bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing consumption patterns in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md. Motaher 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Despite rapid urbanization, more than 75% of the people still live in rural areas. The density of the rural population is also one of the highest in the world. Being a poor and low‐income country, however, Bangladesh's main challenge is to eradicate poverty by increasing equitable income. The gross domestic product of Bangladesh is growing steadily, and the country has outperformed many low‐income countries in terms of several social indicators. Bangladesh has achieved the Millennium Development Goal of eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary school enrolment. A sharp decline in child and infant mortality rates, increased per capita income, and improved food security have placed Bangladesh on the track to achieving the status of a middle‐income country in the near future. All these developments have influenced the consumption patterns of the country. This study explored the consumption scenario of rural Bangladesh. Data were collected through direct observations and semi‐structured interviews. Information regarding the consumption of food, clothing, housing, education and medical facilities were collected, and qualitative methods were applied to the data analysis. The findings of this study suggested that the consumption patterns of rural Bangladeshis are changing over time along with economic and social development.
Hypericin prolongs action potential duration in hippocampal neurons by acting on K+ channels
Authors: Wang Y , Shi X , Qi Z 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Synaptic deficiency is generally accepted to be involved in major depression, and accordingly classic antidepressants exert their effects through enhancing synaptic efficiency. Hypericin is one of the major active constituents of extracts of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) with antidepressive actions, but little is known about its therapeutic mechanisms. Our aim was to explore whether hypericin has a modulatory effect on neuronal action potential (AP) duration by acting on voltage‐gated ion channels.Experimental approach:  We used voltage‐clamp and current‐clamp techniques in a whole‐cell configuration to study primary cultures of neonatal rat hippocampal neurones. We measured the effects of extracellularly applied hypericin on AP duration as well as on voltage‐gated Na+, IA and IK currents.Key results:  Extracellularly applied hypericin dose‐dependently increased AP duration but barely affected its amplitude. Further analysis revealed that hypericin inhibited both transient IA and delayed rectifier IK potassium currents. In contrast, hypericin exerted no significant effect on both Na+ peak current and its decay kinetics.Conclusions and implications:  Extracellularly applied hypericin increased AP duration, which might be ascribed to its effect on IA and IK currents. As a small increase in AP duration could lead to a dramatic increase in synaptic efficiency, our results imply that hypericin might exert its antidepressant effects by enhancing presynaptic efficiency.
Enhancement of inflammatory mediator release by β2‐adrenoceptor agonists in airway epithelial cells is reversed by glucocorticoid action
Authors: Holden NS , Rider CF , Bell MJ , Velayudhan J , King EM , Kaur M , Salmon M , Giembycz MA , Newton R 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Due to their potent bronchodilator properties, β2‐adrenoceptor agonists are a mainstay of therapy in asthma. However, the effects of β2‐adrenoceptor agonists on inflammation are less clear. Accordingly, we have investigated the effects of β2‐adrenoceptor agonists on inflammatory mediator release.Experimental approach: Transcription factor activation, and both release and mRNA expression of IL‐6 and IL‐8 were examined by luciferase reporter assay,elisaand real‐time RT–PCR in bronchial human epithelial BEAS‐2B cells or primary human bronchial epithelial cells grown at an air–liquid interface.Key results: Pre‐incubation with β2‐adrenoceptor agonists (salbutamol, salmeterol, formoterol) augmented the release and mRNA expression of IL‐6 and IL‐8 induced by IL‐1β and IL‐1β plus histamine, whereas NF‐κB‐dependent transcription was significantly repressed, and AP‐1‐dependent transcription was unaffected. These effects were mimicked by other cAMP‐elevating agents (PGE2, forskolin). Enhancement of cytokine release by β2‐adrenoceptor agonists also occurred in primary bronchial epithelial cells. Addition of dexamethasone with salmeterol repressed IL‐6 and IL‐8 release to levels that were similar to the repression achieved in the absence of salmeterol. IL‐6 release was enhanced when salmeterol was added before, concurrently or after IL‐1β plus histamine stimulation, whereas IL‐8 release was only enhanced by salmeterol addition prior to stimulation.Conclusions and implications: Enhancement of IL‐6 and IL‐8 release may contribute to the deleterious effects of β2‐adrenoceptor agonists in asthma. As increased inflammatory mediator expression is prevented by the addition of glucocorticoid to the β2‐adrenoceptor, our data provide further mechanistic support for the use of combination therapies in asthma management.
Genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions modulating CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities have a major effect on oxycodone analgesic efficacy and safety
Authors: Samer CF , Daali Y , Wagner M , Hopfgartner G , Eap CB , Rebsamen MC , Rossier MF , Hochstrasser D , Dayer P , Desmeules JA 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: The major drug‐metabolizing enzymes for the oxidation of oxycodone are CYP2D6 and CYP3A. A high interindividual variability in the activity of these enzymes because of genetic polymorphisms and/or drug–drug interactions is well established. The possible role of an active metabolite in the pharmacodynamics of oxycodone has been questioned and the importance of CYP3A‐mediated effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone has been poorly explored.Experimental approach: We conducted a randomized crossover (five arms) double‐blind placebo‐controlled study in 10 healthy volunteers genotyped for CYP2D6. Oral oxycodone (0.2 mg·kg−1) was given alone or after inhibition of CYP2D6 (with quinidine) and/or of CYP3A (with ketoconazole). Experimental pain (cold pressor test, electrical stimulation, thermode), pupil size, psychomotor effects and toxicity were assessed.Key results: CYP2D6 activity was correlated with oxycodone experimental pain assessment. CYP2D6 ultra‐rapid metabolizers experienced increased pharmacodynamic effects, whereas cold pressor test and pupil size were unchanged in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, relative to extensive metabolizers. CYP2D6 blockade reduced subjective pain threshold (SPT) for oxycodone by 30% and the response was similar to placebo. CYP3A4 blockade had a major effect on all pharmacodynamic assessments and SPT increased by 15%. Oxymorphone Cmaxwas correlated with SPT assessment (ρS= 0.7) and the only independent positive predictor of SPT. Side‐effects were observed after CYP3A4 blockade and/or in CYP2D6 ultra‐rapid metabolizers.Conclusions and implications: The modulation of CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities had clear effects on oxycodone pharmacodynamics and these effects were dependent on CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism.
A novel role for the metabotropic glutamate receptor‐7: modulation of faecal water content and colonic electrolyte transport in the mouse
Authors: Julio‐Pieper M , Hyland NP , Bravo JA , Dinan TG , Cryan JF 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Increasing evidence implicates metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu7in the pathophysiology of stress‐related disorders such as depression and anxiety. Mood disorders are frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction; however, the role of mGlu7receptors outside the CNS is unknown. This present study investigated the expression and possible functional role of mGlu7receptors in the mouse colon.Experimental approach: Expression of mGlu7receptor mRNA and protein was studied in mouse colon byin situhybridization and Western blotting. Effects of the selective mGlu7receptor agonist AMN082 on defecation and faecal parameters were studied in an isolation‐induced stress model. AMN082 effects on ion transport and neuronal intracellular signalling were examined via Ussing chambers and calcium imaging.Key results: mGlu7receptor mRNA and protein were highly expressed in colon mucosa. Stress‐induced faecal output was unaffected by AMN082, although faecal water content was increased. In mucosa/submucosa preparations, 100 nM and 1 µM AMN082 increased bethanechol‐induced changes in short‐circuit current in the Ussing chamber. This was sensitive to tetrodotoxin. Also, 100 nM AMN082 significantly increased calcium signalling in a subset of submucosal neurons.Conclusions and implications: Activating mGlu7receptors increased colonic secretory functionin vivoandex vivo. In a group of submucosal neurons, AMN082 strongly induced calcium signalling and the presence of submucosal nerves was required for the AMN082‐dependent increase in secretion. These data suggest that targeting mGlu7receptors may be useful in the treatment of central components of stress disorders and also stress‐associated GI dysfunction such as diarrhoea or constipation.
Characteristics of Menstrual vs Nonmenstrual Migraine: A Post Hoc, Within‐Woman Analysis of the Usual‐Care Phase of a Nonrandomized Menstrual Migraine Clinical Trial
Authors: MacGregor E. Anne , Victor Timothy W. , Hu Xiaojun , Xiang Qinfang , Puenpatom Rajitkanok A. , Chen Wei , Campbell John C. 
Published: March 2010

Objective.— To compare, using a within‐woman analysis, the severity, duration, and relapse of menstrual vs nonmenstrual episodes of migraine during treatment with usual migraine therapy.Background.— Studies comparing the clinical characteristics of menstrual and nonmenstrual migraine attacks have yielded conflicting results, contributing to disagreement regarding whether menstrual migraine attacks are clinically more problematic than nonmenstrual migraine attacks.Methods.— Post hoc within‐woman analysis of the usual‐care phase (month 1) of a 2‐month, multicenter, prospective, open‐label study at 21 US medical practices (predominantly primary care). Participants were women ≥18 years of age with regular predictable menstrual cycles (28 ± 4 days) who self‐reported a ≥1‐year history of migraine attacks occurring between days −2 and +3 (menses onset = day +1) and ≥8 such attacks within the previous 12 cycles. Migraine treatment episodes were categorized as menstrual (occurring on days −2 to +3 of menses) or nonmenstrual (occurring on days +4 to −3 of menses). Pain severity, functional impairment, duration, relapse in 24 hours, and use of rescue medication were compared. Sources of variability (within‐ or between‐patient) were determined using mathematical modeling. The http://www.clinicaltrial.gov code for trial is NCT00904098.Results.— Women (n = 153; intent to treat) reported 212 menstrual (59.2%) and 146 nonmenstrual (40.8%) migraine treatment episodes. Compared with nonmenstrual treatment episodes, menstrual episodes were more likely to cause impairment (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.65, 95% CI, 1.05‐2.60; P = .03), were longer (unadjusted hazard ratio 1.68; 95% CI, 1.31‐2.16; P < .001), and were more likely to relapse within 24 hours (unadjusted odds ratio, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.25‐5.68; P = .01). Within‐patient effects accounted for only 18‐33% of the total variance in these outcomes.Conclusions.— Post hoc, within‐woman analysis of migraine treatment episodes categorized based on International Headache Society criteria showed that menstrual treatment episodes were more impairing, longer lasting, and more likely to relapse than nonmenstrual treatment episodes in this selected population of women with frequent menstrual migraine. The current analysis indicates that most of the variability in these outcomes is due to differences between headache types and not within‐patient differences for a given type of headache, suggesting that menstrual episodes are potentially treatable. These findings underscore the differences between menstrual and nonmenstrual episodes of migraine and the need to offer effective migraine treatment to women.(Headache 2010;50:528‐538)
Investigating the Association Between Childhood Physical Abuse and Migraine
Authors: Fuller‐Thomson Esme , Baker Tobi Michelle , Brennenstuhl Sarah 
Published: March 2010

(Headache 2010;50:749‐760)Background.— Recent clinical and population‐based studies suggest that adults who were physically abused as children are more likely to experience migraine than those who were not abused.Objectives.— To investigate the relationship between childhood physical abuse and migraine while controlling for age, race, and gender, in addition to the following potential confounders: adverse childhood conditions; adult socioeconomic indicators; current health behaviors; current stressors; history of physical health conditions, and history of mood and/or anxiety disorders.Methods.— Secondary analysis of the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey was undertaken using a regional sample of 13,089 men and women from Manitoba and Saskatchewan (response rate = 83.3% and 84.1%, respectively) of which 7.4% (n = 1025) of respondents reported childhood physical abuse. A series of logistic regression models were used to determine the association between abuse and self‐report of a health professional diagnosis of migraine.Results.— Prevalence of a migraine was almost twice as high for those who reported childhood physical abuse in comparison with those who did not (17.9% vs 8.8%). The crude odds ratio was 2.27 (99% CI = 1.80, 2.86). The odds ratio of migraine was 1.77 (99% CI = 1.39, 2.25) for those who reported childhood physical abuse in comparison with those who did not when only age, gender, and race were adjusted for. When all 6 clusters of potential confounders were included in a final model the odds ratio declined but remained significant at 1.36 (99% CI = 1.04, 1.79).Conclusions.— This study found a stable association between childhood physical abuse and migraine that persisted when 6 clusters of potentially confounding factors were adjusted for. Future research should investigate possible mechanisms which explain the abuse–migraine association.
A Prospective Comparison Between ICHD‐II and Probability Menstrual Migraine Diagnostic Criteria
Authors: Marcus Dawn A. , Bernstein Cheryl D. , Sullivan Erin A. , Rudy Thomas E. 
Published: March 2010

Objective.— To prospectively evaluate the diagnosis of menstrual migraine (MM) by comparing 2 diagnostic systems.Methods.— Female migraineurs self‐reporting a substantial relationship between migraine and menses were evaluated with 3 consecutive months of daily headache recording diaries. A relationship between menses and migraine was evaluated using International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD‐II) criteria and a probability model called Probability MM.Results.— Three months of pretreatment prospective diaries were completed by 126 women. ICHD‐II menstrually related migraine was diagnosed in 73.8% with pure MM in 7.1%. ICHD‐II and Probability diagnoses agreed for all cases of ICHD‐II non‐MM and pure MM, with disagreement among women diagnosed with ICHD‐II menstrually related migraine, only half of whom were identified as having a relationship with menses greater than chance alone using the Probability model. Interestingly, 20% of those women self‐reporting a substantial relationship between migraine and menses were not prospectively diagnosed with MM using either diagnostic system. Differences in menstrual vs nonmenstrual headaches were greater when using the Probability model.Conclusions.— Prospective headache diaries are needed to diagnose MM. A probability‐based method, which considers the chance occurrence of headaches during the menstrual cycle, identifies fewer women as having menstrually related migraine compared with the diary‐based methods recommended by the current ICHD‐II candidate criteria.(Headache 2010;50:539‐550)
Perimenstrual Eletripan Prevents Menstrual Migraine: An Open‐Label Study
Authors: Marcus Dawn A. , Bernstein Cheryl D. , Sullivan Erin A. , Rudy Thomas E. 
Published: March 2010

Objective.— To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of perimenstrual prophylaxis with eletriptan to reduce headaches in women identified with menstrual migraine (MM).Methods.— Female migraineurs self‐reporting a substantial relationship between migraine and menses were evaluated with 3 consecutive months of daily headache recording diaries. A relationship between menses and migraine was evaluated using International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD‐II) criteria and a probability model called Probability MM. Women prospectively diagnosed with ICHD‐II MM were treated for 3 consecutive months with perimenstrual eletriptan 20 mg 3 times daily starting 2 days prior to the expected onset of menstruation and continued for a total of 6 days. Headache activity was compared during the 3 months of recording prior to eletriptan therapy and 3 months with eletriptan perimenstrual prevention therapy.Results.— Three months of pretreatment prospective diaries were completed by 126 women. ICHD‐II menstrually related migraine was diagnosed in 74%, with pure MM in 7%. Among those women diagnosed with ICHD‐II MM, 61 completed at least 1 treatment month. Overall change in headache activity was a 46% decrease. The mean percentage of treated menses without migraine occurring during the 6 days of treatment was 71%. The percentage of subjects with 1, 2, and 3 migraine‐free menstrual periods (no migraines occurring 2 days before menses through the first 3 days of menstruation) with eletriptan, respectively, were 14%, 19%, and 53%. Among those subjects who remained headache‐free during the 6 days of eletriptan treatment, migraine occurred during the 3 days immediately after discontinuing eletriptan for 9%. Perimenstrual eletriptan was generally tolerated and no abnormalities were identified on the 6th day of treatment using either blood pressure recording or electrocardiogram.Conclusions.— Among patients with prospectively identified MM, eletriptan 20 mg 3 times daily effectively reduced MM. A significant reduction in headache activity occurred for 53% of patients.(Headache 2010;50:551‐562)
Morphologic Evaluation of Cervical and Lumbar Facet Joints: Intra‐Articular Facet Block Considerations
Authors: Senoglu Nimet , Senoglu Mehmet , Safavi‐Abbasi Sam , Shedd Steven A. , Crawford Neil R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStudy Design:  Needle orientations for lumbar and cervical facet injection were measured in cadavers and compared with facet angles measured on magnetic resonance images (MRIs).Objectives:  To establish facet orientation relative to clinical procedures of a facet joint block in the cervical and lumbar spine.Methods:  Needle orientation angles were measured from 20 unembalmed human cadaveric specimens (13 cervical and 7 lumbar). Spinal needles were inserted into the midpoints of the facet joint spaces from C3 to C7 and L1 to L5. Needle trajectories were measured with an optical tracking system. For comparison, facet angles from 100 clinical MRIs of lumbar spines were also measured. Facet orientations on MRIs were measured at their intersection with the transverse plane, and angles were quantified using image analysis software.Results:  Typical angles for insertion of the needle into the cervical facets were oriented closer to the coronal plane, whereas insertion angles for lumbar needles were oriented closer to the sagittal plane. Relative to the sagittal plane, the mean cervical angle was 72 degrees and the mean lumbar angle was 33 degrees. The insertion points of the cervical facets were a mean of 29 mm from the midsagittal plane compared with a mean of 22 mm for the lumbar facets. MRI‐based facet joint angles correlated poorly with actual injection angles, which were overestimated 5 to 23 degrees, depending on the lumbar level.Conclusions:  Knowledge of the quantitative anatomy of the facets may help improve clinical diagnosis and treatment. These data also may aid in constructing more realistic computer simulations.
An equilibrium displacement approach to oligopoly market analysis: an application to trade in the Korean infant formula market
Authors: Ahn Byeong‐Il , Lee Hyunok 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article uses an equilibrium displacement model (EDM) to assess the impact of a change in trade policy in the Korean infant formula market that is assumed to be oligopolistic. Domestic oligopolists compete in a market for a homogenous good with importing firms who enjoy the same level of market power as the domestic producers. Within an EDM framework, we investigate how the market adjusts to a new equilibrium in response to an external policy shock that improves access to foreign goods. Our empirical work consists of two steps. We first econometrically estimate the market demand elasticity and market power parameter. Then, using these estimates, we simulate our EDM model to assess the distributional effects of tariff cuts and other changes in marginal cost. Simulation results show that, with a lower market price and increased consumption, the change in consumer surplus resulting from tariff reduction is unambiguously positive, but that the change in social welfare can be in either direction, depending on who receives market rents associated with imports. When importing firms are domestic, the domestic welfare change is definitely positive. However, in the case of foreign importing firms, the direction of the welfare change crucially depends on the demand elasticity.
Determinants of smallholder farmers' participation in banana markets in Central Africa: the role of transaction costs
Authors: Ouma Emily , Jagwe John , Obare Gideon Aiko , Abele Steffen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA bivariate probit model was employed to jointly and separately estimate banana market participation decisions of buying and selling households in Rwanda and Burundi using household survey data. Selectivity bias was corrected for estimating the transacted volumes using Heckman's procedure. The results showed that transaction cost‐related factors such as geographical location of households, market information sources, and travel time to the nearest urban center influence market participation. Non‐price‐related factors such as security of land tenure, labor availability, off‐farm income, gender of the household head, and years of farming experience had a significant influence on the transacted volumes. Output prices had a significant correlation with sales volume, indicating price incentives increased supply by sellers. Generally, the findings suggest that policies aimed at investments in rural road infrastructure, market information systems, collective marketing, and value addition of banana products may provide a potential avenue for mitigating transaction costs and enhancing market participation and production of marketed surplus by rural households.