bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromembrane extraction of heavy metal cations followed by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection
Authors: Kubáň Pavel , Strieglerová Lenka , Gebauer Petr , Boček Petr 
Published: March 2011

AbstractElectromembrane extraction (EME) was used as an off‐line sample pre‐treatment method for the determination of heavy metal cations in aqueous samples using CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE‐C4D). A short segment of porous polypropylene hollow fibre was penetrated with 1‐octanol and 0.5% v/v bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphonic acid and constituted a low cost, single use, disposable supported liquid membrane, which selectively transported and pre‐concentrated heavy metal cations into the fibre lumen filled with 100 mM acetic acid acceptor solution. Donor solutions were standard solutions and real samples dissolved in deionized water at neutral pH. At optimized EME conditions (penetration time, 5 s; applied voltage, 75 V; and stirring rate, 750 rpm), 15–42% recoveries of heavy metal cations were achieved for a 5 min extraction time. Repeatability of the EME pre‐treatment was examined for six independent EME runs and ranged from 6.6 to 11.1%. Limits of detection for the EME‐CE‐C4D method ranged from 25 to 200 nM, resulting into one to two orders of magnitude improvement compared with CE‐C4D without sample treatment. The developed EME sample pre‐treatment procedure was applied to the analysis of heavy metal cations in tap water and powdered milk samples. Zinc in the real samples was identified and quantified in a background electrolyte solution consisting of 20 mM L‐histidine and 30 mM acetic acid at pH 4.95 in about 3 min.
Analysis of proteins in biological samples by capillary sieving electrophoresis with postcolumn derivatization/laser‐induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Kaneta Takashi , Ogura Takehito , Imasaka Totaro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPreviously, we have demonstrated postcolumn derivatization of proteins separated by capillary sieving electrophoresis (CSE), in which naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarbaldehyde was employed as a fluorogenic labeling reagent. Standard proteins separated by CSE were reacted with naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarbaldehyde in the presence of 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) which plays a role of a reducing agent in the derivatization reaction. To improve the sensitivity, we attempted the use of ethanethiol instead of 2‐ME. Ethanethiol showed 1.4‐ to 4.5‐fold lower limits of detection for proteins than 2‐ME. Furthermore, we found that 8‐aminopyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonate (APTS) is a good marker for relative electrophoretic mobilities of proteins in CSE. Since APTS is a fluorescent and trivalent anion, it generates strong fluorescence and migrates faster than any of the proteins. Therefore, we employed APTS as a marker to obtain the relative electrophoretic mobilities of proteins. The present method was applied to the analyses of proteins in biological samples. Human Ewing's family tumor cell line ‘RDES’ was used as a sample. The cultured cells were lysed with a buffer containing Tris‐HCl, NaCl, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 2‐ME. After denaturation, the lysate was directly introduced into the capillary. Several peaks, which would correspond to proteins with molecular mass ranging from 10 to 93 kDa, were found in the cell lysate. In addition, we measured a milk sample by the CSE with postcolumn derivatization. The electropherogram showed five major peaks which corresponded to α‐lactalbumin, β‐lactoglobulin, κ‐casein, bovine serum albumin, and mixture of α‐ and β‐casein.
Thermal marks as a signal processing aid for a portable capillary electropherograph
Authors: Seiman Andrus , Vaher Merike , Kaljurand Mihkel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe interpretation of raw signals in capillary CE can be challenging if there are unknown peaks, or the signal is corrupt due to baseline fluctuations, EOF velocity drift, etc. Signal processing could be required before results can be interpreted. A suite of signal processing algorithms has been developed for CE data analysis, specifically for use in field experiments for the detection of nerve agents using portable CE instruments. Everything from baseline correction and electropherogram alignment to peak matching and identification is included in these programs. Baseline correction is achieved by interpolating a new baseline according to points found using all local extremes, by applying an appropriate outliers test. Irreproducible migration times are corrected by compensating for EOF drift, measured with the aid of thermal marks. Thermal marks are small disturbances in the capillary created by punctual heating that move with the velocity of EOF. Peaks in the sample electropherogram are identified using a fuzzy matching algorithm, by comparing peaks from the sample electropherogram to peaks from a reference electropherogram.
A method to determine quasi‐steady state in constant voltage mode isotachophoresis
Authors: Shim Jaesool , Cho Migyung , Dutta Prashanta 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIdentification of the steady state is very challenging in isotachophoresis (ITP); especially in complex microgeometries, such as dog‐leg channels or cross‐channel junctions. In this work, an elastic matching method is applied to determine the quasi‐steady state in microscale ITP. In the elastic matching method, the similarity between two profiles is calculated by comparing intensity distribution of two images or profiles. To demonstrate this similarity‐based analysis technique for ITP, a constant voltage mode ITP model is developed and applied to a five‐component ITP system. Hydrochloric acid and caproic acid are used as the leader and terminator, respectively, while histidine is used as the counter‐ion. Two sample components, acetic acid and benzoic acid, are separated under the action of an applied electric field in both straight and dog‐leg microchannels. This analysis shows that conductivity profiles provide a better measure to determine the quasi‐steady state in an ITP process. For a straight microchannel, the quasi‐steady state is achieved in less than a minute with a total potential drop of 100 V in a 2 cm long channel. In a straight channel, a true steady state can be achieved for ITP with appropriate countercurrent flow where stationary zones are formed, but the time it takes to reach the steady state is much longer than the without counter flow case. The numerical results indicate that a steady state cannot be reached in a dog‐leg microchannel because of sample dispersion and refocusing at and near the intersections and at the branch channels. However, the elastic matching method can be used to determine the quasi‐steady state in a dog‐leg microchannel.
MHD squeezing flow of second‐grade fluid between two parallel disks
Authors: Hayat T. , Yousaf Arshia , Mustafa M. , Obaidat S. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThis paper examines the unsteady two‐dimensional flow of a second‐grade fluid between parallel disks in the presence of an applied magnetic field. The continuity and momentum equations governing the unsteady two‐dimensional flow of a second‐grade fluid are reduced to a single differential equation through similarity transformations. The resulting differential system is computed by a homotopy analysis method. Graphical results are discussed for both suction and blowing cases. In addition, the derived results are compared with the homotopy perturbation solution in a viscous fluid (Math. Probl. Eng., DOI: 10.1155/2009/603916). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal stem cells as vehicles for targeted delivery of anti‐angiogenic protein to solid tumors
Authors: Ghaedi Mahboobe , Soleimani Masoud , Taghvaie Narges Mohammad , Sheikhfatollahi Mahmood , Azadmanesh Keyhan , Lotfi Abbas S. , Wu Jian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundInhibition of tumor‐induced angiogenesis may restrict tumor growth and metastasis. Long‐term systemic delivery of angiogenic inhibitors is associated with toxicity, as well as other severe side‐effects. The utility of cells as vehicles for gene therapy to deliver therapeutic molecules has been suggested to represent an efficient approach. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit a tropism to cancer tissue, and may serve as a cellular delivery vehicle and a local producer of anti‐angiogenic agents.MethodsIn the present study, we attempted to assess production of the transgene, α1‐antitrypsin (AAT), in lentivirus‐transduced human MSCs and its cytotoxicity against human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The secreted protein from these effector cells was determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The cytotoxicity of hMSCs that overexpress the human AAT gene against HUVEC was evaluated with an apoptotic assay.ResultsLentivirus‐transduced hMSCs produced functional AAT and displayed much higher cytotoxicity against HUVEC than untransduced hMSCs. Moreover, AAT secreted from transduced hMSCs significantly inhibited HUVEC proliferation compared to untransduced hMSCs. The data obtained demonstrate for the first time that genetically modified hMSCs released abundant and functional AAT that caused obvious cytotoxicity to HUVEC.ConclusionshMSC may serve as an effective platform for the targeted delivery of therapeutic proteins to cancer sites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased proliferation of aging tenocytes is associated with down‐regulation of cellular senescence‐inhibited gene and up‐regulation of p27
Authors: Tsai Wen‐Chung , Chang Hsiang‐Ning , Yu Tung‐Yang , Chien Cheng‐Hsiu , Fu Li‐Fen , Liang Fang‐Chen , Pang Jong‐Hwei S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSymptomatic tendinopathy tends to be age‐related. However, the molecular mechanisms of ageing and its effects on tenocyte proliferation and cell cycle progression are unknown. We examined tenocytes from Achilles tendons in rats from three age groups (young, 2 months; middle‐aged, 12 months, and near senescence, 24 months). Tenocyte proliferation was assessed by 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. Senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA β‐gal) staining was performed in all groups of tenocytes. mRNA and protein expression of cellular senescence‐inhibited gene (CSIG) and p27 was measured by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blot, respectively. The results of MTT assay revealed that tenocyte proliferation decreased with age (p < 0.05). Cell cycle progression was arrested at G0/G1 phase in senescent tenocytes. More senescent tenocytes expressed SA β‐gal than young tenocytes did. By RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis, the gene and protein expression of CSIG was found to be down‐regulated, whereas that of p27 was up‐regulated with age. In conclusion, the proliferation of tenocytes declines with age and is associated with the down‐regulation of CSIG and up‐regulation of p27. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1598–1603, 2011
Photoregulated Switching of the Recognition Site of α‐Cyclodextrin in a Side Chain Polyrotaxane Bearing Two Recognition Sites Linked with Oligo(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Hu Jie , Hashidzume Akihito , Harada Akira 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA side chain polyrotaxane bearing photoresponsive and nonresponsive recognition sites, i.e., azobenzene (Azo) and heptamethylene (C7) moieties, respectively, linked with a long linker is synthesized. The photoregulated switching of the position of the rotor, i.e., α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD), in the side chain polyrotaxane is demonstrated by two dimensional rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy: α‐CD includes the Azo moiety before UV irradiation, whereas α‐CD includes the C7 moiety after trans‐to‐cis photoisomerization of the Azo moieties. magnified image
Sequential w‐right continuity and summing operators
Authors: Diestel Joe , Peralta Antonio M. , Puglisi Daniele 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe continue the study of the w‐right and strong* topologies in general Banach spaces started in 36, 37 and 35. We show that in L1(μ)‐spaces the w‐right convergence of sequences admits a simpler control. Some considerations about these topologies will be contemplated in the particular cases of C*‐algebras and JB*‐triples in connection with summing operators. We also study (sequential) w‐right‐norm and strong*‐norm continuity for holomorphic mappings. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Well‐defined Syndiotactic Polystyrene‐b‐Atactic Polystyrene Stereoblock Polymers
Authors: Annunziata Liana , Sarazin Yann , Duc Michel , Carpentier Jean‐François 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNew well‐defined syndiotactic polystyrene–atactic polystyrene (sPS‐b‐aPS) stereoblock polymers were synthesized in a two‐step process using a combination of “pseudo‐living” Ziegler‐Natta and atom transfer radical polymerizations. Under specific conditions, the one‐pot termination with N‐bromosuccinimide of syndioselective styrene polymerization catalyzed by Cp*Ti(CH2Ph)3/B(C6F5)3/Al(n‐Oct)3 (1:1:1) provided sPS‐Br polymers almost perfectly (97%) end‐capped with bromine atoms. These sPS‐Br were used as macroinitiators in the ATRP of styrene affording sPS‐b‐aPS with a broad range of compositions. Characterizations by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, HT‐GPC and DSC confirmed the formation and identity of the new materials. Preliminary studies on the crystallization behavior under both isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions showed that these sPS‐b‐aPS stereoblock polymers crystallize faster than the corresponding blends made of sPS and aPS with a similar composition; this effect is amplified at high contents (80%) of aPS in the stereoblock materials. magnified image
Decades of delayed diagnosis in 4 levodopa‐responsive young‐onset monogenetic parkinsonism patients
Authors: Ling Helen , Braschinsky Mark , Taba Pille , Lüüs Siiri‐Merike , Doherty Karen , Hotter Anna , Poewe Werner , Lees Andrew J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:We report 4 patients with young‐onset monogenetic parkinsonism, each of whom was misdiagnosed with either a psychogenic movement disorder or chronic fatigue syndrome for 10 to 23 years after the onset of their first symptoms.Results:Once the diagnosis was eventually made, they all had a rapid and excellent response to levodopa, albeit with the early appearance of interdose dyskinesias in 3.Conclusions:We discuss possible reasons for the missed diagnosis despite the relentless progression of their motor handicap. DAT scanning supported the revised clinical diagnosis of parkinsonism. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Obtaining legacies ‘face‐to‐face’
Authors: Ford David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper is a general overview on how to obtain legacies. It must be remembered that the element of legacy fundraising which involves face‐to‐face techniques is the culmination of a properly organised and researched campaign, and cannot in any circumstances be done without a great deal of other essential preparatory work. Legacies account for nearly a half of all voluntary income in the UK, yet even now very few charities have developed a really effective all round legacy campaign integrated into their overall fundraising strategy. This paper is an attempt to give some insight into this potentially important income stream and is designed to give every fundraiser some helpful ideas, whether working for a large established national charity or a very small, local, recently formed voluntary group.
HelpAd: A marketing system
Authors: Doyle Bob 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHelpAd is a simple idea, Brand A allows Brand B to advertise on its packaging thereby creating an effective and targeted medium to reach Brand A's consumers. The new dimension is that the advertisement is placed inside a space given by Brand A for the use of the International Red Cross.Immediately several benefits accrue to all parties; Brand A makes a statement of its ‘corporate caredness’ at point of sale, Brand B gets to reach a specifically targeted audience with little or no waste, and the International Red Cross receive payment based on the sale of valuable commercial media.The core product ‘the world's most ethical advertising’ is simply embellished by line extension through Help Ad's involvement in sport and entertainment sponsorship.The following paper sets out not only the reasoning behind this cause‐related marketing but the synergies needed to make it successful.
A systemic approach to the application of marketing theory for charitable organisations
Authors: Lindsay Graeme , Murphy Alan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper will examine the contribution which core marketing concepts and ideas can make to an examination of the nonprofit‐making sector, specifically charitable organisations. Using systemic theory as a framework it will be argued that core marketing concepts and ideas developed in, and specific to, the private sector, cannot be easily transferred to an examination of the charitable sector. At the same time however it will be stressed that these core concepts and ideas can provide a useful initial framework of reference against which further developments can be undertaken. The paper will propose a new dynamic approach to examining the charitable sector which facilitates a more discriminating approach to the application of marketing constructs.
Soluble polymers of monosubstituted acetylenes with quaternary ammonium pendant groups: structure and morphology
Authors: Venditti Iole , Fratoddi Ilaria , Battocchio Chiara , Polzonetti Giovanni , Cametti Cesare , Vittoria Russo Maria 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSoluble conjugated polymers were obtained in the presence of Pd(II), Pt(II) and Rh(I) complexes from monosubstituted acetylene 3‐dimethylamino‐1‐propyne (HC≡CCH2N(CH3)2, 1) and the corresponding hydrochloride (HC≡CCH2N(CH3)2·HCl, 2) and hydrobromide (HC≡CCH2N(CH3)2·HBr, 3) derivatives. A series of reactions were performed to achieve the optimization of the polymerization conditions. The highest yields were found for polymers synthesized using Pd(II) bisacetylides specially prepared, i.e. trans‐[Pd(PPh3)2(C≡CCH2N(CH3)2)2], trans‐[Pd(PPh3)2(C≡CCH2N(CH3)2)2HCl] and trans‐[Pd(PPh3)2(C≡CCH2N(CH3)2)2HBr], respectively. The dimension and size distribution of the polymers were investigated using dynamic light scattering. Polymers containing quaternary ammonium groups showed evidence of a hydrodynamic radius of about 300 nm if prepared with the Rh(I) catalyst and of 160 nm if prepared with the Pd(II) catalysts. Polymers obtained from 1 showed smaller hydrodynamic radius compared to polymers obtained from 2 and 3, regardless the polymerization catalyst. The ionic polymeric materials were soluble in organic solvents and, more interestingly, in water. The formation of nanoparticles with pearl‐like morphology was achieved using a recently developed osmosis‐based method, with dimensions varying from 60 nm up to micrometres. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The psychometric properties of the Icelandic version of the Distress Thermometer and Problem List
Authors: Gunnarsdottir S. , Thorvaldsdottir G. H. , Fridriksdottir N. , Bjarnason B. , Sigurdsson F. , Skulason B. , Smari J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjective: While a significant number of cancer patients experience distress only a minority are offered appropriate psychosocial interventions. Untreated distress can interfere with compliance to treatment and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and feasibility of the Icelandic translation of the Distress Thermometer (DT) and Problem List, a tool developed to screen for distress in cancer patients. Methods: Participants were 149 cancer patients receiving treatment at outpatient oncology clinics at Landspítali‐The National University Hospital of Iceland, mean±SD age 59.06 years±12.92. Participants answered the DT, HADS and GHQ‐30, demographic questions and questions regarding the DT. Results: Scores on the DT ranged from 0 to 10 with a mean±SD score of 3.09±2.40, 7.30 ± 4.86 on HADS and 5.28 ± 5.60 on GHQ‐30. Significant correlations were between the DT and all categories on the Problem List as well as between the DT and HADS (r = 0.45), and between DT and GHQ‐30 (r = 0.57). ROC‐analysis supported that a cut‐off point of 3 gives the best sensitivity and specificity for the DT predicting depression or anxiety according to the HADS and GHQ. Sixty‐nine (48.3%) patients scored ⩽2 on DT and 74 (51.7%) scored ≥3. Conclusion: The Icelandic version of the DT is a valid instrument to screen for distress in clinical practice. The study adds to a growing literature suggesting that this brief instrument may aid in identifying cancer patients suffering from distress and consequently providing appropriate treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PETN Coarsening – Predictions from Accelerated Aging Data
Authors: Maiti Amitesh , Gee Richard H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEnsuring good ignition properties over long periods of time necessitates maintaining a good level of flow porosity in powders of initiator materials and preventing particle coarsening. To simulate flow porosity changes of such powder materials over long periods of time a common strategy is to perform accelerated aging experiments over shorter time spans at elevated temperatures. In this paper, we examine historical accelerated‐aging data on powders of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, an important energetic material, and make predictions for long‐term aging under ambient conditions. We develop an evaporation–condensation‐based model to provide some mechanistic understanding of the coarsening process.
Compatibility of spinosad with predaceous mites (Acari) used to control Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Rahman Touhidur , Spafford Helen , Broughton Sonya 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Spinosad is a biopesticide widely used for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). It is reported to be non‐toxic to several predatory mite species used for the biological control of thrips. Predatory mites Typhlodromips montdorensis (Schicha), Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) and Hypoaspis miles (Berlese) have been used for control of F. occidentalis. This study investigated the impact of direct and residual toxicity of spinosad on F. occidentalis and predatory mites. The repellency of spinosad residues to these predatory mites was also investigated.RESULTS: Direct contact to spinosad effectively reduced the number of F. occidentalis adults and larvae, causing > 96% mortality. Spinosad residues aged 2–96 h were also toxic to F. occidentalis. Direct exposure to spinosad resulted in > 90% mortality of all three mite species. Thresholds for the residual toxicity (contact) of spinosad (LT25) were estimated as 4.2, 3.2 and 5.8 days for T. montdorensis, N. cucumeris and H. miles respectively. When mites were simultaneously exposed to spinosad residues and fed spinosad‐intoxicated thrips larvae, toxicity increased. Residual thresholds were re‐estimated as 5.4, 3.9 and 6.1 days for T. montdorensis, N. cucumeris and H. miles respectively. Residues aged 2–48 h repelled T. montdorensis and H. miles, and residues aged 2–24 h repelled N. cucumeris.CONCLUSION: Predatory mites can be safely released 6 days after spinosad is applied for the management of F. occidentalis. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry