bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strain partitioning in gravity-driven shortening of a thick, multilayered evaporite sequence
Authors: Cartwright Joe , Jackson Martin , Dooley Tim , Higgins Simon 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Three-dimensional seismic data from the Levant Basin, eastern Mediterranean, was used to quantify longitudinal strains in thick, multilayered Messinian evaporites at an early stage of salt tectonics. Gravity-spreading is driven by basin subsidence and tilting of the Levant margin and by progradation of the Nile Cone. Similar styles of shortening in two separate 3D survey areas comprise detachment folds, thrust-ramp folds and conjugate arrays of strike-slip faults. These Pleistocene structures can be explained with a single deformation phase with a tectonic transport direction of NE to ENE, obliquely opposed to the extension updip, which began in the Late Pliocene. Four major detachments within the Messinian are probably halite-rich intervals in the multilayer. Shortening of competent interlayers varies from 1–2% near the base to
c.
7% near the top of the Messinian, with a sharp reduction in shortening at the top Messinian and roof to 1–2%. This shortening profile is attributed to asymmetric Poiseuille flow, indicating that salt is flowing downdip faster than the overburden is translating. Physical modelling supports the inferred flow profile, showing that each mobile layer flows faster than adjoining competent layers and that strains in evaporites can be far greater than in the overburden. This is the first published use of seismic data to demonstrate the flow regime within salt on a regional scale.
3D seismic study of complex intra-salt deformation: An example from the Upper Permian Zechstein 3 stringer, western Dutch offshore
Authors: Strozyk F. , Van Gent H. , Urai J. L. , Kukla P. A. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Most of the information on subsurface evaporitic structures comes from 3D seismic data. However, this data only provide limited information about the internal structure of the evaporites, which is known from salt mines and salt diapir outcrops. Brittle intra-salt layers (carbonate, anhydrite, clay) of at least 10 m thickness form good reflectors in evaporites, but the structure and dynamics of such ‘stringers’ in the salt movement are poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the intra-salt Zechstein 3 (Z3) stringer from 3D seismic data in an area offshore the Netherlands. Observations show complex deformation including boudinage, folding and stacking. Reflections from thin and steep stringer parts are strongly reduced, and we present different structural models and tests of these. We compare our observations to structural models from salt mines and analogue/numerical models of intra-salt deformation. A smoothed representation of the upper surface of the stringer fragments follows the shape of Top Salt, but smaller-scale stringer geometries strongly differ from this and imply boudinage. The imaged disharmonic patterns of constrictional folds provide evidence for the complexity of the intra-salt, in agreement with observations in salt mines. This may be explained by interaction of the layered salt rheology, complex three-dimensional salt flow, different phases and styles of basement tectonics and movement of the overburden.
Salt-related structures on the Bristol Channel coast, Somerset (UK)
Authors: Trude James , Graham Rod , Pilcher Robin 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a new interpretation of well-known outcrops on the south coast of the Bristol Channel at Watchet in southern England. It is prompted by our recent experience of high-quality three-dimensional seismic datasets from areas such as the Gulf of Mexico and Brazil which are dominated by salt tectonics. Previous structural interpretations of the Watchet outcrops were explained in terms of extension, inversion and strike-slip tectonics. We suggest that some of the structures in the area are not easily explained by any of these mechanisms, but that they are collapse structures associated with salt withdrawal and imply salt diapirism during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic.
Pre-existing salt structures and the folding of the Zagros Mountains
Authors: Callot Jean-Paul , Trocmé Vincent , Letouzey Jean , Albouy Emily , Jahani Salman , Sherkati Sharam 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Four-dimensional analogue X-ray tomography imagery is used to investigate the role played by pre-existing salt structures during compressive deformation. Initially linear salt structures evolve towards more axisymmetric diapirs. Depending on the diapir geometry and on its thickness relative to the sedimentary column thickness, the diapirs are either (1) shortened and localize sharp overturned folds for vertical pipe-like diapirs or else (2) act as preferentially oriented ramps, the diapir being incorporated in the fold for pillow-like diapirs. The ridges have a strong effect on the lateral extent and orientation of folds: they disconnect the folds formed on either side of the salt wall. Compressional relays between ridges allow for a folded connection between both sides. The Zagros Mountains in southern Iran offer a large variety of comparable structures, associated with the Hormuz salt level which acts as the regional décollement. Most of the salt structures have been active from the Early Palaeozoic until the present day. The first-order critical taper is controlled by the distribution of Hormuz décollement level and by its thickness. At a smaller scale, the fold geometry and size are locally controlled by the pre-existing salt structures, which are the main source of heterogeneity in the deformation.
The Garmsar salt nappe and seasonal inversions of surrounding faults imaged by SAR interferometry, Northern Iran
Authors: Baikpour Shahram , Talbot Christopher J. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The allochthonous Tertiary salt of the Garmsar salt nappe extruded from where the most southerly point of the Alborz Mountain front is offset by the Zirab–Garmsar strike-slip fault. We used eleven descending Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, acquired by the European Space Agency's ENVISAT satellite from 2003 to 2006, to map surface displacement over 23 increments ranging in time from 30 to 2 months. A 30 month SAR interferogram of the area shows that the regional folds and faults are active south of the mountain front, but are dampened by the allochthonous salt that otherwise appears to be merely degrading at rates that vary with the season. Interferograms for shorter epochs display different patterns of fault blocks in the country rocks that rose and fell with the seasons. By relating surface displacements mapped in these interferograms to the contemporaneous seismic record, we find that seismic faults reactivate repeatedly while their kinematics may have inverted on remarkably short timescales. Seismic disturbances propagate very slowly and faults are longer than expected for earthquakes with ML<3.5, indicating that the regional strains are more aseismic than anticipated by earlier studies.
Submarine ‘salt glacier’ of Northern Tunisia, a case of Triassic salt mobility in North African Cretaceous passive margin
Authors: Masrouhi Amara , Koyi Hemin A. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Stratigraphical, sedimentological and structural data and a Bouguer gravity map of Medjez-El-Bab (MEB) in Northern Tunisia are used to illustrate a Cretaceous example of salt extrusion on a passive continental margin. Located just south of the Teboursouk thrust front (a preferential décollement surface used by the continuous Tertiary shortening in this area), the MEB structure is a simple N40°E box anticline. Removing the two Tertiary foldings (Eocene and Miocene) leads to the exposure of the original feature of a simple submarine ‘salt glacier’. The Triassic salt rocks appear as an Albian interstratified body between two Cretaceous series with stratigraphic normal polarity, suggesting a bedding parallel extrusion (at the sediment–water interface) of the Triassic salt in Cretaceous times. The formation of such salt extrusions are associated with extensional faulting (probably both in the cover and basement), the presence of a slope and basinwards salt flow. This scenario is similar to the allochthonous salt described in other salt provinces, characterizing passive margins.
Anatomy of an exposed vertical salt weld and flanking strata, La Popa Basin, Mexico
Authors: Rowan Mark G. , Lawton Timothy F. , Giles Katherine A. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
La Popa Weld in La Popa Basin, Mexico, is a 24 km long near-vertical structure with a prominent bend approximately halfway along its length. Halokinetic folding, local unconformities and diapir-derived detritus in flanking strata document a precursor salt wall. Shortening during the latest Cretaceous to Eocene Hidalgoan Orogeny squeezed the salt wall to form the weld. Deformation varies significantly along the weld. The northwestern third has remnant gypsum (including a diapir at the northwestern end), little large-scale folding of flanking strata and only background fracture intensity. Directly NW of the bend are pods of gypsum linked by complete welds, a large-scale cuspate anticlinal geometry and significant fracturing within 5–10 m of the weld. The southeastern half is completely welded with no remnant gypsum, a prominent cuspate anticlinal geometry and a 50 m wide damage zone. The variable deformation was controlled by the original width of the salt wall and the amount and direction of shortening. Where orthogonal to the wall, shortening locally closed the diapir but little further deformation took place. Where oblique, shortening caused post-weld dextral strike-slip movement and significant fracturing and shearing of the wall rock. The resulting deformation variability likely impacted the sealing capability of the weld.
Allochthonous salt in the sub-Alpine fold–thrust belt of Haute Provence, France
Authors: Graham Rod , Jackson Martin , Pilcher Robin , Kilsdonk Bill 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
In the sub-Alpine chains of Haut Provence, SE France, a very well-exposed Mesozoic sequence showing rapid thickness and facies changes associated with Jurassic and Cretaceous extension on the margin of the Ligurian Tethys has been deformed by ‘Alpine’ compression which occurred from the Late Cretaceous to the Pliocene. Although the geology has been very well known for decades, aspects of the structure remain enigmatic and cannot be explained by either Mesozoic extension or Alpine shortening alone. We infer that some deformation resulted from salt tectonics. A completely overturned, highly condensed Jurassic section near Barles village resembles the elevated roof of a Triassic salt body in a deep-marine basin. This carapace became overturned as a flap in the Middle Jurassic when salt broke out at the seafloor and overran the inverted flap as an allochthonous extrusion, comparable to those in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico or Angola. Later, Alpine compression exploited the weakness of the salt sheet as the Digne Thrust moved over the inverted flap. Although the flap is in the footwall of the thrust, evidence of soft-sediment deformation and other anomalous structures within the flap suggest that it did not originate as an overturned footwall syncline.
Halokinetic-sequence stratigraphy, fluvial sedimentology and structural geometry of the Eocene Carroza Formation along La Popa salt weld, La Popa Basin, Mexico
Authors: Andrie Joseph R. , Giles Katherine A. , Lawton Timothy F. , Rowan Mark G. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The Eocene Carroza Formation in La Popa Basin, Mexico, represents fluvial sedimentation in a shortening-influenced salt-withdrawal minibasin, termed the Carroza Syncline. The Carroza Syncline lies adjacent to the La Popa salt weld, which was formerly a passively-rising salt wall that was shortened during the Hidalgoan Orogeny in Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene time. The Carroza Formation displays distinct upsection changes in fluvial facies distribution and geometry of halokinetic drape folding. Fluvial channel distribution changes upwards from widespread thin, broad channels with variable palaeocurrents in the lower part of the formation to thick, stacked channels concentrated in the hinge of the Carroza Syncline with weld-parallel palaeocurrent directions in the upper part. The upper and middle members of the Carroza contain debris-flow facies derived from diapir roof strata and the diapir itself. The style of halokinetic drape fold upturn and thinning towards the weld changes upsection from a broad (800–1500 m) to a narrow (50–200 m) zone, where upper Carroza strata are overturned and in direct contact with remnant gypsum along the weld. The upsection changes in fluvial facies distribution and geometry reflect an overall decrease in local sediment-accumulation rates relative to salt-rise rates controlled by both Hidalgoan shortening and passive diapirism.
Depositional and halokinetic-sequence stratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic Wonoka Formation adjacent to Patawarta allochthonous salt sheet, Central Flinders Ranges, South Australia
Authors: Kernen Rachelle A. , Giles Katherine A. , Rowan Mark G. , Lawton Timothy F. , Hearon Thomas E. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Parts of two third-order Neoproterozoic (Marinoan) depositional sequences are documented in the Wilpena Group (Wonoka Formation and Bonney Sandstone) at Patawarta diapir, located in the central Flinders Ranges, South Australia. These sequences represent an overall regressive succession transitioning upwards from outer to middle wave-dominated shelf deposits to a tidally dominated barrier bar to coastal plain. The lower, middle, upper limestone and green mudstone informal members of the Wonoka Formation comprise the Highstand Systems Tract of the lower sequence. The Sequence Boundary is at the top of the Wonoka green mudstone member and is overlain by the Lowstand Systems Tract of the upper sequence, which includes the lower dolomite, sandstone and upper dolomite beds of the Patsy Hill Member of the Bonney Sandstone. The upper sequence Transgressive Systems Tract comprises the Bonney Sandstone. These units comprise one complete tapered composite halokinetic sequence (CHS). The lower halokinetic-sequence boundary is associated with the Maximum Flooding Surface of the lower depositional sequence and the upper halokinetic-sequence boundary is interpreted as the Transgressive Surface of the overlying depositional sequence where an angular truncation of up to 90° is documented.
Salt: geology and tectonics of selected Brazilian basins in their global context
Authors: Mohriak Webster U. , Szatmari Peter , Anjos Sylvia 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This work addresses the geological and geophysical interpretation of salt structures in selected Brazilian sedimentary basins, from intracratonic Palaeozoic evaporites in the Amazon and Solimões basins to divergent margin evaporite basins formed during the Mesozoic break-up of Gondwana. There is an intriguing correlation between evaporite basins and hydrocarbon accumulations in all the selected basins discussed. The Solimões and Amazonas basins developed evaporite depositing environments as the Middle Carboniferous sea was closing during a plate convergence phase. The salt basin along the eastern Brazilian and western African margins developed along the Mesozoic rifts of the South Atlantic. Regional seismic interpretation and potential field (gravity and magnetic) data over the eastern Brazilian and west African margins suggest a very thick autochthonous salt layer deposited over rifted continental crust and particularly above the thick sag basin sediments over the hyperextended crust that marks the transition from continental to oceanic crust. Most of the hydrocarbon discoveries in the eastern Brazilian and western African margins are in post-salt turbidite and carbonate reservoirs, but recent discoveries in the deepwater salt basins along the southeastern Brazilian margin indicate that pre-salt plays will represent an important contribution to hydrocarbon production in the near future.
Did It Happen? The Pragmatic Complexity of Veridicality Assessment
Authors: de Marneffe Marie-Catherine , Manning Christopher D. , Potts Christopher 
Published: February 2012

Natural language understanding depends heavily on assessing veridicality—whether events mentioned in a text are viewed as happening or not—but little consideration is given to this property in current relation and event extraction systems. Furthermore, the work that has been done has generally assumed that veridicality can be captured by lexical semantic properties whereas we show that context and world knowledge play a significant role in shaping veridicality. We extend the FactBank corpus, which contains semantically driven veridicality annotations, with pragmatically informed ones. Our annotations are more complex than the lexical assumption predicts but systematic enough to be included in computational work on textual understanding. They also indicate that veridicality judgments are not always categorical, and should therefore be modeled as distributions. We build a classifier to automatically assign event veridicality distributions based on our new annotations. The classifier relies not only on lexical features like hedges or negations, but also on structural features and approximations of world knowledge, thereby providing a nuanced picture of the diverse factors that shape veridicality. “All I know is what I read in the papers” —Will Rogers
Corporate Renewal and Future Direction at Asia Petroleum Limited (APL)
Authors: Qureshi Zafar Iqbal , Mahmood Hassan 
Published: February 2012

The case describes a series of steps taken by the Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Asia Petroleum Limited (APL) to implement his corporate renewal plan with twofold objectives: to determine the future direction of the company, and second, to improve current operational performance with a view to satisfy different stakeholders, especially the investors. The option for the future was to convert the current oil transportation business into the power sector. This case is the first part of two parts; case B may be obtained from the author.
The Relationship Between Instrumental Music Participation And Standardized Assessment Achievement Of Middle School Students
Authors: Babo Gerard D. 
Published: February 2012

This study attempted to investigate and better clarify the relationship between instrumental music participation and academic achievement through the use of multiple regression analysis. The research question posed was: What is the nature and strength of the relationship between instrumental music participation and a student's academic performance, when controls for gender, SES and I.Q. are introduced? Analyses suggested that instrumental music participation related significantly to explaining the variance in language arts scores when controls were entered for I.Q. SES and gender. I.Q. was determined to be the strongest contributor to all standardized scores. Further analyses suggested that instrumental music participation contributed significantly to the variance for both math and language arts scores when controlling for gender and SES. SES was found to have a significant impact on all test scores, whereas gender (male) only contributed significantly to one set of standardized math scores. Results from this study appear to suggest that instrumental music participation does have a positive relationship to a student's academic performance with the strongest association occurring in reading and/or language arts.
Listeners' Identification Of Gender Differences In Children's Singing
Authors: Sergeant Desmond C. , Sjölander Peta J. , Welch Graham F. 
Published: February 2012

Four listeners who were experienced with children's voices audited 320 samples of children's singing voices from the age range 4-11 years and judged the sexi of each singer using a response procedure that incorporated a confidence measure. Inter-judge correlations were high. 71.57% of identifications were positive and 44.37% were made with the maximum confidence level. Trend analyses showed a significant relationship between sex identification and age for boys, but this was not evident for girls. The response procedure allowed the creation of an index of confusability for each singer. When the most confusable and least confusable singers of each gender were identified, and their mean group ages calculated, highly significant differences between the ages of the most and least confusable boys were noted, but differences for girls were not significant. Introspections by judges as to auditory cues that they considered had contributed to their judgments reflected factors that have been suggested in the speech research literature. These included breathiness and huskiness of tone at higher frequencies, differences in consonants and perceived personality factors. The data indicate the presence of gender characteristics in children's singing voices sufficient to permit identifications at levels at least as reliable as those demonstrated for speech. Nevertheless, a small percentage of children of each sex and each age group were misattributed by all four judges.
The Pied Piper of Hamelin: Adorno on Music Education
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra 
Published: February 2012

Whilst the German philosopher Theodor W. Adorno (1903-1969) is widely known for his innovative ideas on music, aesthetics and sociology, he was also one of the most prominent critics of German music education before and after World War II. He argued against humanistic and idealistic philosophies of music education, which pursued a transformation of human beings through making music. For Adorno, music education should be focused on the music itself and the education of musically critical and self-determined students. The main intent of this article is an examination of Adorno's critique of music education, specifically in terms of the misuse of music education for ideological purposes. This article draws on examples of Adorno's work not yet translated into English, to question and challenge current practices of music education.
Engaging With Adolescent Musicians: Lessons In Song Writing, Cooperation And The Power of Original Music
Authors: McGillen Christopher , McMillan Ros 
Published: February 2012

This article reports a research project that explored the links between original music making, cooperative learning and sociomusical relationships. Our focus in this article is the cooperative learning strategies that emerged from the study and attendant issues such as power sharing, relationships, identity construction and cooperative musical processes. In particular we highlight the role that positive interdependence, the development of a sub cultural identity and original music making have in the formation of a personal musical aesthetic. The participants were twenty-one students from Year Eight to Year Twelve from a rural government secondary college who formed a self-titled group called Jungle Express. This group of 13 to 18 year-olds composed and performed their own fusion of contemporary and popular styles, producing a particular, context driven and immediate sound. The students identified closely with each other in a musical and social sense, as well as with the three staff members who were associated with the group. Through written narratives, interviews and rehearsal recordings the students explored their notions of cooperative learning, power sharing, relationships, identity construction and song writing. Jungle Express provided insight into the possibilities of cooperative music making which honours the experiences of the individual while contributing to the development of a long-term identity. The musical product whilst reflective of both the group membership and the environment, was ultimately concerned with the meaning-making journey of the individual. The findings of this study provide a reflection point on current practice in secondary music classrooms and performing ensembles.