bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species and sexual differences in behavioural responses of a specialist and generalist parasitoid species to host-related volatiles
Authors: Ngumbi E. , Fadamiro H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe relationship between the degree of specialization of parasitoids and their responses to host-related volatiles is an important and current evolutionary question. Specialist parasitoids which have evolved to attack fewer host species are predicted to be more responsive to host-related volatiles than generalists. We tested the above prediction by comparing behavioural responses of both sexes of two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with different degrees of host specificity, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (specialist) and Cotesia marginiventris (generalist), to different suites of synthetic host-related volatile compounds. The compounds tested at two doses (1 and 100μg) include two green leaf volatiles (GLVs: hexanal and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol) and four herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs: (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate and (E,E)-α-farnesene). Two hypotheses were tested: (i) M. croceipes (specialist) would show relatively greater behavioural responses to the HIPVs, whereas C. marginiventris (generalist) would show greater behavioural responses to the GLVs, and (ii) females of both species would show greater responses than conspecific males to the host-related volatiles. At the low dose (1μg), females of the specialist showed significantly greater responses than females of the generalist to three of the tested HIPVs, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool and (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate. In contrast, females of the generalist showed relatively greater responses to the GLVs. The same trends were recorded at the high dose but fewer significant differences were detected. In general, similar results were recorded for males, with the exception of linalool (an HIPV) which elicited significantly greater response in the generalist than the specialist. Comparing the sexes, females of both species showed greater responses than conspecific males to most of the tested volatiles. The ecological significance of these findings is discussed.
Impact of fertility transmission and other sociodemographic factors on reproductive success and coalescent trees
Authors: BRANDENBURG JEAN-TRISTAN , AUSTERLITZ FRÉDÉRIC , TOUPANCE BRUNO 
Published: May 2012

SummaryFertility transmission (FT) is a phenomenon with a cultural and/or genetic basis, whereby a positive correlation exists between the number of offspring of an individual and that of his/her parents. Theoretical studies using a haploid individual-based model have shown that FT increases the variance and intergenerational correlation in reproductive success and results in an imbalance in the coalescent tree of sampled genes. This phenomenon has been documented in several demographic studies conducted on the correlation in fertility between generations, or through the reconstruction of the genealogical trees of mitochondrial DNA sequences. However, as mtDNA is a single locus, potentially subject to other forces (e.g. natural selection), it is of interest to extend the theory of FT to nuclear loci. We show that because random mating between individuals leads to a mixing of their fertility profiles, FT in these cases will have less influence on the variance and intergenerational correlation of reproductive success. This, in turn, results in less impact on the shape of the coalescent trees. Nevertheless, in the presence of FT, high heterogeneity in reproductive success and homogamy for family size will increase the imbalance in the coalescent tree. Thus, FT should be easier to detect when occurring in conjunction with these other factors. We also show the utility of analysing different kinds of loci (X-linked, Y-linked, mitochondrial and autosomal) to assess whether FT is matrilineal, patrilineal or biparental. Finally, we demonstrate that the shape of the coalescent tree depends upon population size, in contrast to the classical Kingman's model.
Mixing Oil and Water: Naturalizing Offshore Oil Platforms in Gulf Coast Aquariums
Authors: JØRGENSEN DOLLY 
Published: May 2012

On 26 June 2010, the brand new Gulf of Mexico exhibit at the National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium in Dubuque, Iowa opened devoid of life. The tanks were purposefully left empty, rather than showing the vibrant aquatic life of the Gulf, to highlight the oil spill associated with BP's Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling incident earlier in 2010. According to the museum's press release, the museum wantedto open a Gulf exhibit recognizing the crisis that is happening on the Gulf Coast … The exhibit, without fish, now has the opportunity to make a bold statement related to the oil spill in the Gulf Coast by asking Museum & Aquarium visitors to imagine a lifeless Gulf.1
Instability of the isolated spectrum for W-shaped maps
Authors: LI ZHENYANG , GÓRA PAWEŁ 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this note we consider the W-shaped map $W_0=W_{s_1,s_2}$ with ${1}/{s_1}+{1}/{s_2}=1$ and show that the eigenvalue $1$ is not stable. We do this in a constructive way. For each perturbing map $W_a$ we show the existence of a ‘second’ eigenvalue $\lambda _a$, such that $\lambda _a\to 1$ as $a\to 0$, which proves instability of the isolated spectrum of $W_0$. At the same time, the existence of second eigenvalues close to 1 causes the maps $W_a$to behave in a metastable way. There are two almost-invariant sets, and the system spends long periods of consecutive iterations in each of them, with infrequent jumps from one to the other.
Older job seekers' job search intensity: the interplay of proactive personality, age and occupational future time perspective
Authors: ZACHER HANNES 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTLong-term unemployment of older people can have severe consequences for individuals, communities and ultimately economies, and is therefore a serious concern in countries with an ageing population. However, the interplay of chronological age and other individual difference characteristics in predicting older job seekers' job search is so far not well understood. This study investigated relationships among age, proactive personality, occupational future time perspective (FTP) and job search intensity of 182 job seekers between 43 and 77 years in Australia. Results were mostly consistent with expectations based on a combination of socio-emotional selectivity theory and the notion of compensatory psychological resources. Proactive personality was positively related to job search intensity and age was negatively related to job search intensity. Age moderated the relationship between proactive personality and job search intensity, such that the relationship was stronger at higher compared to lower ages. One dimension of occupational FTP (perceived remaining time left in the occupational context) mediated this moderating effect, but not the overall relationship between age and job search intensity. Implications for future research, including the interplay of occupational FTP and proactive personality, and some tentative practical implications are discussed.
High prevalence of nasal carriage of β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistantHaemophilus influenzaein healthy children in Korea
Authors: BAE S. M. , LEE J. H. , LEE S. K. , YU J. Y. , LEE S. H. , KANG Y. H. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThis study investigated the carriage of antimicrobial resistantHaemophilus influenzaein 582 healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school at four intervals over a 9-month period in Seoul, Korea. Diverse colonization patterns and a lower level of long-term persistent carriage byH. influenzaestatus were evident in this study. ColonizingH. influenzaeisolates showed a high rate of resistance to β-lactams including ampicillin (51·9%), cefaclor (52·1%), and amoxicillin/clavulanate (16·3%). Based on the ampicillin resistance mechanism,H. influenzaeisolates were categorized as β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-susceptible (BLNAS) (48·1%), β-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-resistant (BLPAR) (22·6%), β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) (22·8%), and β-lactamase-positive, amoxicillin/clavulanate-resistant (BLPACR) strains (6·5%). This study provides the first evidence of a high prevalence (22·8%) of BLNAR strains ofH. influenzaenasal carriage in healthy children attending kindergarten or the first 2 years of elementary school in Korea. The high carriage of these resistant strains in overcrowded urban settings may create reservoirs for development ofH. influenzae-resistant strains.
Changes in the modulation of retinocollicular transmission through group III mGluRs long after an increase in intraocular pressure in a rat model of glaucoma
Authors: GEORGIOU ANNE L. , GUO LI , CORDEIRO M. FRANCESCA , SALT THOMAS E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMetabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been shown to be involved in the modulation of retinocollicular neurotransmission. In glaucoma, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) degenerate, which may have an implication on this transmission as the superior colliculus is their major central target in the much-used rodent models of the disease. We have investigated this using anin vitroslice preparation of the superior colliculus by eliciting field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) through optic tract stimulation in a rat ocular hypertension model of glaucoma. Application of the group III mGluR agonist L-AP4 reduced the peak amplitude of the fEPSP in superior colliculus slices through presynaptic mechanisms as previously shown in our lab. At 3 and 16 weeks after surgery, there were no significant differences in the effect of L-AP4 on fEPSP peak amplitude in the superior colliculus slices receiving input from the glaucomatous eyes [elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)] compared to those with input from the unoperated eyes (normal IOP). However, at 32 weeks, the fEPSP peak amplitude was reduced to a significantly greater degree during L-AP4 application in the elevated IOP slices compared to normal IOP slices. At all time points, there were no significant changes in the baseline amplitudes of fEPSPs or the stimulus intensities required to evoke fEPSPs. These results suggest that the modulation of synaptic transmission through group III mGluRs on RGC terminals to the superior colliculus is changed at later stages due to RGC degeneration through IOP elevation. These changes may be compensatory changes possibly through plasticity in the RGC terminals of surviving cells, which may be due to increases in the numbers of group III mGluRs. This result may have implications on further treatment studies carried out using these models of glaucoma as changes in the central visual system may need to be considered along with the retinal changes that occur.
Oxytocin enhances resting-state connectivity between amygdala and medial frontal cortex
Authors: Sripada Chandra Sekhar , Phan K. Luan , Labuschagne Izelle , Welsh Robert , Nathan Pradeep J. , Wood Amanda G. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) plays an important role in complex socio-affective behaviours such as affiliation, attachment, stress and anxiety. Previous studies have focused on the amygdala as an important target of OXT's effects. However, the effects of OXT on connectivity of the amygdala with cortical regions such as medial frontal cortex, an important mediator of social cognition and emotion regulation, remain unexplored. In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, 15 volunteers received intranasal OXT or placebo prior to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. OXT significantly increased connectivity between both amygdalae and rostral medial frontal cortex (rmFC), while having only negligible effects on coupling with other brain regions. These results demonstrate that OXT is a robust and highly selective enhancer of amygdala connectivity with rmFC, a region critical to social cognition and emotion regulation, and add to our understanding of the neural mechanisms by which OXT modulates complex social and cognitive behaviours.
Variations in seawater Sr/Ca recorded in deep‐sea bamboo corals
Authors: Hill T. M. , LaVigne M. , Spero H. J. , Guilderson T. , Gaylord B. , Clague D. 
Published: May 2012

A depth transect of deep‐sea bamboo corals along the California margin provides evidence that coral strontium to calcium ratios (Sr/Cacoral) record seawater Sr/Ca ratios (Sr/Casw). A calibration was constructed utilizing Sr/Cacoral ratios and previously published Pacific Sr/Casw data (R2 = 0.53, n = 12, p < 0.01): Sr/Cacoral (mmol/mol) = 4.62*Sr/Casw (mmol/mol) − 36.64. Sr/Casw is ultimately governed by the remineralization of Sr‐containing shells of surface water‐derived marine organisms (e.g., Acantharia) at intermediate water depths. California margin Sr/Cacoral records from 792 and 1295 m document fluctuations in Sr/Casw that appear decadal‐scale. These results suggest that Sr/Casw may not be as stable as previously assumed and may be influenced by surface productivity on short timescales.
External triggering of plasmoid development at Saturn
Authors: Kidder A. , Paty C. S. , Winglee R. M. , Harnett E. M. 
Published: May 2012

The Cassini spacecraft has encountered multiple plasmoids in Saturn's magnetotail thought to be produced by tail reconnection. However, single spacecraft measurements make it difficult to determine plasmoid size, where they form, the composition, and the geometry of the plasma sheet when plasmoids are produced. This paper examines these issues using 3D multifluid simulations of the Kronian magnetosphere. Plasmoids may develop in multiple sectors, form at different distances from the planet, and grow to sizes large relative to the system (∼25 RS), with varying widths and lengths. These plasmoids are composed primarily of water group ions and move downtail with speeds of ∼250 km/s (the local Alfvén speed). The plasma sheet is hinged upward both prior to and following plasmoid formation. Plasmoids can be externally triggered by both flips in the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) as well as a pulse in the solar wind dynamic pressure.
High-spin electronic states of lanthanide-arene complexes: Nd(benzene) and Nd(naphthalene)
Authors: Lei Yuxiu , Wu Lu , Sohnlein Bradford R. , Yang Dong-Sheng 
Published: May 2012

Neodymium (Nd) complexes of benzene and naphthalene were synthesized in a laser-ablation supersonic molecular beam source. High-resolution electron spectra of these complexes were obtained using pulsed-field ionization zero electron kinetic energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy. Second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation calculations were employed to aid spectral and electronic-state assignments. The adiabatic ionization energies were measured to be 38 081 (5) cm−1 for Nd(benzene) and 37 815 (5) cm−1 for Nd(naphthalene). For the Nd(benzene) complex, the observed frequencies of 831 and 286 cm−1 were assigned to C–H out-of-plane bending and Nd+–C6H6 stretching modes in the 6A1 ion state and 256 cm−1 to the Nd–C6H6 stretching mode in the 7A1 neutral state. To confirm these assignments, the ZEKE spectrum of the deuterated species was recorded, and the corresponding vibrational frequencies were measured to be 710 and 277 cm−1 in the ion state and 236 cm−1 in the neutral state. For the Nd(naphthalene) complex, the observed vibrational modes were C10H8 bending (394 cm−1), Nd+–C10H8 stretching (286 and 271 cm−1), Nd+–C10H8 bending (80 cm−1), and C10H8 twisting (105 cm−1) in the 6A′ ion state and metal-ligand bending (60 cm−1) and ligand twisting (55 cm−1) in the 7A′ neutral state. The formation of the ground state of the Nd(benzene) complex requires 4f → 5d and 6s → 5d electron excitation of the Nd atom, whereas the formation of the ground state of Nd(naphthalene) involves the 6s → 5d electron promotion.
Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization
Authors: Giosan Liviu , Clift Peter D. , Macklin Mark G. , Fuller Dorian Q. , Constantinescu Stefan , Durcan Julie A. , Stevens Thomas , Duller Geoff A. T. , Tabrez Ali R. , Gangal Kavita , Adhikari Ronojoy , Alizai Anwar , Filip Florin , VanLaningham Sam , Syvitski James P. M. 
Published: May 2012

The collapse of the Bronze Age Harappan, one of the earliest urban civilizations, remains an enigma. Urbanism flourished in the western region of the Indo-Gangetic Plain for approximately 600 y, but since approximately 3,900 y ago, the total settled area and settlement sizes declined, many sites were abandoned, and a significant shift in site numbers and density towards the east is recorded. We report morphologic and chronologic evidence indicating that fluvial landscapes in Harappan territory became remarkably stable during the late Holocene as aridification intensified in the region after approximately 5,000 BP. Upstream on the alluvial plain, the large Himalayan rivers in Punjab stopped incising, while downstream, sedimentation slowed on the distinctive mega-fluvial ridge, which the Indus built in Sindh. This fluvial quiescence suggests a gradual decrease in flood intensity that probably stimulated intensive agriculture initially and encouraged urbanization around 4,500 BP. However, further decline in monsoon precipitation led to conditions adverse to both inundation- and rain-based farming. Contrary to earlier assumptions that a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, identified by some with the mythical Sarasvati, watered the Harappan heartland on the interfluve between the Indus and Ganges basins, we show that only monsoonal-fed rivers were active there during the Holocene. As the monsoon weakened, monsoonal rivers gradually dried or became seasonal, affecting habitability along their courses. Hydroclimatic stress increased the vulnerability of agricultural production supporting Harappan urbanism, leading to settlement downsizing, diversification of crops, and a drastic increase in settlements in the moister monsoon regions of the upper Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
Hierarchical nanostructured conducting polymer hydrogel with high electrochemical activity
Authors: Pan Lijia , Yu Guihua , Zhai Dongyuan , Lee Hye Ryoung , Zhao Wenting , Liu Nian , Wang Huiliang , Tee Benjamin C.-K. , Shi Yi , Cui Yi , Bao Zhenan 
Published: May 2012

Conducting polymer hydrogels represent a unique class of materials that synergizes the advantageous features of hydrogels and organic conductors and have been used in many applications such as bioelectronics and energy storage devices. They are often synthesized by polymerizing conductive polymer monomer within a nonconducting hydrogel matrix, resulting in deterioration of their electrical properties. Here, we report a scalable and versatile synthesis of multifunctional polyaniline (PAni) hydrogel with excellent electronic conductivity and electrochemical properties. With high surface area and three-dimensional porous nanostructures, the PAni hydrogels demonstrated potential as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes with high specific capacitance (∼480 F·g
-1
), unprecedented rate capability, and cycling stability (∼83% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles). The PAni hydrogels can also function as the active component of glucose oxidase sensors with fast response time (∼0.3 s) and superior sensitivity (∼16.7 μA·mM
-1
). The scalable synthesis and excellent electrode performance of the PAni hydrogel make it an attractive candidate for bioelectronics and future-generation energy storage electrodes.
Edwardsiella ictaluri as the Causative Agent of Mortality in Cultured Nile Tilapia
Authors: Soto Esteban , Griffin Matt , Arauz Maziel , Riofrio Andres , Martinez Alexis , Cabrejos Maria Eugenia 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri was consistently isolated from the spleens, livers, and head kidneys of diseased Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus from a farm experiencing mortality events in several culture ponds. We describe the first published outbreak of E. ictaluri–induced edwardsiellosis in Nile tilapia. Pure cultures of the isolated bacteria were characterized both biochemically and molecularly. Biochemical analysis was performed using the API-20E and RapID One systems, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the broth microdilution method. Molecular analysis involved sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and PCR-mediated genomic fingerprinting (rep-PCR). Pairwise sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene identified the case isolates to be a 100% match to E. ictaluri cultured from channel catfish in the southeastern United States. However, rep-PCR analysis identified the case isolates to be genetically different from representative strains isolated from disease outbreaks in cultured channel catfish in Mississippi. Infectivity challenges (intraperitoneal injection and immersion) demonstrated that a representative E. ictaluri strain isolated from tilapia was pathogenic to naïve tilapia, reproducing clinical signs and mortality, thereby establishing Koch's postulates.
Received August 30, 2011; accepted January 30, 2012
Particle and power deposition on divertor targets in EAST H-mode plasmas
Authors: Wang L. , Xu G.S. , Guo H.Y. , Chen R. , Ding S. , Gan K.F. , Gao X. , Gong X.Z. , Jiang M. , Liu P. , Liu S.C. , Luo G.N. , Ming T.F. , Wan B.N. , Wang D.S. , Wang F.M. , Wang H.Q. , Wu Z.W. , Yan N. , Zhang L. , Zhang W. , Zhang X.J. , Zhu S.Z. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The effects of edge-localized modes (ELMs) on divertor particle and heat fluxes were investigated for the first time in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The experiments were carried out with both double null and lower single null divertor configurations, and comparisons were made between the H-mode plasmas with lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) and those with combined ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH). The particle and heat flux profiles between and during ELMs were obtained from Langmuir triple-probe arrays embedded in the divertor target plates. And isolated ELMs were chosen for analysis in order to reduce the uncertainty resulting from the influence of fast electrons on Langmuir triple-probe evaluation during ELMs. The power deposition obtained from Langmuir triple probes was consistent with that from the divertor infra-red camera during an ELM-free period. It was demonstrated that ELM-induced radial transport predominantly originated from the low-field side region, in good agreement with the ballooning-like transport model and experimental results of other tokamaks. ELMs significantly enhanced the divertor particle and heat fluxes, without significantly broadening the SOL width and plasma-wetted area on the divertor target in both LHCD and LHCD + ICRH H-modes, thus posing a great challenge for the next-step high-power, long-pulse operation in EAST. Increasing the divertor-wetted area was also observed to reduce the peak heat flux and particle recycling at the divertor target, hence facilitating long-pulse H-mode operation. The particle and heat flux profiles during ELMs appeared to exhibit multiple peak structures, and were analysed in terms of the behaviour of ELM filaments and the flux tubes induced by modified magnetic topology during ELMs.