bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earthquake program authorization increased
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

House and Senate actions have substantially increased the funding potentially available for the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program in 1981. The Senate has passed a version of the legislation that would also extend authorization for 3 years, through 1983. The Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act was due for reauthorization this year (EOS, 61, April 1 and May 6).The Senate version of the legislation adds about $3.5 million to the administration's request for FY 1981; the House version, about $ 7 million. Most of the increase in both bills is slated for use by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema), the coordinating agency for the program. Fema is responsible for such actions as planning for public response to earthquake predict ions; making information available to and educating architects and engineers about incorporating seismic safety design in construction projects; and community planning for earthquake disasters.
Satellite accurate in tracking hurricanes
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite that is 22,300 miles out in space is locating Atlantic Ocean hurricanes with an average accuracy of about 17 nautical miles and is pinpointing their intensity within an average of 10 knots.The spacecraft's ability to track hurricanes with such accuracy is described in a paper by Donald C. Gaby and others in the Monthly Weather Review. Since 1971, Gaby reported, estimates of the locations and maximum sustained wind speeds have been made for all tropical and subtropical hurricanes in the Atlantic, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. NOAA's National Hurricane Center ‘best tracks’ data—compiled from satellite reports, reconnaissance aircraft, and other information sources—reveals that the average location difference was only about 17 nautical miles, with the average maximum sustained wind speeds about 7 knots. ‘Our ability to estimate accurately the maximum sustained winds is significantly better for storms of at least hurricane intensity (65 knots); that is, for those storms potentially most damaging,’ according to the report.
Volcanic ash could mask global CO2 effect
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The volcanic ash th at Mount St. Helens spewed into the atmosphere could confound efforts to detect climatic effects of human pollution. The volcanic debris now circling earth could block out some sunlight, causing a slight cooling of the earth's surface that would mask the expected warming effects of increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and delay its detection for more than a decade, according to Kirby Hanson, director of the NOAA Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change program.Measurements, some going back to 1958, have shown a 5% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past two decades. Furthermore, the annual rate of increase is growing, and it is predicted that within 50 years the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could be double what it was before the Industrial Revolution. The temperature effect of that doubling, Hanson says, would be a net warming near the earth's surface of about 2° or 3°—averaged over the northern hemisphere.
Dolphins may sense Earth's magnetism
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

Birds do it. Bees do it. Now, maybe, dolphins do it, too. In a paper presented at the AGU Spring Meeting in Toronto, Mike Fuller of the University of California, Santa Barbara, announced that he and co‐workers J. Dunn, also of UCSB, and John Zoeger, of Los Angeles Harbor College, had found magnetic material in the heads of dolphins. The finding opens the possibility that dolphins will join the growing list of animals that react to the earth's magnetic field, a list that includes pigeons, honeybees, and bacteria.The researchers dissected the heads of five dolphins, which were supplied by the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History through a program in which animals that have died of natural causes are turned over to researchers. Tiny amounts of magnetic material were found in all but one of the dolphins; that one was too badly decomposed to dissect successfully, Fuller said.
Report from the Spring AGU Meeting—Remote sensing: The NOSS system and ocean applications
Authors: Cornillon Peter , Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The session was conceived as an introduction to the National Oceanic Satellite System (Noss), scheduled for launch in mid‐1986. The meeting was directed toward oceanographers with little experience in remote sensing but with an interest in its potential applications to their problems.The first part of the session dealt with the four primary sensors under consideration: the colorimeter, discussed by F. Vukovich; the scatterometer, by V. Delnore; the Large‐Antenna Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer (Lammr), T. Schmugge; and the radar altimeter, J. Marsh. The speakers briefly discussed the heritage of the sensors, the variables measured, and the design as it now stands.
Midwestern rain enhancement study
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The farmer's dream of calling down rain just when and where his crops need it may be taken a step closer to reality. A multiphase study, called Pace (Precipitation Augmentation for Crops Experiment), examines the possibility of applying the most advanced weather modification techniques. This summer in Illinois, the Water Survey Division of the Illinois Institute of Natural Resources has begun preliminary stages of the experiment.The purpose of Pace is to learn whether midwestern weather can be beneficially modified and then, if so, to develop techniques for doing it. A little rain at the right times could not only increase the productivity of midwestern farmlands, it could also stabilize yields, which now vary greatly from year to year. ‘What we're trying to do is not so much to increase the total annual precipitation as to even it out over the growing season,’ explained Klaus Liedtke, acting director of NOAA's weather modification office, which is coordinating Pace. For most midwestern crops, chiefly corn and soybeans, the amount of precipitation in July and August is critical.
Foundation to build complex in Maryland
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

The Renewable Natural Resources Foundation (RNRF), a consortium of nonprofit institutions of which AGU is a member, has received a grant of $1 million from the Max C. Fleischmann Foundation and, with the Society of American Foresters, a $1.2 million tax‐exempt loan from the First National Bank of Maryland for the construction of a new office building. RNRF will provide space for nonprofit scientific, educational, and professional societies that are concerned with protection, management, and environmentally sound use of renewable natural resources.Construction of the new building is expected to begin early in the fall of 1980, and occupancy is expected about a year later. The building will be the first in a campuslike complex that will be erected on a 35‐acre tract of wooded land that was the Grosvenor estate in Bethesda, Maryland. The Grosvenor mansion, former family home of the late Gilbert H. Grosvenor of the National Geographic Society, will be preserved as part of the complex. Most of the land will remain in its natural state.
Geological data bases combine
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

In a move designed to eliminate overlap and increase coverage of scholarly publications, three major institutions have agreed to pool their resources in compiling a common geological bibliographic data base. The American Geological Institute (AGI), the Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) will begin producing a joint bibliographic record in 1981, according to information furnished by AGI.The associations will retain their present reference resources—AGI's GeoRef, BRGM's Geode, and the geology sections of CNRS's Pascal—but each will contain all citations in the joint data base. French and English will be the primary languages. Coverage will include all materials previous indexed by the individual reference services.
Mars Orbiter mission ending
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

After circling Mars for more than 4 years—taking pictures and making measurements—NASA's Viking Orbiter 1 has almost reached the end of its mission.The orbiter has used nearly all the attitude control gas that keeps its solar panels pointed to the sun and its antenna aimed at the earth. When the gas is exhausted controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, will send radio commands to the spacecraft, ordering it to cease operating, thus ending its long and productive mission. It was originally expected that the gas would be exhausted by July 23±1 week; however, as of August 1 the spacecraft was still in orbit. NASA plans to terminate the mission August 15, even if the orbiter is still functioning at that time. Meanwhile, on the surface of Mars, Viking Lander 1 is programed to operate unattended through 1990, perhaps to be extended to 1994.
NASA active in Mount St. Helens assessment
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Ever since the May 18 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has been working closely with scientists from universities and government agencies to assess the impact of the explosive geologic event. Instrument‐laden NASA aircraft, balloons, and spacecraft all have contributed important data. Mount St. Helens is undoubtedly the best documented volcanic eruption in history.Shortly after the eruption began, a high‐flying U‐2 aircraft from NASA's Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California, was dispatched to sample the air within 185 km (100 miles) of the volcano. Back on the ground, scientists working with NASA's Aerosol Climatic Effects Program used the data that was collected on particulate matter to study the potential climatic effects of the ash blown into the upper reaches of the atmosphere by the violent explosion. Repeated U‐2 flights, days after the eruption, continued to track the volcanic dust cloud and to photograph the devastation wrought upon the mountain by its self‐destructive blast.
Oldest life‐forms may have made own food
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

The oldest organisms yet discovered were probably far enough advanced along the evolutionary scale to have made their own sources of food energy, perhaps much like present‐day plants, according to one of the members of the team that studied the Australian microfossils. If so, the time of origin of life may have to be set substantially earlier than the 3.5‐billion‐year‐old fossils in order to account for simpler precursororganisms.Mass spectroscopic analysis of organic carbon from rocks that contain fossils of the bacteria‐like microorganisms, discovered in the Warrawoona group of western Australia, revealed the same ratio of carbon 13 to carbon 12 that is characteristic of today's living organisms, Indiana University researcher John Hayes said. Hayes, along with doctoral student Kim W. Wedeking, conducted the analysis.
Session summary: 1980 AGU Spring Meeting: Upstream waves and particles
Authors: Ipavich F. M. 
Published: October 2011

The region upstream of the earth's bow shock has been known for more than a decade to be rich in both wave and particle phenomena. This region of geospace has proven to be a natural laboratory for the study of particle acceleration mechanisms, wave‐particle interactions, and collisionless‐shock‐associated phenomena. Interest in upstream waves and particles has recently experienced an increase in popularity coincident with the arrival of data from new and sophisticated instruments carried by the three International Sun‐Earth Explorer (Isee) spacecraft.The upstream ion population is now known to consist of at least two distinct components, the ‘reflected’ and ‘diffuse’ components. The reflected component is basically an ion beam that is moving upstream, away from the bow shock, with a typical speed that is approximately 2‐3 times the solar wind speed. The diffuse component is characterized by a much broader pitch angle distribution (roughly isotropic in the spacecraft frame) and an energy spectrum that extends to much higher energies (> 100 keV). The density in both populations is ∼0.1/ cm3 (∼1% of the solar wind density).
First shuttle launch scheduled
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

NASA has confirmed a decision made earlier this year to schedule the first space shuttle launch in March 1981. The announcement follows an intensive review, carried out over the past several weeks, of the space shuttle program. The decision to continue to drive toward a March launch was made even though the shuttle program received a potentially serious setback when fire damaged a shuttle engine during a test in Mississippi.According to Robert A. Frosch, NASA Administrator, a separate study of the cause of the engine fire and its possible impact has already begun, but the engine study will not be allowed to impede the central effort to hold to the agreed‐upon launch schedule.
Tsunami symposium held
Authors: Loomis Harold G. 
Published: October 2011

A tsunami symposium was held December 6–7,1979, at the Australian Academy of Sciences, as part of the IUGG meeting in Canberra. Twenty‐one papers were given in three sessions which covered the full range of tsunami research.The first session, chaired by Rogert Braddock (Australia), was about tsunami generation and propagation. The paper by Voyt, Lebeder, and Sebekin (USSR) reported a continuation of Soviet efforts to solve the generation problem, treating the complete earth‐ocean system together. The coupled dynamic equations are written, and by means of Laplace transforms in time and Fourier transforms in space an integral expression is found for the disturbance at the ocean surface. The rest of the papers in this session were primarily numerical. The paper by Shaw and Neu (U.S.) treated laterally uniform geometries where time‐harmonic standing‐wave forms are possible. Loomis (U.S.) and Murty (Canada) discussed an interpretation of tsunami forerunners as a portion of the tsunami in the deep ocean that is diffracted onto a shelf or island ridge. The paper by Hebenstreit, Bernard, and Vastano (U.S.) treated the time‐dependent wave problem for the Hawaiian Island chain. A guassian wave form was timestepped into the chain, and the energy as a function of frequency and shoreline location was stored. This was intended to show the frequencies that were trapped by various islands and the effect of direction of arrival on trapping. The paper by Farrar (U.S.) included turbulent mixing as a damping factor in the response of harbors to tsunamis. The paper by Melville (U.S.) was about the mach‐stem effect in which waves traveling obliquely to a coast have an additional amplification. The effect is essentially nonlinear, and the Boussinesq formulation is used. Tank experiments do not measure the effect as predicted, and it is suggested that the problem lies in an inconsistency in the formulation of the mathematical model.
DOE: Coal synffuels to dominate energy supply in 2000
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Coal will be the leading source of energy in the United States by the year 2000, and it will be consumed primarily in the form of liquids and gases. Edward A. Frieman, director of energy research for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) offered these projections in a recent briefing to representatives of U.S. scientific and engineering societies.Renewable forms of energy (solar, biomass, and hydroelectric) are expected to reach only half of the 20% share projected in recent years.
Report from IUGG Assembly: The IAGA Takao Tohmatsu Memorial Symposium: “Nonsolar ionization sources at low latitudes”
Authors: Meier R. R. 
Published: October 2011

The morphology and dynamics of the tropical ionosphere are distinguished by the strong influence of the geometry of the magnetic field and the various sources of ionization. The emphasis in this symposium was on those ionization sources which are characteristic of the ionosphere at low latitudes.An overview of the characteristic properties of the tropical ionosphere was given by J. C. G. Walker. It was followed by a review of nighttime photoionization sources by D. F. Strobel, C. B. Opal, and R. R. Meier. At midnight the principal source of photons in the E region is found to be stellar continuum in the 911–1026‐Å wavelength range, producing as much as 2.5 ions cm−3 s−1 at 110 km over the equator. The sidereal time dependence of starlight results in a seasonal modulation of the ionization rate of a factor of 4. Since the majority of hot stars are in the southern hemisphere, the ionization rate at southern mid‐latitudes can be a factor of 2 higher than at the equator. Resonantly scattered H and He airglow are also important sources in theE region. The radiative recombination continuum of O+ at 910 Å is a major F region photoionization source in the Appleton Anomaly.
NASA begins solar terrestrial research support
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has chosen 13 university, government, and corporate research proposals to begin its $2.25 million ongoing Solar Terrestrial Theory Program (STTP). The 13 projects were among 51 submitted in response to NASA's July 6,1979, Space Science Notice.NASA expects to add a few programs to the STTP group in the future and, every 3 years, will review the progress of those already chosen.
New infrared telescope developed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A 10x infrared telescope has been developed to detect 25‐mm diameter objects at a distance of 1600 m. The 5.5‐kg telescope, to be used with television‐compatible infrared thermal imaging systems, was developed by Inframetrics, Inc., of Bedford, Massachusetts.A 30‐cm‐long telescope provides a 1.4° vertical by 1.8° horizontal field with a standard resolution element size of 8–12 μm and 3–5 μm. The near focus, says Inframetrics, is as close as 15 m.
North Dakota geological map
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The first comprehensive geologic map of North Dakota, delineating 36 types of surface and near‐surface rocks and sediments, has been published by the United States Geological Survey. Prepared by the North Dakota Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S.G.S., the map should be useful for the exploration of minerals, oil, gas, coal, and underground water and for land‐use planning.The principal author is Lee Clayton, now at the Wisconsin Geological Survey, formerly at the University of North Dakota's geology department. He was assisted by John P. Bluemle, Clarence G. Carlson, and Stephen R. Moran, geologists with the North Dakota Geological Survey when the map was compiled.
16th Moon of Jupiter discovered
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Stephen P. Synnott, a Voyager project navigator at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who discovered a 15th moon of Jupiter last spring, has done it again. He discovered a 16th Jovian satellite while searching through photographs taken last year by Voyager spacecraft whose missions were to confirm the discovery of a 14th satellite. Synnott's newest discovery, tentatively numbered 1979 J3, is about 340 km in diameter. It circles the planet once in 7 hours, 4 minutes, 30 seconds, with an uncertainty of 3 to 5 seconds.This latest discovery came from the same process in which he found the 15th satellite in March 1980. Synnott believed at that time that he had confirmed the earlier sighting of the 14th satellite because they had similar orbits and sizes.
Second international symposium on problems related to the redefinition of North American vertical geodetic networks
Authors: Lachapelle Gérard 
Published: October 2011

The Second International Symposium on Problems Related to the Redefinition of North American Vertical Geodetic Networks was held in Ottawa, Canada, from May 26 to May 30,1980. The symposium was sponsored by the Canadian Institute of Surveying and the Surveys and Mapping Branch (Department of Energy, Mines and Resources—Canada) and cosponsored by the International Association of Geodesy, U.S. National Geodetic Survey, Canadian Geophysical Union, American Geophysical Union, and Pan‐American Institute of Geography and History. The symposium was attended by 154 scientists from 21 countries.T. J. Kukkamaki, keynote speaker, opened the meeting with his address on ‘Errors Affecting Leveling.’ He presented and discussed a list of such errors and dealt at some length with the related analyses and techniques used to minimize the effect of systematic errors. Kukkamaki's address set the tone of the symposium in which two entire sessions were devoted to leveling errors.
Storm observation
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The Goes‐D meteorological satellite (see figure) was launched September 9 from the Kennedy Space Center. It carried a new type of instrument known as the VAS, or Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and t he University of Wisconsin at Madison will conduct a long‐term experiment to evaluate this instrument's usefulness in t he prediction of severe local hurricanes, storms, and other short‐term weather phenomena.Previous Goes spacecraft provided day and night, two‐dimensional cloud cover photos. Now, the new atmospheric sounder, in addition to this same imaging capability, will be able to measure atmospheric temperatures and moisture at various altitude layers. As with previous Goes satellites the new instrument will provide both day and night cloud cover photos with a resolution of approximately 0.9 km in daylight and 6.9 km at night.
COSPAR Symposium on Magnetospheres of Planets
Authors: Formisano V. , Knott K. 
Published: October 2011

The interaction of the solar wind with planetary bodies gives rise to a large variety of physical phenomena which are not well understood, even in the case of the earth. The existence of a magnetosphere around Saturn has only recently been discovered, but very few data are available. Magnetospheric research has reached a certain maturity in the case of the earth, but also here, as for all other planets, new discoveries and theories are continuously brought up.The Symposium on Planetary Magnetospheres, which took place in Budapest within the framework of the 23rd COSPAR meeting, was meant to exchange information and show new results obtained from recent European, American, and USSR missions. The symposium was held June 4–7, 1980, and consisted of eight sessions with a total of 80 papers, of which 10 were invited review talks. Data from missions such as Isee 1 and 2, Geos 1 and 2, Imp 7 and 8, Pioneer Venus, Jupiter Voyager 1 and 2, Pioneer 11, as well as earlier missions, such as Mariner 10 and different Venera and Mars missions, were presented.
Gravitational lens theory
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

‘… imagine an observer, an isolated galaxy acting as a lens, and a quasar, nearly in a line. Two images would be formed on either side of the lens, and a third one would be formed near the center of the galaxy because the bending for central rays will be small.’ [Jerome Christian, in Physics Today, September 1980. ]This is an explanation of the gravitational lens effects that have been observed within the past year or so in images of a pair of quasars: 0957+561 A and B. The long‐known Einsteinian idea of gravity bending light could presumably apply to the formation of a gravitational lens in space, so that light waves reaching a viewer on earth would be slightly bent and form secondary images that would fall on either side of the primary one, and thus there would only be an odd number of images.