bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANOMALOUS CLEFT PALATE IN SNAKE EMBRYOS
Authors: BELLAIRS A. D'A. , BOYD J. D. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The occurrence of the combined anomaly of ‘hare‐lip’ and cleft palate in embryos of three species of snakes is recorded.
Study of serial sections of these embryos shows that the cleft, which is unilateral in three cases and bilateral in one, extends from the nostril to the choanal opening. It passes between the premaxilla and vomer medially and the maxilla and palatine laterally. The shape of these bones, and of the cartilaginous nasal capsule, is not grossly abnormal, but the cleft passes through the septomaxilla dividing it into two portions.
The organ of Jacobson related to the anomalous cleft is slightly abnormal in shape but has developed a complete duct which opens on to the palate in the usual situation. The lachrymal duct, instead of opening into the duct of the organ of Jacobson, ends blindly on the outer side of the nose.
A comparison is made with the condition in mouse embryos with cleft palate, and the mode of formation of the palate, as well as the morphogenesis of anomalous cleft palate in Squamata and mammals is discussed.
THE INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE HAND IN THE SLENDER LORIS
Authors: KANAGASUNTHERAM R. , JAYAWARDENE F. L. W. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe intrinsic muscles of the hand have been described in Loris and a comparison is made with the palmar musculature in Nycticebus and in the Potto.The presence of flexores breves superficiales has been noted for the first time among primates and the morphological significance of the muscle is discussed.The thenar and hypothenar muscles are poorly differentiated in Loris and the separation of the different components is very often artificial.There is only a single contrahentis in Loris while the full complement is present in Nycticebus.The deep branch of the ulnar nerve dominates not only in the muscular supply but even in the sensory distribution of the palm in Loris.
MATING BEHAVIOUR OF THE SEAL PHOCA VITULINA IN SHETLAND
Authors: VENABLES U. M. , VENABLES L. S. V. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The pupping season of Phoca vitulina in Shetland is approximately 14th June to 5th July.
Preceding the pupping season there is a period of excited erotic rolling behaviour among “pairs”. We have not seen this lead to coition nor have we seen it renewed in the immediate post‐lactation period by which time the seals have already begun to moult.
Another rolling period commences in the first week of September and at this season it often leads to coition by moult‐completed seals. Mating finishes in the first week of October. The blowing of bubble streams is introduced into the rolling sequence during this autumn period. Rolling and bubble blowing are described
A Table is given comparing the pupping and mating seasons of Phoca vitulina in Shetland with these seasons for the species in other parts of its range
We have seen coition only on or close to the bottom of the sea in water of two to four fathoms and in the shallows immediately behind the breakers Rough water was avoided by mating seals. No sexual behaviour was seen ashore.
No change of partners by rolling “pairs” of Phoca vitulina was seen but we have witnessed this, instigated by either sex, among rolling “pairs” of Halichoerus grypus.
The possibility of the existence of a spring mating season is discussed.
Counts are given of this Shetland Common Seal population to the north of Fitful Head. It has remained fairly constant at some 400 animals over the period 1954 to 1956 though many pups of up to six weeks old are slaughtered annually for their pelts.
THE BOTTOM FAUNA COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OFF ACCRA, GHANA (GOLD COAST)
Authors: BUCHANAN JOHN B. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

A quantitative investigation of the marine bottom fauna has been earned out, in conjunction with an analysis of the physical environment, across the continental shelf off Accra from the shore to a depth of fifty fathoms.
The concept of “community” used in the present work is discussed and defined.
Although the nature of the bottom sediment is of primary importance, wave action in shallow water and temperature in deeper water are important factors in community differentiation.
Four distinct infaunal communities have been recognised associated with four different types of bottom conditions, these are:

The Inshore Fine Sand Community (0 to eight fathoms), dominated by the polychaetes Owenia fusiformis and Diopaira nea/polilana with the lamellibranch Cultellus tenuis.
The Sandy Silt Community (8–20 fathoms), with Turritdla annvMa and Sternaspis scutata.
The Silty Sand Community (20–25 fathoms), dominated by two species of Foraminifera–Jullienellajoetida and Schizammina sp.
The Coarse Sand Community (25–50 fathoms), dominated by the coral Caryophyllia clavus.

At depths greater than fifty fathoms a rock epifauna exists which is Mediterranean in nature and contains many new faunal records for West Africa. It is characterised by massive colonies of the coral Dendrophyllia ramea and large numbers of the basket star Astrospartus mediterraneus. The bottom temperature at this depth varies little from similar depths in Northwest Africa and the Mediterranean.
The communities off Accra are clear cut and well defined and this is considered to be largely due to the rapidly changing nature of the bottom deposits across the shelf. These rapid changes in bottom conditions are caused first of all, in shallow water, by the sorting action of the surf waves on the bottom deposits. In deeper water a second transition is brought about by the production of coarse sediment from the erosion of a limestone deposit on the outer shelf edge.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF THE MITE CHEYLETUS ERVDITUS (SCHRANK, 1781)
Authors: HUGHES T. E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The arrangement of the tracheal trunks is compared in Cheyletus eruditue, Allothrombium fuliginosum and Dinoihrombium tinctorius.
It is concluded that the condition in Cheyletus arose by fusion of the cheliceral bases and the extension dorsally of paired atria.
The opening to the external air is in the last peritrematal chamber in Cheyletus eruditus.
NOTES ON THE SOUTHERN FUR SEAL IN SOUTH GEORGIA
Authors: BONNER W. NIGEL 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe occurrence of a colony of fur seals in South Georgia is recorded and the observed habits and interspecific relationships of the seals described. The colony is estimated to consist of between 8,000 and 12,000 seals, excluding pups. The ratio of harem bulls to breeding cows was found to be 1: 8‐4. The future prospects of the herd are discussed and it is suggested that expansion and increase in numbers may be expected to take place. The occurrence of fur seals in the South Orkneys is noted.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION AND POLYMORPHISM IN CHLOROPHONEUS SHRIKES
Authors: MOREAU R. E. , SOUTHERN H. N. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Chlorophoneus multicolor and C. nigrifrons (possibly conspecific) are polymorphic forest shrikes that are widely but discontinuously distributed over most of tropical Africa. Between them they show five main colour‐phases of the under‐parts (each divisible into sub‐phases), as many as three of which occur together in certain localities. In addition there is geographical variation in other plumage characters and in size.This geographical variation tends to be clinal, but the occurrence of the various colour‐phases and the proportions in which they appear in the various local populations vary without apparent correlation. Moreover the extent to which neighbouring populations differ in regard to the phases represented bears no relation to the distance or to the severity of the ecological barriers between them. At present it is impossible to suggest any adaptive significance in the differences between the populations.The nature of the colour‐phases suggests that they may be controlled by very few genes, but no data are available from the offspring of mixed matings.The colour‐phases appear to be equally distributed in both sexes, except that the black phase, although evidently under different genetical control in East African and West African birds respectively, is known only from males.The whole situation is discussed in relation to other cases of polymorphism.
STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURE, LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF THE TREMATODE PHYLLODISTOMUM SIMILE NYBELIN, 1926 (GORGODERIDAE: GORGODERINAE) FROM THE URINARY BLADDER OF BROWN TROUT, SALMO TRUTTA L.
Authors: THOMAS J. D. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), salmon parr (Salmo salar, L.) and the eels (Anguilla anguilla (L.)) from certain rivers in West Wales were examined over a period of nearly two years for parasites.
Large numbers of Phyllodistomum simile Nybelin were found in the urinary bladder of the trout from the River Teify.
P. simile, was not found in any of the 274 salmon parr or 243 eels examined, probably due to an ecological immunity in the former and a physiological immunity in the latter.
There was no evidence of a seasonal variation in the occurrence of P. simile in trout aged two years or more.
Trout aged four or more years were more heavily infested than young trout and there was no indication of the development of a total immunity with increase in the age of fishes.
The life history of P. simile was elucidated under experimental conditions by feeding the trout precocious metacercariae present in daughter sporocysts obtained from the gill lamellae and epibranchial cavity of the freshwater bi‐valve, Sphaerium corneum.
The anatomy of the daughter sporocyst, the cercaria, metacercaria and the adult stages are described.
The gorgoderid cercariae and the attempts to classify them into groups corresponding to those of the adults are discussed. It is suggested that attempts at discussing the evolution of the cercariae placed in the family Gorgoderidae may be premature in view of the fact that life histories have only been elucidated experimentally for cercariae of the macrocercous, cystocercous kind.
The advantages in the life cycle of precocious encystment within the sporocyst are commented upon but it is also suggested that P. simile may have a second intermediate host, possibly the minnow, Pkoxinus phoxinus L. or a freshwater arthropod.
The morphological changes that take place during the development of P. simile and their importance in specific diagnosis are discussed. It is suggested that in view of the more readily discernible differences between the larvae, certain larval features might well be used in distinguishing species of doubtful validity.
TERATOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF AN ELECTRIC RAY, TORPEDO NOBILIANA BONAPARTE
Authors: PALMER G. , WHEELER ALWYNE C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Two abnormal examples of Torpedo nobiliana are described and compared with normal forms.
Previously recorded specimens showing varying degrees of abnormality are listed and commented upon.
The presence of pectoral notches in young stages is discussed.
It is suggested that this type of abnormality is teratological in nature.
THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE SUBULUMD HEAD (NEMATODA): WITH A CONSIDERATION OF ITS SYSTEMATIC IMPORTANCE
Authors: INGLIS WILLIAM G. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The structure of the head in the nematode family Subuluridae has been studied comparatively and the results obtained used as the basis of a new classification.
The three structures at the base of the buccal cavity are shown to be not teeth, as they are commonly described, but modifications of the anterior end of the pharynx. These modifications are of two basic types: one which is lobed and spirally arranged and one which bears an elaborate arrangement of tooth‐like structures and flanges on the inner surface.
It is shown that at least three parts of the head are of value in systematic analysis: the shape of the mouth opening, the cross‐sectional shape of the buccal cavity and the structure of the pharyngeal portions.
The various structures are analysed throughout the family, and are shown to vary along three evolutionary lines which show a high degree of parallel evolution leading to complex mouth openings with lip‐lobes in all three. It is suggested that this trend towards a complex mouth is associated with increasing efficiency of the mouth as a holding organ.
It is shown that the so‐called ‘double’ buccal cavity, commonly reported from Subulura species, has always been reported because of a misinterpretation of the pharyngeal portions, due to the reduction of their musculature leading to fully cutieular portions.
The nine genera of which the family is composed, two of which–Prima‐subulura and Tar subulura–are new, have been grouped into three subfamilies, of which one–Allodapinae–is new, on the basis of the analysis of the head structure, in conjunction with other previously better known characters.
The genera are grouped as follows: Subulurinae with three genera, Subulura, Oxynema and Labiobulura; Allodapinae subfamily nov. with two, Allodapa and Aulonocephalus; Parasubulurinae with four, Parasubulura, Primasubulura, Tarsubulura and Leipoanema.
As far as possible nominal species have been referred to these various genera on the basis of published descriptions as well as a study of specimens.
Since most of the rearrangements suggested in this paper are based on the structure of the head, which has been almost completely ignored heretofore, many nominal species cannot be referred to a genus and a list of thirty such names is given. These names are considered to represent species incertae sedis.
THE NEST‐BUILDING BEHAVIOUR OF DOMESTICATED CANARIES
Authors: Hinde R. A. , Matthews L. Harrison 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The nest‐building behaviour of domesticated canaries was studied.
The principal activities, or groups of activities, studied were inspecting, gathering, carrying and sitting (building). The latter includes a number of stereotyped motor patterns functioning in shaping the cup.
The nest‐site is selected by the female as or before building begins.
Building activity reaches its peak three or four days before the laying of the first egg, and slightly before the peak of copulation. The temporal relations between building and egg‐laying are highly variable between individuals. The male plays only a small part in nest‐building.
The total times spent gathering, carrying and sitting per watch are positively correlated. Since the change‐over from one activity to the next does not depend solely on external stimuli, this suggests that these activities share internal causal factors.Two characteristics of building behaviour (total time building per watch and number of placings per watch) are not fully correlated with each other, and there are differences between the relations of the total times spent gathering, carrying and sitting with each of these characteristics (Figs. 3 and 4). The concept of a nest‐building drive is thus not useful, for the selection of criteria whereby it could be quantified is arbitrary.The median bout lengths of gathering, carrying and sitting first increase and then decrease with increase in the number of placings per watch (Figs. 5 and 6) and there are correlations between the bout lengths of the different activities in each nest‐building sequence. Each activity can be interrupted by the activity which functionally follows it before it own motivation has fallen to the normal threshold.The appetitive/consummatory behaviour dichotomy is not useful in analysing the relationships between gathering, carrying and sitting, but these can be understood in terms of concepts such as common causal factors, threshold differences, and self‐suppressing effects consequent upon performance.
The stereotyped movements of nest‐building differ in frequency between individuals “Scrabbling” is influenced by the size of the nest.
The decrease in nest‐building activity around the time of egg‐laying is due partially to internal changes, and partially to stimuli from the nest.
The length of sitting bouts is influenced by stimuli from the nest‐pan as well as internal factors.
The change‐over from building with grass to building with feathers which occurs shortly before egg‐laying is due partially to internal changes and partially to stimuli from the nest.
Canaries reared without material show a number of bizarre patterns of behaviour which are established by learning during deprivation. The mere performance of nest‐building movements has some reinforcing value.
Many of the constituent patterns of nest‐building behaviour occur in naive birds, but their integration is partially dependent on learning.
MOULTS AND WINTER WHITENING IN THE MOUNTAIN HARE LEPUS TIMIDUS SCOTICUS, HILZHEIMER
Authors: Hewson Raymond 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The mountain hare undergoes three annual moults. These are a spring moult from white to brown, an autumn moult from brown to brown, a winter moult from brown to white
Flat air‐dried skins were used to trace the course of the moults because new growth is clearly indicated by hair root marks on the flesh side of the skin
The pelage of the mountain hare consists of fur, pile hair and guard hair. The summer pelage is described
The autumn moult begins in June and ends in September. It begins about the end of the main breeding season. Some white hair is grown, particularly on the feet
The winter moult begins in October. Winter fur is longer, finer in texture and denser than that of summer or autumn. Projecting as “fine white hair” to the tips of the pile hair it is largely responsible for the hare's white colouring. Moulting on the body ceases in December; on the head not until January or early February
The spring moult begins in February, rather later than the beginning of the breeding season. Pelage is shed before replacement in this moult and in the autumn moult; in the winter moult the old hair is only shed when the new hair is almost or fully grown
No significant regional variations, owing to temperature, occur within England and Scotland. Variations in the progress of the moult, due to temperature, may occur
There is some blanching of winter pile and guard hairs and probably of whiskers
In season and duration the moults resemble those of the Scottish ptarmigan
A REVISION OF THE BRITISH ACEOSEJINAE (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA)
Authors: EVANS G. OWEN 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

This paper deals with a revision of the British species of the subfamily Aceosejinae together with a synonymic list of the species of the subfamily.
Keys are given for the separation of genera and species of the British aceosejines.
The following new synonymy is introduced:

Arctoseiulus Willmann and Arctotarseius Willmann are synonyms of Arctoseius Sig Thor.
Arctoseiodes Willmann is a synonym of Leioseius Berlese.
Seiopsis Berlese, Jordensia Oudemans and Blattilaelaps Womersley are synonyms of Proctolaelaps Berlese.
Garmania Nesbitt and Paragarmania Nesbitt are synonyms of Melichares Hering.
Arctoseiopsis Evans is a synonym of Iphidozercon Berlese.
Aceosejus Sellnick is a synonym of Lasioseius Berlese.
Lasioseius (L.)innumerabilis Berlese, Lasioseius alpinus Schweizer and Lasioseius ventritrichosus Schweizer are synonyms of Hypoaspis hypudaei Oudemans.
Typhlodromus domesticus Oudemans is a synonym of Melichares agilis Hering.
Typhlodromus tineivorus Oudemans, Blattisocius triodons Keegan and Lasioseius similis Schweizer are synonyms of Lasioseius (L.) tarsalis Berlese.
Lasioseius fimbriatus Halbert and Seiulus amboinensis Oudemans are synonyms of Lasioseius (L.) dentriticus Berlese.
Laelaps ligoniformis Michael is a synonym of Sejus muricatus C. L. Koch.
Arctoseius austriacus Willmann is a synonym of Gamasellus (Sessiluncus) eremitu Berlese.
THE MULTIMAMMATE MOUSE RATTUS (MASTOMYS) NATALENSIS SMITH: A LABORATORY‐ADAPTED AFRICAN WILD RODENT
Authors: DAVIS D. H. S. , OETTLÉ A. G. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Laboratory‐breeding stocks of the multimammate mouse, Rattua (Mastomys) natalensis, have been maintained since 1939 and have become of increasing importance in medical research. This mouse has been used primarily as the standard test‐animal in routine diagnostic and experimental work in plague.
It is highly susceptible to experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni, and in consequence has assumed importance in bilharzia research.
A high proportion (30 to 50 per cent) of animals dying in the colony from natural causes have been found to be suffering from spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the glandular stomach—a condition which is extremely rare in animals other than man. The multimammate mouse promises to be an impor tant experimental animal in cancer research.
The taxonomic status of the multimammate mouse has not been satis factorily defined. Some of its anatomical and physiological features are Rattus—like, others Mus—like, while others appear to be unique (e.g. the presence of a prostate gland in the female).
The known similarities and differences between the multimammate mouse, the laboratory rat and the laboratory mouse are tabulated. On the available data it is hard to say whether it should be classified as a subgenus of Rattus, as it is at present, or whether Mastomys should be given generic rank or made a subgenus of Mus.
THE YOLK‐SAC OF THE MOLE TALPA EUROPAEA
Authors: MORRIS B. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The distribution of RNA, fats, iron, glycogen and alkaline phosphatase in the endometrium, yolk‐sac placenta and decidua of Talpa europaea is described.
The areolae which are formed are associated, at first, with the vitelline circulation and are probably important sites for the uptake of iron—derived from maternal erythrocytes, protein and saliva insoluble carbohydrate material derived from the secretions of the adjacent uterine glands. The aerolae persist into late pregnancy in association with the allantoic circulation.
A vascular yolk‐sac placenta is formed in early pregnancy but it is probably not of any real significance in embryonic nutrition—with the exception of the areolae mentioned above. It is evident that the structural changes which occur in the uterine wall during the formation of this placenta are essentially preparatory to the subsequent establishment of the allantochorionic placenta.
Stainable glycogen is absent from the decidual tissue and little lipoidal material is present except in the symplasma which invests the trophoblastic villi.
The avascular yolk‐sac placenta, the progressive establishment of which is described, is concerned with the absorption of protein, saliva insoluble carbohydrate material and other substances contained in the secretions of the uterine glands of the mesometrial wall of the uterus. The uterine secretions are of considerable importance in embryonic nutrition and probably continue to be of some significance even in late pregnancy.
The yolk‐sac increases in volume up to about the 11·5 mm. stage and the concentration of protein in its fluid at this stage is about 60 per cent of that in the maternal serum. In late stages the concentration of protein in the fluid is greater than that in the maternal serum. Fibrinogen is absent from the fluid in Talpa.
The yolk‐sac fluid could serve as an important source of absorbable material and it is probable that the yolk‐sac splanchnopleur, the histochemical and histological properties of which are described, is of some significance EM a placental structure in this species.
Reichert's membrane is formed in the avascular wall of the yolk‐sac in early pregnancy and it attains a thickness of about 3 μ in late stages. Its histochemical and tinctorial properties resemble those which have been described for the membrane in the rat and hedgehog and; EM in these species, it is formed of collagenous material. In Talpa the membrane is probably of endodermal origin.