bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive simulation study of multi-junction solar cell
Authors: Hu Yi , Chen Benyuan , Xu Peng 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study conducts comprehensive simulation analysis of typical triple-junction solar cells using Silvaco ATLAS. Initially, modeling and simulation of the typical triple-junction solar cells under the AM1.5 solar spectrum at 300 K are performed to characterize various performance parameters of the cells under one sun illumination. Subsequently, the impact of the thickness of the top and middle cell layers on the efficiency of the cells is analyzed. Additionally, the influence of doping concentration errors in individual sub-cells on the overall power deviation of the cells is investigated. Moreover, Al0.9Ga0.1As is employed to replace AlInP as the top FSF (Front Surface Field). Furthermore, the study analyzes the variation of internal radiation efficiency of the top and middle sub-cells of the solar cells with concentration factor and bias voltage. Finally, an assessment is made on the effects of different positions and densities of interface defects, as well as the introduction of class-acceptor Gaussian distribution state levels induced by defects, on the performance of the solar cells. The results indicate that this study provides valuable insights for optimizing multi-junction solar cells and analyzing internal physical phenomena.
Microstructures and properties of 7075 aluminum alloy and CP780 steel resistance spot welded joint assisted by magnetic field
Authors: Zhu Xiaoou , Li Yu , Liu Zhanqi , Chen Xueting , Yin Guili 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Joining steel and aluminum is vital for lightweight automobile but still challenging due to their different physical properties. Herein, resistance spot welding tests were performed on CP780 high-strength steel (thickness 1 mm) and 7075 aluminum alloy (thickness 1.5 mm) dissimilar metals under steady-state magnetic field. The influences of magnetic field (B = 40 mT) on the structure of welded joints, the phase composition/content of intermetallic compounds, and tensile properties of welded joints were analyzed under different welding current conditions (I = 9 kA,10 kA, 11 kA, and 12 kA). At the same welding current, the Lorentz force generated by the additional magnetic field promoted the outward circumferential movement of the molten metal in the weld along the horizontal surface , as well as increased the diameter of the Fe/Al contact interface in the weld nugget along the horizontal direction, conducive to the effective utilization of heat of the resistance spot welding. Except under (11 kA-0 mT) and (11 kA-40 mT), welded joints under other welding parameters displayed a few welding defects, such as incomplete fusion and shrinkage cavity formed at the cross-section of the welded joints. Therefore, the synergism between the magnetic field and appropriate welding current held important roles in the formation of welded joints without obvious welding defects. The intermetallic compounds of all the welds were mainly composed of (Fe, Si)Al2 and (Fe, Si)Al5. Meanwhile, the thickness and content of the intermetallic compounds layer reduced under a magnetic field at the same welding current, significantly improving the tensile properties of the welded joints. The comprehensive properties of welded joints were the best under 11 kA-40 mT, with an average shear force increase from 3.02 kN to 3.49 kN (15.56%) and an average displacement increase from 1.01 mm to 1.22 mm (20.79%). Overall, the proposed dissimilar aluminum/steel resistance spot welded joint assisted by magnetic field looks promising for lightweight automobile use.
Impact of the tool shoulder diameter to pin diameter ratio and welding speed on the performance of friction sir-welded AA7075-T651 Al alloy butt joints
Authors: Hammad Ali S , Lu Hong , Seleman Mohamed M El-Sayed , Ahmed Mohamed M Z , Alamry Ali , Zhang Jun , Huang He , Alzahrani Bandar , Yang Guangao , Abd El-Aty Ali , EL-Deeb Ibrahim S 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloy 7075-T651, mainly focusing on managing heat generation during the process. The critical parameters influencing heat amount and the material flow including FSW tool shoulder diameter (SD) and travel speed (TS) were investigated. Two far different SD of 10 mm and 20 mm with constant pin diameter (PD) of 5.70 mm that resulted in PD: SD ratios of 1:1.75 and 1: 3.50, respectively, were employed. Furthermore, three different travel speeds of 25, 50, and 75 mm min−1 at a constant rotation rate of 600 rpm were used in combination with the two PD: SD ratios. The macrographic and radiographic results indicated that the smallest PD: SD ratio has successfully achieved sound friction stir welded (FSWed) joints for the same travel speeds. Results also indicated that a significant amount of material deformed under a high PD: SD ratioat a high TS of 75 mm min−1, while flash increased with reducing PD: SD ratio.Mechanical properties were compared, revealing that hardness in the nugget zone (NZ) decreased with a lower TS of 25 mm min−1. A small PD: SD ratioallowed for more symmetrical heat distribution, supported by the hardness map. The ultimate tensile strength decreased with increasing TS, and the highest ultimate strength, reaching 319 MPa, was observed with a 1:1.75 ratio and TS of 25 mm min−1. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) found an increase in peaks with increasing shoulder diameter and the number of peaks increased with decreasing travel speeds.
Beyond the aggregated paradigm: phenology and structure in mutualistic networks
Authors: Payrató-Borràs Clàudia , Gracia-Lázaro Carlos , Hernández Laura , Moreno Yamir 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Mutualistic relationships, where species interact to obtain mutual benefits, constitute an essential component of natural ecosystems. The use of ecological networks to represent the species and their ecological interactions allows the study of structural and dynamic patterns common to different ecosystems. However, by neglecting the temporal dimension of mutualistic communities, relevant insights into the organization and functioning of natural ecosystems can be lost. Therefore, it is crucial to incorporate empirical phenology -the cycles of species’ activity within a season- to fully understand the impact of temporal variability on network architecture. In this paper, by using empirical datasets together with a set of synthetic models, we propose a framework to characterize the phenology of plant-pollinator communities and assess how it reshapes their portrayal as a network. Analyses of three empirical cases reveal that non-trivial information is missed when representing the network of interactions as static, which leads to overestimating the value of fundamental structural features. We discuss the implications of our findings for mutualistic relationships and intra-guild competition for common resources. We show that recorded interactions and species’ activity duration are pivotal factors in accurately replicating observed patterns within mutualistic communities. Furthermore, our exploration of synthetic models underscores the system-specific character of the mechanisms driving phenology, increasing our understanding of the complexities of natural ecosystems.
Limited Pancomputationalism
Authors: Anderson Neal G , Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers limited pancomputationalism, according to which every physical system objectively performs at least one computation. We identify three forms of limited pancomputationalism—causal, informational, and universal—and analyze each in detail. Causal limited pancomputationalism holds that because every physical system has causal structure, every physical system performs the computation that has that same causal structure. Informational limited pancomputationalism presumes that every physical state carries information and that all information processing is computation, so every evolving physical system computes because its natural evolution transforms its information-carrying states. Universal limited pancomputationalism combines the notion that all physical systems compute with the fact that the universe is a physical system to conclude that the universe is a computing system. We conclude that all three forms fail because of weaknesses in the computational descriptions on which their claims are based, because of what their arguments presume, or both.
The Moral Universe
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Moral Universe develops a metaethical theory that is both realist and nonnaturalist. Employing a distinctive methodology, the book constructs a view designed to capture the idea that moral standards regarding what to do and how to be are not only objectively authoritative, but essentially so. Rather than arising from personal schemes or collective ideals, morality flows from the nature of things. One of the principal aims of the book is to show how this view accommodates and explains a wide range of data concerning the metaphysical and normative dimensions of morality. The discussion is wide-ranging: the authors assemble a set of theses about the character of moral reasons, requirements, values, and fittingness, maintaining that all are constrained by a set of fixed points governing our interpersonal relations. The book falls into four Parts. The first, Foundations, lays out its methodology and offers detailed characterizations of moral realism and nonnaturalism. The second, Metaphysics, investigates ontological questions about moral reality, contending that there is such a thing and that it is objective. The third Part, Normativity, explores the authority of moral considerations, developing a view according to which there are strong moral reasons. Finally, the fourth Part, Moral Essence, builds to a sustained defense of nonnaturalism, by extending and deepening the treatment of the objective authority of morality offered in the previous two Parts.
Strong Moral Reasons
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Why are there moral reasons that are both categorical and excellent? This chapter seeks to answer this question. It lays the groundwork by elucidating the notions of worth and fittingness. Combining these notions, the chapter introduces the notion of a befitting action, defined as one in which an agent fittingly treats what has substantial morally relevant worth in a way such that, were she to fail to perform it, she would thereby treat what has substantial morally relevant worth as having less such worth than it has. A corresponding definition of unbefitting action is offered. These definitions enable the following explanation: There is categorical, excellent moral reason to φ if and because φing is befitting; there is categorical, excellent moral reason to refrain from φing if and because φing is unbefitting. The remainder of the chapter defends this explanation.
Africa–Asia: a tale of worldmaking between alterity and contestation
Authors: Benabdallah Lina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Is South-South Cooperation providing a path of alterity for Global South states or is it indelibly caught in extractive and exploitative competition over resources and markets? Do Chinese engagements in the Global South increase African agency? Do they compete with or undermine Western-led Liberal International Order norms and standards? There is now a robust scholarship examining the failures and trepidations of the Liberal International Order especially from the vantage point of Global South perspectives. This scholarship sheds light, among other things, on the threat posed to the existing order by emerging powers engaging in South-South cooperation. Yet, despite the anxiety (or excitement) around South-South cooperation as an alternative to the liberal order, the question remains one of substance and concrete outcomes on whether the global order as we know it is being challenged or reinforced by emerging powers. This article argues for the need to look beyond the state as the main focus of analysis and interrogate the mechanisms, processes, and strategies undertaken by a wide array of actors engaging in South-South Cooperation. The article surveys African Affairs scholarship which takes a granular analysis of these dynamics on the ground from the perspectives of enterprises, agents, private business ventures and so on from China, India, and Brazil and how they navigate their engagements with African counterparts.
Palms of the past: can morphometric phytolith analysis inform deep time evolution and palaeoecology of Arecaceae?
Authors: Brightly W H , Crifò C , Gallaher T J , Hermans R , Lavin S , Lowe A J , Smythies C A , Stiles E , Wilson Deibel P , Strömberg C A E 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background and aims
Palm fossils are often used as evidence for warm and wet palaeoenvironments, reflecting the affinities of most modern palms. However, several extant palm lineages tolerate cool and/or arid climates, making a clear understanding of the taxonomic composition of ancient palm communities important for reliable palaeoenvironmental inference. However, taxonomically identifiable palm fossils are rare and often confined to specific facies. Although the resolution of taxonomic information they provide remains unclear, phytoliths (microscopic silica bodies) provide a possible solution because of their high preservation potential under conditions where other plant fossils are scarce. We thus evaluate the taxonomic and palaeoenvironmental utility of palm phytoliths.

Methods
We quantified phytolith morphology of 97 modern palm and other monocot species. Using this dataset, we tested the ability of five common discriminant methods to identify nine major palm clades. We then compiled a dataset of species’ climate preferences and tested if they were correlated with phytolith morphology using a phylogenetic comparative approach. Finally, we reconstructed palm communities and palaeoenvironmental conditions at six fossil sites.

Key results
Best-performing models correctly identified phytoliths to their clade of origin only 59 % of the time. Although palms were generally distinguished from non-palms, few palm clades were highly distinct, and phytolith morphology was weakly correlated with species’ environmental preferences. Reconstructions at all fossil sites suggested that palm communities were dominated by Trachycarpeae and Areceae, with warm, equable climates and high, potentially seasonal rainfall. However, fossil site reconstructions had high uncertainty and often conflicted with other climate proxies.

Conclusions
While phytolith morphology provides some distinction among palm clades, caution is warranted. Unlike prior spatially restricted studies, our geographically and phylogenetically broad study indicates phytolith morphology may not reliably differentiate most palm taxa in deep time. Nevertheless, it reveals distinct clades, including some likely to be palaeoenvironmentally informative.
Cellulite and the Aesthetic Management of the Buttocks and Thighs: 6 Cases Illustrating Targeted Verifiable Subcision as Part of a Multimodal Approach to Lower Body Rejuvenation
Authors: Casas Laurie A , Calobrace M Bradley , Franco Johnny , Harrington Jennifer , Hustak Kristi , Shridharani Sachin M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
In the buttocks and thighs, skin quality, focal adiposity, volume deficiency, skin laxity, and/or textural issues each contribute to overall appearance. For patients undergoing rejuvenation/beautification procedures, global improvement is desired, making multimodal treatment the standard of care to address these mechanistically distinct concerns. Resolution of cellulite depressions is central to patient satisfaction and aesthetic outcomes: without management, the overall aesthetic suffers, and patients are left partially unsatisfied with treatment results. With minimally invasive Targeted Verifiable Subcision (TVS; Avéli [Revelle Aesthetics, Inc., Mountain View, CA]), septa with a confirmed role in dimple formation can be released through mechanically verified subcision, permitting consistent outcomes.

Objectives
Discuss the application of TVS as part of a multimodal approach to buttock and thigh rejuvenation and share best practices for obtaining optimal improvement.

Methods
A group of 6 experts in aesthetic plastic surgery and dermatology convened for a 2 h roundtable discussion of select case studies, best practices, and their approaches for obtaining optimal outcomes in clinical practice.

Results
Clinical cases from 6 patients who presented for buttock and/or thigh rejuvenation/beautification are presented where TVS was applied as part of a multimodal approach. Before and after images, details of patient cases, and a discussion of best practices for patient education and evaluation, treatment planning, technique, safety, postprocedure care, and open research questions are included.

Conclusions
TVS is emerging as a valuable tool for the treatment of cellulite in the buttocks and thighs that may potentially be used alongside surgical and nonsurgical approaches, often on the same day.

Level of Evidence: 4
The long non-coding RPPH1 is decreased in leukocytes and increased in plasma from women developing pre-eclampsia
Authors: Myhrer Dina-Marie Munkelien , Frøystad Monica , Paasche Roland Marie Cecilie , Ueland Thor , Lekva Tove 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Previous studies show differentially expressed long non-coding RNA present in the placenta from women with pre-eclampsia, potentially playing a vital role in the pathogenesis of the complication. In a published microarray study, Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 was decreased in leukocytes from women that later developed pre-eclampsia. We hypothesized that Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 decreased during pregnancy in women developing pre-eclampsia and important for the development of the complication. We isolated RNA from extracellular vesicles, leukocytes and plasma using blood samples taken at weeks 22–24 and 36–38 in women who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia and from healthy pregnancy. The expression of Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 was quantified using qPCR. Expression of Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 at 22–24 weeks was further examined to investigate its discriminatory potential of subsequent pre-eclampsia and association with clinical markers. We found lower expression of Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 in leukocytes at 22–24 and 36–38 weeks amongst women who subsequent developed pre-eclampsia compared with those who did not, while increased Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 expression was found in plasma at 36–38 weeks. Pre-eclampsia risk factors could not account for this difference in the Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 expression. Prediction of pre-eclampsia at 22–24 weeks using Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 expression in leukocytes in addition to the screening algorithm used today had a significantly better performance. In conclusion, Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 expression in leukocytes was significantly decreased in women with pre-eclampsia, and the expression at 22–24 weeks associated with the subsequent development of pre-eclampsia. Ribonuclease P RNA component H1 in leukocytes may be a useful biomarker for prediction and/or early detection of pre-eclampsia and an unknown regulator of the signaling affecting immune cells.
Multimodal surface wave inversion with automatic differentiation
Authors: Liu Feng , Li Junlun , Fu Lei , Lu Laiyu 
Published: April 2024

SUMMARY
Investigating subsurface shear wave velocity (vs) structures using surface wave dispersion data involves minimizing a misfit function that is commonly solved through gradient-based optimization. Sensitivity kernels for model updates are commonly estimated using numerical differentiation, variational methods or implicit functions which however, may involve numerical instability and computational challenges when dealing with complex velocity models and large data sets. In this study, we propose a novel surface wave inversion framework in which error-free gradients are calculated by automatic differentiation (AD) and forward modelling is implemented by convenient computational graphs in the state-of-the-art deep learning framework. The AD-based inversion approach is first validated using two synthetic data sets. Then, the subsurface structures at three distinct locations, namely the Great Plains and the Long Beach in the US and Tong Zhou in China, are also derived using this method with seismic ambient noise data, which show nice consistency with those obtained using traditional methods. With the significantly improved computational efficiency, a great number of initial models can be inverted simultaneously to mitigate the impact of local minima and to estimate the uncertainty in the invert models. We have developed a new surface wave inversion package named ADsurf based on automatic differentiation and computational graphs in the deep learning framework, and its computational efficiency is also compared with the traditional finite-difference-based gradient estimation approach. While a great number of intriguing studies on the geophysical inverse problems have been conducted recently using deep learning for end-to-end mapping, the use of AD provided in the in the deep learning frameworks to assist and expedite the gradient computations are still underexploited in geophysics. Thus, it is expected that various geophysical inverse problems in many different areas beyond the surface wave inversion can also be tackled with this new paradigm in the future.
Internal null controllability for the one-dimensional heat equation with dynamic boundary conditions
Authors: Ait Ben Hassi El Mustapha , Jakhoukh Mariem , Maniar Lahcen , Zouhair Walid 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The primary focus of this paper is to establish the internal null controllability for the one-dimensional heat equation featuring dynamic boundary conditions. This achievement is realized by introducing a new Carleman estimate and an observability inequality for the corresponding backward system. In conclusion, the paper includes a set of numerical experiments that serve to confirm the validity of the theoretical findings and underscore the effectiveness of the designed control with a minimal $L^{2}$-norm.
Development and evaluation of genomics informed real-time PCR assays for the detection and strain typing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Hodgeman Rachel , Liu Yuhong , Rochfort Simone , Rodoni Brendan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Aims
This study aimed to identify specific genomic targets for the detection and strain typing of Map and analyse their sensitivity and specificity, and detect Map directly from faeces.

Methods and results
A comparative genomics approach was used to identify specific genomic targets for the detection and strain typing of Map. A Map specific qPCR using the primer pair 7132 that targets a DNA segregation ATPase protein was able to detect all strains of Map and is more sensitive than the current Johne’s disease PCR assays with a sensitivity of 0.0002 fg µl−1. A strain specific qPCR using the Atsa primer pair that targets the arylsulfase gene was able to differentiate between Type S and Type C strains of Map and was more sensitive than the IS1311 PCR and REA with a sensitivity of 40 fg µl−1 and was specific for Type S Map. Both assays successfully detected Map directly from faeces.

Conclusion
This study developed and validated two genomics informed qPCR assays, 7132B Map and Atsa Type S and found both assays to be highly specific and sensitive for the detection of Map from culture and directly from faeces. This is the first time that a probe-based qPCR has been designed and developed for Map strain typing, which will greatly improve the response time during outbreak investigations.