bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave treated activated carbon from industrial waste lignin for endosulfan adsorption
Authors: Maldhure Atul V. , Ekhe Jayant D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Disposal of large amounts of recurring industrial waste lignin is a big problem for the paper industries and there is need for a rational alternative to utilize this waste lignin. Thus highly porous activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from lignin using H3PO4 as an activating chemical with and without microwave treatment in a self‐generated environment at 600 °C and the influence of different types of impregnation on the adsorption–desorption capacities of endosulfan from a liquid phase was studied.RESULT: The maximum adsorption capacities (Xm) for ACs prepared by a microwave treatment and using a simple impregnation method were 6.2422 mg g−1 and 3.9557 mg g−1, respectively. Equilibrium adsorption time determined from kinetic experiments was 5 h and the experimental kinetic data were described by a pseudo‐second‐order rate model. Surface characteristics and desorption patterns showed considerable difference between the two ACs with the microwave treated AC showing less hysteresis, greater Xm and established overall superiority over the other.CONCLUSION: Use of microwave treatment produced more oxygen surface functional groups. Results indicate that surface chemistry of the microwave treated sample is more important than the textural properties for the higher adsorption of endosulfan. The microwave treated sample also resulted in less hysteresis and fewer carbonyl surface groups. Desorption patterns cannot be predicted from adsorption alone. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Clonal selection of high producing, stably transfected HEK293 cell lines utilizing modified, high‐throughput FACS screening
Authors: Song Michael , Raphaelli Kristin , Jones Martina L. , Aliabadi‐Zadeh Khosrow , Leung Kar Man , Crowley David , Hughes Benjamin , Mahler Stephen , Gray Peter P. , Huang Edwin P. , Chin David Y. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Human embryonic kidney‐293 (HEK‐293) cells are commonly used as a transient expression host but their application in stable therapeutic protein production is limited. This is presumably due to the absence of a suitable amplifiable expression system and hence limited protein output compared with other mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary cells. This paper describes a rapid clonal selection method for isolating HEK293 cell lines with high specific productivity, for a non‐amplifiable expression system, to achieve high‐level, scalable expression of recombinant antibodies.RESULTS: Flow cytometry utilizing cold capture of secreted protein on the cell surface was applied to isolate high expressing clones from a stable antibiotic resistant pool. The top three isolated clones showed a five‐ to seven‐fold improvement in volumetric outputs compared with the initial resistant pool (∼20 mg L−1) under batch conditions. In fed‐batch conditions using commercially available hydrolysate supplements, the final titre was further increased to 500–600 mg L−1 in shaker flasks. One clone was scaled up to 25 L bag production using a similar hydrolysate feeding regime. The antibody titre reached 655 mg L−1, and 12 g of antibody was recovered after purification, demonstrating scalability of the process. The process of clonal selection through to fed‐batch production of gram quantities was completed within 4 months.CONCLUSION: HEK‐293 cells can be used as a stable host for the production of biopharmaceuticals, producing gram quantities of recombinant proteins for preclinical development. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
A scalable Nenitzescu synthesis of 2‐methyl‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐indole‐5‐carbonitrile
Authors: Boros Eric E. , Kaldor Istvan , Turnbull Philip S. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract2‐Methyl‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐indole‐5‐carbonitrile is a key intermediate in the synthesis of selective androgen receptor modulators discovered in these laboratories. A practical and convergent synthesis of the title compound starting from 4‐nitro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenol and tert‐butyl acetoacetate was developed, including a telescoped procedure for synthesis (without isolation) and Nenitzescu reaction of 2‐trifluoromethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone. Conversion of the known Nenitzescu indole product to a novel triflate intermediate followed by palladium‐catalyzed cyanation afforded a penultimate carbonitrile. Removal of the C‐3 tert‐butyl ester group on the indole through a decarboxylative pathway completed the synthesis of the title compound in six steps (27% overall yield) from 4‐nitro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenol (five steps, 37% overall yield from tert‐butyl acetoacetate). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Synthesis of novel 2‐alkoxy(aralkoxy)‐4H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolin‐5‐ones starting with dialkyl‐N‐cyanoimidocarbonates
Authors: Al‐Salahi Rashad , Geffken Detlef 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel series of 2‐alkoxy(aralkoxy)‐4H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolines were synthesized employing N‐cyanoimidocarbonates and 2‐hydrazinobenzoic acid as building blocks. Chemical transformation of the inherent lactam moiety in the targeted 2‐alkoxy(aralkoxy)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolines was offered access to a variety of derivatives. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Erythrocytes inhibit ligament fibroblast proliferation in a collagen scaffold
Authors: Harrison Sophia L. , Vavken Patrick , Murray Martha M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this work, we hypothesized that the concentration of erythrocytes in a provisional scaffold would have a significant effect on three of the major biological processes occurring in early wound healing. ACL fibroblast proliferation, collagen production, and scaffold contraction were measured in collagen gels containing fibroblasts and erythrocytes in subphysiologic (1 × 108 erythrocytes/ml), physiologic (1 × 109 erythrocytes/ml), and supraphysiologic (1 × 1010 erythrocytes/ml) concentrations. Fibroblast‐seeded gels containing only platelet‐poor plasma were used as a control group. All gels were cultured for 1, 14, and 21 days. DNA, ELISA for procollagen and scaffold size measurements were used to quantify the three above parameters of wound healing. Samples with concentrations of erythryocytes lower than that in whole blood stimulated greater fibroblast proliferation and scaffold contraction than those with erythrocyte concentrations similar to that in whole blood (p < 0.027; p < 0.03). Increasing the erythrocyte concentration over that in the whole blood stimulated fibroblast collagen production (p < 0.009) and limited scaffold contraction (p < 0.031). Further work examining the role of the erythrocyte in the early provisional scaffold is warranted. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1361–1366, 2011
TNF is required for the induction but not the maintenance of compression‐induced BME signals in murine tail vertebrae: Limitations of anti‐TNF therapy for degenerative disc disease
Authors: Papuga M. Owen , Kwok Edmund , You Zhigang , Rubery Paul T. , Dougherty Paul E. , Pryhuber Gloria , Beck Christopher A. , Hilton Matthew J. , Awad Hani A. , Schwarz Edward M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhile bone marrow edema (BME) is diagnostic of spondyloarthropathy, its nature remains poorly understood. In contrast, BME in ankylosing spondylitis is caused by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐induced vascular and cellular changes. To investigate the relationship between chronic compression and TNF signaling in compression‐induced BME we utilized a tail vertebrae compression model with WT, TNF‐Tg, and TNFR1&2−/− mice to evaluate: (i) healing following release of chronic compression, (ii) induction of BME in the absence of TNFR, and (iii) efficacy of anti‐TNF therapy. Compression‐induced normalized marrow contrast enhancement (NMCE) in WT was significantly decreased threefold (p < 0.01) within 2 weeks of release, while the NMCE values in TNF‐Tg vertebrae remained elevated, but had a significant decrease (p < 0.05) by 6 weeks after the release of compression. TNFR1&2−/− mice were resistant to compression‐induced BME. Anti‐TNF therapy did not affect NMCE versus placebo. Histological examination revealed that NMCE values significantly correlated with marrow vascularity and cellularity (p < 0.05), which account for 76% of the variability of NMCE. Collectively, these data demonstrate a critical role for TNF in the induction of chronic compression‐induced BME, but not in its maintenance. Amelioration of BME is achieved through biomechanical stability, but is not affected by anti‐TNF therapy. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1367–1374, 2011
Immediate ACL reconstruction prevents microvascular pathophysiology in the Uninjured MCL that is not fully reversed by delayed ACL reconstruction
Authors: Mammoto Takeo , Demcoe Ross , Miller Daniel , Leonard Catherine , Seerattan Ruth , Bray Robert , Salo Paul 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury induces maladaptive vascular responses that degrade medial collateral ligament (MCL) function. The purpose of this study was to determine if early or delayed ACL reconstruction can prevent or reverse the abnormal changes in vascular function that occur in the uninjured MCL after ACL injury. Twenty‐four rabbits were divided into four groups (n = 6); control, ACL‐deficient (ACL‐X), immediate ACL reconstructed (ACL‐IR) and delayed ACL reconstructed (ACL‐DR). After 8 weeks, MCLs were assessed for blood flow, responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and phenylephrine (Phe) and autoregulatory responses, using laser speckle perfusion imaging. In ACL‐X knees, blood flow in the MCL increased by 2.5‐fold compared to control. MCL hyperemia was diminished in ACL‐DR knees and was unaltered in ACL‐IR knees. MCL vasculature was unresponsive to ACh and Phe in ACL‐X. These responses were partially restored by ACL reconstruction. Autoregulatory responses were not significantly different between groups. ACL‐DR decreased hyperemia in the MCL and partially attenuated abnormal MCL vascular responses. ACL‐IR was more effective at preventing MCL hyperemia and preserving vascular responsiveness to ACh and Phe. This suggests that the vascular alterations in the uninjured rabbit MCL are largely caused by abnormal mechanical loading resulting from ACL deficiency and can be prevented through early reconstruction. Early ACL reconstruction could limit the progression of microvascular dysfunction of the MCL, and preserve physiological joint homeostasis. This might prevent joint degeneration and delay the progression of osteoarthritis. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1390–1396, 2011
Effects of lateral ligament sectioning on the stability of the ankle and subtalar joint
Authors: Ringleb Stacie I. , Dhakal Ajaya , Anderson Claude D. , Bawab Sebastain , Paranjape Rajesh 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPatients with subtalar joint instability are often diagnosed with ankle instability. Only after a prolonged period of time in which a patient does not improve after treatment for ankle instability is subtalar joint instability considered. To develop a clinically relevant method to diagnose subtalar joint instability, the kinematics of the simulated unstable subtalar joint were examined. A 6 degree‐of‐freedom positioning and loading device was developed. Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion, inversion/eversion, and internal/external rotation were applied individually or as coupled motions along with an anterior/posterior drawer. Kinematic data were collected from sensors attached to the calcaneus, talus, and tibia by keeping all the ligaments intact, and by serially sectioning anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), cervical ligament, and talocalceneal interosseous ligament. Kinematic results were reported using Euler angles. The ATFL and CFL contributed talocrural instability, similar to previous studies. The interosseous ligament was the greatest contributor to subtalar joint stability. The hindfoot motion (calcaneus relative to tibia) showed significant increases in motion when the ankle and/or subtalar joint was made to be unstable. Therefore, it is difficult to diagnose subtalar joint instability on physical examination alone. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1459–1464, 2011
Cobalt chromium alloy with immobilized BMP peptide for enhanced bone growth
Authors: Poh Chye Khoon , Shi Zhilong , Tan Xiao Wei , Liang Zhen Chang , Foo Xue Mei , Tan Hark Chuan , Neoh Koon Gee , Wang Wilson 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCobalt chromium (CoCr) alloys are widely used in orthopedic practice, however, lack of integration into the bone for long‐term survival often occurs, leading to implant failure. Revision surgery to address such a failure involves increased risks, complications, and costs. Advances to enhancement of bone‐implant interactions would improve implant longevity and long‐term results. Therefore, we investigated the effects of BMP peptide covalently grafted to CoCr alloy on osteogenesis. The BMP peptide was derived from the knuckle epitope of bone morphogenic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) and was conjugated via a cysteine amino acid at the N‐terminus. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and o‐phthaldialdehyde were used to verify successful grafting at various stages of surface functionalization. Surface topography was evaluated from the surface profile determined by atomic force microscopy. Osteoblastic cells (MC3T3‐E1) were seeded on the substrates, and the effects of BMP peptide on osteogenic differentiation were evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium mineral deposition. The functionalized surfaces showed a twofold increase in ALP activity after 2 weeks incubation and a fourfold increase in calcium content after 3 weeks incubation compared to the pristine substrate. These findings are potentially useful in the development of improved CoCr implants for use in orthopedic applications. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1424–1430, 2011
Regulation of the inflammatory response by tin protoporphyrin IX in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Braza‐Boïls Aitana , Alcaraz Maria José , Ferrándiz Maria Luisa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate several inflammatory mediators and cartilage degradation molecules as possible biomarkers of joint lesion in the anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) model of osteoarthritis in rats. We also assessed whether the treatment with the anti‐inflammatory agent tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) reduces the progression of disease. Our results indicate that serum levels of interleukin (IL)‐6 and PGE2 are significantly increased in ACLT rats 10 weeks after surgery, whereas the increases in IL‐1β and tumor necrosis‐α were not significant. In addition, our data suggest that IL‐17 is the main pro‐inflammatory cytokine in the ACLT joint. We have shown that serum C‐telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX‐II) is a biomarker better than cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, whereas hyaluronic acid showed no correlation with disease progression. Administration of SnPP (i.p. 12 mg/kg BW/day for 10 weeks) reduces the severity of structural changes and the levels of CTX‐II, IL‐6, and PGE2 in serum and IL‐17 and PGE2 in ACLT knees. These effects on PGE2 are dependent on the down‐regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2. Our findings indicate that systemic and local inflammatory mediators participate in the rat ACLT model and anti‐inflammatory strategies may help to reduce the progression of joint lesion. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1375–1382, 2011
Micro‐Raman spectroscopic investigations of mineral assemblages in parallel to bedding laminae in 2.9 Ga sandstones of the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa
Authors: Bower Dina M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLaminated sandstones from the 2.9 Ga Pongola Supergroup, South Africa, were characterized using micro‐Raman spectral imaging to elucidate the origin of the mineral components. These sandstones were formed in a paleoenvironment conducive to sustaining life and contain compelling features reminiscent of ancient microbial mat remains. Most sedimentary rocks of this age have been altered over time through metamorphism and weathering, obscuring any original biologic or mineralogic signatures. Therefore, determination of the exact formation mechanism for biologically associated features is often precluded, resulting in large gaps in our understanding of early life and Earth's early habitable environments. The results of the Raman analyses show that the parallel to bedding laminations in these rocks consist of elongated muscovite grains that are intimately associated with anatase, rutile, goethite, and graphitic carbon. The morphology, orientation, and intimate associations of the component mineral assemblage in the laminations suggest that physiochemical events, such as weathering, low‐grade metamorphism, or hydrothermal fluids, were also key in their formation and influenced their geochemical makeup. Given the complicated histories of ancient sedimentary rocks, the use of techniques such as micro‐Raman spectroscopy is crucial in determining the origins of sedimentary structures that might otherwise be misinterpreted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of water transport mechanisms during potato drying by applying ultrasound
Authors: Ozuna César , Cárcel Juan A , García‐Pérez José V , Mulet Antonio 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The drying rate of vegetables is limited by internal moisture diffusion and convective transport mechanisms. The increase of drying air temperature leads to faster water mobility; however, it provokes quality loss in the product and presents a higher energy demand. Therefore, the search for new strategies to improve water mobility during convective drying constitutes a topic of relevant research. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of power ultrasound to improve convective drying of potato and quantify the influence of the applied power in the water transport mechanisms.RESULTS:Drying kinetics of potato cubes were increased by the ultrasonic application. The influence of power ultrasound was dependent on the ultrasonic power (from 0 to 37 kW m−3), the higher the applied power, the faster the drying kinetic. The diffusion model considering external resistance to mass transfer provided a good fit of drying kinetics. From modelling, it was observed a proportional and significant (P< 0.05) influence of the applied ultrasonic power on the identified kinetic parameters: effective moisture diffusivity and mass transfer coefficient.CONCLUSIONS:The ultrasonic application during drying represents an interesting alternative to traditional convective drying by shortening drying time, which may involve an energy saving concerning industrial applications. In addition, the ultrasonic effect in the water transport is based on mechanical phenomena with a low heating capacity, which is highly relevant for drying heat sensitive materials and also for obtaining high‐quality dry products. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced magnetic cell labeling efficiency using –NH2 coated MPIOs
Authors: Tang Kevin S. , Shapiro Erik M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractStrategies have been developed for labeling cells with micron sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs) for in vivo visualization of cells by magnetic resonance imaging. Although this approach is well established and has a variety of applications, current protocols employ long labeling times. It has been previously demonstrated that incubation of dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles with positively charged transfection agents, such as poly‐L‐lysine increases labeling efficiency. Therefore, we sought to ascertain whether preincubating MPIOs with various quantities of poly‐L‐lysine would similarly enhance the rate of magnetic cell labeling. This was also tested against an NH2 functionalized, commercially available MPIO. Indeed, we demonstrate significantly increased rate of magnetic cell labeling with MPIOs previously incubated with varying amounts of poly‐L‐lysine, with robust intracellular labeling at 2 hours. Yet the most robust labeling was achieved with the MPIO‐NH2. Interestingly, even for particle formulations which still had negative zeta potential, enhancement of magnetic cell labeling was achieved. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐dimensional phase cycled reconstruction for inherent correction of echo‐planar imaging nyquist artifacts
Authors: Chen Nan‐Kuei , Avram Alexandru V. , Song Allen W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe inconsistency of k‐space trajectories results in Nyquist artifacts in echo‐planar imaging (EPI). Traditional techniques often only correct for phase errors along the frequency‐encoding direction (one‐dimensional correction), which may leave significant residual artifacts, particularly for oblique‐plane EPI or in the presence of cross‐term eddy currents. As compared with one‐dimensional correction, two‐dimensional (2D) phase correction can be much more effective in suppressing Nyquist artifacts. However, most existing 2D correction methods require reference scans and may not be generally applicable to different imaging protocols. Furthermore, EPI reconstruction with these 2D phase correction methods is susceptible to error amplification due to subject motion. To address these limitations, we report an inherent and general 2D phase correction technique for EPI Nyquist removal. First, a series of images are generated from the original dataset, by cycling through different possible values of phase errors using a 2D reconstruction framework. Second, the image with the lowest artifact level is identified from images generated in the first step using criteria based on background energy in sorted and sigmoid‐weighted signals. In this report, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our new method in removing Nyquist ghosts in single‐shot, segmented and parallel EPI without acquiring additional reference scans and the subsequent error amplifications. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative lithium magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the normal human brain on a 3 T clinical scanner
Authors: Smith Fiona E. , Cousins David A. , Thelwall Peter E. , Ferrier I. Nicol , Blamire Andrew M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLithium (Li) is a core for many neuropsychiatric conditions. The safe serum range of Li treatment is narrow, and regular monitoring by blood test is required, although serum levels are thought to be a poor indicator of Li concentration in the brain itself. Brain Li concentration can be measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. However, little data exist in the healthy human brain, and there are no studies of the relaxation properties of brain 7Li at 3 T. Here, 11 healthy male subjects were prescribed Li over a period of 11 days. In seven subjects, the in vivo T1 of 7Li was measured to be 2.1 ± 0.7 s. In the remaining subjects, spectroscopic imaging (1D) yielded a mean brain 7Li concentration of 0.71 ± 0.1 mM, with no significant difference between gray and white matter. Mean serum concentration was 0.9 ± 0.16 mM, giving a mean brain/serum ratio of 0.78 ± 0.26. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical Note: A note on the selection of the penalty parameter for discontinuous Galerkin finite element schemes
Authors: Ainsworth Mark , Rankin Richard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe obtain a computable lower bound on the value of the interior penalty parameters sufficient for the existence of a unique discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximation of a second order elliptic problem. The bound obtained is valid for meshes containing an arbitrary number of hanging nodes and elements of arbitrary nonuniform polynomial order. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2011