bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling sugar diffusion across plant leaf cuticles: the effect of free water on substrate availability to phyllosphere bacteria
Authors: van der Wal Annemieke , Leveau Johan H. J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryWe present a continuous model for the diffusion of sugars across intact plant leaf cuticles. It is based on the flow of sugars from a source, representing the leaf apoplast, to a sink, in the shape of a hemispherical drop of water on the outside of the cuticle. Flow is a function of the difference between sugar concentrations CSource and CSink, permeability P of the cuticle, volume VSink of the water drop, as well as its contact angle α with the cuticle surface. Using a bacterial bioreporter for fructose, and a two‐compartment experimental set‐up consisting of isolated cuticles of walnut (Juglans regia) carrying water droplets while floating on solutions with increasing concentrations of fructose, we determined a value of 1 × 10−6 m h−1 for P. Using this value, we explored different scenarios for the leaching of sugars across plant leaf cuticles to reveal in quantitative terms how diffusion takes longer when VSink increases, P decreases or α increases. Bacterial growth was modelled as a function of changes in P, α and VSink and was consistent with observations or suggestions from the literature in relation to the availability of free water on leaves. These results are discussed in the light of bacteria as ecosystem engineers, i.e. with the ability to modify the plant leaf surface environment in favour of their own survival, e.g. by increasing cuticle leakage or leaf wetness. Our model represents a first step towards a more comprehensive model which will enhance our quantitative understanding of the factors that play a role in nutrient availability to bacterial colonizers of the phyllosphere, or plant leaf surface.
Diversity at its best: bacterial taxis
Authors: Krell Tino , Lacal Jesús , Muñoz‐Martínez Francisco , Reyes‐Darias José Antonio , Cadirci Bilge Hilal , García‐Fontana Cristina , Ramos Juan Luis 
Published: November 2010

SummaryBacterial taxis is one of the most investigated signal transduction mechanisms. Studies of taxis have primarily used Escherichia coli and Salmonella as model organism. However, more recent studies of other bacterial species revealed a significant diversity in the chemotaxis mechanisms which are reviewed here. Differences include the genomic abundance, size and topology of chemoreceptors, the mode of signal binding, the presence of additional cytoplasmic signal transduction proteins or the motor mechanism. This diversity of chemotactic mechanisms is partly due to the diverse nature of input signals. However, the physiological reasons for the majority of differences in the taxis systems are poorly understood and its elucidation represents a major research need.
Urothelial lesions with inverted growth patterns: histogenesis, molecular genetic findings, differential diagnosis and clinical management
Authors: Hodges Kurt B. , Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , MacLennan Gregory T. , Montironi Rodolfo , Cheng Liang 
Published: November 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Inverted lesions of the urinary bladder comprise a spectrum of changes ranging from von Brunn’s nests to inverted urothelial carcinoma. Differentiating these lesions is important because their proper clinical management and their expected clinical outcomes are distinctly different.In this article, we review the spectrum of inverted urothelial lesions of the bladder, including current morphological criteria, key differential diagnosis, molecular genetic findings and histogenesis. We have refined the diagnostic criteria for various bladder lesions with inverted growth patterns.A number of well‐recognized urothelial lesions with inverted morphology occur in the urinary bladder. Some are so common that they are considered normal variants of urothelium, whereas others are rare. It is important for the surgical pathologist to recognize these lesions and their overlapping morphological features, because in some cases establishing an accurate diagnosis is challenging. In this article, we review the spectrum of inverted urothelial lesions of the bladder. Emphasis is placed on differential diagnosis, molecular genetic findings, morphology and histogenesis.
Leaching of N, P and glyphosate from two soils after herbicide treatment and incorporation of a ryegrass catch crop
Authors: Aronsson H. , Stenberg M. , Ulén B. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDuring 2005–2007, studies were carried out in two field experiments in southwest Sweden with separately tile‐drained plots on a sandy soil (three replicates) and on a clay soil (two replicates). The overall aim was to determine the effects of different cropping systems with catch crops on losses of N, P and glyphosate. Different times of glyphosate treatment of undersown ryegrass catch crops were examined in combination with soil tillage in November or spring. Drainage water was sampled continuously in proportion to water flow and analysed for N, P and glyphosate. Catch crops were sampled in late autumn and spring and soil was analysed for mineral N content. The yields of following cereal crops were determined. The importance of keeping the catch crop growing as long as possible in the autumn is demonstrated to decrease the risk of N leaching. During a year with high drainage on the sandy soil, annual N leaching was 26 kg/ha higher for plots with a catch crop killed with glyphosate in late September than for plots with a catch crop, while the difference was very small during 1 yr with less drainage. Having the catch crop in place during October was the most important factor, whereas the time of incorporation of a dead catch crop did not influence N leaching from either of the two soils. However, incorporation of a growing catch crop in spring resulted in decreased crop yields, especially on the clay soil. Soil type affected glyphosate leaching to a larger extent than the experimental treatments. Glyphosate was not leached from the sand at all, while it was found at average concentrations of 0.25 μg/L in drainage water from the clay soil on all sampling occasions. Phosphorus leaching also varied (on average 0.2 and 0.5 kg/ha/yr from the sand and clay, respectively), but was not significantly affected by the different catch crop treatments.
Response of organic matter to reduced tillage and animal manure in a temperate loamy soil
Authors: Viaud V. , Angers D. A. , Parnaudeau V. , Morvan T. , Aubry S. Menasseri 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe impacts of tillage and organic fertilization on soil organic matter (SOM) are highly variable and still unpredictable, and their interactions need to be investigated under various soil, climate and cropping system conditions. Our work examined the effect of reduced tillage and animal manure on SOM stocks and quality in the 0–40 cm layer of a loamy soil under mixed cropping system and humid temperate climate. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and N stocks, particulate organic matter (POM), and C and N mineralization potential (301 days at 15 °C) were measured in a 8‐yr‐old split‐plot field trial, including three tillage treatments [mouldboard ploughing (MP), shallow tillage (ST), no tillage (NT)] and two fertilization treatments [mineral (M), poultry manure 2.2 t/ha/yr C (O)]. No statistically significant interactive effects of tillage and fertilization were measured except on C mineralization. NT and ST showed greater SOC stocks (41.2 and 39.7 t/ha C) than MP (37.1 t/ha C) in the 0–15 cm increment, while no statistical differences were observed at a greater depth. N stocks exhibited similar distribution patterns with regard to tillage effect. Animal manure, applied at a rate representative of typical field application rates, had a smaller impact on SOC and N stocks than tillage. The mean SOC and N stocks were higher under O than M, but the differences were statistically significant only in the 0–5 cm increment. MP showed lower C‐POM stocks than NT and ST in the 0–5 cm increment, whereas greater C‐POM stocks were measured under MP than under NT or under ST in the 20–25 cm increment. Organic fertilization had no impact on C‐POM or N‐POM stocks. In the 0–25 cm increment, NT showed a lower C and N mineralization potential than MP. Our work shows that the sensitivity of SOM to reduced tillage for the whole soil profile can be relatively small in a loamy soil, under humid‐temperate climate. However, POM was particularly sensitive to the differential effects of tillage practices with depth, and indicative of differentiation in total SOM distribution in the soil profile.
Hemolysis of red blood cells after cell washing with different automated technologies: clinical implications in a neonatal cardiac surgery population
Authors: O'Leary Mandy Flannery , Szklarski Penny , Klein Thomas M. , Young Pampee Paul 
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: In subsets of pediatric cardiac surgery patients, red blood cells (RBCs) are often washed to reduce extracellular potassium (K) to avoid hyperkalemia, but mechanical manipulation and time delay in issuing washed products may increase hemolysis and K. This study's purpose was to evaluate the quality of washed RBCs with regard to hemolysis and extracellular K using different cell washers as a function of postprocessing time.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fresh (<4 days old) RBCs were washed on COBE 2991 blood cell processors (Model 1 and Model 2) or the Fresenius Continuous AutoTransfusion System (CATS), and K and hemolysis index (HI) were analyzed. Academic pediatric hospitals were surveyed to ascertain practice trends regarding indications for washing, washing device, and expiration time for washed RBCs.RESULTS: K concentration at 24 hours for units washed with the COBE devices met or exceeded prewash values. At 12 hours, there was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in K concentration between all devices, with the CATS maintaining the lowest K concentration. HI increased immediately after wash on all devices and showed a significant difference between the COBE devices and CATS at times of more than 6 hours (p < 0.01). At storage times beyond 4 hours, hemoglobin exceeded 100 mg/dL on the COBE Model 1. Survey of pediatric hospitals indicated that COBE devices are commonly used, and storage time after washing was 12 hours or more in blood banks queried.CONCLUSIONS: Hemolysis levels vary among different cell washers. Decreasing the expiration time of units after washing may be warranted.
Ultrasound guidance for central venous catheter placement in Australasian emergency departments: Potential barriers to more widespread use
Authors: Matera Jakub T , Egerton‐Warburton Diana , Meek Robert 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectives:  To survey Fellows of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (FACEMs) in order to describe current ultrasound (US) usage during central venous catheter (CVC) placement and to compare practice and opinions between FACEMs routinely using US and those not.Methods:  Descriptive and analytical cross‐sectional electronic survey of all FACEMs. Baseline variables including hospital type, US availability, frequency of CVC insertion, US usage and technique are presented descriptively. US practice and opinions on usage are compared between routine and non‐routine users.Results:  Responses were obtained from 486 (42.4%) of 1146 FACEMs emailed. Whereas 88.5% of respondents had US available and 70% had done an US course, only 37% routinely used US for CVC placement. Completion of an US course and performance of >11 CVC per year were strongly associated with routine US use (odds ratio 10.0 [5.5–18.4] and 2.6 [1.7–3.9], respectively). Common barriers to more frequent US use were not having completed an US course (20%) and US‐guided CVC placement taking too long (18%). Eighty‐five per cent of FACEMs agreed that there should be ED access to US and US training but only 34% thought its use should be mandatory.Conclusions:  We found that only 37% of FACEM respondents routinely used US to guide placement of CVCs and a number of barriers to more frequent use are identified. Practices and opinions regarding US use differed significantly between routine and non‐routine users.
Risk scores and decision making: the anatomy of a decision to reduce breast cancer risk
Authors: Holmberg Christine , Daly Mary , McCaskill‐Stevens Worta 
Published: November 2010

holmberg c, daly m & mccaskill‐stevens w (2010) Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness2, 271–280 Risk scores and decision making: the anatomy of a decision to reduce breast cancer riskAim. To report the use of a risk score for risk treatment decision‐making in women at risk for breast cancer in order to better understand their decision‐making situation.Background. Tamoxifen and Raloxifene are medications that have been proven to reduce the risk of breast cancer. However, women who understand their personal net benefit from Tamoxifen use chose not to take the medication. To understand this decision, the paper investigates the use of epidemiological risk information in the decision‐making process for risk‐reducing treatments.Methods. The narratives of two women are analysed as they recall their risk score and explain their decision‐making process concerning participation in the study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene. Both in‐depth interviews follow a narrative approach and were recorded in a US cancer center in 2005.Results. Thinking about risk by analysing the chances of developing a disease is specific to complex decision‐making situations. The associated risk‐benefit analysis has to be conducted qualitatively as epidemiological risk information cannot know all details of a woman’s life. In addition, a woman’s decision is based on the perception of the condition as risk or as disease. Women are willing to treat risk that is perceived as disease, especially when it is based on bodily measurements on which the treatment has an effect. Women are not willing to treat a risk not perceived as disease.Conclusion. The net benefit of a treatment as calculated based on epidemiological data cannot easily be translated onto an individual’s life. Thus, the complex experience of a woman’s life at risk is highly important in decision‐making situations.Relevance to clinical practice. The ambiguity of statistical risk estimates should be acknowledged and the women’s evaluation of her risk valued in risk treatment decision‐making.
Migration of Some Elements and Radionuclides across a Granite‐Granite Contact Zone: A Natural Analogue for Safe Disposal of High‐Level Radwastes
Authors: Xingzhang LUO , Maozhong MIN , Guanghui ZHANG , Xianguo LI , Zhe YANG , Liying ZHAI , Deling Zhu 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Elements and natural radionuclides in the contact zone of two granites with different ages would migrate from one to the other because of the difference in their chemical contents and later water‐rock interactions. This migration could serve as an analogue for the near‐field process of radwastes in a high‐level radwaste deep geological disposal repository.In the contact between the Indosinian granite (whole‐rock Rb‐Sr isochron age at 214±3 Ma) and Hercynian granite (zircon U‐Pb isochron age at 296±31 Ma) located in Ziyuan County, Guangxi, the O and Pb isotope characteristics and the activity ratios of 234U/238U, 230Th/238U, 230Th/234U and 226Ra/230Th show that, based on the whole‐rock chemical contents, both of the two granites have maintained a relatively open chemical system in their evolution processes. However, as there is no obvious open fault, the migration of major elements, trace elements and natural U‐series nuclides takes place within only 1–2 m in the contact zone, and water‐rock interactions in the weak contact plane only affect the redistribution of chemical constituents at a distance of 30 cm.Fractures are the pathways for fluid flow. In term of uranium‐series disequilibrium and the radionuclide data (the abnormally high value of 234U/238U=4.60 in the fracture sample), significant water‐rock interactions could cause the bordering rocks to be altered and leach some radionuclides out. U and Ra migrated selectively at the time scale of 106 a and 104a, respectively, but the redistribution of granite is only within 10 cm from the contact, and Th seems to be immobile. On the other hand, clay‐enriched fillings in the fractures can adsorb most of the leached radionuclides. The adsorption could significantly retard radionuclide migration in the fractures, but its influence in distance is less than 10 cm from the fracture plane. The present data could be viewed as evidence for safety confidence for the high‐level radwaste disposal repositories hosted by granitic rocks in China.
The use of Shoulder Ultrasound in a One-Stop Clinic: Diagnostic Accuracy for Rotator Cuff Tear and Biceps Tendon Pathology
Authors: Cowling Paul , Gamble Alison , Rangan Amar 
Published: November 2010

Background Ultrasonography is useful in diagnosing rotator cuff tears in one-stop shoulder clinics. The present study aimed to investigate one-stop shoulder clinic ultrasonographic accuracy when diagnosing rotator cuff tears and their size, as well as long head of biceps (LHB) tendon pathology. Methods One hundred and twenty-two patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy following pre-operative ultrasonography in a one-stop shoulder clinic were analyzed retrospectively. Results Partial thickness cuff tears were detected with a sensitivity and specificity of 65.0% and 94.0%, respectively, and full thickness tears at 94.8% and 93.8%, respectively. Full thickness tears were further analyzed as small tears, (<1 cm), with a sensitivity and specificity of 50.0% and 96.6%, respectively; moderate (1 cm to 3 cm), at 88.5% and 93.8%, respectively; and large/massive tears (>3 cm) at 73.1% and 99.0%, respectively. LHB pathology diagnosis sensitivity and specificity was 62.5% and 100%. Further analysis revealed a sensitivity and specificity of LHB dislocation of 83.3% and 100%, respectively, and rupture of 61.1% and 99.0%, respectively. Conclusions This is the first study to report shoulder ultrasonographic accuracy at a one-stop clinic when investigating cuff tear size and LHB pathology. Ultrasonography at a one-stop clinic is a cost-effective accurate method of managing patients with shoulder pathology.
Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition attenuates atrial natriuretic peptide‐induced vascular hyperpermeability and loss of plasma volume
Authors: Lin Yueh‐Chen , Samardzic Haris , Adamson Roger H. , Renkin Eugene M. , Clark Joyce F. , Reed Rolf K. , Curry Fitz‐Roy E. 
Published: November 2010

Non‐technical summaryNatriuretic peptides (such as atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP) are normally present at very low levels in the blood and are part of physiological systems that control blood volume. During diseases such as heart failure and sepsis, circulating levels of ANP increase, leading to an increase in blood vessel permeability and loss of blood fluid volume to the tissues. Other studies show that some inflammatory responses are strongly blocked by increased intracellular cAMP. Here we tested whether rolipram, an inhibitor of the degradation of cAMP, could counteract the movement of protein and fluid out of the blood that is induced by ANP. We found that rolipram almost completely blocked the ANP‐induced loss of blood volume. Stabilizing the endothelial barrier by controlling cAMP levels to offset ANP‐induced increases in vascular permeability may be part of a strategy to maintain plasma volume in disease states with elevated natriuretic peptides.
ISAba825, a Functional Insertion Sequence Modulating Genomic Plasticity and
bla
OXA-58
Expression in
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Ravasi Pablo , Limansky Adriana S. , Rodriguez Ramiro E. , Viale Alejandro M. , Mussi María A. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

ISAba825, an insertion sequence found inactivating
Acinetobacter baumannii carO
, was tagged with a kanamycin (Kn) resistance cassette. ISAba825::Kn effectively transposed in
A. baumannii
, showing preference for short, AT-enriched target sequences, generating 6- to 9-bp target duplications. Additionally, we detected the presence of ISAba825 upstream of a plasmid-borne
bla
OXA-58
gene, generating a hybrid promoter largely enhancing its expression and leading to carbapenem resistance. Overall, a role for ISAba825 in carbapenem resistance modulation in
A. baumannii
is proposed.
In Vitro
Antimicrobial Activity of Wall Teichoic Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors against
Staphylococcus aureus
Isolates
Authors: Suzuki Takashi , Swoboda Jonathan G. , Campbell Jennifer , Walker Suzanne , Gilmore Michael S. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is the leading cause of invasive and superficial human infections, is increasingly antibiotic resistant, and is therefore the target for the development of new antimicrobials. Compounds (1835F03 and targocil) were recently shown to function as bacteriostatic inhibitors of wall teichoic acid (WTA) biosynthesis in
S. aureus
. To assess the value of targeting WTA biosynthesis in human infection, it was therefore of interest to verify the involvement of WTA in bacterial binding to human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and to assess the activities of inhibitors of WTA biosynthesis against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(MSSA) and methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) from cases of human keratitis. The 1835F03 MIC
90
s were 8 μg/ml for MSSA keratitis isolates and >32 μg/ml for MRSA keratitis isolates. The MIC
90
for the analog of 1835F03, targocil, was 2 μg/ml for both MRSA and MSSA. Targocil exhibited little toxicity at concentrations near the MIC, with increased toxicity occurring at higher concentrations and with longer exposure times. Targocil activity was moderately sensitive to the presence of serum, but it inhibited extracellular and intracellular bacteria in the presence of HCECs better than vancomycin. Targocil-resistant strains exhibited a significantly reduced ability to adhere to HCECs.
A Novel Chimeric Lysin Shows Superiority to Mupirocin for Skin Decolonization of Methicillin-Resistant and -Sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains
Authors: Pastagia Mina , Euler Chad , Chahales Peter , Fuentes-Duculan Judilyn , Krueger James G. , Fischetti Vincent A. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is a major human pathogen responsible for a number of serious and sometimes fatal infections. One of its reservoirs on the human body is the skin, which is known to be a source of invasive infection. The potential for an engineered staphylococcus-specific phage lysin (ClyS) to be used for topical decolonization is presented. We formulated ClyS into an ointment and applied it to a mouse model of skin colonization/infection with
S. aureus
. Unlike the standard topical antibacterial agent mupirocin, ClyS eradicated a significantly greater number of methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(MSSA) and -resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) bacteria: a 3-log reduction with ClyS as opposed to a 2-log reduction with mupirocin in our model. The use of ClyS also demonstrated a decreased potential for the development of resistance by MRSA and MSSA organisms compared to that from the use of mupirocin
in vitro
. Because antibodies may affect enzyme function, we tested antibodies developed after repeated ClyS exposure for their effect on ClyS killing ability. Our results showed no inhibition of ClyS activity at various antibody titers. These data demonstrate the potential of developing ClyS as a novel class of topical antimicrobial agents specific to staphylococcus.