bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative development of contralateral extradural hematoma during evacuation of traumatic acute subdural hematoma: A rare cause of malignant brain bulge during surgery
Authors: Singh Manmohan , Ahmad Faiz Uddin , Mahapatra AK 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntraoperative development of epidural hematoma (EDH) is an unusual happening. We report a 36-year-old female who developed severe brain bulge while she was being operated for a traumatic left fronto-temporal acute subdural hematoma. Immediate post-operative CT scan revealed a massive contralateral EDH, which was subsequently evacuated. When a craniotomy is performed for a traumatic hematoma, intraoperative severe brain swelling should alert the surgeon about possibility of contralateral EDH formation especially if there is contralateral skull fracture.
Efficacy of different hypertonic solutes in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in severe head injury patients: A comparative study of 2ml/kg 7.5% hypertonic saline and 2ml/kg 20% mannitol
Authors: Chatterjee Nilay , Chaudhury Arpan , Mukherjee Sujoy , Prusty Gouri Kumar , Chattopadhyay Tapas , Saha Subhasis 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA prospective, randomized study to evaluate the clinical benefit of increasing the osmotic load of the hypertonic solution administered for the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension episodes in patients with severe head injury. 25 patients with severe head injury and persistent coma, admitted in a Neurocritical Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital, who required infusions of osmotic agents to treat episodes of intracranial hypertension resistant to well defined standard modes of therapy were randomly allocated to one of the two groups to receive isovolume infusions of either 7.5% hypertonic saline solution; HS [2400 mOsm/kg H2O] or 20% mannitol [1160 mOsm/kg of H2O] given 2ml/kg of either solution, i.e. 331.5 +/− 35.4 mOsm of hypertonic saline or 174.2 +/− 18 mOsm of mannitol per infusion. The variables recorded in the study were the duration and number of episodes of intracranial hypertension per day during the study period, which was stopped after the last episode of intracranial hypertension was recorded from intracranial pressure recording or after the allocated treatment failure. Patients of HS group were monitored for 7 +/− 6 days and those in the mannitol group for 8 +/− 5 days [p=NS]. The rate of failure for each treatment was also evaluated which was defined as the persistence of intracranial hypertension despite the two successive infusions of the same osmotic agent. The mean number of osmotic solute infusions was 3.4 +/− 4.5 in the HS group and 3.8 +/− 5.1 in mannitol group p=NS]. The mean number [7.1+/-2.9 vs. 14.6+/−3.4] of episodes of intracranial hypertension per day and the duration of such episode [62.6+/−28.1 vs. 93.4+/−37.2 min] was also significantly lower in the HS group [p<0.05]. The numbers of treatment failures were significantly lower in HS group: 1 out of 14 patients vs. 6 out of 11 patients [p<0.01]. In this study we have found that in patients with severe head injury requiring treatment with hypertonic solute for refractory intracranial hypertension, 2ml/kg body weight of 7.5% HS [356 +/− 14 mOsm] was more effective than giving 2ml/kg 20% mannitol [178 +/− 11mOsm]. Within the limitations of present study, the collected data suggest that giving 2ml/kg HS solution is an effective and safe initial treatment for intracranial hypertension episodes in head injury patients when there is indication of osmotherapy.
Piracetam in postconcussion syndrome: preliminary results of a randomized study using SPECT
Authors: Agrawal Deepak , Gowda NK 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim of this study was to study the changes in regional cerebral perfusion following administration of the drug piracetam using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with postconcussion syndrome (PCS). Twenty consecutive male patients 18–65 years of age, with mild traumatic brain injury and PCS who had an normal initial CT head but an abnormal SPECT scan (carried out within 72 hours of the injury), were included in the study. Patients were randomized to either receive a daily dose of 2.4g of piracetam for six weeks (n = 10) (piracetam group), or no piracetam (n = 10) (control group). A repeat SPECT scan was performed at six weeks of follow up and any subjective improvement in symptoms (if any) noted. While the pre-treatment mean ratio for the piracetam treated group (0.86) and controls (0.85) did not differ significantly (p = 0.304; 95% CI - 0.041,.0136), there was a significant rise in the post treatment ratio in the piracetam group (mean: 0.959) as compared to the controls (mean: 0.882) (p = <0.001; 95% CI -.0114, -0.038). Nine patients (90%) also had improvement in their symptoms of PCS, compared to only three patients in the test group (Fisher exact test; 2 tailed: p = 0.01). Our study suggests that the cerebral perfusion defects seen on SPECT imaging may per se be responsible for the clinical manifestations of PCS. Low-dose piracetam appears to improve regional cerebral blood flow and reverse perfusion abnormalities in these patients. This study paves the way for further randomized, placebo controlled trials with piracetam for more definitive results.
Minor head injury
Authors: Mahapatra Ashok Kumar , Agrawal Deepak , Kumar Raj 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn India about one million people sustain head injury every year. Minor head injury constitutes about 80 – 90% cases of total head injury patients. About 50% minor head injury cases have associated organic brain dysfunctions. Studies like SPECT, VEP, BAER, TCD and P300 recordings have demonstrated hypoperfusion and dysfunctional abnormalities of brain parenchyma in most of the cases having post-concussion syndrome and persistent post-concussion syndrome. Significant blood flow abnormalities are found in medial temporal lobe, hippocampus and frontal lobe etc, which are responsible for various functional problems.
Anterior single lag screw fixation in Type II Dens fracture – Indian experience
Authors: Srinivasan US , Dhillon CS , Mahesha K , Kumar P Vinodh 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIncreased rate of non-union of Type II Odontoid fractures with rigid external orthosis have been reported. Recently technique of direct anterior screw fixation of the odontoid fracture is being advocated. Here we report the results of 13 cases of Type II dens fracture treated by the above method with an age group ranging from 17 to 73 years. An approach identical to the anterior cervical discectomy was used. Guide tube system devised by Synthes®, single image intensifier and Langenberg retractors was used to place a single cannulated screw through the fracture from C2 body into the dens. Among the 13 cases operated, in 11 cases we were successful. In one case while dissecting the fracture site CSF leak occurred and in another case the guide wire broke leading to abandoning to screw placement. There was no other complication due to the surgical procedure. The follow up period ranged between 2 months to 3 1/2 years. There were no neurological complications or screw fracture. In 9 of the 11 cases (82%) either bony union or fibrous unions have occurred. These results indicate that direct anterior single screw fixation has proved to be a very successful treatment.
Post traumatic epilepsy. An analysis of 12 cases
Authors: Mathai KI , Sasivadanan MS , Sudumbraker S , Sahoo PK 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn analysis of the mechanism of epilepsy and epileptogenesis after traumatic brain injury will give us an insight into neural circuitry. In a retrospective analysis of 48 cases of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury, who reported for follow up to our centre over a period of two years. Of these, 12 patients with post traumatic epilepsy were identified. The risk factors, EEG patterns and the quality of control were analyzed. The pathophysiology and paradigms of management have been discussed.
Spontaneous bullet migration- uncommon sequelae of firearm injury to the brain
Authors: Kumar Raj , Garg Pallav , Maurya Vijendra , Sahu Rabi Narayan , Mahapatra AK 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn important though uncommon complication of retained missiles is that of spontaneous migration. A 22 years young man presented to us with alleged firearm injury to head. The bullet migration was evident on the third day after injury when it was seen lying in the left posterior occipital region as compared to previous posterior frontal location. Softening of contused cerebrum along the missile tract and free weight of the bullet due to gravity were probably responsible for the bullet migration in this case. The patient underwent surgical exploration and progressively recovered. This case report emphasizes the fact that spontaneous migration of a foreign body in side the cranium should be watched for, resulting in damage to vital structures producing significant neurological damage. The presence of migration should be considered to be an urgent indication for surgical intervention.
Density of the Vulnerable Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi in two commercial forest reserves in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Wilting Andreas , Mohamed Azlan , Ambu Laurentius N. , Lagan Peter , Mannan Sam , Hofer Heribert , Sollmann Rahel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRecently the Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi was recognized as a separate species distinct from the clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa of mainland Asia. Both species are categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Little is known about the newly identified species and, in particular, information from forests outside protected areas is scarce. Here we present one of the first density estimates calculated with spatial capture–recapture models using camera-trap data. In two commercial forest reserves in Sabah (both certified for their sustainable management practices) the density of the Sunda clouded leopard was estimated to be c. 1 per 100 km2 (0.84±SE 0.42 and 1.04±SE 0.58). The presence of the Sunda clouded leopard in such forests is encouraging for its conservation but additional studies from other areas, including protected forests, are needed to compare and evaluate these densities.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in dairy cows in subtropical southern China
Authors: XU M. J. , LIU Q. Y. , FU J. H. , NISBET A. J. , SHI D. S. , HE X. H. , PAN Y. , ZHOU D. H. , SONG H. Q. , ZHU X. Q. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are closely related protozoan parasites which cause lowered production and increased abortion in dairy cows. The aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum infection in dairy cows in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), subtropical southern China. In total, 875 serum samples were collected from the tail veins of dairy cows in 6 main dairy cow-rearing districts of 4 administrative cities in GZAR. The samples were surveyed for T. gondii antibody using the Indirect Haemagglutination Test (IHA), and 365 of the serum samples were examined for N. caninum antibody by indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii in dairy cows was 13·71% (120/875), and the average seroprevalence of N. caninum was 15·07% (55/365). There were significant differences in the seroprevalence of N. caninum infection between different districts (P = 0·002, χ2 = 9·261). The highest prevalences of T. gondii and N. caninum were found in cows older than 8 years and those that had completed 5–6 pregnancies. Five cows (1·37%) presented antibodies against both T. gondii and N. caninum, and dairy cows with both T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies had higher abortion rates. The present results indicate widespread exposure of dairy cows to T. gondii and N. caninum in GZAR, subtropical southern China.
EDITORIAL: Between ‘Faith’ and ‘Facts’: By What Standards Should We Assess International Criminal Justice?
Authors: STAHN CARSTEN 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe traditional vision that international courts and tribunals do ‘good’ or create a better world through law is increasingly under question. International criminal justice started largely as a ‘faith’-based project, but is increasingly criticized in light of its actual record and impact. This essay examines this journey and, in particular, the role of ‘faith’ and ‘fact’ in the treatment and assessment of international criminal courts, through four core themes (‘effectiveness’, ‘fairness’, ‘fact-finding’, and legacy’) addressed in André Gide's version of the parable ofThe Return of the Prodigal Son. It argues that, in its ‘homecoming’, international criminal justice would benefit from a greater degree of realism by openly accepting its limitations and embracing its expressivist function. It cautions at the same time against exclusively quantitative understandings of impact, arguing that the power of international courts and tribunals lies not so much in their quantitative record as in their role in setting a moral or legal example or shaping discourse. It concludes that a better match between ‘idealism’ and ‘realism’ requires greater attention to the interplay between ‘international’, ‘domestic’, and ‘local’ responses to conflict, as well as recognition of their legitimate differences.
Standardization: A Dynamic and Procedural Conceptualization of International Law-Making
Authors: RADI YANNICK 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe paper analyses the dynamic procedures that work during the formation of international law in international organizations and conventional frameworks. These procedures organize and structure the interactive exercise of the normative function by law-creating bodies and law-applying bodies. The paper conceives of this ‘way’ of making international law as a law-making method that the concept of standardization helps to understand. Grounded in Aristotelian dialectic logic, standardization indeed conceptualizes the dialogic and procedural law-making that works for normative coherence in contexts characterized by co-operation and the heterogeneity of interests. Introducing this concept, the paper insists on the fact that it is the procedural nature of the dialogue that is crucial to reach normative coherence. Drawing on the consequences of standardization, and regarding dynamic procedures, it reappraises the status and the importance of both the different sources of international law and the different participants to international law-making. Also, the paper points out the predominance of normative coherence, as well as that of its ‘guarantor’, namely procedure that its author considers the cornerstone of legal certainty in the co-operative context of the international society.
We Need to Cut Off the Head of the King: Past, Present, and Future Approaches to International Soft Law
Authors: GOLDMANN MATTHIAS 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article surveys contemporary approaches to international soft law, such as various types of legal positivism, legal realism, critical legal studies, and global administrative law. It scrutinizes to what extent the concept of law endorsed by each of these approaches is able to tackle two challenges caused by the spread of soft law as a means of governance: (1) the fact that international soft law is today often the functional equivalent of international treaties and (2) the contestations of the legitimacy of soft law. It concludes that discursive approaches that stress the public character of international law appear very promising, because they link broad concepts of law with considerations of legitimacy. However, since international institutions today exercise public authority not only through soft law or hard law, but also through non-legal instruments like information, the article argues that one ultimately needs to conceptually dissociate the concept of international law from the concept of public authority.
The Notion of ‘Armed Attack’ in the Nicaragua Judgment and Its Influence on Subsequent Case Law
Authors: YUSUF JUDGE ABDULQAWI A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe notion of ‘armed attack’ is at the heart of the law on the use of force in self-defence. The ICJ first addressed the issue in its judgment in Nicaragua; however, its formulation of the legal parameters of ‘armed attack’ has not been without controversy. In particular, the high threshold of force required for an ‘armed attack’ and the consequent distinction between ‘armed attack’ proper and acts of lower intensity (termed ‘frontier incidents’) is said to have reduced the barrier to armed aggression. More recently, the formulation has also been criticized for not being fully applicable to large-scale terrorist attacks such as the events of 11 September 2001. This article examines the Court's first pronouncement on the concept of armed attack, with a specific focus on the rationae materiae aspect of ‘armed attack’, which situates it in the context from which it arose and analyses its development through subsequent case law, particularly the Court's judgments in Oil Platforms and Armed Activities (Congo v. Uganda) and the decision of the Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission.
The Nicaragua Case: ‘Mafiosi's’ and ‘Veteran's’ Approaches Combined
Authors: PELLET ALAIN 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis presentation is twofold. The first part shows that the Nicaragua case played a significant role in reconciling the Third World with the International Court of Justice and, more generally, in revitalizing the Court. In the second part, the author, who was counsel for Nicaragua in that case, casts an eye as external analyst on the judgments of 1984, about which he has some reluctance, and 1986, which he largely approves of, even though Nicaragua did not win 100 per cent and some points may be debatable.
The Legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals and the Current Prospects of International Criminal Justice
Authors: CASSESE ANTONIO 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHaving identified the differences between the concept of legality and the much more complex concept of legitimacy, the author scrutinizes the legality and the legitimacy of the existing international criminal tribunals. Their legality has been put in doubt only concerning the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), but the criticisms have been or could be overcome. Assessing the legitimacy of these tribunals is instead a more difficult task. In fact, misgivings have been voiced essentially concerning the legitimacy of the ICTY and the STL, but not the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the other international criminal courts. The legitimacy of the STL in particular deserves to be discussed: even assuming that the STL initially lacked some forms of legitimacy, it could achieve it – or confirm it – through its ‘performance legitimacy’. The author then suggests what the realistic prospects for international criminal justice are. Convinced as he is that it is destined to flourish even more, he tries to identify the paths it is likely to take in future years.
The Appeals Decision in the ICC'sJean-Pierre Bemba GomboCase on the Trial Chamber's ‘Decision on the Admission into Evidence of Materials Contained in the Prosecution's List of Evidence’
Authors: SCHUON CHRISTINE 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhen, on 3 May 2011, the Appeals Chamber reversed the decision of Trial Chamber III in theBembacase that had admitted material on a list of the prosecution into evidence, it addressed various central issues related to the admission of evidence under the legal framework of the International Criminal Court (inter alia, the orality principle). The present article critically analyses both decisions. In particular, it views the Trial Chamber's approach that envisages a multi-tiered process of admitting evidence, in light of the approaches of civil law and common law, and expresses concerns about uncertainties and protraction that may result. As the Court's legal framework does not determine that the processing of evidence follow either the civil-law or the common-law model, this is left for the trial chambers to decide in each case. In determining the preferable approach for each respective case, consideration of the procedural context is key. The Appeals Chamber decision allows for the required leeway of the trial chambers in regulating the processing of evidence, to adopt a way that fits the particular circumstances best.
Responsibility of the Netherlands for the Acts of Dutchbat inNuhanovićandMustafić: The Continuous Quest for a Tangible Meaning for ‘Effective Control’ in the Context of Peacekeeping
Authors: BOUTIN BÉRÉNICE 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInNuhanovićandMustafić(5 July 2011), the Court of Appeal of The Hague held the Netherlands liable under Bosnian torts law in relation to acts of Dutchbat in the days following the fall of Srebrenica. The claims were brought by relatives of victims killed by Mladić's troops after being evicted from the Dutchbat premises, where they had sought refuge. When resorting to international law to attribute the conduct to the Netherlands, the Court shed light on the concrete meaning of ‘effective control’ when a wrongful conduct does not result from direct orders, thereby clarifying some of the questions surrounding the determination of responsibility for conducts in the framework of international organizations.
Atomic-Scale Imaging and Spectroscopy for In Situ Liquid Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Jungjohann Katherine L. , Evans James E. , Aguiar Jeffery A. , Arslan Ilke , Browning Nigel D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObservation of growth, synthesis, dynamics, and electrochemical reactions in the liquid state is an important yet largely unstudied aspect of nanotechnology. The only techniques that can potentially provide the insights necessary to advance our understanding of these mechanisms is simultaneous atomic-scale imaging and quantitative chemical analysis (through spectroscopy) under environmental conditions in the transmission electron microscope. In this study we describe the experimental and technical conditions necessary to obtain electron energy loss (EEL) spectra from a nanoparticle in colloidal suspension using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with the environmental liquid stage. At a fluid path length below 400 nm, atomic resolution images can be obtained and simultaneous compositional analysis can be achieved. We show that EEL spectroscopy can be used to quantify the total fluid path length around the nanoparticle and demonstrate that characteristic core-loss signals from the suspended nanoparticles can be resolved and analyzed to provide information on the local interfacial chemistry with the surrounding environment. The combined approach using aberration-corrected STEM and EEL spectra with the in situ fluid stage demonstrates a plenary platform for detailed investigations of solution-based catalysis.