bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language‐Relative Construal of Individuation Constrained by Universal Ontology: Revisiting Language Universals and Linguistic Relativity
Authors: Imai Mutsumi , Mazuka Reiko 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjects and substances bear fundamentally different ontologies. In this article, we examine the relations between language, the ontological distinction with respect to individuation, and the world. Specifically, in cross‐linguistic developmental studies that follow , we examine the question of whether language influences our thought in different forms, like (1) whether the language‐specific construal of entities found in a word extension context () is also found in a nonlinguistic classification context; (2) whether the presence of labelsper se, independent of the count‐mass syntax, fosters ontology‐based classification; (3) in what way, if at all, the count‐mass syntax that accompanies a label changes English speakers' default construal of a given entity?On the basis of the results, we argue that the ontological distinction concerning individuation is universally shared and functions as a constraint on early learning of words. At the same time, language influences one's construal of entities cross‐lingistically and developmentally, and causes a temporary change of construal within a single language. We provide a detailed discussion of how each of these three ways language may affect the construal of entities, and discuss how our universally possessed knowledge interacts with language both within a single language and in cross‐linguistic context.
Contextualizing Counterintuitiveness: How Context Affects Comprehension and Memorability of Counterintuitive Concepts
Authors: Upala M. Afzal , Gonce Lauren O. , Tweney Ryan D. , Slone D. Jason 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA number of anthropologists have argued that religious concepts are minimally counterintuitive and that this gives them mnemic advantages. This paper addresses the question of why people have the memory architecture that results in such concepts being more memorable than other types of concepts by pointing out the benefits of a memory structure that leads to better recall for minimally counterintuitive concepts and by showing how such benefits emerge in the real‐time processing of comprehending narratives such as folk tales. This model suggests that memorability is not an inherent property of a concept; rather it is a property of the concept, the context in which the concept is presented, and the background knowledge that the comprehendor possesses about the concept. The model predicts how memorability of a concept should change if the context containing the concept were changed. The paper also presents the results of experiments carried out to test these predictions.
The Role of Falsification in the Development of Cognitive Architectures: Insights from a Lakatosian Analysis
Authors: Cooper Richard P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIt has been suggested that the enterprise of developing mechanistic theories of the human cognitive architecture is flawed because the theories produced are not directly falsifiable. Newell attempted to sidestep this criticism by arguing for a Lakatosian model of scientific progress in which cognitive architectures should be understood as theories that develop over time. However, Newell's own candidate cognitive architecture adhered only loosely to Lakatosian principles. This paper reconsiders the role of falsification and the potential utility of Lakatosian principles in the development of cognitive architectures. It is argued that a lack of direct falsifiability need not undermine the scientific development of a cognitive architecture if broadly Lakatosian principles are adopted. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the Lakatosian concepts of positive and negative heuristics for theory development and of general heuristic power offer methods for guiding the development of an architecture and for evaluating the contribution and potential of an architecture's research program.
Dynamic Self‐Organization and Early Lexical Development in Children
Authors: Li Ping , Zhao Xiaowei , Mac Whinney Brian 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this study we present a self‐organizing connectionist model of early lexical development. We call this model DevLex‐II, based on the earlier DevLex model. DevLex‐II can simulate a variety of empirical patterns in children's acquisition of words. These include a clear vocabulary spurt, effects of word frequency and length on age of acquisition, and individual differences as a function of phonological short‐term memory and associative capacity. Further results from lesioned models indicate developmental plasticity in the network's recovery from damage, in a non‐monotonic fashion. We attribute the network's abilities in accounting for lexical development to interactive dynamics in the learning process. In particular, variations displayed by the model in the rate and size of early vocabulary development are modulated by (a) input characteristics, such as word frequency and word length, (b) consolidation of lexical‐semantic representation, meaning‐form association, and phonological short‐term memory, and (c) delayed processes due to interactions among timing, severity, and recoverability of lesion. Together, DevLex and DevLex‐II provide an accurate computational account of early lexical development.
A Computational Model of Event Segmentation From Perceptual Prediction
Authors: Reynolds Jeremy R. , Zacks Jeffrey M. , Braver Todd S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPeople tend to perceive ongoing continuous activity as series of discrete events. This partitioning of continuous activity may occur, in part, because events correspond to dynamic patterns that have recurred across different contexts. Recurring patterns may lead to reliable sequential dependencies in observers' experiences, which then can be used to guide perception. The current set of simulations investigated whether this statistical structure within events can be used 1) to develop stable internal representations that facilitate perception and 2) to learn when to update such representations in a self‐organizing manner. These simulations demonstrate that experience with recurring patterns enables a system to accurately predict upcoming stimuli within an event, to identify boundaries between such events based on transient increases in prediction error, and to use such boundaries to improve prediction about subsequent activities.
Understanding the Emergence of Modularity in Neural Systems
Authors: Bullinaria John A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractModularity in the human brain remains a controversial issue, with disagreement over the nature of the modules that exist, and why, when, and how they emerge. It is a natural assumption that modularity offers some form of computational advantage, and hence evolution by natural selection has translated those advantages into the kind of modular neural structures familiar to cognitive scientists. However, simulations of the evolution of simplified neural systems have shown that, in many cases, it is actually non‐modular architectures that are most efficient. In this paper, the relevant issues are discussed and a series of simulations are presented that reveal crucial dependencies on the details of the learning algorithms and tasks that are being modelled, and the importance of taking into account known physical brain constraints, such as the degree of neural connectivity. A pattern is established which provides one explanation of why modularity should emerge reliably across a range of neural processing tasks.
Recursion, Language, and Starlings
Authors: Corballis Michael C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIt has been claimed that recursion is one of the properties that distinguishes human language from any other form of animal communication. Contrary to this claim, a recent study purports to demonstrate center‐embedded recursion in starlings. I show that the performance of the birds in this study can be explained by a counting strategy, without any appreciation of center‐embedding. To demonstrate that birds understand center‐embedding of sequences of the form AnBn (such as A1A2B2B1, or A3A4A5B5B4B3) would require not only that they discriminate such patterns from other patterns, but that they appreciate that elements must be bound from the outside in (thus, in the above examples, A1B1, A2B2, A3B3, A4B4, A5B5 are bound pairs). This has not been shown in nonhuman species, and sentences with this structure are difficult even for humans to parse. There appears to be no evidence to date that nonhuman species understand recursion.
Attention to Endpoints: A Cross‐Linguistic Constraint on Spatial Meaning
Authors: Regier Terry , Zheng Mingyu 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe investigate a possible universal constraint on spatial meaning. It has been proposed that people attend preferentially to the endpoints of spatial motion events, and that languages may therefore make finer semantic distinctions at event endpoints than at event beginnings. We test this proposal. In Experiment 1, we show that people discriminate the endpoints of spatial motion events more readily than they do event beginnings—suggesting a non‐linguistic attentional bias toward endpoints. In Experiment 2, speakers of Arabic, Chinese, and English each described a set of spatial events displayed in video clips. Although the spatial systems of these languages differ, speakers of all three languages made finer semantic distinctions at event endpoints, compared to event beginnings. These findings are consistent with the proposal that event endpoints are privileged over event beginnings, in both language and perception.
Relationship between right ventricular volumes measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Bourantas Christos V. , Loh Huan P. , Bragadeesh Thanjavur , Rigby Alan S. , Lukaschuk Elena I. , Garg Scot , Tweddel Ann C. , Alamgir Farqad M. , Nikitin Nikolay P. , Clark Andrew L. , Cleland John G.F. 
Published: October 2010

AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of right ventricular (RV) size in patients with chronic heart failure.Methods and resultsNormal volunteers (n = 80) and patients (n = 380) with left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction <45% on echocardiography and on optimal treatment for heart failure underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with measurement of LV and RV volumes, mass and ejection fraction. The mean and the standard deviation (SD) of the RV end‐systolic volume index in normal subjects were used to define the normal range as: mean RV end‐systolic volume index +2 SD. Patients with dilated RV (>2 SD beyond the mean) (25%) had more frequent evidence of fluid overload in clinical examination and greater LV dimensions (P < 0.0001). During follow‐up (median 45, interquartile range: 28–66 months), 37% of patients with and 24% without RV dilation died (log‐rank test = 8.4; P = 0.004). In a multivariable Cox regression model, including 13 other clinical variables, RV (HR: 1.08/10 mL/m2, 95% CI: 1.00–1.18, P = 0.044), but not LV, end‐systolic volume index predicted a worse outcome.ConclusionTwenty‐five per cent of patients with heart failure due to LV systolic dysfunction have a dilated right ventricle. Greater RV dimensions predict mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Treatments aimed at preserving or enhancing RV structure and function, possibly by unloading the RV by reducing pulmonary vascular resistance or left atrial pressure, should be investigated.
High‐energy phosphotransfer in the failing mouse heart: role of adenylate kinase and glycolytic enzymes
Authors: Aksentijević Dunja , Lygate Craig A. , Makinen Kimmo , Zervou Sevasti , Sebag‐Montefiore Liam , Medway Debra , Barnes Hannah , Schneider Jurgen E. , Neubauer Stefan 
Published: October 2010

AimsTo measure the activity of the key phosphotransfer enzymes creatine kinase (CK), adenylate kinase (AK), and glycolytic enzymes in two common mouse models of chronic heart failure.Methods and resultsC57BL/6 mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC), myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation (CAL), or sham operation. Activities of phosphotransfer enzymes CK, AK, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 3‐phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and pyruvate kinase were assessed spectrophotometrically. Mice were characterized by echocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging 5‐ to 8‐week post‐surgery and selected for the presence of congestive heart failure. All mice had severe left ventricular hypertrophy, impaired systolic function and pulmonary congestion compared with sham controls. A significant decrease in myocardial CK and maximal CK reaction velocity was observed in both experimental models of heart failure. However, the activity of AK and its isoforms remained unchanged, despite a reduction in its protein expression. In contrast, the activities of glycolytic phosphotransfer mediators GAPDH and PGK were 19 and 12% higher in TAC, and 31 and 23% higher in CAL models, respectively.ConclusionChronic heart failure in the mouse is characterized by impaired CK function, unaltered AK, and increased activity of glycolytic phosphotransfer enzymes. This pattern of altered phosphotransfer activity was observed independent of the heart failure aetiology.
Non‐selective vs. selective beta‐blocker treatment and the risk of thrombo‐embolic events in patients with heart failure
Authors: de Peuter Olav R. , Souverein Patrick C. , Klungel Olaf H. , Büller Harry R. , de Boer Anthonius , Kamphuisen Pieter W. 
Published: October 2010

AimsHeart failure (HF) is associated with a prothrombotic state, resulting in an increased risk for thrombo‐embolic events. Studies suggest a reduced prothrombotic state when non‐selective beta‐blockers relative to selective beta‐blockers are given. We studied the influence of non‐selective beta‐blockers compared with selective beta‐blockers on the occurrence of arterial and venous thrombo‐embolic events in patients with HF.Methods and resultsData were obtained from the PHARMO Record Linkage System, a population‐based registry of pharmacy records linked with hospital discharge records in The Netherlands. In the period of 1998–2007, 20 870 patients were hospitalized for HF. We used Cox regression analysis with time‐varying beta‐blocker covariate to assess the difference in the incidence of thrombo‐embolic events [acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke, or pulmonary embolism] among patients. Median follow‐up was 2.0 years (inter‐quartile range: 0.7–4.1). Directly after discharge, 6558 patients were prescribed a selective beta‐blocker and 2202 patients a non‐selective beta‐blocker. The hazard ratio (HR) for any thrombo‐embolic event for non‐selective beta‐blockers compared with selective beta‐blockers was 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64–0.89]. After adjustment, the difference remained (HR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.99). The effect was most prominent for ACS (HR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65–0.93), and not clear for stroke (HR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.67–1.50) or pulmonary embolism (HR 1.33, 95% CI: 0.66–2.71).ConclusionIn patients with HF, the use of non‐selective beta‐blockers was associated with a lower risk of thrombo‐embolic events than selective beta‐blockers. Whether this beneficial effect is caused by the additional beta2‐receptor blockade remains to be elucidated. These findings need to be validated in a well‐designed randomized study.
Innovative strategy for implementing chronic heart failure guidelines among family physicians in different healthcare settings in Berlin
Authors: Braun Vittoria , Heintze Christoph , Rufer Veronika , Welke Justus , Stein Tanja , Mehrhof Felix , Dini Lorena 
Published: October 2010

AimsThe aim of this study was to improve drug therapy for chronic heart failure (CHF) patients.Methods and resultsThis prospective interventional pilot study was performed with cross‐sectional comparative analysis before and after the intervention. Usual pharmacotherapy was observed for 8 months in two different outpatient healthcare settings in Berlin [11 family physicians from individual GP (IGP) practices and 12 working in a medical care centre (MCC)]. Medical care centres provide a novel structure for outpatient care and have recently been introduced in Germany. The subsequent intervention entailed implementation of heart failure guidelines via a computer‐based reminder system, followed by renewed cross‐sectional observation of prescription behaviour for 1 year. Family physicians recruited patients, assessed CHF severity according to the NYHA class, and referred patients for echocardiography. The study included 190 patients in the baseline phase and 209 in the intervention phase. Longitudinal follow‐up was performed in 172 cases. Echocardiography was ordered by 94.6% of MCC‐physicians and 79.9% of IGP's. Undermedication was observed in both settings. Guideline‐based beta‐blocker therapy was prescribed for 46.3% of patients (44.8% of IGPs and 48.5% of MCC‐GPs). Prescription improved by 12.3% after the intervention. There were marked deficiencies in the prescription of aldosterone antagonists (35%) for severe heart failure, which improved to 44.2% after the intervention.ConclusionThe problem of inadequate implementation of evidence‐based therapy for CHF was partially overcome by using the reminder system, which provided participating physicians with short guideline recommendations during the intervention phase.
Inconsistencies in measurement of fish condition: a comparison of four indices of fat reserves for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)
Authors: McPherson Lindsay R. , Slotte Aril , Kvamme Cecilie , Meier Sonnich , Marshall C. Tara 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
McPherson, L. R., Slotte, A., Kvamme, C., Meier, S., and Marshall, C. T. 2011. Inconsistencies in measurement of fish condition: a comparison of four indices of fat reserves for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 52–60. Condition is often equated to the magnitude of fat reserves, which can be represented by biochemical, bioenergetic, or morphometric indices. Biochemical indices are technically more demanding, but are direct measures of fat, in contrast to morphometric indices which are easier to measure but are only surrogates of physiological status or condition. This study compared Fulton's K (K), a common morphometric index, with two bioenergetic indices, mesenteric fat and muscle fat content, measured by a commercial fatmeter in Atlantic herring. Fatmeter values and K were also compared with a biochemical measurement of muscle fat. The relationship between K and mesenteric fat was inconsistent and often non-existent. The relationship between K and fatmeter values was stronger for fish with inactive gonads, and the biochemical measure displayed a much stronger correlation with fatmeter values than with K. Studies need explicitly to define condition and ideally validate it against a benchmark, such as a biochemical index.
Protein and Quality Characterization of Triticale Translocation Lines in Breadmaking
Authors: Jonnala Ramakanth S. , MacRitchie Finlay , Herald Thomas J. , Lafiandra Domenico , Margiotta Benedetta , Tilley Michael 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIntroduction of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) from the Glu‐D1d locus of wheat into triticale restores the genetic constitution of high molecular weight glutenin loci to that of wheat and subsequently improves the breadmaking quality of triticale. One means of achieving such restoration of the genetic constitution is through the use of translocation lines. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the performance of translocations 1A.1D and 1R.1D with HMW‐GS 5+10 and 2+12 in terms of physical dough tests and baking quality using four different sets of triticale lines, GDS7, Trim, Rhino, and Rigel. In general, significantly lower milling quality (flour yield), very low mixing times with lower loaf volume were typical of all the triticales studied except 1A.1D 5+10 lines, when compared to hard wheat flour (Pegaso). Among the lines studied, significantly higher loaf volume, mixograph dough development time (MDDT), and maximum resistance to extension (Rmax) were observed with 1A.1D 5+10 lines indicating that translocation of the Glu‐D1d allele with HMW‐GS 5+10 was beneficial in terms of improving the quality attributes. Although pure triticale flour from these lines did not possess the functional characteristics for good quality bread, the translocation 1A.1D that contains HMW glutenin subunits 5+10 showed significant improvement in quality characteristics, and could reasonably be expected to yield commercially satisfactory bread loaves when combined with bread wheat flour. Significantly higher UPP, Rmax, and MDDT values along with a lower gliadin‐to‐glutenin ratio in 1A.1D 5+10 of GDS7 and Rigel sets indicate that the molecular weight distribution was shifted to higher molecular weights, resulting in greater dough strength associated with 5+10 subunits.
Water cycle changes over the Mediterranean: a comparison study of a super-high-resolution global model with CMIP3
Authors: Jin Fengjun , Kitoh Akio , Alpert Pinhas 
Published: October 2010

Water cycle components over the Mediterranean for both a current run (1979–2007) and a future run (2075–2099) are studied with the Japan Meteorological Agency’s 20 km grid global climate model. Results are compared with another study using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 ensemble model (hereafter, the Mariotti model). Our results are surprisingly close to Mariotti’s. The projected mean annual change rates of precipitation (P) between the future and the current run for sea and land are −11 per cent and −10 per cent, respectively, which are not as high as Mariotti’s. Projected changes for evaporation (E) are +9.3 per cent and −3.6 per cent, compared with +7.2 per cent and −8.1 per cent in Mariotti’s study, respectively. However, no significant difference in the change inP–Eover the sea body was found between these two studies. The increasedEover the eastern Mediterranean was found to be higher than that in the western Mediterranean, but thePdecrease was lower. The net moisture budget,P–E, shows that the eastern Mediterranean will become even drier than the western Mediterranean. The river model suggests decreasing water inflow to the Mediterranean of approximately 36 per cent (excluding the Nile).
Seasonal changes in a cactus‐hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) network
Authors: MARTÍNEZ‐FALCÓN ANA P. , ÁNGELES MARCOS‐GARCÍA M. , DÍAZ‐CASTELAZO CECILIA , RICO‐GRAY VICTOR 
Published: October 2010

1. We analysed a cacti‐syrphid community focusing on the exploitation of decaying cacti resources by the flies, i.e. if exploitation exhibited a nested topology as a structural pattern, or whether it was temporally random. If availability of cactus resources was predictable during the rainy season, it would then be exploited by a more structured community, or as resource availability would be unpredictable during the dry season, we should expect it to be exploited by a random community.2. We registered 12 Copestylum species (9 in dry and 11 in rainy season). Four cactus species were recorded per season, three were shared between seasons.3. The community of Copestylum larvae in the rainy season was not randomly assembled but highly nested, revealing a highly structured pattern of resource use. It exhibited a random organization for the dry season. The high nestedness value obtained for the rainy season suggests that factors along with competition must play a major role in determining community structure.4. Succession in the cacti‐syrphid community mediated by microorganisms involved in necrosis is an important factor structuring nested subsets. The studied networks were small, which may limit the power of the analysis, and strong conclusions could also be limited.