bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GOES‐4 failure investigated
Authors: Wilkinson Daniel C. 
Published: October 2011

The Visual Infrared Spin‐Scan Radiometer (VISSR) on board the western Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES‐4), failed at 0445 UT, November 26, 1982, as a series of intense storms descended on the California coast. The VISSR maps the earth and its cloud cover day and night and allows the tracking and forecasting of severe storm systems. This failure of the VISSR on board GOES‐4 deprived weather forecasters of an important means of tracking the nighttime progress of life‐threatening storms as they moved across the Pacific.The cause o f this critical satellite failure is of great interest to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), operators of the GOES network. A study now in progress should resolve the reason for failure and determine whether solar activity caused it. Figure 1 was prepared at the National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder, Colo., in response to a call for information about the earth's space environment at the time of the GOES‐4 failure.
Space science reference books
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center has recently produced a two‐volume reference detailing a wide range of information about the planets, their atmospheres, and their energy fields. Originally prepared by Marshall's Atmospheric Sciences Division as a guide for designing space vehicles, the report was 2 years in the making. It is now available to anyone who wants a handy reference on the current state of knowledge about the sun, planets, and smaller bodies of the solar system.Entitled “Space and Planetary Environment Criteria Guidelines for Use in Space Vehicle Development, 1982 Revision,” the two volumes each have fewer than 200 pages. Volume 1 treats the sun, terrestrial space, the moon, Mercury, Venus, and Mars in individual chapters. Volume 2 covers Jupiter, Jupiter's satellites, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, asteroids, comets, and interplanetary dust. Crammed with numbers, tables, and figures, the two volumes provide a wide range of data, such as the total energy flux of the sun and the mass density o f interplanetary dust.
Fossil records of volcanism
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Greenland glacial ice contains a fossil record of volcanic emissions transported in the stratosphere. C. V. Hammer, H. B. Clausen and W. Dansgaard (Nature, 288, 230, 1980) and M. W. Herron (Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 3052, 1982) noted peaks of relatively high acidity in the Greenland glacial stratigraphic record that are assumed to be due to precipitation of sulfuric acid aerosols after major volcanic eruptions. R. B. Stothers and M. R. Rampino of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York recently did a search of historical records and found an unexpected correlation of European volcano activity in the period 1500 B.C. to A.D. 1500 with dated acid maxima in Greenland ice (Science, 222, 411–412, 1983).Stothers and Rampino's soon‐to‐be‐reported search (Journal of Geophysical Research, in press) included examination of “about one quarter of a million pages of modern English test” (Science). In their analysis they took into account the statistical uncertainty of the icecore dates and the time lags that would be expected to delay the arrival of acid rain from distant European volcano sources. Of course the problem of the analysis is that whereas there are extensive records of European volcanos, there is precious little information on volcano activity that must have occurred during the same period in the western Pacific and in the western hemisphere. Beginning with the volcano in Thera, Greece, set at about 1450 B.C. (the volcano date having been determined from “archeology and legend”) and its Greenland ice acid peak date set at about 1390 B.C. (± 50, by radiocarbon methods), Stothers and Rampino correlate historical data through Vesuvius (217–216 B.C), Etna (44 B.C.), and others. There seems to be an acid peak to correlate in each instance in the data of Hammer et al.
Hubble Space Telescope
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Space Telescope, scheduled for launch aboard the Space Shuttle in 1986, has been renamed the Edwin P. Hubble Space Telescope, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced. The orbiting optical astronomical observatory will carry a 2.4‐m mirror and five scientific instruments that will be able to look into space 7 times farther than any ground‐based observatory; NASA expects the resolution of the resulting images to be 10–20 times better than images from ground‐based instruments.Hubble probably is best known for his discovery, with colleague Milton Humason, that the universe is expanding. Hubble confirmed that the faint, spiral nebulae viewed through the Mount Wilson Observatory's Hooker Telescope were distant systems receding from us at velocities proportional to their distances. Hubble was a staff member at Carnegie Institution's Mount Wilson Observatory near Pasadena, Calif., from 1919 until his death in 1953.
OTA Congressional Fellowship
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is seeking qualified candidates from academia, industry, and government for its Congresional Fellowship Program for 1984–1985. The program, similar to AGU's Congressional Fellowship Program, provides an opportunity for individuals who have demonstrated outstanding ability to gain a better understanding of science and technology issues facing Congress and the ways in which Congress establishes national policy related to these issues.OTA will select up to six fellows for a 1‐year program, to begin September 1984 on Capitol Hill. The fellowship is open to men and women of all disciplines who have demonstrated exceptional competency in the physical or biological sciences, engineering, law, economics, environmental and social sciences, or public policy. Candidates must have completed research and training at the doctoral level or have equivalent experience, as judged by the OTA selection committee. Salaries for successful candidates will range from $25,000 to $41,000 per year, based on the fellow's current salary and/or training and experience.
New radio telescope
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A new radio telescope to be placed atop 4205‐m‐high Mauna Kea in Hawaii will be the largest telescope of its kind ever built, and will open up previously unexplored submillimeter wavelengths to observation by astronomers when it begins operations in early 1986. The 10.4‐m diameter dish antenna is being constructed by the California Institute of Technology, using $3.9 million in funding from the National Science Foundation.The dish will be able to collect radio waves as short as a third of a millimeter, shorter than any other radio telescope now in operation. This will allow investigation of a new region of the spectrum important to the study of interstellar molecular clouds, among other celestial objects.
[Comment on “Opportunities for research in the geological sciences”] Geologic research opportunities
Authors: Macdonald Ken C. 
Published: October 2011

I read with great interest the recent account in Eos of the National Research Council's Board of Earth Sciences (BES) report on “Opportunities for Research in the Geological Sciences,” and find the report to be an excellent summary of exciting research areas in continental geology (Eos, December 20, 1983, p. 985). However, the title of the report implies that the earth sciences as a whole are treated, and as such the report is plagued by several glaring omissions. It is important that these omissions be recognized because, as mentioned in Eos, this report will be used by government administrators to set priorities for future emphasis in federal funding.The neglected topics include marine geology and geophysics, plate tectonics, paleoceanography, and paleoclimatology. Ironically, these may have been neglected because research in these areas has been so successful in the last 2 decades. As an aftermath to the extraordinary breakthrough related to marine geology and plate tectonics in the 1960s and 1970s, there has developed an atmosphere that I call the “post‐plate‐tectonic blues.” Indeed, the discovery and verification of plate tectonics is a tough act to follow, and so it is natural for the pendulum to swing toward important problems in continental geology. While such a swing is an understandable response to the last 2 decades, it is dangerously short sighted.
Reply [to Comment on “Opportunities for research in the geological sciences”]
Authors: Dickinson William R. 
Published: October 2011

In response to Professor Macdonald's letter regarding Opportunities for Research in the Geological Sciences, I would like to point out the following considerations.1. The report itself states on page 1 that it “examines those research opportunities that are pertinent to the programs of the National Science Foundation's Division of Earth Sciences.”
Fellowships in India
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

In an effort to encourage stronger research ties between India and the United States, the Indo‐U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture is offering 12 long‐term and 9 short‐term research fellowships in India in 1985 and 1986. The only requirement is that the applicants be U.S. citizens at the postdoctoral or equivalent postdoctoral level. The awards have no restrictions as to field of study, and because the program seeks to open new channels of communication between academic and professional groups in the two countries, those who have had little or no experience in India are especially encouraged to apply.The long‐term fellowships are for 6 to 10 months, with a monthly allowance of $1500. Long‐term fellows will also receive travel money and allowances for dependents. The short‐term awards, for periods of 2 to 3 months, also offer a monthly payment of $1500. Funding for these fellowships is provided by the U.S. Information Agency, the National Science Foundation, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Government of India.
Stochastic hydraulics
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Fourth IAHR International Symposium on Stochastic Hydraulics, cosponsored by AGU and the American Society of Civil Engineers, will be held July 31–August 2, 1984, at Urbana, 111. About 40 papers selected from submitted abstracts will be presented in the symposium.Topics covered will include (but not be limited to) the following areas: risk and reliability analysis; safety of dams and other hydraulic structures; stochastic models; and stochastic processes of hydraulic and hydrologic phenomena such as turbulence, sediment transport, dispersion and diffusion, and random waves.The proceedings of the Second International Conference, held in Urbana, Illinois, in June 1981, are available from Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo., under the title, “Urban Stormwater Hydraulics and Hydrology” and “Urban Stormwater Quality, Management, and Planning.”
Rocks of low permeability
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The 17th International Congress of the IAH (International Association of Hydrogeologists) will meet in Tucson, Ariz., January 7–10, 1985. The deadline for abstracts is March 1, 1984, and final papers are due October 15, 1984.The topic of the congress will be “Hydrogeology of Rocks of Low Permeability,” and speakers will include W. Back, J. F. Bredehoeft, G. de Marsily, J. E. Gale, P. Fritz, L. W. Gelhar, G. E. Grisak, C. W. Kreitler, M. R. Llamas, T. N. Narasimhan, I. Neretnieks, and E. P. Weeks. The congress will conclude with a panel discussion moderated by S. P. Neuman. Panelists include S. N. Davis, G. de Marsily, R. A. Freeze, P. A. Witherspoon, and I. Neretnieks.
Salt lake at record levels
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Utah's Great Salt Lake rose 1.6 m between September 1982 and June 1983, the greatest seasonal rise measured in 136 years of record, according to a report published by Ted Arnow, chief of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Resources District Office in Salt Lake City. The lake, which continued to rise after Arnow wrote his report, rose 25 cm in December, a record for a 1‐month period. On January 1 the lake's height was measured at 1282.03 m above sea level, the highest since 1887.The combined effects of above average rainfall in 1982, above average snowfall in the autumn of 1982 and the spring of 1983, and unseasonably cool weather during the spring of 1983 led to the record rise.
Fusion energy breakthrough
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The physics of harnessing nuclear fusion as a heat source is not well known. No such power generator has been made yet and significant breakthroughs will be necessary before the concept is proven. All such advances in energy research are followed with keen interest by geophysicists. One such breakthrough was made recently at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in experiments with a model Tokamak fusion reactor.The MIT experimental high‐field nuclear fusion reactor with the name of Alcator‐C experienced a large technological advance when its operating parameters exceeded the socalled “Lawson criterion,” one of the minimum requirements of a successful nuclear fusion power generator. The nuclear fusion of hydrogen to form helium releases heat, but to make such a process workable for a power plant, there must be a sizable efficiency in the ratio of energy input to bring about the reaction to the thermal energy released by the reaction, and even this advance falls far short of the breakeven point. The advance is, however, a great step in the learning curve about fusion magnetohydrodynamic plasma systems.
USGS revises hazards criteria
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

New criteria and terms have been adopted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for issuing formal statements to government officials and the public about geologic hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.The new, two‐category system comprises a formal notice, called a hazard warning, and an informal notification for forwarding relevant but less critical information to public officials.
VLBA: Earth science and astrophysics
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

New methods to extend current knowledge in plate tectonics and in astronomy will result from applications of the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) project planned for continental scale (Eos, March 6, 1984, p. 84). Ten powerful radiotelescopes will be positioned as elements of the array extending from Puerto Rico to Alaska. According to a report of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Board on Physics and Astronomy, the antenna array will help investigators to “…grapple with the mysteries of quasars and galactic nuclei…[and]… will also prove useful in answering down‐to‐earth questions, including the ‘whys’ and ‘hows’ of earthquakes.”The project, as listed in the Reagan Administration's current budget, will cost $50 million. Partial operation of the array could begin as early as 1987.
Geoscience salaries up by 10.8%
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

According to a recent salary survey of over 4000 scientists in all fields by Research and Development (March 1984) geoscientists ranked fourth place for 1984. Mathematics, aeronautical engineering, and metallurgy had higher median salaries, but the discipline of geoscience had a higher median salary than that of physics, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, ceramics, chemistry, industrial engineering, biology, and other fields of research and development. The 1984 median salary for geoscientists was $40,950, up from the median value by 10.8%. In 1983, geoscience was ranked in ninth place.The geoscientist profile for 1984 was not unusual. The median age was 47.5 years, and the median years of experience was 18. Geoscientists are the best educated. Eighty‐two percent of the geoscientists polled had advanced degrees beyond the bachelor's degree. Fifty‐six percent of the geoscientists had the Ph.D. degree.
Mineralogy and Petrology Grant
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) is now accepting applications for its third biennial grant for research in mineralogy and petrology, which will be awarded in 1985. The grant is for $1500: There are no restrictions on how the money is to be spent, as long as it is used in the support of research.The only restriction on eligibility is that the grantee must be between 20 and 30 years of age.The winner will be chosen by the MSA council next fall, based on the recommendation of a committee appointed by the society's president.
Seismic cross sections of the upper mantle
Authors: Anderson Don L. 
Published: October 2011

Surface wave tomography is being used to map the seismic velocity and anisotropy of the upper mantle on a global basis [Nataf et al., Anisotropy and shear‐velocity heterogeneities in the upper mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 109‐112, 1984].The color figure shows cross sections of the upper 670 km of the mantle. (Note previous example published on the cover of Eos, April 17, 1984.) VSV is the velocity of vertically polarized shear waves, averaged with respect to azimuth. The orange regions are slow, presumably hot, regions of the mantle, although VSV can below due to crystal orientation, or anisotropy, as well as to high temperature. The ambiguity is removed by studying the anisotropy. The parameter XI is related to VSH‐VSV, the difference in velocity between the two polarizations of shear waves. Olivine crystals oriented with the fast axis in the horizontal plane would give positive XI. This would be the expected situation for horizontal flow. Vertical flow is expected to give negative XI for an olivine‐rich mantle. The cross sections for XI, with this interpretation, would be orange in regions of ascending and descending flow.
GRL new editor
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

William Lowrie of the Institut fur Geophysik in Zurich has been appointed as a coeditor of Geophysical Research Letters. He replaces K.J. Hsu on the editorial board.Papers intended for publication in GRL may be submitted to any of the coeditors, whose names and addresses appear below. In most cases, the coeditor who receives a submission will arrange for review of the paper and will notify the author of revisions that may be needed. A submission should include four copies of the paper and the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of five suggested referees. A copy of the paper should also be sent to the Editorial Office in Ann Arbor, Mich., and another copy sent to the Publications Division of the American Geophysical Union in Washington, D. C.
New undersea research unit
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The first cold‐water activity under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Undersea Research Program will begin in the Gulf of Maine in August, according to NOAA Administrator John V. Byrne. The prime objective of the new activity will be to survey ocean dumping grounds and to study the productivity of the area's valuable fish resources. (The World Court is currently deciding on the fishing boundary between the United States and Canada in and around the Gulf of Maine.)Detailed maps of dumpsites off Portland, Maine, and Boston, Mass., will be made, followed by an assessment of the effects dumping has on marine life. Dredge spoil is dumped offshore from Portland; a variety of material—from dredge spoil to munitions—is dumped off Boston.
Mapping the EEZ
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A cooperative, multi‐year program to map the largely uncharted Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), begun last month, has the potential for piggybacking scientific observations and research. On March 10, 1983, President Ronald Reagan proclaimed the mineral‐rich zone as the area between the U.S. shoreline and 200 nautical miles outward. The United States has sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation, and management of all living and nonliving resources within the zone.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) will cooperate in the project that will map an area nearly twice the area of U.S. land. USGS responsibilities include definition of seafloor geology and definition of geological processes and resources, including sand and gravel, placers, phosphorites, manganese nodules, cobalt crusts, and sulfides (Eos, March 20, 1984, p. 105). NOAA, meanwhile, will be surveying, mapping, analyzing resources, and managing fisheries.
In Congress: Year of ocean
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

On June 8, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution (S.J.Res. 257) proclaiming the year beginning July 1, 1984, as the Year of the Ocean. The resolution has been sent to the House of Representatives for its consideration.The resolution echoes the title and the objectives of the national celebration of the oceans and their products, slated to begin on July 1 with Ocean Day (Eos, April 24, 1984, p. 326). Specifically, the resolution requests President Reagan to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe such a celebration with appropriate activities.
Spring streamflow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Rapid snowmelt and heavy rains caused one of the wettest Mays on record last month, although signs of a drier season were present in a few scattered areas, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior.Reflecting overall conditions, the combined average daily flow of the nation's three major rivers was 36% above the long‐term average for May, the USGS said in its regular monthly report on the nation's water resources. These rivers—the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and Columbia—drain more than half of the 48 conterminous states, and their flows provide a useful check on the general status of U.S. water resources.
The Scientific Management of Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Porter Keith S. 
Published: October 2011

According to the jacket of this book, three independent scientists carefully define the limits of scientific knowledge applicable to the management of hazardous wastes. It is claimed that the extrapolation and application of this knowledge is examined, significant areas of uncertainty are identified, and the authors reveal “the fallibility of certain interpretations.” It would be more accurate to claim these as possible goals of the book rather than its accomplishments.Chapter 1, Hazardous Wastes and Their Recycling Potential, includes 11 pages of lists of chemicals, some of which are poorly reproduced. The remaining pages describe, superficially, several recycling schemes. Connections between the chemicals previously listed and the recycling schemes are not given. Concerning the potential for recycling, the last sentence of the chapter reads, “Indeed, the concept of waste recycling, itself a contradiction in terms, is better politics than business.” Taken literally, this assertion itself contradicts venerable practice, as the farmer might observe as he transfers waste from his cows to the crops in his field. More pertinently, it can be argued that the recovery of solvents, metals, and oil from waste flows is much more than a political gesture.