bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sorption and dialysis experiments to assess the binding of phenolic xenobiotics to dissolved organic matter in soil
Authors: Höllrigl-Rosta Andreas , Vinken Ralph , Lenz Markus , Schäffer Andreas 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The binding of two phenolic compounds, nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA), and the herbicide metabolite hydroxydesethyl terbuthylazine (HDT) to dissolved organic matter (DOM) as well as its impact on the environmental fate of the compounds in soil have been investigated. In sorption studies with an acidic silty loam soil and a neutral loam soil, no impact of added DOM on adsorption and desorption coefficients was observed. Adsorption coefficients normalized to soil organic carbon (Koc) of the compounds on the loamy silt soil spanned three orders of magnitude: 90, 890, and 9,140 L/kg for HDT, BPA, and NP, respectively. Significantly lower Koc values for HDT on the neutral loam soil as compared to the acidic loamy silt soil indicated additional polar interactions between the latter and the basic herbicide metabolite. In dialysis experiments with fulvic acid from silty loam soil (FA) and peat humic acid (HA), a formation of analyte-DOM associates was observed only for HA. The degree of association was characterized by distribution coefficients normalized to the dissolved organic carbon concentration (KDOC). Values for NP (8,970 L/kg) and BPA (860 L/kg) corresponded with the respective soil sorption coefficients, suggesting similar binding mechanisms in both cases.
Pesticide risk assessment in a lagoon ecosystem. Part I: Exposure assessment
Authors: Villa Sara , Finizio Antonio , Vighi Marco 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This work is the first step of a research project on pesticide risk assessment for a coastal lagoon ecosystem (Orbetello lagoon, central Italy). Pesticide exposure was evaluated by means of predictive and experimental approaches. Predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) for water and sediments were estimated using fugacity-based multimedia models. Pesticide loads were quantified through a study of the use to which agricultural land was put in the study area. Multimedia fate models were used to predict the environmental concentration of 29 active ingredients (mainly insecticides and herbicides) selected among the most widely used within the catchment basin. Worst-case environmental scenarios were developed for the application of these models, in agreement with the precautionary principle. Experimental monitoring was performed on 10 selected chemicals. To assess the value and limitations of predictive and experimental approaches, calculated PECs and monitoring results were compared and discussed. Combined modeling and monitoring approaches have been found to be the best way to date to assess proper exposure.
Creosote toxicity to photosynthesis and plant growth in aquatic microcosms
Authors: Marwood Christopher A. , Bestari K. T. Jim , Gensemer Robert W. , Solomon Keith R. , Greenberg Bruce M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Measurement of contaminant effects becomes progressively more difficult at higher levels of ecological organization [1]. Bioindicators are rapid physiological or biochemical assays that provide a convenient means for detecting the exposure or effects of environmental contaminants to organisms, even if the toxicant is unknown. Many potential bioindicator assays are available, but the primary impediment to their widespread use in risk assessment is the lack of a demonstrated link between effects at the suborganism level with effects at the individual level and with higher levels of biological organization, such as populations or communities [2]. A bioindicator with a defined link to effects on growth or reproduction can be used in a predictive manner to assess potential impacts of a contaminant on populations of organisms. Effects of a stressor on bioindicator endpoints, which are easily measurable under controlled conditions, can then be extrapolated to the environment if the effects at the suborganism level are consistent with, and can be related to, effects at the whole-organism and population levels.
Bioturbation effects on cadmium and zinc transfers from a contaminated sediment and on metal bioavailability to benthic bivalves
Authors: Ciutat Aurélie , Boudou Alain 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The two main objectives of this study were to compare cadmium and zinc fluxes from a contaminated sediment to the water column in bioturbated and unbioturbated systems and jointly to analyze accumulation kinetics of these released metals by benthic filter-feeder bivalves. The experimental approach was based on indoor microcosms containing a two-compartment biotope: natural contaminated sediment (45 ± 5 μg Cd/g, dry wt, and 1,938 ± 56 μg Zn/g, dry wt) and water column. Four experimental conditions were studied: no organism added to the sediment-water biotope, presence of bivalves Corbicula fluminea, presence of Hexagenia rigida nymphs (bioturbation source), and presence of C. fluminea and H. rigida simultaneously. Results reveal that bioturbation produces a significant metal release into the water column via the resuspended sediment particles. The use of C. fluminea as an indicator of transferred metals in the water column shows that the metal bioavailability is very limited, quantities of cadmium and zinc bioaccumulated in the soft bodies being less than those measured in unbioturbated systems. This experimental study demonstrates that only the dissolved fraction resulting from diffusive metal fluxes across the sediment-water interface is bioavailable for this bivalve species.
Entwicklung des großflächigen Einzelhandels in regionaler Verantwortung
Authors: Fuchs Oliver 
Published: March 2010

Unter Federführung der regionalen Strukturkonferenz Ost-Friesland haben vier Landkreise und zwei kreisfreie Städte mit einer Abstimmung ihrer großflächigen Einzelhandelsentwicklung begonnen. p] Nach einer rund zweij\:ahrigen Planungsphase, welche neben einer Bestandsaufnahme der Einzelhandelssituation vor allem die Aufstellung eines interkommunalen Kooperationsund Abstimmungsverfahrens beinhaltete, konnte Anfang 2004 eine interkommunale Vereinbarung geschlossen werden, die den Beginn der Verfahrensimplikation in der Region markierte.
Der Beitrag beschreibt Ausgangssituation, Zielstellung und Methodik des Verfahrens und geht darüber hinaus in einem Zwischenfazit auf erste Erfahrungen in realen Anwendungsfällen ein.
Examining the Potential of Community‐Based After‐School Programs for Latino Youth
Authors: Riggs Nathaniel R. , Bohnert Amy M. , Guzman Maria D. , Davidson Denise 
Published: March 2010

AbstractResults are presented from two pilot studies examining the potential influence of community‐based after‐school programs (ASPs) on regionally diverse Latino youth of varying ages. Study 1 examined relations between dimensions of ASP attendance and content, and ethnic identity development, and self‐worth in urban Latino adolescents. In this study, higher ratings of the ASP’s emphasis on ethnic socialization were associated with a more developed ethnic identity, while greater intensity of ASP participation and perceptions of ASP quality were associated with higher levels of self‐worth. Study 2 examined relations between ASP participation and development of concentration and emotion regulation skills in rural Latino grade‐school youth. In this study, youth who regularly attended the ASP demonstrated significantly better concentration and regulation skills than those who did not regularly attend, if they exhibited preexisting concentration and regulation problems. Findings illustrate how ASPs with varying strategies, activities, and assessment tools can be evaluated in the interest of designing future large‐scale investigations into ASPs and Latino positive youth development.
Mixed Micellization Properties of Nonionic Fluorocarbon/Cationic Hydrocarbon Surfactants
Authors: Bélarbi Hayet , Bendedouch Dalila , Bouanani Farida 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe physico‐chemical properties of mixed surfactant aqueous solutions at various proportions of dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide DTAB and undecafluoro n‐pentyl decaoxyethylene ether C5F11EO10 have been investigated at 25 °C using surface tension and conductivity measurements. The critical micelle concentration and superficial minimum tension have been experimentally estimated for different DTAB molar fractions. The micellar composition and mutual interaction parameters have been deduced on the basis the theoretical treatments proposed by Clint, Rubingh, and Motomura. The results show a significant synergism effect at about equimolarity of DTAB/C5F11EO10 system probably due to the efficient electrostatic self‐repulsion reduction between DTAB cationic head groups related to the presence of the nonionic surfactant in the mixed micelles.
On the possibility of refraction of dust acoustic waves
Authors: ROSENBERG M. , MERLINO R. L. , SHUKLA P. K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe theoretically investigate conditions for the refraction of long-wavelength dust acoustic waves by arrays of periodic cylinders in a dusty plasma. This is based on a recent analysis of the refraction of shallow water waves by periodic cylinder arrays (Hu and Chan, Phys. Rev. Lett.95 (2005), 154501). In the dusty plasma case, however, the boundary conditions involve the formation of voids around the cylinders. Possible experimental conditions are discussed.
Benjamin Leigh Smith's third Arctic expedition: Svalbard, 1873
Authors: Capelotti P.J. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1873, the British explorer Benjamin Leigh Smith concluded the private oceanographic and geographical explorations in the seas around Svalbard that he had begun in 1871 and continued in 1872. The logistics of the 1873 expedition, however, were far more complicated than those of the first two voyages. Rather than using a single ship as he had done with the sailing vessel Samson the previous summers, Leigh Smith chartered James Lamont's Arctic steamer Diana and employed Samson as a reserve supply tender. With the added supplies Samson afforded, Leigh Smith planned to round the northeast limit of Svalbard, which he had discovered in 1871, and survey Kong Karls Land. Among those invited to join to expedition was a twenty-three-year-old member of the Royal Engineers, Lieutenant Herbert C. Chermside, who would visit the Arctic for the first and last time in a long life of military service. It was to Chermside that Leigh Smith entrusted the keeping of the expedition's logbooks. These three unpublished journals, along with a log kept by Samson's captain, William Walker, provide details of an expedition that, while it failed in its primary objective to round Nordaustlandet, did succeed in relieving Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's Swedish polar expedition beset near Mosselbukta. It also maintained an array of contacts with whalers and sealers, for example the Peterhead whaler David Gray and the Norwegian skipper Frederick Christian Mack, regarding local conditions around Svalbard. At Augustabukta, Chermside's observations of uplifted skeletons of remotely harvested whales give estimated death ranges of between 1569–1691 and 1764–1807. The expedition would end with a major island in Svalbard being named for Chermside.
Symptoms of depression and anxiety, and change in body mass index from adolescence to adulthood: results from a British birth cohort
Authors: Gaysina D. , Hotopf M. , Richards M. , Colman I. , Kuh D. , Hardy R. 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundDepression and anxiety have been shown to be associated with obesity and underweight, but little is known about how the relationship varies across the life course, from adolescence through adulthood. We aimed to investigate the association between adolescent- and adult-onset affective symptoms and body mass index (BMI) change from age 15 to 53 years.MethodWe used data from a British birth cohort born in 1946 and followed up ever since. The relationship between affective symptom profiles, distinguishing adolescent-onset and adult-onset symptoms, and BMI change from adolescence to age 53 years was investigated using multilevel models.ResultsWomen with adolescent-onset symptoms had lower mean BMI at age 15 years, faster rates of increase across adulthood, and higher BMI at age 53 years than those with no symptoms. Men with adolescent-onset symptoms had lower BMI at all ages from 15 to 53 years. The BMI trajectories of men and women with adult-onset symptoms did not differ from those with absence of symptoms at all ages.ConclusionsThe relationship between affective symptoms and change in BMI varies by sex and age at onset of symptoms. Adolescence may be an important period for the development of the association between affective symptoms and weight gain in girls. Intervention to prevent increases in BMI across adult life in women with adolescent-onset symptoms, even if they are not overweight at this age, should be considered.
The obligate endobacteria of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ancient heritable components related to the Mollicutes
Authors: Naumann Maria , Schüßler Arthur , Bonfante Paola 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been symbionts of land plants for at least 450 Myr. It is known that some AMF host in their cytoplasm Gram-positive endobacteria called bacterium-like organisms (BLOs), of unknown phylogenetic origin. In this study, an extensive inventory of 28 cultured AMF, from diverse evolutionary lineages and four continents, indicated that most of the AMF species investigated possess BLOs. Analyzing the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a phylogenetic marker revealed that BLO sequences from divergent lineages all clustered in a well-supported monophyletic clade. Unexpectedly, the cell-walled BLOs were shown to likely represent a sister clade of the Mycoplasmatales and Entomoplasmatales, within the Mollicutes, whose members are lacking cell walls and show symbiotic or parasitic lifestyles. Perhaps BLOs maintained the Gram-positive trait whereas the sister groups lost it. The intracellular location of BLOs was revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and confirmed by pyrosequencing. BLO DNA could only be amplified from AMF spores and not from spore washings. As highly divergent BLO sequences were found within individual fungal spores, amplicon libraries derived from Glomus etunicatum isolates from different geographic regions were pyrosequenced; they revealed distinct sequence compositions in different isolates. Our results show a vertically inherited, monophyletic and globally distributed lineage of endobacteria thriving in AMF cytoplasm. These bacteria split from their sister groups more than 400 Myr ago, colonizing their fungal hosts already before main AMF lineages separated. The BLO–AMF symbiosis can, therefore, be dated back at least to the time when AMF formed the ancestral symbiosis with emergent land plants.
Diversity of active marine picoeukaryotes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea unveiled using photosystem-II psbA transcripts
Authors: Man-Aharonovich Dikla , Philosof Alon , Kirkup Benjamin C , Le Gall Florence , Yogev Tali , Berman-Frank Ilana , Polz Martin F , Vaulot Daniel , Béjà Oded 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In vast areas of the oceans, most of the primary production is performed by cells smaller than 2–3 μm in diameter (picophytoplankton). In recent years, several in situ molecular studies showed a broad genetic diversity of small eukaryotes by sequencing 18S rRNA genes. Compared with photosynthetic cyanobacteria that are dominated by two genera, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, marine photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs) are much more diverse, with virtually every algal class being represented. However, the genetic diversity and ecology of PPEs are still poorly described. Here, we show using in situ molecular analyses of psbA transcripts that PPEs in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are highly diverse, probably very active, and dominated by groups belonging to the red algal lineages, Haptophyta, Heterokontophyta (also called Stramenopiles), and Cryptophyta.
Metaproteogenomic analysis of a dominant green sulfur bacterium from Ace Lake, Antarctica
Authors: Ng Charmaine , DeMaere Matthew Z , Williams Timothy J , Lauro Federico M , Raftery Mark , Gibson John A E , Andrews-Pfannkoch Cynthia , Lewis Matt , Hoffman Jeffrey M , Thomas Torsten , Cavicchioli Ricardo 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Green sulfur bacteria (GSB) (Chlorobiaceae) are primary producers that are important in global carbon and sulfur cycling in natural environments. An almost complete genome sequence for a single, dominant GSB species (‘C-Ace’) was assembled from shotgun sequence data of an environmental sample taken from the O2–H2S interface of the water column of Ace Lake, Antarctica. Approximately 34 Mb of DNA sequence data were assembled into nine scaffolds totaling 1.79 Mb, representing approximately 19-fold coverage for the C-Ace composite genome. A high level (∼31%) of metaproteomic coverage was achieved using matched biomass. The metaproteogenomic approach provided unique insight into the protein complement required for dominating the microbial community under cold, nutrient-limited, oxygen-limited and extremely varied annual light conditions. C-Ace shows physiological traits that promote its ability to compete very effectively with other GSB and gain dominance (for example, specific bacteriochlorophylls, mechanisms of cold adaptation) as well as a syntrophic relationship with sulfate-reducing bacteria that provides a mechanism for the exchange of sulfur compounds. As a result we are able to propose an explanation of the active biological processes promoted by cold-adapted GSB and the adaptive strategies they use to thrive under the severe physiochemical conditions prevailing in polar environments.
CRISPR-mediated phage resistance and the ghost of coevolution past
Authors: Vale Pedro F. , Little Tom J. 
Published: March 2010

The past is never dead. It's not even pastWilliam Faulkner (1951)Bacteria can acquire heritable immunity to viral (phage) enemies by incorporating phage DNA into their own genome. This mechanism of anti-viral defence, known by the acronym CRISPR, simultaneously stores detailed information about current and past enemies and the evolved resistance to them. As a high-resolution genetic marker that is intimately tied with the host–pathogen interaction, the CRISPR system offers a unique, and relatively untapped, opportunity to study epidemiological and coevolutionary dynamics in microbial communities that were previously neglected because they could not be cultured in the laboratory. We briefly review the molecular mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated host–pathogen resistance, before assessing their potential importance for coevolution in nature, and their utility as a means of studying coevolutionary dynamics through metagenomics and laboratory experimentation.
RNA Interference-Mediated Change in Protein Body Morphology and Seed Opacity through Loss of Different Zein Proteins
Authors: Wu Yongrui , Messing Joachim 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Opaque or nonvitreous phenotypes relate to the seed architecture of maize (Zea mays) and are linked to loci that control the accumulation and proper deposition of storage proteins, called zeins, into specialized organelles in the endosperm, called protein bodies. However, in the absence of null mutants of each type of zein (i.e. α, β, γ, and δ), the molecular contribution of these proteins to seed architecture remains unclear. Here, a double null mutant for the δ-zeins, the 22-kD α-zein, the β-zein, and the γ-zein RNA interference (RNAi; designated as z1CRNAi, βRNAi, and γRNAi, respectively) and their combinations have been examined. While the δ-zein double null mutant had negligible effects on protein body formation, the βRNAi and γRNAi alone only cause slight changes. Substantial loss of the 22-kD α-zeins by z1CRNAi resulted in protein body budding structures, indicating that a sufficient amount of the 22-kD zeins is necessary for maintenance of a normal protein body shape. Among different mutant combinations, only the combined βRNAi and γRNAi resulted in drastic morphological changes, while other combinations did not. Overexpression of α-kafirins, the homologues of the maize 22-kD α-zeins in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), in the β/γRNAi mutant failed to offset the morphological alterations, indicating that β- and γ-zeins have redundant and unique functions in the stabilization of protein bodies. Indeed, opacity of the β/γRNAi mutant was caused by incomplete embedding of the starch granules rather than by reducing the vitreous zone.
Who Do We Treat First When Resources Are Scarce?
Authors: WALKER TOM 
Published: March 2010

abstractIn a health service with limited resources we must make decisions about who to treat first. In this paper I develop a version of the restoration argument according to which those whose need for resources is a consequence of their voluntary choices should receive lower priority when it comes to health care. I then consider three possible problems for this argument based on those that have been raised against other theories of this type: that we don't know in a particular case that the illness is self‐inflicted, that it seems that all illness is self‐inflicted in the sense used in my argument, and finally that this type of approach incorporates an unacceptable moralising element if it is to avoid giving those like fire‐fighters a lower priority for treatment. I argue that the position outlined here has the resources to respond to each of these objections.
A Simple Way to Improve Anatomical Mapping of Functional Brain Imaging
Authors: Villain Nicolas , Landeau Brigitte , Groussard Mathilde , Mevel Katell , Fouquet Marine , Dayan Jacques , Eustache Francis , Desgranges Béatrice , Chételat Gaël 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Advances in functional neuroimaging studies have led to the need for improved anatomical precision to face with more and more specific challenges. Nevertheless, functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (fMRI) suffers from geometrical distortions, which limit the matching between functional and anatomical data necessary to interpret fMRI results. The “FieldMap” method is the most widely used technique to correct for geometrical distortions but in some cases cannot be applied or provides unsatisfactory results. The objective of this study is thus to provide a very simple alternative method for distortion correction and to demonstrate its efficiency. METHODS This correction relies on the nonlinear registration of echo‐planar imaging (EPI) acquisitions onto their corresponding undistorted non‐EPI T2 Star volume, and was tested on two independent groups of subjects undertaking the same paradigm but scanned with distinct EPI sequences. RESULTS This procedure was found to considerably decrease the mismatch between functional and anatomical data in both groups, as revealed through several quantitative and qualitative measures on both EPI volumes and activation maps. CONCLUSION This study describes a simple, rapid, and easily implementable method to significantly improve neuroanatomical accuracy of fMRI results localization, which may be relevant for future neuroimaging studies.
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE QUESTIONS
Authors: Jones Franklin T. 
Published: March 2010

This department is designed to serve as a medium for the exchange of ideas on questions and questioning in the sciences. Questions will be printed from various sources—college entrance examinations, text‐books, etc., etc. Comment is invited. Suggestions and criticisms as to character, adaptability, and usefulness are desired. Readers of this journal are invited to propose questions and problems which will be of general interest, or of a type which will be useful in the class‐room. It is not expected that questions which will not be useful to pupils will be frequently printed.Since the majority of the questions will be of a comparatively simple character, solutions and answers will not be published unless specif‐ically asked for. Teaching suggestions are wanted.