bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Weakly Coordinating Solvent and Counter Anion on Diphosphine‐Palladium(II) Catalytic Reactivity for Copolymerization of 1‐Butene with Carbon Monoxide in Aqueous Media
Authors: Sunjuk Mahmoud , Abu‐Surrah Adnan S. , El‐Eswed Bassam , Schmid Markus 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWater soluble bis(acetonitrile) diphospalladium (II) complexes cis‐[Pd(L1–L5)(NCCH3)2][BF4]2 (C1–C5) were obtained by the reaction [Pd(NCCH3)4][BF4]2 with diphosphines ligands L1–L5 (CH2(CH2PR2)2: where R=(CH2)nP(O)(OEt)2, n=2–4, n=6 and n=8)) in dichloromethane–acetonitrile. The isolated complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H‐ and 31P‐NMR spectroscopy. The complexes were applied as catalysts for the copolymerization of 1‐butene with carbon monoxide in aqueous media. The present work emphasized on the effect of weakly coordinated solvent and counterion on the catalytic behavior of cis‐[Pd(L1–L5)(NCCH3)2][BF4]2 complexes compared to previously prepared cis‐[ Pd(L1–L5)(OAc)2] (A1–A5). The exchange of π‐bonding NCCH3 ligand with π‐bonding CO and alkene was more favored than the exchange of σ‐bonding OAc− as reflected by the much higher catalytic activity (TON) of the former compared to the latter. In order to compare the catalytic efficiency of water soluble complexes with the performance of a standard, the water insoluble complex, cis‐[Pd(CH2(CH2P(CH2CH3)2)2(NCCH3)2][BF4]2, C6, was prepared and incorporated in the investigations. The isolated alternating 1‐butene/CO copolymer exhibits glass transition temperature of Tg=−3–−15 °C, which is in the range desirable for latex emulsion application. The solid content is up to 21 % with high molecular weight (Mw=4×104 g mol−1) and narrow polydispersities (Mw/Mn=2–3). The C5 complex was found to be fourteen times more active in aqueous polymerization medium (6369 mol substr. mol Pd−1 h−1) than C6 complex in nonaqueous medium (441 mol substr. mol Pd−1 h−1).
Charge Redistribution of Lattice‐Mismatched Co─Cu3P Boosting pH‐Universal Water/Seawater Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Kun , Li Yongkang , Mi Junbao , Li Caixia , Li Hongdong , Wang Lei 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPractical applications of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rely on the development of highly efficient, stable, and low‐cost catalysts. Tuning the electronic structure, morphology, and architecture of catalysts is an important way to realize efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts. Herein, Co‐doped Cu3P‐based sugar‐gourd structures (Co─Cu3P/CF) are prepared on copper foam as active electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. This hierarchical structure facilitates fast mass transport during electrocatalysis. Notably, the introduction of Co not only induces a charge redistribution but also leads to lattice‐mismatch on the atomic scale, which creates defects and performs as additional active sites. Therefore, Co─Cu3P/CF requires an overpotential of only 81, 111, 185, and 230 mV to reach currents of 50, 100, 500, and 1000 mA cm−2 in alkaline media and remains stable after 10 000 CV cycles in a row and up to 110 h i–t stability tests. In addition, it also shows excellent HER performance in water/seawater electrolytes of different pH values. Experimental and DFT show that the introduction of Co modulates the electronic and energy level structures of the catalyst, optimizes the adsorption and desorption behavior of the intermediate, reduces the water dissociation energy barrier during the reaction, accelerates the Volmer step reaction, and thus improves the HER performance.
Photochemical and Patternable Synthesis of 2D Covalent Organic Framework Thin Film Using Dynamic Liquid/Solid Interface
Authors: Kim Taewoong , Oh Joohee , Kim Seung Cheol , Ahn Jong‐Guk , Kim Soyoung , Kim Young Yong , Lim Hyunseob 
Published: May 2024

Abstract2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are highly porous crystalline materials with promising applications in organic electronics. Current methods involve either on‐surface synthesis (solid surface) or interfacial synthesis (liquid/liquid, liquid/gas interface) to create thin films for these applications, each with its drawbacks. On‐surface synthesis can lead to contamination from COF powder or unreacted chemicals, while interfacial synthesis risks damaging the film during post‐transfer processes. These challenges necessitate the development of alternative synthesis methods for high‐quality 2D COF films. This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing homogeneous 2D COF thin films by combining photochemistry and a liquid‐flowing system. Leveraging previous work on liquid flow systems to prevent contamination during solvothermal synthesis, this approach to the photochemical method, resulting in the synthesis of high‐crystalline 2D COF films with tunable thickness is adopted. The photochemical approach offers spatially controllable energy sources, enabling patternable COF synthesis. Notably, it is successfully fabricated ultrasmooth patterned 2D COF films on hexagonal boron nitride, offering a streamlined process for optoelectronic device fabrication without additional pre, post‐processing steps.
Life-Cycle Risk, Resilience, and Sustainability of Individual and Spatially Distributed Structures
Authors: Frangopol Dan M. , Akiyama Mitsuyoshi 
Published: May 2024

AbstractField investigations after recent large earthquakes have confirmed that several structures were severely damaged and collapsed not only by the earthquake, but also by the subsequent tsunami, landslide, or fault displacement. Effect of material degradation due to chloride attack on structural performance should be considered when structures are located in a harsh environment. In addition, climate change has produced typhoons and hurricanes with extreme intensity in recent years. Sea-level rise could cause severe storm surges and tsunamis, and global warming is accelerating the deterioration of structures. When structures are exposed to these different types of hazards, it can be difficult to ensure their safety and additional performance indicators such as risk and resilience are needed. Several lessons were learned about the importance of investigating individual structures from the perspective of ensuring network functionality. A probabilistic life-cycle framework for quantifying the loss of functionality of road networks including bridges is needed. A risk-based decision-making approach at the network level is required to identify the dominant hazard and the vulnerable structures that require strengthening and retrofitting. After a catastrophic event, the functionality of transportation networks can be significantly degraded, resulting in catastrophic economic impacts. To quantify the promptness of recovery, it has become common to use the concept of resilience. In addition, the economic, environmental, and social impacts of disaster waste management systems need to be examined in terms of sustainability. Consequences related to resilience and sustainability need to be investigated and implemented in the risk assessment of road networks under multiple hazards. Life-cycle design and assessment methodologies can incorporate risk, resilience, sustainability and multiple hazards, learning from the lessons of past disasters. This keynote paper provides an overview of measures to ensure the functionality of individual and spatially distributed structures under multiple hazards from the perspectives of reliability, risk, resilience and sustainability.
Exploratory Research on the Thermal Properties of Wood in Real Fire Conditions
Authors: Popa Daniel , Iosim Dara-Dragana , Pintea Dan , Zaharia Raul , Franssen Jean-Marc 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAs construction material, wood represents a response to concerns over the environmental impact caused by steel and concrete. A good performance of timber structural members must be demonstrated in fire. To perform numerical simulations of timber structures under elevated temperatures, EN1995-1-2 provides effective thermal properties of wood for computing the temperature distribution. These properties have been determined considering the standard time-temperature curve. The aim of the exploratory research is to verify to what extent these properties may be considered also for natural fires, by adapting the real exposure conditions within the numerical simulations. In the tests performed at the University of Liège, timber samples were subjected on one side to heat fluxes of different intensities, including decreasing phases. Time-temperature curves inside the samples were recorded by thermo-couples inserted at different distances from the exposed side. Using SAFIR software, dedicated to the analysis of structures under elevated temperatures, the temperature distribution within the samples was calculated considering thermal properties provided by EN1995-1-2. The comparison with the experimental results emphasized that the correspondence is not satisfactory for all cases.
Procedure for Generation of Finite Element Models of Steel Members from 3D Scanned Data
Authors: Szalai Viktor , Stratan Aurel , Ciutina Adrian , Clepe Andreea Diana , Ene Anna 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWith rapid development of 3D scanning technologies and implementation of digital twinning and reverse engineering in the construction industry, it became possible for finite element simulations to facilitate analysis of measured geometries when it is needed. A new approach to generate 3D solid models using advanced techniques in the field of 3D scanning is introduced in this paper. Constructing three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models with measured geometry of structures or structural elements can be technically difficult. To date, there is no robust automated approach to translate the data obtained from 3D scans directly into a model for FE analysis. This paper provides an overview on current applications of 3D scanning, and a case study that addresses the issue of processing three-dimensional point clouds that are generated from 3D scans of steel links. Another objective of this paper is to present a simple and practical procedure to convert point clouds into solid models that can be further used in FE analysis. Five distinct 3D scanning technologies were selected for the measurement of replaceable steel links to generate solid models based on the measured geometry. For the specific application addressed in this paper, the blue laser scanner with measuring arm has shown the most satisfactory results in terms of efficiency.
The Behavior of Heat-Damaged RC Beams Reinforced Internally with CFRP Strips
Authors: Al-Rousan Rajai Z. , Abdalla Khairedin M. , Alnemrawi Bara’a R. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWhen an RC (reinforced concrete) structure is prone to a very high temperature, the structure severely deteriorates; the reasons for this are: a) the degradation in the products of the cement hydration, b) the production of vapor’s pressure, and c) the incompatible change in the volumes of the components of concrete when the temperature is higher than 500 °C. Nevertheless, the structures damaged severely by excessive heat can be greatly able to re-have their original performance and qualities back if they are strengthened in shear with laminated CFRP (a short form for carbon fiber-reinforcement polymers) composites. However, the efficiency of this method is menaced because of two setbacks: 1) delamination, and 2) anchorage. This method aimed to examine its efficacy in reinforcing-in-flexural concrete beams, whether mainly or additionally, prior to and post being exposed to very high temperatures. In this paper, the study parameters were: 1) the CFRP sheet’s length of CFRP; and 2) the exposed temperature. Also, the researchers took into consideration to monitor: the structure’s behavior, the ultimate capacity of loading, the correspondent-to-loading deflections, toughness, and elastic stiffness. This research paper found that using internally installed sheets of CFRP for flexural strengthening proved to be highly efficient in damaged-by-heat RC beams.
Hybrid Renewable Energy to Greener and Smarter Cities: A Case Study of Kayseri Province
Authors: Bekçi Eyüp , Koca Kemal 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn this study, a hybrid energy system was implemented to fulfill the electricity requirements of the trams operating in Kayseri province. The tram's annual electricity consumption data was acquired on a monthly basis from the local electricity company in Kayseri. Utilizing the obtained data, energy and cost simulations were conducted employing the Homer-Pro program. The primary objective of this investigation is to enhance sustainability while satisfying electricity demands with minimal carbon emissions. Consequently, the established hybrid energy system incorporates renewable energy sources, specifically wind, solar, and biomass energy, with the inclusion of batteries for energy storage. Furthermore, generators and converters are integrated for energy conversion purposes. The study encompasses a detailed cost analysis to identify the most economically efficient hybrid energy system, determined through optimization studies. Through this research, it is anticipated that the implementation of such a system will significantly diminish carbon emissions in Kayseri, contributing to a substantial increase in sustainability.
Stakeholders’ Engagement in CE Approach on the Built Environment, Albania Case
Authors: Nano Xhesila , Kripa Dorina 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCircular economy principles remain relatively new tendencies in Albanian economy sectors, with some attempts throughout recent years, and until now, little research has been done in this aspect, especially in the construction sector. As the construction sector is connected with other sectors of the economy, its development or slowdown affects the indicators of other sectors. Moreover, this sector possesses numerous challenges, as special attention is needed on the impact that the momentum of construction and the expansion of the real estate market can have on the stability of the financial sector. Integrating the circular economy into the construction sector means understanding the role of stakeholders, their interactions, and the influences they can exert on the process itself, by adding value in each step of this chain process. By categorizing different groups of stakeholders and analyzing their activity regarding the circular economy approach in the construction sector in Albania, this paper presents a clear overview of what has been done until now, the consequences and benefits of these attempts, and also what can be improved in the future. The stakeholders’ theoretical analysis has shown that the relation between different stakeholders presents difficulties in cooperation, although these groups aim towards mutual objectives and goals. In this context, Albanian economy presents difficulties, as this approach is widely influenced not only by political decisions, but also by cultural and financial matters, making it more challenging to make progress.
Models of Circular Economy Principles
Authors: Haase Matthias , Bernegger Heinz , Meslec Mihaela 
Published: May 2024

AbstractVarious models of Circular Economy (CE) principles have been developed in various sectors. This paper tries to give an overview of the main existing models found in literature. It explains the origins and evaluates the purpose by classifying the underlying definitions. It then compares the different models, explains the limitations and concludes with resulting principles for real estate applications. It takes a closer look at existing circular economy principles and which circular economy principles can be applied for space and infrastructure. The research approach is based on an extensive literature review of existing CE models and underlying principles in the built environment. A stepwise analysis is applied to each model. A collection of CE models is presented that helps to complete our understanding of the opportunities and limitations of CE strategies. This study analyses the existing CE models in a comprehensive manner. By comparing the different origins is manages to explain the opportunities and limitations of the different models. Providing the knowledge results in a better understanding of current CE strategies is a valuable addition to our current understanding of CE business models in real estate management.
A Study on Traffic Awareness at Jordanian Universities: A Case Study of the German Jordanian University
Authors: Albatayneh Omar , Gharaibeh Emhaidy , Malkawi Dima Husein , Jaber Tareq , AlOmaireyeen Yazeed 
Published: May 2024

AbstractTraffic safety, particularly among young adults, is a critical public health concern that necessitates a deeper understanding of the factors influencing driving behaviors and compliance with traffic regulations. This study, conducted at the German Jordanian University in Amman, Jordan, aimed to elucidate these factors by evaluating the traffic awareness and behaviors of a diverse group comprising students, academic staff, and other university employees. Employing a survey methodology, the research engaged over 500 individuals, yielding 300 responses. This survey revealed notable trends, for example, a significant portion of drivers exhibited non-compliance with speed limits and seatbelt usage, coupled with prevalent mobile phone usage while driving. A concerning observation was that the majority of respondents who had experienced one or two accidents fell within the 18–19 age range. The study also highlighted the perception of social media as the most effective medium for traffic awareness campaigns, in contrast to television, which was deemed the least effective. These findings underscore a pressing need for comprehensive traffic safety education, especially among younger drivers. The results advocate for the integration of Traffic Awareness as a mandatory module within university curricula, ensuring a structured and consistent approach to instilling the importance of traffic safety measures. Such an initiative could significantly contribute to reducing traffic-related incidents and fostering a culture of responsible driving within the university community.
Geo- and Bio-Based Materials as Circular Solutions Towards a Regenerative Built Environment
Authors: Fernandes Jorge , Cosentino Livia , Mateus Ricardo 
Published: May 2024

AbstractGlobal environmental awareness pushes the building sector to achieve carbon neutrality and find low embodied impact solutions. The European Union has set a 2050 goal and is regulating the whole carbon life cycle (embodied and operational) as part of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). In this scope, low-tech geo-bio-based materials can have an important role in reducing the embodied environmental impacts and carbon in buildings. Due to their low processing production, these materials fit in a circular approach since they can be easily recycled or returned to the natural environment at a minimal environmental cost. However, the lack of quantitative data on the life cycle environmental performance of some non-conventional techniques can hinder their use since professionals cannot compare the benefits of such versus conventional practice and comply with future EPBD requirements. This paper aims to contribute to the topic by presenting results on the life cycle environmental performance of earthen materials and bio-based insulation products versus conventional solutions based on data from Environmental Product Declarations or studies following the EN15804 standard. The results show that earthen materials can reduce the potential environmental impacts by about 50% versus conventional mansory walls. At the same time, bio-based insulation solutions offer the advantage of lowering operational carbon emissions and stocking carbon (e.g. straw has a Global Warming Potential performance about three times better than Expanded Polystyrene). The benefits of using earthen and bio-based materials are also discussed for the different building life-cycle stages, focusing on the possibility of reusing/recycling these materials in a closed-loop approach.
Circular Economy of Wind Turbines Waste in Constructions and Cities
Authors: De Simone Marilena , Ungureanu Daniel-Viorel , Campagna Daniele 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWind energy is one of the most widely distributed renewable energy sources. Generally, wind turbines have an expected lifetime of 20–25 years after which decommissioning is expected. Life cycle assessments show that optimal recycling at the end of life is of economic and environmental interest and is in line with the principles of a circular economy. Despite these benefits, current recycling processes cannot guarantee high-end material quality, but the reuse of parts of wind turbines as construction elements in buildings and infrastructures has been demonstrated to be a suitable option. This study presents an overview of wind power installations in Europe, emphasizing the typology of farms, onshore and offshore, and trends of the wind industry that promote an increase in the size and power of wind turbines. The study aims to make it clear how the different types of materials used in wind turbines, such as steel, iron, aluminium, copper, polymers, glass and carbon fibres, change according to the development of the technology. Moreover, examples of reusing wind turbine components in cities and buildings are collected and illustrated to provide a panorama of the potential for the reuse of these components in the concept of a circular economy in the construction sector.
Sustainability in the Context of BIM-Enabled Digital Building Permits
Authors: Crișan Andrei , Fauth Judith , Deac-Kaiser Stefanie-Brigitte 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe construction industry is one of the most resource-intensive industries and one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and waste production. Building information modelling (BIM) can help architects and engineers design more energy-efficient buildings with less waste, contractors build more efficiently with fewer errors, and facility managers operate buildings more sustainably while reducing maintenance costs. In addition to the well-established benefits of using BIM in construction projects, adopting an openBIM workflow can further streamline the permitting process, making it more efficient and transparent. Digital building permits (DBPs) are intended to further improve process efficiency by digitalizing and automating conformity and code compliance checking processes of obtaining building permits. Further, by integrating sustainability concepts, DBPs have the potential to revolutionize city planning and urban development by enabling more sustainable construction practices and reducing the environmental impact. This study explores the relationship between BIM and DBP in the context of sustainability presenting the current ongoing activities and implementation challenges and proposes a series of solutions.