bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les déficits publics en Europe : suggestions pour un nouvel indicateur de l'orientation de la politique budgétaire
Authors: Bruno Catherine 
Published: September 2011

Public Deficits in Europe: Suggestions for a New Fiscal Policy Trend Indicator
by Catherine Bruno
The growth in public deficits in Europe since 1970 may give the impression of widespread laxity. However, economic downturns such as the slump in the early 1990s generally lead to tax revenue losses and social transfers, which aggravate the budget deficit. Hence, the apparent "drift" in public balances is not always the result of deliberate government choices. An accurate measure of policy trends is therefore called for. In this study, we break down the primary budget balance into permanent and transitory components using a vector autoregressive model. The estimation is made for six European countries: Germany, Denmark, Spain, Italy, France and the United Kingdom. The fiscal policy trend in Germany and Denmark appears to be stable and could be said to obey fiscal rules. In the other four countries, especially in Italy and France, fiscal policy is conditional on the economy.
Evaluation of a filter-prepared platelet concentrate for the treatment of suspensory branch injuries in horses.
Authors: Castelijns G. , Crawford A. , Schaffer J. , Ortolano G. A. , Beauregard T. , Smith R. K. W. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryObjectives: Platelet preparations have become a treatment for soft tissue injuries in horses. This study evaluated a novel filter-based system to concentrate platelets and assesses its value in the treatment of suspensory ligament branch desmitis.Methods: Filtered platelet concentrate was prepared from 55 ml of venous blood obtained from 21 normal horses. Platelets and white blood cells in whole blood and filtered platelet concentrate were measured, as was platelet activating factor (PAF)–induced platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) release. Eleven horses with 18 focal acute suspensory ligament branch injuries were treated intra-lesionally with autologous filtered platelet concentrate and evaluated clinically and ultrasonographically for one to three years.Results: The increase in concentration of platelets in the filtered concentrate in comparison with whole blood (6.9 ± 1.9-fold) was significantly greater than the increase in white blood cells (3.8 ± 0.8-fold) (p <0.0001). There was no effect of sex or breed on platelet concentration. Platelets were responsive to PAF with >100-fold higher levels of PDGF release over basal levels. All hypoechoic lesions re-evaluated within three months had resolved. Five of the 11 horses returned to their previous level of work, one was exercising at a lower level, three were retired, one died for unrelated reasons, and one was still convalescing.Clinical significance: Filtered platelet concentrate was easily and reliably prepared and injected into suspensory ligament branch injuries without short-term complications. This treatment was associated with rapid resolution of ultrasonographic lesions and lameness. Filtered platelet concentrate represents a convenient alternative for the treatment of suspensory ligament branch injuries.
Relation of HLA-B27, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Promoter Gene Polymorphisms, and T Cell Cytokine Production in Ankylosing Spondylitis — A Comprehensive Genotype-Phenotype Analysis from an Observational Cohort
Authors: PODDUBNYY DENIS A. , MÄRKER-HERMANN ELISABETH , KALUZA-SCHILLING WIEBKE , ZEIDLER HENNING , BRAUN JURGEN , LISTING JOACHIM , SIEPER JOACHIM , RUDWALEIT MARTIN 
Published: September 2011

Objective.In a pilot study, a distinct T cell cytokine pattern associated with HLA-B27 status and a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promoter gene polymorphism was found at –308 (TNF–308). The objective of our study was to assess these associations in a different cohort of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to evaluate any effect on clinical measurements.Methods.Peripheral T cell cytokine production of patients with AS (n = 121) from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort was assessed by flow cytometry and correlated with HLA-B27, TNF–238, and TNF–308, and with clinical measurements.Results.In HLA-B27-positive, anti-TNF-naive patients with AS, the percentages of TNF-α-producing (5.02%) and interleukin 10-producing (0.31%) CD8+ cells were significantly lower in comparison to HLA-B27-negative patients (9.52%, p = 0.048, and 0.46%, p = 0.037, respectively). A nonsignificant trend was found for a lower production of TNF-α by CD4+ and interferon-γ by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as compared to HLA-B27-negative patients with AS (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). The A allele at TNF–308 was associated with a lower percentage of TNF-α-producing CD4+ T cells. No significant correlations were found between clinical or radiological measurements and cytokine production or with TNF-α promoter gene polymorphisms.Conclusion.Modulation of T cell cytokines by HLA-B27 might play a role in AS pathogenesis in B27-positive individuals. No conclusive data were obtained for the TNF–308 polymorphism on cytokine production, and no effect of cytokines or genetic polymorphisms on clinical manifestations was observed.
Sphères d'approvisionnement
Authors: Pineau-Defois Laure 
Published: September 2011

Le négoce maritime nantais est tourné vers l’Atlantique et se spécialise progressivement dans les relations avec l’Afrique et les colonies américaines. L’un des maillons de ces relations commerciales concerne le commerce des captifs africains et celui des denrées coloniales. Or nous nous attachons ici à connaître et développer une réflexion autour de la partie du commerce colonial transatlantique qui se joue en amont : l’approvisionnement des plus grands négociants nantais en denrées d’exportations.
Sucre et épices
Authors: Stobart Jon 
Published: September 2011

Le XVIII e siècle voit s’accroître rapidement la consommation britannique de denrées exotiques – épices, sucre, thé, café, chocolat. Augmente aussi, en conséquence, l’usage d’accessoires liés à leur consommation, tels que tables à thé, bouilloires et tasses, moulins à café, boîtes à chocolat, et sucriers. Si les fabricants britanniques sont vite capables d’assurer la production de ces ustensiles (Berg, 2005), les produits eux-mêmes restent exotiques et doivent être importés. Cet article décrit d’abord les grandes lignes de la promotion de ces épices, dans les encarts de presse et sur cartes de visite des commerçants de différentes villes d’Angleterre. La publicité y insiste sur l’exotisme des produits, et place le consommateur, décrit comme cosmopolite, au centre de l’économie mondiale. Ce tableau est en fait très éloigné de la réalité du marché des condiments, thés et cafés par les habitants des villes de province. En se basant sur les inventaires de succession et les livres de compte des commerçants dans les régions du centre (Midlands) et du nord-ouest de l’Angleterre, cette étude propose que ces biens sont en fait très communs durant le deuxième quart du XVIII e siècle. La consommation de thé, café et sucre est ainsi liée, moins qu’à un cosmopolitisme supposé, au statut social, au genre et au type de sociabilité au sein des ménages.
L’éveil du mensonge
Authors: Mascaro Olivier , Morin Olivier 
Published: September 2011

Dès leur troisième année, les tout jeunes enfants manifestent des capacités cognitives qui devraient leur permettre de savoir mentir. Ils se représentent les croyances d’autrui, ils savent ce qu’est une représentation fausse de la réalité, et ils sont capables de manipuler autrui à l’aide de messages erronés. Malgré cela, il semble qu’ils soient avant tout des menteurs d’occasion, qui se saisissent des possibilités de tromper surtout lorsqu’ils y sont fortement incités par les circonstances sociales. Vers quatre ans, les enfants se mettent à mentir de manière beaucoup plus systématique. Selon l’hypothèse défendue dans cet article, ce développement du mensonge autour de quatre ans est lié à l’émergence d’un sens de la tromperie : le mensonge, qui n’était jusqu’alors qu’une capacité, devient un objet d’intérêt stratégique. Nous suggérons que le nouvel environnement social où se trouvent plongés les enfants commençant à vivre avec leurs pairs pourrait contribuer à expliquer ce changement.
Entre ratification et inscriptions
Authors: Hottin Christian 
Published: September 2011

La Convention de l’Unesco pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel (pci) est un texte de portée très générale : il appartient à chaque pays de la décliner en fonction de ses besoins et de son organisation préexistante. En France, le pci a été rattaché à la mission en charge du patrimoine ethnologique au sein du ministère de la Culture. Les types d’objets considérés ne sont-ils pas en effet semblables à ceux de l’ethnologie ? La mise en œuvre de la Convention ne s’en trouve pas simplifiée pour autant… Quelque cinq ans après la ratification de la Convention par la France, on propose dans ce texte d’apporter des éclairages sur les principaux aspects de cette politique : les relations avec les « communautés », la place de la recherche ethnologique, le choix et le suivi des candidatures, les jugements portés sur le pci. Une photographie, un peu floue, à l’instant T – 1 de l’application de la Convention…
A TLR5 Agonist Inhibits Acute Renal Ischemic Failure
Authors: Fukuzawa Nobuyuki , Petro Marianne , Baldwin William M. , Gudkov Andrei V. , Fairchild Robert L. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Reperfusion of ischemic organs induces a potent inflammatory response initiated by the generation of reactive oxygen species that directly damage tissue and promote leukocyte infiltration and activation that also mediate tissue injury. We recently found that radiation-induced tissue injury, which is caused by radiation-induced reactive oxygen species, is attenuated by administration of CBLB502, a pharmacologically optimized derivative of the TLR5 agonist flagellin. Therefore, we tested the ability of CBLB502 to attenuate injury in a murine model of acute ischemic renal failure. CBLB502 given 30 min before imposition of bilateral renal pedicle occlusion provided marked protection against the renal dysfunction and inflammation that follows reperfusion of ischemic kidneys, including marked decreases in leukocyte infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine production, and tubular injury. Importantly, CBLB502 given within 30 min after ischemic kidney reperfusion reproduced the protective effects of pretreatment with the TLR5 agonist, indicating a window following reperfusion in which CBLB502 administration abrogates acute renal ischemic failure. Bone marrow-reconstituted chimeras were used to show that the protective effects of CBLB502 could be delivered by intact MyD88 signaling on renal parenchymal cells. Consistent with this, Ab staining of kidney sections indicated that cells lining the renal vasculature expressed TLR5. Overall, these results indicate the use of TLR5 agonists as mitigators and protectants of acute renal ischemic failure.
Inflammation during fetal and neonatal life: Implications for neurologic and neuropsychiatric disease in children and adults
Authors: Hagberg Henrik , Gressens Pierre , Mallard Carina 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInflammation is increasingly recognized as being of both physiological and pathological importance in the immature brain. The rationale of this review is to present an update on this topic with focus on long‐term consequences of inflammation during childhood and in adults. The immature brain can be exposed to inflammation in connection with viral or bacterial infection during pregnancy or as a result of sterile central nervous system (CNS) insults. Through efficient anti‐inflammatory and reparative processes, inflammation may resolve without any harmful effects on the brain. Alternatively, inflammation contributes to injury or enhances CNS vulnerability. Acute inflammation can also be shifted to a chronic inflammatory state and/or adversely affect brain development. Hypothetically, microglia are the main immunocompetent cells in the immature CNS, and depending on the stimulus, molecular context, and timing, these cells will acquire various phenotypes, which will be critical regarding the CNS consequences of inflammation. Inflammation has long‐term consequences and could speculatively modify the risk of a variety of neurological disorders, including cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, cognitive impairment, and Parkinson disease. So far, the picture is incomplete, and data mostly experimental. Further studies are required to strengthen the associations in humans and to determine whether novel therapeutic interventions during the perinatal period can influence the occurrence of neurological disease later in life. Ann Neurol 2012;
Staudinger‐Ligation als Methode zur Biokonjugation
Authors: van Berkel Sander S. , van Eldijk Mark B. , van Hest Jan C. M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDer deutsche Chemiker Hermann Staudinger beschrieb 1919 als erster die Reaktion eines Azids mit einem Phosphan. Es war jedoch erst vor Kurzem, dass Bertozzi et al. das Potenzial dieser Reaktion als Biokonjugationsmethode erkannten und die so genannte Staudinger‐Ligation einführten. Wegen des bioorthogonalen Charakters sowohl der Azid‐ als auch der Phosphan‐Funktion ergaben sich für die Staudinger‐Ligation zahlreiche Anwendungen in verschiedenen komplexen biologischen Systemen. Die Staudinger‐Ligation wird beispielsweise zur Markierung von Glycanen, Lipiden, DNA und Proteinen genutzt. Darüber hinaus wird die Staudinger‐Ligation zur Bildung von Glycopeptiden, Mikroarrays und funktionalen Biopolymeren eingesetzt. Im neu entstehenden Gebiet der bioorthogonalen Ligations‐Strategien hat die Staudinger‐Ligation einen hohen Standard gesetzt, mit dem die meisten neuen Methoden verglichen werden. In diesem Aufsatz werden jüngste Entwicklungen und neue Anwendungen der Staudinger‐Ligation zusammengefasst.
Staudinger Ligation as a Method for Bioconjugation
Authors: van Berkel Sander S. , van Eldijk Mark B. , van Hest Jan C. M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn 1919 the German chemist Hermann Staudinger was the first to describe the reaction between an azide and a phosphine. It was not until recently, however, that Bertozzi and co‐workers recognized the potential of this reaction as a method for bioconjugation and transformed it into the so‐called Staudinger ligation. The bio‐orthogonal character of both the azide and the phosphine functions has resulted in the Staudinger ligation finding numerous applications in various complex biological systems. For example, the Staudinger ligation has been utilized to label glycans, lipids, DNA, and proteins. Moreover, the Staudinger ligation has been used as a synthetic method to construct glycopeptides, microarrays, and functional biopolymers. In the emerging field of bio‐orthogonal ligation strategies, the Staudinger ligation has set a high standard to which most of the new techniques are often compared. This Review summarizes recent developments and new applications of the Staudinger ligation.
Preparation, characterization, and improvement of hollow epoxy particle‐toughened vinyl ester composites for high‐end applications
Authors: Foon Low Lay , Abu Bakar Azhar Bin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSpherical hollow epoxy particles (HEPs) that can serve as advanced reinforcing fillers for vinyl ester thermosets were prepared using the water‐based emulsion method. The HEP fillers were incorporated into the vinyl ester matrices at different loading amounts, ranging from 0 to 9 wt %, to reinforce and toughen the vinyl ester composite. The optimum mechanical properties of the HEP‐toughened epoxy composite can be achieved by the addition of 5 wt % HEP filler into the vinyl ester matrices. The toughening and strengthening of the epoxy composites involved the interlocking of vinyl ester resins into the pore regions on the HEP fillers. The toughening and interlocking mechanisms of HEP‐toughened vinyl ester composites were also proposed and discussed. The addition of HEP fillers into vinyl ester matrices increased the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability of the composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Morphological and physical evolutions of aramid fibers aged in a moderately alkaline environment
Authors: Derombise G. , van Schoors L. Vouyovitch , Bourmaud A. , Davies P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe recent use of aramid fibers in geotextiles for ground reinforcement raises fundamental durability issues, in particular in alkaline soils where they are subjected to hydrolysis. To study the degradation mechanisms in such an environment, accelerated aging at pH 9 and at pH 11 has been carried out for up to one and a half years. This work describes the morphological evolutions that occur and the morphology‐properties relationship during aging in moderately alkaline environments. The decreases in apparent density are larger at pH 9 than at pH 11, whereas the bulk chemical degradation is more extensive at pH 11 than at pH 9. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of chemically etched fibers and the measurements of the local elastic modulus by nanoindentation support these results. Finally, this study has indicated an inverse correlation between the porosity level and the tensile strength. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Time‐of‐flight mobilities for conducting dendrimers composed of p‐phenylenevinylene dendron and triphenylamine surface group
Authors: Mizusaki Masanobu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCharge‐carrier transport property of the conducting dendrimer films composed of p‐phenylenevinylene with generation numbers of two and three as a dendron and triphenylamine as a surface group, which were prepared by spin‐coating from the chloroform solutions, was investigated by a time‐of‐flight technique. For both dendrimer films, hole‐carrier transport took place preferentially compared with electron‐carrier transport, and typical dispersive hole‐carrier transport was observed. The hole‐carrier drift mobilities of the two‐generation dendrimer film were one order of magnitude larger than those of the three‐generation dendrimer film. The difference of the hole‐carrier drift mobilities between the two‐generation and three‐generation dendrimers was due to the difference of the molecular geometric structure and/or the difference of the molecular weight ratio of nitrogen atom in the triphenylamine unit to the dendrimer molecule. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
PE/OMMT nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization approach: Effects of OMMT‐intercalated catalysts and silicate modifications
Authors: Huang Ying‐Juan , Qin Ya‐Wei , Dong Jin‐Yong , Zhao Xutao , Hu Xuteng 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this article, the surfactants, (2‐hydroxylethyl) octadecyl dimethylammonium nitrate (OH‐C18), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide(C16), and mixture of trimethylchlorosilane (TM) and OH‐C18 were ion‐exchanged with cations in the montmorillonite (MMT) to generate three organic MMTs (named as OH‐C18‐MMT, C16‐MMT, and MMMT), leading to different environments of catalyst species in MMT interlayer gallery. Et[Ind]2ZrCl2 (abbreviated as EI) was supported on the above three types of OMMTs to prepare the PE/OMMT nanocomposites via in situ polymerization. By contrast, EI/MMMT showed higher activity than EI/OH‐C18‐MMT and EI/C16‐MMT under the same polymerization conditions. The other two types of catalysts, such as [(tert‐Bu)NSi(Me2)C5Me4]TiCl2 (CGCT) and Bis[N‐(3‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)anilinato] titanium (IV) dichloride (FI) were also supported on the OH‐C18‐MMT for in situ ethylene polymerization. It was found that the activity of FI/OH‐C18‐MMT for ethylene polymerization was much lower than the other two corresponding catalysts under the similar reaction conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Graft copolymers synthesis by dynamic covalent reorganization of polycaprolactone and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Touhtouh S. , Becquart F. , Taha M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDynamic covalent reorganization of polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) were realized by solvent free transesterification reactions. Organometallic and organic catalysts effect on these reactions was first evaluated from kinetic studies on small molar mass model reactants. Kinetic constants and activation energies of these second order reverse reactions were calculated. At the higher temperatures, side reactions were observed; they were identified as being principally dehydration reactions. Reactions conducted onto polymers were slower than those on model reactions. This was due to the immiscibility of the used polymers resulting in diffusion controlled reactions. Two competitive types of reactions were detected, since at the catalyst addition, fast induced reorganization of PCL leading to low PCL molar mass decreases the mixing torque, followed by grafting reactions of PCL onto EVOH, resulted in an important increase of the mixing torque. Substitution rate of the EVOH hydroxyl groups were measured up to 14% by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Increasing substitution rate leaded to a decrease of the copolymer crystallinity and the more substituted copolymers were amorphous. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Thermal, dynamic‐mechanical, and dielectric properties of surfactant intercalated graphite oxide filled maleated polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Yeh , Tsai Huai‐B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGraphite oxide (GO) and amine surfactant intercalated graphite oxide (GOS) filled maleated polypropylene (PPgMA) nanocomposites were prepared directly by solution blending. In this study, the effects of the surfactant intercalation on the crystalline structure, thermo‐mechanical, and dielectric properties of PPgMA/GO and GOS composites are reported. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction exhibited a lower intensity diffraction peak of the monoclinic (α) phase of PPgMA for PPgMA/GOS composites compared with the unfilled sample. Differential scanning calorimetry exhibited a single characteristic melting peak of monoclinic (α) crystalline phase. The incorporation of GOS hardly showed any change in Tm. However, the significant decrease in the melting enthalpy of PPgMA/GOS composite, which was lower than that of GO filled PPgMA, demonstrated the high degree of dispersion of the GOS flakes in the PPgMA matrix. Dynamical mechanical analysis indicated that incorporation of GO or GOS into PPgMA increased both the storage modulus and the glass transition temperature, due to the hydrogen bonding between GO and the maleic anhydride group of PPgMA. Dielectric analyzer showed significant increase in both dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss at high temperature regimes in the GOS nanocomposites. The finely dispersed GOS in the PPgMA matrix manifested the interfacial polarization, which gave rise to much greater ε′ and ε″ than that of PPgMA/GO hybrid. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012