bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Predictors of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device‐Related Infective Endocarditis
Authors: LE KATHERINE Y. , SOHAIL MUHAMMAD R. , FRIEDMAN PAUL A. , USLAN DANIEL Z. , CHA STEPHEN S. , HAYES DAVID L. , WILSON WALTER R. , STECKELBERG JAMES M. , BADDOUR LARRY M. ,   for the Mayo Cardiovascular Infections Study Group
Published: January 2011

Background: Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED)‐related infective endocarditis (CIED‐IE) is a serious complication of cardiac device infection and is associated with increased mortality. At present, there exist no criteria to predict CIED‐IE in patients who present with CIED infection.
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of CIED infection seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1991 and 2008. CIED‐IE was classified using pathologic and clinical criteria. Clinical predictors of CIED‐IE were identified using logistic regression, and quantified using a summary score and plotted against the distribution of CIED‐IE.
Results: Ninety‐three (22.4%) of the 416 patients with CIED infection had CIED‐IE. Host factors including chronic immunomodulator therapy exclusive of corticosteroid (odds ratio [OR], 3.79 [confidence interval (CI) 1.10, 13.04]), chronic corticosteroid therapy (OR, 2.15 [CI 0.93, 5.00]), hemodialysis (OR, 3.24 [CI 1.39, 7.55]), or remote infection (OR, 1.77 [CI 0.99, 3.14]) were associated with increased odds of CIED‐IE. Patients with CIED‐IE were at increased odds of presenting with fever (OR, 3.78 [CI 1.93, 7.40]), or malaise (OR, 1.87 [CI 1.02, 3.41]), and have findings of leukocytosis (OR, 3.61 [CI 1.51, 8.62]). In marked contrast, they were at decreased odds of exhibiting signs/symptoms of infection at the generator pocket site (OR, 0.19 [CI 0.10, 0.36]). Summary scores of 6 and 11 predicted CIED‐IE in approximately 50% and 90% of cases, respectively.
Conclusions: Certain comorbid conditions and systemic manifestations of infection were associated with CIED‐IE. In contrast, pocket site infection was negatively associated with CIED‐IE. These findings should assist clinicians in identifying patients who would more likely benefit from further investigation of CIED‐IE with transesophageal echocardiography. (PACE 2011; 34:450–459)
Inference Is Bliss: Using Evolutionary Relationship to Guide Categorical Inferences
Authors: Novick Laura R. , Catley Kefyn M. , Funk Daniel J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThree experiments, adopting an evolutionary biology perspective, investigated subjects’ inferences about living things. Subjects were told that different enzymes help regulate cell function in two taxa and asked which enzyme a third taxon most likely uses. Experiment 1 and its follow‐up, with college students, used triads involving amphibians, reptiles, and mammals (reptiles and mammals are most closely related evolutionarily) and plants, fungi, and animals (fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants). Experiment 2, with 10th graders, also included triads involving mammals, birds, and snakes/crocodilians (birds and snakes/crocodilians are most closely related). Some subjects received cladograms (hierarchical diagrams) depicting the evolutionary relationships among the taxa. The effect of providing cladograms depended on students’ background in biology. The results illuminate students’ misconceptions concerning common taxa and constraints on their willingness to override faulty knowledge when given appropriate evolutionary evidence. Implications for introducing tree thinking into biology curricula are discussed.
The Cognitive Dynamics of Negated Sentence Verification
Authors: Dale Rick , Duran Nicholas D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe explored the influence of negation on cognitive dynamics, measured using mouse‐movement trajectories, to test the classic notion that negation acts as an operator on linguistic processing. In three experiments, participants verified the truth or falsity of simple statements, and we tracked the computer‐mouse trajectories of their responses. Sentences expressing these facts sometimes contained a negation. Such negated statements could be true (e.g., “elephants are not small”) or false (e.g., “elephants are not large”). In the first experiment, as predicted by the classic notion of negation, we found that negation caused more discreteness in the mouse trajectory of a response. The second experiment induced a simple context for these statements, yet negation still increased discreteness in trajectories. A third experiment enhanced the pragmatic context of sentences, and the discreteness was substantially diminished, with one primary measure no longer significantly showing increased discreteness at all. Traditional linguistic theories predict rapid shifts in cognitive dynamics occur due to the nature of negation: It is an operator that reverses the truth or falsity of an interpretation. We argue that these results support both propositional and contextual accounts of negation present in the literature, suggesting that contextual factors are crucial for determining the kind of cognitive dynamics displayed. We conclude by drawing broader lessons about theories of cognition from the case of negation.
Association of FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) gene rs4713916 polymorphism with mood disorders: a meta-analysis
Authors: Feng Xiao-Liang , Wang Fang , Zou Yan-Feng , Li Wen-Fei , Tian Yang-Hua , Pan Fa-Ming , Huang Fen 
Published: January 2011

Background: Several studies have investigated the association of FKBP5 gene polymorphisms with mood disorders, but findings are not always consistent. The aim of our study was to assess the association of FKBP5 gene polymorphisms with mood disorders using a meta-analysis.Methods: Data were collected from the following electronic databases: PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang, with the last report up to March 2010. Meta-analysis was performed in a fixed/random effect model.Results: We identified six studies using search, and one study was excluded because of unavailable data. One study contained data on two different ethnicities and we treated them independently. Thus, six separate studies (2655 cases and 3593 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed for three FKBP5 gene polymorphisms (rs1360780, rs3800373 and rs4713916) in overall and Caucasian populations. We did not detect any association of FKBP5 gene rs1360780 and rs3800373 polymorphisms with mood disorders (p > 0.05). However, a significant association of FKBP5 gene rs4713916 polymorphism with mood disorders was found, and the heterozygous individual (GA genotype) was more susceptible to mood disorders in comparison to homozygous analogues (GG or AA genotype) [overall: GA vs. GG: OR (odds ratio) = 1.20, 95% CI (confidence interval) = 1.03–1.40, p = 0.02; GA vs. AA: OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.09–1.90, p = 0.009; Caucasian: GA vs. GG: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.04–1.44, p = 0.01; GA vs. AA: OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.09–1.89, p = 0.01].Conclusion: This meta-analysis shows that mood disorders are associated with FKBP5 gene rs4713916 polymorphism, but not with rs1360780 and rs3800373.
Study of the Efficacy of Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Chen Celia S. , Lee Andrew W. , Campbell Bruce , Paine Mark , Lee Tien , Fraser Clare , Grigg John , Markus Romesh , Williams Keryn , Coster Doug J. 
Published: January 2011

Rationale Central retinal artery occlusion is a stroke of the eye caused by a blockage of its main blood supply by platelet-fibrin clot. Systemic thrombolysis has been successful in restoring perfusion to ischaemic tissue by fibrin-platelet clot lysis in ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Several open-label studies have demonstrated efficacy of thrombolysis in the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion, with up to 60–70% of treated subjects experiencing an improvement in visual acuity. Most of these are given intraarterially, which is an invasive procedure and not widely applicable to all treatment centres. An alternative is the intravenous infusion of tissue plasminogen activator using existing stroke thrombolysis protocols. A systematic review of all observational studies of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute central retinal artery occlusion showed that 48·5% of subjects had a four line or more visual acuity improvement with an acceptable rate of haemorrhagic complications, creating the equipoise necessary to conduct a randomised controlled trial. Aim To determine the efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis in acute treatment of central retinal artery occlusion. Design A phase II, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised controlled trial comparing intravenous tissue plasminogen activator at 0·9 mg/kg to placebo (normal saline) 100 ml in a 1 : 1 block randomisation. Study outcome The primary outcome measure is an improvement of three lines or more on the Snellen visual acuity chart, which signifies a doubling of the visual angle.
Decorin GAG Synthesis and TGF-β Signaling Mediate Ox-LDL–Induced Mineralization of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Yan Jianyun , Stringer Sally E. , Hamilton Andrew , Charlton-Menys Valentine , Götting Christian , Müller Benjamin , Aeschlimann Daniel , Alexander M. Yvonne 
Published: January 2011

Objective—
Decorin and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) independently induce osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We aimed to determine whether decorin glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain synthesis contributes to Ox-LDL–induced differentiation and calcification of human VSMCs in vitro.

Methods and Results—
Human VSMCs treated with Ox-LDL to induce oxidative stress showed increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, accelerated mineralization, and a difference in both decorin GAG chain biosynthesis and CS/DS structure compared with untreated controls. Ox-LDL increased mRNA abundance of both xylosyltransferase (XT)-I, the key enzyme responsible for GAG chain biosynthesis and Msx2, a marker of osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, downregulation of XT-I expression using small interfering RNA blocked Ox-LDL–induced VSMC mineralization. Adenoviral-mediated overexpression of decorin, but not a mutated unglycanated form, accelerated mineralization of VSMCs, suggesting GAG chain addition on decorin is crucial for the process of differentiation. The decorin-induced VSMC osteogenic differentiation involved activation of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway, because it was attenuated by blocking of TGF-β receptor signaling and because decorin overexpression potentiated phosphorylation of the downstream signaling molecule smad2.

Conclusion—
These studies provide direct evidence that oxidative stress–mediated decorin GAG chain synthesis triggers TGF-β signaling and mineralization of VSMCs in vitro.
Vascular PPARδ Protects Against Stroke-Induced Brain Injury
Authors: Yin Ke-Jie , Deng Zhen , Hamblin Milton , Zhang Jifeng , Chen Y. Eugene 
Published: January 2011

Objective—
To investigate the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)δ in the cerebral vasculature following stroke-induced brain injury.

Methods and Results—
Here, we report a novel finding that selective PPARδ genetic deletion in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) resulted in increased cerebrovascular permeability and brain infarction in mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Mechanistically, we revealed for the first time that PPARδ expression is reduced, but matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity is increased in cultured VSMCs after oxygen–glucose deprivation and also in the cerebral cortex of mice following MCAO. Moreover, gain- and loss of PPARδ function in VSMCs significantly reduces and increases oxygen–glucose deprivation–induced MMP-9 activity, respectively. We have further identified that MMP-9 is a direct target of PPARδ-mediated transrepression by chromatin immunoprecipitation and PPARδ transcriptional activity assays. Furthermore, inhibition of MMP-9 activity by lentiviral MMP-9 short hairpin RNA effectively improves cerebrovascular permeability and reduces brain infarction in VSMC-selective PPARδ conditional knockout mice after MCAO.

Conclusion—
Our data demonstrate that PPARδ in VSMCs can prevent ischemic brain injury by inhibition of MMP-9 activation and attenuation of postischemic inflammation. The pharmacological activation of PPARδ may provide a new therapeutic strategy to treat stroke-induced vascular and neuronal damage.
Value of Age, Creatinine, and Ejection Fraction (ACEF Score) in Assessing Risk in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in the ‘All-Comers' LEADERS Trial
Authors: Wykrzykowska Joanna J. , Garg Scot , Onuma Yoshinobu , de Vries Ton , Goedhart Dick , Morel Marie-Angele , van Es Gerrit-Anne , Buszman Pawel , Linke Axel , Ischinger Thomas , Klauss Volker , Corti Roberto , Eberli Franz , Wijns William , Morice Marie-Claude , di Mario Carlo , van Geuns Robert Jan , Juni Peter , Windecker Stephan , Serruys Patrick W. 
Published: January 2011

Background—
The age, creatinine, and ejection fraction (ACEF) score (age/left ventricular ejection fraction+1 if creatinine >2.0 mg/dL) has been established as an effective predictor of clinical outcomes in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery; however, its utility in “all-comer” patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention is yet unexplored.

Methods and Results—

The ACEF score was calculated for 1208 of the 1707 patients enrolled in the LEADERS trial. Post hoc analysis was performed by stratifying clinical outcomes at the 1-year follow-up according to ACEF score tertiles: ACEF
low
≤1.0225, 1.0225< ACEF
mid
≤1.277, and ACEF
high
>1.277. At 1-year follow-up, there was a significantly lower number of patients with major adverse cardiac event–free survival in the highest tertile of the ACEF score (ACEF
low
=92.1%, ACEF
mid
=89.5%, and ACEF
high
=86.1%;
P
=0.0218). Cardiac death was less frequent in ACEF
low
than in ACEF
mid
and ACEF
high
(0.7% vs 2.2% vs 4.5%; hazard ratio=2.22,
P
=0.002) patients. Rates of myocardial infarction were significantly higher in patients with a high ACEF score (6.7% for ACEF
high
vs 5.2% for ACEF
mid
and 2.5% for ACEF
low
; hazard ratio=1.6,
P
=0.006). Clinically driven target-vessel revascularization also tended to be higher in the ACEF
high
group, but the difference among the 3 groups did not reach statistical significance. The rate of composite definite, possible, and probable stent thrombosis was also higher in the ACEF
high
group (ACEF
low
=1.2%, ACEF
mid
=3.5%, and ACEF
high
=6.2%; hazard ratio=2.04,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
ACEF score may be a simple way to stratify risk of events in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention with respect to mortality and risk of myocardial infarction.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00389220.
Carotenoid-based signals in behavioural ecology: a review
Authors: Svensson  , Wong  
Published: January 2011

AbstractCarotenoids are among the most prevalent pigments used in animal signals and are also important for a range of physiological functions. These concomitant roles have made carotenoidbased signals a popular topic in behavioural ecology while also causing confusion and controversy. After a thorough background, we review the many pitfalls, caveats and seemingly contradictory conclusions that can result from not fully appreciating the complex nature of carotenoid function. Current controversies may be resolved through a more careful regard of this complexity, and of the immense taxonomic variability of carotenoid metabolism. Studies investigating the physiological trade-offs between ornamental and physiological uses of carotenoids have yielded inconsistent results. However, in many studies, homeostatic regulation of immune and antioxidant systems may have obscured the effects of carotenoid supplementation. We highlight how carefully designed experiments can overcome such complications. There is also a need to investigate factors other than physiological trade-offs (such as predation risk and social interactions) as these, too, may shape the expression of carotenoidbased signals. Moreover, the processes limiting signal expression individuals are likely different from those operating over evolutionary time-scales. Future research should give greater attention to carotenoid pigmentation outside the area of sexual selection, and to taxa other than fishes and birds.
Birth Order and Delinquency: Findings From a Youth Training Centre
Authors: Ogden E.J.D. , Horne D.J. de L. 
Published: January 2011

THE AIM of this study was to carry out a retrospective evaluation of data on admissions to a youth training centre in Victoria, Australia, to determine the relationship between birth order and risk of delinquency. The findings confirmed the results of other studies (e.g. Biles, 1971) that middle children were at greatest risk. Other factors associated with ‘risk’ were large family size and educational retardation.
Social Implications of Driver Disqualification: Reality and Road Traffic Laws
Authors: Robinson C. D. 
Published: January 2011

MOTOR vehicle accidents constitute one of the major health hazards in urban societies, and it has been widely argued that some drivers are worse accident risks than others due to factors such as personality, attitude or lack of ability. On this basis, it is reasonably tempting to suggest that the accident problem can best be solved by removing the unsafe motorist from the driver population. The present paper explores the legal sanction of driver disqualification in terms of its deterrent effects, and some social factors which limit these effects. In particular, four types of factors are examined which limit the effectiveness of this sanction: the low probability of apprehension of disqualified driving offenders; the uncertainty and inconsistency of punishment of these offenders; the attractiveness of this unlawful behaviour; and the inadequacy of alternatives to the unlawful behaviour. After consideration of these factors, it is evident that the penalty of licence suspension can have at best a minimal effect on road safety, and it is suggested that there is a need for a re-examination of the rationale underlying present traffic laws and penalties given the social value placed on motor vehicle operation.
New Zealand Drinking Habits and Treatment of Probationers WHO Abuse Alcohol
Authors: Brown Robert A 
Published: January 2011

The importance of drinking in New Zealand and the ambivalent cultural attitudes towards the use of alcohol are outlined. Although the cost to society is most dramatically illustrated by those who suffer the ravages of alcoholism with its poor prognosis, a case is made for identifying and providing treatment at an earlier stage to other groups of suspected alcohol abusers. The second part of the paper describes a controlled drinking training programme being established by the author for probationers whose offending involved drinking. By providing community-based treatment for these inappropriate drinkers it is hoped to short circuit the sequence of institutionalization, labelling, and subsequent social rejection (Blizzard, 1971) which appear to be central in the development of the alcoholic's selffulfilling prophecy of “one drink, then drunk”. By shaping up controlled drinking as a social skill, the avoidance conditioning paradigm outiined here fulfils the “constructional” approach to problem behaviours advocated by Coldiamond (1974). This contrasts with the traditional medical model which entails abstinence, but at the same time removes responsibility for drinking from the alcohol abuser by endowing him with a disease process which is progressive and irreversible.
Case structure, participation and verdict in the Melbourne magistrates' courts
Authors: Douglas Roger 
Published: January 2011

Analysis of 907 cases decided by six Melbourne magistrates' courts suggests that the high conviction rates obtaining in these and other courts are largely explicable in terms of the circumstances under which defendants are apprehended, and their behaviour on apprehension. According to prosecution evidence defendants are almost invariably either seen offending or seen to have offended. On apprehension, defendants confess to 85% of the charges against them. Some of the confessors and almost all the non-confessors plead not guilty. The success of their pleas depends largely on the basis for their defence and to a limited extent on whether they give evidence and are legally represented. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Crime seriousness ratings: The relationship of information accuracy and general attitudes in Western Australia
Authors: Broadhurst Roderic , Indermaur David 
Published: January 2011

A sample 278 Western Australians completed questions asking them to suggest penalties for 27 “crime vignettes” based on a cross cultural study by Scott and Althakeb (1977). A moral indignation score (average number of days in gaol) was then calculated and compared to other factors such as information about Criminal Justice, general punitive or non-punitive attitude and demographic factors such as location, sex, age, marital status, education, political status, etc. Overall results showed considerable variance in response even with crimes defined as violent or very serious. The sample produced scores (averaged for all crimes) higher than for other comparable data. Non punitive and punitive groups were highly correlated with moral indignation. Information while statistically significant was not a useful predictor of moral indignation score. Assumed penalties also were not a useful predictor of attitude or moral indignation. On average, assumed penalties were approximately half the suggested penalty, and was independent of suggested sentences. The survey concludes noting the high degree of variance observed, except in those crimes defined victimless (eg suicide, prostitution, homosexuality, abortion) where suggested penalty was predominantly no penalty and emphasizing the role the media played in the development and formation of attitudes to crime. The study of criminology depends directly on the labelling and definition of certain behaviour as crime. This identification process is often assumed to reflect community attitudes to these behaviours and is the goal of moral indignation studies, Scott and Althakeb (1977); Wilson and Brown (1973); and crime seriousness rating studies, Sheley (1980); Sebba (1980); Walker (1978). Sheley (p 123) suggests that this field has become “a fairly important concern in the field of criminology” and that “as research into the deterrence of crime Erickson (et al (1977)): Silberman (1976): and moral commitment to societal norms (Hirschi (1969) increases, the use of crime seriousness ratings will also increase”. Also as Sebba writes “since the publication of Sellin and Wolfgang's ”The Measurement of Delinquency“ (1964) much scholarship has been devoted to the topic of seriousness scales”. Some of the studies have emphasized the validity and reliability of the scales while others have raised doubts about their methodology and usefulness, Walker (1971).