bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extensive range persistence in peripheral and interior refugia characterizes Pleistocene range dynamics in a widespread Alpine plant species (Senecio carniolicus, Asteraceae)
Authors: ESCOBAR GARCÍA PEDRO , WINKLER MANUELA , FLATSCHER RUTH , SONNLEITNER MICHAELA , KREJČÍKOVÁ JANA , SUDA JAN , HÜLBER KARL , SCHNEEWEISS GERALD M. , SCHÖNSWETTER PETER 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that survival of arctic‐alpine organisms in peripheral or interior glacial refugia are not mutually exclusive and may both be involved in shaping an organism’s Pleistocene history, yet potentially at different time levels. Here, we test this hypothesis in a high‐mountain plant (diploid lineage of Senecio carniolicus, Asteraceae) from the Eastern European Alps, in which patterns of morphological variation and current habitat requirements suggest survival in both types of refugia. To this end, we used AFLPs, nuclear and plastid DNA sequences and analysed them, among others, within a graph theoretic framework and using novel Bayesian methods of phylogeographic inference. On the basis of patterns of genetic diversity, occurrence of rare markers, distribution of distinct genetic lineages and patterns of range connectivity both interior refugia in the formerly strongly glaciated central Alps and peripheral refugia along the southern margin of the Alps were identified. The presence of refugia congruently inferred by markers resolving at different time levels suggests that these refugia acted as such throughout several glacial cycles. The high degree of range persistence together with gradual range expansion, which contrasts with the extent of range shifts implied for other Alpine species, is likely responsible for incipient lineage differentiation evident from the genetic data. Replacing a simplistic peripheral vs. interior refugia dualism by more complex models involving both types of refugia and considering different time levels will help identifying common phylogeographic patterns with respect to, for instance, location of refugia and colonization routes and elucidating their underlying genetic and/or ecological causes.
Virus–vector Relationships, Host Range, Detection and Sequence Comparison of Chilli leaf curl virus Associated with an Epidemic of Leaf Curl Disease of Chilli in Jodhpur, India
Authors: Senanayake D. M. J. B. , Varma Anupam , Mandal Bikash 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn epidemic of chilli leaf curl disease was recorded in 2004 in Jodhpur, a major chilli‐growing area in Rajasthan, India. Several isolates were efficiently transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), all of which induced severe leaf curl symptoms in chilli. A single whitefly was capable of transmitting the virus, and eight or more whiteflies per plant resulted in 100% transmission. The minimum acquisition access period (AAP) and inoculation access period (IAP) were 180 and 60 min, respectively. The virus persisted in whiteflies for up to 5 days postacquisition. Of 25 species tested, the virus infected only five (Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana tabacum and N. benthamiana). The virus was identified as Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV), which shared the closest sequence identity (96.1%) with an isolate of ChiLCV from potato in Pakistan and showed sequence diversity up to 12.3% among the ChiLCV isolates reported from India and Pakistan. A betasatellite was identified, which resembled most closely (97.3%) that of Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite previously reported from chilli and tomato leaf curl in India. The betasatellite was very different from that reported from chilli leaf curl in Pakistan, indicating that different betasatellites are associated with chilli leaf curl in India and Pakistan. We describe here for the first time the virus–vector relationships and host range of ChiLCV.
The effect of microstructures on fatigue crack growth in Q345 steel welded joint
Authors: XIONG Y. , HU X. X. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIt is a traditional that the fatigue crack growth behavior is sensitive to microstructure in threshold regime, while it is sensitive to R‐ratio in Paris regime. Fatigue test is carried out for welded joints of a Q345 steel where the compact tension specimens with 3.8 and 12.5 mm thickness are used, and comparisons of fatigue crack growth behavior between base metal and a few different locations in the welded joint are considered in Paris regime. Welding residual stresses are removed by heat treatment to focus the study on the microstructural effect. It is shown that fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) in the base metal is not sensitive to R‐ratio, but the FCGR increases in the overheated zone, the fusion zone and the weld metal zone with R‐ratio increasing. To the low R‐ratio, FCGR in the three zones is smaller than that in the base metal, but they approximate the same with base metal under the high R‐ratio. The mechanism of fatigue crack growth is analyzed through crack path in microstructures and SEM fractograph. The coarse‐grained ferrite in the base metal is of benefit to relaxation of the average stress at the crack tip, and the fatigue crack growth predicts branching and deflection within above different locations in the welded joint. These tortuous crack paths with crack branching and deflection will promote crack closure as well as crack‐tip stress shielding and then resulted in higher crack growth resistance.
Release, neuronal effects and removal of extracellular β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NAD+) in the rat brain
Authors: Durnin Leonie , Dai Yanping , Aiba Isamu , Shuttleworth C. William , Yamboliev Ilia A. , Mutafova‐Yambolieva Violeta N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRecent evidence supports an emerging role of β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NAD+) as a novel neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the peripheral nervous system –β‐NAD+ is released in nerve‐smooth muscle preparations and adrenal chromaffin cells in a manner characteristic of a neurotransmitter. It is currently unclear whether this holds true for the CNS. Using a small‐chamber superfusion assay and high‐sensitivity high‐pressure liquid chromatography techniques, we demonstrate that high‐K+ stimulation of rat forebrain synaptosomes evokes overflow of β‐NAD+, adenosine 5′‐triphosphate, and their metabolites adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5′‐monophosphate, adenosine, ADP‐ribose (ADPR) and cyclic ADPR. The high‐K+‐evoked overflow of β‐NAD+ is attenuated by cleavage of SNAP‐25 with botulinum neurotoxin A, by inhibition of N‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels with ω‐conotoxin GVIA, and by inhibition of the proton gradient of synaptic vesicles with bafilomycin A1, suggesting that β‐NAD+ is likely released via vesicle exocytosis. Western analysis demonstrates that CD38, a multifunctional protein that metabolizes β‐NAD+, is present on synaptosomal membranes and in the cytosol. Intact synaptosomes degrade β‐NAD+. 1,N 6‐etheno‐NAD, a fluorescent analog of β‐NAD+, is taken by synaptosomes and this uptake is attenuated by authentic β‐NAD+, but not by the connexin 43 inhibitor Gap 27. In cortical neurons local applications of β‐NAD+ cause rapid Ca2+ transients, likely due to influx of extracellular Ca2+. Therefore, rat brain synaptosomes can actively release, degrade and uptake β‐NAD+, and β‐NAD+ can stimulate postsynaptic neurons, all criteria needed for a substance to be considered a candidate neurotransmitter in the brain.
Network activity and spike discharge oscillations in cortical slice cultures from neonatal rat
Authors: Czarnecki Antonny , Tscherter Anne , Streit Jürg 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNetwork bursts and oscillations are forms of spontaneous activity in cortical circuits that have been described in vivo and in vitro. Searching for mechanisms involved in their generation, we investigated the collective network activity and spike discharge oscillations in cortical slice cultures of neonatal rats, combining multielectrode arrays with patch clamp recordings from individual neurons. The majority of these cultures showed spontaneous collective network activity [population bursts (PBs)] that could be described as neuronal avalanches. The largest of these PBs were followed by fast spike discharge oscillations in the beta to theta range, and sometimes additional repetitive PBs, together forming seizure‐like episodes. During such episodes, all neurons showed sustained depolarization with increased spike rates. However, whereas regular‐spiking (RS) and fast‐spiking (FS) neurons fired during the PBs, only the FS neurons fired during the fast oscillations. Blockade of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors reduced the depolarization and suppressed both the increased FS neuron firing and the oscillations. To investigate the generation of PBs, we studied the network responses to electrical stimulation. For most of the stimulation sites, the relationship between the stimulated inputs and the evoked PBs was linear. From a few stimulation sites, however, large PBs could be evoked with small inputs, indicating the activation of hub circuits. Taken together, our findings suggests that the oscillations originate from recurrent inhibition in local networks of depolarized inhibitory FS interneurons, whereas the PBs originate from recurrent excitation in networks of RS and FS neurons that is initiated in hub circuits.
Sexual dimorphisms in the dermal structure of the lesser‐spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Crooks Neil , Waring Colin P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSexual dimorphisms in the dermal structures of two elasmobranch species have previously been reported and it has been linked to the use of the mouth by males during copulation. Until relatively recently, the fact, that male Scyliorhinus canicula use their mouths for grasping and biting females during copulation was unknown. This study reveals that not only do adult (M ≥ 525 mm, F ≥ 550 mm) S. canicula show a sexual dimorphism in the epidermis and dermis, but that hatchling S. canicula are born with a sexually dimorphic epidermal layer and this persists into the juvenile stage (M < 525 mm, F < 550 mm). A sexual dimorphism was found in all size classes with both hatchling and juvenile female S. canicula having significantly thicker epidermal layers than hatchling and juvenile male S. canicula. Adult female S. canicula were found to possess both a significantly thicker epidermal and dermal layer than adult male S. canicula. The presence of a sexual dimorphism in the epidermal and dermal layers of adult S. canicula could be directly related to reproductive behaviour in response to the male biting the female prior to copulation.
Reconsidering the ‘heresy’ of using treatment manuals
Authors: Escudero Valentín 
Published: January 2012

Some argue that the medical model and the experimental design that underlies the use of treatment manuals to prove the efficacy of a psychotherapeutic treatment clashes with the theoretical basis of family therapy. From the point of view of the empirically supported treatments (ESTs) movement, treatment manuals are the operationalization of the independent variable in a clinical trial; the therapist is only part of the procedure and the therapeutic relationship is a confounding variable. Applying that logic to the practice of family therapy might be considered a heresy. This article argues that paradoxically, this heresy has a lot to offer the practice of family therapy. Research is the best way to answer questions like ‘how does family therapy work?’ ‘What makes ‘good therapy’ good?’ ‘Do therapists do what they say they do'? This article recommends an alternative framework for integrating ESTs into practice by proposing empirically informed guides to practice which, being less formulaic, encourage process‐outcome research, are coherent with the systemic model and do not constrain the therapist's creativity. Such guidelines allow therapists to use manuals flexibly so that they deepen the understanding of the process of therapy.We encourage you to listen to the JFT Editor, Mark Rivett, as he interviews the author on Manuals in the Practice and Research of Family Therapy. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467‐6427/homepage/jft_podcast_series.htm.
Changes in Irregular Emigration: A Field Report from Fuzhou
Authors: Sheng Lin , Bax Trent 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper is based on case studies in Fuzhou, China, with the aim of exploring the changes in Fuzhou’s irregular emigration activities. The findings indicate that due to changing socio‐economic and historical circumstances, a more legalizing tendency of irregular emigration from Fuzhou can be observed. Among these new developments are the following: less risk, along with the use of safer tactics, is now involved in the process of emigration; emigrants are better supported with resources such as financial support, network support and a higher level of education; “legal” status is cherished in the process of emigration, and fewer and fewer emigrants are likely to be victimized by organized smuggling groups; and migratory waves have decelerated and the passion for emigration has become both more rational and more sensible.
Nigerians in China: A Second State of Immobility
Authors: Haugen Heidi Østbø 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChina’s rapid economic development has been accompanied by new forms of immigration. Investors and professionals from developed countries are increasingly joined by a diverse group of immigrants from around the world. While there is a large body of academic literature on Chinese emigration, China’s new role as a country of immigration has received less scholarly attention. This paper addresses the dynamics of South–South migration to China through a study of Nigerians in Guangzhou, a major international trading hub. The analysis is based on qualitative interviews and participant observation among African traders and migrants in Guangzhou. The paper contends that Nigerian immigration to China epitomizes global migration trends towards a diversification of migration flows, commercialization of the migration process and increased policing of foreigners within national borders. China was rarely the preferred destination of this study’s Nigerian informants but, rather, a palatable alternative, as their aspirations to enter Europe and North America were curtailed by restrictive immigration regimes. They escaped a situation of involuntary immobility in Nigeria through short‐term visas obtained with the help of migration brokers. However, opportunities for visa renewals are scant under the current Chinese immigration policy. Undocumented migrants find their mobility severely inhibited: They must carefully assess how, when and with whom they move about in order to avoid police interception. This is a business impediment, as well as a source of personal distress for migrants who engage in trade and the provision of trade‐related services. The situation can be described as a “second state of immobility”: the migrants have succeeded in the difficult project of emigration, but find themselves spatially entrapped in new ways in their destination country.
Affective–motivational brain responses to direct gaze in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kylliäinen Anneli , Wallace Simon , Coutanche Marc N. , Leppänen Jukka M. , Cusack James , Bailey Anthony J. , Hietanen Jari K. 
Published: January 2012

Background:  It is unclear why children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) tend to be inattentive to, or even avoid eye contact. The goal of this study was to investigate affective–motivational brain responses to direct gaze in children with ASD. To this end, we combined two measurements: skin conductance responses (SCR), a robust arousal measure, and asymmetry in frontal electroencephalography (EEG) activity which is associated with motivational approach and avoidance tendencies. We also explored whether degree of eye openness and face familiarity modulated these responses.Methods:  Skin conductance responses and frontal EEG activity were recorded from 14 children with ASD and 15 typically developing children whilst they looked at familiar and unfamiliar faces with eyes shut, normally open or wide‐open. Stimuli were presented in such a way that they appeared to be looming towards the children.Results:  In typically developing children, there were no significant differences in SCRs between the different eye conditions, whereas in the ASD group the SCRs were attenuated to faces with closed eyes and increased as a function of the degree of eye openness. In both groups, familiar faces elicited marginally greater SCRs than unfamiliar faces. In typically developing children, normally open eyes elicited greater relative left‐sided frontal EEG activity (associated with motivational approach) than shut eyes and wide‐open eyes. In the ASD group, there were no significant differences between the gaze conditions in frontal EEG activity.Conclusions:  Collectively, the results replicate previous finding in showing atypical modulation of arousal in response to direct gaze in children with ASD but do not support the assumption that this response is associated with an avoidant motivational tendency. Instead, children with ASD may lack normative approach‐related motivational response to eye contact.
On the origin of multi‐layer coronas between olivine and plagioclase at the gabbro–granulite transition, Valle Fértil–La Huerta Ranges, San Juan Province, Argentina
Authors: GALLIEN F. , MOGESSIE A. , HAUZENBERGER C. A. , BJERG E. , DELPINO S. , CASTRO DE MACHUCA B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTroctolitic gabbros from Valle Fértil and La Huerta Ranges, San Juan Province, NW‐Argentina exhibit multi‐layer corona textures between cumulus olivine and plagioclase. The corona mineral sequence, which varies in the total thickness from 0.5 to 1 mm, comprises either an anhydrous corona type I with olivine|orthopyroxene|clinopyroxene+spinel symplectite|plagioclase or a hydrous corona type II with olivine|orthopyroxene|amphibole|amphibole+spinel symplectite|plagioclase. The anhydrous corona type I formed by metamorphic replacement of primary olivine and plagioclase, in the absence of any fluid/melt phase at <840 °C. Diffusion controlled metamorphic solid‐state replacement is mainly governed by the chemical potential gradients at the interface of reactant olivine and plagioclase and orthopyroxene and plagioclase. Thus, the thermodynamic incompatibility of the reactant minerals at the gabbro–granulite transition and the phase equilibria of the coronitic assemblage during subsequent cooling were modelled using quantitative μMgO–μCaO phase diagrams. Mineral reaction textures of the anhydrous corona type I indicate an inward migration of orthopyroxene on the expense of olivine, while clinopyroxene+spinel symplectite grows outward to replace plagioclase. Mineral textures of the hydrous corona type II indicate the presence of an interstitial liquid trapped between cumulus olivine and plagioclase that reacts with olivine to produce a rim of peritectic orthopyroxene around olivine. Two amphibole types are distinguished: an inclusion free, brownish amphibole I is enriched in trace elements and REEs relative to green amphibole II. Amphibole I evolves from an intercumulus liquid between peritectic orthopyroxene and plagioclase. Discrete layers of green amphibole II occur as inclusion‐free rims and amphibole II+spinel symplectites. Mineral textures and geochemical patterns indicate a metamorphic origin for amphibole II, where orthopyroxene was replaced to form an inner inclusion‐free amphibole II layer, while clinopyroxene and plagioclase were replaced to form an outer amphibole+spinel symplectite layer, at <770 °C. Calculation of the possible net reactions by considering NCKFMASH components indicates that the layer bulk composition cannot be modelled as a ‘closed’ system although in all cases the gain and loss of elements within the multi‐layer coronas (except H2O, Na2O) is very small and the main uncertainties may arise from slight chemical zoning of the respective minerals. Local oxidizing conditions led to the formation of orthopyroxene+magnetite symplectite enveloping and/or replacing olivine. The sequence of corona reaction textures indicates a counter clockwise P–T path at the gabbro–granulite transition at 5–6.5 kbar and temperatures below 900 °C.
Diastolic Heart Failure in Dialysis Patients: Mechanisms, Diagnostic Approach, and Treatment
Authors: Pecoits‐Filho Roberto , Bucharles Sérgio , Barberato Silvio H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHeart failure (HF) is very common in the general population, and risk factors for HF, such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, are frequently present in patients with CKD. Therefore, HF is also an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. Diastolic heart failure (DHF), also called HF with preserved ejection fraction, refers to a clinical syndrome in which patients have symptoms and signs of HF, normal or near normal left ventricular (LV) systolic function, and evidence of diastolic dysfunction (e.g., abnormal LV filling and elevated filling pressure). Recent data suggest that HF with normal ejection fraction is even more common in patients than HF with low ejection fraction, including those on hemodialysis. Not surprisingly, DHF is a strong predictor of death in CKD patients. In this article, we review the information available on the mechanisms, clinical presentation, impact, and potential interventions in DHF based on evidence from CKD patients, as well as evidence from the general population potentially applicable to the CKD population.
Outcomes after the Long Interdialytic Break: Implications for the Dialytic Prescription
Authors: Flythe Jennifer E. , Lacson Eduardo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA thrice‐weekly schedule dominates hemodialysis practice today. Inherent in such a schedule is a 72‐hour interweek break over the weekend. A growing body of evidence suggests that this break may be associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Five recent studies have linked dialysis session timing to higher cardiovascular event rates, and have shed light on possible underlying physiologic mechanisms. We reviewed outcome data linking the “long break” to cardiovascular outcomes, and suggest physiologic rationale for this relationship while identifying knowledge gaps that require further study to inform discussions regarding the application and composition of individualized dialysis prescriptions. Further work is needed to determine the relative importance of electrolyte perturbations and hemodynamic shifts in the relationship between the long break and cardiovascular mortality. The evidence suggests that at least in some at‐risk patients, an individualized approach to the dialytic schedule and prescription is warranted.
The Effect of Child Support Enforcement on Abortion in the United States*
Authors: Crowley Jocelyn E. , Jagannathan Radha , Falchettore Galo 
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesThis project aims to answer a critically important question of public policy: Does effective child support enforcement lead to a change in the incidence of abortion across the United States?MethodsUsing state‐level data collected from 1978–2003 from a variety of sources, we employ fixed effects regression analysis to examine whether financial security as measured by five types of child support enforcement effectiveness impacts abortion outcomes.ResultsWe find that child support enforcement effectiveness decreases the incidence of abortion as measured by the abortion rate, but not the abortion ratio.ConclusionsIncome transfer policies such as child support enforcement can affect certain fertility outcomes such as abortion rates across the states.