bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Leveillula taurica Causing Powdery Mildew on Pepper in Maryland
Authors: Jones R. W. , Stommel J. R. , Wanner L. A. 
Published: October 2009

Pepper plants in large experimental plots in Beltsville, MD developed widespread powdery mildew during the late summer of 2008. Infection was observed in a diversity of accessions that included Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, and C. frutescens (2). The C. annuum accessions included culinary bell pepper cultivars and breeding lines as well as a diverse collection of ornamental breeding lines, heirlooms, and land races. Significant leaf damage occurred and led to partial defoliation. Extensive coverage of the abaxial surface by white patches of conidia was noted, along with chlorotic regions on the adaxial surface. Conidia were borne singly and were apically tapered, measuring 65.2 ± 3.2 × 14.9 ± 1.9 μm. Cleistothecia were not found on infected leaves (3). PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using ITS1-2 primers yielded a band that was cloned and sequenced (4). The pathogen was identified as Leveillula taurica based on 100% homology to GenBank Accession No. AY912077. Multiple chili pepper and bell pepper plants were inoculated with conidia from an infected bell pepper plant by placement in an enclosed spore deposition chamber for 1 week, with the infected plant suspended over the test plants. Signs of powdery mildew appeared only on inoculated plants. DNA samples from these inoculated plants were analyzed and verified as L. taurica (a sequence was deposited as GenBank No. GQ167201). A second set of inoculations using the newly infected plants confirmed results of the first test, with mildew developing only on inoculated pepper plants. This disease is new to the mid-Atlantic Region of the United States. It has been reported in greenhouse peppers growing in Ontario, Canada where it has become a recurring problem requiring fungicide intervention (1). Given the wide host range of L. taurica and the systemic nature of infections, it is likely that the fungus has become established in Maryland on perennial host plants. References: (1) R. Cerkauskas. Plant Dis. 83:781, 1999. (2) V. de Souza. Plant Pathol. 52:613, 2003. (3) C. Little. Plant Dis. 90:1358, 2006. (4) G. Saenz. Can. J. Bot. 77:150, 1999.
Evolutionary morphology of the circulatory system in Peracarida (Malacostraca; Crustacea)
Authors: Wirkner Christian S. , Richter Stefan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe demonstrate that by formulating guidelines for evolutionary morphology the transparency, reproducibility, and intersubject testability of evolutionary hypotheses based on morphological data can be enhanced. The five main steps in our concept of evolutionary morphology are (i) taxon sampling, (ii) structural analysis, (iii) character conceptualization, (iv) phylogenetic analysis, and (v) evolutionary interpretation. We illustrate this concept on the example of the morphology of the circulatory organs in peracarid Malacostraca. The analysis is based on recently published accounts in which detailed structural analyses were carried out, and on the older literature. Detailed conceptualizations of 22 characters of the circulatory system are given for 28 terminals. In a further step these characters are included in a recently revised matrix, resulting in 110 characters. The resulting parsimony analysis yielded a single most parsimonious tree with a length of 309 steps. The most significant results are that Peracarida is monophyletic, Amphipoda is the sister taxon to the Mancoida sensu stricto, the relict cave‐dwelling taxa Thermosbaenacea, Spelaeogriphacea, and Mictocarididae form a monophylum and Tanaidacea is the sister group to a monophylum comprising Cumacea and Isopoda. The evolutionary analysis shows that the ground pattern features of the circulatory organs in Peracarida are a tubular heart extending through the whole thorax, a posterior aorta with lateral arteries, and a ventral vessel system. Important features within the Peracarida are the backward shift of the anterior border of the heart, the reduction of the ventral vessel system, and two patterns of cardiac arteries, one common to the amphipod and tanaidacean terminals, and one to the cumacean and isopod terminals. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
The effects of acute exercise on attentional bias towards smoking‐related stimuli during temporary abstinence from smoking
Authors: Van Rensburg Kate Janse , Taylor Adrian , Hodgson Tim 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTRationale  Attentional bias towards smoking‐related cues is increased during abstinence and can predict relapse after quitting. Exercise has been found to reduce cigarette cravings and desire to smoke during temporary abstinence and attenuate increased cravings in response to smoking cues.Objective  To assess the acute effects of exercise on attentional bias to smoking‐related cues during temporary abstinence from smoking.Method  In a randomized cross‐over design, on separate days regular smokers (n = 20) undertook 15 minutes of exercise (moderate intensity stationary cycling) or passive seating following 15 hours of nicotine abstinence. Attentional bias was measured at baseline and post‐treatment. The percentage of dwell time and direction of initial fixation was assessed during the passive viewing of a series of paired smoking and neutral images using an Eyelink II eye‐tracking system. Self‐reported desire to smoke was recorded at baseline, mid‐ and post‐treatment and post‐eye‐tracking task.Results  There was a significant condition × time interaction for desire to smoke, F(1,18) = 10.67, P = 0.004, eta2 = 0.36, with significantly lower desire to smoke at mid‐ and post‐treatment following the exercise condition. The percentage of dwell time and direction of initial fixations towards smoking images were also reduced significantly following the exercise condition compared with the passive control.Conclusion  Findings support previous research that acute exercise reduces desire to smoke. This is the first study to show that exercise appears to also influence the salience and attentional biases towards cigarettes.
Online support for smoking cessation: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Shahab Lion , McEwen Andy 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAim  To examine the efficacy and acceptability of online, interactive interventions for smoking cessation and to identify treatment effect moderators and mediators.Methods  A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the literature (1990–2008) was conducted, finding 11 relevant randomized controlled trials. Data were extracted and risk ratios and risk differences estimated with a random effects model.Results  There was no evidence of publication bias. Included trials were of variable methodological quality. Web‐based, tailored, interactive smoking cessation interventions were effective compared with untailored booklet or e‐mail interventions [rate ratio (RR) 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–2.3] increasing 6‐month abstinence by 17% (95% CI 12–21%). No overall effect of interactive compared with static web‐based interventions was detected but there was significant heterogeneity, with one study obtaining a clear effect and another failing to find one. Few moderating or mediating factors were evaluated in studies and those that were had little effect. Pooled results suggest that only interventions aimed at smokers motivated to quit were effective (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.7). Fully automated interventions increased smoking cessation rates (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–2.0), but evidence was less clear‐cut for non‐automated interventions. Overall, the web‐based interventions evaluated were considered to be acceptable and user satisfaction was generally high.Conclusion  Interactive, web‐based interventions for smoking cessation can be effective in aiding cessation. More research is needed to evaluate the relative efficacy of interactive web‐based interventions compared with static websites.
Identification and functional characterization of effectors in expressed sequence tags from various life cycle stages of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida
Authors: JONES JOHN T. , KUMAR AMAR , PYLYPENKO LILIYA A. , THIRUGNANASAMBANDAM AMARNATH , CASTELLI LYDIA , CHAPMAN SEAN , COCK PETER J. A. , GRENIER ERIC , LILLEY CATHERINE J. , PHILLIPS MARK S. , BLOK VIVIAN C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn this article, we describe the analysis of over 9000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from cDNA libraries obtained from various life cycle stages of Globodera pallida. We have identified over 50 G. pallida effectors from this dataset using bioinformatics analysis, by screening clones in order to identify secreted proteins up‐regulated after the onset of parasitism and using in situ hybridization to confirm the expression in pharyngeal gland cells. A substantial gene family encoding G. pallida SPRYSEC proteins has been identified. The expression of these genes is restricted to the dorsal pharyngeal gland cell. Different members of the SPRYSEC family of proteins from G. pallida show different subcellular localization patterns in plants, with some localized to the cytoplasm and others to the nucleus and nucleolus. Differences in subcellular localization may reflect diverse functional roles for each individual protein or, more likely, variety in the compartmentalization of plant proteins targeted by the nematode. Our data are therefore consistent with the suggestion that the SPRYSEC proteins suppress host defences, as suggested previously, and that they achieve this through interaction with a range of host targets.
The obligatory role of the kidney in long‐term arterial blood pressure control: extending Guyton’s model of the circulation
Authors: Dorrington K. L. , Pandit J. J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWe describe a model for the essential role of the kidney in long‐term blood pressure regulation. We begin with a simple hydraulic model for the circulation, with a constant circulating volume. We show, with the help of a modification of Guyton’s classic diagram, that cardiac output and mean arterial pressure are functions of circulating volume, peripheral resistance, venous and arterial compliances, and the cardiac Starling curve. This approach models only acute changes in a ‘closed’ circulation – one where there is no intake or excretion of fluid. The model is then adapted to ‘open’ the circulation, include a role for the kidney, and represent more chronic changes. Arterial pressure is then a sole function of renal behaviour and daily sodium (and liquid) intake, and becomes independent of other cardiovascular variables. As well as generating specific hypotheses for further investigation, these models can be used for the purpose of education in cardiovascular control and the treatment of hypertension.
A prospective, randomised, cross‐over trial comparing the EndoFlex® and standard tracheal tubes in patients with predicted easy intubation
Authors: Teoh W. H. L. , Sia A. T. H. , Fun W. L. L. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWe aimed to determine if using the EndoFlex® tracheal tube on the first intubation attempt provided improved placement times and intubation success compared with a standard‐type tracheal tube in 50 patients undergoing gynaecological surgery in a prospective, randomised, cross‐over trial. We found that using the EndoFlex resulted in shorter intubation times (mean (SD) 14.8 (9.7) vs 30.1 (30.5) s), easier intubation (VAS, median (range) 10 (0–70) vs 20 (0–100)), and an increased rate of successful insertion at the first attempt; all p < 0.001. Flexing the distal tip of the EndoFlex was used in 18 patients. There were reductions in the use of external laryngeal pressure, advancement of laryngoscope blade and increased lifting force when intubating with the EndoFlex. Furthermore, patients with a grade 2 (19/50) or 3 (6/50) laryngoscopic view had shorter intubation times, easier intubation and reduced insertion attempts with the EndoFlex. The EndoFlex is a satisfactory alternative to a standard‐type tracheal tube, even with an anterior larynx.
Optimising the unprotected airway with a prototype Jaw‐Thrust‐Device – a prospective randomised cross‐over study
Authors: Von Goedecke A. , Mitterschiffthaler L. , Paal P. , Mitterlechner T. , Wenzel V. , Herff H. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryDespite being a standard procedure during induction of anaesthesia, facemask ventilation can be a major challenge especially for inexperienced anaesthetists. We manufactured a Jaw‐Thrust‐Device designed to keep the patient’s jaws in an optimised position, and thus to maintain the airway in a permanently patent state. Using a cross over design, we compared the influence of using the Esmarch manoeuvre (bimanual jaw‐thrust), a nasopharyngeal airway, an oropharyngeal airway, or the Jaw‐Thrust‐Device on airway physiology in 50 healthy adults with body mass index < 35 kg.m−2, undergoing standard facemask ventilation for routine induction of anaesthesia. The main study endpoints were expiratory tidal volumes, airway resistances, and gas flow rates. The Jaw‐Thrust‐Device was more effective in increasing expiratory tidal volumes and peak inspiratory flow than a standard Esmarch manoeuvre, and was more effective than both nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airways in decreasing airway resistance.
Temporary extracorporeal jugulosaphenous bypass for the peri‐operative management of patients with superior vena caval obstruction: a report of three cases
Authors: Radauceanu D. S. , Dunn J‐O. C. , Lagattolla N. , Farquhar‐Thomson D. 
Published: October 2009

SummarySuperior vena caval obstruction from a mediastinal mass presents a significant risk to patients requiring general anaesthesia, with reports of sudden death on induction of anaesthesia, during intubation and on initiation of positive pressure ventilation. We describe the first reported use of temporary extracorporeal jugulosaphenous bypass in three cases of superior vena caval obstruction and extrinsic tracheal compression caused by massive retrosternal multinodular goitre. The bypass was performed before induction of general anaesthesia with consequent reduction in upper body venous pressure and avoidance of complications.
The use of mandibular nerve block to predict safe anaesthetic induction in patients with acute trismus*
Authors: Heard A. M. B. , Green R. J. , Lacquiere D. A. , Sillifant P. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAcute trismus can be caused by pain, muscle spasm, swelling or mechanical obstruction. Unfortunately, the cause is not always obvious during pre‐operative airway assessment. In this pilot study, we prospectively evaluated mandibular nerve block as a pre‐operative tool to identify patients with reversible causes of trismus, namely pain or spasm, in order to allow safe anaesthetic induction. Six patients with unilateral fractured mandibles and trismus received a mandibular nerve block before induction of general anaesthesia. There was an increase in maximal inter‐incisor gap after the blocks (median (range) distance: pre‐block 16.5 (14–30) and post‐block 34 (32–35) mm; p = 0.027), and no further improvement after induction of general anaesthesia (post‐induction 37 (30–40) mm; p = 0.276 compared with post‐block). There was an improvement in pain scores (p = 0.027), and no side‐effects were detected. Pre‐operative mandibular nerve blockade appears to reverse trismus caused by pain and muscle spasm, allowing the anaesthetist to decide whether awake intubation is genuinely indicated.
Determination of the anaerobic threshold in the pre‐operative assessment clinic: inter‐observer measurement error
Authors: Sinclair R. C. F. , Danjoux G. R. , Goodridge V. , Batterham A. M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe variability between observers in the interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise tests may impact upon clinical decision making and affect the risk stratification and peri‐operative management of a patient. The purpose of this study was to quantify the inter‐reader variability in the determination of the anaerobic threshold (V‐slope method). A series of 21 cardiopulmonary exercise tests from patients attending a surgical pre‐operative assessment clinic were read independently by nine experienced clinicians regularly involved in clinical decision making. The grand mean for the anaerobic threshold was 10.5 ml O2.kg body mass−1.min−1. The technical error of measurement was 8.1% (circa 0.9 ml.kg−1.min−1; 90% confidence interval, 7.4–8.9%). The mean absolute difference between readers was 4.5% with a typical random error of 6.5% (6.0–7.2%). We conclude that the inter‐observer variability for experienced clinicians determining the anaerobic threshold from cardiopulmonary exercise tests is acceptable.
The influence of various graphical and numeric trend display formats on the detection of simulated changes*
Authors: Kennedy R. R. , Merry A. F. , Warman G. R. , Webster C. S. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIntegration of a large amount of information is important in anaesthesia but there is little research to guide the development of data displays. Anaesthetists from two hospitals participated in five related screen based simulation studies comparing various formats for display of historical or ‘trend’ data. Participants were asked to indicate when they first noticed a change in each displayed variable. Accuracy and latency (i.e. delay) in detection of changes were recorded. Latency was shorter with a graphic display of historical data than with a numeric display. Increasing number of variables or reduction of y‐axis height increased the latency of detection. If the same number of data points were included, there was no difference between graphical and numerical displays of historical data. There was no difference in accuracy between graphical or numerical displays. These results suggest that the way trend data is presented can influence the speed of detection of changes.
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza: experience from the critical care unit
Authors: Patel M. , Dennis A. , Flutter C. , Thornton S. , D’Mello O. , Sherwood N. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThis case series details experience of critical care admissions with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza from an intensive care unit in the West Midlands. We present four critically ill patients admitted with severe hypoxia. Two of the patients failed a trial of continuous positive airway pressure and all underwent controlled ventilation within 24 h of admission. Bilevel and high frequency oscillatory ventilation were the most useful modes. Our patients generally had one organ failure and were ventilator dependent for relatively short periods of time. Three of the patients made a full recovery and one required ongoing dialysis. We also discuss service planning and our response to the pandemic. We were well prepared with stocks of personal protective equipment but had to modify plans as the outbreak progressed. Our cases and discussion provide useful information for other intensive care units preparing for the predicted autumn surge of H1N1 cases.
Origins and genetic diversity of New World Creole cattle: inferences from mitochondrial and Y chromosome polymorphisms
Authors: Ginja C. , Penedo M. C. T. , Melucci L. , Quiroz J. , Martínez López O. R. , Revidatti M. A. , Martínez‐Martínez A. , Delgado J. V. , Gama L. T. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe ancestry of New World cattle was investigated through the analysis of mitochondrial and Y chromosome variation in Creoles from Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay and the United States of America. Breeds that influenced the Creoles, such as Iberian native, British and Zebu, were also studied. Creoles showed high mtDNA diversity (H = 0.984 ± 0.003) with a total of 78 haplotypes, and the European T3 matriline was the most common (72.1%). The African T1a haplogroup was detected (14.6%), as well as the ancestral African‐derived AA matriline (11.9%), which was absent in the Iberian breeds. Genetic proximity among Creoles, Iberian and Atlantic Islands breeds was inferred through their sharing of mtDNA haplotypes. Y‐haplotype diversity in Creoles was high (H = 0.779 ± 0.019), with several Y1, Y2 and Y3 haplotypes represented. Iberian patrilines in Creoles were more difficult to infer and were reflected by the presence of H3Y1 and H6Y2. Y‐haplotypes confirmed crossbreeding with British cattle, mainly of Hereford with Pampa Chaqueño and Texas Longhorn. Male‐mediated Bos indicus introgression into Creoles was found in all populations, except Argentino1 (herd book registered) and Pampa Chaqueño. The detection of the distinct H22Y3 patriline with the INRA189‐90 allele in Caracú suggests introduction of bulls directly from West Africa. Further studies of Spanish and African breeds are necessary to elucidate the origins of Creole cattle, and determine the exact source of their African lineages.
Begomovirus coat protein interacts with a small heat‐shock protein of its transmission vector (Bemisia tabaci)
Authors: Ohnesorge S. , Bejarano E. R. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent‐circulative manner. The coat protein (CP) plays an important role in this transmission cycle. In this study, the CP was used to screen a Bemisia tabaci cDNA library using the yeast two‐hybrid system, in a search for interacting partners. A member of the small heat‐shock protein family (termed BtHSP16) was identified and its interaction with the CP was verified by an in vitro pull‐down assay. The binding domain was located at the variable N‐terminal part of the CP, while full‐length BtHSP16 is required for the interaction. The putative role for this interaction in the transmission cycle by the whitefly is discussed.
Age‐ and division‐of‐labour‐dependent differential expression of a novel non‐coding RNA, Nb‐1, in the brain of worker honeybees, Apis mellifera L.
Authors: Tadano H. , Yamazaki Y. , Takeuchi H. , Kubo T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTo elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying honeybee social behaviours, we identified a novel gene, Nb‐1, whose expression in the worker brain changes according to the age‐dependent division of labour in normal colonies. The open reading frames contained in the Nb‐1 cDNA were not conserved in the homologue of a related species, suggesting that the Nb‐1 gene product is a non‐coding RNA. The distribution of Nb‐1‐expressing cells partially overlapped that of octopamine‐immunoreactive cells and neurosecretory cells, the latter of which are involved in the synthesis and secretion of juvenile hormone (JH). Octopamine and JH control worker task transition, and thus Nb‐1 might be involved in task transition through the modulation of octopamine/JH synthesis and secretion.