bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of in vitro digestive fluid extraction and traditional in vivo approaches as measures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability from sediments
Authors: Weston Donald P , Mayer Lawrence M 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe bioavailability of particle-associated contaminants was measured by a new approach that employs the digestive fluid of deposit feeders to solubilize contaminants in vitro. The proportion of contaminant solubilized by digestive fluid of the polychaete Arenicola brasiliensis was considered a measure of bioavailability and was contrasted with other, more traditional measures (i.e., uptake clearance, bioaccumulation factor, and absorption efficiency). There was generally good agreement among the four methods on the relative bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene from six sandy sediments. Measures of phenanthrene bioavailability did not show strong correlations due to both a more limited data set and perhaps greater importance of uptake from the dissolved phase. The bioavailability of spiked polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) differed from that of equivalent in situ–contaminated PAH but not in a predictable and consistent manner. By direct measurement of PAH content of recently ingested sediments collected from the foregut, we were able to quantify the importance of particle-selective feeding in increasing PAH content of ingested material relative to the bulk, ambient sediments. In most instances, the effect of selective feeding by A. brasiliensis was minimal, increasing PAH content of ingested material &lt;20% above the ambient sediments. Absorption efficiencies of PAH during gut passage were determined by direct measurement of PAH concentration in sediments at various points along the digestive tract. Overall digestive absorption efficiencies were similar to the extent of in vitro solubilization by digestive fluids from the same sediments. These data suggest that extent of solubilization of sediment-bound contaminants during gut passage is a critical constraint on uptake and that absorption efficiency, with respect to the solubilized fraction, approaches 100%.
Modeling the vertical distribution of carbendazim in sediments
Authors: Koelmans Albert A , Hubert Edith , Koopman Hendrikus W , Portielje Robert , Crum Steven JH 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sorption, fate, and vertical distribution of the fungicide Derosal ® with active ingredient carbendazim in sediments were investigated in indoor freshwater microcosms. Carbendazim penetration in the sediment was measured as a function of time and depth. Freundlich sorption parameters were determined by batchwise equilibration of carbendazim in a sediment suspension. Freundlich parameters were Kf = 258 μg(1-n)Ln/kg and n = 0.78. Analysis of different layers of sediment cores showed a slow penetration of carbendazim in the first 6 cm of the sediment in 60 d. The penetration was successfully simulated with a multilayer model accounting for sorption to organic matter (using the measured isotherm), molecular diffusion, biodegradation, and bioturbation. The calibrated model was most sensitive to the parameters for molecular diffusion and sorption in the sediment. Bioturbation did not affect the carbendazim profiles because of carbendazim toxicity for bioturbators. So there was a direct feedback between carbendazim toxicity and fate. The calibrated model was validated using a dataset obtained from another freshwater microcosm.
Parallel Processing Architecture for Subband Coding Using DSPs
Authors: Fazekas K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the last decades, several new requirements came into being: progressive image transmission, compatible coding, layered coding for networks. The solutions of these problems are related to splitting the input image signal into required parts and to effective coding these subimages. The wavelet theory and the subband techniques are used in most cases for real time realizations. In these cases, solely VLSI ICs and parallel processing methods are applicable. In this paper the basic conception of an experimental parallel processing codec using high performance DSPs (AT&T DSP32C) is described. The aim of this unit is to make possible the investigations of the several subband coding algorithms of image and speech codecs in real time.
Rapeseed: Constituents and protein products Part 2: Preparation and properties of protein‐enriched products
Authors: Mieth G. , Brückner J. , Kroll J. , Pohl J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Literature is reviewed about the preparation and functional properties and application of defatted meals, protein concentrates and isolates of Brassica seeds. Especially the influence of physico‐chemical, microbiological and enzymatical treatments is represented on antinutritional compounds, glucosinolates, their splitting products and phytic acid.
Availability of essential amino acids in corn flour and corn bread
Authors: El‐Shafei Malak M. , Abbassi Mahassen H. , Bassily Nargis S. , Said Amin K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe availability of nitrogen, lysine and 9 essential amino acids was determined in corn before and after baking. Lysine availability was determined by the growth response method on weaning rats using regression analysis of body weight gain or moisture gain against lysine consumed from corn flour and corn bread. The results show a high correlation between lysine consumed and weight gain or moisture gain (r = 0.95) for rats fed the standard diets for 3 weeks. A good correlation was also obtained for corn bread. The results of lysine availability show that baking greatly improves availability by both ways of calculation.The availability of nitrogen and essential amino acids were also investigated by the balance trials with rats. Results show that availability values for nitrogen and all amino acids except threonine increased by baking. Data for food intake, weight gain, food efficiency, PER, NPR and true digestibility revealed that baking had little or no effect on nutritive value of corn tested in this investigation.
A Comparison of Box—Jenkins and objective methods for determining the order of a non‐seasonal ARMA Model
Authors: Beveridge Steve , Oickle Cyril 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper evaluates different procedures for selecting the order of a non‐seasonal ARMA model. Specifically, it compares the forecasting accuracy of models developed by the personalized Box‐Jenkins (BJ) methodology with models chosen by numerous automatic procedures. The study uses real series modelled by experts (textbook authors) in the BJ approach. Our results show that many objective selection criteria provide structures equal or superior to the time‐consuming BJ method. For the sets of data used in this study, we also examine the influence of parsimony in time‐series forecasting. Defining what models are too large or too small is sensitive to the forecast horizon. Automatic techniques that select the best models for forecasting are similar in size to BJ models although they often disagree on model order.
Forecasting car expenditures using household survey data
Authors: Jonsson Bo , Ågren Anders 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurveys collecting data on consumer attitudes and buying intentions have been performed in Sweden since 1973. This paper examines the usefulness of these data as quick indicators of the development of household expenditures on automobiles. In the evaluation we are considering the explanatory power as well as the prediction accuracy. It turns out that the best single indicator is among the plan indices. However, an indicator based on car registration statistics is found to be at least as good. By combining plan/attitude indices with car registrations our study shows that considerable improvements can be obtained.
Rituximab in advanced rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Guida Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) continues to have a major impact on public health. Costs to the individual and to the NHS are high, and treatment options for RA are by no means perfect. This article reviews rituximab, an agent that interrupts inflammatory events via a novel mode of action, and shows promise as a new intervention in cases of moderate to severe RA. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sorafenib: advances in targeted therapy for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hawkins Robert E , Thistlethwaite Fiona C 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSorafenib is the first dual action oral multi‐kinase inhibitor to target serine/threonine and receptor tyrosine kinases in both the tumour cell and the tumour vasculature. Phase II studies and now the largest ever phase III study in advanced renal cell cancer suggest that sorafenib will be a valuable new therapy for patients with kidney cancer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Study of PEM Fuel Cell Models for Integration in Propulsion Systems of Urban Public Transport
Authors: Garcia P. , Fernández L. M. , Garcia C. A. , Jurado F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSteady state and dynamic simulations are performed in order to compare the models. Considering the external response of FC system integrated in the tramway hybrid system, both reduced models show similar results with an important reduction of computation time with respect to the complete model. However, the reduced model 1 shows better results than the reduced model 2 when representing the internal behaviour of FC system, so that this model is considered the most appropriate for propulsion system applications.
‘Nanohybrid Capacitor’: The Next Generation Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Naoi K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConventional electric double layer capacitors (EDLC) designed with two symmetrical activated carbon electrodes can deliver substantially more power than similar size Li‐ion batteries. There is presently a major effort to increase the energy density of EDLC s up to a target value in the vicinity of 20‐30 Wh kg–1.The present review article deals with the recent contributions to get this high energy density and new approaches that have been made to increase the withstanding voltage of the EDLCs. Important alternative approach to meet this goal that is under serious investigation is to develop an asymmetric (hybrid) capacitors. Hybrid capacitor systems are the promising approach to meet the goal to effectively increase the energy density. The investigation is to develop hybrid capacitors has been initiated by Li‐ion capacitors. And, now Nanohybrid capacitor certainly achieves as high energy density as Li‐ion capacitors with higher stability, higher safety and higher productivity. This is the new lithium‐ion based hybrid capacitor using the lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) negative intercalation electrode that can operate at unusually high current densities. The high‐rate Li4Ti5O12 negative electrode has a unique nano‐structure consisting of unusually small nano‐crystalline Li4Ti5O12 nucleated and grafted onto carbon nano‐fiber anchors (nc‐Li4Ti5O12/CNF).
Local‐scale adaptations: A modeled assessment of soil, landscape, microclimatic, and management factors in Norse home‐field productivities
Authors: Adderley W. Paul , Simpson Ian A. , Vésteinsson Orri 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdaptation of farming practices to inherent site conditions was essential to the success of Norse colonization in pristine landscapes. A key factor in the initial success of colonization, or landnám, of Iceland was management of the area adjacent to the domestic dwelling, the home‐field, to provide fodder for over‐wintering livestock. In this paper we examine three settlement home‐fields in the Mývatn and Laxá valley area of northeast Iceland. Contemporary evidence reveals a distinct climatic toposequence together with differences in the nature of the inherent soils between sites. By considering the influence of these differences, microscale adaptations in early land management practices in the production of hay are sought within a tightly defined chronological context. Using an integrated agroecosystem modeling approach, the factors affecting long‐term sustainability of hay production in the Norse home‐field are examined. Results indicate that regional‐level climate differences will have an impact on production, especially pronounced cold periods. It is also clear that small‐scale climate factors, as well as inherent soil differences between sites influenced productivity for the Norse farmer. However, productivities overall are at subsistence level, emphasizing the need for optimized land management to sustain home‐field production. After examining different management scenarios, it is apparent that the effect of an increased rate of manuring will be most apparent during the first century of settlement; thereafter the effect is relatively diminished. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The stratigraphic implications of long‐term terrace agriculture in dynamic landscapes: Polycyclic terracing from Kythera Island, Greece
Authors: Krahtopoulou Athanasia , Frederick Charles 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGeoarchaeological work in conjunction with the Kythera Island Project indicates that significant portions of the island are now or have at some time been terraced. Geoarchaeological observations and local historical records confirm extensive terracing during the last few centuries. Detailed stratigraphic, soil, and sediment analysis along with radiocarbon dating suggest, however, that some of the slopes and small drainages of the island were terraced more than once and that this relatively recent phase of terracing followed earlier efforts, some dating to the early second millennium B.C. (Bronze Age). During each phase of slope organization significant amounts of soil were moved locally on the slopes. Polycyclic terracing has, therefore, interesting implications for surface survey visibility, preservation of archaeological record, early agricultural landscapes and soils, and past land use, as well as for interpretation of local records of Holocene sediment mobilization and valley alluviation. Geoarchaeological investigation of terraces may reveal unique archaeological information not available in urban or village dwelling sites. Early features, such as those reported in this paper, however, usually remain hidden due to the remarkable lack of stratigraphic investigations of non‐site landscapes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of some novel bis(hetaryl)azo disperse dyes and investigation of their absorption spectra
Authors: Seferoǧlu Zeynel , Ertan Nermin 
Published: July 2010

Abstract3‐Amino‐2‐cyano‐4,6‐disubstituted‐thieno{2,3‐b}pyridines and 3‐aminopyridine were diazotized and coupled with 2‐phenylindole, 2‐methylindole, and 1‐methyl‐2‐phenylindole, respectively. These dyes were characterized by UV‐Visible, FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopic techniques. Solvent effects on the visible absorption spectra of the dyes were evaluated. The color of the dyes is discussed with respect to the nature of the heterocyclic ring and substituent present therein. In addition, effects of temperature, concentration, as well as acid and base on the visible absorption maxima of the dyes are reported. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:622–630, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20361
Measuring intra‐household health inequality: explorations using the body mass index
Authors: Sahn David E. , Younger Stephen D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between level of well‐being and inequality at inter‐country and intra‐household levels, using individuals' body mass index (BMI) rather than income as the indicator of well‐being. BMI is useful for these purposes because (1) it is measured at the individual rather than household level; (2) it reflects command over food, but also non‐food resources that affect health status like sanitary conditions and labour‐saving technologies; (3) it accounts for caloric consumption relative to needs; (4) it is easily measured; and (5) any measurement error is likely to be random. We do not find any evidence to support the idea of an intra‐household or inter‐country Kuznets curve. We study the correlations between average household well‐being, still measured by BMI, and differences in the BMIs of males and females, parents and children. Here, we find a tendency to protect the BMI of young children when living standards are very low. We find no clear patterns by gender. Perhaps the most striking finding in the paper is that about half of total BMI inequality at the country level iswithinhouseholds. Thus, standard measures of inequality that use household‐level data may drastically understate true inequality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring health inequality with realization of potential life years (RePLY)
Authors: Tang Kam Ki , Petrie Dennis , Rao D. S. Prasada 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes a new method to measure health inequalities that are caused by conditions amenable to policy intervention. The method is built on a technique that can separate avoidable and unavoidable mortality risks, using world mortality data compiled by the World Health Organization for the year 2000. The new method is applied to data from 191 countries. It is found that controlling for unavoidable mortality risks leads to a lower estimate of health inequality than otherwise, especially for developed countries. Furthermore, although countries with a higher life expectancy at birth tend to have lower health inequality, there are significant variations in health inequalities across countries with the same life expectancy. The results therefore support the WHO's plea for using health inequality as a distinct parameter from the average level of health in assessing the performance of health systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malnutrition, poverty, and economic growth
Authors: Heltberg Rasmus 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper argues that indicators of anthropometric shortfall – especially low height and low weight‐for‐age – are uniquely suited for assessing absolute deprivation in developing countries. Anthropometric indicators are relatively precise, readily available for most countries, reflect the preferences and concerns of many poor people, consistent with reckoning the phenomenon directly in the space offunctionings, intuitive, easy to use for advocacy, and consistent over time and across subgroups. Anthropometric indicators can therefore complement (but not replace) standard indicators of income/consumption poverty, especially for comparisons across subgroups, within households, across countries, and in the long run. In addition, the paper analyses spells of change in malnutrition over time, finding that the association between economic growth and chronic child malnutrition is very small (but statistically significant) and much lower than the elasticity of growth on poverty. The policy implication of this finding is that direct interventions aimed at reducing infant malnutrition are required. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The New Cooperative Medical Scheme in rural China: does more coverage mean more service and better health?
Authors: Lei Xiaoyan , Lin Wanchuan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), a newly adopted public health insurance program in rural China. Using a longitudinal sample drawn from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), we employed multiple estimation strategies (individual fixed‐effect models, instrumental variable estimation, and difference‐in‐differences estimation with propensity score matching) to correct the potential selection bias. We find that participating in the NCMS significantly decreases the use of traditional Chinese folk doctors and increases the utilization of preventive care, particularly general physical examinations. However, we do not find that the NCMS decreases out‐of‐pocket expenditure nor do we find that it increases utilization of formal medical service or improves health status, as measured by self‐reported health status and by sickness or injury in the past four weeks. Our study indicates that despite the wide expansion of coverage, the impact of the NCMS is still limited. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
S‐100 protein in salivary gland tumors: An immunohistochemical study of 129 cases
Authors: Zarbo Richard J. , Regezi Joseph A. , Batsakis John G 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImmunohistochemical distribution of S‐100 protein was evaluated in 129 tumors from major and minor salivary glands. Also, two sensitive immunoperoxidase avidin‐biotin methods using either overnight incubation with primary antibody or pretreatment trypsin digestion and half‐hour incubation were compared. Tumors with S‐100 protein immunoreactivity were demonstrated in numerous benign and malignant histologic categories. Adenoid cystic carcinomas, carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenoma, clear cell carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas NOS showed inconsistent positive staining, whereas all monomorphic and pleomorphic adenomas and polymorphous low grade adenocarcinomas examined stained positively. No staining was observed in mucoepidermoid carcinomas or acinic cell carcinomas. Mesenchymal‐like tumor cells with positive immunostaining were seen only in pleomorphic adenomas and trabeculartubular adenomas. Equivalent results were found with both overnight and same‐day digestion techniques. The consistent S‐100 protein staining in some histologic tumor categories (pleomorphic and monomorphic adenoma and polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma) compared to mucoepidermoid carcinoma that is devoid of S‐100 protein immunoreactivity has application to some microscopic differential diagnostic situations. Inconsistent staining of adenoid cystic carcinomas and adenocarcinomas did not allow discrimination from other benign and malignant salivary gland tumors with similar histomorphology.
Patterns of failure in carcinoma of the nasopharynx: Failure at distant sites
Authors: Vikram Bhadrasain , Mishra Uma B. , Strong Elliot W. , Manolatos Spero 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBetween 1970 and 1980, we treated 107 previously untreated patients with biopsy‐proven carcinoma of the nasopharynx by megavoltage external radiation therapy to the primary site, the base of the skull, and both sides of the neck. Eighty‐seven percent of the patients had stage IV disease (American Joint Committee, 1980). Eighteen patients developed distant metastases as the first site of relapse. Metastases appeared within 6 months after treatment in 50% of these 18 patients, and in 94% within 2 years. Median survival after the development of distant metastases was 6 months. The most sensitive predictor of which patients would develop distant metastases was the size of cervical lymph node metastases at initial presentation (P = 0.003); patients without palpable cervical nodes or with cervical nodes smaller than 3 cm were the least likely to develop distant metastases (10%), followed by those patients who had cervical nodes measuring 3 to 6 cm (25%), followed by those who had cervical nodes larger than 6 cm, (almost 50%). The incidence of distant metastases was not significantly influenced by age, sex, birthplace, histology, or T‐stage. Studies aimed at decreasing the morbidity and mortality from distant metastases in carcinoma of the nasopharynx should be undertaken in patients who present with bulky cervical metastases.