bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Approach to the Study of Accelerated Weathering of Building Joint Sealants
Authors: White Christopher C. , Hunston Donald L. , Tan Kar Tean , Filliben James J. , Pintar Adam L. , Schueneman Greg 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
An accurate service life prediction model is needed for building joint sealants in order to greatly reduce the time to market of a new product and reduce the risk of introducing a poorly performing product into the marketplace. A stepping stone to the success of this effort is the precise control of environmental variables in a laboratory accelerated test apparatus in order to produce reliable weathering data that can be used to generate a predictive model. This contribution reports a systematic study, using a novel laboratory test apparatus, investigating the individual and synergistic impacts of four environmental factors (cyclic movement, temperature, relative humidity, and ultraviolet radiation) on the durability of a sealant system. The apparatus used is unique because it not only allows the precise control of environmental factors but also permits in situ characterization tests so that the specimens need not be removed from the apparatus chamber. Graphical and quantitative statistical approaches have been used to analyze the data. The study shows that the critical role of each individual factor, as well as synergism among the different factors, can be readily quantified, and modes of degradation possibly can be identified.
Development and Testing of the VITAMIN-B7/BUGLE-B7 Coupled Neutron-Gamma Multigroup Cross-Section Libraries
Authors: Risner J. M. , Wiarda D. , Miller T. M. , Peplow D. E. , Patton B. W. , Dunn M. E. , Parks B. T. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Regulatory Guide 1.190 states that calculational methods used to estimate reactor pressure vessel (RPV) fluence should use the latest version of the evaluated nuclear data file (ENDF). The VITAMIN-B6 fine-group library and BUGLE-96 broad-group library, which are widely used for RPV fluence calculations, were generated using ENDF/B-VI.3 data, which was the most current data when Regulatory Guide 1.190 was issued. We have developed new fine-group (VITAMIN-B7) and broad-group (BUGLE-B7) libraries based on ENDF/B-VII.0. These new libraries, which were processed using the AMPX code system, maintain the same group structures as the VITAMIN-B6 and BUGLE-96 libraries. Verification and validation of the new libraries were accomplished using diagnostic checks in AMPX, “unit tests” for each element in VITAMIN-B7, and a diverse set of benchmark experiments including critical evaluations for fast and thermal systems, a set of experimental benchmarks that are used for SCALE regression tests, and three RPV fluence benchmarks. The benchmark evaluation results demonstrate that VITAMIN-B7 and BUGLE-B7 are appropriate for use in RPV fluence calculations and meet the calculational uncertainty criterion in Regulatory Guide 1.190.
A Review of the Behavior of Structural Silicone Glazing Systems Subjected to a Mega-Earthquake
Authors: Bull Errol , Cholaky Jorge 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Structural silicone glazed (SSG) curtain wall systems have offered architects and owners the ability to design a facade with unique aesthetic features since the 1970s. While their ability to durably withstanding natural weathering and even high wind locations across the globe has been well established, their performance under seismic events is less well recorded. This paper presents a review of the performance of SSG systems following the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that shocked Chile in Feb 2010, which registered within the top five recorded in past history. Field reviews of existing low-, medium-, and high-rise buildings were inspected in the aftermath of the event to evaluate the performance of the different SSG variations of this system type (two-sided, four-sided, stick, unitized, among other variations) combined with other facade components such as: type of glazing, glass sizes, interstory drift, width of structural grid, slab/beam rigidity, etc.
Effects of Individual and Work‐related Factors on Incidence of Shoulder Pain in a Large Working Population
Authors: Bodin Julie , Ha Catherine , SéRazin Céline , Descatha Alexis , Leclerc Annette , Goldberg Marcel , Roquelaure Yves 
Published: May 2012

Effects of Individual and Work‐related Factors on Incidence of Shoulder Pain in a Large Working Population: Julie BODIN,et al. LUNAM Université, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire d’ergonomie et d’épidémiologie en santé au travail (LEEST), France—ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of individual and work‐related factors on the incidence of shoulder pain in a large French working population.MethodsA total of 3,710 workers of a French region were randomly included in a cross‐sectional study between 2002 and 2005. They completed a self‐administered questionnaire about musculoskeletal symptoms, individual factors and exposure to work constraints. In 2007, 2,332 responded to a follow‐up questionnaire. The Nordic questionnaire was used both times to assess shoulder pain during the preceding 7 days. Associations between incident shoulder pain and individual and work‐related factors at baseline were studied by multivariate logistic regression for both genders.ResultsA total of 946 men and 709 women without shoulder pain at baseline were eligible for the analyses. At follow‐up, 105 men (11.1%) and 145 women (20.5%) reported shoulder pain. For men, age (OR 3.3, 95% CI, 1.7–6.5 for ≥50 yr), working with arms above the shoulder (1.5; 1.0–2.3) and high perceived physical exertion (1.6; 1.0–2.5) increased the risk of incident shoulder pain. For women, the factors associated with incident shoulder pain were age (2.9; 1.5–5.8 for ≥50 yr), obesity (2.5; 1.4–4.5), temporary employment (2.1; 1.1–3.7), high perceived physical exertion (2.2; 1.4–3.5) and low decision latitude (1.6; 1.0–2.3).ConclusionAge was the strongest predictor of incident shoulder pain in both genders. BMI and biomechanical and psychosocial factors were also identified as risk factors, whereas no factor related to work organization remained in the final models.
The Distribution of Physical Activity in an After-school Friendship Network
Authors: Gesell Sabina B. , Tesdahl Eric , Ruchman Eileen 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To examine whether a child’s friendship network in an afterschool program influences his/her physical activity.

METHODS:
Three waves of data were collected from school-aged children participating in aftercare (n = 81; mean [SD] age, 7.96 [1.74] years; 40% African American, 39% white, and 19% Latino) a name generator survey was used to map each child’s social network, and accelerometers were used to measure physical activity. We applied stochastic actor-based modeling for social networks and behavior.

RESULTS:
Children did not form or dissolve friendships based on physical activity levels, but existing friendships heavily influenced children’s level of physical activity. The strongest influence on the amount of time children spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity in the afterschool hours was the activity level of their immediate friends. Children consistently made adjustments to their activity levels of 10% or more to emulate the activity levels of their peers (odds ratio [OR] = 6.89, P &lt; .01). Age (OR = 0.92, P &lt; .10) and obesity status (OR = 0.66, P &lt; .10) had marginally significant and relatively small direct effects on the activity. Gender had no direct effect on activity.

CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that friendship ties play a critical role in setting physical activity patterns in children as young as 5 to 12 years. Children’s activity levels can be increased, decreased, or stabilized depending on the activity level of their immediate social network during a 12-week afterschool program. Network-based interventions hold the potential to produce clinically significant changes to children’s physical activity.
SHP-2 and PTP-pest induction during Rb-E2F associated apoptosis
Authors: Morales Liza , Pena Karina , Kim Dae , Lieman Jonathan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractApoptosis is intimately connected to cell cycle regulation via the Retinoblastoma (Rb)-E2F pathway and thereby serves an essential role in tumor suppression by eliminating aberrant hyperproliferative cells. Upon loss of Rb activity, an apoptotic response can be elicited through both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. While much of this apoptotic response has been attributed to the p19ARF/p53 pathway, increasing evidence has supported the role of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in contributing to the initiation of the Rb-E2F-associated apoptotic response. One protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP-1B, which is induced by the Rb-E2F pathway, has been shown to contribute to a p53-independent apoptotic pathway by inactivating focal adhesion kinase. This report identifies two additional PTPs, SHP-2 and PTP-PEST, that are also directly activated by the Rb-E2F pathway and which can contribute to signal transduction during p53-independent apoptosis.
Life at the interface of two distinct landscapes-relationship of humans and environment in the periphery of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve between Hajós and Császártöltés
Authors: Knipl István , Sümegi Pál 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Recent archeological and geoarcheological investigations have corroborated the notion of close interaction between man and environment in our study area during historical times. The riparian Sárköz, forming an interface between two major geographical regions of Transdanubia and the Great Hungarian Plains, has been continuously inhabited for the past 8000 years. Settlements were generally confined to areas above 90.5–91m ASL, with the exception of a few drier periods. This elevation can therefore be regarded as the margin of human settlement. The lower-lying areas correspond to the actual floodplain inundated for the major part of the year from which lag-surfaces stand out as island-like natural highs hosting the settlements themselves. The endowments and settlement pattern persisted from the Neolithic onwards until the terminal Modern Age, when measures aimed to ordain the area substantially altered the natural landscape.
Mullite and mullite-type crystal structures
Authors: Fischer Reinhard X. , Gaede-Köhler Andrea , Birkenstock Johannes , Schneider Hartmut 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Synthetic mullites (Al4+2

x
Si2
–2

x
O10
–

x
) belong to one of the most important groups of ceramic materials. Their crystal structure consists of chains of edge-sharing AlO6 octahedra interconnected by tetrahedral double chains of TO4 (T = Al, Si) tetrahedra. The occurrence of oxygen vacancies is associated with the formation of triclusters of TO4 groups. The distribution of oxygen vacancies and the distribution of Al and Si on the tetrahedral sites are partially ordered yielding an incommensurately modulated crystal structure with satellite reflections in diffraction patterns. The number of symmetrically independent distribution patterns of oxygen vacancies is given for a 2 × 2 × 2 and a 3 × 3 × 2 superstructure model. Many other compounds have chain structures similar to mullite. These compounds are assigned to subgroups, all derived from a hypothetical tetragonal aristotype structure.
Metakaolin–nanosilver as biocide mullite precursor
Authors: Cabal Belén , Sanz Jesús , Díaz Luis A. , Torrecillas Ramón , Moya José S. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Incorporation of silver nanoparticles enhances the biocide functionality of Ag supported kaolinite/metakaolite materials. In this regard, structural evolution of supports in the presence of silver nanoparticles is investigated. For this purpose, 27Al and 29Si magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was applied to investigate the bonding between silver nanoparticles and kaolinite/metakaolin materials. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles, following a chemical or thermal reduction, does not change the structure of kaolin, whereas in the case of metakaolin, a preferential interaction with tetrahedral sheets was observed and some stabilization of hexacoordinated aluminium is favoured.
Crystal chemistry and properties of mullite-type Bi2
M
4O9: An overview
Authors: Schneider Hartmut , Fischer Reinhard X. , Gesing Thorsten M. , Schreuer Jürgen , Mühlberg Manfred 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Bi2
M
4O9 (M = Al3+, Ga3+, Fe3+) belongs to the family of mullite-type crystal structures. The phases are orthorhombic with the space group Pbam. The backbones of the isostructural phases are edge-connected, mullite-type octahedral chains. The octahedral chains are linked by dimers of M
2O7 tetrahedral groups and by BiO polyhedra. The Bi3+ cations in Bi2
M
4O9 contain stereo-chemically active 6s2 lone electron pairs (LEPs) which are essential for the stabilization of the structure. Although the octahedral chains of the closely related Bi2Mn4O10 are similar to those of Bi2
M
4O9, Bi2Mn4O10 contains dimers of edge-connected, five-fold coordinated pyramids instead of four-fold coordinated tetrahedra. Also the 6s2 LEPs of Bi3+ in Bi2Mn4O10 are not stereo-chemically active. Complete and continuous solid solutions exist for Bi2(Al1
–

x
Fe
x
)4O9 and Bi2(Ga1
–

x
Fe
x
)4O9 (x = 0–1). Things are more complex in the case of the Bi2(Fe1
–

x
Mn
x
)4O9+

y
mixed crystals, where a miscibility gap occurs between x = 0.25–0.75. In the Fe-rich mixed crystals most Mn atoms enter the octahedra as Mn4+, with part of the tetrahedral dimers being replaced by fivefold coordinated polyhedra, whereas in the Mn-rich compound Fe3+ favorably replaces Mn3+ in the pyramids.
The crystal structure of Bi2
M
4O9 directly controls its mechanical properties. The stiffnesses of phases are highest parallel to the strongly bonded octahedral chains running parallel to the crystallographic
c
-axis. Perpendicular to the octahedral chains little anisotropy is observed. The temperature-induced expansion perpendicular to the octahedral chains is probably superimposed by contractions. As a result the
c
-axis expansion appears as relatively high and does not display its lowest value parallel to
c
, as could be inferred.
Maximally 6% of Bi3+ is substituted by Sr2+ in Bi2Al4O9 corresponding to a composition of (Bi0.94Sr0.06)2Al4O8.94. Sr2+ for Bi3+ substitution is probably associated with formation of vacancies of oxygen atoms bridging the tetrahedral dimers. Hopping of oxygen atoms towards the vacancies should strongly enhance the oxygen conductivity. Actually the conductivity is rather low (σ = 7 · 10−
2 S m−
1 at 1073 K, 800°C). An explanation could be the low thermal stability of Sr-doped Bi2Al4O9, especially in coexistence with liquid Bi2O3. Therefore, Bi2Al4O9 single crystals and polycrystalline ceramics both with significant amounts of M
2+ doping (M = Ca2+, Sr2+) have not been produced yet. Thus the question whether or not M
2+-doped Bi2
M
4O9 is an oxygen conducting material is still open.
Thermal expansion and elastic properties of mullite-type Bi2Ga4O9 and Bi2Fe4O9 single crystals
Authors: Krenzel Thomas F. , Schreuer Jürgen , Gesing Thorsten M. , Burianek Manfred , Mühlberg Manfred , Schneider Hartmut 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy was used to characterize the elastic properties of single crystal orthorhombic Bi2Ga4O9 and Bi2Fe4O9 between room temperature and about 1200 K. Additionally, the coefficients of thermal expansion were studied in the range 100 K to 1280 K using high-resolution dilatometry and X-ray powder diffraction. The elastic constants at 295 K are in GPa c
11 = 143.4(1), c
22 = 161.9(1), c
33 = 224.5(1), c
44 = 68.4(1), c
55 = 49.3(1), c
66 = 76.6(1), c
12 = 74.2(1), c
13 = 62.2(1), c
23 = 70.5(1) for Bi2Ga4O9, and c
11 = 106.7(1), c
22 = 141.2(1), c
33 = 183.7(2), c
44 = 53.7(1), c
55 = 41.9(1), c
66 = 63.8(1), c
12 = 63.5(1), c
13 = 59.8(1), c
23 = 63.4(2) for Bi2Fe4O9. In both mullite-type compounds the strong bond chains built up by edge-sharing coordination octahedra extending parallel to [001] dominate the anisotropy of their elastic and thermoelastic properties. Smaller variations of elastic anisotropy within the (001) plane can be attributed to the specific type of cross-linking of the octahedral chains. The temperature evolution of the c

ij
shows no hint on any structural instability or glass-like transition that might be related to the suspected ion conductivity at high temperatures. However, in both crystal species characteristic anelastic relaxation phenomena occur in the ultrasonic frequency regime close to room temperature. The smallest thermal expansion is observed in the plane perpendicular to the stiffest octahedral chains. A model is discussed to explain the apparent discrepancy in terms of cross-correlations within the three-dimensional framework of edge- and corner-linked coordination polyhedra.
New pressure induced phase transitions in mullite-type Bi2(Fe4
–

x
Mn
x
)O10
–
δ complex oxides
Authors: Kalita Patricia E. , Cornelius Andrew L. , Lipinska Kristina E. , Lufaso Michael W. , Kann Zachary R. , Sinogeikin Stanislav , Hemmers Oliver A. , Schneider Hartmut 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Single phased mullite-type Bi2Fe4
–

x
Mn
x
O10
–

δ
mixed crystals (0.25 ≤ x ≤ 3.125) and the end-member Bi2Fe4O9, synthesized from the oxides by reaction sintering up to 825°C, were studied at high-pressures in order to probe their high-pressure behavior and any possible structural phase transitions. In-situ synchrotron radiation-based powder X-ray diffraction was carried out in a diamond anvil cell, under quasi-hydrostatic conditions, up to a pressure of about 20 GPa at room temperature for each sample. A pressure-induced phase transition was found in all samples. The transition appeared spread over a pressure range and was not completed at the top investigated pressure. This is the first report of a pressure-induced phase transition in Bi2Fe4
–

x
Mn
x
O10
–

δ
mixed crystals.
Orientation relationship between 14H-LPSO structured X phase and DO3-type (Mg,Zn)3RE phase in an Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy
Authors: Zhang Song , Yuan Guangyin , Lu Chen , Ding Wenjiang 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Mg-10Gd-3Y-1.8Zn-0.5Zr (wt.%) alloy is prepared by permanent mold casting and further by slow solidification at cooling rate of 0.1 K s−
1. Both X phase with long period stacking ordered structure and DO3-type (Mg,Zn)3
RE phase in the alloy are observed with electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Three different X phase/(Mg,Zn)3
RE phases are observed in the alloy. The orientation relationship between X phase and (Mg,Zn)3
RE phase was determined by the composite diffraction patterns, which can be expressed as (0014)X phase//(110)(
Mg,Zn
)3RE and [110]X phase//[3 32](
Mg,Zn
)3RE, (0014)X phase//(110)(
Mg,Zn
)3RE and [110]X phase//[1 11](
Mg,Zn
)3RE, (0014)X phase//(110)(
Mg,Zn
)3RE and [210]X phase//[1 12](
Mg,Zn
)3RE. These results show coherence between X phase and (Mg,Zn)3
RE phase and a very small mismatch in the phase boundaries.
Surface structure of different interstitial austenitic steels after impact wear
Authors: Petrov Yuri 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Effects of carbon and nitrogen on the structure of surface layers in high and low interstitial austenitic steels after impact wear were studied. It was shown that a fully amorphous surface layer appears in high-interstitial stainless steel. Decreasing interstitials content in austenite causes transition from the amorphous to a nanocrystal structure at the top surface. A possible mechanism of surface structure formation in these materials was considered in the frame of vacancy–interstitial interaction theory.
Light, multi-layer, screening textiles with a high capacity for absorbing electromagnetic fields in the high frequency range
Authors: Brzeziński Stefan , Rybicki Tomasz , Karbownik Iwona , Malinowska Grażyna 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper concerns multilayer, shielding textile-polymeric materials with a high shielding effectiveness. This effectiveness is characterised by a high capability to absorb electromagnetic fields as a result of intensification of multiple internal reflections at the boundaries between the layers of component materials. These new shielding materials present low thicknesses and surface weights, amounting to 1.0–2.0 mm and 190–420 g m−
2, respectively, depending on their structures. Such materials composed of various structures, containing various functional particles, meet high requirements of shielding effectiveness within the frequency range tested from 8.0 to 18.0 GHz. Their absorption coefficient is at a level of ≥ 30%, and in some structures it even exceeds 90%, while the reflection coefficient is ≤ 20% and that of transmission amounts to as low as ≤ 20%, approaching even below 2%.
Effect of alloying elements on stage-III work-hardening behaviour of Al–Zn–Mg(–Cu) alloys
Authors: Westermann Ida , Hopperstad Odd Sture , Marthinsen Knut , Holmedal Bjørn 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Four commercial Al–Zn–Mg(–Cu) alloys have been investigated with respect to the age-hardening response and how the stage-III work-hardening behaviour is influenced by the alloying elements. Tensile specimens of the as-cast and homogenized alloys have been exposed to a solution heat treatment and a two-step age-hardening treatment with varying time at the final temperature. The work-hardening parameters obtained by fitting an extended Voce equation to the experimental stress–strain curves have been analysed and discussed. Addition of Cu was found to increase the strength, whereas Mg seemed to be a limiting factor in age-hardening potential. Accelerated precipitation kinetics was observed when the Zn content was increased.
Microstructural study of boron-doped Co–Re–Cr alloys by means of transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy
Authors: Bölitz Marie-Christin , Brunner Martin , Völkl Rainer , Mukherji Debashis , Roesler Joachim , Glatzel Uwe 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The development of corrosion-resistant alloys with sustained thermal and mechanical stabilities is the focus of current research on high-temperature alloys. It has been shown that the creep behavior and oxidation resistance of Co–Re alloys can be improved by small additions of, e.g., B and Zr. To understand the effect of these elements on mechanical properties, we have characterized the phases and microstructures in the Co–Re–Cr system using transmission electron microscopy. Zr forms isolated large crystals in the matrix, while B is accommodated in small intergranular (Cr,Re)2B borides. The incorporation of up to 23 at.% Re into the Cr2B structure results in increased unit cell constants. The elongated borides occur pervasively along grain boundaries, suggesting that they improve the grain boundary cohesion and thereby the mechanical properties of Co–Re–Cr alloys.
Microstructural, optical, and dielectric properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 films prepared via ion-assisted magnetron sputtering
Authors: Sarma Bimal K. , Pal Arup R. , Bailung Heremba , Chutia Joyanti 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
TiO2 films were deposited on radio-frequency-biased substrates via direct current magnetron sputtering. Argon and oxygen were used as working and reactive gases, respectively. Ions produced in the plasma are accelerated towards the substrates due to the self-bias developed at the substrates. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy reveal that as-deposited films are amorphous with low surface roughness and broad, low-intensity rutile peaks are observed for the films deposited with low bias (self bias ≤ −100 V) at low substrate temperature. The optical study shows blue shift in the band gap for the films deposited with substrate bias. The structural characterization, optical analysis, and dielectric properties confirm the possible coexistence of amorphous and rutile phases in the films deposited with low-biased substrate. These films are useful as optical coatings.