bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drying and storage of Solanum plant material
Authors: Grabble Phillip G. , Fryer Colin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolasodine extracted from Solanum plants is a potential raw material for manufacture of steroids. During drying and storage of the plant material, the naturally occurring solasodine triglycosides may undergo breakdown to partial glycosides and to the aglycone solasodine; under some conditions there may be a loss of available solasodine. Previous studies of such postharvest effects show widely variable and sometimes contradictory results, possibly due to unreliable analytical procedures. Significant errors are shown to arise as a result of inadequate sample preparation, inappropriate choice of solvent and use of colorimetric or titrimetric assay. Reliable assays of glycosides and solasodine are obtained with finely ground samples, alcohol extraction and high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Experiments with these improved analytical techniques indicate that postharvest effects are almost insignificant if Solarium leaf material is well dried either at ambient conditions or below 100°C. Drying above 100°C causes severe loss of solasodine unless it is used only for the early stages of water removal. Storage of material which has not been well dried is accompanied after 2–3 weeks by glycoside breakdown and eventually by loss of solasodine.
Sorption of caesium by complex hexacyanoferrates: I. Sorption and physical properties of sodium‐copper cyanoferrates (II)
Authors: Shahbandeh M. R. , Streat M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation and properties of sodium‐copper cyanoferrate(II) for the removal of caesium from nitric acid solution are discussed. An optimum product has been obtained by reacting cupric nitrate and sodium cyanoferrate in a volume ratio of 2.1:1. The product was heated on a boiling‐water bath for 2 h before coagulation, aged for 48–72 h and then after filtration dried below 140°C for about 4 h. The maximum surface area, measured by ‘BET’ methods, was 65 m2 g−1. The maximum caesium capacity was 1.35 m‐equiv. g−1. Heating the precipitate increased the pore size to 14.5 nm and this explains the enhanced distribution coefficient (i.e. Kd∼ 900) obtained with solutions containing Cs+ (20 parts 10−6) and 4M‐sodium nitrate in 0.1M‐nitric acid.
Hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate in the presence of phosphoric acid and calcium oxide: I. The kinetics of hydration
Authors: Beretka Julius 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the effects of calcium oxide and phosphoric acid on the hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. The reaction was studied with weight ratios of CaO/P2O5 increasing from 0 to 5, and with two levels of P2O5 concentrations, 0.1 and 0.2%. At the CaO/P2O5 weight ratio of 1–2, the velocity constant (k) of the reaction was reduced significantly; α0, a measure of heterogeneous nucleation in the system increased 10 to 20‐fold and the period of induction (θ) was increased substantially. The presence of phosphoric acid alone, and secondary calcium orthosphate hydrate (CaHPO4.2H2O), formed in situ, strongly retarded the hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. The implications of these findings on the hydration of calcined by‐product gypsum (phosphogypsum) are discussed.
Long‐chain phenols. Part 231 practical separations of the component phenols in technical cashew nut‐shell liquid (Anacardium occidentale): Distillation procedures for obtaining cardanol
Authors: Durrani Aziz A. , Davis Geoffrey L. , Sood Suresh K. , Tychopoulos V. , Tyman John H. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe separation of cardanol from cardol and coloured impurities in technical cashew nut‐shell liquid (CNSL) has been examined by molecular and vacuum distillation and the purity of fractions carefully assessed by thin‐layer, gas‐liquid and high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis. A small 10‐stage rotary still (Vitamins‐Watt type) produced cardanol (99%) in approx. 58% yield with a total phenolic recovery between 80 and 90%. A falling film single‐stage still (Edwards type) gave less pure cardanol and a good total phenolic recovery. Prerequisites to avoid polymerisation in conventional vacuum distillation were wide‐bore vacuum equipment and a nitrogen leak. Excessive flask and surface temperatures resulted in only a 70% total phenolic recovery, the cardanol fractions being approx. 90% pure. With a lower flask and surface temperature, by the use of a liquid‐heating bath, the total phenolic recoveries were better than those in molecular distillation and the cardanol fractions (60 %) were 90–95 % pure. The procedure of slow addition enabled the scale of apparatus to be reduced. The distillation of hydrogenated technical CNSL appeared less satisfactory than that of the unsaturated material.
Ion‐exchange behaviour of hydrous zirconia in mixed solvents: Capacity and kinetics of exchange
Authors: Misak N. Z. , Ghoneimy H. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe capacity of the Li+ form of hydrous zirconia for Na+ and Cs+ increases in the presence of methanol. This may be due to the greater stability of Li+ in methanol/water than in pure water and to dehydration of Na+ and Cs+ and their stronger interaction with the exchange sites, which may facilitate their replacing Li+. The ion‐exchange capacity of zirconia for NO3−, Cl− and Br− is almost the same in aqueous solution and is not affected by addition of up to 90 % (v/v) methanol, which probably shows that these anions are electrostatically bound in zirconia without specific interactions. The internal diffusion coefficients of the Na+/H+ and Cl−/OH− systems decrease in the presence of alcohol: the decrease is highest with methanol and similar for ethanol and propan‐2‐ol. This is discussed in the light of ion solvation and alcohol penetration inside zirconia.
Improved cellulolytic activity of actinomycetes in axenic mixed fermentations
Authors: Lamot Erwin , Vandamme Erick J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFermentations with defined mixed cultures of cellulolytic actinomycetes or fungi and non‐cellulolytic microorganisms were performed on insoluble cellulose as well as on soluble cellulose derivatives. Degradation of insoluble Whatman‐cellulose with co‐cultures of cellulolytic actinomycetes and fungi occurred much faster and more completely than with the corresponding monocultures. Fungi appeared mainly responsible for initial cellulose degradation, while the actinomycetes subsequently metabolised the formed soluble oligosaccharides. Both fungi and actinomycetes produced active cellulases in cocultures, resulting in an increased cellulase activity of the culture filtrates as compared with the monocultures. With carboxymethylcellulose (CM‐cellulose) as a carbon source, similar results were obtained, but here the actinomycetes were mainly responsible for CM‐cellulose degradation rather than the fungi. Hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose by cocultures of cellulolytic actinomycetes or fungi with cellobiose‐utilising bacteria or yeasts was similar to that with the corresponding actinomycete or fungal monocultures. Apparently the soluble oligosaccharides, formed from cellulose by the actinomycetes or fungi, could not be utilised as a carbon source by these bacteria or yeasts, while the reducing sugar level was probably too low to allow detectable growth. With CM‐cellulose as a carbon source, the reducing sugars formed by the actinomycetes or fungi are actively metabolised by the bacteria or yeasts. Thus by keeping the readily utilisable sugar concentration very low, carbon catabolite repression of cellulase synthesis is lowered, resulting in an increased cellulase formation and improved cellulose hydrolysis.
Adsorption of ionic dyes on charred plant material
Authors: Perineau Francis , Molinier Jacques , Gaset Antoine 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of ionic dyes on charred plant material was investigated to assess the possible use of this adsorbent for the processing of dyeworks waste waters. The diffusion of the acid dye (AB 80) within the carbon particles was much slower than that of the basic dye (BR 22), as a result of the greater size of the former molecule. The rate of diffusion of the dyes increased with temperature as a result of the disaggregation of the dye molecules. This effect was more pronounced in the case of the acid dye. The L‐shaped adsorption isotherms suggest that the adsorption proceeds through ionic bonding and that the dye molecules are adsorbed flatwise on the surface of the charred plant particles; the substrate‐solute hydrophobic interactions can thus be maximum. The charred plant material used is suitable for the processing of low‐concentration effluents, as corroborated by the treatment of a BR 22 solution in a series of stirred reactors and by the decolourisation of dyebaths containing acid and basic dyes.
Sludge surfaces and their relation to the rheology of sewage sludge suspensions
Authors: Forster C. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn examination of activated, anaerobically digested and aerobically digested sludges has shown that their rheological characteristics are related to the surface charge carried by the component particles. This relation is controlled partly by the ionic strength of the suspending fluid and partly by the chemical nature of the sludge surfaces. Polysaccharides are known to play an important role in determining the surface charge of activated sludge. This study has shown that as the surface polysaccharide content is reduced (by the action of cellulase), so is the viscosity and indicates that surface polysaccharides are significant in determining the viscosity of activated sludge suspensions. The surfaces of other sludge types are not as well characterised and further work than described here is necessary to identify the more significant components for these sludges.
Behaviour of uranium during phosphate ore calcination
Authors: Stein Mordechai , Starinsky Avraham , Kolodny Yehoshua 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring industrial calcination of phosphate rock, uranium is mobilised with changes both in location and oxidation state. Fission track micromapping of uranium under the microscope has been employed to study the precise distribution of uranium within the samples. Oxidation state ratios of U(IV) to U(VI) were determined by chemical separation followed by delayed neutron activation. The calcination process was studied both in the laboratory and in a full‐scale production kiln of the Oron plant (Israel). The phosphate ore contains about 100 parts of 10−‐6 of uranium, and U(IV) comprises 35–40% of the total U present. The uranium which was not extractable in weak acids, was evenly distributed in the apatite rock components. The study revealed that the following changes occur during the calcination process: (a) carbonate‐fluorapatite loses CO2, and recrystallises to fluorapatite. The recrystallisation process intensifies with increasing temperature, (b) Around 600°C all the uranium is oxidised to the hexavalent state, (c) Migration of uranium in the apatite fragments initiates at 800°C. On increase of temperature to around 900°C, it forms uranium‐rich phases in which it reaches 1–2 %. The uranium‐rich phases exhibit different solubilities in dilute acids, in some cases enabling its preferential leaching from the rock. Other U‐rich phases are extremely insoluble (possibly fluorite, Ca‐silicates) even in phosphoric acid, lowering extraction efficiency. Extraction yields can be improved by addition of salts (e.g. Na2CO3) which prevent the formation of insoluble U‐rich phases.
Effect of partial deactivation of Pt catalysts on the selectivity of competitive hydrogenation of olefinic substrates
Authors: Červený Libor , Kuncová Marcela , Mojžíšová Jana , Rüžička Vlastimil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of partial deactivation of 10% Pt on silica gel with ethyl amine and 2‐aminoethanol on the selectivity of competitive hydrogenation of 2‐methyl‐3‐butene‐2‐ol and 1‐hexene in methanol and in cyclohexane and the effect of partial deactivation of platinum black with thallium, lead and bismuth on the selectivity of the same reaction in toluene have been investigated. The causes leading to changes in selectivity in the systems under investigation have been studied.
Oxalic acid manufacture
Authors: Dube Shiv Kumar , Vasudevan Padma , Khandelwal Bishan Lal 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe manufacture of oxalic acid from waste of plants obtained from a variety of starting materials such as glucose, sugar, glycol, flour, rice straw, sarkanda (Saccharum munja), arhar (Cajanas cajan) sticks, pineapple waste, molasses, jute stick, potato pulp, peat and unsaturated hydrocarbons such as acetylene and propylene, etc., is described. The economic viability of a few processes in Third World countries based on Indian experiences are discussed.
Dehydration reactions of fructose in non‐aqueous media
Authors: Brown David W. , Floyd Arthur J. , Kinsman Richard G. , Roshanhyphen;Ali Yusuf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProcedures for the dehydration of fructose in non‐aqueous solvents using Amberlyst 15 strong acid resins and amine salts as catalysts have been developed to give hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), hydroxymethylfurfural ethers and laevulinate esters with high carbon recoveries. These procedures allow of easy ‘scale‐up’ and recovery of catalyst and solvent.
Effect of ageing of Raney nickel on its catalytic properties for slurry phase hydrogenation of p‐nitrotoluene
Authors: Chaudhary Vasant R. , Chaudhari Sudhakar K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of different storage conditions (liquid medium, temperature, gas atmosphere and storage period) on the H2 content of Raney nickel catalyst and on its catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of p‐nitrotoluene to p‐toluidine has been investigated. The results indicate that the effect of a particular storage condition on the activity of the catalyst cannot be isolated; the activity depends on the combined effect of the storage conditions employed.
Ce(III) and IN(III) complexes of salicylideneamino acids
Authors: Mahmoud Mohamed R. , El‐Shafei Ahmed K. , Abdel‐Mawgoud A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of a new series of Ce(III) and In(III) salicylideneamino acid complexes is described. The structure of these complexes was examined and it was found that the dianions of the schiff bases are coordinated to the metal ion as O—N—O tridentate ligands. The apparent formation constant values of the prepared complexes, determined by a continuous variation spectrophotometric method, are discussed in relation to ligand molecular structure.
Cellulase activity of a thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus (fresenius) strain
Authors: Vandamme Erick J. , Logghe Jean‐Marie , Geeraerts Herman A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA thermophilic fungus, isolated from horse manure on Whatman‐cellulose CF‐11 as sole carbon source, was identified as Aspergillus fumigatus. It grew optimally at 45°C and displayed highest cellulase activity at 55°C and pH 5.0 towards a range of soluble and crude insoluble cellulosic substrates. Germination and outgrowth of the spore inoculum in carboxymethylcellulose (CMCellulose) medium was accompanied by high endoglucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4.) activity. The cellulase complex e.g. exo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase (E.C.3.2.1.‐); endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase (E.C.3.2.1.4.) and β‐glucosidase (E.C.3.2.1.21.) displayed quite different properties depending on whether it was formed on low or highly substituted CMCellulose. Extracellular cellulase formation followed biomass accumulation. Upon prolonged incubation cell lysis occurred which resulted in a further increase in cellulase activity. Ball‐milled crude cellulosics, such as newsprint, de‐inked newsprint, glossy writing paper, toilet paper and beech sawdust were substantially solubilised within 110 h of growth. The type of crude cellulosic material greatly influenced the pattern of enzyme production. The enzyme complex formed when A. fumigatus was grown on soluble CMC‐4M6F, displayed a different activity spectrum towards crude cellulosics compared with that formed on ball‐milled glossy writing paper. The extracellular cellulase of A. fumigatus looks promising for a rapid and substantial solubilisation and saccharification of crude cellulosics.
Origin of porosity in titania gels. Part II. Adsorptive properties of gels prepared from titanous chloride and ammonium carbonate
Authors: Ragai Jehane , Sing Kenneth S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTitania gels were prepared from a master batch of hydrous titanous oxide, which was obtained by the addition of ammonium carbonate solution to aqueous titanous chloride. After oxidation of the Ti3+ to the Ti4+ oxide, the precipitate was divided into various parts for the study of the changes in surface properties produced by storage under ammonia and water and by heat treatment. The outgassed sample having the largest BET surface area and pore volume (as determined by nitrogen adsorption) was obtained by calcination in air for 4 h at a temperature of 493 K. Analysis of the nitrogen isotherm indicates that this sample was both mesoporous and microporous (BET area 284 m2 g−1; pore volume, 0.234 cm3 g−1). Increase in the calcination temperature to 613 K led to removal of the microporosity and a drastic reduction in surface area. The generation of the large surface area appears to be dependent on the formation and decomposition of a carbonato complex.
Evaluation of the DNS method for analysing lignocellulosic hydrolysates
Authors: Marsden Warwick L. , Gray Peter P. , Nippard Greg J. , Quinlan Mark R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method gives a rapid and simple estimation of the extent of saccharification by measuring the total amount of reducing sugars in the hydrolysate. However, it is subject to interference by citrate buffer and other substances and by the differing reactivities of the various reducing sugars. These interferences become more apparent when complex substrates such as sugar cane bagasse are employed. The paper also shows how the DNS method can be adapted for use on a Technicon Autoanalyser.
Hydrolysis of aromatic sulphonic acids in industrial effluents. I. Hydrolysis of 7‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthalenesulphonic acid
Authors: Rossinelli Luca , Thies Hans , Richarz Werner 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe protodesulphonation of 7‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthalenesulphonic acid (F‐acid) was investigated in dilute aqueous sulphuric acid at temperatures of 522–553 K. The hydrolysis of the sulpho group is irreversible and F‐acid can be completely converted into 2‐naphthol in a short time. The hydrolysis rate depends strongly on the temperature and on the sulphuric acid concentration; a rate equation was derived from the experimental data.
A reaction of 3,4‐unsaturated carboxylic acids with paraformaldehyde or 1,3,5‐trioxane
Authors: Fujita Tsutomu , Watanabe Shoji , Suga Kyoichi , Kuramochi Tadao , Tsukagoshi Fusao 
Published: July 2010

Abstract3,4‐Unsaturated acids were condensed with paraformaldehyde in boiling acetic acid containing a small amount of aluminium chloride to afford 2,3‐unsaturated‐δ‐lactones. For example, from 2‐(cyclohexen‐1′‐yl)caprylic acid (I) and paraformaldehyde, 2′‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐cyclohexylidenecaprylic acid lactone (II) was obtained in up to 93% yield. Several 2,3‐unsaturated‐δ‐valerolactones were obtained in good yield by this new method. These lactones may be used as perfumery materials.
Excess Gibbs free energy and excess enthalpy for mixtures of benzene and 1,1,2‐trichlorotrifluoroethane
Authors: Armitage David A. , Linford Roger G. , Thornhill David G. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rapid measurement of static vapour pressures of binary liquid mixtures as a function of composition by a new continuous‐dilution apparatus is described. These measurements, together with the computed excess Gibbs free energies, are reported for mixtures of benzene and 1,1,2‐trichlorotrifluoroethane at 283.30, 287.83, 293.21, 298.21, 303.06 and 308.15 K over the full composition range, and are compared with the results of Linford and Hildebrand. The excess enthalpies were measured directly at 303.15 K using a batch calorimeter. The equimolar excess enthalpy is + 754 J mol−1, which is close to the value, + 727 J mol−1, calculated from the temperature dependence of the computed equimolar excess Gibbs free energies.
Degradative addition reactions in relation to protein‐bound cystine
Authors: Asquith R. S. , Otterburn M. S. , Yeung K. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the degradation of protein‐bound cystine, in various proteins, when degraded by alkali in the presence of aliphatic amines. This shows that the structure of amine has a significant effect on the rate of degradation of the cystine. The products of degradation of cystine which resulted from the intermediate, dehydroalanine, have been determined quantitatively at different temperatures of treatment. Attempts are made to correlate the amounts of products with the nature of the amines used and the hydrophobicity of the proteins.
Factors affecting the preparation of supported nickel—Molybdenum hydrodesulphurisation catalysts
Authors: Laine Jorge , Pratt Kerry C. , Trimm David L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies have been carried out of the optimisation of the preparation of supported nickel molybdate used to catalyse the hydrodesulphurisation of thiophene. It was found to be advantageous to impregnate alumina with nickel before molybdenum and the most active catalyst was formed from nickel acetate. Optimal activity was obtained by calcining the catalyst at 773K, increasing the temperature of the reactor to this value as slowly as possible. Presulphiding at 673K in pure hydrogen sulphide was also advantageous. These observations are discussed in terms of the inorganic chemistry of the catalysts.
Studies on ferrocene and its derivatives. V. Preparation of some new ferrocenyl pyrazolines, pentan‐1,5‐diones and β‐ketosulphides
Authors: Hassan Khairy M. , Aly Morsi M. , El‐Naggar Galal M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFerrocenyl pyrazolines have been prepared by the reaction of ferrocenyl chalcones with diazomethane and/or substituted benzenesulphonyl hydrazides. A Michael reaction on ferrocenyl chalcones using phenyl benzyl ketone and/or thiophenol yielded the corresponding ferrocenyl pentan‐1,5‐diones and ferrocenyl‐β‐ketosulphides, respectively.
Kinetics of carbon monoxide oxidation over chromium sesquioxide with two reaction paths
Authors: Kobayashi Masayoshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKinetics of CO oxidation over chromium sesquioxide with two reaction paths I and II was studied in detail in the temperature range of 378–445 K (105–172°C). The rate constants in each elementary step were estimated as a function of temperature by using transient response and steady‐state data without the help of a parameter optimisation technique. A comparison of their values showed that the rate of path I is limited by surface reaction, and the rate of path II is controlled by three steps: surface reaction; desorption of CO2; and adsorption of O2, which is the slowest step over the entire temperature range studied. Good agreement of the simulated response with the experimental response due to the linear temperature rise proved the validity of the mechanism and the kinetic analysis. The selectivity of reaction path I was also discussed.