bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
jShaw1, a low-threshold, fast-activating Kv3 from the hydrozoan jellyfish Polyorchis penicillatus
Authors: Sand Rheanna M. , Atherton Donna M. , Spencer Andrew N. , Gallin Warren J. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels work in concert with other ion channels to determine the frequency and duration of action potentials in excitable cells. Little is known about Kv3 channels from invertebrates, but those that have been characterized generally display slow kinetics. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of jShaw1, the first Kv3 isolated from a cnidarian, the jellyfish Polyorchis penicillatus, in comparison with mouse Kv3.1 and Kv3.2. Using a two-electrode voltage clamp on Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing the channels, we compared steady-state and kinetic properties of macroscopic currents. jShaw1 is fast activating, and opens at potentials approximately 40 mV more hyperpolarized than the mouse Kv3 channels. There is an inverse relationship between the number of positive charges on the voltage sensor and the half-activation voltage of the channel, contrary to what would be expected with the simplest model of voltage sensitivity. jShaw1 has kinetic characteristics that are substantially different from the mammalian Kv3 channels, including a much lower sensitivity of early activation rates to incremental voltage changes, and a much faster voltage-dependent transition in the last stages of opening. jShaw1 opening kinetics were affected little by pre-depolarization voltage, in contrast to both mouse channels. Similar to the mouse channels, jShaw1 was half-blocked by 0.7 mmol l–1 tetraethyl ammonium and 5 mmol l–1 4-aminopyridine. Comparison of sequence and functional properties of jShaw1 with the mouse and other reported Kv3 channels helps to illuminate the general relationship between amino acid sequence and electrophysiological activity in this channel family.
Guidelines for Alarm Limits and Trend Analysis
Authors: Toms Allison , Wooton David 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In 1999, CS96, In-Service Lubricant Testing and Condition Monitoring Services Industry Support, was formed to address the needs of monitoring in-service oils. The standards developed by this subcommittee provide equipment customers with a known basis for the quality of the data they are receiving [Improving Used Oil Analysis Standards: Recent Efforts of ASTM D02 Subcommittee CS96, Bryan Johnson, Practicing Oil Analysis, July–Aug 2006, pp 38–41]. However, test measurements have little meaning in a condition-monitoring program if they cannot be associated with a failure mechanism of the oil or the machine. Maximum reliability of in-service machine components and fluids requires that the condition-monitoringprogram provide timely indications of machinery and oil performance and remaining usable life. In order to address these critical aspects of condition monitoring, D02.96.4, Guidelines, initiated two task forces to develop Standard Guidelines to address Alarm Limits and Trends. Reliable alarm limits for fluid and equipment characteristics are required in order to properly interpret raw lubricant test data. However, these level alarms only state how much damage has occurred. In order to generate meaningful diagnostic and prognostic information on equipment and fluid condition, the rate of change must be trended. The predictive or forecasting nature of condition monitoring is based on trending, which determines the remaining useful life of the component and fluid. This paper presents an overview of practical alarm limit calculations using statistical analysis of equipment and fluid condition data and trend analysis of condition data in the dynamic equipment-operating environment. Various trending techniques and formulas will be presented with their associated benefits and limitations. These limit and trend calculations may be applied to all techniques that provide numerical test results and for all types of equipment (diesel, pumps, gas turbines, industrial turbines, hydraulics, etc.) whether large fleets or individual industrial machines.
Effect of Giardia duodenalis in protein malnourished and renourished mice
Authors: Shukla Geeta , Sidhu Ramandeep 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe present study was designed to delineate the effect of Giardia duodenalis in malnourished and renourished BALB/c mice. Control and renourished mice were fed with a standard pellet diet while malnourished mice were fed with a low protein (4.3 %) diet both before and after being challenged orally with actively growing G. duodenalis trophozoites. It was observed that malnourished mice had a greater severity and longer duration of Giardia infection compared with renourished mice. These malnourished mice also had less body mass but higher cyst and trophozoite counts. Malnourished mice infected with Giardia had significantly decreased level of total serum proteins, albumin, globulins, hemoglobin, leukocyte, and differential leukocyte counts compared with renourished mice. From the data it is concluded that protein malnutrition profoundly affects the anthropometric and physiological parameters of the body indicating greater susceptibility and severity of the disease.
Critically Appraising Qualitative Research: a Guide for Clinicians More Familiar With Quantitative Techniques
Authors: Kisely Stephen , Kendall Elizabeth 
Published: August 2011

Objectives: Papers using qualitative methods are increasingly common in psychiatric journals. This overview is an introduction to critically appraising a qualitative paper for clinicians who are more familiar with quantitative methods. Conclusions: Qualitative research uses data from interviews (semi-structured or unstructured), focus groups, observations or written materials. Data analysis is inductive, allowing meaning to emerge from the data, rather than the more deductive, hypothesis centred approach of quantitative research. This overview compares and contrasts quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative concepts such as reliability, validity, statistical power, bias and generalisability have qualitative equivalents. These include triangulation, trustworthiness, saturation, reflexivity and applicability. Reflexivity also shares features of transference. Qualitative approaches include: ethnography, action-assessment, grounded theory, case studies and mixed methods. Qualitative research can complement quantitative approaches. An understanding of both is useful in critically appraising the psychiatric literature.
A simple and rapid DNA extraction method for Cyanobacteria and Monocots
Authors: Magana-Arachchi Dhammika , Wanigatunge Rasika 
Published: August 2011

The isolation of DNA from biological samples is a crucial step in the process of DNA-based molecular biological assays. In this study, we present a simple method to extract and purify genomic DNA from different sample types (standard cyanobacteria, cyanobacteria in water samples and leaves of bamboo plants) which would be suitable for any molecular analyses. In this method, cyanobacteria are lysed by three sequential freezing and heating followed by enzymatic treatment with lysozyme and proteinase K. The extraction and purification of DNA was achieved with the lysing and nuclease inactivating properties of the chaotropic agent guanidium isothiocyanate and the nucleic acid binding properties of silica particles. The DNA extraction method yielded high quality reproducible DNA. The technique described here is a rapid, robust and cost effective method suitable for the extraction of DNA from any source for routine molecular biological assays. Key Words: Boom’s method, guanidine thiocyanate, silica, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v40i1.3407 CJSBS 2011; 40(1): 59-63
Comparison of lignocellulose biodegradation in solid state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse and rice straw by <i>Aspergillus tamarii</i>
Authors: Umasaravanan D , Jayapriya J , Rajendran R Babu 
Published: August 2011

The present study examines the lignocellulose degradation in solid state fermentation in sugarcane bagasse and rice straw by Aspergillus tamarii over a period of 21 days. Lignocellulose degradation in sugarcane bagasse and rice straw, fortified with glucose was studied with and without ammonium sulphate. In bagasse fermentation, when the substrate initially containing 17.4% lignin was fortified with 5% glucose in the absence of ammonium sulphate, a maximum lignin loss of 24.7, was recorded. This maximum lignin loss was accompanied by a minimum cellulose loss of 3. In rice straw, fermentation under the same conditions resulted in a maximum lignin loss of 45.5% and 2.8% loss of cellulose. Efficiency of solid state fermentation using the two different substrates indicates that lignin loss is high in comparison to cellulose loss. Key words: lignin, cellulose, fortification, white rot fungi DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v40i1.3408 CJSBS 2011; 40(1): 65-68
Boundedness of Calderón–Zygmund Operators on Non-homogeneous Metric Measure Spaces
Authors: Hytönen Tuomas , Liu Suile , Yang Dachun , Yang Dongyong 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLet (𝒳,d, μ) be a separable metric measure space satisfying the known upper doubling condition, the geometrical doubling condition, and the non-atomic condition that μ(﹛x﹜) = 0 for allx∈ 𝒳. In this paper, we show that the boundedness of a Calderón–Zygmund operatorTonL2(μ) is equivalent to that ofTonLp(μ) for somep∈ (1,∞), and that ofTfromL1(μ) toL1,∞(μ). As an application, we prove that ifTis a Calderón–Zygmund operator bounded onL2(μ), then its maximal operator is bounded onLp(μ) for allp∈ (1,∞) and from the space of all complex-valued Borel measures on 𝒳 toL1,∞(μ). All these results generalize the corresponding results of Nazarov et al. on metric spaces with measures satisfying the so-called polynomial growth condition.
Products and Direct Sums in Locally Convex Cones
Authors: Motallebi M. R. , Saiflu H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this paper we define lower, upper, and symmetric completeness and discuss closure of the sets in products and direct sums. In particular, we introduce suitable bases for these topologies, which leads us to investigate completeness of the direct sum and its components. Some results obtained about X-topologies and polars of the neighborhoods.
On Some Non-Riemannian Quantities in Finsler Geometry
Authors: Shen Zhongmin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this paper we study several non-Riemannian quantities in Finsler geometry. These non- Riemannian quantities play an important role in understanding the geometric properties of Finsler metrics. In particular, we study a new non-Riemannian quantity defined by the S-curvature. We show some relationships among the flag curvature, the S-curvature, and the new non-Riemannian quantity.
Comparison of population‐genetic structuring in congeneric kelp‐ versus rock‐associated snails: a test of a dispersal‐by‐rafting hypothesis
Authors: Nikula Raisa , Spencer Hamish G. , Waters Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPhylogeographic studies indicate that many marine invertebrates lacking autonomous dispersal ability are able to achieve trans‐oceanic colonization by rafting on buoyant macroalgae. However, less is known about the impact of rafting on on‐going population‐genetic connectivity of intertidal species associated with buoyant macroalgae. We hypothesize that such species will have higher levels of population‐genetic connectivity than those exploiting nonbuoyant substrates such as rock. We tested this hypothesis by comparing nuclear multilocus population‐genetic structuring in two sister topshell species, which both have a planktonic larval phase but are fairly well segregated by their habitat preference of low‐tidal bull‐kelp holdfasts versus mid‐to‐low tidal bare rock. We analyzed population samples from four sympatric sites spanning 372 km of the east coast of southern New Zealand. The sampled region encompasses a 180 km wide habitat discontinuity and is influenced by a stable, northward coastal current. The level of connectivity was high in both species, and neither of them showed significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. However, a significant negative partial correlation between genetic distance and habitat discontinuity was found in the rock‐associated species, and estimates of migrant movement between sites were somewhat different between the two species, with the kelp‐associated species more often yielding higher estimates across the habitat discontinuity, whereas the rock‐associated species more often exhibited higher estimates between sites interspersed by rock habitats. We conclude that for species with substantial means of autonomous dispersal, the most conspicuous consequence of kelp dwelling may be enhanced long‐distance dispersal across habitat discontinuities rather than a general increase of gene flow.
Investigation of indiscriminate nudging and predictability in a nested quasi‐geostrophic model
Authors: Omrani Hiba , Drobinski Philippe , Dubos Thomas 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this work, we consider the effect of indiscriminate nudging time on an idealized high‐resolution global model (GM) and limited‐area model (LAM) simulations. The model used is a two‐layer quasi‐geostrophic model on the beta‐plane.The effect of nudging is studied as a function of the predictability time, following a ‘Big Brother’ experimental approach: a high‐resolution ‘global’ model is used to generate a ‘reference run’. These fields are filtered afterwards to remove small scales and provide the coarse‐resolution fields which are used to drive the high‐resolution GM and the LAM. Comparison of the reference fields and the high‐resolution runs over the same region allows the estimation of the ability of the high‐resolution GM and LAM to regenerate the removed small scales. This fully nonlinear set‐up mimics the configuration used for regional high‐resolution atmospheric modelling.For the high‐resolution GM, the results show that the behaviour of the nudged model depends primarily on the ratio of the nudging time to the predictability time. When the nudging time is very small compared to the predictability time, the model reproduces the large scale used to drive the model. On the other hand, if the nudging time is close to or larger than the predictability time, the nudging effect is weak and both large and small scales are poorly reproduced compared to the reference fields. The best result is obtained with a nudging time close to half the predictability time. This technique clearly improves the model capacity to reproduce the reference fields.For the high‐resolution LAM, our results show that for a sufficiently small domain the simulation is largely controlled by the lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) and is quasi‐insensitive to nudging. However, if the domain size exceeds a few Rossby radii, the high‐resolution LAM becomes sensitive to initial conditions and the control exerted by LBCs becomes insufficient to prevent a divergence from the driving fields. Although the reconstructed fine scales are significantly damped, they are surprisingly well correlated to their reference values in a deterministic sense, not a statistical sense. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Insomnia in a Displaced Population is Related to War‐Associated Remembered Stress
Authors: Basishvili Tamar , Eliozishvili Marine , Maisuradze Lia , Lortkipanidze Nani , Nachkebia Nargiz , Oniani Tengiz , Gvilia Irma , Darchia Nato 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAlthough traumatic events are presumed to cause sleep disturbances, particularly insomnia, sleep in populations subjected to forced displacement has received little attention. The present study examined the prevalence of insomnia and associated factors in internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Abkhazia 15 years after displacement to Tbilisi. Detailed subjective information about sleep–wake habits, sleep‐related and stress‐related parameters were obtained from 87 IDPs categorized into good sleepers and insomniacs. The Insomnia Severity Index, Perceived Stress Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were administered. The incidence of insomnia was 41.4%. The majority of insomniacs strongly believed that war‐related stress accounted for the onset of their insomnia. Stepwise regression (95% confidence interval) revealed four variables significantly associated with insomnia status: self‐estimated influence of war related stress (odds ratio (OR) = 2.51), frequency of nightmares (OR = 1.6), Perceived Stress Scale score (OR = 1.14) and Beck Depression Inventory score (OR = 1.12). Insomnia in IDPs was strongly related to war‐associated remembered stress. ‛Over thinking’ about major stress exposure enhanced IDPs' vulnerability to insomnia. These findings have implications for the management of insomnia and associated impairment of daytime functioning in IDPs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development and evaluation of a novel Internet-based computer program to assess previous-day dietary and physical activity behaviours in adults: the Synchronised Nutrition and Activity Program for Adults (SNAPA™)
Authors: Hillier Frances C. , Batterham Alan M. , Crooks Sean , Moore Helen J. , Summerbell Carolyn D. 
Published: August 2011

The Synchronised Nutrition and Activity Program for Adults (SNAPA™) was developed to address the need for accurate, reliable, feasible, inexpensive and low-burden methods for assessing specific dietary and physical activity behaviours in adults. Short-term test–retest reliability of SNAPA™ was assessed in forty-four adults (age 41·4 (sd17·3) years) who completed SNAPA™ twice in 1 day. Concurrent validity against direct dietary observation and combined heart rate and accelerometry was assessed in seventy-seven adults (age 34·4(sd11·1) years). Test–retest reliability revealed no substantial systematic shifts in mean values of the outcome variables: percentage of food energy from fat (% fat), number of portions of fruit and vegetables (FV) and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). For lunchtime dietary intake, the mean match rate between food items reported using SNAPA™ and those observed was 81·7 %, with a phantom rate of 5·6 %. Pearson's correlations between SNAPA™ and the reference methods ranged from 0·27 to 0·56 for % fat, FV portions and minutes of MVPA. For % fat and FV intake, there was no fixed or proportional bias, and mean differences between the methods (SNAPA™ − reference) were 5·1 % and 0 portions, respectively. For minutes of MVPA, a fixed bias of − 28 min was revealed when compared with all minutes of MVPA measured by combined heart rate and accelerometry, whereas a proportional bias (slope 1·47) was revealed when compared with minutes carried out in bouts ≥ 10 min. SNAPA™ is a promising tool for measuring specific energy balance behaviours, though further work is required to improve accuracy for physical activity behaviours.
Auditory hallucinations in childhood: associations with adversity and delusional ideation
Authors: Bartels-Velthuis A. A. , van de Willige G. , Jenner J. A. , Wiersma D. , van Os J. 
Published: August 2011

BackgroundPrevious work suggests that exposure to childhood adversity is associated with the combination of delusions and hallucinations. In the present study, associations between (severity of) auditory vocal hallucinations (AVH) and (i) social adversity [traumatic experiences (TE) and stressful events (SE)] and (ii) delusional ideation were examined.MethodA baseline case-control sample of children with and without AVH were re-assessed on AVH after 5 years and interviewed about the experience of social adversity and delusions.ResultsA total of 337 children (mean age 13.1 years, s.d.=0.5) were assessed: 40 children continued to hear voices that were present at baseline (24%, persistent group), 15 heard voices only at follow-up (9%, incident group), 130 children no longer reported AVH that were present at baseline (remitted group) and 152 never heard voices (referent group). Both TE and SE were associated with both incident and persistent AVH, as well as with greater AVH severity and delusional ideation at follow-up. In addition, the combination of AVH and delusions displayed a stronger association with TE and SE compared with either AVH or delusions alone.ConclusionsEarly childhood AVH are mostly benign and transitory. However, experience of social adversity is associated with persistence, severity and onset of new AVH closer to puberty, and with delusional ideation.
Foreign live-in domestic workers as caretakers of older Kuwaiti men and women: socio-demographic and health correlates
Authors: SHAH NASRA , BADR HANAN , SHAH MAKHDOOM 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTAgeing of the population is posing new challenges for caretakers. This paper aims to examine: (a) age and gender differences in care provided by a domestic worker versus a family member in the performance of activities of daily living (ADL); (b) socio-demographic correlates of care during illness; and (c) self-reported physical, functional, and psychological health status in relation to care-giver. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted among 2,487 Kuwaiti nationals aged 50 years or older. This paper focuses on persons aged 70 or more. We found that domestic workers provided care to 28 per cent of men and 58 per cent of women who needed assistance with ADL; and to 14 per cent men and 51 per cent women during illness. These respondents ranked poorer on several health indicators and reported higher depressive symptoms score than those looked after by a family member. Logistic regression indicated that care by a domestic worker was approximately seven times more likely for women than men, about 10.8 times more likely for those without co-resident children compared with those who had three or more co-resident children, and 44 per cent less likely for the poorest compared with the richest persons. It appears that reliance on domestic workers is increasing and such reliance will remain necessary in the absence of culturally acceptable alternative institutional arrangements.
Generation of Signaling Specificity in Arabidopsis by Spatially Restricted Buffering of Ligand–Receptor Interactions
Authors: Abrash Emily B. , Davies Kelli A. , Bergmann Dominique C. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Core signaling pathways function in multiple programs during multicellular development. The mechanisms that compartmentalize pathway function or confer process specificity, however, remain largely unknown. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ERECTA (ER) family receptors have major roles in many growth and cell fate decisions. The ER family acts with receptor TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) and several ligands of the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR LIKE (EPFL) family, which play distinct yet overlapping roles in patterning of epidermal stomata. Here, our examination of EPFL genes EPFL6/CHALLAH (CHAL), EPFL5/CHALLAH-LIKE1, and EPFL4/CHALLAH-LIKE2 (CLL2) reveals that this family may mediate additional ER-dependent processes. chal cll2 mutants display growth phenotypes characteristic of er mutants, and genetic interactions are consistent with CHAL family molecules acting as ER family ligands. We propose that different classes of EPFL genes regulate different aspects of ER family function and introduce a TMM-based discriminatory mechanism that permits simultaneous, yet compartmentalized and distinct, function of the ER family receptors in growth and epidermal patterning.