bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation in relations in different goat populations of Bangladesh
Authors: Afroz MF , Faruque MO , Husain SS , Han JL , Paul B 
Published: February 2012

The genetic relation among different populations and breeds of goats in Bangladesh was studied using 15 microsatellite markers. A total of 181 goat samples- 36 from Black Bengal of western part (BBW), 39 from Black Bengal of central part (BBC), 40 from Black Bengal of Hilly region (BBH), 28 from exotic breeds (JAM) and 39 from crossbred (CRW) were genotyped. The allele number per locus ranged from 2 to 12. The average number of alleles per population was 5.69 ± 2.32, 5.38 ± 2.02, 5.23 ± 2.28, 6.08 ± 2.33, and 5.77 ± 2.35 for BBW, BBC, BBH, CRW and JAM, respectively. Heterozygosity was found in the range from 0.5049 ± 0.0222 (BBC) to 0.5751 ± 0.0262 (JAM). The genetic distance (DA) between BBC and JAM was the highest (0.0627) and that between JAM and CRW was the lowest (0.0037). In the phylogenetic dendrogram, BBC and BBH grouped in the same cluster, while CRW and JAM formed another cluster. BBW formed a third cluster between those two clusters. The closest genetic relation between BBW and CRW indicates the introgression of exotic genes occurred more in BBW than BBC and BBH. Key words: Bangladeshi goats; Microsatellite markers; Genetic variation; Dendrogram DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v39i1-2.9672 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39(1&2): 1-8
Comparison of Sedative Drugs Under Peribulbar or Topical Anesthesia During Phacoemulsification
Authors: Dogan Rafi , Karalezli Aylin , Sahin Durmus , Gumus Funda 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To compare dexmedetomidine and midazolam+fentanyl sedation primarily based on patient satisfaction during phacoemulsification under topical and peribulbar anesthesia.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Prospective, randomized, and double-blind study of 80 American Society of Anesthesiology grade I–II patients who underwent phacoemulsification with local anesthesia under sedation. Patients were divided into four groups (20 patients for each): dexmedetomidine and topical anesthesia, dexmedetomidine and peribulbar anesthesia, midazolam+fentanyl and topical anesthesia, and midazolam+fentanyl and peribulbar anesthesia. Patient and surgeon satisfaction were determined on a 5-point scale. The pain was determined by verbal pain scale intraoperatively and postoperatively. Drugs were given to a Ramsay sedation scale of 3. Topical and peribulbar anesthesia were performed by an ophthalmologist. Hemodynamic, respiratory, and intraocular pressure monitoring was done. Operative and recovery times were recorded.

RESULTS:

In the midazolam+fentanyl groups, better patient and surgeon satisfaction scores were obtained (
P
< .005), verbal pain scale scores were significantly lower (
P
< .001), and patients needed less postoperative analgesia. Ramsay sedation scale scores were between 3 and 4 in all patients and there were no significant differences. Intraocular pressure alterations were similar between groups. Recovery time was longer in the dexmedetomidine groups (
P
< .05).

CONCLUSION:
The study demonstrated that the midazolam+fentanyl combination provided high-level patient satisfaction scores, low-level pain scores, and shorter recovery time. Also, both of the peribulbar and topical anesthesia procedures showed similar efficiency.
Cutting Edge: The “Death” Adaptor CRADD/RAIDD Targets BCL10 and Suppresses Agonist-Induced Cytokine Expression in T Lymphocytes
Authors: Lin Qing , Liu Yan , Moore Daniel J. , Elizer Sydney K. , Veach Ruth A. , Hawiger Jacek , Ruley H. Earl 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to TCR agonists is regulated by the caspase-recruitment domain membrane-associated guanylate kinase 1 (CARMA1) signalosome through the coordinated assembly of complexes containing the BCL10 adaptor protein. We describe a novel mechanism to negatively regulate the CARMA1 signalosome by the “death” adaptor protein caspase and receptor interacting protein adaptor with death domain (CRADD)/receptor interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a death domain. We show that CRADD interacts with BCL10 through its caspase recruitment domain and suppresses interactions between BCL10 and CARMA1. TCR agonist-induced interaction between CRADD and BCL10 coincides with reduction of its complex formation with CARMA1 in wild-type, as compared with Cradd-deficient, primary cells. Finally, Cradd-deficient spleen cells, CD4+ T cells, and mice respond to T cell agonists with strikingly higher production of proinflammatory mediators, including IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-17. These results define a novel role for CRADD as a negative regulator of the CARMA1 signalosome and suppressor of Th1- and Th17-mediated inflammatory responses.
The Adaptor Protein SLP-76 Regulates HIV-1 Release and Cell-to-Cell Transmission in T Cells
Authors: Nagaraja Tirumuru , Anand Appakkudal R. , Zhao Helong , Ganju Ramesh K. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
HIV-1 infection in T cells is regulated by TCR activation. However, the cellular proteins of the TCR pathway that regulate HIV-1 infection are poorly characterized. In this study, in HIV-1 infection, we observed a significant reduction of HIV-1 virus production in Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76)–deficient Jurkat T cells compared with wild-type and SLP-76–reconstituted Jurkat T cells. We further confirmed the role of SLP-76 in HIV-1 infection by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown in MT4 cells and PBMCs. Structural-functional analysis revealed that the N-terminal domain of SLP-76 was important for regulating HIV-1 infection. Further mechanistic studies revealed that lack of SLP-76 impaired virus release, but did not affect viral entry, integration, and transcription. We also showed that SLP-76 plays a critical role in cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. Signaling studies revealed that SLP-76 associated with viral negative regulatory factor protein and multiple signaling molecules during HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, SLP-76 facilitated the association of negative regulatory factor and F-actin, suggesting that SLP-76 mediates the formation of a signaling complex that may regulate viral release via cytoskeletal changes. Taken together, our studies demonstrate a novel role for the adaptor molecule SLP-76 in regulating HIV-1 infection in T cells with the potential to develop innovative strategies against HIV-1.
Midkine Inhibits Inducible Regulatory T Cell Differentiation by Suppressing the Development of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
Authors: Sonobe Yoshifumi , Li Hua , Jin Shijie , Kishida Satoshi , Kadomatsu Kenji , Takeuchi Hideyuki , Mizuno Tetsuya , Suzumura Akio 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, reportedly contributes to inflammatory diseases, including Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. We previously showed that MK aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by decreasing regulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (Tregs), a population that regulates the development of autoimmune responses, although the precise mechanism remains uncertain. In this article, we show that MK produced in inflammatory conditions suppresses the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCregs), which drive the development of inducible Treg. MK suppressed DCreg-mediated expansion of the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg population. DCregs expressed significantly higher levels of CD45RB and produced significantly less IL-12 compared with conventional dendritic cells. However, MK downregulated CD45RB expression and induced IL-12 production by reducing phosphorylated STAT3 levels via src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 in DCreg. Inhibiting MK activity with anti-MK RNA aptamers, which bind to the targeted protein to suppress the function of the protein, increased the numbers of CD11clowCD45RB+ dendritic cells and Tregs in the draining lymph nodes and suppressed the severity of EAE, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Our results also demonstrated that MK was produced by inflammatory cells, in particular, CD4+ T cells under inflammatory conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that MK aggravates EAE by suppressing DCreg development, thereby impairing the Treg population. Thus, MK is a promising therapeutic target for various autoimmune diseases.
The Impact of a Large and Frequent Deletion in the Human TCR β Locus on Antiviral Immunity
Authors: Brennan Rebekah M. , Petersen Jan , Neller Michelle A. , Miles John J. , Burrows Jacqueline M. , Smith Corey , McCluskey James , Khanna Rajiv , Rossjohn Jamie , Burrows Scott R. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The TCR plays a critical role in recognizing intracellular pathogens and initiating pathways leading to the destruction of infected cells by the immune system. Although genetic variability is known to greatly impact on the human immune system and the outcome of infection, the influence of sequence variation leading to the inactivation or deletion of TCR gene segments is unknown. To investigate this issue, we examined the CD8+ T cell response to an HLA-B7–restricted epitope (265RPHERNGFTVL275) from the pp65 Ag of human CMV that was highly biased and frequently dominated by a public TCR β-chain encoded by the variable gene segment TRBV4-3. Approximately 40% of humans lack T cells expressing TRBV4-3 because of a 21.5-kb insertion/deletion polymorphism, but these individuals remain responsive to this epitope, using a diverse T cell repertoire characterized by private TCR usage. Although most residues within the bulged 11-mer peptide were accessible for TCR contact, the public and private TCRs showed distinct patterns of sensitivity to amino acid substitution at different positions within the peptide, thereby suggesting that the repertoire diversity generated in the absence of the dominant public TRBV4-3+ TCR could lead to better protection from viral escape mutation. Thus, variation in the size of the TRBV repertoire clearly contributes toward interindividual variability in immune responses and is presumably maintained in many ethnic groups to enhance the diversity of Ag-specific T cell responses.
Germinal Center Alloantibody Responses Are Mediated Exclusively by Indirect-Pathway CD4 T Follicular Helper Cells
Authors: Conlon Thomas M. , Saeb-Parsy Kourosh , Cole Jennifer L. , Motallebzadeh Reza , Qureshi M. Saeed , Rehakova Sylvia , Negus Margaret C. , Callaghan Chris J. , Bolton Eleanor M. , Bradley J. Andrew , Pettigrew Gavin J. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The durable alloantibody responses that develop in organ transplant patients indicate long-lived plasma cell output from T-dependent germinal centers (GCs), but which of the two pathways of CD4 T cell allorecognition is responsible for generating allospecific T follicular helper cells remains unclear. This was addressed by reconstituting T cell-deficient mice with monoclonal populations of TCR-transgenic CD4 T cells that recognized alloantigen only as conformationally intact protein (direct pathway) or only as self-restricted allopeptide (indirect pathway) and then assessing the alloantibody response to a heart graft. Recipients reconstituted with indirect-pathway CD4 T cells developed long-lasting IgG alloantibody responses, with splenic GCs and allospecific bone marrow plasma cells readily detectable 50 d after heart transplantation. Differentiation of the transferred CD4 T cells into T follicular helper cells was confirmed by follicular localization and by acquisition of signature phenotype. In contrast, IgG alloantibody was not detectable in recipient mice reconstituted with direct-pathway CD4 T cells. Neither prolongation of the response by preventing NK cell killing of donor dendritic cells nor prior immunization to develop CD4 T cell memory altered the inability of the direct pathway to provide allospecific B cell help. CD4 T cell help for GC alloantibody responses is provided exclusively via the indirect-allorecognition pathway.
A TRIF-Independent Branch of TLR3 Signaling
Authors: Yamashita Michifumi , Chattopadhyay Saurabh , Fensterl Volker , Zhang Ying , Sen Ganes C. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
dsRNA is a common pathogen-associated molecular pattern that is recognized by cellular TLR3 and used by virus-infected cells to activate specific transcription factors and trigger induction of antiviral genes. In this article, we report a new branch of TLR3 signaling that does not lead to gene induction but affects many cellular properties, such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. We demonstrated that the migration of multiple cell lineages was affected by dsRNA treatment or influenza virus infection in a TLR3-dependent fashion. Surprisingly, for this effect of TLR3 signaling, the adaptor proteins, TRIF and MyD88, were not required. The effects of the new pathway were mediated by the proto-oncoprotein c-Src, which bound to TLR3 after dsRNA stimulation of cells. The response was biphasic: upon dsRNA treatment, we observed an immediate increase in cell motility followed by its strong inhibition. Our results indicate that the first phase was mediated by dsRNA-induced phosphorylation and activation of Src, whereas the second phase resulted from the sequestration of activated Src in lipid rafts, thus decreasing its active cytoplasmic pool. As expected, two other functions of Src, its effect on cell adhesion and cell proliferation, were also inhibited by dsRNA treatment. These results demonstrate that activated TLR3 can engage Src to trigger multiple cellular effects and reveal a possible link between innate immune response and cell growth regulation. This study also provides a rare example of TLR-mediated cellular effects that do not require gene induction and the first example, to our knowledge, of an adaptor-independent effect of any TLR.
Feeling Good about Being Hungry: Food-Related Thoughts in Eating Disorders
Authors: Blackburn Joanna F. , Thompson Andrew R. , May Jon 
Published: February 2012

Objectives This study explores the relationships to food and hunger in women living with anorexic type eating difficulties and asks how imagery-based elaborations of food and eating thoughts are involved in their eating restraint, and recovery. Design The qualitative idiographic approach of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used. Four in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with women self-selected as having experienced anorexia or anorexic like behaviour. Methods The data was analysed using IPA and an audit of the analysis was conducted to ensure that the process followed had been systematic and rigorous and appropriately considered reflexivity. Results Hunger was perceived positively by participants as confirmation that they were achieving their goal of losing weight, or avoiding weight gain. Hunger conferred a sense of being in control for the participants. Intrusive thoughts about food were reported as being quickly followed by elaborative mental imagery of the positive aspects of weight loss, and the negative consequences of eating. Imagery appeared to serve to maintain anorexic behaviours rather than to motivate food seeking. However, negative imagery of the consequences of anorexia were also described as supporting recovery. Conclusions The finding that physiological sensations of hunger were experienced as positive confirmation of maintaining control has potentially important clinical and theoretical implications. It suggests further attention needs to be focused upon how changes in cognitive elaboration, involving mental imagery, are components of the psychological changes in the development of, maintenance of, and recovery from, anorexia.
The Rhetoric of Counsel and Thomas Elyot'sOf the Knowledge Which Maketh a Wise Man
Authors: Walzer Arthur E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPlato's confrontation with Dionysius I, the so-called “tyrant of Sicily,” became famous as a cautionary tale of the perils of offering unwelcome advice to a powerful prince. Within early modern England, this tale took on added currency in the context of humanists' ambitions to serve as counselors in the court of Henry VIII. The humanist scholar Thomas Elyot (1490–1546), who briefly and unsuccessfully served at Henry's court, re-created Plato's exchange with Dionysius I in his dramatic dialogue The Knowledge Whiche Maketh a Wise Man (1533). In his dialogue, Elyot imagines Plato returning to Athens after his brief period of enslavement, where he meets the philosopher/rhetorician Aristippus. Aristippus challenges Plato by positing that Plato's dangerous words to Dionysius violated rhetorical tenets of propriety and timing. In the course of their extended exchange, two different versions of the rhetoric of counsel surface—one based on principles of philosophy and one based on strategic rhetoric.
Supercritical CO2: A Clean and Low Temperature Approach to Blending PDLLA and PEG
Authors: Kelly Catherine A. , Naylor Andrew , Illum Lisbeth , Shakesheff Kevin M. , Howdle Steven M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe unique combination of the gas like viscosity and liquid like density of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) is exploited to blend poly(D,L‐lactic acid) (PDLLA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) at near ambient temperatures. This novel process lowers the polymer blend viscosity and also permits incorporation of thermally and solvent labile protein based drugs. A series of blends are prepared with agitation in scCO2. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data shows that miscible blends can be produced at moderate temperatures. A surprising region of miscibility is revealed between 8 and 25%w/w PEG. The properties of this miscible region are probed with high pressure parallel plate rheological studies, showing that the viscosity in scCO2 is directly related to the miscibility. Using the particles from gas saturated solutions (PGSS) method, microparticles of these PDLLA/PEG blends are produced using scCO2 and it is determined that the yields obtained are proportional to the miscibility of the polymers. Thus scCO2 provides a unique route to low temperature, solvent free processing that accesses a window of miscibility that has not previously been observed. Finally, DSC analyses of these sprayed microparticles confirm the presence of the same high miscibility region observed in the bulk samples prepared under supercritical conditions.
Controlled Colloidal Assembly: Experimental Modeling of General Crystallization and Biomimicking of Structural Color
Authors: Diao Ying Ying , Liu Xiang Yang 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper aims to give an overview on the recent progress of controlled colloidal assembly as a unique experimental modeling system to study the general crystallization mechanism, i.e., the kinetics of nucleation, growth, and defects formation, and as a template for photonic crystals engineering. Such a system allows us not only to visualize some “atomic” details of the nucleation and surface process of crystallization, but also to treat quantitatively the previous models to an extent that has never been achieved before by other approaches. As such, the kinetic process of nucleation was quantitatively examined at the single particle level for the first time, allowing the identification of the deviations from the classical theories. The application of the electrically controlled colloidal crystallization to the modeling of the kinetics of some important processes of crystallization, i.e., multistep crystallization, supersaturation‐driven structural mismatch nucleation, defect creation and migration kinetics, surface roughening, etc., has brought our knowledge to a new phase. Apart from the fundamental aspects, the controlled colloidal crystallization has attracted significant attention in many applications. In this regard, the application of colloidal crystallization to the fabrication of photonic crystals and the biomimicking of natural structure colors will be examined.
Sequencing of the ANKYRIN 3 gene (ANK3) encoding ankyrin G in bipolar disorder reveals a non‐conservative amino acid change in a short isoform of ankyrin G
Authors: Dedman Alexandra , McQuillin Andrew , Kandaswamy Radhika , Sharp Sally , Anjorin Adebayo , Gurling Hugh 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSignificant association between polymorphisms at the ANK3 gene with bipolar disorder has previously been reported and confirmed in several samples. Here we report on association between ANK3 and bipolar disorder in a new sample of 593 patients and 642 controls (UCL2) as well as the results of sequencing of the exons and flanking regions of ANK3 from bipolar patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with bipolar disorder in our original GWA study (UCL1) were genotyped and tested for association in the new sample. Novel SNPs found by sequencing were genotyped in both samples to test for association with bipolar disorder. None of the SNPs previously associated with bipolar disorder were associated in the UCL2 sample. One of the four SNPs associated in the UCL1 sample, rs1938526, was still significantly associated with bipolar disorder when the UCL1 and UCL2 samples were combined (P = 0.0095). The results demonstrate the impact of heterogeneity on replication of allelic associations even within well‐defined ancestral populations. DNA sequencing revealed a novel low frequency (0.007) ANK3 SNP (ss469104599) which causes a non‐conservative amino acid change at position 794 in the shorter isoforms of the ankyrin G protein. Protein‐function analysis software predicted the amino acid change to be “probably damaging” and it could therefore be detrimental to the function of this isoform. Given that there was only a modest increase in the allele frequency of ss469104599 in cases compared to controls further association studies are needed in additional samples to establish a possible etiological role for this amino acid change. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.