bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fistful of shells: amplifying sclerochronological and palaeoclimate signals from molluscan death assemblages
Authors: HELAMA S. , NIELSEN J. K. , MACIAS FAURIA M. , VALOVIRTA I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA growing body of literature is using sclerochronological information to infer past climates. Sclerochronologies are based on series of skeletal growth records of molluscs that have been correctly aligned in time. Incremental series are obtained from a number of shells to assess the temporal control and improve the climate signal in the final chronology. Much of the sclerochronological theory has been adopted from tree-ring science, due to the longer tradition and more firmly established concepts of chronology construction in dendrochronology. Compared to tree-ring studies, however, sclerochronological datasets are often characterized by relatively small sample size. Here we evaluate how effectively palaeoclimatic signal can be extracted from such a suite of samples. In so doing, the influences of the very basic methods that are applied in nearly every sclerochronological study to remove the non-climatic growth variability prior to palaeoclimatic interpretations, are ranked by their capability to amplify the desired signal. The study is performed in the context of six shells that constitute a bicentennial growth record from annual shell increments of freshwater pearl mussel. It was shown that when the individual series were detrended using the models set by the mean or the median summary curves for ageing (that is, applying Regional Curve Standardization, RCS), instead of fitting the ageing mode statistically to each series, the resulting sclerochronology displayed more low-frequency variability. Consistently, the added low-frequency variability evoked higher proxy–climate correlations. These results show the particular benefit of using the RCS method to develop sclerochronologies and preserve their low-frequency variations. Moreover, calculating the ageing curve and the final chronology by median, instead of mean, resulted in an amplified low-frequency climate signal. The results help to answer a growing need to better understand the behaviour of the sclerochronological data. In addition, we discuss the pitfalls that may potentially disrupt palaeoclimate signal detection in similar sclerochronological studies. Pitfalls may arise from shell taphonomy, water chemistry, time-variant characters of biological growth trends and small sample size.
Fluids in coesite-bearing rocks of the Tso Morari Complex, NW Himalaya: evidence for entrapment during peak metamorphism and subsequent uplift
Authors: MUKHERJEE BARUN K. , SACHAN HIMANSHU K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFluid inclusions trapped in coesite-bearing rocks provide important information on the fluid phases present during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The subduction-related coesite-bearing eclogites of the Tso Morari Complex, Himalaya, contain five major types of fluids identified by microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy. These are: (1) high-salinity brine, (2) N2, (3) CH4, (4) CO2and (5) low-salinity aqueous fluids. These fluids were trapped during both deep subduction and exhumation processes. The coesite-bearing rocks are inferred to have been buried to a depth of >120 km, where they experienced ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The fluid–rock interaction provides direct evidence for fluid derivation during a deep subduction process as demonstrated by silica–carbonate assemblages in eclogite. High salinity brine, N2and CH4inclusions are remnants of prograde and peak metamorphic fluids, whereas CO2and low-salinity aqueous fluids appear to have been trapped late, during uplift. The high-salinity brine was possibly derived from subducted ancient metasedimentary rocks, whereas the N2and CH4fluids were likely generated through chemical breakdown of NH3-bearing K minerals and graphite. Alternatively, CH4might have been formed by a mixed fluid that was released from calcareous sediments during subduction or supplied through subducted oceanic metabasic rocks. High density CO2is associated with matrix minerals formed during granulite-facies overprinting of the ultrahigh-pressure eclogite. During retrogression to amphibolite-facies conditions, low-salinity fluids were introduced from external sources, probably the enclosing gneisses. This source enhances salinity differences as compared to primary saline inclusions. The subducting Indian lithosphere produced brines prior to achieving maximal depths of >120 km, where fluids were instead dominated by gaseous phases. Subsequently, the Indian lithosphere released CO2-rich fluids during fast exhumation and was then infiltrated by the low-salinity aqueous fluids near the surface through external sources. Elemental modelling may improve quantitative understanding of the complexity of fluids and their reactions.
The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America
Authors: Weyland Kurt 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhat accounts for the spread of political protest and contention across countries? Analyzing the wildfire of attempted revolutions in 1848, the present article assesses four causal mechanisms for explaining diffusion, namely external pressure from a great power (such as revolutionary France after 1789); the promotion of new norms and values—such as liberalism and democracy—by more advanced countries; rational learning from successful contention in other nations; or boundedly rational, potentially distorted inferences from select foreign experiences. The patterns in which revolutionary contention spread and eyewitness reports from all sides of the ensuing conflicts suggest that bounded rationality played a crucial role: cognitive heuristics that deviate from fully rational procedures drew attention to some experiences but not others and induced both challengers and defenders of the established order to draw rash conclusions from these experiences, particularly the French monarchy's fall in February 1848. My study also shows, however, that other factors made important contributions, for instance by preparing the ground for the wave of regime contention.
Effects of Environmental Props on Communication in Aphasia Group Therapy
Authors: Pimentel Jane , Algeo Dana 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Group treatment is a viable intervention for adults with a variety of acquired neuropathologies. Using groups for intervention has been best established with persons with aphasia and allows for a focus on activity limitations and participation restrictions (World Health Organization [WHO], 2001). Wertz et al. (1981) showed that group therapy was at least as good as individual treatment and Elman and Bernstein-Ellis some years later demonstrated the efficacy of aphasia group therapy (1999a). This group therapy has been described as a communication halfway house, providing a safe place to produce less than perfect speech and practice compensatory strategies to communicate in a meaningful way (Helm-Estabrooks & Albert, 2004). Meaningful language goes beyond expressing wants and needs and addresses the social component to language (Light, 1988). The National Aphasia Association aptly describes this social focus of language saying that “the reach of aphasia seldom ends within the domain of language, as our ability to communicate shapes our perception of self and our ability to interact with friends and loved ones” (NAA, 2002). Elman and Bernstein-Ellis also demonstrated this psychosocial benefit of aphasia group therapy (1999b).
Intervention Strategies for the Staged Individual With Dementia
Authors: Voyzey George A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
There are 24 million individuals living with some form of dementia in the world today. In our lifetime, this number will continue to rise as health care and medicine permit the population to live longer. More nursing facilities will be needed to accommodate the increase in the geriatric population and with this surge will come an increase in the number of patients with some form of dementia. Speech-language pathologists must be prepared to assess and treat these patients demonstrating behaviors across the full spectrum of dementia. This article will familiarize clinicians with the Global Deterioration Scale developed by Barry Reisburg et al. for use in staging those individuals identified with Alzheimer's Disease; behaviors observed within the seven stages, treatment and intervention strategies to use within each stage to target and improve expressive, receptive and cognitive deficits.
Clinical Decision-Making for Stroke and Aphasia in the Older Adult
Authors: Hinckley Jacqueline 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A patient with aphasia that is uncomplicated by other cognitive abilities will usually show a primary impairment of language. The frequency of additional cognitive impairments associated with cerebrovascular disease, multiple (silent or diagnosed) infarcts, or dementia increases with age and can complicate a single focal lesion that produces aphasia. The typical cognitive profiles of vascular dementia or dementia due to cerebrovascular disease may differ from the cognitive profile of patients with Alzheimer's dementia. In order to complete effective treatment selection, clinicians must know the cognitive profile of the patient and choose treatments accordingly. When attention, memory, and executive function are relatively preserved, strategy-based and conversation-based interventions provide the best choices to target personally relevant communication abilities. Examples of treatments in this category include PACE and Response Elaboration Training. When patients with aphasia have co-occurring episodic memory or executive function impairments, treatments that rely less on these abilities should be selected. Examples of treatments that fit these selection criteria include spaced retrieval and errorless learning. Finally, training caregivers in the use of supportive communication strategies is helpful to patients with aphasia, with or without additional cognitive complications.
WebArrayDB: cross-platform microarray data analysis and public data repository
Authors: Xia Xiao-Qin , McClelland Michael , Porwollik Steffen , Song Wenzhi , Cong Xianling , Wang Yipeng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMotivation: Cross-platform microarray analysis is an increasingly important research tool, but researchers still lack open source tools for storing, integrating and analyzing large amounts of microarray data obtained from different array platforms.Results: An open source integrated microarray database and analysis suite, WebArrayDB (http://www.webarraydb.org), has been developed that features convenient uploading of data for storage in a MIAME (Minimal Information about a Microarray Experiment) compliant fashion, and allows data to be mined with a large variety of R-based tools, including data analysis across multiple platforms. Different methods for probe alignment, normalization and statistical analysis are included to account for systematic bias. Student's t-test, moderated t-tests, non-parametric tests and analysis of variance or covariance (ANOVA/ANCOVA) are among the choices of algorithms for differential analysis of data. Users also have the flexibility to define new factors and create new analysis models to fit complex experimental designs. All data can be queried or browsed through a web browser. The computations can be performed in parallel on symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems or Linux clusters.Availability: The software package is available for the use on a public web server (http://www.webarraydb.org) or can be downloaded.Contact: xqxia70@gmail.com; mcclelland.michael@gmail.com; yipengw@gmail.comSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Comparative Analysis between Homoeologous Genome Segments ofBrassica napusand Its Progenitor Species Reveals Extensive Sequence-Level Divergence
Authors: Cheung Foo , Trick Martin , Drou Nizar , Lim Yong Pyo , Park Jee-Young , Kwon Soo-Jin , Kim Jin-A , Scott Rod , Pires J. Chris , Paterson Andrew H. , Town Chris , Bancroft Ian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHomoeologous regions of Brassica genomes were analyzed at the sequence level. These represent segments of the Brassica A genome as found in Brassica rapa and Brassica napus and the corresponding segments of the Brassica C genome as found in Brassica oleracea and B. napus. Analysis of synonymous base substitution rates within modeled genes revealed a relatively broad range of times (0.12 to 1.37 million years ago) since the divergence of orthologous genome segments as represented in B. napus and the diploid species. Similar, and consistent, ranges were also identified for single nucleotide polymorphism and insertion-deletion variation. Genes conserved across the Brassica genomes and the homoeologous segments of the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana showed almost perfect collinearity. Numerous examples of apparent transduplication of gene fragments, as previously reported in B. oleracea, were observed in B. rapa and B. napus, indicating that this phenomenon is widespread in Brassica species. In the majority of the regions studied, the C genome segments were expanded in size relative to their A genome counterparts. The considerable variation that we observed, even between the different versions of the same Brassica genome, for gene fragments and annotated putative genes suggest that the concept of the pan-genome might be particularly appropriate when considering Brassica genomes.
Cloud forest dynamics in the Mexican neotropics during the last 1300 years
Authors: FIGUEROA‐RANGEL BLANCA L. , WILLIS KATHY J. , OLVERA‐VARGAS MIGUEL 
Published: July 2009

AbstractKey questions for understanding the resilience and variability of Mexican Neotropical cloud forest assemblages in current and future climate change include: How have human disturbances and climate change affected the dynamics of the cloud forest assemblage? What are the predominant processes responsible for its present day composition and distribution? Are the current conservation strategies for the cloud forest in accordance with preserving its natural variability through time? In this study, the temporal dynamics of the cloud forest in west‐central Mexico over the last ∼1300 years were reconstructed using palaeoecological techniques. These included analyses of fossil pollen, microfossil charcoal, and sediment geochemistry. Results indicated that a cloud forest assemblage has been the predominant vegetation type in this region over the last ∼1300 years. During this time, however, there have been changes in the vegetation with an apparent expansion of cloud forest from ∼832 to 620 cal years bp and a decline from 1200 to 832 cal years bp. Climate change (intervals of aridity) and human disturbances through anthropogenic burning appear to have been the main factors influencing the dynamics of this cloud forest. The spatial heterogeneity reported for high‐altitude forests in this region, in concert with high beta diversity, appears to be a manifestation of the high temporal variability in species composition for these forests. Greater turnover in cloud forest taxa occurred during intervals of increased humidity and is probably representative of a higher temporal competition for resources among the cloud forest taxa. The present results support the current protection scheme for cloud forests in west‐central Mexico where areas are kept in exclusion zones to avoid timber extraction, grazing, and agriculture; this will maintain diversity within these forests, even if there are only a few individuals per species, and enable the forests to retain some resilience to current and future climate change.
Neuronal and glial localization of the cannabinoid‐1 receptor in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of the rodent spinal cord
Authors: Hegyi Zoltán , Kis Gréta , Holló Krisztina , Ledent Catherine , Antal Miklós 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA long line of experimental evidence indicates that endogenous cannabinoid mechanisms play important roles in nociceptive information processing in various areas of the nervous system including the spinal cord. Although it is extensively documented that the cannabinoid‐1 receptor (CB1‐R) is strongly expressed in the superficial spinal dorsal horn, its cellular distribution is poorly defined, hampering our interpretation of the effect of cannabinoids on pain processing spinal neural circuits. Thus, we investigated the cellular distribution of CB1‐Rs in laminae I and II of the rodent spinal dorsal horn with immunocytochemical methods. Axonal varicosities revealed a strong immunoreactivity for CB1‐R, but no CB1‐R expression was observed on dendrites and perikarya of neurons. Investigating the co‐localization of CB1‐R with markers of peptidergic and non‐peptidergic primary afferents, and axon terminals of putative glutamatergic and GABAergic spinal neurons we found that nearly half of the peptidergic (immunoreactive for calcitonin gene‐related peptide) and more than 20% of the non‐peptidergic (binding isolectin B4) nociceptive primary afferents, more than one‐third and approximately 20% of the axon terminals of putative glutamatergic (immunoreactive for vesicular glutamate transporter 2) and GABAergic (immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase; GAD65 and/or GAD67) spinal interneurons, respectively, were positively stained for CB1‐R. In addition to axon terminals, almost half of the astrocytic (immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein) and nearly 80% of microglial (immunoreactive for CD11b) profiles were also immunolabeled for CB1‐R. The findings suggest that the activity‐dependent release of endogenous cannabinoids activates a complex signaling mechanism in pain processing spinal neural circuits into which both neurons and glial cells may contribute.
On how the motor cortices resolve an inter‐hemispheric response conflict: an event‐related EEG potential‐guided TMS study of the flankers task
Authors: Verleger Rolf , Kuniecki Michał , Möller Friderike , Fritzmannova Michaela , Siebner Hartwig R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn important aspect of human motor control is the ability to resolve conflicting response tendencies. Here we used single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to track the time course of excitability changes in the primary motor hand areas (M1HAND) while the motor system resolved response conflicts. Healthy volunteers had to respond fast with their right and left index fingers to right‐ and left‐pointing arrows. These central target stimuli were preceded by flanking arrows, inducing premature response tendencies which competed with correct response activation. The time point of maximum premature activation was individually measured as peak latency of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) in the EEG. In the subsequent TMS experiment, single pulses were applied to left or right M1HAND during the same flanker task. The amplitude of the motor evoked potentials in the contralateral first dorsal interosseus muscle was taken as an index of corticospinal excitability. Guided by the previous LRP measurement, magnetic stimuli were applied 0–90 ms after the individual LRP peak, to cover the epoch of conflict resolution. When flankers were incompatible with the target, excitability of the prematurely activated M1HAND gradually decreased during this 90 ms period. This decrease was paralleled by a mirror‐symmetrical increase in excitability in the other M1HAND. These results show that the inappropriate response tendency is cancelled in one M1HAND simultaneously with activation of the correct response in the other. This integrated implementation of response activation and cancellation at the level of the M1HAND presumably represents a downstream effect orchestrated by premotor brain regions.
Neural correlates of evaluative compared with passive tasting
Authors: Bender Genevieve , Veldhuizen Maria G. , Meltzer Jed A. , Gitelman Darren R. , Small Dana M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the hypothesis that the nature of the neural response to taste varies as a function of the task the subject is asked to perform. Subjects received sweet, sour, salty and tasteless solutions passively and while evaluating stimulus presence, pleasantness and identity. Within the insula and overlying operculum the location of maximal response to taste vs. tasteless varied as a function of task; however, the primary taste cortex (anterior dorsal insula/frontal operculum – AIFO), as well as a more ventral region of anterior insula, responded to taste vs. tasteless irrespective of task. Although the response here did not depend upon task, preferential connectivity between AIFO and the amygdala (bilaterally) was observed when subjects tasted passively compared with when they performed a task. This suggests that information transfer between AIFO and the amygdala is maximal during implicit processing of taste. In contrast, a region of the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) responded preferentially to taste and to tasteless when subjects evaluated pleasantness, and was preferentially connected to earlier gustatory relays (caudomedial OFC and AIFO) when a taste was present. This suggests that processing in the lateral OFC organizes the retrieval of gustatory information from earlier relays in the service of computing perceived pleasantness. These findings show that neural encoding of taste varies as a function of task beyond that of the initial cortical representation.
Dopamine D1‐like receptor antagonism in amygdala impairs the acquisition of glucose‐conditioned flavor preference in rats
Authors: Touzani Khalid , Bodnar Richard J. , Sclafani Anthony 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study examined the role of dopamine within the amygdala (AMY) in flavor preference learning induced by post‐oral glucose. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with a flavor [conditioned stimulus (CS+)] paired with intragastric (IG) infusions of 8% glucose and a different flavor (CS−) paired with IG water infusions. The CS+ preference was evaluated in two‐bottle tests following bilateral injection of the dopamine D1‐like receptor antagonist, SCH23390 (SCH), into the AMY at total doses of 0, 12, 24 and 48 nmol. SCH produced dose‐dependent reductions in CS+ intake but did not block the CS+ preference except at the two highest doses, which also greatly suppressed the CS intakes. In Experiment 2, new rats were injected daily in the AMY with either saline or SCH (12 nmol), prior to training sessions with CS+/IG glucose and CS−/IG water. In the two‐bottle tests, SCH rats, unlike the control rats, failed to prefer the CS+ (55 vs. 81%). In Experiments 3 and 4, new rats were trained as in Experiment 2, except that brain injections were in the basolateral and central nuclei of the AMY, respectively. SCH rats learned to prefer the CS+ to the CS−, although their preference was weaker than that displayed by the control rats (Experiment 3: 59 vs. 80%; Experiment 4: 73 vs. 88%). These results show an essential role for D1‐like receptor activation in the AMY in the acquisition of flavor preference learning induced by the post‐oral reinforcing properties of glucose. A distributed network mediating flavor–nutrient incentive learning is discussed.