bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hazardous Materials Transportation
Authors: Verter Vedat 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Significant volumes of dangerous goods are transported by road, rail, and marine shipments. Accidental release of this cargo can be harmful to humans and the environment. Governments at different levels are responsible for protecting the public and the environment from the undesirable consequences of hazardous materials transportation. This introductory article provides a brief overview of the state of the art in hazardous materials transportation. To this end, the alternative transport modes for dangerous goods are discussed, the prevailing methodologies for transport risk assessment are highlighted and the risk mitigation policies available for regulators are underlined. The article also emphasizes that the transportation of hazardous materials through urban areas as well as the use of intermodal transport networks for dangerous goods shipments constitute two potentially fruitful avenues for future research.
Hyper‐Heuristics
Authors: Kendall Graham , Burke Edmund K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article provides an introduction to hyperheuristics, the origins of which can be traced back to the 1960s. There was a significant increase in research interest from about 2000. Hyperheuristics can be seen as eitherheuristics to choose heuristics or as heuristics to generate heuristics.In contrast to most uses of metaheuristics, which usually search the solution space directly, hyperheuristics search over a heuristic space. One motivation of the area is that, by operating in this way it might be possible to raise the level of generality of search algorithms so that they can address a broader spectrum of problems (without human adaptation) than is possible today. Another long‐term aim of hyperheuristic research is to build search methodologies that are able to automatically adapt themselves to different problem instances/domains with as little human input as possible.This article provides access to relevant literature, in addition to providing a brief history of the area and describing the two approaches (selection of heuristics and generating heuristics) mentioned above. It is intended as a brief and initial introduction to the area.
Infinite Horizon Problems
Authors: Ghate Archis 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The systems under consideration in (discrete‐time) sequential decision problems in operations research and the management sciences often do not have a predetermined time of extinction. Incorporating an arbitrary finite horizon can therefore introduce end‐of‐study distortions in early decisions. Such problems are therefore typically modeled over an unbounded horizon. A majority of the work in this area focuses on stationary models, which assume that the problem data do not change over time. There is also a considerable body of research on nonstationary problems. We briefly review some of the key concepts in nonstationary infinite horizon sequential decision making problems.
Interior‐Point Linear Programming Solvers
Authors: Benson Hande Y. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
We present an overview of available software for solving linear programming problems using interior‐point methods. Some of the codes discussed include primal and dual simplex solvers as well, but we focus the discussion on the implementation of the interior‐point solver. For each solver, we present types of problems solved, available distribution modes, input formats and modeling languages, as well as algorithmic details, including problem formulation, use of higher corrections, presolve techniques, ordering heuristics for symbolic Cholesky factorization, and the specifics of numerical factorization.
Klimov'sModel
Authors: Niño‐Mora José 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Klimov model concerns the optimal dynamic scheduling of a multiclass M/G/1 queue with general Bernoulli feedback of jobs and linear holding costs. In his seminal 1974 paper, Klimov established the optimality of a static priority‐index rule for such a model under the average cost criterion and gave an adaptive‐greedy index algorithm, via a novel linear programming approach. The model has rich and insightful connections with stochastic scheduling and bandit problems, and has found use in a wide variety of applications, most notably in time‐sharing computer‐communication and flexible manufacturing systems.
Location (Hotelling) Games and Applications
Authors: Brenner Steffen 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article provides an introduction into the Hotelling literature of spatial and product differentiation. We examine the impact of the market structure on price competition and equilibrium differentiation. We find that spatial differentiation is not uniformly high or low but depends on a number of market parameters such as transport costs, demand elasticity, number of firms, and density of consumers, among others.
Managing Product Introductions and Transitions
Authors: Bílgíner Özlem , Erhun Feryal 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
As the rate of innovation increases, companies face expanding product lines, shorter product lifecycles, and more frequent product transitions, all of which can bring tremendous value but also pose enormous challenges. In this article, we provide a brief introduction to and survey of product introductions and transitions. We discuss supply and demand factors that must be considered for a successful product launch. Dynamics of a product launch depend primarily on how demand is generated. Of the various theories which explain demand generation, new product diffusion theory is among the most commonly used. Thus, we also provide a brief introduction to new product diffusion models. We conclude with potential research directions.
Managing
R
&
D
and Risky Projects
Authors: Cox Louis Anthony 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article discusses quantitative concepts and methods for making risk management decisions about R&D and other uncertain projects. Such decisions include what projects to fund, the order in which to attempt different activities within a project, when to abandon projects that are not working out as hoped, and how to structure the incentives of project managers and investors to take best advantage of the opportunities represented by risky projects.
Minimum Cost Flows
Authors: Vaidyanathan Balachandran , Ahuja Ravindra K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe minimum cost flow problem is a fundamental network flow problem. The objective of this problem is to determine the minimum cost method of transporting units of a goods that originates at one or more points in a network (sources or supplies), with arc capacities to one or more demand points in the network (sinks or demands). In this article we introduce the minimum cost flow problem and its applications, describe the conditions for a feasible flow to be optimal, and discuss three classical algorithms to solve it.
Operational Research Society of India
Authors: Sinha Bani K. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The Operational Research Society of India (ORSI) is a national forum set up with the objective of promoting the education and applications of operational research (OR) in business, industry, and other organizations, and also to improve the quality of human life. It was established in 1957. The Society is one of the earliest members of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) and it is the first developing country to have become a member of IFORS.
Operational Risk
Authors: Coleman Rodney 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Operational risk is the business risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems, or from external events. Fraud, accounting errors, equipment failure or theft, mis‐selling, product flaws, claims for unfair dismissal: all are business costs not attributable to a business's strategic aims. Serious operational risk events also occur beyond a purely business setting: for example, in hospitals, manufacturing plants, ship building, nuclear power generation, offshore drilling, warfare, and from disruption caused by natural disasters. The methods of management, monitoring, modeling, measuring, and mitigation of operational risk are reviewed, illustrated with data taken mainly from banking and insurance.
Operations Research and Management Science in Fire Safety
Authors: Watts John M. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Like OR/MS, fire safety incorporates many different types of problems: sociological, technical, and managerial. This article describes some of the broad areas of fire safety that have been the subject of OR/MS work or that have potential for application. These areas include wildland fires, process industries, and fire safety in buildings. A detailed example of the use of OR/MS tools and techniques in the development of a fire risk index for buildings is presented. It is concluded that fire safety provides unique challenges that await the more sophisticated OR/MS practitioner.
Optimization Models for Cancer Treatment Planning
Authors: Cao Wenhua , Lim Gino J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOperations research techniques have been significantly utilized in the practice of cancer treatment planning in order to deliver more efficient and precise treatments to patients. This article is designed to introduce recent advances in the treatment planning optimization for external radiation therapy, internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy), and chemotherapy. The main focus will be on gamma knife radiosurgery, conventional three‐dimensional radiotherapy (3DCRT), intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and proton therapy. Problem formulations and optimization models for each treatment type are discussed.
Overweighting of Small Probabilities
Authors: Burns Zach , Chiu Andrew , Wu George 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe psychological impact of a low probability or rare event is typically large relative to that of the event's actuarial likelihood. Thisoverweightingfollows a two‐stage process. First, rare events tend to be overestimated because of the availability heuristic, anchoring on the “ignorance prior,” and coarse chance categories. Second, when making decisions, low probability events are overweighted because of the “possibility effect”—decision makers are more sensitive to probability changes close to 0 than to probability changes away from 0.
Supply Chain Scheduling: Origins and Application to Sequencing, Batching and Lot Sizing
Authors: Hall Nicholas G. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Research on supply chains has focused mainly on the coordination of strategic decisions, whereas operational issues have been studied much less. However, the coordination of operational decisions is often important, especially for time‐sensitive, customized, and made‐to‐order products. The topic of this article, supply chain scheduling, is the study of the coordination of operational decisions, including scheduling, among supply chain partners with conflicting objectives. Supply chain scheduling uses short planning horizons with reliable data, optimization of decisions, and the exact evaluation of coordination issues. This article discusses the origins of supply chain scheduling, and their relationship to other modern extensions of classical scheduling theory, including multicriteria scheduling, integrated scheduling and sequencing games. Specific examples of supply chain scheduling are discussed for the coordination of scheduling, batching, and lot‐sizing decisions. Various methodologies within supply chain scheduling evaluate both the conflict between supply chain partners and also the benefit to overall supply chain performance from cooperation. The design of incentives and game theory solutions that promote cooperation is an important prescriptive feature of this rapidly evolving research area.
Travel Demand Modeling
Authors: Southworth Frank , Garrow Laurie A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter describes the principal types of both passenger and freight demand models in use today, providing a brief history of model development supported by references to a number of popular texts on the subject, and directing the reader to papers covering some of the more recent technical developments in the area. Over the past half century, a variety of methods have been used to estimate and forecast travel demands, drawing concepts from economic/utility maximization theory, transportation system optimization, and spatial interaction theory, using and often combining solution techniques as varied as Box–Jenkins methods, nonlinear multivariate regression, nonlinear mathematical programming, and agent‐based microsimulation.
Iranian Operations Research Society (IORS)
Authors: Mahdavi‐Amiri Nezam 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
We describe the Iranian Operations Research Society (IORS), established in 2005 and joined IFORS in 2009, by explaining its goals, identifying the members of its first two executive councils, announcing its Iranian Journal of Operations Research (IJOR), and pronouncing its annual International Conferences in Operations Research.
Public Health, Emergency Response, and Medical Preparedness I: Medical Surge
Authors: Lee Eva K. , Yang Anna Yang , Pietz Ferdinand , Benecke Bernard 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Medical surge forms the cornerstone of preparedness planning efforts for major medical incidents. Surge capacity encompasses multidimensional aspects such as potential patient beds; available space in which patients may be triaged, managed, vaccinated, decontaminated, or simply located; available care personnel of all types; necessary medications, supplies, and equipment; and even the legal capacity to deliver health care under situations that exceed authorized capacity. Further, close collaboration between public health and health care facilities is very important to effective disaster response. In the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the dissemination of anthrax in 2001, the ability of the US health care system to provide an effective and coordinated response to mass casualty or complex incidents came under intense scrutiny. More recently, the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina and the mass disruption of public health and medical services along the Gulf Coast spotlighted the need for cohesive strategies that focus on management systems for major public health and medical response. In this article, we explore hospital surge capacity planning. Specifically, we will discuss issues related to surge patterns, the interplay of care personnel and staff, facilities, equipment and supplies, and incident management system. Approaches used in balancing daily operational efficiency versus maintaining an appropriate surge capacity will be discussed, and the importance of international collaboration is highlighted. Further, OR methodologies, including simulation, optimization, stochastic processes and systems dynamics models used in medical surge analysis will be briefly reviewed.
Vibrational Circular Dichroism: Ensuring Quality of Pharmaceutical Products
Authors: Tsankov Dimiter , Polyanichko Alexander , Wieser Helmut 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe interest in Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) has grown at a good pace during last few years. This technique provides a detailed description of progress in vibrational optical activity for determining structural properties of pharmaceuticals. Now highly advanced VCD spectrometers are available which implement the dual polarization modulation method. This article focuses on instrumental methods, unique applicabilities and capabilities, review of scientific applications such as enantiomeric purity and absolute configuration, solution conformations, pharmaceuticals, and natural products and concludes with an assessment of the instrumentation's utility, when metal ions play significant roles in biological and medicinal processes. The study finds that same metal ions significantly affect large molecular biological complexes that arise from the interactions of DNA, proteins, and medicinal drugs.
Multicentre prospective study of fascial closure rate after open abdomen with vacuum and mesh-mediated fascial traction
Authors: Acosta S , Bjarnason T , Petersson U , Pålsson B , Wanhainen A , Svensson M , Djavani K , Björck M 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Damage control surgery and temporary open abdomen (OA) have been adopted widely, in both trauma and non-trauma situations. Several techniques for temporary abdominal closure have been developed. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the fascial closure rate in patients after vacuum-assisted wound closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction (VAWCM) for long-term OA treatment, and to describe complications.

Methods
This prospective study included all patients who received VAWCM treatment between 2006 and 2009 at four hospitals. Patients with anticipated OA treatment for fewer than 5 days and those with non-midline incisions were excluded.

Results
Among 151 patients treated with an OA, 111 received VAWCM treatment. Median age was 68 years. Median OA treatment time was 14 days. Main disease aetiologies were vascular (45 patients), visceral surgical disease (57) and trauma (9). The fascial closure rate was 76·6 per cent in intention-to-treat analysis and 89 per cent in per-protocol analysis. Eight patients developed an intestinal fistula, of whom seven had intestinal ischaemia. Intestinal fistula was an independent factor associated with failure of fascial closure (odds ratio (OR) 8·55, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·47 to 49·72; P = 0·017). The in-hospital mortality rate was 29·7 per cent. Age (OR 1·21, 1·02 to 1·43; P = 0·027) and failure of fascial closure (OR 44·50, 1·13 to 1748·52; P = 0·043) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality.

Conclusion
The VAWCM method provided a high fascial closure rate after long-term treatment of OA. Technique-related complications were few. No patient was left with a large planned ventral hernia.
A finite element method for a microstructure‐based model of blood
Authors: Iolov Alexandre , Kane Abdoulaye S. , Bourgault Yves , Owens Robert G. , Fortin André 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper presents the first flows computed in non‐trivial geometries while accounting for the contribution of the red cells to the Cauchy stress using the haemorheological model of Owens and Fang (it J. Non‐Newtonian Fluid Mech. 2006; 140:57–70; Biorheology 2006; 43:637–660). In this model, the local shear viscosity is determined in terms of both the local shear‐rate and the average rouleau size, with the latter being the solution of an advection‐reaction equation. The model describes the viscoelastic, shear‐thinning and hysteresis behaviour of flowing blood, and includes non‐local effects in the determination of the blood viscosity and stresses. This rheological model is first briefly derived. A finite element method is next presented, extending the DEVSS method of Fortin and coworkers (Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 2000; 189:121–139; J. Non‐Newtonian Fluid Mech. 1995; 60:27–52; Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 1997; 143:79–95) to the solution of this Oldroyd‐B type model but with a non‐constant Deborah number. A streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin approach is also adopted in the discretization of the constitutive equation and the microstructure evolution equation. The numerical results presented begin with validation of our finite element scheme in a coaxial rheometer both for a prescribed homogeneous velocity field and for a fully two‐dimensional calculation including the solution of the linear momentum equation. The consideration of blood flow in a straight channel allows us to test convergence of our numerical scheme. Finally, we present results for an aneurytic channel under both steady and pulsatile flow conditions. Comparisons are made with the results from an equivalent Newtonian fluid. Our choice of material parameters leads to only weakly elastic effects but noticeable differences are seen between the Newtonian and non‐Newtonian flows, especially in the pulsating case. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An open and scalable architecture for delivering 3D shared visualization services to heterogeneous devices
Authors: Paravati Gianluca , Sanna Andrea , Lamberti Fabrizio , Ciminiera Luigi 
Published: January 2011

AbstractShared visualization environments represent an effective means to enhance collaborative work in engineering and scientific design tasks. The availability of high‐speed networks allows researchers to work together from geographically distributed locations, and mobile devices are able to carry out ubiquitous 3D visualization tasks through wireless network connections. This paper presents a scalable architecture for the delivery of shared 3D visualization services to heterogeneous terminals ranging from powerful workstations to mobile devices such as PDAs and smart‐phones. The framework design allows both desktop and mobile clients to simultaneously visualize the same model by sharing a common view. Remote‐rendering servers support effective visualization on thin clients, and a load balancing mechanism provides efficient resource usage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface Chemistry and Interfacial Charge‐Transfer Mechanisms in Photoinduced Oxygen Exchange at O2–TiO2 Interfaces
Authors: Montoya Juan Felipe , Peral José , Salvador Pedro 
Published: January 2011

AbstractExperimental results obtained over the last three decades on photoinduced oxygen isotopic exchange (POIE) of TiO2 oxygen atoms with those of adsorbed water molecules and gaseous O2 are analyzed in the light of recent information from the literature on the interaction of water and O2 species with the TiO2 surface (obtained by application of surface spectroscopy techniques in combination with high‐resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy). The analysis emphasizes the singular role that bridging oxygen ions and bridging oxygen vacancies play in TiO2 surface chemistry and interfacial electron transfer at the gas phase–TiO2 interface in the absence and presence of water. The observed competition between POIE and the photo‐oxidation (PO) of organic compounds is analyzed in terms of the recently developed direct‐indirect (D‐I) kinetic model for heterogeneous photocatalysis (D. Monllor‐Satoca et al., Catal. Today, 2007, 129, 247, and references therein).
Stability and Dynamics of Cyclic Diguanylic Acid in Solution
Authors: Zhang Lixian , Meuwly Markus 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCyclic diguanylic acid (CDG) is a ubiquitous messenger involved in bacterial signaling networks. Despite its central role in motility, biofilm formation, virulence, and flagellum development, fundamental properties such as its aggregation state are still poorly understood. Here the dynamics and stability of metal‐free and Mg2+‐bound CDG are characterized. Atomistic simulations establish that the CDG dimer is slightly favored (by −5 kcal mol−1) over its dissociated form (2 CDG), while the Mg2+ ion coordinated in the X‐ray structure readily dissociates from (CDG)2 in solution and prefers water coordination. As a ligand in a protein, CDG binds both as a U‐shaped and a quasilinear monomer. The current results indicate that the energy difference between these two conformations is only a few kilocalories per mole, which explains the facile adaptation to different protein environments. This, together with the slight preference of (CDG)2 over 2 CDG suggests that (CDG)2 binding to a protein does probably not occur via sequential binding of two individual monomers.