bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soviet Perceptions of the Iranian Revolution
Authors: Akhavi Shahrough 
Published: September 2011

Since the Iranian Revolution, Soviet writers have evidenced two general perceptions of that phenomenon. On the one hand, they perceive it as an anti-imperialist movement motivated by desires for socioeconomic development free of capitalist fetters. On the other hand, they cannot easily fit this revolution into the general theory of social change that is to be found in writings dating from Lenin and Stalin to more contemporary doctrines of the National Democratic State and the Revolutionary Democratic State.This paper assesses the Soviet image of the Iranian Revolution by comparing and contrasting the arguments adopted by such theoreticians as Primakov, Stepaniants, Demchenko, Ulianovskii, Zagvozdkina, Vasil'ev, Timofeev, Nikol'skii, Trubetskoi, and others. They have tried to clarify the differences between what they term Islamic “orthodoxy” (fundamentalism), Islamic “reformism,” and Islamic “modernism.” In their view, the classification scheme is based on two factors: (1) the linkage of the movement to Islamic dogma; (2) the class basis of the movement.
Power of Ambiguity: Cultural Improvisations on the Theme of Temporary Marriage
Authors: Haeri Shahla 
Published: September 2011

Law…is local knowledge; local not just as to place, time, class, and variety of issues, but as to accent--vernacular characterizations of what happens connected to vernacular imaginings of what can.The objective of this paper is to describe cultural improvisations on the theme of temporary marriage, mut'a (sigheh in colloquial Persian) in Iran; I wish to bring to light the relationship between the law of the institution of temporary marriage, and certain common motifs of behavior of the Iranian people. I do not presume that the following is an exhaustive compilation of such improvisations; rather, it consists of those that I have been able to identify. While the terminology used is partly mine and partly indigenous, the descriptions of sigheh variations is entirely indingenous.
A Changing Economy in a Changing Society
Authors: Terk Erik 
Published: September 2011

Changing through the AgesOver different historical periods the Estonian economy has exhibited quite a different character in terms of its international context. To be more specific, we can mention the medieval flourishing of the free Hanseatic towns of northern Europe when Tallinn and other Estonian Hanseatic centers played an important role in trade between the east (Novgorod) and the west (basically towns of northern Germany and the Netherlands). Later, after an intervening period when Estonia was part of the Swedish Kingdom, it evolved as a western region of Tsarist Russia with its own specificity, somewhat different from the rest of Russia.
Repetition priming of face recognition
Authors: Ellis Andrew W. , Young Andrew W. , Flude Brenda M. , Hay Dennis C. 
Published: September 2011

Three experiments investigating the priming of the recognition of familiar faces are reported. In Experiment 1, recognizing the face of a celebrity in an “Is this face familiar?” task was primed by exposure several minutes earlier to a different photograph of the same person, but not by exposure to the person's written name (a partial replication of Bruce and Valentine, 1985). In Experiment 2, recognizing the face of a personal acquaintance was again primed by recognizing a different photograph of their face, but not by recognizing the acquaintance from that person's body shape, clothes etc. Experiment 3 showed that maximum repetition priming is obtained from prior exposure to an identical photograph of a famous face, less from a similar photograph, and least (but still significant) from a dissimilar photograph. We argue that repetition priming is a function of the degree of physical similarity between two stimuli and that lack of priming between different stimulus types (e.g., written names and faces, or bodies and faces) may be attributable to lack of physical similarity between prime and test stimuli. Repetition priming effects may be best explained by some form of “instance-based” model such as that proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart (1985).
Probabilistic Judgements in Deluded and Non-Deluded Subjects
Authors: Huq S. F. , Garety P. A. , Hemsley D. R. 
Published: September 2011

An experiment is described in which deluded subjects were compared with a non-deluded psychiatric control group and a normal control group on a probabilistic inference task. Deluded subjects were found to request less information before reaching a decision and to express higher certainty levels than either control group. They also exhibited over-confidence on estimates of the probability of a future event. Delusion. A false personal belief based on incorrect inference about external reality and firmly sustained in spite of what almost everyone else believes and in spite of what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's subculture. [American Psychiatric Association, 1980]
The Appearance of Surfaces Specified by Motion Parallax and Binocular Disparity
Authors: Rogers Brian J. , Collett Thomas S. 
Published: September 2011

The experiments reported in this paper were designed to investigate how depth information from binocular disparity and motion parallax cues is integrated in the human visual system. Observers viewed simulated 3-D corrugated surfaces that translated to and fro across their line of sight. The depth of the corrugations was specified by either motion parallax, or binocular disparities, or some combination of the two. The amount of perceived depth in the corrugations was measured using a matching technique. A monocularly viewed surface specified by parallax alone was seen as a rigid, corrugated surface translating along a fronto-parallel path. The perceived depth of the corrugations increased monotonically with the amount of parallax motion, just as if observers were viewing an equivalent real surface that produced the same parallax transformation. With binocular viewing and zero disparities between the images seen by the two eyes, the perceived depth was only about half of that predicted by the monocular cue. In addition, this binocularly viewed surface appeared to rotate about a vertical axis as it translated to and fro. With other combinations of motion parallax and binocular disparity, parallax only affected the perceived depth when the disparity gradients of the corrugations were shallow. The discrepancy between the parallax and disparity signals was typically resolved by an apparent rotation of the surface as it translated to and fro. The results are consistent with the idea that the visual system attempts to minimize the discrepancies between (1) the depth signalled by disparity and that required by a particular interpretation of the parallax transformation and (2) the amount of rotation required by that interpretation and the amount of rotation signalled by other cues in the display.
Effect of RS4 Resistant Starch on Extruded Ready‐to‐Eat (RTE) Breakfast Cereal Quality
Authors: Miller Rebecca A. , Jeong Juhui , Maningat Clodualdo C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTA phosphorylated cross‐linked type 4 resistant wheat starch (RS4) containing 85.5% total dietary fiber (TDF) replaced 5–20% of the whole corn flour in an extruded ring‐shaped ready‐to‐eat breakfast cereal formulation. TDF content of the dry ingredient blend increased by roughly 3.6% for every 5% of added RS4. TDF loss during extrusion processing increased as RS4 level increased; however, a high percentage (78–89%) of the TDF content was retained in the final product. Product density increased as level of RS4 increased, but no effect on the specific mechanical energy was observed. X‐ray microtomography showed that RS4 addition did not affect internal air‐cell wall thickness, air‐cell size, or porosity. Moreover, addition of 5 or 10% RS4 did not affect expansion, physical appearance, initial crispness, or bowl life of the cereal rings. High levels of RS4 (15 and 20%) decreased cereal ring diameter but increased initial (dry) product crispness and extended bowl life. In general, RS4 addition level did not affect moisture content or moisture uptake of cereal rings during soaking in milk. Furthermore, moisture content and moisture uptake did not appear to influence the crispness of milk‐soaked cereal rings.
Multivesicular Bodies Mature from the Trans-Golgi Network/Early Endosome in Arabidopsis
Authors: Scheuring David , Viotti Corrado , Krüger Falco , Künzl Fabian , Sturm Silke , Bubeck Julia , Hillmer Stefan , Frigerio Lorenzo , Robinson David G. , Pimpl Peter , Schumacher Karin 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The plant trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) is a major hub for secretory and endocytic trafficking with complex molecular mechanisms controlling sorting and transport of cargo. Vacuolar transport from the TGN/EE to multivesicular bodies/late endosomes (MVBs/LEs) is assumed to occur via clathrin-coated vesicles, although direct proof for their participation is missing. Here, we present evidence that post-TGN transport toward lytic vacuoles occurs independently of clathrin and that MVBs/LEs are derived from the TGN/EE through maturation. We show that the V-ATPase inhibitor concanamycin A significantly reduces the number of MVBs and causes TGN and MVB markers to colocalize in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Ultrastructural analysis reveals the formation of MVBs from the TGN/EE and their fusion with the vacuole. The localization of the ESCRT components VPS28, VPS22, and VPS2 at the TGN/EE and MVBs/LEs indicates that the formation of intraluminal vesicles starts already at the TGN/EE. Accordingly, a dominant-negative mutant of VPS2 causes TGN and MVB markers to colocalize and blocks vacuolar transport. RNA interference–mediated knockdown of the annexin ANNAT3 also yields the same phenotype. Together, these data indicate that MVBs originate from the TGN/EE in a process that requires the action of ESCRT for the formation of intraluminal vesicles and annexins for the final step of releasing MVBs as a transport carrier to the vacuole.
MutS HOMOLOG1 Is a Nucleoid Protein That Alters Mitochondrial and Plastid Properties and Plant Response to High Light
Authors: Xu Ying-Zhi , Arrieta-Montiel Maria P. , Virdi Kamaldeep S. , de Paula Wilson B.M. , Widhalm Joshua R. , Basset Gilles J. , Davila Jaime I. , Elthon Thomas E. , Elowsky Christian G. , Sato Shirley J. , Clemente Thomas E. , Mackenzie Sally A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Mitochondrial-plastid interdependence within the plant cell is presumed to be essential, but measurable demonstration of this intimate interaction is difficult. At the level of cellular metabolism, several biosynthetic pathways involve both mitochondrial- and plastid-localized steps. However, at an environmental response level, it is not clear how the two organelles intersect in programmed cellular responses. Here, we provide evidence, using genetic perturbation of the MutS Homolog1 (MSH1) nuclear gene in five plant species, that MSH1 functions within the mitochondrion and plastid to influence organellar genome behavior and plant growth patterns. The mitochondrial form of the protein participates in DNA recombination surveillance, with disruption of the gene resulting in enhanced mitochondrial genome recombination at numerous repeated sequences. The plastid-localized form of the protein interacts with the plastid genome and influences genome stability and plastid development, with its disruption leading to variegation of the plant. These developmental changes include altered patterns of nuclear gene expression. Consistency of plastid and mitochondrial response across both monocot and dicot species indicate that the dual-functioning nature of MSH1 is well conserved. Variegated tissues show changes in redox status together with enhanced plant survival and reproduction under photooxidative light conditions, evidence that the plastid changes triggered in this study comprise an adaptive response to naturally occurring light stress.
To live as mentally disabled in the risk society
Authors: ERIKSSON B. G. , HUMMELVOLL J. K. 
Published: September 2011

Accessible summary
Society undergoes long‐term changes that in many ways are hard to visualize, explore, and grasp. Many previous obstacles, problems and risks of the everyday life have been solved, but new ones have emerged. Characteristics of these new risks are that they might appear anywhere, are hard to protect against, and are created by human actions. An assumption might be that they strike harder against already vulnerable groups than others. This goes for other societal changes as well, like the demand for ever‐raising technical skills, where electronic communication sometimes replaces face‐to‐face contacts.
In order to learn more about what these changes really means for persons with mental disabilities, a study was made together with members of a user‐governed centre in Eastern Norway. The group met three times in a focus group interview, the results were presented and discussed in an open meeting, and reported in a research report. This article contains a deepened analysis of how it is to live in this partly new society (the risk society) for persons who experience mental disability.
The results show that the characteristics of the risk society are identified of and well known among the members. Fast changes create feelings of alienation, uncertainty, and stress. Societal institutions are sometimes hard to reach, abstract, impersonal, and formalistic. The technological development increases the demands, but opens at the same time new possibilities. The Centre offers a new way of building companionship, trust in others, and a new meaningful everyday life.
AbstractThe contemporary society is to some extent characterized by longitudinal changes, towards individualization, uncertainty, and risk. Numerous risks and dangers in modern society have been mastered, while others have emerged, often created by human actions. The individual's freedom of choice has increased, but also the responsibility for the choices made. In this society, the risk society, there is a greater need for formative and situation‐related knowledge to manage risks. The aims of this paper are to discuss the concept of risk society in the light of everyday experiences made by people with mental disabilities, how challenges can be mastered and positive possibilities can be utilized. Data collection was made through a multistage focus group, and the data were analysed by qualitative content analysis. The results show that characteristics of the risk society are identified by people with mental disabilities. Change and uncertainty, obstacles created by societal institutions, lack of trust, and the need of adapted working conditions are frequently experienced, impersonal relations and feelings of loneliness as well. However, these conditions can be partly counteracted by belonging to an alternative fellowship, which might lead to quality of life‐related personal improvements.
Pharmacokinetics and platelet aggregation inhibitory effects of a novel intravenous formulation of clopidogrel in humans
Authors: Cushing Daniel J , Souney Paul F , Cooper Warren D , Mosher Gerald L , Adams Michael P , Machatha Stephen , Zhang Bing , Kowey Peter R 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. PM103 is an intravenous formulation of clopidogrel being developed as an alternative to oral clopidogrel to provide for dosing flexibility in the emergent clinical setting. The present first‐in‐human study assessed the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of PM103 and its safety in 144 healthy human subjects.2. The present was a randomized open‐label parallel‐group trial. Single intravenous doses of PM103 (0.1, 1.0, 10, 30, 100 or 300 mg) were administered to each group (n = 24 subjects per group). Platelet aggregation was assessed at baseline and then 15 and 30 min and 2, 5 and 24 h after drug administration. Determination of plasma concentrations of clopidogrel, clopidogrel carboxylic acid metabolite and the clopidogrel thiol metabolite were assessed at baseline and at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after drug administration.3. PM103 produced a rapid, persistent and dose‐related inhibition of platelet aggregation. The onset of the ant platelet effect paralleled the appearance in plasma of the clopidogrel thiol active metabolite. PM103 was well tolerated and no subjects discontinued treatment because of adverse events.4. These data suggest that PM103 may be a suitable alternative to oral clopidogrel for patients in whom the desired clinical management would include administration of clopidogrel after coronary angiography but prior to percutaneous coronary intervention.
Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Future Alcohol Use in Patients with Co‐Occurring Bipolar Disorder and Alcohol Dependence: A Prospective Analysis in an 8‐Week Randomized Controlled Trial of Acamprosate
Authors: Prisciandaro James J. , DeSantis Stacia M. , Chiuzan Cody , Brown Delisa G. , Brady Kathleen T. , Tolliver Bryan K. 
Published: September 2011

Background:  Bipolar disorders and alcohol use disorders commonly co‐occur, yet little is known about the proximal impact of bipolar symptoms on alcohol use in patients with this comorbidity. The present study examined the impact of depressive symptoms and alcohol craving on proximal alcohol use in patients with co‐occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence.
Methods:  Data were collected during an 8‐week randomized controlled trial of acamprosate for individuals with co‐occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence (n = 30). Depressive symptoms and alcohol craving were assessed biweekly using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), respectively. Daily alcohol use data were available via administration of the Time‐line Follow‐back interview at baseline and at subsequent weekly study visits. Correlational analyses and hidden Markov modeling were used to examine the prospective relationships between depressive symptoms, alcohol craving, and alcohol use.
Results:  Depressive symptoms and alcohol craving were significantly correlated with proximal (i.e., 1 week later) alcohol use across a variety of alcohol consumption summary measures. In hidden Markov models, depressive symptoms (OR = 1.3, 95% credible interval = [1.1, 1.5]) and alcohol craving (OR = 1.6, 95% credible interval = [1.4, 1.9]) significantly predicted transitioning from a light to a heavy drinking state, or remaining in a heavy drinking state.
Conclusions:  The results from the present study suggest that depressive symptoms and alcohol craving increase proximal risk for alcohol use in individuals with co‐occurring bipolar and alcohol use disorders.
An Introduction to the Implant Crown with an Esthetic Adhesive Margin (ICEAM)
Authors: WADHWANI CHANDUR P. K. , PIÑEYRO ALFONSO , AKIMOTO KEN 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis article describes a novel technique with the addition of a pressed porcelain abutment margin capable of bonding to the porcelain margin of an implant crown restoration. This allows for supragingival margin placement, reduces the potential effect of excess cement‐induced peri‐implant disease, and provides a controlled environment for the bonding process. Another advantage is the matching esthetics of the crown and supporting abutment, which in the event gingival recession occurs, the restoration appears as a longer tooth without the risk of exposing an underlying abutment margin with different esthetic properties.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe transition margin from an implant abutment to a crown is challenging to manage especially esthetically. Placing the abutment margin in a subgingival position helps hide the unesthetic transition, however, this reduces the ability to clean excess cement, increases the risk of peri‐implant disease and the inability to control gingival sulcular fluids may affect the cement bond. The implant crown with an esthetic adhesive margin provides for supragingival bonded margins that can aid in complete removal of excess cement at the same time providing an esthetically pleasing result.(J Esthet Restor Dent 24:246–254, 2012)
Tip60 regulates myoblast differentiation by enhancing the transcriptional activity of MyoD via their physical interactions
Authors: Kim Jung‐Woong , Jang Sang‐Min , Kim Chul‐Hong , An Joo‐Hee , Kang Eun‐Jin , Choi Kyung‐Hee 
Published: September 2011

The progression of muscle differentiation is tightly controlled by multiple groups of transcription factors and transcriptional coregulators. MyoD is a transcription factor of the myogenic basic helix–loop–helix family required for the process of muscle cell differentiation. We now show that Tip60 is required for myoblast differentiation via enhancement of the transcriptional activity of MyoD. Knockdown of Tip60 in C2C12 cells leads to a lack of ability to switch from proliferating myoblasts to differentiated myotubes. Ectopic expression of Tip60 increased MyoD‐mediated luciferase activity on the myogenic regulatory gene, myogenin. We also found that Tip60 physically interacts with MyoD using its chromo‐ and Zn‐finger‐containing region, and that these protein interactions were required for the effective transcriptional activation of MyoD. Furthermore, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that Tip60 recruits MyoD on the myogenin promoter, and Tip60 also increases the levels of acetylated histones H3 and H4 during myogenic differentiation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Tip60 is an important co‐activator for MyoD‐mediated myogenesis in mouse myoblast C2C12 cells.Structured digital abstract
TIP60 binds to MyoD by pull down (View interaction)
TIP60 physically interacts with MyoD by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
TIP60 and MyoD colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction)
MyoD physically interacts with TIP60 by  anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View Interaction 1, 2)
Three-Dimensional Structures of Soluble CD4-Bound States of Trimeric Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Determined by Using Cryo-Electron Tomography
Authors: White Tommi A. , Bartesaghi Alberto , Borgnia Mario J. , de la Cruz M. Jason V. , Nandwani Rachna , Hoxie James A. , Bess Julian W. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Milne Jacqueline L. S. , Subramaniam Sriram 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
The trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes displayed on the surfaces of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions are composed of three heterodimers of the viral glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. Although binding of gp120 to cell surface CD4 and a chemokine receptor is known to elicit conformational changes in gp120 and gp41, changes in quaternary structure of the trimer have only recently been elucidated. For the HIV-1 BaL isolate, CD4 attachment results in a striking rearrangement of the trimer from a “closed” to an “open” conformation. The effect of CD4 on SIV trimers, however, has not been described. Using cryo-electron tomography, we have now determined molecular architectures of the soluble CD4 (sCD4)-bound states of SIV Env trimers for three different strains (SIVmneE11S, SIVmac239, and SIV CP-MAC). In marked contrast to HIV-1 BaL, SIVmneE11S and SIVmac239 Env showed only minor conformational changes following sCD4 binding. In SIV CP-MAC, where trimeric Env displays a constitutively “open” conformation similar to that seen for HIV-1 BaL Env in the sCD4-complexed state, we show that there are no significant further changes in conformation upon the binding of either sCD4 or 7D3 antibody. The density maps also show that 7D3 and 17b antibodies target epitopes on gp120 that are on opposites sides of the coreceptor binding site. These results provide new insights into the structural diversity of SIV Env and show that there are strain-dependent variations in the orientation of sCD4 bound to trimeric SIV Env.