bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Zoological Society's Expedition to the Zambesi, 1927: No. 2. Observations on the Natural History of the Land‐Crab Sesarma meinerti, from Beira, with special reference to the Theory of Warning Colours.*
Authors: COTT HUGH B. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The crabs belonging to the genus Sesarma show a wide range of variation in habits and in the conditions under which they live. S. meinerti is a species that has largely adopted terrestrial habits. A colony of the crabs was found at Beira, living on dry ground near mangrove‐swamps. The habits of the species are described.
An attempt has been made to show that the colour of S. meinerti has an aposematic function. The vivid colour of the crab, its aggressive behaviour and power of self‐defence, its tough physique and well‐developed power of regeneration, and the relative freedom from the persecution of enemies in which it lives, all point to this conclusion.
The boldness of the species and its ability to defend itself from attack have been adopted in response to the requirements of a more or less terrestrial mode of life, and the aposematic coloration is correlated with the exigencies of this habitat; conspicuousness being useful to the ciabs. the origin and development of the warning colours are to be explained by the operation of natural selection.
19. On the Genus Polypoctphalus Braun 1878 (Cestoda)
Authors: WOODLAND W. N. F. 
Published: August 2010

Summary..I have confirmed in the main the accounts of Braun, Linton, and Southwell of the two remarkable species, ľolypocephalus medusia and P. radiatus, and have contributed some additions. The chief of these are the presence in P. medusia, as in P. radiatus, of an opening (borne on a central column) from a glandular mass situated under the floor of the tentacle‐containing hollow or cavity, the alternation of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of proglottis with genital pores on opposite sides, the quadripartite form of the ovary, and of the columns of vitellaria, which are continuous, anteriorly and posteriorly, with it. Comparison of the strobilæ of the two species shows that they undoubtedly belong to the same genus–the general disposition of the organs, number of testes, and origin of the uterus being the same in both, –a, conclusion obviously suggested by the similar form of the scoleees. The two species, on the other hand, are very distinct from each other. The arrangement of the vitellaria in four columns (if the vitellaria be represented by these extensions of the ovary) is, so far as I know, unparalleled among Cestoda, The genus Polypocephalus is re‐defined and the two species diagnosed.
27. The Interpretation of the Embryonic and Post‐larval Characters of certain Tetraxonid Sponges, with Observations on Post‐larval Growth‐stages in some Species
Authors: Burton Maurice 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

In certain species of Tetraxonida the period of adult life may, in some cases, be subdivided into as many as three distinct growth stages, each characterized by some evident change in the form of the spicules, coupled with changes in the arrangement of the skeleton, or even with differences in the gross morphology.
A tangential skeleton is a primitive character, and species in which this persists throughout adult life may be regarded as having undergone little specialization.
Extrusion of spicules takes place either continuously or at definite periods in the life cycle. This has been assumed by previous authors, but without definite reason for so doing, and the proof now forthcoming enables us to explain the absence of particular categories of spicules from certain individuals of a species, the disorganization of the skeleton SO often seen, and the differences in the arrangement of the dermal skeleton in different individuals of the same species.
In the identification of species not only must the normal fluctuating variations and those due to ecological, geographical, and environmental factors be considered, but also those due to age.
The order in which different forms of spicules appear in the life cycle indicates the order of their appearance in the evolution of the species, anti probably, although this yet remains to be proved, when reduction of the skeleton takes place the last spicules to appear are the first to disappear.
41. The Development of the Kidney in Ampullaria (Pila) gigas
Authors: Fernando Wilfred 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The right kidney and left kidney in the embryo arise as evaginations of the pericardium. Mesodermal cells from the neighbourhood adhere to these evaginations.
While the left kidney disappears, the right kidney enlarges and comes into contact with the invagination of the ectoderm which later forms the mantle‐cavity in the posterior region.
The right kidney then opens into the mantle‐cavity.
That portion of the mantle‐cavity with which the kidney comes into contact becomes a tubular organ distinct from the mantle‐cavity, and is called the “ureter.”
As a result of torsion, the right kidney of the embryo becomes the left, posterior kidney of the adult.
The ureter becomes dorsal and lies anterior to the left, posterior kidney. It becomes the anterior kidney of the adult.
In the adult the glandular posterior kidney, which opens internally into the pericardium, discharges its products into the anterior kidney, and thence to the exterior.
The anterior kidney of the adult Ampullaría is a modified and enlarged ureter, homologous with the ureter of Vivipara.
48. The Bionomics and Comparative Morphology of the Early Stages of certain Chrysondidz (Coleoptera, Phytophaga).
Authors: Paterson Nellie F. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The immature stages of Chrysomelidae fall into five natural groups—Tricho‐stomata, Cyclica, Eupoda, Camptosomata, and Cryptostomata, which coincide with the recognized divisions of imagines.An account is given of the biology and external morphology of the early stages of thirty‐five species.The principal systematic characters are the chatotaxy, mouth‐parts, and number of ocelli in the larva, and the chaetotaxy in the pupa.The larval mouth‐parts are remarkably constant, but the numbers and disposition of the primary setae afford characters of taxonomic importpnce.The hypothetical segment possesses sixteen pairs of setæ, arranged into two transverse rows.The Trichostomata are considered to be the least modified forms, and of the Chrysomelince thePhœdoninaare the most generalized. The Eupoda, Campto‐somata, and Cryptostomata are somewhat divergent forms which appear to have developed along their own paths of specialization.
52. The Anatomy and Histology of the Alimentary Canal in the Common Wasp (Vespa vulgaris).
Authors: Green T. L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The mouth‐parts of the wasp are designed for biting, licking, and mastication; they are well developed in all castes; their musculature is fully described and compared with larva, and also with the bee and Dytiseus.
The pharynx is a large sac with complicated muscles designed for pumping and swallowing. The elasticity of chitin is used to antagonize certain muscles; it co‐operates with others, and these show reduced size.
Certain direct homologies of larval and adult muscles are defined, and the significance of this possibility discussed.
The esophagus and crop are typical.
The proventriculus is well developed and acts as a pump in conjunction with the pharynx.
The ventriculus is typical and is built upon a definite, geometric pattern which conditions the features seen in sections cut in known planes. The replacement cells are few and lie within the basement‐membrane; any idea that they exist external to this is due to confusing them with a layer of fine longitudinal muscle‐fibres whose presence confirms White's record of a third layer of ventricular muscles.
The peritrophic membrane arises by “delamination,” probably as the result of condensation of cell‐secretions, and not from the striated border nor the esophageal valve. It may represent a partially chitinous intima of the mid‐gut.
The small intestine has two well‐marked histological areas and a local anterior muscle concentration acting as a sphincter or as a means of hastening peristalsis.
The Malpighian tubules show well‐marked secretion phases.
The rectum has a general syncytium, with characteristic rectal pads. The interpretation of these structures awaits the further study of their development.
The intrinsic muscles of the gut are attached to the basement‐membrane lying below the digestive epithelium.
Some Aspects of the Metamorphosis of the Alimentary System in the Wasp, Vespa vulgaris (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Green T. L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.This paper describes the morphological changes of the gut of Vespa during metamorphosis, and also the histological changes which occur in the mid‐gut epithelium.The first histological changes are observed in the late larval stage (pre‐pupa), when phenomena of disputed significance occur—the formation of globules and their apparent liberation into the gut‐lumenThis is followed by rapid multiplication of the replacement‐cells.The bases of the histolyzing epithelial cells contain large vacuoles, and it is probable that these exert a mechanical force, pushing the epithelium away from the basement‐membrane. This process of casting is probably aided also by chemical disintegration of the cell‐bases and basement‐membrane, by the force exerted by the rapidly growing replacement‐cells, and by severe muscular peristalsis of the intestinal muscle‐layers.The rapid proliferation of the replacement‐cells leads to the formation of the new epithelium. This is at first irregularly disposed and thrown into folds which disappear as the diameter of the gut increases.The cast epithelium lies in the gut‐lumen, and is removed by an undetermined method, probably a combination of “auto‐digestion” and by enzymes liberated from the new cell‐layer. Phagocytosis plays no part in the process.The early epithelium shows certain characteristic features, particularly a refringent edge, which splits away by delamination and gives rise in this manner to the peritrophic membrane which thus arises during the pupal period. There is only one pupal epithelium.The adult morphology is attained before the imago emerges, but the cells of the epithelium are small and “cuboid.” The final histological characters (such as greater size, perinuclear space, etc.), are not at first present, and probably do not appear until after the first meal.A discussion of the time‐relations of these various processes and consideration of the results of other investigations leads to the theory that metamorphosis is started by a single original stimulus, and though some amount of progress may follow from this, its completion appears to depend upon the serial development of other succeeding stimuli each responsible for some particular phase.
The Later Developmental Features in the Skull of Sus barbatus barbatus
Authors: Todd T. Wingate , Cooke E. V. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Skull growth after eruption of the third permanent molar in Sus barbatus presents the following features:–Extension of maxilla accompanies eruption of the canine tooth. Following this additional growth takes place in the region of maxillary tuberosity.Meantime bodily size of the animal increases and there is a vertical expansion of upper or respiratory area of face. Fronto‐parietal forward growth overbalances maxillary extension, and face buckles down and back on cranium, as in the sheep, with sliding of zygomatic processes of malar and temporal on each other. This facial buckling terminates on closure of the coronal suture.Between the dates of closure of coronal and squamous sutures the swing of the face changes. There being no more growth above, that in the maxillary area causes the fronto‐nasal contour to increaae its forward concavity by adjustments in the hafting zone which runs from nasion to palato‐pterygoid plate. There is further sliding of malar and temporal zygomatic processes on each other, but it occurs in the reverse direction.Increase of the muscular scaffolding now occurs, more particularly for cranio‐vertebral musculature than for masticatory muscles. Zygomata move laterally. The lambdoid crests but not the sagittal enlarge.Some elongation of face follows by additions along the hafting line, mainly on the orbital side. Fronto‐nasal contour is not changed.The last skull modification is produced by great masticatory muscle development. Elevation of the sagittal crest exaggerates the already existing fronto‐nasal concavity, while extension and lateral movement of the zygomata indicate the increased size of the masticatory musculature.So‐called individual differences can thus be resolved into simple orderly growth changes,
Coral Faunas of the Red Sea and Tahiti.
Authors: Crossland C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The coral faunas of these extreme ends of the Indo‐Pacific area differnotably,e.g., in the predominance of Pavoniide and reduction of Astræide in Tahiti.
The reduced building power of individual Astræans of Tahiti is not found in the Red Sea.
Excessive variability and confusion of species in Tahitian collections, especially of Lobophyllia, Leptastrea, and Herpetolitha, does not occur in the Red Sea.
Growth‐form is a specific character in some corals, but seven distinct forms of growth in the genus Echinopora are described, at least six of which belong to the species E. gemmacea.
Evidence is given indicating the connection between the genera Echinopora, Orbicella, and Favia. The two former genera are very closely related.
The Ecology of Young Tadpoles, with special reference to some Adaptations to the Habit of Mass‐Spawning in Rana temporaria temporaries Linn.
Authors: Savage R. Maxwell 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
Tadpoles of the Common Frog live for a few days after hatching under conditions of extreme oxygen deficiency, which would be lethal if opportunity for the exercise of the special reflexes possed by the animals were denied.
The results of fiedl observations and laboratory experiments can be simply explained by the existence of a tendeyncy to swim upwards under the influence of deficient oxygen. This reflex is developed at a very early age, for tadpoles which are insensitive to various tactile stimuli can swin 3 cm. in a vertical direction if appropriately stimulated. These young tadpoles remain motionless in well aerated water. consequently the tadpoles at the edge of the colony do not dispres, and the colony remians intact.
The Developmental Stages of Three English Barnacles, Balanus balanoides (Linn.), Chlhamalas stellatas (Poli), and Verruca stroemia (O. F. Müller).
Authors: Bassindale R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThree English barnacles were successfully reared in cultures showing a marked plant growth. Each of the three species has six naupliar stages and a cypris stage. Tables give the sizes and the setation of the appendages of all six naupliar stages of all three species. Notes on the discrimination of the nauplii of the three species are followed by a discussion of the general features of development, and reference is made to the eight naupliar stages found in Balanus crmalus by Herz (1933).
The Subcutaneous Venous System of the Common Dogfish, Scyliorhinus [Scylliwm] caniculus (L).
Authors: Marples B. J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary
This paper describes the subcutaneous venous system of Scyliorhinus (Scyllium) caniculus, the Common Dogfish. Previously no complete account of this system appears to have been given for any Selachian.
Practically the whole surface of the animal is covered by a dense network of veins.
In the trunk and tail these superficial networks drain into dorsal, ventral, and lateral longitudinal vessels.
In the pharyngeal region the superficial networks are connected directly to the underlying venous sinuses.
The veins of the fins are connected to the cutaneous venous system.
Immediately below the skin lining the mouth and pharynx are the bucco‐pharyngeal networks of veins. They cover both the dorsal and ventral walls of these cavities, and drain into the principal sinuses of the anterior part of the fish. Posteriorly they are continuous with a fine plexus of vessels surrounding the esophagus. Only the dorsal bucco‐pharyngeal vessels have been previously described.
13. Notes on the Chondrooranium and Branchial Skeleton of Salmo.
Authors: Tchernavin V. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.In the adult Salmo the lower end of the hyomandibular and the upper end of the synxplectic are well ossified, but divided by a cartilage. A long palato‐quadrate cartilage is present and has a well‐developed orbital process reaching the inner edge of the mesopterygoid. In some specimens of Salmo trutta in the region of the orbital process are found two ossifications lying upon the mesopterygoid.The branchiostegals in Salmo are asymmetrical, the left being better developed and often exceeding the right in number.There are two copulas in the adult Salmo; the anterior is related to the hyoid arch and the first two branchial arches; the posterior copula is related to the three posterior branchial arches.The third branchial arch has a complicated articulation with the posterior copula, i. e., by means of the anterior ends of the cerato‐branchials 3 and the posterior ends of the hypo‐branchials 3.There are two supra‐copularies which in adult Salmo are usually fused with the basi‐branchial 3, but in some large specimens of Salmo trutta caspius the supra‐copularies are found to be independent of the proper elements of the copula.There are two pairs of dentigerous pharyngeal plates which even in the adult Salmo do not fuse with the proper elements of the branchial arches. Separate pharyngeal teeth are usually present on the pharyngo‐branchial 3.There are double rows of gill‐rakers (outer and inner rows) on the first four branchial arches, and one outer row on the fifth arch. The inner row of the first arch is often feebly developed, but always present.The roof of the ethmoid cavity (anterior myodome) is present in adult Salmo, but is differently developed in different species. It is comparatively strong in S. salar, thin in S. trutta, and very thin and pierced with holes in S. trutta caspius. Small pre‐ethmoidal cavities or ducts in the cartilage of the rostrum are also present.No true mesethmoid bone is to be found in S. salar, S. irideus, and the freshwater forms of S. trutta, but in the migratory form of S. trutta more or less developed ossifications of the ethmoid cartilage were found in some of the specimens investigated. In S. trutta caspius such ossifications were found more frequently and in fuller development. In the genus Stenodus of the same family a well‐developed true mesethmoid bone seems to be constantly present.In no case in Salmo or in Stenodus does the supra‐ethmoid fuse with the true mesethmoid bone. In one of the specimens of Salmo salar examined no nasal was present on the right side, and the mucous canals, which normally would be present in the nasal bone, were enclosed in the right side of the supra‐ethmoid.Some of the characters of the skull of Salmo have undoubted taxonomic significance, and, anticipating the account of my investigations on the group of Oncorhynchus, these characters are summarised in the following table.
The Ecology of Young Tadpoles, with Special Reference to Carbohydrate Changes in Development, and to the Function of the Envelope
Authors: Savage R. Maxwell 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

Comparisons have been made between the final quantities of total carbohydrate in young tadpoles, just before they commence to feed, which have been left on the jelly envelopes, removed into plain water, or placed on a number of artificial media containing carbohydrates. There are no significant differences.
Microscopical comparisons have been made on tadpoles from the same batches. No differences have been found.
Batches of eggs from four species have been followed day by day all through development and the total carbohydrate determined. It is found that all show similar features: an initial period with only small changes, but a tendency for an increase to take place in the first few days; a sharp drop just about hatching time; and, finally, a period to the end of embryonic development in which there are only very slight changes.
Nutrition is not a function of the envelope.
It is suggested that the envelope is a heat storage device.
The Growth of Coenis horaria (L.), Leptophlebia vespertina (L.), and L. marginata (L.) (Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Moon H. P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

The results obtained from the measurements of the growth in length of three Ephemeropteran nymphs are described. The nymphs were Coenis horaria (L.), Leptophlebia vespertina (L.), and L. marginata (L.).
The measurements were made with a projection apparatus.
The growth curves show that in winter Coenis does not grow, while in Leptophlebia growth continues.
The factors responsible for this difference in growth appear to be food and temperature. Both Leptophlebia and Coenis are detritus feeders, but Coenis evidently requires a detritus enriched by the fragments of filamentous littoral algae.
The renewal of growth in Coenis coincides with the increased growth of littoral algae and rise of temperature in spring. At this time the gut contents of Coenis contains large quantities of filamentous algae.
The Coral Reefs at Ghardaqa, Red Sea
Authors: Crossland Cyril 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.After supplementary notes on the structure of the Red Sea coast, the coral fauna, and decay of corals, the distribution of corals in the neighbourhood of the Biological Station of the Egyptian University is described and charted, showing that extension and recession of reefs go on in the same area. The latter is connected with the breadth of the reef, and consequent cooling and fouling of the water. A series of small reefs showing stages from embryonic to senile is described, and the ecologic puzzle of shoals covered with Galaxea alone, while others in the neighbourhood of these bear mixed corals and alcyonaria. The relationship between coral and alcyonaria is an important problem for reef students.
The Distribution of the Spawn‐ponds of the Common Frog, Rana temporaria temporaria Linn., over a portion of the London Clay and associated Drift
Authors: Savage R. Maxwell 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

The distribution of spawn ponds of the frog in an area with a varied geology is not at random. The frogs avoid London Clay ponds.
Significant relationships have been found between the potassium content of the water of ponds and the presence or absence of spawn. Carbonates also affect the spawn distribution.
There is some evidence that concrete ponds or concrete structures in streams favourably affect the chances that frogs will spawn at such places.
Pollution by sewage seems a favourable factor.
The mechanism by which such factors can act is discussed, and it is suggested that indirect action is most likely, through the intermediary of the micro‐flora.
Hypophysectomy and Growth in the Axolotl, Amblystoma tigrinum (Green), Neotenic Form
Authors: Howes N. H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

Hypophysectomy has little or no effect upon growth in neotenous Amblystoma tigrinum.
Regression of the gonads appears to be compensated at least partly by increase in size of the fat‐body and possibly also by slightly accelerated growth of the remainder of the body.
The ratio food intake/weight gained is unaltered by hypophysectomy in young actively‐growing axolotls, and slightly but not significantly raised in sexually mature larvæ.
Following the operation the behaviour of the gonads is exactly like that already described by Burns and Buyse (1931) for this species. This closely resembles their behaviour in Xenopus lævis (Bellerby and Hogben, 1938).