bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. VIII. Conclusions and implications
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , PASCOE J. R. , TYLER W. S. , MASON D. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper reviews a series of clinical, post mortem and imaging studies on exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) performed on 26 Thoroughbred racehorses. Post mortem techniques included routine gross, subgross and histological examination; coloured latex perfusions of pulmonary and bronchial circulations; and microradiography and computerised tomography scans of lungs with contrast injected vasculature. The major lesions were multiple, separate and coalescing foci of moderately proliferative small airway disease accompanied by intense neovascularisation of the bronchial circulation. As a result of bronchial artery angiogenesis, the systemic circulation dominated the vascular supply of the air exchange structures in affected areas, producing an apparent left to right shunt. Extensive areas of sequestered haemosiderophages indicated previous haemorrhage from vessels apparently supplied by the bronchial arteries. Diffuse and focal parenchymal destruction and connective tissue reactions in affected areas were considered to be secondary to localised haemorrhage and macrophage‐induced damage. The aetiology of EIPH was not determined, but the multifocal, small airway‐centred lesions indicated that low grade bronchiolitis, possibly of viral origin, was a factor. Gravitational effects also appear to contribute to dorsal distribution of the lesions. The mild focal and subclinical lesions confined to secondary lobules are thought to evolve into the serious lung pathology observed in EIPH cases through the effects of localised hypoxia induced by maximal exercise and partial airway obstruction. Once initiated, a vicious cycle of increasing inflammatory damage and further local bleeding is set in motion.
A review of environmental and host factors in relation to equine respiratory disease
Authors: CLARKE A. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper reviews the environmental and host factors which interact to affect the incidence and severity of episodes of respiratory disease in stabled horses. The folly of accepting housing criteria and management practices for the horse, based on direct extrapolations from intensive housing of meat producing animals, is discussed. The factors which affect air hygiene and physical environment of stables are considered in terms of short‐term athletic performance and long‐term welfare.
Cellular content of secretions obtained by lavage from different levels of the equine respiratory tract
Authors: MAIR T. S. , STOKES C. R. , BOURNE F. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryLavage procedures were used to obtain samples of respiratory secretions from the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchoalveolar level of apparently normal conscious horses, and the cellular composition of the lavage fluids was assessed. There was a progressive increase in total cell count of the secretions obtained from the upper to the lower respiratory tracts. Nasal lavage fluid was composed chiefly of epithelial cells, whereas tracheal, bronchial and bronchoalveolar fluids contained higher proportions of macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Eosinophils and mast cells were identified in small numbers. The results of the differential cell counts were compared with previous published reports, which revealed some major differences between studies. It is suggested that these differences may relate to variations in the collection technique, the cytological interpretation of cell types, the presence of subclinical airway disease, and the degree of exposure to airborne environmental contaminants.
Outcome of treatment in 35 cases of guttural pouch mycosis
Authors: GREET T. R. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper describes the outcome of treatment of 30 cases of guttural pouch mycosis by ligation of the internal carotid artery on the cardiac side of the lesion and lavage of the affected pouch with natamycin. Twenty‐three horses recovered fully following this treatment while laryngeal hemiplegia persisted in one case and slight dysphagia caused by pharyngeal hemiplegia in another. The remaining five horses died or were destroyed. Five horses with guttural pouch mycosis, which had shown no epistaxis but had pharyngeal hemiplegia, were treated by topical natamycin alone. Only two of these survived, of which one remained slightly dysphagic. Ligation of the internal carotid artery of the cardiac side of the lesion is an effective means of reducing the chance of fatal epistaxis in cases of guttural pouch mycosis. Some cases of pharyngeal hemiplegia can make a complete recovery althouhh it may take 12 to 18 months.
Vascular malformations and angiomatous lesions in horses: A review of 10 cases
Authors: PLATT H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryVascular malformations and angiomas are rather uncommon in horses and the literature concerning these lesions is reviewed. The pathology is described in 10 additional cases. These lesions were classified as arteriovenous malformation (one case), haemangiomas (six cases), ‘proliferative angiomas’ (two cases) and lymphangioma (one case). The haemangiomas and lymphangioma were probably hamartomatous in origin. Both cases of ‘proliferative angioma’ developed in aged animals and their pathogenesis was uncertain. More information is needed on the natural history and behaviour of lesions of this type.
Observations on equine strongyle control in southern temperate USA
Authors: REINEMEYER R. , HENTON J. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA program of rotational anthelmintic treatments at eight‐week intervals had failed to provide satisfactory equine strongyle control at a stable in southern USA. Anthelmintic resistance had rendered benzimidazoles ineffective, and intervals between treatments with other drugs were too great to prevent environmental contamination with ova. Ivermectin treatments at eight week intervals or pyrantel pamoate treatments at four week intervals successfully reduced egg counts for the majority of the summer grazing period. In southern temperate USA, translation of strongyle ova to larvae was most efficient during autumn and winter. Minimal larval translation occurred during summer when meteorological conditions limited pasture infectivity as effectively as anthelmintic treatments.
Ventilation‐perfusion relationships in the standing horse: An inert gas elimination study
Authors: HEDENSTIERNA G. , NYMAN GÖREL , KVART C. , FUNKQUIST BERIT 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe multiple inert gas elimination technique was adapted for use in the conscious standing horse. The modifications included increased infusion rate of the inert gases (30 ml/min), extended infusion time (60 mins) in order to reach steady state, and construction of a nose mask mixing box system for collection of expired gas. Eight adult horses with a mean weight of 454 kg and a mean age of 6.1 years were studied while standing under resting conditions. Ventilation was 65.2 litres/min and cardiac output measured by thermodilution 40.2 litres/min. Systemic and pulmonary artery mean pressures were 114 and 26 mmHg, respectively. Three horses showed a unimodal V̇A/Q̇ distribution centred upon a mean V̇A/Q̇ of one. Five horses had a bimodal distribution with an additional high V̇A/Q̇ mode comprising 2 to 18 per cent of ventilation. The mean logarithmic standard deviation of perfusion was 0.41. There was no perfusion of Mow' V̇A/Q̇ regions, but minor shunting on an average of 1 per cent was noted. Inert gas dead space (minus apparatus dead space) averaged 38 per cent of total ventilation. Arterial oxygen tension varied from 11 to 14 kPa and the mean arterial CO2 tension was 5.7 kPa. It is concluded that the standing horse in general has a good match between ventilation and perfusion but that some individuals display high V̇A/Q̇ regions, possibly explained by poor perfusion of upper lung regions.
Exploratory celiotomy for gastrointestinal disease in neonatal foals: A review of 20 cases
Authors: ADAMS RAGAN , KOTERBA ANNE M. , BROWN M. P. , CUDD T. C. , BAKER W. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe medical records of 20 neonatal foals in which exploratory celiotomies were performed for gastrointestinal disease were reviewed. In all 20 foals, persistent pain and/or progressive abdominal distension were the primary clinical findings influencing the decision to operate. However, ancilliary laboratory data were important to the proper medical management of these foals during anaesthesia and following surgery. Surgical diagnoses of the 20 foals included ileus (nine foals; 45 per cent), small colon obstruction (five foals; 25 per cent), large colon displacement (three foals; 15 per cent), small intestinal displacement (two foals; 10 per cent), and perforated gastric ulcer (one foal; 5 per cent). Seventeen foals were recovered from anaesthesia, 13 of these were discharged from the hospital, seven were alive six months or more following discharge. Sepsis was the cause of death in six of the 10 foals that died following recovery.
The use of H(orse) INDEX: A method of analysing the ground reaction force patterns of lame and normal gaited horses at the walk
Authors: MERKENS H. W. , SCHAMHARDT H. C. , HARTMAN W. , KERSJES A. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe amplitudes, impulses and times of occurrence of a number of selected peaks in the ground reaction force tracings of 17 horses with various clinical histories were compared with those of 20 horses used to establish values for the ‘standard’ Dutch Warm blood horse. The resulting factors were combined, using different weighting factors, into indices characterising each limb. The symmetry between the loading of the forelimbs and the hindlimbs was used to calculate amplitude and peak‐time symmetry indices. Limb and symmetry indices were combined in one H(orse) INDEX. This method of quantifying the ground reaction force pattern, together with appropriate graphic display of the tracings, was useful in clinical evaluation of force plate measurements.
Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses
Authors: CARROLL C. L. , HUNTINGTON P. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThree hundred and seventy two horses of varying breeds, height and fatness were weighed and measured for height at the withers. They were assessed for condition score by adaptation of a previously published method. The heart girth and length of 281 of the horses were also measured. Weight of horses was highly correlated (P < 0.001) with height (r2=0.62), condition score (r2=0.22) and girth2× length (r2=0.90). Nomograms were constructed to predict weight from height and condition score, and girth and length measurements. Weight can also be accurately estimated from the formula:‐The average value of Y' in this experiment was 11900 and this estimated weight with more accuracy than some previously published values of ‘Y’. Racing Thoroughbred horses were found to be significantly lighter than non‐racing Thoroughbreds of the same height and condition score. The method of assessment of condition score was shown to be repeatable between different operators with varying degrees of experience.
Distribution and ultrastructure of mast cells in the equine respiratory tract
Authors: MAIR T. S. , STOKES C. R. , BOURNE F. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMast cells in the equine respiratory mucosa were studied at both light — and transmission electron — microscope levels. Mast cells were identified at all levels of the tract, with the greatest cell density in the nasopharynx. The majority (57 to 94 per cent) of this cell population were located within the connective tissue of the lamina propria. Up to 20 per cent of these cells were associated with the mucosal glandular tissue, whilst small numbers were present within the surface epithelium and in association with nodular lymphoid tissue. In the peripheral lung tissue 20 per cent of the mast cell population was associated with the small airways, 25 per cent with the pleura, and 32 per cent with blood vessels. The fine and ultrastructural features of these mast cells resemble those described in other species, and their granules consist of two types which resemble human mast cells.
The effects of high intensity exercise on the plasma concentration of lactate, potassium and other electrolytes
Authors: HARRIS PATRICIA , SNOW D. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTo study the effect of short term high intensity exercise on plasma lactate, potassium, sodium and chloride concentrations, five Thoroughbred horses were galloped on a treadmill at a 5° incline. Following a standardised warm‐up period, they were galloped at 8, 10, or 12 metres/sec for 2 mins. One horse also galloped at 14 metres/sec for 1.5 mins. Sequential arterial and/or venous blood samples were collected during exercise and recovery. At 12 metres/sec, the effect of different recovery modes, ie, standing, walking or trotting, on the electrolytes was also examined. There was a progressive rise in plasma potassium concentration during galloping, with peak values occurring at the end of the exercise bout. In some cases, values above 10 mmol/litre were recorded at the highest workloads. Plasma lactate concentrations peaked during early recovery, with values up to 32 mmol/litre. A high correlation existed between peak potassium and lactate concentrations (venous r=0.923, and arterial r=0.989). Following exercise there was a rapid return to baseline plasma potassium concentrations, but by 12 mins recovery there was still an elevated lactate concentration, the extent depending on the intensity of the exercise bout and the recovery mode. There was a small rise in plasma sodium but no significant change in plasma chloride concentrations during exercise. However, when adjusted for the decrease in plasma volume, as determined from total plasma protein concentration, there was a decrease in circulating amounts of both electrolytes.
Iron toxicity in neonatal foals
Authors: MULLANEY T. P. , BROWN C. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryNewborn Shetland foals died of acute hepatic failure following oral administration of approximately 16 mg/kg body weight ferrous fumarate. Lesions in these foals were indistinguishable from lesions in foals given an oral digestive inoculant containing ferrous fumarate and were also similar to the syndrome characterised as ‘toxic hepatopathy’ in foals in the United States in 1983. We conclude that foals are susceptible to toxicity from low doses of iron compounds in the first few days of life. Vitamin E and selenium deficiency may contribute to this susceptibility.
Ruptured inguinal hernia in new‐born colt foals: A review of 14 cases
Authors: van der VELDEN M. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOver a six year period, 14 new‐born colt foals were treated surgically because of ruptured inguinal hernia. In all cases, the prolapsed intestines, which were jejunal loops, were situated subcutaneously and protruded through a rent in the parietal vaginal tunic at the level of the inguinal canal. After herniorrhaphy and unilateral castration, the prolapsed loops were replaced into the abdomen, and the superficial inguinal ring closed. Seven foals survived.
Effects of xylazine and acepromazine on bronchomotor tone of anaesthetised ponies
Authors: WATNEY G. C. G. , HALL L. W. , JORDAN C. , NOLAN ANDREA M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effects of xylazine (an α2‐adrenoceptor agonist) and acepromazine (an α‐adrenoceptor antagonist) on bronchomotor tone were investigated in seven anaesthetised, apnoeic ponies using a computer aided forced oscillation technique, which separates changes in bronchial calibre from changes in lung volume. Both agents produced bronchodilatation and a decrease in lung volume.
External balance of water and electrolytes in the horse
Authors: GROENENDYK S. , ENGLISH P. B. , ABETZ INGRID 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe components of the daily external water and electrolyte balances of five normal Standardbred geldings with a mean body weight of 427 kg, were determined over 14 day periods. The mean value of daily total water intake (a summation of free, combined and metabolic water intake) for the group was 27.6 litres, that is, 64.4 ml/kg body weight, while mean values for ambient temperature and humidity ranged from 16 to 25°c and 55.4 to 75.5 per cent, respectively. the mean daily urine volume of 9.9 litres (23.2 ml/kg) for the group, was found to exceed the mean faecal water output of 7.2 litres (16.9 ml/kg). the mean output of sodium for the five animals, in urine and faeces, was 780 mmol or 79 per cent of the intake. the mean output of potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium were 3163, 2521, 1824 and 1448 mmol or 95, 84, 74 and 75 per cent, respectively of intake. the sodium and potassium not accounted for in urine and faeces may well have been lost in sweat. results are discussed and compared with those of a previous external balance study in the horse.
Detection of neurectomy by testing skin sensitivity using an electrical stimulus
Authors: MOORMAN G. H. , VAN NOORT J. H. C. , NÉMETH F. , BREUKINK H. J. , GOOTJES P. , VERZIJLENBERG F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA method for detection of neurectomy by electrical stimulation of the skin, distal to the neurectomy site, was tested for accuracy and feasibility. An electrical stimulation device was designed and tested to find the minimum peak voltage that would elicit a response in normal horses. Twenty seven horses were then tested at regular intervals following neurectomy and their responses recorded. Immediately following neurectomy there was an area of insensitivity with sharply defined borders extending in an arc from the back of the pastern down towards the bulbs of the heels. In the months following neurectomy, re‐innervation occurred and this area gradually reduced in size, although it was still possible to detect insensitive areas 14 months after neurectomy in all horses tested. The method proved to be safe, accurate and ethically acceptable.
Detomidine (Domosedan) in foals: sedative and analgesic effects
Authors: OIJALA MARI , KATILA TERTTU 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDetomidine was administered twice to six foals (14 to 94 days old) using three different doses (10, 20 and 40 μg/kg bodyweight intravenously) in a double blind trial. Sedation, analgesia, heart rate and clinically observed side‐effects were recorded. Detomidine showed strong sedative effects at all doses tested. Sedation deepened very little by increasing the dose from 10 to 40 μg/kg bodyweight, but the duration of the effect was longer. Analgesia was considered good with the largest dose (40 μg/kg), and moderate or non‐existent with the lower doses. Detomidine caused a decrease in heart rate at all doses and other observed side‐effects included ataxia, heavy breathing, arrhythmia, sweating and frequent urination. No adverse effects were observed.
Combined use of detomidine with opiates in the horse
Authors: CLARKE KATHLEEN W. , PATON BARBARA S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effects of administration of one of four opiates (pethidine 1 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt), morpine 0.1 mg/kg bwt, methadone 0.1 mg/kg bwt, and butorphanol 0.05 mg/kg bwt) given intravenously to horses and ponies already sedated with detomidine (10 μg kg bwt) were investigated. Behavioural, cardiovascular and respiratory effects of the combinations were compared with those occurring with detomidine alone. Addition of the opiate increased the apparent sedation and decreased the response of the animal to external stimuli. At doses used, butorphanol produced the most reliable response. Side effects seen were increased ataxia (greatest following methadone and butorphanol) and excitement (usually muzzle tremors and muscle twitching). Following pethidine, generalised excitement was sometimes seen. Marked cardiovascular changes occurred in the first few minutes after morphine or pethidine injection, but within 5 mins cardiovascular changes were minimal. Following morphine or pethidine there was a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension. Fourteen clinical cases were successfully sedated using detomidine/butorphanol combinations.
The gait of pacers 1: kinematics of the racing stride
Authors: WILSON B. D. , NEAL R. J. , HOWARD A. , GROENENDYK S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryStandardbred pacers have been studied under race conditions to describe the gait of the pacer, and to determine relationships between stage of the race, finish order and selected gait kinematics. Overlap increased with the stage of the race while pacing speed decreased marginally for low order pacers and increased for high order finishers. High order finishing pacers appear to have greater stance and stride lengths than do low order finishers. Pacers could be separated into low order and high order groups on the basis of their movement patterns. High order pacers exhibited greater ranges of limb motion than did low order finishers.
The gait of pacers 2: factors influencing pacing speed
Authors: WILSON B. D. , NEAL R. J. , HOWARD A. , GROENENDYK S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryStandardbred pacers were studied at four different nominated speeds and selected gait kinematics were analysed to determine factors which contribute to pacing speed. A deterministic model is proposed in which pacing speed is a function of stride length and stride timing variables. Stance length and suspension time remained relatively constant over the different pacing speeds. Variables which discriminated best between pacing speeds were suspension length and overlap time. At near maximal speed, the pacers increased speeds with increased stride length. This was attributed to an increased suspension length with little difference in suspension times. A 22 per cent increase in pacing speed resulted in a 13 per cent increase in stride length, 26 per cent increase in suspension distance, 8 per cent increase in stride frequency, 35 per cent and 16 per cent increases in advanced placement and completion times and a 23 per cent decrease in the period of overlap.
Atypical myoglobinuria: An acute myopathy in grazing horses
Authors: WHITWELL KATHERINE E. , HARRIS PATRICIA , FARRINGTON P. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFour out of 12 horses grazing a field in Berkshire, England, suffered a prostrating illness and died within 12 to 72h. Serum biochemical abnormalities, including markedly elevated muscle enzymes, were demonstrated and at post mortem widespread myodegeneration was found in both skeletal muscle and myocardium. Urine analysis revealed myoglobinuria, and renal changes were seen histologically. Although similar pathologically, the clinical syndrome and circumstances of the outbreak were not typical of equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (EER). The outbreak bore a striking resemblance to other reported sporadic outbreaks of an atypical myoglobinuria occurring in grazing horses. A number of potential aetiological and contributory factors (including herbicide toxicity) were considered, but the aetiology remains unresolved.
Continuous absorbable suture pattern in the closure of ventral midline abdominal incisions in horses
Authors: TURNER A.S. , YOVICH J.V. , WHITE N.A. , EMBERTSON R.E. , SANTSCHI E.M. , SLONE D.E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA retrospective study was performed to evaluate the healing of ventral midline abdominal incisions, closed with a simple continuous suture pattern using absorbable suture material, in 139 horses and foals. Dehiscence and incisional hernia developed separately in two horses. The low incidence of dehiscence and incisional hernia, compared with their reported incidence following the use of interrupted suture repair, leads the authors to recommend this alternative method of abdominal incision closure in horses. The security of closure is not sacrificed and the advantages of a rapid closure are desirable.