bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paraconsistency in Non-Fregean Framework
Authors: Golińska-Pilarek Joanna 
Published: May 2024

AbstractA non-Fregean framework aims to provide a formal tool for reasoning about semantic denotations of sentences and their interactions. Extending a logic to its non-Fregean version involves introducing a new connective$$\equiv $$≡that allows to separate denotations of sentences from their logical values. Intuitively,$$\equiv $$≡combines two sentences$$\varphi $$φand$$\psi $$ψinto a true one whenever$$\varphi $$φand$$\psi $$ψhave the same semantic correlates, describe the same situations, or have the same content or meaning. The paper aims to compare non-Fregean paraconsistent Grzegorczyk’s logics (Logic of Descriptions$$\textsf{LD}$$LD, Logic of Descriptions with Suszko’s Axioms$$\textsf{LDS}$$LDS, Logic of Equimeaning$$\textsf{LDE}$$LDE) with non-Fregean versions of certain well-known paraconsistent logics (Jaśkowski’s Discussive Logic$$\textsf{D}_2$$D2, Logic of Paradox$$\textsf{LP}$$LP, Logics of Formal Inconsistency$$\textsf{LFI}{1}$$LFI1and$$\textsf{LFI}{2}$$LFI2). We prove that Grzegorczyk’s logics are either weaker than or incomparable to non-Fregean extensions of$$\textsf{LP}$$LP,$$\textsf{LFI}{1}$$LFI1,$$\textsf{LFI}{2}$$LFI2. Furthermore, we show that non-Fregean extensions of$$\textsf{LP}$$LP,$$\textsf{LFI}{1}$$LFI1,$$\textsf{LFI}{2}$$LFI2, and$$\textsf{D}_2$$D2are more expressive than their original counterparts. Our results highlight that the non-Fregean connective$$\equiv $$≡can serve as a tool for expressing various properties of the ontology underlying the logics under consideration.
Natural language syntax complies with the free-energy principle
Authors: Murphy Elliot , Holmes Emma , Friston Karl 
Published: May 2024

AbstractNatural language syntax yields an unbounded array of hierarchically structured expressions. We claim that these are used in the service of active inference in accord with the free-energy principle (FEP). While conceptual advances alongside modelling and simulation work have attempted to connect speech segmentation and linguistic communication with the FEP, we extend this program to the underlying computations responsible for generating syntactic objects. We argue that recently proposed principles of economy in language design—such as “minimal search” criteria from theoretical syntax—adhere to the FEP. This affords a greater degree of explanatory power to the FEP—with respect to higher language functions—and offers linguistics a grounding in first principles with respect to computability. While we mostly focus on building new principled conceptual relations between syntax and the FEP, we also show through a sample of preliminary examples how both tree-geometric depth and a Kolmogorov complexity estimate (recruiting a Lempel–Ziv compression algorithm) can be used to accurately predict legal operations on syntactic workspaces, directly in line with formulations of variational free energy minimization. This is used to motivate a general principle of language design that we term Turing–Chomsky Compression (TCC). We use TCC to align concerns of linguists with the normative account of self-organization furnished by the FEP, by marshalling evidence from theoretical linguistics and psycholinguistics to ground core principles of efficient syntactic computation within active inference.
Elimination of cherry virus A from Prunus domestica ‘Besztercei Bt. 2’ using in vitro techniques
Authors: Szabó Luca Krisztina , Desiderio Francesco , Kirilla Zoltán , Hegedűs Attila , Várallyay Éva , Preininger Éva 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCherry virus A, a capillovirus, can infect different Prunus species and be present as a latent infection in orchards. CVA infection was detected in a Hungarian stock collection of Prunus domestica ‘Besztercei Bt. 2’. In our study, different in vitro virus elimination techniques (thermotherapy combined with shoot tip culture and chemotherapy alone or combined with thermotherapy) were used and compared for their efficiency in eliminating CVA from ‘Besztercei Bt. 2’ plum cultivar. Thermotherapy was carried out at 38/36°C (day/night) in a heat chamber followed by the excision of 1–2 mm long shoot tips for plant regeneration. As a chemotherapy agent, ribavirin or zidovudine was added to the multiplication medium at two different concentrations with or without two weeks of thermotherapy pretreatment. The plum shoots tolerated 14–18 days of heat treatment, 64% of the plants regenerated from shoot tips, and 75% of the tested regenerated plants were confirmed by RT‒PCR to be CVA-free. Ribavirin and zidovudine did not negatively affect the survival of the plum shoots at any applied concentrations. Zidovudine alone was not able to efficiently eradicate virus from the treated plantlets, but when zidovudine was combined with heat treatment, the number of CVA-positive plants decreased to 60%. In contrast, ribavirin alone was very efficient at eliminating CVA from all the tested plants when used at a concentration of 25 mg L− 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of eliminating CVA from Prunus sp. via in vitro techniques.
Coupling material and energy flow analysis with life cycle assessment to support circular strategies at the urban level
Authors: Papageorgiou Asterios , Björklund Anna , Sinha Rajib , de Almeida Maria Livia Real , Steubing Bernhard 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPurposeThis study aims to investigate how the coupling of Material and Energy Flow Analysis (MEFA) with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) under an urban metabolism (UM) perspective (referred to as the UM-LCA approach) can support the design, evaluation, and monitoring of urban-level circular strategies. For this purpose, we apply the UM-LCA approach to the urban area of Umeå (Sweden) by expanding the goal and scope of a recent MEFA study conducted by the authors of the article.MethodsThe modeling combines MEFA with LCA and is performed both retrospectively and prospectively. The MEFA was performed in the prior study following a bottom-up approach to map and quantify material and energy flows in the urban system at the sectoral level. The quantified flows are used in the present study to construct the life cycle inventory (LCI) model of the urban system. The LCI model is first used as a basis of the retrospective LCA (rLCA), which is conducted to assess the environmental performance of the urban system with its sectors. The LCI model is then modified according to future scenarios and is used as a basis of the prospective LCA (pLCA), which is performed to assess the environmental implications of implementing circular strategies in the future.Results and discussionThe rLCA shows that the construction and household sectors are major drivers of environmental impacts in the urban system, with households being the largest contributors to 11 out of 12 analyzed impact categories. It also reveals the most impacting flows within these sectors, including food in households and steel in the construction sector. These findings indicate that the construction and household sectors and their most impacting flows should be prioritized in a circular strategy. Furthermore, the pLCA highlights that a future circular strategy promoting reductions in the material used in these two sectors could lead to higher reductions in all impact categories, ranging from 4.3 to 8.6%, than a strategy focused only on recycling, which could lead to reductions ranging from 0.2 to 1.2%.ConclusionsThis study concludes that the UM-LCA approach has great potential to comprehensively analyze, both retrospectively and prospectively, the environmental performance of an urban system providing valuable insights that could support policy makers in designing, assessing, and monitoring urban-level circular strategies. However, further research should address identified limitations of the UM-LCA approach (e.g., limited available data, inability to consider social and economic aspects) to facilitate its applicability and enhance its comprehensiveness.
Involvement of prelimbic cortex neurons and related circuits in the acquisition of a cooperative learning by pairs of rats
Authors: Conde-Moro A. R. , Rocha-Almeida F. , Gebara E. , Delgado-García J. M. , Sandi C. , Gruart A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSocial behaviors such as cooperation are crucial for mammals. A deeper knowledge of the neuronal mechanisms underlying cooperation can be beneficial for people suffering from pathologies with impaired social behavior. Our aim was to study the brain activity when two animals synchronize their behavior to obtain a mutual reinforcement. In a previous work, we showed that the activity of the prelimbic cortex (PrL) was enhanced during cooperation in rats, especially in the ones leading most cooperative trials (leader rats). In this study, we investigated the specific cells in the PrL contributing to cooperative behaviors. To this end, we collected rats’ brains at key moments of the learning process to analyze the levels of c-FOS expression in the main cellular groups of the PrL. Leader rats showed increased c-FOS activity in cells expressing D1 receptors during cooperation. Besides, we analyzed the levels of anxiety, dominance, and locomotor behavior, finding that leader rats are in general less anxious and less dominant than followers. We also recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the PrL, the nucleus accumbens septi (NAc), and the basolateral amygdala (BLA). A spectral analysis showed that delta activity in PrL and NAc increased when rats cooperated, while BLA activity in delta and theta bands decreased considerably during cooperation. The PrL and NAc also increased their connectivity in the high theta band during cooperation. Thus, the present work identifies the specific PrL cell types engaged in this behavior, as well as the way this information is propagated to selected downstream brain regions (BLA, NAc).
On the Effect of Interphase Boundary Energy Anisotropy on Morphologies: A New Type of Eutectic Grain Observed in a Three-Phase Eutectic System
Authors: Mohagheghi Samira , Şerefoğlu Melis 
Published: May 2024

AbstractEutectic microstructures are dramatically affected by the anisotropy in interphase boundary energy. Depending on this anisotropy function, different eutectic grains may grow simultaneously at the same experimental conditions. In all reported quasi-isotropic and anisotropic two-phase and three-phase eutectic grains in thin samples, lamellar morphology is observed and the microstructure is essentially two dimensional (2D), since the interphase boundaries are perpendicular to the sample walls. Using the β(In)–In2Bi–γ(Sn) system and real-time solidification experiments in thin samples, we introduce a unique and new type of anisotropic three-phase eutectic grain, entitled here as “Laminated Matrix with Rods (LMR).” In this grain, due to the anisotropy in In2Bi/γ(Sn) interphase boundary, the evolving phases, and hence, the microstructures observed through the two glass plates of the thin sample are completely different, despite the strong confinement effect. During rotating directional solidification (RDS) experiments, the morphology or the aspect ratio of all phases changes periodically and drastically. Specifically, In2Bi, β(In), and γ(Sn) phases evolve from all being lamellar perpendicular to the sample walls to the matrix, elongated/trapezoidal rods, and a lamella parallel to the sample walls, respectively. Our experimental results show that these morphological transitions are due to change in the interphase boundary orientation with respect to the growth direction.
Graphical abstract
Impact of Lithium on the Immune System: An Investigation of T-Cell Subpopulations and Cytokine Responses in Rats
Authors: Matur Erdal , Akyol Sibel , Toplan Selmin , Ozdemir Semra , Akyazı Ibrahim , Darıyerli Nuran 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-dependent adverse effects of long-term dietary lithium administration on specific aspects of the defense system in rats. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the inflammatory activities of lithium beyond its recognized anti-inflammatory properties. Forty Wistar Albino rats were involved, which were randomly allocated into the control and four treatment groups. The control group received standard rat feed, and the experimental groups’ diet was added 1 g/kg, 1.4 g/kg, 1.8 g/kg, and 2.2 g/kg lithium bicarbonate, respectively. CD4+, CD8+, and CD161 + cells were assessed by flow cytometry. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-2 and IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured. The proportion of CD4 + cells and the CD4+/CD8 + ratio (P = 0.005 and P = 0.038, respectively) were reduced with the highest dose of lithium compared to the control group. The data regarding pro-inflammatory cytokines showed a dose-dependent increase in serum TNF-α and IFN-γ levels (P = 0.023 and P = 0.001, respectively). On the other hand, serum IL-1β and IL-2 levels were decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P = 0. 001 and P = 0. 001, respectively). As for anti-inflammatory cytokines, a dose-dependent decrease was determined in serum IL-4 level (P = 0.002), while no significant changes were noted in IL-6 and IL-10 levels (P = 0.507 and P = 0.732, respectively). In conclusion, lithium adversely impacted the cellular defense system. Furthermore, apart from its anti-inflammatory properties, lithium exhibited cytokine-mediated inflammatory activities. Therefore, lithium’s potential adverse effects on the immune system should be considered in immunodeficient patients and those with an inflammatory status treated with high doses of lithium.
A relational approach to organised crime
Authors: Campana Paolo , Antonopoulos Georgios A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis is an introduction to the articles submitted to the special issue of Trends in Organized Crime on ‘Crime and Networks’. The aim of this special issue is to advance our relational understanding of organised crime, gangs and crime more generally by presenting six works exploring a diverse set of questions related to organised crime, street gangs, outlaw motorcycle gangs, money laundering and groups operating in cyberspace.
Completeness and Geodesic Distance Properties for Fractional Sobolev Metrics on Spaces of Immersed Curves
Authors: Bauer Martin , Heslin Patrick , Maor Cy 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe investigate the geometry of the space of immersed closed curves equipped with reparametrization-invariant Riemannian metrics; the metrics we consider are Sobolev metrics of possible fractional-order $$q\in [0,\infty )$$

q
∈
[
0
,
∞
)

. We establish the critical Sobolev index on the metric for several key geometric properties. Our first main result shows that the Riemannian metric induces a metric space structure if and only if $$q>1/2$$

q
>
1
/
2

. Our second main result shows that the metric is geodesically complete (i.e., the geodesic equation is globally well posed) if $$q>3/2$$

q
>
3
/
2

, whereas if $$q<3/2$$

q
<
3
/
2

then finite-time blowup may occur. The geodesic completeness for $$q>3/2$$

q
>
3
/
2

is obtained by proving metric completeness of the space of $$H^q$$

H
q

-immersed curves with the distance induced by the Riemannian metric.
ConceptGlassbox: Guided Concept-Based Explanation for Deep Neural Networks
Authors: El Shawi Radwa 
Published: May 2024

AbstractVarious industries and fields have utilized machine learning models, particularly those that demand a significant degree of accountability and transparency. With the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), it has become imperative for machine learning model predictions to be both plausible and verifiable. One approach to explaining these predictions involves assigning an importance score to each input element. Another category aims to quantify the importance of human-understandable concepts to explain global and local model behaviours. The way concepts are constructed in such concept-based explanation techniques lacks inherent interpretability. Additionally, the magnitude and diversity of the discovered concepts make it difficult for machine learning practitioners to comprehend and make sense of the concept space. To this end, we introduce ConceptGlassbox, a novel local explanation framework that seeks to learn high-level transparent concept definitions. Our approach leverages human knowledge and feedback to facilitate the acquisition of concepts with minimal human labelling effort. The ConceptGlassbox learns concepts consistent with the user’s understanding of a concept’s meaning. It then dissects the evidence for the prediction by identifying the key concepts the black-box model uses to arrive at its decision regarding the instance being explained. Additionally, ConceptGlassbox produces counterfactual explanations, proposing the smallest changes to the instance’s concept-based explanation that would result in a counterfactual decision as specified by the user. Our systematic experiments confirm that ConceptGlassbox successfully discovers relevant and comprehensible concepts that are important for neural network predictions.
Probiotic Characteristics of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 9435 and Its Survival and Competitive Properties Under Simulated Conditions of the Child Gut Microbiota
Authors: Requena Teresa , Martínez-Cuesta M. Carmen , Aznar Rosa , Mohedano M. Luz , López Paloma , Ruas-Madiedo Patricia 
Published: May 2024

AbstractProbiotics are valuable microorganisms effective in reducing malnutrition-related infections in children. In this work, a collection of lactobacilli strains representative of traditional Andean fermented beverages was in vitro screened for their capability to survive the gastrointestinal transit, to adhere to the intestinal epithelium and to compete under simulated conditions of the child gut microbiota. The results allowed the selection of the riboflavin overproducing strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 9435 based on its good rate of survival under in vitro gastrointestinal conditions when included in a food matrix representing the fortified food supplement Incaparina. The strain also showed good adhesion to HT29 cells producing mucus and outstanding performance in E. coli competition for the adhesion to this epithelial cell line. L. plantarum CECT 9435 gut performance was also evaluated in the child intestinal microbiota simulated in a dynamic gut model (BFBL simulator). The viability of the probiotic candidate in the gut conditions was high during the 7-day intervention period, reaching over 1 × 107 counts in each of the reactors simulating the three colonic regions. The transient viability of L. plantarum CECT 9435 within the child gut microbiota and its adhesion capacity to intestinal cells could facilitate the strain potential benefits as probiotic added to fortified supplementary foods destined to malnourished children.
Elucidation of trap energies of Gamma-irradiated BaMgAl10O17: Ce3+ phosphors for dosimetry applications
Authors: Vidya Saraswathi A. , Naregundi Karunakara , Sayyed M. I. , Almousa Nouf , Kamath Sudha D. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive examination of the thermoluminescence properties of BaMgAl10O17: Ce (BAM: Ce) phosphors, which were synthesized via the combustion method. The study employs five distinct approaches to determine the kinetic parameters for individual traps. To investigate the structural, morphological, and elemental composition of the samples, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were utilized. The photoluminescence spectra revealed a broad emission centered around 420 nm upon 330 nm excitation. By subjecting the phosphors to γ doses ranging from 5 to 5 kGy and conducting TL glow curve analysis, the kinetic characteristics of the BAM: Ce phosphors were determined. The linear dose–response was observed for 5–50 Gy, indicating a high sensitivity value. Additionally, there is a consistent estimation of trap energy across various methods. It is also worth noting that the phosphor exhibits a very low minimum detectable dose, estimated to be in the microgray range, making BAM: Ce a strong candidate for low gamma dosimetry applications.
Longitudinal tracking of circulating rare events in the liquid biopsy of stage III–IV non-small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Bai Lily , Courcoubetis George , Mason Jeremy , Hicks James B. , Nieva Jorge , Kuhn Peter , Shishido Stephanie N. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn the United States, lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) encompassing around 85% of total lung cancer cases. Late-stage patients with metastatic disease have worsening prognosis, highlighting the importance of longitudinal disease monitoring. Liquid biopsy (LBx) represents a way for physicians to non-invasively track tumor analytes, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and understand tumor progression in real-time through analyzing longitudinal blood samples. CTCs have been shown to be effective predictive biomarkers in measuring treatment efficacy and survival outcomes. We used the third-generation High-Definition Single Cell Assay (HDSCA3.0) workflow to analyze circulating rare events longitudinally during treatment in a cohort of 10 late-stage NSCLC patients, identifying rare events including circulating cancer cells (i.e., CTCs), and oncosomes. Here, we show (1) that there is a cancer specific LBx profile, (2) there is considerable heterogeneity of rare cells and oncosomes, and (3) that LBx data elements correlated with patient survival outcomes. Additional studies are warranted to understand the biological significance of the rare events detected, and the clinical potential of the LBx to monitor and predict response to treatment in NSCLC patient care.
Physicochemical, colour, microbiology, sensory and mineral attributes of set-type yoghurt produced from Gundelia tournefortii L. and its gum
Authors: Say Dilek 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe present study aimed to investigate the production of yoghurt in which the parts of the Gundelia tournefortii L. and its gum were added to milk at levels of 3% (v/v), incubated until the pH value reached 4.7 at 42 °C and then stored at 4 °C for 21 days. The Ca, P, K, Na and Mg contents of the yoghurt sample containing Gundelia tournefortii L. proved to be higher than those found in the control sample. Acidity, acetaldehyde, viscosity, a* values of yoghurt samples increased during storage, while the volatile fatty acids, gel firmness, whey separation, water holding capacity, L* and the b* values were decreased. The lactic acid bacteria count on the 21st day was > 6 log CFU/g in all yoghurt samples. The total aerobic mesophilic bacteria decreased except for the yoghurt sample containing Gundelia tournefortii L. milk, while the yeast and mold increased. The preference map revealed that 60–80% of consumers were satisfied with the control sample and the Gundelia tournefortii L. gum sample. Gundelia tournefortii L. milk and Gundelia tournefortii L. leaves samples were also found to have acceptable scores. As a result, adding Gundelia tournefortii L. into the yoghurt turned out to have a positive impact on its sensory and functional properties and could lead to an innovative approach in the dairy product market.
Graphical abstract