bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of flow-induced crystallization in polyvinylidene fluoride 3D printing
Authors: Lannunziata Erika , Fiorillo Chiara , Minetola Paolo , Edeleva Mariya , Cardon Ludwig , Iuliano Luca 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study explores how additive manufacturing processes, specifically fused filament fabrication (FFF) parameters, affect the β-crystallization of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). A key focus is to ascertain if flow-induced crystallization during FFF improves the overall crystallinity, as the polymer melt is subjected to high shear forces during printing, which reduces kinetic barriers to crystallization and influences the resulting morphology. Using a design-of-experiments approach, the effects of extrusion temperature and printing speed were systematically evaluated to assess their impact on crystallinity, characterized through differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and polarized optical microscopy. Statistical analysis identified extrusion temperature as the most significant parameter for promoting β-phase formation, with the highest crystallinity observed at an extrusion temperature of 235 °C. In contrast, printing speed appeared to have a limited influence on crystalline phase distribution, indicating that higher production rates may be achievable without adversely affecting material properties. Nevertheless, rheological investigations underscored the role of both extrusion temperature and printing speed in facilitating shear-induced crystallization. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of FFF parameters for PVDF-based functional devices, advancing the development of improved piezoelectric and energy harvesting applications while reducing the cost and complexity associated with conventional manufacturing techniques.
Associations of subclinical microcalcification and inflammation with carotid atheroma development: a dual-tracer PET/CT study
Authors: Patil Shiv , Kata Rithvik , Teichner Eric , Subtirelu Robert , Ghonim Mohanad , Ghonim Mohamed , Al-Daoud Omar , Ismoilov Miraziz , Herpin Lancelot , Ayubcha Cyrus , Werner Thomas , Høilund-Carlsen Poul Flemming , Alavi Abass 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Purpose
Carotid artery atherosclerosis, a significant manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and leading cause of stroke, develops through a gradual process of arterial inflammation and calcification. This study explores the relationship between arterial inflammation (18 F-FDG PET/CT) and vascular calcification (18 F-NaF PET/CT) in the left and right common carotid arteries (LCC/RCC) and their association with CVD and thromboembolic risk in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis.

Methods
A cohort of 115 subjects (73 healthy volunteers, 42 at-risk for CVD) underwent 18 F-NaF and 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging. Radiotracer uptake was quantitatively assessed by measuring the average blood-pool-corrected mean standardized uptake value (aSUVmean).

Results
Relative to healthy volunteers, at-risk subjects had greater uptake of NaF and FDG (10–22% and 16–27% higher, respectively, in both arteries, p < 0.05). On multivariate regression, NaF aSUVmean correlated with age and BMI (p < 0.01), and FDG aSUVmean correlated with BMI (p ≤ 0.01), fibrinogen (p < 0.01 in LCC only), and total cholesterol (p = 0.02 in RCC only). NaF aSUVmean increased with elevated 10-year CVD risk (p = 0.003 in LCC only), while no significant trend was seen for FDG. NaF and FDG aSUVmean increased with elevated thromboembolic risk in both arteries (p < 0.05). No correlations between NaF and FDG aSUVmean were observed (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
18 F-NaF PET/CT may serve as a prognostic tool for carotid microcalcification and subclinical atherosclerosis, while the utility of 18 F-FDG PET/CT remains uncertain.

Clinical trial registration
“Cardiovascular Molecular Calcification Assessed by 18F-NaF PET CT (CAMONA)”, NCT01724749, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01724749.
Tax Avoidance in Family Business: The Ethical Perspective of CEO Transgenerational Responsibility
Authors: Cirillo Alessandro , Manzi Maria Angela , Bauweraerts Jonathan , Sciascia Salvatore 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Exploring the intricacies of heterogeneity in tax avoidance practices within family firms, a growing trend acknowledges the significant role of chief executive officers (CEOs) in setting the ethical tone and shaping corporate tax strategies. However, these studies often overlook the influence of the CEO’s transgenerational orientation, which becomes crucial when assessing ethics in family businesses. Therefore, the paper aims to analyse to what extent the CEO’s transgenerational responsibility (the moral obligation that incumbent leaders have vis-à-vis next generation family members) affects tax avoidance with a utilitarianism lens. Relying on a sample of 272 firm-year observations of Italian listed family companies along the period 2014–2018, the panel regression model finds a positive relationship. Moreover, the involvement in the business of the next generation of family members strengthens this relationship, suggesting that the immediate proximity with other relatives fosters the conversion of the CEO’s transgenerational responsibility into tax avoidance practices. Finally, when the family firm is in financial distress, CEOs with greater transgenerational responsibility tend to avoid more taxes.
Reference Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Nitrogen from the Triple Point to High Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Sotiriadou Sofia G. , Assael Marc J. , Huber Marcia L. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A new wide-ranging correlation for the thermal conductivity of nitrogen, based on the most recent ab initio dilute gas theoretical calculations, a simplified crossover critical enhancement contribution, and critically evaluated experimental data, is presented. The correlation is designed to be used with a high-accuracy Helmholtz equation of state over the range of temperatures from the triple-point temperature to 1000 K, and at pressures up to 2200 MPa. The estimated expanded uncertainty (at the 95 % confidence level) in the range of validity of the correlation ranges from a minimum of 1 % in the gas phase for temperatures from 102 K to 700 K at pressures up to 1 MPa, to 4 % in the high temperature, high pressure region covering 500 K < T < 744 K at pressures from 1 MPa to 40 MPa. In the gas and supercritical region 112 K < T < 475 K for pressures 1 MPa < p < 1000 MPa the estimated uncertainty is 2.2 %, and for the liquid from 81 K to 122 K at pressures up to 70 MPa the estimated uncertainty is 3 %. The correlation behaves in a physically reasonable manner when extrapolated to temperatures below the triple point and is suitable for use in certain corresponding-states applications. However, care should be taken when using the correlation outside of the experimentally validated range.
Mind the Gap: Gender, Racial, and Educational Differences in American Gender Attitudes from 1977 to 2018
Authors: Shu Xiaoling , Meagher Kelsey D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Despite dramatic changes since the 1970s, gender and educational gaps in gender egalitarian attitudes have persisted while the racial gap (with Blacks leading) has narrowed. We apply interest-based and socialization mechanisms to predict the differential influences of labor market influences on changing gender attitudes for different races, genders, and educational groups. Using 21 waves of the General Social Survey, 1977–2018 (N = 27,662), and cross-classified age-period-cohort models, we examine the effects of two known labor market dynamics that shifted Americans’ gender attitudes, gender equality in the labor force and men’s overwork, on egalitarian gender attitudes among different racial, gender, and educational groups. The findings indicate that rising labor force gender equality is associated with stronger shifts toward gender egalitarianism among whites, bringing their attitudes more in line with Blacks and closing the racial gap. The rise of men’s overwork in the mid-1990s coincided with the “stalled gender revolution” and is associated with rising conservatism among whites and the college-educated. The gender gap in attitudes has persisted in the last four decades and neither of these labor market dynamics has exerted any impact. Results align with the socialization perspective that individuals respond to labor market dynamics more in accordance with their socially prescribed roles than their self-interests.
Investigating Early-Stage Mineralization Behavior and Bioactivity of Acid-Free Bioactive Glass 45S5 with Enhanced Dissolution Kinetics
Authors: Tüncer Melisa , Yücesoy Deniz T. , Öksel Karakuş Ceyda 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Nanostructured bioactive glass (BG) was synthesized through an acid-free sol–gel route (bioglass-AF) and the conventional acid-catalyst sol–gel process (bioglass-AC). The aim here is to eliminate the risk of residual acidic components in the BG while enhancing its functionality through nano-scale propduction. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of highly porous structures and dense agglomerates composed of particles with a mean diameter of 45 nm in both samples. Bioglass-AC and bioglass-AF had specific surface areas of 1.48 m2/g and 2.73 m2/g, respectively, with an average pore size of ~ 5 nm. Faster mineralization kinetics were evident in bioglass-AF, compared to bioglass-AC, in Hepes-buffered salt solution. Following 14 days of immersion in artificial saliva, bioglass-AC and bioglass-AF lost 16% and 20% of their initial weight, respectively, confirming their bioactivity. None of the synthesized BGs stimulated cell growth up to 24 h but longer exposure to moderate concentrations (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) of bioglass-AF significantly enhanced cell viability, reaching 170% at 48 h. Overall, the comparative in vitro investigations proved that nano-structured 45S5 bioglass powders with improved mineralization and dissolution kinetics can be produced with an acid-free route, eliminating the risk of residual acidic components in the final product.
The impact of floral diversity on bumblebee colony development and pollination efficacy among foragers
Authors: Jandt Jennifer M. , Barratt Barbara I. P. , Dickinson Katharine J. M. , McCombe Georgia G. I. , Tully Jake , Lord Janice M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The environment in which pollinators are reared may influence both their health and pollination performance. We compared the performance of 12 colonies of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), each in their own simple (tomato monoculture) or florally diverse (tomatoes, borage, and lavender) arena inside a glasshouse. We found that colonies reared in florally diverse environments had a higher proportion of foragers overall and maintained slightly higher and less variable relative humidity inside the nest. Moreover, adding floral resources to a tomato crop resulted in increased total crop yield, whereas individual tomatoes reared in the simple monoculture environment were larger than those in the diverse. These results provide an important step in understanding the extent to which bumblebee health and flower-visiting behavior are influenced by the complexity of the foraging environment and how a diverse floral environment may enhance pollinator behavior toward a focal crop.
Humic Substances Enhance Cadmium Tolerance in Lettuce by Enhancing Antioxidant Activity and Photosynthesis Performance
Authors: Atero-Calvo Santiago , Magro Francesco , Masetti Giacomo , Izquierdo-Ramos María José , Navarro-León Eloy , Ruiz Juan Manuel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) stress considerably reduces crop yield. The use of biostimulants, like humic substances (HS), is a research strategy for increasing Cd tolerance. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a HS-based product in improving Cd tolerance in lettuce. It was selected for its ability to enhance growth through improved photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity although its effectiveness under Cd stress is unclear. The study also investigated which mode of HS application (to roots or leaves) is more effective in enhancing Cd tolerance and reducing Cd accumulation. Plants were grown under Cd stress (100 µM CdCl2), Cd stress + HS applied to the roots (R-HS) at 0.40 and 0.60 mL/L, and HS applied to the leaves (F-HS) at 7.50 and 10.00 mL/L, alongside a control (no CdCl2). R-HS involved irrigating pots with HS diluted in a nutrient solution, whereas F-HS consisted of spraying leaves with HS diluted in distilled water. Cd reduced shoot and root dry weight (DW) by 35%. However, a lower reduction was observed under HS applications (16%, 22%, 19%, and 18% at R-HS 0.40 and 0.60 mL/L, and F-HS 7.50 and 10.00 mL/L, respectively). These results were attributed to increased antioxidant capacity, thiol biosynthesis, and photosynthesis activity. While the application mode did not affect the Cd tolerance, R-HS 0.60 mL/L increased shoot Cd (21%), whereas F-HS 10.00 mL/L reduced it (14%). Our study indicates that the HS-based product could enhance Cd tolerance in lettuce at the tested doses. In addition, R-HS 0.60 mL/L may be effective for Cd phytoextraction, whereas F-HS can help reduce Cd accumulation in leaves.
The conjugacy problem for
$\operatorname {Out}(F_3)$
Authors: Dahmani François , Francaviglia Stefano , Martino Armando , Touikan Nicholas 
Published: February 2025

AbstractWe present a solution to the conjugacy problem in the group of outer automorphisms of
$F_3$
, a free group of rank 3. We distinguish according to several computable invariants, such as irreducibility, subgroups of polynomial growth and subgroups carrying the attracting lamination. We establish, by considerations on train tracks, that the conjugacy problem is decidable for the outer automorphisms of
$F_3$
that preserve a given rank 2 free factor. Then we establish, by consideration on mapping tori, that it is decidable for outer automorphisms of
$F_3$
whose maximal polynomial growth subgroups are cyclic. This covers all the cases left by the state of the art.
Is Norcross Right about Right?
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIn Morality by Degrees, Alastair Norcross defends a view he calls “scalar consequentialism.” I argue, first, that Norcross does not use the term consistently, since in most passages this seems to refer to a version of consequentialism that rejects all claims about rightness altogether, yet in other passages Norcross claims that scalar consequentialists should nonetheless embrace his favored “contextualist” account of rightness. I also argue, second, that the particular arguments offered by Norcross as to why consequentialists should forgo more traditional consequentialist accounts of rightness (such as maximizing or satisficing) are unpersuasive.
A Minimal Model Illuminates the Physics of Pulse‐Like Seismic Rupture and Oscillatory Slip Rates in Damaged Faults
Authors: Barras Fabian , Aharonov Einat , Renard François 
Published: February 2025

AbstractFault zones are often surrounded by a damage zone that exhibits lower seismic velocities than the wall rock, influencing earthquake propagation and arrest. We present a one‐dimensional minimal model of frictional rupture that approximates the elastodynamics of a fault embedded within a damage zone. This model predicts two families of steady‐state rupture solutions: an overdamped regime, describing a crack‐like rupture, and an underdamped regime with oscillating slip‐rate in the wake of the rupture, which promotes pulse‐like dynamics. The minimal model contains two free parameters: the pre‐stress on the fault, and the seismic velocity reduction in the damage zone. We present how the one‐dimensional prediction is consistent with previously published two‐dimensional simulations and discuss the applicability of our results to natural observations, identifying the preferred rupture style as function of structure of the fault zone, and the geological consequences of oscillatory slip in the wake of pulse‐like ruptures.
Observational Evidence of Increasing Intensity and Frequency of Deep Convective Clouds During the Indian Summer Monsoon Season
Authors: Antony Roshny , Kottayil Ajil , John Viju O. , Satheesan K. , Xavier Prince 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIn the context of recent anomalous behavior of the Indian summer monsoon, this study investigates the long‐term changes in deep convective clouds and extreme rainfall during the summer monsoon periods from 2000 to 2020. Through the analysis of a long‐term, climate‐quality satellite data set, we provide observational evidence of significant increases in the cloud top height of deep convective clouds over the Indian subcontinent and adjacent oceanic regions. These regions also exhibit substantial increases in the frequency of occurrence of deep convective clouds. The observations indicate that the deep convective cloud top temperature decreases at approximately 4 K per decade. Our analysis reveals that these changes have accelerated markedly in the recent decade, especially post‐2010. It is observed that there has been a significant increase in extreme monsoon rainfall, across the Indian subcontinent during the years 2000–2020. This emphasizes the connection between the intensification of deep convective clouds and monsoon extremes.
Could We Achieve the On‐Line Measurements of the Optical Fractal Dimensions of Black Carbon?
Authors: Zhao Gang , Hu Min , Lin Weili , Kuang Ye , Sun Jie , Zeng Linghan , Zhao Chunsheng 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSignificant uncertainties exist in quantifying black carbon (BC) warming effects on earth due to the variation in its light absorption abilities, which depend on its morphology. The fractal dimension () of BC aggregates, is a critical morphology factor determining BC's absorption properties. However, cannot be measured online, making it hard to study the BC morphology evolution during atmospheric aging processing. We propose a novel method to measure BC's by establishing the relationship between BC's mobility diameter (), , and mass concentration (). This method enables to measure the of BC aggregates online by measuring their and concurrently with an accuracy of 0.15. Field measurements show that the ambient BC ranges between 2.14 and 2.41 at a suburban site in China. This approach provides an efficient means to measure online, making it possible to track the ambient BC morphology evolution and constrain the BC optical and radiative properties.
Global Three‐Dimensional Structure of Flux Transfer Events: THEMIS‐MMS‐Cluster Coordinated Observation
Authors: Yang T. , Dong X.‐C. , Dunlop M. W. , Wang X.‐K. , Wang T.‐Y. , Zhao J.‐S. , Xu Y. , Liu J. , Li X. , Liu G.‐Q. , Cao J.‐B. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractWe present consecutive observations of Flux Transfer Events (FTEs) on 10 November 2020, using MMS, THEMIS and Cluster spacecraft located at different magnetopause locations. Two typical scale FTE signatures are successively observed by low‐latitude THEMIS, mid‐latitude MMS and high latitude Cluster, reflecting their global spatial scale characteristics. Multi‐spacecraft observation also revealed the complete 3‐D structure of the FTEs, with azimuthal extended section, magnetosheath and magnetospheric arm. The simultaneous existence of different magnetic field line topologies during the FTEs indicates the generation mechanism of multiple X‐line reconnection. Successive observations with intervals of several minutes revealed some evolutionary features of FTEs, including an increase in size and flux, and disappearance of the magnetic dip region on both sides. Our observations give a complete 3‐D picture of FTEs on a global scale, which can improve our understanding of the transient magnetic reconnection and solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction at the magnetopause.
Hydraulics of Channelized Flow in Ice‐Supersaturated Debris: 1. Rock Glacier Hydrology in Alpine Glacial‐Periglacial Systems
Authors: Seelig Magdalena , Seelig Simon , Krainer Karl , Winkler Gerfried 
Published: February 2025

AbstractFrozen sediment accumulations, including rock glaciers, talus, and moraines, constitute complex aquifers in permafrost‐affected terrain. The spatial distribution of permafrost ice largely governs the flow of water through the subsurface, which exhibits a spectrum of flow patterns, ranging from diffuse flow through a porous matrix to concentrated flow along discrete channels. This study characterizes the groundwater flow system within three active rock glaciers drained by springs in the Austrian Alps. We study the alteration of recharge pulses traveling through the rock glaciers to decipher the dominant flow pattern. Key hydraulic properties are explored through a combined evaluation of spring hydrographs and fluorescence tracer tests. Water predominantly flows through a network of channels within the frozen subsurface. This flow is rapid and highly turbulent, implying high energy dissipation and effective heat transfer. Although the channels exhibit large hydraulic diameters, their irregular structure contributes to exceptionally high frictional resistance. These high energy losses accelerate the melting process and promote flow‐melt feedback loops, driving permafrost degradation and facilitating flow concentration. Ultimately, the hydraulic properties of these channel networks influence permafrost thaw, solute transport, lake outburst hazards, and slope stability.
Direct Observations of Solute Dispersion in Rocks With Distinct Degree of Sub‐Micron Porosity
Authors: Kurotori Takeshi , Zahasky Christopher , Benson Sally M. , Pini Ronny 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe transport of chemical species in rocks is affected by their structural heterogeneity to yield a wide spectrum of local solute concentrations. To quantify such imperfect mixing, advanced methodologies are needed that augment the traditional breakthrough curve analysis by probing solute concentration within the fluids locally. Here, we demonstrate the application of asynchronous, multimodality imaging by X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) and positron emission tomography (PET) to the study of passive tracer experiments in laboratory rock cores. The four‐dimensional concentration maps measured by PET reveal specific signatures of the transport process, which we have quantified using fundamental measures of mixing and spreading. We observe that the extent of solute spreading correlate strongly with the strength of subcore‐scale porosity heterogeneity measured by XCT, while dilution is enhanced in rocks containing substantial sub‐micron porosity. We observe that the analysis of different metrics is necessary, as they can differ in their sensitivity to the strength and forms of heterogeneity. The multimodality imaging approach is uniquely suited to probe the fundamental difference between spreading and mixing in heterogeneous media. We propose that when multi‐dimensional data is available, mixing and spreading can be independently quantified using the same metric. We also demonstrate that one‐dimensional transport models have limited predictive ability toward the internal evolution of the solute concentration, when the model is solely calibrated against the effluent breakthrough curves. The data set generated in this study can be used to build realistic digital rock models and to benchmark transport simulations that account deterministically for rock property heterogeneity.