bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of 20-, 23-, and 25-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Pseudophakic Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair
Authors: Lewis Shawn A. , Miller Daniel M. , Riemann Christopher D. , Foster Robert E. , Petersen Michael R. 
Published: January 2011

Background and Objective:
To compare 20-, 23-, and 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for repair of primary pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Patients and Methods:
One hundred eyes of 94 pseudophakic patients who underwent primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair with 20-, 23-, or 25-gauge transconjunctival PPV without scleral buckling were included. The medical records were retrospectively reviewed and the corresponding demographic information, preoperative ophthalmic diagnoses, surgical management, and postoperative course and treatment were recorded.

Results:
Retinal detachment repair was performed by one of four surgeons. All eyes underwent primary vitrectomy using either 20-, 23-, or 25-gauge vitrectomy instruments, a wide-angle viewing system, endolaser photocoagulation, and gas or silicone oil tamponade. Single surgery anatomical success was 25 of 28 eyes (89.3%) for 20-gauge, 24 of 27 eyes (88.9%) for 23-gauge, and 42 of 45 eyes (93.3%) for 25-gauge PPV. There was no statistical difference in single operation success or final visual acuity results between the groups and 100% of patients achieved final reattachment.

Conclusion:
Twenty-, 23-, and 25-gauge instruments are equally effective options for primary repair of pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
Performance Analysis of Millennium Vitreous Enhancer
™
System
Authors: Matsuoka Naoki , Teixeira Anderson , Lue Jaw-Chyng , Fang Sophia , Kerns Ralph , Bhadri Prashant , Humayun Mark 
Published: January 2011

Background and Objective:
This study evaluates water and porcine vitreous flow rates and duty cycle using the Millennium Vitrectomy Enhancer (MVE) system (Bausch & Lomb, St. Louis, MO).

Materials and Methods:
A precision balance measured mass of water or vitreous removed from a vial within a certain time by 20-, 23-, and 25-gauge MVE cutters at 800, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, and 2,500 cuts per minute (CPM) with various aspiration levels was studied. Frame-by-frame analysis of high-speed video was used to determine duty cycle.

Results:
Larger cutter and higher aspiration levels produced greater flow rates. Water flow rate showed a parabolic trend peaking at 1,500 CPM and dropping moderately and vitreous flow rate increased moderately with cut-rate increased. The MVE system maintained a high flow rate and high duty cycle even at high cut-rates.

Conclusion:
Flow rates for the MVE system are stable and predictable for all cutter gauges, which should aid the surgeon to select the optimal parameters for vitrectomy.
In Vivo Administration of the Recombinant IL-7/Hepatocyte Growth Factor β Hybrid Cytokine Efficiently Restores Thymopoiesis and Naive T Cell Generation in Lethally Irradiated Mice after Syngeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Jin Jingjun , Goldschneider Irving , Lai Laijun 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often followed by a prolonged period of T cell deficiency. Therefore, the enhancement of T cell reconstitution is an important clinical goal. We have identified a novel hybrid cytokine containing IL-7 and the β-chain of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the supernatant of cultured mouse BM stromal cells. We have cloned and expressed the IL-7/HGFβ gene to produce a single-chain rIL-7/HGFβ protein that stimulates the in vitro proliferation of thymocytes, early B-lineage cell, and day 12 spleen CFUs. In this study, we show that, following syngenic BMT, the in vivo administration of rIL-7/HGFβ supports the rapid and complete regeneration of the thymus and efficiently reconstitutes the pool of naive T cells having a normally diverse TCR repertoire. The rIL-7/HGFβ hybrid cytokine was significantly more effective quantitatively than was rIL-7 and differed qualitatively in its ability to cross-link c-Met and IL-7Rα and to stimulate the expansion of early thymocyte progenitors and thymic epithelial cells. It also supports the maturation and homeostatic expansion of peripheral T cells. Consequently, the in vivo administration of rIL-7/HGFβ may offer a new approach to preventing and/or correcting post-BMT T cell immune deficiency.
IFN-γ Attenuates Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Activity in Intestinal Epithelial Cells through Transcriptional Repression of HIF-1β
Authors: Glover Louise E. , Irizarry Karina , Scully Melanie , Campbell Eric L. , Bowers Brittelle E. , Aherne Carol M. , Kominsky Douglas J. , MacManus Christopher F. , Colgan Sean P. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed that hypoxia and inflammation occur coincidentally in mucosal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease. During inflammation, epithelial-expressed hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) serves an endogenously protective function. In this study, we sought to explore how mucosal immune responses influence HIF-dependent end points. Guided by a screen of relevant inflammatory mediators, we identified IFN-γ as a potent repressor of HIF-dependent transcription in human intestinal epithelial cells. Analysis of HIF levels revealed that HIF-1β, but not HIF-1α, is selectively repressed by IFN-γ in a JAK-dependent manner. Cloning and functional analysis of the HIF-1β promoter identified a prominent region for IFN-γ–dependent repression. Further studies revealed that colonic IFN-γ and HIF-1β levels were inversely correlated in a murine colitis model. Taken together, these studies demonstrated that intestinal epithelial HIF is attenuated by IFN-γ through transcriptional repression of HIF-1β. These observations are relevant to the pathophysiology of colitis (i.e., that loss of HIF signaling during active inflammation may exacerbate disease pathogenesis).
NLRP4 Negatively Regulates Autophagic Processes through an Association with Beclin1
Authors: Jounai Nao , Kobiyama Kouji , Shiina Masaaki , Ogata Kazuhiro , Ishii Ken J. , Takeshita Fumihiko 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Although more than 20 putative members have been assigned to the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family, their physiological and biological roles, with the exception of the inflammasome, are not fully understood. In this article, we show that NLR members, such as NLRC4, NLRP3, NLRP4, and NLRP10 interact with Beclin1, an important regulator of autophagy, through their neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein, MHC class II transcription activator, incompatibility locus protein from Podospora anserina, and telomerase-associated protein domain. Among such NLRs, NLRP4 had a strong affinity to the Beclin1 evolutionally conserved domain. Compromising NLRP4 via RNA interference resulted in upregulation of the autophagic process under physiological conditions and upon invasive bacterial infections, leading to enhancement of the autophagic bactericidal process of group A streptococcus. NLRP4 recruited to the subplasma membrane phagosomes containing group A streptococcus and transiently dissociated from Beclin1, suggesting that NLRP4 senses bacterial infection and permits the initiation of Beclin1-mediated autophagic responses. In addition to a role as a negative regulator of the autophagic process, NLRP4 physically associates with the class C vacuolar protein-sorting complex, thereby negatively regulating maturation of the autophagosome and endosome. Collectively, these results provide novel evidence that NLRP4, and possibly other members of the NLR family, plays a crucial role in biogenesis of the autophagosome and its maturation by the association with regulatory molecules, such as Beclin1 and the class C vacuolar protein-sorting complex.
IL-1β Is Overexpressed and Aberrantly Regulated in Corticosteroid Nonresponders with Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease
Authors: Pathak Shresh , Goldofsky Elliot , Vivas Esther X. , Bonagura Vincent R. , Vambutas Andrea 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAutoimmune inner ear disease is an enigmatic disorder characterized by recurring episodes of sudden or progressive sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing loss can be improved by timely corticosteroid administration, but only half of those treated respond, and for many responders, that response is lost over time. The mechanisms that control corticosteroid responsiveness in this disorder are largely uncharacterized. We have previously identified that the induction by dexamethasone of IL-1R type II (IL-1R2) expression in PBMC predicts corticosteroid responsiveness in this disorder. In this study, we asked whether IL-1β was overexpressed, and whether clinical corticosteroid responders differentially regulated IL-1β expression or release in response to dexamethasone, as compared with nonresponders. IL-1β has been reported to induce matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. Given that metalloproteinases can cleave IL-1R2, we also asked whether MMP-9 expression was altered in this disorder. In this study, we demonstrate that corticosteroid nonresponders have elevated plasma levels of IL-1β and MMP-9 as compared with clinically responsive patients (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.037, respectively). Increasing MMP-9 expression correlated with increasing IL-1β concentration, suggesting that IL-1β expression regulates MMP-9 expression. As expected, monocytes were the predominant producers of IL-1β. In vitro exposure of PBMC to dexamethasone from clinical corticosteroid responders suppressed IL-1β release. PBMC of corticosteroid nonresponders have substantially higher release of IL-1β into the conditioned media, and when exposed to dexamethasone, failed to repress IL-1β release (p = 0.05). Treatment of PBMC from clinical corticosteroid nonresponders with anakinra resulted in repression of IL-1β release, suggesting that IL-1β blockade may be a viable therapy for these patients.
Computer-Based Rhythm and Timing Training in Severe, Stroke-Induced Arm Hemiparesis
Authors: Beckelhimer Sarah C. , Dalton Ann E. , Richter Charissa A. , Hermann Valerie , Page Stephen J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOBJECTIVE. We pilot tested the efficacy of computer-based training implementing rhythm and timing in chronic, severe, stroke-induced hemiparesis.METHOD. Two chronic stroke patients were administered the upper-extremity section of the Fugl-Meyer Impairment Scale (FM), the Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT), Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). We then administered the computer-based intervention for 60 min, 3 days/wk for 4 wk. One week after intervention, we administered the FM, AMAT, COPM, and SIS.RESULTS. After intervention, participants exhibited reduced arm impairment (indicated by FM scores of +2.0 and +4.0) and increases in average functional ability (+0.85 and +1.1 points on the AMAT), perceived quality of life (+2.0 and +32.0 points on the SIS), and perception of overall recovery (+10.0 points for each participant on the SIS).CONCLUSION. This study provides preliminary evidence suggesting efficacy of computer-based rhythm and timing in chronic stroke.
Methodology for the Systematic Reviews on Occupational Therapy for Individuals With Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses
Authors: Arbesman Marian , Lieberman Deborah , Thomas V. Judith 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Systematic reviews of literature relevant to individuals with work-related injuries and illnesses are important to the practice of occupational therapy. This article describes the four questions that served as the focus for the systematic reviews of the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for individuals with work-related injuries and illnesses of the low back; hand, wrist, and forearm; elbow; and shoulder. The article includes the background for the reviews; the process followed for each question, including search terms and search strategy; the databases searched; and the methods used to summarize and critically appraise the literature. The final number of articles included in each systematic review; a summary of the results; the strengths and limitations of the findings; and the implications for practice, education, and research are presented.
Effectiveness of Sensory Integration Interventions in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study
Authors: Pfeiffer Beth A. , Koenig Kristie , Kinnealey Moya , Sheppard Megan , Henderson Lorrie 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this pilot study was to establish a model for randomized controlled trial research, identify appropriate outcome measures, and address the effectiveness of sensory integration (SI) interventions in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Children ages 6–12 with ASD were randomly assigned to a fine motor or SI treatment group. Pretests and posttests measured social responsiveness, sensory processing, functional motor skills, and social–emotional factors. Results identified significant positive changes in Goal Attainment Scaling scores for both groups; more significant changes occurred in the SI group, and a significant decrease in autistic mannerisms occurred in the SI group. No other results were significant. The study discusses considerations for designing future outcome studies for children with ASD.
Clinical and Neuroimaging Assessments for Research Studies (Including Drug Trials) in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Apperson Michelle L. , Agius Mark A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune‐mediated disorder causing inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. As the onset of multiple sclerosis is at a young age, it is one of the leading neurological causes of disability. Disease activity and disability can be measured by neurological assessments and by magnetic resonance imaging. The development of standardized assessments has been a very important step in clinical research in MS. Clinical research in MS has led to a better understanding of the disease itself and has resulted in exciting new therapies. The protocols provided in this unit are four basic clinical and neuroimaging assessments commonly used as outcome measures in clinical research studies of MS subjects. These step‐by‐step instructions may be used by researchers and neurologists in clinical practice to obtain objective measures of MS disease progression and response to treatments. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 54:10.4.1‐10.4.16. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Multiplex Flow Cytometry
Authors: Krutzik Peter O. , Clutter Matthew R. , Trejo Angelica , Nolan Garry P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFluorescent cell barcoding (FCB) enables high throughput, high content flow cytometry by multiplexing samples prior to staining and acquisition on the cytometer. Individual cell samples are barcoded, or labeled, with unique signatures of fluorescent dyes so that they can be mixed together, stained, and analyzed as a single sample. By mixing samples prior to staining, antibody consumption is typically reduced 10‐ to 100‐fold. In addition, data robustness is increased through the combination of control and treated samples, which minimizes pipetting error, staining variation, and the need for normalization. Finally, speed of acquisition is enhanced, enabling large profiling experiments to be run with standard cytometer hardware. In this unit, we outline the steps necessary to apply the FCB method to cell lines, as well as primary peripheral blood samples. Important technical considerations, such as choice of barcoding dyes, concentrations, labeling buffers, compensation, and software analysis, are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 55:6.31.1‐6.31.15. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐Resolution Multiparameter DNA Flow Cytometry for the Detection and Sorting of Tumor and Stromal Subpopulations from Paraffin‐Embedded Tissues
Authors: Corver Willem E. , ter Haar Natalja T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis unit contains a detailed protocol for the simultaneous flow cytometric measurement of tumor cells, stromal cells, and DNA content of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues. The vimentin‐positive stromal cell fraction can be used as an internal reference for DNA content assessments. This allows clear detection of keratin‐positive tumor cells with a DNA index lower than 1.0 and of keratin‐positive tumor cells with a DNA close to 1.0 in overall DNA aneuploid samples, thus improved DNA ploidy assessment in FFPE carcinomas. Furthermore, the protocol is useful for studying molecular genetic alterations and intratumor heterogeneity in archival FFPE samples. Keratin‐positive tumor cell fractions can be flow‐sorted for further molecular genetic analysis, while DNA from the sorted vimentin‐positive stromal cells can serve as a reference when normal tissue of the patient is not available. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 55:7.37.1‐7.37.21. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dual‐Pulse Labeling Using 5‐Ethynyl‐2′‐Deoxyuridine (EdU) and 5‐Bromo‐2′‐Deoxyuridine (BrdU) in Flow Cytometry
Authors: Bradford Jolene A. , Clarke Scott T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChanges in DNA replication during S‐phase can give insights into mechanisms of cell growth, cell cycle kinetics, and cytotoxicity. A common method for detection of cell proliferation utilizes the incorporation of a thymidine analog during DNA synthesis. Incorporation of multiple analogs at different time points can further define cell cycle kinetics. Traditionally, the dual‐pulse method has been done by combining 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) with iododeoxyuridine or chlorodeoxyuridine, with detection using multiple cross‐reacting BrdU antibodies. This unit presents a dual‐pulse method using the thymidine analog 5‐ethyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU), detected by click chemistry, combined with BrdU labeling and detection. No cross reactivity with incorporated EdU is observed using the BrdU antibody clone MoBU‐1. EdU detection using click chemistry does not cross‐react with incorporated BrdU. Cells are first pulsed with EdU, and then pulsed with BrdU; sequential pulses of EdU, followed by BrdU, are done without removing or washing out EdU. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 55:7.38.1‐7.38.15. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation and Clonal Assay of Adult Lung Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells
Authors: Bertoncello Ivan , McQualter Jonathan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAdult mouse lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells (EpiSPC) can be defined in vitro as epithelial colony‐forming units that are capable of self‐renewal, and which when co‐cultured with lung mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are able to give rise to differentiated progeny comprising mature lung epithelial cells. This unit describes a protocol for the prospective isolation and in vitro propagation and differentiation of adult mouse lung EpiSPC. The strategy used for selection of EpiSPC and MSC from adult mouse lung by enzymatic digestion and flow cytometry is based on the differential expression of CD45, CD31, Sca‐1, EpCAM, and CD24. The culture conditions required for the differentiation (co‐culture with MSC) and expansion (stromal‐free culture with FGF‐10 and HGF) of EpiSPC are described. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 16:2G.1.1‐2G.1.12. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Digit ratio (2D:4D) and rowing ergometer performance in males and females
Authors: Longman D. , Stock J.T. , Wells J.C.K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFetal and adult testosterone may be vital in the establishment and maintenance of sex‐dependent abilities associated with male physical competitiveness. It has been shown that digit ratio (2D:4D) is negatively associated with prenatal testosterone, and it is also negatively associated with ability in sports such as football, skiing, middle distance running, and endurance running, which are dependent upon an efficient cardiovascular system. The relationship between digit ratio and sports requiring high power (physical strength) output in addition to well‐developed cardiovascular systems has not been defined. This study investigated this association in male and female young adult rowers. Participants (77 male and 70 female) were student rowers encompassing a range of abilities from the University of Cambridge. Bilateral digit measurements were taken blind from each subject using Mitutoyo vernier calipers. Rowing performance over 2,000 m was assessed using the Concept 2 rowing ergometer. Significant negative correlations were observed between 2,000 m ergometer performance and male digit ratios, which persisted following adjustment for rowing experience and height. However, no such significant association was found in females despite a comparable sample size. Our data indicate that digit ratio is a predictor of ability in rowing, a sport which requires both cardiovascular efficiency and high power output, in males but not females. This in turn suggests that fetal testosterone exposure has long‐term effects on traits associated with physical power in males but not females, suggesting a sex‐difference in the capacity to respond to such exposures. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Narrow Niche hypothesis: Gray squirrels shed new light on primate origins
Authors: Orkin Joseph D. , Pontzer Herman 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCurrent hypotheses for primate origins propose that nails and primate‐like grasping hands and feet were important early adaptations for feeding in fine branches. Comparative research in this area has focused on instances of convergence in extant animals, showing that species with primate‐like morphology feed predominantly from terminal branches. Little has been done to test whether animals without primate‐like morphology engage in similar behavior. We tested the fine‐branch niche hypothesis for primate origins by observing branch use in Eastern gray squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, a species lacking primate grasping adaptations that has been understudied in the context of primate origins. We hypothesized that because gray squirrels lack primate‐like grasping adaptations, they would avoid feeding and foraging in terminal branches. Instantaneous focal animal sampling was used to examine the locomotor and postural behaviors used while feeding and foraging. Our results demonstrate habitual and effective usage of terminal branches by gray squirrels while feeding and foraging, primarily on tree seeds (e.g., oak, maple, and elm). Discriminant function analysis indicates that gray squirrels feed and forage like primates, unlike some other tree squirrel species. Given the absence of primate‐like features in gray squirrels, we suggest that although selection for fine‐branch foraging may be a necessary condition for primate origins, it is not sufficient. We propose an alternative model of primate origins. The Narrow Niche hypothesis suggests that the primate morphological suite evolved not only from selection pressure for fine branch use, but also from a lack of engagement in other activities. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.