bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
U–Pb and Hf isotopic study of detrital zircons from the Lüliang khondalite, North China Craton, and their tectonic implications
Authors: XIA XIAOPING , SUN MIN , ZHAO GUOCHUN , WU FUYUAN , XIE LIEWEN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTwo types of metasedimentary rocks occur in the Trans-North China Orogen of the North China Craton. One type consists of highly metamorphosed supracrustal rocks with protoliths of mature cratonic shale, called khondalites, as found in the Lüliang Complex; rocks of the other type are also highly metamorphosed but less mature, as represented by the Wanzi supracrustal assemblage in the Fuping Complex. U–Pb isotopic data for detrital zircons from khondalites show a provenance dominated by 1.9–2.1 Ga Palaeoproterozoic rocks. These detrital zircons display a wide range of εHfvalues from −16.0 to +9.2 and give Hf isotopic model ages mostly around 2.3 Ga. The high positive εHfvalues approach those for the depleted mantle at 2.1 Ga, highlighting a juvenile crustal growth event in Palaeoproterozoic times. Hf isotopic data also imply thatc.2.6 Ga old crustal material was involved in the Palaeoproterozoic magmatic event. These data are similar to those for the khondalitic rocks from the interior of the Western Block of the North China Craton, suggesting a common provenance. In contrast, other metasedimentary rocks in the Trans-North China Orogen, such as the Wanzi supracrustal assemblage in the Fuping Complex, have a source region with both Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean rocks. Their detrital zircon Hf isotopic data indicate reworking of old crustal material and a lack of significant juvenile Palaeoproterozoic magmatic input. These rocks are similar to the coevally deposited meta-sedimentary rocks in the interior of the Eastern Block. We propose that the Lüliang khondalites were deposited on the eastern margin of the Western Block in a passive continental margin environment and were thrust eastward later during collision with the Eastern Block. Other metasedimentary rocks in the Trans-North China Orogen were deposited on the western margin of the Eastern Block in a continental arc environment. Our data support the eastward subduction model for the Palaeoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton.
PTOLEMAIC SPACES AND CAT(0)
Authors: BUCKLEY S. M. , FALK K. , WRAITH D. J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe consider Ptolemy's inequality in a metric space setting. It is not hard to see that CAT(0) spaces satisfy this inequality. Although the converse is not true in full generality, we show that if our Ptolemaic space is either a Riemannian or Finsler manifold, then it must also be CAT(0). Ptolemy's inequality is closely related to inversions of metric spaces. We exploit this link to establish a new characterization of Euclidean space amongst all Riemannian manifolds.
A CHARACTERISATION OF BERGMAN SPACES ON THE UNIT BALL OF ℂn
Authors: LI SONGXIAO , WULAN HASI , ZHAO RUHAN , ZHU KEHE 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe obtain a new characterisation for weighted Bergman spaces Apα on the unit ball n of ℂn in terms of a double integral of the functions |f(z) − f(w)|/|z − w| and |f(z) − f(w)|/|1 − 〈 z, w〉|.
Nitrogen dynamics of cattle dung and urine patches on intensively managed boreal pasture
Authors: SAARIJÄRVI K. , VIRKAJÄRVI P. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYThe aim of the present study was to investigate the nitrogen (N) dynamics in soil and N utilization by grass in dung pats and urine patches, and to quantify the amount of soluble organic N (SON) in grassland soil. The experiment was conducted in 2003/04 at MTT Agrifood Research, Maaninka, Finland. The study consisted of three treatments: dung pats, urine patches and a control patch without excreta. The soil (to a depth of 0·6 m) and herbage were sampled on 10 occasions over the course of 1 year. TN and SON in soil averaged 14 400 and 60 kg/ha N, respectively. Changes in soil mineral N were short-lived and a large proportion of excreta N was immobilized. The grass took up 27 kg excretal N/ha from the dung pat and 71 kg N/ha from the urine patch, which equals 0·07 and 0·19 of the excretal N given to each treatment, respectively. As a large proportion of the excretal N is immobilized and accumulates in soil, re-evaluation of the recommendations for N fertilization of pastures older than 2 years is justified.
Management of paediatric sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Fyrmpas G , Wurm J , Athanassiadou F , Papageorgiou T , Beck J-D , Iro H , Constantinidis J 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground and aim:Rhabdomyosarcoma is the commonest malignant tumour of the nose and paranasal sinuses in the paediatric population. Due to its rarity and largely unknown biological behaviour, the treatment of this tumour is complex and controversial. We present the results of multimodality treatment of paediatric sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma, and we explore the role of surgery in the management of this malignancy.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the records of 14 patients (median age 7.5 years) with sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma. Six patients underwent major surgery with post-operative chemoradiation. Eight patients received multi-agent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The mean follow-up time was 58 months (range seven to 276 months).Results:The five-year overall survival rates for all patients and for the surgery group were 53.9 and 83.3 per cent, respectively. All patients with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma had a poor prognosis, with a median survival time of 17 months. Intracranial extension and an age greater than 10 years were also associated with an unfavourable outcome. Non- or partial responders to initial chemoradiation died within a year of diagnosis.Conclusions:Management of paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma requires a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Primary chemoradiotherapy is the established treatment approach for advanced tumours. Early stage tumours with favourable histology can be treated successfully with radical surgery, provided that function and cosmetic appearance are preserved.
Interpreting Hume on miracles
Authors: LARMER ROBERT A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractContemporary commentators on Hume's essay, ‘Of miracles’ have increasingly tended to argue that Hume never intended to suggest that testimonial evidence must always be insufficient to justify belief in a miracle. This is in marked contrast to earlier commentators who interpreted Hume as intending to demonstrate that testimonial evidence is incapable in principle of ever establishing rational belief in a miracle. In this article I argue that this traditional interpretation is the correct one.
The Legal Relations of Collectives: Belated Insights from Hohfeld
Authors: MORSS JOHN R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCollectives and their interrelations are central to international law. Legal relations between collectives can be analysed with reference to the classic account of Hohfeld without reducing those collectives to mere aggregates of individuals and without recourse to the legal fiction of treating the collective, for example the state, as a quasi-individual. The rights of collectives have been widely if not conclusively explored within international law, but Hohfeld's ‘field’ approach to legal relations enables the scrutiny of the range of relations, including immunities, liberties, powers, and disabilities, as well as claim-rights and the corresponding obligations in others. The main substantive topics for discussion are the legal relations of collective entities such as peoples and minorities, and closely related matters such as self-determination. Applying Hohfeldian analysis to international law highlights the centrality of international collective entities of which the state represents only one variety. The approach described here therefore takes account of the dethroning of the state within contemporary international law and contributes to the theorization of that development. Nearly one hundred years after its first appearance, Hohfeld's analytic scheme continues to generate insights for international law.
State Responsibility for Acts of Non-state Actors: A Comment on Griebel and Plücken
Authors: MILANOVIĆ MARKO 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article comments on Jörn Griebel and Milan Plücken's recent analysis in the Leiden Journal of International Law of the approach of the International Court of Justice to state responsibility in its judgment in the Genocide (Bosnia v. Serbia) case. The article also provides more general remarks on the law of state responsibility as it pertains to acts of non-state actors. In that regard, it discusses attribution based on de facto organ status and attribution based on direction and control, as well as whether, as a matter of policy, the law of state responsibility meets the needs of the modern world.
High prevalence of Leptospira spp. in sewer rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: KRØJGAARD L. H. , VILLUMSEN S. , MARKUSSEN M. D. K. , JENSEN J. S. , LEIRS H. , HEIBERG A.-C. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYEarlier studies on the ecology of leptospirosis in temperate regions focused mainly on free-ranging rats in rural areas. Here we report on the occurrence of Leptospira spp. in Rattus norvegicus living in sewers in a suburban area in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 2006–2007, about 30 rats were captured in sewers at each of six different locations. Rat kidneys were screened by PCR for pathogenic Leptospira spp. In one location no infected rats were found, whereas the prevalence in the remaining five locations ranged between 48% and 89%. Micro-agglutination tests showed that serogroup Pomona, Sejroe, and Icterohaemorrhagiae were the most common. Infection was related to age with the highest prevalence observed for adult rats but there was no difference in infection rate between sexes, suggesting primarily environmental transmission. Since most reported rat problems in urban areas are related to sewer rats, the surprisingly high level of infection calls for an increased public health concern.
Dancing with distress: helping people transform psychological problems with the Method of Levels two-step
Authors: Carey Timothy A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Method of Levels (MOL) shares many similarities with other therapeutic approaches and is perhaps most distinguishable by what it does not include rather than what it does use in sessions. MOL has two basic steps which are followed in an iterative procedure until the patient/client experiences a change or shift in their understanding and experience of a problem. This article explains the steps and uses examples and suggestions for practice to promote understanding.
Cognitive behavioural therapy with older adults: enthusiasm without the evidence?
Authors: Wilkinson Philip 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCognitive behavioural interventions specifically for older people have been described and researched for the last 30 years. However, despite a robust evidence base to support the use of CBT in the treatment of mental disorders in younger adults, trials with older people have generally been of poor methodological quality. Therefore, the potential of CBT to improve the outcome of late-life mental illness has not yet been adequately tested and demonstrated. The priorities, if this is to happen, are to develop standardized, reproducible CBT interventions and to evaluate these in large trials alongside medication or as part of case-management interventions.
GOAssay: from Gene Ontology to Assays IDentifiers - Towards Automatic Functional Annotation of PubChem BioAssays
Authors: Guha Rajarshi , Gobeill Julien , Ruch Patrick 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOBJECTIVES: We report on a experiment to functionally annotate PubChem assays using the Gene Ontology Categorizer (GOCat). METHODS and MATERIALS: The assays are processed to filter out non functional information, then the textual content is sent to the categorizer, which provide a ranked list of GO descriptors based on a GOA-learned association model. RESULTS: The GO descriptors are regarded as irrelevant for only 18% of the assays. CONCLUSION: Semantic enrichment of PubChem assays with functional genomics categories seems effective at least to navigate PubChem assays. AVAILABILITIES: the database is hosted by the University of Indiana at "http://goassay.rguha.net/index.html":http://goassay.rguha.net/index.html; the GO categorizer interface and service is available at the University of Geneva "http://eagl.unige.ch/EAGLi/":http://eagl.unige.ch/EAGLi/.
Grid technology for collaborative ontology development
Authors: Aitken Stuart , Dang Kemian , Bard Jonathan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn contrast with the centrally-organised curation of the Gene Ontology, many biological ontologies are developed by loosely-organised groups who develop their ontology remotely. These groups tend to be formed from scientists and bio-informaticians from research groups with a common interest, who want to create a resource that will be useful to the community, rather than being formally mandated. Until recently, technological support for bio-ontology development relied on stand-alone editors running on users’ desk- tops for creating new ontology versions (e.g. OBO-Edit, COBrA and Protégé) and on private email, email lists and perhaps Wikis for the distribution of ontology files and discussions. Clearly, much better use could be made of the storage, versioning and visualisation techniques being developed by the database and e- Science communities. BioSphere is an online ontology editor supporting multiple users and is underpinned by a server that stores versions (in OWL-XML) and provides a discussion portal.
Plant Metabolic Pathways in MetaCyc and SolCyc
Authors: Pujar Anuradha , Caspi Ron , Menda Naama , Tecle Isaak , Karp Peter , Mueller Lukas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMetaCyc is a metabolic encyclopedia of experimentally validated biochemical pathways curated from scientific literature, that spans all organisms, with an emphasis on plants and microbes. The Pathway tools is a complex curation software suite that enables curation of reactions, construction of pathways and annotation with one or more representative enzymes, that include information such as substrate specificity, kinetic properties, activators, inhibitors, cofactor requirements, genes if cloned and links to external databases. In addition curators are able to provide concise, review-level summaries and extensive literature citations. The present database release includes more than 1200 pathways from more than 1549 organisms, 7312 reactions, 5127 enzymes, 4748 genes, 7234 chemical compounds, curated from 17916 citations. The MetaCyc database is the reference database on which the pathways are predicted from annotated genomes by PathoLogic called Pathway/genome Databases (PGDB's). The Biocyc Database ("biocyc.org":http://biocyc.org) has a collection over 300 PGDB's. Each BioCyc Database describes the genome and predicted metabolic pathways of a single organism, which are then taken up by interested groups for curation. SolCyc is one such PGDB, developed for the clade oriented Solanceae Genomics Network (SGN) database. It has predicted metabolic pathway databases of significant species belonging to Solanaceae and includes Lycocyc(tomato), Solacyc (eggplant), Nicotianacyc (tobacco),Petuniacyc (Petunia), Capcyc (Capsicum) , Potatocyc (potato). An interactive webinterface has been developed for the seamless flow of information from the SGN phenotype and locus database with SolCyc. This facilitates researchers with the capacity to search for underlying metabolic pathway information of genes and phenotypes that has been curated into the SolCyc database.
Broadening Pfam Protein Sequence Annotations
Authors: Mistry Jaina , Cogghill Penny , Eddy Sean , Finn Rob , Tate John , Bateman Alex 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPfam is a database of conserved protein families or domains commonly used for genome annotation and sequence classification. It comprises two parts: (1) Pfam-A families, which are fully annotated and consist of a representative seed alignment, HMMs, and a full alignment comprising all sequences that score above the curated threshold; (2) Pfam-B families, which are automatically generated clusters of domains not matched by Pfam-A but that often indicate conserved sequence regions. Pfam release 23.0 predicts at least one Pfam-A domain on 74% of the sequences in UniProtKB, and predicts either a Pfam-A or Pfam-B domain on 93% of the sequences in UniProtKB.With the ever increasing rate of deposition of new proteins of all qualities into the underlying repositories, it is essential that Pfam continues to grow in order to maintain its coverage. We have used a number of strategies to improve the annotation provided by Pfam, and these include both building new families and expanding existing ones. Pfam has also greatly benefited from contributions from its user community. New family and functional annotation submissions from an S. pombe curator have ensured that Pfam has a high coverage - 83% - of the S. pombe proteome. Many of the early Pfam-A models have not been altered since they were first deposited. As the diversity of the sequence databases grows, the diversity within a Pfam seed alignment can become too narrow for representing the breadth of sequences that should belong to that family. The result is that some of the early Pfam-A HMMs fail to detect remote homologues. To address this problem we have rebuilt a large proportion of Pfam-A families, which has increased the Pfam-A coverage by 1-2%. Another strategy we have used has been that of targeted building, where a particular system or complex is examined in detail to ensure families exist for all components and annotation is consistent. In terms of building new Pfam-A families, the two major starting points are Pfam-B clusters and novel structures. From these we have built ~1000 families between releases 22.0 and 23.0, and a further 800 families since release 23.0.Between Pfam releases 22.0 and 23.0 we have changed the the way in which Pfam-B families are generated. Previously, Pfam-B families were created from PRODOM clusters that were based on a much smaller sequence database than the one upon which Pfam was built. We now use the ADDA algorithm that generates clusters from the same underlying sequence database as Pfam is based on, thus resulting in a more comprehensive Pfam-B contribution. This has increased the sequence coverage contributed by Pfam-B substantially from 3.9% to 11.8%. In a further drive to improve coverage, Pfam is currently evaluating a new release of the HMMER software (HMMER3) used to construct and search the Pfam HMMs. Early results show that HMMER3 is ~100 fold faster and has increased specificity and sensitivity compared with HMMER2.
Can language prime culture in Hispanics? The differential impact of self‐construals in predicting intention to use a condom
Authors: Lechuga Julia , Wiebe John S. 
Published: April 2009

The highly influential theory of planned behavior suggests that norms and attitudes predict an important antecedent of behavior: intention. Cross‐cultural research suggests that culturally influenced self‐construals can be primed and differentially affect behaviors that are influenced by norms and attitudes. The purpose of this experiment was twofold: (1) To investigate whether language functions as a prime for culture in Hispanics, and (2) if so, if norms and attitudes differentially predict condom use intention. Fluent English–Spanish bilingual participants (N = 145) of Mexican descent were randomly assigned to answer questionnaires in English and Spanish. Subjective norms and private evaluations towards condom use were assessed and their relative strength in predicting condom use intention was evaluated. Results suggest that language can prime culture and affect the relative accessibility of culture‐relevant norms and self‐construals in Hispanics. Moreover, consistent with our expectations, norms and attitudes differentially predicted condom use intention.
Steady-state solutions for Gierer-Meinhardt type systems with Dirichlet boundary condition
Authors: Ghergu Marius 
Published: April 2009

This paper is concerned with the following Gierer-Meinhardt type systems subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions:\[{Δu−αu+upvq+ρ(x)=0,u>0,amp;in Ω,Δv−βv+urvs=0,v>0,amp;in Ω,u=0,v=0amp;on ∂Ω,\begin {cases} \Delta u - \alpha u + \frac {u^p}{v^q} + \rho (x) = 0,\; u > 0, & \text {in $\Omega $},\\ \Delta v - \beta v + \frac {u^r}{v^s} = 0,\; v > 0, & \text {in $\Omega $}, \\ u=0,\; v=0 & \text {on $\partial \Omega $}, \end {cases}\]whereΩ⊂RN\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^N(N≥1N\geq 1) is a smooth bounded domain,ρ(x)≥0\rho (x)\geq 0inΩ\Omegaandα,β≥0\alpha ,\beta \geq 0. We are mainly interested in the case of different source terms, that is,(p,q)≠(r,s)(p,q)\neq (r,s). Under appropriate conditions on the exponentsp,q,rp,q,randsswe establish various results of existence, regularity and boundary behavior. In the one dimensional case a uniqueness result is also presented.
GeneRegionScan: a Bioconductor package for probe-level analysis of specific, small regions of the genome
Authors: Folkersen Lasse , Diez Diego , Wheelock Craig E. , Haeggström Jesper Z. , Goto Susumu , Eriksson Per , Gabrielsen Anders 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Summary: Whole-genome microarrays allow us to interrogate the entire transcriptome of a cell. Affymetrix microarrays are constructed using several probes that match to different regions of a gene and a summarization step reduces this complexity into a single value, representing the expression level of the gene or the expression level of an exon in the case of exon arrays. However, this simplification eliminates information that might be useful when focusing on specific genes of interest. To address these limitations, we present a software package for the R platform that allows detailed analysis of expression at the probe level. The package matches the probe sequences against a target gene sequence (either mRNA or DNA) and shows the expression levels of each probe along the gene. It also features functions to fit a linear regression based on several genetic models that enables study of the relationship between gene expression and genotype.
Availability and implementation: The software is implemented as a platform-independent R package available through the Bioconductor repository at http://www.bioconductor.org/. It is licensed as GPL 2.0.
Contact: lasse.folkersen@ki.se
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mixtures of Polya trees for flexible spatial frailty survival modelling
Authors: Zhao Luping , Hanson Timothy E. , Carlin Bradley P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMixtures of Polya trees offer a very flexible nonparametric approach for modelling time-to-event data. Many such settings also feature spatial association that requires further sophistication, either at the point level or at the lattice level. In this paper, we combine these two aspects within three competing survival models, obtaining a data analytic approach that remains computationally feasible in a fully hierarchical Bayesian framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We illustrate our proposed methods with an analysis of spatially oriented breast cancer survival data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute. Our results indicate appreciable advantages for our approach over competing methods that impose unrealistic parametric assumptions, ignore spatial association or both.