bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FRET and FCS—Friends or Foes?
Authors: Sahoo Harekrushna , Schwille Petra 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) are both scientific concepts that are frequently discussed in the context of single‐molecule fluorescence techniques. In contrast to FCS, FRET is strictly not a technique but a photophysical phenomenon, which can be employed in combination with any method that probes fluorescence intensity or lifetime. Thus, the combination of FCS with FRET is possible and—although these concepts are quite often treated as alternative approaches, particularly for the analysis of biological systems—also quite attractive. However, under certain circumstances, for example, for applications of fluorescence cross‐correlation spectroscopy, FRET effects can cause significant complications for quantitative data analysis, and careful calibration has to be carried out to avoid FRET‐induced artifacts. This can be most elegantly done if alternating excitation schemes such as PIE (pulsed interleaved excitation) are employed. In this minireview, we discuss the potential and the caveats of FCS combined with FRET and give a short record on successful and promising applications.
Single‐Molecule FRET Ruler Based on Rigid DNA Origami Blocks
Authors: Stein Ingo H. , Schüller Verena , Böhm Philip , Tinnefeld Philip , Liedl Tim 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has become a work‐horse for distance measurements on the nanometer scale and between single molecules. Recent model systems for the FRET distance dependence such as polyprolines and dsDNA suffered from limited persistence lengths and sample heterogeneity. We designed a series of rigid DNA origami blocks where each block is labeled with one donor and one acceptor at distances ranging between 2.5 and 14 nm. Since all dyes are attached in one plane to the top surface of the origami block, static effects of linker lengths cancel out in contrast to commonly used dsDNA. We used single‐molecule spectroscopy to compare the origami‐based ruler to dsDNA and found that the origami blocks directly yield the expected distance dependence of energy transfer since the influence of the linkers on the donor–acceptor distance is significantly reduced. Based on a simple geometric model for the inter‐dye distances on the origami block, the Förster radius R0 could directly be determined from the distance dependence of energy transfer yielding R0=5.3±0.3 nm for the Cy3–Cy5 pair.
A Mixed Quantum–Classical Description of Excitation Energy Transfer in Supramolecular Complexes: Förster Theory and beyond
Authors: Megow Jörg , Röder Beate , Kulesza Alexander , Bonačić‐Koutecký Vlasta , May Volkhard 
Published: February 2011

AbstractElectronic excitation energy transfer (EET) is described theoretically for the chromophore complex P4 formed by a butanediamine dendrimer to which four pheophorbide‐a molecules are covalently linked. To achieve a description with atomic resolution, and to account for the effect of an ethanol solvent, a mixed quantum–classical methodology is utilized. Room‐temperature molecular dynamics simulations are used to describe the nuclear dynamics, and EET is accounted for in utilizing a mixed quantum–classical formulation of the transition rates. Therefore, the full quantum expression of the EET rates is given and the change to a mixed quantum–classical version is briefly explained. The description results in the calculation of transition rates which coincide rather satisfactory with available experimental data on P4. It is also shown that different assumptions of classical Förster theory are not valid for P4. The temporal behavior of EET deduced from the rate equations is confronted with that following from the solution of the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation entering the mixed quantum–classical description of EET. From this we can conclude that EET in flexible chromophore complexes such as P4 can be rather satisfactory estimated by single transition rates. A correct description, however, is only achievable by using a sufficiently large set of rates that correspond to the various possible equilibrium configurations of the complex.
Chiral Reconstruction of a Metal Surface by Adsorption of Racemic Malic Acid
Authors: Roth Christian , Parschau Manfred , Ernst Karl‐Heinz 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe adsorption of racemic malic acid on Cu(110) has been studied in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low‐energy electron diffraction (LEED), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). In contrast to enantiopure malic acid, which forms eleven different ordered phases on Cu(110), only four structures are observed for the racemate. Three of them are superpositions of enantiomorphous phases that have not been observed for the pure enantiomers. Only the non‐enantiomorphous c(2×4) saturation structure was found for pure enantiomers and for the racemate, but also shows differences at short‐range order. This suggests that heterochiral two‐dimensional (2D) phases are present in all cases. A restructuring of the copper surface is clearly identified in STM for some phases after careful annealing, causing chirality transfer via the metal substrate.
A high throughput, interactive imaging, bright‐field wound healing assay
Authors: Zordan Michael D. , Mill Christopher P. , Riese David J. , Leary James F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe wound healing assay is a commonly used technique to measure cell motility and migration. Traditional methods of performing the wound healing assay suffer from low throughput and a lack of quantitative data analysis. We have developed a new method to perform a high‐throughput wound healing assay that produces quantitative data using the LEAP™ instrument. The LEAP™ instrument is used to create reproducible wounds in each well of a 96‐well plate by laser ablation. The LEAP™ then records bright field images of each well at several time points. A custom texture segmentation algorithm is used to determine the wound area of each well at each time point. This texture segmentation analysis can provide faster and more accurate image analysis than traditional methods. Experimental results show that reproducible wounds are created by laser ablation with a wound area that varies by less than 10%. This method was tested by confirming that neuregulin‐2β increases the rate of wound healing by MCF7 cells in a dose dependent manner. This automated wound healing assay has greatly improved the speed and accuracy, making it a suitable high‐throughput method for drug screening. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in urine: An uncommon finding
Authors: Verma Ritu , Vij Mukul 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFilariasis is a global health problem commonly seen in tropics and subtropics. Microfilariae has been reported in cytological specimens from various sites but is an unusual finding from sediments of centrifuged normally voided urine samples. This highlights the presence of adult worms in the lymphatics and thus helping in prompt decision to start antihelminthic treatment besides providing surgical treatment for chyluria. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectrum of orbital and ocular adnexal lesions: An analysis of 389 cases diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Gupta Nalini , Kaur Jasleen , Rajwanshi Arvind , Nijhawan Raje , Srinivasan Radhika , Dey Pranab , Singh Usha , Gupta Pankaj 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the scope and the limitations of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in orbital and ocular adnexal lesions. This study was a retrospective audit of 389 cases of orbital and ocular adnexal lesions subjected to FNAC over a period of 12 years (1998–2009). The cyto‐smears were reviewed and the lesions were categorized under different diagnostic categories in adult and pediatric population. Three hundred and one adult patients (age ≥15 years) and 88 pediatric patients (age ≤14 years) constituted the study group. In the adult population, there were 23.3% cases of infectious and lymphoproliferative lesions and 12.6% of benign cysts. In the pediatric population, 18.2% cases had infectious and lymphoproliferative lesions and 8% had benign cysts. Various benign tumors (9.6% in adults) included pleomorphic adenoma, meningioma, and schwannoma. Benign vascular tumors predominated in the pediatric population. A majority of malignant tumors in adults were lymphoreticular malignancies (12.6%); non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma being the most common followed by malignant epithelial tumors (10.3%). Nearly 3.6% cases of soft tissue/bone sarcomas and 6.3% of metastatic tumors were seen in adult population. However, most of the orbital tumors in the pediatric population were malignant small blue round cell tumors (33%). FNAC is a cost‐effective technique with good diagnostic value in the assessment of ophthalmic lesions, especially when sampling and interpretation are performed by experienced personnel in the light of clinico‐radiological information. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assisting cytopathology training in medically under‐resourced countries: Defining the problems and establishing solutions
Authors: Field A. S. , Geddie W. , Zarka M. , Sayed S. , Kalebi A. , Wright C. A. , Banjo A. , Desai M. , Kaaya E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCytology is able to deliver rapid accurate diagnoses with minimal equipment and laboratory infrastructure at minimal cost, and this is especially so for fine needle biopsy (FNB), which is a powerful diagnostic tool in medically resource‐poor environments, where histopathology laboratories are small in number and poorly supported financially. The crucial element in the development of cytology services is to train a sufficient number of well trained cytopathologists and cytotechnologists to create a ‘critical mass’ of personnel who not only provide routine diagnostic services, but also can train an ever expanding number of pathologists, cytotechnologists, and health workers.A review of practical programs to train cytopathologists and cytotechnologists in their own countries will be presented, including a recent series of FNB and cytology tutorials run in sub Saharan Africa. The need for local cytopathology programs and the potential for both local and visiting cytopathologists to provide a faculty will be discussed, as well as a range of possible programs which can bring African pathologists and trainee pathologists to Western institutions for periods of their training.Ideally, the regional Societies of Cytology, including the recently formed West African Society of Cytology, will establish their own diagnostic protocols, training programs, syllabuses, examinations and accreditation and career pathways for both cytopathologists and cytotechnologists, and organize tutorials where they will invite overseas faculty to contribute.Crucially, these new societies will empower cytopathologists and cytotechnologists to approach health services and governments to state the need for cytology services as a cost‐effective accurate diagnostic service that enhances patient care. Diagn.Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing “atypical squamous cells” overdiagnosis on cervicovaginal smears by diligent cytology screening
Authors: Gupta Sanjay , Sodhani Pushpa 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe frequency of possible reasons for “atypical squamous cells” (ASC) overdiagnosis on Papanicolaou (Pap) smears was analyzed. Pap smears of 199 women with negative biopsy outcome after an ASC diagnosis were reviewed. Special attention was paid to presence of reproductive tract infections (RTIs), perimenopausal cells (PM cells), immature metaplastic cells, hormone‐related alterations, and drying artefacts. Comparisons were made using χ2 test between the two ASC qualifiers and also between premenopausal and peri/postmenopausal women. Possible reasons for ASC overdiagnosis could be assigned on Pap smear review in 88/199 (44.2%) negative biopsies. Overall, PM cells were the most frequent reason for ASC overdiagnosis, being present in 35/199 (17.6%) smears. RTIs were the next most common cause (14.6%). PM cells were the most significant confounding factors for persistent ASC undetermined significance (ASC‐US) over interpretation (20.2%) while in none of the cases these were interpreted as ASC‐H (P = 0.004). Of these, 32 smears belonged to peri/postmenopausal women while only three to premenopausal women (P < 0.001). Immature metaplastic cells were significantly more frequent cause of ASC‐H rather than ASC‐US interpretation (P = 0.007). RTIs and drying artefacts were more frequently overcalled as ASC‐US (in premenopausal women) while hormonal changes were interpreted as ASC‐H. Hormone related changes, immature metaplastic cells and drying artefacts more commonly resulted in ASC interpretation in peri/ postmenopausal smears. The results of this study suggest that diligent screening can substantially reduce ASC overdiagnosis, thereby reducing the referrals/ follow ups. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn: The cytology spectrum with review of the literature
Authors: Schubert Pawel T. , Razack Rubina , Vermaak Anine , Francois Jordaan H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSubcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn is a rare, transient panniculitis of full‐term infants. Diagnosis is usually made clinically; however, a biopsy is sometimes required. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) offers an alternative to biopsy. The cytology shows a spectrum of changes ranging from clumped lobules of fat with opaque cytoplasm to necrotic aspirates with dispersed fat cells with opaque cytoplasm, foamy macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Radially orientated, refractile, needle‐shaped crystals are visible in the cytoplasm of the fat cells and loose lying in the necrotic background. FNAB offers an alternative to biopsy with good results. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of insular carcinoma of thyroid
Authors: Barwad Adarsh , Dey Pranab , Nahar Saikia Uma , Gupta Nalini , Rajwanshi Arvind , Nijhawan Raje , Srinivasan Radhika 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPoorly differentiated (insular) thyroid carcinoma is defined as a thyroglobulin‐producing non‐follicular non‐papillary thyroid carcinoma, having an intermediate behavior between well‐differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas. FNAC is widely used as aid for workup of thyroid gland lesion. However, scant information is available in the literature about cytologic findings of this rare entity.Ten cases of surgically resected insular carcinoma with a corresponding cytology were selected. The cytologic smears and histological sections were reviewed for presence of cytomorphologic features including cellularity, predominant cytoarchitectural pattern, additional cytologic co‐patters pattern, cell size, cell shape, nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, chromatin pattern, amount of cytoplasm, mitotic figures, colloid, background debris, nuclear grooves, and intranuclear pseudoinclusions.In all the cases, the cells were arranged predominantly in solid clusters. Focal microfollicular pattern was identified in five cases of which three cases showed presence of inspissated colloid within the follicles. Singly scattered malignant cells and bare nuclei were seen in all cases. Cells were monomorphic, round with high N/C ratio, finely granular chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. Background showed presence of cellular debris in two cases. Mitotic figures were obvious and atypical mitosis was also identified.Cellular smears composed of monomorphic population of small cells arranged in large clusters and sheets with high N/C ratio and high mitosis suggest the possibility of insular carcinoma. Background cellular debris/necrosis also supports the diagnosis. Cell block preparation in these cases may be of additional help in accurate diagnosis. © Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:E43–E47. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Episodic memory in 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children
Authors: Hayne Harlene , Imuta Kana 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThere is considerable debate about the phylogenic and ontogenic origins of episodic memory. In the present experiment, we examined episodic memory in 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children. To do this, we developed a hide‐and‐seek task that allowed us to assess children's recall of thewhat‐where‐when (www)of the hiding event. In this task, the experimenter and the child hid three plush toys in three separate locations around the house. After a brief retention interval, children were asked to verbally recall, in order (i.e.,when),whattoy was hidingwhere. Following this verbal test, children were given the opportunity to find the toys. On the verbal recall test, 4‐year‐olds reported more information than 3‐year‐olds. On the behavioral recall test, 3‐year‐olds performed equivalently to 4‐year‐olds on thewherecomponents of the test, however, their performance on thewhencomponent remained inferior to that of 4‐year‐olds. We conclude that, by the age of 3, children exhibit rudimentary episodic memory skills, and that strict reliance on verbal recall may underestimate their episodic memory ability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:317–322, 2011.
Three methodologies for measuring the acoustic startle response in early infancy
Authors: Agnoli Sergio , Franchin Laura , Dondi Marco 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe present study investigated whether three methodologies currently used in animal as well as human adult startle research could be adapted for measuring the startle response in 5‐month‐old infants. The three methods performed: an automated and computerized recording of the infants' whole‐body motor reactions (Automated Infant Motor Movement Startle Seat, AIMMSS); a coding of the infants' facial muscular contractions involved in the startle response (FACS, Baby FACS); an analysis of the infants' eyeblink intensity in response to the startle probes (Eye‐Blink Strength scale). The results showed that these methods accurately registered the latency and intensity parameters of the reactions to acoustic startle stimuli. A correlational analysis showed, also, that the three methods registered the same motor reaction measuring the infant acoustic startle response in a consistent way. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:323–329, 2011.
The “enduring mission” of Zing‐Yang Kuo to eliminate the nature–nurture dichotomy in psychology
Authors: Honeycutt Hunter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper reviews the arguments against the instinct concept and the nature–nurture dichotomy put forward by Zing‐Yang Kuo (1898–1970) during the 1920s. Kuo insisted that nativism represented a kind of finished psychology, and that the labels of nature and nurture reflected and promoted one's ignorance of the development of a trait. Also discussed are his lesser known lines of research on the origins of the so‐called rat‐killing instinct in cats and his analysis on the determinants of animal fighting. His research illustrated the shortcomings of a nature–nurture framework and highlighted the necessity of his developmentally grounded alternative to studying behavior. Reasons for why Kuo's work has been marginalized in modern histories of psychology are also discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:331–342, 2011.
Effects of physical exercise on ADHD‐like behavior in male and female adolescent spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Robinson Andrea M. , Hopkins Michael E. , Bucci David J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe present study examined the effects of exercising (voluntary wheel running) during adolescence on attentional function in male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), a commonly used animal model of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Once rats reached adulthood, they received one session in which a light was presented 12 times but not reinforced, followed by training sessions in which the light was paired with a food reward. Male and female SHRs that had access to running wheels exhibited levels of unconditioned orienting behavior that were similar to Wistar–Kyoto rats (normo‐active control) while SHRs that did not have access to running wheels exhibited higher levels of unconditioned orienting behavior. When the light was later paired with food there were no differences between the groups of male rats, but exercising female SHRs exhibited a decrease in conditioned food cup behavior. Consistent with their established phenotype, SHR rats exhibited more locomotor activity during an open field exploration session than WKY rats, but there was no relationship between orienting behavior and locomotor activity. Together these data suggest that physical exercise during adolescence can benefit attentional capabilities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:383–390, 2011.
The cytoskeletal and signaling mechanisms of axon collateral branching
Authors: Gallo Gianluca 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDuring development, axons are guided to their appropriate targets by a variety of guidance factors. On arriving at their synaptic targets, or while en route, axons form branches. Branches generated de novo from the main axon are termed collateral branches. The generation of axon collateral branches allows individual neurons to make contacts with multiple neurons within a target and with multiple targets. In the adult nervous system, the formation of axon collateral branches is associated with injury and disease states and may contribute to normally occurring plasticity. Collateral branches are initiated by actin filament–based axonal protrusions that subsequently become invaded by microtubules, thereby allowing the branch to mature and continue extending. This article reviews the current knowledge of the cellular mechanisms of the formation of axon collateral branches. The major conclusions of this review are (1) the mechanisms of axon extension and branching are not identical; (2) active suppression of protrusive activity along the axon negatively regulates branching; (3) the earliest steps in the formation of axon branches involve focal activation of signaling pathways within axons, which in turn drive the formation of actin‐based protrusions; and (4) regulation of the microtubule array by microtubule‐associated and severing proteins underlies the development of branches. Linking the activation of signaling pathways to specific proteins that directly regulate the axonal cytoskeleton underlying the formation of collateral branches remains a frontier in the field. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 201–220, 2011.