bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with de novo major depression
Authors: Pasco Julie A. , Nicholson Geoffrey C. , Williams Lana J. , Jacka Felice N. , Henry Margaret J. , Kotowicz Mark A. , Schneider Hans G. , Leonard Brian E. , Berk Michael 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundAlthough there is cross-sectional evidence that changes in the immune system contribute to the pathophysiology of depression, longitudinal data capable of elucidating cause and effect relationships are lacking.AimsWe aimed to determine whether subclinical systemic inflammation, as measured by serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration, is associated with an increased risk of de novo major depressive disorder.MethodMajor depressive disorder was diagnosed using a clinical interview (SCID–I/NP). This is a retrospective cohort study; from a population-based sample of 1494 randomly selected women recruited at baseline during the period 1994–7, 822 were followed for a decade and provided measures of both exposure and outcome. Of these women, 644 (aged 20–84 years) had no prior history of depression at baseline and were eligible for analysis.ResultsDuring 5827 person-years of follow-up, 48 cases of de novo major depressive disorder were identified. The hazard ratio (HR) for depression increased by 44% for each standard deviation increase in log-transformed hsCRP (ln-hsCRP) (HR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.04–1.99), after adjusting for weight, smoking and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Further adjustment for other lifestyle factors, medications and comorbidity failed to explain the observed increased risk for depression.ConclusionsSerum hsCRP is an independent risk marker for de novo major depressive disorder in women. This supports an aetiological role for inflammatory activity in the pathophysiology of depression.
Quality of life of people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychotic disorders
Authors: Saarni Samuli I. , Viertiö Satu , Perälä Jonna , Koskinen Seppo , Lönnqvist Jouko , Suvisaari Jaana 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundHealth utility and quality of life (QoL) are increasingly important outcome measures in healthcare and health economics.AimsTo compare the loss of subjective QoL and utility-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) associated with psychotic disorders.MethodA representative sample of 8028 Finns was screened for psychotic disorders and bipolar I disorder. Lifetime psychotic disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV and/or case records. Health-related quality of life was measured with EQ–5D and 15D, and QoL was measured with a 10-point scale.ResultsSchizoaffective disorder was associated with the largest losses of QoL and HRQoL, with bipolar I disorder associated with similar or smaller losses than schizophrenia. Current depressive symptoms explained most of the losses.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms are the strongest predictors of poor QoL/HRQoL in psychotic disorders. Subjective loss of QoL associated with psychotic disorders may be smaller than objective loss of functioning suggests. The EQ–5D is problematic as an outcome measure in psychotic disorders.Declarations of interestNone.
Mental health of UK military personnel while on deployment in Iraq
Authors: Mulligan Kathleen , Jones Norman , Woodhead Charlotte , Davies Mark , Wessely Simon , Greenberg Neil 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundMost research on the mental health of UK armed forces personnel has been conducted either before or after deployment; there is scant evidence concerning personnel while they are on deployment.AimsTo assess the mental health of UK armed forces personnel deployed in Iraq and identify gaps in the provision of support on operations.MethodPersonnel completed a questionnaire about their deployment experiences and health status. Primary outcomes were psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire–12, GHQ–12), symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and self-rating of overall health.ResultsOf 611 participants, 20.5% scored above the cut-off on the GHQ–12 and 3.4% scored as having probable PTSD. Higher risk of psychological distress was associated with younger age, female gender, weaker unit cohesion, poorer perceived leadership and non-receipt of a pre-deployment stress brief. Perceived threat to life, poorer perceived leadership and non-receipt of a stress brief were risk factors for symptoms of PTSD. Better self-rated overall health was associated with being a commissioned officer, stronger unit cohesion and having taken a period of rest and recuperation. Personnel who reported sick for any reason during deployment were more likely to report psychological symptoms. Around 11% reported currently being interested in receiving help for a psychological problem.ConclusionsIn an established operational theatre the prevalence of common psychopathology was similar to rates found in non-deployed military samples. However, there remains scope for further improving in-theatre support mechanisms, raising awareness of the link between reporting sick and mental health and ensuring implementation of current policy to deliver pre-deployment stress briefs.
Polymorphisms in BDNF (Val66Met) and 5-HTTLPR, morning cortisol and subsequent depression in at-risk adolescents
Authors: Goodyer Ian M. , Croudace Tim , Dudbridge Frank , Ban Maria , Herbert Joe 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundThere is increasing evidence for genetic effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary axis system. More than one gene is likely to moderate corticoid-mediated activity.AimsTo investigate whether the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism (rs6265, Val66Met) is associated with morning waking salivary cortisol and moderates the corticoid-mediated risk for subsequent depressive episode onset independently of the known effects of 5-HTTLPR (the serotonin transporter gene promoter).MethodHigh-risk adolescents (n = 401) were genotyped for Val66Met BDNF and 5-HTTLPR. Salivary samples were obtained on four consecutive school days within 1 h of waking. There were 365 (91%) remaining participants reassessed at 12 months for episodes of psychiatric disorder in the follow-up period. Of these, 357 (89%) had complete data for multivariate modelling.ResultsThere were 41 (11.2%) individuals who reported a new episode of clinical depression over the follow-up period. Increased risk for subsequent depression was found in carriers of the Val66Val genotype in BDNF with higher morning waking cortisol. This remained present when the known interaction between carriers of a short allele of 5-HTTLPR with higher morning salivary cortisol was taken into account.ConclusionsBoth BDNF and 5-HTTLPR genes show evidence of modifying the risk of a subsequent new depressive episode associated with elevated morning salivary cortisol. In adolescents morning salivary cortisol levels may constitute a biomarker for some forms of unipolar depression.
Common mental disorders, subthreshold symptoms and disability: longitudinal study
Authors: Rai Dheeraj , Skapinakis Petros , Wiles Nicola , Lewis Glyn , Araya Ricardo 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIn a representative sample of the UK population we found that common mental disorders (as a group and in ICD–10 diagnostic categories) and subthreshold psychiatric symptoms at baseline were both independently associated with new-onset functional disability and significant days lost from work at 18-month follow-up. Subthreshold symptoms contributed to almost half the aggregate burden of functional disability and over 32 million days lost from work in the year preceding the study. Leaving these symptoms unaccounted for in surveys may lead to gross underestimation of disability related to psychiatric morbidity.
From predisposition to illness: genetically sensitive intermediate pathways to mood disorders
Authors: Duffy Anne 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe contemporary model of mood disorders proposes that multiple susceptibility genes interact with multiple other risk factors. However, the specific nature of the genetic vulnerability and the intermediate causal pathways are not known. In this edition of the Journal, Goodyer and colleagues report new findings suggesting genetic moderation of an association between elevated cortisol and depression in high-risk adolescents.
Authorship, gender and geography in journals published by the
Royal College of Psychiatrists
Authors: Ochuko-Emore Mercy E. , Beezhold Julian , Morakinyo Jide 
Published: October 2010

Aims and methodTo determine female authorship of original articles and editorials
between January 1997 and December 2008 in the British Journal of
Psychiatry and the Psychiatric Bulletin.
Editorials from Advances in Psychiatric Treatment and
the geographical region of the female first author of original articles
were also included in the study.ResultsThe gender was determined for 99.2% of the 2324 first authors of original
articles and 100% of the 614 editorials. The percentage of original
articles by female first authors fluctuated over the study period,
ranging from 22.5 to 42.1% (mean 33.6) in the British Journal of
Psychiatry, and from 25.5 to 46.8% (mean 37.6) in the
Psychiatric Bulletin. There was a gross
underrepresentation of females as first authors of editorials in all
three journals. The percentage of female first authors of original
articles from low- and middle-income countries ranged from 0.3 to 3.4% in
both the British Journal of Psychiatry and the
Psychiatric Bulletin.Clinical implicationsThere is an increasing trend in female first authorship of original
articles. However, females remain underrepresented, especially in
editorials, in the British psychiatric journals examined. The
representation of female first authors from low- and middle-income
countries is disproportionately low. Strategies to address these
inequalities should be implemented.
What is the core expertise of the psychiatrist?
Authors: Craddock Nick , Kerr Mike , Thapar Anita 
Published: October 2010

SummaryPsychiatrists make important and specific contributions to the care of those
with mental health problems and high-quality services should enable patients
to benefit optimally from a psychiatrist's distinctive skills. In this
article we seek to identify and consider the core expertise of the
psychiatrist.
The flow fields involved in hydrodynamic imaging by blind Mexican cave fish (Astyanax fasciatus). Part I: open water and heading towards a wall
Authors: Windsor Shane P. , Norris Stuart E. , Cameron Stuart M. , Mallinson Gordon D. , Montgomery John C. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY
Blind Mexican cave fish (Astyanax fasciatus) sense the presence of nearby objects by sensing changes in the water flow around their body. The information available to the fish using this hydrodynamic imaging ability depends on the properties of the flow field it generates while gliding and how this flow field is altered by the presence of objects. Here, we used particle image velocimetry to measure the flow fields around gliding blind cave fish as they moved through open water and when heading towards a wall. These measurements, combined with computational fluid dynamics models, were used to estimate the stimulus to the lateral line system of the fish. Our results showed that there was a high-pressure region around the nose of the fish, low-pressure regions corresponding to accelerated flow around the widest part of the body and a thick laminar boundary layer down the body. When approaching a wall head-on, the changes in the stimulus to the lateral line were confined to approximately the first 20% of the body. Assuming that the fish are sensitive to a certain relative change in lateral line stimuli, it was found that swimming at higher Reynolds numbers slightly decreased the distance at which the fish could detect a wall when approaching head-on, which is the opposite to what has previously been expected. However, when the effects of environmental noise are considered, swimming at higher speed may improve the signal to noise ratio of the stimulus to the lateral line.
Long-term effects of the trehalase inhibitor trehazolin on trehalase activity in locust flight muscle
Authors: Wegener Gerhard , Macho Claudia , Schlöder Paul , Kamp Günter , Ando Osamu 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY
Trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) hydrolyzes the main haemolymph sugar of insects, trehalose, into the essential cellular substrate glucose. Trehalase in locust flight muscle is bound to membranes that appear in the microsomal fraction upon tissue fractionation, but the exact location in vivo has remained elusive. Trehalase has been proposed to be regulated by a novel type of activity control that is based on the reversible transformation of a latent (inactive) form into an overt (active) form. Most trehalase activity from saline-injected controls was membrane-bound (95%) and comprised an overt form (∼25%) and a latent form (75%). Latent trehalase could be assayed only after the integrity of membranes had been destroyed. Trehazolin, a potent tight-binding inhibitor of trehalase, is confined to the extracellular space and has been used as a tool to gather information on the relationship between latent and overt trehalase. Trehazolin was injected into the haemolymph of locusts, and the trehalase activity of the flight muscle was determined at different times over a 30-day period. Total trehalase activity in locust flight muscle was markedly inhibited during the first half of the interval, but reappeared during the second half. Inhibition of the overt form preceded inhibition of the latent form, and the time course suggested a reversible precursor–product relation (cycling) between the two forms. The results support the working hypothesis that trehalase functions as an ectoenzyme, the activity of which is regulated by reversible transformation of latent into overt trehalase.
Biparental mucus feeding: a unique example of parental care in an Amazonian cichlid
Authors: Buckley Jonathan , Maunder Richard J. , Foey Andrew , Pearce Janet , Val Adalberto L. , Sloman Katherine A. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY
Vertebrates display a wide variety of parental care behaviours, including the guarding of offspring pre and post nutritional independence as well as the direct provision of nutrients during the early development period. The Amazonian cichlid Symphysodon spp. (discus fish) is unusual among fish species, in that both parents provide offspring with mucus secretions to feed from after hatching. This extensive provision of care, which can last up to a month, imposes a physiological demand on both parents and gives rise to conflict between the parent and offspring. Here, we investigated the relationship between parents and offspring during a breeding cycle, determining both mucus composition (total protein, cortisol, immunoglobulin, and Na+, K+ and Ca2+ concentrations) and the behavioural dynamics of the parent–offspring relationship. Over the course of a breeding cycle, a significant increase in offspring bite rate was recorded, with a concomitant increase in the frequency of turns the male and female parent took at caring for their young. A peak in mucus antibody provision was seen as offspring reached the free-swimming stage, suggesting a role analogous to colostrum provision in mammals. Mucus protein content was lowest during the second and third weeks of free swimming, and a weaning period, similar to that seen in mammalian parental care, occurred when the offspring had been free swimming for ∼3 weeks. In many ways, the parental behaviour of discus fish is more similar to mammalian and avian parental care than other fish species, and represents an exciting aquatic model for studying the parent–offspring conflict.
Relationships between metabolic status, corticosterone secretion and maintenance of innate and adaptive humoral immunities in fasted re-fed mallards
Authors: Bourgeon Sophie , Kauffmann Marion , Geiger Sylvie , Raclot Thierry , Robin Jean-Patrice 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY
The prolonged exposure of birds to environmental stressors known to affect energy status and glucocorticoid secretion may have several physiological consequences including a decrease in immunocompetence, further compromising the survival of individuals. However, the relationships between these parameters remain poorly understood. To this end, changes in body energy content, plasma corticosterone, adaptive (total plasma immunoglobulin Y; IgY) and innate (natural antibodies; NAbs) immune systems were assessed in female mallards (Anas plathyrhynchos) throughout prolonged fasts of different intensities and subsequent re-feeding. Plasma IgY and NAb scores were decreased by 36% and 50%, respectively, during phase II of fasting (protein-sparing phase) and by up to 40% and 80%, respectively, during phase III (protein-wasting phase), indicating a selective regulation of immune function. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a trade-off between immune function and other energy-demanding activities. However, despite full repletion of fuel reserves and NAbs, only 76% of initial IgY levels were recovered, further supporting a trade-off between innate and adaptive branches of immunity. Although fasting induced significant increases in corticosterone levels to up to 6 times higher than baseline levels during phase III, baseline levels were recovered within 1 day of re-feeding. Our data do not support the hypothesis of a direct regulation of immunocompetence by corticosterone, at least during periods of energy repletion. Finally, the mismatch between the kinetics of body fuels and the two arms of the immune system during fasting and re-feeding suggests that variations in immune system components do not strictly covary with body mass under fluctuating food conditions.
Short-range allelochemicals from a plant–herbivore association: a singular case of oviposition-induced synomone for an egg parasitoid
Authors: Conti E. , Salerno G. , Leombruni B. , Frati F. , Bin F. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY
Oviposition-induced plant synomones are semiochemical cues used by egg parasitoids during host selection, and are therefore considered important elements of plant defence. In this paper we show that, in the tritrophic system Brassica oleracea–Murgantia histrionica–Trissolcus brochymenae, the latter responded in a closed arena and in a static olfactometer to induced chemicals that are perceived from a very short range and after parasitoid contact with the leaf surface opposite the treated surface. An additive or synergistic effect due to (1) egg deposition, (2) feeding punctures and (3) chemical footprints of M. histrionica was observed. When all three phases were present, the parasitoid reacted to the induced synomone locally on the treated leaf area, at a close distance to the treated area, and on the leaf above the treated one, showing that there is also a systemic effect. When plants with host footprints combined with feeding punctures or with oviposition were tested, responses were obtained both locally and at a close distance, whereas in the remaining assays only local responses were observed. Induction time was less than 24 h, whereas signal duration was apparently related to the suitability of the host eggs, as parasitoids did not respond to plants carrying old or hatched eggs. These oviposition-induced short-range plant synomones might have an important role in the host location process after parasitoid landing on the plant, in different combinations with the host kairomones involved in the system studied here.
The mechanics of the adhesive locomotion of terrestrial gastropods
Authors: Lai Janice H. , del Alamo Juan C. , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Javier , Lasheras Juan C. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY
Research on the adhesive locomotion of terrestrial gastropods is gaining renewed interest as it provides a source of guidance for the design of soft biomimetic robots that can perform functions currently not achievable by conventional rigid vehicles. The locomotion of terrestrial gastropods is driven by a train of periodic muscle contractions (pedal waves) and relaxations (interwaves) that propagate from their tails to their heads. These ventral waves interact with a thin layer of mucus secreted by the animal that transmits propulsive forces to the ground. The exact mechanism by which these propulsive forces are generated is still a matter of controversy. Specifically, the exact role played by the complex rheological and adhesive properties of the mucus is not clear. To provide quantitative data that could shed light on this question, we use a newly developed technique to measure, with high temporal and spatial resolution, the propulsive forces that terrestrial gastropods generate while crawling on smooth flat surfaces. The traction force measurements demonstrate the importance of the finite yield stress of the mucus in generating thrust and are consistent with the surface of the ventral foot being lifted with the passage of each pedal wave. We also show that a forward propulsive force is generated beneath each stationary interwave and that this net forward component is balanced by the resistance caused by the outer rim of the ventral foot, which slides at the speed of the center of mass of the animal. Simultaneously, the animal pulls the rim laterally inward. Analysis of the traction forces reveals that the kinematics of the pedal waves is far more complex than previously thought, showing significant spatial variation (acceleration/deceleration) as the waves move from the tail to the head of the animal.
Prey type, vibrations and handling interactively influence spider silk expression
Authors: Blamires S. J. , Chao I.-C. , Tso I.-M. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYThe chemical and mechanical properties of spider major ampullate (MA) silks vary in response to different prey, mostly via differential expression of two genes – MaSp1 and MaSp2 – although the spinning process exerts additional influence over the mechanical properties of silk. The prey cues that initiate differential gene expression are unknown. Prey nutrients, vibratory stimuli and handling have been suggested to be influential. We performed experiments to decouple the vibratory stimuli and handling associated with high and low kinetic energy prey (crickets vs flies) from their prey nutrients to test the relative influence of each as inducers of silk protein expression in the orb web spider Nephila pilipes. We found that the MA silks from spiders feeding on live crickets had greater percentages of glutamine, serine, alanine and glycine than those from spiders feeding on live flies. Proline composition of the silks was unaffected by feeding treatment. Increases in alanine and glycine in the MA silks of the live-cricket-feeding spiders indicate a probable increase in MaSp1 gene expression. The amino acid compositions of N. pilipes feeding on crickets with fly stimuli and N. pilipes feeding on flies with cricket stimuli did not differ from each other or from pre-treatment responses, so these feeding treatments did not induce differential MaSp expression. Our results indicate that cricket vibratory stimuli and handling interact with nutrients to induce N. pilipes to adjust their gene expression to produce webs with mechanical properties appropriate for the retention of this prey. This shows that spiders can genetically alter their silk chemical compositions and, presumably, mechanical properties upon exposure to different prey types. The lack of any change in proline composition with feeding treatment in N. pilipes suggests that the MaSp model determined for Nephila clavipes is not universally applicable to all Nephila.