bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epstein–Barr Virus
Authors: Young Lawrence S , Sung Nancy S , Pagano Joseph S 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Epstein–Barr virus

(EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus which is implicated in the aetiology of different lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. The virus has a unique ability to transform resting B lymphocytes

in vitro

by expressing a set of latent genes and subsets of these same genes are present in EBV‐associated tumours. EBV exploits the physiology of normal B‐cell differentiation to persist within the memory B cell pool of the immunocompetent host and strong cell‐mediated T‐cell responses are important in controlling EBV infection. Immunosuppressed transplant recipients and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals are at increased risk of developing EBV‐transformed B‐cell proliferations which often present as monoclonal non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. The major EBV‐associated tumours (Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma) show restricted forms of virus latent gene expression reflecting a more complex pathogenesis that involves additional cofactors. A number of pharmacological and immunotherapeutic approaches are being developed to treat or prevent these EBV‐associated tumours.

Key concepts

Epstein–Barr virus
(EBV) infection is implicated in the aetiology of several different lymphoid and epithelial malignancies.

EBV exploits the physiology of normal B‐cell differentiation to persist within the memory B cell pool of the immunocompetent host.

EBV‐encoded latent genes induce B‐cell transformation
in vitro
by altering cellular gene transcription and constitutively activating key cell signalling pathways.

Immunosuppressed transplant patients are at risk of developing EBV‐transformed B‐cell proliferations presenting as B‐cell lymphomas.

Other EBV‐associated tumours display more restricted forms of latent gene expression, reflecting more complex pathogenesis involving additional cofactors.

Pharmacological and immunotherapeutic approaches are being developed to treat or prevent EBV‐associated tumours.
Model NOx Storage Materials at Realistic NO2 Pressures
Authors: Desikusumastuti Aine , Schernich Stefan , Happel Markus , Sobota Marek , Laurin Mathias , Libuda Jörg 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe interaction of NO2 with single‐crystal‐based model NOx storage materials, consisting of barium aluminate nanoparticles on Al2O3/NiAl(110), are investigated by time‐resolved infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (TR‐IRAS) at realistic NO2 partial pressures up to 1.75 mbar. The data is compared to spectra obtained under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions on the same model system. At 300 K, the NO2 uptake at pressures around 1 mbar proceeds through rapid initial formation of surface nitrites and nitrates, similar to that under UHV conditions. The vibrational spectra of the surface species formed at realistic NO2 pressures are comparable to those for species formed under UHV conditions. Beyond the formation of surface species, the formation of bulk nitrates occurs, but is kinetically strongly hindered. At a very low rate, the formation of a disordered barium bulk nitrate is detected. At 500 K, this kinetic hindrance is overcome and the available Ba2+ is quantitatively converted to bulk Ba(NO3)2. The IRAS spectrum of these Ba(NO3)2 particles differs characteristically from those obtained for nitrate multilayers formed upon incomplete conversion under UHV conditions. In addition to the formation of bulk Ba(NO3)2, a more weakly bound disordered nitrate species is formed. This species gives rise to a dynamic NO2 uptake and release well below the decomposition temperature of bulk Ba(NO3)2. The experiments show that model studies under UHV conditions mainly provide information on the initial reaction mechanism, whereas the observation of actual bulk NOx storage phases requires experiments at realistic temperatures and pressures.
Oxide layer dissolution in Si/SiOx/Si wafer bonded structures
Authors: Zakharov N. , Pippel E. , Werner P. , Vdovin V. , Gösele U. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe evolution of the interfaces of hydrophilic‐bonded Si wafers and the corresponding low‐angle twist boundary have been analysed in relation to thermal annealing and their relative crystallographic orientation. Two orientation relationships were investigated: Si<001>/Si<001> and Si<001>/Si<110>, where the interfaces are seperated by thin native SiO2 layers. The interfaces were analysed by TEM and STEM/EELS. It is found that the decomposition rate of the intermediate oxide layer and the formation of a Si(Si bonded interface depend very much on the lattice mismatch and on the twist angle. The velocity of the dissolution of the thin oxide layers and the formation of Si(Si bonds at the bonding interface depend on the orientation relations of the corresponding wafers. The processes of interface fusion and the dissolution of oxide layer are discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biomass into Chemicals: Aerobic Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural into 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid with Gold Nanoparticle Catalysts
Authors: Casanova Onofre , Iborra Sara , Corma Avelino 
Published: September 2009

Abstract5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural is selectively converted into 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (99 mol % yield) in water, under mild conditions (65–130 °C, 10 bar air) with gold nanoparticles supported on nanoparticulate ceria (Au‐CeO2) and on titania (Au‐TiO2); the former being more active and selective. A reaction mechanism is established and the rate‐limiting step of the reaction is the alcohol oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid into 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid. The effects of pressure, temperature, substrate‐to‐catalyst ratio, and amount of base are studied to find the most suitable reaction conditions. The absence of metal leaching is verified by chemical analysis of the reaction solution and by confirming that the reaction does not occur after catalyst removal by filtration in hot water. Substrate degradation is strongly diminished and the catalyst life increased by performing the reaction in two temperature steps.
Summary of ‘Intranasal corticosteroids for nasal airway obstruction in children with moderate to severe adenoidal hypertrophy’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Zhang L. , Mendoza‐Sassi R. A. , César J. A. , Chadha N. K. , van Dalen E. C. , Kremer L. C. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials, of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Zhang L, Mendoza‐Sassi RA, César JA, Chadha NK. Intranasal corticosteroids for nasal airway obstruction in children with moderate to severe adenoidal hypertrophy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. Mp.:CD006286. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006286.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Acylovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Nasser M. , Fedorowicz Z. , Khoshnevisan M. H. , Shahiri Tabarestani M. , van Dalen E. C. , Kremer L. C. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials, of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Nasser M, Fedorowicz Z, Khoshnevisan MH, Shahiri Tabarestani M. Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006700. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006700.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
An application of the successive shortest path algorithm to manage power in multi‐agent system based active networks
Authors: Nguyen Phuong H. , Kling Wil L. , Myrzik Johanna M.A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn order to handle a high penetration of distributed generation (DG), the existing passive distribution systems need to become more active. In the so‐called active network (AN), power flow management has developed to cope with bidirectional power flow and the intermittence of DGs. This paper proposes a method to better manage active power flows based on graph theory application and multi‐agent system (MAS). While the power system is represented as a directed graph, the optimal power flow (OPF) is understood as a minimum cost flow problem that can be solved by the successive shortest path algorithm. The algorithm is implemented in a distributed way and is supported by MAS. Simulations using a five sub‐areas network show that the method is able to reach the optimal operation state while restraining power flows within defined bounds. Furthermore, the method can also response changes in power generation cost, network configuration and load demand increase. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On some questions about selective separability
Authors: Babinkostova Liljana 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCH implies that selective separability is not preserved by finite powers (solving [3, Problems 3.7 and 3.9]). In ZFC, selective separability does not imply H‐separability (solving [4, Problem 34]) (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
β‐Carotene and β‐cryptoxanthin but not lutein evoke redox and immune changes in RAW264 murine macrophages
Authors: Katsuura Sakurako , Imamura Tomomi , Bando Noriko , Yamanishi Rintaro 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe mechanism of immunological benefits induced by carotenoids has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated some of the immunity‐related properties of β‐carotene and two other carotenoids, β‐cryptoxanthin, and lutein, on the murine macrophages cell line RAW264. β‐Carotene added to the culture medium accumulated in the cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The accumulation was positively correlated with cellular lipid peroxidation, demonstrating the pro‐oxidative activity of β‐carotene, and also with the synthesis of glutathione, an intracellular antioxidant. Conversely, accumulation of β‐carotene was negatively correlated with the transcription of immune‐active molecules, such as IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐12 p40, in cells stimulated by LPS and INF‐γ. The transcription of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐6 was more sensitive to the accumulation of β‐carotene than was IL‐12 p40. The accumulation of β‐cryptoxanthin in cells resulted in effects similar to those of β‐carotene. However, lutein accumulated minimally and did not significantly affect the cells. These results demonstrate that β‐carotene, and β‐cryptoxanthin as well, can accumulate in RAW264 cells and induce changes in intracellular redox status, which in turn regulate the immune function of macrophages.
Particle‐in‐Cell/Monte Carlo Collisions Model for the Reactive Sputter Deposition of Nitride Layers
Authors: Bultinck Evi , Mahieu Stijn , Depla Diederik , Bogaerts Annemie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA 2d3v Particle‐in‐cell/Monte Carlo collisions (PIC/MCC) model was constructed for an Ar/N2 reactive gas mixture in a magnetron discharge. A titanium target was used, in order to study the sputter deposition of a TiNx thin film. Cathode currents and voltages were calculated self‐consistently and compared with experiments. Also, ion fluxes to the cathode were calculated, which cause sputtering of the target. The sputtered atom fluxes from the target, and to the substrate were calculated, in order to visualize the deposition of the TiNx film.
Vapor condensation growth and evolution mechanism of ZnO nanorod flower structures
Authors: Haldar S. R. , Nayak A. , Chini T. K. , Ray S. K. , Yamamoto N. , Bhunia S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractZnO flower‐like nanostructures were grown on Ge (100) substrate, by a modified chemical vapor condensation technique of zinc acetate dihydrate at 300 °C, without using any catalyst. These self‐organized three‐dimensional nanostructures were composed of hierarchical arrangement of ZnO nanorods of diameter ∼50 nm around a common nucleus and were distributed uniformly over the entire substrate surface. Evolution study of these structures indicates that the growth begins with a two‐dimensional planar arrangement of 〈0001〉‐oriented ZnO nanorods. With increasing growth time, the expanding adjacent two‐dimensional growth fronts approach each other, followed by which, the formation of three‐dimensional flower‐like structures evolve. Surface diffusion mechanism seems to play an important role in forming these nanostructures, which has been discussed in detail. Elaborate electron microscopic (SEM, TEM) techniques have been used to investigate the growth characteristics of the flower structures. The photoluminescence measurements showed pure free excitonic transition centered at about 3.249 eV with full width at half‐maximum of about 141 meV at 300 K, which blue shifted to 3.361 eV at 10 K with corresponding half width of 7 meV with no defect‐related bandgap peak due to relatively low growth temperature. The optical emission area was imaged through a cathodoluminescence technique.magnified image
Scanning electron micrograph of a typical ZnO nanorod flower structure grown at 300 °C on Ge (100).
Assessing toxicity of nanoparticles using Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera)
Authors: Snell Terry W. , Hicks Daniel G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRotifers are major components of zooplankton in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems throughout the world and could be useful indicator species, providing valuable insight into the effects of nanoparticles on microinvertebrate grazers. Here we report initial efforts to characterize the immediate and longer‐term effects of nanoparticle exposure on the reproduction of the coastal marine and salt lake rotifer Brachionus manjavacas. We used chemically unreactive fluorescent nanoparticles to probe how size and concentration affects the mode of uptake, distribution within the rotifer body, reproductive rate, feeding behavior, and offspring fitness. Population growth rate (r) was depressed 50% in rotifer populations exposed to 0.30 μg mL−1 of 37‐nm particles, and 89% in populations exposed to 1.1 μg mL−1. Larger particles of identical chemical composition, but with diameters up to 3000 nm, caused no reduction in population growth rate. These larger particles remain confined in the gut, implicating nanoparticle size as a critical factor in the ability to penetrate the gut wall and enter tissues. Transfer of the F1 offspring from nanoparticle exposed maternal females into nanoparticle‐free media demonstrated that nanoparticles are rapidly cleared from the animals with no significant residual adverse effects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 26: 146–152, 2011.
Erosionsschutzschichten für Flugtriebwerke
Authors: Ortner Kai , Kohns Andreas , Turley Felix , Jung Thomas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUnter bestimmten Betriebsbedingungen gelangen verstärkt mineralische Partikel, z.B. Sand, in die Luftströmung von Flugtriebwerken. Aufgrund der hohen Gasgeschwindigkeit und der großen Schaufelgeschwindigkeit im Verdichter können diese Partikel einen intensiven Materialabtrag an den Schaufelblättern bewirken (Erosion) und damit deren Funktionalität ernsthaft beeinträchtigen. Eine Beschichtung der Schaufeln mit speziellen Schutzschichten ermöglicht eine beträchtliche Verlängerung der Einsatzdauer der Schaufeln.
Emery-Dreifuss-Muskeldystrophie
Authors: Wehnert M. 
Published: September 2009

Zusammenfassung
Die Emery-Dreifuss-Muskeldystrophie (EDMD) ist eine seltene neuromuskuläre Erkrankung, die durch frühe Kontrakturen, eine langsam progrediente Muskelschwäche und lebensbedrohliche Herzrhythmusstörungen gekennzeichnet ist. Sowohl klinisch als auch genetisch findet man eine große intra- und interfamiliäre Variabilität. Genetisch lassen sich X-chromosomal rezessive (EMD1), autosomal-dominante (EMD2) und autosomal-rezessive (EMD3) Formen unterscheiden, die mit Mutationen in den Genen STA, LMNA, SYNE1, SYNE2 und FHL1 assoziiert sind. Nur bei etwa 46% nicht miteinander verwandter EDMD-Patienten findet man Mutationen in diesen Genen, sodass mit einer weiteren genetischen Heterogenität der EDMD zu rechnen ist.
Mitochondriale Erkrankungen
Authors: von Kleist-Retzow J.-C. , Kornblum C. 
Published: September 2009

Zusammenfassung
Mitochondriale Erkrankungen sind klinisch, biochemisch und genetisch heterogen, das klinische Spektrum reicht von schweren Erkrankungen des frühen Kindesalters bis zu milden monosymptomatischen spätadulten Verläufen. Ursache mitochondrialer Funktionsstörungen können Defekte in nukleären Genen oder Mutationen der mitochondrialen DNA (mtDNA) sein. In den letzten Jahren wurden große Fortschritte in der Entschlüsselung der genetischen Ursachen erzielt, welche auch die Diagnostik in vielen Fällen erleichterten. Andererseits zeigen sich eine z. T. noch weiter anwachsende klinische Komplexität und Variabilität, die pathogenetisch vielfach unverstanden bleibt.
Kongenitale Strukturmyopathien
Authors: Lutz S. , Stiegler B. , Kress W. , von der Hagen M. , Schara U. 
Published: September 2009

Zusammenfassung
Bei den kongenitalen Strukturmyopathien handelt es sich um eine heterogene Gruppe seltener erblicher Myopathien, die durch charakteristische licht- oder elektronenmikroskopisch sichtbare morphologische Einschlüsse oder Umlagerungen von Zellorganellen in der Muskelfaser der quergestreiften Muskulatur gekennzeichnet sind. Die ersten Symptome werden in der Regel bereits bei der Geburt und/oder im Kindesalter, seltener mit einer milderen Symptomatik im Erwachsenenalter manifest. Der Verlauf ist in der Regel nur langsam progredient, sehr selten rasch fortschreitend. Die kongenitalen Strukturmyopathien werden derzeit nach histologischen, immunhistologischen, ultrastrukturellen und auch molekulargenetischen Gesichtspunkten eingeteilt. Eine wachsende Zahl von Gendefekten wird für die Muskelveränderungen verantwortlich gemacht, wobei sowohl die phänotypische Variabilität bei Mutationen im gleichen Gen als auch die genetische Heterogenität bei ähnlichem Phänotyp zu berücksichtigen sind. Zu den häufigsten Formen gehören die nemaline Myopathie, die Core-Myopathien, die zentronukleären Myopathien sowie die kongenitale Fasertypendisproportion.
Success Story? Japanese Immigrant Economic Achievement and Return Migration, 1920–1930
Authors: Suzuki Masao 
Published: September 2009

Even in a country whose patron saint is the Horatio Alger hero, there is no parallel to their [the Japanese American] success strory.The view that Japanese and other Asian Americans constituted an economic success story gained popularity in the mass media and among scholars during the 1960s. At a time when the demands of the Civil Rights movement were challenging the government to redress the racism ingrown in American society, Japanese and other Asian Americans were often held up as “model minorities” who had overcome discrimination through their own efforts and without aid from government laws or service programs2. This practise has led to a debate over both the extent of the successs of Asian Americans and the reasons for their economic achievement3.
The Role of Colonization in the Pathogenesis of Nosocomial Infections
Authors: Bonten Marc J.M. , Weinstein Robert A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe close relationship between colonization and the development of nosocomial infections has been demonstrated. Patient-related factors, such as underlying illness for all major sites of infection and advanced age, and pathogen-related factors, such as the ability of bacteria to adhere to epithelial cells, play the major roles in the pathogenesis of colonization. However, exact mechanisms of colonization have not been elucidated, and modulation of bacterial adherence as a method of infection prevention remains experimental. Current methods of infection prevention, therefore, focus either on preventing growth of colonizing microorganisms or on preventing patient-pathogen contact. Topical antibiotics have been used as a method of colonization prevention. However, their effectiveness may be limited by increases in antibiotic resistance; moreover, the effects on patient outcome are controversial. Maintenance of the physiologic mucosal environment using nonantimicrobial agents seems a promising approach, but only a few studies demonstrating efficacy have been published. Prevention of colonization still must rely heavily on basic infection control measures to prevent contact between patient and pathogen.
Risk Factors Associated With Isolation of Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia in Clinical Specimens
Authors: VanCouwenberghe Carolyn J. , Farver Thomas B. , Cohen Stuart H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To determine risk factors for patients whose cultures grew Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.Design:Retrospective case-control study of 60 patients with cultures positive for S maltophilia, matched by specimen site to 120 controls whose cultures grew other gram-negative aerobic bacteria.Setting:University medical center.Results:S maltophilia was identified from the following sites: respiratory (36), wound (13), urinary (6), blood (4), and cerebral spinal fluid (1). By univariate analysis, cases had a higher risk of exposure than controls for ampicillin (P<.001), gentamicin (P<.001), vancomycin (P=.001), metronidazole (P=.003), piperacillin (P=.007), cefotaxime (P=.014), ceftazidime (P=.017), ciprofloxacin (P=.030), tobramycin (P=.040), and chronic respiratory disease (P=.024). Length of time foreign objects were in place prior to positive culture differed significantly between cases and controls only for endotracheal tubes in patients with respiratory isolates (median number of days: 12.5 for cases, 5 for controls; P=.007). For patients with urinary tract infections, having a urinary catheter increased the odds of infection 10 times over controls. Exposures found by multivariate analysis to be significantly more prevalent in cases than controls included ampicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, gentamicin, metronidazole, piperacillin, tobramycin, chronic respiratory disease, and female gender. Odds ratios were >1 indicating higher risk for cases, except for erythromycin, which had an odds ratio <1.Conclusions:The primary risk factor associated with isolation of S maltophilia was antibiotic use. For patients with pulmonary infections, chronic respiratory disease and length of time an endotracheal tube was in place also contributed to the risk. This suggests that judicious use of antibiotics may prevent some cases of S maltophilia infection.