bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis introduction to Claudio Monteverdi offers an overview of his biography, including his positions in Mantua (1591–1612) and Venice (1613–43), and of his nine books of madrigals and related works. Another key topic is the debate with the Bolognese theorist, Giovanni Maria Artusi, over the “prima” and “seconda pratica.” Next the chapter discusses Monteverdi’s poets, along with the changing of the ways in which we view the madrigal as a genre. It ends with some methodological questions concerning how best to examine the nuts and bolts of Monteverdi’s madrigals and their nuances that, in turn, provide insight into an inventive, playful, impatient, intransigent composer who reveals himself by way of “a poetics of the madrigal.”
Poetic Voices
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses Monteverdi’s treatment in his madrigals of lyric, epic, and dramatic poetry. Who is “speaking” when and where? What happens when a single poetic voice is delivered by multiple musical ones? In his polyphonic madrigals, Monteverdi sometimes turns monologues into dialogues; other voices intervene; pronouns (“I,” “you”) become ambiguous; and issues of gender come into play. The common tendency to view these madrigals as “dramatic” misses an important lyric point, and even if the poetry itself is taken from a theatrical work, it now functions differently. The same is true of epic narrative with its mixing of diegesis and mimesis. Things change, however, with the rise of the continuo madrigal, where issues of voice should be clearer, but sometimes are not. Finally, the chapter asks, “Does Monteverdi himself ‘speak’ in and through his madrigals?”
Songbirds
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses nightingales as singers, and singers as nightingales, leading to a discussion of virtuosity and the merits of pure sound. The issues are particularly clear in Monteverdi’s settings of texts that mention birdsong, but the broader point is that music is always in some sense about music. Matters come to a head, however, when new forms of triple-time writing start to enter madrigalian musical discourses, allowing for a different type of singing. Singers always sing, but what happens when they “sing”? From the 1620s on, the answers lie in part within the strophic arias that start to enter the repertory, prompting new modes of musical expressivity.
Musical (Im)pertinence
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter uses Artusi’s criticisms of Monteverdi’s handling of dissonance and the musical modes further to interrogate recent engagement with such matters. Some of the debates can be resolved by a more attentive reading of music-theoretical texts; others by paying closer attention to his text setting; and others still by realizing Monteverdi’s tendency to quote himself in different musical contexts. Tuning and temperament come into play as Monteverdi moves from flat harmonic regions to sharp ones, and especially when he starts to use instruments for the basso continuo. This, in turn, raises questions about his own preferred continuo instrument, which in some cases, at least, appears to have been the chitarrone.
The “Representative” Style
Authors: Carter Tim 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses the emergence of a “representative style” (or “genre”) in Italian music of the early seventeenth century, raising the question of what, precisely, is being “represented.” Generally, the term seems linked to the development of musical recitative: the singer delivers the poetic voice as a named or unnamed character. In other cases, the emphasis is on music’s newfound power to “represent” intense emotions. Monteverdi sometimes plays on the possibilities of a single singer as the poetic “I,” particularly a bass as a warrior-cum-lover. Elsewhere, however, he resists the verisimilar approach, therefore still playing with plural voices. Moreover, emotions become represented in a wider variety of ways as the strophic canzonetta gained greater weight. Some of Monteverdi’s canzonettas have clear roots in the Venetian “giustiniana,” but others take on a new expressive power.
The Analytical Framework I
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Three concepts—roles, mechanisms, and strategies—are the building blocks of the book’s analytical framework. This chapter defines and explains two of those concepts: roles and strategy. The chapter specifies how five different types of counterinsurgency strategies concentrate on different “centers of gravity,” in effect choosing how to devote scarce resources among multiple goals that include winning over the general population, mobilizing communities, or going after mobile insurgents.
US Counterinsurgency Strategy and Practice
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses all three of the framework’s core concepts—role, mechanism, strategy—through an examination of US counterinsurgency practice. This chapter systematically examines each of the five strategies delineated in the second chapter and expands on the ways the US military implements those strategies. By the end of the chapter, the reader should have a better understanding of the strategic thinking of a primary player in Iraq, the United States, before heading into the case studies.
Captain Wright Goes to Baghdad
Authors: Petersen Roger D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter is co-written with Timothy Wright and is based on his experiences as a captain and company commander in the Bayaa neighborhood of Baghdad in 2007–2008. This chapter creates a detailed view of both the actions of Shia insurgents and organizations and the effort of the US Army during the Surge. On the Shia side, the chapter covers the Jaysh al-Mahdi militia cleansing of Sunni residents from the Bayaa neighborhood, the operation of Sadrist social and governmental activities to move the population into positions of support, the role and efforts of the Office of the Martyr Sadr, and the Shia takeover of adjudication functions in Bayaa. On the US side, the chapter covers efforts to move the population to a pro-Coalition position, the development of US knowledge of the actors in the neighborhood to identify and pursue militia leaders, and the details of the implementation of Field Manual 3-24 in Bayaa. The chapter also shows how Captain Wright had to go well beyond the recommendations of the field manual in terms of making deals with local strongmen to reduce violence in the neighborhood.
A Marxist Feminist Approach to Sweatshop Labour
Authors: Müller Mirjam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 begins to develop a structural critique of sweatshop labour by drawing on Marxist/socialist feminist theory to flesh out the notion of social structures developed in Chapter 2. It first reconstructs Marx’s understanding of exploitation in relation to his critique of capitalism in explicitly normative terms. By focusing on the work of Marxist/socialist feminists, it then draws attention to the limits of Marx’s analysis of exploitation with regards to analysing the gendered and racialized dynamics of sweatshop labour and argues for a more explicitly feminist analysis of sweatshop labour. Finally, it highlights the insights as well as the limitations of recent intersectional work on sweatshop labour within a (broadly speaking) Marxist/socialist feminist tradition. This serves as a point of departure for the exploitation-based critique of sweatshop labour developed in Chapter 4.
Prologue
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A 2014 election for a seat in Ohio’s legislature typifies the problem that has bedevilled American elections since the nation’s independence: the legislature itself holds the power to decide which candidate won the election, and this power can be abused for partisan purposes. While American legislatures inherited this power from the British Parliament, Britain itself constrained the exercise of this power shortly before America’s independence, in the Grenville Act of 1770, which created an institution to decide disputes over parliamentary elections free from partisan manipulation. The United States has never attempted to adopt the equivalent of the Grenville Act, and this omission has caused many of its own major disputed elections to be tainted by partisanship.
Introduction
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Especially close elections require recounts and thus take longer to determine the outcome than routine elections. But not every election that goes into “overtime” ends up seriously disputed. What makes a disputed election so fraught for a democracy is the losing candidate’s contention that the wrong candidate was declared the winner. There is the claim, express or implied, of a stolen election. Thus, the basic principle of an honest an accurate count has been the touchstone by which disputed elections have been judged. But it is not always clear how to apply this principle to specific controversies, and there can be questions whether the resolution of a dispute should be deemed legitimate even if it might not be entirely fair. Legitimacy suggests a resolution pursuant to the rule of law, and America has attempted to abide by this standard—at least until Trump defied it.
Counting Votes at Times of Crisis
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bleeding Kansas in the 1850s pushed democracy beyond the breaking point. Election fraud was rampant, and the law was powerless to provide a remedy. Violence ensued, including John Brown’s massacre of innocents in Pottawatomie. Peace was restored only when the governor disobeyed a court order to certify fraudulent returns, an inauspicious way to settle a vote-counting dispute and a harbinger of the Civil War to come. During the Civil War, disputes over the congressional elections of 1862 almost provoked Lincoln to use troops to assure his party’s victory over the speakership of the House, but force became unnecessary when the clerk of the House ruled on motions that enabled Lincoln’s party to prevail using parliamentary procedures. During Reconstruction, elections once again became settled through violence rather than law, as white supremacist “Redeemers” fought to take back the South.
Donald Trump and the Advent of Election Denialism
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Donald Trump’s refusal to accept his defeat in the 2020 presidential election was unprecedented in the history of America’s vote-counting disputes. Previous episodes, including 1876 and 2000, involved credible claims of victory on both sides, and thus genuine contestation over the outcome. By contrast, there was no factual basis for Trump’s claim that he had won the election, and thus his attack on the outcome was detached from reality. The fact that Trump was able to convince so many of his supporters that the election had been stolen, even after the courts—including judges he had appointed—debunked his claims (as did his own loyal advisers, including Attorney General William Barr), shows how dangerous Trump’s demagoguery is to American democracy. Not only did it cause the violent assault at the Capitol on January 6, it left the nation vulnerable to Trump’s quest to retake the presidency in 2024.
CP Violation
Authors: Branco Gustavo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
CP violation is an intriguing and elusive subject, and current knowledge of it remains limited, on both the experimental and theoretical levels. Researchers lack a fundamental understanding of its origin, and this is all the more important because CP violation is related to the generation problem and mass problem, two of the basic open questions in particle physics. This book provides beginning researchers with a self-contained introduction to the subject, starting at an elementary level and taking the reader to the forefront of current research.
The Meaning of the Discrete Symmetries
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Left right symmetry-also called space-inversion or parity symmetry-and timereversal symmetry are two invariances of classical physics-of classical mechanics and of classical gravitational and electromagnetic interactions-which were recognized lortg before the advent of quantum mechanics and of quantum field theory. We shall review the meaning of those symmetries in classical physics before implementing them in a quantum-mechanical context. Parity symmetry, usually called P, consists in the invariance of physics under a discrete transformation which_ changes the sign of the space coordinates x, y, and z. This corresponds to the inversion of the three coordinate axes through the origin, a transformation which changes the handedness of the system of axes. A right-handed system becomes left-handed upon the parity transformation (see Fig. 1.1).
The Discrete Symmetries in Quantum Physics
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In quantum theory the transformations P, T, and C are represented by operators P, T, and C, respectively. In this chapter we introduce the main properties of those operators. We shall not construct them explicitly in formal quantum field theory; for this reason, some of the properties will remain undemonstrated. The symmetry T requires a mathematical formalism distinct from the one used for P and C symmetries. We shall treat C and P jointly, leaving T to a separate section, which may be skipped without loss of continuity. In classical physics, the parity transformation does not affect the time coordinate. In particular, it commutes with a time translation. Following the principle of correspondence for passing from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics (Dirac 1958), we require the quantum-mechanical representations of parity through the operator.
The Neutral-Kaon System
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Their mixing makes them an excellent laboratory to look for very weak effects, like CP violation and CPT violation (Kostelecky 1998). The measurement of the tiny mass difference between the long-lived and the short-lived neutral kaons is one of the most precise measurements in particle physics.
Heavy Neutral-Meson Systems
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Much of the interest in B decays had its origin in the seminal articles by Carter and Sanda (1980, 1981) and by Bigi and Sanda (1981, 1987). In writing some of the sections in this chapter we have also profited from the reviews by Fridman (1988), Dunietz (1994), and Xing (1996).
The Fermions in the Standard Model
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We proceed in our overview of the SM, now considering the part of the Lagrangian involving fermions. In the first two sections of this chapter we assume the existence of only one generation of fermions, and in the following sections we study the modifications introduced by the presence of ng &gt; 1 generations.
The Strong CP Problem
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we make a short introduction to an intriguing problem of the standard model of the strong and electroweak interactions: the ‘strong CP problem’. This problem might as well be called the ‘strong P problem’, because its crux is the possible presence in the strong-interaction Lagrangian of a P- and CF-violating term called the 0-term. We shall focus our attention on possible implications of the strong CP problem to model-building. Although the strong CP problem is, to a great extent, still an open question in particle physics, it is possible to construct models for the electroweak interaction which keep the strong CP problem at bay. The hope is that the strong CP problem may provide a clue to the ‘true’ model of CP violation.
Introduction
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The most compelling reason to study the decays of B mesons is to learn more about the mechanism behind CP violation. In particular, we would like to test the Standard Model with three generations of quarks and leptons (SM). In the SM, CP violation is accommodated through a single irremovable complex phase present in the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix V. This may be represented in a rephasing-invariant manner by J Im (VusVcbv:bVe ) (Jarlskog 1985; Dunietz et al.1985)-see eqn (13.23). The fact that there is only one independent CP-violating quantity in the SM means that this is a very predictive model. Thus far, the SM picture of CP violation has only been tested to the extent that it is consistent with the experimental value of the CP-violating parameter fK in the neutral-kaon system. Experiments with B decays will enable us to learn more about the CKM matrix.
The Mixing Parameters
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we review the determination of the mixing parameters q/ p for the various neutral-meson systems. We need them because they enter in the rephasing-invariant quantities A/ required for the calculation of the CP-violating asymmetries. We identify the conclusions which follow directly and (almost) model-independently from experiment, as opposed to expressions characteristic of the standard model (SM). Extensive use is made of the formulae in Chapter 6. The analysis presented in this chapter is based on a very simple observationabout eqn (6.58),
Decay Amplitudes: Diagrammatics
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we work out the amplitudes governing B decays in the standard model (SM). We use a quark-diagram description which has the advantage of being very intuitive. This description may be combined with a classification of the diagrams according to their flavour-SU(3) properties (Zeppenfeld 1981; Chau et al.1991; Gronau et al.1994a,b, 1995), providing a tool to find approximate relations between different decay channels. However, the quark-diagram description does not yield exact results. In order to obtain exact results one must first derive the effective Hamiltonian governing the transitions, and then one must evaluate its matrix elements exactly. Unfortunately, the nonperturbative nature of quark confinement means that those matrix elements must be computed within some model, such as the BSW model (Bauer et al.1985, 1987), and the results thus obtained are model-dependent. The effective-Hamiltonian approach will be discussed in the next chapter.
Some Methods to Extract α
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have concentrated our efforts on identifying decay channels for which, in the SM, a single weak phase dominates the amplitude. In those cases one can extract that CKM phase, barring new-physics contributions to the mixing or to the decay amplitudes. In this chapter we discuss some approaches that have been proposed to extract a, even when there are several SM diagrams contributing to the amplitude. Due to space limitations we only consider a few examples.It is customary to distinguish between cases for which we need to know only the branching ratio-denoted.
Thinking with Assent
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book offers a major, historically informed intervention in contemporary epistemology. From the pre-Socratics until the mid-twentieth century, it reveals, the ‘standard’ conception of knowledge was not (as is commonly supposed) justified true belief (JTB). The genuinely ‘traditional’ view was that belief and knowledge are mutually exclusive mental states, involving different mental faculties, and playing distinct and complementary roles in our cognitive lives. An exceptionally lucid and authoritative survey of the history of this now unfamiliar conception provides a springboard for reintroducing it into contemporary debate. Accepting some of the findings of ‘knowledge first’ epistemology, it argues that belief is a distinct and indispensable mode of cognition which aims at truth when knowledge is out of reach. Applying innovative methods to an vast range of materials on a rich variety of interconnected topics, this is a rare philosopher and a work of exceptional interest.
The anxiolytic drugs—our key tool
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘The anxiolytic drugs—our key tool’ explains our use of the term anxiolytic (i.e. drugs) that reduce clinical anxiety but not panic (so excluding panicolytic antidepressants). It explains the ‘triangulation’ that can be achieved by comparing the chemically different classes (classical/GABAA/benzodiazepines; novel/5HT1A/buspirone; pregabalin), that share anxiolytic action but not their side effects: so identifying behaviours and neural changes linked to anxiety. It teases apart the clinical actions both of the selective anxiolytics and the various other drugs (including new fast acting drugs like ketamine) that treat not only anxiety but also other neurotic disorders. It provides a detailed review of the pharmacologies of the drugs, their behavioural effects across a wide battery of tasks (including supposedly spatial tests like the water maze); and uses these actions to define the key elements of the Goal Inhibition System.
Memory and the septo-hippocampal system
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘Memory and the septo-hippocampal system’ outlines five major myths about amnesia that have dogged analysis of septo-hippocampal function and it critiques 10 theories of the ‘type’ of memory supported by the hippocampus: spatial, working, configural, recognition, semantic, contextual, relational, temporal buffer, intermediate, multiple trace transformation, and contextual binding. In all cases there are non-conforming data and, in the bulk of cases, one can discern a role for interference. The data suggest that rather than amnesia, hippocampal damage produces catastrophic hypermnesia due to loss of a mechanism that reverse the effects of interference once these have occurred. This mechanism, in the Goal Inhibition System, not only accounts for memory failure but also non-memorial changes that result from hippocampal damage. The analysis of interference in relation to key aspects of the 10 theories is outlined; and the role of the hippocampus in memory formation, consolidation, and retrograde activation are considered in relation to both wake and sleep.
A theory of the septo-hippocampal system (SHS)
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘A theory of the septo-hippocampal system’ adds a series of assumptions to the range of data principles we derived from our overview of septo-hippocampal system (SHS) data. It outlines problems with existing ‘single process’ perspectives: consolidation, voluntary movement, habituation, spatial mapping. It also argues against multiple functions as being ad hoc. It then outlines the key basic operations of the SHS as a goal-conflict detector and consequent processes of familiarity recognition, trouble shooting, ‘just checking’, and fault tagging. It explains how these complex results are produced iteratively by simple mechanisms and discusses the internal processing, and gating required. The basic circuits and gates are then applied to four scenarios: novelty, just checking, conflict, and disengagement. It emphasizes that the way the subject solves problems may not be that intended by the experimenter and needs to be determined. Finally, it outlines how rhythmical slow activity/theta rhythmicity acts to synchronize iterative processing across target structures.