bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
187 Polyphenols as a partial replacement for vitamin E in nursery pig diets
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Shah Apoorva , Foley Brandon , Kjelden Karsten , Brunsgaard Grete , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A total of 300 pigs [241×600; DNA, Columbus, NE; initial body weight (BW) = 6.0 ± 0.01 kg] were used in a 42-d trial to determine the effects of vitamin E levels and partially replacing vitamin E with a polyphenol (Cabanin CSD, R2 Argo, Denmark) on growth performance, complete blood count (CBC), serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), and serum cytokines. Sixty pens of pigs were weighed and allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 12 pens/treatment with 5 pigs/pen. A control treatment was formulated to provide 15 IU/kg of vitamin E. This control treatment was then used as a base for 3 replacement strategies to determine the effects of replacing an additional 60 IU/kg of vitamin E above baseline with polyphenol in diets containing a basal level of vitamin E (15 IU/kg). First, an additional 60 IU/kg of vitamin E was added for a total of 75 IU/kg of vitamin E. Second, 50% of the additional vitamin E (30 IU/kg) was replaced with the vitamin E equivalency of polyphenol. Third, all 60 IU/kg of the additional vitamin E was replaced with the equivalency of polyphenol. To evaluate whether there are negative effects of feeding nursery pigs a high level of polyphenol, a fifth treatment was formulated to provide 575 IU/kg of vitamin E equivalence with 75 IU/kg from vitamin E and 500 IU/kg from polyphenol. Whole blood and serum samples were collected on d 10 and 42, and pig BW and feed disappearance measured on d 10, 21, 31, 38, and 42. For growth performance, there was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) as vitamin E equivalence increased or between replacement strategies throughout the entire 42-d experimental period (Table). From d 10 to 21, increasing vitamin E equivalence from 15 to 75 IU/kg increased (quadratic, P = 0.086) gain to feed ratio (G:F) with no further increase at 575 IU/kg. From d 21 to 42 and overall, there was a tendency for increased (linear, P &lt; 0.10) G:F as the vitamin E equivalence increased. There was a vitamin E equivalence × day interaction (P = 0.050) for serum SOD activity where increasing vitamin E equivalence increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) serum SOD activity on d 42, but not on d 10 (P &gt; 0.10). For serum TBARS, there was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) between treatments, vitamin E equivalence levels, or day, and negligible differences in complete blood count parameters and serum cytokines. In summary, increasing vitamin E equivalence tended to increase G:F, which may be related to the improved SOD activity. These data indicate that when diets contain requirement levels of vitamin E, additional vitamin E equivalency can be provided by polyphenol or vitamin E to achieve similar levels of performance.
193 The effects of mannan oligosaccharides on mortality and full value nursery swine
Authors: Soto Jose A , Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Mannan oligosaccharides [Actigen; ACT (Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY)] are refined low molecular weight carbohydrates obtained from the cell wall of a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Peer-reviewed studies with nursery swine has suggested that ACT can positively impact intestinal morphology and permeability, inhibit gut colonization of enteric pathogens, and improve the pattern of immune responses with and without viral challenges. To validate these findings, three commercial scale experiments involving a total of 10,634 nursery pigs [PIC 337 × 1050, initially 6.4 kg of body weight (BW)] were conducted. Pens of 36 to 50 mixed sex pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments supplemented with 0 or 800 ppm of ACT, with a total of 112 replications per treatment. In all trials, pigs were fed a nursery program comprised of two phases. Phase 1 from d 0 to 21 (experimental diets) and Phase 2 from d 22-37, 22-43, and 22-44, in Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively (common diets). Phase 1 diets were corn-soybean meal based and contained 9% whey permeate, 5% rolled oats, and were formulated to contain 1.38% SID Lysine. Phase 2 diets were corn-soybean meal based and formulated to contain 1.30% SID Lysine. In all experiments, data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (Cary, NC) in a randomized complete block design with pen serving as the experimental unit and initial BW serving as blocking factor. Percentage mortality and full value pig were analyzed using a binomial distribution. No significant ACT × experiment interactions (P &gt; 0.10) were observed in mortality or full value pig (Table 1). From d 0 to 21, there was no evidence for differences in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or gain to feed ratio (G:F; P &gt; 0.10) between dietary treatments (data not showed). From d 0 to 44, mortality was reduced (P &lt; 0.0002), and full value pigs increased (P &lt; 0.0004) in pigs fed diets with 800 ppm compared with pigs fed diets without ACT supplementation. In conclusion, whereas pigs fed diets supplemented with 800 ppm ACT did not show growth performance advantages, these experiments suggest livability and full value pig improvements.
69 Effect evaluation of two sources of zinc at EU-authorized level on growth performance and gut health of piglets with a low or normal birth weight
Authors: Negrini Clara , Luise Diana , Correa Federico , Virdis Sara , Roméo Agathe , Monteiro Alessandra , Trevisi Paolo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of ZnSO4 or a porous form of ZnO, at EU-authorized level, on growth performance, gut health and colon microbiota in low and normal birth body weight (BBW) piglets. At birth, 64 piglets were chosen by their BBW and divided into low BBW (LBBW &lt; 1 kg; 32 piglets) and normal BBW (NBBW &gt; 1 kg; 32 piglets). At weaning, 25 d old (d 0), piglets were allocated into four groups (8 piglets/group, 2 pigs/replicate) and fed a standard diet plus 120 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 or from a porous source of Zn (HZ - HiZox, Animine, France). Groups were balanced for litter of origin and category of BBW. Piglets were weighed weekly until d 21 post-weaning. The prevalence of diarrhea was determined by the fecal index (percentage of animals with fecal score &gt; 3), and feed intake per pen was recorded daily. On d 9 and d 21, one piglet/replicate was slaughtered, and jejunum tissue was collected for morphology, colon content for microbiota analyzes, and distal jejunum pH was measured. Performance, pH, and morphometric parameters were analyzed using a linear mixed model, fecal index using a generalized linear mixed model with a Poisson distribution, including treatment, class of BBW and their interaction as fixed factors, and the litter as random factor. The statistical analysis on alpha, beta diversity and taxonomic composition were carried out using phyloseq, vegan and microbiomeMarker packages. Piglets in the NBBW group had greater BW throughout the study (P &lt; 0.01). The treatment HZ tended to increase the average daily gain (ADG) at d 9-14 (P &lt; 0.10), and significantly increased the gain to feed ratio (G:F) ratio (P &lt; 0.05) at d 0-14. The HZ-fed piglets had a greater G:F in the overall period (P = 0.04). Additionally, the jejunum pH of the HZ-fed piglets was reduced (P = 0.02) at d 21. An interaction was observed between treatment and BBW for fecal index during d 0-14 and d 0-21 (P &lt; 0.01), in which HZ decreased the index in LBBW. An interaction was also observed in villus height (P = 0.05) and absorptive mucosal surface (P = 0.02) on d 21, that resulted greater in NBBW piglets fed ZnSO4. For Beta diversity, using the Adonis test, BBW category tended to affect the microbial structure at d 9 (R2 = 0.04; P = 0.07) and significantly affected the bacterial structure (R2 = 0.05, P = 0.03) at d 21. At d 21, the NBBW piglets fed ZnSO4 had a greater abundance of Succinivibrio which is able to degrade complex carbohydrates, while the NBBW piglets fed HZ had a greater abundance of Ruminococcus gauvreauii which is linked to the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The use of HZ seems can be a part of the strategy to replace the pharmacological level of ZnO.
194 Effects of combining plant and yeast extracts with essential oils or protected betaine on performance and health of weaned piglets
Authors: Guillou David , Brillouet David , Bryte Jim , Lemoine Noemie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To raise piglets without antibiotics and high trace elements levels, favoring immune development and maturation is a potentially successful strategy, as long as over-stimulation of immune system does not harm animal performance. A trial was undertaken to evaluate response of piglet to varied blend of plant and yeast extracts selected for renowned effects on immune system. Weanling piglets (n = 400; 21 d of age), females and castrated males, were allocated to 4 dietary treatments across 80 pens: negative control (NC), blend of plant and yeast extracts for immune stimulation added to NC (B1), essential oils with anti-inflammatory properties added to B1 (B2), protected betaine added to B2 (B3). Pre-starter diets were fed from weaning to d 42, followed by starter diets offered until the end of the trial at d 69. On d 49, coughing and sneezing (CS) were counted per pen in both rooms, and individual fecal samples were taken from 20 piglets per diet, selected at weaning, to assay total peroxidase activity (TPO), a marker of gut inflammation. Statistical analyses were performed on pen data to analyze effects of treatment on piglet growth rate (average daily gain; ADG), feed intake (average daily feed intake; ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The model included the effect of weaning weight, treatment, and interactions. Linear contrasts were used to compare B1 to NC, B2 to B1, and B3 to B2. A similar model was applied to individual fecal TPO measurements. Sneezing count frequency was analyzed with Chi² statistics and odd ratio (OR) were computed per treatment. Dietary treatment did not affect CS counts. Compared with NC, B1 reduced initial ADG and ADFI (from d 21 to 42) and increased initial FCR (P &lt; 0.05). In the following period, ADG, ADFI and FCR improved with B1 (P &lt; 0.05), resuming body weight (BW; final BW: 26.8, 26.8, 27.3 and 27.5, P &gt; 0.20, for NC, B1, B2 and B3, respectively). Overall FCR slightly decreased (1.66 vs. 1.64, P &lt; 0.05, for NC and B1 respectively). Compared with B1, B2 increased initial ADG and ADFI (ADG21-42: 0.244 vs. 0.258 kg, P &lt; 0.05, for B1 and B2, respectively), and decreased FCR initial and overall (overall: 1,64 vs. 1.60, P &lt; 0.05, for B1 and B2 respectively). B2 also minimized fecal TPO compared with other treatments (Uּּ•mL-1: 13.7 vs. 21.3 vs. 7.0 vs. 10.1, P &lt; 0.001, for NC, B1, B2 and B3, respectively). B3 did not provide statistical benefit over B2. In this trial, immune stimulation decreased initial growth and reduced feed efficiency. Anti-inflammatory essential oils tempered consequences of gut inflammation and restored performance, while protected betaine did not provide additional benefit.
195 Incidence of porcine ear necrosis in nursery pigs under commercial conditions is reduced with stimbiotic
Authors: Merriman Laura A , Wilcock Pete , Becker Spenser , Cordero Gustavo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Three studies were conducted to evaluate the potential benefit of a stimbiotic on porcine ear necrosis and the fecal microbiome in nursery pigs. In experiment 1, 600 mixed-sex piglets were randomly placed in 20 pens with 30 pigs/pen (n = 10). The pigs were fed a common wheat and barley-based nursery diet (CON) or CON with stimbiotic (Signis, 0.15g/kg; STB). Incidence of ear necrosis was recorded on individual animals at 28 d post-weaning. Mortality was analyzed using ANOVA and PEN was evaluated using a chi-square test. In experiment 2, a total of 65,200 pigs were placed on trial in 8 nursery barns. Treatments were assigned to a quadrant within each barn (n = 8). Newly weaned pigs were fed a common corn-soy nursery diet (CON) or CON with stimbiotic (Signis, 0.1g/kg; STB). Ear necrosis was classified as either: 1) nominal lesions or 2) moderate to severe lesions and was recorded at 1, 3, and 5 wk post weaning. Mortality and injectable treatments were recorded. Mortality data were analyzed using a binomial regression. A Poisson regression was used to analyze the incidence of PEN and injectable treatment rate with the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of sow farm, site, and barn. In experiment 3, a total of 47,200 pigs in 10 nursery barns were randomly assigned to either a standard nursery diet (CON) or CON with stimbiotic (Signis, 0.1 g•kg-1•ton-1; STB). Mortality was recorded throughout the 6-wk trial and PEN score was recorded at d 42. Fecal samples were collected on 7, 21, and 42 d post-weaning for 16S rRNA sequencing and predictive metabolic function analysis. In experiment 1, no differences in mortality were observed (P &gt; 0.10). A total of 156 pigs in the CON fed group developed PEN, whereas only 27 pigs in the STB group developed PEN (52% vs. 9%; P &lt; 0.01). In experiment 2, there was no difference among treatments for mortality. Pigs fed the STB treatment required 15% fewer injectable treatments than pigs fed the control (P &lt; 0.05). No differences of PEN were observed in wk 1 and 3; however, at 5 wk post-weaning, incidence of PEN was 23% less in pigs fed the STB the the control fed pigs (P &lt; 0.05). In experiment 3, the pigs fed STB had decreased incidence of ear necrosis (3.09% vs 4.08%; P &lt; 0.05) and mortality (2.42% vs 2.86%; P &lt; 0.05), overall reducing PEN and mortality by 32% and 18%, respectively. The fecal microbiome of pigs fed CON was associated with the chondroitin sulfate degradation pathway, an important component of cartilage. In conclusion, feeding a stimbiotic appears to be beneficial in nursery pigs to help alleviate challenges with PEN, which is potentially driven by a beneficial shift in the pig’s microbiome.
254 Effect of feeding high oleic soybean oil to finishing pigs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality
Authors: Atoo Ashir Foreman , Levesque Crystal L , Thaler Robert C , Underwood Keith , Beyer Erin S , Palencia Jorge Y Perez 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Finishing pigs [n = 450; 21 wk of age; initial body weight (BW) = 113.7 ± 8 kg] were housed in 90 pens and assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design. Dietary treatments consisted of two fat sources (CWG: 4% inclusion of choice white grease and HOSO: 4% inclusion of high oleic soybean oil) each provided 2 or 4 wk before marketing. The “+1” diet was a corn-based diet without fat inclusion (CON). Observations included pig growth performance (on d 14 and d 28 of feeding), carcass characteristics (12 pigs per treatment at marketing), fatty acid profile in the loins and bellies, and a consumer sensory evaluation. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS considering dietary treatment as a main effect, feeding duration, and their interactions. Contrast tests were used to compare dietary treatments with control group. From d 14 to 28 and overall experimental period (d 0–28), pigs fed fat-supplemented diets had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain and gain to feed ratio than CON fed pigs. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in growth performance when comparing fat sources or feeding periods. Pigs supplemented with either CWG or HOSO showed a tendency to have a greater (P &lt; 0.1) belly weight and belly yield, and a lesser (P &lt; 0.1) loin yield and loin muscle area when compared with CON pigs. Loins from the 2-wk period of fat supplementation had darker (Coloration l, P &lt; 0.05) meat coloration when compared with 4 wk. The loin from pigs fed fat sources had greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentration of oleic acid and eicosenoic acid when compared with CON. This improvement was mainly from HOSO. When CWG was compared with HOSO, pigs fed CWG had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentration of palmitic acid and stearic acid while the HOSO pigs had a greater concentration of oleic acid and linolenic acid in the loin. In the belly, CON had greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentration of palmitic acid and stearic acid while pigs fed fat sources had a greater concentration of oleic acid and eicosenoic acid. Bellies from HOSO had greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentration of oleic acid and α-linolenic acid methyl ester while CWG had greater concentration of g-linolenic acid. As for the sensory evaluation, the palatability and acceptability of pork were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by dietary treatments. In conclusion, supplementation with HOSO not only improved performance but tended to improve some carcass characteristics and increased the concentration of oleic acid and some other unsaturated FAs with a concomitant decrease in the concentration of some saturated FAs in pork.
108 Estimating net energy of soybean meal for 47 to 110 kg growing pigs using a growth assay
Authors: Guo Jiyao , Wantanasak Apichat , Zhang Fengrui , Wang Taiji , Stoner Gary 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The NE of SBM for growing pigs with body weight (BW) from 47 to 110 kg was determined in the current study using the growth assay. In the first study, a total of 826 pigs (B =, 46.8 ± 2.5 kg) in 44 pens (18 to 19 pigs per pen, 11 pens per treatment) were randomly allotted into one of 4 dietary treatments with initial BW and sex as blocks for 21 d: Corn-SBM based diets with 29.0, 25.7, 22.3, or 19.0% of SBM. Compared with the first study, the second study was conducted with a total of 820 pigs at greater BW (67.0 ± 3.4 kg). Pens were randomly allotted into one of 4 dietary treatments for 42 d: Corn-SBM based diet with 29.0, 25.0, 21.0, or 17.0% of SBM. NE of corn [2,674 kcal/kg, as fed basis, dry matter (DM) 87.1%] was calculated according to NRC (2012) and determined with the analyzed nutrient composition. SBM used in both experiments contained 89.4% of DM, 46.6% of CP, 5.9% of starch, 1.6% of EE, 8.5% of NDF, 6.3% of ADF, and 6.1% of ash. The reduced level of SBM was replaced with corn and crystalline amino acids. Data were analyzed by linear and quadratic contrasts using the Proc MIXED of SAS. In the early growing phase (47 to 67 kg), increasing SBM levels from 19.0 to 29.0% tended to linearly decrease average daily feed intake (ADFI; Linear, P = 0.081, 2.09, 2.03, 2.03, and 2.00 kg/d) but did not affect average daily gain (ADG) or final BW. On the contrary, increasing SBM levels decreased ADG and ADFI in pigs growing from 67 to 110 kg (linear, P &lt; 0.05, ADG: 1.03, 1.02, 1.01, and 1.00 kg/d; ADFI: 2.72, 2,64, 2.63, and 2.58 kg/d). Linear regression analysis showed that, to maintain calorie efficiency, the estimated NE of SBM for pigs growing from 47 to 67 kg is 3,000 kcal/kg (as fed basis), which is 1.12 times corn NE. The estimated NE of SBM for pigs growing from 67 to 110 kg is 2,705 kcal/kg (as fed basis), which is 1.01 times corn NE. Taken together, the results suggest that NE of SBM is close to or greater than NE of corn, warranting the necessity to evaluate the energy of feed ingredients in pigs growing in different phases. The predicting equation of SBM NE (Eq. 1-3 and 1-8, NRC 2012) is recommended to be modified by timing a coefficient of 1.36 or 1.19 for early- or late-growing pigs, respectively, according to the NE of SBM calculated from growth performance data in this study.
168 Effects of feeding barley-based diets differing in fermentable starch and fiber on nutrient digestion and body composition in weaned pigs
Authors: Sanchez-Zannatta Joaquin J , Wang L F , Beltranena Eduardo , Beattie Aaron D , Newkirk Rex N , Zijlstra Ruurd T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Hulled and hull-less barley grains containing low insoluble fiber are alternative energy sources in weaning diets but are typically not part of weaned pig diets. The range in fermentable starch and fiber content among barley cultivars presents opportunities to investigate whether these fermentable carbohydrates of barley grain do influence nutrient digestion, gut short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile and body composition. To explore, pigs [n = 40; body weight (BW) = 8.6 kg; 1-wk post-weaning] were housed individually and fed 1 of 4 diets containing 600 to 705 g of cereal grain/kg: 1) low-fermentable wheat (LFW); 2) high β-glucan, hull-less barley (HFBB); 3) high amylose, hull-less barley (HFAB); or 4) low-fermentable hulled barley (LFB). Diets provided 10.2 and 9.8 MJ NE/kg, and 1.32 and 1.21 g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine/MJ NE for phase 1 (d 0–14) and phase 2 (d 15–28), respectively. At the end of the trial, feces were collected, and pigs were slaughtered to collect digesta and the carcass that was subsequently ground. Subsamples of feces, digesta, and carcasses were freeze-dried and analyzed. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) did not differ among diets. The AID of β-glucan was 3 times greater (P &lt; 0.05) for LFW than HFBB and HFAB, while AID of starch was 12% less (P &lt; 0.05) for HFAB than the other diets. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and CP was 4.2 and 8.9% less (P &lt; 0.05), respectively, for the 3 barley diets than the wheat diet. The apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) of β-glucan was 2.6 times greater (P &lt; 0.05) for HFAB and HFBB than LFW, while AHF of starch was 7.5 times greater for HFAB than LFW. The calculated NE value was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) for LFW, intermediate for HFBB and HFAB, and least for LFB. Among diets, HFAB increased (P &lt; 0.05) the concentration of butyrate (indicator of gut health) and propionate in cecal and colonic digesta, with butyrate up to 50% more (P &lt; 0.05) than that of LFW. Carcass protein and lipid concentration did not differ among pigs fed the 4 diets. In conclusion, feeding barley instead of wheat grain to weaned pigs reduced diet nutrient digestibility but did not affect carcass protein and lipid concentration. Feeding high amylose barley increased gut SCFA concentration. Barley grain with increasing fermentable carbohydrates can thus be included as alternative ingredient in diets of young pigs.
2 Another renaissance for bile acid gastrointestinal microbiology
Authors: Ridlon Jason 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The field of bile acid microbiology in the gastrointestinal tract is going through a current rebirth after a peak of activity in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This renewed activity is a result of many factors including the discovery near the turn of the century that bile acids are potent signaling molecules, technological advances in next generation sequencing, computation, culturomics, gnotobiology, and metabolomics. The current state of the field with particular emphasis on questions that have remained unanswered for many decades in both bile acid synthesis by the host, and metabolism by the gut microbiota will be addressed. Current knowledge of established enzymatic pathways including bile salt hydrolase, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases involved in the oxidation and epimerization of bile acid hydroxy groups, the Hylemon-Bjӧrkhem Pathway (HBP) of bile acid C7-dehydroxylation, and the formation of secondary allo-bile acids are described. Aspects of bile acid conjugation and esterification, and evidence for bile acid C3- and C12-dehydroxylation that are less well understood, but potentially critical for our understanding of bile acid metabolism in the human gut will be covered. The physiological consequences of bile acid metabolism for human health, important caveats and cautionary notes on experimental design and interpretation of bile acid metabolism are also explored.