bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant Immunotherapy Increases β Cell Regenerative Factor Reg2 in the Pancreas of Diabetic Mice
Authors: Huszarik Katrina , Wright Benjamin , Keller Christina , Nikoopour Enayat , Krougly Olga , Lee-Chan Edwin , Qin Hui-Yu , Cameron Mark J. , Gurr Werner K. , Hill David J. , Sherwin Robert S. , Kelvin David J. , Singh Bhagirath 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Insulin-producing β cells can partially regenerate in adult pancreatic tissues, both in human and animal models of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Previous studies have shown that treatment with mycobacterial adjuvants such as CFA and bacillus Calmette-Guérin prevents induction and recurrence of T1D in NOD mice with partial recovery of β cell mass. In this study, we investigated factors involved in the regeneration of β cells in the pancreas of NOD mice during diabetes development and after treatment with adjuvants. The Regeneration (Reg) gene family is known to be involved in regeneration of various tissues including β cells. Reg2 expression was found to be upregulated in pancreatic islets both during diabetes development and as a result of adjuvant treatment in diabetic NOD mice and in C57BL/6 mice made diabetic by streptozotocin treatment. The upregulation of Reg2 by adjuvant treatment was independent of signaling through MyD88 and IL-6 because it was not altered in MyD88 or IL-6 knockout mice. We also observed upregulation of Reg2 in the pancreas of diabetic mice undergoing β cell regenerative therapy with exendin-4 or with islet neogenesis-associated protein. Reg2 expression following adjuvant treatment correlated with a reduction in insulitis, an increase in insulin secretion, and an increase in the number of small islets in the pancreas of diabetic NOD mice and with improved glucose tolerance tests in streptozotocin-treated diabetic C57BL/6 mice. In conclusion, adjuvant immunotherapy regulates T1D in diabetic mice and induces Reg2-mediated regeneration of β cells.
Enhanced Antiviral T Cell Function in the Absence of B7-H1 Is Insufficient To Prevent Persistence but Exacerbates Axonal Bystander Damage during Viral Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Phares Timothy W. , Stohlman Stephen A. , Hinton David R. , Atkinson Roscoe , Bergmann Cornelia C. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The T cell inhibitory ligand B7-H1 hinders T cell-mediated virus control, but also ameliorates clinical disease during autoimmune and virus-induced CNS disease. In mice infected with gliatropic demyelinating coronavirus, B7-H1 expression on oligodendroglia delays virus control, but also dampens clinical disease. To define the mechanisms by which B7-H1 alters pathogenic outcome, virus-infected B7-H1–deficient (B7-H1−/−) mice were analyzed for altered peripheral and CNS immune responses. B7-H1 deficiency did not affect peripheral T or B cell activation or alter the magnitude or composition of CNS-infiltrating cells. However, higher levels of IFN-γ mRNA in CNS-infiltrating virus-specific CD8 T cells as well as CD4 T cells contributed to elevated IFN-γ protein in the B7-H1−/− CNS. Increased effector function at the single-cell level was also evident by elevated granzyme B expression specifically in virus-specific CNS CD8 T cells. Although enhanced T cell activity accelerated virus control, 50% of mice succumbed to infection. Despite enhanced clinical recovery, surviving B7-H1−/− mice still harbored persisting viral mRNA, albeit at reduced levels compared with wild-type mice. B7-H1−/− mice exhibited extensive loss of axonal integrity, although demyelination, a hallmark of virus-induced tissue damage, was not increased. The results suggest that B7-H1 hinders viral control in B7-H1 expressing glia cells, but does not mediate resistance to CD8 T cell-mediated cytolysis. These data are the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate that B7-H1–mediated protection from viral-induced immune pathology associated with encephalomyelitis resides in limiting T cell-mediated axonal bystander damage rather than direct elimination of infected myelinating cells.
The Movement Assessment Battery for Children: A Comparison of 4-Year-Old to 6-Year-Old Children From Hong Kong and the United States
Authors: Chow Susanna M. K. , Henderson Sheila E. , Barnett Anna L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. There is little information available on the appropriateness of tests developed in the West for children of different ethnicities. The aim of this study was to examine the suitability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC) for use with Hong Kong Chinese preschool children.
Method. The performance of 255 Hong Kong Chinese children between the ages of 4 years and 6 years was compared with that of the 493 children of the same age from the United States who took part in the most recent standardization of the Movement ABC.
Results. The test content was found to be suitable for use with Hong Kong Chinese children. However, cross-cultural differences were found on a number of the test items. Chinese children performed significantly better on items contained in the manual dexterity and dynamic balance sections, whereas American children were better at the projection and reception of moving objects.
Conclusion. These findings highlight the need to ensure that norms for all tests are appropriate for the specific cultural groups being assessed.
The Adult Sensory Profile: Measuring Patterns of Sensory Processing
Authors: Brown Catana , Tollefson Nona , Dunn Winnie , Cromwell Rue , Filion Diane 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. This article describes a series of studies designed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Adult Sensory Profile.
Method. Expert judges evaluated the construct validity of the items. Coefficient alpha, factor analysis, and correlations of items with subscales determined item reliability, using data from 615 adult sensory profiles. A subsample of 20 adults furnished skin conductance data. A heterogeneous group of 93 adults completed the revised Adult Sensory Profile, and item reliability was reexamined.
Results. Expert judgment indicated that items could be categorized according to Dunn’s Model of Sensory Processing. Results suggested reasonable item reliability for all subscales except for the Sensation Avoiding subscale. Skin conductance measures detected distinct patterns of physiological responses consistent with the four-quadrant model. Revision of the Adult Sensory Profile resulted in improved reliability of the Sensation Avoiding subscale.
Conclusion. The series of studies provides evidence to support the four subscales of the Adult Sensory Profile as distinct constructs of sensory processing preferences.
Team Collaborative Practices Between Teachers and Occupational Therapists
Authors: Barnes Karin J. , Turner Keith D. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. A descriptive, correlational study using a survey instrument and record review was designed to describe collaboration practices between teachers and occupational therapists in public schools and to explore relationships of these practices to individual education plan (IEP) objectives and teachers’ perceptions of occupational therapy contributions to student skill development.
Method. Forty teachers of students who receive occupational therapy comprised the sample. Descriptive statistics and Spearman rank order correlations were used to describe the practices and to determine associations among the variables.
Results and Conclusions. The findings indicated that teachers and occupational therapists were using collaborative team practices, such as jointly developing goals and objectives, collaboration within the classrooms, jointly monitoring interventions, and jointly reviewing student progress. However, scheduling team meetings was difficult. The majority of respondents stated that occupational therapy contributed to student skill development, and as collaboration practices increased, the teachers’ perceptions of occupational therapy contribution to student skill development increased. A significant negative correlation was found between the percentage of IEP objectives met variable and three collaborative variables—team meetings, reviewing progress, and develop goals and objectives. This finding indicated that as the frequency of these team processes increased, fewer objectives were met.
Untangling Occupation and Activity
Authors: Pierce Doris 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Activity and occupation are two core concepts of occupational therapy that are in need of differentiation. Occupation is defined here as a person's personally constructed, one-time experience within a unique context. Activity is defined as a more general, culturally shared idea about a category of action. The ways in which subjectivity and context are handled within the concepts of occupation and activity are keys to disentangling them. The proposed untangling of the two concepts into distinct definitions is congruent with their historical origins as well as with current definitional trends. Once occupation and activity are recognized as two separate and equally valuable concepts, they offer a rich set of theoretical relations for exploration. The clarity that will result from differentiating occupation and activity will enhance disciplinary discourse and research as well as enhance the intervention efficacy, moral surety, and political strength of the profession.
“Tears in My Eyes ’Cause Somebody Finally Understood”: Client Perceptions of Practitioners Following Brain Injury
Authors: Darragh Amy R. , Sample Pat L. , Krieger Stephanie R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify practitioner qualities and traits that clients with brain injury see as important.
Method. An opportunistic sample of 51 participants with brain injury was interviewed about perceptions of service access and effectiveness. An interview guide was used to gather data for this phenomenological qualitative study. Four interviewers individually conducted audiotaped interviews, which were then transcribed. Coding and theme development were completed using HyperRESEARCH™ software.
Results. Three themes regarding practitioner qualities emerged from the data: (a) roles of the provider, (b) perceived helpfulness of services, and (c) personal characteristics of the providers. Beneficial provider roles included advocate, friend, mentor, and team member. Perceptions of helpfulness of the services included relevance, meaningfulness, practical application, skill development potential, and whether periodic feedback on progress was provided. Personal characteristics of the provider valued by the participants were clear and honest communicator, supportive, respectful, good listener, and understanding.
Conclusions. Practitioners need to pay increased attention to the perceptions of care and services of clients with brain injury. The current study closely supports previous research related to quality of care in the medical and community arenas and offers some additional suggestions to professionals who work with persons with brain injury, including learning how to time giving information to clients and how to understand client concerns without being prescriptive. Future research in this area needs to focus on and describe providers who demonstrate an ability—through their willingness to don a variety of roles, their helpful services, and their personal characteristics—to meet the unique needs of clients with brain injury.
Psychometric Properties of the Second Version of the Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI-II)
Authors: Kielhofner Gary , Mallinson Trudy , Forsyth Kirsty , Lai Jin-Shei 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the validity of the Occupational Identity, Occupational Competency, and Occupational Behavior Settings scales of the second version of the Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI-II). The study also asked whether the scales’ items were targeted to and could effectively discriminate between persons at different levels of adaptation.
Method. Data were collected from 151 raters on 249 subjects from eight countries and in six languages. Many-faceted Rasch analysis was used to analyze the data.
Results. The items of each scale worked effectively to measure the underlying construct for which they were designed. All three scales validly measured more than 90% of the subjects, who varied by nationality, culture, age, and diagnostic status. Each scale’s items were appropriately targeted to the subjects, and all three scales distinguished subjects into approximately three different levels. More than 90% of the raters used the three scales validly and had approximately the same degree of severity or leniency. The scales were valid across subjects with physical dysfunction and psychiatric conditions as well as subjects with no active diagnosed condition.
Conclusion. The three scales of the OPHI-II are valid across age, diagnosis, culture, and language and effectively measure a wide range of persons. Raters can readily use the OPHI-II validly without formal training.
Feeding the Infant With Congenital Heart Disease: An Occupational Performance Challenge
Authors: Imms Christine 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This review article uses the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP) as a theoretical framework to organize a discussion of the complexities of infant feeding when the infant has congenital heart disease (CHD). Literature from many fields indicates that feeding supports the physical, cognitive, and affective development of infants within their various environmental contexts. Many infants with CHD, who are now surviving in increasing numbers, experience feeding difficulties that affect their growth and development and that challenge their caregivers. The feeding experiences of infants with CHD illustrate the clinical applicability of the CMOP and the need for further research. Research using the framework of the CMOP will enable the development and implementation of evidence-based interventions that support the occupation of feeding from both the infant and the caregiver perspective.
Parent Perspectives of Occupational Therapy Using a Sensory Integration Approach
Authors: Cohn Ellen S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This qualitative study explored parents’ points of view regarding their children’s participation in occupational therapy using a sensory integration approach. Data were collected through parent interviews and were analyzed using grounded theory methods. The parents’ perceptions of the benefits of therapy for their children were categorized into three interrelated constructs: abilities, activities, and reconstruction of self-worth. For themselves, parents valued understanding their children’s behavior in new ways, which facilitated a shift in expectations for themselves and their children, having their parenting experience validated, and being able to support and advocate for their children. Implications for family-centered intervention and future research are proposed.
Occupations and Signs of Reduced Hope: An Explorative Study of Older Adults With Functional Impairments
Authors: Borell Lena , Lilja Margareta , Svidén Gerd Andersson , Sadlo Gaynor 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this explorative study was to uncover and interpret the experiences, values, and meaning of being in daily occupations of older adults with functional impairments.
Method. Interviews were conducted with 21 older adults with disabilities who were between 70 and 92 years of age. The interviews occurred in their home environments; 18 of the 21 participants lived alone. The interviews were analyzed using a constant comparative approach.
Findings. Occupational themes related to participation against the odds, retreat from occupation, the need for an invitation from others, and personal meanings related to capacities for occupation were uncovered.
Conclusions. The findings suggest that the loss of positive belief in enjoyable occupations can be a sign of reduced hope in late life. For occupational therapists, whether an older adult has made a conscious choice to withdraw from occupational life or has too few occupational choices is important to distinguish.
Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: Issues in Community Function
Authors: Cronin Anne Frances 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The pathology and sequelae of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) differ from those of the adult TBI population. In childhood TBI, cognitive impairment and secondary delays are often overlooked in the referral and intervention process. Although TBI is the leading cause of acquired disability in childhood, most children with TBI are discharged from acute care to home with little or no rehabilitation. This literature review provides current information germane to the occupational therapist on sequelae and functional limitations that may exist or develop after TBI in children. Further, methods by which these deficits can be addressed within the context of Individuals With Disabilities Education Act guidelines are described. Children with a history of TBI should be screened regularly because some cognitive problems emerge years after the injury as developmental demands on the child increase. In this article, school-based therapists are urged to look beyond a child’s motor limitations to address the cognitive and neuropsychological problems typical of this population.
Using the BTE Primus® to Measure Grip and Wrist Flexion Strength in Physically Active Wheelchair Users: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Shechtman Orit , MacKinnon Leanne , Locklear Catherine 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to establish test–retest reliability values for the newly designed grip and wrist attachments of the BTE Primus® and to determine criterion-related validity of the new grip attachment against the Jamar dynamometer. An additional purpose was to explore the differences in grip and wrist flexion strength between wheelchair users and control participants without disabilities and to examine the effect of body position on strength in persons without disabilities.
Method. Wheelchair users and matched controls (13 per group) were tested for grip and wrist flexion strength on the BTE Primus and for grip on the Jamar dynamometer.
Results. The BTE Primus grip attachment was found to be valid and reliable. No significant differences were found in static and dynamic grip or wrist flexion strength between the two groups or in the sitting versus standing position for the control group.
Conclusion. The findings suggest that the BTE Primus may be used to assess grip and wrist flexion strength validly and reliably for both wheelchair users and persons without disabilities.
Unilateral Spatial Neglect: New Treatment Approaches With Potential Application to Occupational Therapy
Authors: Freeman Esmelda 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Unilateral spatial neglect is one of the most common symptoms of stroke. It has important implications for occupational therapy because of its clinical manifestations, which include problems with activities of daily living, mobility, and reading. This article reviews neurophysiological theories pertaining to unilateral spatial neglect and focuses on two new treatment approaches with potential application to occupational therapy practice. Both approaches—constraint-induced therapy and partial visual occlusion— involve a form of restraint of the less affected side. These approaches are discussed in the context of current neurophysiological theories and the application to occupational therapy treatment for neglect.
The Validity of Adding New Tasks to the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills
Authors: Bray Kristin , Fisher Anne G. , Duran Leslie 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. Twenty-one new activities of daily living (ADL) tasks were evaluated for the validity of their inclusion into the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS).
Method. Data from 1,484 participants who performed at least one new AMPS task were analyzed to determine whether the new tasks (a) fit the AMPS many-faceted Rasch (MFR) model and (b) increase the range of the AMPS motor and process skill scales.
Results. Twenty of the 21 new tasks fit the MFR model. The AMPS motor scale was increased by .25 logit at the easier end of the scale and by .30 logit at the more difficult end of the scale. The AMPS process scale was increased by .14 logit at the easier end of the scale. The more difficult end of the AMPS process scale did not increase.
Conclusion. These findings support the validity of adding 20 new tasks into the AMPS. The new tasks provide the following benefits for testing clients whose ADL ability levels are at the lower or higher ends of the AMPS motor or process skill scales: (a) potential for less error when estimating the ADL ability measures, (b) more task choices, and (c) more face-valid tasks for testing men.
Authenticity in Occupational Therapy Leadership: A Case Study of a Servant Leader
Authors: Dillon Thomas H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the leadership of occupational therapy educator Sr. Genevieve Cummings at the College of St. Catherine in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1960 to 1994.
Method. In-depth interviews were conducted with faculty, staff, administrators, and friends who knew her work intimately. Themes regarding her leadership were synthesized from the interview data and compared with trends in the leadership literature.
Results. The predominant themes representing the major elements of her success as a leader were enabling others, focusing on the greater good, collaborative visioning, and leadership through caring and service. The findings indicate that Sr. Genevieve led in a uniquely authentic manner by serving the needs of students, faculty members, and the profession.
Conclusion. Sr. Genevieve was an effective, authentic, and accomplished leader throughout her career. Her contributions had a significant impact on the field of occupational therapy and occupational therapy education. The legacy of her leadership serves as a model for others in occupational therapy who must balance multiple challenges, pressures, or roles and be able to work effectively with others.
Northern Initiative for Social Action: An Occupation-Based Mental Health Program
Authors: Rebeiro Karen L. , Day Derek G. , Semeniuk Bob , O’Brien Mary Claire , Wilson Barb 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Northern Initiative for Social Action (NISA) is a consumer-run, occupation-based, nonprofit organization located in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The NISA organization has grown in response to research revealing few opportunities for participation in personally meaningful and socially valued occupation for persons with mental illness living in the community of study. This article describes a mixed-design research study conducted by the ParNorth Research Unit of NISA and an occupational therapist. The study purposes were to (a) better understand the emerging characteristics of the NISA program and identify which the participants found helpful; (b) evaluate whether participation in NISA improved members’ quality of life; and (c) ascertain whether participation reduced members’ need for more traditional and costly methods of care (e.g., hospitalization, crisis services).
Focus groups, daily participant observation, a quality of life interview, a consumer member survey, and objective review of hospitalization data were used for data collection.
Qualitative results indicated that NISA helped to meet participants’ being, belonging, and becoming needs. Quantitative data indicated that overall, NISA members perceive an improvement in their subjective quality of life and sense of well-being. Their perceptions are supported by minimal use of crisis services and hospitalization, improved socioeconomic status, and several members’ success in obtaining paid employment either within or outside NISA.
Future challenges include the need to clearly describe the evolving NISA model and to ensure that the growth of this new organization does not exceed secured human or fiscal resources.