bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remembering Negative Childhood Experiences
Authors: Chae Yoojin , Ogle Christin M. , Goodman Gail S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief overview of attachment theory. It then reviews empirical findings from various laboratories on significant relations of attachment with children's memory and suggestibility for emotional, attachment-evoking information, focusing on (1) associations between children's attachment and their memory/suggestibility for attachment-related information, and (2) associations between parents' attachment and children's memory/suggestibility for such information. The chapter considers potential mechanisms underlying the relations. It also discusses the information-processing stages (e.g., encoding, retrieval) during which the attachment effects may be operative.
Stress and Autobiographical Memory Functioning
Authors: Greenhoot Andrea Follmer , Johnson Rebecca J. , Legerski John-Paul , McCloskey Laura A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter investigates the possibility that chronic or traumatic stress may influence autobiographical memory development or memory functioning. It begins by reviewing the empirical literature regarding memory disturbances in children and adults with trauma histories. It then discusses one of the possible explanations for trauma-related memory patterns, focusing in particular on the hypothesis that they are linked to emotion-regulation processes. It presents research on these issues, carried out as part of a longitudinal study of family violence. Finally, the chapter revisits existing explanatory frameworks and attempts to recast them from a developmental standpoint.
Mother-Child Reminiscing in the Context of Secure Attachment Relationships
Authors: Laible Deborah , Panfile Tia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that discussions about children's past negative emotions have important consequences for children's ability to understand and cope with negative emotion. Parent-child reminiscing about children's past stressful (and negative emotional) experiences has implications for how children understand and remember stressful events after the fact, as well as how they cope with future stressful experiences. The chapter is organized as follows. It begins with a brief discussion of children's emotional understanding and its likely importance for children's ability to cope with negative emotion both during and after stressful experiences. It highlights the importance of parent-child discourse, particularly parent-child reminiscing, for fostering children's understanding of negative emotion, and reviews recent research on this topic. The chapter then considers a discussion of attachment theory in an attempt to understand individual differences in the quality of parent-child communication surrounding emotional and stressful experiences. The chapter then highlights the research that suggests that having a secure attachment facilitates open communication between caregivers and children, especially regarding difficult or negative experiences. Finally, it discusses the importance of open, high-quality mother-child reminiscing for promoting children's understanding of stressful experiences as well as their psychological well-being.
Relationships, Stress, and Memory
Authors: Thompson Ross A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the connections between relationships, stress, and memory. Attachment theory offers a provocative framework for understanding these connections. The chapter discusses the influence of attachment relationships on children's memory for stressful events. It examines how parent-child conversation influences memory, especially for stressful events. Emotion regulation also connects relationships, memory, and stress, and a growing research literature in this field is considered. The chapter concludes with some ideas for the future directions of this field and its practical applications.
6 Loyalty to a Non-Muslim State
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines Islamic arguments for three basic principles of civic loyalty: that non-Muslim states may enjoy permanent recognition; that a Muslim citizen may forswear any violent activities against their non-Muslim state; and that it is permissible to contribute to the self-defense efforts of a non-Muslim state. Central is the idea of contract, particularly the aman, a contract of mutual security between Muslims and non-Muslims, often used to assert a general social contract in non-Muslim states, and thus obligation to them. Arguments for actively defending a non-Muslim state tend to be that no explicit prohibition exists or that doing so may be beneficial to Muslims. However, it is also clear that political liberalism’s notion of public neutrality on controversial truth claims is attractive to Islamic scholars. On the question of permanent recognition, it is argued that Muslim citizens must adopt a form of the Modernist jihad doctrine.
7 Recognition of Non-Muslims and Moral Pluralism
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the idea of recognizing non-Muslims as civic equals and the permanence of moral pluralism, theorizing recognition as accepting the permanence and inevitability of religious disagreement and the premise that justice (as opposed to contingent accommodation or self-interest) is the standard for regulating social cooperation. It shows that many Islamic scholars turn to the Meccan verses of the Qur’an to theorize the minority condition, and even classical jurists insisted on the centrality of justice as an entitlement of non-Muslims, although this claim alone does not establish an overlapping consensus. This chapter returns to the discourses on da’wa (proselytization), showing that, while it remains a rich and ambiguous concept, it is emerging as a template for theorizing a richer relationship of moral obligation with non-Muslims. Finally, accounts of the Qur’anic prohibition on muwalah (loyalty, friendship) with non-Muslims argue that it is compatible with political citizenship.
8 Solidarity with Non-Muslims
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSolidarity is defined as the willingness to form common social, economic, and civic goals with non-Muslims and to participate in a political system not based on Islamic justice or Islamic public justification. The chapter shows that even illiberal Islamic thinkers justify substantive contributions to non-Muslim welfare and that there are traditions of thinking of welfare and well-being in both Islam-specific metaphysical terms and in universal secular terms. Political participation is treated as a “wedge issue” between the concepts of citizenship and justice. The Biblical-Qur’anic story of Joseph (Yusuf), the Islamic legal concept of “public interest” (maslaha) and the religious neutrality of liberal states all feature as justifications of political participation in non-Muslim states.
Introduction
Authors: Weiss Richard S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by asking: How have contemporary traditional siddha medical practitioners in south India continued to win patronage for their practices? The answer lies not only in the physical efficacy of specific siddha medical practices, but just as importantly in the imaginative resources practitioners employ to appeal to the hopes and aspirations of Tamils. The chapter pays particular attention to siddha medicine as a traditional medical system. That is, it focuses on the aspects of siddha discourse that link medical knowledge and practice to an ancient community, and it puts forth a theoretical framework in which to examine the impact of this medical discourse on local Tamil identity and community.
Reviving the Utopian Character of Siddha Medicine
Authors: Weiss Richard S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter looks at the utopian character that siddha practitioners ascribe to siddha medicine. The features attributed to siddha medicine—egalitarianism, rationality, science, accordance with nature, and global applicability—qualify siddha to be the medicine of our global future. The details of this formulation took shape within the context of Tamil revivalism, and siddha practitioners have given rational and global qualities to even the more religious features of siddha medical discourse, such as its connection to Shaivism. These formulations of an effective, original, and natural medicine glorify Tamil civilization and give rise to a variety of desires and motivations among their authors and intended audiences, and they contribute to assertions of the contemporary relevance of Tamil civilization and tradition.
Secrecy, Hereditary Education, and the Immortality of Siddha Medicine
Authors: Weiss Richard S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSiddha medical knowledge has been transmitted for centuries within the paramparai, the hereditary lineage. The knowledge of the lineage was carefully guarded, as knowledge held in secret was an advantage in a competitive medical environment. Siddha vaidyas today continue to draw on the luminous authority of secrecy to promote their medicine, claiming to possess cures for cancer and AIDS and even promising bodily immortality. This chapter explores secrecy in siddha medicine, paying particular attention to the most extraordinary of siddha medical formulations, muppu, an alchemical preparation that is said to cure all ailments. Premodern Tamil medical texts provide much of the source material here.
Artful Dodgers
Authors: Gubar Marah 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This book proposes a fundamental reconception of the 19th-century attitude toward the child. The Romantic ideology of innocence spread more slowly than we think, it contends, and the people whom we assume were most committed to it—children’s authors and members of the infamous “cult of the child”—were actually deeply ambivalent. Writers such as Lewis Carroll, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and J. M. Barrie often resisted the growing cultural pressure to erect a strict barrier between child and adult, innocence and experience. Instead of urging young people to mold themselves to match a static ideal of artless simplicity, they frequently conceived of children as precociously literate, highly socialized beings who—though indisputably shaped by the strictures of civilized life—could nevertheless cope with such influences in creative ways. By entertaining the idea that contact with the adult world does not necessarily victimize children, these authors reacted against Dickensian plots which imply that youngsters who work and play alongside adults (including the so-called Artful Dodger) are not in fact inventive or ingenious enough to avoid a sad fate. To find the truly artful child characters from this era, the book maintains, we must turn to children’s literature, a genre that celebrates the canny resourcefulness of young protagonists without claiming that they enjoy unlimited power and autonomy.
6 The Problem of the Political in Steve Reich's Come Out
Authors: Gopinath Sumanth 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter gives a detailed account of the historical circumstances of the creation of Steve Reich's well‐known tape piece Come Out (1966), which takes as its sole source material a declaration by a black youth (Daniel Hamm, a member of the Harlem Six) wrongly accused of murder. The civil rights struggle features as the primary backdrop to this discussion, but the chapter also draws on broader contexts relevant to the 1960s, including contemporary discourses on paranoia and on the violence wrought upon and against language. Attention is given to the problematic aspects of Reich's creation, which arise in no small part from the avant‐garde compositional processes to which Hamm's voice is subjected, but the chapter closes by suggesting that the piece nonetheless contains a powerful contemporary relevance.
10 After the October Revolution
Authors: Gendron Bernard 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter analyses the resurgence of the jazz avant‐garde in New York in the mid‐1960s, focusing in particular upon musicians' negotiation of competing aesthetic, social, and economic imperatives. Through a detailed investigation of shifting patterns of reception in the jazz press, attention is drawn to a complex of factors that lifted the jazz avant‐garde from near obscurity in the early years of the decade, to a canonised status by 1965. Prominent amongst these factors was the politically radical discourse promoted by figures associated with the Black Arts Movement such as Amiri Baraka and Larry Neal, which conceived black avant‐garde musicians as shaping the spiritual foundation for revolutionary change. The articulation of a radical social purpose thus assisted the process of canonisation, although this canonisation brought no parallel economic success.
Fair Governance
Authors: Buckley Francis H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This book examines justifications for interfering with personal preferences. The paternalist would second-guess a person's choices with the goal of making him better off; the perfectionist would do so to enforce morals by eliminating immoral choices. The two categories overlap to a large extent, but remain different. The paternalist is not a perfectionist when he would impugn morally neutral choices which would nevertheless leave a person worse off. This book calls this “soft paternalism” and contrasts this to a “hard paternalism” that overlaps with perfectionism and enforces a moral vision. Whether soft or hard, paternalism would embrace state interference based on judgment errors, weakness of the will, information costs and endogenous preferences. In general this book keeps a sceptical view that such arguments make a strong case for state intervention with people's choices. There are different ways of influencing choices, and liberal perfectionists would use moderate means (carrots more than sticks) to do so. Rules that nudge people towards particular choices are less troubling when they permit people to opt out, but such rules might still be illiberal if they direct people to choices that they would never want to make if they thought about it. The perfectionist is not a paternalist when he enforces a moral code without seeking to make a person better off, but instead to protect people influenced by his bad behavior. The book calls this “social perfectionism” as contrasted with the “private perfectionism” that is concerned with the morals of the person making the choice. Rules that promote nationalism are a prominent example of social perfectionism.
Paternalism and Perfectionism
Authors: Buckley F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between two justifications for interfering with personal preferences. The paternalist would second-guess a person's choices with the goal of making him better off; the perfectionist would do so to enforce morals by eliminating immoral choices. The two categories overlap to a large degree, but stay different. The paternalist is not a perfectionist when he would impugn morally neutral choices which would nevertheless leave a person worse off. Smoking might be an example of this. This book uses the term “soft paternalism” to contrast with the “hard paternalism” that overlaps with perfectionism and enforces a moral vision. The perfectionist is not a paternalist when he enforces a moral code without seeking to make a person better off, but instead to protect people influenced by his bad behavior. The book uses the term “social perfectionism” as contrasted with the “private perfectionism” that is concerned with the morals of the person making the choice.
Endogenous Preferences
Authors: Buckley F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Preferences are endogenous to the legal regime when they are shaped by it, as they would be when populist legislation makes people more envious. Legal rules might also shape our preferences when they are taken to provide a persuasive moral guide, as where civil rights legislation weakens prejudices. However, legislative attempts to shape preferences can be abusive, as the experience with Canadian human rights codes shows. Default rules, which presume that we will make a particular choice unless we opt out, importantly affect how we choose, and this has been thought to make a case for “libertarian paternalism”. However, default rules are not libertarian unless they mimic the kinds of choices people would prefer if they thought about it; and in that case they're not paternalistic.
Antitrust and IP: 20th century
Authors: Carrier Michael A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the underpinnings of the mutual distrust between intellectual property (IP) and antitrust and the various stages of their relationship. It begins by discussing the conflict between IP and antitrust. It then traces the three stages of the intersection in the 20th century, in which courts first refused to impose liability for patent-based activity, then limited patentees' power, then moved toward a predominant IP. The chapter concludes by examining important agency guidelines and courts' analyses of refusals to license.
Biotechnology Dilemma 2: Material Transfer Agreements
Authors: Carrier Michael A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on material transfer agreements (MTAs). Scientists frequently need and request materials owned by others. The most common request involves biological materials such as genes, cell lines, tissues, and organisms used to create new products. Each of these materials is an input in the research and development (R&D) process, allowing scientists to create new products that eventually could be used by the public. In many cases, the recipient must sign an MTA, which can be defined as a contract between the owner of a material and a party that wishes to use the material for research purposes. MTAs present at least five threats to innovation in the biotechnology industry: (1) withheld materials, (2) abandoned research lines, (3) delays in receiving material, (4) publication restrictions, and (5) other harms. The chapter offers a proposal to address these concerns.
Unsettling Drug Patent Settlements: A Framework for Presumptive Illegality
Authors: Carrier Michael A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explains why agreements by which brand-name pharmaceutical companies pay generic firms to settle patent infringement litigation and agree to delay entering the market should be presumptively illegal. It begins by introducing the Hatch-Waxman Act, exploring its purpose, text, and mixed success. It then discusses three representative cases illustrating courts' increased leniency toward reverse payment agreements. In justifying a framework for presumptive illegality, the chapter explains the importance of the relevant regulatory framework. It demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the Act's competition mechanisms. It focuses on reverse payments, describing their uniquely concerning aspects and potentially severe anticompetitive harm. Finally, it shows how the settling parties can rebut the presumption of illegality.
Gertrude Stein, William James, and Habit in the Shadow of War
Authors: Olson Liesl 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores how Gertrude Stein draws upon her mentor William James’s ideas about habit, and how habit becomes central to Stein’s late World War II writings. James—like his counterpart Henri Bergson—celebrates habit as a mode of choice, and the strongest indication of a fully formed character. Similarly Stein locates habit—rather than innovation—as the most animating force in the English literary tradition. Stein inherits James’s positivism and understands habit as the pleasure of repetition. The value she finds in habit stands out against a dominating ethos against it, best articulated by Walter Pater, one of literary modernism’s key precursors. Stein’s emphasis on habit throughout her ouevre—both stylistic and ideological—becomes central to Mrs. Reynolds and Wars I Have Seen, texts largely based on Stein’s own experience during the German occupation of France. Habits both mask the disruption that war creates, dissolving the consequences of the world into the space of the home, and paradoxically work as a way in which war itself can be best represented. Stein’s World War II writings foreground habit’s crucial utility, but ultimately (and in contrast to Beckett) they also call attention to habit’s political inadequacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Olson Liesl 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis concluding chapter explores how the temporality of the everyday functions with and against narrative form. It turns to Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost Time as a case in point and also explores how this relationship plays out in modernist texts discussed in previous chapters. One of the difficulties—as the sheer length of In Search of Lost Time attempts to resolve—is the disjunction between the length of a novel, with its significant and inter-related events, and a fully lived life. The chapter examines the relationship in Proust’s work between art and life—or making one’s life into a work of art—also with reference to Aristotle and Nietzsche. Ultimately the chapter argues that In Search of Lost Time amplifies and distends its narrative in order to fit the temporality of the everyday, and yet the novel also recognizes the fundamental incompatibility of the everyday with narrative form.
Neural Tube Defects: New Insights on Risk Factors
Authors: Pedernera Enrique , Vidales Rodrigo Núñez , Méndez Carmen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNeural-tube defects (NTDs) include a group of congenital malformations that mainly affect the structure of the central nervous system (CNS). This chapter describes the main entities that comprise NTDs, provides population-based statistics, presents advances in the elucidation of their etiology, and discusses associated risk factors.
The Nigro-Striatal DA Neurons and Mechanisms of Their Degeneration in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Fuxe Kjell , Marcellino Daniel , Antonelli Tiziana , Mudó Giuseppa , Manger Paul , Genedani Susanna , Ferraro Luca , Belluardo Natale , Tanganelli Sergio , Agnati Luigi F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the link between correct mitochondrial function and the function of the plasma membrane ion channels and receptors, especially KATPM channels, P2x7 channels, and Cav 1.3 Ca2+ channels that control the firing of the nigral dopamine (DA) cells and consequently their survival. The roles of the nicotinic, adenosine A2A, and neurotensin receptors in these neurodegenerative processes are discussed. How an understanding of these molecular mechanisms may lead to the development of novel neuroprotective strategies or to differential treatment for the various types of PD due to their partially overlapping pathogenetic mechanisms is also addressed.
Degeneration and Regeneration of Myelin in the Central Nervous System of the Aging Monkey
Authors: Peters Alan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStudies have been conducted on the rhesus monkey to determine what happens to the central nervous system (CNS) during normal aging. This chapter focuses one age-related change—the profound alterations in myelinated nerve fibers of the CNS. It shows that although there is a strong correlation between nerve fiber loss and age in the white matter tracts, only nerve fiber loss from the anterior commissure and the fornix showed correlations with cognitive decline; fiber loss from the splenium of the corpus callosum did not. The frequency of degenerative alterations in myelin sheaths correlates strongly with age, and as well with cognitive decline. Because myelin provides insulation around nerve fibers and makes saltatory conduction possible, it seems likely that any degenerative alterations in myelin sheaths will affect impulse conduction, as would an interposition of a number of short internodal lengths that occur in remyelination.