bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Human Papillomavirus and Adenovirus in Benign and Malignant Lesions of the Larynx
Authors: Gallo Andrea , Degener Anna Marta , Pagliuca Giulio , Pierangeli Alessandra , Bizzoni Federica , Greco Antonio , de Vincentiis Marco 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) and adenovirus (AdV) infections in the oncogenesis of squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and of laryngeal dysplasia.STUDY DESIGNCross‐sectional study with planned data collection.SETTINGDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology G. Ferreri and Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology‐Section of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome.SUBJECTS AND METHODSBiopsy samples were taken from 68 patients with benign and malignant lesions of the larynx. All tissue samples were analyzed by means of polymerase chain reaction with two groups of primers for HPV and with a pair of primers for AdV.RESULTSAll cases of carcinomas and dysplasia as well as all control cases were negative for both viruses. Four of the five cases of laryngeal papillomas were positive for only HPV, confirming the role of these viral types in the origin of papillomas.CONCLUSIONThe absence of viral genomes in laryngeal carcinomas as in the other cases studied suggests the existence of other factors that play a more important role than viral infection in the carcinogenesis of these lesions.
Induction of Parotitis by Fine‐Needle Aspiration in Parotid Warthin's Tumor
Authors: Suzuki Kensuke , Iwai Hiroshi , Kaneko Toshihiko , Sakaguchi Mariko , Hoshino Shoichi , Inaba Muneo 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVESTo estimate parotitis caused by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in parotid Warthin tumor.STUDY DESIGNCase series with chart review.SETTINGHospital records were reviewed for 104 parotid tumors (103 patients) including 35 Warthin tumors, which underwent FNA within our department.RESULTSThree patients with four Warthin tumors among them noticed parotid pain, swelling, and abscess formation as a consequence of acute parotitis after FNA. Examinations of the materials obtained from tumor puncture or drainage before the start of antibiotic therapy showed no bacterial association in any patient. Two of the patients with Warthin tumor underwent parotidectomy, and the surgical specimens indicated histopathological changes with necrosis, abscess, granuloma, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells including Langhans‐type multinucleated giant cells.CONCLUSIONSIt is conceivable that Warthin tumor bears the characteristics of inflammation induced by the FNA procedure without any relation to infection. Therefore, it may be better to avoid routine FNA and give priority to diagnostic imagings over FNA in the diagnosis of tumors strongly suspected as Warthin tumor.
SHRIMP zircon study of a micromonzodiorite dyke in the Karkonosze Granite, Sudetes (SW Poland): age constraints for late Variscan magmatism in Central Europe
Authors: AWDANKIEWICZ MAREK , AWDANKIEWICZ HONORATA , KRYZA RYSZARD , RODIONOV NICKOLAY 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe large Variscan Karkonosze Granite in the West Sudetes, representative of the vast Variscan granite plutonism in Central Europe and located adjacent to regional tectonic suture and strike-slip-zones, has been difficult to date precisely; a range of published data varies betweenc.304 and 328 Ma. However, the granite is cut by locally numerous lamprophyre and other dykes. Dating of the dyke rocks, emplaced shortly after the granite intrusion and cooled more rapidly, provides a promising tool for the verification of published SHRIMP results on the granite itself. SHRIMP zircon geochronology of a studied micromonzodiorite dyke indicates substantial admixture of inherited zircons ofc.2.0, 1.4 Ga (207Pb–206Pb minimum ages), andc.570 (and 500?) Ma. The average concordia age of the main magmatic population of the zircons in the dyke is 313 ± 3 Ma (2σ); however, the true magmatic age might be older, around 318 Ma. This would constrain the age of the hypabyssal magmatism in the Karkonosze Massif and the minimum age of the host Karkonosze Granite. Thus, the Karkonosze Granite is confirmed as representative of an early phase of Variscan granite plutonic activity in the central-European Variscides.
The effect of dietary addition of a polysaccharide from Atractylodes macrophala Koidz on growth performance, immunoglobulin concentration and IL-1β expression in weaned piglets
Authors: LI L. L. , WU X. , PENG H. Z. , FAN M. Z. , HOU Z. P. , KONG X. F. , YIN Y. L. , ZHANG B. , LI T. J. , HOU Y. Q. , YANG K. M. , LI A. K. , LIU C. Y. , QIU X. M. , LIU Y. L. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe present study was conducted to determine the effects of a polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrophala Koidz (PAM) as a dietary additive on growth performance, immunoglobulin concentration and IL-1β expression in weaned piglets. One hundred and twenty Landrace×Yorkshire piglets weaned at 28 days old (body weight 7·5±0·07 kg) were assigned to five treatment groups (three pens/group, eight piglets/pen) fed maize/soybean-based diets supplemented with 0, 3, 6 or 9 g of PAM/kg diet or antibiotics (0·4 g flavomycin/kg+0·13 g olaquindox/kg). The experimental period was 28 days. With increasing PAM supplementation levels, average daily gain was greater (quadratic, P<0·05) and the ratio of amount fed to live weight (LW) gain (feed/gain) improved (quadratic, P<0·05) during days 14–28 and overall, and diarrhoea incidence decreased (linear, P<0·05) during days 14–28. Supplementation of PAM also increased (quadratic, P<0·05) serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 on day 14, and increased (quadratic, P<0·05) IL-1β expression in jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes. Concentrations of PAM between 6 and 9 g/kg presented the strongest bioactivity compared to the control group or antibiotic-fed group. These findings indicate that PAM is effective in improving growth performance and cytokine response, which suggests that PAM can be used as a diet additive for weanling piglets.
Environmental and genetic variation of phenolic compounds in grapes (Vitis vinifera) from northwest Spain
Authors: VILANOVA M. , SANTALLA M. , MASA A. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of cultivars and environment on phenolic composition were analysed in a 7-year experiment comprising 18 grape cultivars (10 red, 8 white) in Spain. A total of 37 flavonoids (14 anthocyanins in red cultivars; 14 flavonols and 9 dihydroflavonols in white cultivars) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Significant differences between years were observed for most of the compounds (11 of the 14) studied in red cultivars and seven compounds in white cultivars. A significant year×cultivar interaction was observed for some of the flavonoids studied. All the phenolic compounds determined showed significant differences among grape cultivars. A high coefficient of variation was found for five flavonoid compounds: dihydroquercetin-3-glycoide, dihydrokaempferol-3-glycoside, kaempferol-3-glycoside, quercetin-3-glucoside and kaempferol-3-rhamnoside. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the variation observed in the phenolic compounds identified four relatively compact groups for the white and red grape cultivars. It was found that the variation of the phenolic composition among years for white grape cultivars was higher than for red cultivars. Stable profiles between years were found for Sousón, Garnacha, Caiño Tinto and Verdejo Negro. These results also indicate that the effect of year on grape phenolic composition was less than that of cultivar.
The Era of RNA Awakening: Structural biology of RNA in the early years
Authors: Rich Alexander 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the mid-1950s, RNA was a somewhat mysterious molecule with unknown three-dimensional structure and little hard evidence of biological function. Changes began with the 1956 discoveries of the RNA double helix and the phenomenon of nucleic acid hybridization. Discovery of the DNA–RNA hybrid helix in 1960 opened the door to understanding biological information transfer. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis made it possible to precisely define the RNA double helix, discover the novel L-shaped fold of transfer RNA (tRNA), and finally reveal the complete three-dimensional tRNA structure by 1974. By then, a functional understanding of protein synthesis had developed with an appreciation of the various roles of different RNA species. This was the era of RNA awakening.
The importance of English communication skills in multilingual settings in Southern Africa
Authors: Fandrych Ingrid 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAn account of the need for appropriate language skills in a developing multilingual context.Language issues in Southern Africa have always been marked by political struggle. In South Africa, these were sometimes violent, as with, for example, the 1976 Soweto uprisings, in which protests over the medium of education were prominent. One of the priorities of the first democratically elected government of 1994 was to democratise the situation by making eleven languages official, in contrast to the two prior to that, namely Afrikaans and English. In other Southern African countries, language issues have also been characterised by debates and struggles. A prime example is the decision by the Namibian government to make English the official language of the country, even though English had never even been a colonial language in Namibia. Another example is Lesotho, a former British protectorate, with two official languages, English and Sesotho. In the last two decades, there have been numerous debates about the status of English as a subject necessary for a pass in schools and as a prerequisite for admission to university. Kramsch's observation that ‘[l]inguistic wars are always also political and cultural wars’ captures the situation well. Language issues are still on many speakers' minds and influence their sense of self and identity. As Baugh observes, ‘[i]n societies like the United States and South Africa, where race and language development have strongly been influenced by racial strife, many students do not aspire to “talk like Whites”’.
Marxism, International Law, and Political Strategy
Authors: KNOX ROBERT 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe question of international law's role in progressive politics has become increasingly important. This is reflected in an upsurge in scholarship dealing with international law's relationship to imperial power and its progressive potential. There has also been an increase in the number of Marxist accounts of international law, with China Miéville's Between Equal Rights being particularly important. Miéville's book is very pessimistic as to the progressive potential of international law. This article contests Miéville's claims by examining his accounts of legal subjectivity, violence, and indeterminacy, and argues that international law's content is open to progressive appropriations. However, the ‘form’ of international law limits its ability to criticize systemic or structural problems, so that it has very little transformative potential. A progressive politics of international law must therefore take advantage of content without falling foul of form. The article finally enquires whether in some extraordinary situations international law might be transformative.
Gramsci Reconsidered: Hegemony in Global Law
Authors: BUCKEL SONJA , FISCHER-LESCANO ANDREAS 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on Antonio Gramsci's hegemony theory. Hegemony, for Gramsci, is a particular way of living and thinking, a Weltanschauung (world-view), on which the preferences, taste, morality, ethics, and philosophical principles of the majority are based. Social struggles are transformed into legal ones in the course of processes in which juridical intellectuals are organizing hegemony under the special conditions of the legal system. We try to use this concept to contrast it with the prevailing readings of hegemony in international relations and in international law. ‘Hegemonic law’, we argue, is not the law of any superpower, but an asymmetric consensus which relies on a climate of world-society-wide recognition. The concrete form of hegemonic law under particular social conditions depends on the ‘historical bloc’, in which it is coupled with other social praxes. In the post-Westphalian system the historical bloc is fragmented into transnational and colliding legal regimes and law-generating processes in civil society.
Lights and Shadows of Immunities and Inviolability of State Officials in International Law: Some Comments on the Djibouti v. France Case
Authors: BUZZINI GIONATA PIERO 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article examines the reasoning and findings of the International Court of Justice in its judgment in Djibouti v. France on issues pertaining to the immunities and inviolability of state officials. While recognizing the Court's contribution to the clarification of certain aspects of the legal regime of the immunities and inviolability of state officials, the article emphasizes a number of points on which a clear response cannot be found in the judgment. Moreover, some concerns or doubts are raised about the way in which the Court dealt with certain issues regarding, in particular, the classification of immunities, their scope, their implementation, and the acts precluded by their operation. The Court's judgment clearly shows the complexities surrounding the legal treatment of numerous aspects of a topic which continues to be of the highest importance and sensitivity in international law and international relations.
The Practice of ‘Witness Proofing’ in International Criminal Tribunals: Why the International Criminal Court Should Prohibit the Practice
Authors: JORDASH WAYNE 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWitness proofing – or witness preparation – has been common practice at the ad hoc criminal tribunals but was prohibited in the first trial before the International Criminal Court (ICC) (the Lubanga case). The ad hocs have robustly defended the practice, claiming that it assists the efficient presentation of evidence and enhances the truth-finding process. This article examines the way in which the ad hocs have allowed the process to become an integral feature of their procedural regimes without sufficient examination of these apparent merits. The ad hocs appear to have accepted that prohibiting the parties from rehearsing, practising, and coaching evidence was in the interests of justice, but yet – in the uncritical acceptance of the benefits of proofing – have sanctioned practices which are impossible to distinguish. The Lubanga case represented a welcome attempt by the ICC to examine proofing and its attendant risks and, for the reasons outlined in the article, the chambers arrived somewhere close to the right decision.
Two Kinds of Wrong: On the Context Element of Crimes against Humanity
Authors: KIRSCH STEFAN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIt can be shown that – as with the tie between crimes against humanity and the perpetration of other international crimes in the Charter of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg – the context element of the crimes against humanity as set out in the Rome Statute is based on the international law principle of non-interference in the affairs of a foreign country, and only serves to justify ‘international’ jurisdiction in respect of crimes which are typically already punishable pursuant to the lex loci commissii. As a consequence, the feature of a ‘widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population’ is not an aggravating circumstance in respect of the material facts of the case that define the wrong of the act (Unrecht) or the offender's blameworthiness (Schuld), but a jurisdictional element which is a mere precondition for prosecution only.
In Search of a Fair Balance: The Absolute Character of the Prohibition of Refoulement under Article 3 ECHR Reassessed
Authors: BATTJES HEMME 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAccording to well-established case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the prohibition on expulsion resulting in ill-treatment under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights is ‘absolute’: it does not allow for balancing of interests. Analysis of the Court's case law, however, shows that the application of the provision involves various forms of balancing, for example when delimiting the burden of proof or qualifying an act as ill-treatment. The absolute character expresses a value judgement about the importance of the prohibition, and it serves as an argumentative tool applied to sustain wide or inclusive readings of Article 3 ECHR.
Been There: Physicians Speak for Themselves
Authors: Bennahum David A. , Kimsma Gerrit K. , Spreeuwenberg Cor 
Published: July 2009

Some years ago I received the following letter from a friend who became my patient.In pursuit of my ultimate objective of being in control of my self-deliverance at the time when my physical condition no longer warrants continuance, I have joined the Hemlock Society of Los Angeles. The Society urges its members to explore with their personal physicians this subject well in advance of the actual moment of necessity, and in particular the problem of acquiring a lethal dose of a drug that will provide a release consistent in quality with the degree of peace and serenity sought in life. It is my hope that we can find a process commensurate with your moral and professional concerns which will allow us to collaborate.
Reviving the Swan, Extending the Curse of Methuselah, or Adhering to the Kevorkian Ethic?
Authors: Smith George P. 
Published: July 2009

Methuselah, it is said, lived 969 years. His state of health at death is not revealed. It can only be surmised that he was surely not robust and, no doubt, was subject to all of the infirmities of old age and the tragic indignities associated with senility.Jonathan Swift captured well the “curse” of immortality when, inGulliver's Travels, he created a group of individuals, the Struldbrugs, who, when encountered, dulled what had heretofore been an appetite for perpetual life. The Struldbrugs were allowed to be born totally exempt from the “calamity of human Nature,” in that their minds were free “and disingaged (sic), without the Weight and De pression of Spirits caused by the continued Apprehension of Death.” They were thus condemned “to a perpetual continuance in the World.” In his travels, Gulliver found some Struldbrugs well over 1,000 years old.
CQ Interview: Derek Humphry on Death with Dignity Thomasine Kushner
Authors: Kushner Thomasine 
Published: July 2009

CQ: Do you see the Patient Self-Determination Act as a positive step toward the goals you and the Hemlock Society have been pursuing for many years?DH: The main value is education; it has impressed on health professionals that the federal government backs right-to-die issues. The federal government did not legislate when you would die or how you would die, but it did say providers must obey state regulations, and if you do not they are going to withdraw our funds. I am a great believer that legislation in needed to back up education. We were enormously pleased to see the Patient Self-Determination Act come into law without much fuss. It is a very useful step.
Washington State Initiative 119: The First Public Vote on Legalizing Physician-Assisted Death
Authors: McGough Peter M. 
Published: July 2009

In the fall of 1991, voters in Washington state were asked to consider a public initiative that sought to legalize physician-assisted death: Initiative 119. Drafted by Washington Citizens for Death with Dignity, the initiative was intended to amend the existing state natural death act in several ways:1) expand the definition of “terminal condition” to include patients in irrevers ible coma or persistent vegetative state;2) specifically name “artificial nutrition and hydration” as life-sustaining medical procedures that could be refused or withdrawn;3) legally allow mentally competent patients with certifiably terminal conditions to request and receive “aid-in-dying” from their physician as a medical service.The first two proposed amendments were widely acknowledged as timely and appropriate; a coalition of medical, religious, and community organizations had been actively working on such additions for several years. It was the proposal to legalize “aid-in-dying,” however, that represented a radical shift in the conduct of physicians towards their patients and a dramatic shift in social policy.
Must Good Causes Compete?
Authors: Midgley Mary 
Published: July 2009

Rather than discussing the economic side of competition, the actual shortage of resources, I want to discuss competitiveness itself, the competitive attitude. Certainly good causes must in a sense be in competition; that is, they must share resources. The question is should they actively compete? Should they see themselves as competing?I want to look at a range of difficulties that seem endemic to controversy as such. Some of the difficulties are psychological, but that does not mean that they are accidental, neurotic oddities of particular disputants. They afflict almost everybody who must argue about something important. Other difficulties are in-trinsic in the nature of human life–clashes between rival values, needs, and ideals, places where no fully satisfactory resolution seems attainable.
Acting or Letting Go: Medical Decision Making in Neonatology in The Netherlands
Authors: van Leeuwen E. , Kimsma G. K. 
Published: July 2009

The development of neonatology and the establishment of neonatal intensive care units has led to a vast array of new medical ethical problems and dilemmas centered around discontinuing treatment or nontreatment decisions. Neonatology has become one of the fields that has made clear that medical success is only rarely nonproblematic. The new technology can be a blessing for some, but it may also become a sad experience to others, with life-long repercussions.The ethical problems of neonatology transcend national boundaries. Nevertheless, there are differences in approach among various countries. In The Netherlands, the ethical deliberations have been a matter of public debate, but most of the decision making is left to the medical profession; these decisions are considered too harsh for the general public. Recently, two developments have emerged. The Royal Dutch Medical Association (RDMA) and the Dutch Pediatrics Society have published reports with guidelines and ethical reflections. Over the same period of time, cases have been brought to court for legal analysis and the development of case precedence.
The Outpatient Management of a Brain Dead Child
Authors: Stidham Gregory L. , Goldworth Amnon , Joralemon Gail , Bennahum David A. , Ivanjushkin Alexander 
Published: July 2009

The patient, a 27-month-old girl, presented to Hospital B by ambulance in acute respiratory failure due to bilateral pneumothoraces.At 41 weeks, the patient had been delivered by Cesarean section for failure to progress at Hospital A in the same city. Three days after birth she suffered a respiratory arrest. Resuscitation and ventilator support were initiated promptly but the child did poorly, and shortly after this first arrest, the parents were told by the child's physician that she had no chance of recovery. Nevertheless, the mother continued to insist that the child be kept on a respirator and aggressive support be maintained.