bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Integrated Traffic Regulation Centre of Marseilles-Fos
Authors: Sicard R. , Chignard R. 
Published: November 2009

This paper by the Harbour Master of Marseilles and his adviser on radio aids describes the system of traffic surveillance developed by the Port of Marseilles. The paper was originally presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Vessel Traffic Services held in Bremen from 28 to 30 April 1981.The creation of an Integrated Traffic Regulation Centre (ITRC) was the solution chosen by the Port of Marseilles Authority to deal with the numerous traffic problems that had arisen in recent years in the Gulf of Fos due to the extremely rapid growth of the maritime traffic, especially oil tankers, converging on the Gulf which now totals over 80 million tonnes per year and the general tendency towards the construction and operation of very large ships, conspicuous in the development of oil tankers but now to a lesser extent in other categories of ship also.
The Role of Lighting in Aids to Marine Navigation
Authors: Reynolds L. G. 
Published: November 2009

This paper by the Principal Scientific Officer of Trinity House was presented at an Institute meeting in London on 28 April 1976 with Mrs. Mary Pera in the Chair.Mr. Reynolds describes the use of lights to convey positional and other information by the assignment of characteristics of rhythm and colour and discusses the problems of visual discrimination, the choice of light intensities and the effect of atmospheric conditions on the ranges of lights. He also describes the new buoyage system and other moves towards international agreement. A paper on the IALA system by the Hydro-grapher of the Navy appears at p. 94.Lighting is used in various ways in maritime applications. For operations at night in vessels, in harbours or on drilling platforms general lighting is necessary; such lights may also be of value in indicating a hazard or suggesting a route to be followed but are not expressly intended for that purpose. Fixed lights in vessels are arranged in a spatial pattern and employ colour to give indications of the presence and aspect of the vessel to other vessels. Indirect lighting is also sometimes used, as in the floodlighting of lighthouse towers to reduce bird deaths by collision.
Marine Radar Beacons
Authors: Harrison A. 
Published: November 2009

In this paper the author sketches the historical development of radar beacons: the different types are classified in relation to code and frequency employed and the benefits and drawbacks of more recently proposed types of beacon are discussed.The paper was presented at a Marine Electronics Symposium sponsored by the Society of Electronic and Radio Technicians at the University of Southampton in July 1976.The military use of responder beacons before 1945 led to secondary radar systems, such as Rebecca-Eureka, Oboe, and IFF, giving facilities for target location at long range with an accuracy and identification not available from a primary radar system. The desirability of these advantages in civilian systems was recognized but the absence of military urgency and considerations of cost led to delay. Although responder beacons became an essential part of the Air Traffic Control System, extension into the marine field did not succeed until the U.K. Ministry of Transport Safety of Navigation Committee set up a Technical Committee and Working Party in 1962 to investigate the conditions governing the marine installation of responder beacons as a navigational aid. This committee recommended that responder beacons (alternatively called racons) should be set up to an agreed specification at selected sites around the UK coast, to become the first civil marine navigational racon system. The co-operation of the Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment, Trinity House, and Kelvin Hughes made possible the installation and operation of three racons—on the Liverpool Bar LV, the Kish LV, and St. Abb's Head LH—to provide operational experience on which the committee's recommendations were based, followed by the setting up of the complete system.
II—Reducing the Running Costs at Sea
Authors: Mudie Colin 
Published: November 2009

There are a number of ways of reducing the running cost of existing ships by making use of power sources which are freely available to them in their environment. This paper first of all considers briefly some possibilities other than wind power and then discusses the use of wind as an auxiliary source of propulsion in power driven ships.Ocean Currents. Ship navigators of course already make considerable use of ocean currents when planning economical voyages. However a number of rafting voyages made for various reasons in the last few years point to the possibility of sending bulk cargoes at slow speeds across some parts of the seas carried principally by the currents. The principal problem is perhaps the pure financial one of taking the capital value of the cargo out of circulation for the time involved in such transportation.
Flight Decks for Future Civil Transport Aircraft
Authors: Bateman L. F. 
Published: November 2009

This paper, by the Assistant Chief Electro-dynamic Engineer of the British Aircraft Corporation, was originally presented at the Annual General Technical Meeting of the Guild of Air Pilots and Navigators in September 1976.This paper discusses a programme being carried out jointly by the British Aircraft Corporation and Hawker Siddeley Aviation into the design of flight decks for civil transport aircraft scheduled to enter service in the 1980s. The flight decks of today have evolved as a result of experience gained since manned flight began; it would be foolhardy to ignore this background and in applying new technology care must be exercised in preserving, as far as possible, conventions and practices which have long been established.
Information on Board Ship
Authors: Wright A. J. 
Published: November 2009

In this paper the ship is treated as an information handling and processing system with a variety of information sources, sinks and processing areas both internal and external. Information flows and is processed in a variety of patterns depending on a number of variables. These include the proximity of other ships, the shore or the sea bed, the state of the weather, whether it is day or night and whether the ship is at sea or in port.The author wishes to thank the Science Research Council for help in funding this study and also many industries and organizations for their assistance.
See and Be Seen
Authors: Hayman Bernard 
Published: November 2009

The purpose of a navigation light is to show presence, aspect and occupation: can you see it—can he see it—do you both know what you are seeing?Radiation is measured by ‘luminous flux’; the unit of which is the ‘lumen’, but that is not what we need to know. We need ‘luminous intensity’, the amount of light emitted in one particular direction and normally called the candlepower, the unit for which is the ‘candela’. Figure 1 shows how brilliance, in candela, affects range. For the purposes of Imco calculations a transmissivity factor of 0·8 is used; K = 0·74 corresponds to the Iala standard and 0·9 to the old ‘dear dark night’ standard used for oil lanterns. A sailing yacht has also to consider voltage drop and Fig. 2 shows how a lead acid battery while being charged might produce 14 volts, giving a 10 W bulb a brilliance of 22 cd, whereas the same battery not being charged might give as little as 9 cd.
The Optimum Speed of Ships
Authors: Alderton P. M. 
Published: November 2009

This paper was presented at a meeting of the Institute in London on 18 February 1981 with Dr J. F. Kemp in the Chair. Captain Alderton discusses a variety of criteria for assessing economic optimal speeds and shows how sensitive these optima are to such constraints as port time, voyage distance and bunker costs.The expression ‘optimum’ is frequently used very loosely and one often finds that the factor under consideration is only being optimized with reference to some, not all, of its dependent variables. A truly optimum speed for a ship can only be achieved by considering:(i) What speeds the ship can actually achieve, taking into account various mechanical constraints, the state of the hull (fouling), the draft and the effect of the weather.(ii) What speeds we would like the ship to achieve taking into account the costs, the profits and the pressure of schedules.
Calculators for Marine Navigation
Authors: d'Oliveira Basil 
Published: November 2009

This paper, which was presented at an Ordinary Meeting of the Institute in London on 18 March 1981 with Dr J. F. Kemp in the Chair, outlines the scope for using modern programmable hand-held calculators at sea, discusses the functions and facilities required for navigation and describes some of the models now available.For many years the basic instruments for navigation have been the compass, chart, sextant, log and chronometer; an advanced scientific calculator should now be added to the list. Indeed, this type of calculator should form part of the personal navigation equipment of every navigator—marine or air, military or civil—because the way to get the best out of a machine is to have one of your own; you will seldom get the best out of any machine which is shared.
Microsimulation of pension reforms: behavioural versus nonbehavioural approach
Authors: BORELLA MARGHERITA , MOSCAROLA FLAVIA CODA 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe analyse the impact of various pension regimes, as shaped by recent Italian reforms, on retirement age, adequacy issues, and redistribution. We add to the literature on microsimulation by accounting for individuals' reactions to financial incentives when deciding to retire. We find that shifting from a generous defined benefit (DB) system to an actuarially fair notional defined contribution (NDC) system induces individuals, particularly men, to postpone retirement. Voluntary postponement of retirement would grant employees a replacement rate comparable to that obtained in the pre-reform DB regime, while the self-employed experience a substantial reduction in their replacement rate.
Victim identity and respect for human dignity: a terminological analysis
Authors: Meredith Valerie M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe use of the term ‘victim’ as an identity can have different implications, depending on who is using it, claiming it, rejecting it or attributing it to others. Its negative connotations may have an impact on the person or persons concerned. This implies that the term should be used with some care and insight. The article analyses the use and function of the word ‘victim’ at different levels in the work and actions of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Noting the extent to which the term is or is not used with caution, it points to the evolution in awareness from a certain institutional discourse to the current careful wording displayed in research and publications. The article stresses the importance of aid workers being able to recognize the potential and active identity of a person beyond the institutional label as ‘victim’, as this constitutes an important step in respecting that person's human dignity.
Facilitating humanitarian assistance in international humanitarian and human rights law
Authors: Barber Rebecca 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn 2008, 260 humanitarian aid workers were killed or injured in violent attacks. Such attacks and other restrictions substantially limit the ability of humanitarian aid agencies to provide assistance to those in need, meaning that millions of people around the world are denied the basic food, water, shelter and sanitation necessary for survival. Using the humanitarian crises in Darfur and Somalia as examples, this paper considers the legal obligation of state and non-state actors to consent to and facilitate humanitarian assistance. It is shown that the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, as well as customary international law, require that states consent to and facilitate humanitarian assistance which is impartial in character and conducted without adverse distinction, where failure to do so may lead to starvation or otherwise threaten the survival of a civilian population. This paper considers whether this obligation has been further expanded by the development of customary international law in recent years, as well as by international human rights law, to the point that states now have an obligation to accept and to facilitate humanitarian assistance in both international and non-international armed conflicts, even where the denial of such assistance does not necessarily threaten the survival of a civilian population.
A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts
Authors: Bar-Tal Daniel , Chernyak-Hai Lily , Schori Noa , Gundar Ayelet 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA sense of self-perceived collective victimhood emerges as a major theme in the ethos of conflict of societies involved in intractable conflict and is a fundamental part of the collective memory of the conflict. This sense is defined as a mindset shared by group members that results from a perceived intentional harm with severe consequences, inflicted on the collective by another group. This harm is viewed as undeserved, unjust and immoral, and one that the group could not prevent. The article analyses the nature of the self-perceived collective sense of victimhood in the conflict, its antecedents, the functions that it fulfils for the society and the consequences that result from this view.
The war dead and their gravesites
Authors: Petrig Anna 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInternational humanitarian law (IHL) contains various provisions pertaining to the dead in armed conflicts and their burial places. This article provides an overview of the various substantive obligations with regard to persons having lost their lives in armed conflicts and their gravesites. The temporal scope of application of these provisions – namely whether they apply in times of peace – will also be analysed. Finally, the reasons why IHL as in force today is applicable to questions concerning the dead and their gravesites will be considered.
Various mechanisms and approaches for implementing international humanitarian law and protecting and assisting war victims
Authors: Pfanner Toni 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article presents an overview of the various mechanisms to improve the situation of people affected by armed conflict. Some are anchored in international humanitarian law, but numerous actors are increasingly contributing to its implementation outside the original framework established for that purpose. Human rights monitoring bodies, the diverse organs and agencies of the United Nations and regional organizations, and governmental and non-governmental organizations are seeking to address situations of armed conflict. However, humanitarian action unattached to any political agenda and combining protection and assistance is often the only remedy for the plight of the victims of armed conflicts.
Localization of ribosomes and translation initiation factors to talin/β3‐integrin‐enriched adhesion complexes in spreading and migrating mammalian cells
Authors: Willett Mark , Pollard Hilary J. , Vlasak Markete , Morley Simon J. 
Published: November 2009

Background information. The spatial localization of translation can facilitate the enrichment of proteins at their sites of function while also ensuring that proteins are expressed in the proximity of their cognate binding partners.Results. Using human embryonic lung fibroblasts and employing confocal imaging and biochemical fractionation techniques, we show that ribosomes, translation initiation factors and specific RNA‐binding proteins localize to nascent focal complexes along the distal edge of migrating lamellipodia. 40S ribosomal subunits appear to associate preferentially with β3 integrin in focal adhesions at the leading edges of spreading cells, with this association strongly augmented by a synergistic effect of cell engagement with a mixture of extracellular matrix proteins. However, both ribosome and initiation factor localizations do not require de novo protein synthesis.Conclusions. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that repression, complex post‐transcriptional regulation and modulation of mRNA stability could potentially be taking place along the distal edge of migrating lamellipodia.
Constructions and their acquisition
Authors: Ellis Nick C. , Ferreira-Junior Fernando 
Published: November 2009

This paper presents a psycholinguistic analysis of constructions and their acquisition. It investigates effects upon naturalistic second language acquisition of type/token distributions in the islands comprising the linguistic form of English verb-argument constructions (VACs: VL verb locative, VOL verb object locative, VOO ditransitive) in the ESF corpus (Perdue, 1993). 	Goldberg (2006) argued that Zipfian type/token frequency distribution of verbs in natural language might optimize construction learning by providing one very high frequency exemplar that is also prototypical in meaning. Ellis & Ferreira-Junior (2009) confirmed that in the naturalistic L2A of English, VAC verb type/token distribution in the input is Zipfian and learners first acquire the most frequent, prototypical and generic exemplar (e.g. put in VOL, give in VOO, etc.). This paper further illustrates how acquisition is affected by the frequency and frequency distribution of exemplars within each island of the construction (e.g. [Subj V Obj Oblpath/loc]), by their prototypicality, and, using a variety of psychological and corpus linguistic association metrics, by their contingency of form-function mapping.
Epidermal growth factor receptor intron 1 CA dinucleotide repeat polymorphism and survival of advanced gastric cancer patients treated with cetuximab plus modified FOLFOX6
Authors: Han Sae‐Won , Oh Do‐Youn , Im Seock‐Ah , Park Sook Ryun , Lee Keun‐Wook , Song Hong Suk , Lee Nam‐Su , Lee Kyung Hee , Choi In Sil , Lee Moon Hee , Kim Min A , Kim Woo Ho , Bang Yung‐Jue , Kim Tae‐You 
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 793–799)Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The present study investigated the association between germline genetic polymorphisms and the treatment outcome of cetuximab plus modified leucovovin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX)6 chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 38 patients enrolled in a phase II study of cetuximab plus modified FOLFOX6 were analyzed for 16 polymorphisms in eight genes (EGFR, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor‐α (TGFA), thymidylate synthase, excision repair cross‐complementation group 1, Xeroderma pigmentosum group D, and fragment c gamma receptors (FCGR)2A and 3A). The EGFR intron 1 CA repeat polymorphism was associated with survival. Twenty‐one patients had low repeats (sum of both alleles ≤37), and 17 patients had high repeats (sum ≥38). Patients with low CA repeats had longer progression‐free survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.42 [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19–0.96], P = 0.040) and overall survival (adjusted HR 0.40 [95% CI 0.16–0.99], P = 0.048) compared with patients with high CA repeats. In addition, the tumor EGFR expression was higher in patients with a lower number of CA repeats. The association between the CA repeat status and survival was not found in a separate cohort of AGC patients (n = 68) treated only with modified FOLFOX6. These results suggest that the EGFR intron 1 CA repeat polymorphism could be a useful, predictive biomarker of cetuximab efficacy in AGC and merits further investigation in randomized studies.
Wnt signaling stabilizes the DIXDC1 protein through decreased ubiquitin‐dependent degradation
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Hua , Chen Qi , Zhu Tengfang , Zhu Hongguang , Zheng Li 
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 700–706)Wnt signaling plays key roles in development, cell growth, differentiation, polarity formation, neural development, and carcinogenesis. DIX Domain Containing 1 (DIXDC1), a novel component of the Wnt pathway, was recently cloned. DIXDC1 is the human homolog of Ccd1, a positive regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway during zebrafish neural patterning. Little has been known about DIXDC1 gene expression regulation. In the present study, we showed that the DIXDC1 protein was induced upon Wnt‐3a stimulation, whereas the DIXDC1 mRNA level was not significantly increased after Wnt‐3a treatment. Positive DIXDC1 staining was detected in colon cancer cells and was colocalized with β‐catenin staining. However, the DIXDC1 mRNA expression decreased in human colon cancer cells compared to the matched normal colon epithelial cells. Our further investigation showed that the DIXDC1 protein was degraded through the proteasome pathway, and the activation of canonical Wnt signaling decreased the ubiquitin‐dependent degradation of both the ectopic and endogenous DIXDC1 protein. In order to explore the possible mechanism of the ubiquitination of DIXDC1, we found that the phosphorylation of DIXDC1 was inhibited by Wnt‐3a. Collectively, these results indicate that canonical Wnt/β‐catenin pathway activation might upregulate DIXDC1 through a post‐translational mechanism by inhibiting the ubiquitin‐mediated degradation of the DIXDC1 protein.
Interacting effects of predation risk and signal patchiness on activity and communication in house mice
Authors: Hughes Nelika K. , Banks Peter B. 
Published: November 2009

Summary 1. Social signalling can be risky when signals are open to exploitation by eavesdropping predators. Unlike other signal modalities, olfactory signals cannot be ‘switched off’ in the presence of an eavesdropping predator, leaving receivers of scent signals at an increased risk of predation long after the signaller has moved on. Yet individuals of some olfactorily communicating species appear unwilling to forego the receiving of signals under an increased risk of predation. Foraging theory predicts that predation risk can operate at multiple spatial scales, however, such that prey behaviour should be sensitive to the broader olfactory environment beyond the risks of a single point source of odour. 2. Here, we use the house mouse Mus domesticus to test whether the spatial distribution and overall level of receiving activity varies with the spatial distribution of conspecific scent signals and the risks posed by an eavesdropping predator, the cat Felis catus. We assessed the mice’s responses to these risks using overall visitation, activity and scent marking rates at conspecific scented locations (in clumped, random or regular distributions) and the surrounding matrix (non‐scented) locations with and without a predator cue (cat urine). We then used univariate and bivariate spatial point pattern analyses to assess behavioural responses (activity) to both treatments across a range of spatial scales. 3. Visitation, activity and scent marking rates were not affected by the predator cue or the spatial distribution of scents. But these non‐significant results masked a fine scale anti‐predatory response. Mouse activity was significantly more clustered at small scales when in the presence of the predator cue; this response held across all spatial distribution treatments. Mice were also sensitive to the predation risks of clumped scents, and dispersed their activity at intermediate scales significantly more when exposed to the predator cue, than in the control scent treatment. 4. These results suggest that olfactorily communicating species use scale‐sensitive anti‐predatory behavioural changes to compensate for their increased risks of predation when receiving scent signals. We highlight the importance of examining a variety of scales when investigating predator–prey interactions, and discuss the implications of these findings for behaviourally responsive predators and prey.