bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Participatory methods of integrated assessment—a review
Authors: Salter Jonathan , Robinson John , Wiek Arnim 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe field of Participatory Integrated Assessment (PIA) is still very young, having evolved from the broader field of Integrated Assessment (IA) in the mid to late 1990s. Like IA, PIA is a problem‐based field, with a focus on interdisciplinary research. Fundamental to PIA, however, is the assertion that the quality of decisions is improved by the direct involvement of stakeholders in the assessment process—particularly when those decisions pertain to complex, intractable problems. Climate change presents just such a problem, and it is in the domains of climate change and related sustainability issues where PIA has seen its broadest application. Previous reviews have focused primarily on the mechanisms of participation in PIAs. The purpose of this review is to take a broader look at the field of PIA, focusing on components and cross‐cutting themes that appear to be defining the conduct of PIA exercises. The review first looks at common components of PIA, including methods (future scenarios and models), participation (mechanisms of participation, representation, and stages of involvement), and outcomes (policy outcomes and process outcomes). The review then turns to an examination of cross‐cutting themes in the field of PIA. These themes include the tension between qualitative and quantitative information, the role of interactivity in PIA, the importance of institutions and institutional change, and navigating the space defined by choice, uncertainty, and constraints. As governments at all levels move toward response options for climate change, PIA is increasingly becoming an approach for providing meaningful participation in the selection of those options. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Participatory Methods of Integrated Assessment
Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
The physical concept of climate forcing
Authors: Liepert Beate G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSince the beginning of the debate on global climate change, scientists, economists, and policy makers alike have been using ‘climate forcing’ as a convenient measure for evaluating climate change. Researchers who run complex computer models conceived the theoretical concept of climate forcing in the late 1960s (Charney Report, 1979). This overview describes the development and basics of the physical framework, as radiative energy imbalance in the atmosphere, inflicted by a perturbation in the climate system. Such disturbances and forced changes can alter processes in the climate system, which enhance or dampen the initial effects and thus introduce positive or negative feedback loops. With increased understanding of the nature of the climate system, this basic concept has become more complex and hence more difficult to interpret. The identification of additional anthropogenic disturbances, the interdependence of individual forcings, and difficulties to account for spatial and temporal variabilities of disturbances are only few issues that complicate the overall picture. Although numerous scientific studies exist that evaluate climate forcings by allocating watts per square meter values to individual forcings (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, 2010), the actual number of publications that interpret the physical meaning of the climate‐forcing concept remains surprisingly small. Here, this overview focuses on explaining to an interdisciplinary audience the physical interpretation of the concept, including its limitations. It also examines new developments, such as polluter‐based emission scenarios, energy budget approaches, and climate impacts other than temperature change. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 786–802 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.75This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Climate Forcing
Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Eight years of wind measurements from scatterometer for wind resource mapping in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Furevik Birgitte R. , Sempreviva Anna M. , Cavaleri Luigi , Lefèvre Jean‐Michel , Transerici Claudio 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEight years of wind observations from the SeaWinds scatterometer instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration QuikScat satellite and in situ data from 11 locations in the Mediterranean have been considered. The data have been co‐located in time and space, and it is shown that the scatterometer is able to provide similar long‐term statistics as available from buoy data, such as annual and monthly wind indexes. Such statistics is useful to give an overview of the climatology in the different areas. The correlation between QuikScat and in situ observations is degraded towards the coast, giving indication of how well the scatterometer can represent the coastal winds. The degradation is stronger in areas with strong spatial variability. The QuikScat winds are gridded into a 0.25° by 0.25° grid to produce seasonal and annual means of the offshore wind conditions over the Mediterranean. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and functional insights into eukaryotic mRNA decapping
Authors: Ling Sharon H. M. , Qamra Rohini , Song Haiwei 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe control of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation and degradation is important in regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. In the general and specialized mRNA decay pathways which involve 5′→3′ decay, decapping is the central step because it is the controlling gate preceding the actual degradation of mRNA and is a site of numerous control inputs. Removal of the cap structure is catalyzed by a decapping holoenzyme composed of the catalytic Dcp2 subunit and the coactivator Dcp1. Decapping is regulated by decapping activators and inhibitors. Recent structural and kinetics studies indicated that Dcp1 and the substrate RNA promote the closed form of the enzyme and the catalytic step of decapping is rate limiting and accelerated by Dcp1. The conformational change between the open and closed decapping enzyme is important for controlling decapping, and regulation of this transition has been proposed to be a checkpoint for determining the fate of mRNAs. Here we summarize the past and recent advances on the structural and functional studies of protein factors involved in regulating mRNA decapping. WIREs RNA 2011 2 193–208 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.44This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Wave propagation in an elastically supported string with point‐wise defects: gap‐band and pass‐band effects
Authors: Glushkov E. , Glushkova N. , Wauer J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWave excitation, propagation and diffraction phenomena as well as related resonance trap‐mode, gap‐band and pass‐band effects occurring in one‐dimensional waveguides with obstacles are considered. The waveguide is a spring‐supported string with pointwise changed cross‐section and/or spring force. The analysis is based on semi‐analytical solution in terms of the waveguide's Green functions with unknown coefficients. The latter are obtained from a linear algebraic system whose eigenvalues are spectral points of the problem considered. One of the purposes is to examine the relation between the spectral point allocation in the complex frequency plane and the resonance wave phenomena observed. It is shown that pass‐band phenomena are controlled by natural frequencies approaching to the real axis.
Tailoring the Microstructure of Sol–Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite/Zirconia Nanocrystalline Composites
Authors: Vasconcelos HC , Barreto MC 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this study, we tailor the microstructure of hydroxyapatite/zirconia nanocrystalline composites by optimizing processing parameters, namely, introducing an atmosphere of water vapor during sintering in order to control the thermal stability of hydroxyapatite, and a modified sol–gel process that yields to an excellent intergranular distribution of zirconia phase dispersed intergranularly within the hydroxyapatite matrix. In terms of mechanical behavior, SEM images of fissure deflection and the presence of monoclinic ZrO2 content on cracked surface indicate that both toughening mechanisms, stress-induced tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation and deflection, are active for toughness enhancement.
Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors: Photoresponse Enhancement Due to Potential Barriers
Authors: Mitin Vladimir , Antipov Andrei , Sergeev Andrei , Vagidov Nizami , Eason David , Strasser Gottfried 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPotential barriers around quantum dots (QDs) play a key role in kinetics of photoelectrons. These barriers are always created, when electrons from dopants outside QDs fill the dots. Potential barriers suppress the capture processes of photoelectrons and increase the photoresponse. To directly investigate the effect of potential barriers on photoelectron kinetics, we fabricated several QD structures with different positions of dopants and various levels of doping. The potential barriers as a function of doping and dopant positions have been determined using nextnano3 software. We experimentally investigated the photoresponse to IR radiation as a function of the radiation frequency and voltage bias. We also measured the dark current in these QD structures. Our investigations show that the photoresponse increases ~30 times as the height of potential barriers changes from 30 to 130 meV.
Le cancer de la verge : à propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature
Authors: Odzébé A.W.S. , Bouya P.A. , Nkoua Mbon J.B. , Ngatshé A. , Péko J.F. 
Published: September 2010

Résumé
Le cancer de la verge est rare. Il pose souvent en Afrique le problème de l’acceptabilité de l’amputation de la verge. Nous rapportons un cas de tumeur de la verge révélé après une circoncision tardive. Le traitement a consisté en une amputation des deux tiers de la verge. Le patient est vivant sans récidive locale, deux ans après la chirurgie. La revue de la littérature montre la rareté de cette tumeur et le rôle des facteurs favorisants qui sont: l’absence de circoncision et l’infection à papillomavirus.
Disruptive Symptoms In Childhood And Adolescence And Early Initiation Of Tobacco And Cannabis Use: The Gazel Youth Study
Authors: Galéra C. , Bouvard M.-P. , Melchior M. , Chastang J.-F. , Lagarde E. , Michel G. , Encrenaz G. , Messiah A. , Fombonne E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPurposeTo examine the link between symptoms of hyperactivity-inattention and conduct disorder in childhood, and the initiation of tobacco and cannabis use, controlling for other behavioral symptoms, temperament and environmental risk factors.MethodThe sample (N = 1107 participants, aged 4 to 18 years at baseline) was recruited from the population-based longitudinal Gazel Youth study with a follow-up assessment 8 years later. Psychopathology, temperament, environmental variables, and initiation of tobacco and cannabis use were self-reported. Event time analyses were performed to assess the effects of childhood disruptive symptoms on age at first use of tobacco and cannabis.ResultsProportional hazard models revealed that participants with high levels of childhood symptoms of both hyperactivity-inattention and conduct disorder were at highest risk of early tobacco initiation (in males: hazard ratio [HR] = 2.05; confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–3.38; in females: HR = 2.01; CI: 1.31–3.09), and, in males, of early cannabis initiation (HR = 1.95; CI: 1.04–3.64). Temperament, through activity in both males and females and negative emotionality in females, was also associated to early substance use initiation.ConclusionsChildren who simultaneously have high levels of symptoms of hyperactivity-inattention and conduct disorder are at increased risk for early substance initiation. These associations may guide childhood health professionals to consider the liability for early substance initiation in high-risk groups.
Treatment of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in an area of Thailand with a high incidence of cervical cancer
Authors: Sriprasert Intira , Kietpeerakool Chumnan , Cheewakriangkrai Chalong , Siriaree Sitthicha , Tantipalakorn Charuwan , Srisomboon Jatupol 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo audit the treatment of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) at Chiang Mai University Hospital based on 12 standard requirements of the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme.MethodsRecords were reviewed of all women with histologically proven HSIL undergoing treatment at Chiang Mai University Hospital between January 2005 and May 2009.ResultsFour of the standard requirements were not met: not all women underwent colposcopy before definitive treatment; the rate of specimen fragmentation was high; among women with ectocervical lesions, the rate of tissue removal to a depth of greater than 7 mm was low; and among women aged over 50 years with endocervical‐margin involvement, the rate of repeat excision was low.ConclusionThis audit highlights four treatment practices that do not meet standard requirements and require detailed exploration. The development of guidelines for the treatment of cervical precancerous lesions in Thailand is challenging and merits further attention.
Bovid mortality profiles in paleoecological context falsify hypotheses of endurance running–hunting and passive scavenging by early Pleistocene hominins
Authors: Bunn Henry T. , Pickering Travis Rayne 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe world’s first archaeological traces from 2.6 million years ago (Ma) at Gona, in Ethiopia, include sharp-edged cutting tools and cut-marked animal bones, which indicate consumption of skeletal muscle by early hominin butchers. From that point, evidence of hominin meat-eating becomes increasingly more common throughout the Pleistocene archaeological record. Thus, the substantive debate about hominin meat-eating now centers on mode(s) of carcass resource acquisition. Two prominent hypotheses suggest, alternatively, (1) that earlyHomohunted ungulate prey by running them to physiological failure and then dispatching them, or (2) that earlyHomowas relegated to passively scavenging carcass residues abandoned by carnivore predators. Various paleontologically testable predictions can be formulated for both hypotheses. Here we test four predictions concerning age-frequency distributions for bovids that contributed carcass remains to the 1.8 Ma. old FLK 22Zinjanthropus(FLK Zinj, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) fauna, which zooarchaeological and taphonomic data indicate was formed predominantly by earlyHomo. In all but one case, the bovid mortality data from FLK Zinj violate test predictions of the endurance running-hunting and passive scavenging hypotheses. When combined with other taphonomic data, these results falsify both hypotheses, and lead to the hypothesis that earlyHomooperated successfully as an ambush predator.
Effects of early experience on the post-weaning acceptance of whole grain wheat by fine-wool Merino lambs
Authors: Lynch J. J. , Keogh R. G. , Elwin R. L. , Green G. C. , Mottershead B. E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTGroups of Merino lambs were exposed to wheat at different ages, for different durations, and with or without their mothers, in two experiments. Acceptance of wheat was tested during the week following weaning.In experiment 1 the mothers had never eaten wheat; all but one group were exposed without their mothers. Lambs showed more interest in wheat at 1 to 2 weeks of age than at any other age. The only group in which there was good acceptance of wheat during testing was the group which was exposed with their mothers. The latter had been given wheat for the first time in the week prior to the lamb's exposure. The average intake of this group in 2.5 h of testing (0.5 h per day for 5 days) was 290 g per head.In experiment 2, groups of lambs, together with their mothers who were experienced in eating wheat, had uncontrolled access to wheat trailed on the ground for different periods within the first 4 weeks after birth. Lambs in one group had access to wheat for 1 to 5 days following birth.All lambs in experiment 2 ate wheat during testing and there were no differences in either intake or feeding times between groups. Mean intake of all groups during the 5 day test period was 810 g per head.The results demonstrate the importance of early experience and in particular maternal influences in determining the subsequent acceptance of a wheat supplement by lambs. The results also raise questions concerning not only the nature, but also the extent of maternal influences on dietary selection.
Systemic and cardiac hemodynamic interactions between clonidine and minoxidil
Authors: Velasco Manuel , Andrews‐Figueroa Pedro , Ramiŕez Ana , Morillo Julio , Urbina‐Quintana Adalberto , Alienares Ricardo , Hernańdez‐Pieretti Otto 
Published: August 2010

We examined the hemodynamic interaction between clonidine, a centrally acting antiadrenergic drug, and minoxidil, a potent antihypertensive vasodilator in 10 inpatients with refractory or accelerated hypertension or both. Clonidine in oral doses of 150 to 900 μg/day decreased average mean blood pressure 18.6 mm Hg (p < 0.01), average heart rate 16.4 bpm (p < 0.01), limb blood flow 1.63 ml/100 gm · min (p < 0.05), and plasma renin activity 1.13 ng/ml · hr (p < 0.025). It also increased the pre‐ejection period index 12.4 msec (p < 0.001), but did not alter the cardiac or total peripheral resistance indices. The addition of minoxidil in oral doses of 5 to 22.5 mg/day further decreased average mean blood pressure 24.2 mm Hg (p < 0.01), preejection period index 20.6 msec (p < 0.01), limb vascular resistance 13.2 mm Hg/min · 100 gm/ml (p < 0.05), and total peripheral resistance 13.3 mm Hg/min · m2/l (p < 0.01), pre‐ejection period index 20.6 msec (p < 0.01), limb vascular resistance 13.2 mm Hg/min · 100 gm/ml (p < 0.05), and total peripheral resistance 13.3 mm Hg/min · m2/l concluded that clonidine can be used as an alternative to β‐adrenergic blockers to counteract the increased sympathetic nervous activity minoxidil induces.Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 158–163; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.142
The Rate-Constant of the Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals With Methanol, Ethanol and (D3)Methanol
Authors: Greenhill PG , Ogrady BV 
Published: September 2010

The rate coefficients for hydrogen abstraction by hydroxyl radicals from methanol and ethanol have been determined in the temperature ranges 260-803 K and 255-459 K respectively. Flash photolysis combined with resonance absorption detection of OH was used to obtain results which may be described by the Arrhenius expressions: Methanol ��� k(T) = (8.0�1.9)×10-12 exp[-(664�88)K/T]cm3 s-1 ������� (1) Ethanol ���� k(T) = (1.25�0.24)×10-11 exp[-(360�52)K/T]cm3 s-1 (2) The results obtained for methanol are in excellent agreement with results obtained by other workers, but the Arrhenius parameters for ethanol are markedly different to those obtained in the only other study of the temperature dependence of this reaction. The rate constant for reaction with (D3)methanolhas been determined at 293 K: (D3)Methanol ����� k(293) = 5.0�0.2×10-13 cm3 s-1 (3) The presence of an isotope effect confirms that the predominant process is abstraction of hydrogen from the carbon rather than the oxygen. The results obtained for the reaction with ethanol were analysed by using a 21 reaction scheme to determine the effect of [OH]O and secondary reactions on k(T). The simulations indicate that secondary reactions involving OH are relatively unimportant in determining the bimolecular rate coefficients found in this study.
Room Decontamination with UV Radiation
Authors: Rutala William A. , Gergen Maria F. , Weber David J. 
Published: August 2010

Objective.To determine the effectiveness of a UV-C-emitting device to eliminate clinically important nosocomial pathogens in a contaminated hospital room.Methods.This study was carried out in a standard but empty hospital room (phase 1) and in a room previously occupied by a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) infection (phase 2) in an acute care tertiary hospital in North Carolina from January 21 through September 21, 2009. During phase 1, 8 × 8 cm Formica sheets contaminated with approximately 104-105 organisms of MRSA, VRE, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii, or Clostridium difficile spores were placed in a hospital room, both in direct line of sight of the UV-C device and behind objects. After timed exposure, the presence of the microbes was assessed. During phase 2, specific sites in rooms that had housed patients with MRSA or VRE infection were sampled before and after UV-C irradiation. After timed exposure, the presence of MRSA and VRE and total colony counts were assessed.Results.In our test room, the effectiveness of UV-C radiation in reducing the counts of vegetative bacteria on surfaces was more than 99.9% within 15 minutes, and the reduction in C. difficile spores was 99.8% within 50 minutes. In rooms occupied by patients with MRSA, UV-C irradiation of approximately 15 minutes duration resulted in a decrease in total CFUs per plate (mean, 384 CFUs vs 19 CFUs; P < .001), in the number of samples positive for MRSA (81 [20.3%] of 400 plates vs 2 [0.5%] of 400 plates; P < .001 ), and in MRSA counts per MRSA-positive plate (mean, 37 CFUs vs 2 CFUs; P < .001).Conclusions.This UV-C device was effective in eliminating vegetative bacteria on contaminated surfaces both in the line of sight and behind objects within approximately 15 minutes and in eliminating C. difficile spores within 50 minutes.
Illusionary Progress in Loyalty Programs: Magnitudes, Reward Distances, and Step-Size Ambiguity
Authors: Bagchi Rajesh , Li Xingbo 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Loyalty programs offer rewards via mediums of different magnitudes (e.g., “$6 off when you accumulate 1,000 [100] points. Earn 10 [1] points/dollar”). The program medium presents two key pieces of information: reward distance (points required to redeem reward) and step size (points earned per dollar). In higher-magnitude (vs. lower-magnitude) programs, both reward distances (1,000 vs. 100) and step sizes (10 vs. 1 point[s]/dollar) are larger. How do these two pieces of information affect consumers' postenrollment inferences of progress, store loyalty, and recommendation likelihood? Do consumers always integrate both pieces? We identify a moderator, step-size ambiguity, and show that when ambiguity is high, only reward distance affects inferences. When ambiguity is lower, consumers integrate step size with reward distance, but in a biased manner. Implications arise in goal following and in physical and psychological distance estimation contexts (e.g., weight loss, savings) where distances and step sizes can vary (e.g., as a function of units: kilograms vs. pounds), but especially in loyalty rewards contexts.
A Reduced Phytate Diet Does Not Reduce Endogenous Fecal Zinc in Children on a Habitual High‐Phytate Diet
Authors: Kennedy Gregg , Hambidge K Michael , Manary Mark 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTen Malawian children, ages 3 to 5 years, at risk for zinc deficiency and receiving a habitual maize‐based high‐phytate diet, received maize after phytate reduction for 40 days and had their endogenous fecal zinc (EFZ) measured using stable isotope techniques before and after phytate reduction. The phytate:Zn of the diet before reduction was 23.0 and afterward was 7.6. EFZ was similar before and after dietary phytate reduction, 1.15 ± 0.33 and 1.17 ± 0.16 mg/day, respectively. EFZ was not affected by dietary phytate in this population.