bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthopaedic Injuries Associated with Skimboarding
Authors: Sciarretta Kathryn H. , McKenna Matthew J. , Riccio Anthony I. 
Published: March 2009

Background Skimboarding is a beachside water sport that is enjoying increasing popularity among both dedicated enthusiasts and casual beachgoers. Although many consider this sport to be similar to its “sister” sport, surfing, the technique, the environment in which it is performed, and the skills required differ dramatically from that of surfing. Moreover, the pattern of injuries seen in skimboarders differs substantially from those sustained while surfing. Hypothesis A better understanding of the injuries encountered in this sport will allow improved participant education and facilitate the implementation of preventative measures. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods A case series was generated by performing a single retrospective chart review of skimboarding injuries referred for orthopaedic evaluation over a 2-year period at 2 medical treatment facilities, one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast of the United States; demographic data, injury type, and treatments rendered were documented. Results Sixty-one patients were identified and analyzed. Average patient age was 19.1 years. Fractures represented 93.4% of all acute injuries. The most common sites of injury were the ankle (41%) and wrist (36%). Rotation about a planted lower extremity was the most common mechanism of injury (30/61, 49%), followed by falls onto an outstretched hand (26/61, 43%). Conclusion Fractures of the ankle and wrist comprise a high proportion of skimboarding injuries. Knowledge of potential hazards associated with this sport should be made available to participants. To decrease the risk of orthopaedic injury, the use of protective equipment or instruction in proper techniques of the activity may be warranted.
Islam, Women and Violence
Authors: King Anna 
Published: March 2009

Islam is a religion of vast dimensions which has inspired great civilizations and today offers many men and women comfort and ethical guidance. In this paper I suggest that the tension between the Qur'an accepted as the perfect timeless word of God and the encultured dynamic Islam of nearly a quarter of the world's population results in contending perspectives of women's role and rights. The Qur'an gives men and women spiritual parity, but there are verses in the Qur'an that some feminists find difficult to reconcile with the modern rights of women. Most Islamic feminists make a clear distinction between cultural practices (what actually happens to embodied women) and the pure word of God. 1 There are profound differences in the status of women within and between predominantly Muslim countries. In some countries it is illegal for women to drive a car, or to move freely outside the home, in others women have become heads of state. The decision to wear the veil, often a sign of empowerment in Europe, is in parts of the Islamic world obligatory. Voices representing an exclusivist, literalist understanding of Islam have entered the mainstream of Muslim lives due in part to the fact that Wahhabism imposes a narrow, sectarian view of Islam, and the Saudi government with its massive oil wealth propagates this puritanical form of Islam across the world. Some traditionalist maulanas and maulvis are concerned above all with women's modesty and enforce customs that refine, purify and protect their chastity. They, like some Islamic feminists, position Islamic rights and roles for women with regard to the exoticized and eroticized `other' — in this case Western civilization, Western imperialism and the rise of Western feminism. `The West' becomes for traditional interpreters a kind of contemporary jahilya. There are also many progressive Muslim scholars who seek to articulate a historically accurate, non-idealized, now challenged, now challenging, view of Islam with an uncompromising emphasis on social justice, equality and pluralism (Safi 2008: 215). This paper argues that the ongoing, postcolonial battle against Western `imperialism' demands epistemological humility. Nevertheless, women are fighting for basic human rights and freedoms in parts of the Islamic world where the State, religious authorities (the ulema) and the patriarchal family assume the right of legal and moral surveillance. In considering the nature of violence to Muslim women in Pakistan and the UK, I hope to show that accusations of orientalism should not deter us from recognizing the courage of women activists who themselves risk imprisonment and of the struggle of women victims of rape and domestic violence to overcome feelings of shame and dishonour. I argue that both the private and public spheres need to be made safe for all Muslim women, and not just a professional elite. This can only be achieved by a fuller recognition of women's rights encapsulated in law and all aspects of public life.
A robust linkage map of the porcine autosomes based on gene-associated SNPs
Authors: Vingborg Rikke KK , Gregersen Vivi R , Zhan Bujie , Panitz Frank , Høj Anette , Sørensen Kirsten K , Madsen Lone B , Larsen Knud , Hornshøj Henrik , Wang Xuefei , Bendixen Christian 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundGenetic linkage maps are necessary for mapping of mendelian traits and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). To identify the actual genes, which control these traits, a map based on gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers is highly valuable. In this study, the SNPs were genotyped in a large family material comprising more than 5,000 piglets derived from 12 Duroc boars crossed with 236 Danish Landrace/Danish Large White sows. The SNPs were identified in sequence alignments of 4,600 different amplicons obtained from the 12 boars and containing coding regions of genes derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and genomic shotgun sequences.ResultsLinkage maps of all 18 porcine autosomes were constructed based on 456 gene-associated and six porcine EST-based SNPs. The total length of the averaged-sex whole porcine autosome was estimated to 1,711.8 cM resulting in an average SNP spacing of 3.94 cM. The female and male maps were estimated to 2,336.1 and 1,441.5 cM, respectively. The gene order was validated through comparisons to the cytogenetic and/or physical location of 203 genes, linkage to evenly spaced microsatellite markers as well as previously reported conserved synteny. A total of 330 previously unmapped genes and ESTs were mapped to the porcine autosome while ten genes were mapped to unexpected locations.ConclusionThe linkage map presented here shows high accuracy in gene order. The pedigree family network as well as the large amount of meiotic events provide good reliability and make this map suitable for QTL and association studies. In addition, the linkage to the RH-map of microsatellites makes it suitable for comparison to other QTL studies.
Functional characterization and identification of mouse Rad51d splice variants
Authors: Gruver Aaron M , Yard Brian D , McInnes Campbell , Rajesh Changanamkandath , Pittman Douglas L 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background
The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is vital for maintaining genomic integrity through the restoration of double-stranded breaks and interstrand crosslinks. The RAD51 paralogs (RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, XRCC2, XRCC3) are essential for this process in vertebrates, and the RAD51D paralog is unique in that it participates in both HR repair and telomere maintenance. RAD51D is also known to directly interact with the RAD51C and XRCC2 proteins. Rad51d splice variants have been reported in mouse and human tissues, supportive of a role for alternative splicing in HR regulation. The present study evaluated the interaction of the Rad51d splice isoform products with RAD51C and XRCC2 and their expression patterns.

Results
Yeast-2-hybrid analysis was used to determine that the Mus musculus Rad51d splice variant product RAD51DΔ7b (deleted for residues 219 through 223) was capable of interacting with both RAD51C and XRCC2 and that RAD51D+int3 interacted with XRCC2. In addition, the linker region (residues 54 through 77) of RAD51D was identified as a region that potentially mediates binding with XRCC2. Cellular localization, detected by EGFP fusion proteins, demonstrated that each of the splice variant products tested was distributed throughout the cell similar to the full-length protein. However, none of the splice variants were capable of restoring resistance of Rad51d-deficient cell lines to mitomycin C. RT-PCR expression analysis revealed that Rad51dΔ3 (deleted for exon 3) and Rad51dΔ5 (deleted for exon 5)transcripts display tissue specific expression patterns with Rad51dΔ3 being detected in each tissue except ovary and Rad51dΔ5 not detected in mammary gland and testis. These expression studies also led to the identification of two additional Rad51d ubiquitously expressed transcripts, one deleted for both exon 9 and 10 and one deleted for only exon 10.

Conclusion
These results suggest Rad51d alternative splice variants potentially modulate mechanisms of HR by sequestering either RAD51C or XRCC2.
Adherence with urate-lowering therapies for the treatment of gout
Authors: Harrold Leslie R , Andrade Susan E , Briesacher Becky A , Raebel Marsha A , Fouayzi Hassan , Yood Robert A , Ockene Ira S 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Adherence to urate-lowering drugs (ULDs) has not been well evaluated among those with gout. Our aim was to assess the level and determinants of non-adherence with ULDs prescribed for gout.

Methods
We identified persons using two integrated delivery systems aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of gout who initiated use of allopurinol, probenecid or sulfinpyrazone from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2006. Non-adherence was measured using the medication possession ratio (MPR) over the first year of therapy and defined as an MPR < 0.8. Descriptive statistics were calculated and logistic regression was used to estimate the strength of the association between patient characteristics and non-adherence.

Results
A total of 4,166 gout patients initiated ULDs; 97% received allopurinol. Median MPR for any ULD use was 0.68 (interquartile range (IQR) 0.64). Over half of the patients (56%) were non-adherent (MPR < 0.8). In adjusted analyses, predictors of poor adherence included younger age (odds ratio (OR) 2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.86 to 3.18 for ages <45 and OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.93 for ages 45 to 49), fewer comorbid conditions (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.77), no provider visits for gout prior to urate-lowering drug initiation (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.55), and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the year prior to urate-lowering drug initiation (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.31).

Conclusions
Non-adherence amongst gout patients initiating ULDs is exceedingly common, particularly in younger patients with less comorbidity and no provider visits for gout prior to ULD initiation. Providers should be aware of the magnitude of non-adherence with ULDs.
Asporin, a susceptibility gene in osteoarthritis, is expressed at higher levels in the more degenerate human intervertebral disc
Authors: Gruber Helen E , Ingram Jane A , Hoelscher Gretchen L , Zinchenko Natalia , Hanley Edward N , Sun Yubo 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Asporin, also known as periodontal ligament-associated protein 1 (PLAP1), is a member of the family of small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. It is present within the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM), and is reported to have a genetic association with osteoarthritis. Its D14 allele has recently been found to be associated with lumbar disc degeneration in Asian subjects. There have been no studies, however, of this gene's normal immunohistochemical localization within the human intervertebral disc, or of expression levels in Caucasian individuals with disc degeneration.

Methods
Studies were approved by our human subjects Institutional Review Board. Methods included immunohistochemical localization of asporin in the disc of humans and the sand rat (a small rodent with spontaneous age-related disc degeneration), and Affymetrix microarray analysis of asporin gene expression in vivo and in vitro.

Results
Immunohistochemical studies of human discs revealed that some, but not all, cells of the outer annulus expressed asporin. Fewer cells in the inner annulus contained asporin, and it was rarely present in cells in the nucleus pulposus. Similar patterns were found for the presence of asporin in lumbar discs of sand rats. Substantial relative gene expression levels were seen for asporin in both disc tissue and in annulus cells grown in three-dimensional culture. More degenerate human discs (Thompson grade 4) showed higher expression levels of asporin than did less degenerate (grade 1, 2 and 3) discs, P = 0.004.

Conclusions
In the discs of Caucasian subjects studied here, and in the sand rat, greater immunolocalization levels were found in the outer compared to inner annulus. Localization was rare in the nucleus. Gene expression studies showed greatest expression of asporin in the more degenerate human discs in vivo.
Evaluation of next generation sequencing platforms for population targeted sequencing studies
Authors: Harismendy Olivier , Ng Pauline C , Strausberg Robert L , Wang Xiaoyun , Stockwell Timothy B , Beeson Karen Y , Schork Nicholas J , Murray Sarah S , Topol Eric J , Levy Samuel , Frazer Kelly A 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Background
Next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms are currently being utilized for targeted sequencing of candidate genes or genomic intervals to perform sequence-based association studies. To evaluate these platforms for this application, we analyzed human sequence generated by the Roche 454, Illumina GA, and the ABI SOLiD technologies for the same 260 kb in four individuals.

Results
Local sequence characteristics contribute to systematic variability in sequence coverage (>100-fold difference in per-base coverage), resulting in patterns for each NGS technology that are highly correlated between samples. A comparison of the base calls to 88 kb of overlapping ABI 3730xL Sanger sequence generated for the same samples showed that the NGS platforms all have high sensitivity, identifying >95% of variant sites. At high coverage, depth base calling errors are systematic, resulting from local sequence contexts; as the coverage is lowered additional 'random sampling' errors in base calling occur.

Conclusions
Our study provides important insights into systematic biases and data variability that need to be considered when utilizing NGS platforms for population targeted sequencing studies.
Inherited Prothrombotic Risk Factors in Children With Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack, or Migraine
Authors: Herak Désirée Coen , Antolic Margareta Radic , Krleza Jasna Lenicek , Pavic Marina , Dodig Slavica , Duranovic Vlasta , Brkic Anica Basnec , Zadro Renata 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and possible association of inherited prothrombotic risk factors in children with stroke, transient ischemic attack, or migraine.
METHODS. We performed genotypic analysis for factor V G1691A, factor II G20210A, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T, and 4 common platelet glycoprotein polymorphisms (human platelet alloantigen-1, -2, -3, and -5) in 150 children &lt;18 years of age with established diagnoses of stroke, transient ischemic attack, or migraine. Children were classified into 5 groups, namely, childhood arterial ischemic stroke (N = 33), perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (N = 26), hemorrhagic stroke (N = 20), transient ischemic attack (N = 36), and migraine (N = 35). The control group consisted of 112 children ≤18 years of age from the same geographical region who had no history of neurologic or thromboembolic diseases.
RESULTS. Heterozygosity for factor V G1691A was associated with approximately sevenfold increased risk for arterial ischemic stroke, perinatal arterial ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack. Increased risk for transient ischemic attack was found in carriers of the human platelet alloantigen-2b allele, human platelet alloantigen-5a/b genotype, and combined human platelet alloantigen-2b and human platelet alloantigen-5b genotype. The presence of the human platelet alloantigen-2b allele was associated with a 2.23-fold increased risk for migraine, whereas carriers of the human platelet alloantigen-3b allele had a lower risk for arterial ischemic stroke than did carriers of the human platelet alloantigen-3a allele.
CONCLUSIONS. Factor V G1691A has an important role in susceptibility to arterial ischemic stroke, both in the perinatal/neonatal period and in childhood, as well as transient ischemic attacks. A minor impact of human platelet alloantigen polymorphisms suggests that platelet glycoprotein polymorphisms may increase the risk of transient ischemic attacks and migraine, but this should be confirmed in larger studies.
Cytokines Associated With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Death in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Carlo Waldemar A. , D'Angio Carl T. , McDonald Scott A. , Das Abhik , Schendel Diana , Thorsen Poul , Higgins Rosemary D. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to develop multivariate logistic regression models for the outcome of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and/or death at postmenstrual age of 36 weeks by using clinical and cytokine data from the first 28 days.METHODS. For 1067 extremely low birth weight infants in the Neonatal Research Network of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, levels of 25 cytokines were measured in blood collected within 4 hours after birth and on days 3, 7, 14, and 21. Stepwise regression analyses using peak levels of the 25 cytokines and 15 clinical variables identified variables associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia/death. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for bronchopulmonary dysplasia/death by using variables selected through stepwise regression. Similar analyses were performed by using average cytokine values from days 0 to 21, days 0 to 3, and days 14 to 21.RESULTS. Of 1062 infants with available data, 606 infants developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia or died. On the basis of results from all models combined, bronchopulmonary dysplasia/death was associated with higher concentrations of interleukin 1β, 6, 8, and 10 and interferon γ and lower concentrations of interleukin 17, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, and tumor necrosis factor β. Compared with models with only clinical variables, the addition of cytokine data improved predictive ability by a statistically significant but clinically modest magnitude.CONCLUSIONS. The overall cytokine pattern suggests that bronchopulmonary dysplasia/death may be associated with impairment in the transition from the innate immune response mediated by neutrophils to the adaptive immune response mediated by T lymphocytes.
Consensus Statement on the Use of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs in Children
Authors: Carel Jean-Claude , Eugster Erica A. , Rogol Alan , Ghizzoni Lucia , Palmert Mark R. ,   on behalf of the members of the ESPE-LWPES GnRH Analogs Consensus Conference Group
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs revolutionized the treatment of central precocious puberty. However, questions remain regarding their optimal use in central precocious puberty and other conditions. The Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology convened a consensus conference to review the clinical use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children and adolescents.PARTICIPANTS. When selecting the 30 participants, consideration was given to equal representation from North America (United States and Canada) and Europe, an equal male/female ratio, and a balanced spectrum of professional seniority and expertise.EVIDENCE. Preference was given to articles written in English with long-term outcome data. The US Public Health grading system was used to grade evidence and rate the strength of conclusions. When evidence was insufficient, conclusions were based on expert opinion.CONSENSUS PROCESS. Participants were put into working groups with assigned topics and specific questions. Written materials were prepared and distributed before the conference, revised on the basis of input during the meeting, and presented to the full assembly for final review. If consensus could not be reached, conclusions were based on majority vote. All participants approved the final statement.CONCLUSIONS. The efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in increasing adult height is undisputed only in early-onset (girls &lt;6 years old) central precocious puberty. Other key areas, such as the psychosocial effects of central precocious puberty and their alteration by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, need additional study. Few controlled prospective studies have been performed with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children, and many conclusions rely in part on collective expert opinion. The conference did not endorse commonly voiced concerns regarding the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, such as promotion of weight gain or long-term diminution of bone mineral density. Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs for conditions other than central precocious puberty requires additional investigation and cannot be suggested routinely.
Energy Content of Young Alewives in Eastern Lake Michigan and Muskegon Lake, a Connected Drowned River Mouth Lake
Authors: Höök Tomas O. , Pothoven Steven A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Energy content is an important determinant of an individual fish's condition and a key input variable for bioenergetics applications. Energy content of young fish can change rapidly during ontogeny; given the numerical abundance and high mass-specific metabolic rates of young fish, it is particularly important to obtain detailed information on their energy content. To this end, we quantified the total body energy content and energy density of economically and ecologically important young (age-0–1) nonnative alewives Alosa pseudoharengus collected during 1998–2003 in eastern Lake Michigan and Muskegon Lake, a connected drowned river mouth lake. Our analysis demonstrates that energy content of young alewives varies across years, seasons, lakes, and ontogeny. Consistent with previous observations of size-dependent overwinter mortality, young alewives deplete a large amount of body energy between late fall and late spring (i.e., declines in length-specific energy content and energy density occur overwinter). Interestingly, unlike several past studies of young fish in their native range, size-specific energy content of young alewives does not appear to increase over the summer and fall (there is no evidence of increased energy storage in preparation for the resource-scarce winter period). Finally, our measured values are similar to the few previously published energy density values for age-0 alewives. The high degree of variation in the energy content of young fish emphasizes the necessity of using appropriate energy measures for bioenergetics applications to inform fisheries management.