bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint Estimation of Diagnostic Accuracy Measures for Paired Organs – Application in Ophthalmology
Authors: de Leon Alexander R. , Soo Andrea , Bonzo Daniel C. , Rudnisky Christopher J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDiagnostic studies in ophthalmology frequently involve binocular data where pairs of eyes are evaluated, through some diagnostic procedure, for the presence of certain diseases or pathologies. The simplest approach of estimating measures of diagnostic accuracy, such as sensitivity and specificity, treats eyes as independent, consequently yielding incorrect estimates, especially of the standard errors. Approaches that account for the inter‐eye correlation include regression methods using generalized estimating equations and likelihood techniques based on various correlated binomial models. The paper proposes a simple alternative statistical methodology of jointly estimating measures of diagnostic accuracy for binocular tests based on a flexible model for correlated binary data. Moments' estimation of model parameters is outlined and asymptotic inference is discussed. The resulting estimates are straightforward and easy to obtain, requiring no special statistical software but only elementary calculations. Results of simulations indicate that large‐sample and bootstrap confidence intervals based on the estimates have relatively good coverage properties when the model is correctly specified. The computation of the estimates and their standard errors are illustrated with data from a study on diabetic retinopathy.
Hsp90 and co‐chaperones twist the functions of diverse client proteins
Authors: Zuehlke Abbey , Johnson Jill L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHsp90 molecular chaperones are required for the stability and activity of a diverse range of client proteins that have critical roles in signal transduction, cellular trafficking, chromatin remodeling, cell growth, differentiation, and reproduction. Mammalian cells contain three types of Hsp90s: cytosolic Hsp90, mitochondrial Trap‐1, and Grp94 of the endoplasmic reticulum. Each of the Hsp90s, as well as the bacterial homolog, HtpG, hydrolyze ATP and undergo similar conformational changes. Unlike the other forms of Hsp90, cytosolic Hsp90 function is dependent on a battery of co‐chaperone proteins that regulate the ATPase activity of Hsp90 or direct Hsp90 to interact with specific client proteins. This review will summarize what is known about Hsp90's ability to mediate the folding and activation of diverse client proteins that contribute to human diseases, such as cancer and fungal and viral infections. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 211–217, 2010.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Crassocolides G–M, Cembranoids from the Formosan Soft Coral Sarcophyton crassocaule
Authors: Huang Ho‐Cheng , Chao Chih‐Hua , Kuo Yao‐Haur , Sheu Jyh‐Horng 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSeven new polyoxygenated cembranoids possessing an α‐methylene‐γ‐lactone group, crassocolides G–M (1–7, resp.), have been isolated from the AcOEt extract of the Formosan soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule. The structures of compounds 1–7 were established by detailed spectroscopic analyses, including 2D‐NMR spectroscopy (1H,1H‐COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY), while the absolute configuration of 1 was determined using a modified reaction of Mosher's method. The cytotoxicity of compounds 1–7 against a limited panel of cancer cell lines was also determined.
Synthesis and Fungicidal Activities of New 1,2,4‐Triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines
Authors: Chen Qiong , Liu Zu‐Ming , Chen Chao‐Nan , Jiang Li‐Li , Yang Guang‐Fu 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA series of new acetohydrazone‐containing 1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized for the purpose of searching for novel agrochemicals with higher fungicidal activity. Their in vitro fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani were evaluated, and the most promising compound, 2‐[(5,7‐dimethyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐2‐yl)sulfanyl]‐2′‐[(2‐hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]acetohydrazide (2‐17), showed a lower EC50 value (5.34 μg ml−1) than that of commercial carbendazim (EC50=7.62 μg ml−1). Additionally, compound 2‐17 was also found to display broad‐spectrum fungicidal activities, and its EC50 value (4.56 μg ml−1) against Botrytis cinereapers was very similar to that of carbendazim. Qualitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) of the synthesized compounds were also discussed.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Lavandula pedunculata (Miller) Cav.
Authors: Zuzarte Monica , Gonçalves Maria J. , Cavaleiro Carlos , Dinis Augusto M. , Canhoto Jorge M. , Salgueiro Lígia R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Lavandula pedunculata (Miller) Cav., harvested in North and Central Portugal, were investigated. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The minimal‐inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal‐lethal concentration (MLC) of the essential oils and of their major constituents were used to evaluate the antifungal activity against different strains of fungi involved in candidosis, dematophytosis, and aspergillosis. The oils were characterized by a high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes, the main compounds being 1,8‐cineole (2.4–55.5%), fenchone (1.3–59.7%), and camphor (3.6–48.0%). Statistical analysis differentiated the essential oils into two main types, one characterized by the predominance of fenchone and the other one by the predominance of 1,8‐cineole. Within the 1,8‐cineole chemotype, two subgroups were well‐defined taking into account the percentages of camphor. A significant antifungal activity of the oils was found against dermatophyte strains. The essential oil with the highest content of camphor was the most active with MIC and MLC values ranging from 0.32–0.64 μl/ml.
New Nitrogen‐Containing Sesquiterpenoids from the Taiwanese Soft Coral Cespitularia taeniataMay
Authors: Cheng Yuan‐Bin , Chen Ching‐Yeu , Kuo Yao‐Haur , Shen Ya‐Ching 
Published: August 2009

AbstractChemical investigation of the EtOH extract of the soft coral Cespitularia taeniata May collected in Taiwan has resulted in the isolation of two new sesquiterpene lactams, taenialactams A and B (1 and 2, resp.), and a new sesquiterpene lactone, taenialactone A (3), together with 8β‐methoxyatractylenolide (4) and atractylenolactam (5). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of the isolated metabolites were tested against KB, Daoy, and WiDr cell lines. A biogenetic pathway for these novel compounds was proposed.
Triterpenoids from the Roots of Actinidia chinensis
Authors: Zhou Xue‐Feng , Zhang Peng , Pi Hui‐Fang , Zhang Yong‐Hui , Ruan Han‐Li , Wang Hui , Wu Ji‐Zhou 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTwo new triterpenoids, 1 and 2, were isolated from the hepatoprotective AcOEt fraction of the roots of Actinidia chinensis, together with eight known 12‐en‐28‐oic acids of oleanane or ursane type, 3–10. The two new compounds were elucidated as 2α,3β‐dihydroxyurs‐12‐en‐28,30‐olide (1) and 2α,3β,24‐trihydroxyurs‐12‐en‐28,30‐olide (2), on the basis of spectroscopic (IR, NMR, and MS) analyses. The chemotaxonomic significances of some triterpenoids were also discussed.
Biocatalytic Production of Acyclic Bis[bibenzyls] from Dihydroresveratrol by Crude Momordica charantia Peroxidase
Authors: Xie Chun‐Feng , Yuan Hui‐Qing , Qu Jian‐Bo , Xing Jie , Lü Bei‐Bei , Wang Xiao‐Ning , Ji Mei , Lou Hong‐Xiang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBiotransformation of dihydroresveratrol by crude Momordica charantia peroxidase provided six new acyclic bis[bibenzyls] 1–6. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR and MS analyses as CC, COC, and CCH2C dimers of dihydroresveratrol. Compounds 1–6 were tested for antiproliferative activity against human prostate cancer PC3 cell line in vitro, and 2 and 6 were found to be more potent than the parent compound.
Atomic Diversity, Molecular Diversity, and Chemical Diversity: The Concept of Chemodiversity
Authors: Testa Bernard , Vistoli Giulio , Pedretti Alessandro , Bojarski Andrzej J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis minireview is meant as an introduction to the following paper. To this end, it presents the general background against which the joint paper should be understood. The first objective of the present paper is thus to clarify some concepts and related terminology, drawing a clear distinction between i) atomic diversity (i.e., atomic‐property space), ii) molecular or macromolecular diversity (i.e., molecular‐ or macromolecular‐property spaces), and iii) chemical diversity (i.e., chemical‐diversity space). The first refers to the various electronic states an atom can occupy. The second encompasses the conformational and property spaces of a given (macro)molecule. The third pertains to the diversity in structure and properties exhibited by a library or a supramolecular assembly of different chemical compounds. The ground is thus laid for the content of the joint paper, which pertains to case ii, to be placed in its broader chemodiversity context.
The second objective of this paper is to point to the concepts of chemodiversity and biodiversity as forming a continuum. Chemodiversity is indeed the material substratum of organisms. In other words, chemodiversity is the material condition for life to emerge and exist. Increasing our knowledge of chemodiversity is thus a condition for a better understanding of life as a process.
Mechanistic Insights into the Cytochrome P450‐Mediated Oxidation and Rearrangement of Littorine in Tropane Alkaloid Biosynthesis
Authors: Nasomjai Pitak , Reed Darwin W. , Tozer David J. , Peach Michael J. G. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Covello Patrick S. , O'Hagan David 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDuring the biosynthesis of certain tropane alkaloids, littorine (1) is rearranged to hyoscyamine (3). Recent evidence indicates that this isomerisation is a two‐step process in which the first step is an oxidation/rearrangement to give hyoscyamine aldehyde (2). This step is catalysed by CYP80F1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, which was recently identified from the plant Hyoscyamus niger; CYP80F1 also catalyses the hydroxylation of littorine at the 3′‐position. The mechanisms of the reactions catalysed by CYP80F1 were probed with synthetic deutero and arylfluoro analogues of 1. Measurement of the primary kinetic isotope effects indicates that C3′ hydrogen abstraction is the rate‐limiting step for the oxidation/rearrangement of natural littorine, and for the 3′‐hydroxylation reaction of the unnatural S enantiomer of littorine. The character of the intermediates in the oxidation/rearrangement and hydroxylation reaction was probed with the use of arylfluorinated analogues of (R)‐littorine (natural stereoisomer) and (S)‐littorine (unnatural stereoisomer) as substrates for CYP80F1. The relative conversions of ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐fluorolittorine analogues were used to obtain information on the likely intermediacy of either a benzylic radical or benzylic carbocation intermediate. The data suggest that hydroxylation takes place via a benzylic carbocation intermediate, whereas the product profile arising from rearrangement is more consistent with a benzylic radical intermediate.
Identification and Role of a 6‐Deoxy‐4‐Keto‐Hexosamine in the Lipopolysaccharide Outer Core of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:3
Authors: Pinta Elise , Duda Katarzyna A. , Hanuszkiewicz Anna , Kaczyński Zbigniew , Lindner Buko , Miller Wayne L. , Hyytiäinen Heidi , Vogel Christian , Borowski Sabine , Kasperkiewicz Katarzyna , Lam Joseph S. , Radziejewska‐Lebrecht Joanna , Skurnik Mikael , Holst Otto 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe outer core (OC) region of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 lipopolysaccharide is a hexasaccharide essential for the integrity of the outer membrane. It is involved in resistance against cationic antimicrobial peptides and plays a role in virulence during early phases of infection. We show here that the proximal residue of the OC hexasaccharide is a rarely encountered 4‐keto‐hexosamine, 2‐acetamido‐2,6‐dideoxy‐D‐xylo‐hex‐4‐ulopyranose (Sugp) and that WbcP is a UDP‐GlcNAc‐4,6‐dehydratase enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the nucleotide‐activated form of this rare sugar converting UDP‐2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranose (UDP‐D‐GlcpNAc) to UDP‐2‐acetamido‐2,6‐dideoxy‐D‐xylo‐hex‐4‐ulopyranose (UDP‐ Sugp). In an aqueous environment, the 4‐keto group of this sugar was present in the 4‐dihydroxy form, due to hydration. Furthermore, evidence is provided that the axial 4‐hydroxy group of this dihydroxy function was crucial for the biological role of the OC, that is, in the bacteriophage and enterocoliticin receptor structure and in the epitope of a monoclonal antibody.
Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Resin Glycosides Ipomoeassin A–F and Analogues
Authors: Nagano Takashi , Pospíšil Jiři , Chollet Guillaume , Schulthoff Saskia , Hickmann Volker , Moulin Emilie , Herrmann Jennifer , Müller Rolf , Fürstner Alois 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA multitasking C‐silylation strategy using the readily available compound 26 as a surrogate for cinnamic acid represents the key design element of a total synthesis of all known members of the ipomoeassin family of resin glyosides. This protecting group maneuver allows the unsaturated acids decorating the glucose subunit of the targets to be attached at an early phase of the synthesis, prevents their participation in the ruthenium‐catalyzed ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) used to form the macrocyclic ring, and protects them against reduction during the hydrogenation of the resulting cycloalkene over Wilkinson’s catalyst. As the C‐silyl group can be concomitantly removed with the O‐TBS substituent using tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate (TASF) in acetonitrile, no separate protecting group manipulations were necessary in the final stages, thus contributing to a favorable overall “economy of steps”. In addition to the naturally occurring ipomoeassins, a small set of synthetic analogues has also been prepared by “diverted total synthesis”. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was assayed with two different cancer cell lines. The recorded data confirm previous findings that the acylation‐ and oxygenation pattern of these amphiphilic glycoconjugates is highly correlated with their biological activity profile. Ipomoeassin F turned out to be the most promising member of the series, showing IC50 values in the low nanomolar range.
Clock synchronization in Cell/B.E. traces
Authors: Biberstein M. , Harel Y. , Heilper A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCell/B.E. is a heterogeneous multicore processor that was designed for the efficient execution of parallel and vectorizable applications with high computation and memory requirements. The transition to multicores introduces the challenge of providing tools that help programmers tune the code running on these architectures. Tracing tools, in particular, often help locate performance problems related to thread and process communication. A major impediment to implementing tracing on Cell is the absence of a common clock that can be accessed at low cost from all cores. The OS clock is costly to access from the auxiliary cores and the hardware timers cannot be simultaneously set on all the cores. In this paper, we describe an offline trace analysis algorithm that assigns wall‐clock time to trace records based on their thread‐local time stamps and event order. Our experiments on several Cell SDK workloads show that the indeterminism in assigning wall‐clock time to events is low, on average 20–40 clock ticks (translating into 1.4–2.8 µs on the system used in our experiments). We also show how various practical problems, such as the imprecision of time measurement, can be overcome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling processing usage at user level: a way to make resource sharing more flexible
Authors: dos Reis Valéria Quadros , Cerqueira Renato 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGeneral purpose Operating Systems do not provide effective mechanisms for application processing reservation. To overcome this limitation, some initiatives aim at guaranteeing processing by instrumenting kernels or by isolating the performance through the creation of virtual machines. However, these proceedings may be impractical if the kernel code is not available or high overheads should be avoided. As will be described in this paper, CPUReserve works differently from these approaches. It is a processing reservation system that runs at user level. CPUReserve allows the configuration of the active scheduling policy and simplifies the development of new ones. Thus, it can be used in many computing scenarios such as distributed and shared environments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust multi‐objective resource allocation scheme incorporating uncertainty and service differentiation
Authors: Kuijl Alexander v. d. , Emmerich Michael T. M. , Li Hui 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGrid computing emerges as an infrastructure for large‐scale data processing, resource sharing, and scientific computing. In this paper we propose a Grid scheduling algorithm using multi‐attribute utility theory and multi‐objective optimization (MOO). The algorithm makes the optimal decisions based on the available set of objectives. By comparing with a deadline‐and‐budget algorithm with three objectives, we show that the proposed MOO scheduling algorithm is capable of obtaining a broader set of non‐dominated solutions. The obtained solutions are also of higher quality, which are in close proximity to the Pareto optimal front. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical properties of MnO2 nanostructures
Authors: Wang Ning , Pang Hongtao , Peng Hongrui , Li Guicun , Chen Xiguang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractManganese oxide (MnO2) nanowires with diameters of 40–50 nm and lengths up to several micrometers have been successfully synthesized through a simply hydrothermal route. The influences of synthetic parameters, such as reaction time, and reaction temperature, on the growth and morphologies of MnO2 nanowires have been investigated. It is found that MnO2 nanowires can be evolved into MnO2 microrods with the reaction time/temperature increased. The electrochemical characterization of MnO2 nanostructures was carried out in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte at the scan rate of 10 mV s‐1. The results indicate that the MnO2 microrods obtained when the reaction performed at 200 °C for 24 h showed the best performance for supercapacitor. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Review: Indentation size effect, indentation cracks and microhardness measurement of brittle crystalline solids – some basic concepts and trends
Authors: Sangwal K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIndentation size effect, indentation cracks and microhardness measurement of some brittle crystals are reviewed against the background of the existing concepts of indentation deformation of crystalline solids. Several approaches reported in the literature devoted to relationships between applied indentation test loadPand indentation diagonal lengthdare applied to analyze the experimentally observed normal and reverse indentation size effect (ISE) in brittle compounds. Using typical examples of normal and reverse ISE it is shown that the indentation induced cracking model does not give load‐independent hardness and the final expression describing the experimental data for various compounds is essentially another form of the Meyer law. Analysis of experiment data on crack lengths and indentation diagonals for different indentation loads suggests that the origin of ISE is associated with the processes of formation of indentation cracks following the general concepts of fracture mechanics. The load‐independent hardnessH0may be determined reliably from plots ofP/dagainstdof the proportional resistance model or ofHVagainst 1/das predicted by strain gradient plasticity theories. It was found that the load‐independent hardness of depends on crystal orientation and state of the indented surface. Finally, some comments on determination of fracture toughness and brittle index of crystals are made. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modification of the mass weighing in A3B5 automated Czochralski crystal growth techniques
Authors: Rossolenko S. N. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractModification of weight signal of LEC, VCZ crystal growth processes based on the knowledge of the weight signal in the past during the pulling process was considered. This modification is necessary for development and improvement of the direct automated weight control in these techniques of crystal growth. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On‐line monitoring of lithium carbonate dissolution
Authors: Sun Yuzhu , Song Xingfu , Wang Jin , Luo Yan , Yu Jianguo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDissolution of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) in aqueous solution was investigated using three on‐line apparatuses: the concentration of Li2CO3was measured by electrical conductivity equipment; CLD (Chord Length Distribution) was monitored by FBRM (Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement); crystal image was observed by PVM (Particle Video Microscope). Results show dissolution rate goes up with a decrease of particle size, and with an increase in temperature; stirring speed causes little impact on dissolution; ultrasound facilitates dissolution obviously. The CLD evolution and crystal images of Li2CO3powders in stirred fluid were observed detailedly by FBRM and PVM during dissolution. Experimental data were fitted to Avrami model, through which the activation energy was found to be 34.35 kJ/mol. PBE (Population Balance Equation) and moment transform were introduced to calculate dissolution kinetics, obtaining correlation equations of particle size decreasing rate as a function of temperature and undersaturation. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Precision enhancement in ETSI‐Hata propagation model tuning using experimental data in a dense urban area
Authors: Atamanesh Mehran , Farzaneh Forouhar 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this paper an enhanced ETSI‐Hata propagation model tuning is presented. The three‐dimensional (3D) digital terrain map (DTM) was included in the simulation process. For the enhancement of the model tuning process and precision verification of ETSI‐Hata model, the real 3D map of the buildings of the simulated area was incorporated over the DTM. Multiple knife edge diffraction method and the antenna effective height method were used to calculate the diffraction loss. This method was applied for a real urban scenario. For every sector in the coverage area, a tuned model was exploited. Using a genetic algorithm, frequency planning for the entire urban area was performed, which resulted in an improvement in the quality of service. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.