bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Echinoderms from the Ordovician of the Girvan district, Scotland, with the description of two new species
Authors: Regnéll Gerhard , Paul C. R. C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTwo new species of Ordovician echinoderms are described:Pleurocystites mitratusfrom the Kiln Mudstones (Caradoc) at Craighead, andHomocystites beggifrom the Starfish Bed (Ashgill) of Threave Glen. Description of the former necessitated a review of the composition and status of the family Pleurocystitidae. The genus Dipleurocystis Jaekel 1918 and the subgeneraPleurocystites s.s.andPleurocystella Paul, 1967 are rejected. The number and type of pectinirhombs; size of the periproct, composition of its border and nature of its covering plates (periproctals), and the ornament of the thecal plates and proximal columnals, are the most useful taxonomic criteria within the Pleurocystitidae.Pleurocystites mitratusis characterized by three conjunct pectinirhombs, a symmetrical theca without a rectal lobe and small periproctals each with a central pit.Homocystites beggiis distinguished from the closely relatedH. constrictusby strong granular ornament on the thecal plates.Other echinoderm remains include plates of a cheirocrinid cystoid from the Kiln Mudstones.
The pelmatozoan fauna of the High Mains Formation (Ordovician: Hirnantian) of the Craighead Inlier, Strathclyde
Authors: Donovan S. K. , Harper D. A. T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFaunas of disarticulated ossicles, particularly columnals, are a potentially important source of data for helping to elucidate the patterns of evolution and extinction shown by pelmatozoans in the late Ordovician. The columnal fauna of the Hirnantian High Mains Formation, Craighead Inlier, Strathclyde, includes the following morphotaxa:Cyclocyclicus(col.)foraminosussp. nov.;Cyclocyclicus(col.)periogmossp. nov.;Hypsinomocrinus(col.)lewisigen. et sp. nov.;Tetragonotetragonalis(col.)girvanensissp. nov.; andPentagonopentagonalis(col.) sp. This is the first Hirnantian columnal fauna to be described from the North American province; it is distinctly different from Hirnantian columnal biota described from Wales and Kazakhstan.
Basement–cover relationships in the East Greenland Caledonides: evidence from the Eleonore Bay Supergroup at Ardencaple Fjord
Authors: Soper N. J. , Higgins A. K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Eleonore Bay Supergroup (EBG) is a 16 km-thick shallow-water sequence of Neoproterozoic age that is preserved within the East Greenland Caledonides in several tracts, surrounded by crystalline gneisses and schistose supracrustal rocks. The apparent downward transition from non-metamorphic EBG into gneiss gave rise to the classic ‘stockwerke’ hypothesis, in which all the metamorphism was regarded as Caledonian, and differences in grade were ascribed to the ascent of a migmatite front to different levels within the orogen. Field and isotopic studies in the 1970s however revealed that the underlying gneisses and schists had undergone orogenic reworking in mid-Proterozoic time; the EBG–basement contact was then interpreted as an approximately bedding-parallel décollement with apparent lag geometry, that is with EBG cover rocks in its hangingwall.Recent work in the northernmost EBG tract, at Ardencaple Fjord, has shed light on the problems posed by the basal relationships of the EBG, and together with regional structural and stratigraphic data leads to the following interpretation. There are two regionally important basement-cover interfaces within the East Greenland Caledonides. The earlier one is between Archaean/early Proterozoic gneisses and early Proterozoic supracrustal rocks, which were pervasively deformed in mid-Proterozoic time and form the basement to the Neoproterozoic Eleonore Bay cover sequence. This was deposited on a vast, continually subsiding shelf that is now preserved in East and NE Greenland and Svalbard, and contains Grenville detritus. EBG deposition was terminated by major extensional faulting of Vendian age; the succeeding Tillite Group is interpreted as a syn-rift sequence, presumably associated with the opening of Iapetus.The EBG–basement contacts that are not late faults are inferred to be extensional shear zones of Vendian age. These were reactivated in compression during the Caledonian orogeny in the Silurian, with metamorphic and fabric convergence, which accounts for the apparent downward transition from sedimentary rocks through schists into gneisses. Caledonian shortening was not large; inversion of the Vendian grabens was incomplete, so that the marginal shear zones retained their lag geometry and large tracts of low grade Eleonore Bay sediments are preserved at the present erosion level, surrounded by Proterozoic basement rocks, within the Caledonian belt of East Greenland.
A Lower Devonian sporomorph assemblage from the Midland Valley of Scotland
Authors: Wellman Charles H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA sporomorph assemblage recovered from the Sandy's Creek Beds, which constitute a diminutive fault bounded inlier on the west coast of the Midland Valley of Scotland, is described. Four species of trilete spore and the genus Fustisispora, a monospecific cryptospore genus, are proposed as new. The sporomorph assemblage is attributed an early Devonian, late–early to early–late Lochkovian age, and is interpreted as accumulating in a continental environment. The Sandy's Creek Beds are correlated herein with the upper part of the Arbuthnott Group which crops out in the north-east of the Midland Valley. Comparison with other sporomorph assemblages of similar age indicates that minor regional variation exists. It is suggested that this is related to small-scale regional variation in the composition of vegetation.
The Lower Ordovician brachiopod genusLamanskyaand the Family Elkaniidae
Authors: Holmer Lars E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Lower Ordovician (Oeland Series) type species ofLamanskya, L. splendensMoberg & Segerberg 1906, was described originally as an articulate brachiopod, but it is here redescribed and referred to the lingulid Family Elkaniidae.L. splendensranges from the late Tremadoc to the early Arenig in Baltoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Estonia, and the St Petersburg district of Russia).Aulonotreta kuraganicaAndreeva 1972 from the Lower Ordovician of the Ural Mountains is also redescribed and referred toLamanskya. The genusDictyobolusWilliams & Curry 1985, from the Lower Ordovician of Ireland, is a junior synomym ofLamanskya. All species of the genus are strongly biconvex, and have a well-developed ornamentation of elongate lenticular pits. The problematic GenusVolborthiavon Moller 1870 is also considered tentatively to belong within the Elkaniidae.
Depositional and geotectonic history of the Gala area, eastern Southern Uplands, Scotland
Authors: Kassi A. M. , Weir J. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Ordovician and Silurian successions between Falahill and Galashiels encompass six flysch-dominated formations: the Upper Ordovician Portpatrick and Shinnel Formations representing the Leadhills Group, the Llandovery Mindork, Garheugh, and Buckholm Formations together comprising the Gala Group, and a formation indeterminate of age within the Hawick Group. Southward ensialic andesitic volcanic arc and northward low- to medium-grade sialic sources contributed sediment, whilst ophiolitic and subduction-related sources made minor contributions. Deposition took place firstly, in a SE-migrating back-arc basin bordering the northerly source, the Laurentian continent. Subsequent NW-directed underthrusting led to formation out of the back-arc basin of an imbricate thrust stack which migrated southeastwards. Ultimately a foreland successor basin formed ahead of the rising thrust stack.Flysch units are typically associated with linear outcrops of Moffat Shales which are the loci of major steep SE-translating reverse faults, two of which participate in a late-stage sinistral strike–slip duplex with large-scale imbrication. The faults divide the succession into a sequence of tectonostratigraphic blocks, successively younger to the SE. At least six of the ten blocks customarily recognised in the Southern Uplands, Blocks 3–8, are represented, some of which coincide with single or complete formations.
Revision and definition of the C. wilsoni graptolite Zone (middle Ordovician) of southern Scotland
Authors: Williams S. Henry 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCritical collecting, measurement of sections and taxonomic reassessment through the Climacograptus wilsoni Zone (basal Lower Hartfell Formation) of the southern Scottish graptolite zonal sequence suggests that, although only locally developed, it is an easily recognisable and useful biostratigraphic interval. The North Cliff of Hartfell Spa is defined as type section for both the base of the Lower Hartfell Formation and that of the C. wilsoni Zone. The zonal assemblage is figured and described, with particular emphasis being placed on the distinctive species C. wilsoni which has not been redescribed since the beginning of this century.
The dykes and sills of the Early Tertiary Faeroe Island basalt plateau
Authors: Hald N. , Waagstein R. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe Early Tertiary basalt plateau of the Faeroe Islands is cut by dykes and sills. Chemical analyses show a two-fold division of the intrusive rocks into a group of low-TiO2(0·73–1·93%), MORB-type tholeiitic basalts and a group of high-TiO2(2·09–3·90%) tholeiitic basalts. The low-TiO2group comprises about 15% picrites and olivine-phyric basalts and 85% plagioclase-phyric basalts, and shows a chemical range largely explicable in terms of low-pressure fractional crystallisation of olivine ± plagioclase ± clinopyroxene. The high-TiO2group is strongly dominated by plagioclase-phyric basalts with only few olivine-phyric compositions. The chemical trends are less regular than those formed by the low-TiO2basalt dykes and a number of subgroups may be identified on the basis of bulk rock chemistry. Dykes belonging to a specific subgroup were probably fed from the same magma chamber.Petrographically and chemically the dykes and sills are clearly related to the upper 2·5 km of the lava sequence. Field evidence suggests that some of the dykes were contemporaneous with the exposed lavas, while other dykes and the sills were intruded in response to a slight doming of the plateau during the final stages of volcanic activity. Our investigations demonstrate that high-TiO2and low-TiO2magmas were both emplaced until the very end of magmatism, with the latter being mainly concentrated in the northern part of the archipelago. We briefly sketch a possible relationship between the supposed NE-Atlantic mantle plume, the distribution of the various magma types and the location of the Early Tertiary continental splitting zone north of the islands.
The Silurian myodocope ostracodeEntomozoefrom the Pentland Hills, Scotland: its taxonomic, ecological and phylogenetic significance and the affinity of the bolbozoid myodocopes
Authors: Siveter David J. , Vannier Jean M. C. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe monotypic ostracodeEntomozoe(pro Entomis) (Superorder Myodocopa) from the Silurian of Scotland, type genus of the Entomozoidae, is revised for the first time since being established in 1861. Based on the type and new collections ofEntomozoe tuberosa(Jones, 1861), the genus shows affinity to bolbozoid myodocopes rather than to forms hitherto universally considered as ‘typical’ entomozoid myodocopes. The families Entomozoidae and Bolbozoidae are considered synonymous. In the interests of stability of nomenclature, in particular to preserve the traditionally understood usage of the taxon Entomozoidae, a case must be made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside any previous designations and to establish a new type-species forEntomozoe.Entomozoe, from the Llandovery Series, is the earliest known myodocope in the fossil record. It occurs as part of a low diversity, shallow water, nearshore assemblage. In contrast to other, but younger, Silurian bolbozoid myodocopes, it is probably a benthic form. The differences in the anterior shell morphology of Silurian bolbozoid taxa possibly reflect changes both in soft-part morphology and from benthic to pelagic lifestyles within the group.Both bolbozoid and ‘entomozoid’ myodocopes are assigned to the Order Myodocopida rather than to the Order Halocypridida, though the taxonomic affinity of the ‘entomozoids’ is, at best, uncertain.
MAVIS: Geophysical constraints on the structure of the Carboniferous basin of West Lothian, Scotland
Authors: Dentith M. C. , Hall J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe results of recent seismic refraction profiling across the Carboniferous West Lothian basin are described. Data from two 90-km refraction lines within the Midland Valley are combined with short–medium range, c. 30 km, profiles recorded using quarry-blast sources. Integration of seismic, gravity and structural data suggest thin-skinned deformation with at least two levels of detachment. Major faults mapped at the surface define domains comprised of thin flakes deformed into dome and basin structures. The data are interpreted in terms of a dextral strike-slip linked fault model for the region.
A reappraisal of the Dinantian floras at Oxroad Bay, East Lothian, Scotland. 1. Floristics and the development of whole-plant concepts
Authors: Bateman Richard M. , Rothwell Gar W. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTRe-investigation of species-rich late Tournaisian floras at Oxroad Bay reveals eight plant-bearing exposures that represent four distinct stratigraphic levels. The allochthonous megafossil assemblages vary in degrees of disarticulation, modes of preservation and taxonomic composition. Within-site stratigraphic distributions are presented for 43 anatomically-preserved organ-species; of these, 12 are new to science, 18 have not previously been recorded at the locality, 21 are illustrated from the locality for the first time and 19 are currently considered endemic. Another six have been recorded in error from unprovenanced water-worn blocks. Nineteen adpressed organ-species are also described. Methods and concepts of whole-plant reconstruction are reviewed. At least 11 whole-plant species occur at Oxroad Bay. The lycopsids comprise an enigmatic plant with anAsteroxylon-like stele and two morphologically- and ecologically-distinct species ofOxroadia. A new species ofProtocalamitesdemonstrates the earliest evidence of heterospory and tuberoid stem-bases in the sphenopsid clade.CladoxylonandStauropterisrepresent the pteropsids. At least five lyginopterid pteridosperm species are present. They include both trees (Eristophyton, Bilignea) and shrubs/pseudoherbs (e.g.Tetrastichiaand theTriradioxylon–Calathopteris–Oxroadopteris–‘Tristichia’ plexus), suggesting a range of life strategies. Their diversity has complicated attempts to reconstruct whole-plants, though attachment is demonstrated between several ovules and cupules, and several ovules and pollen-organs are correlated using shared microspores. Elements of particular evolutionary significance include the ‘megacupule’Calathospermumand a structurally similar pollen-organ aggregate, a bisexualPullarithecacupule, and a complete ontogenetic sequence ofHydraspermaovules. Comparable Dinantian floras are reviewed.
A reappraisal of the Dinantian floras at Oxroad Bay, East Lothian, Scotland. 2. Volcanicity, palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology
Authors: Bateman Richard M. , Scott Andrew C. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe classic late Tournaisian plant-bearing locality at Oxroad Bay was investigated by detailed field mapping, lithological logging, studies of clast orientation, thin-section petrography and analyses of bulk geochemistry. The lithologically and structurally complex,c. 45 m-thick succession includes eight plant-bearing exposures (each consisting of up to 16 phytofossiliferous horizons) that have yielded 43 anatomically-preserved organ-species and 19 adpressed organ-species. All floral assemblages are allochthonouss.l.and demonstrate a wide range of preservation states. They occur in five successive facies (braided flood-plain, shallow volcanigenic lacustrine, terrestrial mass-flow/base-surge, shallow biogenic lacustrine, dominantly terrestrial reworked ashes) that reflect increasing influence of several basaltic tuff-ring volcanoes on an ocean-marginal lowland bordering the Southern Uplands Massif. The variable local climate reflected proximity to the proto-North Sea and eruptive seeding of the atmosphere with ash particles. Base-surges, seismically-initiated mass-flows and volcanically-induced wildfires restricted the development of mature soils and of edaphic climax communities. These disturbances created a sequence of mosaic palaeocatenas that supported a wide range of sub-communities at any one moment in time. At least some of the relativelyk-selected species that occupied the preceding, fluvially-dominated terrain were extirpated by the persistent volcanism, yielding to immigrants that were better pre-adapted to the unstable environment. Low levels of competition allowed non-adaptiven-selection, enhancing the establishment potential of evolutionary innovations.
Laxfordian structure, strain distribution and kinematic interpretation of the Kenmore Inlier, Loch Torridon: anatomy of a major Lewisian shear zone
Authors: Niamatullah M. , Park R. G. 
Published: November 2011

The Kenmore inlier exposes the most intensely deformed part of a major Laxfordian shear zone whose NE margin occurs at Diabaig, N of Loch Torridon. The Laxfordian (post-Scourie dyke) deformation commences with two very intense deformations D1 and D2, producing LS fabrics in dykes and gneisses associated with heterogeneous, locally very large, and typically prolate strains under amphibolite-facies metamorphism. D2 also produced widespread mesoscopic folds. The finite strain was measured at 135 localities using grain-aggregate shapes in Scourie dykes. The combined D1-D2 elongation lineation plunges gently to NW or SE, and the planar fabric appears to have been sub-horizontal before the D3 deformation, which produced NW-SE upright folds under retrogressive metamorphism.The D1-D2 structure is attributed to a major sub-horizontal shear zone with a top-to-NW movement, a minimum vertical width of 2·5 km and estimated minimum displacement of c. 19 km. The upper (NE) wall of the shear zone at Diabaig exhibits dextral-normal (NE-down) D1 movements. The D2 structures are attributed to superimposition of sub-horizontal movements on earlier inclined D1 fabrics as the shear zone evolves. The D3 refolding reflects a change to a dextral transpressive regime.
Location of trace elements in soil profiles: total contents of particle-size separates
Authors: Berrow M. L. , Mitchell R. L. 
Published: November 2011

Total contents of 21 trace elements were determined in particle size separates from the horizons of four profiles, two freely drained and two very poorly drained, of Scottish soils on drifts of basic igneous and granitic origin. Trace elements, including Co, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, V, Zn and also Fe contained in the more easily weathered ferromagnesian minerals, tend to accumulate in the clay and silt. Elements such as Ti and Zr and also La and Y contained in resistant minerals accumulate in the silt or fine sand. Ti and Zr are mobilised to some extent, however, as these elements are present in the clay separates and in some cases show enrichment therein.The alkali metals Li and Rb accumulate in the silt and clay particularly in the granitic soils, while the alkaline earth metals Ba and Sr occur in greatest concentrations in the sands due to their being held largely in resistant feldspar minerals. On release these elements are not strongly adsorbed by the clay.Very poor pedological drainage leads to increased weathering and release of such elements as Co, Cu, Ni, V and Zn from the coarse or fine sands with correspondingly greater enrichment of the associated silt and clay. Weathering and enrichment of the fine fractions takes place largely in situ, there being little evidence of downward translocation due to leaching.
The Order Adelospondyli: Carboniferous lepospondyl amphibians
Authors: Andrews S. M. , Carroll R. L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Order Adelospondyli, an isolated group of amphibians from the Carboniferous of the Edinburgh area, is redescribed and distinguished from other early tetrapods. Although systematics of genera and species is unsatisfactory, the group seems monophyletic, since as far as they are known, all conform to a single overall structural plan. There is an entire skull roof with a reduced complement of bones in an unique pattern, a highly characteristic marginal dentition, a massive hyoid apparatus, at least 70 holospondylous trunk vertebrae, and (like some other Lower Carboniferous tetrapods) a shoulder region with a heavy dermal girdle but no trace of ossified limbs or endochondral girdle. Adelogyrinids show no special affinity with other Palaeozoic amphibians: the vertebral characters in which they resemble microsaurs, lysorophids, aïstopods, and nectrideans may have evolved more than once among early tetrapods, and the shoulder girdle and neural arch characters shared with labyrinthodonts are probably primitive. The adelogyrinids thus illustrate the more general problems of establishing interrelationships among early tetrapods. Their way of life is discussed.
Microfossil analyses and radiocarbon dating of depositional sequences related to Holocene sea-level change in the Forth valley, Scotland
Authors: Robinson Marie 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTMicrofossil (pollen and diatom) evidence is presented from sites in the Forth valley, south-central Scotland, where alternating organic and estuarine minerogenic deposits record the influence of the changing Holocene sea level. Radiocarbon dating confirms the age of the Main and Low Buried Beaches, and of the Main Postglacial Transgression, in different parts of the Forth valley. Radiocarbon dates on shells from beds in the carse sediment and a Mesolithic shell midden near Grangemouth relate to the falling sea level in the 4th and 5th millennia BP. Sea-level curves are constructed for the western and eastern Forth valley.
Geophysical surveys of the East Kirkton Limestone, Viséan, West Lothian, Scotland
Authors: Doody Jonathan J. , McGill Rona A. R. , Darby David , Smythe David K. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTMagnetic and resistivity geophysical surveys conducted across the only known exposure of the East Kirkton Limestone have produced new information upon its extent. This is important to determine because of its unique faunal assemblage and possible hot spring deposition, suggesting a potential for precious metal mineralisation. Magnetic anomalies are attributed to basalts within the Bathgate Hills Volcanic Formation. Modelling of the magnetic data demonstrates a general dip to the west of about 25°, and the presence of significant local faulting. Modelling of vertical electrical sounding data shows the East Kirkton sequence (the limestone and associated beds) to be a low resistivity layer within the more highly resistive volcanic sequence. The East Kirkton sequence is seen to deepen to the west, and also to the north probably by faulting. Therefore the present exposure is the only near surface occurrence of the East Kirkton Limestone locally, but within the area of the survey no lateral limits to the formation are observed.