bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPONENTS OF GROWTH RATE VARIATION AMONG LABORATORY CULTURED LOBSTERS (Homarus)
Authors: Hedgecock D. , Nelson K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLaboratory‐reared juvenile lobsters (Homarus americanus) vary considerably in growth rate. Up to 30% of this variation appears to be heritable, but culture system, family by system interaction, and density differences within and between systems also contribute substantial growth rate variance. Results from split‐plot analyses of growth variance among 8 families of full‐sib juveniles grown for 90 days on live, adult brine shrimp at 3 temperatures (14°C ambient, 18°C, and 21°C; 2 replications) are in complete agreement with previous findings. Family, and by implication genotype, is a significant component of growth rate variance. Environment, however, plays an even more significant role. Density of lobsters in a system at the time of stocking new families affects growth of the younger juveniles adversely. Temperature produces expected fixed effects on growth rate with no evidence of statistical interaction between family and temperature. Replication over similar, but independent, experimental grow‐out systems reveals added growth variance apparently due to uncontrolled culture system variables. Significant culture system x genotype interactions are also observed.Maternal influences and environmental effects arising from separate rearing of families until stage IV are confounded in the family differences observed in our growth studies. Two preliminary observations bearing on this problem show no evidence for a strong influence of larval history on juvenile growth.Implications from this study are (1) that selective breeding for faster growth of lobsters would probably be successful although genotype x environment interactions might make the breeding program more complex and costly; (2) that important, possibly density‐dependent, environmental factors have not been identified or controlled in studies of lobster growth; and therefore (3) that much more research is needed to verify the biological validity of current concepts of high density, commercial Lobster aquaculture.
THE USE OF INTERPOPULATION HYBRIDIZATION IN DEVELOPMENT OF COHO SALMON STOCKS FOR AQUACULTURE
Authors: Hershberger W. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThree separate and apparently genetically distinct coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) stocks managed and reared by the Washington Department of Fisheries were crossed in a 3 times 3 factorial design. Data on early life history traits, such as mortality, time to 50% and 100% hatch, growth rate, and food conversion efficiency were taken for each of the nine possible crosses. Statistical analyses of the data demonstrated few significant differences among the crosses for traits expressed prior to the free feeding stage. After the fish started actively feeding, significant differences were found in growth rate and food conversion efficiency. These results could be explained in some instances by “hybrid vigor” and in other instances by the genes contained in one population. The data indicate that judicious use of in‐terpopulation crosses could provide significant gains in the early rearing of coho salmon for aquaculture.
EFFECTS OF DIETS ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF JUVENILE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDES (Menidia menidia)
Authors: Schauer P. S. , Simpson K. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractJuvenile Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) were cultured for 24 days on a live 3‐day‐old brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina) diet as well as the following artificial diets: a Conklin modified lobster diet, a Tunison laboratory modified diet (pellet and flake forms), and a Meyers closed formula flake prawn diet. A combination diet of brine shrimp nauplii and the Meyers prawn diet was also evaluated. The total lipid level and fatty acid profile of the diets and cultured fish were compared to those of the wild fish. Growth and survival were used as indicators of the overall performance of the various diets.The greatest growth and survival was found in fish fed live brine shrimp. However, their fatty acid profile resembled their diet profile more than that of the wild fish. The combination diet produced nearly equal growth and survival compared to brine shrimp fed fish and gave a fatty acid profile more like the wild fish. Therefore, the combination diet sacrificed little overall performance but promoted a better lipid character. Although the Conklin modified lobster diet produced an acceptable survival (7851, no artificial diet promoted growth or survival which was equal to brine shrimp or the combined diet fed fish.The use of the brine shrimp‐artificial diet combination reduced, by 50%, the number of brine shrimp cysts required for the successful culture of silversides.
AMINO ACID STUDIES WITH JUVENILE Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Stahl M. S. , Ahearn G. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study reports the results of growth experiments with the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), using purified diets to establish the dietary requirements for lysine, arginine, methionine, and tryptophan. Four dietary levels of each amino acid were evaluated to determine quantitative requirements. The surprising outcome of these experiments indicated that these 4 amino acids were found dispensable for growth when omitted individually from the diets. Gut and/or tank bacteria may have supplied the prawns with amino acids in amounts sufficient for growth. These results suggest that searching for optimum amino acid levels for incorporation into cammercial diets may be less important than originally suspected. This would probably be particularly so where natural pond productivity provides prawns with many of their requirements.
SPAWNING, OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND LARVAE REARING OF THE FLORIDA POMPANO (Trachinotus carolinus)
Authors: Hoff F. H. , Mountain J. , Frakes T. , Halcott K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwenty‐five spawning attempts on the most reproductively developed fish were conducted on conditioned and unconditioned Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus). Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was used to stimulate ovarian development. Dosage levels of .55 IU/g and .275 IU/g were usually administered 24 to 48 hours apart. Strip spawning and semi‐natural spawning were used, Spawning occurred 7 to 208 hours after initial injection depending on initial oocyte size. Optimum oocyte size (580–718 μ) produced spawning in 30–40 hours. A close correlation exists between rate of fertilization and oocyte growth during the first 16–25 hours. Fertilized eggs may shrink as much as 16% within one hour after fertilization.Two successive batches of pompano were reared to juvenile stage in 23 days. Larvae were fed a mixed diet of natural plankton (66 μ mesh net), protozoans, rotifers (Brachionus plicatilus) and copepod nauplii (Oithona sp.). Water was initially conditioned with 40 liters of dense algae (Dunaliella sp. and Tetraselmis sp.). Water quality was controlled by partial exchanges from a 40,000‐liter biologically filtered system. Eighteen‐hour lighting was used. Larvae developed edema at 8–10 days and, combined with low aeration, reduced survival to only 300 juveniles.
CONDITIONING AND INDUCED SPAWNING OF THE RED DRUM (Sciaenops ocellata) UNDER VARIED CONDITIONS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE
Authors: Roberts D. E. , Harpster B. V. , Henderson G. E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVitellogenesis, culminating in spawning, was artificially induced in red drum (Sciaenops ocellata) using photoperiod and temperature as exogenous stimuli. Maturation was induced out of season during the normal refractory period of red drum found in central Florida waters. Four regimes were compared to a control. Three regimes culminated in advanced vitellogenesis and spawning. A semi‐natural regime induced spawning in 129 days, an abbreviated decelerating regime induced spawning in 83 days, and an abbreviated accelerating/decelerating regime induced spawning in 117 days. Functional maturity of females was defined by analysis of vitellogenic stage frequency and oocyte diameter frequency. Ovarian biopsies were taken by catheter at 30‐day intervals during experiment I, and 60‐day intervals during experiment II. For a 90‐day period in 1976, 4 females spawned 8.43 million eggs. For a 100‐day period in 1977, 8 females spawned 4.41 million eggs. Fertilization success was always greater than 99% and mean hatching success was 93.40% for all spawns.
MONOCULTURE AND POLYCULTURE POND STUDIES WITH POMPANO (Trachinotus carolinus) AND PENAEID SHRIMP (Penaeus aztecus, P. duorarum, AND P. setiferus) IN ALABAMA, 1975–19771
Authors: Tatum W. M. , Trimble W. C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStudies were conducted seasonally from 1975–1977 in 0.08 ha, brackish water ponds at the Claude Peteet Mariculture Center on monoculture of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), and white shrimp (P. setiferus), and on polyculture of pompano with pink (P. duorarum) or brown shrimp. Three methods of stocking polyculture ponds were investigated.Pompano production from monoculture ponds manages eeasonally for 95 to 191 days averaged 564 kg/ha with mean survival of 42%, mean feed conversion of 3.0, and mean weight of 156 g. During one growing season in 1977, consecutive 75‐ to 81‐day crops of brown and white shrimp produced mean yields of 349 and 600 kg/ha, survivals of 69 and 96%, feed conversions of 4.0 and 2.3, and weights averaging 8.3 and 10.0 g, respectively. The optimal method of stocking polyculture ponds with pompano and shrimp produced mean yields of 593 and 222 kg/ha, survivals of 30 and 53%, feed conversion of 2.6, and weights averaging 185 and 13.5 g, respectively.Although one season's highest yield (949 kg/ha, mean) was from 2 successive crops of penaieds and the maximum yield of pompano (760 kg/ha) was in monoculture, polyculture of shrimp and pompano demonstrated both technical and economical potential.
PEARL INCIDENCE IN Mytilus edulis L. AND ITS COMMERCIAL RAFT CULTIVATION IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Lutz R. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe presence of pearls in Mytilus edulis L. from Gulf of Maine waters may be the result of infection by a parasitic trematode (probably Gymnophallus bursicola) morphologically very similar to the pearl‐forming distome described by various European workers. Techniques have been devised for the removal and grading of pearls from individual specimens of Mytilus edulis and for quantifying differences between pearl incidence and age structure of studied populations. The relationship between number of pearls per mussel and age has been defined for one rafted and one shore population of mussels in South Bristol, Maine. No significant age‐independent differences were found between the 2 populations with regard to the quantity of pearls present. The harvesting of mussels from floating structures which have been in the water for less than 5 years (i.e., raft cultivation of Mytilus edulis) should provide a method of obtaining a quality product even in areas where the presence of pearls in natural stocks of mussels has proven a deterrent to the commercial utilization of this species.
A NEW DISEASE OF LARVAL PACIFIC OYSTERS (Crassostrea gigas)1
Authors: Leibovitz L. , Elston R. , Lipovsky V. P. , Donaldson J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA disease affecting larval Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) was observed during a 3‐year period at a hatchery in Washington State. It was also detected at 3 other hatcheries and in wild stocks. The clinical course of the acute phase of the disease in the hatchery varied from one to 3 days. Larvae that completed metamorphosis in less than 12 days survived the infection. Under intensive cultural conditions, the mortality rate exceeded 95%. The disease occurred at water temperatures of 20 to 30°C and salinities of 13 to 28 ppt.The earliest sign of the disease was the presence of numerous zoo‐spore‐like bodies on the cilia of the velum. These bodies progressively increased in number and the velum and mantle became eroded. Numerous thick‐walled spherical bodies, 4 to 24 μm in diameter, were found in the stomachs of apparently healthy and sick larvae that were at least 7 days of age. Moribund larvae regurgitated fascicular collections of zoospore‐like and thick‐walled spherical bodies from the stomach. The regurgitated masses became entwined on and were rotated by the velar cilia, further traumatizing the surface of the velum. The terminal stage of infection was characterized by severe velar erosion, numerous enlarged spherical bodies in the stomach, and dilated darkened intestines.Histologic and electron microscopic study of affected larvae revealed fascicular masses on velar and mantle epithelia associated with adjacent cellular destruction. Spherical bodies were impacted in the stomach and frequently obstructed the gastro‐diverticular opening. In some cases the intestines were dilated and ruptured.Based upon observations, a mycotic etiology is hypothesized. The etiologic agent exhibits similarities to the Dermocystidium group of organisms. The relationship between the wide distribution of the diseast and reported difficulties in culturing Pacific oyster larvae is discussed.
CURRENT STATUS OF AMPHIBIAN CULTURE WITH EMPHASIS ON NUTRITION, DISEASES AND REPRODUCTION OF THE BULLFROG, Rand catesbeiana
Authors: Culley D. D. , Horseman N. D. , Amborski R. L. , Meyers S. P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCulture techniques for some amphibians have progressed sufficiently to allow production of animals to be sold for teaching and research. The current state of the art is reviewed. Areas where additional research is needed include nutrition and feeding, immunology, reproductive control of females, and selective breeding.
THE LARGE INVERTEBRATE‐SMALL VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF SEVERAL SOUTH LOUISIANA CRAWFISH PONDS WITH EMPHASIS ON PREDACIOUS ARTHROPODS
Authors: Barr J. E. , Huner J. V. , Klarberg D. P. , Witzig J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe large invertebrate‐small vertebrate fauna (organisms caught or retained with a 3.2 mm mesh) were sampled in several south Louisiana crawfish ponds. Arthropods were the principal predators and included, in order of abundance (lowest to highest), the insect general Lethocerus, Cybister, Pelocoris, Ranatra, Belostoma, Notonecta, Buenoa, Anax, and Pachydiplax. The arachnids, Dolomedes spp., were more abundant than Cybister. On the basis of physical size and abundance, Anax junius (Odonata: Aesnidae) appeared to be the most significant crawfish predator. Diversity of all species was greater in ponds with extensive coverage of semi‐aquatic vegetation than in those ponds dominated by annual grasses (including rice) and sedges that died and decompsed following pond flooding. The mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), when present, appears to reduce the numbers of predacious odonate nymphs.
WATER CIRCULATION—AN ALTERNATIVE TO EMERGENCY AERATION
Authors: Busch C. D. , Goodman R. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA management system, replacing emergency aeration practices with gentle pond circulation, has been employed over an entire catfish growing season. Five waterblenders were used to provide pond circulation for a 1.42 ha catfish pond stocked at a density of nearly 10,000 finger‐lings/ha. Pond water circulation during the daytime hours mixed oxygen‐rich surface waters with the deeper oxygen‐poor waters. The waterblending operation continued long enough after dark to decrease the thermal gradients, so that the diurnal temperature change provided top‐to‐bottom mixing on most nights during the season.Comparisons of yield data, power requirements, and oxygen and temperature profiles show the advantages of the pond receiving water circulation over a neighboring pond that was aerated only on an emergency basis. Comparisons of waterblending with recent aeration studies of other investigators show an order of magnitude reduction in energy uses.
INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF LARVAL AMERICAN LOBSTERS (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Aiken D. E. , Martin D. J. , Meisner J. D. , Sochasky J. B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThirty thousand American lobsters were hatched, stocked at a density of 2,000 per 40‐liter planktonkriesel, and exposed to one of three photo‐periods (LD 01:23, LD 12:12, LD 23:01) at constant 20°C. Five replicates were completed from March through May. The shortest photoperiods produced the most rapid development and the best survival to Fourth Stage. The longest daily light period produced the largest mean size and greatest size range. At all photoperiods the first larvae to reach Fourth Stage were the largest, and mean size decreased thereafter. Short daily light periods appear to be the most advantageous for larval culture under these conditions because, in addition to producing the best development and survival rates, short light periods reduce algal growth and tank maintenance requirements.
EFFECT OF POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DENSITY AT STOCKING ON PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIAL FEASIBILITY OF PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) FARMING IN TEMPERATE CLIMATES1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Sandifer Paul A. , Jenkins Wallace E. , Stokes Alvin D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDuring 1978–1980, 18 rearing trials were conducted in 0.25 ha ponds to examine the effects of various stocking strategies on production and economic potential. The strategies tested consisted of stocking: post‐larvae only; a mixed population of postlarvae plus juveniles; small juveniles only, at densities ranging from 2.15–8.61 prawns/m2. Prawns were fed Purina Marine Ration 25 once daily and seine‐sampled at 4‐week intervals throughout the 144–168 day rearing periods.Clear relationships between population structure of the stocked prawns and density versus crop yields and estimated revenues were demonstrated. The stocking of postlarvae resulted in lower production levels and less valuable prawns as compared to stocking a mixture of postlarvae + juveniles or juveniles only populations. Also, survival was more variable (range 59.3–84.5%) and lower (mean 69.6%) when postlarvae were stocked. Greater crop yields were achieved at higher densities, however, mean size and unit value of the crop decreased as density increased. Feed conversions were low and averaged 1.4 (range 0.8–2.2) for all trials combined.Preliminary economic feasibility analyses of the various stocking strategies were performed for situations where ponds and associated facilities were already available. The analyses suggested that positive net revenues were possible if a mixed population of postlarvae and juveniles or juveniles only were stocked at about 6.5/m2 and seed costs were ∑30/1,000 and the crop was marketed as a combination of large whole.
RESPONSES OF PLANKTONIC AND BENTHIC COMMUNITIES TO FERTILIZER AND FEED APPLICATIONS IN SHRIMP MARICULTURE PONDS
Authors: Rubright John S. , Harrell Jim L. , Holcomb Hoyt W. , Parker Jack C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn experiment was performed to evaluate the responses of naturally occurring populations of plankton and benthos to applications of inorganic fertilizer and commercial marine ration in a shrimp grow‐out facility near Angleton, Texas. Ten ponds were stocked with an average of 17,000 post‐larval Penaeus stylirostris on July 8, 1980. Three of these ponds received fertilizer 19 days before stocking and again 7 days after stocking. Another 3 ponds were fed daily with Ralston Purina Experimental Marine Ration 20 beginning on the stocking day. Three other ponds received the 2 fertilizer applications and daily feed. One control pond was not given fertilizer or feed.Beginning 19 days before stocking and continuing for 14 weeks, samples were collected and quantitatively analyzed for chlorophyll, zoo‐plankton and benthic organisms. Results indicated that fertilizer stimulates the production of chlorophyll and planktonic copepods. Planktonic rotifers varied independently of feed or fertilizer. Densities of planktonic polychaete larvae seemed to be related to changes in the populations of benthic adult polychaetes.The benthic community was dominated by polychaetes, harpacticoid copepods and nematodes. Polychaetes tended to be more abundant when feed was present. Harpacticoids and nematodes did not seem to be affected by experimental treatments. All benthos fell to very low densities after 50 days of the study.The best shrimp production occurred in feed and fertilized ponds, followed by feed only, fertilizer only and the control. Potential linkages between natural production and shrimp growth are discussed.
SUCCESSFUL ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE CULTURE OF JUVENILE LOBSTERS
Authors: D'Abramo Louis R. , Conklin Douglas E. , Bordner Clark E. , Baum Nancy A. , Norman‐Boudreau Karen A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurified and semipurified diets yielding good growth and survival of lobsters (Homarus americanus) have been developed. Growth of animals fed the semipurified diet for 18 months at 20±1°C indicates that market size (.5 kg) could be attained within 2.5 years. The semipurified diet contains 53% (dry weight) protein using casein, shrimp meal, gluten, and egg white as different protein sources. Substitution of these particular sources of protein with soy protein, shrimp protein, a soy protein‐shrimp meal combination, or bacterial cell protein caused significant reductions in growth.Similar growth can be achieved when the protein level of the semipurified diet is reduced to 30.5%. It appears that if specific protein and energy requirements are met, diets containing low protein levels can be nutritionally adequate for optimal growth, thereby increasing the possibility of cost‐effective diets for intensive lobster culture.
COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF Isochrysis galbana PARKE AND Isochrysis aff. galbana, CLONE T‐ISO AT POUR TEMPERATURES AND THREE LIGHT INTENSITIES
Authors: Ewart John W. , Pruder Gary D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe growth of a temperate and a tropical strain of Isochrysis was studied at four temperatures and three light intensity levels. All algal cultures were grown in an enriched artificial seawater medium under constant illumination and were bubbled with air enriched with 0.1% CO2. Culture density (cells/ml) was measured periodically during exponential growth. Average growth rates for each combination of temperature and light intensity are presented as doublings/day. Observations of growth under the various culture conditions indicate that T‐ISO (tropical strain) grows rapidly over a much broader range of temperatures than does I. galbana. Variations in growth at different light intensity levels suggest that the optimum light level increases as a function of temperature for T‐ISO and that the growth of I. galbana is inhibited by high levels of light (1500 μW/cm2). The relative value of both strains as food for larval and juvenile oysters and the advantages and limitations of large scale culture are discussed.