bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular response of the patellar tendon to fatigue loading explained in the context of the initial induced damage and number of fatigue loading cycles
Authors: Andarawis‐Puri Nelly , Sereysky Jedd B. , Sun Hui B. , Jepsen Karl J. , Flatow Evan L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAccumulation of sub‐rupture fatigue damage has been implicated in the development of tendinopathy. We previously developed an in vivo model of damage accumulation using the rat patellar tendon. Our model allows us to control the input loading parameters to induce fatigue damage in the tendon. Despite this precise control, the resulting induced damage could vary among animals because of differences in size or strength among their patellar tendons. In this study, we used number of applied cycles and initial (day‐0) parameters that are indicative of induced damage to assess the molecular response 7 days after fatigue loading. We hypothesized that day‐0 hysteresis, elongation, and stiffness of the loading and unloading load–displacement curves would be predictive of the 7‐day molecular response. Results showed correlations between the 7‐day molecular response and both day‐0 elongation and unloading stiffness. Additionally, loading resulted in upregulation of several extracellular matrix genes that suggest adaptation; however, several of these genes (Col‐I, ‐XII, MMP 2, and TIMP 3) shut down after a high level of damage was induced. We showed that evaluating the 7‐day molecular profile in light of day‐0 elongation provides important insight that is lost from comparing number of fatigue loading cycles only. Our data showed that loading generally results in an adaptive response. However, the tendon's ability to effectively respond deteriorates as greater damage is induced. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1327–1334, 2012
The effects of denervation, reinnervation, and muscle imbalance on functional muscle length and elbow flexion contracture following neonatal brachial plexus injury
Authors: Weekley Holly , Nikolaou Sia , Hu Liangjun , Eismann Emily , Wylie Christopher , Cornwall Roger 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe pathophysiology of paradoxical elbow flexion contractures following neonatal brachial plexus injury (NBPI) is incompletely understood. The current study tests the hypothesis that this contracture occurs by denervation‐induced impairment of elbow flexor muscle growth. Unilateral forelimb paralysis was created in mice in four neonatal (5‐day‐old) BPI groups (C5‐6 excision, C5‐6 neurotomy, C5‐6 neurotomy/repair, and C5‐T1 global excision), one non‐neonatal BPI group (28‐day‐old C5‐6 excision), and two neonatal muscle imbalance groups (triceps tenotomy ± C5‐6 excision). Four weeks post‐operatively, motor function, elbow range of motion, and biceps/brachialis functional lengths were assessed. Musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) denervation and reinnervation were assessed immunohistochemically. Elbow flexion motor recovery and elbow flexion contractures varied inversely among the neonatal BPI groups. Contracture severity correlated with biceps/brachialis shortening and MCN denervation (relative axon loss), with no contractures occurring in mice with MCN reinnervation (presence of growth cones). No contractures or biceps/brachialis shortening occurred following non‐neonatal BPI, regardless of denervation or reinnervation. Neonatal triceps tenotomy did not cause contractures or biceps/brachialis shortening, nor did it worsen those following neonatal C5‐6 excision. Denervation‐induced functional shortening of elbow flexor muscles leads to variable elbow flexion contractures depending on the degree, permanence, and timing of denervation, independent of muscle imbalance. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1335–1342, 2012
Optimisation of hydrolysis of purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus) gonad by response surface methodology and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of the hydrolysate
Authors: Zhou Dayong , Qin Lei , Zhu Beiwei , Li Dongmei , Yang Jingfeng , Dong Xiuping , Murata Yoshiyuki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Hydrolysates prepared from sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus) gonad by enzymatic treatment showed strong 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power.RESULTS: Hydrolysis of S. nudus gonad by the commercial protease papain was optimised for maximum degree of hydrolysis (DH) and trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptide index (TCA‐SPI) using response surface methodology. Results showed that the optimal conditions were the following: temperature of 48.83 °C, pH of 6.92, enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio of 3143 U g−1, and substrate concentration of 83.5 g L−1. Under these conditions, a DH of 27.96 ± 0.54% and a TCA‐SPI of 57.32 ± 0.63% were obtained. The hydrolysate prepared in the optimal conditions was fractionated by an ultra‐filtration system and the resultant fraction below 10 kDa was found to effectively scavenge hydroxyl radical (EC50 = 13.29 ± 0.33 mg mL−1) and hydrogen peroxide (EC50 = 16.40 ± 0.37 mg mL−1), inhibit lipid peroxidation (EC50 = 11.05 ± 0.62 mg mL−1), chelate Fe2+ (EC50 = 7.26 ± 0.44 mg mL−1), and protect mice macrophages against death induced by tert‐butyl hydroperoxide.CONCLUSION: Hydrolysates prepared from S. nudus gonad have the potential to be applied as natural antioxidant agents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of tocopherol and tocotrienol content of Greek barley varieties under conventional and organic cultivation techniques using validated reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method
Authors: Tsochatzis Emmanouil D , Bladenopoulos Konstantinos , Papageorgiou Maria 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Tocotrienols and tocopherols (tocols) are important phytochemical compounds with antioxidant activity and potential benefits for human health. Among cereals, barley is a good source of tocols. In the present study the effect of two cultivation methods, organic and conventional, on the tocol content in 12 Greek barley varieties was investigated. A validated reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method (RP‐HPLC) with fluorescence detection (excitation at 292 nm, emission at 335 nm) was applied along with direct solvent extraction with acetonitrile at a 1:30 (w/v) sample/solvent ratio for tocol quantification.RESULTS: The results showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two cultivation methods (except for δ‐tocopherol) as well as among varieties. In the case of organic cultivation the four homologues of tocotrienol (α‐, β + γ‐ and δ‐) increased, by 3.05–37.14% for α‐tocotrienol, 15.51–41.09% for (β + γ)‐tocotrienol and 30.45–196.61% for δ‐tocotrienol, while those of tocopherol (α‐ and β + γ‐ but not δ‐) decreased, by 5.90–36.34% for α‐tocopherol and 2.84–46.49% for (β + γ)‐tocopherol. A simple correlation analysis between tocols revealed a good correlation between (β + γ)‐tocotrienol and δ‐tocotrienol. Although there was a significant decrease in the important α‐tocopherol in the varieties studied under organic cultivation, there was an overall increase in tocotrienol content.CONCLUSION: The cultivation method (organic or conventional) had an important effect on tocotrienol and tocopherol concentrations in barley. An overall increase in total tocol content and a clear increment in the tocotrienol/tocopherol ratio were observed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Unionism and the public sector
Authors: Baird Charles W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIt is incorrect and misleading to speak of unionization as a ‘human right’. The only human right is ‘self‐ownership’, i.e. to pursue goals with one's own abilities but with no force or fraud against others. Government cannot dispense rights, only privileges and protections to some at the expense of others. A minimal degree of coercion exercised by government is unavoidable. But labor unions are not governments. Government has granted significant privileges to unions in the private sector, but such are not appropriate for public sector unions.
Unfilled orders and price changes: A simultaneous equations system
Authors: Odle Curt , Koshal Rajindar K. , Shukla Vishwa 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe have developed and statistically estimated a model which suggests that chances in price and in unfilled orders are simultaneously determined. Estimated systems for five industries suggest that, in the short run, unfilled order accumulations do absorb fluctuations. Our statistical analysis also indicates that anticipated increases in demand will affect current price adjustments if the increased demand is expected to lead to an acceleration in production rates in the not‐too‐distant future. The statistically determined weights of the industrial activity variable suggests that price is primarily determined more by the future conditions than ex post indications of industrial activity levels. Our analysis also supports Zarnowitz's interindustry comparison hypothesis that price responses are inversely related to the ratios of mean unfilled orders of shipments.
The sales response to advertising: A reconsideration
Authors: Sturgess Brian , Young Robert 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe paper surveys briefly the literature on the shape of the sales‐advertising response relationship. Knowledge of this relationship is an important requirement for optimal marketing decisions. The role of theory is to specify the structure of models for testing. The paper presents a plausible model of this relationship based upon the consumer's response to advertising when qualitative uncertainty exists in a market. The relationship is seen to contain a ‘catastrophe change’ or discontinuity when certain assumptions are made about optimizing behaviour. The implications for marketing strategy and optimal levels of promotional outlays are discussed.
Labour market segmentation and wage dynamics
Authors: Deutschmann Christoph 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe article contains results of a quantitative empirical investigation into the effects of labour market segmentation on wage dynamics in total industry as well as in several industrial branches in West Germany. By testing correlations between several indicators of earnings and the labour market it is shown that wage dynamics, in so far as they are determined by shop floor bargaining, can be explained at least as well and partly even better by indicators of certain partial labour markets than by conditions of the general labor market (i.e. the traditional Philipps approach).
Robustness as a corporate objective under uncertainty
Authors: Dorward Neil , Wiedemann Paul 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the nature of the objective function of the firm when operating under conditions of uncertainty. Robustness is presented as a purposeful maximand for decision making both under conditions of certainty and uncertainty ‐ a robust decision being one in which the decision maker retains the maximum flexibility with regard to future decisions after an initial decision has been made. Its incorporation within a managerial objective function provides a measurable scale for making choices between alternative courses of action, including under conditions of internal organizational conflict and environmental reaction by other decision makers.
A test of internalization theory
Authors: Rugman Alan M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn a world system of natural and government induced market imperfections we have observed the development of the multinational enterprise as an efficient organizational response. The internal market of the multinational enterprise is the mechanism for the generation and use of its firm specific advantage. When this knowledge advantage has been fostered by Research and Development the multinational enterprise seeks to avoid its dissipation and generally prefers centralized control. This paper examines the implications of internalization theory for the Research and Development function. It tests for significant differences in Research and Development performed by parent, subsidiary and independent firms of similar size, using Canada as a case study.
The determinants of foreign direct investment: An analysis of US manufacturing industries
Authors: Pugel Thomas A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study explores the determinants of foreign direct investment by analyzing the variation across US manufacturing industries in the extent of outward foreign direct investment. Three types of industry characteristics are hypothesized to explain this variation. Empirical support is found for four sources of ownership‐specific advantages favoring foreign direct investment, new technology created through research and development, marketing abilities, organizational techniques and capital cost advantages. Support is found for the role of production scale economies in favoring centralization and hindering foreign direct investment, but results suggest only a weak role for transport costs in favoring decentralization and foreign direct investment. Producer concentration, perhaps reflecting oligopolistic competition, is positively related to foreign direct investment.
Multinational corporations: Trade and investment across the East‐West divide
Authors: Paliwoda Stanley J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEast‐West trade and investment remains a preserve of the multinational corporations due to their resources in finance, manpower and production which enables them to absorb the attendant costs of lengthy negotiations; to meet the occasional high‐volume order placed by a state foreign trade enterprise purchasing on behalf of an entire sector of industry; to aid the state foreign trade enterprise by sourcing from a world‐wide network so as to alleviate currency or distribution problems; and to help with the provision of finance or to agree to part payment by means of the resultant product produced under licence. Size is an important factor, and many of the joint ventures concluded over the last ten years have been for massive investment projects. These joint ventures are of a contractual type and referred to as industrial cooperation agreements' which involve repurchase of the goods produced under licence, often to a value which repays over a specified time the capital borrowed plus interest charges. These counter‐trade agreements have become more popular in the Eastern bloc because of their ‘self‐financing’ principle but are beginning to face mounting criticism in the West, currently facing a trade recession and the echoing pleas for trade protectionism to curb the threat of cheap Eastern imports upon Western job security. Industrial cooperation has been diverted towards the more export intensive branches of the socialist economies and has led to the increasing size and importance of certain of their production enterprises. This has created Western fears of the advent of the ‘socialist multinationals’ or Socialist Common Enterprises. However, industrial cooperation is a recent phenomenon, and if only by default, a strategy will emerge in future years as to the pattern and behaviour of East‐West multinational arrangements.
Production theory, uncertain prices and investment portfolios
Authors: Haber Lawrence J. , Statman Meir 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the allocative decisions of a competitive firm where input and output prices are uncertain and where the capital asset pricing model prevails. The firm behaves much as a profit maximizer under certainty, except that certainty equivalent prices formally replace the known prices. These certainty equivalent prices are composed of the expected price, the covariance of the price with the market (a measure of systematic risk) and a measure of risk aversion in the economy. Both static and comparative static propositions emerge in a natural way as extensions of standard, competitive and profit maximizing behavior. In addition, the model contains both the certainty case and the risk‐neutral case as limiting examples.
Management in Japanese society
Authors: Asakura Kanji 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA small country in the Far East without any significant resources except for manpower emerged as an industrialized country in the early 1960s. Highlighting the characteristic features of business management in Japan, this paper develops the argument as to why and how Japanese firms have been mobilizing people for business activity. The paper also touches on external and internal factors contributing to economic success, which indicate how the country has reached its current state of development. Japan could be a country with a very appropriate management style for an economy where the consumer is sovereign and the subjective theory of value is dominant.
Economies of scale in advertising
Authors: Hirschey Mark 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this article a flexible quadratic model is used to generate sales elasticity estimates for own advertising, competitor advertising and media concentration. On the basis of these estimates, moderate and declining economies of scale in advertising are indicated for firms at the highest end of the advertising per firm distribution. No advertising economies, however, are obvious for the levels of advertising common across the broad spectrum of US industry. Thus, any competitive harm due to economies of scale in advertising would seem quite minor.
Reflections on the relative economic decline of the United Kingdom
Authors: Fryers Gordon R. , O'Donnell Peter A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper considers the apparent paradox that while wage levels in the UK are not high by international standards they form a conspicuously high proportion of value added. As a consequence there are constraints placed on the servicing and use of capital. These result in reduced innovation and growth from socio‐political factors embracing both the wage‐setting process and individual incentive.
The bounds of entrepreneurship: Inter‐organizational relationships in the process of industrial innovation
Authors: Minkes A. L. , Foxall G. R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the links between entrepreneurship and innovation in modern business corporations. It extends Alford's idea of ‘diffused entrepreneurship’ to the interrelationships between firms. By drawing upon the literatures of business policy and marketing, it draws attention to the ‘porous’ boundaries of industrial organizations as open systems, and to the need to examine the balance between the part played by individuals within such organizations and that played by innovative organizational processes themselves.
Monitoring multinationals in Scotland: Some preliminary evidence on appraising corporate behaviour
Authors: Hood Neil , Stewart David , Young Stephen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper considers the important question of the screening and monitoring of multinational companies in host countries. Using data relating to US multinational affiliates in Scotland, the article applies the techniques of cluster analysis and discriminant analysis to see whether any overall patterns emerge which might allow predictions on the future role and prospects of the affiliates. The results provide some interesting pointers, with the distinction between cost centre and profit centre control systems being perhaps potentially most useful as a means of identifying groups of multinational affiliates which are worthy of more detailed investigation.
Managerial considerations in evaluating the role of licensing in technological development strategies
Authors: Gold Bela 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIncreasing managerial efforts to minimize the heavy costs and risks of pioneering the development of major technological advances have increased interest in licensing foreign advances. After reviewing the commonly hoped‐for benefits of such licensing, attention is given to some of the less widely recognized limitations of relying on such expedients as well as to some of the necessary foundations for achieving effective utilizations of such licensed innovations. Attention is also given to the likelihood that a variety of newly emerging major innovations in manufacturing technologies may be less amenable to effective transfer than has been true of many past advances, thereby counseling a reduced role for licensing in the technological development strategies of numerous industries and firms.
New firms and employment creation
Authors: Johnson P. S. , Thomas R. B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper uses some simple microeconomic tools to explain the net effect on employment of different types of new firm formation. The first section of the paper examines the way in which actual employment in new firms has been calculated in recent empirical studies. The next section looks at the relationship between the actual and net employment effects of formations and argues that the former may not be a good guide to the latter. The final section examines the policy implications of the analysis.
Product strategy and size of firm in the UK fertilizer market
Authors: Shaw R. W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe paper analyses three aspects of product strategy: the size of product range offered, the extent and type of product differentiation and product matching, and the role of new product innovation in firms' competitive strategies. In essence the paper is concerned with competitive behaviour where the product is treated as a variable. Three conclusions emerged. First, there was no significant correlation between the size of product range offered and the size of firm. Second, while the three main oligopolists almost always tried to differentiate their products the competitive fringe showed a strong tendency to match the major firms' products. Third, new product competition was a persistent feature of oligopolistic rivalry, though the competitive fringe was required to stimulate some developments.
Appropriate index number formulae for productivity measurement at the plant/organizational level
Authors: Silver M. S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChanges in productivity may be based on relating changes in physical (real) output to changes in physical input(s). Such a system of productivity measures requires the choice of an appropriate index number formula in order to convert changes in money aggregates into physical or real terms. Criteria for the choice between appropriate index number formulae are considered and developed, and an illustration provided.
Business behaviour and management structure—1: A case study comparison of managerial initiative and control in four industrial enterprises
Authors: Minkes A. L. , Nuttall C. S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis is the first of two papers in this issue on how business decisions are made. The origins of corporate strategy and policy and the involvement of senior and junior management in such activities are theoretically difficult to generalize about. In these papers four well‐known British firms are examined in depth. Their evolution over time is analysed and how managerial behaviour and perceptions changed is discussed. The conclusion is drawn that firms have been decentralizing in the last two decades in order to provide greater scope for managerial initiative, training and entrepreneurship at all levels. Part 2 contains the detailed evidence: some readers may prefer to consider it immediately after Section 1 below.
Alternative sources of technology: An analysis of induced innovations
Authors: Link Albert N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper considers why firms differ in the degree to which they rely on their internal R&D organization for generating new technologies (induced innovations) rather than on existing external technology markets (purchased innovations). An empirical model is suggested to explan inter‐firm differences in the percentage of new technology induced through R&D efforts. The analysis suggests that such differences are systematically related to the firm's size, its competative environment, and its degree of diversification.