bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The solar photospheric abundance of zirconium
Authors: Caffau E. , Faraggiana R. , Ludwig H.‐G. , Bonifacio P. , Steffen M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractZirconium (Zr), together with strontium and yttrium, is an important element in the understanding of the Galactic nucleosynthesis. In fact, the triad Sr‐Y‐Zr constitutes the first peak of s‐process elements. Despite its general relevance not many studies of the solar abundance of Zr were conducted. We derive the zirconium abundance in the solar photosphere with the same CO5BOLD hydrodynamical model of the solar atmosphere that we previously used to investigate the abundances of C‐N‐O. We review the zirconium lines available in the observed solar spectra and select a sample of lines to determine the zirconium abundance, considering lines of neutral and singly ionised zirconium. We apply different line profile fitting strategies for a reliable analysis of Zr lines that are blended by lines of other elements. The abundance obtained from lines of neutral zirconium is very uncertain because these lines are commonly blended and weak in the solar spectrum. However, we believe that some lines of ionised zirconium are reliable abundance indicators. Restricting the set to Zr II lines, from the CO5BOLD 3D model atmosphere we derive A (Zr) = 2.62 ± 0.06, where the quoted error is the RMS line‐to‐line scatter (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elemental abundance analyses with DAO spectrograms: XXXIII. β UMa (A0mA1 IV‐V), α Dra (A0 III), π Dra (A2 IIIs), and κ Cep (B9 III)
Authors: Adelman S.J. , Yu K. , Gulliver A.F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper presents extended analyses of β UMa (A0mA1 IV‐V), α Dra (A0 III), π Dra (A2 IIIs), and κ Cep (B9 III) which have previously been studied in this series. α Dra is a metal‐poor star while κ Cep has solar abundances. Both β UMa and π Dra are Am stars. Whenever possible, more accurate and precise gf values replace older values. High S/N (200+) and high dispersion Dominion Astrophysical Observatory spectrograms to the red of previously obtained spectra supplement the observations. The derived rotational velocities are 45, 25, 26, and 23 km s–1, respectively. These LTE fine analyses use the ATLAS9 and the WIDTH9 programs of R. L. Kurucz. The results of the extended and the previous analyses are in good agreement. Thus in the past decade a significant improvement in the system of gf values has not been achieved although for many lines there have been changes. The use of additional regions has increased the quality of some results (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Composite spectra: XVII. 12 Comae, a member of the Coma open cluster
Authors: Griffin R.E.M. , Griffin R.F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe components of binary stars offer the potential to examine the predictions of stellar‐evolution theory with particularly tight constraints. Those constraints are further tightened when the binary belongs to a cluster whose properties have been well determined independently. 12 Comae presents both advantages, belonging as it does to the Coma Cluster, Melotte 111. The orbit of 12 Comae has an eccentricity of nearly 0.6 and a period of 13 months. By a process of subtraction we separate the spectra of the component stars, derive a precise double‐lined orbit solution, and by modelling the photometry we extract the individual stellar photometric and physical properties, ages and rotation. By fitting theoretical evolutionary tracks to the positions of the stars in the H‐R diagram we confirm their individual masses, and derive a ZAMS of ∼0.65 Gyr, which accords well with measurements published for the cluster itself. We show that the primary of 12 Comae is an evolving giant of spectral type ∼G7 and mass 2.6 M⊙, while its secondary (whose spectrum could be isolated particularly cleanly) is an A3 dwarf which has a mass of 2.05 M⊙ and has commenced its evolution away from the main sequence. There is evidence that both stars are slightly metal‐weak (–0.25 < [Fe/H] < 0.0), well in keeping with analyses of other members of this cluster (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First detection of a magnetic field in the fast rotating runaway Oe star ζ Ophiuchi
Authors: Hubrig S. , Oskinova L.M. , Schöller M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe star ζ Ophiuchi is one of the brightest massive stars in the northern hemisphere and was intensively studied in various wavelength domains. The currently available observational material suggests that certain observed phenomena are related to the presence of a magnetic field. We acquired spectropolarimetric observations of ζ Oph with FORS 1 mounted on the 8‐m Kueyen telescope of the VLT to investigate if a magnetic field is indeed present in this star. Using all available absorption lines, we detect a mean longitudinal magnetic field 〈Bz〉all = 141 ± 45 G, confirming the magnetic nature of this star. We review the X‐ray properties of ζ Oph with the aim to understand whether the X‐ray emission of ζ Oph is dominated by magnetic or by wind instability processes (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effects of increasing swelling and anionic charges on the enzymatic hydrolysis of organosolv‐pretreated softwoods at low enzyme loadings
Authors: Del Rio Luis F. , Chandra Richard P. , Saddler John N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOrganosolv‐pretreated Lodgepole pine substrates were physically and chemically treated to increase their hydrophilicity and swelling as these are two substrate attributes which have been shown to improve cellulolytic hydrolysis. Surprisingly, mechanical treatment of the organosolv‐treated substrates by PFI‐mill refining did not significantly increase hydrolysis yields despite decreases in particle size and crystallinity and increases in swelling. However, sulfonation of the substrate did, significantly, increase enzymatic hydrolysis at loadings of both 5 and 2.5 FPU g−1 cellulose (from 80% to 95% and from 35% to 80%, respectively). In addition, sulfonation resulted in an increase in the amount of free enzymes detected during the course of hydrolysis to a maximum of 80% after 72 h. This suggested that the beneficial effects of sulfonation were primarily due to a decrease in the non‐specific binding of the cellulases to the lignin. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1549–1558. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzymatic transformations of cellulose assessed by quantitative high‐throughput fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (QHT‐FTIR)
Authors: Corgié Stéphane C. , Smith Hanna M. , Walker Larry P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis of bacterial microcrystalline cellulose was performed with the thermophile enzyme system of Thermobifida fusca Cel5A (a classical endocellulase), Cel6B (a classical exocellulase), Cel9A (a processive endoglucanase), and a synergistic mixture of endo‐ and exocellulases. Different concentrations of enzymes were used to vary the extent of hydrolysis. Following standardization, the concentration of cellulose was directly correlated to the absorbance of the cellulose signals. Crystallinity indexes (Lateral Order Index (LOI), Total Crystallinity Index, Hydrogen Bonding Index), allomorphic composition, conversion of specific atomic bonds (including the β‐glucosidic bonds) were extracted from the spectral data obtained by QHT‐FTIR. By quantifying the disruption of the H‐bonding in complement to the sugar production, a more dynamic and complex picture of the role of cellulases in the hydrolysis of cellulose was demonstrated. The disruption of the H‐bonding within the cellulose matrix appears as a quantifiable activity of the enzymes which was not correlated with the production of sugars in solution. The results also demonstrate that Cel9A activities from the cellulose transformation standpoint were partially similar to the activities of the synergistic mixture. In addition, Cel9A preferentially degraded the Iα fraction of the crystalline cellulose while the Cel5A and Cel6B synergistic mixture preferentially degraded the Iβ fraction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1509–1520. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemostat‐based transcriptional analysis of growth rate change and BCL‐2 over‐expression in NS0 cells
Authors: Krampe Britta , Fagan Ailís , Gaora Peadar Ó. , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe investigated the transcriptional response of NS0 cells undergoing controlled nutrient growth change in continuous chemostat culture using mouse microarrays. A 50% reduction in growth rate resulted in detectable alterations in the expression of 29 genes in NS0 cells. Notably, expression of genes in three major biological processes, namely transcriptional, translational, and protein processing functions, were modified. To further elucidate the advantage of the chemostat environment for establishment of “omic” data sets, an expression profile of the over‐expressed gene bcl‐2 in NS0 cells was probed. Functional analysis revealed that the underlying altered molecular mechanism was particularly associated with G1 cell cycle progression, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. Importantly, these findings agreed with the physical function of the cells. Despite an increase in survival rate, bcl‐2 over‐expression resulted in a decrease of specific productivity, glucose consumption, oxygen uptake rate and intracellular protein content, indicating a lower energy generating metabolism. Further, a prolongation of G1 cell cycle phase was evident on lowering the growth rate. Overall, the application of microarray analysis to chemostat‐grown cultures offers an excellent combination for the interpretation of transcriptomic profiles to elucidate the molecular mechanisms during nutrient growth change and bcl‐2 over‐expression. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1603–1615. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of a dense gas technique for sterilizing soft biomaterials
Authors: Karajanagi Sandeep S. , Yoganathan Roshan , Mammucari Raffaella , Park Hyoungshin , Cox Julian , Zeitels Steven M. , Langer Robert , Foster Neil R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSterilization of soft biomaterials such as hydrogels is challenging because existing methods such as gamma irradiation, steam sterilization, or ethylene oxide sterilization, while effective at achieving high sterility assurance levels (SAL), may compromise their physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. New methods that effectively sterilize soft biomaterials without compromising their properties are therefore required. In this report, a dense‐carbon dioxide (CO2)‐based technique was used to sterilize soft polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐based hydrogels while retaining their structure and physicochemical properties. Conventional sterilization methods such as gamma irradiation and steam sterilization severely compromised the structure of the hydrogels. PEG hydrogels with high water content and low elastic shear modulus (a measure of stiffness) were deliberately inoculated with bacteria and spores and then subjected to dense CO2. The dense CO2‐based methods effectively sterilized the hydrogels achieving a SAL of 10−7 without compromising the viscoelastic properties, pH, water‐content, and structure of the gels. Furthermore, dense CO2‐treated gels were biocompatible and non‐toxic when implanted subcutaneously in ferrets. The application of novel dense CO2‐based methods to sterilize soft biomaterials has implications in developing safe sterilization methods for soft biomedical implants such as dermal fillers and viscosupplements. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1716–1725. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The pattern of arrangement of the lumbrical muscles in an African population
Authors: Igiri Anozeng Oyono , Mesembe Otu Effiong , Ekong Moses Bassey , Akpan Nsikak Ubong 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe pattern of arrangement of the lumbrical muscles in the hand of an African population was studied. Sixty‐four upper limb specimen from 32 male cadavers between the ages 18 and 40 were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, University of Calabar, Nigeria were used. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the University, and each of the limbs of the cadavers was labeled. Observations were grouped as A, B, C, D, and E and their incidence calculated using simple percentages. Group A constituted 50% and represented the standard pattern. In this group, the first and second bellies of lumbrical muscles arose each from the radial sides of the corresponding flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons, while the third and fourth bellies of the lumbrical muscles arose each from the contiguous sides of the FDP tendons of the middle and ring fingers, and the ring and little fingers, respectively. All the bellies were inserted to their corresponding sides in the radial part of the dorsal digital expansion. Groups B and E constituting 12.5 and 6.25%, respectively, presented single origins and insertions in all the four bellies of the lumbrical muscles. Groups C and D constituting 18.75 and 12.5%, respectively, showed double origins in the third belly of the lumbrical muscle, with the first, second, and fourth having single origins. In conclusion, our study showed variations already reported, and peculiar pattern of lumbrical muscle arrangement in a single hand. Therefore, this study is of anatomical, anthropological, and clinical importance. Clin. Anat. 24:423–428, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rib fracture timing in dynamic belt tests with human cadavers
Authors: Duma S.M. , Kemper A.R. , Stitzel J.D. , Mcnally C. , Kennedy E.A. , Matsuoka F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to present data from dynamic belt loading tests on the thorax of human cadavers where the exact timing of all rib fractures is known. To quantify rib fracture timing, a total of 47 strain gages were placed throughout the thorax of two human cadavers (one male, one female). To simulate thoracic loading observed in a severe car crash, a custom table‐top belt loading device was developed. The belt loading pulse was configured to result in approximately 40% chest compression during a 150 ms load and unload cycle. The time histories of each strain gage were analyzed to determine the time of each rib fracture which was then directly compared with the reaction loads and chest displacements at that exact time, thereby creating a noncensored data set. In both cadavers, all rib fractures occurred within the first 35% compression of the thorax. As a general trend, fractures on the left side of the thorax, where the passenger belt passed over the abdomen, occurred first followed by fractures to the upper ribs on the right side of the thorax. By utilizing this technique, the exact timing of each injury level can be characterized relative to the mechanical parameters. For example, using rib fractures as the parameter for Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) scores in the female test, it was shown that AIS 1 injury occurred at a chest compression of 21.1%, AIS 2 at 21.6%, AIS 3 at 22.0%, and AIS 4 at 33.3%. Clin. Anat. 24:327–338, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrating software change request services into virtual laboratory environment: Empirical evaluation
Authors: Stojanov Zeljko , Dobrilovic Dalibor , Perisic Branko 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article presents an approach to integration and evaluation of software change request (SCR) specification services in an educational environment. The educational environment, a virtual network laboratory, VNLab, and its extension with services for specifying SCRs, are described. There are three services for SCR specification implemented in the described environment. These services are: paper form service, Web form service, and service integrated within the context of running application. The last service is based on developed software utility called SCRSpecifier (Software Change Request Specifier). After the services' description, the results of a conducted experiment are presented. The main goal of the experiment was to discover possible advantages and disadvantages of described SCR services and to compare them. The analyses of the data, collected during the experiment, provided the evidence that implemented services are useful to students and personnel responsible for maintenance of described educational environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22: 63–71, 2014
Interaction of Vesicles: Adhesion, Fusion and Multicompartment Systems Formation
Authors: Paleos Constantinos M. , Tsiourvas Dimitris , Sideratou Zili 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this review, interactions of selected vesicles, induced either by molecular recognition or by electrostatic interactions, for the simulation of cell–cell and cell–drug interaction processes are discussed. In order of increasing complexity, examples of vesicles adhesion are presented at first, followed by recognition experiments in which fusion takes place. This differentiation in behavior was primarily attributed to the structural features of interacting vesicular pairs primarily affected by concentration and lateral phase separation of the anchored recognizable groups. In certain cases, fusion is accompanied by multicompartmentalization of the obtained aggregates. In connection with the formation of these multicompartment systems, it was proposed that an analogous mechanism could be operating in the evolution of eukaryotes during the symbiosis of prokaryotes.
Three‐way analysis of a designed compost experiment using near‐infrared spectroscopy and laboratory measurements
Authors: Lillhonga Tom , Geladi Paul 
Published: February 2011

AbstractComposts are complex organic systems that undergo batch fermentation processes. Traditional monitoring of such processes is usually based on measuring important chemical (physical) laboratory parameters but the common trend includes using more rapid and non‐destructive methods like near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A lab‐scale designed (simplex mixture) experiment with nine compost batches, including three repeated centre point batches, was monitored over 5 weeks by NIR spectroscopy (900–1700 nm) and by wet chemical and physical measurements: pH, energy content, moisture content, NH3/NH and temperature. The data were organized in three‐way data arrays and different three‐way methods were used for analysis: (1) PARAFAC, (2) Tucker3 and (3) PARAFAC2. The present paper stresses the advantages and the possibilities of three‐way methods compared to traditional two‐way analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA). Two‐way methods have a tendency to mix variables and produce, from a parsimony point of view, more complex models which are hard to interpret. The results from the three‐way methods reproduced the mixture triangle, gave common time profiles (PARAFAC and Tucker3) for all compost batches and rate constants (half‐lives) could be calculated: 6.9 days for the PARAFAC loadings from the chemical/physical parameters and between 6 and 10 days for the PARAFAC loadings from the NIR data. PARAFAC2 includes the possibility of getting individual time profiles for each compost batch. The results show that chemical/physical data and the NIR data give similar interpretations. The conclusion is that three‐way methods can be used to monitor composts batches over time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feature importance sampling‐based adaptive random forest as a useful tool to screen underlying lead compounds
Authors: Cao Dong‐Sheng , Liang Yi‐Zeng , Xu Qing‐Song , Zhang Liang‐Xiao , Hu Qian‐Nan , Li Hong‐Dong 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGood performance of ensemble approaches could generally be obtained when base classifiers are diverse and accurate. In the present study, feature importance sampling‐based adaptive random forest (fisaRF) was proposed to obtain superior classification performance to the primal one‐step random forest (RF). fisaRF takes a convenient, yet very effective, way called feature importance sampling (FIS), to select the more eligible feature subset at each splitting node instead of simple random sampling and thereby strengthen the accuracy of individual trees, without sacrificing diversity between them. Additionally, the iterative use of feature importance obtained by the previous step can adaptively capture the most significant features in data and effectively deal with multiple classification problems, not easily solved by other feature importance indexes. The proposed fisaRF was applied to classify three structure–activity relationship (SAR) data sets proposed by Xue et al. 1 together with disinfection by‐products (DBPs) data, compared to the primal one‐step RF induced by simple random sampling. The comparison revealed that fisaRF can effectively improve the classification accuracy and prediction confidence for each sample and thereby was considered as a very useful tool to screen the underlying lead compounds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochemical Charge Separation in Closely Positioned Donor–Boron Dipyrrin–Fullerene Triads
Authors: Wijesinghe Channa A. , El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Subbaiyan Navaneetha K. , Supur Mustafa , Zandler Melvin E. , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi , D'Souza Francis 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA series of molecular triads, composed of closely positioned boron dipyrrin–fullerene units, covalently linked to either an electron donor (donor1–acceptor1–acceptor2‐type triads) or an energy donor (antenna–donor1–acceptor1‐type triads) was synthesized and photoinduced energy/electron transfer leading to stabilization of the charge‐separated state was demonstrated by using femtosecond and nanosecond transient spectroscopic techniques. The structures of the newly synthesized triads were visualized by DFT calculations, whereas the energies of the excited states were determined from spectral and electrochemical studies. In the case of the antenna–donor1–acceptor1‐type triads, excitation of the antenna moiety results in efficient energy transfer to the boron dipyrrin entity. The singlet‐excited boron dipyrrin thus generated, undergoes subsequent energy and electron transfer to fullerene to produce a boron dipyrrin radical cation and a fullerene radical anion as charge‐separated species. Stabilization of the charge‐separated state in these molecular triads was observed to some extent.