bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical trends of homicide and road traffic fatalities in South Africa: 1968–1989
Authors: Prinsloo M , Bradshaw D , Laubscher R 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionSouth Africa has a high injury burden, with homicide and road traffic injuries (RTI) being the leading causes of injury death. There is little information about long-term trends. Good quality vital statistics are available for 1968–1989 for selected population groups and will be analysed towards understanding the historical pattern of violence and road deaths within South Africa.MethodUnidentified unit record cause of death data with ICD-9 coding were obtained from the national statistical office for 1968–1989, including population groups assigned during the Apartheid-era, age and sex. Trends in injury proportions due to homicide and RTI and the ratio of homicide to suicide were examined by population group. Age standardised rates will be calculated for whites, coloureds and Indians since data for Blacks are incomplete.ResultsRTI as a proportion of total injuries were highest for whites and Indians at approximately 42% and 35% respectively. At 6–10 homicides for every suicide, the ratio for coloureds was fairly constant until 1980, after which it increased sharply for coloureds and Blacks. For whites the ratio was <1 over the period, while for Indians the ratio ranged between <1 and 2.5. Age standardised rates will also be presented.ConclusionPreliminary results indicate that homicides were considerably higher for coloureds and Blacks than for whites and Indians, with increases during the last stages of Apartheid. While fatal RTIs appear to have remained fairly constant, decreases which may have been associated with petrol restrictions during the global oil crisis were noticed.
Mixed treatment comparisons to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies for preventing fire related injuries in children within the home
Authors: Dhiman P , Goncalves P S , Sutton A , Cooper N , Kendrick D 
Published: March 2011

AimsTo identify, review and evaluate published literature investigating the effectiveness of strategies used to prevent fire related injuries in children within the home; and to conduct a mixed treatment comparison (MTC) to simultaneously produce effectiveness estimates which use the totality of the evidence base, thus facilitating decision making.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to identify and appraise the relevant comparative primary studies. These studies were classified with respect to the fire preventive strategies they compared. The data extracted were simultaneously synthesised using a MTC methodology. This approach (also known as network meta-analysis) allows estimates of the effectiveness of all interventions included in the model to be compared to one another.An assessment of the coherence of the network was made, and covariates, such as level of deprivation, were included in the analysis to explore its impact on the estimation of effectiveness of different interventions. All models were evaluated in the WinBUGS software using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods.Results and conclusionsIntervention categories, identified by the systematic review, included Education, Education + low cost/free equipment, Education + low cost equipment + a home safety inspection, Education + free equipment + offer of fitting, Education + a home safety inspection, and Community campaigns. A graphical network of evidence will be presented that indicates which interventions have been compared directly to each other. The results of the MTC will also be presented, including direct probability statements regarding which intervention is the most effective.
The powerful community network
Authors: Namprasert A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundCalamity crime and traffic accident have brought serious loss of community people for so long. Many savage and sensitive cases have caused for death or property damage and for mental health which is invaluable and lasts long time to be cured. Each year the government has to use a large amount of budget to solve the problems.MethodologyAccording to the rapid change of the world, there is different way to prevent the serious cases in community which called community network. The main reason is that people cannot wait for help from the government officer without doing something when the crime or accident occurs. Moreover, the number of police officer is not enough to take care in every part. The community network means that the volunteer which includes people from many parts such as school students, villagers, doctors and nurses or even monks. All of these have been leaded by the policeman who has functioned to protect life and property of people.ResultThere are 1032 volunteer community guards to be the network members in Khao Suan Kwang district now. They are divided in many sections such as traffic police volunteer, community guard, student guard in school or youth guard in village etc. So the record of the illegal offender arresting can increase to 81.60%. And the target case of drug and illegal weapon can be seized up to 181.2 compare with the former time. Moreover, there is no serious case in community after setting this network.ConclusionBuilding up community network can make the community stronger. People can live together safely and warmly. Moreover, the government can create the sense of powerful people participation in practical.
Frequency of homicides against women in Villa Carlos Paz (Argentina), 2008
Authors: Casalegno N González , Territoriale C , Torrandell M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe homicide against women, have become a public health problem, for the social costs and family's psychological damage. The objective of the following study is to describe the magnitude of homicides against women above 15 years old during 2008, happened in the city of Villa Carlos Paz, with 56 970 people city in the centre of Argentina.MethodsObservational retrospective study. 227 records of women mortality, happened during 2008, from the Civil National Registration Office of Villa Carlos Paz, cross with data from the General Direction of the Judicial police from the Córdoba province, from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008. The following variates were analysed: age, date, place, mechanism of injury and relationship with the victim.ResultsIt's been found a total of two death cases by homicides against women during 2008, that represents the 0.81% from the overall. The mortality due to homicides in women older than 15 years old in Villa Carlos Paz is 3.51 for 100 000 habitants. The 100% of this deaths happened in November and in the own house. The average age of deaths is 65 years old. The injury mechanism were 50% stab wound and 50% hangings. With respect to the relationship with the victim, there's not data.ConclusionThis deaths could have been avoided. In the analysed records there's missing data in some variates that difficults the integral study.RecommendationsImprove the compilation of death and promote the exchange of information with other areas; strategies of prevention; introduce the theme in the local government.
Evaluation of the Making WAVES project in Liverpool, England: improving support for intimidated witnesses
Authors: Quigg Z , Warren I , Hungerford D , Hughes K , Furness L 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundWitness intimidation can have devastating effects on the well being of victims, their families and communities, and can prevent crime reporting, including violence. In Liverpool (North West England), the Making WAVES pilot project aimed to encourage intimidated witnesses to report crime and to support them throughout the criminal justice system more effectively. This paper discusses the evaluation of the Making WAVES project.MethodsA process and outcome evaluation was undertaken. Project implementation, limitations and areas for improvement were examined. The evaluation assessed the impact of the project on: levels of support to intimidated witnesses, crime reporting and levels of witness intimidation. Methods included: a pre- and postpilot community wide survey; community focus groups; interviews with project staff, key stakeholders and project users; and analyses of project and local partner data.ResultsOver 12 months, 155 cases were supported through the project, representing 353 intimidated witnesses. Findings suggest that the project has led to improvements in reporting of crime and multi-agency support for victims. Significant reductions in levels of intimidation experienced in the local community were seen (55% to 22%; p<0.01). A project coordinator, a neutral location to report crimes and access support, and a multi-agency project steering group, were identified as areas of good practice.DiscussionThe evidence from this evaluation points to the positive impact of the Making WAVES project. As a result Making WAVES has now been implemented in four other areas of Liverpool, and is promoted nationally as best practice.
Reducing the road toll in Southern Africa through knowledge transfer and regulatory intervention
Authors: Fitzharris M , Bowman D , Kestler A , Sebego M 
Published: March 2011

Despite the relative lack of motorisation, the African region had the equal highest mortality in 2007 globally, at 32.2 deaths per 100 000 population (WHO 2009). With increasing rates of motorisation, traffic-related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa are projected to increase by 80%; in contrast, a 30% reduction in deaths in high income countries is anticipated (Kopits & Cropper 2003). The Make Roads Safe Decade of Action campaign has highlighted the urgency of addressing road safety globally. In the adopted Moscow Declaration, as well as the Outcome Document of the UN Economic Commission for Africa Dar es Salaam 2009 Road Safety Symposium, the need for harmonisation of best practice road safety regulations was noted.The World Report on road traffic injury prevention acknowledged the State of Victoria (Australia) as a world leader in the implementation of road safety programmes. Regulatory strategies, such as seat-belt laws were, and remain, a key plank in addressing the road toll.This presentation outlines the nature of the road safety situation in one African country, specifically Botswana. A comparative analysis of the scale of road trauma in Botswana and Victoria is presented. Based on this and that of a comparative analysis of the road safety regulatory frameworks in the two jurisdictions, recommendations as to how reductions in road crashes might be achieved in Botswana with limited expenditure are outlined. The findings are also likely to be relevant to other countries within Africa that are grappling with the mounting cost of crashes.
Animal bites: what is known and what can be done
Authors: Dixon C A 
Published: March 2011

Animal bites account for a large amount of injury and illness worldwide. Types of bite, injury risk and outcomes vary considerably by victim age, animal distribution and disease pathology within the region, and availability of appropriate medical and public health resources.This workshop will present an overview of the current epidemiology of animal bites to humans worldwide. Based on animal species, victim age and type of bite, common injury risks and outcomes will be identified. A discussion of medical and public health resources necessary to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with these injuries will be reviewed. The necessity for advocacy and research on effective animal bite interventions will be summarised.
Road safety and security issues among urban cyclists and non-cyclists
Authors: Jain H , Tiwari G 
Published: March 2011

Bicycle use varies from 7% to 15% in large cities to 13–21% in medium and small cities in India. It is observed that cyclists are involved in 5–10% of total road related deaths in medium and large cities. The focus of the paper is to highlight differences and similarities in safety among bicycle users and non-users especially among students and low income workers.This study compares three surveys in Delhi, Pune city and Noida city. About 1500–2000 respondents were interviewed in each city (distributed among students, parents and low income urban workers) and specific questions related to safety and security were asked. Among students, bicycle use varies from 26% to 33% and among poor workers it varies from 75% to 80%.It was observed that 29% users met with an accident some time or the other while cycling, mostly by M2W and cars, sustaining injuries in one-third of the cases. Among those who use bicycle, 91% identified fear of accident as one of the problems of using bicycle. Though most of the people lock their bicycles, bicycles of 48% people still had been stolen some time in the past, mostly from work place.As the income and other captive making constraints improve, bicycle riders upgrade themselves to motorised transport due to growing unsafe traffic conditions. These insights can be useful in planning and design strategies to attract the large potential of short trips and convert them in regular bicycle trips.
Study of gaps between precepts and practices in prevention of injuries and prehospital care among injury cases admitted to MS Ramaiah Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Authors: Uthkarsh P S , Suryanarayana S P , Gautam M S , Prutvish S , Murthy N S 
Published: March 2011

Objectives(1) To identify the gaps between the precepts and practices of preventive measures and pre-hospital care among the injury cases admitted to MS Ramaiah (MSR) Hospital, Bangalore, India. (2) To find out expenditure incurred during hospital stay.Study settingMSR Hospital, Bangalore, India.Study populationAll injury cases admitted to MSR Hospital during the study period.Study designCross-sectional.Study period6 Months – October 2008 to April 2009.MethodologyData with respect to the sociodemographic characters, preventive measures followed, pre-hospital care provided and the expenditure from the time of admission till discharge collected using pretested questionnaire by interviewing injury cases admitted to MSR Hospital during the study period.ResultsMean age of injured – 35.3 years (SD=15.38). Among injuries, 69.1% were road traffic accidents (RTAs), 28.7% were falls and 2.2% were burns. Influence of alcohol was found in 14.4% of injuries. Among RTA cases 48.5% had not followed sign board and 56.5% had not obeyed the one way rules, Nearly 73.6% of RTA cases were two wheeler users; 63.5% did not use helmet, 38% had two pillion riders. Whereas 57% of four wheeler users had not used seat belt. Among falls 58% occurred at home, 49% due to slippery surface. Only 26.4% had received first aid; 39% were aware of emergency number. Auto (66.1%) was the common mode of transportation to hospital from the site of injury. Nearly 33.9% had visited more than one hospital before reaching MSR Hospital. Median expenditure (in rupees) of hospital stay was 40 000.
Building a traffic accidents epidemiological surveillance system
Authors: Ungaro J F , De Hoyos G H , Ubeda C 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionGood quality information regarding traffic injuries is hard to find and difficult to produce. A traffic accidents epidemiological surveillance system was designed in Neuqun, Argentina. Its implementation and evaluation are described.Material and methodsInterviews were carried out with 20 key informants in order to investigate on sources and information course. Eight focal groups were constituted to establish the case definition and the variables. An instrument was designed to obtain the information related to each event and its victims, which was incorporated in two related databases. The attributes of the system were evaluated by seven focal groups and a qualified professional discussion group.ResultsThree sentinel sites and one sentinel unit were organised. 33 registration centres were established in total. Data were obtained regarding when and what time, where, and how, for each accident, vehicles involved, environmental factors, and number of victims. The victims info includes: age, sex, place of residence, role in the event, use of safety equipment, alcohol drinking and consequences. During the first year 453 events and 739 victims were registered. Risk maps for each region were obtained. The system was considered effective; its attributes (acceptability, simplicity, delivery and use of information, opportunity, sensitivity, flexibility, representativeness and positive predictive value) were highly qualified.Discussion and conclusionsA system built cooperatively by its own users has a great acceptance. Coordination with an action programme is essential. The experience was a very important antecedent for the implementation of the current National Injury Surveillance System.
Comparing Bayesian network, artificial neural networks, classification trees and classical logistic models in quantitative risk assessment: an application to the European Registry of Foreign Body Injuries in Children
Authors: Gregori D , Berchialla P , Foltran F 
Published: March 2011

Risk assessment is the systematic study of decisions subject to uncertain consequences.An increasing interest has been focused on modelling techniques like Bayesian networks (BNs) since their capability of (1) combining in the probabilistic framework different type of evidence including both expert judgements and objective data; (2) overturn previous believes in the light of the new information being received and (3) making predictions even with incomplete data.In this work we proposed a comparison among BNs and other classical Quantitative Risk Assessment techniques such as neural networks, classification trees and logistic regression. Hybrid approaches, which combine classification trees and BNs, are also considered. Among BNs a clear distinction between purely data driven framework and BN which are built using expert knowledge is made.The aim is directed to evaluate among this set of Quantitative Risk Assessment tools which best can be applied to assess the safety of children who are exposed to the risk of inhalation/insertion/aspiration of consumer products. The issue of preventing injuries in children is of paramount importance, and in particular in fields where product design is involved, a proper risk assessment can be of great usefulness. Data of the European Registry of Foreign Bodies Injuries are a valuable set of starting evidence to build up such risk models.Results showed that BNs appeared to have both the easy of interpretability and accuracy in making classification, thus outperforming other methods.
North-south collaboration on research and advocacy to reduce armed violence
Authors: Pinto A D , Crespin E , John I , Mtonga R , Valenti M , Zavala D 
Published: March 2011

Armed violence is a global problem, yet disproportionately impacts certain nations. In recent years, approximately 90% of all direct conflict deaths occurred in low-income countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The situation for indirect deaths is even more disproportionate. Further, the South contains almost all countries that are considered to have active conflicts or are post-conflict, related in part to a shared history of colonialism and underdevelopment. Finally, advocates and academics in the South face greater personal risks than those in the North when speaking out against armed violence, particularly if it involves being critical of political forces. Despite this situation, much of the research and advocacy on armed violence originates from universities and organisations in the North. This is particularly the case when looking at funding, leadership and the initiation of projects.This paper will identify best practices of North-South collaborations on armed violence research, education and advocacy. Precedent exists within research, particularly the work of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, the Red Cross and other large medical non-governmental organisations. Similarly, best-practice examples of advocacy can be explored that demonstrate effective North-South collaboration.Future work would benefit from a clear definition of partnership, developing broader networks and working towards a South-driven movement. Support should focus on improving Southern access to resources, as identified by these partners. In addition, Northern partners should prioritise examining and changing the role their societies play in sustaining armed violence in the South.
Risky driving behaviours of three-wheeler drivers and three-wheeler crashes in Sri Lanka: a case–control study
Authors: Jayatilleke A U , Poudel K C , Dharmaratne S D , Jayatilleke A C , Jimba M 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesIn this study, we examined the association between risky driving behaviours of three-wheeler drivers and three-wheeler crashes in Sri Lanka.MethodsWe conducted a case–control study in Kandy, Sri Lanka between August 2008 and March 2009. Cases were all the three-wheeler drivers involved in crashes in Kandy between 1 January and 31 December 2007 (n=95). We included two control groups: a control group matched to the age of the cases (n=88), and a control group matched to the sites of the crashes (n=82). We used the Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) to examine the risky driving behaviours of the drivers. Using the multivariate logistic regression analysis we examined the association between risky driving behaviours and three-wheeler crashes.ResultsThe DBQ revealed three types of risky behaviours of three-wheeler drivers: intentional violations, dangerous errors and violations due to drivers hurry. The violations were associated with three-wheeler crashes: intentional violations (control-1 adjusted OR (AOR)=2.18, 95% CI=1.30 to 3.64, control-2 AOR=2.38, 95% CI=1.32 to 42.61), violations due to drivers hurry (control-1 AOR=1.84, 95% CI=1.11 to 3.05, control-2 AOR=2.20, 95% CI=1.29 to 3.73). Driving errors, however, did not show an association with three wheeler crashes (control-1 AOR=0.62, 95% CI=0.34 to 1.11, control-2 AOR=0.86, 95% CI=0.55 to 1.33). Following variables also showed significant associations with three-wheeler crashes: obtaining driving license through private driving schools, carrying more than three passengers in the rear seat, daily mileage above 80 km and driving experience of less than 6 years.ConclusionRoad rule violations by three-wheeler drivers were associated with three-wheeler crashes in Sri Lanka.
Assessing the cost-effectiveness of conventional group based exercise and Tai Chi as interventions to reduce the risk of fall-related injuries in older people
Authors: Park A , McDaid D 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo determine whether there is an economic case for investment in group exercise programmes or Tai Chi compared with recommended multi-factorial programmes as protective interventions against the risk fall-related injury in older people.MethodsA decision analytic model compared costs and effects of conventional group exercise, Tai Chi and multi-factorial interventions for individuals aged 65+. A literature review identified parameters for the model, including risk of falling and sustaining injury, quality of life, costs of interventions, health service use and institutionalisation risk. The economic analysis was conducted from a health and social care perspective, using 2008 UK pounds. The main outcome was incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. To explore uncertainty sensitivity analyses were run varying effectiveness, cost and utility gains associated with the interventions.ResultsParticipation in Tai Chi classes was shown to dominate investment in multi-factorial fall prevention strategies and conventional group exercise with both lower expected costs (1087 vs 1190 or 1255 per participant) coupled with a small increase in quality of life. Our results remained robust in sensitivity analysis. In the worst case scenario the cost per QALY gained using Tai Chi was 14 899, a value considered highly cost effective in the UK healthcare system.ConclusionsOur economic analysis suggests that both exercise and Tai Chi are potentially cost effective intervention strategy for the prevention of fall related injuries in community dwelling older people.