bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent effects on liquefaction: Solubilization profiles of a canadian prototype wood, populus deltoides, in the presence of different solvents
Authors: Heitz Michèle , Brown Anthony , Chornet Esteban 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPopulus deltoides was treated with straight chain alcohols from methanol to n‐hexanol, mono and triethanolamine, water, ethyleneglycol, acetone, cyclohexane and lactic acid. A batch reactor was used in all the runs and the temperature range used was from 100 to 320°C. A reaction ordinate concept was used to evaluate the treatment severities. The results of these experiments showed a significant influence of the solvent on the extent of liquefaction of wood as well as on the holocellulose and lignin contents of the residues. An attempt to relate the liquefaction profiles to the solubility parameters of the solvents is discussed.
Investigation on the flocculation of asphaltenes and the colloidal stability of the crude oil fraction (> 210°C)
Authors: Chaala A. , Benallal B. , Hachelef S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeveral problems are encountered with asphaltenes during the exploitation, transportation, storage and treatment of crude oil. The purpose of the present work was to study the behaviour of the crude oil fraction (<210°C) by varying the temperature and doping with some hydrocarbons including solid paraffin and aromatic concentrate. The effect of flooding water was investigated. A preliminary characterization study on asphaltenes removed from the crude oil using two different solvents was performed. The state of the oil was determined by the stability factor which indicates the susceptibility of asphaltenes to agglomerate or to disperse in the continuous phase.
Entry and exit flows of casson fluids
Authors: Pham T. V. , Mitsoulis E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEntry and exit flows through abrupt contractions are studied numerically for Casson fluids exhibiting a yield stress. The Casson constitutive equation recommended for describing blood flow is used with an appropriate modification proposed by Papanastasiou, which applies everywhere in the flow field in both yielded and practically unyielded regions. The emphasis is on determining the extent and shape of unyielded/yielded regions along with the swelling ratio of the free stream for planar and axisymmetric contraction flows for the whole range of Casson numbers. The results for pressure are used to determine the excess pressure losses that give rise to entrance, exit, and the total end correction.
Zeolites grown on wire gauze: A new structured catalyst packing for dustproof, low pressure drop denox processes
Authors: Calis H. P. , Gerritsen A. W. , Bleek C. M. Van Den , Legein C. H. , Jansen J. C. , Van Bekkum H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo prove the applicability of zeolite crystals as a catalyst in dustproof low pressure drop reactors, a novel structured catalyst packing has been developed consisting of ZSM‐5 crystals in situ grown on metal wire gauze. Using this technique, mechanically strong catalyst packings of any required shape can be produced that give an extremely low pressure drop across the packing and that trap almost no dust particles. These features make the packing especially suitable for end‐of‐pipe processes, such as the catalytic removal of NOx from large flows of dust containing flue gas. To demonstrate the feasibility of the packing as a catalyst, it was tested — after incorporation copper into the zeolites by ion exchange — on its activity for Selective Catalytic Reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia at 350°C. Both the activity and selectivity of the catalyst packing proved to be superior to conventional vanadia/titania catalysts.
Experimental study of residence time, particle movement and bed depth profile in rotary kilns
Authors: Lebas E. , Hanrot F. , Ablitzer D. , Houzelot J.‐L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExperiments were performed in a pilot scale rotary kiln with coal and coke particles to study their mean residence time, residence time distribution, bed depth profile and time spent at the bed surface. The influence of filling ratio on residence time was studied with a uniform bed depth in the kiln. Residence time distribution and bed depth profile measurements were performed in a kiln without end constriction, at different rotational speeds and different solid inputs. The residence time fraction corresponding to the passage of the particles at the bed surface was measured with a photographic study of the movement of a coloured particle.Various equations were tested to represent the experimental results. The equations of Kramers and Croockewit (1952) and Ronco (1965) were adequate to calculate mean residence times, while only the former could represent correctly the bed depth profile. An equation is proposed which turns out to be quite accurate in predicting the fraction of the residence time spent in the upper layer of the bed.
Fluidized bed gasification of coal
Authors: Chatterjee P. K. , Datta A. B. , Kundu K. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGasification of high ash India coal has been studied in a laboratory‐scale, atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier using steam and air as fluidizing media. A one‐dimensional analysis of the gasification process has been presented incorporating a two‐phase theory of fluidization, char gasification, volatile release and an overall system energy balance. Results are presented on the variation of product gas composiiton, bed temperature, calorific value and carbon conversion with oxygen and steam feed. Comparison between predicted and experimental data has been presented, and the predictions show similar trends as in the experiments.
Restoration of Runx1 Expression in the Tie2 Cell Compartment Rescues Definitive Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Extends Life of Runx1 Knockout Animals Until Birth
Authors: Liakhovitskaia Anna , Gribi Ruby , Stamateris Evangelos , Villain Gaelle , Jaffredo Thierry , Wilkie Ron , Gilchrist Derek , Yang Jian , Ure Janice , Medvinsky Alexander 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Mice deficient in the runt homology domain transcription factor Runx1/AML1 fail to generate functional clonogenic hematopoietic cells and die in utero by embryonic day 12.5. We previously generated Runx1 reversible knockout mice, in which the Runx1 locus can be restored by Cre-mediated recombination. We show here that selective restoration of the Runx1 locus in the Tie2 cell compartment rescues clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors in early Runx1-null embryos and rescues lymphoid and myeloid lineages during fetal development. Furthermore, fetal liver cells isolated from reactivated Runx1 embryos are capable of long-term multilineage lymphomyeloid reconstitution of adult irradiated recipients, demonstrating the rescue of definitive hematopoietic stem cells. However, this rescue of the definitive hematopoietic hierarchy is not sufficient to rescue the viability of animals beyond birth, pointing to an essential role for Runx1 in other vital developmental processes.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Isolation of heterothallic haploid and auxotrophic mutants of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus
Authors: Furuya Kanji , Niki Hironori 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus var. japonicus belong to the genus Schizosaccharomyces, together with Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which has been well studied as a model organism. In contrast, Sz. japonicus is poorly characterized and genetic tools were yet to be developed. We here report the isolation of the heterothallic haploids NIG2017, NIG2025 and NIG2028, which were derivatives of a Sz. japonicus homothallic strain (NIG2008). Based on the genomic sequence of Sz. japonicus, released by the Broad Institute, we found that Sz. japonicus also possesses orthologues of the mating‐type genes of Sz. pombe; two mat‐M (−) and two mat‐P (+) genes. As expected, heterothallic strains were defective in one of the Sz. japonicus mat genes (matsj). We confirmed that NIG2017 and NIG2025 strains only expressed mRNA from the matsj‐P genes, while homothallic strains expressed both matsj‐M and matsj‐P. Although the NIG2028 strain expressed both gene products, matsj‐P was found mutated, which may have conferred the heterothallic phenotype of the mutant. Thus, we concluded that these were stable heterothallic strains. We designated NIG2017 and NIG2025 as h+ and NIG 2028 as h−, respectively. We also found additional h− strains (NIG5872 and NIG5873) that arose from the cross between NIG2017 and NIG2028 derivatives. In addition to that, we have constructed a ura4sj‐deleted strain and an ade6sj‐mutated strain. We used these heterothallic strains and the auxotroph strains to perform spore dissection analysis to determine the genetic distances between several loci, and found that the mating type loci and ade6sj locus were linked to centromeres. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary on “A roadmap for the prevention of dementia II. Leon Thal Symposium 2008.” The Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT): A new approach to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gillette‐Guyonnet Sophie , Andrieu Sandrine , Dantoine Thierry , Dartigues Jean‐François , Touchon Jacques , Vellas B. ,   MAPT Study Group
Published: March 2009

BackgroundBecause no effective curative approaches are available, preventive approaches in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are needed. We present the design of the ongoing Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT) Study. Several previous studies suggested that many factors may be involved in the occurrence of AD at late ages. Because of the probable multifactorial nature of AD, it seems logical to initiate multidomain interventions to examine their potential synergistic effects. The MAPT Study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a multidomain intervention (nutritional, physical, and cognitive training) and omega 3 treatment in the prevention of cognitive decline in frail elderly persons aged 70 years or over. The study also collects imaging and biological data that could be used in future AD prevention and treatment trials.MethodsThe MAPT Study is a 3‐year, randomized, controlled trial conducted by university hospital practitioners specializing in memory disorders in four French cities (Bordeaux, Limoges, Montpellier, and Toulouse). The study plans to enroll 1200 frail elderly subjects on the basis of at least one of the following criteria: subjective memory complaint spontaneously expressed to a general practitioner, limitation in one instrumental activity of daily living (IADL), and slow walking speed. To demonstrate the protective effect of interventions, subjects are randomized into one of the following four groups: omega 3 alone, multidomain intervention alone, omega 3 plus multidomain intervention, or placebo (n = 300 each). The principal outcome measure is a change in cognitive function at 3 years, as determined by the Grober and Buschke Test.ConclusionsThe MAPT Study is the first preventive trial involving multidomain interventions. Final results should be available in 2013.
Relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor and Notch1 expression and lymphatic metastasis in tongue cancer
Authors: Joo Young‐Hoon , Jung Chan‐Kwon , Kim Min‐Sik , Sun Dong‐Il 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveTo determine the role of angiogenesis in lymph node metastasis and the depth of invasion in early tongue cancer.Study DesignRetrospective analysis.Subjects and MethodsThe study included 51 subjects with tongue cancer. Immunohistochemical staining for vascular endothelial growth factor, Notch1, and Notch3 was performed. Microvessel density was evaluated by counting the number of CD34‐stained microvessels in each pathologic specimen.ResultsSignificant correlations were found between vascular endothelial growth factor and Notch1 expression and cervical lymph node metastasis (P = 0.020 and P < 0.009, respectively), tumor depth of invasion (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), and microvessel density indicated by CD34 staining (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Nodal metastasis (P = 0.022), T stage (P = 0.002), and positive VEGF expression (P = 0.044) were statistically significant prognostic factors for disease‐specific survival.ConclusionVascular endothelial growth factor and Notch1 expression are significantly related to cervical lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion in tongue cancer patients.
Could intervention by clinics such as Primeros Pasos affect the prevalence of childhood malnutrition in the developing world?
Authors: Seccombe Adam , Hughes Elizabeth 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveGuatemala is a country severely affected by malnutrition, particularly in its child population. The present study aimed to assess the impact of recognised aetiological factors on the prevalence of malnutrition and to establish the efficacy of a Guatemalan malnutrition clinic by examining the changes in the prevalence of malnutrition in the ten surrounding communities served by the clinic.DesignRecords of children (n 7681) aged 5–16 years seen by the clinic between 2004 and 2006 were examined. Anthropometric data for each child were taken from these records and used as an indicator for their nutritional status to estimate the change in rates of malnutrition during this period.ResultsAn overall reduction was seen in all forms of malnutrition over the 3-year period, although over 50 % of the study population remained malnourished in 2006. A consistent reduction was also seen in rates of moderate and severe malnutrition, but not in rates of mild malnutrition.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that clinics such as Primeros Pasos can have a beneficial effect on schoolchildren, particularly those who are severely malnourished. A need has been highlighted for more research in this area, particularly how clinics such as Primeros Pasos can be best used in the fight against malnutrition.
Mothers’ infant feeding experiences: constraints and supports for optimal feeding in an HIV-impacted urban community in South Africa
Authors: Sibeko Lindiwe , Coutsoudis Anna , Nzuza S’phindile , Gray-Donald Katherine 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo better understand the enabling and challenging factors impacting on infant feeding practices in communities with a high HIV prevalence.DesignQualitative study, with data collected through in-depth interviews and observations of mothers, in addition to discussions with health-service providers.SettingUrban settlement in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.SubjectsMothers recruited from an HIV clinic and from within the community.ResultsEmerging from discussions with mothers on the acceptability of alternative feeding methods were the challenges they encountered in feeding their infants. Mothers readily identified feeding in the context of HIV infection as an issue of great concern, encompassing three central themes: (i) stigma and disclosure of HIV; (ii) confusion and coercion; and (iii) diarrhoea, sickness and free formula. It became evident that mothers rarely received quality infant feeding counselling and consequently mixed feeding, a widespread practice but one that is highly risky for HIV transmission, remained a common feeding practice. Exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) was best practised with support, following disclosure of HIV status. Availability of free formula did not guarantee exclusive formula feeding but instead led to inappropriate feeding practices.ConclusionsIn addition to providing accurate information, health-care workers must be empowered to counsel mothers effectively, addressing issues of disclosure and thereby facilitating mobilization of maternal support networks. These findings illustrate the challenges that exist in policy translation within the context of quality of training for health-care workers on optimizing maternal infant feeding practices, particularly in HIV-prevalent, resource-poor settings.
Social class-related gradient in the association of skeletal growth with blood pressure among adolescent boys in India
Authors: Rao Shobha , Apte Priti 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveIn view of the fact that height differences between socio-economic groups are apparent early in childhood, it is of interest to examine whether skeletal growth is reflective of the social class gradient in CVD risk. The present study examined blood pressure levels, adiposity and growth of adolescent boys from high and low social classes.DesignIn a cross-sectional study, skeletal growth (height and sitting height), adiposity (weight, BMI and body fat) and blood pressure levels of the adolescents were measured.SettingPune, India.SubjectsAdolescent schoolboys (9–16 years) from high socio-economic (HSE; n 1146) and low socio-economic (LSE; n 932) class.ResultsLSE boys were thin, short and undernourished (mean BMI: 15·5 kg/m2v. 19·3 kg/m2 in HSE boys, P = 0·00). Social gradient was revealed in differing health risks. The prevalence of high systolic blood pressure (HSBP) was high in HSE class (10·5 % v. 2·7 % in LSE class, P = 0·00) and was associated with adiposity, while the prevalence of high diastolic blood pressure (HDBP) was high in LSE class (9·8 % v. 7·0 % in HSE class, P = 0·00) and had only a weak association with adiposity. Despite this, lower ratio of leg length to height was associated with significantly higher respective health risks, i.e. for HDBP in LSE class (OR = 1·99, 95 % CI 1·14, 3·47) and for HSBP in HSE class (OR = 1·69, 95 % CI 1·02, 2·77).ConclusionsAs stunting in childhood is a major problem in India and Asia, the leg length to height indicator needs to be validated in different populations to understand CVD risks.
Weight loss by mobile phone: a 1-year effectiveness study
Authors: Haapala Irja , Barengo Noël C , Biggs Simon , Surakka Leena , Manninen Pirjo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the short- and long-term effectiveness and the predictors of weight loss in a mobile phone weight-loss programme among healthy overweight adults.DesignOne hundred and twenty-five healthy, overweight (BMI = 26–36 kg/m2), 25–44-year-old, screened volunteers were randomized to an experimental group (n 62) to use a mobile phone-operated weight-loss programme or to a control group (n 63) with no intervention. Via text messaging, the programme instructed a staggered reduction of food intake and daily weight reporting with immediate tailored feedback. Assessments were at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months for the experimental group; at 0 and 12 months for the control group. Main outcome variables were changes in body weight and waist circumference.ResultsBy 12 months the experimental group had lost significantly more weight than the control group (4·5 (sd 5·0) v. 1·1 (sd 5·8) kg; F(1,80) = 8·0, P = 0·006) and had a greater reduction in waist circumference (6·3 (sd 5·3) v. 2·4 (sd 5·4) cm; F(1,80) = 55·2, P = 0·0001). Early weight loss, self-efficacy, contact frequency, attitudes towards the medium, changes in work and family life and changes made in dietary habits were the strongest predictors of weight loss.ConclusionsThis mobile phone weight-loss programme was effective in short- and long-term weight loss. As a minimum-advice, maximal-contact programme, it offers ideas for future weight-loss programmes.
Unhealthy dietary patterns are associated with weight gain during pregnancy among Finnish women
Authors: Uusitalo Ulla , Arkkola Tuula , Ovaskainen Marja-Leena , Kronberg-Kippilä Carina , Kenward Mike G , Veijola Riitta , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo study whether the dietary patterns of Finnish pregnant women are associated with their weight gain rate during pregnancy.DesignA validated 181-item FFQ was applied retrospectively to assess the diet during the eighth month of pregnancy, and maternal height and maternal weight at first and last antenatal visits were recalled. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, parity and smoking of the pregnant women was obtained by a structured questionnaire and from the Finnish Birth Registry. Principal components analysis was used to identify dietary patterns that described the diet of pregnant women based on their food consumption profile.SettingFinland.SubjectsSubjects consisted of 3360 women who had newly delivered in 1997–2002 and whose baby carried human leucocyte antigen-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in two university hospital regions, Oulu and Tampere, in Finland.ResultsOut of seven dietary patterns identified, the ‘fast food’ pattern was positively associated (β= 0·010,se= 0·003,P= 0·004) and the ‘alcohol and butter’ pattern was inversely associated (β= –0·010,se= 0·003,P< 0·0001) with weight gain rate (kg/week) during pregnancy after adjusting for potential dietary, perinatal and sociodemographic confounding factors. Both of the dietary pattern associations demonstrated dose dependency.ConclusionsPregnant women should be guided to have a well-planned, balanced, healthy diet during pregnancy in order to avoid rapid gestational weight gain. The association between diet, health and maternal weight gain of the women who consumed alcohol during pregnancy should be studied further.
Identification of differentially expressed genes related to aberrant phenotypes in Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Authors: Salmon A. , Bellis H. , Chable V. , Manzanares‐Dauleux M. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe aberrant phenotype is characterized by the progressive expression of abnormal traits during vegetative growth affecting leaf thickness, shape and/or plant vigour. These striking morphological abnormalities do not appear to be caused by agronomical practices or pathogen infections. Furthermore, the aberrant phenotype, which is observed in 3–20% of cultivated cauliflowers, is not linked to DNA sequence or structural polymorphisms. To detect candidate genes related to the aberrant phenotype, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism on cDNA approach, sampling normal and aberrant F1 hybrid plants several times before and after the expression of the aberrant phenotype. This screen led to the detection of 51 differentially expressed transcripts. Twenty‐nine of these were homologous to annotated genes in genomic databases. We identified transcripts, which were differentially expressed before the expression of the aberrant trait with homology to genes involved in various abiotic stress responses. A non‐specific lipid transfer protein homologue was also identified and given the role that these proteins play in epicuticular wax formation and leaf morphology, it may be implicated in the abnormal leaf shape phenotypes.