bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior of Elements in the Takahashi, Japan River Basin
Authors: Teraoka Hisayuki , Ogawa Michihiro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations of 22 elements in suspended and dissolved solids in rivers, various sieved particles, and interstitial waters of dam sediments were determined in the Takahashi River Basin on whose estuary stands the Mizushima industrial area, one of the biggest in Japan. In this basin, because of the increased atmospheric pollution, the input of the volatile elements Zn, Cd, Sn, Pb, and Ag from the atmosphere was found to be markedly greater than the theoretical concentration derived from the basin rocks. Copper, chromium, cobalt, iron, nickel, and manganese showed about the same tendencies. These elements were already enriched, even in suspended solids of waters collected near the watershed. Thus, it is suggested that the enrichments of trace elements in suspended solids must occur not only after being suspended in river water, but also in fine solids of topsoil of the watershed. Thus, the increase of trace elements delivered from the atmosphere must bring about the great enrichments in suspended and dissolved solids in river as well as in topsoil and its interstitial water of the river basin.
The Movement of Nitrogen Species Through Three Soils Below Septic Fields
Authors: Brown K. W. , Donnelly K. C. , Thomas J. C. , Slowey J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMuch effort has been directed toward designing and installing septic leach fields to prevent the contamination of both surface and groundwater. Nitrogen is a very mobile element, abundant in septic effluent, and may pose a serious threat to groundwater below septic fields.This 2‐yr field study on movement of N species below simulated septic lines in three soils encased in large undisturbed monolith lysimeters was designed to access the potential N pollution of groundwater below septic fields.Effluent applications of 81.8, 32.7, and 16.4 L/m2 of trench bottom per day were made to sandy loam, sandy clay, and clay soils, respectively. Leachate was collected continuously from suction cups distributed across the lysimeter bottom and occasionally from cups in the soil adjacent to and below the septic line and analyzed for N fractions. At the end of the study, soil samples were collected in an array around the septic line and analyzed for NH4+‐N and total N.Accumulation of NH4+‐N in the soil profile and leachate losses of NH4+‐N and NO3−‐N were greatest in the sandy loam soil which received the largest volume of effluent and had the lowest CEC. Sixteen months after the initiation of effluent application, NH4+‐N concentrations in the leachate 120 cm below the septic line began to increase above background values, and by 23 months these concentrations were in the order of 6 µg/mL. Vertical movement of NH4+‐N averaged 100 cm/yr in the sandy loam and 25 cm/yr in the sandy clay and clay soils.Concentrations of NH4+‐N in the leachate samples collected 120 cm below the septic line were > 10µg/mL during and immediately following periods when the soil profile was oxidized.Soil samples taken at the end of 2 yr of application showed a build‐up of total N under the septic line to concentrations as great as 1000 µg/g. Total N losses summed over the entire period range from 0.45 to 2.2% of that applied.
Microbial Contributions to Soluble and Volatile Arsenic Dynamics in Retorted Oil Shale
Authors: Hassler R. A. , Klein D. A. , Meglen R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractArsenic volatilization and solubilization from samples of Paraho and Lurgi retorted shale were evaluated with and without added soybean meal [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA), methanearsonic acid (MAA), and sodium arsenate (SA) in 12‐week experiments. Using a Paraho process shale from an experimental reclamation site in western Colorado, As was only volatilized when nutrients were present, using 23°C incubation. Organic As forms added at 267 × 10−6 mol As kg−1 shale tended to remain more in solution, and were volatilized to a greater extent (45.7 and 6.4 × 10−6 mol kg−1 shale as DMAA and MAA, respectively) than observed with less soluble SA or innate As. Soluble As dynamics were also influenced by nutrient availability. With added DMAA, soluble As levels decreased over the course of the experiment, and decreases followed by rerelease were observed with MAA and SA. The low initial levels of soluble innate As increased slightly over the course of the experiment. In contrast, without nutrients present, other than with added DMAA, the soluble As levels decreased. Incubation at 45°C resulted in a marked reduction of As mobilization, and after heat sterilization, no As mobilization could be observed. Addition of an unsterilized shale inoculum led to a reestablishment of these As mobilization processes in the sterilized samples. In addition, As mobilization was inhibited under anaerobic conditions. With a sample of Lurgi process shale, mobilization in the presence of nutrients was observed, but As volatilization could not be detected, suggesting that variations in oil shale sources and retorting may influence microbial As mobilization. These results suggest that measurable amounts of As can be mobilized from some retorted shale samples, if nutrients are available and environmental conditions allow these processes to occur.
Nitrogen Leaching from Soils Cropped with Sugarcane under the Humid Tropical Climate of Mauritius, Indian Ocean
Authors: Ng Kee Kwong K. F. , Deville J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe significance of N leaching in the N economy of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) and as a hazard to the environment in Mauritius was not known with certainty. A lysimeter study was therefore initiated to investigate leaching of N from soils planted with hybrid sugarcane and fertilized with either 15N‐labeled (NH4)2SO4 or NaNO3 at the rate of 100 kg N/ha. The results obtained showed that the amount of N leached by any one rainfall of sufficient magnitude to give rise to percolates depended more upon the duration and intensity of the drying step preceeding the rainfall than on the leachate volume. In consequence, N leached from any one soil by an outburst of rain was greater at the drier site (Reduit, 1550 mm rain/yr) than at the wet site (Belle Rive, 3700 mm rain/yr). However, the cumulative N loss over 1 yr was not invariably higher at Reduit than at Belle Rive because frequent though shorter and less intense drying and wetting cycles may be cumulatively just as effective in mobilizing soil N than the less frequent but longer and more intense drying at Reduit. In addition, at both sites more N was leached from the soil with a higher organic matter content.Though the soils were able to retain NO3− by adsorption, the mobility of NO3− in the soils used was primarily reduced by biological immobilization. As a result, in spite of an annual rainfall exceeding 3000 mm at Belle Rive, N leaching was not more extensive than that reported for soils of the temperate regions. Instead, cations such as K+ and Ca2+ were more readily leached than N. This draws attention to the fact that the need for management practices to attenuate leaching losses of cations from soils located in a climatic environment similar to that of Mauritius may be more acute than the need for measures to minimize N leaching.
Site Relations of Slash Pine on Dredge Mine Spoils
Authors: Darfus G. H. , Fisher R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDredge mining for heavy minerals is carried out on large areas of Spodosol soils in the Georgia‐Florida coastal plain. Attempts to return these areas to productive slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliotii) forests have usually failed. This study was conducted to determine if changes in soil moisture regime or extremely low nutrient availability induced by the mining operation were the causes of such failure. Nutrient contents of the mined soils were low, but this did not appear to be the major cause of poor tree growth. Changes in topography and the removal of organic and sesquioxide coatings from the thick spodic horizon caused the mined soils' moisture regimes to be very different from those occurring in the coarse sandy soils prior to mining. Before mining, the soils were fairly uniform, somewhat poorly drained Spodosols. After mining, the soils ranged from Typic to Aquic Quartzipsamments, and only a small proportion of the area retained a moisture regime suitable for vigorous slash pine growth. Plantation failure on these sites could have been mitigated by grading the spoils to nearly level contours and increasing the organic matter content through additions of waste humate from the mining process or sewage sludge, or by planting a variety of tree species onto the various microsites present in the mined landscape.
Use of Peat for On‐Site Wastewater Treatment: I. Laboratory Evaluation
Authors: Rock C. A. , Brooks J. L. , Bradeen S. A. , Struchtemeyer R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeat has been found to be an effective medium for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. Recent research has indicated that a peat filter can be utilized in the treatment of septic tank effluent (STE). Laboratory columns were used to determine the treatment capacity of sphagnum (Sphagnum spp.) peat at varying hydraulic and organic loadings.Thirty centimeters of peat compacted to a density of 0.12 Mg/m3 was found sufficient to treat STE at a hydraulic loading of 8.1 cm/d and an organic loading of 20.2 kg BOD5/1000 m2 per day (BOD5 = 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand). The BOD reduction exceeded 95% and suspended solids 90%. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was only 80% as the effluent COD exceeded 100 mg/L. The relatively high COD was attributed to the organic matter leached from the peat itself. This was reflected in a light yellow color and lowered pH in the effluent. The effect seemed to be temporary in nature and improved COD, color, and pH values were obtained with time. Excellent fecal coliform reduction was obtained, suggesting that a separate disinfection operation may not be necessary.Nutrient removal under aerobic conditions revealed < 10% P and N removal; however, nitrification was nearly complete. Significant denitrification was promoted under anaerobic conditions and a 62% reduction in total N was observed.Specifications for a full‐scale filter include a hydraulic loading of 4.1 cm/d for a typical strength STE (10 kg BOD5/1000 m2 per day) as 8.1 cm/d proved to be excessive at low temperature (5°C). The filter should have a minimum of 30 cm of lightly compacted peat (0.10–0.12 Mg/m3) below the distribution pipes. These recommended design criteria result in a much smaller filter than previously tested.
Water Quality of Irrigation and Surface Return Flows from Flood‐Irrigated Pasture and Alfalfa Hay
Authors: Miller W. W. , Guitjens J. C. , Mahannah C. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPollutants from agricultural irrigation practices continue to require empirical definition. This paper reports results from a 3‐yr investigation of pollutants and pollutant loads carried in irrigation and surface return flows from grass pasture (Bromusinermis Leyss, Dactylis glomerata L., Poa pratensis L., Festuca arundinacea Schrib.) and alfalfa hay lands (Medicago sativa L.) to adjacent receiving waters. Irrigation and surface return flows were metered and the volume of infiltrated water determined at four sites during three irrigation seasons. Concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrate‐N (NO3−‐N), total N (TN), phosphate‐P (ortho PO43−‐P), and total P (TP) were combined with flow volumes to compute changes in surface loading per individual irrigation and cumulative throughout the irrigation season. Of those parameters studied, BOD5 and P (PO43−‐P, TP) were found to have a net loss from the fields via surface return flow. Statistical relationships among the water quality parameters varied seasonally. Differences were attributed to seasonal changes in irrigation water supply and availability. Levels of constituent contributions to surface runoff appeared to be more related to site characteristics, water management practice, and hydrologic variation than to the presence or absence of grazing animals. Future efforts in water quality management and control should be directed towards quantifying the relationship between water quality as affected by specific management activities, followed by appropriate economic impact assessment of the control measure effects on agricultural productivity.
Adsorption of Curium‐244: Effects of Dissolved Organics and Sediment Extractions
Authors: Sibley Thomas H. , Alberts James J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption of 244Cm, a transuranic isotope that absorbs strongly to suspended sediments, was measured on untreated and extracted sediments in filtered and ultrafiltered water. Partition coefficients (Kd) ranged from 7 × 103 to 5 × 105. The most important observations concern the role of dissolved and particulate organic matter. Ultrafiltration of water to remove dissolved organic compounds significantly reduced the concentration of soluble Cm and increased Kd for all types of sediments. Extraction of sediments with NaOH to remove humic and fulvic acids also increased Kd values. This may result because previously blocked adsorption sites are available for Cm adsorption or because particulate organics in unextracted sediments are solubilized during the experiments. Removal of hydrous oxides from sediments by extraction with sodium citrate/sodium dithionate or hydroxylamine‐hydrochloride did not produce consistent effects. It is suggested that hydrous oxides may be important for long‐term sediment‐water partitioning of Cm, but the initial adsorption is determined by interactions with dissolved and particulate organic matter.
Behavior Assessment Model for Trace Organics in Soil: III. Application of Screening Model
Authors: Jury W. A. , Spencer W. F. , Farmer W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe soil chemical screening model developed in Jury et al. (1983) is applied to a set of 35 chemicals for which benchmark properties (organic C partition coefficient, vapor pressure, solubility, half‐life) have been obtained. Environmental screening tests are conducted on the chemicals to de{ermine their relative convective mobility, diffusive mobility, volatility, and persistence with the results presented in a series of classifications rating the susceptibility of the chemical to a given loss pathway.The convective mobility tests estimate the time required for a pulse of chemical to travel a distance of 10 cm through an ideal soil of uniform water content and organic C content while being subjected to a water application rate of 1 cm/day. The diffusive mobility tests determine the time required for a chemical to diffuse 10 cm through the same ideal soil. In the volatilization screening tests, each chemical is applied at a uniform concentration of 1 kg/ha to a standard depth in the soil with uniform properties and is allowed to volatilize through a stagnant air boundary layer during a specified time period in the presence or absence of water evaporation. The resulting volatilization fluxes and cumulative losses for a standard time period are used to categorize the relative susceptibility of the chemical to loss to the atmosphere. The persistence tests are used to determine the amount of chemical left after a specified time period when it is free not only to degrade but also to volatilize.
Behavior Assessment Model for Trace Organics in Soil: IV. Review of Experimental Evidence
Authors: Jury W. A. , Spencer W. F. , Farmer W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental evidence supporting the environmental screening model of Jury et al. (1983) is reviewed and discussed. For several laboratory studies of volatilization, initial and boundary conditions matched those used in our model and simulations were run. In all cases, good agreement was found between predicted and measured volatilization losses, with and without accompanying water evaporation. When five chemicals of widely differing volatility were exposed to identical experimental conditions, the model correctly predicted the relative loss behavior observed.The convective mobility predictions of the model were shown to be consistent with several laboratory studies of compound leaching, as long as the water flow rate was slow enough (< 0.01 cm/s) to ensure equilibrium between the solution and adsorbed phases.The Millington and Quirk tortuosity model used in our representation of the soil diffusion coefficient was found to give a good prediction of the water content dependence of the effective diffusion coefficient observed in several studies. The thickness of the stagnant boundary layer predicted from our similarity assumption was shown to be consistent with the apparent thickness inferred from several laboratory and field measurements of volatilization.
Effects of Wastewater Disposal on Growth Rates of Cypress Trees
Authors: Lemlich Sandra K. , Ewel Katherine Carter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA swamp in north Florida received raw sewage from 1914 to 1951, primary wastewater from 1952 to 1972, and secondary wastewater from 1973 through the present. A study conducted at this swamp to determine long‐term impacts of wastewater discharge included an analysis of the growth rates of surviving trees. Increment cores were taken from cypress trees [Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet] in this swamp and from a nearby undisturbed cypress swamp. Annual basal area increments were calculated for 75 yr to determine whether the growth rates differed during the various discharge periods relative to growth rates at the control swamp. Disposal of untreated or primary wastewater was detrimental to tree growth. Secondarily treated wastewater enhanced tree productivity, and growth rates during this period returned to levels that were similar to control growth rates. Cypress swamps should not be used for disposal of raw sewage or primary wastewater because of the negative impact on the trees, but trees that survive such conditions are apparently able to recover normal growth rates when the wastewater is upgraded.
Identification of Injury Resulting From Atmospheric Pollutants Using Reflectance Measurements
Authors: Schutt J. B. , Rowland Randy A. , Heggestad Howard E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Jet Star) were grown under field conditions in open‐top chambers at Beltsville, MD. Sets of chambers circulating carbon‐filtered air to remove the O3 and non‐filtered air with and without an admixture of SO2 at 1256 µg/m3 comprised the treatments. Mean reflectances and their corresponding standard deviations were calculated at 475, 550, 660, and 725 nm for leaflets selected from all chambers. Results of these calculations showed that the reflectance at 550 nm was the most responsive to treatment, while 725 nm showed intermediate response. Since both 475 and 660 nm were shown to be treatment insensitive, each was selected as a basis from which a threshold reflectance level could be established for the assessment of incipient injury. The data revealed that the effects of pollutants on leaflets could be assessed by differencing one of the treatment‐sensitive wavelengths, 550 or 725 nm, with respect to one of the treatment‐insensitive wavelengths, 475 or 660 nm, and comparing the resulting differences with the appropriate threshold reflectance viz: (R550‐Ri)j > (< R550‐Ri >)c + 2δic, where i = 475 or 660 nm, j refers to treatments, and (< R550‐Ri >)c and δic refer to the average reflectance at 550 nm relative to the reference wavelength i for the controls and standard deviation at the reference wavelength, respectively. The standard deviation is positive because in no instance was (R550‐Ri)j less than (< R550‐Ri >)c. In combination, these factors functioned as a threshold reflectance. For i = 475 nm, the criterion was more sensitive to abaxial injury, whereas for i = 660 nm, it was found more effective in predicting adaxial effects. To evaluate the criterion, percentages of injured leaves were compared with fruit yield (weight) information. Using 660 nm for the reference wavelength, the percentages of injured leaflets were 38.4, 32.0, and 30.9% for O3 + SO2), O3, and SO2, while the respective yields were 68, 82, and 84% of the control. Using 475 nm, the values for the same sequence were 57.7, 55.1, and 41.3%, demonstrating that both reference wavelengths correctly ordered injured leaflets with respect to yield data.
Causes of Acidification of Four Streams on Laurel Hill in Southwestern Pennsylvania
Authors: Sharpe William E. , De Walle David R. , Leibfried Robert T. , Dinicola Richard S. , Kimmel William G. , Sherwin Lysle S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAtmospheric deposition, soils developed from bedrock, a natural bog, gas wells, and a ski area were all investigated as possible sources of water quality degradation for four streams on Laurel Hill in southwestern Pennsylvania where fish kills have been reported since 1960. An intensive study of the chemistry of atmospheric deposition, soil leachate, and stream water and fish populations was conducted on these basins during 1980–1981 with emphasis on dormant season periods with runoff from snowmelt and rain. Although bedrock geology was found to control the natural buffering capacity of these streams, only acid precipitation could be linked to sharp drops in pH and increases in total Al concentrations observed during stormflows in the poorly buffered streams. Three poorly buffered streams exhibited drops to pH 4.4 to 4.5 and increases in total Al concentrations up to 1.5 mg/L during observed peak flows. Mineral soil leachate from the three major soil series on the basins during this time exhibited a low pH of 4.3 and mean total Al concentrations of 3.6 mg/L, indicating stream response during storms was closely linked to chemistry of soil leachate. Poorly buffered streams did not support reproducing populations of trout (Salmonidae sp.) or other fishes. In contrast, one well‐buffered stream (20 mg/L CaCO3) exhibited drops to pH 5.5 during peak flow and supported reproducing trout and sculpin (Cottus bairdi) populations. The acidification of the four streams studied was attributed to atmospheric deposition.
Heavy Metal Contents of Sludge‐Treated Soils as Determined by Three Extraction Procedures
Authors: Cao Hong‐Fa , Chang A. C. , Page A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extraction efficiency of three soil metal extraction procedures (4M HNO3 extraction, HClO4 digestion, and HF decomposition) were compared by determining Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents of two sewage sludge‐treated soils. In soils not treated with sludges, approximately 50 and 75% of total metals (HF‐decomposed) were recovered by 4M HNO3 extraction and HClO4 digestion, respectively. For sludge‐treated soils, between 70 and 80% of soil metals were recovered by 4M HNO3 extraction. The increase in extraction efficiency indicated that sludge‐borne heavy metals in soils were more extractable with 4M HNO3 than metals indigenous to soils. Amounts of Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn recovered from sludge‐treated soils by HClO4 were not significantly different from those recovered by HF decomposition. Recoveries of Ni and Pb by HClO4 digestion, however, were less complete. It appeared that sludge‐borne Ni and Pb were either associated with silicate minerals or converted into silicate‐containing solid phase minerals after land application.