bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Characterization of the Sebree‐Chilcott Soil Series Association (Slick Spots) in Idaho
Authors: Sandoval Fred M. , Fosberg M. A. , Lewis G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the Sebree‐Chilcott soil series association of southwestern Idaho with respect to morphology, physiography, and physical and chemical properties.Parent materials are of fluviatile and lacustrine origin occurring on terraces of different geologic age. The Sebree soil (slick spots) is relatively impermeable with little or no vegetation. Diameter of the spots vary from a few inches to 50 feet or more, with irregular shapes.The soils studied exhibit solodized characteristics with textural and color B horizons of solonetz morphology overlying prominent CaCO3 accumulations. Degree of cementation of the calcareous layers appears to be related to geologic age. The surface has a silt loam texture.Slick spot soils have a very thin A2 horizon overlying thicker B2 layers characterized by high exchangeable Na and in most cases high concentrations of soluble salts. Ions that predominate are Na+, SO42‐ and Cl‐. Gypsum is present in the lower B2 and B3 horizons. Horizons of prominent lime accumulation have a bowl‐shaped form under the slick spot. The data indicate that slick spots represent retarded soil‐forming processes which have somehow resisted the efforts of nature in their normal development.
Anion Elution Patterns from Soils and Soil Clays
Authors: Berg William A. , Thomas Grant W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe leaching of Cl‐ and SO4= ions through columns of whole soil and soil clay was investigated by adding salts to the top layers, eluting with water, and measuring ion concentrations in column eluates. A “normal” anion elution curve with a distribution coefficient of 1 was interpreted as indicating no anion attraction to the soil. Deviations from a “normal” curve resulting in a skewed elution pattern were interpreted as indicating anion attraction. Creedmoor clay, with a high negative charge, attracted neither Cl‐ nor SO4=. Cecil clay and Cecil and Appling soils, which have low negative charges and are high in kaolin and oxides of aluminum and iron, gave asymmetric anion elution curves at lower pH values, indicating anion attraction. Cecil clay pre‐leached with HNO3 retained both SO4= and Cl‐ against moderate leaching, however, under less acid conditions (pH 4 to 6) only SO4= was retained.
The Effect of Sawdust on Crop Growth and Physical and Biological Properties of Cecil Soil
Authors: White A. W. , Giddens J. E. , Morris H. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted over a 3‐year period from 1954 through 1956 to determine the effect of pine sawdust on crop growth and soil properties. Corn was grown all 3 years of the experiment and tomatoes and lima beans for 2 years.Sawdust incorporated with the soil had no beneficial effect on plant growth. However, when sawdust was applied as a mulch, crop yields were increased markedly with the exception of corn in 1954, an extremely dry year. Higher yields of crops on mulched soils apparently resulted from an increase in available water supply and a reduction in soil temperature as compared to the unmulched plots. A nitrogen variable included in the corn investigation revealed that high N application was required to obtain increased corn yields from sawdust mulch. Sawdust, applied either as a mulch or mixed with the soil, decreased the nitrate content of the soil. The soil microbial population was not influenced by the mulch but was increased by incorporating sawdust with the soil.
Runoff from Pasture Plots Analyzed by Fitting of Constants Technique
Authors: Gard L. E. , Jacob W. C. , Van Doren C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRunoff data from erosion plots were analyzed by a technique known as analysis of variance by method of fitting of constants. This method permits nonorthogonal data to be handled in a reasonable fashion.Data were collected from pasture plots at the Dixon Springs Experiment Station in Pope County, Illinois, during the period 1940 to 1951. Soil treatment reduced runoff during each of the four seasonal periods. Runoff was higher from severely grazed than moderately grazed plots during the grazing season (April through September) but not during the nongrazing season (October through March). As the seasons progress from January through September more intense storms are required to cause equal runoff.Percent runoff generally increased with increases in antecedent moisture. Values obtained for the regression of runoff on amount of rainfall indicate that there are too many uncontrolled variables for ratios to be useful.
Measuring Water Stored Temporarily Above the Field Moisture Capacity
Authors: Nielsen D. R. , Kirkham Don , van Wijk W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing a neutron type soil moisture meter, amounts of water temporarily stored in soil profiles above the field moisture capacity were observed for two silt loam and two clay loam soils. The amounts of temporarily stored water for the 5‐foot depth, ranged from 4.7 inches for one of the silt loams to 2.1 inches for one of the clay loams, immediately after 6 inches of irrigation water had penetrated into the soil. After 90 hours, temporarily stored water could still be detected ranging from 1.5 inches to 0.3 inches. The soils had previously been wetted to the field moisture capacity. Evaporation was prevented by a polyethylene cover. The field measurements, and some laboratory physical measurements which were made on core samples, indicated that one of the silt loams and two of the clay loams would probably have aeration problems due to the stored water. One of the silt loams had adequate aeration for all depths and times studied regardless of the addition of extra water. The laboratory physical measurements provided an explanation for the storage behavior found in the field. The relations between depth, soil moisture suction and soil moisture percentage were plotted as a three‐dimensional diagram which enables a clear general view of the behavior of the soil water.
Characteristics and Genesis of a Solodized‐Solonetz of California
Authors: Whittig Lynn D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField and laboratory studies of a soil (Solano series) of the lower Sacramento Valley characterize it as a solodized‐solonetz. The profile has a sharply delineated, alkaline, fine‐textured, columnar B horizon below an acid, medium‐textured A horizon. Remnants of an older columnar B horizon persist in the present upper leached portion of the soil.Soluble salts and free carbonates and much of the clay have been leached from the upper 15 inches of the profile, but are present in appreciable concentrations below this level. Na is the predominant soluble cation. Of the exchangeable bases, Mg is dominant throughout the profile, increasing markedly with depth. Exchangeable Na is low near the surface and increases with depth at a slightly faster rate than does Mg.Montmorillonite is the predominant mineral of the clay fraction throughout the profile. Kaolin and a small amount of illite are also present throughout. Vermiculite and chlorite, as constituents of the coarse clay fraction (2 to 0.2µ), are concentrated in the A horizons of the profile.It is concluded that the soil has been altered by solidization as indicated by the sharp boundary between the leached, acid A horizons and the alkaline, fine‐textured B horizon containing soluble salts. In its evolutionary past, this soil has been strongly affected by Na and other soluble salts as indicated by the occurrence of older column tops in the present A horizon, distributions of soluble and exchangeable cations and clay, and the distinctive morphology of the profile. At times, salinization, solonization, and solodization have all affected development of this soil. It is doubtful, however, whether it will develop eventually into a true solodi because of the presence of an abundant supply of divalent cations which are being returned annually to the surface by selective plant feeding.
A Portable Air Permeameter for Forest Soils
Authors: Steinbrenner E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForest soil productivity studies brought out the need for a rapid and quantitative method to determine macroscopic pore space in the soil. To meet this need, a portable soil permeameter was developed that measures macroscopic pore space directly in the field.The instrument consists of a steel cylinder with carrying harness, constant pressure regulator, toggle‐valve, soiltube, and pressure gauge. In operation, the tube is inserted in the soil, a constant air pressure delivered, and the resistance of the soil to this pressure read on the pressure gauge.For calibration, 68 samples covering a wide range of soil porosities were obtained from soil pits in residual and glaciated soils of western Washington. For each of those samples, permeameter readings taken in the field were related to determinations of volume of macroscopic pores drained by a pressure of 1/3 atm. From these calibration data, a dial‐face reading directly in percent macroscopic pore space was designed for the permeameter pressure gauge.Data are presented that relate soil macroporosity, as determined by the permeameter, to growth of Douglas‐fir seedlings on soils of recently‐logged areas. Applications of this instrument to soil productivity studies are discussed.
Water and Ion Movement in Thin Films as Influenced by the Electrostatic Charge and Diffuse Layer of Cations Associated With Clay Mineral Surfaces
Authors: Kemper W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTheory is developed and the effect of the ions and the electrostatic charge associated with clay platelets on the movement of water and ions in thin films between particles or on particle surfaces is calculated for several systems. Under postulated conditions which probably exist in fairly dry soils and compacted shales, movement of water was restricted by as much as 50% and movement of free electrolyte by more than 90%. Data are presented which illustrate this “salt‐sieving” effect and provide a “semiquantitative” check on the theory and calculations. Increases in apparent intrinsic permeability with increasing hydraulic pressure gradients in clay systems, which have been noted previously, are of an order which could be explained by the phenomena considered in this study.
Aluminum in Interlayers of Vermiculite
Authors: Rich C. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAluminum sorbed from N AlCl3 in the interlayer space of a 2 to 0.2µ fraction of vermiculite was not entirely removed by extensive washing with neutral salt solutions. The amount fixed was increased by heating the Al‐saturated clay with an AlCl3 solution or with water. Treatment with a hydroxy‐Al solution for 4 days reduced the cation‐exchange capacity from 134 to 75 me. per 100 g. and treatment for 8 days reduced it to 1 me. Titration of Al‐vermiculite in N NaCl with NaOH to approximately pH 10 removed most of the Al from the interlayer space. Al‐vermiculite added to N NaCl formed two phases, one saturated with Na and the other with Na and Al. The extent and place of Al hydrolysis depended on the temperature, pH, and salt concentration of the system.X‐ray diffraction analysis of the sample which had an apparent cation‐exchange capacity of 1 me. showed that the 7Å./14Å. intensity ratio was about equal to that of a Ca‐saturated sample but was much less than that of chlorite. Ammonium fixation was reduced greatly by a small amount of interlayer Al. The stability of the vermiculite to heat treatment also was increased and its ability to expand when glycol solvated was decreased.
A Kinetic Analysis of Phosphate Absorption by Excised Roots of Millet, Barley, and Alfalfa
Authors: Noggle J. C. , Fried Maurice 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA kinetic analysis was made of P absorption at steady state by excised roots of millet, barley, and alfalfa. Short‐time absorption studies indicated that the rate of P absorption is greater for millet than barley and greater for barley than alfalfa. The specific reaction rate constants for the metabolic turnover of the two carriers of P are of the same order of magnitude for the three plant species. They are approximately 1 × 10‐2 moles of P per mole of combined carrier per second. The apparent dissociation constant for carrier “a” is approximately 9 × 10‐4 for all three plant species, but the value for carrier “b” varies from 3 × 10‐6 for millet and alfalfa to 8 × 10‐6 for barley. The major difference between species is in concentration of carrier. These values are 2 × 10‐7, 3 × 10‐8, and 1 × 10‐8 moles per g. of millet, barley, and alfalfa roots, respectively.
Wet‐Combustion Apparatus and Procedure for Organic and Inorganic Carbon in Soil
Authors: Allison L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA quantitative wet‐combustion method for determining organic carbon in soils is described which employs a simple apparatus and a rapid procedure of analysis. All units of the purifying system are mounted on a compact panel which facilitates assembly and storage of the equipment.Evolved CO2 in a carrier stream is passed successively through traps containing KI, Ag2SO4, concentrated H2SO4, zinc and anhydrone, after which the CO2 is absorbed on Mikohbite in a Nesbitt bulb and determined by weighing. The method determines total (organic plus inorganic) carbon unless any carbonates present in calcareous soils are previously destroyed. A rapid pretreatment for removing carbonates is described which permits the direct determination of organic carbon.The method works satisfactorily on saline soils containing high concentrations of Cl salts and also on extracts that can be evaporated to dryness such as Na‐dispersed organic matter extracts.
Dissimilar Nitrifying Capacities of Soils in Relation to Losses of Applied Nitrogen
Authors: Clark Francis E. , Beard William E. , Smith Donald H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForty‐one soil lots from arable fields were found to vary widely in their nitrifying capacities when given an initial treatment of 400 ppm. of urea N and then incubated under standard conditions in the laboratory. Mineral N deficits exceeding 25% of the N applied were noted for poorly buffered soils which accumulated NO2‐ during incubation and which were initially acid in reaction or could achieve acidity during the course of nitrification of the added urea. Nitrogen deficits following treatment with KNO2 were directly linked to initial soil pH values; they occurred in acid but not in alkaline soil. Conversion of the added NO2‐ to NO3‐ did not change the reaction of initially alkaline soils nor was it accompanied by the development of any significant N deficit. The data are believed to support the hypothesis that the instability or reactivity of nitrous acid in soil is at times responsible for large losses of gaseous N from fully aerobic soils.
Some Aspects of the Kinetics of Moisture Flow into Unsaturated Soils
Authors: Biggar J. W. , Taylor Sterling A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe movement of water into an air‐dry silt loam soil was studied as a function of temperature. The results are interpreted with the use of the Arrhenius equation in terms of energy barriers, and the activation energies necessary to overcome the barriers were calculated from the experimental measurements. Activation energies of 1 to 3 kilocalories per mole of water taken up were found.Qualitative relationships were observed between the energy barriers found in the system studied and the soil particle size, bulk density and wetting suction.The rate of water entry into soil and the rate of advance of the wetting front was faster in soils at lower bulk density. This effect is about the same at all temperatures; consequently, the activation energies are not significantly different. Activation energies appear to be high for the finer size fraction of Millville silt loam. The barriers opposing water movement into soil appear to operate at the air‐water‐interface associated with the advancing water front.Theoretical consequences of these findings provide a physical explanation of the wetting front, an explanation for hysteresis, and a basis for including shrinking and swelling as contributing factors in modifying the rate of flow of water through soil.
Conversion of Relative Field Erodibility to Annual Soil Loss by Wind
Authors: Chepil W. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRelative field erodibility based on many previous wind tunnel and field measurements is merely an index of the quantity of soil loss that would occur under certain climatic conditions. This paper, based on additional measurements, shows the relationship between the relative field erodibility and the quantity of soil loss and presents a table for converting the relative field erodibility, as determined from seven major factors, to soil loss in tons per acre per annum as would occur under climatic conditions such as existed in the vicinity of Garden City, Kansas, during the years 1954 through 1956.
A Rapid Polarographic Method for Determining Extractable Zinc in Mineral Soils
Authors: Barrows Harold L. , Drosdoff Matthew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid polarographic method for the determination of extractable zinc in mineral soils is described. Zinc is extracted by shaking the sample with 0.1N HCl for 2 minutes. After the soil extract is made to a known volume and filtered, an aliquot is diluted with electrolyte solution, and the polarogram is recorded. Significant correlations were obtained between extractable zinc in the soil and total zinc in leaves of tung trees growing in the soil.
The Preparation of Clay Suspensions With Specified Ionic Composition by Means of Exchange Resins
Authors: Bolt G. H. , Frissel M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of exchange of cations between a cationexchange resin and clay suspensions was investigated under varying conditions. The mechanism underlying the exchange process is discussed. the results indicate that the exchange Ca‐clay → Na‐clay is influenced strongly by the electrolyte concentration but is rather insensitive towards resin exhaustion. The preparation of clays saturated with monovalent cations may be done advantageously with a column procedure. The requirements for satisfactory column performance are given. On the other hand the exchange Na‐clay → Ca‐clay is extremely sensitive towards resin exhaustion such that the use of resins for the preparation of large quantities of clays saturated with divalent ions is in general impractical. Stirring of clays with resin seems to be suitable only for special purposes, e.g., the removal of CaCO3 and the preparation of clays with a specified mixed composition.
A Study of Extractable Soil Cobalt in Soils of the Southeastern United States
Authors: Alban L. A. , Kubota Joe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship between 2.5% acetic acid‐dithizone extractable soil cobalt and the amount of cobalt in black gum leaves, a cobalt indicator, was investigated for 71 widely distributed soils of the southeastern United States. The soil samples were from both good areas and areas where cobalt deficiency in ruminants would be expected on the basis of previous analyses. The extractable cobalt values appeared to separate the Ground‐Water Podzols, the Humic‐Gleys and the Low Humic‐Gleys from the better drained Regosols and Red‐Yellow Podzolic soils studied. At comparable cobalt concentrations in the black gum, the extracted cobalt was less from the imperfectly to poorly drained soils than from the well‐drained soils. For each of the two broad groups of soils, a significant correlation was obtained between extractable soil cobalt for the A1 horizon and the cobalt concentration in the black gum. Because of the variability in horizon thickness among the different soils, the cobalt values were calculated for the 0‐ to 6‐ and 0‐ to 12‐inch depths. The correlation between these values and plant cobalt was also good. The acetic acid‐dithizone extractable cobalt appears useful in indicating areas of potentially low soil cobalt in the Southeast where deficiency in cattle or sheep might be a problem.
Chemical Extraction of Potassium from Soils and Micaceous Minerals With Solutions Containing Sodium Tetraphenylboron. I. Preliminary Experiments
Authors: Scott A. D. , Hunziker R. R. , Hanway J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils and micaceous minerals were extracted with NaBPh4‐salt solutions to determine the ease with which nonexchangeable K can be removed when the blocking effect of fixable cations is reduced. Essentially all of the K in vermiculite, 12% of the K in muscovite and as much as 47% of the K in illite was extracted by the NaBPh4‐salt solutions even though most of the K in these materials was otherwise nonexchangeable with Na or NH4. The NaBPh4 reduced the blocking effect by precipitating the fixable cations.The K in micaceous minerals was removed more effectively by successive extractions with NaBPh4‐salt solutions than it was by one continuous extraction because some of the K that had been precipitated was readsorbed by the mineral when the KBPh4 was removed with acetone.The NH4 adsorption capacity of illite was increased by removing K with NaBPh4 solutions, but the increase was less than the amount of K removed. Most of the NH4 adsorbed as a result of the NaBPh4 treatment was fixed.
Effect of Saline Water on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Beans: I. Influence of Soil Dilution
Authors: Lunin Jesse , Gallatin M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Bladen clay was divided into two parts and one part diluted with an equal part of sand. Both the whole and diluted soil were potted and planted to beans. Between the seedling stage and the initiation of flowering, four 1‐inch applications of dilute synthetic sea water having EC values of 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mmho. per cm. were applied. After harvesting both pods and tops, beans were again planted and the saline irrigation treatments repeated.Saline irrigations produced greater reductions in yield of both pods and tops on the diluted soil than on the whole soil. Little or no differences in composition were obtained between plants grown on the whole and the diluted soil. The Ca, Mg and Na content of the plant increased with increasing salinity, but no change in K content was observed. the cation composition of the saturation extract, expressed as me. per 100 g., was the same for both soils, but the exchangeable cation composition of the whole soil was double that of the diluted soil. It was concluded that the reduction in yield was a function of the salinity of the saturation extract and that plant composition was determined by the equilibrium soil solution rather than the exchangeable cation composition.
Statistical Evaluation of the Rhizosphere Effect
Authors: Rouatt J. W. , Katznelson H. , Payne T. M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paired t‐test was used to analyze the results of a microbiological study of soil on the surface of plant roots and soil apart from the roots. The increase in the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and protozoa in the rhizosphere soil of wheat was highly significant as was the increased incidence of ammonifying and denitrifying bacteria and “radiobacter” types. Anaerobes and aerobic cellulose decomposers were also more abundant on the root surface but not algae, anaerobic cellulose decomposers, spore formers or Azotobacter. Essentially similar results were obtained with barley and soybean plants. The preferential stimulation in the rhizosphere of bacteria requiring amino acids for optimal growth and the relative decrease in the proportion of those requiring factors in yeast and soil extracts were found to be highly significant with the three crops studied. However, the absolute numbers of both these groups of bacteria are higher in the rhizosphere soil.