bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of Niger
Authors: Gonard Samuel A. 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on December 2, 1965, by the International Committee of the Red Cross of the Red Cross Society of Niger.The new Society, founded in 1963, applied for recognition by letter under date of August 30, 1965. The application was accompanied by the Society's Statutes, an Annual Report and by the Decree of September 7, 1965, by which the Red Cross of Niger was recognized as auxiliary to the public authorities.
Reservations to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 II
Authors: Pilloud Claude 
Published: January 2010

On signature, Portugal entered a reservation concerning this article and Article 13 of Convention I but did not maintain it on ratification. It reads as follows:The Portuguese Government makes a reservation regarding the application of the above Articles in all cases in which the legitimate Government has already asked for and agreed to an armistice or the suspension of military operations of no matter what character, even if the armed forces in the field have not yet capitulated.
Recognition of the Cameroon Red Cross Society
Authors: Boissier Léopold 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on July 4, 1963, of the Cameroon Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross.This Society applied for recognition by the International Committee by letter dated June 10, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree promulgated on January 9,1963, by the Government of the Cameroon Republic which accorded the Society recognition, together with the text of the Society's statutes and a report of its activities.
Guerrilla Warfare and Humanitarian Law
Authors: Veuthey Michel 
Published: January 2010

The Henry Dunant Institute is currently publishing a book in French only under the titleGuérilla et droit humanitairein its “Collection scientifique.” The author is Mr. Michel Veuthey, an ICRC collaborator, who, since 1967, has taken part in the work of reaffirmation and development of humanitarian law. Mr. J. Pictet, Vice-President of the ICRC, associate professor at the University of Geneva and director of the Institut Henry Dunant, introduces the book with the following preface:At last we have a complete work on guerrilla warfare, thus fulfilling a real need. Anyone who wishes to study the subject in detail should have a copy of this book.
The Emblem of the Red Cross - A Brief History (III)
Authors: Bugnion F. 
Published: January 2010

From the outset, the central committees of the Societies for Relief to Military Wounded developed the habit of corresponding, either direct or through the International Committee. Was not the originality of the institution precisely that community of interests which united National Societies irrespective of frontiers?Most of the founders of the earliest relief societies had taken part in the 1863 Geneva Conference which initiated the Red Cross movement. They knew each other personally and naturally kept in touch.
A Tribute to Jean Pictet
Authors: Hay Alexandre , Beer Henrik , Lossier Jean-Georges , Blishchenko I. P. , Draper G. I. A. D. , Sultan Hamed , Schindler Dietrich 
Published: January 2010

On 30 June 1979, Mr. Jean Pictet will reach retirement age after forty-two years of service with the ICRC.He joined the ICRC in 1937 and has had a very full career. He is a thinker, a jurist, a writer, a teacher and at the same time a man of action, who took part in all major Red Cross undertakings; he is the inspirer and the mentor of the Red Cross.
The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross
Authors: Pictet Jean 
Published: January 2010

The Twentieth International Red Cross Conference, meeting in Vienna in 1965, proclaimed the “fundamental principles upon which Red Cross action is based”. Since that time, at every Conference, the representatives of the Red Cross world rise to their feet to hear the solemn reading of those principles.The principles, however, have not yet been the subject of any commentary. The fact is that the book “Les principes de la Croix-Rouge”, the source of the Vienna text, antedated the official version which, while being close to the model, was not identical with it. The book referred to was indeed a complete work, of a somewhat scientific character, and not a terse commentary designed to serve the general public.
Memorandum on the Implementation and the Dissemination of Knowledge of the Geneva Conventions
Authors: Hay Alexandre 
Published: January 2010

The International Committee of the Red Cross, on 16 December, sent the governments of States parties to the Geneva Conventions a memorandum on the implementation and the dissemination of knowledge of the Geneva Conventions. We quote that memorandum below:The Twentieth International Conference of the Red Cross at Vienna in October 1965, in its Resolution No. XXI entitled “Implementation and Dissemination of the Geneva Conventions” expressed the wish that Governments and National Societies submit periodic reports to the ICRC on the steps taken by them in this sphere. On the basis of information received pursuant to that resolution, the ICRC submitted to the International Conferences of the Red Cross at Istanbul and Teheran a report on the implementation of and the dissemination of knowledge of the Geneva Conventions.
The International Committee of the Red Cross within the International System
Authors: Freymond Jacques 
Published: January 2010

We take pleasure in publishing the following study which was written in the spring of 1971. Some passages, as readers will observe, are no longer topical, such as the information given on the Conference of Government Experts, for our readers will know that, the 1971 conference is being followed by a second session from 3 May to 3 June 1972, in Geneva.The study appeared in L'Univers politique 1970, and we express our thanks to the Editions Richelieu, Paris, for authorizing reproduction in our Review. (Ed.)
Declarations of interpretation
Authors: Tindemans L. 
Published: January 2010

On depositing the instrument of ratification by Belgium of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), done at Geneva on 8 June 1977, the Belgian Government makes the following declarations of interpretation:The Belgian Government, in view of the travaux préparatories for the international instrument herewith ratified, wishes to emphasize that the Protocol was established to broaden the protection conferred by humanitarian law solely when conventional weapons are used in armed conflicts, without prejudice to the provisions of international law relating to the use of other types of weapons.
The International Committee of the Red Cross and Health
Authors: Russbach Rémi 
Published: January 2010

The ICRC Medical Division, established in November 1977, works for the war wounded, for prisoners, for the civilian population and for the war disabled. Its essential purpose is to keep the victims alive, alleviate their suffering and prevent their sicknesses or wounds from ruining the rest of their lives.In his summary of ICRC activities during his term of office, (1976–1987) President Alexandre Hay said last May, “The medical sector, completely embryonic when I arrived, has developed considerably and has now achieved a highly praiseworthy quality and dimension. The ICRC and the victims of conflicts owe a great deal to the spirit of initiative, devotion and competence of its doctors”.The Review is particularly pleased to publish the following article by Dr. Remi Russbach, Chief Medical Officer of the ICRC, who traces the evolution of the Medical Division in the past ten years, emphasizing not only the progress achieved in the execution of its programmes but dealing as well with the problems which the ICRC has had to face in this domain.
The International Fact-Finding Commission: Article 90 of Protocol I additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions
Authors: Roach J. Ashley 
Published: January 2010

The United States considers many provisions of Protocol I additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 to be either statements of customary international law or to reflect what that law should be. It is in that vein that the United States views Article 90 on the International Fact-Finding Commission. The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) military analysis of the Protocols expressed the views of the U.S. Department of Defense on Article 90 as follows:“One major innovation of the Protocol is the creation of a permanent 15-member International Fact-Finding Commission to investigate alleged grave breaches or serious violations of the Protocols and the Conventions and to facilitate, through its good offices, the restoration of an attitude of respect for the Conventions and [the] Protocol”.
Red Cross and the Problems of Environment
Authors: Domanska Irena 
Published: January 2010

The paper quoted below was submitted, under agenda item 21, to the League Board of Governors at its Mexico meeting in October 1971. We take pleasure in bringing it to the knowledge of our readers, in view of the importance and topical aspect of nature conservancy to which the Red Cross is known to be giving increasing attention in various countries. Several National Societies are drawing up plans for the protection and improvement of the environment. Others have already taken action and some co-operate with other organizations concerned about the subject and which often conduct their own publicity campaigns.Further on, we give extracts from another communication which was presented by Professor Maurice Marois to the same meeting of the Board of Governors. It deals with the same problem as viewed by the Institut de la Vie from the angle of its own work for the protection of nature.
The need to restore the Laws and Customs relating to armed Conflicts
Authors: Pictet Jean 
Published: January 2010

Socrates recommended that one should begin a dissertation by denning one's terms.For some time now, the name, “humanitarian law”, has been used to describe the large body of public international law derived from humanitarian sentiments and centred upon the protection of the individual.The term has both a broad and a narrow sense. In the broad sense, international humanitarian law consists of those rules of international conventional and customary law which ensure respect for the individual and promote his development to the fullest possible extent compatible with law and order and, in time of war, with military necessities.
The application of humanitarian law by the armed forces of the United Nations Organization
Authors: Sandoz Yves 
Published: January 2010

The events in Lebanon and the despatch of a UN armed force to keep the peace there brings into focus a problem which cannot be ignored, the application of international humanitarian law in armed conflicts. This problem has two aspects:— What is the nature of the armed forces which the UN commits or can commit at the present time?— To what extent are these armed forces obliged to apply humanitarian law?
The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross (IV)
Authors: Pictet Jean 
Published: January 2010

The principle of proportionality, though it would seem self-evident, is nevertheless difficult to apply fully in real life, where it encounters numerous obstacles.Let us take some real examples from the Red Cross world. During the Second World War, the ICRC transported and distributed in prisoner-of-war camps of certain countries vast quantities of relief packages it received from the countries of origin of the prisoners. It accepted this task since it was a good thing for at least part of the victims to receive assistance. There were also however many prisoners who received nothing at all, because their countries were powerless to act. The ICRC then tried to arrange for some of the packages addressed to the more fortunate prisoners to be delivered to those in greatest need. The donors sometimes agreed to this, but doing so was nevertheless exceptional and affected only a small proportion of the total shipments.
Human rights relating to spiritual assistance as embodied in the Geneva Conventions of 1949
Authors: Hiebel Jean-Luc 
Published: January 2010

Within the general right of spiritual assistance there is a distinction between the right to receive assistance and the right to give it. These rights are based on the right of religious freedom.If they are to be exercised, these rights necessitate means—hence the right to aid—and agents—hence the rights of relief societies.
Technical note on the colours of the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblem
Authors: Eberlin Ph. 
Published: January 2010

Should the colours of the Red Cross emblem be standardized?This seems to give concern to some members of the Red Cross movement and the ICRC has been asked the same question on several occasions. One proposal was that the colours of the emblem be defined scientifically and that only those shades which comply with the standards thus adopted be used for our movement's armbands, flags, distinctive signs, for the writing paper and the publications.
Training medical personnel: HELP and SOS courses
Authors: Perrin Pierre 
Published: January 2010

The early 1980s marked a turning point for humanitarian aid. During those years most of the major emergency relief agencies became aware that steps were needed to heighten the efficiency of their assistance to disaster victims.New policies were therefore introduced to:• promote preventive measures,• codify assessment methods,• standardize medicines and equipment,• rationalize intervention criteria, and• improve coordination among humanitarian organizations.
Neutral mariners and humanitarian law: a precedent for protecting neutrals in armed conflict
Authors: Hoffman Michael Harris 
Published: January 2010

Stormy petrels are small, dark-hued seagoing birds. In violent weather they fly between the waves for protection. According to the lore of the sea, they are heralds of danger.For centuries, neutral mariners navigating the same waters have tried to avoid the violence that engulfed seafaring warriors. In our mobile world, their experience is a cautionary tale and represents a legal precedent for all international travellers. In recent times airline passengers, expatriate workers and many others have been endangered by conflicts not their own. When that happens, their lives depend on the same principles that have been forged to protect neutrals at sea. Neutral mariners have been the stormy petrels of international law.
Recent studies on the protection of the environment in time of armed conflict
Authors: Bouvier Antoine 
Published: January 2010

The problem of protecting the environment in time of armed conflict has given rise to numerous discussions and major studies over the last two years.In our opinion, there are at least two distinct reasons for the keen interest in this question. In the first place it is quite logically a response to the increasingly energetic efforts to improve, both nationally and internationally, the protection of the environment in peacetime. Secondly, this interest reflects the fears engendered during and after the 1990–1991 Gulf war that set the Middle East ablaze.
Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law — Alike yet Distinct
Authors: Meurant Jacques 
Published: January 2010

International humanitarian law and human rights law share a common goal, namely to protect the individual and to ensure respect for human dignity. Yet these two branches of international public law each have their own characteristics and origins and have evolved in different ways.Nevertheless, the troubled aftermath of the Second World War, the unchecked rise of violence and poverty in recent decades and the resulting need for improved protection of the ever-growing number of victims of violations of fundamental human rights have all contributed not only to the evolution of the two branches of law but also to their convergence, like “two poor crutches on which disarmed victims can lean simultaneously”, to quote an expressive image by Karel Vasak. This expert went so far as to estimate in 1984 that “the convergence of the two branches has led to an overlapping both on paper and, increasingly, in practice as well”.
The composition of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Bugnion François 
Published: January 2010

“I Know of no part of jurisprudence or of the humanities to which the institution calling itself the Geneva Committee can be connected”, declared the renowned Russian jurist Fiodor Fiodorovitch de Martens, legal adviser to the Imperial Russian Government, at the Fourth International Conference of Red Cross Societies held in Karlsruhe in September 1887.No wonder he was puzzled, for although the International Committee is an international institution by reason of its activities and duties, its composition is still that of a private association under Swiss law.
International Committee of the Red Cross: Developing National Societies: An ongoing challenge
Authors: Sandoz Yves 
Published: January 2010

Let's face it: a world of peace and justice, devoid of violence and misery, is not around the corner.Stating this unhappy reality is not meant to discourage those of goodwill who keep the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement going. Rather, it is to stress just how important it is in humanitarian endeavour to bring our forces into concert so that we can all pull together. The best use possible must be made of every individual, every penny, if we are going to make headway in this unequal struggle in which we are engaged to assist the victims of war, natural disaster and poverty. Rivalry is all the more shocking when it arises in the area of humanitarian aid as the needs are so enormous and there is more than enough room for everyone. But everyone must find his proper place in the joint effort; effectiveness is impossible without good co-ordination.
International Committee of the Red Cross: Co-operation between the Central Tracing Agency of the International Committee of the Red Cross and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Society Tracing Services
Authors: Vecsey Nicolas 
Published: January 2010

The Central Tracing Agency (CTA) exists to clear away such doubt, and to do so it has fixed as its four main tasks:1. to obtain, register, process and pass on all information that can identify persons whose case has been taken up by the ICRC;2. to ensure exchanges of family correspondence where normal communications are interrupted;3. to trace persons whose relatives have no news of them or who have been reported missing;4. to organize the reuniting of families, transfers of persons and repatriations.
The red cross and red crescent emblems: what is at stake
Authors: Sandoz Yves 
Published: January 2010

The emblems of the red cross and the red crescent are both the strength and the weakness of the Movement.They are its strength because, being the visible and respected symbols of relief to war victims, over the past 125 years they have enabled the Movement to provide protection, assistance and human warmth to millions of wounded persons, prisoners, families and children during the most terrible conflicts mankind has ever known. They are the strength of our Movement because all over the world the image they convey is one of humanity and compassion.
Images of humanitarian crises: Ethical implications
Authors: Holleufer Gilbert 
Published: January 2010

With the long-heralded advent of the information age, the upheaval caused by the proliferation of visual technologies in a society dominated by the media is forcing the entire spectrum of what used to be called “the press” to redefine itself, to reassess its professional code of ethics and to devise new working methods. Only by examining the role played by images in the global flow of information—especially their relationship to the written word—can we fully grasp what is at stake. Our world view is increasingly shaped by the images, televised or in print, to which the public is constantly exposed. Indeed, so great is their power that one can say, along with many analysts, that they are beginning to replace reality: only what has been authenticated, certified and validated by being photographed or filmed and shown on television really exists. As these images bombard us from all sides, everything that has not been seen captured on film is reduced to oblivion. What makes the power of images so irresistible?Images impart values. They attract or repel. They appeal to our imagination, play on our feelings and rouse us from our complacency: in other words, images stir our conscience because they purport to show us, in the raw, the unadorned, indisputable reality of things as they are. That is television's great ambition, that is its purpose; and that is what prompted Régis Debray to say that “television is fond of humanitarian stories since they are both human interest stories and moral tales”. Over the years, images of humanitarian action have invaded the media and fired people's imagination.
Disseminating international humanitarian law in Colombia: Dissemination is everyone's job—a firsthand report by an ICRC delegate
Authors: Bigler Roland 
Published: January 2010

At an ICRC seminar on training and information techniques a few years ago an instructor described the position of a dissemination delegate within an ICRC delegation, and hence of dissemination work in general, as follows:“Within an ICRC delegation, the delegate responsible for disseminating international humanitarian law generally has his office at the end of a long corridor, right at the back between the office supplies cupboard and the toilets. But most of the time you won't find him there, as he (or she) is constantly out giving courses or suchlike, either at military installations or universities or among the National Red Cross Society's volunteers. And when you do find him for a short while in his office, he's fiddling around with scissors, paper and glue trying to put together a leaflet or a poster, or perhaps even a small brochure. His colleagues, the delegates dealing with the distribution of relief supplies, the tracing service or prison visits, smile indulgently when they see the dissemination delegate busy with work like that. They speak well of him because he regularly reads the International Review of the Red Cross and knows the ins and outs of international humanitarian law and ICRC policy; he is a good talker, so he always has to step in where armed protagonists in local conflict fail to observe the rules protecting the civilian population. He must often beware of being torn to pieces and is expected to be everywhere at once, because what he does, he alone can do. Many ICRC delegates admire the dissemination delegate; sometimes he gets called “the professor”, “the clown” or “the artist”. His work is a one-man show, and yet those delegates who distribute rice, visit prisoners or try to trace missing persons could not and would not want to do his job themselves.”
Promoting international humanitarian law in higher education and universities in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States
Authors: Hankins Stéphane 
Published: January 2010

Any attempt to spread knowledge of international humanitarian law (the law of armed conflict) and its corresponding obligations among the military and political authorities of a country must be matched by an effort to introduce the subject into academic programmes, where the subject will be taught and studied in greater depth.Today, international humanitarian law is a minor component of the academic curriculum at universities in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), constituting only a small part of the public international law course offered at leading law faculties. Until very recently, although the relevant treaties and instruments of international humanitarian law existed in the Russian language, they were not readily available in libraries and were very seldom the subject of academic study and research.