bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Pulpwood Quality of Standing Trees Using near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Schimleck L. R. , Michell A. J. , Raymond C. A. , Muneri A. 
Published: May 2009

In Australia, considerable effort has been directed at improving the pulp yield of plantation grown trees through tree breeding programs. However, an improvement in pulp yield relies on the assessment of large numbers of trees. Traditional methods of assessment are expensive, time consuming and destructive, inhibiting their use. Cores can be extracted non-destructively from standing trees using TRECOR, a handheld motor driven drill. The cores are milled, their near-infrared spectra obtained and pulp yield estimated using an appropriate calibration model. The height at which the core is taken is very important. It must represent the whole tree and sampling must be easy and practical. The longitudinal and radial (within-tree) variation of pulp yield for 15 Eucalyptus nitens trees was examined using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The trees were taken from three families (five trees per family) selected for giving high, medium and low pulp yields respectively. Three trees (one from each family) were examined in detail. Maps of within-tree variation of pulp yield were developed. Pulp yield was found to be highly variable within individual trees and between trees of the same family. The yield of samples from 10% of tree height (approximately 2.2 m) gave the best correlation with whole-tree yield. Samples from 5% of tree height (approximately 1.1 m) gave a slightly lower correlation but provided a more convenient sampling height. Ten Eucalyptus globulus and ten E. nitens trees growing on five sites in Australia were used to examine the longitudinal variation of pulp yield. Trees from sites in Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria were sampled. The optimal sampling height for E. globulus was 1.1 m. No single sampling height could be recommended for E. nitens due to large site effects.
Simultaneous Determination of Fecal Fat, Nitrogen and Water by Fourier Transform near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy through a Polyethylene/Polyaminde Film
Authors: Neumeister Volker , Jaross Werner , Henker Jobst , Kaltenborn Georg 
Published: May 2009

The determination of fecal fat, nitrogen and water is important to get evidence for malassimilation and for estimating the efficacy of treatment with pancreatic enzymes. Standard methods for the determination of these parameters (van-de-Kamer method for fat determination, Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination) are expensive, time-consuming and cumbersome for laboratory assistants. Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was evaluated as a potentially attractive alternative method, especially because the simultaneous measurement of fat, nitrogen and water content is possible. After homogenisation parts of stool samples were packed and thermowelded in a bag of polyethylene/polyamide (PE/PA) film to optimize the handling in the laboratory. Two optical systems were tested: 1. Fiber optic, In-Ga-As-detector, weavelength range 1000–2500 nm, area of measurement diameter 4–mm; 2. Integrating sphere, Ge-detector, wavelength range 1000–1800 nm, area of measurement diameter 10 mm. Forty stool samples were used for calibration, another 20 for validation from both healthy children and patients with cystic fibrosis in an age range from 5 to 18 years. The concentrations of fecal compounds were calculated using the chemometric Partial Least Square (PLS) method with the NIR reflectance spectroscopy measurement data. The calibration were carried out based on results of chemical analysis with standard methods. The regression equations of the external NIR reflectance spectroscopy validations were as follows: 1. for the fiber optic system: fat determination y = 0.9737x + 5.7261r = 0.989, nitrogen determination y = 1.0092x+0.0731 r = 0.933, water determination y = 0.9699x+2.0703 r = 0.993; 2. for the integrating sphere system: fat determination y = 1.0308x–1.6797 r = 0.998, nitrogen determination y = 0.9529x+0.5302 r = 0.959, water y = 1.0301x–1.8193 r = 0.993. The NIR reflectance spectroscopy method is a precise and alternative method for the determination of fecal fat, nitrogen and water. Moreover, handling is simple, time of analysis is short (4 minutes on average) and all calibrated constituents can be analyzed simultaneously. Therefore, we conclude that NIR reflectance spectroscopy is a reliable and useful method for analysis of fecal components in laboratory medicine.
Analyses of Forest Foliage II: Measurement of Carbon Fraction and Nitrogen Content by End-Member Analysis
Authors: Aber John D. , Bolster Katherine L. , Newman Stephen D. , Soulia Margaret , Martin Mary E. 
Published: May 2009

Chemical constituents of forest canopies are accepted as key indicators of ecosystem state and function. Remote sensing of these parameters offers the potential for rapid and accurate assessment of rates of key biogeochemical processes over large regions. NASA's Accelerated Canopy Chemistry Program was established to test the accuracy and generality of high-spectral resolution remote sensing in the measurement of lignin, cellulose and nitrogen concentrations in forest canopies. One of the most straightforward methods for extracting constituent concentration information from spectra is through simple linear mixing models of pre-determined end-member or pure compound spectra. While there are ample reasons to expect that linear mixing models will not work in foliar and whole-canopy samples, end-member analysis might still provide important information in support of standard and emerging statistical techniques, such as linear regression and partial least squares regression on first and second difference spectra, by indicating which parts of the spectrum should contain information on the concentrations of important constituents. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of two approaches to determining the value of end-member spectra for estimating constituent concentrations in foliage of temperate zone forest species. The first examines the spectral changes accompanying each step in the chemical proximate analysis method used to determine concentrations in the laboratory, and from them to infer the spectra of the fractions removed at each step. The second is the combination of known materials which approximate these same fractions in foliage into well-mixed samples to determine whether a simple linear mixing model can be used to predict the spectrum of the resulting mixture. Results confirm that the combination of linear mixing models and end-member analysis is not an appropriate technique for obtaining quantitative estimates of constituent concentrations for the major components of foliage of native woody plants, nor do we expect that more detailed analyses of plant ultrastructure or foliar spectra will correct the deficiencies identified. However, these results do suggest that the wet chemical procedures used to extract different carbon fractions produce consistent results with regard to the location of spectral features associated with the compounds removed at each step, and that the spectra of the cellulose and lignin isolated by this technique are very similar to those from pure materials. This in turn suggests that statistical techniques such as linear regression on first and second difference spectra and partial least squares methods which allow or correct for non-linear mixing, should be successful.
A Calibration Tutorial for Spectral Data. Part 1: Data Pretreatment and Principal Component Regression Using Matlab
Authors: Geladi Paul , Martens Harald 
Published: May 2009

Regression and calibration play an important role in analytical chemistry. All analytical instrumentation is dependent on a calibration that uses some regression model for a set of calibration samples. The ordinary least squares (OLS) method of building a multivariate linear regression (MLR) model has strict limitations. Therefore, biased or regularised regression models have been introduced. Some selected ones are ridge regression (RR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLS or PLSR). Also, artificial neural networks (ANN) based on back-propagation can be used as regression models. In order to understand regression models more is needed than just a set of statistical parameters. A deeper understanding of the underlying chemistry and physics is always equally important. For spectral data this means that a basic understanding of spectra and their errors is useful and that spectral representation should be included in judging the usefulness of the data treatment. A “constructed” spectrometric example is introduced. It consists of real spectrometric measurements in the range 408–1176 nm for 26 calibration samples and 10 test samples. The main response variable is litmus concentration, but other constituents such as bromocresolgreen and ZnO are added as interferents and also the pH is changed. The example is introduced as a tutorial. All calculations are shown in detail in Matlab. This makes it easy for the reader to follow and understand the calculations. It also makes the calculations completely traceable. The raw data are available as a file. In Part 1, the emphasis is on pretreatment of the data and on visualisation in different stages of the calculations. Part 1 ends with principal component regression calculations. Partial least squares calculations and some ANN results are presented in Part 2.
Further data on interrogative suggestibility and compliance scores following instructed malingering
Authors: Hansen Ingo , Smeets Tom , Jelicic Marko 
Published: May 2009

Purpose. This study examined whether people can successfully feign high levels of interrogative suggestibility and compliance as measured by the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales (GSS) and the Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS) when given instructions to malinger.Methods. Participants (N = 90) were randomly allocated to one of three groups that received: (1) instructions to give into leading questions in order to look vulnerable to suggestions, (2) instructions to be compliant with the examiner, or (3) the standard GSS/GCS instructions.Results. One of the two malingering instructions led to modestly elevated scores of total suggestibility, while subscales remained unaffected. In contrast, both malingering groups obtained highly elevated compliance scores.Conclusions. These findings suggest that heightened suggestibility is rather difficult to malinger, thereby confirming the reliability of the GSS. On the other hand, it might be easier to malingering compliance as measured with the self‐report GCS.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated With Inverse Relationships Between Vascular Calcification and BMD: The Diabetes Heart Study
Authors: Freedman Barry I , Bowden Donald W , Ziegler Julie T , Langefeld Carl D , Lehtinen Allison B , Rudock Megan E , Lenchik Leon , Hruska Keith A , Register Thomas C , Carr J Jeffrey 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Inverse relationships have been observed between BMD and vascular calcification (VC), suggesting an underlying metabolic pathway linking these processes. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are potential candidate genes that may mediate this relationship. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BMP2 gene, 2 SNPs in BMP4, and 16 SNPs in BMP7 were tested for association with measures of VC using CT (coronary and carotid arteries, abdominal aorta), and BMD was measured using DXA (lumbar spine, hip, and distal radius) and quantitative CT (QCT; thoracic and lumbar spine) in 920 European Americans from 374 Diabetes Heart Study families: 762 with type 2 diabetes. Variance components quantitative trait locus association analysis was computed using SOLAR software, and a bivariate principal component analysis (PCA) assessed for genetic relationships between BMD and VC. Association was observed between several measures of BMD and BMP7 rs17404303 (thoracic spine QCT p = 0.03; lumbar spine QCT p = 0.02; hip DXA p = 0.06, dominant models). In addition, 6 of 16 BMP7 SNPs showed significant and opposing effects on the bivariate PCA for VC and BMD (two-sided exact test, p = 0.0143). Polymorphisms in BMP7 are associated with inverse relationships between bone mineralization and VC in the coronary, carotid, and abdominal aorta in a diabetes-enriched cohort of European Americans.
Deleterious Effects of Glucocorticoid Replacement on Bone in Women After Long-Term Remission of Cushing's Syndrome
Authors: Barahona Maria-José , Sucunza Nuria , Resmini Eugenia , Fernández-Real Jose-Manuel , Ricart Wifredo , Moreno-Navarrete Jose-Maria , Puig Teresa , Wägner Ana M. , Rodriguez-Espinosa José , Farrerons Jordi , Webb Susan M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Endogenous hypercortisolism and high-dose and long-term glucocorticoid (GC) therapy reduce bone mass. Patients in remission after successful treatment of Cushing's syndrome (CS) often present hypoadrenalism and require long-term GC replacement. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether this GC “replacement” had any further effect on bone in women after long-term remission of CS. Thirty-seven women (mean age: 50 ± 14 yr; 27 of pituitary and 10 of adrenal origin) with cured CS (mean time of cure: 11 ± 6 yr), 14 with active CS, and 85 sex-, body mass index (BMI)-, and age-matched controls were enrolled. BMD and BMC were measured by DXA scanning. Bone biochemical markers were also measured. Duration and dose of GC replacement and duration of endogenous hypercortisolism were calculated. Cured and active CS patients had less BMC, BMD, and osteocalcin than controls (p &lt; 0.01). These differences were observed in estrogen-sufficient women but not in those with estrogen deficiency. Duration of GC treatment (mean: 42 mo; range, 2–420 mo) and endogenous hypercortisolism (mean: 70 mo; range, 13–241 mo) negatively correlated with BMC and lumbar spine BMD. After regression analysis, the main predictor of abnormal BMC and BMD was the duration of GC replacement (p &lt; 0.01). Patients treated for CS persistently have less bone mass despite long-term cure. Both duration of endogenous hypercortisolism and mainly exogenous “replacement” therapy with GC negatively affect bone mass. Thus, the additional deleterious effect of GC for the treatment of adrenal axis suppression should be considered.
Effects of impaired functional domains of osteopontin on renal crystal formation: Analyses of OPN transgenic and OPN knockout mice
Authors: Hamamoto Shuzo , Nomura Shintaro , Yasui Takahiro , Okada Atsushi , Hirose Masahiro , Shimizu Hideo , Itoh Yasunori , Tozawa Keiichi , Kohri Kenjiro 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) has been described as playing a nonredundant role in renal crystal formation. Here we investigated the effects of impaired domains of OPN, namely, the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence and two calcium-binding sites on crystal formation. We used wild-type mice (WT group), OPN knockout mice (KO group), and OPN knockout mice carrying either a transgene in which the RGD sequence had been modified to Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE group) or whose two calcium-binding sites had been deleted (CaX group). Following intraperitoneal injection of glyoxylate for 9 days, the changes occurring in three parameters of crystal formation—localization, number, and microstructure—were analyzed. In the WT group, crystal deposits increased gradually at the renal corticomedullary junction in an orderly fashion, whereas those in the KO group were observed sporadically in the renal cortex. In both the CaX and RGE groups, deposits were localized near the corticomedullary junction. Crystal deposition was greatest in the WT group and least in the KO group. The number of deposits in the RGE group was nearly equal to that in the KO group. Microscopic observations revealed that the crystal nuclei in the CaX group were stratified and occurred in a disordered pattern; this pattern was dissimilar to that in the WT group, in which a rosette petal–like radial pattern was observed. In the RGE group, the nuclei exhibited a radial pattern similar to that in the WT group. The results indicated the possibility that each domain contributes to the mechanism by which OPN stimulates crystal formation. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
High-Density Association Study of 383 Candidate Genes for Volumetric BMD at the Femoral Neck and Lumbar Spine Among Older Men
Authors: Yerges Laura M , Klei Lambertus , Cauley Jane A , Roeder Kathryn , Kammerer Candace M , Moffett Susan P , Ensrud Kristine E , Nestlerode Cara S , Marshall Lynn M , Hoffman Andrew R , Lewis Cora , Lang Thomas F , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Ferrell Robert E , Orwoll Eric S , Zmuda Joseph M 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Genetics is a well-established but poorly understood determinant of BMD. Whereas some genetic variants may influence BMD throughout the body, others may be skeletal site specific. We initially screened for associations between 4608 tagging and potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 383 candidate genes and femoral neck and lumbar spine volumetric BMD (vBMD) measured from QCT scans among 862 community-dwelling white men ≥65 yr of age in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS). The most promising SNP associations (p &lt; 0.01) were validated by genotyping an additional 1156 white men from MrOS. This analysis identified 8 SNPs in 6 genes (APC, DMP1, FGFR2, FLT1, HOXA, and PTN) that were associated with femoral neck vBMD and 13 SNPs in 7 genes (APC, BMPR1B, FOXC2, HOXA, IGFBP2, NFATC1, and SOST) that were associated with lumbar spine vBMD in both genotyping samples (p &lt; 0.05). Although most associations were specific to one skeletal site, SNPs in the APC and HOXA gene regions were associated with both femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD. This analysis identifies several novel and robust genetic associations for volumetric BMD, and these findings in combination with other data suggest the presence of genetic loci for volumetric BMD that are at least to some extent skeletal-site specific.
Application of High-Resolution Skeletal Imaging to Measurements of Volumetric BMD and Skeletal Microarchitecture in Chinese-American and White Women: Explanation of a Paradox
Authors: Walker Marcella D , McMahon Donald J , Udesky Julia , Liu George , Bilezikian John P 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Asian women have lower rates of hip and forearm fractures despite lower areal BMD (aBMD) by DXA compared with white women and other racial groups. We hypothesized that the lower fracture rates may be explained by more favorable measurements of volumetric BMD (vBMD) and microarchitectural properties, despite lower areal BMD. To address this hypothesis, we used high-resolution pQCT (HRpQCT), a new method that can provide this information noninvasively. We studied 63 premenopausal Chinese-American (n = 31) and white (n = 32) women with DXA and HRpQCT. aBMD by DXA did not differ between groups for the lumbar spine (1.017 ± 0.108 versus 1.028 ± 0.152 g/cm2; p = 0.7), total hip (0.910 ± 0.093 versus 0.932 ± 0.134 g/cm2; p = 0.5), femoral neck (0.788 ± 0.083 versus 0.809 ± 0.129 g/cm2; p = 0.4), or one-third radius (0.691 ± 0.052 versus 0.708 ± 0.047 g/cm2; p = 0.2). HRpQCT at the radius indicated greater trabecular (168 ± 41 versus 137 ± 33 mg HA/cm3; p = &lt;0.01) and cortical (963 ± 46 versus 915 ± 42 mg HA/cm3; p &lt; 0.0001) density; trabecular bone to tissue volume (0.140 ± 0.034 versus 0.114 ± 0.028; p = &lt;0.01); trabecular (0.075 ± 0.013 versus 0.062 ± 0.009 mm; p &lt; 0.0001) and cortical thickness (0.98 ± 0.16 versus 0.80 ± 0.14 mm; p &lt; 0.0001); and lower total bone area (197 ± 34 versus 232 ± 33 mm2; p = &lt;0.001) in the Chinese versus white women and no difference in trabecular number, spacing, or inhomogeneity before adjustment for covariates. Similar results were observed at the weight-bearing tibia. At the radius, adjustment for covariates did not change the direction or significance of differences except for bone, which became similar between the groups. However, at the tibia, adjustment for covariates attenuated differences in cortical BMD and bone area and accentuated differences in trabecular microarchitecture such that Chinese women additionally had higher trabecular number and lower trabecular spacing, as well as inhomogeneity after adjustment. Using the high-resolution technology, the results provide a mechanistic explanation for why Chinese women have fewer hip and forearm fractures than white women.
Common Sequence Variation in FLNB Regulates Bone Structure in Women in the General Population and FLNB mRNA Expression in Osteoblasts In Vitro
Authors: Wilson Scott G , Jones Michelle R , Mullin Ben H , Dick Ian M , Richards J Brent , Pastinen Tomi M , Grundberg Elin , Ljunggren Östen , Surdulescu Gabriela L , Dudbridge Frank , Elliott Katherine S , Cervino Alessandra CL , Spector Timothy D , Prince Richard L 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Previous data from our group indicate that BMD is linked to chromosome 3p14–p21. Because the filamin B (FLNB gene resides in this region, is the cause of skeletal dysplasias, and was identified among the top genes in our bioinformatics analysis, we hypothesized a role for FLNB in the regulation of bone structure in the general population. Using a tag single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach, a family study of 767 female sibs in which the 3p14–p21 linkage with BMD was previously shown was examined. FLNB variants showing a BMD association were tested in two additional data sets, a study of 1085 UK female twins and a population study (CAIFOS) of 1315 Australian women. Genotype-expression studies were performed in 96 human osteoblast lines to examine the variants in vitro. rs7637505, rs9822918, rs2177153, and rs2001972 showed association with femoral neck (p = 0.0002–0.02) in the family-based study. The twin study provided further support for an association between rs7637505 and femoral neck and spine BMD (p = 0.02–0.03). The CAIFOS study further suggested an association between rs2177153 and rs9822918 and femoral neck BMD (p = 0.004–0.03). Prevalent fractures were increased in carriers of the A allele of rs2177153 (p = 0.009). In vitro studies showed association between rs11130605, itself in strong LD with rs7637505, and FLNB mRNA expression. These findings suggest common variants in FLNB have effects on bone structure in women. Although the location of variants having effects is not entirely consistent, variation at the 5′ end of the gene may reflect effects on levels of FLNB transcription efficiency.