bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Blue Mold Caused by Penicillium oxalicum in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Mexico
Authors: Picos-Munoz P. A. , Garcia-Estrada R. S. , Carrillo-Fasio J. A. , Leon-Felix J. , Allende-Molar R. 
Published: June 2011

Tomato is the primary vegetable exported from Mexico to the United States. In June 2007, stem rots were observed in tomato cv. Imperial plants growing in a greenhouse in the Culiacan Valley. Disease symptoms included stem rot with a mycelial growth with a grayish blue sporulation. The disease was observed to be affecting 1% of the tomato plants growing in the greenhouse, and has been observed sporadically in greenhouses during subsequent agricultural cycles in other tomato-growing areas in Mexico. Affected stems showed initial symptoms of a dark brown necrotic area surrounding only the cut regions of pruned leaves and stems. As the infection continued on the tissues, the spot grew and then became covered with a grayish blue sporulation. Severe stem rot led to death of the plants. Rotted stems of tomato plants were collected and samples of the infected tissues were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) to isolate the fungus. The preliminary identification of the pathogen was Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom on the basis of morphological criteria with ellipsoidal conidia approximately 4 × 3 μm borne in columns, conidiophores mostly biverticillate, and ampulliform phialides (2). The identification was confirmed by sequencing internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S, and ITS2 regions of the ribosomal DNA (GenBank Accession No. HM452308). The isolate was deposited in the Coleccion Nacional Microbiana y de Cultivos Celulares CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reproducing stem rots on healthy inoculated tomato stems. Pathogenicity testing involved fungal growth on PDA for 5 days, after which a 4-mm disk of actively growing mycelia was transferred to wounds (4 × 4 mm) made with a scalpel in stems of 6-week-old tomato cv. Imperial plants. Inoculated plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain a high relative humidity for 24 h and were maintained in a greenhouse at 25 ± 2°C. Seven days after inoculation, all of the inoculated stems showed rot symptoms similar to those observed in the greenhouse. Stems that were inoculated only with an agar disk did not show any symptoms of the disease. The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated plants but not from noninoculated plants. Artificial inoculation was performed twice. Although P. oxalicum has been previously reported as a causal agent of cucumber (1) and tomato stem rots in Japan (3), to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. oxalicum causing stem rot in tomato plants in Mexico. References: (1) T. M. O'Neill et al. Plant Pathol. 40:78, 1991. (2) J. I. Pitt. The Genus Penicillium and Its Teleomorphic States Eupenicillium and Talaromyces. Academic Press, London, UK, 1979. (3) S. Umemoto et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 75:399, 2009.
Treatment of Infants and Toddlers With Cystic Fibrosis–related Pancreatic Insufficiency and Fat Malabsorption With Pancrelipase MT
Authors: Van de Vijver Els , Desager Kristine , Mulberg Andrew E , Staelens Sofie , Verkade Henkjan J , Bodewes Frank AJA , Malfroot Anne , Hauser Bruno , Sinaasappel Maarten , Van Biervliet Stefanie , Behm Martin , Pelckmans Paul , Callens Dirk , Veereman‐Wauters Gigi 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBackground:Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) improves nutritional status and growth in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with pancreatic insufficiency (PI). The current recommendation for infants and young children, who are not able to swallow the whole capsule, is to open the capsule and mix the beads in a spoon with some applesauce; however, the efficacy and safety data of this approach are currently lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, palatability (ease of swallowing), and safety of 4 dose levels of pancrelipase microtablets (Pancrease MT) in infants and young children with CF‐related PI.Patients and Methods:This study was a phase II randomized, investigator‐blinded, parallel‐group pilot study in DNA‐proven infants with CF and PI. The study design included a run‐in period (days 1–5) and an experimental period (days 6–11). Pancrelipase microtablets (2‐mm, enteric coated) were provided orally. Sixteen subjects, 6 to 30 months of age, were provided 500 U lipase/kg/meal for 5 days (baseline period). Subsequently, subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (each n = 4), receiving 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000 U (Ph. EUR) of lipase/kg/meal, respectively, for 5 days (experimental period). The primary endpoint was medication efficacy assessed by the 72‐hour fecal fat excretion, expressed as coefficient of fecal fat absorption (CFA), and 13C mixed triglyceride breath test. Secondary endpoints were safety and palatability.Results:Overall compliance, defined as used study medication, was 89% to 99% for the entire study. None of the 4 dose regimens significantly influenced the CFA, relative to the baseline period (median range 83%–93%). During the run‐in period the median cumulative % 13C was 11 (range −8 to 59). After randomization the median cumulative % 13C was 18 (range 14–23) in the 500‐U, 14 (range −1 to 17) in the 1000‐U, 10 (range 10–27) in the 1500‐U, and 3 (range 1–49) in the 2000‐U groups. Palatability was scored fair to good by the parents in each of the treatment groups. Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported in some patients, including common adverse events reported in clinical trials involving pancreatic enzyme therapy. No serious or other adverse events were reported.Conclusion:Treatment with Pancrease MT at a dosage of 500 U lipase/kg/meal resulted in a CFA of approximately 89% in pediatric subjects ages 6 to 30 months with PI resulting from CF. Pancrease MT doses were well tolerated and mean palatability was scored as fair to good. Present results do not indicate that a dosage higher than 500 U (Ph. EUR) lipase/kg/meal increases the coefficient of fat absorption in a cohort of infants 6 to 30 months of age.
Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Eosinophils Demonstrates Activation in Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Nguyen Tammie , Gernez Yael , Fuentebella Judy , Patel Anup , Tirouvanziam Rabindra , Reshamwala Neha , Bass Dorsey , Berquist William E , Cox Kenneth L , Kerner John A , Nadeau Kari C 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by upper gastrointestinal symptoms and the presence of high numbers of eosinophils in the esophagus. Although eosinophils in the esophagus have been found to be activated in subjects with EoE, detailed studies of intracellular signaling pathways involved in the mechanism of activation of eosinophils in EoE have heretofore been limited. The aim of the study was to assess whether any surface molecules or transcription factors are activated in peripheral eosinophils in subjects with EoE.Methods:Eosinophils and CD3+ lymphocytes were identified directly from 50 μL of whole blood of EoE and control subjects. Using Hi‐FACS, levels of surface activation markers, including CD66b, and intracellular phosphoepitopes, including phosphorylated forms of signal transducer and activator of transcription (phospho‐STAT) 1 and 6, were measured within each cell subset.Results:Levels of surface CD66b as well as levels of intracellular phospho‐STAT1 and phospho‐STAT6 in peripheral blood eosinophils were significantly higher for untreated subjects with EoE vs healthy controls (P < 0.05). Levels of phospho‐STAT1 and phospho‐STAT6 in peripheral blood eosinophils were lower in subjects with EoE on therapy versus untreated subjects with EoE (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Levels of phospho‐STAT1 and phospho‐STAT6, transcription factors involved in inflammatory processes, were both significantly higher in peripheral eosinophils from untreated (ie, newly diagnosed) subjects with EoE versus subjects with EoE on therapy, healthy controls. Blood‐based measurements of CD66b and phospho‐STAT levels in peripheral eosinophils may be beneficial for identifying EoE.
Oral Choline Supplementation in Children With Intestinal Failure
Authors: Guerrerio Anthony L , Mattis Lynn , Conner Kim G , Hampsey Jenifer , Stasinopoulos D Mikis , DeJong Robert , Boctor Emad M , Sheth Shelia , Hamper Ulrike M , Scheimann Ann O 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTCholine deficiency leads to steatohepatitis, elevated transaminases, susceptibility to septic shock, and an increased risk of central catheter thrombosis. Children with intestinal failure (IF) are at risk for choline deficiency. In an unblinded, open‐label study, we studied 7 children with IF on parenteral nutrition, measured their plasma free choline level, and, if low, supplemented enterally with adequate intake (AI) doses of choline. Four to 6 weeks later we remeasured their plasma free choline. Unlike adults, infants did not respond to oral choline supplementation at AI doses. Additionally, we have calculated plasma free choline percentiles versus age for normal children.
Use of Deamidated Gliadin Peptide Antibodies to Monitor Diet Compliance in Childhood Celiac Disease
Authors: Monzani Alice , Rapa Anna , Fonio Paola , Tognato Eleonora , Panigati Laura , Oderda Giuseppina 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of this study was to evaluate performance of serum antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides (a‐DGPs) in detecting compliance with gluten‐free diet (GFD) in children with celiac disease (CD).Patients and Methods:Serum samples were collected the same day of endoscopy in 95 children with CD and 106 controls. We preliminarily calculated the cutoff of a‐DGP immunoglobulin A (IgA) and a‐DGP IgA+G in our population by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Of 95 children with CD, 28 were studied during the first year after GFD introduction, with interview and serum collection every 3 months. In addition, serum samples were collected in 106 children with CD on GFD for more than 1 year (range 1–14). In both groups of children with CD on GFD, we compared a‐DGP IgA and IgA+G performance in monitoring compliance with GFD with anti‐tissue transglutaminase antibodies (anti‐tTG) IgA and anti‐gliadin antibody (AGA) IgA.Results:The cutoff resulted in 13.1 arbitrary units (AU) for a‐DGP IgA (sensitivity 87.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 79%–92%, specificity 97.2, 95% CI 92%–99%) and 16.5 for a‐DGP IgA+G (sensitivity 94.7, 95% CI 88%–98%, specificity 89.6, 95% CI 84%–95%). In the first year of GFD, at 6 to 8 months prevalence of positive a‐DGPs was significantly higher in partially versus strictly compliant children, and at 9 to 12 months only prevalence of positive a‐DGP IgA+G remained significantly higher. Moreover, at 9 to 12 months sensitivity to detect transgressions to GFD was 44% for a‐DGP IgA and 100% for a‐DGP IgA+G (P = 0.03). In the 106 children on GFD for more than 1 year, sensitivity to detect transgressions to GFD was 60% for a‐DGP IgA and 76% for a‐DGP IgA+G. Anti‐tTG IgA and AGA IgA sensitivity was much lower (24% and 4%, respectively). The 4 tests showed comparable high specificity.Conclusions:Both a‐DGPs showed higher sensitivity than anti‐tTG IgA and AGA IgA in monitoring compliance with GFD, but a‐DGP IgA+G seemed to perform better. a‐DGPs did not outperform anti‐tTG IgA for CD screening.
Vitamin D Supplementation and Status in Infants: A Prospective Cohort Observational Study
Authors: Pludowski Pawel , Socha Piotr , Karczmarewicz Elzbieta , Zagorecka Ewa , Lukaszkiewicz Jacek , Stolarczyk Anna , Piotrowska‐Jastrzebska Janina , Kryskiewicz Edyta , Lorenc Roman S , Socha Jerzy 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTObjective:Vitamin D status in infants depends on supplementation. We examined the vitamin D status in relation to supplementation dose and scheme in infants.Patients and Methods:One hundred thirty‐four infants age 6 months and 98 infants age 12 months (drop out 27%) were investigated. Vitamin D intake (diet, supplements), anthropometry, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OHD) serum concentration at the 6th and 12th months were assessed.Results:Vitamin D intake of 1062 ± 694 IU at the 6th month was not different from that at the 12th month (937 ± 618 IU). Vitamin D intake expressed in international units per kilogram of body weight decreased from 141 ± 80 IU/kg at the 6th month to 93 ± 62 IU/kg at the 12th month (P < 0.0001), which was associated with a reduction in 25‐OHD from 43 ± 20 ng/mL to 29 ± 12 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.0001). In the subgroup of everyday supplemented infants (n = 43), vitamin D intake decreased from 143 ± 88 IU/kg at the 6th month to 118 ± 60 IU/kg at the 12th month (P < 0.05), which coincided with a reduction of 25‐OHD from 40 ± 19 ng/mL to 32 ± 13 ng/mL (P < 0.01). In the subgroup with variable supplementation habits (n = 32), vitamin D intake decreased from 146 ± 79 IU/kg to 77 ± 56 IU/kg (P < 0.001), which was associated with a reduction of 25‐OHD from 42 ± 21 ng/mL to 25 ± 8 ng/mL (P < 0.0001). 25‐OHD concentration change between the 6th and the 12th months negatively correlated with the 25‐OHD level assessed at the 6th month (r = −0.82; P < 0.0001).Conclusions:Vitamin D supplementation of infants should consider their rapid body weight increment. We postulate vitamin D daily dose close to 100 IU/kg body weight as favorable for infants up to age 12 months.
Skeletal Health of Children and Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Pappa Helen , Thayu Meena , Sylvester Francisco , Leonard Mary , Zemel Babette , Gordon Catherine 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTCurrent evidence points to suboptimal bone health in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when compared with their healthy peers. This compromise is evident from diagnosis. The clinical consequences and long‐term outcome of this finding are still unknown. The mechanism of suboptimal bone health in children and adolescents with IBD lays mainly in reduced bone formation, but also reduced bone resorption, processes necessary for bone growth. Factors contributing to this derangement are inflammation, delayed growth and puberty, lean mass deficits, and use of glucocorticoids. We recognize that evidence is sparse on the topic of bone health in children and adolescents with IBD. In this clinical guideline, based on current evidence, we provide recommendations on screening and monitoring bone health in children and adolescents with IBD, including modalities to achieve this and their limitations; monitoring of parameters of growth, pubertal development, and reasons for concern; evaluation of vitamin D status and vitamin D and calcium intake; exercise; and nutritional support. We also report on the current evidence of the effect of biologics on bone health in children and adolescents with IBD, as well as the role of bone active medications such as bisphosphonates. Finally, we summarize the existing numerous gaps in knowledge and potential subjects for future research endeavors.
Novel Acidic Sesquiterpenoids Constitute a Dominant Class of Pathogen-Induced Phytoalexins in Maize
Authors: Huffaker Alisa , Kaplan Fatma , Vaughan Martha M. , Dafoe Nicole J. , Ni Xinzhi , Rocca James R. , Alborn Hans T. , Teal Peter E.A. , Schmelz Eric A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Nonvolatile terpenoid phytoalexins occur throughout the plant kingdom, but until recently were not known constituents of chemical defense in maize (Zea mays). We describe a novel family of ubiquitous maize sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins, termed zealexins, which were discovered through characterization of Fusarium graminearum-induced responses. Zealexins accumulate to levels greater than 800 μg g−1 fresh weight in F. graminearum-infected tissue. Their production is also elicited by a wide variety of fungi, Ostrinia nubilalis herbivory, and the synergistic action of jasmonic acid and ethylene. Zealexins exhibit antifungal activity against numerous phytopathogenic fungi at physiologically relevant concentrations. Structural elucidation of four members of this complex family revealed that all are acidic sesquiterpenoids containing a hydrocarbon skeleton that resembles β-macrocarpene. Induced zealexin accumulation is preceded by increased expression of the genes encoding TERPENE SYNTHASE6 (TPS6) and TPS11, which catalyze β-macrocarpene production. Furthermore, zealexin accumulation displays direct positive relationships with the transcript levels of both genes. Microarray analysis of F. graminearum-infected tissue revealed that Tps6/Tps11 were among the most highly up-regulated genes, as was An2, an ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase associated with production of kauralexins. Transcript profiling suggests that zealexins cooccur with a number of antimicrobial proteins, including chitinases and pathogenesis-related proteins. In addition to zealexins, kauralexins and the benzoxazinoid 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucose (HDMBOA-glucose) were produced in fungal-infected tissue. HDMBOA-glucose accumulation occurred in both wild-type and benzoxazine-deficient1 (bx1) mutant lines, indicating that Bx1 gene activity is not required for HDMBOA biosynthesis. Together these results indicate an important cooperative role of terpenoid phytoalexins in maize biochemical defense.
Working hours and alcohol problems in early adulthood
Authors: Gibb Sheree J. , Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the associations between working hours and alcohol‐related problems during early adulthood.Design and setting  Longitudinal study of a birth cohort born in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1977 and studied to age 30.Participants  A total of 1019 participants with data available for working hours and alcohol‐related problems at either age 25 or 30.Measurements  Weekly working hours in paid employment; frequent alcohol use; diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence; number of symptoms of alcohol abuse/dependence. Associations between working hours and alcohol‐related problems were adjusted for covariates including measures of: parental and family background; personality and behaviour; IQ and educational achievement; recent negative life events; recent mental health problems; and current partner and family circumstances.Findings  Longer work hours were associated significantly with more frequent alcohol use (P < 0.0001), higher rates of alcohol abuse/dependence (P = 0.0001) and a greater number of alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms (P = 0.01). These associations were adjusted for a wide range of confounding factors. After adjustment there remained significant (P < 0.05) associations between working hours and alcohol‐related problems, with those working 50 or more hours per week having rates of alcohol‐related problems 1.8–3.3 times higher than those who were not working. The associations between work hours and alcohol use were similar for males and females.Conclusions  Longer work hours appear to be associated with higher rates of alcohol‐related problems, including more frequent alcohol use, higher rates of alcohol abuse/dependence and a greater number of alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms. These associations remain even after extensive adjustment for confounding.
Building a mutant resource for the study of disease resistance in rice reveals the pivotal role of several genes involved in defence
Authors: DELTEIL AMANDINE , BLEIN MÉLISANDE , FAIVRE‐RAMPANT ODILE , GUELLIM AMIRA , ESTEVAN JOAN , HIRSCH JUDITH , BEVITORI ROSANGELA , MICHEL CORINNE , MOREL JEAN‐BENOIT 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYIn Arabidopsis, gene expression studies and analysis of knock‐out (KO) mutants have been instrumental in building an integrated view of disease resistance pathways. Such an integrated view is missing in rice where shared tools, including genes and mutants, must be assembled. This work provides a tool kit consisting of informative genes for the molecular characterization of the interaction of rice with the major fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. It also provides for a set of eight KO mutants, all in the same genotypic background, in genes involved in key steps of the rice disease resistance pathway. This study demonstrates the involvement of three genes, OsWRKY28, rTGA2.1 and NH1, in the establishment of full basal resistance to rice blast. The transcription factor OsWRKY28 acts as a negative regulator of basal resistance, like the orthologous barley gene. Finally, the up‐regulation of the negative regulator OsWRKY28 and the down‐regulation of PR gene expression early during M. oryzae infection suggest that the fungus possesses infection mechanisms that enable it to block host defences.
Effectiveness of three times daily lansoprazole/amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea
Authors: Kim Seung Young , Jung Sung Woo , Kim Jeong Han , Koo Ja Seol , Yim Hyung Joon , Park Jong Jae , Chun Hoon Jai , Lee Sang Woo , Choi Jai Hyun 
Published: June 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Triple therapy using a proton pump inhibitor with two antibiotics is the standard treatment for H. pylori infection. However, the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has eroded the high success rates initially reported for the standard triple therapy.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Compared with standard triple therapy, amoxicillin/lansoprazole dual therapy, given three times daily for H. pylori had a similar eradication rate with fewer side effects.AIMWe compared three times daily dual therapy with standard triple therapy for effectiveness and safety in H. pylori infection.METHODSTwo hundred and four H. pylori positive patients with peptic ulcer were randomly assigned to one of two regimens: (i) triple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin and lansoprazole twice daily for 2 weeks or (ii) dual therapy with amoxicillin and lansoprazole three times daily for 2 weeks. The success of eradication was evaluated 4 to 5 weeks after completing treatment.RESULTSThe eradication rate was 82.8% in the triple therapy group and 78.4% in the dual therapy group by per protocol analysis. This difference was not significant (P= 0.573). Adverse events were more frequent in the triple therapy group than in the dual therapy group (P= 0.002).CONCLUSIONSBecause dual therapy had fewer side effects than triple therapy and a similar eradication rate, dual therapy may provide an acceptable alternative first line therapy for H. pylori eradication in Korea.
Cross-reactivity among some metals in a murine metal allergy model
Authors: Kinbara M. , Nagai Y. , Takano-Yamamoto T. , Sugawara S. , Endo Y. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryBackground Information concerning cross-reactivity among metal allergens is scarce. We previously devised a murine metal allergy model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an adjuvant. LPS reduces the minimum allergy-inducing concentration (MAIC) of metals at both the sensitization and the elicitation steps.Objectives Here, we examined allergic cross-reactivity among some metals in this murine model, and compared the effects of ultrapure (99·99% or more) and low purity (93–99%) metal salts.Methods A mixture of a metal salt and Escherichia coli LPS was injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice (0·25 mL per mouse). Ten days later, metal salts (with or without LPS) were challenged to ear pinnas (20 μL per ear), and ear swelling was measured.Results Among the ultrapure metals tested (Ni, Pd, Co, Cr, Cu and Au), only Ni and Pd cross-reacted. In this cross-reaction, their MAICs were at the same level. Combined challenge with Ni and Pd at sub-MAICs (but not at higher concentrations) produced an additive effect. Surprisingly, mice sensitized with low purity Ni reacted to all the tested low purity metals (Ni, Pd, Co and Cr), and the low purity metals were shown to contain contaminant metals.Conclusions In our model: (i) Ni and Pd (members of the same group in the periodic table of elements) cross-react with each other, (ii) this cross-reaction may depend on true and false antigens forming metal–protein complexes with similar spatial geometries, (iii) Co, Cr, Cu and Au do not cross-react with each other, (iv) in low purity materials, trace contaminant metals may be sufficient to evoke allergy, and thus (v) high purity metal salts should be considered for use in clinical patch testing.