bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Under‐representation of women in high‐impact published clinical cancer research
Authors: Jagsi Reshma , Motomura Amy R. , Amarnath Sudha , Jankovic Aleksandra , Sheets Nathan , Ubel Peter A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND.Adequate representation of women in research has been deemed essential.METHODS.Cancer research published in 8 journals in 2006 was reviewed. The percentage of women among study participants was compared with the proportion expected from population‐based estimates of sex‐specific cancer incidence, using binomial tests. Differences were assessed in sex distribution of participants by funding source, author sex, and focus of research with the Student t test, and in a linear regression model controlling for cancer type.RESULTS.A total of 1534 cancer research articles were identified, of which 661 (representing 1,096,098 participants) were prospective clinical studies and were analyzed further. For all 7 non‐sex–specific cancer types assessed, the majority of studies analyzed included a lower proportion of women than the proportion of women among patients having cancer of that type in the general population. Among studies focusing on cancer treatment, women constituted a significantly lower overall proportion of the participants in the analyzed studies than expected for 6 of 7 non‐sex–specific cancer types (P < .001). Among non‐sex–specific studies, the mean percentage of participants who were women was 38.8%. Non‐sex–specific studies reporting government funding had a higher percentage of female participants (mean 41.3% vs 36.9%; P = .005). In a regression model controlling for cancer type, lack of government funding (P = .03) and focus on cancer treatment (P = .03) were found to be independent significant predictors of a lower percentage of female participants.CONCLUSIONS.Women were under‐represented as participants in recently published, high‐impact studies of non‐sex–specific cancers. Studies that received government funding included a higher proportion of female subjects. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Computational modeling of electrocardiograms: A finite element approach toward cardiac excitation
Authors: Kotikanyadanam M. , Göktepe S. , Kuhl E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe objective of this work is the computational simulation of a patient‐specific electrocardiogram (EKG) using a novel, robust, efficient, and modular finite element‐based simulation tool for cardiac electrophysiology. We apply a two‐variable approach in terms of a fast action potential and a slow recovery variable, whereby the latter phenomenologically summarizes the concentration of ionic currents. The underlying algorithm is based on a staggered solution scheme in which the action potential is introduced globally as nodal degree of freedom, while the recovery variable is treated locally as internal variable on the integration point level. We introduce an unconditionally stable implicit backward Euler scheme to integrate the evolution equations for both variables in time, and an incremental iterative Newton–Raphson scheme to solve the resulting nonlinear system of equations. In a straightforward post‐processing step, we calculate the flux of the action potential and integrate it over the entire domain to obtain the heart vector. The projection of the heart vector onto six pre‐defined directions in space defines a six‐lead EKG. We illustrate its generation in terms of a magnetic resonance‐based patient‐specific heart geometry and discuss the clinical implications of the computational electrocardiography. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linguistic color image segmentation using a hierarchical Bayesian approach
Authors: Alarcón Teresa E. , Marroquín José L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this work, we combine Bayesian techniques with a color categorization model, which leads to a method for the linguistic segmentation of color images. The categorization model considers the 11 universal color categories proposed by Berlin and Kay [Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution.Berkeley: University of California; 1969]. The likelihood for each category is represented by a linear combination of quadratic splines, and as a result, each voxel in the color space L*u*v* is described as a vector of probabilities, whose components express the degree to which the voxel belongs to a given color category. This gives rise to a probabilistic dictionary which is used for the segmentation, in which prior spatial granularity constraints are incorporated via an entropy‐controlled quadratic Markov measure field (ECQMMF) model, as proposed by Rivera et al. [IEEE Trans Image Process 2007;16:3047–3057]. We give a generalization of ECQMMF that allows one to consider the perceptual interactions between the basic colors that were experimentally established by Boynton and Olson [Color Res Appl 1987;12:94–105]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 299–309, 2009
Analysis and simulation of distributed T/H with averaging technique in folding and interpolating A/D converters
Authors: Zhang Chunming , Shao Zhibiao 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDistributed track‐and‐hold (T/H) circuit is widely used in folding and interpolating analog‐to‐digital (A/D) converters as a good candidate of single T/H circuits for an optimum overall system performance. But, rigorous analysis and method for design do not exist. This paper brings averaging network to suppress the random offset voltages of the differential difference pre‐amplifiers (DDPAs), which locate before T/H circuit featuring two differential inputs for the requirement of fully differential A/D converters. The first contribution of this work is to present the exact expressions for the output voltage and gain in S‐domain, the integral nonlinearity (INL) and differential nonlinearity (DNL) in DDPAs through the further insight into this architecture. Furthermore, distortion resulting from settling time limitation, interpolation error, folder offset, and all sources of mismatch in averaged DDPAs is considered. In addition, the figure of merit for INL and DNL is proposed to quantify the effectiveness of averaging and be served as the guideline for the optimum design. Finally, these theoretical results were verified against Hspice simulations from a design example of distributed T/H circuits for 8‐bit 250 MHz folding and interpolating A/D converter, which confirmed the accurate and exhaustive analysis and exhibited a good agreement. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Piecewise linear second moment statistical simulation of ICs affected by non‐linear statistical effects
Authors: Biagetti Giorgio , Crippa Paolo , Curzi Alessandro , Orcioni Simone , Turchetti Claudio 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a methodology for statistical simulation of non‐linear integrated circuits affected by device mismatch. This simulation technique is aimed at helping designers maximize yield, since it can be orders of magnitude faster than other readily available methods, e.g. Monte Carlo. Statistical analysis is performed by modeling the electrical effects of tolerances by means of stochastic current or voltage sources, which depend on both device geometry and position across the die. They alter the behavior of both linear and non‐linear components according to stochastic device models, which reflect the statistical properties of circuit devices up to the second order (i.e. covariance functions). DC, AC, and transient analyses are performed by means of the stochastic modified nodal analysis, using a piecewise linear stochastic technique with respect to the stochastic sources, around a few automatically selected points. Several experimental results on significant circuits, encompassing both the analog and the digital domains, prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term effects of neonatal handling on mu‐opioid receptor levels in the brain of the offspring
Authors: Kiosterakis Georgios , Stamatakis Antonios , Diamantopoulou Anastasia , Fameli Maria , Stylianopoulou Fotini 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNeonatal handling is an experimental paradigm of an early experience which permanently alters hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function resulting in increased ability to cope with stress, and decreased emotionality. In the present work we investigated the effect of neonatal handling on adult rat brain mu‐opioid receptor levels, since the opioid system is known to play an important role in emotional processing, anxiety and stress responses. Neonatal handling resulted in increased levels of mu‐opioid receptors in the basolateral and central amygdaloid nuclei, in the CA3 and CA4 hippocampal areas, in the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex. Handled animals of both sexes had lower anxiety as measured in the elevated plus maze. The increased mu receptor levels could participate in the molecular mechanisms underlying the well‐documented decreased stress and anxiety responses of handled animals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 439–449, 2009.
A New Series of Anhydrous Lanthanide‐Based Octahedral Hexanuclear Complexes
Authors: Calvez Guillaume , Daiguebonne Carole , Guillou Olivier , Le Dret Florence 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of hexanuclear lanthanide oxido/hydroxido complexes by direct hydrolysis has been reinvestigated and optimized. Lanthanide oxido/hydroxido complexes of the general formula [Ln6O(OH)8(NO3)6(H2O)x]2NO3·2H2O (with x = 12 for Ln = Sm–Yb or Y, x = 14 for Ln = Pr or Nd, and x = 16 for Ln = Ce) have been obtained and characterized. The dehydration of all these complexes leads to isostructural anhydrous compounds with the general formula [Ln6O(OH)8(NO3)8]∞. The crystal structure has been solved on the basis of powder X‐ray diffraction of the Y‐containing compound. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, and the crystal structure can be described as the juxtaposition of infinite chains of hexanuclear complexes linked to each other by nitrate groups. These anhydrous compounds are readily soluble in most organic solvents and can be used as molecular precursors for further chemistry. When exposed to moisture, they rehydrate reversibly, which leads to their initial hydrated phase. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
N‐Amino‐exo‐3,6‐epoxy‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophthalimide as an Active Aminoaziridinating Agent
Authors: Zibinsky Mikhail , Stewart Timothy , Prakash G. K. Surya , Kuznetsov Mikhail A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractN‐Amino‐exo‐3,6‐epoxy‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophthalimide is active in the oxidative aminoaziridination reaction toward alkenes substituted with aryl‐, alkyl, and electron‐withdrawing groups, providing access to stable derivatives of N‐aminoaziridine. Yields varied from 19 to 76 %, and trans‐substituted alkenes reacted faster and gave better yields than cis‐alkenes. No products of self‐aziridination were isolated.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Tetrathiafulvalene‐Labelled Nucleosides and Nucleoside Triphosphates: Synthesis, Electrochemistry and the Scope of Their Polymerase Incorporation into DNA
Authors: Riedl Jan , Horáková Petra , Šebest Peter , Pohl Radek , Havran Luděk , Fojta Miroslav , Hocek Michal 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe title 5‐substituted pyrimidines (U and C) and 7‐substituted 7‐deazapurines (7‐deazaA and 7‐deazaG) bearing tetrathiafulvelene (TTF) attached through an acetylene linker have been prepared by Sonogashira cross‐coupling of the corresponding 5‐ or 7‐iodo derivatives of nucleosides with 2‐ethynyltetrathiafulvalene. Their subsequent triphosphorylation gave the corresponding nucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). Square‐wave voltammetry of the TTF‐labelled nucleosides and nucleotides showed two peaks, one at 0.2–0.3 V and the other at around 0.65 V (vs. Ag|AgCl|3 M KCl), which correspond to two reversible one‐electron redox processes in the TTF moiety. Polymerase incorporation of the TTF‐labelled dNTPs into DNA has also been studied. Multiple incorporations were rather problematic and only by using dCTTFTP was efficient primer extension observed with Vent (exo‐)polymerase. Single nucleotide extension was successful with labelled A (dA*TTFTP) and C (dCTTFTP) nucleotides. Inhibition of the polymerase was observed at higher concentrations of dNTTFTPs.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Catalytic Oxidation of Dopamine at a Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Surface Modified Graphite Wax Composite Electrode Coated with Nafion
Authors: Prabakar S. J. Richard , Narayanan S. Sriman 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA chemically modified electrode was successfully fabricated by means of depositing a thin layer of nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) on an amine adsorbed graphite paraffin wax composite electrode using a new approach. The electrode was further coated with Nafion. The electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrode were studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The modified electrode catalyzed dopamine (DA) oxidation in the concentration range of 1.5×10−6 to 1.2×10−3 M without the interference from ascorbic acid (AA). A detection limit of 4.9×10−7 M was obtained for DA in the presence of AA with a correlation coefficient of 0.9972 based on S/N=3. Flow injection analysis was used for the determination of dopamine with excellent reproducible results. The analytical utility of the sensor was evaluated for detection of DA in urine.
Glucosinolate Amperometric Bienzyme Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes‐Gold Nanoparticles Composite Electrodes
Authors: Serafín V. , Agüí L. , Yáñez‐Sedeño P. , Pingarrón José M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA novel electrochemical biosensor design for glucosinolate determination involving bulk‐incorporation of the enzymes glucose oxidase and myrosinase into a colloidal gold ‐ multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite electrode using Teflon as binder is reported. Myrosinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosinolate forming glucose, which is enzymatically oxidized. The generated hydrogen peroxide was electrochemically detected without mediator at the nanostructured composite electrode at E=+0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Under the optimized conditions, the bienzyme MYR/GOx‐Aucoll‐MWCNT‐Teflon exhibited improved analytical characteristics for the glucosinolate sinigrin with respect to a biosensor constructed without gold nanoparticles, i.e. a MYR/GOx‐MWCNT‐Teflon electrode, as well as with respect to other glucosinolate biosensor designs reported in the literature. The biosensor exhibits good repeatability of the amperometric measurements and good interassay reproducibility. Furthermore, the biosensor exhibited a high selectivity with respect to various potential interferents. The usefulness of the biosensor was evaluated by the determination of glucosinolate in Brussel sprout seeds.
Voltammetric Studies of the Interactions Between Ferrocene‐Labeled Glutathione and Proteins in Solution or Immobilized onto Surface
Authors: Peng Yong , Liu You‐Nian , Zhou Feimeng 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGlutathione (GSH) tagged with a ferrocene (Fc) label at its C‐terminal was synthesized via coupling ferrocenyl amine to glutathione using o‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl)‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyluronium (HBTU)/1‐hydroxybenzotrizole (HOBt). The presence of Fc yielded well defined voltammetric signals, rendering the Fc‐tagged GSH (GSH‐Fc) suitable for electrochemical studies of GSH binding to other biological species. The interaction of GSH‐Fc with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated, and a binding ratio of 1.41±0.06 (GSH‐Fc/BSA) and an affinity constant Ka of 6.53±2.01×106 M−1 were determined. These results compare well with those measured by fluorescence using untagged GSH, suggesting that the attachment of Fc to GSH does not significantly perturb the GSH structure and binding behavior. By contrasting the binding behavior to several compounds that are known to conjugate to different domains of BSA, the voltammetric study confirmed that GSH‐Fc binds at subdomain IIA of BSA with high affinity. The versatility of GSH‐Fc for studying GSH binding to surface‐confined proteins was also demonstrated with the GSH binding to electroinactive Zn‐metallothionein (Zn7‐MT) through hydrogen binding at the region between the Zn7‐MT α and β domains.
Evaluation of simplified methods of analysis for structures with triple friction pendulum isolators
Authors: Fadi Fabio , Constantinou Michael C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTriple friction pendulum isolators, that exhibit behavior with amplitude‐dependent strength and instantaneous stiffness, represent a new development in seismic isolation. The application of simplified methods of analysis for this type of seismically isolated structures requires development of tools of simplified analysis and demonstration of their accuracy. This paper describes these tools and presents validation studies based on a large number of nonlinear response history analysis results. It is shown that simplified methods of analysis systematically provide good and often conservative estimates of isolator displacement demands and good estimates of isolator peak velocities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiservice WLAN using a radio resource scheduler
Authors: Inaty Elie 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this paper we consider the problem of resource allocation in a multiservice wireless local area network (WLAN) using overlapped code division multiple access (OV‐CDMA) andviaa centralised radio resource scheduler (RRS). A joint overlap control and power management (OCPM) algorithm is providedviathe solution of a constrained convex quadratic optimisation problem. A closed form solution of the optimisation problem is presented. It is shown that the proposed OCPM resource allocation scheme is simple to implement in WLANs. Results are presented showing a total agreement between the analytical and the numerical results. In addition, it is shown that the solution of this problem maximises the aggregate throughput subject to peak transmission power constraints. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental evaluation practices and the issue of scale
Authors: Bruyninckx Hans 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSocial scientists, natural scientists, and evaluators have not properly defined the concept of scale for environmental problems. Environmental scale generally differs from social scale, which confounds the challenge of evaluating policies and governance arrangements in addressing environmental issues. Instead, social scales are generally based on traditional jurisdictional boundaries, and this complicates effective decision making. Conversely, evaluators must be able to assess innovative governance arrangements as well as the outcomes of environmental problems because the two are interconnected. This is particularly true in looking at cross‐scale, social‐ecological interactions. This has profound implications for policy evaluation; evaluators have to develop frameworks for connecting across various scales and levels in overcoming mismatches. Natural scientists probably need to be humbler in their ambitions, and evaluators will have to engage in interdisciplinary teams that blend the expertise of the social sciences with that from the natural sciences to assess outcomes to social and environmental scales. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Data credibility: What are the “right” data for evaluating management effectiveness of protected areas?
Authors: Hockings Marc , Stolton Sue , Dudley Nigel , James Robyn 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEvaluation of protected area management has received increased attention over the past decade, with many thousands of sites assessed. Many of the management effectiveness evaluation systems rely predominantly on expert knowledge and qualitative assessment, especially where the emphasis is on rapid assessment. Others use quantitative data or a mix of data types. We propose that decisions about the appropriateness of qualitative and quantitative data and methods for evaluating management effectiveness of protected areas can be informed by considering issues of (1) the subject matter of evaluation; (2) available resources and data; (3) scale, scope, and time frame of the evaluation; and (4) risks associated with management of the site. ©Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Data credibility: A perspective from systematic reviews in environmental management
Authors: Pullin Andrew S. , Knight Teri M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo use environmental program evaluation to increase effectiveness, predictive power, and resource allocation efficiency, evaluators need good data. Data require sufficient credibility in terms of fitness for purpose and quality to develop the necessary evidence base. The authors examine elements of data credibility using experience from critical appraisal of studies on environmental interventions employing systematic review methodology. They argue that critical appraisal of methodological quality is a key skill to improve both retrospective evaluation and prospective planning of monitoring of environmental programs. Greater transparency and data sharing among evaluators could facilitate rapid development in approaches to environmental evaluation that improve data credibility. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design alternatives for evaluating the impact of conservation projects
Authors: Margoluis Richard , Stem Caroline , Salafsky Nick , Brown Marcia 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHistorically, examples of project evaluation in conservation were rare. In recent years, however, conservation professionals have begun to recognize the importance of evaluation both for accountability and for improving project interventions. Even with this growing interest in evaluation, the conservation community has paid little attention to evaluation design. Recent literature includes some discussion of design, but it has focused primarily on experimental and quasi‐experimental design and the use of counterfactuals. Real‐life conservation projects, however, operate in complex and dynamic contexts and under conditions of limited resources, which limit the feasibility of counterfactual or experimental designs. There is, in fact, a range of design options to evaluate conservation interventions. The conservation community must educate itself about these options, and how different designs produce different results. This chapter discusses evaluation design alternatives in light of the unique challenges that influence evaluation design selection in conservation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability of flow past a cylinder: Energy budget of eigenmodes
Authors: Mittal Sanjay 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGlobal linear stability analysis of the flow past a circular cylinder at the onset of primary wake instability is carried out. The real and imaginary parts of the most unstable eigenmode, responsible for vortex shedding, are very similar but associated with a spatial shift in the vortex structures. This shift results in the convection of vortices that are observed in the unsteady flow, which is actually a consequence of global absolute instability. The kinetic energy density, associated with the most unstable eigenmode, is studied. At the onset of the instability the energy density of the disturbance field is found to be stronger in the far wake compared with the near wake. With increase in Re the region where the disturbance is strong moves upstream closer to the cylinder. However, the maximum value of the kinetic energy density of the disturbance lies outside the recirculation zone even for Re upto 100. A linearized mechanical energy equation for the time evolution of the kinetic energy density of the disturbance is utilized to examine the energy budget of the most unstable eigenmode at various Re. It is found that the most significant contribution to the growth rate of the disturbance arises from the transfer of the energy due to the strain rate of the base flow to the perturbation. The stabilizing effect of the viscous dissipation increases with increase in Re, but saturates for Re beyond ∼70. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.