bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological characterization of a brown lemur hybrid zone (Eulemur rufifrons × E. cinereiceps)
Authors: Delmore Kira E. , Louis Edward E. , Johnson Steig E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHybridization has recently been identified as a pervasive force in the evolution of primates. In this study, we characterized a hybrid zone between two species of brown lemur (Eulemur rufifrons and E. cinereiceps) in the Andringitra region of southeastern Madagascar using morphological traits. We immobilized animals along a north‐south transect (∼80 km), scored them for their degree of hybridity using pelage traits and measured standard morphometric variables. Results from our study suggest that hybridization between E. rufifrons and E. cinereiceps is extensive, with the hybrid zone extending over 42.6 km and being composed mostly of later generation hybrids. We also identified significant variation between ancestral groups in our study: hybrid males exhibited longer tails than both parental species and sexual dimorphism in upper canine height favoring males was documented in E. rufifrons. These patterns could suggest that gene flow between parental and hybrid populations is relatively limited. Finally, significant differences between ancestral groups in relative body mass and skin‐fold thickness were absent in our study, indicating that, as measured by these proxies, hybrids are equally as fit as parental forms. Based on these preliminary findings, the Andringitra hybrid zone could conform to the bounded superiority model of hybrid zone stability (i.e., it could be being maintained by selection favoring hybrids within transitional habitats). Accordingly, hybrids in Andringitra may be an unusual case among primates, representing a stable recombinant but distinct lineage. This conclusion has important implications for evolutionary processes within the brown lemur species complex. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of ozone and ultrasound on the fiber properties of angora rabbit
Authors: Perincek S. , Bahtiyari M.İ. , Körlü A. E. , Duran K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of novel treatment techniques (ozone and ultrasound) on the dyeability of Angora rabbit fiber. For this purpose, the effects of the ozonation time and fiber moisture during ozonation on the dyeing properties of Angora rabbit fiber were researched. Also, dyeing was performed conventionally and with the use of ultrasound techniques after ozonation; these were compared in terms of the color yields. Consequently, it was found that the ozonation process and dyeing with power ultrasound improved the dyeability of Angora rabbit fiber significantly. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis, spectral, and thermal characterization of photosensitive poly(ether–ester)s containing α,β‐unsaturated ketone moieties in the main chain derived from 2,6‐bis[4‐(3‐hydroxypropyloxy)‐3‐methoxybenzylidene]cyclohexanone
Authors: Balaji K. , Murugavel S. C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA series of photosensitive poly(ether–ester)s containing α,β‐unsaturated ketone moieties in the main chain were synthesized from 2,6‐bis[4‐(3‐hydroxypropyloxy)‐3‐methoxybenzylidene]cyclohexanone (BHPMBCH) and aliphatic and aromatic diacid chlorides. The diol precursor, BHPMBCH, was synthesized from 2,6‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone and 3‐bromo‐1‐propanol. The solubility of the polymers was tested in various solvents. The intrinsic viscosity of the synthesized polymers, determined by an Oswald viscometer, was found to be 0.06–0.80 g/dL. The molecular structures of the monomer and polymers were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectral analyses. The thermal properties were studied with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The thermogravimetric analysis data revealed that the polymers were stable up to 220°C and started degrading thereafter. The thermal stability initially increased with increasing spacer length and then decreased due to negative effects of the spacer. The self‐extinguishing properties of the synthesized polymers were studied by the determination of the limiting oxygen index values with Van Krevelen's equation. In addition, the photocrosslinking properties of the polymer chain were studied with UV spectroscopy, and we observed that the rate of photocrosslinking increased significantly with increasing methylene carbon chain length of the acid spacer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Artesunate and artelinic acid: association of embryotoxicity, reticulocytopenia, and delayed stimulation of hematopoiesis in pregnant rats
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Brannen Kimberly C. , Sanders James E. , Hoberman Alan M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe artemisinin antimalarials cause embryo death and malformations in animals by killing embryonic erythroblasts. Groups of pregnant rats (N = 4) were administered 35 and 48 µmol/kg artesunate and 17.2, 28.7, 48, 96, and 191 µmol/kg artelinic acid as a single oral dose on gestational day (GD) 12. Litters were examined on GD21. The ED50 for embryo death with artelinic acid (23.4 µmol/kg) was just slightly lower than that for decreased reticulocyte count at 24 hr postdose (33.5 µmol/kg) and both had similarly steep dose responses (maximal effects of total litter loss and ∼60% decreases in reticulocyte count at 48 µmol/kg). Results with artesunate were similar. The correlation coefficient between embryo death and decreased reticulocyte count was 0.82 (p<0.01). The close relationship between embryotoxicity and reticulocytopenia is suggestive of a common mechanism—artemisinin‐induced mitochondrial damage leading to cell death. At 9 days postdose, treatment with artesunate and artelinic acid also caused increases in counts of reticulocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and monocytes (up to 3.7×, 1.7×, 4.7×, and 1.7× control, respectively). This stimulation of hematopoiesis may have been mediated by the direct oxidative conversion of artesunate or artelinic acid to the artemisininyl hydroperoxide within the bone marrow cells or by an indirect increase in reactive oxygen species. The high correlation between embryotoxicity and reticulocytopenia further supports the assertion that therapeutic dosage regimens of artemisinins that cause decreases in reticulocyte count in pregnant women during the putative critical period (approximately postconception wk 3 to 9) are at risk of also causing adverse effects on the embryo. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:52–68, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal TCDD causes persistent modulation of the postnatal immune response, and exacerbates inflammatory disease, in 36‐week‐old lupus‐like autoimmune SNF1 mice
Authors: Mustafa Amjad , Holladay Steven , Witonsky Sharon , Zimmerman Kurt , Manari Ashley , Countermarsh Sheryl , Karpuzoglu Ebru , Gogal Robert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to the persistent environmental pollutant and model Ah receptor agonist, 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), has been shown to permanently suppress postnatal cell‐mediated immunity. More recently, skewing of select adult T and B cell responses toward enhanced inflammation has also been described in C57BL/6 mice after prenatal TCDD. This raises questions about adverse postnatal immune consequences of prenatal TCDD in animals genetically predisposed to inappropriate inflammatory responses. METHODS: Lupus‐prone SNF1 mice were exposed to 0, 40, or 80 µg/kg TCDD on gestation day (gd) 12 and examined at 36 weeks‐of‐age for immunomodulatory effects that correlated with worsened lupus pathology. RESULTS: Bone marrow pro‐ and large pre‐B cells were decreased by prenatal TCDD, in both adult male and female mice, as were pre‐ and immature B cells. Splenic CD23−CD1hi and CD19+CD5+ B cells were increased in males, as were B220hi B cells in females, further suggesting persistent disruption of B cell lymphopoiesis by prenatal TCDD. Female mice displayed decreased IL‐10 production by ConA‐activated splenocytes, while males underproduced IL‐4. Autoreactive CD4+Vβ17a+ spleen T cells were increased in both sexes by 80 µg/kg TCDD. Male mice but not females showed increased anti‐ds DNA and cardiolipin autoantibody levels. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal TCDD augmented the hallmark indicators of SLE progression in the lupus‐prone SNF1 mice, including renal immune complex deposition, glomerulonephritis, and mesangial proliferation. Prenatal TCDD therefore caused persistent modulation of the postnatal immune response, and exacerbated inflammatory disease, in lupus‐like autoimmune SNF1 mice. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:82–94, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly Active Cobalt Oxide Catalysts Prepared by SACOP for the Preferential Oxidation of CO in Excess Hydrogen
Authors: López Irene , Valdés‐Solís Teresa , Marbán Gregorio 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCobalt based catalysts synthesized by the silica aquagel confined co‐precipitation (SACOP) method and analyzed at high spatial velocities (≈39 000 h−1) for the preferential oxidation (PROX) of CO in the presence of hydrogen showed the highest values of catalytic activity of all the cobalt‐based catalysts described in the literature, together with good values of selectivity and stability. The Co3O4/CoOOH nanocatalysts had specific surface areas of up to 120 m2 g−1 depending on the type of precipitation used. The SACOP samples precipitated by pouring aquagel into the NaOH solution (method A) gave rise to samples with less CoOOH than if the NaOH solution was poured over the aquagel (method B). This difference is ascribed to the migration of cobalt out of the aquagel microstructure during precipitation by method A. Precipitation by means of method B produced the most active catalyst, owing to the larger amount of amorphous CoOOH in the fresh sample, which was formed by the removal of silica from the cobalt silicate hydroxide. The CoOOH is gradually reduced to high surface area Co3O4 in the presence of H2 during the PROX reaction. The mechanisms of formation of CoOOH and Co3O4 by using SACOP are also discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereo‐Active Lone‐Pair Control on the Ferromagnetic Behavior in VO(SeO2OH)2: A New Acentric Ferromagnetic Material.
Authors: Kim Sang‐Hwan , Yeon Jeongho , Sefat Athena S. , Mandrus David G. , Halasyamani P. Shiv 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe title compound is prepared from a mixture of V2O5 and SeO2 using oxalic acid as a low melting flux (autoclave, 150 °C, 24 h, 90% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Syntheses and Tunable Non‐Linear Optical Properties of Heterothiometallic Clusters with [MS4Ag2] Units (M: Mo, W).
Authors: Zhang Jinfang , Meng Suci , Song Yinglin , Zhao Huajian , Li Jianghua , Qu Gaoju , Sun Liang , Humphrey Mark G. , Zhang Chi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe structures of compounds (IV), (VI), and (VII) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Catalysts for the Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Isomerization of Primary Allylic Alcohols Based on Charton Analysis.
Authors: Mantilli Luca , Gerard David , Torche Sonya , Besnard Celine , Mazet Clement 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA library of six new (P,N) ligands is prepared and evaluated for their ability to catalyze the asymmetric isomerization of primary allylic alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: The Hydrogenation of Molecules with Polar Bonds Catalyzed by a Ruthenium(II) Complex Bearing a Chelating N‐Heterocyclic Carbene with a Primary Amine Donor.
Authors: O Wylie W. N. , Lough Alan J. , Morris Robert H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe title Ru‐complex provides an active catalyst for the hydrogenation of a variety of polar bonds under mild conditions in basic media, reaching a maximum turnover frequency of 17600 h‐1.
ChemInform Abstract: Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane‐Catalyzed Alkylation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with Benzylic Alcohols: Access to Oxygenated Heterocycles.
Authors: Reddy Chada Raji , Vijaykumar Jonnalagadda , Gree Rene 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVarious dicarbonyl compounds undergo a clean reaction with benzylic alcohols in the presence of the mild title catalyst to provide the corresponding monoalkylated products, e.g. (III), (XIII), and (XVI), in satisfactory to very good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylation Reaction of Alkynylborates.
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Shinmoto Tatsuo , Sawano Shota , Miura Tomoya , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe allylation of alkynylborates (I) followed by reaction of the intermediate alkenylboranes with acetic acid leads to mixtures of E‐ and Z‐alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Pt(II)Cl2(DMSO)2‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Polyfluoroaryl Imines.
Authors: Sun Alex D. , Love Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA general protocol for the PtCl2(dmso)2‐catalyzed methylation of polyfluorinated aryl imines (I) is developed (9 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Unsaturated Amino Esters in a Ball‐Mill.
Authors: Baron Alice , Martinez Jean , Lamaty Frederic 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHorner—Wadsworth—Emmons reaction of phosphonate (I) with aldehydes is successfully achieved in the presence of a mild carbonate base to give the (Z)‐isomers as sole or main products.
ChemInform Abstract: The Efficient Synthesis of Carbodiimides Using a Titanium Imido Complex.
Authors: Anderson James C. , Bou‐Moreno Rafael 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn addition to the synthesis of carbodiimides from titanium complex (I) and isocyanates in an optimized reaction time, a one‐pot two‐step preparation of ureas in high yields from these isocyanates is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Control of Product Selectivity by a Styrene Additive in Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C—H Arylation.
Authors: Hiroshima Shun , Matsumura Daiki , Kochi Takuya , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe selectivity in the mono‐ and disubstitution of acetophenones with aryl boronates (I) is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Heck/Cyanation: Synthesis of 3‐Cyanomethyloxindoles and Their Conversion to Spirooxoindoles.
Authors: Jaegli Stephanie , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Neuville Luc , Zhu Jieping 
Published: February 2011

Abstract3‐Alkyl‐3‐(cyanomethyl)oxindoles (III), (X) and (XIII), formed by title domino Heck—cyanation reaction, are converted to spirocyclic compounds containing at least two differently protected amino groups.
ChemInform Abstract: NaIO4/LiBr‐Mediated Aziridination of Olefins Using Chloramine‐T.
Authors: Karabal Pratibha U. , Chouthaiwale Pandurang V. , Shaikh Tanveer M. , Suryavanshi Gurunath , Sudalai Arumugam 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA mild protocol is developed which includes substoichiometric amounts of NaIO4 as the oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem SN2‐Michael Addition to Vinylogous Carbonates for the Stereoselective Construction of 2,3,3,5‐Tetrasubstituted Tetrahydrofurans.
Authors: Gharpure Santosh J. , Reddy S. Raja Bhushan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe process can be applied to the preparation of various highly substituted furan derivatives including the carbohydrates (XV)/(XVI).
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition of Alkynes, Acrylates and Isocyanates.
Authors: Ozawa Takuya , Horie Hiroaki , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn unprecedented type of [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition of alkynes (I), acrylates (II) and isocyanates (III) is described, affording γ‐butyrolactams (IV) and (V) as mixture of regioisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: An Organocatalytic [3 + 2] Cyclization Strategy for the Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirooxindoles.
Authors: Voituriez Arnaud , Pinto Nathalie , Neel Mathilde , Retailleau Pascal , Marinetti Angela 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPhosphine‐promoted [3 + 2] annulation reactions between electron‐poor allenes and 3‐arylidene indolin‐2‐ones afford a new organocatalytic strategy for the synthesis of the spirocyclic core of oxindolic cyclopentanes with almost perfect stereochemical control.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Copper‐Mediated 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Pyrazolidinone‐Based Dipoles to Terminal Alkynes to Produce N,N‐Bicyclic Pyrazolidinone Derivatives.
Authors: Oishi Takamichi , Yoshimura Kazuaki , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe simple copper complex acts as an effective precatalyst for the title reaction to produce the products with complete regioselectivity and high diastereoselectivity [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 1‐[3‐(3‐Fluorophenyl) [1,8]naphthyridin‐2‐yl] ‐3‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromenyl)‐1H‐4‐pyrazolecarbaldehydes Using Solid Support.
Authors: Mogilaiah K. , Prasad R. Shiva , Kumar K. Shiva 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe presented convenient synthesis includes a simple work‐up and exhibits excellent purity of the products.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Antiviral Triterpenes from Aster tataricus.
Authors: Zhou Wen Bing , Tao Jun Yan , Xu Hui Min , Chen Ke Li , Zeng Guang Zhi , Ji Chang Jiu , Zhang Yu Mei , Tan Ning Hua 
Published: February 2011

AbstractShionane‐type triterpenes (I) and (II) are isolated from the title herb which is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cough.
ChemInform Abstract: Applanatines A (Ia)—E (IV) from the Culture Broth of Ganoderma applanatum.
Authors: Fushimi Keiji , Horikawa Madoka , Suzuki Suzuki , Sekiya Atsushi , Kanno Susumu , Shimura Susumu , Kawagishi Hirokazu 
Published: February 2011

Abstractpreliminary studies concerning the antibiotic activity
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Ethyl (.+‐.)‐(13,15‐Dideoxy)‐16‐methyl‐9‐oxoprosta‐13(E,Z),15(E)‐dienoate
Authors: Vostrikov N. S. , Loza V. V. , Ivanova N. A. , Miftakhov M. S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstractby Wittig reaction of aldehyde (II) with ylide derived from phosphonium bromide (III)
ChemInform Abstract: Probing the Size Effect of Co2FeGa—SiO2@C Nanocomposite Particles Prepared by a Chemical Approach.
Authors: Felser Claudia , et al. et al. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe title nanocomposite particles are prepared by addition of silica spheres to a dispersion of Fe(NO3)3, CoCl2, and Ga(NO3)3 in MeOH followed by sonication for 1 h and annealing at 850 °C for 5 h under flowing H2.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, in vitro Antiproliferative and anti‐HIV Activity of New Derivatives of 2‐Piperazino‐1,3‐benzo[d]thiazoles.
Authors: Al‐Soud Yaseen A. , Al‐Sa'doni Haitham H. , Saber Sadeekah O. W. , Al‐Shaneek Reem H. M. , Al‐Masoudi Najim A. , Loddo R. , La Colla P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAmong a variety of title derivatives which are evaluated for antiproliferative activity against a large panel of human tumor‐derived cell lines compounds (I) are the most potent analogues in the series, showing remarkable effects on human splenic B‐lymphoblastoid cells (WIL‐2NS) and human acute B‐lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF‐SB).
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrazoles as Promising Scaffold for the Synthesis of Antiinflammatory and/or Antimicrobial Agent
Authors: Bekhit Adnan A. , Hymete Ariaya , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din A. , Damtew Ashenafi , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractReview: 85 refs.
Droplet Swarm Analysis by Image Processing for Simulation of Extraction Columns with Population Balances
Authors: Mickler Matthias , Didas Stephan , Jaradat Moutassem , Attarakih Menwer , Bart Hans‐Jörg 
Published: February 2011

AbstractModerne Methoden auf Basis von Tropfenpopulationsbilanzen erlauben eine schnelle und präzise Berechnung von wichtigen Größen in der Extraktionskolonne. Die Ansätze zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung der Experimente mit Simulationen und Abweichungen im Sauter‐Durchmesser d32 von unter 5 % (Rührkessel 450 mm) und 7 – 12 % (Kolonne 450 mm). Mit Hilfe optischer Messtechnik werden Tropfenschwärme transient untersucht. Die Grenze der optischen Durchlichtmesstechnik liegt bei einer Konzentration von 16 – 20 %, im Auflicht ist eine Konzentration von > 30 % möglich. Die Analyse der Tropfenabbildungen erfolgt mit Hilfe der Bildalgorithmen Distanztransformation und Wasserscheiden‐Segmentierung.
Prototype implementation of adaptive beamforming‐MIMO OFDMA system based on IEEE 802.16e WMAN standard and its experimental results
Authors: Chung Jaeho , Yun Yusuk , Choi Seungwon 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper details the downlink performance analysis of a MIMO (Multi‐Input Multi‐Output) system that combines adaptive beamforming (ABF) and spatial multiplexing (SM) procedures. The combination of MIMO signal processing with ABF is applied to WiBro (Wireless Broadband), the South Korean orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system that follows the IEEE 802.16e standard. Performance analysis is based on the results of experiments and simulations obtained from a prototype system implementation and fixed‐point simulator. Both the prototype experiments and simulations demonstrate that the ABF‐MIMO OFDMA system improves the required signal to noise ratio (SNR) over the conventional MIMO OFDMA system by 3 dB (QPSK)/2.5 dB (16‐QAM) for the frame error rate of 1% in the WiBro signal environments. From the implementation of the prototype system and its experimental results, we verify the feasibility of the ABF‐MIMO technology for realizing a practical WiBro base station. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facilitated intracellular transport of TrkA by an interaction with nerve growth factor
Authors: Nomura Mami , Nagai Takeharu , Harada Yoshie , Tani Tomomi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIntracellular transport of neurotrophin receptors together with neurotrophins is one of the key events of neurotrophin signaling for the growth and the survival of neurons. However, the involvement of neurotrophin signaling in the regulation of intracellular transport of neurotrophin receptors has been remained unclear. We visualized the behavior of TrkA, a receptor of nerve growth factor (NGF), by labeling with GFP in PC12 cells. We found remarkable changes of the behavior of TrkA‐GFP upon the application of NGF. Before the application, only ∼37% of the fluorescent dots of TrkA showed translocations along neurites of PC12 cells. After the application, number of the dots showing the directional movement increased to ∼65%. The averaged velocities of the directional movement of TrkA‐GFP dots became higher after the application of NGF. We tested the idea whether NGF binding accelerated the translocations of TrkA by simultaneously observing TrkA‐GFP and fluorescently labeled NGF, Cy3.5‐NGF. The velocity of TrkA‐GFP dots associated with Cy3.5‐NGF was remarkably higher than that of TrkA‐GFP dots without Cy3.5‐NGF. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that there is a signaling mechanism within a single vesicle that facilitates the intracellular transport of each vesicle containing the activated TrkA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 634–649, 2011
Facultative stem cells in liver and pancreas: Fact and fancy
Authors: Yanger Kilangsungla , Stanger Ben Z. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTissue turnover is a regular feature of higher eukaryotes, either as part of normal wear and tear (homeostasis) or in response to injury (regeneration). Cell replacement is achieved either through replication of existing cells or differentiation from a self‐renewing pool of stem cells. The major distinction regards cellular potential, because stem cells by definition have a capacity to differentiate, while replication implies that cells adopt a single fate under physiologic conditions. A hybrid model, the facultative stem cell (FSC) model, posits that tissues contain cells that normally exhibit unipotency but have the capacity to function as stem cells upon injury. The FSC paradigm is well established in urodele amphibians, but the nature and role of FSCs in mammals is less defined. Here, we review the evidence for FSCs in two mammalian organs, the liver and the pancreas, and discuss alternative models that could account for regeneration in these organs. Developmental Dynamics 240:521–529, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.