bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Soldiers
Authors: Wessells Michael 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Children, defined under international law and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child as people under 18 years of age, are widely exploited by state actors' armed forces (e.g., government troops) and by non‐state actors' armed groups (e.g., rebel groups and paramilitaries). Although the term child soldier typically evokes images of male combatants, many girls are associated with armed forces or armed groups. Child soldiers include not only combatants but also children who perform non‐combat roles such as spies, cooks, porters, and servants.
Genocide and Mass Killing: Origins and Prevention
Authors: Staub Ervin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Similar influences lead to genocide and mass killing, and mass killing can be a way station in the evolution of genocide. Early, genuine prevention requires a response to predictive conditions before it is clear what type of group violence will develop. The United Nations Genocide Convention defines genocide as “acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.” The genocide convention does not appropriately clarify what is the meaning of “in part,” that is, when killing
some
members of a group is genocide and when it is not. The definition is also incomplete in not including the killing of political groups as genocide – which has been named politicide (Harff, 2003).
Moral Disengagement
Authors: Bandura Albert 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The moral standards people adopt serve as guides for conduct and deterrents for detrimental activities. They do things that bring them satisfaction and a sense of self‐worth, and refrain from violating their moral standards because such conduct begets self‐condemnation. Self‐sanctions keep conduct in line with internal standards. However, moral standards do not function as an unwavering regulator of moral conduct. There are many psychosocial maneuvers by which people selectively disengage moral self‐sanctions from inhumane conduct. This enables them to do cruel things with freedom from the restraints of self‐censure. Indeed, large‐scale inhumanities are often perpetrated by people who are compassionate in other aspects of their lives. They can even behave compassionately and cruelly at the same time depending on whom they include and exclude in their category of humanity.
Scanned Pipette Techniques for the Highly Localized Electrochemical Fabrication and Characterization of Conducting Polymer Thin Films, Microspots, Microribbons, and Nanowires
Authors: Laslau Cosmin , Williams David E. , Kannan Bhuvaneswari , Travas‐Sejdic Jadranka 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe limited toolbox for conducting polymer (CP) microscale fabrication and characterization hampers the development of applications such as sensors and actuators. To address this issue, a robust and integrated methodology is presented, capable of electrochemical fabrication and characterization of CPs in a highly localized manner, allowing for CP patterning and spatial mapping of voltammetric response. This is enabled by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tipped with a single‐barreled micropipette to electrochemically polymerize CP microspot arrays, demonstrated for 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene and aniline monomers. Stationary electropolymerization produces individual microspots; lateral movement produces long microribbons; retraction produces extruded microstructures. Subsequently the same SPM setup is tipped with a double‐barreled micropipette to carry out localized cyclic voltammetry. The micropipettes are filled with saline solutions in contact with Ag/AgCl electrodes, forming a thin meniscus of solution at the micropipette tip, which enable an automated approach in air and subsequent contact with the surface. The flexibility of this novel technique is demonstrated by application to 2D poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) microspots, microribbons and nanowires, plus polyaniline (PANI) microstructures and self‐assembled thin films. Finally, setting up a dynamic electrochemical cell allowed for voltammetric–amperometric imaging, simultaneously mapping the morphology and current response of CPs. Future refinements towards the nanoscale through smaller‐tipped pipettes should open up new opportunities for voltammetric response mapping of individual CP nanostructures.
Tailoring Interface Structure in Highly Strained YSZ/STO Heterostructures
Authors: Rivera‐Calzada A. , Diaz‐Guillen M. R. , Dura O. J. , Sanchez‐Santolino G. , Pennycook T. J. , Schmidt R. , Bruno F. Y. , Garcia‐Barriocanal J. , Sefrioui Z. , Nemes N. M. , Garcia‐Hernandez M. , Varela M. , Leon C. , Pantelides S. T. , Pennycook S. J. , Santamaria J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHeterostructures combining transition metal oxides, as compared to other materials, are able to accommodate very large amounts of epitaxial strain without breaking into islands or structural domains. Coherently strained interfaces are an interesting playground for the search of materials with enhanced ion diffusivities, of interest in devices for energy generation and storage. In this work we highlight the importance of the interface structure of highly strained YSZ/STO superlattices in determining an enhancement of their ionic conductivity. We show the role of growth orientation in controlling the structure and morphology of the interface. Results of density functional theory calculations are discussed, showing that the incompatibility of the oxygen positions at the interface planes plays a key role in stabilizing the high values of ionic conductivities.
Failure mechanism of time‐temperature superposition for poly(vinyl chloride)/dioctylphthalate (100/70) system
Authors: Zou Jiajia , You Feng , Su Lin , Yang Zhuo , Chen Guangshun , Guo Shaoyun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe failure behavior and its mechanism of time‐temperature superposition (TTS) poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/dioctylphthalate (DOP) (100/70) system were studied from low to high temperatures with a step of 10°C. Arrhenius equation, WLF equation, mathematical nonlinear fitting, and manual shift were applied for TTS fitting. None of these methods could obtain the well‐superposed master curves with either single horizontal shift or two‐dimensional (horizontal and vertical) shift. The rheological data and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results were used to explain the failure mechanism of the TTS fitting. The curves of storage modulus versus frequency were well fitted to an empirical equation G′ = G + Kωn. The yield behavior was used to analyze the influence of test temperature on the dynamic rheological behavior for the PVC/DOP (100/70) system. A transition of rheological behavior from the solid‐like to the linear viscoelastic could be observed at 190°C because of the gradual melting of microcrystallites and the destruction of gel networks, which were confirmed by DSC analysis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Prioritization of data quality dimensions and skills requirements in genome annotation work
Authors: Huang Hong , Stvilia Besiki , Jörgensen Corinne , Bass Hank W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe rapid accumulation of genome annotations, as well as their widespread reuse in clinical and scientific practice, poses new challenges to management of the quality of scientific data. This study contributes towards better understanding of scientists' perceptions of and priorities for data quality and data quality assurance skills needed in genome annotation. This study was guided by a previously developed general framework for assessment of data quality and by a taxonomy of data‐quality (DQ) skills, and intended to define context‐sensitive models of criteria for data quality and skills for genome annotation. Analysis of the results revealed that genomics scientists recognize specific sets of criteria for quality in the genome‐annotation context. Seventeen data quality dimensions were reduced to 5‐factor constructs, and 17 relevant skills were grouped into 4‐factor constructs. The constructs defined by this study advance the understanding of data quality relationships and are an important contribution to data and information quality research. In addition, the resulting models can serve as valuable resources to genome data curators and administrators for developing data‐curation policies and designing DQ‐assurance strategies, processes, procedures, and infrastructure. The study's findings may also inform educators in developing data quality assurance curricula and training courses.
Die semiintegrale Grubentalbrücke – Besonderheiten bei der Planung
Authors: Keil Andreas , Wenger Philipp , Fackler Thomas , Schilling Jürgen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDie neue Grubentalbrücke gehört zu den besonderen Eisenbahnbrücken des Verkehrsprojekts Deutsche Einheit 8 (VDE 8), der Neubaustrecke Nürnberg–Erfurt–Halle– Leipzig–Berlin, die in einer neuen Bauart, in integraler bzw. semiintegraler Bauweise, errichtet werden. Die semiintegrale Bauweise bringt eine Reihe von Besonderheiten bei der Planung und der Genehmigung mit sich. Vorrangig zu nennen sind die Berücksichtigung der Interaktion mit dem Baugrund, die Ausführung der monolithischen Knotenbereiche, die Schienenspannungsberechnung und die dynamische Berechnung sowie die Nachweise der monolithisch angeschlossenen Pfeiler gegen Ermüdung. Die Umsetzung der neuen Bauweise erforderte mehrere unternehmensinterne Genehmigungen (UiG) der DB AG, sowie eine Zustimmung im Einzelfall (ZiE) des Eisenbahnbundesamtes (EBA) für die gesamte Brücke. Auf diese Themen soll im vorliegenden Beitrag vertieft eingegangen werden.
Untersuchungen zur Verklebung dreischichtiger Massivholzplatten unter Verwendung von Laubholz
Authors: Wetzig Melanie , Haß Philipp , Niemz Peter , Hänsel Andreas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAufgrund ansteigender Nutzlaubholzbestände sind die physikalisch‐mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie mögliche Verwendungsbereiche von Laubholz in den letzten Jahren wieder verstärkt Inhalt verschiedener Forschungsarbeiten. Die meisten Laubholzarten haben einen wesentlich höheren Elastizitätsmodul und deutlich höhere Quell‐und Schwindmaße als Nadelhölzer, was in Klebfugen bei Feuchteänderungen zu höheren Spannungen führt. Die nachfolgenden Untersuchungen wurden an dreischichtigen Massivholzplatten durchgeführt, die völlig bzw. teilweise aus Laubholz gefertigt wurden. Die Einzellagen der Platten wurden sowohl in den Holzarten als auch in den Schichtdicken variiert. Kern der Untersuchungen war, ob und in welchem Maße durch Variation der Klebstoffart und der Fugendicke feuchteinduzierte Spannungen kompensiert werden können, die aufgrund unterschiedlicher Plattenaufbauten hervorgerufen werden. Die im Zuge erhöhter relativer Luftfeuchten auftretenden Dehnungen und Spannungen innerhalb der Massivholzplatten wurden durch drei Versuchsanordnungen geprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigten einen deutlichen Einfluss der Verklebung auf das Quellverhalten der Platten.Investigation on bonding of three‐layer cross laminated timber using hardwood. Because of growing hardwood quantity the physical‐mechanical properties as well as possible application areas of hardwoods are increasingly topic of different research projects. The following investigations were carried out on three‐layer cross laminated timber which was partially or totally made from hardwood. The respective layers were varied in wood species as well as in thickness. The main point of the work was to determine how far strains, induced by the bigger swelling of hardwood compared to softwood, can be compensated in elastic glue joint. Occurred strains into the panels were determined by three test set‐ups. The results showed influences of the used glue joint on swelling behaviour of the panel configurations.
Tunnelknall: Entstehung und Gegenmaßnahmen
Authors: Brux Gunther 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBei langen, eingleisigen Eisenbahntunneln kann es beim Durchfahren mit hohen Geschwindigkeiten zum ‘Tunnelknall’ kommen, was die Bewohner in Portalnähe und die Zuginsassen beeinträchtigen kann. Nach eingehenden Untersuchungen sind zum Vermeiden entsprechende Maßnahmen entwickelt worden.
Zur Sicherheit kritischer Infrastrukturen unter außergewöhnlichen multiplen Gefährdungen
Authors: Gebbeken Norbert , Teich Martien 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDer Schutz von kritischer baulicher Infrastruktur vor außergewöhnlichen Einwirkungen und multiplen Gefährdungen, deren Eintreten häufig als “sehr unwahrscheinlich“ beurteilt wird, hat seit Fukushima an neuer Dynamik gewonnen. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Einblick in die Gefährdungs‐ und Risikoanalyse und diskutiert ausgewählte außergewöhnliche Einwirkungen in Bezug auf die Bauwerkssicherheit. Anschließend werden Hinweise zum Entwurf gegeben. Der optimale Entwurf ist keineswegs der schnellste und materialsparendste, sondern er mündet vielmehr in ein Bauwerk, das auch unter extremen Einwirkungen sicher ist. Erreicht wird dies durch einen robusten, duktilen und redundanten Tragwerksentwurf auf Basis abgestufter Gefährdungsszenarien. Das Bauwerk sollte gutmütig auf Laständerungen reagieren. Zum Abschluss dieses Aufsatzes werden einige typische Probleme bei der Qualitätssicherung kritischer baulicher Infrastruktur aufgezeigt.Safety of critical built infrastructures subjected to extreme multiple hazards. The protection of critical built infrastructures subjected to extreme multiple hazards, which are often regarded as being “very unlikely”, has become even more important since the nuclear accident in Fukushima. Even “very unlikely” events or chains of events can occur, and critical infrastructures should withstand these events. This paper gives an overview of hazard and risk analysis basics and discusses typical characteristics of extreme loadings. Furthermore, some important design guidelines are pointed out. The optimal concept leads to a safe, i.e., robust, ductile and redundant design on the basis of graded hazard scenarios. Finally, this paper emphasizes typical problems regarding the quality assurance of critical infrastructures.
Metropol Parasol in Sevilla
Authors: Schmid Volker , Faller George , Koppitz Jan‐Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMetropol Parasol ist ein architektonisch und städtebaulich innovatives und kontrovers diskutiertes Projekt inmitten der Altstadt von Sevilla, das eine archäologische Ausgrabungsstätte, eine Markthalle, einen städtischen Open‐Air‐Veranstaltungsort und eine spektakuläre Verschattungskonstruktion aus Holz mit integriertem Restaurant und Aussichtswegen, alles vertikal übereinander gestapelt, vereint. Der Artikel beschreibt den Tragwerksentwurf im Zusammenspiel mit den formalen und funktionalen Aspekten des Projekts. Die disparaten Anforderungen an das Tragwerk führten zur beschriebenen Hybridkonstruktion aus Holz, Beton, Stahl und Stahlverbund. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt den gesamten Tragwerksentwurf und Teile seiner Umsetzung in Beton, Stahl und Stahlverbund sowie das Brandschutzkonzept. Ein weiterer Artikel in dieser Ausgabe geht ausführlicher auf die innovative Holzkonstruktion ein.Metropol Parasol in Seville – Innovative hybrid structure in timber, concrete and steel. Metropol Parasol is an urbanistic and architecturally innovative and much discussed signature project in the centre of the old town of Seville. It comprises an archaeological site, a market hall, an urban open‐air venue space and a spectacular shading structure which is manufactured from timber and includes a restaurant and walkways on the top. This paper describes the structural design and it’s interdependency with the formal and functional aspects of the project. The disparate requirements for the structural design were best met with a hybrid structure of timber, concrete, steel and steel composite. This paper describes the structural design of the entire project and parts of the concrete, steel and steel composite structure as well as the fire engineering. Another article in this issue will explain in detail the innovative timber structure.
Real‐time recognition and tracking for augmented reality books
Authors: Cho Kyusung , Jung Jinki , Lee Sang‐Wook , Lim Sang Ok , Yang Hyun Seung 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAn augmented reality book (AR book) is an application in which such multimedia elements as virtual 3D objects, movie clips, or sound clips are augmented to a conventional book using augmented reality technology. It can provide better understanding about the contents and visual impressions for users. For AR books, this paper presents a markerless tracking method, which recognizes and tracks a large number of pages in real‐time, even on PCs with low computation power. For fast recognition with respect to a large number of pages, we propose a generic randomized forest that is an extension of a randomized forest. In addition, we define the spatial locality of the subregions in an image to resolve the problem of a dropping recognition rate under a complex background. For tracking with minimal jittering, we also propose the adaptive keyframe‐based tracking method, which automatically updates the current frame as a keyframe when it describes the page better than the existing one. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human motion retrieval using topic model
Authors: Zhu Mingyang , Sun Huaijiang , Lan Rongyi , Li Bin 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTContent‐based human motion retrieval is important for animators with the development of motion editing and synthesis, which need to search similar motions in large databases. Obtaining text‐based representation from quantization of mocap data turned out to be efficient. It becomes a fundamental step of many researches in human motion analysis. Geometric features are one of these techniques, which involve much prior knowledge and reduce data redundancy of numerical data. We describe geometric features as basic unit to define human motions (also called mo‐words) and view a human motion as a generative process. Therefore, we obtain topic motions, which possess more semantic information using latent Dirichlet allocation by learning from massive training examples in order to understand motions better. We combine probabilistic model with human motion retrieval and come up with a new representation of human motions and a new retrieval framework. Our experiments demonstrate its advantages, both for understanding motions and retrieval. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold(I) and Gold(III) Corroles
Authors: Rabinovich Elena , Goldberg Israel , Gross Zeev 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCorrole complexes with gold(I) and gold(III) were synthesized and their structural, photophysical, and electrochemical properties investigated. This work includes the X‐ray crystallography characterization of gold(I) and gold(III) complexes, both chelated by a corrole with fully brominated β‐pyrrole carbon atoms. The mononuclear and chiral gold(I) corrole appears to be the first of its kind within the porphyrinoid family, while the most unique property of the gold(III) corrole is that it displays phosphorescence at ambient temperatures.
Copy number alterations in prostate tumors and disease aggressiveness
Authors: Cheng Iona , Levin Albert M. , Tai Yu Chuan , Plummer Sarah , Chen Gary K. , Neslund‐Dudas Christine , Casey Graham , Rybicki Benjamin A. , Witte John S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDetecting genomic alterations that result in more aggressive prostate cancer may improve clinical treatment and our understanding of the biology underlying this common but complex disease. To this end, we undertook a genome‐wide copy number alterations (CNAs) study of clinicopathological characteristics of 62 prostate tumors using the Illumina 1M single nucleotide polymorphism array. The highest overall frequencies of CNAs were on chromosomes 8q (gains), 8p (loss and copy‐neutral), and 6q (copy‐loss). Combined loss and copy‐neutral events were associated with increasing disease grade (P = 0.03), stage (P = 0.01), and diagnostic prostate specific antigen (PSA) (P = 0.01). Further evaluation of CNAs using gene ontology identified pathways involved with disease aggressiveness. The “regulation of apoptosis” pathway was associated with stage of disease (P = 0.004), while the “reproductive cellular process” pathway was associated with diagnostic PSA (P = 0.00038). Specific genes within these pathways exhibited strong associations with clinical characteristics; for example, in the apoptosis pathway BNIP3L was associated with increasing prostate tumor stage (P = 0.007). These findings confirm known regions of CNAs in prostate cancer and localize additional regions and possible genes (e.g., BNIP3L, WWOX, and GATM) that may help to clarify the genetic basis of prostate cancer aggressiveness. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of bladder‐derived acellular matrix, growth factors, and extracellular matrix constituents on the survival and multipotency of marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Antoon Roula , Yeger Herman , Loai Yasir , Islam Syed , Farhat Walid A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe investigate the effect of bladder‐derived acellular matrix (ACM) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSC) growth, survival, and differentiation, and evaluate the effect of collagen I and IV on BM‐MSC differentiation potential to SMC. BM‐MSCs isolated from CD1_mice were characterized by surface markers and differentiation into different lineages. BM‐MSC SMC potential was further evaluated in stem cell medium alone or supplemented with TGF‐β1 and recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF‐BB) on plastic, collagen I and IV using western blot. Furthermore, BM‐MSCs were seeded on porcine derived ACM‐fortified with hyaluronic acid and cultured in Mesencult+‐growth factors, bone, or fat induction media for 3 weeks. Seeded constructs were evaluated by H&E, Ki67 assay, Oil red O, and Alizarin red stain. SMC differentiation was semiquantified via immunohistochemistry. BM‐MSCs differentiated into fat and bone when induced. In Mesencult, BM‐MSCs differentiated into SMC, expressing α‐SMA, calponin, and MHC. BM‐MSCs cultured on collagen I and IV reduced expression of SMC and MHC compared to plastic. On ACM‐HA, BM‐MSCs maintained multipotent state by differentiating to bone and fat when induced. In Mesencult, BM‐MSC‐seeded ACM‐HA expressed α‐SMA, calponin, and MHC. TGF‐β1 and PDGF‐BB enhanced SMC differentiation on collagens and ACM‐HA. SMC proteins expression by BM‐MSC varies depending on culture substrate. SMC markers are expressed higher on plastic and lower on collagen I, IV, and ACM‐HA, suggesting these substrates preferentially maintain undifferentiated state of BM‐MSC, which could be advantageous for incorporation of cell‐seeded grafts to permit host modulation of tissue regeneration. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.