bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descaling Injury Impairs the Osmoregulatory Ability of Atlantic Salmon Smolts Entering Seawater
Authors: Zydlewski Joseph , Zydlewski Gayle , Danner G. Russell 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of descaling injury on the osmoregulatory ability of hatchery Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in seawater was investigated. Experimental series were initiated during early, middle, and late periods of the spring smolt migration (April 25, May 11, and May 31, respectively). For each time series, descaled smolts (subjected to descaling on 10% of the body surface area) and control smolts (held out of water for 15 s) were transferred to seawater at 0, 1, 3, or 7 d posttreatment. After fish were held in 35‰ seawater for 24 h, gill and blood samples were collected and analyzed for Na+,K+‐ATPase activity and plasma osmolyte levels. Based on gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity, the three series spanned the period from early smolting (increasing activity) to de‐smolting (decreasing activity). In each series, descaled fish transferred to seawater at 0 and 1 d posttreatment had greater plasma osmolality than control fish; descaled fish transferred to seawater at 3 d posttreatment did not differ from controls. The greatest perturbation in osmolality (70 milliosmoles) was observed at the peak of smolting (middle series), whereas lesser increases were seen for early and late‐series smolts. The observed osmotic perturbations in descaled fish would probably reduce performance and decrease survival during smolt migration.
Polyphyly of the Pikeminnows (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Inferred Using Mitochondrial DNA Sequences
Authors: Houston Derek D. , Ogden T. Heath , Whiting Michael F. , Shiozawa Dennis K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of the Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, northern pikeminnow P. oregonensis, Sacramento pikeminnow P. grandis, Umpqua pikeminnow P. umpquae, and hardhead Mylopharodon conocephalus were examined by using molecular data to investigate monophyly of the genus Ptychocheilus. Phylogenies generated using DNA sequence data from the cytochrome b and 16S ribosomal DNA genes of the mitochondrial genome reveal that Ptychocheilus is a polyphyletic genus and suggest that the taxonomy of the group is in need of further revision. These data yield insights into the evolution of the pikeminnows and help place the significant evolutionary events in context with the geological history of parts of western North America (e.g., ancient drainage connections that may have allowed for dispersal, followed by speciation once those connections were broken).
Existence and Nonexistence of Traveling Waves for a Nonlocal Monostable Equation
Authors: Yagisita Hiroki 
Published: December 2009

We consider the nonlocal analogue of the Fisher-KPP equation

u_t = μ \ast u− u + f(u),

where

μ

is a Borel-measure on

ℝ

with

μ(ℝ) = 1

and

f

satisfies

f(0) = f(1) = 0

and

f > 0

in

(0, 1)

. We do not assume that

μ

is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure. The equation may have a standing wave solution whose profile is a monotone but discontinuous function. We show that there is a constant

c_∗

such that it has a traveling wave solution with speed

c

when

c ≥ c_∗

while no traveling wave solution with speed

c

when

c < c_∗

, provided

\int _{y\in ℝ}e^{–λy}dμ(y) < +∞

for some positive constant

λ

. In order to prove it, we modify a recursive method for abstract monotone discrete dynamical systems by Weinberger. We note that the monotone semiflow generated by the equation is not compact with respect to the compact-open topology. We also show that it has no traveling wave solution, provided

f'(0) > 0

and

\int_{y\in ℝ} e^{–λy}dμ(y) = +∞

for all positive constants

λ

.
Factor Structure of Manic Symptoms
Authors: Gupta Subhash Chandra , Sinha Vinod Kumar , Praharaj Samir Kumar , Gandotra Sachin 
Published: December 2009

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to identify the factor structure of manic symptoms as assessed by the Scale for Manic States (SMS). Method: The pattern of symptoms in a group of 225 adults with an ICD-10-DCR diagnosis of manic episode was studied. A factor analysis was conducted of the broad range of psychiatric symptoms covered by SMS. A principal component analysis followed by oblimin rotation was performed. Results: Six eigenvalues were greater than unity and parallel analysis indicated four factors. After observing the scree plot a f ve-factor solution seemed appropriate. Nevertheless, a six-factor solution was chosen that described the data appropriately and was clinically relevant. The six factors (psychosis, irritability aggression, dysphoria, accelerated thought stream, hedonia, and hyperactivity) captured 59.29%% of the total variance. Conclusion: A six-factor solution explains the clinical dimensions of mania in the present sample and dysphoria appeared as a separate factor.
Antidepressant Dispensing Trends in New Zealand Between 2004 and 2007
Authors: Exeter Daniel , Robinson Elizabeth , Wheeler Amanda 
Published: December 2009

Objective: The aim of the present study was to explore antidepressant dispensing trends in New Zealand over a 3 year period (2004-2007) with a focus on trends by age, gender, ethnicity, District Health Board and type of antidepressant. Method: Prevalence of antidepressant agents dispensed in the years ending June 2004-2005, 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 was calculated separately for the population aged 15-24, 24-44, 45-64 and 65-100 years, (>=65) by gender. The f rst occurrence of antidepressant dispensing for each individual in each year was extracted to calculate age-specific antidepressant dispensing rates standardized to the 2006 Census population for the New Zealand European/Other (NZEO) ethnic group. Results: The 12 month prevalence of antidepressant dispensing among the total population aged 15-100 years increased from 7.36%% in 2004-2005 to 8.21%% in 2005-2006 and to 9.39%% in 2006-2007 Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) and tricyclic antidepres-sants (TCA) accounted for >90%% of all antidepressants dispensed each year. SSRIs were more frequently prescribed to young adults (15-24 years) than TCAs, although this relation changed with increasing age. In women aged >=65, TCAs were more commonly dispensed than SSRIs, while among men in the same age group, dispensing patterns were similar for both agents. Age-specific dispensing rates were higher among female than male subjects, and the NZEO combined populations were dispensed signif cantly more antidepressant agents than Māori or Pacific peoples. Considerable regional variations in antidepressant dispensing were found by ethnicity and gender. Conclusion: There are considerable variations in antidepressant dispensing in NZ, and the rate of dispensing has increased over the 3 years of the present study. Further work is required to investigate the different rates of antidepressant dispensing found between ethnic groups. Depression is strongly associated with suicide and the trend of increased dispensing of antidepressants found in the present study should continue to have a positive effect on suicide rates in NZ.
An open-label, multicenter, phase 2a study to assess the feasibility of imaging metastases in late-stage cancer patients with the αvβ3-selective angiogenesis imaging agent 99mtc-nc100692
Authors: Axelsson Rimma , Bach-Gansmo Tore , Castell-Conesa Juan , McParland Brian J. ,   On Behalf Of The Study Group
Published: December 2009

Background: The αvβ3 integrin is one of the angiogenesis-related membrane proteins highly expressed on the neovasculature of breast cancer and lung carcinomas. Labeling of the αvβ3 integrin with 99mTc-NC100692 provides a potential tool for imaging angiogenesis and hence the presence of malignant lesions. Purpose: To determine the feasibility of detecting metastatic lesions in liver, lung, bone, and brain with scintigraphy using the αvβ3-avid imaging agent 99mTc-NC100692 in patients with breast or lung cancer, and to assess its safety profile. Material and Methods: Twenty-five patients—15 with lung cancer and 10 with breast cancer—were recruited at 10 centers. Metastases were newly diagnosed by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or bone scintigraphy, i.e., the reference standard. Patients underwent whole-body scans of approximately 10–15 min duration beginning at 45 min post-injection and a SPECT acquisition of approximately 30 min beginning at 75 min after injection of up to 1100 MBq 99mTc-NC100692. In case of liver metastases, dynamic acquisitions of 15 min were performed starting immediately post-injection. Safety measurements were performed up to 2.5 hours after injection and included hematology, serum biochemistry, coagulation, urine analysis, vital signs, oximetry, 12-lead ECG assessments, and a physical examination. Results: In patients with breast cancer, 99mTc-NC100692 scintigraphy detected 1 of 7 liver, 4 of 5 lung, 8 of 17 bone, and 1 of 1 brain metastases. The corresponding numbers for lung cancer patients were 0 of 2, 17 of 18, 2 of 2, and 7 of 9. There was overall stability through the follow-up period for all investigated safety parameters. Conclusion: Scintigraphy with 99mTc-NC100692 is feasible for detection of lung and brain metastases from breast and lung cancer, while the detection of liver and bone lesions is poor. The use of 99mTc-NC100692 is safe and well tolerated.
Galactography: An application of the galactogram imaging classification system (GICS)
Authors: Berná-Serna Juan D. , Torres-Alés Carolina , Berná-Mestre Juan D. , Sola-Pérez Joaquín , Canteras-Jordana Manuel 
Published: December 2009

Background: Galactography is the technique of choice for investigating pathological nipple discharge. However, there is no standardized interpretation system for this procedure. Purpose: To evaluate radiological and histological correlation using a Galactogram Imaging Classification System (GICS). Material and Methods: We retrospectively studied all galactograms obtained in 62 women with pathological nipple discharge who subsequently had biopsy at our institution between 1999 and 2007. The GICS proposes five categories for galactographic findings: GICS 1: negative; GICS 2: benign; GICS 3: probably benign; GICS 4: suspect for malignancy; GICS 5: highly suspect for malignancy. Results: The galactographic findings were classified as follows: GICS 2: 25.8% (16/62); GICS 3: 30.6% (19/62); GICS 4: 25.8% (16/62); and GICS 5: 17.7% (11/62). A good correlation was observed between histological diagnosis and GICS categories ( P < 0.05). All the cases diagnosed with carcinoma ( n = 11) were classified in GICS category 5. Conclusion: The present study shows a good correlation between GICS categories and histological diagnosis.
Effectiveness of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT)® on hypernasality in non‐progressive dysarthria: the need for further research
Authors: Wenke Rachel J. , Theodoros Deborah , Cornwell Petrea 
Published: December 2009

Background: Hypernasality is a common feature of non‐progressive dysarthria. However, limited research has investigated the effectiveness of treatments for this impairment. Preliminary research has revealed positive effects on nasalance when using increased loudness in certain non‐progressive dysarthric speakers. However, the long‐term effects of loud speech on nasalance as part of a structured intervention such as Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT)® are yet to be investigated in this population.Aims: The study aimed to investigate the short‐ and long‐term effects of LSVT® on hypernasality (perceptual ratings and degree of nasalance) in non‐progressive dysarthria; and secondly, to evaluate the effects of traditional dysarthria therapy on these same measures, in comparison with the effects of LSVT®.Methods & Procedures: Ten non‐progressive dysarthric speakers with varying levels of hypernasality (taken from a larger research study) were randomly allocated to receive LSVT® (n = 5) or individually tailored traditional dysarthria therapy (n = 5). Both treatments were administered four times weekly for 4 weeks (that is, 16 × 1‐hour sessions). Participants were assessed twice before treatment, twice immediately post‐treatment, and twice at follow‐up 6 months post‐treatment using a perceptual rating task performed by two independent speech pathologists, and the Nasometer. Changes to individual mean nasalance scores were compared against clinically significant criterion and perceptual ratings were analysed descriptively.Outcomes & Results: Three out of five participants demonstrated reductions in perceived hypernasality immediately following LSVT®, but these changes were maintained at follow‐up for only one participant. Two of these three participants demonstrated a corresponding reduction in mean nasalance. Limited changes in perceived hypernasality and nasalance scores were found following traditional dysarthria therapy, with only one participant exhibiting reduced nasalance at follow‐up.Conclusions & Implications: Due to the small sample size in the present research and variability between participants, further exploration into the effects of LSVT® on nasality with a larger population with different dysarthria types is essential.
Nine‐ to twelve‐year olds' metalinguistic awareness of homonymy
Authors: Corthals Paul 
Published: December 2009

Background: The metalinguistic ability to cope with homonyms, that is, words having multiple unrelated meanings, emerges rather late in the course child language development. It is associated with specific neural activity and related to academic achievement and second language learning. This study is about homonyms that are at the same time homographs and homophones. For clinical purposes, it would be useful to have additional normative data on acquisition.Aims: The goal of this study was to develop a measurement protocol for mastery of multiple literal meanings of homonymous nouns and to document Dutch‐speaking children's performances during the final stages of child language development. Age and gender effects as well as the correlation with type token ratios in spontaneous speech will be examined.Methods & Procedures: Twenty‐one words having only one literal meaning, 19 homonyms, and 20 pseudo‐words were presented to 801 children from the fourth, the fifth and the sixth or final grade of regular elementary schools. These children had no hearing or learning difficulties. Each test item was presented simultaneously in writing on a screen and as a spoken word. The task was to put each word into one of three possible categories: no meaning, just one literal meaning and more than one literal meaning. After item analysis, only the best items from the original corpus of 60 words were used to calculate a final score with. A 3 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) was calculated to assess age and gender effects. The correlation between type token ratio results and multiple meaning mastery results was determined.Outcomes & Results: The ability to define a word correctly as homonymous clearly develops rather late in the course of language development and significant progress is being made during final elementary school years. Significant age and gender effects were found. The correlations with type token ratio results did not reach significance levels. Children were very accurate in identifying pseudo‐words as meaningless items.Conclusions & Implications: Further research is needed to find out whether there actually is a genuine gender effect in the ability to reflect on words with multiple meanings. This ability is different from what is traditionally defined as active or passive vocabulary, because of the metalinguistic dimensions of the task. The findings in this study underpin the need for further exploration of metalinguistic aspects of vocabulary growth and language development in general, and for the development of appropriate test tools. A screening of multiple meaning mastery may be a valuable procedure to detect individuals in need of therapy and to help school counsellors in formulating a school career advice.
Procedural and declarative memory in children with and without specific language impairment
Authors: Lum Jarrad A. G. , Gelgic Celin , Conti‐Ramsden Gina 
Published: December 2009

Background: Much evidence has accumulated to indicate memory deficits in children with specific language impairment. However, most research has focused on working memory impairments in these children. Less is known about the functioning of other memory systems in this population.Aims: This study examined procedural and declarative memory in young children with and without specific language impairment.Methods & Procedures: A total of 15 children with specific language impairment and 15 non‐impaired children of comparable age, gender and handedness were presented with measures of procedural and declarative memory. Procedural memory was assessed using a Serial Reaction Time (SRT) Task in which children implicitly learnt a ten‐item sequence pattern. Declarative memory for verbal and visual information was assessed using paired associative learning tasks.Outcomes & Results: The results from the SRT Task showed the children with specific language impairment did not learn the sequence at levels comparable with the non‐impaired children. On the measures of declarative memory, differences between the groups were observed on the verbal but not the visual task. The differences on the verbal declarative memory task were found after statistically controlling for differences in vocabulary and phonological short‐term memory.Conclusions & Implications: The results were interpreted to suggest an uneven profile of memory functioning in specific language impairment. On measures of declarative memory, specific language impairment appears to be associated with difficulties learning verbal information. At the same time, procedural memory is also appears to be impaired. Collectively, this study indicates multiple memory impairments in specific language impairment.
Pervasive Healthcare
Authors: Mayora O. , Bardram J. , Tröster G. , Arnrich B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Objectives: The aging of the population creates pressure on the healthcare systems in various ways. A massive increase of chronic disease conditions and age-related illness are predicted as the dominant forces driving the future health care. The objective of this paper is to present future research demands in pervasive healthcare with the goal to meet the healthcare challenges by paving the way for a pervasive, user-centered and preventive healthcare model.
Methods: This paper presents recent methodological approaches and proposes future research topics in three areas: i) pervasive, continuous and reliable long-term monitoring systems; ii) prevention through pervasive technology as a key element to maintain lifelong wellness; and iii) design and evaluation methods for ubiquitous, patient-centric technologies.
Results: Pervasive technology has been identified as a strong asset for achieving the vision of user-centered preventive healthcare. In order to make this vision a reality, new strategies for design, development and evaluation of technology have to find a common denominator and consequently interoperate. Moreover, the potential of pervasive health-care technologies offers new opportunities beyond traditional disease treatment and may play a major role in prevention, e.g. motivate healthy behavior and disease prevention throughout all stages of life. In this sense, open challenges in future research have to be addressed such as the variability of health indicators between individuals and the manner in which relevant health indicators are provided to the users in order to maximize their motivation to mitigate or prevent unhealthy behaviors. Additionally, collecting evidence that pervasive technology improves health is seen as one of the toughest challenges. Promising approaches are recently introduced, such as “clinical proof-of-concept” and balanced observational studies.
Conclusions: The paper concludes that pervasive healthcare will enable a paradigm shift from the established centralized healthcare model to a pervasive, user-centered and preventive overall lifestyle health management. In order to provide these new opportunities everywhere, anytime and to anyone, future research in the fields of pervasive sensing, pervasive prevention and evaluation of pervasive technology is inevitably needed.
Influence of genotype on hepatitis B surface antigen kinetics in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients treated with pegylated interferon-α2a
Authors: Moucari Rami , Martinot-Peignoux Michelle , Mackiewicz Vincent , Boyer Nathalie , Ripault Marie-Pierre , Castelnau Corinne , Leclere Laurence , Dauvergne Agnes , Valla Dominique , Vidaud Michel , Nicolas-Chanoine Marie-Hélène , Marcellin Patrick 
Published: December 2009

Background The aim of this study was to assess the influence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes on serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) kinetics in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative patients treated with pegylated interferon-α2a (PEG-IFN-α2a). Methods A total of 48 consecutive patients treated with PEG-IFN-α2a (180 μg/week) for 48 weeks were assessed. HBV genotype was determined. Serum HBV DNA and HBsAg were assessed at baseline, during treatment (weeks 12, 24 and 48) and during follow-up (weeks 72 and 96). Results The distribution of HBV genotype was A 27%, B 17%, C 12%, D 29% and E 14%. Mean ±sd pretreatment serum HBV DNA (6.9 ±1.5 log10 copies/ml) was not different between genotypes and decreased under treatment in all genotypes without significant difference. Mean ±sd pretreatment serum HBsAg (3.6 ±0.6 log10 IU/ml) was significantly different between genotypes ( P<0.001), with high levels in genotypes A and C, intermediate levels in genotypes D and E, and low levels in genotype B (4.0 ±0.3, 4.1 ±0.7, 3.6 ±0.5, 3.6 ±0.4 and 2.7 ±0.6 log10 IU/ml, respectively). Serum HBsAg decreased under treatment in all genotypes with a significant difference. At the end of treatment, mean ±sd decrease was high in genotype A, intermediate in genotypes B and D, and low in genotypes C and E (1.3 ±1.6, 0.7 ±0.7, 0.6 ±0.9, 0.4 ±1.0 and 0.4 ±0.9 log10 IU/ml, respectively; P<0.001). During follow-up, serum HBsAg continued to decrease in genotypes A and D, whereas rebound was observed in genotypes B, C and E. Conclusions HBV genotype has a strong influence on serum HBsAg kinetics during PEG-IFN-α2a therapy in HBeAg-negative patients.