bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The antioxidant activity of Clitoria ternatea flower petal extracts and eye gel
Authors: Kamkaen N. , Wilkinson J. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractExtracts of Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea) flowers are used in Thailand as a component of cosmetics and the chemical composition of the flowers suggest that they may have antioxidant activity. In this study the potential antioxidant activity of C. ternatea extracts and an extract containing eye gel formulation was investigated. Aqueous extracts were shown to have stronger antioxidant activity (as measured by DPPH scavenging activity) than ethanol extracts (IC50 values were 1 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL, respectively). Aqueous extracts incorporated in to an eye gel formulation were also shown to retain this activity, however, it was significantly less than a commercial antiwrinkle cream included for comparison. The total phenolic content was 1.9 mg/g extract as gallic acid equivalents. The data from this study support the use of C. ternatea extracts as antioxidant inclusions in cosmetic products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytoprotective effect of lignans from Forsythia suspensa against peroxynitrite‐induced LLC‐PK1 cell damage
Authors: Piao Xiang Lan , Cho Eun Jung , Jang Moon Hee , Cui Jian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThere is mounting evidence that peroxynitrite (ONOO−) is closely related to the pathogenesis of various diseases. As a pharmacological strategy aimed at preventing ONOO−‐mediated toxicity, the protective activity of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae) against ONOO−‐induced cellular damage was investigated and its active components identified. After bioactivity‐guided fractionation of its methylene chloride fraction, two tetrahydrofurofuran lignans were isolated, namely phillygenin and 8‐hydroxypinoresinol. The protective effects of these lignans against ONOO−‐induced cell death were evaluated using renal epithelial cell LLC‐PK1. Phillygenin and 8‐hydroxypinoresinol significantly reduced the cell injury by 3‐morpholinosydnonimine (SIN‐1), a ONOO− generator. The hydroxy substituents on the phenyl moieties may contribute to the antioxidant activities of these lignans. These results suggest that phillygenin and 8‐hydroxypinoresinol may be useful for the therapeutic or preventive applications in treating ONOO−‐related diseases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antitumor activity of water extract of a mushroom, Inonotus obliquus, against HT‐29 human colon cancer cells
Authors: Lee Sung Hak , Hwang Hee Sun , Yun Jong Won 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn the current study, it was demonstrated that the hot water extract of I. obliquus (IOWE) exerts inhibitory activity against the proliferation of human colon cancer cells (HT‐29). The inhibitory effect of IOWE on the growth of HT‐29 cancer cells was evaluated by treating cells with IOWE at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL for 24 or 48 h. The IOWE inhibited cell growth in a dose‐dependent manner, and this inhibition was accompanied by apoptotic cell death. The maximum inhibitory effect (56%) was observed when IOWE was treated at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL for 48 h. The apoptotic effect of IOWE on HT‐29 cells was also confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. In addition, the apoptotic cell percentage was closely associated with down‐regulation of Bcl‐2 and up‐regulation of Bax and caspase‐3. The results suggest that IOWE would be useful as an antitumor agent via the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of the growth of cancer cells through up‐regulation of the expression of proapoptotic proteins and down‐regulation of antiapoptotic proteins. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Procyanidins extracted from the lotus seedpod ameliorate scopolamine‐induced memory impairment in mice
Authors: Xu Jiqu , Rong Shuang , Xie Bijun , Sun Zhida , Zhang Li , Wu Hailei , Yao Ping , Zhang Yunjian , Liu Liegang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe major purpose of this study was to determine the effect of procyanidins extracted from the lotus seedpod (LSPC) on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. The capacities of memory and learning were evaluated by the Morris water maze and the step‐down avoidance test. LSPC (50, 100, 150 mg/kg BW, p.o.) significantly reversed scopolamine‐induced learning and memory impairments in the Morris water maze test, as evaluated by shortened escape latency and swimming distance. In the step‐down avoidance test, LSPC (50, 100, 150 mg/kg BW, p.o.) treatment significantly reduced the number of errors and shortened latency compared with that of scopolamine. In addition, LSPC was also found to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity. These results of this study suggest that LSPC may play a useful role in the treatment of cognitive impairment caused by AD and aging. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro evaluation of the antiplasmodial activity of Dendropanax morbifera against chloroquine‐sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Chung Ill‐Min , Kim Min‐Young , Park Sun‐Dong , Park Won‐Hwan , Moon Hyung‐In 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDendropanax morbifera Leveille (Araliaceae) is well known in Korea traditional medicine for a variety of diseases. The methanol extract of the lower stem parts of D. morbifera was investigated for its activity against chloroquine‐sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay method. Two cycloartane‐type glycosides oleifoliosides A (1) and B (2), and dendropanoxide (3), β‐amyrin (4), α‐amyrin (5) have been isolated from the stem parts of D. morbifera. All five compounds were evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial activities as well as their cytotoxic potential on SK‐OV‐3 cancer cell lines. Compounds 2 and 3 showed notable growth inhibitory activity against chloroquine‐sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 6.2 and 5.3 µm. This compound showed no significant cytotoxicity (IC50 > 150 µm) evaluated using SK‐OV‐3 cancer cell lines. This is the first report on the antiplasmodial activity of the compounds from D. morbifera. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limitations of a linear model for the hurricane boundary layer
Authors: Vogl Stefanie , Smith Roger K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe linear model for the steady boundary layer of a rapidly rotating axisymmetric vortex is derived from a detailed scale analysis of the full equations of motion. The previously known analytic solution is re‐appraised for vortices of hurricane scale and strength. The internal consistency of the linear approximation is investigated for such a vortex by calculating from the solution the magnitude of the nonlinear terms that are neglected in the approximation compared with the terms retained. It is shown that the nonlinear terms are not negligibly small in a large region of the vortex, a feature that is consistent with the scale analysis. We argue that the boundary‐layer problem is well‐posed only at outer radii where there is subsidence into the layer. At inner radii, where there is ascent, only the radial pressure gradient may be prescribed and not the wind components at the top of the boundary layer, but the linear problem cannot be solved in these circumstances. We examine the radius at which the vertical flow at the top of the boundary layer changes sign for different tangential wind profiles relevant to hurricanes and show that this is several hundred kilometres from the vortex centre. This feature represents a further limitation of the linear model applied to hurricanes. While the present analysis assumes axial symmetry, the same limitations presumably apply to non‐axisymmetric extensions to the linear model. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The assimilation of Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer radiances at ECMWF
Authors: Collard A. D. , McNally A. P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe assimilation of Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) radiances at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is described. The configuration of the IASI radiance assimilation system relies heavily on the experience obtained from using Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) data over the previous five years. IASI observations are found to be of high quality, particularly in the important region of the 15 µm temperature‐sounding band. The choice of channels to be actively assimilated is focused on this 15 µm band and experiments have shown that the additional use of IASI data produces a statistically significant positive impact on forecast quality. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Observations on the detection of b‐ and y‐type ions in the collisionally activated decomposition spectra of protonated peptides
Authors: Lau King Wai , Hart Sarah R. , Lynch Jennifer A. , Wong Stephen C. C. , Hubbard Simon J. , Gaskell Simon J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTandem mass spectrometric data from peptides are routinely used in an unsupervised manner to infer product ion sequence and hence the identity of their parent protein. However, significant variability in relative signal intensity of product ions within peptide tandem mass spectra is commonly observed. Furthermore, instrument‐specific patterns of fragmentation are observed, even where a common mechanism of ion heating is responsible for generation of the product ions. This information is currently not fully exploited within database searching strategies; this motivated the present study to examine a large dataset of tandem mass spectra derived from multiple instrumental platforms. Here, we report marked global differences in the product ion spectra of protonated tryptic peptides generated from two of the most common proteomic platforms, namely tandem quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight and quadrupole ion trap instruments. Specifically, quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectra show a significant under‐representation of N‐terminal b‐type fragments in comparison to quadrupole ion trap product ion spectra. Energy‐resolved mass spectrometry experiments conducted upon test tryptic peptides clarify this disparity; b‐type ions are significantly less stable than their y‐type N‐terminal counterparts, which contain strongly basic residues. Secondary fragmentation processes which occur within the tandem quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight device account for the observed differences, whereas this secondary product ion generation does not occur to a significant extent from resonant excitation performed within the quadrupole ion trap. We suggest that incorporation of this stability information in database searching strategies has the potential to significantly improve the veracity of peptide ion identifications as made by conventional database searching strategies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motivation, learning, and transformative experience: A study of deep engagement in science
Authors: Pugh Kevin J. , Linnenbrink‐Garcia Lisa , Koskey Kristin L. K. , Stewart Victoria C. , Manzey Christine 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study investigated the prevalence of transformative experiences, antecedents of transformative experience, and the relation between transformative experience and deep‐level learning (conceptual change and transfer) for high school biology students (N = 166). Results suggested that the high school students in our sample typically engaged in low levels of transformative experience with respect to biology, but those students who strongly identified with science and who endorsed a mastery goal orientation were more likely to report engagement in higher levels of transformative experience. Furthermore, a higher level of engagement in transformative experience was positively associated with (a) conceptual change in understanding the concept of natural selection, but not inheritance, at the post‐ and follow‐up assessments and (b) transfer at the follow‐up assessment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:1–28, 2010
A lightweight intrusion detection framework for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Hai Tran Hoang , Huh Eui‐Nam , Jo Minho 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have demonstrated successful applications for both civil and military tasks. However, sensor networks are susceptible to multiple types of attacks because they are randomly deployed in open and unprotected environments. It is necessary to utilize effective mechanisms to protect sensor networks against multiple types of attacks on routing protocols. In this paper, we propose a lightweight intrusion detection framework integrated for clustered sensor networks. Furthermore, we provide algorithms to minimize the triggered intrusion modules in clustered WSNs by using an over‐hearing mechanism to reduce the sending alert packets. Our scheme can prevent most routing attacks on sensor networks. In in‐depth simulation, the proposed scheme shows less energy consumption in intrusion detection than other schemes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Achieving capacity fairness for wireless mesh networks
Authors: Guo Wenxuan , Huang Xinming 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper addresses a joint problem of power control and channel assignment within a wireless mesh network. A wireless mesh network is made up of two kinds of nodes: mesh routers (MRs) and user nodes (UNs). The MRs form a backbone network, while UNs receive data from the backbone network by connecting to the MRs via one hop. This paper aims to find the optimal joint solution of power control and channel assignment of the wireless mesh networks such that the minimum capacity of all links is maximized. We develop an upper bound for the objective by relaxing the integer variables and linearization. Subsequently, we put forward a heuristic approach to approximate the optimal solution, which tries to increase the minimal capacity of all links via setting tighter constraint and solving a binary integer programming problem. Simulation results show that solutions obtained by this algorithm are very close to the upper bounds obtained via relaxation, thus suggesting that the solution produced by the algorithm is near‐optimal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correction of Blount's disease by a multi-axial external fixation system
Authors: Pandya Nirav K. , Clarke Sylvan E. , McCarthy James J. , Horn B. David , Hosalkar Harish S. 
Published: April 2009

Background Blount's disease is a multi-planar deformity affecting the pediatric population which leads to varus alignment of the lower extremities. The Multi-Axial Correction (MAC) monolateral external fixation system (Biomet, Parsippany, NJ, USA) is a non-circular fixator that was developed as a response to the technical difficulty for both patients and physicians of placing, managing, and tolerating a circular fixator. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the MAC system for the treatment of pediatric patients with Blount's disease. Methods A retrospective analysis of 17 consecutive patients with surgically corrected Blount's disease using the MAC system with tibial and fibular osteotomies was identified. Patient charts and radiographs at three different time points (pre-operative, fixator removal, and final follow-up) were reviewed. The mechanical axis deviation (MAD), tibial–femoral angle (TFA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), and posterior proximal tibial angle (PPTA) were measured in the MAC group at the three time points mentioned previously. The total wear time, total operative time, and post-operative complications were noted. Results The MAC system was able to correct the deformity of Blount's disease as measured by a decrease in the MAD (40.2 ± 29.3 mm; P ≤ 0.001) and TFA (15.9 ± 13.7°; P ≤ 0.001), as well as an increase in the MPTA (15.7 ± 14.6°; P = 0.001) at the time of fixator removal. The correction was maintained for these parameters at the time of final follow-up ( P ≤ 0.025). The absolute values obtained at final follow-up for MAD (20.5 ± 12.7 mm medial), TFA (8.0 ± 4.1° varus), and MPTA (83.7 ± 8.1°) after correction with the MAC system were close to what is considered as normal for these indices. The most common complications noted were superficial pin tract infections and/or cellulitis, with no patients having nerve palsy, compartment syndrome, non-union, or leg length discrepancies. The total time that the fixator was on the patients prior to removal was 130.6 days (standard deviation [SD] = 44.8). The mean operative time was 120.6 min (SD = 21.2). Conclusions Correction of Blount's disease with osteotomy of the tibia and fibula as well as dynamic fixation with the MAC system achieved deformity correction as measured by radiographic indices with minimal intra- and post-operative complications. The ease of application and adjustment of the MAC system makes it an attractive option for Blount's deformity correction.
Do buyer cooperative actions matter under relational stress? Evidence from Japanese and U.S. assemblers in the U.S. automotive industry
Authors: Zhang Chun , Henke John W. , Griffith David A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBuyers can create relational stress even as they work cooperatively with suppliers. This study investigates the moderating effects of relational stress on the ability of buyer‐initiated cooperative actions to influence a supplier's willingness to invest in technology that will be of benefit to the buyer. Data on 2012 buying situations were collected from Tier 1 suppliers to three U.S. domestic automotive assemblers (Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors) and three Japanese transplant automotive assemblers (Honda, Nissan, and Toyota) over three consecutive years (2003–2005). The results indicate that (1) buyer‐initiated cooperative actions of communication, assistance, and supplier involvement increase a supplier's willingness to invest in technology, (2) the relationship‐enhancing effect of buyer assistance increases under high relational stress, while the effectiveness of buyer communication decreases, and (3) that the effect of supplier involvement is not significantly influenced by relational stress levels. Furthermore, we found that supplier relations with Japanese transplant assemblers are characterized by higher levels of cooperative actions, lower levels of relational stress, and higher levels of supplier willingness to invest in technology when compared to those of U.S. domestic assemblers.
Religious conventions and science in the early Restoration: Reformation and ‘Israel’ in Thomas Sprat's History of the Royal Society (1667)
Authors: MORGAN JOHN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSprat situated his analysis of the Royal Society within an emerging Anglican Royalist narrative of the longue durée of post-Reformation England. A closer examination of Sprat's own religious views reveals that his principal interest in the History of the Royal Society, as in the closely related reply to Samuel de Sorbière, the Observations, was to appropriate the advantages and benefits of the Royal Society as support for a re-established, anti-Calvinist Church of England. Sprat connected the two through a reformulation of the powerful conventions of ‘Reformation’ and ‘Israel’, both of which still resonated strongly in the religious politics of the 1660s. Applying his voluntarist theology, Sprat changed especially the representation of the chosen nation from a tale of divine castigation and punishment to a rational and probabilistic covenant based on material success as the indicator of God's pleasure. Sprat proposed that the knowledge and application of nature, through the experimental labours of the Royal Society, could build an increasingly wealthy nation and so a permanent home for the reconfigured Israel. Attaching this to a renewed monarchical and Anglican state also meant security for the traditional forms of rule.
The Astronomer Royal, the Hydrographer and the time ball: collaborations in time signalling 1850–1910
Authors: HOMES CAITLIN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between the Admiralty and the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, by studying the roles of the Hydrographer and the Astronomer Royal as they worked together on the problem of communicating accurate time to ships. The collaboration between the Astronomer Royal and the Hydrographer directed the development of time balls and other visual signals throughout their period of use in Britain and its colonies. This paper focuses on the time ball and clock developed by the Astronomer Royal William Christie and the Hydrographer William Wharton as a key example of significant and productive collaboration between the two institutions. The paper also highlights the importance of the telegraph system to visual time signals. The ability to drop a time ball at a distance from an observatory created significant opportunities to improve the time signal service to mariners and stimulated further innovation in this field.
Producing and using the Historical Relation of Ceylon: Robert Knox, the East India Company and the Royal Society
Authors: WINTERBOTTOM ANNA 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRobert Knox's An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon was produced, published and enlarged through the collaboration of the author with scholars including Robert Hooke and financial support from members of the East India Company. The Relation should be seen in the context of a number of texts collected, translated or commissioned by the East India Company in cooperation with the Royal Society during the late seventeenth century that informed and shaped both European expansion and natural philosophy. As well as circulating between European intellectual centres, often reorientated in the process of translation, these texts served as practical guides across settlements and trading posts abroad. Comparing written accounts with experience led to annotations and borrowings that served as the basis for further writings. Company records and Knox's own unpublished works reveal how the Relation was used as the basis for bio-prospecting for naturally occurring drugs and food sources and in efforts at agricultural transplantation spanning the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Through the reports of seamen like Knox, such experiments contributed to contemporary theories concerning the effects of latitude on plant life.
The Royal Society, natural history and the peoples of the ‘New World(s)’, 1660–1800
Authors: GASCOIGNE JOHN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper focuses on the response of the Royal Society to the increasing contact with parts of the globe beyond Europe. Such contact was in accord with the programme of Baconian natural history that the early Royal Society espoused, but it also raised basic questions about the extent and nature of the pursuit of natural history. In particular, the paper is concerned with the attention paid to one particular branch of natural history, the study of other peoples and their customs. Such scrutiny of other peoples in distant lands raised basic questions about what methods natural history should employ and the extent to which it could serve as a foundation for more general and theoretical claims. By taking a wide sweep from the beginnings of the Royal Society until the end of the eighteenth century it is hoped light will be shed on the changing understanding of natural history over this period.