bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-doping activites of volleyball in Japan
Authors: Hashimoto Y , Yamashita T , Hamu Y , Hayashi M 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundAnti-doping activities are necessary for justice and fairness in sports. In and out of competition doping tests are now mainly responsible for anti-doping activities.ObjectiveTo clarify the anti-doping activities in Japan in recent years.Design, setting, and participantsThe object of the investigation is to summarize the doping tests performed after the volleyball games in Japan between 2006–2009. The anti-doping activities were mainly in the responsibility of the anti-doping subcommittee of the Japan Volleyball Association. This subcommittee is doing the coordination of drug testing in international games and domestic games. The competitions in which the doping tests were done were international games (Volleyball World Championship (VWC), World Cup (WC), World Grand Prix (WGP), Grand Champions Cup (GCC), and final preliminary qualifying contests (OQT) for the Olympic Games), and domestic games (V League, Emperor's Cup, and national constitution). Undergo doping test athletes were randomly chosen by lot from among all the participating players of the competition. Out-of-competition testing was based on the information ADAMS and whereabouts. All tests were urine, blood tests were not performed. All samples were carried to Mitsubishi Chemical Medience that was the only WADA official recognition analyzing facilities in Japan.ResultsThe number of samples increased every year, and the out of competition testing became a higher percentage of the total number of samples. The number of tests each year are as follows.ConclusionsThere are many international games, and are many chances of the doping tests in Japan. Recently, the number of OOCT is increased. The most import ant thing is to raise awareness of anti-doping to individual players through the tests and the educational activities.ICTOOCT2006 V-league+VWC201172007 V-league+WC101532008 V-league+OQT+WGP1321042009 V-league+WGP+GCC114Unpublished
The effect of progressive endurance-strength training and electrical stimulation on muscle strength and surface electromyography parameters in volleyball players with infraspinatus syndrome
Authors: Shavandi N , Hoseini R S 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundInfraspinatus syndrome is a condition of painless weakness and atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle that results from suprascapular neuropathy.ObjectivesSurvey the effects of a short term progressive endurance-strength training program and electrical stimulation on elite volleyball players with infraspinatus syndrome.DesignRandomized clinical trial with control group.Setting and participantsNational team players.Participants12 volleyball players with Infraspinatus syndrome were randomly divided to two groups: progressive endurance-strength training (six persons) and electrical stimulation (six persons). 20 healthy players were also used as a control group.InterventionTherapeutic exercises and electrical stimulation were performed for 8 weeks in both intervention groups.Main outcomesSurface electromyography of infraspinatus and tress minor muscles and maximal isometric strength of external rotator muscles before and after interventions.Results32 players were studied in three groups: progressive endurance-strength (6 persons, age), electrical stimulation (six persons) and a control group (20 persons, age 25/1±4/2, height 187/7±3/9, weight 75/6±7/1, sport history 9±3/8 and national team history 3/9±2/3). After 8 weeks, maximal isometric strength of the external rotators in both experimental groups was increased significantly, but there were no significant changes observed in IEMG and RMSEMG.ConclusionsProgressive endurance-strength training and electrical stimulation can result in an increase of maximal isometric strength of the shoulder external rotator muscles. But both therapeutic methods have no effect on electromyograghic parameters in infraspinatus and tress minor muscles. It seems that we can't use surface electromyography for detecting the effect of these protocols on above the muscles.
Study of proprioceptive function in professional volleyball athletes with atrophy of the infraspinatus
Authors: Salles J I , Alves H , Amaral M V , Cagy M , Cunha-Cruz V , Piedade R , Ribeiro P 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundThe isolated atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle is an uncommon clinical alteration, generally secondary to the selective lesion of the suprascapular nerve related to sport activities, especially in professional volleyball players. The lesion of the suprascapular nerve can cause kinesthetic deficits. The assessment of kinesthesia is determined by the ability to detect joint movement and has been traditionally conducted by measuring the Threshold of Perception of Passive Motion (TPPM).ObjectiveThe goal of the present study was to compare the TPPM among a group of healthy individuals (control group), a group of World League volleyball players with atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle on the dominant side, and group of athletes with no shoulder pathologies.Design, setting and participantsObservational study at a controlled research laboratory at the Brazilian Volleyball Training Center (CDV – Saquarema). 12 healthy non-athlete controls, 12 athletes with atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle, and 12 athletes without the atrophy.InterventionsA proprioception-testing device passively moved the shoulder and participants were instructed to respond as soon as movement was detected (TPPM) by pressing a button-switch. EEG and electromyographic (EMG) activities were recorded simultaneously. Response latency was established as the delay between the stimulus (movement) and the response (button press). The time-frequency dynamics of the EEG was analyzed.ResultsAn analysis of variance indicated a significant latency reduction (p<0.000) in the group of athletes without the atrophy when compared both to the group of athletes with the atrophy and to the control group. Furthermore, distinct patterns of cortical activity were observed in the three experimental groups.ConclusionsThe results suggest that systematically trained motor abilities, as well as the atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle, change the cortical representation of the different stages of proprioceptive information processing and, ultimately, the cortical representation of the TPPM.
Risk factors for patellar tendinopathy in volleyball players: a cross-sectional study
Authors: van der Worp H , van Ark M , Zwerver J , van den Akker-Scheek I 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundPatellar tendinopathy (PT) has a multifactorial etiology, and many possible risk factors have been described in the literature. Findings are conflicting though, and most research is conducted on elite athletes.ObjectiveAim of the current study is to determine risk factors for PT in a large representative sample of volleyball players.DesignCross-sectional study using an online questionnaire.SettingVolleyball players of all playing levels.ParticipantsAll volleyball players between ages 18 and 35 years from the Dutch Volleyball Association were invited to complete the questionnaire (n=7750). 1561 volleyball players completed the questionnaire.Assessment of risk factorsThe following independent variables were collected: Gender, age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, years playing volleyball, hours of training during the last week, number of games during the last month, average hours of other sports per week, training increase compared to last year, playing surface, playing level and playing position.Main outcome measurementsPresence of symptomatic tendinopathy was the dependent variable.ResultsBeing male (OR=2.1) and playing at the national level (OR=2.1) were risk factors for PT in volleyball players. Also players that play as outside hitter (OR=2.3) or middle blocker/hitter (OR=2.8) are at a greater risk for PT than those who play as setter.ConclusionsSeveral potential risk factors for PT were identified. Volleyball players that play as outside hitter or middle block/hitter have the highest odds for PT. Therefore, changing playing position to libero/opposite hitter or setter may be an option in volleyball players with PT.
A parallel comparison of T-cell clonality assessment between an in-house PCR assay and the BIOMED-2 assay leading to an efficient and cost-effective strategy
Authors: Kuo Szu-Yin , Liu Hongxiang , Liao Yung-Liang , Chang Sheng-Tsung , Hsieh Yen-Chuan , Bandoh Betty Angela Nuako , Du Ming-Qing , Chuang Shih-Sung 
Published: April 2011

AimsDiagnosis of T-cell lymphoproliferation is sometimes challenging, and in certain instances pathologists rely heavily on the clonality assessment results of T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement (TCR-GR). Many investigators have designed various in-house primer sets for PCR-based study targeting different loci of TCR genes. In recent years, the commercial BIOMED-2 protocols have become available. The in-house primers are very cheap while the BIOMED-2 primers are expensive. This parallel study aimed to compare the sensitivity of the in-houseTCRGprimers (two reactions) and the BIOMED-2 TCR primers (six reactions) in an attempt to develop a sensitive and cost-effective strategy for TCR-GR assessment.MethodsPCR-based analysis was performed on 69 samples of T-lineage neoplasms including 60 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, 5 samples from peripheral blood (PB) and 4 samples from bone marrow (BM) aspirate.ResultsForty-seven (78%) FFPE and all PB or BM aspirate samples yielded control DNA products suitable for clonality assessment including 4 precursor and 50 mature T-cell neoplasms. The detection rates of clonal TCR-GR were 63% (34/54) by the two in-houseTCRGprimers, 85% (46/54) by all six BIOMED-2 reactions, 91% (49/54) by combining the in-house and BIOMED-2TCRGreactions and 94% (51/54) by combining the in-house and all BIOMED-2 reactions. By using the in-house and BIOMED-2TCRGreactions with a total of four tubes, clonal TCR-GR was detected in 91% of the cases. The reagent cost for this combination was one-third of that for the six BIOMED-2 reactions and the detection rate was also higher than the latter alone (91% vs 85%).ConclusionsAs the in-house primers were custom made and are much cheaper than the commercial kits, the authors concluded that this four-tube strategy was cost-effective and efficient for TCR-GR clonality assessment.
Glioma-Associated Cytomegalovirus Mediates Subversion of the Monocyte Lineage to a Tumor Propagating Phenotype
Authors: Dziurzynski Kristine , Wei Jun , Qiao Wei , Hatiboglu Mustafa Aziz , Kong Ling-Yuan , Wu Adam , Wang Yongtao , Cahill Daniel , Levine Nicholas , Prabhu Sujit , Rao Ganesh , Sawaya Raymond , Heimberger Amy B. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been ubiquitously detected within high-grade gliomas, but its role in gliomagenesis has not been fully elicited.
Experimental Design: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine CMV antigen expression within various glioma-associated immune populations. The glioma cancer stem cell (gCSC) CMV interleukin (IL)-10 production was determined by ELISA. Human monocytes were stimulated with recombinant CMV IL-10 and levels of expression of p-STAT3, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), TGF-β, viral IE1, and pp65 were determined by flow cytometry. The influence of CMV IL-10–treated monocytes on gCSC biology was ascertained by functional assays.
Results: CMV showed a tropism for macrophages (MΦ)/microglia and CD133+ gCSCs within GBMs. The gCSCs produce CMV IL-10, which induces human monocytes (the precursor to the central nervous system MΦs/microglia) to assume an M2 immunosuppressive phenotype (as manifested by downmodulation of the major histocompatibility complex and costimulatory molecules) while upregulating immunoinhibitory B7-H1. CMV IL-10 also induces expression of viral IE1, a modulator of viral replication and transcription in the monocytes. Finally, the CMV IL-10–treated monocytes produced angiogenic VEGF, immunosuppressive TGF-β, and enhanced migration of gCSCs.
Conclusions: CMV triggers a feedforward mechanism of gliomagenesis by inducing tumor-supportive monocytes. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4642–9. ©2011 AACR.
Genetic variability in response to clopidogrel therapy and its clinical implications
Authors: Freynhofer Matthias , Siller-Matula Jolanta , Schrör Karsten , Huber Kurt , Yukhanyan Liana 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThis article concentrates on individual genetic differences responsible for variations of action of clopidogrel, which have been found to be partially responsible for increased cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease under dual antiplatelet therapy. According to these results, genotyping for the relevant gene polymorphisms, especially for the CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles, has been discussed to be an effective method of individualising and optimising clopidogrel treatment. However, due to the facts that 1) there are no prospective studies demonstrating a clinical benefit of personalising antiplatelet therapy based on genotyping; 2) CYP2C19 polymorphisms account for only approximately 12% of variability in clopidogrel platelet response; 3) the positive predictive value of CYP2C19 loss-of-function polymorphisms for cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention is only approximately 12% – 20%; 4) it is likely that other clinical factors and risk constellations might be of greater clinical importance; and 5) it is unknown whether a specific genetic polymorphism is capable of influencing outcome for the individual patient; genetic profiling cannot be recommended for routine use at present but will remain of considerable scientific interest.
“And Now for Something Completely Different”: A “Pythonic” Reading of Pentecost?
Authors: Charette Blaine 
Published: April 2011

AbstractJack Levison’s discussion of spirit filling in Acts, although highly inventive, ultimately lacks cogency. His attempt to view the episode of the slave girl possessed of a “pythonic spirit” as paradigmatic for understanding the experience of the believers at Pentecost fails because of a misreading of the Acts 16 text and a misrepresentation of Luke’s interests with respect to the Hellenistic religious context of early Christianity. Levison’s reading of the Pentecost event is similarly flawed by the importation of unwarranted parallels from the Hellenistic religious environment. Positively, the study points to the need for further research on the subject of ecstasy in the New Testament.
Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle Mechanisms for the Regulation of Environmentally Harmful Pharmaceutical Substances
Authors: Kern Katharina 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPharmaceutical substances that accumulate in the water cycle can pose a lasting risk to animals and potentially even humans. This article outlines how pharmaceutical law and specific areas of environmental law (chemical, water and agricultural law) deal with this threat. It is shown that these laws fail to provide effective protection and, therefore, legal and socio-political strategies are proposed on how to better control and reduce the environmental risks posed by pharmaceuticals.
The Effect of Modal Interference on VLF Long-Range Lightning Location Networks Using the Waveform Correlation Technique
Authors: Bennett A. J. , Gaffard C. , Nash J. , Callaghan G. , Atkinson N. C. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The arrival time difference (ATD) long-range lightning location network (ATDnet) is the long-range very low frequency (VLF) lightning location network owned and operated by the Met Office, locating lightning using a waveform correlation technique. Pronounced differences in the waveform shape with distance to lightning have been observed and attributed to interference between different propagation modes within the earth–ionosphere waveguide. During the day, waveform correlations were significantly degraded at a distance of 450 km from the sensor, with the main degradations occurring during the night centered at propagation distances of 650 and 2150 km. The observation and simple modeling of modal interference spacing allowed the effective ionospheric height during summer over Europe to be estimated for day and night as 69 and 88.5 km, respectively, for 13.7 kHz. Wider distribution of sensor sites, lowering of the receiver frequency, and adaptation of the reference waveform selection criteria have been suggested to mitigate the effect of this interference on network performance.
Remote Trigger of Deep Convection by Cold Outflow over the Taiwan Strait in the Mei-Yu Season: A Modeling Study of the 8 June 2007 Case
Authors: Wang Chung-Chieh , Tai-Jen Chen George , Huang Shin-Yi 
Published: April 2011

In this study, the heavy-rainfall event over central Taiwan during the mei-yu season on 8 June 2007 is investigated, with an emphasis on the triggering mechanism for the deep convection that produced the rain. Observations indicate that there existed two lines of forcing with convection prior to the rain: one over the northern Taiwan Strait along the mei-yu front and the other over the southern Taiwan Strait. Yet, the convection in question developed over the central strait between these two lines, in an unstable environment with strong westerly vertical wind shear. This motivated the authors to carry out the present study.The Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulation (CReSS) of Nagoya University was used and the event was reproduced at a horizontal grid size of 2 km, including the initiation of new convection over the central strait at the correct location and time. The model results suggest a crucial role played by the series of active, persistent, and propagating storms in the southern strait (along the aforementioned second forcing line). On their back (northern) side, these storms repeatedly produced pulses of cold outflow that traveled toward the north-northeast with positive pressure perturbation. With characteristics of gravity waves, the perturbation propagated faster than the cold air and the associated increase in forward-directed (horizontal) pressure gradient force led to northward acceleration of near-surface flow (by up to 4–5 m s−1h−1). The stronger southerly flow in turn enhanced downstream convergence, and the deep convection was triggered in the central strait near the arrival of the gravity wave ahead of the cold air. When the convection moved eastward over Taiwan, heavy rainfall resulted. The mechanism presented here for remote triggering of convection over the ocean has not been documented near Taiwan during the mei-yu season. With a better understanding about the behavior of convection, these results can contribute to the improvement of quantitative precipitation forecasts and hazard prevention and reduction.
Heat-shock protein 90 inhibition in autoimmunity to type VII collagen: evidence that nonmalignant plasma cells are not therapeutic targets
Authors: Kasperkiewicz Michael , Müller Ralf , Manz Rudolf , Magens Moritz , Hammers Christoph M. , Somlai Csaba , Westermann Jürgen , Schmidt Enno , Zillikens Detlef , Ludwig Ralf J. , Orosz Antal 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Blocking heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) induces death of malignant plasma cells by activation of the unfolded protein response, a signaling pathway activated by accumulation of misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum. We hypothesized that nontransformed plasma cells are also hypersensitive to Hsp90 inhibition because of their high amount of protein biosynthesis. To investigate this hypothesis, 2 different Hsp90 inhibitors, the geldanamycin derivative 17-DMAG and the nontoxic peptide derivative TCBL-145, were applied to mice with experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, an autoimmune bullous disease characterized by autoantibodies against type VII collagen of the dermal-epidermal junction. Both inhibitors ameliorated clinical disease of type VII collagen–immunized mice, suppressed auto-antibody production, and reduced dermal neutrophilic infiltrate. Interestingly, total plasma cell numbers, type VII collagen–specific plasma cells, and germinal center B cells were unaffected by anti-Hsp90 treatment in vivo. However, T-cell proliferation was potently inhibited, as evidenced by the reduced response of isolated lymph node cells from immunized mice to in vitro restimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 antibody or autoantigen in the presence of Hsp90 inhibitors. Our results suggest that Hsp90 blockade has no impact on normal or autoreactive plasma cells in vivo and indentify T cells as targets of anti-Hsp90 treatment in autoimmunity to type VII collagen.
A new pathway of glucocorticoid action for asthma treatment through the regulation of PTEN expression
Authors: Ni ZhenHua , Tang JiHong , Cai ZhuYing , Yang Wei , Zhang Lei , Chen Qingge , Zhang Long , Wang XiongBiao 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
"Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10" (PTEN) is mostly considered to be a cancer-related gene, and has been suggested to be a new pathway of pathogenesis of asthma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, on PTEN regulation.

Methods
OVA-challenged mice were used as an asthma model to investigate the effect of dexamethasone on PTEN regulation. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression levels of PTEN protein in lung tissues. The human A549 cell line was used to explore the possible mechanism of action of dexamethasone on human PTEN regulation in vitro. A luciferase reporter construct under the control of PTEN promoter was used to confirm transcriptional regulation in response to dexamethasone.

Results
PTEN protein was found to be expressed at low levels in lung tissues in asthmatic mice; but the expression was restored after treatment with dexamethasone. In A549 cells, human PTEN was up-regulated by dexamethasone treatment. The promoter-reporter construct confirmed that dexamethasone could regulate human PTEN transcription. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, TSA, could increase PTEN expression in A549 cells, while inhibition of histone acetylase (HAT) by anacardic acid attenuated dexamethasone-induced PTEN expression.

Conclusions
Based on the data a new mechanism is proposed where glucocorticoids treat asthma partly through up-regulation of PTEN expression. The in vitro studies also suggest that the PTEN pathway may be involved in human asthma.