bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the effectiveness of alternative cadres in community based rehabilitation
Authors: Mannan Hasheem , Boostrom Camille , MacLachlan Malcolm , McAuliffe Eilish , Khasnabis Chapal , Gupta Neeru 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aim to improve population health and the quality and dignity of people’s lives, but their achievement is constrained by the crisis in human resources for health. An important potential contribution towards achieving the MDGs for persons with disabilities will be the newly developed Guidelines for Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR), launched in 2010. Given the global shortage of medical and nursing personnel and highly skilled rehabilitation practitioners, effective implementation of the CBR guidelines will require additional health workers, with improved distribution and a new skill set, allowing them to work across the health, education, livelihoods, social, and development sectors.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to evaluate existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of alternative cadres working in CBR in low and middle income countries. We searched the following databases: PUBMED, LILACS, SCIE, ISMEAR, WHOLIS, AFRICAN MED IND. We also searched the online archive of the Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal (available from 2002 to 2010), which was not covered by any of the other databases. There was no limit set on inclusion with regard to how recent a publication was in the general search.ResultsThe search yielded 235 abstracts, only 6 of which addressed CBR through some type of evaluative component. Three of the studies explored the effects of CBR interventions, mainly related to physical disabilities, while three explored issues concerned with the work performance of rehabilitation workers. Altogether the studies covered four different countries.ConclusionAll six studies related to specific service delivery in local contexts, using outcome measures that were not comparable across studies. We do not, therefore, feel that the current results provide adequate methodology or evidence for reliably generalizing their results. Due to the dearth of evidence regarding the effectiveness of alternative cadres in CBR, systematic research is needed on the training, performance and impacts of rehabilitation workers, including their capability of working across sectors and engaging with and making use of health systems research.
Application of a case–control study design to investigate genotypic signatures of HIV-1 transmission
Authors: Mota Talia M , Murray John M , Center Rob J , Purcell Damian F J , McCaw James M 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Background
The characterization of HIV-1 transmission strains may inform the design of an effective vaccine. Shorter variable loops with fewer predicted glycosites have been suggested as signatures enriched in envelope sequences derived during acute HIV-1 infection. Specifically, a transmission-linked lack of glycosites within the V1 and V2 loops of gp120 provides greater access to an α4β7 binding motif, which promotes the establishment of infection. Also, a histidine at position 12 in the leader sequence of Env has been described as a transmission signature that is selected against during chronic infection. The purpose of this study is to measure the association of the presence of an α4β7 binding motif, the number of N-linked glycosites, the length of the variable loops, and the prevalence of histidine at position 12 with HIV-1 transmission. A case–control study design was used to measure the prevalence of these variables between subtype B and C transmission sequences and frequency-matched randomly-selected sequences derived from chronically infected controls.

Results
Subtype B transmission strains had shorter V3 regions than chronic strains (p = 0.031); subtype C transmission strains had shorter V1 loops than chronic strains (p = 0.047); subtype B transmission strains had more V3 loop glycosites (p = 0.024) than chronic strains. Further investigation showed that these statistically significant results were unlikely to be biologically meaningful. Also, there was no difference observed in the prevalence of a histidine at position 12 among transmission strains and controls of either subtype.

Conclusions
Although a genetic bottleneck is observed after HIV-1 transmission, our results indicate that summary characteristics of Env hypothesised to be important in transmission are not divergent between transmission and chronic strains of either subtype. The success of a transmission strain to initiate infection may be a random event from the divergent pool of donor viral sequences. The characteristics explored through this study are important, but may not function as genotypic signatures of transmission as previously described.
Gait analysis in clinically healthy sheep from three different age groups using a pressure-sensitive walkway
Authors: Agostinho Felipe S , Rahal Sheila C , Araújo Fábio A P , Conceição Renato T , Hussni Carlos A , El-Warrak Alexander O , Monteiro Frederico O B 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding normal gait requires allowing for variations in normal patterns by the sex, age, and species in question. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate kinetic and temporospatial parameters in clinically healthy sheep from three different age groups with a pressure-sensing walkway. The sheep were judged to be healthy based on the results of complete physical and orthopaedic examinations and had no history of lameness. Twenty-one clinically healthy female Santa Ines sheep were divided into three groups: G1 – seven animals, aged from 8 to 12 months and weighing 19.5-33 kg; G2 - seven individuals, aged from 2 to 4 years and weighing 26.5-42 kg; and G3 - seven sheep, aged more than 5 years and weighing 37.3-45 kg. The animals were examined from two directions: first on the left side and then on the right side of the handler. The data from the first five valid trials in each direction were collected for each sheep and analysed using the designated software. A trial was considered valid if the sheep walked within the correct velocity (1.1-1.3 m/s) and acceleration (from −0.15 to 0.15 m/s2) ranges. The peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), gait cycle time, stance time, swing time, stride length, and the percentage body weight distribution among the four limbs were determined.ResultsNo significant differences were observed, in either the forelimbs or the hind limbs, between the left and right sides or between the two directions for any of the variables. No significant temporospatial differences were found among the groups. Significant PVF (%BW) differences were observed in the forelimbs (G1 > G3) and hind limbs (G1 > G3), and significant VI differences were observed in the forelimbs (G1 > G3).ConclusionsYoung healthy sheep differ from older sheep in the vertical forces they create when walking at the same velocity on a pressure-sensing walkway.
Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of Theileria annulata in cattle
Authors: Ros-García Amaia , Nicolás Antoni , García-Pérez Ana L , Juste Ramón A , Hurtado Ana 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Background
The tick-borne apicomplexan bovine parasite Theileria annulata is endemic in many tropical and temperate areas, including Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Real-time PCR is widely used for the detection of piroplasms but quantification is not commonly considered.

Results
We developed a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection and quantification of T. annulata that included an internal amplification control (IAC) to monitor for the presence of potential inhibitors. Specificity, sensitivity, precision, linear range and PCR efficiency were calculated and different methods for transformation of quantification cycle (Cq) values into quantities (Q) were evaluated. The assay was able to detect (100% probability) and quantify (linear response) 100 gene copies, and clinical sensitivity was set at 10 T. annulata per μl of blood. The assay was then validated on 141 bovine blood samples analyzed in parallel by a Luminex® suspension array, showing the utility of the qPCR assay developed here for the detection and quantification of the parasite in field conditions. Once validated it was used to monitor T. annulata parasitaemia throughout a year in 8 carrier animals from a farm in Minorca.

Conclusions
The developed qPCR assay offers a reliable and simple way to quantify T. annulata infection loads, which could prove crucial in studying the role of carrier animals as a source of the infection, or assessing the efficacy of treatment and control measures.
REVIEWS
Authors: Brabandt Petra Van , Kaufman Cathy , Frost Warwick , Laing Jennifer 
Published: August 2012

ENLIGHTENMENT HOSPITALITY. CANNIBALS, HAREMS AND ADOPTION, JUDITH STILL (2011) Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 310 pp., ISBN: 978 0 7294 1010 6, p/bk, £60.00
SETTING THETABLE FOR JULIA CHILD: GOURMET DINING IN AMERICA, 1934–1961, DAVID STRAUSS (2011) Baltimore, MD: John
Hopkins University Press, 352 pp., ISBN: 9780801897733, h/bk, $45
ROYAL TASTE: FOOD, POWER AND SATUS AT THE EUROPEAN COURTS AFTER 1789, DANIËLLE DE VOOGHT (ED.) (2011) Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate, 246 pp., e-book, ISBN: 978-0-7546-6837-4; 978-0-7546-9478-6, h/bk, £65.00
Fifty years of Radiochimica Acta: a brief overview
Authors: Qaim S. M. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
This paper provides a brief account of the development of this journal over the last fifty years. Having started in 1962 as a modest outlet for reporting research results in radiochemistry, Radiochimica Acta soon became a respected specialist journal. There has been long-term continuity both in editorial activity and publishing management, resulting in welldefined publishing policies. Starting with the Founding Editors, the Board of Editors was changed only in 1977 and 1996. Similarly the original Publisher, Akademischer Verlag, published the journal until 1983. Since then OldenbourgWissenschaftsverlag has been managing the publication process. The journal has been broad-based, encompassing all chemical aspects of nuclear science and technology. It has played a significant role in the dissemination of new knowledge, occasionally by bringing forth special issues in fast emerging areas. It has kept pace with the changing trends in worldwide radiochemical research. Whereas by about the middle of 1980s all areas of radiochemistry were equally represented, today the emphasis is more on applied topics, such as chemical behaviour and mobility of actinides and fission products, accelerator-based radiochemistry, medical applications of radioactivity, etc. The number of published scientific contributions to date amounts to about 5100, covering about 30 000 printed pages. The total number of authors is around 7000. The journal follows a strict peer-review system and is supported by a network of about 400 referees. About 200 manuscripts are received per year, out of which 30-35% are rejected. The impact factor (IF) of the journal is almost the highest among the radiochemistry related journals, and the cited half-life (CHL) among the highest of all chemistry and physics oriented journals. In short, today Radiochimica Acta is a well established, internationally recognised periodical. Presently, approximately 50 percent of the published contributions originate from Europe, 25 percent fromNorth- and South America and the remaining 25 percent from Asia, Australia and Africa together. All articles are published in English, and the journal is available to readership both on-line and in printed form.
The Szilard–Chalmers effect in macrocyclic ligands to increase the specific activity of reactor-produced radiolanthanides: Experiments and explanations
Authors: Zhernosekov K.P. , Filosofov D.V. , Rösch F. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Successful utilization of medical isotopes in the radiolabeling reactions to a significant degree depends on the technically achievable specific activity. In this respect, the Szilard-Chalmers effect is considered in detail as a radiochemical tool to increase the specific activity of radionuclides produced by direct nuclear reactions. In the present study, a physico-chemical model is described utilizing the specific aspects of thermodynamically and kinetically stabilised metal-ligand complexes. The approach is applied as a proofof- principle study to increase the specific activity of 166Ho, produced via the (n, γ) nuclear reaction. As a target material, 165Ho-DOTA is used. In this case, 166Ho, the product nucleus of the neutron capture reaction, is obtained chemically as non-complexed cationic 166HoIII species in situ. Consequently, it can effectively and quantitatively be separated from the inactive 165Ho-DOTA target material by means of fast and simple chromatographic, column-based methods.
We were able to verify the physico-chemical model by the experimentally obtained data. For the first time we quantitatively describe the interaction of the ligand-framework of the target material (e.g. the Ho-DOTA complex) with the radiation field of the nuclear reactor. The analysis of the experimental data allows to assume that radionuclides with half-lives of T1/2 < 64 h can be produced at a TRIGA II nuclear reactor via the Szilard-Chalmers effect with specific activities higher than in the case of direct irradiation of common target materials such as oxides.
Variation of the Photocurrent Spectra due to Energy Dependent Hole Mobility in Organic Bulk Hetero-junction Solar Cells
Authors: Abeyweera Buddika K. , Alphenaar Bruce W. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTA comparison of the photocurrent spectra of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells of various thicknesses is presented. Increasing the thickness of the active layer in both MDMO-PPV /PCBM and P3HT/PCBM solar cells reduces the magnitude of the photocurrent due to the low mobility of the photogenerated holes. Measurements show that the photocurrent reduction is predominately due to a loss in carriers generated at the polymer absorption maximum, while the low energy response is relatively unaffected. In a thick enough sample, the low energy response (1.5-2 eV) dominates, and a photocurrent peak is no longer observed at the main absorption maximum (2.6 eV). The results imply that hole transport is blocked for carriers generated in the polymer at higher energy. Because these holes are generated at the absorption maximum their low mobility could be a major factor limiting solar cell efficiency.
Fluorene-Type Polymer Photodetectors Doped with Iridium and Platinum Complexes as Opto-Electrical Conversion Devices
Authors: Kajii Hirotake , Ohmori Hiroki , Sato Yusuke , Katsura Akihiro , Ohmori Yutaka 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTTo improve the conversion efficiency of polymer photodetectors (PDs) fabricated by solution process, the properties of fluorene-type polymer photodetectors doped with iridium (Ir) and platinum (Pt) complexes were investigated. The devices based on poly(dioctylfluorene) and poly(dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) had violet and blue sensitivity, respectively. Triplet materials can enhance the incident-photon-to-current conversion efficiency of the devices utilizing the fluorene-type polymers when their triplet levels are lower than the lowest excited singlet states of the host and higher than the lowest excited triplet states of the host. The transmission of a moving picture was successfully demonstrated using the bilayer F8BT device with green Ir complex as an opto-electrical conversion device. We demonstrate that the polymer PDs fabricated by solution process can be applied to short-range optical communication fields, such as opto-electrical conversion devices for optical links.
From planar to vertical nanowires field-effect transistors
Authors: Rosaz Guillaume , Salem Bassem , Pauc Nicolas , Gentile Pascal , Periwal Priyanka , Potié Alexis , Baron Thierry , Latu-Romain L. , David S. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe authors present the technological routes used to build planar and vertical gate all-around (GAA) field-effect transistors (FETs) using both Si and SiGe nanowires (NWs) and the electrical performances of the as-obtained components. Planar FETs are characterized in back gate configuration and exhibit good behavior such as an ION/IOFF ratio up to 106. Hysteretic behavior and sub-threshold slope values with respect to surface and oxide interface trap densities are discussed. Vertical devices using Si NWs show good characteristics at the state of the art with ION/IOFF ratio close to 106 and sub-threshold slope around 125 mV/decade while vertical SiGe devices also obtained with the same technological processes, present an ION/IOFF ratio from 103 to 104but with poor dynamics which can be explained by the high interface traps density.
Fabrication Strategies and Thermal Conductivity Assessment of High Density UO2 Pellet Incorporated with SiC
Authors: Yeo Sunghwan , Mckenna Edward , Baney Ronald , Subhash Ghatu , Tulenko James 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTEnhanced thermal conductivity oxide fuels offer increases in both safety and efficiency of commercial light water reactors. Low-temperature oxidative sintering and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) techniques have been used to produce UO2-SiC composite pellets. Oxidative sintering performed for 4 hours at 1200∼1600oC and SPS was employed only for 5 mins at the same temperature. While oxidative sintering failed to achieve enhanced thermal conductivity, the SPS sintered pellet obtained promising features such as higher density, better interfacial contact, and reduced chemical reaction. Thermal conductivity measurement at 100oC, 500oC, and 900oC revealed maximum 62% higher thermal conductivity value, when compared to UO2 pellets, in SPS sintered UO2-10vol% SiC composite pellet. The result shows that the SPS technique is required to sinter UO2-SiC nuclear fuel pellets with a high value of thermal conductivity.
Postural Evaluation of Vertebral Column in Children and Teenagers with Hearing Loss
Authors: da Silva Polyanna Waleska Amorim , da Silva Lícia Vasconcelos Carvalho , Toscano Carla Fabiana da Silva , Melo Renato de Souza 
Published: August 2012

Summary
Introduction: Posture is determined by the performance of the visual, somatosensory and vestibular systems. Children with hearing loss can present problems in their posture or postural control, enabling postural deviations and alterations to appear in their vertebral column, possibly provoked by a hypoactivity of the vestibular system as a result of deafness.
Objective: To evaluate the posture of the vertebral column in children and teenagers with hearing loss at school age, taking into consideration the sample gender and age.
Method: A descriptive and prospective study was performed at both Duque de Caxias School and Rotary Rehabilitation and Special Education Center in Caruaru – Pernambuco. 44 students aged between 7-17 years old, out of whom 22 were female and 22 were male, with hearing loss were evaluated. The study was developed by way of a postural evaluation, using a symmetrograph, marking specific anatomical points with stickers placed over polystyrene balls and fixed with double-sided adhesive tape.
Results: The results showed that all of the individuals evaluated in this study presented some kind of postural alteration in their vertebral column. Scoliosis was the most observed alteration among the students (84.1%), followed by thoracic hyperkyphosis (68.2%).
Conclusion: It has been concluded that children and teenagers with hearing loss are exposed to postural alteration in their vertebral column. Such a condition can be associated with a number of factors comprising unfavorable ergonomics of the school environment, bad postural habits and impairment of the vestibular system by virtue of the hearing loss.
Gentzen's Proof Systems: Byproducts in a Work of Genius
Authors: von Plato Jan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractGentzen's systems of natural deduction and sequent calculus were byproducts in his program of proving the consistency of arithmetic and analysis. It is suggested that the central component in his results on logical calculi was the use of a tree form for derivations. It allows the composition of derivations and the permutation of the order of application of rules, with a full control over the structure of derivations as a result. Recently found documents shed new light on the discovery of these calculi. In particular, Gentzen set up five different forms of natural calculi and gave a detailed proof of normalization for intuitionistic natural deduction. An early handwritten manuscript of his thesis shows that a direct translation from natural deduction to the axiomatic logic of Hilbert and Ackermann was, in addition to the influence of Paul Hertz, the second component in the discovery of sequent calculus. A system intermediate between the sequent calculus LI and axiomatic logic, denoted LIG in unpublished sources, is implicit in Gentzen's published thesis of 1934–35. The calculus has half rules, half “groundsequents,” and does not allow full cut elimination. Nevertheless, a translation from LI to LIG in the published thesis gives a subformula property for a complete class of derivations in LIG. After the thesis, Gentzen continued to work on variants of sequent calculi for ten more years, in the hope to find a consistency proof for arithmetic within an intuitionistic calculus.
Model Theory of Analytic Functions: Some Historical Comments
Authors: Haskell Deirdre 
Published: August 2012

AbstractModel theorists have been studying analytic functions since the late 1970s. Highlights include the seminal work of Denef and van den Dries on the theory of thep-adics with restricted analytic functions, Wilkie's proof of o-minimality of the theory of the reals with the exponential function, and the formulation of Zilber's conjecture for the complex exponential. My goal in this talk is to survey these main developments and to reflect on today's open problems, in particular for theories of valued fields.
Weighted total least squares formulated by standard least squares theory
Authors: Amiri-Simkooei A. , Jazaeri S. 
Published: August 2012

Weighted total least squares formulated by standard least squares theoryThis contribution presents a simple, attractive, and flexible formulation for the weighted total least squares (WTLS) problem. It is simple because it is based on the well-known standard least squares theory; it is attractive because it allows one to directly use the existing body of knowledge of the least squares theory; and it is flexible because it can be used to a broad field of applications in the error-invariable (EIV) models. Two empirical examples using real and simulated data are presented. The first example, a linear regression model, takes the covariance matrix of the coefficient matrix asQA=Qn⊗Qm, while the second example, a 2-D affine transformation, takes a general structure of the covariance matrixQA.The estimates for the unknown parameters along with their standard deviations of the estimates are obtained for the two examples. The results are shown to be identical to those obtained based on thenonlinearGauss-Helmert model (GHM). We aim to have an impartial evaluation of WTLS and GHM. We further explore the high potential capability of the presented formulation. One can simply obtain the covariance matrix of the WTLS estimates. In addition, one can generalize the orthogonal projectors of the standard least squares from which estimates for the residuals and observations (along with their covariance matrix), and the variance of the unit weight can directly be derived. Also, the constrained WTLS, variance component estimation for an EIV model, and the theory of reliability and data snooping can easily be established, which are in progress for future publications.