bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐intensity phototherapy for the treatment of severe nonhaemolytic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: de Carvalho Manoel , Mochdece Christieny Chaipp , Sá Cynthia Amaral Moura , Moreira Maria Elisabeth Lopes 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  To describe the clinical approach to term and near‐term newborn infants with severe hyperbilirubinaemia and to analyse the effect of high‐intensity phototherapy on total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels.Methods:  We analysed a cohort of 116 newborn infants with severe nonhaemolytic hyperbilirubinaemia (TSB ≥ 20 mg/dL/342 μmol/L). All patients were treated with high‐intensity phototherapy. The main outcomes were reduction in TSB levels in the first 24 h of phototherapy, incidence of exchange transfusion, pathological brainstem auditory evoked responses and pathological findings on neurological examination at discharge.Results:  The mean birth weight and gestational age were 3161 ± 466 g and 37.8 ± 1.6 weeks. Mean initial TSB concentration was 22.4 ± 2.4 mg/dL. Per cent decreases in TSB after 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h of phototherapy were 9.4%, 16%, 23%, 40%, 44% and 50%, respectively. No infant was treated with exchange transfusion. Brainstem evoked response audiometry (BAER) was performed in 100% of the patients, and in three of them, this examination was altered. However, when repeated 3 months later, these BAER examinations were normal. Neurological examination was normal in all patients.Conclusions:  High‐intensity phototherapy significantly reduces TSB in nonhaemolytic severe hyperbilirubinaemia and decreases the need for exchange transfusion.
Effective efficiency in water resources management using efficiency elasticity index
Authors: Haie Naim , Machado Gaspar J. B. Q. A. , Pereira Rui M. , Keller Andrew A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEffective efficiency (EE) is a water use performance indicator of a system, integrating net evapotranspiration, volumes of water in and out of the system (including reused water) and their qualities. In order to analyse the nature of management and its options in promoting efficiencies, an efficiency elasticity index (EEI) is developed using EE. The maximum value of EEI for a given net evapotranspiration sets a threshold value for EE under which the management of the system should be improved. This makes it possible to evaluate how good the management of a system is and allows the decision makers to analyse efficiency targets using a graphical approach (assuming that interventions have the same costs). Hypothetical examples and real irrigation cases from United States and Egypt show the practical utility of EE and the methodology developed through the use of EEI. It is also shown that classical efficiency should be used with caution.
Integrated Genomic Profiling Identifies Loss of Chromosome 11p Impacting Transcriptomic Activity in Aggressive Pituitary PRL Tumors
Authors: Wierinckx Anne , Roche Magali , Raverot Gérald , Legras‐Lachuer Catherine , Croze Séverine , Nazaret Nicolas , Rey Catherine , Auger Carole , Jouanneau Emmanuel , Chanson Philippe , Trouillas Jacqueline , Lachuer Joël 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntegrative genomics approaches associating DNA structure and transcriptomic analysis should allow the identification of cascades of events relating to tumor aggressiveness. While different genome alterations have been identified in pituitary tumors, none have ever been correlated with the aggressiveness. This study focused on one subtype of pituitary tumor, the prolactin (PRL) pituitary tumors, to identify molecular events associated with the aggressive and malignant phenotypes. We combined a comparative genomic hybridization and transcriptomic analysis of 13 PRL tumors classified as nonaggressive or aggressive. Allelic loss within the p arm region of chromosome 11 was detected in five of the aggressive tumors. Allelic loss in the 11q arm was observed in three of these five tumors, all three of which were considered as malignant based on the occurrence of metastases. Comparison of genomic and transcriptomic data showed that allelic loss impacted upon the expression of genes located in the imbalanced region. Data filtering allowed us to highlight five deregulated genes (DGKZ, CD44, TSG101, GTF2H1, HTATIP2), within the missing 11p region, potentially responsible for triggering the aggressive and malignant phenotypes of PRL tumors. Our combined genomic and transcriptomic analysis underlines the importance of chromosome allelic loss in determining the aggressiveness and malignancy of tumors.
Vacuum Frying as a Route to Produce Novel Snacks with Desired Quality Attributes According to New Health Trends
Authors: Dueik V. , Bouchon P. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Consumers look for products that contribute to their wellness and health, however, even health‐conscious consumers are not willing to sacrifice organoleptic properties, and intense full‐flavor snacks remain an important trend. The objective of this study was to examine most important quality parameters of vacuum (1.92 inHg) and atmospheric‐fried carrot, potato, and apple slices to determine specific advantages of vacuum technology. Slices were fried using equivalent thermal driving forces, maintaining a constant difference between oil temperature and the boiling point of water at the working pressure (ΔT = 60 and 80 °C). This resulted in frying temperatures of 160 and 180 °C, and 98 and 118 °C, for atmospheric and vacuum frying, respectively. Vacuum‐fried carrot and potato chips absorbed about 50% less oil than atmospheric‐fried chips, whereas vacuum‐fried apple chips reduced oil absorption by 25%. Total carotenoids and ascorbic acid (AA) were greatly preserved during vacuum frying. Carrot chips vacuum fried at 98 °C retained about 90% of total carotenoids, whereas potato and apple slices vacuum fried at 98 °C, preserved around 95% of their initial AA content. Interestingly, results showed that the antioxidant capacity of chips may be related to both the presence of natural antioxidants and brown pigments developed at elevated temperatures.Practical Application:  A way to reduce detrimental effects of deep‐fat frying is through operating‐pressure reduction, the essence behind vacuum deep‐fat frying. In this way, it is possible to remove product moisture at a low temperature in a low‐oxygen environment. The objective of this research was to study the effect of oil temperature reduction when vacuum frying traditional (potatoes) and nontraditional products (carrots and apples) on most important quality attributes (vitamins, color, and oil uptake). Results are promising and show that vacuum frying can be an alternative to produce nutritious and novel snacks with desired quality attributes, since vitamins and color were greatly preserved and oil absorption could be substantially reduced.
Effect of unvaccinated Merino wether lambs on shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in flocks vaccinating for ovine Johne's disease
Authors: Eppleston J , Windsor P , Whittington R 
Published: January 2011

Objective  To determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Mptb) shedding by unvaccinated wethers compared with vaccinated ewes.Methods  Six self‐replacing, ovine Johne's disease (OJD)‐infected Merino flocks that had been vaccinating lambs with GudairTM for at least 5 years, but had not vaccinated their last two drops of wethers were studied. Faecal samples were collected in pools of 50 from 350 vaccinated ewes (1–2 years old) and from 350 unvaccinated wethers of the same age and were cultured to determine the presence of viable Mptb.Results  The estimated prevalence of shedding sheep among the unvaccinated wethers was 6‐fold greater than among the vaccinated female siblings (0.21% vs 1.27%), with faecal pools collected from unvaccinated wethers being 19‐fold more likely to be positive than those from the vaccinated ewes.Conclusion  Leaving wethers unvaccinated is likely to considerably increase pasture contamination with Mptb and potentially jeopardise disease control.
Electron Transfer Interaction of Dihydroxyquinones with Amine Quenchers: Dependence of the Quenching Kinetics on the Aliphatic and Aromatic Nature of the Amine Donors¶
Authors: Kumbhakar M. , Nath S. , Rath M. C. , Mukherjee T. , Pal H. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTStudies on the electron transfer (ET) interaction of 1, 4‐dihydroxy‐9, 10‐anthraquinone and 6, 11‐dihydroxy‐5, 12‐naphthacenequinone with aliphatic and aromatic amine (AlA and ArA, respectively) donors have been investigated in acetonitrile solutions. Steady‐state (SS) measurements show quenching of the quinone fluorescence by amines, without indicating any change in the shape of the fluorescence spectra. No significant change in the absorption spectra of the quinones is also observed in the presence of the amines. For all the quinonamine pairs, the bimolecular quenching constants (kq) estimated from SS and time‐resolved measurements are found to be similar. Variation in the kq values with the oxidation potentials of the amines indicates the involvement of the ET mechanism for the quenching process. A reasonably good correlation between the kq values and the free energy changes (ΔG0) for the ET reactions following Marcus’ outer‐sphere ET theory also supports this mechanism. It is seen that for both the quinone‐ArA and quinone‐AlA systems, the kq values initially increase and then get saturated at some diffusion‐controlled limiting values (kqDC) as ΔG0 values gradually become more negative. Interestingly, however, it is seen that the kqDC value for the quinone‐AlA systems is substantially lower than that for quinone‐ArA systems. Such a large difference in the kqDC values between quinone‐AlA and quinone‐ArA systems is quite unusual. Present results have been rationalized based on the assumption that an orientational restriction is imposed for the encounter complexes in quinone‐AlA systems to undergo ET reactions, which arises because of the localized (at amino nitrogen) shapes of the highest‐occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) of AlA in comparison to the π‐like HOMO of the ArA.
Fluorescence Polarization Studies of B‐Phycoerythrin Oriented in Polymer Film¶
Authors: Frackowiak Danuta , Ptak Arkadiusz , Gryczynski Zygmunt , Gryczynski Ignacy , Targowski Piotr , Zelent Bogumil 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTPolarized steady‐state fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra as well as time‐resolved fluorescence for B‐phycoerythrin (B‐PE) from red algae,Porphyridium cruentum, embedded in polyvinyl stretched films were measured. The lifetimes of polarized fluorescence were analyzed using exponential components and fractal models. The interactions between various chromophores of the pigment‐protein complexes investigated were discussed. The anisotropy of fluorescence excitation spectra differs from the anisotropy of absorption spectra and depends on the wavelength of observation. This shows that differently oriented chromophores take part in various paths of excitation energy transfer (ET) or change their excitation into heat with various efficiencies (or both). Also, analysis of time‐resolved fluorescence measured in various spectral regions gives different polarized components of emission. Fractal analysis of lifetimes, done under supposition of the Foerster resonance ET mechanism, suggests different arrangements of energy donors and acceptors for molecules absorbing in different spectral regions. It shows that several fractions of differently oriented “forms” of chromophores exhibiting different spectral properties occur in B‐PE complexes. Small changes in the orientation of the chromophores can be followed by modification of the path of excitation energy migration. Based on the results obtained a new reorientational mechanism of the State 1 → State 2 transition was proposed: Even small conformational modifications of biliproteins, which could be causedin vivoby the change in the conditions of preillumination of bacteria, are able to modify the path of excitation ET. Such a reorientation may be responsible for the change in the partition of biliprotein excitation energy between photosystem II (PSII) and PSI (State 1 → State 2 transition). The proposed mechanism needs further verification by the investigation of whole bacteria cells.
Assessment of Cellular Response to Thermal Laser Injury Through Bioluminescence Imaging of Heat Shock Protein 70¶†
Authors: Beckham Joshua T. , Mackanos Mark A. , Crooke Cornelia , Takahashl Takamune , O'Connell‐Rodwell Caitlin , Contag Christopher H. , Jansen E. Duco 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTAssessment of laser‐induced tissue damage is not complete without an investigation into the resulting cellular and molecular changes. In the past, tissue damage was quantified macroscopically by visual effects such as tissue mass removal, carbonization and melting. Microscopically, assessment of tissue damage has been typically limited to histological analysis of excised tissue samples. In this research, we used heat shock protein (hsp70) transcription to track cellular response to laser‐induced injury. A stable cell line (NIH‐3T3) was generated containing the firefly luciferase (luc) reporter gene attached to the hsp promoter (murine hsp70a1). After thermal injury with a pulsed holmium‐yttrium aluminum garnet laser (λ = 2.1 μm, τp = 250 μs, 30 pulses, 3 Hz), luciferase is produced on hsp70 activation and emits broadspectrum bioluminescence over a range of 500–700 nm, with a peak at 563 nm. The onset of bioluminescence can be seen as early as 2 h after treatment and usually peaks at 8–12 h depending on the severity of heat shock. The luminescence was quantified in live cells using bioluminescence imaging. A minimum pulse energy (65 mJ/pulse [total energy 1.95 J; total radiant exposure = 6 J/cm2]) was needed to activate the hsp70 response, and a higher energy (103 mJ/pulse [total energy 3.09 J; total radiant exposure = 9.6 J/cm2]) was associated with a reduction in hsp70 response and cell death. Bioluminescence levels correlated well with actual hsp70 protein concentrations as determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Photon counts were normalized to the percentage of live cells by means of a flow cytometry cell viability assay. Within a relatively small range between a lower activation threshold and an upper threshold that leads to cell death, the hsp70 response followed an Arrhenius relationship when constant‐temperature water bath and laser experiments were carried out.
Squaraine Dyes for Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanism of Cytotoxicity and DNA Damage Induced by Halogenated Squaraine Dyes Plus Light (>600 nm)¶
Authors: Ramaiah Danaboyina , Eckert Inge , Arun Kalliat T. , Weidenfeller Lydia , Epe Bernd 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTHalogenated squaraine dyes 1 and 2 possess favorable photophysical and in vitro photobiological properties that make these new class of molecules interesting for photodynamic therapeutic applications. For a better understanding of the mechanism of their photobiological activity, we have analyzed the DNA damage and the cytotoxicity induced by these photosensitizers in mammalian cells and cell‐free systems in the presence and absence of various additives and scavengers. Both photoactivated squaraines were found to be similar efficient in inducing single‐strand breaks (SSB) in cell‐free DNA when compared with the cellular DNA. Superoxide dismutase and catalase did not show any influence. However, the presence of tert‐butanol and glutathione inhibited the formation of the DNA SSB, indicating an indirect (possibly squaraine radical mediated) mechanism under cell‐free conditions. Replacing H2O in the buffer by D2O resulted in a five‐ to six‐fold increase in the number of the SSB in cell‐free DNA and a significant enhancement of the photocytotoxicity in mouse lymphoma cells. The results demonstrate that singlet oxygen is the major reactive species under cell‐free and cellular conditions and confirm that squaraine‐based sensitizers 1 and 2 can have potential applications in photodynamic therapy.
The Effect of Photofrin on DNA Strand Breaks and Base Oxidation in HaCaT Keratinocytes: A Comet Assay Study¶
Authors: Woods J. A. , Traynor N. J. , Brancaleon L. , Moseley H. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) kills cells via the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species. PDT causes chromosomal damage and mutation to cultured cells. However, DNA damage does not contribute to the phototoxic effect. To study the effect of Photofrin‐PDT‐induced DNA damage, we used the comet assay in combination with endonuclease III and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase and a human keratinocyte cell line to investigate photogenotoxicity and its prevention by tocopherol (TOC). This study shows that PDT induced DNA damage in HaCaT cells at doses allowing cells to survive 7 days after irradiation. α‐TOC did not prevent the acute cell lysis caused by Photofrin‐PDT but did prevent Photofrin‐PDT‐induced DNA damage. However, the concentration of TOC that conferred protection (100 μM) was higher than is detected in human serum. Base oxidation was also measured using the comet assay. Although TOC could prevent frank DNA strand breaks caused by PDT, it was unable to decrease the level of base oxidation as revealed by enzymesensitive sites. It is suggested that the potential genotoxic risk from laser‐PDT could be low, and that topical α‐TOC at a high concentration may be useful in preventing some types of DNA damage without preventing acute photolysis after Photofrin‐PDT.
Motility of the equine gastrointestinal tract: Physiology and pharmacotherapy
Authors: Wong D. M. , Davis J. L. , White N. A. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryNormal gastrointestinal (GI) motility patterns are necessary to maintain transit of ingesta and to facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients. Disorders of the equine GI tract are frequently encountered by the equine practitioner and these disorders are often associated with an interruption in normal intestinal motility patterns, thus complicating treatment of the primary disease. Consequently, numerous treatments have been investigated in horses to facilitate the return of normal intestinal motility. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of the anatomy and physiology of the GI tract in the horse and review medications available to the equine veterinarian that may potentially promote intestinal motility.
Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Biological Activity of the
Citrobacter freundii
Vi-CRM
197
Conjugate as a Vaccine for
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhi
Authors: Rondini Simona , Micoli Francesca , Lanzilao Luisa , Hale Christine , Saul Allan J. , Martin Laura B. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Typhoid fever remains a major health problem in developing countries. Young children are at high risk, and a vaccine effective for this age group is urgently needed. Purified capsular polysaccharide from
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi (Vi) is licensed as a vaccine, providing 50 to 70% protection in individuals older than 5 years. However, this vaccine is ineffective in infants. Vi conjugated to a carrier protein (i.e., an exoprotein A mutant from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
[rEPA]) is highly immunogenic, provides long-term protection, and shows more than 90% protective efficacy in children 2 to 5 years old. Here, we describe an alternative glycoconjugate vaccine for
S
. Typhi, Vi-CRM
197
, where Vi was obtained from
Citrobacter freundii
WR7011 and CRM
197
, the mutant diphtheria toxin protein, was used as the carrier. We investigated the optimization of growth conditions for Vi production from
C. freundii
WR7011 and the immunogenicity of Vi-CRM
197
conjugates in mice. The optimal saccharide/protein ratio of the glycoconjugates was identified for the best antibody production. We also demonstrated the ability of this new vaccine to protect mice against challenge with Vi-positive
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium.
Mucosal Immunologic Responses in Cholera Patients in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin Taher , Harris Jason B. , Bhuiyan Taufiqur Rahman , Shirin Tahmina , Uddin Muhammad Ikhtear , Khan Ashraful Islam , Chowdhury Fahima , LaRocque Regina C. , Alam Nur Haque , Ryan Edward T. , Calderwood Stephen B. , Qadri Firdausi 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Vibrio cholerae
O1 causes dehydrating diarrhea with a high mortality rate if untreated. The infection also elicits long-term protective immunity. Since
V. cholerae
is noninvasive, mucosal immunity is likely important for protection. In this study, we compared humoral immune responses in the duodenal mucosa and blood of cholera patients at different time points after the onset of disease and compared them with those of healthy controls (HCs). Immune responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Significant increases in
V. cholerae
LPS-specific IgA and IgG antibody levels were seen in duodenal extracts on day 30, but the levels decreased to baseline by day 180; plasma
V. cholerae
LPS-specific IgA levels remained elevated longer. Levels of mucosal CTB antibodies also peaked on day 30, but the increase reached statistical significance only for IgG. A significant correlation was found between the CTB antibody-secreting cell (ASC) response in the circulatory system on day 7 and subsequent CTB-specific IgA levels in duodenal extracts on day 30 and the numbers of CTB-specific IgA ASCs in duodenal tissues on day 180. The proportion (0.07%) of mucosal
V. cholerae
LPS IgA ASCs peaked on day 30 and remained elevated through day 180 compared to that of HCs (
P
= 0.03). These results suggest that protective immunity against
V. cholerae
is not likely mediated by the constitutive secretion of antibodies at the mucosal surface; our results are consistent with those of other studies that suggest instead that anamnestic immune responses of mucosal lymphocytes may play a major role in protection against cholera.
Identification of Human T-Cell Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resuscitation-Promoting Factors in Long-Term Latently Infected Individuals
Authors: Commandeur Susanna , van Meijgaarden Krista E. , Lin May Young , Franken Kees L. M. C. , Friggen Annemieke H. , Drijfhout Jan Wouter , Oftung Fredrik , Korsvold Gro Ellen , Geluk Annemieke , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

The
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG vaccine is the only tuberculosis (TB) vaccine available, yet it provides limited protection against pulmonary TB in adults and fails to protect against TB reactivation. We hypothesized that immunity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
“resuscitation-promoting factors” (Rpfs), which are small bacterial proteins that promote proliferation of dormant mycobacteria, may be relevant in the human immune response to
M. tuberculosis
. In previous unpublished work, we found that Rpfs Rv0867c and Rv2389c induced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in the blood of TB patients' healthy household contacts in several different African populations. Here we examine these two dominant Rpf antigens in more detail and define the nature of the responding T-cell subsets. Multiparameter cytokine profiling showed that Rv2389c and, to a lesser extent, Rv0867c were recognized by mycobacterium-responsive healthy Dutch individuals; peptide-scanning revealed several epitopes, including a single immunodominant epitope in Rv2389c. Rv0867c and, to a lesser extent, Rv2389c Rpf-specific T-cell responses were maintained for decades in long-term
M. tuberculosis
nonprogressors. Prominent Rv0867c-specific double- and single-cytokine-producing CD8
+
T-cell subset responses were found, including a large population of CD8
+
effector memory and effector T-cell subsets. We conclude that
M. tuberculosis
Rpf antigens are important targets in the human immune response to
M. tuberculosis
and represent interesting TB vaccine candidate antigens.