bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wrongful Termination by the Employing Entity
Authors: FREEDLAND FBA MARK R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the association between the unrestricted notice rule and the remedial approach to wrongful dismissal is crucial to the understanding of the whole of the law of termination of personal work contracts. The unrestricted notice rule and the remedial approach to wrongful dismissal have formed a nexus or complex of ideas, the combined impact of which upon the law of termination of personal work contracts has been allowed to become and to remain a dominant one. The chapter calls into question that domination, in the sense that it questions whether a body of law of termination of personal work contracts constructed around that central theoretical complex can adequately meet the various interpretative demands currently made upon it.
Termination by Other Means
Authors: FREEDLAND FBA MARK R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the law of personal employment work contracts has developed in such a way and to such a point that it is extremely difficult to provide a clear and logical overall account of the law relating to the evolution, termination, and transformation of those contracts. The case law and legislation, upon which such an account would have to be based, have become intractably complex, to the point where it can be considered impossible to resolve all the intricacies, ambiguities, and inconsistencies to which they give rise. The first part of the chapter proposes a general theory of termination and transformation, which seeks to explain the causes of those difficulties, and presents a conceptual scheme which may help minimize them. The remainder of the chapter develops and applies the general theory in relation to the specific aspects of termination and transformation.
Transformation and Transfer
Authors: FREEDLAND FBA MARK R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the category of transformation. The first section considers the topic of transformation and its relation to those of formation and termination, in terms of an underlying notion of the elasticity of the personal employment contract. The remainder of the chapter discusses the particular dimensions of transformation, specifically those of (1) change mode or suspension, and (2) change of parties to the personal employment contract. The chapter concludes by considering the complex topic of transfer of contracts under the TUPE Regulations.
Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958
Authors: Fieldhouse D. K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The term ‘Fertile Crescent’ is commonly used to refer to the group of territories extending around the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates. In this book, it is assumed to consist of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and Palestine. Much has been written on the history of these countries, which originated from the Ottoman Empire after 1918 and became Mandates under the League of Nations. This book provides a comparative overview of how Britain and France came to rule these five portions of the Ottoman empire during 1914-1958 and how they dealt with them. It examines contrasting imperial techniques for controlling these temporary dependencies, as well as the interaction between western imperialism in its final phase and the power of nascent Arab nationalism. Essentially, these European powers converted what had been relatively quiescent provinces of the Ottoman empire into some of the least stable and internationally explosive states in the world. This was certainly not the intention of the mandatory powers, and the reasons for this outcome are specific to each of the five territories. This book investigates why it happened.
War and Partition of Ottoman Empire, 1914–1922
Authors: Fieldhouse D. K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In November 1914, the Ottoman empire went to war against Russia, Britain, and France. On October 31, 1918, by the Armistice of Mudros, the war ended with the Ottoman armies suffering almost total defeat. The result was the dismemberment of the empire and, after a further four years of confusion and fighting, the emergence of the state of Turkey in Anatolia and a small part of Eastern Thrace, north of Istanbul, and of five newly defined territories under British or French control called mandates. This chapter examines why the Ottomans went to war on the side of Germany and against the Entente, and how they fought their war; the aims and war strategies of the British and French, and how they fit with the aims of the Arabs, particularly the Hashemites; and how far these various aims were realized during the period of diplomacy and fighting between 1918 and 1922.
Introduction: Gut and Anti-Gut
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The book studies relations of condensed matter with particle physics and cosmology. The fundamental links between cosmology and particle physics have been well established and is widely exploited in the description of the physics of the early universe (baryogenesis, cosmological nucleosynthesis, etc.). The connection of these two fields with the third ingredient of modern physics — condensed matter — allows us to simulate the least understood features of high-energy physics and cosmology: the properties of the quantum vacuum (also called aether, spacetime foam, quantum foam, Planck medium, etc.). The new concept inspired by condensed matter physics is opposite to the fundamental concept of broken symmetries used in Grand Unification Theory (GUT). In the anti-GUT scenario, gravity and the relativistic quantum field theory, such as the Standard Model of particle physics and GUT, are effective theories. They are emergent phenomena arising in the low-energy corner of the physical vacuum, where the system acquires physical laws and symmetries, which it did not have at higher energy.
Two-Fluid Hydrodynamics
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe analog of matter in the background of superfluid vacuum consists of quanta of sound waves (phonons), which form a dilute gas. This gas of quasiparticles represents the so-called normal component of the liquid, which bears all the entropy of the liquid. In a local equilibrium, the normal component is characterised by temperature and its velocity. The two-fluid hydrodynamics is the system of equations describing the motion of two subsystems — the superfluid vacuum and normal component. Dynamics of normal component fully reproduces the dynamics of relativistic matter in the presence of a gravity field. Though the corresponding ‘Einstein equations’ for ‘gravity’ itself are not covariant, by using the proper superflow fields many phenomena related to the classical and quantum behavior of matter in curved spacetime can be simulated, including black-hole physics. This chapter also considers energy momentum tensor for matter, effective acoustic metric, the meaning of covariant and contravariant components of 4-momentum, particle current and quasiparticle momentum, normal and superfluid densities, global and local thermodynamic equilibrium, Tolman's law, and event horizon.
Three Levels of Phenomenology of Superfluid 3He
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere are three levels of phenomenology of 3He-A: the Ginzburg–Landau level in the vicinity of transition temperature, the London level which studies statics and dynamics of the soft variables describing the ‘vacuum’ in the vicinity of a given vacuum manifold, and the analog of the relativistic quantum field theory that arises in 3He-A in the low temperature limit. This chapter examines these three levels in more detail and discusses different contributions to particle current including the fermionic charge, chemical potential for quasiparticles, Fermi surface emerging from the Fermi point, non-zero density of states in the presence of flow which leads to nonzero normal component at zero temperature, parameters of effective theory in London limit and fundamental constants, how to improve quantum liquid to make the closer connection to relativistic quantum fields, the universal temperature correction to Newton constant in general and in effective gravity emerging in 3He-A in particular, and the hierarchy of Planck scales as origin of precision of symmetries in effective theory.
Topological Classification Of Defects
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe effective metric and effective gauge fields are simulated in superfluids by the inhomogeneity of the superfluid vacuum. In superfluids, many inhomogeneous configurations of the vacuum are stable and thus can be experimentally investigated in detail, since they are protected by r-space topology. In particular, the effect of the chiral anomaly has been verified using such topologically stable objects as vortex-skyrmions in 3He-A and quantized vortices in 3He-B. Other topological objects can produce non-trivial effective metrics. In addition, many topological defects have almost direct analogs in some relativistic quantum field theory. Topological defects are results of spontaneously broken symmetry. This chapter discusses the spontaneous symmetry breaking both in 3He-A and 3He-B, which is responsible for topologically stable objects in these phases, and analogous ‘superfluid’ phases in high-energy physics, such as chiral and color superfluidity in quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
Symmetry Breaking In 3He-A And Singular Vortices
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe symmetry breaking pattern in A-phase of 3He is similar to that in electroweak phase transition. This chapter discusses the topology of singular topological defects in 3He-A and in analogous phases in high-energy physics. There are two types of hedgehog in 3He-A — one is analogous to ‘t Hooft–Polyakov magnetic monopole, while another one to Dirac monopole terminating Dirac string. Among the linear defects there is half-quantum vortex, which is analog of Alice string. A particle that moves around an Alice string continuously flips its charge, or parity, or enters the ‘shadow’ world. The pure mass vortex can continuously transform to disclination which is analog of antigravitating string. Singular doubly quantized vortex, which is analog of electroweak Z-string, is topologically unstable and may decay into non-singular texture. The fractional vorticity and fractional flux in cuprate d-wave superconductors and chiral superconductors are also discussed.
Continuous Structures
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhen several distinct energy scales are involved, the vacuum symmetry is different for different length scales: the larger the length scale, the more the symmetry is reduced. The interplay of topologies on different length scales gives rise to many different types of topological objects, which are described by relative homotopy groups. This chapter discusses the continuous structures generated by relative homotopy groups, such as soliton terminating on a half-quantum vortex, skyrmion — the doubly quantized vortex in 3He-A, meron — the fraction of skyrmion, continuous structures in spinor Bose condensate and superconductors, semilocal strings in the Standard Model of particle physics, and the vortex sheet. The vortex sheet is the chain of alternating circular and hyperbolic merons concentrated inside the topological soliton in 3He-A and the chain of kinks in the domain wall in chiral superconductors. The chapter also discusses topological transitions between continuous textures, which are mediated by singular topological defects. For example, destruction of topological soliton in 3He-A occurs via creation of the loop of half-quantum vortex.
Vortex Mass
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe mass (inertia) of an object is determined as the response of the momentum of the object to its velocity. This chapter discusses the inertia of an object moving in the quantum vacuum of the Galilean quantum liquid. If it is a foreign object like a 3He atom moving in the quantum vacuum of superfluid 4He, then in addition to its bare mass the object acquires an extra mass, since it involves some part of the superfluid vacuum into motion. If the object is an excitation of the vacuum, like a vortex, all its mass is provided by the liquid. In addition to the associated hydrodynamic mass, which is similar to associated mass of external body moving in the liquid, there are two more contributions to a vortex mass. The ‘relativistic’ mass is the consequence of effective metric in superfluids. It is obtained as vortex energy divided by square of speed of sound, which plays the role of speed of light. In fermionic superfluids the Kopnin mass is added, which results from the fermion zero modes in the vortex core. This mass is related to peculiar phenomenon in quantum field theory. In the limit of smooth core these bound states behave as chiral massless fermions in the presence of magnetic field, and the additional vortex mass results from the non-zero density of states in magnetic field.
Casimir Effect and Vacuum Energy
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter opens the part of the book devoted to quantum vacuum in non-trivial gravitational background and to vacuum energy. There are several macroscopic phenomena, which can be directly related to the properties of the physical quantum vacuum. The Casimir effect is probably the most accessible effect of the quantum vacuum. The chapter discusses different types of Casimir effect in condensed matter in restricted geometry, including the mesoscopic Casimir effect and the dynamic Casimir effect resulting in the force acting on a moving interface between 3He-A and 3He-B, which serves as a perfect mirror for the ‘relativistic’ quasiparticles living in 3He-A. It also discusses the vacuum energy and the problem of cosmological constant. Giving the example of quantum liquids it is demonstrated that the perfect vacuum in equilibrium has zero energy, while the nonzero vacuum energy arises due to perturbation of the vacuum state by matter, by texture, which plays the role of curvature, by boundaries due to the Casimir effect, and by other factors. The magnitude of the cosmological constant is small, because the present universe is old and the quantum vacuum is very close to equilibrium. The chapter discusses why our universe is flat, why the energies of the true vacuum and false vacuum are both zero, and why the perfect vacuum (true or false) is not gravitating.
Analogs Of Event Horizon
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA black hole is the region from which the observer who is outside the hole cannot obtain any information. The event horizon represents the boundary of the black hole region. Analogs of the black hole horizon can be realised in such condensed matter where the effective metric arises for quasiparticles. The simplest way to do this is to exploit the liquids moving with velocities exceeding the local maximum attainable speed of quasiparticles. Then, an inner observer who uses only quasiparticles as a means of transferring the information, finds that some regions of space are not accessible for observation. For this observer, who lives in the quantum liquid, these regions are black holes. This chapter discusses different arrangement in superfluids, which may simulate the event horizons; the moving vierbein wall; Laval nozzle; and horizon emerging for ripplons at the interface between 3He-A and 3He-B. The effective Painlevé–Gullstrand metric, which naturally arises in moving superfluids, leads to the simple description of Hawking radiation in terms of quantum tunnelling of quasiparticles across the event horizon. This consideration is extended to the astronomical black holes. Black hole instability beyond the horizon and modified Dirac equation for fermions in the black hole environment are considered.
Methylnaltrexone bromide for the treatment of opioid‐induced constipation in patients with advanced illness – a cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: EARNSHAW S. R. , KLOK R. M. , IYER S. , MCDADE C. 
Published: January 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 911–921SummaryBackground  Opioid‐induced constipation is a common adverse event in patients with advanced illness and has a significant negative impact on patients’ quality of life and costs.Aim  To examine the cost‐effectiveness of treating opioid‐induced constipation with methylnaltrexone bromide (MNTX) plus standard care compared with standard care alone in patients with advanced illness who receive long‐term opioid therapy from a third‐party payer perspective in the Netherlands.Methods  A decision‐analytical model was created in which advanced‐illness patients with constipation were treated with MNTX plus standard care or standard care alone. Clinical efficacy in terms of percentage of patients with rescue‐free laxation and time to rescue‐free laxation were obtained from a randomized, controlled clinical study. Resource use, costs, utilities and mortality were obtained from published literature and supplemented with data from clinical experts.Results  Treatment with MNTX plus standard care results in more days without constipation symptoms. Cost of MNTX was mostly offset by reduction in other constipation‐related costs. Thus, treating with MNTX plus standard care is cost‐effective, with an incremental cost per QALY of €40 865. Results were robust to changes in all parameters.Conclusions  Although using MNTX may increase total costs, MNTX plus standard care is cost‐effective in treating advanced‐illness patients with opioid‐induced constipation.
An estimate of greenhouse gas (N2O and CO2) mitigation potential under various scenarios of nitrogen use efficiency in Chinese croplands
Authors: HUANG YAO , TANG YONGHUA 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIt is well recognized that improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) can directly reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in cropland and indirectly reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) release from nitrogen (N) production, while such a reduction has not been well quantified in China. We estimated the greenhouse gas (GHG; N2O and CO2) mitigation potential (MP) from Chinese cropland and its regional distribution by quantifying NUE and determining the amount of over‐applied synthetic N under various scenarios of NUE. We estimated that synthetic NUE in the late 1990s was 31±11% (mean±SD) for rice, 33±13% for wheat, and 31±11% for maize cultivation. Improving NUE to 50% could cut 6.6 Tg of synthetic N use per year, accounting for 41% of the total used. As a result of this reduction, the direct N2O emission from croplands together with CO2 emission from the industrial production and transport of synthetic N could be reduced by 39%, equivalent to 60 Tg CO2 yr−1. The MP was probably underestimated because organic N supply was not taken into account when estimating NUE. It was concluded that improving N management can greatly reduce GHG (N2O and CO2) emissions in Chinese croplands, and mitigation in the Jiangsu, Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, and Hebei provinces should be given priority.
Career motivation in nursing students and the perceived influence of significant others
Authors: McLaughlin Katrina , Moutray Marianne , Moore Christopher 
Published: January 2010

mclaughlin k., moutray m. & moore c. (2010) Career motivation in nursing students and the perceived influence of significant others. Journal of Advanced Nursing66(2), 404–412.AbstractTitle.  Career motivation in nursing students and the perceived influence of significant others Aim.  This paper is a report of a study investigating the motivation of nursing students, their reasons for entering nursing and the perceived influence of others in their decision‐making.Background.  There is an abundance of research into why students drop out of nursing education, but less well‐studied is their motivation for entering it in the first place. In addition, little is known about the role of significant others in their decisions.Method.  The participants were a convenience sample of 68 undergraduate nursing students in the second year of their programme. They provided answers to essay topics and the data were analysed using the principles of grounded theory. The data were collected in 2007.Findings.  Whilst altruism was a major theme in the essays, the opportunities nursing presented were also deemed influential. Personal/self development was viewed as equally important as the desire to care. Family members in the healthcare profession were perceived to be great sources of both emotional and instrumental support.Conclusion.  The diversity within nursing and the reported opportunities that nursing presents are important motivators for nursing students, and recruitment campaigns should aim to make these more explicit. There is a need for more qualitative research into indicators of successful nursing students if we are to address not only student dropout, but also to recruit those most likely to complete their education and remain in the nursing profession.
Risk behaviours among early adolescents: risk and protective factors
Authors: Wang Ruey‐Hsia , Hsu Hsiu‐Yueh , Lin Shu‐Yuan , Cheng Chung‐Ping , Lee Shu‐Li 
Published: January 2010

wang r.‐h., hsu h.‐y., lin s.‐y., cheng c.‐p. & lee s.‐l. (2010) Risk behaviours among early adolescents: risk and protective factors. Journal of Advanced Nursing66(2), 313–323.AbstractTitle.  Risk behaviours among early adolescents: risk and protective factors. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to examine the influence of risk/protective factors on risk behaviours of early adolescents and whether protective factors moderate their impact.Background.  An understanding of how risk and protective factors operate to influence risk behaviours of early adolescents will better prepare nurses to perform interventions appropriately to reduce risk behaviours of early adolescents.Method.  A cross‐sectional study was carried out, based on a sample of public junior high schools (from 7th to 9th grades) in one city and one county in Taiwan. An anonymous questionnaire designed to measure five risk factors, six protective factors and risk behaviours was administered from October 2006 to March 2007. Data from 878 students were used for the present analysis. Pearson’s correlations, anova with random effect models, and generalized linear models were used to analyse the statistically significant explanatory variables for risk behaviours.Findings.  Gender, perceived father’s risk behaviour, perceived mother’s risk behaviour, health self‐efficacy, interaction of health self‐efficacy and perceived peers’ risk behaviour, and interaction of emotional regulation and perceived peers’ risk behaviour were statistically significant explanatory variables of risk behaviours. Health self‐efficacy and emotional regulation moderated the negative effects of peers’ perceived risk behaviour on risk behaviours.Conclusion.  All protective factors were negative statistically correlated with risk behaviours, and all risk factors positively statistically correlated with risk behaviours. Male adolescents should be considered an at‐risk group for risk behaviour intervention. Nurses could provide early adolescents with training regarding health self‐efficacy improvement, self‐esteem enhancement, emotional regulation skills to reduce their risk behaviours.