bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comment On "Competitive Environments of the International Oil Industry"
Authors: Watkins G.C. 
Published: March 2010

Introduction
A RECENT ISSUE of this Journal contained an article by Z. G. Havlena and J. F. Wasmuth on the international oil industry(1). The article provided a useful and interesting review of the environment in which oil companies operate overseas. This note mainly elaborates and comments on the authors' explanation of trends in world crude oil prices.
Havlena and Wasmuth stated (p. 14) that shortly after the re-opening of the Suez Canal in 1957:
"...famine turned to feast; this created an alarmingly increasing imbalance in the world supply-demand picture. Six main factors caused this disruption :the introduction of import regulations in the U.S.A.;the appearance of very low priced Russian oil in world markets;the discovery of new prolific fields in the countries west of the Suez Canal;indiscriminate and disastrous overdevelopment of the prolific Middle East fields;the spread in the search for and successful discoveries of oil throughout the four corners of the world; andthe relative slowdown of the growth rate of crude oil consumption in the major industrialized nations of the Eastern' Hemisphere, often caused by their unfavourable balance of international payments."
In Section II, the relation between world crude oil prices and costs is examined. Section III discusses Middle East crude oil pricing prior to 1957–58. The reasons for the deterioration in crude oil prices after 1957–58 are assessed in Section IV. The conclusions of the comment are summarized in Section V.

II – CRUDE OIL PRICING AND COSTS
A striking omission from the six reasons listed above is any explicit reference to the relation between the cost structure of the oil industry, especially outside North America, and market price. Actual or potential pressure on existing prices arises if suppliers are willing to provide more oil than the market can absorb at the realized price. Market price would be in equilibrium and not subject to any significant downward or upward pressure if the price were equal to the incremental cost of obtaining additional production from the highest-cost source of supply utilized.
This also assumes that production from lower-cost sources of supply is at desired levels. In economist's terms, this is referred to as the equivalence of price and marginal cost. A price lower than this level of marginal cost would reduce the volume of oil that producers would be willing to sell, and vice versa. Figure 1 illustrates this point. The amounts of oil consumers are willing to buy at various market prices may be depicted by a curve (DD) which will slope downward from left to right, assuming that more oil will be bought at lower prices. The supply curve (SS), which shows output forthcoming at alternative levels of oil prices, will slope upward as higher prices will encourage greater supply. The supply curve may be envisaged by arraying all sources of oil supply in terms of increasing cost.
Continuing Education-What It Takes to Be With It
Authors: Wichert E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
With the rapid expansion of knowledge in all fields, the technical man has to guard himself against obsolescence by actively pursuing a program of continuing education. What is involved? In short, time, money and effort on the part of the individual are needed. A brief outline of the available forms of continuing education is given, and these are discussed with regard to time, money and effort.
Whether a person is located in Drayton Valley or Calgary, it is possible to follow a continuing education program to suit each particular location or situation. Theresponsibility for setting and pursuing such a programrests mainly with the individual, but the climate that a company sets is important also.

Introduction
Most Engineering don't argue about the need for continuing education – they admit that continuing education is essential. There is, however, a great gap between admitting to a situation and doing something about it.
Continuing education, as discussed in this paper, is thought of as an educational program that a technical man sets for himself in order to stay abreast of thenew developments within his chosen industry. This goes beyond on-the-job training, as the latter would merely qualify him for a new assignment or position. Continuing education for a young engineer may initially mean a formal one- or two-year company trainingprogram, but it must not stop there. It should be, asthe word implies, a continuously ongoing process of study in one's chosen field of endeavour. This paper points the way to such a program.

Brief Outline Of Sources Of Continuing Education
For reference purposes mainly it is necessary to set down briefly the various sources of continuing education that are available. Not all of these will be readily available to everyone, but, on the other hand, everyone has access to at least two or three of the following:Technical meetings or seminars, usually put on by technical societies, companies or educational institutions.Formal one to three-week courses given by a university school of technology or P .I.T .S.Evening term courses consisting of one or two lectures per week, available at the universities or technical schools.Correspondence courses.Subscriptions to a great variety of technical and trade journals.Books.

What Does It Take To Participate In Continuing Education?
The three obvious and essential things that are required in almost any endeavour are time, money and effort. Of these three, the last, namely effort, is the most important. Effort is the action taken to bring about the desired end result. This applies to any endeavour, as, for example, the team effort to design and build the rockets to land a man on the moon and return him to earth. In this example, the team effort of thousands of people was required to bring about the desired results. Because continuing education is a very individual endeavour, benefiting firstly the individual, it can only be brought about by the individual himself.
Present State of Gas Logging Techniques With the Use of a Continuous Mud Weight Recorder
Authors: Issenmann O. , Lucon C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The addition of a continuous mud weight recorder to the standard gas logging instruments was first recommended three years ago by Societe Nationale des Petroles d'Aquitaine for better control of deep gas well drilling. To this end, a new apparatus, the Densimud, was developed and tested by Geoservices, and has now acquired good reliability and wide use.
New information and knowledge is brought to light by this tool when used in combination with detection and chromatography of gas in mud. These are of prime importance for the accurate localization of gas layers and the prevention of blow-outs.
The Densimud is used either alone or included in a synthetic system, the Geobloc. This comprises a cuttings sampler and washer, the Densimud and the gas trap, operating on a continuous mud stream diverted from the output mud circuit by a special pump. The main fact discovered by this tool is that, even in the absence of gas, a significant decrease of mud weight (up to 0.7 pound/gal.) occurs every time the kelly is unscrewed (for pipe addition for example). When the air introduced in the pipe string by this operation arrives back at the wellhead after a complete cycle, the lag time is accurately recorded at regular intervals. This decrease is not seen by the gas instruments unless the gas-in-mud background is high.
Recorded on the same diagram, the curves for total gas, mud weight and mud pit volumes give a very interesting synthetic picture of what is happening in the well. The successive air peaks are reference marks which make it possible to determine much more accurately than before, the origin of the various gas peaks.

INTRODUCTION
The Value Of A Continuous Mud Weight Recorder over manual measurements is obvious for wells which are liable to give fluid eruptions (gas or water): the control is continuous, accurate and automatic. An alarm may be coupled to the system Furthermore, the mud sampling is more constant and representative.
This method is particularly valuable for gas detection. It has the advantage over conventional gas detectors of a faster response and the possibility of accurately determining the true percentage of gas in mud as soon as this is higher than 1 per cent. The standard gas logging instruments are more sensitive and remain unequalled for small gas shows, but they are not really quantitative because their response depends on the efficiency of the gas trap.
It is also interesting to use two instruments simultaneously one for the weight of the mud injected into the well, the other for the output mud. The difference of weight is often important, depending on the background gas content collected by the mud during its upward travel in the annulus.

THE APPARATUS
The densimud consists essentially of a constant-height column through which mud from the wellhead outlet is circulated by a special pump- at a constant flow rate.
A New Iterative Method For Solving Reservoir Simulation Equations
Authors: Aziz Khalid , Settari Antonin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Recently Poussin and Watts have presented some interesting iterative methods of solving matrix equations resulting from the finite-difference approximation of partial differential equations. These methods are however, not competitive with the strongly implicit (SIP) method of Stone for highly anisotropic and heterogeneous reservoirs. Our method is an extension of the method of ‘Watts and it is competitive with SIP from a computational point of view; furthermore our method is easier to program. In this paper, we first formulate the matrix problem using the notation of Stone. Next we present Watts’ method in the notation of our paper. Following this, the new method is developed. Computational algorithms for the implementation of both of these methods are also presented. Finally, we present numerical results and a comparison of several numerical methods.

Introduction
In RESERVOIR SIMULATION and in many other problems involving partial differential equations, we are usually faced with the problem of solving equations of the parabolic type,
(Equation Available In Full Paper)
where n is the direction normal to the bounding surface. In spite of the fact that computers are getting bigger and faster and the cost per computation is being reduced the cost of reservoir simulation in many important cases is still too high and cannot be justified, Efforts are being made to reduce the cost of reservoir simulation. Along with improvements in computers, it is also necessary that more efficient methods be developed for the solution of reservoir simulation equations. This is indeed the case and many new methods are continually appearing in the literature. Many useful techniques are often buried in mathematical details which the engineer usually tries to avoid.
In another paper(1), we have given mathematical details of a new method for solving the matrix equations resulting from the finite-difference approximations of Equations (1) and (2), In addition to the consideration of the boundary condition given by Equation (3), we have also discussed other boundary conditions in that paper. Our objective here is to present important practical results without giving any mathematical details which are not necessary as far as applications of the method are concerned. In order to keep our discussion brief and simple, here we will deal in detail with the solution of the parabolic Equation n) and then show how the same method can be applied to Equation (2). Many important theoretical results not presented here are contained in the companion paper(1), and some of the practical considerations given here are not discussed elsewhere.

Derivation of Matrix Equation
The method to be presented is quite general and can be applied to irregularly shaped domains (like natural petroleum reservoirs); however, to illustrate the method we will choose a;simple example of a rectangular domain as shown in Figure L As usual, we divide the domain of interest into grid blocks and locate a grid point inside each grid block.
Fatigue of Threaded Sucker-Rod Couplings
Authors: Bellow D.G. , Faulkner M.G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Accelerated laboratory tests on the fatigue characteristics of sucker-rod couplings were carried out on a closed-loop hydraulic testing system. The purpose was to evaluate a number of different thread designs currently being used in the manufacture of sucker-rod couplings. The thread forms tested included the simple cut, a keyhole cut and burnished, cut and cold worked and fully cold worked.
The results show that the fatigue life increases as the degree of cold-working increases. It is also seen that the effects of accelerating the testing are insignificant.

Introduction
THE FAILURE OF SUCKER-ROD JOINTS is of considerable interest to those involved in petroleum production. To eliminate or minimize such failures many attempts have been made both in producing new rod and coupling designs and eliminating the coupling altogether. The literature shows a number of papers dealing with the subject of joint failures, specifically related to improving the pin connection. There is apparently very little written on the coupling itself, but there are a multitude of coupling designs commercially available for use in joining sucker-rods. The question arises as to which of these designs is the best. Thus, to aid in the design and selection of a coupling, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the fatigue life of a number of different thread designs which are being used in the manufacture of sucker-rod couplings.
Coupling design has, for the most part, been consistent with the pin design to which it must mate. Coupling thread design has evolved from the simple cut thread, to a keyhole, burnished, cut and cold worked, and recently to a fully cold worked or rolled thread. Apart from the simple cut thread and keyhole thread, all other thread designs incorporate some degree of cold working in the thread-forming process.
To the consumer the coupling represents but a part of the cost of a rod. However, to the manufacturer, not all coupling designs can be made with the same ease and quality control and, hence, same cost.
The majority of coupling failures are the result of fatigue damage. This damage can be accelerated by improper joint make-up in the field, operating in a hostile environment such as sour wells, manufacturing couplings from materials with poor fatigue characteristics, and the manner in which the thread has been formed inside the coupling. The problems of improper joint make-up have been explored in the paper by Hardy(1). In this same work, reference is made to the influence of corrosion on the fatigue life of sucker-rod materials. Although the scope of the present investigation excludes evaluation of the fatigue life of coupling materials, its main purpose is to evaluate the fatigue life of thread designs found in sucker-rod couplings and compare these results with the fatigue life of the unnotched coupling material.

Testing Program
In any testing program involving fatigue, one of the two major problems to be overcome is to control all but one of the variables involved.
Practical Use of Drill-Stem Tests
Authors: Timmerman E.H. , Van Poollen H.K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Drill-stem testing has advanced from simple sampling of the formation to complete pressure buildup analysis. This paper reviews the mechanical arrangement of the tool, its running and pressure measurements. Various typical drill-stern test pressure charts are shown as an aid in trouble-shooting.

Purpose
THE ORIGINAL PURPOSE of drill-stem tests included recovery of a sample of the formation fluids and possibly measurement of the formation pressure. Today, the nature and use of the drill-stem test is more sophisticated and most techniques developed for drawdown and buildup tests have been adapted to the shorter drill-stem test. These might include computation of formation permeability, k, skin, s, flow efficiency or damage ratio, D.R., productivity index, P.I., and radius of investigation, ri. At times, reservoir discontinuities such as faults, small reservoirs, two-layer performance, lenses in the pay and fluid contacts may be recognized.
A sample of the formation fluids is usually caught at near formation pressure during the test and brought to the surface without release of pressure. If properly removed and transported, such sample might be analysed in a PVT laboratory. At present, the sample usually is only used to establish fluid-type, gas-oil ratio, viscosity, gravity, etc., as measured in the field.
In a drill-stem test the pipe above a shut-off valve is filled with air adjusted by water cushion as the pipe is lowered into the mud-filled well. This valve can be intentionally opened and closed after the pipe has been lowered to the desired depth and packer, set to seal off the mud liquid within the annulus of the well. Thus the well may be produced against a controlled amount of back pressure when the tool is initially opened.

Test Procedure-Mechanical Equipment
Most drill-stem tests taken today are using equipment and procedures developed by major service companies. Some of the tools involved and typical charts for two such companies are included in this paper as exhibits A and H, respectively, to give the reader an appreciation of complexity.
Two or more bottom hole pressure gauges are usually employed. The upper gauge measures the pressure inside the drill pipe or tubing string below the shut-in valve. The lower gauge measures the pressure on the outside of the tool. Both gauges are located near the bottom of the equipment.
A section of slotted pipe is used to permit entry of the fluids from the well bore below the set packers into the inside of the string of pipe. To reduce buildup of pressure ahead of the unset packer while it is being lowered into the well, fluids are permitted to flow through these slots and various other mechanisms located below the shut-in tool. Such fluids constantly move from below the unset packer through the pipe to the annulus above the packer while the tools are run into the well. In most cases this technique results in a shorter running time without damage to the tools or plugging of the slots or other restrictions in the flow string below the shut-in tool in the drill pipe.
Pressure Drop In Wells Producing Oil And Gas
Authors: Aziz Khalid , Govier George W. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
A simple, mechanistically based scheme for the calculation of the pressuredrop in wells producing oil and gas in the single-phase liquid, bubble and slugflow patterns is described and checked with independent field data. The schemeis based on an identification of the flow pattern through a modification of theflow pattern map of Govier, Radford and Dunn and the application of themechanical energy balance in a form appropriate for the flow pattern assuggested by Govier and Aziz. Predictions for some 48 wells are compared withfield data and with the predictions of Orkiszewski, Duns and Ros, and Hagedornand Brown. The proposed method gives results at least as good as any of theothers, is more soundly based on the mechanism of flow and is independent ofthe data with which it is confirmed.
A computer program for the method and a typical printout are given.

INTRODUCTION
Many methods have been proposed for the estimation of the pressure drop inwells which produce a mixture of oil and gas. These are reviewed in detail by Govier and Aziz. Most of the methods are strictly empirical, but for certain ofthe flow patterns which may be encountered methods based on the mechanism offlow may now be developed. This is especially true for the bubble and the slugflow patterns and, as will be discussed in a following paper, the annular-mistflow pattern encountered with gas-condensate wells.
Orkiszewski has developed a pressure drop prediction scheme based on anidentification of the flow pattern and the application of selected mechanisticand empirical methods to the individual flow patterns. His original appraisalincluded, among others, the Poettmann and Carpenter and related correlations.The most accurate methods, the Duns and Ros and the Hagedorn and Brown werethen tested along with his own scheme against 148 well conditions.Orkiszewski's comparison showed that his method gave improved accuracy overthat of Duns and Ros and Hagedorn and Brown. Espanol et al confirmedthis with data from 44 different wells.
Stability of Simply Shaped Icebergs
Authors: Allaire P.E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
With the advent of petroleum drilling in the Arctic and Eastern Canadian offshore regions, iceberg towing is now being explored as a method of avoiding collisions with offshore platforms. Because of the danger of the berg rolling, more information on stability is required before the method can be completely depended upon.
This study analyses the stability of sixteen simply shaped icebergs chosen to approximately correspond to above-water classifications given by the Ice Patrol. The results indicate that the stability depends largely on the above-water characteristics of the berg and is relatively independent of the below-water shape. For the shapes chosen, the minimum stable ratio of waterline width to above-water height is approximately 6:1 for blocky or tabular shapes, 4:1 for drydock shapes, 3.8:1 for dome shapes and L8:1 for pinnacled shapes.
Based solely on the above-water characteristics, which are easily measured, these figures may provide a quick estimate of stability which could be essential in the field. First, the type of berg is determined from the Ice Patrol classifications. Second, the ratio of waterline width (smallest waterline dimension) to approximate height is calculated. Finally, if this ratio is near the minimum stable ratio for this particular class, the iceberg is probably close to instability. With sufficient field experience, a towing crew may be able to determine when special precautions are necessary.

Introduction
PETROLEUM DRILLING in the Eastern Canadian offshore has created a great deal of interest in the towing of icebergs to prevent collisions with stationary offshore platforms or vessels. In studies of this method, a number of medium- and small-size bergs have been successfully towed (Bruneau and Dempster, 1972; Duval, et al, 1970; Hydrospace, 1970), indicating that the method is feasible.
The stability of icebergs under tow is an important consideration. Observations of North Atlantic icebergs (Murray, 1969; Smith, 1931) show that they roll quite frequently. If one should roll over, the towing equipment would likely be lost or thrown off. Then there is the danger of a collision with the offshore structure if too much time is lost in getting it under tow again, A large rolling berg might even endanger the towing ship. Before the towing method can be completely depended upon more information on stability is required.
TABLE 1- ABOVE-WATER ICEBERG SHAPE Classifications* BLOCKY – Steep precipitous sides with horizontal or flat top. Very solid berg. Length: height ratio 2.5:1 DR YDOCK – Eroded so that a large U-shaped slot is formed, with twin columns or pinnacles. Slot extends into the water line or close to it. DOME – Large smooth rounded top. Solid type of berg. PINNACLED – Large central spire or pyramid of One or more spires dominating shape. Less massive than dome-shaped berg of similar dimensions. Tabular – Horizontal or flat-tooped berg with length: height ratio of 5:1. GROWLER- A mass of glacial ice that has calved from a berg or is the remains of a berg.