bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cracking paraffinic hydrocarbons to make alpha olefins—a review
Authors: Mittal Krishan G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious methods for the production of linear alpha olefins are described. The main emphasis has been given to the literature information available on the cracking of paraffinic hydrocarbons or wax for making alpha olefins, a new chemical product for use in the detergent industry.
Thioethers and sulphones of 7H‐benzimidazo(2,1‐a)benz‐(d,e)isoquinolin‐7‐one: Dyes for synthetic‐polymer fibres
Authors: Peters Arnold T. , Behesti Y. Saeid S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of 4‐alkylthio and 4‐arylthio‐1, 8‐naphthalic anhydrides was obtained either by reaction of 4‐chloro‐1,8‐naphthalic anhydride with thiols or of 4‐mercapto‐1,8‐naphthalic anhydride with halides; oxidation of these afforded the corresponding sulphones. Reaction of the thioethers and sulphones with o‐phenylenediamines gave bright orange‐yellow and greenish‐yellow dyes respectively; these compounds have excellent colouration and fastness properties on synthetic‐polymer fibres. The dyes were also obtained by condensation of 3‐ and 4‐halogeno‐7H‐benzimidazo(2,1‐a)benz(d,e)isoquinolin‐7‐ones with the appropriate thiol. The colour of the dyes is discussed in relation to structural changes in the thioether and sulphone substituents and the influence of substitution in each of the phenyl rings of the naphthyl residue is compared from an unambiguous synthesis of selected 3‐ and 4‐thioethers and sulphones of 7H‐benzimidazo(2,1‐a)benz(d,e)isoquinolin‐7‐one.
Estimation of total aromatics in kerosene fractions by infrared spectroscopy: I
Authors: Ramaswamy Veda , Sarowha Sukhlal S. , Singh Indra D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA faster and accurate infrared method for estimating total aromatics in petroleum samples boiling in the kerosene range (140–250°C) was developed using pure aromatic concentrate from kerosene as reference material. The limitations of a synthetic mixture of pure compounds used as reference are also discussed. The accuracy of results is found to be dependent on the closeness of the average absorptivity at a characteristic wave number (1600 cm−1) of an unknown sample and kerosene used as reference. The results obtained from the proposed method on kerosene fractions of Bombay High are compared, as an illustration, with those obtained by FIA.
Synthesis, spectral behaviour and biological activity of benzoxazonyl(quinoxalonyl)‐benzfurano‐(indolo)‐quinoline apocyanine dyes
Authors: Khalil Z. H. , Koraiem A. I. M. , El‐Maghraby M. A. , Abu‐El‐Hamd R. M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract2[2‐(benzoxazonyl / quinoxalonyl) ‐ benzfurano (indolo)] ‐ quinolinium ‐1 ‐ ethiodide apocyanine dyes (Va‐f and VIa‐f) were prepared, via interaction of 2‐[2‐(benzoxazonyl‐/quinoxalonyl)‐1,2‐dibromoethenyl]‐quinolinium‐1‐ethiodide (IVa,b) with the appropriate phenols/and or arylamines. The new cyanines were identified by spectral determination. Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of selected cyanines (IIIa,b, Va, VIa, VIh, and VII) were tested against bacterial and fungal strains.
Liquid—liquid extraction column (rotating disc contactor)—model parameters from drop size distribution and solute concentration measurements
Authors: Korchinsky Walter J. , Al‐Husseini Raed 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe practical application of an extraction column model which takes into account the influence of drop‐size distribution (i.e. the ‘forward mixing’ model) is brought forward by the generation, from experimental data, of values of the mass transfer and axial dispersion coefficients required by the model. Values of these coefficients were generated from drop‐size distribution and solute concentration profile measurements in a 22 cm diam. rotating disc contactor. The use of the Handlos‐Baron drop mass transfer model is justified. The resulting continuous phase transfer coefficients were found to be dependent only on disc speed. Continuous phase axial dispersion coefficients were much higher than tracer‐correlation predicted values at higher flows, and larger drop sizes. An explanation for this is presented.
Gypsum dissolution: A comparison of laser‐light scattering and conductance techniques
Authors: Prick Peter A. J. , Borsboom Peter C. F. , Arends Joop 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaser‐light scattering measurements can be used for investigations of solid dissolution in a liquid. In this paper the dissolution of gypsum in water is followed by scattering and conductance measurements. Both types of measurement are carried out simultaneously. The sensitivity of the scattering technique and its special applicability in solubility determinations is discussed.
Recovery of beer from tank bottoms with membranes
Authors: Le Minh S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe feasibility of using crossflow microfiltration for the recovery of beer from tank bottoms is examined. The membrane pore size, the pressure, the feed solid content and the feed velocity are shown to be the most significant factors affecting the process performance. The process appears economically viable with recovery costing less than 3.4 p per pint of beer.
The reaction between phlogopite and calcium chloride at elevated temperatures
Authors: Aitta Eero , Leskelä Markku , Moilanen Jarmo , Jyrkäs Kauko 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of phlogopite mica and CaCl2·2H2O has been studied within the temperature range 600–1000°C. The reaction products have been studied by chemical analysis, electron microscopy combined with a micro‐analyser, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermoanalytical methods and IR spectrometry. The reaction products were milled and the elemental distribution in different particle size fractions was investigated.Potassium can be converted into a water‐soluble form almost completely above the melting point of CaCl2 in this reaction. Iron, Mg and Al do not change into a soluble form. On grinding, Fe and K concentrate in smaller particles while Al prefers larger ones. The formation of several new phases in the reaction can be confirmed by XRD. The mica dehydroxylates above 700°C, which can be detected in the IR spectra, and this may affect the reaction.
The estimation of the solubility parameter of low volatile compounds from gas chromatography data
Authors: Bermejo Jenaro , Guillén Maria D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy applying the regular solution model to the solution processes that take place in gas chromatography, equations are obtained, which relate the retention volume of solutes with their molar volume and latent heat of vaporization. From these equations, solubility parameters of monomeric stationary phases are obtained and their values compared with those obtained by other methods.
The effect of temperature on limiting current density and mass transfer in electrodialysis
Authors: Hwang Jin‐Yih , Lai Juin‐Yih 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study focuses on a high‐temperature operation in electrodialysis of salt solutions and studies the effect of temperature on limiting current density and mass transfer. Experiments were conducted under various conditions of temperature (T), varying from 15 to 90°C; of dialysate concentration (Cd), varying from 5 × 10−3 to 3 × 10−2M; and of dialysate velocity (ud), varying from 0.206 to 2.44 cm s−1. A least squares fitting of the experimental data on limiting current density (Ilim) yields an Arrhenius equation as follows:

equation image
The molar flux N̄ (mol cm−2 s−1), initial concentration (C0; M) and temperature (T; °C) were found to have the following relationship:

equation image

N̄/C0 is slightly increased with increasing temperature ranging from 25 to 70°C.
Thermogravimetric determination of the heat of vaporization of some highly polar solvents
Authors: Al‐Najjar Hazim , Al‐Sammerrai Dhoaib 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThermogravimetry was employed successfully in determining the enthalpies of vaporization of some industrially important solvents. The data obtained from the thermograms pertaining to weight loss were used for evaluating the rate of evaporation of the samples and were substituted in a form of the Clausius—Clapeyron equation for such determinations. Values of the enthalpies reported, using the thermogravimetric technique, were repeatable to within 1% and with an accuracy better than ±5% of the true values at the temperatures reported. Comparison with data obtained from other sources appears to be quite satisfactory.
Degradation of rice straw by Pleurotus flabellatus
Authors: Rajarathnam Somasundaram , Wankhede Dharmaraj B. , Bano Zakia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDegradative changes in the constituents of rice straw substrate during the growth and commercial production of fruit bodies by Pleurotus flabellatus were investigated. There was a continuous increase in the free sugars from the time of inoculation until the end of harvesting of the fruit bodies, whereas the free amino acids reached a maximum at the end of mycelial growth and showed a slight decrease after fructification. Glucose, xylose, arabinose, cellobiose and a higher oligosaccharide represented the spectrum of sugars produced. Of the 12 amino acids (apart from two peptides) identified, aspartic acid, histidine and tyrosine were the major components. Solubilities and spectral characteristics of lignin degraded in the straw substrate were studied using alkali‐extracted lignin. Laccase and protease activities in the straw substrate at different stages of fungal degradation could be correlated to the decreases in the staw lignin and protein contents, respectively. Colour reactions of the fungus on several phenolic media, demonstration of phenolic oxidases in the straw substrate, and ability of the fungus to degrade lignin conclusively proved that the fungus under study is a typical ‘white rot’ fungus. Degradation of the straw substrate by the fungus reached a maximum at the end of harvest of the fruit bodies. The spent straw substrate (left over after harvesting the fruit bodies) contained free sugars and amino acids, respectively 5 and 2 times the concentration of those in the undegraded straw substrate, and lignin decreased to about 25% of the level in the straw before fermentation. Potential applications of the spent straw substrate as an upgraded form of rumen feed and for the production of single‐cell protein are discussed.
Silica‐supported alloy catalysts for triglyceride hydrogenation: The preparation and properties of Pd–Ag and Pd–Ni systems
Authors: Thomson Alasdair I. , Winterbottom John M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe binary metal systems Pd–Ag and Pd–Ni have been prepared on a silica support with a total metal loading of 2.5% (w/w). About a dozen catalysts were prepared in each series covering the range 0–100 at. % Pd.The catalysts were characterised by a number of techniques, principally temperature programmed reduction, differential scanning calorimetry and metal surface area measurement. The catalyst activity and selectivity were measured for the hydrogenation of soya bean oil in both stirred and shaken batch reactors at 1 atm H2 pressure in the temperature range 100–160°C.The characterisation techniques provided strong evidence of alloying for both series of catalysts. The activity and selectivity measurements also provided supporting evidence of alloying, and the Pd–Ag system exhibited an activity maximum in the 90–100 at. % Pd range, while the Pd–Ni system maintained constant activity for alloys containing 0–60 at. % Ni. Trans‐acid formation was suppressed by lower reduction temperature, and linolenate removal was improved at lower temperatures. However, it also appears that reaction rates were dominated largely by triglyceride diffusion effects.
Study of the kinetics of the adsorption by activated carbons of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solution
Authors: Gómez‐Jiménez Lourdes , García‐Rodríguez Antonio , de Dios López‐González Juan , Navarrete‐Guijosa Antonio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of the adsorption of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by activated carbons from an aqueous solution has been studied at several temperatures (10°C to 50°C). The activated carbons used were Merck (No. 2514) and one prepared from almond shells (C‐A‐14). The adsorption process seems to be of the order two and the desorption of the order one.The thermodynamic functions for the formation of the activated complex have also been calculated.
Production of horse radish peroxidase by plant cell culture
Authors: Yamada Yasuyuki , Kobayashi Setsuo , Watanabe Kazuo , Hayashi Uzo , Yajima Yasuo , Inoue Hiroshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalluses were induced from the stem and the root tissues of horse radish plantlets. Cell aggregate selections were carried out on them to obtain a cell line with higher peroxidase activity, and the isozyme patterns of the peroxidases from the cultured cells and their utility values as a clinical diagnostic reagent were investigated.The repetition of the cell aggregate selection resulted in increases in peroxidase activities in each generation of selection; about eleven fold in the 13th generation of selection from the stem tissues and about nine fold in the 13th generation from the root tissues. One of the cell lines (N5K6‐S), originally derived from the stem tissues, after selectin showed a tenfold increase in peroxidase activity within two weeks of culture in a liquid medium. The value as a clinical diagnostic reagent of peroxidases extracted from the N5K6‐S cells was estimated to be equivalent to those already commercially available for the same purpose. There were significant differences in the isoenzyme patterns of the peroxidases from root tissues and those from cultured cells. From these results, the possibility of commercial production of peroxidase utilizing plant tissue and cell culture techniques was discussed.
Cyanine dyes as corrosion inhibitors. I. Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of copper metal treated with hydroxystyryl cyanine dye
Authors: Makhlouf M. Th. , Khalil Zarif H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of 2‐(o‐hydroxystyryl) pyridinium‐1‐ethyl iodide cyanine dye on the corrosion behaviour of copper metal in nitric acid solution has been studied. Weight loss measurements, galvanostatic polarization curves, open‐circuit potential variation of copper electrode with time and the cathodic protective current values indicate that styryl cyanine dye gives an anticorrosive character. The inhibition effect is more pronounced in the case of copper metal coated by dye thin film than that obtained by its addition to the corrosion medium.
Removal of victoria blue from aqueous solution by fly ash
Authors: Khare Sunil K. , Panday Kamala K. , Srivastava Ram M. , Singh Viswa N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of fly ash for the removal of victoria blue (C126, 44045) from aqueous solution at different concentrations and pH has been investigated. The process follows first order adsorption rate expression and the rate constant was found to be 1.70 × 10−2 min−1 at a victoria blue concentration of 1.0 × 10−4 M and 25°C. The uptake of victoria blue by fly ash is diffusion controlled and the value of mass transfer coefficient is 1.25 × 10−5 cm sec−1. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir model of adsorption. Maximum removal was noted at pH 8.0. Low desorption of dye from adsorbent surface indicates that the process may not be essentially a reversible one.
Chloride on Pt–Re‐S/Al2O3: Catalyst performance and prediction of concentration during naphtha reforming
Authors: Grau J. M. , Jablonski E. L. , Pieck C. L. , Verderone R. J. , Parera J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral Pt—Re‐S/Al2O3‐Cl catalyst samples, with different chloride content, were submitted to runs under industrial operating conditions with accelerated deactivation periods, using different naphtha cuts as feed. Variables—such as octane number, liquid yield, paraffin disappearance, etc., as a function of the chloride content—were obtained by computing raw chromatographic data. These variables were analyzed in order to determine variables that could be taken as indicators of the chloride level. A correct balance of acidic (chloride) and metallic functions is necessary to obtain a good performance.Because of a lack of information about how the chloride content on a reforming catalyst can be estimated during operation, some correlations among the chloride level, reformate variables, and the characteristics of the feed were studied. By using a conjugated gradient method, correlating equations with a mean error of about 9% were found to be the best.
The hydrochloric acid route for phosphate rock
Authors: Habashi Fathi , Awadalla Farouk T. , Yao Xin‐Bao 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen phosphate rock is leached with hydrochloric acid, radium can be removed by co‐precipitation with Ba0.4Ca0.6SO4 and uranium by extraction with a 5% solution of tributyl phosphate in hexane or Varsol. Phosphoric acid is then separated from calcium chloride solution and other impurities by extraction with undiluted tributyl phosphate. The lanthanides can be precipitated from the raffinate by NH3, and CaSO4.2H2O by H2SO4 to regenerate HCl for recycle. The organic phase containing H3PO4 can be stripped by NH3 to yield ammonium phosphate and to regenerate the tributyl phosphate for recycle. Fluorine can be precipitated from the initial leach solution as Na2SiF6.
Use of factorial design of experiments in the determination of adsorption equilibrium constants: Methyl iodide on charcoals
Authors: Aracil José 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFactorial design methods and analysis of variance have been applied to the experimental determination of adsorption equilibrium constants. A factorial design with three levels of temperature (110°, 130° and 150°C), three particle diameters (0.3, 0.9 and 1.5 cm) and two different impregnation loadings led to the identification of significant effects and interactions for the calculation of the equilibrium constants. This methodology requires no assumptions and identifies the principal experimental variables, and their interactions, which have the greatest effect on the adsorption.
Selective hydrogenation of styrene: Poisoning effect of thiophene
Authors: L'Argentiere Pablo C. , Fígoli Nora S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe poisoning effect of thiophene on a commercial selective hydrogenation Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, using the styrene hydrogenation to ethylbenzene as a test reaction, has been studied. It was found that the addition of thiophene to the reactants modifies the electronic properties of Pd and also prevents (within certain limits) the catalyst from a subsequent poisoning when a second amount of thiophene is added. These modifications on Pd electronic state have been followed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the poison addition has been studied by IR spectroscopy.
Rheological studies on Streptomyces fradiae ScF‐5 in submerged fermentation
Authors: Ghildyal N. P. , Thakur M. S. , Srikanta S. , Jaleel S. A. , Prapulla S. G. , Prasad M. S. , Devi P. N. , Lonsane B. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies on the rheology of Streptomyces fradiae ScF‐5 in a 10‐dm3 submerged fermenter for the production of intracellular glucose isomerase revealed that the apparent viscosity of the broth increased with increase in cell density up to 24 h and then declined while the density of the broth remained constant. The plot of shear stress versus shear rate at various fermentation periods showed the applicability of the Casson model. The yield stress and consistency index were found to increase gradually then decrease subsequently. In contrast, the flow behaviour index was less than unity and remained constant throughout the fermentation. The results contrast with the findings of other workers on the Newtonian and non‐Newtonian character of fermentation broths and the applicability of the power law model to such systems.
Sago starch saccharification and simultaneous ethanol fermentation by amyloglucosidase and Zymomonas mobilis
Authors: Lee Gyun Min , Kim Chul Ho , Yusof Zainal Abidin Mohammed , Han Moon Hi , Rhee Sang Ki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSimultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation (SSF) of sago starch was studied using amyloglucosidase (AMG) and Zymomonas mobilis. The optimal concentration of AMG and operating temperature for the SSF process were found to be 0.5% (v/w) and 35°C, respectively. Under these conditions with 150 g dm−3 sago starch as a substrate, the final ethanol concentration obtained was 69.2 g dm−3 and ethanol yield, YP/S, 0.50 g g−1 (97% of theoretical yield). Sago starch in the concentration range of 100–200 g dm−3 was efficiently converted into ethanol. When compared to a two‐step process involving separate saccharification and fermentation stages, the SSF reduced the total process time by half.
Acid catalyzed pressure synthesis of N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine from benzylamine and methanol
Authors: Nandi Dilip K. , Palit Sunanda K. , Deka Dibakar C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine from benzylamine and methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid catalyst has been carried out under pressure. Nitrogen pressure is helpful only to a limited extent, beyond which it is neither helpful nor detrimental. Under optimum conditions (517 K, 6.0295 MPa, residence period 2 h, benzylamine‐to‐methanol‐to‐hydrochloric acid mol ratio 1:2:1) the conversion of benzylamine to N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine is 57.09%.
High‐build antifouling paints based on rosin and chlorinated rubber
Authors: Giúdice Carlos A. , Benitez Juan Carlos , del Amo Beatriz , Rascio Vicente J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fundamental objective of this work was to formulate antifouling paints giving a high thickness film with a reduced number of coats and having suitable physico‐chemical properties and biocidal characteristics for the protection of ships' hulls. Formulation variables studied were WW rosin (gum rosin)/chlorinated rubber (grade 10) ratio, which defines the binder dissolution rate, and the rheological agent content (castor oil), which influences the paints' thixotropic behaviour. Red cuprous oxide, zinc oxide and natural calcium carbonate were used as pigments. Tests were made in the laboratory for evaluating abrasion resistance, adhesion and elongation. Binder dissolution rate of the different paints in artificial sea water and also some rheological parameters of the samples were determined. Service tests were performed on ships' hulls (a destroyer, two light destroyers and an aircraft carrier), showing some paints retaining good antifouling characteristics after 25 months' immersion.
The purification of human thyroid‐stimulating hormone by immunoaffinity chromatography
Authors: Jack George W. , Blazek Richard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman thyrotropin (thyroid‐stimulating hormone) has been purified from a side‐fraction of human growth hormone production. Purification is effected by immunoaffinity chromatography on an immobilised monoclonal antibody column. The hormone was bound to the immunoabsorbent in 50 mM borate buffer pH 8·5 plus 0·5 M NaCl and eluted by 50 mM glycine/HCl buffer pH 3·5 plus 0·5 M NaCl. The hormone was obtained in a biologically active form and substantially free, <0·5% by weight, of the other pituitary glycoprotein hormones.
The automated production by immunoaffinity chromatography of the human pituitary glycoprotein hormones thyrotropin, follitropin and lutropin
Authors: Jack George W. , Blazek Richard , James Keith , Boyd Janice E. , Micklem Lisel R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman pituitary TSH, FSH and LH were purified from a side fraction of human pituitary growth hormone production by immunoaffinity chromatography on immobilised hormone‐specific monoclonal antibodies. Each hormone was obtained in biologically active form and was substantially free, <0·5% by weight, of the other glycoprotein hormones. The method was automated using a time‐based programmer and by applying the unbound fraction from one purification to columns of different specificities each of the three hormones was obtained from a single batch of starting material.