bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of β‐phenyl‐ethylamine derivatives. III bronchodilators
Authors: Moed H. D. , van Dijk J. , Niewind H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe synthesis is described of a number of β‐(m,p‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐β‐hydroxy‐N‐aralkyl‐ethylamine derivatives,magnified imagewhich were screened for their bronchodilator effect against acetylcholine‐induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig, and for their cardiovascular action.The influence of the side‐chainmagnified imagepharmacological activity of the basic structure,magnified imagewas investigated. For comparison, a number of N‐alkylarterenols were prepared and examined.At the same time attention was paid to the bronchodilator activity of adrenalone,magnified image, and some N‐alkyl and N‐aralkyl derivatives of noradrenalone.The U.V. absorption spectra of these sympathomimetics, aminoalcohols as well as aminoketones, were measured.The results are discussed.
Raman spectra of aliphatic chlorine compounds: II. Chloroethenes and chloropropenes
Authors: Gerding H. , Haring H. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractComplete Raman spectra, inclusive of depolarization factors, are given for sixteen out of the thirty‐one possible chlorine derivatives of propene, ten of which have been prepared especially for this purpose.Examination of the Raman results shows that the “specific group frequencies” derived for groups such as CH2, CH2Cl, CHCl2, and CCl3 from the Raman spectra of chloroethanes and chloropropanes largely retain their values in the chloropropenes.From a comparative study of the Raman spectra of chloroethenes and ‐propenes an additional number of specific group frequencies is deduced, characterizing the configurations CH2, CH, CHCl, and CCl2.The carboncarbon double‐bond frequency proper shows a decreasing value with an increasing degree of substitution of chlorine for hydrogen in the molecule.
Viscosimetric investigation into the influence of pH and ionic strength on molecular shape of a structural muscle protein
Authors: Wassermann Albert 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn attempt to explain some viscosity properties of actomyosin in terms of a reversible polymerisation reaction can not be reconciled with experimental results described in this paper. A consistent explanation of these experiments can be given if it is postulated, that actomyosin, in dilute solution, is composed of flexible chains, the shape of which depends on pH and ionic strength of the solvent. The order of magnitude of the average distance between the chain ends of actomyosin molecules is estimated.
The oxidation of phenols with copper‐amine catalysts and its relation to the mode of action of tyrosinase V. Reaction mechanisms
Authors: Brackman W. , Havinga E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe kinetic peculiarities of the conversion of monohydric phenols into orthobenzoquinone derivatives with oxygen as an oxidant and copper‐morpholine complex as a catalyst may be explained, at least in a qualitative sense, by assuming the following mechanism (see Fig. 1).The primary reaction consists in the introduction of a hydroxyl group into phenol. This reaction occurs within a complex of copper with morpholine, phenol and hydrogen peroxide. The catechol formed is oxidized further, either by oxygen or by a cupric‐morpholine complex, to give ortho‐benzoquinone. This takes up morpholine to give the morpholinocatechol, which is subject to a rapid autoxidation to morpholino‐ortho‐benzoquinone. The addition of a second morpholine molecule followed by another autoxidation gives rise to the main reaction product: dimorpholino‐ortho‐benzoquinone.The hydrogen peroxide necessary for the primary attack upon the phenol, originates from the autoxidation of the catechols formed.The primary reaction occuring in the hypothetical copper‐morpholine‐phenol‐hydrogen peroxide complex explains the specific ortho‐oxidation as well as the exclusive activity of copper in these catalytic oxidations.The overlap of the non‐hybridized 4 p orbital of the Cu atom with the electron system of the phenol and with the lone pairs of the hydrogen peroxide might have a diminishing effect upon the activation energy of the reduction‐oxidation reaction in the complex.
The crystal structure of P4S3
Authors: van Houten S. , Vos Aafje , Wiegers G. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe crystal structure of P4S3 has been determined by X‐ray diffraction. Space‐group Pnma, 8 molecules per unit cell. The crystal consists of P4S3 molecules having the same structure as that derived by Hassel and Pettersen 1) from an electron‐diffraction study of gaseous P4S3. The average P‐S and P‐P distances are 2.10 Å and 2.24 Å respectively.
Investigation of plant wound hormones
Authors: Haagen‐Smit A. J. , Viglierchio D. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLaurie, linolenic, and linoleic acids have been shown to cause a considerable growth response in the Wehnelt bean test. The action of these acids is enhanced in the presence of coenzyme A, cytochrome C, and ascorbic acid. The growth response to lemon peel infusion and pressed orange oil is attributed in part to the presence of these substances.
Synthetic neuromuscular‐ and ganglion‐blocking agents. N‐Alkylated bipyridyls, bipiperidyls, and their methylene and ethylene “homologues”
Authors: Beyerman H. C. , Bontekoe J. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe synthesis is reported of N.N′‐alkylated α,α′‐, β,β′ and γ,γ′‐bipyridylium diiodides (Type I), and of N,N′‐alkylated α, α′‐, β,β′‐ and γ,γ′‐bipiperidylium diiodides (Type II) listed in Table I. It was found thatwhen the bipyridyls were hydrogenated in absolute methanolic or ethanolic solution in the presence of a nickel catalyst not only reduction of the pyridine rings took place, but also N‐alkylation by the alcohols. This nickel‐catalyzed “hydrogenation‐alkylation” gave satisfactory yields.In table II some N‐alkylated di‐(α‐pyridylium) and di‐(α‐piperidylium)‐methane and ethane diiodides of the Types III and IV are summarized.Syntheses are described of di‐(α‐pyridyl)‐methane and 1,2‐di‐(α‐pyridyl)‐ethane, which compounds were needed as intermediates for the preparation of III and IV.The compounds listed in the Tables I and II were prepared because of their possible neuromuscular‐ and ganglion‐blocking activity.
Raman spectra of aliphatic chlorine compounds: IV. Chloroketones and chloroacid chlorides
Authors: Gerding H. , Haring H. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe chloroacetones CH2Cl. CO. CH3, CHCl2CO. CH3, CH2Cl. CO. CH2CL CHCl2CO. CH2Cl, and CHCl2CO. CHCl2 have been prepared. Their Raman spectra as well as those of several other chloroketones and chloroacid chlorides have been determined. A comparative study of these spectra reveals that the specific bending frequencies for the groups CH3 and CH2Cl, as deduced for the chloropropanes, show a characteristic shift to lower values if these groups are directly attached to the carbonyl group; the “CCl3 frequency” is shifted to a higher value. An intense Raman line at 350 cm−1, which has been found in the spectra of several chloropropanes and chloropropenes containing a CHCl2 group, is particularly strong and characteristic in carbonyl compounds possessing the configuration CHCl2CO. ‐ or CHCl2CHCl. CO.‐. The carbonyl group frequency shows highly different values for groups of compounds such as saturated ketones (1730‐1760 cm−1), unsaturated ketones (1710‐1720 cm−1), and acid chlorides (1780‐1820 cm−1). v(CO) gradually Increases with an increasing substitution of chlorine for hydrogen in the molecule of saturated ketones. In unsaturated ketones, in which C  O and CC are conjugated, v(CO) and v(CC) are lowered and their Intensity is enhanced.
Some thermodynamic properties of the system benzene ‐ 1,2‐dichloroethane. Part II: The excess molar heat capacities
Authors: Ruiter L. H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA calorimeter similar to the one used in the heat‐of‐mixing experiments has served for the determination of the excess molar heat capacities of the system benzene‐1,2‐dichloroethane at 7.73° C, 20.46° C, and 35.66° C. At 7.73° C and 20.46° C the agreement between the directly measured excess molar heat capacities and those derived from the heat‐of‐mixing experiments is excellent. At 35.66° C the agreement is reasonable.
Some thermodynamic properties of the system benzene ‐ 1,2‐dichloroethane. Part III: The excess molar volumes
Authors: Ruiter L. H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe excess molar volumes on mixing benzene and 1,2‐dichloroethane have been measured at 20.00°C, 30.10°C, and 50.00°C. It appears that the excess molar volumes are of the order of 0.25 ml/mole at equimolar concentrations. A small temperature dependency has been observed.Finally some conclusions concerning this sytem have been drawn.
Studies on halogenated esters. Part I.‐ Esters of tertiary trichlorobutanol with some aromatic monocarboxylic acids
Authors: Gupta (Vaishwanar) Indu , Srivastava N. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTrichlorotertiary butanol has been condensed with benzoic, ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐chlorobenzoic, ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐toluic, para‐nitrobenzoic and acetic acids. The esters so obtained have been examined and analysed. Antiseptic and insecticidal properties of these compounds will be examined and reported separately.
Freezing‐point curves for binary systems of ϵ‐caprolactam with carboxylic acids
Authors: van Velden P. F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFreezing‐point curves have been determined, by an approximately static method, in the temperature range 20‐90°C for binary systems of ϵ‐caprolactam with palmitic, benzoic, adipic and pimelic acid. The molecular compound formation, shown to occur from the diagrams, points to specific interaction between one carboxyl group and one caprolactam‐amide group.
Applications, limitations and the mechanism of amide formation from acids and urea
Authors: Rahman Aziz‐Ur 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe formation of amide by interaction of urea and carboxylic acids according to the method of Cherbuliez and LandoltE.Cherbuliez and F. Landolt, Helv. Chim. Acta 29, 1438 (1946).
) has been examined for its application and limitations. On the one hand, the method has been successfully extended to include a group of simple aliphatic, aryl‐aliphatic, and dibasic acids; on the other hand the fact, illustrated by numerous literature references, that this method fails in the case of those acids which contain functional groups in α‐ or β‐position is pointed out.The mechanism of amide formation from acid and urea, based on the interaction of carboxylic acid and cyanic acid ‐ the latter being formed by decomposition of urea ‐, is suggested and discussed. The formation of cyanuric acid, isolated and identified in some experiments, is discussed in conjunction with some literature citations supporting the proposed mechanism.
The U.V. absorption spectra of p‐amino‐salicylic acid and some related compounds: II. Discussion of the U.V. absorption spectrum of p.amino‐salicylic acid)
Authors: Rekker R. F. , Nauta W. Th. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe U.V. absorption spectrum of p.amino‐salicylic acid was measured in water at various pH‐values ranging from 0‐12 and in methanol, ethanol, n.propanol. Attempts were made to give a satisfactory interpretation for the three observed absorption bands.In buffer‐solutions containing borate a typical shift of the absorption bands could be observed.
An electron‐diffraction investigation of the molecular structures of acetone, 2‐butanone, and 3‐pentanone
Authors: Romers C. , Creutzberg J. E. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA description is given of a new electron‐diffraction apparatus. The dis‐fraction patterns of the vapours of acetone, 2‐butanone, and 3‐pentanone were analyzed. The carbonyl bond (1.24 Å) is coplanar with a planar zigzag cham of carbon atoms. The C‐C and C‐H distances are found to be 1.525 Å and 1.09 Å, respectively; ∠ C‐C‐C ∠ 109.5° and ∠ O‐C‐C ∠ 118.5°. The molecules show restricted rotation on the central C‐C bonds.
Potentiometric determination of arsenic by potassium permanganate in alkaline solutions
Authors: Issa I. M. , Elsherif I. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe oxidation of trivalent arsenic by potassium permanganate in alkaline solutions has been studied potentiometrically. The end points are largely affected by the concentration of the reactants and the alkalinity of the reaction medium. It is found that, provided the proper alkalinity is chosen, good results could be obtained. At alkalinities as low as 0.1NNaOH, dilute solutions could be titrated, so that the method can be applied for the determination of micro‐quantities of arsenic.
Thermodynamics of n‐alkanes
Authors: Schaerer A. A. , Baylé G. G. , Mazee W. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe properties of the crystalline Sβ‐modifications of n‐alkanes show alternation: this alternation effect is the basis of all alternation effects occurring in the general behaviour of n‐alkanes, also when other states of matter (liquid state or Sα‐modification) are involved. The properties of the latter states do not show alternation themselves.Quantitative experimental evidence by means of thermodynamic data has now been obtained. In terms of enthalpy the magnitude of the alternation effect is about 600 cal/mole, in terms of entropy and free enthalpy the magnitudes are about 1.5 cal/mole °C and 80 cal/mole, respectively. Generally the Sβ‐phases of n‐alkanes with an even number of carbon atoms show relatively lower values for the absolute thermodynamic quantities as compared with the n‐alkanes with an odd number of carbon atoms.
Some complex fluorides of ruthenium
Authors: Peacock R. D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUntil recently few fluorine complexes of the platinum metals were known, and the only ruthenium‐fluorine compound reported was the binary pentafluoride RuF5.Complex fluorides of pentavalent Ru have now been prepared from the reaction between bromine tri‐fluoride BrF3, ruthenium metal, and appropriate metallic bromide, e.g. KRuF6 is formed from BrF3, Ru and KBr. In aqueous solution these compounds yield complexes of tetravalent Ru; e.g. KRuF6 yields K2RuF6. The hexafluororuthenateIV ion RuF6 = is fairly stable towards water, but in the presence of hydrochloric acid chlororuthenate ion RuCl6 = is formed quantitatively.Attempts are now being made to prepare these and other fluorine complexes of ruthenium by other methods.
Resolution and synthesis of an optically active fluoro complex
Authors: Matoush William R. , Basolo Fred 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn optically active complex containing coordinated fluoride ion has been resolved for the first time. Salts of the new complex ions, cis and trans [Co en2NO2F]+ were prepared. Rates of aquation and racemization were measured for the complex [Co en2F2]+. It was of interest to find that the aquation of this complex is catalyzed by acid.
Contribution to complex formation with polyvalent chlorides and oxychlorides
Authors: Groeneveld W. L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIt is already well known that in a number of cases polyvalent chlorides and oxychlorides are able to form quite stable complexes. It was, however, not clear what influences determine the formation of these complexes, and we therefore made a number of investigations for the purpose of getting some insight into the properties of these chlorides and the reaction mechanism of complex formation. It is thought that polyvalent chlorides and oxychlorides behave in fundamentally different ways, the former forming complexes by a Cl− ion donor mechanism, the latter predominantly by dipole interaction.
Phosphoryl‐metal halide complexes
Authors: Payne D. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMolecular compound formation between metal halides and oxygencontaining compounds has often been considered as a consequence of metal to oxygen bonding.The complexes SnCl4 · 2 POCl3 and TiCl4 · 2 POCl3 have been investigated. Data are presented which suggest complete dissociation of these compounds in the vapour phase. Equilibrium data on the dissociation of these molecules are discussed along with data on the molar volumes and other physical properties. It is concluded that metal to oxygen bonding cannot be held responsible for the formation of the complexes under consideration.
Crystal field theory of complex formation by ions in the first transition series ‐ experimental thermodynamic data (ΔH and ΔS)
Authors: George Philip 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA correlation is established between the variation in bonding energy throughout a series of transition element complexes of the same composition, CaLn2+ …. MnLn2+ …. ZnLn2+, and the extra stabilization arising from the splitting of the d‐orbital into two sets of different energy in the field of the ligand groups. Quantitative data for eighteen ligands are discussed in terms of ΔHL for the reaction
equation image
and two derived quantities, Em and Er, the “maximum stabilization energy” and “transition series contraction energy”. To a first approximation, Em and Er fall into classes depending on the number and nature of the atoms directly bonded to the metal.
Directing effects in inorganic substitution reactions
Authors: Chatt J. , Duncanson L. A. , Venanzi L. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSubstitution in square planar platinous complexes is similar in many respects to benzene substitution. Ammonia and amines already present in a complex direct incoming groups into cis‐positions whereas ethylene, tends to direct incoming groups into the trans‐position. An infra‐red spectroscopic investigation of a series of complex compounds of the type trans‐[L, am PtCl2] (am = piperidine and p‐toluidine) where L = RnM (M = P, As, Sb, S, Se, Te), P(OR)3 and C2H4, indicates that the trans‐directing effect does not operate by trans‐bond weakening as hitherto supposed. The donor capacity of the above donor atoms are found to lie roughly in order of their electronegativities. It appears probable that when a ligand withholds or withdraws the bonding electrons in the ligand‐to‐metal o‐bond, it directs substitution into the cis‐positions to itself.On the other hand when the ligand‐to‐metal bond has some double bond character and electron withdrawal occurs in the π‐type bond substitution takes place in the trans‐position.
Komplexe in Wässeriger Lösung
Authors: Schwarzenbach G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEs wird ein kurzer Ueberblick gegeben über die Lösungsstabilität von Metallkomplexen. Die Kationen mit Edelgaskonfiguration verhalten sich bei der Komplexbildung etwa so, wie man es bei der Annahme rein elektrostatischer Kräfte zwischen Zentralatom und Ligand erwarten würde. Bei den Kationen mit einer 18‐er Aussenschale oder mit einer anderen nicht‐Edelgaskonfiguration sind die Verhältnisse prinzipiell anders. Hier spielt die Gegensätzlichkeit zwischen Zentral‐ und Ligandatom in Bezug auf die Elektronegativität die Hauptrolle. Die Elektronegativität der Metalle beurteilt man dabei am besten an Hand ihrer Ionisationspotentiale. Chelatkomplexe sind besonders stabil und es wird gezeigt, wie man das Verhalten von Atomen und Atomgruppen als Koordinationspartner dadurch untersuchen kann, dass man dieselben als Substituenten von Chelatkomplexbildnern benutzt.
The mechanism of thorium IV and uranium IV hydrolysis
Authors: Hietanen Sirkka 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe hydrolysis of Th4+ has been studied in a 1 M perchlorate medium at 25°C by electrometric titrations. The hydrogen ion concentration was measured with quinhydrone or hydrogen electrodes. It can be deduced from the equilibrium data that a series of complexes Th((OH)3Th)n or rather magnified image are formed with n = 1, 2, 3 etc. No upper limit for n was found and it was concluded that there must be complexes in the solutions with n values greater than 6. To a good approximation the data may be interpreted by the assumption that the equilibrium constants for all successive steps

are the same, k = 10−7.50 (mechanism IIIa with ko = 1, Acta Chem Scand. 8, 318‐335 (1954). The data agree well with thos published by Kraus and Holmberg (1954), although the conclusions differ somewhat.The hydrolysis of U4+ has been studied in a 3 M perchlorate medium at the same temperature. Hydrogen and glass electrodes were used for the pH measurements. The data indicate that complexes magnified image are formed first with n = 1; at higher degrees of hydrolysis, larger complexes are formed, some with n > 3.
The application of solvent extraction to the study of chelate complexes of thorium
Authors: Dyrssen Margareta 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe extraction method is very useful for studies of the complex formation of metal ions MN+ with chelating agents. These reagents are very often organic acids HA which form uncharged complexes MAN of very low solubility in water but of appreciable solubility in organic solvents. The distribution ratio, q, of the metal M between the two liquid phases is measured as a function of the concenrtation [A−] of free ligand. Mathemathical treatment of the function log q (log [A−]) very often enables the calculation of at least two parameters a and b for the complex formation. These parameters are defined by the equations Moreover we can determine the distribution constant of the uncharged complex
The structure of the complex ions AgI2− and Ag4I6−−
Authors: Dallinga G. , Mackor E. L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe presence of the complex ions AgI2− and Ag4I6− in solutions of AgI in water‐acetone mixtures, to which KI is added, has been demonstrated. The arguments leading to the assumption that these ions are formed are summarized and their structures, as determined from X‐ray analysis of the solutions, are discussed.
Mercuric complexes in aqueous solution
Authors: van Panthaleon van Eck C. L. , Wolters H. B. M. , Jaspers W. J. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn analysis of thermodynamic data on the Cu(NH2)n++ complexes reported in the literature shows that the heat and entropy of formation for every bond is constant within experimental error for 1 ≤ n ≤ 4; it is believed that this result indicates that all complexes involved have the same structure. Data on the stability of Hg++ complexes have led us to investigate the structure of these complexes. X‐ray measurements on complexes in aqueous solution are in agreement with a tetrahedral configuration for the HgCln complexes in the cases where n = 4 (HgCl4=) and n = 1 (HgCl(H2O)3+). According to these measurements HgCl2 is almost certainly a linear molecule and the only reasonable structure for the hydrated mercuric ion appears to be a regular octahedron, Hg(H2O)6++.These results help to make it clear why a close relationship between the stabilities of the HgCl+, HgCl3− and HgCl4= ions has been observed, and why HgCl2 does not fit into this pattern.
Atom transfer and electron exchange processes with cobalt complexes
Authors: Adamson Arthur W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe results of some investigations of several redox processes involving cobalt complexes are presented. For the first group of reactions below, oxidation appears to be accomplished in a single act by the direct addition of the oxidizing atom or group to the cobaltous complex: On the other hand, cases studied which appear to involve an electron transfer type of process include:
Co(CN)5−3+Fe(CN)6−3+H2O= [Co(CN)5(H2O)]−2+Fe(CN)6−4
Co(C2O4)3−4+Ce(IV)=Co(C2O4)5−3+Ce(III)
CoV−2+Fe(CN)5−3=CoV−1+Fe(CN)6−4 (V=ethylene diaminetetracetate)
Co*(C2O4)3−4+Co(C2O4)3−3 = exchange
Co V−2+Co*V−1 = exchange
Reactions of the first type are generally faster than those of the second, and possible explanations are discussed, along with some details of the kinetics of the reactions and a description of the several new complexes involved. In particular, an examination of the energy level diagrams predicted by Crystal Field Theory provides some explanation of the slowness of the electron transfer processes.