bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulating Sex
Authors: Schultz Jaime 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses how sex is regulated in elite sports. The regulation of sex is really about regulating femaleness, as few elite sports policies attempt to define and control who can compete in men’s sports. The chapter notes the development of elite sport policies relating to intersex and trans athletes. It analyzes the concept of “necessary discrimination,” which administrators argue is foundational to sport. It concludes by discussing several proposals to the “two-sex” sport model.
Conclusion
Authors: Schultz Jaime 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The conclusion returns to the story of Kamila Valieva and its resolution. Then, drawing on information from the previous chapters and supplementary evidence, it suggests several ways to build better protective policies. This includes making sport unexceptional, anticipating the possibilities for change, incorporating diverse and multidisciplinary insights, and centering the athletes. To fulfill the promise of sport, good policies must more than “good-looking policies” that distract from or contribute to the deep problems of the elite sport.
Rational Living and Straight Thinking
Authors: Pettit Michael 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the contested meaning of reason and rationality in postwar psychology by focusing on the career of America’s leading psychotherapist, Albert Ellis. His rational therapy understood emotions as a category of distorted thinking that got people into trouble, especially with regard to their sexual inhibitions. Through his New York City practice and his voluminous writings in the mainstream, pornographic, and underground presses, Ellis called upon ordinary Americans to abandon their hang-ups and think straight about themselves. They responded through individual and shared self-exploration, experimentation, and expression. The chapter documents Ellis’s impact on the free thought movements of the 1960s and explains how feminists, gay liberationists, and Objectivist libertarians challenged his authority over sexual and psychological processes.
Introduction
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The insight that motivates this collection of essays is that literature deals with the intrusion of the extraordinary into the ordinary. Literary intrusions provide rich soil for philosophical analysis. While literature is preoccupied with the details of the intrusion (how it happens, why, and with what consequences), philosophy is more directly interested in the structural aspects of things: What is ordinary and what is extraordinary? Do they operate on the same level of existence, or is the extraordinary based on quite different metaphysical and moral principles? And if the ordinary and extraordinary are based on distinct principles, as facts and values and as temporary and eternal seem to be, how can they interact with each other? Such questions are used in this collection to situate Tolstoy’s War and Peace within the rich and ever-shifting history of both literature and philosophy.
Tolstoy on War
Authors: Holmes Robert L. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In War and Peace Tolstoy lights the way to a new understanding of war, the full conception of which emerges only in his later work. It arises there from his conception of what makes life meaningful, which in turn eventuates in his anarchism and pacifism. But his reflections in War and Peace on the nature of history, the tension between freedom and necessity, and the role of supposedly great men in history help lay the foundation for these later views. They represent problems that must be confronted to understand the many dimensions of war. Tolstoy’s thought on war is in effect an organic whole, rather than, as often supposed, an early literary masterpiece followed by, and disconnected from, his later philosophical, religious, and ethical explorations.
War and Peace as a Historical Novel
Authors: Rey Marie-Pierre 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
As well as being a monument in world literature, War and Peace educated generations and generations of Russians in an epic representation of 1812; it played a key role in shaping the collective memory of the struggle against Napoleon and his Grande Armée invading the Russian empire. But can the novel serve as a reliable historical source of the events of 1812, and can we trust the novel from a historical perspective? To answer these questions, this chapter is organized in three sections. The first goes back to the origins of the work and the sources used to write the novel. The second analyzes Tolstoy’s historical methodology and examines to what extend the novel might be considered a reliable source for historians. The third section balances this view by shedding light on historical distortions and exaggerations that attest to a subjective, passionate, and committed writing of 1812.
Denis Davydov’s Truth in War and Peace
Authors: Orwin Donna Tussing 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter will discuss the contribution of Denis Vasil’evich Davydov (1784–1839) to Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace. It is well known that he is the prototype in the novel for hussar captain Vaska Denisov, the mentor for Nikolai Rostov, but this chapter shows that Davydov’s influence is broader and deeper than this. In particular, it addresses issues of freedom and necessity so fundamental to the novel, and seems to take a position contrary to that of Tolstoy’s narrator in it. (For instance, Davydov believes in the significance of great men in history while the narrator does not.) A true depiction of war requires an evocation of what Tolstoy calls its “tone,” created by the voices of participants in it. Davydov both as a memoirist on whom Tolstoy relied and as a character in the novel helps set the right tone to the entire novel.
War and Peace and the Origins of Tolstoy’s Religion
Authors: Steiner Lina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Tolstoy’s budding religious philosophy by tracing the trajectories of the four central characters whose inner biographies represent different vectors of Russian society’s spiritual development during the first quarter of the nineteenth century: Prince Andrei, Princess Marya, Pierre, and Natasha. Marya, with her unwavering religious devotion and sentimentality, serves as a foil and counterpoint to her skeptical brother, who overcomes his unbelief and embraces God only on his deathbed. Pierre’s narrative offers rich material for understanding the phenomenon of the Decembrist liberalism. It reflects Tolstoy’s engagement with Christopher Martin Wieland’s Bildungsroman The History of Agathon, as well as with the philosophy of early German Romanticism that wed Spinoza’s monist metaphysics to Fichte’s philosophy of freedom. Tolstoy’s deepest religious insights that foreshadow his later writings on religion are expressed through his portrayal of Natasha, who represents what Leibnitz and the Romantics called vis viva and inspires the longing for the infinite.
Death and Infinity
Authors: Love Jeff 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The badly wounded Prince Andrei supinely gazes up at the “lofty infinite sky” at Austerlitz. His experience has frequently been considered apocalyptic or near-death—an experience of ending. Yet such experience is of a most peculiar kind since this end, and the pure indeterminacy of the infinite, can be neither adequately thought nor experienced. Infinite indeterminacy in this sense lies at the very edges of the novel’s narrative. It is also central to the experience not only of Prince Andrei but also of his friend Pierre Bezukhov, and other important characters who strive to give a name to the “it” (ono) associated with death precisely as indeterminate or infinite. This chapter traces these attempts to include death in the narrative economy of the novel and the failure to do so linked to the impossible experience of death as infinite indeterminacy.
“Embryo of a Tornado”
Authors: Reeder Tyson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison learned that Spain had transferred its vast dominions in Louisiana Territory to the French. Madison suspected that the French first consul, Napoleon, would use Louisiana to control the United States or make the West a client state of France. To counter this aggression, Madison negotiated with France to purchase the territory in 1803. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the country. Federalists adopted Madison’s strategy to discredit the ruling party by depicting leaders as foreign pawns. They accused Madison and Jefferson of bargaining with France to promote their party and fund France’s wars. Executive leadership pressed Madison to question where political authority resided in a republic. Like Federalists of the 1790s, he began to equate the administration’s interests with the people’s interests, misinterpreting minority dissent as disloyalty to the government.
“The Burr Fever”
Authors: Reeder Tyson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Between 1805 and 1807, former vice president Aaron Burr undertook travels around the United States that aroused suspicion. Scholars have advanced a range of theories to explain Burr’s movements. Many at the time believed Burr’s alleged conspiracy was an immediate, treasonous threat to the United States, and they saw foreign governments behind it. Mingling their fears with party politics, partisans accused each other of aiding or emboldening Burr and his foreign allies. Burr’s project touched every nerve in US political culture: foreign meddling, internal dissent, and party strife. Republicans and Federalists disavowed Burr, each side with their own reasons to despise him. Amid the political theatrics, it became and remains impossible to ascertain Burr’s motives and objectives. Partisan politics muddied foreign meddling and foreign collusion to the point that Americans could hardly tell legitimate from exaggerated threats.
“A Serpent, in the Shape of a Spy”
Authors: Reeder Tyson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In 1811 and 1812, former British spy John Henry and French con artist Paul-Émile Soubiran convinced President James Madison to purchase documents from Henry’s espionage mission, claiming that they contained proof of a conspiracy between Federalists and Great Britain. Easily convinced that extreme Federalists wanted to subvert the government, Madison used public money to buy the papers, leading Federalists to accuse him of misusing government funds to embarrass their party and benefit his reelection chances. The incident culminated a decades-long cycle that landed Americans on the precipice of war. Foreign meddling bred political distrust, political distrust reinforced partisanship, and partisanship encouraged foreign meddling. Madison plunged the nation into war to eradicate what he viewed as a foreign threat emboldened by internal enemies.
Epilogue
Authors: Reeder Tyson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In 1814, British forces invaded and burned Washington. In early 1815, Americans eked out a draw in the war against Britain, but the burning of Washington warned them how close they had stood to defeat. Americans arrived at the crisis not because of their political differences but because they confused opposition with corruption, dissent with disloyalty. The War of 1812 revealed the fortitude and the fragility of US institutions, a precarious balance that lingers to this day. Convinced of their nation’s frailty, early Americans saw subversives everywhere, especially among those with differing political views. A healthy awareness of the nation’s weaknesses eroded into a dread of its imminent collapse that facilitated rather than prevented foreign meddling. As Americans grapple with that history, they may take heart from the nation’s early resilience and caution from its near catastrophe, confident in its durability but mindful of its delicacy.
If You Build It, They Will Come
Authors: Honig Dan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role that citizens can play to support and empower Mission Driven Bureaucrats. It describes the huge influence of public opinion on the bureaucracy. It uses the case study of Detroit Child Protective Services to document the harmful consequences of public opinion that demands too much compliance and control over the bureaucracy. A zero-tolerance public mindset to bad actions can in fact undermine the performance of the public sector. The chapter describes how negative stereotypes about bureaucrats can alienate, demotivate, and discourage bureaucrats. It encourages citizens to alter their attitudes to place greater trust in Mission Driven Bureaucrats, allowing empowerment-oriented public management to emerge and thrive. Managing for empowerment will allow citizens to benefit from the full support of the many Mission Driven Bureaucrats who want to help them.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in East Africa
Authors: Meffert Susan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in East Africa, particularly the Nyanza region of Kenya. According to research on HIV-positive women, interpersonal relationships were, overwhelmingly, the dominant source of emotional distress, and social support was the primary coping mechanism in the region. Thus, the notion of IPT being culturally syntonic rises. The chapter then considers the common scenarios for IPT cases, highlighting the cases that utilize IPT role conflict to improve marital (and in-law) communication, reduce violence, and help women recruit healthy social support outside their homes. It looks into recommendations for future IPT work, such as IPT mHealth options via smartphones or flip phones.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Italy
Authors: Bellino Silvio , Bozzatello Paola 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in Italy. It begins by tracing the emergence of IPT, which was promoted by a partnership of several Italian clinical centers that produced a multicenter, randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of interpersonal counseling (IPC) in comparison with pharmacotherapy in mild-to-moderate major depression. Over the years, IPT, originally conceived for treatment of major depression, has been applied to other psychiatric disorders because of their frequent and often predominant interpersonal dimension: dysthymia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, eating disorders, and borderline personality disorder (BPD). In addition, IPT has been proposed in contexts of liaison psychiatry and in particular populations of patients. The chapter then looks at the training of therapists, which strictly adheres to the official guidelines of the International Society of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (ISIPT). It also considers the clinical trials and brain imaging study conducted at the University of Turin to evaluate the efficacy of IPT in BPD.
Interpersonal Counseling in Brazil: A Task Shift Experience
Authors: Mello Marcelo Feijó , Matsuzaka Camila , Sweetland Annika C. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines interpersonal counseling (IPC) in Brazil. The history of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in Brazil began in the mid-1990s with Professor Dr. Feijó de Mello, an expert on chronic depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), who applied IPT to both disorders. Since 2005, Dr. Mello has organized IPT supervision and training with other mental health professionals. The chapter then details how Brazil’s Family Health Strategy (FHS) has made remarkable progress toward universal coverage of its population in primary care in the last decades, but only limited investments in mental health. It considers the briefer and simpler version of IPT: IPC. IPC uses the same principles and techniques as IPT, but the language is simplified, and the format is considerably briefer (3–5 sessions), although the length can vary. The chapter looks at IPC training and evaluates the efficacy of IPC. Ultimately, the main limitations in implementing IPC were structural; Brazil’s health system is significantly underresourced.
Family-Based Interpersonal Psychotherapy (FB-IPT) for Depressed Preadolescents
Authors: Dietz Laura 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Family-Based interpersonal psychotherapy (FB-IPT) for depressed preadolescents. The rationale behind FB-IPT is to reduce preadolescent depressive symptoms by increasing social support, to reflect on affective changes associated with interpersonal events, and to improve communication and problem-solving skills in interpersonal relationships. Both adult and adolescent models of IPT provided a conceptual foundation for understanding preadolescents’ developmental transitions and for addressing their interpersonal contexts, namely their family relationships, which may contribute to emotional distress and difficulties. Inherent to IPT is the understanding that role transitions are often related to depressive symptoms, and treatment focuses on helping clients recognize how changes in routines, circumstances, and social/developmental roles necessitate changes in behavior to meet new challenges and responsibilities that come with the new role. The chapter then reviews the clinical adaptations present in the FB-IPT psychotherapy model used with depressed preadolescents as related to both the original adult model of IPT and modifications to interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT-A) with depression. It also provides a brief review of the empirical evidence that supports FB-IPT, which includes an open study and 2 randomized controlled trials.
Telephone Interpersonal Psychotherapy (Tele-IPT) for Rural Persons With HIV and Comorbid Depression
Authors: Heckman Timothy G. , Anderson Timothy , Heckman Bernadette D. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter talks about HIV-related stigma, HIV criminalization laws, the lack of transportation, and a shortage of mental health practitioners in rural areas that exacerbates psychiatric disorders and prevents many rural persons living with HIV (PLWH) from obtaining mental health care and adhering to medical treatments. It details the randomized clinical trial that was conducted to determine if brief telephone-administered interpersonal psychotherapy (tele-IPT) provided depressive symptom relief in rural PLWH. It also reviews the application of core IPT treatment principles, which frame a patient’s primary interpersonal concern. The chapter looks at initial intervention-outcome analyses that focused on short-term changes on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which found that tele-IPT patients reported significant reductions in depressive symptoms. It also shows how providing IPT to rural PLWH via standard or cellular telephones would make the treatment accessible to a greater number of people.
ENGAGE NYC
Authors: Chiao Sarah , Tepper Miriam , Sweetland Annika , Mootz Jennifer , Clougherty Kathleen F. , Steele Jennifer , Tarrant William , Garcia Michelle , Petit Jorge , Robinson Sasha-Marie , Bueno-López Santiago W. , Wainberg Milton L. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights mental illnesses that constitute a major health burden in the United States, noting that only half of the people living in the United States diagnosed with a mental illness will have access to treatment. It details how the US mental health treatment system has struggled to address critical disparities in access and quality of care. It also discusses the training and credentialing process of teaching lay providers and their supervisors with mental health licensure to deliver interpersonal counseling (IPC) for the treatment of common mental health conditions. The chapter explores the nuances of offering IPC by bilingual staff in Spanish-speaking communities. It examines how IPC meets many individuals’ preference for talk therapy over medication while circumventing high dropout rates with long-term talk therapy.
Downbeat Bound
Authors: Benadon Fernando 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how musicians approach downbeat resolutions with varied rhythmic designs. Some accelerate while others decelerate. They may or may not resolve right on the downbeat; improvisation may be total or partial, as when pre-existing material is elaborated or remolded; ideas may repeat continuously or connect with each other across sections. Common to all is an in-the-moment progression of decisions shaped by an envisioned arrival that gets closer and closer. Especially in longer, fully improvised phrases, the process often consists of an initial baseline state that the performer modifies to set the phrase on a new course until, through a second intervention (or intentional non-intervention), the phrase resolves.
Onset Space
Authors: Benadon Fernando 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Taking its cue from geometrical music theory, this chapter maps three- and four-onset rhythms in two- and three-dimensional space, respectively. The superswing hexagon is traced by way of two-onset swinglines as a region in three-onset space containing rhythms whose ratio between the longest and shortest note—the spread—is between 1.22 and 1.5. The superswing region is then explored in four-onset space as a four-way intersection of hexagonal cones. Also discussed are approaches to mapping rhythms with more than four onsets and the relationship between a rhythm’s ratios and those of its embedded sub-rhythms. A postscript on the limitations and implications of music notation—itself a form of mapping—closes the chapter.
Reflections
Authors: Benadon Fernando 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This final chapter situates the pleasures of gathering and studying timing data within the three-stage framework of theory/analysis/claim. Backed with a brief modern history of machine-assisted timing measurements from the late 1800s to the 1960s, the discussion provides readers with context on the kind of numeric data that rhythm theorists often feed into analysis, and considers how this process may lead to broader claims about musical structure. The benefits of technological objectivity and the prescriptiveness of music notation are then weighed against perceptual and cultural factors. Two closing excerpts by Jimi Hendrix and Claude Debussy illustrate how timing measurements, or the lack thereof, relate to other forms of representation (such as scores or ear-based transcriptions) in the application of a starting theory.
Cartesianism, 1650–1663
Authors: Nadler Steven 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the main theses of Cartesian philosophy and introduces the most important Cartesians in France and the Netherlands in the years after Descartes’s death in 1650. These include Jacques du Roure, Johannes Clauberg, Arnold Geulincx, and Géraud de Cordemoy, among others. What emerges from this chapter is not only the doctrinal commonalities among these thinkers, but their diversity on a variety of metaphysical, epistemological, and scientific issues.
The Cartesian Mind
Authors: Nadler Steven 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Descartes defined the human mind as “thinking substance,” and claimed that consciousness is essential to mental states. This chapter will examine both Descartes’s conception of the mind as absolutely distinct from the body and its proper modes/thoughts, and the ways in which La Forge, in his Traité de l’esprit de l’homme, adopts and adapts that mind–body dualism, especially with respect to the distinction between sensory states and intellectual ideas, intentionality, and consciousness.
Ideas and Volitions
Authors: Nadler Steven 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The final domain in which the question of La Forge’s occasionalism arises concerns the mind’s power to generate its own mental states: in particular, ideas (sensory and intellectual) and volitions. La Forge, it is argued, is not an occasionalist when it comes to the mind’s inner domain, and he grants to the mind real causal power. In this he differs from his fellow Cartesian, and more extreme occasionalist, Nicolas Malebranche. This has bearing on La Forge’s account of freedom of the will.