bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The granular column collapse as a continuum: validity of a two-dimensional Navier–Stokes model with a μ(I)-rheology
Authors: Lagrée P.-Y. , Staron L. , Popinet S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThere is a large amount of experimental and numerical work dealing with dry granular flows (such as sand, glass beads, etc.) that supports the so-called $\ensuremath{\mu} (I)$-rheology. The reliability of the $\ensuremath{\mu} (I)$-rheology in the case of complex transient flows is not fully ascertained, however. From this perspective, the granular column collapse experiment provides an interesting benchmark. In this paper we implement the $\ensuremath{\mu} (I)$-rheology in a Navier–Stokes solver (Gerris) and compare the resulting solutions with both analytical solutions and two-dimensional contact dynamics discrete simulations. In a first series of simulations, we check the numerical model in the case of a steady infinite two-dimensional granular layer avalanching on an inclined plane. A second layer of Newtonian fluid is then added over the granular layer in order to recover a close approximation of a free-surface condition. Comparisons with analytical and semi-analytical solutions provide conclusive validation of the numerical implementation of the $\ensuremath{\mu} (I)$-rheology. In a second part, we simulate the unsteady two-dimensional collapse of granular columns over a wide range of aspect ratios. Systematic comparisons with discrete two-dimensional contact dynamics simulations show good agreement between the two methods for the inner deformations and the time evolution of the shape during most of the flow, while a systematic underestimation of the final run-out is observed. The experimental scalings of spreading of the column as a function of the aspect ratio available from the literature are also recovered. A discussion follows on the performances of other rheologies, and on the sensitivity of the simulations to the parameters of the $\ensuremath{\mu} (I)$-rheology.
A non-inflammatory form of immune competence prevails in acute pre-pubescent malnutrition: new evidence based on critical mRNA transcripts in the mouse
Authors: Monk Jennifer M. , Richard Cynthia L. , Woodward Bill 
Published: September 2011

The declining inflammatory immune competence of acute (i.e. wasting) pre-pubescent protein–energy malnutrition has been regarded as reflecting an unregulated immunological disintegration. Recent evidence, however, suggests that malnutrition stimulates a regulated immunological reconfiguration to achieve a non-inflammatory form of competence, perhaps offering protection against autoimmune reactions – the ‘Tolerance Model’. Our objective was to determine the influence of acute pre-pubescent malnutrition on the expression of genes critical to tolerogenic regulation. Male and female C57BL/6J mice, initially 19 d old, consumed a complete purified diet either ad libitum (age-matched controls) or in restricted daily quantities (mimicking marasmus), or consumed an isoenergetic low-protein diet ad libitum (mimicking incipient kwashiorkor) for 14 d (six animals per dietary group). Gene expression in the spleen, typically an inflammatory organ, and in the small intestine, a site designed for non-inflammatory defence, was assessed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and normalised to β-actin. In the spleen of the malnourished groups, both IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA expression increased compared with controls (P < 0·05), whereas mRNA expression of IL-12p40 decreased (P < 0·05). Conversely, malnutrition exerted no influence on the expression of mRNA for these cytokines in the small intestine (P>0·05). Moreover, forkhead box P3 mRNA expression, indicative of cell-based tolerogenic potential, was sustained in both the spleen and intestine of the malnourished groups (P>0·05). Thus, despite limited supplies of energy and substrates, the spleen shifted towards a non-inflammatory character and the intestine was sustained in this mode in advanced pre-pubescent weight loss. These findings provide the first support for the Tolerance Model at the level of mRNA transcript expression.
Variable effects of dipteran parasitoids and management treatment on grasshopper fecundity in a tallgrass prairie
Authors: Laws A.N. , Joern A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGrasshoppers host a number of parasitoids, but little is known about their impact on grasshopper life history attributes or how those impacts may vary with land use. Here, we report on a three-year survey of nine grasshopper species in a tallgrass prairie managed with fire and bison grazing treatments. We measured parasitoid prevalence and the impact of parasitoid infection on grasshopper fecundity to determine if grasshopper-parasitoid interactions varied with management treatment. Adult female grasshoppers were collected every three weeks from eight watersheds managed with different prescribed burning and grazing treatments. Grasshopper fecundity with and without parasitoids was estimated through dissections of reproductive tracts. Dipteran parasitoids from two families (Nemestrinidae and Tachinidae) were observed infecting grasshoppers. We found significant effects of grazing treatment, but not burn interval, on grasshopper-parasitoid interactions. Parasitoids were three times more abundant in watersheds with bison grazing than in ungrazed watersheds, and the relative abundance of nemestrinid and tachinid flies varied with grazing treatment. Parasitoid prevalence varied among grasshopper species from <0.01% infected (Mermiria bivittata) to 17% infected (Hypochlora alba). Parasitoid infection reduced individual grasshopper fecundity, with stronger effects on current reproduction than on past reproduction. Furthermore, current fecundity in parasitized grasshoppers was lower in grazed watersheds compared to ungrazed watersheds. Nemestrinid parasitoids generally had stronger impacts on grasshopper fecundity than tachinid parasitoids, the effects of which were more variable.
Mating disruption by a synthetic sex pheromone in the white grub beetle Dasylepida ishigakiensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the laboratory and sugarcane fields
Authors: Yasui H. , Wakamura S. , Fujiwara-Tsujii N. , Arakaki N. , Nagayama A. , Hokama Y. , Mochizuki F. , Fukumoto T. , Oroku H. , Harano K. , Tanaka S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA serious sugarcane pest, Dasylepida ishigakiensis, remains in the soil during most of its life cycle except for a short period for mating. Mating disruption by an artificial release of the sex pheromone (R)-2-butanol (R2B), therefore, may be a feasible method to control this pest. We examined the effects of artificial release of R2B and its related compounds, (S)-2-butanol (S2B) and the racemic 2-butanol (rac-2B), on the mating success of this beetle both in the laboratory and in the field. In flight tunnel experiments, almost all males orientated towards a R2B-releasing source and 40% of them landed on the source. When the atmosphere was permeated with R2B, the frequency of males landing on the model was significantly reduced. Both rac-2B and S2B were less effective, but substantial reduction in landing success by males was achieved at higher rac-2B concentrations. R2B released from polyethylene dispensers in sugarcane plots greatly reduced not only the proportion of females mated with males but also the number of males caught by R2B-baited traps, indicating that male mate-searching behaviour was strongly affected by the released R2B. Similar inhibitory effects on male behaviour were also observed when tube- or rope-type dispensers released high rac-2B concentrations in the field. These results indicate that it would be highly possible to control D. ishigakiensis through the disruption of the sexual communication by releasing either synthetic R2B or rac-2B.
Effects of shoot tipping on development and yield of the tuber crop Plectranthus edulis
Authors: TAYE M. , LOMMEN W. J. M. , STRUIK P. C. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYPlectranthus edulis (Vatke) Agnew is one of the tuber crops of the genus Plectranthus that is widely cultivated in Africa and Asia. P. edulis produces below-ground tubers on stolons originating from the stems, comparable to the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Farmers apply several laborious cultural practices to enhance shoot growth and yield, among which shoot tipping is very common. Tipping (pinching) is the removal of the shoot apex with one or two pairs of leaves from the main stems and branches. The rationale of this practice, especially when repeated more than once during one cropping season, is not fully understood. One similar experiment with two cultivars was carried out at two locations (Awassa and Wondogenet) in Ethiopia to assess and analyse the effects of shoot tipping and its frequency on crop development and tuber production. Tipping treatments included zero tipping, tipping once, tipping twice and tipping thrice, with the first tipping taking place 68 days after planting (DAP), a stage at which most of the stems reached a height of about 0·15 m, and the remainder following at intervals of 44–46 days. Tipping stimulated stem branching; it significantly increased the number of primary, secondary and tertiary stems in both experiments. Soil cover increased with an increase in the frequency of the tipping in Awassa, because of the tipping effects on the different canopy development variables. Tipping also enhanced the soil cover in Wondogenet, but the crop did not gain any extra benefit from a third tipping. Tipping enhanced early stolon formation, but did not consistently affect the number of stolons per hole later in the growing season. The number of tubers increased with an increase in the frequency of tipping in both cultivars in Wondogenet and in one cultivar in Awassa. Tuber dry matter yield increased with an increase in the frequency of tipping at both sites. Fresh tuber yield in the final harvest at 208 DAP was c. 1·9 kg/m2. Tipping on average increased fresh tuber yield by 17% in Wondogenet, whereas the difference was not detectable in Awassa. Because senescence was delayed slightly by tipping, yield effects of tipping might be larger when harvesting later. In general, there was a positive effect of tipping on canopy development and tuber yield.
Combining risk assessment and epidemiological risk factors to elucidate the sources of humanE. coliO157 infection
Authors: ROTARIU O. , OGDEN I. D. , MacRITCHIE L. , FORBES K. J. , WILLIAMS A. P. , CROSS P. , HUNTER C. J. , TEUNIS P. F. M. , STRACHAN N. J. C. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYE. coliO157 can be transmitted to humans by three primary (foodborne, environmental, waterborne) and one secondary (person-to-person transmission) pathways. A regression model and quantitative microbiological risk assessments (QMRAs) were applied to determine the relative importance of the primary transmission pathways in NE Scotland. Both approaches indicated that waterborne infection was the least important but it was unclear whether food or the environment was the main source of infection. The QMRAs over-predicted the number of cases by a factor of 30 and this could be because allE. coliO157 strains may not be equally infective and/or the level of infectivity in the dose–response model was too high. The efficacy of potential risk mitigation strategies to reduce human exposure toE. coliO157 using QMRAs was simulated. Risk mitigation strategies focusing on food and environment are likely to have the biggest impact on infection figures.
Suspected zoonotic transmission of rotavirus group A in Danish adults
Authors: MIDGLEY S. E. , HJULSAGER C. K. , LARSEN L. E. , FALKENHORST G. , BÖTTIGER B. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYGroup A rotaviruses infect humans and a variety of animals. In July 2006 a rare rotavirus strain with G8P[14] specificity was identified in the stool samples of two adult patients with diarrheoa, who lived in the same geographical area in Denmark. Nucleotide sequences of the VP7, VP4, VP6, and NSP4 genes of the identified strains were identical. Phylogenetic analyses showed that both Danish G8P[14] strains clustered with rotaviruses of animal, mainly, bovine and caprine, origin. The high genetic relatedness to animal rotaviruses and the atypical epidemiological features suggest that these human G8P[14] strains were acquired through direct zoonotic transmission events.
Catholicism, Rawlsian Political Liberalism, and Reciprocity: Insights from the Travails of Bishop Henry of Calgary
Authors: Soroski John 
Published: September 2011

AbstractJohn Rawls contended that an overlapping consensus for “political liberalism” could be found in different ways across the range of comprehensive systems of value in western societies. Three recent conflicts concerning the relationship of church and state in Canada involving the Catholic Bishop of Calgary, Frederick Henry, provide an opportunity to consider Rawls' ideas in a specific societal context. The first of these conflicts — Henry's call for the excommunication of Catholic Prime Minister Paul Martin for legalizing same-sex marriage — suggests that the resources for a Rawlsian overlapping consensus may be difficult to find in Catholicism. The refusal of the Calgary Catholic School Board to obey Henry's order to end the use of gambling related school fund-raising, the second of the Bishop's “travails,” undercuts that conclusion, but the moral emptiness of the vocabulary of cultural liberalism, which the Board deployed in its self-justifications, suggests that too much liberalism might be almost as regrettable as too little. Henry's third travail — a call before the Human Rights Commission to answer charges of “discriminatory public speech” for his public criticisms of homosexuality — suggests the merit of recognizing an alternative to overlapping consensus as the source of Catholic recognition of Rawlsian political liberalism: reciprocity.
Segregation distortion and its effect on genetic mapping in plants
Authors: Xian-Liang Song , Xue-Zhen Sun , Tian-Zhen Zhang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSegregation distortion, identified as a strong evolutionary force, is common in genetic mapping research. In plants, the percentage, degree, origin and genetic effects of segregation distortion vary significantly with species, population types, crosses and marker types. The exhibition, common features, causes, methods of mapping segregation distortion loci, effects of segregation distortion on map construction and corresponding mapping strategies in plants, mainly in crops, are reviewed in this paper.
Advances in genetic mapping of the sorghum genome
Authors: Zhi-Ben Yi , Yi Sun , Xiao-Hong Liang , Wei-Jun Zhao , Min Yan , Li-Xia Cui 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe construction of the sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench) molecular genetic linkage map started in the early 1990s. Molecular genetic maps with a high density of markers covering almost the entire sorghum genome have been completed and integration of a sorghum genetic and physical map is under way. The correlation between genetic linkage groups and relevant chromosomes was established and the locations of the important structures of chromosomes, such as centromeres, long and short arms, nucleolus organizer region (NOR), etc., have been identified on the linkage groups. Molecular cytogenetic mapping of each chromosome has been advanced substantially. With continuing progress in the field, sequencing of the full sorghum genome and study of sorghum functional genomics will be initiated soon.
Some Observations on Religion in Safavid Persia
Authors: Algar Hamid 
Published: September 2011

It is indisputable that the religious history both of the Safavid period and of the two centuries that preceded it remains inadequately explored. There existed in Transoxania and Anatolia, as well as the Iranian plateau, a plethora of groups and individuals with diverse tendencies and aspirations that it is difficult, in our present state of knowledge, to synthesize into a comprehensible whole. There are however a number of minor observations on Professor Nasr's presentation that I wish to make. The first is an expression of respectful disagreement, and the others are intended to direct attention to matters not mentioned in his otherwise comprehensive paper.Professor Nasr's contention that Sufism owes its essential origin to Shiᶜism, and that therefore its suppression in the Safavid period ought to be regarded as a return to the womb that bore it, is highly contestable.
Observations Sur L'architecture Civile D'ispahan
Authors: Zander Giuseppe 
Published: September 2011

Avant d'essayer de tracer un exposé des valeurs de l'architecture safavide, il est utile d'analyser les formes géomètriques des voûtes et les systèmes constructifs. Ensuite quelques exemples significatifs de palais et de maisons seront choisis, soit en rapport avec la dialectique de l'ancien et du nouveau, soit dans les relations entre les ouvrages auliques et les demeures bourgeoises, soit dans la recherche d'une relation rationnelle entre la forme et la structure. Enfin se posera le problème irrésolu de la formation culturelle des architectes de l'âge safavide.Le bois. Le bois, le chanār ou platanus orientalis, est depuis toujours largement employé dans l'architecture persane pour le soutien des terrasses horizontales. Les couvertures en forme de toit se trouvent rarement ẹt tout au plus aux époques qājār tardive ou moderne. On voit encore dans certaines formes modernes spontanées et paysannes des systèmes à structures de ligne homogènes, d'ascendance notoirement achéménide, par exemple dans certains ṭālārs rustiques du Mazandaran, comme celui publié par André Godard.
Elites and Classes: Confrontation or Integration
Authors: Bill James A. 
Published: September 2011

Scholars of society and politics have over the years developed a large number of theoretical approaches to assist them in understanding their subject matter. These methodological orientations necessarily affect research findings and results. Social scientists have not always been known for their toleration of any approach that differs substantially from their own. Some, therefore, harden their own approaches into doctrines while those developed by others are treated as heresies. Dogmatism triumphs over open-mindedness.Practitioners of the elite approach are as prone to this malady as are any other group of theoreticians. And for some very understandable reasons. In American political science, those who adopt an elite perspective have been unfairly but consistently attacked by the “pluralists,” i.e., those who adopt a group approach and in so doing disavow the existence and/or importance of elites. The attack takes on a nasty normative slant whereby elite scholars are insidiously identified as proponents of the phenomenon they study.
What is (Iranian) National Character? A Sociolinguistic Approach
Authors: Beeman William O. 
Published: September 2011

It is surprising, somehow, to witness the degree to which the concept of national character doggedly maintains its intuitive appeal in the social sciences. Despite widespread criticism of the use of the concept as the basis for studying human societies, few researchers find themselves able to deny that different societies seem to have a distinctive “feel” to them, and it is a rare field worker indeed who doesn't speak, informally at least, of the members of a society in which he has worked in terms of collective “psychological” characteristics. Widely used anthropological concepts such as “ethos,” “value system,” and even “culture” itself reflect this feeling in differing degrees. The inherent intuitive appeal of the national character concept persists, then, despite our best efforts to repudiate it.In trying to understand this phenomenon, it seems a vain effort to return once again to the question: “Do national characters exist?”. In place of this well-worked exercise, I feel it more profitable to turn away from the natives and focus on the epistemology of the observer.
Seeking Absolution
Authors: Hedayat Sadegh 
Published: September 2011

The scorching wind mingled the dirt and sand, blowing it in the pilgrims’ faces. The sun burned and shrivelled everything. The camels stepped to the monotonous melody of iron and brass bells, their necks swaying rhythmically, their frowning snouts and hanging muzzles revealing their dissatisfaction with their fate.Through the dust, the caravan moved slowly in the middle of the grey dirt road. The ash-colored, dry, sandy desert stretched as far as the eye could see, shimmering in the heat and at times forming a series of low mounds at the side of the road. For miles not even a date palm relieved the monotony. Wherever there was a handful of stagnant water in a ditch a family had pitched a shelter. The air burned everything, taking one's breath away. It was like stepping into the corridor of hell.The caravan had been on the road for thirty-six days. Their mouths dry, their bodies weak, their pockets empty, the pilgrims had watched their money supply diminish like snow under the hot Arabian sun.
Tribalism as a Socioeconomic Formation in Iranian History
Authors: Helfgott Leonard M. 
Published: September 2011

Historians have tended to ignore the structure of tribalism in writing the history of Iran. Numerous references to tribal leaders can be found in the literature (Turkoman, Bakhtiyari, and Qajar khans appear and reappear as important figures in Iranian political history), but the nomadic societies that produced these leaders and shaped and limited the contours of their actions have been left to the researches of anthropologists and other social scientists. While historians have undertaken detailed studies of urban and agrarian institutions, they have continued to ignore tribalism as a factor in Iranian history.Between the twelfth and the nineteenth centuries, pastoral nomads comprised approximately one-fourth of the population of Iran. Forming over two hundred separate tribal units divided into five major ethnic groupings (Turkoman, Iranian, Kurdish, Arab and Baluch), these pastoral groups have been and continue to be integral elements in the shaping of Iranian history.
Poet and Revolution: The Impact of Iran's Constitutional Revolution on the Social and Literary Outlook of the Poets of the Time: Part II
Authors: Soroudi Sorour 
Published: September 2011

Mirza Muhammad Farrokhi Yazdi suffered a long series of persecutions, imprisonments, and exile during his rather short life (1889-1939). At the age of 16, two years before the Constitutional Revolution, Farrokhi showed his national and Islamic zeal by writing poems against the authorities of the British missionary school at Yazd, where he was a student. Following the circulation of one of these poems, in which he had defended the cause of Islam against the “devilish designs” of the Christians, the headmaster expelled him from school and thereby ended his formal education. This was the first and by far the lightest punishment the poet was to suffer for his beliefs.As he himself proudly testifies, Farrokhi was a dehqān-zādeh, a peasant's son. When he was forced out of school, the peasant's son became a laborer. His family background and his own experience as a laborer greatly influenced the direction of his thought in later years.
The right to write
Authors: Gordon Gerald 
Published: September 2011

In October a new law called the ‘Publications Act 1974’ was gazetted in South Africa, replacing the ‘undesirable Publications Bill’ of 1961. In this article, reprinted from the Spring 1974 issue of the Cape Town periodical Contrast, Gerald Gordon, qc discusses the changes to be introduced by the new legislation which, he warns, ‘will impose the gravest restraint on expression and the search for truth’. We have omitted the introductory passage, in which the author shows how ‘the right to write has been menaced by the fear of ideas’ from the time of Confucius to the present day.