bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
273 Effect of dietary iodine supplementation on the growth performance and thyroid hormone concentrations of nursery pigs
Authors: Dove Robert , Locke Savannah , Edmund Clint , Sterling Mallory , Sanvidge Jordan , Wang Nuan , Lents Clay A , Azain Michael 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Iodine (I) is critical for growth, development, and thyroid hormone circulation. This study examined the impact of dietary iodine concentration on nursery pig growth performance and thyroid hormone concentrations. Weaned piglets (n =180, 21 ± 3 d of age) were blocked by body weight (BW; 5.4 ± 0.8 kg) and sex (2 barrows and 2 gilts/pen). Pens within a block (n = 9) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments (mg/kg I added): 0 (CON), 0.14 (NRC), 1.4 (NRC10), 14 (NRC100), or 140 (NRC1000). Diets were fed in three phases for 35 d (P1, d 0-10; P2, d 11-21; P3, d 22-35). Piglets were weighed and feed intake recorded on d 0, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Blood was collected on d 21 and 35 for analysis of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design via the GLM procedure of SAS. Increasing dietary I concentration linearly increased (P &lt; 0.03) piglet BW on d 10, 21, and 35. On d 35 BW were 19.2 kg CON, 19.9 kg NRC, 20.5 kg NRC10, 21.1 kg NRC100 and 20.2 kg NRC1000. Average daily gain was linearly increased by the addition of I to the diet during P1 (P &lt; 0.02), P2 (P &lt; 0.03) and for the entire 35 d feeding period (P &lt; 0.01). From d 0 to 35, average daily gain (ADG) was (g/d) 384 CON, 405 NRC, 420 NRC10, 440 NRC100, and 407 NRC1000. Average daily feed intake was linearly increased dietary treatment during P1 (P &lt; 0.01), P3 (P &lt; 0.04) and from d 0 to 35 (P &lt; 0.01). From d 0 to 35, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was (g/d) 731 CON, 779 NRC, 791 NRC10, 819 NRC100 and 782 NRC1000. No differences were observed for gain to feed ratio (G:F; P &gt; 0.3) at any time during the study. On d 21, T4 concentrations linearly increased in response to dietary I (P &lt; 0.02), On d 35, T4 and the T4:T3 ratio linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01). On d 35 the T4 values were (nmol/L) 48.4 CON, 51.4 NRC, 58.3 NRC10, 59.3 NRC 100, 59.9 NRC 1000 and the T4:T3 ratio was 36.6 CON, 41.3 NRC, 40.0 NRC10, 45.2 NRC100, and 44.6 NRC1000. Based on the present findings, nursery pigs fed iodine levels above NRC recommendations have improved growth and feed intake and positive impacts on thyroid hormone concentrations. The data from this study indicated that dietary I concentrations 100 times the current NRC resulted in the best piglet performance.
271 The effects of supplementing diets with 25-OH-D3, with or without increased vitamin E, on the performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Bergstrom Jon R , Landero Jose , Young Malachy , Hough Sara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A total of 1,440 pigs (Camborough × line 800, PIC Canada) were weaned [(20 d of age, 5.5 kg body weight (BW)] and used to compare the effects of 3 dietary fortification strategies for vitamin D and vitamin E, specifically, on growth performance from d 0 to 42 post-weaning. The 3 vitamin fortification strategies were fed over 3 dietary phases; d 0 to 7 (P1), d 7 to 21 (P2), and d 21 to 42 (P3); and consisted of 1) Control (C), “industry-type” diet that met or exceeded NRC (2012) requirement estimates for each diet phase with 1,500 IU vitamin D3 and 70 IU vitamin E/kg diet; 2) HyD, C with 50 μg 25-OH-D3 added per kg diet; and 3) HyD+E, HyD with 140 IU vitamin E/kg diet. There were 16 pens of 28 to 32 pigs allotted to each fortification strategy in a RCBD based on initial BW. Pens were weighed and feed consumption for each was recorded weekly, and average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed to gain (F/G) were calculated for each week, diet phase, and the overall period. During P1, ADFI was greatest (P &lt; 0.05, 137 g/d) for pigs fed HyD, and pigs fed HyD or HyD+E had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG compared with C (117, 110, and 103 g/d, respectively). Pigs fed HyD were heavier (P &lt; 0.05, 6.37 kg) on d 7 compared with pigs fed C (6.27 kg), with pigs fed HyD+E intermediate (6.31 kg), but there were no differences in F/G during P1. During P2, ADFI was greatest (P &lt; 0.05, 502 g/d) for pigs fed HyD, and pigs fed HyD or HyD+E had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG compared with C (419, 412, and 401 g/d, respectively). Pigs fed HyD or HyD+E were heavier (P &lt; 0.05) on d 21 compared with pigs fed C (12.22, 12.13, and 11.91 kg, respectively), but there were no differences in F/G during P2. There were no differences in growth performance during P3 or overall (d 0 to 42). Nevertheless, in conclusion, performance differences during P1 and P2 resulted in pigs fed HyD or HyD+E having numerically greater BW (+0.34 kg) and Income-Over-Feed-Cost (+CA $0.31/pig) on d 42 when compared with pigs fed C.
267 Effects of replacing soybean meal with a hydrothermal mechanical processed soybean meal on growth performance and health of nursery pigs fed a low complexity diet
Authors: May Sabrina , Gonzalez-Vega Caroline , Pilcher Chad M , Parks Chris W 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that replacing soybean meal (SBM) with a hydrothermal mechanical processed (HTM) SBM (Provisoy), optimized for digestibility, would improve growth performance of nursery pigs. In total, 1,680 weaned pigs [5.4 ± 0.2 kg initial body weight (BW)] were allotted to 16 replicate pens per treatment (21 pigs per pen) in 2 barns. Pens were blocked by location within barn and randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% HTM SBM. A low complexity diet with 31% conventional SBM and limited inclusion of highly digestible protein ingredients and health promoting additives was used as the basal diet for the 0% HTM SBM treatment, and HTM SBM was added at the expense of conventional SBM at levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20% in phase 1 (d 0-10) and phase 2 (d 10-22), respectively. Pig and feed weights were recorded at the beginning and end of each phase. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical model included the fixed effect of treatment, as well as the random effects of barn and location within barn. Mortality and removals were analyzed as generalized linear mixed models, with a binomial distribution. Contrasts were used to evaluate the linear and quadratic effect of increased dietary inclusion of HTM SBM. Results indicated that increasing HTM SBM linearly improved (P &lt; 0.01) gain to feed ratio (G:F) in phase 1 and tended (P &lt; 0.10) to linearly improve average daily gain (ADG) and G:F d 0 to 22 post-weaning (Table 1). Mortality and removals were numerically reduced when HTM SBM was added to the diet. In conclusion, replacing SBM with HTM SBM up to 20% in a low complexity diet improved early nursery performance and numerically reduced mortality and removals.
270 Interactive effects of available phosphorus and Ca:P on growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing phytase
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan , Hansen Sharlie A , Soto Jose A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of available phosphorus (aP) and Ca:P on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 2,492 pigs [PIC 337 × 1050, initial body weight (BW) = 5.6 kg], placed in pens with 35 or 36 pigs each, were used in a 36-d trial. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 4 factorial structure with two levels of aP (0.40 or 0.55%) and four Ca:P (0.85, 1.07, 1.29, and 1.51) with 9 replicates per treatment. Four basal diets with the extreme aP and Ca:P levels were manufactured in meal form and blended at the farm to create intermediate treatments. Phytase [Allzyme Spectrum Swine (Alltech, Nicholasville, KY)] was included in the experimental diets at superdose levels with an estimated 0.15% aP release. The experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 19 and a common corn-soybean meal-based diet with adequate aP and 1.20 Ca:P was fed from d 19 to 36. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure in SAS in a randomized complete block design with pen serving as the experimental unit and initial BW as the blocking factor. There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for aP and Ca:P interactive effects on growth performance (Table 1). From d 0 to 19, there was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for growth performance differences between the aP levels. Increasing Ca:P resulted in a quadratic response (P = 0.043) in gain to feed ratio (G:F), with no evidence for (P &gt; 0.10) differences in average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI). From d 19 to 36, pigs previously fed 0.55% aP had improved (P ≤ 0.047) ADFI and ADG. Pigs previously fed increasing Ca:P had improved (linear, P = 0.024) G:F. There was also no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for interactive effects on removal or mortality rates. However, pigs fed greater aP had decreased (P = 0.021) mortality rate. In summary, there were minor performance differences between different aP and Ca:P levels, but feeding greater aP diets resulted in a significant improvement in mortality rate.
268 Effect of soybean gums and soybean soapstocks on weanling pig growth performance
Authors: Gaffield Katelyn , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Currently, the soybean processing industry has not fully characterized the composition or nutritional value of certain processing by-products (e.g., gums, phospholipid) and their effect on soybean meal (SBM) quality. Depending on the processing plant, soybean gums and soapstocks may be added back to SBM during manufacturing. There is potential for these by-products to serve as an affordable energy source for swine due to their residual oil content. For this study, pigs [n = 350; Line 241 × 600, DNA; initial body weight (BW) = 5.3 ± 0.02 kg] were weaned at approximately 19 d of age and used in a 42-d experiment. At weaning, pigs were randomly assigned to pens and allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments. There were 5 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Diets were fed in 3 phases: phase 1 from weaning to d 11, phase 2 from d 11 to 23, and phase 3 from d 23 to 42. Treatments included a control diet containing SBM with no added soybean by-products. Two additional diets contained gums or soapstocks at 4% of the SBM level in the diet. Another treatment diet contained SBM with 2% added soybean gums and 2% added soybean soapstocks. Lastly, a negative control contained 4% less SBM with no added by-products to have equal protein from soybeans as the diets with added gums or soapstocks. From d 0 to 11 (phase 1) and d 11 to 23 (phase 2), there was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) for any growth response criteria (Table). From d 23 to 42 (phase 3), feeding SBM with added gums increased (P = 0.05) average daily gain (ADG). However, there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) in average daily feed intake (ADFI) or gain to feed ratio (G:F). For the overall experimental period (d 0 to 42), there was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) due to dietary treatment in ADG, ADFI, or G:F. In summary, these data suggest that adding soybean processing by-products such as gums or soapstocks had minimal impacts on nursery pig growth performance. However, there is a potential for improved ADG in the late nursery period when SBM containing added gums is included in the diet.
265 Effect of L-glutamine and enzyme supplementation of liquid creep feed from d 8 to 28 of age on pre-weaning growth and health of pigs
Authors: Arnaud Elisa A , Gardiner Gillian E , O’Doherty John V , Sweeney Torres , Lawlor Peadar G 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The provision of liquid creep feed has been shown to increase dry matter intake (DMI) compared with dry creep feeding. The greater DMI associated with liquid feeding means that it could be used as an effective route for feed additive supplementation of suckling pigs to optimize growth and health at weaning. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of L-glutamine or enzyme supplementation of liquid creep feed on growth and medication usage in suckling pigs. Sows (n = 60) were blocked on parity, previous number of piglets weaned and body weight (BW) at d 107 of gestation, and randomly assigned to one of 3 dietary treatments from d 8 of age to weaning at d 28: 1) liquid starter (control); 2) control supplemented with 10 kg of L-glutamine per tonne of starter diet (glutamine); and 3) control supplemented with a cocktail of enzymes (lipase, protease and α-amylase included at 200 g, 50 g and 112.5 g, respectively per tonne of starter diet; enzymes). Individual piglets were weighed on d 8, 14, 21 and 27 of age. Litter dry matter intake, the volume of antibiotics and anti-inflammatories administered per pig and per sow were recorded for the pre-weaning period. Data were analyzed using the mixed models procedure in SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.) with treatment as a fixed effect, and day post-partum as the repeated measure. Block was included as a random effect and the number of pigs/litter at d 8 and the average pig BW at d 8 were included as co-variates when significant in the model. Means separation was by Tukey’s adjustment for multiple comparisons. The piglet nested within sow was the experimental unit. The DMI of creep feed did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). From d 14 to 21, glutamine decreased average daily gain (ADG) by 7% compared with the control (P &lt; 0.05). However, ADG did not differ between treatment groups from d 8 to 14 or from d 21 to 27. Body weight was not affected by treatment at d 8 or 14 (P &gt; 0.05). However, at d 21, glutamine tended to reduce BW by 2% compared with the control (P = 0.09) and at d 27, it tended to reduce BW by 2% compared with the control and enzymes (P = 0.08). The volume of antibiotics or anti-inflammatories administered to piglets or sows was not affected by treatment. However, glutamine tended to increase diarrhea incidence by 12% between d 8 and 27 compared with the control (P = 0.09). In conclusion, supplementing liquid creep feed with 10 kg of glutamine/tonne of feed reduced pre-weaning growth and tended to increase diarrhea incidence in piglets. In addition, supplementing liquid creep feed with enzymes had no effect on pre-weaning growth and medication usage in piglets.
266 Evaluation of anchovy fish meal with or without added fish solubles on nursery pig performance
Authors: Stas Ethan , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted in a commercial environment to evaluate anchovy fish meal with or without added anchovy fish solubles on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, pigs [n = 2,172; initial body weight (BW) = 5.2 kg] were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. There were 25 or 27 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and consisted of: 1) diet containing 7.0% enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH), 2) diet with 3.5% spray-dried bovine plasma (APC Inc, Ankeny, IA), 3) diet with 5.0% microbially enhanced soybean meal (MEPro, Prairie Aquatech, Brookings, SD), 4) diet with 5.2% microbially enhanced soybean meal with added anchovy fish solubles (TASA, Lima, Peru), 5) diet with 4.85% anchovy fish meal (TASA Prime, TASA, Lima, Peru), and 6) diet with 5.1% anchovy fish meal with added fish solubles (TASA Swine, TASA, Lima, Peru). In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 1,134; initial BW = 4.7 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. There were 27 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based consisting of a control diet containing enzymatically treated soybean meal at 7.0% of the diet, a diet containing 5.1% anchovy fish meal, and a diet containing 5.3% anchovy fish meal with added anchovy fish solubles. All protein sources in both trials were added on an SID Lys basis to maintain the same level of soybean meal across all dietary treatments. For both experiments, pigs were fed treatments for approximately 21 d in two phases based on feed budgets of 2.3 kg and 5.4 kg/pig in phases 1 and 2, respectively. For Exp. 1, diets contained 18.0 and 7.2% lactose for phase 1 and 2, respectively. For Exp. 2, diets contained 16.0 and 6.6% lactose for phase 1 and 2, respectively. Following experimental diets, all pigs were fed a common corn-soybean meal-based diet until the completion of the study. For Exp. 1, from d 0 to 21, pigs fed spray-dried bovine plasma or anchovy fish meal had increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with pigs fed anchovy fish meal with solubles with other treatments intermediate (Table). For Exp. 2, there were no differences in growth performance throughout the experimental period (d 0 to 21; P &gt; 0.10); however, during the common period (d 21 to 42), pigs previously fed anchovy fish meal with added fish solubles had increased (P &lt; 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F) compared with pigs fed the control diet with those fed anchovy fish meal alone intermediate. In conclusion, both experiments indicate anchovy fish meal can be used in nursery pig diets; however, further analysis is warranted to confirm the results of fish meal with solubles from Exp. 2.
272 Effects of increasing folic acid on nursery pig growth performance and serum homocysteine
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Barrows (n = 350; DNA 200×400; [n = 2,172; initial body weight (BW) = 6.0 ± 0.06 kg] were used in a 38-d growth trial to determine the effects of increasing folic acid on nursery pig growth performance and serum homocysteine. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. A total of 70 pens were used with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and consisted of increasing added folic acid: 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg. Treatment diets were fed in three phases from d 0 to 10 (phase 1), d 10 to 23 (phase 2), and d 23 to 38 (phase 3) after weaning. For phase 1, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in BW, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) across treatments (Table). However, increasing folic acid resulted in decreased gain to feed ratio (G:F; linear, P = 0.032). For phase 2, there was a marginally significant response in BW, ADG, and ADFI where performance was decreased as folic acid increased with the poorest performance observed when pigs were fed 20 mg/kg (quadratic, P ≤ 0.079). No treatment differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed for G:F. For phase 3 and overall (d 0 to 38), final BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were reduced with increasing folic acid with the poorest performance observed when pigs were fed 20 mg/kg (quadratic, P ≤ 0.049). No differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed for mortality or removals across treatments with a very low amount of overall mortality. On d 10 and 23, blood samples were collected from 70 pigs to determine serum homocysteine concentrations. A marginally significant treatment × d interaction was observed (linear folic acid × d, P = 0.069). An increase (linear, P = 0.037) in homocysteine concentrations was observed as folic acid increased from 0 to 40 mg/kg in the diet on d 10; however, no differences were observed across increasing folic acid treatments on d 23 (P = 0.450). Pigs had increased (P &lt; 0.001) homocysteine concentrations on d 10 compared with d 23. In summary, the addition of folic acid resulted in reduced growth performance with the greatest impact observed when pigs were fed 20 mg/kg.
269 Influence of herbal active D on nursery pig growth performance, bone characteristics and blood measures
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Pigs [n = 2.268; L337×1050 PIC; initial body weight (BW) = 5.5 ± 0.17 kg] were used in a 42-d growth study to evaluate the effects of herbal active D (a source of calcitriol) on growth performance, bone characteristics, and serum criteria of nursery pigs. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21-d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 27 pigs/pen and 28 replications/treatment across 2 rooms with pens blocked by BW and weaning date. Treatment diets were corn-soybean meal-based and consisted of a control diet (1,650 IU/kg of vitamin D3), or the control diet with 120 or 200 mg/kg of herbal active D (Phytobiotics, St. Louis, MO). Blood samples were collected from 25 gilts/treatment on d 21 and 42 to assess 25(OH)D3 and cytokine concentrations. At the end of the study, 10 pigs/treatment were euthanized and the right fibula, metacarpal, 2nd rib, and 10th rib were collected to determine bone density, bone breaking strength, and percentage bone ash by utilizing the de-fatted processing method. Overall (d 0 to 42), there was a marginally significant (P = 0.067) reduction in gain to feed ratio (G:F) as herbal active D increased, but no effect on final BW, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI), or mortality (P &gt; 0.10; Table). For bone breaking strength and bone ash, there was no evidence of a treatment × bone interaction (P &gt; 0.10). Percentage of bone ash increased linearly across all bones as herbal active D increased (P = 0.026). Treatment did not affect bone ash weight and breaking strength (P &gt; 0.10). However, metacarpals and 10th ribs had the greatest bone ash weight followed by the fibula with 2nd rib having the least (P &lt; 0.05). Metacarpals had greater breaking strength compared with all other bones, followed by the fibula and 10th rib, with the 2nd rib having the least (P &lt; 0.001). There was a bone × treatment interaction for bone density, where increasing herbal active D increased bone density for the 2nd rib (P = 0.012), but there were no treatment differences for other bones (P &gt; 0.10). Additionally, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) between treatments for porcine circovirus type 2 S/P ratio, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, 25(OH)D3 status or circulating cytokine concentrations except for IL-8 concentrations which increased linearly (P = 0.027) as herbal active D increased. Antibodies and cytokine concentrations were greater on d 21 compared with d 42 (P &lt; 0.001), except for IL-1ra and IL-8 having no significant (P &gt; 0.10) day effect. In summary, herbal active D had minimal impact on growth or serum parameters; however, increasing herbal active D increased percentage bone ash.