bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement in arm and post‐partum abdominal and flank subcutaneous fat deposits and skin laxity using a bipolar radiofrequency, infrared, vacuum and mechanical massage device
Authors: Brightman Lori , Weiss Elliot , Chapas Anne M. , Karen Julie , Hale Elizabeth , Bernstein Leonard , Geronemus Roy G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSkin laxity of the body is a growing cosmetic concern. Laxity can result from chronological or photoaging and changes in body dimensions during pregnancy or weight loss. The end result is loose, sagging skin, and localized fat deposits. Liposuction and abdominoplasty or brachioplasty are established approaches to these issues. Patient desire for alternatives to surgical correction has spawned the development of non‐invasive body contouring devices. The combination of infrared light (IR), bipolar radiofrequency (RF), vacuum and mechanical massage (Velashape, Syneron Medical Ltd, Israel) has demonstrated efficacy in improving skin appearance and circumference of the thighs [Goldberg et al., Derm Surg 2008; 34:204–209; Fisher et al., Derm Surg 2005; 31:1237–1241; Arnoczky and Aksan, J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000; 8:305–313; Alster and Tanzi, J Cosmetic Laser Therapy 2005; 7:81–85; Wanitphakdeedecha and Manuskiatti, J Cosmet Dermatol 2006; 5:284–288; Nootheti et al., Lasers Surg Med 2006; 38: 908–912], but only anecdotal evidence has supported its use on other anatomic locations. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Velashape on additional body sites and more rigorously examine the technology's impact on upper arm as well as abdominal and flank circumference.Study Design and MethodsSubjects were 28–70 years old, skin types I–V. Nineteen subjects underwent 5 weekly treatments of the upper arms, and 10 subjects underwent 4 weekly treatments of the abdomen and flanks. Treatments were performed using Velashape. Circumference measurements, photographs, and subject weights were performed prior to treatment and at 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐ups. Subjects were asked to record their treatment satisfaction level.ResultsChange in arm circumference, at the 5th treatment was statistically significant with a mean loss of 0.625 cm. At 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐ups, mean loss was 0.71 and 0.597 cm respectively. Reduction of abdominal circumference at 3rd treatment was statistically significant with a 1.25 cm mean loss. At 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐ups, average loss was 1.43 and 1.82 cm respectively.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates with statistical significance, sustainable reduction in circumference and improvement in appearance of arms and abdomen following treatment with Velashape. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:791–798, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A high‐throughput model for fat graft assessment
Authors: Medina Miguel A. , Nguyen John T. , McCormack Michael M. , Randolph Mark A. , Austen William G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCurrent fat‐graft animal models require weeks, to months, for results. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for the rapid identification of adipocyte protectants, using apoptosis‐specific fluorescence. The goal of our model was to predict long‐term fat graft survival within a 10‐day period.Study Design/Materials and MethodsHuman fat was obtained from liposuction aspirates, washed with saline, and centrifuged at 200g. The fat was then treated with one of four agents: P188, polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000), lipoic acid (LA), or saline control. Fat lobules were explanted over a 10‐day period, and then at six weeks. The explanted fat was measured for apoptosis. Samples were weighed, sent for histology, measured for DNA content, and examined using confocal microscopy.ResultsFat‐grafts demonstrated variable apoptosis over the 10‐day period. P188 and LA treated samples demonstrated 11–28% less apoptosis during early engraftment than saline treated controls. This early reduction in apoptosis correlated to a ∼20% reduction in reabsorption by weight six weeks later. P188 and LA samples demonstrated three‐times higher DNA content by PICO green analysis when compared to saline controls. PEG 8000 treated samples demonstrated 11% more apoptosis than saline. PEG 8000 treated samples demonstrated an approximately 10% higher level of reabsorption by weight, and two‐times higher levels of DNA. Histology of treated samples at six weeks showed architecturally normal fat in P188 and LA treated fat; whereas PEG 8000 had high levels of inflammatory infiltrates, and saline had large amounts of fibrosis.ConclusionsThis model of fat‐grafting and early apoptosis can be used to screen agents and grafting methods and predict long‐term graft survival. We show that levels of apoptosis within ten days correlate with weight, DNA, and histology, at six weeks. Using this model, long‐term adipocyte survival and graft take can be predicted during the first 10 days post‐implantation. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:738–744, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light‐Responsive Biomaterials: Development and Applications
Authors: Katz Joshua S. , Burdick Jason A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNovel biomaterials are beneficial to the growing fields of drug delivery, cell biology, micro‐devices, and tissue engineering. With recent advances in chemistry and materials science, light is becoming an attractive option as a method to control biomaterial behavior and properties. In this Feature Article, we explore some of the early and recent advances in the design of light‐responsive biomaterials. Particular attention is paid to macromolecular assemblies for drug delivery, multi‐component surface patterning for advanced cell assays, and polymer networks that undergo chemical or shape changes upon light exposure. We conclude with some remarks about future directions of the field.magnified image
Janus Micelle Formation Induced by Protonation/Deprotonation of Poly(2‐vinylpyridine)‐block‐Poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Li Xue , Yang Hui , Xu Limei , Fu Xiaoning , Guo Huanwang , Zhang Xiaokai 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA novel approach to amphiphilic polymeric Janus micelles based on the protonation/deprotonation process of poly(2‐vinylpyridine)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (P2VP‐b‐PEO) diblock copolymers in THF is presented. It is found that addition of HCl to the micelles solution of P2VP‐b‐PEO copolymers leads to the formation of vesicles. Subsequently mixing a small amount of hydrazine monohydrate with the vesicle solution can induce the dissociation and reorganization of the vesicles into Janus micelles. When HCl is replaced by HAuCl4 precursors, composite Janus particles containing gold in P2VP blocks are obtained.magnified image
Chitosan‐based Polyelectrolyte Complexes Soluble in Enzyme‐friendly pH Range
Authors: Izumrudov Vladimir A. , Volkova Irina F. , Gorshkova Marina Yu. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBy studying chitosan interactions with poly(styrene sulfonate) anions, a procedure that yields chitosan‐based non‐stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexes soluble in neutral media has been developed. The elaborated strategy of the complex formation depended on the peculiar order of mixing the polyelectrolyte solutions, which served as a remedy for kinetic hindrances. The kinetic restrictions inevitably occurred on direct mixing of the components in slightly acidic and neutral media, due to the significant contribution of hydrogen bonds in stabilization of the intermediate insoluble products. The approach developed opens up a new avenue of attack on the problem of preparing water soluble biocompatible and biodegradable chitosan complexes that are suitable for use at physiological pH and ionic strength.magnified image
Exploring the Factors Affecting the Solubility of Chitosan in Water
Authors: Sogias Ioannis A. , Khutoryanskiy Vitaliy V. , Williams Adrian C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe explore the role of crystallinity and inter‐ or intramolecular forces in chitosan for its solubility in water and demonstrate the expansion of its solubility to a wider pH range. Due to its semicrystalline nature, derived mainly from inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen bonds, chitosan is water‐soluble only at pH < 6. In acidic conditions, its amino groups can be partially protonated resulting in repulsion between positively charged macrochains, thereby allowing diffusion of water molecules and subsequent solvation of macromolecules. We show that chemical disruption of chitosan crystallinity by partial re‐acetylation or physical disruption caused by the addition of urea and guanidine hydrochloride broadens the pH‐solubility range for this biopolymer.magnified image
Structure and Excited‐State Interactions in Composites of CdSe Nanorods and Interface‐Compatible Polythiophene‐graft‐poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylates)
Authors: Wang Mingfeng , Kumar Sandeep , Coombs Neil , Scholes Gregory D. , Winnik Mitchell A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report the preparation and characterization of two comb‐like graft copolymers, polythiophene‐graft‐poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylates) (PT700‐g‐PDMA60 and PT220‐g‐PDMA16, where the subscripts represent the number average degree of polymerization), and an investigation of their interaction with CdSe nanorods. Each polymer contains a regiorandom polythiophene (PT) as the backbone, from which poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMA) chains are densely grafted. The PDMA arms serve as multidentate ligands for CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals and increase the compatibility between the PT backbone and the nanocrystals. Using electron microscopy, we examined the morphology and the internal structure of the nanorod/polymer composites formed in toluene. The morphology and the internal structure of the composites vary with a change in the nanorod/polymer ratio as well as with the concentration of each component. The results of steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy indicate that the presence of the nanocrystals in toluene leads to photoluminescence (PL) quenching of the PT backbone in the graft copolymer with relatively short PDMA arms (PT220‐g‐PDMA16). In contrast, no PL quenching could be detected in composites formed from a similar polymer with longer PDMA arms (PT700‐g‐PDMA60). A likely explanation of this result is that in composites formed with PT700‐g‐PDMA60, the nanocrystals are held too far from the PT backbone for energy transfer or charge transfer to take place.magnified image
Validation of a model for estimating state and local prevalence of serious mental illness
Authors: Hudson Christopher G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study addresses an ongoing problem in mental health needs assessment. This involves estimating the prevalence of an identified problem, specifically serious mental illness (SMI), for local areas in a reliable, valid, and cost‐effective manner. The aim of the study is the application and testing of a recently introduced methodology from the field of small area estimation to determining SMI rates in the 48 contiguous US states, and in local areas of Massachusetts. It uses ‘regression synthetic estimation fitted using area‐level covariates’, to estimate a model using data from the 2001–2002 replication of the National Comorbidity Study (n = 5593) and apply it, using 2000 STF‐3C Census data, to various state and local areas in the United States. The estimates are then compared with independently collected SMI indicators. The estimates show not only face validity and internal consistency, but also predictive validity. The multiple logistic model has a sensitivity of 21.1% and a specificity of 95.1%, based largely on socio‐economic disparities. Pearson r validity coefficients for the area estimates range from 0.43 to 0.75. The model generates a national estimate of SMI adults of 5.5%; for the 48 states, rates ranging from 4.7% to 7.0%; and for Massachusetts towns and cities, 1.1% to 7.5%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model of cap‐dependent translation initiation in sea urchin: A step towards the eukaryotic translation regulation network
Authors: Bellé Robert , Prigent Sylvain , Siegel Anne , Cormier Patrick 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe large and rapid increase in the rate of protein synthesis following fertilization of the sea urchin egg has long been a paradigm of translational control, an important component of the regulation of gene expression in cells. This translational up‐regulation is linked to physiological changes that occur upon fertilization and is necessary for entry into first cell division cycle. Accumulated knowledge on cap‐dependent initiation of translation makes it suited and timely to start integrating the data into a system view of biological functions. Using a programming environment for system biology coupled with model validation (named Biocham), we have built an integrative model for cap‐dependent initiation of translation. The model is described by abstract rules. It contains 51 reactions involved in 74 molecular complexes. The model proved to be coherent with existing knowledge by using queries based on computational tree logic (CTL) as well as Boolean simulations. The model could simulate the change in translation occurring at fertilization in the sea urchin model. It could also be coupled with an existing model designed for cell‐cycle control. Therefore, the cap‐dependent translation initiation model can be considered a first step towards the eukaryotic translation regulation network. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 257–264, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Damage–viscoplastic consistency model with a parabolic cap for rocks with brittle and ductile behavior under low‐velocity impact loading
Authors: Saksala Timo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a damage–viscoplastic cap model for rocks with brittle and ductile behavior under low‐velocity impact loading, which occurs, e.g. in percussive drilling. The model is based on a combination of the recent viscoplastic consistency model by Wang and the isotropic damage concept. This approach does not suffer from ill posedness—caused by strain softening—of the underlying boundary/initial‐value problem since viscoplasticity provides a regularization under dynamic loading by introducing an internal length scale. The model uses the Drucker–Prager (DP) yield function with the modified Rankine criterion as a tension cut‐off and a parabolic cap surface as a compression cut‐off. The parabolic cap is smoothly fitted to the DP cone. The strain softening law in compression is calibrated with the degradation index concept of Fang and Harrison. Thereby, the model is able to capture the brittle‐to‐ductile transition and hardening behavior of geomaterials under highly confined compression, which is the prevailing stress state under a bit‐button in percussive drilling. Rock strength heterogeneity is characterized statistically at the structural level using the Weibull distribution. An explicit time integrator is chosen for solving the FE‐discretized equations of motion. The contact constraints due to the impact of an indenter are imposed with the forward increment Lagrange multiplier method that is compatible with explicit time integrators. The model is tested at the material point level with various uniaxial and triaxial tests. At the structural level confined compression, uniaxial tension tests and a rock sample under low‐velocity impact are simulated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay‐dependent robust H∞ control for uncertain descriptor systems with multiple state delays
Authors: Du Zhaoping , Zhang Qingling , Chang Guisong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe problem of delay‐dependent robust H∞ control for uncertain descriptor systems with multiple state delays is investigated. First, in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach, a delay‐dependent criterion is given to ensure that the descriptor system is regular, impulse free and stable with H∞ performance. Based on this criterion, the problem is solved by state feedback controller, which guarantees that the closed‐loop system is regular, impulse free, stable and satisfies a prescribed H∞ performance condition for all admissible uncertainties. The simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic acid doped polythiophene nanoparticles as electrode material for redox supercapacitors
Authors: Gnanakan S. Richard Prabhu , Murugananthem N. , Subramania A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn organic acid doped electronically conducting polymer nanomaterial, polythiophene‐tartaric acid (PTh‐TA) nanoparticles, was prepared by cationic surfactant‐assisted dilute polymerization method. The physical properties of the synthesized polymer were characterized by FT‐IR, UV‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, SEM, and electrical conductivity studies. The symmetric type redox supercapacitor performances were studied in PVdF‐HFP in 1 M LiPF6 containing EC&PC (1:1 v/v) based microporous polymer electrolyte. The specific capacitance of the capacitor was found to be 156 F g−1. The energy and power densities were calculated as 14 Wh kg−1 and 522 W kg−1, respectively. The value of capacitance was found to be almost stable up to 1000 cycles and even more. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and properties of cellulose/poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels prepared by IPN strategy
Authors: Chang Chunyu , Han Kai , Zhang Lina 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInterpenetrating polymer network (IPN) strategy was developed to fabricate novel hydrogels composed of cellulose and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) with high mechanical strength and adjustable thermosensitivity. Cellulose hydrogels were prepared by chemically cross‐linking cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution, which were employed as the first network. The second network was subsequently obtained by in situ polymerization/cross‐linking of N‐isopropylacrylamide in the cellulose hydrogels. The results from FTIR and solid 13C NMR indicated that the two networks co‐existed in the IPN hydrogels, which exhibited uniform porous structure, as a result of good compatibility. The mechanical and swelling properties of IPN hydrogels were strongly dependent on the weight ratio of two networks. Their temperature‐sensitive behaviors and deswelling kinetics were also discussed. This work created double network hydrogels, which combined the advantages of natural polymer and synthesized PNIPAAm collectively in one system, leading to the controllable temperature response and improvement in the physical properties. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospinning and cutting of ultrafine bioerodible poly(lactide‐co‐ethylene oxide) tri‐ and multiblock copolymer fibers for inhalation applications
Authors: Thieme Marcel , Agarwal Seema , Wendorff Joachim H. , Greiner Andreas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTriblock copolymers made up of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polylactide (PLA) were synthesized and converted to fibers by the electrospinning process. A two‐step in situ‐synthesis in bulk was applied to extend PLA‐PEO‐PLA triblock copolymers with relatively short block length and low molecular weight in order to obtain electrospinnable materials. DL‐lactide was polymerized to the hydroxyl chain ends of PEO via the stannous octoate route. Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was added as chain extender in the second step, leading to poly(ether‐ester‐urethane) multiblock copolymers. The materials were electrospun from solutions in chloroform. Different concentrations and voltages were analyzed. The ether and ester blocks were varied in their block length and their effects on the fiber morphology was studied. Variations in the electrical conductivity of the chloroform solutions were investigated by adding triethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TEBAC) in different amounts. Finally, with high quality electrospun PLA‐PEO‐PEO triblock copolymer fibers mechanical cutting was possible. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p53 transcriptional pathways in breast cancer: the good, the bad and the complex
Authors: Thompson Alastair M , Lane David P 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA p53 network immunohistochemically‐based signature to discriminate between good and poor prognosis breast cancer would have clinical relevance, given the key role of p53 in malignancy and response to therapy. Utilizing a five‐protein signature of p53/mdm2/mdm4/bcl2/p21 discriminates good‐prognosis and poor‐prognosis patient groups, based on the functionality of the p53 network. However, the relationship of this five‐protein signature to p53 mutation, the wide range of breast cancer therapies now in use and the over‐70 age group remain uncertain. Nonetheless, confirmation of the signature in two independent series suggests that this approach should be considered in further case series and in the context of clinical trials. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exercise echocardiography in asymptomatic survivors of childhood cancer treated with anthracyclines: A prospective follow‐up study
Authors: Sieswerda Elske , Kremer Leontien C.M. , Vidmar Suzanna , De Bruin Marie L. , Smibert Elizabeth , Sjöberg Gunnar , Cheung Michael M.H. , Weintraub Robert G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundExercise echocardiography reveals abnormalities in asymptomatic childhood cancer survivors who previously have been treated with anthracyclines. We determined the added value of monitoring childhood cancer survivors with exercise echocardiography compared to monitoring with resting echocardiography alone to predict anthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity. Secondary aims were to evaluate change in resting cardiac function over 10 years and to determine risk factors for late cardiotoxicity.ProcedureWe invited a cohort of 110 originally asymptomatic anthracycline‐treated childhood cancer survivors, who had undergone cardiac tests including exercise echocardiography 10.5 years earlier, for new cardiac evaluation. Each subject underwent a resting echocardiogram at both evaluations. At first evaluation a repeat echocardiogram was performed following peak exercise. Resting echocardiographic parameters were converted to z‐character.ResultsNinety‐two of 110 survivors (mean anthracycline dose 307 mg/m2, mean follow‐up time from start of treatment 8.2 years at first and 18.8 years at second evaluation) were evaluated prospectively. Mean resting fractional shortening z‐character (RFSz) decreased from −0.18 to −0.93. Higher cumulative anthracycline dose was a risk factor for a lower RFSz at late follow‐up (P = 0.0002). Adding exercise fractional shortening (XFS) to a model containing RFSz did not improve prediction of abnormal RFSz at late follow‐up.ConclusionsMonitoring with exercise echocardiography has no added value to monitoring with resting echocardiography alone in predicting late anthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer survivors. RFSz deteriorates over time, even in originally asymptomatic patients. Previous treatment with higher cumulative anthracycline dose is the main risk factor for a lower RFSz at late follow‐up. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:579–584. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.