bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Serotonin on the Development and Migration of Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Neurones in Rat Foetuses
Authors: Pronina T. , Ugrumov M. , Adamskaya E. , Kuznetsova T. , Shishkina I. , Babichev V. , Calas A. , Tramu G. , Mailly P. , Makarenko I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study used a pharmacological approach to evaluate the consequences of the metabolic perturbations of neurotransmitters on brain development. Pregnant rats received p‐chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) synthesis, or saline (control) from the 11th day of gestation once or daily up to the 15th, 17th and 20th day, followed by processing of the forebrain and/or nasal cranium of foetal males and females for high‐performance liquid chromatography of monoamines, radioimmunoassay of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and quantitative and semiquantitative immunocytochemistry for GnRH. The pCPA treatment resulted in a 50–70% depletion of 5‐HT in the nasal crania and forebrains at any studied age. Radioimmunoassay showed no change in GnRH content in 5‐HT deficient foetuses at E16 compared to controls, being higher in both cases in the rostral forebrain than in the hypothalamus. In controls at E21, the GnRH content in the hypothalamus exceeded that in the rostral forebrain, whereas in the 5‐HT deficient group the opposite was found. These data suggest that 5‐HT provided a stimulating effect on GnRH neurone migration, and this was confirmed by quantification of GnRH‐immunoreactive neurones in the forebrain along the trajectory of their migration. At E18 and E21, the fractions of GnRH neurones in the rostral part of the trajectory in pCPA‐treated foetuses were greater than those in control foetuses but the opposite was true for the caudal part of the trajectory. Moreover, 5‐HT appeared to control the proliferation of the precursor cells of GnRH neurones and their differentiation, as derived from the observations of the increased number of GnRH neurones in the forebrain of foetuses of both sexes, as well as the region‐specific decreased neuronal size and content of GnRH in 5‐HT‐deficient females. Thus, 5‐HT appears to contribute to the regulation of the origin, differentiation and migration of GnRH neurones.
Serotonin Stimulates Hypothalamic mRNA Expression and Local Release of Neurohypophysial Peptides
Authors: Jørgensen H. , Kjær A. , Knigge U. , Møller M. , Warberg J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe neurotransmitter serotonin (5‐HT) stimulates the secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin, and 5‐HT is involved in the mediation of the vasopressin and oxytocin response to stress. In male Wistar rats, we investigated the 5‐HT receptors involved in the 5‐HT‐induced increase of mRNA expression of vasopressin and oxytocin in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). The 5‐HT precursor, 5‐hydroxytryptophan, injected in combination with the 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, increased oxytocin mRNA expression in the PVN, and the concentration of vasopressin and oxytocin in plasma, whereas mRNA in the SON was not affected. Intracerebroventricular infusion of 5‐HT agonists selective for the 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1B, 5‐HT2Aand 5‐HT2Creceptor increased oxytocin mRNA in the SON and PVN. Infusion of agonists selective for the 5‐HT2A + 2Creceptor increased vasopressin mRNA in the PVN, whereas none of the 5‐HT agonists affected vasopressin mRNA in the SON. All the 5‐HT agonists infused increased peripheral oxytocin concentration and vasopressin was increased by stimulation of the 5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2Cand 5‐HT3receptor. Intracerebroventricular infusion of 100 nmol 5‐HT increased the extracellular hypothalamic concentration of vasopressin as measured by microdialysis in the PVN. To evaluate the involvement of hypothalamic‐pituitary system in the 5‐hydroxytryptophan and fluoxetine‐induced vasopressin secretion, rats were immunoneutralized with a specific anti‐corticotropin‐releasing hormone antiserum. This treatment reduced plasma vasopressin and oxytocin responses. We conclude that stimulation with 5‐hydroxytryptophan or 5‐HT agonists increases mRNA expression of oxytocin in the PVN and the SON via stimulation of at least 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1B, 5‐HT2Aand 5‐HT2Creceptors. Vasopressin mRNA in the PVN was increased only via the 5‐HT2receptor, whereas vasopressin mRNA in the SON does not seem to be affected by 5‐HT stimulation. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone appears to be partly involved in the mediation of 5‐HT induced vasopressin and oxytocin secretion.
Identification of Stimulatory and Inhibitory Inputs to the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis During Hypoglycaemia or Transport In Ewes
Authors: Smith R. F. , French N. P. , Saphier P. W. , Lowry P. J. , Veldhuis J. D. , Dobson H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study used the novel approach of statistical modelling to investigate the control of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and quantify temporal relationships between hormones. Two experimental paradigms were chosen, insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia and 2 h transport, to assess differences in control between noncognitive and cognitive stimuli. Vasopressin and corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) were measured in hypophysial portal plasma, and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in jugular plasma of conscious sheep, and deconvolution analysis was used to calculate secretory rates, before modelling. During hypoglycaemia, the relationship between plasma glucose and vasopressin or CRH was best described by log10 transforming variables (i.e. a positive power–curve relationship). A negative‐feedback relationship with log10 cortisol concentration 2 h previously was detected. Analysis of the ‘transport’ stimulus suggested that the strength of the perceived stimulus decreased over time after accounting for cortisol facilitation and negative‐feedback. The time course of vasopressin and CRH responses to each stimulus were different However, at the pituitary level, the data suggested that log10 ACTH secretion rate was related to log10 vasopressin and CRH concentrations with very similar regression coefficients and an identical ratio of actions (2.3 : 1) for both stimuli. Similar magnitude negative‐feedback effects of log10 cortisol at −110 min (hypoglycaemia) or −40 min (transport) were detected, and both models contained a stimulatory relationship with cortisol at 0 min (facilitation). At adrenal gland level, cortisol secretory rates were related to simultaneously measured untransformed ACTH concentration but the regression coefficient for the hypoglycaemia model was 2.5‐fold greater than for transport. No individual sustained maximum cortisol secretion for longer than 20 min during hypoglycaemia and 40 min during transport. These unique models demonstrate that corticosteroid negative‐feedback is a significant control mechanism at both the pituitary and hypothalamus. The amplitude of HPA response may be related to stimulus intensity and corticosteroid negative‐feedback, while duration depended on feedback alone.
Activation of Muscarinic Receptors in Rat Subfornical Organ Neurones
Authors: Honda E. , Ono K. , Toyono T. , Kawano H. , Masuko S. , Inenaga K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCholinergic muscarinic inputs to subfornical organ (SFO) neurones in rats were studied using histochemical, molecular–biological and electrophysiological techniques. Neurones in the medial septum and the diagonal band (MS‐DBB) were retrogradely labelled by a tracer wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase–colloidal gold complex injected into the SFO. Some in the MS‐DBB were double‐labelled by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibody. Many ChAT‐immunoreactive fibres were observed in the SFO. M3 muscarinic receptor subtype‐like immunoreactivity, detected using a polyclonal antiserum, was observed in the SFO. In slice preparations, muscarine induced inward currents in a dose‐related manner. The inward currents were suppressed by the relatively M3 muscarinic receptor selective antagonist 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiredine methiodide. In the whole‐cell current mode, muscarine depolarized the membrane with increased frequency of action potentials. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction showed the presence of M2–M5 receptor mRNA in the SFO tissues. These results suggest that the SFO receives cholinergic muscarinic synaptic inputs from the MS‐DBB. Acetylcholine postsynaptically activates and depolarizes neurones in the SFO partly through specific muscarinic receptors, including M3 receptor subtypes.
Oxytocin, But Not Oxytocin Receptor, is Regulated by Oestrogen Receptor β in the Female Mouse Hypothalamus
Authors: Patisaul H. B. , Scordalakes E. M. , Young L. J. , Rissman E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the female rat, oestrogen receptor (ER) β is colocalized with both oxytocin‐ and vasopressin‐producing neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). In this study, we demonstrate that the same pattern of colocalization between ERβ and oxytocin exists in the female mouse. Because this nucleus contains only a negligible quantity of ERα, it is likely that the oestrogen‐dependent regulation of oxytocin and vasopressin synthesis in the PVN is mediated by ERβ. Thus, we compared the effect of ovarian hormones on oxytocin and vasopressin mRNA expression in the PVN of wild‐type (WT) and ERβ knockout (βERKO) mice. We also compared the effects of ovarian hormones on oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression in the medial amygdala (MeA) and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) in female WT and βERKO mice. Ovariectomized mice underwent long‐term treatment with oestradiol or oil. Progesterone was given concurrently on the final 7 days of treatment, and all mice were killed 48 h after the final progesterone injection. In the PVN, hormone treatment increased oxytocin mRNA expression in WT but not βERKO females. These results suggest that ERβ is necessary for the regulation of the expression of oxytocin in the PVN. Hormone treatment had no effect on vasopressin mRNA expression in the PVN, but significantly increased OTR binding in both the VMN and the MeA in both genotypes. Collectively, our data show region and peptide specific regulation by ERα and ERβ in the mouse hypothalamus.
Antisense Strategy Unravels a Dopamine Receptor Distinct from the D2 Subtype, Uncoupled with Adenylyl Cyclase, Inhibiting Prolactin Release from Rat Pituitary Cells
Authors: Valeric Alessandra , Alberici Antonella , Tinti Cristina , Spano PierFranco , Memo Maurizio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe antisense strategy was used to unravel the functional contribution of the mRNAs encoding dopamine (DA) receptors to the multiple transduction mechanisms operated by DA in rat pituitary cells. An antisense oligonucleotide was designed to recognize seven nucleotides upstream and 11 nucleotides downstream from the initiation translation codon of the mRNA that encodes the DA D2 receptor. Addition of the antisense oligonucleotide for 7 days to primary culture of rat pituitary cells resulted in a decreased expression of DA D2 receptor as shown by (a) the virtual disappearance of [3H]spiroperidol binding sites and (b) the marked reduction in the levels of both the long and the short splice variant of the D2 receptor mRNAs. After this treatment, the DA D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine lost its capability both to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity and to reduce prolactin mRNA levels. On the contrary, the inhibition of prolactin release induced by bromocriptine was affected minimally by the antisense oligonucleotide treatment. These data indicate that (a) translation of the mRNA encoding DA D2 receptors results in receptors that are negatively coupled with adenylyl cyclase and functionally linked to inhibition of prolactin synthesis; and (b) the release of prolactin might be regulated, at least in part, by a DA receptor that is encoded by mRNA species distinct from those encoding the D2 receptor.
Nicotine as an Antiepileptic Agent in ADNFLE: An N‐of‐One Study
Authors: Willoughby John O. , Pope Kenneth J. , Eaton Vaughn 
Published: July 2010

Summary:  Purpose: To test nicotine patch treatment for a patient with a defined mutation for autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) whose seizures were refractory to standard antiepileptic therapy. Methods: Open and double‐blind trials of nicotine patches in an “n‐of‐one” study. The double‐blind trial comprised periods during which either placebo or nicotine patches were each used for three periods of 2 weeks, randomized in a double‐blind manner. Results: In an open study, nicotine patches reduced seizures from 1.65 ± 2.36 to 0.01 ± 0.0 seizures per day (p < 0.0001). In a double‐blinded placebo‐controlled phase, the average frequency of seizures on nicotine versus placebo was 0 ± 0 versus 0.56 ± 1.14 seizures per day (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Nicotine patches may be of benefit to some individuals with ADNFLE.
A Glucurono(arabino)xylan Synthase Complex from Wheat Contains Members of the GT43, GT47, and GT75 Families and Functions Cooperatively
Authors: Zeng Wei , Jiang Nan , Nadella Ramya , Killen Tara L. , Nadella Vijayanand , Faik Ahmed 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Glucuronoarabinoxylans (GAXs) are the major hemicelluloses in grass cell walls, but the proteins that synthesize them have previously been uncharacterized. The biosynthesis of GAXs would require at least three glycosyltransferases (GTs): xylosyltransferase (XylT), arabinosyltransferase (AraT), and glucuronosyltransferase (GlcAT). A combination of proteomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed three wheat (Triticum aestivum) glycosyltransferase (TaGT) proteins from the GT43, GT47, and GT75 families as promising candidates involved in GAX synthesis in wheat, namely TaGT43-4, TaGT47-13, and TaGT75-4. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using specific antibodies produced against TaGT43-4 allowed the immunopurification of a complex containing these three GT proteins. The affinity-purified complex also showed GAX-XylT, GAX-AraT, and GAX-GlcAT activities that work in a cooperative manner. UDP Xyl strongly enhanced both AraT and GlcAT activities. However, while UDP arabinopyranose stimulated the XylT activity, it had only limited effect on GlcAT activity. Similarly, UDP GlcUA stimulated the XylT activity but had only limited effect on AraT activity. The [14C]GAX polymer synthesized by the affinity-purified complex contained Xyl, Ara, and GlcUA in a ratio of 45:12:1, respectively. When this product was digested with purified endoxylanase III and analyzed by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography, only two oligosaccharides were obtained, suggesting a regular structure. One of the two oligosaccharides has six Xyls and two Aras, and the second oligosaccharide contains Xyl, Ara, and GlcUA in a ratio of 40:8:1, respectively. Our results provide a direct link of the involvement of TaGT43-4, TaGT47-13, and TaGT75-4 proteins (as a core complex) in the synthesis of GAX polymer in wheat.
Prevalence, knowledge and care patterns for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in United States minority populations
Authors: Yuen E. , Romney M. , Toner R. W. , Cobb N. M. , Katz P. O. , Spodik M. , Goldfarb N. I. 
Published: July 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 645–654SummaryBackground  While there is evidence of ethnic variation in the prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms, few population‐based studies examine GERD symptom prevalence amongst the growing Hispanic minority in the US as well as Asians in the West.Aim  To examine the prevalence, awareness and care patterns for GERD across different ethnic groups.Methods  A population‐based, cross‐sectional survey was fielded in English, Chinese and Spanish that assessed self‐reported GERD prevalence, awareness and care patterns in four ethnic groups (Caucasian, African American, Asian, Hispanic).Results  A total of 1172 subjects were included for analysis: 34.6% experienced GERD symptoms at least monthly, 26.2% at least weekly and 8.2% at least daily. Statistically significant differences in raw prevalence rates between racial groups were found: 50% of Hispanics experienced heartburn at least monthly, compared with 37% of Caucasians, 31% of African Americans and 20% of Asians (P > 0.0001). Significant differences in knowledge and care‐seeking patterns by ethnicity were also observed.Conclusions  This study confirms the high prevalence of GERD symptoms in the US and introduces Hispanics as the ethnicity with the highest prevalence rate. Asians in the US have higher rates of symptoms than in the Far East. These data demonstrate a need for culturally appropriate education about GERD symptoms and treatment.
Asylum‐seeking minors in interpreter‐mediated interviews: what do they say and what happens to their responses?
Authors: Keselman Olga , Cederborg Ann‐Christin , Lamb Michael E. , Dahlström Örjan 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis study explored how asylum‐seeking minors report information when formally interviewed. Twenty‐six Russian‐speaking minors (mean = 16.0 years of age) were individually interviewed by officials assisted by one of 18 interpreters. A qualitative analysis of the responses was used to develop categories that were then analysed quantitatively to elucidate characteristics of the questions asked by the officials, the minors' responses to them and the accuracy with which the minors' responses were rendered. The asylum‐seeking minors distinguished themselves as active participants. They appeared eager to disclose relevant information despite being asked many potentially contaminating questions. Most of the children's responses were accurately rendered, but mistranslations can affect the fact‐finding process substantially. Both the minors and the officials involved in the asylum‐seeking process need to recognize that both the questions asked and the responses given may be influenced by the third parties involved, i.e. the interpreters.
Current progress in ABO‐incompatible liver transplantation
Authors: Tanabe Minoru , Kawachi Shigeyuki , Obara Hideaki , Shinoda Masahiro , Hibi Taizo , Kitagawa Yuko , Wakabayashi Go , Shimazu Motohide , Kitajima Masaki 
Published: July 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (10): 943–949AbstractBackground  ABO‐incompatible (ABOi) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in adult patients has been controversial because of the high risk of antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) mediated by preformed anti‐ABO antibodies. However, outcomes have recently improved owing to various treatment advances.Materials and methods  This review article describes the history and current progress in ABOi liver transplantation, mainly from the viewpoint of the Japanese experience.Results  The typical clinical manifestations of AMR are hepatic necrosis and intrahepatic biliary complication. The outcomes of early ABOi LDLT were poor, especially in older children and adult cases. Since we first introduced portal vein infusion therapy into adult ABOi LDLT in 1998, local graft infusion therapy has emerged in Japan as a crucial breakthrough to overcome the ABO blood group barrier. From 2003, rituximab prophylaxis has been widely used with local graft infusion, and has resulted in markedly improved patient survival. The novel approach of intravenous immunoglobulin induction may become another option to suppress AMR. Continued patient enrolment and controlled trials will allow further validation of these treatments.Conclusions  The outcome of ABOi LDLT is now similar to that of blood‐type‐matched transplantation in Japan. However, infection is the major cause of morbidity and mortality after ABOi LDLT. Thus, evaluation of the patients' immune status and adjustment of immunosuppression will be the way forward in the future.
The paradigm of body condition: a critical reappraisal of current methods based on mass and length
Authors: Peig Jordi , Green Andy J. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. Body condition is a major concept in ecology addressed in countless studies, and a variety of non‐destructive methods are used to estimate the condition of individuals based on the relationship between body mass M and measures of length L. There is currently no consensus about the most appropriate condition index (CI) method, and various traditions have been established within subdisciplines in which ecologists tend to apply that method used previously by their peers. 2. Here, we present a reappraisal of six conventional CI methods: Fulton’s index (K = M/L3), Quételet’s index (BMI = M/L2), Relative condition (Kn, computed as the observed individual mass divided by the predicted mass Mi* = a Lib where a and b are determined by ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of M against L), Relative mass (Wr, where a and b above are determined from a reference population), the Residual index (Ri, the residuals from an OLS regression of M against L) and ancova. We compare the performance of these methods with that of the Scaled mass index, a novel method which was previously shown to perform better than Ri as a predictor of fat and other body components [J. Peig & A.J. Green (2009) Oikos, 118, 1883]. 3. To be reliable, a CI method must successfully account for the changing relationship between M and L as body size changes and growth occurs (i.e. for the scaling relationship between M and L). Using data from three species of small mammals we show that, unlike the Scaled mass index, all six conventional methods fail to do this, and as a result they consistently lead to significant differences in CIs between age classes and sex that are a mere consequence of changes in body size. The Scaled mass index was also particularly successful at detecting changes in CI resulting from high levels of contaminants.
Survival selection imposed by predation on a physiological trait underlying escape speed
Authors: Strobbe Francis , McPeek Mark A. , De Block Marjan , Stoks Robby 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. In contrast to other phenotypic traits, selection on physiological traits remains largely undocumented. We have evaluated survival selection imposed by predation by dragonflies on the activity of arginine kinase (Ak), a key enzyme delivering energy for escape performance in invertebrates.2. To accomplish this, we conducted a semi‐natural field enclosure experiment in which we manipulated predation by large dragonfly predators, and quantified escape swimming speed and Ak in the prey, the damselflyEnallagma vesperum. To avoid confounding selection on Ak with selection on other swimming speed‐related variables, we also scored all morphological and behavioural traits thought to underlie swimming speed in these damselflies.3. Dragonfly predators imposed considerable mortality and selected for faster swimming speed and higher activity levels of Ak. Furthermore, higher Ak levels contributed to higher swimming speeds, confirming the mechanistic role of Ak for escape performance. Although morphological (size of the caudal lamellae which generate trust) and behavioural (number of beats made by the abdomen during swimming and the start angle of the C‐start) variables contribute to increasing swimming speed, we detected no selection on these variables. This may be due to functional redundancy.4. Taken together, our results indicated selection on Ak and suggested that selection on physiological traits may be as strong as selection on morphology and life history traits.