bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Starting and Continuing Breastfeeding Related to Educational Background? The Generation R Study
Authors: van Rossem Lenie , Oenema Anke , Steegers Eric A. P. , Moll Henriëtte A. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Hofman Albert , Mackenbach Johan P. , Raat Hein 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE. To assess the effect of a woman's educational level on starting and continuing breastfeeding and to assess the role of sociodemographic, lifestyle-related, psychosocial, and birth characteristics in this association.METHODS. We used the data of 2914 participants in a population-based prospective cohort study. Information on educational level, breastfeeding, sociodemographic (maternal age, single parenthood, parity, job status), lifestyle-related (BMI, smoking, alcohol use), psychosocial (whether the pregnancy was planned, stress), and birth (gestational age, birth weight, cesarean delivery, place and type of delivery) characteristics were obtained between pregnancy and 12 months postpartum. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of starting and continuing breastfeeding for educational level were obtained by logistic regression, adjusted for each group of covariates and for all covariates simultaneously.RESULTS. Of 1031 highest-educated mothers, 985 (95.5%) started breastfeeding; the percentage was 73.1% (255 of 349) in the lowest-educated mothers. At 6 months, 39.3% (405 of 1031) of highest-educated mothers and 15.2% (53 of 349) of lowest-educated mothers were still breastfeeding. Educationally related differences were present in starting breastfeeding and the continuation of breastfeeding until 2 months but not in breastfeeding continuation between 2 and 6 months. Lifestyle-related and birth characteristics attenuated the association between educational level and breastfeeding, but the association was hardly affected by sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics.CONCLUSIONS. Decisions to breastfeed were underlain by differences in educational background. The underlying pathways require further research. For the time being, interventions on promoting breastfeeding should start early in pregnancy and should increase their focus on low-educated women.
School-Based Health Centers and Obesity Prevention: Changing Practice Through Quality Improvement
Authors: Oetzel Keri Bolton , Scott Amy Anixter , McGrath Jane 
Published: May 2009

Objective
To examine whether a quality improvement initiative aimed at medical providers in school-based health centers would improve the recognition and management of pediatric obesity.

Participants and Methods.
Thirteen school-based health centers, with a total of 22 providers and 6 clinical staff, were enrolled in the study. Quality improvement measures and best medical practices for assessing and treating pediatric obesity were provided during 1 learning collaborative and 2 on-site trainings. Measures included documentation of (1) a BMI percentile, (2) a corresponding weight-category diagnosis, (3) assessing readiness to change, (4) assessing readiness to change for patients with a BMI at ≥85th percentile, and (5) addressing 4 key messages that enhance a healthy lifestyle.

Results
Results of paired-sample t tests indicate that all 5 variables significantly increased from baseline to the midpoint data collection. From midpoint to the final data collection, documentation of BMI percentile and key messages increased, although not significantly. Documentation of weight-category diagnosis and readiness to change for patients with a BMI at ≥85th percentile decreased significantly, whereas documentation of readiness to change decreased, but not significantly.

Conclusions
This study offers promising evidence that school-based health center providers trained in a quality improvement initiative demonstrate consistent improvement in implementing the guidelines for treatment of pediatric overweight. Pediatrics 2009;123:S267–S271
Consistently Inconsistent: A Snapshot of Across- and Within-State Disparities in the Prevalence of Childhood Overweight and Obesity
Authors: Bethell Christina , Read Debra , Goodman Elizabeth , Johnson Jessica , Besl John , Cooper Julie , Simpson Lisa A. 
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND. The epidemic of childhood overweight and obesity is characterized by known disparities. Less is known about how these disparities vary across and within the state in which a child lives.
OBJECTIVE. To examine the magnitude and patterns of across- and within-state differences in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity according to children's insurance type (public versus private), household income level, race (non-Hispanic black versus non-Hispanic white), and ethnicity (Hispanic versus non-Hispanic).
METHODS. State-level overweight and obesity prevalence rates for children aged 10–17 were calculated by using data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. Statistical significance of across-state variation was assessed. Disparity ratios assessed within-state equity according to children's insurance type, income, race, and ethnicity. State ranks on overall prevalence and ranks on disparity indices were correlated and regression models were fit to examine within-state consistency, state-level clustering effects and whether the effect of child characteristics varied across key population subgroups.
RESULTS. Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity varied significantly across states. A total of 31 states had a prevalence lower than the national rate of 30.6% (14 statistically significant), and 20 had higher rates (9 statistically significant). Within-state disparity indices ranged from a low of 1.0 (no disparity) to a high of 3.44 (nearly 3.5 times higher). Correlations between state ranks on overall prevalence and their ranks on disparity indices were not significant for the insurance type, income, or race disparity groups examined. A modest state-clustering effect was found. Compared with non-Hispanic white children, the effect of lower household income and lower household education level education were significantly less for non-Hispanic black and Hispanic children, who were more likely to be overweight or obese regardless of these other factors.
CONCLUSIONS. Disparities in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity vary significantly both within and across states. Patterns of variation are inconsistent within states, highlighting the need for states to undertake state- and population-specific analyses and interventions to address the epidemic.
Paying for Obesity: A Changing Landscape
Authors: Simpson Lisa A. , Cooper Julie 
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND. Coverage for obesity related services is highly variable. Despite this, health plans, purchasers, and states have mounted numerous recent initiatives.
OBJECTIVE. To identify the range of approaches being used to address coverage and reimbursement for childhood obesity services.
METHODS. Key informant interviews were conducted using a semi-structured protocol to identify the types of activities they or their organization were engaged in to address childhood obesity, to learn about private payer policies and procedures, to identify best practices, potential resources and/or other key informants. Domains addressed in the protocol included scope of the respondent's organization's activities, the rationale for supporting obesity activities, the degree to which obesity services were a covered benefit and what if any barriers or challenges were encountered in implementation, the policy climate within which the organization operates (e.g. state legislation, initiatives or task forces), and any assessment of the impact and/or cost of implementing their initiatives. The individuals interviewed represented respondents from each of the following categories: employer, health plan, and state insurance programs and conducted by phone between November 2007 and March 2008. In addition to the information gathered by the key informant interviews we conducted a search of the relevant peer review and grey literature between 2005 and 2008 and input from a national expert advisory group.
RESULTS. Significant variation, as well as recent changes, were identified in both the private and public sector. Approaches included new benefits and incentives for parents and providers. Only anecdotal evidence of impact of the recent changes was available.
CONCLUSIONS. There is important forward movement in how public and private players are addressing paying for obesity related services. Medicaid and SCHIP programs have an opportunity to provide additional leadership. Substantial investments in evaluation and research are needed to learn which approaches are most effective.
Dying to Play Video Games: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning From Electrical Generators Used After Hurricane Ike
Authors: Fife Caroline E. , Smith Latisha A. , Maus Erik A. , McCarthy James J. , Koehler Michelle Z. , Hawkins Trina , Hampson Neil B. 
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND. Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is common after major storms because of loss of electrical power and use of alternate fuel sources for heat and electricity. In past epidemics of hurricane-related CO poisoning, the source has typically been gasoline-powered electrical generators. Although it is typically believed that generators were used to power air conditioning and refrigeration, this report demonstrates an unsuspected reason for their use.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. After Hurricane Ike's landfall in September 2008, major power outages were associated with an epidemic of CO poisoning from electrical generators, as expected. Staff at Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center treated or telephone-triaged cases from the Houston area. A review of the details of those cases forms the basis of this report.
RESULTS. Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center staff treated or triaged 37 individuals exposed to CO from gasoline-powered electrical generators in 13 incidents in the first 36 hours after landfall of the hurricane. Notably, 54% (20 of 37) of the patients were under the age of 18 years. Symptoms ranged from mild to severe, with 1 child dying at the scene. Eleven patients were treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Among 9 incidents in which the reason for generator use was determined, 5 were due to generators powering video games or televisions to watch movies or programs. These 5 incidents in which video games were being powered accounted for 75% (15 of 20) of the pediatric poisonings.
CONCLUSIONS. Generator-related CO poisoning is indeed common during power outages after hurricanes. However, generators are commonly being used to provide electricity to power entertainment devices for children, such as video games. Additional public education about CO risk is needed, perhaps directed at older children and teenagers through the schools in regions susceptible to hurricanes.
The Influence of Birth Size on Intelligence in Healthy Children
Authors: Broekman Birit F. P. , Chan Yiong-Huak , Chong Yap-Seng , Quek Swee-Chye , Fung Daniel , Low Yen-Ling , Ooi Yoon-Phaik , Gluckman Peter D. , Meaney Michael J. , Wong Tien-Yin , Saw Seang-Mei 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE. Birth parameters have been hypothesized to have an influence on IQ. However, studies within the range of normal birth size have been sparse. With this study we examined the associations between birth length, birth weight, head circumference, and gestational age within the normal birth size range in relation to childhood IQ in Asian children.
METHODS. A cohort of 1979 of 2913 Asian children aged 7 to 9 years, recruited from 3 schools in Singapore, were followed yearly from 1999 onward. Birth parameters were recorded by health personnel. Childhood IQ was measured with the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices at ages 8 to 12.
RESULTS. The mean IQ score across the sample (n = 1645) was 114.2. After controlling for multiple confounders for every 1-cm increment in birth length, 1 kg in birth weight, or 1 cm in head circumference, there was a corresponding increase in IQ of 0.49 points (P for trend &lt; .001), 2.19 points (P for trend = .007) and .62 points (P for trend = .003), respectively. These associations persisted even after exclusion of premature children and children with extreme weights and head circumferences.
CONCLUSIONS. Longer birth length, higher birth weight, or larger head circumferences within the normal birth size range are associated with higher IQ scores in Asian children. Our results suggest that antenatal factors reflected in altered rates of growth but within the normative range of pregnancy experiences play a role in generating cognitive potential. This has implications for targeting early intervention and preventative programs.
The Built Environment: Designing Communities to Promote Physical Activity in Children
Authors:   Committee on Environmental Health
Published: May 2009

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-064772.
An estimated 32% of American children are overweight, and physical inactivity contributes to this high prevalence of overweight. This policy statement highlights how the built environment of a community affects children's opportunities for physical activity. Neighborhoods and communities can provide opportunities for recreational physical activity with parks and open spaces, and policies must support this capacity. Children can engage in physical activity as a part of their daily lives, such as on their travel to school. Factors such as school location have played a significant role in the decreased rates of walking to school, and changes in policy may help to increase the number of children who are able to walk to school. Environment modification that addresses risks associated with automobile traffic is likely to be conducive to more walking and biking among children. Actions that reduce parental perception and fear of crime may promote outdoor physical activity. Policies that promote more active lifestyles among children and adolescents will enable them to achieve the recommended 60 minutes of daily physical activity. By working with community partners, pediatricians can participate in establishing communities designed for activity and health.
Drinking Water From Private Wells and Risks to Children
Authors:   Committee on Environmental Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases
Published: May 2009

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed January 2013 and September 2019.
Drinking water for approximately one sixth of US households is obtained from private wells. These wells can become contaminated by pollutant chemicals or pathogenic organisms and cause illness. Although the US Environmental Protection Agency and all states offer guidance for construction, maintenance, and testing of private wells, there is little regulation. With few exceptions, well owners are responsible for their own wells. Children may also drink well water at child care or when traveling. Illness resulting from children's ingestion of contaminated water can be severe. This policy statement provides recommendations for inspection, testing, and remediation for wells providing drinking water for children.
Advanced Practice in Neonatal Nursing
Authors:   Committee on Fetus and Newborn
Published: May 2009

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed January 2014 and November 2020.
The participation of advanced practice registered nurses in neonatal care continues to be accepted and supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Recognized categories of advanced practice neonatal nursing are the neonatal clinical nurse specialist and the neonatal nurse practitioner.
Differences in phytotoxicity and dissipation between ionized and nonionized oil sands naphthenic acids in wetland plants
Authors: Armstrong Sarah A. , Headley John V. , Peru Kerry M. , Germida James J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are composed of alkyl-subst ituted acyclic and cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids and, because they are acutely toxic to fish, are of toxicological concern. During the caustic hot-water extraction of oil from the bitumen in oil sands deposits, NAs become concentrated in the resulting tailings pond water. The present study investigated if dissipation of NAs occurs in the presence of hydroponically grown emergent macrophytes (Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, and Scirpus acutus) to determine the potential for phytoremediation of these compounds. Plants were grown with oil sands NAs (pKa ∼ 5-6) in medium at pH 7.8 (predominantly ionized NAs) and pH 5.0 (predominantly nonionized NAs) to determine if, by altering their chemical form, NAs may be more accessible to plants and, thus, undergo increased dissipation. Whereas the oil sands NA mixture in its nonionized form was more toxic to wetland plants than its ionized form, neither form appeared to be sequestered by wetland plants. The present study demonstrated that plants may selectively enhance the dissipation of individual nonionized NA compounds, which contributes to toxicity reduction but does not translate into detectable total NA dissipation within experimental error and natural variation. Plants were able to reduce the toxicity of a NA system over 30 d, increasing the median lethal concentration (LC50; % of hydroponic solution) of the medium for Daphnia magna by 23.3% ± 8.1% (mean ± standard error; nonionized NAs) and 37.0% ± 2.7% (ionized NAs) as determined by acute toxicity bioassays. This reduction in toxicity was 7.3% ± 2.6% (nonionized NAs) and 45.0% ± 6.8% (ionized NAs) greater than that in unplanted systems.
Effects of Hall current on unsteady MHD flows of a second grade fluid
Authors: Ahmad Masud , Zaman Haider , Rehman Naila 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The aim of this present paper is to construct exact solutions corresponding to the motion of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid in the presence of Hall current, due to cosine and sine oscillations of a rigid plate as well as those induced by an oscillating pressure gradient. A uniform magnetic field is applied transversely to the flow. By using Fourier sine transform steady state and transient solutions are presented. These solutions satisfy the governing equations and all associated initial and boundary conditions. The results for a hydrodynamic second grade fluid can be obtained as a limiting case when B
0 → 0 and for a Newtonian fluid when α
1 → 0.
Application of 31P NMR for added polyphosphate determination in pork meat
Authors: Jastrzębska Aneta , Szłyk Edward 
Published: May 2009

AbstractApplication of 31P NMR for qualitative and quantitative determination of added phosphorus compounds in meat samples is described. Furthermore, usefulness of the proposed method for monitoring of poly- and pyrophosphates hydrolysis in meat is discussed. Calibration curves based on the 31P resonance line areas were elaborated for Na3P3O9, Na5P3O10, Na2H2P2O7, and K4P2O7 resulting in linearity (R 2 = 0.9976, 0.9953, 0.9974, and 0.9524, respectively), detection limits (DL from 0.0018 mol L−1 for Na3P3O9 to 0.0070 mol L−1 for K4P2O7), and quantification limits (QL from 0.0060 mol L−1 for Na3P3O9 to 0.0234 mol L−1 for K4P2O7). The developed procedure was applied for laboratory prepared meat samples and compared with the standard UV-VIS method. The minimal sample pretreatment, obtained within-day precision (CV ≤ 2.0 %) and accuracy (as recovery ≥ 95 %) suggest 31P NMR as an alternative method of phosphorus determination in food analysis.
Environmental Impact from River Damming for Hydroelectric Power Generation and Means of Mitigation
Authors: Rai Ash Kumar Kumar 
Published: May 2009

Nepal is rich with inland water resources and has great potential for electricity power generation. Hydropower is one of the most sustainable national income sources to increase the nation’s GNP. Relatively few water resources are under utilization, however, although some lakes in Pokhara valley and the Kulekhani storage type hydropower reservoir are successful in supporting multipurpose usage, combining electric power generation, irrigation and aquaculture. The Kaligandaki hydropower system is run of river, thus not feasible for cage fisheries; instead, it produces fingerlings of indigenous riverine fish for release into the river.
The impoundments after damming the rivers adversely impact both fish biodiversity and local fishing communities. Ecosystem change destroys feeding as well as breeding grounds, with a resultant loss of fish species. Where the movement of migratory fish up and down river is affected by hydropower development, fish hatcheries near the dam sites or fish ladders for fish movement should be considered as mitigation options. Local user groups and other stakeholders should be involved in decision-making, to keep good relations concerning peoples’ livelihoods and the sustainability of aquatic resources. River systems should be thoroughly studied jointly with concerned agencies (e.g., electricity, irrigation and fisheries authorities; and local authorities) during formulation and application stages of hydroelectric power development projects.

Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. 1, No. 2(2008) pp. 22-25
Ecological Health Risk of Buriganga River, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Ali Mohd. Yousuf , Amin Md. Nurul , Alam Khairul 
Published: May 2009

The efforts of modern civilization to create an environment to meet human aspirations have successfully resulted in constant improvements of our lifestyle, but it has increased risks to human and ecological health. This situation has motivated many scientists throughout the world to analyze the environmental factors that can affect our health or ecology and to calculate the levels of risk. In Bangladesh development activities and utilization of the river pose a great threat to the health of the existing natural environmental system, particularly for the important river Buriganga of the capital city, Dhaka, due to the pollution of the river water. A study was carried out to observe the ecological health hazards of the Buriganga river and their risk to human health. Several random samples of water were collected from different spots on the river from September to December 2006. The samples were analyzed to determine water quality and associated environmental health risks. The study revealed that the water is high in biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate (PO4 -3), ammonia, organic matters and nutrients, etc. It also revealed huge environmental health risks and possible ecological disruption of this river. Finally, the research recommends a sustainable policy framework on how the pollution could significantly be reduced by using different appropriate measures. Key words: Environmental health risk, ecological disruption, sustainable policy, water quality, Buriganga river, Bangladesh doi: 10.3126/hn.v3i0.1915 Hydro Nepal:Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 3, July 2008. Page: 25-28
Sikkim’s Initiatives in Hydropower
Authors: Dahal Milan 
Published: May 2009

Sikkim is rich in hydropower potential in spite of its small area. National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (NHPC) and other private developers are entering in hydropower sector of Sikkim. Though some of local people are in the protest of dams, the Government of Sikkim is hopeful and determines to achieve benefit largely from hydropower Keywords: Sikkim, Himalayas, hydropower, environment doi: 10.3126/hn.v3i0.1919 Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 3, July 2008. Page: 38-41