bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of cardiac function in healthy children native to 1890 metres
Authors: Zeybek Cenap , Tasyenen Vildan , Kazanci Elif , Boga Aysun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study is, by comparing cardiac parameters between children native to 1890 metres with children living at sea level, to find out whether there is any impairment in cardiac function related to that altitude.MethodsElectrocardiographic, conventional, and tissue Doppler echocardiographic parameters were compared in 42 healthy children native to 1890 metres, and in 21 healthy age and gender matched children living at sea level. Plasma haemoglobin level and oxygen saturation measured by pulse oxymeter were also obtained from all patients.ResultsHaemoglobin levels were higher, and oxygen saturation levels were lower in children native to 1890 metres. Conventional echocardiographic parameters and mitral annular myocardial parameters were all similar between children native to 1890 metres and children living at sea level. Tricuspid lateral annular early diastolic velocity and the ratio of early-to-late diastolic velocity were significantly lower and tricuspid lateral annular izovolumetric relaxation time was significantly higher in children native to 1890 metres than children living at sea level.ConclusionChildren living at 1890 metres of altitude predispose to asymptomatic right ventricular diastolic dysfunction or otherwise they remain as healthy children.
Language Sample Analysis With Children Who Speak Non-Mainstream Dialects of English
Authors: Horton-Ikard RaMonda 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The following article provides an overview of the benefits of using Language Sample Analysis (LSA) for assessing language performance in non-mainstream dialect speakers, addresses the importance of establishing community reference databases for these speakers, and describes a set of strategies that can be useful for developing reference databases in local school districts.
Guest-free monolayer clathrate and its coexistence with two-dimensional high-density ice
Authors: Bai Jaeil , Angell C. Austen , Zeng Xiao Cheng 
Published: March 2010

Three-dimensional (3D) gas clathrates are ice-like but distinguished from bulk ices by containing polyhedral nano-cages to accommodate small gas molecules. Without space filling by gas molecules, standalone 3D clathrates have not been observed to form in the laboratory, and they appear to be unstable except at negative pressure. Thus far, experimental evidence for guest‐free clathrates has only been found in germanium and silicon, although guest‐free hydrate clathrates have been found, in recent simulations, able to grow from cold stretched water, if first nucleated. Herein, we report simulation evidence of spontaneous formation of monolayer clathrate ice, with or without gas molecules, within hydrophobic nano-slit at low temperatures. The guest-free monolayer clathrate ice is a low-density ice (LDI) whose geometric pattern is identical to Archimedean 4·8
2
-truncated square tiling, i.e. a mosaic of tetragons and octagons. At large positive pressure, a second phase of 2D monolayer ice, i.e. the puckered square high-density ice (HDI) can form. The triple point of the LDI/liquid/HDI three-phase coexistence resembles that of the ice-I

h

/water/ice-III three-phase coexistence. More interestingly, when the LDI is under a strong compression at 200 K, it transforms into the HDI via a liquid intermediate state, the first direct evidence of Ostwald’s rule of stages at 2D. The tensile limit of the 2D LDI and water are close to that of bulk ice-I

h

and laboratory water.
Aroma Compounds in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Groats, Flour, Bran, and Husk
Authors: Janeš Damjan , Prosen Helena , Kreft Ivan , Kreft Samo 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTBuckwheat is a pseudocereal with a strong characteristic aroma. Compounds responsible for the aroma of buckwheat groats were recently identified, but the distribution of aromatic compounds between different fractions of the buckwheat kernel (flour, bran, and husk) is not yet known. In this study, the composition of aromatic compounds in buckwheat seed fractions was investigated and compared to the composition of aromatic compounds in groats produced from the same batch of buckwheat seeds. Volatiles from each sample were extracted with simultaneous distillation/extraction with a Likens‐Nickerson apparatus. Extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) with electron ionization. Apart from the aroma molecules present in all fractions, compounds that are present only in flour or bran, but not in groats, were also found. Furthermore, some compounds were identified only in buckwheat groats but not in buckwheat flour or bran [octanal, (E,E)‐2,4‐heptadienal, (E)‐2‐decenal, and (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal], others were identified only in husks [(E)‐2‐hexenal, heptanal, (E,E)‐2,4‐hexadienal, phenylacetaldehyde, and alpha‐bisabolol].
REVIEW: Regulatory Aspects of Whole Grain and Whole Grain Foods: Definitions and Labeling
Authors: Jones Julie Miller 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTWhole grains have many health advantages. Therefore, many companies are adding whole grains to their products and consumers are looking for these foods in their diets. Creating regulations that encourages industry to formulate products with whole grains and accurately convey the amount of whole grain in the product to the consumer creates many challenges. Furthermore, the label should give enough information to enable the buyer to know whether of the product is delivering a dietarily significant amount of whole grain. Labeling regulations create a level playing field so that consumers know what is in the product and all manufacturers have the same opportunity to express the benefits for their products. To establish regulations regarding whole grains, there first needs to be an agreement as to which grains are included and which are not. Next, a common definition for whole grains and whole grain foods is needed. The AACC International definition of whole grains is the basis for many definitions adopted by regulatory bodies and used in industry (AACC International Whole Grain Task Force and Definition; http://www.aaccnet.org/definitions/wholegrain.asp). However, as grains are processed in various ways, attention needs to be paid to the effects of these various processes on the proportions of the kernel required to meet the AACC International definition of whole grains. Furthermore, there needs to be a vehicle that tells the consumer the amount of whole grain in a product. Label declaration of the amount of whole grain required and the amount in the product can help consumers make better food choices. The FDA‐approved health claim for whole grains is one way to label whole grain products. Because it is based on product weight, not dry weight, it gives lower moisture products an unfair competitive advantage. The FDA‐approved health claim also requires a fiber amount; this gives an advantage to products such as wheat and barley that have whole grains with higher fiber contents. Traditional processing of foods, such as the making of bulgur, the pearling of barley, and the nixtamalization of corn offer special challenges to creating definitions and regulations.
Whole Grains and Health, Evidence from Observational and Intervention Studies
Authors: Seal Chris J. , Brownlee Iain A. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTNutritionists, dietitians and food manufacturers have advocated an increased consumption of whole grain foods. In some countries, this message is supported by governmental guidelines and health claims that can be used on whole grain foods. The bulk of evidence to support these messages comes from observational studies; in some cases, cohort studies with follow‐up. Although these data are powerful indicators of the relationship between whole grain intake and improved health, they do not demonstrate causality. Nevertheless, it is difficult to argue against the evidence, particularly for the benefit of whole grains in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Repeated meta‐analyses show that CVD risk is reduced by ≈30% when comparing the lowest whole grain consumers with the highest whole grain consumers. It is argued that to help explain the benefits of whole grain and, in particular, to inform the development of health claims for whole grain foods, intervention studies are needed to link observational data with mechanistic explanations. Until recently, the number of whole grain intervention studies has been very small and most have been conducted in at‐risk populations and with small numbers of subjects. Data from larger studies are gradually appearing and, in some cases, the results support the observational data but in others they do not. This report compares observational data with data from intervention studies to reconcile these differences and make recommendations for future research.
Renal Effects of Saline-based 10% Pentastarch versus 6% Tetrastarch Infusion in Ovine Endotoxemic Shock
Authors: Ertmer Christian , Köhler Gabriele , Rehberg Sebastian , Morelli Andrea , Lange Matthias , Ellger Björn , Pinto Bernardo Bollen , Rübig Eva , Erren Michael , Fischer Lars G. , Van Aken Hugo , Westphal Martin 
Published: March 2010

Background
Conflicting data exist on the renal effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) preparations. The current study evaluates the effects of saline-based 6% HES 130/0.4, 10% HES 200/0.5, and a balanced isotonic crystalloid on renal function and microscopic changes in ovine endotoxemic shock.

Methods
Thirty sheep were subjected to endotoxin infusion (Salmonella typhosa) at incremental doses until mean arterial pressure was less than 65 mmHg. Animals were randomized to receive fluid resuscitation with saline-based 6% HES 130/0.4, 10% HES 200/0.5, or a balanced isotonic crystalloid (n = 10 each). Animals surviving the 12-h intervention period were anesthetized and killed. Kidney samples were taken for microscopic analyses.

Results
Endotoxemia was associated with hemoconcentration, protein extravasation, and arterial hypotension. Fluid resuscitation established a hypotensive-hyperdynamic circulation with increased cardiac index and oxygen delivery and decreased afterload. Diuresis was lowest in animals treated with 10% HES 200/0.5. In addition, plasma creatinine and urea concentrations increased in sheep treated with 10% HES 200/0.5 (1.2 +/- 0.1 and 19 +/- 2 mg/dl) when compared with the other two groups (0.9 +/- 0.1 and 15 +/- 1 mg/dl, 6% HES 130/0.4; 0.9 +/- 0.1 and 15 +/- 1 mg/dl, crystalloids; each P < 0.05). Electron microscopic tubular injury score was highest in sheep treated with 10% HES 200/0.5 (P < 0.001 vs. 6% HES 130/0.4).

Conclusions
In ovine endotoxemic shock, saline-based 10% HES 200/0.5 was linked to impaired renal function and more pronounced tubular epithelial injury when compared with 6% HES 130/0.4 and balanced crystalloids.
Masking of a cathepsin G cleavage site in vivo contributes to the proteolytic resistance of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules
Authors: Burster Timo , Macmillan Henriette , Hou Tieying , Schilling James , Truong Phi , Boehm Bernhard O. , Zou Fang , Lau Kenneth , Strohman Michael , Schaffert Steven , Busch Robert , Mellins Elizabeth D. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules is post‐translationally regulated by endocytic protein turnover. Here, we identified the serine protease cathepsin G (CatG) as an MHC II‐degrading protease by in vitro screening and examined its role in MHC II turnover in vivo. CatG, uniquely among endocytic proteases tested, initiated cleavage of detergent‐solubilized native and recombinant soluble MHC II molecules. CatG cleaved human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR isolated from both HLA‐DM‐expressing and DM‐null cells. Even following CatG cleavage, peptide binding was retained by pre‐loaded, soluble recombinant HLA‐DR. MHC II cleavage occurred on the loop between fx1 and fx2 of the membrane‐proximal β2 domain. All allelic variants of HLA‐DR tested and murine I‐Ag7 class II molecules were susceptible, whereas murine I‐Ek and HLA‐DM were not, consistent with their altered sequence at the P1’ position of the CatG cleavage site. CatG effects were reduced on HLA‐DR molecules with DRB mutations in the region implicated in interaction with HLA‐DM. In contrast, addition of CatG to intact B‐lymphoblastoid cell lines (B‐LCLs) did not cause degradation of membrane‐bound MHC II. Moreover, inhibition or genetic ablation of CatG in primary antigen‐presenting cells did not cause accumulation of MHC II molecules. Thus, in vivo, the CatG cleavage site is sterically inaccessible or masked by associated molecules. A combination of intrinsic and context‐dependent proteolytic resistance may allow peptide capture by MHC II molecules in harshly proteolytic endocytic compartments, as well as persistent antigen presentation in acute inflammatory settings with extracellular proteolysis.
A comparison study of polyominoes explorations in a physical and virtual manipulative environment
Authors: Yuan Y. , Lee C.‐Y. , Wang C.‐H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study develops virtual manipulative, polyominoes kits for junior high school students to explore polyominoes. The current work conducts a non‐equivalent group pretest–post‐test quasi‐experimental design to compare the performance difference between using physical manipulatives and virtual manipulatives in finding the number of polyominoes. Sixty eighth‐grade students from two different classes in a junior high school in Taipei County of Taiwan participated in this study. The current research randomly selected one class as the experiment group and the other as the control group. Students in the experiment group used virtual manipulatives to explore polyominoes and those in the control group used physical manipulatives. The results revealed that learning in the experiment group is as effective as that in the control group. This study identifies two obvious strategies (add one and reduce) among students in both groups. New ideas, including using new symbols to record the results and considering the influence of symmetry and rotation on the figures, occurred in the virtual manipulative group. Students in the virtual environment paid much more attention to exploring the polyomino problem.
Working memory functions in children with different degrees of intellectual disability
Authors: Schuchardt K. , Gebhardt M. , Mäehler C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground  In recent years, there has been increased research interest in the functioning of working memory in people with intellectual disabilities. Although studies have repeatedly found these individuals to have weak working memory skills, few investigations have distinguished between different degrees of intellectual disability. This study aims to help close this research gap and, in so doing, to examine whether the deficits observed reflect a developmental lag or a qualitative deviation from normal development.Method  In a 5‐group design, the working memory performance of a group of 15‐year‐olds with mild intellectual disability (IQ 50–69) was compared with that of two groups of children (aged 10 and 15 years) with borderline intellectual disability (IQ 70–84) and with that of two groups of children with average intellectual abilities (IQ 90–115) matched for mental and chronological age (aged 7 and 15 years). All children were administered a comprehensive battery of tests assessing the central executive, the visual‐spatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop.Results  The results showed deficits in all three components of working memory, and revealed that these deficits increased with the degree of intellectual disability. The findings indicate that, relative to their mental age peers, children with learning difficulties show structural abnormalities in the phonological store of the phonological loop, but developmental lags in the other two subsystems.Conclusions  Similar patterns of results emerged for both subgroups of children with intellectual disability, indicating that problems with phonological information processing seem to be one of the causes of cognitive impairment in individuals with intellectual disability.
Seasonal restrictions of bud growth on roots of Cirsium arvense and Sonchus arvensis and rhizomes of Elymus repens
Authors: BRANDSÆTER L O , FOGELFORS H , FYKSE H , GRAGLIA E , JENSEN R K , MELANDER B , SALONEN J , VANHALA P 
Published: March 2010

Brandsæter LO, Fogelfors H, Fykse H, Graglia E, Jensen RK, Melander B, Salonen J & Vanhala P (2010). Seasonal restrictions of bud growth on roots of Cirsium arvense and Sonchus arvensis and rhizomes of Elymus repens. Weed Research50, 102–109.SummaryThe success of weed management aimed at depleting the regenerative structures of perennial weeds depends largely on the sprouting activity of rhizome and root buds. Seasonal variation in sprouting of these buds on Cirsium arvense, Sonchus arvensis and Elymus repens was studied for plants collected from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. At 2‐week intervals from July to October, 5‐cm fragments of roots or rhizomes were cut from plants grown in buckets and planted into soil in pots, half of which were placed immediately into growth chambers at 18°C for 4 weeks. The other half of the pots were initially placed in a dark room at 2°C for 4 weeks before being transferred to the same growth chamber, also for 4 weeks. During the growth chamber period, the numbers of emerged shoots in each pot were counted weekly. The sprouting activity of C. arvense and E. repens was relatively uniform during this period and bud dormancy was not apparent. In all ecotypes of S. arvensis, innate bud dormancy developed during the latter part of the growing season. For all three species, differences in sprouting readiness were found among ecotypes. The results imply that C. arvense and E. repens are more likely to be controlled by mechanical measures in autumn than S. arvensis.
Cutaneous melanoma in a desert climate zone: a retrospective study of 125 cases
Authors: Rahnama Zahra , Meymandi Simin Shamsi , Nasiri Nasim 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground  With increasing incidence over the last few decades, cutaneous malignant melanoma (CM) represents 3% of all skin tumors, and accounts for 75% of all deaths because of cutaneous malignancies. Little is known about the nature and epidemiology of CM in individuals with pigmented skin.Method  Data were collected from the records of four public and private histopathology laboratories of Kerman city from March 20, 1994 to March 20, 2004. Skin biopsies with a diagnosis of CM were reevaluated to confirm the diagnosis of CM. The medical records of the patients were also taken into consideration.Results  A total of 125 CMs were found. The male‐to‐female ratio was 1.08 : 1. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 58.9 years; with a peak in the seventh decade of life. Acral‐lentiginous melanoma (ALM) represented 28.8% and; nodular melanoma occurred in 20% of cases. Limbs were the site of occurrence in 44% of tumors; whereas 36% of tumors occurred in head and neck region. There was a significant correlation between age and ALM (P = 0.007) and also between gender and melanoma types (P = 0.024).Conclusions  This study indicates that some demographic and histopathologic features of CM in this population differ from those in the literature. More studies including cohort studies are needed to fully describe the nature and survival rate of CM in this area.
Generalized interstitial granuloma annulare – response to adalimumab
Authors: Werchau Siegfried , Enk Alexander , Hartmann Martin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground  Cause and pathogenesis of granuloma annulare are poorly understood. A foreign‐body granuloma formation induced by an unknown inciting antigen is suspected. Generalized forms often coincides with recalcitrant progression and frustrated experimental therapies.Methods  We report a case of generalized interstitial granuloma annulare resolving completely after treatment with adalimumab. An initial dose of 80 mg was administered subcutaneously followed by a maintenance dose of 40 mg every two weeks.Results  Already after two weeks, the eruptions became less infiltrated and paled. After a follow up of 7 weeks, only a residuum of postinflammatory hyperpigmented maculae without infiltration presented. The initially affected body surface area of over 35% reduced to less than 5%. Histopathological examination revealed a significant reduction in the interstitial histiocytic infiltration and the precipitations of mucin.Conclusion  Although adalimumab should not be first line therapy for granuloma annulare, our case showed that it may profit well‐selected patients and shorten disease duration.
Skin‐lightening practice among women living in Jordan: prevalence, determinants, and user’s awareness
Authors: Hamed Saja H. , Tayyem Reema , Nimer Nisreen , AlKhatib Hatim S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground  The use and misuse of skin‐lightening products among women living in Arab communities have not been documented previously. This study investigates the determinants, the prevalence and users awareness associated with the use and misuse of skin‐lightening products among women living in Jordan.Method  Female customers arriving at selected pharmacy stores were randomly asked to complete a questionnaire.Results  A total of 318 women completed the questionnaire, of which 60.7% reported the use of skin‐lightening products. Users included women from different age and economic groups. Main reasons for use were preference of lighter skin tone, the treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders or both. More than a third of the users were not aware of the potential side effects of these products. A significantly larger proportion of skin‐lightening product users believed that lighter skin tone plays a role in self‐esteem, perception of beauty and youth, marriage and employment opportunities when compared with nonusers.Conclusion  Skin lightening is a common practice among women living in Jordan. It is reinforced by the association of lighter skin tone with a number of perceived benefits including perception of beauty, job and marriage opportunity. User’s awareness regarding the safety of skin‐lightening products and instructions for proper use are important considerations when developing interventions to control the misuse of these products.