bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haematological changes and equine lymphocyte subpopulation kinetics during primary infection and attempted re‐infection of specific pathogen free foals with EHV‐1
Authors: Lunn D. P. , Holmes M. A. , Gibson J. , Field H. J. , Kydd Julia H. , Duffus W. P. H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryFour specific pathogen‐ (Equid Herpesvirus type 1 [EHV‐1]) free foals aged 2 to 3 months were intranasally inoculated with 7 times 107p.f.u. of EHV‐1. Virus isolation was attempted from peripheral blood and nasal mucus, and clinical signs of disease and haematological changes were monitored. Also, lymphocyte subpopulations were enumerated using flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes identified using a polyclonal anti‐equine immunoglobulin reagent and monoclonal antibodies recognising the equine homologues of CD4, CD5 and CD8. The primary intranasal inoculation of virus resulted in an EHV‐1 infection demonstrated by viraemia, persistent nasal shedding of virus, seroconversion and clinical signs of disease. Associated with this infection there was a fall in lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, which subsequently rose to normal levels with alleviation of the clinical signs of disease. The decline in lymphocyte count resulted from a fall in T‐lymphocyte numbers only, and the subsequent increase was initially also a T‐lymphocyte‐restricted event with a later increase in the number of B lymphocytes. The fall in T lymphocyte count affected the CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations equally; however, during the subsequent rise there was a proportionately greater increase in the CD8+ subpopulation. Following recovery from the primary infection, the foals were re‐challenged with a repeat inoculation two months after the primary infection. This second inoculation did not result in clinical disease, detectable viraemia, increased antibody titres or persistent nasal shedding of virus, suggesting an effective immune response or subclinical infection. The marked patterns of leucocyte and lymphocyte subsets of the primary infection were not evident; however, there was a definite decline in the numbers of CD8+ lymphocytes that lasted for several days. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Evidence for non‐specific immunosuppression during the development of immune responses to Equid Herpesvirus‐1
Authors: Hannant D. , O'Neill T. , Jessett D. M. , Mumford Jennifer A. 
Published: June 2010

SummarySix ponies were experimentally infected with an isolate of Equid Herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐I) recovered from an aborted foetus. Clinical, virological and serological observations confirmed that infection was established in all ponies. EHV‐I specific cellular immune responses as measured by T cell proliferation developed in parallel with specific antibody. In contrast to this, non‐specific lymphocyte function was shown to be compromised after infection in that polyclonal T cell activation was depressed for at least 40 days. The dissociation of specific and non‐specific cellular immune responses suggests that an immunological defect may develop in horses after EHV‐I infection. The mechanism for this immunosuppression is not understood but it is unlikely to reflect a reduction in responding lymphocyte numbersin vivobecause the observed immunosuppression continued well beyond the period of transient leucopaenia commonly seen with EHV‐1.
Insulin and glucose response following oral glucose administration in well‐conditioned ponies
Authors: FREESTONE J. F. , SHOEMAKER K. , BESSIN R. , WOLFSHEIMER K. J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTwenty‐three well‐conditioned ponies were evaluated for insulin and glucose response following oral glucose administration (1 g/kg bodyweight [bwt] as a 20 per cent solution). Ponies were defined as normal if total insulin secretion (TIS) was less than 149 μiu/ml h and the glucose concentration was below 11.1 ± 0.11 mmol/litre (200 ± 2 mg/dl) at all times following oral glucose administration. When glucose concentrations were maintained below 11.1 ± 0.11 mmol/litre, the area under the glucose curve (TG) was less than 17.4 mmol/litre/h (314 mg/dl/h). The ponies were assigned to four groups based on insulin and glucose response: Group 1 (n=7), normal; Group 2 (n=5), high insulin, normal glucose; Group 3 (n=8), high insulin, high glucose and Group 4 (n=3), high glucose, normal insulin. This classification is an initial attempt to define normal insulin and glucose response in ponies. Additional data need to be accumulated to define further insulin resistance and diabetes in ponies.
Evaluation of sodium hyaluronate therapy in induced septic arthritis in the horse
Authors: BRUSIE R. W. , SULLINS K. E. , II N. A. WHITE , COFFIN P. C. , PARKER G. A. , ANVER M. R. , ROSENBERGER J. L. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis study was conducted to determine the efficacy of sodium hyaluronate (SH) with antibiotic therapy and joint lavage for reducing acute inflammatory and degenerative changes induced by septic arthritis. Septic arthritis was induced in six adult horses by inoculating the tarsocrural joints with 1 times 104colony‐forming units ofStaphylococcus aureus. When clinical signs appeared, trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole (30 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt] daily) and phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg bwt sid) were administered and continued until termination of the study (Treatment Day 18). Twenty‐four hours post inoculation, all joints were lavaged with sterile lactated Ringer's solution. Following lavage, one joint of each horse was injected with 10 mg of SH, and the contralateral joint served as the control. Sodium hyaluronate treated joints showed significant reductions in lameness, tarsal circumference and synovial fluid protein and WBC concentrations. The synovial membrane of the SH‐treated joints contained less cellular infiltrate, less granulation tissue formation and retained a more normal villous structure compared with controls. The total glycosaminoglycan loss from the articular cartilage in the SH treated joints was consistently less than that from the control joints; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Sodium hyaluronate with joint lavage appears to be more beneficial than lavage alone for treatment of septic arthritis.
Cardiovascular effects of dopexamine HCI in conscious and halothane‐anaesthetised horses
Authors: III W. W. MUIR 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe cardiovascular effects of serial increasing infusions of dopexamine HCI were investigated in six conscious (1, 2, 4, 6, 10 μg/kg bodyweight [bwt]/min) and eight (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 μg/kg bwt/min) halothane‐anaesthetised horses. Dopexamine produced dose‐dependent increases in heart rate, +dP/dtmax'‐dP/dtmaxand cardiac output, and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance in conscious and halothane‐anaesthetised horses. Mean arterial blood pressure did not change in conscious horses but increased to a maximum value at 10 μg/kg bwt/min in halothane‐anaesthetised horses. Thereafter, median artery blood flow decreased. Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in two conscious horses during the infusion of 10 μg/kg bwt/min dopexamine HCI. No cardiac arrhythmias other than sinus tachycardia were observed in halothane‐anaesthetised horses. The administration of propanolol eliminated the haemodynamic response to the infusion of 5 and 10 μg/kg bwt/min dopexamine HCI in halothane‐anaesthetised horses. The haemodynamic effects of dopexamine HCI offer specific advantages over dopamine and dobutamine for the treatment of low cardiac output states in horses.
The effects of famotidine, ranitidine and magnesium hydroxide/aluminium hydroxide on gastric fluid pH in adult horses
Authors: MURRAY M. J. , GRODINSKY CAROLYN 
Published: June 2010

SummaryGastric fluid pH was measured in five adult horses following nasogastric administration of famotidine, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt); ranitidine, 4.4 and 6.6 mg/kg bwt and an antacid containing magnesium hydroxide (40 mg/ml) and aluminium hydroxide (45 mg/ml), 120 and 180 ml. Fluid was aspirated through a 16 French nasogastric feeding tube at 15 min intervals, and pH was measured using a pH meter. Basal gastric fluid pH was measured at 20 min intervals for 6 h in each horse and, with the exception of two measurements of 4.66 and 4.17, ranged from 1.42 to 2.41, with a mean pH of 1.88 ± 0.18. The response to both ranitidine and famotidine was variable between horses and between dosages. The mean gastric fluid pH values following administration of a single dose of famotidine or ranitidine were famotidine, 0.5 mg/kg bwt, 3.63 ± 1.72; famotidine, 1.0 mg/kg bwt, 3.41 ± 1.40; famotidine, 2.0 mg/kg bwt, 4.18 ± 2.06; ranitidine, 4.4 mg/kg bwt, 4.07 ± 1.25; ranitidine, 6.6 mg/kg bwt, 5.34 ± gastric fluid pH between famotidine dose levels and between ranitidine dose levels were not significant (P>0.10). Gastric fluid pH increased to greater than 6 in three horses receiving 0.5 mg/kg bwt, five horses receiving 1.0 mg/kg bwt and three horses receiving 2.0 mg/kg bwt famotidine. Gastric fluid pH increased to greater than 6 in each of the five horses receiving 6.6 mg/kg bwt ranitidine and in four of five horses receiving 4.4 mg/kg bwt ranitidine. During the 6 h post administration, ranitidine tended to increase gastric fluid pH greater than 6 longer (166 ± 106 mins) than famotidine (98 ± 110 mins) and this difference was nearly significant (P=0.054). The response to antacid was variable and consistently short‐lived. The mean gastric fluid pH values for 6 h after administration of 120 ml or 180 ml were 2.42 ± 0.71 and 2.44 ± 0.47, respectively. Gastric fluid pH increased to greater than 6 in only two horses, for 15 and 30 mins, respectively. The increase in gastric fluid pH was significantly greater for ranitidine (P<0.001) and famotidine (P<0.02) than for antacid. The duration of the effect was significantly longer for ranitidine doses (P<0.001) and nearly so for famotidine doses (P<0.055) than for antacid.
The influence of surgery and anaesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of pethidine in the horse
Authors: WATERMAN AVRIL E. , AMIN A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe plasma concentration of pethidine was measured in 16 horses, after its administration intravenously (iv) at a dose rate of 1 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt). In eight animals studied before surgery, the plasma levels of the drug decreased in a biexponential manner with a distributive half life of 3 mins and an elimination half life of 57.7 mins. Total body clearance was 17.7 ml/kg bwt/min. The remaining horses were investigated immediately after a period of anaesthesia and surgery and in these animals the drug exhibited smaller volumes of distribution (V1cand Vdarea) and a significantly lower clearance rate of 12.8 ml/kg bwt/min in these animals. Correlation between the plasma concentration of pethidine and information published previously on the duration of action of the agent in the horse suggests that plasma levels of approximately 0.4 μg/ml are required to produce analgesia in this species.
Influence of feeding schedule on the absorption of orally administered flunixin in the horse
Authors: WELSH J. C. M. , Lees P. , Stodulski G. , Cambridge H. , Foster A. P. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe effects of access to hay and of restricted feeding on the pharmacokinetics of flunixin administered orally to six healthy ponies were compared in a cross‐over study. No access to feed for a few hours before and after flunixin administration resulted in rapid absorption with a mean peak plasma concentration of 2.84 ± 0.28 μg/ml attained in an average time of 0.76 ± 0.18 h, followed by an exponential decline in plasma concentration. A lower peak plasma concentration was obtained when ponies had free access to hay before and after drug dosing. The mean maximum concentration (Cmax) was 1.30 ± 0.23 μug/ml and maximum time (tmax) was prolonged to a mean time of 7.66 ± 1.74 h. Free access to hay reduced and delayed the peak plasma concentration resulting in two or three separate concentration peaks in some ponies. The mean area under the plasma concentration‐time curve was not significantly different for the two feeding regimens.
Review Article: The role of equine strongyles in the pathogenesis of colic and current options for prophylaxis
Authors: Love S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryEquine strongyles have been shown to induce alterations in both mesenteric blood flow and also intestinal motility patterns. Both of these pathophysiological events might play a role in the pathogenesis of colic and it is likely that they are interrelated. The prevalence of strongyle‐associated colic is difficult to ascertain: non‐strangulating infarction is uncommon but many other colic episodes may be induced by strongyle infections. In controlled studies and in clinical accounts worm control programmes have resulted in a reduced prevalence of colic. Current options for adequate control of equine strongyles are: interval anthelmintic treatments; strategic anthelmintic treatments; selective anthelmintic treatments; daily in‐feed treatments and pasture hygiene.
Review Article: The role of tumour necrosis factor in the pathogenesis of equine colic
Authors: Morris Debra Deem 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA large body of evidence in experimental animals, people and now horses supports the hypothesis that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is an important proximal mediator of endotoxaemia. Because morbidity and mortality of colic in horses are associated with the escape of lipopolysaccharide into the peripheral blood, TNF may be the trigger to the complex cascade of events that is ultimately deleterious to the host. Clinical trials of inhibiting TNF with monoclonal antibodies in human septic shock patients are being undertaken. A similar approach to treating colic in horses is warranted.
Morbidity associated with abdominocentesis — a prospective study
Authors: Siex Monique T. , Wilson Julia H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryAbdominocentesis is performed routinely in the assessment of the equine colic patient; however, the incidence of complications from this procedure has not been firmly established. Specific information was solicited from cases at the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UFVMTH) whenever abdominocentesis was performed: 1) person performing tap (student, resident or faculty); 2) instrument used; 3) site and number of taps performed and 4) characteristics of fluid obtained (if any). Clinical records were reviewed to determine antibiotic usage, clinical or surgical diagnosis and evidence of bowel or body wall damage subsequent to abdominocentesis. Enterocentesis occurred in 7 cases of 124 (representing 188 abdominocentesis attempts) and resulted in peritonitis in 2 horses and abdominal wall cellulitis in one. All 7 were found to have distended bowel at the time of abdominocentesis on the basis of rectal palpation or surgery performed immediately after abdominocentesis. The peritonitis in 2 horses was resolved with antibiotic therapy (penicillin and gentamycin) as was the abdominal wall cellulitis following both broad spectrum antibiotic usage and local hydrotherapy. No greater risk of enterocentesis was associated with students. Use of needles vs teat cannulas resulted in a very slightly greater rate of enterocentesis (5.7% vs 3.1%) (no significant difference). We conclude that there is a slight risk for abdominocentesis in horses with distended bowel.
A review of 38 cases of small colon obstruction in the horse
Authors: Edwards G. B. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOf 900 horses undergoing colic surgery, 38 (4.2%) had obstruction of the small colon. The important anatomical features of the small colon, the types of obstruction encountered and the clinical signs are described together with the laparotomy findings and surgical techniques used to overcome the obstructions. Of the 38 horses, 27 (71.0%) recovered and were discharged from the hospital.
A preliminary study on the effects of jejunocaecostomy in horses
Authors: Bertone A. L. , Stashak T. S. , Ralston S. L. , Bertone J. J. , Hamar D. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIleal bypass by re‐section and jejunocaecostomy is a commonly performed surgery in horses, but has a reportedly lower success rate than other small intestinal surgeries. Lower success rates and chronic problems with diarrhoea, weight loss, protein, sugar and fat malabsorption, and Ca/P imbalance occur in man. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in bodyweight, nutrient digestion and absorption, and serum and urine composition in horses before and 3, 12 and 27 weeks after ileal resection and side‐to‐side jejunocaecostomy. Four adult, healthy horses had a baseline CBC; serum creatinine, cholesterol, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, P; digestion trial; xylose and fat absorption test; and serum total bile acid test. Digestion of dry matter, crude protein, total plant cell wall, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; and urinary fractional excretions of Na, K, Cl, P and Ca were calculated. A one‐way analysis of variance compared baseline values to those obtained after caeliotomy and jejunocaecostomy (P<0.05). Results include a significant decrease in serum calcium and total protein 27 weeks after surgery and a significant increase in FENa, FECa, and faecal metabolic organic matter 27 weeks after surgery. Bodyweight decreased significantly 3 weeks after surgery, but increased to greater than baseline values at 12 and 27 weeks after surgery. Vitamin A absorption curves were normal (sigmoid) before surgery and linear at all times after surgery. Serum cholesterol was significantly lower 27 weeks after surgery and a trend (P<0.1) for a lower serum cholesterol was observed 3 weeks after surgery. No significant differences were apparent in serum electrolytes, faecal water, protein or fibre digestibility, xylose absorption or serum bile acid measurements. In summary, ileal bypass affected the horses minimally, but derangements of Ca metabolism, fat (fat soluble vitamin) absorption and microbial flora need further study.
Atresia coli in 7 foals (1964–1990)
Authors: Nappert G. , Laverty S. , Drolet R. , Naylor J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIntestinal atresia is uncommon in foals. The occurrence of equine atresia coli was 0.44% in the Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB). An occurrence of equine intestinal atresia of 1.3% was found at the Large Animal Hospital, University of Montreal. Five case records from the VMDB and 2 from the University of Montreal were reviewed. The breed distribution of cases was: Appaloosa (N = 2), Morgan (N = 1), Standardbred (N = 1), Throughbred (N = 1), Paint Horse (N / 1) and Quarter Horse (N = 1). Five foals had type III or blind‐end atresias and 2 foals had type II or cord atresias. The pelvic flexure was absent in 2 cases. Clinical signs were progressive abdominal distension, colic, lack of faecal production and lack of response to enema administration. Two cases presented a blind ending rectum on digital palpation. Surgical correction was attempted in 3 foals but was unsuccessful. A grave prognosis should be given when this condition is diagnosed in foals.
Effect of oral omeprazole on basal and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric secretion in young female horses
Authors: Andrews F. M. , Jenkins Christine C. , Blackford J. T. , Frazier Donita L. , Olovsson S.‐G. , Mattsson H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOmeprazole (0.7 mg/kg bwt), as enteric‐coated pellets in capsules, was administered to 8 horses with chronic gastric cannulae to determine its effect on gastric juice acidity, acid output, pH, and volume. Omeprazole was given via nasogastric tube once daily for 5 days and gastric secretion tests were done on the 1st and 5th day of dosing. Gastric juice samples were collected every 15 mins from the cannula, starting 5 h after the administration of omeprazole. Basal secretion was determined in the first hour of collection followed by a 2‐h determination of pentagastrin (6 μg/kg/h)‐stimulated secretion. Lactose placebo studies were carried out in the same horses for comparison.Basal and stimulated gastric acid output were inhibited by 69% and 76%, respectively, by the 5th day of dosing, when compared with control values. Basal gastric juice pH increased from 3.2 in placebo‐treated horses to 4.6 by the 5th day of omeprazole treatment. Stimulated gastric juice pH was similarly increased from 1.7 to 4.6 by the 5th day of treatment.Omeprazole (0.7 mg/kg bwt) given orally once daily significantly inhibited basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion in horses by the 5th day of administration.
Development of cyathostome infection of helminth‐naive foals
Authors: Love S. , Duncan J. L. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThree groups of 5 Welsh‐Shetland crossbred pony foals each were infected with 450,000 third stage cyathostome larvae, given as either a single dose of freshly harvested larvae (Group A) or a single dose of larvae that had been cold conditioned for 6 weeks at 4°C (Group B) or as a trickle infection of 18 doses of 25,000 freshly harvested larvae administered on weekdays over 1 month (Group C). The mean pre‐patent periods of Groups A and B were 53 days with shortest and longest individual values of 48 and 62 days. In Group C the mean pre‐patent period was 65 days with a range from 60–77 days. The general patterns of faecal worm egg output were similar in Groups A and B, with rises in mean numbers of faecal worm eggs over about 3 weeks following patency, after which the mean worm egg counts in faeces remained between about 400 and 1,000 eggs/g. The mean faecal worm egg counts of Group C animals, at approximately 200–300 eggs/g, were lower than the mean values of Groups A and B. At post‐mortem examinations 16 weeks post infection, the group mean total and mucosal cyathostome worm counts were: Group A, 60,898–14,806; Group B, 33,592–13,292; Group C, 30,794–14,714. Therefore, the relative proportions of total worm burdens present at mucosal stages were different between groups with values of 24%, 39% and 49% for Groups A, B and C respectively. It was concluded that both larval chilling and trickle larval dosing influenced the development of experimental cyathostome infections.
Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defences during ischaemia and reperfusion of the equine ascending colon
Authors: Sullivan K. E. , Snyder J. R. , Schiedt M. J. , Harman F. J. , Giri S.N. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryOxidative damage can occur during ischaemia and reperfusion of the intestine. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration can be used to determine the amount of lipid peroxidation that has occurred. Glutathione peroxidase, glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are important elements of cellular defence against reactive oxygen metabolites. Tissue levels of MDA, glutathione peroxidase, G6PD, and SOD were measured in an experimental model of equine ascending colonic ischaemia and reperfusion. Complete segmental colonic ischaemia (3 h) followed by 30 mins of reperfusion was studied in 8 horses. Ischaemia increased the concentration of MDA and decreased the SOD activity; glutathione peroxidase and G6PD remained unchanged. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation occurs during ischaemia of the colon and is associated with a decrease in the cellular defence against free radical attack.