bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Hydroxy Group Activation/Carbon‐Carbon Bond Forming Sequence Using a Brønsted Base/Brønsted Acid System
Authors: Devineau Alice , Pousse Guillaume , Taillier Catherine , Blanchet Jérôme , Rouden Jacques , Dalla Vincent 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA new sequential two‐step multicatalytic strategy is presented consisting in the efficient DBU‐catalysed trichloroacetimidation of an alcohol followed by a ditriflylamine (Tf2NH)‐catalysed intermolecular alkylation by silicon‐based nucleophiles and CH nucleophiles. The distinct feature of the trichloroacetimidate group allows use of weaker acid catalysts such as 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL)‐derived phosphoric acid, pointing out the possible development of an enantioselective variant. This unprecedented sequential one‐pot Brønsted base‐Brønsted acid catalysis further expands the synthetic scope of the trichloroacetimidate group.
Preparation, characterization, and properties of crosslinked hydroxylated poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) triblock copolymer
Authors: Wu Guoliang , Zeng Songjun , Ou Encai , Yu Puren , Xiong Yuanqin , Xu Weijian 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHydroxylated poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) triblock copolymer (HO‐SBS), with crosslinked networks, was prepared using various amounts of toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The amount of TDI was 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 wt %. The effects of different contents of TDI on the microstructure, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the crosslinked networks were investigated in detail. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicates that the reaction between OH and NCO have take place, and the solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirms that the crosslinked structure has been obtained. The results of scanning electron microscopy show that the mode of fracture surfaces transmits gradually from tough fracture to brittle fracture, but the structure of microphase separation is still observed at the same time. Mechanical test indicates that crosslinking is a useful method to regulate mechanical properties of the HO‐SBS. The results of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis display that there are two glass transition temperatures, which also means that the microphase separation is still in existence. Moreover, the glass transition temperature of the polybutadiene domains shifts to higher temperature. Accordingly, the microstructure, glass transition temperature, solvent resistance, and mechanical properties of the HO‐SBS are influenced obviously by the crosslinking of TDI. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
CSTR‐based modelling for the continuous carbonation of sodium aluminate solution
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Yang Chunhua , Gui Weihua , Young Brent R. , Chen Xiao Dong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR) model has been developed for the continuous carbonation of the sodium aluminates solution (SAS) which is a key process in sintered alumina production. Based on the mechanistic analysis of the continuous carbonation, a kinetic model established at laboratory scale was scaled up to the industrial continuous carbonation of SAS. A CSTR model was formulated for the process under normal operation conditions. The remaining unknown model parameters were estimated from the industrial data and the validation results show that the model can predict the composition concentrations in the carbonated solution by 90% majority with the relative errors within ±5% compared to industrial data. The model developed will be further evaluated for on‐line prediction and control in the corresponding industrial process.Un modèle de réacteur à cuve agitée continu (RCAC) a été conçu pour la carbonation continue de la solution d'aluminate de sodium (SAS), qui est un processus essentiel à la production d'alumine frittée. Selon une analyse mécaniste de la carbonation continue, un modèle cinétique établi à l'échelle laboratoire a été adapté au processus industriel de carbonation continue de la SAS. Un modèle de RCAC a été proposé pour fonctionner dans les conditions normales d'exploitation de ce processus. Les autres paramètres inconnus du modèle ont été estimés à partir des données industrielles et les résultats de la validation ont montré que le modèle peut prévoir les concentrations de la composition de la solution de carbone dans 90 % des cas avec une marge d'erreur de ±5 % par rapport aux données industrielles. Afin d'évaluer plus en détail le modèle proposé, la prédiction et le contrôle en ligne du processus industriel correspondant seront analysés. Can. J. Chem. Eng. © 2010 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Parental divorce and disordered eating: An investigation of a gene‐environment interaction
Authors: Suisman Jessica L. , Alexandra Burt S. , McGue Matt , Iacono William G. , Klump Kelly L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjective:We investigated gene‐environment interactions (GxE) for associations between parental divorce and disordered eating (DE).Method:Participants were 1,810 female twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry and the Minnesota Twin Family Study. The Minnesota Eating Behaviors Survey was used to assess DE. We tested for GxE by comparing the heritability of DE in twins from divorced versus intact families. It was hypothesized that divorce would moderate the heritability of DE, in that heritability would be higher in twins from divorced than twins from intact families.Results:As expected, the heritability of body dissatisfaction was significantly higher in twins from divorced than intact families. However, genetic influences were equal in twins from divorced and intact families for all other forms of DE.Discussion:Although divorce did not moderate heritability of most DE symptoms, future research should replicate GxEs for body dissatisfaction and identify factors underlying this unique relationship. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
Modular Total Syntheses of Lamellarin G Trimethyl Ether and Lamellarin S
Authors: Hasse Katrin , Willis Anthony C. , Banwell Martin G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractModular total syntheses of the title compounds 2 and 3 are reported. The key pyrrolic building block 8 was prepared from the readily accessible pyrrole 6 via a di‐iodination/mono‐deiodination sequence. Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of compound 8 with boronate ester 9 afforded lactone 10. Bromination of compound 10 followed by N‐alkylation under Mitsunobu conditions afforded the fully substituted pyrrole 13 that engaged in a second Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction with boronic acid 14 to give compound 15. Hydrolysis of the ester moiety within the last compound afforded acid 16 that engaged in a decarboxylative Heck cyclization process to give lamellarin G trimethyl ether (3). A related sequence of reactions starting from building block 8 and using the isopropoxy‐substituted arenes 22, 25 and 27 has allowed for the completion of the first total synthesis of lamellarin S (2).
The role of methacrylate polymerized as porous‐layered and nanoparticle‐bound phases for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography: Substitution of a charged monomer for a bulk monomer
Authors: Chen Jian‐Lian , Lin Yi‐Chen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe bulk monomer, butyl methacrylate (BMA), was copolymerized with an ionizable monomer (mono‐(2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl) succinate (MES)) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) crosslinking to form the porous‐layered and nanoparticle‐bound stationary phases for open‐tubular CEC. Here, two new phases were synthesized to check the role of BMA on the BMA‐MES and BMA‐CNT phases and the suitability of the MES monomer for concurrently acting as a bulk monomer. One phase, MES‐EDMA, was simply composed of MES monomer and EDMA crosslinker and exhibited a phase construction of molecular layers, in contrast to the polymeric phases of BMA‐MES. Another phase studied was MES‐CNT, which SEM images showed that MES could be a good bulk monomer for a CNT‐polyacrylate composite phase with embedded CNTs. For all the modified capillaries, the EOF profiles observed in phosphate buffers between pH 3.6 and 9.6 were comparable with each other and conformed to their corresponding SEM images. The residual silanols retained their influence on the EOF profiles in the MES‐EDMA and BMA‐MES capillaries, but diminished in the CNT‐bound capillaries. In a comparison with the MES‐EDMA capillary, the BMA‐MES capillary afforded a stronger interaction with flavonoids and phenolic acids and still retained positive capacity factor values. Additionally, the capacity factors obtained from the BMA‐CNT capillary were higher than those from the MES‐CNT capillary, as the BMA‐CNT phase had hydrophobic BMA units and a high surface contact area of bound CNTs.
Influence of slip condition on the peristaltic transport in an asymmetric channel with heat transfer: An exact solution
Authors: Hayat T. , Hussain Q. , Qureshi M. Umar , Ali N. , Hendi Awatif A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe mechanism of peristaltic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow based on slip and heat transfer effects is studied in an asymmetric channel. An incompressible viscous fluid fills the porous space inside the channel. Long wavelength and zero Reynolds number approximation are used in the flow modeling. Expressions of stream function, longitudinal pressure gradient, and temperature are developed. Various interesting phenomena associated with peristalsis, such as pumping and trapping, are discussed in detail. Further the effects of various pertinent parameters on temperature field and heat transfer coefficient are explained with the help of graphs and tables. It is found that pressure rise over one wavelength decreases in pumping region for large values of slip parameter. Similar behavior is observed for temperature field by increasing the slip parameter. However, the volume of trapped bolus decreases by increasing the slip parameter. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infant‐directed media: an analysis of product information and claims
Authors: Fenstermacher Susan K. , Barr Rachel , Salerno Katherine , Garcia Amaya , Shwery Clay E. , Calvert Sandra L. , Linebarger Deborah L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractInfant DVDs typically have titles and even company names that imply some educational benefit. It is not known whether these educational claims are reflected in actual content. The present study examined this question. Of 686 claims (across 58 programs) listed on packaging, websites and promotional materials, implicit claims were most frequent (37%) followed by uncodable/vague claims (25%), a list of included content (24%), and explicit claims (14%). The most frequently targeted educational domain was general knowledge claim (32%), followed by language/literacy claim (29%), social–emotional claim (15%), physical claim (12%), and cognitive development claim (12%). Number of claims in a domain was positively associated with the percentage of scenes featuring that domain content (Mean r = 0.52), indicating a moderate degree of match between claims and DVD content. Overall, both claims and content were disproportionately targeted to language and general knowledge content areas, relative to social, physical and cognitive domains. Even when claims are developmentally appropriate, there is some difficulty in translating of producer claims into educational DVD content. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for breast cancer among young women in southern Iran
Authors: Ghiasvand Reza , Maram Esfandiar Setoudeh , Tahmasebi Sedigheh , Tabatabaee Seyed Hamid Reza 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAge standardized incidence rates of breast cancer in developed countries is nearly threefold higher than in developing countries. Iran has had one of the lowest incidence rates for breast cancer in the world, but during the last four decades increasing incidence rates of breast cancer made it the most prevalent cancer in Iranian women. After adjustment for age, Iranian young women are at relatively higher risk of breast cancer than their counterparts in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate some established risk factors of breast cancer in Iranian young women. A hospital‐based case control study comprising 521 women with histologically confirmed, incident breast cancer and 521 controls frequency‐matched by age and province of residence was conducted. Logistic regression performed to investigate associations of reproductive and anthropometric factors with breast cancer risk. In multivariate analysis, family history [odds ratio (OR): 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–2.42], oral contraceptives (OC) usage (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.11–2.08), low parity (OR parity ≥ 3 vs. 1–2: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.23–0.49), employment (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.05–3.23) and shorter period of breast feeding (OR ≥ 37 months vs. < 37: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.44–0.84) were related to a higher risk of breast cancer in young women. This was the first study focusing on risk factors of breast cancer in Iranian young women. The trend of decreasing parity and shortened duration of breast feeding along with OC usage might partly explain the rapid rising of breast cancer incidence in Iranian young women.
Early life exposure to infections and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Urayama Kevin Y. , Ma Xiaomei , Selvin Steve , Metayer Catherine , Chokkalingam Anand P. , Wiemels Joseph L. , Does Monique , Chang Jeffrey , Wong Alan , Trachtenberg Elizabeth , Buffler Patricia A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEvidence from a growing number of studies indicates that exposure to common infections early in life may be protective against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We examined the relationship between three measures of early life exposure to infections—daycare attendance, birth order and common childhood infections in infancy—with the risk of ALL in non‐Hispanic white and Hispanic children, two ethnicities that show sociodemographic differences. The analysis included 669 ALL cases (284 non‐Hispanic whites and 385 Hispanics) and 977 controls (458 non‐Hispanic whites and 519 Hispanics) ages 1–14 years enrolled in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS). When the three measures were evaluated separately, daycare attendance by the age of 6 months (odds ratio [OR] for each thousand child‐hours of exposure = 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82–1.00) and birth order (OR for having an older sibling = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50–0.92) were associated with a reduced risk of ALL among non‐Hispanic white children but not Hispanic children, whereas ear infection before age 6 months was protective in both ethnic groups. When the three measures were assessed simultaneously, the influence of daycare attendance (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73–0.94) and having an older sibling (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.43–0.83) became stronger for non‐Hispanic white children. In Hispanic children, a strong reduction in risk associated with ear infections persisted (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.25–0.79). Evidence of a protective role for infection‐related exposures early in life is supported by findings in both the non‐Hispanic white and Hispanic populations within the NCCLS.
Articular cartilage repair using an intra‐articular magnet and synovium‐derived cells
Authors: Hori Junji , Deie Masataka , Kobayashi Takaaki , Yasunaga Yuji , Kawamata Seiichi , Ochi Mitsuo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the chondrogenic potential of magnetically labeled synovium‐derived cells (M‐SDCs) and examine whether M‐SDCs could repair the articular cartilage using an intra‐articular magnet after delivery to the lesion. Synovium‐derived cells (SDCs) were cultured from the synovium of a rat knee, and were magnetically labeled with ferumoxides. M‐SDCs were examined with a transmission electron microscope. A pellet culture system was used to evaluate the chondrogenic potential of M‐SDCs in a magnetic field. In a rat model, allogeneic M‐SDCs were injected into the knee after we made an osteochondral defect on the patellar groove and implanted an intra‐articular magnet at the bottom of the defect. We histologically examined the defects at 48 h, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after treatment. Electron microscopy showed the transfection of ferumoxides into SDCs. The pellet cultures revealed the chondrogenic potential of M‐SDCs in a magnetic field. M‐SDCs accumulated in the osteochondral defect at 48 h after treatment, and we confirmed the regeneration of the articular cartilage at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after treatment using an intra‐articular magnet. We demonstrated that articular cartilage defects could be repaired using an intra‐articular magnet and M‐SDCs. We believe that this system will be useful to repair human articular cartilage defects. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:531–538, 2011
Substandard models of finite set theory
Authors: Kirby Laurence 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA survey of the isomorphic submodels of Vω, the set of hereditarily finite sets. In the usual language of set theory, Vω has 2ℵ0 isomorphic submodels. But other set‐theoretic languages give different systems of submodels. For example, the language of adjunction allows only countably many isomorphic submodels of Vω (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bound biexciton luminescence in nitrogen δ‐doped GaAs
Authors: Harada Yukihiro , Kojima Osamu , Kita Takashi , Wada Osamu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe have studied the detailed fine structure splitting of the photoluminescence lines exhibiting the superlinear excitation power dependence in nitrogen δ‐doped GaAs. The symmetric splitting energy observed between the 1.493 and 1.509 eV lines suggests that these two lines originate from the same impurity center because the mixing of the bright‐ and dark‐exciton components depends on the electron‐hole exchange energy and the local‐strain field. The excitation power dependence of these two lines indicates that the 1.509 eV line is attributed to the biexciton luminescence corresponding to the 1.493 eV line.
Geographic accessibility to obstetric care and maternal mortality in a large metropolitan area of Brazil
Authors: Simões Patrícia P. , Almeida Renan M.V.R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess maternal mortality and its association with accessibility to obstetric care in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.MethodsMaternal mortality was assessed from 2 national databases, one administrative and the other designed for epidemiologic purposes. Distances traveled from residence to hospital via the transit network were calculated using a specialized information system. Deaths were grouped by area of residence, and maternal mortality ratios (number of deaths per 100,000 live births) as well as death incidence ratios (deaths/live births in 2 regions or hospital types) were calculated for these areas.ResultsWe identified 236 deaths and estimated under‐reporting at 30%. The most common causes of death were hypertension‐related disorders, “other obstetric conditions,” and complications from abortion; the longest traveled distance was 66.43 km (mean, 13.65 km); and maternal mortality ratios varied between 25.54% and 56.45%, the highest values being for areas with the lowest municipal human development index. The highest death incidence ratios were found at general hospitals without specialized obstetric care.ConclusionMaternal mortality is still a serious problem in the studied region. The wide variations among areas of different socioeconomic conditions suggest the need for a better allocation of health care resources.
Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their newborns as seen at a tertiary‐care center in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Karim Saadiya A. , Nusrat Uzma , Aziz Sina 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women in Karachi, Pakistan; correlate maternal and cord blood vitamin D deficiency; and assess possible predictors of vitamin D deficiency.MethodsThis observational, analytical, cross‐sectional study was conducted with 50 consecutive women in labor presenting with a singleton term pregnancy at a large tertiary center in Karachi. Data were recorded on a special form, maternal blood was taken before delivery and cord blood was taken at delivery. All blood samples were analyzed for 25‐hydroxy vitamin D levels. Comparisons were made using the Χ2 test.ResultsThe mean vitamin D levels were 24 ng/mL for the participants and 20 ng/mL for the newborns. Vitamin D sufficiency was noted in 11 (22%), insufficiency in 16 (32%), and deficiency in 23 (46%) of the 50 participants whereas sufficiency and deficiency, respectively, were noted in 6 (12%) and 44 (88%) of the newborns. There was a positive correlation between the vitamin D levels in maternal and cord blood (r = 0.03; P < 0.003). Maternal vitamin D levels were significantly affected by sunlight exposure (P < 0.007) and quality of diet P < 0.01).ConclusionVitamin D deficiency is high among pregnant urban Pakistani women and their newborns. This public health problem needs urgent attention.
Older Adults Expend More Listening Effort Than Young Adults Recognizing Speech in Noise
Authors: Anderson Gosselin Penny , Gagné Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2010

PurposeListening in noisy situations is a challenging experience for many older adults. The authors hypothesized that older adults exert more listening effort compared with young adults. Listening effort involves the attention and cognitive resources required to understand speech. The purpose was (a) to quantify the amount of listening effort that young and older adults expend when they listen to speech in noise and (b) to examine the relationship between self-reported listening effort and objective measures.MethodA dual-task paradigm was used to objectively evaluate the listening effort of 25 young and 25 older adults. The primary task involved a closed-set sentence-recognition test, and the secondary task involved a vibrotactile pattern recognition test. Participants performed each task separately and concurrently under 2 experimental conditions: (a) when the level of noise was the same and (b) when baseline word recognition performance did not differ between groups.ResultsOlder adults expended more listening effort than young adults under both experimental conditions. Subjective estimates of listening effort did not correlate with any of the objective dual-task measures.ConclusionsOlder adults require more processing resources to understand speech in noise. Dual-task measures and subjective ratings tap different aspects of listening effort.