bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SELECTIVE STAINING OF COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN BY LUXOL FAST BLUE G IN METHANOL: A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY
Authors: SALTHOUSE T. N. 
Published: April 2011

Luxol fast blue G in saturated methanol solution selectively stained collagen and elastin in formalin-fixed tissue sections. This selective staining did not take place when a number of other solvents were used. The possible mechanism of dye affinity for collagen and elastin was investigated. Deamination, acetylation, sulfation, potassium permanganate oxidation, and saponification did not greatly affect staining of collagen, although after deamination, and permanganate oxidation elastin did not stain. Therefore it is unlikely that chemical groups affected by these treatments play a significant role in collagen staining by this dye. Tannic acid treatment of sections prevented their staining by the Luxol-methanol solution. Similar treatment in vitro of collagen and elastin reduced staining but did not completely abolish it. Tannic acid tanning of collagen affects its physical properties by introducing cross linkages, and also interacts with basic protein groups. Nonionic groups are also blocked. Both the physical properties of collagen as a polymer, and its chemical properties may be involved in its affinity for Luxol fast blue G in methanol. Luxol fast blue G is a di- oItolylguanidine salt of a trisazo dye. It is possible that only the molecular arrangement of the dye in methanol is able to complex with collagen. After many of the blockade treatments elastin did not stain. The groups blocked by these treatments must be necessary for binding of the dye by elastin, but not for collagen. The method is simple and would seem adaptable to routine histological use and for studies of the histochemical and staining properties of collagen and elastin.
A ONE-WAVELENGTH, TWO-AREA METHOD IN MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY FOR PURE AMPLITUDE OBJECTS
Authors: GARCIA ALFREDO MARIANO 
Published: April 2011

A one-wavelength method for nuclei in smears is tested and discussed. It eliminates need for visual estimates of areas and measurements to check for possible slight variations in absorption spectrum which would vitiate applicability of the two-wavelength method. Extinction ( E1) is obtained from an intranuclear plug measurement; area of absorbing material is computed as a function of ratios between "one minus transmittances", one intranuclear, the second including in addition "free" or "non-absorbing" areas around it. If T1 represents intranuclear transmittance, T2 total transmittance (nucleus plus free area), A1 the area of the nucleus and A2 the area from which T2 was obtained (absorbing plus nonabsorbing media), total extinction times area is computed as [See equation in the PDF file]
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING DIFFERENTIAL FIXATION WITH FORMALDEHYDE, GLUTARALDEHYDE, AND HYDROXYADIPALDEHYDE
Authors: TORACK RICHARD M. 
Published: April 2011

Differential fixation of rat brain has been described using formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and hydroxyadipaldehyde by perfusion or prolonged immersion. Fixation by prolonged immersion appears preferable since it produces a similar result with greater simplicity. Distribution of reaction product resulting from adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis in these fixed brains appears different and characteristic for each of these fixatives when they are used in this manner. More adenosine triphosphatase activity in rat brain was observed following formalin fixation than after fixation with either glutaraldehyde on hydroxyadipaldehyde; in this respect formalin fixation is recommended for over-all study of adenosine triphosphatase activity in the brain. The use of glutaraldehyde and hydroxyadipaldehyde seems indicated when study of enzymes surviving these fixatives is desired. Beside varying inactivation by different aldehyde fixatives, adenosine triphosphatase activity of rat brain has been characterized by distinct substrate preference and by chemical inhibition. Specificity of adenosine triphosphatase localization in rat cerebrum by electron microscopy seems enhanced by such differential fixation since differences in enzymatic activity not previously apparent can he recognized in closely related structures such as components of the blood-brain barrier. Since adenosine triphosphatase activity of astroglia in corpus callosum as well as in subpial and subependymal glial networks is glutaraldehyde resistant, an enzymatic similarity perhaps related to their physiological activity is indicated in these cells. Astroglia of cortex evince enzyme activity that survives only formalin fixation, suggesting a different function for cortical astrocytes. The enzymatic activity of oligodendrocytes appears to be a diphosphatase inactivated by glutaraldehyde and hydroxyadipaldehyde, and in this is strikingly similar to diphosphatase of Golgi apparatus.
A NOTE ON THE CHEMICAL MECHANISM OF THE NAUTA-GYGAX TECHNIQUE
Authors: GIOLLI ROLAND A. 
Published: April 2011

This research attempts to determine which chemical groups are involved in Nauta impregnation of degenerating peripheral and optic nerve fibers. Before the Nauta-Gygax technique, tissues either were treated with bromine water to block unsaturated bonds or with acetone or chloroform-methanol to extract various lipid constituents. Bromination completely suppressed Nauta impregnation of degenerating optic and sciatic nerve fibers. This, together with data provided by extracted preparations, implicates unsaturated lipids, probably cholesterol esters, in the impregnation. The basic similarity in chemical mechanism of the Nauta and Marchi impregnations of degenerating fibers is discussed. Whereas the Marchi reaction in nerve fibers is limited to degenerating myelin, data are presented indicating that Nauta impregnation involves both degenerating myelin sheath and axis cylinder.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF N-ACETYL-β-GLUCOSAMINIDASE EMPLOYING NAPHTHOL AS-BI N-ACETYL-β-GLUCOSAMINIDE AS SUBSTRATE
Authors: HAYASHI MASANDO 
Published: April 2011

The N-acetyl-β-glucosaminide of naphthol AS-BI (7-bromo-3-hydroxy-2-naphth- o-anisidide) was obtained by reacting the anisidide with acetochloroglucosamine in aqueous alkaline acetone. After removal of O-acetyl groups with methanolic ammonia and recrystallization from aqueous methanol, the compound may be used as a substrate for N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. Formol-calcium fixed frozen sections were incubated with 0.5 mM substrate in the presence of hexazonium pararosanilin or fast garnet GBC at pH 5.2. Staining appeared in the cytoplasm mostly as discrete granules at the presumed site of enzyme activity and was inhibited in the presence of N-acetylglucosaminolactone. In the rat kidney a number of spherical granules which stained for the enzyme were observed in the proximal portion of the proximal convoluted tubules. In the liver staining was recognized as small granules localized at the pericanalicular cytoplasm of parenchymal hepatic cells. The general cytological localization in these tissues was quite similar to that of other lysosomal enzymes. The limitations of the technique were briefly discussed.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON GLYCOSIDASES OF THE RAT OVARY AND PLACENTA
Authors: BULMER D. 
Published: April 2011

In the rat ovary and placenta the distribution of β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase activities shown by the 6-bromo-2-naphthol post-coupling methods differs markedly from the distribution of β-glucuronidase activity which is indicated by the Fishman-Baker ferric hydroxyquinoline technique. In the ovary the intense reactions in interstitial cells and luteal cells with the post-coupling methods may be partly due to diffusion of intermediate reaction product. In the placenta a distribution is indicated for both glycosidases which is similar to the distribution pattern of acid phosphatase and organophosphate-resistant esterase. It is unlikely that the granular reactions obtained in some situations with the post-coupling methods can be regarded as an exact cytological localization of enzyme activity. The simultaneous coupling method for acetylglucosaminidase shows strong reactions in ovarian macrophages and atretic follicles, with weaker activity in corpora lutea, interstitial cells, and theca interna. In the placenta the visceral endoderm and decidua are strongly reactive, with weaker activity in the metrial gland and trophoblast. In some situations the reaction product is deposited in granular from, probably on the surface of lysosomal particles.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYMATIC REMOVAL OF GLYCOGEN FROM TISSUE SECTIONS AND FROM ENTIRE RAT LIVER BLOCKS
Authors: PAEGLE RONALD D. 
Published: April 2011

The rates of enzymatic glycogen removal from two different types of rat liver preparations were determined histochemically, employing the periodic acid-Schiff method to visualize glycogen. The first preparation consisted of elongated liver blocks (approximately 2 x 2 x 10 mm) which were fixed, then exposed to the alpha amylases before dehydration and embedding. The second type of preparation consisted of 5-8 µ thick, routinely prepared sections. The glycogen was removed considerably slower from the formaldehyde fixed tissue blocks than from the sections. The rate of glycogen hydrolysis was enchanced in the liver blocks by brief periods of autolysis, by removal of lipids and by washing before exposure to the enzyme. Hydrolysis by amylase was slower when 0.18 M phosphate was used with the formaldehyde during fixation than when veronal acetate or 0.018 M phosphate buffers were used at the same pH 7.2-7.4. Many peripherally located cells retained glycogen even after incubation of the entire blocks for 24 hours in alpha amylase when the buffer during fixation was 0.18 M sodium Phosphate. The contaminating ribonuclease present in malt diastase preparations penetrated readily into the cells of the elongated liver blocks but the protease affected only the periphery during the 24 hour incubation. The differences in resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis were not confined to the tissue blocks. The type of buffer and fixative used for tissue fixation determined the subsequent susceptibility of glycogen to hydrolysis in sections also. The list is arranged in order of progressively decreasing resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis: 3.8% formaldehyde or 3% glutaraldehyde with 0.18 M phosphate, 3.8% formaldehyde with 0.018 M phosphate or 0.18 M veronal acetate, 3% glutaraldehyde with distilled water, 3.8% formaldehyde with 0.129 M veronal acetate or distilled water, and 70-95% ethanol. In addition, glycogen was removed slower from the peripheral zones of the sections than from the central portions.
A METHOD FOR THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF TRIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE-LINKED l-HEXONATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN KIDNEYS OF SEVERAL SPECIES
Authors: BALOGH KÁROLY 
Published: April 2011

The described technique utilizes a tetrazolium salt to localize TPN2-linked l-hexonate dehydrogenase activity in unfixed frozen sections of mammalian kidneys. Enzyme diffusion was kept at a minimum by adding PVP to the incubation medium in a final concentration of 20%. Nevertheless, the sites of enzyme activity could not be localized precisely at the cell level. Histochemical evidence for l-hexonate specificity of the enzyme has been presented. A survey of various mammalian tissues revealed strong enzyme activity in the renal cortex of hamsters, rabbits, dogs and humans. In guinea pigs, the histochemical reaction was considerably weaker in heterozygous albino males than in pigmented ones. No enzyme activity was demonstrable in any of the female guinea pigs. Otherwise, the intensity of the histochemical reaction was consistent for a particular species. Although striking species differences were seen in the enzyme distribution pattern, activity was always limited to the epithelial cells of the renal cortex. Other tissues, known to contain the enzyme, failed to reveal an unequivocal histochemical reaction.
SUGGESTIONS FOR A HISTOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY OF CARBOHYDRATE-RICH TISSUE COMPONENTS
Authors: SPICER S. S. , LEPPI T. J. , STOWARD P. J. 
Published: April 2011

Biochemically known mucopolysaccharides can rarely be identified unequivocally in specific tisse sites by histochemical methods. Moreover, many carbohydrate-rich substances that have been detected histochemically (in terms of their vic-glycol content and characteristic acid groups) cannot be related to mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins known to biochemists. Accordingly, a terminology and classification is proposed for delineating mucosubstances in situ in terms of their histochemical properties. Mucosubstance and mucosaccharide are recommended as general terms for tissue entities rich in carbohydrate, but the term [acid] mucopolysaccharide is restricted to biochemically known mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue. The terms sulfomucin and sialomucin are suggested for acidic epithelial mucosubstances containing sulfate esters and sialic acid, respectively. Neutral mucosubstance is reserved for naming periodate-reactive entities, except glycogen, that lack demonstrable acid groups. The various muscosubstances that have been found in tissue sections so far are tabulated with suggested names.
A Treatment Algorithm for Primary Patellar Dislocations
Authors: Jain Neel P. , Khan Najeeb , Fithian Donald C. 
Published: April 2011

Context: Primary patellar dislocation continues to be a common problem facing clinicians today. These injuries are associated with significant morbidity and a substantial recurrence rate. Myriad operative and nonoperative options have been described to treat these injuries, although the evidence-based literature is sparse. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed was searched from 1970-2010 to identify publications on patellar dislocations, including clinical presentation, natural history, radiographic workup, and treatment. Results: The initial workup of a patella dislocation includes a history, physical examination, and radiographs. If there is evidence of a displaced osteochondral fragment or hemarthrosis, then magnetic resonance imaging should be obtained. The treatment of first-time patella dislocators has been controversial, and no study has demonstrated a clear benefit to early operative intervention. Conclusion: First-time patellar dislocations should be treated conservatively unless there is evidence of a displaced osteochondral fragment.
THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF THE PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF REACTION OF COLLAGEN FIBERS WITH REFERENCE TO PERIODATE CONSUMPTION BY COLLAGEN AND BY INSULIN
Authors: BANGLE RAYMOND , ALFORD WILLIAM C. 
Published: April 2011

1. Oxidation of collagen fibers in tissue sections or of Standard Hide Powder (hide collagen) in the testtube by an acid solution of periodate (pH 1.9) resulted in a product which gave a positive (pink to red) Schiff reaction. Oxidation by an alkaline solution of periodate (pH 8.2) gave an equivocal (faint pink) reaction. 2. The reaction between the insoluble oxidation product in collagen and the Schiff reagent was blocked completely, both in tissue sections and in the testtube, by an aqueous solution of aniline chloride, phenylhydrazine, or dimedone at room temperature, but not by the aqueous solvent alone, indicating that free insoluble aldehyde groups were produced as the result of acid periodate oxidation. 3. The acid periodate Schiff reaction of collagen fibers was not due to the presence of lipid or glycogen and did not depend upon chemical fixation of the tissue. 4. Periodate cleavage oxidation of the ε-amino-δ-hydroxy grouping of hydroxylysine in collagen did not seem to play a significant role in the acid periodate Schiff reaction. 5. Periodate cleavage oxidation of the serine and threonine constituents of collagen probably does not occur. 6. The largest fraction of carbohydrate in the dry hide powder was of nonglucosamine polysaccharide, calculated as 0.55% (expressed as glycogen). The quantity of hexosamine and uronic acids in the dry, defatted hide powder was 0.047% and less than 0.039% respectively. By indirect evidence it is deduced that the nonglucosamine polysaccharide complex conjugated with collagen most likely was responsible for the acid periodate Schiff reaction. 7. A large fraction of the periodate consumed by hide collagen could not be accounted for by oxidation of the carbohydrate content, by oxidation of vicinal hydroxy amino groups in the protein, or by nonspecific adsorption of –IO4. Evidence based upon the experiments with purified insulin indicates that periodate may be consumed by protein without the production of any aldehydes or free ammonia. This is suggested as the fate of periodate not otherwise accounted for in oxidized hide collagen.
THE ROLE OF MICROSOMES IN THE INCORPORATION OF AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEINS
Authors: KELLER ELIZABETH B. , ZAMECNIK PAUL C. , LOFTFIELD ROBERT B. 
Published: April 2011

These studies are an extension of previous findings of a relationship between ribose nucleic acid and protein synthesis (Brachet, Caspersson, Borsook, Keller, Siekevitz, Mirsky). In vivo experiments have been described which show that 70 per cent or more of the initial incorporation of leucine-C14 or valine-C14 in the liver occurs in the protein of the microsome fraction, which contains most of the cytoplasmic ribose nucleic acid. A straight line rate of incorporation of valine-C14 into microsome protein has been found during the first few minutes after intravenous injection of the labeled amino acid. The uptake of leucine or valine into microsome protein in these experiments is approximately 2 per cent per hour. Experiments on a cell-free system have also been reported, showing that the microsome fraction and the "soluble fraction" of the liver cell are both essential for incorporation. This incorporation occurs almost entirely into the protein of the microsome fraction.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON RODS AND CONES IN RETINAS OF VERTEBRATES
Authors: SIDMAN RICHARD L. , WISLOCKI GEORGE B. 
Published: April 2011

Retinas containing varied proportions of rods and cones, including those of frog, Amphiuma, turtle, chick, kitten and monkey, have been studied by histochemical means. In all visual cells ribonucleic acid occurs exclusively in the myoids. These structures also sometimes contain glycogen. The paraboloids, whenever present, contain glycogen and nothing else. The ellipsoids are colored by mitochondrial stains and by sudan black B, and are rich in a mildly acidophilic protein. The outer segments of the rods and cones contain an acidophilic protein and lipids which are characterized by sudanophilia, the Ashbel-Seligman carbonyl reaction, and autofluorescence. The outer segments of the rods also contain a complex carbohydrate and react strongly for protein-bound sulfhydryl groups. The carbohydrate and the sudanophilic lipid are present in the outer segments of immature photoreceptor cells before the onset of vision and are considered to be structural components; the sulfhydryl reaction, on the other hand, occurs only in outer segments of mature rods and may represent opsin. Retinene, the carotenoid component of the visual pigments, is a fatty aldehyde which we have not identified histochemically. Inconstant, faint metachromasia appears between the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells and the processes of the pigmented epithelial cells. The basal cytoplasm of the pigmented epithelium contains acidophilic protein, sulfhydryl groups, ribonucleic acid, lipids demonstrable by their sudanophilia, carbonyl staining, and autofluorescence, and stains for the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and lipase. The ellipsoids and outer segments of the visual cells, and the basal cytoplasm of the pigmented epithelium show similar histochemical reactions, whereas the myoids stain quite differently. Differences in histochemical properties of rods and cones in certain species are described.
THE ELASTIC FIBER A REVIEW
Authors: ROSS RUSSELL 
Published: April 2011

A number of important questions remain to be answered concerning our understanding of elastic tissues. The size and molecular weight of the elastin precursor remains to be clearly established. The number of proteins involved in the microfibrillar component of the elastic fiber are as yet undetermined, although it would appear that they are glycoproteins that may represent a species of reasonably high molecular weight. Clearly the elastic fiber contains two morphologic components. During morphogenesis, the elastic fiber begins to appear in the form of aggregates of microfibrils that take the shape and direction of the presumptive elastic fiber. With increasing maturity elastin begins to form within the interstices of each bundle of microfibrils. By the time the elastic fiber is fully formed it consists largely of the amorphous component, elastin, surrounded by an envelope of microfibrils with microfibrils embedded within its interstices. It has been suggested that the microfibrils form and take their shape extracellularly under the influence of the cells that have secreted their precursors. After the aggregates of microfibrils have taken their shape Ross and Bornstein (22) have suggested that the elastin may interact ionically with the surface of the microfibrils, since each of these two components has an opposite net charge, and may be held in position while desmosine cross-links are established through the action of the enzyme, lysyl oxidase. Thus the microfibrils would serve as a scaffolding to determine morphogenetically the shape and direction to be later taken by the mature elastic fiber. The reason for the elastic properties of the elastin is still yet poorly understood, and the means by which the cells synthesize and secrete both of these components remain to be investigated.
BASOPHILIC CHROMIDIA AND MITOCHONDRIA IN NORMAL AND IN TUMOR TISSUE
Authors: FIALA SILVIO , SPROUL EDITH E. , BLUTINGER MARTIN E. , FIALA ANNA E. 
Published: April 2011

1. Homogenized tissue mixed with Pyronin Y can be separated by differential centrifugation into red-stained nucleic acid-rich elements—nuclei and chromidia —and unstained nucleic acid-poor mitochondria. Pyronin can thus be useful in preparations of pure mitochondrial suspensions. 2. Chromidia thus obtained correspond to basophilic elements of cytoplasm observed in histological preparations. By electron microscopy, RNA content and sedimentation in gravitational field, they appear as a heterogenous population of granules of various sizes. Their RNA content (basophilic) appears to increase in proportion to decrease in their size and sedimentability. 3. Mitochondria of mouse liver and of certain mouse tumors appear to have a constant proportion of RNA to nitrogen (basophilic quotient). In rat pancreas a higher value was found. 4. Liver, pancreas and tumor tissue show completely different patterns in distribution of basophilia. Tumor tissue is characterized by scarcity of large granules (mitochondria and heavy chromidia), reduction in the amount of small chromidia (microsomes) and predominance of basophilia in non-sedimented smallest nucleoprotein granules. Tumors are thus distinguished from such tissues as pancreas in which mitochondria are also scarce but heavy and light chromidia abundant. 5. A considerable succinoxidase activity was invariably found in large chromidia. This activity was inhibited by incubation with crystalline ribonuclease.