bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lung Surfactant Function and Composition in Neonatal Foals and Adult Horses
Authors: Christmann Undine , Livesey Leanda C. , Taintor Jennifer S. , Waldridge Bryan M. , Schumacher John , Grier Bonnie L. , Hite R. Duncan 
Published: March 2010

Background:Lung surfactant function and composition are varied and adapted to the specific respiratory physiology of all mammalian species.Hypothesis:Lung surfactant function and composition are different in neonatal foals as compared to adult horses.Animals:Six adult horses, 7 term foals (<24 hours old), and 4 premature foals were used. Animals were part of the Auburn University teaching herd except for 3 client‐owned premature foals.Methods:Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from all animals. Ultracentrifugation of cell‐free BALF separated surfactant into crude surfactant pellets (CSP) and supernatant. Both fractions were analyzed for phospholipid and protein content with the Bartlett and bicinchoninic acid method, respectively. Phospholipid composition of the CSP was determined by using high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light scatter detector. Surface tension of the CSP was measured with a pulsating bubble surfactometer. Results from term foals (<24 hours old) were compared statistically to those from adult horses. Values ofP< .05 were considered significant.Results:BALF phospholipid content was similar between adult horses and term foals, but BALF protein content was significantly decreased in term foals. Phosphatidylglycerol was significantly decreased, phosphatidylinositol was significantly increased, and the minimum surface tension was significantly increased in the CSP from term foals compared to adult horses.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Surface tension and phospholipid composition of surfactant in neonatal foals are significantly different compared to adult horses. These changes may influence biophysical and immunologic functions of surfactant.
Effects of Norepinephrine and a Combined Norepinephrine and Dobutamine Infusion on Systemic Hemodynamics and Indices of Renal Function in Normotensive Neonatal Thoroughbred Foals
Authors: Hollis A.R. , Ousey J.C. , Palmer L. , Stoneham S.J. , Corley K.T.T. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Norepinephrine is a potent vasopressor that increases arterial blood pressure but may have adverse effects on renal blood flow. The combination of norepinephrine and dobutamine may lead to improved renal perfusion compared to an infusion of norepinephrine alone. The effects of these drugs in the normotensive neonatal foal have not been reported.Hypothesis:Norepinephrine increases arterial blood pressure. Adding dobutamine to a norepinephrine infusion will change the renal profile during the infusions without changing the arterial blood pressure.Animals:Eight conscious Thoroughbred foals were used in this study.Methods:Each foal received norepinephrine (0.1 μg/kg/min), combined norepinephrine (0.1 μg/kg/min) and dobutamine (5 μg/kg/min), and a control dose of saline in a masked, placebo‐controlled study. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure (direct), and cardiac output (lithium dilution) were measured, and systemic vascular resistance, stroke volume, cardiac index, and stroke volume index were calculated. Urine output, creatinine clearance, and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride were measured.Results:Norepinephrine and a combined norepinephrine and dobutamine infusion increased arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance and decreased heart rate and cardiac index as compared to saline. The combination resulted in higher arterial pressure than norepinephrine alone. There was no significant difference in urine output, creatinine clearance, or fractional excretion of electrolytes with either infusion as compared to saline.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These data suggest that norepinephrine and a combined norepinephrine and dobutamine infusion cause unique hemodynamic effects without affecting indices of renal function, and this effect warrants further investigation.
Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy in Egyptian Arabian Foals: 22 Cases (1985–2005)
Authors: Aleman Monica , Gray Leah C. , Williams D. Colette , Holliday Terrell A. , Madigan John E. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Magdesian K. Gary 
Published: March 2010

Background:Epilepsy is relatively uncommon in horses compared with other species and limited information is available.Hypothesis:The objectives of the study were to describe the age of onset, clinical signs, clinicopathologic data, electroencephalographic findings, treatment, and outcome, including long‐term prognosis in Arabian foals with idiopathic epilepsy.Animals:Twenty‐two foals were included in the study.Materials and Methods: Medical records from 1985 to 2005 were reviewed.Results:The age of onset of affected foals ranged from 2 days to 6 months. Seizures were characterized by generalized tonic and clonic motor activity, staring, and loss of consciousness. The most common postictal signs were transient blindness and abnormal mental status. The interictal neurologic examination was otherwise normal. Clinicopathologic data and imaging diagnostics were normal except in 4 foals that developed complications. Electroencephalography revealed epileptiform activity in 9 of 13 foals. Foals were treated with benzodiazepines for the short‐term; whereas phenobarbital was used over the long‐term. Potassium bromide was added in 3 foals in which seizures were multiple, frequent, and difficult to control. The long‐term prognosis was favorable with cessation of seizures by 1 year of age. The most common complication was head trauma. The most common concurrent disease was pneumonia.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy of Egyptian Arabian foals has an early clinical onset but appears to be self‐limiting. Information obtained from this study strongly suggests a heritable condition that merits further investigation.
Investigation of a Novel, Heritable Bleeding Diathesis of Thoroughbred Horses and Development of a Screening Assay
Authors: Norris Jeffrey W. , Pratt Suzanne M. , Auh Joong‐Hyuck , Wilson Sandra J. , Clutter Dana , Magdesian K. Gary , Ferraro Gregory L. , Tablin Fern 
Published: March 2010

Background:Bleeding in racing horses associated with exercise appears to be multifactorial, and clinical investigation into severe cases rarely occurs. Previously, we reported a severe bleeding diathesis in a Thoroughbred mare. Herein, we describe the cellular physiology of this defect, provide a diagnostic tool for identifying it, and demonstrate that the dysfunction is heritable.Hypothesis:The subject has a heritable defect in platelet secretion that reduces thrombin generation in the absence of additional plasma factors and delays the onset of thrombin production even in the presence of these factors.Animals:The study included 3 clinically normal Thoroughbred horses: the subject and her offspring.Methods:Washed platelets were examined for their ability to (1) translocate phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the platelet membrane as determined by annexin‐V binding, (2) generate thrombin as assessed by the activity of the prothrombinase enzyme complex, and (3) bind fibrinogen and form aggregates as determined by flow cytometry.Results:Subject and offspring platelets created procoagulant surfaces by translocating phosphatidylserine. The subject's platelets demonstrated reduced prothrombinase activity, resulting in decreased production of thrombin relative to control platelets. Subject and offspring platelets bound less fibrinogen than control platelets when stimulated with thrombin.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The subject mare has a transmissible defect that involves reduced generation of thrombin by activated platelets, resulting in decreased aggregation and ineffective clotting. A flow cytometric assay of fibrinogen binding to washed platelets discriminates individuals with this platelet dysfunction and may be useful for discerning subclinical congenital or acquired platelet dysfunctions.
Prognostic Value of Plasma L‐Lactate Concentration Measured Cow‐Side with a Portable Clinical Analyzer in Holstein Dairy Cattle with Abomasal Disorders
Authors: Figueiredo Monica D. , Nydam Daryl V. , Perkins Gillian A. , Mitchell Hilda M. , Divers Thomas J. 
Published: March 2010

Background:L‐Lactate has been used as a prognostic indicator for ill humans and animals. A portable analyzer that measuresl‐lactate could help veterinarians decide to proceed with correction of a displaced abomasum.Hypotheses: The likelihood of a dairy cow with a displaced abomasum remaining in the herd can be predicted by lactate concentration and other variables.Animals:Thirty‐four healthy early‐lactation dairy cows, and 131 cows with abomasal displacements (DA) presented to Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.Methods:Plasma L‐lactate was measured using a commercial analyzer (i‐STAT). A cow had a positive outcome (PO) if she remained in the herd 30 days after surgical correction of the displaced abomasum and a negative outcome (NO) if she was culled or died in that time. A multivariable model with physical examination and clinicopathologic variables for predicting NO for cows with right‐sided abomasal displacements was constructed.Results:The median plasmal‐lactate was 0.54 mM/L (interquartile range, 0.42–0.74) in healthy lactating Holstein cows. In cows with right‐sided displaced abomasa, median plasmal‐lactate concentrations were higher in cows with NO (5.88 mM/L) versus PO (3.23 mM/L) (P= .002). In a multivariable model, which identified chloride, heart rate, andl‐lactate as the best fitting variables for cows with right‐sided displacements, the probability of NO increased asl‐lactate increased.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Plasmal‐lactate concentration might be a useful predictor of productive outcomes in cows with right‐sided abomasal disorders.
Frequency and Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infection in Cats with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bailiff N.L. , Nelson R.W. , Feldman E.C. , Westropp J.L. , Ling G.V. , Jang S.S. , Kass P.H. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Identification and control of infections are important in the management of diabetic cats. Urinary tract infections have not been well characterized in diabetic cats. This retrospective study was performed to review and characterize urinary tract infections in diabetic cats.Hypothesis: Urinary tract infections are common in diabetic cats.Animals: A review was made of the medical records of 141 diabetic cats that had had urine obtained for culture by antepubic cystocentesis and that had not been treated with antibiotics, undergone urinary tract catheterization or urinary tract surgery within 2 weeks of urine collection or had urethral obstruction at the time of urine collection.Methods: A review of medical records.Results: Urinary tract infection was identified in 18 of 141 diabetic cats.Escherichia coliwas the most common isolate (67%). Female cats were at increased risk (prevalence odds ratios [POR], 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 10.2;P= .013). Clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease and findings on urine sediment examination were good predictors of positive urine cultures.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Urinary tract infections are common in diabetic cats regardless of status of diabetic control, suggesting routine monitoring with urine sediment exams or urine culture is warranted.
Prospective Evaluation of the Balloon‐to‐Annulus Ratio for Valvuloplasty in the Treatment of Pulmonic Stenosis in the Dog
Authors: Estrada Amara , Moïse N. Sydney , Erb Hollis N. , McDonough Sean P. , Renaud‐Farrell Shari 
Published: March 2010

Background: In dogs, treatment of pulmonic valve stenosis (PS) with pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (PBV) is a viable method to decrease the pressure gradient across the valve. However, to the authors' knowledge, the variables that influence the selection of the correct balloon size for the procedure have not been explored. Moreover, the lesions caused by the procedure have not been detailed. Hypothesis: Variables that influence the measurement of the annulus could affect selection of the balloon size. We sought to determine the effects of treatment when the balloon‐to‐annulus ratio (BAR) was or > 1.3, but within the recommended range of 1.2–1.5, regardless of whether dilation was performed with single or double balloon technique. Animals: Twenty‐five Beagles with PS were studied. Methods: Inter‐and intra‐observer variability, echocardiography versus angiocardiography, and systolic versus diastolic timing were evaluated for the BAR. Assessment of right ventricular (RV) pressure, Doppler gradient, stenotic valve area, and RV wall thickness were compared before and 1, 90, and 180 days after treatment. Postmortem examination of the heart was done. Results: Significant correlations existed in measurement of the annulus; however, variation existed that would change balloon size. Improvement in the degree of PS was significant regardless of the BAR or single or double ballooning. In the most severely affected dogs, continued improvement was noted on day 90. Postmortem examination revealed tears in the commissures and the valve leaflets. Conclusions: Multiple factors influenced determination of the BAR and a range of 1.2–1.5 was effective without detrimental consequences. Dogs with severe PS had continued decrease in RV pressure 3 months after treatment.
Validation of 2 Techniques for Electrocardiographic Recording in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Ferasin Luca , Amodio Annarita , Murray Jane K. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Standard electrocardiographic (ECG) recording in the dog and cat is commonly performed in right lateral recumbency, by connecting the ECG leads to the skin of the patient via metallic alligator clips. The jaws of the alligator clips are usually filed or flattened to reduce their uncomfortable pressure on the patient's skin. However, filed and flattened alligator clips can occasionally lose their grip to the skin, causing lead detachment during standard ECG recording. Hypothesis: The aim of the study was to validate two novel ECG recording techniques (“gel” and “pads”). Animals: Six‐lead standard ECG recording was obtained from 42 dogs and 40 cats using the standard technique, as well as the two novel methods. Methods: Measurements were taken of the amplitude and duration of P waves and QRS complexes, duration of PQ and QT intervals, and mean electrical axis (MEA). In each recording, five representative complexes were measured, and the results were averaged for each parameter. Results: A good quality ECG recording was obtained with all the three different techniques, although a degree of wandering trace was observed in one third of cats with the “pads” technique. Bland‐Altman analysis showed good agreement between the ECG values recorded with the two novel techniques and those recorded with the standard traditional technique. Furthermore, the observed differences were not clinically relevant, except for the R wave amplitude recorded with the “pads” method in cats (‐0.35 to 0.37 mV). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In conclusion, this study supports the reliability and clinical validity of the “gel” and “pads” techniques for ECG recording both in the dog and the cat, with some limitations for the “pads” technique in cats.
Ultrasonographic Assessment of Regional Radial and Longitudinal Systolic Function in Healthy Awake Dogs
Authors: Chetboul Valerie , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Gouni Vassiliki , Nicolle Audrey P. , Pouchelon Jean‐Louis , Tissier Renaud 
Published: March 2010

Background: Strain (St) and strain rate (SR) imaging are new ultrasound modalities based on tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) that allow quantitative assessment of segmental myocardial contraction or stretching and rate of deformation, respectively. Hypothesis: Regional peak systolic St and SR could allow repeatable and reproducible assessment of systolic function of the right (RVW) and left (LVFW) myocardial walls in dogs. Animals: Six healthy Beagle dogs were used to determine the repeatability and reproducibility of regional peak systolic St and SR in the RVW and LVFW (Study 1). These variables were also assessed in 30 healthy dogs of several breeds (Study 2). Methods: Longitudinal peak systolic St and SR were recorded in 2 segments (basal and apical) of the RVW and LVFW. Radial peak systolic St and SR of the LVFW were also assessed. Results: All within‐and most (7/10) between‐day coefficients of variation were < 15%. Absolute values of the longitudinal deformation indices were significantly higher (P < .001) in the RVW (St = ‐39.5 ± 5.5% and SR = ‐5.2 ± 0.8 s‐1 at the base; St = ‐36.3 ± 4.3% and SR = ‐4.7 ± 1.1 s‐1 at the apex) than in the LVFW. Absolute values were also higher for the radial (St = 62.9 ± 10.4% and SR = 5.8 ± 1.1 s‐1, P < .001) than for the longitudinal LFVW motions. Conclusions and clinical importance: St and SR imaging is a repeatable and reproducible method for assessing systolic myocardial function. The combination of these indices with conventional echocardiographic variables may be useful for screening canine myocardial diseases.
Heart Disease as a Cause of Death in Insured Swedish Dogs Younger Than 10 Years of Age
Authors: Egenvall Agneta , Bonnett Brenda N. , Häggström Jens 
Published: March 2010

Background: Population‐based information on disease occurrence is paramount in clinical decision making and in designing preventative measures, but such information is scarce.Hypothesis: The risk of cardiac death is higher in certain breeds and mortality varies by age and sex.Dogs: Dogs that were life insured by an animal insurance company between 1995 and 2002.Methods: The mortality pattern for heart disease in insured dogs up to 10 years of age was studied. The influences of sex, age, breed, month, and geographic location were investigated by means of incidence rates, proportions, and survival proportions. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model time to heart disease.Results: 405,376 dogs contributed to a denominator of 1,431,933 dog‐years at risk (DYAR) and 3,049 dogs had been assigned a cardiac‐related diagnosis as cause of death. The cardiac‐related mortality for dogs < 10 years of age, was 21.3 deaths per 10,000 DYAR. This mortality in males and females was 27.3 deaths and 15.4 deaths per 10,000 DYAR, respectively. Twelve of 54 breeds had a point estimate above the overall rate. The 3 breeds with the highest point estimates were: Irish Wolfhounds, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, and Great Danes (rates of 356, 247, and 179 deaths per 10,000 DYAR, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Breed, age, and sex affect cardiac mortality in certain breeds of dogs, but no effects of month and geographic location were identified. These findings can assist clinicians in establishing diagnoses, and can assist breeders in defining priorities for preventative measures.
Echocardiographic Assessment of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract in the Boxer
Authors: Koplitz S.L. , Meurs K.M. , Bonagura J.D. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Soft, variable ejection murmurs are common in Boxers and are associated with increased left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) ejection velocities. Whether these murmurs are physiologic or indicate mild aortic stenosis is controversial. Ejection velocity is impacted by LVOT area and ventricular stroke volume (SV), suggesting that these variables are pertinent to murmur development.Hypothesis: Boxers with ejection murmurs have a smaller LVOT and equivalent SV indices, compared with values in dogs without murmurs.Animals: Three age‐and weight‐matched groups of dogs—15 Boxers with soft ejection murmurs (group I); 15 Boxers without murmurs (group II); and 15 nonBoxer dogs without murmurs (group III) — were studied.Methods: All dogs underwent 2‐dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations. The LVOT size at multiple levels; LVOT ejection velocity, stroke distance, and SV index; and right ventricular SV index were determined and compared by analysis of variance.Results: Indexed LVOT areas in Boxer groups were not different, but were significantly smaller than those of non‐Boxer dogs. Ejection velocities and stroke distances were significantly different across all groups, with group I having the highest and group III having the lowest values. Doppler SV indices (ml/m2) for group‐I versus group‐II Boxers were 70±16(SD) versus 62±12 for the LVOT (P= .27) and 58±12 versus 48±9 for the right ventricle (P= .14).Conclusions and clinical importance: These data suggest that a relatively smaller LVOT in Boxers predisposes them to increased ejection velocity and development of murmurs. The contribution of SV to the genesis of these often labile murmurs requires additional study.
Doppler Echocardiographic Prediction of Pulmonary Hypertension in West Highland White Terriers with Chronic Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Schober Karsten E. , Baade Hanno 
Published: March 2010

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is commonly diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography (DE) of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). However, TR may be absent or difficult to measure.Hypothesis: Doppler‐derived systolic time intervals of pulmonary artery (PA) flow may be used to predict PH in dogs.Animals: Seventy‐three healthy dogs and 45 West Highland white terriers (WHWT) with interstitial pulmonary disease (IPD).Methods: Echocardiographic studies, including determination of right ventricular acceleration time (AT), ejection time (ET), and AT:ET ratio; right ventricular shortening fraction (RV‐SF); and TR velocity, were performed. Pulmonary hypertension was defined by TR > 3.1 m/s.Results: In healthy WHWT, AT (median, range) was 73 ms (53 to 104) and AT:ET was 0.40 (0.28 to 0.55). AT:ET was minimally affected by age (R2= 0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01–0.07, P < .001) but not by heart rate, body weight, or RV‐SF. In all WHWT with TR, AT and AT: ET were inversely related to calculated systolic PA pressure (R2= 0.52, 95% CI 0.42–0.62, P < .001 andR2= 0.36, 95% CI 0.29–0.42, P = .001). Clinical cutoffs to predict systolic PH were defined for AT (58 ms; sensitivity [Se] 88% and specificity [Sp] 80%) and AT:ET (0.31; Se 73% and Sp 87%).Conclusion and Clinical Importance: PH is common in WHWT with IPD. Analysis of right ventricular AT and AT: ET may be predictive of PH and should be particularly useful if TR is absent.
Treatment of Dogs with Lymphoma Using a 12‐Week, Maintenance‐Free Combination Chemotherapy Protocol
Authors: Simon D. , Nolte I. , Eberle N. , Abbrederis N. , Killich M. , Hirschberger J. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Treatment of lymphoma in dogs by long‐term chemotherapy has favorable results. However, the efficacy of short‐term, maintenance‐free treatment protocols on remission and survival times in dogs has not been determined.Hypothesis: That treatment using a 12‐week chemotherapy protocol would be associated with satisfactory treatment outcome in dogs with lymphoma.Animals: 77 dogs with histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of lymphoma.Methods: Prospective clinical trial in which dogs were treated with a 12‐week chemotherapy protocol consisting of L‐asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisolone.Results: Complete remission rate was 76.3%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that clinical substage (P= .006) and immunophenotype (P= .003) had a significant influence on the likelihood of a dog achieving complete remission. Median duration of first complete remission was 243 days (range 19–1, 191 days). The 6‐month, 1‐year, and 2‐year remission rates were 68%, 28%, and 16%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis of patient variables, immunophenotype (P= .022) revealed a significant influence on first remission duration. Toxicosis was mild with the exception of 1 treatment‐associated death.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In this group of dogs the 12‐week maintenance‐free chemotherapy protocol was well tolerated and had satisfactory results.