bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CODLING MOTH: A PILOT PROGRAM OF CONTROL BY STERILE INSECT RELEASE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Newton J. R. , Campbell C. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCodling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), control by sterile insect release (SIR) was assessed in 320–526 ha of apples and pears in the Similkameen Valley, B.C., from 1976 to 1978. In preparation for SIR, the moth population was first reduced to low numbers by removal of neglected trees in 1972 and by chemical sprays in 1975. Sterile (35 krad) male and female moths were released in each orchard 2 or 3 times weekly from 1 May until early September. A total of 23,600 sterile moths/ha was released in 1976, 36,500 in 1977, and 31,800 in 1978. Populations of sterile (marked) and wild moths were monitored by sex pheromone traps, and damage was assessed by fruit examination at harvest. Control was very good except for a few orchards in which overwintered populations were too high to achieve adequate overflooding with sterile moths. Damage exceeded the economic threshold (0.5%) in only 1 of 86 treated orchards in 1976, in 6 of 193 orchards in 1977, and in 0 of 157 orchards in 1978. Results in 32 orchards showed that when wild populations are brought close to extinction all codling moth control measures can be omitted for 2 or more years depending on degree of orchard isolation. Omission of codling moth sprays from 1976 to 1978 did not result in any important change in population levels of other apple pests. Cost of control by SIR was ca. $225/ha per year vs. ca. $95 for chemical control.
EXPERIMENTS WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHT: NECESSITY FOR PROPERLY IDENTIFYING THE SOURCE
Authors: Philogène Bernard J. R. 
Published: December 2009

The use of artificial illumination in entomological studies is extensive. Incandescent and fluorescent lights are used in mass-rearing insects necessary for physiological and ecological studies, and in photoperiod-controlled as well as in electrophysiological experiments.One of the main problems facing investigators in the interpretation of their results or in comparing these to preceding reports is the plethora of ways in which experimental conditions involving light are reported. Here are some examples: “The ants were kept under fluorescent light from 0800 to 2000 hours; light intensity on the ants was about 400 lux” (McCluskey 1965).
A REDEFINITION OF MYLLAENINI GANGLBAUER AND REDESCRIPTIONS OFCAMACOPALPUSMOTSCHULSKY ANDPOLYPEAFAUVEL (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Klimaszewski Jan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe staphylinid tribe Myllaenini Ganglbauer is redefined, andPolypeaFauvel andCamacopalpusMotschulsky are redescribed and transferred from Myllaenini, the former to Diglottini Eichelbaum, the latter to Zyrasini Lohse.Camacopalpus flavicornisMotschulsky andC. bituberculatusMotschulsky are transferred toDrusillaLeach, and a new genusNeocamacopalpusis described to includeCamacopalpus fulvusMotschulsky. Lectotypes are designated for all studied species, and their terminalia and genitalia are illustrated for the first time. A hypothetical phylogeny of Myllaenini is proposed.
INDUCTION OF PROLONGED DIAPAUSE IN BARBARA COLFAXIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE): CORRELATIONS WITH CONE CROPS AND WEATHER
Authors: Hedlin A. F. , Miller G. E. , Ruth D. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStudies were carried out in the field and in the laboratory to determine if prolonged diapause of the Douglas-fir cone moth, Barbara coifaxiana (Kearfott), was correlated with the sizes of the cone crops maturing in the year of larval feeding (N) and in the year following larval feeding (N + 1), and to determine if weather during the period of larval feeding (year N) influenced the size of the maturing cone crop or the incidence of prolonged diapause the following year (N + 1). Field studies showed that prolonged diapause induction in B. coifaxiana was not rank correlated (but approached significance) with the size of the cone crop maturing in year N, but was negatively rank correlated with that in year N + 1. Two of seven weather parameters, mean maximum temperature and mean daily temperature, measured during the larval feeding period were positively rank correlated with cone crop size. No parameter was correlated with the incidence of prolonged diapause. In the laboratory, the incidence of prolonged diapause was negatively correlated with temperature. Photoperiod and parental diapause habit had no direct effect.
TOXICITY OF DIFLUBENZURON TO NYMPHS OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Elliott R. H. , Iyer R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory tests showed that nymphs of the migratory grasshopper are very sensitive to diflubenzuron (Dimilin) when reared continuously on treated wheat seedlings or artificial diet and fresh lettuce. At concentrations of 10 ppm or above, diflubenzuron completely inhibited moulting of 2nd-instar nymphs. With continuous exposure on treated wheat seedlings, the LC90 values after 8, 12 and 20 days were 10.0, 2.4 and 0.8 ppm, respectively. Comparable values were obtained with the artificial diet and lettuce. However, when 2nd instars were placed on diflubenzuron-treated wheat foliage for 1 day then transferred onto untreated plants, toxicity declined markedly.Although the toxic effects of diflubenzuron were delayed, dry weight determinations on wheat seedlings indicated that nymphal feeding damage was insignificant if the plants had been sprayed with 10 ppm diflubenzuron.The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the potential field use of diflubenzuron against stationary and mobile grasshopper nymphs.
EFFECT OF THE PEA APHID,ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM(HEMIPTERA (HOMOPTERA): APHIDIDAE), ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF FORAGE ALFALFA
Authors: Harper A. M. , Kaldy M. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris), affected yield by significantly reducing the mean height of aphid-susceptible Grimm alfalfa in a greenhouse experiment by 45%, the height of the longest stem by 35%, the green weight by 38%, the dry weight by 44%, and the fiber by 13%. There was limited change in quality of alfalfa. The percentages of protein, fat, total sugar, reducing sugar, dry matter, and nitrogen-free extract were not significantly different in the infested and non-infested alfalfa. Potassium was significantly lower in the infested plants but they contained more calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. With the exception of isoleucine the amino acid composition was similar in the infested and non-infested alfalfa.
AUTOGENY AND BLOOD-FEEDING BY CULEX TARSALIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AND THE INTERVAL BETWEEN OVIPOSITION AND FEEDING
Authors: Nelson R. L. , Milby M. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemale Culex tarsalis Coquillett trapped in CO2-baited light traps or reared from field-collected pupae were marked with fluorescent dust, released, and recaptured in traps baited with CO2 with or without light. Recaptures of trapped females peaked on the first night of recapture collections. Recaptures of reared females peaked on the first or second night when autogeny rates were low (25–44%) but 2-4 nights later when rates were high (86–88%). It was concluded that autogenous females did not seek blood until after they had oviposited, and that autogenously induced delays in feeding probably influence the extent of virus transmission by C. tarsalis.Stretched follicular tubes indicating recent oviposition were found in 23.4% and 5.2% of empty parous females from shelters and CO2-baited traps, respectively, and in 2.3% of freshly engorged parous females from shelters. Females often failed to blood-feed until at least the second night after oviposition.
LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF A FAST-ACTING INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUC-62644, a moult-inhibiting insect growth regulator (IGR) belonging to the benzoylphenylureas, had an EC50 of 0.1 to 0.2 ppm in a meridic diet for the 3rd to 6th larval instars of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens. The effects of the IGR were apparent in less than 48 h after ingestion and there was evidence for some contact toxicity. The larvae were unable to discriminate between IGR-treated and untreated diet. Experimental aerial application of the IGR revealed that at <70 g in 4.7 1/ha (1 oz in 0.5 U.S. gal/acre) it effectively controlled spruce budworm populations and afforded foliage protection. These results were comparable with those obtained with Matacil® applied at the recommended rate.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF CORTICEUS GLABER (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), A. FACULTATIVE PREDATOR OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Smith Michael T. , Goyer Richard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe life cycle of Corticeus glaber (LeConte) was investigated at 25 °C and 60% R.H. The developmental time from egg to adult for C. glaber ranged from 30 to 41 days and five larval instars were determined from head capsule measurements. The mature larva is described.
MONITORING FALL ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), MOTH POPULATIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO WITH SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: Starratt A. N. , McLeod D. G. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPheromone traps were more efficient than blacklight traps for detecting and monitoring adult populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), in southwestern Ontario. Several dispenser–chemical combinations were strongly attractive but best results were obtained with sticky traps baited with rubber septa impregnated with combinations of (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): XVI. COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL TAXONOMY OF FOUR SUBSPECIES OFEUXOA COMOSA
Authors: Byers J. R. , Lafontaine J. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory and experimental studies of four of the five subspecies ofEuxoa comosa(Morr.), i.e.annir,altera,lutulentaandOntario, each formerly considered of specific rank, were undertaken to assess their taxonomic status. Morphologically the immature stages of the subspecies are similar althoughlutulentahas a 40–50% larger egg and the larvae oflutulentaandOntarioare darker than those ofannirandaltera. The subspecies show differentiation in larval growth rate, number of larval instars, duration of preimaginal development and length of the preoviposition period. The possible adaptive significance of these differences are discussed. Hybrid F1were obtained from 11 of the 12 possible pairwise combinations. Eight of the F1hybrids were inbred and six produced fertile eggs. Some of the F2progenies exhibited a wide range of phenotypes encompassing all subspecies including those of the 5th subspecies,E. c. comosa. Although hybridization success was high there was some evidence of genetic incompatibility including dyssynchronous emergence of the sexes and the absence, shortage, or inviability of female moths in some crosses. Mating discrimination tests show a moderate level of mating bias between subspecies. Calling periods of females of the subspecies largely overlap although differences in the time at which calling begins might be responsible for some of the mating bias. Both laboratory and field tests of sex pheromone attraction indicate considerable sex pheromone specificity among the subspecies. The results are discussed with reference to a companion paper which on the basis of conventional taxonomic characters and biogeographic considerations concludes thatEuxoa comosais best regarded as a polytypic species encompassing five subspecies.
COMPARISON OF TWO SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE JEFFREY PINE NEEDLE MINER, COLEOTECHNITES SP. (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Unruh Thomas R. , Luck Robert F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWithin and between tree distributions of the Jeffrey pine needle miner, Coleotechnites sp. and its food resource (needles), were investigated on Jeffrey pine trees at three locations in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California. These data were used to compare sample allocation by the component of variance technique and a method based on the mean crowding relationship. The numbers of samples necessary to estimate the mean at a given precision differed between the techniques in some cases. The mean crowding technique offered several advantages which are fully discussed. A sampling design for the Jeffrey pine needle miner is proposed.
OCCURRENCE OF SOME FLEA BEETLE PESTS OF PARKLAND RAPESEED CROPS IN OPEN PRAIRIE AND FOREST IN SASKATCHEWAN (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Burgess L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPhyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), an abundant pest in the parklands, is moderately abundant on the open prairie, less common in the southern parts of the boreal forest, and absent elsewhere in the forest. Phyllotreta albionica LeC. occurs in low numbers in parkland and prairie, and is rare in the forest. Phyllotreta robusta (LeC) occurs in low numbers in the parkland, is rare on the prairie, and was not found in the forest. Psylliodes punctulata Melsh., which has a moderately low population in the parkland, occurs in similar numbers on the prairie and perhaps also in the forest. P. cruciferae will likely cause problems in any cruciferous crops grown on the open prairie and eventually in cruciferous crops in newly-cleared forest areas.
LIFE HISTORY AND SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA OCCIDENTALS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), IN WESTERN OREGON
Authors: Miller Jeffrey C. , Cronhardt Jan E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn western Oregon, Operophtera occidentalis (Hulst) has four larval instars, is univoltine, and polyphagous. Adult activity peaked in early December, eggs overwintered, larvae were present from March to June, and pupae from May to December. Temperature thresholds for egg and larval development were estimated to be 2 °C. Few species of natural enemies were observed and rates of parasitism averaged 2%.
AVAILABILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM EGGS TO PARASITISM BY THE EGG PARASITOID, TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE)
Authors: Houseweart Mark W. , Southard Susan G. , Jennings Daniel T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSpruce budworm egg deposition spanned 27 days during both 1979 and 1980. The egg deposition curve is essentially a normal bell-shaped distribution with a slight skew to the right. Spruce budworm eggs are most acceptable to T. minutum Riley for successful parasitism during the earlier stages of host–egg development. Parasitism rates at two different temperatures (21 °C and 27 °C) were significantly greater for 1- to 3-day-old eggs than for 6- to 8-day-old spruce budworm eggs. Major reduction in host–egg acceptability occurred after the fifth day at 21 °C and after the 4th day at 27 °C.
ONION MAGGOT (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) RESISTANCE TO SOME INSECTICIDES FOLLOWING SELECTION WITH PARATHION OR CARBOFURAN
Authors: Harris C. R. , Tolman J. H. , Svec H. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) strain, having low level (≤ × 5) resistance to organophosphorus insecticides, was selected with parathion to determine if higher resistance levels to the selection agent and other insecticides used for onion maggot control would result. Parathion resistance levels increased to ×10.1 and ×23.8 after 4 and 14 generations of selection, respectively; without further selection, resistance levels declined by ca. 1/2 in 6–7 generations. Parathion resistance was ×24.4 after 20 generations of selection and resistance levels to ethion, diazinon, fonofos, and carbofuran were 2 to 3 times higher than those measured initially. The pattern of resistance development in field strains of onion maggot collected in 1975 and 1980 was similar to that observed in the laboratory selection program, but resistance levels were lower, probably because of lower selection pressure and the variety of chemicals used under practical conditions. After 14 generations of parathion selection, resistance levels were ×23.8 and ×10.1 to parathion and carbofuran, respectively. After 12 additional generations of carbofuran selection, carbofuran resistance increased to ×31.2, while the level of parathion resistance remained the same.
SIZE DIFFERENCES OF LABORATORY REARED AND WILD POPULATIONS OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE)
Authors: Southard Susan G. , Houseweart Mark W. , Jennings Daniel T. , Halteman William A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree body dimensions (body length, head width, and abdomen width) were used to determine size differences between laboratory-reared and wild populations of Trichogramma minutum Riley. Six separate groups of T. minutum were measured: three groups were from Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs, two from spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) eggs, and one from wild populations of spruce budworm.Female T. minutum from spruce budworm (large host) eggs were significantly larger for all body dimensions than T. minutum from S. cerealella (small host) eggs. Male T. minutum from field-collected spruce budworm eggs were significantly larger for all body dimensions than T. minutum reared for more than one generation in S. cerealella eggs.A significant reduction in female parasitoid size was observed during the initial generations of T. minutum reared in the smaller host (S. cerealella). However, this size reduction was not permanent. Following numerous generations in the S. cerealella host eggs, a significant increase in female parasitoid size was noted within the first generation of T. minutum reared in the spruce budworm host eggs.
EVALUATION OF AN ELECTRONIC MOSQUITO REPELLER
Authors: Lewis David J. , Fairchild Wayne L. , Leprince Daniel J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAntipic, an electronic mosquito repeller, was evaluated in the field and in the laboratory. It was ineffective in repelling natural populations of mosquitoes (mostly Aedes spp.) in Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.
PREDICTING ECLOSION OF OVERWINTERING EGGS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Herbert H. J. , McRae K. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEclosion of overwintering eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Nova Scotia was studied at four constant temperatures. Days to 50% hatch were 44.8, 23.1, 12.9, and 8.8 while the rates of development were 2.18, 4.53, 7.59, and 11.34% per day at 8°, 12°, 16 °and 20 °C, respectively. Nonlinear equations were developed to estimate the time to 50% hatch of overwintering eggs as a function of temperature. A weighted average of the daily extreme temperatures was used to improve the estimated time to 50% hatch for field data from the rates of development in the constant temperature studies.
FECUNDITY AND HOST UTILIZATION OF THE APHID PARASITE APHELINUS SEMIFLAVUS (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) AT TWO HOST DENSITIES
Authors: Mackauer Manfred 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe longevity, fecundity, and oviposition rates of Aphelinus semiflavus Howard were determined at densities of 20 and 60 pea aphid hosts per day. Host density had no significant effect on parasite longevity and total fecundity, but it did influence the mean daily oviposition rate (16.5 and 19.5 aphids/day at density 20 and 60, respectively) and the overall proportion of aphids parasitized (82.3% and 32.5%, respectively) during the period of maximum egg laying. The implications of a shift in the fecundity schedule to an earlier reproductive age are discussed.
EFFICACY OF DIFLUBENZURON AGAINST THE CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), AND IMPACT ON ORCHARD MITES
Authors: Anderson D. W. , Elliott R. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe efficacy of diflubenzuron against the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella L., was compared with that of azinphos-methyl in two orchards. Two cover sprays were applied to coincide with peak codling moth activity which was monitored daily with pheromone-baited traps. In the Golden Delicious and mixed cultivar orchards, 187 ppm (mg active ingredient/1.) diflubenzuron provided control comparable to that of 187 ppm azinphos-methyl. In the 47 ppm diflubenzuron treatment, more fruit damage occurred particularly in the mixed cultivar orchard. In this orchard, the addition of Tween 20 to the spray mixture reduced fruit damage markedly.Diflubenzuron appeared non-toxic to the phytoseiid Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt and stigmaeid Zetzellia mali Ewing. In addition, cover sprays did not increase populations of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) or rust mites, Aculus spp.The efficacy of diflubenzuron against the codling moth and its compatability with integrated mite control suggest that the compound is a promising agent for pest management programs in apple orchards.
CONSUMPTION AND UTILIZATION OF LEAF TISSUE OF TISSUE-CULTURED POPULUS × EURAMERICANA BY THE COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE, CHRYSOMELA SCRIPTA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Harrell M. O. , Benjamin D. M. , Berbee J. G. , Burkot T. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChrysomela scripta Fabricius adults showed a feeding preference for the youngest, most succulent leaves of tissue-cultured Populus × euramericana. Larvae fed equally on all leaves with water contents greater than 73%. Larvae chose shoot bark for feeding after all leaves with water contents greater that 70% had been consumed. Larvae reared on immature foliage had shorter developmental times and higher prepupal weights than those reared on mature foliage.
THE EPIPHYSIS OF THE GYPSY MOTH,LYMANTRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE): STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Authors: ODell T. M. , Shields K. S. , Mastro V. C. , Kring T. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe external structure, cellular structure, and function of the tibial epiphysis of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar(L.), are described. Scanning electron micrographs and histological preparations indicate that the epiphysis of the male gypsy moth is an efficient antennal comb, but behavioral studies indicate it is not required for either precopulatory stimulation or for orientation to sex pheromones. The acanthae covering the inner surface of the epiphysis appear to have only a mechanical function.
THE SPECIES AND NUMBER OF SYMBIOTIC PENICILLATE MILLIPEDS IN ARBOREAL ANT NESTS
Authors: Ishii Kiyoshi , Yamaoka Hiroto 
Published: December 2009

No reports have been published about symbiotic penicillate millipeds living in arboreal ant nests, though Donisthorpe (1927) reported those in edaphic ant nests. Therefore, we tried to determine the species and numbers of symbiotic penicillate millipeds in arboreal ant nests.An investigation of the symbiotic penicillate millipeds was conducted in both the maritime forest (Daphniphyllum teijsmannii Zoll., Pinus thunbergii Parl.) and the mountain forest (Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc., Castanopsis cuspidata Schottky var. sieboldii Nakai) on Miyakejima Island (about N 34°05′, E 139°30′) in the Pacific Ocean, 28 March 1980. As a result, we found symbiotic penicillate millipeds of the family Polyxenidae only in the maritime forest.