bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Administrative obstacles to reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Trefon Theodore 
Published: December 2010

Emerging from two major wars (1996—97 and 1998—2002), the Democratic Republic of Congo is one of Africa’s most notoriously failed states. Since President Joseph Kabila came to power in 2001, the international community has invested significantly in efforts to rebuild the Congo. State-building efforts, however, have not achieved the expected results. International partners and the Congolese authorities share responsibility for failing to bring about genuine political change and institutional reconstruction. The former have underestimated the complexities of Congolese political culture while the latter deliberately hamper reform. Administrative weaknesses and the particular nature of public service provision in Congo constitute overwhelming obstacles to state-building. After presenting the different logics that motivate state-building and an overview of recent political history, the Congolese administrative reality will be discussed. Analysis will follow, revealing that implementing meaningful reform under the current framework is improbable. Points for practitioners This article is useful for professionals working in public management and administration because it offers arguments concerning: the importance of taking into account political culture for improved aid efficiency; the dangers of importing state-building ‘templates’ and standardized post-conflict reconstruction peace kits; the role played by national administrations in state-building and reform; the capacity of disillusioned public servants to hamper state-building and reform; lessons to be drawn from the DRC state-building and reform package for similar initiatives in other post-conflict and failed states.
Philanthropy in European welfare states: a challenging promise?
Authors: Schuyt Theo N.M. 
Published: December 2010

Philanthropy is growing rapidly in Europe and in most of the countries in the industrialized world. A well-known phenomenon from history, philanthropy has made a come-back in recent years and is finding new form and meaning in an emerging ‘civil society’. But how do we define this new ‘modern’ philanthropy? Does it differ from concepts such as ‘charity’ and the ‘third sector’? Has it already earned a place at the table of EC policymakers? Is this ‘old’ but ‘new’ phenomenon awakening scholarly interest? These questions are discussed in this article. Philanthropy is defined by applying theoretical insights on the concept of philanthropy. Scholarly interest is measured by using the attention paid to philanthropy in leading English-language political science journals between 2000 and 2008 as a yardstick. The results show that though philanthropy is a distinct concept, it receives very little scholarly attention in these journals. The article concludes by arguing that the growth of philanthropy today offers a promising challenge for policymakers in welfare states provided that ‘private actions for the public good’ can be incorporated in the welfare-state paradigm. Points for practitioners Philanthropy is playing an increasingly stronger role in welfare states. However, governments and public administrators searching for new ways to fund welfare services have still to fully recognize the potential of philanthropy. In addition to commercialization and the market, a non-profit sector based more on philanthropic revenue could be an interesting option for delivering services. Public administrators will therefore have to rise to the challenging task of creating a legal, economic and cultural framework that will stimulate and enhance philanthropy.
Does reliance on tax revenue build state capacity in sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: Prichard Wilson , Leonard David K. 
Published: December 2010

Academics and donors have increasingly argued that African states can enhance their general administrative capacity by improving tax revenue collection. Proponents argue that administratively demanding improvements in tax administration may spillover to other areas of public administration by introducing improved practices, necessitating improvements elsewhere and providing data for other government activities. We make the first effort to test this hypothesis empirically, using an improved cross-country data set for sub-Saharan Africa. We find some evidence that from 1973 until the late 1990s improvements in tax administration tended to precede broader administrative improvements, consistent with the research hypothesis. By contrast, we find no evidence of such a pattern over the past decade. We conclude that these results provide tentative support for the hypothesis that improvements in tax collection can be a catalyst for broader gains in state capacity, but that such linkages are not guaranteed and depend on the particular character of reform. Points for practitioners Those involved with public administrative reform efforts have long been confronted with the question of whether reform is, or should be, an essentially system-wide process, or focused on developing ‘pockets of effectiveness’. This debate is particularly relevant to tax reform: a growing academic literature has argued that tax reform can be a catalyst for system-wide change, but the dominant reform model has focused on the creation of autonomous revenue agencies to achieve rapid but focused capacity gains. This research examines the case for believing that tax reform can be a catalyst for broader reform, and thus the case for adopting a reform model that focuses more explicitly on system-wide change.
Deep Neck Infections of Congenital Causes
Authors: Nour Yasser Ahmed , Hassan Mohamed Hesham , Gaafar Alaa , Eldaly Ahmed 
Published: December 2010

ObjectivesTo review cases of deep neck infections with underlying congenital etiology with special emphasis on their clinical presentations and the computed tomographic findings and to discuss the various therapeutic modalities employed for such lesions.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingsAlexandria University Hospital, Egypt.Subjects and MethodsThe authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical, imaging, and operative records of deep neck infection cases presented to their department in the past 10 years. Deep neck infection cases due to congenital causes were included in the study.ResultsOf the 249 cases of deep neck infections admitted to the authors’ department in the past 10 years, 39 patients were diagnosed with deep neck infections due to congenital causes. Patients were classified into 2 groups. In group 1 (29 patients), computed tomography revealed the presence of infected cystic swelling in the neck that was classified as second branchial cyst (16 patients), third and fourth branchial cysts (8 patients), and thyroglossal cyst (5 patients). Group 2 (10 patients) presented with recurrent attacks of deep neck infection with a history of incision and drainage several times. Radiological and operative findings revealed the presence of congenital pyriform fossa sinus.ConclusionComputed tomography is helpful in diagnosing infected congenital cysts and its types. Infected congenital cysts could be excised completely under an umbrella of antibiotics. Recurrence of deep neck infections should alert the physician to the possibility of underlying congenital lesions. Thorough clinical and radiological assessment is mandatory to rule out the possibility of a congenital pyriform fossa sinus.
BI 44370 TA, an oral CGRP antagonist for the treatment of acute migraine attacks: Results from a phase II study
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph , Barbanti Piero , Dahlöf Carl , Reuter Uwe , Habeck Julia , Podhorna Jana 
Published: December 2010

Methods: Four hundred and sixty-one adult subjects with migraine were randomised to one of five treatments, the oral antagonist at the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor BI 44370 TA (50 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg), active comparator eletriptan 40 mg or placebo. The analysis included 341 subjects who took study medication.Results: The primary endpoint, pain-free after two hours, was reached by significantly more subjects in the BI 44370 TA 400 mg (20/73 = 27.4%) and eletriptan 40 mg (24/69 = 34.8%) groups compared to placebo (6/70 = 8.6%, p = .0016), but not by subjects in the BI 44370 TA 200 mg group (14/65 = 21.5%). The effect of 50 mg BI 44370 TA (5/64 = 7.8%) was similar to that of placebo. Analysis of secondary endpoints supported the conclusion from the primary analysis. The frequency of adverse events was low in all groups.Conclusion: Efficacy of BI 44370 TA was shown in a dose-dependent manner in the treatment of acute migraine attacks.
Multimodal neuroimaging in a child with sporadic hemiplegic migraine: A contribution to understanding pathogenesis
Authors: Toldo Irene , Cecchin Diego , Sartori Stefano , Calderone Milena , Mardari Rodica , Cattelan Francesca , Laverda Anna Maria , Drigo Paola , Battistella Pier Antonio 
Published: December 2010

Background: Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare variety of migraine with aura, characterized by motor deficits during the aura, often beginning in childhood. The hemiplegic attacks can be severe and prolonged but the prognosis is usually good. Data on neuroimaging, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and spectroscopy, during prolonged attacks of HM are quite limited, particularly in children. Case: An eight-year-old female had a prolonged attack of sporadic HM characterized by right-sided hemiplegia, global aphasia, fever and impairment of consciousness. MRI nine hours after hemiplegia onset was negative, while the following MRI scans (days 4 and 11) documented a progressive increase in cortical swelling in the left hemisphere with mild hyperintensity on DWI and mild reduction of apparent diffusion coefficient values. Proton MRI spectroscopy (MRS) (day 15) showed a decrease in the N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio in the left hemisphere. 99mTc-ECD single-photon emission tomography (SPET) (day 27) showed marked left hemispheric hypoperfusion. The patient recovered completely after 40 days and neuroimaging follow-up (MRI and SPET) after six months was normal. The patient carried a missense mutation of the ATP1A2 gene. Conclusion: Multimodal neuroimaging (MRI, DWI, MRS, SPET) in a prolonged HM attack supports evidence for a primary neuronal dysfunction.
Arthroscopically Pertinent Landmarks for Tunnel Positioning in Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions
Authors: Ziegler Connor G. , Pietrini Sean D. , Westerhaus Benjamin D. , Anderson Colin J. , Wijdicks Coen A. , Johansen Steinar , Engebretsen Lars , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: December 2010

Background: Quantification of the overall anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundle centers in respect to arthroscopically pertinent bony and soft tissue landmarks has not been thoroughly assessed. Hypothesis: A standardized anatomical measurement method can quantitate the locations of the ACL and AM and PL bundle centers in reference to each other and anatomical landmarks. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Quantification of the ACL and its bundle attachments was performed on 11 cadaveric knees using a radio frequency-tracking device. Results: The tibial ACL attachment center was 7.5 mm medial to the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus, 13.0 mm anterior to the retro-eminence ridge, and 10.5 mm posterior to the ACL ridge. The femoral ACL attachment center was 1.7 mm proximal to the bifurcate ridge and 6.1 mm posterior to the lateral intercondylar ridge. The tibial AM attachment center was 8.3 mm medial to the anteromedial aspect of the lateral meniscus anterior horn, 17.8 mm anterior to the retro-eminence ridge, and 5.6 mm posterior to the ACL ridge. The femoral AM attachment center was 4.8 mm proximal to the bifurcate ridge and 7.1 mm posterior to the lateral intercondylar ridge. The tibial PL bundle attachment center was 6.6 mm medial to the posteromedial aspect of the lateral meniscus anterior horn, 10.8 mm anteromedial to the root attachment of the lateral meniscus posterior horn, and 8.4 mm anterior to the retro-eminence ridge. The femoral PL bundle attachment center was 5.2 mm distal to the bifurcate ridge and 3.6 mm posterior to the lateral intercondylar ridge. Conclusion: The authors developed a comprehensive compilation of measurements of arthroscopically pertinent bony and soft tissue landmarks that quantitate the ACL and its individual bundle attachment centers on the tibia and femur. Clinical Relevance: These clinically relevant arthroscopic landmarks may enhance single- and double-bundle ACL reconstructions through improved tunnel placement.
Effect of Tibial Tunnel Position on Stability of the Knee After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Bedi Asheesh , Maak Travis , Musahl Volker , Citak Musa , O’Loughlin Padhraig F. , Choi Daniel , Pearle Andrew D. 
Published: December 2010

Background: Minimal attention has been directed toward tibial tunnel position and the native tibial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) footprint. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of tibial tunnel position on restoration of knee kinematics and stability after ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Ten paired cadaveric knees were subjected to biomechanical testing (standardized Lachman and mechanized pivot-shift examination). With each maneuver, a computer-assisted navigation system recorded the 3-dimensional motion path of a tracked point at the center of the tibia, medial tibial plateau, and lateral tibial plateau. The testing protocol consisted of evaluation in the intact state and after complete ACL transection, after ACL transection with bilateral meniscectomy, and after ACL reconstruction using 3 tibial tunnel positions—over the top (OTT), anterior footprint (AT), and posterior footprint (PT)—with a standard femoral socket placed in the center of the femoral footprint. Repeated-measures analysis of variance with a post hoc Tukey test compared measured translations with each condition. Results: A significant difference in anterior translation was seen with Lachman examination between the ACL-deficient condition and both the OTT and AT reconstructions, but no significant difference was observed between the ACL-deficient and PT reconstruction. The OTT and AT constructs were significantly better in limiting anterior translation of the lateral compartment compared with the PT ACL reconstruction during a pivot-shift maneuver in the ACL- and meniscal-deficient knee. However, anteriorizing the tibial position was accompanied by a correspondingly greater risk and magnitude of graft impingement in extension. Clinical Relevance: The OTT and anterior tibial tunnel positions better control the Lachman and the pivot shift compared with an ACL graft placed in the posterior aspect of the tibial footprint. However, an anterior tibial tunnel position must be balanced against an increased risk and magnitude of graft impingement in extension.
Selective induction of endothelial P2Y6 nucleotide receptor promotes vascular inflammation
Authors: Riegel Ann-Kathrin , Faigle Marion , Zug Stephanie , Rosenberger Peter , Robaye Bernard , Boeynaems Jean-Marie , Idzko Marco , Eltzschig Holger K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
During a systemic inflammatory response endothelial-expressed surface molecules have been strongly implicated in orchestrating immune responses. Previous studies have shown enhanced extracellular nucleotide release during acute inflammatory conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that endothelial nucleotide receptors could play a role in vascular inflammation. To address this hypothesis, we performed screening experiments and exposed human microvascular endothelia to inflammatory stimuli, followed by measurements of P2Y or P2X transcriptional responses. These studies showed a selective induction of the P2Y6 receptor (> 4-fold at 24 hours). Moreover, studies that used real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, or immunofluorescence confirmed time- and dose-dependent induction of P2Y6 with tumor necrosis factor α or Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in vitro and in vivo. Studies that used MRS 2578 as P2Y6 receptor antagonist showed attenuated nuclear factor κB reporter activity and proinflammatory gene expression in human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Moreover, pharmacologic or genetic in vivo studies showed attenuated inflammatory responses in P2Y6−/− mice or after P2Y6 antagonist treatment during LPS-induced vascular inflammation. These studies show an important contribution of P2Y6 signaling in enhancing vascular inflammation during systemic LPS challenge and implicate the P2Y6 receptor as a therapeutic target during systemic inflammatory responses.
Racial Differences in Chronic Immune Stimulatory Conditions and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Veterans From the United States
Authors: Koshiol Jill , Lam Tram Kim , Gridley Gloria , Check David , Brown Linda Morris , Landgren Ola 
Published: December 2010

Purpose To examine underlying etiologic factors that may explain the racial disparity in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) incidence patterns. Patients and Methods We assessed immune-related conditions and risk of developing NHL among more than 4 million hospitalized US veterans including 9,496 patients with NHL (7,999 white patients and 1,497 black patients) with up to 26 years of follow-up. We used time-dependent Poisson regression to estimate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs for NHL risk among patients with a history of specific autoimmune diseases, infections, and allergies compared with patients without such history, adjusting for attained age, calendar year, race, number of hospital visits, and time between study entry and exit. Results Patients with infectious conditions had an increased risk of developing NHL (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.2), particularly for gastrohepatic, genital, and systemic infectious conditions. Patients with autoimmune disease were generally more likely to develop NHL than patients without autoimmune disease, especially for conditions that typically present with detectable autoantibodies with systemic involvement (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.8 to 2.2). Allergies were also associated with increased risk (RR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 1.5). Although the risk of NHL was lower for blacks than whites (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.92), blacks had a slightly higher risk of NHL associated with infections than whites (likelihood ratio test, P = .002) and a tendency toward higher risk associated with allergies (likelihood ratio test, P = .05). Risks associated with autoimmune conditions were similar by race (likelihood ratio test, P = .5). Conclusion The observed difference in NHL risk by race supports a role for race-related differences in genes regulating immune/inflammatory response.
Quality of Life After Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Survival
Authors: Epplein Meira , Zheng Ying , Zheng Wei , Chen Zhi , Gu Kai , Penson David , Lu Wei , Shu Xiao-Ou 
Published: December 2010

Purpose To examine the association of quality of life (QOL) after diagnosis of breast cancer with mortality and recurrence. Patients and Methods From 2002 to 2004, a total of 2,230 breast cancer survivors completed the General Quality of Life Inventory-74 6 months after diagnosis as part of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Survivor Study. Also collected at baseline was information on demographic and clinical characteristics. At 36 months postdiagnosis, 1,845 of these women were re-evaluated for QOL. Outcomes were ascertained by in-person interview and record linkage to the vital statistics registry. The association of QOL with total mortality and cancer recurrence was assessed by using Cox regression analysis. Results During a median follow-up of 4.8 years after the 6-month postdiagnosis QOL assessment, 284 deaths were identified. Recurrence was documented in 267 patients after 108 patients with stage IV breast cancer or recurrence before study enrollment were excluded. Women with the highest tertile of social well-being QOL score, compared with those with the lowest score, had a 38% decreased risk of mortality (95% CI, 0.46 to 0.85; P for trend = .002) and a 48% decreased risk of breast cancer recurrence (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.71; P for trend < .001). QOL assessed at 36 months postdiagnosis was not significantly associated with subsequent risk of mortality or recurrence. Conclusion Social well-being in the first year after cancer diagnosis is a significant prognostic factor for breast cancer recurrence or mortality, suggesting a possible avenue of intervention by maintaining or enhancing social support for women soon after their breast cancer diagnosis to improve disease outcomes.
Differential trapping success for small mammals using pitfall and standard cage traps in a woodland savannah region of southwestern Brazil
Authors: Caceres Nilton C. , Nápoli Rodrigo P. , Hannibal Wellington 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study aimed to compare the efficacy of different trapping methodologies for sampling small mammals, consisting of trap type (pitfall, Sherman, and wire traps) and position (ground and understorey) in the Cerrado biome of Brazil. Five fragments of woodland savannah were selected for the study. We captured a total of 364 individuals of 14 species of small mammals. Pitfall traps sampled all 14 species (100%), whereas ground cage traps sampled 8 species (57%), and arboreal traps sampled 5 species (36%). The sampling methodologies gave significantly different results, particularly between pitfall and cage traps, and between ground and arboreal cage traps. However, the comparison between Sherman and wire traps indicated no significant difference, although abundance has been higher for wire cages. Our study confirms the high success rate for pitfall traps now in the Cerrado biome and suggests combinations of trapping methodologies for surveying mammalian diversity.
Accurate Determination of System Compliance and Young’s Modulus for Single Fibers
Authors: Ash J. T. , Cross W. M. , Kellar J. J. , Kjerengtroen L. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Single fiber testing was conducted utilizing the ASTM D3379-89e1 standard to measure the Young’s modulus for optical glass fibers. Upon analyzing the experimental data, it was discovered that procedural methods to account for system compliance resulted in a source of uncertainty due to the 12.6 % fiber diameter variability between different fibers tested. As a result, the 86.8 GPa Young’s modulus determined included a significant 43.9 % uncertainty. A new method of data analysis was devised to take into account this fiber diameter variability, which lowered the uncertainty to 7.5 % and provided a Young’s modulus of 61.4 GPa. Comparisons were made with the more recent ASTM C1557-03 standard that gave a similar 61.3 GPa Young’s modulus. A large bias error of 41.6 % exists between the Young’s modulus values determined by the two standard methods. The various analytical methods are discussed along with their estimates of uncertainty, the impact on micro-mechanics, and how to lower this uncertainty further.