bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing of Annealed Glass with Anchored-Film Glass Retention Systems for Fallout Protection After Thermal Stress Cracking
Authors: Kaskel BS , Pearson JE , Schmidt MK , Pelletier RE 
Published: September 2009

Recently adopted ASTM Standard Test E 1886-97, “Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Storm Shutters Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials” and its accompanying specification, E 1996-99, “Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Glazed Curtain Walls, Doors, and Storm Shutters Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes” are used to determine the the performance of exterior fenestration elements when subjected to hurricane-like conditions. The intent of these standards is to minimize property or personal loss due to the breaching of fenestration elements in a hurricane.
Protective systems for both new and existing buildings have been developed in response to these new standards. One possible application for existing building glass is an anchored-film system. This system relies on a polyester film adhered to the existing glass. The film is anchored around the glass perimeter to the window frame.
An existing building with a history of thermal stress glass breakage required a system to safeguard against the possibility of glass fallout. Testing was necessary to determine the effectiveness of an anchored-film system for this application. The aforementioned ASTM standards were consulted; however, the cause of cracking, the nature of anticipated wind loads, and the pass/fail criteria were significantly different from those presented in these standards. Test criteria were developed by the authors to simulate the cracked glass, to apply appropriate loads and to measure the degree of fallout protection. This paper summarizes the development, implementation, and results of the test program, thereby demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of anchored-film systems for this unique application.
Irradiation Effects on High-Temperature Reactor Structural Metals
Authors: Claudson T. T. , Pessl H. J. 
Published: September 2009

Operating conditions for nuclear power reactors indicate that new materials must be used due to the temperature and corrosion limitations of presently used materials. Investigation of the effects of irradiation and environment on the mechanical properties of several iron- and nickel-base alloys has been initiated at Hanford Laboratories.
Flat tension specimens of several nickel-base alloys have been irradiated to exposures to 1 X 1021 nvt in 80 C water, 280 C water, and 500 to 700 C gaseous environments. Several metallurgical conditions have also been examined. Additional specimens of refractory metal alloys have been irradiated and tested at ambient temperatures. The corrosion and oxidation resistance of the nickel-base alloys has been determined in an environment of helium containing 15-torr water vapor at 925 C. Intergranular attack was found in alloys which showed high weight gains.
The Combined Effects of Temperature and Irradiation on the Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Irvin J. E. , Bement A. L. , Hoagland R. G. 
Published: September 2009

The effects of neutron irradiation and temperature on the mechanical properties of AISI 348 and 304 stainless steels have been determined using smooth and notched tension specimens containing different amounts of cold-work. Smooth tension specimens were irradiated at about 50, 290, and 750 C. Room temperature and 300 C tests on specimens in both the annealed and 25 percent cold-worked conditions show a marked reduction in ductility with increasing exposure and increasing test temperature. Damage accumulation, as measured by changes in mechanical properties, occurs more rapidly at the intermediate irradiation temperature. Control specimens exposed in an out-of-reactor loop at 282 C for times in excess of 5000 hr showed a significant change in mechanical properties.
Notched tension specimens of AISI 348 stainless steel in the annealed, 10, 20, and 40 per cent cold-worked conditions were irradiated at about 290 C and tested at room temperature. The mode of fracture was ductile in nature throughout the range of cold-work and neutron exposures studied. A transition from notch-strengthening to a notch-sensitive behavior was observed for specimens in the 20 and 40 per cent cold-work levels after an exposure of about 1.0 x 1020 neutrons/cm2 (&gt;1 Mev).
The effects of cold-work, temperature, and chemical composition on the metallurgical stability of these materials were examined using magnetic measurements and X ray diffraction. The magnetic susceptibility of both materials containing up to 70 per cent cold-work was determined prior to irradiation. No measurable change was noted in the magnetic susceptibility of either the annealed or 25 per cent cold-worked materials which could be attributed to irradiation alone, after exposures of 1.5 x 1021 neutrons/cm2 ( &gt; 1 Mev). Optical and electron microscopy studies on both materials revealed no changes in structure due to the combined effects of irradiation and temperature.
Miscellaneous Applications of Radiography and Fluoroscopy
Authors: Seemann Herman E. 
Published: September 2009

X-ray inspection of industrial products and materials for gross defects has been in use quite extensively outside the fields of casting and welding. The two general methods by which the X-ray examination may be conducted are “radiography” and “fluoroscopy.” If the X-ray shadow image is impressed upon photographic film or paper, the process is called “radiography.” If the shadow image is observed by the eye on a chemical screen which gives off visible light when struck by X-rays, the process is called “fluoroscopy.”
The author discusses the general conditions for the application of one or the other of the above methods. A number of actual problems solved wholly or in part by X-rays are described. Some cases also are considered which indicate possible future industrial uses. While the nature of this subject prohibits the development of a clear outline, it has been found possible to group the examples roughly under seven main headings: (1) assemblies; (2) ceramics, concrete, mica, coal, and asbestos; (3) foods and tobacco; (4) plastics; (5) textiles, paper, and leather; (6) wood; and (7) miscellaneous.
Quality Control of Metal Powder Gears
Authors: Hinkle W. A. 
Published: September 2009

The various dimensional changes which result from the processing steps necessary to produce a high-strength copper impregnated sintered iron gear make the prospect of producing original dies and determining subsequent sintering and infiltering schedules to produce gears to meet a given drawing seem almost insurmountable. However, the techniques necessary for high-quantity, high-quality production have been worked out.
This paper presents a statistical study of some of the data collected by the General Electric Home Laundry Equipment Department during the year 1951. These data are proof that a quality gear train can be produced by the powder metal techniques.
Elevated-Temperature Properties of the 6 Per Cent Aluminum, 4 Per Cent Vanadium Titanium Alloy
Authors: Parris W M , Sherman R G , Kessler H D 
Published: September 2009

The testing procedures and equipment used to obtain elevated-temperature tensile, creep, stress-rupture, and stress-stability properties of the 6 Al, 4 V titanium alloy are described.
Short-time tensile data at temperatures to 1000 F (540 C) are presented. Notched and unnotched stress-rupture data at 750, 850, and 950 F (400, 455, and 510 C) are given for a mill-annealed condition and a high-strength heat-treated condition. Creep test results including design curves showing 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 per cent creep at 650, 750, and 850 F (345, 400, and 455 C) to 1000 hr are presented. Stress-stability test results are given for the mill-annealed and two heat-treated conditions at various stresses and times to 1000 hr at temperatures between 650 and 950 F (345 and 510 C). The room-temperature tensile results obtained on all unbroken creep specimens representing 1000 hr at various stresses at 650, 750, and 850 F (345, 400, and 455 C) were obtained to indicate stability of the alloy under these conditions.
The results show that the 6 Al, 4 V titanium alloy is metallurgically stable under stress to 950 F (510 C) and has good creep resistance at temperatures to at least 850 F (455 C). The notch-rupture strength of both the annealed condition and a high-strength duplex heat-treated condition is considerably higher than the unnotched rupture strength from room temperature through 950 F (510 C).
A Radiation-Effects Program
Authors: Whitney J. E. , Chandler E. M. , Gates J. E. , Calkins G. D. 
Published: September 2009

The various steps and procedures in a program for the study of the effects of radiation on nuclear fuels are discussed. These include inspection of the test specimens before irradiation, design of the radiation capsule, irradiation in a nuclear reactor, and inspection after irradiation.
Examples of the equipment and facilities required are presented. These include examples of radiation capsules, capsule-loading equipment, irradiation facilities, and hot-cell laboratories.
Some of the special problems encountered and examples of costs of conducting a radiation-effects program on an industrial basis are considered.
Effects of Radiation Damage on Precipitation-Hardening Alloys, with Special Reference to Copper-Iron Alloys
Authors: Boltax Alvin 
Published: September 2009

Studies of the effects of neutron irradiation on precipitation-hardening alloys have been carried out on a large number of different alloy systems. Most of this work has been concerned with radiation-induced precipitation from supersaturated solid solutions. “Irradiation aging” was observed in copper-beryllium alloys at room temperature and in nickel-beryllium alloys at 300 C. With these experiments as a basis, Murray and Taylor (1) have suggested prerequisites for irradiation aging which involve the atomic number of the principal constituent of the alloy, the activation energy of diffusion, and the critical particle size. Kernohan, Billington, and Lewis (2) suggested that the neutron irradiation caused precipitation by accelerating diffusion through the introduction of vacancies and interstitials.
Comparatively few experiments have been carried out on the effects of neutron irradiation on aged alloys. Work by Denny (3) and Boltax (4) on copper-iron alloys has demonstrated that high energy particle irradiation cian cause re-solution of precipitate particles. The results indicate that the radation-induced re-solution is dependent upon precipitate particle size. Experimental results obtained on the uranium-molybdenum alloys give further evidence for re-solution or homogenization by neutron irradiation.
The NOL Ring Test as a Method for Selecting Finished Glass Fibers for Reinforcement of Epoxy Pipe
Authors: Roskos T. G. , Pflederer F. R. 
Published: September 2009

Experimental work was conducted to determine whether a relationship exists between the NOL ring shear test and the life of glass-reinforced epoxy pipe when submitted to cyclic water pressure. Several lots of glass fibers were prepared in the laboratory by heat cleaning and finishing with a silane coupling agent. Two-inch diameter pipe was prepared from these fibers by a wet winding operation. The pipe was tested to weeping failure by exposing it to internal water pressure, cycling between 45 and 1150 psi. Representative spools were randomly selected from the glass lots and wound into 6-in. out-side diameter ring specimens. These were tested in shear after various periods of immersion in 190 F water.
A plot of ring “shear” stress after one week's immersion versus log cycles to failure of the pipe specimens was made. The best straight line was fitted to the data by a least squares method and the linear regression line was plotted and analyzed on an IBM 705 computer. It was found that the ring shear data did correlate with the cyclic life of pipe. The life of the pipe increased with increasing ring shear values.
New Concepts in the Blistering of Asphalt Shingles
Authors: Knight R. S. , Platt R. B. , Smith D. J. 
Published: September 2009

This paper discusses some recent concepts regarding the blistering of single-thickness asphalt roofing shingles.
Attention is concentrated upon the upper layer of stabilized asphalt coating, and it is shown that a correlation exists between the intensity of observable shingle blistering after prolonged test deck exposure and the relative diameters of the air pockets or voids in this coating.
More particularly, it is shown that the production of large voids of diameters in excess of 220 μ and the percentage of these voids to the total number of voids are critical factors in determining the intensity of blistering.
Methods of reducing the number of large voids formed in the asphalt coating during the manufacture of shingles are discussed. These are: (1) the use of a relatively coarse mineral stabilizer in the coating; (2) the use of a holding tank after the introduction of mineral stabilizer into the coating; and (3) the use of asphalt in the coating that has been held at an elevated temperature for some time after blowing or oxidation.
Spontaneous Ignition Testing for High Speed Aircraft
Authors: Hamilton W. F. , Holloway R. A. 
Published: September 2009

The hydraulic systems of supersonic aircraft which are designed to cruise at altitudes of approximately 70,000 ft must operate under conditions which impose severe physical and chemical stresses on the fluid. Appraisals of the thermal stability, the oxidative stability, the lubricity, the effect of close-tolerance moving parts, and the flammability of the fluid should be made before its pumpability is determined. Performance tests have been selected which permit a practical estimation of the five prerequisite factors, but the most complex and difficult evaluation is that of flammability.
Under precisely defined conditions, spontaneous ignition of a flammable fluid occurs in the presence of an oxidant only when the temperature is at or above that required to generate heat by oxidation at a rate which is greater than the rate of the dissipation of this heat to the surroundings. This temperature may or may not be the “spontaneous ignition temperature” as preflame of combustion usually occurs by reaction mechanisms which differ from those encountered in the flames themselves. However, ignition will not occur below this temperature, so in order to evaluate the hazard of a hydraulic fluid fire in high speed aircraft, measurements must be made in surroundings which closely approximate the actual environment and conditions in the airplane. Essentially, for aircraft now being developed, this entailed the fabrication of a small hot compartment of titanium alloy, using milled skins with typical stiffeners and fastenings, means for introducing precisely variable quantities of hot, atomized test fluids, controlling and measuring temperatures and pressures (“altitudes”), and also measuring pressure transients and ignition delays. The resulting apparatus, measurements and techniques are described and discussed.
Current and Pending Legislation for Gaseous Fuels
Authors: Sagan V. R. 
Published: September 2009

Treatment of LP-Gas under conventional tax codes is a barrier to development and pollution control. Tax revenue is minimal, and value vanishes when related to social value of environmental improvement. The states of New Jersey, Kentucky, and Washington have enacted specific legislation providing a tax break. Ten other states tax LP-Gas at a lower rate than diesel—with three using a lower plain than gasoline.
Unintentional prohibition of conversion to LP-Gas use in federal and state regulation, directed at preventing tampering with pollution control equipment has presented an initial problem, but has been corrected when brought to authority attention. Provision for federal certification of control devices, which could include LP-Gas conversion equipment, will prove helpful.
All gaseous fuels should be accorded a tax identity separate from liquid fuels. Pending federal legislation would accomplish this and equalize present Internal Revenue Service interpretative discrimination that favors compressed natural gas.
Safety Considerations in Using LP-Gas Engine Fuel
Authors: Schultz Don 
Published: September 2009

Liquefied petroleum gas has been used commercially as an internal combustion fuel for over 50 years. During these 50 years, safety has been and remains to be of prime concern to the LP-Gas industry. In fact, for the past 32 years the LP-Gas industry has been guided by the safety recommendations of NFBU 58 and NFPA 58.
In order for the LP-Gas industry to continue this fine safety record consideration must be given to the type of containers and equipment used, as well as the proper installation of same. Contained in this paper are recommendations for the safe use of LP-Gas as an engine fuel.
In Planta Mutagenesis Determines the Functional Regions of the Wheat Puroindoline Proteins
Authors: Feiz Leila , Beecher Brian S , Martin John M , Giroux Michael J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In planta analysis of protein function in a crop plant could lead to improvements in understanding protein structure/function relationships as well as selective agronomic or end product quality improvements. The requirements for successful in planta analysis are a high mutation rate, an efficient screening method, and a trait with high heritability. Two ideal targets for functional analysis are the Puroindoline a and Puroindoline b (Pina and Pinb, respectively) genes, which together compose the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ha locus that controls grain texture and many wheat end-use properties. Puroindolines (PINs) together impart soft texture, and mutations in either PIN result in hard seed texture. Studies of the PINs' mode of action are limited by low allelic variation. To create new Pin alleles and identify critical function-determining regions, Pin point mutations were created in planta via EMS treatment of a soft wheat. Grain hardness of 46 unique PIN missense alleles was then measured using segregating F2:F3 populations. The impact of individual missense alleles upon PIN function, as measured by grain hardness, ranged from neutral (74%) to intermediate to function abolishing. The percentage of function-abolishing mutations among mutations occurring in both PINA and PINB was higher for PINB, indicating that PINB is more critical to overall Ha function. This is contrary to expectations in that PINB is not as well conserved as PINA. All function-abolishing mutations resulted from structure-disrupting mutations or from missense mutations occurring near the Tryptophan-rich region. This study demonstrates the feasibility of in planta functional analysis of wheat proteins and that the Tryptophan-rich region is the most important region of both PINA and PINB.
A Combinatorial Interplay Among the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Isoforms Regulates Ethylene Biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Tsuchisaka Atsunari , Yu Guixia , Jin Hailing , Alonso Jose M , Ecker Joseph R , Zhang Xiaoming , Gao Shang , Theologis Athanasios 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEthylene (C2H4) is a unique plant-signaling molecule that regulates numerous developmental processes. The key enzyme in the two-step biosynthetic pathway of ethylene is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), which catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to ACC, the precursor of ethylene. To understand the function of this important enzyme, we analyzed the entire family of nine ACS isoforms (ACS1, ACS2, ACS4-9, and ACS11) encoded in the Arabidopsis genome. Our analysis reveals that members of this protein family share an essential function, because individual ACS genes are not essential for Arabidopsis viability, whereas elimination of the entire gene family results in embryonic lethality. Phenotypic characterization of single and multiple mutants unmasks unique but overlapping functions of the various ACS members in plant developmental events, including multiple growth characteristics, flowering time, response to gravity, disease resistance, and ethylene production. Ethylene acts as a repressor of flowering by regulating the transcription of the FLOWERING LOCUS C. Each single and high order mutant has a characteristic molecular phenotype with unique and overlapping gene expression patterns. The expression of several genes involved in light perception and signaling is altered in the high order mutants. These results, together with the in planta ACS interaction map, suggest that ethylene-mediated processes are orchestrated by a combinatorial interplay among ACS isoforms that determines the relative ratio of homo- and heterodimers (active or inactive) in a spatial and temporal manner. These subunit isoforms comprise a combinatorial code that is a central regulator of ethylene production during plant development. The lethality of the null ACS mutant contrasts with the viability of null mutations in key components of the ethylene signaling apparatus, strongly supporting the view that ACC, the precursor of ethylene, is a primary regulator of plant growth and development.
Interlock Formation and Coiling of Meiotic Chromosome Axes During Synapsis
Authors: Wang Chung-Ju Rachel , Carlton Peter M , Golubovskaya Inna N , Cande W Zacheus 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe meiotic prophase chromosome has a unique architecture. At the onset of leptotene, the replicated sister chromatids are organized along an axial element. During zygotene, as homologous chromosomes pair and synapse, a synaptonemal complex forms via the assembly of a transverse element between the two axial elements. However, due to the limitations of light and electron microscopy, little is known about chromatin organization with respect to the chromosome axes and about the spatial progression of synapsis in three dimensions. Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) is a new method of superresolution optical microscopy that overcomes the 200-nm diffraction limit of conventional light microscopy and reaches a lateral resolution of at least 100 nm. Using 3D-SIM and antibodies against a cohesin protein (AFD1/REC8), we resolved clearly the two axes that form the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex. The axes are coiled around each other as a left-handed helix, and AFD1 showed a bilaterally symmetrical pattern on the paired axes. Using the immunostaining of the axial element component (ASY1/HOP1) to find unsynapsed regions, entangled chromosomes can be easily detected. At the late zygotene/early pachytene transition, about one-third of the nuclei retained unsynapsed regions and 78% of these unsynapsed axes were associated with interlocks. By late pachytene, no interlocks remain, suggesting that interlock resolution may be an important and rate-limiting step to complete synapsis. Since interlocks are potentially deleterious if left unresolved, possible mechanisms for their resolution are discussed in this article.