bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, and Copper Availability to Wheat in Contaminated Soils Using Chemical Speciation, Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films, Extraction, and Isotopic Dilution Techniques
Authors: Nolan Annette L. , Zhang Hao , McLaughlin Mike J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTTo predict the availability of metals to plants, it is important to understand both solution‐ and solid‐phase processes in the soil, including the kinetics of metal release from its binding agent (ligand and/or particle). The present study examined the speciation and availability of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in a range of well‐equilibrated metal‐contaminated soils from diverse sources using several techniques as a basis for predicting metal uptake by plants. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in 13 metal‐contaminated soils and metal tissue concentrations (Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu) in plant shoots were compared with total soil metal concentrations, total soluble metal, and free metal activities (pM2+) in soil pore waters, 0.01 M CaCl2–extractable metal concentrations, E values measured by isotope dilution, and effective metal concentrations, CE, measured by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). In the DGT technique, ions are dynamically removed by their diffusion through a gel to a binding resin, while E values represent the isotopically exchangeable (labile) metal pools. Free metal activities (Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) in soil pore waters were determined using a Donnan dialysis technique. Plant Zn and Cd concentrations were highly related to CE, while relationships for Zn and Cd with respect to the other measures of metals in the soils were generally lower, except for CaCl2–extractable Cd. These results suggest that the kinetically labile solid‐phase pool of metal, which is included in the DGT measurement, played an important role in Zn and Cd uptake by wheat along with the labile metal in soil solution. Plant Pb concentrations were highly related to both soil pore water concentrations and CE, indicating that supply from the solid phase may not be so important for Pb. Predictions of Cu uptake by wheat from these soils by the various measures of Cu were generally poor, except surprisingly for total Cu.
Intravenous Sedation with Low-Dose Dexmedetomidine: Its Potential for Use in Dentistry
Authors: Ogawa Sachie , Seino Hiroaki , Ito Hiroshi , Yamazaki Shinya , Ganzberg Steven , Kawaai Hiroyoshi 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This study investigated the physiologic and sedative parameters associated with a low-dose infusion of dexmedetomidine (Dex). Thirteen healthy volunteers were sedated with Dex at a loading dose of 6 mcg/kg/h for 5 minutes and a continuous infusion dose of 0.2 mcg/kg/h for 25 minutes. The recovery process was observed for 60 minutes post infusion. The tidal volume decreased significantly despite nonsignificant changes in respiratory rate, minute ventilation, oxygen saturation, and end-tidal carbon dioxide. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate also decreased significantly but within clinically acceptable levels. Amnesia to pin prick was present in 69% of subjects. A Trieger dot test plot error ratio did not show a significant change at 30 minutes post infusion despite a continued significant decrease in bispectral index. We conclude that sedation with a low dose of Dex appears to be safe and potentially efficacious for young healthy patients undergoing dental procedures.
Phosphorus Uptake and Utilization Efficiency in Peanut1
Authors: Krishna K. R. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Cultivars of a crop can differ genetically with respect to their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of phosphorus. The objective of this paper was to evaluate genetic variation for P uptake and utilization among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes. Several traits contribute to the total P efficiency of the genotype, including root length, rate of P uptake per unit root length, leaf and pod characters such as P accumulation, and dry matter/yield produced per unit P absorbed [i.e., P efficiency ratio (PER)]. Peanut genotypes with increased P uptake and higher PER were identified. Some genotypes sustained higher PER at both low and high soil P availabilities.
Distribution of Aflatoxin in Grade Sample Components of Farmers Stock Peanuts
Authors: Dorner J. W. , Cole R. J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A two-part study was conducted to measure aflatoxin concentrations in individual grade components of farmers stock peanuts. Components were sound mature kernels (SMK), sound splits (SS), loose shelled kernels (LSK), other kernels (OK), and damaged kernels (DK). In Part 1, components of 151 official grade samples, averaging 1.8 kg, were analyzed for aflatoxin, whereas, in Part 2, analyses were conducted on components of 52 11.3-kg samples taken from 27 farmers stock lots. Results showed that the mean aflatoxin concentration for all samples in Part 1 was 89 ppb and that most of the toxin was associated with the OK, LSK, and DK components. Aflatoxin in the SMK + SS components averaged only 3 ppb, whereas aflatoxin in the OK, LSK, and DK averaged 247, 403, and 4107 ppb, respectively. Similar results were obtained in Part 2 with an overall average of 64 ppb and component averages of 4 ppb (SMK), 1 ppb (SS), 109 ppb (OK), 424 ppb (LSK), and 3188 ppb (DK). In many contaminated lots, the SMK and SS components, which comprised 85% of the total kernel weight, were minimally contaminated (1-2 ppb). Correlation coefficients between aflatoxin concentrations in total grade samples and the combined OK, LSK, and DK components suggest that analysis of just those components could provide a better indication of the aflatoxin risk associated with a lot than is provided by the visual Aspergillus flavus method used in the current grading system. In addition, separate storage of contaminated lots would allow reclamation of the noncontaminated SMKs during years when peanuts are in short supply.
Genetic Studies Involving Wine Testa Color in Peanut1
Authors: Branch W. D. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A better understanding of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) testa color genetics would be helpful to breeders in developing new cultivars to meet U.S. market acceptability. Wine is one of the least understood of all basic testa colors in peanut. The objective of this genetic study was to gain further knowledge on the inheritance of wine testa color and possible allelic interactions. Crosses were made using two true-breeding wine testa color genotypes (Wine-Frr and PI 264549) as females with the tan testa and recessive red testa male parents Krinkle-Leaf and Makulu Red, respectively. F1, F2, and F3 data suggest no difference between the two wine testa color genotypes. Inheritance of wine testa color was found to be recessive with a one gene difference between wine and the tan testa color of Krinkle-Leaf, and with two gene differences between wine and the recessive red testa color of Makulu Red. Inheritance of wine seems to closely parallel that for recessive red testa color in the cultivated peanut.
Effect of Irrigation Interval, Planting Date, and Cultivar on Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanut in a Sandy Soil of Niger
Authors: Waliyar F. , Traoré A. , Fatondji D. , Ntare B. R. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of peanut is a major threat to consumers in West Africa. High levels of aflatoxin have been reported in West and Central Africa, particularly in Niger. Field trials were conducted from 1991 to 1994 at ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Sadore Research Station near Niamey, Niger. Various production practices were compared to examine their effects on water stress and Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination. Different levels of water stress were achieved by varying planting date and frequency of irrigation in two resistant and two susceptible cultivars. Contamination of seed with A. flavus and aflatoxin was determined. The susceptible cultivars 28–206 and JL 24 had much higher levels of seed infection following 3 wk or more of water stress than did the resistant cultivars. Susceptible cultivars showed up to 81% seed infection. Cultivar 28–206 had low levels of contamination when there was low water stress but became very susceptible when the period of water stress increased (3 wk of drought). Seed infection by A. flavus and contamination by aflatoxin were highly correlated across years and cultivars. Although seed infection by A. flavus was very responsive to water stress in the field, aflatoxin contamination did not increase proportionally. This may have been influenced by high soil temperatures in Niger, which may exceed 40 C. Most reports indicate that a minimum of 20 to 30 d of drought is needed for significant aflatoxin contamination, but contamination was observed after 14 d of water stress in this study.
Rock Remover Design for an Amadas Combine1
Authors: Blankenship P. D. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Peanuts are harvested with various amounts and types of foreign materials that must be removed during post-harvest processing for consumer acceptance of peanut products. To assist in rock removal during harvest, a modification to the pneumatic conveyor system used to transport peanuts from underneath a standard Amadas combine to the holding bin was designed. The design utilizes air flow patterns and cavitations following an elbow in the duct system and consists of a properly sized and spaced opening in one component of the conveyor system. A stationary pneumatic conveyor system with a controllable peanut delivery apparatus was utilized in developing the duct modification. After preliminary testing during development, the efficiency of the duct modification rock removal was evaluated with three lots of peanuts averaging 0.45 t containing an average 371 rocks (3.2% of sample mass). Peanuts were conveyed through the duct system at an average flow rate of 3.9 t/hr. An average of 30 rocks comprising 42.5% of the total rock weight was extracted from the peanuts. The weight of rocks removed averaged 153.5 g and ranged from 18.7 to 320.7 g. Rocks not removed averaged 24.2 g and ranged from 1.7 to 202.8 g. Results from the tests indicate that the design of the duct modification appears to be effective in removing larger rocks from peanuts but not effective in removing smaller rocks.
Durable Timing Devices for the Peanut Grading Screen Vibrator1
Authors: Sheppard H. T. , Blankenship P. D. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Peanuts are graded at farmer marketing for value determination. The grading procedure requires kernel sizing which is facilitated with perforated screens oscillated with a mechanical vibrator. The vibrator operates for 20-sec periods and is controlled by a hand-adjustable, mechanical timer. The durability of the timer is unsatisfactory and it frequently fails during a single grading season. Subsequent maintenance and replacement costs prompted the development of two more durable timing units. Solid state timers were utilized in both units. Construction of the two units was the same except a mechanical relay was used for switching in one but a solid state relay in the other. During durability testing, a prototype timing device with a mechanical relay switched on and off 11,020 times over an 8-d period before failing. A timing device with a solid state relay switched on and off 68,621 times over a 22-d period without failing. During field testing, six timing units with mechanical relays and five timing units with solid state relays operated an estimated 6000 cycles each at peanut buying points throughout a peanut harvest season without failure.
Consumer Preferences for Peanut Butter (Mamba) Products in Haiti: A Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Nelson R. G. , Jolly C. M. , Hinds M. J. , Donis Y. , Prophete E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Haitian consumers were surveyed to determine their preferences for three attributes of peanut butter: form (spicy, sweet, plain), origin (Haiti, U.S.), and price (lowest, most common, highest). Conjoint analysis was used to calculate relative importance and strengths of preferences for these attributes, which showed that price had more than twice the importance in the buying decision as either of the other attributes. Cluster analysis was used to identify market segments of like preferences, such as those strongly favoring Haitian products, or strongly disliking the plain form, or strongly sensitive to price. A multinomial logit model was used to evaluate the effect of various demographic variables on the probability of membership in a segment. A market share simulation determined that a new, sweet peanut butter product would increase domestic revenues most if priced at the highest level because a segment of the population would purchase the product and increase total peanut consumption.
Genetic Transformation of a Runner-Type Peanut with the Nucleocapsid Gene of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Authors: Chenault K. D. , Payton M. E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines containing the nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were generated via microprojectile bombardment of somatic embryos from the cultivar Okrun, a runner-type peanut primarily grown in the southwestern U.S. The gene for hygromycin resistance, hph, was included on the plasmid containing the N gene as a selectable marker. PCR and ELISA results indicated that eight of 10 primary transformant lines were positive for incorporation and expression of the TSWV N transgene. PCR and ELISA analyses of T1 progeny indicated that two of the eight transgenic lines demonstrated a 3:1 segregation ratio, indicative of incorporation of a single copy of the TSWV N transgene. Transgene expression levels remained constant through the T1 generation.
Sicklepod Control in Peanut Seeded in Single and Twin Row Planting Patterns
Authors: Lanier J. E. , Lancaster S. H. , Jordan D. L. , Johnson P. D. , Spears J. F. , Wells R. , Hurt C. A. , Brandenburg R. L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Sicklepod [Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby] control and peanut pod yield with preemergence applications of dimethenamid and dimethenamid plus diclosulam alone or followed by postemergence application of imazapic were compared when peanut was seeded in single and twin row planting patterns. Sicklepod control was 9% higher when peanut was seeded in the twin row planting pattern (rows spaced 18 cm apart on 91-cm centers) compared with peanut planted in the single row planting pattern (single rows on 91-cm centers) regardless of preemergence or postemergence herbicide treatment. Sicklepod control by dimethenamid plus diclosulam exceeded control by dimethenamid alone in 1 of 2 yr. Imazapic applied postemergence consistently increased sicklepod control over dimethenamid or dimethenamid plus diclosulam alone. Pod yield generally reflected differences noted for sicklepod control when comparing planting patterns and treatments.
Trends in Sensory Quality of Roasted Peanuts Across 15 Years (1986–2000)
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Gorbet D. W. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Enhancement of flavor of roasted peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has been a long-standing objective of the peanut industry. Studies relative to roasted peanut flavor variation have separated the effects of genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment interaction on the sensory attributes roasted peanut, sweet, bitter, and astringent. Much of the focus of these studies has been on the genotypic variation and the possibility of genetic improvement of peanut flavor. However, most of the variation in sensory attributes is caused by non-genetic factors. Years were found to be the largest single source of variation for the sensory attributes roasted peanut and bitter. Because roasted peanut is the sensory attribute most important to the peanut consumer, it is important to know if the observed year effects varied randomly or if there was any directional trend in peanut flavor over time. Examination of a 15-yr data set for directional trends in peanut flavor indicated that all three sensory attributes (roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter) exhibited adverse trends across the span of this study. These trends were independent of whether or not the effects of years were unadjusted for other effects or adjusted for the effects of regions, locations within regions, and the covariates fruity attribute intensity and roast color. The nature of the evident trends, i.e., whether they were linear or curvilinear, was often affected by adjustment. Changes in sensory quality of a single cultivar over time are likely due to changes in prevailing cultural practices such as rotations and chemicals applied to the peanut crop. It was not clear whether consumers would have noticed the change in sensory quality over time because the trends within individual cultivars were confounded with changes in the dominant runner-type cultivars with variable sensory quality marketed over the span of the study.
Row Orientation and Seeding Rate on Yield, Grade, and Stem Rot Incidence of Peanut with Subsurface Drip Irrigation1
Authors: Sorensen R. B. , Sconyers L. E. , Lamb M. C. , Sternitzke D. A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A 2-yr study was conducted on a Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) soil near Sasser, GA during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons to determine the effects of three plant row orientations (single, twin, and multi-row) and two plant populations on the pod yield, market grade, and stem rot disease incidence of peanut when irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Seeds were planted at the recommended rate [20 seeds/m; 1.0R (recommended rate)] and half the recommended rate (10 seeds/m; 0.5R). Plots were irrigated daily to replace estimated daily evapotranspiration (ETa). Twin row orientation had the highest pod yield with 5407 kg/ha compared with the other row orientations, which averaged 4897 kg/ha. Market grade (total sound mature kernels, TSMK) for the twin and diamond row orientation was 1% point higher (74.7%) compared with the single row orientation. Pod yield was 8.5% greater for the 1.0R seeding rate compared with the 0.5R seeding rate. Stem rot incidence was highest in the single row orientation and lowest in the diamond row orientation. Within the three row orientations, kernel size distribution characteristics showed jumbo kernels had mixed percentages, with medium and ones showing no differences. The 1.0R plant population did have 4.4 % more jumbo kernels than the 0.5R plant population. This study indicates that twin row orientation and planted at the recommended rate (1.0R) had the best pod yield and market grade compared with single row orientation when irrigated with SDI.
Phenotypic and Molecular Evaluation of Interspecific Peanut (Arachis) Lines
Authors: Anderson W. F. , Kochert G. , Holbrook C. C. , Stalker H. T. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Peanut breeders are constantly in search of new sources of genes that confer tolerance or resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses to improve the production and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate peanut lines generated from interspecific crosses for amounts of wild species introgression, including genes for resistance to peanut root-knot nematodes, tomato spotted wilt virus and leaf spot diseases. Nine diploid Arachis species were crossed with peanut breeding lines and 130 different interspecific hybrid lines were developed. These lines were evaluated for the amount of introgression using RFLP analyses, plant morphology, and disease resistant phenotypes. Based on RFLPs, 41 lines showed measurable introgression and 12 hexaploid-derived lines were polymorphic for at least four probes. Greenhouse and field evaluations indicated that resistance was not present in the lines tested for tomato spotted wilt virus, early leaf spot, or Cylindrocladium black rot. However, resistance approaching that of the wild species was found for the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) among lines derived from crosses with Arachis diogoi, A. correntina, A. batizocoi, and A. cardenasii. Introgression lines were resistant (disease ratings of 1.5 to 4.5 and lesion numbers 8 to 63) compared to Southern Runner (ratings of 5.5 to 6 and lesion numbers of nearly 500) for late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personation) in field evaluations performed in Gainesville, FL over 2 yr. The greatest resistance was found among lines from crosses with A. batizocoi, A. duranensis, A. stenosperma, A. magma, and A. diogoi. Results indicate that it should be possible to identify molecular markers to tag resistance genes for use in conventional breeding programs and stack these genes in highly productive peanut cultivars.
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to the Hormonal Plant Growth Regulator Early Harvest®
Authors: Beasley J. P. , Grichar W. J. , Jordan D. L. , Lemon R. G. , Besler B. A. , Brewer K. D. , Beam J. B. , Johnson P. D. , Paulk J. E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Experiments were conducted from 1996 through 2001 in Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas to determine peanut response to the commercial plant growth regulator Early Harvest® (a commercial mixture of cytokinin, gibberellic acid, and indole butyric acid). Early Harvest (applied in the seed furrow) or Early Harvest TST (applied as a dry seed treatment) followed by four foliar applications (four-leaf peanut, initial pegging, 14 d after initial pegging, and pod fill), was compared to non-treated peanut in five, 13, and three experiments in these respective states. Early Harvest did not affect pod yield or gross economic value of peanut regardless of location, cultivar, or edaphic and environmental conditions. These data suggest that a spray program consisting of Early Harvest most likely will not improve pod yield or gross economic value of peanut.
Evaluation of Runner and Virginia Market Types for Tissue Culture Responses
Authors: Chengalrayan K. , Gallo-Meagher M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Studies on somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) derived from mature zygotic embryo-derived leaflets of 10 cultivars and two breeding lines representing both runner and Virginia market types were conducted using tissue culture procedures originally optimized for the Spanish market type, J.L. 24. The somatic embryogenesis protocol used was a multi-step process which included embryogenic mass induction, embryo development, germination, and conversion. The percentage of embryogenic mass induction, embryo development, and conversion was genotype-dependent. However, the number of embryos produced per explant and germination to plantlets was genotype-independent. SunOleic® 95R consistently ranked highest for its response during all stages of embryo development, and runner market types were generally more responsive than Virginia market types. The percentage of shoot induction and the number of shoot buds per explant during organogenesis were genotype-dependent, and runner market types were more responsive for organogenesis than Virginia market types. Genotypes with a high embryogenic response also were highly responsive for organogenesis.