bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into the nature of cometary organic matter from terrestrial analogues
Authors: Court Richard W. , Sephton Mark A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe nature of cometary organic matter is of great interest to investigations involving the formation and distribution of organic matter relevant to the origin of life. We have used pyrolysis–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to investigate the chemical effects of the irradiation of naturally occurring bitumens, and to relate their products of pyrolysis to their parent assemblages. The information acquired has then been applied to the complex organic matter present in cometary nuclei and comae. Amalgamating the FTIR data presented here with data from published studies enables the inference of other comprehensive trends within hydrocarbon mixtures as they are progressively irradiated in a cometary environment, namely the polymerization of lower molecular weight compounds; an increased abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structures; enrichment in 13C; reduction in atomic H/C ratio; elevation of atomic O/C ratio and increase in the temperature required for thermal degradation. The dark carbonaceous surface of a cometary nucleus will display extreme levels of these features, relative to the nucleus interior, while material in the coma will reflect the degree of irradiation experienced by its source location in the nucleus. Cometary comae with high methane/water ratios indicate a nucleus enriched in methane, favouring the formation of complex organic matter via radiation-induced polymerization of simple precursors. In contrast, production of complex organic matter is hindered in a nucleus possessing a low methane/water ration, with the complex organic matter that does form possessing more oxygen-containing species, such as alcohol, carbonyl and carboxylic acid functional groups, resulting from reactions with hydroxyl radicals formed by the radiolysis of the more abundant water. These insights into the properties of complex cometary organic matter should be of particular interest to both remote observation and space missions involving in situ analyses and sample return of cometary materials.
Net carbon accumulation of a high‐latitude permafrost palsa mire similar to permafrost‐free peatlands
Authors: Olefeldt David , Roulet Nigel T , Bergeron Onil , Crill Patrick , Bäckstrand Kristina , Christensen Torben R. 
Published: January 2012

Palsa mires, nutrient poor permafrost peatlands common in subarctic regions, store a significant amount of carbon (C) and it has been hypothesized their net ecosystem C balance (NECB) is sensitive to climate change. Over two years we measured the NECB for Stordalen palsa mire and found it to accumulate 46 g C m−2 yr−1. While Stordalen NECB is comparable to nutrient poor peatlands without permafrost, the component fluxes differ considerably in magnitude. Specifically, Stordalen had both lower growing season CO2 uptake and wintertime CO2losses, but importantly also low dissolved organic carbon exports and hydrocarbon (mainly methane) emissions. Restricted C losses from palsa mires are likely to have facilitated C accumulation of unproductive subarctic permafrost peatlands. Continued climate change and permafrost thaw is likely to amplify several component fluxes, with an uncertain overall effect on NECB – highlighting the necessity for projections of high‐latitude C storage to consider all C fluxes.
Resolving vertical and east‐west horizontal motion from differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Dalla Via G. , Crosetto M. , Crippa B. 
Published: January 2012

Analysis of surface coseismic displacement has already been obtained for the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake from differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) data. Working jointly on ascending and descending DInSAR data makes for a step forward with respect to published preliminary estimates: we process data in order to retrieve a continuous displacement pattern, both in the vertical and horizontal directions, the latter being limited to the eastward component because of the low sensibility of the SAR images used to resolve northward motion. Our analysis provides new insights on the horizontal component of displacement, obtaining a clear picture of eastward displacement patterns over the epicentral area. This result is noteworthy, as until now little information has been available on horizontal displacement following normal‐fault events in the central Apennines (Umbria‐Marche, 1997, and L'Aquila, 2009), given the lack of dense GPS networks, the only available source of horizontal displacement data in this area. Inverted fault characteristics from such data also show noteworthy differences compared to previous studies, localizing the Paganica fault as the causative fault for the earthquake.
Replies to comments on “A revisit of drawdown behavior during pumping in unconfined aquifers” by Neuman and Mishra
Authors: Yeh T.‐C. J. , Mao D. , Wan L. , Lee C.‐H. , Wen J.‐C. , Lu W. 
Published: January 2012

Key Points

Transition of water release mechanisms
Heterogeneous, variably saturated flow equation
Unconfined aquifers
Early Language and Behavioral Regulation Skills as Predictors of Social Outcomes
Authors: Aro Tuija , Eklund Kenneth , Nurmi Jari-Erik , Poikkeus Anna-Maija 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
In the present study, the authors examined the prospective associations among early language skills, behavioral regulation skills, and 2 aspects of school-age social functioning (adaptability and social skills).

Method
The study sample consisted of children with and without a familial risk for dyslexia. The authors analyzed the relations among children’s language (at age 2;6 [years;months] and age 5;0), behavioral regulation skills (at age 5;0), and social functioning (at age 8;0) using structural equation modeling. Subgroups of children with respect to language and behavioral regulation skills (at age 5;0) were identified through the use of mixture modeling.

Results
Among at-risk children, behavioral regulation skills mediated the association between early language skills and social outcomes. A subgroup of children with poor regulatory and weak language skills scored lower in adaptability, whereas a subgroup having only poor language skills (with normal behavioral regulation) did not differ from a group with age-appropriate skills.

Conclusions
The present findings indicate that behavioral regulation skills play an important role in predicting social outcomes among children at risk for language difficulties. Furthermore, it is suggested that various aspects of social functioning may be influenced differently by self-regulation skills and that predictive relationships vary with the degree of language development deficits and accompanying risks.
Varicose vein surgery
Authors: Kendler Micheal , Fellmer Peter T. , Wetzig Tino 
Published: January 2012

SummaryVenous diseases are common in the general population. After a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, an individual therapeutic approach should be selected on the basis of the findings, with the aim of treating the diseased vein segments and improving quality of life. Numerous therapeutic options are available for the treatment of varicose veins. In addition to conservative methods such as compression therapy, exercise or drugs, surgical procedures such as traditional surgery, thermal ablation techniques or sclerotherapy can be performed. Recent developments include the use of endoluminal water vapor or mechano‐chemical endovenous ablation.
Clonally Related Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates with Decreased Susceptibility to the Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin Cefotaxime in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Authors: Heymans Raymond , Bruisten Sylvia M. , Golparian Daniel , Unemo Magnus , de Vries Henry J. C. , van Dam Alje P. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

From 2006 to 2008,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolates were identified with decreased susceptibility to the extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) cefotaxime among visitors of the Amsterdam sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic, the Netherlands. Spread, clonality, and characteristics of 202 isolates were examined using antibiograms, conventional
penA
mosaic gene PCR, and
N. gonorrhoeae
multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (NG-MLVA). A strictly defined subset was further characterized by
N. gonorrhoeae
multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and sequencing of ESC resistance determinants (
penA
,
mtrR
, and
porB1b
). Seventy-four
N. gonorrhoeae
isolates with a cefotaxime MIC of >0.125 μg/ml (group A), 54 with a cefotaxime MIC of 0.125 μg/ml (group B), and a control group of 74 with a cefotaxime MIC of <0.125 μg/ml (group C) were included. Fifty-three clonally related
penA
mosaic-positive isolates (penicillin-binding protein 2 type XXXIV) were identified in group A (
n
= 47 isolates; 64%) and B (
n
= 6 isolates; 11%). The 53
penA
mosaic-positive isolates were predominantly NG-MAST ST1407 (87%) and contained an
mtrR
promoter A deletion (98%) and
porB1b
alterations G101K/A102N. All were assigned to the same NG-MLVA cluster that comprised in total 56 isolates. A correlation was found between decreased cefotaxime susceptibility and ST1407 that was highly prevalent among visitors of the Amsterdam STI clinic. The rapid spread of this strain, which also has been identified in many other countries, might be facilitated by high-risk sexual behavior and should be monitored closely to identify potential treatment failure. Quality-assured surveillance of ESC susceptibility on the national and international levels and exploration of new drugs and/or strategies for treatment of gonorrhea are crucial.
The KGD Motif of Epstein-Barr Virus gH/gL Is Bifunctional, Orchestrating Infection of B Cells and Epithelial Cells
Authors: Chen Jia , Rowe Cynthia L. , Jardetzky Theodore S. , Longnecker Richard 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpesvirus family, is the causative agent of common human infections and specific malignancies. EBV entry into target cells, including B cells and epithelial cells, requires the interaction of multiple virus-encoded glycoproteins. Glycoproteins H and L (gH/gL) cooperate with glycoprotein B (gB) to mediate fusion of the viral envelope with target cell membranes. Both the gH/gL complex and gB are required for fusion, whereas glycoprotein 42 (gp42) acts as a tropism switch and is required for B cell infection and inhibits epithelial cell infection. Our previous studies identified a prominent KGD motif located on the surface of gH/gL. In the current study, we found that this motif serves as a bifunctional domain on the surface of gH/gL that directs EBV fusion of B cells and epithelial cells. Mutation of the KGD motif to AAA decreased fusion with both epithelial and B cells and reduced the binding of gH/gL to epithelial cells and to gp42. We also demonstrate that deletion of amino acids 62 to 66 of gp42 selectively reduces binding to wild-type gH/gL, but not the KGD mutant, suggesting that the KGD motif of gH/gL interacts with the N-terminal amino acids 62 to 66 of gp42.

IMPORTANCE
Epithelial and B cells are the major targets of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the human host. EBV utilizes different glycoprotein complexes to enter these cell types. For B cell fusion, EBV uses complexes containing gp42, gH/gL, and gB, whereas just gH/gL and gB are required for epithelial cell fusion. In the current study, a bifunctional domain consisting of a prominent KGD motif on the surface of the gH/gL structure was identified; this domain affects interactions with gp42 or epithelial receptors, ultimately dictating with which cell type virus-induced fusion can occur. These studies will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of EBV-induced membrane fusion and herpesvirus-induced membrane fusion in general.
Promoting patient-centred care through trainee feedback: Assessing Residents' C-I-CARE (ARC) Program
Authors: Wen Timothy , Huang Brian , Mosley Virgie , Afsar-manesh Nasim 
Published: January 2012

AimsIn recent years, patient satisfaction has been integrated into residency training practices through core competency requirements as set forth by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). In 2006, the UCLA Health Systems established a program designed to obtain patient feedback and assess the communication abilities of resident physicians with a standard tool through the Assessing Residents' C-I-CARE (ARC) Program.MethodsThis Program utilized a 17-item questionnaire, completed via a facilitator-administered interview, which employed polar, Likert and comment scale questions to assess physician trainees' interpersonal and communication skills.ResultsFrom 2006 to 2010, the ARC Program provided patient feedback data to more than six clinical departments while collecting 5,634 surveys for 323 trainees. Scores for resident recognition and performance increased from the first to second year of activity by an average of 22.5%, while attending recognition scores decreased 19% over the four years. Additionally, residents and attendings in surgical specialties received higher recognition rates than those in non-surgical specialties.ConclusionsThe ARC Program provided a standard tool for attaining patient feedback through a facilitator-administered survey that assisted in the accreditation process of training programs. Furthermore, hospitals, health organizations and medical schools may find the ARC Program valuable in collecting information for quality control as well as providing an opportunity for students to become involved in the healthcare field.
Strawberry Fields Forever?
Authors: Suh Nanjoo , Pezzuto John M. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
On the basis of copious preclinical data supporting the preventive efficacy of small fruits such as berries and grapes, Chen and colleagues conducted a randomized (noncomparative) phase II trial evaluating two doses of strawberry powder (60 g/d or 30 g/d for six months) to prevent esophageal cancer in China (reported in this issue of the journal, beginning on page 41); 60 g/d reduced the histologic grade of dysplastic lesions and reduced localized biomarkers, whereas 30 g/d was not effective. Fundamental questions remain such as the best formulation of strawberry powder, the active components associated with powder, and the actual mechanism of action, and standardized preparations will be required to permit the widespread use of strawberry powder with a predicable outcome. Clearly, however, this work is a good example of proof-of-principle and highlights the important role of diet, nutrition, and natural products in cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res; 5(1); 30–33. ©2012 AACR.
Functional Nature of Electrogram Fractionation Demonstrated by Left Atrial High-Density Mapping
Authors: Jadidi Amir S. , Duncan Edward , Miyazaki Shinsuke , Lellouche Nicolas , Shah Ashok J. , Forclaz Andrei , Nault Isabelle , Wright Matthew , Rivard Lena , Liu Xingpeng , Scherr Daniel , Wilton Stephen B. , Sacher Frédéric , Derval Nicolas , Knecht Sebastien , Kim Steven J. , Hocini Mélèze , Narayan Sanjiv , Haïssaguerre Michel , Jaïs Pierre 
Published: January 2012

Background—
Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) are targets of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Serial high-density maps were evaluated to understand the impact of activation direction and rate on electrogram (EGM) fractionation.

Methods and Results—

Eighteen patients (9 persistent) underwent high-density, 3-dimensional, left-atrial mapping (>400 points/map) during AF, sinus (SR), and CS-paced (CSp) rhythms. In SR and CSp, fractionation was defined as an EGM with ≥4 deflections, although, in AF, CFE-mean <80 ms was considered as continuous CFAE. The anatomic distribution of CFAE sites was assessed, quantified, and correlated between rhythms. Mechanisms underlying fractionation were investigated by analysis of voltage, activation, and propagation maps. A minority of continuous CFAE sites displayed EGM fractionation in SR (15+/−4%) and CSp (12+/−8%). EGM fractionation did not match between SR and CSp at 70+/−10% sites. Activation maps in SR and CSp showed that wave collision (71%) and regional slow conduction (24%) caused EGM fractionation. EGM voltage during AF (0.59+/−0.58 mV) was lower than during SR and CSp (>1.0 mV) at all sites. During AF, the EGM voltage was higher at continuous CFAE sites than at non-CFAE sites (0.53 mV (Q1, Q3: 0.33 to 0.83) versus 0.30 mV (Q1, Q3: 0.18 to 0.515),
P
<0.00001). Global LA voltage in AF was lower in patients with persistent AF versus patients with paroxysmal AF (0.6+/−0.59 mV versus 1.12+/−1.32 mV,
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—
The distribution of fractionated EGMs is highly variable, depending on direction and rate of activation (SR versus CSp versus AF). Fractionation in SR and CSp rhythms mostly resulted from wave collision. All sites with continuous fractionation in AF displayed normal voltage in SR, suggesting absence of structural scar. Thus, many fractionated EGMs are functional in nature, and their sites dynamic.
Risk of Malignant Arrhythmias in Initially Symptomatic Patients With Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Authors: Pappone Carlo , Vicedomini Gabriele , Manguso Francesco , Baldi Mario , Pappone Alessia , Petretta Andrea , Vitale Raffaele , Saviano Massimo , Ciaccio Cristiano , Giannelli Luigi , Calovic Zarko , Tavazzi Luigi , Santinelli Vincenzo 
Published: January 2012

Background—
The available amount of detailed long-term data in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is limited, and no prospective electrophysiological studies looking at predictors of malignant arrhythmia are available.

Methods and Results—

Among 8575 symptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White patients with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia referred for electrophysiological test, 369 (mean age, 23±12.5 years) declined catheter ablation and were followed up. The primary end point of the study was to evaluate over a 5-year follow-up the predictors and characteristics of patients who develop malignant arrhythmias. After a mean follow-up of 42.1±10 months, malignant arrhythmias developed in 29 patients (mean age, 13.9±5.6 years; 26 male), resulting in presyncope/syncope (25 patients), hemodynamic collapse (3 patients), or cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation (1 patient). Of the remaining 340 patients, 168 (mean age, 34.2±9.0 years) remained asymptomatic up to 5 years, and 172 (mean age, 13.6±5.1 years) had benign recurrence, including sustained atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (132 patients) or atrial fibrillation (40 patients). Compared with the group with no malignant arrhythmias, the group with malignant arrhythmias showed shorter accessory-pathway effective refractory period (
P
<0.001) and more often exhibited multiple accessory pathways (
P
<0.001), and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia triggering sustained pre-excited atrial fibrillation was more frequently inducible (
P
<0.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that short accessory-pathway effective refractory period (
P
<0.001) and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia triggering sustained pre-excited atrial fibrillation (
P
<0.001) were independent predictors of malignant arrhythmias.

Conclusions—
Symptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome generally have a good outcome, and predictors of malignant arrhythmias are similar to those reported for asymptomatic patients with ventricular pre-excitation.
NOTES ON ISLAM AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Waardenburg Jacques , Waardenburg J.D.J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn the present paper we are not concerned with a religious appreciation or a theological judgment of Islam, or parts of it. Our starting-point is that of the study of
religion, as carried out in history and phenomenology, in sociology and anthropology, in psychology or other disciplines like the study of literature, art and also economy. We are concerned with what Muslims believe about God and His revelation, but instead of giving an opinion we rather listen to what they say about Islam in a time of rapid change which affects all religions of mankind.
In these pages we shall deal, after a more general introduction about the Muslims' world (I), first with what Muslims have to say about their own development and some new interpretations of Islam which correspond with it (II). In the second place we shall take into consideration what some specialists have to say about the development of Muslim countries and the role of Islam therein (III).In both cases, of course, we shall have to restrict ourselves to examples referring to some specific countries. In the third place we shall deal with what Christians who are living together with Muslims in Third World countries have to say about "Islam and Development". On closer consideration, however, it became evident that hardly anything on this subject has been written by them, so that this section had to remain rather short (IV). The "Notes" end with some considerations on development and religion in general, including Islam and Christianity (V).
Correlation Between In Silico Physicochemical Characteristics of Drugs and Their Mean Residence Time in Human and Dog
Authors: Grabowski Tomasz , Jaroszewski Jerzy Jan , Gad Shayne Cox , Feder Marcin 
Published: January 2012

The correlation between 52 physicochemical parameters and mean residence time (MRT) for 27 drugs used in human and dog were investigated. The physicochemical parameter values calculated provided a basis for deriving a series of arithmetic expressions, which were used to build a mathematical model describing the relationship between them and the MRT values. From the entire set of analyzed parameters, a subset of 14 was identified that contributed to the derivation of an arithmetic expression: [Formula: see text] the value of which is highly correlated with the MRT value in dogs ( P < .001) and allowed prediction of the MRT predicted (MRT(pred)). In humans, no correlation was found that allowed the calculation of MRT(pred). These results indicate that predicting the pharmacokinetics of any specific drug for humans based on pharmacokinetic data obtained in the dog should be undertaken with knowledge of the inherent limitations.
Additives for lubricants containing poly(tetrafluoroethylene). Part 2: Tribological characterization
Authors: Hoffmann T , Lehmann D , Schäffler M 
Published: January 2012

This article describes the tribological characterization of dispersions consisting of irradiated poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) micropowder (Zonyl® MP1100) and an ester oil (Synative ES TMP 05). A series of PTFE/oil dispersions were prepared with different amounts of PTFE micropowder (10–25 wt%) to study the influence of the PTFE in these dispersions on their tribological properties. The PTFE/oil dispersion with 10 wt% PTFE micropowder was additionally synthesized in the presence of two additives which are derived from phosphoric acid to study the influence on the tribological properties. In addition, a physical mixture of the ester oil and the PTFE micropowder was prepared to illustrate the impact of the chemical coupling reaction with regard to the tribological properties. A higher concentration of PTFE micropowder more clearly reduces the coefficient of friction in the ester oil. Low coefficient of friction and transition values from static to dynamic friction were observed. The resistance to wear was increased with the amount of PTFE micropowder in the dispersions and clearly reflects the difference between chemical coupling and physical mixture of the components.