bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypokalemia Following Polyethylene Glycol–Based Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy in Older Hospitalized Patients with Significant Comorbidities
Authors: Ho Joanne Man-Wai , Juurlink David Nelson , Cavalcanti Rodrigo Brandao 
Published: February 2010

Background: Polyethylene glycol–based bowel preparations (PEGBPs) are widely perceived as safe and effective alternatives to oral sodium phosphate for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy. Most studies supporting this belief involve young patients with few comorbidities. Objective: To characterize the incidence of electrolyte disturbances following PEGBPs administered prior to colonoscopy among elderly inpatients and hypothesize that PEGBP would be associated with hypokalemia in this setting. Methods: This retrospective chart review, conducted at 3 tertiary care teaching hospitals in Toronto, Canada, from 2005 to 2007, included 96 consecutive patients aged 65 or older who were admitted to the hospital and given PEGBP prior to their first inpatient colonoscopy. Patients were excluded if they received additional cathartics, underwent colonoscopy while admitted to a critical care unit, or were admitted for a complication arising from an outpatient colonoscopy. The primary outcome was hypokalemia (serum potassium ≤3.2 mEq/L) within 48 hours of PEGBP. Results: Of 96 patients, 73 had serum electrolytes measured at baseline and within 48 hours following PEGBP administration. Hypokalemia was identified in 4 patients (5.5%) prior to PEGBP and in 15 patients (20.5%) after PEGBP (p < 0.001). The incidence of significant hypokalemia, defined as serum potassium ≤3.0 mEq/L, in this group was 9.6% (p = 0.008). We found consistent results among patients with and without concomitant diuretic treatment. Conclusions: Among older patients, administration of PEGBP is commonly complicated by the development of hypokalemia, which is occasionally severe. Monitoring of electrolytes may be necessary following colonoscopy, particularly in patients with cardiac or renal disease.
Effectiveness and Safety of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Infantile Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Higginbotham Tanner W 
Published: February 2010

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infants <1 year of age. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted through PubMed (up to December 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–December 2009), and The Cochrane Library (up to December 2009) using combinations of the following key search terms: proton pump inhibitor, GERD, infant, children, pediatric, omeprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, and pantoprazole. Reference citations from identified articles were also reviewed. Study Selection And Data Extraction: All double-blind, placebc-controlled trials published in English that evaluated the safety and efficacy of PPIs in infants with GERD were included in this review. Trials involving children older than 12 months were not included. Data Synthesis: GERD is a source of pain and discomfort in adults; yet, in infants, symptoms that are thought to be indicative of painful stimuli have no clear cause-and-effect relationship with infant GERD. PPIs are beneficial in relieving symptoms of GERD in the adult population, but their usefulness in decreasing GERD-associated behaviors in infants is still questionable, despite a large increase in PPI prescribing for children <1 year of age. In all studies reviewed, infants treated with PPIs did not experience a significant decrease in behaviors perceived to be caused by GERD. The largest placebo-controlled trial to date found that rates of adverse events were increased in the PPI group compared with the placebo group, whereas the other trials reviewed reported no difference in adverse effects with the use of PPIs. Conclusions: Clinical trials reveal that PPI therapy is not an effective treatment for common infant GERD-associated symptoms. Evidence supporting safety of PPI use in infants is conflicting, and more large-scale, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are necessary to better establish the role of PPIs in infant GERD.
Evidence-Based, Multidisciplinary Approach to the Development of a Crotalidae Polyvalent Antivenin (CroFab) Protocol at a University Hospital
Authors: Weant Kyle A , Johnson Peter N , Bowers Rebecca C , Armitstead John A 
Published: February 2010

Background: Several thousand people are bitten annually by venomous snakes in the US. While the development of ovine Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenin (FabAV) for Crotalinae snakebite envenomations has greatly changed the way this clinical presentation is treated, multiple issues complicate its use. From patient assessment and evaluation, to medication preparation and administration, to the management of adverse drug reactions, the use of this antidote carries with it multiple points of possible medication variances. The inappropriate use of this agent can result in adverse patient consequences and a significant financial burden for both the hospital and the patient. Objective: To describe an evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach that was taken to ensure optimal, safe, and cost-effective treatment of patients with FabAV. Methods: Following an analysis of the available literature, a multidisciplinary committee was formed to construct a protocol for use of FabAV. This group included clinical pharmacists, pharmacy administrators, emergency medicine physicians who specialized in wilderness medicine and pharmacy residents. Results: A multidisciplinary FabAV usage protocol was constructed and implemented to ensure appropriate patient evaluation, FabAV use and preparation, monitoring, and follow-up. This protocol was based on the available literature and the expert opinion of the committee. Through the use of a 24-hour in-house pharmacy resident on-call system, clinical pharmacy services were provided to ensure a multidisciplinary approach to the care of these patients emergently. Although limited, initial data show that this approach is effective and may result in substantial cost savings. Conclusions: Initial results from implementation of a protocol for use of FabAV have limited inappropriate use, reduced medication wastage, and decreased costs.
Efficacy and Safety of Ticagrelor: A Reversible P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Anderson Shawn D , Shah Niren K , Yim Juwon , Epstein Benjamin J 
Published: February 2010

Objective: To summarize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of ticagrelor, a selective P2Y12 receptor antagonist, and evaluate its role in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Data Sources: A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (1966–November 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–November 2009), and EMBASE (1990–November 2009) using the MeSH terms and key words AZD6140, ticagrelor, P2Y12 receptor antagonist, cardiovascular disease, ACS, atherothrombosis, and platelets. Study Selection And Data Extraction: Selected studies evaluated the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and efficacy of ticagrelor for the treatment of ACS. Data Synthesis: Ticagrelor selectively and reversibly blocks the P2Y12 receptor, inhibiting platelet aggregation and preventing amplification of platelet activation. Optimal dosing strategy as determined by ticagrelor's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile is a loading dose of 180 mg followed by 90 mg by mouth twice daily. At these doses, greater platelet inhibition is observed with ticagrelor as compared to clopidogrel 75 mg once daily in both clopidogrel-experienced and -naïve patients. Studies in patients experiencing ACS concluded that ticagrelor reduced the rate of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and overall mortality compared to clopidogrel without increasing major bleeding when administered with standard therapy for ACS. There was no significant difference in the risk of stroke with ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel; however, intracranial bleeding was more common with ticagrelor. Ticagrelor is well tolerated; however, minor bleeding, dyspnea, hypotension, nausea, and ventricular pauses were reported more frequently than with clopidogrel. Reversible inhibition with ticagrelor may allow for more rapid surgical intervention after discontinuation, suggesting greater flexibility in treatment of ACS. Conclusions: Ticagrelor's improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile builds upon the limitations of currently available P2Y12 receptor antagonists. Ticagrelor represents a promising approach for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with ACS.
MAP3K1 functionally interacts with Axin1 in the canonical Wnt signalling pathway
Authors: Sue Ng Ser , Mahmoudi Tokameh , Li Vivian S.W. , Hatzis Pantelis , Boersema Paul J. , Mohammed Shabaz , Heck Albert J. , Clevers Hans 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A central point of regulation in the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is the formation of the β-catenin destruction complex. Axin1, an essential negative regulator of Wnt signalling, serves as a scaffold within this complex and is critical for rapid turnover of β-catenin. To examine the mechanism by which Wnt signalling disables the destruction complex, we used an immunoprecipitation-coupled proteomics approach to identify novel endogenous binding partners of Axin1. We found mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1) as an Axin1 interactor in Ls174T colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Importantly, confirmation of this interaction in HEK293T cells indicated that the Axin1-MAP3K1 interaction is induced and modulated by Wnt stimulation. siRNA depletion of MAP3K1 specifically abrogated TCF/LEF-driven transcription and Wnt3A-driven endogenous gene expression in both HEK293T as well as DLD-1 CRC. Expression of ubiquitin ligase mutants of MAP3K1 abrogated TCF/LEF transcription, whereas kinase mutants had no effect in TCF-driven activity, highlighting the essential role of the MAP3K1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These results suggest that MAP3K1, previously reported as an Axin1 inter-actor in c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway, is also involved in the canonical Wnt signalling pathway and positively regulates expression of Wnt target genes.
Identification of novel peptide inhibitors for human trypsins
Authors: Wu Ping , Weisell Janne , Pakkala Miikka , Peräkylä Mikael , Zhu Lei , Koistinen Riitta , Koivunen Erkki , Stenman Ulf-Håkan , Närvänen Ale , Koistinen Hannu 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Human trypsin isoenzymes share extensive sequence similarity, but certain differences in their activity and susceptibility to inhibitors have been observed. Using phage display technology, we identified seven different peptides that bind to and inhibit the activity of trypsin-3, a minor trypsin isoform expressed in pancreas and brain. All of the peptides contain at least two of the amino acids tryptophan, alanine and arginine, whereas proline was found closer to the N-terminus in all but one peptide. All peptides contain two or more cysteines, suggesting a cyclic structure. However, we were able to make synthetic linear variants of these peptides without losing bioactivity. Alanine replacement experiments for one of the peptides suggest that the IPXXWFR motif is important for activity. By molecular modeling the same amino acids were found to interact with trypsin-3. The peptides also inhibit trypsin-1, but only weakly, if at all, trypsin-2 and -C. As trypsin is a highly active enzyme which can activate protease-activated receptors and enzymes that participate in proteolytic cascades involved in tumor invasion and metastasis, these peptides might be useful lead molecules for the development of drugs for diseases associated with increased trypsin activity.
Glycome profiling using modern glycomics technology: technical aspects and applications
Authors: Vanderschaeghe Dieter , Festjens Nele , Delanghe Joris , Callewaert Nico 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGlycomics research has become indispensable in many research fields such as immunity, signal transduction and development. Moreover, changes in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids have been reported in several diseases including cancer. The analysis of a complex post-translational modification such as glycosylation depends on the availability or development of appropriate analytical technologies. The research goal determines the sensitivity, resolution and throughput requirements and guides the choice of a particular technology. This review highlights the evolution of glycan profiling tools in the past 5 years. We focus on capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and lectin microarrays.
A Geosynthetic Modular Block Connection Creep Test Apparatus, Methodology, and Interpretation
Authors: Bathurst Richard J. , Huang Bingquan 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A test protocol for the quantification of creep between modular block (segmental) facing units and geosynthetic reinforcement can be found in a Federal Highway Administration guidance document first published in 2001. However, to date the utility of the proposed method has not been examined in a systematic manner nor have test results been reported in the research literature. The paper describes a test apparatus and reports the results of a series of connection creep tests that demonstrate details of the proposed methodology and lessons learned. Important recommendations for data interpretation are presented for the first time. An additional practical result of this study is a consistent method to calculate the connection creep reduction factor required for design using the results of conventional short-term connection test results and connection creep-rupture curves.
Fehlertolerante Regelung bei aktuatorähnlichen Fehlern mittels AbleitungsschätzungFault Tolerant Control in the case of Actuator Type of Faults based on Derivative Estimation
Authors: Mai Philipp , Hillermeier Claus 
Published: February 2010

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird eine Architektur zur fehlertoleranten Regelung vorgestellt, bei der aktuatorähnliche Fehler online diagnostiziert und durch den Regler kompensiert werden. Die Verwendung von Least-Squares-Ableitungsschätzern zur Fehleridentifikation führt Totzeiten in den Regelkreis ein. Im Rahmen einer Stabilitätsanalyse werden zulässige Totzeiten bestimmt, aus denen sich zulässige Einstellwerte der Verfahrensparameter ableiten lassen. Als Anwendungsfall wird ein Dreitanksystem untersucht.
The Addition Circuit of Zuse´s Z3 ComputerDer Addierer in Zuses Z3 Rechner
Authors: Heyne Georg , Darius Frank 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the addition circuits of the Z3 computing machine built by Konrad Zuse in 1941. The addition unit of the Z3 is interesting from a historical point of view because it had a binary architecture and used a carry-look-ahead technique similar to that used in modern processors. We built a portable replica of the addition circuits for display in museums. We show diagrams of the architecture and the layout of the reproduction.
Synthese reversibler LogikSynthesizing Reversible Logic
Authors: Wille Robert , Drechsler Rolf 
Published: February 2010

Zusammenfassung
Traditionelle Technologien (z. B. CMOS) stoßen durch die stetig steigende Miniaturisierung sowie das exponentielle Wachstum der Anzahl an Komponenten immer mehr an ihre Grenzen. Daher werden in Zukunft Alternativen, welche traditionelle Computerchips ersetzen oder zumindest ergänzen, benötigt. Reversible Logik mit ihren Anwendungen z. B. im Gebiet der Quantencomputer, des Low-Power Designs, des Optical Computing, des DNA Computing oder in der Nanotechnologie stellt eine solche Alternative dar und hat sich daher in den vergangenen Jahren zu einem intensiv untersuchten Forschungsgebiet entwickelt. Allerdings unterscheidet sich die Synthese von reversiblen Schaltkreisen deutlich von der traditionellen Logiksynthese. So sind insbesondere Verzweigungen (Fanouts) und Rückkopplungen (Feedback durch FlipFlops) nicht möglich, sodass reversible Schaltkreise aus Kaskaden von reversiblen Gattern bestehen. Dies erfordert komplett neue Syntheseansätze. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eine Einführung in das Thema und stellt ausgewählte Syntheseverfahren für reversible Logik im Überblick vor. Dabei werden reversible Funktionen und Schaltkreise zuerst eingeführt, wobei insbesondere der Aspekt der Einbettung von irreversiblen Funktionen detailliert betrachtet wird. Anschließend wird beschrieben, wie sich solche Funktionen (gegeben in Form einer Wahrheitstabelle) mit Hilfe von exakten und heuristischen Verfahren synthetisieren lassen. Da die Beschreibung in Form einer Wahrheitstabelle generell nur für kleine Funktionen anwendbar ist, wird schließlich noch ein Syntheseansatz beschrieben, welcher binäre Entscheidungsdiagramme (engl.: BDDs) verwendet und damit die Synthese deutlich größerer Funktionen ermöglicht.
Optimierung bioverfahrenstechnischer Prozesse mittels sensorgestütztem MikrobioreaktorOptimization of Biochemical Engineering Processes by Means of a Sensor-Supported Microbioreactor
Authors: Päßler Sandra , Herrmann Sigrun , Bertau Martin , Vonau Winfried 
Published: February 2010

Zusammenfassung
Es werden Ergebnisse der Entwicklung und Erprobung eines komplexen Mikroreaktionssystems mit integrierter elektrochemischer Sensorik zur Überwachung und Optimierung biotechnologischer Prozesse vorgestellt. Zur Kontrolle der in einem röhrenförmigen Bioreaktor ablaufenden Reaktionen wurden unterschiedliche prozessrelevante Parameter bei einer Ganzzell-Biotransformation gemessen.
Konzentrationsbestimmung in Wasser-Zucker-Ethanol-Gemischen mittels adiabatischer Kompressibilität und DichteConcentration Determination in Water-Sugar-Ethanol-Mixtures via Adiabatic Compressibility and Density
Authors: Schöck Thomas , Hussein Mohamed , Becker Thomas 
Published: February 2010

Zusammenfassung
Bei alkoholischen Hefefermentationsprozessen in der zuckerverarbeitenden Industrie ist es wichtig, die Konzentrationen von Zucker und Ethanol im Fermentationsfluid als Indikatoren für den Reaktionsfortschritt genau zu kennen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt ein neues Verfahren zur Konzentrationsbestimmung, das sich der physikalischen Parameter adiabatische Kompressibilität und Dichte bedient, die aus den vom einem Ultraschallsensor bei einem Messvorgang simultan gemessenen Größen Schallgeschwindigkeit und akustische Impedanz berechnet werden können. Die Genauigkeit des Verfahrens liegt bei einer Massekonzentration von ca. 0,05 g/100 g.
Acute and 2-week exposure to prednisolone impair different aspects of β-cell function in healthy men
Authors: van Raalte Daniël H , Nofrate Valentina , Bunck Mathijs C , van Iersel Thijs , Elassaiss Schaap Jeroen , Nässander Ulla K , Heine Robert J , Mari Andrea , Dokter Wim H A , Diamant Michaela 
Published: February 2010

ObjectiveGlucocorticoids (GCs), such as prednisolone, are associated with adverse metabolic effects, including glucose intolerance and diabetes. In contrast to the well known GC-induced insulin resistance, the effects of GCs on β-cell function are less well established. We assessed the acute and short-term effects of prednisolone treatment on β-cell function in healthy men.Research design and methodsA randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial consisting of two protocols was conducted. In protocol 1 (n=6), placebo and a single dose of 75 mg of prednisolone were administered. In protocol 2 (n=23), participants received 30 mg of prednisolone daily or placebo for 15 days. Both empirical and model-based parameters of β-cell function were calculated from glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations obtained during standardised meal tests before and during prednisolone treatment (protocols 1 and 2), and 1 day after cessation of treatment (protocol 2).ResultsSeventy-five milligrams of prednisolone acutely increased the area under the postprandial glucose curve (AUCgluc;P=0.005), and inhibited several parameters of β-cell function, including AUCc-pep/AUCglucratio (P=0.004), insulinogenic index (P=0.007), glucose sensitivity (P=0.02) and potentiation factor ratio (PFR;P=0.04). A 15-day treatment with prednisolone increased AUCgluc(P<0.001), despite augmented C-peptide secretion (P=0.05). β-cell function parameters were impaired, including the fasting insulin secretory tone (P=0.02) and PFR (P=0.007).ConclusionsAcute and short-term exposure to prednisolone impairs different aspects of β-cell function, which contribute to its diabetogenic effects.
Refractive Errors and Strabismus in Children With Laurence–Moon–Biedl Syndrome
Authors: Akinci Arsen , Oner Ozgur , Aktas Zeynep , Cetinkaya Ergun , Aycan Zehra 
Published: February 2010

Purpose:To describe the ocular and refractive findings in patients with Laurence–Moon–Biedl syndrome.Methods:Seventeen patients with Laurence–Moon–Biedl syndrome were evaluated retrospectively. All children underwent complete ophthalmologic examination.Results:Of the patients evaluated, 88.2% had an ocular or refractive finding, 58.8% had myopia (degenerative in three cases), 52.9% had astigmatism, 11.7% had anisometropia, 17.6% had strabismus, 11.7% had retinitis pigmentosa, 5.9% had keratoconus, 5.9% had optic atrophy, and 5.9% had nystagmus.Conclusion:Early and regular ophthalmologic assessment is required to prevent visual loss as a result of amblyogenic factors in children with Laurence–Moon–Biedl syndrome.[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:26–28.]
Clinical and Histologic Ocular Findings in Pompe Disease
Authors: Yanovitch Tammy L. , Banugaria Suhrad G. , Proia Alan D. , Kishnani Priya S. 
Published: February 2010

Purpose:
Limited information is available on the ocular findings in patients with Pompe disease.

Method:
This study summarizes this information with a systematic literature review; reports the ocular histologic findings seen in a deceased infant with Pompe disease who was receiving enzyme replacement therapy and in a deceased adult with late-onset Pompe disease; and notes the new observation of ptosis in children with infantile-onset Pompe disease who are receiving enzyme replacement therapy.

Results:
Six articles were found on the ultrastructural-histopathologic eye findings in Pompe disease. Previously reported clinical ocular findings included strabismus and ptosis. Glycogen accumulation and vacuolar myopathy have been seen histologically.

Conclusion:
Based on these clinical and histologic reports, patients with Pompe disease may have an increased incidence of ocular abnormalities, such as ptosis and strabismus, and therefore should undergo ophthalmologic examination.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:34–40.]