bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foliar Absorption and Distribution of 2,3,5‐Triiodobenzoic Acid (TIBA) in Soybeans (Glycine max)1
Authors: Sant'Anna Renato , Ohlrogge A. J. , Christian J. E. , Breckinridge C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe anticipated commercialization of TIBA as one of the first growth regulators for use on a major field crop in the USA, created a need for information on its absorption and movement in the soybean plant under field conditions. Such information would be of assistance in metabolite and residue studies.TIBA tagged with I‐131 was applied at early bloom in two field experiments and in a third study it was applied at the beginning of the pod filling stage of growth. Whole plants were sampled periodically, divided into their morphological parts and their dry weights and I‐131 activities were determined.Approximately 45 percent of the total activity measured at “zero time” was lost from the plants within 48 hours. Biological half lifes of 40.3 and 42.0 days were found for the I‐131 in the early spray experiments. The rapid absorption and movement into the vascular stream was indicated by the detection of I‐131 activity in the roots of the “zero time” samples. Sites of active TIBA I‐131 activity were regions of high meristematic activity. Such sites of accumulation loss I‐131 activity to other areas when their relative metabolic activity declined.Ultraviolet light was shown to cause small but significant deiodozation of TIBA.Sixty days after TIBA was applied the plant parts were found to contain the following percentages of the applied radioactivity: roots 4%, leaves that were sprayed with TIBA 15%, leaves that emmerged after TIBA application 1.5%, petioles that received application of TIBA 2.5%, stems 3.0%, pods including seeds 7%. When the TIBA was applied at the beginning of the pod filling period, the seeds at physiological maturity contained 0.56 ppp TIBA equivalent or 2.5% of the originally applied activity.
Forage Composition and Losses from Orchardgrass Silage As Affected by Maturity and Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Sprague Milton A. , Taylor B. Brooks 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted during two seasons where‐by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) previously treated with three rates of nitrogen fertilizer was harvested at two stages of maturity, chopped, and ensiled in large plastic bags. Chemical analyses of fresh forage and silage determined dry matter, nitrogen, hydrolyzable carbohydrate, pH, total titratable acidity, volatile acid, nonvolatile acid, and volatile base content of samples. The relationships between constituents in the fresh forage and losses of these items during preservation and storage were of special interest. Replicate 1‐ton silos permitted statistical analysis of data collected. Hydrolyzable carbohydrate content of fresh forage was higher and protein content lower during both seasons which low rates of nitrogen fertilizer were used. Losses of protein during storage were much lower following low nitrogen fertilization and particularly during the warmer drier season. These losses were related to high protein and hydrolyzable carbohydrate content of the forage and resulted in very high volatile base content of the silage. A ratio of 1:1.5 or greater of crude protein to hydrolyzable carbohydrate in the fresh forage is suggested to maintain low losses during storage.
Relationship of Chemical Composition and Morphological Characteristics to Palatability in Sudangrass and Sorghum ✕ Sudangrass Hybrids1
Authors: Rabas D. L. , Schmid A. R. , Marten G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPalatability differences occurred among two sudangrass varieties (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Staph.), and four sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrids (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) ✕ (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.). The grazing preference of both cattle and sheep for these varieties was negatively correlated with HCN concentration. Leaf width, stem diameter, percent leaf, and percent dry matter were not associated with palatability in seven of eight trials. Total sugar concentration was never directly associated with palatability. The lack of association between percent leaf or sugar concentration and palatability did not agree with previous reports. The results suggest that selection for low HCN concentration to avoid prussic acid poisoning may also result in increased palatability.
Influence of Tannin Content on Preharvest seed Germination in Sorghum>1
Authors: Harris H. B. , Burns R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreharvest seed germination occurs in grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, during periods of prolonged rainy weather where temperatures are conducive to germination. Differential preharvest seed germination among 42 hybrids in a grain sorghum hybrid test conducted at Midville, Georgia, in 1969 occurred after 5 days of near continuous rainfall. Hybrids were rated for preharvest seed germination, and this index was correlated with astringent tannin content of seed and days from planting to 10% anthesis (maturity). The correlation coefficient between germination index and astringent tannin content was negative and highly significant (r = ‐0.83). High tannin hybrids were significantly lower in preharvest seed germination than low taninn hybrids. Although tannin content of seed apparently was the dominant influence inhibiting preharvest seed germination, maturity among the nonbrown‐seeded hybrids was also involved. Later maturing nonbrown‐seeded hybrids showed a lower preharvest germination index than earlier hybrids.
Influence of Soil Moisture and Ambient Temperature on Yield and Quality of Alfalfa Forage1
Authors: Vough L. R. , Marten G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa grown at high soil moisture stress in growth chamber and field studies yielded less dry matter than that grown at low soil moisture stress. A higher percentage of leaves, higher percentage of in vitro digestibility (IVDDM), and lower percentages of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin (ADL) often occurred in forage grown at high soil moisture stress. Soil moisture did not affect the percentage of crude protein (CP) consistently.Under controlled‐environment conditions, alfalfa grown at high temperatures (27 C day/21 C night) yielded less dry matter and had lower digestibility and higher ADF and ADL than that grown at lower temperatures (16 C day/10 C night). This occurred even though percentage of leaves and CP increased at high temperatures. The lowest ADF concentration (indicative of highest quality) occurred at low temperatures and high soil moisture stress; also, IVDDM was among its highest and ADL among its lowest levels under these conditions (also indicative of high quality).Low temperatures and low soil moisture stress were generally associated with a higher yield of a relatively higher quality forage than were high temperatures and high soil moisture stress.Crude protein failed to estimate alfalfa quality when forage was produced in diverse climates, confirming earlier reports.
Application of an Extraction‐Term Model to the Study of Moisture Flow to Plant Roots1
Authors: Molz F. J. , Remson Irwin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA one‐dimensional extraction‐term model is used to simulate the moisture flow and removal process in the vicinity of plant roots. The dependence of model results on root depth and soil type are investigated. Moisture contents, root moisture absorption rates and soil moisture fluxes are computed and discussed for several hypothetical root systems in a sandy soil and in a clay soil.The model is solved numerically with a procedure based on the Douglas‐Jones predictor‐corrector method. Results indicate that moisture extraction by the roots from soil in their immediate vicinity is the dominant process, with Darcian flow in the root zone playing a smaller but often significant role.Extraction‐term models are versatile and seem able to describe many of the phenomena associated with moisture removal by the roots of transpiring plants.
Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization, Gapping, and Burning on Seed Production of Newport Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Evans David W. , Canode C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the influence of nitrogen fertilization, gapping and burning on the seed yields and age‐associated seed yield decline of ‘Newport’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The bluegrass was grown in rows under furrow irrigation. Treatments were applied in a split‐split plot design. Increasing the rate of nitrogen fertilization increased seed yields, seed weight per panicle, panicle numbers, and weight of 100 seeds. Weight of 100 seeds was least affected. Gapping by removing alternate 30‐cm sections of the row in late summer of alternate years reduced panicle numbers but increased seed weight per panicle in the year following treatment. Panicle numbers were reduced more by gapping at high than at low rates of nitrogen fertilization. Seed yields were increased by gapping at the low nitrogen rates but not at the high rates. Burning yearly after harvest had variable effects. The drop in seed yield associated with increased stand age was not prevented by any treatment.
Growth and Response to Atrazine of Six Selection of Inbred Corn GT1121
Authors: Eastin E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relative growth (height and dry weight) and response to 2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino) ‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐striazine (atrazine) of six selections of ‘GTI12’ inbred corn (Zea mays L.) were studied. There were no significant differences in growth of the untreated selections. Five of the selections were resistant to atrazine at 5.60 kg/ha preemergence but GTII2‐S was killed or stunted by 5.60 or 1.12 kg/ha, respectively, after 4 weeks. Atrazine applied to the soil surface at 5.60 kg/ha when GTll2‐S was 8 weeks old killed this selection in 10 days. In nutrient solution atrazine at 0.25 ppm killed GTI12‐S after 2 weeks as compared with very susceptible soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill, var. Lee], which was killed by 0.l ppm atrazine.
Use of Helminthosporium maydis Race T Pathotoxin to Determine Disease Reaction of Germinating Corn Seed1
Authors: Lim S. M. , Hooker A. L. , Smith D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral methods of pathotoxin production and corn (Zea may L.) seedling bioassays are described as techniques to determine the disease susceptibility of corn to southern corn leaf blight. Toxin produced by race T of H. maydis is specific in inhibiting the elongation of primary roots of seedlings with T cms cytoplasm; primary roots of seedlings with normal cytoplasm are not so greatly inhihited. Filtrates obtained by several different methods from race T grown in culture all exhibited a similar pathotoxic specificity. Extracts obtained from corn leaves with T cms cytoplasm and infected with race T also produced the specific reaction in corn seedlings. The corn seedling bioassay with race T pathotoxin is a useful technique to determine the proportion of T cms and normal corn in any blended seed lot.
Corn Emergence in Relation to Soil Temperature and Seeding Depth1
Authors: Alessi J. , Power J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField and growth room experiments at Mandan, N. D., evaluated the effects of seed depth and soil temperature on corn (Zea mays L.) germination and emergence. In the growth room, from 4 to 24 days were required to achieve 80% emergence, depending upon soil temperature and seed depth. Increasing soil temperature from 13.3 to 26.7 C reduced the time for 80% emergence. Temperature had a much greater effect than seed depth on emergence. A highly significant linear relationship existed between percent emergence and cumulative degree‐days above 10 C.In field treatments with adequate soil water for germination, 8 to 13 days were required for near 80% germination. About one additional day was required for each 2.5‐cm increase in depth of planting. For corn placed at 7.6 cm, about 10 days and 68 cumulative degree‐days were required for emergence. Similar degree‐day requirements occurred for the 12.7‐cm depth. Degree‐day requirements for field experiments agreed very well with those obtained in the growth room.
Effect of Tillage Practice on Corn (Zea mays L.) Root Distribution and Morphology1
Authors: Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn root distribution in a Raub silt loam was measured seven and eight years after starting eight different tillage‐residue management‐cropping practices with continuous corn. Root distribution was measured by taking 6.25‐cm diameter cores to a 60‐cm depth. Cores were taken 12.5 and 50 cm from the corn row. Roots were washed from the cores and measured for weight and length. Tillage treatments included plowing to 20 cm, chiseling to 20 cm, rototilling to 5 cm and no tillage. Plow and no tillage practices were also conducted without cropping for six years, then corn was grown. Residue treatments consisted of all residues removed, residues returned and double residues returned, using conventional plow‐disk tillage.Tillage influenced root growth. When the soil was plowed annually corn roots developed more extensively to a greater depth than where soil was not tilled or tilled to a 5‐cm depth only. Removal of residues depressed root growth in the 0‐10 cm depth. Roots were finer and longer/g in tilled soil than in untilled soil. They were also finer at depths below 15 cm where no crop had been grown for 6 years than where corn had been grown. The amount of root growth averaged 12 mg/cm2 in 1968 and 42 mg/cm2 in 1969 although average corn grain yields were 9380 kg/ha in 1968 and 8980 kg/ha in 1969.
Forage Yield of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) in Pennsylvania1
Authors: Berg C. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe production of forage by a warm‐season grass species (switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L.) was compared with cool‐season grasses in the cool, humid northeastern United States. Dry‐matter yields were obtained from two varieties of tall rescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and three varieties of switchgrass in 1969. Two other varieties of switchgrass failed to become established and another two did not survive the first winter. Plots were harvested at approximately monthly intervals from May 15 to Sept. 15, 1969.Orchardgrass and tall rescue began growing much earlier in the spring, continued to grow later in the fall, and produced 3,200 to 5,000 kg/ha more dry forage over the entire season than switchgrass. During midsummer the switchgrass varieties produced as much or more dry matter than the cool‐season grasses; however, a high value must be placed on the production of forage at this time of year to justify considering switchgrass as a forage species in the cool humid northeastern United States. Yield data were limited to one harvest year (1969) because the switchgrass did not survive the following winter.
Grass Seed Production as Influenced by Cultivation, Gapping, and Postharvest Residue Management1
Authors: Canode C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the influence of cultivation, gapping of the initial stand, and in situ burning of the postharvest residue on the seed yields of ‘Pennlate’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and ‘Newport’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The two grasses were grown in separate but adjacent blocks. The experimental design for each species was a split‐plot with cultivation treatments as the main plots.One cultivation with a rotary hoe (minimum cultivation) in April of each year was the best method under conditions of these experiments. Additional cultivation with sweep‐shovels (conventional cultivation) reduced the seed yields of Kentucky bluegrass and did not influence the seed yields of orchardgrass. Kentucky bluegrass seed yields were reduced more by conventional cultivation in April than by similar cultivation in September. Conventional cultivation leaving a 30‐cm row width reduced seed yields more than leaving a 46‐cm row width.Gapping of the rows in the seedling year reduced the seed yields of both orchardgrass and Kentucky bluegrass in the first crop but had little effect on subsequent crops. Mechanical removal of postharvest residue was as effective as burning in orchardgrass seed production. Burning compared with mechanical removal of the postharvest residue produced lower seed yields of Kentucky bluegrass in the second and third crops, but higher yields in the fourth and fifth crops.
Diurnal Variation in Nonstructural Carbohydrates of Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) With and Without N Fertilizer1
Authors: Lechtenburg V. L. , Holt D. A. , Youngberg H. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to (i) define in detail, under field conditions, the normal diurnal accumulation and depletion pattern of the various nonstructural carbohydrates in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) herbage and (ii) investigate the influence of N fertility on diurnal variation in these carbohydrates. The implications of these daily trends with regard to forage management and quality and to carbohydrate metabolism in this species were considered.Tall fescue herbage was sampled several times daily during first and second growth periods. Reducing sugars and sucrose were extracted from freeze‐dried, ground herbage with alcohol. Next, fructosan was removed by water extraction, and the residue from these extractions was treated with 0.2 N sulfuric acid to hydrolyze other nonstructural polysaccharides. Ferricyanide, resorcinol, and phenol‐sulfuric acid procedures were used to quantitatively assay sugars in the extracts. The daily trends in various carbohydrates were analyzed statistically using orthogonal regression techniques.During the first growth period the average sugar percentage of leaves and stems increased from 8.2% at 6 AM to 10.3% at 6 PM. Sucrose accounted for most of the increase with some diurnal variation in percent glucose. Percent fructose did not vary significantly. In the second growth forage only sucrose varied significantly, increasing from 2.7% at 6 AM to 5.1% at 6 PM. Thirty‐seven percent of the daily increase in sucrose was respired or translocated between 6 PM and 12 M, while 63% was utilized after midnight. Fructosan concentration did not vary diurnally during either growth period.Nitrogen fertilization reduced the average fructosan concentration from 7.3 to 0.4% of the dry weight in the first growth and from 1.6 to 0.5% of the dry weight'in the second growth forage. Fructosan accumulated in the unfertilized forage as the first growth period progressed. Nitrogen fertilization did not influence the average amount of reducing sugars present during either growth period. Sucrose content was reduced by N during the first but not the second growth period. Diurnal trends were not affected by N fertilization.Acid (0.2 N H2SO4)‐soluble carbohydrate percentage, which consisted primarily of pentosan, varied diurnally during the first growth period. Nitrogen fertilization reluced this fraction from 12.6 to 7.3% during the first growth period and from 10.3 to 6.5% during the second growth period.To the extent that carbohydrates contribute to the acceptability of a forage or that a forage is lacking in energy, N fertilization may decrease forage quality. Yield and other quality factors enhanced by N fertilization may compensate for carbohydrate losses.
Determining Nitrate in Forage Samples by Xylenol Nitration1
Authors: Sabatka L. D. , Hyder D. N. , Cole C. V. , Houston W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe xylenol method of determining nitrates in water samples was reported to provide advantages of rapidity, specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Since most methods of determining nitrates in forage samples are difficult and time consuming, our objective was to adapt the xylenol method for determining nitrates in forage and to compare it to the nitrate‐electrode method.The first problem originated from an incorrect procedural suggestion concerning the ratio of sulfuric acid to water in the nitration medium. The original recommendation for six parts of sulfuric acid to four parts of water and two parts of acetic acid was satisfactory.The second problem was one of clarifying plant extracts without adding interfering ions or removing nitrate. A source of bone black adsorbed plant pigments without adsorbing nitrate.The third problem was that of interference from sugar, which required quantitative evaluation. Although the amount of that interference was small, amounting to 5.4 ppm of nitrate N per 1% sugar extracted from plant dry matter, it was important in the comparison of xylenol and nitrate‐electrode methods. A rapid colorimetric method of determining extracted sugar by darkening with sulfuric acid was developed.Among triplicate determinations of 12 forage samples ranging from 87 to 1,469 ppm of nitrate N, the xylenol and nitrate‐electrode methods gave equal values and time requirements, but the standard deviation for repeatability was ± 29 ppm by the xylenol method and ± 63 ppm by the nitrate electrode. Consequently, the xylenol method was considered sufficiently accurate, rapid, and precise for routine determinations of nitrate concentrations in forage samples.
Critical Available Soil Phosphorus Level of Indian Soils in Relation to Protein Quality of Wheat
Authors: Khera M. S. , Kapoor H. C. , Gupta Y. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMore information is needed on the relation between the protein quality of wheat and the phosphorus level of the soil on which it is grown. Protein quality of ‘Kalyan Sona’ wheat (Triticum aertivum L.) grown in the greenhouse on 14 alluvial soils was measured by the lysine, methionine, and tryptophan contents of the grain. Quality was inferior when available soil P levels were below 12.5 ppm. Based on this critical level of P, the soils were separated into two groups. The ‘t’ test for protein quality characters of wheat grown on these two groups of soils was highly significant. The importance of soil testing in respect to the need for phosphatic fertilization in maintainng the quality of wheat protein was brought out.
Differential Aluminum Tolerance in Two Snapbean Varieties1
Authors: Foy C. D. , Fleming A. L. , Gerloff G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties, shown previously to differ in tolerance to acid, Al‐toxic Bladen soil, were tested more specifically for Al tolerance in nutrient cultures. The Bladen soil‐tolerant ‘Bade’ variety was much more tolerant to Al than Bladen‐sensitive ‘Romano.’ For example, with 8 ppm Al added, at initial pH 4.8, top and root yields of Dade were 94 and 107%, respectively, of those with no Al. Corresponding top and root yields of Romano were only 53 and 59%, respectively, of those with no Al.With 8 ppm Al added, the total Ca uptake values for Dade tops and roots were 98 and 131%, respectively, of those with no Al; corresponding values for Romano tops and roots were only 25 and 22%, respectively. Aluminum added at 6 or 8 ppm also reduced Ca concentrations in tops and roots of Romano by 30 to 50%, but had little effect on those of Dade. Differential Al tolerance was not related to differential pH changes in nutrient solutions or to Al concentrations of plant tops or roots. With 8 ppm Al added the P concentrations in Romano tops and roots were 60 and 14% higher, respectively, than those of Dade.Aluminum added at 4 ppm decreased stem exudate production of Romano by 66% but did not affect that of Dade. The same Al treatment reduced concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, and P in Romano exudates by 66, 42, 80, and 76%, respectively, but either decreased or failed to affect those of Dade. Lower concentrations of these elements in stem exudates of Al‐injured Romano plants were not associated with immobilization hi roots. The 4‐ppm Al treatment decreased Ca concentrations in Romano root cell walls, mitochondria, supernatant, and total roots by 55, 68, 51, and 43%, respectively. The same treatment decreased the Ca concentration hi Dade root cell walls by only 27% and that in total roots by 8%, and actually increased the Ca concentration in mitochondria and supernatant fractions by 21 and 63%, respectively.Reduced Ca uptake appears to be a good indicator of Al sensitivity in the two snapbean varieties studied.