bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient Pressure Behaviour in Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Pattay Patrick W. 
Published: June 2009

This paper was presented as part of the student paper contest associated with the European Petroleum Conference.

Abstract
This paper gives an overview over the different aspects of transient pressure behaviour in fractured reservoirs.
Basically fractured reservoirs can be divided into two different groups. The first consists of reservoirs of single porosity which have been fractured artificially, the second group consists of reservoirs which contain a network of natural fractures and which have been additionally fractured artificially(double porosity fractured reservoir). Further it is possible to make a difference based on the radial dimensions and the boundary conditions of a reservoir. Therefore the systems of infinite and finite reservoirs will also be discussed.
These four cases will be presented separately. The different flow regimes will be discussed and also the parameters which influence the pressure behaviour.
Further the interpretation of the pressure tests will be discussed by using the type curves which correspond with the results of the flow regimes description.
Finally a short brief of the simulation of the two main different fractured reservoirs on a numerical reservoir simulator will be given.

Introduction
To enhance the productivity of wells which were damaged or were completed in tight formations, hydraulic fracturing (called "HF" in the following text) is a common and often used technique. Hydraulic fracturing as well as acidicing have been used with great success in many reservoirs with low natural permeability. It was realised very early that a HF influences the flow behaviour of a well extremely, so that common pressure test analyses techniques may cause errors. Thus the transient flow behaviour of fractured reservoirs became an important topic.
The different analyses of the pressure tests do not only describe the status quo of the flow behaviour after the treatment but describe also the form of the HF. The interpretation of the tests is very important for the production strategy and even for the design of a new HF.
Generation of Porosity and Permeability Fields Conditioned to Geostatistical and Pressure Transient Data
Authors: Ceyhan A. G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study aims at the generation of permeability and porosity distributions conditioned to geostatistical (variogram, mean values of permeability and porosity), static (well-logging, core etc.) and well-test pressure data and the assessment of uncertainty in generated distribution and performance prediction. Integration of all the available data from different sources (static, well test, geostatistical, etc.) into reservoir description is prerequisite for reliable performance predictions. It is shown that reservoir characterization solely based on geostatistical, static or well test pressure data imposes a nonunique problem to be solved. Specifically, by using 1-D and 2-D numerical flow simulators, we show that the pressure transient response obtained at a single well cannot provide unique determination of permeability. This necessitates the direct incorporation of well test pressure data as well as geostatistical and static data into reservoir description to resolve porosity and permeability distributions in lateral (or inter-well) directions. It is shown that the inverse problem theory based on Bayesian statistics provides a powerful methodology to incorporate different sources of data into reservoir characterization. Moreover, it provides means to assess the uncertainty in reservoir description generated and performance predictions based on such descriptions. By assuming multinormal distributions for porosity and log-permeability fields, an application of Bayesian estimation methodology to reservoir characterization is presented.
Factors Affecting Value of Undrilled Properties
Authors: Crichton Jack A. 
Published: June 2009

Introduction
It would be well to define the terms under consideration in the title of this paper. "Value" is derived from a Latin word "valere" which means "to be strong, be worth." As defined by Webster in an economic sense, value is "the monetary worth of a thing; the marketable price,"and valuation is "the value set upon a thing; the appraised price."
"Undrilled Acreage" as used here means any land which has not had its petroleum producing possibilities tested by the drilling of a hole thereon. The subject for discussion concerns the various elements which influence the value of acreage not previously tested for petroleum by the drill.
Evaluations of undrilled acreage are made for many purposes. They are made every day by any oil or gas company or individual who acquires acreage for the express purpose of obtaining possible petroleum producing acreage. Consciously or subconsciously the price that a company landman is willing to pay for such acreage is the composite of a number of factors that must be considered, and from which emerges an answer in the form of a definite value, such as "tendollars per acre."
In addition, appraisals of undrilled acreage are made for tax purposes, for disposition of estates, for dissolving partnerships, and for many other reasons. In many of these situations, it is necessary for an appraiser to arrive at a value for undrilled acreage when no value has been established by an offer from a buyer. In such instances, the appraiser usually attempts to view the property on the assumption that there exists a willing buyer and a willing seller. This assumption is further defined by same appraisers as a"willing buyer and a willing seller, in similar tax situations." In such case, the value placed on the property is in the final instance only an opinion of the appraiser, and is not a figure tested as a result of negotiation between a buyer and seller.
The Value of a Barrel of Crude Oil
Authors: Eggleston W.S. 
Published: June 2009

Introduction
I have been asked to talk to you about the value of a barrel of crude oil. I am going to do this in rather direct terms. This is not to be a philosophical discussion and, therefore, I am not going to enter into a long dissertation as to the many meanings of value.
In the producing end of the oil business the basic commodity is a barrel of crude oil and its associated natural gas. In order to simplify the analysis, all of the factors influencing value are reduced to terms than can be expressed in dollars and cents per barrel of crude oil produced.
It is well known that there is a wide variation in the profit to be obtained from finding, developing and producing crude oil, depending upon many variables.
Each of the variables will be analyzed in detail in the following discussion.
This analysis will cover the value of a barrel of crude oil to a producer that sells his crude at the well, and therefore our basic starting point will be the market price of a barrel of crude oil.
For the purposes of this talk, I have prepared in outline that we will attempt to follow.
Chart 1
The main purpose of this outline is to call to your attention the various sources of income and the costs of producing a barrel of crude oil. The figures shown are for purposes of illustration, and do not necessarily represent a particular or actual barrel of crude oil. The figures, however, are in proper proportion. See Chart 1.
Effect of Secondary Recovery and Pressure Maintenance on Value of Oil Properties
Authors: Lewis James A. 
Published: June 2009

Introduction
The wide spread application of fluid injection processes apparent in today'soil production picture confirms the confidence of the oil producer in these processes as a means of increasing value of oil properties. Since the producer is motivated by his interest in conservation and profit to install these types of operations, it is reasonable to presume that the average oil operator recognizes the engineer's ability to accurately predict their outcome and is willing to invest substantial capital in a field project in order to accomplish the predicted gains. Not only is the industry's confidence reflected by the capital invested in injection projects, but also by the substantial efforts put forth in unitization and other negotiations among operators in order to facilitate this type of operation. In transactions involving the purchase or sale of oil properties, it is becoming increasingly common to find that the potential value of properties susceptible to these operations is taken into account in arriving at the total consideration paid or received.
Early applications of fluid injection were restricted to shallow, depleted oil reservoirs and were, in a true sense, secondary recovery operations. The primary reserves of the field had been recovered and a stripper stage of production existed at the outset of the fluid injection. Because of the age of the fields, little or no data associated with the modern science of petroleum engineering were available on the reservoirs to be treated. Lack of confidence in fluid injection potentialities on the part of the operators made them reluctant to spend money to obtain data for proper engineering valuation.
Application of the Bank Loan in the Oil Business
Authors: Ardry Rushton L. 
Published: June 2009

Introduction
While the subject which I have been invited to discuss today enjoys no particularly novel aspect, it would seem both applicable and feasible to consider briefly a few important evolutionary steps within the petroleum industry which have created the availability of this type of credit.
Although challenged now by foreign production, since the Lucas discovery at Spindletop in January, 1901, the United States has produced the major portion of the world's output. Yet, it was only with the adoption of sound conservation and proration practices arising from the discovery of the East Texas Oil Field that financial facilities became available to the oil man. Hence, it may be said that it was not until the early 1930's that banking institutions interested themselves in what is commonly known as "production loans". Only in recent years has natural gas come to the fore and, in general, the same pattern of lending is applicable to that phase of the industry.
The perennial controversy over the 27 ½ per cent depletion allowance is one to which I refer only in that it has such a telling and significant effect upon the subject at hand. This allowance was a compromise between the House and the Senate in 1926. It has been estimated that 81 per cent of exploratory wells are dry, and that 36 per cent of all wells drilled are failures. Congress was not unaware of the risks inherent in drilling and accordingly offered an incentive to the oil man toward the development of natural resources. This tax feature of the oil and gas industry has been a stimulus to the operator whose development program has appealed for years to the constructive oil banker. Even so, it has become quite patent that tax pressure and the increasing cost of finding oil have precipitated a tendency, if not a necessity, for the independent operator to sell out. In many instances the capital gains provision is the wiser course to follow, particularly if further advantageous intangible drilling costs seem remote. Should the depletion allowance be reduced or eliminated reason dictates that this tendency would be greatly accentuated.
Institutional Investments in Oil and Gas Interests
Authors: McElvaney Eugene 
Published: June 2009

Introduction
It would be well at the outset to define the scope of the assigned subject lest it develop into such far reaching avenues as to be meaningless in purpose and, even worse, generally uninteresting. Accordingly, I shall apply the definition at both ends of the topic. "Institutional" for our purposes here shall apply to non-profit institutions such as universities, to trusts and to pension and profit sharing plans. "Oil and gas interests" shall apply to any type of direct ownership by recordable assignment of title to unproduced oil and/or gas other than the actual leasehold or working interest. The term shall not apply to stocks or obligations of corporations engaged in any or all phases of the oil and gas business unless it be the stock or obligation of a corporation created solely for the purpose of holding title to such interest for the benefit of the investing institution. Moreover, to focus attention on the particular area we wish to explore it would be well to restrict the word "Investments" to the intentional employment of endowment or other available funds at calculated risk with expectation of fair return or enhancement in value — thus contrasting with "gifts"which while possibly qualifying under the term investments after being included in the institution's assets, do not as a matter of fact reflect investment policy in the sense in which we wish to pursue the subject here. Naturally there's a vast difference in the mental attitude toward the acceptance of an oil or gas interest as a gift and intentional investment of trust funds in such an undertaking.
An Oil Investor Looks at 1956
Authors: Kennedy Edwin L. 
Published: June 2009

Introduction
Three years ago the program of the Petroleum Branch of the AIME included one session on the general subject of petroleum valuation and economics. The program of the current meeting includes few subjects outside of this field. What has happened in this short period to change the emphasis? Has it been that the interim merely brought overdue recognition to the importance of' the subject? Or have trends and events within the industry combined during this short period to give increasing importance to petroleum economics and, in particular, to the economics of exploration and production? We believe the latter to be the case.
When your representative extended an invitation to speak to you today he suggested that we again talk about the use of valuation reports in making investment decisions. We replied that we doubted that we had anything new to say on the subject. When pressed for a title of the talk before preparation of the paper had begun, we chose "An Oil Investor Looks at 1956" on the theory that the title was sufficiently broad to permit us to include any subject we wished. But we shall not exercise this open-ended option. We shall restrict our comments to subjects important to the owner of oil securities —his problems, his triumphs and his frustrations.

Problems of the Oil Investor
Consider the oil investor. His position is the end result of a host of decisions made by other men, few of whom can be personally known to him. Yet somehow — by logic, by hunch or by accepting the views of others — he must formulate a view on a matter more important to him than any other. He must evaluate management in a field where ratio analysis of financial statements is less likely to give him the answer than in a manufacturing enterprise. More than ever before, he must consider the general business outlook while making investment decisions. Heretofore there was ample historical precedent to assume that oil unit consumption would suffer little in a period of deflation.
Federal Power Commission and the Gas Industry
Authors: Wolf Justin R. 
Published: June 2009

This Pre-Print is based on a transcript of the oral remarks made by Mr. Wolfat the March 30 session of the Conference.
Necessarily, I have to begin this talk with an apology, an explanation, and a confession. The apology is for the lack of a prepared text. The rapidly shifting and changing developments occurring in Washington on the administrative or Federal Power Commission front, the Executive front and the Judicial front, made preparation of an advance, prepared text almost impossible— and, frankly, a job approaching frustration. The two or three outlines of these remarks that were prepared in advance had to be rather summarily destroyed, since facts, in the form of the veto of the Harris-Fulbright Billand otherwise, had caught up with the words that had been written.
The confession is that, frankly, I am at a bit of a loss as to what to talk about. The subject assigned, i.e., "The Federal Power Commission and the Gas Industry," is quite broad. The problems are most intricate and complex, and the high caliber of this audience makes selection a matter of genuine importance — and it's extremely difficult to make a selection. Furthermore, as a result of the Phillips decision (347 U.S. 672), handed down in June of 1954,and subsequent developments stemming therefrom, as they relate to the independent producer, I find myself very much in a brand new world, with few, if any valid guideposts to lead the way.
I concede that no one should begin a talk like this with an apology and a confession. Nevertheless, I feel that both are required, and I offer them freely. At the very least, they should prevent me from being dogmatic and they should explain, in part, why I cannot provide any panaceas for the many problems I am afraid I shall raise.
"Cultural Policy": Towards a Global Survey
Authors: Isar Yudhishthir Raj 
Published: June 2009

The field of “cultural policy” has acquired sufficient purchase internationally to warrant a comparative global survey. This article examines questions that arise preliminary to such an endeavour. It looks first at the problems posed by the divided nature of “cultural policy” research: on the one hand policy advisory work that is essentially pragmatic, and on the other so-called “theoretical” analysis which has little or no purchase on policy-making. In both cases, key elements are missed. A way out of the quandary would be to privilege a line of inquiry that analyzes the “arts and heritage” both in relation to the institutional terms and objectives of these fields but also as components of a broader “cultural system” whose dynamics can only be properly grasped in terms of the social science or “ways of life” paradigm. Such a line of inquiry would address: the ways in which subsidized cultural practice interacts with or is impacted by social, economic and political forces; the domains of public intervention where the cultural in the broader social science sense elicits policy stances and policy action; the nature of public intervention in both categories; whether and how the objects and practices of intervention are conceptualised in a holistic way. A second set of interrogations concerns axes for the comparison of “cultural policy” trans-nationally. One possible axis is provided by different state stances with respect to Raymond Williams’ categories of national aggrandizement, economic reductionism, public patronage of the arts, media regulation and the negotiated construction of cultural identity. Another avenue would be to unpack interpretations of two leading current agendas, namely “cultural diversity” and the “cultural and/or creative industries”.
Developing a Threat List—Emerging Infectious Diseases
Authors: Parker Roger W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe critical infrastructure sectors of agriculture and food systems face increasing threats of bioterrorism from agents associated with emerging infectious diseases. These disease agents include human‐specific pathogens, zoonotic pathogens, foreign animal diseases, and plant pathogens. For the purpose of strengthening defenses through awareness and preparation, this article considers the risk factors of availability and cost, ease and route of dissemination, virulence and susceptible host range, and impact and public perception. The threat risks from glanders and melioidosis are presented in more detail.
Evidence for improved conclusion accuracy after reading about rather than conducting a belief‐inconsistent simple physics experiment
Authors: Renken Maggie DeHart , Nunez Narina 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPrior beliefs that contradict data may interfere with the ability to draw accurate conclusions; however, evidence shows that through engaged activity individuals may learn new information. InExperiment 1, undergraduates performed or read about two physics experiments involving a ball and ramp. The first experiment was consistent with most people's prior beliefs, while the second was inconsistent with most people's prior beliefs. Participants' predictions, experimentation adequacy, conclusions and ability to generalize knowledge were measured to determine the effects of prior belief bias depending on whether participants conducted or read about the experiment. In Experiment 2, a structured hands‐on condition was included and developmental trends across adolescence and adulthood were examined. In both Experiments, reading about a belief‐inconsistent experiment led to improved conclusion accuracy and ability to generalize knowledge as compared to performing the experiment. This was the case when experiments were performed well and after a 12‐week delay for adolescents. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excitotoxic motoneuron degeneration induced by glutamate receptor agonists and mitochondrial toxins in organotypic cultures of chick embryo spinal cord
Authors: Brunet Núria , Tarabal Olga , Esquerda Josep E. , Calderó Jordi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGlutamate receptor‐mediated excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction appear to play an important role in motoneuron (MN) degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the present study we used an organotypic slice culture of chick embryo spinal cord to explore the responsiveness of mature MNs to different excitotoxic stimuli and mitrochondrial inhibition. We found that, in this system, MNs are highly vulnerable to excitotoxins such as glutamate, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA), and kainate (KA), and that the neuroprotective drug riluzole rescues MNs from KA‐mediated excitotoxic death. MNs are also sensitive to chronic mitochondrial inhibition induced by malonate and 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NP) in a dose‐dependent manner. MN degeneration induced by treatment with mitochondrial toxins displays structural changes similar to those seen following excitotoxicity and can be prevented by applying either the antiexcitotoxic drug 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione disodium (CNQX) or riluzole. Excitotoxicity results in an increased frequency of normal spontaneous Ca2+oscillations in MNs, which is followed by a sustained deregulation of intracellular Ca2+. Tolerance to excitotoxic MN death resulting from chronic exposure to excitotoxins correlates with a reduced excitotoxin‐induced increase in intracellular Ca2+and increased thapsigargin‐sensitive Ca2+stores. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:277–290, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.