bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medication Reconciliation Performed by Pharmacy Technicians at the Time of Preoperative Screening
Authors: Bemt Patricia Mla Van Den , Broek Sifra Van Den , Nunen Alfons K Van , Harbers Johannes Bm , Lenderink Albert W 
Published: May 2009

Background Medication errors occur regularly in surgical patients, especially due to transfer problems at the time of hospital admission. A method for decreasing the error rate is medication reconciliation by hospital pharmacists as part of a preoperative clinic. The role of pharmacy technicians in this process has not been studied. Objective To study the use of pharmacy technicians in medication reconciliation by measuring the effect of early reconciliation in the preoperative clinic on medication and allergy discrepancies and on inadvertent continuation of antithrombotics. A secondary objective was to study the effect of community pharmacist follow-up on recommendations to discontinue antithrombotic therapy. Methods During the pre intervention measurement period, patients received usual care by anesthesiologists, who recorded the medication and documented allergies of the patient. The intervention consisted of the addition of a pharmacy technician to the preoperative screening clinic to perform the same tasks as anesthesiologists as related to medication reconciliation. If necessary, the patient was advised on stopping the antithrombotic. On the day that the patient was supposed to stop the antithrombotic, that person's community pharmacist contacted the patient to determine whether this had been done. The main outcome measures were the proportions of patients with one or more medication discrepancy, one or more allergy discrepancy, and one or more antithrombotic error. Results In the preintervention period, 204 patients were evaluated; 93 were included in the postintervention analysis. The proportion of patients with one or more medication discrepancy (RR 0.29; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.71) was statistically significantly reduced in the postintervention group. The proportions of patients with one or more allergy discrepancy (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.35 to 1.64) and one or more antithrombotic errors (RR 0.18; 95% CI 0.02 to 1.33) were reduced, but not significantly. Follow-up by the community pharmacist did not identify any patients who had not followed the preoperative clinic's advice on temporarily withholding their antithrombotics. Conclusions The results of this study show that pharmacy technicians can be successfully assigned to a preoperative clinic, resulting in a statistically significant decrease in medication discrepancies.
Hunger, Healing, and Citizenship in Central Tanzania
Authors: Phillips Kristin D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:This article draws on newspaper commentary, Nyaturu hunger lore, and ethnographic research to describe how central Tanzanian villagers accessed food aid from the state during the East African food crisis of 2006. Through leveraging their political support and their participation in national development agendas, rural inhabitants claimed their rights. Yet it was through these exchanges that the state converted food aid into political power. The article argues that the highly ritualized gift of food aid naturalizes a contemporary political and economic order in which, counterintuitively, it is rural farmers who go hungry.
Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Rights and Rites of Defiance in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Winterbottom Anna , Koomen Jonneke , Burford Gemma 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:This article reviews campaigns against female genital cutting (FGC) directed at Maasai communities in northern Tanzania. The authors argue that campaigns against FGC using educational, health, legal, and human rights–based approaches are at times ineffective and counterproductive when they frame the practice as a “tradition” rooted in a “primitive” and unchanging culture. We suggest that development interventions that do not address local contexts of FGC, including the complex politics and history of interventions designed to eradicate it, can in fact reify and reinscribe the practice as central to Maasai cultural identity.
Aḥmadu Bamba's Pedagogy and the Development of ʿAjamī Literature
Authors: Ngom Fallou 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:While African literature in European languages is well-studied, ʿajamī and its significance in the intellectual history of Africa remains one of the least investigated areas in African studies. Yet ʿajamī is one of the oldest and most widespread forms of literature in Africa. This article draws scholars' attention to this unmapped terrain of knowledge. First, it provides a survey of major West African ʿajamī literary traditions and examines the nexus between the pedagogy of Aḥmadu Bamba and the development of Wolofal (Wolof ʿajamī). Then, with reference to excerpts from Sëriñ Masoxna Ló's 1954 eulogy, it discusses the role of Wolofal in the diffusion of the Murīd ethos.
The Products of the Reactions of o-Benzyne with Ethene, Propene, and Acetylene: A Combined Mass Spectrometric and Quantum Chemical Study
Authors: Friedrichs Gernot , Goos Elke , Gripp Joachim , Nicken Hauke , Schönborn Jan-Boyke , Vogel Henrik , Temps Friedrich 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The primary products of the bimolecular reactions of ortho-benzyne, o-C6H4 (1,2-dehydrobenzene), with ethene, propene, and acetylene have been detected by molecular beam mass spectrometry at a combustion relevant temperature of T = 1475 K. o-Benzyne was produced by flash pyrolysis of phthalic anhydride in the absence and presence of the respective reactant. Potential reaction pathways of the addition reactions were investigated by quantum chemical calculations. Channels with biradical intermediates were found to be energetically more favorable than alternative quasi-concerted [2+1] cycloaddition and concerted H-transfer pathways. Bicyclic benzocyclobutene and benzocyclobutadiene were identified as the main products of the reactions with C2H4 and C2H2, respectively. At combustion temperatures, however, these cyclic products are likely to undergo sequential ring opening. In the case of propene, the presence of an allylic H atom initiates a favorable ene-type reaction sequence yielding the open-chain product allylbenzene. Overall, hydrocarbon reactivity was found to increase in the order C2H2, C2H4 to 3H8. The range of the estimated bimolecular rate constants is comparable to the rate constants of the corresponding phenyl radical reactions and hence point out a potentially important role of o-C6H4 reactions in flame and soot formation chemistry.
Conformation and Aggregation of Proline Esters and Their Aromatic Homologs: Pyramidal vs. Planar RR´N-H in Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Hesse Susanne , Suhm Martin A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe conformations of proline esters are investigated by infrared spectroscopy in supersonic slit jet expansions. Two easily convertible puckering variants of the pyrrolidine ring with intramolecular N-H···O contacts are shown to be particularly stable. The aggregation tendency of proline esters via intermolecular N-H···O hydrogen bonds is remarkably weak. IR differences between enantiopure and racemic dimers are difficult to quantify. Dehydrogenation of the pyrrolidine ring to pyrrole leads to a stable planar carboxylic ester conformation. Its aggregation tendency is pronounced due to the planar hybridization of the nitrogen atom and leads to a symmetric,βsheet-like dimer with strongly red-shifting hydrogen bonds. The spectroscopic observations underscore the differences between intermolecular interactions of N-terminal and peptide-bound amino acids in peptide chains.
Formation of H-atoms in the Pyrolysis of 1,3-butadiene and 2-butyne: A Shock Tube and Modelling Study
Authors: Peukert Sebastian , Naumann Clemens , Braun-Unkhoff Marina 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
For investigating the pyrolysis of 1,3-butadiene (1,3-C4H6) and 2-butyne (2-C4H6), reactive gas mixtures highly diluted with argon as bath gas were prepared. The experiments were carried out in a high purity shock tube device over a temperature range of about 1500–1800 K at total pressures between 1.2 and 1.9 bar. The time-dependent formation of H-atoms was measured behind reflected shock waves by using the very sensitive method of atomic resonance absorption spectrometry (ARAS). A detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism consisting of 33 elementary reactions and 26 species was used to model the experimentally obtained H-atom profiles. From kinetic modelling, with help of sensitivity and reaction flux analysis, it was concluded that reaction R 1 2-C4H6 ↔ 2-C4H5 + H is crucial for the observed formation of H-atoms during the thermal decomposition of both investigated species and within the investigated range of temperatures and pressures. Moreover, at temperatures above about 1650 K, the decay of propargyl radicals (C3H3) turns out to contribute significantly to the amount of produced H-atoms. The following rate expressions were obtained for three reactions (R 1–R 3) – among them the isomerisation from 2-butyne to 1,3-butadiene – important with respect to the formation of H-atoms within the investigated parameter range. The uncertainties are estimated to be ±30%:
2-C4H6 ↔ 2-C4H5 + H (R 1)
2-C4H6 ↔ 1,2-C4H6 (R 2)
1,3-C4H6 ↔ C2H2 + C2H4 (R 3)

k
1=3.8⋅1015exp(-44871K/T)s-1

k
2=6.9⋅1013exp(-32496K/T)s-1

k
3=7.0⋅1012exp(-33768K/T)s-1
Sampling Probe Influences on Temperature and Species Concentrations in Molecular Beam Mass Spectroscopic Investigations of Flat Premixed Low-pressure Flames
Authors: Struckmeier Ulf , Oßwald Patrick , Kasper Tina , Böhling Lena , Heusing Melanie , Köhler Markus , Brockhinke Andreas , Kohse-Höinghaus Katharina 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
New operating regimes for engines and combustors and the advocated use of non-conventional transportation fuels demand investigation of the combustion chemistry of different classes of chemicals, especially under premixed conditions. Detailed species compositions during combustion are needed to estimate hazardous emissions, and models for their prediction must be validated for the intended combustion conditions.Molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) is a common technique to measure quantitative species concentrations in flames. It is widely employed to characterize the flame chemistry of laminar premixed combustion, and it has been complemented with optical measurements for the detection of a number of molecular species and radicals. Significant progress has been made in recent studies through the introduction of synchrotron-based MBMS instruments. They have improved the identification process by using tunable vacuum-ultraviolet radiation for photoionization of the species to be detected, and isomer-specific measurements are now almost routinely possible. Along with quantitative species measurements, the temperature profile is needed as input parameter for chemical kinetic modeling. It is usually determined either using thermocouples or laser spectroscopic techniques.It is an ongoing discussion how sampling probes affect these measurements, and how MBMS results can be compared to combustion modeling. The present article is intended to contribute to this discussion by providing optical and MBMS results obtained with several sampling configurations.
Structures of Laminar Methane/Nitrogen/Oxygen, Methane/Oxygen and Methane/Liquid Oxygen Counterflow Flames for Cryogenic Conditions and Elevated Pressures
Authors: Urzica Daniela , Gutheil Eva 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The understanding of physical and chemical processes occurring in many applications in sciences and engineering is important to ensure stability and efficiency of their performance. Examples are the combustion process in direct-injection engines, gas turbine combustors, and liquid rocket propulsion systems. The objective of this paper is the numerical investigation of laminar methane/air and methane/oxygen flames where different mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen in the oxidizer stream are studied. Moreover, liquid oxygen (LOX) spray flames with carrier gas methane directed against a methane stream are investigated in the counterflow configuration. These structures may be used in (spray) flamelet library or flamelet generated manifold computations of turbulent combustion. The mathematical model is based on two-dimensional equations which are transferred into one-dimensional equations using a similarity transformation. The numerical simulation concerns the axisymmetric configuration with an adaptive numerical grid for the gas phase. Detailed models of all relevant processes are employed; in particular, a detailed chemical reaction mechanism is used which comprises 35 species including C2 involving 294 elementary reactions. The thermodynamic data for CH4 and O2 below 300K are implemented for normal and elevated pressures. For the CH4/air and an oxygenated flame, the present results are compared with results from literature. The CH4/O2 flame is studied for elevated pressures up to 2MPa. Extinction conditions are evaluated for use in turbulent flamelet computations. It is shown that oxygen dilution, pressure, and strain rate have a pronounced effect on flame structure. The use of liquid compared to gaseous oxygen strongly affects flame structure.
Unraveling the Complex Trait of Crop Yield With Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping in Brassica napus
Authors: Shi Jiaqin , Li Ruiyuan , Qiu Dan , Jiang Congcong , Long Yan , Morgan Colin , Bancroft Ian , Zhao Jianyi , Meng Jinling 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Yield is the most important and complex trait for the genetic improvement of crops. Although much research into the genetic basis of yield and yield-associated traits has been reported, in each such experiment the genetic architecture and determinants of yield have remained ambiguous. One of the most intractable problems is the interaction between genes and the environment. We identified 85 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed yield along with 785 QTL for eight yield-associated traits, from 10 natural environments and two related populations of rapeseed. A trait-by-trait meta-analysis revealed 401 consensus QTL, of which 82.5% were clustered and integrated into 111 pleiotropic unique QTL by meta-analysis, 47 of which were relevant for seed yield. The complexity of the genetic architecture of yield was demonstrated, illustrating the pleiotropy, synthesis, variability, and plasticity of yield QTL. The idea of estimating indicator QTL for yield QTL and identifying potential candidate genes for yield provides an advance in methodology for complex traits.
Evolution inCandida albicansPopulations During a Single Passage Through a Mouse Host
Authors: Forche Anja , Magee P T , Selmecki Anna , Berman Judith , May Georgiana 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe mechanisms and rates by which genotypic and phenotypic variation is generated in opportunistic, eukaryotic pathogens during growth in hosts are not well understood. We evaluated genomewide genetic and phenotypic evolution in Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans, during passage through a mouse host (in vivo) and during propagation in liquid culture (in vitro). We found slower population growth and higher rates of chromosome-level genetic variation in populations passaged in vivo relative to those grown in vitro. Interestingly, the distribution of long-range loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and chromosome rearrangement events across the genome differed for the two growth environments, while rates of short-range LOH were comparable for in vivo and in vitro populations. Further, for the in vivo populations, there was a positive correlation of cells demonstrating genetic alterations and variation in colony growth and morphology. For in vitro populations, no variation in growth phenotypes was detected. Together, our results demonstrate that passage through a living host leads to slower growth and higher rates of genomic and phenotypic variation compared to in vitro populations. Results suggest that the dynamics of population growth and genomewide rearrangement contribute to the maintenance of a commensal and opportunistic life history of C. albicans.
Influence of ph on sediment-associated sorption reactions of benzidine
Authors: Chen Shihua , Nyman Marianne C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBenzidine has been marked as a priority chemical on the National Priorities List by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency because of its carcinogenic nature. Benzidine sorbs to the sediment matrix after entering water-sediment ecosystems and undergoes at least three different fate processes, including cation exchange, hydrophobic partitioning, and covalent binding. Sediment samples taken from Lake Macatawa (MI, USA) were used after drying and grinding treatments in this study. Sorption experiments were conducted in the buffered deionized water-sediment slurries with a pH range of approximately 3 to 7. Experimental results indicated that low pH conditions (e.g., pH 3.2) favored sorption of benzidine onto sediment, where a large proportion of benzidine species protonated and sorbed predominantly through the fast cation exchange process. Sorption kinetics data suggested that reactions between protons and carbonate components residing in the sediment matrices led to a shift of sorption mechanisms from cation exchange to hydrophobic partitioning, covalent binding, or both when the slurry pH increased from 3 to 7. A sorption mechanism-based model is presented to describe benzidine sorption behavior in the sediment-water systems at different pH values. This model comprises three components mathematically: the linear hydrophobic partitioning, Langmuir-type covalent binding, and quadratic cation exchange. On the basis of nonlinear regression, this model fits the experimental data well. The organic carbon-normalized distribution coefficient value calculated from this model (1,914 L/kg at pH 6.9), and the available covalent binding sites in the sediment matrices were 27 to 52 mmol/kg organic carbon in the pH range of 5.0 to 6.9. The predicted model parameters are in good agreement with the reported literature values. By this model, the individual contribution from each sorption mechanism can be quantified with a wide pH range (e.g., from pH 3 to 7). This model strategy could provide an alternative way to predict the complex sorption processes of aromatic amines containing one or two amino groups in the aqueous-sediment environment.
On some hydrodynamical aspects of quantum mechanics
Authors: Spera Mauro 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In this note we first set up an analogy between spin and vorticity of a perfect 2d-fluid flow, based on the complex polynomial (i.e. Borel-Weil) realization of the irreducible unitary representations of SU(2), and looking at the Madelung-Bohm velocity attached to the ensuing spin wave functions. We also show that, in the framework of finite dimensional geometric quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger velocity field on projective Hilbert space is divergence-free (being Killing with respect to the Fubini-Study metric) and fulfils the stationary Euler equation, with pressure proportional to the Hamiltonian uncertainty (squared). We explicitly determine the critical points of the pressure of this “Schrödinger fluid”, together with its vorticity, which turns out to depend on the spacings of the energy levels. These results follow from hydrodynamical properties of Killing vector fields valid in any (finite dimensional) Riemannian manifold, of possible independent interest.
The effects of ongoing activity on time estimation in prospective remembering
Authors: Occhionero Miranda , Esposito Maria José , Cicogna Pier Carla , Nigro Giovanna 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTwo experiments examined whether time‐based prospective memory performance is influenced by the continuous or discontinuous nature of an ongoing activity. The first experiment demonstrated that prospective memory performance was not influenced by the engagement in continuous or discontinuous ongoing activity. The second experiment demonstrated that a discontinuous ongoing activity negatively affected prospective memory performance when participants had to execute two time‐based tasks for which the retention intervals partially overlapped. The results suggest that when individuals are engaged in multiple time‐based tasks, a general timing disruption occurs, with a proactive interference effect resulting in costs that are detrimental to prospective timing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Fluorenes via the Palladium‐Catalyzed 5‐exo‐dig Annulation of o‐Alkynylbiaryls
Authors: Chernyak Natalia , Gevorgyan Vladimir 
Published: May 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe direct palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of o‐alkynylbiaryls proceeded in a highly stereoselective manner producing fluorenes 2, the products of 5‐exo‐dig cyclization, in excellent yields. The cascade intermolecular arylation, incorporated in this transformation, allowed for the efficient synthesis of fully substituted fluorenes 12. These cyclizations proceed more rapidly with electron‐deficient benzene rings which, in combination with a substantial isotope effect observed, strongly supports a CH activation mechanism for the key annulation step.
A Lutidine‐Bridged Bis‐Perimidinium Salt: Synthesis and Application as a Precursor in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Tu Tao , Malineni Jagadeesh , Bao Xiaoling , Dötz Karl Heinz 
Published: May 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA novel lutidine‐bridged bis‐perimidinium dibromide 3 was synthesized in quantitative yield from cheap commercial starting materials. The bisylidene prepared therefrom in situ upon deprotonation is a potent precatalyst in palladium‐catalyzed Heck and Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions under aerobic conditions, and is efficient even with a ppm scale catalyst loading. Its stronger σ‐donor character is held to be responsible for its superior catalytic performance compared with imidazole‐ and benzimidazole‐based analogues bearing the same skeleton precursors.
[1.1]Ferrocenophane‐1,12‐dione as a Precursor of 1,12‐Di(cyclopenta‐2,4‐dienylidene)‐[1.1]ferrocenophane, a Doubly Bridged Difulvene
Authors: Garabatos‐Perera José Ramon , Wartchow Rudolf , Butenschön Holger 
Published: May 2009

Abstractmagnified imageAn improved synthesis of [1.1]ferrocenophane‐1,12‐dione (2) by oxidation of [1.1]ferrocenophane with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐p‐benzoquinone (DDQ) is presented. The syn conformer of dione 2 is structurally characterized. The compound undergoes various addition reactions at the bridging carbonyl groups. Attempts to add 1,1′‐dilithioferrocene result, however, in the diadduct 9, not in the symmetric trinuclear diol 8. Reaction of 2 with sodium cyclopentadienide in the presence of aluminium trichloride (AlCl3) gives the respective difulvene 11 in excellent yield. The dynamic behavior of 11 is investigated by variable temperature 1H NMR measurements (VT‐NMR). The cyclovoltammogram of 11 indicates two reversible oxidation steps. Reduction of difulvene 11 with lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) results in the formation of [1.1]ferrocenophane 12 with cyclopentadienyl anion substituents at either one of the two bridges. While attempts to generate a third ferrocene moiety by reaction with iron(II) choride (FeCl2) have failed so far, the formation of 12 is established by protonolysis and methylation reactions.
Selective Oxidative Ligand Coupling of Organoborates Bearing an Alkynyl Group
Authors: Amaya Toru , Tsukamura Yusuke , Hirao Toshikazu 
Published: May 2009

Abstractmagnified imageSelective oxidative ligand coupling of alkynyl(triaryl)borates was achieved by treatment with ethoxyvanadyl dichloride [VO(OEt)Cl2] to form the spsp2 carbon‐carbon bond. A one‐pot procedure through the in situ preparation of the borate was demonstrated using triphenylborane and 1‐ethynyl‐4‐methoxybenzene.