bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naval Architecture for Combatants, A Technology Survey
Authors: KEANE ROBERT G. , SANDBERG WILLIAM C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTNaval architects perform a number of very important roles in the design of naval ships. To address the many technologies associated with these myriad roles would be an enormous undertaking. The authors, therefore, chose to concentrate their efforts on an overview of technology in support of the naval architect's important role of designing the hull forms and appendages for future combatants. Thus, the objectives of this paper are to review existing and emerging ship hydrodynamics technologies which are expanding the spectrum of hull design options and their associated ship performance characteristics and to clearly demonstrate that there are many opportunities for further advancements in ship hydrodynamics technologies that will significantly aid the nation's naval architects in contributing their best to our future combatants.
The Israeli RESHEF Class Missile Boat
Authors: KEHOE CAPT. J.W. , BROWER KENNETH S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis is another in a series of reports on the Ship Characteristics of various types of ships that have, or will be, introduced into the Navies of the world. In this report, the authors discuss the design concepts and basic characteristics of the Israeli Reshef class missile boat.
COMBAT SYSTEMS OVERHAUL IN A NAVAL SHIPYARD
Authors: NANOS G. P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe cost and complexity of combat system installations in modern combatants has increased and will continue to increase dramatically. Renewed fleet emphasis on combat readiness has placed all aspects of installation and repair of new systems under intense scrutiny. Worthwhile initiatives in logistics support, technical documentation, and integrated testing have resulted. However, few studies of industrial processes related to combat systems work in naval shipyards have been undertaken even though modern quality methods emphasize understanding and control of processes as the best way to reduce defects in workmanship and to lower total cost. This paper reviews initiatives undertaken to improve fundamental industrial practices at Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Results are based on experience with both surface ship and submarine overhauls.
AN UNUSUAL APPROACH TO DIESEL‐ELECTRIC PROPULSION
Authors: JOHNSON JEROME V. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAn unusual approach to diesel‐electric propulsion was developed many years ago which is relatively unknown. Propulsion, ship service AC power and upper deck winches are included in the system, all of which are powered by the main propulsion engines, and all of which are able to operate over their full load range without having any significant effect on any of the other machines in the system.The objective is met by utilizing a constant‐current system in which a given current is produced at the diesel generators at the voltage necessary to maintain that current. All power consuming units are connected in series with the generators and their output is controlled by varying their field strength.
RELIABILITY METHODS FOR SHIP STRUCTURES
Authors: WHITE GREGORY J. , AYYUB BILAL M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe ever increasing use of high‐strength materials and advanced technologies in surface ship structural design requires a very careful and systematic analysis to insure that levels of safety are maintained. This is much more easily said than done. The application of new technologies will not allow extrapolation of existing design criteria. Due to the uncertainties involved with future loading conditions, material properties, quality of workmanship in construction, and the limitations in numerical methods of analysis, the absolute safety of a structure cannot be established. It would therefore seem appropriate to use methods of analysis which would attempt to account for the various uncertainties and which allow the designer to limit the risk of unacceptable consequences. Estimation of this risk, even if used only to compare design alternatives, can be a useful and economical tool.Structural reliability has its roots in the fields of civil and aerospace engineering and has made great strides forward in the last decade. Many methods have been proposed to evaluate the risk of structural failure. These methods include: first order second moment (FOSM), advanced second moment (ASM), and Monte Carlo simulation using both conditional expectation and antithetic variates techniques for variance reduction. All of these methods consider the type of the problem, the various parameters involved, and the uncertainties associated with these parameters. In estimating the risk, the uncertainties are modeled as random variables with mean values, variance, and probability density and distribution functions. Each method uses this information in a different manner, involving some assumptions and limitations.In this paper we evaluate the available methods as to their suitability for estimating the risk of structural failure in ships. The merits and shortcomings of each method are discussed and each is then used to solve a simple example problem. The most effective method is chosen for more advanced work in this field.
THE MACHINERY ALTERATION PROGRAM
Authors: CIERI A.M. , KENNEY CDR. L.H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe ship alteration (ShipAlt) process does not lend itself to the rapid accomplishment of small scale design changes to improve equipment performance and reliability. It is a necessarily lengthy and complex system, designed to deal with very large and costly projects. With one document, it causes replacement or modification of major ship systems. For this reason, ShipAlts are subjected to many reviews and design changes so that the final product will materially enhance the fleet's operational capabilities.The competition for scarce resources has left the Navy with a large number of needed design changes with no programmatic means to accomplish them. Various Navy communities have developed procedures to address this problem.This paper will show how the Naval Sea Systems Command‐sponsored machinery alteration (MachAlt) program addresses the small design change problem for hull, mechanical and electrical (HM&E) systems. MachAlts are design changes to equipments that do not require system interface changes and may be installed outside of industrial activities. The paper will discuss how the MachAlt concept was developed and will give a status report and assessment of the program to date.
MK 41 VERTICAL LAUNCHING SYSTEM FLEET APPLICATION
Authors: KULESZ JAMES J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe unique physical construction and launch control system architecture of the MK 41 vertical launching system (VLS) makes it particularly adaptable to a variety of missiles and ship classes. The U.S. Navy began installing the MK 41 VLS in deep draft combatants early this year.System attributes such as increased firepower, reduced manning and training requirements, high reliability and low maintainability indicate the MK 41 will best answer the fleet's requirement for highly capable launchers at minimum life cycle cost. Several launcher variants can be readily configured from MK 41 launcher components. Two lengths have been developed and proved during land based and at‐sea tests. These MK 41 derivatives retain all the benefits of the VLS while permitting a tailored defense capability throughout the surface fleet.
SPECIAL‐PURPOSE & GENERAL‐PURPOSE PROGRAMMABLE SIGNAL PROCESSORS
Authors: WEINSTOCK WALTER 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe availability of high‐performance, low‐cost processing hardware provides the basis for very powerful programmable signal processing machines. A wide spectrum of machine architectures is available to the system designer. However, since these often have striking functional differences, the selection process must involve much more than a simplistic comparison of processing power. This paper compares the characteristics of generic special‐purpose and general‐purpose signal processors to emphasize critical differences. These differences are further illuminated in the descriptions of two high‐performance machines — one a special‐purpose programmable signal processor and the other a general‐purpose scientific “supercomputer.” Included in the descriptions are the approaches used in each machine for primitive operations, processing sequence control, data input and data transfer methodology, and method of achieving high‐speed operation.
METHODS FOR DESIGNING HULL FORMS WITH REDUCED MOTIONS AND DRY DECKS
Authors: WALDEN DAVID A. , GRUNDMANN PETER 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA number of existing frigate and destroyer hulls have been used in an investigation of simple seakeeping rank factors and freeboard estimation procedures, both for use at early design stages.The results of a correlation analysis are described. First, they are used to generate a regression equation to predict the relative seakeeping performance of a given ship. Then the correlation matrix developed during the regression analysis is used to provide guidance in the design of a ship with reduced motions.A study has been carried out of the relative seakeeping rank of the ships as a function of the various motion‐related quantities included in the measure of merit. Calculations have been made to determine if the relative seakeeping rank of the ships is a function of ship speed or modal wave period. Measures of merit are discussed that include maximum allowed values rather than just the goal of reducing motions.The method developed by Bales for determining required freeboard is applied to a large number of hulls. The results are used to show the influence of both ship size (length and displacement) and seakeeping performance on required freeboard. Utilizing these results, a simple method of predicting required freeboard is developed. Comparisons are made between the computed freeboards using Bales' procedure and the results of the present method as well as other recent guidelines.
LIGHTWEIGHT BROADBAND HF COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNA (LWCA)
Authors: BIONDI ROY J. , PRIDE RICHARD W. , MURRAY HAROLD D. , WHEELER PAUL K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTExternal communications is a critical element in the U.S. Navy design and utilization of a ship's combat system. The communications antenna system is a key factor in attainment of reliable circuit performance and reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI). To maintain pace with improved ship manufacturing techniques and construction materials, along with design efforts to reduce topside generated EMI/RFI effects, an improved antenna design must also evolve.With the ever increasing complexity in the integration of the topside environment, the RF aspects of the antenna designs must be augmented by detailed analysis of the operating environment and the mechanical design if the goals of reliability and quality performance are to be achieved.The Naval Electronic Systems Command has developed a new “Broadband HF Communications Antenna.” This paper traces the design evolution and describes the processes in determining current design deficiencies, the design objectives to correct these deficiencies and the results obtained.
HOW MODULAR COMBAT SYSTEMS WILL ENHANCE SUPPORT OF SURFACE COMBATANTS
Authors: BOERUM ROBERT E. , BIRINDELLI JAMES B. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCombat system interface standards between combat system equipment and ship hulls for surface combatants are being developed. These standards, which will produce modular combat systems, permit concurrency of ship and combat system development, outfitting of alternate combat suites on a single ship hull form without major design revisions, and ease of combat system upgrade throughout the ship life cycle.Such use of modularity for combat systems and formalization of interface standards for equipment installation provide attendant opportunities for innovative integrated logistics support (ILS) of surface combatants. The impact of this concept on the various ILS elements has been studied, and this paper presents highlights of the various requirements and benefits that result. These include the requirements for ensuring access for removal engineering for transportability and handling of the modules, and development of the necessary facilities for test and installation. This paper will show how use of such interface standards and modular combat system equipment will enhance fleet support of surface combatants.
THE USE OF COPPER‐NICKEL IN SHIPBUILDING: A STATUS REPORT
Authors: SANDOR LESLIE W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCopper‐base alloy CA‐706 has an excellent erosion‐corrosion and biofouling resistance. While this paper recounts the long history of copper's role in marine use, the emphasis is on recent applications. Technical details of Cu/Ni sheathing of steel hulls and the results of a field test program after 18 months of continuous service with a 91,000 DWT tanker named Arco Texas are discussed. A comparison of life‐cycle economic analysis for conventional antifouling paint, self‐polishing copolymers and copper‐nickel sheathing is presented. The analysis is carried out for a medium‐speed RO/RO ship and a slow‐speed oil tanker.
WARSHIPS AND COST CONSTRAINTS
Authors: HOPE JAN PAUL , STORTZ VERNON E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the need and processes for designing warships to meet cost constraints and for managing warship acquisition programs during the design phase to assure effective adherence to production cost constraints by the design team. The resource control methodology used during the contract design of the Arleigh Burke class destroyer, DDG‐51, is examined as a potential model for controlling the cost while maintaining the combat effectiveness of warships.The paper begins with a summary of the basic issue — the relationship among unit cost, unit capability, force level numbers, and force capability — showing recent trends in destroyer costs and force levels. This introduction also includes a discussion of the cost constraint for the DDG‐51 in relation to historical trends and ship construction funding allocation.The resource control methodology used to reduce and control costs of the DDG‐51 is discussed with a summary of the approach, key concepts and tools, chronology of key events, examples, and results achieved. A number of observations on this methodology are then made which are followed by comments on life cycle costs.The paper concludes with remarks on the future application of the resource control methodology and areas for further work to improve future resource control efforts.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHODS FOR SURFACE SHIPS OPERATING AT THE ICE EDGE
Authors: JOHN JAMES W. ST. , MEYER JAMES R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA methodology for developing local load criteria for ships operating at an ice edge is presented and discussed. The area where pack ice diminishes to the open ocean, the ice edge, offers a challenging design problem. Broken pieces of the pack ice termed ice floes can be driven by waves into the sides of ships, generating large local loads. The details of the ice‐structure interaction are discussed. Statistical distributions of ice impact pressures and force are presented based on measured data. Theoretical predictions of floe impact loads are also presented. A pressure‐area curve is generated from these data and compared with recent ice class rules.
AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR REAL‐TIME NOISE AND VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF SHIPBOARD EQUIPMENT
Authors: KLEIN STEVEN K. , VAIL JEANNINE A. , BALON KEVIN 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAn expert system is described which allows real‐time analysis of the noise and vibration signature of vibrating machinery. The system presented consists of an adaptive algorithm which varies the band width of analysis channels as a function of a signal complexity factor and a measure of the rapidity of local signal change. Overall program architecture is presented as well as detailed discussion of signature functional identification and statistical trend modules which are adaptable to a wide variety of input data base configurations. Execution of the program on a “super‐mini” in FORTRAN code with direct graphics output and on 68000 series based firmware using ADA is discussed. Results are presented of program execution on Navy hydrophone and propulsion gas turbine data showing current signature and projections of trend to future times compared with failed condition signatures. Correlation results for such predictions are also discussed.
A COMPUTER INTEGRATED ENGINEERING SYSTEM FOR DESIGN AND LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
Authors: NICKODEMUS GLEN H. , YANUS IRWIN D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a computer integrated engineering system for design and life cycle management of weapons systems, ships and other multidisciplined systems. All engineering data are stored in a central engineering database. Individual application databases define and process information necessary for specific discipline evaluations. Interface modules between the application databases and the engineering database ensure that the entered data are complete, consistent, compatible, and in compliance with requirements. Conflicts are immediately identified and efficiently resolved. Implementation of the system improves design quality and reduces costs by minimizing the number of design iterations, reducing the effort to implement changes, providing effective storage and retrieval, and reducing the need for ship checks prior to modifications and alterations.
RELIABILITY OF SHIPBOARD ELEVATORS — THERE IS HOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT
Authors: COMPTON WILLIAM C. , ANDERER THEODORE C. , HEINZE FREDERICK A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn 1980, at the Ship Systems Technical Symposium in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, a paper was presented entitled “Reliability of Shipboard Elevators — Is There Hope for Improvement?” It painted a bleak picture of elevators and their future. The history of Navy cargo/weapons elevator installations does reveal a wide variety of equipment sizes and con figurations developed by numerous vendors working to different performance specifications for each contract. The result has been poor reliability, a proliferation of spare parts requirements, and logistic and maintenance nightmares. To correct this, NAVSEA has initiated various efforts, including a program to develop and test improved, standardized designs. The improvements expected by that program include standard capacities and speeds, lightweight construction and easy removability for maintenance. This is being accomplished through standard drawings and detailed, as opposed to performance, specifications. But the key to the success of this effort is to design and test for reliability, maintainability and safety. This is being accomplished by following NAVSEA Quality Assurance Plan 200, which specifies failure mode, criticality, stress, worst case and sneak circuit analyses.New equipment will be tested and evaluated at the new land based engineering site (LBES) at the Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This site has been designed to test elevator systems and components and simulate shipboard conditions including temperature and humidity. Initially, equipment intended for the new AOE‐6 and AE‐36 classes will be tested. The site will also be able to test cargo and weapons elevator doors and hatches in an aircraft carrier configuration. The site includes a standard hydraulic power unit (HPU) to operate flush deck and in‐trunk hatches and different door types. This paper describes the philosophy and methods for the overall standard elevator RDT&E effort and how it will improve the reliability of shipboard cargo and weapons elevators.
DEVELOPMENTS IN SWATH TECHNOLOGY
Authors: GUPTA S.K. , SCHMIDT T.W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIt has been over two decades since the start of SWATH technology development began in earnest. SWATH is no longer an “emerging” technology. SWATH ships are now state of the art and the technology has come of age. With the construction of the 3500 ton Kaiyo in Japan, SWATH vessels have moved from prototypes and demonstrators to modern, high performance working vessels.A number of new design techniques have been developed which enhance the seakeeping and maneuvering capability of these ships. Other concepts currently being developed include producibility improvements, structural design manuals, cost and weight estimation standards, and performance predictions based on scale models. A synthesis computer program has been developed for conceptual design based on existing SWATH ships and designs.
THE IN‐TANK OIL/WATER SEPARATOR
Authors: WILLNER NORMAN B. , DAIGNEAULT KEVIN D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTRecently enacted public law and international treaties prohibit the discharge of oily wastes from oceangoing ships. To comply with these laws, the U.S. Navy and the Department of Defense (DOD) have issued a directive implementing standards for the prevention of oil pollution from U.S. Navy ships.Because of unique equipment and system design requirements for combatant and auxiliary ships in the U.S. Navy, research and development (R&D) was initiated to develop oil/water separator (OWS) systems. Over the past ten years, three systems were developed that met the Navy's requirements and are currently installed aboard Navy ships.Recently, a new generation of oil/water separator was conceived. Using existing oil coalescing theory and equipment already in the fleet, an in‐tank oil/water separator (ITOWS) was developed. This new separator, installed aboard a naval combatant for testing, has met or exceeded all system requirements. Following a satisfactory operational evaluation by an independent U.S. Navy test command, the ITOWS will be specified for installation aboard new U.S. Navy ships.This article reviews current U.S. Navy OWS designs and introduces the ITOWS system currently undergoing final evaluation.
AUTOMATED CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN SUPPORT OF SHIPBOARD DAMAGE CONTROL
Authors: BIHR RICHARD A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTShipboard damage control is almost totally reliant upon manual means for information processing and suffers from additional problems involving an ad hoc approach to casualty control, the need to condense highly specific useful information from general documentation (e.g., fire boundaries), and the variety, complexity and sometimes unavailability of required information (e.g., booklets of general plans which open out to the size of a large table; isometric diagrams each with their own sets of symbology; electrical distribution data contained on hundreds of aperture cards). A prototype computer system called SNIPE (Standard Naval Information Program — Engineering) was installed aboard USS Peterson (DD‐969) in April 1985 using an IBM micro‐processor. SNIPE uses contingency planning concepts to define the fire doctrine for every space on the ship. Thus, when a fire location is entered into the computer, SNIPE advises the ship's damage control personnel of the following predetermined information: the closest fire‐fighting equipment, fire boundaries to set, nearby hazards (e.g., magazines), vent systems and closures to secure, other spaces served by common vent systems to be checked, and electrical circuits to be secured. Computer disk “pre‐positioned” messages directing repair party action can also be printed for any of the above actions, speeding up the damage control central message output process. This paper describes the firefighting system in use aboard USS Peterson, the day‐to‐day readiness monitoring capabilities of the system, and some of the planned future enhancements.