bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of dental care utilization among working poor Canadians
Authors: Muirhead V. E. , Quiñonez C. , Figueiredo R. , Locker D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract –  Objective:  This study used the Gelberg–Andersen Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations to identify predictors of dental care utilization by working poor Canadians.Methods:  A cross‐sectional stratified sampling study design and telephone survey methodology was used to collect data from a nationally representative sample of 1049 working poor individuals aged 18 to 64 years. Working poor persons worked ≥20 h a week, were not full‐time students and had annual family incomes <$34 300. A pretested questionnaire included sociodemographic items, self‐reported oral health measures and two dental care utilization outcomes: time since their last dental visit and the usual reason for dental visits.Results:  Hierarchical stepwise logistic analyses identified independent predictors associated with visiting the dentist >1 year ago: male gender (OR = 1.63; P = 0.005), aged 25–34 years (OR = 2.05; P = 0.02), paying for dental care with cash or credit (OR = 2.31; P < 0.001), past welfare recipients (OR = 1.65; P = 0.03), <21 teeth (OR = 4.23; P < 0.001) and having a perceived need for dental treatment (OR=2.78; P < 0.001). Sacrificing goods or services to pay for dental treatment was associated with visiting the dentist within the past year. The predictors of visiting the dentist only when in pain/trouble were lone parent status (OR = 4.04; P < 0.001), immigrant status (OR = 1.72; P = 0.006), paying for dental care with cash or credit (OR = 2.71; P < 0.001), a history of an inability to afford dental care (OR = 1.62; P = 0.01), a satisfactory/poor/very poor self‐rated oral health (OR = 2.10; P < 0.001), number of teeth <21 (OR = 2.58; P < 0.001) and having a perceived need for dental treatment (OR = 2.99; P < 0.001).Conclusions:  This study identified predisposing and enabling vulnerabilities that jeopardize the dental care‐seeking practices of working poor persons. Dental care utilization was associated with relinquishing spending on other goods and services, which suggests that dental care utilization is a competing financial demand for economically constrained adults.
Relationship of quantitative salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus in mothers to caries status and colonization of mutans streptococci in plaque in their 2.5‐year‐old children
Authors: Kishi M. , Abe A. , Kishi K. , Ohara‐Nemoto Y. , Kimura S. , Yonemitsu M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to assess the relationships of quantitative salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus in mothers with the colonization of mutans streptococci (MS) in plaque and caries status in their 2.5‐year‐old children. Furthermore, the dynamics of caries status in the children was evaluated in a 2‐year follow‐up survey.Methods:  After oral examination of 54 mother‐and‐child pairs, the saliva samples from the mothers and the plaque samples from the children were collected. The levels (log DNA copies/ml saliva) of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were quantified using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, while MS in the plaque samples were detected using a cultivation method. In addition, 50 of the 54 children participated in a 2‐year follow‐up survey of caries prevalence.Results:  In the 2.5‐year‐old children, the percentage of dft‐positive subjects and mean number of dft were significantly higher in the MS(+) group when compared with the MS(−) group. Findings from the 2‐year follow‐up survey indicated that MS(+) subjects had a persistently higher mean number of dft at 4.5 years. The 2.5‐year‐old children were divided into three groups based on the quantitative levels of salivary S. mutans and S. sobrinus in their mothers: those whose mothers had low levels of S. mutans (<4 log DNA copies/ml) and S. sobrinus (<2) (group 1); those whose mothers had a high level of S. mutans (≥4) and low level of S. sobrinus (<2) (group 2); and those whose mothers had high levels of both (≥4 and ≥2, respectively) (group 3). Among the three groups, the percentages of MS(+) and dft‐positive children were highest in group 3 and lowest in group 1. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that grouping the mothers based on salivary level of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was an efficient means to predict both MS colonization (OR = 2.96) and prevalence of dental caries (OR = 9.39) in children at 2.5 years of age.Conlusions:  In the 54 mother‐and‐child pairs tested, the maternal salivary levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus determined by real‐time PCR were significantly related to MS colonization in plaque as well as dental caries in their children at 2.5 years of age. Thus, determination of maternal levels of both organisms using the present cut‐off values is proposed as an efficient method to indicate the risks of maternal transmission of MS and childhood dental caries.
Income and oral health relationship in Brazil: is there a threshold?
Authors: Celeste Roger Keller , Nadanovsky Paulo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract – Objectives: We explored the relationship between income and two oral health outcomes in Brazil, in order to assess the shape of this relationship.Methods: Individual‐level data from a national oral health survey were obtained for 22 634 15‐ to 19‐year‐old subjects from 330 municipalities. Relationships between income (equivalized household income) and oral health were smoothed using the locally weighted ordinary least squares regression (LOWESS) technique in order to assess the relationship between material circumstances and oral health. We also ranked individuals based on equivalized household income, supplemented by information from total household income, interviewees’ earnings, number of cars in the household and years of education, in order to assess the relationship between social position and oral health.Results: The relationship between oral health and equivalized household income showed a threshold and, assuming causality, income levels higher than R$850 per month did not improve oral health further. The relationship between oral health and social position was linear. Correlations of oral health with the ranking variable (social position) were stronger than with equivalized household income, regardless of the income level, and did not decrease after controlling for income.Conclusions: The relation of oral health in teenagers with equivalized household income (material circumstances) showed a threshold, but the relation with a ranking variable (social position) was linear. Maybe differences in oral health between individuals are influenced by both their material circumstances (up to a certain level of income) and their social position in relation to others, i.e. social status (at any income level).
Alcohol intake and oral cavity cancer risk among men in a prospective study in Kerala, India
Authors: Cancela Marianna de Camargo , Ramadas Kunnambath , Fayette Jean‐Marie , Thomas Gigi , Muwonge Richard , Chapuis François , Thara Somanathan , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy , Sauvaget Catherine 
Published: April 2009

Abstract –  Objective:  The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of alcohol drinking and patterns of consumption in oral cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort study using data from the Trivandrum Oral Cancer Screening Study, India.Methods:  At baseline, the study participants completed a lifestyle questionnaire including items on frequency and duration of alcohol consumption. They were followed up for oral cancer incidence and mortality. Data from 32 347 subjects, of whom 134 eventually developed oral cancer, were analysed to estimate risk of oral cancer incidence and mortality according to drinking patterns, using a Cox regression model adjusted for age, religion, education, occupation, body mass index (BMI), standard of living index, chewing habits, smoking habits, and vegetable and fruit intake.Results:  Current and past drinkers were each associated with significantly increased risk of developing oral cancer. The hazard ratio increased significantly by 49% (95% CI = 1–121%) among current drinkers and 90% (95% CI = 13–218%) among past drinkers. A significant dose–response relationship between intake frequency, duration and oral cancer risk (incidence and mortality) was observed.Conclusions:  As with other lifestyle factors, alcohol intake plays an important role in oral carcinogenesis in this population, and understanding this role is relevant to developing public health policies targeting at‐risk population.
Emergency department visits for dental care of nontraumatic origin
Authors: Quiñonez Carlos , Gibson Debbie , Jokovic Aleksandra , Locker David 
Published: April 2009

Abstract –  Objectives:  To explore the nature of emergency department (ED) visits for dental problems of nontraumatic origin in Canada’s largest province, Ontario.Methods:  The Canadian Institute for Health Information’s National Ambulatory Care Reporting System was used, which contains demographic, diagnostic, procedural and administrative information from hospital‐based ambulatory care settings across Ontario. Data of fiscal years 2003/04 to 2005/06 were included for emergency visits that had a main problem coded with an International Classification of Diseases – 10th edition code in the range K00–K14, representing diseases of the oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws. Volumes are presented by a number of different factors in order to describe patient and visit characteristics.Results:  During this period, there were a total of 141 365 ED visits for dental problems of nontraumatic origin in Ontario, representing an estimated 116 357 persons. Approximately half of all visits (54%) were made by those 20 to 44 years old, and associated with periapical abscesses and toothaches (56%). The great majority (78%) were triaged as nonurgent, and most (93%) were discharged home.Conclusion:  ED visits for dental problems of nontraumatic origin are not insignificant. Over the study period, these visits were greater than for diabetes and hypertensive diseases. Policy efforts are needed to provide alternative options for seeking emergency dental care in Ontario.
Clinical and haematological features in a compound heterozygote (HBB:c.92 + 5G > C/HBB:c.93‐2A > C) case of thalassaemia major
Authors: AGARWAL S. , TAMHANKAR P. M. , KUMAR R. , DALAL A. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryAn Indian Muslim boy was diagnosed with thalassaemia major at 3 months of age. His blood investigations revealed haemoglobin: 5.3 gm%, MCV: 68 fl, MCH 26.6 pg, MCHC: 39%, haemoglobin variant analysis: HbA2: 2.8%, HbF: 20.3% and HbA: 75.2% (post‐transfusion). His fathers’ haemoglobin was 10.2 gm%, MCV: 68 fl, MCH: 23.9 pg, MCHC: 35% HbA2: 4.7%, HbF: 0.7% and HbA: 85.2% and his mothers’ haemoglobin was 10.9 gm%, MCV: 67.4 fl, MCH 22.6 pg, MCHC: 33.5%, HbA2: 5.3%, HbF: 0% and HbA: 85.4%. The boy was found to be compound heterozygote for beta globin gene mutations (HBB:c.92 + 5G > C/HBB:c.93‐2A > C). The mutation HBB:c.93‐2A > C was inherited from his father. This report confirms the presence of HBB:c.93‐2A > C in the Indian subcontinent and has important implications for screening and prenatal diagnosis of beta thalassaemia. This report also supports inclusion of this mutation in the beta globin gene mutation database.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for mountain mullet (Agonostomus monticola)
Authors: FELDHEIM KEVIN A. , SANCHEZ PATRICK J. , MATAMOROS WILFREDO A. , SCHAEFER JACOB F. , KREISER BRIAN R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe report on the isolation of 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci from mountain mullet (Agonostomus monticola). In the two populations sampled, loci exhibited two to 21 alleles and observed heterozygosity values ranged from 0.222 to 1.000. All loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations, and none exhibited linkage disequilibrium. Although A. monticola is an important subsistence fishery in parts of its range, little is known about its ecology and many populations appear to be experiencing declines. These microsatellite loci should prove useful in the study of population structure of A. monticola and aid in other potential conservation efforts such as the management of hatchery broodstock.
Introduction: Philosophy in and Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Authors: Brook Andrew 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDespite being there from the beginning, philosophical approaches have never had a settled place in cognitive research and few cognitive researchers not trained in philosophy have a clear sense of what its role has been or should be. We distinguish philosophyincognitive research and philosophyofcognitive research. Concerning philosophy in cognitive research, after exploring some standard reactions to this work by nonphilosophers, we will pay particular attention to the methods that philosophers use. Being neither experimental nor computational, they can leave others bewildered. Thought experiments are the most striking example but not the only one. Concerning philosophy of cognitive research, we will pay particular attention to its power to generate and test normative claims, claims about what should and should not be done.
Why Cognitive Science Needs Philosophy and Vice Versa
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: April 2009

AbstractContrary to common views that philosophy is extraneous to cognitive science, this paper argues that philosophy has a crucial role to play in cognitive science with respect to generality and normativity. General questions include the nature of theories and explanations, the role of computer simulation in cognitive theorizing, and the relations among the different fields of cognitive science. Normative questions include whether human thinking should be Bayesian, whether decision making should maximize expected utility, and how norms should be established. These kinds of general and normative questions make philosophical reflection an important part of progress in cognitive science. Philosophy operates best, however, not with a priori reasoning or conceptual analysis, but rather with empirically informed reflection on a wide range of findings in cognitive science.
Joint Action: Current Perspectives
Authors: Galantucci Bruno , Sebanz Natalie 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn recent years researchers have begun to investigate how the perceptual, motor and cognitive activities of two or more individuals become organized into coordinated action. In the first part of this introduction we identify three common threads among the ten papers of this special issue that exemplify this new line of research. First, all of the papers are grounded in the experimental study of online interactions between two or more individuals. Second, albeit at different levels of analysis, the contributions focus on the mechanisms supporting joint action. Third, many of the papers investigate empirically the pre‐requisites for the highly sophisticated forms of joint action that are typical of humans. In the second part of the introduction, we summarize each of the papers, highlighting more specific connections among them.
Less Is More: A Minimalist Account of Joint Action in Communication
Authors: Shintel Hadas , Keysar Boaz 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLanguage use can be viewed as a form of joint activity that requires the coordination of meaning between individuals. Because the linguistic signal is notoriously ambiguous, interlocutors need to draw upon additional sources of information to resolve ambiguity and achieve shared understanding. One way individuals can achieve coordination is by using inferences about the interlocutor’s intentions and mental states to adapt their behavior. However, such an inferential process can be demanding in terms of both time and cognitive resources. Here, we suggest that interaction provides interlocutors with many cues that can support coordination of meaning, even when they are neither produced intentionally for that purpose nor interpreted as signaling speakers’ intention. In many circumstances, interlocutors can take advantage of these cues to adapt their behavior in ways that promote coordination, bypassing the need to resort to deliberative inferential processes.
Joint Action: Neurocognitive Mechanisms Supporting Human Interaction
Authors: Bekkering Harold , De Bruijn Ellen R. A. , Cuijpers Raymond H. , Newman‐Norlund Roger , Van Schie Hein T. , Meulenbroek Ruud 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHumans are experts in cooperating with each other when trying to accomplish tasks they cannot achieve alone. Recent studies of joint action have shown that when performing tasks together people strongly rely on the neurocognitive mechanisms that they also use when performing actions individually, that is, they predict the consequences of their co‐actor’s behavior through internal action simulation. Context‐sensitive action monitoring and action selection processes, however, are relatively underrated but crucial ingredients of joint action. In the present paper, we try to correct the somewhat simplified view on joint action by reviewing recent studies of joint action simulation, monitoring, and selection while emphasizing the intricate interrelationships between these processes. We complement our review by defining the contours of a neurologically plausible computational framework of joint action.
Prediction in Joint Action: What, When, and Where
Authors: Sebanz Natalie , Knoblich Guenther 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDrawing on recent findings in the cognitive and neurosciences, this article discusses how people manage to predict each other’s actions, which is fundamental for joint action. We explore how a common coding of perceived and performed actions may allow actors to predict the what, when, and where of others’ actions. The “what” aspect refers to predictions about the kind of action the other will perform and to the intention that drives the action. The “when” aspect is critical for all joint actions requiring close temporal coordination. The “where” aspect is important for the online coordination of actions because actors need to effectively distribute a common space. We argue that although common coding of perceived and performed actions alone is not sufficient to enable one to engage in joint action, it provides a representational platform for integrating the actions of self and other. The final part of the paper considers links between lower‐level processes like action simulation and higher‐level processes like verbal communication and mental state attribution that have previously been at the focus of joint action research.
Just How Joint Is Joint Action in Infancy?
Authors: Carpenter Malinda 
Published: April 2009

AbstractJoint action is central to countless aspects of human life. Here I examine the roots of joint action in infancy. First, I provide evidence that—contrary to popular belief—1‐year‐old infants do have the social‐cognitive prerequisites needed to participate in joint action, even in a relatively strict sense: they can read others’ goals and intentions, they have some basic understanding of common knowledge, and they have the ability and motivation to help others achieve their goals. Then I review some evidence of infants’ and young children’s active participation in different types of joint action, from prelinguistic communication to more instrumental collaborations with others, with a particular focus on whether young children show evidence of an understanding of the commitments and obligations entailed in joint action. I conclude that the uniquely human ability and motivation to participate in joint action is already seen in infants by 1 year of age.
Combination Therapy with Digoxin and Diltiazem Controls Ventricular Rate in Chronic Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs Better than Digoxin or Diltiazem Monotherapy: A Randomized Crossover Study in 18 Dogs
Authors: Gelzer A.R.M. , Kraus M.S. , Rishniw M. , Moïse N.S. , Pariaut R. , Jesty S.A. , Hemsley S.A. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) with excessively high ventricular rates (VR) occurs in dogs with advanced heart disease. Rate control improves clinical signs in these patients. Optimal drug therapy and target VR remain poorly defined.Hypothesis: Digoxin‐diltiazem combination therapy reduces VR more than either drug alone in dogs with high VR AF.Animals: Eighteen client‐owned dogs (>15 kg) with advanced heart disease, AF, and average VR on 24‐hour Holter > 140 beats per minute (bpm).Methods: After baseline Holter recording, dogs were randomized to digoxin or diltiazem monotherapy, or combination therapy. Repeat Holter evaluation was obtained after 2 weeks; dogs were then crossed over to the other arm (monotherapy or combination therapy) for 2 weeks and a third Holter was acquired. Twenty‐four hour average VR, absolute and relative VR changes from baseline, and percent time spent within prespecified VR ranges (>140, 100–140, and <100 bpm) were compared. Correlations between serum drug concentrations and VR were examined.Results: Digoxin (median, 164 bpm) and diltiazem (median, 158 bpm) decreased VR from baseline (median, 194 bpm) less than the digoxin‐diltiazem combination (median, 126 bpm) (P < .008 for each comparison). With digoxin‐diltiazem, VR remained <140 bpm for 85% of the recording period, but remained >140 bpm for 88% of the recording period with either monotherapy. Serum drug concentrations did not correlate with VR.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: At the dosages used in this study, digoxin‐diltiazem combination therapy provided a greater rate control than either drug alone in dogs with AF.
Evaluation of a Portable Meter to Measure Ketonemia and Comparison with Ketonuria for the Diagnosis of Canine Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Tommaso M. Di , Aste G. , Rocconi F. , Guglielmini C. , Boari A. 
Published: April 2009

Background:The diagnosis of canine diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) usually is based on measurement of urinary acetoacetate (ketonuria). In humans, this test is less sensitive and specific than blood 3‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (ketonemia) evaluation.Hypothesis:Ketonemia measurement using a portable meter is more accurate than ketonuria determination with a dipstick to diagnose canine DKA.Animals:Seventy‐two client‐owned diabetic dogs with ketonemia, ketonuria, or both.Methods:Prospective observational study. Based on blood bicarbonate concentration and anion gap, dogs were divided into 2 groups: patients with DKA (n= 25); patients with diabetic ketosis (n= 47). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio (LR) at different cut‐off points were determined for both ketonemia and ketonuria. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the accuracy of each diagnostic test to diagnose DKA.Results:With regard to ketonemia, cut‐off values of 2.3 and 4.3 mmol/L revealed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, respectively, whereas cut‐off values of 2.8 and 3.5 mmol/L showed a −LR of 0.05 and a + LR of 13.16, respectively. With regard to ketonuria, a cut‐off value of 1+ revealed 92% sensitivity, 40% specificity, and −LR of 0.20, whereas a cut‐off value of 3+ revealed 44% sensitivity, 94% specificity, and +LR of 6.89. The areas under the ROC curves for the ketonemia and ketonuria tests were significantly different (0.97 and 0.81, respectively,P= .003).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Measurement of ketonemia is accurate and more effective than measurement of ketonuria to diagnose canine DKA.