bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mediating haptic exploratory strategies in children who have visual impairment and intellectual disabilities
Authors: McLinden M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article provides a synthesis of literature pertaining to the development of haptic exploratory strategies in children who have visual impairment and intellectual disabilities. The information received through such strategies assumes particular significance for these children, given the restricted information available through their visual modality, often in combination with additional sensory and/or physical impairments. The literature reviewed from early child development highlights the importance of independent activity in the development of exploratory strategies, as well as the pivotal role of vision in ‘mediating’ information received through the haptic modality. In translating these findings to children who have visual impairment and intellectual disabilities, the role of the child's learning partner assumes greater significance in ensuring that haptic information is appropriately ‘mediated’ to meet the child's individual needs. The implications for developing appropriate developmentally paced intervention approaches are considered. A framework is outlined that seeks to account for the role of the child's adult partner in mediating haptic learning experiences to ensure they are appropriately structured and progressive.
Does Individual Placement and Support really ‘reflect client goals’?
Authors: ESSEN C. 
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary
Some people and organizations in the UK claim that most unemployed mental health service users want to work and that working will improve their mental health. They use an estimate of up to 90% of service users wanting to work in justifying vocational support services which solely support clients with finding and keeping a regular paid job. This kind of approach is called Individual Placement and Support, or IPS.
Research shows that just because someone says they want to work it does not follow that their goal is a regular paid job. Only about 15% of people who use community mental health services provided by the National Health Service actually seem to want help finding this sort of work.
Saying that up to 90% of service users want work is possibly a useful way to persuade people that IPS is the best way forward. But there are questions about whether this is applicable evidence, when so few people start out believing a paid job is for them.
Claiming that working improves mental health could also be confusing as a result of ‘mental health’ sometimes being used now to mean well‐being apart from medically diagnosed mental illness.
A paid job might largely help service users feel better because they are entering what society judges to be a ‘normal’ life. But the opposite effect is that other people could feel guilty or worse if the standard for ‘normal’ work in society is too difficult for them to manage.
AbstractIndividual Placement and Support (IPS) is considered the only evidence‐based practice available for providing vocational support within secondary mental health services. Clients are supported into and during competitive employment, with proponents claiming IPS ‘reflects client goals’ because most service users want to work. The idea that work improves mental health is also involved in promoting IPS in the UK. This paper examines the evidential basis for these claims in policy documents and cited research. It additionally draws upon qualitative research in representing the value, meaning and challenges of working described by service users, while briefly considering the UK socio‐economic context for IPS implementation. Statistical claims that most unemployed service users want to work are found misleadingly applied to IPS because only a minority say they want competitive employment. Discussion centres on the power interests such statistics serve and their role in underpinning the relevance of IPS randomized control trials. Assertions that work improves mental health are found confusing as a result of use of a dual continua model of mental illness and mental health. The internalized moral basis for work acting as a seemingly healthy ‘normalization’ experience is suggested as paradoxically feeding self‐stigma in those who feel they cannot work.
Chronic partial sleep deprivation reduces brain sensitivity to glutamate N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor‐mediated neurotoxicity
Authors: NOVATI ARIANNA , HULSHOF HENRIËTTE J. , GRANIC IVICA , MEERLO PETER 
Published: June 2011

SummaryIt has been hypothesized that insufficient sleep may compromise neuronal function and contribute to neurodegenerative processes. While sleep loss by itself may not lead to cell death directly, it may affect the sensitivity to a subsequent neurodegenerative insult. Here we examined the effects of chronic sleep restriction (SR) on the vulnerability of the brain to N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced excitotoxicity. Animals were kept awake 20 h per day and were only allowed to rest during the first 4 h of the light phase, i.e. their normal circadian resting phase. After 30 days of SR all rats received a unilateral injection with a neurotoxic dose of NMDA into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). Brains were collected for assessment of damage. In the intact non‐injected hemisphere, the number of cholinergic cells in the NBM and the density of their projections in the cortex were not affected by SR. In the injected hemisphere, NMDA caused a significant loss of cholinergic NBM cells and cortical fibres in all animals. However, the loss of cholinergic cells was attenuated in the SR group as compared with the controls. These data suggest that, if anything, SR reduces the sensitivity to a subsequent excitotoxic insult. Chronic SR may constitute a mild threat to the brain that does not lead to neurodegeneration by itself but prepares the brain for subsequent neurotoxic challenges. These results do not support the hypothesis that sleep loss increases the sensitivity to neurodegenerative processes.
The use of phenylbutazone in the horse
Authors: SOMA L. R. , UBOH C. E. , MAYLIN G. M. 
Published: June 2011

Soma, L. R., Uboh, C. E., Maylin G. M. The use of phenylbutazone in the horse.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 1–12.This review presents a brief historical prospective of the genesis of regulated medication in the US racing industry of which the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) phenylbutazone (PBZ) is the focus. It presents some historical guideposts in the development of the current rules on the use of PBZ by racing jurisdictions in the US. Based on its prevalent use, PBZ remains a focus of attention. The review examines the information presented in a number of different models used to determine the effects and duration of PBZ in the horse. They include naturally occurring lameness and reversible‐induced lameness models that directly examine the effects and duration of the administration of various doses of PBZ. The review also examines indirect plasma and tissue models studying the suppression of the release of arachidonic acid‐derived mediators of inflammation. The majority of studies suggest an effect of PBZ at 24 h at 4.4 mg/kg. This reflects and substantiates the opinion of many clinical veterinarians, many of whom will not perform a prepurchase lameness examination unless the horse is free of NSAID. This remains the opinion of many regulatory veterinarians responsible for the prerace examination of race horses that they wish to examine a horse without the possibility of an NSAID interfering with the examination and masking possible musculoskeletal conditions. Based on scientific studies, residual effects of PBZ remain at 24 h. The impact of sustained effect on the health and welfare of the horse and its contribution to injuries during competition remains problematic.
Realignment and multiple imputation of longitudinal data: an application to menstrual cycle data
Authors: Mumford Sunni L. , Schisterman Enrique F. , Gaskins Audrey J. , Pollack Anna Z. , Perkins Neil J. , Whitcomb Brian W. , Ye Aijun , Wactawski‐Wende Jean 
Published: June 2011

SummaryMumford SL, Schisterman EF, Gaskins AJ, Pollack AZ, Perkins NJ, Whitcomb BW, Ye A, Wactawski‐Wende J. Realignment and multiple imputation of longitudinal data: an application to menstrual cycle data. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2011; 25: 448–459.Reproductive hormone levels are highly variable among premenopausal women during the menstrual cycle. Accurate timing of hormone measurement is essential, especially when investigating day‐ or phase‐specific effects. The BioCycle Study used daily urine home fertility monitors to help detect the luteinising hormone (LH) surge in order to schedule visits with biologically relevant windows of hormonal variability. However, as the LH surge is brief and cycles vary in length, relevant hormonal changes may not align with scheduled visits even when fertility monitors are used. Using monitor data, measurements were reclassified according to biological phase of the menstrual cycle to more accurate cycle phase categories. Longitudinal multiple imputation methods were applied after reclassification if no visit occurred during a given menstrual cycle phase. Reclassified cycles had more clearly defined hormonal profiles, with higher mean peak hormones (up to 141%) and reduced variability (up to 71%). We demonstrate the importance of realigning visits to biologically relevant windows when assessing phase‐ or day‐specific effects and the feasibility of applying longitudinal multiple imputation methods. Our method has applications in settings where missing data may occur over time, where daily blood sampling for hormonal measurements is not feasible, and in other areas where timing is essential.
Distribution of invasive plants in China in relation to geographical origin and life cycle
Authors: HUANG Q‐Q , WANG G‐X , HOU Y‐P , PENG S‐L 
Published: June 2011

Huang Q‐Q, Wang G‐X, Hou Y‐P & Peng S‐L (2011). Distribution of invasive plants in China in relation to geographical origin and life cycle. Weed Research51, 534–542.SummaryAt a continental scale, research on which areas are more likely to be invaded has often found that human socio‐economic factors and biogeographic factors are important. This general pattern also holds for China, where invasive plant species richness at a provincial scale has often been found to be significantly correlated with both socio‐economic (e.g. human population size and total GDP) and biogeographic factors (e.g. latitude and native plant species richness). However, these patterns are based on studies that considered invasive plants collectively rather than examining patterns within major subgroups. Here, we examine the potential role of species differences in mediating these distribution patterns in Chinese provinces. We show that distribution of invaders from Central and South America, especially perennials, is mainly determined by biogeographic factors, whereas distribution of invaders from North America and Eurasia, especially annuals, is mainly determined by socio‐economic factors. The predictive power of biogeographic factors for invaders from Central and South America is stronger than socio‐economic factors for invaders from North America and Eurasia. The role of socio‐economic and biogeographic factors is not entangled; instead, their relative importance is dependent on species characters, such as their geographical origin and life cycle. Management and prevention policies at a national scale should consider the interactions between species characters and socio‐economic and biogeographic conditions of the environment. Our results indicate that by examining the role of species differences, we may get a more realistic understanding of the cause of distribution patterns of biological invaders.
A test of concordance between patient and psychiatrist valuations of multiple treatment goals for schizophrenia
Authors: Bridges John F. P. , Slawik Lara , Schmeding Annette , Reimer Jens , Naber Dieter , Kuhnigk Olaf 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  While much discussion has been placed on the problem of poor compliance in the treatment of schizophrenia, there has been little discussion on the concordance between patients and psychiatrists, an important contributing factor to patient‐centred care.Objective  To estimate the concordance between patients’ and psychiatrists’ (ordinal and cardinal) valuations of multiple goals for schizophrenia treatment and to illustrate the utility of the self‐explicated method in valuing a large number of treatment goals.Design  Twenty treatment goals were identified during focus groups and literature review and were presented to patients and psychiatrists during structured interviews. Respondents were asked to rank the multiple treatment goals and rate them on a 5‐point Likert scale. Three scores were calculated based on the ranking (1–20), rating (Likert scale) (1–5) and a self‐explicated method estimated as the product of rating and ranking score (1–100). Concordance was tested using Spearman’s rho for overall ordinal rankings and via anova and F‐test for the cardinal values assigned to a specific treatment goal.Participants  A total of 105 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 160 psychiatrists in Germany.Results  Patient and psychiatrist values were concordant when the ordinal properties of their valuations were assessed by rating (ρ = 0.63; P = 0.002), ranking (ρ = 0.51; P = 0.02) and self‐explicated methods (ρ = 0.54; P = 0.01). Significant discordances were found when comparing the cardinal value placed on any given treatment goal using all three approaches, but the self‐explicated method produced a more discerning statistic. Relative to patients, psychiatrists significantly (P < 0.05) overvalued reduced lack of emotion, improved sexual pleasure and improved communication while undervaluing reuptake of activities of daily living, improved satisfaction and recovered capacity for work.Conclusions  While there is an overall concordance between patients’ and psychiatrists’ valuation, significantly different valuations on specific goals can be identified. Here, psychiatrists tend to focus on ‘textbook’ outcomes, while patients are more concerned with functioning and living a normal life. This study also demonstrates the importance of comparing the concordance in treatment goals and the importance of preference‐based methods, such as the self‐explicated method, in the study of concordance.
Manipulation of VOC emissions with methyl jasmonate and carrageenan in the evergreen conifer Pinus sylvestris and evergreen broadleaf Quercus ilex
Authors: Semiz G. , Blande J. D. , Heijari J. , Işık K. , Niinemets Ü. , Holopainen J. K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPlant defence can be induced by exposing plants to the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) or its volatile ester, methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Carrageenans (Carr) – sulphated d‐galactans extracted from red algae – can also induce plant defences. In this study, the effects of exogenous MeJA and Carr application (concentration 300 and 12.7 μmol, respectively) on volatile emissions from two widespread evergreen woody species, Pinus sylvestris (nine Turkish and one Finnish provenance) and Quercus ilex (Italian provenance) were investigated. We collected headspace samples from seedlings and analysed the quality and quantity of volatile compounds emitted by treated and control plants. In total, 19 monoterpenes, 10 sesquiterpenes, 10 green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and two aromatic compounds were emitted by P. sylvestris from all the provenances studied. Foliar MeJA application clearly affected the volatile profiles of trees from all the provenances. Effects of Carr were genotype specific. In Q. ilex, emissions of sesquiterpenes, GLVs and the homoterpene (E)‐DMNT were all induced by MeJA application. However, emissions of most constitutively emitted monoterpenes were significantly reduced. Carr application also led to a significant reduction in monoterpene emissions, but without corresponding increases in other emissions. Our results indicate that exogenously applied MeJA and Carr can both significantly modify the volatile profiles of P. sylvestris and Q. ilex, but also that there are important provenance‐ and species‐specific differences in the overall degree of elicitation and compositions of elicited compounds.
Phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate is associated to extracellular lipoproteic fractions and is detected in tomato apoplastic fluids
Authors: Gonorazky G. , Laxalt A. M. , Dekker H. L. , Rep M. , Munnik T. , Testerink C. , de la Canal L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe have recently detected phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate (PI4P) in the extracellular medium of tomato cell suspensions. Extracellular PI4P was shown to trigger the activation of defence responses induced by the fungal elicitor xylanase. In this study, by applying a differential centrifugation technique, we found that extracellular PI4P is associated with fractions composed of diverse phospholipids and proteins, which were pelleted from the extracellular medium of tomato cell suspensions grown under basal conditions. Using mass spectrometry, we identified the proteins present in these pelleted fractions. Most of these proteins have previously been characterised as having a role in defence responses. Next, we evaluated whether PI4P could also be detected in an entire plant system. For this, apoplastic fluids of tomato plants grown under basal conditions were analysed using a lipid overlay assay. Interestingly, PI4P could be detected in intercellular fluids obtained from tomato leaflets and xylem sap of tomato plants. By employing electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS), other phospholipids were also found in intercellular fluids of tomato plants. These had a markedly different profile from the phospholipid pattern identified in entire leaflets. Based on these results, the potential role of extracellular phospholipids in plant intercellular communication is discussed.
Photodynamic therapy for pathogenic fungi
Authors: Lyon Juliana Pereira , Moreira Leonardo Marmo , de Moraes Pedro Claudio Guaranho , dos Santos Fábio Vieira , de Resende Maria Aparecida 
Published: June 2011

SummaryPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive approach, in which a photosensitiser compound is activated by exposure to visible light. The activation of the sensitiser drug results in several chemical reactions, such as the production of oxygen reactive species and other reactive molecules, whose presence in the biological site leads to the damage of target cells. Although PDT has been primarily developed to combat cancerous lesions, this therapy can be employed for the treatment of several conditions, including infectious diseases. A wide range of microorganisms, including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi have demonstrated susceptibility to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. This treatment might consist of an alternative to the management of fungal infections. Antifungal photodynamic therapy has been successfully employed against Candida albicans and other Candida species and also against dermatophytes. The strain‐dependent antifungal effect and the influence of the biological medium are important issues to be considered. Besides, the choice of photosensitiser to be employed in PDT should consider the characteristics of the fungi and the medium to be treated, as well as the depth of penetration of light into the skin. In the present review, the state‐of‐the‐art of antifungal PDT is discussed and the photosensitiser characteristics are analysed.
Potential role of probiotic bacteria in the treatment and prevention of localised candidosis
Authors: Mailänder‐Sánchez Daniela , Wagener Jeanette , Schaller Martin 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe extensive use of immunosuppressive therapies in recent years has increased the number of patients prone to or actually suffering from localised candidosis. As Candida species gain increasing resistance towards common antifungal drugs, new strategies are needed to prevent and treat infections caused by these pathogens. Probiotic bacteria have been in vogue in the past two decades. More and more dairy products containing such organisms offer promising potential beneficial effects on human health and well‐being. Because of the ability of probiotic bacteria to inhibit the growth of pathogens and to modulate human immune responses, these bacteria could provide new possibilities in antifungal therapy. We summarise the recent findings concerning the usefulness of probiotic treatment in localised candidosis, as well as discussing possible risks of probiotic treatment and highlighting the molecular mechanisms that are believed to contribute to probiotic effects.
Phenotype and differentiation of bone marrow‐derived smooth muscle progenitor cells
Authors: Liu Yi , Liu Manling , Niu Wen , Luo Ying , Zhang Bo , Li Zhichao 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. Smooth muscle progenitor cells (SPC) are undifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells implicated in many hyperplastic diseases of the blood vessels. However, few in vitro studies have investigated the characteristics of SPC.2. In the present study, we constructed a recombinant plasmid with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and a rat SM22α promoter, which was exclusively promoted in a smooth muscle cell lineage. Constructs were then transferred into adherent mononuclear cells derived from rat bone marrow. After 3 days, GFP‐positive cells, which should be SPC, were isolated by flow cytometry.3. Flow cytometric analysis and dual immunofluorescent staining showed that the GFP‐positive cells expressed both α‐smooth muscle actin (a specific marker for smooth muscle) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 (abundant on precursor cells), but not calmodulin or CD31. After stimulation of SPC with 50 ng/mL platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB, CXCR4 levels decreased and calmodulin protein content increased, as determined by western blot analysis.4. On the basis of these results, we conclude that SPC have dual characteristics of both precursor and smooth muscle cells, and might well differentiate into smooth muscle‐like cells under certain conditions.
The oxidative and nitrosative stress defence network of Wolinella succinogenes: cytochrome c nitrite reductase mediates the stress response to nitrite, nitric oxide, hydroxylamine and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Kern Melanie , Volz Jennifer , Simon Jörg 
Published: June 2011

SummaryMicroorganisms employ diverse mechanisms to withstand physiological stress conditions exerted by reactive or toxic oxygen and nitrogen species such as hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, superoxide anions, nitrite, hydroxylamine, nitric oxide or NO‐generating compounds. This study identified components of the oxidative and nitrosative stress defence network of Wolinella succinogenes, an exceptional Epsilonproteobacterium that lacks both catalase and haemoglobins. Various gene deletion–insertion mutants were constructed, grown by either fumarate respiration or respiratory nitrate ammonification and subjected to disc diffusion, growth and viability assays under stress conditions. It was demonstrated that mainly two periplasmic multihaem c‐type cytochromes, namely cytochrome c peroxidase and cytochrome c nitrite reductase (NrfA), mediated resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Two AhpC‐type peroxiredoxin isoenzymes were shown to be involved in protection against different organic hydroperoxides. The phenotypes of two superoxide dismutase mutants lacking either SodB or SodB2 implied that both isoenzymes play important roles in oxygen and superoxide stress defence although they are predicted to reside in the cytoplasm and periplasm respectively. NrfA and a cytoplasmic flavodiiron protein (Fdp) were identified as key components of nitric oxide detoxification. In addition, NrfA (but not the hybrid cluster protein Hcp) was found to mediate resistance to hydroxylamine stress. The results indicate the presence of a robust oxidative and nitrosative stress defence network and identify NrfA as a multifunctional cytochrome c involved in both anaerobic respiration and stress protection.