bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change and Agriculture: The Policy Challenge for the 21st Century?  Changement climatique et agriculture : le défi du 21ème siècle pour l’action publique?  Klimawandel und Landwirtschaft: Die politische Herausforderung für das 21. Jahrhundert?
Authors: Huang Hsin , Legg Wilfrid , Cattaneo Andrea 
Published: December 2010

SummaryClimate Change and Agriculture: The Policy Challenge for the 21st Century?Climate change will have significant impacts on agriculture. Farmers and the agri‐food supply chain will have to adapt, while at the same time providing food for a growing population. Agriculture can be expected to contribute to meeting targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, although the sector did not figure significantly at the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009. The ongoing or expected international climate change, food security and trade commitments present both challenges and opportunities for the agri‐food sector, as agriculture is one of the few sectors that can contribute to both mitigation and sequestration of carbon emissions. Accounting for agriculture’s carbon footprint is a key issue given the possibility of including agriculture in greenhouse gas reduction commitments. However, the range and variability of estimates, and the complexity and uncertainty of accounting for indirect land use change remain to be resolved. Policies will play a role in enhancing the ability of agriculture to adapt to climate change, in reducing greenhouse gases, while contributing to other environmental goals. There is an urgent need to consider whether an international agreement would be the channel to enable appropriate national policy actions to be taken in the context of a global framework to reduce emissions from agriculture in the most efficient and least‐cost manner.
The Positive Contribution of Agriculture and Forestry to Combating Climate Change  La contribution positive de l’agriculture et de la sylviculture à la lutte contre le changement climatique  Der positive Beitrag von Land‐ und Forstwirtschaft zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels
Authors: Andúgar Antonia 
Published: December 2010

SummaryThe Positive Contribution of Agriculture and Forestry to Combating Climate ChangeSignificant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be achieved whilst at the same time developing the production potential of EU agriculture and forestry through increased productivity. Therefore, research and investment in innovation and new technologies are needed. Agriculture and forestry are uniquely placed in being able to reduce GHG emissions whilst adapting their own businesses and facilitating society’s adaptation to climate change. Farmers in the EU‐27 have already contributed to a significant decrease in GHG emissions of 20 per cent between 1990 and 2006. The implementation of the EU’s climate and energy package must not jeopardise the economic viability and competitiveness nor the social component of agricultural and forestry activities. Beyond their productive role, environmental benefits, landscape preservation and employment opportunities are delivered by both sectors. However, several factors hamper their contribution to combating climate change: and there is a risk that measures put in place to reduce GHG emissions will result in the delocalisation of agricultural production outside the EU. There is limited capacity of autonomous farm level adaptation. It is vital, therefore, that we have a strong Common Agricultural Policy to support farmers in improving their resilience to climatic variability and in contributing to climate change mitigation, which will deliver cost‐saving benefits for society as a whole.
P-010 A canine bifurcation giant aneurysm model
Authors: Consigny D , Yasuda R , Strother C , Aagaard-Kienitz B 
Published: December 2010

PurposeTo create a reproducible canine model of giant aneurysms.Materials and methodsSeven mongrel dogs were used for this study. All procedures were performed under an institutional approved protocol. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 10 mg/kg intravenous injection, and maintained using 1–5% isoflurane and 100% oxygen. After the neck was sterilely prepped and draped, bilateral 10 cm incisions were made medial to each external jugular vein. 30 mm segments of both external jugular veins were ligated, removed and placed in heparinized saline (1000 U heparin/100 ml saline). The left common carotid artery (CCA) was ligated proximally and a temporary vascular clamp was placed distally. A tunnel was created under the trachea to pass the left CCA to the right side. Temporary clamps were placed proximally and distally on the right CCA. An 8 mm arteriotomy was made on the right CCA midway between the clamps. The distal segment of the left CCA was then anastomosed to the base of the right CCA. Both external jugular vein segments were opened longitudinally and angled (arrowhead shaped) incisions were made into both vein segments so that they would match the arterial opening where the right and left CCAs had been anastomosed. The opened segments of the jugular veins were then anastomosed to form a single cylinder using a running suture technique. Once this was done the resulting vein pouch was sewn into the opening between the right and left CCA. All vascular sutures were performed using 7-0 prolene suture. The temporary vascular clamps were removed, and if any leaks were seen, additional sutures were used until hemostasis was established (Abstract P-010 figure 1A). Incisions were closed using absorbable suture. The surgical procedure took 2.5 h. Animals were allowed to recover for further studies. Angiograms were preformed 4.5 weeks after the aneurysm creation.Abstract P-010 Figure 1ResultsSix of seven aneurysms remained fully patent 4.5 weeks post-creation (Abstract P-010 figure 1B). During this interval, animals showed no surgical related complications. No medication was needed to prevent thrombus. Aneurysm dimensions are shown in Abstract P-010 table 1.Abstract P-010 Table 1Aneurysm dimensionsCase 1Case 2Case 3Case 4Case 5Case 6Height20.527.424.132.421.522.1Dome width11.611.812.214.812.512.0Neck width10.310.69.914.98.39.3Volume1550.92440.72267.24593.72342.82623.9Ostium area111.399.395.2171.968.892.3Proximal artery diameter3.64.13.73.53.43.7Distal artery diameter (L)3.23.93.33.23.12.7Distal artery diameter (R)3.33.83.33.43.22.8ConclusionWe successfully developed a reproducible giant aneurysm model using a vein patch technique.
P-011 Percutaneous anterior column stabilization of focal metastatic lesions of the spine: the value of plasma mediated radiofrequency ablation before cement injection
Authors: Georgy B 
Published: December 2010

PurposeSpinal metastatic lesions which are located in the anterior or posterior regions of the vertebral body (Weinstein types III and IV) are usually treated by extensive anterior corpectomy stabilization and posterior fusion. This study assesses the value of creating a cavity in the anterior two-thirds of the vertebral body using plasma mediated radiofrequency ablation prior to cement injection, aiming to stabilize the anterior column through a non-heat-driven method.Materials and methodsRetrospective assessments of CT images were performed pre- and postprocedure in 24 patients (27 levels). A void was created in the anterior portion of the tumor infiltrated vertebral body using a bipolar plasma mediated radiofrequency based wand (ArthroCare Corporation, Austin, Texas, USA) and bone cement was inserted. Pain was recorded both preprocedure and 2–4 weeks afterwards using a visual analog scale (VAS).ResultsIn 11/12 levels with anterior lesions, cement was deposited inside the lesion. Cement was also successfully deposited anterior to the lesion in 13/15 levels with posteriorly located lesions. VAS pain scores were available for 21 patients: 19 reported significant pain relief while two exhibited no change. No clinically significant leakage was observed.ConclusionCavity creation using plasma mediated radiofrequency ablation can be performed percutaneously before standard vertebroplasty and results in more control over cement deposition in the anterior part of the vertebral body, regardless of the lesion location. This approach could treat focal metastatic lesions while avoiding the more invasive standard technique of extensive anterior surgical debulking and reconstruction. In cases displaying neurological deficit, it can complement a simpler posterior decompressive laminectomy and fusion.
P-019 Correlation between blood flow and recurrences in coiled patients
Authors: van den Berg J , Schneiders J , Marquering H , Majoie C , van Bavel E , van den Berg R 
Published: December 2010

IntroductionEndovascular treatment with detachable coils has become an established technique for patients with intracranial aneurysms, the drawback being recurrence due to coil compaction or enlargement of a remnant. The contribution of hemodynamics to recurrence is at present unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between blood flow into the aneurysm and area of recurrence. We hypothesized that the location of the recurrence at first follow-up overlaps with the location of the inflow jet into the original untreated aneurysm.Materials and methodsOut of 270 patients who received endovascular treatment for an intracranial aneurysm, 19 patients with a recurrence at first follow-up were included. Five patients with a recurrence were excluded because imaging was unsuitable for processing. Virtual surface models of the original untreated aneurysms and surrounding vessels were segmented with the Vascular Modeling ToolKit (VMTK) using three-dimensional imaging obtained before treatment. Recurrence areas were identified on 6 month follow-up three-dimensional time of flight MR angiography. Virtual surface models were also segmented of the lumen of the recurrences. Both surface models were matched using the Iterative Closest Point registration already available in VMTK (Abstract P-019 figure 1).Abstract P-019 Figure 1Match between the surface models of the untreated aneurysm and the luminal recurrence. Case No 01001.After post-processing of the flow, it was possible to visualize the exact location of blood flowing into the aneurysm. This flow profile was matched with the location of the recurrence, with the untreated aneurysm neck as a reference frame. This match allowed for calculation of the overlap between area of recurrence and area of inflow (Abstract P-019 figure 2).Abstract P-019 Figure 2Two-dimensional slice perpendicular through the aneurysm neck. Dark grey: blood outflow zone before treatment. Light grey: blood inflow zone before treatment. Black outline: the luminal recurrence. Black area: overlapping zone of original inflow and later recurrence. Overlap: 15.3%. Case No 01005.ResultsThe area of recurrence did not show a strong correlation with the initial inflow jet area in the aneurysm. The mean area of overlap of the inflow area and recurrence area as a percentage of the total recurrence area was only 35.45% (CI 22.83 to 48.07). Two cases did not show any overlap and none of the cases had a complete overlap. The range of overlap area was 0.00–96.35%.ConclusionOur model, construction using high quality geometry and CFD simulations using Fluent, were accurate. The results in this small sample do not support a relation between location of inflow in an untreated aneurysm and location of recurrence after treatment with coils.
P-005 Anesthetic considerations and the role of blood pressure management in the endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Menon B , Davis M , Herrera C , Eesa M , Demchuk A , Goyal M , Archer D , Hill M 
Published: December 2010

IntroductionIncreasingly used in North America, endovascular thrombolysis for ischemic stroke results in high recanalization rates without a comparable increase in good clinical outcomes. Many neurointerventionalists prefer general anesthesia to keep patients still. The purpose of this study is to identify the role of anesthesia and any other associated periprocedural factors in determining clinical outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular procedures for acute ischemic stroke.MethodsWe retrospectively studied patients who underwent open label intra-arterial procedures for stroke from 2003 to 2009 in our intra-arterial database. Data were collected from chart reviews and automated anesthesia records. We used the Houston Intra-arterial Therapy (HIAT) score (1 point for age >75 years; 1 for National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score >18 and 1 point for glucose >150 mg/dl) for adjusting for baseline differences. The primary clinical outcome was modified Rankin Scale 0–2 at 3 months.Results96 patients (67 males, median age 65 years) with median NIHSS 17 (range 12–20) were included in the study. The distribution of type of anesthesia was as follows: 48/96 general anesthesia, 44/96 conscious sedation (14) or local anesthesia only (30), and 4/96 undetermined. 7/48 (15%) in the general anesthesia group had good clinical outcome compared with 29/44 (66%) in the local anesthesia/conscious sedation group (RR 0.22; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.45). After adjusting for HIAT score and the presence or absence of any major anesthetic comorbidities, the general anesthesia group had significantly worse clinical outcome (p=0.001). Lower blood pressure correlated with poorer clinical outcomes in both anesthesia groups. The lowest mean systolic blood pressure in the general anesthesia group was 104 mm Hg compared with 135 mm Hg in the local anesthesia/conscious sedation group (p=0.0001).ConclusionThe use of general anesthesia during endovascular procedures in acute ischemic strokes is associated with poorer clinical outcomes at 3 months. This could be because of lower periprocedural blood pressures.
P-009 Trend towards using mechanical thrombectomy devices in stroke interventions in recent years
Authors: Nanda A , Sharma J , Mehta S , Joshi A , Hsu D 
Published: December 2010

PurposeMechanical thrombectomy is a promising new modality of interventional stroke treatment. The use of these devices has been steadily increasing over the past 2–3 years.In recent years, multiple trials have been published establishing the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy devices in achieving successful vascular recanalization and improved outcomes. We reviewed single institution data analyzing increasing use of mechanical thrombectomy devices and related outcomes in recent years.MethodsRetrospective chart review was performed on 146 consecutive patients who underwent interventional acute stroke treatment from January 2006 to October 2009. Data were analyzed to compare use of mechanical thrombectomy devices (MERCI and Penumbra) and outcomes for each individual year. The primary outcome measures compared were mortality, recanalization rate and modified Ranking Score (mRS).ResultsFor all patients included, data were analyzed for each year separately. In 2006, all patients (n=11) were treated with IA (intra-arterial) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (100%) and none received mechanical thrombectomy, with recanalization rates (TIMI=2/3), mortality and mRS ≤2 of 54%, 18% and 45%, respectively. Total patients treated were 49, 47 and 39 in 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. In 2007, 44 were treated with IA tPA (89%) and nine (18%) underwent mechanical thrombectomy with recanalization rates (TIMI=2/3), mortality and mRS ≤2 of 65%, 18% and 53%, respectively. In 2008, 34 were treated with IA tPA (72%) and 21 (44%) underwent mechanical thrombectomy with recanalization rates (TIMI=2/3), mortality and mRS ≤2 of 59%, 25% and 48%, respectively. In 2009, 30 were treated with IA tPA (76%) and 28 (71%) underwent mechanical thrombectomy with recanalization rates (TIMI=2/3), mortality and mRS ≤2 of 71%, 23% and 41%, respectivelyConclusionThere is an increasing trend towards using mechanical thrombectomy devices over recent years resulting in better recanalization rates. However, no trend towards improved outcomes or reduced mortality was observed in our single institution series. This could be due to inclusion of patients with older age, higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores and expanded treatment time windows for interventional stroke therapy in recent years.Abstract P-009 Figure 1
O-011 Long term outcome in the repair of spinal cord perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae
Authors: Hetts S , Antonietti L , Sheth S , English J , Dowd C , Higashida R , Lawton M , Halbach V 
Published: December 2010

Background and purposeThe natural history of perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae (PMAVFs), also known as type IV spinal cord AV fistulae, is incompletely understood. Both open surgical and endovascular approaches have been described as treatment modalities for this disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long term outcome of patients with PMAVFs treated at a single tertiary care institution.Materials and methodsWe conducted a retrospective study on 32 patients with PMAVFs, evaluated between 1983 and 2009. Data were gathered by reviewing outpatient clinic notes, operative and radiological reports, and spinal angiograms. The PMAVFs were categorized into one of three types based on the angiographic imaging criteria. Pretreatment and post-treatment ambulation and micturition symptoms were quantified using the Aminoff and Logue scale (ALS).Results30 patients underwent corrective procedures, four by embolization alone, 11 by surgery alone and 15 patients received a combination of the two. 28 patients underwent follow-up spinal angiography, with residual shunting noted in six patients. Mean follow-up period was 54 months (range 1–228). Analysis of the ALS scores revealed that treatment of PMAVFs, independent of modality, resulted in significant improvement in ambulation, but inconsistent changes in micturition. In addition, residual fistula at the time of follow-up angiogram was associated with worsened neurologic status or lack of improvement. Outcome analysis based on fistula type showed dramatic improvement in ALS ambulation scores (62%) for type 3 fistulae compared with type 1 and 2 (26%, 27%, respectively).ConclusionSignificant improvement in ambulation, but not micturition, was observed following treatment. Residual fistula on follow-up angiography was associated with progressive worsening or lack of improvement in neurologic function. Patients with type 3 fistulae were shown to benefit most from treatment, with marked improvement in post-treatment ambulation scores. As endovascular and surgical techniques continue to evolve, further studies are warranted.
O-012 Combined endovascular embolization and stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of large arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Blackburn S , Ashley W , Rich K , Simpson J , Drzymala R , Ray W , Moran C , Cross D , Chicoine M , Dacey R , Derdeyn C , Zipfel G 
Published: December 2010

ObjectiveLarge cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are often not amenable to direct surgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment. An alternative treatment strategy is staged endovascular embolization followed by SRS (Embo/SRS). This study examined the experience at Washington University in St Louis with Embo/SRS for large AVMs, and reviewed results in earlier case series.Methods21 patients with large AVMs treated with Embo/SRS between 1994 and 2006 were retrospectively evaluated. AVM size (before and after embolization), procedural complications, radiological outcome and neurological outcome were examined. Radiological success was defined as AVM obliteration by catheter angiography, CT angiography (CTA) or MR angiography (MRA). Radiological failure was defined as residual AVM by catheter angiography, CTA or MRA performed ≥3 years post-SRS.ResultsAll AVMs in this series were >3 cm in maximal diameter (mean 4.2 cm); 12 (57%) were high grade (Spetzler-Martin 4 or 5). Clinical follow-up was available in 20/21 patients; radiographic follow-up was available in 19/21 patients (mean follow-up time 3.1 years). Of the 43 embolization procedures performed, eight complications occurred, leading to transient neurologic deficits in five patients (24%), minor permanent neurologic deficits in three patients (14%) and no major permanent neurologic deficits (0%). Of the 21 SRS procedures performed, one (5%) radiation induced complication occurred, leading to a permanent minor neurologic deficit. Of the 20 patients with clinical follow-up, none experienced cerebral hemorrhage. Of the 19 patients with radiographic follow-up, AVM obliteration was confirmed by catheter angiography in 12, MRA in two and CTA in two. Residual nidus was found in three patients. In patients with follow-up catheter angiography, AVM obliteration rate was 80% (12/15).ConclusionsEmbo/SRS provides an effective means of treating large AVMs not amenable to standard surgical or SRS treatment. The outcomes and complication rates reported in this series compare favorably with other reported therapeutic strategies for this very challenging patient population.
O-014 Cerecyte coil trial: the angiographic outcome of endovascular coiling in patients with ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with cerecyte coils compared with bare platinum coils. Results of a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Molyneux A , Fox A , Sneade M , Mehta Z 
Published: December 2010

PurposeTo report the 6 month angiographic results in patients treated with Cerecyte or bare platinum coils in a prospective randomized trial.Materials and methods500 patients undergoing coil treatment of a ruptured or unruptured cerebral aneurysm in 23 centers in Europe, North America and Japan were randomly assigned to receive either Cerecyte Coils or bare platinum coils. The primary objective was to determine if Cerecyte coils improved the angiographic outcome on follow-up digital angiography 6 months after treatment. Angiographic follow-up was also obtained at 12–24 months after enrollment. Imaging data were transferred to a core laboratory on CD and uploaded into a PACS system and analyzed blind by an experienced neuroradiologist. Secondary objectives included whether Cerecyte coils reduced major recurrence or the need for aneurysm retreatment. Angiographic assessment was carried out by an independent core laboratory blind to the treatment allocation. Success was defined in the protocol as ‘complete angiographic occlusion, improvement or no change in the angiographic appearances from the postprocedural angiography’.ResultsThe proportion of patients with success on the primary outcome, minor and major recurrence and retreatment rates will be reported at the first follow-up and the frequency of late recurrence of the second follow-up will be reported for all patients with available data.ConclusionThe study will provide objective evidence whether Cerecyte coils improve angiographic outcome after coil treatment of cerebral aneurysms.