bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome P450 enzymes and the heart
Authors: Chaudhary Ketul R. , Batchu Sri Nagarjun , Seubert John M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system (CYP) is a multigene superfamily of heme‐thiolate enzymes, which are important in the metabolism of foreign and endogenous compounds. Genetic variations, drug interactions, or pathophysiological factors can lead to reduced, absent, or increased enzymatic activity. This altered CYP activity greatly influences an individual's response to therapeutic treatment. What is not known is the impact of these changes on the many functional roles of CYP in physiological and pathophysiological processes of the heart. Many extrahepatic tissues, like heart, contain active P450 enzymes but lack information regarding their role in cellular injury or homeostasis. Much of our current knowledge about cardiac CYP has been limited to studies investigating the role of fatty acid metabolites in heart. Traditional risk factors including diabetes, smoking, and hypertension have well established links to cardiovascular disease. And new evidence strongly suggests exposure to chemicals and other environmental agents has a profound impact on the cardiovascular system. These risk factors can independently affect the expression and activity of CYP enzymes. Therefore, altered CYP activity is important from a detoxification as well as a bioactivation perspective. Considering CYP, interactions are greatly dependent on inherited differences or acquired changes in enzyme activity further research into their potential impact on pathogenesis, risk assessment, and therapy of heart disease is warranted. This review explores the expression of CYP isoforms, their functional roles, and the effects of genetic variation in the heart. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(10): 954–960, 2009
Aquaporin‐1 activity of plasma membrane affects HT20 colon cancer cell migration
Authors: Jiang Yong 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecent studies revealed an important role of aquaporins (AQPs) in cell migration and migration‐associated cell function such as angiogenesis, wound healing, and neutrophil motility. Migration of tumor cells is a crucial step in tumor invasion and metastasis. In the present study, we investigated the expression of AQP1 in human HT20 colon cancer cells and characterized its function in cell migration. By reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunoblot analysis, expression of AQP1 was identified in HT20 cell lines. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated expression of AQP1 protein in the plasma membrane of HT20 cells. The recombinant adenovirus expressing human AQP1 increased the mRNA and protein expression of AQP1 in HT20 cells. In contrary, the RNA interference vector of AQP1 effectively inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of AQP1 in HT20 cells. Adenovirus‐mediated high expression of AQP1 in HT20 cells increased relative plasma membrane water permeability and migration rate in both wound healing and invasive transwell migration assays. In contrary, RNA interference vector‐mediated low expression of AQP1 in HT20 cells reduced relative plasma membrane water permeability and migration rate. AQP1 expression induced relocalization of actin protein and activation of RhoA and Rac. In nude mice, AQP1 increased extravasation of HT20 Cells in lung after tail vein injection. The results provided the direct evidence that aquaporin‐mediated plasma membrane water permeability plays an important role in colon cancer cell migration and may be associated with colon cancer invasion and metastasis. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(10): 1001–1009, 2009
Molecular biology of KATP channels and implications for health and disease
Authors: Alejandro Akrouh , S. Eliza Halcomb , Colin G. Nichols , Monica Sala‐Rabanal 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe ATP‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channel is expressed in most excitable tissues and plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes by coupling intracellular energetics to electrical activity. The channel is comprised of four Kir6.x subunits associated with four regulatory sulfonylurea receptors (SUR). Intracellular ATP acts on Kir6.x to inhibit channel activity, while MgADP stimulates channel activity through SUR. Changes in the cytosolic [ATP] to [ADP] ratio thus determine channel activity. Multiple mutations in Kir6.x and SUR genes have implicated KATP channels in various diseases ranging from diabetes and hyperinsulinism to cardiac arrhythmias and cardiovascular disease. Continuing studies of channel physiology and pathology will bring new insights to the molecular basis of KATP channel function, leading to a better understanding of the role that KATP channels play in both health and disease. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(10): 971–978, 2009
The potential of biophotonic techniques in stem cell tracking and monitoring of tissue regeneration applied to cardiac stem cell therapy
Authors: Wilson Brian C. , Vitkin I. Alex , Matthews Dennis L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe use of injected stem cells, leading to regeneration of ischemic heart tissue, for example, following coronary artery occlusion, has emerged as a major new option for managing ‘heart attack’ patients. While some clinical trials have been encouraging, there have also been failures and there is little understanding of the multiplicity of factors that lead to the outcome. In this overview paper, the opportunities and challenges in applying biophotonic techniques to regenerative medicine, exemplified by the challenge of stem cell therapy of ischemic heart disease, are considered. The focus is on optical imaging to track stem cell distribution and fate, and optical spectroscopies and/or imaging to monitor the structural remodeling of the tissue and the resulting functional changes. The scientific, technological, and logistics issues involved in moving some of these techniques from pre‐clinical research mode ultimately into the clinic are also highlighted. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Introduction: The policy trajectory of fair trade
Authors: Fisher Eleanor 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper provides a selective review of literature on fair trade and introduces contributions to this Policy Arena. It focuses on policy practice as a dynamic process, highlighting the changing configurations of actors, policy spaces, knowledge, practices and commodities that are shaping the policy trajectory of fair trade. It highlights how recent literature has tackled questions of mainstreaming as part of this trajectory, bringing to the fore dimensions of change associated with the market, state and civil society. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhomogeneity of rat vertebrae trabecular architecture by high‐field 3D μ‐magnetic resonance imaging and variable threshold image segmentation
Authors: Palombarini Marcella , Gombia Mirko , Fantazzini Paola , Giardino Roberto , Giavaresi Gianluca , Parrilli Annapaola , Vittur Franco , Guillot Genevieve 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurposeTo analyze the 3D microarchitecture of rat lumbar vertebrae by micro‐magnetic resonance imaging (μ‐MRI).Materials and Methodsμ‐MR images (20 × 20 × 20 μm3 apparent voxel size) were acquired with a three‐dimensional spin‐echo pulse sequence on four lumbar vertebrae of two rats. Apparent microarchitectural parameters like trabecular bone fraction (BV/TV), specific bone surface (BS/TV), mean intercept length (MIL), and Euler number per unit volume (Euler density, EV) were calculated using a novel semiquantitative variable threshold segmentation technique. The threshold value T* was obtained as a point of minimum or maximum of the function EV = EV(T).ResultsQuantitative 3D analysis of μ‐MRI images revealed a higher connectivity in the peripheral regions (EV = −570 ± 70 mm−3) than in the central regions (EV = −130 ± 50 mm−3) of the analyzed rat lumbar vertebrae. Smaller intertrabecular cavities and larger bone volume fractions were observed in peripheral regions as compared to central ones (MIL = 0.18 ± 0.01 mm and 0.26 ± 0.01 mm; BV/TV = 34 ± 3% and 29 ± 3%, respectively). The quantitative 3D study of MIL showed a structural anisotropy of the trabeculae along the longitudinal axis seen on the images. The inhomogeneity of the bone architecture was validated by micro‐computed tomography (μ‐CT) images at the same spatial resolution.Conclusion3D high‐field μ‐MRI is a suitable technique for the assessment of bone quality in experimental animal models. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:825–833. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative multivoxel proton spectroscopy of the brain in developmental delay
Authors: Verbruggen Krijn T. , Maurits Natasha M. , Meiners Linda C. , Brouwer Oebele F. , van Spronsen Francjan J. , Sijens Paul E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurposeTo assess whether proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in children with developmental delay reveals a consistent pattern of abnormalities.Materials and MethodsEighty‐eight patients (median age, 4.6 years; interquartile range, 3.1–8.1 years) with unexplained developmental delay, were compared with 48 normally developing age‐matched controls. Patients and controls were assigned to five age‐groups. Multivoxel MR spectroscopy was performed on a volume of interest superior to the lateral ventricles. The relative levels of choline, creatine, N‐acetyl aspartate, and glutamate/glutamine in 24 voxels containing white matter and 12 voxels containing gray matter were quantified in an operator‐independent manner and expressed in proportion to the total metabolite peak area in the volume of interest.ResultsWhite matter choline in DD showed less decrease with age. Mean choline levels, compared with mean control levels, increased from 99 to 111% with increasing age. This was statistically significant in the highest age groups (P = 0.015 [7 < yr ≤ 12.8] and P = 0.039 [12.8 < yr]). Other metabolites did not show clear alterations.ConclusionProton MR spectroscopy in a group of patients with unexplained DD shows small differences in the metabolite pattern, compared with normally developing controls, that is, higher choline in the white matter. The pathophysiological origin and significance may relate to myelination and maturation of the white matter. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:716–721. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dilution method of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd‐EOB‐DTPA)‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Authors: Motosugi Utaroh , Ichikawa Tomoaki , Sou Hironobu , Sano Katsuhiro , Ichikawa Shintaro , Tominaga Licht , Araki Tsutomu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurposeTo elucidate whether a contrast agent dilution method (dilution method), in which gadoxetate disodium (Gd‐EOB‐DTPA) is diluted with saline, is useful for good‐quality arterial‐phase images.Materials and MethodsIn this study we observed 494 hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in 327 patients with chronic liver disease. Three Gd‐EOB‐DTPA injection methods were adopted for comparison: 1) test injection method (undiluted Gd‐EOB‐DTPA and modified scan delay), in which a test dose of 0.5 mL of Gd‐EOB‐DTPA was injected to determine scan delay; 2) conventional method (undiluted Gd‐EOB‐DTPA and fixed scan delay); and (3) dilution method (diluted Gd‐EOB‐DTPA and fixed scan delay), in which Gd‐EOB‐DTPA was diluted to 20 mL with saline. Lesion‐liver contrast was calculated. Image quality and lesion detectability were evaluated by two radiologists blinded to the injection methods.ResultsThe lesion‐liver contrast of the dilution method was significantly higher than that of the other two methods. Lesion detectability of the conventional method (64%) was significantly lower than that of the other two methods (contrast agent dilution method, 95%; test injection method, 93%). The image quality of the contrast agent dilution method was significantly better than that of the other two methods.ConclusionThe dilution method contributed to improved image quality, high lesion‐liver contrast, and high lesion detectability in the arterial‐phase images of GD‐EOB‐DTPA‐enhanced MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:849–854. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo DTI assessment of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in an experimental rat model
Authors: Cheung Jerry S. , Fan Shu Juan , Chow April M. , Hui Edward S. , Wu Ed X. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurposeTo investigate hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).Materials and MethodsTen Sprague‐Dawley rats were scanned at 7 Tesla (T) with DTI using b‐value of 1000 s/mm2 and 6 gradient directions before, 2 h, and 1 day after 30‐min total hepatic IRI. Apparent diffusion coefficient or mean diffusivity (MD), directional diffusivities and fractional anisotropy (FA) were measured. Seven of the animals were also examined with spin‐echo echo‐planar diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) with seven b‐values up to 2000 s/mm2 to estimate the true diffusion coefficient (D), blood pseudodiffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) using a bi‐compartmental model.ResultsMD 2 h after IRI (0.77 ± 0.07 × 10−3 mm2/s) was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that before (1.03 ± 0.07 × 10−3 mm2/s) and 1 day after IRI (1.01 ± 0.05 × 10−3 mm2/s). Meanwhile, FA 2 h after IRI (0.33 ± 0.03) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that before (0.21 ± 0.02) and 1 day after IRI (0.20 ± 0.02). The bi‐compartmental model analysis revealed the transient decrease in D, D* and f 2 h after IRI. Liver histology showed the multifocal cell swelling 3 h after IRI and widespread cell necrosis/apoptosis 1 day after IRI. Sinusoidal narrowing and congestion of erythrocytes were also observed 3 h and 1 day after IRI.ConclusionDTI can characterize hepatic IRI by detecting the transient change in both MD and FA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:890–895. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Raman spectra of a pseudo‐oxocarbon anion in ionic liquids
Authors: Garcia Humberto C. , de Oliveira Luiz F. C. , Ribeiro Mauro C. C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRaman and electronic spectra of the [3,5‐bis(dicyanomethylene)cyclopentane‐1,2,4‐trionate] dianion, the croconate violet (CV), are reported in solutions of ionic liquids based on imidazolium cations. Different normal modes of the CV anion, ν (CO), ν (CO) + ν (CC) + ν (CCN), and ν(C≡N), were used as probes of solvation characteristics of ionic liquids, and were compared with spectra of CV in common solvents. The spectra of CV in ionic liquids are similar to those in dichloromethane solution, but distinct from those in protic solvents such as ethanol or water. The UV–vis spectra of CV in ionic liquids strongly suggest π–π interactions between the CV anion and the imidazolium cation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of organic fertilisers and irrigation level on physical and chemical quality of industrial tomato fruit (cv. Nautilus)
Authors: Madrid Ramón , Barba Eva Maria , Sánchez Antonio , García Antonio Lino 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The objective of this work was to study the influence of irrigation and organic fertilisation on quality attributes of tomato fruit (cv. Nautilus) grown for the canning industry. The assay was carried out during two consecutive years (2006 and 2007) in agricultural soil. Nine treatments resulting from the combination of three fertilisation types (sheep manure, a mixture of sheep manure and peat and an inorganic fertiliser (control)) with three levels of drip irrigation (3.30, 5.00 and 6.70 mm day−1) under black polyethylene mulch were applied (n = 3).RESULTS: For the chromatic attributes L*, H*, C* and S* the highest values corresponded to the treatments with organic matter. However, the a*/b* ratio and colour index value were higher for the control treatment. In all cases the estimated optimal ripening time was the same, and on this date a decline in the ratios was observed. The values of the physical properties increased with increasing irrigation, higher values always being obtained in the treatments with organic fertilisers. The highest production for all irrigation levels corresponded to the treatment with mixed sheep manure and peat fertiliser.CONCLUSION: Cultivation involving fertilisation with the manure/peat mixture and an irrigation level slightly above 5.00 mm day−1 can be recommended as optimal, since it gave the most satisfactory values with respect to the quality attributes of tomato fruit grown for the canning industry. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Long-term management after liver transplantation: Primary care physician versus hepatologist
Authors: Heller Christie J. , Prochazka Allan V. , Everson Gregory T. , Forman Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

As long-term survival after liver transplantation increases, metabolic complications are becoming increasingly prevalent. Given concerns about which group of providers should be managing liver recipients and how well metabolic complications are managed, we administered a postal survey to 280 transplant hepatologists to determine attitudes, perceptions, and practice patterns in the management of metabolic complications after transplantation. The response rate was 68.2%. There was great variation in patterns of practice across the United States with respect to the number of posttransplant clinics, clinic format, and number of recipients cared for per week. Hepatologists, primary care physicians (PCPs), and surgeons were primarily responsible for the overall care of liver recipients 1 year or more after liver transplantation according to 66%, 24%, and 8% of respondents, respectively. Hepatologists felt that metabolic complications were common, but few strongly agreed that hypertension (33.3%), chronic renal insufficiency (3.8%), diabetes mellitus (8.8%), dyslipidemia (11.1%), and bone disease (12.8%) were well controlled. The majority of hepatologists indicated that ideally PCPs should be managing recipients' hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and bone disease (78.8%, 63.1%, 78.3%, and 72.5%), but they felt that in actuality, PCPs were managing these conditions less frequently (45.4%, 51.4%, 44.6%, and 38%). In conclusion, metabolic complications are perceived to be common but not well controlled post-transplant, and most hepatologists feel that PCPs should take a more active role in the management of these complications. Future studies are needed to identify barriers to care in the treatment of metabolic complications post-transplant with the goal of improving long-term morbidity and mortality. Liver Transpl 15:1330–1335, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Conversion from a calcineurin inhibitor to everolimus therapy in maintenance liver transplant recipients: A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial
Authors: De Simone Paolo , Metselaar Herold J. , Fischer Lutz , Dumortier Jérôme , Boudjema Karim , Hardwigsen Jean , Rostaing Lionel , De Carlis Luciano , Saliba Faouzi , Nevens Frederik 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) contribute to renal dysfunction following liver transplantation. This prospective, randomized, multicenter, 6-month study (with an additional 6 months of follow-up) evaluated whether everolimus with CNI reduction or discontinuation would improve renal function in maintenance liver transplant recipients experiencing CNI-related renal impairment. Patients started everolimus therapy with CNI reduction or discontinuation (n = 72) or continued receiving standard-exposure CNI (n = 73). At month 6, 80% of the patients who had converted to everolimus had discontinued the CNI. The mean change in creatinine clearance (CrCl) from baseline to month 6 was similar between groups (everolimus, 1.0 ± 10.2 mL/minute; controls, 2.3 ± 7.8 mL/minute; P = 0.46), so the primary study endpoint (8 mL/minute difference in the change in CrCl) was not achieved. Among patients who continued everolimus according to the protocol, the mean increase in CrCl was 2.1 (n = 53) and 3.8 mL/minute (n = 38) at months 6 and 12, respectively, versus 2.4 (n = 68) and 3.5 mL/minute in controls (n = 51). The high frequency of CNI dose reductions in controls (77% of the patients) and the relatively long mean time post-transplant (>3 years) likely contributed to the small difference in CrCl. Biopsy-proven acute rejection occurred in 1.4% of the patients in each group, with no graft losses. Study drug discontinuation was higher in everolimus-treated patients, and adverse events were more frequent. These data demonstrate that everolimus allows for discontinuation or a major reduction of CNI exposure in liver allograft recipients suffering CNI-related renal dysfunction without a loss of efficacy. Trials targeting earlier conversion post-transplantation are required to confirm the efficacy and safety of everolimus for improving renal function after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:1262–1269, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Recipient age affects long-term outcome and hepatitis C recurrence in old donor livers following transplantation
Authors: Selzner Markus , Kashfi Arash , Selzner Nazia , McCluskey Stuart , Greig Paul D. , Cattral Mark S. , Levy Gary A. , Lilly Les , Renner Eberhard L. , Therapondos George , Adcock Lesley E. , Grant David R. , McGilvray Ian D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

We studied the role of donor and recipient age in transplantation/ischemia-reperfusion injury (TIRI) and short- and long-term graft and patient survival. Eight hundred twenty-two patients underwent deceased donor liver transplantation, with 197 donors being ≥60 years old. We evaluated markers of reperfusion injury, graft function, and clinical outcomes as well as short- and long-term graft and patient survival. Increased donor age was associated with more severe TIRI and decreased 3- and 5-year graft survival (73% versus 85% and 72% versus 81%, P < 0.001) and patient survival (77% versus 88% and 77% versus 82%, P < 0.003). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and recipient age were the only independent risk factors for graft and patient survival in patients receiving an older graft. In the HCV(+) cohort (297 patients), patients ≥ 50 years old who were transplanted with an older graft versus a younger graft had significantly decreased 3- and 5-year graft survival (68% versus 83% and 64% versus 83%, P < 0.009). In contrast, HCV(+) patients < 50 years old had similar 3- and 5-year graft survival if transplanted with either a young graft or an old graft (81% versus 82% and 81% versus 82%, P = 0.9). In conclusion, recipient age and HCV status affect the graft and patient survival of older livers. Combining older grafts with older recipients should be avoided, particularly in HCV(+) patients, whereas the effects of donor age can be minimized in younger recipients. Liver Transpl 15:1288–1295, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
The use of preoperative nutritional interventions to protect against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury
Authors: van Ginhoven Tessa M. , Mitchell James R. , Verweij Marielle , Hoeijmakers Jan H. J. , Ijzermans Jan N. M. , de Bruin Ron W. F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Preoperative fasting was introduced in the 19th century to reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia while patients were under general anesthesia. During the last decades, the value of preoperative fasting has been questioned, and more liberal guidelines have been proposed, such as the use of preoperative carbohydrate-rich drinks. Here we review both old and new evidence supporting the view that fasting slightly longer than overnight is beneficial for an entirely different purpose: protection against certain types of stress, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury. We provide a framework to explain these benefits as well as future applications and alternatives that could be used to induce the protection afforded by nutritional interventions. Liver Transpl 15:1183–1191, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.