bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Electrical Resistivity of Concrete with Emphasis on the Use of Electrical Resistance for Measuring Moisture Content
Authors: Woelfl GA , Lauer K 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The paper describes an investigation of the electrical resistivity of concrete. In particular, electrical resistance of concrete was found to increase with decreasing water-cement ratio and increasing aggregate-cement ratio and entrained air content. The results show that calculating a water-concrete ratio by volume provides a convenient way of comparing the electrical resistivity of concretes of different mix proportions. The study also demonstrates that electrical resistance can be used to measure the moisture content of concrete. Electrical resistance increases as moisture content decreases with the least rate of change within the highest range of moisture contents. Although other techniques for measuring moisture content of concrete are more accurate, the use of electrical resistance has the advantage of being a relatively simple procedure that uses inexpensive equipment.
The Analysis of Interlaboratory Test Data
Authors: Mandel J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In designing an interlaboratory study for the determination of the precision and accuracy of a test method, detailed attention must be given to a number of items. Foremost among these is the selection of laboratories and materials. The materials should cover the range of levels to which the test is intended to apply. The laboratories should have acquired thorough familiarity with the method, obtained if necessary in the course of a preliminary round-robin test. It is good practice to analyze the data level by level and to subsequently examine the within- and between-laboratory components of variance as functions of the level. The paper includes a comparison of this method of analysis with one based on two-way analysis of variance.
Ruggedness Evaluation of Test Procedures
Authors: Wernimont G 
Published: September 2009

AbstractW. J. Youden was the first to suggest that a test method be evaluated for ruggedness in a single laboratory before we subject it to an interlaboratory performance study. This review explains the logic behind this simple and efficient experimental design and includes a completely worked out example, from one of Youden's papers, for the commonly used scheme of 7 factors in 8 experiments. Experimental plans for studying the effects of 11 factors in 12 experiments and 15 factors in 16 experiments are layed out along with many references.
Establishing Specification Limits for Materials
Authors: Philleo RE 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Materials specification limits should minimize materials and testing costs while providing adequate protection for both producer and consumer. The publication of precision statements in ASTM test methods makes possible a rational method for establishing the number of determinations to be averaged for a reported test result for a given test method and is useful in establishing specification limits for mutually dependent properties and for comparisons between treated and untreated materials. Detailed procedures are given for establishing specification limits for the heat of hydration of portland cement and the contribution to durability of concrete admixtures.
Precision Statements Without an Interlaboratory Test Program
Authors: Arni HT 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The accepted and best way to acquire data as a basis for writing a precision statement for a test method is to conduct an interlaboratory study designed for that purpose. However, it is sometimes possible to develop a usable precision statement with data from other sources, such as historical data or data from a recognized reference sample program. This paper gives examples of such statements developed for two ASTM methods and describes how they were developed.
God′s Body: Epistemic and Ritual Conceptions from Sanskrit Texts of Logic
Authors: Colas Gérard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Discussions on the nature of the relationship between a god, his body and his material representation are almost non-existent in the Hindu devotional perspective, where such concerns are superfluous. Hindu theological and ritual Sanskrit texts, on the other hand, applied procedures of reasoning with regard to that relationship. This rationalization however accommodated rather than conflicted with the devotional attitude. Their attempt to clarify their stand vis-à-vis god′s body and material image followed from ideological or technical requirements. This was done sometimes systematically, as in the Viśiṣṭādvaita school of philosophy where the ritual image is declared to be a divine descent (of God) for the purpose of worship; sometimes incidentally, as in ritual manuals, where the process of changing statues into divine bodies is described.
But why should gods have a body at all? While some contend that they do not possess any body, others assert that they possess several at the same time, yet others infer the necessity of a body for God to create the universe, to reveal sacred texts, etc. These are some arguments and counter-arguments found in theological texts. The nature of the hierarchy between divine descents and images (which may or may not be considered as real bodies of gods) is another aspect of the discussion.
Another question is the various ways in which ritual texts consider the relation between a god and his image. While immediacy characterizes the relation between the devotee and the image of god, the relation between ritual and image is far from being spontaneous. Rituals insure the presence of a god in an image through a technico-mystical process consisting of successive stages and involving patrons, astrologers, artists, priests and others. The final product, namely a concrete god-cum-image, is fit for devotion, but remains for ever fragile, dependent on the continuity of rites and on the material preservation of the image. Behind the ritual perspective also lies the notion that this process of creating a body for a god is in keeping with natural laws. Hindu ritual prescriptions are applicable only to the religious images which, though man-made, are considered as natural. Supra-natural divine images, known as self-manifested images, must be worshiped, but are beyond the range of these prescriptions.
Yogic Rays: The Self-Externalization of the Yogi in Ritual, Narrative and Philosophy
Authors: White David Gordon 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In the late Upanishads and the Mahabharata, one begins to encounter descriptions of Yogis who are possessed of the power to exit their bodiesvia rays (raśmi) that radiate outward from their eyes, heart, or fontanelas a means to rising up to the sun or to entering the bodies of other creatures. In the centuries that follow, this power becomes a commonplace of yogic theory and yogic lore, with ritual, narrative, and philosophical texts describing the Yogi′s appropriation of other creatures′ bodies in both symbiotic and predatory modes. In the former case, the yogic fusing of the channels is the means by which a Tantric teacher initiates his disciple: exiting his own body, his mindstuff travels along a ray to enter his disciple′s body, which he transforms from within. In the latter, the practice of subtle yoga, as described in the ninth-century Netra Tantra, becomes a means by which a Yogi may take over another person′s body, either to inhabit it or to draw its energy back into his own body, thereby increasing his own power. Through these techniques, the Yogi is said to possess the power to enter multiple bodies simultaneously, creating armies of himself in the process. These practices, which are attested in hundreds of documents, fly in the face of received notions of so-called classical yoga, in which the emphasis is placed on turning the senses inward to isolate the mind-body complex from the distractions of the outside world. In the light of these practices of yogic self-externalization, a re-evaluation of classical yoga itself is in order.
Telling Bodies
Authors: Baldissera Fabrizia 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
An analysis of what the physical description of bodies tells us about the hypocritical characters of government officials, bawds, drunkards and dishonest gurus in Sanskrit satirical works. This paper presents selected portrayals of the physical female and male bodies from both satires and comic monologue plays. These satires make fun of hypocritical people in power, while the plays comment on life in the red light district. Bodies in these works are seen as mirrors and metaphors of the personalities and types who inhabit them, revealed both through their shape and their body language.
Open Bodies
Authors: Böhler Arno 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
On the basis of Patañjali′s classic definition of yoga in Yogasūtra 1.2 yoga usually has been interpreted as a practice to calm down the restless agitations of our embodied minds during their entanglement with the material world. A yoginī thus has to turn her senses away from the outside world in order to unite herself with the absolute that dwells in all of us. In line with David G. White one could call such a classic view of the Indian body a closed model of the same. It is the aim of this text to offer an alternative reading of the Indian body as an open system, in which a body is understood as an entity, always already ex-posed, substantially, toward the world it is surrounded by, so that it is impossible for it to hide itself from the environment it is embedded in and affected by. In the final part of my text I will compare this ancient Indian concept of an open model of bodies with contemporary efforts of Jean-Luc NANCY to induce such an idea in the West by interpreting bodies as a space of a world-wide being-with.
Untouchable Bodies of Knowledge in the Spirit Possession of Malabar
Authors: Freeman John Richardson 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article treats the liturgical narratives that bring on spirit possession in the Teyyam worship of northern Kerala for a deity named Poṭṭan, the apotheosis of an Untouchable who is celebrated as having openly contended with the great Śaṅkarācārya over the issue of caste. By tracing the history and stratigraphy of these liturgical materials from their later Sanskritized framing back into their earlier textual antecedents in Malayalam and Tamil, we find evidence for formalized bodies of knowledge among the lower castes which had fused indigenous cults of spirit possession with Tantric doctrines of embodied liberation to argue for the baselessness of caste discrimination.
Performing God′s Body
Authors: Sax William S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Bhairav is the central deity in a cult of ritual healing in the Central Himalayas that is closely associated with the lowest castes. This article discusses his embodied form, arguing that it is intimately related to the bodies of low-caste people, whose oppression and suffering it both reflects and ameliorates. This history of Bhairav´s body is captured by in local memory and oral history; and its iconography is revealed in songs and rituals. Ultimately, Bhairav´s appearance in the body of a "possessed" devotee is his most important mode of embodiment, and one that tells us a great deal about what it means to be a Harijan.
Ritual Competence as Embodied Knowledge
Authors: Hüsken Ute 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The essay Ritual Competence as Embodied Knowledge by Ute Hüsken points at the importance of questions concerning the body-mind distinction in a ritual tradition which is usually seen as text-dominated, and strictly rule-governed. The underlying case study is the initiation into priesthood in South Indian Vaiṣṇava traditions, on the basis of both field research among the priests and the analysis of the relevant mediaeval Sanskrit texts. Ritual knowledge, it is argued, is above all embodied knowledge. Even in largely textual traditions the bearers ritual specialists have the authority not only to perform the ritual, but also to adapt it to contextual needs.
Human Body, Folk Narratives and Rituals
Authors: John S. Simon 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The socio-cultural construction of human body differs from the biological construction, and the body is seen as an existential basis of human interaction within given social, cultural, political and environmental conditions. Human body is not only an organic object but also a cultural object and it is constantly being altered by natural and cultural process. Every folk society has its own traditional understanding of the concepts of 'body′, 'self′, 'soul′ and 'agency′ and several rituals are performed in order to heal, purify and transform the body. Rituals are one mode of cultural praxis through which bodies, knowledge, powers, agency and selves have been repositioned through practice. This study is an effort to understand the socio- cultural construction of human body with special reference to 'rituals′ that are performed in folk religious practices in Tamil Nadu, South India. How human body is culturally professed, purified, transformed and healed through rituals is the important subject matter of this paper.
Body Condition and Fat Score in Local and Passage Populations of the Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) During the Spring Migration in NE Bulgaria
Authors: Zehtindjiev Pavel 
Published: September 2009

Body Condition and Fat Score in Local and Passage Populations of the Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) During the Spring Migration in NE Bulgaria
The fat level and the body mass of local Great Reed Warblers in the Kalimok Field Station, NE Bulgaria (41°00'N, 26°26'E) were compared with those of passing birds. During the springs of 1998-2004, 591 individuals of this species were mist-netted and handled according to the guidelines in the Manual of Field Methods (ESF project) and to the South-East European Bird Migration Network (SEEN) standards. As local birds we identified 60 individuals caught at least twice in different seasons. The means of the fat score and the body mass calculated for the local birds and for the passing Great Reed Warblers were similar. Also, the time of the local birds arrival and the passage of the species in the region studied coincided. Therefore, we suggest that the southern and northern populations have equal potentials for realization of their migratory state and birds from southern populations could spread in spring to the north, being an important interregional gene flow in Great Reed Warblers.
MORPHOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF ELECTRODEPOSITED ZN-NI ALLOY COATINGS ON MILD STEEL
Authors: Rahman M J , Sen S R , Moniruzzaman M , Shorowordi K M 
Published: September 2009

Zinc-nickel alloys electrochemically deposited on mild steel under various deposition conditions were investigated. The effect of plating variables (bath composition, pH, current density) on the coating composition, morphology, corrosion property and microhardness were investigated. Modified morphology with perfect crystal growth, uniform arrangement of crystals, refinement in crystal size and hence bright deposit was obtained from sulfate Bath-3 containing 30 g/l H3BO3 at a current density of 75 mA/cm2. Corrosion resistance as well as microhardness of Zn-Ni alloy coatings increased with the increase of %Ni in the deposit for all the sulphate baths studied. Optimum conditions for good deposition are also discussed. Keywords: Zn-Ni alloy, electrodeposition, morphology, corrosion resistance. doi: 10.3329/jme.v40i1.3468 Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. ME40, No. 1, June 2009 9-14
HEAT TRANSFER IN A POROUS MEDIUM OVER A STRETCHING SURFACE WITH INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION AND SUCTION OR INJECTION IN THE PRESENCE OF RADIATION
Authors: Sultana Tamanna , Saha Sumon , Rahman Mohammad Mansur , Saha Goutam 
Published: September 2009

Heat transfer in a porous medium over a stretching surface with internal heat generation and suction or injection has been analyzed numerically in the presence of radiation. In this analysis, the governing equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations and solved them numerically using Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique. The local similarity solutions for the flow and the heat transfer characteristics are presented graphically for various material parameters entering into the problem. The effects of the pertinent parameters on the local skin friction coefficient (viscous drag) and the Nusselt number (rate of heat transfer) are also displayed graphically. Keywords: Internal heat generation, suction, injection, radiation, Nusselt number. doi: 10.3329/jme.v40i1.3469 Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. ME40, No. 1, June 2009 22-28
ANALYTICAL AND CFD INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT DIFFUSION MODEL FOR PARTICLE DISPERSION AND DEPOSITION
Authors: Hossain Alamgir , Naser Jamal 
Published: September 2009

A 2D analytical turbulent diffusion model for particle dispersion and deposition at different heights across the pipe flow and circumferential deposition has been developed. This liquid-solid turbulent diffusion model presented in this paper has emanated from an existing gas-liquid turbulent diffusion model. Simultaneously a comprehensive 3D numerical investigation has been carried out to study the above making of multiphase mixture model available in Fluent 6.1. In both studies different particles sizes and densities were used. The deposition was studied as a function of particle diameter, density and fluid velocity. The deposition of particles, along the periphery of the wall and at different depths, was also investigated. Both studies showed that the deposition of heavier particles at the bottom of the pipe wall was found to be higher at lower velocities and lower at higher velocities. The lighter particles were found mostly suspended with homogeneous distribution. Smaller particles were also suspended with marginal higher concentration near the bottom of the wall. This marginal higher concentration of the smaller particles was found to be slightly pronounced for lower velocity. The larger particles clearly showed deposition near the bottom of the wall. These analogies of particles are well discussed with the ratio between free flight velocity and the gravitational settling velocity. Key Words: Multiphase flow, turbulence diffusion, particle deposition, horizontal flow. doi: 10.3329/jme.v40i1.3472 Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. ME40, No. 1, June 2009 39-53
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL CORRELATIONS OF CUTTING PARAMETERS FOR MACHINING GRAPHITE WITH CNC WEDM
Authors: ParameswaraRao Ch. V. S. , Sarcar M. M. M. 
Published: September 2009

The Wire cut electrical discharge machining is found to have tremendous potential in the present day metal cutting process, for achieving improved geometric features of work pieces, dimensional accuracy, surface finish etc. Improving the productivity in CNC WEDM depends solely on optimization of various process parameters viz... discharge current, thickness etc. Thus the present work is aimed at experimental evaluation of those machining parameters for different sizes of Graphite which is a prominent electrode material. Further the effect of these parameters on cutting speed, spark gap and material removal rate is investigated and best suited values are obtained for stable and controlled machining with least wire breakage. Based on the experimental results, empirical correlations are established and validated to evaluate the above parameters analytically for different work piece sizes. The correlations are found useful for finding the best suited discharge current, spark gap, cutting speed and cutting time under various cutting conditions. The results are represented in graphical form also. Key Words: WEDM, Cutting speed, MRR, Spark gap, Mathematical correlations doi: 10.3329/jme.v40i1.3474 Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. ME40, No. 1, June 2009 63-67
Study of Serum Cholesterol Levels among the Patients of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Hafiz M Samiul , Arslan M Iqbal , Banarjee Sajal , Obaidullah M 
Published: September 2009

Myocardial Infarction (MI) is the most common form of heart disease and the single most important cause of premature death in the developed and developing world. Unfortunately the incidence of the condition is increasing rapidly in many developing countries like Bangladesh. Effort should therefore be taken to minimize the risk factors of MI. Large scale randomized clinical trials have shown that lowering high cholesterol concentration mainly by drugs reduces the risk of cardiac events like MI. This study was designed to see the serum cholesterol levels in normal healthy subjects, to compare serum cholesterol levels in patients with MI and those of healthy subjects and to evaluate the association of serum cholesterol level in Bangladesh MI patients. The present study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, BSMMU in collaboration with Department of Cardiology, BSMMU and NICVD, Dhaka during the period of July 2001 to December 2002. A total of 50 subjects were selected, Group A (30 subjects of Control) and Group B (20 subjects of MI). The mean level of serum cholesterol in control subjects were 145.07 ± 31.39 mg/dl and in test subjects were 226.91 ± 44.38 mg/dl. This study showed that serum cholesterol level was significantly higher in patients with MI. From the present study, it is difficult to draw any definite conclusion but suggested that high serum cholesterol concentration plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MI. doi: 10.3329/taj.v17i1.3483 TAJ 2004; 17(1) : 13-15
Gingivitis: A Common Preventable Oral Health Problem
Authors: Nessa Jebun , Choudhury SR 
Published: September 2009

Bangladesh is a country possessing harmful lifestyle for oral health. The country culture put the people to be exposed to harmful factors responsible for development of gingivitis. However, effective health education can bring encouraging result to aware them for healthy practice. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of habitual factor as well as demographic influence on gingival health status. A hospital-based cross sectional descriptive study was carried out at the Faculty of Dentistry, BSMMU, Dhaka-1000, from April-June of 2004. A total of 117 cased were interviewed and examined. Data were collected from all patients attended the dental outpatient department. All patients were interviewed (face-to-face) using a semi-structured questionnaire. Clinical examination was performed to measure the gingival health status using standard gingival index. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS program version 10.0. Among all participants 37.6% were female and 62.4% were male. The age range of the participants was 10-65 years. Most of the participants were student (22.2%). The study showed high rate of gingivitis (89%). The peak prevalent age group was over 40 years. The worst condition was detected among those who were both tobacco users as well as betel nut chewers (73.3%) and this is highly significant (p<.000). The majority of the study population showed a tendency to brush their teeth in the morning (86.3%) rather than at night (10.3%). It was found that the prevalence of gingivitis significantly increased with decreasing social class irrespective of sex. The study also found other interesting associated factors related to the gingivitis. Since little information is currently available in Bangladesh, small-scale hospital-based survey offers little support regarding the concept of gingivitis and its associated factors. Further study is needed with bigger sample size preferably using qualitative approach. doi: 10.3329/taj.v17i1.3485 TAJ 2004; 17(1) : 20-26