bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Singular Thought: In Defence of Acquaintance
Authors: Recanati François 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that singular thought about an object involves nondescriptive or de re ways of thinking of that object, that is, modes of presentation resting on contextual relations of ‘acquaintance’ to the object. Such modes of presentation are analysed as mental files in which the subject can store information gained through the acquaintance relations in question. The paper shows that the mental‐file approach provides an answer to the objection from ‘acquaintanceless de re thought’ (to the effect that tokening a singular thought does not require being actually acquainted with the object the thought is about), as well as a solution to a vexing problem regarding the communication of singular thoughts: if singular thoughts depend upon contextual relations to the objects of thought, how can they be communicated across contexts ? What makes communication possible when the speaker and the addressee do not stand in the same contextual relations to the objects the speaker's thought is about?
Millian Externalism
Authors: Sullivan Arthur 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter aims to clarify the implications of the causal‐historical theory of reference for questions about singular thought. It addresses the following questions: exactly what is the nature of the tension between an externalist approach to reference and Frege's constraint? Do certain varieties of externalism entail a transgression of Frege's constraint or does externalism merely suggest qualifications to Frege's constraint? In particular, does externalism entail that, say, hearing someone use the name “Feynman” referentially is sufficient to enable one to entertain a singular thought about Feynman, regardless of how little one knows about Feynman? Would that constitute a reductio of the relevant brand of externalism, or is this rather an enlightened consequence of the causal‐historical theory? The primary specific goal of this chapter is to identify and investigate some arguments for various answers to these questions.
2 Trading with Asia's Giants
Authors: Bosworth Barry , Collins Susan M. , Flaaen Aaron 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe United States' large and sustained trade deficit with Asia raises concerns in the United States about its competitiveness in the region. In contrast to the current public policy debate, which has focused on imports from Asia, this chapter seeks to examine how the economies of China and India compare as markets for US exporters. The chapter begins by noting that US exports to both countries do appear low relative to the performance of Japan and the EU-15. It examines potential explanations for the weak exports from three different perspectives: (1) the commodity composition of US exports to these economies; (2) the role of multinational corporations in facilitating trade flows; and (3) the use of ‘gravity equations’ to estimate bilateral trade patterns while controlling for a variety of country-specific characteristics.
3 The Chinese Export Bundles: Patterns, Puzzles, and Possible Explanations
Authors: Wang Zhi , Wei Shang‐Jin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChina's exports have become increasingly sophisticated. This has generated anxiety in developed countries as the competitive pressure may be increasingly felt outside labor-intensive industries. Using product-level data on exports from different cities within China, this chapter investigates the contributing factors to the rising export sophistication. Somewhat surprisingly, neither processing trade nor foreign invested firms are found to play an important role in generating the increased overlap in the export structure between China and high-income countries. Instead, improvement in human capital and government policies in the form of tax-favored high-tech zones appear to be the key in the country's evolving export structure. On the other hand, processing trade, foreign invested firms, and government-sponsored high-tech zones all have contributed significantly to raising the unit values of China's exports within a given product category.
4 The Cost Competitiveness of Manufacturing in China and India
Authors: Ark Bart van , Erumban Abdul Azeez , Chen Vivian , Kumar Utsav 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on comparisons of productivity, (unit) labor cost, and industry-level competitiveness for Chinese and Indian manufacturing. It finds that China has increased its labor productivity to a level above that of India, but due to a somewhat higher compensation level, China is still somewhat at a disadvantage in terms of unit labor cost in manufacturing. It finds rapid declines in unit labor cost across industries and provinces in China, but increases in many instances in India. This suggests that productivity and compensation growth have become much more aligned across regions in China whereas this is not (yet) the case in India. It relates these results to differences in the implementation of market reforms between the two countries and removal of barriers to resource mobility eradicating inefficient manufacturing activity.
Ross and Rule‐Consequentialism
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIf lying and not lying will have exactly the same consequences, then, according to act-utilitarianism, it doesn't matter whether or not one lies. Ross claims that lying is prima facie wrong, or wrong other things being equal. He holds that this is “self-evident.” Ross also thinks that it is obvious that it is wrong to lie when lying produces only slightly better consequences than not lying. In contrast with Ross, Moore claims that it is self-evident that we should always do whatever has the best consequences. Ross's criticisms of act-utilitarianism are inconclusive because they appeal to disputed moral intuitions and because he doesn't do enough to justify his own moral intuitions. Brad Hooker's argument in favor of his well-known version of rule-consequentialism is inconclusive for similar reasons — it rests on an appeal to disputed considered moral judgments that he doesn't adequately justify.
Deception in Advertising
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDeceptive advertising harms people in much the same ways as deception in sales and tends to be wrong for the same reasons. Deceptive ads harm consumers by causing them to have false beliefs about the nature of the products being advertised and thereby causing them to make different purchasing decisions than they would have made otherwise (and purchase things unsuitable for their needs). This chapter presents examples of deceptive ads that harm consumers and argue that running such ads is morally wrong. The chapter's arguments appeal to the presumption against harmful deception established in Chapters 6–8. The chapter then examines US laws regarding deceptive advertising. The law prohibits deceptive advertising, but it defines “deceptive advertising” too narrowly. US law frequently permits what is, in fact, deceptive advertising; therefore, following US laws is not an adequate ethical standard for advertisers. The chapter also addresses the objection that deceptive advertising is permissible if one's competitors are putting one at a disadvantage by means of their own deceptive practices.
Honesty, Conflicts, and the Telling of History: More Case Studies
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe main thesis of this chapter is that deception and dishonesty can create or aggravate conflicts and sometimes lead to disastrous consequences and, that, therefore, this sort of deception and dishonesty is morally wrong. The chapter provides a detailed account the myth of the “stab in the back” (Dolchstosslegende) and Germany's defeat in WWI. The widespread acceptance of this myth by the German people was one of the central causes of the rise of Nazism and the Holocaust. The chapter discusses other cases of deception and lying that distorted the historical record and led to very bad consequences; the examples given here are the dishonest version of history defended by neo‐Confederates in the aftermath of the US Civil War and lies denying the crimes of Joseph Stalin by the New York correspondent Walter Duranty. Then the chapter explicates the important concept of “half‐truths.” Half‐truths mislead people and distort the truth but fall short of lying (often, they fall short of deception). Even when it falls short of lying and deception, endorsing half‐truths is often a form of intellectual dishonesty. The chapter discusses several cases in which half‐truths have distorted the historical record and thereby aggravated social/political conflicts. The concept of half‐truths has widespread application in personal relationships. The chapter concludes by offering a brief account of the virtue of intellectual honesty (with particular attention to intellectual honesty about political questions).
Features in periphrastic constructions
Authors: Popova Gergana 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that periphrastic constructions can express features which are not part of the content of their elements. This favours an analysis which integrates them in the morphological paradigm. On the other hand, agreement data suggest that a treatment along these lines is not unproblematic. The chapter proposes an account within Paradigm Function Morphology.
Introduction
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe concept domination, despite its widespread employment in contemporary political and social theory, has so far escaped sustained, rigorous analysis. Chapter 1 aims to redress this lacuna. The connection between this project and the work of civic republicans such as Philip Pettit is discussed in this chapter. This chapter is envisioned as supporting a civic republican alternative to the standard liberal contractualist political doctrine. The methodological importance of the so‐called separation thesis to the project is also considered.
The Imbalance of Power Conception
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the connection between social power and domination. It is argued that an imbalance of social power is a necessary, but not sufficient condition of domination. Social power is analyzed as the ability of one person or group to change what another person or group would otherwise want to do. The relevance of strategies and rational expectations to a clear conception of power is considered and defended. It is also argued that power is not an essentially contested concept.
Domination and Human Flourishing
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe various connections between freedom from domination and human flourishing are shown to account for the wrongness of domination. Benevolent and consensual dominations are shown not to detract from the general claim that freedom from domination is an important good. The limited significance of the claim from Hegel and others that domination will be self‐defeating is discussed.
Applications of Minimizing Domination
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, three applications of justice as minimizing domination are suggested. In the first, it is argued that minimizing domination entails the public provision of an unconditional basic income. In the second, a concern for domination is shown to require limited policies of multicultural accommodation. In the third, it is shown that constitutional democracies are the political systems most likely to minimize overall domination. The role of various forms of resistance in realizing justice as minimizing domination (JMD) is briefly discussed.
Is Matter Real?
Authors: Smith Kurt 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the several senses in which Descartes took matter to be real. Here, this chapter revisits Plato's analogy of the divided line, introduced in Part I, our inquiry coming full circle. A connection is established between Kant's empirical and transcendental senses of ‘ideality’ and ‘reality’, and the subsections of Plato's line; Kant's distinctions correlating with the main subsections representing the Visible and Intelligible realms.
Subjects on the Edge
Authors: Roussou Anna 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that: a) ‘infinitival’ to is a locative (like prepositional to) which takes a verbal complement and introduces an unrealized subject (EPP) with a variable interpretation (control, raising, arbitrary); b) the complementizer that requires a complement with an overt subject (EPP), closing off the proposition. Absence of the subject in extraction contexts creates an illicit complement for that.
ComplexWh‐phrases Don't Move: On the Interaction between the Split CP Hypothesis and the Syntax ofWh‐movement
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter starts out from a set of well‐known syntactic differences and similarities between simple wh‐phrases such as who or what and complex ones such as which boy. It translates these observations into a cartographic account of the left periphery and then proceeds to show how this new proposal is able to account for a wide range of at first sight disparate data from English, German, Frisian and (dialectal) Dutch. The final part of the chapter briefly discusses the implications of the proposal for the theory of reconstruction.
Knowledge and Final Value
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes two forms of virtue epistemology: modest and robust. The latter is uniquely able to make a plausible case for the thesis that knowledge is a cognitive form of achievement. Since achievements are, arguably, finally valuable, robust virtue epistemology thus seems uniquely able to offer a defence of the thesis that knowledge is finally valuable, and thereby resolve the various forms of the value of problem for knowledge. Unfortunately, the view faces some fatal problems. In particular, it is shown that there are cases of knowledge — such as testimonial knowledge that is gained via trust — which do not constitute achievements. There are also cases of cognitive achievement — such as the cognitive achievement on display in the barn facade case — which do not constitute knowledge because of the presence of environmental epistemic luck. In light of the failure of robust virtue epistemology to deal with the value problem(s) for knowledge, it is argued that knowledge is not finally valuable.
Understanding
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers a new account of the nature of achievements, which can avoid the problems facing the old account put forward by robust virtue epistemology. It argues that achievements, so construed, are plausible candidates for final value. The relevance of this point for the value of understanding is then explored. A certain core kind of understanding is put forward for consideration, and it is argued that this form of understanding is factive. Interestingly, while this form of understanding is incompatible with ‘Gettier-style’ epistemic luck, it is (unlike knowledge) compatible with environmental epistemic luck. More generally, it is argued that understanding and knowledge come apart, and come apart precisely because understanding, unlike knowledge, is a form of cognitive achvievement, and hence is finally valuable. Some potential implications of the final value of understanding are explored concerning the problem of radical scepticism and the goal of inquiry.
Knowledge of Action
Authors: Haddock Adrian 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that knowledge of one's intentional action can also be understood as knowledge of a transparent fact, which constitutes an entitlement to the belief this knowledge involves. It describes some differences between this account and the above account of the second-order knowledge involved in visual knowledge. It elucidates the connection between knowledge of intentional action and the above account of the value of knowledge. Finally, the present account of knowledge of intentional action is compared with Anscombe's account of such knowledge. According to both accounts, knowledge of this sort is not only knowledge without observation, but practical knowledge, on account of (i) the kind of entitlement it involves; (ii) the fact that it is acquired ‘in intention’; and (iii) the fact that it has a mind-to-world and a world-to-mind direction of fit.
Chapter 3 The OECD and Economic Governance: Invisibility and Impotence?
Authors: Woodward Richard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChapter 3 sketches the OECD's role in economic governance, in particular the pursuit of its obligation to promote policies which maximize economic growth. While the OECD's work in the economic field evolves, its mechanisms of economic governance have barely altered. Richard Woodward argues that the OECD exerts ‘subtle discipline’ over the trajectory of economic governance through the use of its soft law mechanisms such as surveillance and peer review. These mechanisms can lead to convergence in national policies and, occasionally, outbreaks of international policy coordination. Ultimately, however, the proliferation of international mechanisms of governance and the internal politics of the OECD may be diluting its ability to shape the contours of international economic policy‐making.
Chapter 9 A New Global Health Actor? The OECD's Careful Guidance of National Health Care Systems1
Authors: Kaasch Alexandra 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChapter 9 focuses on ideas about the organization of health systems as developed in and disseminated by the OECD Secretariat. Global health governance is characterized by an increasing number of different global health actors including an increasingly active OECD. After defining the OECD's role in transnational health policy, its potential power to influence national policy‐making by disseminating particular ideas, and a broader overview of the OECD's health activities, this chapter presents and discusses the general OECD approach regarding health systems and analyzes the specific issue of private health insurance (PHI). In order to explore the potential impact of these ideas, some of the OECD Reviews of Health Care Systems and Economic Surveys are examined with regard to their specific recommendations concerning PHI. The chapter also discusses the content and coherence of the OECD ideas regarding PHI and the potential power of the OECD Secretariat to guide national health policy in this dimension.
A Theory of Criminal Law Theories
Authors: Moore Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter develops a theory of what a theory of and area of law, criminal law included, should look like. It describes what kind of thing an area of law might be, and previews the book's conclusions as to the correct views on these matters. Three different kinds of kinds are distinguished as possible for areas of law such as criminal law: nominal kinds, natural kinds, and functional kinds. Three different kinds of theories of areas of law are also distinguished, distinguishing evaluative, explanatory, and descriptive theories. The aim of the book is then described as the attempt to give a descriptive theory of the general part of the criminal law, and a normative theory of the special part of the criminal law. The content of each of these theories is then previewed.
Closet Retributivism
Authors: Moore Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter has two aims. First, it seeks to develop an adequate taxonomy of possible (and historically advocated) theories of punishment. Utilitarian, retributive, rehabilitative, and mixed theories are distinguished, with subspecies of each.. Second, the chapter presents a set of thought experiments making it difficult to hold the utilitarian, rehabilitative, or mixed theories of punishment. That leaves retributivist theories as the preferred basis for punishment, assuming we are to punish at all. The aim of the chapter is not so much to justify retributivism as to show that each of us is, intuitively at least, a retributivist – a ‘closet retributivist’, perhaps, but a retributivist nonetheless.
Foreseeing Harm Opaquely
Authors: Moore Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe law has developed a notion of ‘proximate causation’ to limit the reach of acts that would otherwise be the ‘cause-in-fact’ of some remote harm. A leading legal test of proximate causation is the foreseeability test, according to which a harm is ‘proximate’ (and thus the basis of liability) only if that harm was foreseeable to the defendant at the time that he acted. An old conundrum is raised about this test, in terms of its indeterminacy in the face of different descriptions of what must be foreseeable. The tools of modern philosophy – dealing with referential opacity, referential transparency, failures of substitutivity, failures of existential generalization, types versus tokens, etc. – to make the problem more precise and show it to be intractable for legal theorists.
A Non-Exclusionary Theory of Legislative Aim: Taking Aim at Moral Wrongdoing
Authors: Moore Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA theory of criminal legislation should tell us what the criminal law should prohibit. Part of that theory should give an answer to the question of legislative motivation: what should the legislative be trying to achieve by prohibiting some actions and not others? A taxonomy of such theories is developed from John Stuart Mill, and then a different, and simpler, taxonomy is substituted for Mill’s. I argue in favour of one entrant in this revised taxonomy, the ‘non-exclusionary’ entrant, concluding that a retributivist legislator should be aiming to prohibit all and only moral wrongdoing in his legislation (for only such wrongdoing is the fit subject of retributive punishment).
Liberty’s Limits on Legislation
Authors: Moore Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe last piece of the puzzle needed by a rational, retributivist legislator is a theory of the restraints she should observe in prohibiting moral wrongs. Promise-breaking may be morally wrong, for example, but it should not be criminally prohibited. Prominent among such restraints is the general right to liberty, making it worse for a legislator to prohibit some moral wrongs than it would be to allow citizens to choose (even wrongly) whether to do such morally wrongful actions. This chapter develops a presumption of liberty (and of the values that stand behind it). It defends a derived right to liberty (where the citizen's right is derived from the more basic legislative duty to enact legislation for some reasons and not others). It also defines a sphere of basic liberty (immune to state regulation for all but the most compelling of reasons) in terms of self-identity. By way of example, these three notions are applied to the legal prohibition of recreational drug use.
Public Opinion and Public Policy
Authors: Soroka Stuart N. , Wlezien Christopher 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The key function of representative democracy is to provide a mechanism through which public opinion and public policy are regularly connected. On one hand, there should be policy representation; public preferences for policy should be reflected in policy itself. And on the other hand, there should be public responsiveness; public preferences should be informed and should react to public policy. Policy representation is important in everyday politics. Failure of adequate policy representation may result on disaffection of the public for the government. This article discusses the evidence of representation of public preferences in the Canadian federal policy. It discusses the substance of the preferences and determines whether these preferences adjust to the policy itself. The article also discusses thermostatic public responsiveness, whereby public preferences for policy change reflect changes in policy.