bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What People Want From Their Professionals: Attitudes Toward Decision‐making Strategies
Authors: Eastwood Joseph , Snook Brent , Luther Kirk 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTAttitudes toward four types of decision‐making strategies—clinical/fully rational, clinical/heuristic, actuarial/fully rational, and actuarial/heuristic—were examined across three studies. In Study 1, undergraduate students were split randomly between legal and medical decision‐making scenarios and asked to rate each strategy in terms of the following: (i) preference; (ii) accuracy; (iii) fairness; (iv) ethicalness; and (v) its perceived similarity to the strategies used by actual legal and medical professionals to make decisions. Studies 2 and 3 extended Study 1 by using a more relevant scenario and a community sample, respectively. Across the three studies, the clinical/fully rational strategy tended to be rated the highest across all attitudinal judgments, whereas the actuarial/heuristic strategy tended to receive the lowest ratings. Considering the two strategy‐differentiating factors separately, clinically based strategies tended to be rated higher than actuarially based strategies, and fully rational strategies were always rated higher than heuristic‐based strategies. The potential implications of the results for professionals' and those affected by their decisions are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of chronic bhang (cannabis) administration on the reproductive system of male mice
Authors: Banerjee Arnab , Singh Ajit , Srivastava Puneet , Turner Helen , Krishna Amitabh 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic uptake of bhang, prepared from the Cannabis sativa, on male reproductive physiology in adult male Parkes strain (P) mice. An attempt was also made to investigate the presence of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptors, and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in the testis and to evaluate any changes in it resulting from chronic intake of bhang in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Adult male mice were given bhang (3 or 6 mg/kg body weight/day) orally for 36 consecutive days. Chronic intake of bhang caused regressive changes in the testes and suppressed sperm count, viability and motility. Bhang intake also caused significant decline in circulating testosterone level due to decline in testicular 3β HSD enzyme activity. An immunohistochemical study demonstrated the presence of CB1, CB2 and FAAH in the testis of mice. The present study also showed significant variation in the CB1 and CB2 receptors and FAAH protein levels in testes of mice exposed to bhang. These suppressive effects may be due to inhibitory effect of bhang on pituitary expression of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) I receptor protein. Treatment of testes with bhang in vitro significantly decreased testicular luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and FAAH expression suggesting direct action of bhang on testicular activity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study thus suggest that bhang may impair fertility in male mice through alteration in the testicular endocannabinoid system and that chronic bhang exposure in humans would be predicted to alter male fertility. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:195–205, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐mitochondrial coenzyme Q
Authors: Morré D. James , Morré Dorothy M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe key role of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or Q) is in mitochondrial and prokaryotic energetics. Less well investigated is the basis for its presence in eukaryotic membrane locations other than mitochondria and in plasma where both antioxidant and potentially more targeted roles are indicated. Included in the latter is that of a lipid‐soluble electron transfer intermediate that serves as the transmembrane component of plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus electron transport, which regulates cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratios and is involved in vectorial membrane displacements and in the regulation of cell growth. Important protective effects on circulating lipoproteins and in the prevention of coronary artery disease ensue not only from the antioxidant role of CoQ10 but also from its ability to directly block protein oxidation and superoxide generation of the TM‐9 family of membrane proteins known as age‐related NADH oxidase or arNOX (ENOX3) and their shed forms that appear after age 30 and some of which associate specifically with low‐density lipoprotein particles to catalyze protein oxidation and crosslinking.
Systematic review and meta-analysis on the rate of postoperative venous thromboembolism in orthopaedic surgery in Asian patients without thromboprophylaxis
Authors: Kanchanabat B , Stapanavatr W , Meknavin S , Soorapanth C , Sumanasrethakul C , Kanchanasuttirak P 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common life-threatening complication after surgery. This review analysed the rate and mortality of VTE after orthopaedic surgery in Asia.MethodsInclusion criteria were: prospective study; deep vein thrombosis (DVT) diagnosed by venography or ultrasonography; hip fracture surgery (HFS), total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA); and no thromboprophylaxis. The pooled proportion was back-calculated by Freeman–Tukey variant transformation, using a random-effects model.ResultsTwenty-two studies (total population 2454) published from 1979 to 2009 were included. Using venography, the pooled rates of all-site, proximal, distal and isolated distal DVT were 31·7, 8·9, 22·5 and 18·8 per cent respectively. With duplex ultrasonography, the respective rates were 9·4, 5·9, 5·9 and 5·8 per cent. After THA or HFS, using venography, the pooled rates of all-site and proximal DVT were 25·8 and 9·6 per cent; with ultrasonography, the respective rates were 10·8 and 7·2 per cent. In TKA groups, using venography, the pooled rates of all-site and proximal DVT were 42·5 and 8·7 per cent; with ultrasonography, the respective rates were 9·5 and 5·2 per cent. The overall pooled rates of symptomatic DVT and symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) were 4·5 and 0·6 per cent. No patient died from PE (pooled rate 0·2 per cent).ConclusionNone of these Asian patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery died from VTE. Pooled rates of proximal and symptomatic DVT were lower than in Western reports.
Intraspecific Variation of Chiliadenus iphionoides Essential Oil in Israel
Authors: Tamir Hilla , Satovic Zlatko , Gorelick Jonathan , Danin Avinoam , Fischer Ravit , Chaimovitsh David , Dudai Nativ 
Published: June 2011

AbstractChiliadenus iphionoides (Asteraceae), a shrub endemic to the Mediterranean region and widespread throughout Israel, is used in the traditional eastern Mediterranean medicine. Although recent research confirmed its pharmacological potential, C. iphionoides essential oil has not been adequately characterized chemically. Essential‐oil samples were collected from representative wild populations throughout Israel and characterized by GC/MS analysis. Considerable interpopulation variation was found for the composition of the essential oils. Multivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between the chemical composition and the geographic location, with three main chemotypes identified.
Process Analysis and Multi‐Objective Optimization of Ionic Liquid‐Containing Acetonitrile Process to Produce 1,3‐Butadiene
Authors: Tian X. , Zhang X. , Zeng S. , Xu Y. , Yao Y. , Chen Y. , Huang L. , Zhao Y. , Zhang S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractUsing ionic liquid (IL) [C2MIM][PF6] as an additive could remarkably improve the performance of the acetonitrile (CAN) process, which is the most widely used distillation process to produce 1,3‐butadiene (1,3‐BT). In this work, a rigorous simulation of a new IL process to produce 1,3‐BT was carried out to evaluate the performance of IL additive on an industrial scale, using UNIFAC as the global thermodynamic model. Based on the simulation models, some key operation parameters, such as solvent ratio and reflux ratio, were determined by sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, a multi‐objective optimization was proposed and performed considering both the energy consumption and environmental impact (green degree) of the new process. A nonlinear mathematical model was established to express this multi‐objective optimization problem, which includes six decision variables and involves maximizing the green degree of the process, the purity and the recovery of 1,3‐BT, and minimizing the energy consumption of the process. The optimization results showed that the energy consumption of the IL‐containing process could be reduced by 22 % and that its green degree could be improved by 9.2 %.
Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties of Polysaccharides
Authors: Lobanova O. , Müller K. , Mokrushina L. , Arlt W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPolysaccharides are the most important components of herbal biomass with a high application potential. Their thermochemical characteristics, however, have been little studied. In the present paper, an effective thermodynamic analysis was carried out with the aim of setting a method for reasonably estimating the thermochemical properties of polysaccharides such as cellulose. The properties of formation and heat capacities were estimated by general thermodynamic methods like group contribution methods as well as methods followed from synthetic polymer studies. The results were compared with those obtained by empirical correlations derived from the data for short chain carbohydrates, the only literature data available for validation. The properties were determined depending on the degree of polymerization and temperature.
AuI/AuIII Catalysis: An Alternative Approach for CC Oxidative Coupling
Authors: Hopkinson Matthew N. , Gee Antony D. , Gouverneur Véronique 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWhen reacted in the presence of external oxidants, gold complexes are capable of catalyzing oxidative homo‐ and cross‐coupling reactions involving the formation of new CC bonds. Over the last few years, several cascade processes have been reported in which coupling is preceded by a gold‐mediated aryl CH functionalization or nucleophilic addition. These reactions combine the unique reactivity of gold with oxidative coupling, enabling the construction of CC bonds between coupling partners that are not easily accessed using alternative catalysts. In this Concept paper, the development of gold‐catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions is discussed focusing on CC bond‐forming reactions of broad synthetic appeal.
Physiological and anatomical studies of associative learning: Convergence with learning studies of W.T. Greenough
Authors: Galvez Roberto , Nicholson Daniel A. , Disterhoft John F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe quest to understand how the brain is able to store information for later retrieval has been pursued by many scientists through the years. Although many have made very significant contributions to the field and our current understanding of the process, few have played as pivotal a role in advancing our understanding as William T. Greenough. The current report will utilize associative learning, a training paradigm that has greatly assisted in our understanding of memory consolidation, to demonstrate how findings emerging from the Greenough laboratory helped to not only shape our current understanding of learning induced anatomical plasticity, but to also launch future analyses into the molecular players involved in this process, especially the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:489–504, 2011.
Plasticity of gray matter volume: The cellular and synaptic plasticity that underlies volumetric change
Authors: Anderson Brenda J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFifty years ago, Mark Rosenzweig and coworkers described environmental effects on brain chemistry and gross brain weight. William Greenough then used stereological tools, electron microscopy, and the Golgi stain to demonstrate that enrichment led to dendritic growth and synapse addition. Together these forms of plasticity accounted for cortical expansion and a reduction in cell density. In parallel with other investigators, Greenough demonstrated that these effects were not limited to the rodent, the cortex, or development, but instead generalize to many species, brain regions, and life stages. Studies of the anatomical effects of enrichment foreshadowed the recent empirical evidence for cortical volumetric increases after environmental experience and training in humans. Since research in humans is limited to regional effects, the analysis of the cellular and synaptic effects of enrichment, and their contribution to volumetric increases can inform us of the potential cellular and subcellular plasticity the leads to volume change in humans. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:456–465, 2011.
Impact of Physical Activity and Doping on Epigenetic Gene Regulation
Authors: Schwarzenbach Heidi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTo achieve success in sports, many athletes consume doping substances, such as anabolic androgenic steroids and growth hormones, and ignore the negative influence of these drugs on their health. Apart from the unethical aspect of doping in sports, it is essential to consider the tremendous risk it represents to their physical condition. The abuse of pharmaceuticals which improve athletic performance may alter the expression of specific genes involved in muscle and bone metabolism by epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Moreover, excessive and relentless training to increase the muscle mass, may also have an influence on the health of the athletes. This stress releases neurotransmitters and growth factors, and may affect the expression of endogenous genes by DNA methylation, too. This paper focuses on the relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and sports, highlights the potential consequences of abuse of doping drugs on gene expression, and describes methods to molecularly detect epigenetic changes of gene markers reflecting the physiological or metabolic effects of doping agents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axonal regeneration proceeds through specific axonal fusion in transected C. elegans neurons
Authors: Neumann Brent , Nguyen Ken C. Q. , Hall David H. , Ben‐Yakar Adela , Hilliard Massimo A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA C. elegans mechanosensory neuron expressing GFP undergoes regenerative growth following laserinduced injury. A growth cone, sprouting from the proximal side of the axon, extends towards the separated distal fragment in an attempt to reconnect and fuse. The fluorescent image was digitally duplicated twice and re‐colored (Graphic designer: Dee McGrath). From Neumann et al., Developmental Dynamics 240:1365–1372, 2011
Population delimitation across contrasting evolutionary clines in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)
Authors: Yang D‐S , Kenagy G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDespite current interest in population genetics, a concrete definition of a “population” remains elusive. Multiple ecologically and evolutionarily based definitions of population are in current use, which focus, respectively, on demographic and genetic interactions. Accurate population delimitation is crucial for not only evolutionary and ecological population biology, but also for conservation of threatened populations. Along the Pacific Coast of North America, two contrasting patterns of geographic variation in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) converge within the state of Oregon. Populations of these mice diverge morphologically across an east–west axis, and they diverge in mitochondrial DNA haplotypes across a north–south axis. In this study, we investigate these geographically contrasting patterns of differentiation in the context of ecological and evolutionary definitions (paradigms) of populations. We investigate these patterns using a new and geographically expansive sample that integrates data on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear DNA. We found no evidence of nuclear genetic differentiation between the morphologically and mitochondrially distinct populations, thus indicating the occurrence of gene flow across Oregon. Under the evolutionary paradigm, Oregon populations can be considered a single population, whereas morphological and mitochondrial differentiations do not indicate distinct populations. In contrast, under the ecological paradigm morphological differentiation indicates distinct populations based on the low likelihood of demographic interactions between geographically distant individuals. The two sympatric but mitochondrially distinct haplogroups form a single population under the ecological paradigm. Hence, we find that the difference between evolutionary and ecological paradigms is the time‐scale of interest, and we believe that the more chronologically inclusive evolutionary paradigm may be preferable except in cases where only a single generation is of interest.
Adaptive Water Management and Policy Learning in a Changing Climate: a Formal Comparative Analysis of Eight Water Management Regimes in Europe, Africa and Asia
Authors: Huntjens Patrick , Pahl‐Wostl Claudia , Rihoux Benoit , Schlüter Maja , Flachner Zsuzsanna , Neto Susana , Koskova Romana , Dickens Chris , Nabide Kiti Isah 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis article provides an evidence‐based and policy‐relevant contribution to understanding the phenomenon of policy learning and its structural constraints in the field of river basin management, in particular related to coping with current and future climatic hazards such as floods and droughts. This has been done by a formal comparative analysis of eight water management regimes, by using multi‐value qualitative comparative analysis, focusing on the relationship between regime characteristics (as explanatory variables) and different levels of policy learning (as output value). This research has revealed the importance of the socio‐cognitive dimension, as an essential emerging property of complex adaptive governance systems. This socio‐cognitive dimension depends on a specific set of structural conditions; in particular, better integrated cooperation structures in combination with advanced information management are the key factors leading towards higher levels of policy learning. Furthermore, this research highlights a number of significant positive correlations between different regime elements, thereby identifying a stabilizing mechanism in current management regimes, and this research also highlights the necessity of fine‐tuning centralized control with bottom‐up approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Dephosphorylation of Bcl‐10 by calcineurin is essential for canonical NF‐κB activation in Th cells
Authors: Frischbutter Stefan , Gabriel Christian , Bendfeldt Hanna , Radbruch Andreas , Baumgrass Ria 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAntigen‐specific stimulation of T helper (Th) cells initiates signaling cascades that ultimately result in the activation of the transcription factors NF‐κB, NFAT, and AP‐1 which regulate, together with other factors, many T‐cell functions such as cytokine production, proliferation, and differentiation. Ordered assembly and different phosphorylation events, along with subcellular translocation of the CARMA1/Bcl‐10/MALT1 complex, determine NF‐κB activation after T‐cell receptor (TCR) triggering. We now provide evidence that inhibition of the Ser/Thr phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) prevents dephosphorylation of Bcl‐10. CaN, in constant interaction with the Bcl‐10/MALT1 complex, is able to dephosphorylate Bcl‐10. The CaN inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA) converts a transient phosphorylation of Bcl‐10 Ser138 during the immediate early phase of T‐cell activation into a persistent state. Thus, subsequent processes such as IKKβ phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, p65 nuclear translocation, and DNA binding are diminished. Consistently, CsA treatment does not affect the phosphorylation pattern of the upstream kinase PKCθ. Together, our findings demonstrate that CaN functions as a critical signaling molecule during Th cell activation, regulating Bcl‐10 phosphorylation and thereby NF‐κB activation.
IL‐9 is important for T‐cell activation and differentiation in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system
Authors: Li Hongmei , Nourbakhsh Bardia , Cullimore Melissa , Zhang Guang‐Xian , Rostami Abdolmohamad 
Published: June 2011

AbstractExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is generally believed to be an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by myelin‐specific Th1 and/or Th17 effector cells. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, however, are not fully understood. Using mice deficient in IL‐9 (IL‐9−/−), we showed that IL‐9 plays a critical role in EAE. Specifically, IL‐9−/− mice developed significantly less severe EAE than their WT counterparts following both immunization with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)180–199 peptide in the presence of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), and adoptive transfer of PLP180–199 peptide‐specific effector T cells from WT littermates. EAE‐resistant IL‐9−/− mice exhibited considerably fewer infiltrating immune cells in the CNS, with lower levels of IL‐17 and IFN‐γ expression, than their WT littermates. Further studies revealed that null mutation of the IL‐9 gene resulted in significantly lower levels of PLP180–199 peptide‐specific IL‐17 and IFN‐γ production. Moreover, IL‐9−/− memory/activated T cells exhibited decreased C–C chemokine receptors (CCR)2, CCR5, and CCR6 expression. Interestingly, IL‐10 was significantly increased in IL‐9−/− mice compared with WT littermates. Importantly, we found that IL‐9‐mediated Th17‐cell differentiation triggers complex STAT signaling pathways.
Penetration of antibody‐opsonized cells by the membrane attack complex of complement promotes Ca2+influx and induces streamers
Authors: Beum Paul V. , Lindorfer Margaret A. , Peek Elizabeth M. , Stukenberg P. Todd , de Weers Michel , Beurskens Frank J. , Parren Paul W. H. I. , van de Winkel Jan G. J. , Taylor Ronald P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe have reported that during complement‐mediated cytolysis of B cells promoted by the CD20 mAbs rituximab or ofatumumab (OFA), long, thin structures that we call streamers (≥3 cell diameters) are rapidly generated and grow out from the cell surface. Streamers appear before cells are killed and contain opsonizing mAbs and membrane lipids. By exploiting the differential Ca2+requirements of discrete steps in the complement cascade, we determined that mAb‐opsonized cells first tagged with C3b using C5‐depleted serum are killed on addition of serum and EDTA, but the cells do not produce streamers. Also, cells first opsonized with OFA are lysed in serum containing Mg‐EGTA by the alternative complement pathway but streamers are not produced. These findings indicate that Ca2+influx is necessary for streamer formation. Other mAbs that promote complement‐mediated cytolysis also induce streamers on target cells. Streamer‐like structures called nanotubes have been reported in several cellular systems, and are thought to promote intercellular communication/signaling. We tested whether this signaling could influence the susceptibility of neighboring cells contacted by streamers to complement attack and found that complement‐mediated cytolysis of OFA‐opsonized cells increases the resistance of unopsonized indicator cell populations to subsequent lysis when these cells are exposed to OFA and complement.