bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The von economo neurons in apes and humans
Authors: Allman John M. , Tetreault Nicole A. , Hakeem Atiya Y. , Park Soyoung 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe von Economo neurons (VENs) are large bipolar neurons located in frontoinsular (FI) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in great apes and humans but not other primates. We stereologically counted the VENs in FI and the limbic anterior (LA) area of ACC and found them to be more numerous in humans than in apes. In humans, VENs first appear in small numbers in the 36th week postconception are rare at birth and increase in number during the first 8 months after birth. There are significantly more VENs in the right hemisphere than the left in FI and LA in postnatal brains; this may be related to asymmetries in the autonomic nervous system. The activity of the inferior anterior insula, containing FI, is related to physiological changes in the body, decision‐making, error recognition, and awareness. In a preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study of the connections of FI, we found that the VEN‐containing regions connect with the frontal pole as well as with other parts of frontal and insular cortex, the septum, and the amygdala. The VENs and a related cell population, the fork cells, selectively express the bombesin peptides neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin releasing pepide, which signal satiety. The loss of VENs and fork cells may be related to the loss of satiety signaling in patients with frontotemporal dementia who have damage to FI. These cells may be morphological specializations of an ancient population of neurons involved in the control of appetite present in the insular cortex in all mammals. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and study of thermal properties of phase change materials based on paraffin–alumina‐filled polyethylene
Authors: Vakhshouri Amir Reza , Akif Azizov , Reyhan Aliyeva , Gala Martinova , Akif Quliev 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNovel phase change materials based on paraffin and alumina‐filled polyethylene (FPE) were prepared using a two‐step process. In the first step, PE is synthesized using metallocene catalyst system. The synthesized PE is subsequently purified, whereas hydrated alumina–PE composites will be formed by the hydrolysis of aluminum organic cocatalyst and dispersion of hydrated alumina in the PE matrix. In the second step, paraffin–alumina‐FPE composites were prepared by using the ex situ technique. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to evaluate the structure and thermal properties of the composites. The results show that the incorporation of a suitable amount of alumina into the composites changes their thermal stability. It is also possible to improve the thermophysical properties of the thermal energy storage materials by altering the paraffin ratio to the FPE. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Structure and mechanical properties of nanodispersed fibrous silicate‐reinforced ethylene–propylene–diene monomer nanocomposites
Authors: Su Lili , Zhang Liqun , Yin Shi , Tian Ming 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this study, ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM)/fibrillar silicate (FS) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by mechanically blending EPDM with FS, which was modified by silane coupling agent KH570 containing methacryloxy group. The effects of silane content and modified FS on the dispersion of FS and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The impact of water in FS on mechanical properties of the composites was also evaluated. The results showed that modified FS could be dissociated into nanofibers dispersing evenly in the EPDM matrix by increasing substantially the loading of silane through the mechanical blending. The optimum loading level of silane coupling agent was up to 24 phr/100 phr FS. Silane KH570 could improve the dispersion of FS and strengthen nanofibers–rubber interfacial adhesion even at the loading of as high as 50 phr FS, making FS to exhibit excellent reinforcement to EPDM. Too much FS could not be completely dissociated into nanofibers, slowing down further improvement. The EPDM/FS composites exhibited the similar stress–strain behavior and obvious mechanical anisotropy with short microfiber‐reinforced rubber composites. With the increase in silane coupling agent and modified FS, the number of nanofibers increased because of the exfoliation of FS microparticles; thus, the mechanical behaviors would become more obvious. It was suggested that the free water in FS should be removed before mechanically blending EPDM with FS because it obviously affected the tensile properties of the composites. Regardless of whether FS was dried or modified, the EPDM/FS composites changed little in tensile strength after soaked in hot water. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of nylon‐6/mesoporous silica nanocomposites via in situ synchronous hydrolytic polymerization of tetraethylorthosilicate and ε‐caprolactam
Authors: Li Lanjie , Yang Guisheng 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNylon 6 (N6)/mesoporous silica (MS) nanocomposites (NMSNs) were synthesized via in situ synchronous hydrolytic polymerization of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and ε‐caprolactam. The novelty of this technique lies in that the nanosilica generated in situ has unique mesoporous structure and ultrahigh‐specific surface area (SSA). Mechanical test showed that, compared to conventional precipitated silica (PS) nanofillers, the MS generated in situ shows better reinforcing efficiency on N6. At a loading of only 3.0 wt % MS, the tensile modulus, flexural modulus, and the heat distortion temperature of NMSNs exhibit increase of 54.8%, 77.9%, and 55.9°C, respectively. The effects of MS on the crystallization behaviors of N6 have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which shows that the incorporation of MS influences the crystallization behaviors of N6 obviously: (1) increases crystallization temperature (Tc) by serving as heterogonous nucleating agent; (2) favors the formation of γ‐phase by hindering the mobility of N6 chains. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed that, compared ti that of neat N6, the temperature of the main α‐relaxation (Tα) and the secondary β‐relaxation (Tβ) of NMSNs is shifted 6.1°C and 5.3°C toward higher temperature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
One‐Pot Synthesis of Carbon‐Supported Dendritic Pd‐Au Nanoalloys for Electrocatalytic Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Kang Shin Wook , Lee Young Wook , Kim Minjung , Hong Jong Wook , Han Sang Woo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOne‐pot synthesis of carbon‐supported Pd‐Au alloy nanoparticles with well‐defined dendritic shape (Pd‐Auden/C) was achieved by co‐reduction of K2PdCl4/HAuCl4 mixtures in a molar ratio of 1:1 with hydrazine in the presence of Vulcan XC‐72R. The prepared Pd‐Auden/C exhibited significantly enhanced performance in the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol compared with dendritic Pd nanoparticles and a commercial Pd/C catalyst. Pd‐Auden/C even showed higher durability in electro‐oxidation of ethanol than the supported catalyst prepared by the deposition of presynthesized dendritic Pd‐Au nanoparticles on the carbon support. The experimental results clearly indicate that enhanced interaction between nanoparticle catalysts and carbon support through the one‐pot synthesis protocol can improve the durability of the electrocatalysts.
Ethanol in biorefining and dehydration of agricultural materials: energy, capital cost, and product quality implications
Authors: Robertson George H. , Offeman Richard D. , Cao Trung K. , Orts William J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe production of aqueous ethanol from fermentation‐based biorefining operations suggests the availability and possibility for its use within the refinery to aid in separations prior to and after fermentation. A variety of uses that have been considered are described here. In general, these rely on biomass constituent solubility enhanced by ethanol concentration and temperature so that lipids, proteins, and lignin may be dissolved and recovered. Additionally, ethanol may be applied to remove water from solids, such as wet starch, wet gluten, and distillers' wet grains. This technology has been described in the past as ‘extractive’ or ‘displacement’ drying and replaces conventional solids dehydration (a unit operation) with solvent drying plus solvent regeneration (a system of unit operations). Materials as diverse as wood, peat, coal, and starch have been dried experimentally in this way. General criteria using best‐case assumptions for this replacement are developed here. Applied to ethanol, these suggest significant potential energy savings for a system that combines low‐load solvent drying with distillation. Distillation energy for regenerating ethanol solvent to 90%v or less and producing water is equivalent to a 3 to 4 effect evaporation of water when compared on a separation‐energy per unit‐of‐water‐removed basis. Material properties of the dehydrated substance may be enhanced since the solvent drying is at a lower temperature and leaves the matrix without structural collapse. The parameters for capital cost comparison are delineated with important considerations and economies identified that result from the use of low‐cost solvent and compatible technologies in the biorefinery setting. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, LtdThis article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Symmetry Complementarity‐Guided Design of Anthrax Toxin Inhibitors Based on β‐Cyclodextrin: Synthesis and Relative Activities of Face‐Selective Functionalized Polycationic Clusters
Authors: Díaz‐Moscoso Alejandro , Méndez‐Ardoy Alejandro , Ortega‐Caballero Fernando , Benito Juan M. , Ortiz Mellet Carmen , Defaye Jacques , Robinson Tanisha M. , Yohannes Adiamseged , Karginov Vladimir A. , García Fernández José M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThree new series of potential anthrax toxin inhibitors based on the β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) scaffold were developed by exploiting face‐selective CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne 1,3‐cycloadditions, amine–isothiocyanate coupling, and allyl group hydroboration–oxidation/hydroxy → amine replacement reactions. The molecular design follows the “symmetry–complementarity” concept between homogeneously functionalized polycationic βCD derivatives and protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin known to form C7‐symmetric pores on the cell membrane used by lethal and edema factors to gain access to the cytosol. The synthesis and antitoxin activity of a collection of βCD derivatives differing in the number, arrangement, and face location of the cationic elements are reported herein. These results set the basis for a structure–activity relationship development program of new candidates to combat the anthrax threat.
Improved preoperative definitive diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma in FNAs prepared with both ThinPrep and conventional smears compared with FNAs prepared with ThinPrep alone
Authors: Luu Martin H. , Fischer Andrew H. , Pisharodi Latha , Owens Christopher L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:ThinPrep (TP) liquid‐based preparations are increasingly being used in nongynecologic specimens. Few studies have evaluated TP as a sole diagnostic modality in the setting of thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (T‐FNA). Herein, the authors evaluate the usefulness of TP as a sole diagnostic modality in a nonsplit sample.METHODS:Consecutive T‐FNAs were identified at 2 tertiary care institutions; 1 institution processed thyroid FNA entirely with TP, and the other used a combination of TP and conventional preparations (CP). Cytodiagnoses, surgical pathology, and/or clinical follow‐up were recorded. Performance parameters for the 2 settings were compared.RESULTS:A cytologic diagnosis of positive for malignancy was correct in 98.8% of TP + CP cases and in 100% of TP cases. Papillary thyroid carcinoma cases were definitively diagnosed in 53.1% of T‐FNAs prepared by TP + CP compared with 34.4% of T‐FNAs prepared with TP alone (P = .0015 by Fisher 2‐tailed exact test). Of patients ultimately diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma, 89% were initially treated by total thyroidectomy in the TP + CP group compared with 79.5% in the TP‐only group (P = .027 by Fisher exact test).CONCLUSIONS:TP as a sole preparatory technique does not improve the usefulness of T‐FNA as a screening test. However, combining CP and TP increases the rate of definitive cytologic diagnosis of malignancy in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thus, combining TP and CP enhances the diagnostic component of T‐FNA. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Liquid‐based FNAC of the thyroid
Authors: Geers Caroline , Bourgain Claire 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The aims of this study were to analyze cytomorphological features of Tripath PREP (BD SurePath, Burlington, NC) preparations in thyroid nodules and to examine adequacy and accuracy of SurePath and frozen sections for both clinical outcome and histological diagnosis when applicable.METHODS:Gathered during a period of 4 years, 712 SurePath specimens of the thyroid were included. Histological (n = 207) or clinical follow‐up (n = 505) was available in all cases. During the same period, 253 frozen sections of surgical thyroid resection specimens were also assessed. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated.RESULTS:Sensitivity was 77% for SurePath and 29% for frozen section; specificity was 81% for SurePath and 100% for frozen section; accuracy was 80% for SurePath and 90% for frozen section. One hundred seventy‐eight (25%) SurePath patients were considered unsatisfactory for diagnosis. In this study, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were comparable for SurePath and other reported results of liquid‐based thyroid cytology. Presence of free colloid or pure cystic changes favored a benign diagnosis. Cellular smears with nuclear atypia of papillary carcinoma allowed an overt diagnosis of malignancy.CONCLUSIONS:The authors concluded that SurePath is a reliable technique for assessment of thyroid nodules and offers the advantage of easy identification of colloid and atypical nuclei. Supplementary frozen section analysis should be limited to an FNAC diagnosis of suspicious for papillary carcinoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Far‐ and Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of the Substrate‐Induced Structural Dynamics of Respiratory Complex I
Authors: Hielscher Ruth , Friedrich Thorsten , Hellwig Petra 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe catalytic activity of the respiratory NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is based on conformational reorganizations. Herein we probe the effect of substrates on the conformational flexibility of complex I by means of 1H/2H exchange kinetics at the level of the amide proton in the mid‐infrared spectral range (1700–1500 cm−1). Slow, medium, and fast exchanging domains are distinguished that reveal different accessibilities to the solvent. Whereas amide hydrogens undergo rapid exchange with the solvent in an open structure, hydrogens experience much slower exchange when they are involved in H‐bonded structures or when they are sterically inaccessible for the solvent. The results indicate a structure that is more open in the presence of both NADH and quinon. Complementary information on the overall internal hydrogen bonding of the protein was probed in the far infrared (300–30 cm−1), a spectral range that includes a continuum mode of the hydrogen bonding signature.
A Simple Model for Barrier Frequencies for Enzymatic Reactions
Authors: Tuñón Iñaki , Hynes James T. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe present a simple model to rationalize the effects of environment on the reaction barrier frequencies derived from free energy profiles. These frequencies are relevant in deviations of a rate constant from its transition state theory value and in determining which environmental dynamics participate in the reaction. In particular, this simple model can be used to understand the changes in the reaction barrier frequencies of an enzymatic catalyzed reaction and the corresponding uncatalyzed process in aqueous solution, a change which has implications for dynamical environmental effects on the enzymatic reaction. Two possible cases are analyzed, in which the polarity (charge separation/localization) of the reacting system increases or decreases as the reaction advances. A simple modeling of the environment′s effects allows the explanation of an unusual “inverse” effect on the reaction frequencies, that is, a free energy barrier lowering accompanied by an increase of the reaction frequency, a behavior observed in some enzymes. The model predictions are successfully compared with results from full simulations for four different enzyme reactions.
Neuronal polarization: The cytoskeleton leads the way
Authors: Stiess Michael , Bradke Frank 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe morphology of cells is key to their function. Neurons extend a long axon and several shorter dendrites to transmit signals in the nervous system. This process of neuronal polarization is driven by the cytoskeleton. The first and decisive event during neuronal polarization is the specification of the axon. Distinct cytoskeletal dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton determine the future axon while the other neurites become dendrites. Here, we will review how the cytoskeleton and its effectors drive axon specification and neuronal polarization. First, the role of the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules in axon specification will be presented. Then, we will discuss the role of the centrosome in axon determination as well as how microtubules are generated in axons and dendrites. Finally, we will discuss potential mechanisms leading to axon specification, such as positive feedback loops that could be a coordinated interaction between actin and microtubules. Together, this review will present the recent advances on the role of the microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton during neuronal polarization. We will pinpoint the upcoming challenges to gain a better understanding of neuronal polarization on a fundamental intracellular level. Finally, we will outline how reactivation of the intrinsic polarization program may help to induce axon regeneration after CNS injury. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 430–444, 2011
Implication of Wnt signaling in neuronal polarization
Authors: Yang Guo‐Ying , Luo Zhen‐Ge 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWnt ligands comprise a large family of secreted glycoproteins that control a variety of developmental processes including cell polarization in diverse organisms. Through various receptors present on receiving cells, Wnts initiate intracellular signaling cascades resulting in changes in gene transcription or cytoskeleton reorganization. Recently, several lines of evidence have suggested the role of Wnt signaling in establishing axon–dendrite polarity in developing neurons. In this review, we summarize the recent results related with the role of Wnt signaling in neuronal polarization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 495–507, 2011
Voltammetry Coupled with Multiway Chemometrics for Monitoring and Diagnosis of Electrodeposition Process
Authors: Jaworski Aleksander , Wikiel Hanna , Wikiel Kazimierz 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA system for plating bath process monitoring and diagnosis was developed utilizing a novel approach that combines voltammetric methods with various statistical determinant analysis methods coupled with multiway data decomposition. The voltammetric methods employed were designed to provide a current response predominantly affected by the presence of specific contaminants while being practically insensitive to the varying concentrations of deliberately added bath constituents and other likely bath contaminants. The shape differences between deformed and training set voltammograms were quantified and visualized using two outlier detection chemometric techniques (Mahalanobis Distance (D) and D coupled with Q‐residuals (DQ)) coupled with three‐way decomposition PARAllel FACtor Analysis (PARAFAC) method. The specificity of the response to the presence of a likely contaminant combined with the multi‐parameter quantification of its presence enabled not only early‐fault detection but also its diagnosis, thereby automating the troubleshooting process.
Development of Capillary‐Based SECM Probes for the Characterization of Cell Arrangements for Electrochemically Assisted Injection
Authors: Palatzky Peter , Matysik Frank‐Michael 
Published: December 2010

AbstractElectrochemically‐assisted injection (EAI) is a new injection concept for capillary electrophoresis (CE). It enables the separation of neutral analyte species by electrochemical ion formation during the injection process. Novel amperometric capillary probes with an integrated microwire electrode have been developed for the characterization of EAI cell arrangements. A scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) was used for precise positioning of the capillary probes. The capillary‐based SECM probes were characterized regarding their voltammetric behaviour and reproducibility of measurements in the context of EAI injection protocols. These novel SECM probes enabled the study of capillary‐to‐electrode distances and corresponding dependences on the precision of EAI measurements.
The effects of environmental low-dose irradiation on tolerance to chemotherapeutic agents
Authors: Howell Eric K , Gaschak Sergey P , Griffith Kenneth D. W , Rodgers Brenda E 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The nuclear disaster at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in April of 1986 continues to impact the environment on many different levels. Studies of epidemiological, environmental, and genetic impacts have been prolific since the accident, revealing interesting results concerning the effects of radiation. The long-tailed field mouse, Apodemus flavicollis, was collected from distinct localities near the Chernobyl site and evaluated based on in vivo responses to the current clinically employed chemotherapeutic agents bleomycin (BLM) and vinblastine (VBL), as well as the immune modulator lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Maximum tolerable doses of three different cancer drugs were administered to the rodents from three different lifestyles: native mice living and reproducing in a radioactive environment, native mice living and reproducing in an uncontaminated region, and laboratory-reared mice (Mus musculus BALB/c) with a known sensitivity to the chemical agents tested. The endpoints employed include micronucleus formation, immune cell induction, differential gene expression, and chemotherapeutic side effects such as lethargy and weight loss. In accordance with the well-studied phenomenon termed radio-adaptation, we observed varied tolerance to chemotherapeutic treatment dependent on history of ionizing radiation exposure. The results of the present study demonstrate a differential response to chemotherapeutic treatment with respect to previous levels of radiation exposure, suggesting a potential benefit associated with low-dose radiation exposure. Data reported herein could have a profound impact on the development of novel cancer treatments involving low-dose ionizing radiation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:640–649. © 2010 SETAC