bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freshwater ecosystem structure–function relationships: from theory to application
Authors: SANDIN LEONARD , SOLIMINI ANGELO G. 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. In this issue we aimed to answer the questions: (i) under what circumstances are functional variables better than structural ones for assessing ecosystem health? and (ii) are there good indicators of change in ecological functioning along perturbation gradients?2. Of the numerous functional indicators tested in this issue, several show a response to anthropogenic stress and could be included in assessments of ecosystem health and integrity in running waters.3. In three of eight studies, function showed a stronger response to anthropogenic stress than structure, whereas one study showed a response in structure and not function, and four studies showed responses in both structure and function. Thus structure alone could not detect all types of impairment and functional aspects should also be included and further developed for assessing running‐water ecosystem health and integrity. Functional variables may be especially useful in situations where there is a stronger response among organisms not usually included in stream assessment (e.g. fungi and bacteria) than the commonly used invertebrate, macrophytes and fish indicators.4. Leading research questions related to the use of functional indicators in running waters include: (i) how large is natural and operator‐induced variation for functional indicators? (ii) how small of an effect size (delta) can be detected using structural versus functional indicators? and (iii) how do we efficiently improve theories as well as predictive ability for functional measures to assess the effects of anthropogenic stressors?5. To advance the use of functional indicators in applied running‐water studies, we need to supplement the approach of using large‐scale datasets and correlation with ecosystem manipulations.
Co‐ordinated regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell surface receptors upon stimulation with herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: Schuster Philipp , Donhauser Norbert , Pritschet Kathrin , Ries Moritz , Haupt Sabrina , Kittan Nicolai A. , Korn Klaus , Schmidt Barbara 
Published: September 2009

SummaryHuman plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are crucial for innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections, mainly through production of type I interferons. Evidence is accumulating that PDC surface receptors play an important role in this process. To investigate the PDC phenotype in more detail, a chip‐based expression analysis of surface receptors was combined with respective flow cytometry data obtained from fresh PDC, PDC exposed to interleukin‐3 (IL‐3) and/or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1). CD156b, CD229, CD305 and CD319 were newly identified on the surface of PDC, and CD180 was identified as a new intracellular antigen. After correction for multiple comparisons, a total of 33 receptors were found to be significantly regulated upon exposure to IL‐3, HSV‐1 or IL‐3 and HSV‐1. These were receptors involved in chemotaxis, antigen uptake, activation and maturation, migration, apoptosis, cytotoxicity and costimulation. Infectious and ultraviolet‐inactivated HSV‐1 did not differentially affect surface receptor regulation, consistent with the lack of productive virus infection in PDC, which was confirmed by HSV‐1 real‐time polymerase chain reaction and experiments involving autofluorescing HSV‐1 particles. Viral entry was mediated at least in part by endocytosis. Time–course experiments provided evidence of a co‐ordinated regulation of PDC surface markers, which play a specific role in different aspects of PDC function such as attraction to inflamed tissue, antigen recognition and subsequent migration to secondary lymphatic tissue. This knowledge can be used to investigate PDC surface receptor functions in interactions with other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, particularly natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
CD4+ T‐cell localization to the large intestinal mucosa during Trichuris muris infection is mediated by Gαi‐coupled receptors but is CCR6‐ and CXCR3‐independent
Authors: Svensson Marcus , Russell Karen , Mack Matthias , Else Kathryn J. 
Published: September 2009

Summary Infection of mice with the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris represents a valuable tool to investigate and dissect intestinal immune responses. Resistant mouse strains respond to T. muris infection by mounting a T helper type 2 response. Previous results have shown that CD4+ T cells play a critical role in protective immunity, and that CD4+ T cells localize to the infected large intestinal mucosa to confer protection. Further, transfer of CD4+ T cells from immune mice to immunodeficient SCID mice can prevent the development of a chronic infection. In the current study, we characterize the protective CD4+ T cells, describe their chemokine receptor expression and explore the functional significance of these receptors in recruitment to the large intestinal mucosa post‐T. muris infection. We show that the ability to mediate expulsion resides within a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells marked by down‐regulation of CD62L. These cells can be isolated from intestine‐draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) from day 14 post‐infection, but are rare or absent in MLN before this and in spleen at all times post‐infection. Among CD4+ CD62Llow MLN cells, the two most abundantly expressed chemokine receptors were CCR6 and CXCR3. We demonstrate for the first time that CD4+ CD62Llow T‐cell migration to the large intestinal mucosa is dependent on the family of Gαi‐coupled receptors, to which chemokine receptors belong. CCR6 and CXCR3 were however dispensable for this process because neutralization of CCR6 and CXCR3 did not prevent CD4+ CD62Llow cell migration to the large intestinal mucosa during T. muris infection.
Toll‐like receptor‐induced innate immune responses in non‐parenchymal liver cells are cell type‐specific
Authors: Wu Jun , Meng Zhongji , Jiang Min , Zhang Ejuan , Trippler Martin , Broering Ruth , Bucchi Agnes , Krux Frank , Dittmer Ulf , Yang Dongliang , Roggendorf Michael , Gerken Guido , Lu Mengji , Schlaak Joerg F. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryLittle is known of how the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) system can modulate the function of non‐parenchymal liver cells (NPC) as a major component of the innate and adaptive immune system of the liver. To investigate the diversification of TLR signalling pathways in NPC, we isolated Kupffer cells (KC) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) from wild‐type C57BL/6 mice and examined their responses to TLR1 to TLR9 agonists. The data show that KC respond to all TLR ligands by producing tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) or interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), to TLR3 and TLR4 ligands only by producing interferon‐β (IFN‐β), to TLR1 and TLR8 ligands by significantly up‐regulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and costimulatory molecules, and to TLR1, ‐2, ‐4 and ‐6 ligands by inducing high levels of T‐cell proliferation and IFN‐γ production in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Similarly, LSEC respond to TLR1 to ‐4, ‐6, ‐8 and ‐9 ligands by producing TNF‐α, to TLR3 and ‐4 ligands by producing IL‐6, and to TLR3 ligands by producing IFN‐β. Interestingly, despite significant up‐regulation of MHC class II and co‐stimulatory molecules in response to TLR8 ligands, LSEC stimulated by TLR1, ‐2 or ‐6 could stimulate allogeneic T cells as assessed by MLR. By contrast, myeloid dendritic cells, used as positive control for classical antigen‐presenting cells, respond to TLR1, ‐2, ‐4 and ‐9 ligands by both up‐regulation of CD40 and activation of allogeneic T cells. In conclusion, NPC display a restricted TLR‐mediated activation profile when compared with ‘classical’ antigen‐presenting cells which may, at least in part, explain their tolerogenic function in the liver.
Migration of immature and mature B cells in the aged microenvironment
Authors: Minges Wols Heather A. , Johnson Kara M. , Ippolito Jill A. , Birjandi Shirin Z. , Su Yan , Le Phong T. , Witte Pamela L. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryStudies in aged mice show that the architecture of B‐cell areas appears disrupted and that newly made B cells fail to incorporate into the spleen. These observations may reflect altered migration of immature and mature B cells. Using adoptive transfer, we tested the effect of the aged microenvironment and the intrinsic ability of donor B cells from aged mice to migrate to spleens of intact hosts. Spleens of aged recipients were deficient in attracting young or old donor immature B cells. In contrast, immature and mature B cells maintained an intrinsic ability to migrate to young recipient spleens, except that as the aged immature B cells matured, fewer appeared to enter the recirculating pool. CXCL13 protein, which is necessary for the organization of B‐cell compartments, was elevated with age and differences in CXCL13 distribution were apparent. In aged spleens, CXCL13 appeared less reticular, concentrated in patches throughout the follicles, and notably reduced in the MAdCAM‐1+ marginal reticular cells located at the follicular edge. Despite these differences, the migration of young donor follicular B cells into the spleens of old mice was not impacted; whereas, migration of young donor marginal zone B cells was reduced in aged recipients. Finally, the aged bone marrow microenvironment attracted more donor mature B cells than did the young marrow. Message for CXCL13 was not elevated in the marrow of aged mice. These results suggest that the aged splenic microenvironment affects the migration of immature B cells more than mature follicular B cells.
Novel primary immunodeficiencies relevant to internal medicine: novel phenotypes
Authors: Maródi L. , Casanova J. L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are often recognized in adults, either because of delayed diagnosis of a paediatric illness, or increasingly because of the recognition of adult onset forms of these diseases. Moreover, a growing fraction of children diagnosed with PIDs reach adulthood. It has become clear that many of these conditions affect various organs and therefore will be referred to professionals from various fields of internal medicine. It is well known that infectious diseases, allergy, auto‐immunity and cancer may result from PIDs. Surprisingly, other clinical manifestations were recently found to reflect inborn errors of immunity. Ground‐breaking discoveries suggest that atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome, Crohn’s disease, and alveolar proteinosis may actually be manifestations of novel PIDs.
Are chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia the same? Implications for the provision of appropriate mental health intervention
Authors: MCKAY P. G. , DUFFY T. , MARTIN C. R. 
Published: September 2009

Accessible summary

This paper views the historical perspectives of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and fibromyalgia (FM) that gives an understanding of the background to these complex syndromes.
The relationship between CFS/ME and FM are considered based on the evidence presented, which identifies that there is compelling evidence that these two syndromes may in fact be the same. This is interesting as current evidence suggests that these two syndromes are currently treated differently.
The long‐standing controversy surrounding the aetiology CFS/ME is discussed in relation to the issues of mental health, in particular anxiety and/or depression that has been associated with this condition. In contrast, FM is reviewed in relation to the associated symptomology of anxiety and/or depression.
This review provides the reader with compelling evidence to suggest that the initial presenting symptoms of these two diseases may dictate differential diagnosis and the subsequent treatment they receive if any and, moreover, if indeed these syndromes are confused with that of a psychiatric disorder.
This paper will give the reader time for thought over the issue that: just because there is at present no specific diagnostic test or treatment for this condition, why then is the conclusion reached that this must be a psychiatric condition.

AbstractChronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia represent distinct diagnostic entities within both the clinical and research literature. A common feature of both presentations is that they are often accompanied by a significant mental health burden. A further salient feature of both conditions is that there is no consistent consensus on aetiology. Evaluation of the features of each disorder seems to present a convincing case that both disorders may indeed have a common aetiology and further, the possibility exists that chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia represent the same underlying disorder. Paradoxically, given this possibility it is remarkable that both patient groups are treated clinically with considerably different approaches to care and management. Mental health practitioners will come into contact with both groups of patients when support for the psychological consequences of diagnosis are necessary; however, many practitioners will be unaware of the debate regarding the aetiological ambiguities surrounding these presentations. The purpose of this review is to highlight the above issues in order to both facilitate awareness of the current aetiological/diagnostic impasse and facilitate provision of optimum mental health support.
A potential model for the first all Wales mental health service user and carer‐led research group
Authors: WILSON C. , FOTHERGILL A. , Rees H. 
Published: September 2009

Accessible summary

This paper will inform mental health service users and carers on how a University in Wales established a service user and carer‐led research group.
The group's primary aim will be to undertake its own service user and carer‐led research projects.
Mental health service users have undergone empowerment and research training at a University in Wales. This is an important initiative because it is the first service user and carer‐led research group in Wales.
This paper is co‐authored by a mental health service user and includes transcripts of service users’ stories written in their words.

AbstractService user and carer involvement in research has been gaining momentum in recent years. However, this involvement to date has primarily been as research respondents or ‘subjects’ in research studies. A group of mental health service users at a University in Wales underwent empowerment and research training to enable them to become active participants in the research process; this training was a necessary step to equip mental health service users with the skills to become independent researchers and to carry out service user‐led research. We included transcripts from mental health service users on their views of the empowerment and research training received. We are not reporting, in this paper, on the findings from a research study rather it aims to inform readers how a service user and carer‐led research group has been established in Wales. The group has two purposes: (1) to train service users in research methodologies, and thus for them to gain essential research skills; and (2) to undertake their own service user and carer‐led research projects thereby implementing the research skills they have acquired from the training. The latter is a primary aim of the group; a future paper will report on its development.
Pandemic influenza communication: views from a deliberative forum
Authors: Rogers Wendy A. , Street Jackie M. , Braunack‐Mayer Annette J. , Hiller Janet E. ,   The FluViews Team
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective  To use a deliberative forum to elicit community perspectives on communication about pandemic influenza planning, and to compare these findings with the current Australian national communication strategy.Design  Deliberative forum of 12 persons randomly selected from urban South Australia. Forum members were briefed by experts in infection control, virology, ethics and public policy before deliberating on four key questions: what, how and when should the community be told about pandemic influenza and by whom?Results  The forum recommended provision of detailed and comprehensive information by credible experts, rather than politicians, using a variety of media including television and internet. Recommendations included cumulative communication to build expertise in the community, and specific strategies to include groups such as young people, people with physical or mental disabilities, and rural and remote communities. Information provided should be practical, accurate, and timely, with no ‘holding back’ about the seriousness of a pandemic. The forum expressed confidence in the expert witnesses, despite the acknowledged uncertainty of many of the predictions.Discussion and Conclusion  The deliberative forum’s recommendations were largely consistent with the Australian national pandemic influenza communication strategy and the relevant literature. However, the forum recommended: release of more detailed information than currently proposed in the national strategy; use of non‐political spokespersons; and use of novel communication methods. Their acceptance of uncertainty suggests that policy makers should be open about the limits of knowledge in potentially threatening situations. Our findings show that deliberative forums can provide community perspectives on topics such as communication about pandemic influenza.
Social participation in health in Brazil and England: inclusion, representation and authority
Authors: Barnes Marian , Coelho Vera Schattan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAim  This article offers a brief description and analysis of public participation in health in Brazil and England in order to highlight different motivators and tensions within an acceptance of participation as official policy.Sources/methods  The article draws on a range of research in both countries and an analysis of official documents relating to participation. It is based on collaboration between researchers deriving from broad programmes of work on public participation in which the authors are involved.Argument  There is a tension between different principles underpinning collective public involvement in health both within and between countries. Different aspirations or claims have been made about what such participation will achieve and there are trade‐offs between design principles that have consequences for issues such as who takes part and thus also for what can be achieved. The democratic origins of public participation are more evident in the Brazilian situation than in England, but there are still questions about the inclusivity of the practices through which this is achieved. The English picture is both more diverse and dynamic, but formal decision‐making power of participatory forums is less than in Brazil. Whilst social justice claims for participation have been made in both countries, there is as yet limited evidence that these have been realized.
Revolution or evolution: the challenges of conceptualizing patient and public involvement in a consumerist world
Authors: Tritter Jonathan Q. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground  Changing the relationship between citizens and the state is at the heart of current policy reforms. Across England and the developed world, from Oslo to Ontario, Newcastle to Newquay, giving the public a more direct say in shaping the organization and delivery of healthcare services is central to the current health reform agenda. Realigning public services around those they serve, based on evidence from service user’s experiences, and designed with and by the people rather than simply on their behalf, is challenging the dominance of managerialism, marketization and bureaucratic expertise. Despite this attention there is limited conceptual and theoretical work to underpin policy and practice.Objective  This article proposes a conceptual framework for patient and public involvement (PPI) and goes on to explore the different justifications for involvement and the implications of a rights‐based rather than a regulatory approach. These issues are highlighted through exploring the particular evolution of English health policy in relation to PPI on the one hand and patient choice on the other before turning to similar patterns apparent in the United States and more broadly.Conclusions  A framework for conceptualizing PPI is presented that differentiates between the different types and aims of involvement and their potential impact. Approaches to involvement are different in those countries that adopt a rights‐based rather than a regulatory approach. I conclude with a discussion of the tension and interaction apparent in the globalization of both involvement and patient choice in both policy and practice.
IL7RA polymorphisms and chronic inflammatory arthropathies
Authors: O'Doherty C. , Alloza I. , Rooney M. , Vandenbroeck K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe C allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs6897932, located in the interleukin‐7 receptor alpha chain (IL7RA) was recently found to be associated with multiple sclerosis and Type I diabetes. We analysed 13 SNPs in the IL7RA gene in a combined cohort of patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies (rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis; 368 patients and 532 unaffected subjects). No significant associations with disease were found with the exception of the non‐synonymous SNP rs6897932. This SNP showed modest enrichment of the TT genotype in arthritic patients compared with controls [P = 0.02; OR 1.72 (95% CI 1.08–2.75)]. Our data are suggestive for a role of rs6897932 in predisposition to chronic inflammatory arthropathies.
Diseases mimicking allergic rhinitis
Authors: Gane S. B. C. , Scadding G. K. 
Published: September 2009

Gane SBC, Scadding GK. Diseases mimicking allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: e114–e118. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SAlthough allergic rhinitis is the commonest diagnosis in the child with nasal obstruction and rhinorrhoea, the differential must include other, much rarer, conditions. We present three case histories and discussion of several other diagnoses which should be considered.
Elasticity analysis in epidemiology: an application to tick‐borne infections
Authors: Matser Amy , Hartemink Nienke , Heesterbeek Hans , Galvani Alison , Davis Stephen 
Published: September 2009

Ecology Letters (2009) 12: 1298–1305AbstractThe application of projection matrices in population biology to plant and animal populations has a parallel in infectious disease ecology when next‐generation matrices (NGMs) are used to characterize growth in numbers of infected hosts (R0). The NGM is appropriate for multi‐host pathogens, where each matrix element represents the number of cases of one type of host arising from a single infected individual of another type. For projection matrices, calculations of the sensitivity and elasticity of the population growth rate to changes in the matrix elements has generated insight into plant and animal populations. These same perturbation analyses can be used for infectious disease systems. To illustrate this in detail we parameterized an NGM for seven tick‐borne zoonoses and compared them in terms of the contributions to R0 from three different routes of transmission between ticks, and between ticks and vertebrate hosts. The definition of host type may be the species of the host or the route of infection, or, as was the case for the set of tick‐borne pathogens, a combination of species and the life stage at infection. This freedom means that there is a broad range of disease systems and questions for which the methodology is appropriate.