bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of shear angle on hangingwall deformation during tectonic inversion
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiro , McClay Ken 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTectonic inversion is a common phenomenon in island arc settings, especially in back‐arc basins. The reactivation of normal faults as thrusts, triggered by tectonic inversion, produces typical inversion fault‐related folds and thrusts in the hangingwall. These hangingwall inversion geometries are affected by two factors: the geometry of the underlying master fault and the angle of inclined simple shear relative to the regional dip of strata, in the case that the deformation is approximated by simple shear. This study employed numerical simulations to analyse the influence of the antithetic shear angle on the geometry of the hangingwall and displacement along the master fault. The simulation results reveal that a steeply inclined shear vector during extension produces a narrow, steep‐sided half‐graben, whereas a gently inclined shear produces a wide, open basin. After tectonic inversion, a tight anticline is formed under steeply inclined shear, whereas an open anticline is formed under gently inclined shear. Antithetic shear results in reduced total displacement along the master fault, and the greater the angle between the shear direction and the regional dip, the greater the displacement along the master fault. Because the deformation geometry of syn‐extension layers is affected by extension followed by contraction, a change in the shear angle during tectonic inversion produces a wide variety of deformation geometries. Comparison of the simulation results with the results of analogue modelling suggests that the shear angle decreases by 5° during the transition from extension to tectonic inversion and that such a change may be commonly observed in natural geological structures. These results highlight the benefits of numerical simulations, which can be used to readily examine a variety of constraining parameters and thereby lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of hangingwall deformation, avoiding erroneous estimates of the amount of fault displacement.
Features and formation processes of multiple deposition layers from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami at Ban Nam Kem, southern Thailand
Authors: Naruse Hajime , Fujino Shigehiro , Suphawajruksakul Apichart , Jarupongsakul Thanawat 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMultiple‐layered tsunami deposits have been frequently reported from coastal stratigraphic sequences, but the formation processes of these layers remain uncertain. A terrestrial sandy deposit formed by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was investigated at Ban Nam Kem, southern Thailand. Four internal layers induced by two tsunami waves were identified in the tsunami deposit. Sedimentary structures indicated that two units were formed by run‐up currents caused by the tsunami and the other two units were deposited by the backwash flows. Graded bedding was common in the layers, but inverse grading was observed at limited intervals on the surveyed transects. The characteristics of the multiple‐layered tsunami deposit vary remarkably over a very short distance (<1 m) in response to the local topography. Remarkable asymmetries in thickness and grain‐size distribution are recognized between the run‐up and backwash flow deposits. On the basis of the interpretation of sedimentary structures, the formation process of the multiple‐layered tsunami deposit observed in this study can be explained in a schematic model as the modification of the ideal tsunami sequence by local erosion and the asymmetric hydraulic properties of tsunami waves, such as the maximum shear velocity and the heterogeneity of the flow velocity field.
Parentage of low‐grade metasediments in the Sanbagawa belt, eastern Shikoku, Southwest Japan, and its geotectonic implications
Authors: Kiminami Kazuo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study examines the geology of low‐grade (chlorite zone) metamorphic rocks in the Sanbagawa belt and of a Jurassic accretionary complex in the Northern Chichibu belt, eastern Shikoku, Japan. The bulk chemistries of metasandstones and metapelites in the Sanbagawa belt of eastern Shikoku are examined in order to determine their parentage. The Sanbagawa belt can be divided into northern and southern parts based on lithology and geologic structure. Geochemical data indicate that metasediments in the northern and southern parts are the metamorphic equivalents of the KS‐II (Coniacian–Campanian) and KS‐I (late Albian–early Coniacian) units of the Shimanto belt, respectively. The depositional ages of the parent sediments of low‐grade metamorphic rocks found in the Sanbagawa belt and the Jurassic Northern Chichibu belt, indicate a north‐younging polarity. In contrast, sedimentological evidence indicates younging to the south. These observations suggest that a tectonic event has resulted in a change from a northerly to southerly dip direction for schistosity and bedding in the Sanbagawa and Northern Chichibu belts of eastern Shikoku. The younging polarity observed in the Sanbagawa and Northern Chichibu belts, together with previously reported data on vitrinite reflectance and geological structure, indicate that the Northern Chichibu belt was part of the overburden formerly lying on top of the Sanbagawa low‐grade metamorphic rocks.
Quantitative Electron Microscopic Investigation on Changes of Mitochondria in Long‐Term CPZ Administration in Rat Brain, Liver and Heart
Authors: Takeichi Masashi , Sato Takeshi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The effect of chronic administration of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on mitochondria (MT) in the rat brain (striatum), liver and heart was quantitatively examined with both the electron microscope and computer‐assisted PICTURE ANALYSIS OA‐1. The specimens were taken from six female rats, three controls and three experimentals to which 20 mg/kg body weight of CPZ was administered orally for 15 months from 5 weeks after birth. Thus the quantitative electron microscopic study was made on the mitochondrial sizes (cross‐sectional areas) and cristal densities and the following results were obtained:1) The sizes of MT from the striatal nerve cells and axo‐dendritic spine postsynapses and liver parenchymal cells were larger in the CPZ‐administered rats than in the controls, whereas there were no statistically significant changes in the sizes of MT from the striatal axo‐dendritic spine presynapses and heart papillary muscle cells to which the influence of long‐term CPZ administration could be well expected.2) In contrast, with the mitochondrial sizes, the cristal densities represented by the number of cristae per unit area (μ2) of MT have decreased in the striatal nerve cells and axo‐dendritic spine pre‐ and postsynapses, liver parenchymal cells and heart papillary muscle cells of the CPZ‐administered rats than in those of the controls.3) From the above‐mentioned findings it was concluded that the changes of MT following a long‐term CPZ administration were the ubiquitous ones evolved not only in the brain cells but also in other somatic cells and that the enlargement of MT revealed by the quantity of organellar sizes was the compensatory change to the decrease of cristae suggesting the disintegration of the inner membrane system of the organelle.
REDESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES OF PSYLLA GEOFFROY (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED BY FROGGATT
Authors: YEN ALAN L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe 11 species of Australian Psylla originally described by Froggatt are redescribed. A lectotype is designated for each species. The genitalia and fore wings of the lectotypes are figured. The species are retained in the genus Psylla, although future generic revision may be necessary.
MATURATION AND FECUNDITY OF THE SPUR‐THROATED LOCUST, AUSTRACRIS GUTTULOSA (WALKER), IN NEW SOUTH WALES DURING THE 1974/75 PLAGUE
Authors: FARROW R. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe maturation and fecundity of the spur‐throated locust were measured in populations of three different densities in northern and central western New South Wales during spring and summer, 1974/75.Adults overwinter in a non‐reproductive condition and the females mature in spring. The initial ovarian cycle of the female, from the first appearance of yolk in the terminal oocyte of the ovary to ovulation and oviposition, covered an eight‐week period during October and November, 1974u Subsequent cycles, leading to successive ovipositions, during the remainder of the seasonal breeding period of this univoltine species, were much shorter although delayed initially by dry conditions in December, 1974.The number of eggs detached in the oviduct and about to be laid, averaged 136 per female and was only 15% less than the maximum possible, which was equivalent to the ovariole number of 160 per female. Seasonal variations in clutch size were small and were not affected by dry conditions. Approximately five pods were laid by each female between November and April.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN AREAS OF QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA
Authors: KAY I. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTesting of Heliothis armigera larvae by topical application during 1973‐74 and 1974‐75 showed high levels of resistance to DDT in strains from Brookstead (>100‐fold), Bowen (>100‐fold), St. George (97‐fold) and Capella (66‐fold). Lower levels of resistance were shown in strains from Mareeba (37‐fold), Bundaberg (22‐fold), Redland Bay (30‐fold) and Cambooya (15‐fold). The Capella and St. George strains were less susceptible to DDT + camphechlor than the Brookstead strain, but resistance to this insecticide mixture was not considered to have been proven. The St. George strain was 21 times more resistant to endosulfan than the Brookstead strain. No evidence of resistance to parathion‐methyl was demonstrated. Two strains of H. punctigera showed no resistance to DDT.
FIRST CAPTURES OF THE MIGRATORY LOCUST, LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA L., AT LIGHT‐TRAPS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: FARROW R. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRecords of the migratory locust from specially designed light traps provide the first demonstration, known to the author, of systematic catches of the tropical race of this species in light traps. Variations in the catches between 1973 and 1976 are related to population changes in the field and suggest that population displacement at night can be monitored in relation to synoptic weather by means of a network of such traps. A comparison is made between the catches of migratory locust with those of the plague and spur‐throated locust and reflects changes in the plague status of these three species.
MOTOR NERVE RESPONSE TO A FORMAMIDINE IN BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS
Authors: BINNINGTON K. C. , RICE M. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe acaricidal formamidine BTS‐27271 [N'‐(2,4‐dimethylphenyl)‐N‐methyl formamidine] was shown to cause a rapid transient increase of spike frequency in a coxal nerve of the tick B. microplus.
A NEW GENUS MYRASCIA FOR A GROUP OF AUSTRALIAN OECOPHORIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) PREVIOUSLY REFERRED TO PHILOBOTA MEYRICK
Authors: COMMON I. F. B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new genus Myrascia is proposed for 12 species of Oecophoridae from southern Australia, four of which are described as new. The larvae of three species feed on the foliage of Melaleuca Linnaeus, Leptospermum J. R. and G. Forster and Kunzea Reichenbach (Myrtaceae). A key to the adults is given, the larvae of two species are described, and the venation, mouthparts, genitalia of both sexes and wing patterns of adults, as well as the chaetotaxy of the larvae, are figured.
LARVAL DEVELOPMENT AND EMERGENCE IN HEMIANAX PAPUENSIS (BURMEISTER) (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)
Authors: Rowe R. J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Hemianax papuensis was raised in the laboratory from oviposition to pharate adult in 240 days. Changes in external morphology during development are described. Seasonality and emergence data indicate that in New Zealand development in the field is much slower than that in the laboratory.
TWO PEST THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA) NEW TO AUSTRALIA, WITH NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND STRUCTURAL VARIATION OF OTHER SPECIES
Authors: Houston K. J. , Mound L. A. , Palmer J. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe serious pest species Thrips palmi Karny and Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter), Thripidae, are newly recorded from Australia. The recorded distributions within Australia of a further 8 thrips are extended, and notes are given on the remarkable variation of Mecynothrips wallacei Bagnall, Phlaeothripidae, in Queensland.
GALL FORMATION ON THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF SKELETON WEED BY CYSTIPHORA SCHMIDTI RÜBSAAMEN (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Moore A. D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Cystiphora schmidti produced similar numbers and densities of galls on the 3 Australian forms of its host weed Chondrilla juncea. The total number of galls increased with available leaf area. Density of galls was similar on all leaf areas offered. Low temperature significantly reduced the number and density of galls on all forms of the weed.
A NEW AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF STOMATODEX FAIN (ACARI: DEMODECIDAE) FROM THE OESOPHAGUS OF CERCARTETUS NANUS (DESMAREST) (MARSUPIALIA)
Authors: Desch Clifford E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Stomatodex cercarteti sp.n. is described from adults and immatures from the oesophageal lining of the eastern pygmy possum, Cercartetus nanus. This is the first record of this genus from Australia and from a marsupial host.
EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON EGG DEVELOPMENT IN NOMADACRIS GUTTULOSA (WALKER) AND LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA (L.) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Elder R. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEggs of N. guttulosa and L. migratoria were held until hatching at temperatures from 21.9 to 36.5°C and 21.8 to 37.3°C, respectively. At these temperatures development times for N. guttulosa ranged from 61.6 d to 18.7 d and for L. migratoria from 58.8 to 11.3 d. N. guttulosa eggs held at 40.0°C and L. migratoria at 19.8, 41.3, 42.5 and 42.9°C failed to hatch. Continuous development occurred in the eggs of both species with no evidence of interrupted development.
COOPERATIVE NESTING AND OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN FEMALES OF THE PREDOMINANTLY SOCIAL BEE EXONEURA BICOLOR SMITH (HYMENOPTERA: ANTHOPHORIDAE) AFTER FORCED SOLITARY ECLOSION
Authors: Schwarz M. P. , O'Keefe K. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCooperative nesting is frequent in montane populations of the Australian allodapine bee Exoneura bicolor. In natural populations, multifemale colonies primarily arise from cooperative re‐use of natal nests or by the cofounding of new nests by groups of female relatives. In this study we examine ovarian enlargement of females that are artificially placed in solitary nests prior to adult eclosion. After eclosion, females were allowed to move around freely prior to overwintering. Of the females recovered at the end of our experiment, 74% had joined to form either 2 or 3‐female colonies. We found no evidence of ovarian inhibition between colony members. However, inseminated females showed significantly greater ovarian development than their uninseminated nestmates. These results indicate that the benefits of cooperative nesting are great, even when nestmates are unrelated. This may have consequences for kin selection models of altruism in Australian allodapine bees.
Review of the spider genus Yoroa Baert (Araneae: Theridiidae: Hadrotarsinae)
Authors: Harvey Mark S , Waldock Julianne M 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new species of Yoroa Baert, Yoroa taylori sp. n., is described from northern Queensland, and the type species, Yoroa clypeoglandularis Baert from Papua New Guinea, is redescribed. The previously unknown females of Y. clypeoglandularis possess identical clypeal openings to those of the males, and possess two pairs of spermathecae and a dorsoventrally flattened pedipalpal claw. These are character states that are apomorphic for the Hadrotarsinae.
The mortality of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) neonate larvae in relation to drop‐off and soil surface temperature: the dangers of bungy jumping
Authors: Perović David J , Johnson Marie‐Louise , Scholz Brad , Zalucki Myron P 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe first larval instar has been identified as a critical stage for population mortality in Lepidoptera, yet due to the body size of these larvae, the factors that contribute to mortality under field conditions are still not clear. Dispersal behaviour has been suggested as a significant, but ignored factor contributing to mortality in first‐instar lepidopteran larvae. The impact that leaving the host plant has on the mortality rate of Helicoverpa armigera neonates was examined in field crops and laboratory trials. In this study the following are examined: (1) the effects of soil surface temperature, and the level of shade within the crop, on the mortality of neonates on the soil after dropping off from the host plant; (2) the percentage of neonates that dropped off from a host plant and landed on the soil; and (3) the effects of exposure to different soil surface temperatures on the development and mortality of neonates. The findings of this study showed that: (1) on the soil, surface temperatures above 43°C were lethal for neonates, and exposure to these temperatures contributed greatly to the overall mortality rate observed; however, the fate of neonates on the soil varied significantly depending on canopy closure within the crop; (2) at least 15% of neonates dropped off from the host plant and landed on the soil, meaning that the proportion of neonates exposed to these condition is not trivial; and (3) 30 min exposure to soil surface temperatures approaching the lethal level (>43°C) has no significant negative effects on the development and mortality of larvae through to the second instar. Overall leaving the plant through drop‐off contributes to first‐instar mortality in crops with open canopies; however, survival of neonates that have lost contact with a host plant is possible, and becomes more likely later in the crop growing season.
Abundance and mortality of overwintering pupae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on the Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
Authors: Lloyd Richard J , Murray David A H , Hopkinson Jamie E 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSurveys were conducted between 1997 and 2001 to investigate the incidence of overwintering Helicoverpa spp. pupae under summer crop residues on the Darling Downs, Queensland. Only Helicoverpa armigera was represented in collections of overwintering pupae. The results indicated that late‐season crops of cotton, sorghum, maize, soybean, mungbean and sunflower were equally likely to have overwintering pupae under them. In the absence of tillage practices, these crops had the potential to produce similar numbers of moths/ha in the spring. There were expected differences between years in the densities of overwintering pupae and the number of emerged moths/ha. Irrigated crops produced 2.5 times more moths/ha than dryland crops. Overall survival from autumn‐formed pupae to emerged moths averaged 44%, with a higher proportion of pupae under maize surviving to produce moths than each of the other crops. Parasitoids killed 44.1% of pupae, with Heteropelma scaposum representing 83.3% of all parasitoids reared from pupae. Percentage parasitism levels were lower in irrigated crops (27.6%) compared with dryland crops (40.5%). Recent changes to Helicoverpa spp. management in cotton/grain‐farming systems in south‐eastern Queensland, including widespread adoption of Bt cotton, and use of more effective and more selective insecticides, could lead to lower densities of overwintering pupae under late summer crops.
The nomenclature, taxonomy and conservation status of Ogyris waterhouseri (Bethune‐Baker, 1905) stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), a threatened butterfly from southern Australia
Authors: Braby Michael F , Douglas Fabian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe nomenclature and taxonomic status of Ogyris waterhouseri is revised and considered to be specifically distinct from Ogyris idmo (Hewitson 1862) based on fundamental differences in juvenile and adult morphology. For the past 94 years, O. waterhouseri has been treated either as a geographical subspecies or as synonym of O. idmo, and for the last 36 years it has been known under the name O. idmo halmaturia (Tepper 1890), which we show to be a junior synonym of O. otanes (C. & R. Felder 1865). Assessment of the conservation status of O. waterhouseri indicates that the butterfly warrants listing as Endangered nationally according to IUCN criteria. The species is restricted to habitats comprising heathland, mallee‐heathland or mallee low open‐woodland with a heath understorey on sand where colonies of the associated ant, Camponotus terebrans Lowne, 1865, occur abundantly. Ogyris waterhouseri formerly had a wide range in the coastal and semi‐arid areas of southern Australia (western and south‐western Victoria, southern South Australia); however, its geographic range is estimated to have contracted by about 88–98%, primarily due to habitat loss. Currently, the species is known from only two fragmented populations comprising a total of six extant sites. The common name Eastern Bronze Azure is proposed for O. waterhouseri.
Lower urinary tract symptoms and risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men
Authors: MATSUBARA AKIO , YASUMOTO HIROAKI , TEISHIMA JUN , SEKI MITSUHIRO , MITA KOJI , HASEGAWA YASUHISA , YOSHINO TATEKI , KATO MASAO , USUI TSUGURU 
Published: August 2010

Aim: Our aim was to investigate whether or not men with lower urinary tract symptoms are at increased risk of prostate cancer.Methods: A total of 3511 men aged 50–79 years who underwent mass screening for prostate cancer between 2002 and 2004 for the first time, and completed the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire at the time of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, were enrolled in the present study. All men with PSA values greater than 4.0 ng/mL were advised and encouraged to undergo transrectal systematic sextant biopsy. The number of cancers subsequently detected was compared between men with IPSS scores of 0–7 and 8–35.Results: Of the 3511 men, 219 (6.2%) had PSA values greater than 4 ng/mL, 178 (5.1%) underwent biopsy, and 51 (1.5%) were found to have prostate cancer. Although the PSA positivity rate for men with IPSS scores of 8–35 was significantly higher than that in the 0–7 group, there were no significant intergroup differences in the cancer detection rates for biopsied men and for total screened subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that prostate volume was the dominant predictor for the detection of prostate cancer, followed by PSA level, but the IPSS made no significant contribution. No significant difference was noted in the IPSS scores between men with cancer and the others of the same age group.Conclusions: Symptomatic Japanese men are not at higher risk of prostate cancer despite their higher PSA values compared with asymptomatic men of the same age group.
THE COMMON VISUAL DISORDERS: THEIR EFFECT ON JOB PERFORMANCE
Authors: Johnston Alan W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCommon visual disorders are subdivided into two major groups — the ametropias and anomalies of binocular vision. Myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism are discussed from Sorsby's aetiological standpoint of correlation and component mechanisms, and the incidence of these conditions and presbyopia is detailed with some figures on the necessity for correction. Binocular anomalies of heterophoria, strabismus and amblyopia are described, together with some data on the performance of the one‐eyed person. The relationship between visual acuity and illumination is explained with particular reference to the common disorders of vision.