bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QUANTITATIVE AND SEASONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS F. SP. PINI WITH CONOPHTHORUS RADIATAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND ERNOBIUS PUNCTULATUS (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE) WHICH INFEST PINUS RADIATA
Authors: Hoover Kelli , Wood David L. , Fox Joseph W. , Bros William E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the quantitative and seasonal association between the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, and two potential beetle vectors, Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins and Ernobius punctulatus Fall. In samples of reared and dissected cones, 21.4 ± 2.5% of C. radiatae and 30.1 ± 8.0% of E. punctulatus adults carried propagules of F. s. pini. Seasonal variation in mean percentage of contaminated C. radiatae and E. punctulatus emerged from cones ranged from 0 to 67% and was highest for both species February through April. In sticky traps 12.5 ± 2.3% and 11.8 ± 3.6% of E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp., respectively, were contaminated with propagules of F. s. pini.Conophthorus radiatae and E. punctulatus co-occurred in 26% of the cones. The percentage of cones containing contaminated C. radiatae was greater when E. punctulatus progeny were also contaminated than when E. punctulatus was not. When contamination status of E. punctulatus was not considered, there was no significant difference in C. radiatae contamination between cones with and without E. punctulatus. Because C. radiatae appears to be a vector of the pitch canker fungus, interspecific transmission of inoculum may increase the incidence of this disease.The parasitoid, Cephalonomia utahensis Brues (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), was frequently observed parasitizing late-instar larvae of E. punctulatus, but was not found on larvae of C. radiatae. Emergence of large numbers of C. utahensis represents another potential source of inoculum for transmission to prey species.
THE EFFECT OF TILLAGE REGIME ON EMERGENCE OF ROOT MAGGOTS (DELIA SPP.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) FROM CANOLA
Authors: Dosdall L.M. , Herbut M.J. , Cowle N.T. , Micklich T.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effect of four tillage regimes on the emergence of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) was determined on experimental plots seeded the previous year to either Brassica rupa L. or Brassica napus L. The tillage regimes evaluated comprised no tillage, tillage in the spring only, tillage in the fall only, and tillage in both the fall and the spring. Emergence trap collections of Delia radicum (L.) and Delia floralis (Fallén) were made from the experimental plots from early May to mid-July of 1991 and 1992. In both years, emergence from untilled plots significantly exceeded that from plots subjected to any other tillage treatment. Tillage resulted in a decrease in emergence of 55–64% for D. radicum, and reduction of 53–72% for D. floralis. For D. floralis, greatest reductions in emergence following a tillage treatment occurred in plots tilled only in the fall or in plots tilled in both the fall and the spring; however for D. radicum, tillage in the fall, the spring, and in both the fall and the spring reduced emergence to approximately the same extent. Results of our study indicated that canola growers in regions of high population densities of root maggot should cultivate infested fields, preferably in fall, to reduce the emergence success of Delia spp.
SEASONAL DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT, EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON POSTDIAPAUSE EGG DEVELOPMENT, AND VALIDATION OF A DEGREE-DAY MODEL PREDICTING LARVAL ECLOSION OF BLUEBERRY LEAFTIER, CROESIA CURVALANA (KEARFOTT) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Polavarapu Sridhar , Seabrook William D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEggs of blueberry leaftier, Croesia curvalana (Kearfott), were transferred from outdoors at 15-day intervals from 15 November to 1 March and held in the laboratory at 20°C, 16L:8D. Mean hatching time continually decreased with each successive transfer date and was significantly shorter for eggs transferred on 1 March compared with any previous transfer date. Transfer date also had a significant effect on percentage hatch, which generally increased with longer exposure of eggs to outdoor conditions. Mean hatching time was longer under 10L:14D photoperiod than at 13L:11D or 16L:8D conditions at all three temperatures studied. Rate of postdiapause development was linearly related to constant temperatures in the range from 6 to 25°C, but appeared to have deviated from linearity at 30°C. The lower threshold temperature for postdiapause development of eggs was estimated to be 3.4°C. Means of 60, 77, and 97 degree-days above a lower threshold of 3.5°C were required for hatching of the 10th, median, and 90th percentile of eggs under laboratory conditions, respectively. In each of 3 years, eclosion of first-instar larvae occurred over a 10- to 17-day period in late April to mid-May. Degree-day accumulations based on litter temperatures in the field predicted the dates of 10th, 50th and 90th percentile eclosion of first-instar larvae within ±2 days of the observed dates.
A REVISION OF THE GENUSCOLONHERBST (COLEOPTERA; LEIODIDAE; COLONINAE) OF NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Stephan Karl 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe traditional subgenera ofColonHerbst containing the North American fauna areColons.str.,MyloechusLatreille, andEurycolonGanglbauer. We use these and also describeTricolonandStriatocolonas new subgenera. Identification of species in the genusColonis taxonomically difficult because of allometric variation of external characters in males, and lack of distinctive characters in females. We present keys, illustrations, and descriptions to distinguish the known North American species. A total of 37 species names have been previously applied toColonin North America. We designate lectotypes forColon thoracicumHorn,C.asperatumHorn,C.oblongumBlatchley,C.dentatumLeConte,C.pusillumLeConte,C.putumHorn,C.hubbardiHorn,C.nevadenseHorn, andC.liebeckiWickham. We recognize 16 names as synonyms of previously named species as follows:C.clavatumMannerheim =C.bidentatumSahlberg;C.complicatumHatch =C.celatumHorn;C.decoreCasey =C.thoracicumHorn;C.excisumHatch =C.hubbardiHorn;C.femoraleHatch =C.lanceolatumHatch;C.kincaidiHatch =C.hubbardiHorn;C.mannerheimiSzymczakowski =C.oblongumBlatchley;C.pusillumHorn =C.dentatumLeConte;C.putumHorn =C.dentatumLeConte;C.paradoxumHorn =C.bidentatumSahlberg;C.nevadenseHorn =C.celatumHorn;C.productumHatch =C.hubbardiHorn;C.rufumHatch =C.dentatumLeConte;C.schuhiHatch =C.discretumHatch;C.serripoidesHatch =C.asperatumHorn;C.pribilofHatch =C.liebeckiWickham. We describe 22 species as new, as follows. In the subgenusTricolon:C.blatchleyiandC.pacificum. In the subgenusColon:C.arcum,C.nitidum,C.politum, andC.vancouverensis. In the subgenusMyloechus:C.boreale,C.californicum,C.chihuahua,C.chiricahua,C.grossum,C.hatchi,C.hesperium,C.incisum,C.longitorsum,C.megasetosum,C.mesum,C.monstrosum,C.pararectum,C.potosi,C.similare, andC.xilitla. All these species are restricted to North America except forC.bidentatumandC.politumwhich are northern Holarctic. This yields 42 species recognized for the North American fauna. These beetles occur in forest, open woodland, and grassland habitats. Their larvae, biology, and food are still unknown.
ADULT LONGEVITY, FECUNDITY, AND POPULATION GROWTH RATES FOR TRIALEURODES RICINI MISRA (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) AT DIFFERENT CONSTANT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Shishehbor P. , Brennan P.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLongevity and reproductive potential of adult males and females of Trialeurodes ricini Misra were determined under laboratory conditions at four constant temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 1°C). The resulting data were used to calculate life tables and rates of increase at each temperature. Females of T. ricini oviposited means of 183, 224, 294, and 132 eggs at 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, and had a mean longevity of 38.52, 28.15, 15.78, and 10.11 days at the same four temperatures. The net reproductive rate was 49.92, 72.26, 111.08, and 38.44, and the daily intrinsic rate of increase was 0,05, 0.11, 0.18, and 0.15 at 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C, respectively. Generation times decreased from 69.88 to 24.92 days with increasing temperature. The results indicate that T. ricini can, in otherwise unlimited conditions, persist and increase in numbers within the range 20–35°C.
CONTROL OF THE ENGLISH GRAIN APHID [SITOBION AVENAE (F.)] (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AND THE OAT-BIRDCHERRY APHID [RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI (L.)] (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON WINTER CEREALS
Authors: Neil K.A. , Gaul S.O. , McRae K.B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSeasonal abundance of Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) was monitored in Nova Scotia winter wheat plots. Rhopalosiphum padi was the more common aphid species during "heading out." Winter wheat cultivars differed in their resistance to R. padi development; the highest reproductive rate was on ’Absolvent.’ The effect of chemicals used in intensive cereal management on R. padi and Coccinella septempunctata (L.) was assessed. Dimethoate and carbaryl caused similar high mortality to both insects, but pirimicarb was more toxic to the aphid than to its predator. Over a 2-year period, field plots that received regular pirimicarb treatments for selective aphid control early in the growing season showed a 9% increase in wheat yield, compared with the checks and plots that received carbaryl. Wheat yield increased 18% when pirimicarb was used later in the season; when applied in both periods, pirimicarb gave a total yield increase of nearly 30%. Late applications of carbaryl alone, or in combination with pirimicarb, increased yields by only 9% over the controls. Half of the yield increase (18% vs. 9%) with late season control by pirimicarb was lost with the addition of carbaryl, which minimized the C. septempunctata population for nonselective insect control. Rhopalosiphum padi numbers from June 20 to July 15 had the greatest impact on yield in these plots, and natural control agents including C. septempunctata accounted for a 9% increase in yield.
BIOLOGY OF THE ROSE STEM GALLERDIPLOLEPIS NODULOSA(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) AND ITS ASSOCIATED COMPONENT COMMUNITY IN CENTRAL ONTARIO
Authors: Brooks Scott E. , Shorthouse Joseph D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDiplolepis nodulosa(Beutenmüller) induces small, monothalamous, prosoplasmic galls in stem tissues ofRosa blandaAiton. Adults and galls are redescribed and notes on distribution, host records, morphological variation, and a comparison with related species are presented. Galls are commonly attacked by the inquilinePericlistus pirata(Osten Sacken). Data on life history and mortality of inducers and inquilines, along with seasonal variation in gall density, were obtained from a study site near Sudbury. Ontario, in 1993 and 1994. Inquilines killed 55% of the inducer population in 1993 and 65% in 1994. The abundance and density of galls fluctuated over the 2 years; however, the proportion of galls modified by inquilines remained constant. Six species of parasitoids caused an additional 17% inducer mortality.Aprostocetussp. was the dominant parasitoid ofD.nodulosa, whereas the other five species were incidental. The assemblage of parasitoids associated with galls modified byP.piratacaused 13% inquiline mortality and include seven species, of whichEurytomaspp. andCaenacissp. were dominant. The unique aspects of theD.nodulosagall system are discussed.
TAXONOMIC NOTES ON THREE BLACK-BORDEREDMYZOCALLISFROM OAK IN NORTH AMERICA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA redescription ofMyzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)melanoceraBoudreaux & Tissot is given, andMyzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)neoborealissp.nov. andMyzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)atropunctatussp.nov. are described. Lectotypes forM. (L.)melanoceraandMyzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)walshii(Monell) were designated.Myzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)occultasRichards is declared a new synonym ofM. (L.)walshii. The taxonomic affinities of these aphids are discussed.
FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF TWO CONIDIAL BATCHES OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN AGAINST GRASSHOPPERS
Authors: Inglis G.D. , Johnson D.L. , Goettel M.S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe efficacy of two production batches of conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin that showed differential field efficacy in 1992 (GHA 92) and 1994 (GHA 94) were compared against grasshoppers in the laboratory and field. Conidia of GHA 92 and GHA 94 exhibited good germination (> 92%) by 24 h, but the rate of germination was slower for GHA 94 than for GHA 92. Although both conidial batches were highly virulent (LD50 < 6 × 103 conidia per nymph) against nymphs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the laboratory, GHA 92 was slightly more virulent than GHA 94. Conidia were applied to field populations of grasshoppers in a 1.5% emulsifiable oil-emulsion amended with 4% clay at a volume of 112 L/ha. There were no differences between GHA 92 and GHA 94 in the deposition of spray droplets on water-sensitive papers or of conidia on leaves and coverslips (2.4 × 10 to 4.1 × 10 cfu/cm2). All grasshopper nymphs collected from plots sprayed with conidia of GHA 92 and GHA 94 were equally infested with B. bassiana; conidial populations averaged 3.5 × 103 to 4.3 × 103 cfu/nymph. Conditions were hot, dry, and sunny, and regardless of the batch, persistence of conidia was equally short on both leaves and grasshoppers. Neither treatment of B. bassiana significantly reduced field populations nor did either impact differentially on specific grasshopper taxa. However, among grasshoppers collected immediately after conidial application and maintained in cages in the greenhouse, over 80% died of infection with B. bassiana. For both conidial treatments, the prevalence of disease in caged grasshoppers decreased with the sampling date but the onset of mycosis always occurred 3–4 days after collection. This study indicates that environmental conditions in the field and not pathogen virulence or targeting were responsible for the poor efficacy of B. bassiana against grasshoppers.
INCIDENCE OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN POPULATIONS OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ON PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Stewart Jeff G. , Kennedy George G. , Sturz Antony V. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA survey of 65 populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), from locations across Prince Edward Island in 1993 indicated that insecticide resistance was widespread, but was most prevalent in the western and central potato-producing areas. Of the populations surveyed, 31, 26, 19, and 4% were classified as resistant to permethrin, carbofuran, azinphos-methyl, and endosulfan, respectively. Of 53 populations surveyed for resistance to these four insecticides, 13, six, four, and one of the populations were classified as resistant to one, two, three, and four insecticides, respectively.
BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID, A NEW NICOTINYL INSECTICIDE, ON THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS) (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau G. , Osborn W.P.L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAdult potato aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), caged on potato terminal leaflets treated systemically with imidacloprid solutions ranging between 5.4 × 10−4 and 5.4 × 10−8 mL per mL water showed a significant reduction in the distance they travelled, time taken to travel a given distance, and flight propensity but no significant differences in the frequency or duration of short probing behaviour. The frequency of adult apterous potato aphids colonizing untreated potato leaflets or leaflets treated with an imidacloprid solution (5.4 × 10−4 mL per mL water) was not significantly different, indicating no repellency. Potato aphids moving from systemically treated to untreated leaflets did not recover much and their reduced walking ability was maintained for days. A 3-day exposure to vapour from an imidacloprid solution (5.4 × 10−4 mL per mL water) did not produce significant mortality or changes in nymphal production. The daily cumulative mortality obtained by caging potato aphids on potato leaflets placed in an imidacloprid solution (5.4 × 10−7 mL per mL water) was similar to that obtained in the field, on 20-day-old plants treated at planting with imidacloprid applied at 0.02 g Ai/m. None of the rates of imidacloprid tested stimulated the dispersal of apterous or alate potato aphids.
EXOTIC BIRCH-LEAFMINING SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) IN ALBERTA: DISTRIBUTIONS, SEASONAL ACTIVITIES, AND THE POTENTIAL FOR COMPETITION
Authors: Digweed Scott C. , Spence John R. , Langor David W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe exotic birch-leafmining sawflies Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier), Profenusa thomsoni (Konow), and Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallen) occurred in Alberta during 1992–1995, but only the first two were abundant. Birch-leafmining sawflies occurred at all sites surveyed in central and southern Alberta, and appeared to be expanding their ranges northward. Adult F. pusilla began emerging in mid-May (approximately 220 DD05), and there were one to three generations per year, depending on location and year. Female F. pusilla were relatively less abundant on young than on mature trees. Profenusa thomsoni began attacking trees in June (between 400 and 550 DD05), and was invariably univoltine. Both species were more abundant and were active earlier on urban trees than at a nearby rural location. The highest catches and most complete representations of seasonal activity were obtained using yellow sticky traps. Larval F. pusilla and P. thomsoni are unlikely to compete directly for leaf resources because their leafmining activities are separated spatially and temporally, but they probably compete intraspecifically.
EVIDENCE FOR LIMITED DISPERSAL OF LARVAL GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFrom 1985 through 1995, burlap flaps were stapled to 100 trees in a 10 by 10 grid in a 4-ha forest plot. Each year, the number of fourth- to six-instar larvae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., under each burlap flap was recorded at least weekly in June and into July. From 1987 through 1990,100 000–120 000 hatching gypsy moth larvae were released near the center of this plot in early May at the time of natural hatch. In the 4 years that releases occurred, there was a distinct, single cluster of large larvae under the burlap flaps near the center of the plot. This pattern did not occur in other years. Results are interpreted to mean that total dispersal of larvae from first to ultimate instar is limited, even though first instars are readily dispersed by wind.
INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES AND FERTILE HYBRIDS AMONG THE CONIFEROPHAGOUS CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Harvey George T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLaboratory studies of seven North American Choristoneura species and two subspecies from widely distributed locations demonstrate the low level of genetic separation among them. No differences were found in numbers (n = 30) or morphology of chromosomes among members of the group or in any of the hybrids examined. High levels of mating success were obtained in all inter se matings as well as in crosses and back-crosses. However, mating success was greater for crosses within host type and within pheromone type than for crosses between types. Viability and fertility were similar in all the hybrids and close to those of the inter se progenies. Mean weights of initial eggs varied by a factor of 2 from the lowest (C. pinus Freeman) to the highest (C. lambertiana ponderosana Obraztsov). Mean weights of initial eggs produced by hybrids were generally close to those of the parental species. However, when one parent was C. fumiferana (Clem.), mean weights of initial eggs were either much larger (male C. fumiferana) or much smaller (female C. fumiferana) than either parental type. These differences could affect survival of some progeny under harsh conditions. This evidence supports other studies in indicating that C. fumiferana is genetically distinct from other species in this group.
FORUM: HOW MANY HIDDEN SPECIES ARE THERE? AN APPLICATION OF THE PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT TO GENETIC DATA FOR SOME COMPARATIVELY WELL KNOWN BEE “SPECIES”
Authors: Packer Laurence , Taylor John S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEstimates of global species richness for insects are based upon extrapolations from “known” to unknown faunas and hence rely upon accurate counts of species for the referrent taxon or region. The number of reference species depends upon the species concepts employed by workers in that group combined with the degree to which nonstandard (i.e. nonmorphological) approaches have been used. Genetic data are more directly applicable to the detection of the apparent absence of gene flow, which lies at the heart of any species concept, than is morphological information. But what criteria can be used as a practical guide to suggest the absence of gene flow and define species-level units? Minimally, the phylogenetic species concept requires that there be one fixed difference between two samples for them both to be considered discrete species. The assumptions accompanying this definition include the survey of sufficient geographic locations, loci, and individuals. Based upon six studies of mostly widespread, readily identifiable and well-investigated bee “species”, we estimate that the number of species currently recognised may underestimate the true figure by half (although for at least two of the studies localities have been undersampled and more collections are needed). Even when examples for which there are fewer than five fixed differences between samples are removed from the data set, the number of recognised species increases by perhaps as much as 50% (the same caveat regarding undersampling of populations still applies). We suggest that the presence of morphologically unrecognised species may be more common among widespread, easily identified “species” than is generally accepted. Whether or not similar levels of species underestimation apply to other faunas, such as tropical rainforest canopy beetles, remains to be investigated.
THE DYNAMICS OF APHIS POMI DE GEER (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AND ITS PREDATOR, APHIDOLETES APHIDIMYZA (RONDANI) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), ON APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Stewart Heather C. , Walde Sandra J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe dynamics of Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its predator, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were studied over two seasons in a commercial apple orchard in Nova Scotia. Aphid and predator population dynamics were very different in the two seasons. The most numerous predator in both years was A. aphidimyza. This predator was found in the earliest colonies sampled each season and was present throughout the growing season. In the year with relatively high aphid densities a single peak in aphid and predator density was seen in mid-July, just prior to maximum predation rate. The predator’s numerical response resulted in delayed density dependence in predation rate. In the year of low aphid densities, predator and prey dynamics appeared uncoupled, and a higher rate of colony turnover may have been caused by other predators such as mirids. Aphidoletes aphidimyza tended to aggregate oviposition in high-density aphid colonies, but this aggregation resulted in predation that was only very weakly spatially density dependent.