bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olanzapine vs. risperidone in treating aggressive behaviours in adults with intellectual disability: a single blind study
Authors: Amore M. , Bertelli M. , Villani D. , Tamborini S. , Rossi M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground  Aggressive behaviour represents a frequent symptom in people with intellectual disability (PWID). Despite uncertain evidence of effectiveness, the use of antipsychotics (APs) drugs to treat aggressive behaviour is very common. Antipsychotic medication of aggressivity in PWID has recently become one of the most debated issues in mental health and the need of further research is persistently stressed by most researchers.Aim  The present study was firstly aimed at evaluating the effectiveness (efficacy on target behaviour, safety and persistence on treatment) of new generation APs, in particular, olanzapine and risperidone in treating aggressive behaviour in PWID for who previous medication with first generation APs (FGAs) were not effective.Methods  62 subjects with intellectual disability underwent to a 2‐arm, parallel group pragmatic trial of olanzapine and risperidone with balanced randomisation and blind assessment of outcome at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks after a switch (cross‐tapering) from a 24‐week treatment with FGAs. Aggressive behaviours were assessed by Overt Aggression Scale (OAS) and clinical outcome by Clinical Global Impression Scale. Side effects were assessed with Dosage Record and Treatment Emergent Symptoms Scale, other symptom‐specific scales, laboratory and instrumental tests.Results  Both risperidone and olanzapine resulted to be more effective than FGAs in reducing aggressive behaviour. Repeated‐measures analysis of covariance revealed that treatment groups differed for cumulative number of aggressive episodes during the FGAs treatment, which was higher for olanzapine.Conclusion  Our findings seem to confirm that olanzapine and risperidone can be effective in reducing aggressive behaviour in PWID. Both compounds resulted to be well tolerated, with side effects similar to those encountered in other patient populations.
‘happy on norflurazon’ (hon) mutations implicate perturbance of plastid homeostasis with activating stress acclimatization and changing nuclear gene expression in norflurazon‐treated seedlings
Authors: Saini Geetanjali , Meskauskiene Rasa , Pijacka Wioletta , Roszak Pawel , Sjögren Lars L. E. , Clarke Adrian K. , Straus Marco , Apel Klaus 
Published: December 2010

SummaryVarious mutant screens have been undertaken to identify constituents involved in the transmission of signals from the plastid to the nucleus. Many of these screens have been performed using carotenoid‐deficient plants grown in the presence of norflurazon (NF), an inhibitor of phytoene desaturase. NF‐treated plants are bleached and suppress the expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins. Several genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants have been isolated that de‐repress the expression of these nuclear genes. In the present study, a genetic screen has been established that circumvents severe photo‐oxidative stress in NF‐treated plants. Under these modified screening conditions, happy on norflurazon (hon) mutants have been identified that, like gun mutants, de‐repress expression of the Lhcb gene, encoding a light‐harvesting chlorophyll protein, but, in contrast to wild‐type and gun mutants, are green in the presence of NF. hon mutations disturb plastid protein homeostasis, thereby activating plastid signaling and inducing stress acclimatization. Rather than defining constituents of a retrograde signaling pathway specifically associated with the NF‐induced suppression of nuclear gene expression, as proposed for gun, hon mutations affect Lhcb expression more indirectly prior to initiation of plastid signaling in NF‐treated seedlings. They pre‐condition seedlings by inducing stress acclimatization, thereby attenuating the impact of a subsequent NF treatment.
Cryptosporidium parvum causes gastroenteritis epidemics in the Nablus region of Palestine
Authors: Hussein Ayman S. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryA total of 30 faecal samples collected from individuals admitted to a local hospital in Nablus city in Palestine with gastroenteritis symptoms, plus five faecal samples from healthy individuals living in the same area were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. by microscopic analysis using malachite green negative staining. Molecular techniques were used to confirm the microscopic identification. All 30 samples from individuals with gastroenteritis symptoms were positive by both techniques. No other parasites were found in the faecal material of patients or healthy individuals. To explore the source of the outbreak, water was collected from various reservoirs and springs that supply the city with drinking water. Al‐Qaryoon water spring was found to be contaminated with Cryptosporidium using both microscopic and molecular analysis. No other water resources were found to be contaminated. Genotyping analysis of Cryptosporidium oocysts using PCR‐RFLP technique identified the parasite as C. parvum.
On being a good nurse: Reflections on the past and preparing for the future
Authors: Begley Ann M 
Published: December 2010

Begley AM.International Journal of Nursing Practice2010;16: 525–532 On being a good nurse: Reflections on the past and preparing for the futureThe objectives of this paper include reflecting on the attributes of the ‘good’ nurse in the past, outlining thematically the essential attributes (virtues) required by the ‘good’ nurse today and presenting an original 4‐point framework for ethics in practice. Although there is no doubt that nurses in the past were highly professional, the culture within which they practiced tended to stifle the emergence of autonomy, assertiveness, advocacy and accountability.An original table of contemporary attributes, which is congruent with a neo Aristotelian virtue ethical approach, is arranged in themes of Intellectual and Practical Attributes, Dispositional Attributes and Moral Attributes. A framework for professional practice, the ‘Four As’ is then extrapolated from these themes. These four key professional attributes, autonomy, advocacy, accountability and assertiveness, along with the virtues listed in the themes, exemplify the ‘good’ nurse and are identified as the linchpins of modern professional ethics and good conduct.
The effect of medical emergency teams on patient outcome: A review of the literature
Authors: Laurens Natasha H , Dwyer Trudy A 
Published: December 2010

Laurens NH, Dwyer TA.International Journal of Nursing Practice2010;16: 533–544 The effect of medical emergency teams on patient outcome: A review of the literatureThis paper presents a review of literature on the impact of the medical emergency team (MET) on inpatient mortality, cardiopulmonary arrests or unscheduled intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. A total of 14 172 abstracts and 98 full text papers were reviewed. In total, 24 met the inclusion criteria, 2 used a cluster‐randomized controlled trial, 11 before and after, 6 retrospective analyses, 4 prospective cohorts and 1 not reported. There is moderate to strong evidence that METs are associated with decreased mortality and cardiac arrest rates, and weak evidence on its impact on ICU admission rate reductions. This evidence suffers from the flaws with only two randomized controlled trials examining differing outcome measures with differing results.Poor methodology and failure to report both quality improvement co‐interventions and time response rates of METs, limit the strength of the evidence that METs are effective interventions for preventing mortality, code rates or unscheduled ICU admissions. Studies with improved implementation practices and evaluation of the efficacy of MET is warranted.
Nurse prescribing: A vehicle for improved collaboration, or a stumbling block to inter‐professional working?
Authors: Fisher Richard 
Published: December 2010

Fisher R. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 579–585 Nurse prescribing: A vehicle for improved collaboration, or a stumbling block to inter‐professional working?Prescribing by community nurses is established practice in the UK National Health Service. Although much has been written about the technical aspects of prescribing, little published work addresses the ways in which prescribing might affect relationships. Part of a PhD project set in southern England, this ethnographic project used semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of district nurses (n = 17), staff nurses (n = 4), pharmacists (n = 2) and a general practitioner to investigate the real world of nurse prescribing. Using theories of domination, power and legitimacy from Weber and Foucault, this paper sets out to demonstrate that despite government efforts to encourage collaborative working, power relationships still play an important part in some areas of practice. Analysis, building from Morrell's notion of naïve functionalism, reveals strategies used by actors in community practice to manage such relationships.
Constant slip rate during the late Quaternary along the Sulu He segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault near Changma, Gansu, China
Authors: Seong Yeong Bae , Kang Hee Cheol , Ree Jin‐Han , Yi Chaolu , Yoon Hyeon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe question of whether millennial‐scale geological slip rates are consistent with decade‐scale geodetic slip rates is of great importance in evaluating the nature of continental deformation within the Tibetan Plateau. We determined the time‐averaged slip rate of the Sulu He segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault, near Changma in Gansu Province, China, based on geomorphic analysis, remote sensing data, and cosmogenic 10Be surface‐exposure age dating. Quaternary alluvial fan deposits in the study area (Qf1, Qf2, Qf3) are displaced by left‐lateral movement along the Altyn Tagh Fault. Because of the large accumulated displacement of these fans, some of them have become disconnected from the fan apexes that are directly linked to the debris‐source areas in the piedmont of the Qilian Shan to the south. The total minimum offsets are estimated to be about 429 ± 41 m for Qf1, about 130 ± 10 m for Qf2, and 32 ± 1 m for Qf3. The 10Be surface‐exposure ages obtained for Qf1 and Qf2 are 100–112 ka and 31–43 ka, respectively. Accordingly, the slip rate since the period of Qf1 and Qf2 depositions is calculated to have been about 3.7 mm/yr.
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Risk factor for duodenal involvement in Henoch–Schönlein purpura
Authors: Harada Tomonori , Kaneko Tetsuji , Ito Shuichi , Hataya Hiroshi , Nariai Akiyoshi , Mori Masaaki , Yokota Shumpei 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground:  The anatomical location of the third portion of the duodenum is between the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the abdominal aorta (AA). When the aorto‐mesenteric angle (AMA) is small and the aorto‐mesenteric distance (AMD) is short, the duodenum becomes tightly compressed between these two blood vessels. Severe compression can obstruct the duodenum, resulting in vomiting and abdominal pain. This clinical condition is termed superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMA syndrome). The duodenum is frequently affected in Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP). The aim of the present study was to verify that duodenal anatomy mimicking SMA syndrome is a risk factor for duodenal involvement and abdominal pain in HSP.Methods:  A prospective case–control study involving 12 HSP patients compared with 48 age‐ and sex‐matched children (controls) was conducted. Bowel abnormalities were defined as thickened wall >3 mm and paralytic ileus detected on ultrasound. AMA, AMD and obesity index (OI) were compared between the two groups on Mann–Whitney testing. The correlation between duodenal bowel abnormalities and SMA syndrome was examined using Fisher's exact test.Results:  AMA, AMD and OI were significantly smaller in the HSP patients (P < 0.001, 0.003 and 0.026, respectively). All HSP patients, but only 10 controls, met the ultrasound diagnostic criteria for SMA syndrome (100% vs 20.8%, P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Duodenal compression by SMA against the AA, which mimics SMA syndrome, may lead to duodenal bowel abnormalities with abdominal pain in thin children with HSP.
Effect of screen size on multimedia vocabulary learning
Authors: Kim Daesang , Kim Dong‐Joong 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of three different screen sizes (small, medium and large) and two types of multimedia instruction (text only and text with pictorial annotation) on vocabulary learning. One hundred thirty‐five Korean middle school students learning English as a foreign language were randomly distributed into six groups and were given a pretest, a self‐study multimedia instruction, a posttest and a retention test online. The pretest, posttest and retention test were identical and included 30 vocabulary questions. Results show that the large screen multimedia instruction helped the students to learn English vocabulary more effectively than the small screen instruction as demonstrated on both the posttest and retention test. However, there was little difference in vocabulary learning between the text‐only and text‐with‐pictorial annotation instructions. Although visual perception can be influenced by each learner's expectations and knowledge, using a smaller screen for instruction causes more challenges for learners to perceive and comprehend vocabulary learning.
CARR: a scalable solution for network packet classification
Authors: Li Wei , Zheng Weibin , Lin Juanjuan , Guan Xiaohong , Li Ling , Chaudhry Sohail S. , Wang Pan , Liu Yanping 
Published: December 2010

AbstractModern Internet routers have to handle a large number of packet classification rules, which requires classification schemes to be scalable both in time and space. In this paper, we present a scalable packet classification algorithm that is developed by combining two new concepts to the well‐known bit vector (BV) scheme. We propose a range search method based on a cache‐aware tree (CATree) which makes full use of processor's cache line to reduce the number of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) accesses. Theoretically, the number of DRAM accesses of CATree is about log(m+1) times lower than that of the widely used binary search algorithm, where m is the number of keys in a single cache line. Based on our computational results on a set of 1024 keys, the CATree algorithm is 36% faster than binary search algorithm and the performance is better when applied to a larger set of keys. In addition, we develop a rule re‐arrangement algorithm to reduce the bitmap space of BV. With this re‐arrangement, the rules for the same action may be assigned an identical priority. This reduces the number of priorities as well as the memory space of the bitmap. Furthermore, this also reduces the number of memory accesses and hence, increases the CPU cache utilization. With CATree and rule re‐arrangement, the cache‐aware bit vector with rule re‐arrangement algorithm achieves better performance in comparison with the regular BV scheme, both in space and time. In our experiments, the proposed algorithm reduces the bitmap memory space of a practical set of firewall rules by two orders of magnitude and is 91% faster than the regular BV.
Reflections on the Unique Response of Brazil to the Financial Crisis and its Urban Impact
Authors: FERNANDES ANA CRISTINA , NOVY ANDREAS 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis essay explores the reasons for the reduced negative effects of the 2008 global financial crisis on Brazil and its cities by applying an analysis that connects these urban effects with the national dynamics. Despite substantial variation within the country, reduced impact can be credited to the response to the crisis by the current Lula administration and to features of the country's urbanization process. First, universal redistributive social programmes, together with an enlarged domestic market, better insertion in the global economy, prudential regulation and a stable fiscal situation, have put the country in a comfortable position to react to the crisis by adopting countercyclical policies. Second, given the advanced urbanization in Brazil, social and active macroeconomic policies have produced decisive and specific effects on the urban fabric. Recent processes of inland urbanization have created new areas of regional and urban dynamics, thus the impact of the crisis on cities has not only been mild, affecting the most industrialized and internationally oriented metropolises hardest, but has also become an opportunity for strengthening urban areas through active macroeconomic and social policies and helping foster a more decentralized national urban network, thereby leading to stronger links between social inclusion and territorial cohesion.RésuméLes effets négatifs de la crise financière mondiale de 2008 ont été moins forts au Brésil et dans ses villes. Pour en établir les raisons, une analyse associe ces répercussions sur le plan urbain et les dynamiques nationales. Malgré une variation considérable au niveau national, l'impact réduit peut être attribuéà la réaction du gouvernement Lula face à la crise et aux caractéristiques du processus d'urbanisation brésilien. D'abord, ses programmes sociaux universels de redistribution, ainsi que son marché intérieur en expansion, sa meilleure insertion dans l'économie mondiale, sa réglementation prudentielle et sa situation fiscale stable, ont donné au pays une position confortable pour réagir à la crise en adoptant des politiques anticycliques. Ensuite, du fait de l'urbanisation avancée du Brésil, les politiques sociales et macro‐économiques actives ont eu des effets décisifs et spécifiques sur le tissu urbain. Des projets d'urbanisation récents dans les provinces intérieures ont créé des tremplins régionaux et urbains. Ainsi, la crise n'a pas seulement eu un impact modéré sur les villes, en frappant surtout les métropoles les plus industrialisées et orientées à l'international, elle s'est aussi transformée en une occasion de renforcer les zones urbaines grâce à des politiques sociales et macro‐économiques dynamiques et de contribuer à un réseau urbain national plus décentralisé, débouchant sur des rapports plus solides entre inclusion sociale et cohésion territoriale.
UV irradiation‐induced zinc dissociation from commercial zinc oxide sunscreen and its action in human epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Martorano Lisa M , Stork Christian J , Li Yang V 
Published: December 2010

SummaryZinc oxide (ZnO) is an active ingredient in sunscreen owing to its properties of broadly filtering the ultraviolet (UV) light spectrum and it is used to protect against the carcinogenic and photodamaging effects of solar radiation on the skin. This study investigated the dissociation of zinc (Zn2+) from ZnO in commercial sunscreens under ultraviolet type B light (UVB) irradiation and assessed the cytotoxicity of Zn2+ accumulation in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). Using Zn2+ fluorescent microscopy, we observed a significant increase in Zn2+ when ZnO sunscreens were irradiated by UVB light. The amount of Zn2+ increase was dependent on both the irradiation intensity as well as on the ZnO concentration. A reduction in cell viability as a function of ZnO concentration was observed with cytotoxic assays. In a real‐time cytotoxicity assay using propidium iodide, the treatment of UVB‐irradiated ZnO sunscreen caused a late‐ or delayed‐type cytotoxicity in HEK. The addition of a Zn2+ chelator provided a protective effect against cellular death in all assays. Furthermore, Zn2+ was found to induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HEK. Our data suggest that UVB irradiation produces an increase in Zn2+ dissociation in ZnO sunscreen and, consequently, the accumulation of free or labile Zn2+ from sunscreen causes cytotoxicity and oxidative stress.
Treatment of procedure‐related postinflammatory hyperpigmentation using 1064‐nm Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence in Asian patients: report of five cases
Authors: Kim Sangeun , Cho Kyeong‐hun 
Published: December 2010

SummaryPostinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) developing after cosmetic procedures, such as chemical peeling and laser therapies, are always a concern, especially in Asians. Some cases of PIH tend to be spontaneously regressed; however, certain forms of PIH need to be treated with several therapeutic attempts, including bleaching creams, several kinds of Q‐switched lasers, and erbium‐doped fractional photothermolysis system, with various treatment outcomes. A 1064‐nm Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser with low‐fluence therapy is easily applicable, and the therapeutic trial in our case was revealed to have minimal downtime without post‐therapy bleeding or crust formation; the post‐therapy erythema spontaneously resolved within a few hours. The 1064‐nm Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser with low‐fluence treatment should be considered in the treatment of PIH caused by procedures like laser surgery and chemical peeling in Asian patients.
Popular Fiction and the ‘Emotional Turn’: The Case of Women in Late Victorian Britain
Authors: Crozier‐De Rosa Sharon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMany within the history profession today consider that we are experiencing an ‘emotional turn’, a perception that has been spurred by a recent proliferation of research centres and outpouring of publications exploring the concept of emotion. Interest in this field looks likely to grow, although there are methodological challenges that have yet to be overcome, as, of course, there are with any newly emerging field of study. One main concern is source material. Attempting to access such an elusive and intensely subjective area of historical inquiry as emotions requires seeking out new sources, as well as returning to old ones with a fresh eye, with new questions in mind. In the specific realm of the emotional lives of women living in Victorian and Edwardian Britain, fiction proves a promising source – popular fiction especially. This is due to the fact that this was the era that ushered in the modern bestseller, novels that more often than not explored the everyday and the emotional, novels that were thought to have been ‘devoured’ by women in particular. This essay plots recent developments in the burgeoning area of emotions history, as well as those that have taken place in relation to the use of fiction as evidence in a history of women’s interior lives. It argues that, at this point in the development of emotions history, when questions of methodology, interdisciplinarity and sources are being addressed more widely, consideration should be given to popular fiction as a readily available pathway, if not an uncomplicated one, into the emotions of the past.
African Hip Hop and Politics of Change in an Era of Rapid Globalization
Authors: Ntarangwi Mwenda 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAfrican hip hop has emerged as a forum that allows youth to critically participate in the continent’s development and ideological processes in this era of rapid globalization. Arguing that a large proportion of youth in Africa are now involved in various forms of resistance and contestation of social and political practices and processes, I show that with the shrinking role of the state in providing social services due to global economic changes African hip hop has become a platform for challenging current ways of living and the reimagining of a new world. Taking the advantage of spaces created by market‐driven economic structures, African youth are consistently thrusting themselves in the public space commenting on politics, economics, and culture in ways that were unimaginable in the last two decades of the 20th century. With examples from multiple countries in Africa, this paper shows how youth in Africa are participating in the shaping of the political and economic futures.