bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I.—Four Theories of the Age and Origin of the Dartmoor Granites
Authors: Hunt A. K. 
Published: May 2009

Four Theories of the Age and Origin of the Dartmoor Granites have been lately current, viz.:—(1) The ordinary Plutonic of Sir H. de la Beche.(2) The Laccolitic-Plutonic of Mr. W. A. B. Ussher.(3) The Volcanic of Mr. K. N. Worth.The above all assume the exclusively post-Carboniferous age of the granite, owing to its intrusion into the adjacent Carboniferous rocks;one of the best attested facts in geology.(4) The combined pre-Devonian non-intrusive and post-Carboniferous intrusive (both plutonic), advanced by myselfin1889.Mr. Ussher has recently withdrawn his provisional laccolitic hypothesis, on stratigraphical grounds,infavour of one which is practically equivalent to No. 4.As it is impossible to compress the work of some four years into a magazine article, the present paper must be confined to a sketch of my main argument.My friend Mr. Worth has, with characteristic generosity, lent me the diagrammatic woodcut illustrating bis ideal volcano;accompanied by the following remark:“Please do not limit your views of me;you owe it to yourself to make your case as strong as possible, and we shall not differ outside our theories.”A too generous opponent indeed, and one hard to oppose.
III.—The Rape of the Chlorites
Authors: McMahon C. A. 
Published: May 2009

I was not present when Dr. Callaway's last paper on the Malvern Rocks was read before the Geological Society, and had not the Opportunity of joining in the discussion that followed the reading of the paper.The author has now given his views regarding the “Conversion of Chlorite into Biotite;” in a condensed form in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE (Dec. 1893, p. 535), and has expressly invited criticism on them; I venture, therefore,inresponse to this invitation, to give expression to a difficulty that presents itself to my mind.It is not necessary to enter into a discussion of the authorities quoted by Dr. Callaway; but I remark in passing that two of the papers referred to prefess to deal with cases of contact metamorphism, and consequently the conditions that must have prevailedinthose cases are altogether different from those which govern Dr. Callaway's supposed case of dynamo-metamorphism.incases of contact action one can readily understand how aqueous acid vapours, or liquids, emanating from the molten igneous rock under high pressure penetrated the adjoining rocks, and carried with them in solution some of the constituents of the igneous magma.
IV.—Some Notes on Gneiss
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: May 2009

Much light has been thrown of late years on the history of gneiss and other foliated rocks. Geological literature is beginning to bristle with such terms as regional–metamorphism, pressure–metamorphism, dynamo–metamorphism, and the like. Yet longer and less intelligible names will probably follow, which, under the guise of precision, will foster confusion. So it may be a little help to students to set down, as far as possible in plain English, the fruits of some years' study of gneisses and allied rocks.inthis work I have taken nothing on trust, and have tested every inference to the best of my ability. Probably there is nothing original in the results, but they are all the outcome of personal observation, for I have always preferred questioning Nature to reading books. So,inorder to economize time in searching for what has been already said, and to save studding the page with references, I will assure the reader that he is quite at liberty to suppose that “everything has been said by somebody, somewhere.”Let us begin our observations with a rock which is a fairly coarse granite, occurring in a region affected by great earth-movements, such as mountain-making, which, however, for some reason or wither, has escaped with its structure practically unmodified. Such a rock sometimes may be locally indistinguishable from an ordinary granite, but very commonly a small difference is perceptible, especially on a slightly weathered surface. This has a rather fragmental aspect, the quartz and the felspar presenting a superficial resemblance to unrolled clastic grains,—asinan arkose, the materials of which have been transported only for a short distance. This resemblance does not disappear on microscopic examination. The rock,inshort, has been fractured but not crushed. This structure is exhibited (not to mention other examples) locally in the granite at the entrance of the Yal Rosegg (Pontresina), in the granitoid rock of Twt Hill(Carnarvon), and of Llanfaelog (Anglesey); occasionally also in the so-called Dimetian of St. Davids. This, then, may be regarded as the first stage in pressure-modification.
II.—On the Structure and Affinities of the Genus Solenopora, together with Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Brown Alex 
Published: May 2009

“ It presents itself sometimes in the form of small rounded masses, or irregular nodules; or at other times as lobate or ramified masses of considerable dimensions. Viewed with a powerful magnifying-glass, it appears to be quite compact or obscurely fibrous” (Nicholson).The internal structure is commonly much obscured, or even destroyed by crystallization.invertical section the cells are arranged in radiating fashion.
VI.—The Corrugation of the Earth's Surface and Volcanic Phenomena
Authors: Vaughan Arthur 
Published: May 2009

It is important, in the first place, to discuss those facts concerning the Earth which must be taken into account in any attempt to deal satisfactorily with the problem before us.To a depth of about 80 feetinTemperate regions, the earth has its temperature determined by the seasons; being warmedinsummer and cooledinwinter.
II.—Notes on the Pleistocene of the North-West Territories of Canada, North-West and West of Hudson Bay
Authors: Tyrrell J. Burr 
Published: May 2009

In the extreme northernmost part of Canada, lying between North Latitudes 56° and 68° and West Longitudes 88° and 112°, is an area of about 400,000 square miles, which had up to the past two years remained geologically unexplored.In 1892 the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada sent the writer to explore the country north of Churchill River, and south-west of Lake Athabasca;in1893 the exploration was continued northward, along the north shore of Athabasca Lake
IV.—On a Series of Saurian Footprints from the Cheshire Trias (with a Note on Cheirotherium)
Authors: Jeffs Osmund W. 
Published: May 2009

Every geologist is familiar with the name of Storeton Quarry, which may fitly be termed the “home of the Cheirotherium”, celebrated as being the scene of the earliest discoveryinEngland of the fossil footprints, first described by Messrs. John Cunningham and James Yatesin1839.Fifty years' study of these footprints has left their origin, so faras exact identification with any known animal is concerned, a matter of as much mystery as when Sir Eichard Owen gave attention to the subject in his classical work on “Palaeontology”.
II.—Physiographical Studies in Lakeland
Authors: Makk J. E. 
Published: May 2009

When working amongst the rocks of Lakeland, one is often confronted with problems connected with the superficial features of the country, and as some of these are of more than local interest I propose to notice them from time to time.Church Beck, flowing in a south-easterly direction from the eastern slopes of the Old Man range, passes through Coniston Valley to discharge its waters into the head of Coniston Lake, not far from the point of entrance of the more important Yewdale Beck, which flows through the wide valley of Yewdale in a southerly direction. Church Beck, on the other hand, flows through, an upland valley, and is joined by the union of Low Water, Lever's Water, and the Red Dell Becks. Walking up its banks from Coniston Village, one presently comes upon an exposure of the Skelgill graptolitic shales at a height of about 225 feet above sealevel. Above this, one rapidly mounts the hill, and passing a considerable waterfall, reaches Gill Head Bridge at a height of about 540 feet. Above this is an alluvial flat extending to the Coniston copper works at the junction of the Red Dell Beck with that formed by the union of Lever's Water and Low Water Becks. The bottom of this alluvial valley is occupied by stratified deposits, formed by the washings of the copper works, which will, of course, not be confused with the much older deposits about to be described.
III.—Notes on the Osteology of Ancodus (Hyopotamus)
Authors: Scott W. B. 
Published: May 2009

It might well appear that the labours of Kowalevsky and Filhol had so completely determined the structure of this genus, that nothing of importance remained to add to their results; but this is very far from being the case. The European material, found principally at Hempstead and at Konzon, near PuyinFrance, is so scattered that its proper association is a matter of great difficulty, and errors are unavoidable.Mr. J. B. Hatcher, AssistantinGeology, and one of the Curators of this Museum, has during the past two summers been engagedincollecting from the Oligocene beds of South Dakota, and among many other treasures has obtained several all but complete skeletons of Ancodus, belonging to the species which Osborn and Wortman have lately named A. (Hyopotamus) brachyrhynchus. This material proves to be of great interest and importance, and will be fully described in an illustrated monograph which is soon to appear. The object of the present preliminary notice is to call attention to some of the more striking characteristics of this curious animal.The American species of Ancodus present certain constant differences from the European members of the genus. (1) The muzzle is not drawn out into such an extraordinary rostrum; (2) The skull has greater vertical height, though this difference may be due in part to the crushing which the Ronzon specimens have undergone; (3) The coronoid process of the lower jaw is much more prominent and more decidedly recurved.
VI.—The Yumuri Valley of Cuba—A Rock-Basin
Authors: Spencer J. W. 
Published: May 2009

Near the city of Matanzas,in Cuba, there is a beautiful valley called the Yumuri, of which the good people of the region are justly proud. Its interest to the geologist is unsurpassed in the island. At its entrance there is the most complete section of Tertiary rocks observed by me in Cuba. This valley is a record of the great erosion of the land during most of the Pliocene period, at the close of which it was partly refilled. The valley was reexcavated during the earlier days of the Pleistocene period, and suffered other changes, but it is the closing of the valley into a rock-basininalmost modern days of which I write.Upon the northern side of the ridges, of which Pan de Matanzas is the highest point (1277 feet above tide), there are the remains of a former plain, which extended five or six miles to near the sea-shore, with an elevation of about 450 feet. Out of this plateau the Yumuri Valley has been excavated with a breadth of about three miles, and length ot five or six miles, with a further rugged extension of one of the tributary valleys teethe foot of Pan de Matanzas, as shown on Map (Fig. 1). The floor of the basin rises from near tide-level to considerable elevations in its upper part, where there are low ridges produced by the unequal washings of the tropical rains.
VIII.—Problems connected with a Cooling Earth
Authors: Vaughan Arthur 
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for June and July of this year, I stated a new theory to account for the inequalities of the earth's surface, and, at the same time, offered a criticism of Mr. Eeade's theory, as epitomised by him in the May Number of the game Journal. in a short reply, contributed by Mr. Eeade to the September Number, he shows so clearly that he has totally misunderstood the physical reasoning upon which my theory is based, that some rejoinder is absolutely demanded.In criticising my theory, he asks: “How then could the underlayers, by shrinking, exert such a huge pressure on the interior as to actually compress the materials of the earth into a smaller volume?” and, a few lines further on, he proposes that we should “work out the decrease of volume which would result from a given contraction of a shell of steel, 30 miles thick, acting on a sphere of the size and composition of our earth.”Did I rely upon actual decrease of volume due to pressure, my theory would, of course, be absurdly untenable; but my reasoning is based upon the transference of material from beneath a surface of great pressure to below a surface upon which the pressure is much less. This I have so frequently reiteratedinmy paper that I could quote from almost any page; perhaps the following extract, taken from my first paper, will suffice: “The underlying material will be, so to speak, squeezed out, and this will cause a real transfer from under the sinking area to beneath the surrounding regions.”
I.—On the American Palæozoic Gasteropod, Trematonotus (Hall Emend. P. Fischer), and its Identification in Britain; with Description of a New Species
Authors: Newton R. Bullen 
Published: May 2009

Professor James Hall's discovery, in 1864, of his remarkable genus Trematonotus, in the Niagara rocks of North America, formed an interesting and valuable addition to his researches in conchological science.The special features of this shell consist in its Bellerophontoid appearance, coupled with the presence of a single row of isolated perforations on the central part of the dorsal surface. It was somewhat erroneously regarded by its author as a sub-genus of Leveillia (Porcellia), though its unique characters would mark it as a distinct form, and probably more intimately related to the well-known Haliotis of our modern seas than to any other known shell.
III.—A Contribution to the Study of the British Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida
Authors: Etheridge R. 
Published: May 2009

The following appear to be well-marked varieties of Microconchus pusillus.1a.—Spirorbis (Micro.) pusillus, Martin, var. simplex, var. nov. (Plate VII. Fig. 8.)Var. char.—The coil of the tube is open, lax, and imperfect, representing only a portion of the more developed coil; surface striæ very fine.
VI.—On “Wingless Birds,” Fossil and Recent; and a Few Words on Birds as a Class
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: May 2009

Before offering a short account of the Struthious, or Ostrich-like Birds, commonly called “Wingless Birds,”I propose to say a few words about Birdsas a class. Every one who has paid attention to the anatomy Birds has been struck by the marvellous uniformity of the Class.Every one who has paid attention to the anatomy of Birds has been struck by the marvellous uniformity of the Class. Embracing as it does almost countless numbers of species, these are found upon examination to pass insensibly, by the most delicate differences, the one into the other, so that it often is most difficult to distinguish genera and species.
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H. 
Published: May 2009

Description.—Specimen from the Coralline Oolite of Pickering (Leckenby Collection).Shell moderately elongate, conical, solid. Spire formed of an angle very nearly regular. The whorls are numerous and of moderate height. The posterior whorls in this specimen have suffered from abrasion. They are nearly flat, and the ornaments were apparently similar to those in the central part of the shell. The ornaments on the anterior whorls, if ever they existed, are for the most part obliterated, but the nodular character of the rim at the base of each whorl is still shown; these whorls are moderately excavated. The ornaments on the portions preserved in the centre are as follows. Each whorl is slightly depressed in the middle, and closely fitted on to the next by a raised nodular rim: that rim which is at the base of each whorl is by far the most nodular. Five transverse rows of granulations, the three centre ones being the strongest, fill up the space between the rims.
III.—Notes on the Appendages of Trilobites
Authors: H. W.  
Published: May 2009

We are indebted for the Woodcuts accompanying this note to the courtesy of Dr. John Mickleborough, whose paper on the Locomotory Appendages of Trilobites we published in our February Number, p. 80.They serve admirably to confirm the observations of Mr. E. Billings (published in the Geological Magazine for 1871, Vol. VIII. PI. VIII. pp. 289–294) on the appendages of Asaphus platycephalus. In Fig. 1, a, a, mark the position of the anterior pair of appendages; b, b, the 10th pair; c, the articulation between the carpus and propodos; d, the articulation between the propodos and dactylus; e, the lines to the letter e mark the position of the lamelliform ? branchiae beneath the pygidium.
IV.—On the Disintegration of a Chalk Cliff
Authors: Fisher Osmond 
Published: May 2009

As a slight contribution to the elucidation of questions of denudation, and at the same time an exemplification of the application of mathematics to a geological problem, I send the following:Noticing a lofty chalk cliff, forming the face of an old quarry in the neighbourhood of Lewes, I remarked that the action of the weather upon the surface was to disintegrate it equally all over, so that the face of the quarry remained vertical, while the stuff that fell down formed a talus, whose surface was approximately a plane, inclined to the horizon at that particular angle at which such materials will stand. The question then occurred to my mind— What will be the profile of the solid chalk behind the talus?.
V.—On the South of England Ice-Sheet
Authors: Croll James 
Published: May 2009

In the Reader, 14th October, 1865, and afterwards more fully in my papers on the “Boulder-clay of Caithness,” and on the “ Transport of the Wastdale Crag Blocks,” 2 the following were shown from physical considerations to be necessary results, viz.:—1. That were the ice of Greenland much thicker than it is at present, which it evidently was during the Glacial Epoch, it would not float in Davis Straits and Baffin's Bay, and consequently, would not break up into icebergs, but would move over upon the North American continent in one continuous mass, and pursue its course southwards, until it gradually melted away under the influence of the Sun's heat.
III.—On the Theory of Vorticose Earthquake-Shocks
Authors: Davison Charles 
Published: May 2009

Earthquake-shocks have generally been divided into three classes:a. Undulatory shocks, by far the most commonly felt, consisting of one or several waves, the movement at any place being to and fro along a line inclined to the horizon, but in general nearly horizontal.b. “Sussultatore” shocks, consisting of one or more up-and-down movements, in a nearly vertical direction.
IV.—Subsoil Denudation of Boulder-Clay
Authors: Reade T. Mellard 
Published: May 2009

On removing the superficial sand and soil to prepare for getting clay for brick-making, it is not unusual to find the surface of the Boulder-clay in this neighbourhood corrugated with tortuous channels. These channels are commonly filled with slutchy sand and gravel, which must be removed before the clay can be obtained.At the present time there is an excellent example to be seen in Earle Eoad, Smithdown Road, Liverpool, next to the site of a new Board School that I am, as architect, superintending. The surface of the ground slopes rather quickly to the valley below, and the superficial strata consist of soil and a yellow subaërial quartzose sand, together from 4 to 5 feet deep, in which there are no stones or gravel. This sand we are using for mortar, it being what is called “sharp,” or consisting of angular grains. Below this the corrugations of the Boulder-clay are better developed than I have seen elsewhere, and give a clue to the origin of these channel-like depressions.
II.—The Chloritic Marl and Upper Greensand of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Norman Mark W. 
Published: May 2009

It will no doubt be remembered by some that as far back as the year 1858, in“The Geologist,” Vol. I. pp. 480 and 509, I published a paper upon the Chloritic and Fossiliferous Marls, with some remarks on the Upper Greensand, of the Isle of Wight, my object being to point out the difference between these deposits, and their organic remains, with the view to their separation; stating as a reason that the fossils and deposits of the upper beds which intervene between the Chalk and the Upper Greensand were a distinct formation, and contained distinct fossils from those of the beds below.But like much that has been written upon the subject, both before and since, the paper was no doubt defective, especially in the nomenclature of the fossils. Still, the main facts remained.
V.—On the Occurrence of Porphyritic Structure in Some Rocks of the Lizard District
Authors: Fox Howard , Somervail Alex. 
Published: May 2009

The crystals of felspar are found to be most numerous in those rocks which lie in the closest proximity to the gabbro and serpentine; they have their long axis at various angles, and are mostly small, except at Parn Voose, Cavouga, and Green Saddle. The felspathic and hornblendic lines often circle round the crystals.Such is a brief statement of the bare facts of our observations in this particular direction. Without discussing any theory as to the true nature and origin of the whole of the schists, we think that the porphyritic structure, so prevalent in the dark bands of the “Granulitic Group,” in many of the micaceous and other rocks, as also in the later intrusions cutting the serpentine, indicates an igneous origin for many rocks hitherto regarded as schists.
III.—Observations on Señor Ameghino's “Notes on the Geology and Palæontology of Argentina”
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith 
Published: May 2009

The general conclusions of the brothers Ameghino in reference to the geology of Patagonia, as detailed in the foregoing valuable synopsis of results, may be still more briefly stated in the following manner(1) The oldest sedimentary rocks in which fossils have been found are red sandstones, containing mineralized wood, Dinosaurian bones, and other smaller reptilian remains. “Upper Cretaceous.”(2) The terrestrial or fresh-water Pyrotherium Beds succeed these and may be partly intercalated with them. They contain a singular mammalian fauna, notably primitive Ungulata. “Upper Cretaceous.”
II.—On the Formation of the River Tyne Drainage Area
Authors: Merrick Edward 
Published: May 2009

The object of this essay is to outline the connexion between earthmovements and the formation of the River Tyne drainage area; the period of its formation is also alluded to, though it is less definable. This object becomes more accessible on dividing the area into the following parts and considering each separatelyA. The Main Valley of the Tyne.B. The Watersheds South of the Main Valley.C. The Watersheds North of the Main Valley.D. The Earth movements considered stratigraphically.E. The Eelationship to other Drainage Areas.
V.—Outcrops
Authors: Watts W. W. 
Published: May 2009

Now that mapping constitutes such an essential part of field-work, it may be of use to some of your readers to connect together a few rules which have occurred to me on this subject.Valley-Outcrops.—Professor Green has devised an admirably common sense method by which the outcrop of a flat rock-bed can be traced by means of contour lines. The main results gained from this method may be thus summed up:—