bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assortative mating among in-patients with primary affective disorder
Authors: Merikangas Kathleen Ries , Spiker Duane G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAssortative mating among 56 married in-patients with primary affective disorders and their spouses was studied by determining the prevalence of psychiatric illness among the spouses by means of direct interviews and standardized diagnostic criteria. A high degree of assortative mating among both male and female patients was observed for total psychiatric illness, broad spectrum affective illness and major depression. A significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric and affective illness was found among the first-degree relatives of the ill spouses when compared with the first-degree relatives of the well spouses. There was a high degree of diagnostic concordance between the patients and spouses for both affective illness and alcoholism, with a higher degree of assortative mating among bipolar patients than among unipolar patients. The finding in this study of an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the first-degree relatives of the ill spouses would support the hypothesis that there is a tendency for individuals with a predisposition to psychiatric illness to marry, rather than the existence of a marital interaction which causes an increased concordance for psychiatric illness.
Bilateral auditory acuity of schizophrenic patients: effects of repeated testing, time of day and medication
Authors: Kugler Barbara T. , Caudrey David J. , Gruzelier John H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisHigher than normal auditory thresholds were demonstrated in chronic schizophrenic patients. A greater right ear sensitivity than left was exhibited, although right ear superiority diminished with repeated testing over weeks while left ear thresholds remained relatively stable. The results of acoustic impedance measures suggest that these findings are not associated with peripheral outer and middle ear disorders.
Hysterical epidemic in a classroom
Authors: Benaim Silvio , Horder John , Anderson Jennifer 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISAn epidemic of falling, confined to one single class of a large comprehensive school in a London suburb, is described. There were 24 adolescent girls in the class, all in the 16 to 17 age group, and the class was involved in examinations. The school authorities decided to close down the class one week before the end of term, when eight girls and a young locum teacher lay unconscious on the floor. Most of the girls affected belonged to the ‘in group’: the very bright, the Greek, the Jewish, and the one coloured girl were unaffected. Although the school refused permission for a sociometric investigation, information was obtained from the school medical officer, from two teachers, and from the two girls who were clearly the most powerful members of the class and the protagonists of the epidemic. They were both referred for medical treatment and, after all physical investigations had proved negative, they were both admitted to a psychiatric hospital for observation and treatment. Their case histories are given in some detail, together with a ‘confession’ written by the girl who started the epidemic. This same girl, during the course of her hospital admission, started a ‘pseudo-pregnancy epidemic’ in her ward. It was discovered that one member of the class had left the school during the course of the previous trimester because she had become pregnant. The epidemic, which appears to follow her childbirth and subsequent death from cerebral haemorrhage, lasted from December to the following July. Possible dynamic factors are discussed.
Psychological and hormonal factors in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction
Authors: Mathews Andrew , Whitehead Antonia , Kellett John 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisForty-eight couples with a presenting problem of female sexual unresponsiveness were treated in a controlled study using a balanced factorial design. The factors varied in this design were medication (testosterone or placebo), treatment frequency (weekly or monthly sessions), and the number of therapists involved (one female or a male/female pair). All counselling was adapted from that described by Masters & Johnson (1970) and Heiman et al. (1976). Results were assessed before and after a 3-month treatment period, and again 6 months later. Contary to expectations from earlier work, there was no benefit attributable to testosterone or to the use two therapits; selfrating favoured weekly sessions with one therapist.
Extent of depressive symptomatology among patients seeking care in prepaid group practice
Authors: Hankin Janet R. , Locke Ben Z. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA total of 1921 consecutive adult patients seen in the Departments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics–Gynaecology at a prepaid group practice completed a self-administered depressive symptomatology questionnaire, the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). New health practitioners and physicians, who were not mental health specialists, blindly judged the presence or absence of depressive symptomatology. Twenty-one per cent of the patients suffered from depressive symptoms according to the CES-D, but only 15% of these were judged to be depressed by their physician or new health practitioner. The variables which predict the recognition of depressive symptomatology are discussed.
The relationship between prolactin levels and clinical ratings in manic patients treated with oral and intravenous test doses of haloperidol
Authors: Cookson J. C. , Moult P. J. A. , Wiles D. , Besser G. M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISTwelve manic patients were treated for 2 weeks with oral haloperidol; in 6 patients treatment commenced with intravenous haloperidol, and intravenous ‘test’ doses were given after 1, 3–5 and 14 days of oral medication. From 24 hours to 14 days baseline serum prolactin levels rose towards a plateau, as did the improvement in clinical ratings. After the first intravenous test doses of haloperidol, prolactin levels peaked at 1 hour; however, they fell to a low point at 24 hours, and no response to further test doses was seen for 3–5 days. The response tended to return at 14 days. The mechanisms underlying the changes in prolactin levels, and in clinical state, are discussed.
Residential care and social behaviour: a study of rehabilitation needs
Authors: Falloon Ian R. H. , Marshall Grant N. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISAlthough most chronically impaired psychiatric patients now reside in community-based residential homes, a substantial number show little progress in their social rehabilitation. To establish the rehabilitative needs of this population, the current study sought to examine the social behaviour of residents of a large residential care facility. After an analysis of the social behaviour of all residents, two groups were selected for detailed study on the basis of their contrasting patterns of social interaction.These two groups were found to differ significantly with respect to their interpersonal activity, social contact, conversation skill, employment, and participation in community rehabilitation programmes. Psychiatric status was substantially different in each group. The implications of these findings for rehabilitation strategies in the management of severe mental illness are discussed.
Temporal reliability of personality in psychiatric patients
Authors: Tyrer P. , Strauss J. , Cicchetti D. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe Personality Assessment Schedule, an interview schedule specifically designed for assessing personality disorder, was administered twice to 28 psychiatric patients, with a mean interval of 2·9 years between each assessment. The first assessment was made by a psychiatrist and the second by a medical student who had no prior knowledge of the patients. The reliability of the 2 assessments was measured using 4 different techniques. Although the reliability of individual personality traits was inconsistent over time, the categorical diagnosis of personality disorder was good (Kωw = 0·64), giving some support to the validity of the schedule. Reasons for discordance in the assessments were examined and appeared to be due mainly to confusion between clinical symptoms and personality traits, retrospective errors in recording past personality in chronic patients, and special difficulties in determining the primary abnormality in severe personality disorder.
Cost-effectiveness of community psychiatric nurse or out-patient psychiatrist care of neurotic patients
Authors: Mangen S. P. , Paykel E. S. , Griffith J. H. , Burchell A. , Mancini P. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn a prospective controlled investigation chronic patients, the majority with neurotic conditions, were randomly allocated either to community psychiatric nurses (CPN) as the main therapist or to routine out-patient psychiatrist follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean public expenditure for the two modes of care. The direct costs of psychiatric care comprised a small proportion of total public expenditure and were initially greater in the nursing group. Subsequently, and over the whole 18-month study period, nursing was the cheaper option in terms of these direct costs. Clinical and social outcomes were comparable in both follow-up groups. Consumer satisfaction was significantly greater among CPN patients. On balance, these results confirm the benefit of community psychiatric nursing for this patient group.
Mortality in a cohort of long-term users of community psychiatric services
Authors: Sturt E. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA cohort of 181 users of community psychiatric services in Camberwell with at least one year's history of contact was traced for two years following a census day. Four of the eight patients who had been given a primary diagnosis of an organic condition dicd during this period. For the others the population-standardized mortality risk was 2·4, similar to rates previously found for in-patients with acute disorders. The causes of death were those that are common in the population. Only one suicide was recorded.
Clinical and experimental aspects of interactions between amine oxidase inhibitors and amine re-uptake inhibitors
Authors: Marley E. , Wozniak Krystyna M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisDangerous and even fatal interactions can occur in man following combinations of antidepressants which include non-selective MAO inhibitors. To ascertain the causation, interactions reproducing the clinical phenomena have been elicited in animals with these combinations, and the mechanisms involved have been explored by various pharmacological strategies; 5-HT re-uptake inhibitors proved especially hazardous in combination. Interactions could, however, be avoided even with the 5-HT re-uptake inhibitors, by combination with relatively selective MAO A or B inhibitors, an approach with potential clinical value.
Parents of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Insel Thomas R. , Hoover Carol , Murphy Dennis L. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisFamily histories obtained from 27 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder failed to find a single parent with the disorder. To augment the family history data the Leyton Obsessional Inventory was completed by a subset of 10 patients and by their 20 parents. Although as a group parents showed lower Leyton Obsessional Inventory symptom scores than their obsessional offspring, 3 parents who had not been identified by family history were distinguished by high symptom scores in the absence of significant resistance or interference.
Vanadium: a possible aetiological factor in manic depressive illness
Authors: Naylor Graham J. , Smith Anne H. W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe effect of Vitamin C in manic-depressive psychosis was assessed by a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial. Both manic and depressed patients were significantly better following a single 3 g dose of Vitamin C than following a placebo.Preliminary results of a double-blind, crossover comparison of normal vanadium intake with reduced intake in manic and depressed subjects are reported. Both manic and depressed patients were significantly better on reduced intake.These results are in keeping with the suggestion that vanadium may be an aetiological factor in manic depressive illness.
Psychological symptom levels in Indian immigrants to England–a comparison with native English
Authors: Cochrane Raymond , Stopes-Roe Mary 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA national community survey of psychological symptom levels among samples of Indian immigrants and natives is reported. Using a quasi-random sampling procedure, a sample of 200 Indian-born residents of large towns in England was selected to match the age and sex structure of the total Indian immigrant population. An indigenous population, selected in the same way, was matched with the immigrants for comparison purposes. Psychological disturbance was measured with the Langner 22-Item Scale which has previously been specifically validated for use in this context. Other indices were constructed to test specific hypotheses.The pattern revealed by mental hospital admission statistics was strongly supported by survey. Indian immigrants as a group experience far less psychological disorder than natives, despite the experiences of migration and of being an immigrant. On other measures Indians also manifested an adjustment superior to that of natives.Among the Indian sample stable psychological adjustment was related to being young at migration, being acculturated to life in England and being socially integrated. A subgroup of higher social status, Indian females who had been upwardly socially mobile, emerged as the only group with a higher than average symptom level. However, even this group was at least as well adjusted as its English counterpart.
Sex offences against young girls: a long-term record study
Authors: Gibbens T. C. N. , Soothill K. L. , Way C. K. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThere have been recent attempts to re-define those offenders who are sufficiently dangerous to justify a longer sentence for their current offence than is normally provided in law, but there is little information about the frequency with which serious sexual offenders are reconvicted. Follow-up studies of the re-conviction in the subsequent 24 years and 15 years of those found guilty of rape, incest, and unlawful sexual intercourse with girls under 13 in 1951 and 1961 have therefore been made. The present paper deals with those prosecuted for unlawful sexual intercourse with girls under 13. The results suggest that there is a low but more persistent tendency to re-conviction than is found in property offenders.
The twelve-month outcome of patients with neurotic illness in general practice
Authors: Mann A. H. , Jenkins R. , Belsey E. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISOne hundred patients, selected to be representative of those attending general practitioners with non-psychotic psychiatric disorders were followed up for one year. standard assessments of mental state, personality, social stresses and supports were carried out for each patient at the outset and after a year.The outcome for this cohort determined both by the level of psychiatric morbidity at interview after one year and by the pattern of the psychiatric morbidity during the year has been analysed with reference to the assessment measures. Discriminant function analysis indicates that the initial estimate of the severity of the psychiatric morbidity and a rating of the quality of the social life at the time of follow-up are the only factors that significantly predict the psychiatric state after one year. Social measures also predict a pattern of illness charactorized by a rapid recovery after the initial assessemtn. Patients who reported continuous psychiatric morbidity during the year were, older, physically ill and very likely to have recevied psychotropic drugs. Receipt of this medication during the year was associated with initial assessments of abnormality of personality, older age, and a diagnosis of depression.The findings of this study are seen to support a triaxial assessment and classification of non-psychotic psychiatirc disorders, with symptoms, personality and social state being rated independently.
Epidemiology of mental disorders in Camberwell
Authors: Bebbington Paul , Hurry Jane , Tennant Christopher , Sturt Elizabeth , Wing J. K. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA two-stage psychiatric survey of a random sample of adults aged 18–64 from Camberwell is described. Agency interviewers carried out the first stage (N= 800), using the shorter form of the Present State Examination (PSE). MRC interviewers, using the full PSE, saw a stratified sample of these (N= 310) in the second stage. A second interview was sought with all those of Index of Definition (ID) level 5 and above at the first interview (‘cases’) and with a random sample of those below that level. 20·9% refused or were never available for the first interview. Of the 800 subjects successfully interviewed, 10% refused a further interview and 12·4% of those finally selected for this interview were either unavailable or changed their minds. The MRC data, weighted to represent the whole sample, are used in our analyses. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder as defined in our study was calculated at 6·1% for men and 14·9% for women. Women shared a higher prevalence of disorder in the age-groups 25–34 and 45–54, but in men there was no significant association with age.In contrast to the findings of Brown & Harris (1978), social class did not have a strong association with disorder. Single men had much higher rates than married men, while the reverse was true in women. In both sexes employment was associated with lower rates of disorder. An attempt to explain the high prevalence in women in terms of their role in marriage and child-care was only partly successful.
The relationship between the Rutter A Questionnaire and an interview with mother in assessing child psychiatric disturbance among enuretic children
Authors: Berg Ian , Ellis Maureen , Forsythe Ian , McGuire Ralph 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISForty-one children who were being treated in a paediatric clinic for enuresis were studied to see how many of them were psychiatrically disturbed on clinical assessment and to ascertain the usefulness of 2 cut-off points of T (total) scores on the Rutter A Scale in identifying them. A score of 13 or more which had previously been recommended was found to be inadequate in this group of cases. There were indications that a cut-off point of 18 or more was more appropriate. The importance of knowing the base rate of psychiatric disorder in the population on which the questionnaire is being used is emphasized, sinec this affects the selection of an appropriate cut-off point.
A prospective study of children with head injures: III. Psychiatric sequelae
Authors: Brown Gillian , Chadwick Oliver , Shaffer David , Rutter Michael , Traub Michael 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA 2¼-year prospective study of children suffering head injury is described. Three groups of children were studied: (a) 31 children with ‘severe’ head injuries resulting in a post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) of at least 7 days; (b) an individually matched control group of 28 children with hospital-treated orthopaedic injuries; and (c) 29 children with ‘mild’ head injuries resulting in a PTA exceeding 1 hour but less than 1 week. A retrospective assessment of the children's pre-accident behaviour was obtained by parental interview and teacher questionnaire immediately after the accident and before the behavioural sequelae of the injury could be known. Further psychiatric assessments were undertaken 4 months, 1 year and 21 years after the initial injury. The mild head injury group showed a raised level of behavioural disturbance before the accident but no increase thereafter. It was concluded that head injuries resulting in a PTA of less than I week did not appreciably increase the psychiatric risk. By contrast, there was a marked increase in psychiatric disorders following severe head injury. The high rate of new disorders in children with severe head injuries who were without disorder before the accident, together with the finding of a dose–response relationship with the severity of brain injury, indicated a causal relationship. However, the development of psychiatric disorders in children with severe head injuries was also influenced by the children's pre-accident behaviour, their intellectual level, and their psychosocial circumstances. With the exception of social disinhibition and a slight tendency for the disorders to show greater persistence over time, the disorders attributable to head injury showed no specific features.
Effect of propranolol and phenothiazines on electrodermal orienting and habituation in schizophrenia
Authors: Gruzelier John , Connolly John , Eves Frank , Hirsch Steven , Zaki Saniha , Weller Malcolm , Yorkston Neil 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISBilateral electrodermal orienting responses were measured to repeated auditory stimuli in schizophrenic patients and controls. In 3 studies phasic activity to moderate intensity sounds of patients on no drugs or phenothiazines was predominantly hyper- or hypo-responsive. Controls showed moderate or slow habituation. Propranolol was found to facilitate habituation in slow habituators and to reinstate responses in half of non-responders, especially when given as the sole drug. The effects seldom had a counterpart in changes in non-specific responses or levels of skin conductance. Modulatory influences on stimulus and response processing and on lateral asymmetries in responses may underlie propranolol's efficacy in treating schizophrenia.
Latency models: the statistical analysis of response times
Authors: Dunn Graham , Master Din 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThis paper introduces statistical methods suitable for the analysis of response, survival or failure times and, in particular, latencies measured in experiments on the speed of recall of memories. The discussion includes the use of simple descriptive statistics, as well as an explanation of the role of linear-logistic and log-linear models.
The concept of akinesia
Authors: De Ajuriaguerra J. , Marshall Helen 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe concept of akinesia deserves to be looked at again in the light of recent work on Parkinsonism, particularly those findings which have resulted from the use of L-dopa in Parkinsonian syndromes. Akinesia and bradykinesia are integral parts of such syndromes, at times even constituting their essential element. Akinesia belongs to a group of psychomotor syndromes, the semiology and pathogenesis of which were the subject of numerous discussions at the beginning of this century. As we have pointed out elsewhere, akinesia cannot be defined solely in terms of its own characteristics: it must be understood equally in its paradoxical aspects—‘paradoxical kinesia’ in post-encephalitic Parkinsonism in particular, and ‘paradoxical akinesia’ in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa.
Multicompartmental analysis of amino acids: 1. Preliminary data on concentrations, fluxes, and flow constants of tryptophan in affective illness
Authors: Shaw David M. , Johnson Anthony L. , Tidmarsh Simon F. , Macsweeney David A. , Hewland H. Robyn , Woolcock Norman E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe study of tryptophan metabolism using compartmental analysis suggested differences between males and females, and between control subjects and patients with affective illness, patients treated with tricyclic drugs, and those established on lithium therapy. The total mass of tryptophan in the body may be reduced in people prone to affective disorder, and in depressed patients (ill and well) turnover of tryptophan seemed to be reduced. The reduction of concentration of tryptophan in compartment S2 in affective illness could affect protein synthesis.