bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequence‐ and activity‐based screening of microbial genomes for novel dehalogenases
Authors: Chan Wing Yiu , Wong Max , Guthrie Jennifer , Savchenko Alexei V. , Yakunin Alexander F. , Pai Emil F. , Edwards Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryDehalogenases are environmentally important enzymes that detoxify organohalogens by cleaving their carbon‐halogen bonds. Many microbial genomes harbour enzyme families containing dehalogenases, but a sequence‐based identification of genuine dehalogenases with high confidence is challenging because of the low sequence conservation among these enzymes. Furthermore, these protein families harbour a rich diversity of other enzymes including esterases and phosphatases. Reliable sequence determinants are necessary to harness genome sequencing‐efforts for accelerating the discovery of novel dehalogenases with improved or modified activities. In an attempt to extract dehalogenase sequence fingerprints, 103 uncharacterized potential dehalogenase candidates belonging to the α/β hydrolase (ABH) and haloacid dehalogenase‐like hydrolase (HAD) superfamilies were screened for dehalogenase, esterase and phosphatase activity. In this first biochemical screen, 1 haloalkane dehalogenase, 1 fluoroacetate dehalogenase and 5l‐2‐haloacid dehalogenases were found (success rate 7%), as well as 19 esterases and 31 phosphatases. Using this functional data, we refined the sequence‐based dehalogenase selection criteria and applied them to a second functional screen, which identified novel dehalogenase activity in 13 out of only 24 proteins (54%), increasing the success rate eightfold. Four newl‐2‐haloacid dehalogenases from the HAD superfamily were found to hydrolyse fluoroacetate, an activity never previously ascribed to enzymes in this superfamily.
Tuberculosis Infection in Animal and Human Populations in Three Districts of Western Gojam, Ethiopia
Authors: Fetene T. , Kebede N. , Alem G. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryTuberculosis concurrent infection in cattle and their respective owners in North‐western Ethiopia had been investigated. Two hundred and ten cattle owners and 1220 heads of their cattle were included in the study to determine degree of tuberculosis infection in cattle owned by tuberculosis patients and tuberculosis patients. Comparative intradermal tuberculin test, bacteria culturing, acid fast staining and biochemical tests were used to conduct the study. The prevalence of tuberculosis was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in cattle owned by tuberculosis patients than in cattle owned by non‐tuberculosis owners, and infection with tuberculosis was threefold greater in cattle owned by tuberculosis‐positive owners. Further more, cattle owners who consumed raw milk were at higher risk (P < 0.001, OR = 3.23) for tuberculosis infection than those who consumed boiled milk. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (15.4%), Mycobacterium bovis (44.1%) and atypical mycobacteria (38.5%) were identified from milk collected from tuberculin‐positive cows using biochemical tests. Similarly M. tuberculosis (74.5%), M. bovis (14.9%) and atypical mycobacteria (8.5%) were identified from sputum and fine needle aspiration specimens of tuberculosis patient cattle owners. Mutual transmission of mycobacterium from animals to humans and vice versa has been signified.
Growth Model of a Plasmid‐Bearing Virulent Strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Raw Ground Beef
Authors: Bhaduri S. , Phillips J. G. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe growth kinetics of virulence plasmid‐bearing Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (YPST) in sterile ground beef were studied at temperatures ranging from 0 to 30°C. In irradiated sterile ground beef, YPST replicated from 0 to 30°C, with corresponding growth rates (GR) ranging from 0.023 to 0.622 log CFU/h at 0–25°C, and the GR was 0.236 log CFU/h at 30°C. The maximum population densities (MPD) ranged from 8.7 to 11.0 log CFU/g. The growth and MPD of YPST were reduced significantly at 30°C. Models for GR and MPD of YPST in raw ground beef (RGB) as a function of storage temperatures were produced and displayed acceptable bias and accuracy. The models were validated with rifampicin‐resistant YPST (rif‐YPST) in sterile ground beef stored at 4, 10 and 25°C. The observed GR and MPD were within 95% of the predicted values. When compared to non‐sterile retail ground beef, the growth of rif‐YPST was not inhibited and displayed similar GR at 0, 10 and 25°C and MPDs as sterile ground beef at 10 and 25°C. Moreover, there was no loss of virulence plasmid in YPST during its growth in ground beef indicating that RGB contaminated with virulence plasmid‐bearing YPST could cause disease due to refrigeration failure, temperature (10–25°C) abuse, and if the meat was not properly cooked.
Les limites de la génération catégorielle de sons vocaux unidimensionnels
Authors: Hupet M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The judgmental accuracy was measured in situations where absolute judgments about various categories on a response continuum are required. Instead of presenting a perceptual stimulus to which a subject must assign a numerical response, he is given a number from 1 to N and must then generate a corresponding motor response. The amounts of transmitted information in producing vocal sounds varying in only one dimension, either their intensity or duration, are compared to the amounts in identifying analogous signals. It has been concluded that decoding and encoding processes are similarly limited in information processing. By studying the anchor effects, it has also been hypothesized that every categorial judgment is binary.
Vocalic Syllabicity in Daga
Authors: Murane John , Murane Elizabeth 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Daga syllable structure is complicated by the occurrence of up to three vowels acting as a single nucleus of the syllable and sequences of up to seven vocoids in a word. For high-back and mid-back vocoids three degrees of syllabicity are contrastive, and these have been analysed in terms of semivowels and phonemic syllable division. An alternative analysis in terms of word accent is rejected.
Some Phono-Stylistic Features of Black English
Authors: von Raffler Engel Walburga 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Comparable features of dialect differences between Black and White Standard English in the Central South of the United States are adduced to support the author’s hypothesis that the direction of speech programming proceeds from concept (la parole non-organisée) to verbalization (la parole organisée) and that in this process the phonological component can in no way be considered the last to appear, but is close to the semantic component and likely to precede the syntactic component. Tests of perceived well-formedness equally confirm this hypothesis.
The Activity of the Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles in Voicing Control
Authors: Hirose H. , Gay T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The primary purpose of this experiment was to systematically investigate the actions of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx during the production of voiced and voiceless consonants. Generally speaking, computer-averaged EMG curves for the laryngeal muscles showed participation of the posterior cricoarytenoid for voiceless consonants and suppression for voiced consonants. The reciprocal pattern was found for the interarytenoid muscle. Similar reciprocal patterns were evident along the timing dimension. These results are discussed in terms of recently proposed laryngeal feature systems.
Voyelles orales et nasales du sarde campidanien
Authors: Contini M. , Boë L.J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study is placed on the phonetic and phonological levels. It allows: (1) to shop up the acoustic structure of the oral and nasal vowels. Based on a spectrographic analysis the formant frequencies are controlled by statistical procedures and the relative intensities are subjected to a theoretical verification; (2) to extract the phonological system on the distinctive feature basis defined by R. Jakobson et al. [1952].
The Use of Electropalatography in Phonetic Research
Authors: Hardcastle W.J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The instrumental technique of electropalatography (EPG) provides real-time spatio-temporal information on tongue-palate contacts during speech. In this paper various different systems of EPG are briefly reviewed, and the Edinburgh system, its limitations and its applications in disciplines such as experimental phonetics, education of the deaf, speech pathology and oral physiology are discussed.
Experiments with Synthesized Serbocroatian Tones
Authors: Lehiste Ilse , Ivić P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper describes two experiments in the perception of Serbocroatian tones, using stimuli generated by means of a speech synthesizer. The first experiment tested the perception of changing fundamental frequency. It was found that in listening to a rising falling fundamental frequency contour, listeners were unable to perceive the difference between end points of the contour; they seemed to base their judgment on the difference between the peak and the terminal fundamental frequency. The second experiment tested the perception of long rising and long falling accents, using 44 synthesized forms of the word radi. Listening tests showed that the fundamental frequency pattern on the first syllable was not sufficient for identifying the accent. The additional factor that had to be present before listeners agreed in their responses was the fundamental frequency of the second syllable. For a falling first syllable, the second syllable had to acquire a fairly low value before the judgments shifted from random to falling. For a level first syllable, the fundamental frequency of the second syllable had to be at least as high as the level of the first to evoke consistent rising responses. The same applied to stimuli with a rising first syllable. In most cases, the shift was not between consistent rising or falling responses, but between either a rising or falling and a random response. The fundamental frequency patterns thus distinguish not so much between two different accents as between the presence and absence of an identifiable accent.
Analyse des variables temporelles du français spontané
Authors: Grosjean F. , Deschamps A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper reviews the inherent time variables of speech and then discusses the importance of these variables for spontaneous speech activities in French. A comparison with English shows that the French speak faster than the English, this being mainly due to the smaller number of pauses introduced into their discourse, not to the rate of articulation, nor to the length of pauses. Moreover, it follows from the analysis of the syntactic distribution of unfilled pauses that 75 % occur at the end of sense groups (60 % at the end of clauses) and that pauses inside clauses are shorter (median 0.40 sec) than final ones (median 0.50 sec). Finally, the investigation of secondary variables (other hesitation pauses) shows the importance of ‘articulation’ pauses (which consist of filled pauses and of drawls) and the prime role played by grammatical words in the categories: drawls, repetitions and false starts.
Le phonème indéterminé
Authors: Tilkov D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The term ‘neutral vowel’ should apply to an acoustic-articulatory description, and the term, ‘indeterminate vowel’ to a description of a phonological system. Three applications of the vowel [É™] can be observed: (1) in partial systems wherein it has no distinctive value; (2) in systems in which it is negatively determined, with a very low phonological outpout; (3) in systems in which the vowel [É™] plays the same distinctive role as the other phonemes.
Lautdauerverhältnisse im Ungarischen bei ruhigem und beschleunigtem Sprechtempo
Authors: Wodarz-Magdics Klara 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
On the basis of a big material, the duration of speech sounds at normal and accelerated speed is investigated. The changes of the duration due to an accelerated speed of utterance are pointed out. The relation between these changes and the environment of the sounds are examined.
Syllabic Rate and Utterance Length in French
Authors: Malécot A. , Johnston R. , Kizziar P.-A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This third article in a series presenting the results of a computer-assisted analysis of a vast data file, based on recordings of upper middle-class Parisian conversations, deals with syllabic rate and utterance length. Performance standards are established for teaching, linguistic theory and voice-processing technology. Variations in these aspects of speech are studied as functions of a number of demographic, psychological, intellectual and phonetic background parameters. Syllabic rate is found to vary as a function of sex, age, occupation and certain intentions, while utterance length varies as a function of age, occupation, certain intentions, certain attitudes and loudness. Overall rate averages turn out to be strikingly consistent, most speakers showing about 344 syll/min. Finally, a positive correlation exists between utterance length and syllabic rate; the longer the utterance, the faster the rate and vice versa. A hypothesis is suggested that these results reflect language universals.
Zur synchronischen und diachronischen Interpretation althochdeutscher Schreibungen
Authors: Penzl H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In response to W. G. Moulton’s critical review of the book by Penzl, published in 1971, the author stresses the importance of graphemic and distributional analysis in the phonetic interpretation of historical spellings and of a careful distinction between phonotactic rules, individual phonemic systems, abstract overall patterns. He explains his interpretation of Old High German digraph and geminate spellings as phonemic clusters (except for the fricatives ff
hh
zz; aa, etc.). He rejects the interpretation of ‘direct spelling variation’ (e.g. fraono, frono) as representing allophonic fluctuation and as synchronic evidence for an intermediate stage of a phonemic change.
Effect of Speaking Rate on Labial Consonant Production
Authors: Gay T. , Hirose H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This experiment used electromyography and direct, high-speed motion picture photography, in combination, to describe the effect of speaking rate on the production of labial consonants. Electromyographic signals from a number of facial muscles were recorded simultaneously with high-speed motion pictures of the lips, from two subjects. The speech material consisted of syllables containing the consonants /p b m w/ in both CV and VC combinations with the vowels /i a u/. The major finding of this experiment is that an increase in speaking rate is accompanied by both an increase in the activity level of the muscle as well as an increase in the speed of movement of the articulators. The data also showed certain manner effects and instances of both subject-to-subject and individual token variability. These findings are discussed in terms of theoretical models of speech production.
Sound Spectral Properties of Conditioned Vocalization in Monkeys
Authors: Larson C.R. , Sutton D. , Taylor E.M. , Lindeman R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Four monkeys were trained to emit vocalizations which were analyzed with a sound spectrograph and swept-frequency analyzer. Over the course of the study, the monkeys increased the duration of their calls and changed the character of the calls by the elimination of noise and high-frequency harmonics. At the end of training, the calls emitted by the four monkeys were similar to each other in frequency composition, and there was consistency of vocal format among successive calls given by an individual monkey. It is suggested that nonhuman primates be utilized for the further study of mechanisms of phonation.
Methodische Voruntersuchung zum Problem der sprachlichen Interferenz
Authors: Sederqvist Anni 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
With the language constellation of Norwegian/German, a methodology is developed to analyse features of linguistic interference within a given material (e.g. a continuous reading sample). Every particular text segment is given a pattern of binary traits, defined in terms of the present problem, so as to point out and to specify the points of interference. These patterns of traits are checked by means of a listening test, i.e. in a communicative situation. As shown by the statistical treatment of the results, the following conclusions are drawn. No particular trait alone does give a sufficient prediction of interference, whereby such effects are indicated by certain selective combinations of characteristics. This concept is further confirmed by analyses of speaker reliability and correlative connections of the traits.
Generative Phonology
Authors: Hammarström Göran 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Generative phonology and, to some extent, generative transformational linguistics in general, is criticized for its extreme process model, intuitively unacceptable underlying abstractions, its lack of synchrony and exaggerated praise for one’s own achievements coupled with overstated criticism of other orientations. To the author’s mind, what is good in the generative transformational theory is not new and what is new is not good.
Contribution à l’étude de la fonction linguistique du larynx
Authors: Lhote E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Among the various functions of the larynx which have become mixed during speech we distinguish: the phonatory function which is accomplished by individual voice qualities during speech and the linguistic function which is used to oppose elements of a communication system. In this work glottography is both an approach to the individual properties of the voice and a technique for the objective and subjective study of the tonal systems of tone languages. The main linguistic function of the larynx is in the timing of vocal cord vibrations.
The Effect of Fundamental Frequency Variations on the Perception of Stress in German
Authors: Bleakley D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An analysis of fundamental frequency variations occurring with stressed syllables in a sample of natural German speech is used to examine some of the results obtained by Isačenko and Schädlich from experiments with synthesized speech. Isačenko and Schädlich’s results indicated that perceptible rises and falls in fundamental frequency can lead to the perception of stress. The present analysis indicates that not all syllables with which perceptible fundamental frequency variations occur are heard as stressed; but it is possible that the last change in pitch direction in an ‘information unit’ leads to the perception of stress on the syllable with which the change is associated.
Dynamic Palatography
Authors: Palmer John M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This report highlights general implications stemming from two studies of normal subjects’ articulation via dynamic palatography instrumentation. The Kydd-Belt palatal device was utilized in association, first, with cinematographic recording of a light palatal analog, then with a 12-channel multiple-event counting system; a 13th channel recorded the presence of laryngeal tone, while a 14th channel recorded time segments. Patterning of contacts, ‘approach’ patterns, seating, and release behavior, as well as attempts to associate contacts with laryngeal tone were examined. The results are discussed in terms of their general implications to the act of articulation, the behavior of the tongue apex and lateral borders, symmetry of contacts, and sequencing of linguapalatal contacts.
The Relationship between Internal Intercostal Muscle Activity and Pause Placement in the Connected Utterance of Native and Non-Native Speakers of English
Authors: Adams Corinne , Munro R.R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An electromyographic investigation of the internal intercostal muscles in connected utterance together with an analysis of pause placement has been carried out with native and non-native (Asian) speakers of English. A characteristic pattern of muscle activity was found in native speakers. Its essential features were an overall progressive increase in activity throughout the item, localized bursts of activity before commencement of speech phrases, and decrease or cessation of activity with long pauses. The non-native speakers tended to produce repetitive EMG patterns within the one item. Another feature of their utterance was the use of numerous pauses, many of which were inappropriate in placement and duration. The physiological implications of this pattern are discussed. This faulty organization and timing of rhythm units was attributed to the syllable-timed nature of the subjects’ first language, to their method of learning English, and to their lack of experience in speaking English. The internal intercostal muscle activity pattern appeared to be related mainly to the speaker’s degree of linguistic proficiency.
Peut-on interpréter les données de la radiocinématographie en fonction du tube acoustique à section uniforme?
Authors: Pétursson Magnus 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Is it possible to interpret lateral cineradiographic data according to a model consisting of a single tube of constant cross-area? Some considerations after the analysis of the modern Icelandic vowel system. The possibility of interpreting lateral cineradiographic data, synchronized with spectrograms, according to a model consisting of a single tube of constant cross-area, is discussed. The result of this analysis is absolutely negative, although one has asserted the contrary. The positive results of this investigation are a thoroughly new view of the modern Icelandic vowel system. The vowel system resulting from this analysis shows a considerable deviation from the traditional descriptions that have prevailed hitherto.
Phonological Analysis of the Russian ‘Word’
Authors: Grunwell Pamela 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper presents a detailed analysis of the phonology of the Russian ‘word’ based on the principles of the Firthian theory of Prosodic Analysis. The word is defined as the unit of stress placement and systems of vowel units are set up according to the stress prosody operating on the syllable. Palatality is treated as a prosody of syllable beginning and/or syllable ending having phonetic exponents in both the consonant and vowel phonematic units. Thus, it will be seen that such an analysis avoids inconsistencies and inadequacies of the phoneme-based approaches.
Empirische Vorüberlegungen zu einem numerischen Perzeptionsmodell der Suprasegmentalia
Authors: Drommel R. , Geršić S. , Hintzenberg Dagmar 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A method of accounting for perceived suprasegmental parameters, which was outlined in a previous paper, is tested for applicability. The arithmetic means of parameter profiles for three different groups of listeners in a short excerpt from a French text show an unexpected degree of uniformity, which makes further analyses of spontaneous texts worthwhile.
An Aerodynamic Study of Stops in Sindhi
Authors: Nihalani Paroo 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper deals with supra-glottal (Psupra) and sub-glottal (Psub) air pressures in the production of stops in Sindhi. Sindhi has the fullest stop system of any Indo-Aryan languages. Besides a contrast between voicing and unvoicing, aspiration and un-aspiration, there is a contrast between compression and rarefaction too. This paper studies the physiological events with reference to both the time factor and the aerodynamics of the breath stream. Pneumotachography and laryngoscopy with fiber-optics bundle are some of the techniques employed to obtain quantitative data. Experimental data given here reveal various complex mechanisms of articulatory timing and co-ordination of the oral, pharyngeal, velopharyngeal, laryngeal and respiratory structures.