bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Condition of a Davidson Clay Loam after Five Years of Heavy Poultry Manure Applications
Authors: Weil R. R. , Kroontje W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle information is available on how soil physical properties are affected by very heavy poultry manure applications often associated with concentrated poultry production. In this study, after 5 years of applying up to 110 metric tons of poultry manure/ha per year to corn plots, the physical condition of the manured plots differed markedly from that of the unmanured controls. During the spring the activity of soil invertebrates created a highly channelized and aggregated structure in the surface soil. Plowlayer bulk density was reduced by the poultry manure from 1.1 to 0.8 g/cm3 and the percentage water‐stable aggregates increased from 73 to nearly 94%. About half of the variability in bulk density could be accounted for by differences in soil organic matter contents. The manured plots were generally more moist in the plow layer, especially in spring and early summer when a perched water table at a depth of 20 cm was caused by a water‐repellent plowsole layer of partially decomposed manure. In the spring this layer resulted in infiltration rates on the manured plots as low as 0.02 cm/hour compared to a mean of 12.1 cm/hour on the controls. In November, the infiltration rate of the manured plots rose to 57 cm/hour due to the activities of earthworms. The manured plots held nearly 42% moisture at 0.1 bar tension as compared to 32% for the control plots. Incorporation of poultry manure by means other than moldboard plowing might avoid the creation of a plowsole manure layer which counteracts the potentially beneficial effects of the manure on soil structure and water‐holding capacity.
The Transfer of the Coccidiostat Clopidol to Lambs by Feeding Chicken Waste
Authors: Ryan John J. , Pilon Jean C. , Mc Leod Harry A. , Crober Donald C. , Sefton Arnold E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBroiler chickens of both sexes were fed a diet with and without 125 µg/g of the coccidiostat clopidol (3,5‐dichloro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐pyridinol). The waste from these animals was fermentated with a wood base and fed to lambs for a 5‐mo period. The clopidol in the lamb feed, the edible tissues, and faeces was measured at slaughter by gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture (EC) detection and confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS). Lamb silage from chicken waste contained 70 to 80 µg/g clopidol. Kidney levels of treated groups averaged between 0.4 to 0.75 µg/g, while those in liver were 0.2 to 0.4 µg/g. Muscle and fat tissue contained 0.1 µg/g and lower concentrations. Corresponding values for blood and faeces were 0.1 to 0.5 and 0.2 to 0.8 µg/g. An additional 10 to 30% more clopidol was present in the kidney, liver, and blood but not the faeces in the form of the glucuronide conjugate. Clopidol was passed on from the chickens to the lambs by feeding of chicken waste but did not appear to accumulate in the lambs.
Studies of Phosphorus Movement Using Salt Marsh Microecosystems
Authors: Everest J. W. , Davis D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMicroecosystems of a salt marsh community were designed, constructed, and used to follow phosphorus flux through the physical and biological components of that community. The biological components in these microecosystems were smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel), diatoms, mud fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax Smith), periwinkle snails (Littorina irrorata Say), and ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa Dillwyn; formerly Modiolus demissus Dillwyn). The physical components were the marsh soil and the seawater. Phosphorus (332P) placed 17.5 cm below the soil surface was abundantly present in the smooth cordgrass leaves and on the soil surface 4 days later. No 32P was secreted by the leaves of smooth cordgrass during the experiment. The rapid transfer of phosphorus to the soil surface was found to be the result of the burrowing activity of the fiddler crabs.
Particle‐Size Analysis by Pipette and SediGraph
Authors: Welch Norman H. , Allen Paul B. , Galindo Donnie J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe pipette and SediGraph methods of particle size analyses were compared on 55 samples. The best agreement between the two methods was on 12 of the 55 samples treated to remove organic matter and soluble salts. The correlation for all sizes combined from the 55 samples was 0.97 with a standard deviation from regression of 5.54%. The agreement between the two methods was good at all individual sizes except the % < 50 µm where the correlation was 0.12.Neither method is well suited to particle size analysis of suspended sediment samples with low concentrations or limited quantities of sediment. The major differences between the two methods are the time and labor required to perform the actual analysis and to calculate the analytical results.
Phosphorus Loading from Urban Stormwater Runoff as a Factor in Lake Eutrophication: I. Theoretical Considerations and Qualitative Aspects
Authors: Browman M. G. , Harris R. F. , Ryden J. C. , Syers J. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA theoretical fractionation of urban runoff phosphorus (P) according to its chemical mobility and potential biological impact is presented and the P fractions feasible for routine analysis established. Urban runoff P from two separate storm sewer systems draining residential areas in the Lake Wingra basin (Madison, Wis.) was characterized in detail. Flow‐weighted mean concentrations of dissolved inorganic P (Pi) for individual runoff events ranged from 0.10 to 2.11 mg P/liter and generally comprized ≥ 79% of the total dissolved P (Pt), allowing optimization of routine P characterization by the determination of dissolved Pi (or dissolved Pt) and total P. Flow‐weighted mean concentrations of total particulate P (Pt) ranged from 0.14 to 2.37 mg P/liter. However, while the composition of the particulate Pt at the lower concentrations was widely variable, at the higher concentrations particulate Pt was constituted mainly of organic P (Po). Flow‐weighted mean concentrations of dissolved Pi were more consistently correlated at a significant level with particulate Pt and particulate Po than with particulate Pi. The higher concentrations of dissolved and particulate P were associated with leaf and elm fruit fall, in the fall and spring, respectively, and with longer dry periods immediately before runoff events. A significant proportion (35 to 50%) of the particulate Pt occurring during the first flush and high flow phases of runoff events would remain suspended in the lake photic zone for several days. The upper limit for potentially available P in urban runoff can be given by dissolved Pi (or dissolved Pt) plus 0.25 × particulate Pt, for the watersheds studied.
Volatilization of Some Herbicide‐Related Nitrosamines from Soils
Authors: Oliver J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe volatilization of four nitrosamines from soil was studied under laboratory conditions. From 30 to 80% of the low molecular weight nitrosamines that were surface‐applied volatilized within a few hours. Incorporation of nitrosamines into the soil reduced both the extent and rate of volatilization. Most of the nitrosamine volatilization occurred within the first few days; this behavior contrasted with that of two dinitroaniline herbicides, which continued to volatilize for several weeks.
Poliovirus Movement During High Rate Land Filtration of Sewage Water
Authors: Lance J. C. , Gerba C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearch with soil columns that are good models of a field ground water recharge system showed that most polioviruses are held near the soil surface. Secondary sewage effluent seeded with poliovirus type 1 (LSc) was filtered through 250‐cm columns packed with calcareous sand from an area in the Salt River bed that is used for ground water recharging of secondary sewage effluent. When the concentration of poliovirus added to the sewage water was increased from 0.9 × 102 to 2.6 × 104 PFU/ml, the number of viruses detected at each soil depth increased with the increasing virus concentration in the sewage water. However, the percentage of added viruses that remained at each depth was about the same for each concentration. The differences in the strength of the negative charge among members of a given viral population could account for the adsorption of some viruses near the soil surface while others move farther through the profile.Increasing the flow rate from 0.6 to 1.2 m/day caused a virus breakthrough of <1% of the added virus. However, 99% of the viruses still were removed from the infiltrating water at flow rates as high as 12 m/day. The velocity of water movement through the soil may be the single most important factor affecting the depth of virus penetration.
Trifluralin Movement in Runoff from a Small Agricultural Watershed
Authors: Rohde W. A. , Asmussen L. E. , Hauser E. W. , Wauchope R. D. , Allison H. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6.dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) moved in the surface flow from a small agricultural watershed located in the Southeastern Coastal Plain. Movement of trifluralin in 1974 and 1975 in surface water was 0.17 and 0.03%, respectively, of the total amount applied (1.12 kg/ha). Trifluralin movement in the shallow subsurface flow (above the 214 cm depth) was recorded only in 1974 and was negligible. Trifluralin was detectable in the soil from the 1974 application before the 1975 application. Soil concentration of trifluralin in 1974 was 320 ng/g (immediately after application) in the 0‐ to 10‐cm depth and after 114 days the concentration decreased to 73 ng/g. However, no trifluralin was detected in the 30‐ to 60‐cm depth 60 days after application. Simulated surface runoff from subplots on the watershed produced measurable concentrations of trifluralin 38 days after application, but it could not be detected after 71 days. Trifluralin movement was greater in runoff caused by simulated rainfall than that from natural rainfall due to the high application rate of water (19.1 cm/hour) and the lack of a vegetational buffer. Trifluralin loss in the simulated rainfall runoff water from a small plot directed through a 24.4‐m waterway was reduced 96% under dry and 86% under wet conditions. Hence, trifluralin movement can be significantly reduced and possibly managed by buffer strips or vegetated waterways adjoining cropped areas. Appropriate use of these buffer areas should reduce to acceptable levels the chemical concentration in the runoff before the runoff reaches the surrounding streams.
Effects of Wood Products Harvest on Forest Soil and Water Relations
Authors: Patric James H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of silvicultural treatments on streamflow have been evaluated for 20 years on a 34.7‐ha forested catchment on the Fernow Experimental Forest, near Parsons, in north‐central West Virginia. Selection harvest of 13, 8, and 6% of the basal area in 1958, 1963, and 1968, respectively, had negligible effect on any measured property of water. In 1969–1970, 31.7 ha were harvested by clearcutting, leaving a 3.0‐ha protective strip of lightly cut forest extending about 20 m along both sides of the stream channel. This treatment had no effect on stormflow or stream temperature, but water yield increased 253 mm (38%) during the first year after cutting. Concentrations of sediment, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in streamflow increased slightly. These effects on water quality were held to low levels by the protective strip and prudent management of logging roads. Subsequent cutting of the protective strip and clearing the stream channel in 1972 increased water yield 40 mm (9%) and raised stream temperature as much as 7.8°C. Luxuriant regrowth over the entire watershed reduced all effects on water within 2 years after each treatment, and no effect from any treatment was measurable after 1977.
Sorption of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide by Petunia Leaves
Authors: Elkiey T. , Ormrod D. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShoots of three cultivars of Petunia hybrida Vilm. of differing ozone (O3) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) sensitivity were exposed to O3 and SO2 in closed chambers for observation of pollutant absorption through the stomates and adsorption by leaf surfaces. The cultivar least sensitive to injury, ‘Capri’, absorbed the least ozone or SO2 but adsorbed the most. The sensitive ‘White Cascade’ had the opposite sorption pattern. Absorption of the individual gases was generally less from the mixture, whereas adsorption rates were similar whether the gases were supplied singly or in mixture. The existence of substantial differences in surface adsorption could introduce error in measurements of pollutant absorption by leaves.
Persistence of Fluridone in Small Ponds
Authors: Muir D. C. G. , Grift N. P. , Blouw A. P. , Lockhart W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluridone {1‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐5‐[3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐4‐[1H]‐pyridinone} was applied to three small ponds (5 by 3.5 m2) to give water concentrations of 5,000, 700, and 70 µg/liter, respectively. Water, hydrosoil (0 to 3 and 3 to 6 cm depth), duckweed (Lemna minor), and minnows (Pimephales promelas) were collected for residue analysis over a 70‐week period following herbicide application. The half‐life of fluridone in the water column (0.5 m depth) ranged from 4 (at 700 µg/liter) to 7 days (70 µg/liter). Upon retreatment of one of the ponds the following year at 100 µg/liter, a half‐life of 4 days was observed. Fluridone persisted in hydrosoils with an apparent half‐life of 1 year or more at all treatment levels. Retreatment of one of the ponds resulted in a buildup of herbicide residue which dissipated more rapidly (half‐life of 20 weeks) than after the first treatment. Bioassays indicated that fluridone residues in hydrosoil from the ponds treated at 700 and 5,000 µg/liter, taken 42 to 70 weeks after treatment, were phytotoxic to duckweed. Fluridone levels in minnows were very low (< 0.02 to 0.14 µg/g) throughout the sampling period with bioconcentration factors ranging from 0 to 64. Fluridone levels in duckweed were proportional to the herbicide concentrations in the pond water with bioconcentration factors ranging from 19 to 85.
A Simulation Model for Sludge Decomposition in Soil
Authors: Gilmour J. T. , Gilmour C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA computer simulation model which describes the rate of sludge decomposition in soil has been developed. The model, SLUDGE, uses first‐order kinetics. The rate constant was modified as the type of C species undergoing decomposition, temperature, and water content varied. The model computes decomposition on a daily basis during the rapid decomposition phase and on a monthly basis during the slow decomposition phase. Tests of the model showed that the model adequately describes sludge decomposition in soil. Model output for municipal sludge showed that half the sludge was decomposed over a 32‐ to 57‐month period for the soil temperature and moisture regimes considered. The time (month) of sludge addition had a large effect on the decomposition of the rapidly decomposable sludge fraction, but only a small effect on the half‐life of sludge. When yearly average soil temperature and water content data replaced monthly data in the model, predictions were changed in some cases suggesting use of yearly data could lead to erroneous results when computing sludge turnover. When “optimum” soil temperature and water content were used in the model, the half‐life of sludge was reduced by 37 to 66%; thus, laboratory studies conducted under “optimum” conditions would probably underestimate half‐lives under field conditions. In a modification of the model where annual June additions of sludge were made, the ratio of accumulated sludge to an annual addition was from 4.3 to 7.9 after 50 years of sludge addition. These ratios were slightly larger than those calculated using equations developed to compute such ratios for a relatively constant soil environment.
Ecological Characteristics of the Rhizosphere Microflora of Myriophyllum heterophyllum
Authors: Blotnick J. R. , Rho J. , Gunner H. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBacterial populations associated with the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of Myriophyllum heterophyllum were studied in the littoral zone of a soft water, mesotrophic lake during the period of active growth of the plants. The composition of the rhizoplane community was found to differ distinctly from that of the adjacent sediments, while the population density of heterotrophic bacteria in each environment did not differ significantly. Higher populations of bacteria capable of nitrate reduction and ammonification did occur in the rhizoplane. Nitrogen‐fixing (acetylene‐reducing) activity was significantly higher on the root surface than in the sediment. The intensity of the rhizosphere effect was apparently related to the bimodal productivity cycle of Myriophyllum communities. Higher populations of bacteria involved in nutrient transformations in the rhizoplane suggest that these have a greater potential for supplying aquatic plants with readily available nutrients than do the nonrhizosphere populations.
Effect of Air‐filled Porosity, Nitrate Concentration, and Time on the Ratio of N2O/N2 Evolution During Denitrification
Authors: Letey J. , Valoras N. , Hadas Aviva , Focht D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrous oxide evolution from soils may contribute to partial destruction of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Knowledge on factors affecting the N2O/N2 evolution ratio from soils is important in properly accessing the hazard associated with N2O evolution. Soils were wet to various air‐filled porosities with 400 ppm 15N‐labeled NaNO3 solution or to 5% air‐filled porosity with various nitrate concentrations. The treated soils were incubated in closed containers in the laboratory and periodically checked for N2O and N2 evolution. The incubation flasks were opened and brought to equilibrium with the atmosphere after each gas sampling. All samples which were sufficiently wet to cause denitrification had an initial high N2O evolution rate which decreased and approached zero with time. Dinitrogen gas evolution rate was initially low but increased after 3 to 4 days. The N2O/N2 ratio was initially high (infinity in some cases) and decreased rapidly with time. Except for the three lowest initial nitrate treatments, there was relatively high nitrate concentration throughout the incubation period; thus the decrease in the ratio could not be attributed to low nitrate concentration during the latter part of incubation. At a given time during the early stages of denitrification, the N2O/N2 evolution ratio increased with increased initial nitrate concentration. The ratio eventually became zero even under highest nitrate treatment. It is proposed that the enzyme dissimilatory nitrate reductase develops rapidly after anoxic conditions are initiated, and that the enzyme dissimilatory nitrous oxide reductase develops only after a period of time following anoxic conditions.
Plutonium in a Grassland Ecosystem at Rocky Flats
Authors: Little Craig A. , Whicker F. Ward , Winsor Terrol F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPortions of the grassland around the Rocky Flats installation of the U.S. Department of Energy, located about 12 km northwest of the Denver metropolitan area, were contaminated with Pu between 1959 and 1964. This study was designed to elucidate the Pu distribution patterns in the terrestrial ecosystem immediately downwind of the contamination source. We concluded that wind erosion of contaminated soil was likely the chief mechanism of plutonium transport and that soil contained 99.7% of the plutonium in the system. Plant and small animal compartments combined contained less than 0.3% of the total Pu inventory which averaged about 53 µCi/m2 in the study area.
Soil as a Medium for Dairy Liquid Waste Disposal
Authors: Yang Shen‐Yi , Jones Joe H. , Olsen Farrel J. , Paterson John J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA vegetative‐soil filter may be an inexpensive and effective means for the disposal of liquid dairy wastes. A field study was conducted at Southern Illinois University Dairy Center, Carbondale, Ill. during 1976–77 to evaluate the effectiveness of a vegetative‐soil filter for disposal of dairy effluent. The liquid waste was applied daily to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on a Hosmer silt loam (Typic Fragiudalf) with a 3% north‐facing slope. Applying effluent to the soil for absorption without runoff was found to eliminate the possibility of stream pollution except during rainfall and snowmelt runoff. The highest loading rate for this soil under the most adverse climatic conditions was 0.43 cm/day. The pollutants in the liquid waste were reduced significantly by flowing over the vegetative‐soil filter but not to acceptable levels. The BOD5, NH4‐N, suspended solids, and PO4‐P decreased by 41, 36, 69, and 16%, respectively. After 1 year of liquid waste application to the test site, perched ground‐water samples showed a 99% BOD5 decrease and a 90% removal of PO4‐P. A vegetative‐soil filter may be used for the disposal of liquid waste effluent from a dairy operation.
Decomposition of Sewage Sludge in Drying Beds and the Potential Role of the Earthworm, Eisenia foetida
Authors: Mitchell M. J. , Hornor S. G. , Abrams B. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDecomposition of sewage sludge in drying beds at Ley Creek (LC) and Meadowbrook‐Limestone (MB) Wastewater Treatment facilities in metropolitan Syracuse, N.Y. was monitored. LC and MB beds were derived from an anaerobically digested, primary sludge and an aerobically digested, activated sludge, respectively. Fluxes of O2, CH4, and CO2, as determined by in situ incubation of cylinders and analysis by gas chromatography, showed that at LC, aerobic and anaerobic, decomposition and photosynthesis occurred concomitantly due to high moisture. Similar analyses for two separate trials at MB found that both total decomposition rate and percentage of anaerobic decomposition (1 to 90%), as indexed by CH4 evolution vs. O2 consumption, decreased with time and were inversely related to sludge moisture content. O2 consumption rates, when standardized to 15°C, ranged from 10 to 80 µliter/g dry wt. For both LC and MB sludge, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were abundant (3 × 107 to 6 × 108 colony‐forming units/g dry wt) and dominant bacteria were not enteric. Nematode densities ranged from 7 to 814 individuals/g dry wt.A computer simulation model on the role of macroinvertebrates in decomposition was used for analyzing the effects of the earthworm, Eisenia foetida. This oligochaete was introduced into one‐half of the MB cylinders and was shown to accelerate decomposition and decrease the proportion of anaerobic decomposition if the sludge was below 375% moisture dry weight and 40% anaerobic decomposition. This stimulation was also reflected in increased nematode density and elevated Eh. Flooding of drying beds caused mortality to E. foetida.