bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexible Cement Improves Wellbore Integrity in SAGD Wells
Authors: DeBruijn Gunnar , Garnier Andre , Brignoli Ronan , Bexte David , Reinheimer Don 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Zonal isolation and cement sheath integrity are key requirements for heavy oil development and production. Current commercial production techniques use steam to provide heat to mobilize oil and allow production. One such technique is Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). Maintaining cement sheath integrity prevents unwanted fluid migration, especially oil, gas, and or steam. Flexible cement systems can be designed and installed so that the cement sheath can withstand the expected stresses in the well. Installation practices are critical to providing a high quality cement sheath. Challenges that are prevalent in SAGD wells are centralization in the soft formations, assessment of the cement bond between the cement and formation, and assessment of the cement bond after steaming.
Case History - Comparison of two cement systems with flexible properties installed in seven SAGD well pairs (14 wells). Two cement systems were selected for installation and comparison in SAGD well pairs for a project in Alberta. These cement systems have flexible properties, with Young's Modulus varying from 2000 MPa to 6000 MPa. Careful planning and process control were required to deliver the system with the desired properties to the wellbore. Industry best practices were used for placement of the cement systems, including the use of centralizers, viscous fluid spacers and pipe movement.
Zonal isolation and wellbore integrity are examined with the use of cement cement evaluation logs and ultrasonic cement evaluation tools. These logs provide evidence that zonal isolation is achieved and is improved with the use of industry best practices for cement placement. The flexible cement systems are proven for zonal isolation in these SAGD wells.
More than half of the 9 to 13 trillion barrels of world oil resources in place are classified as "extra-heavy" and "oilsands and bitumen". Current commercial methods for developing these reserves such as SAGD may place significant stresses on the cement sheath which could lead to failure. The use of best practices for placing the cement slurry, and the use of cement systems with flexible properties improves well integrity enabling efficient development of world heavy oil reserves.
A Novel Strategy for Reducing Well Cost in the Piceance Basin by Using ECD Measurements and Air Injection Through a Parasite Aerating String
Authors: Okafor Zimuzor , Higgins Shannon , Akinniranye Goke , Bratton Tom , Avila Ricardo , Boone Danny 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Drilling on top of the Mesa in the Piceance Basin presents a significant loss circulation and stuck pipe challenge to operators wanting to exploit the huge gas reserves in the area. Operators have experienced losses that exceed 4000 barrels of mud when the intermediate section is drilled using conventional techniques. This is due to a combination of natural fractures and weak rock. Various strategies have been deployed to tackle the problems, including under-balance drilling operations and Direction Casing While Drilling (DcWD). A new technique described in this paper is now the best practice for ConocoPhillips in the area. It involves acquiring realtime circulating density (ECD) measurements and control of mud weight in the annulus, using direct air injection through a parasite aerating string (PAS).
During the development stages of this new process an annular pressure sub (APWD) was run to gather diagnostic data. Analysis of the data shows conventional drilling practices often yield up to 3 ppg variation in circulating density exposed to the formation. Analysis of the data also suggests there is a fracture reopening gradient of approximately 8.3 ppg and there are huge circulating density variations during connections. The new strategy shows these wells can be drilled with an ECD in the range of 5–7 ppg using conventional water based mud systems. This strategy allows wells with a very narrow mud weight window to be drilled safely. This simple approach avoids the use of complex multiphase models, giving the flexibility to quickly deploy the technique to the well site without the need for expert personnel. The information enables the driller to control and keep the ECD within recommended limits, delivering a safe and productive well.
The alternative approach of using conventional well design techniques would result in multiple casing strings and cost overruns, while more advanced techniques such as DcWD and under-balance drilling would require specialized equipment and crews. This new technique uses existing and common drilling technologies along with new software tools for geomechanics analysis and drilling surveillance to achieve excellent results. This paper presents a simple risk management technique using today's conventional technologies to successfully manage loss circulation risk in the Piceance basin.
The Rural Poor in the American South: Case Studies of Exits from 20th Century Poverty
Authors: Coleman Mary Delorse 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis work does not ask why poverty persisted in Indianola and other places in the rural south, but how—despite all the obstacles of state, society and market—the impoverished emerged from and exited poverty with civic assets as well as religious ones. The interdependency and citizenship pathways between families and the state and the pathways of aspiring agrarian capitalists led to a chronic and latent dysfunction—an inadequate protection of the welfare of all persons, especially the rural poor and black persons. This dysfunction was sustained, for much of the century gone‐by, by political reciprocity among United States presidents, southern white congressmen, federal district court judges, local southern elites and vigilantes, and their northern congressional counterparts. Dysfunctional state action fostered a racially‐based and insidious poverty and illiteracy—a system of servitude. Servitude is thus central to our understanding of how to unpack exits and understand pathways to full economic and political citizenship. I examined the lives of eight of the oldest families I could find in Sunflower County in the last decade of the twentieth century. Other than being elderly, I looked for families with some landowning status. These families ranged from fifty year sharecroppers who as women, girls, men and boys were subjected to violence and the insults that come with second‐class citizenship. The families in this study were sharecroppers, mule renters, black farmers, stay‐home mothers, welfare‐recipients, college graduates, primary and high school “incompleters,” community activists and the powerful. How did they exit poverty? It was not the social policy prescriptions or social provisions of the early and mid‐twentieth century that empowered the black rural poor, it was their collective refusal to see themselves as victims, their opportunities to own land, rear children, and their fierce will to sacrifice and function well as kinship families and religious communities that propelled exits from rural poverty in Mississippi and the Deep South.
Predatory Efficacy of <i>Phytoseiulus persimilis</i> Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on the Two Spotted Spider Mite <i>Tetranychus urticae</i> Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Khalequzzaman M , Mondal Mina , Haque M Fazlul , Karim M Sajedul 
Published: March 2009

The relative abundance Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis as well as voracity of the predator were conducted on potted eggplants. After six weeks of release of ten female T. urticae in control plants, the highest mite population reached at 184.21 / leaf, against 67.92 and 107.48 / leaf in plants which received two predators after 1st and 3rd week respectively. After nine weeks the number of mite / leaf reduced to 13.21 and 23.97 / leaf after 1st and 3rd week of introduction of the predator, the control population was 81.32. Adult P. persimilis as single predator fed 8.2, 15.4 and 20.6 T. urticae eggs after 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. Again a single predator when tested separately fed 5.4, 10.8 and 14.6 T. urticae larvae after 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. A single adult predator fed on 3.6, 7.0 and 12.0 adult T. urticae after the same durations. When varying number (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) of prey (larvae or adults) were provided to a single predator it fed 5.0, 6.6, 6.8, 9.0 and 9.4 larvae against 3.2, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6 and 3.6 adults respectively. Key words: Predation, spider mite, eggplant, voracity, release. Â doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2152 J. bio-sci. 15: 127-132, 2007
Yield and Yield Components of Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) in Relation to Sowing Times
Authors: Alam MZ , Haider SA , Paul NK 
Published: March 2009

A field experiment was carried out to study the influence of sowing times on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Seeds of four barley cultivars (BB 1, Karan 19, Karan 163 and Karan 351) were sown with four sowing times (5 November, 17 November, 29 November and 11 December). Most of the yield and yield components were significantly highest in 17 November sowing. Among the cultivars most of the characters showed their highest values in BB 1 and the lowest in Karan 19. Harvest index was found highest in Karan 351 and lowest in BB 1. Key words: Barley, Sowing time, Yield. Â doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2154 Â J. bio-sci. 15: 139-145, 2007
Load of <i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i> in Swamp Water and its Pathogenicity to Koi, <i>Anabas testudineus</i> (Bloch)
Authors: Afza Rowshatul , Hussain M Afzal , Khatun Habiba , Yeasmin Sabina , Hossain Md Iqbal , Rahman M Habibur 
Published: March 2009

Among the fishery resources, swamps are very important for various fish species such as Oreochromis nilotica, Oreochromis mossambica, Anabas testudineus, Channa punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis. Swamps require shorter time and small investment for fish culture (Rahman et al. 1998). However, diseases are major problems in fish production both in culture system and wild condition in Bangladesh (Rahman and Chowdhury 1996). Bacteria, especially Aeromonas sp. is one of the causative agents of fish diseases. Bangladesh is situated in the tropical zone. Temperature is one of the important factors which affect the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Ljungh and Wadstrom 1982). Aeromonas sobria increases and grows at 17- 25Â°C (Rahman and Chowdhury 1996). Aeromonas sp. is the causative agent of various kinds of ulcerative disease of fishes (Karunasagar and Sugumar 1995). Yesmin et al. (2004) and Chowdhury and Baqui (1997) reported that Aeromonas is a very common pathogen in carps and live fishes. Hossain et al. (2006) worked on the bacterial load, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their artificial infection to Oreochromis niloticus. The present study was undertaken to investigate the bacterial load in swamp water and the pathogenicity of A. sobria in A. testudineus. Â doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2162 J. bio-sci. 15: 181-184, 2007
Le bombardement de Sakiet Sidi Youssef en 1958 et la complexité de la guerre d'Algérie
Authors: Valette Jacques 
Published: March 2009

Le bombardement de Sakiet Sidi Youssef en 1958 et la complexité de la guerre d’Algérie Ce bombardement aérien du village tunisien de Sakiet a été le prétexte d’une crise franco-tunisienne et d’une tentative d’intervention diplomatique anglo-américaine, les « Bons offices » au printemps 1958. Selon les archives devenues communicables, ce ne fut qu’un acte de guerre contre une base du FLN sur la frontière algéro-tunisienne, décidé par le commandement français avec l’autorisation du gouvernement. De cette base partaient des convois d’armes et de fellaghas vers les maquis de Kabylie et de l’Algérie orientale.
Une mobilisation contre-révolutionnaire : la refondation du syndicat autonome des enseignants de médecine en mai 1968 et sa lutte pour la « sélection »
Authors: Déplaude Marc-Olivier 
Published: March 2009

Résumé Durant les années 1960, les pouvoirs publics, soutenus par une grande partie du corps médical, ont cherché à former un plus grand nombre de médecins. Pourtant, les événements de 1968, qui n'ont pas épargné les facultés de médecine, ont suscité en retour une mobilisation d'une partie du corps médical visant notamment à faire instituer un dispositif de « sélection » au début des études médicales ­ le futur numerus clausus. Comment expliquer un tel retournement ? C'est ce que nous nous proposons de comprendre en analysant l'une des figures les plus visibles et les plus puissantes de cette mobilisation « contre-révolutionnaire » : le Syndicat autonome des enseignants de médecine, refondé par des universitaires parisiens à la fin du mois de mai 1968. En recourant conjointement aux instruments d'analyse proposés par la sociologie des mobilisations collectives (et notamment des phénomènes de contre-mobilisations) et par la sociologie des professions, nous cherchons plus généralement à montrer dans quelles sortes de circonstances les porte-parole d'un groupe professionnel ou d'un de ses segments peuvent être amenés à défendre ce qu'ils estiment être la spécificité de leur métier, quel type de rhétorique ils déploient à cet effet et en quoi peut consister son efficacité politique.
Conception participative par « moments » : une gestion collaborative
Authors: Caelen Jean 
Published: March 2009

RÉSUMÉ L’article décrit une méthode de gestion de la conception participative. Cette méthode n’est pas une planification des tâches, ce qui serait illusoire en conception, mais un contrôle en cours de travail de façon à rendre maîtrisable et efficace cette phase du cycle de vie d’un produit. La méthode s’appuie sur des « moments » qui sont des granules d’activité élémentaires et génériques pour toutes les tâches de conception centrée utilisateur. À partir de ces tâches, la méthode propose un suivi évolutif formalisé par des graphes d’états dont les transitions sont contrôlées par des opérateurs de séquentialité conditionnels. Ainsi, les acteurs comme le chef de projet peuvent avoir accès à l’ensemble des documents, procédures, etc., dont ils ont besoin pour travailler soit en séance collective, soit de manière individuelle. Le processus de capitalisation est également intégré dans ce schéma, ce qui permet de réutiliser le savoir-faire acquis pour d’autres projets mais surtout d’éviter les reprises, remise en cause ou répétition dans le processus de conception.
Les prédications secondes à prédicat adjectival
Authors: Goes Jan 
Published: March 2009

Résumé	Cet article se propose d’étudier le continuum sémantique qui s’établit entre l’attribut de l’objet facultatif, l’attribut du sujet facultatif, l’apposition et le complément circonstanciel. Ces fonctions peuvent être très proches du point de vue sémantique lorsqu’elles sont remplies par un adjectif. Les caractéristiques communes de l’attribut de l’objet facultatif et de l’attribut du sujet facultatif nous ont amené à considérer ce dernier comme faisant partie intégrante de la prédication seconde. De plus, un même continuum sémantico-pragmatique conduit de ces deux types d’attribut à l’apposition adjectivale, qui elle-même se rapproche du complément circonstanciel (adjectif invarié). Qu’est-ce qui permettrait alors de délimiter ce qui semble bien être une ressemblance de famille sans frontières bien définies ? Nous estimons que l’introduction de deux critères nécessaires, mais non suffisants pourrait être une solution permettant de séparer la prédication seconde du complément circonstanciel : l’incidence nominale et la prédication de type attributif.
Highly Efficient and Versatile Phosphine‐Phosphoramidite Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Eggenstein Matthias , Thomas Anika , Theuerkauf Jens , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA set of novel phosphine‐phosphoramidite ligands possessing two elements of chirality have been prepared through a modular synthetic approach. The ligands (11bS)‐N‐[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]‐N‐[(S)‐1‐phenylethyl]dinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin‐4‐amine [(Sa,Sc)‐1a] and (11bR)‐N‐[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]‐N‐[(S)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl]dinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin‐4‐amine [(Sa,Sc)‐1b] are unique in providing enantioselectivities ≥96% ee and ≥94% ee, respectively, in mechanistically distinct hydrogenations of CC, CN and CO double bonds in combination with three different transition metals (rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium, respectively). Particularly remarkable are the enantiomeric excesses up to 97% achieved in the iridium‐catalyzed hydrogenation of 2‐substituted quinolines, where (11bS)‐N‐[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]‐N‐[(S)‐1‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl)ethyl]‐8,9,10,11, 12,13,14,15‐octahydrodinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin‐4‐amine [(Sa,Sc)‐2] proved to be the most selective ligand. Substantially lower ees were obtained with the mismatched diastereomer (Ra,Sc)‐1b and with the N‐phenyl‐substituted ligand 1c, missing a second element of chirality.
Expanding the Suzuki–Heck‐Type Coupling Cascade: A New Indeno[1,2,3]‐Annelation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Quimby Jennifer M. , Scott Lawrence T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageFluoranthene derivatives can be constructed in a single operation by a palladium‐catalyzed cascade reaction sequence, starting from a peri‐dichloronaphthalene derivative and various arylboronic acids.
The TGM2 gene is associated with schizophrenia in a British population
Authors: Bradford Matilda , Law Matthew H. , Stewart Andrew D. , Shaw Duncan J. , Megson Ian L. , Wei Jun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence have suggested an interesting link between gluten ingestion and schizophrenia. Increased levels of gliadin antibodies have been observed in patients with schizophrenia. Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2, TGM2) is involved in the production of gliadin antibodies. To investigate genetic association of the TGM2 gene with schizophrenia, we detected eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in the gene among 131 family trios composed of fathers, mothers and affected offspring with schizophrenia. Data analysis with the UNPHASED program showed allelic association for rs2076380 (χ2 = 5.51, P = 0.019), rs7270785 (χ2 = 8.13, P = 0.004), rs4811528 (χ2 = 6.13, P = 0.013) and rs6023526 (χ2 = 6.13, P = 0.013). The global P‐value was 0.029 for 10,000 permutations with the TDT analysis. The strongest association was observed for the rs7270785–rs4811528 haplotypes (χ2 = 16.18, df = 3, P = 0.001), and the global P‐value was 0.008 for 10,000 permutations with the 2‐SNP haplotype analysis. The 8‐SNP haplotype analysis also revealed a strong haplotypic association (χ2 = 44.82, df = 18, P = 0.0004) and the 1‐df test showed that the A‐T‐A‐A‐T‐G‐A‐G haplotype was excessively transmitted (χ2 = 16.98, corrected P = 0.0007). The present results suggest that the TGM2 gene may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bidirectional Chemo‐Switching of Spin State in a Microporous Framework
Authors: Ohba Masaaki , Yoneda Ko , Agustí Gloria , Muñoz M. Carmen , Gaspar Ana B. , Real José A. , Yamasaki Mikio , Ando Hideo , Nakao Yoshihide , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGasteinschluss und Spin: Das mikroporöse Koordinationspolymer {Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4]} (1, pz=Pyrazin) enthält Spin‐Crossover‐Untereinheiten und kann als chemischer Schalter verwendet werden, der bei Raumtemperatur zwischen zwei magnetischen Zuständen wechselt. Magnetische Messungen unter Bedampfung belegen, dass die Einlagerung der meisten Gastspezies 1 aus dem Low‐Spin(LS)‐Zustand in den High‐Spin(HS)‐Zustand überführt; allein CS2 bewirkt den umgekehrten Übergang von HS nach LS.magnified image
Evidence for CCl/CBr⋅⋅⋅π Interactions as an Important Contribution to Protein–Ligand Binding Affinity
Authors: Matter Hans , Nazaré Marc , Güssregen Stefan , Will David W. , Schreuder Herman , Bauer Armin , Urmann Matthias , Ritter Kurt , Wagner Michael , Wehner Volkmar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAttraktives Chlor: Nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen zwischen Chlor‐ oder Brom‐Atomen und aromatischen Ringen in Proteinen bieten einen neuen Ansatzpunkt für die Beeinflussung der molekularen Erkennung. Die Einführung dieser Substituenten an spezifischen Positionen zweier Faktor‐Xa‐Inhibitoren erhöht deren freie Bindungsenergie durch die Wechselwirkung mit einer Tyrosineinheit. Das allgemeine Vorkommen dieses Strukturmotivs wird anhand zahlreicher Kristallstukturen und quantenchemischer Rechnungen belegt (siehe Bild).magnified image
Charge‐Conversional Polyionic Complex Micelles—Efficient Nanocarriers for Protein Delivery into Cytoplasm
Authors: Lee Yan , Ishii Takehiko , Cabral Horacio , Kim Hyun Jin , Seo Ji‐Hun , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Oshima Hiroki , Osada Kensuke , Kataoka Kazunori 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSchleuser und ihre Tricks: Polyionische komplexe (PIC) Micellen, die Citaconamid oder cis‐Aconitamid enthalten, wurden entwickelt, um Proteine ins Zellplasma zu transportieren. Die erhöhte Ladungsdichte des transportierten Proteins stabilisierte die PIC‐Micellen, ohne dass eine Vernetzung nötig war; eine Ladungsänderung in Endosomen führte zur Dissoziation der PIC‐Micellen unter effizienter Freisetzung ihres Inhalts (siehe Bild).magnified image
Metal‐Free Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: From Structure: Property Relationships to Design Rules
Authors: Mishra Amaresh , Fischer Markus K. R. , Bäuerle Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWorks without ruthenium as well: Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) incorporating metal‐free organic dyes have been considerably improved in recent years. Various design strategies have been established and are employed successfully in the synthesis of novel sensitizers. In this Review, structure–property–efficiency correlations are deduced from a vast number of dyes, which should help to design new and highly efficient sensitizers.magnified imageDye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have attracted considerable attention in recent years as they offer the possibility of low‐cost conversion of photovoltaic energy. This Review focuses on recent advances in molecular design and technological aspects of metal‐free organic dyes for applications in dye‐sensitized solar cells. Special attention has been paid to the design principles of these dyes and on the effect of various electrolyte systems. Cosensitization, an emerging technique to extend the absorption range, is also discussed as a way to improve the performance of the device. In addition, we report on inverted dyes for photocathodes, which constitutes a relatively new approach for the production of tandem cells. Special consideration has been paid to the correlation between the molecular structure and physical properties to their performance in DSSCs.
Charge‐Conversional Polyionic Complex Micelles—Efficient Nanocarriers for Protein Delivery into Cytoplasm
Authors: Lee Yan , Ishii Takehiko , Cabral Horacio , Kim Hyun Jin , Seo Ji‐Hun , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Oshima Hiroki , Osada Kensuke , Kataoka Kazunori 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSpecial delivery! Polyionic complex (PIC) micelles that contain the charge‐conversional moieties citaconic amide or cis‐aconitic amide were developed for cytoplasmic protein delivery. The increase of the charge density on the protein cargo helped the stability of the PIC micelles without cross‐linking, and the charge‐conversion in endosomes induced the dissociation of the PIC micelles to result in efficient endosomal release (see picture).magnified image