bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoid and cannabinoid‐like receptors in microglia, astrocytes, and astrocytomas
Authors: Stella Nephi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCB1 and CB2 receptors are activated by a plethora of cannabinoid compounds, be they endogenously‐produced, plant‐derived or synthetic. These receptors are expressed by microglia, astrocytes and astrocytomas, and their activation regulates these cells' differentiation, functions and viability. Recent studies show that glial cells also express cannabinoid‐like receptors, and that their activation regulates different cell functions, but also control cell viability. This review summarizes this evidence, and discusses how selective compounds targeting cannabinoid‐like receptors constitute promising therapeutics to manage neuroinflammation and eradicate malignant astrocytomas. Importantly, the selective targeting of cannabinoid‐like receptors should provide therapeutic relieve without inducing the typical psychotropic effects and possible addictive properties associated with the use of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychotropic ingredient produced by the plantCannabis sativa© 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The perivascular astroglial sheath provides a complete covering of the brain microvessels: An electron microscopic 3D reconstruction
Authors: Mathiisen Thomas Misje , Lehre Knut Petter , Danbolt Niels Christian , Ottersen Ole Petter 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe unravelling of the polarized distribution of AQP4 in perivascular astrocytic endfeet has revitalized the interest in the role of astrocytes in controlling water and ion exchange at the brain–blood interface. The importance of the endfeet is based on the premise that they constitute a complete coverage of the vessel wall. Despite a number of studies based on different microscopic techniques this question has yet to be resolved. We have made an electron microscopic 3D reconstruction of perivascular endfeet in CA1 (stratum moleculare) of rat hippocampus. The endfeet interdigitate and overlap, leaving no slits between them. Only in a few sites do processes—tentatively classified as processes of microglia—extend through the perivascular glial sheath to establish direct contact with the endothelial basal lamina. In contrast to the endfoot covering of the endothelial tube, the endfoot covering of the pericyte is incomplete, allowing neuropil elements to touch the basal lamina that enwraps this type of cell. The 3D reconstruction also revealed large bundles of mitochondria in the endfoot processes that came in close apposition to the perivascular endfoot membrane. Our data support the idea that in pathophysiological conditions, the perivascular astrocytic covering may control the exchange of water and solutes between blood and brain and that free diffusion is limited to narrow clefts between overlapping endfeet. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new bridge in [2.2]cyclophanes: The addition of Se2Cl2 to pseudogeminally substituted bispropargylic alcohols
Authors: Lucian Birsa M. , Hopf Henning 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe regio‐ and stereo‐specific addition of monoselenium monochloride to pseudogeminally substituted bispropargylic alcohols has been performed under high dilution conditions. The disproportionation reaction of selenium monochloride to selenium dichloride and triselenium dichloride leads to the corresponding divinylic mono‐ and tri‐selenides. The stereochemistry of the newly generated double bond was assigned as Z by 2D NMR experiments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:126–130, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20586
Epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Sharafinski Mark E. , Ferris Robert L. , Ferrone Soldano , Grandis Jennifer R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundCumulative evidence implicates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as an important therapeutic target in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The basis for the lack of correlation between EGFR expression in the HNSCC tumor and clinical responses to EGFR inhibitors is incompletely understood. Although a variety of mechanisms likely contribute to the effectiveness of EGFR blockade, this review focuses on the biologic implications of known EGFR variations and the role of the immune system in mediating clinical responses to EGFR inhibitors.MethodsA Medline review of articles published in the last 10 years (1999–present) on EGFR in HNSCC was performed in combination with preliminary data from our laboratories.ResultsStudies published to date suggest no association between the expression of EGFR on HNSCC tumors and clinical responses to EGFR inhibitors. Several mechanisms have been proposed to mediate clinical response to EGFR inhibitors in HNSCC. Cumulative results from our laboratories support the role of several mechanisms, including cellular immune activation and mutated EGFR variants, in contributing to the discrepancy between level of EGFR expression and clinical response to EGFR inhibitors.ConclusionThe efficacy of EGFR targeted therapies may be mediated, at least in part, by the immune system and the presence of the truncated EGFR variant, EGFRvIII, among other factors. Criteria to identify the subset of patients likely to be responsive to EGFR targeted therapies are needed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Do openness to experience and recognizing opportunities have the same genetic source?
Authors: Shane Scott , Nicolaou Nicos , Cherkas Lynn , Spector Tim D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecognizing opportunities for new businesses is an important part of the entrepreneurial process, one that researchers seek to explain and human resource managers seek to encourage. In this study, we examined whether the same genetic factors that affect openness to experience also influence recognizing opportunities. We applied bivariate genetics techniques to a sample of twins and found that a substantial part of the heritability of recognizing opportunities is mediated through genetic influences on openness to experience. Evidence of genetic effects on opportunity recognition has important implications for how companies might think about selection and training and raises important ethical issues in human resource management. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Apparent/spurious multifractality of data sampled from fractional Brownian/Lévy motions
Authors: Neuman Shlomo P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMany earth and environmental variables appear to be self‐affine (monofractal) or multifractal with spatial (or temporal) increments having exceedance probability tails that decay as powers of − α where 1 < α ≤ 2. The literature considers self‐affine and multifractal modes of scaling to be fundamentally different, the first arising from additive and the second from multiplicative random fields or processes. We demonstrate theoretically that data having finite support, sampled across a finite domain from one or several realizations of an additive Gaussian field constituting fractional Brownian motion (fBm) characterized by α = 2, give rise to positive square (or absolute) increments which behave as if the field was multifractal when in fact it is monofractal. Sampling such data from additive fractional Lévy motions (fLm) with 1 < α < 2 causes them to exhibit spurious multifractality. Deviations from apparent multifractal behaviour at small and large lags are due to nonzero data support and finite domain size, unrelated to noise or undersampling (the causes cited for such deviations in the literature). Our analysis is based on a formal decomposition of anisotropic fLm (fBm when α = 2) into a continuous hierarchy of statistically independent and homogeneous random fields, or modes, which captures the above behaviour in terms of onlyE+ 3 parameters whereEis Euclidean dimension. Although the decomposition is consistent with a hydrologic rationale proposed by Neuman (2003), its mathematical validity is independent of such a rationale. Our results suggest that it may be worth checking how closely would variables considered in the literature to be multifractal (e.g. experimental and simulated turbulent velocities, some simulated porous flow velocities, landscape elevations, rain intensities, river network area and width functions, river flow series, soil water storage and physical properties) fit the simpler monofractal model considered in this paper (such an effort would require paying close attention to the support and sampling window scales of the data). Parsimony would suggest associating variables found to fit both models equally well with the latter. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal variations in summer precipitation in Japanese mountain areas
Authors: Shinohara Yoshinori , Kume Tomonori , Komatsu Hikaru , Otsuki Kyoichi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe examined spatial and temporal variations in precipitation measured during summer season between 1976 and 2007 for 28 stations located in mountain areas across Japan using the amount of precipitation (Pr), the mean depth of precipitation events (η), and the inverse of the mean interval times (λ). We obtained positive correlations between the period mean Pr (Pr) and the period mean η ($\overline{\eta}$) and between Pr and the period mean λ ($\overline{\lambda}$) for the 28 stations. Pr was more strongly related to $\overline{\eta}$ than to $\overline{\lambda}$, indicating the spatial variations in Pr that are primarily related to the variations in $\overline{\eta}$. In addition, Pr was more strongly related to η than to λ for most stations on the basis of data for 1976–2007, indicating that the year‐to‐year variations in Pr are primarily related to η. We also examined temporal trends in Pr, η and λ for 1976–2007 and found no systematic trends for 23 of the 28 stations, suggesting long‐term trends that are not common in mountain areas of Japan. The relationships between Pr and $\overline{\eta}$ and between Pr and η presented in this study enable us to generate a temporal precipitation distribution pattern based on only Pr and Pr data, respectively. Furthermore, probabilistic stochastic hydrological models require precipitation characteristics as input; thus, this study contributes to the determination of hydrological cycles and their possible future changes in Japanese mountain areas and therefore to water resource management. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing the euro‐sting: Short‐term indicator of euro area growth
Authors: Camacho Maximo , Perez‐Quiros Gabriel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe set out a model to compute short‐term forecasts of the euro area GDP growth in real time. To allow for forecast evaluation, we construct a real‐time dataset that changes for each vintage date and includes the exact information that was available at the time of each forecast. With this dataset we show that our simple factor model algorithm, which uses an easy‐to‐replicate methodology, is able to forecast the euro area GDP growth as well as professional forecasters who can combine the best forecasting tools with the possibility of incorporating their own judgement. In this context, we provide examples showing how data revisions and data availability affect point forecasts and forecast uncertainty. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct transplantation of uncultured hair‐follicle pluripotent stem (hfPS) cells promotes the recovery of peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Amoh Yasuyuki , Hamada Yuko , Aki Ryoichi , Kawahara Katsumasa , Hoffman Robert M. , Katsuoka Kensei 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe previously showed that the stem cell marker nestin is expressed in hair follicle stem cells which suggested their pluripotency. We subsequently showed that the nestin‐expressing hair‐follicle pluripotent stem (hfPS) cells can differentiate in culture to neurons, glial cells, keratinocytes, and other cell types and can promote regeneration of peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries upon injection to the injured nerve or spinal cord. The location of the hfPS cells has been termed the hfPS cell area (hfPSCA). Previously, hfPS cells were cultured for 1–2 months before transplantation to the injured nerve or spinal cord which would not be optimal for clinical application of these cells for nerve or spinal cord repair, since the patient should be treated soon after injury. In the present study, we addressed this issue by directly using the upper part of the hair follicle containing the hfPSCA, without culture, for injection into the severed sciatic nerve in mice. After injection of hfPSCA, the implanted hfPS cells grew and promoted joining of the severed nerve. The transplanted hfPS cells differentiated mostly to glial cells forming myelin sheaths, which promoted axonal growth and functional recovery of the severed nerve. These results suggest that the direct transplantation of the uncultured upper part of the hair follicle containing the hfPSA is an important method to promote the recovery of peripheral nerve injuries and has significant clinical potential. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 272–277, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted disruption of Nemo‐like kinase inhibits tumor cell growth by simultaneous suppression of cyclin D1 and CDK2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jung Kwang Hwa , Kim Jeong Kyu , Noh Ji Heon , Eun Jung Woo , Bae Hyun Jin , Xie Hong Jian , Ahn Young Min , Park Won Sang , Lee Jung Young , Nam Suk Woo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway regulates various aspects of development and plays important role in human carcinogenesis. Nemo‐like kinase (NLK), which is mediator of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, phosphorylates T‐cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) factor and inhibits interaction of β‐catenin/TCF complex. Although, NLK is known to be a tumor suppressor in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway of colon cancer, the other events occurring downstream of NLK pathways in other types of cancer remain unclear. In the present study, we identified that expression of NLK was significantly up‐regulated in the HCCs compared to corresponding normal tissues in five selected tissue samples. Immunohistochemical analysis showed significant over‐expression of NLK in the HCCs. Targeted‐disruption of NLK suppressed cell growth and arrested cell cycle transition. Suppression of NLK elicited anti‐mitogenic properties of the Hep3B cells by simultaneous inhibition of cyclinD1 and CDK2. The results of this study suggest that NLK is aberrantly regulated in HCC, which might contribute to the mitogenic potential of tumor cells during the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma; this process appears to involve the induction of CDK2 and cyclin D1 and might provide a novel target for therapeutic intervention in patients with liver cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 687–696, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photovoltaic solar electrochemical oxidation (PSEO) for treatment of lignosulfonate wastewater
Authors: Dominguez‐Ramos Antonio , Aldaco Ruben , Irabien Angel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Under the current global energy scenario, the need for self‐sustainable processes is encouraged. The photovoltaic solar powered electrochemical oxidation (PSEO) process has been developed to remove the organic matter from a lignosulfonate wastewater.RESULTS: An electrochemical reactor using boron‐doped diamond electrodes, in a batch configuration, is directly supplied with current from a set of photovoltaic solar modules. Experimental results show that the process can oxidize about 90% of the total organic carbon (TOC) of the organic matter in the wastewater under the described operating conditions.CONCLUSION: The technical suitability of the PSEO process has been demonstrated. A model to relate solar irradiance and electrical current was applied and used in a kinetic expression which depends on solar irradiance to describe the removal of TOC. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Bacterial biosynthesis of alginates
Authors: Hay Iain D. , Ur Rehman Zahid , Ghafoor Aamir , Rehm Bernd H. A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlginates are polysaccharides with many industrial and medical uses, from food additives to encapsulation agents in the emerging transplantation technologies. Alginate is composed of variable proportions of β‐D‐mannuronic acid and α‐L‐guluronic acid linked by 1–4 glycosidic bonds. Traditionally, commercial alginate has been produced by farmed brown seaweeds, but this alginate suffers from heterogeneity in composition and quality partly due to environmental variation. Two bacterial genera, Pseudomonas and Azotobacter, are also capable of producing alginate as an exopolysaccharide. These bacterial alginate producers can provide the means to produce alginates with defined monomer composition and possibly through genetic and protein engineering may allow for the production of ‘tailor made’ bacterial alginates. The paper discusses the mechanisms behind alginate production in bacteria and how they may be used in the commercial production of alginates. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Testicular microlithiasis: Analysis of prevalence and associated testicular cancer in Taiwanese men
Authors: Chen Jian‐Ling , Chou Yi‐Hong , Tiu Chui‐Mei , Chiou Hong‐Jen , Wang Hsin‐Kai , Chiou See‐Ying , Liang I‐Ping , Lee Chien‐Ho , Chang Cheng‐Yen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPurpose.To determine the incidence of testicular microlithiasis (TM) in Taiwanese males who were referred for scrotal sonography (US) and to evaluate the association between TM and cancer, with state‐of‐the‐art equipment.Methods.This retrospective study included 513 males who underwent scrotal US in a period of 7 months. The US images and charts of each patient were reviewed to determine the presence of TM and note relevant clinical information.Results.The data for all 513 patients were analyzed. Their age was 0–91 years (mean, 54.3 years). The overall incidence of TM was 14.4% (74/513); 6.2% (32/513) had classic TM, and 8.2% had limited TM. The incidence of testicular cancer in this population was 1.6% (8/513). Six of eight (75%) patients who had testicular cancer at presentation had classic TM or limited TM. There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the rate of malignancy in subjects with TM (6/74) and that in subjects without TM (2/439).Conclusion.The incidence of TM in Taiwanese people may be higher than previously reported, which may be due to the difference in methodology and increased awareness of the US findings. Although there was a significant difference in the rate of malignancy in males with TM compared with those without TM, the question remains whether TM independently increases the risk of testicular malignancy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Sonographic diagnosis of unifocal langerhans cell histiocytosis of the skull
Authors: Holley Allison 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe sonographic (US) findings of unifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the occiput are described. The patient was a 3 year‐old girl who presented with a painful soft tissue mass on the scalp. US demonstrated a large soft tissue mass with destruction of the underlying bone. The mass extended through the bony defect and consisted of a solid intracranial component and a predominantly cystic extracranial component. US is not usually associated with the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis but in this case it provided valuable information that led to the primary differential diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, which was confirmed by bone biopsy at surgery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 38:440–442, 2010
Evolution of paired fins and the lateral somitic frontier
Authors: Johanson Zerina 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecent research on the evolutionary origins of the paired fins (pectoral and pelvic, evolving into the four tetrapod limbs) has focused on genetic, developmental, and fossil evidence. However, a combined synthesis of this evidence has largely been lacking. In living animals, identification of dorsal and ventrolateral zones of fin‐producing competence, the distinction between primaxial and abaxial regions separated by the lateral somitic frontier, and the recognition that fin developmental mechanisms could have been co‐opted from unpaired to paired fins can be used to evaluate vertebrate fin evolution, including fossil forms. These fossil taxa dominate early vertebrate history and possess an unusually wide variety of fin or fin‐like structures; establishing homologies with the paired fins of jawed vertebrates has been challenging, in part owing to the absence of supporting girdles in most jawless vertebrates. An evolutionary scenario is proposed where these fin‐like structures develop from somites, in the same manner as dorsal, unpaired fins. Girdles and the paired fins of osteostracans and jawed vertebrates develop from lateral plate mesoderm when the lateral somitic frontier and the abaxial region of the body evolve. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:347–352, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative sperm ultrastructure in Nemertea
Authors: von Döhren J. , Beckers P. , Vogeler R. , Bartolomaeus T. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough the monophyly of Nemertea is strongly supported by unique morphological characters and results of molecular phylogenetic studies, their ingroup relationships are largely unresolved. To contribute solving this problem we studied sperm ultrastructure of 12 nemertean species that belong to different subtaxa representing the commonly recognized major monophyletic groups. The study yielded a set of 26 characters with an unexpected variation among species of the same genus (Tubulanus and Procephalothrix species), whereas other species varied in metric values or only one character state (Ramphogordius). In some species, the sperm nucleus has grooves (Zygonemertes virescens, Amphiporus imparispinosus) that may be twisted and give a spiral shape to the sperm head (Paranemertes peregrina, Emplectonema gracile). To make the characters from sperm ultrastructure accessible for further phylogenetic analyses, they were coded in a character matrix. Published data for eight species turned out to be sufficiently detailed to be included. Comparative evaluation of available information on the sperm ultrastructure suggests that subtaxa of Heteronemertea and Hoplonemertea are supported as monophyletic by sperm morphology. However, the data do not provide information on the existing contradictions regarding the internal relationships of “Palaeonemertea.” Nevertheless, our study provides evidence that sperm ultrastructure yields numerous potentially informative characters that will be included in upcoming phylogenetic analyses. J. Morphol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.