bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant effect of lutein towards phospholipid hydroperoxidation in human erythrocytes
Authors: Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Kiko Takehiro , Hatade Keijiro , Sookwong Phumon , Arai Hiroyuki , Miyazawa Teruo 
Published: July 2009

Peroxidised phospholipid-mediated cytotoxity is involved in the pathophysiology of many diseases; for example, phospholipid hydroperoxides (PLOOH) are abnormally increased in erythrocytes of dementia patients. Dietary carotenoids (especially xanthophylls, polar carotenoids such as lutein) have gained attention as potent inhibitors against erythrocyte phospholipid hydroperoxidation, thereby making them plausible candidates for preventing diseases (i.e. dementia). To evaluate these points, we investigated whether orally administered lutein is distributed to human erythrocytes, and inhibits erythrocyte PLOOH formation. Six healthy subjects took one capsule of food-grade lutein (9·67 mg lutein per capsule) once per d for 4 weeks. Before and during the supplementation period, carotenoids and PLOOH in erythrocytes and plasma were determined by our developed HPLC technique. The administered lutein was incorporated into human erythrocytes, and erythrocyte PLOOH level decreased after the ingestion for 2 and 4 weeks. The antioxidative effect of lutein was confirmed on erythrocyte membranes, but not in plasma. These results suggest that lutein has the potential to act as an important antioxidant molecule in erythrocytes, and it thereby may contribute to the prevention of dementia. Therefore future biological and clinical studies will be required to evaluate the efficacy as well as safety of lutein in models of dementia with a realistic prospect of its use in human therapy.
Rights to Liberty in Purely Private Matters
Authors: Riley Jonathan 
Published: July 2009

John Stuart Mill provides a classic defense of individual and group rights to liberty with respect to purely private or self-regarding matters:The only part of the conduct of any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself … directly, and in the first instance, … his independence is, of right, absolute.… From this liberty of each individual, follows the liberty, within the same limits, of combination among individuals; freedom to unite, for any purpose not involving harm to others: the persons combining being supposed to be of full age, and not forced or deceived. (1859, pp. 224–26)
John Stuart Mill's Famous Distinction Between Production and Distribution
Authors: Smith Vardaman R. 
Published: July 2009

In the final sentence of the "Preliminary Remarks" to the Principles of Political Economy (1848), John Stuart Mill declaresThe laws of Production and Distribution, and some of the practical consequences deducible from them, are the subject of the following treatise. (1848, p. 21)It is almost two hundred pages before Mill asserts thatThe laws and conditions of the Production of wealth partake of the character of physical truths. There is nothing optional or arbitrary in them. … It is not so with the Distribution of wealth. That is a matter of human institution solely. (1848, p. 199)
A Reply to Arnold's Reply
Authors: Schweickart David 
Published: July 2009

Professor Arnold's reply to my reply seems not to have touched the substance of my argument. Perhaps I have been unclear. Arnold contends that any form of market socialism, if unchecked by central authorities, would revert to a system essentially undistinguishable from capitalism. Against this contention I have argued that a democratic, worker-controlled, market socialism that generates its investment fund by taxation exhibits no such tendency. Specifically, I argued that in such a society1. there exists no tendency for socialized property to revert to private property (since workers have no incentive to sell off their firms to private individuals);2. the ability of private individuals to accumulate vast wealth is sharply curtailed (since interest and stock income are absent);3. the authority structures within enterprises are much more democratic than under capitalism;4. intra-firm income differentials will be far more egalitarian than under capitalism.
Paternalism and Public Policy
Authors: New Bill 
Published: July 2009

Wherever a government or state is concerned with the welfare of its citizens, there will probably also exist policies which compel the individual citizen to undertake or abstain from activities which affect that citizen alone. The set of theories behind such policies is collectively known as ‘paternalism’. It is not hard to understand why this term has developed strong pejorative overtones. Policies of this type appear to offend a fundamental tenet of liberal societies: namely, that the individual is best placed to know what is in his or her interests. Paternalistic policies imply, and are concerned with correcting, failures of precisely this kind of judgement. And yet, at the same time, there is a popular consensus that compelling people to wear a seat belt when driving a car is a reasonable restriction of personal liberty. Paternalism may be difficult to accept in principle, but it is equally difficult to avoid in practice.Not surprisingly, the literature reveals a long heritage of debate in a wide range of academic disciplines. This debate reveals a failure to make progress in two areas in particular. First, analyses of paternalism often confuse policies which are actually concerned with correcting failures of market exchange — in particular, those concerned with insufficient or imperfect information — with those which are genuinely paternalistic. One objective of this paper will be to clarify the difference between these two kinds of policy.
The rights in conflict case; Charnia versus Tourisan
Authors: Charnia Tourisian V. 
Published: July 2009

Editorial NoteThe first Telders International Law Moot Court Competition was organized in 1977 on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of the Telders International Law Students Debating Society. Students from the Universities of Bonn, Cologne, Leiden and Strasbourg participated. The competition took place in the Peace Palace at The Hague and was an overwhelming success. Since then the competition has been held annually. Participation has expanded from three teams in 1977 to thirteen teams now. The eleventh session has been held in the Peace Palace from 14–16 April 1988. The case for the Telders International Law Moot Court Competition was written by Prof. Dinah Shelton.
EEC Anti-Dumping Law: Assembly Operations; The Court of First Instance
Authors: Ottervanger T.R. 
Published: July 2009

1. INTRODUCTIONIn order to protect European industries against dumped imports from countries which are not members of the EEC, the Community authorities may impose anti-dumping duties. The relevant rules are laid down in Council Regulation 2176/84 and are based on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the GATT Anti-Dumping Code. The European Commission is responsible for investigating cases; it is empowered to impose provisional anti-dumping duties or to accept so-called “price undertakings” offered by the exporters to raise their prices. These price undertakings purport to eliminate the dumping,i.e., generally speaking, the difference between domestic and export price, or its injurious effects. They are advantageous for the exporters since the price increase goes to them rather than to the custom authorities in the form of a duty.
Current Legal Developments in the Field of Transboundary Pollution
Authors: Hohenveldern I.Seidl 
Published: July 2009

1. INTRODUCTIONChernobyl and Sandoz-Bâle are certainly among the most remarkable current events in the field of transboundary pollution. The Chernobyl incident has sensitised at least a part of European public opinion to such an extent that the IAEA had to consider it a great success that the Final Document of the Special Session of the General Conference after Chernobyl could still proclaim that the General Conference “recognizes that nuclear power will continue to be an important source of energy for social and economic development”.
Recent Developments in the United States under The Hague Evidence Convention
Authors: Alley Edwin R. , Prescott Darrell 
Published: July 2009

In this article the author states that until now the lack of specific guidelines might explain the fact that the application of the Aerospatiale ruling has been far from uniform in American practice. Nevertheless, some issues that had been considered by Courts and Commentators before Aerospatiale have now been resolved.Alley and Prescott claim that the Hague Evidence Convention has represented a very positive step in international legal cooperation between nations which employ considerably different legal procedures. The authors discus recent developments and hope that there will be a continuation of construe five building of the US. and other signatory states upon their past experiences in mutual cooperation.
The Work of The International Law Commission on “Relations between States and International Organizations” Discontinued: an Assessment
Authors: Bekker Peter H.F. 
Published: July 2009

The UN General Assembly has recently decided to delete from the agenda of the International Law Commission the topic ‘Relations between States and International Organizations’.Over a period of 31 years, fourteen Reports by two successive Special Rapporteurs studied the topic in two parts. The First part of the topic (1963–1975) dealt with the privileges and immunities of representatives of states to international organizations, and resulted in a Convention, that has, however, not yet entered into force; the Second part of the topic (1976–1992) concentrated on the legal status and immunities of organizations themselves.The author analyzes the Draft Articles that have been submitted in the course of the ILC's study of the Second part. This is done by way of a three-step application of the functional necessity concept of organizational immunities:(1) Status, dealing with an organization's functions, legal personality and capacity-(2) Selection, defining a scale of organizational immunities for which an organization may be eligible - and (3) Scope, determining the extent of selected immunities. Finally, the author employs the two statutory functions of the ILC -the codification of international law and the progressive development of international law- to assess the contribution by the ILC to this field of international institutional law.
International Law and Environmental Legislation in Developing Countries, with Special Reference to India and Indonesia
Authors: Otto J.M. 
Published: July 2009

1. INTRODUCTIONAttention for the pollution and degradation of the human environment over the last decades has resulted in an unprecedented increase of activities regarding environmental policy and law at both international and national levels. Since 1972 international resolutions and agreements have distinguished between environmental problems of developing countries and those of industrial countries. In that year it was proclaimed at the Stockholm UN-Conference on the Human Environment that in the developing countries most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development. The extremely complex situation in those countries in this regard was made known to the world community again by the so-called Brundtland Commission in its final report.
The Gulf Crisis and the United Nations
Authors: Raič David 
Published: July 2009

1. INTRODUCTIONAs a result of the Iraq-Iran war, Iraq's economy has been exhausted. It had a foreign debt of nearly 80 billion dollars. Iraq apparently failed in its attempts to borrow in foreign capital markets the amounts for investment-in particular for the reparation and expansion of oil production capacity-which it needed to restore its economy. In June 1990, Iraq stated that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had undermined the Iraqi economy by persistently producing more than their OPEC quotas. On July 18, 1990, the Iraqi Minister of Foreign Affairs Tariq Aziz stated in the Arab League that Kuwait had stolen Iraqi oil worth 2.4 billion dollars from the Rumaila Oilfield and that Kuwait had built military installations on Iraqi territory. The President of Egypt, Mubarak, then stated that Iraq and Kuwait would negotiate in Jeddah about the Iraqi claim. At the OPEC conference in Geneva on July 26, the minimum reference price was raised to $21.0/b. This despite Iraq's pressure to raise it to $25.0/b. Iraq then warned Kuwait that it had legitimate and historical rights in respect of the Rumaila Oilfield and two islands in the Persian Gulf. On August 1 it turned out that the negotiations in Jeddah had failed. Kuwait stated that it had refused to cede territory. On August 2 Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait. Because of the small capacity of the Kuwaiti army to offer resistance, Kuwait was occupied by Iraq in a very short time.
Frontiers of Sovereignty: A Framework of Protection, Assistance, and Development for the Internally Displaced
Authors: Deng Francis M. 
Published: July 2009

AbsractAmong the major crises threatening humanity today, forcing some 20 million people to flee their countries as refugees and displacing some 30 million people within the borders of their countries, are violent internal conflicts, systematic violations of human rights, massive denials of democratic freedoms, and frustration of sustainable, environmentally sensitive development. Although mostly grounded in domestic jurisdictions, these crises often result in human rights tragedies of grave concern to the international community. In this article, the focus lies on the state's sovereignty to underscore its responsibilities and accountability to both domestic and international constituencies.
At Last: an EEC-Regulation on the Control of Concentrations
Authors: Sevenster H.G. 
Published: July 2009

After sixteen years of negotiation and numerous Commission's proposals, on December 21, 1989 the Council of Ministers of the EC finally adopted a Regulation on the Control of Concentrations Between Undertakings. The Regulation enters into force on September 21, 1990.Although the first draft regulation had been issued by the Commission as long ago as 19732, the Council has been unable to reach consensus on the subject for some time. Several amended proposals followed the 1973 draft, but it was only recently that things became really serious, as the Council has been put under considerable pressure by the Commission and industry to finally decide. The increasing pressure has been considered due largely to the EC Court's decision in theBAT-Reynolds Caseand the rather active behaviour the EC Commission has displayed in intervening in concentrations since that judgment.
The Untidy Process of Groping for Truth
Authors: Haack Susan 
Published: July 2009

In many academic circles today, Susan Haack observes, we encounter a ‘new almost-orthodoxy’ which distrusts the notions of truth, fact and evidence and rejects such ideals as honest inquiry and respect for evidence. Supporters of this ‘Higher Dismissiveness’, noting, correctly, that ‘truth’ is very often only what the powerful have managed to get accepted as such, draw the mistaken conclusion that those who still speak of knowledge and truth are guilty of naivete and ‘white male thinking’.In this paper Haack argues that the Higher Dismissiveness is not only confused, but dangerously so.
What is pragmatism?
Authors: Rorty Richard , Putnam Hilary , Conant James , Helfrich Gretchen 
Published: July 2009

The following is a transcript of a discussion about the question ‘What is Pragmatism?’ between Richard Rorty, Hilary Putnam, and James Conant. The discussion was part of a series of discussions on more or less philosophical subjects broadcast on Chicago Public Radio. This discussion is anchored by Gretchen Helfrich. Two listeners (Chris and Edwin) also took part.I thank the participants for making the material available for a wider audience. I have deleted some passages in order to fit the space available for this subject (a nearly complete version appears in the next volume of The Wittgenstein Studies). I have tried to keep the character of a discussion. However, a transcript can hardly display the fine nuances of spoken words—and there are indeed some such nice nuances. However, the most important points were, of course, kept. How to think about them — that is up to the reader.Richard Raatzsch, University of Leipzig, July 2004Further note from Stephen Law: readers should be aware that this transcript has been edited. Some material — words, phrases, and passages — has been removed. Italicizations are my own.
Creating a cultural niche for the a-social?; or, Speculation about how Cultural factors might defeat Altruism
Authors: Lovas Mark J. 
Published: July 2009

Mark Lovas asks to what extent are we all morally blind — and morally wanton?There are other sound reasons to destroy the Social Security system. It is based upon principles that are deeply offensive to the moral values of the political leadership … Social Security is based on the idea that it is a community responsibility to ensure that the disabled widow on the other side of town has food to eat, or that the child across the street should be able to go to a decent school. Such evil ideas have to be driven from the mind. … According to right thinking, it isn't my fault if the widow married the wrong person or if the child's parents made bad investment decisions, so why should I contribute a few cents to a public fund to take care of them?
Facilitating Functional Social-Communication Skills in Adolescents With Asperger’s Syndrome
Authors: Retherford Kristine S. , Sterling-Orth Angela J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The demands of initiating and maintaining social relationships and securing and holding employment commensurate with their level of education can be a life-long struggle for many adolescents and young adults with Asperger’s syndrome (AS). The purpose of the project described in this article was to pilot a service delivery model for adolescents and young adults with AS and their families that would bridge various agencies to address social-communication skills and executive functions that predict success in life settings.
Social Thinking: A Training Paradigm for Professionals and Treatment Approach for Individuals With Social Learning/Social Pragmatic Challenges
Authors: Winner Michelle Garcia , Crooke Pamela J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Teaching students with social learning/pragmatic challenges what neurotypical children learn intuitively is an act that blends art and science. This article will describe the development of social learning and social communication and the relationship to social skills. A training and treatment framework referred to as Social Thinking will be introduced. The training aspect of Social Thinking is referred to as the ILAUGH Model, an acronym representing how different aspects of the school and home day relate require our core social knowledge and then how we use this knowledge to produce our social skills as well as participate successfully in specific academic tasks. This article will also introduce one aspect of Social Thinking treatment called the Social Thinking Vocabulary which creates concrete ways to explore and teach abstract lessons related to our social skills production.
Osteochondral defect repair after implantation of biodegradable scaffolds: indirect magnetic resonance arthrography and histopathologic correlation
Authors: Streitparth F. , Schöttle P. , Schlichting K. , Schell H. , Fischbach F. , Denecke T. , Duda G. N. , Schröder R. J. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Biodegradable scaffolds have become an important option in the treatment of osteochondral defects. Therefore, accurate and reproducible monitoring of scaffold repair tissue is crucial. Purpose: To assess the feasibility of indirect magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography in determining the quality of osteochondral repair after scaffold implantation using an MR imaging (MRI) scoring and grading system with histology as reference. Material and Methods: Osteochondral defects created at ovine condylar facets were treated with either a commercial poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) scaffold or a modified softer one ( n=6/group; 87% and 55% of the elastic modulus of ovine subchondral bone, respectively). Empty defects at the contralateral condyle served as control group. A 1.5T MRI scan was performed after 6 months with proton density (PD)-weighted (w) fat-saturated (fs) fast spin-echo (FSE), T1-w two-dimensional (2D), and 3D fs gradient echo (GE) sequences 30min after intravenous Gd-DTPA administration and passive joint movement. Two independent radiologists evaluated the repair tissue. The MR findings were correlated with histological findings. Results: MRI and histological grading correlated well (10/12 cases). The stiff-scaffold group showed significantly superior repair in comparison to the control group ( P<0.05). The 3D fs GE sequence proved to be most valuable in evaluating morphologic status. Complete defect filling and integration, intact surface and isointense signal to the adjacent native cartilage, subchondral incorporation with bone marrow edema, and graft plug enhancement were associated with a good histological outcome. Histologically, we found a smooth fibrocartilaginous layer and osseous replacement of the scaffold. Incomplete cartilage repair and irregular subchondral structures on the MRI correlated histologically with fibrocartilage-like repair and subchondral sclerosis, due to substantial degradation of the scaffold. Conclusion: Indirect MR arthrography is an accurate, noninvasive monitoring tool in the follow-up of scaffold implants. The MRI scoring and grading system allows reliable assessment of normal and pathological repair, with high correlation to histological findings.
Detection of cerebral metastases on magnetic resonance imaging: intraindividual comparison of gadobutrol with gadopentetate dimeglumine
Authors: Anzalone Nicoletta , Gerevini Simonetta , Scotti Roberta , Vezzulli Paolo , Picozzi Piero 
Published: July 2009

Background: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with gadolinium-based contrast agents is widely used for the detection of cerebral metastases with standard contrast agents. Newer developments in MR contrast agents have led to a higher relaxivity and/or concentration for these agents. Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of a standard dose of 1.0 M gadobutrol compared with a standard dose of gadopentetate dimeglumine for the MR detection of brain metastases. Material and Methods: 27 patients with at least one cerebral metastasis were examined twice with contrast-enhanced MR imaging, using gadobutrol at 0.1 ml/kg and gadopentetate dimeglumine at 0.2 ml/kg (i.e., identical gadolinium dosage of 0.1 mmol/kg bodyweight). The interval between examinations was 18 hours, and the order of injection was fully randomized. Images were acquired using a three-dimensional (3D) fast gradient echo sequence, and evaluated in blinded fashion by two experienced neuroradiologists in consensus in terms of the total number of lesions detected at each examination in each patient and qualitatively in terms of the lesion conspicuity observed. Results: A total of 67 lesions were detected after gadobutrol compared with 65 lesions detected after gadopentetate dimeglumine. In two patients, a lesion was seen only after gadobutrol. Qualitative comparison of images revealed improved lesion conspicuity after gadobutrol in 10/27 cases compared with 0/27 cases after gadopentetate dimeglumine, and equivalent conspicuity in 17/27 cases ( P=0.002, gadobutrol vs. gadopentetate dimeglumine). Conclusion:At equal gadolinium dosage, gadobutrol appears to offer significant advantages over gadopentetate dimeglumine for the visualization of brain metastases, with particular benefit for improving the conspicuity of detected lesions.