bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Economics Damage in Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation: The State of New York
Authors: Spizman Lawrence M. , Tinari Frank D. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Contributors to the Journal of Forensic Economics are compiling a state-by-state series of papers on how economic damages are assessed in personal injury and wrongful death cases. This paper discusses the rules of the court, the court system, and case law for the state of New York. New York's system is unique in several important ways. The state has passed statutes that specify in some detail both the method to be used to calculate damages and how a jury's verdict is to be transformed into a judgment. New York Civil Practice Law & Rules (CPLR) Articles 50-A and 50-B provide for separate and different treatment of medical malpractice cases and for all other standard torts, respectively. As a result, the damages sections of the two statutes provide specific guidance to the economic expert. Further, except in medical malpractice death cases, New York is different from other states in that its court does not require testifying economic damages experts to discount to present value. This paper discusses these issues and others to familiarize economic damages experts with the relevant court rules and rulings, as well as accepted practice, when performing economic damage appraisals in the state of New York.
Bleeding with anticoagulant treatments
Authors: Palareti G. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryAnticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) is effective in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic complications in many clinical conditions, including atrial fibrillation (that represents today the most frequent indication for anticoagulant treatment), venous thromboembolism, acute coronary syndromes and after invasive cardiac procedures. Bleeding is the most important complication of VKAs and a major concern for both physicians and patients, limiting a more widespread prescription of the treatment. As a result, a non negligible proportion of all the subjects who would have a clear clinical indication for anticoagulation do not receive an effective treatment.This review analyses the treatment- and person-associated risk factors for bleeding during VKAs. New oral anticoagulant drugs seems to overcome at least some of the limitations of VKAs. Potentially, they can allow a less demanding and more stable anticoagulant treatment, with less side-effects allowing that more patients can receive an appropriate anticoagulant treatment. Based on the so far available phase III clinical studies, it is possible to assume that these new drugs are associated with a risk of bleeding, that is probably related to the intensity of treatment.
Spirometry Interpretation After Implementation of Race-Neutral Reference Equations in Children
Authors: Forno Erick , Weiner Daniel J. , Rosas-Salazar Christian 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceThe implications of adopting race-neutral reference equations on spirometry interpretation in children remain unknown.ObjectiveTo examine how spirometry results and patterns change when transitioning from Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) race-specific reference equations (GLIR, 2012) to GLI race-neutral reference equations (GLIN, 2023).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsCross-sectional study of spirometry tests conducted in children aged 6 to 21 years between 2012 and 2022 at 2 large academic pediatric institutions in the US. Data were analyzed from September 2023 to March 2024.ExposuresData on participant characteristics and raw test measurements were collected. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC z scores and percent predicted were calculated using both GLIR and GLIN. In addition, test results were categorized into normal, obstructive, suspected restrictive, mixed, suspected dysanapsis, and uncategorized patterns based on z scores calculated using GLIR or GLIN.Main OutcomesFor each spirometry result, the difference between z scores and percent predicted when transitioning from GLIR to GLIN was calculated. The proportion of tests with a normal pattern and individual spirometry patterns changed by GLI reference equation applied were also examined.ResultsData from 24 630 children were analyzed (mean [SD] age, 12.1 [3.8] years). There were 3848 Black children (15.6%), 19 503 White children (79.2%), and 1279 children of other races (5.2%). Following implementation of GLIN, FEV1 and FVC z scores decreased in Black children (mean difference, −0.814; 95% CI, −0.823 to −0.806; P &amp;lt; .001; and −0.911; 95% CI, −0.921 to −0.902; P &amp;lt; .001, respectively), while FEV1 and FVC z scores slightly increased (0.073; 95% CI, 0.069 to 0.076; P &amp;lt; .001). Similar changes were found when using percent predicted. In Black children, the number of tests with a normal pattern decreased from 2642 (68.7%) to 2383 (61.9%) (χ21 = 204.81; P &amp;lt; .001), mostly due to tests with a normal pattern transitioning to a suspected restrictive or uncategorized pattern. Opposite, albeit smaller, changes in spirometry results and patterns were seen in White children. In adjusted models, Black children had approximately 3-fold higher odds than White children of changing spirometry pattern following the implementation of GLIN (adjusted odds ratio, 3.15; 95% CI, 2.86 to 3.48; P &amp;lt; .001).ConclusionsPronounced differences in spirometry results and patterns were found when switching between GLI reference equations, which markedly differed by race. These findings suggest that the implementation of GLIN is likely to change the treatment of children with chronic lung diseases that are more prevalent in underrepresented minorities, such as asthma.
Tracking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease progression using passively collected smartphone sensor data
Authors: Karas Marta , Olsen Julia , Straczkiewicz Marcin , Johnson Stephen A. , Burke Katherine M. , Iwasaki Satoshi , Lahav Amir , Scheier Zoe A. , Clark Alison P. , Iyer Amrita S. , Huang Emily , Berry James D. , Onnela Jukka‐Pekka 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBackgroundPassively collected smartphone sensor data provide an opportunity to study physical activity and mobility unobtrusively over long periods of time and may enable disease monitoring in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS).MethodsWe enrolled 63 PALS who used Beiwe mobile application that collected their smartphone accelerometer and GPS data and administered the self‐entry ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised (ALSFRS‐RSE) survey. We identified individual steps from accelerometer data and used the Activity Index to summarize activity at the minute level. Walking, Activity Index, and GPS outcomes were then aggregated into day‐level measures. We used linear mixed effect models (LMMs) to estimate baseline and monthly change for ALSFRS‐RSE scores (total score, subscores Q1–3, Q4–6, Q7–9, Q10–12) and smartphone sensor data measures, as well as the associations between them.FindingsThe analytic sample (N = 45) was 64.4% male with a mean age of 60.1 years. The mean observation period was 292.3 days. The ALSFRS‐RSE total score baseline mean was 35.8 and had a monthly rate of decline of −0.48 (p‐value <0.001). We observed statistically significant change over time and association with ALSFRS‐RSE total score for four smartphone sensor data‐derived measures: walking cadence from top 1 min and log‐transformed step count, step count from top 1 min, and Activity Index from top 1 min.InterpretationSmartphone sensors can unobtrusively track physical changes in PALS, potentially aiding disease monitoring and future research.
Preemptive dual therapy for children at risk for infantile‐onset spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Matesanz Susan E. , Brigatti Karlla W. , Young Millie , Yum Sabrina W. , Strauss Kevin A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractObjectiveCompare efficacy of gene therapy alone (monotherapy) or in combination with an SMN2 augmentation agent (dual therapy) for treatment of children at risk for spinal muscular atrophy type 1.MethodsEighteen newborns with biallelic SMN1 deletions and two SMN2 copies were treated preemptively with monotherapy (n = 11) or dual therapy (n = 7) and followed for a median of 3 years. Primary outcomes were independent sitting and walking. Biomarkers were serial muscle ultrasonography (efficacy) and sensory action potentials (safety).ResultsGene therapy was administered by 7–43 postnatal days; dual therapy with risdiplam (n = 6) or nusinersen (n = 1) was started by 15–39 days. Among 18 children enrolled, 17 sat, 15 walked, and 44% had motor delay (i.e., delay or failure to achieve prespecified milestones). Those on dual therapy sat but did not walk at an earlier age. 91% of muscle ultrasounds conducted within 60 postnatal days were normal but by 3–61 months, 94% showed echogenicity and/or fasciculation of at least one muscle group; these changes were indistinguishable between monotherapy and dual therapy cohorts. Five children with three SMN2 copies were treated with monotherapy in parallel: all sat and walked on time and had normal muscle sonograms at all time points. No child on dual therapy experienced treatment‐associated adverse events. All 11 participants who completed sensory testing (including six on dual therapy) had intact sural sensory responses.InterpretationPreemptive dual therapy is well tolerated and may provide modest benefit for children at risk for severe spinal muscular atrophy but does not prevent widespread degenerative changes.
Field‐Effect Thermoelectric Hotspot in Monolayer Graphene Transistor
Authors: Lu Huihui , Xue Huanyi , Zeng Daobing , Liu Guanyu , Zhu Liping , Tian Ziao , Chu Paul K. , Mei Yongfeng , Zhang Miao , An Zhenghua , Di Zengfeng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractGraphene is a promising candidate for the thermal management of downscaled microelectronic devices owing to its exceptional electrical and thermal properties. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate electrical and thermal interconversions at a nanoscale, particularly in field‐effect transistors with prevalent gate operations, remains elusive. In this study, nanothermometric imaging is used to examine a current‐carrying monolayer graphene channel sandwiched between hexagonal boron nitride dielectrics. It is revealed for the first time that beyond the expected Joule heating, the thermoelectric Peltier effect actively plays a significant role in generating hotspots beneath the gated region. With gate‐controlled charge redistribution and a shift in the Dirac point position, an unprecedented systematic evolution of thermoelectric hotspots, underscoring their remarkable tenability is demonstrated. This study reveals the field‐effect Peltier contribution in a single graphene‐material channel of transistors, offering valuable insights into field‐effect thermoelectrics and future on‐chip energy management.
Fast Transfer of Triplet to Doublet Excitons from Organometallic Host to Organic Radical Semiconductors
Authors: Gu Qinying , Gorgon Sebastian , Romanov Alexander S. , Li Feng , Friend Richard H. , Evans Emrys W. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSpin triplet exciton formation sets limits on technologies using organic semiconductors that are confined to singlet‐triplet photophysics. In contrast, excitations in the spin doublet manifold in organic radical semiconductors can show efficient luminescence. Here the dynamics of the spin allowed process of intermolecular energy transfer from triplet to doublet excitons are explored. A carbene‐metal‐amide (CMA‐CF3) is employed as a model triplet donor host, since following photoexcitation it undergoes extremely fast intersystem crossing to generate a population of triplet excitons within 4 ps. This enables a foundational study for tracking energy transfer from triplets to a model radical semiconductor, TTM‐3PCz. Over 74% of all radical luminescence originates from the triplet channel in this system under photoexcitation. It is found that intermolecular triplet‐to‐doublet energy transfer can occur directly and rapidly, with 12% of triplet excitons transferring already on sub‐ns timescales. This enhanced triplet harvesting mechanism is utilized in efficient near‐infrared organic light‐emitting diodes, which can be extended to other opto‐electronic and ‐spintronic technologies by radical‐based spin control in molecular semiconductors.
Highly Stable and Reversible Coloration of Oxide Nanoparticles Film by Ultrafast‐CW Laser Induced Band Engineering
Authors: Hu Yifan , Lin Luchan , Wu Weiqing , Ji Junde , Zuo Xinde , Ye Jieliang , Li Hao , Shang Huan , Li Zhuguo 
Published: May 2024

AbstractColoration in oxides meets the challenge in achieving high stability and repeatability simultaneously. In this work, reversible coloration of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) film is demonstrated by alternate ultrafast (UF) laser and continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation. Under UF laser irradiation, oxygen vacancies are introduced in the TiO2 lattice, which lead to the bandgap reduction (2.73 to 1.50 eV) and surface blackening. The blackened area can achieve high resolution with size down to ≈1.1 µm. This coloration in TiO2 also shows excellent thermal stability that color fading is negligible even after thermal annealing at 700 K for 2 h in air. The generated high temperature by CW irradiation is known to be beneficial for the O2 dissociation on defected TiO2, thus promoting the internal oxygen diffusion to eliminate the vacancies. The energy band structure of TiO2 can be recovered accordingly, and decoloration is achieved. TiO2‐NPs film shows stable microstructures with barely changed optical properties after 12 cycles of coloration–decoloration process. This band engineering‐induced reversible coloration can also be applicable for broad oxides, e.g., ZnO, HfO2, and Ga2O3. Such highly stable and reversible coloration is promising in high‐performance micro/nano‐devices development for color display and optical encryption.
A Photoinduced Three‐Component Reaction of Thianthrenium salts, DABCO ⋅ (SO2)2, and Benzyl Ether Substituted Alkenes
Authors: Zhang Ji , Cen Jiayin , Ye Shengqing , Zheng Danqing , Wu Jie 
Published: May 2024

AbstractA photoinduced three‐component reaction of thianthrenium salts, DABCO ⋅ (SO2)2, and benzyl ether substituted alkenes is developed, affording δ‐hydroxylsulfones with good functional group tolerance. This transformation proceeds through an anti‐Markovnikov hydrosulfonylation of alkenes under a mild reaction condition. Mechanism studies indicates that this reaction undergoes a radical pathway involving sulfur dioxide insertion and 1,5‐hydrogen transfer processes.
Dual Mode Ratiometric Analysis of Cu2+ and Ni2+ Ions at Physiological pH: Effect of Signalling Units on Analytical Efficacy
Authors: Dey Nilanjan , Ray Tathagata , Bhattacharya Santanu 
Published: May 2024

AbstractHerein, we report the metal ion sensing property of two 2,2’‐bis (pyridylmethyl) amine‐based chromogenic probes at physiological pH in buffered media. The binding of metal ions to the bispicolyl site alters its electronic property, which subsequently influences the optical property of the covalently‐linked signaling unit. The compound experienced a change in the solution color from red to deep and light yellow respectively upon the addition of Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions. Further, it is observed that by modifying the signaling unit, one can tune the mode of metal ion binding and sensitivity. The compound with an electron‐deficient quinolinium unit as the signaling moiety, showed 2 : 1 stoichiometry of binding with metal ions, while the compound functionalized with a pyrene unit formed complexes with 1 : 1 stoichiometry. It was conferred that changes in the signaling moiety not only alter the basicity/nucleophilicity of the pyridine nitrogen ends but also influence their aggregation properties. Such kind of studies will be beneficial for engineering new optical probes with tuneable sensitivity.
XAT‐Catalysis for Intramolecular Biaryl Synthesis
Authors: Sephton Thomas , Large Jonathan M. , Natrajan Louise S. , Butterworth Sam , Greaney Michael F. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractRadical ipso‐substitution offers an alternative to organometallic approaches for biaryl synthesis, but usually requires stoichiometric reagents such as tributyltin hydride. Here, we demonstrate that visible light photoredox catalysis can be used for ipso‐biaryl synthesis, via a halogen‐atom transfer (XAT) regime. Using amide substrates that promote ipso‐ over unwanted ortho‐addition, we demonstrate smooth biaryl formation with no constraint on the electronic character of the migrating arene ring. The photoreaction can be combined in one operation to achieve a formal arylation of the inert aniline C−N bond.
Static and fatigue performance of graphene nanoplatelets coated bi‐directional carbon fiber‐epoxy composites under bending loads
Authors: Srivastava Alok Kumar , Yerramalli Chandra S. , Singh Aparna 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe addition of graphene nanoplatelets as a nanofiller on the surface of pristine and oxidized carbon fiber for making reinforced polymer composites has shown improvement in monotonic flexural properties. However, the fatigue response of these laminates under bending loads has not been investigated so far. The current study aims to examine the monotonic and fatigue behavior of the graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) coated bi‐directional pristine and oxidized carbon fiber epoxy composites under bending loads. Eight layers of fabrics were used to manufacture the laminates through vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding technique (VARTM). An optimum amount of GNP addition on oxidized fiber leads to ~830‐fold enhanced fatigue life at higher stresses as compared to pristine laminates. However, excessive GNP addition on pristine as well as oxidized fiber leads to a deterioration in fatigue life. In‐situ optical microscopic examination was done to observe the crack initiation and propagation of all the specimens with respect to the number of cycles coupled with post‐mortem SEM images of the fracture surfaces.
Disordered whiteness: A shape/an unwound sonnet late on the tide
Authors: Rao Jyoti M. , White Hazel 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis paper is a multifaceted exploration of white subjectivity and the social phenomena of whiteness, about which there is a considerable body of psychoanalytic literature spanning decades. Hazel White's “unwound sonnet late on the tide” explores themes of traumatic legacies, family, shame, and mourning. Critical poetic inquiry is used to consider these themes and make links between the poetics of psychoanalytic processes and the psychoanalysis of poetics.
Local Structure and Entropic Stabilization of Ca‐Based Molten Salt Electrolytes
Authors: Timhagen Johanna , Cruz Carolina , Weidow Jonathan , Johansson Patrik 
Published: May 2024

AbstractHere molten salt electrolytes (MSEs) and specifically their physico‐chemical properties as a function of composition are reported on, with a special emphasis on the compositional entropy and targeting calcium battery application. By using MSEs, several problematic issues associated with organic electrolytes, such as the blocking of Ca2+ transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces and electrolyte flammability, are avoided. Ca(FSI)2 salt in combination with the analogous Li‐, Na‐, and KFSI salts are used in equimolar compositions to first create several ternary MSEs, melting at (ca.) 60–75 °C, a melting temperature which is further reduced to (ca.) 55 °C for the unique quaternary MSE. This is ascribed to an increased entropy of mixing, which also contributes to an improved stability (re−)crystallization, as shown by Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations of the quaternary MSE alongside density functional theory calculations targeting the ion‐ion interactions are used to elucidate the local structure in more detail, demonstrating that both the ionic radii and valence influence the coordination and solvation of the cations. These MSEs are stepping‐stones towards completely solvent‐free, semi‐solid, and ideally room‐temperature Ca‐conducting electrolytes.
Differential protein expression and metabolite profiling in glaucoma: Insights from a multi‐omics analysis
Authors: Mok Jeong‐hun , Park Do Young , Han Jong Chul 
Published: May 2024

AbstractVarious substances within the aqueous humor (AH) can directly or indirectly impact intraocular tissues associated with intraocular pressure (IOP), a critical factor in glaucoma development. This study aims to investigate individual changes in these AH substances and the interactions among altered components through a multi‐omics approach. LC/MS analysis was conducted on AH samples from patients with exfoliation syndrome (XFS, n = 5), exfoliation glaucoma (XFG, n = 4), primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG, n = 11), and cataracts (control group, n = 7). Subsequently, differentially expressed proteins and metabolites among groups, alterations in their network interactions, and their biological functions were examined. Both data‐independent acquisition and data‐dependent acquisition methods were employed to analyze the AH proteome and metabolome, and the results were integrated for a comprehensive analysis. In the proteomics analysis, proteins upregulated in both the XFG and POAG groups were associated with lipid metabolism, complement activation, and extracellular matrix regulation. Metabolomic analysis highlighted significant changes in amino acids related to antioxidant processes in the glaucoma groups. Notably, VTN, APOA1, C6, and L‐phenylalanine exhibited significant alterations in the glaucoma groups. Integration of individual omics analyses demonstrated that substances associated with inflammation and lipid metabolism, altered in the glaucoma groups, showed robust interactions within a complex network involving PLG, APOA1, and L‐phenylalanine or C3, APOD, and L‐valine. These findings offer valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms governing IOP regulation and may contribute to the development of new biomarkers for managing glaucoma.
Redox reactivity of LMCT and MLCT excited states of Earth‐abundant metal complexes
Authors: Nam Wonwoo , Lee Yong‐Min , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPrecious metal complexes, which act as excellent photoredox catalysts, have now being replaced by earth‐abundant metal complexes. This review focused on redox reactivity of ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) and metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states of earth‐abundant metal complexes. Iron complexes with strongly σ‐donating NHC‐ligands (NHC = N‐heterocyclic carbene) has emerged, featuring long lived LMCT excited states due to a significantly increased barrier for deactivation via metal centered states. A Fe(III)‐NHC complex acts as an effective photoredox catalyst for various photocatalytic redox reactions. Although manganese(IV)‐oxo complexes have no long‐lived excited states (τ < < 1 ns). Once acids such as Sc(OTf)3 and HOTf are bound to the oxo moiety of Mn(IV)‐oxo complexes, the photoexcitation of acid‐bound Mn(IV)‐oxo complexes resulted in formation of the excited states with microseconds lifetimes, which are capable of oxidation of substrates including benzene to phenol. Photoexcited states of Mn(III), Mn(II) and Mn(I) complexes act as photoreductants to reduce substrates including O2. On the other hand, photoexcited states of Co(IV) and Co(III) complexes act as photooxidants, whereas those of Co(II) and Co(I) complexes act as photoreductants. With regard to the excited state lifetime, [Cr(tpe)2]3+ (tpe = 1,1,1‐tris(pyrid‐2‐yl)ethane) exhibited the longest luminescence lifetime (τ = 4500 μs), acting as an effective photoredox catalyst for photocatalytic redox reactions. The LMCT state of a Cr(0) complex acts as a super photoreductant. Thus, LMCT and MLCT excited states of earth‐abundant metal complexes are utilized as strong photooxidants and photoreductants, respectively.