bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Health Knowledge of Ninth Grade Students in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Fabiyi Amos K. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA stratified random sample of 540 ninth grade (Class 3) students in Oyo State, Nigeria, were administered the 60‐item Health Education Test Form 3A. The purpose of the study was to obtain baseline data concerning the health knowledge of the students for use in the development of Health Education curricula in Oyo State. Subjects from the metropolian area, from medium‐size towns, and from rural areas recorded composite mean scores of 29.02, 24.78, and 25.01, respectively; indicating a general deficiency of health knowledge among the subjects. Recommendations are offered concerning curriculum, teacher preparation, and international cooperation to assist in the development of quality Health Education programs for Nigerian students.
The Validity of Reliability Assessments
Authors: Basch Charles E. , Gold Robert S. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on reliability and evaluation of health education programs in school settings. Reliability is a concept that guides researchers in selecting or developing instruments, and is used as a standard, with validity and acceptability, for judging the credibility of research findings and inferences. Reliability is defined within the context of research design, and methods for estimating the reliability of cognitive measures are reviewed. Using data gathered in a school health education curriculum evaluation as an example, possible errors in hypotheses testing that may occur when estimating internal consistency of cognitive test scores obtained in quasi‐experimental designs are examined. The appropriateness of internal consistency as a measure of reliability of cognitive measures is discussed and suggestions for reliability assessment and related issues such as power analysis are presented.
Student Heart Health Knowledge, Smoking Attitudes, and Self‐Esteem
Authors: Allendorff Sibylle , Sunseri Albert J. , Cullinan John , Oman Joan K. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe Chicago Heart Health Curriculum Program (CHHCP) is a comprehensive, cardiovascular disease, risk‐reduction program designed for a multiracial urban population of sixth‐grade students and their families. The study showed strong program impact on student health knowledge, and found that independence of peers significantly influenced smoking attitudes and self‐esteem. The latter was associated strongly with humanistic teacher attitudes and behavior as well. Smoking attitudes were found to be related significantly to general health attitudes. The results suggest that future programs conveying heart health knowledge should consider student learning in the affective context of self‐esteem, independence of peers, and teacher humanism. Reinforcement through continual intervention over a prolonged period may produce more permanent change over time.
Parents' Decision‐Making Process in Medication Administration for Control of Hyperactivity
Authors: Slimmer Lynda W. , Brown Ronald T. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research was to investigate the efficacy of a specific intervention strategy designed to diminish the ambivalence that parents experience when deciding to place their hyperactive child on stimulant medication. Data analyses demonstrated that a counseling intervention was more effective than a control conference in making parents more aware of the importance of deliberating about their decision. The results further indicated that parents evidenced a positive attitude regarding the intervention and, subsequently, toward their decision concerning medication administration, if the intervention was conducted by a school nurse. Discussion includes an interpretation of these findings that suggests the importance of health care professionals in the school setting.
Effect of a Brief Instructional Unit in Death Education on the Death Attitudes of Prospective Elementary School Teachers
Authors: Molnar‐Stickels Linda A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe present study determined if there would be a significant change in the attitudes of prospective elementary school teachers toward death after two, one‐and‐one‐half hour instructional units of death education that were incorporated into an elementary health education methods and content class (experimental group). Control groups consisted of similar students who did not receive death education, but were enrolled in the elementary health education methods and content class (control group I) and another group of students who were not in elementary education, but were enrolled in a basic home economics class (control group II). The Templer Death Anxiety Scale and a scale developed by the author to measure attitudes toward death education for young children were administered to the three groups during pretest and posttest sessions two and 10 weeks after instruction. Validity and reliability for the author's scale was determined by various experimental procedures. Several different resources were used in the education process. The experimental group had significantly less fear of death and felt more comfortable discussing death with children than did the two control groups. The results suggest that brief units of death education are effective in changing the attitudes of future elementary teachers.
Impacted Cerumen as a Reason for Failure in Hearing Conservation Programs
Authors: Bricco Elizabeth 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTTo test the hypothesis that children with impacted cerumen experience more hearing or middle ear problems than children with normal cerumen, two serial audiometric screenings including otoscopic examinations, tympanometry, and audiometry were conducted. Thirty children with impacted cerumen and 30 children with normal cerumen were rescreened three months after the initial screening. Results suggest an association between impacted wax and subsequent problems.
Occupational Stress in Special Education: A Challenge for School Health Professionals
Authors: Falck Vilma T. , Kilcoyne Martha E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTResults of this study support the hypothesis that the majority of special educators, their support personnel, and general education administrators do not experience more job dissatisfaction than comparable occupational groups. However, they do report lower levels of subjective well‐being when compared with normal populations. Furthermore, 18% of the educators in the study perceived themselves as failing to cope with their job, experienced more frequent symptoms of poor physical health, and reported significantly poorer subjective well‐being. Health promotion programs for public school personnel should initiate prevention‐oriented health education programs for all employees. For those identified as more vulnerable to stress‐related mental and physical health problems, therapeutic approaches may be necessary. However, self‐help and mutual support groups may offer both groups a social support system to help meet human needs in addition to offering the potential for reducing perceived occupational stress. School health personnel may be in the best position to influence policies, procedures, and practices in schools that would support the work‐related needs of all employees.
Exercise Science and Health Enhancement: A Curriculum Imperative in Professional Preparation
Authors: Felts W. Michael , Richardson Glenn E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTExercise as a strategy to maintain and promote health continues to gain prominence because of increasing public participation in exercise programs and a growing body of literature supporting its efficacy. This paper addresses the need for including exercise science in the formal training of the health educator by 1) summarizing research concerning the effectiveness of exercise in health maintenance and enhancement, 2) presenting a rationale for including exercise science in the health educator's professional preparation curriculum, and 3) providing an outline for the course.
School Absence Among Children with Chronic Illness
Authors: Cook Barbara A. , Schaller Karin , Krischer Jeffrey P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper reports school attendance for 336 chronically ill, Medicaid‐eligible children living in rural areas of northern Florida. Demographic data were obtained by a questionnaire administered in a home interview. Attendance data were collected directly from the schools. The mean number of days absent the previous year was 16.9; the mean percentage of days absent was 9.4%. Regression analysis indicated that lower education level of parents and the child's inability to participate in physical activities were significant in predicting days missed from school.No individual diagnostic category was predictive of school absence. Thus, the chronicity of an illness and its impact on the child may be a more significant influence on school attendance than the actual diagnosis of the illness.
Helping the Young Stroke Victim
Authors: Leiner Deborah 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTCerebrovascular accidents, or strokes, are a major source of disability; some 500,000 new cases are diagnosed annually. Though the number of young stroke victims is small, the cost in medical expenses and human suffering can be staggering. Causes of stroke are explained and information concerning survival rates, recovery, and rehabilitation is presented. Contributions to the integration and acceptance of the young stroke survivor by administrators, counselors, students, teachers, and school nurses are examined.
Personal Assessment of Stress Factors for College Students
Authors: Bush Herman S. , Thompson Merita , Van Tubergen Norman 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDuring a four‐year period, an instrument to identify stress was developed from items suggested by students from a search of related literature, and from a jury of experts. The 100‐item instrument, including four subcategories, was administered to more than 1,200 students at 23 colleges. Means were computed to the total test, subcategories, and individual items according to frequency and intensity. Responses of men and women were sufficiently different to warrant establishing separate means; women scored higher than men. The degree of stress reported by women decreased with each grade level, but peaked in the sophomore year for men and declined thereafter. Academic factors were cited most frequently as a source of stress, while Relationships and Home and Community factors ranked high in stress intensity. The instrument provides a valuable tool to assist students identify factors that could be targeted for stress management. The instrument also could be used as a tool for further stress management research.
Hepatitis A in Day Care Centers
Authors: Crawford Florence , Vermund Sten H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA dramatic increase in the number of preschool children in US day care facilities has presented new problems in infectious disease control, particularly with agents transmitted through the fecal‐oral route. As the school health field broadens to encompass the day care setting, such issues are becoming increasingly important for school health practitioners. Hepatitis A has attributes favoring day care‐related reservoirs and outbreaks. The anicteric course of infection in young children usually does not alert the school health practitioner to infectious hepatitis. This article reviews epidemiologic and clinical features of hepatitis A in day care centers. Control measures including immunoglobulin prophylaxis for contacts of infected individuals and rigid attention to hygienic standards are examined, and suggestions for designing day care systems in communities are discussed.
Selecting and Recruiting Health Programs for the School Health Education Evaluation
Authors: Owen Sandra L. , Kirkpatrick Margaret A. , Lavery Sally Wolfe , Gonser Howard L. , Nelson Steven R. , Davis Roy L. , Mason Elaine F. , Connell David B. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe School Health Curriculum Project (SHCP) and three promising health education approaches, Project Prevention, 3 Rs and High Blood Pressure (HBP), and Health Education Curriculum Guide, were the curricula used in the School Health Education Evaluation (SHEE) project. This paper contains program descriptions of each, and a brief description of the process that led to their selection.Inclusion of the School Health Curriculum Project (SHCP) was mandated by the use of government funds to support the SHEE. The three alternative curricula, Project Prevention, 3 Rs and High Blood Pressure, and Health Education Curriculum Guide, were selected on the basis of a protocol devised jointly by contractors, government project officers, and the project advisory panel.
Summary of Findings of the School Health Education Evaluation: Health Promotion Effectiveness, Implementation, and Costs
Authors: Connell David B. , Turner Ralph R. , Mason Elaine F. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA summary of important findings from the School Health Education Evaluation (SHEE) are reported. This paper focuses on the four principal outcome scores of Overall Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and Program‐Specific Knowledge. The relationship of those scores to measures of program implementation and cost also is described. A consistent pattern of findings emerged across the participating health instruction programs, suggesting that health instruction was effective in meeting program objectives as taught in the study classrooms, and that school health program effectiveness was strongly related to the level of implementation. Significant increases in Overall Knowledge and Program‐Specific Knowledge were found for treatment classrooms when compared with control classrooms. Smaller, yet statistically significant, increases were found for attitudes and self‐reported practices. Curriculum implementation measures were related to program effectiveness. A higher level of program implementation produced greater increases in all scores, but was most strongly related to improvement in attitudes and self‐reported practices. Analysis of cost data revealed wide variation across the program. Implementation costs (those associated directly with the number of classroom instruction hours) accounted for more than 90% of the total costs and were, in turn, related to program effectiveness. Analysis of effects‐to‐classroom hours revealed that, while relatively few hours of instruction can produce large effects for knowledge, more hours are required for the development of attitude and practice effects, and that stable effects are established for all three domains at about 40–50 classroom hours.
Methodological and Substantive Significance
Authors: Cook Thomas D. , Walberg Herbert J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAs two of the consultants on the team that advised on design and execution of the School Health Education Evaluation (SHEE), the authors offer retrospective comments on the accomplishments and significance of the study. Comments are divided into three parts. First, the authors point out why many evaluators would argue a priori that the design of the study would not be feasible. Second, the authors discuss why the study did work and what makes it exemplary. Finally, the authors point out the several substantive findings of the study that have broad significance in education beyond health education alone.
Prediction of Streptococcal Pharyngitis: An Option for School Nurses?
Authors: Squires Rose L. , Ellison Geraldine C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIn this article the authors address the dilemma confronting school nurses in determining whether or not to counsel parents about seeking medical care for a child with a sore throat. The use of a clinical scorecard in the school setting as an aid in predicting streptococcal pharyngitis is investigated. The authors conclude that the only valid solution to the dilemma is the availability of the throat culture to schools. Using the culture as an additional assessment tool augments those already proven over time — the stethoscope, scoliosis and vision screening, and the otoscope.
San Diego Family Health Project: Reaching Families Through the Schools
Authors: Nader Philip R. , Sallis James F. , Rupp Joan , Atkins Catherine , Patterson Thomas , Abramson Ian 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis project tests the effectiveness of a family‐based health behavior change intervention in two ethnic groups. The aim is to help family members initiate and maintain dietary and physical activity behaviors believed to be linked to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This paper describes the project and the baseline results. Twelve San Diego elementary schools were randomly assigned to intervention or control conditions. Hispanic and Anglo families with a fifth or sixth grade child were recruited to participate in a two‐year study. The intervention emphasizes enjoyable experiences designed to transmit knowledge and skills required for long‐term changes in diet and physical activity habits. Groups of families met at schools for 12 weekly sessions and six maintenance sessions distributed throughout the following nine months. Outcome behavioral and physiologic measures will be collected at baseline, three months, 12 months, and 24 months. Differences between Anglo and Mexican‐American subjects justify targeted activities specific to these groups.
Transferring a Clinic‐based Health Education Program for Children with Asthma to a School Setting
Authors: Kaplan Deborah L. , Rips Jill L. , Clark Noreen M. , Evans David , Wasilewski Yvonne , Feldman Charles H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTOpen Airways is a clinic‐based health education program for low income, inner city families of children with asthma. The program was transferred to the public schools to test it in a setting more representative of school‐age children with asthma, and to provide health education for families not receiving medical care for asthma. During the transfer, the program changed from placing primary responsibility for management on parents to a child‐centered program independent of direct parental involvement. Children's attendance increased greatly and a significant number of families not receiving regular medical care for asthma enrolled. Preliminary analysis showed the child‐centered program improved children's school performance and asthma management skills. The findings of this study suggest health education programs designed for medical care settings can be adapted successfully for use in the schools and reach new populations of children with chronic diseases.
Evaluation of Nursing Practice in Schools
Authors: Proctor Susan E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTEvaluation of school nursing often focuses more on programmatic concerns than on performance. More emphasis is placed on program components than on quality of nursing performance. In addition, many such evaluations are conducted by non‐nurses who do not possess the theoretical or clinical knowledge to evaluate practice accurately. Considerations in planning meaningful evaluations of school nursing practice are described. Types of objectives are identified, and suggestions for designing an evaluation are offered. The importance of standardizing an evaluation is discussed, including reference to some major evaluation resources.
A Developmental Approach to Pregnancy Prevention with Early Adolescent Females
Authors: Proctor Susan E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTTraditional pregnancy prevention strategies employed with adults and older teens do not recognize significant developmental differences between early adolescents and other age groups. Methods that compliment, reflect, and are consistent with developmental needs of the young teen provide cogent approaches to teen pregnancy prevention. Particular emphasis should be placed on interpersonal relationships and their importance in the young woman's life, especially the relationship between the young teen and her parents. Developing and improving all relationships instrumental in positively affecting teen decision‐making represent potent approaches to pregnancy prevention. The axioms of Piaget, Erikson, and Mercer are examined in regard to cognitive, social, emotional, and psychosexual development in the 12–14 year old. Young teens' responses to sex education as well as their use of contraception are reviewed in relation to developmental theory.
Closing the Gaps: Ensuring the Application of Available Knowledge in the Promotion of Health and the Prevention of Disease
Authors: Foege William H. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction by Clarence E. Pearson, President, National Center for Health Education: In my introduction of our luncheon speaker, let me try to supplement President Carter's fine remarks with a few additional items of information which will help you know Dr. Foege a little better. Bill Foege is truly what I would consider a “man for all seasons,” and for all reasons; a distinguished scientist, humanitarian, epidemiologist, global scholar, medical practitioner, educator, and really a human being extraordinaire. Dr. Foege, as Director, Carter Center of Emory University, also heads the Task Force for Child Survival, a working group of the World Health Organization, UNICEF, the World Bank, UNDP, and the Rockefeller Foundation. The mission of the Task Force is to assist in developing child health programs and accelerate research related to immunization activities, focusing primarily in the developing world.As an epidemiologist, he is recognized as the key person directing the successful worldwide campaign to eradicate smallpox in the 1970s. After serving as a medical missionary in Nigeria, Dr. Foege became chief of the CDC Smallpox Eradication Program. His career of public service brought him to the top of his profession when he became Director of the Centers for Disease Control of the U.S. Public Health Service in 1977, a position he held until 1983. As president of the American Public Health Association, he championed the role of health promotion in education, injury prevention, and risk reduction as tools for improving the quality of life for all people in the U.S. He earned his doctorate of medicine degree from the University of Washington and his public health degree from the Harvard School of Public Health. We are pleaded to note that he also has accepted a position as a member of the recently‐appointed National Commission on the Role of the School and the Community in Improving Adolescent Health. I know him as a man of conviction, commitment, vision, and lots and lots of energy. I'm pleased to introduce our co‐host for this invitational conference, Dr. William Foege.
Prevalence and Determinants of Alcohol Consumption Among Schoolchildren in Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Villalbi Joan R. , Nebot Manel , Comin Eva , Murillo Carles 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe pattern of use of alcoholic beverages and factors influencing it among Barcelona schoolchildren were studied; 2,255 fifth and eighth grade students from 71 schools completed a self‐administered questionnaire. Between fifth‐eighth grades, important changes take place in attitude. — strongly opposed to alcohol among the younger, much more moderate among the older. Family celebrations such as Christmas or birthdays are the earliest source of exposure to alcohol, at which one‐third of fifth grade students and two‐thirds of eighth grade students drink. In eighth grade, though daily consumption is relatively rare (4.4% for boys), a considerable proportion have been drunk at least once (16% of girls and 19% of boys) or have had four or more drinks in a row, while a small but significant proportion (2.5%) have been drunk two or more times in the last six months. A discriminant analysis uncovered some features predicting this “higher risk” use of alcohol: age and gender (being a boy in eighth grade), lower socioeconomic status, higher weekly allowance available for personal expenses, a pattern of usual consumption by both the father and friends, smoking regularly, and having a moderate or high physical activity level, as well as holding opinions in favor of drinking.