bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological optimization for hybrid proton-photon radiotherapy
Authors: Li Wangyao , Lin Yuting , Li Harold H , Shen Xinglei , Chen Ronald C , Gao Hao 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective. Hybrid proton-photon radiotherapy (RT) is a cancer treatment option to broaden access to proton RT. Additionally, with a refined treatment planning method, hybrid RT has the potential to offer superior plan quality compared to proton-only or photon-only RT, particularly in terms of target coverage and sparing organs-at-risk (OARs), when considering robustness to setup and range uncertainties. However, there is a concern regarding the underestimation of the biological effect of protons on OARs, especially those in close proximity to targets. This study seeks to develop a hybrid treatment planning method with biological dose optimization, suitable for clinical implementation on existing proton and photon machines, with each photon or proton treatment fraction delivering a uniform target dose. Approach. The proposed hybrid biological dose optimization method optimized proton and photon plan variables, along with the number of fractions for each modality, minimizing biological dose to the OARs and surrounding normal tissues. To mitigate underestimation of hot biological dose spots, proton biological dose was minimized within a ring structure surrounding the target. Hybrid plans were designed to be deliverable separately and robustly on existing proton and photon machines, with enforced uniform target dose constraints for the proton and photon fraction doses. A probabilistic formulation was utilized for robust optimization of setup and range uncertainties for protons and photons. The nonconvex optimization problem, arising from minimum monitor unit constraint and dose-volume histogram constraints, was solved using an iterative convex relaxation method. Main results. Hybrid planning with biological dose optimization effectively eliminated hot spots of biological dose, particularly in normal tissues surrounding the target, outperforming proton-only planning. It also provided superior overall plan quality and OAR sparing compared to proton-only or photon-only planning strategies. Significance. This study presents a novel hybrid biological treatment planning method capable of generating plans with reduced biological hot spots, superior plan quality to proton-only or photon-only plans, and clinical deliverability on existing proton and photon machines, separately and robustly.
Design and characterisation of a minibeam collimator utilising Monte Carlo simulation and a clinical linear accelerator
Authors: Carver Antony , Baker Sam , Dumbill Andrew , Horton Steven , Green Stuart 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective. Spatially fractionated radiotherapy is showing promise as a treatment modality. Initial focus was on beams of photons at low energy produced from a synchrotron but more recently research has expanded to include applications in proton therapy. Interest in photon beams remains and this is the focus of this paper Approach. This study presents a 3D printed tungsten minibeam collimator intended to produce peak-to-valley dose ratios (PVDR) of between seven and ten with a 1 MV, bremsstrahlung generated, photon beam. The design of the collimator is motivated by a Monte Carlo study estimating the PVDR for different collimator designs at different energies. This collimator was characterised on a clinical linear accelerator (Elekta VersaHD) as well as an orthovoltage unit. Main results. The performance of the fabricated collimator was measured on Elekta VersaHD running in unflattened mode with a 6 MV beam. On the Elekta VersaHD units the PVDR was measured to be between approximately 1.5 and 2.0 at 3 cm deep. For measurements with the orthovoltage unit PVDRs of greater than 10 were observed at a depth of 4 cm. Significance. The results confirmed that the predictions from simulation could be reproduced on linear accelerators currently in clinical usage, producing PVDRs between 2–2.5. Using the model to predict PVDRs using 1 MV photon beams, the threshold considered to produce enhanced normal tissue dose tolerance (

>

7) was surpassed. This suggests the possibility of using such techniques with versions of existing Linac technology which have been modified to operate at low energy and high beam currents.
Effect of dual dispersion of carbon fiber and silica nanoparticles on recovery performance of shape memory epoxy
Authors: Yadav Avadesh , Das Sreetam , Badardinni Rushikethu , Kumar Satish , Kumar Abhishek 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Shape memory polymers are utilized in diverse fields, including deployable structures and components, owing to their advantageous properties like low density, cost-effectiveness, and ease of processing. The current study investigates the effect of dual dispersion of carbon fibers (CF) and silica nanoparticles (SN) on the recovery performance of shape memory epoxy composites. CF (0.25 wt.%) reinforced epoxy composite, SN (0.25 wt.%) reinforced epoxy composite, and dual (CF and SN 0.25 wt.% each) dispersed epoxy composite were developed using magnetic stirring and ultrasonic mixing to study the mechanical properties and shape memory behaviour. Flexural strength, tensile strength and fracture toughness of pristine epoxy was found to be 134.38, 52.15 MPa and 1.91 MPa∙m1/2, respectively. The addition of CF resulted in a flexural strength of 135.70 MPa and a tensile strength of 53.01 MPa, while the incorporation of SN led to a flexural and tensile strength of 138.40 and 53.69 MPa, respectively. The fracture toughness of composites after adding CF and SN was found to be 2.22 and 2.39 MPa∙m1/2, respectively. With dual dispersion, the flexural strength of 139.82 MPa, tensile strength of 54.64 MPa, and fracture toughness of 2.75 MPa∙m1/2 were achieved. Dual dispersion has shown improved mechanical properties compared to single dispersion. The introduction of CF slightly decreased the shape fixity ratio (Rf
) and shape recovery ratio (Rr
) of the pristine epoxy from 98.67% and 96.62% to 96.67% and 95.15%, respectively. Similarly, the addition of SN further reduced these ratios to 98.00% and 91.83%, respectively. With a dual dispersion approach Rf
and Rr
were observed to be about 97.33% and 93.83%, respectively. The addition of fillers led to a reduction in Rf
and Rr
due to inhibition of polymeric chains, resulting in partial shape recovery. However, recovery time improved from 28 to 23 and 26 s with addition of CF and SN, respectively, in epoxy. With dual dispersion, a speedy recovery was achieved with a recovery time of 21 s. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of dual dispersed fillers to improve the mechanical and shape memory properties of epoxy, which could find applications in the smart materials and structural engineering.
Development of novel magnetorheological dampers with low-speed sensitivity for flying car suspensions
Authors: Jiang Lan , Gong Xinglong , Hu Tao , Pan Liyan , Gong Ning , Sun Shuaishuai 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As urban traffic environments continue to grow in complexity, there is an urgent need for a versatile mode of transportation that seamlessly transitions between terrestrial and aerial mobility. In conventional magnetorheological damper (CMRD), the magnetorheological fluid flowing through the narrow annular gap between the piston and cylinder in CMRD results in a damping force directly proportional to velocity. As velocity increases, the damping force rises sharply, posing a significant risk to the vehicle’s mechanical structure and passenger safety. This velocity sensitivity restricts their applications primarily to standard commercial vehicle suspension systems. They face significant challenges when it comes to high-speed impact scenarios. To overcome this limitation, enhance the shock-absorbing capacity of flying cars, ensure passenger safety, and improve passenger comfort during the landing phase, this study introduces a novel magnetorheological damper (NMRD) with unique internal channel structure embedded in a circular permanent magnet. In road travel mode, NMRD maintains a wide dynamic range. During high-speed impact landing, when the impact force exceeds the threshold, the pressure relief channel opens, effectively reducing the peak impact force. This feature greatly expands the application range of magnetorheological dampers. The researches included simulations of the electromagnetic induction phenomenon within the piston, The pressure relief damping force inside the NMRD valve was accurately measured by using material testing system, the peak force and peak acceleration experienced by the two dampers during impact were tested using a dedicated drop hammer apparatus. These tests demonstrate that the NMRD exhibits superior impact resistance performance compared to CMRD. This highlights the promising potential for the NMRD’s application within the suspension systems of flying cars.
Duality between the quantum inverted harmonic oscillator and inverse square potentials
Authors: Sundaram Sriram , Burgess C P , O’Dell D H J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this paper we show how the quantum mechanics of the inverted harmonic oscillator (IHO) can be mapped to the quantum mechanics of a particle in a super-critical inverse square potential (ISP). We demonstrate this by relating both of these systems to the Berry–Keating system with Hamiltonian

H
=
(
x
p
+
p
x
)

/

2

. It has long been appreciated that the quantum mechanics of the ISP has an ambiguity in choosing a boundary condition near the origin and we show how this ambiguity is mapped to the IHO system. Imposing a boundary condition requires specifying a distance scale where it is applied and changes to this scale come with a renormalisation group (RG) evolution of the boundary condition that ensures observables do not directly depend on the scale (which is arbitrary). Physical scales instead emerge as RG invariants of this evolution. The RG flow for the ISP is known to follow limit cycles describing the discrete breaking of classical scale invariance in a simple example of a quantum anomaly, and we find that limit cycles also occur for the IHO. However, unlike the ISP where the continuous scaling symmetry is explicit, in the case of the IHO it is hidden and occurs because the Hamiltonian is part of a larger su(1,1) spectrum generating algebra. Our map does not require the boundary condition to be self-adjoint, as can be appropriate for systems that involve the absorption or emission of particles.
Electronic states in quantum wires on a Möbius strip
Authors: Pinto J J L R , Silva J E G , Almeida C A S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We study the properties of a two dimensional non-relativistic electron gas (TDEG) constrained on wires along a Möbius strip. We considered wires around the strip and along the transverse direction, across the width of the strip. For each direction, we investigate how the curvature modifies the electronic states and their corresponding energy spectrum. At the center of the strip, the wires around the surface form quantum rings whose spectrum depends on the strip radius a. For wires at the edge of the strip, the inner edge turns into the outer edge. Accordingly, the curvature yields localized states in the middle of the wire. Along the strip width, the effective potential exhibits a parity symmetry breaking leading to the localization of the bound state on one side of the strip.
Gas concentration and refractive index sensor based on plasmonic induced absorption in metal-insulator-metal waveguide coupled with arc resonators structure
Authors: Tang Xueyun , Li Yuchang , Chen Fang , Yang Wenxing 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the plasmonic induced absorption (PIA) effect is numerically studied in a plasmonic metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide coupled with disk and arc-shaped resonators. The PIA spectrum characteristics and magnetic field distributions are investigated by the Finite difference-time domain method (FDTD) method, the PIA effect originated from the coupling of two resonance modes excited by the disk resonator and the arc-shaped resonator. The coupling mode theory (CMT) is used to fit the PIA transmission spectrum, and the calculated result fits well with the simulated spectrum. A double PIA spectrum can be observed by introducing another arc-shaped resonator both on the same or the opposite side. Three different structures are designed to achieve the PIA effect, and we found the PIA response can be easily tuned by altering the structure’s parameters. Three structures are designed and compared, the PIA spectra exhibit high refractive index (RI) sensing with maximum sensitivity of

867.2

nm

RIU

−
1

.

Besides, the proposed structure can also be used as a gas concentration (GC) sensor when the polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is introduced, a maximum sensitivity of 142.1 pm/ppm is achieved for the proposed structure II, the maximum figure of merit (FOM) and Q value are 57.8 and 65.9, respectively. Therefore, the results represented in this paper will be beneficial in the fields of high-performance refractive index and gas sensors.
Light fields during inflation from BOSS and future galaxy surveys
Authors: Green Daniel , Guo Yi , Han Jiashu , Wallisch Benjamin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Primordial non-Gaussianity generated by additional fields present during inflation offers a compelling observational target for galaxy surveys. These fields are of significant theoretical interest since they offer a window into particle physics in the inflaton sector. They also violate the single-field consistency conditions and induce a scale-dependent bias in the galaxy power spectrum. In this paper, we explore this particular signal for light scalar fields and study the prospects for measuring it with galaxy surveys. We find that the sensitivities of current and future surveys are remarkably stable for different configurations, including between spectroscopic and photometric redshift measurements. This is even the case at non-zero masses where the signal is not obviously localized on large scales. For realistic galaxy number densities, we demonstrate that the redshift range and galaxy bias of the sample have the largest impact on the sensitivity in the power spectrum. These results additionally motivated us to explore the potentially enhanced sensitivity of Vera Rubin Observatory's LSST through multi-tracer analyses. Finally, we apply this understanding to current data from the last data release of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS DR12) and place new constraints on light fields coupled to the inflaton.
Decoupling of peeling and ballooning thresholds for pedestal stability and reduction in ELM frequency via enhanced turbulence with edge electron cyclotron heating in DIII-D
Authors: Banerjee Santanu , Barada K. , Chrystal C. , Groebner R. , Mordijck S. , Odstrčil T. , Osborne T. , Rhodes T.L. , Scotti F. , Yan Z. , Zeng L. , Damba J. , Laggner F. , Haskey S. , Grierson B. , Chen J. , Saarelma S. , Pankin A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The edge localized mode (ELM) frequency (f
ELM) decreased by 63% when electron cyclotron heating (ECH) deposition location is shifted from ρ = 0.4 to ρ = 0.8 in DIII-D discharges where the power ratio between neutral beam injection (NBI) and ECH (P
NBI/P
ECH) is kept at ∼1. The performance of the pedestal in the ECH heated case is compared with a pure NBI reference discharge while keeping the total input power constant. All these discharges are performed at balanced input torque conditions. Furthermore, in the pure NBI discharge a strong decoupling of the peeling–ballooning (PB) thresholds is observed. The PB decoupling is preserved when the ECH is deposited at ρ = 0.8 and P
NBI/P
ECH ∼ 1, while the thresholds manifest a closed stability boundary when the ECH is deposited at ρ = 0.4. The inter-ELM pedestal recovery time is considerably larger for the ECH at ρ = 0.8 case. Increased pedestal turbulence is observed in beam emission spectroscopy (BES), Doppler backscattering and magnetic diagnostics for the ECH at the ρ = 0.8 case. Strong growth of a TEM-like mode is observed in BES and the mode growth is correlated with the decrease in f
ELM. In view of these observations, the increased pedestal turbulence seems to be the plausible reason behind the delayed pedestal recovery following an ELM event in the ECH at ρ = 0.8 case, and the preservation of PB decoupling through temperature pedestal profile widening. TRANSP interpretative simulations show that the ECH at the ρ = 0.8 case is more susceptible to ITG/TEM turbulence.
Active control of Alfvén eigenmodes by external magnetic perturbations with different spatial spectra
Authors: Gonzalez-Martin J. , Garcia-Munoz M. , Galdon-Quiroga J. , Todo Y. , Dominguez-Palacios J. , Dunne M. , Jansen Van Vuuren A. , Liu Y.Q. , Sanchis-Sanchez L. , Spong D. , Suttrop W. , Wang X. , Willensdorfer M. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team,   the MST1 Teams
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Alfvén eigenmodes have been suppressed and excited in tokamak plasmas by (just) modifying the poloidal spectra of externally applied static magnetic perturbations. This effect is observed experimentally when toroidal spectra of n = 2, n = 4 as well as a mixed spectrum of n = 2 and n = 4 is applied. Under the n = 2 magnetic perturbations, the modes are excited or suppressed by modifying the coil phasing between the upper and the lower set of coils. Regardless of the absolute rotation, an even parity for the n = 4 perturbation is observed to reduce the amplitude of the Alfvénic instabilities, while an odd parity amplifies it. To combine the stabilizing (and destabilizing) effect of n = 2 and n = 4, a mixed spectrum is applied, finding similar reduction (and amplification) trends. However, the impact on the mode amplitude is more subtle, due to the reduced coil current required for a mixed spectrum. The signal level on the fast-ion loss detector is sensitive to the applied poloidal spectrum, which is consistent with Hamiltonian full-orbit modelling of an edge resonant transport layer activated by the 3D perturbative fields. An internal redistribution of the fast-ion population is induced, modifying the phase-space gradients driving the Alfvénic instabilities, and ultimately determining their existence. The calculated edge resonant layers for both n = 2 and n = 4 toroidal spectra are consistent with the observed suppressed and excited phases. Moreover, hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations reveal that this edge resonant transport layer overlaps in phase-space with the population responsible for the fast-ion drive. The results presented here may help to control fast-ion driven Alfvénic instabilities in future burning plasmas with a significant fusion born alpha particle population.
SAR Image Fusion Classification Based on Improved D-S Evidence Theory
Authors: Liang Jialu , Fang Hui , Zhang Xinggan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Applications for classifying Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are critical to environmental monitoring, urban planning, and land resource surveying. Fusion approaches work well for increasing SAR image categorization accuracy. However, effective processing of uncertainty information is frequently overlooked by conventional fusion classification systems. This paper presented a fusion classification approach for SAR images based on improved Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory, taking into account the uncertainty and possible conflicts in the classifiers’ output. First, after adaptively identifying the optimal hyperparameters of models, the SAR data is identified using Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Random Forest (RF). Different weights are then allocated in accordance with the variations in classifier performance. Ultimately, enhanced D-S evidence theory is used to integrate the output of these classifiers. In addition, uncertainty in classification results is also modeled and visualized. Experiments with Flevoland and Oberpfaffenhofen datasets show that the accuracy of this method is 85.21% and 91.88% respectively, outperforming both the soft voting ensemble classifier (SVE) and D-S evidence theory fusion method. This approach enhances the comprehension and capacity to manage uncertainty in the model output in addition to increasing the accuracy and reliability of the classification of SAR data.
A Digital Animation Generation Model Based on Cycle Adversarial Neural Network
Authors: Xu Juan , Xu Lijun , Zhang Kai , Yang Qing 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes a digital animation generation model based on Cycle Adversarial Neural Network (CycleGAN). Compared with the classical CycleGAN, this research presents a multi-attention approach to enhance the network’s generalization. Specifically, a style enhancement module and a style cross-attention mechanism are introduced into the generator network structure, which enables the model to better parse the structural information of the content image and realize the accurate matching of content features and style features. Furthermore, the introduction of a multi-scale discriminator with a fused attention mechanism enhances the preservation of content information from the source image in the output animated image. The experiments conducted in this study demonstrate that the model proposed in this paper exhibits superior performance in generating digital animation. This model not only enhances the realism and variety of the generated effects, but also achieves significant improvements in the coherence and stability of long time-series animation. The contribution of this paper lies in the introduction of the multi-attention mechanism, which enhances the generalization of the network and is of great theoretical and practical significance for the development of the field of digital animation generation.
Boosting Performance on 3D Object Detection with a Plug-in Discrimination Module
Authors: Yang Yi , Zhang Zhang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Around-view multi-camera 3D object detection in BEV (Bird’s-Eye-View) space has been a research focus over the past few years. As a typical supervised training task, many researchers promote this area with different task-specific key designs, such as exploiting temporal information and correspondence of perspective image plane and BEV space. Most of these works follow the DETR detection framework, yet the nature of learnable queries in DETR, the encodings of objects’ center and bounding box information, have not been discussed in previous studies. In this paper, we take advantage of this prior and further extend it to 3D detection tasks. In 3D object detection, the ground-truth bounding boxes are hardly overlapping. Therefore, the queries should be more diverse under this hypothesis. To achieve this goal, we propose a Plug-in Discrimination Module (PDM) to discriminate learnable queries from all the other queries with a discrimination loss to ensure the diversity of queries. The PDM is a simple train-time-only module. It contains a query projection head to project all the object queries into a common latent space. In the latent space, the discrimination loss is conducted on all the queries. Experimental results show that this design can directly improve the 3D detector’s performance without modifying the detector’s architecture and adding extra inference costs. The NDS improvement on the nuScenes dataset is up to a maximum of 1.62% in the 8th training epoch and remains an average 0.64% improvement in the following epochs, compared with the baseline model.