bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Runx1 dose-dependently regulates endochondral ossification during skeletal development and fracture healing
Authors: Soung Do Y , Talebian Laleh , Matheny Christina J , Guzzo Rosa , Speck Maren E , Lieberman Jay R , Speck Nancy A , Drissi Hicham 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Runx1 is expressed in skeletal elements, but its role in fracture repair has not been analyzed. We created mice with a hypomorphic Runx1 allele (Runx1L148A) and generated Runx1L148A/− mice in which &gt;50% of Runx1 activity was abrogated. Runx1L148A/− mice were viable but runted. Their growth plates had extended proliferating and hypertrophic zones, and the percentages of Sox9-, Runx2-, and Runx3-positive cells were decreased. Femoral fracture experiments revealed delayed cartilaginous callus formation, and the expression of chondrogenic markers was decreased. Conditional ablation of Runx1 in the mesenchymal progenitor cells of the limb with Prx1-Cre conferred no obvious limb phenotype; however, cartilaginous callus formation was delayed following fracture. Embryonic limb bud–derived mesenchymal cells showed delayed chondrogenesis when the Runx1 allele was deleted ex vivo with adenoviral-expressed Cre. Collectively, our data suggest that Runx1 is required for commitment and differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells into the chondrogenic lineage. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Time to onset of antifracture efficacy and year-by-year persistence of effect of zoledronic acid in women with osteoporosis
Authors: Boonen Steven , Eastell Richard , Su Guoqin , Mesenbrink Peter , Cosman Felicia , Cauley Jane A , Reid Ian R , Claessens Frank , Vanderschueren Dirk , Lyles Kenneth W , Black Dennis M 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Oral bisphosphonates reduce fracture risk in osteoporotic patients but are often associated with poor compliance, which may impair their antifracture effects. This post hoc analysis assessed the time to onset and persistence of the antifracture effect of zoledronic acid, a once-yearly bisphosphonate infusion, in women with osteoporosis. Data from 9355 women who were randomized in two placebo-controlled pivotal trials were included. Endpoints included reduction in the rate of any clinical fracture at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months in the zoledronic acid group compared with placebo, and the year-by-year incidence of all clinical fractures over 3 years. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine the timing of onset of antifracture efficacy. A generalized estimating equation model was used to assess fracture reduction for the 3 consecutive years of treatment, thereby evaluating persistence of effect. Safety results from women in the two studies were collated. Zoledronic acid reduced the risk of all clinical fractures at 12 months (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61–0.92, p = 0.0050) with significant reductions maintained at all subsequent time points. Year-by-year analysis showed that zoledronic acid reduced the risk for all clinical fractures compared with the placebo group in each of the 3 years (year 1: odds ratio [OR] = 0.74, 95% CI 0.60–0.91, p = 0.0044; year 2: OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.42–0.66, p &lt; 0.0001; year 3: OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.48–0.77, p &lt; 0.0001). This antifracture effect was persistent over 3 years, with the reductions in years 2 and 3 slightly larger than in year 1 (p = 0.097). This analysis shows that zoledronic acid offered significant protection from clinical fractures as early as 12 months. When administered annually, its beneficial effects persisted for at least 3 years. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Denosumab reduces the risk of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women, particularly in those with moderate to high fracture risk as assessed with FRAX
Authors: McCloskey Eugene V , Johansson Helena , Oden Anders , Austin Matt , Siris Ethel , Wang Andrea , Lewiecki E Michael , Lorenc Roman , Libanati Cesar , Kanis John A 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Denosumab has been shown to reduce the incidence of vertebral, nonvertebral, and hip fractures. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the antifracture efficacy of denosumab was dependent on baseline fracture probability assessed by FRAX. The primary data of the phase 3 FREEDOM study of the effects of denosumab in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis were used to compute country-specific probabilities using the FRAX tool (version 3.2). The outcome variable comprised all clinical osteoporotic fractures (including clinical vertebral fractures). Interactions between fracture probability and efficacy were explored by Poisson regression. At baseline, the median 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture (with bone mineral density) was approximately 15% and for hip fracture was approximately 5% in both groups. In the simplest model adjusted for age and fracture probability, treatment with denosumab over 3 years was associated with a 32% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20% to 42%) decrease in clinical osteoporotic fractures. Denosumab reduced fracture risk to a greater extent in those at moderate to high risk. For example, at 10% probability, denosumab decreased fracture risk by 11% (p = 0.629), whereas at 30% probability (90th percentile of study population) the reduction was 50% (p = 0.001). The reduction in fracture was independent of prior fracture, parental history of hip fracture, or secondary causes of osteoporosis. A low body mass index (BMI) was associated with greater efficacy. Denosumab significantly decreased the risk of clinical osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Overall, the efficacy of denosumab was greater in those at moderate to high risk of fracture as assessed by FRAX. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Partitions of V(n, q) into 2‐ and s‐Dimensional Subspaces
Authors: Seelinger G. , Sissokho P. , Spence L. , Eynden C. Vanden 
Published: March 2012

AbstractLet denote a vector space of dimension n over the field with q elements. A set of subspaces of V is a (vector space) partition of V if every nonzero element of V is contained in exactly one subspace in . Suppose that is a partition of V with subspaces of dimension for . Then we call the type of the partition . Which possible types correspond to actual partitions is in general an open question. We prove that for any odd integer and for any integer , the existence of partitions of across a suitable range of types guarantees the existence of partitions of of essentially all the types for any integer . We then apply this result to construct new classes of partitions of V. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Combin. Designs 20: 467‐482, 2012
Simple Signed Steiner Triple Systems
Authors: Ghorbani E. , Khosrovshahi G. B. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractLetXbe av‐set,be a set of 3‐subsets (triples) ofX, andbe a partition ofwith. The pairis called a simple signed Steiner triple system, denoted by ST, if the number of occurrences of every 2‐subset ofXin triplesis one more than the number of occurrences in triples. In this paper, we prove thatexists if and only if,, and, whereand for,. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Combin. Designs 20: 332–343, 2012
Four Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares of Order 14
Authors: Todorov D. T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe paper gives example of orthogonal array OA(6, 14) obtained from a difference matrix . The construction is equivalent to four mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) of order 14. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Combin. Designs 20: 363–367, 2012
Liquid velocity in a high‐solids‐loading three‐phase external‐loop airlift reactor
Authors: Milivojevic Milan , Pavlou Stavros , Bugarski Branko 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Airlift reactors are of interest for many different processes, especially for three‐phase systems. In this study the behavior of a high‐loading three‐phase external‐loop airlift reactor was examined. In particular, the effect of parameters such as airflow rate (riser superficial gas velocities between 0.003 and 0.017 m s−1), solids loading (up to 50%, v/v) on liquid circulation velocity in the air‐water‐alginate beads system as a crucial hydrodynamic parameter was studied.RESULTS: It was observed that increase of the airflow rate resulted in increase of the liquid velocity in the system. The same result but less pronounced was observed by introducing small amounts of solid particles up to 7.5% v/v. However, further introduction of solids caused decrease of the liquid velocity. Laminar regime for the liquid circulation was observed for low gas velocities. Minimum gas velocities for recirculation initiation in the reactor were determined for all solid loadings and linear dependence on the solid content was found. Gas holdups for the three‐phase system were larger than for the two‐phase system in all experiments. A simple model for predicting the liquid circulation velocity in the three‐phase system with high solid loading of low‐density particles was developed. This model is based on the viscosity of integrated medium (solid + liquid) which is a new aspect to analyze this phenomenon.CONCLUSIONS: The developed model shows very good agreement with the experimental results for all solid loadings. It also includes the influence of reactor geometry on the liquid circulation velocity thus enabling optimization. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Anaerobic co‐digestion of food waste leachate and piggery wastewater for methane production: statistical optimization of key process parameters
Authors: Han Man Jae , Behera Shishir Kumar , Park Hung‐Suck 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Anaerobic co‐digestion of refractory liquid organic wastes is an alternative environmental management strategy with economic benefits arising out of biogas production. Laboratory‐scale experimental investigations were carried out on the anaerobic co‐digestion of two liquid organic wastes, food waste leachate (FWL) and piggery wastewater (PWW). Three important parameters affecting methane yield were chosen for this study, namely, mixing ratio, alkalinity and salinity, which were optimized using response surface methodology.RESULTS: The results were analyzed statistically and the optimum conditions identified as: mixing ratio (FWL: PWW) 33 (in terms of volatile solid, w/w) (2 on v/v), alkalinity 2850 mg CaCO3 L−1, and salinity 3.4 g NaCl L−1. Under the optimum conditions, a cumulative methane yield (CMY) of 310 mL CH4 g−1 VSadded and VS reduction (VSR) of 54% were predicted. Mixing ratio and alkalinity showed the greatest individual and interactive effects on CMY and VSR (P < 0.05). A confirmation experiment under optimum conditions showed a CMY and VSR of 323 mL CH4 g−1 VSadded and 50%, respectively. This was only 1.04% and 1.1%, respectively, different from the predicted values.CONCLUSION: Anaerobic co‐digestion of FWL and PWW carried out under the optimum condition may be a feasible and efficient treatment option for methane production. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
On Cyclic Decompositions of Complete Graphs into Tripartite Graphs
Authors: Bunge Ryan C. , Chantasartrassmee Avapa , El-Zanati Saad I. , Eynden Charles Vanden 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe introduce two new labelings for tripartite graphs and show that if a graph G with n edges admits either of these labelings, then there exists a cyclic G‐decomposition of for every positive integer x. We also show that if G is the union of two vertext‐disjoint cycles of odd length, other than , then G admits one of these labelings.
Pebbling Graphs of Diameter Three and Four
Authors: Postle Luke , Streib Noah , Yerger Carl 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGiven a configuration of pebbles on the vertices of a connected graph G, a pebbling move is defined as the removal of two pebbles from some vertex and the placement of one of these on an adjacent vertex. The pebbling number of a graph G is the smallest integer k such that for each vertex v and each configuration of k pebbles on G there is a sequence of pebbling moves that places at least one pebble on v. We improve on a bound of Bukh by showing that the pebbling number of a graph of diameter three on n vertices is at most , and this bound is best possible. Further, we obtain an asymptotic bound of for the pebbling number of graphs of diameter four. Finally, we prove an asymptotic bound for pebbling graphs of arbitrary diameter, namely that the pebbling number for a diameter d graph on n vertices is at most , where is a constant depending upon d. This also improves another bound of Bukh.
A Class of Three‐Colorable Triangle‐Free Graphs
Authors: Radovanović Marko , Vušković Kristina 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe chromatic number of a triangle‐free graph can be arbitrarily large. In this article, we show that if all subdivisions of K2, 3 are also excluded as induced subgraphs, then the chromatic number becomes bounded by 3. We give a structural characterization of this class of graphs, from which we derive an coloring algorithm, where n denotes the number of vertices and m the number of edges of the input graph.
PARP‐1 deletion promotes subventricular zone neural stem cells toward a glial fate
Authors: Plane Jennifer M. , Grossenbacher Steven K. , Deng Wenbin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIdentification of critical factors involved in oligodendroglial fate specification from endogenous neural stem cells is relevant to the development of therapeutic interventions that aim to promote remyelination. Here we report a novel role of the DNA repair protein poly‐ADP‐ribose polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) in regulating the neural stem cell profile in the postnatal mouse forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ). We observed increased expression of Sox2 and Sox10 in the SVZ of postnatal day 11 (P11) PARP‐1 knockout mice. This increase corresponded to increased Olig2 expression in Sox2‐positive cells of the PARP‐1 knockout mouse SVZ and decreased Map2abc expression compared with Sox2/Olig2 and Sox2/Map2abc expression in wild‐type mice. We noted enhanced expression of proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) at the expense of proliferating neuroblasts in the SVZ of PARP‐1 knockout mice, by using Olig1/Ki67/DCX, NG2/Ki67/DCX, and PDGFR/BrdU/TuJ1 immunofluorescence labeling. In addition, the percentage of BrdU/Olig2 double‐labeled cells increased in the SVZ and corpus callosum of PARP‐1 knockout mice compared with wild‐type mice. We also observed a decrease in DCX‐positive cells without a decrease in the overall SVZ area in PARP‐1 knockout mice, further indicating a switch from neuroblast to OPC fate. PARP‐1 knockout mice displayed thinning of MBP expression in the corpus callosum and external capsule, suggesting that the enhanced OPC proliferation in the SVZ might compensate for deficiency in myelination. Together, our results show that PARP‐1 deletion promotes SVZ neural stem cells toward a glial fate and suggest that future studies target PARP‐1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for demyelinating diseases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extreme monthly precipitation pattern in China and its dependence on Southern Oscillation
Authors: Wan Shiquan , Hu Yuling , You Zhiyuan , Kang Jianpeng , Zhu Jianguo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUsing the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) and a spatial scheme of parameter estimation, spatial patterns of extreme monthly precipitation (EMP) in China were studied using 740 stations' data from 1960 to 2007. The spatial patterns of EMP are described by the GPD's scale and shape parameters, whose regional features depend on ENSO activities. The results show that the scale parameter (representing variability) in monsoon areas, such as southern China, is greater than that of non‐monsoon areas, such as northern China, and that it is greater in summer than that in autumn. The shape parameter (representing record‐breaking probability) reaches a maximum in non‐monsoon areas and a minimum in monsoon areas. For the time scale, record‐breaking events would occur more easily in the seasons other than summer. The regional difference in terms of dependence of EMP's variability on Southern Oscillation (SO) was also related to the monsoon transition zone. The variability with great dependence on SO was in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and in the region between the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, which are dry–wet transition zones. The response of EMP's record‐breaking probability to SO is apparent in most regions of China, and its spatial pattern becomes the largest in summer and much smaller in spring and autumn. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
NMR‐based metabonomics detection of differences in the metabolism of hydrolysed versus intact protein of similar amino acid profile
Authors: Hindmarsh Jason P , Awati Ajay , Edwards Patrick JB , Moughan Paul 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)‐based metabonomics has only recently been applied to nutritional research. The limitation of any analytical technique is its sensitivity in detecting the smallest variation. Alterations in nutrition often produce only subtle metabolic modulations. The objective of this study was to determine if NMR‐based metabonomics could detect variations in the metabolic profile of urine from pigs digesting either native casein (NC) or the same casein that had been enzymatically hydrolysed (EHC). NMR permits simultaneous detection of a large number of metabolites, thus allowing detection of unanticipated metabolic fluctuations that may otherwise have gone undetected with the use of only targeted analysis.RESULTS: Partial least squares discriminant analysis identified significantly (P < 0.05) higher urinary excretions of leucine, valine, taurine and glycine by pigs on the EHC‐based diet.CONCLUSION: NMR‐based metabonomics is a sensitive method that can uncover unanticipated metabolic changes brought about by physicochemical changes to the feedstock (i.e. hydrolysis). The data show a lower efficiency of retention by the kidney of some amino acids following ingestion of a hydrolysed protein. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of cocoa, soy, oats and fish oil on metabolic syndrome in rats
Authors: Barrios‐Ramos Juan P , Garduño‐Siciliano Leticia , Loredo Maria , Chamorro‐Cevallos German , Jaramillo‐Flores Maria E 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The effect of functional foods alone or in combination (cocoa + soy + oats + fish oil) on hepatic damage in rats affected with metabolic syndrome was investigated.RESULTS: Rats that were given cocoa showed a decrease in the levels of triglycerides (TGs) and glucose (63 and 32% respectively) as well as a decrease in blood pressure (15%). Animals fed with soy showed a reduction of 21% in total cholesterol, 15% in blood pressure and 44% in TGs, while feeding oats reduced the concentration of TGs by 53% (P < 0.5). Fish oil caused a reduction in TGs (56%) and glucose (26%). The effect on blood pressure was statistically significant for the groups supplemented with cocoa, soy, cocoa + oats and the total mix. The main finding was a reduction in liver steatosis in animals supplemented with cocoa + oats (from 30 to 4.7% steatosis). Cocoa or fish oil alone did not protect the liver from damage, while cocoa + fish oil did.CONCLUSION: The most relevant effects were that the cocoa + oats mix decreased steatosis by a very large percentage, as did the cocoa + fish oil mix and the mix of all four functional foods. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of rootstock on drought response in young ‘Gale Gala’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees
Authors: Liu Bing‐hua , Cheng Liang , Ma Feng‐wang , Liang Dong , Zou Yang‐jun 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Drought is a major environmental stress limiting plant growth, productivity, and survival worldwide. Rootstocks are widely used to enhance plants resistance to drought stresses. This study determined influence of rootstock on drought responses in 1‐year‐old ‘Gale Gala’ apple trees grafted onto Malus sieversii or M. hupehensis.RESULTS: Choice of rootstock resulted in differential response to drought stress. Specifically, M. sieversii caused less drought‐induced reduction in relative growth rate, biomass accumulation, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, relative water content, photosynthesis rate and maximum chlorophyll fluorescence yield but greater increase in whole‐plant water use efficiency compared to M. hupehensis. Secondly, compared with M. hupehensis, M. sieversii caused less drought‐induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species but more increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, xylem sap abscisic acid concentration was greater in trees grafted onto M. hupehensis than in those grafted onto M. sieversii under drought stress.CONCLUSION: ‘Gale Gala’ trees' response to drought stress was associated with the rootstock's genotype onto which it was grafted. Trees with M. sieversii as rootstock are more drought resistant than trees with M. hupehensis as rootstock, which suggests that M. sieversii can be widely used as rootstock in arid and semi‐arid regions. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Three‐dimensional optical laser lithography beyond the diffraction limit
Authors: Fischer Joachim , Wegener Martin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDirect laser writing has become a versatile and routine tool for the mask‐free fabrication of polymer structures with lateral linewidths down to less than 100 nm. In contrast to its planar counterpart, electron‐beam lithography, direct laser writing also allows for the making of three‐dimensional structures. However, its spatial resolution has been restricted by diffraction. Clearly, linewidths and resolutions on the scale of few tens of nanometers and below are highly desirable for various applications in nanotechnology. In visible‐light far‐field fluorescence microscopy, the concept of stimulated emission depletion (STED) introduced in 1994 has led to spectacular record resolutions down to 5.6 nm in 2009. This review addresses approaches aiming at translating this success in optical microscopy to optical lithography. After explaining basic principles and limitations, possible depletion mechanisms and recent lithography experiments by various groups are summarized. Today, Abbe's diffraction barrier as well as the generalized two‐photon Sparrow criterion have been broken in far‐field optical lithography. For further future progress in resolution, the development of novel tailored photoresists in combination with attractive laser sources is of utmost importance.
A role for the Warburg effect in preimplantation embryo development: Metabolic modification to support rapid cell proliferation
Authors: Krisher Rebecca L. , Prather Randall S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this essay, we propose that embryos express a metabolic phenotype necessarily different from that of differentiated somatic cells and more like that of rapidly proliferating cancer cells. This metabolic adaptation, known as the Warburg effect, supports rapid cell proliferation. One of the hallmarks of the Warburg effect is that pyruvate is directed away from the tri‐carboxylic acid cycle and metabolized to lactate, resulting in a buildup of glycolytic intermediates. Although this is a comparatively inefficient way to generate ATP, this adaptation allows the cell to meet other critical metabolic requirements, including biomass production and redox regulation. Thus, utilization of WE gives proliferating cells a selective growth advantage. This model represents a completely new understanding of embryo metabolism in the context of a broad, interconnected network of metabolic mechanisms that influence viability, versus the current dogma of carbohydrate metabolism via oxidative phosphorylation. A more complete understanding of embryo metabolism is critical to better support embryo viability in vitro, and to avoid forcing embryos to adapt to suboptimal culture conditions at a significant cost to future growth and development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 311–320, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.