bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory Signals shift from adipose to liver during high fat feeding and influence the development of steatohepatitis in mice
Authors: Stanton Michaela C , Chen Shu-Cheng , Jackson James V , Rojas-Triana Alberto , Kinsley David , Cui Long , Fine Jay S , Greenfeder Scott , Bober Loretta A , Jenh Chung-Her 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundObesity and inflammation are highly integrated processes in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Molecular mechanisms underlying inflammatory events during high fat diet-induced obesity are poorly defined in mouse models of obesity. This work investigated gene activation signals integral to the temporal development of obesity.MethodsGene expression analysis in multiple organs from obese mice was done with Taqman Low Density Array (TLDA) using a panel of 92 genes representing cell markers, cytokines, chemokines, metabolic, and activation genes. Mice were monitored for systemic changes characteristic of the disease, including hyperinsulinemia, body weight, and liver enzymes. Liver steatosis and fibrosis as well as cellular infiltrates in liver and adipose tissues were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry.ResultsObese C57BL/6 mice were fed with high fat and cholesterol diet (HFC) for 6, 16 and 26 weeks. Here we report that the mRNA levels of macrophage and inflammation associated genes were strongly upregulated at different time points in adipose tissues (6-16 weeks) and liver (16-26 weeks), after the start of HFC feeding. CD11b+and CD11c+macrophages highly infiltrated HFC liver at 16 and 26 weeks. We found clear evidence that signals for IL-1β, IL1RN, TNF-α and TGFβ-1 are present in both adipose and liver tissues and that these are linked to the development of inflammation and insulin resistance in the HFC-fed mice.ConclusionsMacrophage infiltration accompanied by severe inflammation and metabolic changes occurred in both adipose and liver tissues with a temporal shift in these signals depending upon the duration of HFC feeding. The evidences of gene expression profile, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, and histological data support a progression towards nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis in these HFC-fed mice within the time frame of 26 weeks.
Controlling exchange bias in Fe3O4/FeO composite particles prepared by pulsed laser irradiation
Authors: Swiatkowska-Warkocka Zaneta , Kawaguchi Kenji , Wang Hongqiang , Katou Yukiko , Koshizaki Naoto 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSpherical iron oxide nanocomposite particles composed of magnetite and wustite have been successfully synthesized using a novel method of pulsed laser irradiation in ethyl acetate. Both the size and the composition of nanocomposite particles are controlled by laser irradiation condition. Through tuning the laser fluence, the Fe3O4/FeO phase ratio can be precisely controlled, and the magnetic properties of final products can also be regulated. This work presents a successful example of the fabrication of ferro (ferri) (FM)/antiferromagnetic (AFM) systems with high chemical stability. The results show this novel simple method as widely extendable to various FM/AFM nanocomposite systems.
Defect induced changes on the excitation transfer dynamics in ZnS/Mn nanowires
Authors: Kaiser Uwe , Chen Limei , Geburt Sebastian , Ronning Carsten , Heimbrodt Wolfram 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTransients of Mn internal 3d5 luminescence in ZnS/Mn nanowires are strongly non-exponential. This non-exponential decay arises from an excitation transfer from the Mn ions to so-called killer centers, i.e., non-radiative defects in the nanostructures and is strongly related to the interplay of the characteristic length scales of the sample such as the spatial extensions, the distance between killer centers, and the distance between Mn ions. The transients of the Mn-related luminescence can be quantitatively described on the basis of a modified Förster model accounting for reduced dimensionality. Here, we confirm this modified Förster model by varying the number of killer centers systematically. Additional defects were introduced into the ZnS/Mn nanowire samples by irradiation with neon ions and by varying the Mn implantation or the annealing temperature. The temporal behavior of the internal Mn2+ (3d5) luminescence is recorded on a time scale covering almost four orders of magnitude. A correlation between defect concentration and decay behavior of the internal Mn2+ (3d5) luminescence is established and the energy transfer processes in the system of localized Mn ions and the killer centers within ZnS/Mn nanostructures is confirmed. If the excitation transfer between Mn ions and killer centers as well as migration effects between Mn ions are accounted for, and the correct effective dimensionality of the system is used in the model, one is able to describe the decay curves of ZnS/Mn nanostructures in the entire time window.
Experimental study and analysis of lubricants dispersed with nano Cu and TiO2 in a four-stroke two wheeler
Authors: Sarma Pullela K , Srinivas Vadapalli , Rao Vedula Dharma , Kumar Ayyagari Kiran 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe present investigation summarizes detailed experimental studies with standard lubricants of commercial quality known as Racer-4 of Hindustan Petroleum Corporation (India) dispersed with different mass concentrations of nanoparticles of Cu and TiO2. The test bench is fabricated with a four-stroke Hero-Honda motorbike hydraulically loaded at the rear wheel with proper instrumentation to record the fuel consumption, the load on the rear wheel, and the linear velocity. The whole range of data obtained on a stationery bike is subjected to regression analysis to arrive at various relationships between fuel consumption as a function of brake power, linear velocity, and percentage mass concentration of nanoparticles in the lubricant. The empirical relation correlates with the observed data with reasonable accuracy. Further, extension of the analysis by developing a mathematical model has revealed a definite improvement in brake thermal efficiency which ultimately affects the fuel economy by diminishing frictional power in the system with the introduction of nanoparticles into the lubricant. The performance of the engine seems to be better with nano Cu-Racer-4 combination than the one with nano TiO2.
Selection of target sequences as well as sequence identity determine the outcome of RNAi approach for resistance against cotton leaf curl geminivirus complex
Authors: Mubin Muhammad , Hussain Mazhar , Briddon Rob W , Mansoor Shahid 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease is caused by a geminivirus complex that involves multiple distinct begomoviruses and a disease-specific DNA satellite, cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB), which is essential to induce disease symptoms. Here we have investigated the use of RNA interference (RNAi) for obtaining resistance against one of the viruses, Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV), associated with the disease. Three hairpin RNAi constructs were produced containing either complementary-sense genes essential for replication/pathogenicity or non-coding regulatory sequences of CLCuMV. In transient assays all three RNAi constructs significantly reduced the replication of the virus in inoculated tissues. However, only one of the constructs, that targeting the overlapping genes involved in virus replication and pathogenicity (the replication-associated protein (Rep), the transcriptional activator protein and the replication enhancer protein) was able to prevent systemic movement of the virus, although the other constructs significantly reduced the levels of virus in systemic tissues. In the presence of CLCuMB, however, a small number of plants co-inoculated with even the most efficient RNAi construct developed symptoms of virus infection, suggesting that the betasatellite may compromise resistance. Further analyses, using Rep gene sequences of distinct begomoviruses expressed from a PVX vector as the target, are consistent with the idea that the success of the RNAi approach depends on sequence identity to the target virus. The results show that selection of both the target sequence, as well as the levels of identity between the construct and target sequence, determine the outcome of RNAi-based resistance against geminivirus complexes.
Topochemical distribution of lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids in sugar-cane cell walls and its correlation with the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides
Authors: Siqueira Germano , Milagres Adriane MF , Carvalho Walter , Koch Gerald , Ferraz André 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background
Lignin and hemicelluloses are the major components limiting enzyme infiltration into cell walls. Determination of the topochemical distribution of lignin and aromatics in sugar cane might provide important data on the recalcitrance of specific cells. We used cellular ultraviolet (UV) microspectrophotometry (UMSP) to topochemically detect lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids in individual fiber, vessel and parenchyma cell walls of untreated and chlorite-treated sugar cane. Internodes, presenting typical vascular bundles and sucrose-storing parenchyma cells, were divided into rind and pith fractions.

Results
Vascular bundles were more abundant in the rind, whereas parenchyma cells predominated in the pith region. UV measurements of untreated fiber cell walls gave absorbance spectra typical of grass lignin, with a band at 278 nm and a pronounced shoulder at 315 nm, assigned to the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids linked to lignin and/or to arabino-methylglucurono-xylans. The cell walls of vessels had the highest level of lignification, followed by those of fibers and parenchyma. Pith parenchyma cell walls were characterized by very low absorbance values at 278 nm; however, a distinct peak at 315 nm indicated that pith parenchyma cells are not extensively lignified, but contain significant amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids. Cellular UV image profiles scanned with an absorbance intensity maximum of 278 nm identified the pattern of lignin distribution in the individual cell walls, with the highest concentration occurring in the middle lamella and cell corners. Chlorite treatment caused a rapid removal of hydroxycinnamic acids from parenchyma cell walls, whereas the thicker fiber cell walls were delignified only after a long treatment duration (4 hours). Untreated pith samples were promptly hydrolyzed by cellulases, reaching 63% of cellulose conversion after 72 hours of hydrolysis, whereas untreated rind samples achieved only 20% hydrolyzation.

Conclusion
The low recalcitrance of pith cells correlated with the low UV-absorbance values seen in parenchyma cells. Chlorite treatment of pith cells did not enhance cellulose conversion. By contrast, application of the same treatment to rind cells led to significant removal of hydroxycinnamic acids and lignin, resulting in marked enhancement of cellulose conversion by cellulases.
Support for multiple classes of local expression clusters in Drosophila melanogaster, but no evidence for gene order conservation
Authors: Weber Claudia C , Hurst Laurence D 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background
Gene order in eukaryotic genomes is not random, with genes with similar expression profiles tending to cluster. In yeasts, the model taxon for gene order analysis, such syntenic clusters of non-homologous genes tend to be conserved over evolutionary time. Whether similar clusters show gene order conservation in other lineages is, however, undecided. Here, we examine this issue in Drosophila melanogaster using high-resolution chromosome rearrangement data.

Results
We show that D. melanogaster has at least three classes of expression clusters: first, as observed in mammals, large clusters of functionally unrelated housekeeping genes; second, small clusters of functionally related highly co-expressed genes; and finally, as previously defined by Spellman and Rubin, larger domains of co-expressed but functionally unrelated genes. The latter are, however, not independent of the small co-expression clusters and likely reflect a methodological artifact. While the small co-expression and housekeeping/essential gene clusters resemble those observed in yeast, in contrast to yeast, we see no evidence that any of the three cluster types are preserved as synteny blocks. If anything, adjacent co-expressed genes are more likely to become rearranged than expected. Again in contrast to yeast, in D. melanogaster, gene pairs with short intergene distance or in divergent orientations tend to have higher rearrangement rates. These findings are consistent with co-expression being partly due to shared chromatin environment.

Conclusions
We conclude that, while similar in terms of cluster types, gene order evolution has strikingly different patterns in yeasts and in D. melanogaster, although recombination is associated with gene order rearrangement in both.
Age and gender variations in trend of road traffic fatalities in Manipal, India
Authors: Kanchan Tanuj , Menezes Ritesh G , Bakkannavar Shankar M 
Published: March 2011

Background The incidence of road traffic fatalities has been increasing at an alarming rate and is a global cause for concern. Aims To assess the age- and gender-based variations in the pattern of road traffic fatalities in Manipal, southern India and to provide an epidemiological profile of the population at risk. Settings and design Registry-based retrospective research on road traffic fatalities in Manipal, extending from 1994 to 2009, was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. Material and methods The data were collected from the autopsy files and information furnished by the police in the inquest papers. Road traffic fatalities were analysed, keeping the gender and age of the victim as co-variables. Results and conclusions Road traffic fatalities constituted the majority of autopsied cases (38.6%) and unnatural deaths (37.8%). Percentage share of road traffic fatalities with regard to unnatural deaths in Manipal did not show a definite trend during the last 16 years. Male preponderance was quite evident, male–female ratio being 7.2:1. Male mortality pattern peaked during the third decade followed by a gradual decline, whereas the mortality pattern among women was almost uniform from second to seventh decade. Overall, people in their third decade were most prone to road traffic fatalities (26.9%), a trend similar to that of male mortalities. The overall pattern of road traffic fatalities was quite similar to those in other parts of India and the world. The global problem with regard to road traffic fatalities remains the same irrespective of the difference in topography and demography of the region.
Component Assessment Data Requirements from Creep-Fatigue Tests
Authors: Holdsworth S. R. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Typically, the lifetime assessment of high temperature components, for which both creep and fatigue are principal damage mechanisms, involves (1) the determination of the stress/strain state at critical locations and (2) a numerical evaluation of the consequential damage condition. Until recently, there has not been a standard procedure specifically covering creep-fatigue testing practices. Creep-fatigue tests had been performed for many years, but the reliability and the form of the information generated was dependent on the expertise and specific interests of individual test laboratories. This situation is now resolved by the publication of a new ASTM standard based on an Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) led initiative. The way in which the guidance contained in this new standard specifically aims to provide creep-fatigue data requirements for defect-free component assessment is examined. Cyclic/hold tests, usually involving a simple cycle shape representative of the service transients experienced by the target component, are particularly informative in the provision of data to indicate the concurrent influences of cyclic loading on creep deformation characteristics and creep deformation on cyclic plastic response. The crack initiation endurances of such tests also provide the basis of creep-fatigue damage summation representations for a given material. Sequential creep-fatigue testing can be used to quantify the effects of prior cyclic deformation on creep rupture or prior creep deformation on fatigue endurance. The use of such test methods is also considered.
A Novel Technique for Performing a Tongue-Lip Adhesion—The Tongue Suspension Technique
Authors: Mann Robert J. , Neaman Keith C. , Hill Brian , Bajnrauh Robert , Martin Matthew D. 
Published: March 2011

Background The tongue-lip adhesion has undergone several modifications in an attempt to reduce surgical complications and failure rates. Current techniques rely on the use of a button at the tongue base for suspension, which raises concerns about possible aspiration and interference with oral motor function and bottle-feeding. A new technique for tongue-lip adhesion is proposed that adds a tongue suspension to the standard surgical adhesion. Methods A total of 22 patients with Pierre Robin sequence who received a tongue-lip adhesion via a tongue suspension technique were reviewed. The surgical technique differs from the standard surgical approach by the use of a suture weave across the base of the tongue instead of a standard button to suspend the tongue anteriorly. Results Average age at the time of tongue-lip adhesion was 13.9 days, with a mean operative time of 88.8 minutes. A marked improvement in postoperative oxygenation was seen in the majority of patients. One dehiscence occurred secondary to a traumatic postoperative extubation, eventually requiring a tracheostomy for subglottic stenosis. Conclusion A technical innovation for performing a tongue-lip adhesion using a tongue suspension in conjunction with a standard transverse adhesion of the lip is described. The advantage of the tongue-lip adhesion with suspension includes immediate postoperative extubation, as well as removal of concerns regarding button aspiration and possible interference in early developmental oral motor function and bottle-feeding. This technique is reproducible, expanding the craniofacial surgeon's armamentarium for the management of difficult airways in Pierre Robin sequence.
Disparities in Cancer Care in Australia and the Pacific
Authors: Olver Ian , Marine Franca , Grogan Paul 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Disparities in cancer care across populations become apparent only when there is a cancer registry to record the cancer incidence and mortality statistics and data capture is comprehensive. In Australia, one of the obvious disparities is geography, with mortality in some cancers being worse with increasing remoteness. The reasons are not just poorer access to screening and treatment but lifestyle and occupational factors which encompass increased cancer risk factors compared with urban counterparts. There are also higher proportions of lower socioeconomic groups and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, both of which in addition to remoteness have poorer cancer outcomes. Indigenous Australians have a higher exposure to risk factors of smoking and obesity, live remotely, and have lower participation rates in screening and treatment than non–Indigenous Australians. Immigrants to Australia from diverse backgrounds have a lower incidence of the common cancers and a lower overall mortality. They have a different spectrum of cancers such as more liver cancer because of their exposure to hepatitis B. The Māori in New Zealand are well studied and display disparities in cancer outcomes similar to Indigenous Australians. There is less known of the Pacific Islanders, but they often have worse outcomes than Europeans living in the same environment, a greater exposure to risk factors, and the added problem of often needing to travel from the Pacific Islands to New Zealand for treatment. Poorer socioeconomic status is the other major factor associated with poorer outcomes in cancer treatment. Often, low socioeconomic status groups have lifestyles with higher levels of smoking and obesity, do not participate in screening as readily, and may not be able to afford unsubsidized treatments such as high-cost drugs.
Le modèle d'échanges commerciaux Mec 2
Authors: Mathis Jean , Régniez Jacques 
Published: March 2011

Le modèle d'échanges commerciaux,
par Jean Mathis et Jacques Régniez.
Mec 2 est un modèle du commerce extérieur de la France en six produits destiné à être utilisé dans le cadre de la préparation des budgets économiques. La modélisation du commerce extérieur des trois produits industriels (biens intermédiaires, biens d'équipement et biens de consommation) fait intervenir les capacités de production, les demandes (intérieures et extérieures) et des variables de prix relatifs. Les estimations conduisent à une très forte substituante entre la demande intérieure et le solde extérieur. Un milliard de plus de demande d'un produit se traduit par un déficit du commerce de ce même produit de, respectivement, 0,6, 0,8 et 0,5 milliard.
Le commerce extérieur en produits agricoles et des industries agroalimentaires est modélisé en solde (et non séparément en exportations et importations); celui-ci dépend de l'excédent de la production par rapport à la demande intérieure et de la plus ou moins grande utilisation des capacités de stockage existantes.
Différents effets variantiels sont présentés qui font ressortir, en particulier, la baisse d'efficacité de la dévaluation (en terme d'effets sur le solde en valeur) depuis la hausse du prix de l'énergie.
Réduction du temps de travail : une typologie du comportement des entreprises
Authors: Pépin Michel , Sardas Jean-Claude , Tonneau Dominique 
Published: March 2011

Reduction of work time : a categorization of businesses
and how they are dealing with it,
by Michel Pépin, Jean-Claude Sardas, Dominique Tonneau.
The article gives the highlights of a research study carried out in 1981 (before the legislation creating a 39-hour work week and a fifth week of vacation) on how businesses are handling the reduction of hours worked. Twenty firms were studied, a group with widely varied characteristics, care was taken to note especially the problems particular to these differences.
The study suggests a classification of five types of business, in terms of their behavior. This grouping is based upon the greater or lesser ability to maneuver, taking into account the possibility of internal reorganization and the situation of the business externally, in the market. It includes the following items, giving the main characteristics of the problem:
Growth: the reduction of work hours is used as a base of operations, but it assumes an expanding market which thus allows the length of time equipment is used to be increased.
Reorganization: the firm employs a rationalization of its organization which permits it to maintain production while limiting or putting a freeze on hiring.
Productivity: in an organization which remains unchanged structurally, the reduction of work time is compensated, as far as possible, by using existing productivity reserves.
Hiring : for reasons peculiar to each business, the creation of employment is more or less proportional to the reduction of work hours. This means higher sales prices due to additional costs.
Repercussion: a situation identical to the preceding one, but here one runs up against financial obstacles; there are two possible solutions: no hiring and thus limiting production, or hiring continues but with a backlash effect on market prices and the risk that segments of the market will be lost.
The study also accents the difficulties connected with the new forms of organization in the working world.