bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeat Low-Trauma Fractures Occur Frequently Among Men and Women Who Have Osteopenic BMD
Authors: Langsetmo Lisa , Goltzman David , Kovacs Christopher S , Adachi Jonathan D , Hanley David A , Kreiger Nancy , Josse Robert , Papaioannou Alexandra , Olszynski Wojciech P , Jamal Sophie A 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Fracture risk assessment based solely on BMD has limitations. Additional risk factors include the presence of a previous low-trauma fracture. We sought to quantify the fracture burden attributable to first versus repeat fracture. We studied 2179 men and 5269 women, 50–90 yr of age, participating in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). We included all low-trauma fractures that occurred over 8 yr of follow-up and classified these as either first or repeat clinical low-trauma fracture based on lifetime fracture history. Analyses were further stratified by sex, age, BMD risk categories (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis), and vertebral deformity status. There were 128 fractures in men and 577 fractures in women. About 25% of fractures in men and 40% in women were repeat fractures. Just over one half of first fractures occurred in those with osteopenic BMD (58% in men, 54% in women). Just under one half of repeat fractures also occurred in those with osteopenic BMD (42% in men, 47% in women). The incidence of repeat fracture was, in most cases, nearly double, but sometimes nearly quadruple, the incidence of first fracture within a given BMD risk category in both men and women. Repeat fractures contribute substantially to overall fracture burden, and the contribution is independent of BMD. Furthermore, those with a combination of prior low-trauma fracture and another risk factor were at especially high risk of future fracture.
Osteoblast Function Is Compromised at Sites of Focal Bone Erosion in Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Walsh Nicole C , Reinwald Susan , Manning Catherine A , Condon Keith W , Iwata Ken , Burr David B , Gravallese Ellen M 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn rheumatoid arthritis (RA), synovial inflammation results in focal erosion of articular bone. Despite treatment attenuating inflammation, repair of erosions with adequate formation of new bone is uncommon in RA, suggesting that bone formation may be compromised at these sites. Dynamic bone histomorphometry was used in a murine model of RA to determine the impact of inflammation on osteoblast function within eroded arthritic bone. Bone formation rates at bone surfaces adjacent to inflammation were similar to those observed in nonarthritic bone; therefore, osteoblast activity is unlikely to compensate for the increased bone resorption at these sites. Within arthritic bone, the extent of actively mineralizing surface was reduced at bone surfaces adjacent to inflammation compared with bone surfaces adjacent to normal marrow. Consistent with the reduction in mineralized bone formation, there was a notable paucity of cells expressing the mid- to late stage osteoblast lineage marker alkaline phosphatase, despite a clear presence of cells expressing the early osteoblast lineage marker Runx2. In addition, several members of the Dickkopf and secreted Frizzled-related protein families of Wnt signaling antagonists were upregulated in arthritic synovial tissues, suggesting that inhibition of Wnt signaling could be one mechanism contributing to impaired osteoblast function within arthritic bone. Together, these data indicate that the presence of inflammation within arthritic bone impairs osteoblast capacity to form adequate mineralized bone, thus contributing to the net loss of bone and failure of bone repair at sites of focal bone erosion in RA.
CD4+CD25+ T-Cells Control Autoimmunity in the Absence of B-Cells
Authors: Mariño Eliana , Villanueva Jeanette , Walters Stacey , Liuwantara David , Mackay Fabienne , Grey Shane T. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVETumor necrosis factor ligand family members B-cell–activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) can exert powerful effects on B-cell activation and development, type 1 T-helper cell (Th1) immune responses, and autoimmunity. We examined the effect of blocking BAFF and APRIL on the development of autoimmune diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSFemale NOD mice were administered B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-Fc from 9 to 15 weeks of age. Diabetes incidence, islet pathology, and T- and B-cell populations were examined.RESULTSBCMA-Fc treatment reduced the severity of insulitis and prevented diabetes development in NOD mice. BCMA-Fc–treated mice showed reduced follicular, marginal-zone, and T2MZ B-cells. B-cell reduction was accompanied by decreased frequencies of pathogenic CD4+CD40+ T-cells and reduced Th1 cytokines IL-7, IL-15, and IL-17. Thus, T-cell activation was blunted with reduced B-cells. However, BCMA-Fc–treated mice still harbored detectable diabetogenic T-cells, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms contributed to diabetes prevention. Indeed, BCMA-Fc–treated mice accumulated increased CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) with age. CD4+CD25+ cells were essential for maintaining euglycemia because their depletion abrogated BCMA-Fc–mediated protection. BCMA-Fc did not directly affect Treg homeostasis given that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-cells did not express TACI or BR3 receptors and that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-cell frequencies were equivalent in wild-type, BAFF−/−, TACI−/−, BCMA−/−, and BR3−/− mice. Rather, B-cell depletion resulted in CD4+CD25+ T-cell–mediated protection from diabetes because anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody treatment precipitated diabetes in both diabetes-resistant NOD.μMT−/− and BCMA-Fc–treated mice.CONCLUSIONSBAFF/APRIL blockade prevents diabetes. BCMA-Fc reduces B-cells, subsequently blunting autoimmune activity and allowing endogenous regulatory mechanisms to preserve a prehyperglycemic state.
Extremes of Clinical and Enzymatic Phenotypes in Children With Hyperinsulinism Caused by Glucokinase Activating Mutations
Authors: Sayed Samir , Langdon David R. , Odili Stella , Chen Pan , Buettger Carol , Schiffman Alisa B. , Suchi Mariko , Taub Rebecca , Grimsby Joseph , Matschinsky Franz M. , Stanley Charles A. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
Heterozygous activating mutations of glucokinase have been reported to cause hypoglycemia attributable to hyperinsulinism in a limited number of families. We report three children with de novo glucokinase hyperinsulinism mutations who displayed a spectrum of clinical phenotypes corresponding to marked differences in enzyme kinetics.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Mutations were directly sequenced, and mutants were expressed as glutathionyl S-transferase–glucokinase fusion proteins. Kinetic analysis of the enzymes included determinations of stability, activity index, the response to glucokinase activator drug, and the effect of glucokinase regulatory protein.

RESULTS
Child 1 had an ins454A mutation, child 2 a W99L mutation, and child 3 an M197I mutation. Diazoxide treatment was effective in child 3 but ineffective in child 1 and only partially effective in child 2. Expression of the mutant glucokinase ins454A, W99L, and M197I enzymes revealed a continuum of high relative activity indexes in the three children (26, 8.9, and 3.1, respectively; wild type = 1.0). Allosteric responses to inhibition by glucokinase regulatory protein and activation by the drug RO0281675 were impaired by the ins454A but unaffected by the M197I mutation. Estimated thresholds for glucose-stimulated insulin release were more severely reduced by the ins454A than the M197I mutation and intermediate in the W99L mutation (1.1, 3.5, and 2.2 mmol/l, respectively; wild type = 5.0 mmol/l).

CONCLUSIONS
These results confirm the potency of glucokinase as the pancreatic β-cell glucose sensor, and they demonstrate that responsiveness to diazoxide varies with genotype in glucokinase hyperinsulinism resulting in hypoglycemia, which can be more difficult to control than previously believed.
DURAbility of Basal Versus Lispro Mix 75/25 Insulin Efficacy (DURABLE) Trial 24-Week Results
Authors: Buse John B. , Wolffenbuttel Bruce H.R. , Herman William H. , Shemonsky Natalie K. , Jiang Honghua H. , Fahrbach Jessie L. , Scism-Bacon Jamie L. , Martin Sherry A. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To compare the ability of two starter insulin regimens to achieve glycemic control in a large, ethnically diverse population with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
During the initiation phase of the DURABLE trial, patients were randomized to a twice-daily lispro mix 75/25 (LM75/25; 75% lispro protamine suspension, 25% lispro) (n = 1,045) or daily glargine (GL) (n = 1,046) with continuation of prestudy oral antihyperglycemic drugs.

RESULTS
Baseline A1C was similar (LM75/25: 9.1 ± 1.3%; GL: 9.0 ± 1.2%; P = 0.414). At 24 weeks, LM75/25 patients had lower A1C than GL patients (7.2 ± 1.1 vs. 7.3 ± 1.1%, P = 0.005), greater A1C reduction (–1.8 ± 1.3 vs. –1.7 ± 1.3%, P = 0.005), and higher percentage reaching A1C target &lt;7.0% (47.5 vs. 40.3%, P &lt; 0.001). LM75/25 was associated with higher insulin dose (0.47 ± 0.23 vs. 0.40 ± 0.23 units · kg−1· day−1, P &lt; 0.001) and more weight gain (3.6 ± 4.0 vs. 2.5 ± 4.0 kg, P &lt; 0.0001). LM75/25 patients had a higher overall hypoglycemia rate than GL patients (28.0 ± 41.6 vs. 23.1 ± 40.7 episodes · pt−1· year−1, P = 0.007) but lower nocturnal hypoglycemia rate (8.9 ± 19.3 vs. 11.4 ± 25.3 episodes · pt−1· year−1, P = 0.009). Severe hypoglycemia rates were low in both groups (LM75/25: 0.10 ± 1.6 vs. GL: 0.03 ± 0.3 episodes · pt−1· year−1, P = 0.167).

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with GL, LM75/25 resulted in slightly lower A1C at 24 weeks and a moderately higher percentage reaching A1C target &lt;7.0%. Patients receiving LM75/25 experienced more weight gain and higher rates of overall hypoglycemia but lower rates of nocturnal hypoglycemia. Durability of regimens will be evaluated in the following 2-year maintenance phase.
Primary bacterial peritonitis in dogs and cats: 24 cases (1990–2006)
Authors: Culp William T. N. , Zeldis Tracy E. , Reese Michael S. , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine clinical characteristics of primary bacterial peritonitis (infection of the peritoneal cavity with no identifiable intraperitoneal source of infection) and compare characteristics of primary and secondary peritonitis in dogs and cats.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—24 (primary peritonitis) and 60 (secondary peritonitis) client-owned dogs and cats.
Procedures—Data from medical records of dogs and cats with primary and secondary peritonitis were reviewed for descriptive information regarding primary peritonitis and for comparison between the 2 forms of peritonitis.
Results—15 dogs and 9 cats met inclusion criteria for primary peritonitis, and 49 dogs and 11 cats met inclusion criteria for secondary peritonitis. The most common historical findings in dogs and cats with primary and secondary peritonitis were lethargy, vomiting, and anorexia. Dogs with secondary peritonitis more often developed peritoneal exudates than those with primary peritonitis, and dogs with primary peritonitis were more often infected with gram-positive bacteria than those with secondary peritonitis. No difference in outcome was detected between all animals with primary versus secondary peritonitis; however, dogs with secondary peritonitis treated with surgery were more commonly discharged than those with primary peritonitis treated with surgery.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in primary and secondary peritonitis related to historical, physical examination, and clinical laboratory findings; bacteriologic findings; peritoneal effusion characteristics; and outcome were detected. However, larger case numbers are needed before alternative recommendations, such as avoidance of surgery, can be made.
Use of a chain écraseur for excision of a pharyngeal granuloma in a cow
Authors: Boileau Mélanie J. , Jann Henry W. , Confer Anthony W. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Case Description—A 10-year-old Longhorn cow pregnant with a valuable fetus was evaluated because of progressive inspiratory dyspnea of 6 weeks' duration.
Clinical Findings—Physical examination findings were consistent with upper respiratory tract obstruction. A large pedunculated soft tissue mass was evident in the mid-dorsal aspect of the pharynx during palpation and endoscopic examination. Results of microscopic examination of transendoscopic fine-needle aspirates and a biopsy specimen were suggestive of a bacterial granuloma.
Treatment and Outcome—Transtracheal intubation was performed, and the mass was excised with a chain écraseur. Results of histologic examination were consistent with a diagnosis of actinobacillosis. The owner reported that the cow was doing well without any recurrence of respiratory distress 8 months after surgery.
Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that pharyngeal granuloma resulting from actinobacillosis should be included in the differential diagnoses when examining mature cattle with upper respiratory tract obstruction and that a chain écraseur may be useful for excising soft tissue pharyngeal masses in cattle.
Impact of cytogenetic abnormalities on the management of skull base chordomas
Authors: Almefty Kaith K. , Pravdenkova Svetlana , Sawyer Jeffrey R. , Al-Mefty Ossama 
Published: April 2009

Object
Cytogenetic studies of chordomas are scarce and show multiple changes involving different chromosomes. These abnormalities are implicated in the pathogenesis of chordoma, but the clinical significance of these changes is yet to be determined. In this study, the authors discuss the cytogenetic changes in a large series of skull base chordomas with long-term follow-up and focus on the impact of these changes on the prognosis, progression, and management of the disease.

Methods
The karyotypes of chordomas in 64 patients (36 men and 28 women) were studied in relation to survival and recurrence or progression over a mean follow-up period of 48 ± 37.5 months. The standard G-banding technique was used for karyotype analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with the Fisher exact test and ORs, and Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for survival and recurrence/progression of disease.

Results
Seventy-four percent of de novo chordomas had normal karyotypes and a 3% recurrence rate; there was a 45% recurrence rate in de novo tumors with abnormal karyotypes (p < 0.01). Recurrent tumors were associated with a high incidence of abnormal karyotype (75%). The OR for recurrence in lesions with an abnormal versus a normal karyotype was 12. Aberrations in chromosomes 3, 4, 12, 13, and 14 were associated with frequent recurrence and decreased survival time. Ninety-five percent of cases with progression involved chromosome 3 and/or 13. The median survival time was 4 months when both of these chromosomes had aberrations (p = 0.02).

Conclusions
Chordomas with normal karyotypes were associated with a low rate of recurrence and a long patient survival, and recurrent chordomas were associated with an abnormal karyotype, disease progression, and poor survival. De novo chordomas with normal karyotypes may be amenable to radical resection and adjunctive proton beam therapy. Recurrent and de novo chordomas with abnormal karyotypes were associated with complex cytogenetic abnormalities and a poor prognosis, particularly in the presence of aberrations underlying tumor progression in chromosomes 3, 4, 12, 13, and 14.
Transfection of Cultured Primary Neurons via Nucleofection
Authors: Zeitelhofer Manuel , Vessey John P. , Thomas Sabine , Kiebler Michael , Dahm Ralf 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDespite the development of various transfection methods, the transfection of post‐mitotic cells, including neurons, poses a challenging task. Nucleofection, a specialized form of electroporation described in this unit, achieves high transfection efficiencies in primary mammalian neurons, such as hippocampal neurons, while simultaneously maintaining high cell viability. Therefore, it allows for biochemical analyses that rely on large numbers of transfected cells. The recently developed 96‐well shuttle system described in this unit further permits the transfection of up to 96 different constructs in a single experiment. This opens up the possibility for large‐scale experiments in primary neurons, such as shRNA‐mediated knock‐down of a wide range of target genes.Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 47:4.32.1‐4.32.21. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Members' perception of their participation in the governance of cooperatives: the key to trust and commitment in agricultural cooperatives
Authors: Österberg Peter , Nilsson Jerker 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study explores the extent to which members' assessment of their cooperatives' degree of success is related to various member attributes, notably the members' perception of their participation in the governance of the cooperatives. Three categories of member attributes are identified: satisfaction with the profitability of farm operations, age of the member, and experience from board work. The cooperatives' degree of success is measured as members' commitment towards cooperatives, and members' trust in the board of directors.The data originate from a mail survey among 2,250 Swedish farmers. The results indicate differences in members' commitment and their trust towards directors to be due to farm profitability, the members' age and experience as directors. After adding members' perception of their participation in the governance as a covariate, most of the other differences are explained by this variable. Age is still partly associated with trust towards directors; older farmers have less trust. [EconLit Classifications: Q13, D23, D72]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Non‐Destructive Testing to Analyse SOFC Cells and Stacks
Authors: Wyss P. , Hack E. , Holtappels P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAssuring high level of manufacturing quality and understanding degradation and ageing phenomena is a key requirement for the SOFC technology. In order to analyse structural failures in SOFC cells and stacks, electron and optical microscopy as well as chemical analysis require the destruction of cells and stacks in order to access the relevant structural areas. Non‐destructive test methods like thermography and radiography can assist in identifying the so‐called ‘hidden defects' in cells for both, quality assurance during production and identifying relevant areas for further destructive post mortem analysis. The evaluation of these non‐destructive test methods showed that useful information can be obtained with standard equipment, and the resolution limits have been identified. Combination of both thermography and radiography was applied to identify pores and other irregularities in the range of 10–100 μ. Pores in the vicinity of the cathode/electrolyte interface were observed by X‐ray tomography.
Seasonal hydrochemistry of a high Arctic wetland complex
Authors: Thompson Dan K. , Woo Ming‐Ko 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe seasonal evolution in the hydrochemistry of four types of wetland (pond, ice wedge trough, wet meadow and mesic site) was studied in a 0·5 km2 wetland complex in the Canadian High Arctic on the Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island. In the spring, a large influx of overland runoff from snowmelt quickly flushed away the solutes of the ice stored on the wetland surface over the winter, and homogenized the hydrochemistry across the entire wetland complex. As the surface flow receded, various wetland patches became hydrologically disconnected and their hydrochemical characteristics evolved differently. Although underlain by marine sediments and saline permafrost, solute concentrations in much of the wetland complex remained dilute compared with many Arctic wetlands. Through continued evaporation, melting of ground ice and localized thermokarst activities, the hydrochemistry of different wetland types acquired their distinctive characteristics as the summer progressed. This study demonstrates that large diversity in wetland hydrochemistry occurs even within a limited area, indicating the need to caution against generalizations based on limited spatial and temporal samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mediating role of social support in the community environment—psychological distress link among low‐income African American women
Authors: Lin Jielu , Thompson Martie P. , Kaslow Nadine J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLiving in a disordered community is negatively associated with psychological well‐being. We investigated the role of social support in the link between community environment and psychological distress in a sample of 152 African American women from low socioeconomic backgrounds in a large metropolitan southeastern city. Structural equation modeling revealed that the association between low quality of community environment and increased psychological distress was accounted for by the mediating role of social support. Findings suggest the importance of social support in improving the mental health of African American women from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Because social support is affected by the environment in which women live, interventions should be community‐focused. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The assessment of positivity and negativity in social networks: the reliability and validity of the social relationships index
Authors: Campo Rebecca A. , Uchino Bert N. , Holt‐Lunstad Julianne , Vaughn Allison , Reblin, Maija , Smith Timothy W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Social Relationships Index (SRI) was designed to examine positivity and negativity in social relationships. Unique features of this scale include its brevity and the ability to examine relationship positivity and negativity at the level of the specific individual and social network. The SRI's psychometric properties were examined in three studies. The SRI demonstrated good psychometric properties, including test–retest reliability for the assessment of positivity and negativity, and of relationship classifications across social networks. Additionally, discriminant and convergent validity was established with existing social relationship and personality scales. Finally, the SRI showed some generalizability across different contexts. These studies suggest that the SRI is a reliable and valid alternative measure for use in health studies that require a shorter assessment of relationships. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organische Chemie 2008
Authors: Bräse Stefan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOrganische Chemie — a la carte: Lotus‐Effekte mit Nanonadeln, heterolytische Aktivierung von Diwasserstoff durch frustrierte Lewis‐Säure/Base‐Paare, Hydroxycarben durch Blitzvakuumpyrolyse, nachwachsende Rohstoffe als Bausteine für die organische Synthese, Totalsynthese von Neopeltolid.