Abstract PO4-04-08: Design and Development of the APIS ESR1 Mutations Kit to Detect Eleven Mutations Relevant to Acquired Endocrine Therapy Resistance
Authors: Gasior Anna , Whitfield Colette , Campbell Anita , Hoy Christine , Holdsworth Sally , Mukose Jesse , Nana Ryan , Shammakhi Sahar , Scales Benjamin , Gorniak Joanna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Introduction:
Estrogen receptor 1 (ER/ESR1) mutations have arisen as key biomarkers for endocrine therapy resistance in ER positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) patients: detecting these mutations is key to guiding researchers to better understand acquired resistance during treatment. Ongoing clinical trials, which explore the prevalence of ESR1 mutations under various treatments, commonly use next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based assays. However, the NGS panels available are costly, can have long turnaround times and require specialist equipment and software. Research use only digital PCR assays are also available but have similar drawbacks to NGS. A targeted qPCR-based assay is more time and cost effective, and does not require specialist equipment.
Here, we demonstrate the APIS ESR1 Mutations Kit, a targeted, sensitive, and robust qualitative qPCR assay able to detect eleven ESR1 mutations across ESR1 exons 5 (E380Q), 7 (S463P) and 8 (P535H, L536R, L536Q, L536H, L536P, Y537C, Y537S, Y537N and D538G). The assay is designed to assess circulating-free DNA (cfDNA) samples, reducing the need for invasive procedures in clinical settings and can make use of standard cfDNA extraction kits. Therefore, the APIS ESR1 Mutations Kit provides the flexibility for researchers in any conventional molecular biology laboratory to explore ESR1 mutations with high sensitivity and specificity.
Methods:
The APIS ESR1 Mutations Kit provides all components and controls required to assess samples. For kit development, mutation-specific DNA fragments were spiked into wildtype background DNA (either cfDNA extracted from pooled healthy donor plasma, human genomic DNA, or DNA fragments); the Limit of Blank (LoB) and Limit of Detection (LoD) were determined using these samples. To determine linearity, a dilution series of DNA fragments ranging from 5 to 10,000 copies per reaction was assessed. All PCR runs were performed using a QuantStudio™5 Dx (ThermoFisher) instrument.
Results:
The performance studies showed the APIS ESR1 Mutations Kit can detect D538G at 0.4 % mutant allele frequency (MAF) and Y537S at 0.06 % MAF. All other mutations can be detected at ≤ 1.0 % MAF. By using clamp and blocking technologies, each design is mutation specific, enabling identification of specific amino acid mutations. In addition, the assays can perform in high wild-type backgrounds, enabling lower limit of blanks with ≥95% confidence and threshold cut-offs to enhance the sensitivity of the assay. The linearity of each target is within 90-110% from 50 to 10,000 copies per reaction.
Conclusions:
The ESR1 Mutations Kit demonstrated high sensitivity and performance as a qualitative qPCR assay to detect eleven ESR1 mutations.
Table. Mutations detected with the APIS ESR1 Mutations Kit
Citation Format: Anna Gasior, Colette Whitfield, Anita Campbell, Christine Hoy, Sally Holdsworth, Jesse Mukose, Ryan Nana, Sahar Shammakhi, Benjamin Scales, Joanna Gorniak. Design and Development of the APIS ESR1 Mutations Kit to Detect Eleven Mutations Relevant to Acquired Endocrine Therapy Resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-04-08.