bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF FEES IN PATENT SYSTEMS: THEORY AND EVIDENCE
Authors: de Rassenfosse Gaetan , van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie Bruno 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper reviews the economic literature on the role of fees in patent systems. Two main research questions are usually addressed: the impact of patent fees on the behavior of applicants and the question of optimal fees. Studies in the former group confirm that a range of fees affect the behavior of applicants and suggest that a patent is an inelastic good. Studies in the latter group provide grounds for both low and high application (or pre‐grant) fees and renewal (or post‐grant) fees, depending on the structural context and policy objectives. The paper also presents new stylized facts on patent fees of 30 patent offices worldwide. It is shown that application fees are generally lower than renewal fees, and renewal fees increase more than proportionally with patent age.
Investigating the Link Between Liking Versus Wanting Self‐Esteem and Depression in a Nationally Representative Sample of American Adults
Authors: Bushman Brad J. , Moeller Scott J. , Konrath Sara , Crocker Jennifer 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe self‐esteem movement has been around since the 1970s, and may have influenced how much value people place on self‐esteem. We predicted a negative relationship between age and the amount of value placed on self‐esteem boosts. We also investigated the correlates of liking versus wanting self‐esteem boosts (and other pleasant rewards) on depression. A nationally representative sample of American adults (N = 867) indicated how much they liked and wanted several pleasant rewards (i.e., sex, food, alcohol, money, friendship, self‐esteem boost). They also completed a standardized measure of depressive symptoms. As expected, there was a negative relationship between age and valuing self‐esteem boosts, sex, and alcohol. People with depressive symptoms wanted self‐esteem boosts, even though they did not like them very much. Similar effects were obtained for depressive symptoms and alcohol and friendship. This is the first research to show that self‐esteem boosts are more valued among a nationally representative sample of younger American adults. It also is the first research to explore the association between depression and the motivation to boost self‐esteem. People with depressive symptoms want self‐esteem, and may pursue it, but this pursuit may feel unrewarding because they do not derive pleasure from it.
Ageing Child Sex Offenders in Prison: Denial, Manipulation and Community
Authors: Mann Natalie 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWithin the prison population there exists a subculture consisting of those prisoners who need protection; these individuals are the ones who reside in the vulnerable prisoner unit and include informers, ex‐police officers, those with special educational needs and sex offenders. In short, this unit houses all those individuals who are at risk of attack from their fellow prisoners. Life within this subculture is different from life in the mainstream population; it is no less difficult, no less of an alien environment within which to survive, but the characteristics of the men ensure that the dominant moral order is unlike that of the main prison wings. Based on intensive fieldwork carried out with men aged 50 years and over in three English prisons, this article examines how child sex offenders, the most vilified subsection of the prison population, survive, and observes the differing ways in which both acceptance of, and resistance to, the prison regime become manipulated actions executed by extremely knowledgeable agents.
Interventions Provided by Parents for Children with Intellectual Disabilities in Low and Middle Income Countries
Authors: Einfeld Stewart L. , Stancliffe Roger J. , Gray Kylie M. , Sofronoff Kate , Rice Lauren , Emerson Eric , Yasamy M. T. 
Published: February 2012

Background  In low‐ and middle‐income (LAMI) countries, there is a lack of well‐trained therapists to provide specialist interventions for children with intellectual disabilities and their families. We sought to identify strategies deliverable by families or non‐specialist workers.Materials and Methods  After searches of appropriate scientific databases, we applied GRADE methodology to rate the quality of evidence for these interventions.Results  We identified small‐scale interventions trialled in LAMI countries with limited evidence of effectiveness in supporting development, adaptive behaviour and/or community participation. In high‐income countries, the Stepping Stones Triple P program for adaptive behaviour and the Portage program for child development have the most extensive evidence base and may be applicable in LAMI countries.Conclusions  There is reason to hope that, when combined with community development strategies, the welfare of children with intellectual disabilities in LAMI countries can be advanced within those countries’ economic means.
Is “conflict adaptation” driven by conflict? Behavioral and EEG evidence for the underappreciated role of congruent trials
Authors: Compton Rebecca J. , Huber Eleanor , Levinson Amanda R. , Zheutlin Amanda 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTheories of cognitive control argue that response conflict in speeded performance tasks leads to adaptive changes, such that irrelevant information is better ignored on subsequent trials. This study tested whether trial‐by‐trial changes are driven primarily by conflict on incongruent trials or instead by congruent trials, in which irrelevant and relevant stimulus dimensions match. In a Stroop task including congruent, incongruent, and neutral trials, interference was greater following congruent compared to incongruent and neutral trials, which did not differ. During the intertrial interval, EEG alpha power, an inverse measure of cerebral activation, was significantly lower following congruent than neutral trials, whereas incongruent and neutral trials did not differ. These results imply that trial‐by‐trial changes in performance may not be driven solely by conflict, but rather by changes in attention triggered by congruent information.
Large loop excision of transformation zone and cervical length in the prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery
Authors: Poon LCY , Savvas M , Zamblera D , Skyfta E , Nicolaides KH 
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as: Poon L, Savvas M, Zamblera D, Skyfta E, Nicolaides K. Large loop excision of transformation zone and cervical length in the prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery. BJOG 2012;119:692–698.Objectives  To investigate the association between previous large loop excision of transformation zone (LLETZ) and risk for subsequent spontaneous preterm delivery (sPD) and whether this effect is reflected in the measurement of cervical length at mid‐gestation.Design and setting  A secondary analysis of data from women recruited for clinical trials of interventions to prevent preterm labour.Population  A total of 26 867 women with singleton pregnancies attending for routine antenatal care.Methods  Transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length was carried out at 20+0 to 24+6 weeks. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the significant predictors of sPD among maternal characteristics, obstetric history, previous history of LLETZ and cervical length.Main outcome measures  Spontaneous preterm delivery.Results  In the 473 women who had undergone LLETZ, compared with the 25 772 without a history of LLETZ, the rate of sPD before 34 weeks of gestation was higher (3.4 versus 1.3%, P = 0.0002) and the median cervical length was shorter (32 mm versus 34 mm, P < 0.0001). Regression analysis demonstrated that in the prediction of sPD there were significant contributions from racial origin, cigarette smoking, previous preterm delivery and LLETZ and the detection rate of sPD was 29.8%, at a false‐positive rate of 10%. However, after addition of cervical length, LLETZ did not remain a significant predictor in the model, which detected 52.6% of sPD, at a false‐positive rate of 10%.Conclusions  LLETZ increases the risk of sPD, even after adjustment for maternal risk factors. The effect of a previous LLETZ on sPD in a subsequent pregnancy is reflected in the measurement of cervical length at mid‐gestation.
Microbial diversity under extreme euxinia: Mahoney Lake, Canada
Authors: KLEPAC‐CERAJ V. , HAYES C. A. , GILHOOLY W. P. , LYONS T. W. , KOLTER R. , PEARSON A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMahoney Lake, British Columbia, Canada, is a stratified, 15‐m deep saline lake with a euxinic (anoxic, sulfidic) hypolimnion. A dense plate of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria is found at the chemocline, but to date the rest of the Mahoney Lake microbial ecosystem has been underexamined. In particular, the microbial community that resides in the aphotic hypolimnion and/or in the lake sediments is unknown, and it is unclear whether the sulfate reducers that supply sulfide for phototrophy live only within, or also below, the plate. Here we profiled distributions of 16S rRNA genes using gene clone libraries and PhyloChip microarrays. Both approaches suggest that microbial diversity is greatest in the hypolimnion (8 m) and sediments. Diversity is lowest in the photosynthetic plate (7 m). Shallower depths (5 m, 7 m) are rich in Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, while deeper depths (8 m, sediments) are rich in Crenarchaeota, Natronoanaerobium, and Verrucomicrobia. The heterogeneous distribution of Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria between 7 and 8 m is consistent with metabolisms involving sulfur intermediates in the chemocline, but complete sulfate reduction in the hypolimnion. Overall, the results are consistent with the presence of distinct microbial niches and suggest zonation of sulfur cycle processes in this stratified system.
Differential effects of planktonic and biofilm MRSA on human fibroblasts
Authors: Kirker Kelly R. , James Garth A. , Fleckman Philip , Olerud John E. , Stewart Philip S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBacteria colonizing chronic wounds often exist as biofilms, yet their role in chronic wound pathogenesis remains unclear. Staphylococcus aureus biofilms induce apoptosis in dermal keratinocytes, and given that chronic wound biofilms also colonize dermal tissue, it is important to investigate the effects of bacterial biofilms on dermal fibroblasts. The effects of a predominant wound pathogen, methicillin‐resistant S. aureus, on normal, human, dermal fibroblasts were examined in vitro. Cell‐culture medium was conditioned with equivalent numbers of either planktonic or biofilm methicillin‐resistant S. aureus and then fed to fibroblast cultures. Fibroblast response was evaluated using scratch, viability, and apoptosis assays. The results suggested that fibroblasts experience the same fate when exposed to the soluble products of either planktonic or biofilm methicillin‐resistant S. aureus, namely limited migration followed by death. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that fibroblast production of cytokines, growth factors, and proteases were differentially affected by planktonic and biofilm‐conditioned medium. Planktonic‐conditioned medium induced more interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor‐β1, heparin‐bound epidermal growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase‐1, and metalloproteinase‐3 production in fibroblasts than the biofilm‐conditioned medium. Biofilm‐conditioned medium induced more tumor necrosis factor‐α production in fibroblasts compared with planktonic‐conditioned medium, and suppressed metalloproteinase‐3 production compared with controls.
Ethical Issues in Practice: A Survey of Public Health Nurses in Japan
Authors: Asahara Kiyomi , Kobayashi Maasa , Ono Wakanako , Omori Junko , Todome Hiromi , Konishi Emiko , Miyazaki Toshie 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe purposes of this study were to identify specific components and frequencies of ethical issues that public health nurses (PHNs) encountered in their practice, relationships between ethical issues and demographic data, and ethics education and workplace environment.Design and SampleCross‐sectional survey for PHNs at local governmental agencies in Japan. Usable data were 3,409.MeasuresPublic health nurses completed the frequency of ethical issues, experience of ethics education, workplace environment, and demographics.ResultsItem and exploratory factor analysis for the frequency of encountering ethical issues revealed: (1) discrepancy of intention between client and his/her family on treatment or care; (2) differences in views between PHNs and their organization's administrators regarding providing services; and (3) discrepancy of caretaking views between PHNs and various professionals. All factors were related to work experience and one factor was specifically related to the type of local government employing PHNs. Only 11.1% of PHNs received ethics education via continuing education programs. PHNs reported that programmed continuing education systems were not sufficiently available.ConclusionsSystematic continuing ethics education programs for PHNs need developing, tailored to the specific characteristics associated with PHNs’ ethical concerns, such as nurses’ working experience and the type of employing local government.
Clinical Indicators of the Nursing Diagnosis of “Imbalanced Nutrition: More than Body Requirements” in Pregnant Women
Authors: Valente Mayenne M. Q. P. , Moura Escolástica R. F. , de Oliveira Lopes Marcos V. , de Castro Damasceno Ana K. , Evangelista Danielle R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo verify the accuracy measures of certain clinical indicators for the diagnosis of “Imbalanced Nutrition: More than Body Requirements” in pregnant women.Design and SampleA cross‐sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study. In total, 146 pregnant women treated in the public health unit in northeast Brazil.MeasuresData were collected through structured interviews and by measuring the body mass index and the thickness of the triceps skin fold. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of these clinical indicators were also analyzed.ResultsThe clinical indicators of patients with this diagnosis were sedentary lifestyle (97.1%); eating in response to internal suggestions (86.98%); obesity/overweight; and triceps skin fold (>25 mm) (99.3%). Eating in response to external suggestions was the most specific clinical indicator (70.1%). There was a statistically significant association between eating in response to internal suggestions besides hunger (p = .022), overweight/obesity (p < .001) ,and triceps skin fold >25 mm (p = .014).ConclusionThe clinical indicator with the highest sensitivity value (86.96%) for the diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition: greater than body requirements was eating in response to internal suggestions besides hunger. Indicators with the higher specificity value for this nursing diagnosis were obesity/overweight (98.73%) and triceps skin fold >25 mm (98.59%).
Cerebral blood flow and fMRI BOLD auditory language activation in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Appel Shmuel , Duke Elizabeth S. , Martinez Ashley R. , Khan Omar I. , Dustin Irene M. , Reeves‐Tyer Patricia , Berl Madison B. , Sato Susumu , Gaillard William D. , Theodore William H. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), an important research and clinical tool, depends on relatively greater transient increases in (regional cerebral blood flow) rCBF than cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen during neural activity. We investigated whether reduced resting rCBF in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy affects BOLD signal during fMRI language mapping.Methods:  We used [15O] water positron emission tomography (PET) to measure rCBF, and 3 Tesla echo planar imaging (EPI) BOLD fMRI with an auditory description decision task in 33 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (16 men; mean age 33.6 ± standard deviation [SD] 10.6 years; epilepsy onset 14.8 ± 10.6 years; mean duration 18.8 ± 13.2 years; 23 left focus, 10 right focus). Anatomic regions drawn on structural MRI, based on the Wake Forest Pick Atlas, included Wernicke’s area (WA), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and hippocampus (HC). Laterality indices (LIs), and asymmetry indices (AIs), were calculated on coregistered fMRI and PET.Key Findings:  Twelve patients had mesial temporal sclerosis (seven on the left), two patients had a tumor or malformation of cortical development (both left), one patient a right temporal cyst, and 18 patients had normal MRI (14 left). Decreasing relative left WA CBF correlated with decreased left IFG voxel activation and decreasing left IFG LI. However, CBF WA AI was not related to left WA voxel activation itself or WA LI. There was a weak positive correlation between absolute CBF and fMRI activation in left IFG, right IFG, and left WA. Patients with normal and abnormal MRI did not differ in fMRI activation or rCBF AIs.Significance:  Reduced WA rCBF is associated with reduced fMRI activation in IFG but not WA itself, suggesting distributed network effects, but not impairment of underlying BOLD response. Hypoperfusion in TLE does not affect fMRI clinical value.
Comparative Safety of Antipsychotic Medications in Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Huybrechts Krista F. , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Gerhard Tobias , Olfson Mark , Avorn Jerry , Levin Raisa , Lucas Judith A. , Crystal Stephen 
Published: February 2012

ObjectivesTo compare the risk of major medical events in nursing home residents newly initiated on conventional or atypical antipsychotic medications (APMs).DesignCohort study, using linked Medicaid, Medicare, Minimum Data Set, and Online Survey Certification and Reporting data. Propensity score‐adjusted proportional hazards models were used to compare risks for medical events at a class and individual drug level.SettingNursing homes in 45 U.S. states.ParticipantsEighty‐three thousand nine hundred fifty‐nine Medicaid‐eligible residents aged 65 and older who initiated APM treatment after nursing home admission in 2001 to 2005.MeasurementsHospitalization for myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, serious bacterial infections, and hip fracture within 180 days of treatment initiation.ResultsRisks of bacterial infections (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05–1.49) and possibly myocardial infarction (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.81–1.86) and hip fracture (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.95–1.76) were higher, and risks of cerebrovascular events (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.65–1.02) were lower in participants initiating conventional APMs than in those initiating atypical APMs. Little variation existed between individual atypical APMs, except for a somewhat lower risk of cerebrovascular events with olanzapine (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.81–1.02) and quetiapine (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79–1.02) and a lower risk of bacterial infections (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73–0.94) and possibly a higher risk of hip fracture (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.96–1.43) with quetiapine than with risperidone. Dose‐response relationships were observed for all events (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.05–1.19 for high vs low dose for all events combined).ConclusionThese associations underscore the importance of carefully selecting the specific APM and dose and monitoring their safety, especially in nursing home residents who have an array of medical illnesses and are undergoing complex medication regimens.
The evolving discipline and services of neuropsychiatry in the United Kingdom
Authors: Arambepola Narayana M. A. , Rickards Hugh , Cavanna Andrea E. 
Published: February 2012

Background: The last few decades have seen a renaissance in the development of neuropsychiatric services on a global scale.Methods: This paper reviews the existing literature on the changing role of the clinical neuropsychiatrist and discusses the evolving theory and practice of neuropsychiatry in the United Kingdom.Results: The rapidly evolving specialty of neuropsychiatry is currently facing a number of challenges. These include, but are not limited to, uncertainties about the curricular requirements for clinical neuropsychiatrists and the changing roles within the wider scenario of health-care service provision.Discussion: An informed historical perspective on this multifaceted discipline allows key insights into its future development.
An analysis of energy price reform: a CGE approach
Authors: Manzoor Davood , Shahmoradi Asghar , Haqiqi Iman 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper identifies two types of implicit and explicit energy subsidies in Iran as an oil‐producing country. Using a computable general equilibrium model, we study the impacts of reducing implicit and explicit energy subsidies, which entails a huge increase in domestic energy prices. The model is based on a Modified Micro Consistent Matrix (prepared by the authors for the Ministry of Energy in Iran), which includes implicit subsidies and sector‐specific capital. The model consists of 36 commodity goods and 18 production activities. Our findings suggest that, except for energy and services, overall economic activity declines and the consumer faces a lower level of welfare after subsidy reduction. Energy exports would increase and non‐energy exports decline. Domestic energy demand by households and producers would decline as well. On the demand side, the results show a crowding out effect on public goods and services.
Gas development in Saudi Arabia assessing the short‐term, demand‐side effects
Authors: Albqami Raja M. , Mathis F. John 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper analyses the short‐term, demand‐side effects of a large natural gas investment programme currently being implemented in Saudi Arabia using input–output analysis. Saudi Arabia opened gas exploration and production projects to national and international companies in order to attract substantial new investment in the exploration and production of gas non‐associated with oil output. The expected additional gas production is intended for domestic use, thus freeing for export some of the oil that is currently being used to supply domestic energy. Increased oil exports would generate additional foreign exchange income to help fund further diversification of the Saudi economy. The primary outcome of the input–output analysis shows that the strongest positive impact would be realised by the Saudi construction and manufacturing sectors and that a great deal of the equipment needed for increased gas production would have to be imported. A shortage of educated Saudis may curtail success or require use of more foreign skilled expatriates. So far, Saudi Arabia is having significant difficulties finding and expanding the output of non‐associated gas.