bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MO‐B‐201C‐01: Color Monitors for Medical Workstations
Authors: Flynn M , Samei E , Badano A , Roehrig H 
Published: August 2010

Business class monitors are now widely used to display radiologic images for primary interpretation and for secondary display in the health enterprise. This course will review the technology and performance available in current products and discuss the increasing need to control the presentation of color images.Learning Objectives:1. Understand the types of products currently available that provide color presentation with performance suitable for primary interpretation by radiologists.2. Learn the basic aspects of ICC color management and how ICC profiles are incorporated in DICOM tags.3. Understand the types of products currently available for secondary presentation of color images in the health enterprise4. Learn how secondary class monitors can be calibrated to conform with the DICOM Gray Scale Display Function (GSDF).5. Learn how color monitors can be calibrated to conform with an ICC target profile.
MO‐D‐201B‐04: Emerging X‐Ray Detector Technologies
Authors: Zhao W , Hsiao H , Wronski M , Rowlands J 
Published: August 2010

The main topic of this Symposium talk is new development of selenium based x‐ray imaging detectors. Some of these new developments include: 1. Very high‐resolution direct‐conversion detectors for breast imaging; 2. Large area detector with low‐noise CMOS readout; 3. Large‐area indirect conversion flat‐panel imager with avalanche gain obtained with an optically sensitive selenium layer; 4. Possible approaches for 2D photon‐counting detector with selenium. The physics of direct and indirect conversion x‐ray imaging detectors will be described, and the limitations of existing detector technologies outlined. The basic principle of operation of the emerging detector technologies will be explained, and the rationales for their improved performance and potential clinical applications will be summarized.Learning Objectives:1. Understand the basic physics of x‐ray imaging detectors using either direct or indirect conversion2. Understand the factors affecting imaging performance, and the limitations of different detector approaches3. Learn the advantages of some emerging x‐ray imaging detector technologies that can address existing problems
MO‐EE‐A3‐04: Development and Dosimetric Studies of Independent Dose Validation Software on Helical Tomotherapy
Authors: He W , Shi C , Quino L Vazquez , Dzintars E , Gutiérrez A , Stathakis S , Alkhatib H , Papanikolaou N 
Published: August 2010

Purpose: To develop a 2nd dose validation software for helical TomoTherapy, study the sensitivity of the commission data variation on the final dosimetry impact, and inter‐fraction setup uncertainty effect for patient quality assurance. Method and Materials: A 2nd dose validation software for helical TomoTherapy, called MU‐Tomo, has been developed to independently validates point dose upon archived patient documents, initial coordinates and planned dose of point of calculation, and common dosimetric functions. MU‐Tomo has been validated with a hundred cancer cases (30 prostate, 26 head&neck, 18 lung, 17 pelvis, and 9 brain patients). Sensitivity studies were performed by oscillating fluctuation regions of off‐axis profiles, shifting, and rotating profiles. Daily setup shifts were quantified into systematic and random shifts to evaluate dosimetric variations, separately. Results: For dose validation, 98% of dose differences are within ±5% with mean 0.20%±2.06%. Sensitivity studies show linear response by oscillating OARy, 15 times larger dose variation by shifting OARy than OARx, and less than 1.5% difference by rotating OARx in ±6° and more than 5% in ±1° by rotating OARy. Systematic variations are up to −10.02%±3.00%. Mean random variations are up to −5.65%±1.90%. ANOVA analyses show significant differences among patient random dosimetric variations and systematic dosimetric variations between head&neck‐brain group and body group. Variations are not significantly correlated with treatment fraction number with the Pearson correlation analysis. The overall random dosimetric impacts to each patient are ‐ 0.0053%±1.11%. Conclusion: MU‐Tomo, has been developed for TomoTherapy dose validation. Sensitivity studies on fifty patients have been evaluated that OARy profiles are more sensitive than OARx in dose calculation. Dosimetric consequences due to inter‐fractional setup shifts on a hundred helical tomotherapy patients were assessed.Conflict of Interest: This project was supported in part by Oncology Data Systems, Inc., Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
TU‐B‐204C‐01: Breast Specific Gamma Imaging
Authors: Stern L 
Published: August 2010

Molecular Breast Imaging is a new modality for diagnosing breast cancer. Screening Mammography has vastly improved over the last 30 years, but radiologists still miss 10% of breast cancers especially in women with dense breast tissue. The use of breast ultrasound and breast MRI has definitely helped radiologists to detect additional cases of breast cancer and to evaluate the extent of breast cancer.There now is a new different test that can be used to solve difficult or confusing cases. It also is an excellent test when MRI is not feasible or available. It is a nuclear medicine test that analyzes cellular activity. Since cancer cells are usually more active than normal cells, they usually will absorb more of the radioactive isotope producing a black (hot spot) on the image.This lecture will explain the underlying physics of the procedure and the technique in using the machine. Examples of real cases will be used to demonstrate how this new test fits in with the more traditional methods of breast cancer detection.Learning Objectives:1. Understanding the physics behind Molecular Breast Imaging.2. Understanding the clinical applications of this test.3. Understanding how this test fits in with Mammography, Breast Ultrasound and Breast MRI.
TU‐D‐201B‐03: The Latest in Radiation Dose Reduction Techniques in CT
Authors: McCollough C , Yu L , Leng S , Kofler J 
Published: August 2010

The dose per exam for a CT of the abdomen and pelvis has decreased by a factor of 2–3 since the 1980s due to a number of technical innovations. This was accomplished in parallel to scan times being reduced from several minutes to several seconds and routine image thicknesses being decreased from 10 mm to 3 – 5 mm. Some of the advances responsible for these improvements included: use of solid‐state scintillating detectors and electronic circuits with lower levels of “background” noise, wider multiple‐detector‐row arrays having thin individual detector elements, more powerful x‐ray tubes and generators which allow greater pre‐patient “beam‐hardening,” and beam shaping filters that vary decrease intensity to the patient periphery or restrict the majority of the dose to the center of the patient for cardiac imaging. A number of additional dose reduction techniques now exist and are gaining wide‐spread use, including automated adjustment of scanner output according to patient size, tube current modulation based on patient attenuation or ECG, automated selection of the most dose‐efficient tube potential, iterative reconstruction methods, increased spiral pitch or non‐spiral cardiac CT acquisition modes, dynamic z‐axis collimation, and novel noise reduction techniques, some of which require raw data and some of which operate on reconstructed images.This presentation will provide an overview of CT dose reduction techniques, emphasizing those with the greatest clinical impact, and new and emerging techniques. The participant will learn about the general classes of CT dose reduction techniques, and examples of specific implementations will be given.Learning Objectives:1. Recognize the general classes of dose reduction techniques in CT2. Understand the basic principles of each general class3. Learn how specific implementations of each class function4. Appreciate the magnitude of dose reduction that can be achieved using the described techniques
TU‐D‐201C‐03: Monitoring Cancer Treatment with Contrast‐enhanced Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Sehgal CM 
Published: August 2010

There is growing interest in evaluating cancer therapies that target tumor vasculature. However, assessing these therapies has been difficult because the conventional approach of measuring tumor size does not indicate microvascular activity. Furthermore, cancer microvessels re‐grow between treatments, requiring continual evaluation during the course of therapy.The goal of our studies is to develop techniques that allow longitudinal imaging of tumor microvascular flow. Towards this goal, techniques that employ Doppler or grayscale ultrasound with microbubble contrast agent to visualize blood flow through microvessels will be presented. The metrics used for evaluating vascular changes induced by vascular targeting therapies will be reviewed and their efficacy demonstrated in mice tumors. The antivascular action (decrease in tumor microvascular flow) of three different treatments (combretastatin, ionizing radiation and sonication) will be discussed.Before antivascular therapy, contrast agent perfusing vascular tumors is seen in the images as a uniform flush of color filling the entire lesion. After treatment, the images show that contrast medium does not enter several regions of the tumor, indicating that these parts of the tumor are now avascular. The decrease in area enhanced by the contrast agent and the rate of inflow of contrast agent in the image plane are useful endpoints for assessing cancer treatments affecting tumor microvascular flow.Learning Objectives:1. Understand the techniques of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound imaging2. Understand the issues related to microbubble disruption and ultrasound exposure3. Understand the issues associated with the use of contrast‐enhanced imaging for monitoring vascular targeted therapies
TU‐E‐BRA‐01: Optimizing MR Imaging for Treatment Planning
Authors: Brock K , Jackson E , Mayr N 
Published: August 2010

The integration of MR imaging into the treatment planning process has provided the ability to improve the identification of tumor boundaries, soft tissue interfaces, organ functioning, and tumor and normal tissue motion. Selecting and optimizing the MR imaging sequence is challenging. Sub‐optimal imaging sequences may reduce the efficacy of the MR images or increase the time required to obtain the images. Research has been underway to optimize these sequences and adapt sequences developed in diagnostic MR imaging for radiotherapy requirements. MR contrast techniques, the optimization of SNR and slice thickness, and the evaluation of differences between commonly used sequences and techniques will be presented for anatomical imaging. Functional imaging for tumors and normal tissues will be discussed, including optimizing time and resolution and the trade‐offs that must be made between them. For MR imaging of tumor and normal tissue motion, different cine imaging techniques will be presented as well as the optimization of frequency and resolution in these techniques.The Learning Objectives include:1. Understand techniques and sequences used for anatomical imaging, including tumor definition, contrast enhancement, and organ identification.2. Explore techniques to perform functional imaging to evaluate tumor and normal tissue capabilities for integration into treatment planning.3. Understand techniques to optimize speed of imaging and cine sequences for evaluating tumor and normal tissue motion. Both 2D and 3D sequences will be discussed.
TH‐A‐202‐01: Risks in IR and Establishing a Patient Safety Program
Authors: Jones A 
Published: August 2010

A patient safety program is critical to proper medical management in interventional radiology or cardiology departments. While radiation is only one part of the overall patient safety picture it is a vital and often overlooked aspect of any safety program. One of the main goals of a radiation safety program is to prevent deterministic radiation effects if possible and identify effects when they occur so appropriate medical treatment can be administered. The development of such a program requires that the physicist understands possible deterministic effects quantities used to assess the radiation dose to a patient and current practice guidelines and regulations that address radiation dose in an interventional radiology setting.Learning Objectives:1. Understand the quantities and methods that can be used to estimate peak skin dose;2. Understand possible deterministic effects that can result from interventional radiology procedures;3. Understand current practice guidelines and regulations governing patient safety in interventional radiology;4. Learn how to set up a patient safety program including pre‐procedure intra‐procedure and post‐procedure phases.
TH‐D‐204B‐01: Theory and Applications in MR Imaging of Compressive Sensing
Authors: Goldstein T , Osher S 
Published: August 2010

This talk will introduce the concept of compressed sensing (CS). We will begin with some intuitive justification for CS. Compressed sensing will then be discussed from a more rigourous perspective and theoretical results will be presented. The application of the CS theory to magnetic resonance imaging will then be discussed. Finally we shall discuss the split Bregman method ‐ a fast numerical scheme for reconstructing images from compressed sensing data.Learning Objective:1. Understand the basic theory of compressed sensing and the advantages it offers.2. Understand how compressed sensing can be applied to MRI3. Understand the computational challenges of compressed sensing and the split Bregman method for reconstructing images from compressed data.
Mycobacterium bovisBCG-Specific Th17 Cells Confer Partial Protection againstMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection in the Absence of Gamma Interferon
Authors: Wozniak Teresa M. , Saunders Bernadette M. , Ryan Anthony A. , Britton Warwick J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTProtective immunity against tuberculosis (TB) requires the integrated response of a network of lymphocytes. Both gamma interferon (IFN-γ)- and interleukin 17 (IL-17)-secreting CD4+T cells have been identified in subjects with latent TB infection and during experimentalMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection, but the contribution of Th17 cells to protective immunity is unclear. To examine their protective effectsin vivo, we transferred mycobacterium-specific IL-17- and IFN-γ-secreting CD4+T cells isolated fromM. tuberculosisBCG-immunized IL-12p40−/−and IFN-γ−/−or wild-type mice, respectively, intoM. tuberculosis-infected IL-12p40−/−or RAG−/−mice. In the absence of IL-12 and IL-23, neither IL-17-secreting (Th17) nor IFN-γ-secreting (Th1) BCG-specific T cells expanded or provided protection againstM. tuberculosis. In RAG−/−recipients with an intact IL-12/IL-23 axis, both Th17 and Th1 cells were activated and induced significant protection againstM. tuberculosis. The reduction in the bacterial load following transfer of IFN-γ−/−Th17 cells was associated with significant prolongation of survival compared to recipients of naïve IFN-γ−/−T cells. This effect was at the cost of an increased inflammatory infiltrate characterized by an excess of neutrophils. Therefore, Th17 cells can provide IFN-γ-independent protection againstM. tuberculosis, and this effect may contribute to the early control ofM. tuberculosisinfection.
Reliability of Distal Upper Extremity Posture Matching Using Slow-Motion and Frame-by-Frame Video Methods
Authors: Kociolek Aaron M. , Keir Peter J. 
Published: August 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of video playback speed on posture matching reliability of the distal upper extremity. Background: Video is frequently used in ergonomic assessments, yet there remains a need to determine the effects of viewing speed on posture observations. Method: Participants were 7 graduate students experienced with posture-based observational methods. Categorical posture scales were used to evaluate forearm pronation/supination, wrist flexion/extension, wrist radioulnar deviation, and hand activity from workplace video at three playback speeds (quarter, half, and real time). Wrist flexion/extension was also evaluated with a frame-by-frame video method. Results: Posture counts increased with slower viewing speeds for the wrist and hand, but percentage durations in each posture category were similar for all methods. Posture matching interrater reliability scores increased with slow-motion video playback but remained low even for quarter-time video playback. The highest interrater scores were found in the frame-by-frame analysis of wrist flexion/extension for three posture categories (percentage agreement = 84.9% ± 1.3%; kappa = 0.54 ± 0.02). Conclusion: Although slower video playback speeds increased the number of posture counts for the wrist and hand scales, percentage durations were similar, and reliability scores increased only slightly with slow-motion video playback. Application: Reviewing video using slow-motion or frame-by-frame methods improves distal upper extremity posture matching reliability. However, ergonomic assessment tools based on percentage duration may not be appreciably enhanced by slowing viewing speed. Thus, the increased viewing time with slower playback should be justified with respect to assessment needs.
Nested Mentoring Relationships
Authors: Fouché Christa , Lunt Neil 
Published: August 2010

• Summary: This article provides a new perspective on mentoring relationships by reflecting on a practice project that involved what we identify as ‘nested mentoring’. The insights emerged from a series of consultations during 2004, followed by developmental work during 2005, and then the project proper, which was funded during 2006—07. • Findings: The authors reflect on the outcomes of unique mentoring relationships between tertiary providers and social service agencies in a project aimed at assisting the development of a culture of practitioner enquiry amongst social workers in social services agencies in New Zealand. This time-limited collaborative project involved bringing together 43 practitioners from eight social service agencies, a practitioner advisor, four academics from two universities, all logistically managed by a programme manager and supported by three funding bodies. Teams of practitioners were supported to conceptualize, design, implement and disseminate their own practice research projects located within their own agencies. The support included two strategies — workshops and mentoring; the latter being the focus of this article. Mentoring was provided by members of the academic and support team at the practitioners’ place of work at regular intervals during the life of the project. • Applications : Our reflections point to sets of emergent mentor relations in a development that goes beyond positing either vertical or horizontal relationships, to a more complicated nesting approach.
Development of a liposomal nanodelivery system for nevirapine
Authors: Ramana Lakshmi N , Sethuraman Swaminathan , Ranga Udaykumar , Krishnan Uma M 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
The treatment of AIDS remains a serious challenge owing to high genetic variation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). The use of different antiretroviral drugs (ARV) is significantly limited by severe side-effects that further compromise the quality of life of the AIDS patient. In the present study, we have evaluated a liposome system for the delivery of nevirapine, a hydrophobic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Liposomes were prepared from egg phospholipids using thin film hydration. The parameters of the process were optimized to obtain spherical liposomes below 200 nm with a narrow polydispersity. The encapsulation efficiency of the liposomes was optimized at different ratios of egg phospholipid to cholesterol as well as drug to total lipid. The data demonstrate that encapsulation efficiency of 78.14% and 76.25% were obtained at egg phospholipid to cholesterol ratio of 9:1 and drug to lipid ratio of 1:5, respectively. We further observed that the size of the liposomes and the encapsulation efficiency of the drug increased concomitantly with the increasing ratio of drug and lipid and that maximum stability was observed at the physiological pH. Thermal analysis of the drug encapsulated liposomes indicated the formation of a homogenous drug-lipid system. The magnitude of drug release from the liposomes was examined under different experimental conditions including in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum or in the presence of an external stimulus such as low frequency ultrasound. Within the first 20 minutes 40, 60 and 100% of the drug was released when placed in PBS, DMEM or when ultrasound was applied, respectively. We propose that nevirapine-loaded liposomal formulations reported here could improve targeted delivery of the anti-retroviral drugs to select compartments and cells and alleviate systemic toxic side effects as a consequence.
Monoclonal antibody 4C5 prevents activation of MMP2 and MMP9 by disrupting their interaction with extracellular HSP90 and inhibits formation of metastatic breast cancer cell deposits
Authors: Stellas Dimitris , El Hamidieh Avraam , Patsavoudi Evangelia 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that is considered a new target for the treatment of cancer. Increasing data reveal an extracellular chaperoning activity for HSP90. Here we investigate the interaction of the secreted isoforms of HSP90 with matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP2 and MMP9. Moreover we examine the role of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against HSP90, mAb 4C5, regarding these interactions and its value as a potential inhibitor of human breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis.

Results
Our results showed that both HSP90α and HSP90β are secreted by MDAMB453 human breast cancer cells and interact with MMP2 and MMP9. MAb 4C5, while not affecting the secretion of inactive MMPs, inhibits their activation by disrupting their interaction extracellularly with both isoforms of HSP90. The in vivo studies revealed that mAb 4C5 significantly inhibits the metastatic deposit formation of MDAMB453 cells into the lungs of SCID mice.

Conclusion
Both isoforms of HSP90 are secreted by MDAMB453 cells and interact with MMP2 and MMP9. MAb 4C5 prevents MMP2 and MMP9 activation, by disrupting their interaction with HSP90. Finally mAb 4C5 significantly inhibits the metastatic deposit formation of MDAMB453 cells, by preventing their extravasation and infiltration in the lung tissue and therefore it could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer metastasis.