bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRACER STUDY OF THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE IN SEA WATER
Authors: Watt W. D. , Hayes F. R. 
Published: March 2010

When an aquatic biological system approaches a steady state the distribution of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), particulate phosphorus (PP), and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) may be dealt with as though it were the result of the equilibrium of a chemical exchange system. The standing stock and rate of exchange has been determined for coastal water collected during late summer from a site near Halifax, N. S.:

urn:x-wiley:00129658:media:lno1963820276:lno1963820276-math-0001
DOP is derived from dead and dying organisms in the water and is taken up and metabolized by bacteria which release DIP. There is no direct breakdown from DOP to DIP; filtered sea water showed no evidence of phosphatase activity. DOP labelled with P32 was resolved by paper chromatography into 6 components.
DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN SEAWATER AS A SOURCE OF PARTICULATE FOOD1
Authors: Baylor E. R. , Sutcliffe W. H. 
Published: March 2010

Particulate organic material produced by bubbling air through filtered seawater was fed to cultures of the brine shrimp Artemia salina Linnaeus.Growth rate of Artemia fed on organic particles was slower than that of Artemia fed on dried yeast. Growth of starved animals was significantly less than particle‐fed animals; starved animals were dead by the fifth or eighth day after hatching.The possible importance of organic particles produced by wave‐induced bubbles at sea is discussed.
MICROBIOLOGY OF DETRITUS OF LAKES
Authors: Rochna A. G. 
Published: March 2010

Detritus in seven lakes in the vicinity of Lake Ladoga was investigated by microscopic study by both daylight and by ultraviolet light. The total numbers of microbes and the presence of various physiological groups were determined. The significance of detritus as food for Cladocera has been established experimentally.Luminescent microscopy has shown that detritus of these lakes is heterogenous—composed chiefly of dying plankton. The detritus consists of a great variety of microscopic biotopes for bacteria, which differ from one another in their structure and chemical characteristics. The study has shown the distribution of bacteria on particles, where the formation of colonies is characteristic. Accumulations of bacteria are components of the detritus.The numbers of microbes in detritus, billions per g, vary widely, depending on the predominance of various components and the stage of their decay.The processes of decay of protoplasm of animal and vegetable tissues and the processes of oxidation and reduction are caused by different physiological groups of bacteria: putrefactive, fat and carbohydrate decomposers, amylolytic, pectinous, cellulose decomposers, denitrifying, nitrogen fixers, phosphate liberators, sulfur bacteria, and yeasts.
PROCESSES CONTRIBUTING TO THE NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION OFF THE COLUMBIA RIVER AND STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA1
Authors: Stefánsson Unnsteinn , Richards Francis A. 
Published: March 2010

The distribution of salinity, dissolved oxygen, silicate, nitrate, and phosphate off the Washington and Oregon coasts, both inside and outside the Columbia River plume, were observed during 12 cruises of the RV Brown Bear between January 1961 and April 1962.Nutrients are supplied to the surface waters off the Washington and Oregon coasts from rivers and from the deeper layers of the ocean. The deep water enters the surface layers by entrainment, especially in the estuarine‐like circulation in the Strait of Juan de Fuca; by upwelling, particularly off the Oregon coast in summer; and by upward mixing into the photic zone.The most important river source of nutrients is the Columbia River, which supplies high concentrations of phosphate and nitrate to its “plume,” those waters appreciably diluted by its admixture.In winter, the plume waters are approximately simple mixtures of Columbia River and surface seawater, and their silicate and nitrate concentrations can be predicted from the salinity. In the spring and summer, nutrients are also added by the admixture of upwelled deep water and removed by photosynthetic fixation. The amounts thus added or removed have been estimated as departures, or anomalies, from the composition of simple mixtures of river and surface seawaters. These anomalies are compared with each other, with the average composition of plankton material, and with other evidences of biological activity, both in terms of correlations with each other and of horizontal distributions in the upper 10 m.
ROLE OF THE ALGA CHLAMYDOMONAS MUNDANA IN ANAEROBIC WASTE STABILIZATION LAGOONS
Authors: Eppley Richard W. , MaciasR Frank M. 
Published: March 2010

The alga Chlamydomonas mundana Gerloff appears in great numbers in waste stabilization lagoons of the Mojave Desert during periods of anaerobic operation. The alga perpetuates anaerobiosis, since its feeble photosynthetic oxygen production is not sufficient to compensate for its own oxygen consumption in the presence of acetate. Growth of Chlamydomonas mundana is encouraged by anaerobic conditions that favor acetate production by anaerobic bacteria. Most of the acetate used by the alga is directly assimilated by a photosynthetic mechanism involving photosynthetic production of ATP and reducing power. This process resembles that of photosynthetic bacteria more closely than that of common sewage algae, such as Chlorella and Scenedesmus, which rapidly assimilate carbon dioxide and release oxygen.The possibility that the photometabolism of organic substrates by phytoplankton may be more widespread than the limited environment represented by an anaerobic lagoon is discussed.
THE SALINITY TOLERANCE OF SOME ESTUARINE PLANKTONIC COPEPODS
Authors: Lance Joan 
Published: March 2010

The salinity tolerance of three species of Acartia was investigated in the laboratory by recording the survival of female copepods at various salinities. The salinity tolerance of A. tonsa, A. discaudata, and A. bifilosa captured during the autumn, winter, and spring, respectively, depended on the temperature. Thermal prehistory of copepods affected their survival in diluted seawater, all species being most tolerant when the experimental and environmental temperatures were close and least tolerant when the experimental and field temperatures differed markedly. The following order of salinity tolerance was established: A. tonsa > A. bifilosa > A. discaudata.Reinvestigation of the temperatures at which copepods had shown poorest survival in diluted seawater demonstrated that temperature acclimation increased salinity tolerance. The results imply that cooling of the environment might not necessarily lower the tolerance of the autumn, warmwater species, A. tonsa, provided that the change was gradual and that slow warming might not cause a decline in the tolerance of the spring, cold‐water species, A. bifilosa. Salinity acclimation increased the salinity tolerance of A. bifilosa. The recovery of A. bifilosa in full‐strength seawater after short exposure to low salinities depended on the length of exposure.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LITTORAL MARINE DIATOMS1
Authors: Castenholz Richard W. 
Published: March 2010

Extensive covers of epilithic diatoms seldom develop on intertidal substrates in southern Oregon in the presence of grazing animals and macroscopic algae. If an area is cleared, however, a brown coating of diatoms often appears in 2 to 3 weeks, but the density depends on the season and the local conditions during tidal emergence. I have attempted to evaluate the effects of exposure on the vertical distribution of diatoms in the absence of grazers and macrophytes. The differences in exposure to insolation were emphasized. Vertical transects in the same block, facing north, east, west, and south (all with the same wave exposure) were denuded and later sampled by analyzing the species composition and estimating the density of the cover—sometimes quantitatively as chlorophyll content. Daily tidal curves were calculated and records of the daylight hours of clear and overcast skies were made. The upper limit of the diatom cover, the vertical species pattern, and the species present depended principally on the time exposed to direct sunlight during emergence and, therefore, on the sky conditions and position of the sun during low water. The diatom cover on the shaded north transect invariably extended higher than on the other transects. This maximum was usually between mean lower high water and higher high water.Some species tolerated almost no insolation‐exposure, others up to about 2.5 hr in a single exposure, and a few up to 4.0 hr or longer. The tolerance was sometimes increased by a moisture‐retaining carpet of barnacles or Ulva. The upper limit of the diatom cover was lowest on the east transect in spring and summer, since lower low water occurred in the morning, often during clear daylight hours. In the fall and winter, the limit was lowest on the west transect, since lower low water occurred after noon, often during clear daylight hours. The consequences of prolonged exposure to insolation, such as desiccation, high temperature, high light intensity, and ultraviolet radiation are discussed but were not isolated. The seasonal periodicity and tolerances of common diatom species are summarized.
STUDIES ON SPECIATION IN MALDANID POLYCHAETES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ATLANTIC COAST. II. DISTRIBUTION AND COMPETITIVE INTERACTION OF FIVE SYMPATRIC SPECIES1
Authors: Mangum Charlotte Preston 
Published: March 2010

The geographic and ecological distributions of five species of maldanid polychaetes have been characterized. Maximum density of each species occurs in areas where the species does not live sympatrically with other maldanids, even though these areas may not occupy the central portion of its geographic range. A more intensive investigation in Beaufort Harbor, North Carolina, indicates that the sympatry of all five species is accompanied by the reduction of total maldanid density.In the sympatric situation, three species are differentiated ecologically with respect to depth, sediment composition, and substratum utilization. The remaining two species, Clymenella torquata and C. zonalis, are completely sympatric yet undiversified in their utilization of the substratum for tube‐building and feeding. The possible importance of an algal pigment, accumulated by C. torquata but not by C. zonalis, is discussed.
A CHLORELLA‐DAPHNIA FOOD‐CHAIN STUDY: THE DESIGN OF A COMPATIBLE CHEMICALLY DEFINED CULTURE MEDIUM 1, 2
Authors: Taub Frieda B. , Dollar Alexander M. 
Published: March 2010

A series of media compatible to the survival of Daphnia as well as to the growth requirements of Chlorella has been formulated, and some of the relationships of ion balance and salt tolerance of Daphnia have been explored.Potassium salt solutions were toxic unless combined with sodium salts of equal or higher concentration. Nitrate ion was variably toxic. The compatible media were developed by 1) reducing K+ and increasing Na+ so that Na+ became the predominant cation; 2) reducing NO3‒ to a minimum consistent with Chlorella requirements and increasing Cl‒ so that it became the predominant anion; and 3) eliminating extraneous toxic factors from distilled water and noninert polyethylene containers.
THE MEASUREMENT OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC AND PARTICULATE CARBON IN SEAWATER1
Authors: Menzel David W. , Vaccaro Ralph F. 
Published: March 2010

A method is described for the rapid determination of dissolved organic carbon in seawater in concentrations between 0.1 and 20 mg/liter. The oxidation is carried out in sealed glass ampoules using K2S2O8 as an oxidizing agent after the sample has been freed of inorganic carbon. The resulting CO2 is passed through a nondispersive infrared analyzer using nitrogen as a carrier and the signal output of the analyzer recorded. Using appropriate calibration curves, the carbon content is determined from the height of the peak. Approximately 100 samples can be analyzed in a single day with a precision of ± 0.1 mg/liter using a sample volume of 5 ml.A companion method is described for the determination of particulate carbon by high‐temperature combustion after concentration of the sample on a glass‐fiber filter. The precision of this method is ± 10 µg C in a range of 0–500 µg C. Approximately six samples can be analyzed in an hour.
THE RADIOECOLOGY OF A BEACH
Authors: Mauchline John , Taylor Angela M. , Ritson Eric B. 
Published: March 2010

The accumulation of fission products, especially the insoluble radionuclides Ru106, Cc144, Zr95, and Nb95, by the fauna and flora on Windscale Beach is affected by the following factors: 1) the particle size and chemical composition of the substratum; 2) wind action on contaminated silt lifting it from near low‐water mark and depositing it near high‐water mark; 3) the vertical position of organisms on the beach, and, therefore, their coverage time by contaminated seawater; 4) movement of organisms on the beach which alters their coverage time; and 5) freshwater seepage and rainfall, assuming that their radionuclide contents are less than that of the seawater, causing decontamination of the organisms by washing.The position of an organism in the food chain is not considered to be a primary factor determining the levels of radionuclides accumulated by it.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN RAIN—FED MARSH WATERS DURING THE DRY SEASON
Authors: Yaalon Dan H. 
Published: March 2010

Analyses are presented showing the gradual increase in concentration of dissolved constituents in a small rain‐fed marsh on the coastal plain of Israel. Bicarbonate and calcium ions are the major components in the waters.The composition of the freshwater reflects closely that of the rain falling on the catchment area. It is supplemented by some bicarbonate and calcium from the marsh environment. The sulfate concentration decreased with time, and about 50% of the soluble sulfur was lost within 5 months by bacterial reduction. Bromine was enriched in relation to chlorine during drying.There is a small rate of percolation in the marsh, sufficient to prevent its salinization.
UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF PHOSPHORUS BY A BENTHIC MARINE AMPHIPOD2
Authors: Johannes R. E. 
Published: March 2010

Lembos intermedius releases phosphorus fractions into the water at the following rates: dissolved inorganic phosphate, 1.4 µg‐at./g of animal (wet wt) per hr; dissolved organic phosphorus, 0.79 µg‐at./g per hr; particulate phosphorus, 7.9 µg‐at./g per hr. Both metabolic waste phosphorus and phosphorus that has not been assimilated but has simply passed through the gut are present in all three fractions. The total phosphorus release rate drops by more than 50% in 2 hr when the animals are deprived of food.The physiological turnover time, the time it takes an amount of phosphorus equal to that in the tissues of the animal to pass through these tissues, is 41 hr. The ecological turnover time, the time it takes an amount of phosphorus equal to that in the tissues to pass through the animal whether or not it is assimilated, is 6.6 hr.The dissolved inorganic P32 taken up by bacteria‐free L. intermedius is distributed mainly in the nuclei of the muscle and hypodermis cells. A higher uptake by nonsterile animals is attributed mainly to their intestinal flora. This source of phosphorus is insignificant compared with the amphipods’ food.
THE SEASONAL AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OFF THE WASIIINGTON AND OREGON COASTS
Authors: Anderson George C. 
Published: March 2010

The distribution of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton productivity off the Washington and Oregon coasts has been observed during 14 cruises of the RV Brown Bear from January 1961 to June 1962.Surface waters in the area covered by the Columbia River effluent generally contained more phytoplankton and had a higher rate of photosynthesis than ambient waters. The densest and most variable populations were found during summer in coastal upwelling areas and directly off the river mouth. Although there was little seasonal change in standing stock, production was quite variable, with minima in winter and summer, a large spring bloom, and a smaller autumn pulse.The major influence of Columbia River water on phytoplankton production appeared to be in the timing of events in the seasonal cycle. Phytoplankton development was noticeably affected by differences in the depth of the mixed layer and the sharp pycnocline during summer. However, total annual production both inside and outside the plume was similar (60 g C m−2a yr−1) . The nutrients introduced by river water appeared to be spent in high‐production areas immediately off the mouth of the river.The seasonal variation of C14 uptake‐chlorophyll a ratios was marked. Low values occurred during winter, and a maximum occurred during the spring bloom. “Dead” or inactive chlorophyll appeared to be negligible at all times, judging from regressions of these relationships.
WATER POLLUTION BY INSECTICIDES IN AN AGRICULTURAL RIVER BASIN. II. THE ZOOPLANKTON, BOTTOM FAUNA, AND FISH
Authors: Grzenda Alfred R. , Lauer Gerald J. , Nicholson H. Page 
Published: March 2010

In 1959 and 1960, zooplankton, bottom fauna, and fish populations were studied in a drainage system polluted with insecticides in northern Alabama. Toxaphene and BHC (benzene hexachloride) were present in all water samples collected in 1959 and 1960 in concentrations considered to be sublethal to aquatic animals in a single dose.There was no convincing evidence that continuous toxaphene and BHC contamination resulted in gross damage to zooplankton, bottom fauna, and fish populations. Zooplankton was sparse at all times. However, this scarcity was attributed to other unfavorable environmental conditions such as changes in discharge and high turbidity. A considerable variety of bottom fauna taxa was noted in all collections. There were fluctuations in the abundance of bottom fauna during the period of study. However, the data did not suggest that these were caused by insecticide contamination. Fish collections from two stations in June and September of 1959 and 1960 contained a variety of fishes represented by many size classes. There was additional evidence that the drainage system supported a sizable fish population of diverse taxonomic structure.
RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS IN SAANICH INLET, A STAGNANT MARINE BASIN1
Authors: Gucluer Sevket M. , Gross M. Grant 
Published: March 2010

Saanich Inlet, a fjord on the eastern side of Vancouver Island, has H2S in the bottom waters during most of the year. Recent marine sediments in the inlet include three distinctly different types. Black, fine‐grained, varved claycy silts containing H2S and large amounts of diatom frustules and carbonaceous organic materials occur in the central part of the inlet. Olive‐gray silts with moderate concentrations of organic materials and reducing capacities occur on the sill at the entrance to the inlet. The nearshore sands and gravels have low organic contents and low reducing capacity. Carbonate‐rich sediments occur near a limestone quarry and cement factory. A carbon‐nitrogen ratio of 7 is typical of the sediments in the inlet.Five sources of sediment can be distinguished: (1) carbonaceous and siliceous organic matter from marine organisms, principally planktonic diatoms, (2) suspended sediment in low‐salinity water brought from the Fraser and Cowichan rivers, (3) material eroded from adjacent shorelines, (4) streams discharging into the inlet, and (5) the cement plant and limestone quarry at Bamberton. The varved sediments in the central basin consist of olive‐gray laminac, apparently formed during the peak diatom production in spring or summer and olive‐black laminac, containing larger mounts of terrigenous sediment, probably formed during the autumn and winter. Zones of nonlaminated sediment may be formed by terrigenous material or by the disruption of the laminated sediment by other physical processes. No evidence of burrowing organisms has been detected.Four to 6 mm of wet sediment are deposited each year in the southern portion of the inlet. If this rate is typical of the basin as a whole, approximately 105 metric tons of sediment are deposited each year. At least 25–35% of this sediment is derived from marine organisms.
INITIAL CURRENT STUDIES IN LAKE MICHIGAN
Authors: . Verber James L 
Published: March 2010

Initial current studies in Lake Michigan indicate that the circulation of the southern basin varies according to the general wind field over the lake. Studies from May to July 1962 show a counterclockwise circulation, whereas studies from December 1962 to April 1963 show a clockwise circulation.Previous studies have implied that the general circulation of southern Lake Michigan was counterclockwise. Winter studies, including periods under an ice cover, indicate that northwest winds during the fall and winter period are responsible for a clockwise circulation during this period of the year.A new mooring system for current meters is also proposed.
THE PERSISTENCE OF “WINTER” WATER ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF SOUTH OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 1
Authors: Ketchum  , Corwin Nathaniel 
Published: March 2010

The deep water on the continental shelf south of Montauk Point, Long Island, remains cold throughout the summer. Since this cold‐water pool is surrounded by warmer water, it appears to be formed in the winter and to persist, with only gradual modification, for several months.The temperature and salinity of the water in this area have been observed on 20 cruises made during a 3‐year period. The cycle of temperature is described. The salinity changes in the deep water as it gradually warms are used to evaluate qualitatively whether the temperature change in each year was associated with admixture of higher‐salinity warmer offshore waters or lower‐salinity, warmer surface waters.The average salinity of the water on the continental shelf was closely correlated with the 6‐month average river flow of the Connecticut River, and it is shown that the salinity can be predicted to within error of estimate of approximately 0.3‰ from this river flow.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF SHORT—TERM HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH THE SURFACE LAYERS OF TIIE OCEAN1
Authors: Shonting David H. 
Published: March 2010

Short‐term diurnal heating and cooling data from the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, are presented and discussed. The method of acquiring the time series data and the method of presentation arc reviewed. A 7‐day diurnal heating study is discussed in relation to the vertical diffusion of heat and its relation to meteorological parameters.Results of a 24‐hr diurnal heating experiment are presented, and thermal eddy diffusion coefficients are derived and compared with those obtained by other methods. An approximate heat budget calculation is performed whereby essentially all of the energy input and output are accounted for, utilizing the diurnal time series temperature data.
GEOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF THE SEA FLOOR AS DEDUCED FROM SIMULTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHS AND SAMPLES1
Authors: Emery K. O. , Merrill Arthur S. , Trumbull James V. A. 
Published: March 2010

During 1963, 260 paired photographs and large bottom samples were taken on the continental shelf and slope off northeastern United States. The photographs revealed surface characteristics of the sediments and natural attitudes of benthic animals; the samples retrieved specimens for geological and biological examination and identification.Samples are the best source materials for making textural studies of sediments consisting mostly of sand, silt, or clay, but photographs are better than samples for bottoms too bouldery for proper sampling. Ripple marks and other surface irregularities revealed by the photographs supplement textural studies of the samples in deducing effects of wave movements and currents upon bottom materials.For biological studies, the photographs yield much information on relationships of the benthic fauna to bottom materials, but they fail to provide useful data on biomasses. Biomasses and accurate taxonomic identifications are far better made upon samples. Thus, a combination of photographs and accompanying samples provides maximum information for biological as well as geological purposes.