bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explosive eruption of coal and basalt and the end-Permian mass extinction
Authors: Ogden Darcy E. , Sleep Norman H. 
Published: December 2011

The end-Permian extinction decimated up to 95% of carbonate shell-bearing marine species and 80% of land animals. Isotopic excursions, dissolution of shallow marine carbonates, and the demise of carbonate shell-bearing organisms suggest global warming and ocean acidification. The temporal association of the extinction with the Siberia flood basalts at approximately 250 Ma is well known, and recent evidence suggests these flood basalts may have mobilized carbon in thick deposits of organic-rich sediments. Large isotopic excursions recorded in this period are potentially explained by rapid venting of coal-derived methane, which has primarily been attributed to metamorphism of coal by basaltic intrusion. However, recently discovered contemporaneous deposits of fly ash in northern Canada suggest large-scale combustion of coal as an additional mechanism for rapid release of carbon. This massive coal combustion may have resulted from explosive interaction with basalt sills of the Siberian Traps. Here we present physical analysis of explosive eruption of coal and basalt, demonstrating that it is a viable mechanism for global extinction. We describe and constrain the physics of this process including necessary magnitudes of basaltic intrusion, mixing and mobilization of coal and basalt, ascent to the surface, explosive combustion, and the atmospheric rise necessary for global distribution.
Sub-200 ps spin transfer torque switching in in-plane magnetic tunnel junctions with interface perpendicular anisotropy
Authors: Zhao Hui , Glass Brian , Amiri Pedram Khalili , Lyle Andrew , Zhang Yisong , Chen Yu-Jin , Rowlands Graham , Upadhyaya Pramey , Zeng Zhongming , Katine J A , Langer Juergen , Galatsis Kosmas , Jiang Hongwen , Wang Kang L , Krivorotov Ilya N , Wang Jian-Ping 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Ultrafast spin transfer torque (STT) switching in an in-plane MgO magnetic tunnel junction with 50 nm×150 nm elliptical shape was demonstrated in this paper. Switching speeds as short as 165 ps and 190 ps at 50% and 98% switching probabilities, respectively, were observed without external field assistance in a thermally stable junction with a 101% tunnelling magnetoresistance ratio. The minimum writing energy of P-AP switching for 50% and 98% switching probability are 0.16 pJ and 0.21 pJ, respectively. The observed ultrafast switching is believed to occur because of partially cancelled out-of-plane demagnetizing field in the free layer from interface perpendicular anisotropy between the MgO layer and the Co20Fe60B20 layer. High J/J
c0 ratio and magnetization nucleation at the edge of free layer, which result from the reduced perpendicular demagnetizing field, are possibly two major factors that contribute to the ultrafast STT switching.
Large memory window and good retention characteristics of ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistor with Pt/Bi3.4Ce0.6Ti3O12/CeO2/Si structure
Authors: Jiang Bo , Tang Minghua , Li Jiancheng , Xiao Yongguang , Tang Zhenhua , Cai Haiquan , Lv Xiaosong , Zhou Yichun 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Bi4−x
Ce
x
Ti3 O12(x = 0.0, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0) ferroelectric-thin films were fabricated by chemical solution deposition. Among these thin film samples, Bi3.4Ce0.6Ti3O12 (BCT) exhibits the best ferroelectric property. An n-channel metal–ferroelectric–insulator–silicon (MFIS) ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistor (FeFET) with Pt/BCT/CeO2/Si structure was fabricated and characterized. Due to the relatively good interface properties between the insulator layer (CeO2) and ferroelectric-gate layer (BCT), the device shows a nearly unchanged memory window of about 3.2 V after a 24 h retention test and a field-effect mobility of approximately 24.6 cm2 V−1 s−1. These results suggest that the Pt/BCT/CeO2/Si FeFET is suitable for high-performance ferroelectric memory application.
Direct current superposed dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasmas in selective etching of SiOCH over SiC
Authors: Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Komuro Tatsuya , Koshimizu Chishio , Takashima Seigo , Takeda Keigo , Kondo Hiroki , Ishikawa Kenji , Sekine Makoto , Hori Masaru 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Superpositioning of negative dc bias in dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasmas (dc-superposed (DS)-CCP) was realized for the selective etching of carbon-doped silicon oxide (SiOCH) films over carbon-doped amorphous silicon (SiC) films, while the dc bias exceeded about −800 V. When a dc bias of −1200 V was superposed on 60 MHz VHF power on the top electrode opposed to a wafer on the bottom electrode biased with 13.56 MHz power, a selectivity of above 50 for SiOCH over SiC was obtained. From characterization of the plasma density and various chemical species in the gaseous phase, such as CF2, CF and atomic N, the density of CF2 significantly decreased with the application of dc bias ranging from −800 to −1200 V. This indicated that CF2 radicals were consumed at the surface of the counter electrode which was made of silicon. The bulk densities of the species including CF2 were decreased, especially due to excess surface loss caused by the bombardment of highly energetic ions accelerated by the superposed dc bias, as well as the rf sheath for the superposition of the negative dc bias. The DS-CCP technology is thus concluded to be indispensable for yielding highly selective etching of SiOCH over SiC.
Influence of the oxygen partial pressure and post-deposition annealing on the structure and optical properties of ZnO films grown by dc magnetron sputtering at room temperature
Authors: Yuste M , Escobar Galindo R , Caretti I , Torres R , Sánchez O 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A systematic study for the optimization of the deposition process of ZnO thin films grown by dc magnetron sputtering at room temperature was carried out using different oxygen partial pressures and deposition times. We have established a correlation between the oxygen partial pressure, the chemical composition and the crystalline structure of the films.
Stoichiometric and highly oriented ZnO thin films along the (0 0 2) crystal plane with very good optical performance were obtained for a relative oxygen gas flow of 20% in the gas mixture. Higher O2 concentrations resulted in non-stoichiometric ZnO with an excess of oxygen, which exhibited a lower degree of crystallinity and slightly higher band-gap energy.
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis indicated that this excess of oxygen was incorporated in molecular form inducing a reduction in the crystallinity of the material. Post-deposition annealing treatments up to 500 °C significantly improved their crystallinity as confirmed by x-ray diffraction and XANES. Therefore, it has been found that it is possible to grow ZnO at room temperature with high crystal quality and good optical response by controlling the growth conditions.
Charge trapping at organic/self-assembly molecule interfaces studied by electrical switching behaviour in a crosspoint structure
Authors: Li Yun , Liu Chuan , Pan Lijia , Pu Lin , Tsukagoshi Kazuhito , Shi Yi 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Charge trapping at organic/self-assembly molecule (SAM) interfaces is studied by the electrical switching behaviour in a crosspoint structure, where interfacial charge trapping tunes the potential barrier of the SAM layer. The sample with rubrene exhibits the write-once read-many-times memory effect, which is due to the interfacial charges trapped at deep states. On the other hand, the sample with 2-amino-4,5-dicyanoimidazole presents recyclable conduction transition, which results from the trapped charges distributed at shallow states. Moreover, the percentage of the charges trapped at shallow states can be estimated from electrical transition levels.
Climatic variability in the Skagerrak and coastal waters of Norway
Authors: Albretsen Jon , Aure Jan , Sætre Roald , Danielssen Didrik S. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Albretsen, J., Aure, J., Sætre, R., and Danielssen, D. S. 2012. Climatic variability in the Skagerrak and coastal waters of Norway. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 758–763. The Institute of Marine Research in Norway collects marine data from all national waters. Data are primarily collected from vessels, but observation buoys, manual measurements, and oceanographic gliders are also used. The most valuable long-term data for elucidating decadal hydrographic variability in the Skagerrak and along the Norwegian coast are the time-series from the transect between Norway and Denmark, and observations carried out at eight fixed coastal stations in the region. The time-series date back to the 1950s and the 1930s, respectively, and the observation frequencies range from approximately once a month to 3–4 times per month. The hydrographic data and their long-term fluctuations have been used in several studies, with particular emphasis on the increased salinity and temperature of the 1990s. Trends during the past decade, however, indicate that warming has continued but that a salinity increase is less evident, implying signs of regional warming in parallel with the global warming observed both on land and in the sea. The overall temperature increase off the Norwegian coast at deeper layers from the 1961–1990 period to the 2000–2009 decade is ∼0.8°C, but some of this can be related to natural variability in the North Atlantic circulation pattern.
Determining effective sample size in integrated age-structured assessment models
Authors: Hulson Peter-John F. , Hanselman Dana H. , Quinn Terrance J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHulson, P-J. F., Hanselman, D. H., and Quinn II, T. J. 2012. Determining effective sample size in integrated age-structured assessment models. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69:281–292. Effective sample size (ESS) is a quantity that allows for overdispersion of variance and is used commonly in integrated age-structured fishery assessment models to fit age-and-length-composition datasets. Owing to the sources of measurement, observation, process, and model-specification errors, the ESS is smaller than the actual sample size. In this study, methods to set a priori or to estimate the ESS when confronted with datasets that include these sources of error were investigated. In general, a number of methods previously proposed to incorporate the ESS resulted in accurate estimation of population quantities and parameters when different sources of error were included in the data on age and length compositions. Three objective methods to incorporate the ESS resulted in unbiased population quantities: (i) using sampling theory to derive the ESS from actual age and length compositions, (ii) iteratively estimating the ESS with the age-structured assessment model, and (iii) estimating the ESS as a parameter with the Dirichlet distribution.
First Report of Aspergillus niger Causing Postharvest Fruit Rot of Cherry in the Prefectures of Imathia and Pella, Northern Greece
Authors: Thomidis T. , Exadaktylou E. 
Published: December 2011

In June 2011, symptoms of postharvest rot were observed on approximately 3% of all cherries collected from commercial orchards of cultivars Lapen and Ferrovia in the prefectures of Imathia and Pella (northern Greece). Fruit were harvested in a timely manner to avoid overripeness. No wounds or other predisposing injuries were observed on the infected fruits. Lesions enlarged rapidly and separated easily from healthy tissue when pressure was applied. Infected tissues were pale and water soaked and the associated fungal spores were dark and powdery and easily liberated when mature. The fungus grew rapidly and produced black colonies on acidified potato dextrose agar (2.5 ml of 85% lactic acid per liter of nutrient medium) after 5 days at 24°C. Identification of the pathogen was based on morphological characteristics (1). The conidial head was radiate, vesicles were nearly spherical and covered with metulae and phialides (biseriate). Conidia were globose (3 to 5 μm in diameter) and usually very rough with irregular ridges, bars, and verrucae. Koch's postulates were completed in the laboratory by inoculating mature cherry fruits (cv. Lapen). The fruits were surface sterilized by dipping in 10% chloride bleach solution, allowed to dry in a laminar flow hood, and wounded with a sharp glass rod that was 2 mm in diameter. A 40-μl drop of a suspension containing 20,000 conidia per ml of water was placed on each wound. There were 20 inoculated and 20 control fruits (similarly wounded and inoculated with a 40-μl drop of sterile distilled water) in a randomized design and incubated at 24 to 26°C for 6 days. Koch's postulates were satisfied after reisolating the fungus from inoculated fruit that developed symptoms similar to those observed on fruit collected from orchards. Control fruits did not show any symptom of the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of Aspergillus niger as the causal agent of postharvest rots of cherries in Greece. Postharvest fruit rots caused by A. niger have been reported in cherry orchards of other countries around the world (2). Because this disease causes postharvest rots of cherry fruits, measures may need to be implemented to manage the pathogen. References: (1) M. A. Klich. Page 12 in: Identification of Common Aspergillus Species. Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2002. (2) A. Valiuskaite et al. Phytopathol. Pol. 35:197, 2005.
Racial patterns of extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type, in California: a population‐based study
Authors: Ai Weiyun Z. , Chang Ellen T. , Fish Kari , Fu Kai , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Keegan Theresa H. M. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryIn order to investigate whether the clinical behaviour of extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) varies by race within a geographic region, we identified a total of 213 non‐Hispanic whites, Hispanics and Asians/Pacific islanders (APIs) diagnosed with ENKTL in the California Cancer Registry between 2001 and 2008. The incidence and outcomes of the disease in these racial groups were analysed. The incidence rates in non‐Hispanic whites, Hispanics and APIs were 0·05, 0·18 and 0·23 per 100 000 person‐years, respectively, among males; and 0·03, 0·07 and 0·10 per 100 000 person‐years, respectively, among females. The overall survival (OS) at 5 years was 28·6% in non‐Hispanic whites, 30·4% in Hispanic, and 24·0% in APIs. In multivariate analysis, distant versus local/regional disease (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 2·01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1·36, 2·96), initial treatment with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (HR = 0·39, 95% CI: 0·22, 0·70) or radiotherapy alone (HR = 0·48, 95% CI: 0·23, 0·99) versus no therapy were associated with OS. However, OS was not affected by age, sex, race, chemotherapy alone, socioeconomic status, or human immunodeficiency virus infection. In conclusion, ENKTL is more common and clinically more similar among Hispanics and APIs than non‐Hispanic whites with poor outcome in all racial groups.
Thyroid function and prevalent and incident metabolic syndrome in older adults: the health, ageing and body composition study
Authors: Waring Avantika C. , Rodondi Nicolas , Harrison Stephanie , Kanaya Alka M. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Miljkovic Iva , Satterfield Suzanne , Newman Anne B. , Bauer Douglas C. ,   for the Health, Ageing, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study
Published: December 2011

SummaryObjective  Both subclinical hypothyroidism and the metabolic syndrome have been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease events. It is unknown whether the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome is higher as TSH levels increase, or in individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism. We sought to determine the association between thyroid function and the prevalence and incidence of the metabolic syndrome in a cohort of older adults.Design  Data were analysed from the Health, Ageing and Body Composition Study, a prospective cohort of 3075 community‐dwelling US adults.Participants  Two thousand one hundred and nineteen participants with measured TSH and data on metabolic syndrome components were included in the analysis.Measurements  TSH was measured by immunoassay. Metabolic syndrome was defined per revised ATP III criteria.Results  At baseline, 684 participants met criteria for metabolic syndrome. At 6‐year follow‐up, incident metabolic syndrome developed in 239 individuals. In fully adjusted models, each unit increase in TSH was associated with a 3% increase in the odds of prevalent metabolic syndrome (OR, 1·03; 95% CI, 1·01–1·06; P = 0·02), and the association was stronger for TSH within the normal range (OR, 1·16; 95% CI, 1·03–1·30; P = 0·02). Subclinical hypothyroidism with a TSH > 10 mIU/l was significantly associated with increased odds of prevalent metabolic syndrome (OR, 2·3; 95% CI, 1·0–5·0; P = 0·04); the odds of incident MetS was similar (OR 2·2), but the confidence interval was wide (0·6–7·5).Conclusions  Higher TSH levels and subclinical hypothyroidism with a TSH > 10 mIU/l are associated with increased odds of prevalent but not incident metabolic syndrome.
Peptide fingerprinting of folate‐responsive proteins in human B lymphoblasts and orofacial clefting
Authors: Bliek Bart J. B. , Guzel Coskun , de Klein Annelies , Stingl Christoph , Luider Theo M. , Lindemans Jan , Steegers Eric A. P. , Steegers‐Theunissen Régine P. M. 
Published: December 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (7): 738–750AbstractBackground  Maternal periconceptional use of folic acid contributes to the prevention of neural crest–related congenital malformations including orofacial clefts. The underlying biological pathways affected by folic acid, however, are still not clarified. In an explorative study, we identify folate‐responsive proteins and pathways by advanced proteomic techniques and their possible role in orofacial development in young children.Materials and methods  At 15 months of age, we obtained B lymphoblasts from 10 children with and 10 children without an orofacial cleft. Folate‐responsive protein expression was determined in folate‐free B‐lymphoblast cultures, supplemented with 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate to reach the target concentration 30 nM. Folate‐associated differences of peptide and protein expressions were assessed by analysing samples before and after folate addition. Samples were trypsin digested and measured by nano‐liquid chromatography coupled online to a LTQ‐Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Significantly differentiating peptides were determined using a McNemar’s test, and correlations with proteins and existing pathways were visualized using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.Results  We found 39 folate‐responsive peptides that were assigned to 30 proteins. Those proteins consisted of histones, ribosomal and heat shock proteins (HSP), and proteins involved in antioxidant reactions, cytoskeleton, glycolysis, energy production, protein processing, signal transduction and translation.Conclusions  Histones, ribosomal and HSP were mainly found in the case group, and we confirm that almost 60% of these proteins were also found in a subset of the samples in our previous study using microarray on folate‐responsive gene expression. The proteins were compared with known biological pathways and matched with recent relevant literature.
Experimental verification of the fracture density and shear‐wave splitting relationship using synthetic silica cemented sandstones with a controlled fracture geometry
Authors: Tillotson Philip , Sothcott Jeremy , Best Angus Ian , Chapman Mark , Li Xiang‐Yang 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWe present laboratory ultrasonic measurements of shear‐wave splitting from two synthetic silica cemented sandstones. The manufacturing process, which enabled silica cementation of quartz sand grains, was found to produce realistic sandstones of average porosity 29.7 ± 0.5% and average permeability 29.4 ± 11.3 mD. One sample was made with a regular distribution of aligned, penny‐shaped voids to simulate meso‐scale fractures in reservoir rocks, while the other was left blank. Ultrasonic shear waves were measured with a propagation direction of 90° to the coincident bedding plane and fracture normal. In the water saturated blank sample, shear‐wave splitting, the percentage velocity difference between the fast and slow shear waves, of <0.5% was measured due to the bedding planes (or layering) introduced during sample preparation. In the fractured sample, shear‐wave splitting (corrected for layering anisotropy) of 2.72 ± 0.58% for water, 2.80 ± 0.58% for air and 3.21 ± 0.58% for glycerin saturation at a net pressure of 40 MPa was measured. Analysis of X‐ray CT scan images was used to determine a fracture density of 0.0298 ± 0.077 in the fractured sample. This supports theoretical predictions that shear‐wave splitting (SWS) can be used as a good estimate for fracture density in porous rocks (i.e., SWS = 100εf, where εf is fracture density) regardless of pore fluid type, for wave propagation at 90° to the fracture normal.
Presentation of the candidate rheumatoid arthritis autoantigen aggrecan by antigen‐specific B cells induces enhanced CD4+ T helper type 1 subset differentiation
Authors: Wilson Caroline L. , Hine Dominic W. , Pradipta Ariel , Pearson Jeffrey P. , van Eden Willem , Robinson John H. , Knight Andrew M. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryEffective immune responses require antigen uptake by antigen‐presenting cells (APC), followed by controlled endocytic proteolysis resulting in the generation of antigen‐derived peptide fragments that associate with intracellular MHC class II molecules. The resultant peptide–MHC class II complexes then move to the APC surface where they activate CD4+ T cells. Dendritic cells (DC), macrophages and B cells act as efficient APC. In many settings, including the T helper type 1 (Th1) ‐dependent, proteoglycan‐induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis, accumulating evidence demonstrates that antigen presentation by B cells is required for optimal CD4+ T cell activation. The reasons behind this however, remain unclear. In this study we have compared the activation of CD4+ T cells specific for the proteoglycan aggrecan following antigen presentation by DC, macrophages and B cells. We show that aggrecan‐specific B cells are equally efficient APC as DC and macrophages and use similar intracellular antigen‐processing pathways. Importantly, we also show that antigen presentation by aggrecan‐specific B cells to TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells results in enhanced CD4+ T cell interferon‐γ production and Th1 effector sub‐set differentiation compared with that seen with DC. We conclude that preferential CD4+ Th1 differentiation may define the requirement for B cell APC function in both proteoglycan‐induced arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.