bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tutoyer la mort ? Médias et sécularisation à l'âge des rituels improvisés
Authors: Ortoleva Peppino 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Si nous vivons dans un âge sécularisé ce n’est pas dans le sens d’un âge « vide » mais dans le sens que, comme le dit très bien Charles Taylor, nous sommes passés « d’une société où la foi en Dieu ne posait pas de problème, à une société où elle est considérée comme une option possible entre les autres ». L’article étudie en particulier les changements des rituels funéraires dans l’âge de la sécularisation, dans le deuxième sens du mot: leur nature improvisée, intime (« à la deuxième personne »), décentralisée, leur lien au présent plutôt qu’au passé ou au futur. Et leur ton informel, qui les différencie fortement des traditions des rites classiques, même si, en beaucoup de cas, on fait recours à des modèles religieux qu’on pourrait définir « à baisse intensité ». La narration télévisuelle, les séries américaines en particulier, ont su exprimer ce changement de sensibilité, tandis que la télé « globale » a été la scène des plus grands rites funèbre de notre age: ceux de la Princesse Diana et du Pape Jean Paul le Deuxième.
Exposure to Nicotine Adversely Affects the Dendritic Cell System and Compromises Host Response to Vaccination
Authors: Nouri-Shirazi Mahyar , Guinet Elisabeth 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe magnitude of Th1 cells response to vaccination is a critical factor in determining protection from clinical disease. Our previous in vitro studies suggested that exposure to the nicotine component of cigarette smoke skews the differentiation of both human and mouse dendritic cell (DC) precursors into atypical DCs (DCs differentiated ex vivo in the presence of nicotine) lacking parameters essential for the development of Th1-mediated immunity. In this study, we determined the causal relationship between nicotine-induced DC alterations and host response to vaccines. We show that animals exposed to nicotine failed to develop and maintain Ag-specific effector memory Th1 cells and Ab production to protein-based vaccine formulated with Th1 adjuvants. Accordingly, both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines failed to protect and cure the nicotine-exposed mice from disease. More importantly, we demonstrate the nicotine-induced defects in the biological activities of in vivo DCs as an underlying mechanism. Indeed, i.v. administration of DCs differentiated in the presence of nicotine preferentially promoted the development of Ag-specific IL-4–producing effector cells in the challenged mice. In addition, DC subsets isolated from mice exposed to nicotine produced significantly less cytokines in response to Th1 adjuvants and inadequately supported the development of Ag-specific Th1 cells. Collectively, our studies suggest that nicotine-induced defects in the DC system compromises vaccine efficacy in smokers.
Glutathione Reductase Facilitates Host Defense by Sustaining Phagocytic Oxidative Burst and Promoting the Development of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Authors: Yan Jing , Meng Xiaomei , Wancket Lyn M. , Lintner Katherine , Nelin Leif D. , Chen Bernadette , Francis Kevin P. , Smith Charles V. , Rogers Lynette K. , Liu Yusen 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Glutathione reductase (Gsr) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione, which plays an important role in the bactericidal function of phagocytes. Because Gsr has been implicated in the oxidative burst in human neutrophils and is abundantly expressed in the lymphoid system, we hypothesized that Gsr-deficient mice would exhibit marked defects during the immune response against bacterial challenge. We report in this study that Gsr-null mice exhibited enhanced susceptibility to Escherichia coli challenge, indicated by dramatically increased bacterial burden, cytokine storm, striking histological abnormalities, and substantially elevated mortality. Additionally, Gsr-null mice exhibited elevated sensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus. Examination of the bactericidal functions of the neutrophils from Gsr-deficient mice in vitro revealed impaired phagocytosis and defective bacterial killing activities. Although Gsr catalyzes the regeneration of glutathione, a major cellular antioxidant, Gsr-deficient neutrophils paradoxically produced far less reactive oxygen species upon activation both ex vivo and in vivo. Unlike wild-type neutrophils that exhibited a sustained oxidative burst upon stimulation with phorbol ester and fMLP, Gsr-deficient neutrophils displayed a very transient oxidative burst that abruptly ceased shortly after stimulation. Likewise, Gsr-deficient neutrophils also exhibited an attenuated oxidative burst upon encountering E. coli. Biochemical analysis revealed that the hexose monophosphate shunt was compromised in Gsr-deficient neutrophils. Moreover, Gsr-deficient neutrophils displayed a marked impairment in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, a bactericidal mechanism that operates after neutrophil death. Thus, Gsr-mediated redox regulation is crucial for bacterial clearance during host defense against massive bacterial challenge.
Transcriptional Changes of Blood Eosinophils after Methacholine Inhalation Challenge in Asthmatics
Authors: Tebbutt Scott J. , He Jian-Qing , Singh Amrit , Shannon Casey P. , Ruan Jian , Carlsten Chris 
Published: January 2012

Background Methacholine challenge is commonly used within the asthma diagnostic algorithm. Methacholine challenge has recently been shown to induce airway remodelling in asthma via bronchoconstriction, without additional airway inflammation. We evaluated the effect of methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction on the peripheral whole-blood transcriptome. Methods Fourteen males with adult-onset, occupational asthma, 26–77 years of age, underwent methacholine inhalation challenges. The concentration of methacholine eliciting a ≥20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) was determined. Blood was collected immediately prior to and two hours after challenge. Complete blood counts and leukocyte differentials were obtained. Transcriptome analysis was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Gene 1.0 ST arrays. Data were analyzed using robust LEMMA and SAM. The cell-specific Significance Analysis of Microarrays (csSAM) algorithm was used to deconvolute the gene expression data according to cell type. Results Microarray pathway analysis indicated that inflammatory processes were differentially affected. CsSAM identified 1,559 transcripts differentially expressed (all down-regulated) between pre- and post-methacholine in eosinophils at a false discovery cutoff of 10%. Notable changes included the GOLGA5 and METTL2B genes and the protein ubiquitination and CCR3 pathways. Conclusions We demonstrated significant changes in the peripheral blood eosinophil-specific transcriptome of asthmatics two hours after methacholine challenge. CCR3 and protein ubiquitination pathways are both significantly down-regulated.
Radical Kinetics and Clocks
Authors: Newcomb Martin 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
An overview of radical kinetics is presented, with an emphasis on competition kinetic methods that can be achieved in most laboratories without special equipment. Methods for indirect studies are described. Collections of various radical clocks that can be used in competition kinetic studies and their rate constants are presented. Kinetic tables for some of the more common radical reactions include those for hydrogen atom transfers from group 14 and group 16 hydrides to radicals, additions of radicals to substituted alkenes and other unsaturated systems, and fragmentations of substituted carbon radicals.
The relationship between breast size and anthropometric characteristics
Authors: Brown Nicola , White Jennifer , Milligan Alexandra , Risius Debbie , Ayres Bessie , Hedger Wendy , Scurr Joanna 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectives:Current clinical selection criteria for mammaplasty use weight‐related parameters, and weight loss is recommended as a nonsurgical intervention to reduce breast size. However, research has not firmly established if breast size is related to body size and composition. This study aims to investigate anthropometric characteristics in smaller and larger breasted women and identify predictors of breast mass.Methods:A bra fitter determined underband and cup size of 93 A to H cup size women (mean ± standard deviation, age 25.7 ± 5.6 years, height 1.67 ± 0.6 cm, and mass 65.6 ± 11.0 kg). Estimations of breast mass (g) were made, and participants were categorized as smaller (<500 g) or larger (>500 g) breasted. Restricted anthropometric profiles determined body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio, sum of eight skinfolds, subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio, somatotype, percent body fat, fat and fat‐free mass, and suprasternal notch to nipple distance.Results:All variables (excluding height, subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio, and age) were significantly greater in larger breasted women. Body mass‐related parameters and suprasternal notch to nipple distance were positively related to breast mass, with BMI and suprasternal notch to nipple distance accounting for half of the variance in breast mass.Conclusion:Smaller and larger breasted women demonstrate differences in anthropometry, with body mass and BMI demonstrating strong relationships to breast mass. Measures of BMI and suprasternal notch to nipple distance enable predictions of breast mass and suggest that weight‐related parameters are not appropriate exclusion criteria for mammaplasty. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A possible link between the pubertal growth of girls and prostate cancer in their sons
Authors: Barker David J.P. , Osmond Clive , Thornburg Kent L. , Kajantie Eero , Eriksson Johan G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectives:Among women attending antenatal clinics during 1934–1944 a large intercristal diameter, the maximum distance between the pelvic iliac crests, was associated with a raised incidence of breast and ovarian cancer in the daughters in later life. At puberty, the intercristal diameter of girls enlarges rapidly under the influence of estrogen. We speculated that high maternal estrogen concentrations during pregnancy initiate hormonal cancers in their daughters. Here, we examine the association between the mothers' intercristal diameters and prostate cancer in their sons.Methods:Using the national cancer registry we identified 221 cases of prostate cancer among 6,975 men born during 1934–1944 in Helsinki, Finland. Four thousand four hundred and one of these men had their mother's bony pelvic measurements recorded: there were 149 cases among them.Results:Hazard ratios for prostate cancer rose as the mother's intercristal diameter increased; but this association was restricted to men who were born before 40 weeks of gestation. Among these men the hazard ratio was 1.27 (95% CI 1.09–1.48; P = 0.002). The hazard ratio was 2.2 (1.3–3.7; P < 0.001) in men whose mothers weighed more than 80 kg in late pregnancy compared with those whose mothers weighed 60 kg or less.Conclusions:These findings are consistent with a conceptual framework for the origins of hormonally dependent cancers that invokes exposure of embryonic tissue to maternal sex hormones followed by resetting of the fetal hypothalamic‐gonadotropin axis in late gestation. We hypothesize that compensatory prepubertal growth among girls is associated with hormonal cancers in the next generation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. © 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The human obesity epidemic, the mismatch paradigm, and our modern “captive” environment
Authors: Power Michael L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn the distant past obesity in humans was rare and likely caused by metabolic dysregulation due to genetic or disease‐related pathology. External factors precluded the ability of most people to overeat or under exert. Socio‐cultural obesity came about due to the rareness of obesity and its difficulty to achieve. What is rare becomes valuable and what is difficult to achieve becomes a badge of prestige. The modern human obesity epidemic would appear to represent a third class of obesity: environmental obesity. Much like the captive environments which humans construct for the captive/companion animals in our care, the modern human environment has greatly decreased the challenges of life that would restrict food intake and enforce exertion. And like us, our captive/companion animal populations are also experiencing obesity epidemics. A further concern is that maternal obesity alters maternal signaling to offspring, in utero through the placenta and after birth through breast milk, in ways that perpetuate an enhanced vulnerability to obesity. Molecules such as leptin, produced by adipose tissue and placenta, have significant developmental effects on brain areas associated with feeding behavior. Leptin and other cytokines and growth factors are found in breast milk. These molecules have positive effects on gut maturation; their effects on metabolism and brain development are unclear. Placenta and brain also are hotspots for epigenetic regulation, and epigenetic changes may play significant roles in the later vulnerability to obesity and to the development of a diverse array of diseases, including heart disease, hypertension, and noninsulin‐dependent diabetes. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical note: Comparison of the maresh reference data with the who international standard for normal growth in healthy children
Authors: A. Schillaci Michael , Sachdev H.P.S. , Bhargava Santosh K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Maresh reference data on stature and long bone lengths in a sample of healthy middle‐class children from Denver, Colorado [Maresh: Am J Dis Child 66 (1943) 227–257; Maresh: Am J Dis Child 89 (1955) 725–742; Maresh: Human growth and development (1970) p 155–200], have been used extensively by biological anthropologists to estimate juvenile age and body size using skeletal elements and to assess growth in skeletal series from different ethnic populations or archaeological cultural groups. How well these data reflect the potentially diverse growth patterns of healthy human populations from different geographic areas is unknown. Similarly, the efficacy of using the Maresh reference data to estimate stunting prevalence in prehistoric populations is unknown. This report presents the results from a comparison of the Maresh data on supine length and standing height to the World Health Organization (WHO) international child growth standard. The WHO growth standard is meant to depict typical human growth under optimal conditions and can be used to assess children worldwide, regardless of ethnicity and socioeconomic status. The results from this comparison indicate that although the Maresh reference data generally conform to the WHO standard, reflecting a normal human growth pattern, and therefore serve as a suitable reference for comparative studies of growth patterns, these reference data are not suitable for estimating stunting prevalence. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: A preliminary study on the influence of physical fruit traits on fruit handling and seed fate by white‐handed titi monkeys (Callicebus lugens)
Authors: Alvarez Silvia J. , Heymann Eckhard W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCallicebusand the pitheciins are closely related; however, differences in their diets and dental morphology suggest that they differ in the use of mechanically protected food. We describe physical traits of fruits consumed by white‐handed titi monkeys (Callicebus lugens) and determine their influence on fruit part selection and immediate seed fate after fruit handling. We tested two hypotheses about the effects of mechanical fruit traits on fruit part selection and seed fate: (1) fruits selected for seed consumption are harder than fruits selected for their fleshy parts and (2) consumed seeds are softer than seeds with other fates. In addition, we analyzed the influence of other physical fruit traits on fruit part selection and seed fate.C. lugensincluded 69 species in its diet, from which it mainly consumed their fleshy parts. It also consumed seeds, alone or with fleshy fruit parts, but most of them ended up close to parent trees after being dropped or spat out. The first hypothesis was supported while the second was rejected, indicating thatC. lugenstends to rely on hard fruits for obtaining seeds, while seed hardness had no influence on fruit part selection and seed fate, contrasting with the pattern reported forPitheciaandChiropotesin other studies. Ripeness was the most influential factor for fruit part and seed fate discrimination. Results suggest a tendency to sclerocarpic foraging inC. lugenswhen feeding on seeds. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometry of head and body size in holocene foragers of the south african cape
Authors: Kurki Helen K. , Pfeiffer Susan , Stynder Deano D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOpportunities to assess morphological allometry in small‐bodied human populations are rare. The foragers of the Later Stone Age of the South African Cape are characteristically small‐bodied. Previous studies have shown that during the period of ca. 3500 to 2000 years BP (uncalibrated 14C dates), the regional population shows transient reduced stature, body mass, and cranial size, a pattern that has been tentatively tied to demographic pressure on resources. This study examines the relationships among cranial size (centroid size) and body size (femoral length, femoral head diameter, and bi‐iliac breadth) during the second half of the Holocene (N = 62). Reduced major axis regression indicates negative allometry of cranial centroid size with body size. Residuals (from ordinary least squares regression of cranial centroid size on body size) are regressed on radiocarbon date to examine temporal changes in the relationship between cranial and body size. Cranial and pelvic sizes are most conserved through time, while more ancient skeletons possess shorter femora and smaller femoral heads. The relationship between cranial centroid size and femoral length shows larger and more variable residuals at more recent dates, indicating a greater or more variable disassociation between cranial size and stature relative to more ancient skeletons. A similar, but nonsignificant relationship exists between cranial size and bi‐iliac breadth. These results provide insights into the use of aspects of body size and proportionality in the assessment of health in past populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Entwicklung raumerfüllender Palladium‐NHC‐Komplexe für anspruchsvollste Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen
Authors: Valente Cory , Çalimsiz Selçuk , Hoi Ka Hou , Mallik Debasis , Sayah Mahmoud , Organ Michael G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPalladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen versetzten Organiker in die Lage, C‐C‐Bindungen gezielt und unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen zu einzuführen. Während Phosphanliganden in diesen Umsetzungen am intensivsten erforscht wurden, sind seit kurzem auf der Suche nach leistungsfähigeren Katalysatoren für Kreuzkupplungen auch N‐heterocyclische Carbenliganden (NHC), die eine starke Bindung zum Palladiumzentrum bilden, beachtet worden. PEPPSI‐Pd‐Präkatalysatoren (“Pyridin‐verstärkte Präkatalysatorherstellung, ‐stabilisierung und ‐initiierung”) mit sperrigen NHC‐Liganden haben sich mittlerweile als Alternative neben Palladium‐Phosphan‐Komplexen etabliert. Über ihre Leistungsfähigkeit in Suzuki‐Miyaura‐, Negishi‐ und Stille‐Migita‐Kreuzkupplungen sowie in Aminierungen und Sulfinierungen berichtet dieser Aufsatz.
Materials Discovery by Flux Crystal Growth: Quaternary and Higher Order Oxides
Authors: Bugaris Daniel E. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis Review highlights the application of high‐temperature solutions for exploratory crystal growth and materials discovery of novel complex oxides. It provides an overview of the method of flux crystal growth of complex oxides and can function as a “how to” guide for those interested in oxide crystal growth. The most commonly used fluxes are discussed in terms of their applicability for dissolving specific elements and the typical reaction conditions are compiled. A large variety of recent quaternary and higher oxides that have been grown as crystals from fluxes are used to illustrate the power of the flux method to grow oxide crystals containing specific elements.
Fracture toughness of a hybrid‐rubber‐modified epoxy. I. Synergistic toughening
Authors: Abadyan M. , Bagheri R. , Kouchakzadeh M. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe fracture behavior of a hybrid‐rubber‐modified epoxy system was investigated. The modified epoxy included amine‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (ATBN) rubber and recycled tire particles as fine and coarse modifiers, respectively. The results of the fracture toughness (KIC) measurement of the blends revealed synergistic toughening in the hybrid system when 7.5‐phr small particles (ATBN) and 2.5‐phr large particles (recycled tire) were incorporated. Transmission optical micrographs showed different toughening mechanisms for the blends; fine ATBN particles increased the toughness by increasing the size of the damage zone and respective plastic deformation in the vicinity of the crack tip. However, in the case of hybrid resin, coarse recycled rubber particles acted as large stress concentrators and resulted in the branching of the original crack tip. Mode mixity at the branch tips led to synergistic KIC in the hybrid system. It seemed that the ductility of the matrix played an effective role in the nature of the crack‐tip damage zone in the hybrid epoxies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Fracture toughness of a hybrid rubber modified epoxy. II. Effect of loading rate
Authors: Abadyan M. , Kouchakzadeh M. A. , Bagheri R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEffect of loading rate on toughness characteristics of hybrid rubber‐modified epoxy was investigated. Epoxy was modified by amine‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (ATBN) and recycled tire. Samples were tested at various loading rates of 1–1000 mm/min. Fracture toughness measurements revealed synergistic toughening in hybrid system at low loading rates (1–10 mm/min); hybrid system exhibited higher fracture toughness value in comparison with the ATBN‐modified resin with same modifier content. However, synergistic toughening was eliminated by increasing the loading rate. At higher loading rates (10–1000), the fracture toughness of hybrid system decreased gradually to the level lower than that of ATBN‐modified epoxy. Fractography of the damage zones showed the toughening mechanisms of ATBN‐modified system was less affected by increasing the loading rate compared to that of hybrid system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012