bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Epithelial Stem Cell Replacement and Follicle Formation in the Drosophila Ovary
Authors: Nystul Todd , Spradling Allan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Though much has been learned about the process of ovarian follicle maturation through studies of oogenesis in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems, less is known about how follicles form initially. In Drosophila, two somatic follicle stem cells (FSCs) in each ovariole give rise to all polar cells, stalk cells, and main body cells needed to form each follicle. We show that one daughter from each FSC founds most follicles but that cell type specification is independent of cell lineage, in contrast to previous claims of an early polar/stalk lineage restriction. Instead, key intercellular signals begin early and guide cell behavior. An initial Notch signal from germ cells is required for FSC daughters to migrate across the ovariole and on occasion to replace the opposite stem cell. Both anterior and posterior polar cells arise in region 2b at a time when ∼16 cells surround the cyst. Later, during budding, stalk cells and additional polar cells are specified in a process that frequently transfers posterior follicle cells onto the anterior surface of the next older follicle. These studies provide new insight into the mechanisms that underlie stem cell replacement and follicle formation during Drosophila oogenesis.
Empyema Hospitalizations Increased in US Children Despite Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Li Su-Ting T. , Tancredi Daniel J. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the incidence of empyema among children in the United States has changed since the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2000.
METHODS: We used the nationally representative Kids' Inpatient Database to estimate the annual total number of hospitalizations of children ≤18 years of age that were associated with empyema in 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006. Using US Census data, estimated counts were converted into annual incidence rates per 100000 children. Incidence rates were compared between 1997 and later years to determine the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on hospitalization rates.
RESULTS: During 2006, an estimated total of 2898 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2532–3264) hospitalizations of children ≤18 years of age in the United States were associated with empyema. The empyema-associated hospitalization rate was estimated at 3.7 (95% CI: 3.3–4.2) per 100000 children, an increase of almost 70% from the 1997 empyema hospitalization rate of 2.2 (95% CI: 1.9–2.5) per 100000. The rate of complicated pneumonia (empyema, pleural effusion, or bacterial pneumonia requiring a chest tube or decortication) similarly increased 44%, to 5.5 (95% CI: 4.8–6.1) per 100000. The rate of bacterial pneumonia decreased 13%, to 244.3 (95% CI: 231.1–257.5) per 100000. The rate of invasive pneumococcal disease (pneumonia, sepsis, or meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae) decreased 50%, to 6.3 (95% CI: 5.7–6.9) per 100000.
CONCLUSIONS: Among children ≤18 years of age, the annual empyema-associated hospitalization rates increased almost 70% between 1997 and 2006, despite decreases in the bacterial pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease rates. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is not decreasing the incidence of empyema.
Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Intervention for Toddlers With Autism: The Early Start Denver Model
Authors: Dawson Geraldine , Rogers Sally , Munson Jeffrey , Smith Milani , Winter Jamie , Greenson Jessica , Donaldson Amy , Varley Jennifer 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), a comprehensive developmental behavioral intervention, for improving outcomes of toddlers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
METHODS: Forty-eight children diagnosed with ASD between 18 and 30 months of age were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: (1) ESDM intervention, which is based on developmental and applied behavioral analytic principles and delivered by trained therapists and parents for 2 years; or (2) referral to community providers for intervention commonly available in the community.
RESULTS: Compared with children who received community-intervention, children who received ESDM showed significant improvements in IQ, adaptive behavior, and autism diagnosis. Two years after entering intervention, the ESDM group on average improved 17.6 standard score points (1 SD: 15 points) compared with 7.0 points in the comparison group relative to baseline scores. The ESDM group maintained its rate of growth in adaptive behavior compared with a normative sample of typically developing children. In contrast, over the 2-year span, the comparison group showed greater delays in adaptive behavior. Children who received ESDM also were more likely to experience a change in diagnosis from autism to pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified, than the comparison group.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first randomized, controlled trial to demonstrate the efficacy of a comprehensive developmental behavioral intervention for toddlers with ASD for improving cognitive and adaptive behavior and reducing severity of ASD diagnosis. Results of this study underscore the importance of early detection of and intervention in autism.
Health Care Utilization by Adolescents on Medicaid: Implications for Delivering Vaccines
Authors: Dempsey Amanda F. , Freed Gary L. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: To examine the degree to which current health care utilization patterns of Medicaid-enrolled adolescents living in Michigan would allow opportunities for adolescent immunizations to be provided.
METHODS: Outpatient claims data from 2001–2005 were analyzed for 11- to 18-year-old Medicaid-enrolled adolescents living in Michigan. Visits were classified as either health-maintenance examinations (HMEs) or problem focused by using diagnostic and procedural codes. Data were divided into 4 overlapping 2-year time periods, and the age-specific proportion of adolescents who attended these 2 visit types was calculated for each. χ2 tests were used to evaluate associations of visit patterns with gender.
RESULTS: Of the 718847 adolescents included in the study, &lt;50% had ≥1 HME visit within any 2-year time period, and substantially fewer (&lt;15%) had annual HMEs. In contrast, at least 75% of the adolescents had ≥1 problem-focused visit in any given 2-year period, and approximately half had participated in at least 2 problem-focused visits. Problem-focused, but not HME, visit utilization was significantly associated with gender, with girls increasing, but boys decreasing, visit utilization as they aged.
CONCLUSIONS: Similar to privately insured adolescents, most Medicaid-enrolled adolescents do not have annual preventive-care visits, which calls into question the feasibility of providing immunizations primarily at annual HMEs. Participation in problem-focused encounters was generally high in our study. However, even problem-focused visit utilization was low among older adolescent boys. This suggests that in addition to strengthening immunization within the medical home, alternative venues for reaching certain subpopulations of adolescents should also be developed.
ATL 313, A Selective A2A Adenosine Receptor Agonist, Reduces Myocardial Infarct Size in a Rat Ischemia/Reperfusion Model
Authors: Dai Wangde , Hale Sharon L , Nayak Rohith , Kloner Robert A 
Published: December 2009

Objective:The cardioprotective effects of activation of the A2Aadenosine receptor (A2AAR) on ischemia/reperfusion injury in the heart remain controversial. We investigated whether ATL 313, a new selective A2AAR agonist, could reduce myocardial infarct size in a rat ischemia/reperfusion model.Methods:Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 40 minute occlusion of the left coronary artery followed by 3 hours reperfusion. Hemodynamics were monitored during the procedure. The rats were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 received continuous intravenous infusion of saline given 10 min prior to ischemia and throughout reperfusion (n=8); Group 2 received continuous intravenous infusion of 10 ng/kg/min of ATL 313 given 10 min prior to ischemia, and throughout reperfusion (n=8); and group 3 received an intravenous bolus of ATL 313 (900 ng/Kg body weight) given 10 min prior to ischemia, and continuous intravenous infusion of 10 ng/kg/min of ATL 313 started at 20 min after ischemia and throughout reperfusion (n=8). After euthanasia of the rats, the hearts were harvested for the assessment of risk zone and zone of necrosis of the left ventricle.Results:The percentage of risk zone in the left ventricle was similar among group 1 (47 ± 3.7 %), group 2 (41.5 ± 4.2 %) and group 3 (42.4 ± 3.8 %). However, the infarct size, expressed as a percentage of the risk zone, was significantly decreased in group 3 (30.6 ± 5 %, P=0.01) compared with group 1 (53.8 ± 6.2 %) and group 2 (52.1 ± 4.8 %). In group 3, the bolus injection of ATL 313 caused a reduction in blood pressure during the procedure, and decreased heart rate and LV ±dp/dt before coronary artery occlusion; but increased LV +dp/dt at the end of reperfusion compared to the other 2 groups.Conclusion:A2AAR agonist ATL313 significantly reduced infarct size and improved LV contractility at the end of reperfusion assessed by LV dp/dt at a dose of 900 ng/Kg. The mechanisms for the observed cardioprotection effect of ATL313 remain to be determined.
Dynamics of a Siped Tire Tread Block—Experiment and Simulation
Authors: Ripka S. , Gäbel G. , Wangenheim M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Within the contact zone between tire and road all normal and tangential forces have to be transmitted. The tread block is the only tire component which is in direct contact to the pavement and therefore of special interest. The rolling process of a tire can be seen as a chronology of single contact events between tread block and road surface, whereas the contact situation in detail is usually unknown. The surface texture of the pavement comprises a large range of surface wavelengths which leads to a small area of real contact and to complex contact conditions. Under braking and acceleration procedures sliding friction occurs within the footprint especially at the trailing area of the contact zone. The tangential forces strongly depend on the contact conditions, e.g., surface texture, sliding velocity, normal contact pressure, temperature, tread block geometry, and existence of a lubrication film. An intermediate layer not only simply lowers the friction coefficient but also the whole contact situation changes. This effect is considerably existent for siped tire tread blocks which react in a different manner compared to nonsiped tread blocks. Within this publication the dynamics of siped tread blocks in contact are analyzed and a mechanical model will be presented to explain the observed phenomena. The simulation results are verified by experiments.
Characterization of spatiotemporal gait characteristics in clinically normal dogs and dogs with spinal cord disease
Authors: Gordon-Evans Wanda J. , Evans Richard B. , Knap Kimberly E. , Hildreth Joanna M. , Pinel Corey B. , Imhoff Darren J. , Conzemius Michael G. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the spatiotemporal gait characteristics and associated covariates of clinically normal dogs and dogs with spinal cord disease.
Animals—42 clinically normal dogs and 24 dogs with myelopathy at spinal cord segment T3-L3.
Procedures—Gait was analyzed for velocity, stride length, stride time, stance time, and swing time and compared between groups with consideration of covariates, including height, weight, velocity, sex, and age.
Results—By use of multivariate regression, dogs with neurologic signs, compared with clinically normal dogs, had decreased stride time, stance time, and stride length in the forelimbs and increased swing time in the hind limbs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of spatiotemporal gait characteristics appears to have potential for use as an outcome measure for dogs with neurologic disease.
Computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and cross-sectional anatomic features of the manus in cadavers of dogs without forelimb disease
Authors: Ober Christopher P. , Freeman Larry E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To provide a detailed description of cross-sectional anatomic structures of the manus in canine cadavers in association with corresponding features in computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images.
Sample Population—7 cadavers of adult large-breed–type dogs (weight range, 25 to 30 kg) without forelimb disease.
Procedures—Forelimbs were removed from the cadavers within 4 hours after euthanasia and frozen. The right forelimbs of 3 cadavers were cut into 4-mm sections by use of a band saw; 1 limb each was sectioned in the transverse, dorsal, or sagittal plane. Sections were cleaned and then photographed. After thawing, transverse CT images of the right forelimbs of 3 additional cadavers were obtained, and the right forelimb of a seventh cadaver underwent MR imaging in the transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes. The evaluated regions extended from the digits to the carpus. Features in CT and MR images that corresponded to clinically important anatomic structures in tissue sections were identified.
Results—For most of the anatomic structures evident in tissue sections, corresponding CT and MR imaging features were identified. Osseous and musculotendinous structures of the manus were readily detected in CT and MR images, whereas vascular structures were only rarely identified by use of the imaging techniques.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the detailed assessment of anatomic structures of the canine manus in association with corresponding features in CT and MR images will facilitate detection of pathological conditions and be beneficial in planning surgical procedures for diseases of the manus in dogs.
Use of quantitative ultrasonography for noninvasive surveillance of the third metacarpal bone in racing and training Thoroughbreds
Authors: Tabar-Rodriguez Juan J. , Cruz Antonio M. , Monteith Gabrielle , Gordon Karen , Hurtig Mark B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To use quantitative ultrasonography to evaluate the association between the speed of sound (SOS) at 9 sites in the third metacarpal bone (MCIII) of racing Thoroughbreds with workload accumulation and the effect that MCIII failure has on this association.
Animals—Sixty-two 2- and 3-year-old Thoroughbreds in racing condition.
Procedures—Cumulative work index (CWI) was used to calculate total workload (CWItotal) and also 3 independent CWIs for the various gaits (ie, trot [CWItrot], gallop [CWIgallop], and race [CWIrace]) used during training and racing. Speed of sound was monitored in horses during the 2007 racing season and compared with the CWIs via regression analysis. Sex, age, limb, and MCIII failure were included as covariates in the model.
Results—SOS was significantly associated with CWItotal at 8 sites and with independent CWIs of the various gaits at all 9 sites. Progression of SOS in MCIIIs with workload differed significantly in horses with clinical signs of metacarpal bone failure, compared with results for horses with clinically normal MCIIIs, in 1 site by use of CWItotal and in 5 sites by use of the independent CWIs for the various gaits.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results indicated that SOS in the MCIII of racing Thoroughbreds followed a constant pattern of progression as workload accumulated. With the development of more precise quantitative ultrasonography devices, SOS corrected for amount of activity may be used to identify horses at risk of bone failure.
Effects of sodium hyaluronate and triamcinolone acetonide on glucosaminoglycan metabolism in equine articular chondrocytes treated with interleukin-1
Authors: Schaefer Elysia C. , Stewart Allison A. , Durgam Sushmitha S. , Byron Christopher R. , Stewart Matthew C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether the effects of a high–molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate alone or in combination with triamcinolone acetonide can mitigate chondrocyte glyocosaminoglycan (GAG) catabolism caused by interleukin (IL)-1 administration.
Sample Population—Chondrocytes collected from metacarpophalangeal joints of 10 horses euthanized for reasons unrelated to joint disease.
Procedures—Chondrocyte pellets were treated with medium (negative control), medium containing IL-1 only (positive control), or medium containing IL-1 with hyaluronic acid only (0.5 or 2.0 mg/mL), triamcinolone acetonide only (0.06 or 0.6 mg/mL), or hyaluronic acid (0.5 or 2.0 mg/mL) and triamcinolone acetonide (0.06 or 0.6 mg/mL) in combination. Chondrocyte pellets were assayed for newly synthesized GAG, total GAG content, total DNA content, and mRNA for collagen type II, aggrecan, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2.
Results—High-concentration hyaluronic acid increased GAG synthesis, whereas high-concentration triamcinolone acetonide decreased loss of GAG into the medium. High concentrations of hyaluronic acid and triamcinolone acetonide increased total GAG content. There was no change in DNA content with either treatment. Triamcinolone acetonide reduced COX-2 mRNA as well as aggrecan and collagen type II expression. Treatment with hyaluronic acid had no effect on mRNA for COX-2, aggrecan, or collagen type II.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that high concentrations of hyaluronic acid or triamcinolone acetonide alone or in combination mitigated effects of IL-1 administration on GAG catabolism of equine chondrocytes.
Evaluation of the mydriatic effect of intracameral lidocaine hydrochloride injection in eyes of clinically normal dogs
Authors: Park Shin-Ae , Kim Na-Ra , Park Young-Woo , Jeong Man-Bok , Kim Won-Tae , Kim Se-Eun , Kim Tae-Hyun , Seo Kang-Moon 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the mydriatic effect of intracameral injection of preservative-free 1% and 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solutions and determine the onset and duration of mydriasis according to the concentration and volume of lidocaine administered in healthy dogs.
Animals—5 healthy adult Beagles weighing 7 to 10 kg, with no apparent ocular disease.
Procedures—A double-blind randomized 9-session crossover trial was designed. Both eyes were assigned to 9 treatments with a minimum 7-day washout period between treatments: 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL of 2% lidocaine solution; 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL of 1% lidocaine solution; and 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL of balanced salt solution. Dogs were anesthetized, and the allocated treatment was injected intracamerally after aspiration of the same volume of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of each eye. Two perpendicular pupil diameters were measured. Intraocular pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, ECG readings, and end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 were monitored.
Results—Intracameral injection of 1% or 2% lidocaine solutions in volumes of 0.1 to 0.3 mL induced a significant degree of mydriasis, and the effect was maintained for 74 to 142 minutes. Lidocaine injection had no significant effect on intraocular pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, ECG readings, or end-tidal partial pressure of CO2.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intracameral lidocaine injection in healthy dogs induced mydriasis, the timing of which was affected by concentration and volume of lidocaine. This technique could serve as an alternative to topically administered mydriatics for intraocular surgery in dogs.
Identification of variables that optimize isolation and culture of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from equine umbilical-cord blood
Authors: Schuh Elizabeth M. , Friedman Michael S. , Carrade Danielle D. , Li Junzhi , Heeke Darren , Oyserman Sivan M. , Galuppo Larry D. , Lara Dorian J. , Walker Naomi J. , Ferraro Gregory L. , Owens Sean D. , Borjesson Dori L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To optimize the isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from umbilical-cord blood (UCB), identify variables that predicted successful MSC isolation, and determine whether shipping, processing, and cryopreservation altered MSC viability, recovery rates, and expansion kinetics.
Sample Population—UCB samples from 79 Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse mares.
Procedures—UCB samples were processed to reduce volume and remove RBCs. Nucleated cells (NCs) were cryopreserved or grown in various culture conditions to optimize MSC monolayer expansion and proliferation. Donor and UCB-sample factors were analyzed to determine their influence on the success of MSC isolation and monolayer expansion.
Results—MSCs capable of multilineage in vitro differentiation were expanded from > 80% of UCB samples. Automated UCB processing and temperature-controlled shipping facilitated sterile and standardized RBC reduction and NC enrichment from UCB samples. The number of NCs after UCB samples were processed was the sole variable that predicted successful MSC expansion. The UCB-derived MSCs and NCs were successfully cryopreserved and thawed with no decrease in cell recovery, viability, or MSC proliferation. The use of fibronectin-coated culture plates and reduction of incubator oxygen tension from 20% to 5% improved the MSC isolation rate. Some UCB-derived MSC clones proliferated for > 20 passages before senescence. Onset of senescence was associated with specific immunocytochemical changes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Equine UCB samples appeared to be a rich source of readily obtainable, highly proliferative MSCs that could be banked for therapeutic use.
Comparison of serum iohexol clearance and plasma creatinine clearance in clinically normal horses
Authors: Wilson Katherine E. , Wilcke Jeff R. , Crisman Mark V. , Ward Daniel L. , McKenzie Harold C. , Scarratt W. Kent 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether a limited sampling time method based on serum iohexol clearance (Cliohexol) would yield estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in clinically normal horses similar to those for plasma creatinine clearance (Clcreatinine).
Animals—10 clinically normal adult horses.
Procedures—A bolus of iohexol (150 mg/kg) was administered IV, and serum samples were obtained 5, 20, 40, 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes after injection. Urinary clearance of exogenous creatinine was measured during three 20-minute periods. The GFR determined by use of serum Cliohexol and plasma Clcreatinine was compared with limits of agreement plots.
Results—Values obtained for plasma Clcreatinine ranged from 1.68 to 2.69 mL/min/kg (mean, 2.11 mL/min/kg). Mean serum Cliohexol was 2.38 mL/min/kg (range, 1.95 to 3.33 mL/min/kg). Limits of agreement plots indicated good agreement between the methods.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of serum Cliohexol yielded estimates of GFR in clinically normal adult horses similar to those for plasma Clcreatinine. This study was the first step in the evaluation of the use of serum Cliohexol for estimating GFR in adult horses.