bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoustic noise levels during magnetic resonance imaging scanning at 1.5 T
Authors: McJury M , Blug A , Joerger C , Condon B , Wyper D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Although much has been published concerning the various safety risks associated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, little mention is made of the acoustic noise generated during scanning. The existing data are now out of date with regard to currently used imaging protocols and technology. Out of concern for patient safety, measurements were made of the acoustic noise generated during various scan protocols on a high field (1.5 T) Siemens MR imager. These data were compared with published data. The data show that for certain protocols, the exposure to acoustic noise falls outside safety guidelines unless ear protection is used.
Uptake of 99Tcm methyl diphosphonate in goserelin implant
Authors: Buscombe J R , Oliver D J , Jenkins D G 
Published: July 2009

We would like to report a new cause of soft tissue uptake on a bone scintigraph which has not been previously reported [1].
Standard 99m1 methyl diphosphonate (MDP) bone scintigraphy was performed in a 50-year-old female patient with carcinoma of the breast and known spinal metastases.
Radiological insertion of an implantable drug delivery system
Authors: Lopez A J , Sidhu P S , Dutka D , Cousins C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A fully implantable drug delivery system has been shown to overcome many of the problems of long-term venous access. Traditionally these have required surgical implantation but we describe a simple, cost-effective and successful technique for the percutaneous insertion of an implantable vascular device (Vascuport,Ohmeda) in the angiography suite under local anaesthesia. It was successful in all 19 patients in whom it was attempted, with only one minor complication. We recommend that the procedure should be performed inX-ray departments using screening and conventional guidewire techniques.
The measurement of mammographic room protection
Authors: Johnson C H , Walker A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Owing to the inherent design of mammographic X-ray tubes, transmission measurements through the surrounding protective barriers are difficult to obtain using the primary beam. An alternative method has been developed which employs an iodine-125 source. Transmission measurements were obtained through common building materials using both the iodine-125 source and a mammographic X-ray beam generated at 35 kVp. Measurements were converted into an aluminium equivalence, from which correction factors were calculated to convert the aluminium equivalence determined using iodine-125 to the true aluminium equivalence. Average correction factors for samples of glass, chipboard and plasterboard were 1.10, 0.75, and 0.85, respectively.
The selection of age groupings for the results of radiation dose surveys in paediatric radiology
Authors: Chapple C-L , Faulkner K , Lee R E J , Hunter E W 
Published: July 2009

We are pleased to note that our recent papers in this journal [1,2] have stimulated a discussion on the subject of paediatric radiation dosimetry. We wish to make a number of comments and observations in response to Gallacher and Baldock's letter.
We initiated a survey of patient doses in paediatric radiology during 1989 because of our interest in this subject and also as at that time there were few published surveys to refer to for information. As Gallacher and Baldock have pointed out in their letter, patient size is one of the main influences on radiation doses received by paediatric patients.
Comparative study of dose values and image quality in mammography in the area of Madrid
Authors: Morán P , Chevalier M , Vañó E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Dose values and image quality in mammography resulting from a study carried out in the area of Madrid during 1990–1991 are presented in a two-part sequence. In this paper are reported the values of air kerma and mean glandular dose per film estimated at 14 centres by means of the Leeds TOR(MAX) mammographic phantom and from patient samples. The results obtained from patient measurements allow us to deduce that the TOR(MAX) phantom assembly used (4.5 cm thick) is equivalent to an average 5 cm thick compressed breast from the population in the area of Madrid. Approximately 75% of the air kerma values resulting from phantom estimations are below 6.6 and 12.2 mGy for X-ray units with and without grid, respectively. The mean glandular doses per film for 75% of the units with and without grid are below 1.5 and 1.7 mGy, respectively. The results showed that the higher values of both air kerma and mean glandular dose obtained for the units without grid result from the use of slow speed recording systems. On the other hand, the quality control programme carried out shows important faults in the performance of the X-ray units which have an important impact on both dose and image quality. Finally, the third quartile values of the air kerma and mean glandular dose per film (10.4 and 1.7 mGy, respectively), deduced by considering all the units (with and without grid), are proposed to be the reference values of the mammographic examinations during the aforementioned period. In a second paper, the image quality is analysed by using the same Leeds TOR(MAX) phantom. Results for each test object included in the phantom are discussed as a function of the X-ray unit characteristics. Subsequently, the phantom images obtained with each X-ray system are scored and the resulting values are compared with the corresponding dose values, so that the dose–image quality relationship for each unit is obtained.
A technique for measuring the surface area of articular cartilage in acetabular fractures
Authors: Hughes S W , Brueton R N 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a reliable technique for measuring the area of a curved surface from an axial computed tomography (CT) scan and to apply this clinically in the measurement of articular cartilage surface area in acetabular fractures. The method used was a triangulation algorithm. In order to determine the accuracy of the technique, areas of hemispheres of known size were measured to give the percentage error in area measurement. Seven such hemispheres were machined into a Perspex block and their area measured geometrically, and also from CT scans by means of the triangulation algorithm. Scans of 1, 2 and 4 mm slice thickness and separation were used. The error varied with slice thickness and hemisphere diameter. It was shown that the 2 mm slice thickness provides the most accurate area measurement, while 1 mm cuts overestimate and 4 mm cuts underestimate the area. For a hemisphere diameter of 5 cm, which is of similar size to the acetabulum, the error was –11.2% for 4 mm cuts, +4.2% for 2 mm cuts and + 5.1% for 1 mm cuts. As expected, area measurement was more accurate for larger hemispheres. This method can be applied clinically to quantify acetabular fractures by measuring the percentage area of intact articular cartilage. In the case of both column fractures, the percentage area of secondary congruence can be determined. This technique of quantifying acetabular fractures has a potential clinical application as a prognostic factor and an indication for surgery in the long term.
Factors affecting eye dose during cardiac catheterizations
Authors: Goldstone K E , Dendy P P 
Published: July 2009

It is never appropriate to advise against the legitimate pursuit of safety but it is occasionally necessary to point out possible pitfalls.
Pratt and Shaw [1] give a thought provoking analysis of factors affecting the dose to the lens of the eye during cardiac catheterization. However, before readers jump to too many conclusions over the risks of eye doses during such procedures and the apparently large variation between operators and centres, they should note an important feature of the way in which the “doses” in Table I in that paper are presented.
Comparison of technetium-99m nanocolloid and indium-111 leucocytes in the diagnosis of orthopaedic infections
Authors: Stewart I E T , Chan K W , Metreweli C 
Published: July 2009

The study by Ooi and Finlay [1] contains a number of errors that raise serious doubts as to the conclusion they reached.
99Tcm nanocolloid is taken up in the marrow as well as the liver and spleen. Diagnostic images should have a good marrow to soft tissue ratio with little soft tissue activity.
Retroperitoneal varices mimicking a mass: diagnosis on colour Doppler
Authors: Kedar R P , Cosgrove D O 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Retroperitoneal varices may occasionally resemble retroperitoneal masses on computed tomography and B-mode ultrasound. Biopsy could be disastrous in this situation and angiography has previously been required to establish the diagnosis in suspected cases. This unusual problem can nowadays be readily diagnosed by colour Doppler. We report a case in which retroperitoneal varices were initially misinterpreted on B-mode ultrasound as retroperitoneal masses, but colour Doppler established the diagnosis without the need for further investigations.
Book reviews
Authors: Wells P N T 
Published: July 2009

When a book goes into its fourth edition, it is reasonable to conclude that the author has a winning formula. This is certainly true for Fred Kremkau's Diagnostic Ultrasound.
The text is exceptionally well matched not only to its title but also to the needs of its intended readers. The subject of diagnostic ultrasound is taken to mean cross-sectional anatomical and flow imaging using pusle-echo techniques. The intended readers are sonographers (typically radiographers), vascular technologists and sonologists (including radiologists) who need a basic knowledge of the physical principles and instrumentation of diagnostic sonography.
Book reviews
Authors: Banerjee A K 
Published: July 2009

This is the third edition of the well known text on emergency medicine radiology originally published in 1975.
The text is divided into 16 chapters; one each devoted to the skull, the face and the spine; nine devoted to the extremities; one to the chest; one to the abdomen and, finally, chapters on emergencies routinely seen in thecasualty department.
The radiographic appearances of the larynx on the chest radiograph
Authors: Wittram C , Kenny J B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
100 chest radiographs were reviewed for the normal variable appearances of the larynx. Five radiographs were underexposed and on the remaining 95, contrast between air and soft tissue was identifiable. On 55 radiographs the glottis could be identified, of which 46 had both, eight had none and one had one pyriform recess filled with air. 40 chest radiographs were below the level of the glottis, 34 of which had a convergent appearance of the subglottic region and six had a parallel appearance of the tracheal walls. Appreciation of the variable appearances of the larynx on chest radiography is important before attempting to diagnose laryngeal disease, where practicable standard laryngeal views are recommended.
Limb blood flow measurement in technically successful balloon angioplasty
Authors: Thorley P J , Sheard K L , Sivananthan U M , REES M R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An isotope limb blood flow technique was used to assess the outcome of technically successful balloon angioplasty. Measurements were made on a total of 120 limbs, before angioplasty and at least once after angioplasty at 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and 2–5 years. 67% of treated limbs showed a significant improvement in limb blood flow at 3 weeks. At 12 months following angioplasty 43% of limbs still showed an improvement in blood flow compared with the measurement made before angioplasty. However, a number of these limbs showed a significant fall in limb blood flow between 3 weeks and 12 months even though the 3 week and the 12 month flow figures were still greater than those before angioplasty. The degree of initial improvement in blood flow seen at 3 weeks persisted at 12 months after angioplasty without significant fall in only 30% of limbs. In 33% of limbs where the balloon angioplasty was technically successful there was no improvement in blood flow at 3 weeks. 80% of these limbs had further significant untreated disease angiographically, compared with 43% of limbs where there was an increase in limb blood flow.
The influence of radiotherapy treatment time on the control of laryngeal cancer: a direct analysis of data from two British Institute of Radiology trials to calculate the lag period and the time factor
Authors: Roberts S A , Hendry J H , Brewster A E , Slevin N J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This study analyses node-negative laryngeal tumour control data from two clinical trials conducted by the British Institute of Radiology in order to determine the time factors and the presence or absence of a lag period before the time factor takes effect. A direct maximum likelihood approach is used to fit a doublelogarithmic model inlcuding a repopulation term which commences after an initial lag period, T k. The analysis yields a time factor of 0.8 Gy per day (95% confidence interval 0.5–1.1 Gy per day) as the extra dose required to counteract the reduction in tumour control probability (TCP) with extension of the treatment time. The latter reduction amounted to between 5 and 12% TCP per week, depending on the stage and time period. With this dataset, where few patients were treated for short times, no statistically significant lag phase can be demonstrated. However, the best estimate of T k is 21 days (95% confidence interval 0–27 days), which is consistent with estimates from other studies on other datasets. If a lag phase exists, this study would indicate that the duration is less than 27 days. Other studies have used retrospective data and are subject to a number of potential biases. The present study, using data from multicentre prospective randomized clinical trials, is free from some of these sources of bias. The fact that very similar estimates of the radiobiological parameters are obtained lends credence to these other studies and suggests that the potential biases may be small in practice.
Prolonged contrast enhancement of the inner ear on magnetic resonance imaging in Ramsay Hunt syndrome
Authors: Downie A C , Howlett D C , Koefman R J , Banerjee A K , Tonge K A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
There have been recent reports of enhancement of the inner ear in acute labyrinthitis on gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, none has described persistence of enhancement beyond 6 weeks. We report a case of Ramsay Hunt syndrome with labyrinthitis, sensorineural hearing loss and facial nerve palsy in which marked enhancement of the inner ear structures was observed on MRI 6 months after the onset of symptoms. Enhancement on delayed or repeated imaging after a period of months does not exclude labyrinthitis from the differential diagnosis of the small intracanalicular acoustic neuroma, and care should be taken not to confuse them.
Venous uptake of 99Tcm-MIBI during resting cardiac imaging: incidence and the effect of using a flush
Authors: Bearcroft P , Wraight E P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
99Tcm-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (99Tcm-MIBI) is taken up by the vein through which it is injected in some individuals. We prospectively analysed technical and clinical factors that may be associated with this uptake. Imaging was performed over 1 h after injection so excluding a blood pool effect. The frequency of uptake could be reduced from 25.9% to 4.2% by using a 20 ml saline flush (p &lt; 0.05). Other factors appeared irrelevant. The presence of venous uptake did not affect myocardial counting statistics but, if unrecognized, it could cause confusion in studies of the neck or chest that use 99Tcm-MIBI.
Measurements of the frequency distribution of optical density in screening mammography
Authors: Kotre C J , Robson K J , Faulkner K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A method for obtaining histograms of the frequency of occurrence of optical densities in mammograms has been implemented. Averaged optical density distributions were produced for approximately 50 screening mammograms at each of two centres using different film–screen and processing chemistry combinations. Additional measurements were made on films of two commercially available anthropomorphic breast phantoms. The results show that screening mammograms, on average, exhibit a strongly peaked optical density distribution which corresponds closely to the target optical density measured using the current recommended test protocol for automatic exposure control devices.
A study of the relationship between patient dose and size in paediatric radiology
Authors: Martin C J , Farquhar B , Stockdale E , Macdonald S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Entrance doses and dose–area products have been measured for paediatric X-ray examinations in a dedicated paediatric department. Dose–area products for barium meal and micturating cystourethrogram examinations involving fluoroscopy were substantially less than results from other studies. A number of factors contribute to this, including a high gain image intensifier used without a grid, shorter screening times, smaller numbers of films, exclusive use of a 100 mm camera and careful collimation of the X-ray field. Entrance air kerma has been measured for pelvis, abdomen, chest and skull radiographs. The relationship between dosimetric quantities and an equivalent patient diameter derived from data on patient height and weight has been studied. The results show a linear relationship between the logarithm of entrance air kerma and equivalent patient diameter for radiographic examinations performed on a single X-ray unit. Application of exponential correction factors could allow entrance doses for radiographs of children of different ages to be compared with appropriate reference doses.
A comparison of computed tomography practice in 1989 and 1991
Authors: Crawley M T , Rogers A T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In December 1991, the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) published the results of national surveys of the frequency, quality assurance and dosimetric aspects of computed tomography (CT) examinations carried out in hospitals in the UK in 1989. A study of the patient records at two of the original participating hospitals was undertaken to establish whether there had been any change in CT practice between the years 1989 and 1991. Aspects of examination frequency, age distribution and dose were analysed. The results showed significant variations in the patient age distributions between the sub-population studied and the larger sample used by the NRPB, and between the patient age distribution for CT examinations in the years 1989 and 1991 at the two hospitals in this study. The results also showed that in one hospital, where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was available and where dose reduction measures had been implemented, there was a net decrease in the collective effective dose from 1989 to 1991, whilst at the other hospital, where MRI was not available and where the introduction of dose saving strategies had been delayed, there was a substantial increase in the collective effective dose from 1989 to 1991. The possibility of continuing increases in the annual collective effective dose attributable to CT underlines the importance of local CT audit to ensure that CT doses are as low as reasonably achievable.
Definitive therapy for prostate carcinoma: Mayo Clinic results at 15 years after treatment
Authors: Swanson G P , Cupps R E , Utz D C , Ilstrup D M , Zincke H , Myers R P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Data on long-term follow-up for definitive therapy of prostate cancer are limited, especially for radiation therapy. Either surgery or radiation was used in 322 patients for treatment with curative intent, and follow-up was for a minimum of 15 years. Overall survival was nearly identical to that in an age-matched cohort. 5-, 10-, and 15-year recurrence-free survival rates were 77%, 63% and 53%, respectively. Grade and stage were significant prognostic factors for both recurrence and survival. More than 60% of the initial failures were local, and more than 25% of the failures occurred after 10 years. Radiation therapy was used in 137 patients with clinically staged disease. Radical retropubic prostatectomy and perineal prostatectomy were performed in 133 and 44 patients, respectively. In this group, pathological staging was used. Survival rates for surgically treated patients were better than those in the cohort population. In conclusion, overall long-term follow-up demonstrates that definitive treatment does not have an adverse effect on survival from prostate cancer. Local recurrence is a frequent cause of failure. Caution must be used in interpreting any prostate study with less than 10 years of follow-up, because 25% to 50% of the failures occur after that time.
A case of solitary Peutz-Jegher's hamartoma in the small bowel with angiographic evaluation
Authors: Hanna R M , Dahniya M H , Seddiq M A , Kamel H 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A case of a solitary small bowel Peutz–Jegher's hamartoma in which angiography revealed the lesion to be vascular is presented. The findings suggest that not all Peutz–Jegher's hamartomas are hypovascular as previously reported and that this type of polyp may mimic other vascular lesions such as haemangiomas and leiomyomas.
Magnetic resonance imaging in Lhermitte-Duclos disease
Authors: Grand S , Pasquier B , LE Bas J F , Chirossel J P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A case of Lhermitte–Duclos disease is reported. Characterized by architectural disruption of the cerebellar folia with disorganization of the normal three layers, the lesion is easily identified using magnetic resonance imaging.
A proposed figure of merit for the assessment of unscheduled treatment interruptions
Authors: Dale R G , Sinclair J A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
There are, as yet, no standard radiobiological methods for devising compensation for unscheduled interruptions to fractionated radiotherapy. For the foreseeable future it is likely that the concept of biologically effective dose (BED) will play an important role in the intercomparison of treatment regimes, and in the examination of the options available for dealing with unscheduled treatment interruptions. However, comparison of the BEDs associated with different treatment options does not provide an intuitively obvious indication of the magnitude of any associated differences in biological effect—an important consideration in the case of those treatments which are designed to deliver near-tolerance doses. This article reviews the implications which derive from this complication, and discusses the desirable properties of possible “one-number” treatment scoring systems which could utilize the BEDs of both the tumour and the critical normal tissue. One possible form of such a scoring parameter is suggested, and applied to some clinical examples. No special “robustness” is claimed for the proposed scoring system, but the method nevertheless allows the ranking of treatment options such that the least satisfactory may be identified and rejected.