bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic Ocean Botttom Nodes: A Versatile Field Development Tool
Authors: Ronen Shuki , LeCerf Didier , Rokkan Arne , De Sousa Joao Tadeu Vidal , Gelot Jean-louis 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In deepwater such as Santos basin pre-salt environment enhanced imaging can be achieved using wide azimuth acquisition geometry (WAZ). There are two options available for seismic imaging: towed streamers and seabed receivers. During field development, surveys usually have a limited size (&lt;300km2). WATS (wide azimuth towed streamers) have operational restrictions due to surface obstructions such as FPSOs, offloading buoys and drilling rigs. Undershooting with multiple vessels is a solution with significant data quality limitation, especially in the context of seismic monitoring (4D). Ocean Bottom Cables (OBC) also have operational issues due to water depth and due to seabed obstructions such as pipelines, and anchor chains. Ocean Bottom Nodes (OBN) provide excellent Full-Azimuth (FAZ) Multi-component (4C) seismic data. OBN can be safely used in areas with both surface and seabed obstructions. Deployed by Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROVs) the nodes provide high repeatability for 4D seismic monitoring. Some OBNs can be mobilized on a vessel of opportunity and can be deployed by a dynamically positioned vessel already working in the field, thus increasing the safety and reducing the cost of the node survey. The technology is ready for commercial applications and spectacular results have been already achieved. The industry is now developing specific business models and operational models for combining nodes with surface towed streamers and with permanent reservoir monitoring OBC.

Ocean Bottom Nodes are emerging as a new acquisition method
Unlike surface towed streamers and Ocean Bottom Cables (OBC) the Ocean Bottom Nodes (OBN) are autonomous recording systems (Fig 1) and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) (Fig 2) can deploy them safely on the seabed. Each node has seismic sensors, an analog to digital convertor, a clock, memory and battery, they are able to provide continuous records for weeks and month. They also record their tilt, voltage, temperature, and humidity. Because each node has its own clock and keeps its time, Clock drift and synchronization should be handled carefully and may causes delays in data processing but has never caused loss of data. The seismic sensors are a hydrophone and three geophones for four components (4C). The seismic sensors record both primary P waves and secondary Shear waves. The combination of the hydrophones and the geophones enables separation of the P waves to up-going and down-going wavefields. This separation is important for imaging with both primaries and multiples.
Ocean bottom nodes are not a new idea. Oceanographers have used them for decades, but recent computing- battery- and ROV- technologies are making them more and more practical and affordable. In addition to the technology push, there is an increasing market pull for nodes for exploration of hard to find oil and for reservoir development and production monitoring.
Interface Dynamics and Far-From-Equilibrium Phase Transitions in Multilayer Epitaxial Growth and Erosion on Crystal Surfaces: Continuum Theory Insights
Authors: Golubović Leonardo , Levandovsky Artem , Moldovan Dorel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe review recent theoretical progress in the physical understanding of far-from-equilibrium phenomena seen experimentally in epitaxial growth and erosion on crystal surfaces. The formation and dynamics of various interface structures (pyramids, ripples, etc.), and also kinetic phase transitions observed between these structures, can all be understood within a simple continuum model based on the mass conservation law and respecting the symmetries of the growing crystal surface. In particular, theoretical predictions and experimental results are compared for (001), (110) and (111) crystal surfaces.
Peace Psychology: Definitions, Scope, and Impact
Authors: Christie Daniel J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough peace psychology has deep roots in philosophy, peace psychology did not take shape as a coherent area of interest until the second half of the twentieth century. Since then, the growth has been remarkable. InPeace Psychology: A Comprehensive Introduction, Blumberg (2007) examined trends in citations to peace psychology using the PsycINFO database and found a large, significant increase in citations between the 1970s and 1980s, and again after the 1990s. These increases were in absolute terms as well as in proportion to the growing number of records. In the current article, some definitions of peace psychology that attempt to delineate the scope of this emerging field are offered. Then, peace psychology is situated in various geohistorical contexts around the world, and finally, some contributions of peace psychology to peace will be discussed.
Tribal Warfare
Authors: FERGUSON R. BRIAN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTribes, broadly defined, are indigenous peoples outside the direct administration of a centralized, authoritative, state. Applied to the great diversity of tribal groupings, war must also be defined very broadly, as organized, deadly violence by members of one group against members of another. Tribal warfare is known to us through archaeological recovery, observers from ancient states, reports of explorers and colonialists since the era of Columbus, and systematic study by cultural anthropologists beginning in the early twentieth century. Earlier writers often conceptualized “primitive war” as qualitatively distinct from “civilized” or “true” war – either more fanatical or more game‐like, and not adhering to proven military principles. More recent scholars have stressed the essential similarity of war by state and non‐state peoples.
Supramolecular Order of Solution‐Processed Perylenediimide Thin Films: High‐Performance Small‐Channel n‐Type Organic Transistors
Authors: Fabiano Simone , Wang He , Piliego Claudia , Jaye Cherno , Fischer Daniel A. , Chen Zhihua , Pignataro Bruno , Facchetti Antonio , Loo Yueh‐Lin , Loi Maria Antonietta 
Published: October 2011

AbstractN,N′‐1H,1H‐perfluorobutyl dicyanoperylenecarboxydiimide (PDIF‐CN2), a soluble and air stable n‐type molecule, undergoes significant reorganization upon thermal annealing after solution deposition on several substrates with different surface energies. Interestingly, this system exhibits an exceptional edge‐on orientation regardless of the substrate chemistry. This preferential orientation is rationalized in terms of strong intermolecular interactions between the PDIF‐CN2 molecules. The presence of a pronounced π–π stacking is confirmed by combining near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), dynamic scanning force microscopy (SFM) and surface energy measurements. The remarkable charge carrier mobility measured in field‐effect transistors, using both bottom‐ and top‐contact (bottom‐gate) configurations, underlines the importance of strong intermolecular interactions for the realization of high performing devices.
Multiscale Modeling of Composite Materials: a Roadmap Towards Virtual Testing
Authors: LLorca J. , González C. , Molina‐Aldareguía J. M. , Segurado J. , Seltzer R. , Sket F. , Rodríguez M. , Sádaba S. , Muñoz R. , Canal L. P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA bottom‐up, multiscale modeling approach is presented to carry out high‐fidelity virtual mechanical tests of composite materials and structures. The strategy begins with the in situ measurement of the matrix and interface mechanical properties at the nanometer‐micrometer range to build up a ladder of the numerical simulations, which take into account the relevant deformation and failure mechanisms at different length scales relevant to individual plies, laminates and components. The main features of each simulation step and the information transferred between length scales are described in detail as well as the current limitations and the areas for further development. Finally, the roadmap for the extension of the current strategy to include functional properties and processing into the simulation scheme is delineated.
A broad range of ophthalmologic anomalies is part of the holoprosencephaly spectrum
Authors: Pineda‐Alvarez Daniel E. , Solomon Benjamin D. , Roessler Erich , Balog Joan Z. , Hadley Donald W. , Zein Wadih M. , Hadsall Casey K. , Brooks Brian P. , Muenke Maximilian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHoloprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common disorder of the developing forebrain in humans, and is characterized by failed or incomplete cleavage of the cerebral hemispheres and deep brain structures. HPE includes wide phenotypic variability, with a continuum of both brain and craniofacial anomalies. While “classic” eye findings, including the spectrum of midline anomalies ranging from cyclopia to hypotelorism, as well as chorioretinal coloboma and microphthalmia, have been frequently described in patients with HPE, other subtle eye anomalies may also occur. In our study we prospectively analyzed a small cohort of 10 patients in whom we identified mutations in SHH, SIX3, ZIC2, or FGF8, the latter of which is a very recently described HPE‐associated gene. We found that 9 of 10 patients had at least two ophthalmologic anomalies, including refractive errors, microcornea, microphthalmia, blepharoptosis, exotropia, and uveal coloboma. These findings contribute to the understanding of the phenotypic variability of the HPE spectrum, and highlight findings in one medically important but often incompletely investigated system. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Neonatal intensive care unit stress is associated with brain development in preterm infants
Authors: Smith Gillian C. , Gutovich Jordan , Smyser Christopher , Pineda Roberta , Newnham Carol , Tjoeng Tiong H. , Vavasseur Claudine , Wallendorf Michael , Neil Jeffrey , Inder Terrie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjective:Although many perinatal factors have been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in very premature infants, much of the variation in outcome remains unexplained. The impact on brain development of 1 potential factor, exposure to stressors in the neonatal intensive care unit, has not yet been studied in a systematic, prospective manner.Methods:In this prospective cohort study of infants born at <30 weeks gestation, nurses were trained in recording procedures and cares. These recordings were used to derive Neonatal Infant Stressor Scale scores, which were employed to measure exposure to stressors. Magnetic resonance imaging (brain metrics, diffusion, and functional magnetic resonance imaging) and neurobehavioral examinations at term equivalent postmenstrual age were used to assess cerebral structure and function. Simple and partial correlations corrected for confounders, including immaturity and severity of illness, were used to explore these relations.Results:Exposure to stressors was highly variable, both between infants and throughout a single infant's hospital course. Exposure to a greater number of stressors was associated with decreased frontal and parietal brain width, altered diffusion measures and functional connectivity in the temporal lobes, and abnormalities in motor behavior on neurobehavioral examination.Interpretation:Exposure to stressors in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit is associated with regional alterations in brain structure and function. Further research into interventions that may decrease or mitigate exposure to stressors in the neonatal intensive care unit is warranted. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Polymerization shrinkage/stress and dentin bond strength of silorane and dimethacrylate‐based dental composites
Authors: Li Yuncong , Sun Xiang , Chen Jihua , Xiong Jie , Hu Xiaoyi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis study was designed to determine whether a new dedicated adhesive system using a silorane composite exhibits better bonding performance to human dentin than conventional dimethacrylate‐based composites. The materials were used included: Adper™ Easy Bond‐Z250 (AE‐Z250), iBond‐Venus (IB‐VE), XenoIII‐TPH (XE‐TPH), Clearfil S3‐Clearfil Majesty (S3‐CM), and the Filtek silorane system (SA‐FS). Polymerization volumetric shrinkage and stress development were measured using a micro‐CT instrument and universal testing machine. The push out strength of the bonds produced using the corresponding self‐etching adhesive systems were also measured. The volumetric shrinkage of the resin composite/adhesive combinations ranged from 1.05% (SA‐FS) to 3.38% (XE‐TPH) 30 min after light curing. SA‐FS had the lowest volumetric shrinkage (P < 0.05), followed by S3‐CM, EA‐Z250, IB‐VE, and XE‐TPH. The polymerization stress of the materials ranged from 1.54 (SA‐FS) to 3.49 MPa (S3‐CM). The lowest stress was also observed in SA‐FS at 30 min during the stress test (P < 0.05). Push‐out bond strength testing revealed that IB‐VE had significantly lower bond strength than other combinations (P < 0.05). The silorane composite and dedicated adhesive system exhibited excellent characteristics of low volumetric shrinkage and stress development compared to conventional dimethacrylate‐based composites. However, the silorane composite resin system possessed similar push‐out bond strength as the other materials, with the exception of the Venus/iBond combination. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and evaluation of nano‐epoxy composite resins containing electrospun glass nanofibers
Authors: Chen Qi , Zhang Lifeng , Yoon Myung‐Keun , Wu Xiang‐Fa , Arefin Ragib H. , Fong Hao 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this study, electrospun glass (structurally amorphous SiO2) nanofibers (EGNFs) with diameters of ∼ 400 nm were incorporated into epoxy resin for reinforcement and/or toughening purposes; the effects of silanization treatment (including different functional groups in silane molecules) and mass fraction of EGNFs on strength, stiffness, and toughness of the resulting nano‐epoxy composite resins were investigated. The experimental results revealed that EGNFs substantially outperformed conventional glass fibers (CGFs, with diameters of ∼ 10 μm) in both tension and impact tests, and led to the same trend of improvements in strength, stiffness, and toughness at small mass fractions of 0.5 and 1%. The tensile strength, Young's modulus, work of fracture, and impact strength of the nano‐epoxy composite resins with EGNFs were improved by up to 40, 201, 67, and 363%, respectively. In general, the silanized EGNFs with epoxy end groups (G‐EGNFs) showed a higher degree of toughening effect, while the silanized EGNFs with amine end groups (A‐EGNFs) showed a higher degree of reinforcement effect. The study suggested that electrospun glass nanofibers could be used as reinforcement and/or toughening agent for making innovative nano‐epoxy composite resins, which would be further used for the development of high‐performance polymer composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The Dorsal Sagittal Venous Sinus Anatomical Variations in Brachycephalic, Dolichocephalic, and Mesocephalic Dogs and Their Significance for Brain Surgery
Authors: Carreira L. Miguel , Ferreira António , Burilo Fernando Liste 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDorsal sagittal venous sinus (DSVS) is an encephalic structure located in the midline of brain dorsal surface, starting behind the frontal venous sinus and following the brain falx in its extension. Knowing DSVS morphology and cranial‐cerebral relationships it is very important for surgeon when he is planning the placement of craniotomies, in order to prevent the damage of this structure. The main purpose of this study were to establish craniometric points that can be used as key points of neurosurgical importance providing an anatomic framework to brain access regarding the localization of DSVS, and to characterize the morphology of DSVS in the three groups considered in study according their type of skull (brachycephalic‐B, dolychocephalic‐D and mesocephalic‐M). The study was performed on 138 formalin‐fixed cerebral hemispheres of 69 adult dog cadavers (23 of each group) which had been removed from the skulls after the introduction of plastic catheters through properly positioned burr holes placed on the five craniometric points considered: asterion(ast), bregma(br), glabella(g), stephanion(st) and pterion(pt). From the three groups, DSVS length and width were different, his geometry in B assumed a triangular appearance and in D, M a “butterfly” shape. From all craniometric points considered, only bregma (br) can be useful as a landmark to delimitate DSVS morphology in all three groups. Asterion in M, stephanion in B, glabella and pterion in all three groups, can not be used to compose a framework that help to understand skull surface projection of DSVS morphology, since their measurements were not uniform. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decreased Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit VIIa in Aged Rat Heart Mitochondria: Immunocytochemistry
Authors: Fujioka Hisashi , Moghaddas Shadi , Murdock Deborah G. , Lesnefsky Edward J. , Tandler Bernard , Hoppel Charles L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAging decreases oxidative phosphorylation through cytochrome oxidase (COX) in cardiac interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) in 24‐month old (aged) rats compared to 6‐month old adult Fischer 344 rats, whereas subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) located beneath the plasma membrane remain unaffected. Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) reveals in aged rats a 25% reduction in cardiac COX subunit VIIa in cardiac IFM, but not in SSM. In contrast, the content of subunit IV remains unchanged in both SSM and IFM, irrespective of age. These subunits are localized mainly on cristae membranes. In contrast, semi‐quantitative immunoblotting, which detects denatured protein, indicates that the content of COX VIIa is similar in IFM and SSM from both aged and adult hearts. IEM provides a sensitive method for precise localizing and quantifying specific mitochondrial proteins. The lack of immunoreaction of COX VIIa subunit by IEM in aged IFM is not explained by a reduction in protein, but rather by a masking phenomenon or by an in situ change in protein structure affecting COX activity. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Problems and Solutions with GPR Data Interpretation: Depolarization and Data Continuity
Authors: Leckebusch Jürg 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWhen interpreting large area ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys it has been found that the depolarization of electromagnetic waves affects the reflectivity of some subsurface features, which has a larger effect on detectability than previously thought. This depolarization can make some archaeological structures almost invisible using standard processing steps including reflection profiles and energy slice maps. Only recording data with orthogonal antenna orientation will eliminate this problem. After three‐dimensional interpretation of three‐dimensional volumes of GPR reflections a variable width gap between floors and their bounding walls has been repeatedly observed. This newly detected problem is clearly visible in a number of surveys conducted at a Roman town in Switzerland. It is explained by the distorted geometry of the sides of the floors common in the Roman Empire, resulting in a reflection surface that reflects most energy away from the surface antennae and only limited energy is recorded, making portions of the floors invisible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal supravesical hernia: An unusual cause of small bowel obstruction
Authors: Schwarz L. , Moszkowicz D. , Peschaud F. , Keilani K. , Michot F. , Scotté M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractInternal hernia of the supravesical fossa is an unusual cause of small bowel obstruction. We report the case of a patient without previous abdominal surgery with an acute abdominal obstruction in which laparoscopic exploration revealed a strangulated internal supravesical hernia. To help clinicians with their pre‐operative diagnosis and to better understand the clinical management of this unusual internal hernia, a description of the anatomy of the supravesical fossa is included in this case report. Clin. Anat. 25:663–667, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
fac‐[TcO3(tacn)]+: A Versatile Precursor for the Labelling of Pharmacophores, Amino Acids and Carbohydrates through a New Ligand‐Centred Labelling Strategy
Authors: Braband Henrik , Tooyama Yuji , Fox Thomas , Simms Ryan , Forbes John , Valliant John F. , Alberto Roger 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHerein, we report a protocol for the synthesis of [99mTcO3(tacn)]+ ([1]+) (tacn=1,4,7‐triazacyclononane) that is suitable for clinical translation. Bioconjugates containing pharmacophores ([TcO(NO2‐Imi)(tacn)]+; [3]+), artificial amino acids ([TcO(Fmoc‐allyl‐His)(tacn)]+; [5]+), and glucose derivatives ([TcO(allyl‐tetraacetylglucose)(tacn)]+; [7]+) were synthesized by cycloaddition strategies and fully characterized (99Tc and 99mTc). These new technetium complexes are stable at neutral pH and demonstrate the potential and flexibility of the [3+2] cycloaddition labelling concept. In addition to the synthetic work, the first biodistribution studies of [1]+ and the small [3+2] cycloadduct [99mTcO(NO2‐Imi)(tacn)]+ ([3]+) were completed. The biodistribution studies suggest the stability of these complexes in vivo. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the high hydrophilicity of the [99mTcO3(tacn)]+ building block is a complement to the complexes of the fac‐{Tc(CO)3}+ core.
Why is RCM Favoured Over Dimerisation? Predicting and Estimating Thermodynamic Effective Molarities by Solution Experiments and Electronic Structure Calculations
Authors: Nelson David J. , Ashworth Ian W. , Hillier Ian H. , Kyne Sara H. , Pandian Shanthi , Parkinson John A. , Percy Jonathan M. , Rinaudo Giuseppe , Vincent Mark A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe thermodynamic effective molarities of a series of simple cycloalkenes, synthesised from α,ω‐dienes by reaction with Grubbs’ second generation precatalyst, have been evaluated. Effective molarities were measured from a series of small scale metathesis reactions and agreed well with empirical predictions derived from the number of rotors and the product ring strain. The use of electronic structure calculations (at the M06‐L/6‐311G** level of theory) was explored for predicting thermodynamic effective molarities in ring‐closing metathesis. However, it was found that it was necessary to apply a correction to DFT‐derived free energies to account for the entropic effects of solvation.
A Ring‐Closing Metathesis (RCM)‐Based Approach to Mycolactones A/B
Authors: Gersbach Philipp , Jantsch Andrea , Feyen Fabian , Scherr Nicole , Dangy Jean‐Pierre , Pluschke Gerd , Altmann Karl‐Heinz 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe total synthesis of the mycobacterial toxins mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) has been accomplished based on a strategy built around the construction of the mycolactone core through ring‐closing metathesis. By employing the Grubbs second‐generation catalyst, the 12‐membered core macrocycle of mycolactones, with a functionalized C2 handle attached to C11, was obtained in 60–80 % yield. The C‐linked upper side chain (comprising C12–C20) was completed by a highly efficient modified Suzuki coupling between C13 and C14, while the attachment of the C5‐O‐linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain was achieved by Yamaguchi esterification. Surprisingly, a diene containing a simple isopropyl group attached to C11 could not be induced to undergo ring‐closing metathesis. By employing fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques, the synthetic mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) were demonstrated to display similar apoptosis‐inducing and cytopathic effects as mycolactones A/B extracted from Mycobacterium ulcerans. In contrast, a simplified analogue with truncated upper and lower side chains was found to be inactive.