bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptualization: Understanding Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Authors: Oette Lutz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides a conceptual analysis of the notions of torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. It probes how conceptual, doctrinal, and empirical scholarship can inform and enrich the interpretation of torture, with a particular focus on the psychological dimension of torture, its application to non-state actors, and the notion of powerlessness. Building on these sources, the chapter sets out a relational understanding of torture based on power asymmetries, levels of degradation, and exclusion from humanity which forms part of wider structures marked by inequality, marginalization, and exclusion. It discusses the merits and challenges associated with developments towards a holistic conception of torture that moves beyond its conventional state-centric, method-specific, and detention-oriented focus. Equally, it explores the scope for transcending case-specific approaches to the value-laden notions of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment by applying a conceptually grounded, contextual, and culturally-informed notion of the various forms of ill-treatment. The interpretation of the prohibition has significantly curtailed forms of punishment, including corporal punishment, the death penalty, and modalities of imprisonment. However, the chapter argues that jurisprudence and treaty body practice have privileged Western conceptions of imprisonment as normalized, ‘humane’ punishment, notwithstanding significant evidence that testifies to its detrimental, harmful, and frequently dehumanizing nature and impact.
Complexity: The Prohibition in International Criminal Law, International Humanitarian Law and International Migration Law
Authors: Oette Lutz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores how developments in the field of international criminal law, international humanitarian law, and international migration law have impacted the interpretation and application of the prohibition. It demonstrates both the emergence of distinctive features within legal regimes, particularly international criminal law, and increased interaction and cross-fertilization between the various fields of international law. The plurality inherent in this development, rather than constituting a case of problematic fragmentation, bears considerable potential for both tailored and integrated approaches. However, as the chapter demonstrates, each regime is characterized by thresholds, privileges, biases, and practices that are prescribed by or otherwise accepted by international law, which may condone if not facilitate torture or other ill-treatment. This applies in particular to the legitimate use of violence inflicting harm and suffering in armed conflicts and increasingly punitive and cruel migration control measures based on the exercise of state sovereignty. Immigration detention constitutes one of the most visible manifestations of a range of measures that dehumanize migrants as the targets of coercive measures based on a logic of deterrence. The chapter argues that harnessing the conception of the prohibition which focuses on cruelty, indifference, and power asymmetries bears considerable potential to interrogate the rationale for and legitimacy of a series of problematic practices in this context.
Conclusion
Authors: Oette Lutz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The conclusion reflects on the findings of the book. It draws out the implications of a relational, structural conception of torture and other ill-treatment that is informed by the experiences of torture survivors for the interpretation of the prohibition and approaches to prevention, accountability, and reparation. It argues that the transformation of the prohibition must be understood as an ongoing process rather than as a specific outcome. The nature and extent of this transformation is tied to how the multiple actors in the field handle the dialectic tension between traditional/narrow and progressive/broad conceptions inherent in the prohibition. This includes moving beyond the established paradigm to address myriad forms of suffering, which entails probing the potential of the prohibition to fulfil its role as an archetype in international law. Such archetype is not confined to a focus on brutality but should be considered as embodying having regard to human dignity in all situations of unjustifiable pain, suffering, or degradation. Developing a conceptual and contextual understanding of torture and other ill-treatment helps provide a framework for a tailored approach that navigates between the universal and the local to determine what is perceived as amounting to unjustified harm in the circumstances. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of the implementation of legal standards to ensure that the prohibition is effective. However, it equally acknowledges that the prohibition operates within a legal framework that has several problematic features. The book concludes by highlighting the fundamental, distinctive role played by the prohibition in the wider, ongoing struggle against torture and other ill-treatment worldwide.
A VHH single-domain platform enabling discovery and development of monospecific antibodies and modular neutralizing bispecifics against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Authors: Yang Marisa L , Yuan Tom Z , Chan Kara Y , Ding Lin , Han Zhen , Franco Hector , Holliday Carson , Kannan Shruthi , Davidson Edgar , Doranz Benjamin J , Chandran Kartik , Miller Emily Happy , Plante Jessica A , Weaver Scott C , Cho Eunice , Kailasan Shweta , Marsalek Lukas , Giang Hoa , Abdiche Yasmina , Sato Aaron K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, escape coronavirus disease 2019 therapeutics and vaccines, and jeopardize public health. To combat SARS-CoV-2 antigenic escape, we developed a rapid, high-throughput pipeline to discover monospecific VHH antibodies and iteratively develop VHH-Fc-VHH bispecifics capable of neutralizing emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. By panning VHH single-domain phage libraries against ancestral or beta spike proteins, we discovered high-affinity VHH antibodies with unique target epitopes. Combining two VHHs into a tetravalent bispecific construct conferred broad neutralization activity against multiple variants and was more resistant to antigenic escape than the monospecific antibody alone. Following the rise of the Omicron variant, a VHH in the original bispecific construct was replaced with another VHH discovered against the Omicron BA.1 receptor binding domain; the resulting bispecific exhibited neutralization against both BA.1 and BA.5 sublineage variants. A heavy chain-only tetravalent VHH-Fc-VHH bispecific platform derived from humanized synthetic libraries held a myriad of unique advantages: (i) synthetic preconstructed libraries minimized risk of liabilities and maximized discovery speed, (ii) VHH scaffolds allowed for a modular “plug-and-play” format that could be rapidly iterated upon as variants of concern arose, (iii) natural dimerization of single VHH-Fc-VHH polypeptides allowed for straightforward bispecific production and purification methods, and (iv) multivalent approaches enhanced avidity boosting effects and neutralization potency, and conferred more robust resistance to antigenic escape than monovalent approaches against specific variants. This iterative platform of rapid VHH discovery combined with modular bispecific design holds promise for long-term viral control efforts.
The False Hope of Stewardship in the Context of Controlling Shareholders: Making Sense Out of the Global Transplant of a Legal Misfit
Authors: Puchniak Dan W 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 2010, the United Kingdom issued the world’s first stewardship code. Since then, stewardship codes have been issued in many of the world’s leading economies and now exist in twenty jurisdictions on six continents, with more jurisdictions considering adopting them. In the United Kingdom, stewardship codes were promised to transform rationally passive institutional investors into actively engaged shareholders to prevent another global financial crisis (GFC). More recently, the new 2020 U.K. Stewardship Code (U.K. Code) has been promoted as a mechanism to save the planet by incentivizing institutional investors to pressure listed companies to focus on environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG).
There is a vigorous debate and developed literature on whether the U.K. Code will achieve these goals. However, what has been lost in this debate is that outside of the United Kingdom/United States it may not matter nearly as much if stewardship succeeds in changing the behavior of institutional investors. This is because, with the notable exception of the United Kingdom/United States, institutional investors are collectively minority shareholders in most listed companies in almost every jurisdiction in the world. Moreover, in almost every jurisdiction, with the notable exception of the United Kingdom/United States, most listed companies already have a rationally active—non-institutional—controlling shareholder as their “steward.” Why then have jurisdictions around the world adopted U.K.-style stewardship codes which are designed based on the assumption that institutional investors collectively control most listed companies?
This Article answers this question by undertaking the first in-depth global comparative analysis of the curious transplant of U.K.-style stewardship codes into jurisdictions dominated by controlling shareholders and examines the role that stewardship plays in these jurisdictions. It does this by drawing on a unique collection of recent in-depth case studies on stewardship in twenty-two jurisdictions by leading corporate law experts, hand-collected data analyzing the content of every stewardship code that has ever been issued, and fresh hand-compiled data on shareholder ownership structures in listed companies around the world. It reveals that stewardship has been coopted by governments and institutional investors to serve their own diverse purposes—a troubling trend which will likely be exacerbated post-Covid-19, when an authentic focus on an inclusive society and the environment will be more critical than ever.
Ultrafast intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring system: prospective, multicentre, clinical validity study
Authors: Kurzawinski Tom R , Zielke Andreas , Busch Mirjam , Wagner Joachim , Soromani Christina , Abdelsalam Alaa , Abdel-Aziz Tarek , Garcia Virginia Rozalen , Matias Michelle , Morley Sujiwa , Barth Julian , Smaxwil Constantin A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring is a proven and reliable adjunct to parathyroid surgery, able to improve the outcomes and efficiency of the diagnostic and therapeutic pathway for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. This study evaluated the innovative, compact, fully automated NBCL CONNECT Analyzer, which can measure whole-blood PTH in 5 min.

Methods
A prospective multicentre study was conducted in stages: results reviews, recommendations, and implementation of improvements to the mechanical design, components of cartridges, calibration, and sampling protocols. Patients undergoing parathyroidectomy had PTH levels measured on the Analyzer and main laboratory platforms, either Roche or Abbott. The Miami criterion of a 50% drop in PTH concentration was used to define biochemical cure during surgery, and normal postoperative calcium level as cure of primary hyperparathyroidism. Measurements on the Analyzer were done by laboratory staff in London and nurses in Stuttgart. The Pearson coefficient (R) and Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis.

Results
Some 234 patients (55 male, 179 female) with a median age of 58.5 (age full range 15–88) years underwent parathyroidectomy (195 minimally invasive, 38 bilateral neck exploration, 1 thoracoscopic; 12 conversions) for primary hyperparathyroidism between November 2021 and July 2022. Primary hyperparathyroidism was cured in 225 patients (96.2%). The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of the Analyzer assay in predicting biochemical cure were 83.9, 100, and 84.8% in phase 1; 91.2, 100, and 91.3% in phase 2; and 98.6, 100, and 98.6% in phase 3. There were no false-positive results (positive predictive value 100%). Correlations between Analyzer measurements and those obtained using the Roche device were very strong (R = 0.98, P &lt; 0.001 in phase 1; R = 0.92, P &lt; 0.001 in phase 2; R = 0.94, P &lt; 0.001 in phase 3), and correlations for Analyzer readings versus those from the Abbott platform were strong (R = 0.82, P &lt; 0.001; R = 0.89, P &lt; 0.001; R = 0.91, P &lt; 0.001). The Analyzer showed continued good mechanical performance, with stable and repeatable operations (calibrations, quality controls). Introducing a stricter sampling protocol and improvements in the clot-detecting system led to a decrease in the number of clotted samples and false-negative results. Outcomes were not affected by measurements performed either by nurses or laboratory staff.

Conclusion
Intraoperative PTH monitoring during parathyroid surgery can be done accurately, simply, and quickly in whole blood using the Analyzer.
High-salt diet induces microbiome dysregulation, neuroinflammation and anxiety in the chronic period after mild repetitive closed head injury in adolescent mice
Authors: Izzy Saef , Yahya Taha , Albastaki Omar , Cao Tian , Schwerdtfeger Luke A , Abou-El-Hassan Hadi , Chopra Kusha , Ekwudo Millicent N , Kurdeikaite Ugne , Verissimo Isabelly M , LeServe Danielle S , Lanser Toby B , Aronchik Michael , Oliveira Marilia G , Moreira Thais , Rezende Rafael Machado , El Khoury Joseph , Cox Laura M , Weiner Howard L , Zafonte Ross , Whalen Michael J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The associations between human concussions and subsequent sequelae of chronic neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension have been reported; however, little is known about the underlying biological processes. We hypothesized that dietary changes, including a high-salt diet, disrupt the bidirectional gut–brain axis, resulting in worsening neuroinflammation and emergence of cardiovascular and behavioural phenotypes in the chronic period after repetitive closed head injury in adolescent mice. Adolescent mice were subjected to three daily closed head injuries, recovered for 12 weeks and then maintained on a high-salt diet or a normal diet for an additional 12 weeks. Experimental endpoints were haemodynamics, behaviour, microglial gene expression (bulk RNA sequencing), brain inflammation (brain tissue quantitative PCR) and microbiome diversity (16S RNA sequencing). High-salt diet did not affect systemic blood pressure or heart rate in sham or injured mice. High-salt diet increased anxiety-like behaviour in injured mice compared to sham mice fed with high-salt diet and injured mice fed with normal diet. Increased anxiety in injured mice that received a high-salt diet was associated with microgliosis and a proinflammatory microglial transcriptomic signature, including upregulation in interferon-gamma, interferon-beta and oxidative stress–related pathways. Accordingly, we found upregulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma mRNA in the brain tissue of high salt diet–fed injured mice. High-salt diet had a larger effect on the gut microbiome composition than repetitive closed head injury. Increases in gut microbes in the families Lachnospiraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Clostridiaceae were positively correlated with anxiety-like behaviours. In contrast, Muribaculaceae, Acholeplasmataceae and Lactobacillaceae were negatively correlated with anxiety in injured mice that received a high-salt diet, a time-dependent effect. The findings suggest that high-salt diet, administered after a recovery period, may affect neurologic outcomes following mild repetitive head injury, including the development of anxiety. This effect was linked to microbiome dysregulation and an exacerbation of microglial inflammation, which may be physiological targets to prevent behavioural sequelae in the chronic period after mild repetitive head injury. The data suggest an important contribution of diet in determining long-term outcomes after mild repetitive head injury.
Wearing their heart on a wall: the World’s Biggest Comic
Authors: Martinez Lee , Granek-Dennis Kasia , Parker Richard , Taylor Judy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
An arts-based project, using a community development approach engaging people in a community of place to address suicide prevention, is potentially powerful. This involves linking community development and mental health promotion practice. The challenge in doing this is that, conceptually, the integration between the two is incomplete and there is a lack of guidance about effective community processes. This paper analyses community development processes to create the World’s Biggest Comic (WBC). The WBC was an innovative, large scale public art project engaging local artists, some with a lived experience of mental illness, to tell a story of Will and Hope. A 15-part comic story, printed on vinyl canvas panels and mounted on buildings, covered 600 m2. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=217471332673743 Conducted in a small rural South Australian community by the local volunteer Suicide Prevention Network, the WBC aimed to raise awareness, break down stigma, and prompt life-saving conversations. Results of a mixed method impact evaluation are presented using a community development framework that considers ‘people’, ‘space’, and ‘place’. The use of sociological concepts about community and the community field, the value of relationships, and listening to the voices of those with a lived experience of mental illness, may assist practice. Some potential learnings and pitfalls in using a community development approach in mental health promotion are discussed.
Contracting in the Public Interest? Re-examining the Role of Planning Obligations in Contemporary Town Planning Processes
Authors: Mitchell Edward 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This article investigates how local authorities in England seek to compel property developers to mitigate the impact of property development on local communities and on local infrastructure needs through the use of planning obligations made by agreement with developers pursuant to section 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. I pose three important new questions about these ‘section 106 agreements’. How do these agreements contribute to a development culture in which private developers do not always perform their public policy obligations? How does the presence of ostensibly binding promises in these agreements facilitate the exercise of regulatory decision-making in planning and property development processes? How do local authorities manage the implementation of novel developer obligations designed to shape broader community relations? I answer these questions by examining two case study development projects. In doing so, I highlight the limited role that these agreements have as an instrument for ordering the ‘private’ relations between a local authority and a developer. I then look outside the private ordering function of these agreements to scrutinise the public-facing work they do. Here, I highlight how a section 106 agreement carries a powerful expressive force, despite its weakness as a private ordering device, that developers and local authorities can use to justify contentious development proposals involving coercive compulsory purchase powers and potentially adverse equalities implications. The article thus adds to what is already known about the use and implementation of planning obligations, and sketches a research agenda that would inform debate about the future of this area of planning practice.
Remote Between Visit Monitoring in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Care: A Qualitative Study of CAPTURE-IBD Participants and Care Team Members
Authors: Aintabi Daniel , Greenberg Gillian , Berinstein Jeffrey A , DeJonckheere Melissa , Wray Daniel , Sripada Rebecca K , Saini Sameer D , Higgins Peter D R , Cohen-Mekelburg Shirley 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Introduction
We recently showed that CAPTURE-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—a care coordination intervention comprised of routine remote monitoring of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) and a care coordinator-triggered care pathway—was more effective at reducing symptom burden for patients with IBD compared to usual care. We aimed to understand how patients and care team providers experienced the intervention and evaluate purported mechanisms of action to plan for future implementation.

Methods
In this study, 205 patients were randomized to CAPTURE-IBD (n = 100) or usual care(n = 105). We conducted semi-structured interviews with 16 of the 100 participants in the CAPTURE-IBD arm and 5 care team providers to achieve thematic saturation. We used qualitative rapid analysis to generate a broad understanding of experiences, perceived impact, the coordinator role, and suggested improvements.

Results
Findings highlight that the intervention was acceptable and user-friendly, despite concerns regarding increased nursing workload. Both participants and care team providers perceived the intervention as valuable in supporting symptom monitoring, psychosocial care, and between-visit action plans to improve IBD care and health outcomes. However, few participants leveraged the care coordinator as intended. Finally, participants reported that the intervention could be better tailored to capture day-to-day symptom changes and to meet the needs of patients with specific comorbid conditions (eg, ostomies).

Conclusions
Remote PRO monitoring is acceptable and may be valuable in improving care management, promoting tight control, and supporting whole health in IBD. Future efforts should focus on testing and implementing refined versions of CAPTURE-IBD tailored to different clinical settings.
Transcatheter management of obstructed baffle repairs of partial anomalous pulmonary veins: a case series
Authors: Das Thomas M , Blazevic Patricia , Mehra Nandini , Bakhtadze Beka , Ghobrial Joanna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) can be surgically corrected using a pericardial baffle. This baffle can become obstructed post-surgery, leading to pulmonary hypertension and right heart dysfunction if not detected and corrected.

Case summary
We describe three patients with occluded PAPVR baffles who underwent drug-coated balloon angioplasty and stenting of the obstructed baffle. In each case, baffle obstruction was detected post-operatively on surveillance cross-sectional imaging, and an invasively measured pulmonary capillary wedge-to-left atrium gradient was noted to be elevated. Post-intervention, each patient had an improvement in baffle flow by angiography as well as lung perfusion as assessed by nuclear medicine scintigraphy.

Discussion
Given the subtle symptomatology of obstructed PAPVR pericardial baffle repairs, surveillance imaging is necessary to detect occluded baffles and intervene before downstream right heart disease and pulmonary hypertension develops. Given the high rates of re-stenosis in pulmonary vein stenting, pre-treatment of occluded PAPVR baffles with drug-coated balloons may help reduce re-intervention rates.