bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron in sickle‐cell disease: What have we learned over the years?
Authors: Inati Adlette , Khoriaty Evelyne , Musallam Khaled M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOver the last four decades, monumental advances have been made in the understanding, assessment, and management of transfusion‐dependent patients, which have translated into significant improvements in patient morbidity and mortality. Important lessons have been learned from extensive clinical experience of iron management in the thalassemias, but greater knowledge of key differences in the sickle‐cell disease (SCD) population may impact on our approach to patient assessment and management. The unique pathophysiology of SCD is reflected in a distinct pattern of iron loading with minimal organ‐specific injury. An appreciation and understanding of these differences should allow us to develop tailored management approaches that optimize patient outcomes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:182–190. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water‐soluble fluorescent nanoparticles without distinct aggregation of conjugated polymer chains
Authors: Zhang Guangwei , Lu Xiaomei , Wang Yunyun , Huang Yanqin , Fan Quli , Huang Wei 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn a previous study, we reported water‐soluble light‐emitting nanoparticles with distinct interchain aggregation states of the constituent conjugated polymers. These interchain states usually result in strong self‐quenching, dramatically reducing the quantum efficiency of fluorescence. In the work reported in the present study, we developed new water‐soluble fluorescent nanoparticles without distinct aggregation of the conjugated polymer chains, which demonstrated distinctive morphologies and optical properties. ‘Strawberry’ morphologies of the nanoparticles were directly observed using transmission electron microscopy. The conjugated polymers were dispersed in the individual cores of the nanoparticles and the majority of the core diameters were in the range 8–12 nm. The primary optical properties of the conjugated polymers in tetrahydrofuran still remained in the nanoparticles. The results suggest that the conjugated polymer chains formed a possible unimolecular structure without distinct aggregation in the nanoparticles. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Graft copolymers via ROMP and Diels–Alder click reaction strategy
Authors: Durmaz Hakan , Dag Aydan , Cerit Nese , Sirkecioglu Okan , Hizal Gurkan , Tunca Umit 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAnthracene‐functionalized oxanorbornene monomer and oxanorbornenyl polystyrene (PS) with ω‐anthracene end‐functionalized macromonomer were first polymerized via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization using the first‐generation Grubbs' catalyst in dichloromethane at room temperature and then clicked with maleimide end‐functionalized polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐MI, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐MI, and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA)‐MI in a Diels–Alder reaction in toluene at 120 °C to create corresponding graft copolymers, poly(oxanorbornene)‐g‐PEG, poly(oxanorbornene)‐g‐PMMA, and graft block copolymers, poly(oxanorbornene)‐g‐(PS‐b‐PEG), poly(oxanorbornene)‐g‐(PS‐b‐PMMA), and poly(oxanorbornene)‐g‐(PS‐b‐PtBA), respectively. Diels–Alder click reaction efficiency for graft copolymerization was monitored by UV–vis spectroscopy. The dn/dc values of graft copolymers and graft block copolymers were experimentally obtained using a triple detection gel permeation chromatography and subsequently introduced to the software so as to give molecular weights, intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and hydrodynamic radius (Rh) values. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Religious exclusivism unlimited
Authors: DE RIDDER JEROEN 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLike David Silver before them, Erik Baldwin and Michael Thune argue that the facts of religious pluralism present an insurmountable challenge to the rationality of basic exclusive religious belief as construed by Reformed Epistemology. I will show that their argument is unsuccessful. First, their claim that the facts of religious pluralism make it necessary for the religious exclusivist to support her exclusive beliefs with significant reasons is one that the reformed epistemologist has the resources to reject. Secondly, they fail to demonstrate that it is impossible for basic religious beliefs to return to their properly basic state after defeaters against them have been defeated. Finally, I consider whether there is perhaps a similar but better argument in the neighbourhood and conclude in the negative. Reformed Epistemology's defence of exclusivism thus remains undefeated.
Competition between word order and case-marking in interpreting grammatical relations: a case study in multilingual acquisition
Authors: O'SHANNESSY CARMEL 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe study examines strategies multilingual children use to interpret grammatical relations, focusing on their two primary languages, Lajamanu Warlpiri and Light Warlpiri. Both languages use mixed systems for indicating grammatical relations. In both languages ergative–absolutive case-marking indicates core arguments, but to different extents in each language. In Lajamanu Warlpiri, pronominal clitics in a nominative–accusative pattern also indicate core arguments, and in Light Warlpiri word order in a nominative–accusative pattern partially does so. The study asks which sentence interpretation strategies children rely on most, when they learn to rely on them and whether cross-linguistic influences are seen. Children aged 5 ; 0, 7 ; 0 and 9 ; 0 and adults saw paired, animated events simultaneously on video and heard a transitive sentence spoken. The participants pointed to the event depicted by the sentence heard. Adults used a case-marking strategy consistently in both languages. Children initially used both case-marking and word order strategies, but used case-marking more often as age increased.
Performance of the M062X density functional against the ISOL set of benchmark isomerization energies for large organic molecules
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGas phase standard state (298.15 K, 1 atm) isomerization energies were calculated using the M062X functional with the QZVP, 6-311++G(d,p), 6-311++G(2d,2p), and cc-pVTZ basis sets against the 24 reactions in the ISOL set of benchmark isomerization energies for large organic molecules. The M062X functional appears to offer comparable isomerization energy prediction performance to the best performing currently available dispersion corrected functionals against this benchmark dataset.
Identification of low allergenic apple cultivars using skin prick tests and oral food challenges
Authors: Vlieg‐Boerstra B. J. , van de Weg W. E. , van der Heide S. , Kerkhof M. , Arens P. , Heijerman‐Peppelman G. , Dubois A. E. J. 
Published: November 2010

To cite this article: Vlieg‐Boerstra BJ, van de Weg WE, van der Heide S, Kerkhof M, Arens P, Heijerman‐Peppelman G, Dubois AEJ. Identification of low allergenic apple cultivars using skin prick tests and oral food challenges. Allergy 2011; 66: 491–498.AbstractBackground:  As oral allergy syndrome (OAS) symptoms to apple are frequent, we aimed to identify low allergenic apple cultivars and to validate the prick‐to‐prick skin prick test (SPT) as a suitable screening method.Methods:  Sixty‐eight apple cultivars were tested by SPTs in 33 Dutch adults with OAS, before and during the birch pollen season in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Three cultivars yielding the largest number of negative SPTs (Elise, Santana and Pink Lady®) and one reference cultivar (Golden Delicious) were subsequently tested by single‐blind oral food challenges (SBFC) just after picking in fall 2007 (fresh) and in spring 2008 (stored), outside the birch pollen season and preceded by SPTs. In spring, Santana was replaced by Modi®.Results:  In fresh apples, OAS symptoms of Elise, as measured by cumulative scores on a Visual Analogue Scale VASt, were significantly lower than those of Santana, Pink Lady and Golden Delicious (P = 0.021; 0.040 and 0.005, respectively). VASt scores of Santana were significantly lower than those of Golden Delicious (P = 0.049). In stored apples, VASt scores of Elise were significantly lower than that of Golden Delicious (P = 0.038). VASt scores of fresh apples did not differ significantly from stored apples, except in Golden Delicious (spring < fall: P = 0.021). The SPTs did not predict the severity of OAS.Conclusion:  SPTs are not useful to assess the allergenicity of apple cultivars. By using SBFC, Elise and Santana were identified as low allergenic apple cultivars in patient with OAS. Our data on the effect of storage are inconclusive.
Studies of the species barrier between Drosophila subobscura and D. madeirensis IV. A genetic dissection of the X chromosome for speciation genes
Authors: Khadem M. , Krimbas C. B. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe genetics of four traits contributing to the isolation mechanism between the two closely related species of Drosophila belonging to the obscura group, D. subobscura and D. madeirensis, have been investigated, especially regarding the influence exerted by the X chromosome. This chromosome has been roughly dissected genetically by the use of four markers. It was found that factors affecting viability of backcross males are spread from the centromeric end of the chromosome up the region marked by Bx. Three sections were responsible for male sterility/fertility. The abnormal head shape of the backcross males was affected by factor(s) on the madeirensis and the subobscura sex chromosome located at the region of MAD1 inversion. Finally, an abnormal trait in these males (presence of extra sex combs) was found to be controlled by four sections, two on the madeirensis X chromosome and two on the subobscura one.
Removal of Tannins from Some Bark Species by Different Groups of wood and bark decaying bacteria
Authors: Deschamps A. M. , Leulliette L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSeveral collections of bacteria isolated from decaying wood and bark samples were cultivated in a mineral medium composed of chips of bark species as the sole carbon source. The tannins extracted when autoclaving the medium were partially or completely degraded by most of the isolates. Oak and gaboon wood tannins were more easily degraded than pine tannins. According to the origins of these isolates the occurrence of bark‐tannins degradation by bacteria in nature is discussed.RésuméPlusieurs séries de bactéries isolées de bois et d'écorces en décomposition ont été cultivées en milieu minéral complété par des morceaux de divers types d'écorce comme seule source de carbone. Les tanins extraits lors de l'autoclavage de ce milieu sont partiellement ou complètement dégradés par la plupart des souches.Les tanins de chêne et d'okoumé sont plus facilement dégradés que ceux du pin. Compte‐tenu de l' origine des souches bactériennes utilisées, l'importance et le rôle des bactéries dans la dégradation des tanins et des écorces est discutée.ZusammenfassungVerschiedene Kollektionen von Bakterien, die aus zersetzten Holz‐ und Rindenproben isoliert worden waren, wurden in einem Mineralmedium, welches aus Rindenstückchen als einziger Kohlenstoffquelle bestand, kultiviert. Die Tannine, die beim Autoklavieren des Mediums extrahiert wurden, waren von den meisten Isolaten teilweise oder völlig abgebaut. Eichen‐ und Gabunholz‐Tannine wurden leichter abgebaut als Tannine von Kiefern. Entsprechend der Herkünfte dieser Isolate wurde das Vorkommen des Abbaus von Rinden‐Tanninen durch Bakterien in der Natur diskutiert.
Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in intensely exercising horses administered nutraceutical extracts
Authors: SMARSH D. N. , LIBURT N. , STRELTSOVA J. , McKEEVER K. , WILLIAMS C. A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Many nutraceuticals are used as equine supplements without their efficacy having been scientifically tested. Black tea, cranberries, orange peel and ginger are a few of those nutraceuticals that warrant further study.Objective: To test the effects of single doses of black tea, cranberry, orange peel and ginger extract on markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status following exercise in horses.Methods: In Study 1, 9 mature, healthy but unfit Standardbred mares were administered 2 l of a control (water), orange peel extract (30 g extract) or decaffeinated black tea extract (28 g extract). In Study 2 the same mares were administered 2 l of a control (water), cranberry extract (30 g extract) or ginger extract (30 g extract). In each study, mares were given the extracts via nasogastric tube 1 h before performing a graded exercise test (GXT), in a randomised crossover design with at least 7 days between GXTs. Blood samples were collected at rest, at fatigue, and 1 and 24 h post exercise and analysed for lipid hydroperoxides (LPO), total glutathione (GSH‐T), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), α‐tocopherol (TOC), β‐carotene (BC) and retinol. Data were statistically analysed using a repeated measures ANOVA.Results: In Study 1 there was no effect of treatment for LPO, GSH‐T, GPx, TOC or BC. Retinol was higher for both tea (P = 0.0006) and water (P = 0.004) than for orange peel. In Study 2 there was no treatment effect for LPO, GPx, GSH‐T, RET, BC or TOC.Conclusions: The results show that a single dose of various nutraceuticals in exercising horses do not produce an effect on either oxidative stress or antioxidant status and further investigation is needed as to whether long‐term supplementation would enhance these effects.
Dynamic mobilisations in cervical flexion: Effects on intervertebral angulations
Authors: CLAYTON H. M. , KAISER L. J. , LAVAGNINO M. , STUBBS N. C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Based upon human data, it is probable that many conditions associated with neck pain in horses may benefit from performing mobilisation exercises as part of the rehabilitation protocol.Objectives:To compare sagittal plane intervertebral angulations in a neutral standing position with the angulations at end range of motion in 3 dynamic mobility exercises performed in cervical flexion.Methods:Sagittal plane motion of the head, neck and back were measured in 8 sound horses standing in a neutral position and in 3 end‐of‐range neck flexion positions: chin‐to‐chest, chin‐between‐carpi, and chin‐between‐fore fetlocks. Skin markers on the head, transverse processes of C1–C6, and dorsal spinous processes of T6, T8, T10, T16, L2, L6, S2 and S4 were tracked and adjacent markers connected to form rigid segments. Intersegmental angles, measured between segments on the ventral surface, in the 4 positions were compared using repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferronipost hoctests (P<0.05).Results:The largest angular differences involved the cranial and caudal cervical joints with smaller angular differences (<10°) in the mid‐neck. The angle at C1 was significantly more extended for chin‐between‐carpi (98 ± 11°) and chin‐between‐fetlocks (132 ± 11°) than for the neutral position (86 ± 8°) or chin‐to‐chest (92 ± 8°) positions. The intersegmental angle at C6 indicated progressive lowering of the neck from neutral through chin‐to‐chest and chin‐between‐carpi to chin‐between‐fetlocks. The intersegmental angles from T6–L1 were more flexed by 3–7° in the cervical flexions compared with the neutral position with the differences being significant for at least one of the dynamic mobilisations at each vertebral level.Conclusions:The articulations at the extremities of the cervical vertebral column are primarily responsible for sagittal plane position and orientation of the head and neck. Dynamic cervical flexion also flexes the thoracic intervertebral joints.Potential relevance:The results indicate that dynamic mobilisation exercises performed in cervical flexion have applications in mobilising the cervical and thoracic intervertebral joints, which may have some clinical applications in rehabilitation.
Effect of fitness on glucose, insulin and cortisol responses to diets varying in starch and fat content in Thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis
Authors: FINNO C. J. , McKENZIE E. , VALBERG S. J. , PAGAN J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) occurs in fit, nervous Thoroughbreds fed high nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) diets. Clinical signs are diminished by feeding low NSC, high fat diets; however, the mechanism is unclear.Objective:To determine if the glucose, insulin and cortisol response to isocaloric diets varying in fat and NSC availability differ in fit vs. unfit Thoroughbreds with RER.Materials and methods:Four fit (10 weeks treadmill training) RER Thoroughbred mares were exercised and fed 3 isocaloric (121 MJ/day) diets in a 5 day/diet block design. Two high NSC concentrates, sweet feed (SF) and a processed pelleted feed (PL) and a low starch high fat feed (FAT) were used. After 24 h of rest and a 12 h fast, horses ate half their daily concentrate. Blood sampled for [glucose], [insulin] and [cortisol] was obtained before, immediately after and at 30–60 min intervals for 420 min. After 3–6 months detraining period, the block design was repeated.Results:Results for SF and PL were similar. Regardless of diet, cortisol was higher in fit vs. unfit horses. Fit horses on SF/PL had higher post prandial [insulin] and insulin:glucose ratio than unfit horses. FAT resulted in lower post prandial [glucose] and [insulin] vs. SF/PL. Higher [insulin] in fit vs. unfit horses was not seen on the FAT diet.Conclusions:Increased post prandial [glucose], [insulin] and [cortisol] induced by high NSC, but not high fat, feeds are enhanced by fitness in RER horses. This combination may trigger rhabdomyolysis through increased excitability in RER Thoroughbreds.
Inertial sensors for assessment of back movement in horses during locomotion over ground
Authors: WARNER S. M. , KOCH T. O. , PFAU T. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Assessing back movement is an important part of clinical examination in the horse and objective assessment tools allow for evaluating success of treatment.Objectives: Accuracy and consistency of inertial sensor measurements for quantification of back movement and movement symmetry during over ground locomotion were assessed; sensor measurements were compared to optical motion capture (mocap) and consistency of measurements focusing on movement symmetry was measured.Methods: Six nonlame horses were trotted in hand with synchronised mocap and inertial sensor data collection (landmarks: T6, T10, T13, L1 and S3). Inertial sensor data were processed using published methods and symmetry of dorsoventral displacement was assessed based on energy ratio, a Fourier based symmetry measure. Limits of agreement were calculated and visualised to compare mocap and sensor data. Consistency of sensor measurements was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression to investigate the effect of speed on movement symmetry.Results: Dorsoventral and mediolateral sensor displacement was observed to lie within ± 4–5 mm (± 2 s.d., 9–28% of movement amplitude) and energy ratio to lie within ± 0.03 of mocap data. High levels of correlation were found between strides and trials (0.86–1.0) for each horse and each sensor and variability of symmetry was lowest for T13 followed by T10, T6, L1 and S3 with no significant effect of speed at T6, T10 and T13.Conclusions: Inertial sensor displacement and symmetry data showed acceptable accuracy and good levels of consistency for back movement. The small mediolateral movement amplitude means that changes of <25% in mediolateral amplitude (also unlikely to be detected by visual assessment) may go undetected. New sensor generations with improved sensor sensitivity and ease of use of equipment indicate good potential for use in a field situation.
Prevalence of exercise‐associated arrhythmias in normal performing dressage horses
Authors: BARBESGAARD L. , BUHL R. , MELDGAARD C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Exercise‐associated arrhythmias are important differentials when evaluating poor performance sport horses. However, most studies of arrhythmias have been conducted in racehorses and therefore there is a paucity of knowledge concerning the prevalence and significance of exercise‐associated arrhythmias in riding horses.Objectives:The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of arrhythmias, particularly supraventricular premature complex (SVPCs) and ventricular premature complex (VPCs), associated with exercise in normal performing dressage horses.Methods:In total, 21 normal performing dressage horses, aged 5–16 years (mean 9 years), were examined clinically and echocardiographically to detect the prevalence of valvular regurgitation. Electrocardiographic (ECG) examinations were performed during rest and during a standardised dressage exercise programme, as well as during recovery period 1 h after exercise. All ECG recordings were analysed for presence and frequency of arrhythmias and arrhythmias were correlated with HR. Mean HR for walk, trot, canter and for specific dressage movements, as well as maximum HR was calculated. Fisher's exact test was used to test for associations between arrhythmias, valvular regurgitation, age and gender.Results:SVPCs occurred rarely during rest, but occurred during exercise in 6 (28.6%), and in 13 (61.9%) horses during recovery period. Most horses had ≤3 SVPCs. Ventricular premature complex were seen in one horse, which developed twice during exercise. Mild valvular regurgitation was seen in 11 (52%) of the horses. No significant associations between arrhythmia and age, gender or valvular regurgitation were observed.Conclusions:Reference values for normal performing dressage horses are presented for the first time, demonstrating that arrhythmias occur infrequently during exercise and recovery. Maximum HR in dressage horses is low compared to both showjumping and racehorses. Studies of dressage horses with moderate to severe valvular regurgitation at rest or poor performance are needed to further elucidate the significance of cardiac arrhythmias.