bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of backward impedance on low‐voltage distribution system using measured resonant current
Authors: Miki Toru , Konishi Kazuki , Morimoto Koji , Nagaoka Naoto , Ametani Akihiro 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTwo estimation methods for a backward impedance of a power distribution system are proposed in this paper. According to the first method, the backward impedance is estimated based on information obtained from the frequency response of a transient current flowing into a capacitor connected to a distribution line. The backward impedance is determined from the attenuation constant and the resonant frequency calculated using the capacitance and the impedance of the power distribution system. These parameters can be reliably obtained from a frequency response of the transient current using the least square method. The accuracy of the method strongly depends on the origin on the time axis for Fourier transform. An additional estimate of the time‐origin is required for an accurate estimation of the backward impedance. The second method estimates the backward impedance using two transient current waveforms obtained by alternately connecting different capacitors to a distribution line. The backward impedance can be represented as a function of the frequency responses of these currents. Since this method is independent from the time‐origin, it is suitable for automatic measurements of the backward impedance. Proposed methods are applicable to the estimation of harmonic currents in distribution systems. In this paper, harmonic currents flowing through a distribution line are calculated based on the estimated backward impedance and on the measured values of voltage harmonics obtained by the instrument developed by the authors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 28–40, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20900
A method to determine direct‐ and quadrature‐axis inductances of permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Yamamoto Shu , Kano Takashi , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Ara Takahiro 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe equivalent circuit constants of permanent magnet synchronous motors are needed in the calculation of operation characteristics, construction of a control system, etc. These constants can be computed from the data on structural form and materials. However, measurements are necessary to obtain highly precise values. Methods for measurement of the d‐ and q‐axis inductances can be roughly divided into rotational and standstill methods. The standstill methods have the advantage that they are easy to carry out. However, it is difficult to consider magnetic saturation and distortion of the change in the armature winding inductance. The accuracy of the standstill method can be improved if these effects can be readily taken into account.This paper describes a standstill method for measuring accurate d‐ and q‐axis synchronous inductances of permanent magnet synchronous motors. By utilizing the fact that the EMF interference terms in the motor voltage equation considering the distortion of the inductance change are equal to zero when the rotor is in a specific position, the proposed method determines the inductances considering both magnetic saturation and inductance distortion effects from simple off‐line standstill testing. In addition, this method is capable of taking cross‐magnetic saturation into account when used with the necessary testing equipment. The proposed method was implemented on a 0.4‐kW interior permanent magnet synchronous motor with concentrated stator winding. The validity of the proposed method was demonstrated by comparing the measured and calculated results of the no‐load and on‐load characteristics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 41–50, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20969
Total Synthesis of (–)‐Fasicularin and (–)‐Lepadiformine A Based on Zn‐Mediated Allylation of Chiral N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Ketimine
Authors: Mei San‐Lin , Zhao Gang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe stereoselective total synthesis of fasicularin (1) andlepadiformine A (2) is described, which features the utilization of a Zn‐mediated allylation of a chiral, aliphatic, N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl ketimine to construct the amino‐substituted quaternary carbon center in good yield and with excellent diastereoselectivity. The azaspirocyclic scaffold was installed sequentially by a Sharpless dihydroxylation and an internal epoxide‐opening reaction, and this scaffold was further converted into common intermediate 5. Removing the tosyl (Ts) protecting group of 5 and reductively aminating usingLuche's reagent completed the synthesis of (–)‐fasicularin (1), while reducing 5 using L‐selectride, deprotecting the Ts group, and finishing with an intramolecular amino alcohol cyclocondensation completed the total synthesis of (–)‐lepadiformine A (2).
Determination of chroma in pulping effluent by ratio spectrum‐derivative spectrophotometry
Authors: Chen Honglei , Chen Yuancai , Zhan Huaiyu , Fu Shiyu 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new method is proposed for the determination of chroma in pulping effluent, using ratio spectrum‐derivative spectrophotometry. The ratio derivative value at 366 nm was used to calculate chroma, which is not affected by pH value and suspended substance in pulping effluent, so the procedure does not require adjusting the pH value and removing the suspended substance before the detection of chroma. The test procedures were simplified and the error caused by human factors was reduced. The method has high precision and accuracy with a relative difference is within ±5% when the chroma of samples is in the range of 50–390 color unit. The new method was satisfactorily applied for the determination of chroma in pulping effluent. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Efficiency of permeable pavement systems for the removal of urban runoff pollutants under varying environmental conditions
Authors: Tota‐Maharaj Kiran , Scholz Miklas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractUrban surface water runoff typically contains a high but variable number of pathogens, nutrients, and sediments that require removal before reuse. Permeable pavements can improve the water quality through interception, filtration, sedimentation, nutrient transformation, and microbial removal. There is currently insufficient scientific information available on the treatment efficiencies of permeable pavements combined with earth energy systems with regards to the removal of storm water pollutants such as nutrients, sediments, and microbial pollutants. This study evaluates the efficiency of 12 tanked combined systems during a medium‐term study. The research assessed weekly the removal of the microbial indicators total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and fecal Streptococci, as well as the key nutrients ammonia‐nitrogen, nitrate‐nitrogen, and ortho‐phosphate‐phosphorus, and physical variables such as suspended solids and turbidity. Total coliforms, E. coli, and fecal Streptococci were removed by 98–99%. The ammonia‐nitrogen and ortho‐phosphate‐phosphorus removal efficiencies were 84.6% and 77.5%, respectively. An analysis of variance indicated that the presence or absence of a geotextile did result in a very highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) with respect to the removal of both ammonia‐nitrogen and ortho‐phosphate‐phosphorus. Suspended solids, turbidity, and biochemical oxygen demand were reduced by 91%, 82%, and 88%, respectively. These results indicate the potential of the proposed novel system in urban runoff pollutant removal and subsequent reuse of the treated water. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Bacteriological elimination in sewage sludge through direct flow convective drying
Authors: Serenotti Fernando , Vieira Melissa G.A. , da Silva Meuris G.C. , Pisani Beatriz , Simões Marise , Prandi Maria Ângela Garnica 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSewage sludge, one of the main components of the wastewater generated worldwide, is a residue with high moisture content. Because thermal drying allows volume reduction and microbiological inactivation, its use can be considered a powerful tool in the environmental area.The purpose of this study was to assess the drying process conducted with an upflow direct convection dryer for bacteriological disinfection by verifying the microorganisms E. coli and Salmonella spp, prior to and following the drying process. The study suggested that the most favorable drying condition occurred at the temperature of 140°C and flow of 0.4 kg/min, while all the conditions applied to disinfection were also efficient, since the sludge was exposed to a temperature equal to or above 60°C for more than 1 h in all the conditions, which exceeds the exposure time recommended for the death of the bacteria aforementioned. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Biosorption of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions onto natural dye waste of Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Authors: Vankar Padma S. , Sarswat Rishabh , Malik Devendra S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ onto natural dye waste (aqueous color extracted) of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower has been studied in this work. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to examine the effects of process parameters such as pH, temperature, agitating rate, adsorbent mass, and particle size on metal uptake by Hibiscus dye waste (HDW) for Cd2+ and Pb2+. The sorption process was fast and equilibrium was achieved in about 150 min of contact. The extent of adsorption of lead and cadmium increased with an increase of pH as well as adsorbent doses, while decreased adsorbent particle size. The adsorption data followed the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. Adsorption equilibrium was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model with adsorption maxima at equilibrium to be 90.909 mg/g of lead ions, and 103.093 mg/g of cadmium ions on HDW sorbent at 20°C. The reversibility of the process was investigated and desorption was observed only in acidic pH values, and was generally high. This study indicated that the HDW can be used as an effective and environmentally safe biosorbent for the treatment of lead containing aqueous solutions. Thus, HDW sorbent is promising substrate to be suitable for electroplating waste water treatment (containing high amounts of lead and cadmium). © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Risk assessment by analysis of extrapolation error: A demonstration for effects of pollutants on fish
Authors: Suter G. W. , Vaughan D. S. , Gardner R. H. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This article describes a new method for risk assessment and applies it to assessing the risk of chronic toxicity of mercury to largemouth bass. The method consists of extrapolation between taxa and between toxicity test types by regression analysis. The variance terms in the regression analyses are combined with the point estimate of the geometric mean of the maximum allowable toxic concentration (GMATC) to derive a probability distribution of the GMATC. This distribution is then compared to the ambient contaminant concentration to derive the probability or risk of chronic toxicity. This general approach to risk analysis is applicable to any organism or toxicant.
Differential survival of fathead minnows,Pimephales promelas, as affected by copper exposure, prior population stress, and allozyme genotypes
Authors: Schlueter Mark A , Guttman Sheldon I , Oris James T , Bailer A John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTwo populations of fathead minnows (F1, offspring of survivors of an acute fluoranthene exposure; N1, naive hatchery fish born in outdoor ponds) were concurrently exposed to approximately 850 μg/L of copper for 132 h. During the exposure, 49% of the F1 and 85% of the N1 minnows died. A curled operculum deformity, detected in 54% of the F1 population, was significantly related to mortality. A failure time regression model, combining both the F1 and N1 populations together, was fit to examine the relationship between population type (F1 or N1), body condition (weight/length3), presence of an operculum deformity, and different allozymes on time to death (TTD). The model indicated that type of population, body condition, the presence of an operculum deformity, and three loci (GPI-1*, IDHP-1*, and MDH-2*) were significantly related to TTD. The F1 minnows had a higher survival rate and longer average TTD compared to N1 minnows. In comparison to the N1 population, the F1 population possessed a higher frequency of genotypes associated with increased survivorship at the IDHP-1* and MDH-2* loci. Weight (and body condition) was negatively correlated with survivorship. Minnows with a severe operculum deformity, believed to be a result of parental exposure to fluoranthene, had a 100% mortality rate and exhibited a considerably reduced TTD compared to nondeformed minnows. Multilocus heterozygosity was not related to TTD for either population. This study indicates that genetic factors may exhibit stronger effects on survivorship than other factors (e.g., weight/body condition) commonly associated with fitness.
Predicting modes of toxic action from chemical structure: Acute toxicity in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Russom Christine L , Bradbury Steven P , Broderius Steven J , Hammermeister Dean E , Drummond Robert A 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the field of aquatic toxicology, quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) have developed as scientifically credible models for predicting the toxicity of chemicals when little or no empirical data are available. In recent years, there has been an evolution of QSAR development and application from that of a chemical-class perspective to one that is more consistent with assumptions regarding modes of toxic action. The objective of this research was to develop procedures that relate modes of acute toxic action in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to chemical structures and properties. An empirically derived database for diverse chemical structures of acute toxicity and corresponding modes of toxic action was developed through joint toxic action studies, the establishment of toxicodynamic profiles, and behavioral and dose-response interpretation of 96-h LC50 tests. Using the results from these efforts, as well as principles in the toxicological literature, approximately 600 chemicals were classified as narcotics (three distinct groups), oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers, respiratory inhibitors, electrophiles/proelectrophiles, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, or central nervous system seizure agents. Using this data set, a computer-based expert system has been established whereby chemical structures are associated with likely modes of toxic action and, when available, corresponding QSARs.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated toxic potency of dissolved lipophilic organic contaminants collected from Lincoln Creek, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, to PLHC-1 (Poeciliopsis lucida) fish hepatoma cells
Authors: Villeneuve Daniel L , Crunkilton Ronald L , DeVita William M 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLincoln Creek is a severely degraded urban stream located in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, USA. As part of a comprehensive study on effects of urban storm water runoff on the stream biota, an in vitro bioassay with PLHC-1 (Poeciliopsis lucida) fish hepatoma cells was used to assess potential toxic potency of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-active compounds, collected by semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) exposed to Lincoln Creek water. Dialysates from SPMDs exposed to Lincoln Creek water caused marked cytochrome P4501A induction in PLHC-1. Toxic potency of dialysates, expressed as bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) ranged from 1,300 to 6,600 pg TCDD-EQ/g SPMD for 14-d exposures. Dialysates from SPMDs exposed to stream water at base flow had potencies consistently lower than those exposed to storm-flow (high-flow) events that occurred during the same 14-d period. Polychlorinated biphenyls were not detectable in the dialysates. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as major contaminants in the dialysates. A log-log correlation of total PAHs and TCDD-EQ yielded an r2 of 0.802. Empirical evidence suggests that AhR-active PAHs can account for about 20 to 50% of the potency observed.
The toxicity of malathion to unionid mussels: Relationship to expected environmental concentrations
Authors: Keller Anne E , Ruessler D Shane 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The acute toxicity of malathion to glochidia, juvenile, and adult freshwater mussels was determined at pH 7.5 in soft water and at pH 7.9 in moderately hard reconstituted fresh water at 25°C and 32°C. Nine species were tested in one or more life stages. Glochidia tests were conducted for 4, 24, or 48 h, while juvenile and adult exposures lasted 96 h. Overall, Utterbackia imbecillis was the least sensitive species for all exposure conditions and life stages. The LC50 values for glochidia tested at 25°C ranged from 7 mg/L for Lampsilis siliquoidea (4 h) to 324 mg/L for U. imbecillis (48 h). At 32°C, glochidia LC50s were 119 mg/L for Villosa lienosa (48 h) and 374 mg/L for U. imbecillis (24 h). Tests with juvenile mussels produced 96-h LC50s ranging from 24 mg/L for Lampsilis straminea claibornensis at 25°C to 219 mg/L for U. imbecillis at 25°C. The 96-h LC50s for three species of adult mussels were greater than the highest malathion exposure concentration of 350 mg/L. These values are considerably higher than the reported 48-h LC50 of 1 μg/L for Daphnia magna and the 96-h LC50 of 0.76 μg/L for Gamarus fasciatus but are similar to 96-h LC50s for some fish. Expected environmental concentrations should not be lethal to unionids.
Levels of asymmetry in Formica pratensis Retz. (Hymenoptera, insecta) from a chronic metal-contaminated site
Authors: Rabitsch Wolfgang Bernhard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Asymmetries of bilaterally symmetrical morphological traits in workers of the ant Formica pratensis Retzius were compared at sites with different levels of metal contamination and between mature and pre-mature colonies. Statistical analyses of the right-minus-left differences revealed that their distributions fit assumptions of fluctuating asymmetry (FA). No direct asymmetry or antisymmetry were present. Mean measurement error accounts for a third of the variation, but the maximum measurement error was 65%. Although significant differences of FA in ants were observed, the inconsistent results render uncovering a clear pattern difficult. Lead, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in the ants decreased with the distance from the contamination source, but no relation was found between FA and the heavy metal levels. Ants from the premature colonies were more asymmetrical than those from mature colonies but accumulated less metals. The use of asymmetry measures in ecotoxicology and biomonitoring is criticized, but should remain widely applicable if statistical assumptions are complemented by genetic and historical data.
The effects of a C12–13 linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactant on periphyton, macrophytes, invertebrates and fish in stream mesocosms
Authors: Dorn Philip B , Rodgers John H , Gillespie William B , Lizotte Richard E , Dunn Arthur W 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe ecological effects of a C12–13 linear alcohol ethoxylate (LAE) were studied in stream mesocosms. The surfactant has an average distribution of six and one-half ethylene oxide groups per mole of alcohol. Responses of periphyton, macrophytes, invertebrates, and fish were examined and used to estimate a mesocosm-predicted no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC). The stream mesocosm experiment consisted of a 2-week period of natural colonization, a 30-d treatment period, and a 2-week post-treatment period. Four surfactant concentrations in duplicate streams were used along with two untreated control streams. Surfactant concentrations were delivered to the streams with no apparent loss during the 17-min transit time. The structural integrity of the surfactant was also maintained with no observed differences between the head, middle, or tail sections of individual streams. Average measured concentrations of LAE for replicate streams were 0.32, 0.88, 1.99, and 5.15 mg/L. Periphyton and Myriophyllum aquaticum did not show significant effects. The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) for all periphyton and M. aquaticum parameters was 5.15 mg/L, the highest concentration tested. Statistically significant effects were observed on Simuliidae, Copepoda, and Cladocera densities during the treatment period in all exposure concentrations. Thus, the lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) for invertebrate densities was 0.32 mg/L. Drifting invertebrates did not show significant LAE effects; however, increased numbers of invertebrates drifted in the 5.15-mg/L streams compared to controls. The 30-d LC50 for farm-raised and University-cultured fathead minnows was similar at 1.27 mg/L. The 30-d survival NOEC and LOEC for both populations of fish were 0.88 mg/L and 1.99 mg/L, respectively. There were no significant effects on reproduction in University-cultured fathead minnow. Fathead minnow reproductive behavior and feeding behavior were most susceptible to surfactant exposure with a NOEC of 0.32 mg/L. Bluegill sunfish survival responded similarly to the LAE as fathead minnow with a 30-d NOEC of 0.88 mg/L. No sublethal effects on juvenile bluegill growth were observed in this study. For primarily regulatory purposes, a “mesocosm NOEC” of 0.28 mg/L was derived for use in risk assessment.
Dietary accumulation and depuration of hydrophobic organochlorines: Bioaccumulation parameters and their relationship with the octanol/water partition coefficient
Authors: Fisk Aaron T , Norstrom Ross J , Cymbalisty Chris D , Muir Derek C.G 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDietary accumulation of 23 hydrophobic organochlorines (OCs) by juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was studied with the objective of obtaining relationships between bioaccumulation parameters and the octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow). A wide range of OCs were used including 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs 18, 28, 44, 52, 66, 101, 105, 118, 128, 138, 153, 187, 189, 195, 206, and 209), hexachlorobenzene, mirex, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPMe), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMeOH), and three toxaphene congeners (Cl7-chlorobornane [CHB] [Hp-sed], Cl8-CHB [T2], and Cl9-CHB [T12]). Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (half-life [t1/2] = 65 d) was more persistent than TCPMeOH (t1/2 = 20 d), and TCPMe was not biotransformed to TCPMeOH by rainbow trout. Cl7-chlorobornane (t1/2 = 32 d) was more rapidly eliminated, and appears to be more readily metabolized, than Cl8-CHB (t1/2 = 43 d) and Cl9-CHB (t1/2 = 42 d). With the exception of TCPMeOH, Cl7-CHB, and PCB 18, all of the OCs had biomagnification factors (BMFs) &gt;1, implying a potential to biomagnify. Half-lives had a significant curvilinear relationship with Kow (R2 = 0.85, p &lt; 0.001), with a maximum t1/2 for OCs with log Kow ∼ 7.0. Decreasing t1/2 for OCs of log Kow &gt; 7.0 may be related to slow kinetics of these super hydrophobic OCs and the short exposure phase, which results in insufficient time for the super hydrophobic OCs to reach slower clearing compartments of the rainbow trout. Assimilation efficiency was not as well described by Kow as by t1/2 and BMF, although a significant curvilinear relationship was observed (R2 = 0.53, p = 0.004). The BMF had a significant curvilinear relationship with log Kow (R2 = 0.84, p &lt; 0.001). Recalcitrant OCs with a log Kow of ∼7.0 would appear to have the greatest potential for food chain biomagnification in fish.