bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrent pulmonary haemorrhage in an infant with tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve: interventional treatment by coil occlusion of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries
Authors: Kumpf Matthias , Schäfer Jürgen , Hofbeck Michael 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAlthough clinically silent in the majority of cases, enlarged bronchial arteries or systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries may complicate congenital heart disease in infants, causing significant left-to-right shunting with subsequent pulmonary congestion and respiratory compromise. So far, pulmonary haemorrhage, a well-known complication in older patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease, has not been described in infancy. We describe the case of a 6-month-old girl with tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve who developed haemoptysis with severe respiratory distress following corrective surgery of the cardiac malformation. High-resolution computed tomography of the thorax followed by selective angiography revealed a systemic-to-pulmonary collateral artery originating from the left internal mammary artery. Pulmonary haemorrhage stopped immediately following coil occlusion of the collateral. A second episode of pulmonary haemorrhage occurred at the age of 9 months during mechanical ventilation for treatment of pneumonia. Repeat angiography revealed two more collateral vessels. Again coil occlusion resulted in prompt resolution of pulmonary haemorrhage. According to our experience, enlarged bronchial arteries or systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries should be considered in infants with cyanotic heart disease with unexplained pulmonary congestion or prolonged respiratory problems.
The impact of seed market access and transaction costs on potato biodiversity and yields in Bolivia
Authors: Salazar Lina , Winters Paul 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUsing data from Bolivia, this paper analyzes seed market participation and how transaction costs in these markets influence intracrop biodiversity and the influence of biodiversity on yields. Results indicate that seed market attributes such as distance and market-level biodiversity have a crucial effect on a farmer's market choice, suggesting that farmers are willing to sacrifice time and income to travel further distances in order to reach markets with a broader range of varieties. This study finds that farmers from this sample who have access to seed markets are more likely to have higher levels of intracrop biodiversity. In addition, for market-integrated farmers, intracrop biodiversity does not seem to have a negative effect on yields, which suggests that improved market access does not threaten biodiversity in contexts with similar characteristics to the study site.
Tractable answer-set programming with weight constraints: bounded treewidth is not enough
Authors: PICHLER REINHARD , RÜMMELE STEFAN , SZEIDER STEFAN , WOLTRAN STEFAN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCardinality constraints or, more generally, weight constraints are well recognized as an important extension of answer-set programming. Clearly, all common algorithmic tasks related to programs with cardinality or weight constraints – like checking the consistency of a program – are intractable. Many intractable problems in the area of knowledge representation and reasoning have been shown to become linear time tractable if the treewidth of the programs or formulas under consideration is bounded by some constant. The goal of this paper is to apply the notion of treewidth to programs with cardinality or weight constraints and to identify tractable fragments. It will turn out that the straightforward application of treewidth to such class of programs does not suffice to obtain tractability. However, by imposing further restrictions, tractability can be achieved.
Quantifying Species Abundance Trends in the Northern Gulf of California Using Local Ecological Knowledge
Authors: Ainsworth C. H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires data on all parts of the ecosystem, and this can be a barrier in data-poor systems. Marine ecologists need a means of drawing together diverse information to reconstruct species abundance trends for a variety of purposes. This article uses a fuzzy logic approach to integrate information from multiple data sources and describe biomass trends for marine species groups in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico. Forty-two species groups were analyzed, comprising fish, invertebrates, birds, mammals, turtles, and algae. The most important new data series comes from recent interviews with fishers in the northern part of the gulf. Respondents were asked to classify the abundance of various targeted and untargeted marine species groups from 1950 to the present. The fuzzy logic method integrates their responses with catch-per-unit-effort series, intrinsic vulnerability to fishing determined from life history parameters, biomass predicted by a Schaefer harvest model, and other simple indices. The output of the fuzzy logic routine is a time series of abundance for each species group that can be compared with known trends. The results suggest a general decline in species abundance across fished and unfished taxa, with a few exceptions. Information gathered from interviews indicated that older fishers tended to recognize a greater relative decrease in species abundance since 1970 than did younger fishers, providing another example of Pauly's (1995) shifting cognitive baselines.
Maturation of the Gonads and Reproductive Tracts of the Thornback Ray Raja clavata, with Comments on the Development of a Standardized Reproductive Terminology for Oviparous Elasmobranchs
Authors: Serra-Pereira Bárbara , Figueiredo Ivone , Gordo Leonel Serrano 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
There is a need for a unified terminology to describe reproductive phase assignment across fish taxa, regardless of the reproductive strategy involved. Reproductive terminology already adopted for teleosts has been applied to oviparous elasmobranchs of both sexes. A historical review of the terminologies used by previous authors and how these correspond to the new terminology is presented. Five reproductive phases are considered: immature, developing, spawning capable (which includes an actively spawning subphase), regressing, and regenerating. By using an oviparous elasmobranch, the thornback ray Raja clavata, as an example, the different phases are described based on both macroscopic and microscopic features of the reproductive tract, including the ovaries, oviducal glands, and uterus in females and the testes, claspers, and sperm ducts in males. The regressing phase was observed in females, but the regenerating phase was not; neither of these two phases was observed in males. Records from other species suggest that all five reproductive phases can be found in oviparous elasmobranchs, depending on the reproductive strategy of the species.
Quantification of Primary and Secondary Oocyte Production in Atlantic Cod by Simple Oocyte Packing Density Theory
Authors: Kjesbu Olav S. , Thorsen Anders , Fonn Merete 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
As for other teleosts, the level of primary oocyte production ultimately determines the number of eggs shed by Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, but so far these minute cells have been little studied, probably due to methodological challenges. We established a quantitative “grid method” based on simple oocyte packing density (OPD) theory, accurate input data on ovary volume, oocyte-stage-specific ovarian volume fractions (from hits on grid-overlaid sections), and individual oocyte volumes (from diameter measurements of transections). The histological OPD results were successfully validated by automated measurements in whole mounts. The analyzed material originated from cultured Atlantic cod held in tanks for 19 months through the first maturity cycle and part of the second maturity cycle. Prior to sexual maturity, none of the fish showed the so-called circumnuclear ring (CNR; rich in RNA and organelles) in the cytoplasm of their primary oocytes, but this ring (phases 4a, 4b, and 4c) quickly appeared later on around the time of the autumnal equinox, followed by production of cortical alveolar oocytes (CAOs), early vitellogenic oocytes (EVOs), and late vitellogenic oocytes (LVOs). A very similar pattern was observed in the second maturity cycle. Thus, it is concluded that an autumnal night longer than 12 h generally triggers oocyte growth in Atlantic cod. A few immature individuals became arrested at the early CNR phase (phase 4a); hence, the use of CNR presence as a maturity marker should be treated with some caution. The maximum OPD was 250,000 oocytes/g of ovary for phase 4a; 100,000 oocytes/g for combined phases 4b and 4c; 100,000 oocytes/g for CAOs; 50,000 oocytes/g for EVOs; and 25,000 oocytes/g for LVOs. The relative somatic fecundity showed a dome-shaped curve with oocyte development (from CAO to LVO). Production of CAOs appeared at a fresh oocyte diameter of 180 μm, which is significantly below the commonly accepted threshold value of 250 μm for developing Atlantic cod oocytes.
The Use of Histological Techniques to Study the Reproductive Biology of the Hermaphroditic Mediterranean Fishes Coris julis, Serranus scriba, and Diplodus annularis
Authors: Alonso-Fernández Alexandre , Alós Josep , Grau Amalia , Domínguez-Petit Rosario , Saborido-Rey Fran 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The usefulness and importance of histological techniques in reproductive studies have been widely discussed for gonochoristic fish species. In the case of hermaphroditic fishes, histology is a particularly important tool for the proper identification of sexual pattern (i.e., sequential, simultaneous, or nonfunctional hermaphroditism). We used a histological approach to describe hermaphroditism, dynamics of follicle development, and spawning patterns in three species from the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Balearic Islands, Spain): the Mediterranean rainbow wrasse Coris julis (sequential hermaphrodite), painted comber Serranus scriba (simultaneous hermaphrodite), and annular sea bream Diplodus annularis (nonfunctional hermaphrodite). Development of secondary growth follicles was asynchronous in all three species, and similar peaks in spawning activity occurred between May and July. However, notable differences in sexual cycle and egg production were found. For the painted comber, hydrated follicles were present in ovarian tissue almost every day during the peak of the spawning season, suggesting daily spawning and increasing the chances of autofertilization unless a mechanism to avoid this action is present in this species. Intersexual Mediterranean rainbow wrasses were identified, and the size and age at sex change were estimated to be 132 mm total length and 4 years, respectively. Previous investigators have concluded that the annular sea bream is a protandric hermaphrodite, but our results indicate nonfunctional hermaphroditism. These three species are of little commercial interest and are considered to be bycatch by the artisanal fleet, but they are vulnerable to the impacts of some recreational angling activities. Currently, no specific management plan has been developed for these species. We address the importance of describing sexual pattern and its implications for future conservation efforts.
Seasonal, Small-Scale Distribution of Atka Mackerel in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, with Respect to Reproduction
Authors: Cooper Daniel , McDermott Susanne 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We investigated the spatial distribution of Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius with respect to maturity stage at Seguam Pass in the Aleutian Islands as well as their spawning locations within trawlable areas at three small-scale (10–20-nautical mile or 18.5–37.0-km) sites. Histological methods were used to determine maturity stages, and male maturity stages are described for the first time. Spawning areas were identified by catch per unit effort of demersal egg masses. At Seguam Pass, spawning was concentrated in the area adjacent to the east side of Amlia Island and between Amlia and Seguam islands. The observed spatial segregation of Atka mackerel by sex and maturity stage appears to interact with the boundaries of the trawl exclusion zone (TEZ) at Seguam Pass. During spawning, mature fish aggregate inside the closed area and immature fish and nonreproductively active mature males aggregate outside the TEZ in the area open to fishing. This increased the commercial catch selectivity of nonreproductively active males and immature fish during the September fishery. The spawning areas observed at Seguam and Tanaga passes and near Amchitka Island were within TEZs, which may serve as de facto marine protected areas for spawning Atka mackerel.
Sampling Efficiency of Longlines for Shortraker and Rougheye Rockfish Using Observations from a Manned Submersible
Authors: Rodgveller Cara J. , Sigler Michael F. , Hanselman Dana H. , Ito Daniel H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Populations of demersal rockfish of the genus Sebastes are challenging to assess because they inhabit rocky areas that are difficult to sample with trawl gear. In contrast, longline gear can sample rocky areas, but several factors besides fish density can affect the relationship between catch rates and density. In this study, longline catch rates of shortraker rockfish Sebastes borealis and rougheye rockfish S. aleutianus were compared with observations of density from a manned submersible to evaluate the species’ catchability on longline gear. On separate occasions, rockfish behavior in the presence of longline gear was observed from the submersible. Densities averaged 3.0 shortraker and rougheye rockfish (combined) per 330 m2 of bottom (the effectively sampled area of a 100-m transect). Longline catch rates averaged 2.7 shortraker and rougheye rockfish per skate of 45 hooks. Longline catch rates were not statistically affected by submersible observations. There was a positive trend between density and longline catch rates, but the relationship was not significant. As observed from the submersible, the proportion of fish free-swimming near the longline increased through the duration of the set, indicating that rockfish were attracted to the line faster than they were caught. The catching process for shortraker and rougheye rockfish lasts longer than for more mobile species such as sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria.
Contrasting Early Marine Ecology of Chinook Salmon and Coho Salmon in Southeast Alaska: Insight into Factors Affecting Marine Survival
Authors: Weitkamp L. A. , Orsi J. A. , Myers K. W. , Francis R. C. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
To identify processes potentially contributing to the differential marine survival rates of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho salmon O. kisutch originating from Southeast Alaska, we compared the early marine ecology of the two species during the critical first summer in marine waters. We predicted that the higher survival rates for coho salmon relative to Chinook salmon were related to the larger size, faster growth, or different habitat or species associations of coho salmon. Our size and growth expectations were largely substantiated: juvenile coho salmon were larger than juvenile Chinook salmon and had faster length-based growth, although weight-based growth rates were similar. The most obvious difference was in their distributions. Juvenile coho salmon overlapped spatially and temporally with abundant juvenile pink salmon O. gorbuscha and chum salmon O. keta, whereas juvenile Chinook salmon were geographically separated from other salmonids. This suggests that coho salmon benefited from a predation buffer that did not extend to Chinook salmon. Our results indicate that factors influencing marine survival of juvenile Chinook salmon and coho salmon in Southeast Alaska are attributable to species-specific differences in their early marine distribution patterns and species interactions.
Temperature Effects on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) Used to Estimate Dry Weight as a Condition Proxy in Coastal Bluefish
Authors: Hartman Kyle J. , Phelan Beth A. , Rosendale John E. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The highly migratory nature of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix makes comprehensive study of their populations and their potential responses to factors such as competition, habitat degradation, and climate change difficult. Body composition is an important ecological reference point for fish; however, estimating body composition in fish has been limited by analytical and logistical costs. We applied bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate one body composition component (percent dry weight) as a proxy of condition in bluefish. We used a tetra polar Quantum II BIA analyzer and measured electrical properties in the muscles of bluefish at two locations per fish (dorsal and ventral). In total, 96 bluefish ranging from 193 to 875 mm total length were used in model development and testing. On 59 of these fish BIA measures were taken at both 15°C and 27°C. Temperature had a significant negative effect on resistance and reactance. A subsample of these fish was then analyzed for dry weight as a percentage of their whole body weight (PDW), which is a good indicator of condition because it is highly correlated with fat content in fish. The BIA models predicting PDW inclusive of all lengths of bluefish were highly predictive for 15°C (stepwise regression) and 27°C. Regression (R2pred) values that estimate future predictive power suggest that both models were robust. Strong relationships between PDW and other body composition components, coupled with the BIA models presented here, provide the tools needed to quantitatively assess bluefish body composition across spatial and temporal scales for which assessment was previously impossible.
Marine Habitat Use by Anadromous Bull Trout from the Skagit River, Washington
Authors: Hayes Michael C. , Rubin Stephen P. , Reisenbichler Reginald R. , Goetz Fred A. , Jeanes Eric , McBride Aundrea 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Acoustic telemetry was used to describe fish positions and marine habitat use by tagged bull trout Salvelinus confluentus from the Skagit River, Washington. In March and April 2006, 20 fish were captured and tagged in the lower Skagit River, while 15 fish from the Swinomish Channel were tagged during May and June. Sixteen fish tagged in 2004 and 2005 were also detected during the study. Fish entered Skagit Bay from March to May and returned to the river from May to August. The saltwater residency for the 13 fish detected during the out-migration and return migration ranged from 36 to 133 d (mean ± SD, 75 ± 22 d). Most bull trout were detected less than 14 km (8.5 ± 4.4 km) from the Skagit River, and several bay residents used the Swinomish Channel while migrating. The bull trout detected in the bay were associated with the shoreline (distance from shore, 0.32 ± 0.27 km) and occupied shallow-water habitats (mean water column depth, &lt;4.0 m). The modified-minimum convex polygons (MMCPs) used to describe the habitats used by 14 bay fish showed that most areas were less than 1,000 ha. The mean length of the shoreline bordering the MMCPs was 2.8 km (range, 0.01–5.7 km) for bay fish and 0.6 km for 2 channel residents. Coastal deposits, low banks, and sediment bluffs were common shoreline classes found within the MMCPs of bay fish, while modified shoreline classes usually included concrete bulkheads and riprap. Mixed fines, mixed coarse sediments, and sand were common substrate classes found within MMCPs; green algae and eelgrass (Zostera sp.) vegetation classes made up more than 70% of the area used by bull trout. Our results will help managers identify specific nearshore areas that may require further protection to sustain the unique anadromous life history of bull trout.
Received October 25, 2010; accepted May 5, 2011
Measuring mating competition correctly: available evidence supports operational sex ratio theory
Authors: de Jong Karen , Forsgren Elisabet , Sandvik Hanno , Amundsen Trond 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCentral to sexual selection theory is the question of when individuals should compete for mates. Theory predicts that the sex ratio of ready-to-mate individuals (operational sex ratio; OSR) affects male and female mating competition. In accordance with this, the strength of mating competition, measured by agonistic behaviors and courtship displays, has been found to co-vary with the OSR in field populations of several species. However, laboratory experiments have often produced results that seemingly contradict OSR theory, especially for courtship behavior. We argue that this may be because experiments typically measure frequencies of competitive behaviors. Frequencies of courtship and agonistic behavior are not only affected by the level of mating competition, but also by the number of potential mates or competitors encountered. In contrast, the propensity to behave competitively at a given encounter represents a behavioral response, and thus directly reflects mating competition. We show in 2 simple models that 1) courtship frequency can be expected to respond differently from courtship propensity to changes in OSR and 2) an increase in frequency of agonistic behaviors could occur even if the propensity is not affected by the OSR. In a meta-analysis of studies on courtship competition, we show that frequency measures produced largely opposite results to propensity measures, as predicted by our model. Moreover, courtship propensity increased when the OSR became more biased toward competitors. This presents strong evidence that the OSR affects competition, in the form of courtship, as predicted by OSR theory.