bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Apical Root Cracking Following Retrofill Placement in Vitro
Authors: Simon J. H. S. , Wilkinson F. J. , Bezan K. T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractForty‐eight freshly extracted human teeth were bevelled with high or low speed fissure burs and then retrofilled using zinc or non‐zinc containing amalgam. The teeth were stained, photographed and examined for cracks at time of bevelling at amalgam placement, and then at six, twelve, twenty‐four, and thirty months following preparation.During this time, the teeth were stored in normal saline and incubated at 37°C. Crack formation occurred at various times during the experiment. After bevelling and retrofitting 27% of the cracks occurred, at six months an additional 6% developed and at one year an additional 44 % were observed to have cracks. A total of 18 of the 48 teeth (37%) showed cracks by the 30th month, with 77% of the cracks appearing by the end of the first year.The use of low speed and zinc amalgam is no more likely to cause cracking than high speed and non‐zinc amalgam when measured at thirty months.
Changing Engines of Growth in China: From Exports, FDI and Marketization to Innovation and Exports
Authors: Jin Furong , Lee Keun , Kim Yee‐Kyoung 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the changing sources of growth in post‐reform China. Using cross‐province regressions, this paper finds that, in earlier periods, exports, foreign direct investment and marketization were significantly related to per capita income growth, whereas since the late 1990s, foreign direct investment and marketization have lost their significance and have been replaced by new sources of growth, such as innovation and knowledge, with only exports continuing to be important. This finding is robust after controlling for other variables representing other economic policies and provincial characteristics. We also tackle the possible endogeneity of innovation variables using the instrumental variables estimation method.
OVERWINTERING OF WHITE SHRIMP IN ESTUARINE IMPOUNDMENTS IN LOUISIANA3
Authors: Harris Alva H. , Kilgen Ronald H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWhite shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) stocked into a 7.7 ha, closedoff, oil pipeline canal survived winter water temperatures as low as 9 C. Shrimp averaged 4 g in October, 1972, and 26 8 by May, 1973. Salinity averaged 23.0 ppt.
Research on the Culturing of the Brine Shrimp Artemia salina L. At the State University of Ghent (Belgium)
Authors: Sorgeloos P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn the framework of research on mariculture at the Belgian Institute for Marine Scientific Research (I.Z.W.O.), the Laboratory for Biological Research in Environmental Pollution at the State University of Ghent is focusing on culturing problems of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina.
Semi‐Closed System Culture of the Northern Puffer, Sphoeroides Maculatus
Authors: Valenti Robert J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTJapanese aquaculturists have contributed greatly to the culture technology of Pacific puffer fish of the genera Fugu, which presently rank second only to the yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata) in total annual tons cultured in Japan. Culture of the Atlantic puffer fish of the genera Sphoeroides, however, has received little attention despite its high commercial value.Adult northern puffers (Sphoeroides maculatus) were collected from local waters in the spring and summer and maintained in both open and closed sea water systems. Eggs were stripped onto glass plates and fertilization was achieved using the wet method. One hundred percent fertilization and approximately 90% hatching were obtained when specially designed incubation chambers were used. The time from fertilization to hatching was 72 hours at 24 C and the newly hatched larvae were between 1.9 and 2.4 mm in length. Yolk sac absorption required 2–3 days at 24 C, during which time feeding was not observed. The larvae were maintained in 160–liter algal bloom systems using a Chlorella sp. and were fed marine rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, as a first food. Newly hatched Artemia salina were provided 10 days post‐hatching. Thirty days posthatching the fish were given a prepared fish diet which they readily accepted and are presently being maintained.Cannibalism was observed to occur when the fish were approximately 20 days old and did not appear to be correlated to stocking densities or size. This behavior ceased when the fish were eating the prepared fish flesh diet.
Experimental Marine Cage Culture Of Striped Bass In Northern Waters
Authors: Valenti Robert J. , Aldred John , Hebell Joseph 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStriped bass fingerlings of two sizes, 1.7 and 6.0g, were stocked in the fall of 1974 into floating cages placed in a sea water lagoon off of Shelter Island, New York. Duplicate stocking densities of 100, 200, 300 and 400 fish per 1.82m3 cage were established. Low water temperature (1.0 C) occurred in January and February 1975 and resulted in heavy mortality of the caged fish. In order to prevent the complete loss they were removed and overwintered in indoor pools from February until June at which time they were restocked in the floating cages at densities of 50 and 90 fish per cage. The mean growth rates by stocking densities indicated that fastest growth occurred with 100 fish per cage.Owing to mishaps which included escapes from the cages and mortalities, only 14% of the fingerlings stocked were harvestable as 0.25 and 0.5 Kg fish in the fall of 1975. The mean dress‐out weight of these 280 fish was 81%. Relative food conversion values were between 1.4 and 1.8:1.
The Culture Of Black Drum (Pogonias Cromis) In Cages Receiving Effluent From A Power Plant
Authors: Holt Rennie S. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBlack drum (Pogonias cromis) were cultured from 17 June 1974, until 15 May 1975, in 0.16 m3 cylindrical cages in the plant intake water and in heated effluent at stations 1, 2, and 3 located increasing distances from the inlet of the once‐through 1053 ha cooling lake of an upper Galveston Bay electric generating station. All caged drum died at the intake station by 12 November, while survival during summer and fall (17 June‐19 November, 155 days) was 97% or higher at all stations in the cooling lake. Survival during winter and spring was poor with complete mortality occurring by 11 January, 9 May and 15 May at stations 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Deaths were associated with periods of poor water quality due to heavy rainfall and resultant low salinities. Intake water was the most variable in salinity while changes were less extreme and not as sudden as the effluent moved through the lake resulting in greater survival of fish at more distance stations. During summer and fall greatest mean daily length and weight gains, recorded at station 3, were 0.60 mm/day and 0.98 g/day, respectively. Food conversion values ranged from 3.56 for drum in a cage at station 3 to 48.44 for a cage of drum at the intake. During winter and spring (20 November‐15 May, 177 days) growth continued, but mean daily length and weight gains were very small (0.07 mm/day and 0.17 g/day—station 3). The length‐weight relationship and standard length‐total length conversion equations for drum cultured in cages are: log W = ‐9.861 + 2.868 (log SL) and TL = 3.426 + 1.236 (SL).
Growth Of Clam And Oyster Larvae On Different Algal Diets In A Tropical Artificial Upwelling Mariculture System1
Authors: Sunderlin Judith B. , Baab Phyllis T. , Patry Elaine M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFeeding studies were conducted on larvae of Tapes japonica (Deshayes), Kumamoto oysters, Ostrea edulis Linné, and Crassostrea gigas Thunberg to evaluate different species of algae and their influence on larval growth and survival. Phytoplankton used in the studies were: Isochrysis galbana, Monochrysis lutheri, Bellerochea polymorpha, Thalassiosira pseudonana, and two unknown Cryptophyte flagellates (STX‐157 and S‐1).Larvae were obtained from spawning of adult brood stock in the controlled environment of the artificial upwelling mariculture system in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Salinity was 34.75 to 34.95 ppt and the water temperature varied between 23 and 28 C during the experiments.Tapes japonica larvae could be successfully reared through metamorphosis on algal diets suited for growth in the tropical mariculture system on St. Croix. Mixtures of algal diets were better for growth and survival of Kumamoto larvae than unialgal diets. No significant information could be obtained from the Ostrea edulis study due to poor survival of larval cultures which may have been caused by high temperatures. Crassostrea gigas larvae grew well on a mixed diet and survival was significantly higher than that for the Kumamoto oyster larvae.
Experimental Extensive Culture Of Penaeid Shrimp In A Simulated Dredged Material Disposal Area1
Authors: Quick Joe A. , Morris Joe A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTLarge amounts of soil and sediment are removed during dredging operations that dig channels, deepen harbors, and accomplish other activities necessary to maintain our navigable waters. Much of this dredged material must be disposed of in diked land disposal sites. The soft consistency of most of these sediments makes these containment areas unavailable for usual productive uses, such as agriculture, for periods of months or years.Shrimp mariculture in seawater overlying the sediment in disposal sites was proposed as a possible use of these areas. A preliminary evaluation was made by simulating a containment area.The bottoms of two 0.1 ha (1/4 acre) shrimp culture ponds were covered with a thick layer of freshly dredged channel sediment. Two adjacent ponds served as controls. All four ponds were fertilized and stocked with hatchery reared postlarval brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus). No supplemental food was provided. At harvest 3 months later, average survival was 75%. Shrimp in the ponds containing dredged materials grew 30% faster than controls averaging 3.95 g. each (185 count per pound). The harvest rate averaged 100 kg. (220 pounds) per acre and was 19% higher in the experimental ponds.
The Role Of The Electric Utilities Industry In Developing The Use Of Thermal Effluent In Aquaculture
Authors: Muench Kevin A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEconomic and operating returns from utilization of waste heat in thermal effluent would be important benefits to the electric utilities industry and could contribute toward easing the burden on our energy resources. Aquaculture at power plant sites is one means of achieving these benefits. Waste heat can be used to accelerate the growth rates of marketable marine animals, and thereby reduce production time and costs.Several large public utilities have recognized the potential benefits of thermal effluent for aquaculture to such an extent that they are supporting laboratory, pilot, and commercial‐scale operations. One such project, sponsored by the Southern California Edison Company, is described. Criteria for selection of pilot and commercial‐scale aquaculture sites at generating stations, such as high temperature changes and stable effluent temperatures, water quality, and adequate space, are considered.Research is underway on the biology and culturing requirements of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) with thermal effluent as a culturing medium. Several problems remain to be solved and are under investigation. These include brood stock management, nutrition, and the development and evaluation of culture systems suitable for commercial production. Pilot‐scale lobster aquaculture will depend on the results of this work. The pilot plant itself will be employed as a research tool, the last phase of a program to demonstrate a successful aquaculture technology involving use of thermal effluent.
Model Flow Studies Of A Rectangular Shrimp Larval Tank1
Authors: Zielinski Paul B. , Castro Walter E. , Sandifer Paul A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSimulated food and detritus particles in ranges of #10 (0.2cm) to #30 (0.042cm) sieve sizes were used in determination of particle settlement locations for a range of flow rates in a 3.6m by 1.2m by 0.9m tank. An inflow manifold was used in which the number of inlet openings was varied. A range of flow rates from 10 to 50 tank volumes per day was used to determine the conditions for complete particle suspension. Velocity measurements were obtained and compared to particle scouring velocities.Several conclusions were obtained as a guide to utilizing a flow scheme in rectangular larval tanks. The use of a streamlined geometry stabilizes the flow and channels deposits into compact areas. There is a correlation between the measured velocities, the scouring velocities and the locations of settled deposits. Other experimental findings are presented.
GROWTH RATES OF Pacrobrachium rosenbergii GROWN IN PONDS IN SOUTH FLORIDA1
Authors: Dobkin S. , Chwang N.L. , Van Arman P.G. , Holland D.H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGrowth rates for Macrobrachium rosenbergii raised in ponds in south Florida are discussed. Maximum growth was exhibited by a brood reared in ponds from mid‐May to the end of November, 1975 (251 days total age). At the end of this period, the 331 animals that remained averaged 13.6 cm. in length and 31.0 gms. in weight. Growth rates are presented for other broods of shrimp including one raised to an age of 452 days. The growth of shrimp raised in south Florida is compared with published growth rates of shrimp raised in Hawaii.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS OF THE FRESHWATER SHRIMP, Macrobrachium ohione1
Authors: Miyajima Lester S. , Broderick Glen A. , Reimer Rollin D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe essential amino acids of the freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione were identified by radioactive assay using U‐14C‐glucose. Those amino acids which incorporated little or no 14C were arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. It was inferred that Macrobrachium ohione could not synthesize these amino acids and thus, has a dietary requirement for them.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN) CULTURE IN POLYNESIA: PROGRESS IN DEVELOPING A MASS INTENSIVE LARVAL REARING TECHNIQUE IN CLEAR WATER
Authors: Aquacop  
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTo develop Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) culture in French Polynesia, a high density larval rearing method in clear water for post‐larvae mass production has been set up by the “Centre Océanologique du Pacifique“.Based on three years of experiments, a production of 60 postlarvae per liter in 800‐liter tank was obtained. The methodology (conical bottom tank, static system with one total daily water exchange, no phytoplankton), the environmental conditions (temperature, light, color of the tank), the water quality control (chlorination, antibiotics, aeration), the larval food (quality and quantity) are given and discussed.The model was used to build a hatchery on a pilot scale (capacity 600,000 post‐larvae every 2 month). Due to a high level of control of the system, this method could be used in any environment.
ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE LOBSTER, Homarus americanus: A REVALUATION1
Authors: Conklin D. E. , Goldblatt M. J. , Bordner C. E. , Baum N. A. , McCormick T. B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe lack of reliable artificial rations is commonly cited as a major impediment in the development of an economically viable aquaculture industry. Research efforts leading to adequate crustacean diets have been especially slow. Recent experiments carried out at the Bodega Marine Laboratory and the University of California at Davis with lobster rations serve to illustrate the problems associated with defining nutritional requirements of crustaceans.Data are presented relating shell erosion in juvenile lobsters to a nutritional deficiency. Results from additional experiments on lobster consumption patterns and on the leaching of water‐soluble nutrients are related to this deficiency. The total of these experiments suggests that a revaluation of the current approach to crustacean diet development will be required before further progress can be made.
IMPROVED FACILITIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE OF LOBSTERS
Authors: Conklin D. E. , Bordner C. E. , Garrett R. E. , Coffelt R. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractExperimental culture facilities for juvenile lobsters have been improved, resulting in more uniform water quality, and greater precision of experimental results. Water‐powered rotating arms distribute freshly treated water throughout the system, and a mechanism for rapid flushing aids in maintaining water quality and removing solid waste. These systems which can be used for other benthic invertebrates now provide culture conditions close to optimum for highly controlled nutrition experiments.
MODELING CARRYING CAPACITIES FOR BIVALVE MOLLUSCS IN OPEN, SUSPENDED‐CULTURE SYSTEMS
Authors: Incze Lewis S. , Lutz Richard A. , True Ernest 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStandard accounting procedures in ecological energetics would approach the carrying capacity problem by attempting to quantify gross energy needs of a cultivated population and comparing these with “available” energy (seston) flow through the culture area. Inability to distinguish between “available” and “utilizable” particles is only one of several difficulties encountered in formulating energy budgets for large‐scale cultivation in natural waters, however. A model based on maintaining critical levels of particle flow through culture areas is offered as an alternative. This approach reduces the problem to terms which are easier to obtain than those involved in equations of energy flow. Application of the model depends on a priori knowledge that seasonal patterns in seston composition and other environmental conditions are conducive to growth of the cultivated species.
THE USE OF HORSESHOE CRABS AS EEL BAIT
Authors: Bianchini Marco L. , Sorensen Peter W. , Winn Howard E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFreshly killed male and female horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) and alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) were tested as bait for freshwater eels (Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur)) in a Rhode Island estuary. Horseshoe crabs were superior to alewives and the heads of female horseshoe crabs were superior to their tails. Male crabs produced catches between those of the female heads and tails. When divided by the weight of the bait, catch rates of all horseshoe crab baits were similar. Horseshoe crabs might be useful in the commercial culture of eels.
OPTIMAL SALINITY‐TEMPERATURE COMBINATIONS FOR THE EARLY LIFE STAGES OF GILTHEAD BREAM, Sparus auratus L.
Authors: Freddi A. , Berg L. , Bilio M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHigh larval mortalities during rearing of gilthead bream, Sparus auratus L., led to experiments on the influence of salinity and temperature on eggs and yolk‐sac larvae. Test salinities ranged from 5 to 70 ppt for eggs and from 15 to 45 ppt for larvae; experimental temperatures were 18–20°C for eggs and 18, 23 and 26°C for larvae. Spawning conditions were 18–20°C and 33–35 ppt salinity; the yolk‐sac larvae were chosen from hatches obtained under similar conditions (18°C and 35 ppt salinity). For eggs the optimum survival range was found to be 30–50 ppt at 18°C and 15–60 ppt at 23°C, while that for yolk‐sac larvae was 15–25 ppt at all three temperatures. Choosing normal development (no dorsal curvature) as the decisive criterion, the optimum salinity range for egg incubation was reduced to 30–40 ppt at 18°C and to 35–45 ppt at 23°C, while that for the yolk‐sac stage remained 15–25 ppt at all test temperatures. Egg incubation was most successful at salinity‐temperature combinations close to those during spawning, whereas salinity had to be reduced by at least 10 ppt for yolk‐sac larvae.
FURTHER EXPERIENCES IN THE INTENSIVE CULTURE OF SEABREAM (Sparus aurata L.)
Authors: Mazzola Antonio , Rallo Baldassare 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study considered the possibility of intensive culture methods for seabream (Sparus aurata L.). The methods and systems used are pointed out, with particular emphasis on hygienic conditions and daily water needs of production ponds. In this paper are descriptions of the diets followed, the feeding composition (percentage), and the quantities (percentage of body weight) distributed during the different growth periods. The final survival percentage and the increasing weight and total length of seabream juveniles are reported. These results may be considered quite satisfactory, especially in regard to the final feed conversion.
POLYCULTURE OF THE FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) WITH TWO COMBINATIONS OF CARPS IN MANURED PONDS
Authors: Buck Homer , Malecha S. R. , Baur R. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA study was conducted to 1) evaluate the compatibility of prawns (Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii) with carps, especially the effect of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio); and 2) measure the ability of prawns to utilize the foods available in manured systems. Carps used were the silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio).Four ponds (0.09 to 0.17 ha) were stocked with silver, bighead and grass carps while common carp were stocked in only two ponds. Total fish densities were 8,600/ha where four carps were stocked, but only 6,200/ha when common carp were omitted. Post‐larval prawns (wt 0.116 g) were stocked at densities of 17/m2. Swine (approximately 60/ha of pond surface area) were housed on pond dikes so that fresh manure continuously entered each pond. Two lots of swine were fattened during the experimental period and loadings of swine manure were calculated based on hog size and feed consumption.Growth periods were 163 days for fish and 107 and 121 days for separate stockings of prawns. Gains in biomass by prawns averaged 714 kg/ha in ponds without common carp and 364 kg/ha in ponds containing common carp. Gains in biomass for both fish and prawns were 3,619 kg/ha (19.8 kg/ha/day) in ponds with common carp and 2,924 kg/ha (18.0 kg/ha/day) in those without common carp. Prawn survival was higher (X = 84.5% vs X = 72.5%), but final average weight of prawns was lower (2.64 vs 5.86 g) in the presence of common carp due to competition for food between common carp and prawns. Competition from carp is believed to have exerted less influence on prawn survival than predation on small prawns by larger, faster‐growing prawns.
ACUTE TOXICITY OF PROPANIL, ORDRAM AND FURADAN TO CRAWFISH (Procambarus clarkii) WHEN CHEMICALS WERE COMBINED AND USED ALONE1
Authors: Ekanem S. B. , Avault James W. , Graves Jerry B. , Morris H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn laboratory studies, acute toxicity tests (96‐hour) showed strong main effect on crawfish when Propanil, Ordram, and Furadan were combined; this combination was the most toxic treatment to crawfish. Furthermore, a strong interaction among the three suggests a non‐additive response. Ordram alone was the least toxic pesticide. Additive effect was observed when Furadan was combined with Ordram or Propanil, but antagonism was detected in the combination of Propanil with Ordram. Concentrations higher than the recommended rate for use at normal conditions had a significant (P<0.05) lethal effect on crawfish. Soil moderated the toxicity of some pesticides and their combinations.