bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summer–Fall Distribution of Stocks of Immature Sockeye Salmon in the Bering Sea as Revealed by Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Authors: Habicht C. , Seeb L. W. , Myers K. W. , Farley E. V. , Seeb J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe report stock composition estimates for immature (ocean‐age .1 and .2) sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka distributed across the Bering Sea in late summer and fall. We establish a baseline data set composed of single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers that can achieve very high accuracies in identifying sockeye salmon stocks from throughout their range in Asia and North America. We demonstrate the capabilities of this data set to address high‐seas salmon issues by analyzing samples collected by researchers from Russia, Japan, and the United States during late summer and fall 2002–2004 as part of the Bering–Aleutian Salmon International Survey. According to our findings, (1) Gulf of Alaska (GOA) stocks formed a significant portion of the immature sockeye salmon migrating in the eastern and central Bering Sea in summer and fall, and western GOA stocks had a broader distribution in the Bering Sea than eastern GOA stocks; (2) Asian stocks migrated as far east as the western Aleutian Islands and the Donut Hole area (international waters in the center of the Bering Sea); and (3) Bristol Bay stocks were the most widely distributed, accounting for more than one‐half of the mixtures in all areas except the central and southern areas of the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone (REEZ) in the western Bering Sea and north of the western Aleutian Islands. These results provide a significant increase in our knowledge of the distribution of sockeye salmon, firmly establishing that the REEZ is a summer–fall feeding area for immature North American sockeye salmon, particularly stocks of southeastern Bristol Bay origin. Bristol Bay sockeye salmon appear to enter and exit the REEZ primarily along a migration route that extends across the Aleutian Basin.
Laboratory Evaluation of Two Bioenergetics Models for Brown Trout
Authors: Whitledge Gregory W. , Bajer Przemyslaw G. , Hayward Robert S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory growth and food consumption data for two size‐classes of brown trout Salmo trutta subjected to three distinct feeding regimes at two temperatures were used to evaluate the ability of two bioenergetics models to predict fish growth. Accuracy of cumulative consumption predictions was also tested for one of the models. Consumption‐dependent prediction error has been commonly observed in bioenergetics models for other fish species; model errors for predicting relative growth rate of individual fish were regressed on observed mean daily consumption rate to assess whether the two bioenergetics models exhibited this type of error. Both models yielded unbiased estimates of brown trout growth that were within 1–12% of observed values across the range of fish sizes, water temperatures, and ration levels tested. For regressions of predicted versus observed final weight, the Bonferroni joint 95% confidence intervals for slope included 1 and confidence intervals for the y‐intercept included 0 for both models. No significant intermodel differences in percent error for predicting final weight of fish in feeding trials were observed. Predicted cumulative consumption values were within 8–15% of corresponding observed values. Neither model exhibited significant consumption‐dependent error for predicting brown trout growth, in contrast to results of several previous laboratory evaluations of bioenergetics models for other fish species. Absence of consumption‐dependent error in the two brown trout models may be a result of (1) incorporating feeding rate dependence of egestion and excretion into these models and (2) using egestion and excretion parameters that were not borrowed from other species. Results of this evaluation corroborate the utility of these bioenergetics models for predicting growth and consumption for brown trout under the range of fish sizes, water temperatures, and ration levels tested.
Cryopreserved Amniotic Membrane for Modulation of Periodontal Soft Tissue Healing: A Pilot Study
Authors: Velez Ines , Parker William B. , Siegel Michael A. , Hernandez Maria 
Published: July 2010

Background: The purpose of this randomized study is to evaluate cryopreserved amniotic membrane (CAM) for helping cicatrization and wound healing after dental implant surgery. Epithelialization, pain, infection, inflammation, and scarring were studied.Methods: CAM was placed in surgical wounds related to implant surgery. The extent of healing was evaluated by a masked investigator for lesion size, epithelialization, pain, infection, inflammation, and scarring. A clinical evaluation occurred at baseline, 72 and 144 hours, 2 weeks, and 1, 1.5, and 3 months. The results were compared to conventionally managed, similar lesions that were treated the same day in the same patient allowing each patient to serve as their own control.Results: This prospective randomized study showed statistically significant differences between experimental and control groups regarding cicatrization, wound healing, and pain. The effects of the membrane were statistically significant during the first 3 weeks of the study, and thereafter, the effects of the membrane for the two groups were equivalent.Conclusions: CAM was effective in helping cicatrization and wound healing. CAM supported the growth of the epithelium and, thus, facilitated migration and reinforced adhesion. It also decreased the pain of subjects. Regarding dental implants, the use of CAM is not cost effective. New studies evaluating other oral conditions are encouraged.
Clinical Attachment Loss in Chilean Adult Population: First Chilean National Dental Examination Survey
Authors: Gamonal Jorge , Mendoza Carolina , Espinoza Iris , Muñoz Andrea , Urzúa Iván , Aranda Waldo , Carvajal Paola , Arteaga Oscar 
Published: July 2010

Background: Data from national surveys regarding the periodontal status of the adult population in Latin America are scarce. The aim of this study assesses the prevalence and extension of clinical attachment loss (AL) in the adult population of Chile. Age, sex, and sociodemographic and behavioral differences in the prevalence of clinical AL are also examined.Methods: A stratified, multistage probability design formula was used to separate the adult Chilean population into two age cohorts. The first group consisted of 1,092 young adults (age range: 35 to 44 years), and the second group consisted of 469 adult seniors (age range: 65 to 74 years). All subjects were examined to measure clinical AL. The research also included an evaluation, conducted through oral interviews, of social and health aspects of the subjects. Clinical AL was measured in all teeth surfaces, excluding third molars. Results were analyzed using a multivariable model and logistic regression.Results: A total of 93.45% of the young adults had ≥1 site with clinical AL >3 mm compared with 97.58% of the adult seniors, with an average of 6.51 and 15.81 missing teeth, respectively (P <0.05). The number of sites with severe clinical AL (>6 mm) was 38.65% in young adults and 69.35% in senior adults (P <0.05). Clinical AL was significantly higher in males than in females (P <0.05). The multivariate analyses identified that the main risk indicators for clinical AL >6 mm in ≥1 site were: age (65 to 74 years), sex (male) low education level (≤12 years of education), and smoking (P <0.05).Conclusion: The adult population in Chile shows a high prevalence and extension of clinical AL with age, sex, education level, and smoking as the main risk indicators of severe clinical AL in this population.
Root Resorption in the Furcation Area: A Differential Diagnostic Consideration
Authors: López Rodrigo 
Published: July 2010

Background: This report describes the case of a 51‐year‐old female who was referred to a periodontist with a tentative diagnosis of complicated furcation defect in the facial aspect of the second permanent molar in the mandibular right quadrant.Methods: The clinical examination revealed an asymptomatic tooth without evidence of abnormal attrition, caries, or periodontitis. A closer assessment revealed a large concave lesion located close to the furcation entrance without being obviously connected to it. Periapical radiographs confirmed the presence of a lesion in the hard tissues of the root overlapping the furcation area, and radiolucency of the periapical area of the mesial and distal roots was observed.Results: A tentative diagnosis of tooth fracture with consecutive supraosseous external root resorption was made, and exploratory surgery was performed to disclose the features of the lesion. The direct visual inspection revealed a deep round, conical lesion close to the entrance of the furcation. The base of the lesion was irregular but clean. After removal of a large amalgam restoration, a complete vertical mesio‐distal fracture was disclosed.Conclusions: External root resorption can be found in the furcation area of mandibular teeth as a result of chronic inflammation. The radiolucent image is poorly delimited and departs from the well‐delimited furcation involvement restricted to bone, which is a consequence of periodontitis. The careful interpretation of the clinical and radiographic signs can assist the clinician to differentiate the diagnosis of root resorption in the furcation area from furcation involvements that result from periodontitis.
NORM: The Lessons to be Learned, New Challenges and Innovative Thinking with Decommissioning and Radioactive Waste
Authors: Smith Andrew L. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The first reports of NORM associated with mineral oil & natural gases appeared in 1904. The occurrence of helium in natural gas and its radiogenic origins was observed and exploited during the 1920's. Later reports describe the occurrence of radium in reservoir water from oil & gas fields since the 1930's. In the 1970's & 1980's several observations prompted renewed interest. "Radioactive Scale Formation" was presented to the RSC in Manchester and the OTC in 1985. Published in JPT June 1987, it has taken 20 years for these papers to be fully recognized as seminal articles by the international oil & gas industry.
The lessons learned by the international oil & gas industry, health & safety professionals and health physicists over the last 20 years from these seminal papers must be clearly understood and applied today. The original multi-disciplinary applied research work has facilitated a practical and knowledgeable way forward for the oil & gas industry, the regulators, academia and the public (SRS 34, "Radiation Protection and Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil & Gas Industry", IAEA, 2003)
An October 2008 Louisiana Court highlighted that the JPT June 1987 paper contributed to the body of scientific literature by demonstrating the first correlation between gamma ray well logging units in API and conventional health physics radiological dose units. Prior to this health & safety professionals in the oil & gas industry had not recognized any potential topside health concerns due to radioactive scale in tubulars based upon API units in well logging articles etc.
This paper will show that the new challenges arising during decommissioning and with radioactive waste may be addressed through a combination of current best practice and innovative thinking provided we remember the lessons to be learnt and progress over the last century (IAEA 2008).
Application of Oil Spill Environmental Sensitivity Analyses to Brazilian Road Networks
Authors: Mattos Maria Beatriz 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Roads provide the main means os transportation in Brazil. According to data from the Brazilian Department of Infraestructure and Transport, 96.2% of the passenger transportation and 61.8% of the cargo transportation are based on road infrastructure. However, three quarters of the Brazilian roads are in terrible, unsatisfactory or generally inadequate condition. Poor road conditions are responsible for a great number of accidents with severe consequences for the population and the environment. Given the importance of this matter, there is a need to develop an intelligent system for automatic classification of social and environmental sensititvity maps in order to support actions that respond to emergencies and to help in transportation planning, especially considering the heavy movement of harzadous cargo. For this, tools such as GIS (geographic information system) allow social-environmental and traffic engineering characterization maps to be analyzed on a unified, georreferenced digital base. This way, administrators can estimate which streches of the network are more environmentally vunerable. Social and environmental data not only help in the classification of the areas which pose the great risks, but also make it possible to decide on emergency supports points, creating a culture of prevention in the area of harzadous cargo transportation.
The case study on the state of Rio Grande do Norte provides a measure of the importance of such work. The city of Natal and Guamaré petrochemical facility are interconnected by 180 Km road, on which more than 100 tanker trucks loaded with diesel and its derivates travel every day. This road is classified as in poor conditions. The relevance of this work is to show how information consolidated to a single database, georeferenced in a GIS program can assist planning for a safe transport of oil and hazardous cargos, benefiting not only the state´s population but the environment as a whole.
Optimization of Stimulation Treatments in Naturally Fractured Carbonate Formations through Effective Diversion and Real-Time Analysis
Authors: Cantaloube Francois , Spickett Rae , Yekta Kaveh , Anderson Mark 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Long horizontal open holes and naturally fractured reservoirs have always presented a challenge to the industry for successful matrix treatment operations. This is particularly true in western Canada where the reservoirs are competent carbonate formations completed open hole over a length of 2,000 m with a bottomhole static temperature of 110°C. These naturally fractured formations exhibit substantial and unpredictable permeability variations over the length of the interval. During treatment, all or part of the acid may thief to a high-permeability interval leaving the rest of the wellbore poorly stimulated. The industry has developed a range of products and techniques to divert the stimulation treatments from these thief zones in an attempt to improve wellbore coverage and reservoir drainage. However, the placement of these diverting techniques and the evaluation in situ and in real time of their effectiveness were yet to be accomplished.
An innovative technique, developed in Western Canada, combines state of the art viscoelastic acid diversion with fiber optic technology for accurate downhole fluid placement and optimum diversion effectiveness. This is a unique system consisting of live downhole temperature and pressure measurements transmitted to surface through fiber optic telemetry installed in the coiled tubing (CT). Real-time analysis of distributed temperature survey (DTS) and single-point downhole measurement of temperature and pressure, along with petrophysical data, provide an in-situ visualization of the dominant thief zones. The analysis of this information allows for on-the-fly adjustment to the diversion placement schedule matching current downhole conditions.
This technique provides a unique way to ensure the entire pay zone is fully and homogeneously stimulated, optimizing the reservoir contact and delivering the full well potential. The technique was systematically applied to all newly drilled wells in the Suncor Panther field in the western Canadian Rocky Mountain foothills. The comparison of gas production over the entire field for 16 new wells illustrates that results have substantially improved since the introduction of this innovative technique.
Smart Operations with Intelligent Well Systems
Authors: Cullick A. S. , Sukkestad Tor 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Implementations of smart-field strategies with intelligent completions, i.e., interval control valves and interval control devices, are growing in the oil industry. Yet, there is still resistance by some companies because of concerns for (1) provable long-term value in terms of oil recovery and returns; (2) risk of valve failures affecting well integrity and performance; (3) lower returns of actual results relative to predicted results (i.e., overoptimistic projections, often from simulation); and (4) uncertainty as to the most effective future operational practices. This paper presents a systematic analysis of well rates and pressures as predicted by simulation for a long horizontal well. The paper investigates long-term value, analyzes impact of valve failure on production, provides estimates on the impact of reservoir uncertainty on performance, and demonstrates production improvements from effective operational control procedures for the horizontal well, for a multi-lateral well, and for a 20-production well waterflood. The paper validates and implements a methodology using simulation-based analysis and automated procedures to optimize valvecontrol strategies: oil production is maximized, while water production is better managed. Two control strategies are investigated and compared against a do-nothing approach: a fixed control strategy and a flexible control strategy.
Size Degradation of Shale Drill Cuttings in Deepwater Discharge Conditions from Synthetic-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Scott Paul , Candler John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShale drill cuttings exposed to synthetic-based drilling fluids (SBDF) processed by cuttings dryers were studied under simulated deepwater discharge conditions and found to size degrade with time. This hydration and size degradation is similar to what occurs with water-based cuttings. Lower retention on cuttings and wider dispersion of discharged cuttings results in lower organic enrichment, which reduces potential seafloor impacts from deepwater drilling operations.While this was indicated in previous studies, it had not been confirmed with laboratory studies that simulate deepwater conditions. Previous studies reported settling velocities after exposure to seawater for only a few minutes. A cutting may settle at speeds that allow exposure to seawater for 0.9 to 3 hours for each 3,280 ft (1,000 m) of water depth.A flow loop was constructed to expose cuttings to seawater for extended time periods and separate the cuttings into fractions of four different settling velocities. Changes in each fraction with increased time indicate changes in settling velocity distribution. The flow loop consists of a series of increasing larger clear vertical tubes where smaller particles carry over to larger lower velocity columns. An initial experiment with inert solids plus three different shale cuttings were tested. The concentration of synthetic on initial and final samples was measured and correlated to size. Video photography was used to document and characterize cuttings behavior.Current discharge models do not include the effect of size degradation on reduced fall velocity for deepwater discharges. Reduced fall velocity causes a wider aerial dispersion that reduces the potential for the formation of significant cuttings accumulation and reduced environmental impact. Accurate cuttings size is needed to determine a fall velocity and accurately predict the distribution of drill cuttings discharged into the ocean. Data from previous fall velocity studies and field monitoring studies will be presented and discussed.
Critical Review of the Environmental Permitting Process for Onshore Seismic Surveys in Brazil
Authors: Silva E. F. , Amaral S. P. , Lima G. B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper discusses the Brazilian regulation model for environmental permitting of onshore seismic surveys for hydrocarbons prospection. It is reviewed the available literature on the subject, including theses, dissertations, scientific publications, legislation, and environmental studies. Given the continental dimensions of the Brazilian territory, the research focuses on procedures adopted by some states to establish an overview of the permitting activity. Brazil has an area equivalent to 7.5 million km2 of sedimentary basins, where about 67% of this area is in onshore basins. However, in 2007, only 7% of the proven oil reserves were located in these basins. Seeking to change this picture, the sector's regulatory agency, Brazilian Agency for Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) is increasingly encouraging the development of seismic survey in areas of new onshore borders. In this scenario, the lack of an established national model for environmental permitting for onshore seismic acquisition can directly impact on compliance of deadlines established between oil companies and the sector's regulatory agency. Currently each state establishes its own requirements and procedures for environmental permitting of this activity. This context also leads to a reflection of the necessity and complexity of the environmental permitting process for onshore seismic acquisition activities given its low environment impact, the technology and operational procedures currently used, its temporary nature, its mobility and the absence of fixed installations. Based on a critical review of the legal framework of federal and state regulations for seismic surveys, the study identifies strong and weak points that results in proposals for future improvements in the environmental permitting procedures for the activity. By this way the research aims to speed up the permitting process making it simpler and based on technical criteria that effectively results in the protection and preservation of the environment.
Ecological Advantages of Carbon Enhanced MBRs Treating Oily Wastewater
Authors: Conner William G. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:
As is the case in much of the world, Saudi Arabia is experiencing severe water shortages and the ability to reuse wastewater from our refineries and oil processing facilities is becoming an operating necessity. Saudi Aramco engaged Siemens Water Technologies (SWT) to perform wastewater treatment research to demonstrate the capability of a carbon-enhanced Membrane Biological Reactor (MBR) that utilizes Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) to be able to provide an effluent that could be used as a feed for a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system that was producing boiler feed water.
This particular type of Biological Activated Carbon – Membrane Biological Reactor (BAC-MBR) was subsequently demonstrated to provide all of the advantages of a PAC MBR but without the abrasion and permeability decrease that had been identified to be a major concern in previous testing using PAC as the source of activated carbon in an MBR. In the GAC MBR embodiment, a screening/separation system that prevents the carbon from coming in contact with the membranes and causing abrasion and permeability decrease is utilized between the aeration and Membrane Operating System (MOS) portions of the MBR.
This paper details how Saudi Aramco contracted Siemens Water Technologies to develop a Saudi Aramco invention into an operable state-of-the art wastewater treatment reuse system for oily wastewaters.