bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preface to Professions Today: Received Wisdom, Case Challenges, Contributor Issues and Questions
Authors: Sciulli David 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe vast majority of contributors to the sociology of professions literature fail to distinguish professions from other occupations, and it sees this as a virtue, not a noteworthy gap at a conceptual level. Talcott Parsons’ most methodical treatment of professions which earlier opposed this position has gone unread, and today has largely disappeared from the literature. Two cases, one historical (the Paris Académie de Peinture et de Sculpture), the other contemporary (the governance of publicly traded corporation as overseen by Delaware courts), challenge the majoritarian position as its core, at a conceptual level. They compel a more abstract, analytical, approach to profession and professionalism. We conclude by presenting the issues and questions presented to all contributors in preparation for this special topic.
Professional Fields and Truth Regimes: In Search of Alternative Approaches
Authors: Brante Thomas 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSociology of the professions has faced difficulties in delineating and defining the core of its object of study, the concept and phenomenon of profession. Setting out from the so-called French epistemological tradition, this article tries out a new possibility. It is argued that if there are trans-historical elements in professions, they are found at the cognitive side, as a certain reasonably invariant cognitive structure. The structure implies that a specific type of (scientific) knowledge can be coupled with professional practice, that is, know-why is linked to know-how. This is what the notion of profession primarily should be based on. Science, profession, and “object” together constitute a “truth-regime” in Foucault’s sense. On the other hand, the social side of professions is historically variable. Indeed, the social attributes of a profession changes with social transformations and external interests, with its position in Bourdeauian professional fields, and with its relations in “the professional complex.” The article concludes with a suggestion for a new definition of professions.
An Outline of Trade Associations
Authors: Chunmiao () Sun , Ming () Wang 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTrade associations are NGOs formed by market-actor enterprises based on commonalities of economy and interests, and which have characteristics of communities (). Based on definitions of the concept, properties and characteristics of trade associations, this article reviews their development from guilds in feudal society () to modern society’s trade councils (), and, finally, to the trade associations () of today. Their development is summarized quantitatively and qualitatively, both in terms of systems and structures. Their three primary functions (representation, coordination, and service) are analyzed, as are their economic, political, and social roles. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of their structures and improvements to governance systems are analyzed, as are the state of their administrative systems and innovations to their administrative systems. Finally, legislative aspects are analyzed and policy recommendations presented.
A Discussion of an Index of China’s Nonprofit Legal Environment
Authors: Yuxin () Lan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe legal environment is an important factor affecting the development of the nonprofit sector. The Nonprofit Law Index, developed by Johns Hopkins University’s Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project (CNP), offers us a useful analytical framework for interpreting China’s non-profit legal environment. This article uses that framework to evaluate China’s nonprofit legislative environment and then analyzes the results. Its purpose is to uncover important problems with the regulations and policies guiding the management of China’s civil organizations, and to offer several views and recommendations on the quantitative analysis indicator system itself and on China’s civil organization management regulations and policies.
A Definition, Classification, and Report on Rural Civil Organization in China
Authors: Zhihui () Tong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article explores a definition and typology of rural civil organization and proceeds with an analysis of several of the most active types. Its discussion departs from a broadly-used definition of “civil organizations” into an explanation of “rural civil organization”. Next, it applies a classification system based on three parameters: civil organization-State relationship; civil organization-members relationship; and models for satisfying members’ needs. Finally, it introduces recent developments from the most important important types of rural civil organization.
NPO Fundraising Strategies in Transformation: A Case Study of the United Way of Taiwan
Authors: Lien-Chih Chiou , Yu-yuan Kuan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article examines the transformation of the fundraising strategies of the United Way of Taiwan (UWT) from organizational change theory and resource dependency theory. At the same time, it considers the state and significance of nonprofit intermediary organizations in Taiwan that are engaged in charity fundraising and redistribution. The study focuses on the following questions: in order to reasonably distribute social donations among the poor and disadvantaged, how should the UWT effectively raise social resources? What adjustments to its developmental and fundraising strategies should the organization make in response to changes in the external environment? In a Taiwanese charitable donation market that has grown to roughly 50 billion yuan per year, how can the UWT compete or cooperate with other NPOs to increase its fundraising space? The study found that due to considerations of its institutional environment, the UWT focused on attaining legality and legitimacy during its formation. It also found that the change and growth segments of the organizational life cycle were visible in the UWT’s shifts in governance, in personnel, and in its overall development. At the same time, changes made to the UWT’s fundraising strategy demonstrated the organization’s control over resource dependency. Lastly, the study finds that in terms of fundraising strategy, the UWT faces the several challenges of expanding its resource network from the Taiwan’s North to its Middle and South, limiting its dependence on corporate resources, expanding its access to volunteer resources, social services groups and governments, and maintaining its collaborative partnerships.
Evaluation of Transtibial Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Single-Sling Method With a Tibialis Anterior Allograft
Authors: Min Byoung-Hyun , Lee Yong Seuk , Lee Yu Sang , Jin Cheng Zhe , Son Kwang-Hyun 
Published: November 2010

Background: The authors devised a double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique in combination with a single-sling method. However, the double-bundle technique needs more simplicity and a decreased possibility of failure. Hypothesis: A novel surgical technique of transtibial double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a single-sling method with a tibialis anterior allograft, previously introduced, produces satisfactory results. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Twenty-one patients who underwent double-bundle transtibial isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a single-sling method between July 2003 and September 2007 were enrolled in this study. The exclusion criteria applied were (1) a multiligamentous injury, (2) posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction previously performed using another technique, and (3) the presence of any additional injury capable of affecting knee stability. The Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee scales were used for the clinical outcome evaluation. Stability was evaluated using a KT-2000 arthrometer. The evaluation was performed by comparing preoperative and last follow-up results. Results: Nineteen men and 2 women were enrolled, with a mean follow-up of 49.2 months (range, 25-73 months). The mean Lysholm score was 53 ± 5.3 (range, 34-68) preoperatively and improved to 83.5 ± 13 (range, 61-97) at the last follow-up after surgery ( P < .001). The IKDC score also improved from preoperative (0 A, 0 B, 7 C, 14 D) to final follow-up (8 A, 9 B, 3 C, 1 D; P < .001). Mean side-to-side difference in posterior translation, measured using the KT-2000 arthrometer, was 13.5 ± 1.2 mm preoperatively and 3.4 ± 0.8 mm at last follow-up evaluations (mean 51.7 months postoperatively). Conclusion: After follow-up for longer than 24 months, the transtibial double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a single sling was found to produce satisfactory clinical and stability results, which indicates that the described technique should be viewed as a viable alternative.
Pharmacologic modulation of the calcium-sensing receptor enhances hematopoietic stem cell lodgment in the adult bone marrow
Authors: Lam Ben S. , Cunningham Cynthia , Adams Gregor B. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to undergo self-renewal is partly regulated by external signals originating from the stem cell niche. Our previous studies with HSCs obtained from fetal liver of mice deficient for the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) have shown the crucial role of this receptor in HSC lodgment and engraftment in the bone marrow (BM) endosteal niche. Using a CaR agonist, Cinacalcet, we assessed the effects of stimulating the CaR on the function of murine HSCs. Our results show that CaR stimulation increases primitive hematopoietic cell activity in vitro, including growth in stromal cell cocultures, adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen I and fibronectin, and migration toward the chemotactic stimulus, stromal cell-derived factor 1α. Receptor stimulation also led to augmented in vivo homing, CXCR4-mediated lodgment at the endosteal niche, and engraftment capabilities. These mechanisms by which stimulating the CaR dictates preferential localization of HSCs in the BM endosteal niche provide additional insights into the fundamental interrelationship between the stem cell and its niche. These studies also have implications in the area of clinical stem cell transplantation, where ex vivo modulation of the CaR may be envisioned as a strategy to enhance HSC engraftment in the BM.
Mesenchymal stem cells express serine protease inhibitor to evade the host immune response
Authors: El Haddad Najib , Heathcote Dean , Moore Robert , Yang Sunmi , Azzi Jamil , Mfarrej Bechara , Atkinson Mark , Sayegh Mohamed H. , Lee Jeng-Shin , Ashton-Rickardt Philip G. , Abdi Reza 
Published: November 2010

AbstractClinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been initiated worldwide. An improved understanding of the mechanisms by which allogeneic MSCs evade host immune responses is paramount to regulating their survival after administration. This study has focused on the novel role of serine protease inhibitor (SPI) in the escape of MSCs from host immunosurveillance through the inhibition of granzyme B (GrB). Our data indicate bone marrow–derived murine MSCs express SPI6 constitutively. MSCs from mice deficient for SPI6 (SPI6−/−) exhibited a 4-fold higher death rate by primed allogeneic cytotoxic T cells than did wild-type MSCs. A GrB inhibitor rescued SPI6−/− MSCs from cytotoxic T-cell killing. Transduction of wild-type MSCs with MigR1-SPI6 also protected MSCs from cytotoxic T cell–mediated death in vitro. In addition, SPI6−/− MSCs displayed a shorter lifespan than wild-type MSCs when injected into an allogeneic host. We conclude that SPI6 protects MSCs from GrB-mediated killing and plays a pivotal role in their survival in vivo. Our data could serve as a basis for future SPI-based strategies to regulate the survival and function of MSCs after administration and to enhance the efficacy of MSC-based therapy for diseases.
Structure of the leukemia oncogene LMO2: implications for the assembly of a hematopoietic transcription factor complex
Authors: El Omari Kamel , Hoosdally Sarah J. , Tuladhar Kapil , Karia Dimple , Vyas Paresh , Patient Roger , Porcher Catherine , Mancini Erika J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe LIM only protein 2 (LMO2) is a key regulator of hematopoietic stem cell development whose ectopic expression in T cells leads to the onset of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Through its LIM domains, LMO2 is thought to function as the scaffold for a DNA-binding transcription regulator complex, including the basic helix-loop-helix proteins SCL/TAL1 and E47, the zinc finger protein GATA-1, and LIM-domain interacting protein LDB1. To understand the role of LMO2 in the formation of this complex and ultimately to dissect its function in normal and aberrant hematopoiesis, we solved the crystal structure of LMO2 in complex with the LID domain of LDB1 at 2.4 Å resolution. We observe a largely unstructured LMO2 kept in register by the LID binding both LIM domains. Comparison of independently determined crystal structures of LMO2 reveals large movements around a conserved hinge between the LIM domains. We demonstrate that such conformational flexibility is necessary for binding of LMO2 to its partner protein SCL/TAL1 in vitro and for the function of this complex in vivo. These results, together with molecular docking and analysis of evolutionarily conserved residues, yield the first structural model of the DNA-binding complex containing LMO2, LDB1, SCL/TAL1, and GATA-1.
Differential alterations in gene expression profiles contribute to time-dependent effects of nandrolone to prevent denervation atrophy
Authors: Qin Weiping , Pan Jiangping , Bauman William A , Cardozo Christopher P 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
Anabolic steroids, such as nandrolone, slow muscle atrophy, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect are largely unknown. Their effects on muscle size and gene expression depend upon time, and the cause of muscle atrophy. Administration of nandrolone for 7 days beginning either concomitantly with sciatic nerve transection (7 days) or 29 days later (35 days) attenuated denervation atrophy at 35 but not 7 days. We reasoned that this model could be used to identify genes that are regulated by nandrolone and slow denervation atrophy, as well as genes that might explain the time-dependence of nandrolone effects on such atrophy. Affymetrix microarrays were used to profile gene expression changes due to nandrolone at 7 and 35 days and to identify major gene expression changes in denervated muscle between 7 and 35 days.

Results
Nandrolone selectively altered expression of 124 genes at 7 days and 122 genes at 35 days, with only 20 genes being regulated at both time points. Marked differences in biological function of genes regulated by nandrolone at 7 and 35 days were observed. At 35, but not 7 days, nandrolone reduced mRNA and protein levels for FOXO1, the mTOR inhibitor REDD2, and the calcineurin inhibitor RCAN2 and increased those for ApoD. At 35 days, correlations between mRNA levels and the size of denervated muscle were negative for RCAN2, and positive for ApoD. Nandrolone also regulated genes for Wnt signaling molecules. Comparison of gene expression at 7 and 35 days after denervation revealed marked alterations in the expression of 9 transcriptional coregulators, including Ankrd1 and 2, and many transcription factors and kinases.

Conclusions
Genes regulated in denervated muscle after 7 days administration of nandrolone are almost entirely different at 7 versus 35 days. Alterations in levels of FOXO1, and of genes involved in signaling through calcineurin, mTOR and Wnt may be linked to the favorable action of nandrolone on denervated muscle. Marked changes in the expression of genes regulating transcription and intracellular signaling may contribute to the time-dependent effects of nandrolone on gene expression.
Subclinical responses in healthy cyclists briefly exposed to traffic-related air pollution: an intervention study
Authors: Jacobs Lotte , Nawrot Tim S , de Geus Bas , Meeusen Romain , Degraeuwe Bart , Bernard Alfred , Sughis Muhammad , Nemery Benoit , Panis Luc Int 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundNumerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated adverse health effects of a sedentary life style, on the one hand, and of acute and chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution, on the other. Because physical exercise augments the amount of inhaled pollutants, it is not clear whether cycling to work in a polluted urban environment should be encouraged or not. To address this conundrum we investigated if a bicycle journey along a busy commuting road would induce changes in biomarkers of pulmonary and systematic inflammation in a group of healthy subjects.Methods38 volunteers (mean age: 43 ± 8.6 years, 26% women) cycled for about 20 minutes in real traffic near a major bypass road (road test; mean UFP exposure: 28,867 particles per cm3) in Antwerp and in a laboratory with filtered air (clean room; mean UFP exposure: 496 particles per cm3). The exercise intensity (heart rate) and duration of cycling were similar for each volunteer in both experiments. Exhaled nitric oxide (NO), plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), platelet function, Clara cell protein in serum and blood cell counts were measured before and 30 minutes after exercise.ResultsPercentage of blood neutrophils increased significantly more (p = 0.004) after exercise in the road test (3.9%; 95% CI: 1.5 to 6.2%; p = 0.003) than after exercise in the clean room (0.2%; 95% CI: -1.8 to 2.2%, p = 0.83). The pre/post-cycling changes in exhaled NO, plasma IL-6, platelet function, serum levels of Clara cell protein and number of total blood leukocytes did not differ significantly between the two scenarios.ConclusionsTraffic-related exposure to particles during exercise caused a small increase in the distribution of inflammatory blood cells in healthy subjects. The health significance of this isolated change is unclear.
Oncogenic KRAS modulates mitochondrial metabolism in human colon cancer cells by inducing HIF-1α and HIF-2α target genes
Authors: Chun Sang Y , Johnson Craig , Washburn Joseph G , Cruz-Correa Marcia R , Dang Duyen T , Dang Long H 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
Activating KRAS mutations are important for cancer initiation and progression; and have recently been shown to cause primary resistance to therapies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Therefore, strategies are currently in development to overcome treatment resistance due to oncogenic KRAS. The hypoxia-inducible factors-1α and -2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) are activated in cancer due to dysregulated ras signaling.

Methods
To understand the individual and combined roles of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in cancer metabolism and oncogenic KRAS signaling, we used targeted homologous recombination to disrupt the oncogenic KRAS, HIF-1α, and HIF-2α gene loci in HCT116 colon cancer cells to generate isogenic HCT116WT KRAS, HCT116HIF-1α-/-, HCT116HIF-2α-/-, and HCT116HIF-1α-/-HIF-2α-/- cell lines.

Results
Global gene expression analyses of these cell lines reveal that HIF-1α and HIF-2α work together to modulate cancer metabolism and regulate genes signature overlapping with oncogenic KRAS. Cancer cells with disruption of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α or oncogenic KRAS showed decreased aerobic respiration and ATP production, with increased ROS generation.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest novel strategies for treating tumors with oncogenic KRAS mutations.
Corin Is Present in the Normal Human Heart, Kidney, and Blood, with Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Processing in the Circulation
Authors: Ichiki Tomoko , Huntley Brenda K , Heublein Denise M , Sandberg Sharon M , McKie Paul M , Martin Fernando L , Jougasaki Michihisa , Burnett John C 
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUNDB-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), which is activated in heart failure (HF), is processed to an active form by corin. The corin gene is expressed in the human heart and kidney, but corin protein expression in the heart, kidney, and circulation, along with whether proBNP is processed by circulating corin, remains unknown.METHODSWe examined corin protein expression by immunostaining and Western blot in human heart and kidney, and we assessed the circulating corin concentration by ELISA. We examined histidine-tagged (His-tag) proBNP1–108 processing in serum and plasma by immunoprecipitation and Western blot and sequenced the processed form.RESULTSNormal human heart and kidney displayed the presence of corin, especially in cells around the vasculature. Both corin and proBNP1–108 were present in the plasma of healthy human subjects, with circulating corin significantly higher in men than women (P &lt; 0.0001) and a positive correlation of corin to age (P = 0.0497, r = 0.27). In fresh normal plasma and serum, His-tag proBNP1–108 was processed to a lower molecular weight form confirmed to be BNP. Processed BNP was higher in men than women (P = 0.041) and was positively correlated to plasma corin concentrations (P = 0.041, r = 0.65).CONCLUSIONSOur results support the concept that proBNP1–108 may be processed outside of the heart in the circulation where the proprotein convertase is present. Moreover, sex may impact this process, since corin concentrations are higher in men. These findings may have important physiologic and pathophysiologic implications for the proBNP/corin system in the human.
Habitat Choices of Nubian Ibex (Capra Nubiana) Evaluated with A habitat Suitability Modeling and Isodar Analysis
Authors: Tadesse Solomon A. , Kotler Burt P. 
Published: November 2010

The value of a habitat for a forager may be affected by habitat characteristics related to food availability, energetic costs of foraging, predation costs, and the foraging opportunities available in other habitats. Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) are stout, sure-footed social wild goats that inhabit arid landscapes with steep terrain. We investigated their habitat selection behavior using indicators to (1) develop a habitat suitability index (HSI) model that would account for the variation in the activity densities of Nubian ibex across habitat types and seasons, (2) apply the isodar technique to look for density-dependent habitat selection behavior in Nubian ibex, and (3) investigate the proximate environmental factors that correlate to relative activity densities of Nubian ibex. We determined relative densities of the ibex by recording sightings of animals along standard walking transects. We incorporated the habitat variables that had greatest influence on the densities of Nubian ibex into habitat suitability index models for both spring and summer seasons.The HSI models revealed that Nubian ibex most preferred open cliff face habitat offering safety during the spring season, but their habitat preference shifted towards an area with watered gardens ("grave area habitat") during the summer season. Significant isodars were only obtained for the summer season comparisons between grave area versus cliff face, and between grave area versus plateau habitats. The slopes of the isodars suggest that the grave area habitat is 10.5 and 7.6 times more productive than the plateau and the cliff face habitats, respectively. Our results suggest that the relative abundances and habitat preferences of Nubian ibex varied with the seasonal availability of habitat resources, extent of predation risks, and human nuisance disturbances across the landscape. We recommend that wildlife managers dealing with the conservation and protection of the endangered Nubian ibex should focus on the various ecological and anthropogenic factors governing the habitat selection and preferences.