bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FLAVORS OF GREEN TEA CHANGE LITTLE DURING STORAGE
Authors: LEE JEEHYUN , CHAMBERS DELORES H. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT The objective of the current study was to determine how flavor changes in green teas that are stored over a period of 2 years (a commonly noted shelf life for green tea products in loose leaf form). Two Korean green teas were packaged in metalized multilayer polyethylene films and stored at an ambient temperature of∼20C. Both green tea samples were evaluated by six highly trained descriptive panelists at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after their original packaging dates. The intensity of the major attributes changed minimally among the samples as they were evaluated over the 2‐year period. The green tea samples that were stored for 6 months did not change, up to 12 months they changed little, and after 12 months the samples sometimes developed low levels of off‐flavors such as medicinal, musty/new leather or grain flavors, or they became higher in characteristics such as tooth‐etch. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that green tea will change minimally during the first year of storage and will change slightly more during the second of 2 years of storage. However, these changes appear to be minimal when the samples are packaged in metalized multilayer polyethylene films.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research provides the first evidence that, even though the flavors of green tea may change, the change will be minimal during the first 1–2 years of storage in metalized multilayer polyethylene films. This research indicates that green tea leaves do have an extended storage time, at least in terms of sensory quality, and can be held for extended periods of time at room temperature.
THE EFFECT OF THE COMBINATION OF SALTY, BITTER AND SOUR ACCOMPANIMENT ON THE FLAVOR AND JUICINESS OF PORK PATTIES
Authors: AASLYNG M.D. , FRØST M.B. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT Most food is eaten as meals and taste interactions between individual components of a meal may occur. These interactions were studied to examine the effect of combinations of vegetable accompaniments on sensory properties of pork patties. A solution of three basic tastes (sour, bitter and salty) and subsequently vegetables representing the same basic tastes (sour: pickled cucumber, bitter: arugula, and salty: salted potatoes) were tested. Results showed that indeed interactions occurred, but in more complex meal combinations the effects are smaller than if only one basic taste is used, as previously demonstrated. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONSThis study expands the current knowledge of food–food interactions in a meal consisting of pork and accompaniments, from the effect of a single accompaniment to a more complex meal serving the meat with two or three different types of vegetables with different basic tastes. The knowledge can be used in a product development phase, developing meals in which the accompaniment can be designed from a combination of the knowledge of the sensory properties of the meat after frying and how the vegetables suppress negative sensory properties and/or enhance positive sensory properties in the meat. This opens up for possibilities of producing new and innovative meals from traditional ones by knowing if and how the vegetables affect the sensory properties of the meat. Furthermore, the knowledge can be used as an aid in developing meals from new meat cuts for which there are no previous traditions of accompaniment. In addition to this very practical knowledge, the study reports new results on food–food interactions in a more complex matrix than previously reported.
Use of gastrostomy in head and neck cancer: a systematic review to identify areas for future research
Authors: Paleri V. , Patterson J. 
Published: April 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 177–189Objectives:  To perform a systematic review of studies, which investigate the role of gastrostomy tube feeding in head and neck squamous cell cancer.Design:  A systematic review of the English literature, identifying areas of clinical equipoise and recommendations for future studies.Main outcome measures:  Varying practices in G‐tube use in HNSCC, the benefits and disadvantages of G‐tubes, the effect of G‐tube placement on multidimensional outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer, including quality of life and health economics and to draw themes that may lend themselves to future research.Results:  The search identified 216 articles of which 59 were considered relevant. During treatment, a significant number of patients need enteral nutritional supplementation through nasogastric or G‐tubes. Gastrostomy tubes have a good safety profile. Most clinicians agree that the use should be restricted to advanced tumours. Studies on prophylactic insertion of G‐tubes do not show a consistent advantage to the nutritional status compared with NG tubes. At 1 year, G‐tube retention rates vary between 10% and 30%. The presence of a feeding tube has a negative impact on quality of life. Placing G‐tubes may have an adverse effect on swallowing after chemoradiation.Conclusions:  There is a lack of consensus among clinicians about indications for placing G‐tubes. There is sufficient equipoise in this area for further investigation of the effect of varying feeding practices on functional outcomes, quality of life and health economics.
Mediators and moderators in early intervention research
Authors: Breitborde Nicholas J. K. , Srihari Vinod H. , Pollard Jessica M. , Addington Donald N. , Woods Scott W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim: The goal of this paper is to provide clarification with regard to the nature of mediator and moderator variables and the statistical methods used to test for the existence of these variables. Particular attention will be devoted to discussing the ways in which the identification of mediator and moderator variables may help to advance the field of early intervention in psychiatry.Methods: We completed a literature review of the methodological strategies used to test for mediator and moderator variables.Results: Although several tests for mediator variables are currently available, recent evaluations suggest that tests which directly evaluate the indirect effect are superior. With regard to moderator variables, two approaches (‘pick‐a‐point’ and regions of significance) are available, and we provide guidelines with regard to how researchers can determine which approach may be most appropriate to use for their specific study. Finally, we discuss how to evaluate the clinical importance of mediator and moderator relationships as well as the methodology to calculate statistical power for tests of mediation and moderation.Conclusion: Further exploration of mediator and moderator variables may provide valuable information with regard to interventions provided early in the course of a psychiatric illness.
Synchronization and portfolio performance of threatened salmon
Authors: Moore Jonathan W. , McClure Michelle , Rogers Lauren A. , Schindler Daniel E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractInterpopulation variation in dynamics can buffer species against environmental change. We compared population synchrony in a group of threatened Chinook salmon in the highly impacted Snake River basin (Oregon, Washington, Idaho) to that in the sockeye salmon stock complex of less impact Bristol Bay (Alaska). Over the last 40 years, >90% of populations in the Snake River basin became more synchronized with one another. However, over that period, sockeye populations from Alaska did not exhibit systemic changes in synchrony. Coincident with increasing Snake River population synchrony, there was an increase in hatchery propagation and the number of large dams, potentially homogenizing habitats and populations. A simulation using economic portfolio theory revealed that synchronization of Snake River salmon decreased risk‐adjusted portfolio performance (the ratio of portfolio productivity to variance) and decreased benefits of population richness. Improving portfolio performance for exploited species, especially given future environmental change, requires protecting a diverse range of populations and the varied habitats upon which they depend.
Individualised Assessment of Response to Clopidogrel in Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Role for Short Thrombelastography?
Authors: Cotton J.M. , Worrall A.M. , Hobson A.R. , Smallwood A. , Amoah V. , Dunmore S. , Nevill A.M. , Rajendra R. , Vickers J. , Curzen N. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY Introduction: There is considerable interindividual variation in response to the antiplatelet agent clopidogrel. Hyporesponse predicts negative outcomes in patients presenting with a variety of ischemic cardiac conditions and following intracoronary stent placement. Many tests of clopidogrel activity are time consuming and complex. Short thromboelastography (s‐TEG) allows rapid measurement of platelet clopidogrel response. Aims: We initiated this study to investigate the utility of s‐TEG in assessing the response to clopidogrel in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and to compare these results with established clopidogrel monitoring techniques. Methods: Patients admitted with unstable angina (UA) or Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) undergoing coronary angiography were recruited. After routine loading with clopidogrel, all patients were tested with s‐TEG and Accumetrics Verify‐Now rapid platelet function analyzer (VN‐RPFA). We used the modified TEG technique of measuring area under the curve at 15 min (AUC15), which allows a rapid estimation of antiplatelet response. Vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation (VASP) was also tested in a subgroup of patients. Clinical follow‐up was obtained at 1 year. s‐TEG results were correlated with VN‐RPFA and VASP findings. Results: A total of 49 patients (33 male, mean age 63) were recruited and tested with s‐TEG and VN‐RPFA and a total of 39 patients were also assessed with VASP. s‐TEG readings correlated well with VN‐RPFA (r2= 0.54, P < 0.0001) and VASP (r2= 0.26, P= 0.001). Conclusion: s‐TEG provides timely results which compare to current tests of clopidogrel activity. This technique can also be used to measure a variety of other clotting parameters and as such could develop into a valuable near patient test for the interventional cardiologist.
Science Teacher Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy as Predictors of Students' End‐of‐Instruction (EOI) Biology I Test Scores
Authors: Angle Julie , Moseley Christine 
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare teacher efficacy beliefs of secondary Biology I teachers whose students' mean scores on the statewide End‐of‐Instruction (EOI) Biology I test met or exceeded the state academic proficiency level (Proficient Group) to teacher efficacy beliefs of secondary Biology I teachers whose students' mean scores on the EOI Biology I test fell below the state academic proficiency level (Non‐proficient Group). The mean difference on the Personal Science Teaching Efficacy (PSTE) subscale scores between the two groups was not statistically significant. This indicates that personal science teaching efficacy was not statistically related to how a teacher s students scored on the EOI Biology I test.The mean difference on the Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy (STOE) subscale scores demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the science teaching outcome expectancy of the Non‐proficient Group and Proficient Group teachers. Proficient Group teachers had significantly higher STOE scores than teachers Non‐proficient Group teachers. This finding suggests that End‐of‐Instruction Biology I test scores were related to the expectations that a teacher held for his/her students to learn biology regardless of student home environment, availability of classroom materials, or student motivation.
Unbiased survival estimates and evidence for skipped breeding opportunities in females
Authors: Muths Erin , Scherer Rick D. , Lambert Brad A. 
Published: April 2010

Summary1. Estimates of demographic parameters for females, in many organisms, are sparse. This is particularly worrisome as more and more species are faced with high extinction probabilities and conservation increasingly depends on actions dictated by complex predictive models that require accurate estimates of demographic parameters for each sex and species.2. This study assesses demographic parameters, specifically temporary emigration and survival, for females, a class that has been difficult to investigate historically because of lack of data. Amphibians provide a particularly good example because there is global concern about amphibian decline; yet most demographic parameter estimates are based on data from males, which we show can lead to erroneous conclusions.3. We use 10 years of capture–recapture data from boreal toads (Bufo boreas) and the multi‐state open robust design model to provide evidence for the occurrence of skipped breeding opportunities (i.e. temporary emigration) in females. This is the first time that the open robust design model has been applied to an analysis of an amphibian population that we are aware of.4. We determined that the transition from breeder to non‐breeder is obligate and the probability of a non‐breeder remaining a non‐breeder is 64%; thus, temporary emigration is first‐order Markovian in nature, where breeding probability is dependent on the previous year’s activity, i.e. if a female did not breed in year one, there is a 36% chance that she will breed in year two. With temporary emigration accounted for, we estimated between‐year female survival at 87%.5. Establishing the occurrence of temporary emigration not only reduces bias in estimates of survival probabilities but also provides information about expected breeding attempts by females, a critical element in understanding the ecology of an organism and the impacts of outside stressors and conservation actions.
Use of antiviral medications against equine herpes virus associated disorders
Authors: Wong D. M. , Maxwell L. K. , Wilkins P. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryNumerous types of equine herpesviruses (EHV) continue to afflict horses resulting in a variety of clinical manifestations. While many of the clinical manifestations of EHV are self‐limiting or require only supportive care, some clinical expressions of EHV infections cause severe risk to the horse's overall health and can result in abortion, long‐term deficits or death. Antiviral medications are infrequently utilised therapeutics in equine medicine and their exact efficacy is largely unknown. However, the use of antiviral medications may potentially decrease convalescent time and improve outcome in horses with EHV‐related diseases. Thus, equine practitioners should consider the potential use of antiviral medications in the future. The purpose of this article is to familiarise the equine practitioner with current information in regard to antiviral medications and their potential uses in equine medicine.
Holocene sediments from the Southern Chile Trench: a record of active margin magmatism, tectonics and palaeoseismicity
Authors: Heberer Bianca , Röser Georg , Behrmann Jan H. , Rahn Meinert , Kopf Achim 
Published: April 2010

Abstract:
Sedimentology, petrography and the provenance of Holocene sediments from the Southern Chile Trench (36–47°S) were investigated in an integrated approach combining description of a collection of gravity cores, measurements of physical properties, quantitative X-ray petrography and modal analysis. The sediments studied were trench hemipelagic sediments, fan deposits, and more distal hemipelagic sediments from the Nazca Plate. The trench is mostly fed by multiple point sources via submarine canyons. Sandy turbidites show a southward increase in sediment maturity. Whereas volcanic lithic fragments and plagioclase represent the dominant fraction in the north, quartz content strongly increases in the southern part of the study area, in line with source lithologies. Further north, active volcanoes in the Main Cordillera represent almost the entire provenance signal as a result of a strong contribution of highly erodible volcanic rocks. Recurrence rates of sandy and silty turbidites in the trench fan sediments indicate a link to the palaeoseismic record on land. Our study documents the potential usefulness of proximal turbidites to reconstruct palaeoseismicity, even at a scale of single segments of the plate boundary.
Multiple high-pressure metamorphic events and crustal telescoping in the NW Highlands of Scotland
Authors: Storey C.D. , Brewer T.S. , Anczkiewicz R. , Parrish R.R. , Thirlwall M.F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract:

The Glenelg–Attadale Inlier is the largest basement inlier within the Caledonian orogen in NW Scotland. A Western Unit consists of trondhjemite–tonalite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses and subordinate mafic intrusions with locally preserved mafic high-pressure granulite and eclogite assemblages. An Eastern Unit comprises TTG gneisses, Grenville-age (
c
. 1.1 Ga) eclogite and metasediments. U–Pb zircon ages from the Western Unit TTG gneisses are highly disturbed with Neoarchaean upper intercepts and Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic lower intercepts, suggesting strong reworking at these times. U–Pb zircon, Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf garnet–clinopyroxene dates from the Western Unit high-pressure granulite and eclogite yield Neoarchaean (
c
. 2.6–2.8 Ga) and Palaeoproterozoic (
c
. 1.75 Ga) ages, respectively. These ages correspond to the ages of partial resetting of the TTG gneisses. The eclogite in the Western Unit may represent the high-pressure convergent margin to the lower-pressure Laxfordian events within the Lewisian Gneiss Complex, whereas the Mesoproterozoic eclogites in the Eastern Unit may represent a farther eastward Grenville-age margin. Further east, Ordovician high-pressure granulites within the Moine Supergroup may represent another, later, Grampian convergent margin. These high-pressure belts were developed sequentially towards the east and telescoped westwards from Palaeoproterozoic to Early Palaeozoic times.

Supplementary material:

U–Pb analytical data and LA-ICP-MS trace element data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18389
.
Large submarine slides on a steep continental margin (Camamu Basin, NE Brazil)
Authors: Cobbold Peter R. , Gilchrist Gil , Scotchman Iain , Chiossi Dario , Chaves Fabiana Fonseca , Souza Fernando Gomes De , Lilletveit Ragnhild 
Published: April 2010

Abstract:
We describe a set of thin-skinned structures from the offshore Camamu Basin. The margin is about 40 km wide and the sea floor has a slope of up to 10%. The sedimentary cover is up to 7 km thick. Neocomian strata accumulated during continental rifting. Aptian strata consist mainly of coarse clastic sediment and evaporite. Late Cretaceous strata are thin or absent and the Tertiary succession is about 1 km thick, above a prominent Eocene unconformity. The Neocomian and Aptian sequences contain abundant thin-skinned structures, which are extensional near the continental shelf and compressional toward the toe of the slope. The structures have detached on Aptian evaporite and on the base of Neocomian shale. One giant slide is about 5 km thick and 60 km wide. It displays mirror symmetry about a vertical plane perpendicular to the margin, as occurs in physical models. The main phase of sliding occurred between the Campanian and the middle Eocene. The trigger may have been a regional phase of uplift and exhumation, for which there is independent evidence on the shelf and inland.
Two-scale gravitational collapse in the Amazon Fan: a coupled system of gravity tectonics and mass-transport processes
Authors: Reis A.T. , Perovano R. , Silva C.G. , Vendeville B.C. , Araújo E. , Gorini C. , Oliveira V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract:
Gravity tectonics affects the entire marine sedimentary sequence of the Foz do Amazonas basin, including the topmost Amazon Fan. During the various stages of the margin's evolution, the sedimentary loading and bathymetric slope induced the formation of a linked extensional–compressional system in which gravitational fold-and-thrust belts form significant structural features on the continental slope. Seismic analysis carried out in this study shows that sea-floor relief created along these thrust belts can trigger recurrent mass-transport deposits in the upper–middle Amazon Fan, suggesting a long-lasting linkage between gravity tectonics and mass-transport processes throughout the sedimentary evolution of the Amazon Fan.

Supplementary material:

Uninterpreted seismic sections are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18393
.
Structural evolution and sediment entrainment in mass-transport complexes: outcrop studies from Italy
Authors: Butler R.W.H. , McCaffrey W.D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract:
Mass-transport complexes (MTCs) form a significant component of many deep marine clastic successions. Here, studies of outcrop examples of MTCs from the Italian Apennines indicate that material can be entrained across both the upper and lower boundaries of a mass flow. The studied MTCs all incorporate debrite–turbidite couplets. Growth stratal geometries in the overlying turbidite sandstones indicate that turbidite deposition occurred synchronously with internal deformation within substrate debris flows. The turbidite stratal patterns and the internal structure of the debrites jointly indicate that at least the later stages of MTC emplacement were ordered, involving coherent creep. This process can generate unexpected sand-on-sand juxtapositions across otherwise low-permeability debritic horizons. Entrainment of substrate material across the lower debris-flow boundary occurred by thrusting, although this deformation can have initiated before the arrival of the further-travelled debris flow itself. The outcrop examples are thus characterized by composite deformation and depositional histories, such that different parts of composite MTCs can have experienced radically different amounts of displacement. The ordered creeping deformation recognized at outcrop may, however, be under-recognized in seismic examples, where internal deformation and associated growth stratal geometries are less easy to study.
Continental margin shale tectonics: preliminary results from coupled fluid-mechanical models of large-scale delta instability
Authors: Ings Steven J. , Beaumont Christopher 
Published: April 2010

Abstract:
We investigate the evolution of rifted continental margin shale tectonics using 2D finite-element models that couple sediment deformation to compaction-driven Darcy fluid flow via the effective stress. Fluid overpressures are generated in the models by a combination of mechanical compaction (grain rearrangement) and viscous compaction (grain dissolution and local reprecipitation), and lead to failure and flow of visco-plastic Bingham shale. Model results indicate that pore fluid pressures must be 90–95% of the lithostatic pressure to cause shale failure and delta destabilization. Mechanical compaction alone is insufficient to generate fluid overpressures required for failure in the models and viscous compaction is the primary source. The numerical models include delta progradation, lateral lithology variation, and flexural isostatic compensation. Seaward shale flow and associated overburden deformation results in the formation of landward regional and counter-regional fault-bounded extensional basins, a transitional domain of thickened and folded shale beneath the continental slope, and a seaward fold and thrust belt at the delta toe. The structural styles generated by the preliminary numerical models are compatible with features observed in unstable Cenozoic deltas (e.g. the Niger Delta) and provide additional insight into the fundamental relationships between deltaic sedimentation, fluid pressure generation, and margin-scale gravity spreading.