bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differing Impacts of Resolution Changes in Latitude and Longitude on the Midlatitudes in the LMDZ Atmospheric GCM
Authors: Guemas Virginie , Codron Francis 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article examines the sensitivity of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Model with Zoom Capability (LMDZ), a gridpoint atmospheric GCM, to changes in the resolution in latitude and longitude, focusing on the midlatitudes. In a series of dynamical core experiments, increasing the resolution in latitude leads to a poleward shift of the jet, which also becomes less baroclinic, while the maximum eddy variance decreases. The distribution of the jet positions in time also becomes wider. On the contrary, when the resolution increases in longitude, the position and structure of the jet remain almost identical, except for a small equatorward shift tendency. An increase in eddy heat flux is compensated by a strengthening of the Ferrel cell. The source of these distinct behaviors is then explored in constrained experiments in which the zonal-mean zonal wind is constrained toward the same reference state while the resolution varies. While the low-level wave sources always increase with resolution in that case, there is also enhanced poleward propagation when increasing the resolution in longitude, preventing the jet shift. The diverse impacts on the midlatitude dynamics hold when using the full GCM in a realistic setting, either forced by observed SSTs or coupled to an ocean model.
Mesocyclone Evolution Associated with Varying Shear Profiles during the 24 June 2003 Tornado Outbreak
Authors: Schumacher Philip N. , Boustead Joshua M. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The morphology of mesocyclones associated with the regional tornado outbreak on 24 June 2003 is examined to illustrate the effects of changing vertical wind profiles. The large-scale environment supported deep moist convection, with forcing for ascent and convective instability. Postevent analysis indicated there were changes in the shear in space and time across a small geographical area. The event was separated into sectors based on both the synoptic setting and the differing shear profiles. Near the surface warm front, the vertical wind profile and mesocyclone evolution exhibited a classic appearance and produced significant tornadoes. In the warm sector, where no discernible surface boundaries were evident, classic supercells initially were favored but only produced short-lived tornadoes rated as F0 on the Fujita scale. The vertical wind profile changed as a low-level jet intensified after 0000 UTC 25 June. The majority of the vertical wind shear became located below 3 km. Meanwhile, mesocyclone elevation lowered and rotational velocity increased. As the dynamically induced low-level jet and an area of mixed-layer (ML) convective available potential energy (CAPE) became juxtaposed where the boundary layer was uncapped, strong low-level mesocyclones and 32 tornadoes developed in an area with no discernible surface boundaries. The event illustrates the need for warning meteorologists to monitor not only the amount of shear present, but also its distribution in the hodograph owing to its strong correspondence with mesocyclone morphology.
Unexpected High Winds in Northern New Jersey: A Downslope Windstorm in Modest Topography
Authors: Decker Steven G. , Robinson David A. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This study presents the first evidence for the occurrence of a downslope windstorm in New Jersey. During the early morning hours of 4 January 2009, an unanticipated strong wind event was observed. Despite a zone forecast calling for winds less than 4 m s−1 issued 4 h prior to the event, winds up to 23 m s−1 were reported at High Point, New Jersey (elevation 550 m), with gusts to 30 m s−1 in its immediate lee (elevation 311 m). These winds were highly localized; a nearby Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) station (Sussex, New Jersey, 12 km distant) reported calm winds between 0700 and 1000 UTC, just as the winds were peaking near High Point. High Point is the highest point in New Jersey, and is part of the quasi-two-dimensional Kittatinny Mountain extending from Pennsylvania into New York. This study tests the hypothesis that the topography of High Point, upon interacting with the local atmospheric stability and wind profiles, was sufficient to produce a downslope windstorm, thus causing these unusual winds. The results indicate that the presence of a sharp low-level temperature inversion in combination with a northwesterly low-level jet perpendicular to the ridge provided the key ingredients for the strong winds. Linear theory does not appear to explain the winds. Instead, prior studies incorporating nonlinearity predict a trapped lee wave or possibly a hydraulic jump, and model simulations suggest that High Point was indeed tall enough to generate such a wave along with rotors, although observations were not available to confirm this. Given sufficient model resolution, many aspects of this event were predictable. Similar windstorms have occurred before at High Point, but observations show that this event was the most amplified in recent years.
Effect of Descriptive Information and Experience on Automation Reliance
Authors: Yuviler-Gavish Nirit , Gopher Daniel 
Published: May 2011

Objective: The present research addresses the issue of reliance on decision support systems for the long term (DSSLT), which help users develop decision-making strategies and long-term planning. It is argued that providing information about a system’s future performance in an experiential manner, as compared with a descriptive manner, encourages users to increase their reliance level. Background: Establishing appropriate reliance on DSSLT is contingent on the system developer’s ability to provide users with information about the system’s future performance. Method: A sequence of three studies contrasts the effect on automation reliance of providing descriptive information versus experience for DSSLT with two different positive expected values of recommendations. Results: Study 1 demonstrated that when automation reliance was determined solely on the basis of description, it was relatively low, but it increased significantly when a decision was made after experience with 50 training simulations. Participants were able to learn to increase their automation reliance levels when they encountered the same type of recommendation again. Study 2 showed that the absence of preliminary descriptive information did not affect the automation reliance levels obtained after experience. Study 3 demonstrated that participants were able to generalize their learning about increasing reliance levels to new recommendations. Conclusion: Using experience rather than description to give users information about future performance in DSSLT can help increase automation reliance levels. Applications: Implications for designing DSSLT and decision support systems in general are discussed.
Trustworthiness and IT Suspicion: An Evaluation of the Nomological Network
Authors: Lyons Joseph B. , Stokes Charlene K. , Eschleman Kevin J. , Alarcon Gene M. , Barelka Alex J. 
Published: May 2011

Objective: The authors evaluated the validity of trust in automation and information technology (IT) suspicion by examining their factor structure and relationship with decision confidence. Background: Research on trust has burgeoned, yet the dimensionality of trust remains elusive. Researchers suggest that trust is a unidimensional construct, whereas others believe it is multidimensional. Additionally, novel constructs, such as IT suspicion, have yet to be distinguished from trust in automation. Research is needed to examine the overlap between these constructs and to determine the dimensionality of trust in automation. Method: Participants (N = 72) engaged in a computer-based convoy scenario involving an automated decision aid. The aid fused real-time sensor data and provided route recommendations to participants who selected a route based on (a) a map with historical enemy information, (b) sensor inputs, and (c) automation suggestions. Measures for trust in automation and IT suspicion were administered after individuals interacted with the automation. Results: Results indicated three orthogonal factors: trust, distrust, and IT suspicion. Each variable was explored as a predictor of decision confidence. Distrust and trust evidenced unique influences on decision confidence, albeit at different times. Higher distrust related to less confidence, whereas trust related to greater confidence. Conclusion: The current study found that trust in automation was best characterized by two orthogonal dimensions (trust and distrust). Both trust and distrust were found to be independent from IT suspicion, and both distrust and trust uniquely predicted decision confidence. Application: Researchers may consider using separate measures for trust and distrust in future studies.
Revised heating degree days due to global warming for 15 major cities of South Korea
Authors: Cho Sung-Hwan , Kim Hyeong-Jung , Zaheeruddin M 
Published: May 2011

Because of the rapid rise in ambient temperatures in urban cities due to global warming, this research study was conducted to revise the heating degree days (HDDs) for main cities of South Korea. Current HDDs used in the design of heating systems were established some 30 years ago. Therefore, there is a need to revisit and revise the HDDs used in Korea. The HDDs were computed at five different indoor set-point and unloaded temperatures. The validity of the methodology used for computing HDDs was ascertained by comparing the calculated HDDs with the published values. The impact of the length of time on total annual HDDs was examined. The results show that higher temperature trends due to global warming witnessed over the past decade in general decreased the HDDs. The impact was higher for warmer climate cities than the cold regions. The revised annual HDDs for 15 major cities of South Korea are presented in this paper. Practical applications: The HDDs corrected for global warming effects for 15 major cities of South Korea presented in this article are useful for designers in estimating the impact on equipment size and energy consumption. Towards this end, several scenarios of global warming effects are presented by assuming several unloaded temperature levels. This is useful for the designers in examining the uncertainties in the estimation of energy consumption. The results published are also important for policy makers in South Korea to examine the need for revising the degree day database in light of the global warming trends.
Association between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Deposits in the Semicircular Canals
Authors: Yoda Shigetoshi , Cureoglu Sebahattin , Yildirim‐Baylan Muzeyyen , Morita Norimasa , Fukushima Hisaki , Harada Tamotsu , Paparella Michael M. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo compare the prevalence of cupular and free‐floating deposits in the semicircular canals between temporal bones of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients and normal controls.Study DesignCase‐control histopathologic human temporal bone study.SettingOtopathology laboratory in a tertiary academic medical center.Subjects and MethodsTwenty‐eight temporal bones from 14 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 56 normal temporal bones from 28 age‐matched individuals were histopathologically examined. The cupula and lumina of the semicircular canals were examined for evidence of deposits.ResultsThe prevalence of cupular and free‐floating deposits in the lateral and posterior semicircular canals was significantly higher in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients compared with normal temporal bones (lateral, cupular deposits, odds ratio [OR], 5.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43 to 21.02; free‐floating deposits, OR, 8.25; 95% CI, 2.42 to 27.85; posterior, cupular deposits, OR, 41.73; 95% CI, 5.96 to 275.50; free‐floating deposits, OR, 7.44; 95% CI, 1.91 to 28.53). The prevalence of these deposits was associated with the duration of disease rather than with aging.ConclusionThe findings suggest that type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with cupular and free‐floating deposits in the semicircular canals. The patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with a longer duration of disease have an increased probability of suffering from benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma with Intracranial Extension
Authors: Mattei Tobias Alecio , Nogueira Gustavo Fabiano , Ramina Ricardo 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo provide a critical evaluation of the historical evolution of the surgical treatment of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) with intracranial extension.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingSkull base multidisciplinary group at the Instituto de Neurologia de Curitiba, Brazil.Subjects and MethodsFrom 1988 to 2000, the multidisciplinary skull base group surgically treated 67 adolescent boys with JNA, 20 of whom presented with intracranial extension. All patients presented involvement of the cavernous sinus, and 5 of them spread into the orbit. Before 2008, the authors combined microscopic‐endoscopic techniques. After this period, the surgical approach used was facial degloving, associated with purely endoscopic technique patients.ResultsTotal tumor removal was achieved in 17 cases in the first surgery. In this series, the intracranial extension was extradural in all cases. There was only 1 case of cerebrospinal fluid leakage, which was promptly identified and treated. There was no mortality or permanent morbidity.ConclusionRadical removal of large JNA may be difficult because of its extreme vascularity and extension to the cavernous sinus, orbit, middle and anterior fossa. Nevertheless, most of JNA with intracranial extension can be resected in the first operation with minimal morbidity through a facial degloving and further combination of expanded endoscopic endonasal approaches.
No Evidence for Diagnostic Value of Mallampati Score in Patients Suspected of Having Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Bins Sander , Koster Theodoor D. , de Heij Albert H. , de Vries Akkeline C. , van Pelt Anouk B. , Aarts Mark C. J. , Rovers Maroeska M. , van der Heijden Geert J. M. G. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo analyze whether the Mallampati score is reliable as a simple diagnostic test for predicting obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).Data SourcesA literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases.Review MethodsStudies were ranked by their relevance and validity in a critical appraisal table. Positive and negative predictive values were obtained or recalculated from the selected articles.ResultsEight relevant articles met the inclusion criteria. Three studies reported predictive values for a Mallampati score of 3 to 4. The prevalence (or prior probability) of OSAS in these 3 studies was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50‐67), 76% (95% CI, 72‐79), and 82% (95% CI, 80‐84), respectively. With a Mallampati score of 1 to 2, the risk of OSAS decreases to 45% (95% CI, 33‐58), 74% (95% CI, 70‐78), and 81% (95% CI, 77‐86), respectively. With a Mallampati score of 3 to 4, the risk of OSAS is 69% (95% CI, 59‐80), 82% (95% CI, 74‐89), and 82% (95% CI, 79‐85), respectively. The differences between the prior and the posterior probabilities are rather small and do not reach statistical significance.ConclusionThere is no evidence to maintain that the Mallampati score is of added value for ruling in or ruling out a diagnosis of OSAS in patients suspected for OSAS.
Can Intratympanic Dexamethasone Protect against Cisplatin Ototoxicity in Mice with Age‐Related Hearing Loss?
Authors: Parham Kourosh 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo determine whether intratympanic (IT) dexamethasone ameliorates cisplatin‐induced ototoxicity in a mouse model of presbycusis.Study DesignControlled experimental study.SettingTranslational science experimental laboratory.Subjects and MethodsAuditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds of 24‐month‐old CBA/J‐NIA mice treated with cisplatin were compared 7 days after daily IT injections of dexamethasone (24 mg/mL) or saline.ResultsBecause of high (100%) mortality at 16 mg/kg, a single cisplatin dose of 14 mg/kg intraperitoneally was used. At this latter dose, pre‐IT and post‐IT treatment ABR thresholds were available in 13 of 16 mice. In IT saline–treated ears, cisplatin produced up to 9.5‐dB ABR threshold elevations. In IT dexamethasone–treated ears, little protection against cisplatin was observed at 8 or 16 kHz where mean ABR thresholds were elevated. At 24 and 32 kHz, mean ABR threshold elevations were minimal at 0.6 to 1.4 dB. This protection was statistically significant (P ≤. 02).ConclusionsThese results demonstrate, for the first time, a protective effect of a treatment against an ototoxic agent in the presence of age‐related hearing loss. In the presence of age‐related hearing loss, the protective effect of IT dexamethasone has a frequency gradient, being greatest in the high‐frequency region of the cochlea. This latter finding contrasts with our previous report in young mice, in which the protective effect of IT dexamethasone was in the low‐frequency region of the cochlea.
Effect of Aspiration of Perilymph during Stapes Surgery on the Endocochlear Potential of Guinea Pig
Authors: Ikeda Ryoukichi , Nakaya Kazuhiro , Oshima Hidetoshi , Oshima Takeshi , Kawase Tetsuaki , Kobayashi Toshimitsu 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveSuction applied to the vestibule through the oval window during stapes surgery is considered a primary risk for postoperative sensorineural hearing impairment. This study investigated the mechanism of acute phase change in cochlear function caused by aspiration of the opened oval window.Study DesignGuinea pig model.SettingAcademic hospital laboratory.Subjects and MethodsGuinea pigs were divided into 3 groups: stapes footplate removed without suctioning (6 animals), with indirect suctioning (5 animals), and with direct suctioning of the vestibular perilymph (6 animals). Endocochlear potentials (EPs) were measured at the second turn of the cochlea, and temporal bones were examined histologically.ResultsRemoval of the stapes footplate without suctioning caused little change in the EP (original value, 80.12 ± 3.52 mV), indirect suctioning caused minor decline of the EP of 9.14 ± 1.84 mV, and partial recovery ensued, whereas direct but gentle suctioning, resulting in dry vestibule, caused reduction in the EP of 16.38 ± 6.63 mV. Recovery was not observed or incomplete. No animals showed profound decrease in the EP.ConclusionGentle suctioning and removal of the vestibular perilymph can cause a mild decrease in the EP even without damaging the inner ear structures. Therefore, suctioning of the perilymph should be avoided during stapes surgery because acute hearing loss can result even without damaging the inner ear structures. However, hearing loss may not be profound, if suctioning is not vigorous enough to cause damage to the inner ear structures.
RNA Interference of Transforming Growth Factor–β2 in Human Respiratory Fibroblasts
Authors: Wirtz Eric D. , Fredericks Gregory , Robitschek Jon , Cable Benjamin B. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTransforming growth factor–β2 (TGF‐β2) is a principal cytokine of interest in the pathogenesis of scar formation and is a potential target for future molecular‐based adjunctive therapies. The authors hypothesize that interfering RNA (RNAi) can be used to modulate TGF‐β2 production in cultured human respiratory fibroblasts.Study DesignBasic science.SettingLaboratory.Subjects and MethodsRNAi constructs targeted to the TGF‐β2 transcript were complexed with microsomal lipids and applied to human fibroblasts in cell culture. Transfection efficiency and cell viability were measured by fluorescence microscopy. Messenger RNA (mRNA) for TGF‐β2 was measured 48 hours posttransfection using real‐time quantitative PCR. The quantity of TGF‐β2 protein produced with increasing concentrations of RNAi was measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The function of RNAi‐treated fibroblasts was tested using a wound‐healing assay.ResultsTransfection efficiency of more than 80% was achieved with minimal induced cell death. Treated cells showed selective knockdown of 80% of TGF‐β2 mRNA, which was confirmed with negative controls. As the concentration of RNAi was increased, an incremental decrease in TGF‐β2 protein was measured.ConclusionRNAi technology is an effective means of localized and transient gene silencing in cultured human fibroblasts. Transfection can be achieved using microsome complexed RNAi with minimal induced cell death. This preliminary result shows promise for future in vitro studies.
Differences in sensory processing between chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain patients with and without cervicogenic headache
Authors: Chua Nicholas H L , van Suijlekom Hans A , Vissers Kris C , Arendt-Nielsen Lars , Wilder-Smith Oliver H 
Published: May 2011

Background: It is not known why some patients with underlying chronic nociceptive sources in the neck develop cervicogenic headache (CEH) and why others do not. This quantitative sensory testing (QST) study systematically explores the differences in sensory pain processing in 17 CEH patients with underlying chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain compared to 10 patients with chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain but without CEH. Methods: The QST protocol comprises pressure pain threshold testing, thermal detection threshold testing, electrical pain threshold testing and measurement of descending inhibitory modulation using the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm. Results: The main difference between patients with or without CEH was the lateralization of pressure hyperalgesia to the painful side of the head of CEH patients, accompanied by cold as well as warm relative hyperesthesia on the painful side of the head and neck. Discussion: From this hypothesis-generating study, our results suggest that rostral neuraxial spread of central sensitization, probably to the trigeminal spinal nucleus, plays a major role in the development of CEH.
Is the Fundamental Science of Macroeconomics Sound?
Authors: Colander David 
Published: May 2011

Recently, Ben Bernanke has argued that in the events leading up to the financial crisis, mistakes were made, but they were primarily engineering or management mistakes, not mistakes in the fundamental science of macroeconomics, which he sees as sound. This paper argues that Bernanke is wrong and that standard macroeconomics has not recognized, and still does not recognize, the limits of science and of formal modeling when studying something as complex as the macro economy. This failure to recognize, and adequately convey to policy makers, the limits of our scientific understanding of the macro economy, has led standard macroeconomics to combine fundamental science and policy applications in ways that undermine both. This paper advocates a classical methodological approach, which Keynes followed as well, that strictly separates fundamental science from policy analysis. Policy does not directly follow from models; it follows from reasoned analysis which uses models, but which combines models with institutional knowledge, intuition, and common sense. JEL classification: A11, B22, E0, E60
Macroeconomic Theory After the Crisis
Authors: Dutt Amitava Krishna 
Published: May 2011

Mainstream macroeconomic theory, especially as synthesized in the New Neoclassical Synthesis, is argued to have many problematic aspects, problems which have been especially underscored by the recent economic crisis, and which relate to its method, its views of the economy, and its goals and its policy implications. These failings call for greater pluralism in macroeconomic theory and greater acceptance of alternative approaches. One of these—which is based on accounting identities and behavioral and institutional relations, which stresses the importance of uncertainty and power, emphasizes the goals of reducing unemployment and distributional fairness, and views policymaking as an art—is particularly worthy of attention. JEL classification: B22, B41, E00