bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are pine plantations valid tools for restoring Mediterranean forests? An assessment along abiotic and biotic gradients
Authors: Gómez-Aparicio Lorena , Zavala Miguel A. , Bonet Francisco J. , Zamora Regino 
Published: November 2009

The ecological impacts of forest plantations are a focus of intense debate, from studies that consider plantations as “biological deserts” to studies showing positive effects on plant diversity and dynamics. This lack of consensus might be influenced by the scarcity of studies that examine how the ecological characteristics of plantations vary along abiotic and biotic gradients. Here we conducted a large‐scale assessment of plant regeneration and diversity in plantations of southern Spain. Tree seedling and sapling density, plant species richness, and Shannon's (H′) diversity index were analyzed in 442 pine plantation plots covering a wide gradient of climatic conditions, stand density, and distance to natural forests that act as seed sources.Pronounced variation in regeneration and diversity was found in plantation understories along the gradients explored. Low‐ to mid‐altitude plantations showed a diverse and abundant seedling bank dominated byQuercus ilex, whereas high‐altitude plantations showed a virtually monospecific seeding bank ofPinus sylvestris. Regeneration was null in plantations with stand densities exceeding 1500 pines/ha. Moderate plantation densities (500–1000 pines/ha) promoted recruitment in comparison to low or null canopy cover, suggesting the existence of facilitative interactions.Quercus ilexrecruitment diminished exponentially with distance to the nearestQ. ilexforest. Richness andH′ index values showed a hump‐shaped distribution along the altitudinal and radiation gradients and decreased monotonically along the stand density gradient.From a management perspective, different strategies will be necessary depending on where a plantation lies along the gradients explored. Active management will be required in high‐density plantations with arrested succession and low diversity. Thinning could redirect plantations toward more natural densities where facilitation predominates. Passive management might be recommended for low‐ to moderate‐density plantations with active successional dynamics (e.g., toward oak or pine–oak forests at low to mid altitudes). Enrichment planting will be required to overcome seed limitation, especially in plantations far from natural forests. We conclude that plantations should be perceived as dynamic systems where successional trajectories and diversity levels are determined by abiotic constraints, complex balances of competitive and facilitative interactions, the spatial configuration of native seed sources, and species life‐history traits.
The Disproportionate Cost of Smoking for African Americans in California
Authors: Max Wendy , Sung Hai-Yen , Tucker Lue-Yen , Stark Brad 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We estimated the economic impact of smoking on African Americans in California in 2002, including smoking-attributable health care expenditures and productivity losses from smoking-caused mortality.Methods. We estimated econometric models of smoking-attributable ambulatory care, prescription drugs, inpatient care, and home health care using national and state survey data. We assessed smoking-attributable mortality using epidemiological models.Results. Adult smoking prevalence for African Americans was 19.3% compared with 15.4% for all Californians. The health care cost of smoking was $626 million for the African American community. A total of 3013 African American Californians died of smoking-attributable illness in 2002, representing a loss of over 49 000 years of life and $784 million in productivity. The total cost of smoking for this community amounted to $1.4 billion, or $1.8 billion expressed in 2008 dollars.Conclusions. Although African Americans account for 6% of the California adult population, they account for over 8% of smoking-attributable expenditures and fully 13% of smoking-attributable mortality costs. Our findings confirm the need to tailor tobacco control programs to African Americans to mitigate the disproportionate burden of smoking for this community.
3-D Computational Modelling of Process Condition Effects on Polymer Injection Molding
Authors: Tutar M. , Karakus A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) computational modeling approach of mold insert injection molding is developed to build a more robust and complete simulation solution of polymer melt flow in a mold cavity considering the effects of process conditions on non-isothermal, viscous, compressible and non-Newtonian flow behavior. The changes in viscosity and density in the polymer melt flow are successfully modeled within a volume of fluid (VOF) method coupled with a finite volume approach to generate more realistic melt flow physics during filling stage of injection molding under different process conditions. The Pressure Implicit with Splitting Operators (PISO) pressure-velocity coupling algorithm is employed to enable higher degree of approximate relation between corrections for pressure and velocity, and a comprehensive high-resolution differencing scheme (CICSAM) is successfully utilized to capture moving interfaces. The present developed numerical approach is verified for a box shape mold insert injection molding process of melt flow polypropylene (PP) and comparisons are made with a well-known commercial software program and the experimental data available in the open literature in terms of basic flow features. The numerical results are also compared with each other for each process condition to predict the evolution of a few flow parameters such as temperature and pressure field distributions in the selected regions of the mold cavity to optimize the polymer melt flow during the filling stage of injection molding. The present study is later extended to simulate the filling process of the injection molding for a mold insert PP pipe fitting model for further assessment of the modeling capabilities of the present numerical modeling methodology in injection molding of complex geometrical configurations.
Outcomes of Myopic LASIK With and Without NIDEK Active Torsion Error Correction
Authors: Venter Jan 
Published: November 2009

Purpose:
To compare refractive outcomes and higher order aberrations of eyes that underwent LASIK for myopia with astigmatism with or without active cyclotorsion error correction.

Methods:

This was a contralateral eye study of 48 eyes of 24 patients who underwent LASIK using the NIDEK Advanced Vision Excimer laser platform (NAVEX), treating one eye with active cyclotorsion error correction (TEC eyes) and the fellow eye without active cyclotorsion error correction (without TEC eyes). Postoperatively, the refractive outcomes, including postoperative astigmatism and higher order aberrations were compared between groups using the
t
test. A
P
value <.05 was considered statistically significant. Three-month postoperative outcomes are presented.

Results:

Preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent was −3.59±1.60 diopters (D) (range: −1.25 to −6.75 D) for the TEC group and −3.82±1.89 D (range: −1.38 to −8.63 D) for the without TEC group. No statistically significant differences were noted in postoperative visual acuity between groups (
P
>.05). The TEC eyes had statistically significant lower postoperative cylinder (0.28±0.27 D [range: 0 to −0.75 D] for the TEC group vs 0.49±0.30 D [range: 0 to −1.00 D] for the without TEC group;
P
=.02). A mean decrease in root-mean-square (RMS) of higher order aberration was noted in the TEC eyes, and a mean increase was noted in RMS of higher order aberration for the without TEC eyes at both 5- and 6-mm pupil diameters. The TEC eyes had statistically significantly lower RMS of higher order aberration (
P
<.01).

Conclusions:
Active torsion error correction with the NIDEK NAVEX platform statistically significantly increases the predictability of astigmatism correction and reduces the induction of higher order aberrations of eyes undergoing LASIK.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:985–990.]
Valeronitrile Hydrolysis in Supercritical Water
Authors: Sarlea Michael , Kohl Sabine , Blickhan Nina , Vogel Herbert 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNitriles act as important intermediates for the chemical industry and are accessible on a large scale through hydrocyanation or ammonoxidation. Nitrile hydrolysis yields amides and acids used in various applications. The conventional nitrile hydrolysis process relies on stoichiometric amounts of mineral acid or base which inherently deliver great amounts of waste brine. Improving this process towards green chemistry would require reaction conditions which can provide technically significant results without the use of catalysts. Under these conditions, the hydrolysis of valeronitrile in pure supercritical water was investigated. The experiments were performed in a continuous high pressure laboratory‐scale apparatus at a temperature between 400 and 500 °C, 30 MPa pressure and maximal residence time of 100 s. Nitrile conversion and valeric acid selectivity greater than 90 % were achieved.
Health risks of heavy metals in sewage‐irrigated soils and edible seeds in Langfang of Hebei province, China
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Fan , Zhao Ye , Zhu Yuen , Yang Xu , Qiao Jiejuan , Tian Qing , Zhang Qing 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Human exposure to heavy metals is attributed to consumption of food crops grown in polluted soil environment. The objective of our study was to assess the health risks of heavy metals in edible seeds of crops grown in sewage‐irrigated soils located in the Langfang of Hebei province, China. Here, heavy metal contents in soils and plants were determined using an internal standard and high‐resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.RESULTS: There was a relative buildup of heavy metals in sewage‐irrigated soils in the study area; in particular, all Cr and partial Zn and Cu showed higher concentrations than the limits proposed by the World Health Organization, European Union (EU) and UK. Heavy metal concentrations in edible seeds of plants grown in sewage‐irrigated soils partly exceeded the permissible limits set by the EU, UK and the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. With the exception of Cu, health risk index values of each heavy metal investigated by intake of the edible seeds were less than 1. Here, a health risk index of < 1 is considered safe for human consumption.CONCLUSION: The study indicated that there was a relative absence of health risks associated with the ingestion of sewage‐irrigated edible seeds. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvement of growth, fermentative efficiency and ethanol tolerance of Kloeckera africana during the fermentation of Agave tequilana juice by addition of yeast extract
Authors: Díaz‐Montaño Dulce M , Favela‐Torres Ernesto , Córdova Jesus 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to improve the productivity and yield of tequila fermentation and to propose the use of a recently isolated non‐Saccharomyces yeast in order to obtain a greater diversity of flavour and aroma of the beverage. For that, the effects of the addition of different nitrogen (N) sources to Agave tequilana juice on the growth, fermentative capacity and ethanol tolerance of Kloeckera africana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied and compared.RESULTS: Kloeckera africana K1 and S. cerevisiae S1 were cultured in A. tequilana juice supplemented with ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate or yeast extract. Kloeckera africana did not assimilate inorganic N sources, while S. cerevisiae utilised any N source. Yeast extract stimulated the growth, fermentative capacity and alcohol tolerance of K. africana, giving kinetic parameter values similar to those calculated for S. cerevisiae.CONCLUSION: This study revealed the importance of supplementing A. tequilana juice with a convenient N source to achieve fast and complete conversion of sugars in ethanol, particularly in the case of K. africana. This yeast exhibited similar growth and fermentative capacity to S. cerevisiae. The utilisation of K. africana in the tequila industry is promising because of its variety of synthesised aromatic compounds, which would enrich the attributes of this beverage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The Effect of Salting Pasture on the Incidence of Stomach Worms in Sheep
Authors: Fraser Allan H. H. , Robertson David , Ritchie John E. 
Published: November 2009

1. Salting of pasture was explored as a means of controlling stomach worm infestation of grazing sheep.2. Infestation with Haemonchus contortus was significantly decreased, but that with Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus axei was not significantly affected.
On the occurrence of the chrysanthemum eelworm, Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi, in a tomato fruit
Authors: Goodey T. , Bennett S. H. 
Published: November 2009

The occurrence of the chrysanthemum eelworm, Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi (Schwartz, 1911), in an unusual situation, namely within the tissues of tomato fruits, calls for brief report since, though well known as a leaf parasite of a good number of plants, it has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously from a fruit.Towards the end of October, one of us (S.H.B.) visited a grower who complained of having a number of tomato fruits from which the calyx tissue came away at the slightest touch. These fruits then rotted deeply towards the centre. Two such fruits were taken from the store for examination in the laboratory. One of them was attacked by the fungus Didymella Lycopersici whilst the other was found to contain eelworms. This fruit was sent by S.H.B. to T.G. with a request for a determination of the species of eelworm present and an opinion on whether it was a parasitic species or not.On receipt of the fruit the senior author cut it in two by a cut passing along the longitudinal axis from the calyx region and through the central fleshy placenta. It was then seen that the discoloured diseased area was about ¼ in. deep by about ⅝ in. broad and occupied much of the solid fleshy base of the fruit. On teasing up a small portion of the diseased tissues in water and examining under the binocular microscope, considerable numbers of small eelworms were found together with numerous eggs and larvae in various stages of growth.
Some bird Helminths from Antigua
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A. 
Published: November 2009

The material on which this article is based was sent to Dr. R. T. Leiper, C.M.G., F.R.S., by Mr. L. R. Hutson, Veterinary Officer, Antigua, to both of whom my thanks are due. Most of the cestodes had already been described by Prof. J. G. Baer and recorded by him in 1940. The rest of the collection consists mainly of nematodes but there are, however, representatives of all three groups of helminths—Trematoda, Cestoda and Acanthocephala as well as the Nematoda. The hosts were all described by the local popular names and I am much indebted to Mr. Kinnear, of the Natural History Museum, London, for identifying them.The only trematode in the collection is the Strigeid, Apharyngostrigca cornu Goeze, 1800, which had been removed from the large gut of a Yellow crowned night heron, Nycticorax violaceous. It has already been recorded from a number of birds belonging to the Ciconidae and to the Ardeidae but not from this particular host. It is not uncommon in Europe and the United States but has not been reported in the British West Indies before. There are two specimens both attached to the mucous membrane but they were easily removed and seemed to have caused no pathological changes. They are mature and contain eggs and the vitellaria are strongly developed, obscuring most of the other organs.
On Kalicephalus hongkongensis n.sp. from Elaphe moellendorffi and the Erection of a New Genus, Kalicephaloides
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh 
Published: November 2009

Two species of Kalicephalus are reported from snakes. K. indicus is found to be very common in the snake, Pytas mucosus in Canton, and K. hongkongensis sp.nov. is reported for Elaphe moellendorffi.In a large number of species of Kalicephalus examined, a telamon was always found to be present.The genus Occipitodontus is recognised as a valid one.Kalicephalus minutus is made the genotype of a new genus Kalicephaloides on the basis of the unequal spicules and one of the terminal branches of the dorsal ray having its origin at the base of the dorsal ray.
On a New Trematode, Tremajoannes buckleyi gen. et sp. nov. (Lecithodendriidae) from Central American Bats with some notes on Phaneropsolus orbicularis (Diesing, 1850) Braun, 1901
Authors: Saoud M. F. A. 
Published: November 2009

1. A new trematode Tremajoannes buckleyi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the bats Pteronotus davyi fulvus and Mormoops megalophylla from Colombia, Central America. A comparison between Tremajoannes gen. nov. and the other related genera of the family Lecithodendriidae is given.2. Primatotrema Premvati, 1958 is considered as a synonym of Phaneropsolus Looss, 1899, accordingly Primatotrema macacae should be Phaneropsolus macacae (Premvati, 1958), n.comb.3. Phaneropsolus magnitesticulatus Ryšavý et al., 1960 is considered as a synonym of P. macacae (Premvati, 1958).4. Phaneropsolus orbicularis (Diesing, 1850) Braun, 1901 is reported from a new host and redescribed.
On Some Larval Trematodes fromLymnaea peregra(Muller) in Scotland
Authors: Williams Modupé O. 
Published: November 2009

Out of 550Lymnaea peregra(Muller) collected from a pond near Glasgow, Scotland, 29% were infected with sporocysts and cercariae ofCotylurus cornutus(Rudolphi, 1809), 0·9% with sporocysts and cercariae ofApatemon gracilis minor(Yamaguti, 1953), 0·18% with sporocysts and cercariae ofDiplostomum spathaceum(Rudolphi, 1819), 0·8% with sprocysts and cercariae ofDiplostomum gasterosteiWilliams, 1966, 9·0% with rediae and cercariae ofNotocotylus attenuatus(Rudolphi, 1809), 3·6% with rediae and cercariae ofHypoderaeum conoideum(Bloch, 1782), 7·27% with sporocysts and cercariae ofHaplometra cylindracea, (Looss, 1899), and 13·6% with metacercariae ofEchinoparyphium recurvatum(Linstow, 1873).The pattern of development ofCotylurus cornutusin the duck is described.
The morphology of Dentostomella kuntzi (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) from Egyptian rodents
Authors: Ashour A. A. , Lewis J. W. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTDentostomella kuntzi is redescribed from specimens found in the rodent hosts Acomys cahirinus, Arvicanthis niloticus and Rattus rattus from the Giza province of Egypt, and compared with three species of the genus Dentostomella namely D. grundmanni, D. legerae and D. translucida. Unlike other species in the genus, the egg of D. kuntzi is operculate. The distribution of adult D. kuntzi within the intestine of Acomys cahirinus is also discussed.
Studies on the ultrastructure and histochemistry of the lymph system in three species of amphistome (Trematoda: Digenea) Gigantocotyle explanatum, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Srivastavaia indica from the Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus bubalis
Authors: Dunn T. S. , Nizami W. A. , Hanna R. E. B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe lymph system of three amphistome parasites from buffaloes, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Srivastavaia indica was studied using light microscope histochemistry and electron microscopy. In each case the system comprised a single pair of main longitudinal vessels which gave rise to numerous sub-dividing lateral branches. Although the finer lymph channels associated with most internal systems, they did not penetrate the basement membrane of any organ. The lymph vessels were delimited by a unit membrane and separated from adjacent cells by interstitial material. The lymph fluid consisted of an amorphous proteinaceous, lipid-rich matrix, containing naked nuclei and granules of various sizes. Complexes of endoplasmic reticulum were frequently associated with the nuclei. No distinct Golgi bodies or mitochondria were evident. The granules noted throughout the lymph morphologically resembled autophagosomes and lysosomes. Autophagy within the lymph system presumably mobilizes amino acids for subsequent transport to tissues undergoing active protein synthesis. The lymph channels displayed an intimate relationship with the general parenchyma. In particular, numerous protrusions of lymph occurred into the cytoplasm of certain specialized parenchymal cells surrounding the pharynx. Within these ‘juxtapharyńigeal’ cells autophagic degradation of sequestered lymph cytoplasm apparently occurred. In the three species of amphistome studied, the lymph system appears to function in storage and mobilization of amino acids and possibly lipids. It may also serve to distribute other small molecules throughout the body. The detection of haemoglobin in the lymph system of G. crumenifer and S. indica, but not in Gigantocotyle explanatum, suggests a further role in oxygen storage and transport.
Dirofilaria immitis: the moulting of the infective larva in vitro
Authors: Devaney E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA number of in vitro culture systems were tested for their ability to support the development of Dirofilaria immitis infective larvae to the fourth larval stage. In cultures of medium ML-15 containing a feeder layer of Dog Sarcoma (DS) cells larvae successfully moulted and showed a small but significant increase in length. Ultrastructural observations demonstrated that the fourth-stage cuticle was synthesized in vitro and in some larvae was fully formed by 60 hours of culture. The hypodermis of moulting larvae contained numerous multi-vesicular bodies. It is concluded that the moult in vitro is a true moult and not an atypical response of the larvae to the conditions of culture.
Schistosoma intercalatum (Fisher, 1934) infection in sheep
Authors: Christensen Niels Ørnbjerg , Nansen Peter , Frandsen Flemming , Monrad Jesper 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTParasitological and clinico-pathological aspects of Schistosoma intercalatum infection in sheep were studied after exposure to 5000 cercariae per animal. It was shown that the infection, in spite of relatively high tissue egg counts, only gave rise to low-grade clinico-pathological manifestations with almost unaffected blood parameters. The parasites were mainly located in the lower part of the intestinal tract, and the number of eggs being passed in faeces was very low.
Schistosoma mansoni: the presence and ultrastructure of vitelline cells in adult males
Authors: Shaw M. K. , Erasmus D. A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe presence of vitelline cells in male Schistosoma mansoni from both mixed and single sex infections in mice is described.Ultrastructurally these vitelline cells resemble the mature, Stage 4 cells from normal female worms. As yet no developing vitelline cells (Stages 1 to 3) have been found. The cells do not appear to form complete lobules as in the female.