bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Variation in an Algal Turf Community with Respect to Substratum Slope and Wave Height
Authors: Whorff J.S. , Whorff L.L. , Sweet M.H. 
Published: May 2009

A mid-shore colonial algal turf community is described. Samples were analysed to determine if species composition, invertebrate epiphyte density, algal mat biomass, and the amount of sediment trapped among algal thalli differed with respect to substratum slope and wave height.Colonial algal turf was approximately 1–3 cm in height and predominantly composed of a mixture of four species of eurythermal red algae, including Gelidium crinale (Turner) Lamouroux (Rhodophyceae: Gelidiales), Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne, Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Kuetzing, and Bryocladia cuspidata (J. Agardh) De Toni (Rhodophyceae: Ceramiales). More delicate algae and algal epiphytes were found at stations with lower mean wave height, while non-epiphytic coralline algae were found only at stations with higher mean wave height. Algal mat mass was significantly greater on horizontal slopes than on vertical slopes, but did not differ with respect to wave-height levels. Algal mats trapped significantly more sediment on horizontal slopes with lower mean wave height.Densities of the three most abundant invertebrate epiphytes appeared to be related to sediment deposition. Like sedimentation patterns, disparities in population densities on different substratum slopes increased with lower mean wave height. The highest densities of the amphipods Elasmopus rapax Costa and Hyale frequens Haswell (Crustacea: Peracarida) occurred on horizontal slopes at stations with significantly lower mean wave height. The highest densities of the tree oyster Isognomon bicolor C.B. Adams (Mollusca: Pterioida) were on vertical slopes at stations with significantly lower mean wave height. Barnacle epiphytes occurred in higher densities at stations receiving greater mean wave height, while dominant species of other crustaceans and molluscs had higher densities at stations with significantly lower mean wave height.
Hectocotylus Regeneration In Wild-Caught Sepiolid Squids
Authors: Bello Giambattista 
Published: May 2009

Post-traumatic regeneration of arms in Cephalopods is a common occurrence. It was described by Aristotle and, in more modern times, by Steenstrup (1856). Féral (1978) summarizes the information on regeneration of arms, tentacles and suckers in cephalopods. He reports only one case, experimental, involving a Sepiolidae species, namely Sepiola atlantica.This paper gives an account of regeneration of the copulatory arm in three wild-caught male sepiolid squids, two of which were Sepietta oweniana (d'Orbigny, 1841) and one Sepiola ligulata Naef, 1912 (Sepiolidae: Sepiolinae). The copulatory arm, or hectocotylus, is the left dorsal arm in Sepiolinae. It represents a most important means of species identification (Naef, 1923; Bello, in press). The squids were caught by bottom trawl in the southern Adriatic Sea during routine sampling. Measurements and observations were made on preserved specimens.
Seasonal Variation of the Suspended Solid Matter, off the Coast of North Yorkshire
Authors: Newton Andrew J. , Gray John S. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation into the natural regime of coastal suspended solids before discharge of potash mining waste is described. Regular samples of suspended material were taken over the period September 1968 to August 1970. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in suspended solid values between the months and between inshore and offshore sampling stations. There was no significant difference between sampling points along the coast. The inshore suspended solid values were low from May to September. At other months and at the offshore stations there was a gradual change from summer (low) to winter (high) values and vice versa.Sea temperature, sea state, tidal range and river flow correlated significantly with suspended solid values. It is suggested that wave action, tidal currents and river flow control most of the variation in load of suspended matter off the N. Yorkshire coast. The significant negative correlation between temperature and suspended solid values is not regarded as a causal relationship. Low temperatures are associated with high wave activity and high river flow rates; factors which are more likely to have a causal relationship with suspended solid loads than temperature. Thus, suspended matter variations off the Yorkshire coast are probably determined by physical rather than biological temperature-dependent processes.From multiple linear regression analyses, sea state, tidal range and river flow were found to account for 64·1% of the variation of the inshore suspended solid values and 52·4% of the variation of offshore values. Using the multiple regression equations as mathematical models it was possible to derive accurate predictions of the natural suspended solid load.
The Distribution of Marine Shell-Boring Green Algae
Authors: Wilkinson M. , Burrows E. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe vertical and horizontal distribution on the shore and the distribution between the host shell species, is described for a number of species of green shell-boring algae. A list is given of the records made in Britain for shell-boring Codiolum stages and for Entocladia perforans. An account is given of the sequence in which shell-boring algae attack Spirorbis worm tubes in the Isle of Man.
The Hydroids and the MedusaePodocoryne Areolata, P. Borealisand P.Carnea
Authors: Edwards C. 
Published: May 2009

Three species of medusae of the genusPodocoryneM. Sars have been collected in the Clyde Sea Area:P. hartlaubiNeppi & Stiasny,P. borealis(Mayer) andP. cameaM. Sars. Their hydroids have also been found there, and medusae liberated in the laboratory have been reared to maturity. Detailed illustrated accounts of the hydroids and of the developmental stages of the medusae are given.The hydroid ofP. hartlaubiproves to be identical with the hydroidPodocoryne areolata(Alder), a species long known to liberate medusae, which however have not previously been referred with certainty to any known species of medusa. By priority the nameP. areolatahas seniority overP. hartlaubiand applies to both hydroid and medusa. The hydroidP. hartlaubireported from Naples by Yamada is discussed, and is considered to be identical withP. areolata. In the Clyde Sea Area the hydroid has been found only on certain small gastropod shells occupied by hermit-crabs.The hydroid ofP. borealishas hitherto been very inadequately known. The hydroid is very common in the Clyde Sea Area, living on a variety of host animals on muddy grounds. Colonies have also been reared in the laboratory from ripe medusae caught in the sea. Abundant material has accordingly been obtained, making possible a full description of the species.
Attachment of the Coral Caryophyllia Smithii S. & B. to Tubes of the Polychaete Ditrupa Arietina (Müller) and other Substrates
Authors: Wilson John B. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONLittle is known about the early growth history of solitary corals in relation to the substrates to which they are attached. An understanding of this relationship between coral and substrate, and of how it may change throughout the life of the coral, is particularly important in studies of the life history and ecology of solitary corals living in sand and other soft sediments. A knowledge of the variety of different substrates to which solitary corals are attached in the wide range of different environments in which they live is also of importance to the palaeontologist when attempting palaeoecological interpretation of transported coral debris.
Feeding, Growth and Reproduction of the Marine Planktonic Copepod Pseudo-Calanus Elongatus Boeck
Authors: Paffenhöfer G.-A. , Harris R. P. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe development of techniques to culture calanoid copepods over multiple generations in the laboratory has resulted in considerable advances in knowledge about a group of animals of major importance in the marine food web. A series of extensive studies have been made of two species of large calanoids, Calanus helgolandicus (Claus) (Mullin & Brooks, 1967, 1970a, 1970b; Paffenhöfer, 1970, 1971, 1976a, 1976b), and Rhincalanus nasutus Giesbrecht (Mullin & Brooks, 1967, 1970a, 1970b). Feeding, growth, and reproduction have been studied under controlled conditions, using different temperatures, food species, and food concentrations. Some of the information gained in these studies has been incorporated into a simulation model of the planktonic ecosystem of the North Sea (Steele, 1974). However, in the North Sea and in many other sea areas species of small copepod probably form an important component of the food web. Little information is available on the quantitative biology of these small copepods under controlled conditions.
The Vertical Distribution and Diurnal Migration of the Crustacea Amphipoda Collected During the SOND Cruise, 1965 I. The Gammaridea
Authors: Thurston Michae L H. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONDetailed studies of the vertical distribution and migration of the micronekton, plankton and sonic scattering layers in an oceanic environment off Fuertaventura in the Canary Islands were made from R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ during September to December 1965. A general account, including a statement of the objectives of the cruise, has been given by Currie, Boden & Kampa (1969). Foxton (1969) has described the biological sampling methods and techniques utilized. Results of sonic scattering investigations have been published by Blaxter & Currie (1967) and Boden & Kampa (1967). The present study deals only with the pelagic amphipods, and forms a contribution to a series (Angel, 1969; Clarke, 1969b; Baker, 1970; Foxton, 1970a, b; Badcock, 1970; Roe, 1972a, b, c, d; Pugh, 1974) dealing with the distribution and migration of the major taxa sampled during the investigation. An objective summary of the plankton data utilizing factor analysis and cluster analysis has been provided by Angel & Fasham (1973, 1974).
The Functional Anatomy and Development of the Swimbladder-Inner Ear-Lateral Line System in Herring and Sprat
Authors: Allen Jennifer M. , Blaxter J. H. S. , Denton E. J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe herringClupea harengusL. and spratSprattus sprattus(L.) are physostomatous teleosts with narrow ducts connecting the swimbladder to both the gut and cloaca. With other clupeoids these two species were of great interest to the anatomists of previous generations because of the further tubular connexions between the swimbladder and air-filled otic bullae close to the labyrinth of the inner ear. Together with the Ostariophysi, which have a chain of Weberian ossicles between the swimbladder and the inner ear, the clupeoids were thought to have enhanced hearing compared with many other teleosts as a result of coupling the ear to the swimbladder.Despite such interest in the system the earlier literature is very fragmented, with the descriptions ranging over at least a dozen clupeoid species, and much of the work was done on fairly advanced juvenile or on adult fish. Ridewood (1891) examined the swimbladder-inner ear relationship in adult herring, pilchardClupea pilchardus, sprat, shadC. alosa, twaiteC. fintaand anchovyEngraulis encrasicholus; Tracy (1920) made a similar study of the American Atlantic clupeoids – the shadAlosa sapidissima, alewifePomolobus pseudoharengus, summer herringP. aestivalis, fall herringP. mediocrisand menhadenBrevoortia tyrannusand O'Connell (1955) of the Pacific sardineSardinops caeruleaand anchovyEngraulis mordax. Wohlfahrt (1936) considered the total swimbladder-inner ear-lateral line relationship in 100–120 mm pilchards, recognizing the much less obvious connexion between the perilymph and the lateral line through a membrane in the skull. The presence of such a connexion had been suggested earlier by Tracy (1920).
Factors Influencing Shell Shape in the Mussel Mytilus Edulis
Authors: Seed R. 
Published: May 2009

An attempt is made to explain the great variations in gross shell morphology noted in field populations of Mytilus edulis.In any one mussel population, variation in shell form can be attributed to differences in age, old mussels having proportionately heavier shells where width often exceeds shell height. This is invariably accompanied by down-turned, divergent umbones and varying degrees of incurvature of the ventral shell margin.Variations in the age structure of mussel populations from different habitats can also account for local variability in shell morphology. Localities where the life expectancy of mussels is increased due to absence of predators (especially in the upper shore) reveal a high incidence of old ‘ungulate’ individuals, whereas populations in which the mussel turnover is more rapid show a preponderance of relatively young mussels.Shell morphology is greatly influenced by growth rate and density. These probably exert their effect through physical compression which is maximum in localities of fast growth and high density and least in areas of slow growth and low density. High compression leads to an elongate form whereas low compression results in higher, more triangular shaped shells. Growth rates and densities, even within the same habitat, are, however, exceedingly variable.Since all environmental conditions vary in both time and space, wide variation in shell morphology is to be expected, even in animals from the same locality.Transplantation experiments indicate that variation in shell morphology is essentially phenotypic, older animals being more likely to exhibit a form which is characteristic of their particular habitat. Smaller mussels from widely different habitats show remarkable similarity in shell morphology.
Occurrence of Eggs of Bass Dicentrarchus Labra X on the Southern Coasts of Ireland
Authors: Kennedy Michael , Fitzmaurice Patrick 
Published: May 2009

During April-June, 1967, tow-netting for bass eggs was carried out at four places on the Irish coast. Small numbers of bass eggs were obtained at two of these places, namely the Splaugh Rock, near Greenore Point, Co. Wexford and Youghal Harbour, Co. Cork. They were taken near the surface, in water of the salinity range 30–34.5%, and of surface temperature range 10.5–13.2°C.The Irish material was larger than described by Bertolini (1933) from the Mediterranean, but smaller than described by Jackman (1954), who hatched eggs spawned in the Plymouth Laboratory Aquarium and described the larvae.IntroductionBass have spawned in the aquarium at Naples, and their eggs have been found in plankton in the Mediterranean (Raffaele, 1888; Bertolini, 1933). Bass have also spawned in the aquarium at Plymouth, and their eggs and the resulting young stages have been described by Jackman (1954).Hitherto, however, the eggs of bass do not appear to have been found on the coasts of Britain or Ireland. The only young stages recorded were 14 post-larvae from 4 to 7.5 mm long, taken in the Eddystone area in the years 1925, 1926, 1931 and 1933, with dates of capture between 17 March and 4 June (Russell, 1935).As part of a programme of research on the biology of bass in Irish waters, tow-netting was carried out in 1967 at the Splaugh Rock off the Wexford coast; at Dungarvan, Co. Waterford; at Youghal, Co. Cork; and at Baltimore, Co. Cork (Fig. 1). The Splaugh, Dungarvan and Youghal are places where bass ‘shoal’; that is, frequently gather in shoals to attack sand-eels, herring fry or sprats at the surface.
Spirorbis Species (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) From the Isles of Scilly, Including Descriptions of two New Species
Authors: Harris Tegwyn 
Published: May 2009

IntroductionDuring the last fortnight in September of 1965, 1966 and 1967 littoral species of Spirorbis were collected by the author and, during the early part of April 1966, sublittoral species were collected by the British Museum (Natural History) and University of London Sub-Aqua Expedition. Ten species, including one new to the British Isles and two new to science, were found to be present. Details of their occurrence, together with the descriptions of the new species, are contained in this report. Representative series of the material collected are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). In this account, specimens collected by the author are indicated by (T.H.) and those collected by the Sub-Aqua Expedition by (S-Aq. Ex.).
Check-List of British Marine Algae–Second Revision
Authors: Parke Mary , Dixon Peter S. 
Published: May 2009

The Preliminary Check-list of British Marine Algae (Parke, 1953), with three subsequent lists of additions and corrections (Parke, 1956, 1957, 1959), was superseded by the Revised Check-list of British Marine Algae (Parke & Dixon, 1964). Since the publication of the latter, changes, both taxonomic and systematic, have been sufficiently numerous to warrant the present list incorporating additions, corrections and emendations.The authors take full responsibility for all the changes from the 1964 Check-list. The responsibility for the preparation of the lists of species for each Class in the 1964 Check-list was as follows: (1) Cyanophyceae, H. T. Powell; (2) Rhodophyceae, P. S. Dixon; (3) Cryptophyceae, M. Parke; (4) Dinophyceae, D. Ballantine & M. Parke; (5) Haptophyceae, M. Parke; (6) Chrysophyceae, M. Parke; (7) Craspedophyceae, M. Parke; (8) Xanthophyceae, M. Parke; (9) Phaeophyceae, H. Bladder, G. Russell, P. S. Dixon & M. Parke; (10) Prasinophyceae, M. Parke; (11) Chlorophyceae, E. M. Burrows, P. S. Dixon & M. Parke.The sequences of classes is as in the 1964 Check-list and there have been no changes in the geographical limits used therein (the coasts of Britain and Ireland or in adjacent waters, i.e. the sea area bounded by 47° N. and 63° N., 11° E. and 30° W.). Three classes (Bacillariophyceae, Rhaphidophyceae, Euglenophyceae) are still not represented and the authors would be grateful for records of marine species of these in order to facilitate their inclusion at some time in the future.The compilers welcome any comments on the Revised Check-list (1964) or the present list.
Laboratory Survival of Alloteuthis Subulata (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) from the Plymouth Area
Authors: Lipiński Marek R. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONWild-caught squids have seldom survived for very long in laboratory aquaria. Tardent (1962) maintained Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1789 for a maximum of 60 days. Choe & Oshima (1963), Choe (1966) and LaRoe (1971) reared squids of the genus Sepioteuthis from eggs to adult size. Between 1975 and 1982 several successful attempts to maintain Loliginidae (e.g. Matsumoto, 1976; Hanlon, Hixon & Hulet, 1978, 1983; Yang et al. 1980, 1983) and Ommastrephidae (Flores et al. 1976; Flores, Igarashi & Mikami, 1977; O'Dor, Durward & Balch, 1977) were made. But to date only ten squid species have been maintained for more than forty days (review: Yang et al. 1980; Boletzky & Hanlon, 1983). Loligo opalescens Berry, 1911 holds the record for longevity in captivity at 233 days from egg to adult (Yang et al., 1983).
Stokes, Euler and Lagrange Aspects of Residual Tidal Transports in the English Channel and the Southern Bight of the North Sea
Authors: Pingree R. D. , Maddock Linda 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe dust cart on the Isles of Scilly did not end its service at the local tip, over the cliffs at Deep Point on the eastern side of St Mary's on 14 October 1983. Instead it floated off and continued in service as a Lagrangian drifter, indicating the residual transport of water around the islands. As a hazard to shipping its position was given out as a navigation warning and it was allegedly sighted on the western side of Scilly. The interesting oceanographic question is whether the dust cart was (or would have had it not sunk) circumnavigating the islands in a clockwise or anticlockwise sense. Accordingly this experiment has been repeated using satellite tracked Argos drifting buoys, drogued with parachutes (~ 10 m diameter), and set at depths of about 15 m. The releases showed that the residual transport was clockwise around the islands. In one instance a drogue circumnavigated the islands in about 12 h (i.e. ~ one tidal period) at an average speed of about 100 cm s−1 (Fig. 1).
On Postlarvae and Pelagic Juveniles of Rocklings Gaidropsaurus Mediterraneus and G. Biscayensis
Authors: Demir Neclå 
Published: May 2009

Little is known about the life history of the species of Gaidropsaurus Rafinesque, 1810. Two species of this genus, G. mediterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758) and G. biscayensis (Collett, 1890) = Antonogadus megalokynodon Kolombotovic, 1894 occur in the Sea of Marmara. The egg, larvae and pelagic juveniles of G. biscayensis have never been described. Egg, prelarval and early postlarval stages attributed to G. mediterraneus have been described and illustrated by many workers, but there has been confusion in their identifications.Three species of Gaidropsaurus, G. mediterraneus, G. biscayensis and G. vulgaris (Cloquet, 1824) are recorded from the Mediterranean. Raffaele (1888) made artificial fertilizations of eggs of Naples specimens that he identified as Motella tricirrata Nilsson, 1832 = G. vulgaris. Holt (1899) found some eggs which are similar to those described and figured by Raffaele in the plankton off Marseille, but he considered it impossible to distinguish whether the larvae which hatched out from those eggs were Motella tricirrata i.e. G. vulgaris or Motella mediterranea Lütken, 1882 i.e. G. mediterraneus. Ehrenbaum (1905–9) who re-examined the various records of eggs and larval stages of Gaidropsaurus believes that those figured by RafFaele (1888) and Holt (1899) as well as the larvae referred to Phycis Artedi, 1792 and a pleuronectid by Emery (1886) and Marion (1894) respectively probably belong to Onos (Gaidropsaurus) mediterraneus. Aboussouan (1964) who worked on ichthyoplankton of the Gulf of Marseille also attributed some eggs and larvae to G. mediterraneus and figured one of those postlarvae which is 2·65 mm in standard length.The eggs and prelarval stage of G. mediterraneus have more precisely been described and illustrated by Soviet investigators (Vodyanitskii & Kazanova, 1954; Duka, 1958; Dekhnik, 1973)> from the Black Sea.
Taxonomic Studies on British and Irish Amphipoda. Re-Establishment of Leucothoe Procera
Authors: Myers A. A. , McGrath D. 
Published: May 2009

In his recent monograph on British Marine Amphipoda, Lincoln (1979) reported that three species of Leucothoe Leach had been recorded from the British Isles previous to his work and added a fourth species, L. richiardii Lessona. This fourth species he added after examining material collected in 1935, from the Eddystone grounds, by G. I. Crawford. The species had previously been recorded from the same area (Marine Biological Association, 1957) as ‘Leucothoe sp. nov. (allied to L. richiardii Lessona)’.We have recently had the opportunity to examine more material of the above species from Ireland, together with Crawford's original material kindly loaned to us by Dr Lincoln. Females of this species closely resemble L. richiardii, and only the presence of males in the Irish material (unavailable to Dr Lincoln prior to the publication of his monograph), which differ significantly from those of L. richiardii, alerted us to the distinctness of this species.Bate (1857) described a new species of Leucothoe from Banff, Scotland under the name L. procera Bate. His three line description however, is insufficiently precise to determine to which species he was referring. Later (Bate, 1862) he redescribed and figured the species under the name L. furina Savigny, and his description and figures agree well with present material except in the shape of epimeron 3 (quadrate) and the telson which is terminally narrow. Bate & Westwood (1862) again figure and describe the species under the name L. furina and re-emphasize the peculiar telson. The epimera are figured as rounded lobes. Unfortunately, Bate's type material is no longer extant, but there seems little doubt, when one considers the perfect agreement in the structure of the male gnathopod 2 between Bate's figured material and present material, that the two are conspecific.