bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eoarchaean crustal growth in West Greenland (Itsaq Gneiss Complex) and in northeastern China (Anshan area): review and synthesis
Authors: Nutman Allen P. , Bennett Vickie C. , Friend Clark R. L. , Jenner Frances , Wan Yusheng , Liu Dunyi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

Eoarchaean crust in West Greenland (the Itsaq Gneiss Complex, 3870–3600 Ma) is >80% by volume orthogneisses derived from plutonic tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suites, <10% amphibolites derived from basalts and gabbros, <10% crustally derived granite, <1% metasedimentary rocks and ≪1% tectonic slices of upper mantle peridotite. Amphibolites at >3850,
c.
3810 and
c.
3710 Ma have some compositional similarities to modern island arc basalts (IAB), suggesting their origin by hydrous fluxing of a suprasubduction-zone upper mantle wedge. Most of the Eoarchaean tonalites match in composition high-silica, low-magnesian adakites, whose petrogenesis is dominated by partial melting of garnetiferous mafic rocks at high pressure. However, associated with the tonalites are volumetrically minor more magnesian quartz diorites, whose genesis probably involved melting of depleted mantle to which some slab-derived component had been added. This assemblage is evocative of suites of magmas produced at Phanerozoic convergent plate boundaries in the case where subducted crust is young and hot. Thus, Eoarchaean ‘subduction’ first gave rise to short-lived episodes of mantle wedge melting by hydrous fluxing, yielding IAB-like basalts±boninites. In the hotter Eoarchaean Earth, flux-dominated destructive plate boundary magma generation quickly switched to slab melting of (‘subducted’) oceanic crust. This latter process produced the voluminous tonalites that were intruded into the slightly older sequences consisting of tectonically imbricated assemblages of IAB-like pillow lavas+sedimentary rocks, gabbros and upper mantle peridotite slivers. Zircon dating shows that Eoarchaean TTG production in the Itsaq Gneiss Complex was episodic (3870, 3850–3840, 3820–3810, 3795, 3760–3740, 3710–3695 and 3660 Ma). In each case, emplacement of small volumes of magma was probably followed by 10–40 Ma quiescence, which allowed the associated thermal pulse to dissipate. This explains why Greenland Eoarchaean crustal growth did not have granulite-facies metamorphism directly associated with it. Instead, 3660–3600 Ma granulite-facies metamorphism(s) in the Itsaq Gneiss Complex were consequential to collisional orogeny and underplating, upon termination of crustal growth. Similar Eoarchaean crustal history is recorded in the Anshan area of China, where a few well-preserved rocks as old as 3800 Ma have been found including high-MgO quartz diorites. For 3800 Ma rocks, this is a rare, if not unique, situation outside of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex. The presence of volumetrically minor 3800 Ma mantle-derived high-MgO quartz diorites in both the Itsaq Gneiss Complex and the Anshan area indicates either that Eoarchaean ‘subduction’ zones were overlain by a narrow mantle wedge or that the shallow subduction trapped slivers of upper mantle between the conserved and consumed plates.
Archaean crustal growth processes in southern West Greenland and the southern Superior Province: geodynamic and magmatic constraints
Authors: Polat Ali , Kerrich Rob , Windley Brian 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEo- to Mesoarchaean greenstone belts (e.g. 3800–3700 Ma Isua,c. 3075 Ma Ivisaartoq, 3071 Ma Qussuk) occur within orthogneisses of the southern West Greenland Craton. Greenstone belts are composed mainly of metavolcanic rocks with minor ultramafic and sedimentary schists. Compositionally, volcanic rocks are dominantly tholeiitic basalts, boninites, and picrites, with minor intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks. These greenstone belts appear to have formed in convergent margin geodynamic settings. Detailed field observations, contrasting ages, and metamorphic and structural histories suggest that this craton was assembled in several accretionary tectonothermal events, involving accretion of arcs, back-arcs, forearcs, and continental fragments by horizontal tectonics. The Superior Province of Canada was also built by the amalgamation of oceanic and continental fragments ranging in age from 3700 to 2650 Ma, during five discrete tectonothermal events over 40 Ma between 2720 and 2680 Ma. The Neoarchaean (2750–2670 Ma) Wawa greenstone belts are composed of tectonically juxtaposed fragments of oceanic plateaux, oceanic island arcs, back-arcs, and siliciclastic trench turbidites. Following juxtaposition, these diverse lithologies were collectively intruded by syn- to post-kinematic granitoids with subduction zone geochemical signatures. Oceanic island arc lavas are easily distinguished from oceanic plateau counterparts because they possess positively fractionated rare earth element (La/Smcn> 1 and Gd/Ybcn> 1) and high field strength element depleted (Nb/Thpm< 1; Nb/Lapm< 1) patterns. In addition, the island arc association includes pyroclastic rocks that are rare to absent in the oceanic plateau volcanic association. Structural studies indicate that the Wawa greenstone belts underwent a complex history of deformation including thrusting, strike-slip faulting, and asymmetric folding. These belts constitute part of ac. 1000 km scale subduction–accretion complex that formed along an intra-oceanic convergent plate margin during trenchward migration of the magmatic arc axis. Several first-order geological observations on Archaean greenstone belts of SW Greenland and the Superior Province suggest that Phanerozoic-style plate-tectonic models can provide an elegant explanation for their structural, lithological, metamorphic and geochemical characteristics.
Palaeoproterozoic accretionary processes in Fennoscandia
Authors: Lahtinen Raimo , Korja Annakaisa , Nironen Mikko , Heikkinen Pekka 
Published: June 2009

Abstract

Accretionary processes contributed to major continental growth in Fennoscandia during the Palaeoproterozoic, mainly from 2.1 to 1.8 Ga. The composite Svecofennian orogen covers
c
. 1×10
6
km
2
and comprises the Lapland–Savo, Fennia, Svecobaltic and Nordic orogens. It is a collage of 2.1–2.0 Ga microcontinents and 2.02–1.82 Ga island arcs attached to the Archaean Karelian craton between 1.92 and 1.79 Ga. Andean-type vertical magmatic additions, especially at
c
. 1.89 and
c
. 1.8 Ga, were also important in the continental growth. The Palaeoproterozoic crust is the end product of accretionary growth, continental collision and orogenic collapse. Preserved accretional sections are found in areas where docking of rigid blocks has prevented further shortening. The Pirkanmaa belt represents a composite accretionary prism, and other preserved palaeosubduction zones are identified in the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Sea areas. In the southern segment of the Lapland–Savo orogen collision between the Archaean continent (lower plate) and the Palaeoproterozoic arc–microcontinent assembly (upper plate) produced a special type of lateral crustal growth: the Archaean continental edge decoupled from its mantle during initial collision and overrode the arc and its mantle during continued collision.
Presence Related Formal Aspects of Hedonic Valence in Mood Management: An Investigation of the Impact of Mediated Experiences on Induced Aggressive Mood
Authors: Schweizer Karin 
Published: June 2009

This paper lays out presence related formal aspects of media offerings suited to evoke mood management (Zillmann, 1988). Zillmann proposes that apart from other dimensions, the mood-impacting characteristics of media stimuli vary with the hedonic valence referring to the content (see also Knobloch-Westerwick, 2006). In this contribution, it is claimed that not only does the hedonic value vary with content, but also with formal characteristics of stimuli that refer to different types of media. In contrast to other investigations on mood management, these investigations focus on the reduction of aversive moods when exposed to certain media offerings. The investigations do not focus on the measurement of selected stimuli arrangements in terms of time and intensity. To test this hypothesis, the current paper presents the results of two studies in which 66 participants were presented with film sequences in order to induce aggressive moods. In the first experiment, which served as a treatment check, it was shown that aggressive moods could be reduced more with televised exposures than with a waiting period. In a second experiment, participants having partaken in the experimental induction of aggressive moods were allocated to different experimental conditions that are classified according to formal aspects of hedonic valence: a television exposure condition, an internet surfing condition, and a chat condition. These activities can be numerically classified according to three axes, (i) the amount of sensory information, (ii) the extent of possible interactions, and (iii) the synchrony between sender and recipient. The resulting categorizations of certain media offerings (television exposure: 3, internet surfing: 9–11, and chatting: 8) simultaneously represent certain aspects of the concept of presence. Results show that the induced aggressive moods can be mostly reduced by the treatment (media offerings) with the highest number allocated (internet surfing). Moreover, the findings show an overall decrease of aggressive moods according to the increasing number from television to internet.
Demosthenes, Parody and the Frogs
Authors: Pontani Filippomaria 
Published: June 2009

The present paper attempts to show a textual contact between Demosthenes and Old Comedy in
Or.
18.267 and 19.245: discussion of the two passages (the latter one plays an important role in the frame of the ancient rhetorical theory of parody) will be followed by the suggestion of a deeper link between a section of the
False Embassy
and Aristophanes'
Frogs
, in terms not only of verbal echoes but also of common rhetorical motifs and strategy.
Propertius 3.1.27
Authors: Dominicy Marc 
Published: June 2009

The paradosis of Propertius 3.1.27:
Idaeum Simoenta Iouis (cunabula parui)
is either lacunose (N) or nonsensical (all other manuscripts). Gustav Wolff 's celebrated. . .
cum prole Scamandro
runs against objections in terms of paleographical verisimilitude, intertextual relevance, and conformity with elegiac diction. This paper provides arguments in favor of. . .
ruisse in pabula parta
, which echoes two Homeric passages (
Il
. 5.773-7, 12.19-22) while pointing, intertextually, to Lucretius and the archaic forms of epic poetry. Paleographically,
ruisse in pabula parta
can easily have yielded
Iouis cunabula parua
. Moreover, Petrarch's use of
cunabula parua
in 1342 suggests that his (lost) copy of Propertius, and the (now incomplete) manuscript A from which it was made in 1333, bore
parua
. If
parui
is a later correction, the standard theory, according to which the manuscript tradition of Propertius divides into the N and A families, is vindicated against the alternative theory recently put forward by James L. Butrica and Stephen J. Heyworth.
Crossing the Rubicon. A Historiographical Study
Authors: Rondholz Anke 
Published: June 2009

This paper contains a typological comparison of the extant accounts of Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon (Velleius Paterculus, Lucan, Plutarch, Suetonius, Appian, Orosius) and highlights interrelationships among the various accounts as well as patterns and
topoi
in the Rubicon myth. This episode has been dramatized by five of the authors as a point of transition from peace to war, although Caesar has set himself at fault much earlier by maneuvering to resign his command. Common motifs are the speed with which Caesar proceeds, his hesitation and pondering the consequences, and the connection of the crossing with a supernatural element. Caesar's nocturnal wanderings in Suetonius can be explained as a misinterpretation of Plutarch's account; the scene about the apparition with the reed pipe plays with generic markers to express the beginning of war. Finally, a conclusion can be drawn about Asinius Pollio as the common source. As a child of the Late Republic he might have been interested in mitigating his representation of the Rubicon scene by having Caesar hesitate, ponder the consequences, be under divine influence and act in self-defense, features that were exploited by his successors and turned into
topoi
of the Rubicon myth.
"They Ain't Making Elites Like They Used To": The Never Ending Trouble with Democratic Elitism
Authors: Borchert Jens 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article identifies three central tenets of democratic elitism as developed by various authors. It then traces the fate of these ideas within democratic theory. Surprisingly, I find almost universal, if unacknowledged, acceptance of democratic elitism's principles in contemporary theories of democracy. In the public, however, there is still a strong yearning for a democracy that is closer to the ideal and more open to public participation. This is reflected in public criticisms of "detached" professional politicians. I argue that a conceptual solution to the tension between the state of democratic theory and the public's expectations may ironically be provided by one strand within the theory of democratic elitism, namely Robert Dahl's theory of polyarchy.
Democratic Elitism – Conflict and Consensus
Authors: Engelstad Fredrik 
Published: June 2009

AbstractClassical elite theory stressed tensions between elites and democracy, whereas modern studies of elites take democracy as a point of departure – to a large extent under the heading of democratic elitism. This article discusses two strands of elite studies in a democracy perspective, one stressing elite conflict, the other focusing on elite consensus. As points of departure for empirical analysis both strands are valuable, but when linked to democratic theory they are insufficient. It is necessary to view elites in light of constitutional features that regulate their relationship with the state. Moreover, the public sphere must be taken into account as a constitutive element of democracy and as an arena for communication between elite groups and between them and citizenries.
Elites and Democracy's Illusions
Authors: Higley John 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article argues that ideologies, which elites utilize for political justification and mobilization, are always misleading guides to what can be accomplished politically. After reviewing how socialism preoccupied and misled elites during the "short" twentieth century, I examine how the ideology of democracy, in which Western elites today have unquestioned faith, conceals a range of fundamental sociopolitical changes and distorts the implications of various major events. The fixation of elites on democracy's illusions is leading – in some respects has already led – to disaster.
Associated Rivals: Antagonism and Cooperation in the German Political Elite
Authors: Best Heinrich 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article explores the failures and achievements of democratic elitism in Germany. I first outline the conditions in which concepts of leader democracy and democratic elitism were set forth by Max Weber and Joseph Schumpeter during the first half of the twentieth century. I then argue that democratic elitism can usefully be reformulated in terms of principal-agent theory and William Sumner's theory of antagonistic cooperation. I present empirical findings from a study of elite conflict and consensus in re-unified Germany that are consistent with these theories, and I suggest that democratic elitism should incorporate both.
Democratic Elitism and Western Political Thought
Authors: Higley John 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMany political thinkers have viewed democratic elitism as closing a democratic road they believe is or should be open-ended. Their view of democratic possibilities reflects the auspicious circumstances of Western societies during the past several centuries and especially since World War II. However, it involves a conflation of liberal and democratic values. I examine why and how this has occurred, and I argue that liberal and democratic values must be more clearly separated in today's dangerous world. In step with Schumpeter, democracy must be regarded as a method or instrumental value that in some but by no means all circumstances promotes the ultimate liberal value of actively individualistic free people.
Image, Text and Observatio: The Codex Kentmanus
Authors: Kusukawa Sachiko 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the inter-relationship between image, text and object in the Codex Kentmanus, which is one of the earliest records of the plants in the botanical garden at Padua, studied by Johannes Kentmann (1518-77). The manuscript shows that “observation” for Kentmann involved a gradual process of assimilating knowledge from other physicians, apothecaries, and books in order to make the plants which were originally encountered at a specific time and place into a more generalised object of study for learned physicians.
Low-Frequency Variability of Temperature in the Vicinity of the Equatorial Pacific Thermocline in SODA: Role of Equatorial Wave Dynamics and ENSO Asymmetry
Authors: Dewitte B. , Thual S. , Yeh S-W. , An S-I. , Moon B-K. , Giese B. S. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis (1958–2001) is used to investigate the decadal variability in the equatorial thermocline in the Pacific. Whereas the thermocline depth exhibits weak variation at decadal time scales, the temperature change in the vicinity of the thermocline in the western Pacific is significant and has a vertical scale of ∼150 m. Based on a modal decomposition of the model variability, it is shown that such temperature change can be interpreted to a large extent as vertical displacements of the isotherms associated with the Kelvin and first meridional Rossby waves of the first three baroclinic modes. This indicates that decadal change at the subsurface in the warm pool region may be forced by the winds, consistent with the results of a multimode linear model simulation. The decadal mode of vertical temperature can be described by the first two dominant statistical modes (EOFs): the first mode is associated with changes in the slope of the thermocline (swallowing in the western-central Pacific and deepening in the eastern Pacific), representative of the 1976/77 climate shift and ahead of the ENSO modulation; and the second mode corresponds to a basinwide uplift of the thermocline and behind the ENSO modulation. It is further shown that the subsurface temperature in the warm pool region is negatively skewed, which results from the ENSO asymmetry. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of change in mean state resulting from the residual effect of the asymmetric ENSO variability.
Nonstationary Impacts of the Southern Annular Mode on Southern Hemisphere Climate
Authors: Silvestri Gabriel , Vera Carolina 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The temporal stability of the southern annular mode (SAM) impacts on Southern Hemisphere climate during austral spring is analyzed. Results show changes in the typical hemispheric circulation pattern associated with SAM, particularly over South America and Australia, between the 1960s–70s and 1980s–90s. In the first decades, the SAM positive phase is associated with an anomalous anticyclonic circulation developed in the southwestern subtropical Atlantic that enhances moisture advection and promotes precipitation increase over southeastern South America (SESA). On the other hand, during the last decades the anticyclonic anomaly induced by the SAM’s positive phase covers most of southern South America and the adjacent Atlantic, producing weakened moisture convergence and decreased precipitation over SESA as well as positive temperature anomaly advection over southern South America.
Some stations in the Australia–New Zealand sector and Africa exhibit significant correlations between the SAM and precipitation anomalies in both or one of the subperiods, but they do not characterize a consistent area in which the SAM signal can be certainly determined. Significant changes of SAM influence on temperature anomalies on multidecadal time scales are observed elsewhere. Particularly over the Australia–New Zealand sector, significant positive correlations during the first decades become insignificant or even negative in the later period, whereas changes of opposite sign occur in the Antarctic Peninsula between both subperiods.
Modal Decay in the Australia–Antarctic Basin
Authors: Weijer Wilbert , Gille Sarah T. , Vivier Frédéric 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The barotropic intraseasonal variability in the Australia–Antarctic Basin (AAB) is studied in terms of the excitation and decay of topographically trapped barotropic modes. The main objective is to reconcile two widely differing estimates of the decay rate of sea surface height (SSH) anomalies in the AAB that are assumed to be related to barotropic modes. First, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is applied to almost 15 years of altimeter data. The analysis suggests that several modes are involved in the variability of the AAB, each related to distinct areas with (almost) closed contours of potential vorticity. Second, the dominant normal modes of the AAB are determined in a barotropic shallow-water (SW) model. These stationary modes are confined by the closed contours of potential vorticity that surround the eastern AAB, and the crest of the Southeast Indian Ridge. For reasonable values of horizontal eddy viscosity and bottom friction, their decay time scale is on the order of several weeks. Third, the SW model is forced with realistic winds and integrated for several years. Projection of the modal velocity patterns onto the output fields shows that the barotropic modes are indeed excited in the model, and that they decay slowly on the frictional 𝒪(3 weeks) time scale. However, the SSH anomalies in the modal areas display rapid 𝒪(4 days) decay. Additional analysis shows that this rapid decay reflects the adjustment of unbalanced flow components through the emission of Rossby waves. Resonant excitation of the dominant free modes accounts for about 20% of the SSH variability in the forced-model run. Other mechanisms are suggested to explain the region of high SSH variability in the AAB.
Mixed Layer Cooling in Mesoscale Oceanic Eddies during Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
Authors: Jaimes Benjamin , Shay Lynn K. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
During favorable atmospheric conditions, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita deepened to category 5 over the Loop Current’s (LC) bulge associated with an amplifying warm core eddy. Both hurricanes subsequently weakened to category 3 after passing over a cold core eddy (CCE) prior to making landfall. Reduced (increased) oceanic mixed layer (OML) cooling of ∼1°C (4.5°C) was observed over the LC (CCE) where the storms rapidly deepened (weakened). Data acquired during and subsequent to the passage of both hurricanes indicate that the modulated velocity response in these geostrophic features was responsible for the contrasts in the upper-ocean cooling levels. For similar wind forcing, the OML velocity response was about 2 times larger inside the CCE that interacted with Katrina than in the LC region affected by Rita, depending on the prestorm OML thickness. Hurricane-induced upwelling and vertical mixing were increased (reduced) in the CCE (LC). Less wind-driven kinetic energy was available to increase vertical shears for entrainment cooling in the LC, as the OML current response was weaker and energy was largely radiated into the thermocline. Estimates of downward vertical radiation of near-inertial wave energies were significantly stronger in the LC (12.1 × 10−2 W m−2) than in the CCE (1.8 × 10−2 W m−2). Katrina and Rita winds provided O(1010) W to the global internal wave power. The vertical mixing induced by both storms was confined to the surface water mass. From a broader perspective, models must capture oceanic features to reproduce the differentiated hurricane-induced OML cooling to improve hurricane intensity forecasting.