bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Sandstones of Morayshire (Elgin, &c.) containing Reptillian Remains; and on their Relations to the Old Red Sandstone of that Country
Authors: Murchison Roderick I. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
In the preceding memoir the whole succession of the inferior crystalline and stratified rocks having been indicated, the triple arrangement of the Old Red Sandstone in an ascending order was shown to consist of a lower red sandstone and conglomerate, of a central deposit—the grey Caithness Flags, and of certain overlying sandstones, occasionally red, but of prevailing yellowish colour.
In this manner the whole of the Old Red series (or the equivalent of the Devonian rocks of other countries) is exhibited in the Orkney Islands, Caithness, and Easter Ross.

The lower division of the series in those tracts has not (see above, p. 400) afforded any of those fossils (the
Pterygotus, Cephalaspis, Pteraspis
, or
Parka decipiens
) which characterize the lowest Old Red of Forfarshire, Perthshire, Shropshire, and Herefordshire: the middle division (or Caithness Flags) is abundantly characterized by ichthylites and the small crustacean
Estheria
: the third, as known to the north of the Moray Firth, has afforded, as yet, certain terrestrial plants only, which, approaching to the Carboniferous types, are forms hitherto unknown in any true Carboniferous deposit.

In following this natural physical group westwards along the north coast from Caithness into Sutherland, or northwards from the Orkneys into the Shetland Isles, its bituminous flagstone or central portion is seen to thin out. Such is also particularly the case in the southern extension of the group; which we proceed to consider.
Thus, after passing along the east coast of Sutherland, where the lower member only is visible, it is already
On Fossil Foot-prints in the Sandstone at Cummingstone
Authors: Beckles S. H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

M
r
. B
eckles
, during a late tour in the Highlands, examined the Sandstone-quarries at Covesea, near Elgin; and, having exposed and removed several square-yards of the Sandstone-slabs bearing fossil foot-prints at this place, has sent a large collection of them to London, but has not yet had the opportunity of studying them in detail. Mr. Beckles says that he has secured several varieties of footsteps, differing in size and form, and in the number of the claws, which vary apparently from 2 to 5. One foot-print, of a circular shape, measured 15 inches in breadth. Some of the smaller footprints are evidently formed by young individuals of the same species that made some of the larger marks. Some of the prints have been left, in the author’s opinion, by web-footed animals.

Most of the surface-planes of the rock, at different levels, bear foot-marks. The majority of the tracks, Mr. Beckles says, are uniserial, the double (or quadrupedal) series being exceptional.
Mr. Beckles noticed also impressions of rain-prints, well marked on some of the surface-planes, and indicating the direction of the wind blowing at the time of the rain-fall.
On some Points in Chemical Geology
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry 
Published: October 2009

§ I. In a paper read before the American Association at Montreal in August 1857, as also in some previous communications to the Royal Society, and in the ‘Report of the Geological Survey of Canada’ for 1856, I have endeavoured to explain the theory of the transformation of sedimentary deposits into crystalline rocks. In considering this process we must commence by distinguishing between the local metamorphism which sometimes appears in the vicinity of traps and granites and that normal metamorphism which extends over wide areas and is apparently unconnected with the presence of intrusive rocks. In the former case, however, we find thatthe metamorphic influence of intrusive rocks is by no means constant, showing that their heat is not the sole agent in alteration, while in the latter case different strata are often found affected in very different degrees; so that fossiliferous beds but little altered are sometimes found beneath crystalline schists, or even intercalated with them.
We cannot admit that the alteration of the sedimentary rocks has been affected by a great elevation of temperature, approaching, as many have imagined, to that of igneous fusion; for we find unoxidized carbon in the form of graphite both in crystalline limestone and in beds of magnetic iron-core; and it is well known that these substances, and even the vapour of water, oxidize graphite at a red heat, with formation of carbonic acid or carbonic oxide. I have, however, shown that solutions of alkaline carbonates in presence of silica and earthy carbonates
On the Sandstones and Shales of the Oolites of Scarborough, with Descriptions of some New Species of Fossil Plants
Authors: Leckenby John 
Published: October 2009

The “Grey Limestone” of Scarborough, and its associated and alternating beds of sandstone and shale, have lately attracted the attention of geologists from other parts of England, who, aided by their knowledge of the Oolites of their own districts, and of France and Germany, have done much to establish more accurate views of the correlations of the Yorkshire beds.
I do not, therefore, hope to add much to the general information which is now possessed as to the true position of the fossil plant-yielding beds at Gristhorpe Bay, Cloughton Wyke, and the neighbourhood of Whitby; my chief intention being to describe and figure some new or imperfectly known species, and to point out certain affinities and differences that have hitherto escaped detection.
Observations on Supposed Glacial Drift in the Labrador Peninsula, Western Canada, and on the South Branch of the Saskatchewan
Authors: Hind Henry Youle 
Published: October 2009

Conclusion
The opinion that many of the phenomena attending the surface-geology of a large portion of North America were caused by glacial ice, appears to be gradually gaining ground among American geologists. First enunciated by Professor Louis Agassiz, it received the sanction, wholly or in part, of some well-known geologists. In a recent paper by Dr. Newberry, it is stated that “in this ‘glacial epoch’ all the Lake-country was covered with ice, by which the rocky surface was planed down and furrowed, and left precisely in the condition of that beneath modern moving glaciers in mountain-valleys”.
Dana considers “the glacial theory the most satisfactory, but the iceberg-theory required, in some cases, for the borders of continents”.
On the Permian Rocks of the North-West of England, and their Extension into Scotland
Authors: Murchison Roderick I. , Harkness Robert 
Published: October 2009

Conclusion
The Permian rocks of the county of Durham have hitherto been regarded as the type of this formation in England. In this county, however, excepting the middle member, the strata appertaining to this portion of the Palæozoic period are very imperfectly represented. Of this group the base is almost absent, the Penrith sandstones occurring only to a very slight extent as soft sandstones, supporting the base of the magnesian limestones—the equivalents of the Hilton series—and in many localities these sandstones disappear altogether. In the county of Durham the portions of the Permian strata which occur are transgressive on the coal-measures, and are spread out upon the eroded surfaces of the latter rocks. At Tynemouth, beneath the “brecciated limestone” forming the upper portion of the cliffs, this eroded surface is seen in the light-coloured sandstone supporting the Permian breccia-beds. This light-coloured sandstone is said to pass downwards into another sandstone with a purple tint, and the latter rests conformably upon shale which equally conforms to the seam of coal seen at Cullercoats and known as the Hebburn scam.
A Monograph of the Ammonites of the Cambridge Greensand
Authors: Seeley Harry 
Published: October 2009

In this paper the Ammonites and Scaphites of the Cambridge Coprolite-bed were described, with the endeavour to elucidate the nature of Ammonite-species in a single stratum and a limited area. It was the result of five years′ study of about 12,000 specimens.
The special peculiarity of the paper was that many “species’ hitherto thought distinct were connected together. This was called “resolving species into the varieties of which they appear to consist.” The specific names became varietal, “the idea of the system followed being to make certain forms the indices as it were to their groups,” without disturbing the existing nomenclature.

There are three “great species,” or groups, called
Ammonites rostratus, A. splendens
, and
A. planulatus
; and a few “small species,” mostly new; besides these were a small group of
Scaphites
, and a
Crioceras
from Hunstanton.
On the Hunstanton Red Rock
Authors: Seeley Harry 
Published: October 2009

In the ‘Annals of Natural History’ for April 1861, the author discussed what others had written on the age of the Red Rock, and in this paper he gave such account of the bed, where seen in the Huns'ton section, as subsequent observation had enabled him to prepare.
The cliff is a curve, partly running nearly due north and south, and partly facing more to the east; so, as the deposit rises from the beach at the eastern end, its dip is south-easterly.
On some Bone- and Cave-deposits of the Reindeer-period in the South of France
Authors: Evans John 
Published: October 2009

The deposits to which the author particularly called attention in this paper are those which have been and are still being explored under the direction of MM. Lartet and Christy, and which were visited by him under the guidance of the latter gentleman, and accompanied by Mr. Hamilton, Prof. Rupert Jones, Capt. Galton, Mr. Lubbock, and Mr. Franks.
Mr. Evans first gave a detailed description of the physical features of the valley of the Vézère, and of the content of the caverns of Badegoule, Le Moustier, La Madeleine, Laugerie-Haute, Laugerie-Basse, the Gorge d'Enfer, and Les Eyzies, with a list of the animal-remains discovered, which are for the most part of the same species from all the caverns.
On some Spaces, formerly occupied by Selenite, in the Lower Eocene Clays of the London Basin; with remarks on the Origin and Disappearance of the Mineral
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

The preservation of the impressions of selenite is doubtless exceptional, and it is very probable that this mineral, like many others, is formed; decomposed, and removed without any trace being left of the complicated chemical operations which determined its existence and decay. The existence of soluble salts in the Woolwich clay is remarkable, for they cannot be all derived from the percolating surface-water, but from the original constituents of the bed. It is a proof of the great lapse of time required, even with the assistance of alterations in the level and dip which determine increased drainage, before such beds can be reduced to the mineralogical simplicity illustrated by clay-slate.
The formation of gypsum, and of its more durable replacing crystalline form selenite, suggests the decomposition and destruction of organic remains, and the disappearance of these minerals is equivalent to the destruction of the evidence of the former existence of organisms.
How organisms are preserved and destroyed in sedimentary strata, are questions constantly before the geologist; and these observations have been made with the intention of correlating the disappearance of selenite with that of the organisms to whose former existence it owed its origin. It is clear that if organisms deposited in sediment contribute at the commencement to the formation of such minerals as selenite, which are removeable in their turn, after a while the sediment may become free from all trace of former organic matters. In other words, there is no reason why the purest clay-slate may not have
On the Relation of the Norwich or Fluvio-marine Crag to the Chillesford Clay or Loam
Authors: Fisher O. 
Published: October 2009

During the month of August last, in company with Professor Liveing, I visited Orford and Aldborough, and we made some observations which may tend to clear up the uncertainty which hangs over the relations of the Red Crag, Chillesford beds, and Fluvio-marine or Norwich Crag. We took with us the paper by Mr. Prestwich on the Chillesford Beds, in vol. v. of the Society's Journal, that by Mr. S. Y. Wood, jun., “On the Red Crag and its Relation to the Fluvio-marine Crag, and on the Drift of the Eastern Counties” (Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., March 1864), and the same author's “Map of the Upper Tertiaries of the Eastern Counties, with remarks thereon,” privately printed, 1865. After having begun to digest the materials we had collected, I visited the same neighbourhood again in the beginning of September.
Mr. Prestwich has left it open as to “whether the Chillesford deposit may not be identical with the Mammaliferous Crag of Norwich ''*, or whether it “may not belong to a period one stage more recent than the Mammaliferous Crag; whether in fact it may not be the marine representative of that thin marine, freshwater, and land series, which, on the north-eastern coast of Norfolk, is spread over the patches of the Norwich Crag, and immediately underlies the great northern clay drift,” i. e., I conclude, Mr. Gunn's “laminated beds.” Sir Charles Lyell, however, in his work on the Antiquity of Man, decidedly adopts the former view, saying that ”the most
On the Conditions of the Deposition of Coal, more especially as illustrated by the Coal-formation of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
Authors: Dawson J. W. 
Published: October 2009

In several former papers presented to this Society, I have endeavoured to illustrate the arrangement of the Carboniferous rocks of Nova Scotia, and to direct attention to their organic remains, the structures found in their coals, and the evidence which they afford as to the mode of accumulation of that mineral. The present paper is intended as the summing up and completion of these researches, with the addition of the new facts resulting from a careful study of the microscopic structure of more than seventy beds of coal occurring in the South-Joggins section, and of the fossil plants associated with them. These results will, I hope, throw much additional light on some of the more difficult problems connected with the theory of the accumulation of vegetable matter in the Carboniferous period, and its conversion into coal.

The subjects to which I propose to direct attention may be conveniently arranged under the following heads:—

(1)
General considerations relating to the physical conditions of the Carboniferous period in Nova Scotia.

(2)
Details of the character and contents of the several beds of coal in the Joggins section, arranged in the order of Logan's Sectional List.

(3)
Remarks on the genera of animals and plants whose remains occur in the coal, and on their connexion with its accumulation.

§II. G
eneral
C
onsiderations
Relating to P
hysical
C
onditions
.

1.
Physical Gharavters of the several Coal-formations
.—The total vertical thickness of the immense mass of sediment constituting the Carboniferous system in Nova Scotia may be estimated from the fact that
On the Formation of Lake-basins in New Zealand
Authors: Locke-Travers W. T. 
Published: October 2009

In consequence of reading a notice in the 6th volume of the ‘Intellectual Observer,’ p. 461, of what I presume to have been a communication from Dr. Haast to the Geological Society, in reference to the formation of lake-basins in this country, and of my inability to subscribe to the views of Dr. Haast, I venture to submit my reasons for dissenting from them.
My observations have been chiefly directed to the great mountain-system named by me the “Spencer Mountains,” which occupies the centre of the block of country constituting the Provinces of Nelson and Marlborough, in the Middle Island. The highest point of the range is Mount Franklin, estimated at 10,000 feet, whilst around it are several lower peaks, averaging from 7000 to 8000 feet.
A number of the largest rivers in the northern part of the islandhave their sources in these mountains, flowing from them to the north, south, east, and west. Amongst the rivers on the northern side of the range is the Bullet or Rotoiti flowing out of Lake Arthur, and the Roturoa flowing out of Lake Howiek. On the south side of Mount Franklin is the River Waiau or Dillon, and the Clarence, which flows out of Lake Tennyson. It is chiefly to the above-named lakes and the valleys of the rivers that I shall refer.
A line of road leads from the town of Nelson, in Blind Bay, to a place called the "Old Pass," nearly due south of Ben Nevis, and continues
On the Tertiary Mollusca of Jamaica
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere 
Published: October 2009

In 1862 Mr. Lucas Barrett, Director of the Geological Survey of the West Indies, brought over from Jamaica and deposited in the British Museum a collection of Miocene fossils. In 1863 Mr. Carrick Moore communicated to the Geological Society the results of his examination of the shells, Dr. Duncan described the corals, and Prof. Rupert Jones gave an account of the Foraminifera. In 1864 Dr. Duncan and Mr. Wall gave a sketch of the geology of a part of Jamaica, showing the relations of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations exposed in that island. In the same communication Dr. Duncan described several new and interesting corals from the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene strata; but beyond the general results given in Mr. Carrick Moore's paper above referred to, the shells have remained untouched. It was, I believe, the intention of Mr. Barrett to have worked out this portion of the subject, and, indeed, he had already had one plate engraved, which has since been destroyed for want of instructions; but as his untimely and lamented death has intervened to prevent our receiving the benefit of his illustration of the fossils alluded to, I have undertaken to furnish an account of these remains.
In the paper by Dr. Duncan and Mr. Wall, before cited, the relations of the various strata are so well and succinctly described, that it is unnecessary for me to do more in this place than to allude to the fact that the formation whence the mollasca to be described
On Tertiary Echinoderms from the West Indies
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere 
Published: October 2009

The Corals of the Miocene formations of the West Indies having been made known by, the researches of Mr. Lonsdale and Dr. Duncan, the Shells having been in part described by Messrs. Carrick, Moore, and Sowerby, and a notice of the Foraminifera having been given by Professor Rupert Jones, I propose to bring under the notice of the Geological Society the Echinoderms belonging to the same fauna.
The Echinoderms about to be noticed are found in the island of Anguilla, and in Trinidad, associated with remains which leave little doubt of their Miocene age. Two of them are identical with Maltese species, and three more are found living in the West Indian seas, Three others seem to be new, and I have therefore appended descriptions of them.

In Anguilla the fossil Echinoderms occur in a white marly limestone, in which are found numerous remains of mollusca, chiefly as casts. Several of the mollusca are identical with species found in San Domingo, Jamaica, and other West Indian Miocene localities. The most noteworthy are
Natica phasianelloides
, d'Orb.,
Solarium quadriseriatum
, Sow., and species of
Turritella
and
Pecten
. Teeth of Pycnodont fishes also occur in the beds, as in Malta, and among them is one apparently very closely allied to
Sphœrodus gigas
. Several of the other mollusca are probably identical with those of the West Indian localities mentioned; but it would be hazardous to speak precisely, where the only materials are imperfect casts.

In Trinidad the fossil Echinoderms are found in highly inclined gypseous
Documents relating to the Recent Volcanic Disturbances in the Neighbourhood of Santorino
Authors: Brine L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The document first received is a letter from Consul St. Vincent Lloyd to the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Clarendon, dated Syra, February 8, 1866, in which he states that on or about the 1st of that month, the sea in the neighbourhood of the Kaimeni islands, in the centre of the great ancient crater forming the harbour of Santorino, began to show signs of volcanic action; the result was the formation of a new island, which at the date of his report had become nearly joined to the southern extremity of the island Nea Kaimeni. Consul Lloyd also gave an account of the eruption, mentioning that it was accompanied by loud subterranean noises, flames of fire, and ebullition of the sea. Slight shocks of earthquakes had been felt at Santorino, where the inhabitants were much alarmed.
In a second letter to the Earl of Clarendon Mr. Lloyd encloses a letter which he had received from Mr. A. Delenda, H.M. Consular agent at Santorino, in which was given an account of the phenomena attending the eruption as they were observed day by day at Nea Kaimeni, from February 1st to February 7th inclusive. Mr. Delenda particularly describes the boiling of the sea and the scattering through it of coloured matter, as well as the appearance of flames, the formation of pools of fresh water on Nea Kaimeni, the upheaval of a new island, and the subsidence of some of the houses.
On the Fossil British Oxen. Part I. Bos Urus, Cæsar
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd 
Published: October 2009

1. Introduction.
Since the publication of Professor Owen's great work on the British Fossil Mammalia in the year 1846, no addition has been made to our knowledge of the British Fossil Oxen, while on the continent Professor Nilsson, of Lund, has described with a master's hand those of Scandinavia, and Dr. Rütimeyer, of Basle, those found in the Pile-works of Switzerland. In the meanwhile a large amount of information with reference to them has been obtained from the bone-caves and river-deposits of Britain, and from the peat-bogs and marls below of Britain and Ireland, for the most part unpublished or scattered about in disjointed fragments through the numerous scientific and archæological journals of the day.

The relics of the food of the Roman legions stationed in Britain, and of the Romano-British, and the contents of their tombs, and especially many incidental notices of wild oxen in the historians from the time of Charlemagne down to the end of the 12th century, afford remarkable evidence as to the date down to which the wild oxen lived in continental Europe and in Britain. To collect all these isolated facts together, and to give an outline of the characters of each species or variety, and to define their range, so far as may be, in time, is the object of this essay. The three species which come under our notice are—1. The Great Urus,
Bos urus
of Julius Cæsar; 2. The Small Short-horn,
Bos longifrons
of Professor Owen; 3. The Bison,
Bos bison