bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Scanning Probe Microscopy to Characterize Nanoparticles and Nanocrystals
Authors: Serem Wilson K. , Lusker Kathie L. , Garno Jayne C. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Inorganic synthesis and materials chemistry have made it possible to synthesize and tailor the properties of nanoparticles for diverse applications. Nanoparticles have been conjugated with DNA, peptides, and antibodies to generate nanoparticle bioconjugates with hybrid functionalities that are useful for a broad range of applications in bioanalytical assays, targeted drug delivery and nanotechnology. Concurrent with development of synthetic approaches for nanoparticles, new measurements have evolved using scanning probe microscopy (SPM), providing unprecedented resolution and measurement capabilities for characterizations of the morphology and certain properties of nanoparticles and nanocrystals. New measurement technologies with SPM are still being invented, and the tools of SPM have been widely implemented by researchers in both academia and industry. The incentive and primary advantage for SPM measurements are the capabilities of reaching atomic and molecular resolution. Local surface modification can also be accomplished with SPM‐based lithographies. In this article, recent applications of SPM for nanoscale measurements and nanofabrication with different systems of nanoparticles and nanocrystals are reviewed. Scanning probe measurements provide unprecedented resolution for characterizing nanomaterials to investigate physical, chemical, and biochemical properties at the nanoscale. The advantages and limitations of SPM are also discussed, with descriptions of the various imaging and lithography modes that have been applied for characterizing nanoparticles.
Operations Research in
A
ustralia
Authors: Kozan Erhan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

The Australian Society for Operations Research Inc. has fostered the profession of OR in Australia since 1972 and has served as a platform for exchange of ideas between practitioners. The ASOR bulletin was founded in 1981 and its aims to provide news of ASOR activities, book reviews, Australian problem descriptions and solution approaches. ASOR organizes its national conference every two years to keep up to date with operations research issues in Australia and overseas. The ASOR official web‐site (
http://www.asor.org.au
) was set up in 2006 to present the latest information about the members. The society continues to serve as an important organization for operations researchers to communicate with each other and to reach out to other professional societies.
Brazilian Society of Operational Research
Authors: Parracho Sant'Anna Annibal 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The Brazilian Society of Operational Research has been connecting researchers and enhancing the development of research in the area of operational research in Brazil since 1969. Among its accomplishments are counted the Brazilian Symposia on Operational Research, which have been held annually over the last four decades. The society is also responsible for the publication of scientific journals, among which the Pesquisa Operacional has also a long history of contribution for the development of science.
OR/MSApplied to Cricket
Authors: Wright Mike 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper article describes the sport of cricket and considers some of the key decisions that must be made. Decisions are shown to be important at many levels, including decisions for administrators, coaches, captains, and players. Many of the most important OR/MS studies from the literature are summarized. The topics covered include the Duckworth/Lewis method for determining winners of unfinished or shortened matches, the scheduling of fixtures and the match officials (“umpires”) and various strategic and tactical decisions.
Croatian Operational Research Society
Authors: Babić Zoran , Neralić Luka 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The war against Croatia, which started in 1991, helped the formation of the national OR Society of Croatia. Also, organization of the first OR Conference KOI '91 in December 1991 was important in establishing the Croatian Operational Research Society (CRORS). From that time the Society has been organizing national OR conferences every two years. CRORS now consists of about a hundred active members who are mainly professors and assistants from the Croatian Universities, and most of them belong to faculties of economics. Most of are mathematicians by their formal education, but there are also a number of people who are economists or engineers.
Music and Operations Research
Authors: Chew Elaine , Raphael Christopher 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe well‐known link between music and mathematics has increased in significance due to the explosion in digital music information. The importance of mathematical modeling of music problems and their computational solution has led to the emergence of the field of music information research. There exist a number of significant links between music and operations research (OR). This article surveys some of these research advances. Beginning with mathematical representations of music pitch and time structures, we give an overview of OR formulations of problems in music composition and improvisation. We touch upon a range of problems in the analysis of music structures and of expressive gestures, then give a deeper treatment of dynamic programming formulations and solutions of problems across a number of music topics.
Orbel, The Belgian Operations Research Society (
SOGESCI
‐
BVWB
)
Authors: Kunsch Pierre L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article presents information about the Belgian Operations Research Society. SOGESCI‐BVWB, known as ORBEL in short. It was founded in 1958, and it has about 120 members. It represents Belgium in EURO and IFORS, and has many links to other OR societies elsewhere in the world.
Pricing and Scheduling Decisions
Authors: Allon Gad 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Service providers and manufacturers facing customers, who are sensitive to price and delay, use both pricing and scheduling mechanisms to improve their profitability or maximize the value of their system. We study the interplay between the pricing and scheduling decisions in a variety of settings, depending on the type of provider (a social planner, a monopolist, or oligopolies), the service setting (observable queue versus nonobservable), and the customer population (homogeneous or heterogeneous, segmented or unsegmented).
Description of the
F
rench Operational Research and Decision‐Aid Society:

Société
F
rançaise de Recherche Opérationnelle et d'aide À la Décision

(
ROADEF
)
Authors: Hudry Olivier 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

The French society of operational research and decision‐aid (ROADEF) was formed in 1998, with the aim of promoting, in France, all the activities related to the operational research and the decision‐aid in all the possible fields: teaching, research, industries, civil and military applications, and so on. This text describes the main features of the ROADEF: how and by whom it was formed, the composition of its successive boards, and its main activities. Among these, we emphasize the annual national meetings of the ROADEF, the topics of its working groups, the publications involving the society (including the two international journals
4OR, a Quarterly Journal of Operations Research
and
RAIRO‐Operations Research
), the Robert Faure prize, and the challenges organized by the ROADEF, sometimes in collaboration with the
Association of European Operational Research Societies
(EURO).
Supporting the Strategy Process: The Role of Operational Research/Management Science
Authors: O'Brien Frances 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOperational research/management science (OR/MS) can support the core, strategic activities at the heart of every organization. This introductory review article begins by explaining what is meant by the terms strategy, strategic decisions, and issues. It then introduces the key characteristics of a strategy process before reviewing two sources of literature that together highlight a variety of tools that can be used to support different activities within the process. One of the key conclusions of this introductory article is that tools to support the strategy process can be drawn from both the OR/MS field as well as other academic disciplines such as the strategy field. A related conclusion is that employing multiple tools either individually or in combination is useful since they provide different but complementary insights into the decisions and issues under consideration. The article concludes with some potential future research directions in the OR/MS and strategy field.
Multimethodology
Authors: Mingers John 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Within the discipline of operations research and management science, many methods and techniques have been developed. Initially, these were generally based on mathematical or computer models. However, it was found in practice, particularly with complex, “wicked” problems, that many aspects of the situation, especially those concerning peoples' viewpoints and values, could not be represented mathematically. This led to the development of a range of nonquantitative, “soft” methods, which were, nevertheless, rigorous and systemic. Examples are soft systems methodology (SSM), cognitive mapping, strategic choice analysis, and strategic assumption surfacing and testing (SAST).

The question then became, which method should be used when? However, rather than using just a single method, theory and practice have demonstrated that most complex problems are better tackled using a combination of methods, both “hard” and “soft.” This approach has been called
multimethodology
.
Luminescence Phenomena Involving Metal Enolates
Authors: Felinto Brito Hermi , Manoel Loureiro Malta Oscar , Claudia França Cunha Felinto Maria , Epaminondas de Sousa Teotonio Ercules 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntroductionMetal EnolatesLuminescence of Rare‐Earth EnolatesLuminescence Involvings,panddMetal Block EnolatesApplicationsAcknowledgments
Thermochemical Considerations of Metal Enolates
Authors: Liebman Joel F. , Slayden Suzanne W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntroductionGroup 1: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium and CesiumGroup 2: Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium and BariumGroup 13: Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and ThalliumGroup 14: Tin and LeadGroup 11: Copper, Silver and GoldGroup 12: Zinc, Cadmium and MercuryGroup 3: Scandium, Yttrium and the LanthanidesActinidesGroup 4: Titanium, Zirconium and HafniumGroup 5: Vanadium, Niobium and TantalumGroup 6: Chromium, Molybdenum and TungstenGroup 7: Manganese and RheniumGroup 8: Iron, Ruthenium and OsmiumGroup 9: Cobalt, Rhodium and IridiumGroup 10: Nickel, Palladium and Platinum
Coordination Chemistry of Metal Enolato Complexes
Authors: Vicente José 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Introduction

Enolato
Versus
2‐Oxoalkyl Coordination

Reactions of Enolato Complexes to give other Enolato Complexes

Aldol Reactions

Protonation Reactions

Coordination Chemistry of Phosphinoenolato Complexes

Coordination Chemistry of Metalafurans

Miscellaneous Reactions

Acknowledgments
Metal Enolates as Synthons in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Stolz Daniel , Kazmaier Uli 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

C

C
Bond Formation by α‐Substitution of Ketone Enolates

C

C
Bond Formation by Addition of Ketone Enolates to Carbonyl Groups

C

C
Bond Formation by
M
ichael Addition of Metal Enolates

Ester Enolates
Metal Enolates in Polymer Science and Technology
Authors: Lecomte Philippe , Jérôme Robert 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntroductionRadical PolymerizationPolymerization of Nonfunctionalized OlefinsPolymerization of Lactones and LactidesAnionic Polymerization of Methacrylates and AcrylatesMacromolecular Engineering and EnolatesAcknowledgments
Light‐Induced Chemistry of Oximes and Derivatives
Authors: D. Roth Heinz 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhotoreactions of oximes have been known for 120 years. The earliest recognized reaction was geometric isomerization, which is still the most prominent oxime photoreaction; it proceeds via a ππ* triplet state. More than sixty years later the intriguing photo‐Beckmann rearrangement came to light, a C–C=N–O to O=C–N–C conversion, generating, for example, ɛ‐caprolactam from cyclohexanone ξιμɛ. The rearrangement proceeds via a ππ* singlet state forming an oxazirane intermediate; the oxazirane ring usually opens in stereospecific fashion. Detailed insight into the stereo‐ and regiochemistry of the rearrangement was gained from steroidal oximes, the most thoroughly investigated class of oximes.Additional photoreactions of oximes or of their ethers and esters include: net loss of hydroxylamine generating carbonyl compounds; loss of water from aldoximes forming nitriles; conversion of ketoximes to nitriles by more complex mechanisms; photochemical O–H cleavage generating iminoxyl radicals, an interesting family of free radicals; N–O cleavage giving rise to iminyl radials, which undergo radical cyclizations. β,γ‐Unsaturated oximes undergo aza‐di‐π‐methane rearrangements, cyclize to oxazolines, and undergo further reorganizations. The palette of oxime reactions has been further enriched by triplet energy transfer or electron transfer sensitization; oximes serve as electron donors or acceptors.
Heterocycles from Hydroxylamines and Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Katkevics Martins , Kukosha Tatyana , Lukevics Edmunds 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHydroxylamines and hydroxamic acids are polyfunctional organic molecules and several reactive intermediates can be generated from them, therefore they have found broad application in the synthesis of various nitrogen and oxygen containing heterocycles by means of nulceophilic substitution or addition, electrophilic intramolecular aromatic substitution, as well as [2+4] and [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. This chapter surveys synthesis of heterocycles from the title compounds highlighting some distinguished reaction mechanism aspects, regio‐ and stereo selectivity issues and experimental details. It is arranged according to the size and type of heterocycles that allows fast but also explanatory insight into synthesis of the particular cycles.
Hydroxylamine Analogs and Derivatives of Amino Acids. Aminooxy Acids
Authors: Zvilichovsky Gury 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides a review of researches in the field of aminooxy acids and related compounds. The first syntheses of aminooxy acids were described about 120 years ago. The first natural aminooxy acids and their derivatives, like canaline, canavanine and the antibiotic cycloserine, were discovered in the thirties and fifties of last century. Their first peptides were prepared in the sixties. In recent years this field gained increasing interest due to the special properties of peptides glycosides and glycopeptides containing aminooxy acids. These biomimetic compounds include aminooxy acids incorporated in biologically active macromolecules, either inside the chains or in terminal positions. The latter derivatives are used for ligation of functional groups resulting in biological probes, biosensors and and other useful devices. The free aminooxy group in such chains enables the facile prepration of bioconjugates, attachment to solid surfaces, modifications of recombinant proteins, preparing various vaccines and more. Peptides, proteins and glycopeptides containing an amidooxy bond exhibit interesting secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. They reveal new folding properties, resulting in useful biomimetic foldamers for various applications.This chapter includes up to date information on the synthesis, chemical and biological properties of aminooxy acids and their derivatives.
Phosphorus Derivatives of Hydroxylamines, Oximes and Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Palacios Francisco , de los Santos Jesús M. , Vicario Javier , Alonso Concepción 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis comprehensive chapter, organized in three different sections, includes new topics focused on preparation and synthetic applications of phosphorus functionalized hydroxylamines, oximes and hydroxamic acids. The first section comprises the synthesis of phosphorusO‐substituted hydroxylamines either through phosphorus‐oxygen or nitrogen‐oxygen single bond formation. The synthesis ofN‐substituted hydroxylamines is also covered in this first section by means of phosphorus‐nitrogen or carbon‐nitrogen bond formation reactions. This section also includes several transformations of phosphorus substituted hydroxylamines including among others: rearrangement, hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation reactions. Functionalized oximes containing phosphorus substituents includingO‐ andC‐substituted oximes, and oximes with α‐ and β‐phosphorated moieties are covered in a second section. This provides an introduction to the common approaches to synthesize phosphorus substituted oximes, and the application of phosphorated oximes to the preparation of more elaborated compounds have been described. Some of the synthetic applications methods covered in the second section are fragmentation and rearrangement reactions, nucleophilic substitution at the phosphorus atom, intramolecular reactions, radical reactions, reduction of carbon‐nitrogen double bond, oxidation reactions, olefination reactions, dehydratation of oximes. The third section is dedicated to the synthesis and reactivity of phosphorusO‐,N‐, andC‐substituted hydroxamic acid derivatives, spanning the few reports in the literature covering this topic. An extensive and current list of references and a subject index complete the chapter.Phosphorus Substituted Hydroxylamine DerivativesPhosphorus Substituted OximesPhosphorus Substituted Hydroxamic Acid DerivativesAcknowledgments
N‐Arylhydroxylamines and Chemical Carcinogenicity
Authors: Novak Michael , Chakraborty Mrinal 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo related classes of carcinogens, arylamines (AAs) and heterocyclic arylamines (HAAs), have played an important role in the development of our understanding of chemical carcinogenesis. AAs are largely industrial products or by‐products, but significant exposure also occurs through inhalation of cigarette smoke. HAAs are produced during broiling or frying of meats and fish and are viewed as significant cancer risks in most human populations. AAs and HAAs are properly characterized as procarcinogens because they require metabolic activation into their ultimate carcinogenic forms. Both classes are activated predominately by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) mediated oxidation intoN‐arylhydroxylamines that are further metabolized into acetic or sulfuric acid esters of the hydroxylamines by the action ofN‐acetyltransferases (NATs) or sulfotransferases (SULTs). These esters appear to be the ultimate carcinogens in most cases. Research on the metabolism of AAs and HAAs, the structures of DNA adducts derived from their carcinogenic metabolites, and the relationship of DNA adduct conformations and persistence to observed mutations are reviewed. Evidence for the proposal that the reactive intermediate responsible for the formation of DNA adducts is a nitrenium ion derived from the hydroxylamine esters is the main topic of this review. Future prospects for research in this area are considered.IntroductionMetabolic Activation ofAAsandHAAsThe Structures ofDNAAdductsThe Nitrenium Ion HypothesisThe Hypothesis TestedConcluding Remarks
Hydroxylamine, Oxime and Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Kojima Naoshi , Komatsu Yasuo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHydroxylamines directly react with nucleobases in genomic DNA, and the damaged nucleobases induce genetic mutations by forming non‐canonical base pairs with natural bases. In contrast, some nucleoside analogues containing hydroxylamine and its related derivatives are known to possess antiviral and anticancer activities by mimicking natural nucleosides. In addition, oligonucleotides with phosphate backbones modified with hydroxylamines show nuclease resistance required for oligonucleotide therapeutics.This chapter provides the fundamental functions and the applications of hydroxylamine, oxime and hydroxamic acid groups on nucleic acids, consisting of four contents (1. Reactions of hydroxylamine andO‐methylhydroxylamine with nucleobases, 2. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues consisting of hydroxylamine, oxime and hydroxamic acid groups, 3. A series of oligonucleotides modified at backbone and sugar moieties with these functional groups, and 4. Application for the detection and quantification of DNA lesions by aminooxy probes). Novel nucleic acids will be developed by understanding potential functions of hydroxylamine and its related derivatives.
The Chemistry of Organomanganese Ate Complexes
Authors: Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe organometallic chemistry of organomanganates is first summarized. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed many interesting aspects of organomanganate complexes. Not only sigma‐bonded manganates but also pai‐bonded manganates are intriguing. Second, the application of organomanganates in organic synthesis is described. Organomanganates reacted with carbonyls and organic halides as cuprates do. Halogen‐manganese exchange provides a useful transformation of organic halides, especially of dihalo compounds. Carbometalation via manganates shows unique reactivity. Manganates can serve as reducing agents via single electron transfer.
Bioenergy production chain development in the Netherlands: key factors for success
Authors: Langeveld Johannes (Hans) W.A. , Kalf Ria , Elbersen H. Wolter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDevelopment of bioenergy production in the Netherlands is lagging. This paper presents an inventory of problems met by new bioenergy chains and compares these to literature and to other countries. Theoretical frameworks suggest that five elements are crucial for successful bioenergy chain development: (i) availability of (proven) technology; (ii) access to information; (iii) access to feedstocks, financial means, and markets; (iv) locations for new installations; and (v) efficient lobby activities and public support. Nine bioenergy chains were interviewed. Problems that are reported relate to insufficient knowledge of new technological concepts, and of nuisances (noise, emission, odor, and other) caused during bioenergy production. Feedstock markets (wood, byproducts, waste) and product markets (heat, CO2) are underdeveloped, while some chains are experiencing extra problems finding a suitable location or obtaining necessary permits. Problems related to insufficient public support are most relevant for bioenergy chains depending on tax exemptions (pure vegetation oil transportation fuels) or requiring adaptation of legislation (location permits for farm fermenters). An international comparison to barriers for biofuel suggests that economic factors (including lack of capital), limitations in know‐how and institutional capacities, underdeveloped biomass and carbon markets, problems in chain coordination, and limited public support are largest problems for new bioenergy chains. Recommendations to stimulate bioenergy production in the Netherlands refer to performance standards for new installation types, information on feedstock availability, protocols for heat exchange and on improved credit facilities. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd