bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Estimation of N-Benzyl-N′N″-Dimethylguanidine (Bw 467C60) in Urine and Some Observations on its Reaction with Hypobromite
Authors: McCoubrey A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
N-Benzyl-N′N″-dimethylguanidine, a new anti-adrenergic drug, was estimated in urine by treatment with alkaline hypobromite, extraction of the bromo derivative with carbon tetrachloride and spectrophotometric estimation of the iodine liberated from acidified potassium iodide. Some peculiarities of the bromo derivative are described.
The Evaluation of Canada Balsam
Authors: Challen Stephen B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Adulteration of commercial samples of Canada balsam with oil is reported, and methods for the detection of this are described. Fresh samples of oleoresin collected during field studies in Quebec Province have been analysed and certain natural variation in the properties of unadulterated oleoresin noted. Acid values may be correlated with the age and condition of trees from which the oleoresins were obtained.
The Mitragyna Species of Ghana
Authors: Beckett A H , Shellard E J , Tackie A N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Seven alkaloids, rotundifoline, isorotundifoline, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, ciliaphylline, rhynchociline and mitraciliatine have been isolated from the leaves of Mitragyna ciliata Aubr. et Pellegr. The latter three are hitherto undescribed alkaloids.
The Action of Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol Alone and in Admixture on the Growth of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Garrett Edward R , Brown M R W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The dependence of E. coli growth rates upon chloramphenicol concentration has been established. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline are equivalent in their action on E. coli and their combined effects on growth rate are additive. The decrease in rate of growth is a function of the first power of concentration of either antibiotic or combinations of them. A new mechanism of action is implied when the growth rate decreases to negative values: at this stage the rate of decrease is a function of a fractional power of the concentration.
The Estimation of Morphine, Codeine and Thebaine in Opium and in Poppy Latex by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Fairbairn J W , Wassel Gamila 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The recommended method involves separation of the morphine from the mixed alkaloids in chloroform using 0·1n sodium hydroxide and separation of the codeine and thebaine by means of a buffer solution of pH 2·0. The two fractions are then chromatographed on paper and after suitable colour development the areas of the spots are measured planimetrically. Constant areas for the same quantities of alkaloid are obtained by ensuring that the initial spots of material applied to the starting line are of constant area and that the running conditions are rigidly controlled, especially the temperature. To overcome the variability due to differences between sheets of chromatographic paper the “4 point bioassay” technique is used (in which two dose levels of standard solution of alkaloids and two dose levels of the unknown fraction are applied for each assay). The coefficients of variation for individual assays are for morphine, 3 to 6 per cent; for thebaine 5 to 7 per cent. Replicate assays can readily be run on one sheet of paper resulting in increased accuracy. The method is particularly suitable for small quantities of raw material (100 to 200 mg.) and is two to three times quicker than other published methods.
A Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Phenothiazine
Authors: Holbrook A , Barlow F S , Bailey F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A chromatographic assay of phenothiazine is described employing an acetonitrile-hexane partition system supported on Celite. Chromatographic separation is followed by ultra-violet measurement of the eluate fractions at 253 mμ. The system enables a determination of phenothiazine to be made in the presence of diphenylamine, carbazole, phenothiazone and phenothiazine sulphoxide, in addition to ingredients used as excipients in dispersible powders. The method has been tested on a range of samples and the results compared with those obtained by alternative procedures.
Pharmacological Actions of Hemlock (Conium Maculatum) Alkaloids
Authors: Bowman W C , Sanghvi I S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The actions of three hemlock alkaloids—coniine, N-methylconiine and α-coniceine—have been examined on isolated tissues, on anaesthetised cats and hens and on conscious mice and young chicks. The most pronounced action of the alkaloids was to block spinal reflexes by an action exerted in the spinal cord. Their peripheral actions on autonomically innervated structures were mainly a consequence of an initial stimulant and a secondary depressant action on autonomic ganglia. Large doses of the alkaloids stimulated skeletal muscle and subsequently caused neuromuscular block. This blocking action differed in many respects from that produced by decamethonium or tubocurarine.
Inhibitions by Tetracycline and Oxytetracycline of the Consumption of Pyruvate by Aerobacter Aerogenes
Authors: Jones J G , Morrison G A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of tetracycline and oxytetracycline on the production of pyruvate and on its utilisation by a strain of Aerobacter aerogenes in glucose-mineral salt media, have been examined. Both antibiotics inhibit the production of formate from pyruvate by non-proliferating suspensions of cells in unaerated, but not in aerated media. The only acidic material accumulated during growth is formic acid and the cessation of growth coincides with the concentration of undissociated formic acid reaching 0·2 mM and 0·3 mM respectively in unaerated and aerated media. At the end of the growth phase of unaerated cultures the reproduction of cells is replaced by the production of lactic acid. The possibility of a common primary site of inhibition being responsible for inhibition of pyruvate and mode II inhibition of growth (Jones and Morrison, 1962) is discussed.
A Note on the Relation Between the Resting Release of Acetylcholine and Increase in Tone of the Isolated Guinea-Pig Ileum
Authors: Johnson E S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
When the Magnus preparation of the guinea-pig ileum treated with diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (Mipafox) was suspended in Krebs solution, the increase in tone with time was found to be proportional to the acetylcholine output. Use may be made of this phenomenon to monitor the state of the preparation in experiments involving the resting release of acetylcholine.
Physico-Chemical Experiments with Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine Sols
Authors: Robins D C , Thomas I L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The solubilities of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in some organic solvents have been determined. The results of surface tension studies of aqueous sols of PE show that it has marked surface-active properties and surface ageing occurs. The effect of pH, concentration, mono- and divalent salts on surface activity has been investigated, and discussed in the light of previous theories. The critical micelle concentration is in the range 0·002 to 0·01 per cent w/v. The isoelectric point is at pH 3·1. The effect of mono- and divalent salts on the stability of PE sols has been studied.
A Hypothesis for the Mode of Action of α-Methyldopa in Relieving Hypertension
Authors: Day M D , Rand M J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
There is evidence that α-methyldopa can serve as the precursor of α-methylnoradrenaline in the body. The α-methylnoradrenaline so formed may enter noradrenaline storage sites and then be released as a false neuro-transmitter. Because of the lesser potency of α-methylnoradrenaline there is some loss of responsiveness to sympathetic nerve stimulation which can explain the lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
The Mydriatic Response of Mice to Atropine
Authors: Quinton R M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The time after subcutaneous injection at which atropine produces most mydriasis in male mice increases with increased body-weight. If the response is measured when it is greatest, and is expressed as a percentage of the maximum mydriatic response obtainable in mice of the weight-range used, the mydriatic response to a dose of atropine is constant in male mice weighing from 16 to 50 g. The time-courses of the mydriatic response to atropine in mice of widely differing weights are parallel to the time-courses of the atropine concentration in the cardiac blood of the mice of the same weight-range given a high dose of atropine subcutaneously. The mydriatic response to atropine is found to be increased at times of poor ambient lighting (such as dusk): if however the mice are tested under conditions of artificial lighting (supplemented by daylight when present), the mydriatic response to a standard dose of atropine is nearly constant at all times from 8 a.m. to 2 a.m.
The Quantitative Conversion of Barbaloin to Aloe-Emodin and its Application to the Evaluation of Aloes
Authors: Fairbairn J W , Simic S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Barbaloin can be quantitatively converted into aloe-emodin by heating a solution in 4 N hydrochloric acid, containing 4 per cent ferric chloride, for 4 hr. in a boiling water bath under reflux. Each of these numerical conditions can be varied ±10 per cent without significantly altering the yields. The reaction has been successfully applied to the assay of commercial samples of aloes.
A Note on the Synthesis of Esters of N-Methylpyrrolidinylalkanols
Authors: Perks F , Russell P J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The preparation of a series of esters of 1-methyl-2, 5-di-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)pyrrolidine is described. They are assigned trans configurations on the basis of their pKa values.
Blockade of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Antidiuresis in Rats by 2-Bromlysergic Acid Diethylamide Tartrate and 1-Methyl-Lysergic Acid Butanolamide
Authors: Chodera A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of two lysergic acid derivatives, 2-bromlysergic acid diethylamide ‘BOL 148’ and 1-methyl-lysergic acid butanolamide ‘UML 491’ on the antidiuresis induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine ‘5-HT’ has been studied in rats given a dose of 1 mg./kg. 5-HT subcutaneously. BOL 148, 5 mg./kg., and UML 491, 2·5 mg./kg., counteracted the induced antidiuresis. By contrast, the antidiuretic effect of posterior pituitary extract was not blocked or diminished by BOL 148 or by UML 491. BOL 148 and UML 491 alone did not have a diuretic or antidiuretic action.
Reversal of the Effect of α-Methyldopa by Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Authors: van Rossum J M , Hurkmans J A Th M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
L-α-Methyldopa, which normally causes sedation, induces a strong central excitation in mice pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor after a lag of a few hours. It is concluded that this excitation is caused by accumulation of free catecholamines liberated by amines which are slowly formed by decarboxylation of α-methyldopa. The hypotensive and sedative effects of α-methyldopa given alone are attributed to the slow release of catecholamines and subsequent breakdown by monoamine oxidase so that a partial depletion of catecholamines ensues.
A Note on the Antifungal Activity of Pentachlorophenyl Dodecanoate
Authors: McAllister Ronald A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The antifungal activity of pentachlorophenyl dodecanoate against certain dermatophytes has been studied. The substance, in Sabouraud's maltose agar in 2 per cent concentration, inhibited the growth of Microsporum canis, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum audouini. No activity was observed against Candida albicans, and only a slight inhibition in the growth of Epidermophyton floccosum. A 3 per cent concentration of the ester in an ointment base effected complete inhibition of Trichophyton interdigitale and Microsporum canis alone, and in mixed cultures.
Some Observations on the Physical and Pharmacological Properties of Picrotoxin Solutions
Authors: Ramwell P W , Shaw Jane E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A slow and spontaneous decrease in pH was observed with freshly prepared aqueous solutions of commercially available picrotoxin and this change was catalysed by the addition of potassium chloride crystals or by contact with a calomel electrode. The pH at which the solution stabilised was dependent upon the original pH of the solvent and the concentration of the solution. Potassium chloride had little effect upon the pH of freshly prepared saline solutions of picrotoxin. There was no difference in pharmacological activity between freshly prepared picrotoxin solutions, solutions after addition of potassium chloride, or solutions which had been stored.
Since freshly prepared solutions of pure samples of the two recognised constituents of picrotoxin (picrotoxinin and picrotin) were found to be electrometrically stable, the factor responsible for the change of pH may be an impurity; an impurity was detected in commercially prepared samples of picrotoxin by paper chromatography.
Picrotoxinin was the active principle and picrotin was relatively inactive. Slight elevation of the pH markedly reduced the activity of picrotoxin solutions thus supporting an earlier suggestion that for clinical reliability, picrotoxin should be prepared in a buffered solution. No evidence was found to support the belief that Picrotoxin Injection B.P. 1958 should be protected from light.
An Investigation into the Effects of Gamma-Rays on Aqueous Solutions of p-Aminobenzoic Acid
Authors: Marriott P H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Aqueous solutions of p-aminobenzoic acid (0·3 per cent) were irradiated with gamma-rays under both oxygen-saturated and oxygen-free conditions. By means of paper chromatography, p-nitrobenzoic acid has been isolated from the irradiated, oxygenated aqueous solution and 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid isolated from the irradiated, oxygen-free aqueous solution.
These products were probably produced by indirect action of the Co-60 gamma-rays.
Self-Administration of Pralidoxime in Nerve Gas Poisoning with A Note on the Stability of the Drug
Authors: Barkman Rolf , Edgren Bo , Sundwall Anders 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Plasma concentrations of pralidoxime methane sulphonate (P2S) have been determined in man after self-administration by an automatic injector. After administration of 10 mg./kg. P2S in a 50 per cent w/v solution, concentrations over 4 μg./ml. were reached within 6 min. and maintained for about 90 min. After 20 mg./kg., plasma concentrations over 4 μg./ml. were maintained for about 170 min. Except for pain at the site of injection, which disappeared after a few hr., no serious side reactions could be detected. The drug can be stored for 5 years at 5° with less than 7 per cent decomposition. The decomposition products were found to be less toxic than the unchanged oxime. N-Methylpyridinium-2-carboxamide was identified as a major degradation product.
Effect of Pronethalol on Some Inhibitory Actions of Catecholamines
Authors: Vanov S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
On the blood pressure of the pithed rat isoprenaline produced a vasodepressor, noradrenaline a pressor, and adrenaline a biphasic response consisting of a rise followed by a fall in the pressure. The magnitude of the responses to increasing doses of adrenaline was not proportional to the doses. An intravenous injection of pronethalol (nethalide) hydrochloride (1 mg./kg.) changed the responses to adrenaline into purely pressor, well-graded responses; they were also increased. The responses to isoprenaline after pronethalol were reduced, but those to noradrenaline remained usually unaltered. Similar results were obtained in anaesthetised rats, rabbits and guinea-pigs, but the augmentation of the pressor effect of adrenaline was not so marked as in pithed rats. The vasodepressor action of dopamine in rabbits and guinea-pigs was not blocked by pronethalol (2·5 to 10 mg./kg.). The inhibitory actions of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline on the isolated rat uterus and rabbit colon were not consistently antagonised by concentrations of pronethalol up to 1·0 μg./ml. In experiments on the rabbit duodenum and ileum, pronethalol, 0·2 to 1·0 μg./ml., reduced the relaxations produced by all three catecholamines. These results are discussed in relation to Ahlquist's theory of a dual adrenergic receptor mechanism.
A Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of β-Glycyrrhetic Acid (Enoxolone) and its Esters in Biological Materials
Authors: Coleman T J , Parke D V 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method for the determination of β-glycyrrhetic acid (enoxolone) and its readily-hydrolysable esters in biological materials is described. The material containing the glycyrrhetic acid or its esters is hydrolysed with ethanolic sodium hydroxide, the glycyrrhetic acid is extracted from the acidified hydrolysate, submitted to two-dimensional, thin-layer chromatography on alumina, eluted with ethanol and estimated spectrophotometrically at 248 mμ. Mean recoveries of 100 μg. β-glycyrrhetic acid were 102 per cent (s.e.m. ± 4 per cent) from pure solution; 92 per cent (s.e.m. ± 4 per cent) from rat blood; 90 per cent (s.e.m. ± 4 per cent) from human urine; and recoveries of 20 μg. and 50 μg. from rat bile were 91 to 95 per cent. Mean recoveries of 100 μg. of ±-glycyrrhetic acid hydrogen succinate were 95 per cent (s.e.m. ± 5 per cent) from pure solution; 100 and 110 per cent from rat blood; and 92 and 109 per cent from human urine.
The hydrolysis of propyl benzoate in aqueous solutions of surface-active agents
Authors: Mitchell A G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of cetrimide and sodium lauryl sulphate on the alkaline hydrolysis of emulsions and solutions of n-propyl benzoate has been investigated and compared with results obtained previously in cetomacrogol solutions. Evidence is presented to show that the rate of reaction depends on the degree of saturation of the dispersion expressed as a “Saturation Ratio”, which is the ratio of ester concentration to its solubility in a given concentration of surface-active agent. The hydrolysis rate of solubilised ester decreases with increase in surface-active agent concentration while the effect of such an increase in concentration on the hydrolysis rate of emulsified ester depends on the nature of the surface-active agent. The initial rate in sodium lauryl sulphate and cetomacrogol is independent of concentration, but in cetrimide the rate increases with cetrimide concentration until sufficient is present to solubilise the ester.
Capillary permeability responses to snake venoms
Authors: Fearn H J , Smith Caroline , West G B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Russell’s viper venom is many times more toxic to mice on intravenous administration than is saw-scaled viper venom, and yet on local intradermal injection the two venoms have equal capillary permeability effects in mice, rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits. Their effects are completely prevented by drugs possessing both antihistamine and anti-5-ht properties. It is concluded that the increased capillary permeability induced by the venoms is largely mediated through the release of histamine and 5-ht.
Determination of vitamin D by isomerisation
Authors: Dechene Earl B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Conditions have been established in which the spectral change produced by the isomerisation of vitamin D2 and D3 to the trans-isomers can be used as an accurate measurement of vitamin D. Vitamin D was successfully determined by isomerisation in commercial products containing only vitamin D at a relatively high potency, without the use of chromatographic procedures.
The action of reserpine and α-methyl-m-tyrosine on the analgesic effect of morphine in rats and mice
Authors: Medaković M , Banić B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The actions of α-methyl-m-tyrosine (mmt) and reserpine upon the analgesic effect of morphine has been studied in rats and mice. In rats, reserpine antagonised the effect of morphine, while mmt did not cause any appreciable change of the effect of morphine, injected either 2 or 24 hr after mmt. Reserpine also produced its antagonistic action to morphine in rats which were previously (24 hr) treated with mmt. Both mmt and reserpine potentiated the effect of morphine in rats pretreated (24 hr previously) with iproniazid. In mice, both mmt and reserpine antagonised the effect of morphine. Reserpine failed to do so in mmt pretreated animals. The effect of morphine was restored 24 hr after the injection of mmt. It is suggested that the inhibitory action of reserpine upon the analgesic effect of morphine is due to the antagonistic action of brain 5-ht, which is activated after being released from its stores by reserpine. The pattern of reserpine—mmt—morphine interactions in rats probably differs from that in mice.
Method for recording respiratory changes induced in guinea-pigs by aerosols of histamine or of specific antigen, and for assessing drugs which antagonise bronchoconstriction
Authors: Bennett A , Lockett MARY F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A lightly-anaesthetised guinea-pig is made to breathe an aerosol of histamine or of specific antigen pumped into a breathing chamber. The guinea-pig’s respiration produces pressure changes which are recorded on a smoked drum. Isoprenaline and the antihistamine thenyldiamine, administered as aerosols or by injection, have been used to inhibit the reduction in “tidal volume” due to the bronchoconstrictor agents.
Determination of o-methoxycinnamaldehyde in cassia oil by infra-red spectrophotometry
Authors: Chowdhury M A , Williams W D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The determination of o-methoxycinnamaldehyde is described, based upon an absorption measurement at 1266 cm−1 in the infra-red region of the spectrum together with the normal assay for total aldehydes. Comparison of the absorption at 1266 and 1312 cm−1 may be used qualitatively to distinguish between oils derived from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume and those from the leaves and twigs.
Response of standardised suspensions of Escherichia coli to iodine
Authors: Newton J M , Vickers J A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Suspensions of Escherichia coli prepared from agar slopes by a standardised method were compared with washed suspensions, prepared by a centrifuging process, the dry weight of which was less than that of the unwashed suspensions for the same number of viable cells. In a series of experiments the dry weight of a given number of washed cells proved to be more constant than the dry weight of the same number of unwashed cells. The washed bacteria were more susceptible to iodine than the unwashed bacteria.
The role of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in inflammatory processes
Authors: Bhatt K G S , Sanyal R K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
During aseptic inflammation there is a rise in the histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) contents of the skin and several internal organs in mice and rats. The time course of this rise has been worked out. Depletion of histamine or 5-HT, adversely affects the exudative or reparative phases of inflammation in the rat. Reserpine, the agent used to deplete 5-HT, produces an effect which resembles the action of antiinflammatory steroids like prednisolone.
Absolute configuration of dextropropoxyphene at the C-3 asymmetric centre
Authors: Casy A F , Myers J L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The configuration at the C-3 asymmetric centre of dextropropoxyphene has been related by a stereospecific route to that of the analogous centre of (-)-isomethadone and hence to (R)-α-methyl-β-alanine.
Kinetics of degradation of 2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-methylpyridinium methanesulphonate
Authors: Fan Moung Choung , Nairn J Graham , Walker George C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The decomposition of 2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-methylpyridinium methanesulphonate (P2S) was studied at different temperatures and pH values. The initial rate of decomposition was found to be first order with respect to P2S concentration. The pH for maximum stability appears to be about 5.