bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SIMULATION MODEL OF EUROPEAN RED MITE POPULATION DYNAMICS DEVELOPED FOR A MINI-COMPUTER
Authors: Herne D. C. , Lund C. T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA simulation model is described for the population dynamics of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch). The model incorporates the following features: (a) development rate is dependent on effective daily temperature; (b) division of each population component into distinct daily age classes; (c) emergence of individuals from each population component is dependent on a log-normal probability distribution, and a temperature related development vector to accumulate a measure of the temperature effect on development. Validation runs on a mini-computer in 1976 and 1977 adequately described actual population curves determined from daily orchard sampling. A model of this type which can be used with small computers should prove useful in investigating the main factors affecting the population dynamics, and control strategies for this and other pests.
SOME INTERACTIONS OF TWO BACULOVIRUSES OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Hughes Kenneth M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTwo nuclear polyhedrosis viruses were fed to larvae of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata. Mixtures of the two viruses in varying proportions and separate doses of the two with a varying time interval between were administered. Larvae dying of polyhedrosis were examined to determine the proportions of the two viruses found in the bodies of the insects. The multicapsid virus (BV) showed a tendency to predominate over the unicapsid virus (SV), particularly in massive doses. In small doses, SV appeared in mixed infections even when the proportion of SV in the infective dose was small. When BV was administered 24 h in advance of SV, the development of SV was inhibited completely. At shorter intervals of time between doses, mixed infections occurred.
SAMPLING SYSTEMS FOR THE BIRCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G. , Alvo M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSample sizes needed to measure population levels of the birch casebearer, Coleophora fuscedinella Zeller, and its damage to white birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh, were calculated for various degrees of confidence and assurance. Both a non-destructive and a destructive sampling plan are presented and a new method to classify the damage level of a stand. This method uses a maximum likelihood technique to estimate the proportion of trees of various damage classes.
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BUD MINING SAWFLIES, PLERONEURA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: XYELIDAE), ON WHITE FIR IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA OF CALIFORNIA: III. MORTALITY FACTORS OF EGG, LARVAL, AND ADULT STAGES AND A PARTIAL LIFE TABLE
Authors: Ohmart C. P. , Dahlsten D. L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe mortality factors for three species of Pleroneura were identified for the egg, larval, and adult stages. Allophroides n.sp. and Scambus transgressus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were observed parasitizing the larval stages and four spiders were found preying on Pleroneura adults. Quantitative assessments of mortality in the egg and larval stages were made and tabulated in the form of a partial life table. Allophroides n. sp. was the dominant mortality factor in the larval stage. Mortality of unknown cause also was a substantial mortality factor.
COMPARISONS OF BEHAVIORS IN EARLY VS. LATE FOUNDRESS ASSOCIATIONS OF THE PAPER WASP, POLISTES METRICUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
Authors: Gamboa George J. , Dropkin Jennifer A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA significant number of subordinates of the paper wasp Polistes metricus Say are former single foundresses that have had their position usurped by a more dominant foundress. Such a displaced foundress sometimes remains with the usurper as a subordinate. Some usurpers desert larger nests where they were single foundresses to usurp a smaller colony.In early foundress associations (< 14 days old), queens frequently exhibit behaviors that are characteristic of subordinates in mature hierarchies. Early queens spend large proportions of their nest time inactive, adjacent to the nest. They also commonly retreat from approaching subordinates. In contrast early subordinates rarely retreat from queens and spend a large proportion of their nest time on the face of the nest where they are more active than the queen. These behaviors are reversed in more mature colonies with queens spending more time on the nest face and showing increasing activity and aggressive behavior towards subordinates.
A NEW SPECIES OF SWAMMERDAMIA HBN. (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE) FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Doǧanlar Miktat 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSwammerdami beirnei n. sp. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is described from Vancouver district, British Columbia, and distinguished from the European species, S. pyrella (De Villers) and the North American species S. heroldella Hübner = syn. S. castaneae Busck, also = syn. S. cuprescens Braun by Duckworth (1965). Some biological aspects of the species are discussed.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN BODY SIZE AND REPRODUCTIVE CONDITION OF A PAPER WASP, POLISTES METRICUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
Authors: Haggard Constance M. , Gamboa George J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSeasonal morphometric analysis of 788 adult Polistes metricus Say showed that: (1) Queens sampled throughout the colony cycle were of similar body size but significantly smaller than fall gynes. (2) Queens’ ovaries are large in the spring, decline early in the colony cycle, peak near the mid-postemergence period and decline late in the colony cycle. (3) There are no significant correlations between head width, ovary width, and size of nest in workers or queens. (4) Early and late workers are small but workers emerging during the mid-postemergence period are large. (5) All workers and gynes emerge with small, similar sized ovaries but older workers may develop larger ovaries. (6) Queens are larger than early and late workers but the same size as workers emerging during the mid-postemergence period. (7) The class with the largest adults were intermediates collected when colonies began production of males. These adults, intermediate in fat content between workers and gynes, comprised a large proportion of females emerging late in the colony cycle. (8) The body size of gynes is independent of colony size. (9) Males were significantly more variable in body size than gynes.
THE EFFECT OF AERIAL INSECTICIDE SPRAYING ON HYMENOPTEROUS POLLINATORS IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Plowright R. C. , Rodd F. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effects of aerially sprayed fenitrothion (210 g/ha) and aminocarb (70 g/ha) on several hymenopteran taxa in New Brunswick are reported. Exposure cage experiments showed fenitrothion to cause as high mortality among solitary bees and vespid wasps as that previously reported for bumble bees. Exposure cage experiments under aminocarb sprays revealed no detectably increased mortality for bumble bees, but a significant effect on solitary bees. Experiments in which whole bumble bee colonies were set out in fenitrothion and aminocarb spray blocks a few days before spraying gave comparable results to those from the exposure cage experiments.A series of comparisons of bumble bee densities in sprayed and unsprayed areas confirmed our earlier finding that populations are greatly reduced after fenitrothion application. Population recovery during the rest of the season appears to be influenced by meteorological conditions. The ecological replacement of early-emerging by late-emerging Bombus species in fenitrothion spray blocks is further documented. No relationship between bee densities and aminocarb application was found.A method for retrospective assessment of pollinator activity by measuring nectar levels in Clintonia borealis was successfully carried out on a small-scale basis.
A NEW SPECIES OF PHYLLONORYCTER HBN. (= LITHOCOLLETIS HBN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILARIIDAE) FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Doğanlar Miktat , Mutuura Akira 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPhyllonorycter elmaella n sp. is described from specimens reared from ptychonomous mines on the lower surface of apple leaves from the vicinity of Vancouver, B.C. The species is compared with European P. sorbi (Frey) and the Japanese P. sorbicola (Kumata) n. comb., to which it is more closely similar than to species attacking apple and related trees in Eastern North America. The species has three generations a year and overwinters in the pupal stage.
LYGUS SPECIES ON OILSEED RAPE, MUSTARD, AND WEEDS: A SURVEY ACROSS THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES OF CANADA
Authors: Schwartz Michael D. , Foottit Robert G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLygus species were sampled from the flowering heads and developing racemes of three species of Brassica [B. campestris L., B. juncea (L.) Coss., and B. napus L.] and two species of Sinapis (S. alba L. and S. arvensis L.) from cultivated fields during a survey from Prawda, Manitoba, to Lethbridge, Alberta. Lygus elisus Van Duzee and L. borealis (Kelton) were the most prevalent and abundant in Alberta and Saskatchewan; L. lineolaris (Palisot) was the most prevalent and abundant in Manitoba. Lygus rubrosignatus Knight, L. solidaginis (Kelton), and L. shulli Knight, previously unreported on Brassica, occurred in low numbers at most sites in Alberta and Saskatchewan.
LONG LIFE CYCLES IN INSECTS
Authors: Danks H.V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSeveral insect species have life cycles that last more than 1 year, because of very slow growth, repeated or prolonged dormancies, or very long lived adults. These long life cycles are correlated with environmental adversities, such as cold or unpredictable temperatures, patchy, unreliable or low quality food supplies, and natural enemies, as well as with some other properties such as large size. Long life cycles are most prevalent when several of these factors are present simultaneously. Adversities tend to prolong the life cycle of all individuals in the population, whereas unpredictability tends to extend the life cycle of only some individuals. Extreme extensions, such as diapause for more than 10 years, usually affect only a very small fraction of the population. Modest extensions, such as development over 2 years, prolonged dormancy for one additional adverse season, cohort-splitting between 1- and 2-year life cycles, and oviposition over two seasons, are relatively common. Insects with long life cycles provide insights into the nature of adaptations to adverse and unpredictable conditions, and also provide useful material for the analysis of questions related to population and community structure.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF MALE GENITALIA WITH PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE OF CHORISTONEURA LEDERER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Dang P.T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMale genitalia of Choristoneura species from the Nearctic Region and Palaearctic Region are described and illustrated. The study revealed that the male genitalia are among the most important body parts that contain valuable morphological characters for species distinction or grouping in this genus. They are potentially useful in the clarification of the taxonomic status of species in closely related species groups, such as the spruce budworm species complex in North America.On the basis of 17 interpretable male genital characters and their corresponding evolutionary states, the phylogeny of the genus Choristoneura is inferred and proposed. Nine species groups are recognized: (1) fumiferana, pinus, biennis, orae, occidentalis, lambertiana, carnana, retiniana, and spaldingiana; (2) diversana, murinana, metasequoiacola, and jezoensis; (3) longicellana; (4) lafauryana; (5) conflictana and fractivittana; (6) hebenstreitella, adumbratana, and luticostana; (7) albaniana and lapponana; (8) rosaceana and parallela; and (9) obsoletana and zapulata.Morphological evidence obtained in the present study suggests that two conifer-feeding species groups of Choristoneura, species group 1 from the Nearctic Region and species group 2 from the Palaearctic Region, are related. They represent the least evolved species groups in the genus. Choristoneura rosaceana, C. parallela, C. obsoletana, and C. zapulata, representing some of the species feeding on deciduous trees, are among the most evolved Choristoneura species.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF DUNG BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH CATTLE DUNG IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND THEIR GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN CANADA
Authors: Floate K.D. , Gill B.D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDung beetles (Scarabaeidae) were pitfall trapped at two sites in southern Alberta from 1993 to 1995. A 3-year total of 156 500 specimens representing 17 species was collected. Local assemblages were dominated, in descending order, by the exotic species Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linné), Aphodius prodromus (Brahm), Aphodius distinctus (O.F. Müller), and Aphodius fimetarius (Linné). Aphodius vittatus Say was the most common native species. Although adults were collected from mid-March to mid-November, the activity of individual species either peaked in the spring and again in the fall, or peaked once in spring to midsummer. Maps showing the Canadian distributions for 15 of these species were compiled from examination of collections and published records and identify 10 new provincial records. Most distributions are transcontinental, with the distribution of O. nuchicornis likely expanding only in the last 20–30 years to include Alberta and Saskatchewan. Aphodius erraticus (Linné) and Aphodius ruricola Melsheimer have not been previously reported from British Columbia. Aphodius pinguellus W.J. Brown, Canthon praticola LeConte, and Aphodius coloradensis Horn are restricted to western Canada.
TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER AND ALLIED SPECIES: GENUSOSTRINIA(LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Mutuura Akira , Munroe Eugene 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe genusOstriniais revised and the species limits, phylogeny, host relationships, geographical distribution, and the economic implications of species limitation are briefly discussed. Twenty species and 24 additional subspecies are recognized, of which 5 species and 19 additional subspecies are described as new. One new name is proposed for a homonym and a number of changes of synonymy and status are made.
KEY TO GENERA OF SCELIONIDAE OF THE HOLARCTIC REGION, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA)
Authors: Masner Lubomir 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA key to the genera of Scelionidae of the Holarctic region is given. Sixty-seven genera are recognized in three subfamilies, viz. Telenominae, Teleasinae, and Scelioninae. Seven new genera and six new species are described from America north of Mexico, viz. Aradoctonus armatus n. gen. and n. sp. (Telenominae, Telenomini), Embioctonus setiger n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Embidobiini), Epigryon audax n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Gryonini), Exon californicum n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Gryonini), Harringtonia n. gen. for Baryconus cinctus Harrington (Scelioninae, Psilanteridini), Mecix texana n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Psilanteridini), and Spiniteleia campbelli n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelioninae, Psilanteridini). The Nearctic and Palearctic faunas of Scelionidae are compared, analyzed, and tabulated on generic level. Twenty-eight plates with 207 scanning electron micrographs and line drawings are included.
THE POLYPHYLETIC NATURE OF APANTELES FOERSTER (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE): A PHYLOGENY AND RECLASSIFICATION OF MICROGASTRINAE
Authors: Mason W. R. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe subfamily Microgastrinae is redefined; Cardiochilinae and Miracinae are placed as separate subfamilies. The Microgastrinae are divided into five tribes and 51 genera, 23 of which are new. The first two tribes, Apantelini and Microgastrini, have characteristically long ovipositor and are almost all solitary parasites of Microlepidoptera. The other three tribes, Forniciini, Cotesiini and Microplitini, have short ovipositor and are almost all parasites of Macrolepidoptera, usually gregarious. The genera Pseudapanteles, Parapanteles, Glyptapanteles and Protapanteles of Ashmead, Cotesia Cameron, Dolichogenidea and Diolcogaster Viereck are revived from synonymy, and the following new genera are described: Alphomelon, Choeras, Clarkinella, Deuterixys, Distatrix, Exix, Exoryza, Exulonyx, Iconella, Illidops, Nyereria, Papanteles, Paroplitis, Pelicope, Pholetesor, Rasivalva, Rhygoplitis, Sathon, Teremys, Venanides, Venanus, Wilkinsonellus, Xenogaster. Twenty new species are described and about 350 new combinations are given.
AQUATIC INSECTS OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA: SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDS FOR RESEARCH
Authors: Danks H.V. , Rosenberg David M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAvailable information on the insect fauna of freshwater bogs, fens, and marshes is reviewed. These habitats are extensive and important in Canada. The fauna of marshes is diverse, and appears to consist chiefly of generally distributed lentic species. The fauna of bogs has some specialized elements, but most bog species are generalists. The fauna of Canadian fens is little known, but from limited data for a few groups appears to be moderately rich. Features expected in generalist and specialist species from peatlands and marshes are summarized, and the possible roles of insects in these ecosystems are outlined. Particular needs for future research include the following: careful definition of different kinds of wetland habitats; meticulous sampling of defined habitats to distinguish residents from incidental visitors; and detailed study of the life histories and habits of individual species. Further sampling, and studies of larvae, undoubtedly will increase the numbers of insects known from Canadian peatlands and marshes. About 4000 aquatic insect species are known from Canada. So far only 22% of the species in groups for which detailed information is available have been reported to occur in marshes, and only half as many in peatlands, even though some of the recorded species probably do not breed in all of the habitats from which they have been collected.
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS
Authors: Noonan Gerald R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe supercontinent of Pangaea, which once included most lands, fragmented during the Mesozoic. By the Late Cretaceous there were two northern land masses that were strikingly different from those of present day: Asiamerica consisting of present western North America and Asia; and Euramerica comprising Europe and eastern North America. Mild climates facilitated the spread of terrestrial organisms within each of these land masses, but epicontinental seas hindered movements between Europe and Asia and between eastern and western North America.The insects of Euramerica presumably once formed a fauna extending from eastern North America to Europe that differed from the fauna of Asiamerica. The opening of the North Atlantic separated insects in Europe from those in eastern North America. This produced vicarious patterns, with some insects of eastern North America now being more closely related phylogenetically to those of Europe than to those of western North America. Most groups of insects have not been examined for such trans-Atlantic vicariances, but studies reviewed in this paper suggest such relationships for some groups of Collembola, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.The last suitable land connections between Europe and eastern North America were severed approximately 20–35 million years ago. The insects separated by this severance evolved at different rates. Some groups split in this way have apparently undergone little evolution and have the same species on both sides of the North Atlantic, but other vicarious groups have differentiated into taxa that are now distinct at specific and supra-specific levels.The opening of the North Atlantic probably split both tropical- and temperate-adapted insects in Euramerica. However, without fossil data it is difficult to identify the biogeographical patterns resulting from such splitting of the tropical-adapted groups. Most presently recognized European and eastern North American vicarious patterns of insects were probably caused by division of Euramerica rather than dispersal across Beringia.
OF GROUND-BEETLES AND MEN: INTRODUCED SPECIES AND THE SYNANTHROPIC FAUNA OF WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Spence John R. , Spence D. Hughes 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAssemblages of carabid beetles occurring in anthropogenic habitats in western Canada include native and introduced species. In this study, about 70% of the native species encountered in anthropogenic habitats have their main centres of abundance in native grassland. Twenty species known from British Columbia are of recent European origin. These species were probably introduced in ballast carried by commercial sailing vessels or in shipments of nursery stock. The species that have successfully colonized western Canada cannot be distinguished from a random sample of the estimated source fauna with respect to either taxonomic distribution or body size. However, all introduced species are characteristic of disturbed and/or anthropogenic habitats in Great Britain and are strictly synanthropic in British Columbia. Where they occurred, introduced species were usually numerically dominant members of anthropogenic assemblages. Both flight and human-assisted transport must be invoked to explain the patterns of range expansion observed for introduced species. Although the presence of introduced species was correlated with reduced diversity of native species, the carabid fauna of western Canada has been generally enriched because only one native species is strictly synanthropic.
WEATHER, BEHAVIOUR AND INSECT DISPERSAL
Authors: McManus Michael L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIndividual meteorological factors, particularly temperature and wind, directly influence the dispersal of arthropods, as do weather systems — formation and movement of air masses, cold and warm fronts, and air flows associated with topographical features such as mountains, valleys, bodies of water. Models have been recently developed that simulate the effects of many of these systems on airborne dispersal of insects. Also, some attention has recently been directed toward the behaviour of arthropods during weather conducive to dispersal. Clearly, both winged and wingless forms of arthropods respond to certain stimuli for dispersal and behave specifically to enhance the potential for migration. Recent progress toward understanding the interplay between insect movement and mesoscale weather is particularly relevant to pest management.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF CHROMATIN DISTRIBUTION FOR DETERMINING QUALITY DIFFERENCES AMONG BARK BEETLE (SCOLYTIDAE) POPULATIONS
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Peet F.G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDigital image processing was used to analyse chromatin distribution patterns of fat body nuclei of five populations ofDendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins taken from standing (UST) trees, stressed standing (SST) trees and downed (DT) trees. At the population level, chromatin distribution patterns of DT beetles were closely grouped, whereas those from the other beetles were not. Individual nuclei from the DT and UST populations could be correctly assigned to their groups with great accuracy (96% and 90%, respectively), but only 65% of the individual nuclei from the SST population could be accurately classified, the SST population was intermediate, and nuclei from many of its members resembled those from one or other of the two extreme groups. Digital image processing quickly revealed very minute differences in the distribution patterns that would be impossible to detect by conventional microscopy. This method of analysing chromatin distribution patterns, therefore, is a useful technique for identifying qualitative differences among populations long before more obvious external manifestations of the differences appear.