bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reimbursement for Psychiatric Occupational Therapy Services
Authors: Peters Mary E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
It is increasingly important for mental health occupational therapists to monitor trends in reimbursement for mental health care in order to ensure adequate and equitable coverage of occupational therapy services. Federal and state funds for treatment of mental illness are being divided among an increasing number of mental health professionals. Private insurers are limiting direct coverage to those services that can supply cost and utilization information. This paper reviews present coverage for occupational therapy in mental health programs. Collection of efficacy and cost benefit data, establishment of separate billing procedures, and participation in the formation of public policies for treatment of the mentally ill should be primary activities pursued by occupational therapists to expand coverage of occupational therapy services in psychiatric settings.
Payment of Occupational Therapy by Legislative Mandate
Authors: Herden Irene L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article reviews the process that the Council on Government Affairs of the Connecticut Occupational Therapy Association undertook from 1979 to 1982 to obtain payment mandated by legislation for occupational therapy. The process included learning the Connecticut legislative system, marketing occupational therapy as a profession in the health arena, and coordinating, planning, and communicating all phases of activity to reach a final objective of mandated payment.
Defining a Child’s Zone of Proximal Development: Evaluation Process for Treatment Planning
Authors: Lyons Barbara Greenberg 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Therapists who evaluate children in school settings often find that information provided by standardized tests is insufficient for effective treatment planning. Vygotsky’s concept of defining a child’s zone of proximal development is introduced to help therapists gain insight into why a child experiences task failure and assistance that can facilitate the child’s task success. This evaluation process and treatment planning framework may be used by both school and clinic-based therapists to differentiate children who should receive direct occupational therapy services from those who can benefit from indirect service.
A Review of Therapeutic Intervention Research on Gross and Fine Motor Progress in Young Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Parette Howard P. , Hourcade Jack J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Recently, perhaps due to increased societal demands for accountability, early intervention programming for handicapped infants and young children has been questioned. Therapeutic intervention provided through occupational and/or physical therapy has been increasingly implemented in habilitation settings for children diagnosed as having cerebral palsy, although research justifying this increase is inconclusive. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of 18 studies that evaluated early occupational and/or physical therapy intervention for children with cerebral palsy. An analysis of these studies revealed that as research paradigms become more rigorous, support for therapeutic intervention effectiveness decreases. This finding was explained in light of the currently inadequate levels of technology relating to instrumentation and the manipulation of the many variables that have been suggested to affect therapeutic intervention effectiveness.
The Use of Aquatics with Cerebral Palsied Adolescents
Authors: Peganoff Shirley A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article demonstrates the use of adaptive aquatics in an occupational therapy treatment program for a physically disabled adolescent. Included are developmental issues as they relate to the handicapped adolescent population, the concept of purposeful activity in occupational therapy, the choice of swimming as an activity for treatment, activity analysis for treatment planning, and an interdisciplinary approach to treatment. A single case study was used to exemplify the use of swimming as a purposeful activity. Therapeutic implications of the program are discussed.
Occupational Therapists: Personality and Job Performance
Authors: Peacock A. C. , O’Shea B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the personality structure of a group of occupational therapists and to examine the relationship between specific personality variables and job performance of practicing occupational therapists. The results indicated that occupational therapists as a group are not distinguishable from people in general, in terms of personality; however, a number of personality variables were significantly related to job performance. Implications for both the field of occupational therapy and for the selection of students are discussed.
Denial: Implications of a Pilot Study on Activity Level Related to Sexual Competence in Burned Adults
Authors: Cooper-Fraps Cynthia , Yerxa Elizabeth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the effect of disfigurement on sexual competence and the relationship between self-reported activity level and sexual competence in burn-disfigured adults. Because of a small sample size and methodological limitations, findings were intended to be informative for planning further research rather than definitive. Results showed a strong positive correlation between activity level and sexual competence. Additional findings showed surprisingly high activity levels reported by subjects who were greatly disfigured. It was speculated that denial may have affected the results of this study. Based on this, the clinical implications of denial were explored, and suggestions for future research were generated.
A Review of the Amiel-Tison Neurologic Evaluation of the Newborn and Infant
Authors: McCarraher-Wetzel Ann P. , Wetzel Randall C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Because occupational therapists are becoming more involved in infant assessment and intervention, there is a need for objective, prospective, and serially applicable evaluation tools. Amiel-Tison’s Neurologic Evaluation of the Newborn and the Infant provides such a tool for use in the first year of life. This evaluation was developed to detect transient and permanent abnormalities in an infant’s neuromotor development. Its main focus is to examine active and passive muscle tone. The test has interobserver reliability, is reproducible, and can be readily learned by occupational therapists. Although the evaluation is not standardized, it is clinically useful in neonatal units, developmental clinics, and research settings. This evaluation detects transient neuromotor problems in the first year of life that are associated with significant behavioral, neurological, and intellectual deficits when the children reach school age. Using this test, occupational therapists frequently involved with the assessment and management of children can play a crucial role in the first year of life by diagnosing and documenting abnormalities.
Therapeutic Programming for Students with Severe Handicaps
Authors: Campbell Philippa H. , McInerney William F. , Cooper Margaret A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Therapeutic methods that use facilitation and inhibition to alter dysfunctional patterns of movement were implemented in children with multiple handicaps within educational settings. Desired movement patterns such as reach and manipulation skills were performed by students throughout the classroom day and across a variety of contextual uses. Data collected on several students indicated that more normal patterns of movement were attained at more rapid rates where students were provided the opportunity to practice the desired movement more frequently. Successful contextual programming depends on accurate and consistent implementation of therapeutic methods by all individuals who come in contact with a student. The therapist must identify the targeted movement pattern, determine appropriate intervention procedures, and train others to implement the procedures accurately. While such an approach shows promise as a means of developing function movement patterns with severely handicapped children, the increased opportunities to practice appropriate movement enhance the effectiveness of direct therapy but do not necessarily replace required individual intervention.
The Effectiveness of Verbal Versus Activity Groups in Improving Self-Perceptions of Interpersonal Communication Skills
Authors: DeCarlo John J. , Mann William C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study compares the efficacy of a verbal group with that of an activity group in an occupational therapy clinic during the treatment of interpersonal communication deficits at a psychiatric day treatment center. Outpatients were randomly assigned to the following groups: (a) an experimental group, which received activity therapy (n = 7), (b) an experimental group, which received verbal therapy (n = 6), and (c) a control group, which was involved exclusively in the normal milieu therapy at the center (n = 6). The two experimental groups received one hour of treatment per week for eight weeks. The pretesting and posttesting of interpersonal communication skills were done with the Interpersonal Communication Inventory. The activity group used collages, problem-solving tasks, role-playing sessions, games, and drawing exercises. The verbal group used discussion exclusively. Both the activity and verbal groups were based on whether participants had the following: (a) an adequate self-concept, (b) the ability to be a good listener, (c) the skill of expressing his or her thoughts and ideas clearly, (d) the ability to cope with his or her emotions (particularly with angry feelings) and express them in a constructive way, and (e) a willingness to disclose him- or herself to others freely and truthfully. A significantly higher level of interpersonal communication skills was attained by the activity group. Comparisons between both groups and the control group showed no significant differences.
A Time Study of Staff and Student Activities in a Level II Fieldwork Program
Authors: Burkhardt Barbara Feallock 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the cost and benefits of the occupational therapy Level II fieldwork program at University of Michigan Hospitals in order to complete annual contractual agreements between academic and clinical education agencies. A tally sheet consisting of 34 tasks was used by all staff members (therapists, assistants, and clerical support personnel) to record time spent daily on the student program (cost). Students recorded independent treatment provided (benefit). The cost and benefit of the program was equated to a full-time equivalent staff position. Results showed the following: the time staff devoted to the student program was equivalent to 1.33 of a full-time employee’s workload and the treatments provided by students were equivalent to 1.35 of an employee’s production. The findings of this study support the accepted assumption that the cost of a clinical program for occupational therapy students is at least balanced by the benefits derived from student production. However, the quality of student efforts may be less than that of staff efforts.
Reconstructive Hand Surgery for Quadriplegic Persons
Authors: Ainsley Juanita , Voorhees Christa , Drake Elaine 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Reconstructive hand surgery is one approach to restoring lost hand function in quadriplegic patients. This paper describes Craig Hospital’s experience with the two-stage procedure for achieving active grasp and pinch for C7 spinal cord–injured patients. It describes the hand clinic, patient selection and education, the surgery itself, and postsurgical occupational therapy. It also includes follow-up results on all patients treated since the program’s inception.
Independence: The Ultimate Goal of Rehabilitation for Spinal Cord–Injured Persons
Authors: Frieden Lex , Cole Jean A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a new concept related to rehabilitation and improvements in quality of life began to emerge and be expressed by people with spinal cord injuries and other disabilities. This concept, independent living, is the foundation of the independent living movement, which has helped to overcome the barriers to a higher quality of life for disabled people. Of the many organizations and programs set up to provide support for disabled people living in the community, the independent living program seems to be comparatively successful at facilitating independence by people with spinal cord injuries. Independent living programs provide the kind of community-based support services necessary to expand the range of living options for disabled people beyond those traditionally available in most communities.
The role of occupational therapists in the independent living stage of the rehabilitation process can be similar in some respects to their role during earlier phases of medical rehabilitation. However, the definition of independence as a “mind process” leads to considerable expansion of the therapist’s role beyond the focus on physical skills, which are usually key priorities during medical rehabilitation. Occupational therapists typically possess knowledge and skills that equip them well for assisting clients in the independent living stage of the rehabilitation process.
Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Depression in Middle-Aged and Elderly Spinal Cord–Injured Persons
Authors: Decker Susan D. , Schulz Richard 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Advances in health care science allow more people with spinal cord injuries to live to old age. The purpose of this study was to determine those factors that contribute to the well-being of middle-aged and elderly spinal cord–injured people. One hundred spinal cord–injured people, ranging in age from 40 to 73 years, completed an extensive structured interview. In general, respondents reported a degree of well-being on the same measures of satisfaction and depression that was slightly lower than that of similarly aged nondisabled people. Pearson correlations indicated that people experiencing high levels of well-being reported high levels of perceived control, had higher levels of social support, and judged their health status to be good. These people also viewed their disability more favorably, tended to have higher incomes and more education, were employed, and were more religious than those indicating lower levels of well-being. The severity of the spinal cord injury was not correlated highly with subjective well-being, although there was a tendency for those with greater disability to report lower levels of well-being. People who were younger, who incurred their disability at a younger age, and who blamed themselves and felt they could have avoided the injury also tended to report higher levels of well-being.
Occupational Therapy’s Journey: The Implementation, Challenge, and Expectation
Authors: Hightower-Vandamm Mae D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The increased interest in administrative issues reflects the changing climate facing the profession of occupational therapy in the mid-1980s. The effect of the changing medical delivery system on the profession is evidenced through the development of home health organizations (HMOs), diagnostic-related group (DRG) systems, and other federal- and state-regulated systems. To ensure survival, the practice of occupational therapy will become more community based and less dependent on the hospital setting.
Vestibular and Visual Rotational Stimulation as Treatment for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity
Authors: Arnold L. Eugene , Clark David L. , Sachs Larry A. , Jakim Stephanie , Smithies Chris 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Previously published studies report an improvement in hyperactivity following exposure to vestibular semicircular canal stimulation under eyes-open, lights-on conditions (conditions that provide visual feedback). To separate the effectiveness of vestibular stimulation from that of visual stimulation, 30 primary school children who met the criteria for having attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity were enrolled in a split-sample Latin square crossover study. The effects of just vestibular stimulation and of just visual stimulation were compared with the effect of combined vestibular and visual stimulation. Behavior ratings showed significant improvement at the end of the last treatment and at follow-up one year later; this is not easily explained by statistical regression, history, or the placebo effect. The most improvement was with solitary vestibular stimulation, which showed large effect sizes; however, differences from the other two conditions failed to reach significance at traditional p levels.
Quantitative Trends in Occupational Therapy Research: Implications for Practice and Education
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth , Petersen Paul 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Articles that appeared in The American Journal of Occupational Therapy (vol 27, 1973 and vol 37, 1983) were reviewed and categorized according to the quantitative procedures employed. Data analysis revealed that the proportion of articles reporting no statistical information decreased from 57% in 1973 to 31% in 1983. Conversely, there was a significant increase in articles containing quantitative methods that were categorized as advanced, from 8% (vol 27) to 29% (vol 37). A trend was also revealed toward multiple authorship of articles over the ten-year period. In addition, the senior authors of articles appearing in 1983 were much more likely to possess graduate degrees than were senior authors of articles published in 1973. This paper discusses the implications of the increased use of quantitative procedures in the occupational therapy literature.
Three Frames of Reference in Work-Related Occupational Therapy Programs
Authors: Creighton Cynthia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship of a theoretical frame of reference to the implementation of a work-oriented program. Three frames of reference in occupational therapy are reviewed, and work-related theories and approaches available to therapists are categorized under each. Examples of the application of various frames of reference are given through an analysis of work programs described in the occupational therapy literature. We recommend that therapists select and apply frames of reference systematically when developing work programs to facilitate the development of a body of knowledge in this area.
Professional Development: Clinician to Academician
Authors: Mitchell Marlys M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Drawing on literature from other professions, this paper identifies factors that occupational therapists should consider when making the transition from clinician to academician. It describes the following four stages of a professional career: apprentice, colleague, mentor, and sponsor. Five academic stages of faculty development are also presented. In addition, the work life of a faculty member is delineated.
The Use of Community Networks for Chronic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Mauras-Corsino Edna , Daniewicz Catherine V. , Swan Lucy C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes a program, the Work Readiness Seminar, designed in collaboration with a community organization, the Altrusa Club, to respond to needs of chronic psychiatric female patients. The five sessions of the program provide the women with information about everyday survival skills and an opportunity to practice these skills. The excellent role models provided by the Altrusa Club members and the programming of life skills “in vivo” are the strengths of the program. This paper also briefly describes three additional programs that evolved from the Work Readiness Seminar. All four programs use community groups as a resource for teaching life skills to chronic psychiatric patients.
Variables That Contribute to Leadership Among Female Occupational Therapists
Authors: Scott Winifred E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study determined which variables differentiated occupational therapy leaders from nonleaders and identified factors that contributed to leadership. The subjects were 405 occupational therapists 36 to 74 years old. Some (79) were leaders in the field, and others (326) were randomly selected members of The American Occupational Therapy Association who did not occupy leadership roles. Eighty-nine percent of the questionnaires were returned.
Few demographic differences separated the two groups; however, the findings showed that a substantial portion of the leaders shared experiences in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood that the nonleaders did not share. Leaders viewed themselves as leaders, desired leadership, and saw leadership as an appropriate activity for women. Their view of the female role was less traditional than that of nonleaders. They married much less frequently; those who did marry had fewer children. Most married leaders’ husbands highly supported their wives’ leadership activities.
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: An Activity-Oriented Approach
Authors: Giles Gordon Muir 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing trend away from a dogmatic adherence to any one approach in the treatment of eating disorders. This paper adds the new element of practice in relation to cognitive change. The activity-oriented approach outlined here stresses that patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia must maintain responsibility for their own food intake throughout treatment. The key role of the occupational therapist in the treatment team is outlined, and suggestions for assessment and management of this type of patient are given.
Pinch and Grasp Strength: Standardization of Terminology and Protocol
Authors: Smith Roger O. , Benge Margie Wadlington 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We implemented a tridirectional survey to begin the standardization process for grasp and pinch terminology and protocols for testing and to improve the communication between rehabilitation professionals who assess hand strength. We surveyed the literature, occupational therapy clinics across the country, and occupational therapy educational programs. Our results reveal the current use, teachings, and recommendations of pinch and grasp strength measurement. The results confirm that the standardization of grasp and pinch terminology and protocols for testing are vitally needed. Specific recommendations to continue this standardization process are recommended.
A Quality Assurance Method for Community Occupational Therapy
Authors: McColl MaryAnn , Quinn Barbara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Fiscal constraints, service withdrawal, and litigation in the health care sector have created an unquestionable need for accountability in health services. Therefore, this paper presents a method of quality assurance for use in community occupational therapy. Detailed attention is given to methodological issues, particularly those related to selecting an approach. A process audit approach was chosen for this study, and the results of its pilot application to a sample of depressed patients are presented and discussed. In addition, preliminary work on reliability and validity of the method are presented. Test-retest and interrater reliabilities were found to be .734 and .728, respectively, and assertions of normative and criterion validity were supported. The results of the audit are presented to illuminate aspects of the method that need further refinement.