bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tertiary Basaltic Formation in Iceland
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie 
Published: October 2009

A grant from the Government Fund enabled me to visit Iceland 1881, with a view of studying its interbasaltic flora. I explored considerable part of the island and visited every locality that I could reach where lignite had been met with. I did not take notes of some of the localities where my visits were hurried; but the conclusion I invariably arrived at was, that the sedimentary deposits in which vegetable remains are found, are situated among the glassy rhyolitic flows above the columnar series of basalt. The rhyolites are usually pale in colour, and with banded structure, but are sometimes black pitchstone or obsidian. They cap the loftiest mountains of the district west of Akreyri, and extend at least to Baula, a mountain in the same latitude as Snaefell, and possibly beyond this. They also occur on the east coast, though I did not reach any of them in that part of Iceland, which I only visited from the Danish mail-boat, which calls in many of the fiords. I did not pay particular attention to their thickness, but at Sandafell I measured 30 feet of white, pink, ivory-coloured, and black glassy lavas. The thickness is, I believe, sometimes greater than this, and they are interrupted and overlain by smaller flows of basalt. The horizon is, however certainly continuous, and marks a very definite stage or phase in the great series of Tertiary eruptions which extended from Ireland to Iceland in Eocene times.
I cannot yet present data to show
The Drift-deposits of Colwyn Bay
Authors: Reade T. Mellard 
Published: October 2009

In a former paper I gave a short sketch of the drift disclosed in the ballast-pit at Colwyn-Bay station; and as in February of 1884 I had an opportunity of extending my observations over a larger area, I now propose to give an account of them.
From Colwyn Head to Rhos Point is a distance of about three miles; and all along the shore, except where obscured by the Colwyn Bay parade or grassed over by the railway company, are to be seen in cliffs excellent sections of the drift.
This drift, extending backward to the foot of the hills which sweep in a curve from headland to headland, rests nearly wholly on the Silurian rocks, representatives of the Wenlock Shale.
Colwyn Head or Penmaen Cliffs, and Rhos Point, are denuded remnants of the Carboniferous Limestone, and near to each of these headlands the drift is seen to rest directly on the limestone, there being no exposure of the underlying Silurians anywhere to be seen in Colwyn Bay.
The surface of the drift is remarkably level, excepting where it gradually creeps up the hills. Most of the houses in Colwyn Bay are built upon it. It is crescent-shaped on plan, thinning out towards the outward curve, which rests on the hills, and thickening towards the Bay.

The drift may be roughly grouped into three divisions in ascending order, as follows :— 1.
Bluish-grey Till
(bed l, figs. 1 & 2), hard and tough, evidently composed of the combined grindings or
On the S. W. Extension of the Clifton Fault
Authors: Morgan C. Lloyd 
Published: October 2009

On the right bank of the Avon, somewhat below the Suspension Bridge and a little beyond the Clifton station of the Bristol Port railway, the Clifton fault cuts across the strata somewhat obliquely. On the southern side of the fault is massive Mountain Limestone, forming the bold bluff of the Observatory Hill. On the northern side are much contorted red grit and limestone shales (see Map, p. 147).
Viewed from the opposite side of the river, the right bank, from the Suspension Bridge for half a mile northwards, shows the following features. The eastern tower of the Suspension Bridge is built on a solid mass of limestone, the western face of which fronts the river as an almost perpendicular wall of rock. At right angles to this, and parallel with the bridge-road, there is a second face due probably to a joint plane, or a minor dislocation of the strata parallel with that caused by the Clifton fault. This vertical face forms the southern boundary of a little recess in the rocks, in which lies the Clifton station. On the northern side of the station rises the somewhat dislocated mass of limestone which forms Observatory Hill, and which, on its southern side, abuts against Millstone Grit and Upper Limestone Shales brought down by the Clifton fault. The whole appearance of the side of the ravine now changes, and in place of vertical limestone cliffs there is a wooded slope. Close to the river, however, the rocks are well seen in
Evidence of the Action of Land-Ice at Great Crosby, Lancashire
Authors: Reade T. Mellard 
Published: October 2009

In previous papers I have described a deposit of rubble-débris and red sand lying on the Triassic rocks and underlying the Low-level Boulder-clay and sands in the neighbourhood of Liverpool, which I suggested was due to the grinding and crushing action of land-ice. I also pointed out that where this deposit did not occur, the rocks, as is well known, are usually polished, grooved, and striated. Until lately no opportunity has occurred of testing the validity of this view by reference to any other than sandstone rock that such land-ice may have moved over.
In October 1884 I described, in the ‘Geological Magazine,’ a section of Keuper marls at Great Crosby previously unknown, and since then I have made frequent observations of the upper part of the marls in relation to the Low-level Boulder-clay that overlies them.
From time to time as the excavations have proceeded, it became clearly apparent that the upper part of the marls had been from some cause or other much disturbed. There were imbedded in it large angular and sometimes nearly square blocks of sandstone. These were not merely pressed into the surface, but actually imbedded in the marl at all angles. In the undisturbed marls are well-defined bands of a harder nature, and one of these bands was at one place broken up and contorted, the fragments displaced, and irregularly forced into and amongst the worked-up softer marls or shales (see fig. p. 455). This was very striking, as the band continued in an
The Cretaceous Beds at Black Ven, near Lyme Regis, with some supplementary Remarks on the Blackdown Beds
Authors: Downes W. 
Published: October 2009

F
our
visits, each of three or four hours' duration, to the same section and upon almost consecutive days ought to afford the opportunity for recording somewhat, unless the section be either one that is void of interest, or already so worked-out as to leave nothing further to be recorded. In the present case, when among the previous workers are found the names of Etheridge, Meyer, De Rance, Price, and others, it may seem probable that the subject might have been exhausted. As, however, the writer's experiences do not quite agree with all that has before been written, and as he found not a few fossils in a bed hitherto (as he believes) supposed to be non-fossiliferous, a brief memoir may be of service.

The section in question is about halfway between Lyme Regis and Charmouth, in the sea-cliff. Four years ago there had been a landslip there, which necessitated a reconstruction of the high road. According to a local informant this landslip revealed for the first time the presence of a bed of Gault; but this statement was certainly erroneous, for fossils from the Gault bed seem to have been in the Jermyn-Street cases long ere that date. But the landslip seems to have done some service to geology in making the Gault bed in one place more accessible, and in causing a new and clean-cut section of the beds above it to be made in the course of the reconstruction of the road.
The whole cliff-section may be roughly
On the Stratigraphical Positions of the
Trigoniæ
of the Lower and Middle Jurassic Beds of North Oxfordshire and adjacent Districts
Authors: Walford Edwin A. 
Published: October 2009

A well-defined family of the Mollusca making its appearance and attaining its maximum development within a limited geologic period must necessarily be of exceptional interest to the palæontologist. Such a family, the Trigoniæ, though from their irregular dispersion and less vagrant habit inferior to the Ammonites as stratigraphical guides, supply nevertheless no unimportant evidence thereon, finding, as they do, a birthplace in the lower beds of the Lias, and in the Inferior Oolite leaping into such numerical luxuriance that Dr. Lycett has well described it as “a very metropolis of the Trigoniæ.” Though fairly represented in the higher Jurassic series, yet with gradually diminishing importance notwithstanding a brief Neocomian revival, they range through the Mesozoic period, and now in Australasian seas linger as the remnant of a once dominant race.
In wealth of individual forms as well as in number of species the narrow Jurassic area of North Oxfordshire stands prominent. As elsewhere, the Lias species are few.
Liassic Species.

T
rigonia Lingonensis
, D
umort
.—In the zone of
Ammonites Henleyi
of the Middle Lias of Banbury a doubtful cast of this species has been found. I have recorded it also from the zone of
Ammonites spinatus
at Kings Sutton and Aston-le-Wall, localities on the borders of Northamptonshire. At Preston Capes, in Northamptonshire also, it has been collected by Miss Baker.

T
rigonia Northamptonensis
, nov. sp. (Pl. I. figs. 4–7.)

The few immature forms of this species which had come under my notice until quite recently caused me to refer them with some degree
On the
Astrocœniæ
of the Sutton Stone and other Deposits of the Infra-Lias of South Wales
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

A very well-preserved specimen of
Astrocoenia gibbosa
, nobis, has lately eometo handwhich was collected bythe lateE. B. Tawney, Esq., F.G.S., and as it illustrates many interesting points in regard to the morphology of the Species, I have thought that a description of it would be interesting to those Fellows of the Society who take an interest in the Madreporaria of the Jurassic strata.

The specimen is gibbous and worn on the free surface, and it has been carefully cut transversely and polished at the distance of an inch from the top. The form has grown vigorously in some parts and more slowly in others, and there are quite young as well as old corallites to be observed in the colony. Except in one or two places, fossilization has not interfered with the perfect preservation of the structural details, and the originally hard parts of the coral are represented by dense white mineral, while the interspaces are filled with more or less transparent, dark, carbonate of lime.
On one side of the specimen and on the upper surface close by, are some corallites, which, as they are characteristically Astroccenian, may be noticed first of all. On the side of the colony the corallites have been worn so as to show longitudinal views of their walls and septa (P1. VIII. fig. 1). The walls of adjacent eorallites are united, and it is only in one or two places that a very thin line of semitransparent calcite denotes that the fusion has been incomplete.
On the Structure and Classificatory Position of some Madreporaria from the Secondary Strata of England and South Wales
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

The Madreporaria of the Secondary strata of England were first described in the volumes of the Palmontographical Society by MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, and some supplementary monographs were written by the author of this communication and published by the same Society during 1866–1872
Ten years after the appearance of the last of the monographs a series of papers was communicated to this Society by Mr. R. F. Tomes, F.G.S., and these contained descriptions of new species and genera, besides numerous criticisms of the work of the great French authors and of my own labours. The criticisms occupy considerable space in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.’ Many of them have been answered in a “Revision of the Families and Genera of the Sclerodermic Zoantharia”†; but the time has now come when a reply should be placed before this Society
As there was no particular order in Mr. Tomes's communications, it is proposed to consider them in geological order, and the first to be noticed is entitled “A Critical and Comparative Revision of the Madreporaria of the White Lias of the Middle and Western Counties of England and of those of the Conglomerate at the Base of the Welsh Lias” (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. eel. xl. 1884, p. 353)

In this communication a number of genera and species were passed in review, and amongst them the species of the genus
Astrocænia
, which were described by me in the ‘Monograph of the British Fossil Corals,’ 2nd series, Pal. Soc. Lend.,
On the Basement-beds of the Inferior Oolite of Gloucestershire
Authors: Witchell E. 
Published: October 2009

During the last twenty years very little has appeared in the Journal of the Geological Society upon the Inferior Oolite of Gloucestershire. Prior to that period the Journal contains several valuable papers on that formation by able geologists, among whom I may mention the names of the Rev. P. B. Brodie, Dr. T. Wright, Professor J. Buckman, Professor E. Hull, and Dr. Holl. In addition to these papers we have the Memoir of the Geological Survey by Professor E. Hull, ‘The Geology of Cheltenham,’ and Dr. Lycett's ‘Geology of the Cotteswold Hills,’—works which have served as guides to the Cotteswold geologist to the present time. Indeed the work done between the years 1847 and 1860 was of such great extent and excellent character that it seemed as if there was nothing more to do in the Cotteswolds except, perhaps, to make from time to time some addition to the lists of fossils of the district; but after working over the Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswolds nearly a quarter of a century, and going carefully over the work of my predecessors, I am of opinion that another paper at least is required upon the lower beds of that formation before they can be thoroughly understood.
My reasons for this opinion are :―(1) That the beds called “Pea Grit” in the Leckhampton section by Hugh Strickland, which name was adopted by Dr. Wright and the Geological surveyors, include in that term―erroneously, as I think―all the beds occurring betwwen the Pea Grit proper
Account of a Well-sinking made by the Great Western Railway Company at Swindon; with Lists of Fossils
Authors: Woodward Horace B. 
Published: October 2009

1. The Great Western Railway Company being desirous of obtaining good supply of water for use in their locomotive and stationary engines at Swindon, determined, in 1883, to sink a well. The spot chosen for this undertaking is on the northern side of the railway, and at the western end of the Company's works.
Two shafts have been sunk, very close together―one known as the South Well, to a depth of 246 feet, and the other as the North Well, to a depth of 736 feet 2 inches. The details of the strata passed through in the two sinkings, to the depth of 246 feet, are practically the same, the shafts being 8 feet in diameter and sunk the entire depth. The object of the additional shaft was for convenience in pumping and in carrying away the material excavated. The surface of the ground is 329 feet above the Ordnance datum.
From a practical point of view this well has not been altogether successful; for, although the promoters did not actually get into hot water, they tapped a supply of luke-warm and very saline water.
The Corallian beds, which occur between the depths of 72 and 112 feet, yielded the first supply of water, which issued at the rate of about 1000 gallons per hour; but neither in quality nor in quantity was it deemed satisfactory. It contained 144 grains of saline matter per imperial gallon.
Water again was met with at the depth of 730 to 736 feet, rising
On some Rock-specimens collected by Dr. Hicks in N.W. Pembrokeshire
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

The specimens collected by Dr. Hicks during his late visit to Pembrokeshire have a most important bearing on the question of the existence or non-existence in that region of a considerable group of Pre-Cambrian rocks. In addition to these, the slides described by Mr. T. Davies in the ‘Quarterly Journal’ for 1884 were placed in my hands for purposes of comparison. I also possess a small series cut from specimens either collected by myself on occasion of a short visit in 1882 or given to me by Dr. Hicks.
The main points at issue in regard to the geology of the district are these: Do we find here an important group of rocks anterior to a well-defined base of the Cambrian series? or are certain granitoid and felsitic rocks (the so-called Dimetian and Arvonian)only intrusive masses of later date than the lower Cambrian? and is the socalled Pebidian merely a record of volcanic eruptions which occurred in the earliest days of the Cambrian period, no more deserving of separation from it than are the volcanic rocks of the Arcnig or Bala from the other members of those formations? Subordinate and highly interesting questions are: What is the true nature of the granitoid (Dimetian) and of the felsitie (Arvonian) rocks? Are they metamorphic rocks in the ordinary sense, or are they igneous? If the former view can be established, the controversy is practically at an end ; but if the matter must remain in uncertainty, or even if the rocks be
On some Eruptive Rocks from the Neighbourhood of St. Minver, Cornwall
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

Among the numerous exposures of eruptive rock occurring in the vicinity of St. Minver, near Padstow, those at Cant Hill and Carlion are conspicuously represented on Sheet 30 of the Geological Survey map.
In both cases these rocks occupy high ground, and in both they are mapped as “greenstone;” but a casual glance suffices to show that they are very different from one another, although at their nearest points they are little more than half a mile apart.
The surface of the ground is undulating, and the hills are, as a rule, smooth and under cultivation, so that it seems probable that the boundary lines of these eruptive rocks have been partly mapped from superficial features, the exposures being neither large nor numerous. If it were not for two or three small quarries which have been opened, there would be very little eruptive rock visible, and in no case did I see any contact with the adjacent slates. I am therefore unable to state what is the relation which the former bears to the latter, although, from an inspection of the Survey map, I hoped that it would have been possible to gain some information upon this point at the base of Cant Hill, on the eastern side.
With this object in view I examined the foot of the hill, passing from St. Michael along the bank of the estuary to the small cove near Cant Farm, but, at the spot where, judging from the map, the eruptive rock might
The Pleistocene Succession in the Trent Basin
Authors: Deeley R. M. 
Published: October 2009

Though the glacial deposits of some portions of the Trent basin have received a considerable degree of attention, no really systematic attempt has yet been made to ascertain their succession, or even to trace the horizontal extension of the more important members of the series. Mr. D. Mackintosh has certainly stated his opinion concerning the westerly extension of the Great Chalky Boulder-clay, and Mr. Searles V. Wood, Junior, has also dealt more or less theoretically with the whole subject; but before anything like certainty on these points can be arrived at, the succession over the whole area must be ascertained, and the horizontal extension of each member of the series traced.
Sections have also been described by the Rev. Dr. Crosskey, Mr. W. J. Harrison, Mr. James Shipman, Mr. Molyneux, the officers of the Geological Survey, &c. &c. Many of these exposures, however, are now obscured by talus or overgrown with vegetation, while others I have not been able to visit. Indeed the following paper must be regarded as an endeavour to ascertain the succession obtaining in the Pleistocene deposits of the Trent basin, as shown by sections which I have myself examined, rather than as a detailed account of their distribution.
For assistance in much of the field-work, especially that portion relating to Nottinghamshire, I am indebted to Mr. J. Shipman. My thanks are also due to Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, for his advice, and to Mr. J. J. Harris Teall, for the use of his notes.
The observations
On some Cupriferous Shales in the Province of Hon-peh, China
Authors: Becher H. M. 
Published: October 2009

In the month of July 1885, the writer was asked to accompany a Chinese gentleman, proceeding from Shanghai, to visit certain deposits of copper-ore reported to be very rich and extensive, and occurring on some property up the Yangtse river. Specimens of the ore had been sent to Shanghai and were given to the writer for inspection. These consisted of mixed ore of copper of dark brown colour, being mostly impure oxides with a little unchanged sulphide permeated by streaks of carbonate. The mineral was very heavy, and showed by a rough test about 70 per cent. of metallic copper. The most interesting feature, however, was the external appearance of the pieces, one of which was intact as taken from the earth near the surface, showing a striking resemblance to the well-known form of petrified wood, and suggesting the possible association of organic agency in its origin. This peculiarity of course dispelled the first assumption of large veins, though adding to the interest of investigating the mineral source, which proved to be near the open Port of I-Chang, on the Yang-tse-Kiang, about 1000 miles from the sea.
The country surrounding I-Chang, on the western border of the province of Hon-peh, is very mountainous, being on the confines of the extensive ranges through which the river Yang-tse-Kiang here emerges from its eastward course through the province of Setchuan. The low hills in the immediate vicinity of I-Chang are composed of reddish sandstone and conglomerate beds dipping very slightly to S.E.; but
The Geology of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: Gilpin Edwin 
Published: October 2009

In the following notes the writer has tried to give a brief account of the geology of this island from notes of his professional work as Inspector of Mines and from other available sources. Mr. R. Brown, of the Sydney mines, lived for many years on the island when it was, geologically speaking, an unexplored region. The Transactions of the Society contain several valuable papers of his, giving many details of the Carboniferous system. Sir J. W. Dawson, in his ‘Acadian Geology,’ indicated the outlines of the principal geological divisions, and devoted much attention to the Carboniferous flora. During the past fifteen years Mr. H. Fletcher, of the Canadian Geological Survey, has explored and mapped the island, and the map accompanying these notes has been reduced from the large scale-plans accompanying his annual reports, from which I have taken several sections. Valuable reports were made by Professor Lesley, Mr. Lyman, and others on several districts considered of economic importance; but the list of writers is a scanty one.
The geology of Cape Breton is notable on account of the development of two great rock series—the Carboniferous and the Pre-Cambrian. There are no measures known later than the upper portion of the productive Coal-Measures, and between the basal conglomerate of this period and the Pre-Cambrian there intervene only a few areas referred to the Devonian and the Lower Silurian.
The following formations have been recognized in Cape Breton by the officers of the Geological Survey:—

Pre-Cambrian, Felsite Series
.

The exact age