bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using personal construct theory to explore self‐image with adolescents with learning disabilities
Authors: Thomas Samantha , Butler Richard , Hare Dougal Julian , Green David 
Published: March 2011

Accessible summary

Sometimes it can be hard for young people to explain to their teachers and supporters how they see themselves and what is important to them.
This research different questions and drawings to ask young people with learning disabilities how they described themselves.
The young people in this study found the questions and drawings helped them to share ideas about themselves with other people.

SummaryA young person’s construct of self can be fundamental to their psychological well being (Glick 1999; Emler 2001). However limited research has been conducted in the United Kingdom to explore self‐image with adolescents with learning disabilities. Previous studies have demonstrated the effective use of personal construct theory with children (Maxwell 2006) and adults with learning disabilities (Hare 1997) and this paper proposes that personal construct elicitation methods can be used to help adolescents with learning disabilities communicate and share their self‐constructs. Four personal construct elicitation methods were used successfully to support students to discuss constructs of self, suggesting that personal construct theory can be used to guide an exploration of self‐image with adolescents with learning disabilities. The students in this study construed their self‐image hierarchically using psychological constructs over nine different dimensions of self.
Understanding the mental health needs of pupils with severe learning disabilities in an inner city local authority
Authors: Hackett Latha , Theodosiou Louise , Bond Caroline , Blackburn Claire , Lever Rachel 
Published: March 2011

Accessible summary
We wanted to find out how many children and young people with learning disabilities in our local authority also have mental health difficulties.
Parents and teachers of children and young people attending two schools for children with severe learning disabilities were asked to complete the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.
We found that children and young people with learning disabilities were more likely to have mental health difficulties than most other groups of children and young people.
This information has been used to make suggestions for improving local services.
SummaryTo plan the effective delivery of local services, it is important to find out the extent to which children with learning disabilities are perceived as experiencing difficulties such as finding it hard to behave or make friends, or being overactive. Having obtained ethical approval, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was sent to 178 parents and teachers of children attending one primary and one secondary school for children with severe learning disabilities. One hundred and forty‐eight teacher’s questionnaires and 70 parent’s questionnaires were returned. Teachers thought that over one‐third of pupils (39.2%) had serious difficulties; parents thought that about half of children (55.7%) had serious difficulties. These results are similar to some previous studies in the United Kingdom. To help plan effective service delivery, the report has been shared with the schools and local services for children. Teachers are also being encouraged to learn more about mental health problems and services that children can use to help their mental health.
A Molecular‐Based Estimation of the Prevalence of Hypophosphatasia in the European Population
Authors: Mornet Etienne , Yvard Alice , Taillandier Agnes , Fauvert Delphine , Simon‐Bouy Brigitte 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe prevalence of hypophosphatasia (HP), a rare metabolic disorder due to loss‐of‐function mutations in the ALPL gene, has never been estimated in the European population. Only one published study evaluated the incidence of severe HP at 1/100,000 in Canada 53 years ago. Moderate forms of hypophosphatasia (mHP), including HP with moderate bone features and the mildest form odontohypophosphatasia, reflect both recessive and dominant inheritance, and are therefore expected to be more frequent than severe forms of HP. Here we estimated both the prevalences of severe and mHP in European populations. The prevalence of severe HP was estimated at 1/300,000 on the basis of the number of cases tested in our laboratory and originating from France during the period 2000–2009. The prevalence of mHP was then estimated by using the proportion of dominant mutations among severe alleles and by estimating the penetrance of the disease in heterozygotes for dominant mutations. According to a genetic model with four alleles resulting in 10 distinct genotypes, the prevalence of dominant mHP in the European population was estimated to be 1/6370, pointing out that mHP is much more frequent than severe HP.
Upper limb function and deformity in cerebral palsy: a review of classification systems
Authors: MCCONNELL KAREN , JOHNSTON LINDA , KERR CLAIRE 
Published: March 2011

Aim To review classification systems for the upper limb in children with cerebral palsy (CP), and evaluate their validity, reliability, and clinical utility to make recommendations for clinical practice and future research.Method We comprehensively searched electronic databases to identify upper limb classification tools and associated evidence of psychometric testing. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the psychometric studies, and rated the clinical utility of each system using previously published tools.Results Eighteen classification systems were eligible for inclusion, with two primary functions: classification of function or deformity. Published evidence of psychometric testing was available for fewer than half of the identified systems. Reliability studies were frequently limited by sample size, rater blinding, representativeness, and the number of observers. The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) demonstrated content validity and interrater reliability. The original and modified House functional, House thumb, swan‐neck, and Zancolli systems had evidence of reliability; the modified House functional system also demonstrated criterion‐related validity.Interpretation This review supports the use of the MACS and modified House functional system to classify upper limb function in children with CP. Similarly, the House thumb and Zancolli systems are recommended to classify thumb, and hand and wrist deformity respectively.
The age of anxiety: role of animal models of anxiolytic action in drug discovery
Authors: Cryan John F , Sweeney Fabian F 
Published: March 2011

Anxiety disorders are common, serious and a growing health problem worldwide. However, the causative factors, aetiology and underlying mechanisms of anxiety disorders, as for most psychiatric disorders, remain relatively poorly understood. Animal models are an important aid in giving insight into the aetiology, neurobiology and, ultimately, the therapy of human anxiety disorders. The approach, however, is challenged with a number of complexities. In particular, the heterogeneous nature of anxiety disorders in humans coupled with the associated multifaceted and descriptive diagnostic criteria, creates challenges in both animal modelling and in clinical research. In this paper, we describe some of the more widely used approaches for assessing the anxiolytic activity of known and potential therapeutic agents. These include ethological, conflict‐based, hyponeophagia, vocalization‐based, physiological and cognitive‐based paradigms. Developments in the characterization of translational models are also summarized, as are the challenges facing researchers in their drug discovery efforts in developing new anxiolytic drugs, not least the ever‐shifting clinical conceptualization of anxiety disorders. In conclusion, to date, although animal models of anxiety have relatively good validity, anxiolytic drugs with novel mechanisms have been slow to emerge. It is clear that a better alignment of the interactions between basic and clinical scientists is needed if this is to change.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Neuropharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐4
Unraveling the mechanisms underlying the rapid vascular effects of steroids: sorting out the receptors and the pathways
Authors: Feldman Ross D. , Gros Robert 
Published: March 2011

Aldosterone, oestrogens and other vasoactive steroids are important physiological and pathophysiological regulators of cardiovascular and metabolic function. The traditional view of the cardiovascular actions of these vasoactive steroids has focused on their roles as regulators of transcription via activation of their ‘classical’ receptors [mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and oestrogen receptors (ER)]. However, based on a series of observations going back more than half a century, scientists have speculated that a range of steroids, including oestrogen and aldosterone, might have effects on regulation of smooth muscle contractility, cell growth and differentiation that are too rapid to be accounted for by transcriptional regulation. Recent studies performed in our laboratories (and those of others) have begun to elucidate the mechanism of rapid steroid‐mediated cardiometabolic regulation. GPR30, now designated as GPER‐1 (http://www.iuphar‐db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=22), a newly characterized ‘orphan receptor’, has been implicated in mediating the rapid effects of estradiol and most recently those of aldosterone. Studies to date have taught us that to understand the rapid vascular mechanisms of steroids, one must (i) know which vascular ‘compartment’ the steroid is acting; (ii) know which receptor the steroid hormone is activating; and (iii) not assume the receptor specificity of a steroid receptor ligand based solely on its selectivity for its traditional ‘transcriptional’ steroid receptor. Our newfound appreciation of the rapid effects of steroids such as aldosterone and oestrogens opens up a new vista for advancing our understanding of the biology and pathobiology of vascular regulation.LINKED ARTICLES This article is one of a set of reviews submitted to BJP in connection with talks given at the September 2010 meeting of the International Society of Hypertension in Vancouver, Canada. To view the other articles in this collection visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.01167.x, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01235.x and http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01260.x
Epicardial perivascular adipose tissue as a therapeutic target in obesity‐related coronary artery disease
Authors: Payne Gregory A , Kohr Meredith C , Tune Johnathan D 
Published: March 2011

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine and paracrine organ that may influence the development of atherosclerosis and vascular disease. In the setting of obesity, adipose tissue produces a variety of inflammatory cytokines (or adipokines) that are known to modulate key mechanisms of atherogenesis. In particular, adipose tissue located on the surface of the heart surrounding large coronary arteries (i.e. epicardial perivascular adipose tissue) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. The present review outlines our current understanding of the cellular and molecular links between perivascular adipose tissue and atherosclerosis with a focus on potential mechanisms by which epicardial perivascular adipose tissue contributes to obesity‐related coronary disease. The pathophysiology of perivascular adipose tissue in obesity and its influence on oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular reactivity is addressed. In addition, the contribution of specific epicardial perivascular adipose‐derived adipokines (e.g. leptin, adiponectin) to the initiation and expansion of coronary disease is also highlighted. Finally, future investigative goals are discussed with an emphasis on indentifying novel therapeutic targets and disease markers within perivascular adipose tissue.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐3
Field observation of predation on adult lepidopterans by the tree sparrow Passer montanus saturatus
Authors: SAKURAI Reika 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMany studies have examined defensive strategies of adult lepidopterans against bird predation. However, detailed field observations that describe how lepidopterans are hunted by wild birds are quite limited. I observed foraging behavior of wild tree sparrows on adult lepidopterans from May to June 2006 at Mt Yoshida, Kyoto, Japan. A total of 253 foraging attempts on at least 14 species of lepidopterans were observed. The tree sparrows attacked both resting and flying lepidopterans. When a tree sparrow approached a resting lepidopteran, the lepidopteran frequently flew to escape predation. The number of feeding attempts for resting and flying lepidopterans was 215 and 38, respectively. This result indicates that resting lepidopterans are the main target of predation by the tree sparrow. It is therefore considered that reducing the risk of detection is important for lepidopterans to avoid predation by the tree sparrow. Coloration as crypsis is probably effective in this respect.
Effects of acclimation temperature on membrane phospholipids in the flesh flySarcophaga similis
Authors: GOTO Shin G. , KATAGIRI Chihiro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCold acclimation is a well‐known strategy for enhancing cold tolerance in ectotherms including insects. Nevertheless, information on the physiological mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon is still limited. Biological membrane integrity is critical for insects to perform at low temperatures, and an advantage is conferred on those insects that can adjust the composition of their membrane phospholipids. Such changes contribute to homeoviscous adaptation, a process that allows membranes to maintain a liquid–crystalline (fluid) state at low temperatures. Here we investigated phospholipids in the flesh flySarcophaga similisacclimated to various temperatures. Significant differences were observed in the composition of their fatty acyl chains: flies acclimated to low temperatures showed a higher proportion of palmitic and oleic acids at the expense of palmitoleic acid. Other fatty acids (stearic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic acids) were not significantly changed. The degree of unsaturation decreased in cold‐acclimated flies, but the difference was quite small. The weighted average chain length and number of double bonds were unchanged among flies acclimated to different temperatures. As temperatures decreased, the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine increased to twice that of phosphatidylcholine. We discuss the role of these phospholipid changes in cold acclimation.
The volume of returned red blood cells in a large blood salvage program: where does it all go? (CME)
Authors: Waters Jonathan H. , Dyga Robert M. , Waters Janet F.R. , Yazer Mark H. 
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative blood salvage is the process whereby shed red blood cells (RBCs) are collected and returned to the patient. We analyzed the trends in the volume of returned RBCs by our blood salvage program across a 12‐hospital regional health care system over a 5‐year period.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All quality control, RBC recovery, and patient demographic data relating to blood salvage are stored in a large database covering these 12 hospitals. Cases in which blood salvage was performed over a 5‐year period were stratified based on patient demographics, hospital, type of surgery, and volume of RBCs recovered.RESULTS: There were 19,867 surgeries performed during the study period in which blood salvage was used. The median volume of blood returned to each patient was 405 mL (25th‐75th percentile, 135‐750 mL). Defining the volume of an RBC unit as 200 mL, this represented a median of 1.1 RBC unit equivalents (25th‐75th percentile, 0.37‐2.1 units) returned to each patient. For the majority of patients, not more than 1 RBC unit equivalent was recovered. Overall, the ratio of cases where at least 1 RBC unit equivalent was recovered to cases where less than 1 RBC equivalent was recovered was 2.5:1; this ratio varied considerably between surgical procedures.CONCLUSIONS: Although overall the mean volumes of RBCs returned to the patients by intraoperative blood salvage were high, the actual volumes returned depended on the case mix. There appears to be an opportunity to use blood salvage more selectively to improve efficiency.
Des travailleurs exploités: une perspective internationale sur les emplois dans les services à autrui
Authors: RAZAVI Shahra , STAAB Silke 
Published: March 2011

Résumé.Les auteures définissent la notion d'activités de soin – ou services à autrui – rémunérées devenues un thème important de recherche et de débat politique. Analysant une série de professions aux niveaux national et international, elles dégagent trois constats: la situation professionnelle des travailleurs des activités de soin reflète souvent l'état général et les problèmes des marchés du travail nationaux, le rôle de l'Etat employeur diminue, car les gouvernements externalisent ces activités et les politiques sociales façonnent les perspectives et conditions d'emploi. Les auteures concluent que les travailleurs comme les bénéficiaires des prestations tireraient avantage d'une amélioration des conditions de travail dans ce secteur.
Les emplois dans les services d'aide à la personne financièrement pénalisés? Une perspective internationale
Authors: BUDIG Michelle J. , MISRA Joya 
Published: March 2011

Résumé.Les auteures étudient, sur la base d'un échantillon de douze pays aux profils variés, la corrélation entre les rémunérations et l'emploi dans les services d'aide à la personne, définis comme la prestation de services individualisés qui améliorent l'état de santé, le niveau de qualification et le sentiment de sécurité des bénéficiaires. Selon des recherches antérieures, les emplois dans ces services sont moins rémunérés que ceux des autres activités; les auteures constatent aussi des écarts très prononcés au niveau international après rectification de l'incidence des facteurs nationaux: disparités salariales, taille du secteur public, force des syndicats. Elles concluent que les caractéristiques des travailleurs et des emplois sont aussi d'importants déterminants des rémunérations dans ce secteur.
Hiérarchie des activités de soin en Afrique du Sud: infirmières, travailleurs sociaux et aides à domicile
Authors: LUND Francie 
Published: March 2011

Résumé.L'auteure étudie la hiérarchie qui existe entre les travailleurs des activités de soin en Afrique du Sud, surtout depuis la pandémie de VIH/sida et les mutations qu'elle a suscitées. Infirmières, travailleurs sociaux, aides à domicile et bénévoles sont essentiellement des femmes aux caractéristiques – race, situation socio‐économique ou démographique, niveau d'instruction – très diverses; elles travaillent dans le public ou le privé, ou encore pour des associations sans but lucratif. Même si les revenus de certains ont récemment augmenté, les travailleurs de ce secteur restent pénalisés et, du fait de l'épidémie, on observe un transfert de tâches qui surcharge les travailleurs du bas de l'échelle ou bénévoles, ce qui creuse les inégalités entre les femmes.
Pratiques et compromis dans le secteur des services à la personne: domestiques et employées des Anganwadis en Inde
Authors: PALRIWALA Rajni , NEETHA N. 
Published: March 2011

Résumé.Les auteures examinent ce que l'Etat et la société entendent par activités de soins et de services à la personne en Inde en considérant deux catégories de travailleurs – les travailleurs domestiques salariés et les employés/auxiliaires des centres (Anganwadis) du Programme intégré de développement de l'enfant. Classés comme «bénévoles»œuvrant pour un programme public, ces travailleurs bénéficient d'une certaine position sociale et d'une syndicalisation assez forte comparés aux travailleurs domestiques qui ont beaucoup plus de difficultés à concilier la survie financière de leurs familles et la gestion du quotidien. Toutefois, la dévalorisation économique de leur travail est commune à ces deux catégories de travailleurs.
Improvement of a three‐dimensional measurement system for the evaluation of foot edema
Authors: Hirai M. , Iwata H. , Niimi K. , Miyazaki K. , Koyama A. , Komatsubara R. 
Published: March 2011

Background/aims: This study investigated the accuracy and usefulness of a newly improved three‐dimensional measurement system for measuring the volume and circumference at the foot as well as at the calf and ankle.
Methods: Regarding the newly improved device, halogen light was projected from four directions instead of the conventional two directions. The circumference and volume were measured in the morning and evening with and without elastic stockings in 23 healthy subjects.
Results: The average circumference at the foot calculated using the ‘average method’, in which the circumference of the foot was measured in 10 places every 1 mm and the values were averaged, significantly increased in the evening compared with in the morning. When stockings were applied, the significant differences in the circumference or volume between the morning and evening disappeared at all sites of the leg.
Conclusion: The newly improved three‐dimensional measurement system incorporating the halogen light from four directions, in which the foot circumference was calculated using an ‘average method’, was reliable and useful for evaluating edema at the foot as well as at the calf and ankle. The beneficial effect of elastic stockings on edema prevention was observed at all sites of the leg.
Declining oral cancer rates in Sri Lanka: are we winning the war after being at the top of the cancer league table?
Authors: Ariyawardana A , Warnakulasuriya S 
Published: March 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 636–641Objectives:  To investigate the age‐standardized incidence, demography, recent trends and patterns of incidence of oral cancer in Sri Lanka between 1985 and 2005.Materials and methods:  Data on oral and oropharyngeal cancers were obtained from the published hospital‐based cancer registry reports in the years 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005. The data were analyzed by gender, age (<40 or >40 years), and by site. A linear regression analysis was performed on the age‐standardized oral and oropharyngeal cancer incidence rates to examine the trends over a 20‐year period.Results:  There was a steady decline in the age‐standardized incidence of lip and oral cavity cancers over the past 20 years in both men and women. A significant reduction of 1.9% per year is noted over this period. Contrary to this, cancers of the oropharynx (C09, C10, and C14) showed a slight increase over the same period.Conclusions:  Reversal of betel quid use and smoking must be considered in accounting for declining trends for oral cancer. Increasing rates of oropharyngeal cancer raises the issue whether risk factors for the oropharynx are different to those of the oral cavity, and this may need further investigation.