bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Phosphoramidate‐Linked Glycopeptides
Authors: Jaradat Da'san M. M. , Hamouda Houda , Hackenberger Christian P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of stable glycopeptide mimetics is of particular interest in bioorganic chemistry to allow access of glycoconjugates for biological investigations. In this paper, a straightforward solid‐phase synthesis of a novel glycopeptide mimetic by a Staudinger phosphite reaction is presented. Thereby, a dimethyl phosphite containing peptide, which is obtained by standard phosphitylation of a Ser residue, is treated on the solid support with glycosyl azides, delivering phosphoramidate‐linked glycoconjugates. These artificial glycopeptides show excellent stability under acidic and physiological conditions.
Using the self to change implicit attitudes
Authors: Prestwich Andrew , Perugini Marco , Hurling Robert , Richetin Juliette 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImplicit attitudes are automatic evaluations that occur upon encountering an object. Pairing a particular object with one's self should lead to a positive implicit evaluation of that object as, on the whole, people evaluate themselves positively. Study 1 (N = 83) demonstrated that asking participants to associate themselves with a particular drink (A) and others with an alternative drink (B) was enough to enhance implicit preference for drink A over drink B indexed by scores on the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Two further studies were conducted to rule out the possibility that the effects of the manipulation were restricted to the procedure and measures adopted in Study 1. Study 2 (N = 81) tested the mechanism underlying the effects of the manipulation. The results suggested that the change in implicit attitudes towards the drinks varied as a function of the level of one's self‐esteem. Specifically, associating one's self with drink A led to more favourable implicit attitudes towards drink A particularly when one's self was evaluated more positively. In the third study (N = 44), the basic effect of the manipulation was replicated in an alternative measure of implicit attitudes (the Affect Misattribution Procedure). In all three studies, the effects were unique to implicit measures and did not generalize to explicit measures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Political groups in contact: The role of attributions for outgroup attitudes in reducing antipathy
Authors: Popan Jason R. , Kenworthy Jared B. , Frame Mark C. , Lyons Patricia A. , Snuggs Sarah J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn two cross‐sectional surveys and one experiment, we tested the hypothesis that attributions for outgroup ideologies would mediate the relationship between quality of contact and reduced prejudice. In Study 1, a British sample (N = 85) rated their perceptions of, and attributions for, their political outgroup's (i.e., conservative or liberal) belief system. Supporting our hypothesis, the relationship between contact and outgroup attitudes was mediated by rationality attributions—attributions that outgroup members obtained their views via rational thought processes. Study 2 was a replication of Study 1 with an American sample (N = 229) and expanded construct measurement. The results of Study 2 replicated those of Study 1, showing support for rationality attributions as a mediator of the contact–prejudice link. In Study 3 (N = 132), we experimentally manipulated the priming of past positive or negative outgroup contact with individual outgroup members and measured the proposed mediational constructs with respect to that outgroup encounter. Results further supported the role of rationality attributions as mediators of the contact–prejudice link. The implications of these findings for perceptions and relations between antagonistic ideological groups are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All you need is love: Is the sociometer especially sensitive to one's mating capacity?
Authors: Pass Jessica A. , Lindenberg Siegwart M. , Park Justin H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelf‐esteem has been proposed to serve as a sociometer, a gauge of one's value as a relationship partner. Based on evolutionary reasoning, we hypothesized that the sociometer is particularly sensitive to “capacity rejection” in the mating domain. Capacity rejection implies that one has low potential to be an acceptable mate now and in the future. In Study 1, participants received no feedback or negative feedback regarding their capacity for being an acceptable mate or friend. Although participants in both mate and friend conditions felt rejected, only those in the mate condition exhibited significantly lower state self‐esteem. In Study 2, we examined sex differences in attributes relevant to mate capacity. Participants were given no feedback or negative feedback regarding their capacity as a mate: Some were told that their low mate capacity is due to their physical attractiveness whereas others were told it is due to their competence and status. Among men, state self‐esteem was lower only after competence and status‐based rejection; among women, state self‐esteem was lower only after physical attractiveness‐based rejection. In both studies, additional results revealed that even while self‐esteem decreased, positive beliefs about the self were maintained, suggesting that feelings and beliefs about the self react differently to rejection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Ascorbic Acid and Codeine by Differential Pulse Voltammetry on the Aluminum Electrode Modified by Thin Layer of Palladium
Authors: Pournaghi‐Azar M. H. , Saadatirad A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the present work an aluminum electrode was modified with thin layer of metallic palladium. The ability of the electrode for electrooxidation and subsequent differential pulse voltammetric determination of paracetamol (PCT), ascorbic acid (AA) and codeine (CO) was evaluated. The results obtained indicated that a linear range from 0.1–3 mM and a detection limit of 5 μM for both three compounds is accessible. The peak separation of AA, PCT and CO is more than 300 mV large enough, allowed simultaneous determination of these compounds. The proposed method was applied for determination of AA, PCT and CO in some real samples.
Highly Sensitive and Selective Glucose Biosensing at Carbon Paste Electrodes Modified with Electrogenerated Magnetite Nanoparticles and Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Comba Fausto N. , Rubianes María D. , Cabrera Lourdes , Gutiérrez Silvia , Herrasti Pilar , Rivas Gustavo A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis work reports the advantages of carbon paste electrodes modified with electrogenerated magnetite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles present catalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide reduction. The incorporation of glucose oxidase (GOx) and magnetite in a carbon paste matrix have made possible the development of an efficient glucose biosensor. The effect of the amount of GOx and magnetite present in the composite on the response of the biosensor was critically evaluated. The biosensors demonstrated to be highly selective, with negligible interference of ascorbic acid and uric acid. The proposed biosensor was challenged with human blood serum demonstrating an excellent correlation with the spectrophotometric method.
Electronic Tongues Employing Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: del Valle Manel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis review presents recent advances concerning work with electronic tongues employing electroanalytical sensors. This new concept in the electroanalysis sensor field entails the use of chemical sensor arrays coupled with chemometric processing tools, as a mean to improve sensors performance. The revision is organized according to the electroanalytical technique used for transduction, namely: potentiometry, voltammetry/amperometry or electrochemical impedance. The significant use of biosensors, mainly enzyme‐based is also presented. Salient applications in real problem solving using electrochemical electronic tongues are commented.
Biosensor online control of citric acid production from glucose by Yarrowia lipolytica using semicontinuous fermentation
Authors: Moeller Lucie , Grünberg Mario , Zehnsdorf Andreas , Strehlitz Beate , Bley Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOur study aimed at the development of an effective method for citric acid production from glucose by use of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The new method included an automated bioprocess control using a glucose biosensor. Several fermentation methodologies including batch, fed‐batch, repeated batch and repeated fed‐batch cultivation were tested. The best results were achieved during repeated fed‐batch cultivation: Within 3 days of cycle duration, approximately 100 g/L citric acid were produced. The yields reached values between 0.51 and 0.65 g/g and the selectivity of the bioprocess for citric acid was as high as 94%. Due to the elongation of the production phase of the bioprocess with growth‐decoupled citric acid production, and by operating the fermentation in cycles, an increase in citric acid production of 32% was achieved compared with simple batch fermentation.
The analysis of censored data: An application to toxic contaminant data from the South Saskatchewan River
Authors: El‐Shaarawi A. H. , Esterby S. R. , Block H. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn routine water quality monitoring of toxic contaminants, a number of difficulties are usually encountered in the statistical interpretation of the results. A major reason for this is the frequent occurrence of water sample concentrations below the limit of detection. In this paper the issue of dealing with values below the detection limit is discussed through a case study using data from the South Saskatchewan River. Some comments are also given outlining the properties and the difficulties associated with the commonly used ad hoc methods for estimating the population characteristics when the data are subject to type I censoring. Specifically inferences about the mean value, trend and seasonal changes are considered.
Formal representation and diagnostics of environmental systems
Authors: Leger L. , Lessi O. , Olivi L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStatistical methodolgies appropriate to certain interesting study areas of environmental systems are presented. Three approaches are described which are useful for:

the pooling of the multi‐source information coming from a number of stations, i. e., the simultaneous formalization of real and/or simulated dta together with the quantification of expert knowledge using a globally informative probability density function.
the prediction of the class to which an environmental variable belongs among several pre‐established classes. Two non‐parametric discriminant approaches are presented; both were derived from projection pursuit techniques.
the modelling of the time evolution of dichotomic environmental variables; the modelling is focused on statistical inference methods, such as estimation of the probabilities of state transitions and of the stay in a particular state.
The aggregation of environmental data using multicriteria methods
Authors: Funtowicz S. , Munda G. , Paruccini M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEnvironmental modelling depends on a great quantity of data; usually these data are converted to parameters and indicators for use as inputs to models. An important problem is the aggregation of these data. Usually this is done pragmatically and unsystematically and the aggregation procedure depends heavily on the opinion of individual experts. In this paper, we propose an approach called “multicriteria decision aid” (MCDA), originally developed in the field of decision theory, as a first step towards the development of a framework for the aggregation of environmental data. Its use is defended on the basis of considerations aimed at proving that a formal analogy between this kind of problem, and the problems where multicriteria decision methods are generally applied, exists. Particular attention is paid to the problem of qualitative information. As an illustrative example, an application to a problem of water quality is presented. This procedure may be easily extended from modelling to the aggregation of data for environmental indicators in general. It is by these methods that procedures of aggregation may become standardized and also transparent to users.
An answer to an important controversy and the need for caution when using simple models to predict inelastic earthquake response of buildings with torsion
Authors: Anagnostopoulos Stavros A. , Alexopoulou Christina , Stathopoulos Kyriakos G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents evidence that the extension of conclusions based on the widely used simplified, one story, eccentric systems of the shear‐beam type, to actual, nonsymmetric buildings and consequent assessments of the pertinent code provisions, can be quite erroneous, unless special care is taken to match the basic properties of the simplified models to those of the real buildings. The evidence comes from comparisons of results obtained using three variants of simplified models, with results from the inelastic dynamic response of three‐ and five‐story eccentric buildings computed with detailed MDOF systems, where the members are idealized with the well‐known plastic hinge model. In addition, a convincing answer is provided on a pertinent hanging controversy: For frame‐type buildings, designed in accordance with the dynamic provisions of modern codes (such as EC8 or IBC2000), which allow reduced shears at the stiff edge due to torsion, the frames at the flexible sides are the critical elements in terms of ductility demands. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laboratory modelling of gravel braided stream morphology
Authors: Ashmore Peter E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHydraulic modelling principles, together with a knowledge of channel pattern thresholds, allow the development of a small scale model of a gravel braided stream with flow characteristics and equivalent dimensions of a natural river. The forms and processes of natural gravel braided rivers are reproduced by imposing a constant flume discharge and slope, and maintaining approximate equilibrium with an adjustable sediment feed.Beginning from a straight trough, braiding is initiated by development of a series of alternating bars and scour pools which produce bends of increasing amplitude, leading finally to channel division. These lobate bars accrete downstream by deposition of bed material at their margins, often in the form of avalanche faces. Together with the scour pools with which they are necessarily closely associated, these bars are the fundamental elements of the channel pattern. Channel migration and division is a response to the development of bars, and these adjustments leave portions of the originally active bars in the form of exposed and eroded remnants. Complex flats built from these lobate forms show varying degrees of preservation of the original depositional units, but the model allows observation of the systematic construction of some flats.Sorting of sediment on active bars with avalanche faces shows a distinct fining downstream. This may be the result of the accretion of fining upwards avalanche faces along the bar margins rather than a ‘winnowing out’ of fine material.The processes and forms observed in the model appear to be very similar to those occurring in natural gravel braided streams during peak flows.
Bed forms and bend‐arc spacings of some coarse‐bedload channels in Upland Britain
Authors: Milne J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeventy‐eight riffle to riffle and 80 bend spacings along eleven coarse‐bedload, low sinuosity stream channels in upland Britain have been surveyed. Frequency distributions of these spacings are notably right‐skewed. The most common repeating distances between riffles and bend inflections are between 4 and 6 channel widths although spacings up to 20 widths are also present.Riffle and pool locations around bends at different stages of planform development indicate that change is largely through increased sinuosity between two consecutive riffles of an original straight reach. Observed straight segments exhibit alternating riffles and pools evenly spaced at 4‐6 widths, and most bends have similarly spaced riffles at their inflections in plan, with the intermediate pool at their apex. However angular deflections between axial lines joining inflections indicate existing sequences of bends did not develop from a single straight reach. Bends which are significantly longer than 4‐6 widths are of low sinuosity and represent variability in naturally irregular planforms rather than arcs in advanced stages of meander growth. Adjusted bed topography around such long bends takes two forms. Either a single riffle‐pool cycle is present with one or both bed forms being longer than average, or a 4‐6 widths spacing is maintained by more than one riffle‐pool sequence. Locally, the cross‐section characteristics of riffles and pools are also influenced by planform location.
Solutions of the heat conduction equation in a non‐uniform soil
Authors: Wiltshire R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA class of analytic, periodic solutions of the heat conduction equation in a non‐uniform soil is derived. The class may be characterized by the fact that the speed of the temperature wave varies according to the square root of the soil diffusivity (a function of soil depth). In addition it is shown that the constant soil solution is the limiting case when the rate of change with depth of diffusivity and thermal conductivity become very small. The solutions may be regarded as general whenever temperature analysis is restricted to small values of depth or whenever the soil parameters vary slowly. For all other cases the class of solutions possess the additional property that the rate of change of conductive capacity varies directly as the product of the bulk density and specific heat of the soil. A particular temperature profile is given for the case when the diffusivity varies as the nth power of depth.
Impact of splash and aeolian transport on erosion case study: North of Parisian Basin, France
Authors: Wicherek Stanislas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter several years of investigation into soil erosion in the Parisian Basin, the author tries to explain the effects of splash and aeolian transportation on soil erosion in this region (hills and silty plateaus). To quantify the results, four experimental measuring instruments were set up and used for three years in the field. Considering both processes the data shown give about 4 per cent of denuded material from bare soils, per year. It was also seen that aeolian transport could move more particles up a windblown slope than could splash.
Spatial and annual variation to define the normal range of biological endpoints: An example with biomarkers in perch
Authors: Hanson Niklas , Förlin Lars , Larsson Åke 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A signal from a biological endpoint can be considered evidence of environmental impact only if it is known that similar signals are unlikely to occur naturally. Using multiple reference sites, the normal range can be estimated. This can be defined as the span that includes 95% of the reference sites. If an investigated site is outside this range, it is interpreted as evidence of impact. The choice of reference sites is thus important for the outcome of the study. Here, biomarker levels in perch (Perca fluviatilis) at a potentially impacted site were compared to different types of reference data. The potentially impacted site was located close to a densely populated area. Four reference sites were located in relatively undisturbed areas on the Swedish Baltic coast. Furthermore, historical data from one of the reference sites were included. The present study showed that multiple reference sites are needed to avoid the risk of interpreting natural variation as impact. The number of reference sites needed depends on the desired level of statistical power. An alternative to multiple reference sites may be to use historical data to estimate the natural variation. However, historical data can include temporal variation due to factors that may not be relevant for the hypothesis that is tested, e.g., climatic variation or changed background levels of pollution. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2616–2624. © 2010 SETAC
Determination of insoluble soap in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection
Authors: Cantarero Samuel , Zafra-Gómez Alberto , Ballesteros Oscar , Navalón Alberto , Vílchez José L. , Crovetto Guillermo , Verge Coral , de Ferrer Juan A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We have developed a new analytical procedure for determining insoluble Ca and Mg fatty acid salts (soaps) in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples. The number of analytical methodologies that focus in the determination of insoluble soap salts in different environmental compartments is very limited. In this work, we propose a methodology that involves a sample clean-up step with petroleum ether to remove soluble salts and a conversion of Ca and Mg insoluble salts into soluble potassium salts using tripotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate salt and potassium carbonate, followed by the extraction of analytes from the samples using microwave-assisted extraction with methanol. An improved esterification procedure using 2,4-dibromoacetophenone before the liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection analysis also has been developed. The absence of matrix effect was demonstrated with two fatty acid Ca salts that are not commercial and are never detected in natural samples (C13:0 and C17:0). Therefore, it was possible to evaluate the matrix effect because both standards have similar environmental behavior (adsorption and precipitation) to commercial soaps (C10:0 to C18:0). We also studied the effect of the different variables on the clean-up, the conversion of Ca soap, and the extraction and derivatization procedures. The quantification limits found ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg. The proposed method was satisfactorily applied for the development of a study on soap behavior in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2470–2476. © 2010 SETAC
Zinc and cadmium concentrations in soft tissues of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) after exposure to zinc and cadmium
Authors: Maranhão Paulo , Marques Joã C , Madeira Victor M.C 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Zinc and cadmium concentrations in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) soft tissues (as edible portion) were measured after exposure to zinc and cadmium at 0, 25, 50, or 100 μg/L for 96 h at 10 or 20°C, and compared to environmental standards for human consumption. Results demonstrated that no significant change occurred in the concentrations of zinc in soft tissues of crayfish under the given conditions. Net accumulation of cadmium was observed at all experimental exposures, and exceeded the maximum allowed for human consumption only for those crayfish exposed to 100 μg/L at 20°C.
Seeing in stereo: The ecology and evolution of primate binocular vision and stereopsis
Authors: Heesy Christopher P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrimates are the most visually adapted order of mammals. There is a rich history within anthropology of proposed explanations for the adaptive significance of binocular vision, especially pertaining to primate origins and evolution. Depth perception and orbit morphology have been hypothesized to be functionally related to specialized locomotor or feeding behaviors. Many of these arguments continue to this day. An understanding of specific primate visual adaptations, including binocular vision, can shed light on these long‐term and heated debates.