bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computerized neurocognitive profile in young people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome compared to youths with schizophrenia and At‐Risk for psychosis
Authors: Goldenberg Paula C. , Calkins Monica E. , Richard Jan , McDonald‐McGinn Donna , Zackai Elaine , Mitra Nandita , Emanuel Beverly , Devoto Marcella , Borgmann‐Winter Karin , Kohler Christian , Conroy Catherine G. , Gur Ruben C. , Gur Raquel E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAdults with 22q11.2 Deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have increased prevalence of schizophrenia features. Our goal is to compare the neurocognitive profile in 22q11DS, schizophrenia and individuals at risk for schizophrenia. Twenty‐one 22q11DS patients (8–32 years, mean 14.9 years, 15M, 6F) were matched to four comparison groups on age: low risk (n = 21), first‐degree family members of schizophrenia patients (genetic risk, n = 20), individuals exhibiting putatively prodromal symptoms (clinical risk, n = 19), and patients with schizophrenia (n = 21). All participants received semi‐structured interviews [Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) and the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS)], and a computerized neurocognitive battery (CNB) measuring the following domains: Abstraction and Mental Flexibility, Attention, Working Memory, Verbal Memory, Face Memory, Spatial Memory, Language, Spatial Processing, Sensorimotor Dexterity, and Emotion Processing. Sixty percent of 22q11DS participants met SIPS criteria for prodromal symptoms and one participant met criteria for paranoid schizophrenia. Thirty‐eight percent met criteria for Depressive Disorders. All 22q11DS participants successfully completed the CNB. 22q11DS participants were significantly less accurate in nearly all domains, but had similar speed of response compared to the other groups. Their profile resembled that of the psychosis groups in accuracy and speed, except for more pronounced deficits in accuracy for face memory and emotion processing. Subthreshold psychotic symptoms are present in a high proportion of 22q11DS participants. Deficits shown in the CNB are more pronounced for accuracy than speed relative to the psychosis groups with similar profiles. Similar deficits have been described in the 22q11DS population using non‐computerized measures, which require increased testing time. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silver polyhedron coated electrospun nylon 6 nano‐fibrous membrane with good infrared extinction, ultraviolet shielding and water vapor permeability
Authors: Zhao Pingtang , Fan Jintu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSilver polyhedron coated electrospun nylon 6 nanofibrous membranes were produced using a nonhazardous and “green” electroless process. The process employed sodium citrate as a complexing and reducing agent at 80°C, without the need of any surfactant or hazardous chemicals. The novel nanofibrous membrane, produced under optimum conditions, demonstrated high infrared (IR) extinction and ultraviolet (UV) blocking and good water vapor permeability. It is expected to have wide potential application for thermal radiation shielding, UV blocking and IR camouflage. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Influence of cocatalyst on the structure and properties of polypropylene/poly (ethylene‐co‐propylene) in‐reactor alloys prepared by MgCl2/TiCl4/diester type Ziegler‐Natta catalyst
Authors: Tu Songtao , Fu Zhisheng , Fan Zhiqiang 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this work, a series of polypropylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene) (iPP/EPR) in‐reactor alloys were prepared by MgCl2/TiCl4/diester type Ziegler‐Natta catalyst with triethylaluminium/triisobutylaluminium (TEA/TIBA) mixture as cocatalyst. The influence of cocatalyst and external electron donor, e.g., diphenyldimethoxysilane (DDS) or dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane (D‐donor), on the structure and mechanical properties of iPP/EPR in‐reactor alloys were studied and discussed. According to the characterization results, PP/EPR was mainly composed of random poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene), segmented poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene), and high isotactic PP. Using TEA/TIBA mixture as cocatalyst and DDS as external electron donor, as TEA/TIBA ratio increased, the impact strength of iPP/EPR in‐reactor alloys had an increasing trend. Using TEA/TIBA mixture as cocatalyst and D‐donor as external electron donor, the impact strength of iPP/EPR in‐reactor alloy were dramatically improved. In this case, the iPP/EPR in‐reactor alloy prepared at TEA: TIBA = 4 : 1 was the toughest. The influence of cocatalyst and external electron donor on the flexural modulus and flexural strength could be ignored. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of intercalated Mg‐Al layered double hydroxides and its application in PVC thermal stability
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Zhao Tiaobao , Pi Hong , Guo Shaoyun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe Mg‐Al oxide precursor prepared by the calcination of Mg‐Al‐carbonated layered double hydroxide (LDH) at 500 K for 4 h is used as the host material, 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzophenone‐5‐sulfonic acid (BP) is used as the guest material, BP‐intercalated LDH (LDH‐BP) is prepared by ion‐exchange method. The structure of LDH‐BP is characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA). The thermal stability of PVC/BP, PVC/LDH, PVC/LDH‐BP composites, as well as pure PVC is investigated by conventional Congo Red test and dynamic thermal stability analysis in both the open and closed processing environments. According to XRD and FTIR, BP anions have been intercalated into interlayer galleries of LDH. TG‐DTA results show that the layer‐anionic interaction results in the improvement of the thermal stability of BP. Congo Red tests indicate that the addition of BP catalyzes the thermal degradation of PVC. A little amount of LDH (such as 1 phr) makes PVC more stable, but excessive addition accelerates the thermal degradation of PVC. The addition of LDH‐BP markedly improves the static thermal stability of PVC. The results of dynamic thermal stability tests in both the open and closed processing environments are consistent with that of Congo Red tests. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Advances in cell‐based biosensors using three‐dimensional cell‐encapsulating hydrogels
Authors: Zhou Lihong , Huang Guoyou , Wang Shuqi , Wu Jinhui , Lee Won Gu , Chen Yongmei , Xu Feng , Lu Tianjian 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCell‐based biosensors (CBBs) have emerged as promising biotechnical tools whereby various cell types can be used as basic sensing units to detect external stimuli. Specifically, CBBs have been applied in environmental monitoring, drug screening, clinical diagnosis and biosecurity. For these applications, CBBs offer several advantages over conventional molecular‐based biosensors or living animal‐based approaches, such as the capability to better mimic physiological situations, to enhance detection specificity and sensitivity, and to detect unknown compounds and toxins. On the other hand, existing CBBs suffer from several limitations, such as weak cell‐substrate attachment, two‐dimensional (2D) cell microenvironment, and limited shelf life. An emerging method for scaffold‐free three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture uses hydrogels to encapsulate cells. Advances in novel biomaterials and nano/microscale technologies have enabled encapsulation of cells in hydrogels to fabricate 3D CBBs, which hold great potential for addressing the limitation in existing 2D CBBs. Here, we present an overview of the emerging hydrogel‐based CBBs, their applications in pathogen/toxin detection, drug screening and screening of cell‐biomaterials interaction, and the associated challenges and potential solutions.
Remodeling the oligosaccharides on β‐glucocerebrosidase using hydrophobic interaction chromatography and applications of hydroxyl ethyl starch for improving remodeling and enhancing protein stability
Authors: Riske Frank , Hamilton Andrea , Zhang Cheng , Hayes Mike 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this article, we describe a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method to remodel the carbohydrates on recombinant human β‐glucocerebrosidase (GCR) and the use of hydroxyl ethyl starch (HES) an ethylated starch polymer, to improve this process. GCR is a therapeutic protein used in the treatment of Gaucher disease, a life threatening condition in which patients lack sufficient functional levels of this enzyme. Gaucher disease is the most common inherited lysosomal storage disorder resulting in hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and bone and lung pathology due to the accumulation of glucosylceramide in the lysosomes of macrophages (Beutler and Grabowski, 2001). The oligosaccharide remodeling of GCR, performed on HIC using three enzymes that remove sugars, increases macrophage uptake through the mannose receptor and thereby lowers its therapeutic dose versus unmodified GCR (Furbish et al., 1981; Van Patten et al., 2007). In this article we describe findings that the addition of HES lowered the amounts of three deglycosylating enzymes needed for remodeling GCR. HES also stabilized the activity of α‐glucosidase, α‐galactosidase, and GCR under conditions in which these three enzymes rapidly lose activity in the absence of this polymer. Circular dichroism (CD) and second derivative UV spectroscopy revealed that the secondary and tertiary structure of α‐glucosidase was unchanged while for GCR there was a slight compaction of the secondary structure but no apparent affect on the tertiary structure. The thermal stability of both GCR and α‐glucosidase were enhanced by HES as both molecules showed an increased transition midpoint (Tm). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1217–1227. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Problem‐solving test: Vitellogenin and vitellogenin‐receptor recognition: An example of protein interaction
Authors: Hernández‐Cortés Patricia 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTerms and concepts to understand before starting to solve the test questions: Yeast two‐hybrid screening system, glutathione S‐transferase (GST)1 pull‐down assay, bait protein, prey protein, site‐directed mutagenesis, restriction enzymes, protein‐protein interaction, β‐galactosidase reporter assay, and amino acid properties. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION, 2012
Learning transferable skills in large lecture halls: Implementing a POGIL approach in biochemistry
Authors: Bailey Cheryl P. , Minderhout Vicky , Loertscher Jennifer 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAs research‐based, active learning approaches become more common in biochemistry classrooms, the large lecture course remains the most challenging to transform. Here, we provide a case study demonstrating how process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) can be implemented in a large class taught in a traditional lecture hall. Course structure and multiple strategies to support student learning and encourage engagement are described in detail. Therefore, this case study could act as a model for others wishing to transform their own courses from lecture to a more student‐centered format. Student feedback about the course format was overwhelmingly positive and preliminary assessment data demonstrated student learning gains in several important areas. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION, 2012
Is sucralose too good to be true?
Authors: Thomas Courtney L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStudent interest in artificial sweeteners can enhance the biochemistry classroom learning experience. This in class, guided‐inquiry activity focuses on sucralose and fits into a 50‐min biochemistry class for undergraduate science majors. Background knowledge of carbohydrate structure, function, and metabolism as well as familiarity with interpretation of primary literature is assumed. This activity uses short answer questions that stimulate small group discussion. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION, 2012
Physical and mental health status of survivors of multiple cancer diagnoses
Authors: Andrykowski Michael A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Little research has identified the physical and mental health status of survivors of multiple primary cancer diagnoses.METHODS:By using data from the population‐based 2009 National Health Information Survey, 154 survivors of multiple primary cancer diagnoses, 1427 survivors of a single cancer diagnosis, and 25,004 individuals without a history of cancer diagnosis were identified. The multiple cancer group was compared with the single cancer and no cancer groups with regard to physical and mental health status using analysis of covariance and binary logistic regression.RESULTS:Relative to the no cancer group, the multiple cancer group reported significantly poorer mental health status, greater lifetime, recent, and current prevalence of a variety of medical conditions and comorbidities, and more health‐related disability. Although observed group differences between the multiple cancer and single cancer groups were less pronounced than those between the multiple cancer and no cancer groups, a consistent pattern was also evident; the multiple cancer group reported significantly poorer status relative to the single cancer group across a range of mental and physical health and illness‐related disability indices.CONCLUSIONS:Diagnosis of 2 or more primary cancers (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) is associated with increased risk for poorer physical and mental health status over and above that associated with diagnosis of a single primary cancer. Survivors of multiple and single primary cancer diagnoses should be considered as distinct subgroups, and increased attention should be devoted to the unique status and needs of survivors of multiple primary cancer diagnoses. Cancer 2012;3645–3653. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Subdivisions of the turtle Pseudemys scripta hypothalamus based on the expression of regulatory genes and neuronal markers
Authors: Moreno Nerea , Domínguez Laura , Morona Ruth , González Agustín 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFluorescence microscope image of double immunhistochemistry for the detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (green) and the transcription factor Nkx2.1 (red) in a transverse section through the hypothalamus of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta. The catecholaminergic neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are revealed by its content in tyrosine hydroxylase, whereas Nkx2.1 labels the ventricular and subventricular zones of this hypothalamic region. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Volume 520, Number 3, pages 453–478.
Compiler support for effective XSL transformation
Authors: Chen Ching‐Mao , Chu Fu‐Shun , Chen Peng‐Sheng 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYXML is a markup language used to describe data or documents. The main goal of XML is to facilitate the sharing of data across diverse information systems, especially via the Internet. XML Stylesheet Transformations (XSLT) is a standard approach to describing how to transform an XML document into another data format. The ever‐increasing number of Web technologies being used in our everyday lives commonly employs XSLT to support data exchange among heterogeneous environments, and the associated increasing burdens on XSLT processors have increased the demand for high‐performance XSLT processors. In this paper, we present an XSLT compiler, named Zebu, which can transform an XSLT stylesheet into the corresponding C program. The compiled program can be used to transform documents without the processing of XSLT stylesheets. The results of experimental testing using standard benchmarks show that the proposed XSLT compiler performs well in processing XML transformations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multispectral imaging flow cytometry reveals distinct frequencies of γ‐H2AX foci induction in DNA double strand break repair defective human cell lines
Authors: Bourton Emma C. , Plowman Piers N. , Zahir Sheba Adam , Senguloglu Gonul Ulus , Serrai Hiba , Bottley Graham , Parris Christopher N. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe measurement of γ‐H2AX foci induction in cells provides a sensitive and reliable method for the quantitation of DNA damage responses in a variety of cell types. Accurate and rapid methods to conduct such observations are desirable. In this study, we have employed the novel technique of multispectral imaging flow cytometry to compare the induction and repair of γ‐H2AX foci in three human cell types with different capacities for the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSB). A repair normal fibroblast cell line MRC5‐SV1, a DSB repair defective ataxia telangiectasia (AT5BIVA) cell line, and a DNA‐PKcs deficient cell line XP14BRneo17 were exposed to 2 Gy gamma radiation from a 60Cobalt source. Thirty minutes following exposure, we observed a dramatic induction of foci in the nuclei of these cells. After 24 hrs, there was a predictable reduction on the number of foci in the MRC5‐SV1 cells, consistent with the repair of DNA DSB. In the AT5BIVA cells, persistence of the foci over a 24‐hr period was due to the failure in the repair of DNA DSB. However, in the DNA‐PKcs defective cells (XP14BRneo17), we observed an intermediate retention of foci in the nuclei indicative of partial repair of DNA DSB. In summary, the application of imaging flow cytometry has permitted an evaluation of foci in a large number of cells (20,000) for each cell line at each time point. This provides a novel method to determine differences in repair kinetics between different cell types. We propose that imaging flow cytometry provides an alternative platform for accurate automated high through‐put analysis of foci induction in a variety of cell types. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Innate origins of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: Implications for computer‐assisted design of disease‐modifying therapies
Authors: Stoy Nicholas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe rational development of disease‐modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) requires a detailed knowledge of disease pathogenesis, but this remains incomplete. Dynamic computer‐assisted modeling of MS is currently hindered by uncertainties about the connectivity, compartmentalization, and dynamic sequencing of the components of the disease process. The present work presents a simple but versatile model of the mammalian immune system, incorporating both innate and adaptive immunity and innate and adaptive tolerance. The model is applied to MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), to interrogate the concept of initiation of MS lesions through activation of the peripheral innate immune system, triggering auto‐reactive T cells against myelin antigens in the central nervous system (CNS). The model also addresses the modulation of pro‐inflammatory neurotoxic responses by the generation of regulatory T cells (adaptive tolerance) and clarifies the role of innate tolerance, a part of the immune system that has been little explored in MS to date. Some ramifications of the model are mentioned, including its relevance to existing disease‐modifying therapies and the need to look more closely at the innate immune system for future therapeutic targets. Drug Dev Res 72:674–688, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanomedicine development for autoimmune diseases
Authors: Yuan Fang , Thiele Geoffrey M. , Wang Dong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAutoimmune diseases result from a dysfunctional immune system in which the body attacks its own organs, tissues, cells, and macromolecules. This group of diseases consists of more than 80 chronic diseases that often lead to disabilities. Targeting therapy for autoimmune diseases faces two major challenges: (1) identification of autoreactive cells that can be targeted for suppression; and (2) penetration through target tissues to specifically deliver drugs to the desired cells and thus to achieve sufficient therapeutic efficacy. Regarding the latter, multiple drug delivery approaches have been developed. In the present work, the current nanomedicine development strategies for the improved treatment of several common autoimmune diseases are reviewed. Drug Dev Res 72:703–716, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: Why, when, how and how long to use it
Authors: Ribeiro Tarsila Campanha da Rocha , Chebli Liliana Andrade , Gaburri Pedro Duarte , Chebli Julio Maria Fonseca 
Published: December 2011

AbstractUlcerative colitis (UC) is a lifelong, immune‐mediated inflammatory condition of the colonic mucosa characterized by a relapsing and remitting course. The mainstay of treatment used to be the 5‐aminosalicylates (5‐ASA) and corticosteroids. Nevertheless, some patients are unable to discontinue or reduce the steroid dosage and are exposed to a number of side effects. The efficacy of thiopurines is well proven in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); azathioprine (AZA) is considered the first‐line immunosuppressant with a steroid‐sparing effect in UC patients with steroid dependence or resistance. Success rates of 70% occur in induction therapy with AZA and 6‐mercaptopurine (MP) in UC with a number‐needed‐to‐treat (NNT) to avoid recurrence (with AZA/MP, as compared with placebo) of 5 and absolute risk of reduction of 23%. Thus, AZA and MP are an effective therapeutic option in inducing and maintaining remission for UC patients who failed to improve or who do not tolerate 5‐ASA or corticosteroids. Drug Dev Res 72:733–738, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive atherosclerosis imaging modalities and their application to investigating cardiovascular drug effects in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Furer Victoria , Fayad Zahi A. , Farkouh Michael E. , Rosenbaum David , Greenberg Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disorder that affects not only joints but also the cardiovascular (CV) system. Premature endothelial dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis are pertinent findings in patients with RA, resulting in increased CV morbidity and mortality. Thus, detection of subclinical atherosclerosis is important in RA management. A range of promising imaging modalities is currently available to visualize early vascular disease and monitor changes in atherosclerotic plaque burden, serving as important tools in CV risk stratifications and as surrogate markers for CV endpoints in intervention trials. This review summarizes various noninvasive imaging modalities, implemented in widespread clinical use, such as vascular ultrasonography and cardiac computer tomography, as well as novel emerging technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. These novel technologies make a step forward in the evaluation and quantification of atherosclerotic plaque features, permitting the detection of vulnerable plaque as well as functional assessment of vessel wall metabolic activity that was previously not achievable. Application of the imaging modalities to monitor CV drug effects in therapeutic clinical trials in both the general and RA population is further presented and discussed. Drug Dev Res 72:739–749, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.