bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fizkul'tura Generation: Modernizing Lifestyles in Early Soviet Russia
Authors: Grant Susan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe creation of the New Soviet Person was a constant concern of the Bolsheviks and this concern manifested itself in physical culture as well as in other areas. The desire to sweep away the cobwebs of the old system and replace these with the new Soviet culture infected and infused the political, social and cultural discourse. Physical culture, as this paper shows, was a vital element in the overall attempt to help construct the new society and new person. By offering its people a lifestyle reflective of Soviet ideals, physical culture had the potential to help construct a new generation of Soviet citizens.
Functional Adaptive Sequential Testing
Authors: Bergsma Jacob , MacLeod Donald , Vul Edward 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe study of cognition, perception, and behavior often requires the estimation of thresholds as a function of continuous independent variables (e.g., contrast threshold as a function of spatial frequency, subjective value as a function of reward delay, tracking speed as a function of the number of objects tracked). Unidimensional adaptive testing methods make estimation of single threshold values faster and more efficient, but substantial efficiency can be further gained by taking into account the relationship between thresholds at different values of an independent variable. Here we present a generic method — functional adaptive sequential testing (FAST) — for estimating thresholds as a function of another variable. This method allows efficient estimation of parameters relating an independent variable (e.g., stimulus spatial frequency; or reward delay) to the measured threshold along a stimulus strength dimension (e.g., contrast; or present monetary value). We formally describe the FAST algorithm and introduce a Matlab toolbox implementation thereof; we then evaluate several possible sampling and estimation algorithms for such two-dimensional functions. Our results demonstrate that efficiency can be substantially increased by considering the functional relationship between thresholds at different values of the independent variable of interest.
The Effect of Displacement on Sensitivity to First- and Second-Order Global Motion in 5-year-olds and Adults
Authors:   Lee,   Lepore, Guilemot J.-P. ,   Lewis,   Ellemberg,   Maurer,   Ledgeway
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe compared the development of sensitivity to first-versus second-order global motion in 5-year-olds (n = 24) and adults (n = 24) tested at three displacements (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0°). Sensitivity was measured with Random–Gabor Kinematograms (RGKs) formed with luminance-modulated (first-order) or contrastmodulated (second-order) concentric Gabor patterns. Five-year-olds were less sensitive than adults to the direction of both first- and second-order global motion at every displacement tested. In addition, the immaturity was smallest at the smallest displacement, which required the least spatial integration, and smaller for first-order than for second-order global motion at the middle displacement. The findings suggest that the development of sensitivity to global motion is limited by the development of spatial integration and by different rates of development of sensitivity to first-versus second-order signals.
Testing the Egocentric Mirror-Rotation Hypothesis
Authors: Muelenz Cornelius , Gamer Matthias , Hecht Heiko 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAlthough observers know about the law of reflection, their intuitive understanding of spatial locations in mirrors is often erroneous. Hecht et al. (2005) proposed a two-stage mirror-rotation hypothesis to explain these misconceptions. The hypothesis involves an egocentric bias to the effect that observers behave as if the mirror surface were rotated by about 2° to be more orthogonal than is the case. We test four variants of the hypothesis, which differ depending on whether the virtual world, the mirror, or both are taken to be rotated. We devised an experimental setup that allowed us to distinguish between these variants. Our results confirm that the virtual world — and only the virtual world — is being rotated. Observers had to perform a localization task, using a mirror that was either fronto-parallel or rotated opposite the direction of the predicted effect. We were thus able to compensate for the effect. The positions of objects in mirrors were perceived in accordance with the erroneous conception that the virtual world behind the mirror is slightly rotated and that the reconstruction is based on the non-rotated fronto-parallel mirror. A covert rotation of the mirror by about 2° against the predicted effect was able to compensate for the placement error.
High-Temporal-Resolution Capabilities of the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased-Array Radar
Authors: Heinselman Pamela L. , Torres Sebastián M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Since 2007 the advancement of the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased-Array Radar (NWRT PAR) hardware and software capabilities has been supporting the implementation of high-temporal-resolution (∼1 min) sampling. To achieve the increase in computational power and data archiving needs required for high-temporal-resolution sampling, the signal processor was upgraded to a scalable, Linux-based cluster with a distributed computing architecture. The development of electronic adaptive scanning, which can reduce update times by focusing data collection on significant weather, became possible through functionality added to the radar control interface and real-time controller. Signal processing techniques were implemented to address data quality issues, such as artifact removal and range-and-velocity ambiguity mitigation, absent from the NWRT PAR at its installation. The hardware and software advancements described above have made possible the development of conventional and electronic scanning capabilities that achieve high-temporal-resolution sampling. Those scanning capabilities are sector- and elevation-prioritized scanning, beam multiplexing, and electronic adaptive scanning. Each of these capabilities and related sampling trade-offs are explained and demonstrated through short case studies.
Seamless Advective Blending of Total Precipitable Water Retrievals from Polar-Orbiting Satellites
Authors: Wimmers Anthony J. , Velden Christopher S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractConventional methods of viewing and combining retrieved geophysical fields from polar-orbiting satellites often complicate the work of end users because of the erratic time differences between overpasses, the significant time gaps between elements of a composite image, or simply the different requirements for interpretation between contributing instruments. However, it is possible to mitigate these issues for any number of retrieved quantities in which the tracer lifetime exceeds the sampling time. This paper presents a method that uses “advective blending” to create high-fidelity composites of data from polar-orbiting satellites at high temporal resolution, including a characterization of error as a function of time gap between satellite overpasses. The method is especially effective for tracers with lifetimes of longer than 7 h. Examples are presented using microwave-based retrievals of total precipitable water (TPW) over the ocean, from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) Morphed Integrated Microwave Imagery at CIMSS TPW product (MIMIC-TPW). The mean average error of a global 0.25° × 0.25° product at 1-h resolution is 0.5–2 mm, which is very reasonable for most applications.
Constraining the Sensitivity of Regional Climate with the Use of Historical Observations
Authors: Voulgarakis Apostolos , Shindell Drew T. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A novel method is presented for calculating how sensitive regional climate is to radiative forcings, based on global surface temperature observations. Forcings that originate in both the region of interest and outside of it are taken into account. It is found that the transient temperature sensitivity parameter (β, defined as the observed temperature response per unit forcing) can be better constrained for 50°S–25°N than for the rest of the globe. The average β in this region is 0.35°C (W m−2)−1. The models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) 1% yr−1 CO2 increase experiment exhibit a β in this region that, on average, is higher by 35%. The results show that for 50°S–25°N β may provide a more valuable constraint for model evaluation than global mean climate sensitivity.
Is There a Relationship between the SAM and Southwest Western Australian Winter Rainfall?
Authors: Feng Juan , Li Jianping , Li Yun 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Previous studies have raised the possibility that the recent decline in winter rainfall over southwest Western Australia (SWWA) is related to the concurrent upward trend in the southern annular mode (SAM). On the basis of an analysis of 60-yr (1948–2007) reanalysis and observed data, the authors suggest that the apparent inverse relationship between the SAM and SWWA winter rainfall (SWR) is caused by a single extreme year—1964. It is shown that both the negative and positive phases of the SAM have little impact on SWR in the case that data for 1964 are excluded from the analysis. In addition, for periods prior to and after 1964 in the case that data for 1964 are excluded, the apparent relationship between the SAM and SWR becomes insignificant, and the circulation anomalies with respect to SWR appear to be an SAM-like pattern for which the anomalies at high latitudes are not significant. The result indicates that the SAM does not significantly influence the winter rainfall over SWWA. Instead, the variation of SWR would be more closely linked to the variability in regional circulations.
Effects of Retrospective Gauge-Based Readjustment of Multisensor Precipitation Estimates on Hydrologic Simulations
Authors: Zhang Yu , Reed Seann , Kitzmiller David 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This paper presents methodologies for mitigating temporally inconsistent biases in National Weather Service (NWS) real-time multisensor quantitative precipitation estimates (MQPEs) through rain gauge–based readjustments, and examines their effects on streamflow simulations. In this study, archived MQPEs over 1997–2006 for the Middle Atlantic River Forecast Center (MARFC) area of responsibility were readjusted at monthly and daily scales using two gridded gauge products. The original and readjusted MQPEs were applied as forcing to the NWS Distributed Hydrologic Model for 12 catchments in the domain of MARFC. The resultant hourly streamflow simulations were compared for two subperiods divided along November 2003, when a software error that gave rise to a low bias in MQPEs was fixed. It was found that readjustment at either time scale improved the consistency in the bias in streamflow simulations. For the earlier period, independent monthly and daily readjustments considerably improved the streamflow simulations for most basins as judged by bias and correlation. By contrast, for the later period the effects were mixed across basins. It was also found that 1) readjustments tended to be more effective in the cool rather than warm season, 2) refining the readjustment resolution to daily had mixed effects on streamflow simulations, and 3) at the daily scale, redistributing gauge rainfall is beneficial for periods with substantial missing MQPEs.
On CMORPH Rainfall for Streamflow Simulation in a Small, Hortonian Watershed
Authors: Zeweldi Dawit A. , Gebremichael Mekonnen , Downer Charles W. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The objective is to assess the use of the Climate Prediction Center morphing method (CMORPH) (~0.073° latitude–longitude, 30 min resolution) rainfall product as input to the physics-based fully distributed Gridded Surface–Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) model for streamflow simulation in the small (21.4 km2) Hortonian watershed of the Goodwin Creek experimental watershed located in northern Mississippi. Calibration is performed in two different ways: using rainfall data from a dense network of 30 gauges as input, and using CMORPH rainfall data as input. The study period covers 4 years, during which there were 24 events, each with peak flow rate higher than 0.5 m3 s−1. Streamflow simulations using CMORPH rainfall are compared against observed streamflows and streamflow simulations using rainfall from a dense rain gauge network. Results show that the CMORPH simulations captured all 24 events. The CMORPH simulations have comparable performance with gauge simulations, which is striking given the significant differences in the spatial scale between the rain gauge network and CMORPH. This study concludes that CMORPH rainfall products have potential value for streamflow simulation in such small watersheds. Overall, the performance of CMORPH-driven simulations increases when the model is calibrated with CMORPH data than when the model is calibrated with rain gauge data.
Dynamic Response of Terrestrial Hydrological Cycles and Plant Water Stress to Climate Change in China
Authors: Tao Fulu , Zhang Zhao 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRising atmospheric CO2 concentration CO2 and climate change are expected to have a major effect on terrestrial ecosystem hydrological cycles and plant water stress in the coming decades. The present study investigates the potential responses of terrestrial ecosystem hydrological cycles and plant water stress across China to elevated CO2 and climate change in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries using the calibrated and validated Lund–Potsdam–Jena dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ-DGVM) and eight climate change scenarios. The spatiotemporal change patterns of estimated evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture, runoff, and plant water stress due to climate change and elevated CO2 are plotted singly and in combination. Positive future trends in ET, soil moisture, and runoff—although differing greatly among regions—are projected. Resultant plant water stress over China’s terrestrial ecosystem generally could be eased substantially through the twenty-first century under the climate scenarios driven by emission scenarios that consider economic concerns. By contrast, under the climate scenarios driven by emission scenarios that consider environmental concerns, plant water stress could be eased until 2060, then begin to fluctuate until 2100. The net impact of physiological and structural vegetation responses to elevated CO2 could result in an increasing trend in runoff in southern and northeastern China, and a decreasing trend in runoff in northern and northwestern China in the twentieth century. It is projected to reduce ET by 1.5 × 109 to 6.5 × 109 m3 yr−1 on average, and increase runoff by 1.0 × 109 to 5.4 × 109 m3 yr−1 during 2001–2100 across China’s terrestrial ecosystems, although the spatial change pattern could be quite diverse. These findings, in partial contradiction to previous results, present an improved understanding of transient responses of China’s terrestrial ecosystem hydrological cycles and plant water stress to climate change and elevated CO2 in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Upper-Ocean Response to Hurricane Frances (2004) Observed by Profiling EM-APEX Floats*
Authors: Sanford Thomas B. , Price James F. , Girton James B. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Three autonomous profiling Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorer (EM-APEX) floats were air deployed one day in advance of the passage of Hurricane Frances (2004) as part of the Coupled Boundary Layer Air–Sea Transfer (CBLAST)-High field experiment. The floats were deliberately deployed at locations on the hurricane track, 55 km to the right of the track, and 110 km to the right of the track. These floats provided profile measurements between 30 and 200 m of in situ temperature, salinity, and horizontal velocity every half hour during the hurricane passage and for several weeks afterward. Some aspects of the observed response were similar at the three locations—the dominance of near-inertial horizontal currents and the phase of these currents—whereas other aspects were different. The largest-amplitude inertial currents were observed at the 55-km site, where SST cooled the most, by about 2.2°C, as the surface mixed layer deepened by about 80 m. Based on the time–depth evolution of the Richardson number and comparisons with a numerical ocean model, it is concluded that SST cooled primarily because of shear-induced vertical mixing that served to bring deeper, cooler water into the surface layer. Surface gravity waves, estimated from the observed high-frequency velocity, reached an estimated 12-m significant wave height at the 55-km site. Along the track, there was lesser amplitude inertial motion and SST cooling, only about 1.2°C, though there was greater upwelling, about 25-m amplitude, and inertial pumping, also about 25-m amplitude. Previously reported numerical simulations of the upper-ocean response are in reasonable agreement with these EM-APEX observations provided that a high wind speed–saturated drag coefficient is used to estimate the wind stress. A direct inference of the drag coefficient CD is drawn from the momentum budget. For wind speeds of 32–47 m s−1, CD ~ 1.4 × 10−3.
Baroclinic Frontal Arrest: A Sequel to Unstable Frontogenesis
Authors: McWilliams James C. , Molemaker M. Jeroen 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In a large-scale deformation flow, lateral and vertical buoyancy gradients sharpen through baroclinic frontogenesis near the surface boundary. A “thermally direct” ageostrophic secondary circulation cell arises during frontogenesis to maintain geostrophic, hydrostatic (thermal wind) momentum balance for the alongfront flow. Unstable three-dimensional fluctuations can grow during frontogenesis by baroclinic instability of the alongfront shear flow that converts frontal potential energy to fluctuation energy. At finite amplitude, the fluctuations provide alongfront-averaged eddy momentum and buoyancy fluxes that arrest the frontal sharpening even while the deformation flow persists. The frontal ageostrophic secondary circulation reverses to become a “thermally indirect” cell in the center of the front. This allows an approximate opposition between ageostrophic advection and eddy-flux divergence in the frontal buoyancy gradient variance (i.e., frontal strength) balance equation, implying frontal equilibration. During the approximately equilibrated phase, the energy exchange rates among the deformation flow, front, and fluctuations are all reduced in comparison with a solution without eddy-flux feedback on the frontal evolution. The mean stratification is enhanced by both frontogenesis and eddy vertical buoyancy flux. The thermally indirect secondary circulation arises from eddy fluxes acting to force a departure in thermal-wind balance for the alongfront flow, overwhelming the single-cell thermally direct circulation induced by the deformation flow. The equilibrated thermal-wind imbalance in the frontal flow is appreciable, and its magnitude is set by the cross-front eddy flux of alongfront vorticity. This demonstrates an essentially inviscid, baroclinic, dynamical process for frontogenetic arrest through frontal instability.
Estimating the Four-Dimensional Structure of the Southern Ocean Using Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Meijers A. J. S. , Bindoff N. L. , Rintoul S. R. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A gravest empirical mode (GEM) projection of temperature and salinity fields over the circumpolar Southern Ocean is presented and is used in combination with satellite altimetry to produce gridded, full-depth, time-evolving temperature, salinity, and velocity fields. Optimal interpolation of historical hydrography, including Argo floats, is used to produce GEM projections of the circumpolar temperature and salinity fields. Parameterizing these fields by dynamic height allows the use of altimetric SSH values from 1992–2006 to create synoptic temperature and salinity fields at weekly intervals on a ⅓° grid at 36 depth levels. The satellite-derived temperature and salinity fields generally capture over 90% of the property variance below the thermocline, with RMS residuals of 1.16°C and 0.132 in salinity at the surface, decreasing to less than 0.45°C and 0.05 below 500 dbar. The combination of altimetry with the GEM fields allows the resolution of the subsurface structure of the filamentary fronts and eddy features. Velocity fields derived from the time-evolving temperature and salinity fields reproduce the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) velocity structure well, and are strongly correlated (r &gt; 0.7) with in situ measurements from current meters and drifters, with RMS velocity residuals of 4.8–14.8 cm−1 in the Subantarctic Front.
Sting Jets in Simulations of a Real Cyclone by Two Mesoscale Models
Authors: Martínez-Alvarado Oscar , Weidle Florian , Gray Suzanne L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe existence of sting jets as a potential source of damaging surface winds during the passage of extratropical cyclones has recently been recognized. However, there are still very few published studies on the subject. Furthermore, although it is known that other models are capable of reproducing sting jets, in the published literature only one numerical model [the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM)] has been used to numerically analyze these phenomena. This article aims to improve our understanding of the processes that contribute to the development of sting jets and show that model differences affect the evolution of modeled sting jets. A sting jet event during the passage of a cyclone over the United Kingdom on 26 February 2002 has been simulated using two mesoscale models, namely the MetUM and the Consortium for Small Scale Modeling (COSMO) model, to compare their performance. Given the known critical importance of vertical resolution in the simulation of sting jets, the vertical resolution of both models has been enhanced with respect to their operational versions. Both simulations have been verified against surface measurements of maximum gusts, satellite imagery, and Met Office operational synoptic analyses, as well as operational analyses from the ECMWF. It is shown that both models are capable of reproducing sting jets with similar, though not identical, features. Through the comparison of the results from these two models, the relevance of physical mechanisms, such as evaporative cooling and the release of conditional symmetric instability, in the generation and evolution of sting jets is also discussed.
Evaluation of a Strategy for the Assimilation of Satellite Radiance Observations with the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter
Authors: Aravéquia José A. , Szunyogh Istvan , Fertig Elana J. , Kalnay Eugenia , Kuhl David , Kostelich Eric J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This paper evaluates a strategy for the assimilation of satellite radiance observations with the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) data assimilation scheme. The assimilation strategy includes a mechanism to select the radiance observations that are assimilated at a given grid point and an ensemble-based observation bias-correction technique. Numerical experiments are carried out with a reduced (T62L28) resolution version of the model component of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS). The observations used for the evaluation of the assimilation strategy are AMSU-A level 1B brightness temperature data from the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua spacecraft. The assimilation of these observations, in addition to all operationally assimilated nonradiance observations, leads to a statistically significant improvement of both the temperature and wind analysis in the Southern Hemisphere. This result suggests that the LETKF, combined with the proposed data assimilation strategy for the assimilation of satellite radiance observations, can efficiently extract information from radiance observations.