor N5-(1-imino-3-butenyl)-L- ornithine (L-VNIO) or nNOS gene deletion exhibited significantly decreased proliferation and neuronal differentiation, indicating that NSCs-derived nNOS is essential for neurogenesis. The NSCs cocultured with neurons displayed a significantly decreased proliferation, and deleting nNOS gene in neurons or scavenging extracellular nitric oxide (NO) abolished the effects of coculture, suggesting that neurons-derived nNOS, a source of exogenous NO for NSCs, exerts a negative control on neurogenesis. Indeed, the NSCs exposed to NO donor DETA/NONOate displayed decreased proliferation and neuronal differentiation. The bidirectional regulation of neurogenesis by NSCs- and neurons-derived nNOS is probably related to their distinct subcellular localizations, mainly in nuclei for NSCs and in cytoplasm for neurons. Both L-VNIO and DETA/NONOate inhibited telomerase activity and proliferation in wild-type (WT) but not in nNOS−/− NSCs, suggesting a nNOS-telomerase signaling in neurogenesis. The NSCs exposed to DETA/NONOate exhibited reduced cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, nNOS expression, and proliferation. The effects of DETA/NONOate were reversed by forskolin, an activator of CREB signaling. Moreover, disrupting CREB phosphorylation by H-89 or LV-CREB133-GFP simulated the effects of DETA/NONOate, and inhibited telomerase activity. Thus, we conclude that NSCs-derived nNOS stimulates neurogenesis via activating telomerase, whereas neurons-derived nNOS represses neurogenesis by supplying exogenous NO that hinders CREB activation, in turn, reduces nNOS expression in NSCs.
Adipose Tissue as a Dedicated Reservoir of Functional Mast Cell Progenitors
Authors: Poglio Sandrine , De Toni-Costes Fabienne , Arnaud Emmanuelle , Laharrague Patrick , Espinosa Eric , Casteilla Louis , Cousin Béatrice 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWhite adipose tissue (WAT) is a heterogeneous tissue, found in various locations throughout the body, containing mature adipocytes and the stroma-vascular fraction (SVF). The SVF includes a large proportion of immune hematopoietic cells, among which, mast cells that contribute to diet-induced obesity. In this study, we asked whether mast cells present in mice adipose tissue could derive from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) identified in the tissue. We therefore performed both in vitro and in vivo experiments dedicated to monitoring the progeny of WAT-derived HSPC. The entire study was conducted in parallel with bone marrow-derived cells, considered the gold standard for hematopoietic-lineage studies. Here, we demonstrate that adipose-derived HSPC contain a precursor-cell population committed to the mast cell lineage, and able to efficiently home to peripheral organs such as intestine and skin, where it acquires properties of functional tissue mast cells. Additionally, WAT contains a significant mast cell progenitor population, suggesting that the entire mast cell lineage process take place in WAT. Considering the quantitative importance of WAT in the adult organism and the increasing roles recently assigned to mast cells in physiopathology, WAT may represent an important source of mast cells in physiological and pathological situations.
Community‐based adaptation: enhancing community adaptive capacity in Druadrua Island, Fiji
Authors: Dumaru Patrina 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article describes the process and outcomes of a pilot community‐based adaptation (CBA) project implemented on Druadrua Island in Fiji. Although many people promote the use of CBA, written material about the topic is limited and poorly informed by theory or evidence. This article aims to contribute to the literature on CBA by describing the theory and process used to implement a CBA project and the changes that resulted in a small island community in the northeastern part of Fiji. The project outcomes include a renewed focus on community adaptive management of natural resources, increased awareness of climate change, and an increase in the community's access to resources from external organizations. The article concludes with a summary of lessons learned and recommendations for future CBA projects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies
Visual imagery
Authors: Ganis Giorgio , Schendan Haline E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractVisual mental imagery is our ability to reactivate and manipulate visual representations in the absence of the corresponding visual stimuli, giving rise to the experience of ‘seeing with the mind's eye’. Until relatively recently, visual mental imagery had been investigated by philosophy and cognitive psychology. However, these disciplines did not have the tools required to address empirically some of the important questions they had raised, for instance the extent to which visual mental images rely on some of the same representations that support visual perception. During the last two decades, cognitive neuroscience has leveraged the vast amount of knowledge about the neural basis of primate vision to provide new insights into visual mental imagery processes. Such insights enabled the empirical test of key questions about visual mental imagery using the armamentarium of tools provided by cognitive neuroscience, including electrophysiology and neuroimaging. Using a similar logic, we propose that information about the neural basis of memory systems should be used to further enhance understanding of the neural mechanisms of visual mental imagery. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 239–252 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.103This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Qualitative modeling
Authors: Forbus Kenneth D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractQualitative modeling concerns the representations and reasoning that people use to understand continuous aspects of the world. Qualitative models formalize everyday notions of causality and provide accounts of how to ground symbolic, relational representations in perceptual processes. This article surveys the basic ideas of qualitative modeling and their applications from a cognitive science perspective. It describes the basic principles of qualitative modeling, and a variety of qualitative representations that have been developed for quantities and for relationships between them, providing a kind ofqualitative mathematics. Three ontological frameworks for organizing modeling knowledge (processes,components, andfield) are summarized, along with research on automatically assembling models for particular tasks from such knowledge.Qualitative simulationand how it carves up time into meaningful units is discussed. We discuss several accounts ofcausal reasoningabout dynamical systems, based on different choices of qualitative mathematics and ontology. Qualitative spatial reasoning is explored, both in terms of relational systems and visual reasoning. Applications of qualitative models of particular interest to cognitive scientists are described, including how they have been used to capture the expertise of scientists and engineers and how they have been used in education. Open questions and frontiers are also discussed, focusing on relationships between ideas developed in the qualitative modeling community and other areas of cognitive science.WIREs Cogni Sci2011 2 374–391 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.115This article is categorized under:Computer Science > Artificial IntelligencePsychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Efficient Performance of Electrostatic Spray-Deposited TiO2 Blocking Layers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells after Swift Heavy Ion Beam Irradiation
Authors: Sudhagar P , Asokan K , Jung June Hyuk , Lee Yong-Gun , Park Suil , Kang Yong Soo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA compact TiO2 layer (~1.1 μm) prepared by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) and swift heavy ion beam (SHI) irradiation using oxygen ions onto a fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) conducting substrate showed enhancement of photovoltaic performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The short circuit current density (Jsc = 12.2 mA cm-2) of DSSCs was found to increase significantly when an ESD technique was applied for fabrication of the TiO2 blocking layer, compared to a conventional spin-coated layer (Jsc = 8.9 mA cm-2). When SHI irradiation of oxygen ions of fluence 1 × 1013 ions/cm2 was carried out on the ESD TiO2, it was found that the energy conversion efficiency improved mainly due to the increase in open circuit voltage of DSSCs. This increased energy conversion efficiency seems to be associated with improved electronic energy transfer by increasing the densification of the blocking layer and improving the adhesion between the blocking layer and the FTO substrate. The adhesion results from instantaneous local melting of the TiO2 particles. An increase in the electron transport from the blocking layer may also retard the electron recombination process due to the oxidized species present in the electrolyte. These findings from novel treatments using ESD and SHI irradiation techniques may provide a new tool to improve the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs.