bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soya protein attenuates abnormalities of the renin–angiotensin system in adipose tissue from obese rats
Authors: Frigolet María E. , Torres Nimbe , Tovar Armando R. 
Published: June 2011

Several metabolic disturbances during obesity are associated with adipose tissue-altered functions. Adipocytes contain the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which regulates signalling pathways that control angiogenesis via Akt in an autocrine fashion. Soya protein (Soy) consumption modifies the gene expression pattern in adipose tissue, resulting in an improved adipocyte function. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to study whether dietary Soy regulates the expression of RAS and angiogenesis-related genes and its association with the phosphorylated state of Akt in the adipose tissue of obese rats. Animals were fed a 30 % Soy or casein (Cas) diet containing 5 or 25 % fat for 160 d. mRNA abundance was studied in the adipose tissue, and Akt phosphorylation and hormone release were measured in the primary adipocyte culture. The present results show that Soy treatment in comparison with Cas consumption induces lower angiotensin release and increased insulin-stimulated Akt activation in adipocytes. Furthermore, Soy consumption varies the expression of RAS and angiogenesis-related genes, which maintain cell size and vascularity in the adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fat diet. Thus, adipocyte hypertrophy and impaired angiogenesis, which are frequently observed in dysfunctional adipose tissue, were avoided by consuming dietary Soy. Taken together, these findings suggest that Soy can be used as a dietary strategy to preserve adipocyte functionality and to prevent obesity abnormalities.
Young children fail to fully generalize a novel argument structure construction when exposed to the same input as older learners
Authors: BOYD JEREMY K. , GOLDBERG ADELE E. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe present study1exposed five-year-olds (M=5 ; 2), seven-year-olds (M=7 ; 6) and adults (M=22 ; 4) to instances of a novel phrasal construction, then used a forced choice comprehension task to evaluate their learning of the construction. The abstractness of participants' acquired representations of the novel construction was evaluated by varying the degree of lexical overlap that test items had with exposure items. We found that both child groups were less proficient than adults, but seven-year-olds showed evidence of across-the-board generalization whereas five-year-olds were sensitive to lexical overlap at test. This outcome is consistent with more conservative, item-based learning of syntactic patterns in younger children. Additionally, unlike adults and seven-year-olds, five-year-olds showed no evidence of having mastered the novel construction's linking rules. Thus, younger learners are less likely to generalize abstract argument structure constructions when exposed to thesamesystematic input as older learners.
Dwelling space and social identities: the Roman bourgeoisie,c. 1950–80
Authors: BONOMO BRUNO 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT:This article explores the relationship between dwelling space and the lifestyles and social identities of the Roman bourgeoisie during a period of great social and cultural change. Concentrating on a few exemplary situations, the neighbourhoods and homes of the bourgeoisie are examined through the analysis of elements such as forms of behaviour, social relations, dress codes, building typologies and domestic interior furnishings. What emerges is the importance of dwelling space to the development and expression of bourgeois social identities, as well as the plurality of the latter and their evolution over the period examined.
Asphalt kids and the matrix city: reminiscences of children's urban environmental history
Authors: LAAKKONEN SIMO 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT:Existing research in urban environmental history is often characterized by a narrow viewpoint or limited material reflecting the rationalist approach typical of white, middle-aged, middle-class and educated men. This orientation risks overlooking the viewpoint of the majority of urban dwellers: ordinary men, women, children, the elderly and different ethnic groups. The article focuses on the urban environmental history of children, because childhood forms the foundation for our relationship with nature. Environmental reminiscences offer fruitful material for the study of children's urban environmental history as well as children's contemporary relationships with the urban landscape. The article integrates aspects of urban history, environmental history and evolutionary psychology.
Untersuchungskonzept für die CANDIS 1CANnabis DISorders -Studie zur Behandlung von cannabisbezogenen Störungen: Ein Beispiel translationaler Forschung
Authors: Hoch Eva , Bühringer Gerhard , Henker Jana , Rohrbacher Heike , Noack René , Pixa Anja , Dittmer Katrin , Rühlmann Anne , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich 
Published: June 2011

Zielsetzung: Es wird ein zweistufiges Untersuchungskonzept vorgestellt, das zunächst die Entwicklung und Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit eines Behandlungsprogramms für Cannabisstörungen unter Forschungsbedingungen umfasst. Anschließend erfolgt die Prüfung der Wirksamkeit des Programms unter Praxisbedingungen in Einrichtungen der ambulanten Suchtkrankenhilfe in Deutschland. Methodik: In der ersten Phase wurde ein manualisiertes Behandlungsprogramm für Jugendliche (> = 16 Jahre) und Erwachsene mit Cannabisstörungen entwickelt und im Rahmen einer randomisiert-kontrollierten Effektivitätsstudie mit n = 97 Teilnehmern überprüft. Die Behandlung umfasste 10 Sitzungen und kombinierte Motivationsförderung, kognitiv-behaviorale Therapie und ein psychosoziales Problemlösetraining. Neben einer standardisierten Therapie (ST) wurde auch eine individualisiertere, standardisierte Form (TST) in ihrer Wirksamkeit gegenüber einer Wartekontrollgruppe getestet. In der zweiten Phase wurde eine mehrstufige, multizentrische randomisiert-kontrollierte Transferstudie in n = 11 Einrichtungen der ambulanten Suchtkrankenhilfe durchgeführt. Wirksamkeit, Machbarkeit und Akzeptanz der standardisierten Therapieversion wurden in einer Stichprobe von n = 279 Patienten geprüft. Schlussfolgerungen: Das zweistufige Konzept, als Beispiel einer gezielten translationalen Forschung zur Anwendung grundlagenbasierter Interventionsprinzipien in einem praxisrelevanten Therapieprogramm, konnte von 2004 bis 2009 umgesetzt werden. Die Erfahrungen belegen, dass ein anspruchsvoller Untersuchungsplan zur Wirksamkeitsprüfung therapeutischer Interventionen auch in Einrichtungen der Versorgung umgesetzt werden kann. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass auch Transferfragestellungen zur Adäquatheit, Machbarkeit und Akzeptanz eines Therapieprogrammes in ein wissenschaftliches Untersuchungskonzept einbezogen werden können.
Publishing re-usable phylogenetic trees, in theory and practice
Authors: O’Meara Brian , Whitacre Jamie , Mounce Ross , Rosauer Dan , Vos Rutger , Stoltzfus Arlin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSharing and re-use of data are essential to the progressive and self-correcting nature of science. In recognition of this principle, journals and funding agencies have adopted policies to encourage sharing of information ('data'), including empirical data as well as computed inferences such as phylogenetic trees.Here we summarize an ongoing analysis of 1) current practices for sharing phylogenetic trees and associated data; 2) current barriers to effective sharing and reuse of such data; and 3) prospects for reducing these barriers to promote more widespread sharing and re-use. Currently, the technical infrastructure is available to support (with some limitations) rudimentary archiving in conjunction with manuscript publication. Yet, most published trees are not archived, and there is no community standard governing the recommended format or content to ensure a re-usable phylogenetic record. Without a shift in emphasis toward re-usability, along with technology and standards to support such a shift, the value of trees (whether disseminated via public archives, or by other means) will be limited. Interviews with actual or potential secondary consumers of phylogenetic results suggest that there is a considerable market for re-use, but that most attempts end in disappointment. Phylogenetic results available via author requests, journal web sites, archival repositories and project web sites rarely include the critical information that secondary consumers seek, such as unique identifiers for biological sources (including species sources and accession numbers), indicators of quality, and documentation of the analytical methods used to obtain the results.Based on the analysis presented here, we suggest that enabling effective re-use entails a commitment by the research community to several changes from current practice: 1) using globally unique identifiers (GUIDs) to reference informational and material entities; 2) developing and using technology for documenting and exchanging the metadata that facilitate re-use; and 3) supporting development and use of a minimal reporting standard that indicates what data and metadata are considered essential for a re-useable phylogenetic record. We suggest that re-use may be catalyzed most rapidly by identifying and targeting (with appropriate technology) the most promising circumstances for re-use. These might include the extraction of sub-trees from large trees (for use in reconciliation, classification, and comparative analysis); the re-use of seed alignments, sub-alignments and homologized characters; the linking of phylogenies to geographic information (for use in ecology, phylogeography and biogeography); and the construction of supertrees and supermatrices.
Dyslexia, magnocellular integrity and rapidly presented stimuli
Authors: Skottun Bernt , Skoyles John 
Published: June 2011

AbstractConlon at al. (2011, Brain and Cognition, 76, 197-205) studied the responses of dyslexic readers and controls to rapidly presented stimuli. They found that the dyslexic readers showed poorer performance than the controls but only when the interstimulus interval (ISI) was short (150 ms), not when it was long (350 ms). This difference they attributed to a magnocellular or dorsal stream deficiency. However, they did not compute the temporal frequency spectra of the two stimuli. This is done here. It is found that it is very difficult to draw any conclusions with regard to the magnocellular system or the dorsal stream using these stimuli.
Measurement ofc-axis angular orientation in calcite (CaCO3) nanocrystals using X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Gilbert P. U. P. A. , Young Anthony , Coppersmith Susan N. 
Published: June 2011

We demonstrate that the ability to manipulate the polarization of synchrotron radiation can be exploited to enhance the capabilities of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, to include linear dichroism effects. By acquiring spectra at the same photon energies but different polarizations, and using a photoelectron emission spectromicroscope (PEEM), one can quantitatively determine the angular orientation of micro- and nanocrystals with a spatial resolution down to 10 nm. XANES-PEEM instruments are already present at most synchrotrons, hence these methods are readily available. The methods are demonstrated here on geologic calcite (CaCO3) and used to investigate the prismatic layer of a mollusk shell,Pinctada fucata. These XANES-PEEM data reveal multiply oriented nanocrystals within calcite prisms, previously thought to be monocrystalline. The subdivision into multiply oriented nanocrystals, spread by more than 50°, may explain the excellent mechanical properties of the prismatic layer, known for decades but never explained.
CAREER MOBILITY IN ITALY
Authors: Barone Carlo , Lucchini Mario , Schizzerotto Antonio 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
This article examines the role of social origins and education for career mobility in contemporary Italy by means of growth curves models. We find that opportunities for career advancement are rather limited and that risks of downward mobility are virtually negligible. Although this picture displays a noticeable degree of stability over time, a moderate increase of career fluidity across cohorts can be detected. Moreover, social origins and education exert a marked influence on the first occupation, while the subsequent career-adjustment of these initial social inequalities is rather limited. Furthermore, the small influence of origins and education on career opportunities does not display any systematic trend across cohorts.
CLASS ORIGINS, EDUCATION AND OCCUPATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN BRITAIN
Authors: Bukodi Erzsébet , Goldthorpe John H. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
Studies of intergenerational class mobility and of intragenerational occupational mobility have of late tended to diverge in their concerns and methodology. This reflects assumptions regarding the increasing part played by education in intergenerational mobility and the decreasing part played by class origins in intragenerational mobility, once education is controlled. The paper contributes to the questioning of these assumptions on empirical grounds. Analyses are made of the occupational mobility of men in three British birth cohorts over the course of their earlier working lives. We find that while educational qualifications have a strong effect on occupational attainment, this effect does not increase across the three cohorts; that class origins also have a significant effect, and one that does not decrease across the cohorts; and that features of work-life experience, in particular the frequency of occupational changes, likewise have a persisting effect, independently of both education and class origins. Secular changes in mobility processes are thus scarcely in evidence, but the analyses do provide strong indications of a cohort effect. Men in the 1958 birth cohort, whose first years in the labour market coincided with a period of severe recession, de-industrialisation and high unemployment, would appear to have experienced various lasting disadvantages in their subsequent occupational histories.
OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY AND DEVELOPMENTS OF INEQUALITY ALONG THE LIFE COURSE
Authors: Hillmert Steffen 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
On the basis of inter-cohort comparisons, this paper describes patterns of intra-generational occupational mobility in Germany and their long-term trends since World War II. It also presents conceptual links between individual mobility and developments of inequality along the life course, with a special focus on the question of the extent to which employment careers are characterised by specific forms of cumulative advantage and disadvantage. Finally, it is asked how intra-generational developments are related to inter-generational social mobility. The paper also discusses how mobility patterns can be linked to specific institutions which – together with labour market conditions – are crucial determinants of the development of inequality within a cohort. In its empirical part, the paper presents evidence from cohort-specific analyses based on life-course data from a broad range of West German birth cohorts.
THE ORGANISATIONAL NATURE OF UNION CAREERS
Authors: Guillaume Cécile , Pochic Sophie 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
The equality agenda has gained a much higher visibility in the UK and in France. Most unions have adopted specific measures to improve women's representation in their structures. However, even in highly feminised unions, women remain under-represented in union leadership positions. To understand the gap between the presence of women in the lay membership/activist population and their slow disappearance at the higher levels of the union hierarchy, this study is focused on the role of organizational contexts. We argue that to understand the feminisation of union leadership, we need to consider the characteristics of ‘internal union labour markets’: ports of entry, typical/atypical career routes, norms of job evaluation, internal job segregation and hierarchy, human resources management and gender-equality policies. To fully grasp the influence of contexts on the process of feminisation, specific attention to the evolution of the repertoires of action by unions is also useful.
A microcavity based on a porous silicon multilayer
Authors: Do Thuy Chi , Bui Huy , Nguyen Thuy Van , Nguyen The Anh , Nguyen Thanh Hai , Pham Van Hoi 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We present a new result for the wavelength-selective characteristics of a 1D photonic microcavity based on porous silicon. These properties are studied in both experimentation and simulation. The 1D Fabry–Perot cavity is fabricated by the electrochemical etching of a low-resistivity silicon wafer with modulation of applied current densities. The simulation relies on the transfer matrix method (TMM) to design and predict the optical properties of a 1D photonic microcavity as well as the relation between anodization parameters with reflection spectra. The experimental results show that the elaborated porous silicon photonic microcavities have the wavelength-selective property in a controllable range of 550–775 nm. We have grown cavity structures of 20 stacked layers and the line width at full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of the transmission band of cavity is 20 nm, centered at 643.27 nm. Measured spectral characteristics of photonic microcavity agree with the simulation results.
Steffensen’s inequality and 𝐿¹-𝐿^{∞} estimates of weighted integrals
Authors: Rabier Patrick 
Published: June 2011

Let

Φ
:
[
0
,
∞
)
→

R

\Phi :[0,\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb {R}

be a continuous convex function with

Φ
(
0
)
=
0.

\Phi (0)=0.

We prove that

Φ

(

|

|

f

|

|

1

ω

N

|

|

f

|

|

∞

)

≤

1

ω

N

|

|

f

|

|

∞

∫

R

N

|

f
(
x
)

|

Φ

′

(

|

x

|

N

)
d
x

\Phi \left ( \frac {||f||_{1}}{\omega _{N}||f||_{\infty }}\right ) \leq \frac {1}{\omega _{N}||f||_{\infty }}\int _{ \mathbb {R}^{N}}|f(x)|\Phi ^{\prime }(|x|^{N})dx

for every

f
∈

L

1

(

R

N

)
∩

L

∞

(

R

N

)
,
f
≠
0
,

f\in L^{1}(\mathbb {R}^{N})\cap L^{\infty }(\mathbb {R}^{N}),f\neq 0,

where

ω

N

\omega _{N}

is the measure of the unit ball of

R

N

.

\mathbb {R}^{N}.

This can be used to obtain lower or upper bounds for weighted integrals

∫

R

N

|

f
(
x
)

|

η
(

|

x

|

)
d
x

\int _{\mathbb {R}^{N}}|f(x)|\eta (|x|)dx

in terms of the

L

1

L^{1}

and

L

∞

L^{\infty }

norms of

f
,

f,

which are often much sharper than crude estimates that may be obtained, if at all, by a visual inspection of the integrand. The basic inequality is essentially independent of Jensen’s inequality, but it is closely related to Steffensen’s inequality.
Impact of changes in blood pressure during the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure on renal and clinical outcomes†
Authors: Testani Jeffrey M. , Coca Steven G. , McCauley Brian D. , Shannon Richard P. , Kimmel Stephen E. 
Published: June 2011

AimsOne of the primary determinants of blood flow in regional vascular beds is perfusion pressure. Our aim was to investigate if reduction in blood pressure during the treatment of decompensated heart failure would be associated with worsening renal function (WRF). Our secondary aim was to evaluate the prognostic significance of this potentially treatment‐induced form of WRF.Methods and resultsSubjects included in the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE) trial limited data were studied (386 patients). Reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was greater in patients experiencing WRF (−10.3 ± 18.5 vs. −2.8 ± 16.0 mmHg, P < 0.001) with larger reductions associated with greater odds for WRF (odds ratio = 1.3 per 10 mmHg reduction, P < 0.001). Systolic blood pressure reduction (relative change > median) was associated with greater doses of in‐hospital oral vasodilators (P ≤ 0.017), thiazide diuretic use (P = 0.035), and greater weight reduction (P = 0.023). In patients with SBP‐reduction, WRF was not associated with worsened survival [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.76, P = 0.58]. However, in patients without SBP‐reduction, WRF was strongly associated with increased mortality (adjusted HR = 5.3, P < 0.001, P interaction = 0.001).ConclusionDuring the treatment of decompensated heart failure, significant blood pressure reduction is strongly associated with WRF. However, WRF that occurs in the setting of SBP‐reduction is not associated with an adverse prognosis, whereas WRF in the absence of this provocation is strongly associated with increased mortality. These data suggest that WRF may represent the final common pathway of several mechanistically distinct processes, each with potentially different prognostic implications.
Genome-wide Association Study Using Pooled DNA to Identify Candidate Markers Mediating Susceptibility to Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Janicki Piotr K. , Vealey Ryan , Liu Jiabin , Escajeda Jeremiah , Postula Marek , Welker Kelli 
Published: June 2011

Background
A family history has been established as a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), but the identities of susceptibility genes remain unknown. The goal of this study was to identify the genetic loci that may contribute to PONV susceptibility in an adult population.

Methods
The authors performed a genome-wide association study involving pooling of DNA obtained from 122 patients with severe PONV and 129 matched controls. Each pool was hybridized to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray, and probe intensity was used to predict allele frequency. Differences in allele frequency between SNP in the PONV and control groups were ranked after accounting for the pooling error. The highest ranking SNPs were selected for individual genotyping in the subjects from whom the DNA pool was comprised and in the new verification cohort consisting of 208 subjects (104 PONV patients and 104 controls).

Results
The authors identified 41 SNP targets showing substantial difference in allelic frequency between pools. These markers were first genotyped in the individual DNA samples from which the pools were comprised. The authors observed evidence for an association between PONV and 19 different loci in the genome. In the separate verification cohort, the association with PONV was observed for four SNPs. This association remained significant after correcting for multiple testing (P < 0.0023) for one SNP (rs2165870), which is located upstream of the promoter for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 subtype (CHRM3) gene.

Conclusions
The authors performed the genome-wide association study for PONV using pooled DNA samples. Through individual genotyping, they confirmed association of at least one SNP that is predictive of PONV susceptibility.