bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous venovenous hemofiltration in severely burned patients with acute kidney injury: a cohort study
Authors: Chung Kevin K , Lundy Jonathan B , Matson James R , Renz Evan M , White Christopher E , King Booker T , Barillo David J , Jones John A , Cancio Leopoldo C , Blackbourne Lorne H , Wolf Steven E 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Introduction
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and devastating complication in critically ill burn patients with mortality reported to be between 80 and 100%. We aimed to determine the effect on mortality of early application of continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) in severely burned patients with AKI admitted to our burn intensive care unit (BICU).

Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study comparing a population of patients managed with early and aggressive CVVH compared with historical controls managed conservatively before the availability of CVVH. Patients with total body surface area (TBSA) burns of more than 40% and AKI were treated with early CVVH and their outcomes compared with a group of historical controls.

Results
Overall, the 28-day mortality was significantly lower in the CVVH arm (n = 29) compared with controls (n = 28) (38% vs. 71%, P = 0.011) as was the in-hospital mortality (62% vs. 86%, P = 0.04). In a subgroup of patients in shock, a dramatic reduction in the pressor requirement was seen after 24 and 48 hours of treatment. Compared with controls (n = 19), significantly fewer patients in the CVVH group (n = 21) required vasopressors at 24 hours (100% vs 43%, P < 0.0001) and at 48 hours (94% vs 24%, P < 0.0001). In those with acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), there was a significant increase from baseline in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio at 24 hours in the CVVH group (n = 16, 174 ± 78 to 327 ± 122, P = 0.003) but not the control group (n = 20, 186 ± 64 to 207 ± 131, P = 0.98).

Conclusions
The application of CVVH in adult patients with severe burns and AKI was associated with a decrease in 28-day and hospital mortality when compared with a historical control group, which largely did not receive any form of renal replacement. Clinical improvements were realized in the subgroups of patients with shock and ALI/ARDS. A randomized controlled trial comparing early CVVH to standard care in this high-risk population is planned.
Technology Adoption with Uncertain Future Costs and Quality
Authors: Smith James E. , Ulu Canan 
Published: May 2012

In this paper we study the impact of uncertainty about future innovations in quality and costs on consumers' technology adoption decisions. We model the uncertainty in the technology's quality and costs as a Markov process and consider three models of the adoption decision. The first model assumes that consumers do a simple net present value (NPV) analysis that compares the NPV of adopting to that of not adopting, without considering the possibility of waiting. The second model is a stochastic dynamic program that considers the possibility of waiting and views the adoption decision as a one-time event, i.e., the consumer will only make a single purchase, the only question is when. The third model allows repeat purchases so the consumer may “upgrade” by purchasing new versions of the technology whenever it suits her. We study structural properties of these models, e.g., the following: What changes in qualities and costs will make the consumer better off? What changes will encourage adoption? We will see that the simple NPV and single-purchase model have many intuitive properties: with the right notion of improvements and reasonable assumptions about the technology changes, we find that improvements in the technology make the consumer better off and encourage adoption. Here improvements are defined using a partial order on quality and cost pairs. The results are more complicated in the repeat-purchase model. Under the same conditions on technology changes, technology improvements will make the consumer better off. However, except for special cases of transitions, these improvements may make the consumer better off and discourage adoption.
Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Update on Therapeutics
Authors: Ganetsky Alex , Bhatt Valkal 
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE: To review the available literature addressing the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) and carcinoid tumors. DATA SOURCES: Relevant literature was identified by a PubMed search (January 1977-December 2011) of English-language literature using the terms gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, pancreatic neuroendocrine, carcinoid, and pancreatic islet cell tumor. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All published studies and abstracts, as well as relevant consensus guidelines, evaluating the current literature about PNETs and carcinoid tumors were included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are a genetically diverse group of complex malignancies with varying biological and clinical courses. Historically believed to be rare, recent epidemiologic data suggest their incidence is rising. Two of the most commonly diagnosed GEP-NETs are PNETs and carcinoid tumors. Both subtypes are well-differentiated tumors and present as low or intermediate grade. The systemic manifestations of PNETs and carcinoid tumors are diverse and are related to the secretion of affected hormones and biogenic amines. Surgical resection of localized disease remains the only curative option. However, the utility of this approach is limited because most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease. Recent advances have led to an improvement in outcomes in patients with PNETs and carcinoid tumors. This review describes traditional therapies as well as emerging strategies being investigated to help manage these cancers. Treatment of poorly differentiated GEP-NETs is beyond the scope of this review. CONCLUSIONS: The advent of new therapies for PNETs and carcinoid tumors has introduced a paradigm shift in the management of this heterogeneous malignancy.
Temperature-Tolerant COLD-PCR Reduces Temperature Stringency and Enables Robust Mutation Enrichment
Authors: Castellanos-Rizaldos E , Liu Pingfang , Milbury Coren A , Guha Minakshi , Brisci Angela , Cremonesi Laura , Ferrari Maurizio , Mamon Harvey , Makrigiorgos G Mike 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Low-level mutations in clinical tumor samples often reside below mutation detection limits, thus leading to false negatives that may impact clinical diagnosis and patient management. COLD-PCR (coamplification at lower denaturation temperature PCR) is a technology that magnifies unknown mutations during PCR, thus enabling downstream mutation detection. However, a practical difficulty in applying COLD-PCR has been the requirement for strict control of the denaturation temperature for a given sequence, to within ±0.3 °C. This requirement precludes simultaneous mutation enrichment in sequences of substantially different melting temperature (Tm) and limits the technique to a single sequence at a time. We present a temperature-tolerant (TT) approach (TT-COLD-PCR) that reduces this obstacle.

METHODS
We describe thermocycling programs featuring a gradual increase of the denaturation temperature during COLD-PCR. This approach enabled enrichment of mutations when the cycling achieves the appropriate critical denaturation temperature of each DNA amplicon that is being amplified. Validation was provided for KRAS (v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) and TP53 (tumor protein p53) exons 6–9 by use of dilutions of mutated DNA, clinical cancer samples, and plasma-circulating DNA.

RESULTS
A single thermocycling program with a denaturation-temperature window of 2.5–3.0 °C enriches mutations in all DNA amplicons simultaneously, despite their different Tms. Mutation enrichments of 6–9-fold were obtained with TT-full-COLD-PCR. Higher mutation enrichments were obtained for the other 2 forms of COLD-PCR, fast-COLD-PCR, and ice-COLD-PCR.

CONCLUSIONS
Low-level mutations in diverse amplicons with different Tms can be mutation enriched via TT-COLD-PCR provided that their Tms fall within the denaturation-temperature window applied during amplification. This approach enables simultaneous enrichment of mutations in several amplicons and increases significantly the versatility of COLD-PCR.
Ink-jet Printing of YBa2Cu3O7 Superconducting Coatings and Patterns from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Van Driessche Isabel , Feys Jonas , Vermeir Pieter , Lommens Petra 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we combine the use of Drop-on-Demand (DOD) ink-jet printing with completely water- based inks as a novel approach to the CSD process for coated conductors. This method holds the promise of improved scalability due to lower ink losses, continuous processing and a drastically increased precursor lifetime due to the prevention of solvent evaporation and dust incorporation. Moreover, ink-jet printing has the potential to switch quite easily from continuous coatings to a multi-filamentary pattern, which is particularly important for alternating current (AC) or field applications of coated conductors. The fluid properties, often expressed with dimensionless constants, like the Reynolds and Weber numbers, for printable liquids were determined. For proof-of-concept, single crystals of SrTiO3 with a low mismatch towards YBCO, were used as substrates.
Transparent Film Heaters based on Silver Nanowire Random Networks
Authors: Simonato Jean-Pierre , Celle Caroline , Mayousse Celine , Carella Alexandre , Basti Henda , Carpentier Alexandre 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTWe present the fabrication and characterization of transparent thin film heaters (TTFHs) based on silver nanowires. The goal is to develop a simple process for the production of transparent heating elements by large area printing techniques. The TTFHs are based on recently developed random networks of silver nanowires. Thanks to the very low sheet resistance achievable with silver nanowires, we show that it is possible to obtain high heating rates and good steady state temperatures at low voltages, typically below 12 V.
The Characteristics of Shuttle and Buffer Tankers for Offshore Fields
Authors: Planeix J. M. , MacDuff T. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Originally the authors had the intention of discussing the various types of S.P.M. configurations. However, since this paper was proposed to the EUROPEC Committee, and indeed, since its acceptance, a number of very good papers [Refs. 1–4] concerning S.P.M.s have been presented in various fora. We have decided to train our batteries on other targets.
Thus, we propose: –to discuss, in the logical terms of layman, the time-step operation of shuttles, cyclically bringing to port, the oil produced at an offshore field, and temporarily accumulated in a buffer storage. The various strategies of this operation lead to different sizes of buffer and shuttle(s).–to present the results of a simple but detailed investigation, into the economy of shuttle operation, in terms of total cost per tonne of oil shuttled over a given period of time and over variable distances, for a range of shuttle size.–finally, after a few considerations concerning environmental action, to present a few ideas – we hope, original if perhaps premature – towards the solution of the problem of storing and shuttling oil, produced offshore.
Consider the operation of one shuttle tanker between a buffer storage at a field, and the port, within a period when no storm occurs. The shuttle takes v/2 days between field and port, and the same length of time between port and field. At the port, the shuttle needs H days to unload, replenish fuel and supplies and, eventually to perform some routine maintenance work. In addition, the stay of the shuttle in port is voluntarily prolonged by I days, in order to give flexibility to the operation. At the field the shuttle must wait W days before pumping can commence. Loading the shuttle to its capacity C, takes L days at a daily loading rate RT.
A Reassessment of the U.K. and Norwegian Systems of Offshore Oil and Gas Taxation
Authors: Kemp Alexander G. , Cohen David R. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an up-to-date analysis of the impact of the oil and gas taxation regimes in Norway and the U.K. Several changes have been made to the systems in. "both countries since special tax packages were introduced in 1975. The emphasis in the paper is on elucidating the effects of the changes made in 1950. These changes were more wide-ranging in. Norway than in the U.K. and so comparatively more analysis is undertaken of the changing Norwegian situation. The effects of the changes in both countries on fields of different sizes and profitability is examined. The timing of the development of fields now plays a significant role in determining tax takes in both countries. The possible advantages to a company of developing fields as part of ongoing operations under the two systems are examined. The effects of the two regimes on the incentive to explore are also analysed.
Critical Parts Regarding Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Offshore Structures
Authors: Askheim N. Erik 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Critical parts regarding corrosion and protection of offshore structures and pipelines/risers are highlighted aiming at optimizing of in-service inspection programs, improving future design, and benefit of risk analysis. Indications of expected corrosion rates in case of failure of protection systems are given, mainly based on accumulated experience from structures in the North Sea.
The following main areas are considered as being of greatest importance:–Risers internally in concrete structures.–Internal corrosion of risers and process equipment, and–Risers and platform legs in the splash zone.
Contamination of Offshore Centrifugal Process Gas Compressor Lube Oil and Seal Oil Systems by Hydrocarbon Condensate
Authors: Coote Leonard 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper traces the discovery of contamination of Lube Oil and Seal Oil systems on large offshore centrifugal gas compressors by hydrocarbon condensate. Contamination of the aforementioned systems caused a drastic reduction in flash-point and viscosity of the oil thus affecting the operational efficiency and safety of the units. The development of a process specification and equipment to deal with the problem is described together with post commissioning experience and preliminary operating results from this unit.
Unit Testing for the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Peters John S. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
The paper gives guidelines to the site requirements for a comprehensive unit testing facility. The equipment and services required for alternator, compressor and pump unit testing are discussed.
The pump unit testing facility available at the National Engineering Laboratory, Scotland, is described, and the techniques and benefits resulting from the testing are discussed. Ways in which the oil companies could derive more benefit from unit testing prior to installation offshore are discussed.
Explosion Protection for Diesel Engines Offshore
Authors: Wilson James M. , Tyrer Philip G. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
By drawing in flammable gas through its air intake, a diesel engine can continue to run even though its normal fuel supply is cut off. Under certain circumstances the engine can overspeed. During the valve overlap period, a direct flame path exists between cylinders and ambient. Flame can therefore spread to regions outside the engine. High surface temperatures found on exhaust manifolds and pipes can also act as ignition sources, unless preventative steps are taken. This paper discusses the subject of explosion protection for diesel engines operating in potentially flammable atmospheres, particularly those encountered offshore. Reference is made to existing guidelines, codes of practice and standards. Several examples are given which illustrate how these standards are applied in practical situations.
The Buchan Field Development
Authors: Darnborough E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the Buchan development scheme which is based on subsea completions tied into a subsea manifold, connected in turn by a flexible riser to a floating production platform. Oil export is by tanker from a single point mooring buoy. The system is similar to, but more complex than that used in the Argyll field.
Overall the project has exceeded budget and programme largely due to delay in completing the conversion of a semi-submersible drilling rig to a production platform. Subsea work has gone remarkably well. The paper comments on these facts and suggests that improved front-end engineering and greater control of contractors would have improved performance. It suggests that a purpose-built platform is a better proposition than a conversion. It concludes that despite the problems encountered this type of development is viable.
A Retrievable Offshore Complex for Marginal Fields
Authors: Brewer Ross A. , Wendenburg Carl A. , Vache Jean-Claude 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The ongoing need for improving both the techniques and economcis relating to the development of small offshore fields continues to be a leading priority of the offshore oil industry everywhere. As the cost of energy increases, so increases the desirability to place these marginal fields on stream.
This paper presents the Sea Plex, a conceptual design that offers the offshore industry a new and innovative drilling/production/storage system complex that can be retrieved once the reservoir is depleted… and then, can be towed to another site for reuse after meeting any inspection and recertification requirements. It combines the proven technologies of the concrete storage caisson with that of the jackup to form a stable offshore structure. Also, it is capable of safely storing several days' production, thereby offering continuous on-station operation.
Initial results of development studies indicate this concept to be feasible for worldwide applications in water depths ranging from 30 to 150 m (98 – 492 ft) and for severe sea states and environments such as those found in the North Sea. Design evaluations are continuing.
Certification – The First Five Years
Authors: Cowan John B. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The first five years of the "Certification" scheme applicable in British waters has now been completed. During this period offshore technology has continued to improve and the development of offshore areas has necessitated the design and construction of more advanced exploration and exploitation units.
Coincidentally the detailed legislative requirements originally defined have been subject to revision as operational experience has been gained and the technology available improved.
The following paper indicates the extent of offshore engineering development in the North Sea area over the past five years, and refers to the detailed legislative requirements now applicable and comments on service failures encountered.
Murchison Field Topside Facilities Design
Authors: Roobaert Norbert C. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the approach taken to design the Murchsion topside facilities. The emphasis is on the management plan, organization, and design control. Other areas discussed are contractor selection, design interfaces, offshore hookup considerations, and the importance of timely operator input. Sufficient detail is presented to provide a reasonable checklist for this type of project. This paper should be of value to operators and design contractors associated with a North Sea Oil project.
Planning For Deep High Pressured Wells in the Northern North Sea
Authors: Rowlands Geoffrey W. , Booth Neil R. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
BP Petroleum Development Ltd., Norway is Operator for licence 043 on the Norwegian Offshore Continental Shelf, Block 30/4. BP and Statoil (Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap) each hold a 50 % interest in the licence. As part of the planning for drilling on the block a feasibility study was undertaken in July 1977 to evaluate the requirements for a deep test well. This well was required to investigate the potential hydrocarbon bearing Jurassic sandstones below 5200 m. The study drew on the experience gained on other deep high pressured wells drilled by BP in the UK sector and evaluated other regional data.
This paper discusses the planning required for a deep high pressure well. The casing design required to contain the expected pressures resulted in the need for a drilling unit having a high deck load capacity and pressure control equipment with a 15000 psi working pressure rating.
The first well in Norwegian Block 30/4 was drilled between November 1978 and May 1979 and achieved its objective, at the same time becoming the deepest well in the North Sea at 5454 m.
During drilling of the high pressure wells in the British and Norwegian sectors of the Northern North Sea problems have occurred which required solutions that deviated slightly from the planned programme. However, this is part of the learning curve and the paper concludes that some of the problems of drilling deep high pressured gas wells are being solved and that the drilling of such wells will become more familiar in the coming decade.
Measured Behaviour of Platforms on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Spidsoe Nils , Berg Steinar , Hoen Christopher , Beck Gunnar 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Full scale measurements are being conducted on fixed platforms according to the regulations issued by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate on the collection of environmental and platform performance (E-and P-) data.
This paper is mainly concerned with the quasistatic and dynamic behaviour of the platforms. First, a short description of the E-and P-data programme is given followed by some more detailed information on the particular instrumentation installed on typical platforms. Thereafter, the methods of analysis are described and, finally, samples of some of the results of the data analysis are presented and discussed.
Only a limited amount of data has been analyzed, however, the results obtained so far indicate a fair correlation between the analytical models used in the design and the measured behaviour of the platforms.
It should be noted that the techniques presently used for time series analysis all suffer from poor confidence levels, due to the short duation of the measured time series. However, more sophisticated methods for time series analysis have been proposed and they will be applied to the data in the future.
Dynamic Behaviour of an Offshore Concrete Platform
Authors: Ledoigt B. , Agnello G. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Soil, structural and wave measurements are recorded on FRIGG CDP 1, a concrete gravity platform of Doris-Howard design. The soil and structure responses are analysed for various sea states, defined by significant wave heights and wave directions.
Computer processing of digitally acquired data, in the time and frequency domains shows how wave energy is transferred to the structure and correlates pore pressure in the soil under the structure to the sea state.
Several soil-platform modes have been identified in the 0 – 1 Hz frequency band width. Differences exist between dynamic behaviours of this type of gravity platform and a conventional steel jacket.