bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Stress Changes Using a Compact Conical-ended Borehole Monitoring
Authors: Stas L. , Knejzlik J. , Palla L. , Soucek K. , Waclawik P. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This paper describes the first experience in in situ determination of stress tensor changes during a longwall extraction. A device designed to measure deformations at the bottom of conical ended boreholes was used for the long term observation of stress changes induced by underground mining activity.
Development and Evaluation of Relative Compaction Specifications Using Roller-Based Measurements
Authors: Facas Norman W. , Rinehart Robert V. , Mooney Mike A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEarthwork quality control/quality assurance specifications are currently being developed and implemented with continuous compaction control (CCC) and intelligent compaction (IC) rollers. This paper presents and explores two methods of using CCC/IC data based on a relative compaction approach. The first method examines the relative change in roller-measured mean compaction level between passes while the second method examines relative changes spatially. The relative compaction methods were implemented on a test site. The relative compaction methods were found to provide improvement over current methods due to their ability to quantitatively assess 100% of the compacted area while decreasing time and cost during the construction process.
Shear Viscosity of Clays in the Fall Cone Test
Authors: Cevikbilen Gokhan , Budhu Muniram 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of a fall cone test to determine the viscosity of clay soils with a liquidity index of less than one. The conventional tool to determine the viscosity of clay soils is a viscometer. But, viscometers are suitable only for determining the viscosity of soils for water contents greater than the liquid limit. Because soil flow can take place within the plastic range, the viscosity has to be determined by means other than viscometers. In this study, eight soils were thoroughly investigated using the fall cone test. The results of the study show that the fall cone test is suitable to determine the shear viscosity of clay soils. Excellent correlations (regression coefficients &gt; 0.95) were found between the final penetration depth and the dynamic equilibrium depth, and between the liquidity index and the viscosity.
Experimental Investigation of the Combined Load Response of Model Piles Driven in Sand
Authors: Lee Jintae , Prezzi Monica , Salgado Rodrigo 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Although the load applied on a pile is usually a combination of a vertical and a lateral load, there have been few studies done on the response of piles subjected to combined loading; these studies; in addition, produce results that are inconsistent with respect to the effects of axial loads on the lateral load response of piles. In this paper, we present the results of model pile load tests performed to assess the influence of axial loads on the lateral response of piles driven in sand. Using a drop hammer, an instrumented circular model pile was driven into large-scale sand samples prepared in a cylindrical steel tank with various densities using a pluviation method. Lateral load tests were performed on the model pile subjected to different axial loads. The combined load test results showed that the presence of an axial load on a driven pile is detrimental to its lateral capacity, for the lateral deflection of the model pile head increased with increasing axial load. The bending moments at the pile head increased substantially (by 10 %, 36 % and 39 % for loose, medium dense and dense sand, respectively) in the presence of axial loads.
Simple Techniques for the Estimation of Suction in Compacted Soils in the Range of 0 to 60,000 kPa
Authors: Vanapalli Sai K. , Oh Won Taek 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Two simple techniques are proposed in this Technical Note to estimate suction values over a range of 0 to 60,000 kPa on compacted glacial till specimens. The first technique uses a conventional pocket penetrometer in the estimation of matric suction values lower than 300 kPa. This technique is developed based on the assumption that there is a strong relationship between matric suction and the compressive strength measured using a pocket penetrometer. The second technique uses conventional tensiometer to estimate relatively high suction values in the range of 1200 to 60,000 kPa. In this technique, the tensiometer response versus time (TRT) behavior for a suction range of 0 to 50 kPa is used in a hyperbolic model to estimate the high suction value. This technique is proposed based on the assumption that each suction value has a unique initial tangent of TRT behavior. The equilibrium suction values of the compacted glacial till specimens are respectively measured using axis-translation technique and a psychrometer for low and high suction values and compared with those estimated using the techniques proposed in this study. There is a reasonably good comparison between the measured and estimated suction values both in the low and high suction range.
A Novel Image-Capturing Technique for the Experimental Study of Soil Deformations During Compaction
Authors: Beckett C. T. S. , Augarde C. E. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A method is described here for the monitoring of two layers of moist sandy-loam soil under compaction, where a flatbed scanner is used to capture large images of the deforming material. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used to track the movements of groups of particles within the soil. Due to their insufficient surface texture, PIV cannot be used on clayey soils. Therefore, to allow the analysis to take place, a novel use of a transparent clay is made whereby an artificial soil comprising transparent clay, sand and gravel is created to approximate the moist sandy loam soil. The design of a suitable compaction chamber and tests to determine optimal PIV parameters are discussed. The suitability and applicability of the use of a flatbed scanner are discussed and results are shown to confirm the success of the scanning method.
A Servo/Suction-Controlled Ring Shear Apparatus for Unsaturated Soils: Development, Performance, and Preliminary Results
Authors: Hoyos Laureano R. , Velosa Claudia L. , Puppala Anand J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
In recent years, the key hypotheses of most constitutive frameworks postulated for unsaturated soils have been validated via suction-controlled oedometer, triaxial, and direct shear testing. These techniques only allow for the application of loads along limited modes and levels of soil deformation. It is well known today that a vast majority of geotechnical infrastructure made of compacted soil, or resting on unsaturated ground, involves a wide range of deformations. Calculation of foundation settlement, for instance, requires a good estimation of soil stiffness at relatively small strains. Analysis of slopes, embankments, and soil bearing capacity, on the other hand, requires good estimations of shear strength, from peak to residual. To date, however, there is limited experimental evidence of unsaturated soil behavior under large deformations while being subjected to controlled-suction states. This paper introduces a fully servo/suction-controlled ring shear apparatus that has been made suitable for testing unsaturated soils at large deformations via axis-translation technique. The paper outlines the full development of the apparatus, including details of its main components, assembling, and performance verification against the original Bromhead device. A preliminary series of suction-controlled ring shear tests was accomplished on several statically compacted samples of silty sand. Residual friction angle with respect to matric suction, i.e., residual beta angle, was found to remain virtually constant, regardless of the applied level of net normal stress. The results suggest that a conceptual residual shear strength framework for unsaturated soils, similar to that postulated for peak shear strength, could eventually be devised as more experimental evidence of this kind is made available.
Reliability Analysis of CPT Measurements for Calculating Undrained Shear Strength
Authors: Alshibli Khalid A. , Okeil Ayman M. , Alramahi Bashar , Zhang Zhongjie 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used in Louisiana to classify soils, measure undrained shear strength (Su), and identify bearing stratum for driven piles. This paper compares the values of Su based on CPT measurement with Su of the unconfined compression test. A total of 752 CPT soundings were collected and archived using ArcGIS software in which 503 were matched with adjacent boreholes and 249 did not have adjacent borehole data available. The dataset was analyzed for general as well as specific trends in order to identify appropriate parameters to be included in the investigation. The calibration of the CPT expression for Su was conducted using the first order reliability method (FORM) and accounting for all sources of uncertainty. Optimum CPT coefficient (Nkt) values to calculate Su were computed for various target reliability values. It was determined that the soil classification is the only parameter showing clear trends that affect CPT estimates of the undrained shear strength. Values of Nkt for each soil type based on the Robertson (1990) classification and the Zhang and Tumay (1999) classification were determined for three target reliability levels. It is obvious that the Nkt coefficient for soils with higher clay content is lower than those with less clay content. A single Nkt value that is valid for all soil types is unwarranted as will lead to acceptable results for some soil conditions and unacceptable results for others, which can be unconservative.
A Service Life Assessment of Corrugated HDPE Drainage Pipe
Authors: Pluimer Michael 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
ABSTRACT: The service life of our nation’s infrastructure has become a topic of increasing focus in recent years. While above-ground infrastructure deterioration is readily apparent, the infrastructure beneath the surface can be much worse and yet is often largely ignored until it is too late. Since culverts and other buried structures typically are not inspected as frequently as above-ground structures such as bridges, the proper assessment and determination of their service life becomes very important. The design service life of corrugated high density polyethylene (HDPE) drainage pipe has been a subject of considerable research over the past several years. This paper presents a method for determination of long-term service life of corrugated HDPE pipe by utilizing some of the current widely accepted methods employed by the smooth-walled plastic pipe industry while modifying them somewhat to take into account the unique geometry and installation conditions of buried corrugated pipe. The resulting data when tested in accordance to this protocol indicate a service life in excess of 100 years.
Microbial Corrosion in Aviation Turbine Fuel (Jet A 1) Transporting Pipeline
Authors: Maruthamuthu S. , Ramachandran S. , Kumar B. Dinesh , Shatish V. , Palanichamy S. , kumar B. Anand , Subramanian P. , Sah S. P. , Anbezhil A. , Palaniswamy N. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Aviation turbine fuel is a mixture of various hydrocarbons and additives. Some fuel-soluble chemicals are added in small amounts to enhance or to maintain the properties related to fuel performance. In the present study, the influence of microbes on corrosion in aviation turbine fuel transporting pipeline is reported. Chemical and biological analyses of the corrosion product collected from aviation turbine fuel pipeline were carried out. While examining the topography of the pipeline, the possibilities of some water stagnant points were noticed. The reason for the corrosion in the aviation turbine fuel transporting pipeline is investigated and discussed.
Indoor Allergen Surface Sampling Methods and Standards: A Review of the Theory and the Practice
Authors: Lewis Roger D. , Chen Daren 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Understanding the relationship among allergies, asthma, and indoor air allergen triggers increasingly require use of standardized and evidence based exposure assessment methods. Exposure assessment for common indoor allergens, however, is often limited by use of surface in place of air sampling for a variety of reasons. Chief among them is that many indoor allergens settle to the ground quickly after being released. Another reason for the wide-spread use of surface over air sampling for indoor air allergens is that air sampling is typically performed over a limited time frame and plausibly cannot capture a composite of exposure that a surface sample can. Protocols have been developed to collect surface borne allergen in several US wide-national studies, and while these samplers may provide an adequate means to correlate composite dust mass or allergens to some specific health outcomes, there is still a lack of evidence to support their adoption on the basis of several criteria which stem from theoretical and evidence based considerations. To become more valuable tools to risk assessment, epidemiological studies, and environmental intervention, surface sampling methods should be constructed using basic principles of particle behavior on surfaces as well as in the air. Criteria need to be developed from these principles and studies that address these criteria should be used or developed to enable the creation of performance-based standards. This paper is a review of the literature, which highlights surface sampling methods that have taken this theory- or evidence-based approach. After the review, a discussion is then developed on the current state-of-the-art surface sampling for indoor allergens. Recommendations are suggested for both future theoretical or empirical work necessary for devising performance standards for sampling and collecting surface borne-allergens.
Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag with Seawater as Soil Additives in Lime-Clay Stabilization
Authors: Kavak Aydın , Bilgen Gamze , Capar Omer Faruk 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Clayey soils are not favorable foundation for road pavement, due to their low bearing capacity and remarkable swelling potential because of water intrusion. Many previous studies demonstrated that the engineering quality of clayey soils can be improved significantly by physical and chemical stabilization techniques, thereby making clayey soils suitable for use in embankments. The present study examined the use of granulated blast furnace slag in powder-form, commercial lime and seawater to improve the engineering properties of a low-plastic clay soil. Clay soil samples were reconstituted by adding various percentages (by weight) of GGBFS, lime, and seawater at optimum water contents, based on compaction tests results. The specimens were cured for 1, 7, and 28 days. Unconfined compression and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. The results indicated that the unconfined compression strength of the clay samples (stabilized with 5 % lime, 3.33 % GGBFS and cured for 28 days) was more than eight times the initial strength of the untreated samples, reaching 2500 kPa with seawater. Soaked CBR values also increased to more than ten times the initial value.
Derivation of Health-Based Screening Levels for Evaluating Indoor Surface Contamination
Authors: Murnyak George , Chang Hsieng-Ye 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This paper describes the development of U.S. Army Public Health Command (Provisional) Technical Guide 312, Health Risk Assessment Methods and Screening Levels for Evaluating Office Worker Exposures to Contaminants on Indoor Surfaces Using Surface Wipe Data. Surface sampling of indoor surfaces may be performed to determine whether a building is safe for re-entry following an event (for example, fire, pesticide application) or change in building use (for example, laboratory to administrative office). Surface wipe sampling results may be used to assess either the degree of contamination before cleanup or to determine whether post-abatement (also post-remediation, post-clearance) actions were effective. The U.S. Army Public Health Command (Provisional) Environmental Health Risk Assessment Program has conducted risk assessments based on surface wipe sampling data and, over time, has evolved the methodology into a technical guide. The technical guide addresses the need to develop an approach to characterize potential health risk to exposed populations using surface wipe sampling results and to provide surface wipe screening levels to facilitate initial assessments. The methodology provides a means to estimate office worker exposures from inhalation of resuspended particles, dermal contact, and incidental ingestion exposure routes. Potential chemical health risks from aggregated intakes are evaluated using conventional U.S. Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment methods.
Fire in High Pressure Oxygen Filter: Analysis of an Accident in a Steel Plant
Authors: Chowdhury Kanchan 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The paper analyzes the causes of an accident that took place in India in 2009 involving a filter in high pressure gaseous oxygen in a tonnage oxygen plant. It resulted in fire, explosion and damage of equipment. The roles of relevant factors behind such fires have been reviewed. Pressure and flow rate data have been analyzed and forensic analysis done in an attempt to reconstruct the chain of events leading to the fire and explosion. It has been concluded that the root cause of the accident is a wrong installation of the filter that resulted in a high accumulation of particles in the pipeline causing high pressure drop across the filter. This eventually caused a rupture in a filter candle creating a high velocity high pressure oxygen jet mixed with large particles impacting the inner sharp corner of the top cover and the bottom flange. The kinetic energy of abrasive mixture of gas and solid particles heated and ignited the sharp corner of the flange and the cover that may have propagated and finally spread as oxygen fire.
Modified Combustion Synthesis of γ-Alumina Nano Powders
Authors: Norouzbeigi R. , Edrissi M 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Alumina nano powders have been prepared by a chemical method named combustion synthesis using new fuels. The effect of key factors on the synthesis of nanoparticles was studied and optimized using Taguchi L16 (45
) array design. The products were characterized by XRD, TGA, EDX, FESEM, and TEM analyses. Results show that aluminum oxide powders had crystal sizes between 7.2 nm and 13 nm and specific surface areas between 21 m2 g-1 and 70 m2 g-1. It was found that there is a good linear correlation (R
2=0.953) between crystallite size and specific surface area of the synthesized γ-alumina. The surface area of the sample prepared under optimum condition was 72 m2 g-1 and its average particle size measured by DLLS was 81 nm. The synthesis of γ-alumina was modified in order to achieve higher specific surface area (123 m2 g-1). A network of nano-fibers was successfully obtained by the modified route. The length and diameter of fibers were about 160 nm and 10 nm respectively.
High prevalence of AIP gene mutations following focused screening in young patients with sporadic pituitary macroadenomas
Authors: Tichomirowa Maria A , Barlier Anne , Daly Adrian F , Jaffrain-Rea Marie-Lise , Ronchi Cristina , Yaneva Maria , Urban Jonathan D , Petrossians Patrick , Elenkova Atanaska , Tabarin Antoine , Desailloud Rachel , Maiter Dominique , Schürmeyer Thomas , Cozzi Renato , Theodoropoulou Marily , Sievers Caroline , Bernabeu Ignacio , Naves Luciana A , Chabre Olivier , Fajardo Montañana Carmen , Hana Vaclav , Halaby Georges , Delemer Brigitte , Labarta Aizpún José Ignacio , Sonnet Emmanuel , Ferrandez Longás Ángel , Hagelstein Marie-Thérèse , Caron Philippe , Stalla Günter K , Bours Vincent , Zacharieva Sabina , Spada Anna , Brue Thierry , Beckers Albert 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundAryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) mutations (AIPmut) cause aggressive pituitary adenomas in young patients, usually in the setting of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. The prevalence ofAIPmutamong sporadic pituitary adenoma patients appears to be low; studies have not addressed prevalence in the most clinically relevant population. Hence, we undertook an international, multicenter, prospective genetic, and clinical analysis at 21 tertiary referral endocrine departments.MethodsWe included 163 sporadic pituitary macroadenoma patients irrespective of clinical phenotype diagnosed at <30 years of age.ResultsOverall, 19/163 (11.7%) patients had germlineAIPmut; a further nine patients had sequence changes of uncertain significance or polymorphisms.AIPmutwere identified in 8/39 (20.5%) pediatric patients. TenAIPmutwere identified in 11/83 (13.3%) sporadic somatotropinoma patients, in 7/61 (11.5%) prolactinoma patients, and in 1/16 non-functioning pituitary adenoma patients. Large genetic deletions were not seen using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Familial screening was possible in the relatives of seven patients withAIPmut and carriers were found in six of the seven families. In total, pituitary adenomas were diagnosed in 2/21AIPmut-screened carriers; both had asymptomatic microadenomas.ConclusionGermlineAIPmutoccur in 11.7% of patients <30 years with sporadic pituitary macroadenomas and in 20.5% of pediatric patients.AIPmutmutation testing in this population should be considered in order to optimize clinical genetic investigation and management.
Low 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with total adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension in Caucasian children and adolescents
Authors: Pacifico L , Anania C , Osborn J F , Ferraro F , Bonci E , Olivero E , Chiesa C 
Published: July 2011

ObjectivesEvidence of the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular risk factors in the young is limited. We therefore assessed the relationships between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25(OH)D3) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), its components, and early atherosclerotic changes in 452 (304 overweight/obese and 148 healthy, normal weight) Caucasian children.MethodsWe determined serum 25(OH)D3concentrations in relation to MetS, its components (central obesity, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, glucose impairment, and/or insulin resistance (IR)), and impairment of flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) and increased carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) – two markers of subclinical atherosclerosis.ResultsHigher 25(OH)D3was significantly associated with a reduced presence of MetS. Obesity, central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, IR, and MetS were all associated with increased odds of having low 25(OH)D3levels, after adjustment for age, sex, and Tanner stage. After additional adjustment for SDS-body mass index, elevated blood pressure (BP) and MetS remained significantly associated with low vitamin D status. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for those in the lowest (<17 ng/ml) compared with the highest tertile (>27 ng/ml) of 25(OH)D3for hypertension was 1.72 (1.02–2.92), and for MetS, it was 2.30 (1.20–4.40). A similar pattern of association between 25(OH)D3, high BP, and MetS was observed when models were adjusted for waist circumference. No correlation was found between 25(OH)D3concentrations and either FMD or cIMT.ConclusionsLow 25(OH)D3levels in Caucasian children are inversely related to total adiposity, MetS, and hypertension.