bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REARING THE PENAEID SHRIMP Artemesia longinaris FROM EGG TO JUVENILE IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Boschi Enrique E. , Scelzo Marcelo A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe brown shrimp (Artemesia longinaris) has been reared in laboratory conditions from eggs to juveniles of 60 mm in total length.The ripe females are obtained from the coastal fishing grounds off Mar del Plata City (latitude of 38°S) in the spring from September to December. The depth in this zone is between 3 and 10 m. The shrimps are caught with a beam trawl commonly used by the small boats in this region. The size of the adult females reaches about 145 mm of the total length.The ripe females brought to the laboratory are put in special spawning aquaria. The spawning generally occurs within 24–48 hours. In some cases some females spawn after 4–5 days. Generally if the spawning does not take place immediately the ovary is reabsorbed.At the temperature of 17–20 C the hatching of the naupli takes place after 24–36 hours. This species has six stages of nauplius which are accomplished after 4–5 days. Afterwards the nauplius is transformed in a protozoea with its three characteristic substages. These stages last during 11–12 days. These larvae were fed on the Alga Skeletonema costatum, especially reared for this purpose. Its concentration in the aquarium with shrimp larvae was of 25,000 and 60,000 cells/ml of Skeletonema.After the stage of protozoea appears the stage of Mysis with its typical four substages appear. This stage lasts during 12–14 days. The mysis were fed on the just hatched naupli of Artemia. After the moult the mysis are transformed in postlarvae of 5.0 – 5.7 mm in length.The growth of postlarvae is relatively fast if one considers that Artemesia longinaris belongs to the species of temperate waters. According to the results obtained in the summer 1972–73 and at the end of 1973 the average growth rate was 0.3–1.0 mm/day. The shrimps reared in aquaria during 90 days from the first postlarvae reached the size of 40–60 mm total length. These animals were fed first on Artemia naupli and afterwards on minced meat of shrimp and special diet with vitamins, proteins, vegetables, etc.
Effects of Population Density on Growth and Survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii REARED IN RECIRCULATING WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS1
Authors: Sandifer Paul A. , Smith Theodore I. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGrowth and survival were monitored among juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) reared at different population densities in recirculating water management systems. Four cylindrical tanks, each with a bottom area of approximately 2.5 m2, and two rectangular raceways with bottoms about 2.8 m2in area were used in the experiments. The cylindrical tanks were stocked with 0.12 g prawns at densities of 10 to 200 animals/m2of bottom area. Juveniles of similar size were stocked in the raceways at about 200 and 400/m2in one study, and slightly smaller animals (0.07 g) were reared at densities approximating 200 and 500/m2in a second raceway experiment.Both survival and growth varied inversely with population density in all experiments. After 112 days, a mean weight of 9.2 g and survival rate of 82% were obtained among the prawns stocked at 10/m2in a cylindrical tank compared to a mean weight of 3.6 g and survival rate of 50% for those stocked at 200/m2. However, survival was good (nearly 80%) even at 200 prawns/m2for the first 60 days of the study. Similarly, in the raceways growth was relatively slow at the high population densities tested (200 to 500/m2), but survival was excellent for at least the first 6 weeks of rearing (>93% at 200 and 400/m2; about 83% at 500/m2). Survival rates remained high (≥80%) for up to 90 days at 200/m2but had decreased to 56% at 500/m2by this time.Substantial variations in prawn sizes and growth rates were observed in all experiments. The degree of variation in size within a cohort, which generally increased with mean size, appeared to be unaffected by population density. This suggests that the marked differences in individual growth rates observed within cohorts may be inherent.
Catabolism of Glucose Dissolved in Sea Water by Mysis and Postlarvae of Two Species of Penaeid Shrimp1
Authors: Hightower Michael , Lawrence Addison 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRespiration rates were determined in mysis and early postlarval stages in the shrimp species Penaeus aztecus and Penaeus setiferus. Rates in the same stages differed somewhat between the two species, being higher in Penaeus setiferus at the experimental temperature of 28 C and salinity of 32 ppt. On the basis of oxygen consumption per unit dry weight, rates were highest in the youngest stages and lower in the older stages. The ability of these organisms to catabolize D‐glucose dissolved in seawater was studied, using uniformly labeled14C‐D‐glucose. Respiratory CO2was collected, and the radioactivity determined by liquid scintillation counting. Catabolism of the dissolved D‐glucose on a per unit dry weight basis was not different between the two species at the same stage of development and was highest in the earlier stages, decreasing with increasing animal size. The results indicate that dissolved D‐glucose contributes to the total catabolic requirements in these animals. The contribution to total respiration made by dissolved glucose was very small. The potential for this contribution needs further study.
Comparative Growth of Hard Shell Ciams (Mercenaria mercenaria LINNÉ AND Mercenaria campechiensis Gmelin) and Their F1 Cross in Temperate, Subtropical, and Tropical Natural Waters and in a Tropical Artificial Upwelling Mariculture System1
Authors: Sunderlin J. B. , Brenner M. , Castagna M. , Hirota J. , Menzel R. W. , Roels O. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe growth of hard shell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria Linné and Mercenaria campechiensis Gmelin) and their F1 cross in a controlled experimental environment was compared to growth in uncontrolled natural environments. The clams were spawned by Paul Chanley of Shelter Island Oyster Company, Inc., Greenport, New York.In the controlled environment of the artificial upwelling mariculture system on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, pollutants and predators were absent and fouling was minimal. Salinity was 34.75 to 34.95 ppt and water temperature varied between 22 and 30 C during the experiment. Natural environments in temperate, subtropical, and tropical waters were selected as sites for comparative studies: Southold on Southold Bay, New York; Wachapreague on Bradfords Bay, Virginia; Alligator Harbor on the northwest Gulf Coast of Florida; Kupeke Pond in Pukoo, Molokai, Hawaii; and Salt River Inlet, St. Croix.Clams from each population‐M. mercenaria, M. campechiensis and their F1 cross‐were planted at Southold, New York, and at both St. Croix sites. Only M. campechiensis and F1 clams were sent to Virginia and Florida, and F1 clams and M. mercenaria were sent to Hawaii. Increase in length, “wet” weight, and survival were measured at the different locations from April 1973 through May‐June 1974.M. campechiensis and F1 clams reached market size (greater than 25.5 mm thick) in 6.5 to 13 months in the St. Croix artificial upwelling system. These clams did not reach market size in Southold, New York; Wachapreague, Virginia; or Salt River Inlet, St. Croix. The F1, clams in Molokai, Hawaii, and in Alligator Harbor, Florida, were close to market size when the experiment was terminated after 13 months. Survival and growth of M. mercenaria was poor in the artificial upwelling controlled environment, in Salt River Inlet, St. Croix, and in Molokai, Hawaii.
Mussel Culture Studies in Puget Sound, Washington1
Authors: Chaves Linda A. , Chew Kenneth K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe application of Spanish mussel culture techniques to Puget Sound is a relatively new concept and is still in an experimental stage. A study is being conducted to determine the availability of natural Mytilus edulis seed in Puget Sound, the suitability of several types of setting substrate, and the length of time required for the mussel to grow to market size.Two areas in Washington, Clam Bay and Seabeck Bay, were examined for mussel setting in 1974. Clam Bay proved to be unsatisfactory. Seabeck Bay provided positive results: mussel spatfalls occurred twice, once in June and once in September. Synclove rope was found to be superior to Manila rope and oyster strings.
Prevention of Microsporidosis in the Blue Crab, with Notes on Natural Infections1
Authors: Overstreet Robin M. , Whatley Edward C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTApplication with single doses of various drugs, especially buquinolate, given at the same time that the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was fed infective spores of the microsporidan Nosema michaelis, resulted in fewer crabs becoming infected than control crabs given no drugs. The disease consists of infection with the protozoan in the crab's striated muscle tissue and lysis of the tissue adjacent to infected areas. The results for the preventive treatment with drugs are mostly preliminary, since the majority of the experiments, some run in triplicate, were not repeated. The results are presented because buquinolate is effective; because we discourage testing with certain drugs using the methods described; because certain drugs appear to have deleterious effects on the crab in the doses administered; and because we want to encourage rearing of the blue crab for the soft‐shell industry. In order to prevent or treat microsporidan contamination in closed‐systems, we recommend disinfecting the system with commercial bleach or a disinfectant containing iodine. The freezing of spores was shown to be an ineffective method of destroying them.
Performance Characteristics of Air Lift Pumps of Short Length and Small Diameter
Authors: Castro W. E. , Zielinski P. B. , Sandifer P. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPerformance data in the literature on air lift pumps have been based primarily on pumps of long length and large diameter (high lift pumps). Since mariculture operations involve pumps of relatively short length and small diameter, performance data are required for efficient operation.To provide such data, an experimental apparatus was designed and fabricated to test air lift pumps from 1.27 cm to 7.62 cm inside diameter and from 30 cm to 3.7 m in length. Instrumentation was provided to measure water flow rate and air flow rate as well as water temperature, air temperature, and pressure throughout the system.Results from this study correlate well with high lift pump data in that, for a given pump geometry, maximum water flow occurs for a specific air flow rate. Driving the pump with air flows larger or smaller than this optimum flow rate will decrease the pumping rate. The optimum flows are significantly different for low lift pumps compared to high lift pumps. However, the pumping rate for low lift pumps approaches that for high lift pumps with increasing length.
Sex Steroids As Growth Promoters In The Cultivation Of Juvenile Coho Salmon(Oncorhynchus Kisutch).
Authors: McBride J.R. , Fagerlund U.H.M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStudies were carried out to determine whether the anabolic steroids 17α‐methyltestosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone, 4‐chloro‐testosterone acetate, testosterone, oxymetholone and progesterone can promote an increase in body weight when incorporated, singly, in the diet of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The steroids were administered for total periods of 32 or 34 weeks at concentrations of 1 and 10 mg/kg of diet. Significant increases in both body weight and length, at both concentrations, were recorded for 17α‐methyltestosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone, testosterone and oxymetholone. Progesterone and 4‐chlorotestosterone acetate failed to induce any change.Effects of the steroids on external characteristics, muscle composition and on the histological structure of the gonads will be presented.Preliminary results from a pilot study carried out in a hatchery environment will be used to illustrate the potential for sex steroids as growth promoters in salmon cultivation.
The Molt Cycle Of Subadult Red Swamp Crawfish, Procambarus clarkii(Girard)
Authors: Huner Jay V. , Avault James W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSubadult Procambarus clarkii, 50–60 mm total length, molt rapidly (13.1 ± 5.8 days, N = 115) at 26.7°± 1°. The premolt period (D) occupies 62% of the entire intermolt cycle. Molt may be delayed in either the intermolt period (C4) or early premolt period (D0) of the molt cycle.
A Review Of Shrimp And Prawn Nutrition
Authors: Michael B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWhile basic nutritional studies on shrimps and prawns have been few, the results of a considerable number of dietary trials, carried out under controlled conditions, have been published, principally in the U.S.A., Japan and the U.K. This paper is a condensed version of a review of published work in this field (New, 1976). The difficulties of making quantitative comparisons between the work of different authors are discussed and some suggestions for standardizing techniques and improving data presentation in dietary trials with shrimp are made.
A Method For Obtaining Metaphase Chromosome Spreads From Marine Shrimp With Notes On The Karyotypes Of: Penaeus aztecus, Penaeus setiferus, and Penaeus duorarum
Authors: Milligan D. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA method for demonstrating metaphase chromosome spreads from the hepato‐pancreas tissue of marine shrimp is described. The chromosome numbers for Penaeus aztecus 2n=88, Penaeus setiferus 2n=90, and Penaeus duorarum 2n=88 are given.
Performance Characteristics Of Pond Aeration Devices
Authors: Mitchell Richard E. , Kirby Aubrey M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA study was made of the performance characteristics of various pond aeration devices in order to identify an effective system to use in the culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Initial screening work was conducted in the laboratory and examined several porous sparger type devices and a jet exhauster system. Comparisons were made on the basis of the overall volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient, aeration efficiency and economy of operation. A sparger type aerator constructed using DuPont's Viaflo tubing was found to be the best candidate at this point.Work subsequently shifted to the pond site where the laboratory candidates were tested along with some larger mechanical aerators and several types of jet exhausters and eductors. Comparisons were made on the basis of the oxygen transfer capability, economy of operation, initial capital cost, and maintenance requirements. Six ponds, ranging in size from 0.03 ha to 0.17 ha, were in operation and stocked with prawns of various sizes from post‐larvae to adults.A mechanical entrainment device called an Air‐O‐Lator turned out to be excellent from an oxygen transfer standpoint and would be a good choice for pond aeration except where water depth is less than 0.7 m. The sparger type aerators constructed of Viaflo tubing were the most economical to operate but encountered a maintenance problem due to algae growth. The exhauster and eductor type devices transfer large amounts of oxygen, but require a lot of energy to do so. Overall economics show the Air‐O‐Lator and Viaflo about equal in total cost with a slight advantage to the Air‐O‐Lator because of its superior maintenance record.
The Effect Of Salinity On The Crowth Of Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Perdue J. A. , Nakamura H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTJuvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii were grown in the four salinity treatments; freshwater, 2 ppt, 8.5 ppt and 15 ppt. Best growth occurred in the lower salinity (2 ppt), while growth was impaired at the highest salinity (15 ppt). Implications of the results on the hypothesis that growth in aquatic organisms may be enhanced in isosmotic media are discussed.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON THE FEASIBILITY OF PRODUCING BULL MINNOWS (Fundulus grandis) FOR THE LIVE BAIT INDUSTRY1
Authors: Tatum Walter M. , Helton Robert F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBull minnows are used extensively as live bait along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Fish used in this industry are generally trapped from marsh pools or seined from open bodies of water. Since the species is not available from commercial hatcheries, supply rarely meets demand. Experiments at Claude Peteet Mariculture Center, Gulf Shores, Alabama demonstrated the capability of Fundulus grandis to spawn in brackish water ponds, utilize commercial fish feeds, and produce economical gains in grow‐out ponds. Standing crops of 570.3 kg/ha of marketable fish were produced in a pond stocked at 125,000/ha receiving supplemental feeding and 249.5 kg/ha from one pond stocked at 62,500/ha receiving only applications of organic fertilizer. This production was attained in 95 and 82 days of culture from the fed and unfed ponds, respectively. Observations on spawning activity are made.
WATER QUALITY‐TILAPIA AUREA INTERACTIONS IN PONDS RECEIVING SWINE AND POULTRY WASTES
Authors: Stickney Robert R. , Hesby John H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTJuvenile Tilapia aurea were reared from June through early October, 1976 in ponds at densities of approximately 6,000/ha with the following treatments: 1) control, 2) 210 laying hens/ha, 3) 222 hogs/ha, 4) 74 hogs/ha, and 5) 25 hogs/ha. Poultry or swine were maintained over the ponds in suspended cages and slotted floor pens, respectively, to allow waste products and spilled feed to fall directly into the water. Rapid growth of T. aurea occurred throughout most of the experiment in the ponds receiving chicken waste and the two lowest levels of hog waste. Poorest fish growth was obtained in the pond receiving the highest level of hog waste, with the non‐fed control fish demonstrating slightly better growth than those in the 222 hogs/ha pond. A complete fish kill occurred in the pond receiving the intermediate level of hog waste near the termination of the experiment. It is hypothesized that a combination of deteriorating water quality and the complete coverage of the pond surface by duckweed contributed to the mortality.Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were satisfactory in the control ponds and the pond receiving poultry waste, and were generally acceptable in the 25 hogs/ha pond. Morning DO levels (between 0800 and 1030) of less than 2.0 mg/l were common in the other two ponds receiving hog waste. Ammonia levels (as NH3 nitrogen) were generally low except in ponds receiving the waste from 222 and 74 hogs/ha. Values in the 222 hogs/ha pond reached in excess of 50 mg/1 and contributed to the high level of mortality which occurred in that pond during the experiment.T. aurea reared on poultry and swine wastes can be used directly for human consumption or they can be fed back to the livestock as a feed supplement. In addition, the use of ponds to collect terrestrial animal waste eliminates many of the odor and fly problems associated with animal feeding operations.
BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF CULTURE OF SEA CATFISH Galeichthys caerulescens (GUNTHER) IN THE COASTAL LAGOONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF MEXICO1
Authors: Yáñez‐Arancibia Alejandro 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe food, feeding habits, trophic relationships, growth, sexual maturity, reproduction and ecologic relationships of the sea catfish, Galeichthys caerulescens (Gunther) in the coastal lagoon system of the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico are discussed. The species is very important in number and biomass in all estuarine environments on the mexican Pacific coast.The investigation shows the sea catfish as predominantly a second or third level carnivore which consumes fish, decapod crustaceans, insects, molluscs, annelids, isopods, nematodes, copepods, ostracods, detritus and organic material, plants and inorganic sediments. These trophic relationships vary both qualitatively and quantitatively according to: (1) food available, (2) season of the year, (3) location within the lagoon and its physical and chemical characteristics, and (4) age of the fish. Stomach contents were studied using volumetric and gravimetric methods and frequency of occurrence, and also by calculating an index of relative importance for each trophic group.The population studies reveal that length increases very rapidly up to 180 mm total length but with little increase in weight. Thereafter, the length weight curve shows a marked inflection caused by sharp increase in weight with the relatively slow increase in length. The population reaches sexual maturity (gonadal phase III) at an average 200 mm T.L. with the females maturing at a length (180–190 mm T.L.) smaller that of the male (210 mm T.L.).The investigations indicate that there is a marked sexual dimorphism associated with reproductive activities. There are many more females than males in the populations studied. The eggs are large with a high proportion of yolk, they are fertilized externally and incubated in the oral cavity of the male. The embryological development is described on the basis of 5 distinct embryonic stages. The reproductive period of the population is long with the greater number of eggs and larvae being incubated during the months of May and October, Reproduction occurs in waters with salinities of less than 15 ppt.No other fish prey on the sea catfish in the lagoons; however, the species does contribute to the exporation of energy from the lagoon system due to predation by man and certain birds. Tolerance ranges of temperature are from 19 to 35°C and of salinity from 0 to 45 ppt.
STIMULATION AND DEPRESSION OF GROWTH, FAT STORAGE, AND GONAD WEIGHT BY DAILY STIMULUS IN THE TELEOST FISH, Tilapía aurea1
Authors: Meier Albert H. , Horseman Nelson D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA daily interval of sound, or mechanical stimulation, had varying effects on the growth rates, fat stores, and gonad weights in Tilapia aurea treated for several weeks. The effects were stimulatory, inhibitory or ineffective depending on the time of day during which they were administered. Weight gain over a 25 day period was 80% better in fish exposed daily to a sonic stimulus at dawn (20 minutes) than in non‐exposed fish. Length increases, fat content and gonad size similarly could be altered by provision of stimulus at various times of the day.
A MASS FEARING SYSTEM FOR THE CULTURE OF BRACHYURAN CRAB LARVAE1
Authors: Hartman Michael C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA system has been designed and evaluated for mass rearing of brachyuran crab larvae. Cancer magister larvae were reared through five developmental stages without the use of antibiotics. The physical design which may be flow‐through or recirculating emphasizes low maintenance and unlimited scale‐up potential. The system concept involves a slow upwelling water column which tends to offset passive sinking and creates a constant flowing, well oxygenated, growing environment. The system and evaluation study will be discussed.
THE CULTURE OF BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia Salina) UNDER SEMI‐CONTROLLED CONDITIONS1
Authors: Rogers Larry O. , Johnston Richard S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDuring the summer of 1975 the authors cultured Artemia salina on the campus of Oregon State University in outdoor ponds. This prepilot production scheme was part of an attempt to analyze the economic feasibility of producing Artemia eggs under semi‐controlled conditions.Among the findings were the following: (1) Fertilizer may have an inhibitory effect on the excystment of Artemia eggs; (2) Algae, through absorption of metallic ions, may remove this inhibitory effect; (3) Metallic ions in the fertilizers may have no effect on Artemia after excystment; (4) The addition of NaCl to sea water is important in the culture of brine shrimp; (5) Artemia, in shallow ponds, can overwinter as adults and juveniles, surviving belowfreezing air temperatures. These findings are important in understanding the cost/volume relationships associated with brine shrimp aquaculture.