bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating the air quality impact of prescribed fires using graph neural network-based PM2.5 forecasts
Authors: Liao Kyleen , Buch Jatan , Lamb Kara D. , Gentine Pierre 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The increasing size and severity of wildfires across the western United States have generated dangerous levels of PM2.5 concentrations in recent years. In a changing climate, expanding the use of prescribed fires is widely considered to be the most robust fire mitigation strategy. However, reliably forecasting the potential air quality impact from prescribed fires, which is critical in planning the prescribed fires’ location and time, at hourly to daily time scales remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we introduce a spatio-temporal graph neural network (GNN)-based forecasting model for hourly PM2.5 predictions across California. Utilizing a two-step approach, we use our forecasting model to predict the net and ambient PM2.5 concentrations, which are used to estimate wildfire contributions. Integrating the GNN-based PM2.5 forecasting model with simulations of historically prescribed fires, we propose a novel framework to forecast their air quality impact. This framework determines that March is the optimal month for implementing prescribed fires in California and quantifies the potential air quality trade-offs involved in conducting more prescribed fires outside the peak of the fire season.
Partition regularity of Pythagorean pairs
Authors: Frantzikinakis Nikos , Klurman Oleksiy , Moreira Joel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We address a core partition regularity problem in Ramsey theory by proving that every finite coloring of the positive integers contains monochromatic Pythagorean pairs (i.e.,

$x,y\in {\mathbb N}$

such that

$x^2\pm y^2=z^2$

for some

$z\in {\mathbb N}$

). We also show that partitions generated by level sets of multiplicative functions taking finitely many values always contain Pythagorean triples. Our proofs combine known Gowers uniformity properties of aperiodic multiplicative functions with a novel and rather flexible approach based on concentration estimates of multiplicative functions.
Graphing, homotopy groups of spheres, and spaces of long links and knots
Authors: Koytcheff Robin 
Published: February 2025

AbstractWe study homotopy groups of spaces of long links in Euclidean space of codimension at least three. With multiple components, they admit split injections from homotopy groups of spheres. We show that, up to knotting, these account for all the homotopy groups in a range which depends on the dimensions of the source manifolds and target manifold and which roughly generalizes the triple-point-free range for isotopy classes. Just beyond this range, joining components sends both a parametrized long Borromean rings class and a Hopf fibration to a generator of the first nontrivial homotopy group of the space of long knots. For spaces of equidimensional long links of most source dimensions, we describe generators for the homotopy group in this degree in terms of these Borromean rings and homotopy groups of spheres. A key ingredient in most of our results is a graphing map which increases source and target dimensions by one.
The early Cambrian Kuamaia lata, an artiopodan euarthropod with a raptorial frontal appendage
Authors: O'Flynn Robert J. , Williams Mark , Liu Yu , Hou Xianguang , Guo Jin , Edgecombe Gregory D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that Kuamaia lata, a helmetiid euarthropod from the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3) Chengjiang Konservat-Lagerstätte, nests robustly within Artiopoda, the euarthropod clade including trilobitomorphs. Microtomography of new specimens of K. lata reveals details of morphology, notably a six-segmented head and raptorial frontal appendages, the latter contrasting with filiform antennae considered to be a diagnostic character of Artiopoda. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that a raptorial frontal appendage is a symplesiomorphy for upper stem-group euarthropods, retained across a swathe of tree space, but evolved secondarily in K. lata from an antenna within Artiopoda. The phylogenetic position of K. lata adds support to a six-segmented head being an ancestral state for upper stem- and crown-group euarthropods.
How to Do a Public Dissertation
Authors: Bain Gracie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Public dissertations allow doctoral students to engage a broader audience that is often already having conversations about our research topics, whether explicitly or not. The traditional dissertation is usually read by the committee (if you are lucky) and the author. Public projects allow early-career scholars to expand their marketability, relate their abstract topics to concrete discussions, and adapt to the changing demands of the academic space. This article includes a brief case study of the author’s public dissertation to suggest possible avenues for current graduate students and faculty mentors, along with a frank discussion about the pros and cons of such a project. Six tips provide a frank discussion of the pros and cons of such a project and possibilities for graduate students interested in a public project to consider.
Information, Uncertainty, and Public Support for Brinkmanship During the 2023 Debt Limit Negotiations
Authors: DiGiuseppe Matthew , Shea Patrick E. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Why do US voters allow politicians to hold the country’s economy hostage during debt ceiling negotiations? In this research note, we argue that ignorance and uncertainty over the consequences of a debt ceiling breach play a nontrivial role in public support for hard-line negotiating positions. In a pre-registered survey experiment, two weeks before the June 2023 deadline to raise the US debt ceiling, we show that providing credible information about the consequences of default increases support for concessions among both Democrats and Republicans. Further, more certain information about the consequences of a debt ceiling breach has a larger effect than less-certain information suggesting that the unpredictable consequences of the crisis also help explain voter reluctance to accept concessions. The findings have implications for understanding debt ceiling negotiations and other crisis bargaining situations where the public serves as a relevant third party.
Online illegal wildlife trade in Indonesia: strengthening the regulatory framework and law enforcement
Authors: Padang Krismanko , Nuruliawati  , Afifah Zahrah , Andriansyah Muhammad Irfan , Putri Andina Auria Dwi , Hafizoh Nur , Hermawati Irma , Muktamarianti Ade Indah , Yulianti Syaras , Handayani Niken Wuri , Mardiah Sofi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
E-commerce applications have significantly changed how people transact with each other. This includes digital advances that drive illegal wildlife trade. In Indonesia, the Conservation Act of 1990 was enacted before the internet revolution and does not, therefore, adequately cover online illegal wildlife trade. In this study we identified wildlife traded illegally through advertisements published by five large national e-commerce companies and one social media platform operating in Indonesia, using 39 keywords. We also analysed data on wildlife cybercrime court case outcomes, associated criminal networks and their modus operandi. Over 12 months, we found 996 advertisements for wildlife and wildlife products, including of 45 nationally protected species, from 421 accounts. Amongst the six platforms monitored, Facebook Marketplace had the highest illegal wildlife trade traffic. We found that those prosecuted for online illegal wildlife trade were given low sentences. Our analysis of wildlife legislation, focus group discussions and expert interviews showed that the Government of Indonesia Trade Law (2014) and Law on Electronic Information and Transactions (2008) cannot be used to prosecute online illegal wildlife trade cases because these laws do not acknowledge regulations for protected species. Our study emphasizes the urgency of revising the Conservation Act and changing the definition of trade to include advertisements of protected species. We recommend development of screening tools for advertisements and accounts on e-commerce platforms, review of community/user guidelines to prohibit trade of protected species, and strengthening the approach of combining multi-context laws with stakeholder cooperation to prosecute online illegal wildlife trade cases.
Maternal depression during the perinatal period and its relationship with emotion regulation in young adulthood: An fMRI study in a prenatal birth cohort
Authors: Mareckova Klara , Trbusek Filip , Marecek Radek , Chladek Jan , Koscova Zuzana , Plesinger Filip , Andrysková Lenka , Brazdil Milan , Nikolova Yuliya S. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Maternal perinatal mental health is essential for optimal brain development and mental health of the offspring. We evaluated whether maternal depression during the perinatal period and early life of the offspring might be selectively associated with altered brain function during emotion regulation and whether those may further correlate with physiological responses and the typical use of emotion regulation strategies.

Methods
Participants included 163 young adults (49% female, 28–30 years) from the ELSPAC prenatal birth cohort who took part in its neuroimaging follow-up and had complete mental health data from the perinatal period and early life. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured mid-pregnancy, 2 weeks, 6 months, and 18 months after birth. Regulation of negative affect was studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging, concurrent skin conductance response (SCR) and heart rate variability (HRV), and assessment of typical emotion regulation strategy.

Results
Maternal depression 2 weeks after birth interacted with sex and showed a relationship with greater brain response during emotion regulation in a right frontal cluster in women. Moreover, this brain response mediated the relationship between greater maternal depression 2 weeks after birth and greater suppression of emotions in young adult women (ab = 0.11, SE = 0.05, 95% CI [0.016; 0.226]). The altered brain response during emotion regulation and the typical emotion regulation strategy were also as sociated with SCR and HRV.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that maternal depression 2 weeks after birth predisposes female offspring to maladaptive emotion regulation skills and particularly to emotion suppression in young adulthood.
Rethinking the date and interpretation of the Thetford treasure: a 5th-c. hoard of gold jewelry and silver spoons
Authors: Swift Ellen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This re-evaluation of the Thetford hoard proposes a new date for its burial in the 5th c. CE (ca. 420s–40s), significantly later than the established date of the 380s–90s. The redating is based on comparative material from context-dated grave and hoard finds from across the western Roman Empire. At least 17 hoard artifacts are argued to have been made within the 5th c. The Thetford treasure is a key point of reference in dating artifacts, and therefore a new date, if accepted, will prompt further re-evaluation of material and significantly change our understanding of this key transition period.
The interpretation of the hoard is also revisited. The wide cultural connections that can be demonstrated in the jewelry reflect its assembly in a period of migration and displacement, and there is evidence that its economic value may have become paramount in the latest phase of the assemblage's use. Moreover, the revised date sets a new context for the hoard burial, after economic collapse and political breakdown in Britain. The article advocates for the potential role of wealthy religious sites like Thetford in filling the vacuum left by the collapse of Roman state authority in Britain.
Remembering Gendered Histories of the Holocaust in Yugoslavia and Goli otok in Eva Grlić's Memories and Ženi Lebl's White Violets
Authors: Marko McKenna 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis article examines Yugoslav women's transnational memories of state terror in two autobiographical texts bearing witness to the Holocaust and corrective labor camps on Goli otok and Sveti Grgur: Ženi Lebl's White Violets (1990) and Eva Israel Grlić's Memories (1997). I argue these texts recover disparate histories of state terror, coproducing shared strategies of memory and narration in the process. This article contextualizes how women's testimonies maneuvered the patriarchal cult of silence that marginalized gendered experiences of the corrective labor camps until the 1990s and women's erasure from Yugoslavia's important legacies, such as the antifascist struggle within which Ženi Lebl and Eva Grlić were actively involved. Drawing attention to how the Yugoslav state terror apparatus negated the women's revolutionary contributions and weaponized their biographies against them, this article argues that life writing reclaims their authorial agency and restores multilayered archives of the past.
Prediction of Equatorial Plasma Bubble Formation Using Ionosonde Observations From India
Authors: Patra A. K. , Das S. K. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPrediction of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) is a need of the hour for many modern navigation/communication applications. In this paper, we demonstrate an ionosonde based technique for the prediction of EPB formation overhead and its robustness using a large ionosonde data set, covering diverse solar flux and geomagnetic conditions, from three low‐latitude Indian stations, namely, Trivandrum, Sriharikota and Gadanki. The technique relies on localized upwelling at the bottomside F layer, characterized by the second time derivative of the base height of the F layer observed by ionosonde, as the prime criterion deciding whether EPB will be formed overhead or not. Results show that prediction for the formation of EPB over an ionosonde station can be made with an accuracy of 99.86%. The accuracy of prediction of EPB formation over a station using data from a nearby station separated by 3.2° in longitude, however, is found to be only 83.87%, underlining the crucial role of longitudinally localized background ionospheric conditions at the bottom of the F region. We discuss the prospective of the present technique and propose a cost effective approach for developing an effective EPB prediction strategy.
Simultaneous Two‐Point Study of the Martian Bow Shock Affected by an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection: Tianwen‐1 and MAVEN Observations
Authors: Wang Ming , Zhang Jiaqi , Lu Jianyong , Xie Lianghai , Qiao Fuhao , Xu Qi , Li Jinyu , Wei Guanchun , Qu Baohang , Li Lei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe Martian bow shock (BS) plays a significant role in the Martian plasma environment. Based on observations from Tianwen‐1 and MAVEN, we first report two cases of simultaneous two‐point crossings of the Martian BS affected by an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) event. The findings suggest that high solar wind dynamic pressure, Pd, and interplanetary magnetic field intensity, Bt, within an ICME event have opposite effects on the Martian BS. A high Pd causes the BS to move closer to the planet, while a strong Bt makes it move outward. The precise location of the BS depends on which factor dominates each time under specific ICME conditions. The two examined cases indicate that the Martian BS tends to move outward under an ICME event with a generally large IMF magnitude. The Wang, Xie, et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538‐4357/abbc04) model can accurately predict the location of the Martian BS under the examined ICME event.
A High‐Resolution 3‐D P‐Wave Velocity Structure of the South‐Central Cascadia Subduction Zone From Wide‐Angle Shore‐Crossing Seismic Refraction Data
Authors: Ashraf Asif , Hooft Emilie E. E. , Toomey Douglas R. , Tréhu Anne M. , Nolan Sarah , Wirth Erin A. , Ward Kevin M. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis study addresses a significant gap in understanding the features of the south‐central Cascadia subduction zone, a region characterized by complex geologic, tectonic, and seismic transitions both offshore and onshore. Unlike other segments along this margin, this area lacks a 3‐D velocity model to delineate its structural and geological features on a fine scale. To address this void, we developed a high‐resolution 3‐D P‐wave velocity model using active source seismic data from ship‐borne seismic shots recorded on temporary and permanent onshore seismic stations and ocean‐bottom seismometers. Our model shows velocity variations across the region with distinct velocity‐depth profiles for the Siletz, Franciscan, and Klamath terranes in the overlying plate. We identified seaward dipping high‐velocity static backstops associated with the Siletz and Klamath terranes, situated near the shoreline and further inland, respectively. Regions of reduced crustal velocity are associated with crustal faults. Moreover, there is significant along‐strike depth variation in the subducting slab, which is about 4 km deeper near the thick, dense Siletz terrane and becomes shallower near the predominantly less‐dense Franciscan terrane. This highlights a sudden tectonic and geologic transition at the southern boundary of the Siletz terrane. Our velocity model also indicates slightly increased hydration, though still minimal, in both the oceanic crust and the upper mantle of the subducting plate compared to other parts of the margin.
Decoding the Relationship Between Cloud Electrification, Downdrafts, and Surface Ozone in the Amazon Basin
Authors: Unfer Gabriela R. , Machado Luiz A. T. , Albrecht Rachel I. , Cecchini Micael A. , Harder Hartwig , Magina Flávio C. , Pöhlker Mira L. , Pöschl Ulrich , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano Jordi , Williams Earle R. , Wolff Stefan , Pöhlker Christopher 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe relationship between the electric field of storms and surface ozone (O3) levels in the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) region was investigated. Our findings reveal that surface ozone concentrations increase with the rise in the absolute electric field (|Ez|) of clouds. This phenomenon is linked to the amplification of downdraft magnitudes, which are similarly associated with the |Ez|. Detailed analysis also indicated that stronger downdrafts correlate with higher surface ozone levels. Consequently, the |Ez|‐downdrafts‐O3 interaction forms a coupled system, influenced by the strength of convective clouds. Notably, a more significant effect is observed when the |Ez| surpasses the threshold of lightning activity, leading to an increment of up to 5 ppbv in surface O3. This increment was shown to be independent of downdraft intensity or cloud height, relating solely to the impact of electrical activity. Based on the observational data, a novel parameterization was developed to predict surface ozone concentrations during storms, effectively incorporating the proportional impact of cloud electrification and downdrafts. This phenomenological model provides a robust tool for understanding and forecasting ozone dynamics in storm events in the Amazon rainforest, highlighting the intricate interplay between cloud electricity, downdrafts, and air chemistry in tropical convective storms.
Measuring Gas Transfer Velocity in a Steep Tropical Stream: Method Evaluation and Implications for Upscaling
Authors: Rexroade Adam T. , Wallin Marcus B. , Duvert Clément 
Published: February 2025

AbstractGreenhouse gas emission estimates from streams rely, in part, on accurate measurements or estimates of the gas transfer velocity, which describes the physical efficiency for gas exchange across the water‐air interface. Numerous methods for measuring or modeling gas transfer velocity exist, yet few studies compare these different methods. Additionally, current models of gas transfer velocity in streams are predominantly derived from measurements in low‐gradient, temperate, or boreal streams. Here, we measured gas transfer velocity using four different methods in a high‐energy, tropical headwater stream under a range of flow conditions, and compared these measurements to indirect estimates from four empirical models. Our results show that, when compared to the use of a biologically inert gas tracer (propane), floating chambers produced lower gas transfer velocity values. Using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a tracer gas was unreliable without considering other natural sources and sinks of CO2 and yielded gas transfer velocities lower than when using propane. Existing empirical models tended to underestimate gas transfer velocity, compared to the inert tracer gas. When using empirical models to upscale the emission flux along an entire stream reach, choice of model was more influential than the spatial resolution of model implementation. We also highlight the extreme spatial variability of gas transfer velocity across small spatial scales, which contrasts with its relative stability across changing hydrological conditions. The discrepancies between methods highlight the need for further research in measuring and upscaling gas transfer velocity, particularly in very turbulent steep streams.
Quantification of Carbopeaking and CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ Fluxes in a Regulated Alpine River
Authors: Dolcetti G. , Piccolroaz S. , Bruno M. C. , Calamita E. , Larsen S. , Zolezzi G. , Siviglia A. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractCarbon dioxide () fluxes in regulated Alpine rivers are driven by multiple biogeochemical and anthropogenic processes, acting on different spatiotemporal scales. We quantified the relative importance of these drivers and their effects on the dynamics of concentration and atmospheric exchange fluxes in a representative Alpine river segment regulated by a cascading hydropower system with diversion, which includes two residual flow reaches and a reach subject to hydropeaking. We combined instantaneous and time‐resolved water chemistry and hydraulic measurements at different times of the year, and quantified the main fluxes by calibrating a one‐dimensional transport‐reaction model with measured data. As a novelty compared to previous inverse modeling applications, the model also included carbonate buffering, which contributed significantly to the budget of the case study. The spatiotemporal distribution and drivers of fluxes depended on hydropower operations. Along the residual flow reaches, fluxes were directly affected by the upstream dams only in the first 2.5 km, where the supply of supersaturated water from the reservoirs was predominant. Downstream of the hydropower diversion outlets, the fluxes were dominated by systematic sub‐daily fluctuations in transport and evasion fluxes (“carbopeaking”) driven by hydropeaking. Hydropower operational patterns and regulation approaches in Alpine rivers affect fluxes and their response to biogeochemical drivers significantly across different temporal scales. Our findings highlight the importance of considering all scales of variations for accurate quantification and understanding of these impacts, to clarify the role of natural and anthropogenic drivers in global carbon cycling.