bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitomycin C: a promising agent for the treatment of canine corneal scarring
Authors: Gupta Rangan , Yarnall Benjamin W. , Giuliano Elizabeth A. , Kanwar Jagat R. , Buss Dylan G. , Mohan Rajiv R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of mitomycin C (MMC) in prevention of canine corneal scarring.Methods With anin vitroapproach using healthy canine corneas, cultures of primary canine corneal fibroblasts or myofibroblasts were generated. Primary canine corneal fibroblasts were obtained by growing corneal buttons in minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Canine corneal myofibroblasts were produced by growing cultures in serum‐free medium containing transforming growth factor β1 (1 ng/mL). Trypan blue assay and phase‐contrast microscopy were used to evaluate the toxicity of three doses of MMC (0.002%, 0.02% and 0.04%). Real‐time PCR, immunoblot, and immunocytochemistry techniques were used to determine MMC efficacy to inhibit markers of canine corneal scarring.Results A single 2‐min treatment of 0.02% or less MMC did not alter canine corneal fibroblast or keratocyte phenotype, viability, or growth. The 0.02% dose substantially reduced myofibroblast formation (up to 67%;P < 0.001), as measured by the change in RNA and protein expression of fibrosis biomarkers (α‐smooth muscle actin and F‐actin).Conclusion Thisin vitrostudy suggests that a single 2‐min 0.02% MMC treatment to the canine corneal keratocytes is safe and may be useful in decreasing canine corneal fibrous metaplasia.In vivostudies are warranted.
The effect of ocular blinkers on the horses’ reactions to four different visual and audible stimuli: results of a crossover trial
Authors: Dziezyc Joan , Taylor Lathrop , Boggess May M. , Scott H. Morgan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective  To determine the effect of ocular blinkers on driving horses’ reactions to visual and audible stimuli.Design  Balanced crossover trial with horses randomly assigned to either wear blinkers or not wear blinkers first or second, then subjected to repeated sequences of four distinct stimuli (chain rattle, cap gun, umbrella opening, and shaking of an aluminum can containing coins). Two weeks later, this process was repeated with the ordering of wearing blinkers reversed.Animal studied  Eight driving horses of various breeds.Procedures  Responses were recorded quantitatively as inter‐beat times (the time between each heart beat in msec) and qualitatively via video recording. Statistical analysis of the first 10 s of inter‐beat times poststimulus assessed the effect of the presence of blinkers, order of blinker application and stimulus type using a linear regression model with a random effect for horse.Results  Wearing blinkers is significantly associated with a decrease in the inter‐beat times (increase in heart rate) when they are worn by horses experiencing an unfamiliar sound. However, wearing blinkers is significantly associated with an increase in the inter‐beat times (decrease in heart rate) when worn by horses experiencing a primarily visual, familiar stimulus.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance  Trained driving horses, when they wear blinkers, have a decrease in inter‐beat time (an increase in heart rate) when there is an unfamiliar sound. This may have relevance to horses who have limited vision caused by trauma or disease.
Mortierella wolfiikeratomycosis in a horse
Authors: Wada Shinya , Ode Hirotaka , Hobo Seiji , Niwa Hidekazu , Katayama Yoshinari , Takatori Kosuke 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPurpose To describe a case of superficial keratomycosis caused byMortierella wolfii(M. wolfii) in a horse.Methods A thoroughbred filly was presented with painful right eye of 2 days’ duration. A superficial corneal ulcer was observed ventrally together with multifocal punctuate opacities axially. Samples were collected by swabbing and scraping the ulcerated lesion and submitted for microbiologic and cytologic examination.Results Microscopic evaluation of debrided corneal tissue revealed the presence of nonseptate fungal hyphae, and culture of a corneal swab yielded fungal growth. Medical treatment with topical antifungal, antibiotic and autogenous serum and systemic anti‐inflammatory resolved the problem within 2 weeks.Conclusions Cytologic evaluation of a corneal scraping was useful to make a clinical diagnosis of keratomycosis. Based on the mycological characteristics, the fungus isolated from the corneal lesion was identified asM. wolfii. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report of equine keratomycosis associated with this fungus, although the organism is known to infect various organs of cattle.
Repair of a scleral defect with an autogenous fascia lata graft in a dog
Authors: Grundon Rachael A , Hardman Chloe , O’Reilly Anu , Stanley Robin G 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA case of a traumatic scleral rupture with uveal herniation in a dog was treated with an autogenous fascia lata graft. Placement of the graft resolved the uveal prolapse and resulted in return of strength and a more normal structure. Fascia lata appears to be an effective scaffolding graft for the repair of scleral defects. It is cheap, easily harvested and large grafts may be obtained. Healing was rapid and the end result was a cosmetic, comfortable, fully functional eye.
Postoperative glaucoma in the Labrador Retriever: incidence, risk factors, and visual outcome following routine phacoemulsification
Authors: Moeller Emily , Blocker Tiffany , Esson Douglas , Madsen Richard 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective To evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with development of postoperative glaucoma in the Labrador Retriever following routine phacoemulsification.Methods Medical records from Labradors and a randomly selected population of non‐Labradors were retrospectively evaluated. Signalment, diabetic status, cataract stage, gonioscopic findings, presence of preoperative lens‐induced uveitis, development of postoperative hypertension (POH), postoperative glaucoma and postoperative visual status were recorded for each patient. Survival curves were developed using the Cox proportional hazards model.Results Forty‐two Labradors (66 eyes) and 199 non‐Labradors (314 eyes) were included. The incidence of POH was significantly higher in Labradors (33%) than non‐Labradors (18%). Labradors were at significantly increased risk of postoperative glaucoma and blindness compared to non‐Labradors. Estimated probabilities of postoperative glaucoma in Labradors were 23%, 25%, 30% and 35% at weeks 4, 26, 52 and 104, respectively, compared with 5%, 6%, 7% and 9% at weeks 4, 26, 52 and 104, respectively, in non‐Labradors. Estimated probabilities of postoperative blindness in Labradors were 5%, 9%, 15% and 27% at weeks 4, 26, 52 and 104, respectively, compared with 2%, 3%, 5% and 10% at weeks 4, 26, 52 and 104, respectively, in non‐Labradors. Risk factors for the development of glaucoma in Labradors included increasing age and development of POH. No statistically significant risk factors for the development of glaucoma were identified in non‐Labradors.Conclusions Labradors are at increased risk of glaucoma and blindness following phacoemulsification compared with non‐Labradors. POH and increasing age represent risk factors for the development of postoperative glaucoma in Labradors.
Comparative morphology and cytology of the alimentary tract in lizardfishes (Teleostei, Aulopiformes, Synodontidae)
Authors: Fishelson Lev , Golani Daniel , Russell Barry , Galil Bella , Goren Menachem 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFishelson, L., Golani, D., Russell, B., Galil, B. and Goren, M. 2012. Comparative morphology and cytology of the alimentary tract in lizardfishes (Teleostei, Aulopiformes, Synodontidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 93: 308–318.This study compares the morphology and cytology of the alimentary tract in several species of lizardfishes (Synodontidae, Teleostei) of the genera Saurida, Synodus, and Trachinocephalus, in relation to their diets and bathymetric distribution. All the studied species feature a large, pouch‐like stomach, with the intestine beginning at the stomach’s anterior apex, adjacent to the esophageal opening. In the more ‘microphagous’Synodus spp. and Trachinocephalus, the intestine bends twice before reaching the anus, whereas in the more ‘macrophagous’Saurida spp., the intestine extends straight to the anus. The species differ also in the number and form of their pyloric ceca, the length of the intestine and in the percentile relationship between stomach length and standard body length. Along the alimentary tract folds and villi protrude into the lumen, their numbers differing on various sites of the tract. Three cell types make up the gastric gland system: (1) pyramidal cells forming the tubular gastric glands in the lamina propria; among them are large, pale secretary cells; (2) groups of neck cells that surround the pits of the tubules; and (3) groups of large and granule‐rich cells at the end portion of the stomach. All species are carnivorous and uniform in morphology, the differences in the alimentary tract found between the more shallow‐water species of Synodus and Trachinocephalus, and the deeper‐dwelling Saurida, seem to be only partly correlated with the differences in diet.
Implied volatility smiles, option mispricing and net buying pressure: evidence around the global financial crisis
Authors: Larkin J. , Brooksby A. , Lin C. T. , Zurbruegg R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUsing the recent global financial crisis as an exogenous setting, we examine the presence and source of implied volatility smile phenomena in Australian S&P ASX 200 index options. We find a pronounced implied volatility smile for index puts in both bull and bear markets and a smile for index calls in the bear but not bull market. Implied volatilities of out‐of‐the money puts tend to be upwards biased whilst those of calls tend to be downwards biased. We also find that the bias in implied volatilities yields excess returns based on unhedged and delta‐neutral trading strategies, suggesting that implied volatilities are related to option mispricing. Net buying pressure from market participants appears to be a source of mispricing in the case of out‐of‐the‐money index puts with excess demand particularly pronounced during the bull period before the global financial crisis unfolded.
Border Wars: Tax Revenues, Annexation, and Urban Growth in Phoenix
Authors: HEIM CAROL E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPhoenix and neighboring municipalities, like many in the South and West, pursued a growth strategy based on annexation in the decades after the second world war. This article explores the link between annexation and competition for tax revenues. After discussing arguments for annexation, it traces the history of annexation in the Phoenix metropolitan area. A long‐running series of ‘border wars’ entailed litigation, pre‐emptive annexations and considerable intergovernmental conflict. The article argues that tax revenues have been a key motivation for municipalities to seek annexation, particularly since the 1970s. The timing of annexation was an important component of the strategies of municipal officials. Developers sought urban economic growth, but did not always favor political expansion of municipal boundaries through annexation. The article then considers several related policy issues and argues that while opportunities for annexation are becoming more limited, competition for tax revenues (particularly sales‐tax revenues) continues to be fierce, creating dilemmas for municipalities in the region.RésuméDans les décennies qui ont suivi la seconde guerre mondiale, Phoenix et plusieurs communes limitrophes, comme beaucoup dans le Sud et l'Ouest, ont appliqué une stratégie de croissance fondée sur l'annexion. L'article étudie le lien entre annexion et compétition en matière de recettes fiscales. Après un examen des arguments en faveur de l'annexion, il retrace son historique dans la zone métropolitaine de Phoenix. Une longue succession de ‘guerres des frontières' a occasionné des litiges, des annexions préventives et un conflit important entre autorités publiques. Il est montré que les rentrées fiscales ont fortement incité les municipalités à rechercher les annexions, en particulier depuis les années 1970. Le calendrier de ces opérations a pesé dans les stratégies des dirigeants municipaux. Quant aux promoteurs, en quête de croissance économique urbaine, ils ne prônaient pas toujours l'extension politique des frontières municipales par annexion. L'article envisage donc plusieurs aspects politiques connexes et soutient que, si les possibilités d'annexion se restreignent, la concurrence en matière de recettes fiscales (l'imposition sur les ventes notamment) reste acharnée, créant des dilemmes pour les autorités municipales de la région.
Longer term test–retest reliability of error‐related brain activity
Authors: Weinberg Anna , Hajcak Greg 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe error‐related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event‐related potential (ERP) following an erroneous response and is thought to reflect activity of the anterior cingulate cortex. There is accumulating evidence that the component has trait‐like properties; prior evidence further suggests test–retest reliability estimates ranging from .40 to .82 over a period of 2 to 6 weeks. The present study examined temporal stability over a longer time period. Error‐related brain activity was recorded from 26 subjects during an arrow version of the flankers task on two occasions separated by 1.5 to 2.5 years. Depending on the scoring method, test–retest reliability of the ERN ranged from .56 to .67. These data are consistent with previous suggestions that the ERN is a moderately stable, trait‐like neural measure.
The absence of a visual stimulus can trigger task‐set‐independent attentional capture
Authors: Kiss Monika , Eimer Martin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe investigated whether the absence of one item in a regularly spaced visual array (gap cue) captures attention in a task‐set‐independent fashion. Participants searched for a large target among medium‐size distractors (size task) or a red target among gray distractors (color task). Target arrays were preceded by uninformative cue arrays that contained a color singleton or a gap cue. The N2pc component was measured as an index of attentional capture. Color singleton cues captured attention only in the color task, but gap cues captured attention in both tasks. For cue arrays containing a color singleton and a gap cue on opposite sides, an N2pc was triggered by the color singleton in the color task. The absence of an item in a regular array triggered task‐set‐independent attentional capture when it was the only unique display feature, but not when a competing set‐matching singleton was simultaneously present.
Differential frontal‐parietal phase synchrony during hypnosis as a function of hypnotic suggestibility
Authors: Terhune Devin Blair , Cardeña Etzel , Lindgren Magnus 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSpontaneous dissociative alterations in awareness and perception among highly suggestible individuals following a hypnotic induction may result from disruptions in the functional coordination of the frontal‐parietal network. We recorded EEG and self‐reported state dissociation in control and hypnosis conditions in two sessions with low and highly suggestible participants. Highly suggestible participants reliably experienced greater state dissociation and exhibited lower frontal‐parietal phase synchrony in the alpha2 frequency band during hypnosis than low suggestible participants. These findings suggest that highly suggestible individuals exhibit a disruption of the frontal‐parietal network that is only observable following a hypnotic induction.
In vivo measurement of regional variation in anterior scleral resistance to Schiotz indentation
Authors: Patel Hetal , Gilmartin Bernard , Cubbidge Robert P , Logan Nicola S 
Published: April 2011

Citation information: Patel H, Gilmartin B, Cubbidge RP & Logan NS. In vivo measurement of regional variation in anterior scleral resistance to Schiotz indentation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 437–443. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00840.xAbstractPurpose:  Recent studies indicate that ocular and scleral rigidity is pertinent to our understanding of glaucoma, age related macular degeneration and the development and pathogenesis of myopia. The principal method of measuring ocular rigidity is by extrapolation of data from corneal indentation tonometry (Ko) using Friedenwald’s transformation algorithms. Using scleral indentation (Schiotz tonometry) we assess whether regional variations in resistance to indentation occur in vivo across the human anterior globe directly, with reference to the deflection of Schiotz scale readings.Methods:  Data were collected from both eyes of 26 normal young adult subjects with a range of refractive error (mean spherical equivalent ± S.D. of −1.77 D ± 3.28 D, range −10.56 to +4.38 D). Schiotz tonometry (5.5 g & 7.5 g) was performed on the cornea and four scleral quadrants; supero‐temporal (ST) and ‐nasal (SN), infero‐temporal (IT) and ‐nasal (IN) approximately 8 mm posterior to the limbus.Results:  Values of Ko (mm3)−1 were consistent with those previously reported (mean 0.0101 ± 0.0082, range 0.0019–0.0304). In regards to the sclera, significant differences (p < 0.001) were found across quadrants with indentation readings for both loads between means for the cornea and ST; ST and SN; ST and IT, ST and IN. Mean (±S.D.) scale readings for 5.5 g were: cornea 5.93 ± 1.14, ST 8.05 ± 1.58, IT 7.03 ± 1.86, SN 6.25 ± 1.10, IN 6.02 ± 1.49; and 7.5 g: cornea 9.26 ± 1.27, ST 11.56 ± 1.65, IT 10.31 ± 1.74, SN 9.91 ± 1.20, IN 9.50 ± 1.56.Conclusions:  Significant regional variation was found in the resistance of the anterior sclera to indentation produced by the Schiotz tonometer.
Can soil moisture deficit be used to forecast when soils are at high risk of damage owing to grazing animals?
Authors: Piwowarczyk A. , Giuliani G. , Holden N. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA potentially significant cause of damage to grassland soils is compaction of unsaturated soil and poaching of saturated or nearly saturated soil by animal hooves. Damage is caused when an applied stress is in excess of the bearing strength of the soil and results in a loss of soil structure, macroporosity and air or water conductivity. Severely damaged soils can cause reduced grassland productivity and make grazing management very difficult for the farmer. The actual amount of soil damage that can occur during grazing is dependent on the grass cover which acts as a protecting layer, the soil water content and the characteristics of the grazing animal (weight and hoof size). Assuming that the farmer is knowledgeable about the characteristics of the grazing animal and grass cover, it would be very useful for short‐term operational farm planning to be able to predict when soil water contents were likely to be in a critical range with respect to potential hoof damage. In this study soil moisture deficits (SMDs) which can be derived from meteorological forecasts are evaluated for predicting when soil water conditions are likely to lead to hoof damage. Two contrasting Irish grassland soils were analysed using a Hounsfield servo‐mechanical vertical testing machine to simulate static (285.4 N) and dynamic (571 N) hoof loads on the soil over a range of estimated SMDs (0, 5, 10 and 20 mm). The deficits were analysed with respect to the soil volumetric water content, compression (displacement) and change in dry bulk density. The SMDs imposed in the laboratory were similar to those under field conditions and thus the methods used in this study are applicable elsewhere. The change in dry bulk density following loading (0.2–0.7 g/cm3) was linearly related to SMD (R2 ranged from 0.90 to 0.99), leading to the conclusion that a forecast of SMD can be used to predict when grassland soils are likely to be at risk of damage from grazing.
Land‐use effects on the distribution of soil organic carbon within particle‐size fractions of volcanic soils in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (Mexico)
Authors: Covaleda S. , Gallardo J. F. , García‐Oliva F. , Kirchmann H. , Prat C. , Bravo M. , Etchevers J. D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of land‐use and forest cover depletion on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) within particle‐size fractions in a volcanic soil. Emphasis was given to the thermal properties of soils. Six representative sites in Mexico were selected in an area dominated by Andosols: a grassland site, four forested sites with different levels of degradation and an agricultural site. Soils were fractionated using ultrasonic energy until complete dispersion was achieved. The particle‐size fractions were coarse sand, fine sand, silt, clay and particulate organic matter from the coarse sand sized fraction (POM‐CS) and fine sand (POM‐FS). Soil organic carbon decreased by 70% after forest conversion to cropland and long‐term cultivation; forest cover loss resulted in a decrease in SOC of up to 60%. The grassland soil contained 45% more SOC than the cropland one. Soil organic carbon was mainly associated with the silt‐size fraction; the most sensitive fractions to land‐use change and forest cover depletion were POM followed by SOC associated with the silt and clay‐sized fractions. Particulate organic matter can be used as an early indicator of SOC loss. The C lost from the clay and silt‐sized fractions was thermally labile; therefore, the SOC stored in the more degraded forest soils was more recalcitrant (thermally resistant). Only the transformation of forest to agricultural land produced a similar loss of thermally stable C associated with the silt‐sized fraction.
Down‐Regulation of TNF‐Alpha by Small Interfering RNA Inhibits Particle‐Induced Inflammation In Vitro
Authors: Qin Chu‐qiang , Ding Yue , Huang Dong‐sheng , Xu Jie , Ma Ruo‐fan , Huang Jian‐bin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAseptic joint loosening is a key factor that reduces the life span of arthroplasty. There are currently few effective treatments for joint loosening except surgical revision. We explored the inhibitory effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha‐targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) on particle‐induced inflammatory cytokine expression in the murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7. siRNA targeting TNF‐alpha was chemically synthesized and transfected into RAW264.7 cells by cationic liposomes. Ceramic, titanium, and polyethylene particles of different sizes (0.2–1.2 µm and 1.2–10 µm) were prepared to stimulate cells 24 h after siRNA transfection. The down‐regulation of TNF‐alpha mRNA and protein levels was quantitatively determined using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively, at different time intervals. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the siRNA transfection efficiency was 85.2% ± 3.5%. Real‐time PCR showed that the levels of TNF‐alpha mRNA in the particle stimulation plus RNA interference (RNAi) groups were significantly lower compared with the particle stimulation‐only groups 3 h after stimulation (P < 0.05). Similarly, ELISA essays showed that the protein levels of TNF‐alpha in the RNAi‐treated groups were significantly decreased 24 h after transfection (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the inhibitory effect among the groups stimulated by different particle types or particle sizes (P > 0.05). Our results indicated that siRNA targeting TNF‐alpha can inhibit TNF‐alpha release from RAW264.7 cells when stimulated by ceramic, titanium, and polyethylene particles of different sizes and that the inhibitory effects were not related to the type or size of particle.