bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in an isolation ward for burned patients
Authors: Hambraeus Anna 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA one-year epidemiological investigation was made in an isolation ward for burned patients. The transmission of Staphylococcus aureus was mainly studied. In spite of the design of the ward the cross-infection rate was high. In all, 49 of 69 patients were infected 114 times. Twenty-six of the strains causing infection were found in a patient only, 10 in a member of the staff only and 23 in both patients and staff the week before they caused a new infection. There were three epidemic outbreaks caused by three strains of Staph. aureus all belonging to phage group III; one was resistant to methicillin. Environmental studies with settle plates showed that the number of staphylococci dispersed by a burned patient was often very high. In 8% of the observations in occupied bedrooms the air count of Staph. aureus was more than 1800 col./m.2 hr. However, the counts of Staph. aureus in the corridor and service areas were low. This seems to indicate a rather good protection against airborne transfer of bacteria. Other routes of infection were probably of greater importance.
Micropolysporafaeniand farmer's lung disease
Authors: Fletcher S. M. , Rondle C. J. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSeveral methods were used to obtain serologically active materials from cultures ofMicropolyspora faeni. From the results of immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests on these materials it is suggested that preparations for the laboratory diagnosis of farmer's lung disease (FLD) should contain concentrated culture supernatant (CS) and extracts of mycelium obtained by ultrasonic treatment (MU). Although CS and MU have many serological activities in common they also possess activities unique to each.Extraction of mycelium with trichloracetic acid, boiling water or methanol yielded a product which gave simple patterns in immunodiffusion tests. The products contained little protein but were rich in carbohydrates, particularly arabinose, galactose and glucosamine. A similar material was obtained from a cell-wall preparation by treatment with lysozyme. Antibodies to the serologically active substances in these materials occurred more frequently in sera of patients with FLD than antibodies to any otherM. faeniantigen.Attempts to obtain serologically active materials from spores were unsuccessful. Moreover antibodies toM. faenicould not be removed from patients' sera by absorption with partially purified spore preparations. It is suggested that the hypersensitivity in FLD arises from exposure to mycelial antigens.
Salmonella javianainfection in an infant associated with a marsupial, the quokka,Setonix brachyurus, in Western Australia
Authors: Iveson J. B. , Bradshaw S. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSalmonella javiana, a serotype rarely isolated in Australia, has been recovered from the faeces of a 14-month-old infant with symptoms of enteritis.The child had been closely associated with a marsupial species, the quokka, during a vacation on Rottnest Island in Western Australia, andS. javianawas isolated from faecal pellets from adult quokkas, and also from a snake collected on the island.Sampling revealed a high incidence ofSalmonellainfection in the quokkas. In all, 62 out of 87 animals (71%) were found to be infected, and 17Salmonellaand 3Arizonaserotypes were identified from 100 isolations comprising 92 salmonellas and 8 arizonas. Multiple infections were frequently detected and up to four serotypes were recovered from individual animals.S. javianawas isolated from four quokkas.A close parallel was observed between the serotypes isolated from quokkas and sea-gulls on the island, and abattoir effluents, lake waters, bird droppings and reptiles sampled on the adjacent mainland.The epidemiological significance ofSalmonellaandArizonainfections in the quokka population and their possible association with the seasonal decline in condition and numbers of animals on Rottnest Island is discussed.
Thermal sensations of secondary schoolchildren in summer
Authors: Auliciems A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSummer thermal sensations of secondary schoolchildren in England are compared with those earlier published for winter. Heat stress, contrary to expectation, is seen to decrease during the warm months, and neutrality is found to increase by some 6° F. (3·5° C.) air temperature, which is more than double the increases observed for adults under similar circumstances.
Salmonella dublin abortion in cattle: I. Observations on the serum agglutination test
Authors: Hinton M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe somatic and flagellar serum agglutinin titre were determined in paired samples obtained from seventy-seven cases of bovine abortion associated with Salmonella dublin infection. The cases could be divided into four serological groups with an active infection being demonstrated in most cases. The serum agglutination test was shown to be a relatively specific diagnostic test but was of more limited value in the retrospective identification of convalescent cases.
Antigenic analysis of prototype influenza A (H3N2) strains by the antiserum absorption method
Authors: Tak´tsy Gy. , Barb K. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPrototype strains of the influenza A (H3N2) virus can be arranged on a gradient showing the degree of the antigenic drift which the haemagglutinins of the strains have undergone. The demonstration of fine antigenic differences is based on an antiserum absorption test which allows a detailed antigenic analysis of strains. The gradient provides information on variation in strains occurring in different geographical areas and its use may be helpful in differentiating between introduced strains and locally developing variants.
Typhoid fever imported from Mexico to Switzerland. Studies on R factor mediated chloramphenicol resistance
Authors: Waldvogel F. A. , Pitton J. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA case of typhoid fever caused bySalmonella typhioccurred in Geneva. The patient was probably infected in Mexico City. The strain isolated from this patient corresponds with the description of the MexicanS. typhistrain, since it is a degraded Vi-strain resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. It carried anfi−transferable R factor with a CSSuT resistance pattern. It can be accepted that this case forms part of the Mexican outbreak of chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever which has already been observed in visitors to Mexico from England and the United States.
A bacteriological study of endemic tuberculosis in birds
Authors: Schaefer W. B. , Beer J. V. , Wood N. A. , Boughton E. , Jenkins P. A. , Marks J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTyping ofMycobacterium aviumstrains obtained in a study of endemic tuberculosis in a Wildfowl Reserve permitted the recognition of two separate infected groups. The main infection was in Anatidae and was due toM. avium, type 1; the other was in chickens used for incubation and brooding and the predominance in it of type 2 agreed with normal experience of birds, pigs and cattle in Britain. Many of the strains isolated from the Anatidae were aberrant and methods used to investigate these are described; two of the strains may belong to a new type. Birds which died from other causes, usually trauma, often had subclinical tuberculosis and 5% of the samples of mud and soil examined yieldedM. avium.
The effect of saline on the eye irritation caused by swimming-pool water
Authors: Rylander Ragnar , Victorin Katarina , Sörensen Stefan 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn laboratory experiments the acute eye irritation produced by exposure to tap water was not significantly increased when chlorine compounds were added to the water at concentrations of 1 mg./l. The greatest irritation was produced by 2 mg. Cl2/1. as NH2C1. The addition of NaCl at concentrations above about 0·5% abolished the irritant effect of tap water, and prevented irritation even when 1 mg. Cl2/1. was present.In a field experiment involving two swimming baths, one with fresh and the other with saline water (0·5 % NaCl), eye irritation in the saline bath was significantly lower than in the freshwater bath only when the swimming time did not exceed 30 min.
Sonne dysentery in day schools and nurseries: an eighteen-year study in Edmonton
Authors: Thomas Mair E. M. , Tillett Hilary E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA study of Sonne dysentery infections in 19 primary and 11 secondary day-schools and 4 day-nurseries has been made over a period of 18 years in an urban area. Measures were taken throughout to try to prevent and control outbreaks. Sonne dysentery was not endemic in the school population and, even at times of high incidence, epidemics were localized within a few of the primary schools, usually in the spring or autumn terms. Incidence rates of Sonne dysentery were highest in primary schools with large infant departments and in nurseries. Secondary schools entirely escaped outbreaks.The co-operation of head teachers was engaged for all precautionary measures in schools. A policy of immediate exclusion of suspected and infected children was useful in preventing and controlling school epidemics of dysentery. Toilet hygiene was often poor in schools with outbreaks, and this was found to be a profitable field for applying control measures. Infected kitchen workers were only occasionally involved.Recommendations are given in the light of this study, and some reference is made to the more difficult problem posed by dysentery outbreaks in day-nurseries, where temporary closure may be the best policy. It is important that responsibility for infectious disease control in schools be clearly delineated in the reorganized health services of 1974. Teachers can play an important part in limiting infection.
Nasal immunoglobulin responses in acute rubella determined by the immunofluorescent technique
Authors: Cradock-Watson J. E. , Ridehalgh Margaret K. S. , Bourne M. S. , Vandervelde Eltse M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe indirect immunofluorescent technique has been used to study the specific immunoglobulin responses in nasal secretions from ten adults with acute rubella. Titres of IgA antibody in nasal washings usually exceeded those of IgG, but both types of antibody were detected in all patients. They appeared a few days after the rash, reached maximum titres during the second week and then declined. IgA antibody was no longer detectable after 47 days and was not detected at all in nasal washings from adults who had experienced rubella in the past. Low titres of IgG antibody persisted in some patients for longer than IgA and traces of IgG were found in nasal washings from a minority of adults with a past history of rubella. Nasal antibodies in acute rubella are therefore transient and unlikely to take part in resistance to reinfection.In sucrose-density gradients nasal IgA antibody sedimented more rapidly than IgG and there was little overlap between these two types of antibody. IgA antibody in serum was more heterogeneous; it was found in nearly all the fractions which contained IgG antibody and in many of those which contained IgM.
Clostridium botulinumin Scottish fish farms and farmed trout
Authors: Burns G. F. , Williams H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRainbow trout and specimens of pond mud were collected from three fish farms and examined for the presence ofClostridium botulinum.Two of the farms were constructed with concrete channels and one was mud-bottomed.Cl. botulinumwas isolated only from the mud-bottomed farm (24% of muds), and the isolates were all non-proteolytic type B. The implications of the presence ofCl. botulinumspores in the mud of fish farms is discussed.
Experimental studies on environmental contamination with infected blood during haemodialysis
Authors:   Medical Research Council Working Party
Published: May 2009

To assess the relative importance of different postulated modes of spread of hepatitis B in dialysis units, blood charged with various tracer organisms was used in simulated haemodialysis runs in four laboratories, and the resulting contamination of equipment and environment was measured semi-quantitatively.Some airborne spread of the tracer organism occurred when tubing containing contaminated blood was needled as the ‘patient’ went on and came off the dialyser. Virtually no small airborne particles could be demonstrated however in simulated emergencies in which a blood line was disconnected, or even when bottles of blood were dropped on to a hard floor from a height of 2 metres.Bacillus globigii spores from contaminated blood leaked in small numbers into the dialysing fluid through apparently intact coils. T3 phage, with a particle size of the same order as hepatitis B virus, passed in small quantities through the membrane of a Kiil dialyser from blood to dialysing fluid and also in the reverse direction when added to the header tank. A number of other dialysers were also permeable to phage.Visual assessment of the appropriate moment for inserting the venous line into the ‘patient’ at the onset of dialysis was shown to be unreliable, as the displaced fluid from the end of the venous line was already contaminated before it contained visible red blood cells.Considerable contamination of exposed surfaces and of the buttons on the proportionating unit cabinet occurred. Minor visible splashing of blood was a commonplace of the laboratory experiments and was shown to be also a common event during routine haemodialysis in two of the dialysis units taking part in the studies.
The immune response to infection with vaccinia virus in mice: I. Infection and the production of antibody neutralizing cell-associated and cell-free virus
Authors: Hutt Lindsey M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe onset, duration and magnitude of antibody responses to a poxvirus infection were examined. Mice were inoculated intravenously with the WR strain of vaccinia virus and developed pocks on their tails. The number of pocks was related to the size of the inoculum. Virus was detectable in the spleen and infected mice were subsequently immune to intravenous and intra-nasal challenge. Sera of infected animals neutralized both cell-free and cell-associated virus. Antibody against cell-free virus appeared first; maximum titres were reached sooner but were lower than those of antibody neutralizing cell-associated virus. Titres remained high for at least 100 days after infection.
Fluid and solid media for isolation of Brucella abortus
Authors: Brodie J. , Sinton G. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe use of a fluid-enrichment technique increased by 10–16% the recovery rate of Brucella abortus from milks of herds positive to a milk ring test. Three solid media for direct cultural techniques were also tested on the same milks. Combinations of these techniques produced a recovery rate of ca. 88% from MRT-positive-herd milks using a mixture of the centrifuged deposit and cream layer as the inoculum as against a recovery rate of ca. 75% using the MRT cream layer as inoculum. B. abortus biotypes 1–5 and 9 were isolated and growth of all the biotypes was supported by all media used.
The survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus in open air conditions
Authors: Donaldson A. I. , Ferris N. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe influence of the Open Air Factor (OAF) and daylight on the survival of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus held as captured aerosols on spider micro-threads has been investigated. Virus inactivation due to OAF was slight. Similarly, the effect of daylight on the survival of virus was not marked. The results are discussed in relation to the airborne spread of FMD virus in nature.
Myxomatosis: the virulence of field strains of myxoma virus in a population of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) with high resistance to myxomatosis
Authors: Edmonds J. W. , Nolan I. F. , Shepherd Rosamond C. H. , Gocs A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe virulence of field strains of myxoma virus is increasing in the Mallee region of Victoria where the resistance of the rabbit to myxomatosis is high. This suggests that the climax association will be a moderately severe disease.
Field trials of difenacoum against warfarin-resistant infestations of Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Rennison B. D. , Hadler M. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe anticoagulant difenacoum was tested at two concentrations, 0·005 and 0·01%, in bait against warfarin-resistant rat infestations in farm buildings. Twelve out of the 14 treatments in which the lower concentration of the anticoagulant was used resulted in complete control. One of the remaining two treatments was probably also completely successful, but in the other a few rats, that were not eating the poisoned baits, were still active after 30 days of baiting. All six treatments done using the stronger concentration of poison were completely effective.Since it took as long to control infestations with 0·01% as with 0·005% difenacoum in treatments carried out under similar conditions, the lower concentration is recommended for use against warfarin-resistant rats.
Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital: I. Air transfer between rooms
Authors: Foord N. , Lidwell O. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMeasurements have been made of the extent of air exchange between patient rooms in a fully air-conditioned hospital using a tracer-gas method.When the rooms were ventilated at about six air changes per hour, had an excess airflow through the doorway of about 0.1 m.3/sec. and the temperature difference between rooms and corridor was less than 0.5° C., concentrations of the tracer in rooms close to that in which it was being liberated were 1000-fold less than that in the source room. This ratio fell to about 200-fold in the absence of any excess airflow through the doorways. Considerable dilution took place along the corridors so that the concentration fell by around 10-fold for every 10 m. of corridor.
Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital: II. Transfer of airborne particles between rooms resulting from the movement of air from one room to another
Authors: Foord N. , Lidwell O. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYExperiments were conducted simultaneously with gas and particle tracers to determine the relative loss of particles between source and recipient sites in the hospital ward units. The magnitude of this loss could be accounted for by the assumption of sedimentation from well-mixed air masses during the time required for movement between source and recipient sites. As a consequence of this loss the degree of isolation between patient rooms for airborne particles was between 4 and 25 times greater than that for gaseous contamination, which reflects the actual transport of air between the rooms.The design and construction of portable spinning-disk particle generators suitable for field studies is discussed.
Contamination of fluids from a hospital pharmacy
Authors: Joynson D. H. M. , Howells C. H. L. , Liddington R. , Williams A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn investigation into the cause of bacterial contamination of bottles of non-injectable water has been reported. A method of monitoring such bottles has also been described. The roles played by autoclave spray-cooling water and inadequate bottle seals in the contamination of fluids have been examined. Possible methods of reducing the risk of contamination are discussed and the design of an improved method of closure of sterile bottled fluids is stressed. Bacteriological examination is shown to be a more accurate index of the true rate of contamination than measurement of dye concentrations of bottle contents.
The routine serological investigation of cases and contacts of rubella
Authors: Pattison J. R. , Dane D. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe results of testing sera from 111 patients with rubella-like illnesses and 283 contacts of patients with rubella-like illnesses are described. A sensitive haemagglutination-inhibition test was used in conjunction with fractionation of serum proteins when this was indicated. It was concluded that the testing of serum protein fractions for IgM and IgG rubella antibody greatly increased the effectiveness of laboratory diagnosis. Evidence is presented that during the study period subclinical rubella was relatively uncommon in adults and that the accuracy of clinical diagnosis was high.
An investigation into the potential hazard to animal health of effluent sludge from dairy factories
Authors: Jones P. W. , Bew Janice , Gammack D. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSixty-three samples of the more solid material (sludge) separated from the effluent plants of dairy factories were examined for the presence of salmonellas and brucellas. Salmonellas were isolated from two samples (S. heidelberg. [1]; S. indiana [1]). No brucellas were isolated. None of the samples supported the growth of S. dublin. Salmonellas added to effluent sludge at a concentration of 106 organisms/ml, survived less than 70 days.The sludge from dairy factory effluent plants does not appear to be a source for the spread of salmonellosis or brucellosis.
An investigation of the possible transmission of rhinovirus colds through indirect contact
Authors: Reed Sylvia E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRhinovirus was recovered from the fingers of 16 of 38 volunteers and others, who were swabbed during the acute stages of their colds. Very low titres of virus were also recovered from 6 of 40 objects recently handled by infected volunteers, but not from the fingers of 18 non-infected subjects whose flat-mates were shedding virus. When rhinovirus from nasal secretions was dried on skin or other surfaces during laboratory experiments, approximately 40–99 % of infectivity was lost. Virus could be transferred from surface to surface by rubbing, the transfer being more efficient if it was carried out while the inoculum was still damp.Volunteers could infect themselves if a moderately heavy dose (88 TCD50) of virus was inoculated on the finger and then rubbed into the conjunctiva or nostril, especially if the inoculum was still damp. From estimates of virus titres in nasal washings and on fingers, and of amounts transferred by rubbing, it was concluded that spread of colds is unlikely to occur via objects contaminated by the hands of the virus-shedder, but that a recipient might pick up enough virus on his fingers by direct contact with heavily infected skin or secretions to constitute a risk of self-inoculation via the conjunctiva or nostril.
Bunyavirus isolations from mosquitoes in the western Canadian Arctic
Authors: McLean D. M. , Grass P. N. , Judd B. D. , Ligate L. V. , Peter K. K. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStrains of California encephalitis virus (snowshoe hare subtype) were isolated from 8 of 475 pools comprising 23747 unengorged female mosquitoes of five species collected at three of six locations throughout the Mackenzie Valley of the Northwest Territories, Canada, from latitudes 60 to 69° N between 10 and 24 July 1976. Minimum field infection rates included 1:2734 forAedes communis, 1:256 to 1:3662 forA. hexodontusand 1:911 to 1:1611 forA. punctor.Northway virus was also isolated from 1 of 3662A. hexodontusmosquitoes collected at Inuvik (69° N, 135° W). Transmission of CE virus byA. communisinfected by feeding on virus in defibrinated blood and incubation at 0, 13 and 23 °C for 13–20 days clearly demonstrates the importance of this species as a natural vector, and transmission of CE virus byCuliseta inornataafter incubation at 0 and 13 °C following intrathoracic injection strengthens evidence of its role as a natural vector. Immunofiuorescence was less reliable than imunoperoxidase for detection of CE viral antigen in mosquito salivary glands.
Travellers' diarrhoea: does it occur in the United Kingdom?
Authors: Freedman B. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOf 485 persons who replied to a questionnaire after attending a European Congress in September 1974, diarrhoea was experienced by 4 of 143 British residents and 2 of 342 visitors to the United Kingdom. This extremely low incidence of travellers' diarrhoea contrasts with the high incidence reported in travellers from countries with cool climates and north European standards of hygiene to countries where these conditions do not hold.