bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evidence underpinning sports performance products: a systematic assessment
Authors: Heneghan Carl , Howick Jeremy , O'Neill Braden , Gill Peter J , Lasserson Daniel S , Cohen Deborah , Davis Ruth , Ward Alison , Smith Adam , Jones Greg , Thompson Matthew 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundTo assess the extent and nature of claims regarding improved sports performance made by advertisers for a broad range of sports-related products, and the quality of the evidence on which these claims are based.MethodsThe authors analysed magazine adverts and associated websites of a broad range of sports products. The authors searched for references supporting the performance and/or recovery claims of these products. The authors critically appraised the methods in the retrieved references by assessing the level of evidence and the risk of bias. The authors also collected information on the included participants, adverse events, study limitations, the primary outcome of interest and whether the intervention had been retested.ResultsThe authors viewed 1035 web pages and identified 431 performance-enhancing claims for 104 different products. The authors found 146 references that underpinned these claims. More than half (52.8%) of the websites that made performance claims did not provide any references, and the authors were unable to perform critical appraisal for approximately half (72/146) of the identified references. None of the references referred to systematic reviews (level 1 evidence). Of the critically appraised studies, 84% were judged to be at high risk of bias. Randomisation was used in just over half of the studies (58.1%), allocation concealment was only clear in five (6.8%) studies; and blinding of the investigators, outcome assessors or participants was only clearly reported as used in 20 (27.0%) studies. Only three of the 74 (2.7%) studies were judged to be of high quality and at low risk of bias.ConclusionsThe current evidence is not of sufficient quality to inform the public about the benefits and harms of sports products. There is a need to improve the quality and reporting of research, a move towards using systematic review evidence to inform decisions.
Stromal invasion and micropapillary pattern in 212 consecutive surgically resected stage I lung adenocarcinomas: histopathological categories for prognosis prediction
Authors: Yeh Yi-Chen , Wu Yu-Chung , Chen Cheng-Yu , Wang Liang-Shun , Hsu Wen-Hu , Chou Teh-Ying 
Published: July 2012

Background and AimIt is of importance to search for prognostic indicators supplementing the tumour–node–metastasis stage for surgically resected early-stage lung adenocarcinomas. The roles of stromal invasion and micropapillary pattern in categorising histopathology and predicting the prognosis of stage I lung adenocarcinomas are explored.MethodsWe retrospectively examined 212 consecutive surgically resected stage I lung adenocarcinomas to propose a new histopathology-based categorical classification. Category A tumours have pure lepidic growth pattern without stromal invasion (ie, adenocarcinoma in situ). Stromal invasion in the form of central fibrotic focus is absent in category B tumours and present in category C tumours. Category B is subclassified into B1, which has areas of lepidic growth, and B2, which does not. Category C is subclassified into C1, which has invasive tumour cells in the periphery of central fibrotic focus, and C2, which has invasive tumour cells in the centre of central fibrotic focus. Based on the absence or presence of micropapillary pattern, the C2 tumours are further subclassified into C2a and C2b, respectively.ResultsThe 5-year recurrence-free probabilities for categories B1 (17 cases), B2 (10 cases), C1 (nine cases), C2a (114 cases) and C2b (62 cases) are 100%, 78.8%, 100%, 67.5% and 53.1%, respectively (p<0.001).ConclusionsBased on stromal invasion and micropapillary pattern, the histopathological categorical classification proposed here provides a concise and precise scheme for outcome prediction in early-stage lung adenocarcinomas.
IDO Is a Nodal Pathogenic Driver of Lung Cancer and Metastasis Development
Authors: Smith Courtney , Chang Mee Young , Parker Katherine H. , Beury Daniel W. , DuHadaway James B. , Flick Hollie E. , Boulden Janette , Sutanto-Ward Erika , Soler Alejandro Peralta , Laury-Kleintop Lisa D. , Mandik-Nayak Laura , Metz Richard , Ostrand-Rosenberg Suzanne , Prendergast George C. , Muller Alexander J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme inhibitors have entered clinical trials for cancer treatment based on preclinical studies, indicating that they can defeat immune escape and broadly enhance other therapeutic modalities. However, clear genetic evidence of the impact of IDO on tumorigenesis in physiologic models of primary or metastatic disease is lacking. Investigating the impact of Ido1 gene disruption in mouse models of oncogenic KRAS-induced lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma–derived pulmonary metastasis, we have found that IDO deficiency resulted in reduced lung tumor burden and improved survival in both models. Micro-computed tomographic (CT) imaging further revealed that the density of the underlying pulmonary blood vessels was significantly reduced in Ido1-nullizygous mice. During lung tumor and metastasis outgrowth, interleukin (IL)-6 induction was greatly attenuated in conjunction with the loss of IDO. Biologically, this resulted in a consequential impairment of protumorigenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), as restoration of IL-6 recovered both MDSC suppressor function and metastasis susceptibility in Ido1-nullizygous mice. Together, our findings define IDO as a prototypical integrative modifier that bridges inflammation, vascularization, and immune escape to license primary and metastatic tumor outgrowth.
Significance: This study provides preclinical, genetic proof-of-concept that the immunoregulatory enzyme IDO contributes to autochthonous carcinoma progression and to the creation of a metastatic niche. IDO deficiency in vivo negatively impacted both vascularization and IL-6–dependent, MDSC-driven immune escape, establishing IDO as an overarching factor directing the establishment of a protumorigenic environment. Cancer Discov; 2(8); 722–35. ©2012 AACR.
Read the Commentary on this article by Novitskiy et al., p. 673.
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More Active Mums in Stirling (MAMMiS): a physical activity intervention for postnatal women. Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gilinsky Alyssa S , Hughes Adrienne R , McInnes Rhona J 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Many postnatal women are insufficiently physically active in the year after childbirth and could benefit from interventions to increase activity levels. However, there is limited information about the efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of motivational and behavioral interventions promoting postnatal physical activity in the UK.

Methods
The MAMMiS study is a randomized, controlled trial, conducted within a large National Health Service (NHS) region in Scotland. Up to 76 postnatal women will be recruited to test the impact of two physical activity consultations and a 10-week group pram-walking program on physical activity behavior change. The intervention uses evidence-based motivational and behavioral techniques and will be systematically evaluated using objective measures (accelerometers) at three months, with a maintenance measure taken at a six-month follow-up. Secondary health and well-being measures and psychological mediators of physical activity change are included.

Discussion
The (MAMMiS study will provide a test of a theoretical and evidence-based physical activity behavior change intervention for postnatal women and provide information to inform future intervention development and testing within this population.

Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN79011784
Pro-adrenomedullin usefulness in the management of children with community-acquired pneumonia, a preliminar prospective observational study
Authors: Sardà Sánchez Marta , Hernández Joan Calzada , Hernández-Bou Susanna , Teruel Gemma Claret , Rodríguez Jesús Velasco , Cubells Carles Luaces 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
In adult population with community acquired pneumonia high levels of pro-adrenomedullin (pro-ADM) have been shown to be predictors of worse prognosis. The role of this biomarker in pediatric patients had not been analyzed to date. The objective of this study is to know the levels of pro-ADM in children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and analyze the relation between these levels and the patients’ prognosis.

Findings
Prospective observational study including patients attended in the emergency service (January to October 2009) admitted to hospital with CAP and no complications at admission. The values for pro-ADM were analyzed in relation to: need for oxygen therapy, duration of oxygen therapy, fever and antibiotic therapy, complications, admission to the intensive care unit, and length of hospital stay. Fifty patients were included. Ten presented complications (7 pleural effusion). The median level of pro-ADM was 1.0065 nmol/L (range 0.3715 to 7.2840 nmol/L). The patients presenting complications had higher levels of pro-ADM (2.3190 vs. 1.1758 nmol/L, p = 0.013). Specifically, the presence of pleural effusion was associated with higher levels of pro-ADM (2.9440 vs. 1.1373 nmol/L, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
In our sample of patients admitted to hospital with CAP, pro-ADM levels are related to the development of complications during hospitalization.
Inferences from Genomic Models in Stratified Populations
Authors: Janss Luc , de los Campos Gustavo , Sheehan Nuala , Sorensen Daniel 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUnaccounted population stratification can lead to spurious associations in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and in this context several methods have been proposed to deal with this problem. An alternative line of research uses whole-genome random regression (WGRR) models that fit all markers simultaneously. Important objectives in WGRR studies are to estimate the proportion of variance accounted for by the markers, the effect of individual markers, prediction of genetic values for complex traits, and prediction of genetic risk of diseases. Proposals to account for stratification in this context are unsatisfactory. Here we address this problem and describe a reparameterization of a WGRR model, based on an eigenvalue decomposition, for simultaneous inference of parameters and unobserved population structure. This allows estimation of genomic parameters with and without inclusion of marker-derived eigenvectors that account for stratification. The method is illustrated with grain yield in wheat typed for 1279 genetic markers, and with height, HDL cholesterol and systolic blood pressure from the British 1958 cohort study typed for 1 million SNP genotypes. Both sets of data show signs of population structure but with different consequences on inferences. The method is compared to an advocated approach consisting of including eigenvectors as fixed-effect covariates in a WGRR model. We show that this approach, used in the context of WGRR models, is ill posed and illustrate the advantages of the proposed model. In summary, our method permits a unified approach to the study of population structure and inference of parameters, is computationally efficient, and is easy to implement.
Changes in bond strength caused by re-vibration of concrete and the vibration of reinforcement
Authors: Larnach William J. 
Published: July 2012

Summary By means of pull-out tests the effects of (1) re-vibration of partially set concrete in which reinforcement is located, (2) the application of vibration directly to the reinforcement during concrete placement and (3) the direct vibration of bars protruding from partially set concrete are studied. The results indicate that treatments (2) and (3) have little effect, and that treatment (1) may result in a decrease of about 30 per cent in the average bond stress for the horizontal reinforcement used.
A note on the nomenclature of the calcium silicate hydrates
Authors: Bogue R. H. 
Published: July 2012

Summary Because of the ambiguity in the designation of a number of the calcium silicate hydrates, a system is proposed to overcome the confusion. Tables are presented listing the calcium silicate hydrates generally conceded to be distinct phases, together with previous designations, mineral names, method of preparation when produced synthetically, and some of the optical and crystallographical characteristics.
Design of longitudinal cables in circumferentially wound prestressed concrete tanks
Authors: Curtis A. R. , Cowan H. J. 
Published: July 2012

Summary During the circumferential prestressing of a cylindrical tank, longitudinal bending stresses are set up; if cracks are to be avoided, the tensile stresses must be eliminated by a longitudinal prestress. The paper develops a theory by which the magnitude of this longitudinal prestress may be determined. It is assumed that the thickness of the wall is small compared with the diameter of the cylinder, and that the concrete behaves elastically.
The ultimate strength of pre-tensioned prestressed concrete failing in bond
Authors: Hognestad Eivind , Janney Jack R. 
Published: July 2012

Summary Bond stresses between concrete and steel may perform the function of transferring prestress from the prestressing tendon to the concrete, or may arise due to shear or due to flexural cracks. The last two are difficult to separate quantitatively, and may be referred to together as flexural bond stresses. The paper discusses the results of investigations into bond carried out at the Portland Cement Association Laboratories near Chicago. There were two major series of tests; one series was concerned with the prestress transfer bond, and the other with the flexural bond stresses. The first series of tests was performed on prisms 2 × 2 in. in cross-section and 72 or 96 in. long, with a single pretensioned wire located at the longitudinal axis. Both the size of wire and its surface condition were varied. Strains of the wires and the concrete were measured by electric resistance strain gauges. The flexural bond stresses were measured on centre-loaded 6 × 10 in. beams, the major variables being the size of wire, its surface condition and the degree of prestress. The results of the tests are given in graphical form, and the relationship between the bond strength and the ultimate strength of pre-tensioned concrete is discussed.
Experiments on the creep of concrete under two-dimensional stressing
Authors: Ross A. D. 
Published: July 2012

Summary The tests were designed to investigate the creep of concrete specimens under (a) two compressive principal stresses, and (b) one compressive and one tensile principal stress. The equipment for producing the stresses and the gauges for measuring the strains are described. Results are presented which suggest that creeps develop in the principal directions with magniTudes generally of the same order as the corresponding creeps under simple stress. Poisson's ratio for creep strains appears to be negligible.
Experiments on the strength of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams and of concrete-encased steel joists in combined bending and torsion
Authors: Cowan Henry J. , Armstrong Stewart 
Published: July 2012

Summary A series of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams and concrete-encased steel joists was tested in combined bending and torsion, with ratios of bending moment to twisting moment varying from pure bending to pure torsion. In all, 33 full-size beams were tested. Measurements of defiexions and strains due to bending and to torsion were made at selected points. The agreement between theory and experiment was generally good. The torsional strength of concrete can be augmented by suitable shear reinforcement. The resistance of the reinforced concrete beams to torsion, however, still depends on the tensile strength of the concrete; it is not therefore possible to gain an increase in strength comparable with that resulting from the addition of tension reinforcement to a plain concrete beam subject to bending. On the other hand the insertion of even a small quamity of shear reinforcement turns the abrupt torsion failure of plain concrete into a gradualfailure accompanied by considerable cracking and deformation. The torsional strength of a concrete-encased steel beam is approximately the same as that of a similar plain concrete beam. The “1” shape is fundamentally a weak one in torsion and the concrete encasement therefore results in a considerable increase in the torsional strength of the steel joist, provided that the joist is surrounded with a nominal amount of stirrup reinforcement or expanded metal to ensure that the steel and concrete act together. Very large increases in torsional strength can be obtained by prestressing, since the initial prestress in compression must be overcome before the concrete can be stressed in tension. The prestressing force, however, increases the rate at which cracks propagate during failure, which therefore tends to assume a violent character. Two distinct types of failure can be distinguished in beams subject to combined bending and torsion. A primary torsion failure occurs with a cleavage fracture normal to the direction of the principal tension. It is governed by the criterion of a constant maximum tensile stress. In bending, tension failure is prevented by the steel, and a primary bending failure therefore results in the crushing of the concrete on the compression face. In reinforced concrete and concrete-encased steel beams the addition of bending increases the resistance to torsion. The paper concludes with detailed recommendations for the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams and concrete-encased rolled steel joists in torsion, and in combined bending and torsion.
The effect of allowing concrete to dry before it has fully cured
Authors: Waters T. 
Published: July 2012

Summary This report gives the results of experiments done to find the effect upon strength of curing concrete in an absolutely or partially dry state. It is normal practice to keep concrete wet for four or five days after placing. For example on page 85 of “Specification 1952” is stated that: “It is important that concrete should be kept damp for as long a period as practicable. This can be achieved by sprinkling, covering with damp sacks or any similar method, and, except in the case of high alumina cements, is considerably assisted by leaving damp shuttering in position as long as possible. If concrete is allowed to dry out at an early age the strength and permeability will be impaired and the shrinkage increased.” The results of the present experiments show, however, that as far as strength is concerned the curing can be done at any time. Thus if the concrete is allowed to become dry for a period and is then re-wetted, it will continue to increase in strength as though the dry period had never existed. The experimental work was done in two parts, the first to find the eflect of curing concrete in absolutely dry air, and the second in ordinary room atmosphere.
The ultimate strength and deformation of plastic hinges in reinforced concrete frameworks
Authors: Chan W. W. L. 
Published: July 2012

Summary By comparing the idealized assumption of plastic hinges concentrated at points and the actual spread of plasticity, the validity of the plastic hinge theory of reinforced concrete frameworks is verified and the expressions for calculating the available plastic rotations are derived. Tests show that lateral binding considerably increases the stress-strain capacity of reinforced concrete sections, and this can be employed to increase the rotation of critical plastic hinge zones. Further tests on struts provide information on the curvature distribution along plastic zones.
The laboratory use of bonded-wire electrical-resistance strain gauges on concrete at the Building Research Station
Authors: Cooke R. W. , Seddon A. E. 
Published: July 2012

Summary A description is given of methods and experience of using bonded-wire electrical-resistance strain gauges on concrete, mainly in short-term static loading tests. Precautions required to obtain reliable strain data and the accuracy of surface strain measurement are discussed on the basis of tests and experience, and the merits of mounting the gauges on brass foil are considered. Some information is also included on the questions of a suitable gauge length and the long-term instability of the gauges on concrete.
The ultimate strength of reinforced concrete beams in shear
Authors: Jones Royston 
Published: July 2012

Summary This paper summarizes conclusions drawn from tests on a number of beams of identical dimensions but of different concrete strengths and from a re-assessment of tests on beams of various dimensions reported by Sunderland(1)* and Wilby.(2)* The limitations of recently advanced shearcompression moment theories are demonstrated and a new expression is developed on similar principles. A theoretical analysis of shrinkage stresses is developed to predict the loads at the appearance of bending and diagonal tension cracks, whereby it is shown that the shrinkage stresses may have an effect on the ultimate shear resistance. Three divided beams were tested in an attempt to measure directly the separate contributions to shear resistance made by the concrete, the web reinforcement, and the longitudinal reinforcement. In these beams a gap was pre-formed on the expected line of the diagonal tension crack and the concrete in the compression zone was replaced by a mechanical device to record direct force and shear force. The results are examined in relation to a mathematical analysis of the shear force resisted by the dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement.
Lightweight calcium silicate hydrate: some mix and strength characteristics
Authors: Taylor W. H. , Moorehead D. R. 
Published: July 2012

Summary Developments in Europe and America suggest that lightweight calcium silicate hydrate oiTers much promise for building purposes, although the amount of published technical data is limited. This paper presents the results of a study of some physical characteristics of autoclaved products, relating to mix design and compressive strength, using five grades of silica flour that vary widely in specific surface area. It is shown that for each of the grades of silica flour there is a certain value of the lime/silica ratio at which the ratio of the compressive strength to the unit weight reaches a maximum. A limited number of results, obtained under an arbitrary set of conditions without batch replication, show approximately linear relations between (a) the unit weight of dry products and the water/solids ratio of mixes, (b) the ratio of the compressive strength to the unit weight of dry products and the water/solids ratio of mixes, and (c) the lime/silica ratio (for maximum compressive strength) and the specific surface area of the silica flour used.
Unbroken tobermorite crystals from hydrated cement
Authors: Gaze R. , Robertson Roberts H. S. 
Published: July 2012

Summary Electron-micrographs of cement crystals have given clear indication of the presence of tobermorite in the form of foils. The foils illustrated are estimated to be of the order of two molecules in thickness, which other workers have indicated to be the smallest possible size for tobermorite.