bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The acute effect of Swedish‐style snus on cigarette craving and self‐administration in male and female smokers
Authors: Barrett Sean P. , Campbell Mallory L. , Temporale Kirsten , Good Kim Berley P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIntroductionSwedish‐style snus (SS) has recently garnered controversy for its proposed use as a smoking cessation aid and/or harm reduction tool. However, to date, little work has been done to evaluate the extent to which SS affects cigarette cravings and smoking behavior under double‐blind controlled conditions.MethodsDuring four double‐blind placebo‐controlled randomized sessions, 15 smokers (8 male) administered SS, placebo (nicotine/tobacco‐free) snus (PS), a nicotine‐containing lozenge (NL), or a placebo lozenge (PL) for 30 min and assessed their effects using Visual Analogue Scales and the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges. They could then self‐administer their usual brand of cigarettes using a progressive ratio task over the next 60 min. Following the completion of their final session, 11 participants (6 male) ranked each of the products used in the study in terms of their preferences.ResultsRelative to the other products, SS was associated with a decreased intention to smoke as well as a delayed onset of cigarette smoking in men but not women. However, SS administration was also associated with increased feelings of frustration and irritability relative to NL and SS was ranked as being the least preferred product used in the study.DiscussionFindings suggest that SS is effective in acutely suppressing craving and smoking in at least some smokers, but that its acceptability may be limited. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel combination strategy to optimize treatment for PTSD
Authors: Shad Mujeeb U. , Suris Alina M. , North Carol S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasingly recognized as a serious and potentially debilitating condition in combat veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Exposure to a potentially life‐threatening event such as military combat may be followed by PTSD. Despite recent advances in pharmacotherapy for PTSD, monotherapy with the currently available medications is only partially effective, as demonstrated in large clinical trials of combat veterans with PTSD. This underscores the need to investigate novel combination strategies to enhance treatment response in PTSD. The α‐1 adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, prazosin, appears promising in recent studies for its capacity to reduce trauma‐related nightmares (a group B night‐time intrusion symptom) and insomnia (a group D night‐time arousal symptom), while recent evidence supports using the β‐AR antagonist, propranolol, to dampen the emotional content of traumatic memories (daytime intrusion symptoms including flashbacks, intrusive recollections of traumatic event, and heightened physiological reactivity/responsivity to trauma reminders). In this review, we present data supporting the potential utility of combined drug regimen (prazosin and propranolol) acting through different noradrenergic mechanisms, with the potential to target more than one set of PTSD symptoms to optimize PTSD treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity of mean transit time estimates to model conditioning and data availability
Authors: Hrachowitz M. , Soulsby C. , Tetzlaff D. , Malcolm I. A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMean transit times (MTTs) can give useful insights into the internal processes of hydrological systems. However, varying model conditioning assumptions and data availability can limit the use of MTT, particularly in terms of comparing the results of studies using different assumptions and data records of varying lengths. We present a systematic analysis of sensitivity of MTT estimates to different methods of artificially extending the data record, varying model warm‐up period lengths and varying sampling intervals for a small upland catchment in the Scottish Highlands. The analysis was based on Cl−data in conjunction with the convolution integral model using the gamma distribution as transit time distribution. It could be shown that three out of four different methods to artificially extend the data record and to generate a warm‐up period give mostly equivalent results. The required minimum warm‐up period length to reliably estimate MTT for a 3‐year period of data was observed to be about 2 years or 3 times the MTT, implying that ∼95% of the tracer signal entering the stream at day 1 of the warm‐up period has to be recovered by the end of the warm‐up period in order to avoid significant deviations from the best available MTT estimates. It was furthermore found that sampling intervals of up to 4 weeks can produce MTT estimates within about 0·25 times the best available MTT estimate, albeit with potentially increased process misrepresentation in terms of the gamma distribution parameter α. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal rainfall–runoff relationships in a lowland forested watershed in the southeastern USA
Authors: La Torre Torres Ileana B. , Amatya Devendra M. , Sun Ge , Callahan Timothy J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHydrological processes of lowland watersheds of the southern USA are not well understood compared to a hilly landscape due to their unique topography, soil compositions, and climate. This study describes the seasonal relationships between rainfall patterns and runoff (sum of storm flow and base flow) using 13 years (1964–1976) of rainfall and stream flow data for a low‐gradient, third‐order forested watershed. It was hypothesized that runoff–rainfall ratios (R/P) are smaller during the dry periods (summer and fall) and greater during the wet periods (winter and spring). We found a large seasonal variability in event R/P potentially due to differences in forest evapotranspiration that affected seasonal soil moisture conditions. Linear regression analysis results revealed a significant relationship between rainfall and runoff for wet (r2 = 0·68; p < 0·01) and dry (r2 = 0·19; p = 0·02) periods. Rainfall‐runoff relationships based on a 5‐day antecedent precipitation index (API) showed significant (r2 = 0·39; p < 0·01) correspondence for wet but not (r2 = 0·02; p = 0·56) for dry conditions. The same was true for rainfall‐runoff relationships based on 30‐day API (r2 = 0·39; p < 0·01 for wet and r2 = 0·00; p = 0·79 for dry). Stepwise regression analyses suggested that runoff was controlled mainly by rainfall amount and initial soil moisture conditions as represented by the initial flow rate of a storm event. Mean event R/P were higher for the wet period (R/P = 0·33), and the wet antecedent soil moisture condition based on 5‐day (R/P = 0·25) and 30‐day (R/P = 0·26) prior API than those for the dry period conditions. This study suggests that soil water status, i.e. antecedent soil moisture and groundwater table level, is important besides the rainfall to seasonal runoff generation in the coastal plain region with shallow soil argillic horizons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response analysis of rainfall–runoff processes using wavelet transform: a case study of the alpine meadow belt
Authors: Liu Hai‐Long , Bao An‐Ming , Chen Xi , Wang Ling , Pan Xiang‐liang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRainfall–runoff processes appear to be highly nonlinear in Bayinbluk watersheds of the northwestern China. In this study, the time‐scale wavelet transform has been used for the analysis of this nonstationary system. The Haar and Morlet wavelet transform were used to analyse the rainfall–runoff conversion relationship. Wavelet power spectrum and change point methods are also employed to analyse rainfall rates and runoffs measured at daily to half‐hourly sampling rate. The four experimental sites (Luoto, Haer, Kuce and Shengl) are located in the Tianshan Mountains (Xinjiang province, China). Correlation analysis and wavelet transform are first applied to runoff process in different underlying surfaces. Wavelet analyses of rainfall rates and runoffs also give meaningful information on the temporal variability of the rainfall–runoff relationship. Change point and wavelet power spectrum analysis provide simple interpretation of energy distribution between different scales. The results indicate that wavelet transform is a good method for analysing the nonlinear relationship of temporal–spatial responses between rainfall and runoff. This method allowed quantification of the processes affecting runoff and provided an insight into their implications in surface water management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Causes of systematic over‐ or underestimation of low streamflows by use of index‐streamgage approaches in the United States
Authors: Eng Ken , Kiang Julie E. , Chen Yin‐Yu , Carlisle Daren M. , Granato Gregory E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLow‐flow characteristics can be estimated by multiple linear regressions or the index‐streamgage approach. The latter transfers streamflow information from a hydrologically similar, continuously gaged basin (‘index streamgage’) to one with a very limited streamflow record, but often results in biased estimates. The application of the index‐streamgage approach can be generalized into three steps: (1) selection of streamflow information of interest, (2) definition of hydrologic similarity and selection of index streamgage, and (3) application of an information‐transfer approach. Here, we explore the effects of (1) the range of streamflow values, (2) the areal density of streamgages, and (3) index‐streamgage selection criteria on the bias of three information‐transfer approaches on estimates of the 7‐day, 10‐year minimum streamflow (Q7, 10). The three information‐transfer approaches considered are maintenance of variance extension, base‐flow correlation, and ratio of measured to concurrent gaged streamflow (Q‐ratio invariance). Our results for 1120 streamgages throughout the United States suggest that only a small portion of the total bias in estimated streamflow values is explained by the areal density of the streamgages and the hydrologic similarity between the two basins. However, restricting the range of streamflow values used in the index‐streamgage approach reduces the bias of estimated Q7, 10 values substantially. Importantly, estimated Q7, 10 values are heavily biased when the observed Q7, 10 values are near zero. Results of the analysis also showed that Q7, 10 estimates from two of the three index‐streamgage approaches have lower root‐mean‐square error values than estimates derived from multiple regressions for the large regions considered in this study. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deriving the relationship among discharge, biomass and Manning's coefficient through a calibration approach
Authors: De Doncker L. , Troch P. , Verhoeven R. , Buis K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe subject of environmental engineering is currently of great interest. Field experiments as well as numerical models have proven their worth in this research field. An introduction to hydrodynamic modelling, coupled to the modelling of vegetation biomass is described. The developed Strive (STream RIVer Ecosystem) model is set up in the Femme (‘Flexible Environment for Mathematically Modelling the Environment’) environment and has already proven its worth in a large number of calculations (De Doncker et al., 2006, 2008b). Discharges and water levels are modelled together with modelling of electrical conductivity (EC). Extensive measurement campaigns are carried out to collect a large number of observations and calibration of the model is based on this data set. Furthermore, calibration methods and the discussion of this process are displayed. As a result, it is seen that the developed Strive model can model both, hydrodynamic and ecological processes, in an accurate way. The work highlights the importance of detailed determination of Manning's coefficient, dependent on discharge and amount of biomass, as an important calibration parameter for accurate modelling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of glacier meltwater to streamflow in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, inferred via a Bayesian mixing model applied to isotopic measurements
Authors: Cable Jessica , Ogle Kiona , Williams David 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Wind River Range (WRR) of Wyoming has the largest concentration of alpine glaciers in the American Rockies and contributes to several major river systems in the western United States. Declines in the areal extent and volume of these glaciers are well documented, and eventual loss of alpine glaciers will reduce the amount of water available for agricultural and domestic use. The contribution of glacial melt to streamflow remains largely unquantified in Wyoming. We used isotope measurements and Bayesian modeling to estimate the fractional contribution of glacier meltwater to Dinwoody Creek (DC) in the WRR on bi‐weekly and seasonal (spring, summer, and fall) time scales over 2 years. In 2007 and 2008, we made temporally intensive measurements of the stable isotope composition of water from the DC watershed. Samples of the primary sources of streamflow (snowmelt, glacier melt, rain, and baseflow) were collected during field campaigns, and automated collection of stream samples occurred over the melt season. Isotope data (D and18O) were analyzed within a hierarchical Bayesian framework that incorporated temporal and spatial correlations. Glacial melt contributed a significant proportion (∼53–59%) to streamflow in a low‐flow year (2007) or when streamflow was low during a high‐flow year (2008). In 2008, a large and persistent snowpack contributed significantly (∼0·42–51%) to streamflow in mid‐summer. The large contribution of glacial melt to streamflow suggests that the loss of glaciers may impact riparian ecosystems and human water supplies in the late summer and in years with low snowpack. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropy, consistency in rainfall distribution and potential water resource availability in Australia
Authors: Hasan Md Masud , Dunn Peter K 
Published: February 2011

AbstractUnderstanding the variability in monthly rainfall amounts is important for the management of water resources. We use entropy, a measure of variability, to quantify the rainfall variability in Australia. We define the entropy of stable rainfall (ESR) to measure the long‐term average rainfall variability across the months of the year. The stations in northern Australia observe substantially more variability in rainfall distributions and stations in southern Australia observe less variability in rainfall distribution across the months of the year. We also define the consistency index (CI) to compare the distribution of the monthly rainfall for a given year with the long‐term average monthly rainfall distribution. Higher value of the CI indicates the rainfall in the year is consistent with the overall long‐term average rainfall distribution. Areas close to the coastline in northern, southern and eastern Australia observe more consistent rainfall distribution in individual years with the long‐term average rainfall distribution. For the studied stations, we categorize the years into different potential water resource availability on the basis of annual rainfall amount and CI. For almost all Australian rainfall stations, El Niño years have a greater risk of having below median and relatively inconsistent rainfall distribution than La Niña years. The results may be helpful for developing area‐specific water usage strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A soft hydrological monitoring approach for comparing runoff on a network of small poorly gauged catchments
Authors: Crabit Armand , Colin François , Moussa Roger 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCatchments in many parts of the world are either ungauged or poorly gauged, and the dominant processes governing their streamflow response are still poorly understood. The analysis of runoff coefficients provides essential insight into catchment response, particularly if both range of catchments and a range of events are compared. This paper investigates how well the hydrological runoff of 11 small, poorly gauged catchments with ephemeral streams (0·1‐0·6 km2) can be compared using estimated runoff with the associated uncertainty. Data of rainfall and water depth at a catchment's outlet were recorded using automatic logging equipment during 2008‐2009. The hydrological regime is intermittent and the annual precipitation ranged between 569 and 727 mm. Discharge was estimated using Manning's equation and channel cross‐section measurements. Innovative work has been performed under controlled experimental conditions to estimate Manning's coefficient values for the different cover types observed in studied streams: non‐aquatic vegetations (giant reed, bramble and thistle), grass and coarse granular deposits. The results show that estimates derived using roughness coefficients differ from those previously established for larger streams with aquatic vegetation. Catchment runoff was compared at both the event and the annual scale. The results indicate significant variability between the catchment's responses. This variability allows for classification in spite of all the uncertainty associated with runoff estimation. This study highlights the potential of using a network of poorly gauged catch ments. From almost no catchment understanding the proposed methodology allows to compare poorly gauged catchments and highlights similarity/dissimilarity between catchment responses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the uncertainties of hydrologic model selection in climate change impact studies
Authors: Najafi M. R. , Moradkhani H. , Jung I. W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe uncertainties associated with atmosphere‐ocean General Circulation Models (GCMs) and hydrologic models are assessed by means of multi‐modelling and using the statistically downscaled outputs from eight GCM simulations and two emission scenarios. The statistically downscaled atmospheric forcing is used to drive four hydrologic models, three lumped and one distributed, of differing complexity: the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC‐SMA) model, Conceptual HYdrologic MODel (HYMOD), Thornthwaite‐Mather model (TM) and the Precipitation Runoff Modelling System (PRMS). The models are calibrated based on three objective functions to create more plausible models for the study. The hydrologic model simulations are then combined using the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method according to the performance of each models in the observed period, and the total variance of the models. The study is conducted over the rainfall‐dominated Tualatin River Basin (TRB) in Oregon, USA. This study shows that the hydrologic model uncertainty is considerably smaller than GCM uncertainty, except during the dry season, suggesting that the hydrologic model selection‐combination is critical when assessing the hydrologic climate change impact. The implementation of the BMA in analysing the ensemble results is found to be useful in integrating the projected runoff estimations from different models, while enabling to assess the model structural uncertainty. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of bootstrap confidence intervals for an ANN model of a karstic aquifer response
Authors: Trichakis Ioannis , Nikolos Ioannis , Karatzas George P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFollowing many applications artificial neural networks (ANNs) have found in hydrology, a question has been rising for quantification of the output uncertainty. A pre‐optimized ANN simulated the hydraulic head change at two observation wells, having as input hydrological and meteorological parameters. In order to calculate confidence intervals (CI) for the ANN output two bootstrap methods were examined namely bootstrap percentile and BCa (Bias‐Corrected and accelerated). The actual coverage of the CI was compared to the theoretical coverage for different certainty levels as a means of examining the method's reliability. The results of this work support the idea that the bootstrap methods provide a simple tool for confidence interval computation of ANNs. Comparing the two methods, the percentile requires fewer calculations and yields narrower intervals with similar actual coverage to that of BCa. Overall, the actual coverage was proved lower than desired when not modeled points were present in the data subset. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing satellite derived precipitation datasets using the Hillslope River Routing (HRR) model in the Congo River Basin
Authors: Beighley R. E. , Ray R. L. , He Y. , Lee H. , Schaller L. , Andreadis K. M. , Durand M. , Alsdorf D. E. , Shum C. K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper, three satellite derived precipitation datasets (TRMM, CMORPH, PERSIANN) are used to drive the Hillslope River Routing (HRR) model in the Congo Basin. The precipitation data are compared spatially and temporally in two forms: (1) precipitation magnitudes, and (2) resulting streamflow and water storages. Simulated streamflow is assessed using historical monthly discharge data from in situ stream gauges and recent stage data based on water surface elevations derived from ENVISAT radar altimetry data. Simulated total water storage is assessed using monthly storage change values derived from GRACE data. The results show that the three precipitation datasets vary significantly in terms of magnitudes but generally produce a reasonable hydrograph throughout much of the basin, with the exception of the equatorial regions of the watershed. The satellite datasets provide unreasonably high values for specific periods (e.g. all three in Oct–Nov; only CMORPH and PERSIANN in Mar–Apr) in the equatorial regions. Overall, TRMM (3B42) provides the best spatial and temporal distributions and magnitudes or rainfall based on the assessment measures used here. Both CMORPH and PERSIANN tend to overestimate magnitudes, especially in the equatorial regions of the Basin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated cave drip monitoring for epikarst recharge estimation in a dry Mediterranean area, Sif Cave, Israel
Authors: Sheffer Nathan A. , Cohen Moty , Morin Efrat , Grodek Tamir , Gimburg Alex , Magal Einat , Gvirtzman Haim , Nied Manuela , Isele Daniel , Frumkin Amos 
Published: February 2011

AbstractUnderstanding recharge mechanisms and controls in karst regions is extremely important for managing water resources because of the dynamic nature of the system. The objective of this study was to evaluate water percolation through epikarst by monitoring water flow into a cave and conducting artificial irrigation and tracer experiments, at Sif Cave in Wadi Sussi, Israel from 2005 through 2007.The research is based on continuous high‐resolution direct measurements of both rainfall and water percolation in the cave chamber collected by three large PVC sheets which integrate drips from three different areas (17, 46, and 52 m2). Barrels equipped with pressure transducers record drip rate and volume for each of the three areas. The combined measured rainfall and cave data enables estimation of recharge into the epikarst and to better understand the relationship of rainfall‐recharge. Three distinct types of flow regimes were identified: (1) ‘Quick flow’ through preferential flow paths (large fractures and conduits); (2) ‘Intermediate flow’ through a secondary crack system; and (3) ‘Slow flow’ through the matrix. A threshold of ∼100 mm of rain at the beginning of the rainy season is required to increase soil water content allowing later rainfall events to percolate deeper through the soil and to initiate dripping in the cave. During winter, as the soil water content rises, the lag time between a rain event and cave drip response decreases. Annual recharge (140–160 mm in different areas in the cave) measured represents 30–35% of annual rainfall (460 mm). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.