bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropometric Measurements of the hand length and their correlation with the Stature of Bengali adult Muslim females
Authors: Laila Syeda Zamila Hasan , Ferdousi Roxana , Nurunnobi ABM , Islam ATM Shafiqul , Holy Syeda Zamila Hosen , Yesmin Farzana 
Published: August 2009

Context: Stature or body height is one of the most important and useful anthropometric parameter that determine the physical identity of an individual. The study was done to estimate stature from the hand length on one hundred and fifty Bengali adult Muslim females. Study design: descriptive cross sectional study. Place of Study: department of Anatomy, BSMMU, Dhaka. Material: One hundred and fifty Bengali adult Muslim female was collected from BSMMU & some urban region of Dhaka. Method: Measurement of stature and hand length of right and left side was taken with a standard anthropometer and a slide caliper respectively. Result: The present study showed significant (p<0.001) positive correlation between the stature and hand lengths. Key words: anthrpometric measurement, hand length. doi: 10.3329/bja.v7i1.3010 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2009, Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 10-13
Morphological Study of the Kidney in Relation to Age
Authors: Khatun Hamida , Sultana Zakia , Islam Nur-A-Farhana , Kibria GM , Chy Tawfiq-E-Elahi 
Published: August 2009

Objective: The study was done to standardize the morphological data of kidney in relation to the age of person. Materials and methods: The study was done on kidneys collected from 50 postmortem cases, age from 11 years to 80 years, during the period of July 2005 to December 2005 in the department of Anatomy, M.A.G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. Kidneys were collected with legal permissions from the authority in charge of the morgue of Forensic Medicine department of M.A.G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. Among the cases 32 were male and 18 female. The kidneys were fixed in 10% formosaline. The weight, length, breadth and thickness were recorded. Result: Data were collected in 3 groups, lower age (11- 25 years), middle age (26-40 years) and higher age (41-80 years) groups. The mean weights of the kidney in 3 groups were found as 88.53 gm, 95.25 gm and 91.62 gm respectively. Similarly the mean lengths were recorded as 8.12 cm, 9.12 cm and 8.73 cm. the mean breadth were 4.46 cm, 4.31 cm and 3.58 cm. the mean thickness in these three groups were 1.72 cm, 2.19 cm and 1.48 cm respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the gross values of different dimensions of the kidney, except the breadth, increases up to the age of 40 years. With further advance of age they are gradually decreased. The breadth was found greater in lower age group. Key words: Morphology of kidney, age doi: 10.3329/bja.v7i1.3012 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2009, Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 19-21
Position of Vermiform Appendix: A Postmortem Study
Authors: Paul Uttam Kumar , Naushaba Humaira , Begum Tahmina , Alamq Md Jahangir , Alim Afshan Jesmin , Akther Jesmin 
Published: August 2009

Context: Vermiform appendix is an organ with immunological function in the abdominal cavity which is variable in position and length. It is important in different disease processes, such as appendicitis, carcinoma and diverticulitis. Appendicitis is the most important clinical condition. Appropriate anatomical knowledge about vermiform appendix is important for surgeons, pathologists and other physicians for proper diagnosis and management of appendicitis and carcinoma. Study design: Descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2006 to June 2007. Materials and methods: Sixty (60) human postmortem vermiform appendix, age ranging from 0 to 65 years. Samples were observed in situ in the unclaimed dead bodies within 24 hours of death. Results: Retrocaecal position was highest (65%) followed by pelvic (31.7%) and post ileal (3.3%). Subcaecal and pre ileal varieties were not found. Conclusion: To establish a data for Bangladeshi people, future studies are necessary by using larger sample size from different age and sex groups. To determine position of vermiform appendix, sonological studies are also recommended. Key words: position, vermiform appendix doi: 10.3329/bja.v7i1.3015 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2009, Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 34-36
Cadaveric Length of Trachea in Bangladeshi Adult Male
Authors: Begum Tahmina , Naushaba Humaira , Alam Jahangir , Paul Uttam Kumar , Alim Afshan Jesmin , Akter Jesmin , Ahmed Ruksana 
Published: August 2009

Context: Anatomical knowledge about length of trachea is essential for anesthetists, surgeons, radiologists & sonologists. In anesthetic procedure, the knowledge of the length of trachea helps to select correct sizes of endotracheal tubes. Study Design: A descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2006 to June 2007. Materials: 47 trachea of Bangladeshi adult male, age ranged from 20 to 58 years within 24 hours after death which were autopsied in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Method: The collected samples were divided into four age groups, ranged from 20 to 58 years and comparative studies were done between different age groups. Result: The length of trachea increased with advancing age. The values showed positive correlation with age & statistically was highly significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: In the present study the length of the trachea increased with the increasing age. Further study with large sample size is required to make standard data for Bangladeshi adult male. Key words: Trachea, Length. doi: 10.3329/bja.v7i1.3024 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2009, Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 42-44
Effects of Insulin treated Established Diabetes Mellitus (EDM) on the Volume of Placental Parenchyma and Weight of the Neonate
Authors: Chowdhury AHMM Mawla , Anwar Selina , Begum Meherunnessa , Eva K Nahid , Shahnaz Fahmida 
Published: August 2009

Taking in mind the effects of diabetes mellitus of varying severity on human placenta and their implication on the well being of the fetus, a quantitative study at the macroscopic level was designed. Sixty post caesarean section human placentas were studied of which thirty were from mothers having insulin treated established diabetes mellitus (EDM) considered as EDM group and thirty were from control mother having no diabetes mellitus. The venous plasma glucose level (fasting and two hours after breakfast) of the diabetic mothers in second and third trimester were recorded and the mean of the values were calculated. The value ranged from 5.93 to 10.10 and the mean was 7.28±0.90. The two groups did not differ significantly from each other with age, weight, height, or parity of the mother or in gestational age. Parenchymal volume in control and EDM group were 300.14±75.43 and 309.25±61.64 respectively. The value showed higher mean value in EDM group. The differences did not reach a significant level. The neonatal weight in control and EDM group were 2.95±0.53 and 3.05±0.52 respectively. The neonate did show a tendency towards being heavier in EDM group, but no reached the significant level. There was a significant positive correlation between the neonatal weight and the parenchymal volume in control and EDM groups. Key words: Established Diabetes Mellitus, Placenta, Parenchyma, Neonates. doi: 10.3329/bja.v7i1.3025 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2009, Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 45-48
Morphological Changes of Placenta in Preeclampsia
Authors: Kishwara Segupta , Ara Shamim , Rayhan Khandaker Abu , Begum Mahamuda 
Published: August 2009

Context: Preeclampsia is regarded as a risk factor in pregnancy and it leads to placental insufficiency. This, in turn causes both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The present study intends to compare the morphological changes of placenta in preeclampsia with that of normal placenta. Study design: A descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from August 2005 to June 2006. Materials: 60 human placentae, 30 were from normal pregnant women as control and 30 from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia were taken for this study. Method: Samples were grouped as Group A and Group B on the basis of presence or absence of preeclampsia. All samples were studied morphologically. Result: Different shapes of placenta were found with some having accessory lobes in both groups. There was significant reduction (p< 0.001) in diameter and volume of placenta in Group B. The thickness of placenta was reduced in Group B but the difference did not reach a significant level. The number of cotyledon was significantly reduced in Group B (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the preeclamptic placentae underwent definite morphological changes. These changes seemed to be the result of insufficiency of placenta in preeclampsia. However, further histological and morphometric placental study in a larger sample has to be conducted to come up with a conclusive decision. Key Words: Placenta, Preeclampsia, Morphology. doi: 10.3329/bja.v7i1.3026 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2009, Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 49-54
Synovial Tissue Sublining CD68 Expression Is a Biomarker of Therapeutic Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials: Consistency Across Centers
Authors: BRESNIHAN BARRY , PONTIFEX ELIZA , THURLINGS ROGIER M. , VINKENOOG MARJOLEIN , EL-GABALAWY HANI , FEARON URSULA , FITZGERALD OLIVER , GERLAG DANIELLE M. , ROONEY TERENCE , van de SANDE MARLEEN G. , VEALE DOUGLAS , VOS KOEN , TAK PAUL-PETER 
Published: August 2009

Objective.To determine whether the correlation between the mean change in disease activity and the mean change in synovial sublining (sl) CD68 expression could be demonstrated across different academic centers.Methods.Synovial biopsies obtained at arthroscopy from patients with rheumatoid arthritis before and 160 days after rituximab therapy were selected and coded. Paired sections were processed independently at Amsterdam Medical Center (AMC) and at St. Vincent’s University Hospital (SVUH), Dublin. Digital image analysis (DIA) was employed at both centers to quantify sublining CD68 expression.Results.After analysis of CD68sl expression at centers in 2 different countries, high levels of intracenter and intercenter agreement were observed. For the pooled sections stained at AMC, the correlation between 2 investigators was R = 0.942, p = 0.000, and for sections stained at SVUH, R = 0.899, p = 0.001. Similarly, the intracenter correlations for ΔCD68sl expression after treatment were R = 0.998, p = 0.000, for sections stained at AMC and R = 0.880, p = 0.000, for sections stained at SVUH. The intercenter correlation for the pooled scores of sections stained at AMC was R = 0.85, p = 0.000, and for the sections stained at SVUH, R = 0.62, p = 0.001. The consistent correlation between ΔDAS (Disease Activity Score) and ΔCD68sl expression across different studies (Pearson correlation = 0.895, p < 0.001) was confirmed. The standardized response mean values for ΔCD68sl, calculated from analyses at both AMC and SVUH, were consistently 0.5 or greater, indicating a moderate to high potential to detect change.Conclusion.The correlation between mean ΔDAS and mean ΔCD68sl expression was confirmed across 2 centers. Examination of serial biopsy samples can be used reliably to screen for interesting biological effects at the site of inflammation at an early stage of drug development.
Type I Interferon (IFNα) Acts Directly on Human Memory CD4+ T Cells Altering Their Response to Antigen
Authors: Gallagher Kathleen M. E. , Lauder Sarah , Rees Ian W. , Gallimore Awen M. , Godkin Andrew J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Despite its use widely as a therapeutic agent, and proposed use as vaccine adjuvant, the effect of IFNα on T cell function is poorly understood. As a pleiotropic innate cytokine produced rapidly in response to pathogens, it is well placed to impinge on specific immune responses. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of IFNα on the function of human memory CD4+ T cells using the recall Ags purified protein derivative, tetanus toxoid, and hemagglutinin. IFNα administered either in vivo or added exogenously in vitro tended to enhance proliferative responses of purified protein derivative-specific T cells in marked contrast to the other cognate populations whose responses were often diminished. Purifying the memory CD4+CD45RO+ T cells confirmed IFNα acted directly on these cells and not via an intermediate. The T cells could be divided into two broad categories depending on how IFNα effected their responses to cognate Ag: 1) enhanced proliferation and a striking increase in IFNγ-production compared with smaller increases in IL-10 (increased ratio of IFNγ:IL-10), and 2) neutral or diminished proliferation coupled with a smaller increase in IFNγ relative to the increase in IL-10 (reduced IFNγ:IL-10 ratio). IFNα has a role in modifying memory T cell responses when they are exposed to cognate Ag and may be important in vaccination strategies designed to augment particular Th memory responses.
Mast Cells Down-Regulate CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cell Suppressor Function via Histamine H1 Receptor Interaction
Authors: Forward Nicholas A. , Furlong Suzanne J. , Yang Yongjun , Lin Tong-Jun , Hoskin David W. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Mast cells promote both innate and acquired immune responses, but little is known about the effect of mast cells on T regulatory (Treg) cell function. In this study, we show for the first time that the capacity of murine CD4+CD25+ Treg cells to suppress in vitro proliferation by CD4+CD25− T responder (Tresp) cells in response to anti-CD3/anti-CD28 mAb-coated beads was reduced in the presence of syngeneic bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) activated by FcεR cross-linking. Activated BMMC culture supernatants or exogenous histamine also inhibited Treg cell suppressor function while the histamine H1 receptor-specific antagonist loratadine, but not the H2 receptor-specific antagonist famotidine, restored Treg cell suppressor function in the presence of activated BMMC or activated BMMC culture supernatants. Moreover, treatment of Treg cells with loratadine, but not famotidine, rescued Treg cell suppressor function in the presence of exogenous histamine. In addition, the H1 receptor-specific agonist 2-pyridylethylamine dihydrochloride inhibited Treg cell suppressor function to an extent that was comparable to histamine, whereas the H2 receptor-specific agonist amthamine dihydrobromide was without effect. Both Treg cells and Tresp cells expressed H1 receptors. Exposure to histamine caused Treg cells to express lower levels of CD25 and the Treg cell-specific transcription factor Foxp3. Taken together, these data indicate that BMMC-elaborated histamine inhibited Treg cell suppressor function by signaling through the H1 receptor. We suggest that histamine released as a result of mast cell activation by microbial products might cause a transient decrease in Treg cell suppressor function, thereby enhancing the development of protective immunity.
Differential Activation and Regulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 by CXCL8 Monomer and Dimer
Authors: Nasser Mohd W. , Raghuwanshi Sandeep K. , Grant Delores J. , Jala Venkatakrishna R. , Rajarathnam Krishna , Richardson Ricardo M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCXCL8 (also known as IL-8) activates CXCR1 and CXCR2 to mediate neutrophil recruitment and trigger cytotoxic effect at sites of infection. Under physiological conditions, CXCL8 could exist as monomers, dimers, or a mixture of monomers and dimers. Therefore, both forms of CXCL8 could interact with CXCR1 and CXCR2 with different affinities and potencies to mediate different cellular responses. In the present study, we have used a “trapped” nonassociating monomer (L25NMe) and a nondissociating dimer (R26C) to investigate their activities for human neutrophils that express both receptors and for RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing either CXCR1(RBL-CXCR1) or CXCR2 (RBL-CXCR2). The monomer was more active than the dimer for activities such as intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, chemotaxis. and exocytosis. Receptor regulation, however, is distinct for each receptor. The rate of monomer-mediated regulation of CXCR1 is greater for activities such as phosphorylation, desensitization, β-arrestin translocation, and internalization. In contrast, for CXCR2, both monomeric and dimeric CXCL8 mediate these activities to a similar extent. Interestingly, receptor-mediated signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in response to all three CXCL8 variants was more sustained for CXCR2 relative to CXCR1. Taken together, the results indicate that the CXCL8 monomer and dimer differentially activate and regulate CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. These distinct properties of the ligand and the receptors play a critical role in orchestrating neutrophil recruitment and eliciting cytotoxic activity during an inflammatory response.
A TLR2 Agonist in German Cockroach Frass Activates MMP-9 Release and Is Protective against Allergic Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Page Kristen , Ledford John R. , Zhou Ping , Wills-Karp Marsha 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The role of TLR2 in modulating experimentally induced asthma is not fully understood. We recently identified that German cockroach (GC) frass contains a TLR2 ligand allowing us to investigate the role of a TLR2 agonist in a complex real world allergen in mediating allergic airway inflammation. GC frass exposure significantly increased airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and serum IgE levels in wild-type mice; however the same exposure in TLR2-deficient mice resulted in greatly exaggerated serum IgE and eosinophilia but diminished airway neutrophilia, suggesting a protective role for TLR2. Since GC frass inhalation usually induces airway neutrophilia, we queried the effect of neutrophil depletion on airway responses. Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment into the airways of naive wild-type mice before intratracheal inhalation of GC frass resulted in significantly increased levels of serum IgE and eosinophilia. Neutrophils are a rich source of MMP-9, and we found that MMP-9 levels were significantly increased in the airways of mice following exposure to GC frass. Importantly the levels of MMP-9 were significantly decreased in neutrophil-depleted and TLR2-deficient mice after exposure to GC frass, suggesting that TLR2 regulated MMP-9 release from neutrophils. Functionally, MMP-9-deficient mice had more acute allergic inflammation than wild-type mice, suggesting that MMP-9 was protective against experimentally induced asthma. These data suggest that TLR2 activation of neutrophils leads to release of MMP-9 which decreases allergic responses to GC frass. This suggests a protective role for TLR2 activation and MMP-9 release in the context of experimentally induced asthma in mice.
Sensing of toxic metals through pH changes using a hybrid sorbent material: Concept and experimental validation
Authors: Chatterjee Prasun K. , Sengupta Arup K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article reports a new hybrid sorbent material that is capable of detecting trace concentration of toxic metals, such as zinc, lead, copper, nickel, etc., through pH changes only. The material is essentially a composite granular material synthesized through rapid fusion of a mixture of amorphous hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) and akermanite or calcium magnesium silicate (Ca2MgSi2O7). When a water sample is rapidly passed through a mini‐column containing this hybrid material, effluent pH at the exit always remains alkaline (≈9.0) because of slow hydrolysis of akermanite and steady release of hydroxyl (OH−) ions. This exit solution turns pink through the addition of a phenolphthalein indicator. Commonly encountered electrolytes containing sodium, calcium, chloride, and sulfate have no impact on the exit pH from the mini‐column. However, when trace concentration of a heavy metal (say lead) is present in the sample water, a considerable drop in pH (>2 units) is observed for the exiting solution. At this point, the solution turns colorless through the addition of a phenolphthalein indicator. Moreover, the change in the slope of pH, i.e., −dpH/dBV, provides a sharp, noticeable peak for each toxic metal where BV is the bed volumes of solution fed. The technique allowed detection of zinc and lead through pH swings in synthesized samples, spiked Bethlehem City water, and also in Lehigh River water in the presence of phosphate and natural organic matter (NOM). Using a simple preconcentration technique, lower than 10 μg/l of lead was detected with a significant peak. From a mechanistic viewpoint, high sorption affinity of HFO surface sites toward toxic metal cations, ability of akermanite to maintain near‐constant alkaline pH for a prolonged period through slow hydrolysis and labile metal‐hydroxy complex formation causing dissipation of OH− ions from the aqueous phase provide a synergy that allows detection of toxic metals at concentrations well below 100 μg/l through pH changes. Nearly all previous investigations pertaining to toxic metals sensing use metal‐selective enzymes or organic chromophores. This simple‐to‐operate technique using an inexpensive hybrid material may find widespread applications in the developing world for rapid detection of toxic metals through pH changes. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Revisiting the “midtarsal break”
Authors: DeSilva Jeremy M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe midtarsal break was first described in this journal nearly 75 years ago to explain the ability of non‐human primates to lift their heel independently of the rest of the foot. Since the initial description of the midtarsal break, the calcaneocuboid joint has been assumed to be the anatomical source of this motion. Recently, however, it has been suggested that the midtarsal break may occur at the cuboid‐metatarsal joint, rather than at the calcaneocuboid joint. Data compiled from X‐rays, dissections, manual manipulation of living primate feet, video of captive catarrhines, and osteological specimens concur that the midtarsal break is a complex motion caused by dorsiflexion at both joints with the cuboid‐metatarsal joint contributing roughly 2/3 of total midfoot dorsiflexion, and the calcaneocuboid joint only about 1/3 of total midfoot dorsiflexion. The convexity of the proximal articular surface of the fourth and fifth metatarsals and corresponding concave cuboid facets provide skeletal correlates for the presence of midfoot dorsiflexion at the cuboid‐metatarsal joint. Study of hominin metatarsals from Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus, Homo erectus, and the metatarsals and a cuboid from the OH 8 foot show little capacity for dorsiflexion at the cuboid‐metatarsal joint. These results suggest that hominins may have already evolved a stable midfoot region well adapted for the push‐off phase of bipedalism by at least 3.2 million years ago. These data illuminate the evolution of the longitudinal arch and show further evidence of constraints on the arboreal capacity in early hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.