bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aktuelle Aspekte der ökologisch‐chemischen Bewertung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln
Authors: Beitz Horst 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe use of pesticides demands the assessment of the behaviour of its residues on the treated plants and in the environment. The fate of residues is based on the biochemical degradation in plants, mikrobiological degradation in soils and the photolyzis in atmosphere, on soils and in water. Besides these factors the physical‐chemical processes play a role, such as the evaporation, the wash‐off from the plants and the leaching in deeper lagers of soil and in the groundwater.Many models of the behaviour of residues was developed in the last years which are usual for prognoses. This is especially related to the leaching behaviour in the soil, phytotoxicity of herbicide residues, the fate of residues on plants and the uptake of residues from the soil by plants.
Zur Direktfluorierung von Oberflächen organisch‐chemischer Polymere
Authors: Uhse Eckhardt , Zimmerling Anja , Hass Dieter , Schönherr Martin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLDPE, PVF and PP films were modified by vapour phase fluorination with oxygen‐containing fluorine (5 Vol.‐% of O2) under dynamic and static conditions. Based on measurements of total acidity on the surfaces, the permeation behaviour of n‐pentane and the chemical stability of the fluorinated films the influence of oxygen on the generation of stable barrier layers was investigated. The optimal fluorine content on the surface was found to be 3 to 5% for the 30 μm thick films. The vapour phase fluorination under static conditions has to be prefered in comparison to the fluorination under dynamic conditions.
Zu einigen Problemen der Chemie des Portlandzements
Authors: Wieker Wolfgang , Herr Roland 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAfter describing the main chemical reactions going on during the hydration of portland‐cement, the influence of small increases in the alkali‐ and sulphate content, coming from the introduction of new energy saving cementproduction processes, are discussed. By investigating pore‐ solutions squeezed from, hardened cement pastes it was shown that they contain alkalihydroxides up to 1 mol/l. These alkalihydroxide solutions react with some types of aggregates in the concrete giving alkalisilicate gels, which swell in the presence of humidity, resulting in crack formation and demolishing of the concrete constructions.In addition to this reaction the amount of ettringite (Ca6[Al(OH)6]2 · [SO4]3 · 26H2O) formed from the cement clinker mineral 3CaO · Al2O3 is increased, because of the higher level of sulphate resulting from the fact, that most of the alkalies in the portland cement clinker are present as alkalisulphates. This ettringite is decomposed if the concrete is treated in the temperature range from 50–100°C to accelerate the hardening process. At room temperature ettringite crystallizes again which is accompanied by volume increase resulting in a deterioration of the concrete too. Possibilities to avoid the alkali‐aggregate reaction as well as the secondary ettringite formation are shown.
Latentwärmespeicher — Entwicklung und chemische Probleme
Authors: Emons Hans‐Heinz , Naumann Rüdiger , Schulz Peter , Eildermann Christine , Fülgraff Peter , Günther Andreas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUse of secondary energy sources has a growing importance to supply of energy. The utilization of corresponding heat source potentials frequently requires the adaptation of time or power difference by means of heat storage units. Recent heat storage methods are based on the utilization of reaction heats of reversible reactions or latent heats of phase transformations. Presently, latent heat storage units have the best possibilities of realization. In the range of normal temperatures between 0–120°C storage densities of 200–600 MJ/m3 are obtained on the basis of the phase change liquid‐solid at the melting point of salt hydrates. Mainly kinetic hindrances owing to phase separation, supercooling and heat transport are to be considered for application as a latent heat storage material. Internationally given solutions prefer stabilized compounds in static latent heat storage units. In contrast, with that, in the G.D.R. the dynamic latent heat storage method called „Galisol”︁ has been developed which allows optimum energy yields in narrow temperature ranges of about 10 K with high heat transfer powers. Among the developed 9 substance combinations in the temperature range between 25°C and 120°C up to now technical storage units with working temperatures of 30°C and 60°C have been realized. Various reference plants show the possibilities of application and the technical and economic advantages compared with the traditional heat storage methods.
Photochemische Anwendung von Farbstoffaufdampfschichten
Authors: Böttcher Horst , Fritz Torsten , Vaupel Bernd 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAdvanced high‐vacuum technology enables the reproducable production of evaporated dye layers (EDL). By means of separate sources even the production of multilayers or homogeneous mixtures, e.g. dyes mixed with other evaporable organic or inorganic compounds as metal halides or oxides (“norganics”), is possible. Pure and mixed EDL's show a lot of specific electrical and optical properties which can be used in different fields of application, e. g. charge transfer and generation processes in information recording and solar storage, color microfilters and optical data storage. The survey resumes recent results of authors and literature data.
Über den Einfluß von Ultraschall auf chemische Reaktionen
Authors: Rehorek Detlef , Schöffauer Steffen , Hennig Horst 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAt sufficiently high intensities ultrasonic irradiation of liquids causes cavitation which leads to extremely high local temperatures and pressures. Therefore, chemical reactions may be accelerated by ultrasound. This effect is called sonochemistry. Using representative examples from both homogeneous and heterogeneous chemistry, the applications of sonochemistry in synthetic chemistry are illustrated.
Synthese und Reaktionen der P‐Halogen‐phosphonium‐ylide, R2P(X)=CR2
Authors: Kolodiažnyi Oleg I. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractP Halogeno phosphonium ylides are readily available reagents possessing high activity and various chemical properties. Several methods exist for the synthesis of P halogeno phosphonium ylides: reaction of tertiary phosphines with carbon tetrachloride, dehydro‐halogenation of phosphonium salts, and halogenotropic rearrangement of α‐halogenoalkylphosphines. The interaction of P halogeno phosphonium ylides with carbonyl Compounds yields [2 + 2] ‐cycloaddition products which, depending on their structure, decompose to form allylphosphonates, vinylphosphonates, organophosphorus ketens, thioketens or ketenimines. P Halogeno phosphonium ylide posses a high phosphorylating ability. Their P=C double bond readily adds different nucleophiles, containing mobile hydrogen to form phosphonium salts. The reversible migrations of the chlorine atom from α‐carbon atom to the phosphorus atom proceeding with the change of phosphorus coordination number PIV ⇌ PIII are typical for P halogeno phosphonium ylides.
Elektrochemische Gasentwicklung ‐ Entwicklung von Wasserstoff, Chlor und Sauerstoff
Authors: Müler Lothar , Heidrich Hans‐jörg , Schultz Benno 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHydrogen, chlorine and oxygen evolution processes at platinum electrodes are reviewed. The dependence of overvoltage, gassupersatuation and gas‐bubble parameters on current density, temperature, electrolyte concentration and porosity of electrode surface are discussed. An attempt is made to explain the similarities as well as the differences in the behaviour of the three gas evolving electrodes.
Untersuchungen im Wittig‐System nach einem ordnenden Konzept auf der Basis alternativer Prinzipien
Authors: Bandmann Heinz , Bartik Tamás , Bauckloh Sylvia , Behler Ansgar , Brille Frank , Heimbach Paul , Louven Johannes‐Wilhelm , Ndalut Paulo , Preis Heinz‐Günther , Zeppenfeld Eva 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOur results show that the stereoselectivity of the Wittig‐reaction can be controlled by the variation of substituents in accord with the ORDERING CONCEPT OF ALTERNATIV PRINCIPLES [1] (individual pairs, known and unknown classes of alternatives). The “all‐phenyl‐Wittig‐system” having three phenyl groups on phosphorous two in ylid and aldehyd‐position was chosen as a standard for our investigations. Differentiation in ylid‐position and compensations on phosphorous and aldehyd‐position were observed by the comparison of “patterns”. Consequently, most of the selectivity rules of Wittig‐reactions can be explained by the differentiation through alternatives in the ylid‐position. Inversion or conservation of the “patterns” of measured data points to the variation in structure of starting materials, reaction rates and selectivities. Amount controls were also described in certain systems.
Ausgewählte Methoden der Korrelationsanalyse am Beispiel der Spurenelementrelationen im menschlichen Körper
Authors: Henrion Günter , Henrion René , Bacsó Jozsef , Uzonyi Imre 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSelected methods from uni‐ and multivariate analysis of correlation are discussed and applied to a 3‐dimensional data array of the object‐variable occasion type. The data resulted from trace element determinations (by x‐ray fluorescence analysis) in human tissues. Special attention is devoted to 3‐way principal component analysis, partial least squares, linear characteristics and the nonparametric rank correlation coefficient by Kendall. It is shown that the correlations between interior human tissues (brain, liver, kidney) are strongly governed by a specific set of toxic trace elements (As, Se, Hg, Pb, Ni). However the relations between tissues and hair, which are of special interest in medicine, turn out to be rather weak. This results in an unsatisfactory prediction of toxic elements in tissues by those in hair.
Communication of Genetic Risk Information to Daughters in Families with Fragile X Syndrome: The Parent's Perspective
Authors: McConkie‐Rosell Allyn , Del Giorno Jacqueline , Heise Elizabeth Melvin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractParental approaches to communicating information about genetic disorders to their children may be an important determinant in how the children manage stress as well as their adjustment and adaptation to that information. We explored communication patterns through structured interviews with 46 parents of daughters who learned about their genetic risk status as minors. Three different levels of knowledge about fragile X syndrome were explored: 1) informing that it has been diagnosed in the family and is an inherited disorder, 2) informing about the possibility of a daughter being a carrier, and 3) if testing had been done, informing the daughter of her actual carrier status. Additionally, parental perceptions of their daughter's understanding of the information were explored along with frequency of discussions. We found that communication about genetic risk was initiated by the parents. Five disclosure patterns were identified with variations in style, content, and frequency of communication related to the information that was being disclosed. Aspects of resilient communication were present for all levels of disclosure; however, as the information became more personally relevant for the daughter such as disclosure about the possibility of “being a carrier” for fragile X syndrome and there was uncertainty regarding potential outcomes, the conversations included fewer resilient characteristics. Uncertainty about what and how to present information may negatively affect a parent's ability to include elements of resilient communication when disclosing genetic risk information.
More Appreciation of Life or Regretting the Test? Experiences of Living as a Mutation Carrier of Huntington's Disease
Authors: Hagberg Anette , Bui The‐Hung , Winnberg Elisabeth 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLittle is known about how the knowledge of being a mutation carrier for Huntington's disease (HD) influences lives, emotionally and socially. In this qualitative study 10 interviews were conducted to explore the long term (>5 years) experiences of being a mutation carrier. The results showed a broad variety of both positive and negative impact on the carriers’ lives. The most prominent positive changes reported were a greater appreciation of life and a tendency to bring the family closer together. On the other hand, some participants expressed decisional regrets and discussed the negative impact this knowledge had on their psychological well‐being. The knowledge variously served as either a motivator or an obstacle in pursuing further education, career or investment in personal health. Deeper understanding of people's reactions to the certainty of knowing they will become affected with HD is essential for the genetic counseling team in order to provide appropriate support.
Characterization of Films with Thickness Less than 10 nm by Sensitivity-Enhanced Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Muraoka Mikio , Komatsu Shinji 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe present a method for characterizing ultrathin films using sensitivity-enhanced atomic force acoustic microscopy, where a concentrated-mass cantilever having a flat tip was used as a sensitive oscillator. Evaluation was aimed at 6-nm-thick and 10-nm-thick diamond-like carbon (DLC) films deposited, using different methods, on a hard disk for the effective Young's modulus defined as E/(1 - ν2), where E is the Young's modulus, and ν is the Poisson's ratio. The resonant frequency of the cantilever was affected not only by the film's elasticity but also by the substrate even at an indentation depth of about 0.6 nm. The substrate effect was removed by employing a theoretical formula on the indentation of a layered half-space, together with a hard disk without DLC coating. The moduli of the 6-nm-thick and 10-nm-thick DLC films were 392 and 345 GPa, respectively. The error analysis showed the standard deviation less than 5% in the moduli.
Investigation on the Plasma-Induced Emission Properties of Large Area Carbon Nanotube Array Cathodes with Different Morphologies
Authors: Liao Qingliang , Qin Zi , Zhang Zheng , Qi Junjie , Zhang Yue , Huang Yunhua , Liu Liang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLarge area well-aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays with different morphologies were synthesized by using a chemical vapor deposition. The plasma-induced emission properties of CNT array cathodes with different morphologies were investigated. The ratio of CNT height to CNT-to-CNT distance has considerable effects on their plasma-induced emission properties. As the ratio increases, emission currents of CNT array cathodes decrease due to screening effects. Under the pulse electric field of about 6 V/μm, high-intensity electron beams of 170–180 A/cm2 were emitted from the surface plasma. The production mechanism of the high-intensity electron beams emitted from the CNT arrays was plasma-induced emission. Moreover, the distribution of the electron beams was in situ characterized by the light emission from the surface plasma.
Large-scale Synthesis of β-SiC Nanochains and Their Raman/Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Meng Alan , Zhang Meng , Gao Weidong , Sun Shibin , Li Zhenjiang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAlthough the SiC/SiO2 nanochain heterojunction has been synthesized, the chained homogeneous nanostructure of SiC has not been reported before. Herein, the novel β-SiC nanochains are synthesized assisted by the AAO template. The characterized results demonstrate that the nanostructures are constructed by spheres of 25–30 nm and conjoint wires of 15–20 nm in diameters. Raman and photoluminescence measurements are used to explore the unique optical properties. A speed-alternating vapor–solid (SA-VS) growth mechanism is proposed to interpret the formation of this typical nanochains. The achieved nanochains enrich the species of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures and may hold great potential applications in nanotechnology.
Large-Scale Fabrication of Boron Nitride Nanotubes via a Facile Chemical Vapor Reaction Route and Their Cathodoluminescence Properties
Authors: Zhong Bo , Huang Xiaoxiao , Wen Guangwu , Yu Hongming , Zhang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao , Bai Hongwei 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCylinder- and bamboo-shaped boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have been synthesized in large scale via a facile chemical vapor reaction route using ammonia borane as a precursor. The structure and chemical composition of the as-synthesized BNNTs are extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selected-area electron diffraction. The cylinder-shaped BNNTs have an average diameter of about 100 nm and length of hundreds of microns, while the bamboo-shaped BNNTs are 100–500 nm in diameter with length up to tens of microns. The formation mechanism of the BNNTs has been explored on the basis of our experimental observations and a growth model has been proposed accordingly. Ultraviolet–visible and cathodoluminescence spectroscopic analyses are performed on the BNNTs. Strong ultraviolet emissions are detected on both morphologies of BNNTs. The band gap of the BNNTs are around 5.82 eV and nearly unaffected by tube morphology. There exist two intermediate bands in the band gap of BNNTs, which could be distinguishably assigned to structural defects and chemical impurities.
Thermal Effects and Small Signal Modulation of 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs Self-Assembled Quantum-Dot Lasers
Authors: Zhao HX , Yoon SF , Tong CZ , Liu CY , Wang R , Cao Q 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe investigate the influence of thermal effects on the high-speed performance of 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers in a wide temperature range (5–50°C). Ridge waveguide devices with 1.1 mm cavity length exhibit small signal modulation bandwidths of 7.51 GHz at 5°C and 3.98 GHz at 50°C. Temperature-dependent K-factor, differential gain, and gain compression factor are studied. While the intrinsic damping-limited modulation bandwidth is as high as 23 GHz, the actual modulation bandwidth is limited by carrier thermalization under continuous wave operation. Saturation of the resonance frequency was found to be the result of thermal reduction in the differential gain, which may originate from carrier thermalization.
Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Based on Vertical ZnO Nanowire Arrays
Authors: Chu Sheng , Li Dongdong , Chang Pai-Chun , Lu Jia G 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Flexible dye-sensitized solar cells are fabricated using vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays that are transferred onto ITO-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates using a simple peel-off process. The solar cells demonstrate an energy conversion efficiency of 0.44% with good bending tolerance. This technique paves a new route for building large-scale cost-effective flexible photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.
A Novel Way for Synthesizing Phosphorus-Doped Zno Nanowires
Authors: Gao Jingyun , Zhao Qing , Sun Yanghui , Li Guo , Zhang Jingmin , Yu Dapeng 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We developed a novel approach to synthesize phosphorus (P)-doped ZnO nanowires by directly decomposing zinc phosphate powder. The samples were demonstrated to be P-doped ZnO nanowires by using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrum, Raman spectra and photoluminescence measurements. The chemical state of P was investigated by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses in individual ZnO nanowires. P was found to substitute at oxygen sites (PO), with the presence of anti-site P on Zn sites (PZn). P-doped ZnO nanowires were high resistance and the related P-doping mechanism was discussed by combining EELS results with electrical measurements, structure characterization and photoluminescence measurements. Our method provides an efficient way of synthesizing P-doped ZnO nanowires and the results help to understand the P-doping mechanism.
Influence of Vegetable Oils on Micellization of Lutein in a Simulated Digestion Model
Authors: Nidhi Bhatiwada , Baskaran V. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLutein and zeaxanthin are selectively accumulated in the macula of the retina, yet their bioavailability is influenced by various dietary factors. Insights regarding the effects of dietary lipids on lutein micellization that is available for absorption are limited. This study investigated the influence of vegetable oils on the relative efficiency of lutein micellization using in vitro digestion procedure. Lutein dispersed in either olive oil (OO), corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SBO), sunflower oil (SFO), groundnut oil (GNO), rice bran oil (RBO) or palm oil (PO) was subjected to simulated gastric and small intestinal digestion. Results showed that the efficiency of micellization of lutein dispersed in olive oil exceeds the other vegetable oils. The percent lutein micellization was in the order of OO > GNO > RBO > SFO > CO > SBO > PO. In comparison, the values for OO were higher than GNO (11%), RBO (18.3%), SFO (19%), CO (21.7%), SBO (30.5%) and PO (35.2%), respectively. These results suggest that OO rich in oleic acid may favor the incorporation of lutein into micelles at the intestinal level. To conclude, the type of vegetable oil in which carotenoids are dispersed is important to achieve an enhanced bioavailable lutein. The correlation between the micellizable lutein and fatty acid composition of vegetable oils are discussed.
Serum Proteome Pool Changes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated with Anakinra
Authors: Koefoed Mette , Larsen Claus M. , Faulenbach Mirjam V. , Vaag Allan , Ehses Jan A. , Donath Marc Y. , McGuire James Norton , Pociot Flemming , Mandrup-Poulsen Thomas 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Introduction
High glucose concentrations induce the production of IL-1β in human pancreatic beta cells leading to impaired insulin secretion, decreased cell proliferation and apoptosis. Blockade of IL-1 signalling with the recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra reduces HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aims of the present study were to identify: (1) candidate surrogates for improved glycemia in type 2 diabetic patients following treatment with anakinra, (2) proteins that change serum concentration because of anakinra treatment and (3) candidate biomarkers that may predict improved glycemia in type 2 diabetic subjects treated with anakinra.

Methods
Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyse serum from 67 type 2 diabetic patients who had received either placebo or anakinra for 13 weeks. Immunodepletion with magnetic protein G bead-coupled antibodies were used to identify three proteins and Western blotting confirmed the biomarker concentration pattern of four proteins.

Results
Twelve proteins, including transthyretin (TTR) and transferrin (Tf), were identified as candidate surrogates for improved glycemia. Six proteins, including retinol-binding protein 4 (RPB4) and a protein tentatively identified as modified apolipoprotein-A1 (apo-AI), increased expression as a consequence of anakinra treatment and four proteins were candidate biomarkers that may predict improved glycemia following anakinra treatment. Furthermore, we found increased RBP4 to be associated with improved beta cell secretory function and increased TTR, RBP4 and modified apo-AI (peak at 28,601 Da) to be associated with decreased inflammation.

Conclusions
Anakinra-induced changes in the serum proteome pool associated with a decreased cardiovascular disease risk, reduced inflammation and improved beta cell secretory function.