bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric disorder in an adult training centre and a hospital for the mentally handicapped
Authors: Ballinger Brian R. , Reid Andrew H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSeventy-five mentally handicapped adult individuals attending a training centre were compared with 75 adult patients in a mental subnormality hospital using a standardized psychiatric interview. Ten of the individuals at the training centre were rated in the pathological range for overall psychiatric disturbance compared with 23 patients in hospital. Details are presented for the various psychiatric symptoms.
Three cognitive theories of depression
Authors: Bebbington Paul 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe cognitive theories of depression put forward by Beck and his colleagues (1980), Brown & Harris (1978) and Abramson and her colleagues (1978) are described and compared. Although each theory has its strengths, it is argued that an adequate cognitive account of depression is awaited. Such a theory must link specific experiences with each of the cognitive themes of depression, and the links postulated should be specific to depression. Refinements of description and method are required before such a theory can be tested.
Depression among men made involuntarily redundant
Authors: Melville Donald I. , Hope David , Bennison Dean , Barraclough Brian 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisNinety-eight men aged 25–50, who were unemployed because of involuntary redundancy and out of work for 2–18 months, completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ–30). Their scores were compared with those of a group of employed men matched for age and social class. The mean GHQ score for the redundant men was 13–0, compared with 4·0 for the employed group. The mean BDI score was 11·1 for the redundant group and 5·6 for the employed group. Eighteen per cent of the redundant men, compared with 6% of the employed group, scored 18 or more which are scores corresponding to those in depressive illness. We conclude that the prevalence of depressive illness may be increased among redundant men.
Factors influencing the psychological impact of prolonged unemployment and of re-employment
Authors: Warr Peter , Jackson Paul 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSix hundred and twenty-nine unemployed men were re-interviewed 9 months after initial measurement of their psychological health and commitment to the labour market. For those men remaining continuously unemployed between interviews, no further decrement was observed in mean General Health Questionnaire scores after 3 months without a job, but a significant deterioration was recorded for the sub-sample initially unemployed for less than 3 months. Small but significant declines were observed after 3 months on a single-item measure of reported health and on an 8-item index of commitment to the labour market. For those regaining paid work, all measures of health showed large improvements, and employment commitment was unchanged. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine factors associated with magnitude of changes during continuous unemployment, yielding a systematic pattern of significant relationships. For example, higher employment commitment at initial interview was significantly associated with a greater subsequent decline in psychological health, but not in physical health; reporting a chronic health impairment at initial interview was significantly associated with a greater subsequent decrement in physical health, but not in psychological health.
How does gender influence age at first hospitalization for schizophrenia? A transnational case register study
Authors: Häfner H. , Riecher A. , Maurer K. , Löffler W. , Munk-Jørgensen P. , Strömgren E. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISNumerous studies have reported a lower mean age at first hospitalization for schizophrenia in males than in females. For this finding not only a gender difference in age at first onset of schizophrenia, but also other factors can be responsible. With the aim of providing a comprehensive analysis of gender differences in onset, symptomatology and course of schizophrenia, we started by testing the hypothesis postulating a gender difference in mean age at first hospitalization. By using the Danish and the Mannheim psychiatric case registers we analysed all hospital admissions for schizophrenia and related diagnoses and all previous admissions for other diagnoses of the Danish population in 1976 and those of the inhabitants of the German city of Mannheim in the period of 1978–80. Artefacts were controlled for systematically. The impact of intervening variables such as selection factors as well as the influence of gender on the ascription of a diagnosis of schizophrenia for the first time were assessed. We found a mean difference of 5 to 6 years in age at first hospitalization between males and females in both countries when a broad definition of the diagnosis was used and of 4 to 5 years when a restrictive definition was applied. The higher mean age at first hospitalization among females is not attributable to artefacts, diagnostic procedures or to any essential extent to gender differences in help-seeking behaviour or occupational status. When a distinction was made between ‘single’ and ‘married’, the significant difference in age at first hospitalization between the sexes disappeared in singles. With case register data and without knowing the chronological order of marriage and onset of the disease, it remains an open question whether this finding can be explained by purely correlative associations between sex, marital status and age of onset or by causal effects.
Eating disorders: lessons from a cross-cultural study
Authors: King Michael B. , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISFive hundred and eighty schoolgirls living in a small North Indian industrial town were screened using the EAT-26. Although twenty-nine per cent scored above the threshold for the questionnaire (≥ 20), closer scrutiny of the pattern of responses revealed misinterpretations of a large number of questions possibly on a conceptual basis. Linguistic and conceptual pitfalls inherent to cross-cultural epidemiological research are discussed with reference to previous work.
The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms
Authors: Jorm A. F. , Jacomb P. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe IQCODE is a questionnaire which asks an informant about changes in an elderly person's everyday cognitive function. The questionnaire aims to assess cognitive decline independent of pre-morbid ability. In the present study, the IQCODE was administered to a sample of 613 informants from the general population. In addition, the questionnaire was administered to informants of 309 dementing subjects who had filled it out one year previously. A principal components analysis, using the general population sample, confirmed that the IQCODE measures a general factor of cognitive decline. The questionnaire was found to have high internal reliability in the general population sample (alpha = 0·95) and reasonably high test-retest reliability over one year in the dementing sample (r = 0·75). The total IQCODE score, as well as each of the 26-items, was found to discriminate well between the general population and dementing samples. The correlation with education was quite small (r = – 0·13), indicating that contamination by premorbid ability is not a problem.
The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI): an epidemiological study in a general population sample
Authors: Mackinnon A. J. , Henderson A. S. , Scott R. , Duncan-Jones P. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) was used in a 2-wave community survey of 386 persons. The two factor structure of the instrument was confirmed, as well as the high stability of its scales over time. Respondents who had had children differed significantly from others. No association was found between social desirability, neuroticism or extraversion and either of the scales. No association was observed between the scales and psychiatric disorder, despite using covariance structure analysis to remove the effects of age and attenuation due to measurement error. Estimates of relative risk for affectionless control were low in contrast to estimates calculated from samples with psychiatric disorders. These findings may be characteristic of symptomatic persons in a general population. Because of the importance of the affectionless control construct, the findings invite further investigation in other community and treated samples.
Bulimia nervosa: a four- to six-year follow-up study
Authors: Hsu L. K. George , Sobkiewicz Theresa A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA consecutive series of 45 female bulimic patients treated by one of us was followed four to six years after termination of treatment. Thirty-five (78 %) were successfully followed, six refused to participate in the study and four were untraced. At least seven (16%) had diagnosable bulimia nervosa at follow-up, and at least another seven had a subclinical form of the disorder during the six months prior to follow-up. Relapse into anorexia nervosa was uncommon, and the severity of the bulimic features had improved even among those still diagnosable as having the disorder. Affective disturbances were common among those who were bulimic. The findings were discussed in terms of the intermediate term outcome of the disorder and its identity as a clinical entity.
The inner side of wisdom: suicide in early modern England
Authors: MacDonald Michael 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis essay traces the shifting perception of the nature and prevalence of suicide in early modern England. Suicide is presented as one form of deviance contemporaries recognized and is used to illuminate the history of mental disorder in its social and intellectual context.Daft Meg [an idiot and suicide] was a sort of household familiar among us, and there was much like the inner side of wisdom in the pattern of her sayings, many of which are still preserved as proverbs.John Galt, Annals of the Parish, p. 126.
Cyclic AMP in cerebrospinal fluid of manic and depressive patients
Authors: Post Robert M. , Cramer Hinrich , Goodwin Frederick K. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisCyclic 3′5′-adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of manic and depressive patients with and without probenecid administration both before and during treatment with various psychotropic drugs. Oral probenecid (100 mg/kg) produced substantial c-AMP accumulations in CSF suggesting a probenecid-sensitive transport mechanism for c-AMP. Baseline and probenecid-induced accumulations of c-AMP were not significantly different in manic and depressed patients, while baseline levels in depressed patients were higher than those in neurological controls. Imipramine, amitriptyline, lithium, tryptophan, and electroconvulsant therapies did not significantly alter levels or accumulations of c-AMP in CSF of depressed patients.
Schizophrenia succeeded by affective illness: catamnestic study and statistical enquiry
Authors: Sheldrick C. , Jablensky A. , Sartorius N. , Shepherd Michael 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOn the basis of data derived from a long-term follow-up of 12 cases and a 2-year follow-up of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia it is suggested that some patients with remitting schizophrenic illnesses can subsequently present clear-cut affective disorders. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The late effects of necrotizing encephalitis of the temporal lobes and limbic areas: a clinico-pathological study of 10 cases
Authors: Hierons R. , Janota I. , Corsellis J. A. N. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe clinical and neuropathological features are reported of 10 patients who had suffered, usually for several years, from the after effects of an acute or sub-acute necrotizing encephalitis of the limbic grey matter and of the adjacent temporal lobes. Emphasis is laid on the memory disturbance and on the behavioural and emotional aberrations that tended to occur and that are in some ways reminiscent of the Klüver–Bucy syndrome.
Dichotic listening and allusive thinking
Authors: Armstrong M. S. , Blaszczynski A. P. , McConaghy N. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPrevious work suggests that allusive thinkers have a broader attentional process associated with weak central inhibition. The method of dichotic stimulation was used to investigate this concept. Sixty-three university students completed a battery of tests including 2 dichotic listening tasks. The Object Sorting Test was used as a measure of allusive thinking.Allusive thinkers showed a trend towards impaired shadowing performance. Mislabelling of shadow as distractor words andvice versa, on recall and recognition tasks, showed the strongest correlation with allusive thinking. Such mislabelling was considered to reflect impaired discrimination learning, and provides further support for a hypothesis relating allusive thinking to weak Pavlovian central inhibition.
Responses of Australian patients with gynaecological disorders to the General Health Questionnaire: a factor analytic study
Authors: Worsley A. , Walters W. A. W. , Wood E. C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOne hundred and twenty-seven out-patients attending a gynaecology clinic completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, 60-item version) and a role problems checklist (RPCL). Principal factors analysis of the GHQ yielded 8 factors which were named: poor performance (which accounted for 63·3 % of total variance), depression-anxiety, sleep-disturbance, anhedonia-anergia, loss of confidence, general illness, social dysfunction and headache. These results were compared with previous principal components analyses of the GHQ (Goldberg, 1972; Goldberget al.1976).A multiple regression analysis indicated that age and 7 of the 8 factors were significantly related to the number of role problems reported by the patients. However, it appears that psychiatric distress (as measured by the GHQ) and role problems were only related to a small degree (multipleR2=12·69% only).
Preliminary Communication Thyro-endocrine pathology, obstetric morbidity and schizophrenia: survey of a hundred families with a schizophrenic proband
Authors: MacSweeney David , Timms Pauline , Johnson Anthony 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis preliminary communication reports that the mothers of 104 schizophrenic patients had: (1) a significantly higher incidence of thyroid disease than a carefully matched control group; (2) significantly more abortions, still-births and greater infant mortality. The findings and possible relevance of thyroid disease to schizophrenia are discussed. Three prospective studies currently in progress are outlined.
Preliminary Communication Absence of cardiac deceleration in a signalled escape paradigm: a psychophysiological deficit in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Waddington John L. , Macculloch Malcolm J. , Schalken Marie L. , Sambrooks Jean E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisFourteen chronic male schizophrenic patients and six male control subjects were com pared in an escape paradigm involving temporal warning of the presentation of an aversive tone stimulus to which an escape response was to be made. The characteristic heart rate deceleration shown immediately prior to the aversive stimulus by control subjects was absent in the schizophrenic group. Further features of this novel test paradigm distinguished the control and schizophrenic groups. This psychophysiological test procedure may be fruitful for schizophrenia research.
The diagnosis of ‘hysteria’
Authors: Reed John L. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA study of 120 inpatients diagnosed as suffering from hysteria is presented and the validity of the diagnosis questioned. Clinical study showed that 13% showed only hysterical symptoms, 33% showed hysterical symptoms occurring with affective symptoms, 28% showed affective symptomatology only, and the remainder were either of other or uncertain diagnostic grouping. It is concluded that the 13% are suffering from a condition that can only be diagnosed as hysteria.
Hysteria and parental psychiatric illness
Authors: Cloninger C. Robert , Guze Samuel B. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA two-generation study of 46 families of convicted women felons showed that the daughters of sociopathic fathers had a significantly higher prevalence of hysteria than did the daughters of other fathers. The differences were significant both for daughters with hysteria plus sociopathy and for daughters with hysteria without sociopathy. The association was independent of assortative mating between sociopathic men and women with hysteria or sociopathy.
Severity of symptoms of psychiatric outpatients: use of the General Health Questionnaire in hospital and general practice patients
Authors: Sims A. C. P. , Salmons P. H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA sample of 91 new referrals to a community based psychiatric outpatient service was compared with a cross-matched control sample of 107 patients attending the general practitioner's surgery. The subjects in both groups completed the General Health Questionnaire and there was a very marked difference between the scores of the two groups. Seventy-five of the psychiatric group had a high score on the questionnaire, and a large number of these were extremely high, while 74 of the general practice group had a low score. The ‘false’ positives and negatives are discussed. It is considered that the validity of this questionnaire as a screening device for demonstrating psychiatric morbidity and severity in general practice is further established in this study by showing that in matched samples the expected psychiatric morbidity in general practice can be compared with the much greater morbidity in psychiatric outpatient referrals. For the psychiatric sample more patients showed high scores and these tended to be much higher.
Influence of psychiatric training, medical qualification, and paramedical training on the rating of abnormal behaviour
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , Kelleher M. J. , Gourlay A. J. , Smith A. M. R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe psychiatric ratings, using the In-Patient Multi-dimensional Psychiatric Scale, of (1) a group of over 200 psychiatrists from the British Isles, (2) third year psychology students, (3) trainee sister tutors, (4) general practitioners attending a postgraduate course in psychiatry, and (5) a group of new registrars at the Maudsley Hospital, were compared. The first hypothesis, that, whereas the non-psychiatrists would rate similar levels of symptoms, the psychiatrists would tend to rate lower than other professional groups, was upheld. The second, that the pattern or profile of symptoms as shown by the IMPS syndromes would differ little between the groups, was also upheld. The third hypothesis, that because of their special training in the recognition of symptoms, psychiatrists would tend to show greater intra-group agreement on the levels of symptoms than the other groups, was not upheld. Some possible reasons for the findings are discussed. The importance for a screening schedule, designed to be used by non-psychiatrists for the detection of psychiatric illness, of the finding that non-psychiatrists rate higher levels of symptoms than psychiatrists, is also discussed.
Psychiatric symptoms duringL-dopa therapy for Parkinson's disease and their relationship to physical disability
Authors: Mindham R. H. S. , Marsden C. D. , Parkes J. D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisFifty patients attending a neurological outpatient clinic for Parkinson's disease were assessed by standardized methods for both physical and psychiatric symptoms. The patients then received treatment withL-dopa,L-dopa with carbidopa or anticholinergic drugs and/or amantadine. During the following six-month period the subjects were assessed at intervals, both physically and psychiatrically. Forty patients were followed up for the full six-month period. The severity of physical signs and affective symptoms was shown to be significantly related at several stages of the investigation. Initially, the patients showed a high psychiatric morbidity. During treatment, 22 patients developed a depressive disorder, 12 of which had a history of previous depressive episodes. By contrast, of the 11 patients who showed very few affective symptoms during follow-up, none had a history of depression. Of the 22 patients with a depressive disorder, only two were in the anticholinergic/amantadine group, compared with nine and 11 in the other groups.L-dopa was not an effective antidepressant agent. The probable relevance of the findings of the study to the management of patients with Parkinson's disease is outlined.
A survey of social inadequacy among psychiatric outpatients
Authors: Bryant Bridget , Trower Peter , Yardley Krysia , Urbieta H. , Letemendia F. J. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAn investigation into the extent and nature of social inadequacy among outpatients diagnosed as neuroses and personality disorders was undertaken on patients aged 18–49 attending one clinic over a six-month period. A feature of this survey was that each patient took part in a standard social interaction test, and their performance was assessed by two psychologists. A relatively high proportion of patients, one in six on the most conservative estimate, and probably over one in four, were judged by psychologists and psychiatrists to be socially inadequate, and the results showed a clear pattern of behavioural, social and personality factors associated with these judgements. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.
Age and parasuicide (‘attempted suicide’)
Authors: Kreitman Norman 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA one-year cohort of parasuicide patients (n= 822) was divided into three age groups, subdivided by sex where indicated. Systematic comparisons of the groups were made, and significant discrepancies validated using a second cohort of patients. A number of social, demographic and clinical differences were found, as well as some unexpected similarities. The rates for subsequent (completed) suicide were conspicuously different in the six age-sex subgroups.
The relationship between different evaluations of drinking behaviour
Authors: Bowden Paul 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPrisoners' attitudes to their drinking behaviour, although largely accurate, minimize problems in terms of other assessments made at interview. Semantic differences are apparent in the use of the terms ‘heavy’ and ‘problem’ as descriptions of drinking behaviour; thus men who admit heavy but deny problem drinking are often reported to be problem drinkers by their family and myself. There is close agreement between the family's reported attitude to a man's drinking and the assessment made in a structured psychiatric interview.
Treatment or punishment? A nineteenth-century scandal
Authors: Patch Ian Lodge 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn psychiatry the relationship between treatment and punishment is variable and ambiguous. It has always been possible to employ physical methods of treatment for punitive ends, against which the introduction of liberal policies is no complete safeguard. Indulging one's personal animosities towards a difficult or violent patient has always been condemned, but the motives of a psychiatrist may be particularly easily misconstrued. These inherent risks in a psychiatrist's situation are illustrated by a case from the 19th century.
Schizophrenia before 1800? The case of the Revd George Trosse
Authors: Hare Edward 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTrosse's account of his life has been described as one of the strangest pieces of realism in the English language. It gives a detailed description of the author's personal experience of three episodes of psychotic disorder during the years 1656–7. The disorder has been considered an early instance of schizophrenia, but evidence is presented here to suggest that a more plausible diagnosis was alcoholic psychosis and affective disorder.