bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translation and Original
Authors: van Leuven-Zwart Kitty M. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article presents a method for the establishment and description of shifts in integral translations of narrative texts. The method is based on the premise that both micro- and macrostructural shifts in translation can furnish indications of the translational norms adopted by the translator, his interpretation of the original text and the strategy applied during the process of translation. In the first installment of the article (Target 1:2) the first component of the method was discussed, acomparative model for the classification of microstructural shifts. In addition, the theoretical basis of the second component, the descriptive model, was presented, focusing on the effects of microstructural shifts on the macrostructural level. The second installment gives a detailed explanation of the descriptive model (Section 4) and a brief account of the results which were obtained when the method was applied.
'Die Seefahrt an den Nagel hängen'?
Authors: Königs Frank G. 
Published: January 2011

RésuméLe présent article se donne pour objectif d'aborder sur trois plans différents la question de la métaphore. La première partie offre une brève esquisse des progrès accomplis par notre connaissance du phénomène. Il est montré que ce savoir s'est développé grâce à l'inclusion d'une série de composants qui l'ont en même temps considérablement complexifié. La seconde partie se réfère à des traductions allemandes de textes espagnols et français, témoignant ainsi des di-verses manières possibles de traduire les métaphores. Les solutions proposées par les traducteurs sont comparées entre elles et sont ensuite évaluées. Cette procédure forme la base d'une troisième partie, consacrée à l'examen des consquences de tout ce qui précède pour la science de la traduction. Quelle place y est faite à la métaphore? Comment peut-elle être intégrée de façon systematique à la discipline?
Institutional Transmission and Literary Translation
Authors: Martens Klaus 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
If target texts should be accorded the same amount of serious critical attention usually reserved for source-side literature, increased study of the institutional forces instrumental in its production and mediation is necessary. Such study, to be of documentary value, could be conducted empirically on a case-by-case basis in order to uncover pre-textual elements as, among others, legal and socio-economic issues, in-house rules, publisher-translator relations, and the often rhizomatic personal constellations formative in the constitution of the translated text. The sample case chosen is meant to open further discussion of the issues involved.
Film (Adaptation) as Translation
Authors: Cattrysse Patrick 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This paper proposes an application of some particular theories, known as the 'polysystem' theories of translation, to the study of film adaptation. A preliminary and experimental analysis of a series of film adaptations made in the American film noir of the 1940s and 1950s shows that this approach provides the basis for a systematic and coherent method with theoretical foundations, and that it permits the study of aspects of film adaptation which have been neglected or ignored so far.
Mixed Translation Patterns
Authors: Schwarzwald Ora (Rodrigue) 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe present study is a linguistic analysis of the translations of some Biblical and Mishnaic verb forms into Ladino inPirke Avot'Ethics of the Fathers'. The liturgical Hebrew text includes both language layers, Biblical and Mishnaic. It is read by Sephardic Jewry from Passover to Pentecost a chapter a week, and has been translated into Ladino, the Judeo-Spanish calque-type language, in a variety of places since 1552. The article focuses on the morphological aspects of the translations. The results show that whereas Ladino translators opted forliteraltranslations of the Biblical verses, they adoptedfreerrenditions of the less sacred Mishnaic text. The differences stem from the difference in attitudes towards the sanctity of the two linguistic layers.
Semantic Models and Translating
Authors: Kussmaul Paul 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the relevance of three semantic models for translation. Structural semantics, more specificallysemantic feature analysis, has given rise to the maxim that we should translate "bundles of semantic features".Prototype semanticssuggests that word-meanings have cores and fuzzy edges which are influenced by culture. For translation this means that we do not necessarily translate bundles of features but have to decide whether to focus on the core or the fuzzy edges of the meaning of a particular word.Scenesand-frames semanticssuggests that word meaning is influenced by context and the situation we are in. Word-meaning is thus not static but dynamic, and it is this dynamism which should govern our decisions as translators.
Did Adapa Indeed Lose His Chance for Eternal Life?
Authors: Izre'el Shlomo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper takes as a model for discussing the issue of translating ancient texts into a modern language and for a modern western society an ancient Mesopotamian myth written in the Semitic Akkadian language. Aiming for an oral production for a Hebrew-speaking audience in contemporary Israel, the translator has tackled problems of transmission in both poetics and language. The genre and linguistic gaps have been bridged by the existent proximity of the two cultures in poetic meter. Both the theoretical approach and some practical problems and solutions are discussed.
A Review of Conference Interpretation
Authors: Mackintosh Jennifer 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The theory and practice of conference interpretation is reviewed in the first part. In a second section evidence pointing to the existence of an interpreting paradigm is adduced, and pointers to the existence of an associated teaching model are briefly discussed. The third section deals with the training of interpreter trainers and presents some recent developments. In each section reference is made to the most relevant literature, and a list of conferences and symposia on interpreting teaching appears at the end.
Text-Functions in Translation
Authors: Nord Christiane 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
As a text-type in their own right, titles and headings are intended to achieve six functions: distinctive, metatextual, phatic, referential, expressive, and appellative. Taking as a point of departure the hypothesis that translated texts have to "function" in the target situation for which they are produced by serving the purpose(s) they are intended for (which may or may not be the "same" as those of the source text), it is argued that the translator has to reconcile the conditions of functionality prevailing in the target culture with the communicative intentions of the source-title sender (= functionality + loyalty). The discussion of several examples from an extensive corpus of German, French, English, and Spanish titles and their translations shows how this methodological approach can be put into practice, establishing a model for the functional translation of other texts and text-types.
The Translator's Voice in Translated Narrative
Authors: Hermans Theo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
When we read translated narrative, the original Narrator's voice is not the only which comes to us. The Translator's discursive presence in the translated text becomes discernible in certain cases, e.g. when the pragmatic displacement resulting from translation requires paratextual intervention for the benefit of the Implied Reader of the translated text; when self-reflexive references to the medium of communication itself are involved; when 'contextual overdetermination' leaves no other option. The ways in which the Translator's discursive presence manifests itself are demonstrated on the basis of different translations of the Dutch novel Max Havelaar (1860).
The Translation of English Passives into Arabic
Authors: Farghal Mohammed , Al-Shorafat Mohammed O. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The study aims to check the intuitions reported in studies on the translation of English passives into Arabic against empirical data that consist of translations of English passive utterances as they naturally occur in an English text. It inquires into the linguistic strategies and resources that translators from English into Arabic fall back on when encountering passive utterances. It is shown that translators employ many strategies with this order of frequency: nominalization, adjectivalization, passivization, activization and pseudo-activization. It is also shown that the claim that Arabic does not tolerate agentive passives is inadequate, since Arabic translators use a variety offormal markers in translating English agentive passives. Thus, the study demonstrates that English passivization is predominantly structure-based, whereas Arabic passivization is predominantly semantics-based.
Towards a Model of Translation Proficiency
Authors: Cao Deborah 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of translation proficiency and examines its nature. It then presents a tentative framework for dealing with translation proficiency in which areas of translation competence are identified, described and justified. The discussion integrates paradigms in translation studies and language testing, arguing that it is translation proficiency that should be tested and that translation testing should be incorporated as an integral part of the study of translation.
'Acceptability' and Language-Specific Preference in the Distribution of Information
Authors: Doherty Monika 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe paper generalizes upon some basic aspects of acceptability concerning language-specific preferences in the distribution of information in original texts and translations. It is assumed that the pragmatic principle of Optimal Relevance and major grammatical parameters jointly determine language-specific processing conditions for an optimal distribution of information. The claims are illustrated by the German translation of a passage from an English novel, where the preferred translational variants meet different processing conditions in 'right-peripheral' German, as opposed to 'left-peripheral' English. The differences concern word order, including initial and final position in simple and complex sentences, and may have an impact on the semantic readings of formally similar sentence structures, which can require redistribution of information beyond sentence boundaries.
Language and Translation in an International Business Context
Authors: Steyaert Chris , Janssens Maddy 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article discusses the role of language and translation in the business context. Drawing on management literature, we identify two different perspectives on culture and language, and discuss their implications for translation and language learning. Within the first perspective of culture as a variable and language as representation, translation becomes a neutral act and language learning a technical skill. Within the second perspective of culture as a metaphor and language as action, translation becomes a managerial act and language learning a cultural production. We conclude by formulating research questions whereby the domains of management and translation studies interface each other.
Concerted Changes in Gene Expression and Cell Physiology of the CyanobacteriumSynechocystissp. Strain PCC 6803 during Transitions between Nitrogen and Light-Limited Growth
Authors: Aguirre von Wobeser Eneas , Ibelings Bas W. , Bok Jasper , Krasikov Vladimir , Huisman Jef , Matthijs Hans C.P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPhysiological adaptation and genome-wide expression profiles of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 in response to gradual transitions between nitrogen-limited and light-limited growth conditions were measured in continuous cultures. Transitions induced changes in pigment composition, light absorption coefficient, photosynthetic electron transport, and specific growth rate. Physiological changes were accompanied by reproducible changes in the expression of several hundred open reading frames, genes with functions in photosynthesis and respiration, carbon and nitrogen assimilation, protein synthesis, phosphorus metabolism, and overall regulation of cell function and proliferation. Cluster analysis of the nearly 1,600 regulated open reading frames identified eight clusters, each showing a different temporal response during the transitions. Two large clusters mirrored each other. One cluster included genes involved in photosynthesis, which were up-regulated during light-limited growth but down-regulated during nitrogen-limited growth. Conversely, genes in the other cluster were down-regulated during light-limited growth but up-regulated during nitrogen-limited growth; this cluster included several genes involved in nitrogen uptake and assimilation. These results demonstrate complementary regulation of gene expression for two major metabolic activities of cyanobacteria. Comparison with batch-culture experiments revealed interesting differences in gene expression between batch and continuous culture and illustrates that continuous-culture experiments can pick up subtle changes in cell physiology and gene expression.
ZmPep1, an Ortholog of Arabidopsis Elicitor Peptide 1, Regulates Maize Innate Immunity and Enhances Disease Resistance
Authors: Huffaker Alisa , Dafoe Nicole J. , Schmelz Eric A. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
ZmPep1 is a bioactive peptide encoded by a previously uncharacterized maize (Zea mays) gene, ZmPROPEP1. ZmPROPEP1 was identified by sequence similarity as an ortholog of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtPROPEP1 gene, which encodes the precursor protein of elicitor peptide 1 (AtPep1). Together with its receptors, AtPEPR1 and AtPEPR2, AtPep1 functions to activate and amplify innate immune responses in Arabidopsis and enhances resistance to both Pythium irregulare and Pseudomonas syringae. Candidate orthologs to the AtPROPEP1 gene have been identified from a variety of crop species; however, prior to this study, activities of the respective peptides encoded by these orthologs were unknown. Expression of the ZmPROPEP1 gene is induced by fungal infection and treatment with jasmonic acid or ZmPep1. ZmPep1 activates de novo synthesis of the hormones jasmonic acid and ethylene and induces the expression of genes encoding the defense proteins endochitinase A, PR-4, PRms, and SerPIN. ZmPep1 also stimulates the expression of Benzoxazineless1, a gene required for the biosynthesis of benzoxazinoid defenses, and the accumulation of 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside in leaves. To ascertain whether ZmPep1-induced defenses affect resistance, maize plants were pretreated with the peptide prior to infection with fungal pathogens. Based on cell death and lesion severity, ZmPep1 pretreatment was found to enhance resistance to both southern leaf blight and anthracnose stalk rot caused by Cochliobolis heterostrophus and Colletotrichum graminicola, respectively. We present evidence that peptides belonging to the Pep family have a conserved function across plant species as endogenous regulators of innate immunity and may have potential for enhancing disease resistance in crops.
Empathy, identity and engagement in person‐centred medicine: the sociocultural context
Authors: Cox John L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAims  This paper considers in outline the complexity of the empathic process from subjective, philosophical and psychological perspectives, and suggests that compassionate empathy is a core requirement of a person‐centred approach to health care delivery. Empathy is facilitated by secure attachments in infancy (intersubjectivity) and a subsequent firm sense of self and personal identity. Empathic understanding is enhanced by the medical humanities, but the neglect of musical appreciation in this regard is surprising.Conclusions  The biopsychosocial model is reviewed, and a body‐mind‐spirit paradigm is proposed as a more optimal framework for health care delivery in a multicultural society.
The Multicultural Quality of Life Index: presentation and validation
Authors: Mezzich Juan E. , Cohen Neal L. , Ruiperez Maria A. , Banzato Claudio E. M. , Zapata‐Vega Maria I. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRationale and objectives  Quality of life has emerged as a crucial concept for the assessment of health and the planning of health care. Desirable features for the evaluation of quality of life include comprehensiveness, self‐ratedness, cultural sensitivity, practicality and psychometric soundness. An attempt to meet these challenges led to the development of a brief multicultural quality of life instrument and to the appraisal of its applicability, reliability and validity.Methods  The development of the proposed assessment instrument was based on a wide review of the literature and the engagement of a multicultural mental health scholarly team. Its validation was conducted on samples of psychiatric patients (n = 124) and hospital professionals (n = 53) in New York City.Results  A new generic culture‐informed and self‐rate instrument, the Multicultural Quality of Life Index, has been developed. Its 10 items cover key aspects of the concept, from physical well‐being to spiritual fulfilment. Concerning its applicability, mean time for completion was less than 3 minutes and 96% of raters found it easy to use. Test–retest reliability was high (r = 0.87). A Cronbach's α of 0.92 documented its internal consistency and a factor analysis revealed a strong structure. With regard to discriminant validity, a highly significant difference was found between the mean total scores of professionals (x = 8.41) and patients (x = 6.34) presumed to have different levels of quality of life.Conclusions  The Multicultural Quality of Life Index is a brief and culturally informed instrument that appears to be easy to complete, reliable, internally consistent and valid.
Attitudes towards drug‐eluting stent use and the distribution of motivation type among interventional cardiologists
Authors: Qian Feng , Phelps Charles E. , Ling Frederick S. , Hannan Edward L. , Veazie Peter J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives  The safety of drug‐eluting stent (DES) use was called into question in 2006. However, the attitudes towards DES use after DES safety concerns were expressed and the distribution of chronic motivation type among interventional cardiologists are unknown. This study aims to examine the current attitudes towards DES use among interventional cardiologists and to investigate the distribution of chronic motivation type among these doctors.Methods  A questionnaire survey of interventional cardiologists was conducted in New York State from October 2008 to April 2009. The questionnaire included face valid items to measure the attitudes towards DES use, valid Regulatory Focus Questionnaire to measure the chronic motivation type, and items collecting demographic information.Results  A total of 119 valid responses were received (response rate: 47%). There were no statistically significant differences regarding the demographic factors between the respondents and the non‐respondents. The vast majority of interventional cardiologists (92%) agreed that ‘DES is a revolutionary technology’ and that ‘DES use will increase in the future’ (70%). The chronic motivation type of the respondents was predominantly sensitive to positive outcomes (89%).Conclusions  Interventional cardiologists had a very positive attitude regarding DES technology and predicted future growth of DES use. The vast majority of interventional cardiologists were found to be concerned about achieving positive outcomes and wanted to prevent errors of omission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the distribution of chronic motivation type among doctors.
Therapeutic potential of purinergic signalling for diseases of the urinary tract
Authors: Burnstock Geoffrey 
Published: January 2011

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Purinergic signalling, i.e. ATP acting as an extracellular messenger, has been implicated in control of urinary tract function since 1972. For example, it was shown to be a cotransmitter with acetylcholine in parasympathetic control of bladder contraction and purinoceptors on suburothelial sensory nerves mediating both reflex voiding and pain in response to ATP released from urothelial cells during bladder and ureter distension.The most recent studies of purinergic signalling in lower urinary tract pathology includes consideration of the therapeutic potential of purinergic compounds in incontinence, pain, cancer, and in acupuncture, widely used for the treatment of urinary disorders.This review begins with background information about the discovery and conceptual steps contributing to our current knowledge of purinergic signalling. It then deals with several topics concerned with the physiology and pathophysiology of the lower urinary tract, including: the involvement in the voiding reflex of ATP released as a co‐transmitter with acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves supplying the bladder and ATP released from urothelial cells during bladder distension to initiate the voiding reflex via P2X3receptors on suburothelial low‐threshold sensory nerve fibres; this latter mechanosensory transduction pathway is also involved via high‐threshold fibres in the initiation of pain. Treatment of prostate and bladder cancer with ATP not only appears to be effective against the primary tumours, but also improves the systemic symptoms associated with advanced malignancy. There is dual control of the tone of blood vessels: constriction by ATP released as a co‐transmitter from sympathetic nerves and vasodilatation via ATP released from endothelial cells during shear stress acting on endothelial P2 receptors to release nitric oxide. A purinergic hypothesis is discussed for the mechanism underlying acupuncture, widely used for the treatment of urinary disorders.