bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A detailed paleomagnetic record between 2.1 and 2.75 Ma at IODP Site U1314 in the North Atlantic: Geomagnetic excursions and the Gauss‐Matuyama transition
Authors: Ohno Masao , Hayashi Tatsuya , Komatsu Fumiki , Murakami Fumi , Zhao Meng , Guyodo Yohan , Acton Gary , Evans Helen F. , Kanamatsu Toshiya 
Published: April 2012

This study investigated the detailed geomagnetic field variation between 2.1 and 2.75 Ma from a sediment core (IODP Site U1314) with high sedimentation rate (≥10 cm/kyr) and good age control. Characteristic remanent magnetization directions were well resolved by stepwise alternating field demagnetization. As a proxy of relative paleointensity, natural remanent magnetization (NRM) normalized by anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) was used after testing that the influence of magnetic interaction in ARM is negligible. As a result, the following features of the geomagnetic field in the studied period have been revealed. During the transition of the Gauss‐Matuyama (G‐M) reversal and the Réunion Subchron, the paleointensity decreased to the value lower than 20% of the average intensity in the whole studied interval. In addition to these lows, eight paleointensity lows were found associated with large directional changes that satisfy the definition of a geomagnetic excursion. Four of these have ages close to ages reported for geomagnetic excursions in prior studies, whereas the other four excursions have not previously been observed. In our results, we confirm that the G‐M transition occurred in marine isotope stage 103 even if we consider the shift in depth due to the lock‐in process of magnetic particles. The temporal variation in paleointensity showed asymmetric behavior associated with the G‐M transition, with a gradual decrease prior to the transition and a rapid recovery after the transition.
Lithospheric flexure in the Sichuan Basin and Longmen Shan at the eastern edge of Tibet
Authors: Fielding Eric J. , McKenzie Dan 
Published: April 2012

The mountain range at the steep eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, the Longmen Shan, was deformed by a Mw7.9 earthquake with oblique thrust and strike‐slip motion in 2008. The tectonic processes and structure of the lithosphere beneath this range have been controversial. Gravity measurements reflect the distribution of mass within the Earth, including the large load of rock above the geoid in mountain ranges. We investigate the response of the lithosphere to the load of the Longmen Shan and estimate the flexural rigidity or effective elastic thicknessTeusing new gravity data acquired by recent satellites and the combined GOCO2S and EIGEN‐6c datasets. The free‐air gravity anomalies over the Longmen Shan show that its mass is supported by flexure of the adjacent Sichuan Basin lithosphere, similar to the flexural support of the Himalayas. Analysis of a stacked profile of the free‐air anomalies shows that the effective elastic thickness of the basin lithosphere is greater than 10 km, but has a broad minimum misfit function with no upper limit on the thickness. Two‐dimensional admittance analysis shows theTe of easternmost Tibet is very low, approximately 7 km.
Aeolian transport in the field: A comparison of the effects of different surface treatments
Authors: Dong Zhibao , Lv Ping , Zhang Zhengcai , Qian Guangqiang , Luo Wanyin 
Published: April 2012

Aeolian transport represents the result of wind–surface interactions, and therefore depends strongly on variations in the characteristics of the sediment surface. We conducted field observations of aeolian transport of typical dune sand in three 80 m × 80 m plots with different surface treatments: gravel‐covered sand, enclosed shifting sand, and open (unprotected) shifting sand. The study was performed at the Shapotou Aeolian Experiment Site in the southeastern part of China's Tengger Desert to compare the effects of these different surface treatments on aeolian transport. To do so, we analyzed the flux density profiles and transport rates above each surface. The flux density profiles for all three treatments followed the exponential decay law that was proposed by most previous researchers to describe the saltation flux density profiles. Coefficients of the exponential decay function were defined as a function of the surface and the wind velocity. The enclosed and open plots with shifting sand had similar flux density profiles, but the flux density above gravel‐covered plots showed that transport decayed more slowly with increasing height, producing flux density profiles with a higher average saltation height. The transport rate above the three treatment plots tended to increase proportionally with the cube of the mean wind velocity and with the maximum wind velocity during the observation period, but was more strongly correlated with the square of drift potential. Transport rates above the plot with open shifting sand were greater than those above the plots with enclosed shifting sand and the gravel‐covered plot.
Pressure tunes electrical resistivity by four orders of magnitude in amorphous Ge
2
Sb
2
Te
5
phase-change memory alloy
Authors: Xu M. , Cheng Y. Q. , Wang L. , Sheng H. W. , Meng Y. , Yang W. G. , Han X. D. , Ma E. 
Published: April 2012

Ge-Sb-Te-based phase-change memory is one of the most promising candidates to succeed the current flash memories. The application of phase-change materials for data storage and memory devices takes advantage of the fast phase transition (on the order of nanoseconds) and the large property contrasts (e.g., several orders of magnitude difference in electrical resistivity) between the amorphous and the crystalline states. Despite the importance of Ge-Sb-Te alloys and the intense research they have received, the possible phases in the temperature–pressure diagram, as well as the corresponding structure–property correlations, remain to be systematically explored. In this study, by subjecting the amorphous Ge
2
Sb
2
Te
5
(
a
-GST) to hydrostatic-like pressure (
P
), the thermodynamic variable alternative to temperature, we are able to tune its electrical resistivity by several orders of magnitude, similar to the resistivity contrast corresponding to the usually investigated amorphous-to-crystalline (
a
-GST to rock-salt GST) transition used in current phase-change memories. In particular, the electrical resistivity drops precipitously in the
P
= 0 to 8 GPa regime. A prominent structural signature representing the underlying evolution in atomic arrangements and bonding in this pressure regime, as revealed by the ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, is the reduction of low-electron-density regions, which contributes to the narrowing of band gap and delocalization of trapped electrons. At
P
> 8 GPa, we have observed major changes of the average local structures (bond angle and coordination numbers), gradually transforming the
a
-GST into a high-density, metallic-like state. This high-pressure glass is characterized by local motifs that bear similarities to the body-centered-cubic GST (
bcc
-GST) it eventually crystallizes into at 28 GPa, and hence represents a
bcc
-type polyamorph of
a
-GST.
Sawtooth control using electron cyclotron current drive in ITER demonstration plasmas in DIII-D
Authors: Chapman I.T. , La Haye R.J. , Buttery R.J. , Heidbrink W.W. , Jackson G.L. , Muscatello C.M. , Petty C.C. , Pinsker R.I. , Tobias B.J. , Turco F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Sawtooth control using electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) has been demonstrated in ITER-like plasmas with a large fast ion fraction, wide q = 1 radius and long uncontrolled sawtooth period in DIII-D. The sawtooth period is minimized when the ECCD resonance is just inside the q = 1 surface. Sawtooth destabilization using driven current inside q = 1 avoids the triggering of performance-degrading neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs), even at much higher pressure than required in the ITER baseline scenario. Operation at βN = 3 without 3/2 or 2/1 NTMs has been achieved in ITER demonstration plasmas when sawtooth control is applied using only modest ECCD power. Numerical modelling qualitatively confirms that the achieved driven current changes the local magnetic shear sufficiently to compensate for the stabilizing influence of the energetic particles in the plasma core.
Nonlinear control for stabilization of small neoclassical tearing modes in ITER
Authors: Hennen B.A. , Lauret M. , Hommen G. , Heemels W.P.M.H. , de Baar M.R. , Westerhof E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this paper, the feasibility of feedback stabilization of neoclassical tearing modes at small island sizes, corresponding to otherwise unstable island sizes in ITER scenario 2, is demonstrated. The islands are stabilized by application of electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive in a regime where the application of current drive in open loop normally results in a complete suppression of the island. By applying current drive in closed loop with feedback of real-time measurements of the island width, complete suppression is avoided and the island is stabilized at a specific reduced size. In contrast to complete suppression, control of islands at a specific size will allow the manipulation of a plasma's current density profile in hybrid scenarios. Three conceptual (non-)linear feedback controllers with varying complexity, performance, robustness and required model knowledge are introduced. Simulations show the theoretical feasibility of small island stabilization at a specific reduced width. The controllers are applied to the generalized Rutherford equation, which governs the island evolution subject to electron cyclotron current drive. A strategy for the gradual implementation of the controllers is suggested. Stabilization of small islands by feedback control will allow the use of system identification to extend the model knowledge on the evolution of small islands, and in addition will extend the operational regime.
Analysis of an Emerging Market: Can Methyl Iodide Substitute for Methyl Bromide?
Authors: Hueth Brent , McWilliams Bruce , Sunding David , Zilberman David 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRecent amendments to the Montreal Protocol specify a 100% reduction in methyl bromide consumption in all developed countries by the year 2005 (except for “critical uses”). In this paper we consider one possible chemical substitute to methyl bromide, methyl iodide, that until recently has received little attention as a potential alternative. We examine the viability of methyl iodide using information from studies of the economic benefits of methyl bromide to California agricultural producers and of methyl iodide effectiveness in preplant fumigation experiments, and from an assessment of the world market for iodine.
How Unilateral Economic Sanctions Affect the Farm Economy: An Inter‐Industry Analysis
Authors: Wiese Arthur M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper examines how unilateral economic sanctions affect the U.S. farm economy. A key result is that the total impact of unilateral sanctions on the U.S. economy is larger than the direct impacts on industries whose exports have been constrained (in some cases more than twice as large). Thus, while the direct burden of sanctions may fall on a narrow set of industries, the analysis reveals the extent to which the impacts spill over into other sectors of the economy, an area to date that has not received adequate attention.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) Microspectroscopic Genetic Expression of the Waxy Trait in Isogenic Durum and Common Wheat
Authors: Brewer Lauren R. , Wetzel David L. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe aim of recent breeding activity is to develop new wheat lines that incorporate desirable traits that are advantageous in baking and milling. Waxy wheats differ from wild‐type ones in functionality, end use, and biochemical contents (e.g., amylopectin/amylose ratios and lipid contents). Previous waxy wheat investigations focused only on differences in the carbohydrate and protein fractions. The goals of this work were to apply chemical imaging to discriminate between waxy and wild‐type wheats and to define contrasting lipid profiles that occur in the deliberate alteration of the carbohydrate fraction. Fourier transform infrared (IR) microspectroscopic in situ probing and imaging of kernel sections was applied with the use of high spatial resolution. Mid‐IR provided chemical manifestation of lipid genetic expression in isogenic samples. All waxy wheat specimens contained higher lipid content, mostly in the form of glycolipids. The relative lipid profiles differed among common, durum, and waxy wheats. Isogenic partial waxy cultivars and advanced breeding lines were also examined.
Solubility of Haloether Anesthetics in Human and Animal Blood
Authors: Soares Joao H. N. , Brosnan Robert J. , Fukushima Fabíola B. , Hodges Joanne , Liu Hong 
Published: April 2012

Background
Anesthetic blood solubility predicts pharmacokinetics for inhaled agents and is essential for determination of blood anesthetic concentrations from end-tidal gas concentrations using Henry's Law. Though used to model anesthetic effects in humans, there are limited interspecies solubility comparisons that include modern haloethers. This study aimed to measure hematocrit-adjusted blood:gas anesthetic partition coefficients (λ B:G) for desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane in humans and animals.

Methods
Whole blood was collected from 20 rats, 8 horses, and 4 each of cats, cattle, humans, dogs, goats, pigs, rabbits, and sheep. Plasma or cell volume was removed to adjust all samples to a packed cell volume of 40%. A single-agent calibration gas headspace was added to blood in a glass syringe and was mixed and equilibrated at 37°C for 2 h. Agent concentrations in the calibration gas and syringe headspace were measured using gas chromatography. Anesthetic solubility in saline, citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine, and olive oil were similarly measured.

Results
Except for goats, all animal species had at least one λ B:G measurement that differed significantly from humans. For each agent, λ B:G positively correlated with serum triglyceride concentrations, but this only explained 25% of interspecies variability. Desflurane was significantly less soluble in blood than sevoflurane in some species (e.g., humans) but not in others (e.g., rabbits).

Conclusions
Anesthetic partition coefficients differ significantly between humans and most animals for haloether anesthetics. Because of their similar λ B:G values, goats may be a better animal model for inhaled anesthetic pharmacokinetics in people.
Predictors and Clinical Outcomes from Failed Laryngeal Mask Airway Unique™
Authors: Ramachandran Satya Krishna , Mathis Michael R. , Tremper Kevin K. , Shanks Amy M. , Kheterpal Sachin 
Published: April 2012

Background
Although the estimated risk of life-threatening adverse respiratory events during supraglottic airway device use is rare, the reported rate of events leading to failure of the airway device is 0.2-8%. Little is known about the risk-adjusted prediction of Laryngeal Mask Airway failure requiring rescue tracheal intubation and its impact on patient outcomes.

Methods
All adult patients in whom a laryngeal mask airway (LMA Unique™, uLMA™; LMA North America, Inc., San Diego, CA) was used in ambulatory and nonambulatory anesthesia settings were included. The primary outcome was uLMA™ failure, defined as an airway event requiring uLMA™ removal and tracheal intubation. The secondary outcomes were the incidence of difficult mask ventilation and unplanned hospital admissions.

Results
Of the 15,795 cases included in our study, 170 (1.1%) experienced the primary outcome of uLMA™ failure. More than 60% of patients with uLMA™ failure experienced significant hypoxia, hypercapnia, or airway obstruction, whereas 42% presented with inadequate ventilation related to leak. Four independent risk factors for failed uLMA™ were identified: surgical table rotation, male sex, poor dentition, and increased body mass index. A 3-fold increased incidence of difficult mask ventilation was observed in patients with uLMA™ failure. Among outpatients with uLMA™ failure, 13.7% had unplanned hospital admission, 5.6% of whom needed intensive care for persistent hypoxemia.

Conclusions
The study supports the use of the uLMA™ as an effective supraglottic airway device with a relatively low failure rate. However, there are clinically relevant consequences of uLMA™ failure, as evidenced by the high rate of acute respiratory events and need for unplanned hospital admissions.
Limited mitochondrial DNA variation within South Africa's black rhino (Diceros bicornis minor) population and implications for management
Authors: Anderson‐Lederer Rosalynn M. , Linklater Wayne L. , Ritchie Peter A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe taxonomy of African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) remains unresolved. Maintaining levels of genetic diversity and species rescue by reintroduction and restocking requires its resolution. We compared the sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region for a total of 101 D. bicornis from three subspecies: D. b. minor, D. b. michaeli and D. b. bicornis. A single unique haplotype was found within the 65 D. b. minor samples from KwaZulu‐Natal (KZN) Province, South Africa, 55 of which came from Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Game Park (HiP) and Mkuzi Game Reserve (MGR) source populations. However, six different haplotypes were represented in eleven D. b. minor samples from Zimbabwe. Similarly, published autosomal microsatellite data indicate low levels of diversity within the KZN D. b. minor populations. The low levels of mtDNA diversity within the KZN metapopulation point to the possible need for genetic supplementation. However, there is a need to determine whether the low levels of genetic variation within KZN D. b. minor are a result of the recent bottleneck or whether KZN historically always had low diversity.
Dysregulated adipokine metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Breyer Marie‐Kathrin , Rutten Erica P.A. , Locantore Nicholas W. , Watkins Michael L. , Miller Bruce E. , Wouters Emiel F.M. ,   on behalf of the ECLIPSE Investigators (Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints)
Published: April 2012

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (9): 983–991AbstractBackground  Research concerning the involvement of body composition and systemic inflammatory markers in adipokine metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still limited. Therefore, we primarily aimed to investigate the adipokine metabolism in relation to these systemic inflammatory biomarkers and to evaluate possible gender‐related differences in the adipokine metabolism in patients with COPD.Materials and methods  One hundred and eighty‐six subjects with COPD [mean (SD) FEV1%pred: 50 (±16)] and 113 controls, matched for age, gender and body composition were selected from the ECLIPSE cohort. The following serological data were collected: serum levels of leptin, adiponectin and systemic inflammatory biomarkers such as C‐reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and fibrinogen.Results  Compared with controls, patients with COPD had higher levels of CRP, IL‐6, fibrinogen and adiponectin. After stratification for gender, men with COPD had higher CRP, IL6 and fibrinogen levels compared with male controls, while women with COPD had higher levels of CRP and fibrinogen compared with the female controls. Moreover, in both female controls and patients with COPD, leptin correlated with CRP and fibrinogen, while leptin only correlated with CRP in male controls. Adiponectin correlated negatively with CRP, only in patients with COPD. Body mass index and gender were the strongest determinants for both leptin and adiponectin.Conclusions  This study shows a gender‐dependent dysregulation of adipokine metabolism in patients with COPD compared with BMI‐matched controls. Furthermore, results from this study suggest a more prominent role of adiponectin in the systemic response to COPD.
The relative importance of deforestation, precipitation change, and temperature sensitivity in determining the future distributions and diversity of Amazonian plant species
Authors: Feeley Kenneth J. , Malhi Yadvinder , Zelazowski Przemyslaw , Silman Miles R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTropical forests are threatened by many human disturbances – two of the most important of which are deforestation and climate change. To mitigate the impacts of these disturbances, it is important to understand their potential effects on the distributions of species. In the tropics, such understanding has been hindered by poor knowledge of the current distributions and range limits of most species. Here, we use herbarium collection records to model the current and future distributions of ca. 3000 Amazonian plant species. We project these distributions into the future under a range of different scenarios related to the magnitude of climate change and extent of deforestation as well as the response of species to changes in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric concentrations of
CO2

. We find that the future of Amazonian diversity will be dependant primarily on the ability of species to tolerate or adapt to rising temperatures. If the thermal niches of tropical plant species are fixed and incapable of expanding under rapid warming, then the negative effects of climate change will overshadow the effects of deforestation, greatly reducing the area of suitable habitat available to most species and potentially leading to massive losses of biodiversity throughout the Amazon. If tropical species are generally capable of tolerating warmer temperatures, rates of habitat loss will be greatly reduced but many parts of Amazonia may still experience rapid losses of diversity, with the effects of enhanced seasonal water stress being similar in magnitude to the effects of deforestation.
Comparison of stem cell properties of cells isolated from normal and inflamed dental pulps
Authors: Pereira L. O. , Rubini M. R. , Silva J. R. , Oliveira D. M. , Silva I. C. R. , Poças‐Fonseca M. J. , Azevedo R. B. 
Published: April 2012

Pereira LO, Rubini MR, Silva JR, Oliveira DM, Silva ICR, Poças‐Fonseca MJ, Azevedo RB. Comparison of stem cell properties of cells isolated from normal and inflamed dental pulps. International Endodontic Journal00, 000–000, 2012.AbstractAim  To compare cells from normal and inflamed human dental pulps regarding the presence of stem cells, their proliferation and differentiation potential.Methodology  Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were isolated from normal (DPSC‐N) and inflamed dental pulps (DPSC‐I). They were compared in respect to proliferation (MTT assay), morphology and STRO‐1 expression. STRO‐1‐positive cells were subject to proliferation (MTT and CFU counting) and morphological analyses and then submitted to odonto‐osteogenic, adipogenic and condrogenic differentiation. Differentiated cells were evaluated concerning morphology and the expression, by qRT‐PCR, of BSP, LPL and SOX‐9 genes. The amount of mineralized matrix produced after odonto‐osteogenic differentiation was compared with quantitative Alizarin Red staining.Results  No difference was observed in the morphology and in the proliferation rate of DPSC‐N and DPSC‐I either before or after separation of STRO‐1‐positive cells. These cells represented 0.46% (±0.14) and 0.43% (±0.19) of the cell population from normal and inflamed dental pulps, respectively. Both DPSC‐N and DPSC‐I were capable of differentiating under the three assayed conditions and presented similar patterns for BSP, LPL and SOX‐9 expression. Mineralized matrix production was also compatible. In all the quantitative experiments, differences were found between cells from each patient, either from normal or from inflamed pulps. Nonetheless, there was no statistical difference between these two groups.Conclusion  The morphology, proliferation rate and differentiation potential of DPSC‐I were similar to the observed in DPSC‐N, thus demonstrating that the inflammatory process did not affect the stem cell properties that were assessed.