bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XI. The alkaline hydrolysis of organo‐tin esters and nitriles
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Noltes J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn contra‐distinction to cyanomethyl‐ or ethoxycarbonylmethyl‐tin compounds, which by reaction with alkali undergo tin‐carbon bond cleavage, organo‐tin compounds containing an ester or cyano group in the β‐position or beyond with respect to the tin atom are readily converted into the corresponding carboxylic acid derivatives. 2‐Carboxyethyltin compounds spontaneously undergo a secondary reaction with formation of an inner salt.The preparation of several organotin‐carboxylic acids or their sodium salts (which show marked solubility in water) is reported.The stability of the tin‐carbon bond in relation to the position of the ester and cyano groups with respect to the tin atom is briefly discussed.
High‐pressure syntheses of acetic and propionic acids from alcohols and carbon monoxide in presence of nickel, cobalt and iron catalysts
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Sourirajan S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOptimum yields of acids and esters are obtained with a nickel iodide catalyst supported on an equal weight of silica at about 230° and 3000 Ib./sq. in. pressure, the residence time being about 2 hours. The presence of about 5% of water in the alcohol is advantageous and increased yields of acid and ester are obtained when the bomb is cooled to ∼60° before release of gaseous pressure. The catalyst is reactivated after one use by addition of 0.5 ml. of water per 10 g. of catalyst. The decomposition of the alcohols and acids to gascous products (CO, H2 and saturated lower paraffins) is discussed.
The polymerisation of acetylene derivatives. I. The polymerisation of some monomers derived from vinylacetylene
Authors: Davis A. C. , Hunter R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe polymerisation of p‐[1‐(3′‐buten‐1′‐ynyl)cyclohexyl]phenyl acetate (I, R=Ac) and of the corresponding anisole (I, R=Me) by benzoyl peroxide has been investigated. In further polymerisation experiments with different initiators, the highest degree of polymerisation (∼ 30 monomer units) was achieved with diazoaminobenzene. The copolymerisation of the butenynylcyclohexylanisole with styrene which was also investigated, gave resins with physical properties intermediate between the homopolymers and polystyrene.The polymerisation of allyl isopropenyl ketone, derived from 3‐buten‐1‐ynyldimethylcarbinol by way of vinylisopropenylacetylene, and its copolymerisation with styrene was also investigated.4‐Penten‐2‐ynyl acetate and benzoate underwent polymerisation on heating with benzoyl peroxide giving soft gels, but attempts to copolymerise these esters with styrene proved unsuccessful.
Physico‐chemical studies on dusts. X. A comparative study of the solubility and adsorptive properties of finely divided silica and titania
Authors: Brown J. , Jaap W. J. , Ritchie P. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTitania (crystalline or amorphous) has a negligibly small water‐solubility over the pH range approx. 3–12; silica (crystalline or amorphous) has a low but quite measurable solubility, with a minimum at pH about 2.5–3.Rutile, lightly etched with hydrofluoric acid, shows an enhanced solubility, but quartz, similarly treated, shows a reduced solubility.The rate of solution in aqueous media provides no evidence for the existence on rutile of a highlysoluble disturbed surface layer such as exists on quartz.Adsorption of basic dyestuffs by titania broadly resembles that shown by silica, although the extent of adsorption is greater.
An improved brittle point test for tars
Authors: Pickles S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhilst it is very desirable to have some measure of the ability of tars and bitumens to resist brittle fracture at low temperatures, one of the few tests which has hitherto been available, that due to Fraass, has found little favour due to difficulty of operation and poor repeatability. A new test for tars is described which, whilst embodying the same principles as the Fraass test, is much easier to perform, and has greatly improved repeatability. A linear relationship has been shown to exist between the brittle points and equiviscous temperatures of normal tars which, over the road tar range of viscosities, approximates to a simple numerical difference of 64°.
The oxidation of monoethenoid fatty acids and esters. The preparation and catalytic autoxidation of ricinoleic acid
Authors: Gulbekian E. V. , Skellon J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA solvent extraction process using light petroleum has been adopted for preparation of pure ricinoleic acid from castor oil.The non‐catalytic and catalytic autoxidation of ricinoleic acid by gaseous oxygen at 120° has been studied in relation to the type and concentration of catalyst, and complex changes occurring have been investigated.The products of autoxidation at 120° using uranium and cobalt soap catalysts have been examined and the mechanism of the reaction is discussed in relation to the end products.Ricinoleic acid forms hydroperoxides which yield scisson products on decomposition. At 120° degradation of the molecule occurs with evolution of carbon dioxide and water and it is probable that rupture occurs at the ethenoid linkage and at hydroperoxide groups. Complex, oily components of high molecular weight are formed by recombination of scisson products. In the absence of oxygen, ricinoleic acid esterifies but does not dehydrate at 120°.
Solubility and heat of wetting of silica powders
Authors: Paterson M. S. , Wheatley K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements have been made of the silica solubility of quartz samples in the size range 0.5–500μ, prepared from different sources. The solubility of all fractions between 0.5 and 70μ of quartz from a Belgian glass sand (‘Snowit’) was found to be proportional to the surface area available for solution; with quartz from Madagascar the same proportionality was found for samples with sizes between 4 and 50μ, but particles below 2μ in diameter had a much higher solubility per unit area. No colloidal polymerised silicic acid was found in the extracts of the quartz samples of sizes from 0.5 to 500μ, and its alleged occurrence could be explained by quartz and kaolin of small particle size.The solubility characteristics of quartz, tridymite, cristobalite and fused silica were found to be very similar.The heat of wetting by water of unetched and etched samples of quartz and tridymite was found to be of the order of 260 ergs./cm.2, which was attributed to the presence of silanol groups on the surface.
Poly‐N‐vinylcarbazole. I. Preparation of N‐vinyl‐carbazole
Authors: Davidge H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractN‐Vinylcarbazole, when prepared from carbazole separated from coal‐tar fractions, did not show satisfactory polymerisation behaviour. This is due to sulphur‐containing impurities, and purification of the carbazole or of the vinylcarbazole has been only inadequate or unreproducible. The synthesis of carbazole from cyclohexanone and phenylhydrazine has been improved, and the vinylcarbazole obtained from such carbazole is low in sulphur and polymerises satisfactorily.
Treatment of spent pickle liquors by electrodialysis
Authors: Lewis D. J. , Tye F. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe disposal of spent liquors from the pickling of iron by an electrodialytic process is described, sulphuric acid of a concentration suitable for re‐use and metallic iron being recovered. The power cost of the treatment is a function of the current efficiency and the voltage across the cell. Current efficiencies for various concentrations of recovered acid are experimentally obtained and shown to apply to all pickle liquor compositions. Experiments on one synthetic pickle liquor have established a basis for calculating the cell voltage. It is then possible to deduce the quantitative effect on the power cost of the treatment, of operating procedure, electrode‐membrane distances, the iron content of the treated liquor, the proportion of iron in the spent pickle liquor and the total concentration of the spent liquor.
Sulphidation of copper by hydrogen sulphide at 225°–600°c
Authors: Evans J. W. , Fearnehough G. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of copper with H2S in the range of 225°–600° has been studied by means of a thermobalance. Above 400° the reaction is erratic and the product is cuprous sulphide only; below 400° the reaction behaviour is regular and the weight gain‐time curves are smooth and show rather unusual behaviour in that the sulphidation rate steadily increases with time. This is attributed tentatively to the nucleation and lateral growth of cupric sulphide on the surface of the lower sulphide.
The dehydration of alumina trihydrate
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThermobalance examination, differential thermal analysis and X‐ray diffraction studies were made of the various alumina trihydrates prepared by seeding decomposition, auto‐precipitation and decomposition by passage of carbon dioxide into alkali aluminate solutions. It was observed that thermal decomposition of both hydrargillite and bayerite was of two types. The effect of the amount of hydrargillite and bayerite contained in the sample for dehydration and the effect of the particle size were investigated. It was concluded that dehydration of hydrargillite at about 300° is different from that of bayerite, and that the particle size of the samples affects the type of thermal decomposition.It is suggested that dehydration of alumina trihydrates proceeds by the following process:.magnified image.
Syntheses of metal complexing polymers. IV. Polymers containing miscellaneous functional groups
Authors: Davies R. V. , Kennedy J. , Lane E. S. , Willans J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of metal‐complexing polymers with 8‐hydroxyquinoline, kojic acid, o‐hydroxyphenyl‐arsonic acid and salicylic acid functionality have been synthesised. Preliminary experiments demonstrated appreciable metal‐complexing properties.
Some studies on silica dust and silicic acid.: I. The influence of selected polyhydroxy compounds and amino‐acids on the polymerisation of silicic acid and the solubility of silica
Authors: Richardson E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of selected polyhydroxy compounds and amino‐acids on the rate of polymerisation of silicic acid and the equilibrium concentration of ammonium molybdate‐reactive silicic acid (i.e., those acids which react completely with ammonium molybdate solution at optimum pH within 10 min.) has been examined at various pH values. The effect of the same materials on the solubility of various forms of silica has also been studied. The solubility of pure rock crystal is little affected by polyhydroxy compounds but the solubility of Loch Aline sand is depressed. Amino‐acids depress the solubility of both materials. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed.
The comparison of detectors for gas chromatography
Authors: McWilliam I. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe properties of gas chromatography detectors are considered under the main headings (1) detector sensitivity, (2) response time, (3) the relationship of detector output to molecular parameters and (4) the ease of construction and operation of detectors. In particular, the use of gas concentration units (μg./ml.) for the specification of detector sensitivity is advocated. Detector response time is considered in some detail because of its importance for work with high efficiency gas chromatography columns, and the detector properties which are of importance for qualitative and quantitative analysis are discussed.
Rǒle of rate of decomposition of nitric oxide in the use of nitromethane as a monopropellant
Authors: Hermoni A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe high value of L* necessary for stable combustion of nitromethane in a rocket motor is attributed to the rate of reaction of nitric oxide with fuel molecules. Addition of metallic cations which catalyse the oxidation reactions or decomposition of nitric oxide reduce the L* necessary for sustained combustion.
The mechanism of detergency. II.Rǒle of poly‐phosphate builder in detergency
Authors: Jayson G. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interaction of 32P‐labelled sodium pyrophosphate with soiled cotton cloth in the wash solution is studied and the function of the polyphosphate builder in the soil removal mechanism established. An explanation of its synergistic effect on the detergent is now put forward.
Pyrolysis of metal alkoxides. I. Thermal stability of some zirconium alkoxides
Authors: Bradley D. C. , Faktor M. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermal stabilities of Zr(OEt)4, Zr(OPrf)4, Zr(OBut)4 and Zr(OC5H11‐tert.)4 have been studied in an all‐glass apparatus under constant pressure at various temperatures and pressures. Most work was carried out on the tertiary alkoxides and these exhibited an induction period which was very sensitive to traces of oxygen or the products of decomposition. The latter were always a mixture of olefin and tert.‐alcohol and a solid of composition in the range Zr2O3(OR)2,‐ZrO2. It is concluded that under appropriate conditions the tert.‐butoxide or tert.‐pentyl oxide are stable enough to be fractionally distilled at 250°c under 760 mm. or 175 mm, pressure, respectively.
the stress‐corrosion cracking of mild steel in coal gas liquors
Authors: Parkins R. N. , Usher R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field survey and laboratory experiments using synthetic liquors, have indicated the chemical conditions under which cracking is likely to be observed in coal‐gas cleaning plant. The incidence of failure in the various items of a typical plant can be related to the chances of these conditions arising at that point in the cleaning train. The conditions are not particularly critical with respect to composition. It is tentatively suggested that cyanides permit the grain boundaries of the mild steel to be corroded and cracks to propagate, by forming soluble complexes with iron in alkaline solutions.
Determination of the total capacities of strongly basic anion‐exchange resins
Authors: Wilson A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe method of Fischer & Kunin for the determination of the total weakly and strongly basic capacities of strongly basic anion‐exchange resins has been investigated; some modification has been found to be necessary. When resins from de‐ionisation plant are examined, very large errors are possible unless effects caused resin fouling are overcome. Some suggestions are made to explain effects observed in de‐ionisation plant with resins which are fouled by organic matter.
Determination of organic matter in water by oxidation with potassium permanganate
Authors: Wilson A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method has been investigated for determining organic matter in moorland‐type waters based on oxidation with potassium permanganate. Results show that fulvic acids account for the bulk of the oxygen demand of the sample, and the method may therefore be used for determining the approximate concentration of these acids in such waters.
Equilibria, at moderate pressures, in the system CO2, H2S, N2‐sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrosulphide and water
Authors: Garner F. H. , Long R. , Miller D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe equilibria between CO2 and sodium carbonate solutions have been studied at moderate pressures by means of a partition cell, and using chemical methods of analysis.In the case of the absorption of CO2 alone, total conversion of the carbonate to bicarbonate takes place and in addition considerable amounts of ‘free’ CO2 are found in solution.The equilibria involving CO2 and H2S have been studied at 20 atmospheres pressure and at temperatures from 30° to 60°, using nitrogen as an inert gas. The amounts of ‘free’ CO2 and H2S in solution, calculated using published data on the chemical equilibrium, decrease with increase in temperature and solution concentration.The influence of ‘free’ molecular species on absorption is briefly discussed.
Further advances in dissolved oxygen micro analysis. I. Small‐scale water sampling vessels and amperometric titrations
Authors: Potter E. C. , Everitt G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe development is described of 12 1/2 ml. water‐sampling vessels and amperometric titrations of iodine in 15 ml. total volume. Application of these techniques to dissolved oxygen analysis enables a precision of ± 0.002 p.p.m. to be achieved with a total water sample of 25 ml.
Corrosion tests with experimental chromate‐pigmented jointing compounds
Authors: Savage E. G. , Cole H. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSea water spray tests on lap joints of aluminium alloy coupled with brass, steel and magnesium alloy assembled with a variety of experimental jointing compounds, have shown that a jointing compound giving protection appreciably greater than that of the standard D.T.D.369A can be formulated from a slightly soluble chromate and a medium which remains soft in a joint over a prolonged period. A very high degree of protection was obtained with water‐resistant self‐adhesive barrier tapes used in conjunction with jointing compound.
Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in a reciprocating compressor
Authors: Smith R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquations are set down for the formation of nitric oxide by the adiabatic heating and cooling of air in an idealised reciprocating compressor without heat loss. The equations are integrated numerically to find the effect of engine speed, compression ratio and starting temperature on the yield. Experiments with preheated air in an engine run as a compressor show that nitric oxide can be formed in this way, but in much less than the theoretical amount, owing to heat losses. The maximum proportion of nitric oxide obtained in pure air is 0·6%; in air containing 50% of argon, it is 2·7% (relative to air). The nature of the discrepancy between theory and experiment indicates that there are important temperature gradients in the cylinder charge of gas.
Hydrothermal reactions in lime‐quartz pastes
Authors: Aitken A. , Taylor H. F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe hydrothermal reactions in lime‐quartz pastes of varying lime/silica ratios have been studied at temperatures from 90 to 200° in periods not normally exceeding 5 days. The compounds present were identified by X‐ray powder photography. Reaction is seldom complete and mixtures of two or more hydrated calcium silicates are frequent. The use of different samples of lime and quartz gives differing results. A hitherto unreported compound, provisionally called phase F, of possible formula C5S3H2Cement chemical nomenclature will be employed where applicable; C=CaO, S=SiO2, H=H2O. However, the abbreviations CSH(I) and CSH(II) are used to mean ‘calcium silicate hydrate (I)’ and ‘calcium silicate hydrate (II)’, and do not imply monocalcium silicate monohydrate compositions.
has been prepared at temperatures near 165°. Thermobalance runs have shown that synthetic xonotlite and tobermorite differ in water content from the naturally‐occurring compounds.
Solute adsorption during the corrosion of tin in solutions of sodium alkyl sulphate
Authors: Ross T. K. , Harris W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEarlier work had suggested that the adsorption of sodium alkyl sulphates upon tin surfaces was instrumental in initiating corrosion. A compound of this class labelled with 35S has now been used in a study of the adsorptive process.Adsorption was greater on rough surfaces than on smooth and increased with concentration. Solutions of 0·1 g.‐mole per litre were found to behave irregularly and to form multilayers, thus explaining the reduced corrosivity at this concentration. Desorption of sodium alkyl sulphate was found to be slow but almost complete, indicating little chemisorption on the tin surface.
Influence of some additives on the hydration reactions of portland cement. II. Electrolytes
Authors: Stein H. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElectrolytes with monomer and polymer organic cations act predominantly like the corresponding sodium salts in the same concentration. Electrolytes with organic anions vary in action from a retardation of ettringite crystallisation only (sodium oleate) to a complete inhibition of all hydration reactions during the first days polymer anions especially have a very strong effect.The results are in accordance with the concept of a positive surface charge on hydrating cement particles as well as on the hydration products.
The thermal transformation of alumina monohydrate, boehmite
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermal transformation of boehmite (alumina monohydrate) prepared hydrothermally from alumina trihydrate (hydrargillite or bayerite) to α‐alumina has been studied by X‐ray diffraction and infra‐red spectra.As a result, it is seen that the thermal transformation of boehmite proceeds in the following sequence.Boehmite → γ‐alumina → δ‐alumina → θ‐alumina → α‐alumina.
Measurement of drainage rates of high‐expansion foams
Authors: Thompson W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method for measuring the drainage rates of single liquid films by the movement of interference fringes is described. It is shown that the cross‐section of a fast draining film is wedge‐shaped and so its average thickness equals the thickness at its mid‐height. Various degrees of water hardness produced changes in the drainage rate of a single film that were consistent with the changes produced in the drainage rate of high‐expansion foam.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XVI Alkylation of stannic chloride with tri‐isobutylaluminium
Authors: van Egmond J. C. , Janssen M. J. , Luijten J. G. A. , van der Kerk G. J. M. , van der Want G. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the transfer of isobutyl groups from aluminium to tin, which appears to be reversible. An equilibrium is reached in each case, the position of which is determined by the total number of isobutyl groups present and the ratio Al/Sn. The results are presented in one single graph.Special attention was given to the alkylation of stannic chloride with tri‐isobutylaluminium and the influence of alkali chlorides on this reaction. Addition of alkali chlorides in various amounts leads to a more complete transfer of isobutyl groups to the tin atom.
Inert diluents for use in nuclear energy extraction plants. I. Vapour‐phase chromatography of selected solvents
Authors: Landsman D. A. , Lane E. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe conversion of a commercial vapour fractometer to operate with capillary columns is described.This apparatus was used with a squalane stationary phase p at 100°, to examine several kerosene‐type solvents which have already been used, or which might be used in the future, as inert diluents for TBP extraction systems.Several chromatograms are presented and discussed and these serve to demonstrate the remarkable potentialities of capillary columns and ionisation detectors for work of this nature.
A convenient preparation of pyridine‐3, 4‐dicarboxylic acid
Authors: Armarego W. L. F. , Evans R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDimethyl pyridine‐3,4‐dicarboxylate was conveniently prepared in 44% yield by the oxidation of isoquinoline with concentrated nitric acid. On acid hydrolysis, the dicarboxylic acid was quantitatively obtained.
Effect of calcium carbonate on corrosion of aluminium in waters containing chloride and copper
Authors: Bell Winifred A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn view of some discrepancies between results published by Davies1 on the corrosion of aluminium in synthetic supply waters and of similar tests carried out by this Association, additional tests have been carried out on waters having the same compositions as those used by Davies.The relative severity of attack in solutions of different calcium carbonate contents is shown to depend upon the period of immersion. These differences are related to differences in the type of attack taking place, according to whether the temporary hardness of the water is less than equal to or greater than the chloride content.