bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The digestion by sheep of silages made with and without the addition of formaldehyde
Authors: Beever D. E. , Thomson D. J. , Cammell S. B. , Harrison D. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYS.24 perennial ryegrass was conserved by ensiling directly (control) and after treatment with a solution of formaldehyde at the rate of 6 g HCHO/100 g crude protein. After storage for 90 days, part of the formaldehyde-treated silage was dried in a high-temperature drier.The quantitative digestion of the energy, carbohydrate and nitrogen moieties of the three diets and the production of volatile fatty acids and microbial protein within the rumen were measured using five sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.Treatment with formaldehyde depressed organic matter and energy digestion within the rumen compared with untreated silage (P< 0·001) and a further depression was observed on the dehydrated material. Both formaldehyde-treated silages showed enhanced flows of total amino acids into the small intestine compared with the control silage and net absorption from the small intestine was elevated by 13 and 21% respectively on these two diets. On the untreated silage over 71% of the protein entering the small intestine was microbial in origin whereas, due to depressed microbial growth and increased protection of feed protein from rumen fermentation, microbial protein comprised only 17% of duodenal protein on the two formaldehyde-treated silage diets. Fifteen and 81 % of the dietary protein passed undegraded through the stomachs to the duodenum on the control and the two formaldehyde-treated silage diets respectively.Total VFA production within the rumen was not significantly influenced by the treatments imposed, but on the untreated silage only 56% of the energy apparently digested in the rumen was converted to VTA energy whilst a mean value of 74% was recorded on the other two diets.Estimates of the total energy absorbed gave values of 10·6, 11·9 and 10·7 MJ/kg D.M. for the control, formaldehyde and dried, formaldehyde silage diets with absorbed protein energy representing 21, 22 and 26% of the total absorbed energy respectively.
Voluntary intake and nutrient digestibility of low-grade roughage by ruminants
Authors: Sharma V. V. , Rajora N. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour young females of four ruminant species, namely cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat, were fed, in chopped form, a mixture of species of dry grass (Apluda aristataandThemada quadvivalvis; 3·85% crude protein) during a 28-day experimental period. Voluntary intake of grass was determined during the last 10 days and digestibility of feed nutrients during the last 6 days.The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (D.M.) and crude fibre were higher for goats than other species, of organic matter, crude protein (CP) and ether extract were higher for goats and sheep than cows and buffaloes and of nitrogen-free extract higher for goats than cows and buffaloes and for sheep and buffaloes than cows. The daily intake of D.M., digestible CP and total digestible nutrients (TDN) is discussed in relation to body weight (BW) and kg W0·75.Dry grass fed with mineral and vitamin supplement was adequate to sustain the body weights of buffaloes and goats but not of cows and sheep. Buffaloes utilized the dry grass better than other species as is evident from the highest feed and TDN intakes and marginal gain in weight.
Protein value and amino-acid balance of condensed herring solubles and spontaneously heated herring meal. Chick experiments
Authors: Laksesvela B. 
Published: March 2009

1. In a series of tests chicks were fed up to 4 weeks of age on a ‘purified’ diet supplemented with 10% of protein from either herring meal or condensed herring solubles.2. The solubles alone appeared of negligible value as a protein source, but certain mixtures of solubles and meal protein proved superior to meal alone, although the levels of the essential amino acids plus cystine and tyrosine were lower in the mixture than in meal alone. The supplementary effect may possibly be due to changes in the aminoacid ratio or balance.3. Only tryptophan improved growth and viability when free amino acids were added singly to the solubles. Simultaneous supply of all 10 essential amino acids elevated growth to about 80% of that on meal alone. A combination of tryptophan, isoleucine, histidine and phenylalanine appeared nearly as effective as the 10. Depressant effects of free amino acids at the low levels used were also met with. The chick results followed closely the predictions made from the results of microbiological assays of the amino-acid composition of the solubles, and these were in conformity with the composition of the ‘ideal’ amino-acid mixture for chicks proposed by Fisher & Johnson (1957).4. The small weight gains of the chicks on solubles alone consisted largely of water rather than true tissue. Appetite appeared to be governed by the balance of amino acids, this appearing to be more important than the absolute levels fed. This applied to diets with heated meal as well as the solubles.
Interactions of phosphorus, magnesium and zinc on the yield and nutrient content of maize
Authors: Agbim N. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFive Zn-deficient soils designated A–E (pH 7·3–7·7) and a reference soil F (pH 7·6) were used in a glasshouse study on maize in which five fertilizer treatments: 75 μg P/g alone and together with all combinations of 0 and 5 μg/g of Mg and Zn and with 10 μg Mg + 5 μg Zn/g and a control were applied. The forage yield of soils A–E ranged from 2·5 to 2·9 g when no Zn was applied and from 5·1 to 5·6 g with added Zn, showing that Zn was the major limiting nutrient. Applied Mg significantly increased yield, the main exceptions being soils D and E which had the highest exchangeable Mg.Addition of Mg to a P but not PZn treatment significantly increased P concentration and uptake. For soils B and E, Zn addition significantly depressed P concentration in maize. The P treatment significantly depressed Zn concentration but increased Mg concentration and uptake by maize. Although Mg application either depressed or had no effect on Mg content of maize, it caused a significant increase in Zn concentration and uptake. The correlation coefficient (r) between Zn and Mg in maize was – 0·61 (P < 0·001). Possibly, Mg was replacing Zn in the clay lattice or in its metallo-protein complex within the root.
Variation in self-fertility, flowering time and inflorescence production in inbred Lolium perenne L.
Authors: Jones R. N. , Jenabzadeh Parivash 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA number of early generation inbred families and lines, as far as the S5, have been produced by self-pollination in Lolium perenne L. variety S. 23. The pedigree structure is given for 13 parent plants used in the breeding programme to show the patterns of segregation for self-fertility genes and to give the ancestry of eleven S5 inbred lines. Data on numbers of seed set, flowering time and inflorescence production reveal a wide range of variation due to both environmental and genetic components.
Flow of thiamin to the duodenum in dairy cows fed different rations
Authors: Breves G. , Brandt M. , Hoeller H. , Rohr K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour lactating Friesian cows with cannulae in the rumen and in the proximal duodenum were subjected to each of four different dietary treatments. Treatments differed with respect to concentration of crude protein, supply of urea nitrogen and frequency of feeding. The rations used consisted of hay, maize silage and concentrates and were offered to the animals according to milk yield.During the last 5 days of each experimental period (5 weeks), ingesta flow at the proximal duodenum was estimated by Cr-EDTA. Samples were taken from the duodenum at 2 h intervals and were analysed for thiamin, total nitrogen and microbial nitrogen. Labelling of microbial N was achieved by continuous infusion of 16N-urea into the rumen.With treatment 2 (26% less N than with treatment 1) thiamin net synthesis in the forestomachs and total thiamin entering the duodenum were significantly reduced whereas treatment 3 (substitution of 26% plant N by urea-N) and treatment 4 (six times instead of twice feeding daily) had no effect on synthesis and flow of thiamin to the small intestines. There were significant linear regressions between flow of microbial N and flow of thiamin to the duodenum and between organic matter digested and flow of thiamin.
Genotypic variation in distribution of total and labelled zinc and availability of zinc (A and L values) to soya beans grown in Mollisol
Authors: Rao V. S. , Gangwar M. S. , Rathore V. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree soya-bean (Glycine max L.) genotypes (Bragg, Type I and Hark) were grown in Mollisol supplemented with 0, 2·5, 5·0 mg Zn/kg in pot-culture experiments. The genotypes showed significant differences in their capacity to absorb Zn. Maximum Zn accumulation was found in the genotype Bragg and minimum in Hark. The pattern of Zn distribution in plant parts was also different in the three genotypes and was differently affected by Zn application. The uptake and percentage distribution of 66Zn followed more or less the same trend as that of total Zn. The genotypes differed significantly in R(recovery), A(availability of native Zn) and L(labile soil Zn) value indicating that these three genotypes differed in their capacity for recovering applied and native Zn. The genotype Bragg had maximum R, A and L values. These results correspond well with the reported tolerance of these genotypes to Zn deficiency (Bragg > Type I > Hark).
Evaluation of pasture for beef cattle from measurements of cell wall in separated leaf and stem fractions
Authors: Moir K. W. , Ebersohn J. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree pastures, pangola–clover, setaria, and tropical grass–legume, were grazed for a 9-month period by 12 steers of initial live weight of 199 kg on each. For the first 5 months live-weight gains were, respectively, 1·2, 0·76 and 0·43 kg per day, mostly higher than could be expected for estimated dietary energy concentrations of 10·1, 8·9 and 8·7 MJ of metabolizable energy (ME) per kg of dry matter. The high live-weight gains were not explained satisfactorily by dry-matter intakes as measured from faeces voided and dietary digestible dry matter, but were possible if published values for the requirements of ME for growth and fattening were too high. Cell wall, in vitro digested cell wall and nitrogen in separated leaf and stem fractions were useful indices for evaluating pasture for grazing cattle, but they did not predict live-weight gain.
Livestock production in central Mali: weight at first conception and ages at first and second parturitions in traditionally managed goats and sheep
Authors: Wilson R. T. , Durkin J. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYResults relating to a 4-year study of early reproductive traits in traditionally managed flocks of indigenous goats and sheep under semi-arid conditions are reported. Mean weights (least-squares estimates) at first conception of 16·9 kg for goats and 23·4 kg for sheep were recorded, and animals raised under the better environmental conditions of the irrigated rice system had a 2·2 kg advantage at this stage over animals raised under the rainfed millet system. Animals from young and old dams were heavier at first conception than those born of middle-aged dams. Neither season of birth nor type of birth (single or multiple) had any effect on weight at first conception. Age at first parturition was 443 days and at second parturition was 709 days. Animals born of young and of old dams were later at both first and second parturitions than those born of middle-aged dams while age at first parturition was younger for those animals reared in the rice system. Age at first parturition was within the range normally found for these types of animals under these environmental and social conditions. An early first parturition, even with a high death rate of offspring, may contribute to a greater total lifetime production than a later parturition with a lower death rate.
Growth and development of pigs: a reanalysis of the effects of nutrition on body composition
Authors: Davies A. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSelected data of McMeekan (1940, 1941) were reanalysed to compare the proportions and distribution of tissues, and the weights of some organs, in pigs growing at different growth rates due to differing levels of nutrition. The effects of variation in fat content were excluded, and the distribution of tissues was compared at the same total weight for each tissue, by allometric regressions. Except for components of the head and neck, and the stomach, the results do not support a concept of retardation of development by poor nutrition of those parts of the body with the highest relative growth rates.
Environmental temperature, energy metabolism and heat regulation in sheep. II. The partition of heat losses in closely clipped sheep
Authors: Blaxter K. L. , Graham N. McC. , Wainman F. W. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. The heat emission of two closely clipped sheep was studied in forty experiments in which three feeding levels were employed and in which environmental temperatures ranged from 8 to 38° C.2. The sheep shivered at temperatures below 23° C., but the first reaction to cold was a corrugation of the skin referable to contraction of the fascial muscles.3. As environmental temperature increased voluntary water consumption and urinary volume increased markedly. Only a small degree of cooling resulted from this warming of large quantities of water through a relatively small temperature gradient.4. The basal loss of heat by vaporization of water was 316 Cal./m.2/24 hr. in one sheep (3) and 307 Cal./ m.2/24 hr. in the other (23). Increased vaporization occurred at environmental temperatures of 31° C. for the experiments at the low-feeding level, 27° C. at the medium level and 26° C. at the high level. The water-vapour loss increased subsequently by 87 Cal./m.2/24 hr./° C. change in environmental temperature in sheep 3 and by 88 Cal./m.2/24 hr./° C. in sheep 23. Respiratory frequencies increased with increasing heat loss by vaporization. Some evidence suggests that when the water-vapour loss was high the excretion of potassium through the skin was increased.
Growth and development of water buffalo and Friesian cross-bred cattle, with special reference to body and carcass composition
Authors: Abdallah O. Y. , Shahin Karima A. , Latif M. G. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA sample of twelve buffalo, nine O Friesian × ♀ Egyptian native Baladi (½ Friesian) and nine ♂ Friesian ×♀½ Friesian (¾ Friesian) bulls were individually penned and fed commercially cubed concentrates and roughages from weaning at 100 kg and slaughtered over the live-weight ranges 161–560 kg for buffaloes and 176–448 kg for cattle. Weights of gut fill (GFW), empty body (EBW), offals (TOW) and carcass were recorded. Right sides of all carcasses were jointed then dissected into muscle, fat, bone and ‘other tissues’. Analysis of covariance based on the allometric equationY=aXbwas applied to assess growth patterns (estimated from the slopes) and compositional differences (estimated from the intercepts).The effect of genotype-group was not statistically significant on EBW at the same fasted body weight and cold carcass weight at the same EBW. However, the buffalo empty body contained (P< 0·05) more offal than the ¾ Friesian empty body and heavier TOW and lighter hot carcass than ½ Friesian empty body of the same weight.No significant genotype-group differences were found in the slope of the regression of weight of total side muscle (TSM), total side fat (TSF), subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat and total side bone (TSB) on dissected side weight (DSW) and ½ EBW. Comparison of adjusted means, however, showed buffaloes to have significantly more TSF and TSB but less TSM than the Friesian cross-breds. Most of the difference in TSF was due to more subcutaneous fat in the buffaloes than in the Friesian cross-breds. In all comparisons the two Friesian cross-bred groups did not significantly differ from one another.The results indicate that Egyptian buffaloes may be earlier maturing than Friesian cross-bred cattle and buffaloes of other countries. It was also concluded that in order to produce desirable carcass of fat:muscle ratio of 1:5, Egyptian buffalo bulls should be slaughtered to produce carcasses of slightly more than 230 kg whereas ½ Friesian and ¾ Friesian bulls can be taken to heavier weights. Methods for reporting carcass compositional data are discussed.
The utilization of dietary energy by lactating sows
Authors: Lodge G. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. The aim of the experiment was to determine gross efficiency and net efficiency of energy conversion for milk production in lactating sows.2. Two lactating Wessex Saddleback sows were used for both determinations. Two dry, non-pregnant sows of the same breed were also required for the determinations of net efficiency.3. Rations were adjusted with the aim of maintaining the sows at constant live weight, but this was only partially successful.4. Digestible energy intakes and milk energy outputs were measured during three 6-day recording periods in the 2nd, 5th and 8th weeks of lactation. Digestible energy consumed was determined by incorporating 1% of chromic oxide in the rations to be fed, and measuring the energy contents of food and faeces by bomb calorimetry.Milk energy output was determined by measuring milk yields and compositions and calculating the energy contents from percentages of fat, protein and lactose. Milk yields were measured by weighing the young pigs before and after each suckling during each recording period, and samples were obtained by a special milking machine for determination of chemical composition.5. Data required for the calculation of energy conversion efficiencies for milk production are presented. Gross efficiency was determined as approximately 45% and net efficiency as approximately 85%, but this latter value must be regarded more as an estimation because of the difficulty of determining accurately the maintenance requirements of lactating sows.
Effect of sowing date, population density and row spacing on growth and yield of opium poppy in north central subtropical India
Authors: Yadav R. L. , Mohan R. , Singh R. , Gupta M. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYOpium poppy (Papaver somniferum Linn.) was sown at three sowing dates (10, 25 November, 10 December), row spacings (15, 30, 45 cm) and population densities (6 × 105, 3 × 105, 1·5 × 105 plants/ha) in a split-plot design at Lucknow. Sowing on 10 November resulted in higher yields of opium, seed, total dry matter and morphine content. Delayed sowing, higher plant density and narrow spacing produced low yields with less morphine content. Decline in opium yield was associated with decrease in plant height, leaf area index, capsule size and number of capsules per plant. The crop sown on 10 November removed most N. N concentration and uptake also increased when the number of plants per unit area was decreased. The study suggests that to achieve maximum yields poppy should be sown in rows 30 cm apart on 10 November with 3 × 105 plants/ha.
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on sugar beet at Broom's Barn 1973–8
Authors: Last P. J. , Draycott A. P. , Messem A. B. , Webb D. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDuring 1973–8 six field experiments examined the effect of 0, 41, 82, 124, 166 and 207 kg N/ha with and without irrigation on the growth, yield and quality of sugar beet. The culture of the crops was planned to produce a large yield in order to determine the optimal nitrogen application for the above-average crops which many growers are now seeking to produce. Ammonium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source, broadcast in one dose before sowing as was recommended practice in the early 1970s. The growth of the crop was monitored from the seedling stage to harvest in December, as was nitrogen uptake by the crop, and water removal from the soil using a neutron probe.In 3 years when the weather was dry after drilling, the fertilizer significantly depressed the number of plants which established but plant weights showed that some nitrogen fertilizer was needed early for rapid seedling growth. Changes in the method of applying fertilizer for sugar beet are therefore suggested and are being tested. Soil analyses in the plough layer during establishment (May–June) indicated an optimum concentration of mineral nitrogen of about 40 mg N/kg soil at this stage.Nitrogen fertilizer was very important for a high yield; throughout the growth of the crop it greatly increased total dry-matter yield and at final harvest this was reflected in sugar yield. Considering the six years together, sugar yield was linearly related to both dry-matter yield and total nitrogen uptake. However, within a year, increasing nitrogen uptake above 200 kg N/ha with nitrogen fertilizer did not increase sugar yield; maximum yields of sugar each year were normally obtained with 125 kg N/ha fertilizer or less, and irrigation had little effect on the optimum amount. Explanations for the lack of responsiveness of sugar beet to greater applications of nitrogen fertilizer are being sought in further more detailed analyses of the crop and its environment.
Growth, economy of feed utilization and carcass quality in pigs in relation to dietary protein level and antibiotic administration
Authors: Morgan J. T. , Green F. R. , Costain R. A. , Williams E. F. 
Published: March 2009

An experiment is described in which sixty-four individually-fed pigs were used to investigate the effects of dietary protein status and administration of aureomycin on growth, efficiency of feed utilization and carcass conformation.The main features of the results obtained were:1. Pigs fed a ‘standard’ protein diet showed superior performance in terms of growth and economy of feed utilization in comparison with a ‘substandard’ ration. Appreciable differences in carcass quality including reduction in backfat and total body fat, concomitant with an increase in the lean meat content also resulted from variation in ration protein content. These results have been discussed in terms of the possible significance of both dietary crude protein status and amino acid content.2. The administration of aureomycin at a ‘nutritional’ level had no apparent effect on any of the indices of pig productivity subject to analysis.3. The high killing percentages noted over-all, have been discussed in relation to dietary energy and fibre levels.
Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes. I. The kales
Authors: Jones D. J. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Four varieties of marrow stem kale, three of thousand headed kales, Hungry Gap Kale and Rape-Kale were grown at three centres in mid-Wales. They were sampled in the early winter period and separate leaf and stem samples analysed for the proximate constituents and minerals.2. Leaf to stem ratios were measured on both a green and dry matter basis and the latter values used to calculate whole plant values for the chemical constituents.3. The leaves of the marrow stem kales were higher in dry matter than the stems, except in the case of the Purple Stem Kale. This variety resembled the thousand headed and rape-type kales in having a higher dry matter in the stems. On a dry matter basis, the leaves of all the varieties were richer than the stems in ether extract, crude protein, total ash and all the minerals except potassium and sodium. These elements occurred to a greater extent in the stems of the fleshy stemmed marrow stem kales than in the leaves. The stems were higher in crude fibre and nitrogen-free extractives.4. The leaves of the rape-type kales were higher than those of the other varieties in silica, phosphorus and potassium. They were the best source of phosphorus on a whole plant basis. The marrow stem kales had considerably higher leaf and stem values for sodium and were markedly superior to the other varieties as a source of the element.