bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ROOTING PHYLOGENIES OF PROBLEMATIC FOSSIL TAXA; A CASE STUDY USING CINCTANS (STEM‐GROUP ECHINODERMS)
Authors: SMITH ANDREW B. , ZAMORA SAMUEL 
Published: July 2009

Abstract: Extinct clades whose higher‐level relationships are problematic or disputed pose a particular problem for phylogenetic analysis because of the difficulty of establishing a convincing root. Cinctans are a problematic group of primitive preradiate echinoderms whose morphology is so distinct that few characters can be usefully homologized with any other group. Here we use a two stage approach, first constructing an unrooted network using the totality of phylogenetically informative characters in which individual plates are homologized, and then determining the root position with a much smaller set of recast characters that can be polarized by outgroup and/or ontogenetic criteria. Furthermore, when rooting is based on stratigraphic criteria the same two major derived clades are identified, although basal relationships are somewhat different. We contend that the congruence of results obtained using our various approaches provides confidence that we have correctly rooted the cladogram. A revised taxonomy for Cincta is presented.
A NEW ARTHROPOD IN CHAIN‐LIKE ASSOCIATIONS FROM THE CHENGJIANG LAGERSTÄTTE (LOWER CAMBRIAN), YUNNAN, CHINA
Authors: XIAN‐GUANG HOU , SIVETER DEREK J. , ALDRIDGE RICHARD J. , SIVETER DAVID J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract: A new arthropod,Synophalos xynosgen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cambrian of the Chengjiang Lagerstätte, Yunnan, China. It is provisionally assigned to Crustacea, Waptiida and Waptiidae. Just one example of an isolated individual ofS. xynosis known. Typically, individuals of the new species occur together in similar, robustly integrated chain‐like associations. Such a strongly linked configuration is apparently unique for any arthropod, fossil or living. The chain‐like association is suggested to represent an example of collective behaviour, possibly associated with reproduction, or more likely migration.
Transcriptional analysis of doxorubicin‐induced cytotoxicity and resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Wang Jin , Chan Judy Yuet‐Wa , Fong Chi‐Chun , Tzang Chi‐Hung , Fung Kwok‐Pui , Yang Mengsu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground/Aims: Hepatoma is either intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy or response to it but later develop resistance. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship of treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) in hepatoma HepG2 cells and drug resistance developed by Dox.Methods: We have analysed the bioactivities and gene expression profiles of multidrug resistant (MDR) HepG2/DR cell line and its parental HepG2 cell, which were exposure to Dox.Results: We confirmed that Dox‐induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells in a time‐dependent manner; cDNA microarray and hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrate that the features of the transcriptional programme of the later response to Dox in HepG2 cells and MDR HepG2/DR cells have a common character, which is upregulation of stress response, cytoskeleton, ubiquitin–proteasome pathway and repressed G‐protein signal transduction system; differentially expressed genes in MDR HepG2/DR such as drug transporters and tumour‐associated antigens were verified at the levels of mRNA by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction.Conclusions: These results reveal novel co‐ordinated changes that occurred in resistant HepG2 cells to survive from cell apoptosis elicited by Dox treatment.
Measurement of patient‐relevant benefits in the treatment of chronic hand eczema – a novel approach
Authors: Blome Christine , Maares Jürgen , Diepgen Thomas , Jeffrustenbach Stephan , Augustin Matthias 
Published: July 2009

Background:  The assessment of patient‐relevant treatment benefit gains importance in treatment evaluation. The ‘Patient Benefit Index’ (PBI) is a validated instrument for the assessment of such benefits in patients with skin diseases. Patients rate the importance of specific treatment needs before treatment and benefits achieved after treatment. To date, no specific instrument for chronic hand eczema (CHE) has been published.Objectives:  Development and validation of a specific PBI for treatment evaluation in patients with CHE.Methods:  Items reflecting disease burden and treatment needs were collected in 20 patients with CHE. Relevant items were selected by an expert panel of dermatologists, psychologists, and patients. The resulting ‘Patient Benefit Index for chronic hand eczema’ (PBI‐HE) was validated in an open label treatment study with alitretinoin in n = 249 patients.Results:  Cronbach’s alpha was 0.93. High convergent validity was demonstrated for clinical improvement and treatment success (Spearman r = 0.60–0.78, P < 0.001); 84.3% of patients reached a PBI ≥ 1, indicating more than minimum patient‐relevant benefit of alitretinoin. Feasibility was high, with a rate of missing data < 1%.Conclusions:  The PBI‐HE is a feasible, reliable, and valid instrument for the assessment of patient‐relevant treatment benefits in CHE.
The European baseline series in 10 European Countries, 2005/2006 – Results of the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA)
Authors: Uter Wolfgang , Rämsch Christiane , Aberer Werner , Ayala Fabio , Balato Anna , Beliauskiene Aiste , Fortina Anna Belloni , Bircher Andreas , Brasch Jochen , Chowdhury Mahbub M. U. , Coenraads Pieter‐Jan , Schuttelaar Marie‐Louise , Cooper Sue , Corradin Maria Teresa , Elsner Peter , English John S. C. , Fartasch Manigè , Mahler Vera , Frosch Peter J. , Fuchs Thomas , Gawkrodger David J. , Gimènez‐Arnau Ana‐Maria , Green Cathy M. , Horne Helen L. , Jolanki Riitta , King Codagh M. , Krêcisz Beata , Kiec‐Swierczynska Marta , Ormerod Anthony D. , Orton David I. , Peserico Andrea , Rantanen Tapio , Rustemeyer Thomas , Sansom Jane E. , Simon Dagmar , Statham Barry N. , Wilkinson Mark , Schnuch Axel 
Published: July 2009

Background: Continual surveillance based on patch test results has proved useful for the identification of contact allergy.Objectives: To provide a current view on the spectrum of contact allergy to important sensitizers across Europe.Patients/Methods: Clinical and patch test data of 19 793 patients patch tested in 2005/2006 in the 31 participating departments from 10 European countries (the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies' (ESSCA) www.essca‐dc.org) were descriptively analysed, aggregated to four European regions.Results: Nickel sulfate remains the most common allergen with standardized prevalences ranging from 19.7% (central Europe) to 24.4% (southern Europe). While a number of allergens shows limited variation across the four regions, such as Myroxylon pereirae (5.3–6.8%), cobalt chloride (6.2–8.8%) or thiuram mix (1.7–2.4%), the differences observed with other allergens may hint on underlying differences in exposures, for example: dichromate 2.4% in the UK (west) versus 4.5–5.9% in the remaining EU regions, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone 4.1% in the South versus 2.1–2.7% in the remaining regions.Conclusions: Notwithstanding residual methodological variation (affecting at least some ‘difficult’ allergens) tackled by ongoing efforts for standardization, a comparative analysis as presented provides (i) a broad overview on contact allergy frequencies and (ii) interesting starting points for further, in‐depth investigation.
Characterization of the polysensitized patient: a matched case–control study
Authors: Carlsen Berit Christina , Andersen Klaus Ejner , Menné Torkil , Johansen Jeanne Duus 
Published: July 2009

Background: Polysensitization ( ≥ 3 contact allergies) may be regarded as a special entity in patients with contact allergies. However, this group of polysensitized patients is poorly characterized. Filaggrin mutations are associated with atopic eczema and lead to impaired skin barrier which may predispose to contact allergy. Therefore, it is of interest to consider atopic eczema and contact allergies, especially in patients with multiple allergies.Objective: To characterize polysensitized patients regarding occurrence, duration and course of dermatitis, and examine potential risk factors for polysensitization, including atopic eczema.Methods: A questionnaire case–control study of 562 polysensitized and 1124 single/double‐sensitized individuals was performed.Results: The results show that 45% of polysensitized and 31% of single/double‐sensitized patients had or had had atopic eczema, and atopic eczema was identified as a risk factor for polysensitization. Patients with leg ulcer constituted only a minor part of the polysensitized group and leg ulcers were not identified as a risk factor for polysensitization in this study. The influence of contact allergies on duration and course of disease diverged between the group of patients with atopic eczema and the group without atopic eczema.Conclusion: Patients with atopic eczema were overrepresented in the group of polysensitized patients and polysensitized patients should be viewed in the light of occurrence or lack of atopic eczema.
Contact allergy to epoxy (meth)acrylates
Authors: Aalto‐Korte Kristiina , Jungewelter Soile , Henriks‐Eckerman Maj‐Len , Kuuliala Outi , Jolanki Riitta 
Published: July 2009

Background: Contact allergy to epoxy (meth)acrylates, 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl]propane (bis‐GMA), 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐acryloxypropoxy)phenyl]‐propane (bis‐GA), 2,2‐bis[4‐(methacryl‐oxyethoxy)phenyl] propane (bis‐EMA), 2,2‐bis[4‐(methacryloxy)phenyl]‐propane (bis‐MA), and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is often manifested together with contact allergy to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin.Objective: To analyse patterns of concomitant allergic reactions to the five epoxy (meth)acrylates in relation to exposure.Methods: We reviewed the 1994–2008 patch test files at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) for reactions to the five epoxy (meth)acrylates, and examined the patients' medical records for exposure.Results: Twenty‐four patients had an allergic reaction to at least one of the studied epoxy (meth)acrylates, but specific exposure was found only in five patients: two bis‐GMA allergies from dental products, two bis‐GA allergies from UV‐curable printing inks, and one bis‐GA allergy from an anaerobic glue. Only 25% of the patients were negative to DGEBA epoxy resin.Conclusions: The great majority of allergic patch test reactions to bis‐GMA, bis‐GA, GMA and bis‐EMA were not associated with specific exposure, and cross‐allergy to DGEBA epoxy resin remained a probable explanation. However, independent reactions to bis‐GA indicated specific exposure. Anaerobic sealants may induce sensitization not only to aliphatic (meth)acrylates but also to aromatic bis‐GA.
Patients with airborne sensitization/contact dermatitis from budesonide‐containing aerosols ‘by proxy’
Authors: Baeck Marie , Goossens AN 
Published: July 2009

Background: Inhalation corticosteroids (CSs), despite their wide use, rarely cause sensitization in subjects administering them.Objective: To determine the cause of sensitization and/or of allergic contact dermatitis which occurred in air‐exposed body areas of patients reacting to corticosteroids and to budesonide, in particular.Methods: We reviewed the patch test results and sensitization sources in patients who reacted positively to corticosteroids tested in the K.U. Leuven Dermatology department during an 18‐year period.Results: Fifteen subjects, not themselves treated by budesonide‐containing aerosols, but taking care of/or living together with patients who used them because of a chronic respiratory affection, appeared to have been sensitized by airborne exposure and/or presented with airborne allergic contact dermatitis from them.Conclusion: Air exposure to inhalation corticosteroids used ‘by proxy’ and to budesonide, in particular, needs to be taken into account as a potential cause of primary sensitization and/or airborne allergic contact dermatitis, sometimes also in an occupational context.
Improving toothbrushing behaviour in an institution for the disabled in Lisbon, Portugal
Authors: Bizarra F , Ribeiro S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  The oral health of disabled persons is strongly associated with oral hygiene practices. However, many difficulties limit them from removing dental biofilms (plaque).Purpose:  This pilot study evaluates changes in toothbrushing capability among 135 disabled individuals enrolled in an institution for the disabled.Methods:  Direct observation of toothbrushing behaviour of the disabled was used to recommend changes required in daily toothbrushing programme. The simplified Debris Index (DI‐S) was used to compare plaque removal outcomes over a 3‐month period.Results:  At baseline, of the 135 participants, 114 completed a routine toothbrushing procedure and 10 (8.8%) of them brushed all tooth surfaces. At the end of the study, 52 (48.6%) brushed all tooth surfaces. The mean difference between the initial and final DI‐S was 0.62 (P < 0.01).Conclusion:  Toothbrushing was not a common procedure at this institution. This study shows that it is possible to implement daily oral hygiene maintenance in disabled individuals. Furthermore, most participants will adopt more efficient toothbrushing behaviour when monitored daily.
A dialectical analysis of an art of dental hygiene practice
Authors: Cobban SJ 
Published: July 2009

Abstract: Objective: There has been little in the literature to date that speaks of an art of dental hygiene compared to science. Yet, science, conceived as the findings from research, does not apply itself; it is the knowledge, judgement and skill of practitioners to apply these findings in a particular setting that, at its highest level, informs artful dental hygiene practice. The purpose of this paper is to question whether an art of dental hygiene exists, if it is important, and how it relates to science.Methods: The method used in the analysis contained in this paper is a dialectical approach used to examine contrary positions, i.e. whether art exists or does not exist, by outlining the structure of each position and clarifying explicit and implicit similarities and dissimilarities. A framework of conceptualizations of art from nursing has been used to examine dental hygiene literature for evidence of art.Results: A preliminary conceptualization, substantiated within dental hygiene, sees the art of dental hygiene as abilities to grasp meaning in client encounters, establish meaningful connections with clients, perform dental hygiene actions skillfully and proficiently, rationally determine courses of dental hygiene action, and conduct dental hygiene practice morally and ethically.Conclusions: That an art of dental hygiene exists is not in doubt and the analysis is presented. To understand better how dental hygienists make practice decisions to develop this process to its optimum – the pursuit of perfection and excellence in dental hygiene practice, we must pursue understanding the art of dental hygiene practice.
Factors that effect dental caries status of medical students in Udaipur city, India
Authors: Kumar S , Gupta A , Dixit A , Solanki K , Balasubramanyam G , Duraiswamy P , Kulkarni S 
Published: July 2009

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2009.00399.x Kumar S, Gupta A, Dixit A, Solanki K, Balasubramanyam G, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Factors that effect dental caries status of medical students in Udaipur city, India.Abstract:  Objective:  To evaluate the effect of oral hygiene behaviour, dental anxiety, self assessed dental status and treatment necessity on dental caries status of medical students.Methods:  The study was conducted among 345 medical students of Udaipur city, India who had provision for free dental services and the study was based on a questionnaire which consisted of two parts, first part containing questions regarding self assessment of dental status and treatment necessity along with oral hygiene behaviour and the later part comprised of Corah Dental Anxiety scale (DAS). Clinical examination was based on the WHO caries diagnostic criteria.Results:  Females perceived greater dental anxiety than males. Individuals claiming poor dental status had higher mean decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) score (6.67) than good (2.89) and fair (4.44). The mean decayed component among the anxious students (5.4) was almost twice that of less anxious (2.77) student population. DAS constituted the first major contributor for missing component followed by smoking status which alone explained a variance of 7.1%. The cumulative variance explained by all the independent variables on the DMFT status accounted to 56.4% with self assessed dental status alone contributing a variance of 44.9%. The most significant (P < 0.001) contributor for filled component was self assessed dental status (14.5%).Conclusions:  Oral hygiene behaviour, dental anxiety, self assessed dental status and treatment necessity significantly affected the dental caries status of medical students.
Flexural properties of repaired heat‐polymerising acrylic resin after wetting with monomer and acetone
Authors: Bural Canan , Bayraktar Gülsen , Aydin Ismail , Yusufoğlu İbrahim , Uyumaz Natuk , Hanzade Mete 
Published: July 2009

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00321.x

Flexural properties of repaired heat‐polymerising acrylic resin after wetting with monomer and acetone Objectives:  Repair strength can be improved by treating fractured surfaces of a denture.Background:  This study investigated flexural properties of heat‐polymerised acrylic resin specimens repaired with auto‐polymerising and visible light curing (VLC) resins after the repair surfaces were wetted with monomers or acetone.Materials and Methods:  Fifty‐four specimens (65 × 10 × 2.5 mm) were prepared and 48 of them were sectioned to simulate denture fracture. Butt‐joint designed repair surfaces were wetted with heat‐, auto‐polymerising monomers and acetone for 180 s and repaired with auto‐polymerising and VLC resins. After repairs, specimens were subjected to three‐point bending test and flexural strength, strain, fracture load, modulus of elasticity and deflection values were recorded. Data were analysed with Student t and LSD tests (p ≤ 0.05).Results:  Overall flexural strength, strain, fracture load and deflection values of specimens repaired with VLC resin were significantly higher than the specimens repaired with auto‐polymerising resin for all types of wetting agent (p < 0.05). Within the wetting agents, heat‐ and auto‐polymerising monomers produced the best mechanical properties, while wetting with acetone did not provide superior effect over both monomers.Conclusion:  In clinical use, wetting the repair surfaces may result in stronger repairs. The use of bonding agent in VLC resin repairs in combination with wetting agent results in improved flexural properties.
Autobiografiction: Experimental Life‐Writing from the Turn of the Century to Modernism1
Authors: Saunders Max 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis essay approaches the large but surprisingly under‐theorized topic of the relation between autobiography and fiction, concentrating on the period between 1880 and 1930, arguing for a new account of the relation between Modernism and life‐writing. It introduces and analyses a key essay from 1906 by Stephen Reynolds, author of A Poor Man’s House, which, strikingly, coins the post‐modern‐sounding term ‘autobiografiction’. It argues that Reynolds’ central concept sheds light on the vexed theoretical question of the relation between autobiography and fiction, and in ways that reach further than either Reynolds or the essay’s few commentators have appreciated; in short, that ‘autobiografiction’ is potentially a much vaster topic than his essay countenances. The second section discusses the significance of the concept of ‘autobiografiction’ from the points of view of literary history and literary theory. It argues that Reynolds’ essay not only offers a powerful analysis of the literature of the previous quarter‐century, but also suggests how the literature of the following decades – of Modernism – can be reconsidered in its light. Such attention enables a re‐description of Modernism: instead of the conventional account of its quest for the impersonal, the movement can be seen as developing these fin‐de‐siècle experiments in fusing life‐writing and fiction. Reynolds’ essay appears at a pivotal moment as Edwardian authors such as Edmund Gosse evince an anxious awareness of the radical potential of autobiografiction; and when Modernists such as Joyce and Proust embark on their most profound engagements with it: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and A la recherche du temps perdu. The essay goes on to argue that the issues raised by Reynolds enable a more sophisticated theoretical approach to the relation between autobiography and fiction, and explores the ambiguities which inhere in the term ‘autobiographical’ when applied to fictional works. Where Reynolds outlines the rationale for autobiografiction in fairly defensive terms, I argue for an appreciation of its radical potentialities. The study concludes by considering the trope, identified by Philippe Lejeune in Modernism, but here traced back to Aestheticism, that fiction constitutes a writer’s true autobiography. This is placed in a broader philosophical and aesthetic context of reading fiction as autobiography, and autobiography as fiction.
Dominant, non‐MHC genetic control of food allergy in an adjuvant‐free mouse model
Authors: Parvataneni S. , Birmingham N. P. , Gonipeta B. , Gangur V. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryFood allergy is a potentially fatal immune‐mediated disorder with incompletely understood mechanisms. We studied the genetic control of food allergy using major histocompatibility complex‐identical mice (H2s) and an adjuvant‐free method of sensitization. Whereas, transdermal exposure to hazelnut — a model allergenic food, elicited robust IgG1 response in both strains, an IgE response was evident only in A.SW mice. Following oral challenge, only A.SW but not SJL mice exhibited signs of systemic anaphylaxis and hypothermia. In addition, (A.SW × SJL) F1 hybrids exhibited IgE responsiveness, systemic anaphylaxis and hypothermia similar to A.SW, indicating dominant inheritance of these traits. Furthermore, whereas A.SW and F1 mice but not SJL elicited robust interleukin (IL)‐4 response, all three strains elicited IL‐5 and IL‐13 responses by spleen cells. These data demonstrate for the first time, dominant non‐MHC genetic control of food allergy and a critical role of IL‐4 but not IL‐5 or IL‐13 in this model.
The role of inhibitory neurotransmission in locomotor circuits of the developing mammalian spinal cord
Authors: Nishimaru H. , Kakizaki M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNeuronal circuits generating the basic coordinated limb movements during walking of terrestrial mammals are localized in the spinal cord. In these neuronal circuits, called central pattern generators (CPGs), inhibitory synaptic transmission plays a crucial part. Inhibitory synaptic transmission mediated by glycine and GABA is thought to be essential in coordinated activation of muscles during locomotion, in particular, controlling temporal and spatial activation patterns of muscles of each joint of each limb on the left and right side of the body. Inhibition is involved in other aspects of locomotion such as control of speed and stability of the rhythm. However, the precise roles of neurotransmitters and their receptors mediating inhibitory synaptic transmission in mammalian spinal CPGs remain unclear. Moreover, many of the inhibitory interneurones essential for output pattern of the CPG are yet to be identified. In this review, recent advances on these issues, mainly from studies in the developing rodent spinal cord utilizing electrophysiology, molecular and genetic approaches are discussed.