bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carotenoids provide the major antioxidant defence in the globally significant N2‐fixing marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium
Authors: Kelman Dovi , Ben‐Amotz Ami , Berman‐Frank Ilana 
Published: April 2009

SummaryPhotosynthetic oxygen‐evolving microorganisms contend with continuous self‐production of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species. The deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species are exacerbated for cyanobacterial nitrogen‐fixers (diazotrophs) due to the innate sensitivity of nitrogenase to oxygen. This renders incompatible the processes of oxygen‐evolving photosynthesis and N‐fixation. We examined total antioxidative potential of various diazotrophic and non‐diazotrophic cyanobacteria. We focused on Trichodesmium spp., a bloom‐forming marine diazotroph that contributes significantly to global nitrogen fixation. Among the species tested, Trichodesmium possessed the highest antioxidant activity. Moreover, while proteins constituted the dominant antioxidative component of all other cyanobacteria tested, Trichodesmium was unique in that small‐molecule natural products provided the majority of antioxidant activity, while proteins constituted only 13% of total antioxidant activity. Bioassay‐guided fractionation followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography profiling of antioxidant purified fractions identified the highly potent antioxidant all‐trans‐β‐carotene, and small amounts of 9‐cis‐β‐carotene and retinyl palmitate. Search of the Trichodesmium genome identified protein sequences homologous to key enzymes in the β‐carotene to retinyl palmitate biosynthetic pathway, including 33–37% identity to lecithin retinol acyltransferase. The present study demonstrates the importance of carotenoids in Trichodesmium's arsenal of defensive compounds against oxidative damage and protection of nitrogenase from oxygen and its radicals.
Co‐occurrence of denitrification and nitrogen fixation in a meromictic lake, Lake Cadagno (Switzerland)
Authors: Halm Hannah , Musat Niculina , Lam Phyllis , Langlois Rebecca , Musat Florin , Peduzzi Sandro , Lavik Gaute , Schubert Carsten J. , Singha Bärbel , LaRoche Julie , Kuypers Marcel M. M. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe nitrogen cycling of Lake Cadagno was investigated by using a combination of biogeochemical and molecular ecological techniques. In the upper oxic freshwater zone inorganic nitrogen concentrations were low (up to ∼3.4 μM nitrate at the base of the oxic zone), while in the lower anoxic zone there were high concentrations of ammonium (up to 40 μM). Between these zones, a narrow zone was characterized by no measurable inorganic nitrogen, but high microbial biomass (up to 4 × 107 cells ml−1). Incubation experiments with 15N‐nitrite revealed nitrogen loss occurring in the chemocline through denitrification (∼3 nM N h−1). At the same depth, incubations experiments with 15N2‐ and 13CDIC‐labelled bicarbonate, indicated substantial N2 fixation (31.7–42.1 pM h−1) and inorganic carbon assimilation (40–85 nM h−1). Catalysed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD‐FISH) and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes showed that the microbial community at the chemocline was dominated by the phototrophic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium clathratiforme. Phylogenetic analyses of the nifH genes expressed as mRNA revealed a high diversity of N2 fixers, with the highest expression levels right at the chemocline. The majority of N2 fixers were related to Chlorobium tepidum/C. phaeobacteroides. By using Halogen In Situ Hybridization‐Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (HISH‐SIMS), we could for the first time directly link Chlorobium to N2 fixation in the environment. Moreover, our results show that N2 fixation could partly compensate for the N loss and that both processes occur at the same locale at the same time as suggested for the ancient Ocean.
Medicine and management in a comparative perspective: the case of Denmark and England
Authors: Kirkpatrick Ian , Jespersen Peter Kragh , Dent Mike , Neogy Indareth 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn health systems around the world the current trend has been for doctors to increase their participation in management. This has been taken to imply a common process of re‐stratification with new divisions emerging between medical elites and the rank and file. However, our understanding of this change remains limited and it is open to question just how far one can generalise. In this paper we investigate this matter drawing on path dependency theory and ideas from the sociology of professions. Focusing on public management reforms in the hospital sectors of two European countries – Denmark and England – we note similarities in the timing and objectives of reforms, but also differences in the response of the medical profession. While in both countries new hybrid clinical management roles have been created, this process has advanced much further and has been more strongly supported by the medical profession in Denmark than in England. These findings suggest that processes of re‐stratification are more path dependent than is frequently acknowledged. They also highlight the importance of national institutions that have shaped professional development and differences in the way reforms have been implemented in each country for explaining variation.
Functions of health fatalism: fatalistic talk as face saving, uncertainty management, stress relief and sense making
Authors: Keeley Bethany , Wright Lanelle , Condit Celeste M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMuch research on fatalism assumes that fatalistic statements represent a global outlook that conflicts with belief in the efficacy of health behaviours. Other scholars have suggested a more contextual approach, suggesting that fatalism fulfils personal and social functions. This study analyses 96 in‐depth lay interviews in the US, most with low‐income members of the general public, about four diseases: heart disease, lung cancer, diabetes and depression. Within these interviews, fatalistic statements always occurred alongside statements endorsing the utility of behaviours for protecting health. This usage pattern suggests that these statements may have useful functions, rather than being simply a repudiation of the utility of health choices. We examine four functions that are suggested by previous researchers or by the participants’ comments: stress relief, uncertainty management, sense making and (less strongly) face saving. As these themes indicate, individuals often make fatalistic statements to express an understanding of locally or broadly limiting factors for health efficacy, including genes, spiritual agents, prior behaviours, personality, and other factors.
The ‘actualities’ of knowledge work: an institutional ethnography of multi‐disciplinary primary health care teams
Authors: Quinlan Elizabeth 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study is set against the backdrop of the evolving order of a health care system in a province implementing a set of concurrent reforms. The study investigates how ‘knowledge work’ of multi‐disciplinary health care teams is actually done and how it is co‐ordinated across sites. Knowledge work involves three processes: the creation of new knowledge during the transfer of knowledge, in the context of the application of knowledge to their collective clinical decision‐making. Institutional ethnography is used to explore the social and institutional forces that shape the knowledge work of health care providers in and across multi‐disciplinary teams by way of examining how the texts trans‐locally organise the formation and functioning of multi‐disciplinary teams. The study confirms that in the course of their collective clinical decision‐making, teams’ dialogical exchange facilitates the articulation of tacit knowledge and opens up the communicative space for the creation of new knowledge. In addition to this confirmatory finding, the study contributes to the existing health‐related knowledge management by illustrating the importance of the social, communicative aspects of the knowledge processes, and in particular, the relationship between knowledge and the social organisation of power.
Islam, politics, anthropology
Authors: Soares Benjamin , Osella Filippo 
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we consider anthropology's long and, at times, problematic engagement with the study of Islam and Muslim societies. Specifically, we reflect critically on ongoing anthropological debates about the relationship between Islam and politics and suggest new terms of analysis. Although we pay attention to the state and formal politics, involving various social actors and organizations, we are also interested in everyday politics and micropolitics, arenas where anthropology proves especially adept. It is at the intersection of these multiple levels and where the field of politics is constituted in practice that we situate the analytical focus of the anthropology of Islam and politics in this Special Issue of theJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.RésuméLes auteurs s’intéressent ici à la longue, et parfois problématique histoire, de l’étude de l’islam et des sociétés musulmanes par l’anthropologie. L’accent est mis plus précisément sur une réflexion critique relative aux débats anthropologiques actuels sur les liens entre islam et politique, et sur l’exploration de nouveaux termes d’analyse. Tout en prêtant de l’attention à l’État et aux institutions politiques, impliquant différents acteurs sociaux et organisations, nous nous intéressons également à la politique au quotidien et à la micropolitique, domaines dans lesquels l’anthropologie s’avère particulièrement compétente. C’est à l’intersection de ces multiples niveaux, et là où le champ du politique est constitué dans la pratique, que nous situons le point focal de l’analyse anthropologique de l’islam et du politique dans ce numéro spécial duJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.
Between dialogue and contestation: gender, Islam, and the challenges of a Malian public sphere
Authors: De Jorio Rosa 
Published: April 2009

This paper examines how Islam has become a widely used idiom in discussions about gender in Mali. It foregrounds ordinary Malians' and particularly women's reflexive engagements with broadly debated religious and political questions. Centred on a 2004 five‐day conference on gender issues, this paper examines the forms of Muslim women's involvement in the Malian public sphere, some of the challenges these women encounter, and their discursive attempts to reconcile their emancipatory agendas with their identities as Muslims.RésuméL’article analyse la façon dont l’islam est devenu un mot très employé dans des discussions portant sur le genre au Mali. Il sous‐tend la réflexion des Maliens ordinaires, et en particulier des femmes, sur lesquestions religieuses et politiques les plus débattues. Centré sur une conférence de cinq jours qui s’est tenue en 2004 sur les questions de genre, l’auteur examine les formes d’engagement des femmes musulmanes dans la sphère publique malienne, quelques‐unes des difficultés qu’elles rencontrent et leurs tentatives discursives de concilier leurs mots d’ordre d’émancipation et leurs identités de femmes musulmanes.
Piety politics and the role of a transnational feminist analysis
Authors: Deeb Lara 
Published: April 2009

This paper draws on the ethnographic case of pious Shi‘i Muslim gender activists in Lebanon in order to argue for the necessity of considering transnational discourses on gender and Islam in our analyses of piety. Based upon field research conducted inal‐Dahiya –the southern suburb of Beirut – since 1998, the paper examines pious Shi‘i women's engagements with transnational discourses about gender roles and stereotypes about Muslim women. The paper excavates a Hizbullah Women's Committee seminar during which reformulated Islamic models of womanhood as well as models associated with ‘the West’ were discussed in relation to women's participation in the public sphere. The paper suggests that political and social contexts are critical aspects of modern formations of piety, and that scholarship should aim towards multifaceted and non‐reductive analyses that incorporate transnational discursive and political‐economic contexts into discussions of piety politics in ways that are not necessarily constitutive and that are always contextually contingent.RésuméLe présent article est consacré au cas ethnographique de féministes chiites pieuses au Liban et se veut un plaidoyer pour la prise en compte des discours transnationaux sur le sexe et l’islam dans les analyses de la piété. Sur la base de recherches sur le terrain menées àal‐Dahiya, dans la banlieue sud de Beyrouth, depuis 1998, l’auteur examine l’engagement de femmes chiites pieuses dans le discours transnational sur les rôles et stéréotypes de genre concernant les femmes musulmanes. L’analyse prend appui sur un séminaire du Comité des femmes du Hezbollah, au cours duquel des modèles islamiques reformulés de la condition féminine et des modèles associés à« l’Occident »étaient débattus en relation avec la participation des femmes aux affaires publiques. L’auteur suggère que les contextes politique et social sont cruciaux dans la formation moderne de la piété et que les études doivent tendre vers des analyses non réductrices, portant sur de multiples aspects, qui intègrent les contextes discursifs et politico‐économiques transnationaux dans la discussion de politiques de la piété, selon une approche qui ne soit pas nécessairement constitutive et toujours contextualisée.
Mukadas's struggle: veils and modernity in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: McBrien Julie 
Published: April 2009

When Mukadas Kadirova changed her mode of dress as an act of religious devotion, she and her family – the self‐proclaimed (former) epitome of modern, Soviet citizenry – were confronted with conflicting normative systems. Was Mukadas still a modern woman? Was the family? And what was modernity anyway, they asked: socialist ideals, capitalist consumption, or pious women fashionably tying their headscarves? This paper, based on fourteen months of fieldwork in Kyrgyzstan, examines Mukadas's religious transformation; her attempts to map this alteration onto the shifting discursive and material realities of the post‐Soviet period; and her play with variant notions of modernity. Mukadas's struggle ultimately shows that while modernity is often characterized by a linear, forward‐looking gaze, experiences of modernity are not always marked by this progressive ‘onward’ sense. Modernity can be simultaneously past, present, and future.RésuméQuand Mukadas Kadirova a changé de tenue vestimentaire pour manifester sa dévotion religieuse, elle‐même et sa famille, incarnation autoproclamée (mais révolue) de la citoyenneté soviétique moderne, se sont trouvées face à un conflit de leurs systèmes normatifs. Mukadas était‐elle encore une femme moderne ? Sa famille était‐elle moderne ? Et pour commencer, qu’est‐ce que la modernité : les idéaux socialistes, le consumérisme capitaliste ou des femmes pieuses qui nouent coquettement leur foulard ? Basé sur quatorze mois de travail de terrain au Kirghizstan, l’article examine la transformation religieuse de Mukadas, ses tentatives d’ajuster ce changement aux réalités discursives et matérielles mouvantes de l’ère postsoviétique, et son maniement de différentes notions de la modernité. Le dilemme de Mukadas montre, en fin de compte, que bien que la modernité soit souvent présentée comme un regard projeté vers l’avant, elle n’est pas toujours marquée, en réalité, par cette impression progressive de « marche en avant ». La modernité peut tout à la fois être le passé, le présent et l’avenir.
Genealogy of the Islamic state: reflections on Maududi's political thought and Islamism
Authors: Ahmad Irfan 
Published: April 2009

According to the conventional wisdom, there is no separation between religion and the state in Islam. Ernest Gellner thus asserted that Islam ‘was the state from the very start’. Most readings of ‘Islamic fundamentalism’ aver that since Islam fuses religion and politics, the idea of the state flows from the inner logic of Islam. Challenging this explanation, I argue that the state became central to Islamism not because of theology. Rather, the configuration of modern political formations – particularly the unprecedented interventionist role of the modern state in everyday life – catalysed the state to become central in Islamist thought. To trace the genealogy of the Islamic state, I draw on the life of Maududi, arguably the most influential ideologue of Islamism in the twentieth century. In a context where the colonial Indian state had begun to impact deeply on individual and collective lives, Maududi interpreted Islam to equate it with the state.RésuméDe l’avis général, il n’y a pas de séparation entre la religion et l’État dans l’islam. Ernest Gellner a pu ainsi affirmer que l’islam «était l’État dès le commencement ». La plupart des lectures du « fondamentalisme islamique » maintiennent que puisque l’islam fusionne religion et politique, l’idée de l’État découle de la logique interne de l’islam. Remettant en question cette explication, l’auteur fait valoir que ce n’est pas à cause de la théologie que l’État est devenu central dans l’islamisme ; c’est plutôt la configuration des formations politiques modernes – notamment l’interventionnisme sans précédent de l’État dans la vie de tous les jours – qui a contribuéà focaliser la pensée islamiste sur l’État. Pour remonter dans la généalogie de l’État islamique, l’auteur s’inspire de la vie de Maududi, qui fut probablement l’idéologue de l’islamisme le plus influent du XXesiècle. A une époque où l’État indien colonial commençait à peser lourdement sur la vie des individus et de la collectivité, c’est lui qui interpréta l’islam comme équivalent de l’État.
Market Islam in Indonesia
Authors: Rudnyckyj Daromir 
Published: April 2009

This paper argues that in contemporary Indonesia development is increasingly being posed as an ethical, rather than a political and economic, problem. I demonstrate this change by describing one of several moderate Islamic ‘spiritual reform’ movements that are active in state‐owned enterprises, government offices, and private companies. These initiatives combine business management principles and techniques from popular life‐coaching seminars with Muslim practice. I term this assemblage ‘market Islam’ and contrast it with what has been labelled ‘civil Islam’. I argue that market Islam seeks less to create commensurability between Islam and democracy and is instead designed to merge Muslim religious practice and capitalist ethics. Market Islam is thus less concerned with state power and the articulation of politics and religion, and more focused on eliciting the ethical dispositions conducive to economic liberalism. It is thus designed to create a form of effective self‐management by making ‘people better from the inside’ and ‘breaking boundaries’ that are seen to afflict Indonesian development, such as those between Indonesia and other countries, between religion and work, and between individuals and the corporations for which they work. I conclude that market Islam is neither fundamentalist nor conservative, but rather involves breaking a series of boundaries that were constitutive of Indonesian modernity.RésuméLe présent article soutient que dans l’Indonésie contemporaine, le développement est de plus en plus présenté comme un problème éthique plus que politique et économique. L’auteur met en évidence ce changement en décrivant l’un des multiples mouvements de « réforme spirituelle » islamiques modérés à l’œuvre dans les entreprises d’État, les administrations et les sociétés privées. Ces initiatives combinent les principes et techniques de gestion d’entreprise issues de séminaires de coaching populaires avec la pratique de l’islam. L’auteur désigne cet assemblage par l’appellation « islam de marché» et le confronte à l’islam dit « civil ». Il affirme que l’islam de marché essaie non pas de créer des repères communs entre l’islam et la démocratie, mais de fusionner pratique religieuse musulmane et éthique capitaliste. L’islam de marché s’intéresse donc moins à la puissance de l’État et à l’articulation de la politique et de la religion qu’à la mise en place des dispositions éthiques conduisant au libéralisme économique. Il est donc conçu pour créer une forme d’autogestion efficace, en « rendant les gens meilleurs de l’intérieur » et en « brisant les barrières » qui grèvent le développement de l’Indonésie : barrières entre l’Indonésie et les autres pays, entre religion et travail, entre les individus et les entreprises pour lesquelles ils travaillent. L’auteur conclut que l’islam de marché n’est ni fondamentaliste ni conservateur, mais vise plutôt à abattre diverses cloisons inhérentes à la modernité en Indonésie.
Islam and the politics of enchantment
Authors: Starrett Gregory 
Published: April 2009

The North American public sphere is suffused with claims and counter‐claims about the relationship between Islam and violence. Schools and publishers have responded with training programmes for teachers and curriculum units for students introducing them to the Middle East and its dominant religious tradition. Such programmes are often accused by local parents and national intellectuals of pandering to Muslim sensitivities by whitewashing distasteful historical events and even proselytizing young people. Focusing on a 2002 lawsuit filed against California's Byron Union School District, by parents upset by a classroom role‐playing exercise on Islam, this paper argues that political fears about terrorist infiltration into US society are building on powerful emotional and cultural concerns about the nature of ritual and the spiritual safety of children exposed to information about other religions. By encouraging public education as a response to political and cultural tensions, educators may in fact be heightening the public's concerns about Islam as a comprehensive threat.RésuméDans la sphère publique nord‐américaine, on entend dire tout et son contraire à propos de la relation entre l’islam et la violence. En réponse, les écoles et les éditeurs ont produit des programmes de formation des enseignants et des unités d’enseignement présentant le Moyen Orient et sa tradition religieuse dominante. Les parents, au niveau local, et les intellectuels au niveau national accusent souvent ces programmes de flatter la susceptibilité musulmane en occultant les événements historiques déplaisants, et même de faire du prosélytisme auprès des jeunes. En se concentrant sur un procès intenté en 2002 au district scolaire de Byron Union en Californie par des parents troublés par un jeu de rôles en classe sur le thème de l’islam, l’auteur affirme que les craintes politiques d’infiltration terroriste dans la société américaine s’enracinent dans de puissantes inquiétudes émotionnelles et culturelles relatives à la nature du rituel et à la sécurité spirituelle des enfants exposés à des informations sur d’autres religions. En encourageant la sensibilisation publique en réponse aux tensions politiques et culturelles, les éducateurs pourraient en réalité attiser les craintes d’une opinion publique qui perçoit dans l’islam une menace omniprésente.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF DISADVANTAGE IN RURAL SCOTLAND
Authors: PACIONE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn the United Kingdom, despite the social legislation of the post‐war era, poverty and deprivation remain the daily experience of many citizens. Large numbers of the disadvantaged live in rural areas, yet most research attention has been focused on conditions in urban Britain, and in particular on the main cities of England. This research employs a multi‐scale multi‐indicator approach and data extracted from the latest Census of Population to identify the nature, intensity and incidence of disadvantage in rural Scotland. The empirical findings are of both academic and policy relevance. Finally, a five‐dimensional conceptual framework is presented as a guide for future research into the geography of rural disadvantage.