bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐year oscillation cycle in abundance of soybean aphid in Indiana
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Yoo Ho Jung S. , Kindlmann Pavel , Voegtlin Dave , Castillo Diana , Rutledge Claire , Sadof Clifford , Yaninek Steve , O'Neil Robert J. 
Published: April 2010

The present study evaluated the population dynamics of the heteroecious soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) during an 8‐year period in Indiana, shortly after its detection in North America. Sampling conducted at multiple locations revealed that A. glycines exhibited a 2‐year oscillation cycle that repeated itself four times between 2001 and 2008: years of low aphid abundance were consistently followed by years of high aphid abundance.
Similar patterns of abundance of A. glycines and coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in soybean fields, both within and between‐years, suggest that late season predation by coccinellids plays a role in the oscillatory cycle of aphids. Insidious flower bugs Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were numerically more abundant than coccinellids, although the lack of synchrony between aphids and predatory bugs suggests that O. insidiosus has a limited influence on between‐year variations in aphid density.
The inverse relationship between aphid densities before and after the start of the autumn migratory period changes direction in alternate years. High aphid density on soybean in the summer is associated with a reduced number of alate migrants produced in the autumn. Conversely, years with low density aphids on soybean in the summer are characterized by high numbers of alates that migrate to the primary host in the autumn.
From a pest management perspective, the 2‐year oscillation cycle of A. glycines is a desirable attribute with respect to population dynamics because it implies that aphids cause significant economic damage only in alternate years (as opposed to every year). Cultural practices enhancing the conservation biological control of Coccinellidae may help to preserve the periodicity of aphid infestation and restrict the pest status of A. glycines.
Performance of the invasive weevil Polydrusus sericeus is influenced by atmospheric CO2 and host species
Authors: Hillstrom Michael L. , Vigue Leanne M. , Coyle David R. , Raffa Kenneth F. , Lindroth Richard L. 
Published: April 2010

Natural forest systems constitute a major portion of the world's land area, and are subject to the potentially negative effects of both global climate change and invasion by exotic insects. A suite of invasive weevils has become established in the northern hardwood forests of North America. How these insects will respond to increasing CO2 or O3 is unknown.
The present study examined the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3 on the invasive weevil Polydrusus sericeus Schaller at the Aspen Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) site near Rhinelander, Wisconsin. A performance assay was conducted in the laboratory during the summer of 2007 using mated pairs of P. sericeus fed a combination of aspen, birch and maple foliage. We recorded leaf area consumption, oviposition and adult longevity. We also conducted visual abundance surveys in the field from 2004 to 2007 on aspen and birch at Aspen FACE.
Elevated CO2, but not O3, significantly affected P. sericeus performance. Female, but not male, longevity was reduced under elevated CO2. Polydrusus sericeus also produced fewer eggs under elevated CO2 conditions compared with ambient conditions. Adult P. sericeus strongly preferred birch over both aspen and maple, regardless of fumigation treatment.
The effects of elevated CO2 on P. sericeus populations at Aspen FACE were minimal, and varied among years and host tree species. Polydrusus sericeus abundance was significantly greater on birch than aspen. Over the long term, elevated CO2 may reduce adult female longevity and fecundity of P. sericeus. Further studies are needed to evaluate how this information may scale to ecosystem impacts.
Effects of genotype, elevated CO2 and elevated O3 on aspen phytochemistry and aspen leaf beetle Chrysomela crotchi performance
Authors: Vigue Leanne M. , Lindroth Richard L. 
Published: April 2010

Trembling aspen Populus tremuloides Michaux is an important forest species in the Great Lakes region and displays tremendous genetic variation in foliar chemistry. Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) may also influence phytochemistry and thereby alter the performance of insect herbivores such as the aspen leaf beetle Chrysomela crotchi Brown.
The present study aimed to relate genetic‐ and atmospheric‐based variation in aspen phytochemistry to C. crotchi performance (larval development time, adult mass, survivorship). The experiment was conducted at the Aspen Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) site in northern Wisconsin. Beetles were reared on three aspen genotypes under elevated CO2 and/or O3. Leaves were collected to determine chemical characteristics.
The foliage exhibited significant variation in nitrogen, condensed tannins and phenolic glycosides among genotypes. CO2 and O3, however, had little effect on phytochemistry. Nonetheless, elevated CO2 decreased beetle performance on one aspen genotype and had inconsistent effects on beetles reared on two other genotypes. Elevated O3 decreased beetle performance, especially for beetles reared on an O3‐sensitive genotype. Regression analyses indicated that phenolic glycosides and nitrogen explain a substantial amount (27–45%) of the variation in herbivore performance.
By contrast to the negative effects that are typically observed with generalist herbivores, aspen leaf beetles appear to benefit from phenolic glycosides, chemical components that are largely genetically‐determined in aspen. The results obtained in the present study indicate that host genetic variation and atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will be important factors in the performance of specialist herbivores, such as C. crotchi, in future climates.
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have higher risk for acute pancreatitis compared with those without diabetes
Authors: Girman C. J. , Kou T. D. , Cai B. , Alexander C. M. , O’Neill E. A. , Williams‐Herman D. E. , Katz L. 
Published: April 2010

Aim: The aetiology of acute pancreatitis (AP) is complex, and many risk factors for AP are shared by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, few have assessed risk factors for AP specifically in T2DM patients. Methods: Patients in the General Practice Research Database (2 984 755, 5.0% with T2DM) were used to estimate incidence of AP for T2DM relative to non‐diabetes, adjusting for prior pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, obesity, smoking and alcohol use. Multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusting for risk factors and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Between 2003 and 2007, 301 of 148 903 patients with T2DM and 2434 of almost 3 million patients without diabetes developed AP. Patients with T2DM had higher risk for AP compared with patients without diabetes (crude HR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.56–3.27). Patients with T2DM had significantly higher rates of prior alcohol and tobacco exposure (44.2 and 61.9% vs. 34.1 and 35.9%, p < 0.001) and of comorbid conditions (14.7% with CCI ≥1 vs. 4.3%, p < 0.001). Histories of obesity, pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, smoking or alcohol use were significant predictors of AP. After adjusting for these factors, age, gender and comorbidities, the risk of developing AP remained elevated in patients with T2DM (adjusted HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.31–1.70). Conclusion: After adjusting for risk factors, patients with T2DM had an elevated risk of AP compared with patients without diabetes. Physicians should be aware of the increased risk in patients with T2DM, particularly in those with prior pancreatitis.
Social differentiation revisited: A study of rural changes and peasant strategies in Vietnam
Authors: Trang Tran Thi Thu 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article analyses the processes of transformation and differentiation since the 1950s in a Vietnamese rural village, hereafter called Chieng Hoa.1 It examines how radical changes in political discourse and economic policies at the national level have affected the welfare and social relations of villagers and how the latter have in turn coped, resisted, as well as shaped such structural changes. Using concrete life stories of local people, the article identifies the winners and losers in this transformation process, the trajectories households or individuals have taken to arrive at their current positions, and the strategies that they are adopting for the future. It demonstrates that differentiation in Chieng Hoa implies changes in social relations, including but not limited to relations of production, and that even within this single locality, differentiation can take various forms and processes over time, whether specific to or cutting across changes in macro‐policies. The article also reveals that in the often perceived equal collectivisation, inequalities still existed and became causes of differentiation in the subsequent decollectivisation period. However, while conditions for a permanent differentiation were present, such process has failed to materialise in the current integration period. Differentiation has become more unpredictable as past winners can lose out due to unstable market conditions.
Building knowledge city in transformation era: Knowledge‐based urban development in Beijing in the context of globalisation and decentralisation
Authors: Zhao Pengjun 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study examines knowledge‐based urban development in Beijing with the objective of revealing the impact of the ‘synergetic’ forces of globalisation and local government intervention on knowledge‐based urban development in the context of the coexisting processes of globalisation and decentralisation. The findings in this paper show that due to the rapid growth of the cultural industry sector, knowledge‐based urban development has created various kinds of ‘cultural industry clustered areas’, which were recently promoted by the 2008 Olympic Games. ‘Synergetic’ global and local forces are leading knowledge‐based urban development, with the emergence of a local coalition regime in which local government manages local development, considered as ‘enterprises’ in the decentralisation process, while the State retains a significant influence on knowledge‐based urban development. The central and municipal governments tend to emphasise strategies to ‘facilitate the climate for growth’ rather than the centrally planned control they exerted prior to the 1980s.
Research Note: Industry outsourcing and regional development in Northeast Thailand
Authors: Promsaka Na Sakolnakorn Thongphon , Khamanarong Suranart , Khamanarong Kimaporn , Imtawil Virasit , Overton John 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIndustry outsourcing has become a significant feature of industrialisation in Southeast Asia. This study presents the findings of a study of smaller industrial enterprises in Northeast Thailand that outsource some of their operations to workers in rural villages. It was found that social relationships rather than formal contracts are critical in the management and spread of such outsourcing and that industries use outsourcing primarily as a flexible strategy to lower costs of production.
Over Two Decades of Integration‐Based, Geometric Flow Visualization
Authors: McLoughlin Tony , Laramee Robert S. , Peikert Ronald , Post Frits H. , Chen Min 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWith ever increasing computing power, it is possible to process ever more complex fluid simulations. However, a gap between data set sizes and our ability to visualize them remains. This is especially true for the field of flow visualization, which deals with large, time‐dependent, multivariate simulation data sets. In this paper, geometry‐based flow visualization techniques form the focus of discussion. Geometric flow visualization methods place discrete objects in the velocity field whose characteristics reflect the underlying properties of the flow. A great amount of progress has been made in this field over the last two decades. However, a number of challenges remain, including placement, speed of computation and perception. In this survey, we review and classify geometric flow visualization literature according to the most important challenges when considering such a visualization, a central theme being the seeding algorithm upon which they are based. This paper details our investigation into these techniques with discussions on their applicability and their relative merits and drawbacks. The result is an up‐to‐date overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art that highlights both solved and unsolved problems in this rapidly evolving branch of research. It also serves as a concise introduction to the field of flow visualization research.
Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders
Authors: Skeie G. O. , Apostolski S. , Evoli A. , Gilhus N. E. , Illa I. , Harms L. , Hilton‐Jones D. , Melms A. , Verschuuren J. , Horge H. W. 
Published: April 2010

Background:  Important progress has been made in our understanding of the autoimmune neuromuscular transmission (NMT) disorders; myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and neuromyotonia (Isaacs’ syndrome).Methods:  To prepare consensus guidelines for the treatment of the autoimmune NMT disorders, references retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were considered and statements prepared and agreed on by disease experts.Conclusions:  Anticholinesterase drugs should be given first in the management of MG, but with some caution in patients with MuSK antibodies (good practice point). Plasma exchange is recommended in severe cases to induce remission and in preparation for surgery (recommendation level B). IvIg and plasma exchange are effective for the treatment of MG exacerbations (recommendation level A). For patients with non‐thymomatous MG, thymectomy is recommended as an option to increase the probability of remission or improvement (recommendation level B). Once thymoma is diagnosed, thymectomy is indicated irrespective of MG severity (recommendation level A). Oral corticosteroids are first choice drugs when immunosuppressive drugs are necessary (good practice point). When long‐term immunosuppression is necessary, azathioprine is recommended to allow tapering the steroids to the lowest possible dose whilst maintaining azathioprine (recommendation level A). 3,4‐Diaminopyridine is recommended as symptomatic treatment and IvIG has a positive short‐term effect in LEMS (good practice point). Neuromyotonia patients should be treated with an antiepileptic drug that reduces peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (good practice point). For paraneoplastic LEMS and neuromyotonia optimal treatment of the underlying tumour is essential (good practice point). Immunosuppressive treatment of LEMS and neuromyotonia should be similar to MG (good practice point).
The transcendent function and politics: NO!
Authors: Samuels Andrew 
Published: April 2010

Translations of AbstractLes analystes jungiens ayant collaboréà cet article traitent de la stagnation politique et sociale, de la régression et du changement, via l’usage singulier qu’ils font du concept de fonction transcendante.Singer note qu’il est habituellement question de fonction transcendante lorsqu’ apparaît dans le matériel symbolique la figure de la réconciliation des opposés comme facteur de croissance psycho‐spirituelle. L’auteur examine également la notion de fonction transcendante telle qu’elle se manifeste en des occurrences similaires dans la psyché collective. Il s’intéresse également au phénomène opposé—qui pourrait se nommer fonction descendante—tel qu’il apparaît dans la psyché collective et montre comment sa présence dans le matériel symbolique peut générer la division en groupes de personnes opposées, les incitant à des expériences destructrices plutôt que transformatrices.Selon Meador, Jung a désigné comme fonction transcendante le processus de médiation à travers lequel images et idées inconscientes sont assimilées à la conscience. Tout comme ce processus de synthétisation peut produire des insights chez le sujet, de même est‐il susceptible de générer des changements dans un contexte collectif sociétal.Des croyances collectives bien ancrées tendent à se transformer lorsque les opposés entrent en collision, comme ce fut par exemple le cas au cours de l’effervescence politique et sociale des années soixante. Meador analyse la récente révolution des attitudes raciales et sexuelles comme résultant de la lutte collective, du conflit entre certaines mœurs enracinées du passé et des points de vue nouveaux.La conclusion de Samuels est que le concept de fonction transcendante est de peu de valeur dans le champ des problèmes politiques. Son article est axé sur:

Les limites de l’utilisation d’idées—telles que la fonction transcendante—dérivées de l’analyse personnelle pour la compréhension des phénomènes politiques et sociaux.
Le problème spécifique de l’absence de modèles psycho politiques aptes à rendre compte du progrès ou de la régression sociale, la fonction transcendante s’avérant à cet égard inutilisable.
La question de l’agression politique, de la violence et des conflits sociaux est explorée à partir de la fonction transcendante afin d’évaluer son rôle possible dans la gestion des conflits politiques. Samuels adresse une critique sévère de ce qu’il nomme « triangulation » et « hyper‐réflexion », aux analystes qui s’engagent sur le terrain du débat et des questions politiques.
Le leadership est examiné du point de vue de la fonction transcendante qui, une fois encore, ne s’avère pas pertinente. Les découvertes récentes de la psychologie familiale sur le rôle du père offrent selon lui de meilleures possibilités pour servir de base à une réflexion renouvelée sur le leadership.
Validating neuropsychological subtypes of ADHD: how do children with and without an executive function deficit differ?
Authors: Lambek Rikke , Tannock Rosemary , Dalsgaard Soeren , Trillingsgaard Anegen , Damm Dorte , Thomsen Per Hove 
Published: April 2010

Objective:  The study investigates behavioural, academic, cognitive, and motivational aspects of functioning in school‐age children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without an executive function deficit (EFD).Method:  Children with ADHD – EFD (n = 22) and children with ADHD + EFD (n = 26) were compared on aspects of ADHD behaviour, school functioning, general cognitive ability, intra‐individual response variability, affective decision‐making, and delay aversion.Results:  Children with ADHD – EFD and children with ADHD + EFD were comparable in terms of ADHD symptomatology and school functioning. However, children with ADHD + EFD had significantly lower IQ and more intra‐individual response variability than no EFD counterparts. Children with ADHD alone appeared more delay averse on the C‐DT task than children with ADHD + EFD.Conclusions:  Some children with ADHD were primarily characterised by problems with executive functions and variability others by problems with delay aversion supporting multiple pathway models of ADHD. Given the exploratory nature of the study, results are in need of replication.
The evolution of seeds
Authors: Linkies Ada , Graeber Kai , Knight Charles , Leubner‐Metzger Gerhard 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe evolution of the seed represents a remarkable life‐history transition for photosynthetic organisms. Here, we review the recent literature and historical understanding of how and why seeds evolved. Answering the ‘how’ question involves a detailed understanding of the developmental morphology and anatomy of seeds, as well as the genetic programs that determine seed size. We complement this with a special emphasis on the evolution of dormancy, the characteristic of seeds that allows for long ‘distance’ time travel. Answering the ‘why’ question involves proposed hypotheses of how natural selection has operated to favor the seed life‐history phenomenon. The recent flurry of research describing the comparative biology of seeds is discussed. The review will be divided into sections dealing with: (1) the development and anatomy of seeds; (2) the endosperm; (3) dormancy; (4) early seed‐like structures and the transition to seeds; and (5) the evolution of seed size (mass). In many cases, a special distinction is made between angiosperm and gymnosperm seeds. Finally, we make some recommendations for future research in seed biology.

Contents

Summary
817

I.
Introduction
818

II.
Seed development
819

III.
Evolution and functions of the endosperm tissue
821

IV.
Evolution of dormancy
822

V.
Early seed‐like structures and the transition to seeds
824

VI.
Seed size evolution
825

VII.
Conclusion
828

Acknowledgements
828

References
828
Political cultures and transnational social fields: Chileans, Colombians and Canadian activists in Toronto
Authors: LANDOLT PATRICIA , GOLDRING LUIN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe offer an institutional analysis of Chilean and Colombian transnational politics in Toronto to account for cross‐group variation in transnational political practices and the formation of different types of transnational social fields of political action. The article is based on interviews conducted with Chilean and Colombian community activists and Canadian refugee rights and social justice activists. We use the concept of political culture to account for differences in Chilean and Colombian transnational politics and to explain the different kinds of relationships the two groups have developed with non‐migrants. We introduce the concept of activist dialogues, understood as patterns of strategic political interaction between groups, to characterize how migrants and non‐migrants read and navigate their interlocutors' ways of doing politics. We argue that variation in the character of activist dialogues results in different types of transnational social fields of political action. Chilean–Canadian activist dialogues reflect a convergence of political cultures and strategies of action; Colombian–Canadian activist dialogues are marked by a relationship in which there is a divergence of strategies of action. Convergent dialogues produce thicker and more stable transnational social fields. Divergent dialogues are associated with a series of ad hoc initiatives, the absence of stable and strongly institutionalized partnerships, and a thinner transnational social field of political action.