bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absence of Skeletal Muscle Lesions after Experimental Restraint Stress Induced by Pancuronium in Normal and Stress‐susceptible Pigs
Authors: Bjurström S. , Carlsten J. , Jönsson L. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryStress‐susceptible (SS) pigs develop rhabdomyolysis and increased serum levels of muscle enzymes after a 12min experimental stress induced by the depolarizing myorelaxant succinylcholine. It is suspected that not only the stress situation but also succinylcholine itself contributes to the skeletal muscle lesions. This experiment was performed to study whether rhabdomyolysis occurs after restraint stress when succinylcholine was replaced by the nondepolarizing myorelaxant pancuronium. Four normal and four SS pigs were subjected to restraint stress by intravenous injection of pancuronium. The neuromuscular block was reversed after 12 min by neostigmine. The animals were necropsied approximately 48 h after stress and 24 skeletal muscle groups were examined pathologically. The severity of acute myofibre lesions were graded, and the results were compared with the results from normal and SS pigs which had been subjected to restraint stress induced by succinylcholine. The serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) stayed at the base line level after the stress. The scores for muscle lesions were significantly lower, both in normal and SS pigs, than after restraint stress induced by succinylcholine indicating no rhabdomyolysis after restraint stress induced by pancuronium. Thus succinylcholine is synergistic with stress, exacerbating its effect on skeletal muscle in SS pigs.
Intra‐articular Morphine and Saline Injections Induce Release of Large Molecular Weight Proteoglycans into Equine Synovial Fluid
Authors: Tulamo R.‐M. , Raekallio M. , Taylor P. , Johnson C. B. , Salonen M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryBoth morphine and physiologic saline injected intra‐articularly into healthy equine tarsocrural joints induced a release of large molecular size proteoglycan (PG) subunits into the synovial fluid (SF) analysed 24 h postinjection. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a size‐exclusion column was used to assess the high molecular weight proteoglycans in equine synovial fluid (SF). The PG peaks of SF samples eluated separately from SF hyaluronate and other molecular components of the SF in the HPLC chromatographies indicating no interaction between hyaluronate and PG in the SF.Individual elution profiles varied between joints and horses. The amount of PG release was measured by relative area index from the HPLC chromatograms. The synovial fluid PG content was significantly increased (P < 0.05) after morphine but not in saline injected joints compared with pretreatment but there were no significant differences between the two groups.It was concluded that intra‐articular injections of both morphine and physiologic saline are able to elicit a marked PG release into the SF from articular cartilage within 24 h of injection.
Influence of Sample Predilution on the Sensitivity of Prothrombin Time in Feline Plasma
Authors: Mischke R. , Deniz A. , Nolte I. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe prothrombin time (PT) is measured in feline plasma usually by means of a method that has been optimized for measurements in human plasma (standard test). In the present study the sensitivity of this test was investigated in comparison to a modified PT using a human placental thromboplastin. In the modified test, 100 μl sample predilution (1:5, 1:10, and 1:20) were incubated with 100 μl of a human fibrinogen solution (2 g/l) until 100 μl Ca‐thromboplastin was added. When measured in 31 samples with a reduced, and 22 samples with an increased activity of the coagulation factors II, V, VII and/or X the modified test showed an increased sensitivity as well as a correlation between PT and the changes in single factor activity which was distinctly closer compared to the standard test. The highest sensitivity was produced by a 1:10 or 1:20 sample dilution. A test procedure modified in this way, is thus, a more reliable screening test for the extrinsic system in cats and should be used for routine diagnostics.
Studies and Comparison of Pterin Patterns in the Plasma of Dogs and Cats and their Alteration in Various Neoplasias and Virus Infections‘*
Authors: Goldberg M. , Fuchs C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryPhysiological pterin levels were evaluated in plasma samples of healthy dogs and cats. Biopterin and 7‐xanthopterin were determined quantitatively by HPLC after partial purification by ion exchange chromatography. Neopterin, pterin and 6‐hydroxymethylpterin were not detectable in plasma samples. Pterin levels in plasma of dogs with neoplasias and cats with neoplasias or viral infections (FeLV, FIV, FIP) were determined.Dogs with various tumours did not show qualitative but distinct quantitative alterations in the pterin concentration in plasma. Biopterin concentrations in plasma of dogs after tumour exstirpation significantly decreased compared to the levels before surgery.There was only a moderate increase of the biopterin levels in plasma of cats with neoplasias in comparison to healthy animals of this species. Cats suffering from viral infections, however, showed a significant rise in biopterin concentrations.The results underscore the importance of pterins as sensitive indicators for the presence of activation of cell mediated immune response. With emphasis on biopterin the role of pterins as helpful parameters for the preventation and the monitoring of diseases is pointed out.
Prevention of Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis in the Obese Strain (OS) Chickens by Treatment with a Monoclonal Anti‐CD4 Antibody*
Authors: Cihak J. , Hoffmann‐Fezer G. , Wasl M. , Merkle H. , Kaspers B. , Hàla K. , Plachy J. , Wick G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryUntreated control OS chickens develop spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT). In contrast, OS chickens treated with a monoclonal anti‐CD4 antibody failed to develop SAT. The preventive effect of anti‐CD4 antibody on SAT was associated with the marked depletion of CD4+ T‐cells by anti‐CD4 treatment. These results indicate that CD4+ T‐cells play a crucial role in SAT of OS chickens.
Transfer of IgA from Albumen into the Yolk sac during Embryonic Development in the Chicken*
Authors: Kaspers B. , Bondl H. , Göbel T. W. F. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn the chicken, maternal antibodies are transferred into the egg and subsequently transported into the developing embryo. IgG is the primary immunoglobulin isotype of the egg yolk, while IgM and IgA are mainly found in the albumen. However, considerable amounts of IgM and IgA of unknown origin are found one day prior to hatching in the yolk sac. These antibodies are not synthesized de novo by the embryo proper, thus pointing to a transfer from the albumen into the egg yolk during development.To further address this question, 125I labelled chicken IgA was injected into the albumen of freshly laid eggs. On day 21 of embryonic development, 125I‐IgA was found in the yolk sac content. On average (n = 6) 36.2 ± 7.2 % of the injected radioactivity was recovered from this compartment and shown to be associated with IgA. Comparison of total IgA in the albumen of freshly laid eggs with the amounts of IgA in yolk sac content showed similar results with a 44% transfer rate. An increase of the IgA concentration in the yolk sac was first detectable between days 14 and 16 of embryonic development.These data clearly show that IgA is transferred from the albumen into the yolk sac, most likely by a transport across the yolk sac membrane.
Depression of the Somatotropic Cells in the Bovine Pituitary Gland due to Application of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin–‐an Immunohistochemical and Morphometric Study*
Authors: Schmidt P. , Hafner A. , Schams D. , Weis S. , Dahme E. , Schmahl W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe morphological alterations in the bovine pituitary gland resulting from the administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) are described. Three groups of German Simmental heifers (12 animals for each group) were treated. Group 1 received a placebo (vehicle), group 2320 mg and group 3640 mg of a prolonged‐release formulation of rBST at 2 week intervals. Treatments were started with an average body weight of 286 ± 2.5 kg and continued until one week before the animals were slaughtered with an average body weight of 520 ± 3.2 kg. Double immunohistochemical labelling using rabbit anti‐prolactin (PRL) and chicken anti‐BST antibodies was performed on paraffin serial sections of the pituitary glands. Morphometric analyses revealed a dose‐dependent decrease of the volume fraction of the somatotropic cells due to a reduction in number and a diminution of the mean cellular volume. No significant differences in the volume fraction of the mammotropic cells were seen. The recorded reduction of the somatotropic cells is thought to be the result of a negative feedback upon the secretory activity as a result of long‐term rBST treatment.
Estimation of Sperm Viability in Frozen‐Thawed Semen from Swedish A.I. Bulls
Authors: Januskauskas A. , Håård M. G. , Håård M. Ch. , Söderquist L. , Lundeheim N. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryFrom a total of 40 Swedish dairy A.I. bulls, the number of viable spermatozoa in frozenthawed semen was estimated using a commercial luminometer (SVT®) to determine ATP contents and by fluorescence microscopic examination of samples stained with the combined fluorophore probes Calcein AM and Ethidium homodimer (CAM/EthD‐1). The bulls were of two breeds (24 Swedish Red and White and 16 Holstein) and two age classes (1–2 and 6–10 years old, prior to and after progeny testing, respectively). The SVT®‐instrument was able to estimate a frequency of viable spermatozoa (47.0 ± 14.4%; means ± SD) close to that recorded by the fluorophore probes (spermatozoa with intact plasmalemma and progressively motile, 53.6 ± 11.5%) and by subjective visual assessment of sperm motility (53.4 ± 6.0%). The percentage of motile spermatozoa assessed under phase‐contrast was positively (r = 0.33, P < 0.01) correlated with both the total ATP content, the percentage of viable spermatozoa recalculated from the SVT® reading (r = 0.26, P < 0.05) as well as with the frequency of spermatozoa having intact membranes as assessed by CAM/EthD‐1 (r = 0.45, P < 0.001). The latter was also significantly correlated (r = 0.59, P < 0.001) with the total ATP contents. No significant variation in ATP contents was present between bulls, breeds or age. A significant difference, however, was seen between bulls for sperm membrane integrity. The results indicate that the SVT® instrument seems to provide a quick and easy estimation of the number of viable spermatozoa in frozenthawed bull semen. The assessment of membrane integrity with fluorophore probes allows the estimation of sperm subpopulations within the sample and seems therefore to be more useful and objective to determine sperm viability than visual assessment of sperm motility.
Augmentative Effects of Phytohemagglutinin‐P on Proliferation and Cytotoxicity of Interleukin‐2‐activated Canine Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Mizuno S. , Fujinaga T. , Kurosawa T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryCanine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were stimulated with recombinant human interleukin‐2 (rhIL‐2) alone, or with phytohemagglutinin‐P (PHA) and subsequent rhIL‐2 in order to obtain large numbers of lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells. Incubation of PBL with rhIL‐2 alone allowed proliferation of large granular lymphocyte (LGL)‐like lymphocytes, and the cytotoxic activity of the lymphocytes against canine transmissible venereal sarcoma cells was detected 5–7 days after the culture onset. However, the lymphocytes died within 2 weeks of culture, resulting in limited generation of functional LAK cells. Thus, PBL pretreated with PHA were subjected to rhIL‐2‐dependent culture. Small‐ or middle‐sized lymphocytes predominantly proliferated in response to rhIL‐2, and proliferation of the lymphocytes was sustained for longer than 30 days by repeated stimulations with PHA and subsequent rhIL‐2. Cytotoxicity reached significant levels from 2 weeks after the culture onset and thereafter remained almost constant for at least 2 weeks, leading to large‐scale production of the LAK cells. Pretreatment of PBL with PHA seems to enhance the LAK cell functions through modification of the precursors of the effector LAK cells.
The Effect of Persistent Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on the Secretion of Estradiol and Progesterone by Bovine Granulosa Cells in Vitro
Authors: Faundez R. , Sitarska E. , Kluciński W. , Duszewska A. M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe role of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCH) in the reproductive disorders in ruminants is not well documented. In the present study we have examined the effect of these compounds and their metabolites on the secretion of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) by bovine granulosa cells in vitro. Granulosa cells were isolated from large follicles (≥8 mm diameter) by gently washing the internal follicle wall. Aliquots of approximately 4 times 105 viable granulosa cells in 0.5 ml medium were cultured at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. Granulosa cells were cultured for 96 h in medium containing different concentrations (10−1‐10−4 ng/ml) of a PCH combination. Estradiol and progesterone were measured in unextracted granulosa cell culture medium by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). The exposure of granulosa cells to a combination of these organochlorine compounds in vitro results in a slight decrease of estradiol secretion only at the highest studied concentration of the PCH combination. However, the secretion of progesterone by these cells was seriously decreased, even by concentrations found in ovaries from animals kept under natural environmental conditions. The in vitro culture system of granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles may be useful in screening toxic effect of pesticides in animal reproduction.
The Anti‐inflammatory Drugs Phenylbutazone and Dipyrone in the Treatment of Field Cases of Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Shpigel N. Y. , Winkler M. , Saran A. , Zrv G. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe efficacy of phenylbutazone vs. dipyrone for the treatment of acute clinical mastitis were compared in a clinical trial. All cows were treated with 20 g sulfadiazine and 4 g trimethoprim i.m. upon diagnosis and half dosage once daily thereafter. In addition, the NSAIDs treated cows received once daily either 4 g phenylbutazone or 20 g dipyrone i.m. for the duration of the antimicrobial therapy. In all treatment groups the major causative organisms were coliforms. Recovery rates for the controls, the phenylbutazone and dipyrone treatment groups were 81.8%, 89.4% and 86.6%, respectively. Recovery was evaluated by the logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) of treatment success for phenylbutazone and dipyrone treatments relative to the control treatment were calculated. Odds ratio of recovery was high for phenylbutazone (OR = 2.42; CI = 0.98‐5.96; P = 0.054) as well as for dipyrone (OR = 1.71; CI = 0.98‐3.00; P = 0.060), demonstrating a strong trend towards improved recovery in NSAID groups. The odds of treatment failure for the phenylbutazone group relative to the dipyrone group was 0.71 with 95% CI of 0.28‐1.78. Clearly no significant difference could be demonstrated between phenylbutazone and dipyrone in this field trial.
Veränderungen von Serumenzymen, Lactat‐, und Hämoglobinkonzentrationen im Blut junger Trabrennpferde durch Trainingsbelastung
Authors: Krzywanek H. , Mohr E. , Mill J. , Scharpenack M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryStrain‐by‐exercise Variations in the Activities of Selected Serumenzymes and the Blood Concentrations of I actate and Hemoglobine in Young TrottersUntil the age of about 2 years, trotters normally grow up on pasture without any kind of training. In the stud farm Lindenhof (Templin, Germany), however, these first 2 years are used for a special fitness training for the young animals: 2–3 times a week, a group of the yearlings is forced to run a distance of about 1700 m on a track at an average speed of up to 10 m/s. Until now, little was known about changes of blood parameters which may occur during such special exercise. This study therefore investigated the activity of selected serumenzymes (aspartat‐amino‐transferase (AST), alanin‐amino‐transferase (ALT), γ‐glutamyl‐transferase (γ‐GT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), creatine kinase (CK)) and the variations of hematocrit, hemoglobin, lactate, protein, and urea concentration before and after exercise.Except for activity of AP and CK and concentration of urea, all parameters showed a distinct increase after exercise. In particular, the rise in lactic‐acid concentration with values up to 23.08 mmol/l was remarkable, however, none of the parameters reached a pathological level. It is therefore concluded that exercise for young trotters over a medium distance–‐even at high speed–‐does not cause any injury of myocard, skeletal muscles or livercells.ZusammenfassungZusammenfassend ist zu sagen, daß es bei den untersuchten Parametern mit wenigen Ausnahmen (AP und CK beim Maitermin, Harnstoff) zwar durch die Belastung zu Erhöhungen der Aktivitäten bzw. Konzentrationen gekommen ist, daß sich die Belastungswerte jedoch in keinem Falle in einen Bereich erstrecken, der als pathologisch anzusehen ist. Trainingsläufe mit hoher Geschwindigkeit über mittlere Distanzen bewirken bei Trabern im Jährlingsalter somit ausgeprägte Lactacidosen; Schädigungen von Herz‐ und Skelettmuskulatur sowie von Leberzellen sind bei gesunden Tieren jedoch nicht zu befürchten.
Histopathological Findings in Pigs of Various Ages Suffering from Spontaneous Infection with the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)
Authors: Darbès J. , Hafner A. , Breuer W. , Hänichen T. , Banholzer E. , Hermanns W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA retrospective study was carried out to investigate the morphology of 29 routinely necropsied German Landrace pigs of various ages, namely five fetuses, eight neonates, five suckling piglets and 11 weaners, being either serologically PRRSV‐positive or born or aborted from PRRSV positive sows. Virus antigen was immunohistochemically demonstrated in 12 out of 27 (44%) lungs tested. The distinguishing histopathological features of PRRSV‐induced spontaneous disease are interstitial pneumonia accompanied by secondary inflammatory alterations that become more and more pronounced with increasing age, and vascular alterations hitherto not described in animals of these age groups. The latter consist of vasculitis of the medium‐sized arteries and occasionally of the veins, mainly in the lungs but also in other organs, and of perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates of various degrees of frequency and organ distribution, but present above all in the CNS–‐including the meninges and in the lungs. These findings, which suggest vasculotropism on the part of the PRRSV, may facilitate the histopathological diagnosis of PRRSV infections in routinely examined material.
Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchange in Sheep Rumen Epithelial Cells Kept in Primary Culture
Authors: Gǎbel G. , Gálfi P. , Neogrády S. , Martens H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe study aimed at testing whether Na+/H+ exchange activity is maintained during isolation and cultivation of rumen epithelial cells (REC) and whether Na+/H+ exchange is altered during proliferation and differentiation. REC were isolated from sheep rumen epithelium by fractional trypsinization and further cultivated for up to 21 days. Characteristics of Na+ uptake into cultured REC were the same as previously described for the Na+/H+ exchange in the intact rumen epithelium. Na+ uptake was increased by intracellular acidification and was inhibited by high doses of amiloride. Amiloride inhibited 3H‐thymidine incorporation into REC at concentrations similar to those found for the inhibition of Na+ uptake. Fetal calf serum, a growth factor, stimulated amiloride‐sensitive Na+ uptake. We therefore conclude that cultured rumen epithelial cells express Na+/H+ exchange and that the activity of the exchange is at least correlated to the intensity of proliferation.
Disposition of Enrofloxacin (Baytril®) into the Udder after Intravenous and Intra‐Arterial Injections into Dairy Cows
Authors: Malbe M. , Salonen M. , Fang W. , ööpik T. , Jalakas M. , Klaassen M. , Sandholm M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryEnrofloxacin (Baytril®) was injected into arteries supplying the udder of dairy cows. The idea was to avoid primary distribution, metabolism and elimination and thus to deliver the drug to the target organ at higher concentration. Enrofloxacin injected into the abdominal aorta or the external iliac artery resulted in high initial enrofloxacin retention by the udder and high milk concentrations. Injection of enrofloxacin into the abdominal aorta resulted in 2.2 times higher milk peak concentration of the drug than intravenous injection into the jugular vein. Injection of the drug into one of the two external iliac arteries allowed drug concentrations of milk from the udder halves to be compared: when enrofloxacin was injected into the right external iliac artery, the peak milk enrofloxacin concentration from the right udder half was 4.8 times that of the left udder half. The bulk of enrofloxacin was absorbed from the milk compartment of the udder before the next regular milking 6.5 h later. By this time, the metabolite ciprofloxacin had accumulated in milk. Pharmacokinetic values for enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin are given separately for serum and milk whey following three intravascular dosing routes
Pharmacokinetics of Ketoprofen in the Donkey (Equus asinus)
Authors: Oukessou M. , Bouljihad M. , Van Gool F. , Alvinerie M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe pharmacokinetic parameters of ketoprofen were determined in four donkeys after a single intravenous injection of a dose of 2.2 mg/kg body weight. The total body clearance (Clb) was 414.0 ± 98.70 ml/h/kg (mean ± SD), the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) 263.10 ± 55.43 ml/kg and the elimination half‐life 1.30 ± 0.75 h. These values were compared to those obtained in horses.
Effects of Different Energy Levels, Concentrate/Forage Ratios and Lipid Supplementation to the Diet on the Adaptation of the Energy Metabolism at Calving in Dairy Cows
Authors: Holtenius P. , Olsson G. , Emanuelson M. , Wiktorsson H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA low level of energy (110 MJ ME) and a low concentrate/forage ratio (10/90) at calving resulted in low basal concentrations of glucose and insulin, but the cows had the capacity to increase the glucose level after glucagon injections. No signs of disturbances in the metabolic adaptation were observed. High intensity feeding (200 MJ ME and 50% concentrates) resulted in high basal serum insulin levels. The increase in the insulin concentrations after glucagon injections and the changes in insulin levels around calving varied widely between individual cows. The metabolic adaptation period was longer than in cows in the former group.An energy level of 170 MJ ME and variations of concentrate/forage ratios (5/95, 30/70 and 60/40) resulted in small differences in basal glucose and insulin concentrations and in response to glucagon injections. But the cows fed 60% concentrates showed signs of prolonged metabolic adaptation.Increased lipid concentrations in diets containing equal levels of energy and protein resulted in a fall in basal glucose and insulin levels and the metabolism seemed to be directed towards catabolism. Because of these metabolic effects, more needs to be known on fat supplementation if it is used in practical feeding. It is also necessary to take more interest in the effects of protein feeding on the periparturient metabolism.