bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial ecosystems from space: a review of earth observation products for macroecology applications
Authors: Pfeifer Marion , Disney Mathias , Quaife Tristan , Marchant Rob 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAim  Earth observation (EO) products are a valuable alternative to spectral vegetation indices. We discuss the availability of EO products for analysing patterns in macroecology, particularly related to vegetation, on a range of spatial and temporal scales.Location  Global.Methods  We discuss four groups of EO products: land cover/cover change, vegetation structure and ecosystem productivity, fire detection, and digital elevation models. We address important practical issues arising from their use, such as assumptions underlying product generation, product accuracy and product transferability between spatial scales. We investigate the potential of EO products for analysing terrestrial ecosystems.Results  Land cover, productivity and fire products are generated from long‐term data using standardized algorithms to improve reliability in detecting change of land surfaces. Their global coverage renders them useful for macroecology. Their spatial resolution (e.g. GLOBCOVER vegetation, 300 m; MODIS vegetation and fire, ≥ 500 m; ASTER digital elevation, 30 m) can be a limiting factor. Canopy structure and productivity products are based on physical approaches and thus are independent of biome‐specific calibrations. Active fire locations are provided in near‐real time, while burnt area products show actual area burnt by fire. EO products can be assimilated into ecosystem models, and their validation information can be employed to calculate uncertainties during subsequent modelling.Main conclusions  Owing to their global coverage and long‐term continuity, EO end products can significantly advance the field of macroecology. EO products allow analyses of spatial biodiversity, seasonal dynamics of biomass and productivity, and consequences of disturbances on regional to global scales. Remaining drawbacks include inter‐operability between products from different sensors and accuracy issues due to differences between assumptions and models underlying the generation of different EO products. Our review explains the nature of EO products and how they relate to particular ecological variables across scales to encourage their wider use in ecological applications.
External Openness and Economic Growth in Developing Countries
Authors: Cieślik Andrzej , Tarsalewska Monika 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper investigates empirically the relationship between two channels of external openness: international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and the rate of economic growth implied by the leader–follower model. The predictions of the theory are tested for the group of 97 developing countries in the period of 1974–2006 using static and dynamic panel data estimation methods. The estimation results show that both international trade and FDI positively contribute to growth.
Are Short‐lived Jobs Stepping Stones to Long‐Lasting Jobs?*
Authors: Cockx Bart , Picchio Matteo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article assesses whether short‐lived jobs (lasting one quarter or less and involuntarily ending in unemployment) are stepping stones to long‐lasting jobs (enduring 1 year or more) for Belgian long‐term unemployed school‐leavers. We proceed in two steps. First, we estimate labour market trajectories in a multi‐spell duration model that incorporates lagged duration and lagged occurrence dependence. Second, in a simulation we find that (fe)male school‐leavers accepting a short‐lived job are, within 2 years, 13.4 (9.5) percentage points more likely to find a long‐lasting job than in the counterfactual in which they reject short‐lived jobs.
Using thePersona toExpressComplexEmotions inMusic
Authors: COCHRANE TOM 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis article begins by arguing for the persona theory of musical experience, which claims that when we hear music as expressive of emotions, we have a sense of a persona that is in some way attached to the emotional state. The author argues that the sense of persona underlies a number of different accountsof musical expression and is generally supported by the essential experiential content of emotions. The author then explores the ways in which the listener's sense of a persona may be exploited to allow the expression of complex emotions, focussing on the emotion of jealousy and, to that end, examining two cases where the expression of that emotion has been attempted by Janáček and Piazzolla.
Landscape‐scale determinants of non‐native fish communities
Authors: Lapointe Nicolas W. R. , Light Theo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim Predicting and preventing invasions depends on knowledge of the factors that make ecosystems susceptible to invasion. Current studies generally rely on non‐native species richness (NNSR) as the sole measure of ecosystem invasibility; however, species identity is a critical consideration, given that different ecosystems may have environmental characteristics suitable to different species. Our aim was to examine whether non‐native freshwater fish community composition was related to ecosystem characteristics at the landscape scale.Location United States.Methods We described spatial patterns in non‐native freshwater fish communities among watersheds in the Mid‐Atlantic region of the United States based on records of establishment in the U.S. Geological Survey’s Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. We described general relationships between non‐native species and ecosystem characteristics using canonical correspondence analysis. We clustered watersheds by non‐native fish community and described differences among clusters using indicator species analysis. We then assessed whether non‐native communities could be predicted from ecosystem characteristics using random forest analysis and predicted non‐native communities for uninvaded watersheds. We estimated which ecosystem characteristics were most important for predicting non‐native communities using conditional inference trees.Results We identified four non‐native fish communities, each with distinct indicator species. Non‐native communities were predicted based on ecosystem characteristics with an accuracy of 80.6%, with temperature as the most important variable. Relatively uninvaded watersheds were predicted to be invasible by the most diverse non‐native community.Main conclusions Non‐native species identity is an important consideration when assessing ecosystem invasibility. NNSR alone is an insufficient measure of invasibility because ecosystems with equal NNSR may not be equally invasible by the same species. Our findings can help improve predictions of future invasions and focus management and policy decisions on particular species in highly invasible ecosystems.
Insulin alone or with captopril: effects on signaling pathways (AKT and AMPK) and oxidative balance after ischemia–reperfusion in isolated hearts
Authors: de Oliveira Ubirajara Oliveira , Belló‐Kein Adriane , de Oliveira Álvaro Reischak , Kuchaski Luiz Carlos , Machado Ubiratan Fabres , Irigoyen Maria Claudia , Schaan Beatriz D’Agord 
Published: October 2011

AbstractInsulin and the inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system have independent benefits for ischemia–reperfusion injury, but their combination has not been tested. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of insulin+captopril on insulin/angiotensin signaling pathways and cardiac function in the isolated heart subjected to ischemia–reperfusion. Isolated hearts were perfused (Langendorff technique) with Krebs–Henseleit (KH) buffer for 25 min. Global ischemia was induced (20 min), followed by reperfusion (30 min) with KH (group KH), KH+angiotensin‐I (group A), KH+angiotensin‐I+captopril (group AC), KH+insulin (group I), KH+insulin+angiotensin‐I (group IA), or KH+insulin+angiotensin‐I+captopril (group IAC). Group A had a 24% reduction in developed pressure and an increase in end‐diastolic pressure vs. baseline, effects that were reverted in groups AC, IA, and IAC. The phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) was higher in groups I and IA vs. groups KH and A. The phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was ∼31% higher in groups I, IA, and IAC vs. groups KH, A, and AC. The tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH)‐induced chemiluminescence was lower (∼2.2 times) in all groups vs. group KH and was ∼35% lower in group IA vs. group A. Superoxide dismutase content was lower in groups A, AC, and IAC vs. group KH. Catalase activity was ∼28% lower in all groups (except group IA) vs. group KH. During reperfusion of the ischemic heart, insulin activates the AKT and AMPK pathways and inhibits the deleterious effects of angiotensin‐I perfusion on SOD expression and cardiac function. The addition of captopril does not potentiate these effects.
A report of a galactan from marine alga Gelidium crinale with in vivo anti‐inflammatory and antinociceptive effects
Authors: de Sousa Albertina A.S. , Benevides Norma M.B. , de Freitas Pires Alana , Fiúza Felipe P. , Queiroz Maria G.R. , Morais Thamires M.F. , Pereira Maria G. , Assreuy Ana M.S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe sulfated galactan of the red marine alga Gelidium crinale (SG‐Gc) was purified by ion exchange chromatography and tested by intravenous (i.v.) route in rodent experimental models of inflammation and nociception. The anti‐inflammatory activity of SG‐Gc (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg) was evaluated in the model of rat paw edema induced by different inflammatory stimuli, while SG‐Gc (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg) antinociceptive effect was assessed in models of nociception/hyperalgesia elicited by chemical (formalin test), thermal (hot plate), and mechanical (von Frey) stimuli in mice. In addition, the toxicity was evaluated after rat treatment with SG‐Gc (1 mg/kg; i.v.) during 10 days, followed by analysis of the wet weight of animal’s body/organs and hematological/biochemical parameters. Sulfated galactan of G. crinale inhibited the time course of dextran‐induced paw edema, at all doses, showing maximal effect at 1 mg/kg (42%) and that induced by carrageenan at 0.01 (18%) and 1 mg/kg (20%), but was ineffective on the edema elicited by zymosan. At the highest dose, SG‐Gc also inhibited the paw edema induced by histamine (49%), compound 48/80 (32%), and phospholipase A2 (44%). Sulfated galactan of G. crinale inhibited both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test, at all doses, and at 10 mg/kg, the animals flinch reaction in the von Frey test in the 1st and 3rd h by 19 and 26%, respectively. Additionally, SG‐Gc treatment was well tolerated by animals. In conclusion, SG‐Gc presents anti‐inflammatory effect involving the inhibition of histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites and also antinociceptive activity, especially the inflammatory pain with participation of the opioid system.
Age‐associated elevation in TLR5 leads to increased inflammatory responses in the elderly
Authors: Qian Feng , Wang Xiaomei , Zhang Lin , Chen Shu , Piecychna Marta , Allore Heather , Bockenstedt Linda , Malawista Stephen , Bucala Richard , Shaw Albert C. , Fikrig Erol , Montgomery Ruth R. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAging is accompanied by a progressive decline in immune function. Studies have shown age‐related decreases in the expression and signaling efficiency of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) in monocytes and dendritic cells and dysregulation of macrophage TLR3. Using a multivariable mixed effect model, we report a highly significant increase in TLR5‐induced production of IL‐8 from monocytes of older individuals (P < 0.0001). Elevated IL‐8 is accompanied by increased expression of TLR5, both protein and mRNA, and by increased levels of TLR5‐mediated phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and ERK. We noted incomplete activation of NF‐κB in response to TLR5 signaling in monocytes of elderly donors, as reflected by the absence of an associated increase in the production of TNF‐α. Elevated TLR5 may provide a critical mechanism to enhance immune responsiveness in older individuals.
Alterations in phosphatidylethanolamine levels affect the generation of Aβ
Authors: Nesic Iva , Guix Francesc X. , Vennekens Krist’l , Michaki Vasiliki , Van Veldhoven Paul P. , Feiguin Fabian , De Strooper Bart , Dotti Carlos G. , Wahle Tina 
Published: October 2011

SummarySeveral studies suggest that the generation of Aβ is highly dependent on the levels of cholesterol within membranes’ detergent‐resistant microdomains (DRM). Indeed, the β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving machinery, namely β‐ and γ‐secretases, has been shown to be present in DRM and its activity depends on membrane cholesterol levels. Counterintuitive to the localization of the cleavage machinery, the substrate, APP, localizes to membranes’ detergent‐soluble microdomains enriched in phospholipids (PL), indicating that Aβ generation is highly dependent on the capacity of enzyme and substrate to diffuse along the lateral plane of the membrane and therefore on the internal equilibrium of the different lipids of DRM and non‐DRM domains. Here, we studied to which extent changes in the content of a main non‐DRM lipid might affect the proteolytic processing of APP. As phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) accounts for the majority of PL, we focused on its impact on the regulation of APP proteolysis. In mammalian cells, siRNA‐mediated knock‐down of PE synthesis resulted in decreased Aβ owing to a dual effect: promoted α‐secretase cleavage and decreased γ‐secretase processing of APP. In vivo, in Drosophila melanogaster, genetic reduction in PL synthesis results in decreased γ‐secretase‐dependent cleavage of APP. These results suggest that modulation of the membrane‐soluble domains could be a valuable alternative to reduce excessive Aβ generation.
Sensitivity to μ‐opioid receptor‐mediated anti‐nociception is determined by cross‐regulation between μ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors at supraspinal level
Authors: Ballesta JJ , Cremades J , Rodríguez‐Muñoz M , Garzón J , Faura CC 
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The perception of pain and its inhibition varies considerably between individuals, and this variability is still unexplained. The aim of the present study is to determine whether functional interactions between opioid receptors are involved in the inter‐individual variability in the sensitivity to μ‐opioid receptor agonists.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Anti‐nociceptive tests, radioligand binding, stimulation of [35S]GTP–γ–S binding, inhibition of cAMP production and co‐immunoprecipitation experiments were performed in two strains of rat (Sprague–Dawley bred at our university – SDU – and Wistar) that differ in their sensitivity to opioids.KEY RESULTS The increased anti‐nociceptive potency of µ‐opioid receptor agonists in SDU rats was reversed by the δ‐opioid receptor antagonist, naltrindole. Inhibition of the binding of [3H] naltrindole by µ‐opioid receptor agonists was different in brain membranes from SDU and Wistar rats. Differences were also evident in the effect of δ‐opioid receptor ligands on the binding of [35S]GTP‐γ–S stimulated by µ‐opioid receptors agonists. No strain‐related differences were detected in spinal cord membranes. The potency of morphine to inhibit cAMP production in brain membranes varied between the strains, in the presence of deltorphin II and naltrindole. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that δ‐opioid receptors were associated with μ‐opioid receptors to a higher extent in brain synaptosomal fractions from SDU than in those from Wistar rats.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS There was increased supraspinal cross‐talk between μ and δ‐opioid receptors in SDU, as compared with Wistar rats. This was related to an enhanced sensitivity to anti‐nociception induced by µ‐opioid receptor agonists.
The Joint Development of Traditional Bullying and Victimization With Cyber Bullying and Victimization in Adolescence
Authors: Jose Paul E. , Kljakovic Moja , Scheib Emma , Notter Olivia 
Published: October 2011

The present study investigated the stabilities of and interrelationships among traditional (i.e., face‐to‐face) bullying, traditional victimhood, cyber bullying, and cyber victimhood among adolescents over time. About 1,700 adolescents aged 11–16 years at Time 1 self‐reported levels of both bullying and victimization in four contexts (in school, outside of school, texting, and on‐line) annually for 2 years. Results indicated that all four dynamics were moderately stable over time. The following variables were found to bidirectionally reinforce and predict each other over time: traditional bullying and traditional victimization; traditional bullying and cyber bullying; and traditional victimization and cyber victimization. These results indicate that bullying and victimhood in both face‐to‐face and cyber‐based interactions are related but not identical interpersonal dynamics.
Anticipated discrimination among people with schizophrenia
Authors: Üçok A. , Brohan E. , Rose D. , Sartorius N. , Leese M. , Yoon C. K. , Plooy A. , Ertekin B. A. , Milev R. , Thornicroft G. ,   the INDIGO Study Group
Published: October 2011

Üçok A, Brohan E, Rose D, Sartorius N, Leese M, Yoon CK, Plooy A, Ertekin BA, Milev R, Thornicroft G, the INDIGO Study Group. Anticipated discrimination among people with schizophrenia.Objective:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of anticipated discrimination in people with schizophrenia (n = 732) from 27 countries in the International Study of Discrimination and Stigma Outcomes (INDIGO).Method:  Anticipated discrimination was assessed through four questions of Discrimination and Stigma Scale. Twenty‐five individuals were identified at each site who were reasonably representative of all such treated cases within the local area.Results:  Sixty‐four per cent of the participants reported that they had stopped themselves from applying for work, training or education because of anticipated discrimination. Seventy‐two per cent of them reported that they felt the need to conceal their diagnosis. Expecting to be avoided by others who know about their diagnosis was highly associated with decisions to conceal their diagnosis. Those who concealed their diagnosis were younger and more educated. The participants who perceived discrimination by others were more likely to stop themselves from looking for a close relationship. Anticipated discrimination in finding and keeping work was more common in the absence than in the presence of experienced discrimination, and the similar findings applied to intimate relationships.Conclusion:  This study shows that anticipated discrimination among people with schizophrenia is common, but is not necessarily associated with experienced discrimination.
The role of deprivation, abuse, and trauma in pediatric catatonia without a clear medical cause
Authors: Dhossche D. M. , Ross C. A. , Stoppelbein L. 
Published: October 2011

Dhossche DM, Ross CA, Stoppelbein L. The role of deprivation, abuse, and trauma in pediatric catatonia without a clear medical cause.Objective:  Catatonia is considered a unique syndrome of motor signs, at times life‐threatening when aggravated by autonomic dysfunction and fever, but eminently treatable with specific medical treatments, if recognized early. Catatonia commonly occurs in children and adolescents with a wide range of associated disorders. The role of deprivation, abuse, or trauma in the development of pediatric catatonia is examined.Method:  Reports considering deprivation, abuse, or trauma as precipitants of catatonia in pediatric cases are culled from the classic writings on catatonia and from a selective review of modern contributions.Results:  Kahlbaum gave trauma a central role in catatonia in many young adult cases. Kanner described children with psychogenic catalepsy. Anaclitic depression, a condition found by Spitz in deprived institutionalized children, strongly resembles stuporous catatonia. Leonhard considered lack of communication with the mother or substitute mother as an important risk factor for childhood catatonia. Children including those with autism who experience emotional and physical trauma sometimes develop catatonia. The clinical descriptions of children with classic catatonic syndromes and those of contemporary refugee children with a syndrome labeled Pervasive Refusal Syndrome are similar.Conclusion:  The literature supports the view that deprivation, abuse, and trauma can precipitate catatonia in children and adolescents.
Forest dynamics following eastern hemlock mortality in the southern Appalachians
Authors: Ford Chelcy R. , Elliott Katherine J. , Clinton Barton D. , Kloeppel Brian D. , Vose James M. 
Published: October 2011

Understanding changes in community composition caused by invasive species is critical for predicting effects on ecosystem function, particularly when the invasive threatens a foundation species. Here we focus on dynamics of forest structure, composition and microclimate, and how these interact in southern Appalachian riparian forests following invasion by hemlock woolly adelgid, HWA, Adelges tsugae. We measured and quantified changes in microclimate; canopy mortality; canopy and shrub growth; understory species composition; and the cover and diversity in riparian forests dominated by eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis over a period of seven years. Treatments manipulated hemlock mortality either through invasion (HWA infested stands) or girdling (GDL) hemlock trees.Mortality was rapid, with 50% hemlock tree mortality occurring after six years of invasion, in contrast to more than 50% mortality in two years following girdling. Although 50% of hemlock trees were still alive five years after infestation, leaf area lost was similar to that of girdled trees. As such, overall responses over time (changes in light transmittance, growth, soil moisture) were identical to girdled stands with 100% mortality. Our results showed different growth responses of the canopy species, shrubs and ground layer, with the latter being substantially influenced by presence of the evergreen shrub, rhododendron Rhododendron maximum. Although ground layer richness in the infested and girdled stands increased by threefold, they did not approach levels recorded in hardwood forests without rhododendron. Increased growth of co‐occurring canopy trees occurred in the first few years following hemlock decline, with similar responses in both treatments. In contrast, growth of rhododendron continued to increase over time. By the end of the study it had a 2.6‐fold higher growth rate than expected, likely taking advantage of increased light available during leaf‐off periods of the deciduous species. Increased growth and dominance of rhododendron may be a major determinant of future responses in southern Appalachian ecosystems; however, our results suggest hemlock will be replaced by a mix of Acer, Betula, Fagus and Quercus canopy genera where establishment is not limited by rhododendron.