bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of potassium persulfate on graft copolymerization and mechanical properties of cassava starch/natural rubber foams
Authors: Tanrattanakul Varaporn , Chumeka Wannapa 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to improve the mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch foams prepared from cassava starch blended with natural rubber latex by reactive blending. Potassium persulfate was used as an initiator for graft copolymerization between the starch and natural rubber during baking. The starch–natural rubber graft copolymer (starch‐g‐NR copolymer) was successfully produced during both suspension and melt blending based on 1H‐NMR and FTIR characterization. Natural rubber increased the flexural modulus of starch/natural rubber foams without potassium persulfate, thus indicating the compatibility of the blends. The starch‐g‐NR copolymer, acting as a compatibilizing agent, enhanced the impact strength of foams, but it did not improve the flexural modulus. This may be due to the potassium persulfate decreasing the molecular weight of the natural rubber. Relative humidity also played an important role on the mechanical properties. Foams became more ductile at higher relative humidities. Since foam density increased with an increasing natural rubber content, the specific impact strength was also considered. A soil burial test showed that the cassava starch foams and foams containing 15 pph of natural rubber were fully biodegraded within 8 and 18 weeks, respectively. The starch‐g‐NR copolymer delayed biodegradation of foams and foams containing high natural rubber content, i.e., 35 pph, showed a low ability to be biodegraded. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Distribution of Amelotin in Mouse Tooth Development
Authors: Gao Yuguang , Wang Wanchun , Sun Yan , Zhang Juanjuan , Li Dongliang , Wei Yahong , Han Tingting 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAmelotin is expressed and secreted by ameloblasts in tooth development, but amelotin distribution during enamel development is not clear. In this report, we first investigated amelotin expression in developing teeth by immunohistochemistry. Amelotin was detected in the enamel matrix at the secretion and maturation stages of enamel development. Amelotin was also observed at Tomes' processes on the apical ends of secretory ameloblasts. We then compared amelotin gene expression with those of amelogenin, enamelin, and ameloblastin in the mandibles of postnatal mice by RT‐PCR. The expression of amelotin was detected as early as in postnatal day 0 mandibles and amelotin was coexpressed with amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin during tooth development. These data strongly suggest that amelotin is an enamel matrix protein expressed at the secretion and maturation stages of enamel development. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2‐Aryl‐3‐(1H‐Azol‐1‐yl)‐1H‐Indole Derivatives: A New Class of Antimycobacterial Compounds – Conventional Heating in Comparison with MW‐Assisted Synthesis
Authors: Zampieri Daniele , Mamolo Maria Grazia , Laurini Erik , Scialino Giuditta , Banfi Elena , Vio Luciano 
Published: November 2009

Abstract2‐Aryl‐3‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl and 1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐1H‐indole derivatives were synthesized and tested for their in‐vitro antifungal and antimycobacterial activities. These indole derivatives were devoid of antifungal activity against the tested strains of Candida spp. Yet, they exhibited an interesting antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis reference strain H37Rv.
Facile Synthesis and In‐Vitro Antitumor Activity of Some Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines Linked to a Thiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazole Moiety
Authors: Abdel‐Aziz Hatem A. , Saleh Tamer S. , El‐Zahabi Heba S. A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe key precursor E‐3‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐1‐(3‐methylthiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazol‐2‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one 4 was synthesized in good yield using Gold's reagent. The reaction of enaminone 4 with 5‐amino‐3‐aryl‐1‐phenylpyrazoles 5a, b in refluxing acetic acid in the presence of sulphuric acid, yielded pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines 7a, b. Similarly, pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines 10a, b and 14a–f were prepared by reaction of enaminone 4 with 5‐amino‐1H‐pyrazoles 8a, b and 12a–f, respectively. The structure of pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine 10b was determined by X‐ray diffraction. The synthesized compounds were tested for their in‐vitro antitumor activity against the colon cancer cell line CaCo‐2; their cytotoxicity against the normal fibroblast cell line BHK was explored as well. Some of the tested compounds exhibited cell growth inhibitory activity. The significant antitumor activity of compound 14f against the CaCo‐2 cell line (IC50 = 0.5 μg/mL) was coupled with a lower toxicity against BHK (IC50 = 2.3 μg/mL).
Is scientific literature subject to a ‘Sell‐By‐Date’? A general methodology to analyze the ‘durability’ of scientific documents
Authors: Costas Rodrigo , van Leeuwen Thed N. , van Raan Anthony F.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe study of the citation histories and ageing of documents are topics that have been addressed from several perspectives, especially in the analysis of documents with “delayed recognition” or “sleeping beauties.” However, there is no general methodology that can be extensively applied for different time periods or research fields. In this article, a new methodology for the general analysis of the ageing and “durability” of scientific papers is presented. This methodology classifies documents into three general types: delayed documents, which receive the main part of their citations later than normal documents; flashes in the pan, which receive citations immediately after their publication but are not cited in the long term; and normal documents, documents with a typical distribution of citations over time. These three types of durability have been analyzed considering the whole population of documents in the Web of Science with at least 5 external citations (i.e., not considering self‐citations). Several patterns related to the three types of durability have been found and the potential for further research of the developed methodology is discussed.
Neue Wege zur seismischen Ertüchtigung von Weltkulturerbe im Lehmbau: Das Beispiel der Zitadelle von Bam, Iran
Authors: Bakeer Tammam , Fuchs Christian , Jäger Wolfram , Schöps Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIm Dezember 2003 zerstörte ein schweres Erdbeben die Stadt Bam in Südostiran. Opfer der verheerenden Zerstörung wurde nicht nur die bewohnte Neustadt, sondern auch die historische Zitadellenanlage aus Lehm. Sie ist eines der größten Komplexe, die komplett aus Lehmwerkstoffen errichtet worden sind. Die sofort im Anschluss ergriffenen Restaurierungs‐ und Rekonstruktionsbemühungen sind auf Grund des extremen Ausmaßes der Zerstörungen stark durch den Wunsch geprägt sowohl die geretteten Reste, als auch rekonstruierte Bauteile gegen seismische Einwirkungen zu ertüchtigen. In diesem Zusammenhang sind auch die Arbeiten des Lehrstuhls für Tragwerksplanung der TU Dresden (Inhaber Prof. W. Jäger) in Bam zu betrachten. Um dieser Aufgabenstellung in einer Weltkulturerbestätte gerecht zu werden, mussten neue Technologien entwickelt und in die Praxis umgesetzt werden. Diesen neuen Technologien widmet sich dieser Beitrag.New approaches for seismic retrofitting of world heritage: The Citadel of Bam, Iran.In December 2003 a heavy earthquake destroyed the city of Bam in southeast Iran. The destructions affected not only the new town of Bam but also the historical Citadel constructed entirely with earthen materials.The rehabilitation measures commenced immediately and are characterized by the desire of defining methods that strengthen the preserved rests against future seismic activity. The projects of the Dresden University of Technology, department of structural design (Head: Prof. Dr.‐Ing. W. Jaeger) presented here, are to be seen as a part of these efforts. In order to meet the demands of heritage conservation within a world heritage site (listed in 2004), new methods and technologies had to be developed and applied. The presented article intends to give a figure of these works.
Deutsche Nationalbibliothek 4. Erweiterungsbau in Leipzig – Besonderheiten bei der Unterfangung und der Bestandssicherung
Authors: Lochas Georg , Forner Andreas , Mathes Donald , Stengler Matthias , Beuche Nico 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDerzeit entsteht der 4. Erweiterungsbau der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek in Leipzig. Der neue Baukörper grenzt bereichsweise an die Bestandsgebäude und wurde 6 bis 8 m unterhalb der bestehenden Fundamente gegründet. Der setzungsempfindliche Baugrund infolge eines 4 m mächtigen Kohleflözes musste in der Planung besonders berücksichtigt werden.Um die Bestandsgebäude gegen Setzungen, Rissbildungen und Schiefstellungen zu schützen, wurden außergewöhnliche Sicherungsmaßnahmen realisiert:–·Zusammenspannen der Gebäude mittels Anordnung von Zugstäben–·Auskreuzung gefährdeter Bereiche durch Holz‐Fachwerkverbände–·Anwendung einer besonderen Technologie der HDI‐Unterfangung.Mit diesen Maßnahmen konnten ungleichmäßige Setzungen und Rissbildungen weitestgehend vermieden werden.The German National Library in Leipzig – 4th extension – Special features of the underpinning and safety measures of inventory.At present the 4th extension of the German National Library in Leipzig is under construction. The new building is near the existing buildings and was founded in 6 to 8 m below the existing foundations. The ground is liable to subsidence due to a 4 m thick coal seam. This had to be specially considered in the planning.To protect the existing buildings against settlements, cracking and misalignment extraordinary safety measures were implemented:–·tensioning arrangement of buildings by means of tension bars–·strengthening of vulnerable areas by timber trussed bond–·using a special technology of grouted underpinningWith these measures, non‐uniform settlements and cracks could be largely avoided.
Anwendung der Zonenmethode für brandbeanspruchte Stahlbetonstützen
Authors: Cyllok Michael , Achenbach Marcus 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDie Heißbemessung von Stahlbetonstützen mit der Zonenmethode (Vereinfachtes Verfahren) ist nach Eurocode grundsätzlich möglich und in verschiedenen europäischen Normen bereits eingeführt. In Deutschland wird das Verfahren für die Stützenbemessung in Zukunft jedoch voraussichtlich abgelehnt, da sich die Ergebnisse teilweise nicht mit denen der anerkannten Allgemeinen Verfahren decken.Ein Grund für die Diskrepanz der Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Methoden liegt nach Einschätzung der Autoren in der teilweise nur unzureichenden Dokumentation bzw. Regelung der Zonenmethode. Dass z. B. die Zonenmethode als Verfahren der Plastizitätstheorie angelegt ist, jedoch als nichtlineares Verfahren verwendet wird, führte bereits zu wesentlichen Fehlinterpretationen bzw. Missverständnissen.Dieser Aufsatz zeigt daher eine kurze Darstellung der ursprünglichen Annahmen sowie eine Herleitung der Zonenmethode nach Hertz.Im Hauptteil des Aufsatzes wird anhand von dokumentierten Eichbeispielen gezeigt, wie die Zonenmethode für Druckglieder in der Praxis anzuwenden ist, damit die Traglast und das Last‐Verformungsverhalten bezogen auf die Allgemeinen Verfahren ausreichend genau bestimmt werden können.Use of a Simplified Method (Zone Method) for Concrete Columns Exposed to FireEurocode 2 provides a fire resistance check for concrete columns called zone method (simplified calculation method). Some European countries already allow this check. Germany will probably reject this method for concrete columns, as the results from the zone method partly differ from the accepted advanced method. In the authors' opinion, one reason for the differences might be lack of documentation or lack of detailed rules for the zone method. Using the zone method as a nonlinear method – even though it is based on the assumptions of plastic theory – already lead to decisive misinterpretations or misunderstandings. Hence, this article shows briefly the original assumptions and derivation of basic formulas for the zone method according to Hertz.The use of the zone method for compression members is demonstrated with documented calibrating examples. It is displayed, how to calculate the ultimate load and the load‐bearingbehaviour with adequate accuracy.
Beurteilung der Zuverlässigkeit von Bestandstragwerken hinsichtlich einer Querkraftbeanspruchung
Authors: Braml Thomas , Keuser Manfred , Fischer Alexander , Schnell Jürgen 
Published: November 2009

AbstractProbabilistische Berechnungsverfahren gewinnen im Bauingenieurwesen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die Probabilistik wird sowohl zur Kalibrierung von Teilsicherheitsbeiwerten des semiprobabilistischen Sicherheitskonzepts der aktuellen Normengeneration als auch im Rahmen von Tragfähigkeitsbewertungen bestehender Bauten eingesetzt. Für biegebeanspruchte Stahlbetonbauteile kann die Grenzzustandsfunktion für Tragwerksversagen aufgrund eines klaren mechanischen Tragmodells eindeutig angegeben werden. Im Gegensatz hierzu gibt es bei der Formulierung des mechanischen Modells des Querkraftabtrags bisher noch große Unsicherheiten. Der nachfolgende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Zuverlässigkeit von querkraftbeanspruchten Bauteilen im Hochbau und soll als Hilfestellung zur Wahl geeigneter statistischer Kenngrößen der Modellunsicherheiten für probabilistische Berechnungen verstanden werden. Die vorgeschlagenen Kenngrößen wurden aus umfangreichen Parameterstudien im Hinblick auf das Zielzuverlässigkeitsniveau gewählt.Reliability Assessment of Existing Structures subjected to Shear ForceProbabilistic analyses are becoming more and more important in civil engineering. Probabilistics can be used for the calibration of partial safety factors of the semi probabilistic safety concept of current codes as well as in the context of sustainability evaluations of existing buildings. For reinforced concrete components subjected to bending, the limit state function for structural failure can be specified clearly because of a well‐defined mechanical model. By contrast, for the formulation of the mechanical model of shear carrying capacity there are still large uncertainties. The following article deals with the reliability of components in building structures subjected to shear force and should be understood as a support selecting appropriate statistical parameters of model uncertainties for probabilistic calculations. The proposed statistic parameters of model uncertainties were selected out of extensive parameter studies in view of the target reliability level.
Thinking in continua: beyond the “adaptive radiation” metaphor
Authors: Olson Mark E. , Arroyo‐Santos Alfonso 
Published: November 2009

Abstract“Adaptive radiation” is an evocative metaphor for explosive evolutionary divergence, which for over 100 years has given a powerful heuristic to countless scientists working on all types of organisms at all phylogenetic levels. However, success has come at the price of making “adaptive radiation” so vague that it can no longer reflect the detailed results yielded by powerful new phylogeny‐based techniques that quantify continuous adaptive radiation variables such as speciation rate, phylogenetic tree shape, and morphological diversity. Attempts to shoehorn the results of these techniques into categorical “adaptive radiation: yes/no” schemes lead to reification, in which arbitrary quantitative thresholds are regarded as real. Our account of the life cycle of metaphors in science suggests that it is time to exchange the spent metaphor for new concepts that better represent the full range of diversity, disparity, and speciation rate across all of life.
Thalidomide‐induced limb defects: resolving a 50‐year‐old puzzle
Authors: Vargesson Neil 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDespite the recent discovery that thalidomide causes limb defects by targeting highly angiogenic, immature blood vessels, several challenges still remain and new ones have arisen. These include understanding the drug's species specificity, determining molecular target(s) in the endothelial cell, shedding light on the molecular basis of phocomelia and producing a form of the drug that is clinically effective without having side effects. Now that the trigger of thalidomide‐induced teratogenesis has been uncovered, a framework is proposed, incorporating and uniting previous models of thalidomide action, explaining how thalidomide causes not just limb defects, but also all the other defects it induces.
RNAi in X inactivation: contrasting findings on the role of interference
Authors: Kota Satya K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractX inactivation is the process that brings about the dosage equivalence of X‐linked genes in females to that of males. This complex process initiated at a very early stage of female embryonic development is orchestrated by long non‐coding RNAs transcribed in both sense and antisense orientation. Recent studies present contradicting evidence for the role of small RNAs and RNase III enzyme Dicer in the X inactivation process. In this review, I discuss these results in the overall perspective of X inactivation and gene silencing.
How to Distinguish Isodesmic from Cooperative Supramolecular Polymerisation
Authors: Smulders Maarten M. J. , Nieuwenhuizen Marko M. L. , de Greef Tom F. A. , van der Schoot Paul , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Meijer E. W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTo study the supramolecular polymerisation mechanisms of a self‐assembling system, concentration‐ and temperature‐dependent measurements can both be used to probe the transition from the molecular dissolved state to the aggregated state. In this report, both methods are evaluated to determine their effectiveness in identifying and quantifying the self‐assembly mechanism for isodesmic and cooperative self‐assembling systems. It was found that for a rapid and unambiguous determination of the self‐assembly mechanism and its thermodynamic parameters, temperature‐dependent measurements are more appropriate. These studies allow the acquisition of a large data set leading to an accurate determination of the self‐assembly mechanism and quantification of the different thermodynamic parameters that describe the supramolecular polymerisation. For a comprehensive characterisation, additional concentration‐dependent measurements can be performed.
ChemInform Abstract: The SiF32+ Dication: Chemistry Counts!
Authors: Roithova Jana , Schwarz Helmut , Schroeder Detlef 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Complex Superstructures of Mo2P4O15.
Authors: Lister Sarah E. , Radosavljevic Evans Ivana , Evans John S. O. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical and Chemical Reduction of Disulfur Dinitride: Formation of [S4N4]‐·, EPR Spectroscopic Characterization of the [S2N2H]· Radical, and X‐Ray Structure of [Na(15‐crown‐5)][S3N3].
Authors: Roemmele Tracey L. , Konu Jari , Boere Rene T. , Chivers Tristram 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Soft Ferromagnet GdFe7.7Si1.3 with a CaCu5‐to‐Th2(Ni/Zn)17 Transitional Structure.
Authors: Svitlyk Volodymyr , Cheung Yan Yin Janice , Mozharivskyj Yurij 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Addition of Primary Amides to Alkynes: A Stereoselective Synthesis of Secondary Enamides.
Authors: Goossen Lukas J. , Blanchot Mathieu , Salih Kifah S. M. , Goossen Kaethe 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Silylcyanation of Aldehydes and Ketones by a Titanium Catalyst Prepared from a Partially Hydrolyzed Titanium Alkoxide and a Schiff Base Ligand.
Authors: Yoshinaga Kazuhiko , Nagata Takushi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Ring Expansion of Allenylcyclopropanols.
Authors: Kleinbeck Florian , Toste F. Dean 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Triflic Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Spirocycles via Acetylene Cations.
Authors: Jin Tienan , Himuro Masafumi , Yamamoto Yoshinori 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Reductive Aminations with Catalytic Molybdenum Dioxide Dichloride and Phenylsilane.
Authors: Smith Clive A. , Cross Laura E. , Hughes Kimberley , Davis Rebecca E. , Judd Duncan B. , Merritt Andrew T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Phenols and Halophenols from Arylboronic Acids Using Solid Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)/Hydrogen Peroxide and Poly(4‐vinylpyridine)/Hydrogen Peroxide Complexes.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Chacko Sujith , Panja Chiradeep , Thomas Tisa Elizabeth , Gurung Laxman , Rasul Golam , Mathew Thomas , Olah George A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.