bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the New Dual PPARα/δ Agonist GFT505 on Lipid and Glucose Homeostasis in Abdominally Obese Patients With Combined Dyslipidemia or Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Cariou Bertrand , Zaïr Yassine , Staels Bart , Bruckert Eric 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the metabolic effects and tolerability of GFT505, a novel dual peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α/δ agonist, in abdominally obese patients with either combined dyslipidemia or prediabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The S1 study was conducted in 94 patients with combined dyslipidemia while the S2 study was conducted in 47 patients with prediabetes. Participants were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to GFT505 at 80 mg/day or placebo for 28 (S1) or 35 (S2) days. Primary efficacy end points were changes from baseline at week 4 in both fasting plasma triglycerides and HDL cholesterol in the S1 group and 2-h glucose upon oral glucose tolerance test in the S2 group.

RESULTS
In comparison with placebo, GFT505 significantly reduced fasting plasma triglycerides (S1: least squares means −16.7% [95% one-sided CI −∞ to −5.3], P = 0.005; S2: −24.8% [−∞ to −10.5], P = 0.0003) and increased HDL cholesterol (S1: 7.8% [3.0 to ∞], P = 0.004; S2: 9.3% [1.7 to ∞], P = 0.009) in both studies, whereas LDL cholesterol only decreased in S2 (−11.0% [ −∞ to −3.5], P = 0.002). In S2, GFT505 did not reduce 2-h glucose (−0.52 mmol/L [−∞ to 0.61], P = 0.18) but led to a significant decrease of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (−31.4% [−∞ to 12.5], P = 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (−0.37 mmol/L [−∞ to −0.10], P = 0.01) and fructosamine (−3.6% [−∞ to −0.20], P = 0.02). GFT505 also reduced γ glutamyl transferase levels in both studies (S1: −19.9% [−∞ to −12.8], P &lt; 0.0001; S2: −15.1% [−∞ to −1.1], P = 0.004). No specific adverse safety signals were reported during the studies.

CONCLUSIONS
GFT505 may be considered a new drug candidate for the treatment of lipid and glucose disorders associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Metformin and Chronic Renal Impairment: A Story of Choices and Ugly Ducklings
Authors: Heaf James G. , van Biesen Wim 
Published: August 2011

IN BRIEF
Most guidelines advise against the use of metformin in uremia because of an enhanced risk for lactic acidosis (LA). However, there exists no firm theoretical or experimental evidence demonstrating a negative effect of metformin on p-lactate metabolism nor any epidemiological support for an increased risk of LA. Because metformin reduces cardiovascular events and mortality in type 2 diabetes, there is no justification for maintaining azotemia as a contraindication to metformin treatment.
The Influence of Surface Standardization of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic on Bond Strength to a Dual Resin Cement
Authors: Brum R , Mazur R , Almeida J , Borges G , Caldas D 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
In vitro studies to assess bond strength between resins and ceramics have used surfaces that have been ground flat to ensure standardization; however, in patients, ceramic surfaces are irregular. The effect of a polished and unpolished ceramic on bond strength needs to be investigated. Sixty ceramic specimens (20×5×2 mm) were made and divided into two groups. One group was ground with 220- to 2000-grit wet silicon carbide paper and polished with 3-, 1-, and ¼-μm diamond paste; the other group was neither ground nor polished. Each group was divided into three subgroups: treated polished controls (PC) and untreated unpolished controls (UPC), polished (PE) and unpolished specimens (UPE) etched with hydrofluoric acid, and polished (PS) and unpolished specimens (UPS) sandblasted with alumina. Resin cement cylinders were built over each specimen. Shear bond strength was measured, and the fractured site was analyzed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc tests were performed. PE (44.47 ± 5.91 MPa) and UPE (39.70 ± 5.46 MPa) had the highest mean bond strength. PS (31.05 ± 8.81 MPa), UPC (29.11 ± 8.11 MPa), and UPS (26.41 ± 7.31 MPa) were statistically similar, and PC (24.96 ± 8.17 MPa) was the lowest. Hydrofluoric acid provides the highest bond strength regardless of whether the surface is polished or not.
Efficacy of a Novel At-home Bleaching Technique With Carbamide Peroxides Modified by CPP-ACP and Its Effect on the Microhardness of Bleached Enamel
Authors: Borges BCD , Borges JS , de Melo CD , Pinheiro IVA , Santos AJS dos , Braz R , Montes MAJR 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY
This study was designed to evaluate in vitro the efficacy of a novel at-home bleaching technique using 10% or 16% carbamide peroxide modified by casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and its influence on the microhardness of bleached enamel. A total of 40 bovine incisors were divided into four groups (n=10) according to the bleaching agent used: 10% carbamide peroxide only; a blend of 10% carbamide peroxide and a CPP-ACP paste; 16% carbamide peroxide only; and a blend of 16% carbamide peroxide and a CPP-ACP paste. During the 14-day bleaching regimen, the samples were stored in artificial saliva. The Vickers microhardness and color of the teeth were assessed at baseline (T0) and immediately after the bleaching regimen (T14) using a microhardness tester and a spectrophotometer, respectively. The degree of color change was determined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclariage (CIE) L*a*b* system (ΔE, ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) and Vita shade guide parameters. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p&lt;0.05). The teeth that were bleached with a blend of peroxide (10% or 16%) and the CPP-ACP paste presented increased microhardness values at T14 compared with T0, whereas the samples that were bleached with peroxide only did not show any differences in their microhardness values. All of the bleaching agents were effective at whitening the teeth and did not show a statistically significant difference using the CIEL*a*b* system (ΔE, ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) or the Vita shade guide parameters. The use of a CPP-ACP paste with carbamide peroxide bleaching agents increased the bleached enamel's microhardness and did not have an influence on whitening efficacy.
Bicycle Politics
Authors: Bonham Jennifer 
Published: August 2011

J. Harry Wray, Pedal Power: The Quiet Rise of the Bicycle in American Public
Life (Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2008)Jeff Mapes, Pedaling Revolution: How Cyclists are Changing American
Cities (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2009)Zack Furness, One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010)
Cycling Cultures
Authors: Stoffers Manuel 
Published: August 2011

Dave Horton, Paul Rosen, and Peter Cox (ed.), Cycling and Society
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), xvi + 205 pp., €77.00.A.A. Albert de la Bruhèze and F.C.A. Veraart, Fietsverkeer in praktijk en beleid in de twintigste eeuw: overeenkomsten en verschillen in fietsgebruik in Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Enschede, Zuidoost-Limburg, Antwerpen, Manchester, Kopenhagen, Hannover en Basel (Den Haag: Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat/Stichting Historie der Techniek, 1999), 240 pp.Anne-Katrin Ebert, Radelnde Nationen: Die Geschichte des Fahrrads in Deutschland und den Niederlanden bis 1940 (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus Verlag, 2010), 495 pp., €49.90.
Deep brain stimulation for treatment of hemichorea-hemiballism after craniopharyngioma resection: long-term follow-up
Authors: Capelle Hans-Holger , Kinfe Thomas M. , Krauss Joachim K. 
Published: August 2011

Hemichorea-hemiballism is a rare movement disorder that has various causes. In treatment-resistant cases, both thalamic and pallidal functional procedures have been shown to yield beneficial results. Until now it has not been clarified whether the thalamus or the pallidum would yield a superior outcome.
After resection of a craniopharyngioma in this patient at the age of 49 years, hemichorea-hemiballism developed, with a latency of several weeks. Because the patient was greatly impaired by the movement disorder, she underwent implantation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes in the thalamic ventralis intermedius nucleus and the posteroventral lateral globus pallidus internus. Although both pallidal and thalamic stimulation could suppress the movement disorder, the voltage needed was clearly less with thalamic than with pallidal stimulation. At the last available follow-up 25 months postoperatively, complete subsidence of hemichorea-hemiballism was achieved with long-term thalamic stimulation.
Long-term DBS therapy is an efficient treatment modality for refractory hemichorea-hemiballism in the long run (> 2 years). A bifocal (thalamic and pallidal) target paradigm allowed selection of the optimal stimulation site. Thalamic DBS was more favorable with regard to energy consumption.
Butterfly vertebra with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation
Authors: Cho Hyung-Lea , Kim Jin-Sung , Paeng Sung Suk , Lee Sang-Ho 
Published: August 2011

A butterfly vertebra is a rare congenital anomaly that is usually asymptomatic. The authors, however, describe a novel case involving a butterfly vertebra overlapping with disc herniation that presented as radiculopathy. A butterfly vertebra is characterized by a symmetrical fusion defect resulting in a sagittal cleft vertebra. Only a few cases of butterfly vertebrae have been reported as incidental findings. This spinal anomaly may be associated with other congenital conditions such as Pfeiffer, Crouzon, Jarcho-Levin, and Alagille syndromes. Moreover, there is no previous report of a case associated with symptomatic disc herniation from the sagittal cleft.
The authors excised the herniated disc fragment. They performed intraoperative discography after exposure of the corresponding intervertebral space via a conventional interlaminar approach. Histological examination of a tissue specimen showed scattered chondrocytes in the myxohyaline stroma, which indicated the nucleus pulposus.
Avoiding abdominal flank bulge after anterolateral approaches to the thoracolumbar spine: cadaveric study and electrophysiological investigation
Authors: Fahim Daniel K. , Kim Sang Don , Cho Dosang , Lee Sangkook , Kim Daniel H. 
Published: August 2011

Object
The thoracolumbar junction is frequently accessed through an anterolateral approach with the incision and muscle dissection extending from the lower thoracic region to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle. This approach is frequently associated with the subsequent development of an unsightly and uncomfortable relaxation of the ipsilateral abdominal wall, or flank bulge, caused by denervation injury to the intercostal nerves. However, the etiology of this complication is not widely recognized by spine surgeons. The object of this study was to better define the relevant anatomy and innervation of the anterolateral abdominal wall musculature.

Methods
The authors performed 32 cadaveric dissections and 6 intraoperative electromyography (EMG) evaluations.

Results
The cadaveric dissection studies and intraoperative EMG evaluations provided detailed anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall and its innervation. Cadaveric dissections revealed that the most significant intercostal nerve contributions to the anterolateral abdominal wall arise from T11 and T12. Electrophysiological confirmation of these findings was accomplished through intraoperative stimulation in 6 patients undergoing anterolateral retroperitoneal approaches to the thoracolumbar junction. The authors confirmed T11 and T12 innervation of the anterolateral abdominal wall musculature by direct intraoperative EMG recording in all 6 patients.

Conclusions
The authors classified the 3 potential zones of injury that can be affected during an anterolateral approach to the thoracolumbar junction. Modifications to the operative technique are suggested to avoid the complication of flank bulge. The most significant intercostal nerve contributions to the anterolateral abdominal wall arise from T11 and T12.
Swelling of vallate papillae of the tongue following arsenic exposure
Authors: Sarwar A.F.M. , Ahmad SK. Akhtar , Khan Manzurul Haque , Sayed M.H. Selim Ullah , Kabir Md. Humayun 
Published: August 2011

This cross-sectional study was carried out in some selected arsenic contaminated rural areas of Bangladesh to determine any clinical changes in oral cavity, among the arsenic exposed population through drinking water. Total 600 respondents (200 arsenicosis patients, 200 non-patients but having the history of taking arsenic contaminated water and another 200 arsenic non-exposed). 75.5% of arsenicosis patients had swelled vallate papillae whereas only 44.5% and 8.5% in case of arsenic exposure and non-exposure subjects respectively. The differences were found statistically significant (p<0.001). This study suggests that there is a tendency of developing swelled vallate papillae among the arsenic exposed population. Online: 10 July 2010DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v36i1.4479Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2010; 36: 1-3
Ti‐Doping to Reduce Conductivity in Bi0.85Nd0.15FeO3 Ceramics
Authors: Kalantari Kambiz , Sterianou Iasmi , Karimi Sarah , Ferrarelli Matthew C. , Miao Shu , Sinclair Derek C. , Reaney Ian M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn 2009, Karimi et al. reported that Bi1‐xNdxFeO3 0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.25 exhibited a PbZrO3 (PZ)‐like structure. These authors presented some preliminary electrical data for the PZ‐like composition but noted that the conductivity was too high to obtain radio‐frequency measurements representative of the intrinsic properties. In this study, Bi0.85Nd0.15Fe1‐yTiyO3 (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.1) were investigated, in which Ti acted as a donor dopant on the B‐site. In contrast to the original study of Karimi et al., X‐ray diffraction (XRD) of Bi0.85Nd0.15FeO3 revealed peaks which were attributed to a mixture of PZ‐like and rhombohedral structures. However, as the Ti (0 < y ≤ 0.05) concentration increased, the rhombohedral peaks disappeared and all intensities were attributed to the PZ‐like phase. For y = 0.1, broad XRD peaks indicated a significant decrease in effective diffracting volume. Electron diffraction confirmed that the PZ‐like phase was dominant for y ≤ 0.05, but for y = 0.1, an incommensurate structure was present, consistent with the broadened XRD peaks. The substitution of Fe3+ by Ti4+ decreased the dielectric loss at room temperature from >0.3 to <0.04 for all doped compositions, with a minimum (0.015) observed for y = 0.03. The decrease in dielectric loss was accompanied by a decrease in the room temperature bulk conductivity from ∼1 mS cm−1 to <1 μS cm−1 and an increase in bulk activation energy from 0.29 to >1 eV. Plots of permittivity (ϵr) versus temperature for 0.01 ≤ y ≤ 0.05 revealed a step rather than a peak in ϵr on heating at the same temperature determined for the antiferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition by differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, large electric fields were applied to all doped samples which resulted in a linear dependence of polarisation on the electric field similar to that obtained for PbZrO3 ceramics under equivalent experimental conditions.
Oxygen Rich Titania: A Dopant Free, High Temperature Stable, and Visible‐Light Active Anatase Photocatalyst
Authors: Etacheri Vinodkumar , Seery Michael K. , Hinder Steven J. , Pillai Suresh C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe simultaneous existence of visible light photocatalytic activity and high temperature anatase phase stability up to 900 °C in undoped TiO2 is reported for the first time. These properties are achieved by the in‐situ generation of oxygen through the thermal decomposition of peroxo‐titania complex (formed by the precursor modification with H2O2). Titania containing the highest amount of oxygen (16 H2O2‐TiO2) retains 100% anatase phase even at 900 °C, where as the control sample exists as 100% rutile at this temperature. The same composition exhibits a six‐fold and two‐fold increase in visible light photocatalytic activities in comparison to the control sample and the standard photocatalyst Degussa P‐25 respectively. Among the various para­meters affecting the photocatalytic action, such as band gap narrowing, textural properties, crystallite size, and anatase phase stability, band gap narrowing was identified as the major factor responsible for the visible light photocatalytic activity. Increased Ti–O–Ti bond strength and upward shifting of the valence band (VB) maximum, which is responsible for the high temperature stability and visible light activity respectively, are identified from FT–IR, XPS, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopic studies. It is therefore proposed that the oxygen excess defects present in these titania samples are responsible for the high temperature stability and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activities.
Optimized Colorimetric Photonic‐Crystal Humidity Sensor Fabricated Using Glancing Angle Deposition
Authors: Hawkeye Matthew M. , Brett Michael J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractColorimetric sensing, where environmental changes are transduced into visual color changes, provides an intuitively simple yet powerful detection mechanism that is well‐suited to the realization of low‐cost and low‐power sensors. A new approach in colorimetric sensing exploits the structural colour of photonic crystals (PCs) to create new color‐changing materials, however much work is still required to simultaneously achieve optimized sensor response and low‐cost, scalable nanofabrication. This work responds to these challenges by designing, fabricating and evaluating a mesoporous PC sensor optimized to exhibit as large as possible color‐shift in response to small changes in relative humidity (RH). A novel design optimization is achieved by employing a colorimetric framework that translates simulated/measured spectral quantities into numeric color values directly related to color perception. The sensor design is then realized using a mesoporous TiO2 PC, fabricated using glancing angle deposition (GLAD). The GLAD technique is a bottom‐up, single‐step nanofabrication method providing the nanoscale precision required to successfully realize the optimized PC design. The PC sensor is shown to be highly sensitive and stable: the PC structural‐color changes visibly due to RH changes smaller than 1%, and the response is stable over hundreds of hours of sensor operation. Additionally, measurements and simulations are used to reveal the important link between the PC optical modes, pore geometry, and sensor response which will be useful in future PC sensor experiments. The combination of bottom‐up nanofabrication with visible color‐based sensing, coupled with the useful design methodology, will lead to further developments in low‐cost, widely deployable optical sensors.
Limited evidence of human papillomavirus on breast tissue using molecular in situ methods
Authors: Baltzell Kimberly , Buehring Gertrude C. , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Kuerer Henry , Shen Hua Min , Sison Jennette D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been proposed as an etiologic agent of breast cancer based on numerous reports of high‐risk (oncogenic) HPV types in malignant breast tissues. However, most of those studies used standard and nested solution polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, both of which are disadvantaged by vulnerability to laboratory contamination from positive control DNA and the inability to localize the signal to a specific cell type. To overcome these drawbacks, the authors of this report explored the use of in situ molecular methods of viral detection to reassess the frequency of HPV in malignant breast tissue.METHODS:In situ hybridization (ISH) was used with probes that were specific for the capsid region of 12 oncogenic HPV types, and in situ PCR (IS‐PCR) was used with primers that were specific for the capsid region of HPV‐16, which is the most common oncogenic HPV type. These methods were resistant to molecular contamination and allowed identification of the positive cell type. The specimens examined were malignant tissues from patients with 70 breast cancer patients at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas.RESULTS:HPV was observed in 4 of 70 specimens (5.7%) using ISH and in 2 of 70 specimens (2.9%) of specimens using IS‐PCR. Concordance between the 2 methods was high for negative specimens; both methods yielded negative results in 66 of 70 specimens (94.3%). However, there was no concordance for the few positive specimens, probably because of differences in sensitivity and the targeted HPV types.CONCLUSIONS:Oncogenic (high‐risk) HPV types were present in malignant breast epithelium very infrequently and, thus, may be causative agents of only a relatively small proportion of all breast cancers. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Exposure to bisphosphonates and risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: Singh Harminder , Nugent Zoann , Demers Alain , Mahmud Salaheddin , Bernstein Charles 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Chemoprevention is a potentially attractive strategy for decreasing the burden of colorectal cancer (CRC). Preclinical studies suggest that bisphosphonates (BPs) may have direct antitumour effects against CRC. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of exposure to BPs on the incidence of CRC.METHODS:The Manitoba Cancer Registry was used to identify patients who were diagnosed with CRC from 2000 to 2009 who had been living in Manitoba for at least 5 years before diagnosis (cases). Each case was matched to 10 controls of similar age, sex, and duration of residence in Manitoba using incidence density sampling. Exposure to BPs was determined using the provincial Drug Program Information Network database. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of exposure to BPs on CRC incidence with adjustment for health care use, medical procedures (including lower gastrointestinal endoscopy), socioeconomic status, and pre‐existing health conditions.RESULTS:In total, 5425 patients with CRC were matched to 54,242 controls. In the multivariate analysis, exposure to BPs was associated with a reduction in the risk of CRC (2‐13 BP prescriptions over ≥5 years: odds ratio [OR] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71‐1.00; ≥14 BP prescriptions over ≥5 years: OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65‐0.94). When the effect of specific BP agents was evaluated, the effect was significant only for exposure to risedronic acid (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.30‐0.85). There was no significant effect of increasing duration or cumulative dose of alendronic acid.CONCLUSIONS:The results from this study suggested that exposure to BPs, especially risedronic acid, may be associated with a decreased risk of developing CRC. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.