bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and sequence of the Ingleton Group, basement to the central Pennines of northern England
Authors: Soper N. J. , Dunning F. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Ingleton Group is a sequence of steeply dipping turbiditic greywackes that crops out in two of the Craven inliers at the southern margin of the Askrigg Block, at Ingleton and in Ribblesdale. The structure has previously been interpreted as a series of concertina-like isoclinal folds, much more intense than the deformation recorded in Late Ordovician–Silurian strata of the overlying Windermere Supergroup. For this reason, the Ingleton Group was long regarded as late Precambrian in age. In 1982 the British Geological Survey (then Institute of Geological Sciences) assigned it to the early Ordovician on the basis of an acritarch assemblage recovered from a single borehole sample.
This paper reports a resurvey based on the ample wayup evidence provided by turbidite bedforms. The greywackes are disposed in a large isoclinal fold pair, the previously recognized Skirwith Syncline in the Ingleton Inlier and the Horton Anticline mapped in Ribblesdale. Some 3 km of strata are exposed on the common limb, and assigned to five lithofacies. A start has been made on lithostratigraphical subdivision, three formations being recognized in the uppermost part of the succession.
Isoclinal folding of the Ingleton Group predates the Acadian (Devonian) deformation of the overlying Silurian strata; the Acadian cleavage is superimposed obliquely across the isoclines and faces down on their inverted limbs. The group records a prelate Ordovician history comprising the deposition of penecontemporaneous continental volcanic arc detritus in a substantial turbidite basin, intrusion of mafic dykes, major folding and low-grade metamorphism, followed by deep erosion.
Uncertainty about the depositional age of the Ingleton Group presents problems as to its affinities. Lithofacies and provenance characteristics match late Neoproterozoic Avalonian interarc basin deposits in the English Midlands and Welsh Borderland, but not the apparently contemporaneous Ordovician Skiddaw and Manx groups. Confirmation of an early Ordovician age would suggest that the deformation history of the Ingleton Group matches that of the Monian Supergroup of Anglesey. The problem is discussed in the context of Ordovician terrane assembly.
Stratigraphical revision of the Windermere Supergroup (Late Ordovician–Silurian in the southern Howgill Fells, NW England
Authors: Rickards R. B. , Woodcock N. H. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Lithostratigraphical and biostratigraphical revisions are reported within the classic Windermere Supergroup succession of the southern Howgill Fells of Cumbria, and a review is provided of the depositional environment of this Late Ordovician and Silurian foreland basin sequence. In particular, a number of key marker beds are described and better located, both geographically and stratigraphically. These markers include: (a) a unit of conglomerate and sandstone, probably syn-glacial, in the upper (Ashgill) part of the Dent Group; (b) the basal, carbonate, Spengill Member (uppermost Ashgill) of the Stockdale Group; (c) the ‘Green Streak’ oxic mudstone higher in the Skelgill Formation (Llandovery) of the same group; (d) the ‘Red Beds’ – newly defined as the Hebblethwaite Member – in the Browgill Formation of the Stockdale Group; and (e) the oxic Coldwell Formation within the predominantly anoxic Tranearth Group (Wenlock). The thick, turbiditic Coniston Group is divided using thin-bedded units rich in anoxic hemipelagic mudstone, and its biostratigraphical zonation and transition into the Bannisdale Formation is better defined. The graptolite
Saetograptus soperi
sp. nov. is described, and shown to characterize a new biozone below the
leintwardinensis
Biozone. The revised division of the Coniston Group allows a new correlation of the group across NW England, defining turbidite system architectures that imply control of sedimentation by syndepositional faults.
Foraminifera, calcareous algae and rugose corals in Brigantian (late Viséan) limestones in NE Ireland
Authors: Cózar P , Somerville H. E. A. , Somerville I. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Upper Viséan rocks in the Kingscourt, Armagh and Cookstown areas of NE Ireland are dated using foraminifera, calcareous algae and rugose corals, and new positions are proposed for the Asbian/Brigantian and early/late Brigantian boundaries. Of particular interest are assemblages of foraminifera and calcareous algae from the Poulmore Scarp section (Kingscourt), which is now recognized as the only section in Ireland to be composed of platform carbonates of latest Brigantian age. This late Brigantian section is correlated with the interval from the Three Yard Limestone to the Great Limestone in northern England.
An unusual crinoid-coral association from the Lower Carboniferous of Clitheroe, Lancashire
Authors: Donovan S. K. , Lewis D. N. , Kabrna P. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A well-preserved calyx of the monobathrid camerate crinoid
Amphoracrinus gilbertsoni
(Phillips) from the Lower Carboniferous (Chadian, Viséan) of Salthill Quarry, Clitheroe, Lancashire, is preserved in close association with a solitary rugose coral. Evidence for the coral being an epizoozoan on the crinoid includes its perpendicular orientation to the calyx, its position at the base of a free arm (B ray) in the AB interray, breakage of the crinoid plates around the coral (calyx ligamentation had not rotted post-mortem), and a growth deformity in the AB interray. The position of the coral indicates that, in life, it was elevated above the sea floor and directed into the prevalent water current by the crinoid. Its position, adjacent to a free arm and growth deformity of the AB interray suggest it was also a parasite on the adoral groove of the crinoid arm.
Late Triassic (Rhaetian) palynomorphs from near York, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Warrington G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A borehole near Strensall has yielded an assemblage of terrestrial and marine palynomorphs of Late Triassic (Rhaetian) age. The borehole includes beds of the Westbury Formation (Penarth Group), and being less than 10 km NNE of York, is the closest proving of that unit to the city.
A review of joints (cleats) in British Carboniferous coals: indicators of palaeostress orientation
Authors: Rippon J. H. , Ellison R. A. , Gayer R. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Joints in coals, arranged (sub) normal to bed boundaries, are commonly termed cleats. Cleat azimuths in Carboniferous coals are reviewed, and are interpreted as reflecting Variscan stress fields across different tectonic settings. Immediately proximal to the Variscan Front (South Wales, Kent), varied cleat azimuths provide evidence of stress deflection and block rotation, whereas north of the Wales-Brabant High (central and northern England), a consistent regional north-westerly maximum horizontal stress is indicated by regionally parallel cleat orientations in most coalfield areas. In the more distal Midland Valley of Scotland, varied cleat azimuths suggest that local structural developments had a significant effect on the stress field. Throughout Britain, major fault zones separate differing cleat sets, suggesting deep crustal compartmentalization during Carboniferous times. In all areas, most main fault movements post-dated the majority of cleats.
An investigation of some sediment-filled fractures within redbed sandstones of the UK
Authors: Hough E. , Pearce J. M. , Kemp S. J. , Williams G. M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Permo-Triassic sandstones form the most important aquifer in northern England. These sandstones are susceptible to contamination from a legacy of industrial development, associated with the expansion of urban areas that include Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Nottingham and Teesside. The permeability of the sandstone is derived from the intergranular pore spaces and fractures. However, unconsolidated sediment found within fractures can have a profound effect on fluid flow, depending on whether it is clay or sand. Sediment-filled fractures are not well described in the literature; consequently there are few observations or measurements of the hydraulic properties of these features that would enable an assessment to be made of their hydro-geological significance, and it is unclear how they should be included in solute transport models. A field survey was undertaken to test whether sediment-filled fractures are a common feature within redbed sandstone terrains. Exposures from most of the main UK Permo-Triassic sedimentary basins, and some from the Devonian Old Red Sandstone in south Wales, were examined. The field survey, which included surface and underground tunnel exposures, enabled the investigation of both unweathered and weathered examples of sediment-filled fractures. Detailed mineralogical and petrographical analysis of fracture fills and host rock indicate that, in some cases, fills are historic, and that there is a component to some fills that indicates a glacial origin. Where the fill is unconsolidated, sediment may be flushed from fractures; this may explain why some water wells abstracting from the Permo-Triassic sandstones of the UK pump large quantities of sand throughout their active life, and this may be a contributory factor to the observation that transmissivity around abstraction wells in sandstone can increase with time. It is likely that, in certain circumstances, sediment-filled fractures may locally alter fluid migration paths through sandstones, which has important implications for the transport of both dissolved contaminants and hydrocarbons.
Reconstructions of the Late Devensian (Dimlington Stadial) British-Irish Ice Sheet: the role of the upper Tees drumlin field, north Pennines, England
Authors: Mitchell W. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
It has long been known that the upland areas of the Pennines, northern England, were a local ice source during the Late Devensian (Dimlington Stadial) glaciation of Britain. However, there has been little detailed work on their significance for ice sheet reconstructions. The presence of drumlins at high elevations within the northern Pennines is reported from the upper reaches of the Tees valley and Harwood Beck. Geomorphological mapping has identified 134 drumlins occurring up to an elevation of 662 m OD in association with superimposed drumlins and drift tails. These landforms, particularly the presence of superimposed forms, enable the reconstruction of two ice flow events associated with a local ice centre that formed during the Late Devensian glaciation in northern England. The earlier flow event was directed straight down the upper Tees valley from a limited source area on the high ground to the east of Cross Fell. The later event indicates a flow direction more transverse to the valley, from a more extensive source area that had migrated and expanded westwards across the high plateau of Cross Fell and southwards towards Dufton Fell. The presence of drumlins at this high altitude indicates sufficient ice thickness to allow basal deformation and suggests that drumlin upper elevation defines a thermal regime above which the plateau ice field was cold based and frozen to the bed. This requires the area to be completely covered by ice. This study demonstrates the importance of these upland areas in detailed reconstructions of a multi-domed, British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS).
Late Holocene debris cone development and vegetation and land-use history in the Pasture Beck valley, Lake District, NW England
Authors: Clark R. , Parker A. G. , Anderson D. E. , Wilson P. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Investigations of a sedimentary sequence exposed in the distal margin of a small debris cone in the valley of Pasture Beck, eastern Lake District, have yielded detailed information concerning the time and nature of cone aggradation phases and the local vegetation and land-use history. Radiocarbon dates from two buried peat beds indicate that the cone surface was generally stable from the late 8
th
to the early 13
th
centuries AD (1165–736 cal. BP). An interlude of colluvial gravel deposition interrupted peat accumulation and was probably the result of a single short-lived event. Gravel-dominated beds represent deposition of reworked rockfall debris and glacial drift by cohesionless debris flows, whereas finer-grain beds are probably the result of sheet-flows derived by washout of fines from debris-flow deposits. The stratigraphic evidence indicates that the minerogenic sediments accumulated in quick succession. Pollen and charcoal data from peat samples reveal intensification of land-use before burial of the peats by minerogenic sediments. It is proposed that landscape instability was associated first with Norse-Irish settlement and woodland clearance, and later, probably, to the expansion of upland pastures and more intensive grazing in the 13
th
century AD. When the Pasture Beck data is considered along with information from elsewhere in the British Isles, it is apparent that not all patterns of Late Holocene landscape change in upland areas can be ascribed to a single cause.
The glacial stratigraphy of lowland southern and eastern Britain: temperate-stage deposits at Morston and Kirmington
Authors: Gale S. J. , Hoare P. G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The recent suggestion that no warm-stage deposits have yet been found separating glacial sediments in lowland southern and eastern Britain is shown to be incorrect. At Morston, on the coast of north Norfolk, an ancient beach succession with a temperate pollen assemblage rests upon till closely comparable with the Marly Drift, usually considered to be of Anglian age, and is overlain by Late Devensian Hunstanton Till. At Kirmington, in NE Lincolnshire, estuarine silts containing a thin peat bed with a limited temperate pollen spectrum separate tills assigned to the Anglian and Late Devensian stages.
A marine reptile fauna from the Early Jurassic Saltford Shale (Blue Lias Formation) of central England
Authors: Smith A. S. , Radley J. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A previously undocumented marine reptile fauna comprising well-preserved ichthyosaur and plesiosaur remains is described from the Early Jurassic Saltford Shale Member within the Blue Lias Formation of central England. Two ichthyosaur genera are recognized, namely
Leptonectes
and
Ichthyosaurus,
as well as generically indeterminate remains of plesiosaurs. The specimens include partly-articulated skeletons, reflecting preservation in dysaerobic argillaceous sediment in a dominantly low-energy setting on the English East Midlands Shelf.
Ostracods, ancient and modern: a review of John Neale’s scientific contribution
Authors: Lord A. R. , Horne D. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
During a professional career of 42 years, John Neale published 106 scientific papers and book chapters, and edited 5 books, mainly concerning the bivalved crustacean group Ostracoda. Although dominantly taxonomic in nature, this body of work encompasses an extraordinary range of material, both living and fossil, from late Jurassic to modern in age, from a range of marine and non-marine environments, and demonstrates a pioneering combination of palaeontological and zoological methods.
Regional evolution of a fluviodeltaic cyclic succession in the Marsdenian (late Namurian Stage, Pennsylvanian) of the Central Pennine Basin, UK
Authors: Waters C. N. , Chisholm J. I. , Benfield A. C. , O’Beirne A. M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Basin-wide analysis of sedimentary facies, isopachytes and palaeocurrents for two late Marsdenian (Pennsylvanian) sedimentary cycles within part of the Millstone Grit Group, has led to a new sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of the relationships between its constituent sandstone units (currently named the Huddersfleld White Rock, Chatsworth Grit, Brooksbottoms Grit, Holcombe Brook Grit, Brown Edge Flags and Redmires Flags). The
Bilinguites superbilinguis
(R
2c
1) and
Verneulites sigma
(R
2c
2) marine bands are related to fourth-order marine highstands, and show faunal variations that possibly reflect fifth-order sea-level fluctuations. The lower R
2c
1 cycle consists entirely of relatively deep water (basin floor) mudstone. The overlying R
2c
2 cycle shows an upward regressive passage from similar mudstone through pro-delta and delta-slope deposits to mouthbar and channel sandstones. The latter comprises an ‘eastern inflow’ of northerly provenance, the distribution of which was not influenced by the underlying basement configuration, and a ‘southern inflow’ sourced from the Wales-Brabant High. Falling sea-levels resulted in progressive narrowing of the fluvial pathway within the ‘main sandstone body’ of the ‘eastern inflow’, with a concomitant increase in flow velocities and grainsize. At lowstand, this culminated in the Chatsworth palaeovalley, 25 km wide, the basal surface of which can be correlated into the interfluve areas as a leached palaeosol. ‘Higher sandstone bodies’, where developed, are of two kinds: an earlier set present outside the palaeovalley was formed during regression, and a later set within the palaeovalley was formed as sea level rose. As part of this transgressive systems tract, a
Lingula
band developed across the flooded Chatsworth palaeovalley and its interfluve margin. The transgression culminated in the highstand of the
Cancelloceras cancellatum
(
G
1a
1) Marine Band.
The holotype of the trigonotarbid arachnid
Maiocercus orbicularis
Gill, 1911, a junior synonym of
M. celticus
(Pocock, 1902)
Authors: Craven D. J. , Dunlop J. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The recently rediscovered holotype of the fossil arachnid
Maiocercus orbicularis
Gill, 1911 (Arachnida: Trigonotarbida), from the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, Westphalian A) of Westhoughton near Bolton, is described and figured from its repository in the Bolton Museum. Its status as a junior synonym of
Maiocercus celticus
(Pocock, 1902) is confirmed.
Lateglacial vegetation change in East Yorkshire: a radiocarbon dated pollen sequence from Routh Quarry, Beverley
Authors: Gearey B. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Pollen and radiocarbon analyses of Lateglacial Interstadial deposits from Routh Quarry, East Yorkshire, indicate the growth of open, herb-rich grassland vegetation during the early part of the Interstadial. The subsequent expansion of birch and juniper scrubland appears to have been accompanied by a brief period of landscape stability prior to a contraction in both taxa, probably as a result of a climatic cooling. A series of fluctuations in the representation of birch during the later part of the Interstadial may likewise be related to periods of climatic cooling identified in other proxy records from Britain and Europe. Successional processes at the site resulted in the growth of a brown moss fen, which in turn led to changes in the representation of certain pollen taxa, possibly connected to taphonomic factors resulting from changes in pollen source area as much as actual vegetation change. The transition to the Loch Lomond Stadial is not clearly resolved palynologically, but appears to have led to the destabilization of local soils and the deposition of a clay-silt layer over the fen deposits.
The cladid crinoid
Gissocrinus
Angelin from Wenlock Edge, Shropshire (Silurian)
Authors: Donovan S. K. , Lewis D. N. , Veltkamp C. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Complete fossil crinoids are well known from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation (Silurian, Wenlock, Homerian), but are only common in the Dudley area of the West Midlands. Elsewhere, Wenlock crinoids are preserved as disarticulated ossicles. For example, only about six nominal crinoids are known from the type area of the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation on Wenlock Edge. Herein, we document abundant remains of the cladid crinoid
Gissocrinus
spp. from near Much Wenlock, Shropshire, based on common brachial and rare radial ossicles. Brachials are mainly thin and quadrate with a U-shaped adoral groove. There are six nominal species of
Gissorcrinus
in the Wenlock of the British Isles; probability suggests that this sample contains elements of more than one species.
Gene Expression Profiles in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Can Distinguish Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer from Patients with Nonmalignant Lung Disease
Authors: Showe Michael K. , Vachani Anil , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Yousef Malik , Nichols Calen , Nikonova Elena V. , Chang Celia , Kucharczuk John , Tran Bao , Wakeam Elliot , Yie Ting An , Speicher David , Rom William N. , Albelda Steven , Showe Louise C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Early diagnosis of lung cancer followed by surgery presently is the most effective treatment for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). An accurate, minimally invasive test that could detect early disease would permit timely intervention and potentially reduce mortality. Recent studies have shown that the peripheral blood can carry information related to the presence of disease, including prognostic information and information on therapeutic response. We have analyzed gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples including 137 patients with NSCLC tumors and 91 patient controls with nonmalignant lung conditions, including histologically diagnosed benign nodules. Subjects were primarily smokers and former smokers. We have identified a 29-gene signature that separates these two patient classes with 86% accuracy (91% sensitivity, 80% specificity). Accuracy in an independent validation set, including samples from a new location, was 78% (sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 82%). An analysis of this NSCLC gene signature in 18 NSCLCs taken presurgery, with matched samples from 2 to 5 months postsurgery, showed that in 78% of cases, the signature was reduced postsurgery and disappeared entirely in 33%. Our results show the feasibility of using peripheral blood gene expression signatures to identify early-stage NSCLC in at-risk populations. [Cancer Res 2009;69(24):9202–10]
High DNA Methyltransferase 3B Expression Mediates 5-Aza-Deoxycytidine Hypersensitivity in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Beyrouthy Maroun J. , Garner Kristen M. , Hever Mary P. , Freemantle Sarah J. , Eastman Alan , Dmitrovsky Ethan , Spinella Michael J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most common solid tumors of 15- to 35-year-old men. TGCT patients are frequently cured with cytotoxic cisplatin-based therapy. However, TGCT patients refractory to cisplatin-based chemotherapy have a poor prognosis, as do those having a late relapse. Pluripotent embryonal carcinomas (EC) are the malignant counterparts to embryonic stem cells and are considered the stem cells of TGCTs. Here, we show that human EC cells are highly sensitive to 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) compared with somatic solid tumor cells. Decreased proliferation and survival with low nanomolar concentrations of 5-aza-CdR is associated with ATM activation, H2AX phosphorylation, increased expression of p21, and the induction of genes known to be methylated in TGCTs (MGMT, RASSF1A, and HOXA9). Notably, 5-aza-CdR hypersensitivity is associated with markedly abundant expression of the pluripotency-associated DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) compared with somatic tumor cells. Knockdown of DNMT3B in EC cells results in substantial resistance to 5-aza-CdR, strongly indicating that 5-aza-CdR sensitivity is mechanistically linked to high levels of DNMT3B. Intriguingly, cisplatin-resistant EC cells retain an exquisite sensitivity to low-dose 5-aza-CdR treatment, and pretreatment of 5-aza-CdR resensitizes these cells to cisplatin-mediated toxicity. This resensitization is also partially dependent on high DNMT3B levels. These novel findings indicate that high expression of DNMT3B, a likely byproduct of their pluripotency and germ cell origin, sensitizes TGCT-derived EC cells to low-dose 5-aza-CdR treatment. [Cancer Res 2009;69(24):9360–6]