bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infusion of Various Short Chain Fatty Acids Causes Different Changes in the Blood Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Growing Lambs Deprived of Food Overnight
Authors: Husveth F. , Szegleti C. , Neogrady Z. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryGlucose and insulin concentrations of jugular blood plasma were monitored in growing lambs over 8 h, following a 2 h infusion of acetate, propionate, n‐butyrate, n‐valerate and physiological saline into the ruminal vein. Propionate and especially n‐valerate infusion significantly increased blood glucose concentration. n‐Butyrate induced only a small increase of shorter duration, while acetate failed to exert a pronounced effect on the blood glucose level. SCFA infusion, except for acetate, raised the insulin level in the blood. Relative rise was closely correlated with the length of carbon chain of the SCFA, that is, n‐valerate caused the largest elevation of the insulin level, followed by n‐butyrate and propionate. At the same time, acetate failed to cause a marked influence on the insulin level. These results of insulin showed agreement with glucose concentration changes, with the exception of n‐butyrate treatment, where the increase of plasma insulin concentrations after the infusion proved to be much larger than that of glucose, relative to the preinfusion value.
Role of Inosine in Prevention of Methaemoglobinaemia in the pig:in vitrostudies
Authors: Sartorelli P. , Paltrinieri S. , Agnes F. , Baglioni T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryMethaemoglobin reductase activity was studied in pig, human and cattle erythrocytes incubated in a medium containing glucose or inosine as NADH generator. With glucose, methaemoglobin reduction was very fast in human, less so in cattle and slowest in pig erythrocytes. With inosine, pig red cells reduced methaemoglobin more rapidly than human red cells and in bovine erythrocytes the enzyme activity was undetectable. In intact red cells the ability to reduce methaemoglobin depends on the amount of NADH the cell can produce with glucose or inosine utilization. The results show that pig red blood cells utilize inosine as the NADH generator for enzymatic reduction of methaemoglobin. The greater efficiency of pig red cells could be due to several factors: better inosine transport, more active metabolic pathway for inosine utilization (so that more NADH is produced), or greater MR activity when NADH is in excess. In any case, the high rate of methaemoglobin reduction could explain the lower prevalence of methaemoglobinaemia in pigs than in cattle.
Effect of the Inhalation of Nitric Oxide on 5‐Hydroxytryptamine‐Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Calves
Authors: Sustronck B. , Van Loon G. , Gasthuys F. , Foubert L. , Deprez P. , Muylle E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn healthy anaesthetized Friesian‐Holstein calves, pulmonary hypertension was induced by means of a continuous intravenous administration of serotonin (0.025 mg/kg body/weight/min). Afterwards, the anaesthetized calves inhaled 40 and 80 ppm of nitric oxide using an open system. The influences of the administration of serotonin and the inhalation of nitric oxide on the haemodynamic and blood gas parameters were investigated. The inhalation of 40 and 80 ppm of nitric oxide during serotonin‐induced pulmonary hypertension in calves resulted in a significant fall of the mean pulmonary artery pressure. The inhalation of nitric oxide also induced an amelioration of intrapulmonary oxygen transport. The intravenous administration of serotonin in calves resulted in severe systemic hypotension. Hence, the influence of the inhalation of nitric oxide on the systemic arterial pressure could not be evaluated.
Ovarian Sex Cord‐Stromal Tumours in Cattle, with Particular Reference to the Lamination of Basal Laminae
Authors: Kitano Y. , Iwabuchi I. , Keruma T. , Ishikawa Y. , Kadota K. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThree cases of bovine sex cord‐stromal tumours, including a sex cord tumour with annular tubules and two granulosa cell tumours, are described. These tumours had tubular structures and hyaline or eosinophilic bodies, composed of multilayered basal laminae. The present study suggests that bovine granulosa cell tumours of the ovary are able to show morphology similar to that of Sertoli cell tumours of the testis and that sex cord tumours with annular tubules arise from granulosa cells but indicate Sertoli cell differentiation.
Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Pig Intestinal Tract and Muscle Tissue
Authors: Claus R. , Raab S. , Dehnhard M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryDue to the known differences of protein turnover in skeletal muscle (slow turnover) and intestinal tract (rapid turnover), these tissues were analysed for the free glucocorticoid receptor (GR) concentrations. Cytosol was prepared from different parts of pig intestinal tract and two different muscles (longissimus thoracis: ML; trapezius: MT) under either energy restriction (5.8 MJ ME; 4 kg/d) or sufficient supply (14.0 MJ ME; 4 kg/d) for 4 days before sacrification. Care was taken that all samples were obtained within 15 min post‐mortem and that premortem treatment did not elevate circulating cortisol. A Scatchard plot was performed both for muscle and gut tissue and the KD (0.4 ± 0.04 nM; 0.7 ± 0.02 nM) as well as Bmax (0.2 ± 0.01 nM; 1.2 ± 0.02 nM) pointed to specific binding.GR were generally high in intestinal tract irrespective of the anatomical site, but were significantly (P ≫ 0.001) higher under energy restriction compared to adequate feeding (103.2 vs. 76.5 fmol/mg protein).GR was much lower in muscle tissues and tended to be slightly higher in MT (with high proportion of red fibres) compared to ML (white fibres) (12.4 vs. 9.1 fmol/mg protein). GR in muscles was not significantly influenced by energy. The tissue specific differences in GR provide the explanation for the known differences in the protein turnover rate.
Management of Malunion of Metacarpus III/IV in Two Calves
Authors: Steiner A. , Hirsbrunner G. , Geissbühler U. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis report describes the case histories of two calves with non‐functional malunion of the metacarpus (MC) III/IV. In both cases, severe valgus deviation occurred after closed reduction and external coaptation of a shaft fracture of MC III/IV. The malunion was corrected by closing wedge osteotomy and internal fixation. Long‐term follow‐up of both cases revealed complete healing in good alignment without any signs of impairment of gait.
Formation and Persistence of N7 ‐ and O6 ‐Methyl‐Guanine in DNA of Chick Embryo Brain Cells in ovo Following Administration of N‐Nitroso‐N‐Methylurea
Authors: Schleifer S. , Tempel K. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryPreviously, O6 ‐methyl‐guanine‐DNA alkyltransferase (AT) of the chicken embryo has been investigated in vitro. In the present studies, the effect of in vivo (in ovo) treatment with methylnitrosourea (MNU) was examined at a developmental stage of 15 days and doses of 1.25–20 mg/egg, yielding about 1–16 mmol MNU/kg embryo weight. At intervals of 1–24 h, DNA of the brain was prepared. N7 ‐methylguanine and O6 ‐methylguanine were quantified by combining a rapid method of DNA isolation, high‐pressure‐liquid‐chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection of the guanine‐alkyl adducts. In parallel, the AT activity of brain homogenates was determined. Within the range of the detection limits (N7 ‐methylguanine: 16 nM, O6 ‐methylguanine: 2.5 nM), no repair of the guanine adducts, being about 500 nmol O6 ‐methyl‐ and 1800 nmol N7 ‐methyl‐adducts per mmol guanine 1 h following administration of 10 mg MNU/egg, was evident. The rather low acute toxicity of MNU in the chicken embryo at the 15th day of development DL50/24 h being > 4 mg MNU/embryo, argues, therefore, for an additional repair mechanism, e.g. cell replacement repair.
Cardio‐respiratory and Plasma Lactate Responses to Exercise with Low Draught Resistances in Standardbred Trotters
Authors: Gottlieb‐Vedi M. , Essén‐Gustavsson B. , Lindholm A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryFive Standardbred trotters performed treadmill exercise with incrementally increasing trotting velocities for 2 min intervals in three different tests until fatigue. Each test was performed with draught loads of either 10, 20 or 30 kilopond (kp). Each trotting interval was followed by 2 min periods at a walk without draught load. Recordings were made of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), plasma lactate (PLA) and stride frequency (SF) at the end of each trotting interval. The HR increased to average values of 191 ± 10 and 214 ± 7 bpm and PLA increased to 3.8 ± 0.7, 7.3 ± 3.8 and 10.8 ± 6.4 mmol/I at 9 m/s in the three tests, respectively. The HR response to exercise was significantly higher with increasing draught loads, and PLA was significantly higher with 30 kp compared to 10 kp draught resistance. The lowest respiratory rate was seen in the test with 30 kp loading. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was measured in a separate test on a sloped treadmill with increasing velocities without draught load and averaged 70.4 ± 9.11/min. Muscle biopsies were taken from the gluteus muscle. Individual variations were seen in VO2peak, muscle fibre composition and HR and PLA responses to exercise. In conclusion, at a certain velocity a small increase in draught resistance from 10 to 30 kp significantly increases both the HR and PLA responses. At comparable work intensities the horses differed in circulatory and metabolic responses to exercise.
Gut Regulatory Peptides in Young Cattle and Sheep
Authors: Guilloteau P. , Huërou‐Luron I. Le , Chayvialle J. A. , Toullec R. , Zabielski R. , Blum J. W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThis review summarizes recent advances on blood plasma patterns, receptors, secondary messengers and metabolism of gut regulatory peptides (i.e. gastrin, secretin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, motilin), in young ruminants during fetal and perinatal stages, during the preruminant stage and at weaning. It also deals with their role in the digestive tract function and postabsorptive changes. Some pathological situations in young ruminants are considered. Recent molecular aspects of digestive enzyme synthesis are also reported.
Lactate Transport across the Bovine Rumen Epithelium in vitro
Authors: Moller P. D. , Diernæs L. , Sehested J. , Hyldgaard‐Jensen J. , Skadhauge E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe in vitro transport of L‐lactate across rumen epithelium was found to be a passive, mass‐action regulated diffusion, and no saturable transport mechanisms were involved at concentrations from 2–20mmol/L. During this increase in L‐lactate concentrations the epithelial resistance and potential difference increased significantly, indicating an epithelial change towards a more tight epithelium. The net sodium transport was significantly reduced by 45% at 20 mmol/L lactate as compared to lactate free conditions.
Evaluation of Hematological, Serum Biochemical and Cerebrospinal Fluid Parameters in Experimental Bacterial Meningitis in the Calf
Authors: Nazifi S. , Rezakhani A. , Badran M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTo evaluate the effects of bacterial meningitis on blood and CSF parameters, an experiment was conducted with five Iranian crossbred male calves. Blood and CSF samples were collected 3 times within a 5‐day interval before the administration of bacteria for obtaining control values. Following the injection ofE. coli, K12into the cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbosacral space, samples were collected and clinical signs of meningitis were observed. Blood and CSF samples were obtained from the meningitis group 3 times at 1, 3 and 5 days post injection. The treatment of the infected calves using lincospectin and tetracycline was carried out immediately after the onset of clinical signs. After the treatment, blood and CSF samples were obtained 3 times during a 5‐day period. Following the induction of meningitis, the number of WBCs, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, the percent of lymphocytes decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The concentrations of glucose, potassium and activity of AST, LDH, CK significantly increased (P < 0.05). In contrast, the concentrations of phosphorus, sodium and magnesium significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, following the induction of meningitis, the CSF was slightly xantochromic and turbid. The concentrations of protein, cholesterol, phosphorus, potassium, the activities of AST, LDH, CK, and the cell numbers in the CSF increased significantly (P < 0.05). In contrast, the concentration of glucose and pH in the CSF decreased significantly (P < 0.05).This study showed that bacterial meningitis can have profound effects on blood and CSF parameters which enable one to reach diagnosis.
Transport of Propionate across the Distal Colonic Epithelium of Guinea Pig in the Presence and Absence of Bicarbonate and of Chloride
Authors: von Engelhardt W. , Busche R. , Burmester M. , Hansen K. , Becker G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryShort‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) are rapidly absorbed in the large intestine. However, the mechanisms involved have not been fully delineated. Findings indicate mat absorption of SCFA occurs in the undissociated form as well as by an anion exchange, whereby marked species and segmental differences are present. The guinea pig distal colon has certain peculiarities. Unidirectional fluxes of propionate across guinea pig distal colon were studied under short‐circuit current conditions in Ussing chambers. Removal of bicarbonate caused reduction of mucosal‐to‐serosal fluxes by 30%, serosal‐to‐mucosal fluxes were little affected. In chloride‐free solution unidirectional fluxes were also reduced. However, in the presence of transepithelial chloride‐gradients with the Cl−‐free solution only at the luminal side, no such effects were seen. Findings support the presence of SCFA−‐HCO−3 exchange in guinea pig distal colon. Chloride seems not of major importance for SCFA transport.
Pulmonary Function Values in Friesian and Double‐Muscled Calves during Acute Poikilocapnic Hypoxia
Authors: Rollin F. , Amory H. , Desmecht D. , Linden A. , Art T. , Lomba F. , Lekeux P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe effects of an acute non‐isocapnic hypoxia on ventilation and pulmonary mechanics were investigated in 6 healthy unsedated Holstein‐Friesian (HF) calves and in 7 double‐muscled calves of the Belgian White and Blue (BWB) breed known to develop more severe hypoxemia during exercise and respiratory diseases.Data were collected at 1 min intervals throughout the following protocol: breathing air (FIO2= 21%), then breathing hypoxic gas mixture (FIO2= 10%) for 5 min, and, finally, breathing air again for 5 min of recovery. Arterial blood was sampled at rest and at the 4th min of hypoxia for blood gas analysis.In HF and BWB calves, hypoxia induced a significant increase in tidal and minute volume, but did not change respiratory rate, dynamic lung compliance and total pulmonary resistance. However, with regard to their ventilation during normoxia at rest, BWB calves showed a comparatively greater rise in ventilation than HF calves during the first 4 min of hypoxia. On the contrary, by the 5th minute of hypoxia, ventilation of BWB calves declined to the normoxic level while HF calves largely sustained hyperventilation. This hypoxic ventilatory depression in BWB calves could be explained by the proportionately greater initial increase in ventilation. It was concluded that BWB calves supported this hypoxic challenge less easily than HF calves.
Changes of Blood Metabolites and Hormones in Breeding Calves associated with Weaning
Authors: Hugi D. , Blum J. W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryChanges of blood metabolites and hormones were studied in female breeding calves before, during and after weaning from 4 to 18 weeks of age. Calves were initially fed increasing amounts of whole milk (up to 7 kg/day in week 8 of life). Milk intake was then gradually decreased up to the age of 16 weeks, when calves were completely weaned and only fed hay and concentrates. Average daily gain was 0.85 kg. Postprandial concentrations of glucose, insulin, insulin‐like growth factor‐I and 3.5.3′‐triiodothyronine concentrations gradually decreased (P < 0.05) with age, while those of β‐hydroxybutyrate, protein, albumin, haemoglobin and iron increased (P < 0.05). Concentrations of cholesterol transiently increased, whereas those of urea reversibly decreased. Non‐esterified fatty acids, triglycerides and growth hormone did not consistently change during the duration of the study. In conclusion, changes of glucose, β‐hydroxybutyrate, haemoglobin, iron, insulin, insulin‐like growth factor‐I and 3.5.3′‐triiodothyronine were markedly different from those usually seen in veal calves of the same age.
Epithelial Neoplasms of the Skin, the Cutaneous Mucosa and the Transitional Epithelium in Dogs: An Immunolocalization Study for Papillomavirus Antigen
Authors: Schwegler K. , Walter J. H. , Rudolph R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn order to study the prevalence of papillomavirus antigen in canine epithelial neoplasms, 535 neoplastic and hyperplastic specimens of the skin, the cutaneous mucosa and the transitional epithelium were immunohistochemically stained with a polyclonal antiserum against papillomavirus antigen. A positive staining result occurred in 44.2% in a total of 95 papillomas and in 27% of 100 diagnosed squamous cell carcinomas, other tumours did not react with the applied antiserum. Papillomavirus antigen was detectable in 54.2% of all oral and ocular papillomas and in 37.0% of all cutaneous papillomas. The majority of the squamous cell carcinomas with detectable papillomavirus antigen were considered positive but not without restrictions. The average age of dogs with viral oral and ocular papillomas was 2.3 years, with viral cutaneous papillomas it was 3.2 years. The average age of dogs with virus‐positive squamous cell carcinomas was nearly 11 years. Papillomavirus‐like particles were demonstrated by means of transmission electron microscopy in three positive oral papillomas, in the positive squamous cell carcinomas virion detection failed.
Heart Rate and Blood Lactate Responses to Submaximal Treadmill Exercise in the Normally Performing Standardbred Trotter — Age and Sex Variations and Predictability from the Total Red Blood Cell Volume
Authors: Persson S. G. B. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe purposes of this study were to elucidate the influences of age and sex on the heart rate (HR, bpm) and blood lactate (LA, mmol/l) related exercise tolerance parameters V200 (treadmill velocity at HR 200), VLA4(velocity at LA 4), W200(power output at V200), and WLA4, (power output at VLA4), and to establish reference values for these in normally performing Standardbred trotting race horses. A further aim was to improve the predictability of individual normal values by correlating them with the total red blood cell volume (CV) alone or in combination with the blood lactate response at Va200(LA200).In total 205 horses were included in the study. According to their owners and/or trainers they were all performing satisfactorily (in racing or training) for shortly impending racing. The exercise test was performed on an inclined (3.5°) high speed treadmill and consisted of four sequentially increasing speeds, each of 2 min duration, aiming at a final HR at or exceeding 200 bpm. HR was monitored continuously and recorded in parallel with blood sampling during the last 15s of each speed. Blood volume determination was done with the Evans blue dye dilution technique immediately after the exercise test to ensure complete emptying of the splenic red cell reservoir.Both age and sex influenced significantly on all parameters. These were also all strongly dependent on the total red cell volume.Consequently, it was concluded that markers for work tolerance based on heart rate and blood lactate responses to submaximal treadmill exercise reliably reflect circulatory and muscle metabolic capacities. Further, individual normal values are predictable from the red cell volume alone with variation coefficients between 5 and 9.1%, or, in combination with LA200, between 4.4 and 6.2%. Disregarding the regression with CV, predictability of normal values is improved by considering age and sex variations.
Postpartum Adrenal, Pituitary and Ovarian Functions in Dairy Cows
Authors: Torres E. , Nakao T. , Osawa T. , Moriyoshi M. , Kawata K. , Nakada K. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryPostpartum stress and the resumption of pituitary and ovarian functions were investigated in 29 dairy cows during the first month after calving. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, 25 i.u., IM) challenge tests for adrenal function at 8 and 22 days postpartum and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH, 50 μg, IM) challenge tests for pituitary function at 7 and 21 days postpartum were conducted. Ovarian function, particularly the interval to first ovulation, was evaluated through weekly rectal palpation and ultrasonographic examination, as well as thrice weekly milk progesterone levels. Elevated basal Cortisol levels were found in 24.1% and 20.7% of cows at 8 and 22 days postpartum, respectively. Adrenal response to ACTH was similar at 8 and 22 days postpartum with low, medium and high peak responses in 13.8%, 62.1% and 24.1% of cows, respectively. A moderate correlation was observed between basal and peak Cortisol levels. Peak pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) response was low in 65.5%, medium in 27.6% and high in 6.9% of cows at 7 days postpartum. Pituitary responsiveness improved by day 21 with low in 34.5%, medium in 37.9% and high in 27.6% of cows. About a week after calving, a negative correlation between peak Cortisol and peak LH levels was observed. First ovulation occurred in 28%, 48% and 17% of postpartum cows during the second, third and fourth week, respectively. These results indicate a negative effect of peak Cortisol levels on pituitary responsiveness to GnRH stimulation during the first week, altered adrenal and pituitary function in a third of the cows until the third week and restoration of ovarian function in most cows (93%) a month after parturition.