bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Development of Quaternary Amine Compounds: Shale Inhibition With Improved Environmental Profile
Authors: Patel Arvind D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Novel cationic-based drilling fluid additives that provide excellent shale inhibition with improved environmental profile have been developed and tested. Low-molecular-weight bis-quaternary amines that contain structures similar to naturally occurring cationic compounds provide low toxicity and excellent shale-inhibition properties. This paper describes both the laboratory development and chemistry of such shale inhibitors.
Cationic shale inhibitors provide more effective shale inhibition by anchoring to the negatively charged shale surfaces as compared to traditional anionic products. However, cationic shale inhibitors are perceived to be more toxic in both onshore and offshore drilling applications than commonly used anionic drilling fluid additives. The toxic nature of many cationic amine compounds has limited their application as shale inhibitors in offshore and other environmentally sensitive areas. Along with toxicity-related issues of cationic compounds, these types of chemical additives are not compatible with conventional anionic drilling fluid additives such as polyanionic cellulose (PAC), polyacrylates, bentonite and various biopolymer additives. Thus, the utilization of cationic additives, specifically cationic shale inhibitors has been limited; yet, there is a need to develop such shale inhibitors which mitigate these limitations making them usable for environmentally sensitive areas.
Extensions of the latest amine-shale inhibitor chemistries have enabled the design and development of cationic amine shale inhibitors, which provide efficient shale inhibition to water sensitive shale without the adverse environmental impact. The paper describes the chemistry and development of such modified cationic shale inhibitors, resolving the inherent environmental toxicity limitations and providing excellent shale inhibition to a variety of water-sensitive clays. The paper also includes various drilling fluid formulations containing these innovative shale inhibitors and compares their performance with state-of-the-art inhibitive water-based drilling fluids currently used in the field for similar applications.
Foams and Emulsions Stabilized With Nanoparticles for Potential Conformance Control Applications
Authors: Zhang Tiantian , Roberts Matthew R. , Bryant Steven L. , Huh Chun 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
While emulsions stabilized by colloidal solid particles have been widely used for industrial and consumer applications, their use for enhanced oil recovery purposes has been very limited. This is because the colloidal solids generally cannot be transported long distances within oil reservoirs, e.g. from injection well to production well. Nanoparticles are two orders of magnitude smaller than colloids and thus can migrate through the pore throats in sedimentary rocks. Emulsions stabilized with nanoparticles can withstand the high-temperature reservoir conditions for extended periods. This can substantially expand the range of reservoirs to which EOR can be applied. Finally, nanoparticles can carry additional functionalities such as super-paramagnetism and reaction catalysis. The former could enable transport to be controlled by application of magnetic field. The latter could enable in situ reduction of oil viscosity.
We have employed aqueous suspensions of surface-modified silica nanoparticles (5- & 20-nm diam.) in a set of laboratory experiments. We report the phase behavior of nanoparticle-stabilized oil/water emulsions and the transport of these emulsions in porous media. Very stable oil/water emulsions were generated, with average droplet size between 2 and 4 microns, at ambient and at elevated temperature. The emulsion stability was not strongly dependent on nanoparticle concentration or on salinity. The transport in glass-bead packs (ca. 20 Darcy) of the silica-stabilized oil/water emulsions showed a sharp emulsion-bank front, with no visible loss of their integrity, and high apparent viscosity (30 cp). Permeability to the aqueous phase post-flush was significantly reduced. It was not possible to determine whether emulsion droplets were retained in pores during emulsion injection, or whether the post-flush fingered through the emulsion and failed to displace all of it. An on-going modeling effort to characterize the equilibrium and stability of the emulsions suggests formation of relatively compact interfacial layer of nanoparticles at the droplet surface.
A New Shear-Tolerant High-Temperature Fracturing Fluid
Authors: Parris Mike , Mirakyan Andrey , Abad Carlos , Chen Yiyan , Mueller Fred 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The extent of crosslinking a polymeric fracturing gel can significantly contribute to the success or failure of a hydraulic fracturing treatment. In certain cases, excessive crosslinking while the fluid is in the tubulars can result in friction pressures that are too high, and may prohibit the treatment from achieving the design goals. With titanium (Ti) or zirconium (Zr) crosslinked gels, which are known to be prone to irreversible shear degradation, early crosslinking in the tubulars can substantially reduce the final gel strength, even to the degree that near wellbore proppant transport is compromised, and the treatment may screenout. On the other hand, a Ti or Zr crosslinked gel which crosslinks substantially after exiting the perforations may not have sufficient proppant transport capability to complete the treatment successfully.
Varying treatment conditions such as mixwater composition and temperature, tubular shear rate and transit time, and reservoir temperature pose difficult challenges to routinely achieving the optimal crosslinking state. Conditions such as offshore wellbore temperature profiles and viscous heating in smaller diameter tubing can further complicate the task. Various chemical means have been employed to tune the crosslinking temperature for specific treating conditions. These methods involve addition of chemicals to control the crosslinking kinetics, such as pH buffers, crosslinker concentration, and competing ligands to temporarily bind the metal crosslinker. Blended crosslinkers containing a single Group 4 (Ti, Zr) metal with different organic ligands with different binding strengths have been employed to achieve crosslinking at two temperature ranges so that early viscosity for proppant transport can be developed. Mixed metal crosslinkers, such as aluminum and Zr have also been formulated for this same purpose.
This paper examines the disadvantages of these strategies, and describes the development and deployment of a high-temperature fracturing fluid system that has shown to overcome those issues.
Incremental Oil Success From Waterflood Sweep Improvement in Alaska
Authors: Ohms Danielle , McLeod Jennifer , Graff Craig J. , Frampton Harry , Morgan Jim C. , Cheung Stephen , Yancey Katrina , Chang K. T. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Waterflood thief zones in communication with the rest of the reservoir are a severe and previously challenging problem. This paper gives an introduction to the nature of a novel, heat-activated polymer particulate. Details of a trial of this in–depth diversion system, resulting in commercially significant incremental oil from a BP Alaskan field are presented. The system of one injector and two producers was selected because of a high water oil ratio and low recovery factor, which was recognized as an indicator of the presence of an injection water thief zone and confirmed by study of a previous injection survey. The area around the wells is bounded by faults so the system can be considered to be isolated from surrounding wells and operations. The position of the thermal front in the reservoir, tracer transit times, injection rates and inter-well separations indicated that the slowest reacting of the three commercial grades available was most appropriate for the trial.
The treatment was designed using laboratory tests, and numerical simulation informed by pressure and chemical tracer tests. Long sandpack tests indicated permeability reduction factors of 11 to 350 for concentrations of 1500 to 3500 ppm active particles in sand of 560 to 670 mD permeability at 149°F. 15,587 gallons of particulate product was dispersed, using 8,060 gallons of dispersing surfactant, into 38,000 barrels of injected water and pumped over 3 weeks at a concentration of 3300 ppm active particles.
Placement deep in the reservoir between injector and producer was confirmed by pressure fall off analysis and injectivity tests. The incremental oil predicted from the simulation was 50,000 to 250,000 bbl over 10 years. In fact over 60,000 barrels of oil was recovered in the first 4 years at a cost comparable with traditional well work and less than sidetracking.
Environmentally Friendly Water-Based Fluid for HPHT Drilling
Authors: Tehrani A. , Gerrard D. , Young S. , Fernandez J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In Europe where environmental regulations prohibit the use of oil-based mud, high-temperature wells are drilled with HPHT water-based fluids. Chrome-lignosulfonates are a common component in high-temperature water-based fluids, acting as effective dispersants and conferring excellent fluid-loss control and rheological properties. However, tightening of regulations signals the emergence of restrictions on the use of chrome-based products in water-based fluids. Elsewhere in land operations where currently oil-based fluids are used for high-temperature applications, a move towards HPHT water-based fluids, and ultimately to chrome-free fluid systems is thought to be inevitable. Thus, alternative chrome-free products are desired that will perform at least as well as the current products in high-temperature, high-density water-based fluid systems.
Fluid-loss control in high-temperature environments can become problematic due to the degradation of many polymers at high temperature. A main challenge is to use a high-temperature synthetic polymer that can control fluid loss without a significant impact on rheology. High-temperature gelling is another problem that may confront high-density fluid systems and lead to significant problems during the drilling operation. This must be prevented by using effective, temperature-stable dispersants.
This paper describes the development of a new chrome-free, high-density HPHT water-based fluid system. The new fluid uses a combination of clay and synthetic polymers to provide excellent fluid-loss control and to generate thermally stable rheology. The paper presents the results of extensive testing to show that the use of highly efficient dispersants prevents high-temperature gelling and improves fluid resistance to drill solids contamination. The authors will also present results from an initial field testing of the fluid system.
Capsaicin induces apoptosis by generating reactive oxygen species and disrupting mitochondrial transmembrane potential in human colon cancer cell lines
Authors: Yang Kyung , Pyo Jong , Kim Gyu-Yeol , Yu Rina , Han In , Ju Seong , Kim Won , Kim Byung-Sam 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlthough genetic factors are a well-known cause of colorectal cancer, environmental factors contribute more to its development. Despite advances in the fields of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the cure rates for colon cancer have not substantially improved over the past few decades. Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), the principal pungent ingredient of hot chili pepper, has exhibited an anti-tumor effect in many cell types. However, the mechanisms responsible for the anti-tumor effect of capsaicin are not yet completely understood. In this study, we investigated whether capsaicin induces apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines. Capsaicin decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in Colo320DM and LoVo cells. In addition, capsaicin produced cell morphology changes and DNA fragmentation, decreased the DNA contents, and induced phosphatidylserine translocation, which is a hallmark of apoptotic cell death. We showed that capsaicin-induced apoptosis is associated with an increase in ROS generation and a disruption of the mitochondrial transmenbrane potential. A possible mechanism of capsaicin-induced apoptosis is the activation of caspase 3, a major apoptosis-executing enzyme. Treatment with capsaicin induced a dramatic increase in caspase 3 activity, as assessed by the cleavage of Ac-DEVD-AMC, a fluorogenic substrate. In conclusion, our results clearly showed that capsaicin induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Although the actual mechanisms of capsaicin-induced apoptosis remain uncertain, it may be a beneficial agent for colon cancer treatment and chemoprevention.
A new model of dynamic recovery for Stage III of pure fcc metals without cross slip
Authors: Argon Ali S. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Dynamic recovery in Stage III of strain hardening of pure fcc metals has been known for decades and has been associated with dislocation cell formation and refinement in scale with increasing plastic shear resistance when this exceeds a critical and temperature-dependent threshold level. Its rate controlling process had been attributed by Seeger 50 years ago to massive cross slip of screw dislocation groups circumventing Lomer-Cottrell type linear sessile dislocations blocking the primary slip system. Consideration of this cross slip-controlled mechanism has persisted in various modified forms in the literature up to the present, even though it is not consistent with the cellular dislocation structure of Stage III, and its evolution. Here a new mechanism is proposed in which dynamic recovery occurs through the systematic removal of short Lomer – Cottrell type sessile dislocation segments, i. e. LC locks, in the cell walls by statistical processes stimulated by the impingement of glide dislocations on cell walls when the applied stress exceeds a temperature-dependent threshold shear resistance τIII.
Rule-based Clustering for Gene Promoter Structure Discovery
Authors: Petrovic U. , Shaulsky G. , Zupan B. , Curk T. 
Published: April 2009

Summary
Background: The genetic cellular response to internal and external changes is determined by the sequence and structure of gene-regulatory promoter regions.
Objectives: Using data on gene-regulatory elements (i.e., either putative or known transcription factor binding sites) and data on gene expression profiles we can discover structural elements in promoter regions and infer the underlying programs of gene regulation. Such hypotheses obtained in silico can greatly assist us in experiment planning. The principal obstacle for such approaches is the combinatorial explosion in different combinations of promoter elements to be examined.
Methods: Stemming from several state-ofthe-art machine learning approaches we here propose a heuristic, rule-based clustering method that uses gene expression similarity to guide the search for informative structures in promoters, thus exploring only the most promising parts of the vast and expressively rich rule-space.
Results: We present the utility of the method in the analysis of gene expression data on budding yeast S. cerevisiae where cells were induced to proliferate peroxisomes.
Conclusions: We demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to infer informative relations uncovering relatively complex structures in gene promoter regions that regulate gene expression.
Intelligent Interactive Visual Exploration of Temporal Associations among Multiple Time-oriented Patient Records
Authors: Shahar Y. , Taieb-Maimon M. , Klimov D. 
Published: April 2009

Summary
Objectives: To design, implement and evaluate the functionality and usability of a methodology and a tool for interactive exploration of time and value associations among multiple-patient longitudinal data and among meaningful concepts derivable from these data.
Methods: We developed a new, user-driven, interactive knowledge-based visualization technique, called Temporal Association Charts (TACs). TACs support the investigation of temporal and statistical associations within multiple patient records among both con cepts and the temporal abstractions derived from them. The TAC methodology was implemented as part of an interactive system, called VISITORS, which supports intelligent visualization and exploration of longitudinal patient data. The TAC module was evaluated for functionality and usability by a group of ten users, five clinicians and five medical informaticians. Users were asked to answer ten questions using the VISITORS system, five of which required the use of TACs.
Results: Both types of users were able to answer the questions in reasonably short periods of time (a mean of 2.5 ± 0.27 minutes) and with high accuracy (95.3 ± 4.5 on a 0–100 scale), without a significant difference between the two groups. All five questions requiring the use of TACs were answered with similar response times and accuracy levels. Similar accuracy scores were achieved for questions requiring the use of TACs and for questions requiring the use only of general exploration operators. However, response times when using TACs were slightly longer.
Conclusions: TACs are functional and usable. Their use results in a uniform performance level, regardless of the type of clinical question or user group involved.
The CPPDD-Associated ANKH M48T Mutation Interrupts the Interaction of ANKH with the Sodium/Phosphate Cotransporter PiT-1
Authors: WANG JOHN , TSUI HING WO , BEIER FRANK , TSUI FLORENCE W.L. 
Published: April 2009

Objective.Numerous dominant human homolog of progressive ankylosis (ANKH) mutations have been identified in familial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPDD). Due to the dominant nature of these mutations, we investigated whether ANKH interacts with other proteins; and if so, whether any CPPDD-associated ANKH mutation might disrupt such protein interactions.Methods.Stable ATDC5 ANKH wt- and ANKH M48T-transfectants were generated. Lysates from these transfectants were used to identify candidate protein interaction with ANKH by coimmunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis. The effect of high phosphate on the expression of genes involved in modulating Pi (inorganic phosphate)/PPi (inorganic pyrophosphate) homeostasis in these transfectants was assessed.Results.We showed that ANKH protein associates with the sodium/phosphate cotransporter PiT-1, and that ANKH M48T mutant protein failed to interact with PiT-1. We also showed that upon high phosphate treatment, the normally coordinated upregulation of endogenous Ank and PiT1 transcript expression was disrupted in ANKH M48T transfectants.ConclusionOur results suggested that there is a coordinated interrelationship between 2 key participants of Pi and PPi metabolism, ANKH and PiT-1.
Keeping the Center of Nursing Alive: A Framework for Preceptor Discernment and Accountability
Authors: Paton Brenda I. , Binding Linda 
Published: April 2009

This research served to explicate the profile of the nurse preceptor and illuminate the knowledge that nurse preceptors accrue while teaching students in the final clinical practicum. The analysis of the descriptive survey, sent to approximately 770 preceptors, along with the interpretive analysis of 16 focus groups and 5 interviews, revealed understandings of discovering, learning, and engaging as central to the relational elements of professional discernment and accountability. Preceptor discernment is essential to ensuring competent nursing practice for student nurses preparing for entry-level practice. Dissemination of the findings is suggested through the creation of an educational framework reflective of, relevant to, and used by nurse preceptors that may be used in both practice and academic settings.J Contin Educ Nurs2009;40(3):115–120.
The Struggle for DOD/VA Benefits
Authors: Ginzburg Harold M. , Holm Kristie D. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Identify barriers to access to care for returning veterans.

2.
Identify non-traditional remedies used to improve access to financial and healthcare benefits.

3.
Identify the benefits of a class action approach to resolving access-to-care issues.
Partnering in Support of War Zone Veterans and Their Families
Authors: Kudler Harold , Straits-Tröster Kristy 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Identify readjustment issues for war zone veterans and their families related to the deployment cycle.

2.
Provide a rationale for Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense/State and Community Partnerships in support of returning war zone veterans and their families.

3.
Identify potential partners and actions in providing support and mental health services for returning war zone veterans and their families.
Self-reported Indicators of Psychological Health
Authors: McGuire Annabel , MSc; Michael Waller; , Loos Colleen , McClintock Christine , McFarlane Alexander C. , Nielsen Lisa , Treloar Susan A. , Dobson Annette , D'Este Catherine 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Identify factors that minimize the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in deployed service members.

2.
Review the differences between Australian, United States, and United Kingdom service members' rates of PTSD and alcohol abuse.

3.
Identify the measures used to assess the health and well-being of the Australian Defence Force (ADF).
Transference and Countertransference: Developments in the Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Gabbard Glen O. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives1.Describe the empirical literature on narcissistic personality disorder that discusses our understanding of transference and countertransference.2.Define the spectrum of patients who have narcissistic personality disorder and the nature of the condition.3.Identify common countertransference reactions.
Clinical Phenomenology of Narcissistic Pathology
Authors: Horowitz Mardi 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Summarize frequent states of mind noted in narcissistic personality disorder (NPD).

2.
Describe case formulations in terms of how states of mind relate to particular recurrent self-conceptualizations.

3.
Interpret the defensive maneuver of sliding meanings so as to externalize blame.
‘Chronic Rage from Underground’: The Treatment of a Patient with a Severe Narcissistic Disorder
Authors: Ornstein Paul H. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Differentiate “aggression” from “self-assertiveness” and appreciate its therapeutic advantages to this distinction.

2.
Summarize the clinical usefulness of Kohut's classification of “narcissistic rage” as a whole spectrum as well as a distinct form from within that spectrum.

3.
Identify the clinical-practical usefulness of the concept of “narcissistic rage,” as illustrated in the treatment of case.
Pediatric Dermatologic Emergencies: A Case-Based Approach for the Pediatrician
Authors: Aronson Paul L. , Florin Todd A. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Explain the clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment of pediatric dermatologic conditions that are medical emergencies.

2.
Describe the differential diagnosis of emergent dermatologic conditions that present as erythroderma or purpura.

3.
Report the significance of dermatologic manifestations in a child with prolonged fever.
Contact Dermatitis: From Basics to Allergodromes
Authors: Nijhawan Rajiv I. , Matiz Catalina , Jacob Sharon E. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Outline the clinical presentations and pathophysiology of both allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD).

2.
Review the most common allergens and products responsible for allergic contact dermatitis in children.

3.
Discuss the recommendations for management of children with suspected contact dermatitis including guidelines for referral for patch testing.