bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Very low rate and light smokers: smoking patterns and cessation‐related behaviour in England, 2006–11
Authors: Kotz Daniel , Fidler Jennifer , West Robert 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTAims  There is a growing interest in very low rate [fewer than one cigarette per day (CPD)] and light (one to nine CPD) smokers and in some parts of the world their numbers appear to be increasing. This paper examined changes in prevalence over the past 5 years, cessation patterns, and smoking and demographic characteristics of very low rate, light and moderate‐to‐heavy (10+ CPD) smokers in England.Design  Cross‐sectional and longitudinal data from aggregated monthly waves of a household survey: the Smoking Toolkit Study.Setting  England.Participants  A total of 23 245 smokers interviewed between November 2006 and May 2011 and 4147 who provided data at 6‐month follow‐up.Measurements  We compared the demographic and smoking characteristics between the three groups of smokers at baseline, and the rate of attempts to quit, use of aids to cessation and success of quit attempts at follow‐up.Findings  Very low rate smoking remained extremely rare (1.9% of smokers in 2006 to 2.8% in 2011), but light smoking became increasingly common (23.9–32.8%). Compared with moderate‐to‐heavy smokers, very low rate and light smokers were younger, more often female and from a higher socio‐economic background. They were more motivated to quit and enjoyed smoking less. During the 6‐month follow‐up period, light smokers, but not very low rate smokers, were more likely to attempt to quit than moderate‐to‐heavy smokers. When they tried to quit, very low rate and light smokers used aids to cessation less than moderate‐to‐heavy smokers but still used them to a substantial degree: 18%, 31% and 44% used over‐the‐counter nicotine replacement therapy in their most recent quit attempt for the three types of smoker, respectively. Even very low rate smokers had a substantial failure rate: 65% failed in their most recent quit attempt within 6 months.Conclusions  Very low rate (fewer than one cigarette per day) and light (one to nine cigarettes per day) smokers in England are at least as motivated to quit as heavier smokers. Although they use cessation medication less than heavier smokers and are more likely to succeed, they still use such medication and fail in quit attempts to a substantial degree.
Vicariance divergence and gene flow among islet populations of an endemic lizard
Authors: RUNEMARK ANNA , HEY JODY , HANSSON BENGT , SVENSSON ERIK I. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAllopatry and allopatric speciation can arise through two different mechanisms: vicariance or colonization through dispersal. Distinguishing between these different allopatric mechanisms is difficult and one of the major challenges in biogeographical research. Here, we address whether allopatric isolation in an endemic island lizard is the result of vicariance or dispersal. We estimated the amount and direction of gene flow during the divergence of isolated islet populations and subspecies of the endemic Skyros wall lizard Podarcis gaigeae, a phenotypically variable species that inhabits a major island and small islets in the Greek archipelago. We applied isolation‐with‐migration models to estimate population divergence times, population sizes and gene flow between islet–mainland population pairs. Divergence times were significantly correlated with independently estimated geological divergence times. This correlation strongly supports a vicariance scenario where islet populations have sequentially become isolated from the major island. We did not find evidence for significant gene flow within P. g. gaigeae. However, gene‐flow estimates from the islet to the mainland populations were positively affected by islet area and negatively by distance between the islet and mainland. We also found evidence for gene flow from one subspecies (P. g. weigandi) into another (P. g. gaigeae), but not in the other direction. Ongoing gene flow between the subspecies suggests that even in this geographically allopatric scenario with the sea posing a strong barrier to dispersal, divergence with some gene flow is still feasible.
Mortality after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery
Authors: Seymour Nicola , Granbichler Claudia A. , Polkey Charles E. , Nashef Lina 
Published: December 2011

SummaryPurpose:  To report mortality, after a longer interval, in a cohort of patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy treated by temporal lobe surgery between 1975 and 1995. A previous audit of these patients ending December 1, 1997 observed a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 4.5.Methods:  We analyzed mortality in a cohort of 306 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent temporal lobe resections between December 1, 1975 and December 1, 1995. Deaths occurring after December 1,1997 and until December 1, 2009 were evaluated. Medical records, death certificates, postmortem examination reports, coroner officer’s reports, and coroner’s inquest reports were sought, and causes of death were ascertained. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) cases were identified.Key Findings:  In 3,569 person‐years of follow‐up 19 deaths occurred, [SMR 2.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27–3.13], 14 men (SMR 2.01, 95% CI 1.19–3.39) and 5 women (SMR 1.68, 95% CI 0.70–4.03). On analysis of subgroups, SMRs were significantly elevated in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) (SMR 2.50, 95% CI 1.38–4.51), men with MTS (SMR 3.12, 95% CI 1.56–6.25), men with nonspecific lesions (SMR 2.68, 95% CI 1.00–7.09), and right‐sided resections in MTS (SMR 3.33, 95% CI 1.39–8.00). During follow‐up, six SUDEP cases were observed with a rate of 1/595 person‐years.Significance:  In this cohort, the risk for premature death in patients undergoing TLE surgery decreased over time but remained above the standard population. Men had a slightly higher risk than women, as did right‐sided resections in MTS, confirming this observation in the original cohort. Although lower, the risk of SUDEP remained. Without up‐to‐date information on seizure outcome, we were unable to directly relate this to mortality.
The Acute Hemodynamic Response to LV Pacing within Individual Branches of the Coronary Sinus using a Quadripolar Lead
Authors: SHETTY ANOOP K. , DUCKETT SIMON G. , LIANG YING , KAPETANAKIS STAMATIS , GINKS MATTHEW , BOSTOCK JULIAN , CARR‐WHITE GERALD , RHODE KAWAL , RAZAVI REZA , RINALDI C. ALDO 
Published: December 2011

Background:
It is not clear whether there is a large difference in acute hemodynamic response (AHR) to left ventricle (LV) pacing in different regions of the same coronary sinus (CS) vein. Using the four electrodes available on a Quartet LV lead, we evaluated the AHR to pacing within individual branches of the CS.
Methods:
An acute hemodynamic study was attempted in 20 patients. In each patient, we assessed AHR in a number of CS veins and along a significant proportion of each CS branch using three different bipolar configurations. We compared the AHR achieved when pacing using each different vector and also the highest AHR achieved in any position within the same patient with the lowest achieved in that patient.
Results
: Sixty‐four different CS positions in 19 patients were successfully assessed. No significant difference in AHR was found overall between the three vectors tested. The mean percentage difference in AHR between the CS branch vectors with the lowest and highest dP/dtmax was +6.5 ± 5.4% (P < 0.001). A much larger difference of +16.9 ± 6.1% (P < 0.001) was seen when comparing the highest and lowest AHR achieved using any vector in any position within the same patient.
Conclusion:
A small difference in AHR is seen when pacing within the same branch of the CS compared to pacing in different branches in the same patient. This suggests that although the site of LV lead placement is important, the position within a CS branch is less important than choosing the right vein. (PACE 2012; 35:196–203)
Quantity and safety vs. quality and performance: conflicting interests during mass rearing and transport affect the efficiency of sterile insect technique programs
Authors: Rull J. , Birke A. , Ortega R. , Montoya P. , López L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe sterile insect technique (SIT) requires production of large quantities of sterile males able to successfully compete with wild males for wild females. During eradication of a pest population, the release of fertile insects or capture of non‐marked released flies can have deleterious effects and trigger costly control measures. These perceived risks encourage program managers to apply high radiation doses and high doses of marking dye. In addition, mass rearing factories are strategically located away from release areas to prevent escape of fertile individuals within eradicated areas, raising the need for lengthy transport. Such is the case for Anastrepha obliqua Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae) released in mango producing areas of Mexico under an SIT‐based eradication campaign. Here, we examined several standard quality‐control parameters for mass‐reared A. obliqua subjected to various time periods under hypoxia during transport, marked with different doses of fluorescent dye, and subjected to different radiation doses. Such factors were evaluated in isolation and in conjunction. Overall, long periods of hypoxia, high marking doses, and high radiation doses reduced the number of flying adults and increased the number of non‐emerged pupae. Some quality‐control parameters such as number of deformed adults, part‐emerged pupae, and non‐flying adults provided less informative guidance or redundant information of fly performance. Some tests such as mortality under stress and mating propensity in small cages were useless in detecting differences in quality among treatments for parameters evaluated during experiments. We discuss the quantity/safety‐quality/performance conflict during eradication using SIT, propose different strategies according to different stages during eradication (management, suppression, eradication, outbreaks in free areas), where males irradiated at low doses and marked with low doses of dye can be released during early suppression, and examine the pertinence of carrying out different quality‐control tests.
Sedimentary context controls the influence of ecosystem engineering by bioturbators on microbial processes in river sediments
Authors: Navel Simon , Mermillod‐Blondin Florian , Montuelle Bernard , Chauvet Eric , Marmonier Pierre 
Published: December 2011

By modifying the physical environment, ecosystem engineers can have inordinately large effects on surrounding communities and ecosystem functioning. However, the significance of engineering in ecosystems greatly depends on the physical characteristics of the engineered habitats. Mechanisms underlying such context‐dependent impact of engineers remain poorly understood even though they are crucial to establish general predictions concerning the contribution of engineers to ecosystem structure and function.The present study aimed to decrypt such mechanisms by determining how the environmental context modulates the effects of ecosystem engineers (bioturbators) on microorganisms in river sediments. To test the effects of environmental context on the role of bioturbators in sediments, we used mesocosms and recreated two sedimentary contexts in the laboratory by adding a layer of either fine or coarse sand at the top of a gravel‐sand matrix. For each sediment context, we examined how the sediment reworking activity of a bioturbating tubificid worm (Tubifex tubifex) generated changes in the physical (sediment structure and permeability) and abiotic environments (hydraulic discharge, water chemistry) of microorganisms. Microbial characteristics (abundances, activities) and leaf litter decomposition – a major microbially‐mediated ecological process – were measured to evaluate the impact of bioturbation on biotic compartment.Our results showed that the permeability, the availability of oxygen and the activities of microorganisms were reduced in sediments covered with fine sand, in comparison with sediments covered with coarse sand. Tubifex tubifex significantly increased permeability (by about six‐fold), restored aerobic conditions and ultimately stimulated microbial communities (resulting in a 30% increase in leaf litter breakdown rate) in sediments covered with fine sand. In contrast T. tubifex had low effects in sediments topped by coarse sand, where O2 was already available for hyporheic microorganisms. Our study supports the idea that context dependency mainly modulates the effects of engineering by controlling the ability of engineers to create changes on abiotic (O2 in the present study) factors that are limiting for surrounding communities.
Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis
Authors: Bakhshi Mahin , Taheri Jamileh‐Bigom , Basir Shabestari Samira , Tanik Anett , Pahlevan Roozbeh 
Published: December 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00544.xComparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitisIntroduction:  Denture stomatitis (DS) is the most common form of chronic oral candidiasis. The standard treatment for DS is nystatin, which is accompanied with complications such as a bitter taste. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of garlic with nystatin in DS.Material and Methods:  This randomised clinical trial study was performed on 40 patients with DS. After obtaining written consent, patients were divided into two groups while members of each group were given either nystatin or garlic extract for 4 weeks. The length and width of erythema area was measured at the end of the first, second, third, and the fourth weeks using a calliper. Data were analysed by SPSS and statistical tests including variance analysis with anova repeated measures, chi‐square, and least square differences.Results:  The changes in the length and width of erythema at different times according to the type of treatment were found to be significant while an accelerated recovery was demonstrated for nystatin (p < 0.001). Both regimens resulted in significant recovery (p < 0.0001). Greater satisfaction with the use of garlic rather than nystatin was mentioned (p < 0.0001).Conclusion:  Considering the efficacy of garlic and lack of side effects for this compound and also regarding the nystatin‐associated complications, garlic extract can be introduced as a substitution for standard treatment in DS.
The short‐term effects of various oral care methods in dependent elderly: comparison between toothbrushing, tongue cleaning with sponge brush and wiping on oral mucous membrane by chlorhexidine
Authors: Tashiro Kazuhisa , Katoh Tamiko , Yoshinari Nobuo , Hirai Kaname , Andoh Nobuyuki , Makii Kakuma , Matsuo Kouichiro , Ogasawara Tadashi 
Published: December 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00577.xThe short‐term effects of various oral care methods in dependent elderly: comparison between toothbrushing, tongue cleaning with sponge brush and wiping on oral mucous membrane by chlorhexidineObjectives:  To explore the short‐term effects from toothbrushing, tongue cleaning with sponge brush and wiping on oral mucous membrane by chlorhexidine.Background:  Numerous reports have been seen in recent years proving the effectiveness of mouth cleaning with a toothbrush for the prevention of respiratory infections among the dependent elderly. However, the short‐term effects from each oral care method have not yet been clarified. Hence, an investigation was conducted by having each subject independently perform various oral care methods for five consecutive days.Materials and Methods:  The subjects consisted of 12 assistance‐dependent elderly who have difficulties with tooth brushing by themselves, have 10 or more residual teeth and are not yet using plate dentures. After the pre‐intervention examination, each of the following oral care methods were performed on the same subject on an approximately three week basis: 1) Tooth brushing 2)Tongue cleaning with sponge brush 3)Wiping on oral mucous with sponge brush by chlorhexidine. Each method was performed independently, once a day for 5 consecutive days and the subjects were reexamined on the sixth day for comparative verification.Results:  Consequently, toothbrushing decreased the plaque index and gingival index significantly and an improvement of oral malodour was also acknowledged (p < 0.01). Tongue cleaning with a sponge brush decreased the tongue coat score significantly (p < 0.05) and oral malodour was also improved (p < 0.01). Wiping on oral mucous with a sponge brush soaked in chlorhexidine significantly decreased opportunistic infections in the pharynx region (p < 0.05).Conclusions:  It was suggested that the use of not only a toothbrush but also chlorhexidine gluconate may be indicated for dependent elderly people in whom pathogens of opportunistic infection are detected.
The role of the central flexible region on the aggregation and conformational properties of human ataxin‐3
Authors: Santambrogio Carlo , Frana Anna M. , Natalello Antonino , Papaleo Elena , Regonesi Maria E. , Doglia Silvia M. , Tortora Paolo , Invernizzi Gaetano , Grandori Rita 
Published: December 2011

Aggregation of human ataxin‐3 (AT3) into amyloid fibrils is responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. This protein consists of a folded N‐terminal domain (Josephin domain, residues 1–182), a central flexible region (residues 183–291), a poly‐glutamine sequence of variable length and a short C‐terminal flexible region. Very little is known about the influence of the central flexible region on the conformational and aggregation properties of this protein. The present study aimed to investigate the specific role of this portion of the protein (residues 183–291). Accordingly, protein fragments 1–182 (AT3/182) and 1–291 (AT3/291) were produced and compared by thioflavin‐T fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, CD, intrinsic fluorescence and ESI‐MS. It is shown that the central flexible region enhances protein aggregation and can populate conformational states with different degrees of compactness. Both monomeric and dimeric partially‐folded forms are identified for both protein fragments under denaturing conditions. Partially‐folded monomers and dimers accumulate to a larger extent in AT3/291. These species represent good candidates for early intermediates of the aggregation process under the experimental conditions employed in the present study.Structured digital abstract
Ataxin‐3 and Ataxin‐3 bind by fluorescence technology (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3, 4)
Ataxin‐3 and Ataxin‐3 bind by mass spectrometry studies of complexes (View interaction)
Effect of the TNF‐α inhibitor adalimumab in patients with recalcitrant sarcoidosis: a prospective observational study using FDG‐PET
Authors: Milman Nils , Graudal Niels , Loft Annika , Mortensen Jann , Larsen Janni , Baslund Bo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground:  Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) plays a crucial role in sarcoidosis. In severe disease, treatment with TNF‐α inhibitors may be effective.Objectives:  Changes in sarcoid disease activity were assessed by fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) in patients with recalcitrant sarcoidosis treated with adalimumab.Methods:  Prospective 24‐week observational study. Patients continued medication with steroids and antimetabolites and received adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously every other week. Ten patients with biopsy‐proven sarcoidosis (two men) were included with a median age of 47 years (range 35–73). An FDG‐PET showing uptake indicating sarcoid activity was required at inclusion and repeated at the end of the study. FDG‐PET uptake was assessed by calculated standardised uptake value (SUV). Blood samples and lung function tests were performed regularly. Quality of life was assessed by the short‐form health survey (SF‐36) questionnaire.Results:  Following treatment with adalimumab, FDG‐PET uptake decreased in nine patients (P = 0.011) and increased in one patient. Maximum SUV fell from median 14.1 to 7.0 (P < 0.03), and mean SUV fell from median 6.5 to 2.9 (P < 0.02). Six patients had uptake in the lungs, which decreased after treatment (P = 0.035). Six patients had uptake in the lymph nodes, which decreased after treatment in five patients (P = 0.035). Four patients had non‐lymphatic extrathoracic uptake, which decreased after treatment (P = 0.05). There was no effect of adalimumab on pulmonary function tests, serum angiotensin I converting enzyme and blood lymphocyte (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) concentrations. Physical component summary score (SF‐36) increased during treatment, mental component summary score was unchanged.Conclusion:  In sarcoidosis, treatment with adalimumab can reduce disease activity, as assessed by FDG‐PET.Please cite this paper as: Milman N, Graudal N, Loft A, Mortensen J, Larsen J and Baslund B. Effect of the TNF‐α inhibitor adalimumab in patients with recalcitrant sarcoidosis: a prospective observational study using FDG‐PET. Clin Respir J 2012; DOI:10.1111/j.1752‐699X.2011.00276.x.
The Associations of Frozen Shoulder in Patients Requiring Arthroscopic Capsular Release
Authors: Smith Chris D. , White William J. , Bunker Tim D. 
Published: December 2011

Background Frozen shoulder is considered to be associated with diabetes, thyroid disease, heart disease, high cholesterol and Dupuytren's disease. However, these associations have been made without arthroscopic confirmation of frozen shoulder or comparison with a control group. The present study aimed to compare the incidence of co-morbidities in a group of arthroscopically proven frozen shoulder patients and an age-and sex-matched control group. Methods One hundred and one patients with clinical and arthroscopically proven primary frozen shoulder and no other intra-articular pathology were identified. One hundred and one patients were recruited from a fracture clinic as an age- and sex-matched control group. Each patient was sent a questionnaire to document co-morbidities and frozen shoulder in siblings. Results Only diabetes ( p = 0.002) and a sibling with frozen shoulder ( p < 0.02) were found to be risk factors for frozen shoulder. Discussion This is the first large study to use a precise diagnosis and a well-matched control group to quantify the associations of frozen shoulder. It confirms the link of frozen shoulder with diabetes and adds to the argument for a genetic link in patients requiring an arthroscopic capsular release. It questions the association of heart disease, high cholesterol and thyroid disease with frozen shoulder.
Haemoabdomen and colitis following a colon displacement in a 9‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare
Authors: Compostella F. , Roberts V. L. H. , Tremaine W. H. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThis report describes acute haemoabdomen following phenylephrine administration in a case treated for left dorsal displacement of the large colon. The horse also subsequently developed a severe colitis which was treated with aggressive medical therapy.
Finiteness theorems for algebraic groups over function fields
Authors: Conrad Brian 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe prove the finiteness of class numbers and Tate–Shafarevich sets for all affine group schemes of finite type over global function fields, as well as the finiteness of Tamagawa numbers and Godement’s compactness criterion (and a local analogue) for all such groups that are smooth and connected. This builds on the known cases of solvable and semi-simple groups via systematic use of the recently developed structure theory and classification of pseudo-reductive groups.