bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal Accumulation in Corn and Barley Grown on a Sludge‐amended Typic Ochraqualf
Authors: Rappaport B. D. , Martens D. C. , Reneau R. B. , Simpson T. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted during the 1984 and 1985 growing seasons in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region to evaluate heavy metal accumulation in corn (Zea mays L.) grain and stover and in barley silage (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on a poorly drained, sludge‐amended soil. The study was conducted using in situ controlled lateral flow plots (1.5 by 2.3 m) on Acredale silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic, Typic Ochraqualfs) with a cation exchange capacity of 6.9 molc kg−1 and a pH of 6.6. An aerobically digested sludge from a wastewater treatment plant with major industrial inputs was applied to the plots in 1984 at rates of 0, 42, and 84 dry Mg ha−1. At the highest application rate, 1.8, 304, 17.2, and 248 kg ha−1 of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn were applied, respectively. Cadmium concentration was <0.01 mg kg−1 in the corn grain in both 1984 and 1985. Sludge application increased the concentration of Ni and Zn in the corn grain in 1984 and 1985. Levels of Cd and Cu were unaffected by sludge application in the corn grain for both years. Copper, Ni, and Zn levels were increased in the barley silage by sludge application. Levels of DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)‐extractable metal in the Ap horizon were increased by sludge applicatioo and were 0.25, 60, 2, and 30 mg Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn kg−1 in the highest sludge treatment, respectively. The DTPA‐extractable Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn within the soil profile indicated no downward metal movement. On this poorly drained soil, phytotoxicity due to metals did not occur even where Cu was applied in excess of 280 kg ha−1, which is the maximum amount of Cu that could be applied to the soil based on USEPA guidelines.
Soil‐catalyzed Complexation of the Pollutant 2,6‐Diethylaniline with Syringic Acid
Authors: Liu Shu‐yen , Minard Robert D. , Bollag J. ‐M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe catalytic capability of a soil‐water slurry has been demonstrated by the rapid and substantial formation of a hybrid dimer from the incubation of the slurry with 2,6‐diethylaniline (2,6‐DEA) and syringic acid. After a 1‐d incubation, >60% of the added chemicals were incorporated into the hybrid dimer N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐2,6‐dimethoxy‐p‐benzoquinone imine. No further increase or decrease in the concentration of the hybrid dimer was observed during the 6‐d incubation. Sterilization of the soil by γ‐irradiation decreased the yield of the hybrid dimer by 22%, and autoclaving the soil completely destroyed its catalytic ability. The persistence of the hybrid dimer was determined by incubating its radiolabeled analogue with the soil‐water slurry. The hybrid dimer was quite stable; after incubation for 45 d about 92% of the added radioactivity was recovered, of which 84% was found to be the unchanged hybrid dimer. Our results provide evidence that covalent binding of pollutants to humus constituents can occur readily and can provide a means for containing pollutants from the environment.
Revegetation and Minesoil Development of Coal Refuse Amended with Sewage Sludge and Limestone
Authors: Joost R. E. , Olsen F. J. , Jones J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was conducted at Peabody Coal Company's Will Scarlet Mine in southern Illinois to evaluate the effectiveness of deep incorporation of dried sewage sludge and/or limestone to ameliorate acid coal refuse (gob) for establishment and survival of three forage grasses. Dried sewage sludge and/or limestone were applied at 10 rates throughout the profile of trenches opened (30 or 60 cm) by a cable trencher. Subplots of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and redtop (Agrostis alba L.) were established in September 1980. Analysis of soil chemical and physical changes over time indicated that organic matter applied in the sewage sludge decreased by 35% 2 yr after the plots were established, while the proportion of sand‐size water‐stable aggregates increased over the same period. The proportion of large pores increased in the high rate sewage sludge plots over that of lime‐treated plots. Coal refuse pH increased from 2.7 in the unamended gob to 4.4 to 5.2 with all treatments but the two lower lime rates. All treatments maintained grass stands over 4 yr with the exception of the 225 Mg sludge ha−1 plus 45 Mg limestone ha−1 mixture at 60 cm. Reed canarygrass invaded adjacent plots and was more persistent than the other grasses. Mean herbage yield of the grasses exceeded 4.0 Mg ha−1 on all treatments. Tissue accumulation of heavy metals was not a problem. Tissue NO3 levels were considered toxic for ruminants the first 3 yr, but decreased significantly over time. Coal refuse disposal sites can be revegetated without the use of soil cover by application of sewage sludge or limestone.
Residual Pesticide Concentrations in Bear Creek, Mississippi, 1976 to 1979
Authors: Cooper C. M. , Dendy F. E. , Mc Henry J. R. , Ritchie J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations of DDT [1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐ ethane], DDE [1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐ethylene], DDD [1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐ethane], and toxaphene (chlorinated camphene) were measured in surface waters, soils, storm runoff, and deposited bottom sediments along the 83‐km length of Bear Creek. This creek is a Mississippi River alluvial stream, which includes six riverine lakes in an intensively cultivated 44 260‐ha watershed. Low concentrations of pesticides were persistent in surface waters of the creek from the headwaters to the confluence with the Yazoo River with no significant differences in concentrations between sites on the creek or in isolated offstream lakes. Pesticide concentrations increased during periods of maximum runoff, which corresponded with the winter rainy season and minimum vegetative cover on the soil. Seven years after spraying had ceased, DDT was still available to surface waters and aquatic biota by way of eroded soil from farm fields and from deposited sediments in stream and lake bottoms. No significant declines in concentrations of DDT in surface waters were found in comparisons with two earlier studies nor were any declines in surface water contamination noted during this 3‐yr study.
Swine Manure and Lagoon Effluent Applied to a Temperate Forage Mixture: I. Persistence, Yield, Quality, and Elemental Removal
Authors: Burns J. C. , Westerman P. W. , King L. D. , Overcash M. R. , Cummings G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSwine (Sus scrofa domesticus) waste can be a nutrient source for crops when applied as a manure slurry or lagoon effluent. Limited land area for disposal may result in high application rates. Yet rates must be controlled to ensure stand persistence if perennial crops are grown and if groundwater quality (NO3 concentrations) are to be considered. Also, safe concentration of elements in the resulting forage must be assured if used for animal feed. A 4‐yr study was conducted to determine the effect of applying swine waste as manure slurry or lagoon effluent on persistence of a temperate forage mixture of predominantly tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Treatments were: a commercial N‐P‐K fertilizer (F), consisting of 201 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (67 kg ha−1 in three applications) and 34 and 65 kg ha−1 of P and K, respectively; 670 kg of N ha−1 yr− as a swine manure slurry (M); and supplying approximately 600 (E1) and 1200 (E2) kg of N ha−1 from swine lagoon effluent. Subtropical grasses invaded all treatments by the third year but the E2 treatment had greatest infestation averaging 53% of the dry matter and tall fescue averaging only 39%. Dry matter yields were similar between F and M treatments averaging 7750 kg ha−1 yr−1 while applying N as effluent (E1) increased yields 3430 kg ha−1 above M. Doubling the N loading rate (E2 vs. E1) did not increase yields (P ≤0.05). Concentrations of the 11 elements analyzed (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Na) showed a treatment × year interaction. Forage Zn was consistently increased by M treatment compared with F or E1 treatments and forage Cu was elevated by M treatment the last 2 yr of the study. In vitro dry matter disappearance was similar (670–685 g kg−1) among all treatments, but forage NO3‐N concentration from the E1 and E2 treatments, and after the second year for the M treatment, was considered unsafe for ruminants (> 700 mg NO3‐N kg−1). The M, E1, and E2 treatments added large quantities of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Na, and Cl) that were not removed in the forage.
Cadmium Levels in Soils and Plants From Some Long‐term Soil Fertility Experiments in the United States of America
Authors: Mortvedt J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphate fertilizers contain varying amounts of Cd and other heavy metals as contaminants from phosphate rock (PR). To determine whether periodic applications of P fertilizers resulted in measurable accumulations of Cd in soils and in harvested crops, soil and plant tissue samples from nine long‐term (> 50 yr) soil fertility experiments in the USA were analyzed for Cd, as well as P and other elements. Annual Cd rates were estimated to range from 0.3 to 1.2 g ha−1 in these experiments. Plant tissues analyzed were corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves or grain, and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) forage. Results from these long‐term experiments have shown that plant uptake of Cd contaminants in P fertilizers containing < 10 mg Cd kg−1 is negligible. While the Cd accumulations in soil in these experiments could not be calculated, they would approximate that accumulated in most agricultural soils in the USA at this time. About 70% of the P fertilizers is produced from Florida PR, which contains < 10 mg kg−1 of Cd, as compared with about 10% from the western USA, which contains higher Cd levels. Therefore, adding Cd to soils as a contaminant in P fertilizers at rates ranging from 0.3 to 1.2 g Cd ha−1 does not appear to result in increased Cd levels in plants as a result of long‐term P fertilization.
Availability and Plant Uptake of Trace Elements from Recarbonated Retorted Shale
Authors: Reddy K. J. , Lindsay W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne solution to the management of retorted shale (spent oil shale) is to establish a satisfactory vegetative cover over retorted shale disposal piles. However, the high alkalinity of these waste materials severely hampers direct revegetation efforts. A sample of Lurgi‐Ruhrgas (Lurgi) retorted shale was recarbonated to lower its high alkalinity, by exposing it to 0.04 MPa CO2(g) and moisture for 4 d. A preliminary greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the uptake of microelements by tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv.] grown on this recarbonated shale. Exposing spent Lurgi shale to pressurized CO2(g) and moisture lowered the pH from 11.6 to 8.6 and increased the electrical conductivity (EC) from 4.7 to 15.8 dS/m. Lowering the pH through recarbonation increased ammonium bicarbonate‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB‐DTPA) extractable Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, and Ni, while extractable B, Sr, Cr, and Mn were decreased. Wheatgrass seeds failed to germinate in spent Lurgi shale, which had no soil cover. Plant growth decreased in the recarbonated shale compared to retorted shale with a soil cover due to higher salinity. Plant tissue grown on the recarbonated shale accumulated lower concentrations of As, Se, Ba, Cd, Sr, and Ti than did plants grown on spent Lurgi shale with a soil cover. Boron concentrations ranged from 7.2 to 13.0 mg/kg in plant tissue, with the lowest concentrations coming from the recarbonated shale. Fluoride concentrations in plant tissue increased with recarbonation but were below the toxic level. Plant uptake of Mo increased with recarbonation. The Cu/Mo ratios of the tall wheatgrass were below 2:1 in all treatments except the control. This preliminary study shows that recarbonated spent shales can be revegetated directly without a soil cover but that some leaching may be advantageous.
Strontium‐90 in Food and Bone From Fallout
Authors: Klusek C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe long‐term, continuing study of fallout 90Sr in humans and the environment has provided basic information that is required to assess human exposure from 90Sr from nuclear tests. The current stratospheric inventory of 90Sr is very low and the rate of new input into the environment is exceeded by the rate of decay. However, because of its long physical and biological half‐life, 90Sr continues to be one of the most persistent artificial radionuclides that reaches humans through ingestion. Quarterly sampling of 19 representative food items in New York and San Francisco since 1954 provides a record of the changes that occur in the relative contributions of 90Sr by the various food categories, as well as the changes in the total 90Sr intake to the diet in these typical Northern Hemisphere regions. The current intake of 0.18 Bq/d in New York has declined from maximum levels of 1.1 Bq/d in 1963 to 1964. The 90Sr content of San Francisco diets has been consistently lower than the New York level. The retention of dietary intake has been studied through the analysis of bone samples from long‐term residents of the same cities. The measured concentration of 90Sr in adult bones in the USA is now 50% less than the peak concentrations of 85 Bq/kg Ca seen in 1965.
Long‐term Sludge Applications on Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation in Swiss Chard and Radish
Authors: Chang A. C. , Page A. L. , Warneke J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSwiss chard (Beta vulgare var. Fordhook) and radish (Raphanus sativus var. Cherry Belle) were grown twice annually (spring and fall) on a Ramona sandy loam (fine‐loamy, mixed thermic, Typic Haploxeralfs) soil treated with 0, 22.5, 45, 90, and 180 Mg ha−1 yr−1 of composted sludges from Los Angeles. The soil received two sludge inputs of equal amounts each year and crops were planted shortly after each sludge incorporation. Cadmium and Zn accumulation of the plant tissue from 1976 to 1985 was examined. Results from the analysis of variance indicated that effects due to sludge application rates, seasons plants were grown, number of years of sludge application, and their interactions were all significant. If the data sets were partitioned according to sludge application rates and seasons, metal concentrations of the plant tissue may be expressed as a nonlinear regression model, y = a + b (1 − e−cx), where y is the metal concentration of the plant tissue, x is the cumulative sludge loading, and a, b, and c are constants. All but two nonlinear regressions were significant at p <0.05 with R2 from 0.38 to 0.95. The deviation of the observed values from the predictions of the regression model indicated that other factors might have also affected the metal uptake by plants. Stepwise multiple regression analysis of the partitioned data sets indicated that soil pH, soil salinity, soil temperature, and length of growing season influenced the metal accumulation in plant tissue.
Effect of Calcium Magnesium Acetate on Heavy Metal Mobility in Soils
Authors: Elliott H. A. , Linn J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is a promising replacement for traditional roadway deicing salts. Prepared in a 3:7 Ca/Mg molar ratio, CMA was studied to assess its impact on the mobility of metals in contaminated soils. In batch soil suspensions (pH 3–7), 0.01 and 0.1 M CMA solutions substantially enhanced Zn and Cu desorption from a metal‐enriched soil. In soil columns leached with acidified (pH 4) 0.01 M CaCl2, a thin layer of CMA initially increased metal efflux. Preferential adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ at exchange sites (i) displaced bound metal ions into solution and (ii) desorbed H+, which promoted dissolution of metal‐containing solid phases. This was counteracted by the pH neutralizing effect of acetate ions, so that within 10 pore volume displacements, the presence of CMA resulted in a net suppression of leachate metal levels. In pH‐controlled batch experiments, metal solubilization was not significantly different between equimolar amounts of CMA and the Cl− or NO−3 salts. Thus, under the experimental conditions, acetate complexation played a minor role in metal mobilization. Highway deicing with CMA may temporarily increase translocation of metals in strongly buffered acid roadside soils. Input of acetate ions and an increase in exchangeable bases with sustained CMA use should render northeastern USA soils less vulnerable to acidification, thereby inhibiting conditions that promote metal solubilization.
Changes in Litter Near an Aluminum Reduction Plant
Authors: Beyer W. Nelson , Fleming W. James , Swineford Douglas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLitter was collected from eight sites at distances as far as 33 km from an Al reduction plant in western Tennessee. As a result of an accumulation of fine litter (<4.75 mm) the weight of the litter per unit area was abnormally high at the two sites within 2 km of the plant. Compared to litter collected far from the plant, it had a lower fiber content, was more sapric, and was less acid. Fluoride emissions from the plant were suggested as the probable cause of litter changes. Concentrations of water‐extractable and acid‐extractable F− in the litter, the 0‐ to 5‐cm soil layer, and the 5‐ to 15‐cm soil layer were strongly correlated with distance from the plant. Total acid‐extractable F− in the litter and upper 15 cm of soil was about 41 times as much at the closest site (700 mg/kg) as at the most distant sites (12 and 16 mg/kg). In a bioassay of litter from our study sites, woodlice (Porcellio scaber Latr.) had an abnormally high mortality in litter that contained 440 mg/kg or more of acid‐extractable F−. However, when F− was added as NaF to litter, a significant increase in mortality was observed only in treatments exceeding 800 mg/kg. The decrease in the rate of decomposition of the litter might eventually induce a deficiency of soil macronutrients, but none was detected.
Effects of Long‐Term 2,4‐D Field Applications on Soil Biochemical Processes
Authors: Biederbeck V. O. , Campbell C. A. , Smith A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of annual applications of 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on the soil biosphere were studied. Plots established on a Udic Boroll at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, that have received 2,4‐D amine or ester, at rates of 1.12 kg ha−1 for 35 consecutive years were sampled over a 9‐month period to determine the effect of the herbicide on some biochemical activities related to soil fertility. Treated and control plots of stubble‐seeded wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were sampled just before and at 2 and 16 weeks after the annual 2,4‐D application to determine temporary and long‐term herbicide effects. In the top 2.5 cm of soil (the prime site of 2,4‐D deposition), biomass, N mineralization rate, and potentially mineralizable N (No) were not affected by the amine or ester, but urease was temporarily depressed by both formulations. Nitrification and activity of phosphatases were reduced temporarily by the ester formulation. Dehydrogenase activity was depressed weakly but persistently by the ester formulation. Respiration was enhanced temporarily after amine application. There was a distinct tendency for the ester to exert a more depressive effect than the amine formulation on the measured variables. Although some herbicide‐induced changes were significant (P <0.05), all depressive and stimulatory effects detected were relatively small (<35% change from control) and most were short‐lived. The results were interpreted by comparing the duration and magnitude of the biochemical stress caused by the herbicide with stresses induced by naturally occurring adversities. From these comparisons we concluded that the effects of long‐term 2,4‐D applications were neither ecologically significant nor did they interfere with nutrient cycling to adversely affect soil fertility.
Field Duration of Chlorsulfuron Bioactivity in the Central Great Plains
Authors: Anderson R. L. , Humburg N. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe duration of chlorsulfuron {2‐chloro‐N [(4‐methoxy‐6‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)aminocarbonyl]benzenesulfonamide} bioactivity in Central Great Plains soils was determined by measuring the influence of several environmental factors on chlorsulfuron degradation. Chlorsulfuron was applied at 35 and 70 g ha−1 to four soils: Platner sandy loam and Weld (Aridic Paleustolls) loam at Akron, CO; Roxbury (Cumulic Haplustoll) silt loam at Jetmore, KS; and Rosebud (Aridic Argiustolls) sandy loam at Chugwater, WY. Soil pH, organic matter level, number of precipitation events >0.25 cm, and leaching were the major environmental factors influencing chlorsulfuron duration of bioactivity. A chlorsulfuron rate × soil × year interaction occurred, but this interaction was not consistent over all soils. A model developed for predicting chlorsulfuron duration of bioactivity would be more accurate if designed for soils with similar organic matter levels, as organic matter level influenced duration of bioactivity and leaching of chlorsulfuron. Chlorsulfuron leaching was also affected by soil type and year of study. In greenhouse bioassay studies, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) did not differ from corn (Zea mays L.) in sensitivity to chlorsulfuron residues in soil.
Removal of Two Chlorinated Compounds from Secondary Domestic Effluent by a Thin Film Technique
Authors: Dierberg Forrest E. , Goulet Normand A. , DeBusk Thomas A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRemoval of two chlorinated compounds from secondary domestic wastewater was examined in central Florida using four thin‐film raceways (7.32 m long by 1.22 m wide by 4.0 cm deep) containing the aquatic macrophyte pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata L). Two raceways received secondary effluent amended with 5.0 mg/L of monochloramine plus 1.0 mg/L of 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) and two raceways received secondary effluent only (controls). Mass balances indicated 100% removal of monochloramine and >95% removal for 2,4‐DCP after loadings of 25.2 and 6.1 g/m2, respectively, over the 60‐d study. This study demonstrates the potential of aquatic macrophyte‐based thin film systems for reducing concentrations of chlorinated compounds to acceptable levels under high wastewater loadings and short residence times (∼ 10 h).
Acidic Deposition and Tree Growth: I. The Use of Stem Analysis to Study Historical Growth Patterns
Authors: LeBlanc David C. , Raynal Dudley J. , White Edwin H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRadial growth of three coniferous tree species, representing an assumed spectrum of susceptibility to acidic deposition effects on cation leaching, was analyzed by detailed stem analysis to determine if a decline in growth, unrelated to natural determinants of growth, has occurred since the 1950s. Various measures of tree growth derived from detailed stem analysis are shown to be very useful in assessing tree growth responses to environmental factors. Correlations between breast height and whole‐stem analysis data were highly variable and generally poor for two of three species studied. Species/site groups identified as potentially more susceptible to acidic deposition effects exhibited synchronous decreases in growth after 1960, but the initiation of decreased growth was coincident with documented climatic anomalies (drought and winter temperatures) and cannot be directly attributed to acidic deposition effects. Quantitative dendroclimatological analyses are necessary to assess the relationship between these episodes of decreased growth and climatic variables before the role of potential acidic deposition‐mediated effects can be evaluated. The role of acidic deposition in the observed growth declines cannot be discounted based on our analyses. However, tenable alternative hypotheses involving the action of natural determinants of growth (climate and maturation) are presented.