bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acid‐base imbalances during a 120 km endurance race compared by traditional and simplified strong ion difference methods
Authors: VIU J. , JOSE‐CUNILLERAS E. , ARMENGOU L. , CESARINI C. , TARANCÓN I. , RIOS J. , MONREAL L. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Acid‐base disturbances are traditionally assessed using the Henderson‐Hasselbach equation. The simplified strong ion approach describes more accurately the complex acid‐base and electrolyte abnormalities present in endurance horses.Objective:To describe acid‐base and electrolytes changes in fit horses competing in a FEI*** 120 km endurance race and to compare the traditional vs. strong ion approaches.Methods:Thirty horses were initially enrolled in the study. Venous blood samples were obtained before the race (n = 25), at the second (n = 29; 65.4 km) and third vet‐gates (n = 23, 97.4 km) and upon race completion (n = 17). Blood gas analysis was performed to determine pH, PCO2, PO2, Na+, K+and iCa++, and calculate HCO3‐, base excess and tCO2. Packed cell volume and total protein, globulin, albumin, lactate, phosphate, glucose and creatinine concentrations, as well as muscle enzymes activities, were also determined. Calculated variables included strong ion difference (SIDm), strong ion gap (SIG) and nonvolatile buffer concentration (Atot). A longitudinal linear model using the general estimating equation methodology was used for statistical analysis.Results:Mild but significant increases in PCO2, SIDm, lactate, plasma protein, globulins and Atot, as well as a decrease in potassium concentrations were observed from the second vet‐gate to race finish when compared to prerace values (P<0.05). Using the strong ion approach, 67% samples showed acid‐base disturbances vs. 70% when using the traditional method, but their interpretations only matched in 24% of measurements.Conclusions:A complex acid‐base imbalance characterised by a mild strong ion alkalosis (hypochloraemia attenuated by hyperlactataemia), nonvolatile buffer acidosis and compensatory mild respiratory acidosis were present in most horses, although pH did not significantly change during a 120 km endurance race. The strong ion approach to interpretation of acid‐base balance should be favoured over the traditional approach in endurance horses, given the frequent and complex alterations in PCO2, SIDm and Atotduring a race.
Single‐injection glucose kinetics with compartmental modelling during rest and low‐intensity exercise in horses
Authors: TREIBER K. H. , BOSTON R. C. , GEOR R. J. , HESS T. M. , HARRIS P. A. , KRONFELD D. S. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Tools and criteria to evaluate and understand glucose metabolism are essential to optimise equine energy utilisation for exercise performance and reduced metabolic health risks.Objectives: To re‐evaluate models of glucose kinetics in the horse at rest and during endurance type exercise using a single injection technique and compartmental modelling.Methods: Twelve exercise trained Arabian geldings received a bolus of 100 µmol/kg bwt [6,6‐2H]glucose i.v. while at rest and while running at ∼4 m/s on a treadmill. Tracer and tracee glucose curves from 4–150 min after the bolus dose (while the subject maintained its resting or exercising state) were described by a 2 term exponential decay curve. Compartmental modelling was performed simultaneously for each horse's resting and exercise curves using an ‘exercise effect’ parameter for each compartmental exchange rate during exercise.Results: Exercise increased all rate constants and transport flows for glucose between compartments by 110–145% (P≤0.004). Total glucose transport through the system increased from 8.9 ± 0.6 µmol/min/kg/bwt at rest to 25.0 ± 1.1 µmol/min/kg bwt during exercise (P<0.001). Exercise decreased the volume of the primary glucose compartment by 8% (P = 0.006) and increased plasma glucose clearance rate by almost 200% (P<0.001). Turnover times and mean residence times were decreased approximately 60% by exercise (P<0.001), whilst turnover rates were increased 125% (P<0.001).Conclusions: Single‐injection tracer kinetics and compartmental modelling represent a valuable tool to quantify tracee availability to and use by tissue.Potential relevance: This technique could represent a beneficial tool for future studies exploring the role of glucose metabolism in equine exercise performance and metabolic disease.
Effect of intensive exercise on plasmatic neutrophil elastase level in eventing and endurance horses
Authors: LEJEUNE J. P. , SANDERSEN C. , VOTION D. , CAUDRON I. , VANDER HEYDEN L. , FRANCK T. , CEUSTERS J. , MOUITHYS‐MICKALAD A. , NIESTEN A. , De La REBIÈRE de POUYADE G. , SERTEYN D. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Intensive exercise induces a systemic inflammatory response characterised by an increase of blood neutrophil count and myeloperoxidase (MPO) release. Neutrophil elastase (NE) could also contribute to tissues lesions by its proteinase activities.Objective: To compare plasmatic NE concentrations before and after different forms of intensive exercise.Materials and methods: EDTA blood samples were taken from 51 eventing horses (EvH) and 32 endurance horses (EndH) were sampled before the race (T0). Blood sampling was performed 2 h (T1) after completing either phase D of a one or 2 star eventing competition (n = 51), or a 120 or 160 km endurance race (n = 32). Plasmatic NE and MPO were measured by a specific equine ELISA. Neutrophil counts and creatine kinase (CK) levels were also measured. A Wilcox on test for paired samples was used to compare mean values of neutrophils, CK, MPO and NE at T0 and T1 in EvH and in EndH. Correlations were calculated between all the 4 parameters in EvH and EndH.Results: At T0, mean NE levels were 14.43 ± 3.63 ng/ml for EvH and 11.7 ± 2.11 ng/ml for EndH. The competition induced a significant increase of NE levels in (58.57 ± 24.06 ng/ml) EvH and (95.74 ± 22.70 ng/ml) EndH (P<0.05). NE was significantly (P<0.0001) correlated to MPO in EvH (r = 0.293) and EndH (r = 0.594) and to CK (r = 0.297) in EndH (P<0.0001). Neutrophils, CK and MPO were significantly increased between T0 and T1 in both types of horses.Conclusions: Significant increase of NE (EndH) was observed after intense exercise with a significant correlation between NE and MPO. The huge variability in MPO and NE indicates that not all horses show the same intensity of systemic inflammatory response.
Risk factors for exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: HINCHCLIFF K. W. , MORLEY P. S. , JACKSON M. A. , BROWN J. A. , DREDGE A. F. , O'CALLAGHAN P. A. , McCAFFREY J. P. , SLOCOMBE R. F. , CLARKE A. F. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Risk factors for occult exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) are poorly defined or quantified.Objectives:To investigate the importance of putative risk factors for EIPH amongst Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia.Methods:Tracheobronchoscopy was used to determine EIPH status of 744 Thoroughbred racehorses after flat racing in Melbourne, Australia. Horses were identified for study before racing, and over 50% of horses racing during the study period were examined. Statistical analysis included use of bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to account for simultaneous effects of a large number of variables.Results:The only risk factor identified as associated with both EIPH ≥1 or ≥2 was ambient temperature, with horses racing at temperatures <20°C being at ∼ 2 times risk of occult EIPH. There was no association of EIPH with age, sex, weight carried, track hardness, speed of racing, or air quality.Conclusions:There do not appear to be individual risk factors, amongst those examined in this study, that are strongly associated with EIPH.Potential relevance:The risk of developing EIPH cannot be readily determined from a combination of age, race speed, race distance, track hardness or air quality. This study does not provide support for the hypotheses that racing on hard surfaces or in polluted air contributes to the development of EIPH.
Effects of fence height on total and free iodothyronine changes in horses after experimental show jumping sessions
Authors: FERLAZZO A. , MEDICA P. , CRAVANA C. , FAZIO E. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Involvement of thyroid function on performance warrants further investigation as limited data exists on the effects of showjumping on the dynamics of total and free iodothyronines.Objectives:To investigate the response of circulating total and free iodothyronines in horses to experimental showjumping sessions and compare with the effects normally induced by competition and determine if fence height has any effect.Materials and methods:Using a randomised crossover study design 6 trained horses were studied during experimental showjumping sessions over 10 fences of different height: 1.00 m (Session 1), 1.10 m (Session 2), 1.20 m (Session 3). Hormone levels were recorded before, after warm‐up, 5 and 30 min post exercise. T3, T4, fT3, fT4concentrations were analysed by ELISA/competition using streptavidin technology. RM‐ANOVA was applied to test for any differences in basal and warm‐up values of different sessions. Two way RM‐ANOVA was applied to test for any effects of interaction between fence height and time. The differences between individual means over time were assessed using apost hocmultiple comparison test (Bonferroni).Results:Basal T4changes over the sessions (P<0.05) were recorded. After warm‐up, T4concentration results were lower than basal inSession 1(P<0.05). Higher than basal values were recorded 30 min post exercise for T3(P<0.001), T4and fT4(P<0.01) inSession 2and for T4(P<0.05) and fT4(P<0.01) inSession 3. The interaction fence height/time results were significant on T3(P<0.03) and fT4(P<0.03); sampling time on T3(P<0.0007), T4(P<0.001) and fT4(P<0.002) post exercise changes.Conclusion:Showjumping over the highest fences induced a release of T3from skeletal muscle, probably due to 5′‐desiodase activity and increase of fT4, due to thyroid stimulation and/or changes in capacity to bind iodothyronines.
Neuroendocrine and non‐neuroendocrine markers of inflammation associated with performance in endurance horses
Authors: HOLBROOK T. C. , McFARLANE D. , SCHOTT H. C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: The inflammatory and neuroendocrine response to endurance exercise and relationship of these parameters to performance is not well documented in horses.Hypotheses or objectives: Evidence of systemic inflammation is associated with poor performance in horses competing in endurance events.Methods: Blood was collected prior to and at the finish or elimination point from horses competing in both the 80 and 160 km American Endurance Ride National Championship competitions in 2006. Immunoreactive alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) were quantified utilising radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, respectively. The concentration of total thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was measured fluorometrically.Results: Thirty horses were included in the study. Endurance exercise was associated with a significant increase in TBARS in the 80 km group but not the 160 km group. TNF‐α and α‐MSH did not significantly change as a result of exercise in either distance group. Precompetition TBARS was significantly higher in horses that failed to finish the 80 km race, as well as when distances were combined. In addition, precompetition α‐MSH was significantly lower in nonfinishers in the 160 km group. Furthermore, competition speed was positively correlated with precompetition α‐MSH in the 80 km and negatively correlated with precompetition TNF‐α when distances were combined.Conclusions: Our results suggest that basal oxidative stress markers, circulating cytokines and anti‐inflammatory neuroendocrine hormones appear to correlate with endurance performance in horses.Potential relevance: Basal oxidative stress markers, circulating cytokines and anti‐inflammatory neuroendocrine hormones may be predictive of athletic performance in endurance horses. Future studies evaluating the effect of training on these markers in endurance horses are warranted.
Agreement between accelerometric symmetry scores and clinical lameness scores during experimentally induced transient distension of the metacarpophalangeal joint in horses
Authors: THOMSEN M. H. , PERSSON A. B. , JENSEN A. T. , SØRENSEN H. , ANDERSEN P. H. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Equine lameness examination is based on subjective visual scoring of lameness. Instrumented objective methods for lameness examinations may be complicated to perform and the equipment is often stationary. Accelerometry has a potential clinical use; however, the reduction and interpretation of equine accelerometric data are not yet routine and the value of accelerometry in equine lameness examination is unclear.Objectives:To use accelerometric data to calculate 2 different accelerometric symmetry scores and to evaluate the agreement of these with traditional lameness scores done by experienced equine practitioners.Methods:Six sound horses were equipped with a 3 axis 10G piezoresistant accelerometer at the lowest point of the back. Horses were trotted and video recorded at 0, 3, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after injection of saline into one metacarpophalangeal joint. Video recordings were scored in a blind manner according to the AAEP scale by 2 experienced practitioners. Interobserver agreements and 2 symmetry scores S and A, developed on the basis of Fourier transformation of the obtained accelerometric data, were calculated and regression analysis between AAEP scores and symmetry scores was performed.Results:Interobserver agreements were 70%. There was a statistically significant relationship between AAEP lameness scores and both symmetry scores.Conclusions:Both symmetry scores showed a significant relationship with the AAEP scores and can be a valuable tool in the detection and quantification of lameness. While the S score was able to detect changes in degree of lameness, the A score was capable of detecting the lame diagonal. However, more research is needed for the development of a combined accelerometric score to take advantage of the strengths of each of the symmetry scores.
Preliminary report into the function of the shoulder using a novel imaging and motion capture approach
Authors: LAWSON S. E. M. , MARLIN D. J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:The function of the forelimb is fundamental to understanding both sound and pathological locomotion. The precise movements of the equine shoulder are hidden by layers of skin and muscle and hence the shoulder is normally modelled as a simple pivot during locomotion which assumes that any translational motion is negligible.Objectives:To record and quantify the sliding motion of the scapula during locomotion, using a novel imaging technique.Methods:Scapula motion during locomotion in the horse was calculated by tracking the ripple of the shoulder blade's movement under an array of markers placed over the soft tissue.Results:Interstride variability was low. Sliding of up to 80 mm in the plane of progression (cranio‐caudal) was observed; however, the limits of motion varied by <5 mm in the gaits examined, despite variations in stride length. Stride length appeared to be increased by scapula rotation in the plane of progression, and this flexion‐extension was largest in trot and was not significantly different between walk and canter. This was in agreement with the distance travelled by the trunk whilst the hoof was on the ground. Substantial sliding in a dorsal‐ventral direction was shown and varied with the gait used, both in magnitude and timing, possibly providing a shock absorption mechanism. The sliding did not increase as much as would be expected in canter and this coincided with a more lateral positioning of the scapula and increased impact on the ribcage.Conclusions:It has been assumed that scapula‐thoracic sliding increases stride length and hence economically increases locomotor speed. The extra motion of the scapula recorded appeared to absorb shock from forelimb impact and maintain the economy of locomotion, but did not increase with speed and the muscular pretensioning implied could actually impair ventilation.
Compartmentalization or gravity segregation? Understanding and predicting characteristics of near-critical petroleum fluids
Authors: Páez Rachel Hannah , Lawerence John J. , Zhang Mei 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Compartmentalized reservoirs can be identified based on a variety of criteria most commonly using structural geometries and stratigraphic barriers. This paper reviews several case studies from West African fields in which an additional variable, fluid chemistry, is used to identify compartmentalization at an early stage in the production history. Fluid characterization is important to constrain productivity, connectivity, facilities planning, and commercial value. Near-critical, single-phase fluids offer a case in which underestimation fluid PVT behaviour and variability can have a significant impact on all of these elements – resulting in incorrect interpretations of resource type and distribution.
Turbidite reservoir compartmentalization and well targeting with 4D seismic and production data: Schiehallion Field, UK
Authors: Gainski M. , Macgregor A. G. , Freeman P. J. , Nieuwland H. F. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This paper discusses integration of production surveillance techniques, focusing on the use of 4D seismic data to identify reservoir compartmentalization. We present two examples of recently drilled compartments that were successfully identified following integration of surveillance data with detailed reservoir modelling work. Our examples are from the faulted, Paleocene channelized turbidite reservoirs of the Schiehallion oil field, offshore West of Shetlands, U.K. The first example provides a good case history of a 4D Integrated Reservoir Modelling (4D IRM) approach – which involved integration of dynamic well data with 4D seismic, and iterative revision of geological and reservoir simulation models. Two newly identified targets were drilled and completed successfully using these techniques. The second example illustrates a situation where 4D seismic interpretation was key in identifying a new infill target.
Production in the Schiehallion Field started in 1998, and the current development scheme totals 46 wells (22 producers and 24 water injectors). During the early years of production it became apparent that geological connectivity, fluid flow and pressure communication between wells was not as inter-connected as expected. As a result the number of wells required to maximize the recovery has more than doubled to that specified in the original development plan, and the number is expected to increase further as the field matures. Continuous collection of bottom hole pressure data from permanently installed gauges, well testing and production logging (PLT) supported by a regular time-lapse (4D) seismic programme are used to update conceptual thinking and thus constrain geological and flow simulation modelling. This data integration results in improved understanding of the static and dynamic reservoir compartmentalization and well connectivity.
Variation in fluid contacts in the Azeri field, Azerbaijan: sealing faults or hydrodynamic aquifer?
Authors: Tozer R. S. J. , Borthwick A. M. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The Azeri field in the South Caspian Sea, offshore Azerbaijan, is a periclinal anticline 20 km in length containing multiple stacked reservoirs of Pliocene age. Appraisal wells that were drilled at the eastern end of the structure identified multiple oil–water contacts and fluid pressure gradients in both of the principal reservoirs, the Pereriv B and D. At the time, these data were interpreted to indicate the presence of compartments at the eastern end of the field as a result of sealing faults within the aquifer. This local compartmentalization seemed to be in marked difference to the majority of the field where pressure connectivity had been observed. A new analysis of the pressure data for the Pereriv B shows that aquifer pressures at sea‐level datum define a simple water potential gradient. As a result of this, the oil–water contact in this reservoir is gently inclined towards the NNE. The precise inclination and orientation of the oil–water contact has been determined geometrically using the depths and coordinates of free-water levels and oil–water contacts from around the field. The best-fit inclined oil–water contact for the Pereriv B also provides a good fit to the contact observed from seismic amplitudes. The new analysis provides a more optimistic view of reservoir connectivity, and the conceptual geological model for the eastern end of the field is now consistent with observations made in the rest of the Azeri field.
Global Histone Modification Patterns as Prognostic Markers to Classify Glioma Patients
Authors: Liu Bo-lin , Cheng Jin-xiang , Zhang Xiang , Wang Rui , Zhang Wei , Lin Hong , Xiao Xian , Cai Sang , Chen Xiao-yan , Cheng Hong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground: An altered pattern of epigenetic modifications is central to the development and progression of various tumors. We studied epigenetic changes involving multiple modifications of histones to better predict prognosis of glioma patients.Methods: Immunohistochemistry was done to investigate global histone modification expression of histone 3 lysine 4 dimethylation (H3K4diMe), histone 4 arginine 3 monomethylation (H4R3monoMe), histone 4 lysine 20 trimethylation (H4K20triMe), and acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9Ac), histone 3 lysine 18 (H3K18Ac), histone 4 lysine 12 (H4K12Ac), and histone 4 lysine 16 (H4K16Ac) in resected tumor samples of 230 glioma patients. Data were analyzed using a recursive partitioning analysis (RPA).Results: RPA classified the patients into 10 distinct prognostic groups based on WHO grade, histology, and histone modifications: H3K9Ac (&lt;88% or ≥88% tumor cells), H3K4diMe (&lt;64% or ≥64% tumor cells), H3K18Ac (&lt;74% or ≥74% tumor cells), and H4K20triMe (&lt;75% or ≥75% tumor cells). The 10 groups were associated with significantly different progression-free (P &lt; 0.0001) and overall survival (P &lt; 0.0001). Cox proportional hazards models including age, sex, WHO grade, histology, extent of tumor resection, Karnofsky performance status score, and RPA groups retained age and RPA groups as the sole independent factors significantly influencing overall survival. For progression-free survival, RPA grouping was the only independent prognostic factor.Conclusions: Multiple histone modifications seem to have prognostic relevance in glioma.Impact: Further evaluation of histone modifications as prognostic markers of treatment and predictors of chemotherapy response using histone deacetylase inhibitors is warranted. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2888–96. ©2010 AACR.