bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connecting People: A Central Asian Sufi network in turn-of-the-century Istanbul
Authors: CAN LÂLE 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe role of Sufi networks in facilitating trans-imperial travel and the concomitant social and political connections associated with the pilgrimage to Mecca is often mentioned in the literature on Ottoman-Central Asian relations, yet very little is known about how these networks operated or the people who patronized them. This paper focuses on the Sultantepe Özbekler Tekkesi, a Naqshbandi lodge in Istanbul that was a primary locus of Ottoman state interactions with Central Asians and a major hub of Central Asian diasporic networks. It departs from an exclusive focus on the experiences of elites, to which much of the conventional historiography on Ottoman-Central Asian relations has confined itself, and examines the butchers and bakers, craftsmen and students who set out on the hajj to Mecca in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Drawing on sources from the private archive of this lodge, the paper reconstructs the experiences of a diverse range of remarkably mobile actors and explores the myriad ways in which this Ottoman-administered institution facilitated their travel to and from Mecca. Through its focus on the conduits and mediators, the structures and buildings—the actual sites—where connections were forged, the paper sheds light on the role that such state-administered Sufi lodges played in delivering on the paternalistic rhetoric and system of sultanic charity that was an integral part of late Ottoman politics and society.
New insights into the ecology and biology of Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Grassi, 1889) causing canine subcutaneous filariosis
Authors: BRIANTI EMANUELE , GAGLIO GABRIELLA , NAPOLI ETTORE , GIANNETTO SALVATORE , DANTAS-TORRES FILIPE , BAIN ODILE , OTRANTO DOMENICO 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYIn spite of its wide distribution among dogs and the evidence of its implication as a zoonotic agent, scant information is available on the biology of Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Spirurida, Onchocercidae). In this study, blood samples from 152 Sicilian dogs were examined for A. reconditum microfilariae at the beginning of the study and 1 year later. The periodicity of microfilaraemia was investigated by bleeding 2 highly microfilaraemic dogs twice a day for 10 days and, later on, every 2 weeks for 1 year and a third animal every 3 h for 96 h. Fleas and ticks infesting dogs were collected and dissected for the detection of A. reconditum larvae. The prevalence of infestation was 11·2% (17/152) and 13·3% (16/120) at the beginning and at the end of the study, with a 1 year cumulative incidence of 5·9%. Although dogs bled twice a day showed a higher number of microfilariae in most of the morning samples, the absence of any circadian rhythm was suggested by data of the third experiment conducted by bleeding a dog every 3 h for 4 days. A. reconditum developing forms were detected in 5·1% (4/78) of dissected fleas, but not in any of the 272 ticks. The study provides new insights into the biology and ecology of this dog filarioid in its definitive and intermediate hosts.
Proteomic analysis of Plasmodium in the mosquito: progress and pitfalls
Authors: WASS M. N. , STANWAY R. , BLAGBOROUGH A. M. , LAL K. , PRIETO J. H. , RAINE D. , STERNBERG M. J. E. , TALMAN A. M. , TOMLEY F. , YATES J. , SINDEN R. E. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYHere we discuss proteomic analyses of whole cell preparations of the mosquito stages of malaria parasite development (i.e. gametocytes, microgamete, ookinete, oocyst and sporozoite) of Plasmodium berghei. We also include critiques of the proteomes of two cell fractions from the purified ookinete, namely the micronemes and cell surface. Whereas we summarise key biological interpretations of the data, we also try to identify key methodological constraints we have met, only some of which we were able to resolve. Recognising the need to translate the potential of current genome sequencing into functional understanding, we report our efforts to develop more powerful combinations of methods for the in silico prediction of protein function and location. We have applied this analysis to the proteome of the male gamete, a cell whose very simple structural organisation facilitated interpretation of data. Some of the in silico predictions made have now been supported by ongoing protein tagging and genetic knockout studies. We hope this discussion may assist future studies.
Differences in the ecology ofBartonellainfections ofApodemus flavicollisandMyodes glareolusin a boreal forest
Authors: PAZIEWSKA A. , HARRIS P. D. , ZWOLIŃSKA L. , BAJER A. , SIŃSKI E. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYThe epidemiology ofBartonellaspecies infectingApodemus flavicollisandMyodes glareolusin a forest in Eastern Poland was followed for 2 years using mark-recapture. Infections could be acquired in any month, but prevalence, and probability of infection, peaked in the summer. There were significant differences in the pattern of infections between the two species. Both hosts were primarily infected as juveniles, but the probability of infection was highest forA. flavicollis, which, evidence suggests, experienced longer-lasting infections with a wider range ofBartonellagenotypes. There was no evidence of increased host mortality associated withBartonella,although the infection did affect the probability of recapture. Animals could become re-infected, generally by differentBartonellagenotypes. Several longer lasting, poorly resolved infections ofA. flavicollisinvolved more than 1 genotype, and may have resulted from sequential infections. Of 22Bartonella gltAgenotypes collected, only 2 (bothB. grahamii) were shared between mice and voles; all others were specific either toA. flavicollisor toM. glareolus,and had their nearest relatives infectingMicrotusspecies in neighbouring fields. This heterogeneity in the patterns ofBartonellainfections in wild rodents emphasizes the need to consider variation between both, host species andBartonellagenotypes in ecological and epidemiological studies.
Bridging the gap between social and existential-mystical interpretations of Schleiermacher's ‘feeling’
Authors: ANDREJČ GORAZD 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe article engages with two contemporary understandings of Schleiermacher's notion of feeling which are in important aspects in conflict: a social understanding (Kevin W. Hector and Christine Helmer) and an existential-mystical understanding (Thandeka). Using the phenomenological category of ‘existential feelings’ drawn from the work of Matthew Ratcliffe, I argue that they can be brought into a coherent overall account that recognizes different aspects of feeling in Schleiermacher's work. I also suggest that such an interpretation of Schleiermacher's concept of religious feeling offers a different and better understanding of the role of feelings in religious experience and belief than the contemporary ‘perception-model’ of religious experience.
Impacts of internal and external policies on land change in Uruguay, 2001–2009
Authors: REDO DANIEL J. , AIDE T. MITCHELL , CLARK MATTHEW L. , ANDRADE-NÚÑEZ MARÍA JOSÉ 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYPolicies play a pivotal role in determining land change. Uruguay has been subject to first a rise and then decline in plantations of exotic trees as a result of internal Uruguayan government policies, and a recent substantial increase in soybean cultivation that may be attributed to Argentinean policies. To properly assess the relationship between land change and changes in land-use policies, vegetation change for Uruguay from 2001 to 2009 was mapped using MODIS imagery. Between 2001 and 2009, the area covered by exotic tree plantations declined by 1435 km2, and 34 681 km2of herbaceous cover was converted to agricultural cover, mainly soybean cultivation. Uruguay and Argentina implemented land-use policy changes following the 2002 economic collapse. Rapid increase in exotic tree plantations, mainly in the 1990s, may have been stimulated by Uruguayan government incentives, while their recent decline coincides with the subsequent elimination of these incentives. The rapid increase in soybean production may be largely attributed to recent tax regimes in Argentina and lack of export tax in Uruguay combining to provide a favourable financial climate for Uruguayan soybean cultivation. Soybean cultivation is predicted to continue to expand in Uruguay, while exotic tree plantations should also increase in importance owing to the recent establishment of the world's largest pulp mill.
The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks and on broiler carcases, and the risks associated with highly contaminated carcases
Authors: POWELL L. F. , LAWES J. R. , CLIFTON-HADLEY F. A. , RODGERS J. , HARRIS K. , EVANS S. J. , VIDAL A. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYA baseline survey on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks and Campylobacter spp. on broiler carcases in the UK was performed in 2008 in accordance with Commission Decision 2007/516/EC. Pooled caecal contents from each randomly selected slaughter batch, and neck and breast skin from a single carcase were examined for Campylobacter spp. The prevalence of Campylobacter in the caeca of broiler batches was 75·8% (303/400) compared to 87·3% (349/400) on broiler carcases. Overall, 27·3% of the carcases were found to be highly contaminated with Campylobacter (⩾1000 c.f.u./g). Slaughter in the summer months (June, July, August) [odds ratio (OR) 3·50], previous partial depopulation of the flock (OR 3·37), and an increased mortality at 14 days (⩾1·25% to <1·75%) (OR 2·54) were identified as significant risk factors for the most heavily Campylobacter-contaminated carcases. Four poultry companies and farm location were also found to be significantly associated with highly contaminated carcases.
Impact of birth rate, seasonality and transmission rate on minimum levels of coverage needed for rubella vaccination
Authors: METCALF C. J. E. , LESSLER J. , KLEPAC P. , CUTTS F. , GRENFELL B. T. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYChildhood rubella infection in early pregnancy can lead to fetal death or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) with multiple disabilities. Reduction of transmission via universal vaccination can prevent CRS, but inadequate coverage may increase CRS numbers by increasing the average age at infection. Consequently, many countries do not vaccinate against rubella. The World Health Organization recommends that for safe rubella vaccination, at least 80% coverage of each birth cohort should be sustained. The nonlinear relationship between CRS burden and infection dynamics has been much studied; however, how the complex interaction between epidemic and demographic dynamics affects minimum safe levels of coverage has not been quantitatively evaluated across scales necessary for a global assessment. We modelled 30-year CRS burdens across epidemiological and demographic settings, including the effect of local interruption of transmission via stochastic fadeout. Necessary minimum vaccination coverage increases markedly with birth and transmission rates, independent of amplitude of seasonal fluctuations in transmission. Susceptible build-up in older age groups following local stochastic extinction of rubella increased CRS burden, indicating that spatial context is important. In low birth-rate settings, 80% routine coverage is a conservative guideline, particularly if supplemented with campaigns and vaccination of women of childbearing age. Where birth and transmission rates are high, immunization coverage must be well above 80% and campaigns may be needed. Policy-makers should be aware of the potential negative effect of local extinction of rubella, since heterogeneity in vaccination coverage will shape extinction patterns, potentially increasing CRS burdens.
PTR‐MS observations of photo‐enhanced VOC release from Arctic and midlatitude snow
Authors: Gao S. S. , Sjostedt S. J. , Sharma S. , Hall S. R. , Ullmann K. , Abbatt J. P. D. 
Published: February 2012

To evaluate the release mechanism of volatile organic species (VOCs) from solar illuminated snowpacks, this study used proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry (PTR‐MS) for the first time to study VOCs within Arctic snow and to compare these results to VOC release from illuminated snow in the laboratory. The field measurements were conducted in April during the 2009 Ocean–Atmosphere–Sea Ice–Snowpack (OASIS) campaign in Barrow, Alaska, whereas in the laboratory four natural snow samples, from the Arctic (Alert, Nunavut), a rural site (Egbert, Ontario), and an urban area (Toronto, Ontario), were exposed to a Xe arc lamp with a 295 nm longpass filter. Similar VOCs were observed in both the field and laboratory experiments suggesting that these light‐driven processes occur not only in polar regions but in midlatitude snows as well. Also, because the laboratory samples were temperature controlled, we conclude that the release mechanism is primarily photochemical and not temperature mediated. The snow composition may have influenced VOC production because aged Toronto snow samples, with both the highest total organic carbon content and concentration of oxidant precursors (i.e., NO3−), exhibited the largest production of VOCs upon irradiation.
Transthyretin is a metallopeptidase with an inducible active site
Authors: Liz Márcia A. , Leite Sérgio C. , Juliano Luiz , Saraiva Maria J. , Damas Ana M. , Bur Daniel , Sousa Mónica M. 
Published: February 2012

TTR (transthyretin) was found recently to possess proteolytic competency besides its well-known transport capabilities. It was described as a cryptic serine peptidase cleaving multiple natural substrates (including β-amyloid and apolipoprotein A-I) involved in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the catalytic machinery of TTR. All attempts to identify a catalytic serine residue were unsuccessful. However, metal chelators abolished TTR activity. Proteolytic inhibition by EDTA or 1,10-phenanthroline could be reversed with Zn2+ and Mn2+. These observations, supported by analysis of three-dimensional structures of TTR complexed with Zn2+, led to the hypothesis that TTR is a metallopeptidase. Site-directed mutagenesis of selected amino acids unambiguously confirmed this hypothesis. The TTR active site is inducible and constituted via a protein rearrangement resulting in ~7% of proteolytically active TTR at pH 7.4. The side chain of His88 is shifted near His90 and Glu92 establishing a Zn2+-chelating pattern HXHXE not found previously in any metallopeptidase and only conserved in TTR of humans and some other primates. Point mutations of these three residues yielded proteins devoid of proteolytic activity. Glu72 was identified as the general base involved in activation of the catalytic water. Our results unveil TTR as a metallopeptidase and define its catalytic machinery.
Reduced Speech Perceptual Acuity for Stop Consonants in Individuals Who Stutter
Authors: Neef Nicole E. , Sommer Martin , Neef Andreas , Paulus Walter , von Gudenberg Alexander Wolff , Jung Kristina , Wüstenberg Torsten 
Published: February 2012

Purpose
In individuals who stutter (IWS), speech fluency can be enhanced by altered auditory feedback, although it has adverse effects in control speakers. This indicates abnormalities in the auditory feedback loop in stuttering. Current motor control theories on stuttering propose an impaired processing of internal forward models that might be related to a blurred auditory-to-motor translation. Although speech sound perception is an essential skill to form internal models, perceptual acuity has not been studied in IWS so far. The authors tested the stability of phoneme percepts by analyzing participants' ability to identify voiced and voiceless stop consonants.

Method
Two syllable continua were generated by systematic modification of the voice onset time. The authors determined speech perceptual acuity by means of discriminatory power in 25 IWS and 24 matched control participants by determining the phoneme boundaries and by quantifying the interval of voice onset times for which phonemes were perceived ambiguously.

Results
In IWS, discriminatory performance was weaker and less stable over time when compared with control participants. In addition, phoneme boundaries were located at longer voice onset times in IWS.

Conclusion
Persistent developmental stuttering is associated with less reliable phonological percepts, supporting current theories regarding the sensory–motor interaction in human speech.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170357
Gesture and Naming Therapy for People With Severe Aphasia: A Group Study
Authors: Marshall Jane , Best Wendy , Cocks Naomi , Cruice Madeline , Pring Tim , Bulcock Gemma , Creek Gemma , Eales Nancy , Mummery Alice Lockhart , Matthews Niina , Caute Anna 
Published: February 2012

Purpose
In this study, the authors (a) investigated whether a group of people with severe aphasia could learn a vocabulary of pantomime gestures through therapy and (b) compared their learning of gestures with their learning of words. The authors also examined whether gesture therapy cued word production and whether naming therapy cued gestures.

Method
Fourteen people with severe aphasia received 15 hr of gesture and naming treatments. Evaluations comprised repeated measures of gesture and word production, comparing treated and untreated items.

Results
Baseline measures were stable but improved significantly following therapy. Across the group, improvements in naming were greater than improvements in gesture. This trend was evident in most individuals' results, although 3 participants made better progress in gesture. Gains were item specific, and there was no evidence of cross-modality cueing. Items that received gesture therapy did not improve in naming, and items that received naming therapy did not improve in gesture.

Conclusions
Results show that people with severe aphasia can respond to gesture and naming therapies. Given the unequal gains, naming may be a more productive therapy target than gesture for many (although not all) individuals with severe aphasia. The communicative benefits of therapy were not examined but are addressed in a follow-up article.
Statistical Learning in Emerging Lexicons: The Case of Danish
Authors: Stokes Stephanie F. , Bleses Dorthe , Basbøll Hans , Lambertsen Claus 
Published: February 2012

Purpose
This research explored the impact of neighborhood density (ND), word frequency (WF), and word length (WL) on the vocabulary size of Danish-speaking children. Given the particular phonological properties of Danish, the impact was expected to differ from that reported in studies on English and French.

Method
The monosyllabic words in the expressive lexicons of 894 Danish-speaking 2-year-old children were coded for ND, WF, and WL. Lexicons were extracted from parent checklists of the words spoken by their children.

Results
Regression revealed that ND, WF, WL, and age together predicted 47% of the variance in vocabulary size, with ND, WF, WL, and age uniquely accounting for 39%, 3.2%, 2.2%, and 2.8% of that variance, respectively. Children with small vocabularies had learned words that were denser and more frequent in the ambient language, and those words were shorter than the words of children with larger vocabularies.

Conclusion
The 2 main findings were unexpected. The impact of ND for Danish-speaking children was not expected given the phonological properties of the language. The WF results differed from those of English because of the distribution of word classes on the language-relevant parent checklists. The strong role for ND in emerging languages found in other languages was replicated for Danish.
Auditory Frequency Discrimination in Adults With Dyslexia: A Test of the Anchoring Hypothesis
Authors: Wijnen Frank , Kappers Astrid M. L. , Vlutters Leoni D. , Winkel Sven 
Published: February 2012

PurposeA recent hypothesis ascribes dyslexia to a perceptual anchoring deficit. Supporting results have so far been obtained only in children with dyslexia and additional learning difficulties, but the hypothesis has been argued to apply to all individuals with dyslexia.MethodThe authors measured auditory frequency discrimination thresholds in 54 young adults (native speakers of Dutch; 25 individuals with dyslexia; 29 age- and education-matched controls), with a 2-alternative forced-choice staircase paradigm. There were 2 conditions: 1 in which 1 tone in each pair had a fixed frequency across trials (standard), and 1 in which both tones varied in frequency (no standard). Presence of a standard stimulus allows the creation of a stimulus-specific representation in short-term-memory (perceptual anchor).ResultsThe standard condition yielded significantly lower discrimination thresholds in both controls and individuals with dyslexia; both groups benefited equally from the presence of an invariant stimulus.ConclusionThere is no difference between this group of adults with dyslexia and controls in their capacity to form a perceptual anchor. The implication is that an anchoring deficit cannot be generalized to all cases of dyslexia.
A reassessment of trends in the North Sea Large Fish Indicator and a re-evaluation of earlier conclusions
Authors: Greenstreet Simon P. R. , Rogers Stuart I. , Rice Jake C. , Piet Gerjan J. , Guirey Emma J. , Fraser Helen M. , Fryer Rob J. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Greenstreet, S. P. R., Rogers, S. I., Rice, J. C., Piet, G. J., Guirey, E. J., Fraser, H. M., and Fryer, R. J. 2012. A reassessment of trends in the North Sea Large Fish Indicator and a re-evaluation of earlier conclusions. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 343–345. Previous analysis of the Large Fish Indicator, the basis for the North Sea “fish communities” EcoQO, suggested a strong recovery between 2001 and 2008. Discovery of a mistake in this earlier analysis now suggests that this recovery is not as strong as first thought, but reanalysis of the corrected data still supports the majority of conclusions drawn in the original paper.
Do Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii) die from spawning stress? Mortality of Norway pout in relation to growth, sexual maturity, and density in the North Sea, Skagerrak, and Kattegat
Authors: Nielsen J. Rasmus , Lambert Gwladys , Bastardie Francois , Sparholt Henrik , Vinther Morten 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Nielsen, J. R., Lambert, G., Bastardie, F., Sparholt, H., and Vinther, M. 2012. Do Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii) die from spawning stress? Mortality of Norway pout in relation to growth, sexual maturity, and density in the North Sea, Skagerrak, and Kattegat. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 197–207. The mortality patterns of Norway pout (NP) are not well understood. It has been suggested that NP undergo heavy spawning mortality, and this paper summarizes and provides new evidence in support of this hypothesis. The very low–absent fishing activity in recent years provides a unique opportunity to analyse the natural life-history traits of cohorts in the NP stock in the North Sea. Based on the ICES trawl survey abundance indices, cohort mortality is found to significantly increase with age. We argue that this cannot be explained by selectiveness in the fishery, potential size-specific migrations out of the area, higher predation pressure on older individuals, or differences in survey catchability by NP age from before to after spawning and that it is higher in the main spawning areas than outside. We found that natural mortality (M) is significantly correlated with sexual maturity, sex, growth, and intraspecific stock density. All of this is consistent with a greater mortality occurring mainly from the first to the second quarter of the year, i.e. spawning mortality, which is discussed as being a major direct and indirect cause of stock mortality.