bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lenograstim with or without dexamethasone for neutrophil mobilization in healthy donors: Short‐term kinetics of white blood cells and effects of granulocyte apheresis
Authors: Kessler Kian , Goudeva Lilia , Heuft Hans‐Gert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectives: To determine the optimal time schedule for neutrophil collection after single mobilization with glycosylated recombinant granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF, lenograstim) with or without dexamethasone (DXM). Donors and Methods: In this prospective randomized trial, 26 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to a single subcutaneous dose of lenograstim 6 μg/kg plus 8‐mg DXM (G‐CSF/DXM, n = 13) or placebo (G‐CSF/placebo, n = 13). Hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed before and 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 29, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 h and 7 and 30 days after mobilization. Six G‐CSF/DXM subjects underwent standard neutrophil apheresis (NA) 12 and 36 h after mobilization. Results: Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts 12 and 21 h after mobilization were 22.7 (16.6−32.8) × 109/L and 22.4 (18.6−30.6) × 109/L for G‐CSF/placebo versus 33.1 (24.2–44.9) × 109/L and 32.5 (17.4–39.6) × 109/L for G‐CSF/DXM. This mobilization plateau was followed by slow normalization at 72–84 h. The six NA subjects had median PMN yields of 62 (47–101) × 109 and 39 (23–42) × 109 per therapeutic unit. After the first apheresis, PMN counts sharply decreased to 21.1 (14.8–26.3) × 109/L and then temporarily recovered to 25.9 (18.9–36.5) × 109/L (P ≤ 0.001) over the next 8 h. Conclusions: Single doses of lenograstim with or without DXM induced a PMN plateau that lasted 9 h (12–21 h after mobilization), with PMN counts suitable for neutrophil collection. Lenograstim plus DXM made it possible to perform NA twice, 12 and 36 h after mobilization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dissolved phosphorus composition of grassland leachates following application of dairy‐slurry size fractions
Authors: Fuentes Bárbara , Dixon Elizabeth , de la Luz Mora María , Turner Benjamin L. , Bol Roland 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAppropriate management of P from slurry can increase crop production and decrease nutrient loss to water bodies. The present study examined how the application of different size fractions of dairy slurry influenced the quantity and composition of P leached from grassland in a temperate climate. Soil blocks were amended (day 0 = start of the experiment) with either whole slurry (WS), the > 425 μm fraction (coarse slurry fraction, CSF), the < 45 μm slurry fraction (fine liquid slurry fraction, FLF), or not amended, i.e., the control soil (CON). Deionized water was added to the soil blocks to simulate six sequential rainfall events, equivalent to 250 mm (day 0.2, 1.2, 4.2, 11.2) or 500 mm of rainfall (day 18.2 and 25.2), with leachates collected the following day. The results showed that total dissolved P (TDP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), dissolved unreactive P (DUP), orthophosphate, phosphomonoester, and pyrophosphate concentrations generally decreased with the increasing number of simulated rain events. Total dissolved P was leached in the following order WS > FLF ≈ CSF > CON. Dissolved organic C was correlated with TDP, DRP, and DUP in leachates of all treatments. The highest concentrations of dissolved phosphomonoesters and pyrophosphate (147 μg P L–1 and 57 μg P L–1, respectively) were detected using solution 31P‐NMR spectroscopy in the WS leachates. Overall, there were significant differences observed between slurry treatments (e.g., relative contributions of inorganic P vs. organic P of dissolved P in leachates). Differences were independent from the rate at which slurry P was applied, because the highest dissolved P losses per unit of slurry P applied were measured in the FLF, i.e., the treatment that received the smallest amount of P. We conclude that the specific particle‐size composition of applied slurry influences dissolved P losses from grassland systems. This information should be taken in account in farm‐management approaches which aim to minimizing dissolved slurry P losses from grassland systems.
Difference in response to aluminum stress among Tibetan wild barley genotypes
Authors: Dai Huaxin , Shan Wunian , Zhao Jing , Zhang Guoping , Li Chengdao , Wu Feibo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWild barley (Hordeum sp.) germplasm is rich in genetic diversity and provides a treasure trove of useful genes for crop improvement. We carried out a comprehensive program combining short‐term hydroponic screening via hematoxylin‐staining of root‐regrowth procedure and filter paper–based evaluation of diverse germplasm in response to Al/acid stress using 105 annual Tibetan wild barley and 45 cultivated barley genotypes. Root elongation among the 105 Tibetan wild barley genotypes varied significantly after Al exposure, ranging from 62.9% to 80.0% in variation coefficients and 4.35 to 4.45 in diversity index. These genotypic differences in Al resistance were fairly consistent in both the hydroponic and filter paper–based evaluations: XZ16, XZ166, and XZ113 were selected as Al‐resistant genotypes, and XZ61, XZ45, and XZ98 as Al‐sensitive wild genotypes. Furthermore, significantly lower Al concentrations in roots and shoots were detected in the three selected Al‐resistant genotypes than in the three sensitive genotypes in the filter paper–based experiment. Meanwhile, XZ16 was the least affected by Al toxicity in regard to reduced SPAD value (chlorophyll meter readings), plant height, root length, dry biomass, tillers per plant, and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in the long‐term hydroponic experiment compared with the Al‐resistant cultivated barley cv. Dayton, while XZ61 had the severest stress symptoms.
Residual stress field determination in welds by means of X‐ray, synchrotron and neutron diffraction
Authors: Farajian M. , Nitschke‐Pagel T. , Wimpory R. C. , Hofmann M. , Klaus M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTo what extent the welding residual stresses influence fatigue is still unclear and matter of debate. An important reason for this lack of clarity is that the exact determination of residual stress fields in welds is complicated which leads to conservative assumptions about these stresses in the fatigue design codes. The advances in the diffraction analysis of materials offer the opportunity for the full‐field residual strain mapping in welds albeit at the cost of time and technical complexity. In this work residual stress field determination in welded S1100QL specimens by means of the x‐ray, synchrotron and neutron diffraction techniques was undertaken. The results revealed that the maximum values of surface residual stresses are not as frequently assumed, as high as the yield strength in small scale specimens. At the weld toe which could serve as a fatigue crack initiation site, even lower residual stresses than the weld centreline could be present. The in‐depth measurements revealed that the effective part of the residual stress field which could be decisive for the fatigue failure initiation is concentrated at the surface of the weld.
An experimental study of water absorption in polyester composites reinforced with macambira natural fiber
Authors: Cruz V. C. A. , Nóbrega M. M. S. , Silva W. P. da , de Carvalho L. H. , de Lima A. G. B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe use of raw materials from renewable sources, such as vegetable fibers, for example, has been the subject of several studies and researches. One major disadvantage in the use of vegetable fibers in polymer composites is their hydrophilic nature which provides weak interfacial adhesion in polymer‐fiber composites. Due to its importance, the purpose of this paper is to present an experimental study of water absorption in unsaturated polyester composites reinforced with macambira natural fiber. The studied samples have weight composition 30% macambira fiber and 70% unsaturated polyester, with dimensions of 20×20×3 mm3 and 20×20×6 mm3. Tests for water absorption were performed by immersing the samples in a bath of distilled water at 25, 50 and 70°C, and water uptake was measured gravimetrically along the process. Results of the micrographs (SEM), moisture content and area / volume relationships of the composites are shown and analyzed.
A study on diffusion bonding of steel and copper alloy
Authors: Lee H.‐S. , Yoon J.‐H. , Yoo J.‐T. , Yi Y.‐M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn combustion chamber of liquid propellant launch vehicle, the inner shell of the chamber is copper alloy with cooling channels for regenerative cooling and outer shell is steel to maintain high pressure inside the chamber. The purpose of this study is to find the optimum condition for diffusion bonding of copper and steel and the experimental conditions were 3 different pressures at temperatures from 800°C to 950°C. In order to characterize the flow strength of materials at high temperatures, several tensile tests were performed at several temperatures from 800°C to 950°C. This information is used to estimate the test condition for diffusion bonding and superplastic forming. Mechanical properties of bonded specimen were evaluated with single lap joint tests and shear tests. Microstructure of bonded layer has been also observed with SEM with EDX. It is shown that the optimum condition of diffusion bonding is 7 MPa at 890°C, for one hour. Pressurization test of bonded specimen with cooling channels was performed with hydraulic pressure of 87 MPa without failure.
Errors in Transfusion Medicine: Have We Learned Our Lesson?
Authors: Fastman Barbara Rabin , Kaplan Harold S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe phrase “patient safety” represents freedom from accidental or preventable harm due to events occurring in the healthcare setting. Practitioners aim to reduce, if not prevent, medical errors and adverse outcomes. Yet studies performed from many perspectives show that medical error constitutes a serious worldwide problem. Transfusion medicine, with its interdisciplinary intricacies and the danger of fatal outcomes, serves as an exemplar of lessons learned. Opportunity for error in complex systems is vast, and although errors are traditionally blamed on humans, they are often set up by preexisting factors. Transfusion has inherent hazards such as clinical vulnerabilities (eg, contracting an infectious agent or experiencing a transfusion reaction), but there also exists the possibility of hazards associated with process errors. Sample collection errors, or preanalytic errors, may occur when samples are drawn from donors during blood donation, as well as when drawn from patients prior to transfusion‐related testing, and account for approximately one‐third of events in transfusion. Errors in the analytic phase of the transfusion chain, slips and errors in the laboratory, comprise close to one‐third of patient safety–related transfusion events. As many as 40% of mistransfusions are due to errors in the postanalytic phase: often failures in the final check of the right blood and the right patient at the bedside. Bar‐code labels, radiofrequency identification tags, and even palm vein–scanning technology are increasingly being utilized in patient identification. The last phase of transfusion, careful monitoring of the recipient for adverse signs or symptoms, when performed diligently can help prevent or manage a potentially fatal reaction caused by an earlier process error or an unavoidable physiologic condition. Ways in which we can and do deal with potential hazards of transfusion are discussed, including a method of hazard reduction termed inherently safer design. This approach aims to lessen risk, with elimination of a hazard or the reduction of its occurrence as primary. In blood transfusion, elimination and marked reduction of some hazards has been employed to good effect. However, there is still a heavy reliance on procedural methods in the essentially manual steps constituting the phases of the transfusion chain. Some hospitals have created a new role of transfusion safety officer to assist in the effort of monitoring, identifying, and resolving conditions that may lessen safety. Mt Sinai J Med 78:854–864, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Improving Quality in Healthcare: Start With the Patient
Authors: DuPree Erin , Anderson Rebecca , Nash Ira S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn the decade since the Institute of Medicine released To Err Is Human, patient harm from medical errors is still widespread. Healthcare has not undergone the transformative change that is needed to reduce medical errors and improve quality. This article discusses patient‐centeredness as an organizing principle for transforming healthcare. We also describe important efforts that depict the shift from a provider‐focused system to one that is more patient‐centered. Finally, the article discusses challenges for the future and the importance of involving patients in the quest to deliver safe, quality care. Mt Sinai J Med 78:813–819, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Patient Safety Training Simulations Based on Competency Criteria of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Issenberg S. Barry , Chung Hyun Soo , Devine Luke Adam 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis report reviews and critically evaluates the development of 3 movements in healthcare that have had a profound impact on changes occurring at all levels of medical education: patient safety, healthcare simulation, and competency‐based education (exemplified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education). The authors performed a critical and selective review of the literature from 1999 to 2011 to identify uses of simulation to address patient‐safety issues aligned according to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 6 core competencies: (1) patient care; (2) medical knowledge; (3) interpersonal and communication skills; (4) professionalism; (5) practice‐based learning; and (6) systems‐based practice. The research synthesis is reported to inform and provide evidence about how simulation is used to train and evaluate learners on a range of patient‐safety issues for each of the core competencies: There is emerging evidence that simulation can be used in training efforts to reduce medical errors related to medical knowledge and patient care (particular invasive procedures as well as improved communication and teamwork skills). There remains limited evidence on its impact to improve patient safety related to more complex competencies of practice‐based learning and systems‐based practice. Simulation‐based learning can lead to positive patient outcomes and reduction of medical errors particularly when used for individual skills. However, particular attention needs to be placed on the organizational context in which it is implemented if improvements in practice‐based learning and systems‐based practice are to be realized. Mt Sinai J Med 78:842–853, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Reforming Way Medical Students and Physicians Are Taught About Quality and Safety
Authors: DesHarnais Susan I. , Nash David B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to briefly review the history of how quality and safety have been addressed in the United States by those who have been teaching medical students and residents, and then discuss why and how this training must change in the future to more effectively address the problems of improving healthcare quality and safety. Although it has become clear that the curriculum in medical schools should encompass quality and safety training, medical schools have been very slow to implement the reforms that are necessary to accomplish such a goal. These changes, although desirable from a rational perspective, involve basic changes in the culture of medical schools and teaching hospitals. Moreover, the cost of implementing these changes would be very large, and, if imposed by outside agencies, would likely constitute an unfunded mandate. It should also be noted that at the present time there are very few people who are well trained to develop and teach these classes. In order to accomplish the goal of improving patient safety, it is essential that we provide much more training and knowledge regarding patient safety to medical students, including knowledge of interventions known to be effective in preventing errors; education in technical performance; information about organizational and team issues; and training in disclosing errors to patients. This training should occur early in the training of professionals, preferably while they are still in school, if such training is to change the culture of medicine. Some suggestions and plans for implementation are discussed, using some innovative programs as examples. Mt Sinai J Med 78:834–841, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Mitochondrial Pathology in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Schapira Anthony H. V. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe last 25 years have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The ability to undertake detailed biochemical analyses of the Parkinson's disease postmortem brain enabled the identification of defects of mitochondrial and free‐radical metabolism. The discovery of the first gene mutation for Parkinson's disease, in alpha‐synuclein, ushered in the genetic era for the disease and the subsequent finding of several gene mutations causing parkinsonism, 15 at the time of writing. Technological advances both in sequencing technology and software analysis have allowed association studies of sufficiently large size accurately to describe genes conferring an increased risk for Parkinson's disease. What has been so surprising is the convergence of these 2 separate disciplines (biochemistry and genetics) in terms of reinforcing the importance of the same pathways (ie, mitochondrial dysfunction and free‐radical metabolism). Other pathways are also important in pathogenesis, including protein turnover, inflammation, and post‐translational modification, particularly protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination. However, even these additional pathways overlap with each other and with those of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. This review explores these concepts with particular relevance to mitochondrial involvement. Mt Sinai J Med 78:872–881, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Few sex differences in the use of drugs for secondary prevention after stroke: a nationwide observational study
Authors: Sjölander Maria , Eriksson Marie , Glader Eva‐Lotta 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeThis observational study describes the sex differences in the use of secondary preventive drugs after ischemic stroke in terms of prescribing and persistence. Also, sex differences in patient‐ and treatment‐related factors associated with drug use were investigated.MethodsIn this nationwide register‐based study, the Swedish Stroke Register was linked to the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register for information on drugs prescribed for, and bought by, stroke patients. Background factors were included from the Swedish Stroke Register.ResultsIncluded in the database were 9331 men and 9018 women. Men were more often prescribed statins, 48.8% versus 38.1% [age‐adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.86, 95%CI = 0.82–0.91], and warfarin, 38.4% versus 26.4% after stroke (age‐adjusted PR = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.79–0.97). There were no differences in prescribing of antihypertensive or antiplatelet drugs. No sex differences were seen regarding not continuing drug treatment after discharge (primary non‐adherence). Women had slightly higher persistence to antihypertensive treatment 2 years after discharge, 76.3% versus 71.9% for men (age‐adjusted PR = 1.05, 95%CI = 1.00–1.09), but there were no differences in persistence to antiplatelet, warfarin or statin treatments. Similar factors were related to statin and warfarin prescribing for both men and women. Only antihypertensive treatment before stroke was associated to persistence to antihypertensive treatment, and this increased persistence for both men and women.ConclusionsThis study showed few differences between men and women after stroke. Patients' use of secondary preventive drugs needs to be improved, and from a public health perspective, poor persistence is probably a greater problem than differences between the sexes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the Sub‐Bandgap Photoresponse in CuGaS2 : Fe for Intermediate Band Solar Cells
Authors: Marsen Björn , Klemz Sascha , Unold Thomas , Schock Hans‐Werner 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTTransition‐metal doped chalcopyrite thin films have been proposed as a suitable absorber material for intermediate band solar cells. In this work, CuGa1−xFexS2 thin films were grown by vacuum co‐evaporation at a substrate temperature of 400 °C with various amounts of incorporated Fe. The optical response of thin films grown on soda‐lime glass was evaluated by transmittance/reflectance measurements. Photovoltaic devices were fabricated from CuGa1−xFexS2 thin films concurrently deposited on Mo‐coated glass substrates using the standard chalcopyrite glass/Mo/absorber/CdS/ZnO device structure. The device characteristics of these solar cells were evaluated by current–voltage and quantum efficiency measurements. For Fe‐containing CuGaS2 films, distinct sub‐gap absorption bands at 1·2 eV and 1·9 eV are detected, which increase in prominence with increasing Fe content. On the other hand, the solar cell parameters were found to deteriorate with increasing iron content, indicating an increase in non‐radiative recombination when high levels of iron are incorporated. However, for the lowest iron content (x = 0·003), an increase in the sub‐gap photoresponse at about 1·9 eV is observed, which is attributed to a combination of sufficient intermediate band absorption and carrier collection at this dilution level. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short chain amphiphilic diblock co‐oligomers via RAFT polymerization
Authors: Siauw Meiliana , Hawkett Brian S. , Perrier Sébastien 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe demonstrate the ability of the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process to produce well‐defined block co‐oligomers for which each block has a narrow molecular weight distribution and degrees of polymerization ranging from 2 to 33. We exploit RAFT versatility to control the structure of the co‐oligomers and produce amphiphilic block co‐oligomers of styrene, acrylic acid and ethylene glycol. A detailed study shows that the amphiphilic diblock co‐oligomers self‐assemble in solution and form micelles or particles, depending on the hydrophobicity of the diblock. These oligomers present an excellent alternative to traditional amphiphilic molecules, by combining the properties of polymers with those of single molecule surfactants. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012