bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-5 Evaluation of EhV (surrogate for African swine fever virus) inactivation in corn- and soybean-based feed ingredients and diets at various times and temperatures during storage
Authors: Ramirez Christian , Schroeder Declan , Shurson Gerald C , Urriola Pedro E 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) and remains stable in a variety of environments, including animal feed ingredients as shown in previous laboratory experiments and simulations. Emiliania huxleyi virus (EhV) is another member of NCLDV, which has a restricted host range limited to a species of marine algae called Emiliania huxleyi. This algal NCLDV has many similar morphological and physical characteristics to ASFV which makes it a safe and reliable surrogate for studying ASFV survival and inactivation in feed ingredient matrices in-situ under various time and temperature storage conditions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the inactivation of ASFV in various feedstuffs under a wide range of time and temperature conditions during storage using EhV as a surrogate. Corn- and soybean-based feed ingredients including corn, corn fermented protein, distiller dried grains with solubles, extruded soybean meal, high protein distiller’s grains, solvent-extracted soybean meal, soybean hulls, complete feed, and a positive control (no matrix) were inoculated with EhV (1 × 108 viruses/mL). Negative controls were inoculated with medium containing no EhV for each matrix. To assess the effects of different times and temperatures of storage, all samples were stored at temperatures of 4, 24, and 34 °C for 1, 5, 60, and 120 d. For each timepoint and temperature combination, samples were evaluated for virus presence (qPCR) and viability using a previously validated viability qPCR (v-qPCR) method. On average, we observed a 0.2 log reduction in viable viral DNA content over the 120-d period, with a 0.1 log reduction across varying temperatures. No reductions in EhV viability exceeding 1 log were detected for any matrix and the positive control at any time and temperature combination evaluated. No EhV was recovered from the negative control samples. Given that the experimental error was calculated to be within the range of 1 log, we concluded that storing EhV at 4, 24, or 34 °C for up to 120 d did not result in the inactivation of EhV in any of the ingredients, complete feed, or the control with no matrix. These results demonstrate that ASFV-like NCLDVs is extremely resilient and can maintain viability in various feed matrices during long-term storage and suggest that extending storage time alone may not be an effective mitigation practice against African swine fever virus.
PSI-9 Relationship of body condition measures and boar reproductive performance
Authors: Hedrick Hailey M , Grohmann Caleb J , Minton Amanda , Safranski Timothy J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the swine industry, boar nutritional requirements are not well characterized; thus, boars are typically fed to maintain a specific body condition score (BCS). Assessing body condition with subjective scoring can lead to over or underfeeding, which may have repercussions on sperm production and(or) quality. There are objective tools to assess body condition in live boars, like backfat (BF) thickness measured with real-time ultrasound, the Knauer caliper, and flank-to-flank (F2F) length. The relationship of sperm production and quality with BCS has not been reported in modern genetics and modern boar studs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of body condition measures with boar reproductive performance. Data collected in March 2023 on commercial boars (n = 147) included a BCS ranging from 2.25 to 3.5, ultrasound backfat (13.7 ± 4.37 mm) performed by a trained technician, body weight (BW; 222 ± 30.2 kg) estimated using heart girth and body length from poll to tailhead, F2F length (106.03 ± 5.94 cm) and Knauer caliper score (17.5 ± 2.37). Additional variables considered were boar genetic line, age, and collection frequency. Sperm production data (total motility, 92.1 ± 7.22%; concentration, 36.7 ± 12.10 mil/mL; ejaculate volume, 231.1 ± 73.72 mL; normal cells, 83.4 ± 11.27%) were obtained from the six collections immediately prior to body condition evaluation. Data were evaluated with the glmmTMB package of R Statistical Software using a generalized linear mixed model. There were no significant relationships between motility or ejaculate volume and boar body condition. Backfat depth was related to percentage of normal cells (P = 0.029) and inversely related to sperm concentration (P = 0.035). There was a tendency for boars with greater F2F to have greater sperm concentration (P = 0.090). Generally, the percentage of normal cells decreased with increasing BCS, though due to the low number of observations in the lower categories, only BCS 3.25 and BCS 3.5 boars were found to have a significant relationship with the trait (P = 0.004 and P = 0.022, respectively). Caliper measure was not related with any sperm parameters. While accessible tools are necessary for consistent management of boars, BF thickness measured by ultrasound was the only objective tool in this study with a significant relationship to any sperm parameters assessed. Measuring BF with ultrasound may not be practical for everyday use. More research should be done to further assess body condition measurements, objective measuring tools, and boar sperm production.
PSI-2 Daily thermoregulatory performance patterns of Duroc boars with or without electronically controlled floor cooling pads during the peak summer heat stress period
Authors: Licuan Daphne , Stewart Kara R , Hundley Jamie , Nepomuceno R J , Robins Matt , Crasto Randolph , Didion Bradley A , Kleve-Feld Michael , Sung Jung Y , Schinckel Allan P 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the daily thermoregulatory pattern of Duroc boars with and without electronically controlled floor cooling pads (ECP) during the summer season in a boar stud at Scottsville, Kentucky. Thirty boars were placed in two rows of pens (2.06 x 0.66 m) of a 350 head tunnel ventilated barn and were randomly assigned to either CONTROL (n = 15; no ECP) or PAD (n = 15; 4.25 L cold water flushed when sensors reached 27°C or every 4 min, whichever occurred first, through a group of 5 pads connected to each other) treatments. Boars experienced natural seasonal heat stress (daily mean temperature = 25.7°C; hourly high temperature = 28.8°C, corresponding relative humidity = 85.4%, corresponding dew point = 26°C) during the period of 4 d wherein the ECP remained on, and flushing based on the setpoints mentioned above. Rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR) were taken at 600, 830, 1100 1330, 1600, 1830 and 2100 h daily for all 4 d. Two statistical analyses were conducted. The first was a mixed model including the fixed effects of ECP, day, time of measurement and their interactions with boar included as a random effect. Secondly, mixed model periodic regressions were fitted to the RR and RT data. Both RT and RR were impacted by ECP, day, time, and all two and three factor interactions (P &lt; 0.001). The final periodic regression model for RR included the random effect of boar, main effect of ECP, interaction of ECP and day, single phase sine/cosine and 2-phase cosine variables, the interaction with the single 2 and 3 phase sine/cosine variables with day (P &lt; 0.001). The periodic regression results indicate that the response of the ECP to reduce RR were consistent relative to the time of the day (mean of 57.5 breaths/min versus 18.9 breaths/min, P &lt; 0.001) but the overall response in RR relative to time of day was variable for the four days. The final model for RT using periodic regression included the random effect of boar, ECP, single-phase sine and cosine and three-phase sine variables (P &lt; 0.001) and interaction of single-phase sine by ECP (P = 0.001) and interaction of the three-phase sine with day. The interaction of the ECP by single phase sine interaction was due to an increase in temperature from 600 to 1330 for control boars (0.21°C) versus no change for boars on the ECP. The ECP reduced RT at all measurement times, a lesser extent from 600 to 1100 (0.31°C to 0.37°C) and greater extent from 1330 (0.59°C) and 1600 h (0.63°C) and 2100 (0.67°C). The impact of the ECP to reduce RR and RT varied from day to day with greater effects on the days with higher barn temperatures.
PSI-7 Hourly flushing rates and temperature trends for electronically controlled grouped floor cooling pads trends during the summer heat stress in a boar stud
Authors: Licuan Daphne , Stewart Kara R , Hundley Jamie , Nepomuceno R J , Robins Matt , Crasto Randolph , Didion Bradley A , Kleve-Feld Michael , Sung Jung Y , Schinckel Allan P 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the flushing management trends of the electronically controlled grouped floor cooling pads (ECP) during the summer heat stress in a boar stud at Scottsville, Kentucky. Four groups of 5 ECPs connected to each other were placed in 15 boar crates (2.06 x 0.66 m) in a 350 head evaporative cooled, tunnel ventilated barn. One set of ECP (Zone 1) had temperature sensors placed on the 5th pad which triggers flushing of 4.25 L cold water (over 80 sec interval) when sensors reached 27°C. The other two sets of ECP (Zones 2 and 5) had temperature sensors on the first pad and flushing the same cold-water volume when sensors reached 24°C (based on the first pad averaging 3°C lower temperature than the last pad) or every 4 min, whichever occurred first. Cold water for Zone 1 and 2 came from cooling tank 1 (Mean = 17.35°C) while Zone 5 cold water came from cooling tank 2 (Mean = 15.7°C). The water in both tanks was cooled using a 2 HP Hydro Frost Chiller. Daily ECP temperatures (PT), ECP flushing rate (FR), barn temperature (BT) barn relative humidity (RH) barn dewpoint (DP) and cooling tank temperature (TT) were collected every 10 min for the ECP variables and 30 mins for the environmental variables. Boars experienced varying natural summer heat stress (temperature and corresponding relative humidity and dewpoint: Mean = 25.3°C, 87.2%, 23.2°C; high: 29.0°C, 84.5%, 26.1°C), July 29, 2023. A mixed model was used for statistical analysis in SAS including fixed effects of zone and hour. FR and PT readings were affected by the zone, hour of day and all two- and three-way interactions (P &lt; 0.001). All of the zones flushed more frequently late morning to afternoon (Mean: 64.6%) from 1100 to 1600 h and gradually the FR decreased in the evening (1900 h onwards). Zone 1 flushed more frequently (47.7%) than the 2 other zones (Zone 2 = 39.9%, Zone 5 = 33%). Zone 1 ECP temperature averaged 26.7°C (hourly mean range 26.1°C to 27.3°C). Zone 2 ECP temperatures averaged 22.1°C (hourly mean range 19.7°C to 24.1°C). Zone 5 ECP temperature patterns averaged 20.7°C (hourly mean range 19.1°C to 22.4). Zone 1 flushed less frequently (30.3%) at between 2100 to 0400 h. The following day and PT stayed cooler (Mean = 26.7°C) compared with the PT during the middle of the day (27.1°C).The set temperature (27°C; 24°C) or set time every 4 min kept the temperature of the ECP at desirable temperature, below 27°C for the last boar pad or below 24°C for the first of 5 pads (with approximate 3°C difference between the first and last of the of the 5 pads).
PSI-8 Impact of feeding level on boars from selection to entering the boar stud on trainability and growth measurements
Authors: Scaff Taw , Denton Alicia N , Ford Ally , Zaicow Emma , Richert Brian T , Stewart Kara R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if restricting feed in boars at selection impacts growth of boars or training for semen collection. Duroc boars (n = 25) randomly allotted at 6 mo of age to receive one of two levels of restricted feeding (1.8 kg/d, n = 12 or 2.72 kg/d, n = 13) of a corn-soybean meal-based diet formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements. Diets were fed for 9 wk before training for semen collection where body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), flank-flank tape measurements, Knauer sow caliper, loin muscle depth, backfat depth, and scrotal width and length were collected every 3 wk. Training for semen collection was conducted 5 d/wk for 2 wk. Boars were given 10 min in the collection pen to successfully mount the dummy and start collection each training session. Training was scored on a scale of 1-5, 1 = no interest and 5 = successful collection. After three successful collections in a row, boars were considered fully trained. All boars had their first production collection on wk 12. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and PROC FREQ chi-square in SAS 9.4 with boar serving as experimental unit. Weeks were analyzed individually and overall changes were evaluated. Significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05 and a trend was observed at 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.10. Boars fed 2.72 kg/d had increased BW on wk 9 (P &lt; 0.05) and wk 12 (163.6 kg vs 149.8 kg, SE = 2.17; P &lt; 0.001), increased BW gain wk 1-9 (P &lt; 0.01), wk 9-12 (P &lt; 0.001), and overall (49.8 kg vs 34.4 kg, SE = 1.60; P &lt; 0.0001). The 2.72 kg/d boars also had increased backfat depth on wk 9 (P &lt; 0.01) and wk 12 (8.4 mm vs 7.5 mm, SE = 0.17; P &lt; 0.001), larger caliper scores on wk 12 (P &lt; 0.01), greater flank-flank distance on wk 9 (P &lt; 0.01), and increased BCS on wk 12 (3.2 vs 2.7, SE = 0.14; P &lt; 0.01). No differences were observed for loin muscle depth, or scrotal width and length. Feeding level did not affect trainability with approximately 92% of boars being trained at the end of the two-week period in both feeding levels. Boars fed 2.72 kg/d had increased semen volume (128 mL vs 81 mL, SE = 12.1; P &lt; 0.01) on their first production collection on wk 12 with no effects on other semen quality parameters. Overall, feeding boars 1.8 kg/d for 12 weeks following selection resulted in lower body weight and composition measures indicating limit feeding boars at selection could be used to slow growth rates, potentially decreasing structural issues, and increasing longevity of growing boars in the boar stud, with no effects on training for semen collection. Future research is needed to investigate the long-term impacts of the degree of limit feeding growing boars following selection on lifetime semen quality and quantity.
Keywords boar, management, nutrition
PSIV-A-9 Effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on growth performance and diarrhea of weaned pigs
Authors: Jansen Mariah , Polniak Veronica I , Luttman Andrea M , Barber Riley , Stull Delani , Rozeboom Dale W , Kim Kwangwook 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of non-nutritive sweeteners on growth performance and severity of diarrhea in weaned pigs. Pigs [n = 168; 6.13 ± 0.41 kg body weight (BW)] were weaned at 21 ± 1 d and allotted to one of the 4 dietary treatments with 6 pigs/pen, using a randomized complete block design based on BW and sex as blocks. The 4 dietary treatments were: 1) Control (CON): Basal nursery diet; 2) Sucralose (SCL): CON supplemented with 150 mg/kg of sucralose; 3) Neotame (NEO): CON supplemented with 30 mg/kg of neotame; and 4) Antibiotic (ATB): CON supplemented with 50 mg/kg carbadox. Pigs were fed for 28 d, divided into 2 phases (Phase 1: d 0 to 14; phase 2: d 15 to 28), with the experimental diets formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements as suggested by NRC, 2012. The BW and feed disappearance were measured at the end of each interval (d 7, 14, 21, and 28) after weaning to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency [gain to feed ratio (G:F)]. Diarrhea scores were recorded twice daily throughout the experiment, with scores ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = normal to 5 = watery diarrhea). The frequency of diarrhea was calculated as the percentage of pen days with a diarrhea score of 4 or greater, indicating severe diarrhea. All data were analyzed using ANOVA with the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS, with a pen as the experimental unit. The frequency of diarrhea was analyzed using a Chi-square test. Supplementation of NEO resulted in greater (P &lt; 0.05) BW on d 7 and improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F during d 0 to 7, compared with the CON group. Pigs supplemented with ATB had greater (P &lt; 0.05) BW on d 7, enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, and tended to increase ADFI (P = 0.062) and G:F (P = 0.068), compared with the CON group. In phase 2, NEO supplementation tended to increase ADFI (P = 0.070) compared with pigs in the ATB group. Pigs fed non-nutritive sweeteners or antibiotic diet had limited impacts on overall growth performance and daily diarrhea scores. However, supplementation of SCL significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the frequency of severe diarrhea during phase 1 (9.18% vs. 19.39%) and throughout the experiment (4.59% vs. 10.71%) compared with pigs fed the CON, respectively. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of non-nutritive sweetener neotame could improve growth performance during the first week after weaning, while sucralose could alleviate the severity of post-weaning diarrhea, respectively. Further studies are warranted to explore the effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on post-weaning responses and the mechanisms underlying these observed changes in pigs.
PSIV-A-5 Effect of roughage inclusion in limit-fed cow rations on behavior, cow hygiene, and manure scores
Authors: Fowler Meg , Freeman Brayden , Ewing Kylie P , Meteer W Travis T , Chapple Wesley P , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W W 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of roughage inclusion in isocaloric total mixed rations (TMR) fed to drylot housed cow-calf pairs on behavior, manure score, and hygiene score. Spring-born Simmental x Angus cows (n = 72) and their calves were stratified by calf age, sex, and body weight (BW) and assigned to 12 pens with 6 pairs to pen. Pens were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: moderate roughage inclusion (40%) TMR targeting DMI of 1.7% of BW (LimitTMR) or high roughage inclusion (60%) TMR targeting DMI of 2.1% of BW (BulkyTMR). Concrete bunks (4.7 m; 0.8 m/cow). Cow-calf pairs were housed in concrete dry lots with open-front buildings. Buildings were bedded with straw once a week. Cow and calf behavior (standing, lying, at bunk, and eating bedding) was observed hourly from 1 h before feeding until 6 h post-feeding. Behavior assessments were done on 2 consecutive days (before new bedding and after new bedding) each week for 5 wk. Hygiene and manure scoring was conducted on d 40 and 75 by 2 trained evaluators. Hygiene was scored on a 1-4 scale; 1 – no manure, 4 confluent plaque of manure. Cow hygiene was evaluated on the lower leg, udder, and upper leg and flank. Manure from each pen was scored on a 1-5 scale; 1 – very liquid consistency, 5 – firm fecal balls. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. On day prior to new bedding, there was a treatment × time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for cows at bunk. More cows on BulkyTMR were at the bunk at h 2, 3, 4, and 5 post-feeding. On day after new bedding, there was also a treatment × time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for cows at bunk. More cows on LimitTMR were at the bunk before feeding; however, more cows on BulkyTMR were at bunk at h 2 and 3 post-feeding. On both evaluation days there was a treatment × time interaction (P ≤ 0.05) for calves at bunk. More calves on BulkyTMR were at the bunk at h 1 and 2 post-feeding. Cows fed the LimitTMR had dirtier (P ≤ 0.02) lower leg (1.5 vs 1.2) and upper leg/flank (1.4 vs 1.1) hygiene scores on d 40 than cows fed the BulkyTMR; however, there were no treatment differences (P ≥ 0.31) on d 75. There were no treatment differences (P ≥ 0.26) for manure scores on d 40 or d 75. In conclusion, a bulkier TMR with more roughage inclusion resulted in more time at the bunk for cows and calves and cleaner hygiene scores for cows, but roughage inclusion did not affect manure scores.
PSIV-A-2 Comparison of rising plate meter and total collection methods for forage mass determination of tall fescue
Authors: Delgado Fernando , Ewing Kylie P , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W W 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective was to compare estimates of forage mass (FM) determined with a rising plate meter (RPM) with forage mass determined by total collection method. Estimates of FM impact management decisions and give the producer a greater understanding of forage availability for their herd. Traditional methods of FM estimation using a forage ring or quadrat and total collection are labor intensive and time consuming. The RPM tool aims to provide a quicker method of FM estimation without sacrificing accuracy. The reliability of this tool can be impacted by season, species composition, plant growth state, and pasture management. Forage samples were collected from six random locations within both continuous and rotationally grazed systems. The predominant forage species was endophyte-infected tall fescue. A 0.25 m2 forage ring was randomly thrown, then two RPM (Jenquip Manual Platemeter) measurements were collected in the ring, followed by five measurements adjacent to the ring. The RPM determined the compressed sward height (CSH). Subsequently, forage within the ring was hand-clipped at ground level and collected. Samples were dried for 120 h at 55° C to determine forage availability (kg/ha). This process was repeated weekly for 6 wk. Rising plate meter FM was estimated using the equation: kg dry matter (DM)/ha = CSH × 158 + 200. Data were analyzed using the CORR procedure of SAS 9.4. Forage mass estimates from total ring collection method and RPM were weakly correlated in the rotational grazing system (r = 0.26; P = 0.13) and in the continuous grazing system (r = 0.20; P = 0.24). It is important to note that certain sample collection dates had stronger correlations than others. In the rotationally grazed paddocks, FM from RPM were strongly correlated (r ≥ 0.89, P ≤ 0.02) with FM from total ring collection on 6/23/23 and 7/26/23. In the continuously grazed paddocks, FM estimations from RPM were strongly correlated (r ≥ 0.73, P ≤ 0.10) with forage mass from total collection on 7/20/23 and 7/26/23. Variation among the seven RPM readings at each collection site could have contributed to variability. Coefficient of variation ranged from 9 to 48% and averaged 18% for all samples. The inconsistencies in relationship of forage mass determination methods suggests that more variables need to be considered when determining the accuracy of RPM-derived estimates of forage mass of tall fescue.