bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Interrelationships Among the Mobbing and Alarm Caws of Common Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Authors: Brown Eleanor D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThis study is an analysis of the functions of calls used by common crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in contexts involving danger. Four types of calls (screams, mixed caws, inflected alarm caws, alert caws) were tape recorded and played back to 7 captive crows. Three types of vocal response (mixed caws, alert caws, long caws) were scored for the 3 most responsive receivers. From the magnitude and temporal course of the responses, and from comparison of the various responses across the different playback types, functional interrelationships among caw types were found. Mixed caw responses showed a single pattern of elicitation only in response to certain playback types, and were inferred to be unifunctional (indicating immediate danger). Alert and long caw responses showed different patterns of suppression and elicitation with respect to playback type, and were inferred to be multifunctional (indicating mild danger; cessation of danger; business as usual; intraspecific aggression). These results are discussed in terms of the information encoded in mobbing and alarm calls, and their functional and adaptive significance.
The Syntactic and Semantic Organization of Pigeon Guillemot (Ceppbus columba) Vocal Behavior
Authors: Nelson Douglas A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThe vocal behavior of the pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) was studied for 5 years on Southeast Farallon Island, California in order to determine whether there were, rules common to many of the signals in the repertoire that could relate variation in signal structure to message content. The vocal displays used by pigeon guillemots in social communication are described, and variation in four vocal display classes (Hunch‐whistles, FM notes, Screams, Trills) is quantitatively analysed.Two sets of rules that relate signal structure to message content are proposed to describe variation in pigeon guillemot vocalizations. One set of rules relates continuous variation within each of the four vocal display classes to the signaller's probability of subsequent movement.The second rule set, based on a simple hierarchy, regulates the assemblage of notes into higher‐level units (phrases, displays) which encode progressively more information. Tape playback experiments confirmed an assumption made by this model: lower‐level vocal elements contribute a specific message to each of the higher‐level vocalizations in which they occur. The implications of this model for the perception of sounds and decoding of messages are discussed.
Behavioural Interactions between Avian Predators and their Avian Prey: Play Behaviour or Mobbing?
Authors: Verbeek N. A. M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryIn this paper I review reports in the literature in which hawks (mainly species ofAccipiter) pursued avian prey without apparently trying to capture them (Table 1). In some reports the hawks were in turn chased by the prey as well (Table 2). The species that were pursued in “playful” fashion were either belted kingfishers (Megaceryle alcyon), woodpeckers or corvids. The pursuits have been interpreted in the literature as play behaviour.A search of the literature showed that many species of woodpeckers and corvids are eaten by accipiters (Table 3). However, the species that are pursued in “playful” fashion are generally those woodpeckers and corvids that are larger than the male or female accipiter pursuing them (Table 4). It is not surprising that the smallest of the accipiters (A. striatus) was involved in most of the pursuits that have been recorded (Tables 1 and 2).I argue that the hawks were inexperienced, hungry individuals which pursued inappropriately large prey. The prey's behaviour is interpreted as mobbing. They are safe because they can escape by diving into the water (kingfisher), they are larger than the hawk or they outnumber it.
Pineal Body and Bird Navigation: New Experiments on Pinealectomized Pigeons
Authors: Papi Floriano , Maffei Lamberto , Giongo Francesca 
Published: August 2010

Abstract and SummaryThree series of experiments were performed with pinealectomized homing pigeons released under sun. In the first series, birds were not subjected to further treatments; their homing behaviour turned out to be scarcely or not at all impaired.In the second series, birds were kept in an oscillating magnetic field before release. The same deflecting effect of the treatment was observed in both control and operated birds; this shows that the pineal is not involved in this magnetic effect and adds to the evidence contrary to a role of the pineal in processing magnetic information for navigational purposes.In the third series, birds were kept in continuous dim light (DD) or in artificial light dark cycles (LD) for three or five days before the test. In intact birds in DD, free running of the circadian rhythm which controls the sun compass was observed. The rhythm of pinealectomized birds turned out to be entrainable to light‐dark cycles, as birds in LD were capable of homeward orientation. Operated birds in DD, on the contrary, performed poorly in orientation; also their homing success was impaired. Therefore, the pineal body turns out to act as a pacemaker for the circadian rhythm controlling the sun‐compass orientation.
Eosinophilic fasciitis as a paraneoplastic phenomenon associated with metastatic colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Philpott Hamish , Hissaria Pravin , Warrren Lachlan , Singhal Nimit , Brown Michael , Proudman Susanna , Cleland Les , Gillis David 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA 72‐year‐old man presented with erythema and induration of his calves and forearms. He had a past history of stage 1 colorectal carcinoma, treated with resection and primary anastamosis 4 years earlier. A diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis was made based on the characteristic clinical appearance, peripheral blood eosinophilia and a skin biopsy. There was no improvement in the condition following treatment with prednisolone or methotrexate. One year later, abnormal liver function studies were noted, and an abdominal computed tomography scan and subsequent needle biopsy of the liver confirmed a neoplastic lesion in the liver consistent with a metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Systemic chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, 5‐fluorouracil and capecitabine was commenced, and resulted in partial remission of the colorectal carcinoma. Simultaneously, the indurations of the forearms and calves also improved, suggesting that the eosinophilic fasciitis was a paraneoplastic phenomenon.
A possible new cause of spa bath folliculitis: Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Mulholland Adrian , Yong‐Gee Simon 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA 34‐year‐old man presented with a pubic eruption of 4 weeks duration, affecting both himself and his partner. He had been treated unsuccessfully with intravenous and oral dicloxacillin. The eruption was a severely inflammatory folliculitis, with haemo‐serous exudate and marked oedema. A clinical diagnosis of herpes simplex virus folliculitis was disproved when routine bacteriology isolated Aeromonas hydrophila and multiple viral polymerase chain reaction studies were negative. Histology demonstrated a chronic folliculitis with no organisms present. Both he and his partner were treated with oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg bd for 6 weeks with clinical clearance of infection, but both developed a scarring alopecia. Infection was attributed to possible contamination of a poorly maintained home spa bath with A. hydrophila.
Multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis with liver haemangiomas and anaemia
Authors: Mendiratta Vibhu , Anand Rama , Chander Ram , Harjai Bhawana , Gupta Tanvi 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA 5‐month‐old girl presented with six cutaneous haemangiomas that appeared over a 1‐month period. Investigations revealed anaemia and multiple liver haemangiomas. After 3 months follow up, there has been some further enlargement of the cutaneous lesions but no increase in number, while the liver lesions have remained stable, without any other systemic complications.
Exploration of the occupations of people with schizophrenia
Authors: Urlic Karen , Lentin Primrose 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Participation in occupations is a powerful determinant of wellbeing. This study focusses on obtaining a greater understanding of the occupational experiences of people with schizophrenia and the factors that facilitate or hinder occupational engagement. Sample:  Six participants with schizophrenia living in an Australian urban community who were clients of an assertive outreach team formed the sample. Methods:  Data gathered via semi‐structured interviews and observation were thematically analysed. Results:  The findings are reported in three main themes: struggling to survive in the present, enabling and constraining factors in the living environment and the importance and value of work.Conclusions:  These findings provide further evidence for occupational therapists working with consumers of mental health services to adopt practices that enable self‐determination of participation in occupations, increase supports and resources within the community environment and expand opportunities for work.
Endorectal ultrasound in the staging of rectal tumour: A local experience
Authors: Chung Chi‐Chiu , Kwok Shek‐Yuen , Tsang Wilson Wen‐Chieng , Chan Eva Sze‐Wah , Li Michael Ka‐Wah 
Published: August 2010

Objective: Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) has been shown to be the most accurate modality available for the local staging of rectal tumours. Local reports on ERUS are, however, still scanty. The present paper aims to report the initial experience with ERUS in our local institution.Method: From July 1998 to November 1999, patients suffering from mid‐ or low‐rectal tumours were studied. Endorectal ultrasound was performed using a 10.0‐MHz self‐rotating transducer. The ultrasound staging results were then compared with the subsequent pathological staging after surgery.Results: Five patients had stenosing growths precluding ERUS. Twenty‐eight patients had ERUS successfully performed. Of these, two patients did not receive surgery. The ultrasound staging and the pathological staging in the remaining 26 patients were compared. Endorectal ultrasound had an accuracy of 88% in T‐staging, with understaging in two cases and overstaging in two cases. The accuracy of N‐staging was 81%, with two patients understaged and one patient overstaged.Conclusion: Endorectal ultrasound is highly reliable in the loco‐regional staging of rectal tumours. Local surgeons, especially those with a colorectal interest, are encouraged to perform this focused ultrasound examination of their own territory.
LAPAROSCOPIC WEDGE RESECTION OF GASTRIC STROMAL TUMORS
Authors: Leung F. , Siu W.T. , Tang C.N. , Chau C.H. , Li M.K.W. 
Published: August 2010

Background: Large gastric stromal tumors that are not suitable for endoscopic polypectomy usually necessitate open surgical resection. Laparoscopic wedge resection of gastric stromal tumors has been demonstrated to be a feasible approach by small series case reports.Patients and method: Patients with gastric stromal tumours were diagnosed by upper endoscopy and CT scan were performed. Hemostatic procedure was performed for bleeding lesions when applicable. All patients underwent diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound examination to assess the lesions and rule out metastatic disease. Extragastric closed technique was employed for stromal tumors located at the body of stomach, where they are mobile and surrounded by ample amount of redundant normal gastric wall. Transgastric approach via anterior gastrototomy was employed for lesions near the gastro‐oesophageal junction, fundus and close to the greater and lesser omentum, where there were not adequate surrounding stomach wall. Operative time, resumption of full diet, analgesic requirement, post‐operative stay, morbidity and mortality were analysed prospectively.Results: From June 1995 to February 2000, 31 patients with gastric stromal tumors underwent laparoscopic wedge resection in our unit. There were 16 male and 15 female patients, aged 40 to 84 (mean = 64). Average operative time was 82 (45–180) minutes. Extragastric closed techniques were employed for 7 patients and the remaining lesions were extirpated via gastrotomy. Two patients with fundal lesions required conversion to open procedure because of adhesions to the posterior abdominal wall. Patients required 2 doses of post‐operative intramuscular pethidine for pain control and 6 days (median) to resume full diet. The median post‐operative stay was 6 days. One patients developed stroke on post‐operative day 3. Another patient developed diffuse peritoneal metastasis 30 months after the initial procedure. In all cases, clear resection margins were confirmed on histology.In conclusion: Laparoscopic wedge resection of gastric stromal tumors is safe and feasible approach with low perioperative morbidity.
SURGICAL OUTCOME OF CHRONIC SUBDURAL HAEMATOMA: A 5‐YEAR AUDIT *
Authors: Man Fan Joe King , Ka Kit Leung Gilberto , Yiu Wah Fan 
Published: August 2010

Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is a common neurosurgical condition that has been studied extensively.1–3 Unlike acute post‐traumatic subdural haematoma, there is often minimal associated parenchymal brain injury with CSDH and surgical outcome is satisfactory in most cases. However, the fact that CSDH affects primarily elderly people means that operative mortality and morbidity is by no means uncommon.4,5 In this review, we report the surgical outcome of CSDH at a local neurosurgical centre over the course of 5 years, with emphasis on treatment‐related morbidity and mortality.A retrospective analysis was performed on 108 patients who underwent operation for CSDH at Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, between January 1995 and December 1999. The diagnosis of CSDH was made on computerized tomography (CT) in all cases and confirmed at operation. Patients with acute post‐traumatic subdural haematoma and subdural effusion were excluded.There were 108 patients. The male to female ratio was 3 : 1. The mean age was 73 years. The majority of patients presented with limb weakness. History of head injury could be identified with certainty in less than half of the patients. Eight patients had bleeding tendency who required delayed operations—six were taking salicylate, one was taking ticlopidine and one was on warfarin.Two patients underwent craniotomy—one for a heavily loculated CSDH and the other had a solid mass of organized CSDH. Both recovered uneventfully. For those who underwent burr hole drainage, more than half did not have any postoperative drainage.One 55‐year‐old female developed subdural empyema. One 64‐year‐old male suffered from postoperative tonic‐clonic seizure. There were five recollections of haematoma which required re‐operations. There were four deaths, giving rise to a hospital mortality rate of 4%.This series is an audit of the surgical outcome of chronic subdural haematoma at a local neurosurgical centre and shows that the mortality and morbidity rates are compatible with current standard of care. The nature of a retrospective study is such that detailed assessment of postoperative clinical and functional improvement is severely hampered by suboptimal documentation and recall bias. It is hoped that a prospective study in the near future will revisit the issue in more positive light.
ASSOCIATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN E POLYMORPHISM WITH OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Leung C.H.S. , Ng H.K. , Poon W.S. 
Published: August 2010

Background variation in outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) patients is not fully explained by the known prognostic factors. Traditionally poor World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) or Hunt and Hess grade SAH patients were labelled as unsuitable for surgical intervention. But more often we observed favourable outcome from this group of poor grade SAH patients. The decision becomes complicated especially when the patient is young but has a poor grade subarachnoid haemorrhage. Decision on whether to intervene or not may be easier if there is an additional prognostic indicator on the prognosis of this group of patients. Also this may improve the survival of this group of patients whom we have labelled not for surgery.The gene Apolipoprotein E (APOE) had been widely studied in animal models which indicates it has an important role in response to nervous system injury. * From the Glasgow group we learnt that APOE has a prognostic value in head injured patients.
† One of the Apolipoprotein—APOE4 was studied specifically for its adverse effect on the outcome of head injured patients. So far there is no clinical study investigates the genetic predisposing factors relating to the outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage patients. We report a prospective clinical study testing the hypothesis that patients with APOE epsilon4 have a worse clinical outcome than those without APOE4. Preliminary results and possible implications will be discussed.
The Treatment of Intoed Gait in Spina Bifida Patients by Lateral Transfer of the Medial Hamstrings
Authors: Golski A. , Menelaus M. B. 
Published: August 2010

The operation of lateral transfer of the medial hamstring muscles is described. Its application in the management of intoed gait in spina bifida is discussed, and the results of eight such operations, performed on four children, are recorded. The operation was effective in correcting the intoed gait in all; however, there was no activity in the transferred muscles in one child.Summary1. The transferred tendons were active in three of four children subjected to bilateral lateral transfer of the medial hamstrings.2. There was some diminution of knee flexion power, but no back knee or knee flexion contracture, as a result of the surgery. In one case there was no activity in the transferred muscles on either side.3. The intoed gait was corrected in all cases.
Properties of Strain Cells of the Uterine Invasive Mole and of Its Metastatic Choriocarcinomas
Authors: Nakamoto Osamu 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNo report could be found concerning the strain cells of the invasive mole. We could establish the three strain cells from materials which were histologically diagnosed as invasive mole. At the same time, five strain cells were obtained from a cerebral metastatic choriocarcinoma focus. The present work was designed to elucidate the nature and genesis of this mole by repeating the analysis on the cell level.Phase contrast microscopy revealed two types of proliferation, one was single‐layered and the other multi‐layered. In the latter, the cells were piled up one on another resembling cancer cells. Electron microscopic observation revealed there were two kinds of cells, one having papillary processes grown on the free surface and designated as syncytiotrophoblast, the other type resembled a cytotrophoblast. The growth curve was established and doubling time based on it was calculated as 2.2 days. The chromosome count, fell in the higher polyploid zone. Both strains produced glycoprotein hormones (hCG, ACTH), and steroid hormones (progesterone, estrogen) in large amounts.Both series of strain had many similarities and a few differences suggesting the possibility that cancerous cells may be mingled in some invasive moles under pathological conditions.
A Study on the Existence and Localization of the Testis‐Determining Substance in Early Fetal Rat by Organ Culture
Authors: Koresawa Mitsuhiko , Jimbo Toshiharu , Mizuno Masahiko , Sakamoto Shoichi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe combined organ culture was performed in vitro using rats of the Wister strain. During the experiment combinations of the following organs were used: the fetal ovarian primordium at the 14th day of gestation and fetal testes at the 14th, 16th, and 19th day of gestation and the 2nd day after birth, or the fetal liver at the 14th day of gestation. Cultivation was carried out on a glass fiber filter (METRICEL mebrane filter) placed on a mesh in a small culture vessel (Falcon No. 3037), using 0.5 ml of synthetic medium 199 containing 25% of fetal calf serum at 37°C with 5% CO2 in air. Histological sections of 5 μ were made 2 or 3 days after cultivation and stained with hematoxyline‐eosin.It was observed that the differentiation of the fetal testis and ovarian primordium took place in vitro during cultivation. The former exhibited the seminiferous tubule‐like structures. In the case of the ovarian primordium, its differentiation was influenced to the various extents depending on the tissues with which it was combined. In combination with the fetal testis up to day 16 of gestation, it showed a testis‐like development in close relation with the distance to the border of the testis, but neither the testis after day 19 of gestation nor the fetal liver exerted any influence on ovarian differentiation, indicating that the testis‐determining substance(s) exists specifically in the early fetal testis and is secreted therefrom.
Myomectomy: A Reappraisal and Post‐Operative Reproductive Performance
Authors: Omu A.E. , Ehigiegba A. 
Published: August 2010

SummarySeventy‐two out of 108 patients that had myomectomy at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital from April 1973 to March 1979 are reviewed. Myomectomy was a more favoured method of surgical treatment of uterine fibroid in the community than hysterectomy, (X2 = 13, P/0.02). The commonest indications for myomectomy included infertility (69.4%), menorrhagia (58.3%) and dysmenorrhoea (56.94%). There was associated tubal blockage of 33.3%, and 56.9% had pelvic adhesions at operation. Recurrent myoma was recorded in 13.9% of the patients. The gross pregnancy rate was 15.4%. Sixty percent of the patients were delivered by caesaren section.
The Effect of Intra ‐ Uterine Device on the Endometrial Pattern
Authors: Nayel Sayed A. , Elgazaierly Samir A. , Fahmy Sohir M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEndometrial biopsies were taken from fifty asymptomatic Lippes loop users with regular cycles on days, 16, 20 and 24 to study the endometrial pattern. Maturation was delayed in 58% of biopsies on day 16, in 80% on day 20 and in 88% on day 24.
Kielland's Forceps for Deep Transverse Arrest
Authors: Rodrigues Camilla , Singh Padamjit M. , Gupta Amar Nath 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis is a retrospective analysis of 165 deliveries conducted for deep transverse arrest at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh over a period of five years from January, 1974 to December, 1978. The maternal and foetal outcome in 109 cases following a Kielland's forceps delivery were compared with 56 cases delivered by manual rotation and forceps. However, there was no significant difference in the maternal and foetal outcome in the two groups, except for a significantly higher incidence of cephalohaematoma with manual rotation and a forceps delivery as compared to a Kielland's forceps delivery (p < 0.01).
Rupture of The Pregnant Uterus
Authors: Ezem B. U. , Otubu J. A. , Barnes B. 
Published: August 2010

Summary123 cases of uterine rupture treated at the Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria, are reviewed. The incidence is 1 per 148 deliveries. Mean age was 27 while mean parity was 4.3. The commonest etiologic factor was cephalopelvic disproportion. The commonest clinical feature were tachycardia, abdominal pain and pallor.Scar rupture was associated with more vesical injuries while vaginal injuries were more common in the unscarred ruptures. Fetal and maternal mortality were 82.9% and 14.6%, respectively. Fetal prognosis was better in the scarred than unscarred uterine rupture.Repair of the uterus with sterilization was the common method of treatment.