bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CKM Phases and Interference CP Violation
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The parameter relevant for interference CP violation in the transitions B A,IA1 in that model. In this chapter we assume that qs /PB,, is given by a phase, but allow this phase to differ from the standard-model (SM) one-cf. eqn (30.33). As for the decay amplitudes, we assume that they are dominate by SM diagrams, but allow non-unitarity of the CKM matrix to alter the corresponding phases from their allowed values in the SM. We start by assuming that the decay amplitudes are dominated by a single weak phase. study the effect of subdominant contributions to the decay, still within the SM.Let us assume that the amplitudes are dominated by the tree-level diagrams of the SM.
Universals of Legal Reasoning by Judges
Authors: Lundmark Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The lion’s share of the pages of this volume extract illustrations from judicial judgments that utilize one or more of a matrix of four varieties of legal argument inspired by the rich academic tradition of Germany. These varieties are denominated here as the textual, historical, purposive, and system-contextual. Briefly, textual justifications are those that are fashioned around the terms of a rule. Historical justifications focus on the circumstances surrounding the making or judicial modification of a rule. Purposive justifications explicitly employ the policies that a rule is said to promote. System-contextual justifications are those arguments that employ the terms ‘analogical’, ‘reasonable’, ‘right’, ‘legal’, ‘constitutional’, ‘legitimate’, ‘appropriate’, ‘proportionate’, ‘fair’, ‘just’, ‘equitable’, ‘merciful’, or in accordance with Treu und Glauben, good faith, the rule of law, or some other expression of justice. It is contended that this matrix of four is the most descriptive and convenient matrix of categories of legal argument. This book also exhibits dozens of instances in which judges erect a façade of disinterest and impartiality by stating or implying that a rule dictates a particular result when, in fact, the choice of argument or method is goal-orientated: the arguments merely serve to rationalize and justify decisions that the judges have reached. The book concludes with a list of theses and conclusions and with a plea for candour: judges should reveal their thoughts and motivations—their ultimate reasons—to enhance the persuasiveness and efficacy of their precedents, to foster democratic legitimacy, and to permit political accountability.
Moldovan and Maltese
Authors: Smith John Charles 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines two linguistic issues which came to prominence during the years between the First and Second World Wars—the emergence of the concept of Moldovan as a distinct language from Romanian, and the controversy over the origins and linguistic affiliation of Maltese. The chapter claims that the developments and debates involved, whatever the differences between them on the surface, share a fundamental similarity, in as much as each has at its core the subversion of historical linguistics to serve political and ideological ends and can be regarded as representing linguistic historicism (in the sense of Popper)—a deterministic and teleological approach to language history.
A conceptual theory of the goal inhibition system
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘A conceptual theory of the Goal Inhibition System’ (GIS) presents an updated version of what was known previously as the Behavioural Inhibition System. It emphasizes some minor, mostly terminological differences, that can have a major impact on interpretation. It summarizes the key conclusions of the four previous chapters. The ethoexperimental analysis of Chapter 2 elucidates the differences between fear and anxiety from a stimulus perspective but the learning analysis of Chapter 3 makes a cognitive/functional perspective more attractive. Importantly, as derived in Chapter 3, attraction can result from gain or omission of loss, repulsion from loss or the omission of gain, and goal conflict from concurrent incompatible attraction and repulsion. Goal conflict is sensitive to anxiolytic drugs, defining the GIS and accounting for its outputs of goal inhibition, arousal, attention, and risk assessment. A modular diagram of the whole and pointers to its neural basis are provided.
Fundamentals of the septo-hippocampal system
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘Fundamentals of the septo-hippocampal system’ derives a range of data principles from an overview of sept-hippocampal data. It reviews anxiolytic action on the septo-hippocampal system and behaviour; the control of rhythmical slow activity (RSA)/‘theta’ activity; the relationship of the system to sensory processing, working/active memory, conditioning, and emotion. It then discusses how to approach understanding of the system, its anatomy, and its role in long-term memory via mismatch detection. It emphasizes the important role of affectively linked neuromodulatory systems in the control of hippocampal function; and the important role of the hippocampus in the control of at least 70 chemical factors, including corticosterone/cortisol. Its series of principles are solidly based on the available data and so all theories should be judged against them. While the principles place severe limits on the assumptions and machinery of a theory, they are not sufficient to provide a theory in and of themselves.
Security Rights and Creditors’ Priority and Ranking: Realizable Priority in Rescue
Authors: Janger Edward J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the major types of priority and the major systems of security rights. A careful disaggregation of distributional priority sits at the centre of understanding the notion of value allocation in insolvency. The chapter then elaborates on the notion and interplay of firm-based priority (in personam), property-based priority (in rem), and bankruptcy-based priority. It explains the scope of security in line with distinguishing asset-based and firm-based claims of priority. The basic structure of priorities exists in the United States, the United Kingdom, and continental systems, but the outline is often obscured by difficulties in translating common terms across systems.
Press Freedom and Regulation in a Digital Era
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The processes of convergence and digitalization have altered the technological conditions in which the press operates. They have transformed the press product, which was originally the physical embodiment of ink on paper, to the now ubiquitous digital editions. More than that, they have altered the environment in which the press stakes its claim to freedom and strives to protect its turf from other media players. Historically, the extent to which a medium has been shielded from or subjected to government regulation has depended on its technological characteristics. The advent of internet-based services and applications has blurred the technological boundaries between the press, broadcasting, and telecommunications, and has challenged their regulatory silos. Nonetheless, media regulation is still wedded to the paradigms of a press largely free from government regulation and a broadcasting sector tightly controlled to serve the public interest. The press’s archetypal conception as a free-market medium aligns with the traditional commitment of convergence to neoliberal ideals. Yet in recent times a regulatory turn, triggered by concern about the online circulation of harmful content, has also created a new paradigm for the field of online news media. This monograph assesses the extent to which the emergent regulatory model for online news media is shaped by analogies from the past or, rather, by a newly prevalent culture of control. It examines the ways in which Council of Europe, EU, German, UK, and US legislators, policymakers, and the courts negotiate these conflicting imperatives, and assesses the concomitant challenges for press freedom in the nascent digital news ecosystem.
The Architecture of Clouds
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to describe, in a visual, poetic, and personal way, how clouds are put together. Clouds are related to our everyday life and to the weather, while attempting to interest the reader in becoming more observant of them. The art and science of clouds are linked together. Elementary scientific explanations of the meteorological context in which clouds appear and why they form, are provided together with a description of the visual/artistic aspects of clouds. The dynamics of air motion, cloud microphysics, and thermodynamics are discussed at a level directed at a scientifically literate audience, but one with no special knowledge of higher mathematics. The esthetics of clouds may, however, be appreciated by the layperson with no scientific background. The clouds showcased range from placid ground fog to smoothly sculpted, stationary, mountain-wave clouds to violent clouds associated with convective storms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Clouds are classified as whether they are buoyant or not, and if they are, how deep they extend through the atmosphere. There is a section on clouds that rotate and a look into the future of cloud observations. Photographs from the ground, all over the world, are shown, and also from the air and from satellites. Radar depictions of the inside of some clouds and storms are also featured. This book should be of interest to scientists and laypeople alike, and appreciated by those of all ages.
Non-buoyant Clouds in a Stable Atmosphere
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Non-buoyant clouds, however, tend to be smoother looking and flatter, especially in lower portions of the atmosphere, where they are composed of tiny liquid water droplets. Stratiform clouds and their accompanying weather conditions and associated vertical air motions are described in this chapter. Sometimes these clouds appear in layers; sometimes they are expansive, covering much of the sky, while at other times they are localized. Stratus, fog, altostratus, and cirrostratus are highlighted as the flattest clouds. Clouds produced as a result of gravity waves forced by airflow over mountains and related wavelike phenomena are then shown. Cloud lines associated with boundary-layer rolls and bores are described, followed by isolated cirrus clouds, cirrocumulus, and contrails.
Innovating Accelerator Technologies for Society
Authors: Ballarino Amalia , Boyle Tim , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 4 discusses innovative developments in accelerator technology and their potential impact on society. The requests to fulfil high energy physics (HEP) programmes generate intensive R&D phases followed by industrialisation of novel devices and systems. The chapter covers innovating accelerator technologies, such as superconducting magnets and superconducting electrical transmission, that impact society. The genesis of innovation in science projects is discussed together with the challenges and processes that can make a ground-breaking technology, born in large science projects, possible. Medical applications, energy generation, electrical transmission, life sciences, and other societal outcomes including applications to climate change, archaeology, cultural preservation, cultural heritage, and art are presented. The challenges and different approaches when collaborating with industry, research laboratories, or universities are presented.
Big Science Medical Applications from Accelerator Physics
Authors: Safavi-Naeini Mitra , Boyle Timothy P. , Sheehy Suzie , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 9 gives an overview of the current and emerging applications of accelerator technologies and their innovation in radiation therapy and medical imaging while also outlining the contribution of Big Science organisations such as CERN to high energy particle therapy. By way of example, recent developments made in ANSTO the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation are explored. After a brief historical analysis, the human-centric applications of accelerator physics and detection technologies are presented, including proton therapy and forecasted clinical and market trends. A description is given of a new open innovation initiative called Neutron Capture Enhanced Particle Therapy (NCEPT), which combines the precision of particle therapy with targeting specific neutron capture therapy.
Well-ordered Big Science, Innovation, and Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Shah Faiz , Bressan Beatrice , Garcia Tello Pablo , Streit-Bianchi Marilena , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 12 examines how Big Science, as public capital, gives rise to innovation that can impact wellbeing and the role of entrepreneurship in contributing to wealth and development. The chapter explores the existing connection between scientific discovery, human capital, social enterprise, and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, social responsibility, and global equity surfaced during the recent Covid-19 pandemic, and the rapid deployment of physics and biological knowledge has contributed to the deployment of collective solutions. Using sociological, humanitarian, and managerial frameworks, the chapter connects science with society and explores the cross-connection and methodologies in dealing with complex knowledge-related, social and environmental issues and the ethical concerns that confront contemporary societies and human societies in the world.
Future of Big Science Projects in Particle Physics
Authors: Taylor Geoff , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 13 outlines the global physics community’s role in Big Science contributions, based upon experience in high energy collider physics. The growing role of Asia, in particular China, Japan, South Korea, and India, is discussed to explore the power of international collaborations. An overview of some of the key major facilities, present and future, is outlined, highlighting the challenges facing collaboration across politically, culturally, and geographically diverse groups of the particle and astrophysics community in Asia. This chapter puts Asia’s particle physics initiatives in perspective and suggests how possible global-scale pan-Asian collaboration can be initiated and sustained. Several options are available for Asia’s future trajectory. One of the considerations is the International Linear Collider (ILC). Other options include high energy circular accelerators, neutrino physics facilities, and space research developments in astrophysics and cosmology. Building a culture of global collaboration is not easy. Asia can learn from successful European institutions like CERN and ESO where building international collaboration amongst nations with diverse cultural, political, and economic settings has been ongoing for many years.
The Social and Educational Responsibility of Big Science
Authors: Goldfarb Steven , Kourkoumelis Christine , Skvarciany Viktorija , Thong Christine , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 14 addresses the learning processes embedded in Big Science operations. The authors explore how Big Science contributes to knowledge and skill development, the special role learning plays in research, and how society can benefit from these learning processes. Big Science contributions to pedagogy, curriculum, and teacher professional development are presented to inform how learning can be relevant, interesting, and engaging for future generations of scientists and community leaders. The role of formal and informal learning processes in Big Science is discussed to explain how creative, experiential, and inquiry-based learning can prepare students to tackle future challenges. The role of scientific educational initiatives in teaching the scientific process and in fostering appreciation of fundamental research is outlined, including connections developed between the research community, public education, and industry. The beneficial roles of education in Big Science and the understanding of beneficial direct and indirect outcomes for society are outlined.
Secession and European Union Law
Authors: González Campañá Núria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Secession is a live issue in today’s Western Europe. In the last decade, we have witnessed the consolidation of pro-independence movements in Scotland and Catalonia, and in the near future, we might see their re-emergence or the rise of other pro-secession movements in other European regions. The response of the EU institutions to secession within EU Member States may well be based mainly on political considerations. However, since the EU is a community based on the rule of law, it has also to justify its position with normative arguments of principle. Secession and European Union Law provides such normative support, drawing on a pluralist reading of the relation between EU law and national law, to support the conclusion that EU law should respect domestic constitutional orders. This book studies secession within EU Member States through legal methodology: the theoretical-doctrinal analysis of concepts and institutions, considering the evolving reality and case law. The legal approach has three dimensions, given the three different legal orders that interact at the EU level: international law, EU law, and national constitutional law. Based on article 4(2) TEU, the central claim of this book is that the EU duty to respect national identity and fundamental constitutional structures generate obligations to respect Member States’ constitutional orders, provided that the values enshrined in the article are not violated by the Member State affected.
Mapping the Field: New Interest in an Overlooked Provision
Authors: Dunlop Emma 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
While article 16 of the 1951 Convention has not received extensive attention from academic commentators, there is a renewed interest in recent scholarship. Chapter 2 examines the evolution of scholars’ views on eight issues: (i) whether the term ‘refugee’ in article 16 encompasses the unrecognised asylum seeker; (ii) the scope of the term ‘courts’, and the provision’s application to RSD proceedings; (iii) the geographic scope of the provision; (iv) whether ‘free’ access implies a guarantee of ‘effective’ access; (v) the appropriate definition of ‘habitual residence’, and whether legal residence is a pre-requisite; (vi) the scope of the term ‘matters pertaining to access to the Courts’; (vii) the appropriate comparator for whether a ‘refugee’ is afforded ‘the same treatment as a national’; and (viii) whether article 16 obliges the Contracting State to create jurisdiction to hear a dispute where a court otherwise lacks competence. It also surveys UNHCR and ExCom guidance.
Intentional Anti-Realism II
Authors: Horowitz Amir 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 further develops intentional anti-realism, and rebuffs objections. First, it criticizes the argument from the explanatory and predictive success of content ascriptions for intentional realism. It is argued that this success is due to the fact that mental states possess logico-syntactic structures, which content ascriptions also ascribe. At the same time, it is argued (following Egan) that ascribing contents to mental states allows for the explanation of types of explananda that are of interest to us. The notion of thick logico-syntactic structures is further developed, and it is argued that such structures are naturalistically individuated. The chapter then addresses the cognitive suicide charge against intentional anti-realism. It is admitted that, according to intentional anti-realism, whereas “There are no mental states” is true, it isn’t true that there are no intentional states. However, this implication is argued to be a legitimate characteristic of a radical philosophy. The chapter ends with another argument for intentional anti-realism, which applies Ockham’s razor.
A Spectrum of Solidarities
Authors: Allen Michael , von Essen Erica 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We appeal to the concept of a broad spectrum of solidarities, including those typically dismissed as merely rhetorical and parasitical. The concept of a solidarity spectrum captures both the phenomena of nonhuman solidarities among wild so-called co-predators, working together, and human solidarity with co-predators. We first consider the present normative literature on solidarity to establish the case for understanding solidarity as a spectrum of relations, practices, and actions, with different and morally ambiguous consequences for in- and out-group members. We then apply this concept of a spectrum of solidarities to the zoological and ethological research concerning co-predation alliances among members of different species reducing their own vulnerabilities in the wild, but only at the expense of other species. We also consider interspecies solidarity through practices like alloparenting. Finally, we argue human solidarity with wild co-predatory killers represents yet another gradation along the broad spectrum of solidarities. Our analysis contributes an approach to understanding diverse forms of solidarity across different species lines otherwise lacking in the recent solidarity literature concerning nonhuman and human animals.
Binaries
Authors: Heath J. M. F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Taste is expressed in daily life as a preference for this and not that: this is tasty, that is disgusting. Bourdieu emphasized that the vocabulary of such binary oppositional judgements is similar in all different domains in which taste is exercised, because all domains are ultimately ordered by the relationship between dominant and dominated classes, each of which develops a ‘practical mastery’ of the tastes that allow them to flourish in their own social setting. In Bourdieu’s analysis, this social binary dismantles traditional oppositions between body/soul; matter/spirit; object/subject, etc. This chapter shows how Clement too inculcates a ‘practical mastery’ of day-to-day binary oppositions, but unlike Bourdieu’s, his trains people in a ‘practical mastery’ of the overarching dualistic structure of salvation. This may be analysed through the philosophical/theological opposition contrasting kata physin and para physin; or by religious oppositions such as God vs. demons/idols; or by personally involving soteriological pairs of life/death.
The Hydrogen Strategy
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The role of hydrogen in the fight against global warming is explained. The properties of hydrogen, and its transportation as a gas or liquid are covered. The methods for the production of hydrogen, by an electrolyser, methane steam reforming (MSR), and the water–gas shift reaction are described. The use of hydrogen in fuel cells and the production of hydrogen-powered engines to replace diesel are stated as a future market for hydrogen. The use of high-temperature reactors to produce hydrogen by methane pyrolysis and water splitting is explained. Several methods of carbon capture and storage (CCS) are detailed. Energy storage technology and the special role of hydrogen as an energy storage medium are explained. Specific hydrogen production projects, Murchison Hydrogen Renewables, the NEOM Green Hydrogen Project, and the Worley design for a 36,000 MW electrolyser plant are described. The use of the colours of the rainbow to describe hydrogen is explained.