bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fitness Cost of Rifampicin Resistance inPseudomonas aeruginosaDepends on Demand for RNA Polymerase
Authors: Hall Alex R , Iles James C , MacLean R Craig 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBacterial resistance to antibiotics usually incurs a fitness cost in the absence of selecting drugs, and this cost of resistance plays a key role in the spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogen populations. Costs of resistance have been shown to vary with environmental conditions, but the causes of this variability remain obscure. In this article, we show that the average cost of rifampicin resistance in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is reduced by the addition of ribosome inhibitors (chloramphenicol or streptomycin) that indirectly constrain transcription rate and therefore reduce demand for RNA polymerase activity. This effect is consistent with predictions from metabolic control theory. We also tested the alternative hypothesis that the observed trend was due to a general effect of environmental quality on the cost of resistance. To do this we measured the fitness of resistant mutants in the presence of other antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and carbenicillin) that have similar effects on bacterial growth rate but bind to different target enzymes (DNA gyrase and penicillin-binding proteins, respectively) and in 41 single-carbon source environments of varying quality. We find no consistent effect of environmental quality on the average cost of resistance in these treatments. These results show that the cost of rifampicin resistance varies with demand for the mutated target enzyme, rather than as a simple function of bacterial growth rate or stress.
Speaking Out About the Social Implications of Science: The Uneven Legacy of H. J. Muller
Authors: Carlson Elof Axel 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
H. J. Muller (1890–1967) was unusual as a scientist because he spoke out on numerous occasions about the uses and abuses of genetics in society. In this article, I follow Muller's efforts to do so and the consequences that they had on his career, his productivity as a research scientist, and his reputation. The shifting sites of Muller's work—which ranged from Columbia University to Texas, from Berlin to Moscow and Leningrad, from Madrid to Edinburgh, and from Amherst to Indiana University—made his activism unusual. Muller paid a price for his activism, and his reputation today is still marred by what most historians would consider risky judgments and reversals of position about genetics and society. My analysis is not a defense but rather an evaluation of the circumstances that led him to these positions and an analysis of the consequences of challenging society when scientists believe their science is being ignored or abused.
Two‐ and 13‐week Inhalation Toxicities of Indium‐tin Oxide and Indium Oxide in Rats
Authors: Nagano Kasuke , Gotoh Kaoru , Kasai Tatsuya , Aiso Shigetoshi , Nishizawa Tomoshi , Ohnishi Makoto , Ikawa Naoki , Eitaki Yoko , Yamada Kenichi , Arito Heihachiro , Fukushima Shoji 
Published: January 2011

Two‐ and 13‐week Inhalation Toxicities of Indium‐tin Oxide and Indium Oxide in Rats: Kasuke Nagano, et al. Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association—ObjectivesTwo‐ and 13‐week inhalation toxicities of indium‐tin oxide (ITO) and indium oxide (IO) were characterized for risk assessments of workers exposed to ITO.MethodsF344 rats of both sexes were exposed by inhalation to ITO or IO aerosol for 6 h/day, 5 day/wk for 2 wk at 0, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 mg/m3or 13 wk at 0, 0.1or 1 mg/m3. An aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system was constructed.ResultsBlood and lung contents of indium were elevated in a dose‐related manner in the ITO‐ and IO‐exposed rats. ITO and IO particles were deposited in the lung, mediastinal lymph node and nasal‐associated lymphoid tissue. Exposures to ITO and IO induced alveolar proteinosis, iniltrations of alveolar macrophages and inlammatory cells and alveolar epithelial hyperplasia in addition to increased lung weight. ITO affected the lung more severely than IO did. Fibrosis of alveolar wall developed and some of these lesions worsened at the end of the 26‐week post‐exposure period.ConclusionsPersistent pulmonary lesions including alveolar proteinosis and macrophage iniltration occurred after 2‐ and 13‐week inhalation exposures of rats to ITO and IO. Fibrosis of alveolar wall developed later. These lesions occurred after ITO exposure at the same concentration as the current occupational exposure limit in the USA and at blood indium levels below the biological exposure index in Japan for indium.
Adjunct Corticosteroids in Children Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Weiss Anna K. , Hall Matthew , Lee Grace E. , Kronman Matthew P. , Sheffler-Collins Seth , Shah Samir S. 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To determine if systemic corticosteroid therapy is associated with improved outcomes for children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

METHODS:
In this multicenter, retrospective cohort study we used data from 36 children's hospitals for children aged 1 to 18 years with CAP. Main outcome measures were length of stay (LOS), readmission, and total hospitalization cost. The primary exposure was the use of adjunct systemic corticosteroids. Multivariable regression models and propensity scores were used to adjust for confounders.

RESULTS:
The 20 703 patients whose data were included had a median age of 4 years. Adjunct corticosteroid therapy was administered to 7234 patients (35%). The median LOS was 3 days, and 245 patients (1.2%) required readmission. Systemic corticosteroid therapy was associated with shorter LOS overall (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.24 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18–1.30]). Among children who received treatment with β-agonists, the LOS was shorter for children who had received corticosteroids compared with children who had not (adjusted HR: 1.36 [95% CI: 1.28–1.45]). Among children who did not receive β-agonists, the LOS was longer for those who received corticosteroids compared with those who did not (adjusted HR: 0.85 [95% CI: 0.75–0.96]). Corticosteroids were associated with readmission of patients who did not receive concomitant β-agonist therapy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.97 [95% CI: 1.09–3.57]).

CONCLUSIONS:
For children hospitalized with CAP, adjunct corticosteroids were associated with a shorter hospital LOS among patients who received concomitant β-agonist therapy. Among patients who did not receive this therapy, systemic corticosteroids were associated with a longer LOS and a greater odds of readmission. If β-agonist therapy is considered a proxy for wheezing, our findings suggest that among patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of CAP, only those with acute wheezing benefit from adjunct systemic corticosteroid therapy.
Closely Spaced Pregnancies Are Associated With Increased Odds of Autism in California Sibling Births
Authors: Cheslack-Postava Keely , Liu Kayuet , Bearman Peter S. 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether the interpregnancy interval (IPI) is associated with the risk of autism in subsequent births.METHODS:Pairs of first- and second-born singleton full siblings were identified from all California births that occurred from 1992 to 2002 using birth records, and autism diagnoses were identified by using linked records of the California Department of Developmental Services. IPI was calculated as the time interval between birth dates minus the gestational age of the second sibling. In the primary analysis, logistic regression models were used to determine whether odds of autism in second-born children varied according to IPI. To address potential confounding by unmeasured family-level factors, a case-sibling control analysis determined whether affected sibling (first versus second) varied with IPI.RESULTS:An inverse association between IPI and odds of autism among 662 730 second-born children was observed. In particular, IPIs of &lt;12, 12 to 23, and 24 to 35 months were associated with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for autism of 3.39 (3.00–3.82), 1.86 (1.65–2.10), and 1.26 (1.10–1.45) relative to IPIs of ≥36 months. The association was not mediated by preterm birth or low birth weight and persisted across categories of sociodemographic characteristics, with some attenuation in the oldest and youngest parents. Second-born children were at increased risk of autism relative to their firstborn siblings only in pairs with short IPIs.CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that children born after shorter intervals between pregnancies are at increased risk of developing autism; the highest risk was associated with pregnancies spaced &lt;1 year apart.
Photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity of zinc tungstate powders
Authors: Gigorjeva Larisa , Millers Donats , Grabis Jānis , Jankoviča Dzidra 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
ZnWO4 powders with grain size in range 20 nm–10 µm have been synthesized by a simple combustion method and subsequent calcinations. The photocatalytic activities of powders were tested by degradation of methylene blue solution under UV light. The luminescence spectra and luminescence decay kinetics were studied and luminescence decay time dependence on average powder-grain size was obtained. The correlation between self-trapped exciton luminescence decay time and photocatalytic activity of ZnWO4 powders was shown. A model explaining the excitonic luminescence decay time correlation with photocatalytic activity was proposed.
Labeling and tracking human amniotic epithelial cells with green fluorescent protein in an adeno-associated virus vector
Authors: Huang Xiangjun , Luo Hongwu , Huang Fei , Liu Xun 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHuman amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) are a recently identified type of stem cell. Thanks to their ready availability and the lower risk of teratoma formation, hAECs have been studied and tested for a variety of human disease treatments and tissue reconstruction efforts. This aim of this study was to establish a stable tracking system to further monitor hAECs in vivo after transplantation. hAECs were isolated from the placentas of patients who visited the Hunan Province Maternity and Child Care Hospitals between Jan 2008 and Jan 2009. Using the classic transfection/infection technique, we successfully introduced green fluorescent protein (GFP) into cultured hAECs with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. The initial preparation of the AAV-GFP virus stock was titrated using HT1081 cells, and further used for the infection of hAECs. GFP+ hAECs preserve the capacity of differentiation into hepatocytelike cells with the expression of cytokeratin-18 (CK18) and albumin (ALB). AAV-GFP virus-infected hAECs were transplanted through the spleen into severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice via hepatectomy. Four weeks later, the GFP and human albumin expressions were examined in multiple organs through immunoflourence staining. In culture, over 50% of the hAECs were GFP-positive 3 days after infection. Following transplantation, AAV-GFPinfected hAECs survived and continued to express GFP in the host for up to 4 weeks. These cells were primarily found in the spleen and liver, expressing human albumin. This study provides a feasible and stable system to track hAECs. It may prove useful to further identify their biological characteristics after transplantation and to elucidate their beneficial roles for therapeutic purposes.
Medial humeral epicondylar lesions in the canine elbow
Authors: Samoy Y. , Gielen I. , Ryssen Van , de Bakker E. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryA calcified fragment near the medial epicondyle of the humerus was originally described as an ununited medial epicondyle in 1966. Since then several papers reported similar lesions as a cause of elbow lameness. The aetiology and clinical significance of those lesions is poorly known. This paper gives an overview of the veterinary and human literature in an attempt to explain the aetiology and to suggest a diagnostic protocol and treatment plan.
Bilateral caudal superficial epigastric skin flap and perineal urethrostomy for wound reconstruction secondary to traumatic urethral rupture in a cat
Authors: Findji L. , Clarke B. S. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryUse of a bilateral caudal superficial epigastric skin flap and perineal urethrostomy for reconstruction of a wound which occurred secondary to rupture of the distal urethra and extravasation of urine is reported. A 10-month-old male neutered Domestic Shorthaired cat was presented with a history of trauma, signs of pain of the hind quarters and anuria. Progression of the clinical signs, including anuria, lethargy, anorexia, and azotemia, prompted referral and investigation 108 hours following the initial injury. Retrograde urethrography indicated a rupture of the distal pelvic urethra with extravasation of urine subcutaneously. Development of extensive skin necrosis of the perineum and rump progressed leaving a large wound defect which was managed with wound debridement and dressing. The wound was closed using staged caudal superficial epigastric skin flaps and perineal urethrostomy as part of the reconstruction.
The Src-Like Adaptor Protein Regulates GM-CSFR Signaling and Monocytic Dendritic Cell Maturation
Authors: Liontos Larissa M. , Dissanayake Dilan , Ohashi Pamela S. , Weiss Arthur , Dragone Leonard L. , McGlade C. Jane 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
GM-CSF is an important cytokine involved in myeloid differentiation and inflammatory processes. Signaling through the GM-CSFR also plays a critical role in the generation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). In this article, we report that the Src-like adaptor protein (SLAP) functions as a negative regulator of the GM-CSFR. In bone marrow-derived DC (BM-DC) lacking SLAP and the closely related SLAP2, downregulation of GM-CSFRβ is impaired, leading to enhanced phosphorylation of Jak2 and prolonged activation of Akt and Erk1/2 in response to GM-CSF stimulation. Compared with wild-type bone marrow, SLAP/SLAP2−/− bone marrow gave rise to similar numbers of CD11c+ and CD11b+ DC, but SLAP/SLAP2−/− BM-DC failed to acquire high levels of MHC class II, CD80, and CD86, indicating an impairment in maturation. Furthermore, MHC class II expression in SLAP/SLAP2−/− BM-DC was rescued by decreasing GM-CSF concentration, suggesting that enhanced GM-CSF signaling mediates the block in maturation. In addition, SLAP/SLAP2−/− BM-DC produced less IL-12 and TNF-α in response to LPS compared with controls and failed to stimulate T cells in an MLR. Ag-specific T cell activation assays showed that SLAP/SLAP2−/− BM-DC were less robust at inducing IFN-γ secretion by DO11.10 T cells. These results indicated that SLAP-mediated GM-CSFR regulation is important for the generation of functionally mature monocytic DC.
Tribbles 3: A Novel Regulator of TLR2-Mediated Signaling in Response to Helicobacter pylori Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Smith Sinéad M. , Moran Anthony P. , Duggan Shane P. , Ahmed Salah E. , Mohamed Abdelhafeez S. , Windle Henry J. , O’Neill Luke A. , Kelleher Dermot P. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric carcinoma. Gastric epithelial cells provide the first point of contact between H. pylori and the host. TLRs present on these cells recognize various microbial products, resulting in the initiation of innate immunity. Although previous reports investigated TLR signaling in response to intact H. pylori, the specific contribution of H. pylori LPS with regard to functional genomics and cell-signaling events has not been defined. This study set out to define downstream signaling components and altered gene expression triggered by H. pylori LPS and to investigate the role of the signaling protein tribbles 3 (TRIB3) during the TLR-mediated response to H. pylori LPS. Cotransfections using small interfering RNA and dominant-negative constructs demonstrated that H. pylori LPS functions as a classic TLR2 ligand by signaling through pathways involving the key TLR signaling components MyD88 adaptor-like, MyD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, TNFR-associated factor 6, IκB kinase β, and IκBα. Microarray analysis, real-time PCR, and ELISA revealed the induction of a discrete pattern of chemokines as a direct effect of LPS:TLR2 signaling. H. pylori infection was associated with decreased expression of TRIB3 in human gastric epithelial cell lines and tissue samples. Additionally, H. pylori decreased expression of C/EBP homologous protein and activating transcription factor 4, the transcription factors involved in the induction of TRIB3 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of TRIB3 and C/EBP homologous protein enhanced TLR2-mediated NF-κB activation and chemokine induction in response to H. pylori LPS. Thus, modulation of TRIB3 by H. pylori and/or its products may be an important mechanism during H. pylori-associated pathogenesis.
IL-33 and M2a Alveolar Macrophages Promote Lung Defense against the Atypical Fungal Pathogen Pneumocystis murina
Authors: Nelson Michael P. , Christmann Benjamin S. , Werner Jessica L. , Metz Allison E. , Trevor Jennifer L. , Lowell Clifford A. , Steele Chad 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
We have recently reported that mice deficient in the myeloid Src-family tyrosine kinases Hck, Fgr, and Lyn (Src triple knockout [TKO]) had augmented innate lung clearance of Pneumocystis murina that correlated with a higher ability of alveolar macrophages (AMs) from these mice to kill P. murina. In this article, we show that despite possessing enhanced killing, AMs from naive Src TKO mice did not demonstrate enhanced inflammatory responses to P. murina. We subsequently discovered that both AMs and lungs from P. murina-infected Src TKO mice expressed significantly greater levels of the M2a markers RELM-α and Arg1, and the M2a-associated chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 than did wild-type mice. IL-4 and IL-13, the primary cytokines that promote M2a polarization, were not differentially produced in the lungs between wild-type and Src TKO mice. P. murina infection in Src TKO mice resulted in enhanced lung production of the novel IL-1 family cytokine IL-33. Immunohistochemical analysis of IL-33 in lung tissue revealed localization predominantly in the nucleus of alveolar epithelial cells. We further demonstrate that experimental polarization of naive AMs to M2a resulted in more efficient killing of P. murina compared with untreated AMs, which was further enhanced by the addition of IL-33. Administration of IL-33 to C57BL/6 mice increased lung RELM-α and CCL17 levels, and enhanced clearance of P. murina, despite having no effect on the cellular composition of the lungs. Collectively, these results indicate that M2a AMs are potent effector cells against P. murina. Furthermore, enhancing M2a polarization may be an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of Pneumocystis.
Response of Thermocouples Interfaced to Electrothermometers When Immersed in 5 Water Bath Temperatures
Authors: Long Blaine C. , Jutte Lisa S. , Knight Kenneth L. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Thermocouples and electrothermometers are used in therapeutic modality research. Until recently, researchers assumed that these instruments were valid and reliable.

Objective:
To examine 3 different thermocouple types in 5°C, 15°C, 18.4°C, 25°C, and 35°C water baths.

Design:
Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:
Therapeutic modality laboratory.

Intervention(s):
Eighteen thermocouple leads were inserted through the wall of a foamed polystyrene cooler. The cooler was filled with water. Six thermocouples (2 of each model) were plugged into the 6 channels of the Datalogger and 6 randomly selected channels in the 2 Iso-Thermexes. A mercury thermometer was immersed into the water and was read every 10 seconds for 4 minutes during each of 6 trials. The entire process was repeated for each of 5 water bath temperatures (5°C, 15°C, 18.4°C, 25°C, 35°C).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Temperature and absolute temperature differences among 3 thermocouple types (IT-21, IT-18, PT-6) and 3 electrothermometers (Datalogger, Iso-Thermex calibrated from −50°C to 50°C, Iso-Thermex calibrated from −20°C to 80°C).

Results:
Validity and reliability were dependent on thermocouple type, electrothermometer, and water bath temperature (P &lt; .001; modified Levene P &lt; .05). Statistically, the IT-18 and PT-6 thermocouples were not reliable in each electrothermometer; however, these differences were not practically different from each other. The PT-6 thermocouples were more valid than the IT-18s, and both thermocouple types were more valid than the IT-21s, regardless of water bath temperature (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
The validity and reliability of thermocouples interfaced to an electrothermometer under experimental conditions should be tested before data collection. We also recommend that investigators report the validity, the reliability, and the calculated uncertainty (validity + reliability) of their temperature measurements for therapeutic modalities research. With this information, investigators and clinicians will be better able to interpret and compare results and conclusions.
Sweat Rates, Sweat Sodium Concentrations, and Sodium Losses in 3 Groups of Professional Football Players
Authors: Godek Sandra Fowkes , Peduzzi Chris , Burkholder Richard , Condon Steve , Dorshimer Gary , Bartolozzi Arthur R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Sweat sodium losses have never been reported in a large cohort of American football players.

Objective:
To compare sweat rates (SwtRs), sweat sodium concentrations (SwtNa+), and sodium losses in 3 groups of players (backs and receivers [BK], linebackers and quarterbacks [LB/QB], and linemen [LM]) to determine if positional differences and, therefore, size differences exist.

Design:
Observational study.

Setting:
Data were collected during practices in the second week of 2 consecutive training camps. The wet bulb globe temperature was 78.5°F ± 3.5°F (25.9°C ± 1.9°C).

Patients or Other Participants:
Eighteen BK, 12 LB/QB, and 14 LM volunteered.

Intervention(s):
Sterile sweat patches were applied to the right forearm after the skin was appropriately cleaned. The patches were removed during practice, placed in sterile tubes, centrifuged, frozen, and later analyzed by flame photometry.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Sweat rate, SwtNa+, and sodium loss. We calculated SwtR by change in mass adjusted for urine produced and fluids consumed divided by practice time in hours.

Results:
Other than age, physical characteristics were different among groups (P &lt; .001). The SwtR was different among groups (F2,41  =  7.3, P  =  .002). It was lower in BK (1.42 ± 0.45 L/h) than in LB/QB (1.98 ± 0.49 L/h) (P &lt; .05) and LM (2.16 ± 0.75 L/h) (P &lt; .01), but we found no differences between SwtRs for LB/QB and LM. The SwtNa+ was not different among groups (BK  =  50 ± 16 mEq/L, LB/QB  =  48.2 ± 23 mEq/L, and LM  =  52.8 ± 25 mEq/L) and ranged from 15 to 99 mEq/L. Sweat sodium losses ranged from 642 mg/h to 6.7 g/h, and findings for group comparisons approached significance (P  =  .06). On days when players practiced 4.5 hours, calculated sodium losses ranged from 2.3 to 30 g/d.

Conclusions:
The BK sweated at lower rates than did the midsized LB/QB and large LM, but LB/QB sweated similarly to LM. Sweat sodium concentration and daily sodium losses ranged considerably. Heavy, salty sweaters require increased dietary consumption of sodium during preseason.