bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighbourhood density and social sustainability in cities of developing countries
Authors: Dave Seema 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWithin the concept of sustainable development, there is very little known about social impacts and levels of acceptability of compact urban form in the context of cities of developing countries. Social sustainability of these cities in developing countries might have a huge impact on the overall global sustainability, considering their large population size and high economic growth. This paper provides new empirical evidence from 11 case study neighbourhoods of different densities and built forms within the Mumbai Metropolitan Region to evaluate the relationship between social sustainability and urban densities. In doing so, impacts of both physical and perceived density on selected aspects of social sustainability in the context of Mumbai were examined. The findings suggest that, on social aspects of sustainability, higher household density and population density have no negative impacts. However, importantly, most of the negative associations of density were related to the perceptions of density, and therefore the built form, layout, design and amount of mix of uses as well as socio‐demographic variables such as family income and location were found to have an important role in achieving social sustainability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Basic concepts and performance measures in prediction of collapse of buildings under earthquake ground motions
Authors: Zareian Farzin , Krawinkler Helmut , Ibarra Luis , Lignos Dimitrios 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper summarizes collapse performance measures and the probabilistic basis for their development to assist in understanding of collapse behaviour of buildings and implementation of performance objectives in design and evaluation of buildings for collapse safety. Collapse in this context is defined as the loss of lateral load‐resisting capability of a building's structural system caused by ground shaking. Estimation of collapse performance requires the relation between a ground motion intensity measure (IM) and the probability of collapse, denoted as collapse fragility curve, and the relation between the same ground motion IM and the seismic hazard for the building, denoted as seismic hazard curve. Two methods for estimating the collapse fragility curve of a building are discussed: the EDP‐based approach and the IM‐based approach. In both approaches, collapse is associated with a scalar ground motion IM and is obtained by utilizing Incremental Dynamic Analysis. The collapse performance criteria presented in this paper are compared with the collapse performance criteria recommended in the SAC/Federal Emergency Management Agency guidelines. An eight‐storey moment‐resisting frame case study is used to compare the estimates of collapse performance of various approaches discussed in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete‐time ${\cal H}_{\rm 2}$ output tracking control of wireless networked control systems with Markov communication models
Authors: Yu Bo , Shi Yang , Lin Yang 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper considers the discrete‐time${\cal H}_2$output tracking control of wireless networked control systems (NCSs) where the time delays are modeled as Markov chains. Output tracking control can find many applications in industry. In order to reduce the conservativeness and achieve better performance, the designed state feedback controller is dependent on available sensor‐to‐controller and controller‐to‐actuator delays. Then, the formulated closed‐loop system is a special jump linear system governed by interdependent parameters of Markov chains and the condition for stochastic stability is proposed. By generalization of the${\cal H}_2$norm definition, new relation of the${\cal H}_2$norm for the special system is derived in terms of state space form. The condition of a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) with nonconvex constraints is given to solve the${\cal H}_2$output tracking control problem. Simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel communication infrastructure for emergency management: the In.Sy.Eme. vision
Authors: Fantacci Romano , Marabissi Dania , Tarchi Daniele 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWireless communications have achieved a great attention during the last decades due to the easy implementation, possibility of delivering multimedia services to rural communities, suitability for public safety and emergency communications. In particular, a wireless network designed for an emergency scenario seems to be the best solution to manage all the phases of an emergency situation, from the prevention to the post‐emergency management. This paper discusses the main features of a such wireless network aiming to interconnect several heterogeneous systems and providing multimedia access to groups of people involved in emergency operations as foreseen by the In.Sy.Eme. (Integrated System for Emergency) project. In particular, the focus here will be on a communication infrastructure able to efficiently support a pervasive high performance distributed elaboration structure based on the Next Generation Grid principle. Main scope of the proposed system is that of allowing functional integration of new technologies with actual or off‐the‐shelf technologies to provide fast responses to any emergency situations and efficient use of all available resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential Expression of Lipid Metabolism Related Genes in Porcine Muscle Tissue Leading to Different Intramuscular Fat Deposition
Authors: Zhao S. M. , Ren L. J. , Chen L. , Zhang X. , Cheng M. L. , Li W. Z. , Zhang Y. Y. , Gao S. Z. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntramuscular fat (IMF) content affects meat quality and varies in different pig breeds. However, the underlying mechanisms of different IMF depositions in different genetic backgrounds of pigs have not been fully elucidated as yet. Lipid metabolism theoretically contributes to the variation of IMF content. The expression levels of genes and proteins as well as enzyme activities implicated in muscle lipid metabolism were investigated, which included lipogenetic genes (SREBP‐1c and FAS), fatty acid transporting genes (H‐FABP and A‐FABP), fatty acid oxidative gene (CPT‐1B) and lipolytic genes (ATGL and HSL) as well as the desaturated fatty acid gene (SCD). Longissimus muscle samples were collected from fatty Wujin pigs and lean Landrace pigs. Results showed that the average daily gain of Wujin pigs was lower than that of Landrace pigs. Wujin pigs had greater adipocyte diameter, IMF content and PUFA percentage than that of Landrace pigs. Compared with Landrace pigs, Wujin pigs exhibited higher expression levels, both in mRNA and protein, of FAS, SREBP‐1c, SCD, A‐FABP and H‐FABP genes and lower expression levels of CPT‐1B, HSL and ATGL genes. Overall, Wujin pigs possessed higher mRNA abundance, protein expression or enzyme activities of anabolism, fatty acid transportation and desaturation, and lower catabolism. Therefore, the mechanism of higher IMF content in fatty pigs may be due to the higher capacity of lipogenesis and fatty acid transportation and the lower capacity of lipolysis.
Catagenesis of organic matter at the top and base of the Jurassic complex in the West Siberian megabasin
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. , Fomin A.N. , Krasavchikov V.O. , Istomin A.V. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Thermal maturation for the top and base of the Jurassic in the West Siberian megabasin was modeled on the basis of the vitrinite reflectance (Rvt0) data using mathematical modeling and computer simulations. The values of thermal maturation are found to vary within substages PC3–MC32 for the top (or being equivalent to PC3-MC12 on the periphery and southern part of the basin, or to MC2-MC32 in the north) and PC3-AC3 for the base of the Jurassic (or being equivalent to PC3-MC2 on the periphery and southern part of the basin or MC31-AC3 in the north). Thermal maturity levels of the Jurassic in West Siberia are controlled by depths of burial and peak temperatures which the source rocks were subjected to during this period. The situation is further complicated by high heat flows superimposed on the regional background, which are observed in deep fault zones and in the proximity of numerous igneous bodies.
REAL HYPERSURFACES WITH CYCLIC-PARALLEL STRUCTURE JACOBI OPERATORS IN A NONFLAT COMPLEX SPACE FORM
Authors: KI U-HANG , KURIHARA HIROYUKI 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIt is known that there are no real hypersurfaces with parallel structure Jacobi operators in a nonflat complex space form. In this paper, we classify real hypersurfaces in a nonflat complex space form whose structure Jacobi operator is cyclic-parallel.
RE-CONCEPTUALIZING THE RIGHT OF SILENCE AS AN EFFECTIVE FAIR TRIAL STANDARD
Authors: Jackson John 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAs the European Court of Human Rights has come to qualify the privilege against self-incrimination and the right of silence in recent decisions, this article argues that the Court has failed to provide a convincing rationale for these rights. It is claimed that within the criminal process the right of silence should be distinguished from the privilege against self-incrimination and given enhanced effect in order to uphold the protective and participatory rights of the defence which come into play when a suspect is called upon to answer criminal allegations.
The Use of Differential Navstar GPS to Aid the Visually Impaired
Authors: Nolan Thomas P. , Carpenter Max H. 
Published: October 2009

The ability of visually impaired individuals, especially when blind, to locate themselves in an urban or rural environment with respect to road intersections, prominent landmarks, etc. has always been a serious problem. In addition, and of equal importance, is the inability to communicate their location to a central control facility in the event of their needing any additional assistance.With the advent of high accuracy global positioning many applications, which heretofore had been considered highly futuristic and discussed only in the most tentative terms, are now being researched. One such application is the use of differential Navstar GPS and its capability as an aid to the visually impaired. The concept envisions a small device that can be worn by the user. This device will have the means for providing Navstar GPS phase information accurate enough to be converted to a specific street location. Inherent in the concept is means by which the users can be instantly apprised of their location and/or can communicate with a central location for other purposes.To establish feasibility of such an application, it was necessary to understand the limitations of Navstar GPS. In particular those that may result from its use in an urban environment. Accuracies of the Navstar GPS system tend to depend on the sophistication of the receiver to be used. At the time there was some question as to future developments of a small enough package for the intended use. Along with this was the question of the suitability of differential positioning for increased accuracy. This article deals with the initial field tests that were run and the conclusions drawn from this work.Similar work was previously accomplished in 1985 by the US Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center. The referenced effort included both the use of Navstar GPS as well as Loran-C which our effort did not but did confirm a number of our findings relating to the limitations of Navstar GPS in an urban environment and attenuation in the presence of foliage, it did not centre on differential Navstar GPS as did our work.
The European ATC System: Constraints and Traffic Management
Authors: Brooker Peter 
Published: October 2009

This, and the following three papers were presented at the Royal Institute of Navigation meeting ‘Management of Air Traffic Flow in Europe' on 15 November 1989.One of the growth industries in Europe is the production of articles in newspapers and programmes on radio and television which deal with European air traffic control. They usually have titles like, ‘The Crisis in ATC’, or ‘European Air Traffic Meltdown’. Jane's Airport Review, in October 1989, had an article entitled ‘Wanted: One ATC System for Europe’.
A Fully Automatic Berthing Test Using the Training Ship Shioji Maru
Authors: Ohtsu Kohei , Takai Tadao , Yoshihisa Hideaki 
Published: October 2009

In this paper, the authors discuss a fully automatic berthing system and actual tests using a small training ship, Shioji Maru. The ship is about 440 gross tonnage and furnished with a controllable pitch propeller, a bow thruster and a stern thruster to which a computer can easily be linked. The system developed is composed of an electro-optical position measuring system and the computer software necessary for manoeuvring the ship.The electro-optical position measuring system can measure a distance between the ship and a target on a berth within 4 cm accuracy and cover an area out to about 100 m range. The manoeuvring is divided into two stages. The first one is from a start line to a transition point off the final berth. At this point, the ship must be stopped in an alongside attitude to the berth. In the second stage, the ship is pushed by the thrusters in an athwartships direction towards the berth and the final speed at the berth must be limited to within 0.5 ms. The computer software generates an appropriate strategy following an approach line which has been determined in advance.According to the actual tests under slightly rough sea conditions, the system could manoeuvre the ship along the approach line by a direct path and maintain her final speed within the predetermined limit.
European Studies to Investigate the Feasibility of using 1000 ft Vertical Separation Minima above FL 290. Part II. Precision Radar Data Analysis and Collision Risk Assessment
Authors: Harrison D. , Moek G. 
Published: October 2009

This paper is the second of a series of three papers, documenting the European studies into the feasibility of 1000 ft vertical separation minima above FL290. The paper discusses the vertical collision risk estimation methodology and an assessment of the collision risk against a target level of safety.The analysis indicates the technical feasibility of a reduced vertical separation minima in the North Atlantic Region. However, for current operations and technical performance within European continental airspace, the risk estimation indicates that a 1000 ft minima is not technically feasible.The contents of this paper reflect the views of the authors concerned; they do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the CAA or NLR.
The Use of Digital Map Data to Provide Enhanced Navigation and Displays for Poor Weather Penetration and Recovery
Authors: Bennett Peter J. 
Published: October 2009

A GEC Marconi Avionics/MoD joint–funded integrated, digital terrain system called ' PENETRATE ' (passive enhanced navigation with terrain referenced avionics) is in its fourth year of flight trials on a Hunter fast–jet aircraft at the Defence Research Agency, Farnborough. Although originally designed to enable military aircraft to penetrate enemy defences at low level in poor weather conditions and at night, the system also has a direct read across to civil air transport operations. The heart of the PENETRATE system is a digital data–store housing a three–dimensional model of the terrain including cultural details, obstructions and tactical intelligence information.PENETRATE incorporates terrain-referenced navigation to provide accurate position information relative to the ground contours. A sophisticated digital map displays navigation information and includes intelligence and intervisibility overlays. Head-up visual enhancement options are provided which can be tailored to the outside visibility. These comprise monochrome skeletal perspective displays which are superimposed on the outside world view and also on the forward-looking infra-red (FUR) scene. The display enhancements range from obstruction cues through ridge line overlays to skeletal perspective terrain presentations.This paper covers the philosophy and architecture of PENETRATE together with details of the demonstration system. It also discusses the capability of this digital terrain system to enhance the safety of civil aircraft approaches into difficult airports such as Kathmandu and Hong Kong.
European Studies to Investigate the Feasibility of using 1000 ft Vertical Separation Minima above FL290 Part III Further Results and Overall Conclusions
Authors: Moek G. , Have J. M. Ten , Harrison D. , Cox M. E. 
Published: October 2009

This is the concluding part of a series of three papers for this Journal, documenting the European studies into the feasibility of 1000 ft vertical separation minima above FL290. This paper outlines the results from European data collections other than the main precision radar data collection and expands upon the factors affecting height-keeping performance. The development of a Minimum Altimetry System Performance Specification (MASPS), necessary for a reduced vertical separation minimum above FL29O, is presented. A number of implementation issues, in particular monitoring, are also discussed.The contents of this paper reflect the views of the authors; they do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the NLR, CAA or EUROCONTROL.
Small RCS Marine Surface Craft and their Radar Detection in Real (Estuary) Sea Conditions
Authors: Adamopoulos Panos G. 
Published: October 2009

Human error accounts for a number of collisions at sea; nevertheless, it is widely accepted that vessels are inclined to produce widely varying ranges of radar echo strengths in real sea conditions, in contrast to their ‘true’ anechoic strength, which tends to be minimal for a small and structurally non-reflective craft; even for the calmest possible water conditions.In this paper experimental results for small craft will be presented and analysed in an exploration of potentially influential parameters in such cases. These results are based on three series of sea trials. Furthermore, an attempt is to be made to portray the inherent, theoretical and/or practical, limitations in the radar detection of small craft in real (estuary) sea conditions.
Orientation and the Young Orienteer
Authors: Walsh S. E. , Martland J. R. 
Published: October 2009

Orientation within orienteering is dependent on the use of two basic strategies; that is, either a compass or Magnetic-North-based strategy, which relies on the use of one set of information; or the use of a map and landmark-based strategy which relies on the use of at least two sets of information. Walsh and found that, when given the choice, young children use the compass-based strategy when following complex potentially disorientating routes.The efficacy of these two basic orientation strategies was investigated within three different orienteering environments: (1) a familiar known environment; (2) a familiar unknown environment and (3) an unfamiliar unknown environment.Subjects, age range from 9 to 10·5 years, completed an appropriate orienteering route in each of the environments. Individual mini-cassette recorders and tie-pin microphones were used to record data using a ‘think aloud’ technique as subjects followed their selected routes. Transcripts of the taped data produced a total number of uttered statements for each subject within each environment. A qualitative analysis of these statements identified the following groups of statements expressed as percentages of the total number of statements (as reported by Thorndyke and Stasz): (a) Orientation statements; (b) Relocation or error correction statements; (c) Statements about distractions; (d) Self-efficacy statements.There was a higher reported use of the compass-based strategy for orientation within the familiar known environment which supported the earlier findings of Walsh and Martland. Although the percentage of compass-based orientation statements was smaller in the familiar unknown and the unfamiliar unknown environments, there was a pattern in the use of orientation strategies within these two environments. Typically, the compass-based orientation strategy was used for initial orientation at the beginning of the route and at the pre-defined control points along the route, whilst the landmark and map-based strategy was used as a means of maintaining and reinforcing orientation within the route. Relocation statements typically reported an awareness of disorientation and were generally followed by attempts to reorientate. Whilst none of the subjects used relocation statements within the familiar known environment, relocation statements were used within the familiar unknown and the unfamiliar unknown environments.This evidence suggests that both orientation strategies are used in orienteering routes, but that each strategy is used selectively depending on the environment. These findings clearly have implications for the sport of orienteering – particularly the introduction of basic skills to young performers. They support the argument that is essential to introduce the map and compass simultaneously and that relocation and orientation skills should be coached concurrently.
Vehicle Location Systems in Urban Traffic Control
Authors: Marsden Greg 
Published: October 2009

This short paper discusses briefly the role of the current forms of bus priority used in the United Kingdom and how these strategies are incorporated within our urban traffic control systems.The philosophy behind the SCOOT (Split, Cycle and Offset Optimization Technique) demand-responsive signal timings program is discussed, and the latest results from the bus priority trials carried out in London by the University of Southampton and London's Traffic Control Systems Unit (TCSU) are appraised. The system installed in London is compared with current dead reckoning vehicle location systems and the major differences highlighted.
The Australian REEFREP System: A Coastal Vessel Traffic Information Service and Ship Reporting System for the Torres Strait Region and the Inner Route of the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Macdonald John C. 
Published: October 2009

The new Australian ship reporting system, identifier ‘REEFREP’, will be the core component of a Vessel Traffic Information Service (VTIS) covering the Torres Strait region and the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). It is the first such system to be considered by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) under the terms of the new SOLAS 74 regulation v/8-1, which entered into force on 1 January 1996 and allows for ship reporting systems adopted by the Organization to be made mandatory for all, or certain categories of vessels.The REEFREP system, planned for implementation on 1 January 1997, extends for some 900 n.m. or about 1500 km along the Queensland coastline. It will be a VHF radio-based system with radars covering three selected focal points in the Torres Strait, off Cairns and in the southern approaches to the inner route. The system will provide a capability for a single Ship Reporting Centre to interact with shipping, enabling the provision of improved information on the presence, movements and patterns of shipping in the area and the ability to respond more quickly to an incident or pollution should this occur.An interesting feature and a major factor in the system design is the remoteness of most equipment sites and the limited infrastructure available to support communications and data transmission requiring the application of advanced technology and video transmission, solar power generation and software engineering skills of a high order.