bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Determination of Potential Distributions and Current Densities in Multi-Electrode Systems
Authors: Helle H. P. E. , Beek G. H. M. , Ligtelijn J. Th 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Two numerical solution methods of the Laplacian equations, within boundary conditions set by the geometries and electrode reactions of arbitrary cells, are presented. One method is based on the location of current sources on suitable locations in and around the cell. The strength of these sources is a variable. With the solution of the equations of the potential gradients at the boundaries, the strength of the sources is determined, and herewith potentials and current densities. In the second method, the potential distribution is determined by solution of the equations obtained with a finite element discretisation of the cell. Compatibility with the potential dependant boundary conditions at the electrode surfaces is reached, for both methods, with an iteration procedure. Both methods are used for the solution of a problem for which an analytical solution is available. Some conclusions regarding their applicability are drawn, and an example of the use of this method on the problem of the galvanic corrosion for a ship/propeller/sea water system is given.
Electrochemical Etching of Copper Ion Implanted H-19 Aluminum in Aqueous Chloride/Sulfate Solution at 95 C
Authors: Florio S. M. , Moore W. M. , Hutchins G. A. , Summers S. E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Electrochemical etching experiments were conducted with Cu ion implanted H-19 Al foil in aqueous NaCl/Na2SO4 solution at 95 C in an effort to improve the procedure for the surface area enhancement of Al. The concentration of Cu in unimplanted and implanted specimens was determined by electron probe microanalysis. An amorphous passive film on the order of 200 A˚ thick formed on the Al surface in the 95 C etch solution prior to the electrochemical etch. A model for the etch process in which pits were seen to propagate immediately at flaws in this passive surface was supported by the shape and distribution of etch pits after brief etching. Pits propagated under the surface oxide in crystallographically determined directions in both unimplanted and Cu implanted samples. The presence of ion implanted Cu resulted in a smaller number of more highly developed, deeper pits. Capacitance versus voltage and weight loss measurements of highly etched samples indicated that approximately the same amount of overall Al dissolution occurred in all samples. More local etching occurred in the high dose Cu implanted specimens, with significant loss of fine surface structure. Electron probe measurements showed that no change in the total Cu content of the various foils occurred during etching.
Discussion:
Deposition Rate of Suspended Hematite in a Boiling Water System under BWR Conditions
Authors: Cohen Paul 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The following is a discussion of the article, “Deposition Rate of Suspended Hematite in a Boiling Water System under BWR Conditions,” by T. Mizuno, K. Wada, and T. Iwahori, published in Corrosion, Vol. 38, p. 15 (1982) January.
Discussion:
The Study of Inhibitors for Sour Gas Service
Authors: Blair C. M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The following is a discussion of the article entitled “The Study of Inhibitors for Sour Gas Service” by K. Suzuki, T. Kouno, E. Sato, and T. Murato, published in Corrosion, Vol. 38, No. 7, p. 384 (1982).
Induction Time Studies of Fe18Cr and 430 SS under Open Circuit Conditions in Chloride-Containing Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Covino B. S. , Rosen M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In order to promote the effective and efficient application of corrosion resistant metals and alloys in mineral processing environments, the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, has characterized the effect of aggressive ions on the corrosion and passive behavior of two stainless steels, Fe18Cr and AISI 430 SS. Samples prepassivated in oxygen saturated 1 N H2SO4 at 0.6 V NHE and then released to open circuit and aged for times ranging from 10 min to 80,000 min (55 days), were subsequently exposed to chloride ion concentrations ranging from 5 to 44 parts per thousand (ppt). Susceptibility to chloride ion attack was determined as a function of time in solution (film aging time), chloride ion concentration [Cl−], and open circuit potentials (E) at the time chloride was added by measuring the amount of time (induction time, t) required for a sample to begin corroding after adding the chloride ion. The experimentally determined induction times were fitted to an equation of the form: 1/t=K Em[Cl−]n where K, m, and n are empirically determined constants. Results obtained for short (&lt;100 min) aging times were different from those for long (100 to 80,000 min) aging times. For Fe18Cr exposed for short film aging times prior to addition of the chloride, larger [Cl−] resulted in shorter induction times, and higher values of E resulted in longer induction times. For 430 SS exposed for short film aging times, and for 430 SS and Fe18Cr exposed for longer film aging times prior to addition of chloride ions, both larger [Cl−] and higher values of E resulted in shorter induction times.
Effect of Solidification Structure of the Alloy Cu-10% Al-1% Fe on Its Corrosion and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Vergara Victor , Matamala Guillermo , Moreno Aldo 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
An 89% Cu, 10% Al, 1% Fe alloy was solidified under different cooling conditions in order to obtain different kinds of dendritic structures. The main structural difference observed was the grain size, which varied from 0.017 to 0.57 grains/mm2. The mechanical behavior was determined by tension and hardness test. The fracture surface and microstructure were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Other samples were subjected to corrosion tests in a saline solution of a concentration similar to that of seawater; these tests were potentiodynamic and potentiostatic during twelve hours at −50 mV (ECS). The electrolytic solutions were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the Cu, Al, and Fe concentrations.
The tension and hardness tests did not show a significant correlation. The corrosion tests showed a different amount of corrosion, which depends primarily on the morphology and type of solidification structure. Higher dealuminization was found in samples with higher content of γ2 phase. The columnar grain structure showed a lower selective corrosion than the equiaxial structure.
A fine dispersion of the α + β phase in relation to the α+γ2 matrix enhances the dealuminization of the alloy.
The Anodic Polarization Characteristics of Fe-Si-Al Alloys in 1N H2SO4
Authors: Wakefield Sandra , Beck Franklin H. , Powell Gordon W. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The anodic polarization characteristics in 1N H2SO4 (25 C) of Fe-8 Wt% Si, Fe-8Al and Fe-5Si-3Al alloys fabricated by conventional processing (ingot metallurgy) and of Fe-8Al fabricated by powder metallurgy were determined. With the exception of the Fe-8Si, the alloys undergo an active-to-passive transition. The passivation behavior is controlled by the aluminum content of the alloys, the aluminum decreasing the passivation potential. Although the appearance of the corrosion attack is different, the anodic polarization characteristics of the Fe-8Al alloy are essentially independent of the method of fabrication (i.e., ingot metallurgy vs powder metallurgy).
A Microstructural Study of the Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistance of a Cr-Mo-V-B Steel
Authors: Shei S. A. , Kim C. D. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effect of microstructure and strength level on the sulfide stress cracking (SSC) performance of a Cr-Mo-V-B steel. The steel was heat treated by quenching and tempering in a temperature range of 1100 to 1325 F (593 to 718 C). Crack initiation and propagation behaviors were examined using three-point bending tests. The experimental results showed that an increase in tempering temperature was associated with an increase in crack initiation time, indicating an increase in SSC resistance. The increased tempering temperature also changed the crack propagation path from a mixture of transgranular and intergranular to primarily transgranular cracking. Crack initiation and propagation were shown to be associated with decohesion and/or microvoid formation at carbide/matrix and inclusion/matrix interfaces. Differences in the SSC resistance were correlated with the morphology of carbide particles.
The Effect of Pollutants and Bacterial Microfouling on the Corrosion of Copper Base Alloys in Seawater
Authors: Schiffrin D. J. , De Sanchez S. R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effects of seawater contaminants such as ammonium and sulfide ions and trimethylamine on the corrosion behavior of copper base alloys have been studied. Sulfide contamination causes a long-term change in the surface properties of the passive film formed on these alloys in uncontaminated seawater. The kinetics of oxygen reduction and anodic dissolution were studied, and the results were analyzed on the basis of a simple, activated-diffusionally controlled model. It has been shown that the relationships derived for the rotating disk electrode geometry can be extended to any hydrodynamic configuration, provided the corresponding dimensionless number relationships are known. The correlating parameter (between the rotating disk experiments and hydrodynamic geometries) used in this work is the mass transfer coefficient. Bacterial contamination led to the loss of passivation, and the corrosion rate was determined by the rate of oxygen diffusion through the bacterial slime. Three genera of bacteria have been identified in the bacterial slimes present in condenser tubes using contaminated seawater as coolant. These were Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, and Corynebacterium. Of these, the Pseudomonas were entirely responsible for the observed corrosion rate increase. The combination of bacterial contamination and anaerobic conditions can create an extremely corrosive environment.
The Chemistry of Azole Copper Corrosion Inhibitors in Cooling Waters
Authors: Hollander Orin , May Roger C. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Although benzotriazole and tolyltriazole are well known as extremely effective inhibitors of copper corrosion, very little has been reported in the literature regarding their chemistry, particularly in near neutral, low conductivity aqueous media. The behavior of these inhibitors was studied under typical cooling water conditions. Relationships between chemical properties and inhibition behavior are discussed. A modified theory of the mechanism of inhibition is proposed.
Monitoring pH and Corrosion Potentials in High Temperature Aqueous Environments
Authors: Niedrach Leonard W. , Stoddard William H. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A zirconia membrane electrode that responds to pH can serve admirably as a pH sensor in high temperature aqueous systems. Alternatively, under conditions of known, stable pH, the sensor may be used as a reference electrode for monitoring corrosion and redox potentials. Data are presented to illustrate the thermodynamic reliability and stability of such a sensor at elevated temperatures. An example of corrosion potential monitoring, including correlations with related ambient temperature measurements of pH, oxygen and hydrogen concentrations, and water resistivity, is given.
Theory of Dielectric Properties of Heterogeneous Substances Applied to Water in a Paint Film
Authors: Lindqvist S. A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The water content of 12 paints on steel substrate, exposed to 0.1M sodium chloride at 25 C for 24 h, was calculated from impedance measurements and compared with gravimetric determinations. Brasher's empirical expression was compared with five mixture formulas derived from the theory of dielectric properties of heterogeneous substances by Boettcher, Bruggeman, Looyenga, Wagner, and Rayleigh. The 12 paints were based on two grades of red lead and iron oxide in epoxy, chlorinated rubber, alkyd, and linseed oil binders.
The significance of the results for cyclic wet/dry paint tests according to (1) the difference between the water absorption and desorption rates of a single paint and (2) the testing of different types of paints in the same cycle test program are exemplified. A possible explanation is given for the poor correlation often found between the results of cyclic wet/dry tests and those obtained in practical applications.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of 13Cr Steels in CO2-H2S-Cl− Environments
Authors: Kurahashi H. , Kurisu T. , Sone Y. , Wada K. , Nakai Y. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of two 13Cr steels was investigated in aqueous CO2-H2S environments. U-bend tests, constant load tensile tests, and corrosion tests were performed in CO2 environments containing different amounts of H2S. In addition, the slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests and hydrogen absorption measurements were done under cathodic hydrogen charging conditions to determine why 13Cr steels are more susceptible to SCC in H2S environments than low alloy steels are.
The 13Cr steels were less resistant to SCC in the CO2-H2S environments than low alloy steels were, but some 13Cr steels were not subject to SCC even at a hydrogen sulfide partial pressure of 0.3 atm. Furthermore, it was found that SCC in a CO2-H2S environment was caused by hydrogen embrittlement and that the SCC susceptibility of 13Cr steels was affected by their intergranular cracking behavior. Thus, their microstructures and carbide dispersions are important factors in defining SCC susceptibility of 13Cr steels.
Properties of Nitrogen-Containing Stainless Alloy Designed for High Resistance to Pitting
Authors: Bandy R. , Rooyen D. Van 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This paper describes the following features of a recently developed high nitrogen-bearing, highly corrosion resistant stainless steel: tensile properties, stress corrosion characteristics in boiling magnesium chloride solution, effect of sensitizing heat treatment on the nature and extent of grain boundary attack, and electrochemical polarization behavior in sulfuric acid and low pH chloride solutions.
The Environmental Cracking of Ticode-12® in Aqueous Chloride Environments
Authors: Sorensen N. R. , Ruppen J. A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The slow strain rate technique (SSRT) was used to assess the environmental cracking behavior of TiCode-12, a titanium-base alloy, in a simulated repository brine. The hydrogen effects and electrode potential were examined to understand the alloy's hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior. At open circuit, no environment effect was noted, as the results in air and brine were essentially identical. Hydrogen precharging of the samples resulted in a microstructure change, and at very high hydrogen levels, a degradation in mechanical properties. Anodic polarization of the Grade 12 Ti had no effect on mechanical properties, again indicating that the alloy is not susceptible to SCC. Severe cathodic polarization results in a change in both fracture mode and macroscopic stress-strain behavior. However, the conditions under which these changes were observed are considered to be much more severe than those encountered in the proposed repository sites.
Stress Corrosion Behavior of AISI 304 Stainless Steel in a Boiling 42% MgCl2 Solution under Cyclic Slow Strain Rate Technique
Authors: Nakayama T. , Takano M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) rod and plate specimens in boiling 42% MgCl2 was investigated using a monotonic and a cyclic slow strain rate technique (SSRT) in the crosshead speed (CHS) range from 6×10−5 to 1.5 mm/min. A maximum stress (σmax) of 50 to 330 MPa was selected in a cyclic slow strain rate test. A thermal cyclic stress test was also conducted in the solution. Fracture surface observations revealed that crack mode changed from transgranular to intergranular with increasing stress level in the SCC process, and the crack mode was independent of the CHS change. Time to failure in the cyclic slow strain rate test was constant at a given σmax in all CHS used (except slow CHS of 6×10−5 at σmax of 50 MPa). Crack propagation rate (da/dt) increased with the stress intensity factor, and it was independent of CHS. The corrosion potential varied with the stress cycle after cracking started; this indicated that SCC proceeded by a dissolution-repassivation mechanism. The cyclic slow strain rate test is recommended as an SCC test that can reproduce the actual service conditions of stress.
Discussion:
The Existence of Imidazoline Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Blair Charles M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The following is a discussion of the article entitled “The Existence of Imidazoline Corrosion Inhibitors,” by J. A. Martin and F. W. Valone, published in Corrosion, Vol. 41, No. 5, p. 281, 1985.
Corrosion of Galvanized and Galvannealed Steel in Solutions of pH 9.0 to 14.0
Authors: Sergi G. , Short N. R. , Page C. L. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Well-characterized zinc coatings on steel have been prepared so that either the eta or zeta phase was present as the outermost layer. Their electrochemical behavior was studied in a range of solutions by galvanostatic anodic polarization and potentiodynamic anodic polarization scans. The corrosion products were identified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray analysis. Results show that the solution pH has the most marked effect on electrochemical behavior and the nature of the corrosion product formed. At a given solution pH, the behavior and products formed are modified according to the concentration of chloride in the solution and the type of iron-zinc alloy layer investigated. The results are discussed in relation to the practical use of galvanized reinforcement in concrete.
Mechanistic Aspects of Pit Growth on Nickel in Diluted Chloride Solutions
Authors: Heimgartner P. , Bohni H. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Pit current densities (CDs) in small pits have been found to be potential dependent, indicating an ohmic or mixed ohmic-charge transfer controlled dissolution mechanism. In a later stage of pit growth, a diffusion-controlled dissolution has often been reported. The potential-dependent mechanism is not always restricted to only the beginning of pit development, as has been shown in galvanostatic tests with rather low CDs.
In this paper, the mechanism change from ohmic-charge transfer to diffusion-controlled pit growth was also studied in potentiostatic experiments by means of potential pulses added to the applied potential. The current response to fast potential changes differs for the two mechanisms.
The influence of a number of parameters [such as potential, position of the specimen (horizontal or vertical), agitation of the bulk electrolyte, and pit diameter] on the transition time for mechanism change could be investigated using this pulse technique.
Results also show that the rate law for pit growth can be very similar for the two types of mechanisms and different pit geometry (artificial pits of the wire type or “naturally” growing pits).
Technical Note:
On the Effects of Magnesium on the Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Galvanized Sheet Steel
Authors: Townsend H. E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The corrosion resistance of sheet steel with galvanized coatings containing 0.04 wt% magnesium was compared to that of conventional galvanized sheet without magnesium additions. No significant differences in the long-term durabilities of these coatings were detected in atmospheric corrosion tests conducted in severe or moderate marine, rural, or industrial environments. It is concluded that, at the level tested, magnesium has no effect on the life of galvanized coatings.
Effect of Chromate Inhibitor on the Mechanical and Electrochemical Components of Erosion-Corrosion in Aqueous Slurries of Sand
Authors: Postlethwaite John 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Both weight loss and electrochemical measurements have been made to study the effects of chromate inhibitor on the erosion-corrosion of carbon steel specimens in a 5 cm diameter slurry pipeline carrying a 20 Vol% aqueous slurry of silica sand (size range 0.3 to 0.6 mm) over a velocity range 2–3.5 m/s. In the absence of inhibitors the total wear rate of a 5 cm long × 1 cm wide specimen located at the 4 o'clock position in the pipe wall was 2.7 to 17.5 mm/year. In the presence of inhibitor, the wear rate was reduced to values in the range 0.48 to 0.82 mm/year. The electrochemical measurements showed that erosion was the major mode of metal loss. However, there is a major interaction between the erosion and the corrosion components and a reduction in the corrosion component, which leads to much smoother surfaces, greatly reduced the erosion losses.
Surface Characteristics of Cold-Rolled Steel as They Affect Paint Performance
Authors: Iezzi Robert A. , Leidheiser H. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Paint failure on cold-rolled steel sheet occurs by cathodic delamination at the pretreatment/steel interface. Surface contamination, mainly carbon, is primarily responsible for variable paint performance on cold-rolled steel. The carbon is not uniformly distributed on the steel surface, and its presence in localized areas interferes with the formation of the zinc phosphate during the pretreatment step. The carbon is present primarily in amorphous elemental form and probably originates during annealing from the breakdown of residual rolling oils left on the steel surface prior to annealing and from the thermal dissociation of carbon monoxide. Material with high surface contamination fails much more rapidly than material with low surface contamination because of the poorer bonding of the zinc phosphate to the substrate and the greater oxygen and moisture access to the steel surface as a consequence of porosity of the zinc phosphate layer.