bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY‐DIRECT VIABLE COUNT AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DETECTION LIMIT FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE O1 IN MUSSELS (MYTILUS EDULIS)
Authors: PERESSUTTI S.R. , JURQUIZA V. , GONZÁLEZ‐FRAGA S. , PICHEL M. , BINSZTEIN N. , COSTAGLIOLA M. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTVibrio cholerae O1 is natural to the aquatic environment and can cause gastrointestinal infections when it is consumed from contaminated bivalves. Under unfavorable conditions, this bacterium enters into a viable but nonculturable state. Immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were a useful alternative for detecting this microorganism without a pre‐enrichment step. We investigated the detection limit of the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA)‐direct viable count (DVC) and PCR techniques for the identification of V. cholerae O1 in mussel (Mytilus edulis) samples. When 103 cfu/mL V. cholerae O1 were inoculated in samples, 102–103 bacteria mL−1 were determined by immunofluorescence tests and 67% of the samples were positive by PCR assay. No significant difference (T statistic value = 6.5, P = 0.2049) between DFA and DFA‐DVC procedures was observed. No presence of endogenous V. cholerae O1 was detected.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSVibrios are considered the major cause of identifiable illness and death from shellfish consumption. In Argentina, the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) forms of Vibrio cholerae O1 were identified in samples of water and plankton. Because of these facts, it is relevant to research the presence of V. cholerae O1 in aquatic bivalves. Immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction methods are a useful alternative to traditional enrichment testing for detecting both culturable and VBNC forms of V. cholerae O1. In this work, it was demonstrated that these methods were sensitive and efficient for detecting V. cholerae O1 in mussels without a pre‐enrichment step. Moreover, they can be a useful tool for the rapid detection of this pathogen in the seafood industry.
PERSISTENCE OF SALMONELLA SPP. ON CHICKEN SKIN AFTER EXPOSURE TO AN ITALIAN MARINADE*
Authors: OSCAR THOMAS P. , SINGH MANPREET 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT A series of experiments with chicken skin was undertaken to determine the effect of an Italian marinade on persistence of Salmonella spp. during refrigerated storage and marinating. Chicken skin was inoculated with 0.4 to 3.7 log of multiple antibiotic resistant strains of Salmonella Typhimurium (n = 3), Kentucky (n = 1) or Hadar (n = 1). Chicken skin was then exposed to the Italian marinade for 4 or 24 h at 6C to simulate normal marinating conditions of consumers. The persistence of Salmonella spp. on chicken skin was reduced (P < 0.05) by the Italian marinade with a greater reduction observed at 24 h than at 4 h of marinating. As expected, the persistence during marinating increased as a function of the initial number of Salmonella inoculated. In general, the effect of the Italian marinade on persistence was similar among the five strains of Salmonella tested.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMarinades contain organic acids (acetic, lactic) that decrease meat pH and help to reduce or eliminate pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella, from the product. Inclusion of other ingredients in marinades, such as salts and spices that have antimicrobial properties, helps to further reduce or prevent persistence of Salmonella. Results of this study with an Italian‐style marinade indicate that consumers should marinate chicken in the refrigerator for 24 h rather than 4 h to maximize the benefit of the Italian marinade on reducing the risk of exposure to Salmonella that might contaminate and persist on chicken purchased in the retail marketplace.
SUITABILITY OF INTERGENIC SPACER OR INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER MICROSATELLITE‐PRIMED PCR FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI AND SOME PHYTOFUNGI
Authors: ABD‐ELSALAM K.A. , GUO J.‐R. , MOSLEM M.A. , BAHKALI A.H. , VERREET J.‐A. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT The intergenic spacer (IGS) region or internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were used in pair‐combinations with microsatellite‐primed polymerase chain reaction (MP‐PCR) primers to establish whether additional polymorphisms can be yielded. A total of 24 Rhizoctonia solani isolates representing 13 anstomosis groups and 9 different fungal species isolate were recovered from different areas and hosts. Forty different primer combinations were tested for their ability to provide discrete bands and individual isolates' readily interpretable and reproducible IGS/ITS‐MP‐PCR profiles. Both approaches produced highly reproducible and complex genomic fingerprints, with fragments ranging in size from 100 to 2,000 bp (IGS‐MP‐PCR) and 50 to 2,000 bp (ITS‐MP‐PCR). MP‐PCR markers yielded more bands than IGS/ITS‐MP‐PCR because of their higher redundancy in the fungal genome. The number of fragments generated by both techniques varied according to the fungal species and also with the primer combination used. Each primer used could differentiate all of the fungal isolates examined in this study. The profiles generated were identical and reproducible between repeated PCR experiments.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCombining the intergenic spacer/internal transcribed spacer‐microsatellite‐primed polymerase chain reaction technique with microsatellite–detection assay allows the rapid and specific detection of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups and different phytopathogenic fungi. The utility of this approach stems from its simplicity and reproducibility, the high number of polymorphisms revealed, the very small amounts of DNA needed, rapidity, and ease of performance. The improved technique will present valuable information on the role of some phytopathogenic fungi and R. solani in agriculturally important plant diseases.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in normal physiological processes
Authors: Pourova J. , Kottova M. , Voprsalova M. , Pour M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species have generally been considered as being highly reactive and cytotoxic molecules. Besides their noxious effects, ROS participate in physiological processes in a carefully regulated manner. By way of example, microbicidal ROS are produced in professional phagocytes, ROS function as short‐lived messengers having a role in signal transduction and, among other processes, participate in the synthesis of the iodothyronine hormones, reproduction, apoptosis and necrosis. Because of their ability to mediate a crosstalk between key molecules, their role might be dual (at least in some cases). The levels of ROS increase from a certain age, being associated with various diseases typical of senescence. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the physiological role of ROS. Other issues addressed are an increase in ROS levels during ageing, and the possibility of the physiological nature of this process.
Christian Holy Women and the Exercise of Religious Authority in the Medieval West
Authors: Coakley John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe essay reviews scholarship on female mystics and other holy women in late Medieval Europe (1100–1400), as a collective case study in how religious authority has been negotiated in the history of Christianity. Recent scholars view the firm exclusion of women from institutional leadership by male clerics in this period as an essential condition of the rise of such women to importance as persons with charismatic authority, i.e., in Max Weber’s terminology, an authority rooted in personal gifts and attributes. Some scholars have viewed charismatic women as essentially subversive of, or resistant to, the powers of clerics. Others see them in more positive terms as staking out their own complementary authority. Scholars have also considered the attitude of clerics toward such women, which was often characterized by acute awareness of the ways in which the women’s charismatic powers compensated for the inadequacies of clerical authority. Very recent scholars have further nuanced these insights by asking how the dynamics of the interplay of institutional and charismatic authority may or may not be evident in local situations.
The Historical Roots of Tibetan Scholasticism
Authors: Yamamoto Carl S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the social milieu within which a form of Buddhism based on logic , commentary, and debate arose in Tibet during the period of the ‘Tibetan renaissance.’ Taking as exemplary scholastic the thirteenth‐century monk Sakya , I argue that crucial to the survival of a Tibetan scholasticism were new monastic networks supported by a revivified economy, the use of scholastic discourses as cultural unifiers, the special status accorded scholarly knowledge within Tibetan society at large, and the distinctive manner in which exoteric scholasticism was piggybacked onto the esoteric, ritual‐intensive Buddhist tantra that came to dominate the period.
Long‐term effects of a carbohydrate‐rich diet on fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, and serum insulin values in rural Bengalis
Authors: MUKHERJEE Sutapa , THAKUR Goutam , KUMAR Balasubramaniam Dinesh , MITRA Analava , CHAKRABORTY Chandan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground:  The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is increasing in rural areas of India, where there is also often a lack of health infrastructure. Thus, a proper dietary study with the view of combating diabetes is essential. The aim of the present study was to determine the long‐term effect of a carbohydrate‐rich diet in rural Bengal.Methods:  Volunteers (n = 320) were selected from three villages in Kharagpur and were randomly divided into a control and experimental group (n = 160 in each). The design of the study was such that non‐significant differences in any of the dependent variables were maintainted prior to the application of control or treatment modes. In the control group, volunteers consumed <70% carbohydrate as part of their diet, whereas in the experimental group carbohydrate consumption was >70%. Blood samples from both groups were collected on yearly basis for 5 years and fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile and serum insulin values were analyzed.Results:  The blood biochemistry profiles were monitored before the start and at the end of the study. The results indicate that increased intake of carbohydrate causes significant increases in FBS (P < 0.05) and serum insulin (P < 0.05), as well as changes in the lipid profile, particularly triglycerides (P < 0.05) and very low‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol (VLDL‐C; P < 0.05).Conclusions:  The effects of increased carbohydrate on FBS, serum insulin, triglycerides and VLDL‐C indicate that a proper nutritional policy needs to be implemented for this population of rural, low‐income Bengalis.
MODELLING SOUTH AFRICAN CURRENCY CRISES AS STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE VOLATILITY OF THE RAND
Authors: Duncan Andrew Stuart , Liu Guangling“dave” 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study tests the theory that currency crises are associated with sudden large changes in the structure of foreign exchange market volatility. Due to increases in market uncertainty, crisis periods exhibit abnormally high levels of volatility. By studying short‐term changes in volatility dynamics, it is possible to identify the start and end dates of crisis periods with a high degree of precision. We use the iterative cumulative sum of squares algorithm to detect multiple shifts in the volatility of rand returns between January 1994 and March 2009. Dummy variables controlling for the detected shifts in variance are incorporated in a generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity modelling framework. The analysis indicates that previously identified crisis periods in the rand coincide with significant structural changes in market volatility.
EXCHANGE RATE PASS‐THROUGH TO IMPORT PRICES IN SOUTH AFRICA: IS THERE ASYMMETRY?1
Authors: Karoro Tapiwa D. , Aziakpono Meshach J. , Cattaneo Nicolette 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the magnitude and speed of exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) to import prices in South Africa. It further explores whether the direction and size of changes in the exchange rate have different pass‐through effects on import prices, i.e. whether the exchange rate pass‐through is symmetric or asymmetric. The findings of the study suggest that ERPT in South Africa is incomplete but relatively high. Furthermore, ERPT is found to be higher in periods of rand depreciation than appreciation, which supports the binding quantity constraint theory. There is also evidence to suggest that pass‐through is slightly higher in periods of small changes than large changes in the exchange rate in harmony with the menu cost theory when the invoices are denominated in the exporters' currency.
FURTHER DOWN MEMORY LANE: A NOTE REFLECTING ON THE MISSING FOUR
Authors: Rossouw Jannie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA review article by Botha included short biographies of past presidents of The Economic Society of South Africa from its inception in 1925‐1963. The review article discussed 17 of the 21 presidents serving between 1925 and 1963. This note supplements the earlier article by providing some information on the four presidents not covered in the earlier article.
ISOLATING A MEASURE OF INFLATION EXPECTATIONS FOR THE SOUTH AFRICAN FINANCIAL MARKET USING FORWARD INTEREST RATES
Authors: Reid Monique 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe inflation expectations channel of the transmission mechanism is generally recognised as crucial for the implementation of modern monetary policy. This paper briefly reviews the practices commonly employed for measuring inflation expectations in South Africa, and offers an additional method, which is market based. The methodologies of Nelson and Siegel and Svensson are applied to determine implied nominal and real forward interest rates. The difference between the nominal and real forward rates (called inflation compensation) on a particular day is then used as a proxy for the market's inflation expectations. This measure should not be viewed as a substitute for other measures of inflation expectations, but should rather supplement these in order to offer an additional insight.
TESTING FOR PPP USING SADC REAL EXCHANGE RATES
Authors: Mokoena Thabo M. , Gupta Rangan , Van Eyden Reneé 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper attempts to provide evidence indicating that the purchasing power parity (PPP) puzzle is becoming less of a puzzle. It present the results of Augmented Dickey–Fuller test, non‐linear tests of non‐stationarity and Bayesian unit root tests, applied to 10 Southern African Development Community countries. The Bayesian tests were found to be biased in favour of a trend stationary model in all cases. It is argued that non‐linear approaches to exchange rate adjustments are likely to provide a firmer basis for inference and stronger support for the PPP in the long‐term. This is more so at 1 and 5% levels of significance.
Borrelia burgdorferi
Sensu Lato Species in Europe Induce Diverse Immune Responses against C
6
Peptides in Infected Mice
Authors: Krupka Inke , Knauer Jens , Lorentzen Leif , O'Connor Thomas P. , Saucier Jill , Straubinger Reinhard K. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

The diversity of Lyme-borreliosis-inducing
Borrelia
species in Europe set high standards for the use of serodiagnostic test systems in terms of specificity and sensitivity. In the United States, the one-step C
6
antibody test system based on the invariable domain IR6 of the VlsE molecule has been established as a successful diagnostic tool for testing canine samples. However, only a limited set of data are available regarding the antigenicity of the C
6
peptides in an experimental murine model and sensitivity of the test regarding European
Borrelia
species. In order to investigate antibody reactions induced by these spirochetes, a total of 142 C3H/HeN mice were inoculated with
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu stricto N40,
B. garinii
PBi, two isolates of
B. afzelii
,
B. spielmanii
A14S,
B. valaisiana
Rio6,
B. valaisiana
VS116, or
B. lusitaniae
. Infection of the mice was documented utilizing tissue culture and PCR. The IR6 sequences of
B. burgdorferi
sensu stricto B31,
B. garinii
IP90, and two
B. afzelii
ACAI strains have been used to synthesize and test additional C
6
peptides. Compared to the well-established two-tiered test system, the results indicate that single C
6
peptides derived from
B. burgdorferi
sensu stricto and
B. garinii
can be used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based technique to detect murine antibodies induced by either agent. Little is known about the prevalence or pathogenicity of the
B. afzelii
strains in mammalian hosts, but our experimental data indicate differences in the C
6
peptide test sensitivity for the detection of antibodies induced by different strains or isolates of
B. afzelii
.
Simple and Rapid Lateral-Flow Assay for the Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Oem Jae Ku , Ferris Nigel P. , Lee Kwang-Nyeong , Joo Yi-Seok , Hyun Bang-Hun , Park Jong-Hyeon 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

A simple lateral-flow assay (LFA) based on a monoclonal antibody (MAb 70-17) was developed for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) under nonlaboratory conditions. The LFA was evaluated with epithelial suspensions (
n
= 704) prepared from current and historical field samples which had been submitted to the Pirbright Laboratory (United Kingdom) and from negative samples (
n
= 100) collected from naïve animals in Korea. Four FMDV serotypes (type O, A, Asia 1, and C) were detected in the LFA, but not the remaining three FMDV serotypes (SAT 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3). The diagnostic sensitivity of the LFA for FMDV types O, A, C, and Asia 1 was similar, at approximately 87.3%, to that of 87.7% obtained with antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA). The diagnostic specificity of the LFA was 98.8%, compared to 100% for the Ag-ELISA. These results demonstrate that the LFA using the FMDV MAb 70-17 to detect FMDV is a supportive method for taking rapid measurements at the site of a suspected foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Asia before diagnosing the disease in the laboratory, thereby offering the possibility of implementing control procedures more rapidly.
Perinatal Tuberculosis in a 73-Day-Old Infant
Authors: Huang Hsin-Chung , Huang Li-Min , Lu Chun-Yi , Lee Ping-Ing , Chang Luan-Yin 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
A 73-day-old female infant presented with cough and fever. A chest roentgenogram showed a pneumonic patch, but empirical antibiotic treatment failed. The pathology of an excisional biopsy specimen confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. We emphasize that tuberculosis should be considered for neonates or infants with unresponsive pneumonia because delayed diagnosis is associated with a fatal outcome.
Refractory Bacteremia and Osteomyelitis Resulting in Fatal Bacteremic Pneumonia with Multiorgan Failure Caused by
Mycobacterium simiae
in a Non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adult
Authors: Chung Kuei-Pin , Tsai Tzu-Hsiu , Huang Yu-Tsung , Hsueh Po-Ren 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Bacteremic pneumonia caused by
Mycobacterium simiae
in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has rarely been reported. We describe a non-HIV-infected adult with refractory bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and colonization of
M. simiae
in the respiratory tract who subsequently developed fatal bacteremic pneumonia. The isolate was confirmed as
M. simiae
by 16S rRNA gene analysis.
Multisite Comparison of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Microbicide Activity in Explant Assays Using a Novel Endpoint Analysis
Authors: Richardson-Harman Nicola , Lackman-Smith Carol , Fletcher Patricia S. , Anton Peter A. , Bremer James W. , Dezzutti Charlene S. , Elliott Julie , Grivel Jean-Charles , Guenthner Patricia , Gupta Phalguni , Jones Maureen , Lurain Nell S. , Margolis Leonid B. , Mohan Swarna , Ratner Deena , Reichelderfer Patricia , Roberts Paula , Shattock Robin J. , Cummins James E. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
Microbicide candidates with promising in vitro activity are often advanced for evaluations using human primary tissue explants relevant to the in vivo mucosal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), such as tonsil, cervical, or rectal tissue. To compare virus growth or the anti-HIV-1 efficacies of candidate microbicides in tissue explants, a novel soft-endpoint method was evaluated to provide a single, objective measurement of virus growth. The applicability of the soft endpoint is shown across several different ex vivo tissue types, with the method performed in different laboratories, and for a candidate microbicide (PRO 2000). The soft-endpoint method was compared to several other endpoint methods, including (i) the growth of virus on specific days after infection, (ii) the area under the virus growth curve, and (iii) the slope of the virus growth curve. Virus growth at the assay soft endpoint was compared between laboratories, methods, and experimental conditions, using nonparametric statistical analyses. Intra-assay variability determinations using the coefficient of variation demonstrated higher variability for virus growth in rectal explants. Significant virus inhibition by PRO 2000 and significant differences in the growth of certain primary HIV-1 isolates were observed by the majority of laboratories. These studies indicate that different laboratories can provide consistent measurements of anti-HIV-1 microbicide efficacy when (i) the soft endpoint or another standardized endpoint is used, (ii) drugs and/or virus reagents are centrally sourced, and (iii) the same explant tissue type and method are used. Application of the soft-endpoint method reduces the inherent variability in comparisons of preclinical assays used for microbicide development.
Lack of Insertional-Deletional Polymorphism in a Collection of
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Isolates from Ghanaian Buruli Ulcer Patients
Authors: Käser Michael , Gutmann Oliver , Hauser Julia , Stinear Tim , Cole Stewart , Yeboah-Manu Dorothy , Dernick Gregor , Certa Ulrich , Pluschke Gerd 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium ulcerans
causes the devastating infectious skin disease Buruli ulcer and has a monomorphic population structure. The resolution of conventional genetic fingerprinting methods is therefore not sufficient for microepidemiological studies aiming to characterize transmission pathways. In a previous comparative genomic hybridization analysis with a microarray covering part of the
M. ulcerans
genome, we have found extensive insertional-deletional sequence polymorphisms among
M. ulcerans
isolates of diverse geographic origins that allowed us to distinguish between strains coming from different continents. Since large numbers of insertion sequences are spread over the genome of African
M. ulcerans
strains, we reasoned that these may drive large sequence polymorphisms in otherwise clonal local mycobacterial populations. In this study, we used a printed DNA microarray covering the whole genome of the Ghanaian
M. ulcerans
reference strain Agy99 for comparative genomic hybridization. The assay identified multiple regions of difference when DNA of a Japanese
M. ulcerans
strain was analyzed. In contrast, not a single insertional-deletional genomic variation was found within a panel of disease isolates coming from an area of Ghana where Buruli ulcer is endemic. These results indicate that, despite the expectations deduced from other mycobacterial pathogens, only analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms will have the potential to differentiate local populations of
M. ulcerans
.