bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolated Limb Perfusion for Malignant Melanoma: Systematic Review on Effectiveness and Safety
Authors: Moreno-Ramirez David , Cruz-Merino Luis , Ferrandiz Lara , Villegas-Portero Roman , Nieto-Garcia Adoracion 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare the response rate of ILP with melphalan and TNF to the response rate of ILP with single-agent melphalan in patients with unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs.Compare the clinical response rates of repeated ILP after a recurrence or PR to a first ILP to clinical response rates after first ILP in patients with unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs.In patients with unresectable malignant melanoma of the limbs, consider use of ILP to avoid amputation.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.
Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) involves the administration of chemotherapy drugs directly into a limb involved by locoregional metastases. Unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs represents one of the clinical settings in which ILP has demonstrated benefits.

Methods.
A systematic review of the literature on ILP for patients with unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs was conducted. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane database searches were conducted to identify studies fulfilling the following inclusion criteria: hyper- or normothermic ILP with melphalan with or without tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or other drugs providing valid data on clinical response, survival, or toxicity. To allocate levels of evidence and grades of recommendation the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network system was used.

Results.
Twenty-two studies including 2,018 ILPs were selected with a clear predominance of observational studies (90.90%) against experimental studies (9.10%). The median complete response rate to ILP was of 58.20%, with a median overall response rate of 90.35%. ILP with melphalan yielded a median complete response rate of 46.50%, against a 68.90% median complete response rate for melphalan plus TNF ILP. The median 5-year overall-survival rate was 36.50%, with a median overall survival interval of 36.70 months. The Wieberdink IV and V regional toxicity rates were 2.00% and 0.65%, respectively.

Conclusions.
ILP is effective in achieving clinical responses in patients with unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs. The disease-free and overall survival rates provided by ILP are acceptable. ILP is safe, with a low incidence of severe regional and systemic toxicity.
KARACHI HARBOUR-EAST WHARVES, RECONSTRUCTION OF QUAYS.
Authors: IRWIN CHILDS F , HARTMANN J A H , CHILDS F I 
Published: March 2010

Thirteen deep-water berths and one shallower berth, aggregating in length 6,772 ft, were rebuilt on the eastern side of Karachi Harbour between 1955 and 1960 to replace open piled structures which, after a life of over 50 years, had suffered serious and extensive deterioration. The new berths were constructed in concrete, with a closed berthing face set forwarfdr om the old line, and backfilled with sand. The main structural members in the face are large I-section prestressed concrete pile units weighing about 50 tons each. These were placed at 9 ft 2 in. centres inside a steel cylinder which was subsequently jacked out against the piles. A special item of floating plant was used and the system enabled a range of loadings to be transmitted to the piles. Curtain slabs were inserted between the piles and provision was made to ensure a positive bearinogn the pile flanges. A substantial concrete capping beam cast on to the heads of the piles was anchored at intervals of 32 ft by high-tensile steel cables to individual concrete monoliths. Stressing of the cable ties in stages as the filling proceeded allowed a measure to be made of the forward thrust of the filling; the final stressing mobilized the resistance of the anchor monolith and establishedi ts adequacy.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE HYDROLOGY OF THE THAMES BASIN.
Authors: ANDREWS F M 
Published: March 2010

The Paper is introduced by a brief history of the earliest records of the flow of the Thames, and of the first systematic recording of the daily discharge at Teddington Weir. The surface catchment area is discussed, and reference is made to the changes that have been taking place in its character, caused by housing and other forms of development. The hydro-geology of the basin is briefly described, and an estimate is made of the true area believed to be contributing to river discharge. The methods of obtaining rainfall statistics are discussed, and the sites of the recording stations are shown on a map. Distribution of rainfall on the catchment area is shown on a map from which mean annual rainfall on the principal geological formations within each tributary was obtained and tabulated. The sites of observation wells are shown, in which the rest-water level in the chalk and oolites is regularly observed. Groundwater is defined and methods of estimating monthly and annual average discharges are described and the results are shown in a number of tables. Direct or storm run-off in relation to rainfall is examined from the data of a large number of floods and lower discharges, with special referentcoe a ntecedent rainfall conditions. The unit hydrograph is discussed and comparison is made between unit hydrographs for Teddington resulting from rainfall of various durations. Long-term averagesa re compared with thosefr om a large numbero f rivers in Great Britain, enabling mean annual losses to be deduced from a table and a graph. Floods on the Thames and tributaries, their history and frequency are referred to, and flood frequencies are shown graphically. Some high flood discharges of a number of tributaries are tabulated, the run-off per unit area given, and comparison made with run-ofaf t Teddington. Dry weather flows are discussed and their frequency for the Thames at Teddington is shown graphically. Comparison is made between dry weather discharges of the principal tributaries and of the Thames.
LOADS ON UNDERGROUND PIPES CAUSED BY VEHICLE WHEELS.
Authors: CLARKE N W B , YOUNG O C 
Published: March 2010

A method of computing the loads imposed on an underground pipeline by several simultaneous wheel loads acting on the surface, proposed by Spangler and Hennessey2 in 1946, and to which only a brief reference could be madei n a previous Paper1 by the present Authors, is now described in detail. A modification of that method is developed by the Authors to compensate for the nonuniformity of load distribution across the pipe breadth, which occurs in some wheel positions, and adversely affects the bedding factor for wheel loads compared with fill loads. The modification takes the form of correction factors for the conversion of the non-uniform loads to equivalent uniformly distributed loads. Their use enables the same bedding factor as that adopted for the fill load to be used for concentrated surcharge loads. Graphs of these values for the usual classes of bedding are given. The modifled method, which is applicablteo any wheel arrangement, has been used to compute the maximum loads (or load coefficients) imposed on pipes of various sizes at various depths with various beddings by:- (i) two equal wheel loads 3 ft apart (appropriate for pipes under access roads); (ii) the B.S.153, type HB, road load train (appropriate for pipes under roads, and carriageways, fields, and gardens); and the results are presented in the form of design graphs. The maximum foreseeable railway loading in England and Wales is given. It proves to be less severe than the B.S.153, type HB road loading. The design graphs may, therefore, be used for single or multiple rigid pipes of any normal size at any normal depth in trench, under roads, fields, or gardens, across railways, or under embankments, in any sort of soil and with any standard bedding and, it is hoped, will save much tedious computation.
THE SELECTION AND INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL NUCLEAR POWER STATION SITES IN SUFFOLK.
Authors: GAMMON K M , PEDGRIFT G F 
Published: March 2010

This Paper deals with the engineering aspects of selecting and investigating potential nuclear power station sites in Suffolk for the Central Electricity Generating Board (C.E.G.B.). The basic technical requirements are discussed, together with the method of selection of sites worthy of investigation, and the limitations of the data available. The potential sites were situated along 40 m i l e s of coast and their engineering assessment posed a variety of different problems. Conditions ranged from a stable estuary with deep water for cooling purposes close inshore, to an unstable coast with difficult access to adequate water; from poor to good subsoils; from sites suffering severe erosiotno one accreting;a nd with groundl evels from cliff tops to saltings. Details are given of the methods used to overcome anticipated and encountered difficulties in investigations. Before the decision was taken to apply for consent to develop the site at Sizewell, additional surveys of possible limitations on ultimate development were undertaken. Subsequent detailed investigations there, to provide for design purposes, involved an intensive study of local conditions and a detailed investigation both on the site and offshore.
THE BUCKLING OF A PLATE GIRDER WEB UNDER PURE BENDING WHEN REINFORCED BY A SINGLE LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER.
Authors: ROCKEY K C , LEGGETT D M A 
Published: March 2010

The Paper examines the stability of a panel of a longitudinally reinforced plate-web girder underp ure bending. The edges of the panel whicha re bounded by transverse stiffeners are assumed to be simply supported; along the other two edges the flanges are assumed to prevent both rotation and deflexion. Relationships are found between the panel buckling coefficient, K, the area ratio, p, the flexural rigidity ratio, y, and the aspect ratio of the plate, a, for positions of the longitudinal stiffener which are one-fifth, onequarter, and onehalf the web depth from the compression flange. On comparing these relationships with corresponding ones which havbee en obtained for the condition when the flange members only supply a simple pin-joinst upport to the panel, it is found thatt he flexural rigidity whicht he longitudinal stiffener must possesisn order to remain straight when the plate buckles is very much reduced. The analysis shows that from the stated edge conditions the most effective position for a single longitudinal stiffener a its the 0.226 depth position from the compression flange. This compares with the onefifth-depth position when the unloaded edges are simply supported. The Paper also compares the theoretical relationships between K, p, and 7, with experimental results obtained from tests. Agreement is good.
Design, Development, and Field Testing of Sixteen Inch Diameter RO Modules in a Waste Water Reuse Application
Authors: Sehn P. , Zhao E. , Johnson J.E. , Hallan M.J. , Peery M.H. 
Published: March 2010

Large diameter spiral wound modules enable significant reductions in reverse osmosis (RO) plant cost. A consortium of membrane manufacturers had identified sixteen inches as the optimum diameter for a new standard. In order to make full use of the cost saving potential of the large diameter, FilmTec's design considerations were based on a scale-up from the proven design of commercially available 8-inch modules. With the same materials and a leaf design as in 8-inch modules, the new 16-inch modules were built with a 4.3 times higher active membrane area and accordingly a 4.3 times higher permeate flow performance. The product water tube was designed for increased physical strength at even less permeate pressure drop. The endcaps feature interlocking technology without interconnectors and with internal brine seals for easier loading. The fiberglass shell was reinforced to resist axial compression arising from pressure drop and increased cross-section area. Sufficient safety margins were verified through extensive testing. A prototype tool for easy element loading and unloading was developed and applied to the demonstration plant at Bedok in Singapore.
This plant is in operation since October 2007 to demonstrate equivalent performance of an 8-inch and a 16-inch RO system running side-by-side on a challenging waste water reuse application. Each system has three 7-element pressure vessels in a 2:1 arrangement and was operated at a constant flux of 17.3 lmh and a recovery of 75%. After some adjustments of the scaling inhibitor dosage the plant had come to a stable operation; at the time of this writing it was approaching 3 months without cleaning or rinsing. The normalized permeate flow of the 16-inch system was 4.3 times higher than the flow of the 8-inch system. A sustainable system flow performance at a fouling factor of 0.85 was demonstrated. The measured system salt rejection indicated an average module salt rejection of 99.65%.
Blastocystis in water - Need for screening?
Authors: Suresh K. , Tan TC , illi F. 
Published: March 2010

Infectious diseases caused by parasites continue to cause disease burdens which influence the quality of life, retards economic progress and dampens overall development especially in developing countries. The emerging group of protozoan parasites namely Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium, Isospora and Cyclospora causes generally diarrhea, bloating stomach, abdominal cramps and other gastrointestinal disturbances. Prevalence of these parasites varies from community to community and from country to country but they possess the same fecal-oral route of transmission. Contaminated water and food are the main causes of transmission with sporadic reports providing evidence for zoonotic transmission. High risk groups are the HIV-infected population, children and pet lovers. The presentation highlights the biology, prevalence, transmission, diagnosis and treatment on Blastocystis which is one of the most enigmatic protozoan. Blastocystis infection occurs worldwide but generally developing countries have higher prevalence of B. hominis (approximately 30 to 50%) than developed countries (approximately 1.5 to 10%).
The parasite has been incriminated to be waterborne and our findings of cysts in the lakes and rivers screened around Klang Valley, Malaysia provides further evidence of the potential of the organism to be transmitted to humans. Moreover, river isolates of Blastocystis were found to be either subtype 1, 3 or 5 which could be of human origin and may potentially result in transmission. Detection of Blastocystis cysts has been challenging using light microscopy. The presentation will highlight the technical challenges involved in enumerating the cyst collected from water sources, the density gradient centrifugation used with both Ficoll-paque and Lymphoprep and the usage of DAPI staining and in vitro culture for detecting the parasite. Results using 0.5 L water samples from rivers showed that 28% and 72% of samples were positive for Blastocystis using in vitro culture and DAPI staining respectively.
Standardization protocols involving large amount of water to be screened, the processes and steps involved especially in the centrifugation, the influence of timing of collection as well as the frequency of collection etc will be discussed.
The Role of Water Boards in Water Safety Plan Implementation in South Africa
Authors: Lubout K.L. 
Published: March 2010

Water boards act as water services providers to water services authorities (local authorities) in most of the major metropolitan areas in South Africa. These water boards manage a significant portion of the water supply chain and influence both up and downstream activities in this chain. It thus stands to reason that these agencies play a pivotal role in the development and implementation of appropriate water management plans aligned to universally accepted practice.
As a leader in the water industry in South Africa, Rand Water is well advanced in implementing a “customised” water safety plan in its area of operation, and has been requested by various stakeholders in the industry to assist with a similar process in other regions.
During the development of the organisations' water safety plan it became evident that certain support systems had to be put in place to ensure successful implementation of such a plan. As a result, an additional procedure (procedure 11) was included in the water safety plan to address support activities such as communication, training/education and consumer relations.
These support systems have been developed to address specific requirements of internal and external stakeholders/customers and cover the entire supply chain to ensure a sound understanding of all aspects influencing water supply.
Automating & Remotely Controlling Brooklyn STP
Authors: Marvell Cheryl , Kearney Colum , Mandryk Robert 
Published: March 2010

In 2007 and 2008 Sydney Water Corporation as part of its Priority Sewage Program (PSP) designed and constructed a sewage system to service the townships of Brooklyn, Dangar Island and Gosford Council areas of Peat Island, Moonie Moonie and Cherrio Point, located on the Hawkesbury River north of Sydney. Due to the sensitivity of the oyster growing industry in the Hawkesbury a sealed low-pressure system and a membrane bioreactor was chosen.
One of the design requirements given to PSP was that the plant and system had to be remotely controlled with as little face-to-face operations time as possible. It had to be integrated into the Hornsby Treatment Team operations, which already operated two large plants 25 kilometres away. The plant had to meet Sydney Waters Sequence Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) Standards. Due to the remote control requirement the standard “black box” normally given with a membrane plant such as this had to be unravelled and directly programmed into Brooklyn's SCADA.
This paper talks about the challenges of manning the operations, automation, programming and controlling a complex plant and system with those design requirements.
Toxicological Methods for Tracing Drug Abuse: Chromatographic, Spectroscopic and Biological Characterisation of Ecstasy Derivatives
Authors: Belhadj-Tahar Hafid , Payoux Pierre , Tafani Mathieu , Coulais Yvon , Calet Serge , Bousseksou Azzedine 
Published: March 2010

Toxicological Methods for Tracing Drug Abuse: Chromatographic, Spectroscopic and Biological Characterisation of Ecstasy DerivativesAnalysis often reveals variability in the composition of ecstasy pills from pure 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) to mixtures of MDMA derivatives, amphetamine, and other unidentified substances. For a comprehensive toxicological analysis one needs to know all steps to MDMA synthesis which may originate impurities. The aim of this study was to synthesise and determine the chemical-physical andin vitrobiological properties of a series of MDMA derivatives.3,4-methylendioxyphenyl-2-nitropropene (MDNP) was obtained by condensation of piperonal with an excess of nitroethane in the presence of ammonium acetate. MDNP was then reduced to methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) by LiAlH3. All compounds were analysed using HPLC and spectroscopic technique [Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), or infrared (IR)] at all the steps of synthesis. In addition, we assessed the biological potentials of these compounds by measuringin vitrotheir (i) blood cell/whole blood partition coefficient, (ii) binding to plasmatic proteins (Fbp), and (iii) membrane adsorption. Chemical structure was determined with antibody fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA). This study showed the presence of solid impurities, particularly of a neurotoxic compound of Al3+in the final products. FPIA identified the aminoethane group close to the substituted benzene ring, but did not detect the two major precursors of MDMA: MDNP and piperonal. Raman spectroscopy is an attractive alternative technique to characterise ecstasy pills and it can identify stereoisomeric forms such ascis-MDNP andtrans-MDNP, which exhibit signals at 1650 cm-1and 1300 cm-1, respectively.
Mesothelioma Risk Associated with Asbestos Production in Slovenia
Authors: Vudrag Marko , Rihtar Tatja , Vegnuti Miljana 
Published: March 2010

Mesothelioma Risk Associated with Asbestos Production in SloveniaThe aim of this study was to assess malignant mesothelioma morbidity due to exposure to asbestos in a population living in districts Nova Gorica and Tolmin (49,850 people) near the asbestos manufacturing village Anhovo (Slovenia) and to compare it with the entire Slovene population (1,949,750 people). Crude rates per 100,000 people were calculated from the total number of mesotheliomas, and risk assessment in the studied vs. total population was based on 23 years worth of data. Time series data on mesothelioma cases were also processed as a forecast of new cases by 2010.The crude incidence of mesothelioma per 100,000 individuals for all of Slovenia was 21.4, while for the Nova Gorica district including the village Anhovo it is 170.2 and for the Tolmin district 60.9. The probability of a mesothelioma case in the studied population was 8.5 times the probability of the same diagnosis in the whole of Slovenia. Over 23 years, 28% of all mesothelioma cases in Slovenia were diagnosed in the studied population, which makes only 2.5% of the total Slovene population.The outbreak of asbestosis and mesothelioma epidemics in the studied population is associated with manufacture of asbestos products in the local factory from 1922 to 1996.
Surfactants in the Environment
Authors: Ivanković Tomislav , Hrenović Jasna 
Published: March 2010

Surfactants in the EnvironmentSurfactants are a diverse group of chemicals that are best known for their wide use in detergents and other cleaning products. After use, residual surfactants are discharged into sewage systems or directly into surface waters, and most of them end up dispersed in different environmental compartments such as soil, water or sediment. The toxic effects of surfactants on various aquatic organisms are well known. In general, surfactants are present in the environment at levels below toxicity and in Croatia below the national limit. Most surfactants are readily biodegradable and their amount is greatly reduced with secondary treatment in wastewater treatment plants. The highest concern is the release of untreated wastewater or wastewater that has undergone primary treatment alone. The discharge of wastewater polluted with massive quantities of surfactants could have serious effects on the ecosystem. Future studies of surfactant toxicities and biodegradation are necessary to withdraw highly toxic and non-biodegradable compounds from commercial use and replace them with more environmentally friendly ones.
Melatonin Inhibits Benzene-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Liver
Authors: Sharma Seema , Rana Suresh 
Published: March 2010

Melatonin Inhibits Benzene-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Rat LiverWe studied the antioxidative role of melatonin against benzene toxicity in rat liver. The inhibition of mitochondrial and microsomal lipid peroxidation differed between 24-hour (single-dose), 15-day, and 30-day treatments. Inhibition of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation was the highest after the single dose of melatonin, whereas highest microsomal inhibition was recorded after 30 days of melatonin treatment. No significant difference was recorded between 15-day and 30-day treatments. Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP4502E1) activity declined after the single-dose and 15-day melatonin treatment in the benzene-treated group, but it rose again, though not significantly after 30 days of treatment. Liver histopathology generally supported these findings. Phenol concentration in the urine samples declined in melatonin and benzene-treated rats. Our results show that melatonin affects CYP4502E1, which is responsible for benzene metabolism. Inhibition of its metabolism correlated with lower lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, melatonin was found to be protective against lipid peroxidation induced by benzene.