bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Luigi Rolando and his pioneering efforts to relate structure to function in the nervous system
Authors: Caputi Franco , Spaziante Renato , de Divitiis Enrico , Nashold Blaine S. 
Published: June 2009

✓ The fissure separating the motor from the sensory cortex and the substantia gelatinosa capping the posterior horn of the spinal cord are still known by the name of the Italian anatomist Rolando. Luigi Rolando was born in Turin, Italy, in 1773 and died in 1831. His life was not easy, the first of his problems being the death of his father when Rolando was still very young. Three people were to be influential in his life and career: Father Maffei, his maternal uncle who raised him; Dr. Cigna, the anatomy professor who discovered his talent; and Dr. Anformi, a general practitioner who introduced him to the practice of medicine and to the best circles of the city.
Forced to leave Turin by the Napoleonic invasion of the country, Rolando first stopped in Florence, where he learned about anatomical dissection, drawing, and engraving and studied the appearance of nervous tissue under the microscope. Later he went to Sardinia where, although cut off from European cultural circles, he developed his major theories. Rolando pioneered the idea that brain functions could be differentiated and located in specific areas and discovered the fixed pattern of cerebral convolutions, highlighting motor and sensory gyri. He demonstrated the complexity of the central gray matter of the spinal cord, describing the “substantia gelatinosa,” and he deduced that nervous structures are connected in a network of nervous fibers linked by electrical impulses.
Rolando had to struggle for recognition, however, as the priority of his discoveries was challenged by the almost contemporaneous work of Gall and Spurzheim on cerebral localization and of Flourens on cerebellar function. Nevertheless, his efforts contributed greatly to the clarification of brain function. His observations on nervous anatomy have been especially accurate, as shown by the nomenclature “fissure of Rolando” and “substantia gelatinosa of Rolando.”
Cerebral perfusion pressure: management protocol and clinical results
Authors: Rosner Michael J. , Rosner Sheila D. , Johnson Alice H. 
Published: June 2009

✓ Early results using cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) management techniques in persons with traumatic brain injury indicate that treatment directed at CPP is superior to traditional techniques focused on intracranial pressure (ICP) management. The authors have continued to refine management techniques directed at CPP maintenance.
One hundred fifty-eight patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 7 or lower were managed using vascular volume expansion, cerebrospinal fluid drainage via ventriculostomy, systemic vasopressors (phenylephrine or norepinephrine), and mannitol to maintain a minimum CPP of at least 70 mm Hg. Detailed outcomes and follow-up data bases were maintained. Barbiturates, hyperventilation, and hypothermia were not used.
Cerebral perfusion pressure averaged 83 ± 14 mm Hg; ICP averaged 27 ± 12 mm Hg; and mean systemic arterial blood pressure averaged 109 ± 14 mm Hg. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage averaged 100 ± 98 cc per day. Intake (6040 ± 4150 cc per day) was carefully titrated to output (5460 ± 4000 cc per day); mannitol averaged 188 ± 247 g per day. Approximately 40% of these patients required vasopressor support.
Patients requiring vasopressor support had lower GCS scores than those not requiring vasopressors (4.7 ± 1.3 vs. 5.4 ± 1.2, respectively). Patients with vasopressor support required larger amounts of mannitol, and their admission ICP was 28.7 ± 20.7 versus 17.5 ± 8.6 mm Hg for the nonvasopressor group. Although the death rate in the former group was higher, the outcome quality of the survivors was the same (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores 4.3 ± 0.9 vs. 4.5 ± 0.7). Surgical mass lesion patients had outcomes equal to those of the closed head-injury group.
Mortality ranged from 52% of patients with a GCS score of 3 to 12% of those with a GCS score of 7; overall mortality was 29% across GCS categories. Favorable outcomes ranged from 35% of patients with a GCS score of 3 to 75% of those with a GCS score of 7. Only 2% of the patients in the series remained vegetative and if patients survived, the likelihood of their having a favorable recovery was approximately 80%. These results are significantly better than other reported series across GCS categories in comparisons of death rates, survival versus dead or vegetative, or favorable versus nonfavorable outcome classifications (Mantel—Haenszel χ2, p < 0.001). Better management could have improved outcome in as many as 35% to 50% of the deaths.
Intracranial cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Schievink Wouter I. , Huston John , Torres Vicente E. , Marsh W. Richard 
Published: June 2009

✓ Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a systemic disorder well known for its association with intracranial aneurysms. A series of patients with ADPKD who were screened for the presence of an intracranial aneurysm were reviewed and found to include an unexpectedly high number with intracranial arachnoid cysts.
Among 247 patients with ADPKD who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (180 cases) or high-resolution contrastenhanced computerized tomography (67 cases), there were 151 women and 96 men with a mean age of 44 years. Intracranial arachnoid cysts were found in 20 patients (8.1%) with ADPKD compared to two (0.8%) in a control group without ADPKD matched for age, sex, and method of imaging (p < 0.0001). Multiple intracranial arachnoid cysts were found in two patients. Polycystic liver disease was present in 17 (85.0%) of the 20 patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts compared to 119 (52.4%) of the 227 patients without (p < 0.004). Pineal cysts were found in two patients (0.8%) and choroid plexus cysts were found in three patients (1.2%) but this was not different from the control population. None of the intracranial cysts was symptomatic and none was treated surgically.
Intracranial arachnoid cysts are a relatively frequent incidental finding in patients with ADPKD, providing further support for the systemic nature of this disease. In the authors' experience with approximately 1500 patients with ADPKD, no complication has been encountered from an intracranial arachnoid cyst, suggesting that asymptomatic intracranial arachnoid cysts in patients with ADPKD require no treatment.
Intracerebral infusion of thrombin as a cause of brain edema
Authors: Lee Kevin R. , Betz A. Lorris , Keep Richard F. , Chenevert Thomas L. , Kim Seoung , Hoff Julian T. 
Published: June 2009

✓ Purified thrombin from an exogenous source is a hemostatic agent commonly used in neurosurgical procedures. The toxicity of thrombin in the brain, however, has not been examined. This study was performed to assess the effect of thrombin on brain parenchyma, using the formation of brain edema as an indicator of injury.Ten µl of test solution was infused stereotactically into the right basal ganglia of rats. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours later, and the extent of brain edema and ion content were measured. Concentrations of human thrombin as low as 1 U/µl resulted in a significant increase in brain water content. Rats receiving 10 U/µl had a mortality rate of 33% compared to no mortality in the groups receiving smaller doses. Thrombin-induced brain edema was inhibited by a specific and potent thrombin inhibitor, hirudin. A medical grade of bovine thrombin commonly used in surgery also caused brain edema when injected at a concentration of 2 U/µl. Edema formation was prevented by another highly specific thrombin inhibitor,Nα-(2-Naphthalenesulfonylglycyl)-4-dl-phenylalaninepiperidide (α-NAPAP). Thrombininduced brain edema was accompanied by increases in brain sodium and chloride contents and a decrease in brain potassium content. Changes in brain ions were inhibited by both hirudin and α-NAPAP, corresponding to the inhibition of brain water accumulation. This study shows that thrombin causes brain edema when infused into the brain at concentrations as low as 1 U/µl, an amount within the range of concentrations used for topical hemostasis in neurosurgery.
Cannulated screws for odontoid screw fixation and atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation
Authors: Dickman Curtis A. , Foley Kevin T. , Sonntag Volker K. H. , Smith Maurice M. 
Published: June 2009

✓ Cannulated screw systems use thin Kirschner wires (K-wires) that have been drilled into the bone to direct screw trajectories accurately into small bone fragments. Use of the K-wires avoids overdrilling the pilot holes and allows fixation of adjacent bone fragments during screw insertion. Hollow tools and hollow screws are inserted into the bone over the K-wires. Cannulated screw fixation is useful in the cervical spine to stabilize odontoid fractures and to treat atlantoaxial instability. This report describes techniques for successful cannulated screw insertion and methods to minimize complications. Cannulated screws have several distinct advantages compared to noncannulated screws: 1) the K-wires guide the screw position into the bone; 2) the K-wire trajectory can be repositioned easily if the original trajectory was not ideal; 3) the K-wires allow continuous fixation of adjacent unstable bone fragments; and 4) the K-wires prevent migration of unstable bone fragments during screw insertion.
Complications associated with the K-wire (breakage, repositioning, and advancement) can be minimized using precise operative techniques, a specialized tool system, and intraoperative fluoroscopic monitoring. A unique cannulated screw tool system was developed specifically for upper cervical fixation to allow percutaneous drilling using long tunneling devices, tissue sheaths, drill guides, and long K-wires. These tools allow delivery of cannulated fracture-fixation screws at a low angle to the spine through long soft-tissue trajectories. Cannulated screws have significant advantages compared to noncannulated screws for fixation of the unstable cervical spine.
Health-related Quality of Life and Its Relationship to Patient Disease Course in Childhood-onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: BRUNNER HERMINE I. , HIGGINS GLORIA C. , WIERS KRISTINA , LAPIDUS SIVIA K. , OLSON JUDYANN C. , ONEL KAREN , PUNARO MARILYNN , YING JUN , KLEIN-GITELMAN MARISA S. , SEID MICHAEL 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To (1) estimate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of children with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) and compare it to that of normative cohorts; (2) assess the relationship of HRQOL with cSLE disease activity and damage; and (3) determine the effects of changes of disease activity on HRQOL.Methods.Patients with cSLE (n = 98) followed every 3 months completed HRQOL measures, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core scale (PedsQL-GC), the Rheumatology Module (PedsQL-RM), and the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ). The British Isles Lupus Activity Group Index (BILAG) was used to measure organ-system-specific disease activity. Physicians rated the course of cSLE between visits.Results.At baseline, mean (standard deviation, SD) score [parent report] of the PedsQL-GC and the PedsQL-RM was 75 (17) and 79 (14), respectively; the mean (SD) of the CHQ physical summary score (CHQ-PHS) was 49 (7) and that of the CHQ psychological summary score was 42 (12). Higher BILAG scores, especially in the general, musculoskeletal, neurological, and vascular, but not the mucocutaneous, renal, cardiovascular, or hematological BILAG domains, were associated with a significantly lower HRQOL. Patients with damage had lower HRQOL than those without damage. All HRQOL measures included were at most modestly responsive to clinically important changes with cSLE.Conclusion.HRQOL with cSLE is significantly lower than that reported in healthy populations. Organ-specific involvement with cSLE has a differential effect on HRQOL. Higher disease activity and damage are associated with significantly lower HRQOL as measured by the PedsQL-RM and the CHQ-PHS, and worsening of cSLE leads to a further decline.
Pattern of Joint Involvement and Other Disease Characteristics in 634 Patients with Arthritis of Less Than 16 Weeks’ Duration
Authors: MJAAVATTEN MARIA DAHL , HAUGEN ANNE JULSRUD , HELGETVEIT KNUT , NYGAARD HALVOR , SIDENVALL GÖRAN , UHLIG TILL , KVIEN TORE KRISTIAN 
Published: June 2009

Objective.To investigate the distribution of joint involvement in a cohort of patients with very recent onset arthritis and describe the disease characteristics in these patients.Methods.A very early arthritis clinic (NOR-VEAC) was established as a multicenter study. General practitioners were asked to refer patients presenting with at least 1 swollen joint of maximum 16 weeks’ duration. Clinical and laboratory markers were examined.Results.We included 634 patients during the first 3 years, with mean (25th–75th percentile) arthritis duration of 30 (11–63) days. Monoarthritis was present in 243 (38.3%) patients, 216 (34.1%) had oligoarthritis, and 175 (27.6%) polyarthritis. Patients with polyarthritis were older, had longer duration of arthritis, and were more frequently anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and rheumatoid factor-positive. Patients in all 3 joint pattern groups (mono-/oligo-/polyarthritis) reported substantial effect on physical function, pain, and fatigue and had elevated levels of acute-phase reactants. Knee or ankle arthritis was most frequent in patients with mono- and oligoarthritis, whereas small joint involvement was most frequent in patients with polyarthritis.Conclusion.Patients with recent-onset arthritis report a substantial influence on health status. Mono- and oligoarthritis are at least as frequent as polyarthritis. Polyarthritic patients more frequently exhibit features associated with a worse outcome.
Hollow Micro/Nanomaterials with Multilevel Interior Structures
Authors: Zhao Yong , Jiang Lei 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this Review, recent achievements in the multilevel interior‐structured hollow 0D and 1D micro/nanomaterials are presented and categorized. The 0D multilevel interior‐structured micro/nanomaterials are classified into four main interior structural categories that include a macroporous structure, a core‐in‐hollow‐shell structure, a multishell structure, and a multichamber structure. Correspondingly, 1D tubular micro/nanomaterials are of four analogous structures, which are a segmented structure, a wire‐in‐tube structure, a multiwalled structure, and a multichannel structure. Because of the small sizes and complex interior structures, some special synthetic strategies that are different from routine hollowing methods, are proposed to produce these interior structures. Compared with the same‐sized solid or common hollow counterparts, these fantastic multilevel hollow‐structured micro/nanomaterials show a good wealth of outstanding properties that enable them broad applications in catalysis, sensors, Li‐ion batteries, microreactors, biomedicines, and many others.
Die Entwicklung von Substrattopographien im Mikro‐ und Nanobereich zur Steuerung von Zellfunktionen
Authors: Bettinger Christopher J. , Langer Robert , Borenstein Jeffrey T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDie Wechselwirkung von Säugerzellen mit der nanoskaligen Topographie einer Unterlage hat sich als wichtiges Signalelement zur Steuerung der Zellfunktion herausgestellt. Natürliche nanotopographische Strukturen in der extrazellulären Matrix präsentieren den umgebenden Zellen mechanotransduktive Signale, die die lokale Migration, die Zellpolarisation und andere Funktionen beeinflussen. Auch eine synthetische Nanotopographie kann sich auf Zellmorphologie, Ausrichtung, Adhäsion, Migration, Proliferation und Organisation des Cytoskeletts auswirken. Im Folgenden stellen wir dar, wie sich der Kontakt zwischen Zellen und Substraten mit synthetischer Nanotopographie nutzen lässt, um komplexe zelluläre Prozesse wie Stammzelldifferenzierung und Gewebeorganisation in vitro zu steuern. Weitere Herausforderungen an der Schnittstelle zwischen Zelle und nanotopographischen Oberflächen werden diskutiert, darunter die Aufklärung von Mechanismen und Anwendungen im Tissue‐Engineering.
Synthesis and Reactivity of a Strained Silicon‐Bridged [1]Ferrocenophanium Ion
Authors: Masson Georgeta , Herbert David E. , Whittell George R. , Holland Jason P. , Lough Alan J. , Green Jennifer C. , Manners Ian 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRotbraun statt blau: Ein [1]Ferrocenophanium‐Ion wurde synthetisiert und in Form eines kristallinen Salzes isoliert, dessen rotbraune Farbe vom charakteristischen Blaugrün nichtgespannter Ferrocenium‐Ionen abweicht. Im [1]Ferrocenophanium‐Ion sind die Ringe deutlich stärker gegeneinander verkippt als in der neutralen Eisen(II)‐Verbindung, und es neigt daher stärker zur Ringöffnung.magnified image
Engineering Substrate Topography at the Micro‐ and Nanoscale to Control Cell Function
Authors: Bettinger Christopher J. , Langer Robert , Borenstein Jeffrey T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe interaction of mammalian cells with nanoscale topography has proven to be an important signaling modality in controlling cell function. Naturally occurring nanotopographic structures within the extracellular matrix present surrounding cells with mechanotransductive cues that influence local migration, cell polarization, and other functions. Synthetically nanofabricated topography can also influence cell morphology, alignment, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and cytoskeleton organization. We review the use of in vitro synthetic cell–nanotopography interactions to control cell behavior and influence complex cellular processes, including stem‐cell differentiation and tissue organization. Future challenges and opportunities in cell–nanotopography engineering are also discussed, including the elucidation of mechanisms and applications in tissue engineering.
Growth Mechanism of Metal–Organic Frameworks: Insights into the Nucleation by Employing a Step‐by‐Step Route
Authors: Shekhah Osama , Wang Hui , Zacher Denise , Fischer Roland A. , Wöll Christof 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOne step at a time: The in situ monitoring of the step‐by‐step formation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), allows the nucleation process and the formation of the secondary building units to be investigated. Growth rates on functionalized organic surfaces with different crystallographic orientations can also be studied.magnified image
Luminescent Terbium Protein Labels for Time‐Resolved Microscopy and Screening
Authors: Rajapakse Harsha E. , Reddy D. Rajasekhar , Mohandessi Shabnam , Butlin Nathaniel G. , Miller Lawrence W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBrilliance of terbium: Heterodimeric conjugates of trimethoprim covalently linked to sensitized terbium chelates bind to Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase fusion proteins with nanomolar affinity (see picture). Terbium luminescence enables sensitive and time‐resolved detection of labeled proteins in vitro and on the surface of living mammalian cells.magnified image
Melt electrospinning of low‐density polyethylene having a low‐melt flow index
Authors: Deng Rongjian , Liu Yong , Ding Yumei , Xie Pengcheng , Luo Lu , Yang Weimin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMelt electrospinning is a cheaper, more environmentally friendly, and safer alternative to solution electrospinning. We have designed a novel melt spinning device which incorporates a reverse of the normal polarity, with the capillary grounded and the collector grid at positive potential. The apparatus is much simpler and more economical than conventional equipment because no syringe pump is required. Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) with a low‐melt flow index of 2 g/10 min, which is not suitable for spinning using current commercial methods, was chosen to highlight the advantages of melt electrospinning in general, and our device in particular. The effects of varying the electrospinning parameters such as temperature, electrostatic field, spinning distance, and capillary inner diameter, have been studied. Although it was found that temperatures higher than normal processing temperatures had to be employed in our electrospinning system to reduce the viscosity of the polymer melt sufficiently, good quality fibers with smooth and even surfaces, most of which had diameters smaller than 15 μm, were electrospun successfully. It was observed that there was an optimum point for the spinning distance (14–15 cm) and the capillary inner diameter (0.4–0.6 mm) to get fine fiber. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Aged Human Thymus Hassall's Corpuscles Are Immunoreactive for IGF‐I and IGF‐I Receptor
Authors: Marinova Tsvetana Ts. , Spassov Lyubomir D. , Vlassov Veselin I. , Pashev Vili V. , Markova Maya D. , Ganev Varban S. , Dzhupanova Ralitsa S. , Angelov Doychin N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAlthough Hassall's corpuscles have been proposed to act in both maturation of developing thymocytes and removal of apoptotic cells, their function remains an enigma. The involvement of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) in the local autocrine and paracrine control of T‐cell development in human thymus is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the structure and distribution of IGF‐I and IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR)‐immunopositive Hassall's corpuscles in aged human thymus using bright‐field immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. We report new immunocytochemical data for the presence of IGF‐I/IGF‐IR double‐immunopositive Hassall's corpuscles in structurally preserved regions of age‐involuted thymus and discuss the involvement of these unique thymic components in the local regulation of T‐cell development and thymus plasticity during aging by IGF‐I/IGF‐IR‐mediated cell signaling pathway. Anat Rec., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Verformungsvorhersage von vorgespannten und nicht vorgespannten Betonbauteilen
Authors: Krüger Wolfgang , Mertzsch Olaf , Koch Steffen 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWie vergleichende Untersuchungen zeigen, führt eine Begrenzung der Verformung auf der Grundlage des Schlankheitsnachweises, wie er nach DIN 1045‐1 bei Stahlbetonbauteilen möglich ist, nicht immer zu dem gewünschten Erfolg. In diesen Fällen und bei Spannbetonkonstruktionen ist grundsätzlich ein Nachweis der Verformungen erforderlich.Ausgehend von allgemeinen Betrachtungen zum Nachweis der Bauteilverformungen, werden wesentliche materialseitige Einflüsse auf die Verformungsvorhersage diskutiert. Es wird deutlich, dass eine genaue Berechnung der Verformung nur bedingt möglich ist.Im Anschluss wird für die tägliche Berechnungspraxis ein Näherungsansatz zur Vorhersage der Verformung bewehrter Betonbauteile formuliert. Im Rahmen von vergleichenden Betrachtungen wird die Genauigkeit des entwickelten Näherungsansatzes abgeschätzt. Hierbei zeigt sich eine gute baupraktische Übereinstimmung zwischen komplexen Berechnungen und dem vereinfachten Berechnungsansatz.
From heavy metal‐binders to biosensors: Ciliate metallothioneins discussed
Authors: Gutiérrez Juan C. , Amaro Francisco , Martín‐González Ana 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMetallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitous proteins with the capacity to bind heavy metal ions (mainly Cd, Zn or Cu), and they have been found in animals, plants, eukaryotic and prokaryotic micro‐organisms. We have carried out a comparative analysis of ciliate MTs (Tetrahymena species) to well‐known MTs from other organisms, discussing their exclusive features, such as the presence of aromatic amino acid residues and almost exclusive cysteine clusters (CCC) present in cadmium‐binding metallothioneins (CdMTs), higher heavy metal‐MT stoichiometry values, and a strictly conserved modular–submodular structure. Based on this last feature and an extensive gene duplication, we propose a possible model for the evolutionary history of T. thermophila MTs. We also suggest possible functions for these MTs from consideration of their differential gene expressions and discuss the potential use of these proteins and/or their gene promoters for designing molecular or whole‐cell biosensors for a fast detection of heavy metals in diverse polluted ecosystems.