bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Attributes of Proteins Withdrawn from Different Stages of a Commercial Ethanol Fuel/Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Process Using a Wheat Feedstock
Authors: Stone Andrea , Avramenko Nicole , Abbott Dawn , Classen Hank , Nickerson Michael 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe functional attributes of proteins withdrawn from different stages of a commercial ethanol fuel/distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) process that used a wheat feedstock were investigated. Specifically, protein coproducts were examined postliquefaction (PL), postdistillation (PD), and postdrying (DDGS) and related to those from the native wheat feedstock (WF). Water hydration, oil holding, foaming, and emulsifying properties of all materials were assessed. The WF and the PL coproduct showed similar water hydration capacities (WHCs), ranging between 80 and 110%, whereas WHCs for the PD and DDGS coproducts were significantly higher (ranging between 264 and 356%). WHC for all products was found to be independent over the pH range of 2.00–10.00. A similar trend was found for the oil holding capacities, for which both WF and PL materials showed lower values (≈120%) than both the PD (203%) and DDGS (171%) materials. Foam capacity and stability for the WF were found to be 32.8 and 61.4%, respectively, whereas no coproducts were foam forming. Emulsion stability decreased from ≈45% for the WF to <10% in all other materials. Findings indicated that initial changes to the protein's functional attributes occurred in the PL stage of ethanol/DDGS processing.
Stress Relaxation of Wheat Kernels and Their Relationship with Milling, Rheological, and Breadmaking Quality of Wheat
Authors: Figueroa J. D. C. , Manuel C. I. , Hernández‐Estrada Z. J. , Ramírez‐Wong B. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe stress relaxation behaviors of soft and bread‐type wheat kernels were studied using the generalized Maxwell model. The data showed two phases, a fast phase at short times of about 1.52–16.88 sec (τ1 and τ2) and a slow phase with longer times of about 81.28–793.81 sec (τ3 and τ4). The shorter decay of σ1 can be explained by very weak forces that affect mainly the rheological properties. The slow decay (σ4) located at longer relaxation times resulted from strong forces. The first derivative obtained from the stress relaxation curve of intact wheat kernels was quite similar in shape to the dough farinograms. The stress relaxation parameters showed differences in springs, relaxation times, and viscosities of bread wheat compared with soft‐type wheat kernels. The stresses σ1 and σ4 were correlated with wheat kernel, flour, rheological, and breadmaking properties; so especially were the elasticity of the spring (σ0) and viscosity of the fourth Maxwell element (η4), which were significantly correlated with all the quality properties, whereas σ2, σ3, η1, and η2 did not show correlation at all, except that η2 was correlated with falling number and volume of CO2.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera pannosa on Prunus cerasus in France
Authors: Hubert J. , Fourrier C. , Payen C. , Fournié J. L. , Ioos R. 
Published: June 2012

Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.:Fr.) de Bary (anamorph Oïdium leucoconium Desm.) is described as the most frequent species causing powdery mildew of members of the Rosaceae family, especially on Rosa spp. and Prunus spp. P. pannosa is reported as cosmopolitan, but its occurrence on Prunus cerasus (cherry) is limited to Hungary (3). During spring 2011, typical symptoms of powdery mildew were observed in a Prunus cerasus orchard located in La Roche de Glun (southeastern France). On average, 25% of the shoots per individual tree were affected by this disease. Although several different cultivars were grown in the orchard, cultivar Bigalise alone displayed powdery mildew symptoms. The lower surface of the leaves was covered with superficial, white, dense mycelium, whereas the upper side showed discoloration, necrosing patches, and blisters. Microscopic slides were prepared from fresh material by gently pressing a clear adhesive tape onto the lower surface covered by mycelium, which was further stained with lactic acid/methyl blue. The presence of powdery mildew was confirmed by the observation of typical microscopic features of the anamorphic stage of the fungus (2). Conidiophores were erect. Conidia (oïdia) were hyaline and keg-shaped, and developed basipetally in chains of six to eight conidia. Conidial dimensions were 17 to 29 (23) × 9 to 17 (14) μm. No cleistothecia (teleomorphic state of the fungus) were observed. Species identity was determined by sequencing the ITS region of the rDNA followed by comparison with reference sequences available on GenBank (1). Fungal material was collected from infected leaves by scraping the mycelium with a sterile needle, and was transferred into 2-ml microtubes. Fungal total DNA was then extracted using a commercial plant DNA extraction kit and the ITS region was amplified by PCR using the ITS1-ITS4 primer pair (4). Nucleotide sequence was determined and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JN654341). Analysis of the sequence by BLAST showed 100% identity with Podosphaera pannosa. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Podosphaera pannosa on Prunus cerasus in France. This species was hitherto scarcely reported on cherry trees, and may deserve more attention in the future. References: (1) M. Gàbor et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 131:135, 2011. (2) G. Grove et al. Page 12 in: Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1995. (3) L. Vajna et al. New Dis. Rep. 12:15, 2005. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, 1990.
Comparative Effectiveness of Regional versus General Anesthesia for Hip Fracture Surgery in Adults
Authors: Neuman Mark D. , Silber Jeffrey H. , Elkassabany Nabil M. , Ludwig Justin M. , Fleisher Lee A. 
Published: June 2012

Background
Hip fracture is a common, morbid, and costly event among older adults. Data are inconclusive as to whether epidural or spinal (regional) anesthesia improves outcomes after hip fracture surgery.

Methods
The authors examined a retrospective cohort of patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture in 126 hospitals in New York in 2007 and 2008. They tested the association of a record indicating receipt of regional versus general anesthesia with a primary outcome of inpatient mortality and with secondary outcomes of pulmonary and cardiovascular complications using hospital fixed-effects logistic regressions. Subgroup analyses tested the association of anesthesia type and outcomes according to fracture anatomy.

Results
Of 18,158 patients, 5,254 (29%) received regional anesthesia. In-hospital mortality occurred in 435 (2.4%). Unadjusted rates of mortality and cardiovascular complications did not differ by anesthesia type. Patients receiving regional anesthesia experienced fewer pulmonary complications (359 [6.8%] vs. 1,040 [8.1%], P < 0.005). Regional anesthesia was associated with a lower adjusted odds of mortality (odds ratio: 0.710, 95% CI 0.541, 0.932, P = 0.014) and pulmonary complications (odds ratio: 0.752, 95% CI 0.637, 0.887, P < 0.0001) relative to general anesthesia. In subgroup analyses, regional anesthesia was associated with improved survival and fewer pulmonary complications among patients with intertrochanteric fractures but not among patients with femoral neck fractures.

Conclusions
Regional anesthesia is associated with a lower odds of inpatient mortality and pulmonary complications among all hip fracture patients compared with general anesthesia; this finding may be driven by a trend toward improved outcomes with regional anesthesia among patients with intertrochanteric fractures.
Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling in Ventilator-induced Diaphragm Atrophy
Authors: Schellekens Willem-Jan M. , van Hees Hieronymus W. H. , Vaneker Michiel , Linkels Marianne , Dekhuijzen P. N. Richard , Scheffer Gert Jan , van der Hoeven Johannes G. , Heunks Leo M. A. 
Published: June 2012

Background
Mechanical ventilation induces diaphragm muscle atrophy, which plays a key role in difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation. The signaling pathways involved in ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy are poorly understood. The current study investigated the role of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in the development of ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy.

Methods
Unventilated animals were selected for control: wild-type (n = 6) and Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice (n = 6). Mechanical ventilation (8 h): wild-type (n = 8) and Toll-like receptor 4 deficient (n = 7) mice.Myosin heavy chain content, proinflammatory cytokines, proteolytic activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, caspase-3 activity, and autophagy were measured in the diaphragm.

Results
Mechanical ventilation reduced myosin content by approximately 50% in diaphragms of wild-type mice (P less than 0.05). In contrast, ventilation of Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice did not significantly affect diaphragm myosin content. Likewise, mechanical ventilation significantly increased interleukin-6 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine in the diaphragm of wild-type mice, but not in ventilated Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice. Mechanical ventilation increased diaphragmatic muscle atrophy factor box transcription in both wild-type and Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice. Other components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and caspase-3 activity were not affected by ventilation of either wild-type mice or Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice. Mechanical ventilation induced autophagy in diaphragms of ventilated wild-type mice, but not Toll-like receptor 4 deficient mice.

Conclusion
Toll-like receptor 4 signaling plays an important role in the development of ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy, most likely through increased expression of cytokines and activation of lysosomal autophagy.
Ondansetron Reverses Antihypersensitivity from Clonidine in Rats after Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Hayashida Ken-ichiro , Kimura Masafumi , Yoshizumi Masaru , Hobo Shotaro , Obata Hideaki , Eisenach James C. 
Published: June 2012

Introduction
Monoaminergic pathways, impinging an α2-adrenoceptors and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors, modulate nociceptive transmission, but their mechanisms and interactions after neuropathic injury are unknown. Here we examine these interactions in rodents after nerve injury.

Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats following L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) were used for either behavioral testing, in vivo microdialysis for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine release, or synaptosome preparation for GABA release.

Results
Intrathecal administration of the α2-adrenoceptor agonist (clonidine) and 5-HT3 receptor agonist (chlorophenylbiguanide) reduced hypersensitivity in SNL rats via GABA receptor-mediated mechanisms. Clonidine increased GABA and acetylcholine release in vivo in the spinal cord of SNL rats but not in normal rats. Clonidine-induced spinal GABA release in SNL rats was blocked by α2-adrenergic and nicotinic cholinergic antagonists. The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron decreased and chlorophenylbiguanide increased spinal GABA release in both normal and SNL rats. In synaptosomes from the spinal dorsal horn of SNL rats, presynaptic GABA release was increased by nicotinic agonists and decreased by muscarinic and α2-adrenergic agonists. Spinally administered ondansetron significantly reduced clonidine-induced antihypersensitivity and spinal GABA release in SNL rats.

Conclusion
These results suggest that spinal GABA contributes to antihypersensitivity from intrathecal α2-adrenergic and 5-HT3 receptor agonists in the neuropathic pain state, that cholinergic neuroplasticity after nerve injury is critical for α2-adrenoceptor-mediated GABA release, and that blockade of spinal 5-HT3 receptors reduces α2-adrenoceptor-mediated antihypersensitivity via reducing total GABA release.
Lipid rafts, microdomain heterogeneity and inter‐organelle contacts: Impacts on membrane preparation for proteomic studies
Authors: Minogue Shane , Waugh Mark G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn recent years, there has been considerable interest in mapping the protein content of isolated organelles using mass spectrometry. However, many subcellular compartments are highly dynamic with diverse and intricate architectures that are not always preserved during membrane isolation procedures. Furthermore, lateral heterogeneities in intra‐membrane lipid and protein concentrations underlie the formation of membrane microdomains, trafficking vesicles and inter‐membrane contacts. These complexities in membrane organisation have important consequences for the design of membrane preparation strategies and test the very concept of organelle purity. We illustrate how some of these biological considerations are relevant to membrane preparation and assess the numerous potential pitfalls in attempting to purify organelles from mammalian cells.
JAK2‐related pathway induces acquired erlotinib resistance in lung cancer cells harboring an epidermal growth factor receptor‐activating mutation
Authors: Harada Daijiro , Takigawa Nagio , Ochi Nobuaki , Ninomiya Takashi , Yasugi Masayuki , Kubo Toshio , Takeda Hiromasa , Ichihara Eiki , Ohashi Kadoaki , Takata Saburo , Tanimoto Mitsune , Kiura Katsuyuki 
Published: June 2012

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib and erlotinib, are effective for non‐small cell lung cancer with activating EGFR mutations. However, even in patients with an initial dramatic response to such a drug, acquired resistance develops after 6–12 months. A secondary mutation of T790M in EGFR and amplification of the MET gene account for this resistance; however, the mechanism(s) of approximately 30% of acquired resistance cases remain unknown. We established an erlotinib‐resistant lung cancer cell line named PC‐9/ER3 that harbors an EGFR mutation after continuously exposing PC‐9 cells to erlotinib. PC‐9/ER3 cells were 136‐fold more resistant to erlotinib than the parental cells. Although the PC‐9/ER3 cells did not carry the T790M mutation or MET amplification and had similar levels of phosphorylated (p) STAT3, pJAK2 increased in the resistant cells. It was found in the present study that 3–12 h of exposure to erlotinib in both cell lines did not affect pJAK2 expression, but did result in increased pSTAT3 expression. pAkt in PC‐9/ER3 cells was less suppressed than in PC‐9 cells, although pEGFR and pMAPK were markedly suppressed in both cell lines. The combined treatment of erlotinib plus a JAK2 inhibitor (JSI‐124) suppressed pAkt in PC‐9/ER3 cells. Similarly, the combination of erlotinib plus JSI‐124 or siRNA against JAK2 restored sensitivity to erlotinib in PC‐9/ER3 cells. The combination of erlotinib plus JSI‐124 was also effective for reducing PC‐9/ER3 tumors in a murine xenograft model. Our results suggest that the activation of JAK2 partially accounts for acquired erlotinib resistance.(Cancer Sci, doi: 10.1111/j.1349‐7006.2012.02363.x, 2012)
An international legal strategy for alcohol control: not a framework convention—at least not yet
Authors: Taylor Allyn L. , Dhillon Ibadat S. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAims  The perceived success of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in influencing national and global public health policies has led to growing interest in promulgating new international legal instruments to address global health issues—including calls for a Framework Convention on Alcohol Control (FCAC).Methods  Despite broad support in the public health community, the authors caution that an analysis of the value of lawmaking for alcohol control cannot rest solely on the character of the underlying public health challenge and the similarities between alcohol control and tobacco control. Other factors must be considered, including the relative political feasibility for global health lawmaking. The potential contribution of non‐binding international legal instruments to advancing global alcohol control, in particular, deserves strong consideration.Results  The authors propose a gradual international legal strategy for alcohol control, starting with a non‐binding code of practice focusing on areas of critical concern with wide political consensus, leading over time to a comprehensive binding treaty. Although often dismissed as ineffective relative to treaties, non‐binding international legal instruments have particular strengths and can create both norms and processes that impact the behavior of states and other actors, overcoming a number of limitations of more rigid legally binding strategies.Conclusions  Ultimately, the authors contend that the negotiation and adoption of a non‐binding international legal instrument as a first step in a long‐run legal strategy offers a more politically realistic, and potentially superior, alternative to immediate efforts to achieve a Framework Convention on Alcohol Control.
Leucocytosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is incompletely explained by obesity and insulin resistance
Authors: Phelan N. , O'Connor A. , Kyaw Tun T. , Correia N. , Boran G. , Roche H. M. , Gibney J. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryObjectivesLow‐grade chronic inflammation predicts cardiovascular outcomes and is observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Whether this is entirely a cause or consequence of insulin resistance (IR) is unknown.MethodsSeventy pairs of women with and without PCOS, matched for age, body mass index (BMI) and IR (HOMA, QUICKI and Avignon index), were generated from a larger cohort of 103 women with and 104 BMI‐matched women without PCOS. Women with PCOS were studied in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. White cell count (WCC), high‐sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) and a series of 12 cytokines and growth factors were measured. These inflammatory markers were also compared between women with PCOS and 10 normal women studied in the follicular, peri‐ovulatory and luteal stages.ResultsWhen all subjects were compared, WCC (6·75 × 109 vs 5·60 × 109 g/l, P < 0·005), hsCRP (4·04 vs 2·90 mg/l, P < 0·05) and IL‐6 (1·11 vs 0·72 pg/ml, P < 0·05) were greater in women with PCOS. Pair‐matching for IR eliminated between‐group differences in hsCRP and cytokines but did not alter the difference in WCC (6·60 × 109 vs 5·60 × 109 g/l, P < 0·005). WCC was greater in PCOS compared to normal women at all stages of the menstrual cycle.ConclusionsLow‐grade inflammation occurs in PCOS. Increased hsCRP and cytokines are associated with IR, but increased WCC is observed even when IR is accounted for. The explanation for this and its clinical significance is unknown.
Cannabinoid Modulation of Midbrain Urocortin 1 Neurones During Acute and Chronic Stress
Authors: Derks N. M. , Pintér O. , Zuure W. , Ledent C. , Watanabe M. , Molnár C. S. , Wei Y. , Roubos E. W. , Wu S. , Hrabovszky E. , Zelena D. , Kozicz T. 
Published: June 2012

Neurones in the centrally projecting Edinger–Westphal nucleus (EWcp) are the main site of urocortin 1 (Ucn1) synthesis in the mammalian brain, and are assumed to play a role in the stress response of the animal. Because endocannabinoid signalling has also been strongly implicated in stress, we hypothesised that endocannabinoids may modulate the functioning of the urocortinergic EWcp. First, using in situ hybridisation, we demonstrated cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) mRNA expression in mouse EWcp‐neurones that were Ucn1‐negative. Dual‐ and triple‐label immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of CB1R in several GABA‐immunopositive fibres juxtaposed to EWcp‐Ucn1 neurones. To test functional aspects of such an anatomical constellation, we compared acute (1 h of restraint) and chronic (14 days of chronic mild stress) stress‐induced changes in wild‐type (WT) and CB1R knockout (CB1R‐KO) mice. Acute and especially chronic stress resulted in an increase in Ucn1 content of the EWcp, which was attenuated in CB1R‐KO mice. CB1R‐KO mice had higher basal and chronic stress‐induced adrenocorticotrophin and corticosterone levels and were more anxious on the elevated plus‐maze versus WT. Collectively, our results show for the first time EWcp‐Ucn1 neurones are putatively innervated by endocannabinoid sensitive, inhibitory, GABAergic afferents. In addition, we provide novel evidence that the absence of the CB1 receptor alters the Ucn1 mRNA and peptide levels in EWcp neurones, concomitant with an augmented stress response and increased anxiety‐like behaviour.
Daytime continuous polysomnography predicts MSLT results in hypersomnias of central origin
Authors: PIZZA FABIO , MOGHADAM KEIVAN K. , VANDI STEFANO , DETTO STEFANIA , POLI FRANCESCA , MIGNOT EMMANUEL , FERRI RAFFAELE , PLAZZI GIUSEPPE 
Published: June 2012

SummaryIn the diagnostic work‐up of hypersomnias of central origin, the complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness should be objectively confirmed by MSLT findings. Indeed, the features and diagnostic utility of spontaneous daytime sleep at 24 h continuous polysomnography (PSG) have never been investigated. We compared daytime PSG features to MSLT data in 98 consecutive patients presenting with excessive daytime sleepiness and with a final diagnosis of narcolepsy with cataplexy/hypocretin deficiency (n = 39), narcolepsy without cataplexy (n = 7), idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time (n = 19), and ‘hypersomnia’ with normal sleep latency at MSLT (n = 33). Daytime sleep time was significantly higher in narcolepsy‐cataplexy but similar in the other groups. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves showed that the number of naps during daytime PSG predicted a mean sleep latency ≤8 min at MSLT with an area under the curve of 0.67 ± 0.05 (P = 0.005). The number of daytime sleep‐onset REM periods (SOREMPs) in spontaneous naps strikingly predicted the scheduled occurrence of two or more SOREMPs at MSLT, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.93 ± 0.03 (P < 10−12). One spontaneous SOREMP during daytime had a sensitivity of 96% with specificity of 74%, whereas two SOREMPs had a sensitivity of 75%, with a specificity of 95% for a pathological REM sleep propensity at MSLT. The features of spontaneous daytime sleep well correlated with MSLT findings. Notably, the occurrence of multiple spontaneous SOREMPs during daytime clearly identified patients with narcolepsy, as well as during the MSLT.
The magnetosome membrane protein, MmsF, is a major regulator of magnetite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB‐1
Authors: Murat Dorothée , Falahati Veesta , Bertinetti Luca , Csencsits Roseann , Körnig André , Downing Kenneth , Faivre Damien , Komeili Arash 
Published: June 2012

SummaryMagnetotactic bacteria (MTB) use magnetosomes, membrane‐bound crystals of magnetite or greigite, for navigation along geomagnetic fields. In Magnetospirillum magneticum sp. AMB‐1, and other MTB, a magnetosome gene island (MAI) is essential for every step of magnetosome formation. An 8‐gene region of the MAI encodes several factors implicated in control of crystal size and morphology in previous genetic and proteomic studies. We show that these factors play a minor role in magnetite biomineralization in vivo. In contrast, MmsF, a previously uncharacterized magnetosome membrane protein encoded within the same region plays a dominant role in defining crystal size and morphology and is sufficient for restoring magnetite synthesis in the absence of the other major biomineralization candidates. In addition, we show that the 18 genes of the mamAB gene cluster of the MAI are sufficient for the formation of an immature magnetosome organelle. Addition of MmsF to these 18 genes leads to a significant enhancement of magnetite biomineralization and an increase in the cellular magnetic response. These results define a new biomineralization protein and lay down the foundation for the design of autonomous gene cassettes for the transfer of the magnetic phenotype in other bacteria.