bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Certainty and Uncertainty
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Natural theology supposedly explains how religious beliefs can be justified. Although theology has acknowledged the uncertainties that entail these beliefs, this may not be enough to meet circumstances' demands. The certainties have become uncertainties because of the lack of necessary links between pattern and purpose. Reasoning about uncertainty is not the same as uncertain reasoning; because it has become difficult for such beliefs to coincide with science, the beliefs have to be expressed in terms of probabilities. Since science deals with observations and consistency, one would have to consider whether the scientific method should be used in exploring something beyond science. Another way to realize something's existence is through revelation, which is essential to supernatural religion, though this is not without uncertainty. This chapter introduces the notions of certainty and uncertainty by presenting different approaches to analyzing supernatural or religious beliefs.
The Credibility Barrier
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In attaining certainty, it is essential to establish that the proposition in question is not incredible. Though it is difficult to achieve certainty, hypotheses can be falsified, and these cases are simply deemed false. Given that the supernatural aspect of any hypothesis is based on speculation, we have to judge which hypotheses are more acceptable than those that are more far-fetched. This chapter points out one of science's weaknesses — the supposed incompleteness of the scientific account of reality. Chance, what seemed to replace the notion of God, is seen to work at all levels and stages of evolution. This takes us back to the notion of probability as a measure of degree of belief; there is, then, no means of knowing the causal mechanism and no means of predicting with certainty.
Belief and Behaviour
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter takes on how these supernatural or religious beliefs are reasonable enough for people to allow this supernaturalism to affect their behaviour, especially in terms of commitment. It points out how we must first recognize the limitations of the scientific method before we use it as a basis of knowledge for rational behaviour. This chapter discusses the elements of decision making to further explain how some Christians take their religious beliefs into account when making ordinary everyday decisions. Because decisions are possibly based on whatever values that are instilled with beliefs, the chapter also introduces a ‘game’ theory to emphasize conflicts that decision makers face.
Aim and Achievement
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This final chapter gives an overview of the book's discussions. The author establishes a hierarchical approach in answering whether there is more to reality in the world that science reveals or not. The author makes a final point regarding how belief is worth considering; he emphasizes C. S. Lewis's ‘sense of the fitness of things’ as support for this point. The author asserts how belief in such themes does not only involve judgement, but it also involves action. Believers, even if charged with irrationality, can now confidently say that human reason is not the setter of truth.
Means and Mechanisms
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractChapter 5 discussed the extent to which people’s commitment to principles influenced the actions they would take when confronted with specific scenarios that raised practical issues of rights and liberties. This chapter focuses on the institutional mechanisms of liberty and equality rather than specific issues and policies. Egalitarians may not care too much about the mechanisms by which they achieve their goals. But liberals care intensely.
Introduction: Telecommunications in Britain and France, National Institutions, and Change
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine the ability of nations to maintain dissimilar institutional arrangements in the face of powerful transnational forces of change. It then analyses the impacts of those national institutional arrangements on policy making and economic outcomes. It discusses the conditions under which countries enjoy stable, different institutions and the limits to the consequences of cross-national contrasts. A national institutionalist analytical framework is used to structure the study: it provides claims and hypotheses that are tested emprically; it allows the conclusions of the case study to be related to broader debates about institutions and to refine national institutionalist claims. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
The Institutional Framework of the Telecommunications Sector in Britain and France 1969–1979: Divergence, Reform, and Standstill
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyzes two sets of issues concerning the institutional framework of telecommunications between the late 1960s and the end of the 1970s. First, it looks at institutional reform, and in particular, whether Britain and France maintained their long-standing institutional frameworks in the face of domestic pressures for change, the processes of change, and the conditions for institutional modification. A second area of investigation centres on cross-national comparison and looks at whether, from a position of relative institutional similarity, but facing common external pressures for change, the two countries followed similar or different institutional paths, and the reasons for any differences.
The Institutional Framework of Telecommunications 1980–1997: National Change, Divergence, and Differences
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyzes institutional reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, notably those that took place in Britain in 1984 and in France in 1990 and 1996–97. It finds increasing institutional divergence until 1990, but thereafter a degree of convergence, notably due to changes in France in 1996–7.
Labour Relations and Work Discipline
Authors: Hatcher John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the relations between managers and colliers. Coal-owners and managers had frequently to deal with workmen who were aware of their scarcity value. Colliers fully justified their reputation as hardy and independent men, and many of their customs and work habits were inimical to the standards of efficiency which employers sought to impose in their collieries. A priority of management was that labour should work when required, and in many collieries regular working was demanded. Yet colliers, especially well-paid hewers, had their own preferred patterns of working, which often included broken weeks. Moreover, underground labour was inherently difficult to supervise. In addition to the normal conflicts of interest between employers and employees, there was in coalmining a deeper clash of cultures, which was heightened by the boom conditions which often prevailed, and during which the bargaining strength of coal-owners was often severely diminished.
The Organization of Innovation
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses technical progress and social change and the role of innovation. It underlines the importance of the institutional context of industrial innovation and points out the ways in which it has significantly changed. It describes how the increasing pace of innovation makes it inevitable for individual firms in many industries to provide more support for research and development as a condition of their own survival. It also discusses two major changes in the social circumstances affecting the production of innovations. First, industrial concerns have increased in size: ever greater administrative complexity has brought a wide range of bureaucratic positions and careers into being; control has moved from owners to management. The other change has occurred in the form of institutional relationships and roles within which invention has been possible.
Management Structures and Systems
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter provides empirical evidence with regard to the system of management as a dependent variable. It considers the structure and management in an organization for which technical and market conditions approximated very closely to stability. The main focus of this chapter is the system of management in the electrical engineering industry. It also describes different management systems operating in various concerns and presents the state of affairs at points in a continuum extending from extremely mechanistic to extremely organic systems.
Working Organization, Political System, and Status Structure within the Concern
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter addresses the adjustment of the working organizations to conditions of change in the self-interest of members of concerns, whether they are pursued individually or in combination with others. Conceived as ‘pure’ working organizations, concerns might be considered capable of adjusting their system spontaneously to fit their external and technical circumstances. This is expected in the firms which entered the Scottish Council's electronic scheme. This presumption is based on the differences observed in the management systems of two firms in the preliminary study, the one manufacturing textiles in a very stable set of technical and commercial conditions, and the other committed to research and development in electronics.
The Laboratory and the Workshop
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses research and development in laboratories and ‘research departments’. Research and development refers to the use and cost of technical information as an industrial resource, as a factor in production. There is a good deal of confusion prevalent in industry about what kinds of activity are comprehended within ‘research and development’. This chapter attempts to clarify those kinds of activities involved by analyzing the research laboratories of different firms.
Industrial Scientists and Managers: Problems of Power and of Status
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the personalities of industrial scientists and managers as well as the relationships between laboratory workers and management. Industrial scientists and other laboratory workers in the industry appear to possess in common certain characteristics which colour their relationships with other members of staff and affect their conduct. This chapter also describes the social conflicts and political divisions within the working organization. It also discusses the particular style and manner of laboratory workers and their claims for special treatment and special privileges, which are manifestations of demands that are not compatible with the social and political structure existing within the industry.
The Savage Freud: The First Non-Western Psychoanalyst and the Politics of Secret Selves in Colonial India
Authors: Nandy Ashis 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMarxism and psychoanalysis are perceived to be attributed with the most influential critiques of European schools of thought that emerged during the nineteenth century and that have played no small part in shaping our self-definition. Because both foster a certain degree of ambivalence towards their cultural origins, they attempt to examine the institutional and normative inconsistencies brought about by the Enlightenment. Such schools of thought are expected to own up to their cultural origins through reinforcing the theoretical and aggressive critiques that are apparently Eurocentric towards non-Western cultures. Both schools, however, have also expressed self-doubts and have come up with ideas such as regression and primitive communism. This chapter attempts to look into how culture is dealt with by psychoanalysts by examining the cultural meanings acquired in the early years of such thought in India that are derived from personal experiences, intellectual concerns, and other such aspects.
Context and Methods of the Study
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDuring the 1980s, the financial services sector had an impact on performance and employment in the economy of the United Kingdom as a whole. The sector also had a paradoxical combination of technological potential and organizational conservatism that made the management of expertise a problem of acute importance. On the one hand, it already had the highest level of investment in information technology (IT) and the forecast impact of future IT use was staggering. On the other, those who joined the swelling ranks of information systems (IS) workers in financial services found their employing organizations dominated by conservative professional groupings like bankers and actuaries. Much of the competition between IS functions and other expert groups was expressed in the organizational shaping of innovation processes, but the sector itself played an important part in defining the terrain of competition. This chapter describes that sectoral context and presents case studies on the retail end of financial services to explain the forms of innovation within the sector.
The Case Studies
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents case studies on project management in the banking, insurance, and credit card sectors, focusing on four main types of projects: large-scale branch automation systems, out-of-branch banking, bought-in processing packages, and management information systems. During the research, a potential shift in the type of project being developed was observed, from a kind of stand-alone medium-scale development (such as home banking) which seemed to be typical of the mid-1980s, towards much larger scale and extensive projects (like branch automation) more typical of the later 1980s. But both of these types of project development are covered in the case firms. At the end of the day, the case studies did seem to provide a good cross-section of the information technology activities in the sector current at the time of the research. The firms examined in this chapter are the Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland, Clydesdale Bank, Mutual Life, Home and Auto, and Premier Financial Services.
Structural Position of the IS Function
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe last chapter saw the financial services sector being internalized and negotiated through the actions of expert groups. This chapter extends the analysis from the firm-in-sector level to the structural relationships within which the negotiation takes place. These structures of expertise involve relations of dominance and subordination between different forms of expertise, and reflect societal biases favouring professionalism as a mode of deploying expertise. They have evolved to favour certain organizational competencies and specialist forms of knowledge. At the organizational level, the structure of expertise is expressed through political coalitions that keep various forms of expertise in states of tension or cooperation with each other. In addition to exploring the organizational structure of expertise, this chapter looks at the changing position of information systems within broader structures of expertise.
Strategy and Innovation
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the ways in which sectoral and technological change is negotiated within structures of expertise. At the same time, expertise, including information systems (IS) expertise, influences the interpretation of strategic change through knowledge networks and coalitions of interest. In this sense, innovation provides a critical juncture for the negotiation and reconstruction of the financial services sector, whereby preconceptions and alliances may be challenged, and new avenues of knowledge deployment and occupational mobility opened up. Innovation projects may involve attempts to renegotiate the position of the IS function within expertise structures. As can be seen from the case studies discussed at some length in this chapter, project development and the rationales constructed to manage it were influenced by the uncertainties generated by particular projects. These were a function of project scope, and also how this interacted with existing structures of expertise in the organization. In some cases, uncertainty has more to do with organizational politics surrounding a particular project and the symbolic resources that groups mobilize in making strategic claims.
Information Technology and Financial Services
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe historic links between financial services and information technology (IT) reveal very well the active role the sector has played as a source of innovation in commercial computing via the user-led mechanism. This chapter examines this relationship, together with the state of the art in IT and its applications in financial services. Major artefactual instrumentalities in the sector, like customer-service automation and decision support, are surveyed. As late as the 1970s, the majority of applications software in the financial sector was written in-house. Today, the range of packages continues to grow, demonstrating that the gap between products and requirements remains and necessitates the retention of in-house IT skills by organizations. This chapter traces the development of financial sector IT and considers the impact on the types of expertise organizations have had to deploy in order to make applications viable.
User Relations and IT Integration
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOne of the most important changes in the nature of systems development in recent years reflects the forms of user knowledge being brought within the development process. As has already been mentioned, systems expertise is increasingly differentiated and distributed. Bringing together this complex of knowledges and controlling the relations between user groups and information technology (IT) departments represent key aspects of the management of expertise. We might ask why user participation in development should be singled out at all. This chapter examines user-led innovation, focusing on the role played by users in decision-making around IT. It has long been recognized that ‘user involvement’ is a problematic (and political) activity. A composite typology of users is developed on the basis of dimensions of organizational power and the possession of systems skills. This chapter argues that many questions of the nature and role of user innovation reflect the issue of user relations within the broader organization and the crisis of integration of IT functions; this in turn reflects an occupational transition from service function to strategic role.
Gender, Patriarchy, and Development in Africa: The Zimbabwean Case
Authors: Parpan Jane L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBecause of autocratic rule, civil wars, economic decline, and various political and social situations faced in the region, it is difficult to provide an accurate assessment about the subordination and emancipation of women in Africa. Although looking into the relationship between the dominant patriarchal ideologies and the access of women to benefits brought about by development is difficult in terms of providing continent-wide generalizations, this chapter takes on the analysis of one country — Zimbabwe. This chapter examines post-independence issues on the development of women, specifically adopting the gender and development viewpoint and acquiring insights from postmodernist feminism. The chapter attempts to investigate how, from the 1980s onwards, women's educational and employment opportunities have developed and how patriarchal theories were still able to impose certain restrictions to women.
The Interdependence between Environment and Development: Marine Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Musu Ignazio 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the interdependence between the environment and development, as well as the effect of marine pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. The chapter talks about environmental protection and the economic development in the Mediterranean Basin, since the Mediterranean Basin poses concerns that are at once political, economic, and ecological. While these three aspects are linked, they still entail different considerations for the northern and southern shores. The chapter also states that this is a complex area, and that it involves a number of issues such as marine pollution, the degradation of land resources, and the depletion of fresh-water resources. The chapter reviews the aspects of the general problem of environmental pollution in the Mediterranean that would appear most important while focusing on the problem of marine pollution in the basin and attempts to connect the process of economic development in the region to the evolution of marine pollution in the Mediterranean. The chapter also discusses the institutional framework for international environmental action in the Mediterranean.
Population Growth, Physical Resources, and Human Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Caldwell John C. , Caldwell Pat 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter states that, in terms of both population and economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa is now the most critical region in the world and that there are no longer the hopes for industrialization that were common thirty years ago. The region is demographically much more distinctive now than it was a generation ago and Sub-Saharan Africa now has a much greater capacity for future population growth. The mortality levels and trends in Sub Saharan Africa are discussed in detail in this chapter, as well as the significance of famine. The impact of AIDS is also explored, as is the persistence of high fertility and population growth and its implications.
What is a National Minority?
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter considers a working definition of national minority that is well suited to a study focused on the tension between minority rights and sovereign state rights and written in the international society tradition. This objective is pursued in two ways: by surveying the history of how international organisations concerned with minority questions have sought — and as of 1995 failed — to establish a common definition of the term ‘minority’, and by evaluating the various meanings adopted by some of the leading academic commentators on the subject of minority rights. In particular, the kind of criteria these definitions employ is discussed, whether it is objective criteria such as distinctions of race, language, ethnicity, or religion, or alternatively, whether it is subjective distinctions such as group self-identification as a minority. This chapter also explores the relationship between the concept of a minority and the broader and more familiar idea of a nation with a corresponding right to self-determination.