bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soybean Tillage and Planting Method Effects on Yield of Double‐Cropped Wheat and Soybeans1
Authors: Touchton J. T. , Johnson J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L., em Thell) following soybeans (Glycine max L., Merr) is an important cropping system throughout the southeastern United States. In this system, notillage soybean production is becoming a common practice; however, the effects of no‐tillage soybean production on yield of double‐cropped wheat are not well documented. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of three tillage practices and planting methods for soybeans on yields of soybean and wheat grown on Appling (Typic Hapludult) and Cedarbluff (Fragiaquic Paleudult) soils. Three primary tillage systems for soybeans were no‐tillage, cbisel, and moldboard plow and the three planting methods were drilled (18 cm rows), in‐row subsoiling (69 cm rows), and conventional (without subsoiling, 61 cm rows). The entire experimental area was disked (8 cm deep) prior to drilling wheat.In the three environments tested, no‐tillage soybean production without in‐row subsoiling reduced wheat grain yield an average of 509 kg/ha when compared to chiseling and moldboard plowing. Generally, planting soybeans with an in‐row subsoiler eliminated adverse effects of no‐tillage soybean production on wheat yield. No‐tillage soybean yields were not affected by planting methods except in 1 year where subsoiling increased yield 907 kg/ha (160%) over that obtained without subsoiling. Soybean yields were approximately equal for the chisel and plow treatments but wheat yields were often lower on the chiseled than on the plowed soil. The results suggest that plowing or at least chiseling prior to planting soybeans will result in higher yield of double‐cropped wheat than no‐tillage planted soybeans unless the soybeans are planted with an in‐row subsoiler.
Harvest Frequency and Fertilizer Effects on Yield, Quality, and Persistence of Eight Bermudagrasses1
Authors: Monson Warren G. , Burton Glenn W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is a well adapted and widely used forage grass in southern U.S.A. As new cultivars and hybrids are developed there is a need to evaluate and compare their performance to that of the accepted cultivars. This study was initiated to evaluate three established cvs.. Coastal, Coastcross‐1, and Midland, two new cvs., Callie (C. nlemfuënsis Vander.) and Tifton 44 and three experimental hybrids designated Tifton 67, 68, and 84. A split‐split plot design was used to evaluate harvest frequency and fertilizer levels on performance of the grasses on a Plinthic Paleudult soil. The grasses were main plots, N fertilizer rates of 336 and 672 kg/ha were subplots and harvest frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks were sub‐subplots. Data were gathered on forage yield, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), crude protein (CP) content, and persistence of the grasses. Dry matter yields were highest in the 1st year for the robust type bermudagrass cvs. Callie, Tifton 67, and Tifton 68. In the 2nd year, Coastal and Tifton 44 were superior due in part to stand losses of the more robust types. Increasing the N rate from 336 to 672 kg/ha significantly (P = 0.05) increased yields, but there were significant interactions with both harvest frequency and genotype. Annual dry matter yields increased with harvest interval except that in the 2nd year there were only small differences among the 1, 2, and 4 week interval.Persistence of the bermudagrasses measured by a single harvest in the spring of the 3rd year ranked Tifton 44, Coastal, and Midland as the top three cultivars under both fertilizer regimes. The other cultivars yielded from 36 to 0.0% of Coastal at the lower N rate and from 57 to 0.0% at the higher rate. These data along with visual observations indicate the superiority of the rhizomatous cvs. (Coastal, Tifton 44, and Midland) in persistence and ability to produce early spring growth.
Differential Accumulations of Cadmium and Zinc by Corn Hybrids Grown on Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge1
Authors: Hinesly T. D. , Alexander D. E. , Redborg K. E. , Ziegler E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearchers have recognized that different varieties and cultivars of plants subjected to the same growing conditions frequently take up different amounts of essential and nonessential trace elements. Differences in uptake appear to be predisposed genetically. In designing studies to determine the nature of the inherited capacity of corn (Zea mays L.) to control the uptake of heavy metals some additional information was needed. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent to which Cd uptake was affected by the proximity of growing plants, whether or not maternal effects were present and the extent to which uptake patterns varied from year to year under normal field conditions.Where corn inbreds known to accumulate relatively high amounts of Cd in leaves and grain were paired with those that took up low amounts in pots of Ipava silt loam (Aquic Argiudoll, fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, pH 5.5) containing 57 mg Cd/kg and 864 mg Zn/kg, supplied as constituents of sewage sludge, the uptake of Cd by individual inbreds was not altered. Using the same soil, reciprocal crosses of corn inbreds that accumulated high and low amounts of either Cd or Zn were grown for 6 weeks in pots. Regardless of which inbred was used as the female parent, concentrations of metals in leaves were not significantly different.Two hybrids, differing only in their capacities to accumulate Cd, were grown in a field study for 3 consecutive years on replicated control and sewage sludge‐amended split plots. Initial annual applications of sludge were made 9 years prior to the study and were continued throughout the 3 years. At the beginning, where maximum rates of sludge had been applied, the soil surface contained 28 mg Cd/kg and during the study 31 kg/ha of sludge‐borne Cd were applied. Cadmium and Zn concentrations in leaves, grain, and stover from both hybrids were increased each year by increasingly higher applications of sludge, except in grain from the hybrid selected to take up low amounts of Cd. During the last year, grain from the low‐Cd accumulator grown on maximum‐sludge‐treated plots had Cd concentrations that were not significantly different than those in grain from the high‐Cd accumulator grown on control plots. Grain‐Cd concentrations for the high‐Cd accumulator were 13 to 18 times higher than for the low‐Cd accumulator when they were grown together on maximum‐sludge‐treated plots. Accumulative sludge applications did not cause increased Cd concentrations in grain from either of the two hybrids, but did cause increased levels of both Zn and Cd in leaves and stover of the high Cd accumulator. Phytotoxicity symptoms were not observed, even though concentrations of Cd ranged from 20 to 42 and 1.5 to 1.8 mg/kg in the leaves and grain, respectively, of the high accumulator grown on plots treated with maximum amounts of sludge.
A Simple Method to Calibrate an Infrared Thermometer1
Authors: Sadler E. J. , van Bavel C. H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn infrared thermometer (IRT) was calibrated by simultaneously measuring the temperature of a black cavity with the IRT and with fine thermocouples, while the cavity was being heated from 5 to 50 C, over a 2‐hour period. Both temperatures were recorded on cassette tape by a microprocessor‐based data collector, transferred to computer disk storage, and used to determine the calibration equation. The entire procedure required about 4 hours from setup to completion, including production of a graph of the equation and the results.
Effects of Long‐Term, Annual Applications of N and P on Corn Grain Yields and Soil Chemical Properties1
Authors: Hooker M. L. , Gwin R. E. , Herron G. M. , Gallagher P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMaximum yield production in monocultural cropping systems requires annual applications of fertilizer to maintain adequate soil nutrient levels. The rates of applied N and P fertilizers may vary from conservative to excessive applications. Experiments were established at two locations (Ardic Haplustoll and Aridic Argiustoll) to evaluate the effects of annual applications of N and P, over a period of several years, on corn (Zea mays L.) grain yields and the accumulation of these nutrients in the soil. Maximum grain yields were consistently maintained with N applications of 134 to 180 kg/ha and P applications of 20 kg/ha. Applications of N‐rates higher than the optimum resulted in accumulations of residual NO3‐N and subsequent leaching. At one location the soil P level was maintained constant for 21 years with the 20‐kg P rate. A similar trend was observed for the initial 10 years of the second experiment, however, for the last 4 years soil‐P has increased at the rate of 4 ppm annually.
Fertilizer Application and Irrigation Management of Broccoli Production and Fertilizer Use Efficiency1
Authors: Letey J. , Jarrell W. M. , Valoras N. , Beverly R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFertilizer and irrigation must be managed for efficient resource use and preservation of environmental quality as well as maximum production. Two furrow irrigation experiments growing broccoli (Brassica oleracea) were conducted. The first consisted of three N rates (90, 180, and 270 kg/ha), two irrigation treatments (replenishment of water lost by evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration plus 30%), and two N application procedures (application to the soil and in the irrigation water) on a sandy loam soil (coarse‐loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Xerofluvent). Plant growth increased with increasing N application. For a given N application, there was higher average production with the lesser amount of water application. The method of N application had very little effect on production under the lower irrigation treatment, but production was consistently higher for N application with water rather than to the soil when the higher water application treatment was used. The ratio of N in the plant to N applied decreased with increasing N application, decreased with higher water application, and decreased with application in the irrigation water as compared to soil application. The second experiment consisted of two N rates (115 and 225 kg/ba) and two N application procedures (application to soil and in the irrigation water) on a loam soil (fine‐loamy mixed, thermic Calcic Haploxeroll). Yield and N uptake were significantly higher with 225 as compared to 115 kg/ha of N. Conventional preplant and side‐dress N application to the soil resulted in significantly higher broccoli head yield than injecting N in the irrigation water. Leaching of N was not a factor under the experimental conditions.
Coefficients of Variation, Error Variances, and Resource Allocation in Soybean Growth Analysis Experiments1
Authors: Carter T. E. , Burton J. W. , Cappy J. J. , Israel D. W. , Boerma H. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTreatment differences are usually difficult to detect in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plant growth analysis studies because of large experimental errors. However, no estimates of error variances, coefficients of variation (CVs), treatment × environment interactions, or numbers of replications required to show treatment differences have been reported. This report describes the error variances and CVs from five soybean growth analysis studies (field and greenhouse) conducted in the southeastern USA. We use these data to develop calculations which aid in planning growth analysis experiments. For dry weight traits the average CV was 0.256 and ranged between 0.13 and 0.50. Based on the average CV value of the dry weight traits and assuming no treatment × environment interaction, an average of 3, 16, and 65 replications is required in order to detect 50, 20, and 10% treatment differences, respectively, for a single sampling date. The average error variance for percent N traits was 0.035 and ranged between 0.00636 and 0.366. Based on this average variance for percent N traits, an average of 2 and nine replications is necessary to show 0.4 and 0.2 unit differences, respectively, for a single sampling date. For multiple sampling dates and again assuming no treatment × environment interaction, the above values may be considered as the minimum value of replication number (per sampling date) × the number of sampling dates needed to show specified treatment differences. Treatment × environment interaction variances (5 to 10 % of error variance) were detected for some traits in the two experiments conducted over multiple environments. Although our data are limited, it appears that moderate treatment × environment interaction should be anticipated wben planning growth analysis experiments; i.e., one should expect to test in multiple environments for a reliable ranking of treatments. In that regard, the presence of treatment × environment interaction variance (10% of error variance) indicates that testing in at least two environments is necessary to detect 20 % treatment differences, and that testing in at least seven environments is necessary to detect 10% treatment differences. There is no unique combination of environment, replication, and sampling date which is required for detecting specified treatment differences, however. Charts and tables are presented as an aid in determining combinations of environments, replications, and sampling dates which should enable detection of treatment differences. From these combinations, a researcher can choose an allocation of resources which will fit a program budget and also give reasonable chances for detecting treatment differences. It is efficient to have the number of test environments as large as is practicable. Only two of the five experiments reported here had the precision needed to detect 20 % treatment differences when moderate treatment × environment interaction was present.
Previous Crop Influence on Fertilizer Nitrogen Requirements for Double‐Cropped Wheat1
Authors: Hargrove W. L. , Touchton J. T. , Johnson J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFew studies have addressed factors which affect wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in double‐cropping systems. This study was conducted for 4 years at two locations in Georgia (Limestone Valley and Coastal Plain regions) to determine the influence of the previous crop on fertilizer N requirements for double‐cropped wheat. The N fertilizer treatments were fall (0, 11, 22, 33, and 44 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate) and spring (0, 22, 44, 66, and 88 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate) N rates applied to wheat following soybeans (Glycine mar L. Merr.) or grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The soil types were Cedarbluff silt loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Fragiaquic Paleudult) in the Limestone Valley region and Greenville sandy clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudult) in the Coastal Plain region. Plant samples were obtained each year at the time of the spring N application, and the N content of plant tissue was determined. In addition, whole plant and flag leaf N concentrations were determined on samples obtained during the boot and flowering stages in 1981. Grain yields and the N content of mature grain were also determined each year. The N concentration in plant tissue at the time of spring application was consistently greater for wheat following soybeans than for wheat following grain sorghum at equal fall N rates. In the Limestone Valley region, maximum yield was obtained with a total of 85 kg N ha−1 for wheat following soybeans and 105 kg N ha−1 for wheat following grain sorghum. In the Coastal Plain region, maximum yield was obtained with a total of 103 and 137 kg N ha−1 for wheat following soybeans and wheat following grain sorghum, respectively. Extractable soil N was not related to plant N status or grain yield. The N concentration in the flag leaf at flowering was significantly correlated with grain yields and may provide a useful diagnostic criterion for the N status of soft red winter wheat. Regardless of previous crop, location or N rate, maximum yields were obtained when flag leaf N concentration was 35 to 40 g kg−1. Results from this study indicate that wheat growth, N status, and grain yield are significantly influenced by the previous crop and are important to the management of double‐cropping systems.
Turfgrass Establishment after Application of Preemergence Herbicides1
Authors: Bingham S. Wayne , Schmidt Richard E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnnual grasses create serious problems during turfgrass establishment from sod and from seed. Field studies were conducted to determine tbe effects of the preemergence herbicides oxadiazon [2‐tert‐butyl‐4(2,4‐dichloro‐5‐isopropoxyphenyl)‐Δ2‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolin‐5‐one], prosulfalin [N‐[[4‐(dipropylamino)‐3,5 dinitropheny]]sulfonyl]‐S,S‐dimethylsulfilimine], and siduron [1‐(2 methylclyclohexyl)‐3‐phenylurea] on the establishment of three bermudagrasses [Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers. ‘Midron’, and ‘Tufcote’ and Cynodon transvaalenis × Cynodon dactylon ‘Tifway’] from sod and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ‘Manhattan’] from seed. Sod was placed on tilled silt loam soil (Typic Hapludults), allowed 28 days for root development, and lifted vertically using force required as a measure of root development. Excellent root growth occurred from sod of the three bermudagrasses immediately after application of oxadiazon at 3.4 kg ha−1 (1× or normal use rate). Root development of bermudagrasses was reduced at 6.7 kg ha−1 of oxadiazon; however, satisfactory root growth was still apparent. Prosulfalin at 3.4 kg ha−1 and siduron at 11.2 kg ha−1 (1× or normal use rates) severely inhibited rooting of the three bermudagrasses from sod. Perennial ryegrass establishment in the fall was inhibited when seeded within 5 weeks after oxadiazon application at 4.5 kg ha−1. Both oxadiazon or prosulfalin at 3.4 kg ha−1 reduced perennial ryegrass seedling establishment when the application was within 1 week prior to seeding. Normal seedling development occurred when perennial ryegrass was seeded at 10 weeks after prosulfalin or oxadiazon applications. Siduron had no effect on perennial ryegrass seedling growth and development.
Heat Stress Effects on Protein Synthesis and Exosmosis of Cell Solutes in Three Turfgrass Species1
Authors: Wehner D. J. , Watschke T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.), annual bluegrass (Poaannua L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) differ in their heat tolerance as determined by plant dry weight 2 weeks after exposure to heat stress. The status of the plants at that time depends on the degree of injury that occurs during the stress treatment and the repair or tolerance of that injury. The purpose of this research was to evaluate species differences in the degree of initial injury due to heat stress. The incorporation of radio‐labeled leucine as an indicator of the net rate of protein synthesis and the efflux of cell solutes from plant tissue sections into distilled water were evaluated immediately after turfgrass shoots or tissue sections were exposed to temperatures in the range of 43 to 51 °C for 30 min. Net protein synthesis in the grasses was very heat labile. Incorporation of radiolabeled leucine declined an average of 69% in plants previously heated at 43 °C compared to plants held at 27 °C. Efflux of cell solutes from the tissue sections did not increase in plants that had been heated to 43, 45, 47, or 49 °C compared to plants held at 25 °C. No significant differences were found between the grasses for the parameters tested. Either disruption of some other physiological process or differential repair or tolerance of the heat stress injury accounted for the heat tolerance rankings of the grasses. Also, the results of this study indicate that indirect rather than direct heat injury is responsible for the behavior of the grasses stressed at the temperatures and exposure periods used in this study.
Planting Date and Cultivar Effect on Winter Rape Production1
Authors: Auld D. L. , Bettis B. L. , Dial M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe optimum planting date of six cultivars of winter rape (Brassica napusL.) was determined at Moscow, Idaho on a Palouse silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic pachic, Ultic Haploxeroll). The cultivars were seeded in early August, mid‐August, late August, and mid‐September of 1978, 1979, and 1980. Data were taken on winter survival, seed yield, oil content, nodes to fist flower, reproductive nodes, and plant height. Optimum planting dates for winter rape were early to mid‐August. Both winter survival and seed yield declined when the cultivars were established in mid‐September. A significant cultivar ✕ planting date interaction for both seed yield and winter survival occurred only in the 1978–1979 trial in which plants were exposed to a minimum temperature of −30°C. Seed yield at the late planting date of this trial was closely associated to winter survival (r = 0.93**; df = 14). Oil content, nodes to first flower, reproductive nodes and plant height were not highly sensitive to planting date. The utilization of cultivars with high levels of cold tolerance could probably improve performance of late seeded rape fields. Average seed yields of 3376, 3866, and 4682 kg ha−1were observed in the 1978 to 1979,1979 to 1980, and 1980 to 1981 trials, respectively. Average oil content of individual cultivars ranged from 406 to 490 g kg−1. Based on the results of this study it appears that cultivars of winter rape recently introduced from northern Europe have excellent potential as oilseed crops in the Pacific Northwest.
Nitrogen Utilization by Wheat from Residual Sugarbeet Fertilizer and Soil Incorporated Sugarbeet Tops1
Authors: Abshahi A. , Hills F. J. , Broadbent F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) crops usually receive N fertilizer and sugarbeet tops are often returned to the soil following the harvest of storage roots. Residual sugarbeet fertilizer N and N in tops may reduce the amount of fertilizer N required for a subsequent crop. Field experiments at Davis, CA in 1980 and 1981 were designed to assess the contribution of these factors to a following wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop and to trace the partitioning of fertilizer N applied to sugarbeet, N in sugarbeet tops, and fertilizer N applied to the following wheat. The site was a Reiff loam, a deep alluvial coarse loamy soil with medium‐textured substratum (Typic xerothents, Entisols, mixed, nonacid thermic). Sugarbeet, with and without 157 kg fertilizer N ha−1 and each with and without beet tops returned to the soil, were followed by wheat receiving four rates of fertilizer N (0, 62, 124, and 186 kg ha−1). The fertilizer used for both crops was stable, isotopically labeled 15N‐depleted ammonium sulfate. Nitrogen from sugarbeet tops was traced in the wheat crop by returning sugarbeet tops containing labeled N to plots where sugarbeet had been fertilized with nonlabeled N and tops and storage roots removed. Residual sugarbeet fertilizer N was traced by additional plots of sugarbeet fertilized with more strongly labeled 15N‐enriched ammonium sulfate. Of the 157 kg N ha−1 applied to the sugarbeet crop, 43% was taken up by tops and storage roots, 45% remained in the soil, primarily as organic N, leaving 12% not accounted for. Of the 45% (71 kg N ha−1) remaining in the soil only about 10% was taken up by the wheat crop, 66% remained in the soil, mostly as organic N, and 24% was not accounted for. When beet tops were returned to the soil, wheat straw and grain yield were maximized for this site with about 62 kg fertilizer N ha−1, but when tops were not returned, 124 kg fertilizer N ha−1 were required. From these applications, fertilizer N recovery by wheat was 82 and 61%, respectively. Sugarbeet tops contained, on average, 119 kg N ha−1 of which 27% was taken up by the wheat crop, 39% remained in the soil, mostly as organic N, leaving 34% not accounted for. Sugarbeet tops supplied the equivalent of 15 kg fertilizer N Mg−1 dry tops.