bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Geodetic Earth Reference Models
Authors: Chovitz Bernard H. 
Published: October 2011

A geodetic earth reference model is defined as a self‐gravitating body of given mass and rotational rate whose surface is an equipotential ellipsoid of revolution of specified dimensions. Over the course of this century, the International Association of Geodesy has sanctioned three such models as recommended standards for both scientific and practical applications. The most recent model was approved in December 1979, replacing one chosen in 1967, which in turn supplanted another originally adopted four decades earlier.One of the chief scientific aims of geodesy is the determination of the size and shape of the earth. Therefore, much of the energy expended by geodesists has focused on finding a model (defined by both geometrical and physical parameters) that can serve as a suitable reference surface for further geodetic and geophysical investigations. ‘Suitable’ is a flexible term. In the 19th century, it may have inferred accuracy to one part in 104 . Nowadays, it signifies better than one part in 106.
Southern California uplift—Is it or isn't it?*
Authors: Rundle John B. , McNutt Marcia 
Published: October 2011

The Southern California session of the fall 1980 John Muir Geophysical Society meeting was an attempt to answer the question of whether the Southern California Uplift was real tectonic deformation or merely an artifact of systematic survey errors. The three principal speakers were D. D. Jackson (UCLA), W. E. Strange (National Geodetic Survey), and R. Stein (Lamont‐Doherty—formerly with the U.S. Geological Survey). Jackson and Strange were arguing the negative side, i.e., that the uplift did not exist, while Stein argued that the uplift was real.In leveling, observations are made so as to determine the height of permanent benchmarks, typically a kilometer or so apart relative to each other. Attempts are made to locate the marks on competent rock, although it is sometimes the case that marks are in fact placed in unconsolidated alluvium or in other soft ground, leading to unwanted instability. Additionally, real displacements are sometimes seen in alluvia that derive from nontectonic causes, such as water withdrawal.
OSTP gets acting director
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Amid rumors that the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) will be abolished, President Reagan appointed Benjamin Huberman as acting director, effective March 5.Although the size and shape of the science policy office and the influence it will have under the Reagan administration are undetermined, rumors that the office will be abolished should be discounted, an OSTP official said. The search for a full‐time, permanent director is underway, according to a White House official. He added that the new administration seems to be looking for someone from industry.
The enigma of lunar magnetism
Authors: Hood Lonnie L. 
Published: October 2011

The results of the Apollo program have given us an intriguing but very inadequate glimpse of the pervasive magnetization that characterizes the lunar crust. Returned sample studies, surface magnetic field investigations, and analyses of orbital measurements have provided useful constraints on the nature of the magnetization, but in retrospect, more questions have been raised than have been answered.Perhaps the single most important of these questions concerns the origin of the magnetizing field. A simple possibility suggested from the outset is that the moon once possessed an intrinsic global magnetic field which originated in a small, formerly molten iron core. The existence of such a field, if verified, would have extreme implications for our understanding of lunar, and hence planetary, thermal evolution. However, clear evidence for more than a superficially magnetized crust has not emerged from the data analysis. Thermoremanent magnetization itself has been difficult to identify unambiguously in samples of the lunar regolith, partly because of their complicated impact histories. Surface and orbital measurements show magnetic anomaly signatures apparently associated with surficial material, such as basin ejecta, and not with deep‐seated structures as expected from slow cooling in the presence of a steady magnetic field. Alternative suggestions for the origin of the magnetizing field have primarily involved local generation mechanisms. Of these, those that employ impact processes to briefly but strongly amplify the weak interplanetary magnetic field seem most reasonable in view of (1) the obvious bombardment history of the moon and (2) the association of some mapped anomalies with basin ejecta. In particular, impacts of cometary bodies, which normally possess large partially ionized atmospheres capable of strongly compressing a weak ambient magnetic field, have been mentioned most in this context.
USNC/IUGG
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The United States National Committee for the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics has a close relationship with the AGU. They were born together in 1919 when the AGU was founded as a vehicle for U.S. participation in the IUGG. They separated in 1972 when the AGU became an individual corporate entity; the U.S. National Committee appropriately remained a part of the National Academy of Sciences.The USNC/IUGG actively represents U.S. interests in the Union and assures U.S. participation in Union activities. It formulates and advances U.S. positions on a variety of administrative matters that require attention if the Union is to serve geophysics well. The dispute over how China was to be represented in the Union and whether Taiwan could be separately represented is a recent example of a question on which the committee took strong action. The committee also considers areas such as financing, voting, and distribution of publications. All member countries have one vote in the Union, except on financial matters, for which voting strength is roughly a log function of the dues one pays. On financial questions the U.S. has 10 votes, and the next highest countries have eight. At $24,000 per year the U.S. pays 50% more dues than the next highest countries, $16,000 for Great Britain, West Germany, and France; Russia and Japan pay $12,000 each and have seven votes.
The commission for the geological map of the world and its future projects
Authors: Delany F. 
Published: October 2011

From a small group of European geologists that was officially constituted during the 1881 International Geological Congress in Bologna to propose a standard legend and draft a Geological Map of Europe, the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) has evolved into a worldwide network of cooperating geological surveys. It has contributed to progress in the earth sciences by preparing and printing maps, recognizing that these maps provide the geometric constraints for data syntheses and can, through imaginative and novel legends, demonstrate the relationship between heterogeneous parameters.The original Bologna group was enlarged to comprise representatives of all the geological surveys of Europe, thus forming the Commission for the Geological Map of Europe, which still retains a certain autonomy within the framework of CGMW. In 1910, at the eleventh session of the International Geological Congress, when the first edition of the Geological Map of Europe was nearly ready for printing, a 1:1,000,000 geological map of the world was proposed. In view of the size of such a task, and the lack of a base map, it was decided that a world map be drafted to a ‘suitable scale’ according to the legend used for the Geological Map of Europe. Representatives of all countries were invited to collaborate, and thus the Commission for the Geological Map of the World came into being.
Meteorological records set in winter of '80
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The winter of 1980–1981 produced monthly and seasonal records and near records for the country and nearly half the states.Nationwide, NOAA said January 1981 was the driest since 1895 and the fourth driest month during the 87 years national averages have been kept. A 48‐state total average precipitation for the month was 0.92 inches, compared with the 87‐year average of 2.21.
Reclaiming a name
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Bureau of Reclamation, which became the Water and Power Resources Service in November 1979, will regain its original name, Department of Interior Secretary James Watt announced recently.‘The name Bureau of Reclamation is one of historical significance as well as a symbol of excellence,’ Watt said. ‘Changing the name to Water and Power Resources Service was a mistake. The public we serve did not like it, nor did the employees who loyally worked for it. The name proved to be awkward, difficult to use in speech and writing, and lacked a logical and convincing short form as a ready reference.’
The sixth presentation of the Maurice Ewing Medal by the American Geophysical Union and the United States Navy to Manik Talwani for leadership in marine geophysics
Authors: Uyeda Seiya , Talwani Manik 
Published: October 2011

Manik Talwani's impact on the geosciences clearly places him among those who deserve to be honored as a Ewing medalist. He has contributed major advances to our understanding of Earth's fundamental characteristics and has provided direction that will help guide geological/geophysical research long into the future.Born in Patiala, India, in 1933, Manik earned bachelor's and master's degrees at Delhi University. In the mid‐1950s he moved to the United States and enrolled in Columbia University for his Ph.D. studies. It was the beginning of a long association between Manik and Columbia. When he earned his Ph.D. in 1959, it was already apparent that he was destined to make a significant impact on the geosciences. He has been the recipient of several important awards for his contributions and leadership. These include the first Krishnan Medal in 1965, from his home country, and the Macelwane Award from the American Geophysical Union, in 1967, for his pioneering achievements in the application of marine gravimetry to studies of Earth's crust and upper mantle. Since 1970, Manik has been a professor of geology at Columbia, and for 8 years he served as director of Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory. This evening, for his continued contributions and leadership, Manik is being awarded the Maurice Ewing Medal. He is truly qualified for this distinction, based on his many important original contributions to marine geophysics, ocean technology and instrumentation, and also for his outstanding service to marine science.
AGU selects Science Fellow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

George H. Shaw, an associate professor in the geology and geophysics department at the University of Minnesota, is the 1981–1982 AGU Congressional Science Fellow. The fifth person to be selected for the program, he recently began his 1‐year term on Capitol Hill.Rock and mineral physics (including physical properties of minerals under high pressure, phase relations, and polymorphism) are Shaw's main research interests. His most recent research includes studies on the elastic properties of polymorphic materials under high pressure and moderate temperature, elastic behavior in solid‐solid equilibrium systems, extrapolation of elastic properties of mixtures at high pressure, the equation of state of alkali metal liquids, and calculations on the energy of planetary core formations. He is also interested in the hydrology of karst terrains and the impact of human activity on groundwater quality in such areas.
Oceanic eddy variability measured by GEOS 3 altimeter crossover differences
Authors: Cheney Robert E. , Marsh James G. 
Published: October 2011

The last decade in oceanography has seen rapid advances in both in situ and remote instrumentation which have provided new insight into the physics of the sea. Satelliteborne instruments have been especially valuable in revealing complexities of the surface layer through infrared and multispectral imagery, precise global tracking of surface drifter fields, altimetric measurements of sea surface height, and radar observations of wind and wave patterns. This flood of information has opened new avenues of research and, in so doing, has significantly altered some of our conceptions of the general oceanic circulation.With improved observational techniques has come an appreciation of the highly variable nature of oceanic phenomena. This variability occurs on a wide range of scales, from microstructure to basinwide events, but particular attention has been directed toward the mesoscale. Current meanders, ring vortices, and midocean eddies comprise the ocean mesoscale variability, collectively known as the eddy field. The existence of oceanic eddies is not surprising, considering their well‐documented counterparts, the storms and weather patterns of the atmosphere. Yet their role in the maintenance of the general circulation is far from clear, and numerous expeditions have been dedicated to their exploration. Because these eddying motions often contain energy significantly greater than the mean flow itself, determination of eddy intensity and distribution is a necessary key to understanding global ocean dynamics.
1983 Federal Funding
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Presidential science advisor George A. Keyworth, II, promised scientists that the general health of basic scientific research would not be imperiled in President Reagan's fiscal 1983 budget proposal, due out next week.‘I assure you that although the Administration is aggressively seeking solutions to our nation's economic and industrial malaise we intend in no way to compromise our future health by jeopardizing the basic research that serves as the foundation for our science and technology,’ he said in the January 3 keynote address to the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
1981 Fall Meeting Report and Late Abstracts
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

There were 2875 participants registered at the 1981 Fall Meeting and more than 1900 papers presented. The special session, Voyager 2 at Saturn, presented by E. C. Stone, drew close to 1600 people. It was the largest annual meeting AGU has ever held. Session chairmen's reports contained comments such as: AGU keep up the present momentum, … great session! The authors are to be commended, … all in all in a roar this was a super meeting, … the AGU Fall Meeting is still the best meeting going.If you missed it this year, plan now to go to San Francisco next December.
Reagan: Maintain Antarctic program
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

President Ronald Reagan has decided that the United States should maintain an ‘active and influential presence’ in Antarctica to support the nation's interests. Following a review of a study by the Antarctica Policy Group, Reagan issued a memorandum, dated February 5, to the heads of 14 government agencies, including the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the Office of Management and Budget.The U.S. presence in Antarctica ‘shall include the conduct of scientific activities in major disciplines; year‐round occupation of the South Pole and two coastal stations; and availability of related necessary logistics support,’ wrote the President. In addition, NSF should continue to budget for the entire U.S. program in Antarctica. Short‐term programs by other agencies require the recommendation of the Antarctica Policy Group and should be coordinated within the framework of NSF logistics support.
Stardust memories
Authors: Wier Stuart 
Published: October 2011

The discovery of large numbers of meteorites on the ice sheets of Antarctica during the past several years recalls a passage in the book, Wind, Sand and Stars, by Antoine de St. Exupéry (Reynal and Hitchcock, New York, 1939). St. Exupéry was a pioneer aviator and one of the finest French writers of this century. He possessed a remarkable sensitivity to the meaning of human life that is combined in his writings with observations of the physical world of great clarity. The passage is A minor accident had forced me down in the Rio de Oro region, in Spanish Africa. Landing on one of those table‐lands of the Sahara which fall away steeply at the sides, I found myself on the flat top of the frustrum of a cone, an isolated vestige of a plateau that had crumbled round the edges. In this part of the Sahara such truncated cones are visible from the air every hundred miles or so, their smooth surfaces always at about the same altitude above the desert and their geologic substance always identical. The surface sand is composed of minute and distinct shells; but progressively as you dig along a vertical section, the shells become more fragmentary, tend to cohere, and at the base of the cone form a pure calcareous deposit.
NSB endorses Explorer
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The National Science Board (NSB) recently voted to endorse a program of scientific ocean drilling that would replace the 14‐yearold Glomar Challenger with the Glomar Explorer as the pillar of scientific drilling. This vote by the policymaking arm of the National Science Foundation (NSF) gives another boost to the proposed drilling plan. The plan also has the blessings of the Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD) and of the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Ocean Drilling.NSF now will approach the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to request that $9 million of NSF funds be transferred to the Advanced Ocean Drilling (AOD) program in fiscal 1983 for the next design stages for the Explorer (Eos, March 2, 1982, p. 179). With the support of NSB, COSOD, and the NAS committee, the request goes to OSTP and OMB with strong backing. If OSTP and OMB give the transfer the green light, Congress will review the request.
A plea for peer review
Authors: Brace William F. , Cox Allan V. , Hower John , Liebermann Robert C. , Maxwell John C. , Murthy V. Rama 
Published: October 2011

Under the auspices of the Committee on Science and Public Policy (COSPUP) of the National Academy of Sciences, J.R. Cole and S. Cole have recently completed phase 2 of a study of peer review in the National Science Foundation (NSF). A summary of their results appeared in a Science (November 14, 1981) article by S. Cole, J.R. Cole, and G. Simon. We have no wish to take issue with the results and conclusions of this study, but we would like to describe to our AGU colleagues the NSF peer review process used by the Division of Earth Sciences (EAR) and how we view it.EAR is one of the few NSF divisions that currently employs a review panel in addition to the ad hoc mail reviewers. All proposals are sent to four or more mail reviewers selected by the program director. These proposals are also sent to all panel members in a given discipline. In the past there were three program panels of five members each, serving geology, geochemistry‐petrology, and geophysics. Under the new EAR organization (Eos, December 22, 1981) of eight programs, each of the sixteen panel members will serve on two program panels. These review panels meet in Washington with the program director three times per year to evaluate the proposals with the aid of the mail reviews.
Introduction to Communication Science and Systems
Authors: Russell C. T. 
Published: October 2011

This book is designed to serve as a textbook for a three quarter or two semester upper division or graduate course for beginners interested in the wide range of topics essential to communication systems. It covers antennas and transmission, thermal noise and its consequences, Fourier transforms, modulation and noise, sample and pulse code modulation, autocorrelation and power spectrum, optimum filtering, gaussian noise and errors in digital transmission, data transmission limits on data rate, and source encoding.The book is divided into 13 chapters, each of which is divided into about 10 sections, and each section is followed by a list of about three problems on the material in that section. A list of further reading is included for each chapter as is a comprehensive index. The book is written for students of electrical engineering, but the authors state in their introduction that physicists, earth scientists, and astronomers who must detect signals in their work can use this book to learn about the limits of detectability of signals. I would agree with the authors and say there is more than that. I found many examples of techniques that I had heard of over the years and wondered at how they worked but had never delved into, such as convolutional coding (and decoding), which is used to reduce the number of bit errors in satellite transmissions.
Minerals From the Marine Environment
Authors: Cruickshank Michael J. 
Published: October 2011

The current interest in minerals centering on, among other things, potential shortages, long‐term needs, and deep seabed nodules, accentuates the usefulness and timeliness of this little book authored by a former chairman of the British National Environmental Research Council.In less than 100 pages, the author puts into perspective the potential for producing minerals from offshore areas of the world. After introducing the reader to the ocean environment and the extraordinary variety of the nature of the seabed, the author describes in some detail the variety of minerals found there. This is done in seven separate chapters entitled ‘Bulk and Non‐Metallic Minerals From the Seas’; ‘Metals From the Shallow Seas’; ‘Metals From the Deep Oceans’; ‘Minerals From Solution’; ‘Oil and Gas from the Shallow Seas’; ‘Oil and Gas From Deep Waters’; and ‘Coal Beneath the Sea.’ The remaining chapters give a brief regional review of marine minerals distribution for eight areas of significant socioeconomic structure, and a short recapitulation of special problems of mineral recovery in the marine environment including such matters as the effect of water motion on mineral processing and of international law on investments. Glossaries of geological periods and technical terms, a short list of references, and an index completethe work.
The Fram 3 expedition
Authors: Manley T. O. , Codispoti L. A. , Hunkins K. L. , Jackson H. R. , Jones E. P. , Lee V. , Moore S. , Morison J. , Packard T. T. , Wadhams P. 
Published: October 2011

On the fourteenth of March 1981, Fram 3, the third in a series of four U.S. manned ice camps, was established in the eastern Arctic Ocean at 84.32°N, 20.07°E for oceanographic and geophysical research in the Eurasian Basin north of the Greenland‐Spitzbergen Passage.Investigators from several institutions in the United States, as well as from Canada and England, participated in studies of physical and chemical oceanography, low‐frequency underwater acoustics, geophysics, and the mechanics and propagation of waves through sea ice. A Bell 204 helicopter and crew were stationed at Fram 3 throughout the drift in order to support research efforts and camp operations. Several oceanographic buoys that used satellite telemetry were deployed during this time period.