bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Security and Public Anxiety: Our Changing Perceptions
Authors: Dearlove Sir Richard 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the changing perceptions on national security and civic anxiety. During the Cold War and its aftermath, security was rather a simple and straightforward issue. The countries knew their enemies, where they are and the threats they presented. On the event that, the enemies's secrets were unknown, probing techniques were employed to determine the weaknesses of the enemy. This formulaic situation which seeped through in to the twenty-first century left little room for innovation. In fact, in some countries, security maintained at the Cold War levels despite criticisms that new and emerging national security threats should be addressed at a new level. Of the powerful nations, America maintained the role of a world policeman and adapted its national security priorities according to its perception of a new series of strategic threats; however these new security strategies were without a sense of urgency. However, the perception of global threats and national security radically changed in the event of the 9/11 attack. The sleeping national security priorities of America came to a full force which affected the national security priorities of other nations as well. In the twenty-first globalized world, no conflict remains a regional clash. The reverberations of the Russian military action in Georgia, the Israeli intervention in Gaza, and the results of the attacks in Mumbai resonates loudly and rapidly through the wider international security system. While today, nations continue to seek new methods for addressing new security threats, the paradox of the national security policy is that nation-states have lost their exclusive grip of their own security at a time when the private citizens are assailed by increased fears for their own security and demand a more enhanced safety from the state. Nation-states have been much safer from large-scale violence, however there exists a strong sense of anxiety about the lack of security in the face of multiplicity of threats. Nations have been largely dependent on international coordinated action to achieve their important national security objectives. National policies and security theory lack precision. In addition, the internationalization of national security has eroded the distinction between domestic and foreign security. These blurring lines suggest that the understanding of national security is still at the height of transformations.
The Sources and Methods of Intelligence Studies
Authors: Wirtz James J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
“Sources and methods” is a term often used to describe the practice of intelligence collection and analysis. Intelligence sources and the nature of information obtained vary. Intelligence sources may include information obtained from espionage, images obtained by satellites, intercepted communications, and publicly available media reporting. The nature of information may vary, from purloined documents to the “signature” of a ship's radar. The term “methods,” which is synonymous with “tradecraft,” pertains to the techniques used by operations officers and analysts to carry out their duties. Methods may include social-science methodologies, computer-based analytic tools, maintaining secretive communications, and so on. Intelligence agencies worldwide strive to protect their “sources and methods” because they are crucial to the success of ongoing and future operations and analysis, and a, comprise of the ways they collect and analyze information can give opponents a keen appreciation of their overall capabilities and interests. In the advent of globalization, the barriers are dissolved between foreign and domestic violence activities, including the ways local and national law enforcement and intelligence agencies work. Distinctions between private and public interests and entities are also blurred as activities in the public and private sphere interact to shape domestic and international threats. Apart from globalization, the advent of information revolution has also changed the practice and study of intelligence. Policymakers, analysts, and scholars are now confronted with a torrent of data and information as well as the virtual realities of “cyberspace.” New collective workspaces, which are empowered by the advancement in communication and computer technologies, are also creating new opportunities for collaboration. This article discusses three emerging topics in the study and practice of intelligence in such a way to illustrate the emerging sources and methods of intelligence studies. These new emerging topics are: the intelligence for homeland security, the concept of collective intelligence, and the application of intelligence and warning methodologies to mitigate risk.
The Rise and Fall of the CIA
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The Central Intelligence System was founded in 1947. Its rise was the result of the adoption of a doctrine on central intelligence. Once established, the agency achieved ascendancy in the intelligence community, acquired reputation for its successful covert operations, and developed an effective U.S. analytical capability. The agency became one of the most reputed institutions in the government circle and became the icon of American culture. However, the rise of the CIA was not devoid of failures. In the early twenty-first century, the CIA lost its former high standing. This fall of the CIA may be traced to a number of setbacks and difficulties such as: the Bay of Pigs disaster that failed to liberate Cuba from communism; the disclosures about its assassination policy, manipulation of intelligence, and malpractices; and the failure to predict the 9/11 attack and the creation of weapons of mass destruction. This article discusses the rise and fall of the CIA from its founding in 1947 to its golden years in the 1950s and to its troubled years in the 1960s. The article also discusses some of the revelations on the CIA which shocked the American nation. It also discusses the victory of the CIA during the Cold War and the reforms undertaken by the agency following the Aldrich Ames incident and following the many criticisms hurtled against the agency. The article concludes with the declining ascendancy of the CIA. The decline of the CIA rested in the agency's loss of standing. It had relinquished its ascendancy over and its independence within the intelligence community. While its capabilities remained, it is a fallen agency in the sense that its analyses now fell on unsympathetic ears.
British Strategic Intelligence and the Cold War
Authors: Scott Len 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Strategic intelligence was a term developed by the early pioneers of “classical intelligence theory” in the United States who combined their academic perspectives with active involvement in the development of the American intelligence community. The term entered the lexicon of intelligence studies in the United States while in Britain, the pioneering academic studies of intelligence made only fleeting reference to them. While there is an informed debate and a degree of openness on the issues of intelligence in the United States, Britain tackled the lessons of intelligence within the narrow walls of Whitehall. This article is a survey of the themes and issues in the study of British strategic intelligence. It discusses the evolution of the British strategic intelligence and intelligence historiography during the Cold War. It also discusses how British strategic intelligence coped with the war within the context of Whitehall and the Joint Intelligence Committee.
Competitive Analysis: Techniques for Better Gauging Enemy Political Intentions and Military Capabilities
Authors: Russell Richard L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article reviews the calls for competitive analysis from outside reviews of American intelligence performances. It evaluates the major competitive analytic techniques and some of the efforts by the American intelligence community in putting them to practice. The article also discusses the difficult bureaucratic, intellectual, cultural, and human collection hurdles that can pose a constraint on effective competitive analysis practices in the American intelligence community. The article concludes with some recommendations for better and competitive analysis under the auspices of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI).
Leadership in an Intelligence Organization: The Directors of Central Intelligence and the CIA
Authors: Robarge David 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
For over six decades, the directors of the Central Intelligence (DCI) and the directors of Central Intelligence Agency (DCIA) have headed the world's most important intelligence agency and, until 2005, overseen the most sophisticated, largest, and most productive set of intelligence services. The establishment of the position of the director and the CIA under the law in 1947 was aimed to help avoid the another Pearl Harbor attack by taking strategic intelligence functions from separate departments and elevating them to the national level. The director was to have been the only adviser to the president with the institutional capability of presenting him with unbiased and non-departmental intelligence. The phrases in the National Security Act, however, only gave the director the potential to be leader of the intelligence community. Whether a director came close to being one was a result of the interplay of politics, personalities, and world events. With the line of authority only over the CIA, the director depended upon his powers of bureaucratic persuasion and his political clout at the White House to be heard and heeded. This article focuses on the directors of Central Intelligence and their leadership role in the intelligence organization. It discusses the profiles of the directors, their impact, their leadership typology, and their successes as directors of the intelligence community.
The Challenges of Counterintelligence
Authors: Redmond Paul J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses counterintelligence and the challenges faced by the U.S. counterintelligence. The article begins by defining counterintelligence. Counterintelligence is the method of gathering information and performing activities to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassination conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations, or persons or their agents, or international terrorist organizations or activities. The discussion then proceeds to the various aspects of counterintelligence. It discusses counterintelligence as a counterespionage and as an asset validation. The third section discusses the purposes and techniques of running operations against the opposition in order to control their activities, misinform them, or get them to reveal their operational techniques and capabilities. The fourth section discusses counterintelligence as a tradecraft while the fifth section focuses on counterintelligence as a means for recruiting counterintelligence sources. The final section discusses the developing issues and challenges in counterintelligence.
Covert Action, Pentagon Style
Authors: Kibbe Jennifer D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUntil September 11, 2001, covert action has long been the province of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center have not only given Washington a new enemy but changed its conception of how to fight the enemy. The change in the conception of fighting the enemy led to the newfound emphasis on Special Operations Forces (SOF). And since 9/11, the SOF's resources have increased dramatically and SOF has become an increasingly important weapon in the U.S. national security arsenal. This article attempts to draw the disparate strands in covert action together while mapping the way forward for future research. It also discusses the nature of SOF and the various sources of confusion in analyzing them. It also discusses the myriad ways in which the SOF's size and authority have expanded since the September 11 attack and considers the different types of risks that are posed by the expansion. The article concludes with a discussion on the future directions that research in the field should take.
Covert Action: United States Law in Substance, Process, and Practice
Authors: Baker James E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article discusses covert action within the context of the U.S. law. The first section describes the main elements of the U.S. legal regime, including the definition of covert action and the “traditional activity” exceptions, the elements of a covert action finding, and the thresholds and requirements for congressional notification. The second section describes some of the significant limitations on the conduct of covert action. The third section discusses the nature of executive branch legal practice in this area of the law. And the last section draws conclusions about the role of national security law within the context of covert action.
Intelligence and the Law in the United Kingdom
Authors: Leigh Ian 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the legal framework within which security and intelligence agencies operate in the United Kingdom. It first discusses the legislative charters of the three main agencies. Following the discussion on the legislative charters of the Security Service (M15), the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or M16), and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the article discusses the accountability these three agencies to the ministers, Parliament, and the judiciary. The article concludes with a discussion on the significant impact of human rights standards upon the agencies's work and current and future trends.
The Politics of Intelligence Accountability
Authors: Hastedt Glenn 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Accountability is one of the core concepts in a democratic order. Accountability means to have an obligation to explain and justify one's actions. Contained within the straightforward obligation to explain and justify one's actions are a series interrelated sets of questions that transform the concept of accountability into a political question in which the targets of accountability, the standards employed, the identity of those making accountability judgments, and the purpose of the accountability inquiry are all contested. In short, they are political questions. This article discusses the various questions contained in the concept of accountability. It also examines how these questions relate to intelligence accountability. The article ends with a discussion on the resulting contextual and political nature of intelligence accountability.
Effect of the Coenzymes NAD(P)(H) in Straight‐Dough Breadmaking on Protein Properties and Loaf Volume
Authors: Joye Iris J. , Shang Jingya , Brijs Kristof , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzymes [NAD(P)(H)] are strong redox agents naturally present in wheat flour, and are indispensable cofactors in many redox reactions. Hence, it is not inconceivable that they affect gluten cross‐linking during breadmaking. We investigated the effect of increasing concentrations of NAD(P)(H) on gluten cross‐linking, dough properties, and bread volume using two flours of different breadmaking quality. Separate addition of the four nicotinamide coenzymes did not significantly affect mixograph properties. While addition of NAD+ hardly affected bread volume, supplementation with NADP(H) and NADH significantly decreased loaf volumes of breads made using flour of high breadmaking quality. Wheat flour incubation with NAD(P)H under anaerobic conditions increased wheat flour thiol content, while NAD(P)+ increased the extractability in SDS‐containing medium of the protein of the strong breadmaking flour. Based on the results, it was hypothesized that at least three reactions, competing for NAD(P)(H), occur during breadmaking that determine the final effect on protein, dough, and loaf properties. Next to coenzyme hydrolysis, the experiments pointed to coenzyme oxidation and NAD(P)(H) dependent redox reactions affecting protein properties.
Baking Gradients Cause Heterogeneity in Starch and Proteins in Pound Cake
Authors: Wilderjans E. , Kerckhofs G. , Lagrain B. , Brijs K. , Wevers M. , Delcour J. A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWe investigated the impact of temperature and moisture gradients on starch gelatinization and egg denaturation, and on protein extractabilities during cake baking. Differences in crumb structure in the center, top, and bottom zones of cake as measured with X‐ray microfocus‐computed tomography were successfully related to the moment at which starch gelatinized and protein aggregated during baking, which stiffened the cell walls. The temperature in the top and bottom zones of cake increased faster than in the center of the cake due to facilitated heat transfer. This resulted in lower water availability in top and bottom zones, leading to incomplete gelatinization of starch after baking in these zones. In the top zone, extended starch gelatinization and protein polymerization led to later cell wall formation, resulting in a broader cell size distribution. The bottom zone of cake reached the highest temperatures during baking with more substantial starch gelatinization and egg denaturation within the first 25 min of baking. During the final 20 min of baking, little if any change in gelatinization enthalpy and protein extractability was found due to the very low water availability in this region. The bottom zone of the crumb showed a broader cell wall size distribution, which was associated with more collapse. All in all, the results illustrate that cake crumb is not a homogeneous material.
Influence of pH on Structure and Function of Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) Protein Isolates
Authors: Abugoch Lilian E. , Martínez Nora E. , Añón María Cristina 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTStructural and functional properties of two amaranth protein isolates as a function of pH were studied. Isolates, A9 and A11, were obtained by alkaline extraction at pH 9 and 11, respectively. Gel filtration chromatograms of A9 and A11 showed similar profiles. The A11 isolate contained mainly albumins and globulins, and a small proportion of globulin‐P aggregates, suggesting the presence of species with a higher degree of denaturation compared to A9. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that A9 was characterized by two thermal transitions (65.8 and 98°C); A11 exhibited only a small endotherm (66.6°C) and a second, less defined one. DSC analysis of A9 at pH 2–4 did not show endotherms, but at pH 5, some protein structures were observed. A11 showed a greater degree of denaturation. FPLC results showed that the proteins in A9 are more folded and their conformation is closer to the native state than those in A11, which are more unfolded due to pH‐mediated denaturation, mainly in acid media. The surface hydrophobicity of the isolates in acid media was lower than in alkaline media. The fluorescence emission spectra of the isolates showed differences in acidic pH conditions. As expected, the highest solubility was at alkaline pH. The water‐holding capacity was similar for both isolates. The water‐imbibing capacity and speed of foaming was higher for A11 than for A9. In summary, intense pH treatment of amaranth isolates generated partial or total protein denaturation and differences in the functional properties.
Variation in Kernel Hardness and Associated Traits in U.S. Barley Breeding Lines
Authors: Nair S. , Ullrich S. E. , Blake T. K. , Cooper B. , Griffey C. A. , Hayes P. M. , Hole D. J. , Horsley R. D. , Obert D. E. , Smith K. P. , Muehlbauer G. J. , Baik B.‐K. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTKernel hardness is an important trait influencing postharvest handling, processing, and food product quality in cereal grains. Though well‐characterized in wheat, the basis of kernel hardness is still not completely understood in barley. Kernels of 959 barley breeding lines were evaluated for hardness using the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS). Barley lines exhibited a broad range of hardness index (HI) values at 30.1–91.9. Distribution of kernel diameter and weight were 1.7–2.9 mm and 24.9–53.7 mg, respectively. The proportion of hull was 10.2–20.7%. From the 959 breeding lines, 10 hulled spring barley lines differing in HI values (30.1–91.2) were selected to study the associations of HI with proportion of hull, kernel weight, diameter, vitreousness, protein, β‐glucan, and amylose content. Vitreousness, evaluated visually using a light box, showed a clear distinction between hard and soft kernels. Hard kernels appeared translucent, while soft kernels appeared opaque when illuminated from below on the light box. Kernel brightness (L*), determined as an indicator of kernel vitreousness, showed a significant negative correlation (r = –0.83, P < 0.01) with HI. Protein, β‐glucan, amylose content, proportion of hull, kernel weight, and diameter did not show any significant association with HI.
Variations in NHL Attendance: The Impact of Violence, Scoring, and Regional Rivalries
Authors: Paul Rodney J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn recent years the National Hockey League (NHL) has put policies in place to boost attendance. Specifically, these changes have been to curb violence, increase scoring, and move to an unbalanced schedule featuring more games against regional rivals. This research looks at variations in game‐to‐game attendance in the NHL, focusing on these policy changes. It is found that violence, specifically fighting, tends to attract fans in large numbers across the United States and Canada. Surprisingly, increases in scoring, ceteris paribus, tend to depress attendance. The change in scheduling by the NHL, however, has been a success, with divisional rivals increasing attendance in U.S. cities and additional contests against other Canadian teams increasing attendance in Canada.
Noise and the Trading Mechanism: the Case of SETS
Authors: Chelley‐Steeley Patricia 
Published: September 2010

Abstract On 20 October 1997 the London Stock Exchange introduced a new trading system called SETS. This system was to replace the dealer system SEAQ, which had been in operation since 1986. Using the iterative sum of squares test introduced by Inclan and Tiao (1994), we investigate whether there was a change in the unconditional variance of opening and closing returns, at the time SETS was introduced. We show that for the FTSE‐100 stocks traded on SETS, on the days following its introduction, there was a widespread increase in the volatility of both opening and closing returns. However, no synchronous volatility changes were found to be associated with the FTSE‐100 index or FTSE‐250 stocks. We conclude therefore that the introduction of the SETS trading mechanism caused an increase in noise at the time the system was introduced.