bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of GLUT4 (glucose transporter isoform 4) storage vesicle formation by sphingolipid depletion
Authors: Cheng Zhi-Jie , Singh Raman Deep , Wang Teng-ke , Holicky Eileen L. , Wheatley Christine L. , Bernlohr David A. , Marks David L. , Pagano Richard E. 
Published: January 2010

Insulin stimulates glucose transport in fat and skeletal muscle cells primarily by inducing the translocation of GLUT4 (glucose transporter isoform 4) to the PM (plasma membrane) from specialized GSVs (GLUT4 storage vesicles). Glycosphingolipids are components of membrane microdomains and are involved in insulin-regulated glucose transport. Cellular glycosphingolipids decrease during adipocyte differentiation and have been suggested to be involved in adipocyte function. In the present study, we investigated the role of glycosphingolipids in regulating GLUT4 translocation. We decreased glycosphingolipids in 3T3-L1 adipocytes using glycosphingolipid synthesis inhibitors and investigated the effects on GLUT4 translocation using immunocytochemistry, preparation of PM sheets, isolation of GSVs and FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) of GLUT4–GFP (green fluorescent protein) in intracellular structures. Glycosphingolipids were located in endosomal vesicles in pre-adipocytes and redistributed to the PM with decreased expression at day 2 after initiation of differentiation. In fully differentiated adipocytes, depletion of glycosphingolipids dramatically accelerated insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. Although insulin-induced phosphorylation of IRS (insulin receptor substrate) and Akt remained intact in glycosphingolipid-depleted cells, both in vitro budding of GLUT4 vesicles and FRAP of GLUT4–GFP on GSVs were stimulated. Glycosphingolipid depletion also enhanced the insulin-induced translocation of VAMP2 (vesicle-associated membrane protein 2), but not the transferrin receptor or cellubrevin, indicating that the effect of glycosphingolipids was specific to VAMP2-positive GSVs. Our results strongly suggest that decreasing glycosphingolipid levels promotes the formation of GSVs and, thus, GLUT4 translocation. These studies provide a mechanistic basis for recent studies showing that inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis improves glycaemic control and enhances insulin sensitivity in animal models of Type 2 diabetes.
Crystal structure of the DNA-recognition component of the bacterial virus Sf6 genome-packaging machine
Authors: Zhao Haiyan , Finch Casey J. , Sequeira Reuben D. , Johnson Brian A. , Johnson John E. , Casjens Sherwood R. , Tang Liang 
Published: January 2010

In herpesviruses and many bacterial viruses, genome-packaging is a precisely mediated process fulfilled by a virally encoded molecular machine called terminase that consists of two protein components: A DNA-recognition component that defines the specificity for packaged DNA, and a catalytic component that provides energy for the packaging reaction by hydrolyzing ATP. The terminase docks onto the portal protein complex embedded in a single vertex of a preformed viral protein shell called procapsid, and pumps the viral DNA into the procapsid through a conduit formed by the portal. Here we report the 1.65 Å resolution structure of the DNA-recognition component gp1 of the
Shigella
bacteriophage Sf6 genome-packaging machine. The structure reveals a ring-like octamer formed by interweaved protein monomers with a highly extended fold, embracing a tunnel through which DNA may be translocated. The N-terminal DNA-binding domains form the peripheral appendages surrounding the octamer. The central domain contributes to oligomerization through interactions of bundled helices. The C-terminal domain forms a barrel with parallel beta-strands. The structure reveals a common scheme for oligomerization of terminase DNA-recognition components, and provides insights into the role of gp1 in formation of the packaging-competent terminase complex and assembly of the terminase with the portal, in which ring-like protein oligomers stack together to form a continuous channel for viral DNA translocation.
Methionine oxidation induces amyloid fibril formation by full-length apolipoprotein A-I
Authors: Wong Yuan Qi , Binger Katrina J. , Howlett Geoffrey J. , Griffin Michael D. W. 
Published: January 2010

Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein component of HDL, where it plays an important role in cholesterol transport. The deposition of apoA-I derived amyloid is associated with various hereditary systemic amyloidoses and atherosclerosis; however, very little is known about the mechanism of apoA-I amyloid formation. Methionine residues in apoA-I are oxidized via several mechanisms in vivo to form methionine sulfoxide (MetO), and significant levels of methionine oxidized apoA-I (MetO-apoA-I) are present in normal human serum. We investigated the effect of methionine oxidation on the structure, stability, and aggregation of full-length, lipid-free apoA-I. Circular dichrosim spectroscopy showed that oxidation of all three methionine residues in apoA-I caused partial unfolding of the protein and decreased its thermal stability, reducing the melting temperature (
T

m

) from 58.7 °C for native apoA-I to 48.2 °C for MetO-apoA-I. Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed that methionine oxidation inhibited the native self association of apoA-I to form dimers and tetramers. Incubation of MetO-apoA-I for extended periods resulted in aggregation of the protein, and these aggregates bound Thioflavin T and Congo Red. Inspection of the aggregates by electron microscopy revealed fibrillar structures with a ribbon-like morphology, widths of approximately 11 nm, and lengths of up to several microns. X-ray fibre diffraction studies of the fibrils revealed a diffraction pattern with orthogonal peaks at spacings of 4.64 Å and 9.92 Å, indicating a cross-β amyloid structure. This systematic study of fibril formation by full-length apoA-I represents the first demonstration that methionine oxidation can induce amyloid fibril formation.
Systematic Review of Studies on Compliance with Hand Hygiene Guidelines in Hospital Care
Authors: Erasmus Vicki , Daha Thea J. , Brug Hans , Richardus Jan Hendrik , Behrendt Myra D. , Vos Margreet C. , van Beeck Ed F. 
Published: January 2010

Objectives.To assess the prevalence and correlates of compliance and noncompliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care.Design.A systematic review of studies published before January 1, 2009, on observed or self-reported compliance rates.Methods.Articles on empirical studies written in English and conducted on general patient populations in industrialized countries were included. The results were grouped by type of healthcare worker before and after patient contact. Correlates contributing to compliance were grouped and listed.Results.We included 96 empirical studies, the majority (n= 65) in intensive care units. In general, the study methods were not very robust and often ill reported. We found an overall median compliance rate of 40%. Unadjusted compliance rates were lower in intensive care units (30%–40%) than in other settings (50%–60%), lower among physicians (32%) than among nurses (48%), and before (21%) rather than after (47%) patient contact. The majority of the time, the situations that were associated with a lower compliance rate were those with a high activity level and/or those in which a physician was involved. The majority of the time, the situations that were associated with a higher compliance rate were those having to do with dirty tasks, the introduction of alcohol-based hand rub or gel, performance feedback, and accessibility of materials. A minority of studies (n= 12) have investigated the behavioral determinants of hand hygiene, of which only 7 report the use of a theoretical framework with inconclusive results.Conclusions.Noncompliance with hand hygiene guidelines is a universal problem, which calls for standardized measures for research and monitoring. Theoretical models from the behavioral sciences should be used internationally and should be adapted to better explain the complexities of hand hygiene.
Chapter 1 The Voice
Authors: Salzman Eric , Desi Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the close identification of language and music, song, and speech. It considers how singing styles and vocal techniques have evolved over the years with many new developments in the 20th and 21st centuries, many of them coming out of popular, folk, and experimental music; and the importance of the influence of the all-pervasive microphone (as “loudspeaker culture” edges out “acoustic culture”). It shows that non-operatic singing styles and the development of extended and experimental vocal techniques and styles are important features of new music theater.
Chapter 7 Space
Authors: Salzman Eric , Desi Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the question of what constitutes a theater, and discusses time and space. It illustrates specific types of spatial arrangements for performers and audiences. Further discussion involves theater outside of conventional theaters including participatory theater, notions of “landscape” and “textscape”, movement in space, musical space, and the influence of new music-theater ideas in the opera.
Chapter 11 Théâtre Musical
Authors: Salzman Eric , Desi Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of the Avignon Festival and its emphasis on a director-driven music theater. Further topics in the evolution of music theater in France include the work of Xenakis, musique concrete, the music theater of Georges Aperghis, the work of Pascal Dusapin and Bernard Cavanna, and the importance of centers outside of Paris including Lyon, Quimper, and Québec.
In Dahomey
Authors: Carter Marva Griffin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the début of the musical In Dahomey. It then examines how this musical, the performers, and its composer, gained praise and criticisms from various critics. It talks about the In Dahomey’s cast’s performance in London. It also narrates how Cook was prompted to compose the song “Swing Along” and how he insisted on presenting this song to the audience. It explains that much of In Dahomey’s favorable reception was because of the music and that its effect was tremendous. This chapter also tells of how the reviewers applauded Abbie Mitchell’s vocal talent. It highlights that Will Cook’s musical styles include a diverse range of pseudo-Africanisms, a nostalgic plantation song, tender ballads, waltzes, recitatives, and operatic ensembles. It adds that at 34, Cook was at the peak of his career.
The “Students” and The Stage
Authors: Carter Marva Griffin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter talks about a musical ensemble known as the “Memphis Students”. It tells of how Cook stole the group away from their original organizer, took them on a European tour, and how their performances were praised. It narrates that In Abyssinia represented the most elaborate efforts to date of Jesse A. Shipp, Alex Rogers, Bert Williams, and Will Cook. It also discussed that Cook also composed and conducted stage shows at the Pekin Theater in Chicago. It shows that the theater encouraged many talented performers to become members of its Negro Stock Company and that it was also responsible for the early development of many singers and actors who later acquired national fame. It then tells of the end of the golden age of black musical comedies, brought by the death of Ernest Hogan, George Walker, and Bob Cole.
The CLEF Club, Darkydom, and World War I
Authors: Carter Marva Griffin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes Will Cook’s social relationships with his publishers to his personal friends. It characterizes Cook as hot-tempered, and argumentative. It discusses that Will and Abbie got divorced in August 1908 as a result of countless marital difficulties, and settled custody of the children out of court. It tells of a famous group, under James Reese Europe, known as Clef Club, which probably evolved from the Memphis Students. It also describes Darkydom as being offensive to many black patrons. It discusses that the Europe-Castle team was dissolved during the World War I in 1917. Jim Europe joined the army but Cook continued to serve as its assistant conductor and chorus master. The chapter explains that Cook’s association with the Clef Club introduced him to many of the men who would become players in his next musical group, the New York Syncopated Orchestra.
The Southern Syncopated Orchestra
Authors: Carter Marva Griffin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the Southern Syncopated Orchestra as an all-black group originally composed of fifty formally attired men, with a few women, who played and sang a diverse repertoire of light classics, popular songs, ragtime, spirituals, and waltzes. It explains that the orchestra sought to encourage, preserve, and uplift African-American culture, and to help obliterate racial discrimination by modeling democratic ideals through instrumentation, personnel, and programming. It discusses that the majority of the music performed by the orchestra was written and arranged by Will Cook. It explains that the group’s original name New York Syncopated Orchestra was changed to American Southern Syncopated Orchestra during their trip to Europe. The orchestra was split into two groups due to internal turmoil brought by dishonesty.
Conservation with a Heart
Authors: Goldoftas Barbara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), created in 1992, established protected areas that could have the twin goals of conservation and sustainable development. This chapter profiles one of the protected areas — Mount Kitanglad Natural Park — at the time considered a model conservation program and one which could use community-based resource management in order to conserve the mountain range's unusually rich biodiversity. This case study provides an example of the obstacles that conservation can face at the local level, and the need to develop sound livelihood programs with workable financial systems, which can broadly benefit the community.
Come What May: Bahala Na
Authors: Goldoftas Barbara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In Metropolitan Manila, environmental health is the next frontier of environmentalism. In this sprawling urban area in the 1990s, the growing population — including migrants from ecologically degraded provinces — added to the pressure on inadequate systems for water, sewerage, and power. One case study explores the Pasig River Rehabilitation Program, which had the goal of cleaning the city's main river for industrial use and recreation. Part of that program involved relocating thousands of squatters living along the river's banks, a controversial measure that had mixed results. A second case study explores the accomplishments and failings of the privatization of the water supply in Manila and the challenges of constructing sewerage facilities in a densely populated city. The chapter also analyzes how a country's elite can insulate itself from environmental decline.
Epilogue
Authors: Goldoftas Barbara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This final chapter argues that the trade-offs between ecological protection and growth, which marked economic development in countries that industrialized early should not be seen as a model for the rest of the world. Sustainable development is not a luxury; it is a sound development strategy. Some ecosystems, particularly in the tropics, are not resilient enough to recover from sustained degradation. Models of natural resource management developed in the Philippines have wide application in other countries; and in Manila, considerable progress has been made in improving environmental health. The chapter also argues that environmental projects can be an important part of development and the evolution of a relatively new democracy.
Japan: Confronting the Nanjing Massacre
Authors: Yoshida Takashi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the history and memory of the Nanjing Massacre in Japan from 1945 to 1971. The social and political reforms imposed by the American occupation deeply influenced Japanese awareness of the Nanjing atrocities. The atrocities became a subject of broad discussion in Japan once the occupation began.
Japan: A War over History and Memory
Authors: Yoshida Takashi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the history and memory of the Nanjing Massacre in Japan from 1989 to the present. The end of the Cold War, Hirohito's death, the loss of conservative dominance in politics, the more inclusive textbook descriptions of Japan's wartime atrocities, and the growing awareness of wartime devastations in Asia and the Pacific caused by Imperial Japan all combined to heighten the intensity of the disputes over the Nanjing Massacre.
Baroque Expression and Romantic Expression Compared
Authors: Haynes Bruce 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It was only in the early 20th century that music historians rediscovered the importance of rhetoric as the basis of aesthetic and theoretical concepts in earlier music. An entire discipline that had once been the common property of every educated man has had to be rediscovered and reconstructed during the intervening decades, and only now is it beginning to be understood how much Western art music has depended on rhetorical concepts. What Windows is to computers, rhetoric was to Baroque and Renaissance musicians. And although it was applied to music from the outside, in a sense it would be more accurate to describe music as one form that rhetoric took. This chapter compares Baroque expression with Romantic expression in music, and discusses affection or meaning in music, Romantic vision of an absolute music, and the marginalisation of rhetoric in favor of beauty or aesthetics.
The Influence of Social Grouping
Authors: Marsh Kathryn 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at the influence of social grouping on the oral transmission and generation of children's playground singing games in schools. In particular, the role of social grouping in shaping and changing tradition and the relationship between transmission and generation in musical play are considered and children's own teaching and learning processes are described. Playground singing games, particularly clapping games, are generally performed by pairs or small groups. Usually these groups are made up of friends from the same school grade. Friendship groups may function as a whole group for game performances, with, for example, six performers participating concurrently in a performance, most frequently in ring formation but sometimes in a line arrangement. Singing games can take place in any area and seem to occupy small spaces, both in terms of place and time in the lives of the children who play them.
Style and Cultural Idiosyncrasy in Musical Play
Authors: Marsh Kathryn 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A number of musical, textual and movement characteristics of children's singing games appear to transcend cultural boundaries. This chapter discusses features of children's musical play that have been found in various school playgrounds and therefore could be seen to be more generally occurring, then examines some of the differences between play in those settings, and relates this to the contexts in which they are found. As is clearly evident from the previous chapters, one major stylistic feature of children's musical play is their disposition to “play around with” text, movement, melody, and rhythm of games in a constant effort to create something new, to increase the level of amusement, and stamp their own imprimatur on the games they play. This improvisatory capacity was enacted in playgrounds in all field locations, resulting in multiple variants of some game genres, such as “Sar Macka Dora”, both within and between playgrounds and across cultural boundaries.
The Early Works
Authors: Owen Barbara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses Brahms's early works. It suggests that by the time Brahms was beginning to feel some real mastery of counterpoint, he should have turned to the organ as a medium for three extensive works: the Prelude and Fugue in A Minor (WoO 8), the Fugue in A-flat Minor (WoO 0), and the Geistliches Lied (op. 30), which combines a sensitive setting of a Paul Flemming text with a masterful canonic melding of voices and organ.
Making Good Subjects
Authors: LAVEN DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on public instruction, and the role of the Church. The Austrian administration sought to use the state school system to fashion the Venetian population into loyal subjects of the Emperor. At a higher level, the University of Padua was supposed to form elites, who could be integrated into the Habsburg machinery of government. Meanwhile, despite occasional tensions with the ecclesiastical hierarchy, good relations were cultivated with the Church as a means of winning the hearts of Venetians of all classes. Ultimately these policies largely misfired. Most poor Venetians still remained virtually untouched by the education system; Padua produced too many graduates to be accommodated by the bureaucracy, many of whom became hostile to the regime because of frustrated careerism; and priests played a key role in fomenting the unrest, which turned into insurrection in 1848.
Conclusion: The Legacy of Francis’s Rule
Authors: LAVEN DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter both summarises the key findings of the book, and seeks to explain why Venice and Venetia had turned by 1848 from being extremely stable to being a hotbed of political unrest. It is stressed that many of the causes for 1848 had their origins in structural problems that were a legacy of Francis I's rule, yet the key reasons for insurrection were short-term, stemming both from an economic crisis, which dogged much of Europe, and the shortcomings of Francis I's successor, his son Ferdinand.
Nuns in the Large Women’s Monasteries
Authors: Harrington Christina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Monasteries in early medieval Ireland resembled nothing so much as slightly miniaturised villages. By the 7th century, there were many places resembling this general description, so successful had Christian evangelism been. A handful were women's monasteries, and one at least was a double house. Though the sources on large female monasteries are patchy, a good deal can be gleaned: the rules, daily activities, ministry to the laity, as well as attitudes on nuns' chastity. This chapter looks at nuns in large women's monasteries in Kildare, Killeedy, Killevy, and Clonbroney. Ceremonials in large Irish nunneries are also discussed, along with claustration, and the openness of nunneries in the 7th to 9th centuries.
Proximities and Boundaries: Sexual Anxiety and the Monastery
Authors: Harrington Christina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When the earlier portrayals of male–female relations in the church are compared with the images in the later hagiography, the overriding characteristic is continuity, as it was with the nuns' professions and the other subjects discussed in the preceding chapter. Yet the issues and problems of sexuality within the monastic world in early medieval Ireland were being addressed more than they had been before, and subtle but important changes were afoot. In both male and female lives of the period, the normal course of events remained as it was in the earlier ones. Monks, clerics, and nuns interact in close proximity on account of friendship, collaboration, and mutual support: such arrangements neither scandalised nor puzzled the redactors. This chapter examines sexual anxiety among nuns; presence of nuns in male monasteries; proper proximity between monks and nuns, monks and laywomen, and nuns and laymen; relation between male saints and female saints; nuns' sexuality, abortions, and absolutions; and women's seduction of monks or clerics.