bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wer verschuldet sich beim Kreditgeber letzter Instanz?
Authors: Sonvilla Lia 
Published: May 2024

ZusammenfassungZentralbanken sind die Kreditgeber letzter Instanz. Sie finanzieren Geschäftsbanken selbst dann, wenn kaum andere Anleger dazu bereit sind. Dies trägt dazu bei, Liquiditätsengpässe oder gar destabilisierende Bankenpaniken zu verhindern. Doch nehmen Geschäftsbanken Zentralbankkredite vor allem deshalb auf, um Liquidität sicherzustellen, oder gibt es auch andere Gründe dafür? Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Kreditvergabe der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB) an Geschäftsbanken während der Staatsschuldenkrise in der Eurozone. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass schwache Banken mit wenig Eigenkapital überproportional viele Kredite bei der EZB aufnahmen und gleichzeitig Staatsanleihen europäischer Krisenstaaten kauften. Dies ging mit der Umverteilung risikobehafteter Vermögenswerte von stark zu schwach kapitalisierten Banken einher.
Mehr Sicherheit mit zentraler Bankenaufsicht
Authors: Gmür David 
Published: May 2024

ZusammenfassungDie Wirtschaft braucht Kredit, und die Gesellschaft mehr Sicherheit. Die Banken müssen in der Kreditvergabe auf Ertrag und Risiko gleichzeitig achten. Damit die Regulierung effektiven Schutz bieten kann, muss die Bankenaufsicht die Einhaltung der Vorschriften überwachen und frühzeitig das Entstehen übermässiger Risiken aufdecken. In der Bankenunion kann eine zentrale Aufsicht eher für gleich lange Spiesse im europaweiten Wettbewerb der Banken sorgen, kann unabhängiger als nationale Aufsichtsbehörden agieren, und dank besserer Ressourcen auch komplexe Grossbanken wirksam beaufsichtigen. So wird die Kreditvergabe sicherer, indem die Banken angehalten sind, faule und riskante Kredite zügig abzubauen und mehr Kredit auf die produktiveren Unternehmen mit besseren Aussichten lenken.
Universitäten beflügeln die Wirtschaft
Authors: Ramming Fortunat 
Published: May 2024

ZusammenfassungEin neuer Trend ist die zunehmende Verlagerung der Grundlagenforschung von den Unternehmen in die Universitäten. Das führt zu einer neuen Arbeitsteiligkeit in der Forschungslandschaft. Die Universitäten spezialisieren sich mehr auf komplexe und riskante Grundlagenforschung mit noch unsicheren Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Die Unternehmen investieren vorwiegend in anwendungsorientierte F&E mit hohen Chancen der Kommerzialisierung. In dieser Arbeitsteiligkeit hängt die Wirtschaft stärker vom Nachschub mit neuen Ideen aus der Forschung der Universitäten ab. Die Bedeutung der universitären Forschung für Innovation und Wachstum nimmt zu. Regionen mit einer lokalen Universität weisen mehr Patentanmeldungen auf und sind innovativer als andere Regionen ohne eine eigene Universität.
Die Aufhebung des Patentschutzes bremst Innovation
Authors: Lukosch Matthias 
Published: May 2024

ZusammenfassungIst eine befristete Aufhebung des Patentschutzes der Covid-19-Impfstoffe ein geeignetes Mittel zur Pandemiebekämpfung? Die Befürworter argumentieren, dass damit eine raschere Ausweitung der Produktion und Versorgung mit Impfstoffen möglich wäre. Aber welche Folgen hat eine Aufweichung des Patentschutzes für die Forschungsanreize der Unternehmen und für künftige Innovationen? Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass die Forschungs- und Innovationstätigkeit der Unternehmen in Folge einer Abschwächung des Patentschutzes deutlich zurückgeht. Start-ups und kleinere und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU), die nur begrenzte Möglichkeiten zur Lizensierung oder zum Verkauf ihrer Patente haben, sind besonders von einem effektiven Patentschutz abhängig.
Sind Patente tatsächlich ein Hindernis für Folgeinnovationen?
Authors: Sonvilla Lia 
Published: May 2024

ZusammenfassungDass der Patentschutz die weitere Nutzung von Forschungserkenntnissen erschwert und neue Innovationen verlangsamt, ist eine verbreitete Hypothese. Die vorliegende Studie aus dem Bereich der Genforschung untersucht, wie oft wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse über bestimmte Gene in weiteren Forschungsarbeiten und klinischen Studien Verwendung finden. Der tatsächliche Patentstatus einer DNA-Sequenz spielt dabei nur eine geringe Rolle. Wichtig ist stattdessen, ob überhaupt ein Patentantrag gestellt wurde, nicht aber, ob diesem auch stattgegeben wurde. Diese Ergebnisse stellen die Hypothese infrage. Denn sie legen nahe, dass der Patentschutz Folgeinnovationen zumindest im medizinisch-pharmazeutischen Bereich kaum hemmt.
Innovation für die Energiewende
Authors: Altorfer Michael 
Published: May 2024

ZusammenfassungUm den Klimawandel zu stoppen, braucht es einen Ausstieg aus Kohle, Öl und Gas. Die Innovation muss sich auf erneuerbare Energie richten und die Weiterentwicklung fossiler Energieträger stoppen. Grosse Unternehmen haben jedoch in der Vergangenheit viel Erfahrung in fossiler Energie gesammelt. Es fällt ihnen schwer, dieses Know-how abzuschreiben und ihre Forschung radikal auf erneuerbare Energie umzustellen. Junge Unternehmen sind nicht in vergangenen F&E-Mustern verhaftet und können sich leichter auf erneuerbare Energie spezialisieren. Die Energiewende gelingt eher, wenn die Wirtschaftspolitik den Marktzutritt junger Unternehmen und ihre anschliessenden F&E-Investitionen erleichtert.
Heisenberg soft hair on Robinson-Trautman spacetimes
Authors: Adami H. , Parvizi A. , Sheikh-Jabbari M. M. , Taghiloo V. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We study 4 dimensional (4d) gravitational waves (GWs) with compact wavefronts, generalizing Robinson-Trautman (RT) solutions in Einstein gravity with an arbitrary cosmological constant. We construct the most general solution of the GWs in the presence of a causal, timelike, or null boundary when the usual tensor modes are turned off. Our solution space besides the shape and topology of the wavefront which is a generic compact, smooth, and orientable 2d surface Σ, is specified by a vector over Σ satisfying the conformal Killing equation and two scalars that are arbitrary functions over the causal boundary, the boundary modes (soft hair). We work out the symplectic form over the solution space using covariant phase space formalism and analyze the boundary symmetries and charges. The algebra of surface charges is a Heisenberg algebra. Only the overall size of the compact wavefront and not the details of its shape appears in the boundary symplectic form and is canonical conjugate to the overall mass of the GW. Hence, the information about the shape of the wavefront can’t be probed by the boundary observer. We construct a boundary energy-momentum tensor and a boundary current, whose conservation yields the RT equation for both asymptotically AdS and flat spacetimes. The latter provides a hydrodynamic description for our RT solutions.
The pseudospectra of black holes in AdS
Authors: Cownden Bradley , Pantelidou Christiana , Zilhão Miguel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We study the stability of quasinormal modes (QNMs) in electrically charged black brane spacetimes that asymptote to AdS by means of the pseudospectrum. Methodologically, we adopt ingoing Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates to cast QNMs in terms of a generalised eigenvalue problem involving a non-selfadjoint operator; this simplifies the computation significantly in comparison with previous results in the literature. Our analysis reveals spectral instability for (neutral) scalar as well as gravitoelectric perturbations. This indicates that the equilibration process of perturbed black branes is sensitive to external perturbations. Particular attention is given on the hydrodynamic modes, which are found to be the least unstable. In contrast with computations in hyperboloidal coordinates, we find that the pseudospectral contour lines cross to the upper half plane. This indicates the existence of pseudo-resonances as well as the possibility of transient instabilities. We also investigate the asymptotic structure of pseudospectral contour levels and we find remarkable universality across all sectors, persistent in the extremal limit.
Endophytes Alleviate Drought-Derived Oxidative Damage in Achnatherum inebrians Plants Through Increasing Antioxidants and Regulating Host Stress Responses
Authors: Nie Xiumei , Zhao Zhenrui , Zhang Xingxu , Bastías Daniel A. , Nan Zhibiao , Li Chunjie 
Published: May 2024

AbstractEndophytes generally increase antioxidant contents of plants subjected to environmental stresses. However, the mechanisms by which endophytes alter the accumulation of antioxidants in plant tissues are not entirely clear. We hypothesized that, in stress situations, endophytes would simultaneously reduce oxidative damage and increase antioxidant contents of plants and that the accumulation of antioxidants would be a consequence of the endophyte ability to regulate the expression of plant antioxidant genes. We investigated the effects of the fungal endophyte Epichloë gansuensis (C.J. Li & Nan) on oxidative damage, antioxidant contents, and expression of representative genes associated with antioxidant pathways in Achnatherum inebrians (Hance) Keng plants subjected to low (15%) and high (60%) soil moisture conditions. Gene expression levels were measured using RNA-seq. As expected, the endophyte reduced the oxidative damage by 17.55% and increased the antioxidant contents by 53.14% (on average) in plants subjected to low soil moisture. In line with the accumulation of antioxidants in plant tissues, the endophyte increased the expression of most plant genes associated with the biosynthesis of antioxidants (e.g., MIOX, crtB, gpx) while it reduced the expression of plant genes related to the metabolization of antioxidants (e.g., GST, PRODH, ALDH). Our findings suggest that endophyte ability of increasing antioxidant contents in plants may reduce the oxidative damage caused by stresses and that the fungal regulation of plant antioxidants would partly explain the accumulation of these compounds in plant tissues.
Progress in bioproduction, characterization and applications of pullulan: a review
Authors: Aquinas Natasha , Chithra C. H. , Bhat M. Ramananda 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPullulan is a biopolymer produced by various strains of the fungi Aureobasidium pullulans. It is made up of maltotriose units consisting of α-(1,6) and α-(1,4) glycosidic bonds. Pullulan was discovered by Bauer in 1938, characterized by Bernier in 1958 and named as ‘pullulan’ by Bender in 1959. Submerged fermentation is widely employed for pullulan production followed by downstream processing for recovery of pullulan. Factors such as nutrients, minerals, pH, temperature, surfactants, light intensity, and melanin intermediate affect its production. Various optimization methods such as Plackett Burman design, response surface methodology, and artificial neural networks have been utilised for enhancing the yield of pullulan. Pullulan yield as high as 62.52 g/L can be achieved using a 5 L fermenter under optimised conditions. It can be characterized by techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy. The biopolymer has remarkable properties which makes it an ideal candidate to be used in various applications such as the biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors, cosmetics, food, and wastewater treatment. Pullulan’s applications can be expanded by chemically modifying to obtain grafted pullulan, polymer blends, nanocomposites and hydrogels which have been gaining importance in recent years. Over the years, many patents using pullulan have been granted for different applications worldwide. This review sheds light on all these aspects of pullulan including its future scope.
Graphical abstract
Epidemiology of malignant tumors in patients with pemphigus: an analysis of trends from 1955 to 2021
Authors: Luo Yue , Fei Xiaoya , Wang Mingxia , Yang Han , Zhang Ying , Chen Yiran , Luo Ying , Ding Xiaojie , Gao Chunjie , Shen Fang , Wang Ruiping , Li Bin , Kuai Le , Zheng Qi , Li Miao , Song Jiankun 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBackground: The incidence of malignant tumors has increased in patients with non-paraneoplastic pemphigus, although there has been no systematic analysis of global epidemiology. Objective: To explore the epidemiology of various types of non-paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with malignant tumors. Methods: Five databases from establishment through October 20, 2023, were searched. STATA SE 17 was used for the data analysis. Subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were used to evaluate the heterogeneity of pooled studies. Results: A total of 6679 participants were included in our meta-analysis from 16 studies. The aggregated prevalence of tumors in patients diagnosed with pemphigus was 8%. The prevalence was 7% in patients with pemphigus vulgaris, 10% in those with pemphigus foliaceus, and 12% in individuals diagnosed with other types of pemphigus. The prevalence was 8% in Asia, 11% in Europe, and 8% in North America. From a country-specific perspective, patients with pemphigus from Israel, Greece, and Germany exhibited a higher prevalence of tumors at 11%. Furthermore, when categorized by the duration of the study period, the highest prevalence was observed in studies spanning 10 to 20 years, at 11%. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the incidence and prevalence of malignant tumors in patients with non-paraneoplastic pemphigus, which may achieve early detection and intervention, and then reduce mortality rates.
Post-anesthesia care unit hypotension in low-risk patients recovering from non-cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study
Authors: Flick Moritz , Lohr Anneke , Weidemann Friederike , Naebian Ashkan , Hoppe Phillip , Thomsen Kristen K. , Krause Linda , Kouz Karim , Saugel Bernd 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIntraoperative hypotension is common and associated with organ injury. Hypotension can not only occur during surgery, but also thereafter. After surgery, most patients are treated in post-anesthesia care units (PACU). The incidence of PACU hypotension is largely unknown – presumably in part because arterial pressure is usually monitored intermittently in PACU patients. We therefore aimed to evaluate the incidence, duration, and severity of PACU hypotension in low-risk patients recovering from non-cardiac surgery. In this observational study, we performed blinded continuous non-invasive arterial pressure monitoring with finger-cuffs (ClearSight system; Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) in 100 patients recovering from non-cardiac surgery in the PACU. We defined PACU hypotension as a mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 65 mmHg. Patients had continuous finger-cuff monitoring for a median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) of 64 (44 to 91) minutes. Only three patients (3%) had PACU hypotension for at least one consecutive minute. These three patients had 4, 4, and 2 cumulative minutes of PACU hypotension; areas under a MAP of 65 mmHg of 17, 9, and 9 mmHg x minute; and time-weighted averages MAP less than 65 mmHg of 0.5, 0.3, and 0.2 mmHg. The median volume of crystalloid fluid patients were given during PACU treatment was 200 (100 to 400) ml. None was given colloids or a vasopressor during PACU treatment. In low-risk patients recovering from non-cardiac surgery, the incidence of PACU hypotension was very low and the few episodes of PACU hypotension were short and of modest severity.
Crafting One’s Life and its Relationship with Psychological Needs: A Scoping Review
Authors: Napier Andrew D. , Slemp Gavin R. , Vella-Brodrick Dianne A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCrafting is the intentional and proactive behavioural or cognitive changes people make to satisfy their psychological needs. This can take place across life domains, including at work, at home, and in broader life goals, though little research exists comprehensively integrating the different crafting types. Psychological needs are one way that these various crafting types are related. Therefore, we conducted a scoping review of the literature on crafting and the satisfaction of autonomy, competence, relatedness, and meaning in life to better understand how these psychological needs relate to or impact the crafting process. We systematically searched four databases and found 134 papers that met the inclusion criteria. We found that autonomy and meaning in life were two psychological needs that were frequently related to the process of crafting and that competence and relatedness were important but less researched. The satisfaction of psychological needs were often an outcome of crafting, though only job crafting consistently measured psychological needs as the antecedent to crafting. We conclude with recommendations for future research and questions to be addressed. This review may be useful for future basic and applied crafting research by better understanding how specific psychological needs relate to the process of crafting and how individuals may proactively shape their needs.
Root and stem allomorphy without multiple exponence: the case of special nominatives
Authors: Caha Pavel 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis paper explores an approach to root and stem allomorphy that does not make use of context sensitive rules (i.e., secondary exponence) and relies on primary exponence only. In such a system, each feature is referenced by realisation rules only once and multiple exponence is eliminated. The study applies this system to the phenomenon of root and stem allomorphy in declension systems (McFadden in Glossa 3:8.1-36, 2018, Christopoulos & Zompì in Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 1–31, 2022). The paper argues that in this domain, the theory makes different empirical predictions than models based on context-sensitive rules. Specifically, the current model allows for an account of special nominative singular forms and the so-called pseudo-ABA patterns (Middleton in Morphology 31:329–354, 2021, Davis in Glossa 6, 2021). The proposal relies on the Nanosyntax model of grammar, using phrasal lexicalisation and lexicalisation-driven movements (Starke in Exploring nanosyntax, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 239–249, 2018), though alternative implementations of this idea are conceivable.
Visit Experience and Fulfillment of Care Needs in Primary Care Differs for Video Visits Compared to In-person and Chat Visits
Authors: Söderberg Daniel , Bonn Stephanie E. , Sjöblom Linnea , Dahlgren Anna , Muli Irene , Amer-Wåhlin Isis , Bertilson Bo C. , Farrokhnia Nasim , Hvitfeldt Helena , Taloyan Marina , Hägglund Maria , Trolle Lagerros Ylva 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
There is a lack of research comparing patient experience and to what extent patients’ care needs are fulfilled in telemedicine compared to in-person care.

Objective
To investigate if patient experience and fulfillment of care needs differ between video and chat visits with direct to consumer telemedicine providers compared to in-person visits.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Participants
Adults visiting a primary care physician in person or via chat or video in Region Stockholm, Sweden, October 2020–May 2021.

Main Measures
Patient-reported visit experience and fulfillment of care needs.

Key Results
The sample included 3315 patients who had an in-person (1950), video (844), or chat (521) visit. Response rates were 42% for in-person visitors and 41% for telemedicine visitors. Patients were 18–97 years old, mean age of 51 years, and 66% were female. In-person visitors reported the most positive patient experience (“To a very high degree” or “Yes, completely”) for being listened to (64%), being treated with care (64%), and feeling trust and confidence in the health care professional (76%). Chat visitors reported the most positive patient experience for being given enough time (61%) and having care needs fulfilled during the care visit (76%). Video visitors had the largest proportion of respondents choosing “To a very low degree” or “No, not at all” for all visit experience measures. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of visit experiences between in-person, video, and chat visits for all visit experience measures (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Video visits were associated with a more negative visit experience and lower fulfillment of care needs than in-person visits. Chat visits were associated with a similar patient experience and fulfillment of care needs as in-person visits. Chat visits may be a viable alternative to in-person visits for selected patients.
Preceptorship in robotic colorectal surgery: experience from the Australian private sector
Authors: Gauci Chahaya , Zahid Assad , Ravindran Praveen , Lynch Andrew Craig , Pillinger Stephen 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis article describes a post-fellowship preceptorship training program to train sub-specialty colorectal surgeons in gaining proficiency in robotic colorectal surgery using a dual-surgeon model in the Australian private sector. The Australian colorectal surgeon faces challenges in gaining robotic colorectal surgery proficiency with limited exposure and experience in the public setting where the majority of general and colorectal surgery training is currently conducted. This training model uses graded exposure with a range of simulation training, wet lab training, and clinical operative cases to progress through both competency and proficiency in robotic colorectal surgery which is mutually beneficial to surgeons and patients alike. Ongoing audit of practice has shown no adverse impacts.
Managing boundaries for well-being: a study of work-nonwork balance crafting during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Brogle Sophie E. , Kerksieck Philipp , Bauer Georg F. , Morstatt Anja I. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the boundaries between the work and nonwork domain have rapidly blurred, presenting employees with new challenges and potentially heightening interference of the work with the nonwork domain (work-home interference, WHI) and vice versa (home-work interference, HWI). To counteract these interferences, employees can apply work-nonwork balance crafting (WNBC), referring to proactive efforts for balancing both life domains by targeting the permeability of the boundary between them. Employees may focus their crafting on the boundary toward the work domain (WNBC-work) or the non-work domain (WNBC-nonwork), e.g., shielding each domain from negative spillover from the other. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal associations of WNBC with health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesized that individuals who exhibited more such crafting behaviors at the onset of the pandemic would experience higher mental well-being and work engagement at later points in the COVID-19 pandemic, mediated by lower WHI and HWI. We surveyed N = 2,171 German-speaking employees from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland at three time points during 2020. Structural equation model results indicate that only WNBC-work is longitudinally negatively associated with reduced HWI and positively associated with mental well-being and work engagement. Further, in our sample, only HWI is longitudinally associated with lower mental well-being. No indirect effect reaches significance. Our results underline the importance of WNBC in the work domain in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research should explore the nature of the direct links between WNBC and mental well-being and work engagement and consider alternative mediating processes, such as gain spirals. Lastly, our study underscores that supporting employees in crafting boundaries for well-being can be crucial, particularly during times of crisis.