bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver Follicular Helper T-Cells Predict the Achievement of Virological Response following Interferon-Based Treatment in HCV-Infected Patients
Authors: Tripodo Claudio , Petta Salvatore , Guarnotta Carla , Pipitone Rosaria , Cabibi Daniela , Colombo Mario P , Craxì Antonio 
Published: November 2011

Background Here, we assessed the presence of intrahepatic follicular helper T-cells (TFH) in a cohort of consecutive genotype 1 (G1) chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients comprising non-responders (NRs), relapsers (RRs) or those with sustained virological response (SVR) to pegylated interferon and ribavirin, and tested their relation with the response to antiviral treatment. Methods A total of 78 patients with G1 CHC (30 SVR, 15 RR and 33 NR), comparable for sex, age, viral load and fibrosis were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for liver content of PD1+Bcl6+ TFH cells. The number of TFH cells in the immunostained sections was counted out of five representative high-power microscopic fields (400x) relative to areas involved by the inflammatory infiltrate. IL28B rs12979860 and rs8099917 polymorphisms were also evaluated. Results The absolute number of liver TFH progressively increased from NR to RR to a maximum in SVR patients (14.2 ±12.5 versus 24.5 ±12.5 versus 59.2 ±27.1; P<0.001). The mean absolute number of liver TFH was 24.3 ±21.1 in 18 TT polymorphism patients, 31.7 ±29.5 in 43 TC and 47.8 ±27.8 in 17 CC ( P=0.01). SVR was achieved in 27/35 (77.1%) of patients with TFH ≥28 and in only 3/43 (6.9%) of those with TFH<28. Similarly, 15/17 (88.2%) CC patients achieved SVR, compared with 15/61 (24.6%) TT/ TC subjects. With the combination of TFH at the threshold of 28 and the rs12979860 polymorphism, the ability to predict SVR strongly increased. Conclusions In G1 CHC patients, TFH cells are present in the hepatic inflammatory infiltrate. Their amount is proportional to the ultimate likelihood of SVR, with a progressive increase from NR to RR to SVR. Quantification of TFH cells in the liver biopsy of these patients adds useful prognostic information.
Aggression and Competition
Authors: Paquette Daniel 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In the dominant school of thought in developmental psychopathology, aggression is seen as one of several components in the general category of so‐called externalizing problem behaviours. Aggression is generally considered a form of social maladjustment, a manifestation of antisociality that should be neutralized through preventive and curative intervention programs. However, more and more studies are trying to understand the specific determinants of the development of aggression.
Archival Research
Authors: Bercovitch Jacob 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Questions about conflict and peace are central to many social science disciplines. There is clearly a need to know how to limit violence and resolve conflicts between individuals, groups, or nations. Such knowledge can only come about if suitable research methods are adopted to capture the reality of conflict and peace, build bridges between ideas and action, and integrate a wide range of notions from theorists and practitioners of conflict resolution. There are different methodologies and approaches to studying substantive issues of conflict and peace. Archival research, the particular methodology that is highlighted here, can achieve these objectives by reducing tensions between abstract notions and concrete actions, and between the object of study and the way it is studied. While no methodology can claim a monopoly on knowledge and research practices, there is much about archival research that makes it ideal for answering questions about peace and conflict.
Child Soldiers, Traditional Healing and
Authors: Honwana Alcinda 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn many societies, postwar healing is closely linked to the “social pollution”w caused by death and bloodshed during war. Individuals who have been in a war, who killed or saw people being killed, are seen as polluted by the “wrongdoings of the war.” The spirits of those killed unjustly during wars become unsettled because people cannot conduct proper burial rituals in the midst of war. Burial rituals are important to appease the spirits and place them in their proper positions in the world of the ancestors. The spirits of the dead in wartime are unsettled and bitter and they may afflict their killers or others who cross their path. These spirits may cause mental disorders and other types of afflictions. Once the war is over, former child soldiers, their families and their communities can heal the social wounds of war through traditional ritual performance.
Children, Psychosocial Interventions with
Authors: Veale Angela 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Psychosocial interventions with children aim to address the root causes and consequences of violence, exploitation, and abuse directed at or experienced by children and adolescents by fusing personal, material, and social resources to prevent harm and to support children's capacity to thrive. Interventions range from addressing children's physical and psychological health to tackling the repercussions of dominant cultural narratives or structural factors that depress or hinder their development. Old paradigms that place biology, psyche, or culture in opposition in psychosocial interventions with children have been challenged over the past decade. An evolving paradigm can be identified which views children's developmental trajectory as rooted in biology but in which family, community, political institutions, and culture all provide “structuring contexts” in which children actively participate and can support or disempower their development. Conceptually this is evident in models such as the social‐ecological model of the Psychosocial Working Group. In practice, it is evident in the rise of empowerment and community‐mobilization approachs in child psychosocial programming.
Children and Human Rights
Authors: Veale Angela 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Child rights instruments have become powerful tools in the arsenal of peace psychologists working to address the impact of both direct and structural violence on children's lives. Children below 18 years of age account for almost 45% of the world's population. Africa and Asia have the greatest concentrations of absolute deprivations of children's rights (UNICEF, 2009) and significantly, these regions are also disproportionately affected by conflict. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the most widely ratified human rights instrument in history, recognizes children as individuals entitled to legally enforceable rights. The CRC obliges state parties to address the consequences of conflict for children through measures such as rehabilitation and social reintegration as well as to provide economic, social, and cultural resources necessary for children's development and well‐being. Perhaps of even wider significance, principles of nondiscrimination or universality (Article 2) directly challenge structural violence whereby children of particular social or ethnic groups may be disadvantaged by political, legal, or culturally institutionalized inequalities.
Climate Change and Violence
Authors: Anderson Craig A. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Rapid global climate change is now a fact of twenty‐first century life. Human activity especially the production of huge quantities of several greenhouse gases primarily from the burning of fossil fuels, has initiated a general warming trend in our atmosphere and on our planet. This trend will continue and likely will accelerate unless we find a way to return the composition of our atmosphere to a pre‐industrial era norm. Because of the longevity of greenhouse gases, even a slowing of the warming trend won't occur until decades after we stop producing such a large load of such gases.
Collective Remembering
Authors: Paez Dario , Liu James H. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Memory of collective violence often burdens present conflicts with aggressive forms of ingroup favoritism, a duty of retaliation, and generalized hatred towards past perpetrators, and makes the current situation appear to repeat previous violent conflicts. Emotionally loaded collective memory (CM) of past conflicts, wars in particular, can sow the seeds of fear and distrust and make it virtually impossible to negotiate a compromise solution. In addition to the emotional component, research has examined cognitive and motivational features of CM.
Common Ingroup Identity Model
Authors: Gaertner Samuel L. , Dovidio John F. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The common ingroup identity model is a strategy for reducing prejudice. The model assumes that intergroup biases are rooted in the universal tendency to simplify a complex environment by classifying objects and people into groups or categories. This process of categorization often occurs spontaneously on the basis of physical similarity, proximity, or shared fate. The common ingroup identity model reveals how changing the ways people socially categorize others can reduce intergroup prejudice and bias.
Cooperation and Competition
Authors: Deutsch Morton 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Cooperative and competitive processes result primarily from two basic types of goal interdependence: positive (where the goals are linked in such a way that the amount or probability of a person's goal attainment is positively correlated with the amount or probability of another obtaining his goal) and negative (where the goals are linked in such a way that the amount or probability of goal attainment is negatively correlated with the amount or probability of the other's goal attainment). To put it colloquially, if you're positively linked with another, then you sink and swim together; with negative linkage, if the other sinks, you swim, and if the other swims, you sink.
Counseling and Social Justice
Authors: Toporek Rebecca L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThroughout the history of counseling there has been a continuous, yet fluctuating, thread of social justice. Frank Parsons is often noted as one of the earliest and most visible social justice advocates, as he worked in the early 1900s to provide services to homeless and jobless individuals, challenged the structure of distribution of resources, and designed systems of service that focused on strength and community Counseling historians also note the work of Clifford Beers, who is attributed with taking social action to challenge mental health hospitalization policies, bringing attention to the rights of individuals diagnosed with mental illness (see Kiselica & Robinson, 2001). The fields of counseling and counseling psychology have also been moved by the many scholar‐activists who have worked on establishing guidelines for working with populations who have historically been denied appropriate services and rights, including women, people of color, sexual minorities, people with disabilities, religious minorities, economically poor individuals, and others. Multicultural counseling, feminist counseling, prevention counseling, and community counseling have all made important contributions to this discourse. Significant social justice work has arisen from these efforts as the process of developing guidelines has acknowledged the systemic oppression faced by these groups. This is often accompanied by the assertion that the responsibility of counselors and psychologists is to acknowledge and challenge this imbalance of rights and resources. This assertion is not without debate.
Culture and Conflict
Authors: Marsella Anthony J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Conflict is one of the most frequently used terms in our daily lives. It refers to states and/or situations of discord, disharmony, and opposition within, between, and among people, groups, and nations. It can also refer to intrapsychic tensions in which beliefs, values, impulses, and behaviors contend with one another. This opposition or contention can assume the proportion of a simple disagreement, or it can extend to the level of violence, aggression, and even warfare. In all instances, a conflict has its roots in “differences” that require resolution because of the inherent state of tension, stress, and/or emotional and intellectual discomfort and discontent. For conflict to exist, the differences usually are perceived as threatening to identity, security, and/or health and well‐being.
Domestic Violence: Feminist Perspective
Authors: Bagshaw Dale 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Domestic violence is prevalent in most, if not all, countries and cultures in the world (World Health Organization, 2008) and is very hard to detect, as generally the victims are too powerless, fearful, intimidated, or ashamed to disclose the abuse. Central to feminist definitions of domestic violence is the misuse and abuse of power and control by the perpetrators, who are more often than not men, particularly in patriarchal societies where men have more power and control in families and the broader society. More recently it has been recognized that domestic violence also occurs in lesbian and gay relationships and there is evidence that in a small minority of cases men are abused by women, indicating that it is the misuse and abuse of power, not necessarily gender, which is central to understandings of domestic violence. Postmodern feminists also focus on the social construction of masculinities and femininities in a social group or culture and the ways in which they contribute to gendered violence (Weedon, 1987). They also highlight the role that dominant discourses play in the social and cultural meanings given to gender and violence, and to the way that people interpret and respond to the violence (Bagshaw & Chung, 2000). (See
gender
‐
based violence
;
family violence and abuse
.)
Emotion
Authors: Lickel Brian 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Intergroup relations are often suffused with emotion. We may feel intense negative emotions — such as of anger, fear, and disgust — toward those groups with which we are in conflict. However, emotions may also play a role in promoting peace between groups, such as when we feel guilt for the wrongdoing of our group, sympathy for members of harmed outgroups, and hope for the future of relations between our group and others. Understanding the emotions that people feel in intergroup situations is vitally important, but because of their complexity emotions can be a difficult thing to measure and change.
Emotional Climate for Peace
Authors: de Rivera Joseph 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEmotional climate refers to the prevailing state of emotional relationships in a collective. These may either involve the relationships between individuals or between groups/communities within a society. Thus, descriptions of emotional climate involve the extent to which people, and groups within a collective, trust and respect one another, and the degree to which a society is unified or polarized. They include the extent to which people are feeling secure, are living in a climate of fear that isolates people from one another, or experience a climate of anger and despair at the corruption in their government. The state of the emotional climate may be described along different emotional dimensions and regarded as the collective's affective response to its economic, political, and social conditions.
Experimentation, Design, and Analysis
Authors: Hulsizer Michael R. , Woolf Linda M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPeace psychology researchers have a multitude of methodologies available to explore the diverse areas of inquiry which compose the field of peace psychology. For example, researchers may choose a qualitative approach through the use of field studies, ethnographies, oral histories, or case studies. Although many of these approaches are more commonplace in disciplines such as women's studies and anthropology, there are an increasing number of psychologists utilizing these methodologies given the richness of the resultant data and the challenges of international research. However, the most prevalent research approach in psychology involves the investigation of quantitative data – often collected through archival data, interviews, surveys, quasi‐experiments, and/or experiments. The focus of this essay is on experimentation using quantitative data.
Guilt: Personal and Collective
Authors: Wohl Michael J. A. , Branscombe Nyla R. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Guilt is an unpleasant emotion that is evoked when people's behavior deviates from salient moral standards concerning how other people should be treated. Simply deviating from these standards, however, is insufficient to experience guilt. For guilt to occur, the individual must recognize that his or her behavior is inconsistent with what is normative with regard to the treatment of others and accept personal responsibility for the harm inflicted. For example, John might feel guilt if he knowingly and unjustifiably failed to hire a person because of his/her race or ethnicity rather than the merit of that particular applicant.
Identity‐Based Conflicts, The
ARIA
Contingency Approach to
Authors: Rothman Jay 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

A major focus of the ARIA methodology of conflict engagement is its disciplined approach to
conflict as opportunity
. Using music as its primary organizing metaphor (an “aria”), this methodology views conflict as an opportunity to foster creativity and resonance within and between people and their primary group affiliations (Rothman, 1996). While its focus was originally on creatively engaging identity‐based conflicts, with the idea that the deeper the conflict the greater the need and potential for creativity, ARIA has evolved into a more comprehensive approach that builds upon and synthesizes other approaches. Thus, it has become a broader contingency model with the type of intervention suggested dependent upon the analysis of the nature and depth of the conflict.
Intergroup Hatred: Psychological Dimensions
Authors: Halperin Eran 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The negative impact of hatred on human life has been widely documented (Sternberg 2003; Opotow & McClelland, 2007). Aristotle perceived hatred as one of the more momentous emotions because of the way it undermines people's sense of judgment. Hatred is also known as one of the most prevalent and destructive affective phenomena in situations of long‐term intergroup conflict (Halperin, 2008). It fulfills a fundamentally destructive role in the violent effect it exerts on intergroup relations, potentially impelling people to acts of mass murder and war. Hence, hate makes a huge contribution to the escalation and maintenance of long‐term conflicts and it stands as a powerful barrier to conflict resolution.)
Intergroup Threat Theory
Authors: Stephan Walter G. , Mealy Marisa D. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Over the past several decades, a growing number of social scientists have become interested in the role that threats play in intergroup conflict. Threats are believed to be a major cause of conflict as well as an impediment to peace and reconciliation. In this essay we explore these two issues using the intergroup threat theory as a framework. We also discuss psychological processes and techniques involved in reducing intergroup threats.
Markov Chain Models of Negotiators' Communication
Authors: Olekalns Mara , Smith Philip L. , Weingart Laurie R. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Negotiators' communication can be analyzed at several levels: the frequency with which strategies are used, how negotiators sequence strategies, and how strategies evolve over time. Each level of analysis provides us with different kinds of information about the negotiation process. An important difference between these approaches is that analyses focusing on how often negotiators use a specific strategy assume that the negotiation process is static over time whereas analyses that focus on sequences or phases allow for the possibility that, as negotiators learn about each other, they redefine the negotiation and change their strategy preferences. The analysis of sequences enables us to answer questions that cannot be answered by focusing solely on the frequency with which negotiators use particular strategies. By analyzing sequences, we are able to assess how negotiations unfold over time and how negotiators influence each other and transform the negotiation. Understanding how the negotiation is transformed is especially important because it helps us to identify the most important mechanisms for building mutually beneficial solutions across a range of questions. In this entry, we describe the use of Markov chain models to represent and analyze strategy sequences (Bakeman & Gottman, 1986; Smith, Olekalns & Weingart, 2005; Thomas, 1985).
Mediation
Authors: Hardy Samantha 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Generally speaking, mediation is a process that involves two or more people in conflict who are assisted by a third person, who does not determine the outcome of their conflict (Wall, Stark, & Standifer, 2001). This third person is called the mediator. The mediator's main role is to assist the people to communicate with each other in relation to the conflict between them.)
Mobilization: Peaceful and Violent
Authors: Valencia Jose F. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
There is agreement among the scholars of democracy, from Rousseau and J. S. Mill to Tarrow and Putnam, that mass participation is essential for the life of a representative democracy. Political participation is the critical link between the citizenry and the governing process and “provides the mechanism by which citizens can communicate information about their interests, preferences, and needs and generate pressure to respond” (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995, p. 1).
Moral Conviction
Authors: Morgan G. Scott , Skitka Linda J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A theme that cuts across many societal debates is that at least one side defines its position in moral terms. For example, some people's positions on legalized abortion, same‐sex marriage, or healthcare reform are vested with moral conviction (i.e., these positions are based on beliefs about fundamental right and wrong, good and bad). The recognition that some attitudes seem to be imbued with particular moral fervor led to a program of theory and research designed to investigate whether there is anything special about attitudes held with strong moral conviction (“moral mandates”). This article will briefly review the integrated theory of moral conviction, which distinguishes moral mandates from otherwise strong but nonmoral attitudes. In addition, we will review some research that clarifies some potentially unsettling and reassuring implications of moral conviction for peace and conflict.
Narrative Psychology
Authors: László János 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Narratives are generally conceived as accounts of events which involve some temporal and/or causal coherence. This minimal definition is usually amended with criteria according to which storiness requires some goal‐directed action of living or impersonated actors taking place in time. A full‐blown narrative involves an initial steady state which implies the legitimate order of things including the characters' normal wishes and beliefs, a trouble which disturbs this state, efforts for re‐establishing the normal state, a new, often transformed state, and a concluding evaluation, which draws the moral of the story.
Negotiation, Role of Emotions in
Authors: Shapiro Daniel L. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Scientific inquiry into the role of emotions in negotiation has transformed from a quiet niche to a major field of scholarly study. During the early years of scholarship on negotiation, game theory, decision analysis, and behavioral theories of negotiation consumed widespread attention. As the cognitive revolution struck, a new genre of negotiation study examined cognitive biases, heuristics, framing, and “rational” approaches to negotiation.