bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Forestry and Forest Conservation: Friends or Strangers?
Authors: Casse Thorkil , Milhøj Anders 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper is a meta‐study of local forest management experiences in developing countries drawn from a review of 56 case‐studies presented in 52 papers. Many case‐studies report positive links between community forestry and forest conservation. In international organizations and NGOs there is a generally accepted agreement that collective management (community forestry) will yield success in forest conservation. However, the claim is seldom rigorously examined. We suggest to have a review of the literature and to propose a first step to a test of the claim in order to reach a first generalization as to the success of community forestry in forest conservation. The review of the literature is the first step towards such an examination, enabling us to make some initial generalizations for further research. In the present paper, a statistical test is performed and the claim is found wanting. The reviewed papers are very heterogeneous in their approaches, and it is also suggested that the state still has a role to play, even when the transfer of management rights to the forest resources is genuine. Community forestry does not work in a vacuum, and we suggest that a minimum requirement is probably the presence of a legal structure, which exists in India and Nepal but not in many other countries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Synthesis of Skeletally Diverse Alkaloid‐Like Small Molecules
Authors: Murrison Sarah , Maurya Sushil K. , Einzinger Christian , McKeever‐Abbas Ben , Warriner Stuart , Nelson Adam 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA synthetic approach to skeletally diverse alkaloid‐like compounds, involving two consecutive three‐component reactions, was developed. First, reaction between a range of secondary amines, carbonyl compounds and triazines yielded cyclic imines. Crucially, the identity of the substituents in the amine and carbonyl compound components determined – through a “folding” pathway – the alkaloid‐like scaffold that was prepared. The cyclic imine products were substrates for a second reaction, most usually a Joullié–Ugi reaction with an isocyanide and a carboxylic acid. Thus, the final products were, in general, ultimately derived from five separate components, and wide and independent variation of the substitution of each scaffold was possible. The 43 products were based on 28 distinct graph‐node level frameworks. The high skeletal diversity of the products stemmed both from the “folding” pathway used to define the scaffolds of the cyclic imines, and from cyclic substituents used in each of the components.
Indium‐Mediated Allenylation of Aldehydes and Its Application in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Efficient Synthesis of D‐Ribulose and 1‐Deoxy‐D‐ribulose (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 9/2011)
Authors: Fischer Michael , Schmölzer Christoph , Nowikow Christina , Schmid Walther 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe cover picture shows the application of an indium‐mediated allenylation reaction of aldehydes using 4‐bromo‐2‐butyn‐1‐ols to generate α‐hydroxyacetyl anion equivalents. This carbon chain elongation method allows the straightforward synthesis of various substituted dihydroxyacetone fragments, as well as pentuloses and derivatives thereof. Details are discussed in the article by W. Schmid et al. on p. 1645 ff. The background shows the lovely coast of Mayo, Ireland. The authors express their gratitude to Prof. Karl Grubmayr on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
Comparison between Ti‐ and Si‐based mesostructures for the removal of phosphorous from aqueous solution
Authors: Choi Jae‐Woo , Lee Ki‐Bong , Park Ki‐Young , Lee Seung‐Yeon , Kim Dong‐Ju , Lee and Sang‐Hyup 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of utilizing inorganic mesostructures for the removal of phosphorous in laboratory experiments. The emphasis of the experiments was on the comparison of the efficiency of phosphorous adsorption between mesostructures synthesized using two different inorganic materials. Powder X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller(BET) methods were used to characterize the inorganic mesostructures. The efficiencies of silica and titanium mesostructures for the removal of phosphorous from aqueous solutions were investigated on a batch scale. Equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacities of the mesostructured adsorbents were found to be 49.3 and 19.5 mg g−1 for the titanium and silica mesostructures, respectively. The adsorption kinetics was best described by a pseudo‐third‐order kinetic model. The results from this study indicated that the titanium mesostructure, because of low cost and high capability, has the potential to be utilized for the cost‐effective removal of phosphorous from sewage or wastewater. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Detecting treatment effects with combinations of the ADAS‐cog items in patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ihl Ralf , Ferris Steven , Robert Philippe , Winblad Bengt , Gauthier Serge , Tennigkeit Frank 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveWhen complex cognitive functions are measured with multi‐item scales like the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale – cognitive subscale (ADAS‐cog), it seems valuable information can be lost due to combination of the ADAS‐cog items results into a total score. We hypothesized, that an analysis of the results of different ADAS‐cog item combinations may reveal drug treatment effects in distinct cognitive domains and/or enhance the sensitivity to detect such treatment effects. Here, we present a novel approach called ‘subsetting analysis’ for assessment of drug treatment effects with multi‐item scales, like the ADAS‐cog.MethodsThe subsetting approach is a mathematical algorithm designed to select and group scale items in a subset detecting drug treatment effects in a particular study population. The approach was applied in a post‐hoc analysis of ADAS‐cog results from two randomized, placebo‐controlled and double‐blind clinical trials with memantine in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). The subsetting analysis of the ADAS‐cog combined database aimed at selecting the scale items showing no worsening at study end compared to baseline due to memantine treatment in mild AD (Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE >19)) patients.ResultsTwo ADAS‐cog subsets were finally revealed by the analysis: a subset of five ADAS‐cog items, identified as most sensitive to memantine effects in mild AD patients, and a subset of six ADAS‐cog items shown to detect significant memantine effects in moderate AD patients.ConclusionThe subsetting approach of analyzing ADAS‐cog data is a powerful alternative for gaining information about drug effects on cognitive performance in mild and moderate AD patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying the new research diagnostic criteria: MRI findings and neuropsychological correlations of prodromal AD
Authors: Rami Lorena , Solé‐Padullés Cristina , Fortea Juan , Bosch Beatriz , Lladó Albert , Antonell Anna , Olives Jaume , Castellví Magda , Bartres‐Faz David , Sánchez‐Valle Raquel , Molinuevo Jose Luis 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveWe describe the neuroimaging characteristics of prodromal AD (PrdAD) patients diagnosed using the new research criteria in a clinical setting. In order to further characterize these patients, we also study the relationship between neuropsychology, CSF biomarkers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.Methods/Patients76 participants—24 controls (CTR), 20 amnesic patients, and 32 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients—were included in the study. PrdAD was defined on the basis of an objective episodic memory deficit and an AD CSF profile. Structural MRI was performed in all participants.ResultsAfter FWE correction, voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) analysis of PrdAD patients versus CTR showed significant clusters of decreased gray matter (GM) volume in the left hemisphere regions including the parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, precuneus, and middle frontal gyrus. We did not find differences in brain atrophy between PrdAD and mild AD patients. Some significant associations were found between CSF levels and episodic and semantic fluency tests in the PrdAD group. Correlations in the PrdAD group revealed that patients with higher scores on delayed free recall had significantly greater GM volume in the left superior temporal gyrus (t = 6.64, p < 0.0001).ConclusionsPrdAD patients presented mainly medial temporal GM atrophy, which was related with significant episodic memory impairment. The cognitive deficit observed in PrdAD patients was also associated with CSF biomarker levels. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of TMC6 and TMC8 (EVER1 and EVER2) variants to cervical cancer susceptibility
Authors: Castro Felipe A. , Ivansson Emma L. , Schmitt Markus , Juko‐Pecirep Ivana , Kjellberg Lennart , Hildesheim Allan , Gyllensten Ulf B. , Pawlita Michael 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCervical cancer (CxCa) is caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; genetic predisposition is also suspected to play a role. Our study is a targeted candidate gene follow‐up based on: (i) strong clinical evidence demonstrating that mutations in the TMC6 and TMC8 (EVER1 and EVER2) genes associate with the HPV‐associated disease epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) and (ii) recent epidemiological data suggesting a genetic susceptibility conferred by polymorphisms in such genes for skin and CxCa. Clarifying the association of the TMC6/8 genes with risk of CxCa will help in understanding why some HPV‐infected women develop persistent infection, cervical lesions and eventually cancer while others do not. Twenty‐two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) harboring the TMC6/8 genes were genotyped in 2,989 cases with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III or invasive CxCa and 2,281 controls from the Swedish population. Association was evaluated in logistic regression models. Two SNPs displayed association with cervical disease: rs2290907 [odds ratio (OR)GGvsAA = 0.6, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.3–0.9, p = 0.02)] and rs16970849 (ORAGvsGG = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.66–0.98, p = 0.03). The present data support the involvement of the TMC6/8 region in CxCa susceptibility but further analyses are needed to replicate our findings, fully characterize the region and understand the function of the genetic variants involved.
Efficacy and safety of liver transplantation in patients with cholangiocarcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gu Jinyang , Bai Jianling , Shi Xiaolei , Zhou Jianxin , Qiu Yudong , Wu Yafu , Jiang Chunping , Sun Xitai , Xu Fanggui , Zhang Yue , Ding Yitao 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of liver transplantation in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. According to the requirements of Cochrane systematic review, a thorough literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Embase and Cochrane electronic databases between 1995 and 2009 in terms of the key words “liver transplantation” and “cholangiocarcinoma,” “cholangiocellular carcinoma” or “bile duct cancer,” with restricted articles for the English language. Data were processed for a meta‐analysis by Stata 10 software. Altogether 14 clinical trials containing 605 transplanted patients of bile duct cancers were finally enrolled in our study. The overall 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year pooled survival rates were 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.65–0.80], 0.42 (95% CI = 0.33–0.51) and 0.39 (95% CI = 0.28–0.51), respectively. Of note, preoperative adjuvant therapies [orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)‐PAT group] rendered the transplanted individuals with comparably favorable outcomes with 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year pooled survival rates of 0.83 (95% CI = 0.57–0.98), 0.57 (95% CI = 0.18–0.92) and 0.65 (95% CI = 0.40–0.87). In addition, the overall pooled incidence of complications was 0.62 (95% CI = 0.44–0.78), among which that of OLT‐PAT group (0.58; 95% CI = 0.20–0.92) was relatively acceptable compared to those of liver transplantation alone (0.61; 95% CI = 0.33–0.85) and liver transplantation with extended bile duct resection (0.78; 95% CI = 0.55–0.94). In comparison to curative resection of cholangiocarcinoma with the 5‐year survival rate reported from 20 to 40%, the role of liver transplantation alone is so limited. In the future, attention will be focused on liver transplantation following neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy, which requires a well‐designed, prospective randomized controlled study.
Induction of glandular stomach cancers in Helicobacter pylori‐infected Mongolian gerbils by 1‐nitrosoindole‐3‐acetonitrile
Authors: Matsubara Satoshi , Takasu Shinji , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Mutoh Michihiro , Masuda Shuichi , Sugimura Takashi , Wakabayashi Keiji , Totsuka Yukari 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and high intake of various traditional salt‐preserved foods are regarded as risk factors for human gastric cancer. We previously reported that Chinese cabbage contains indole compounds, such as indole‐3‐acetonitrile, a mutagen precursor. 1‐Nitrosoindole‐3‐acetonitrile (NIAN), formed by the treatment of indole‐3‐acetonitrile with nitrite under acidic conditions, shows direct‐acting mutagenicity. In the present study, NIAN administration by gavage to Mongolian gerbils (MGs) at the dose of 100 mg/kg two times a week resulted in three adduct spots (1.6 adducts/108 nucleotides in total), detected in DNA samples from the glandular stomach by 32P‐postlabeling methods. Treatment with six consecutive doses of 100 mg/kg of NIAN, two times a week for 3 weeks, induced well—and moderately—differentiated glandular stomach adenocarcinomas in the MGs at the incidence of 31% under H. pylori infection at 54–104 weeks. Such lesions were not induced in MGs given broth alone, broth + NIAN or infection with H. pylori alone. Thus, endogenous carcinogens formed from nitrosation of indole compounds could be critical risk factors for human gastric cancer development under the influence of H. pylori infection.
Analysis of retinoblastoma age incidence data using a fully stochastic cancer model
Authors: Little Mark P. , Kleinerman Ruth A. , Stiller Charles A. , Li Guangquan , Kroll Mary E. , Murphy Michael F.G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRetinoblastoma (RB) is an important ocular malignancy of childhood. It has been commonly accepted for some time that knockout of the two alleles of the RB1 gene is the principal molecular target associated with the occurrence of RB. In this article, we examine the validity of the two‐hit theory for RB by comparing the fit of a stochastic model with two or more mutational stages. Unlike many such models, our model assumes a fully stochastic stem cell compartment, which is crucial to its behavior. Models are fitted to a population‐based dataset comprising 1,553 cases of RB for the period 1962–2000 in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales). The population incidence of RB is best described by a fully stochastic model with two stages, although models with a deterministic stem cell compartment yield equivalent fit; models with three or more stages fit much less well. The results strongly suggest that knockout of the two alleles of the RB1 gene is necessary and may be largely sufficient for the development of RB, in support of Knudson's two‐hit hypothesis.
Diet‐induced obesity increases melanoma progression: Involvement of Cav‐1 and FASN
Authors: Pandey Vimal , Vijayakumar Maleppillil Vavachan , Ajay Amrendra Kumar , Malvi Parmanand , Bhat Manoj Kumar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRecent population‐based epidemiological studies strongly hint towards a link between obesity and its occurrence as well as progression of several cancers including melanoma. Although effects of obesity on breast, colon and liver cancers have been extensively investigated, the links between obesity and melanoma remain largely unexplored. Present study aimed to understand the effect of high fat diet‐induced weight gain on susceptibility of C57BL/6J mice to melanoma. For this, mice routinely were fed on high fat diet for 6 months (HFD mice). Subsequently, mouse melanoma cells were injected subcutaneously in control as well as HFD mice and followed for tumor initiation and progression. We provide strong evidence that diet‐induced obesity leads to increased melanoma progression in male C57BL/6J mice. We observed that increased melanoma progression is associated with enhanced Cav‐1 and FASN expression in tumors from HFD mice. Cav‐1 and FASN are co‐ordinately regulated and Cav‐1 interacts with FASN in melanoma cells. Enhanced levels of Cav‐1, FASN and pAkt control melanoma cell proliferation. Our study establishes a causative relationship between diet‐induced obesity and melanoma progression as well as demonstrates that obesity affects important tumorigenic pathways in melanoma.
Infant mental health in Malaysia
Authors: Toran Hasnah , Squires Jane , Lawrence Karen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Infant Mental Health system in Malaysia is described, beginning with cultural and religious practices that influence mental health practices. Second, a description of the Malaysian mental health system, including historical influences, is given. Third, policy and services for young children with mental health problems are described. Finally, recommendations for future steps for developing an effective infant mental health system are presented, including the development of infant mental health policies by the government, increased personnel training, increased community mental health resources, integration of culture into the mental health system, and finally, development of appropriate screening and assessment instruments and systems.
Effects of embryonic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on zebrafish (Danio rerio) retinal development
Authors: Wang Yan‐Ping , Hong Qin , Qin Da‐ni , Kou Chun‐Zhao , Zhang Chun‐Mei , Guo Mei , Guo Xi‐Rong , Chi Xia , Tong Mei‐Ling 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants that affect embryonic development. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of embryonic exposure to PCBs on early retinal development in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish embryos were immediately exposed to different concentrations (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg) of PCBs per liter of medium at 28.5 °C. Embryos were assessed at 30, 48, 72 and 96 h post‐fertilization (hpf) for changes in embryonic survival rate, development, larval retinal morphology and ultrastructure of the retina. The results show that PCB exposure decreased the survival rate of embryos in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Embryos exposed to the higher concentrations of PCBs (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg l−1) displayed obvious gross morphological deformities. At 72 hpf, the retinal layer development of zebrafish was delayed at higher PCB concentrations (1.0 mg l−1). At 96 hpf, irregularity of photoreceptor cells arrangement and thickening of photoreceptor and ganglionic layers were observed in PCB‐treated larvae at concentrations of 0.25–1 mg l−1. Ultrastructural examination showed signs of growth inhibition of the photoreceptor outer segment at 0.25–1 mg l−1 PCB exposure at 72 hpf, as well as the appearance of massive vacuoles and holes inside the outer segments in the PCB exposure group at 96 hpf. These results suggest that embryonic exposure to moderate and high levels of PCBs induced developmental deficits in zebrafish retinas, particularly in photoreceptor cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing strut porosity in silicate‐substituted calcium‐phosphate bone graft substitutes enhances osteogenesis
Authors: Campion Charlie R. , Chander Chaman , Buckland Tom , Hing Karin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSynthetic, porous silicate‐substituted calcium phosphate bone graft matrices (SiCaP; 0.8 wt % Si) with varying strut porosity were applied to ovine critical‐sized defect sites as either 1–2 mm microgranules (SiCaP‐23G, SiCaP‐32G, and SiCaP‐46G) or 1–2 mm microgranules in an aqueous poloxamer carrier (SiCaP‐23P, SiCaP‐32P, and SiCaP‐46P). Defect sites treated with SiCaP‐23G or SiCaP‐23P showed evidence of bone formation at 8 and 12 weeks in central zones. More advanced neovascularization and increased bone contact was observed for graft materials with higher strut porosities. At 12 weeks, graft materials with higher strut porosities (32% and 46%) had statistically significantly higher absolute bone volumes (p < 0.05) versus those with a strut porosity of 23%. Absolute bone volume in defects treated with grafts of matched strut porosities as microgranules, or microgranules with poloxamer carrier, were similar at 12 weeks. Absolute graft volume for SiCaP‐46 reduced over 12 weeks (not statistically significant). In conclusion, bone formation patterns in critically‐sized defects confirm strut porosity to be a clinically relevant property of porous silicate‐substituted calcium phosphate bone grafts in promoting osteogenesis. Increasing graft matrix strut porosity encouraged earlier neovascularization and increased the absolute equilibrium volume of bone growth within the graft without compromising graft stability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
A comparison of outcomes of general medical inpatient care provided by a hospitalist‐physician assistant model vs a traditional resident‐based model
Authors: Singh Siddhartha , Fletcher Kathlyn E. , Schapira Marilyn M. , Conti Mary , Tarima Sergey , Biblo Lee A. , Whittle Jeff 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Residency reform in the form of work hour restrictions has forced academic medical centers to develop alternate models of care to provide inpatient care. One such model is the use of physician assistants (PAs) with hospitalists. However, these models of care have not been widely evaluated.OBJECTIVE:To compare the outcomes of inpatient care provided by a hospitalist‐PA (H‐PA) model with the traditional resident based model.DESIGN, SETTING and PATIENTS:We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 9681 general medical (GM) hospitalizations between January 2005 and December 2006 using a hospital administrative database. We used multivariable mixed models to adjust for a wide variety of potential confounders and account for multiple patient visits to the hospital to compare the outcomes of 2171 hospitalizations to H‐PA teams with those of 7510 hospitalizations to resident teams (RES).MEASUREMENTS:Length of stay (LOS), charges, readmission within 7, 14, and 30 days and inpatient mortality.RESULTS:Inpatient care provided by H‐PA teams was associated with a 6.73% longer LOS (P = 0.005) but charges, risk of readmission at 7, 14, and 30 days and inpatient mortality were similar to resident‐based teams. The increase in LOS was dependent on the time of admission of the patients.CONCLUSIONS:H‐PA team‐based GM inpatient care was associated with a higher LOS but similar charges, readmission rates, and inpatient mortality to traditional resident‐based teams, a finding that persisted in sensitivity analyses. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.