bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vegetative Filter Treatment of Livestock Feedlot Runoff
Authors: Dickey Elbert C. , Vanderholm Dale H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour vegetative filters were installed on feedlots in central and northern Illinois. Two configurations were used: channelized flow and overland flow. After settling for partial solids removal, runoff was applied directly to the filters and allowed to flow from the inlet to the outlet section. Results from measurement analyses and sampling of influent, effluent, and surface flow at intermediate points were reported.Most runoff events were infiltrated completely, resulting in no filter discharge. Runoff from larger events was partially discharged. Filters removed as much as 95% of nutrients and oxygen‐demanding materials from the applied runoff on a weight basis, and 80% on a concentration basis. Removal was directly related to flow distance or contact time with the filter. Channelized flow with greater flow depths required greater contact time or flow distance than shallow overland flow to achieve the same level of treatment.
Factors Affecting Radionuclide Availability to Vegetables Grown at Los Alamos
Authors: White G. C. , Hakonson T. E. , Ahlquist A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field study was conducted in 1977 on 238, 239Pu and 137Cs availability to zucchini squash (Curcurbita melopepo, hybrid seneca) and green bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, Landreths stringless) grown under home‐garden conditions in an area at Los Alamos National Laboratory used for treated radioactive liquid waste disposal. Radionuclide concentrations were measured as a function of tissue type, height above the soil, fertilization regime, and for the squash, food‐cleansing procedures. Analysis of variance procedures were used to analyze the data.Ratios of the concentration of a radionuclide in oven‐dried vegetation to dry soil ranged from 0.0004 to 0.116 for the Pu isotopes, and from 0.051 to 0.255 for 137Cs. Fertilization with cattle manure reduced the Pu concentration ratios by 30% and 137Cs by 50%. Vegetative parts sampled within 20 cm of the ground surface were contaminated about four times as much as those parts growing further from the ground surface. About 65% of the contamination was removed by washing, indicating the presence of surficial contamination. The 50‐year radiation dose commitment to humans consuming vegetables from the garden plot would be less than 0.05 mrem and would be due almost entirely to 137Cs.
Effects of Sanitary Landfill Leachate on Some Soil Chemical Properties
Authors: Winant W. M. , Menser H. A. , Bennett O. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe treatment of leachate from sanitary landfills has become a serious problem for many communities because of rising concern for water quality and increased use of landfills for disposal of solid waste. The objective of this research was to test the value of using soils to decontaminate waste water from a landfill. Approximately 100 cm of leachate from a sanitary landfill was applied over a 6‐month period, after which soil samples were collected to a depth of 60 cm. Ammonium acetate was used to extract Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Sr, while P was extracted with a dilute double acid. At a soil depth of 0–5 cm Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Sr levels of ammonium acetate extracts markedly increased, while leachate irrigation did not significantly change Fe, Zn, P, and Kjeldahl N concentrations. Leachate irrigation increased soil pH from 4.7 to 5.8 at the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth and from 4.5 to 5.7 at the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth. Most elements were attenuated to some extent by the soil, but lime and fertilizer addition did little to influence soil absorptive capacity.
Characterization of Mercury in a Riverwash Soil
Authors: Harsh J. B. , Doner H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extent of cinnabar (α‐HgS) degradation in a riverwash soil polluted by Hg mining waste was evaluated by determination of persistent α‐HgS and Hg liberated from the mineral. The soil was sequentially extracted to determine soluble, exchangeable, manganese‐oxide‐associated, and free iron‐oxide‐associated Hg. DTPA, 0.5N NaHCO3, and 0.5N and 1.0N HCl were used to determine available, weakly organic‐bound, and strongly adsorbed Hg, respectively. Particle size and density separations using tetrabromoethane and Clerici's solution were employed to determine Hg in < 1.8, 1.8–2.9, > 2.9, < 4.0, and > 4.0 g cm−3 fractions of clay, silt, and sand separates. A thermal fractionation of the soil was used to measure Hg loss at temperatures from 25 to 450°C.Only traces of Hg were recovered by the chemical extractants, implying that very little existed in an adsorbed or easily soluble state. More than 90% of the Hg was recovered in the > 4.0 g cm−3 fraction. This, along with thermal fractionation and x‐ray diffraction data, indicated that this Hg remained primarily in the α‐HgS form. Loss of Hg in the tetrabromoethane separations and at low temperatures during the thermal fractionation suggested that Hg in both the colloidal and lighter fractions was organically bound.
Effects of Drainage and Long‐Term Manure Application on Nitrogen, Copper, Zinc, and Salt Distribution and Availability in Soils
Authors: Kuo Shiou 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of drainage and long‐term manure application on nitrogen, copper, zinc, and salt distribution in soil profiles were examined for a field that had been receiving manure applications for more than 20 years. The field ranged from well‐drained Briscot loam to poorly drained Shalcar muck and was planted with corn (Zea mays L.) in 1979. Ten weeks after planting, soil and plant tissue samples were collected from five different sites, and were analyzed for N, Cu, and Zn. More NO3−‐N was present in the Briscot loam than in the Shalcar muck, but considerable amounts of exchangeable NH4+‐N were found in the latter soil, and the amounts also increased with depth. The latter trend paralleled accumulation of salts in the lower horizons of the muck soil. No excessive elevations of Cu and Zn due to long‐term manure applications were found in either soil.Consistently lower total N, Cu, and Zn concentrations were found in leaf tissues of corn grown on the poorly drained muck soil than on the better‐drained loam soil. Poor soil aeration in the muck soil could have adversely affected the ability of corn to either absorb or translocate these elements. In addition, the low NO3−‐N levels and low DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)‐extractable Cu and Zn from the poorly drained soils could also have reduced availability and uptake of these elements.
Removal of Phosphorus from Waste Water by Soil Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions
Authors: Hill D. E. , Sawhney B. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies of the movement of fertilizer‐P and P added to soils in waste water have shown that P movement is extremely slow. But in cultivated soils with tile drains it has also been observed that reducing conditions caused by flooding can increase P mobility.To determine the movement of P under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, a simulated waste water containing 12 µg/ml P was added to an isolated soil block two‐three times a week for 2.5 years in a field experiment. The fine sandy loam soil was underlain by bedrock at 72 cm and had a water table fluctuating between the 25‐ and 75‐cm depths during the experiment. Analyses of the effluent from the weep holes at different depths suggests that the waste water moved along preferred pathways in heterogeneous soil and produced breakthrough of P to ground water before all sorption sites were fully saturated with P. Also, anaerobic conditions produced during periods of high water table enhanced the mobility of P, thus increasing the transport of P to ground water in soils used for continued waste‐water treatment. Renovation of waste water over long periods of time reduces the P sorption capacity of a soil, while periodic resting regenerates sorption sites and increases the potential for additional P sorption.Estimates of P retention based upon its concentration in influent and effluent solutions and bulk density of the soil show a reasonably good agreement with laboratory determination of P retained following waste‐water renovation. Data also show that most of the P retained is transformed into unavailable forms.
Foliar Uptake and Injury from Saline Aerosol
Authors: Grattan S. R. , Maas E. V. , Ogata Gen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. California Wonder), soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill cv. Prize), and tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Karst. ex Farw. cv. Heinz 1350) plants were exposed to saline aerosols until incremental salt deposition levels of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg Cl− cm−2 of horizontal surface area were achieved. Foliar necrosis became evident on the 0.4 mg Cl− cm−2 treatments after 3, 7, and 8 days on tomatoes, soybeans, and peppers, respectively, in an environmental chamber that simulated early morning dew between 0100 and 0700 PST. Severity of injury increased with increasing salt deposition and time. Foliar absorption of Na+ and Cl− was linearly related to the amount of salt deposition on leaves. No injury symptoms were apparent on any species at any salt deposition level when relative humidity (RH) was maintained at approximately 70% during the same period. Similar results were obtained in a second experiment where treated tomato, soybean, and pepper plants were compared at treatments of 70 and 100% RH during predawn hours but without dew formation. The injury at 100% RH, however, was not as pronounced as when plants were exposed to dew.
Formation of N‐Nitrosodimethylamine During Treatment of Municipal Waste Water by Simulated Land Application
Authors: Greene Sarah , Alexander Martin , Leggett Daniel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractN‐Nitrosodimethylamine was formed at a linear rate in Lake George sand and Arkport fine sandy loam amended with sewage, dimethylamine, and nitrite. The rates of formation were similar in the two soils. The amount that accumulated in the waste‐water‐amended Lake George sand under non‐percolating conditions was a linear function of the amount of precursors added, and 0.8% of the dimethylamine and 1.3% of the nitrite was recovered as the carcinogen. The extent of conversion was smaller when sewage containing the precursors was percolated through this soil. The extent of nitrosation was influenced by the moisture level of the soil.
Flooding and Landfill Gas Effects on Red and Sugar Maples
Authors: Arthur J. J. , Leone I. A. , Flower F. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeedlings of two maple species, Acer rubrum L. (red maple) and Acer saccharum Marsh (sugar maple), tolerant and intolerant to flooded soils, respectively, were subjected to flooded and simulated landfill‐gas‐saturated soils in modified 88‐liter steel trash cans in order to determine if flood‐tolerant characteristics of woody species are also effective in protecting plants from the effects of anaerobically produced gases (chiefly CH4 and CO2) in former landfills. The composition of the simulated landfill gas mixture consisting of approximately 3% O2, 40% CO2, 50% CH4, and 7% N2 (typical of many landfills observed), and the control, consisting of approximately 20% O2, <1% CO2, 80% N, and 0% CH4, were monitored routinely during the course of the experiment. Results of the experiment, based on stomatal resistances to the diffusion of water vapor from the leaf surfaces of the two species and visual appearances, indicated that the flood‐tolerant species, red maple, was also more tolerant of landfill‐gas‐contaminated soil than was sugar maple, the more sensitive of the two to flooded soils.
Reducing Ground‐Water Pollution from Municipal Waste‐Water Irrigation of Rhodes Grass Grown on Sand Dunes
Authors: Vaisman I. , Shalhevet J. , Kipnis T. , Feigin A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring 1978 and 1979 an effluent‐irrigation field experiment was carried out on a sand dune established with Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) to determine the irrigation needs of the grass in relation to removal of nutrients from the water and prevention of groundwater pollution. The municipal effluent used had received secondary treatment in settling ponds.It was found that irrigation of Rhodes grass with waste water (secondary effluent) on sandy dune soil may be considered an appropriate method for the treatment of secondary effluent. The method obtained at one and the same time, high production and the avoidance of ground‐water pollution, especially by nitrate and phosphorus.
PCBs in the Housatonic River: Determination and Distribution
Authors: Sawhney B. L. , Frink C. R. , Glowa W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn understanding of the mechanisms for the transport of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as their reactions with sediments should help in developing strategies for removal and disposal of sediments in contaminated rivers. We have developed a convenient procedure, based on multiple linear regression of peak heights (or areas) from gas chromatograms, for estimating individual members (Aroclors) for the PCB group of chemicals. Analysis of the bottom sediments of the Housatonic River system along a 20‐km section revealed that the sediments contained Aroclors 1248, 1254, and 1260 in the ratio of 1.0:0.6:1.9. PCB concentrations were highly correlated with clay and organic matter, suggesting that fine particles consisting of clay‐organo complexes in the sediments may provide a primary means of retention and transport of PCBs. Laboratory sorption of PCBs by clay minerals, humic acid, and the river sediments further substantiate these conclusions.
Effect of Swine Manure Lagoon Sludge and Municipal Sewage Sludge on Growth, Nitrogen Recovery, and Heavy Metal Content of Fescuegrass
Authors: King Larry D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSludge from a swine manure lagoon and municipal sewage sludge were used in a greenhouse study to determine their effects on fescuegrass (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) yield, heavy metal concentrations, and N uptake. Four variables were used in the experiment: sludge (swine and municipal), soil (loamy sand and sandy clay loam), application method (surface applied and incorporated), and application rate (10, 20, and 40 kg/ha of sludge‐applied Cu). Inorganic fertilizer treatments supplying 50, 100, and 200 kg N/ha were also included.The sludges were applied at the beginning of the experimental period and increased yields for a period of 35 weeks (five harvests), municipal sludge generally resulted in higher yields than did swine sludge during this period. Total recovery of applied N in harvested grass was 24% of the municipal‐sludge N and 16% of the swine‐sludge N for the first five harvests. Surface application resulted in greater N recovery (24%) than did incorporation (16%, average of both sludges).Copper concentration in the grass was not affected by sludge type or soil type, but Zn concentrations were higher with municipal sludge and with the sandy clay loam. With municipal sludge the effects of soil types on the concentrations of the other metals in the grass were: Cr and Pb, no effect; Ni, higher with loamy sand; and Cd, initially higher with sandy clay loam, later higher with loamy sand. Surface‐applied sludge generally resulted in higher concentrations of metals in the grass than did incorporated sludge. A comparison of the effects of surface‐applied and incorporated sludge vs. the effect of chemical fertilizer on metal concentrations in the grass showed: Cr and Pb, no effect; Cu, slight increase due to sludge at first harvest only; and Zn, Ni, and Cd, increase due to sludge.Heavy metal concentrations in the grass were not consistently related to the soil type. Since the soils differed in cation exchange capacity (CEC, loamy sand, 3.9 meq/100 g; sandy clay loam, 8.5 meq/100 g), it appears that a better criterion than CEC is needed for determining acceptable metal loading rates for major soils of the southeastern United States.
Permethrin Concentration on Cotton Plants, Persistence in Soil, and Loss in Runoff
Authors: Carroll B. R. , Willis G. H. , Graves J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe recently‐developed synthetic pyrethroid insecticides appear to have a potential for widespread use in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Thus, their persistence and movement under field conditions should be evaluated to identify any possible environmental hazards. Permethrin (3‐phenoxybenzyl [±]‐cis, trans‐3‐[2,2‐dichlorovinyl]‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) (1:1 cis/trans) was applied to cotton at a rate of 0.112 kg/ha on 10 separate dates each year in August and September of 1976 and 1977. Concentration measurements of the cis and trans isomers on cotton plants and leaf litter, and in soil and runoff (sediment + water) indicated that permethrin disappeared about 3–6 months after the last application, confirming permethrin's relatively short persistence compared with organochlorine insecticides. The ratios of the cis and trans isomers of permethrin on plants and leaf litter were near unity, but the concentration of the cis isomer usually was greater than the trans isomer in soil. Under a wide range of rainfall and runoff conditions, permethrin concentrations and losses in runoff were low. In 1976, concentrations in runoff did not exceed 0.20 ppb and the total amount recovered in runoff (water + sediment) was <0.01% of the amount applied. In 1977, an abnormally high rainfall year, concentrations in runoff were generally < 1 ppb, and the total amount recovered in runoff (water + sediment) was < 1% of that applied. Thus, even under severe runoff conditions permethrin concentrations generally were not great enough to be harmful to aquatic species.
Nitrate‐Nitrogen in Tile Drainage as Affected by Fertilization
Authors: Baker J. L. , Johnson H. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe volumes and NO3‐N contents of tile drainage from two plots grown to corn (Zea Mays L.) in rotation with either oats (Avena sativa L.) or soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) for 1974–1978 were measured to determine the effect of differential N fertilization on NO3‐N leaching losses. The plots, grown to corn and fertilized in even‐numbered years only, were fertilized with N at rates of 100 and 250 kg/ha in 1974 and 90 and 240 kg/ha in 1976. In 1978, both plots were fertilized with 90 kg N/ha. The NO3‐N contents of tile drainage from these plots had been established in a previous 4‐year study in which both plots received 112 kg N/ha in 1970 and again in 1972. These data provided a means of comparison on both an absolute and a relative basis for this second phase of a “before and after” study.Although the ratios of NO3‐N concentrations in daily samples from the two plots in phase one were constant and near unity, after differential fertilization, concentrations for the higher fertility plot exceeded those of the lower fertility plot for extended periods by a factor of two after the 1974 fertilization, and by a factor of four after the 1976 fertilization. In 1974, there was a delay of about 2 months (100 mm of flow) before the effect of surface fertilization was observed in the tile drainage; a similar delay was observed in 1976. Although relative NO3‐N concentrations for the higher fertility plot eventually decreased with time after the last differential fertilization, grab samples taken 3 years later still showed the effect of the higher level of fertilization. Overall, concentrations and losses for the plot receiving 90–100 kg N/ha every‐other year averaged 20 µg/ml and 27 kg/ha; for the plot receiving the most fertilizer, the values were 40 µg/ml and 48 kg/ha. For the 9 years of record, annual flow volumes averaged 132 mm, which represents a significant contribution to stream flows in central Iowa.
Response of Corn and Soybeans to Simulated Saline Aerosol Drift from Brackish Water Cooling Towers
Authors: Mulchi Charles L. , Armbruster James A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField studies were conducted on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) for 8 weeks during each summer from 1973 to 1977 to acquire information on the response of these crops to saline aerosol deposition from brackish water cooling towers. The studies involved two sources of salts (NaCl and brackish water from the Unit No. 3 cooling tower at Chalk Point, Md.) and various salt deposition rates (0.97–22.24 kg ha−1 week−1).Soybeans exhibited greater sensitivity than corn to simulated saline aerosol drift early in their growth cycle, but corn yields were impacted more than soybean yields from the foliar salt treatments. Vegetative symptoms of salt injury on corn were progressively more pronounced as the plants matured than was the case with soybeans.Polynomial regression analyses of yields vs. salt deposition rates produced linear relationships for both crops. Corn yields were described by the relationship Yc = 97.9 − 1.94X and soybean yields by the relationship Ysb = 103.5 − 1.73X, where X equaled the rate of salt deposition, and yields (Y) were expressed as percent of nontreated controls.Changes in leaf Cl levels in corn in response to foliar‐applied salts were described by the relationship Y = 0.20 + 0.07X − 0.001X2, and leaf Na contents by the relationship Y = 0.099 + 0.024X. Changes in leaf Cl levels in soybeans in response to foliar‐applied salts were described by the relationship Y = 0.059 + 0.073X + 0.004X2 − 0.0004X3, and leaf Na levels by the relationship Y = 0.086 + 0.011X + 0.0006X2, where X equaled the salt deposition rate (kg ha−1 week−1) and Y equaled the element contents (%).In an effort to explore methods for assessing the levels of crop yield reductions in areas where salt deposition is suspected but no control plants are possible, corn yields were described by the relationship Yc = 105 − 35.5X1 and Yc = 102 − 63.7X2, where Yc equaled the percent of nontreated controls, and X1 and X2 equaled the Cl and Na contents (%), respectively. Soybean yields were described by the relationship Ysb = 104 − 20X1 and Ysb = 105 − 57.9X2, where X1 and X2 equaled the Cl and Na contents in leaves, respectively.
Effect of Soil Slope and Rainfall Characteristics on Phosphorus in Runoff
Authors: Ahuja L. R. , Sharpley A. N. , Lehman O. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of soil slope length, degree of slope, soil cover, and storm size on soluble P released to runoff were investigated under controlled conditions, in 100‐ by 30‐ by 7.5‐cm soil boxes, under a simulated rainfall. These effects were related to a simplified kinetic model, presented earlier, which was developed further to incorporate the above effects conceptually. An increase in slope length from 33 to 100 cm increased the average P released per unit area of soil. Most of this increase was explained by the effect of slope length on the water to soil ratio, which influences the kinetics of release. However, the effect of overland flow, which influences the mass of soil releasing P to runoff, also increased with the increase in slope length. An increase in percent soil slope also increased the P release, directly proportional to slope between 4 and 16%. This was explained, for a slope length of 100 cm, primarily by the effect of slope on raindrop impact. Soil covers, simulated by different‐mesh screens, decreased the P release. Their effects were explained by the decreases in raindrop impact, which were determined by splash measurements. The effects of soil covers on P release increased with an increase in soil slope. The storm‐average P concentration of runoff decreased logarithmically with an increase in storm size. These experimental results could be explained by terms in the conceptual model, which were based on an analogy with a physical soil erosion mechanism. Further work is needed, however, on longer slopes and under field conditions.