bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seizure frequency in pregnant women treated with lamotrigine monotherapy
Authors: Sabers Anne , Petrenaite Vaiva 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPrevious studies have demonstrated that the pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drug (AED) lamotrigine (LTG) are substantially influenced by pregnancy and are more likely to be associated with seizure deterioration in pregnancy compared to other AEDs. This is of great concern, as LTG has developed into a first‐line AED for women of childbearing age. In this study we evaluated the risk of seizure deterioration in a cohort of women treated with LTG monotherapy (n = 42) who were closely monitored with frequent dose adjustments based on monthly routine plasma level determinations. It was demonstrated that with this close monitoring set‐up, the risk of increased seizure frequency (19%) was not higher than that reported for other AED treatment regimens.
Anoxia–ischemia: A mechanism of seizure termination in ictal asystole
Authors: Schuele Stephan U. , Bermeo Adriana C. , Alexopoulos Andreas V. , Burgess Richard C. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryCerebral anoxia–ischemia (CAI) is a potent inhibitor of cerebral hyperactivity and a potential mechanism of seizure self‐termination. Prolonged ictal asystole (IA) invariably leads to CAI and has been implicated as a potential cause of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP). IA was seen in eight consecutive patients (0.12% of all patients monitored). Ten of their seizures with IA had evidence of CAI on electroencephalography (EEG), manifested by bilateral hypersynchronous slowing (BHS), and were compared to 18 seizures without signs of CAI. The ictal EEG pattern resolved in all 10 CAI events with onset of the BHS. The period from IA onset to seizure end was reduced in events with BHS compared to events without BHS (10.5 s vs. 28.3 s, respectively; p = 0.005), and the total seizure duration tended to be shorter. Anoxia–ischemia as a result of IA may represent an effective endogenous mechanism for seizure termination and may explain why the hearts of patients with ictal asystole reported to date in the literature resumed beating spontaneously.
AGROBACTERIUM‐MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION IN THE GREEN ALGA HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS (CHLOROPHYCEAE, VOLVOCALES)1
Authors: Kathiresan S. , Chandrashekar A. , Ravishankar G. A. , Sarada R. 
Published: June 2009

The first successful Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis Flot. using the binary vectors hosting the genes coding for GUS (β‐glucuronidase), GFP (green fluorescent protein), and hpt (hygromycin phosphotransferase) is reported here. Colonies resistant to hygromycin at 10 mg · L−1 expressed β‐glucuronidase. The greenish yellow fluorescence of GFP was observed when the hygromycin‐resistant cells were viewed with a fluorescent microscope. PCR was used to successfully amplify fragments of the hpt (407 bp) and GUS (515 bp) genes from transformed cells, while Southern blots indicated the integration of the hygromycin gene into the genome of H. pluvialis. SEM indicated that the cell wall of H. pluvialis was altered on infection with Agrobacterium. The transformation achieved here by Agrobacterium does not need treatment with acetosyringone or the wounding of cells. A robust transformation method for this alga would pave the way for manipulation of many important pathways relevant to the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries.
HIGH‐LIGHT AND SODIUM CHLORIDE STRESS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATE THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ASTAXANTHIN IN CHLORELLA ZOFINGIENSIS (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Li Yantao , Huang Junchao , Sandmann Gerhard , Chen Feng 
Published: June 2009

Although light and salt stresses are known to enhance the biosynthesis of astaxanthin in certain green algae, the mechanism of their action remains largely unknown. Here we report the regulation of the genes encoding phytoene desaturase (PDS), carotenoid hydroxylase (CHYb), and carotenoid ketolase (BKT) in the green alga Chlorella zofingiensis Dönz under light or sodium chloride (NaCl) stress. High‐light illumination (150 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1) up‐regulated the transcripts of PDS, CHYb, and BKT and greatly enhanced the biosynthesis of zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin. In contrast, sodium chloride stress only up‐regulated the transcript of BKT and enhanced the biosynthesis of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. High‐light and NaCl stresses were revealed to result in an increase in the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. By applying chemically generated ROS to the algal cells, we determined that 1O2 specifically up‐regulated the CHYb gene, whereas •OH up‐regulated the PDS and BKT genes. We suggest that high‐light and NaCl stresses may stimulate the generation of different ROS, which in turn trigger the up‐regulation of specific carotenogenic genes and the enhanced biosynthesis of carotenoids in C. zofingiensis.
NITZSCHIA ALICAESP. NOV. ANDN. PURIFORMISSP. NOV., NEW DIATOMS FROM EUROPEAN RIVERS AND COMPARISON WITH THE TYPE MATERIAL OFN. SUBLINEARISANDN. PURA1
Authors: Hlúbiková Daša , Blanco Saúl , Falasco Elisa , Gomà Joan , Hoffmann Lucien , Ector Luc 
Published: June 2009

Nitzschia sublinearisHustedt andN. puraHustedt are common oligosaprobic freshwater diatom species that frequently occur in diatom inventories, thus being important in water quality studies. Both are considered as species with overlapping diagnostic criteria in several floras, which is typical of the whole genusNitzschia. The type material of Hustedt ofN. sublinearisandN. purawas examined using LM and EM in order to document the range of variation within the type populations and to compare it with populations occurring in different European rivers. Detailed observations allowed recognition of two new freshwater diatom species:N. alicaesp. nov., occurring in mesotrophic up to eutrophic conditions, andN. puriformissp. nov., mostly occurring in oligotrophic habitats, both in rivers and streams at middle and high altitudes. The most reliable taxonomic features that separate both new species from the most similar taxa are the density of fibulae and striae, valve shape, and valve width as well as the shape of areolae. Morphological examination of different populations indicates thatN. puriformisis relatively common in European rivers and has been overlooked to date and confounded withN. puraby several researchers. By contrast,N. alicaehas, to date, been collected only in Slovakia and Northern Italy, but with a high frequency of occurrence and sometimes in high abundance at sites.
GLYCOCONJUGATE ORGANIZATION OF ENTEROMORPHA (=ULVA) FLEXUOSA AND ULVA FASCIATA (CHLOROPHYTA) ZOOSPORES1
Authors: Michael Teena Shen 
Published: June 2009

Ecologically successful algae that colonize natural and artificial substrates in the marine environment have distinct strategies for opportunistic dispersal and settlement. The objective of this research was to visualize molecular architecture of zoospores from Enteromorpha (=Ulva) flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh and Ulva fasciata Delile that coexist but alternate in dominance on an intertidal bench. Multiple fluorescent lectins were used to stabilize and probe for diverse zoospore glycoconjugates (GC) that could be involved in cell and substrate interactions. Results from epifluorescence microscopy showed distinct cellular and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) domains of GC relative to settlement morphologies. Glycoconjugates were similar for both species with (1) α‐d mannose and/or glucose moieties localized on flagella, the anterior domes and anterior regions, the plasma membranes, and EPS; (2) α‐fucose localized on flagella and anterior regions; (3) N or α,ß‐N acetylglucosamine localized on flagella, the anterior regions, and EPS; and (4) varied N‐acetylgalactosamine and/or galactose moieties localized on each domain for both species excluding the plasma membranes. Some differences in lectin binding were observed for each species at the flagella, the anterior domes, and the plasma membranes. Glycoconjugate distributions shifted with morphological changes that followed initial adhesion. TEM of E. flexuosa zoospore stages following carbohydrate‐stabilizing fixations and gold‐conjugated lectin probes resolved GC with α‐d mannose and/or glucose, and/or N‐acetylglucosamine at the plasma membrane, ER and diverse vesicles of the anterior pole, EPS, and discontinuous regions or knobs associated with flagellar surfaces. The distinct distribution and diversity of zoospore GC may be central to recognition and attachment on diverse substrata by these algae.
Comparison of Three Clinical Techniques for the Diagnosis of Laryngeal Paralysis in Dogs
Authors: RADLINSKY MARYANN G. , WILLIAMS JAMIE , FRANK PAUL M. , COOPER TANYA C. 
Published: June 2009

Objectives—To evaluate laryngeal function using 3 diagnostic techniques: echolaryngography (EL), transnasal laryngoscopy (TNL), and laryngoscopy per os (LPO).Study Design—Prospective clinical study.Animals—Dogs with laryngeal paralysis (n=5) and control dogs (n=10); 5 age‐ and breed‐matched dogs and 5 young, breed‐matched dogs.Methods—Laryngeal function was evaluated in conscious dogs using EL. All examinations were recorded and evaluated by separate, blinded observers upon completion of the study. The methods were compared with a standard evaluation incorporating all clinical knowledge of the case (STD) using sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values.Results—Three dogs with bilateral laryngeal paralysis requiring surgery were diagnosed as unilaterally affected or normal on EL. Three dogs had paradoxic motion on TNL and LPO, 2 of those were considered normal on EL, and 1 had no motion on EL. Paralysis was diagnosed in 1 age‐matched and 3 young control dogs on EL. LPO and TNL falsely diagnosed lack of arytenoid movement in 2 age‐matched controls and 1 young control. Two age‐matched and 1 young control dog were misdiagnosed as paralyzed with TNL and LPO.Discussion—Direct observation of the larynx allowed better evaluation of laryngeal function compared with EL. TNL did not require induction of anesthesia, but did not improve the ability to assess laryngeal function compared with LPO.Conclusions—EL was not as effective as direct observation of the larynx. TNL did not improve the evaluation of laryngeal function compared with LPO.Clinical Relevance—We use LPO combined with knowledge of the clinical history and physical examination to diagnose laryngeal paralysis in preference to EL and TNL.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Ferric‐Hyaluronate Implants for Delivery of Amikacin Sulfate to the Tarsocrural Joint of Horses
Authors: CRIBB NICOLA C. , BOURÉ LUDOVIC P. , BRAD HANNA W. J. , AKENS MARGARETE K. , MATTSON SHAWN E. , MONTEITH GABRIELLE J. , WEESE J. SCOTT 
Published: June 2009

Objective—To assess the antimicrobial elution characteristics, toxicity, and antimicrobial activity of amikacin‐impregnated ferric‐hyaluronate implants (AI‐FeHAI) for amikacin delivery to the tarsocrural joint of horses.Study Design—Experimental study.Sample Population—AI‐FeHAI implants, equine cartilage, and synovium, and horses (n=6).Methods—In vitro study: Five AI‐FeHAI were placed in saline solution with daily replacement until implant degradation. Eluent was tested for amikacin concentration and bioactivity. Synovial and cartilage explants were incubated in the presence or absence of AI‐FeHAI for 72 hours and subsequently assessed for morphology, viability, and composition. Synovial explants were incubated withStaphylococcus aureusin the presence or absence of AI‐FeHAI. Spent medium was cultured daily and explants were assessed for morphology and viability after 96 hours.In vivo study: AI‐FeHAI were placed in 6 tarsocrural joints. Standard cytologic analysis and amikacin concentration (SFAC) were determined in synovia obtained regularly for 28 days thereafter. Similar analyses were conducted after a single intra‐articular injection of amikacin 6 months later.Results—In vitro study: Amikacin concentrations exceeded 16 μg/mL and inhibitedS. aureusgrowth for 8 days. AI‐FeHAI had no effect on cartilage explants. AI‐FeHAI eliminated bacteria from synovial explants.In vitro study: After AI‐FeHAI placement, SFAC was highest (140.78+63.81 μg/mL) at first sampling time. By 24 hours SFAC was <16 μg/mL. After intra‐articular injection, SFAC was the highest (377.91 ± 40.15 μg/mL) at first sampling time. By 48 hours SFAC was <16 μg/mL.Conclusions—A single intra‐articular amikacin injection demonstrated superior pharmacokinetics than AI‐FeHAI prepared as described.Clinical Relevance—AI‐FeHAI cannot be recommended for clinical use.
Correction of Rotational Deformity of the Pes with External Skeletal Fixation in Four Dogs
Authors: PETAZZONI MASSIMO , PIRAS ALESSANDRO , JAEGER GAYLE H. , MARIONI CLAUDIO 
Published: June 2009

Objective— To report unilateral correction and initial stabilization with external skeletal fixation (ESF) of metatarsal rotation in 4 immature Bernese Mountain Dogs.Study Design— Case series.Animals— Bernese Mountain Dogs (n=4).Methods— The limb deformity, including degree and origin of the deformity at the level of the proximal intertarsal joint and involvement of the central tarsal bone, was characterized by clinical and radiographic assessment. Unilateral surgical correction of the most severely affected limb was performed by disrupting the ligaments and debriding the articular cartilage of the proximal intertarsal joint to allow for derotation of the deformity and arthrodesis of the proximal intertarsal joint stabilized with either circular or linear ESF.Results— Initial metatarsal rotation of the corrected limbs ranged from 60° to 80° of external rotation (mean, 72.5°). Three limb corrections were stabilized with circular ESF and 1 with a biplanar linear ESF. Implants were removed at the time of radiographic bony union (range, 7–10 weeks; mean, 8.6 weeks). Residual deformity was minimal, ranging from 6° to 15° (mean, 11°). Two minor complications (loosening of 1 pin, serous drainage from 1 pin) resolved with treatment.Conclusion— Correction of rotational deformity of the pes with intertarsal arthrodesis yielded an excellent clinical outcome, with only a mild residual deformity.Clinical Relevance— Rotational metatarsal deformities can have a significant impact on gait, ambulation, and appearance. Correction of these deformities and stabilization with ESF and intratarsal arthrodesis can yield an excellent functional outcome, with improved gait and ambulation.
Meniscal Release in Cruciate Ligament Intact Stifles Causes Lameness and Medial Compartment Cartilage Pathology in Dogs 12 Weeks Postoperatively
Authors: LUTHER JILL K. , COOK CRISTI R. , COOK JAMES L. 
Published: June 2009

Objective— To evaluate after 12 weeks the effects of caudal medial meniscal release (MR) in the cranial cruciate ligament‐intact canine stifle.Study Design— Blinded, prospective in vivo study.Animals— Purpose‐bred hound dogs (n=10).Methods— Either MR (n=5) or a sham (SH) surgery (n=5) was performed via arthroscopy. Orthopedic examination and subjective lameness evaluation were performed in each dog preoperatively and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Twelve weeks postoperatively, ultrasonographic, radiographic, and arthroscopic examinations were performed on the operated stifles. Gross pathology of the articular cartilage, cruciate ligaments, and menisci was assessed. India ink staining of the femoral and tibial articular surfaces was performed to determine the percent area of articular cartilage damage.Results— At 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, MR dogs were lamer than SH dogs. At 12 weeks, the degree of radiographic OA was significantly higher in MR stifles than in SH stifles. Gross and sonographic meniscal pathology was more severe in MR stifles compared with SH stifles. MR stifles had significantly more severe articular cartilage pathology compared with SH stifles 12 weeks after surgery; pathology was most severe in the medial compartment.Conclusions— MR alone is associated with articular cartilage loss, further meniscal pathology, degenerative joint disease, and lameness.Clinical Relevance— Subsequent osteoarthritis and dysfunction of the stifle joint should be considered when making clinical decisions regarding MR in dogs.
External Fixator Clamp Reuse Degrades Clamp Mechanical Performance
Authors: GILLEY ROBERT S. , BEASON DAVID P. , SNYDER DAVID M. , BOSTON RAYMOND C. , RADIN ALEX , KAPATKIN AMY S. , SMITH GAIL K. , SOSLOWSKY LOUIS J. 
Published: June 2009

Objective—To determine the effects of clamp reuse for the Kirschner–Ehmer (KE); Securos; and the IMEX–SK clamp.Study Design—Experimental bench test of mechanical properties.Methods—Specially designed fixtures were used to mechanically test 18 clamps of each type with respect to 6 mechanical variables: fixator pin slippage, connecting bar slippage, fixator pin rotation, connecting bar rotation, and clockwise and counterclockwise clamp–bolt axis pivot. Each clamp was tested 6 times for each variable at 7.68 Nm of clamp–bolt tightening torque. Results were compared using repeated measures ANOVA.Results—For the IMEX–SK clamp, a significant degradation in the force required to cause slippage was found for connecting bar slippage and fixator pin rotation; however, this clamp also had a significant increase in the force to initiate slippage for clockwise clamp–bolt axis pivot with reuse. The Securos clamp had significant degradation in connecting bar slippage, connecting bar rotation, and fixator pin rotation whereas the KE clamp had significant degradation in connecting bar slippage only.Conclusions—All 3 external fixator clamp types degraded in 1 or more movement variables in their ability to resist motion with reuse. The IMEX and Securos clamps were more subject to degradation than the KE clamp and this may have clinical importance for fixator composite rigidity.Clinical Relevance—Fracture‐reduction stability is related to the ability to resist motion within a clamp. The unpredictable nature of degradation we found cautions against repeated use. Clinicians should consider reuse of external fixator clamps with the knowledge that repeated use degrades clamp mechanical performance.
Ventral Locking Compression Plate for Treatment of Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy in a 3‐Month‐Old Warmblood Foal
Authors: REARDON RICHARD , KUMMER MARTIN , LISCHER CHRISTOPH 
Published: June 2009

Objective—To report a novel technique for cervical vertebral fusion in a foal with cervical vertebral malformation (CVM).Study Design—Case report.Methods—A 3‐month‐old Warmblood filly with ataxia, weakness, and stenotic myelopathy at the level of the articulation of the 6th (C6) and 7th (C7) cervical vertebrae had a 7‐hole broad locking compression plate (LCP) applied to the ventral aspect of C6 and C7 using seven 5.0‐mm locking screws. Revision surgery was required to replace the self‐drilling screws, which had migrated, with longer non self‐drilling screws. Fusion and growth of the vertebrae were monitored radiographically at 4, 10, and 16 months using radiography and the filly was followed for 32 months.Results—The filly recovered well from the surgical procedures and by 30 months had improved by 2.5 neurologic grades. Ventral inter‐central joint fusion was evident by 10 months. Continued vertebral growth occurred in all but the cranial physis of the C7 vertebral body.Conclusions—A ventrally placed LCP provided adequate support for fusion and stability of cervical vertebrae.Clinical Relevance—Use of an LCP applied ventrally offers an alternative to basket use in small or immature horses for fusion of cervical vertebrae.
Laser‐Doppler Measurements of Spinal Cord Blood Flow Changes During Hemilaminectomy in Chondrodystrophic Dogs with Disk Extrusion
Authors: MALIK YASMINDA , SPRENG DAVID , KONAR MARTIN , DOHERR MARCUS G. , JAGGY ANDRE , HOWARD JUDITH , FORTERRE FRANCK 
Published: June 2009

Objectives— (1) To assess spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) during surgical treatment of disk extrusion in dogs and (2) to investigate associations between SCBF, clinical signs, presurgical MRI images, and 24‐hour surgical outcome.Study Design— Cohort study.Animals— Chondrodystrophic dogs with thoracolumbar disk extrusion (n=12).Methods— Diagnosis was based on clinical signs and MRI findings, and confirmed at surgery. Regional SCBF was measured intraoperatively by laser‐Doppler flowmetry before, immediately after surgical spinal cord decompression, and after 15 minutes of lavaging the lesion. Care was taken to ensure a standardized surgical procedure to minimize factors that could influence measurement readings.Results— A significant increase in intraoperative SCBF was found in all dogs (Wilcoxon's signed‐rank test; P=.05) immediately after spinal cord decompression and after 15 minutes. Changes in SCBF were not associated with duration of clinical signs; initial or 24‐hour neurologic status; or degree of spinal cord compression assessed by MRI.Conclusion— SCBF increases immediately after spinal cord decompression in dogs with disk herniation; however, increased SCBF was not associated with a diminished 24‐hour neurologic status.Clinical Relevance— An increase in SCBF does not appear to be either associated with the degree of spinal cord compression or of a magnitude sufficient to outweigh the benefit of surgical decompression by resulting in clinically relevant changes in 24‐hour outcome.
Splenectomy for Treatment of Suppurative Splenitis caused by a Reticular Foreign Body in a Heifer
Authors: NUSS KARL , FORSTER EVA , REICHERT CHRISTOF , MUGGLI EVELYNE , BRAUN UELI 
Published: June 2009

Objective:To report the clinical findings and treatment of a heifer with suppurative splenitis.Study design:Clinical report.Animals:A 30‐month‐old heifer.Methods:Splenectomy in the standing calf after local anesthesia and 13th rib resection.Results:The heifer had an uneventful recovery but was culled because of septic tarsitis 3 months later.Conclusions:Splenectomy is a useful treatment for cattle with traumatic splenitis if diagnosed early. Partial splenectomy may have prevented the late complication of septic tarsitis.Clinical Relevance:Suppurative splenitis is usually a complication of hardware disease and has a grave prognosis unless splenectomy is carried out.
Hemodynamic Changes During Laparoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation of Normal Adrenal Tissue in Dogs
Authors: FRANSSON BOEL A. , KEEGAN ROBERT D. , RAGLE CLAUDE A. , HALDORSON GARY J. , GREENE STEPHEN A. 
Published: June 2009

Objective—To determine the hemodynamic response to radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of normal adrenal tissue in dogs.Study Design—Experimental study.Animals—Healthy adult mixed‐breed dogs (n=6).Methods—During general anesthesia a Swan–Ganz thermodilution catheter was flow directed into the pulmonary artery and used to quantify cardiac output. An arterial catheter was used for direct blood pressure measurements. An RFA device was introduced into the left adrenal gland under observation through laparoscopic instrumentation. Blood samples were collected and hemodynamic variables studied after a stable surgical anesthetic depth was achieved (time 1), during CO2insufflation of the abdomen (time 2), during adrenal RFA (time 3), and after completed RFA (time 4). Catecholamine determinations were performed with a human enzyme immunoassay. Histopathology was performed to verify medullary necrosis.Results—Arterial, pulmonary arterial and central venous pressure, and plasma norepinephrine increased more during RFA than during abdominal insufflation. Heart rate and cardiac index did not differ between time points. High baseline epinephrine was present and significant differences between time points were not detected. Systemic vascular resistance had very high individual variation and differences were not detected.Conclusions—RFA of normal adrenal tissues is associated with severe hemodynamic alterations. Further studies of the optimal blockage of catecholamine‐induced hypertension in dogs are warranted.Clinical Relevance—Clinicians should prepare for potential hypertensive crisis during RFA of adrenal masses, especially if treating a margin of normal tissue.