bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acetylation and Phosphorylation of Histones and Nonhistone Chromosomal Proteins in Neuronal and Glial Nuclei Purified from Cerebral Hemispheres of Developing Rat Brain
Authors: Serra I. , Avola R. , Condorelli D. F. , Surrentino S. , Renis M. , Kamiyama M. , Hashim G. A. , Giuffrida A. M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The processes of acetylation and phosphorylation of histones and nonhistone proteins (NHPs) in neuronal and glial nuclei purified from cerebral hemispheres of rats at 1, 10, and 30 days of age were investigated. Purified neuronal and glial nuclei were incubated in the presence of [3H]acetyl‐CoA and of [γ‐32P]ATP. Histones and NHPs were extracted and fractionated by gel electrophoresis. Densitometric and radioactive patterns were obtained. The results showed an increase of acetylation and phosphorylation from 1 to 10 and 30 days of age in both neuronal and glial nuclei in almost all histone and NHP fractions. Among the histones, the H3 fraction was always more labeled than the other fractions and showed the most remarkable differences during postnatal development. In the NHP fractions, the increase in acetylation from 1 to 10 and 30 days of age was more evident in the low‐molecular‐weight region of neuronal nuclei than in the corresponding fraction of glial nuclei. The appearance of highly phosphorylated proteins (70,000–90,000 daltons)—absent at 1 day, appearing at 10 days, and more evident at 30 days of age—was observed in both neuronal and glial nuclei.
Putative Cholinergic‐Specific Gangliosides in Guinea Pig Forebrain
Authors: Ferretti Patrizia , Borroni Edilio 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The nature of the cholinergic‐specific antigen Chol‐1 recognized by an antiserum raised against Torpedo cholinergic electromotor synaptosomal plasma membranes was investigated in guinea pig forebrain to establish whether it has a gangliosidic nature in guinea pig as in Torpedo. Gangliosides extracted from guinea pig forebrain and extensively purified to eliminate peptide contaminants were effective in inhibiting the selective lysis of the cholinergic subpopulation of cortical synaptosomes induced by the antiserum. Neuraminidase, protease, alkali, and heat treatment did not impair the inhibitory activity of gangliosides. Whereas the antiserum recognized many gangliosides from Torpedo electric organ, the immunostaining of guinea pig forebrain gangliosides separated on TLC showed only two immunopositive bands migrating close to GT1b and GQ. After affinity purification on Torpedo electric organ gangliosides the activity of the antiserum in inducing complement‐mediated lysis was increased and it still recognized the two ganglioside bands on TLC. These results strongly suggest the existence of two polysialogangliosides bearing antigenic determinants specific for the cholinergic neurons.
Inhibition of Aromatic L‐Amino Acid Decarboxylase and Tyrosine Aminotransferase by the Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Phenelzine
Authors: Dyck Lillian E. , Dewar Karen M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The concentration ofp‐tyramine in the rat striatum was increased significantly by intraperitoneal injection of phenelzine (5 or 100 mg/kg). Unlike other monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, phenelzine had no effect onp‐tyramine levels in the first 1–2 h following injection. The high dose of phenelzine increased thep‐tyramine levels much more than the low dose. In addition, the high dose of phenelzine increased striatalp‐tyrosine levels significantly 12 h after injection. Further studies showed that phenelzine inhibited the tyrosine amino‐transferase activity of rat liver homogenates; the IC50was 50 μM. Phenelzine also inhibited the aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase activity of rat brain homogenate with an IC50of 25 μM.Following intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg phenelzine, the initial concentration of phenelzine in the striatum appears to be high enough to inhibit aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase. It is suggested that the multiple enzyme inhibition caused by administration of high doses of phenelzine accounts for its unusual effects on striatalp‐tyramine levels compared with other MAO inhibitors, i.e., its initial lack of effect onp‐tyramine levels followed later by very large increases inp‐tyramine levels.
Regional Cerebral Glucose Utilization During Insulin‐Induced Hypoglycemia in Unanesthetized Rats
Authors: Bryan Robert M. , Keefer Kerry A. , MacNeill Colin 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Regional cerebral glucose utilization (rCMRgl) was studied during insulin‐induced hypoglycemia in unanesthetized rats. Rats were surgically prepared using halothane and nitrous oxide anesthesia and allowed 5 h to recover from the anesthesia before rCMRgl was measured. The rCMRgl was measured using [6‐14C]glucose in a normoglycemic control group and two hypoglycemic groups, A (30 min after insulin injection) and B (2 h after insulin injection). The mean plasma glucose level was 7.03 μmol/ml in the normoglycemic group, 1.96 μmol/ml in hypoglycemic group A, and 1.40 μmol/ml in hypoglycemic group B. The rCMRgl in hypoglycemic group A decreased 8–18% in 17 brain regions measured; five changes were statistically significant. The rCMRgl in hypoglycemic group B decreased significantly in all but one of the brain regions measured; the decrease ranged from 15% in the pyramidal tract to 36% in the motor and auditory cortices. The rCMRgl in every brain region decreased when the plasma glucose level fell below 1.5–2.5 μmol/ml. No brain region could maintain rCMRgl at plasma glucose concentrations lower than predicted by regional glucose influx described in previous studies. Glucose utilization in all brain regions appears to be limited by the influx of glucose.
Regulation of Neurotransmitter Aspartate Metabolism by Glial Glutamine Synthetase
Authors: Rothstein Jeffrey D. , Tabakoff Boris 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Aspartate levels and release from rat striatal slices following the inhibition of glutamine synthetase (GS) by methionine sulfoximine (MSO) were studied. Striatal levels of aspartate and glutamine were decreased over time in a manner that correlated with GS inhibition. Ca2+‐dependent, K+‐stimulated aspartate release was diminished in striatal tissue slices from animals pretreated with MSO. The decreased release of aspartate correlated over time with the inhibition of GS. The addition of glutamine to the perfusion medium completely reversed the effects of MSO on calcium‐dependent aspartate release. It is suggested that glutamine is a major precursor for transmitter aspartate.
Characterization of Curaremimetic Neurotoxin Binding Sites on Membrane Fractions Derived from the Human Medulloblastoma Clonal Line, TE671
Authors: Lukas Ronald J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Studies were conducted on curaremimetic neurotoxin binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor present on membrane fractions derived from the human medulloblastoma clonal line, TE671. High‐affinity binding sites (KD= 2 nMfor 1‐h incubation at 20°C) and low‐affinity binding sites (KD= 40 nM) for125I‐labeled α‐bungarotoxin are present in equal quantities (60 fmol/mg membrane protein). The kinetically determined dissociation constant for high‐affinity binding of toxin is 0.56 nM(k1= 6.3 · 10−1min−1nM−1;k‐1= 3.5 · 10−3min−1) at 20°C. Nicotine,d‐tubocurarine, and acetylcholine are among the most effective inhibitors of high‐affinity toxin binding. The quantity of toxin binding sites and their affinity for cholinergic agonists is sensitive to reduction, alkylation, and/or oxidation of membrane sulthydryl residues. High‐affinity toxin binding sites that have been subjected to reaction with the sulthydryl reagent dithiothreitol are irreversibly blocked by the nicotinic receptor affinity reagent bromoacetylcholine. High‐affinity toxin binding is inhibited in the presence of either of two polyclonal antisera or a monoclonal antibody raised against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from fish electric tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that curaremimetic neurotoxin binding sites on membrane fractions of the TE671 cell line share some properties with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of peripheral origin and with toxin binding sites on other neuronal tissues.
Dephosphorylation of microtubule‐associated protein tau by protein phosphatase 5
Authors: Gong Cheng‐Xin , Liu Fei , Wu Guoxin , Rossie Sandra , Wegiel Jerzy , Li Liang , Grundke‐Iqbal Inge , Iqbal Khalid 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProtein phosphatase 5 (PP5) is a 58‐kDa novel phosphoseryl/phosphothreonyl protein phosphatase. It is ubiquitously expressed in all mammalian tissues examined, with a high level in the brain, but little is known about its physiological substrates. We found that this phosphatase dephosphorylated recombinant tau phosphorylated with cAMP‐dependent protein kinase and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β, as well as abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau isolated from brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The specific activity of PP5 toward tau was comparable to those reported with other protein substrates examined to date. The PP5 activity toward tau was stimulated by arachidonic acid by 30‐ to 45‐fold. Immunostaining demonstrated that PP5 was primarily cytoplasmic in PC12 cells and in neurons of postmortem human brain tissue. A small pool of PP5 associated with microtubules. Expression of active PP5 in PC12 cells resulted in reduced phosphorylation of tau, suggesting that PP5 can also dephosphorylate tau in cells. These results suggest that PP5 plays a role in the dephosphorylation of tau and might be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Neurochemical and behavioural changes in zebrafishDanio rerioafter systemic administration of 6‐hydroxydopamine and 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine
Authors: Anichtchik Oleg V. , Kaslin Jan , Peitsaro Nina , Scheinin Mika , Panula Pertti 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDopaminergic deficiency in the brain of zebrafish was produced by systemic administration of two catecholaminergic neurotoxins, 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) and 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and the neurochemical and behavioural changes were characterized. The levels of dopamine and noradrenaline decreased significantly after the injection of MPTP and 6‐OHDA. Corresponding to these changes, fish exhibited characteristic changes in locomotor behaviour, i.e. the total distance moved and velocity decreased after both neurotoxins. Tyrosine hydroxylase and caspase 3 protein levels were not altered after MPTP or 6‐OHDA injections, as studied by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The catecholaminergic cell clusters suggested to correspond to the mammalian nigrostriatal cell group displayed normal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity after the toxin treatment and did not show signs of DNA fragmentation that would indicate activation of cascades that lead to cell death. The results show that single systemic injections of MPTP and 6‐OHDA induce both biochemical and behavioural changes in zebrafish, albeit failing to produce any significant morphological alteration in catecholaminergic cell clusters at the tested doses. This approach may be used for the screening of chemicals affecting the dopaminergic system. The model may be especially useful for evaluation of the role of novel genes in neurotoxicity, as a large number of zebrafish mutants are becoming available.
5‐HT2Creceptor activation prevents stress‐induced enhancement of brain 5‐HT turnover and extracellular levels in the mouse brain: modulation by chronic paroxetine treatment
Authors: Mongeau Raymond , Martin Cédric B. P. , Chevarin Caroline , Maldonado Rafael , Hamon Michel , Robledo Patricia , Lanfumey Laurence 
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 438–449.AbstractStress is known to activate the central 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) system, and this is probably part of a coping response involving several 5‐HT receptors. Although 5‐HT2Creceptors are well known to be implicated in anxiety, their participation in stress‐induced changes had not been investigated in parallel at both behavioral and neurochemical levels. We show here that the preferential 5‐HT2Creceptor agonist, m‐chlorophenylpiperazine, as well as restraint stress increased anxiety in the mouse social interaction test. The selective 5‐HT2Creceptor antagonist, SB 242,084, prevented both of these anxiogenic effects. Restraint stress increased 5‐HT turnover in various brain areas, and this effect was prevented by the 5‐HT2B/2Creceptor agonist RO 60‐0175 (1 mg/kg), but not the preferential 5‐HT2Aagonist 1‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2‐aminopropane (1 mg/kg), and in contrast potentiated by SB 242,084 (1 mg/kg), which also blocked the effect of RO 60‐0175. Using microdialysis, RO 60‐0175 was shown to inhibit cortical 5‐HT overflow in stressed mice when 5‐HT reuptake was blocked locally. Chronic paroxetine prevented both the anxiogenic effect of m‐chlorophenylpiperazine and the inhibitory effect of RO 60‐0175 on locomotion and stress‐induced increase in 5‐HT turnover. The anxiolytic action of chronic paroxetine might be associated with an enhancement of 5‐HT neurotransmission caused by a decreased 5‐HT2Creceptor‐mediated inhibition of stress‐induced increase in 5‐HT release.
Aldose Reductase and AGE–RAGE pathways: central roles in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction in aging rats
Authors: Hallam Kellie McCormick , Li Qing , Ananthakrishnan Radha , Kalea Anastasia , Zou Yu S. , Vedantham Srinivasan , Schmidt Ann Marie , Yan Shi Fang , Ramasamy Ravichandran 
Published: July 2010

SummaryAging is inevitably accompanied by gradual and irreversible innate endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that accentuation of glucose metabolism via the aldose reductase (AR) pathway contributes to age‐related vascular dysfunction. AR protein and activity levels were significantly increased in aged vs. young aortic homogenates from Fischer 344 rats. Immunostaining revealed that the principal site of increased AR protein was the aortic endothelium as well as smooth muscle cells. Studies revealed that endothelial‐dependent relaxation (EDR) in response to acetylcholine was impaired in aged rats compared to young rats and that treatment with the AR inhibitor (ARI) zopolrestat significantly improved EDR in aged rats. Methylglyoxal (MG), a key precursor of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), was significantly increased in the aortas of aged rats vs. young rats. Consistent with central roles for AR in generation of MG in aging, ARI treatment significantly reduced MG levels in aged rat aorta to those in young rats. Treatment of aged rats with soluble(s) RAGE, a soluble form of the chief signal transduction receptor for AGEs, RAGE, significantly improved EDR in aged rats, thus establishing the contribution of age‐related increases in AGEs to endothelial dysfunction. These findings reveal that significant increases in AR expression and activity in aged rat vasculature linked to endothelial dysfunction may be mitigated, at least in part, via ARI and that aging‐linked increased flux via AR generates AGEs; species which transduce endothelial injury consequent to their interaction with RAGE. These data demonstrate for the first time that AR mediates aging‐related vascular dysfunction, at least in part, via RAGE.
The Cellulose‐Dyestuff Complex. Part II– The Intensity of Light Reflected from Dyed Fibres*
Authors: PRESTON J. M. , TSIEN P. C. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA model is proposed from which to calculate the light reflected from dyed fibres. An explicit relation between reflected light intensities and dye concentrations is derived from the model and gives a reasonable fit to experimental measurements on dyed fibres.
Some Aspects of the Mechanical Finishing of Cotton Textiles
Authors: Nabar G. M. , Tawde G. P. 
Published: July 2010

Some aspects of mechanical finishing processes for cotton textiles, mainly calendering, have been examined, and the influences of heat, pressure, moisture content, and starch content on the resultant finish investigated.An increase in moisture content of the fabric during calendering produces the following effects on the finished samplesndashincrease in stiffness and lustre, decrease in thickness, loss in textile qualities, and increase in resistance to abrasion. On storage, both the stiffness and the lustre of the calendered fabric show a gradual fall, With softening agents, the stage at which they are added to the starch paste determines the viscosity of the paste and the stiffness of the fabric. Studies on soluble starches show that for pastes of the same viscosity the stiffness of the fabric depends on the amount of the starch taken up and on the concentration of the starch.
The Effect of Sulphuric Acid on Wool
Authors: Elliott R. L. , Asquith R. S. , Rawson D. H. 
Published: July 2010

Investigation of wool samples after various times of treatment with concentrated sulphurio acid has shown that hydrolysable sulphate increases to a maximum after 1 hr, A fall in sulphate after 1 day to a relatively constant value corresponds to the loss of a scaly membrane. A slow increase in total sulphur is due to removal of the low‐oystine‐containing fraction of the fibre and to slow benzene‐ring sulphonation.Hydrolysates of wool treated with sulphurio acid contain substances identical with those produced on sulphonation of amino acids. Histological changes observed microscopically agree with the results of chemical analysis.
Comparison of Light Fastness Assessments with the Microscal (Mercury Vapour Illuminant) Light Fastness Tester and Xenon Arc Illumination
Authors: ADELMAN MORRICE , KITSON CHRISTOPHER J. , FORRESTER STANLEY D. , GILES CHARLES H. , HASLAM RONALD 
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐five dyed fabrics, representing eleven different dye‐fibre combinations, have been tested for light fastness in the Microscal Light Fastness Tester, under illumination from the 400‐W mercury vapour lamp, and to a 1500‐Wxenon arc in a standard commercial machine. Evaluation of the results was made by a panel of nine observers, and mean gradings on the BSI scale were calculated. Alt but three of the dyeings gave ratings by the mercury lamp that were within three‐quarters of a grade of those by xenon illumination, 17 of them being within one‐quarter of a grade. The mercury lamp is therefore considered to be a satisfactory illuminant for commercial light‐fastness evaluation; it would offer very considerable economies in operation.The three above‐mentioned (all vat) dyeings were rated lower by between 1.2 and 1.4 mean grades with mercury compared to xenon illumination. Reasons are given for a suggestion that traces of an oxidant remaining from the dyeing operations may have been responsible for the more rapid fading in the mercury lamp. There is a possibility therefore that the mercury lamp may be useful in detecting colorations that might show anomalously rapid fading outdoors where there is a large proportion of violet and near‐ultraviolet radiation.
The Use of SI Units
Authors: STEVENS C. B. 
Published: July 2010

It is intended that, generally, the SI system of units shall be used in the Society's publications, in accordance with accepted rules. It is important to appreciate that SI units have evolved, that further additions and amendments may be made, and, particularly, that there is still lack of uniformity in interpretation and application of the system. It may be argued that the Society, through its Publications Committee, should take a lead in proposing and adopting one well‐considered procedure. On the other hand, it can be maintained that what is required is a clear exposition of the “state of the art”, and that it is this that the Society can and should provide to guide readers of its publications and contributors to them.This paper, sponsored by the Publications Committee, is designed to serve as a guide to SI units and the use of the SI system. It owes its inception to MrR. Murphy of the Department of Industrial Chemistry, The Queen's University, Belfast. It was his “Notes on the Use of SI Units”, submitted to the Committee, which led to the decision that a more general paper on SI units should be produced. A large part of the information regarding SI equivalents for cgs (centimetre‐gram‐second) and ft‐lb‐sec (foot‐pound‐second) units is taken from his paper. The Committee is much indebted to him for this. It is also much obliged to him for the many helpful and instructive comments he made following very thorough reading of the paper in draft.
Dye Diffusion‐The Key to Efficient Coloration
Authors: DAWSON T. L. , TODD J. C. 
Published: July 2010

This paper was presented to the Manchester Region on 14 December 1978, and to the West Riding Region on 22 February 1979.More than any other factor, the rate and degree of diffusion of dyes into the individual fibres composing any textile substrate control the productivity, reproducibility and the quality (with respect to appearance and sometimes the fastness properties) attained in each process. Using direct (fibre cross–section) measurement of the degree of penetration of dyes into nylon, polyester and acrylic fibres, under a variety of application conditions, the relationships between dye penetration and visual colour yield has been determined with fibres differing in cross–sectional shape and delustrant content.The present interest in saving energy, time and water has led to numerous processes resulting in ‘ring–dyeing’. Batchwise dyeing for relatively short times or at somewhat abnormal temperatures, and continuous dyeing by rapid steam–fixation techniques are examples which have been investigated to define application conditions that might be expected to cause problems in bulk–scale production.
The Implications of Automation
Authors: KRASKE BERNHARD W. 
Published: July 2010

This paper describes a computer‐controlled dyehouse* which was installed at Messrs Gütermann & Co. Ltd in 1969 and which has been running since that time, and reports on personal practical experience.The substrate, its dyeing properties and the importance of these properties remaining constant are described. Subsequently, the dye and its inherent variations in strength are considered. Available types of energy and the continuity of their supply, as well as the magnitude of energy savings, are discussed. Included is a survey of machines and plants with comments on the material used, their wear and tear, and the cost of maintenance. Finally, the paper discusses colour measurement as a means of assessing satisfactory dyeings and at the very end comments on the main subject of automation — its effect on human beings.
Mothproofing of Wool with Permethrin: Industrial, Environmental and Toxicological Aspects*
Authors: Byrne K. M. , Shaw T. , Shepley J. D. 
Published: July 2010

Industrial trials carried out in three mills have confirmed the suitability of permethrin as a mothproofing agent for dye–bath application. Results are presented showing that permethrin is an effective and safe mothproofing agent and should present no undue hazard to dyehouse personnel nor to users of treated goods when used in the approved manner. It is also shown that effluent from mills can be processed satisfactorily. At concentrations substantially higher than those encountered in practice, permethrin has no adverse effect on effluent treatment processes, and taking into account normal dilution of mill effluent (with domestic effluent), the concentration of permethrin in the effluent from a sewage treatment plant is less than a value found to have no effect on juvenile rainbow trout.Mothproofing agents are used mostly in the carpet sector, where high standards of wet fastness are not required. Tests carried out on permethrin–treated carpets after shampooing by three methods indicate that a minimum application level of 0. 02% on weight of fibre of permethrin can be recommended to protect a carpet against the common wool–damaging insect species.