bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
cGMP‐dependent cone photoreceptor degeneration in the cpfl1 mouse retina
Authors: Trifunović Dragana , Dengler Katja , Michalakis Stylianos , Zrenner Eberhart , Wissinger Bernd , Paquet‐Durand François 
Published: May 2010

AbstractInherited retinal degeneration affecting both rod and cone photoreceptors constitutes one of the leading causes of blindness in the developed world. Such degeneration is at present untreatable, and the underlying neurodegenerative mechanisms are unknown, even though certain genetic causes have been established. The rd1 mouse is one of the best characterized animal models for rod photoreceptor degeneration, whereas the cpfl1 mouse is a recently discovered model for cone cell death. Because both animal models are affected by functionally similar mutations in the rod and cone phosphodiesterase 6 genes, respectively, we asked whether the mechanisms of photoreceptor degeneration in these two mouse lines share common pathways. In the present study, we followed the temporal progression of photoreceptor degeneration in the cpfl1 retina, correlated it with specific metabolic markers, and compared it with the wild‐type and the rd1 situation. Similar to corresponding rd1 observations, cpfl1 cone photoreceptor cell death was associated with an accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), activity of calpains, and phosphorylation of vasodilator‐stimulated protein (VASP). Cone degeneration progressed rapidly, with a peak in cell death around postnatal day 24. Furthermore, cpfl1 cone photoreceptor migration during early postnatal development was delayed significantly compared with the corresponding wild‐type retina. The finding that rod and cone photoreceptor degeneration was associated with the same metabolic markers suggests that in both cell types similar degenerative mechanisms are active. This raises the possibility that equivalent neuroprotective strategies may be used to prevent both rod and cone photoreceptor degeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3604–3617, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological patterns of the postcentral sulcus in the human brain
Authors: Zlatkina Veronika , Petrides Michael 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe morphological structure of the postcentral sulcus and its variability were investigated in 40 structural magnetic resonance images of the human brain registered to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) proportional stereotaxic space. This analysis showed that the postcentral sulcus is not a single sulcus, but rather a complex of sulcal segments separated by gyri, which merge their banks at distinct locations. Most of these gyri are submerged deep within the sulcus and can be observed only by examining the depth of the sulcus, although a small proportion may be observed from the surface of the brain. In the majority of the examined cerebral hemispheres (73.75%), the postcentral sulcus is separated into two or three segments or, less frequently, into four or five segments (12.5%), or it remains continuous (13.75%). Examination of the in‐depth relationship between the postcentral sulcus and the intraparietal sulcus revealed that these two sulci may appear to join on the surface of the brain but they are in fact always separated by a gyrus in the cortical depth. In 32.5% of the examined hemispheres, a dorsoventrally oriented sulcus, the transverse postcentral sulcus, is located anterior to the postcentral sulcus on the lower part of the postcentral gyrus. Systematic examination of the morphology of the postcentral sulcus in the proportional stereotaxic space that is used in functional neuroimaging studies is the first step toward the establishment of anatomical–functional correlations in the anterior parietal lobe. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3701–3724, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen configures sexual dimorphism in the preoptic area of C57BL/6J and ddN strains of mice
Authors: Orikasa Chitose , Sakuma Yasuo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractImmunohistochemistry using a calbindin D28k antibody revealed a marked sex difference in neuronal distribution in the central portion of the medial preoptic area in C57BL/6J and ddN strains of mice when the animals were sacrificed on D65 (D1 = the day of birth). Male mice had a distinct ellipsoidal cell aggregate, whereas females lacked such a structure. This sex difference was not observed in Nissl‐stained sections. Co‐localization of calbindin D28k and the neuron‐specific nuclear protein NeuN confrmed that the cells in the aggregate were neurons. The aggregates were larger in males than in females in both strains. When observed on D65, males orchidectomized on D1 had smaller aggregates. However, daily injections of 2 μg estradiol benzoate through D1–D5 as well as a single injection of 100 μg testosterone propionate on D1 enlarged the aggregates in females, but a single injection of 100 μg dihydrotestosterone on D1 had no effect on the female phenotype. Similar endocrine manipulations had no effects in adult animals of both sexes. Thus, the calbindin‐immunoreactive cell aggregates in the preoptic area of C57BL/6J and ddN mice are homologous to the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat preoptic area in terms of the morphology and sex steroid‐dependent organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3618–3629, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fiber pathways and cortical connections of preoccipital areas in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Yeterian E.H. , Pandya D.N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn understanding of visual function at the cerebral cortical level requires detailed knowledge of anatomical connectivity. Cortical association pathways and terminations of preoccipital visual areas were investigated in rhesus monkeys by using the autoradiographic tracing technique. Medial and adjacent dorsomedial preoccipital regions project via the occipitofrontal fascicle to the frontal lobe (dorsal area 6, and areas 8Ad, 8B, and 46); via the dorsal portion of the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF) to dorsal area 6, area 9, and the supplementary motor area; and via the cingulate fascicle to area 24. In addition, medial and dorsomedial preoccipital areas send projections to parietal (areas PGm, PEa, PG‐Opt, and POa) and superior temporal (areas MST and MT) regions. In contrast, connections from the dorsolateral, annectant, and ventral preoccipital regions are conveyed via the inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF) to the parietal lobe (areas POa and IPd), superior temporal sulcus (areas MT, MST, FST, V4t, and IPa), inferotemporal region (areas TEO and TE1–TE3), and parahippocampal gyrus (areas TF, TH, and TL). The central‐lateral preoccipital region projects via an ILF‐SLF pathway to frontal area 8Av. The preoccipital areas also have caudal connections to occipital areas V1, V2, and V3. Finally, preoccipital regions are interconnected via different intrinsic pathways. These findings provide further insight into the nature of preoccipital fiber pathways and the connectional organization of the visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3725–3751, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and light sensitivity of clock genes Per1 and Per2 and immediate‐early gene c‐fos within the retina of early postnatal Wistar rats
Authors: Matějů Kristýna , Sumová Alena , Bendová Zdeňka 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMammalian retina contains a circadian clock that is composed of components similar to those of the master circadian clock within the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether, when, and where the transcripts of the clock genes Per1 and Per2 and the immediate early gene c‐fos are spontaneously expressed and/or induced by light in the newborn rat retina. At postnatal day 1 (P1), P3, P5, and P10, Wistar rat pups were released into constant darkness, and a 30‐minute light pulse was administered during the subjective day or during the first or second part of subjective night. Gene expression was determined 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours after the light pulse by in situ hybridization followed by emulsion autoradiography. Endogenous expression of Per1 was detected in the neuroblastic retina, and Per2 expression was detected in the inner part of the neuroblastic retina from birth. Light pulses induced c‐fos expression in ganglion cells from P1. Until P5, the cells were localized in the dorsal part of the retina, but, at P10, they were already distributed across the entire retinal circumference. Light pulses also induced the expression of c‐fos and Per1 in the retinal pigment epithelium until P3, but not afterward. Expression of the Per2 gene was not photoresponsive until P10. These data demonstrate that the rat retina is light‐sensitive immediately after birth. During early postnatal development, the spatial distribution of spontaneous and light‐induced gene expression within the retinal layers changes gradually. J. Comp. Neurol.518:3630–3644, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of mRNAs encoding transforming growth factors‐β1, ‐2, and ‐3 in the intact rat brain and after experimentally induced focal ischemia
Authors: Vincze Csilla , Pál Gabriella , Wappler Edina A. , Szabó Éva R. , Nagy Zoltán G. , Lovas Gábor , Dobolyi Arpád 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTransforming growth factors‐β1 (TGF‐β1), ‐2, and ‐3 form a small group of related proteins involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and survival of various cell types. Recently, TGF‐βs were also demonstrated to be neuroprotective. In the present study, we investigated their distribution in the rat brain as well as their expression following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Probes were produced for all types of TGF‐βs, and in situ hybridization was performed. We demonstrated high TGF‐β1 expression in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, central amygdaloid nucleus, medial preoptic area, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, substantia nigra, brainstem reticular formation and motoneurons, and area postrema. In contrast, TGF‐β2 was abundantly expressed in deep cortical layers, dentate gyrus, midline thalamic nuclei, posterior hypothalamic area and mamillary body, superior olive, areas of monoaminergic neurons, spinal trigeminal nucleus, dorsal vagal complex, cerebellum, and choroid plexus, and a high level of TGF‐β3 mRNA was found in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal amygdaloid nuclei, lateral septal nucleus, several thalamic nuclei, arcuate and supramamillary nuclei, superior colliculus, superior olive, brainstem reticular formation and motoneurons, area postrema, and inferior olive. Focal brain ischemia induced TGF‐βs with markedly different expression patterns. TGF‐β1 was induced in the penumbral region of cortex and striatum, whereas TGF‐β2 and ‐β3 were induced in different layers of the ipsilateral cortex. The expression of the subtypes of TGF‐βs in different brain regions suggests that they are involved in the regulation of different neurons and bind to different latent TGF‐β binding proteins. Furthermore, they might have subtype‐specific functions following ischemic attack. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3752–3770, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oncomodulin identifies different hair cell types in the mammalian inner ear
Authors: Simmons Dwayne D. , Tong Benton , Schrader Angela D. , Hornak Aubrey J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe tight regulation of Ca2+ is essential for inner ear function, and yet the role of Ca2+ binding proteins (CaBPs) remains elusive. By using immunofluorescence and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), we investigated the expression of oncomodulin (Ocm), a member of the parvalbumin family, relative to other EF‐hand CaBPs in cochlear and vestibular organs in the mouse. In the mouse cochlea, Ocm is found only in outer hair cells and is localized preferentially to the basolateral outer hair cell membrane and to the base of the hair bundle. Developmentally, Ocm immunoreactivity begins as early as postnatal day (P) 2 and shows preferential localization to the basolateral membrane and hair bundle after P8. Unlike the cochlea, Ocm expression is substantially reduced in vestibular tissues at older adult ages. In vestibular organs, Ocm is found in type I striolar or central hair cells, and has a more diffuse subcellular localization throughout the hair cell body. Additionally, Ocm immunoreactivity in vestibular hair cells is present as early as E18 and is not obviously affected by mutations that cause a disruption of hair bundle polarity. We also find Ocm expression in striolar hair cells across mammalian species. These data suggest that Ocm may have distinct functional roles in cochlear and vestibular hair cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3785–3802, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clathrin assembly proteins AP180 and CALM in the embryonic rat brain
Authors: Schwartz Catherine M. , Cheng Aiwu , Mughal Mohamed R. , Mattson Mark P. , Yao Pamela J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractClathrin‐coated vesicles are known to play diverse and pivotal roles in cells. The proper formation of clathrin‐coated vesicles is dependent on, and highly regulated by, a large number of clathrin assembly proteins. These assembly proteins likely determine the functional specificity of clathrin‐coated vesicles, and together they control a multitude of intracellular trafficking pathways, including those involved in embryonic development. In this study, we focus on two closely related clathrin assembly proteins, AP180 and CALM (clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia protein), in the developing embryonic rat brain. We find that AP180 begins to be expressed at embryonic day 14 (E14), but only in postmitotic cells that have acquired a neuronal fate. CALM, on the other hand, is expressed as early as E12, by both neural stem cells and postmitotic neurons. In vitro loss‐of‐function studies using RNA interference (RNAi) indicate that AP180 and CALM are dispensable for some aspects of embryonic neurogenesis but are required for the growth of postmitotic neurons. These results identify the developmental stage of AP180 and CALM expression and suggest that each protein has distinct functions in neural development. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3803–3818, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal changes in aromatase and androgen receptor, but not estrogen receptor mRNA expression in the brain of the free‐living male song sparrow, Melospiza melodia morphna
Authors: Wacker Douglas W. , Wingfield John C. , Davis Jason E. , Meddle Simone L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFree‐living male song sparrows experience three annually repeating life history stages associated with differential expression of sex steroid‐dependent reproductive and aggressive behavior. In the breeding stage, they display reproductive and aggressive behavior and have elevated circulating testosterone levels. During molt, males show little or no aggression and no reproductive behavior, and have basal levels of circulating testosterone. In the non‐breeding stage, they display high levels of aggression and no reproductive behavior, and have basal levels of circulating testosterone. In order to understand more fully the neural regulation of seasonal aggressive and reproductive behavior, birds were collected during all three life history stages, and levels of neural aromatase, androgen receptor (AR), and estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ) mRNA expression were measured. Breeding males had the highest levels of aromatase expression in both the preoptic area (POA) and medial preoptic area/medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (mPOA/BSTm), and the highest AR expression levels in the POA, consistent with the well‐established role these regions play in the regulation of male reproductive behavior. Aromatase expression in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) was higher during breeding and non‐breeding compared with molt, suggesting that the VMH may play a role in the estrogen‐dependent regulation of aggression in this species. AR expression also varied in medial HVC and pvMSt, a newly described periventricular region in the medial striatum. ERα and ERβ mRNA expression did not vary seasonally in any brain region examined, suggesting that estrogen‐dependent changes in behavior are mediated by differences in neural estrogen synthesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3819–3835, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of μ‐ and κ‐opioid receptors as potential targets to regulate parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory neurons within rat intracardiac ganglia
Authors: Mousa Shaaban A. , Shaqura Mohammed , Schäper Jörn , Huang Wei , Treskatsch Sascha , Habazettl Helmut , Abdul‐Khaliq Hashim , Schäfer Michael 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRecent interest has been focused on the opioid regulation of heart performance; however, specific allocation of opioid receptors to the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory innervations of the heart is scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize such specific target sites for opioids in intracardiac ganglia, which act as a complex network for the integration of the heart's neuronal in‐ and output. Tissue samples from rat heart atria were subjected to RT‐PCR, Western blot, radioligand‐binding, and double immunofluorescence confocal analysis of μ (M)‐ and κ (K)‐opioid receptors (ORs) with the neuronal markers vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP). Our results demonstrated MOR‐ and KOR‐specific mRNA, receptor protein, and selective membrane ligand binding. By using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, MOR and KOR immunoreactivity were colocalized with VAChT in large‐diameter parasympathetic principal neurons, with TH‐immunoreactive small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and on nearby TH‐IR varicose terminals. In addition, MOR and KOR immunoreactivity were identified on CGRP‐ and SP‐IR sensory neurons throughout intracardiac ganglia and atrial myocardium. Our findings show that MOR and KOR are expressed as mRNA and translated into specific receptor proteins on cardiac parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory neurons as potential binding sites for opioids. Thus, they may well play a role within the complex network for the integration of the heart's neuronal in‐ and output. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3836–3847, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcium‐binding protein immunoreactivity characterizes the auditory system of Gekko gecko
Authors: Yan Kai , Tang Ye‐Zhong , Carr Catherine E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGeckos use vocalizations for intraspecific communication, but little is known about the organization of their central auditory system. We therefore used antibodies against the calcium‐binding proteins calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), and calbindin‐D28k (CB) to characterize the gecko auditory system. We also examined expression of both glutamic acid decarboxlase (GAD) and synaptic vesicle protein (SV2). Western blots showed that these antibodies are specific to gecko brain. All three calcium‐binding proteins were expressed in the auditory nerve, and CR immunoreactivity labeled the first‐order nuclei and delineated the terminal fields associated with the ascending projections from the first‐order auditory nuclei. PV expression characterized the superior olivary nuclei, whereas GAD immunoreactivity characterized many neurons in the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and some neurons in the torus semicircularis. In the auditory midbrain, the distribution of CR, PV, and CB characterized divisions within the central nucleus of the torus semicircularis. All three calcium‐binding proteins were expressed in nucleus medialis of the thalamus. These expression patterns are similar to those described for other vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3409–3426, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architecture of cannabinoid signaling in mouse retina
Authors: Shu‐Jung Hu Sherry , Arnold Andy , Hutchens Jacqueline M. , Radicke Josh , Cravatt Benjamin F. , Wager‐Miller Jim , Mackie Ken , Straiker Alex 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCannabinoid receptors and their ligands constitute an endogenous signaling system that is found throughout the body, including the eye. This system can be activated by Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, a major drug of abuse. Cannabinoids offer considerable therapeutic potential in modulating ocular immune and inflammatory responses and in regulating intraocular pressure. The location of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the retina is known, but recently a constellation of proteins has been identified that produce and break down endocannabinoids (eCBs) and modulate CB1 function. Localization of these proteins is critical to defining specific cannabinoid signaling circuitry in the retina. Here we show the localization of diacylglycerol lipase‐α and ‐β (DGLα/β), implicated in the production of the eCB 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG); monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and α/β‐hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6), both implicated in the breakdown of 2‐AG; cannabinoid receptor‐interacting protein 1a (CRIP1a), a protein that may modulate CB1 function; and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N‐acylethanolamine‐hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA), which have been shown to break down the eCB anandamide and related acyl amides. Our most prominent finding was that DGLα is present in postsynaptic type 1 OFF cone bipolar cells juxtaposed to CB1‐containing cone photoreceptor terminals. CRIP1a is reliably presynaptic to DGLα, consistent with a possible role in cannabinoid signaling, and NAAA is restricted to retinal pigment epithelium, whereas DGLβ is limited to retinal blood vessels. These results taken together with previous anatomical and functional studies define specific cannabinoid circuitry likely to modulate eCB signaling at the first synapse of the retina as well as in the inner plexiform layer. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3848–3866, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progranulin expression in the developing and adult murine brain
Authors: Petkau Terri L. , Neal S.J. , Orban P.C. , MacDonald J.L. , Hill A.M. , Lu G. , Feldman H.H. , Mackenzie I.R.A. , Leavitt B.R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFrontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by focal degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Autosomal dominantly inherited mutations of the progranulin gene (GRN) have been identified as the cause of a subset of cases of familial FTLD. In order to better understand the function of progranulin in the central nervous system (CNS), we have assessed the spatiotemporal expression pattern of both the murine progranulin gene (Grn) and the protein (Grn) by using transgenic knock‐in mice expressing a reporter gene from the Grn locus and by immunohistochemistry, respectively. We compared Grn expression with a panel of established markers for distinct neuronal developmental stages and specific cell lineages at time points ranging from embryonic day 13.5 through to the mature adult. We find that Grn is expressed in both neurons and microglia within the CNS, but that it shows a different developmental expression pattern in each cell type. Grn expression in neurons increases as the cells mature, whereas expression in microglia varies with the cells' state of activation, being specifically upregulated in microglia in response to excitotoxic injury. Our results suggest that progranulin plays distinct roles in neurons and microglia, both of which likely contribute to overall neuronal health and function. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3931–3947, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.