bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION LEVELS OF STREET‐VENDED FOODS IN KOREA
Authors: CHO JOON‐IL , CHEUNG CHI‐YEUN , LEE SUN‐MI , KO SOO‐IL , KIM KYU‐HEON , HWANG IN‐SUN , KIM SEUNG‐HWAN , CHO SOO‐YEOL , LIM CHUL‐JU , LEE KWANG‐HO , KIM KEUN‐SUNG , HA SANG‐DO 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to evaluate the microbial quality of street‐vended foods in Korea. The microbiological contamination levels of aerobic mesophilic bacteria ranged from 0 to 7.43 log cfu/g with a mean value of 4.71 ± 1.53 log cfu/g, while the level of total coliforms ranged from 0 to 6.86 log cfu/g with a mean value of 3.24 ± 1.40 log cfu/g. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Escherichia coli (EC) were detected in 9% (mean value: 3.75 ± 0.56 log cfu/g) and 3% (mean value: 2.33 ± 0.90 log cfu/g) of 326 examined samples, respectively. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected. More than 50% of the isolated SA were found to be enterotoxin producers and these organisms primarily possessed type A toxin genes. Conversely, verocytotoxin‐producing EC were not detected. Taken together, these results indicate that consumption of street‐vended foods may pose a risk of foodborne disease and that good hygienic practices should be required to ensure public health.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAccurate and up‐to‐date data for microbiological contamination of ready‐to‐eat foods are necessary for consumer protection to improve sanitary conditions in food processing plants in Korea. Known contamination levels can be used by administrators to establish national regulations for the control of foodborne diseases.
Primiparous females do not exhibit reduced maternal care in gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)
Authors: Lang S. L. C. , Boness D. J. , Bowen W. D. , Iverson S. J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe compared the behaviors of primiparous and multiparous gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) females over the course of lactation to examine whether poorly developed maternal behaviors may play a role in the reduced lactation performance observed in primiparous females. Overall, primiparous females spent as much time interacting with their pups as multiparous females. The proportion of time spent nursing their pup increased significantly between early and peak lactation in both primiparous and multiparous females. Although there was no significant difference in the duration of nursing bouts as a function of reproductive status, primiparous females nursed significantly more frequently (bouts/hour) and, therefore, spent a significantly greater proportion of time nursing than multiparous females throughout lactation. Primiparous gray seal females were also significantly more active than multiparous females, however, the difference in activity represented only a small proportion of the overall time budget. We conclude that poorly developed maternal behaviors resulting from a lack of prior reproductive experience are unlikely to account for lower levels of milk energy transfer to pups in primiparous gray seals.
Impact of flood events on dolphin occupancy patterns
Authors: Fury Christine A. , Harrison Peter L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess potential impacts of water quality changes associated with floods on the occupancy of Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in two subtropical estuaries in Australia. Boat‐based surveys were conducted in the Clarence River estuary (CR) and Richmond River estuaries (RR) over 3 yr. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that when the dolphins were absent from the estuaries, three water quality components were extracted in the CR and two components in the RR. The PCA1 component included high loadings for salinity, turbidity, and pH for the CR (46%); and salinity, turbidity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) for the RR (51%). Randomization tests showed that dolphins abandoned both estuaries at times of lower salinity, and during periods of higher turbidity and of lower levels of pH and dissolved oxygen in the RR that were associated with floods. The time until dolphins returned to the estuary postflood depended on the length and severity of the flood, but generally dolphins were observed in waters with salinity levels above 29‰. Their delayed return postflood could be for their physiological health, or because their prey returned to the estuaries under these higher salinity conditions, or more likely a combination of both factors.
Striped dolphins and short‐beaked common dolphins in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece: Abundance estimates from dorsal fin photographs
Authors: Bearzi Giovanni , Bonizzoni Silvia , Agazzi Stefano , Gonzalvo Joan , Currey Rohan J. C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCapture‐recapture methods relying on dorsal fin natural markings have never been applied successfully to striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, and were rarely used to assess abundance of short‐beaked common dolphins, Delphinus delphis. We used digital photo‐identification to obtain abundance estimates of striped and common dolphins living in mixed groups in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The proportion of either species was calculated based on the relative number of photographs of adult animals showing relevant portions of their body during conspicuous surfacings. Striped dolphins and common dolphins averaged 95.0% and 3.2% of all individuals, respectively. Animals showing intermediate pigmentation accounted for another 1.8%. Striped dolphin numbers were relatively high, with a point estimate of 835 animals (95% CI = 631–1,106). Common dolphins numbers were low (point estimate 28 animals; 95% CI = 11–73) and individuals were scattered within striped dolphin groups, indicating that this common dolphin population may be nonviable. Within a semiclosed Gulf exposed to considerable anthropogenic impact, the future of both dolphin species is of concern due to their suspected geographic isolation and restricted extent of occurrence. Information provided here can be used to inform timely conservation efforts.
Estimating the success of protected areas for the vaquita, Phocoena sinus
Authors: Gerrodette Tim , Rojas‐Bracho Lorenzo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBycatch in artisanal gill nets threatens the vaquita, Phocoena sinus, with extinction. In 2008 the Mexican government announced a conservation action plan for this porpoise, with three options for a protected area closed to gill net fishing. The probability of success of each of the three options was estimated with a Bayesian population model, where success was defined as an increase in vaquita abundance after 10 yr. The model was fitted to data on abundance, bycatch, and fishing effort, although data were sparse and imprecise. Under the first protected area option, the existing Refuge Area for the Protection of the Vaquita, bycatch was about 7% of population size, and probability of success was 0.08. Under the second option with a larger protected area, the probability of success was 0.35. The third option was large enough to eliminate vaquita bycatch and had a probability of success >0.99. Probability of success was reduced if elimination of vaquita bycatch was delayed or incomplete. Despite considerable efforts by the Mexican government to support vaquita conservation, abundance will probably continue to decline unless additional measures to reduce vaquita bycatch are taken, such as banning gill nets within the vaquita's range and developing effective alternative fishing gear.
SHORTER NOTICES
Authors: Stock Eugene 
Published: February 2011

Winning a Primitive People (Seeley, 5s. 315 pp.) is an account by the Rev. Donald FraserMissionary Principles, by the Rev. Roland AllenThe Appeal of Medical Missions, by R. Fletcher MoorsheadThe Spirit of Japan, by the Rev. G. H. MouleThe Emergency in China, by the Rev. F. L. Hawks PottJames Addison Ingle (Yin Teh‐sen), by W. H. Jefferys
REVIEWS OF BOOKS
Authors: Cave Sydney 
Published: February 2011

Book reviewed in this article:INDIA: THE CONFERENCE AND AFTER: The Reconstruction of India. By Edward Thompson.INDIA: THE CONFERENCE AND AFTER: India and the Simon Report. By C. F. AndrewsTHE PANJAB PEASANT SPEAKS: Rusticus Loquitur, or The Old Light and the New in the Punjab Village. By Malcolm Lyall Darling.IN SOUTH AFRICA: Complex South Africa: An Economic Footnote to History. By W.M. MacmillanTHE PANJAB PEASANT SPEAKS: The South‐Eastern Bantu. By J. H. SogaTHE PANJAB PEASANT SPEAKS: Charles Johnson of Zululand. By A. W. LeeTHE PANJAB PEASANT SPEAKS: The Bantu are Coming: Phases of South Africa's Race Problem. By Ray E. Phillips. Foreword by C. T. LoramTHE HISTORY OF A BANTU TRIBE: De Ziel van het Ngbandivolk (The Soul of the Ngbandi Tribe). Frs. 16. 1928. De Ngbandi naar het Leven geschetst (The Ngbandi described from Life)APRICOT AND TAMARISK: Dr D. Duncan Main of Hangchow: Dr Apricot of Heaven Below. By Kingston de GruchèAPRICOT AND TAMARISK: A Tamarisk Garden Blessed with Rain: or The Autobiography of Pastor Ren. Edited by Herbert Hudson Taylor and Marshall BroomhallTWO JOURNALISTS ON CHINA: Tortured China. By Hallett AbendTWO JOURNALISTS ON CHINA: China: The Collapse of a Civilization. By Nathaniel PefferHISTORY OF JAPANESE RELIGION: History of Japanese Religion. By Masaharu Anesaki, D.Lit., LL.D.HYMN‐BOOKS FOR EAST AND WEST: Oriental Hymn Tunes: Egyptian and Syrian.HYMN‐BOOKS FOR EAST AND WEST: Cantate Domino. Second and enlarged edition.MAN AND HIS RELIGION: Man and his Religion: An Essay in the Comparative Study of Religions Ancient and Modern. By S. P. T. Prideaux, D.D.A MISSIONARY SOCIETY SURVEY: London Missionary Society: A Critical Review of its Work AbroadROMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS IN INDIA: Das Gegenwärtige Heidenapostolat im Fernen Osten. II. Halbband: Die Indischen Missionen. Von Joseph Schmidlin.NATIVE EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: Native Education in South Africa. By Edgar H. Brookes, D.Litt.
SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION
Authors: Krusche Werner 
Published: February 2011

In a statement on new patterns of ministry in the German Democratic Republic, a consultation in Berlin in May 1966 pointed out that even the law on Education for the Ministry adopted by the Evangelical Church of the Union in 1965 did not meet today's requirement and they therefore welcomed the Synod's covering letter, adopted at the same time as the law, which said in part:A flexible and differentiated education (and continuing education) is needed, partly because it is more than ever incumbent upon Ministers to train and counsel church members for a varied ministry in the Church and in society.Within the serving fellowship of the universal priesthood, based on the assent of God, the special ministry of the pastor will be shared by the congregation and will retain its promise amid changing circumstances.Later Dr Werner Krusche, one of the leaders of the study group on ‘The Missionary Structure of the Congregation’ in the DDR and a professor on the staff of the theological seminary in Leipzig, proposed some questions on theological education for discussion by staffs of the seminary and the theological faculty. He addressed these questions to the Evangelical Church of Saxony (DDR); they are formulated in the light of the present study on ‘The Missionary Structure of the Congregation’. They are relevant for churches everywhere. These questions have been published in German in Concept V, WCC Department of Studies in Evangelism, Sept. 1966, p. 37, and in English in Concept XII, Dec. 1966, pp. 16–17. (Editor)
Advancing in-vitro drug precipitation testing: new process monitoring tools and a kinetic nucleation and growth model
Authors: Arnold Yvonne E , Imanidis Georgios , Kuentz Martin T 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Poorly soluble weak bases often precipitate during intestinal passage, potentially leading to incomplete drug absorption. The underlying in-vivo and in-vitro drug precipitation mechanisms are not well understood. Thus, new analytical tools and a kinetic nucleation and growth model were introduced to in-vitro drug precipitation testing in biorelevant media.

Methods
A drug precipitation test was used to simulate the transfer from the stomach to the intestine. Changes in the acceptor vessel were monitored using online dynamic image analysis and inline Raman spectroscopy. The concentration profiles of the model drug dipyridamole were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography and the resulting data were fitted with a set of differential equations.

Key findings
The dynamic image analysis revealed a complex structure of the precipitated dipyridamole particles, which were described as star-like crystals or aggregates of elongated primary particles. Raman spectroscopy allowed the precipitation over time to be monitored. Using the kinetic nucleation and growth model to describe this process demonstrated perfect agreement with the experimental data.

Conclusions
The analytical methods and the kinetic model provided new insights into biorelevant drug precipitation and could in the future support formulation development.
Positively-charged microemulsion for improving the oral bioavailability of alendronate: in-vitro and in-vivo assessment
Authors: Meng Jian , Hu Liandong 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Alendronate is a poorly absorbed bisphosphonate with an oral bioavailability of 0.7%. In this study, a positively-charged microemulsion was prepared with the aim of improving the bioavailability of alendronate.

Methods
The positively-charged microemulsion was evaluated for physical stability, cellular uptake and permeability enhancement on Caco-2 monolayers. The bioavailability of alendronate from the microemulsion was compared with the commercially available tablet (Fosmax) for beagle dogs.

Key findings
The 2.0, 0.4 and 0.2% positively-charged microemulsion, stable for 4 h after preparation, promoted alendronate transport across the Caco-2 cells by a factor of 194, 146,and 45.1, respectively, compared with the alendronate solution, though no significant cellular uptake enhancement of alendronate was observed. The permeability enhancement was parallel to the reduction in transendothelial electrical resistance, which indicated the microemulsion modulated the tight junctions and widened the paracellular pathway. In-vivo results showed that the microemulsion gave the highest alendronate plasma concentration at 502 ng/ml (Cmax) after 0.563 h (Tmax), while tablets gave a Cmax of 152 ng/ml after 0.750 h (Tmax). Furthermore, the AUC0-∞ of alendronate from the microemulsion increased by 2.82-fold when compared with the tablets.

Conclusions
Based on the results, the oral bioavailability of alendronate could be significantly improved by the positively-charged microemulsion, which opened the tight junctions and thus increased absorption through the paracellular route.
Aβ and Aδ but not C-fibres are involved in stroke related pain and allodynia: an experimental study in mice
Authors: Takami Kazunori , Fujita-Hamabe Wakako , Harada Shinichi , Tokuyama Shogo 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Cerebral ischaemia is a leading cause of death and disability, including severe complications such as memory disturbance, palsy, and spasticity. Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a complication of cerebral ischaemia, and is characterized clinically by spontaneous pain and attacks of allodynia and dysaesthesia. However, the detailed mechanisms of CPSP are not well established. Herein, we have examined alterations of the current stimulus threshold of primary afferent neurons or the nociceptive threshold against mechanical stimuli in mice receiving left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

Methods
Alterations of current stimulus threshold and the development of mechanical allodynia in hind paws were measured after MCAO using a Neurometer and the von Frey filament test, respectively.

Key findings
Development of cerebral infarction was clearly observed on day 1 and day 3 after MCAO. For the estimation of current stimulus threshold measured by the Neurometer, the sensitivity of Aδ and Aβ fibres (at 2000 and 250 Hz stimulation, respectively) was significantly increased on day 3 after MCAO, while that of C fibres (at 5 Hz stimulation) was unaltered. In addition, the paw withdrawal threshold of the left hind paw as measured by the von Frey filament test was significantly decreased on day 1 and day 3 after MCAO when compared with day 0, while that in the right hind paw was not different.

Conclusions
The data suggested the development of bilateral hyperaesthesia in this model. Further, mechanical allodynia developed in the ipsilateral side to the MCAO. Potentially, myelinated A fibre-specific hypersensitization after stroke may have contributed to these symptoms.
The interaction potential of herbal medicinal products: a luminescence-based screening platform assessing effects on cytochrome P450 and its use with devil's claw (Harpagophyti radix) preparations
Authors: Modarai Maryam , Suter Andy , Kortenkamp Andreas , Heinrich Michael 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Potential interactions between herbal medicinal products and the cytochrome (CYP) P450 system are an important safety concern. We set out to develop a screening panel for assessing such interactions and use it to evaluate the interaction potential of devil's claw.

Methods
The panel consisted of luminescence-based inhibition assays for CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4, and a reporter gene (luciferase) assay for pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation and CYP3A4 induction. Caftaric acid and chlorogenic acid, two compounds with strong fluorescence quenching properties, were used to demonstrate the assay's resistance to interference. We tested 10 commercial devil's claw preparations as well as harpagoside and harpagide, two important constituents of devil's claw.

Key findings
Five preparations were found to weakly inhibit CYP3A4 (IC50 124.2–327.6 µg/ml) and five were found to weakly activate PXR (EC50 10.21–169.3 µg/ml). Harpagoside and harpagide did not inhibit CYP3A4. In agreement with published data, bergamottin, a natural product known to interact with CYP3A4, was shown to inhibit CYP3A4 with an IC50 of 13.63 µm and activate PXR with an EC50 of 6.7 µm.

Conclusions
Devil's claw preparations are unlikely to have a clinically relevant effect on CYP function. The assay panel proved effective in screening devil's claw preparations, demonstrating its suitability for use with plant extracts. It showed superior sensitivity and resistance to interference.
Trioxaquine PA1259 Alkylates Heme in the Blood-Feeding Parasite Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Pradines Vincent , Portela Julien , Boissier Jérôme , Coslédan Frédéric , Meunier Bernard , Robert Anne 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Trioxaquine PA1259 is an efficient drug on larval- and adult-stage schistosomes, able to alkylate heme inside worms treated with it, leading to the formation of covalent heme-drug adducts. Such a mechanism, similar to one reported for other trioxaquines in
Plasmodium
, indicates that heme may be a common target of these trioxane-based drugs in different blood-feeding parasites.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Caspofungin in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Li Chi-Chung , Sun Peng , Dong Yingwen , Bi Sheng , Desai Rajesh , Dockendorf Marissa Fallon , Kartsonis Nicholas A. , Ngai Angela L. , Bradshaw Susan , Stone Julie A. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

We describe the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of caspofungin, an echinocandin antifungal, administered once daily as a 1-hour intravenous infusion in children and adolescents (ages, 3 months to 17 years), based on pooled data from four prospective pediatric studies. Caspofungin dosing was body-surface-area (BSA) based (50 mg/m
2
daily after 70 mg/m
2
on day 1). The area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 h (AUC
0–24
), the concentration at the end of infusion (1 h after the start of infusion;
C
1
), and the trough concentration (24 h after the start of infusion;
C
24
) were obtained for 32 pediatric patients with invasive candidiasis, 10 with invasive aspergillosis, and 82 in the setting of empirical therapy with fever and neutropenia. Exposures were modestly higher (93 to 134% for
C
1
, 45 to 78% for
C
24
, ∼40% for AUC
0–24
) in pediatric patients than in adults receiving the standard 50-mg daily dose. The potential for covariates (age, gender, weight, race, renal status, serum albumin level, and disease state) to alter PKs was evaluated with a multiple-linear-regression model. Weight and disease state had statistically significant (
P
< 0.05) yet small effects on caspofungin PKs in pediatric patients. Concomitant use of dexamethasone (a cytochrome p450 inducer) was associated with a statistically significant reduction (44%) in
C
24
in a limited number of patients (
n
= 4). Odds ratios were estimated for the association between log-transformed PKs and treatment outcome or adverse events. No PK parameter or hybrid parameter (AUC/MIC,
C
1
/MIC, and
C
24
/MIC) was significantly correlated with treatment outcome or adverse events in the setting of similar response levels as adults, which suggests that the concentrations examined fall within the therapeutic window for caspofungin in pediatric patients. These results support a 50-mg/m
2
daily dosing regimen (after a 70-mg/m
2
loading dose) in children ages 3 months to 17 years.
Bioactivity and the First Transmission Electron Microscopy Immunogold Studies of Short
De Novo
-Designed Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Azad Marisa Ann , Huttunen-Hennelly Heidi Esther Katrina , Ross Friedman Cynthia 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

In light of the era of microbial drug resistance, the current study aimed to better understand the relationships between sequence, higher-order structure, and mechanism of action for five designed peptides against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. All peptides studied were 15 residues long, were polycationic, adopted alpha-helical structures within hydrophobic environments (excluding the
d
-amino acid-substituted peptide MA-d), and contained N-terminal glycine residues, a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP) design principle. Increasing hydrophobicity enhanced MICs (≤500 μg/ml to ≤7.4 μg/ml) without significantly increasing hemolytic activity (18% maximum hemolysis at 3,400 μg/ml). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to have successfully adapted and used a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) immunogold method to investigate the mechanism of action of short (∼15 residues long) AMPs within bacteria. We propose a “floodgate” mechanism to possibly explain membrane deformation and the relative absence of membrane-associated peptides 10 h into incubation.