bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« Un moyen précieux de maintenir de bonnes liaisons » : la Suisse, puissance protectrice de l'Italie au cours d'une décennie tourmentée (1940-1949)
Authors: Schneider Johannes 
Published: February 2011

Résumé De la dictature fasciste aux premiers gouvernements républicains de l’après-guerre, tous recoururent à la Suisse pour la protection de leurs intérêts à l’étranger. La Confédération a représenté l’Italie pendant les années 1940 dans une trentaine de pays, des États-Unis à l’Australie, en passant par l’Égypte. L’analyse des sources révèle que la défense des intérêts italiens n’était pas, pour les autorités helvétiques, une activité désintéressée : la puissance protectrice se positionne comme un interlocuteur incontournable sur la scène internationale et tire des avantages de son travail en faveur des belligérants. À la demande de Rome, la sauvegarde des intérêts italiens est poursuivie à contrecœur, bien au-delà de la fin des hostilités : Berne craint qu’un arrêt net ne porte atteinte aux relations bilatérales et fasse perdre les mérites du service rendu pendant la guerre.
La protection des intérêts britanniques en Égypte par la Suisse en 1956 : une stratégie de compensation
Authors: Pfirter Eva 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le mandat pour la Grande-Bretagne en Égypte, de 1956 à 1959, a été difficile à remplir. Le gouvernement égyptien a compliqué le travail de la puissance protectrice suisse de manière considérable. Malgré tous ses efforts, la puissance protectrice n’a pu protéger que partiellement les civils britanniques, le personnel diplomatique et les prisonniers de guerre, ce qui relevait de ses devoirs principaux. La défense des intérêts britanniques en Égypte en 1956 était également problématique du point de vue d’une politique neutre. Non seulement elle n’a pas contribué à un changement de politique des bons offices, mais elle a démontré de manière exemplaire les problèmes de conception de la politique extérieure suisse des années 1950, politique dans laquelle les bons offices étaient censés compenser l’absence de la Suisse dans l’ onu .
La représentation des intérêts étrangers au Département fédéral des Affaires étrangères : témoignage d'un diplomate
Authors: Nordmann François 
Published: February 2011

Résumé La représentation des intérêts étrangers est, depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’un des fleurons de la diplomatie suisse : les services rendus à de nombreux États étrangers renforçaient la valeur de la neutralité. Associé en 1971 à la gestion par la centrale du double mandat confié à la Suisse par l’Inde et le Pakistan lors de la guerre d’indépendance du Bangladesh, l’auteur retrouva celle des intérêts étrangers treize ans plus tard en prenant ses fonctions d’ambassadeur de Suisse au Guatemala. Berne y représentait en effet les intérêts britanniques, à la suite de l’indépendance du Belize. La Suisse favorisa discrètement les efforts des deux pays pour renouer leurs relations en 1986, au milieu de péripéties parfois cocasses.
The impact and management of acquired platelet dysfunction
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Seidel H. , Scharf R. E. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryPlatelet function can be abnormally increased, as in association with acute vascular events, or defective, as in a variety of clinical settings. Acquired platelet dysfunction may occur at any age and range in severity from mild to life-threatening haemorrhages. Diagnostic work-up of platelet disorders requires meticulous evaluation of medical history, specifically of any drugs interfering with platelet function, careful clinical examination and a staged laboratory protocol to assess the underlying platelet defect(s). To identify hyperactive platelets ex vivo, costly procedures may be required using flow cytometry and distict epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies. Currently, this approach can be recommended for research purposes only. Drugs represent the most common cause of platelet dysfunction in our overmedicated society. While aspirin, clopigogrel (more recently also prasugrel) and integrin αIIbβ3 (GPIIb-IIIa) receptor antagonists (ab-ciximab, eptifibatide and tirofiban) are well-known prototypes of antiplatelet drugs, other widely used agents (e.g. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, serotonin reup-take inhibitors and volume expanders) can also impair platelet function and thus cause or aggravate hemorrhages. Identification of individual patients with pre-existing hemostatic defects remains crucial (i) to prevent bleeding complications, (ii) to manage symptoms adequately, (iii) to minimize the risk from invasive procedures, and (iv) to avoid unnecassary exposure to blood products. Screening for platelet dysfunction can be performed by point-of-care testing followed by platelet aggregometry in response to various agonists. While mild bleeding episodes due to antiplatelet therapy can be managed by withdrawal of the drug(s), severe hemorrhages may require immediate platelet transfusions. Apart from that, the prohemostatic armamentarium is limited to desmopressin, antifi-brinolytic agents, and recombinant factor VIIa.
Monitoring of antiplatelet therapy
Authors: Seidel H. , Rahman M. M. , Scharf R. E. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryScreening of platelet function can be performed by point-of-care testing followed by platelet aggregometry in response to agonists such as collagen, adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and arachidonic acid. Despite in use for decades, this technique is not well standardized. Monitoring of antiplatelet therapy is increasingly applied in patients at high risk for re-thrombosis or bleeding. To assess pharmacological inhibition of platelet function, agonist-induced platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and vasodilator-stimulated protein phosphorylation (VASP) are being measured. While serum TxB2 levels of < 2 ng/ml reflect aspirin-induced inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-1 activity with high sensitivity, VASP exhibits a wide variability upon treatment with clopidogrel or prasugrel. Multiple studies reveal an association between high residual platelet reactivity and adverse cardiovascular events in patients on antiplatelet therapy. However, despite the plethora of platelet function assays currently under investigation, their use in daily practice cannot be recommended. This is due to several reasons: (i) there is no consensus on the method and a respective cut-off value associated with clinical adverse outcome, and (ii) data demonstrating any benefit of tailored antiplatelet therapy and its monitoring (based on assessment of platelet functions) are still limited. Thus, appropriate identification of ‘resistant’ or ‘poor responders’ to antiplatelet agents remains challenging in clinical practice.
Haemostasis management of massive bleeding
Authors: Ivaskevicius V. , Pötzsch B. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryTrauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is a frequent complication of severely injured patients. The etiology of TIC is complex. Contributing factors include overwhelming generation of thrombin and activated protein C, consumption of coagulation factors and platelets, hyperfibrinolysis, and dilution of clotting factors through administration of fluids. In addition, hypothermia and shock-associated metabolic acidosis augment the clotting dysfunctions. The occurrence of TIC has been shown to be an independent risk factor for death after trauma warranting aggressive treatment. On admission to the emergency room patients with massive blood loss should be employed on basis of clinical and diagnostic variables to identify patients at high risk of coagulopathy. Patients at high risk should be treated with tranexamic acid (1 g bolus followed by 1 g/8 h), and critical factor and platelet deficiencies should be corrected by transfusion of factor concentrates and platelet concentrates. In addition, plasma should be administered in a 1 : 1 ratio with red cells. The use of recombinant factor VIIa should be considered if major bleeding persists despite best-practive use of blood products.
Old and new anticoagulants
Authors: Harbrecht U. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryVitamin-K-antagonists (VKA) and heparins have been complementary anticoagulants for prevention and treatment of thrombosis for almost 70 years. In contrast to heparins, VKA have not been modified pharmacologically, however treatment surveillance has improved by introducing INR and self-monitoring/management. Disclosure of the molecular basis of interaction with VKORC1, the target enzyme of VKA, has helped to better understand coumarin sensitivity and resistance. New oral anticoagulants have now been approved and stimulated expectations in patients and physicians to get rid of the burdening frequent controls of VKA without loss of efficacy and safety.This review will summarize the development and profile of the new substances. Main difference compared to VKA is their direct mode of action against one clotting factor which is factor IIa in dabigatran and factor Xa in rivaroxaban and other “xabanes” currently under intensive investigation. Half lifes of the new anticoagulants are much shorter than that of the mainly used coumarins (phenprocoumon, warfarin), making “anticoagulation bridging” unnecessary before surgery. Therapeutic width of direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors is broader and they are given at fixed doses. Clinical studies in thromboprophylaxis, thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation indicate at least non-inferiority or even superior efficacy compared with enoxaparin and VKA at comparable safety outcomes. Limitations of the new substances may arise from gastrointestinal side effects, mode of metabolism and route of elimination. Specific antidots are not available for none of them.Undoubtedly, the new oral anticoagulants are very promising. But, although thousands of study patients already have been treated, there are questions to be answered such as treatment adherence in absence of monitoring, safety and efficacy in risk patients, dosage adjustment and interactions with other drugs, before conclusions can be drawn towards their potential to replace VKA.
Measurement of Type I Interferon Production
Authors: Seeds Rosalind E. , Miller Joanna L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Basic Protocol in this unit describes measurement of murine interferon (IFN)α/β by intracellular staining for these cytokines and detection by flow cytometry. Alternate protocols detail an enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) for IFNα and a biological assay to measure IFN. The FACS assay allows measurement of IFNα/β production by defined cell populations, while ELISA measures secreted IFNα. The bioassay measures functional antiviral activity and is the most sensitive of the assays discussed. These assays therefore provide complementary methods to assess IFN production by murine cells. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 92:14.21.1‐14.21.11. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Learning a map of environment: The role of visuo‐spatial abilities in young and older adults
Authors: Meneghetti Chiara , Fiore Felicia , Borella Erika , De Beni Rossana 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe present study examines age‐related differences between young and older adults in spatial mental representation derived from learning a realistic city map. A sample of 30 young (20–30‐years) and 30 older (60–72 years) adults learned a simplified map of a city; afterwards participants performed map‐drawing and pointing‐aligned and counter‐aligned tasks. Tasks measuring visuo‐spatial abilities were also administered to explore their relationship with map learning. Results showed an age‐related impairment in older adults in both map tasks, as well as in visuo‐spatial ones. Furthermore, performance on counter‐aligned pointing was poorer than on aligned pointing in young and older adults, and its relationship with visuo‐spatial abilities changed as a function of age group: The performance of counter‐aligned pointing in older adults was related to all visuo‐spatial abilities, and in young adults with perspective‐taking measures only. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Performance Micro‐Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fabricated on Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates
Authors: Kwon Chang‐Woo , Son Ji‐Won , Lee Jong‐Ho , Kim Hyun‐Mi , Lee Hae‐Weon , Kim Ki‐Bum 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMicro‐solid oxide fuel cells (μ‐SOFCs) are fabricated on nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with a cell structure composed of a 600‐nm‐thick AAO free‐standing membrane embedded on a Si substrate, sputter‐deposited Pt electrodes (cathode and anode) and an yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Initially, the open circuit voltages (OCVs) of the AAO‐supported μ‐SOFCs are in the range of 0.05 V to 0.78 V, which is much lower than the ideal value, depending on the average pore size of the AAO template and the thickness of the YSZ electrolyte. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals the formation of pinholes in the electrolyte layer that originate from the porous nature of the underlying AAO membrane. In order to clog these pinholes, a 20‐nm thick Al2O3 layer is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on top of the 300‐nm thick YSZ layer and another 600‐nm thick YSZ layer is deposited after removing the top intermittent Al2O3 layer. Fuel cell devices fabricated in this way manifest OCVs of 1.02 V, and a maximum power density of 350 mW cm−2 at 500 °C.
Highly Efficient Redox Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols and Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones and Aldehydes Catalyzed by Ruthenium Complexes
Authors: Liu Pei Nian , Ju Kun Dong , Lau Chak Po 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA dicationic dichloro‐bipyridine‐ruthenium complex shows very high catalytic activity in redox isomerization of allylic alcohols but a relatively low one in transfer hydrogenation of ketones; surprisingly, the analogous dimethyl‐bipyridine‐ruthenium complex shows reverse catalytic activities in the two reactions.
Rhodium or Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Aryl Addition/ Intramolecular Lactonization of Phthalaldehyde with Potassium Organotrifluoroborates to Access 3‐Arylphthalides
Authors: Luo Fang , Pan Shen , Pan Changduo , Qian Pengcheng , Cheng Jiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn efficient rhodium‐catalyzed lactonization of phthalaldehyde with potassium organotrifluoroborates to access 3‐arylphthalides has been developed. Moreover, palladium is a also good catalyst for such transformation.
Reusable and Durable Immobilized‐Cationic Gold(I) Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Bond‐Forming Reactions
Authors: Egi Masahiro , Azechi Kenji , Akai Shuji 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPolystyrene‐immobilized cationic gold catalysts 2a and 2b were synthesized for the first time and found to be highly effective catalysts for the bond‐forming reactions via the activation of the CC triple bonds. The immobilized 2a was easily and quantitatively recovered from the reaction mixture and reused at least seven times while maintaining the original catalytic activity. Furthermore, a flow reactor containing 2a was developed for a larger scale continuous production.
Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of N‐Aryl‐ortho‐Hydroxybenzophenone Ketimines
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Bousserouel Hadjira , Wang Qian , Guéritte Françoise 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe first enantioselective chiral phosphoric acid‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of N‐aryl‐ortho‐hydroxybenzophenone ketimines using a Hantzsch ester as hydrogen source was developed to afford, after removal of the N‐aryl group, the corresponding chiral diarylmethylamines in high yields and enantioselectivities.
Double Mannich Reaction and Tandem Cyclization of Imines with Ketones Catalyzed by Indium(III) Chloride Tetrahydrate: Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted 4‐Piperidones
Authors: Jia Xiao‐Dong , Wang Wen‐Juan , Huo Cong‐De , Ren Yan , Chen Xiang‐Ning , Xu Xiao‐Lan , Wang Xi‐Cun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA double Mannich reaction followed by tandem cyclization of imines and ketones catalyzed by indium(III) chloride tetrahydrate (InCl3⋅4 H2O) was investigated, and a series of 1,2,6‐triaryl‐4‐piperidones was synthesized in a stereoselective way. In this reaction, aromatic imines substituted by electron‐withdrawing groups exhibited high reactivity toward the cyclization to 4‐piperidones. A variety of ketones are tolerated in this tandem process, including those that are sterically encumbered.
Synthesis of Azomethines from α‐Oxocarboxylates, Amines and Aryl Bromides via One‐Pot Three‐Component Decarboxylative Coupling
Authors: Rudolphi Felix , Song Bingrui , Gooßen Lukas J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA bimetallic palladium/copper catalyst system allows the highly modular synthesis of azomethines via the decarboxylative coupling of aryl halides and α‐iminocarboxylates, generated in situ from potassium α‐oxocarboxylates and primary amines. The reaction proceeds already at 100 °C, a new record for redox‐neutral decarboxylative cross‐coupling reactions.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroacylation of Activated Alkynes: Synthesis of Chromones
Authors: Vedachalam Seenuvasan , Wong Qian‐Ling , Maji Biswajit , Zeng Jing , Ma Jimei , Liu Xue‐Wei 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn organocatalytic intramolecular Stetter‐type hydroacylation reaction between an aldehyde and an activated alkyne has been developed. This study induces salicylaldehyde‐derived alkyne derivatives to assemble into a series of chromone derivatives using a catalytic amount of thiazolium‐based carbene catalyst.
Old Yellow Enzyme‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Saturated Ketones
Authors: Schittmayer Matthias , Glieder Anton , Uhl Michael K. , Winkler Andreas , Zach Simone , Schrittwieser Jörg H. , Kroutil Wolfgang , Macheroux Peter , Gruber Karl , Kambourakis Spiros , Rozzell J. David , Winkler Margit 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEnzymes from extremophiles have always been of great interest for biotechnology because of their ruggedness against various stress factors. We have isolated, cloned, heterologously expressed and characterized a thermostable old yellow enzyme (OYE) from Geobacillus kaustophilus. In addition to the expected ‘enone’ reduction, GkOYE also catalyzes the reverse reaction, i.e., the desaturation of CC bonds adjacent to a carbonyl to give the corresponding α,β‐unsaturated ketone. The reaction proceeds at the expense of molecular oxygen without the need for a nicotinamide cofactor and represents an environmentally benign alternative to known chemical dehydrogenation methods.
Enantioselective Conjugate Silyl Additions to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes Catalyzed by Combination of Transition Metal and Chiral Amine Catalysts
Authors: Ibrahem Ismail , Santoro Stefano , Himo Fahmi , Córdova Armando 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe report that transition metal‐catalyzed nucleophilic activation can be combined with chiral amine‐catalyzed iminium activation as exemplified by the unprecedented enantioselective conjugate addition of a dimethylsilanyl group to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. These reactions proceed with excellent 1,4‐selectivity to afford the corresponding β‐silyl aldehyde products 3 in high yields and up to 97:3 er using inexpensive bench stable copper salts and simple chiral amine catalysts. The reaction can also generate a quaternary stereocenter with good enantioselectivity. Density functional calculations are performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity.
Protein S abnormalities: A diagnostic nightmare
Authors: Marlar Richard A. , Gausman Jana N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHeterozygous deficiency of Protein S (PS) increases the risk for developing thrombosis. Many acquired conditions alter plasma PS levels. These complex interactions of PS in plasma make it imperative that clinical PS assay limitations are understood so that the assays are reliable, reproducible and specific to diagnose true genetic abnormalities based on plasma phenotype alone. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of PS deficiency is difficult and complicated. Three basic assays can be utilized for assessing PS in plasma: PS activity assay, Free PS antigen assay, and Total PS antigen assay. This article will review these clinical assays and their associated problems. We also discuss the confounding and interfering factors that make it difficult to obtain an accurate diagnosis of PS deficiency. Am. J. Hematol. 86:418–421, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypermethioninemias of genetic and non‐genetic origin: A review
Authors: Mudd S. Harvey 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis review covers briefly the major conditions, genetic and non‐genetic, sometimes leading to abnormally elevated methionine, with emphasis on recent developments. A major aim is to assist in the differential diagnosis of hypermethioninemia. The genetic conditions are: (1) Homocystinuria due to cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) deficiency. At least 150 different mutations in the CBS gene have been identified since this deficiency was established in 1964. Hypermethioninemia is due chiefly to remethylation of the accumulated homocysteine. (2) Deficient activity of methionine adenosyltransferases I and III (MAT I/III), the isoenzymes the catalytic subunit of which are encoded by MAT1A. Methionine accumulates because its conversion to S‐adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is impaired. (3) Glycine N‐methyltrasferase (GNMT) deficiency. Disruption of a quantitatively major pathway for AdoMet disposal leads to AdoMet accumulation with secondary down‐regulation of methionine flux into AdoMet. (4) S‐adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase (AHCY) deficiency. Not being catabolized normally, AdoHcy accumulates and inhibits many AdoMet‐dependent methyltransferases, producing accumulation of AdoMet and, thereby, hypermethioninemia. (5) Citrin deficiency, found chiefly in Asian countries. Lack of this mitochondrial aspartate–glutamate transporter may produce (usually transient) hypermethioninemia, the immediate cause of which remains uncertain. (6) Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency (tyrosinemia type I) may lead to hypermethioninemia secondary either to liver damage and/or to accumulation of fumarylacetoacetate, an inhibitor of the high Km MAT. Additional possible genetic causes of hypermethioninemia accompanied by elevations of plasma AdoMet include mitochondrial disorders (the specificity and frequency of which remain to be elucidated). Non‐genetic conditions include: (a) Liver disease, which may cause hypermethioninemia, mild, or severe. (b) Low‐birth‐weight and/or prematurity which may cause transient hypermethioninemia. (c) Ingestion of relatively large amounts of methionine which, even in full‐term, normal‐birth‐weight babies may cause hypermethioninemia. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.