bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stochastic state‐space temperature regulation of biochar production. Part I: Theoretical development
Authors: Cantrell Keri B , Martin Jerry H 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The concept of a designer biochar that targets the improvement of a specific soil property imposes the need for production processes to generate biochars with both high consistency and quality. These important production parameters can be affected by variations in process temperature that must be taken into account when controlling the pyrolysis of agricultural residues such as manures and other feedstocks.RESULTS: A novel stochastic state‐space temperature regulator was developed to accurately match biochar batch production to a defined temperature input schedule. This was accomplished by describing the system's state‐space with five temperature variables—four directly measured and one change in temperature. Relationships were derived between the observed state and the desired, controlled state. When testing the unit at two different temperatures, the actual pyrolytic temperature was within 3 °C of the control with no overshoot.CONCLUSION: This state‐space regulator simultaneously controlled the indirect heat source and sample temperature by employing difficult‐to‐measure variables such as temperature stability in the description of the pyrolysis system's state‐space. These attributes make a state‐space controller an optimum control scheme for the production of a predictable, repeatable designer biochar. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in the volatile terpenoids of two industrially important basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars during plant ontogeny in two different cropping seasons from India
Authors: Verma Ram Swaroop , Padalia Rajendra Chandra , Chauhan Amit 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Two Ocimum basilicum cultivars, ‘Vikarsudha’ and ‘CIM‐Saumya’, grown in the Kumaon region of western Himalaya were evaluated for their essential oil yield and composition at different stages of plant growth during two distinct cropping seasons (spring–summer and rain–autumn).RESULTS: The highest yield of essential oil was obtained at full bloom stage in both cultivars in both cropping seasons. The essential oils obtained from different stages in two cropping seasons were analysed by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The major component of cultivar ‘Vikarsudha’ was methyl chavicol (84.3–94.3%), while for cultivar ‘CIM‐Saumya’ the main components were methyl chavicol (62.5–77.6%) and linalool (14.4–34.1%).CONCLUSION: This study clearly indicated that cultivar, cropping season, plant ontogeny and plant part had significant effects on the yield and quality of the essential oil of O. basilicum. Further, the amount of methyl chavicol in the cultivars grown in this region was higher than in cultivars from other parts of India. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of pH and dissolved oxygen on the synthesis of γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus subtilis SK 11.004
Authors: Li Weiqiao , Jiang Bo , Mu Wanmeng , Miao Ming , Zhang Tao 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: γ‐Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) is a widely distributed enzyme that is of interest in the food industry. In this study the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on GGT synthesis from Bacillus subtilis SK 11.004 were investigated.RESULTS: GGT production increased to 0.5 U mL−1 when the pH value was controlled at 6.5. The control of a single DO level revealed that the highest specific growth rate (3.42 h−1) and GGT production rate (0.40 U g−1 mL−1) were obtained at DO levels of 40 and 10% respectively. To satisfy the different oxygen demands at different stages of cell growth and GGT synthesis, a stage DO level control strategy was designed as follows: 40% from 0 to 4 h, 30% from 4 to 6 h and 10% from 6 to 18 h. Furthermore, the maximum biomass (2.27 g L−1) and GGT production (3.05 U mL−1) could be obtained using a fermentation strategy combining a constant pH value with stage DO level control.CONCLUSION: The proposed fermentation strategy resulted in a 13.7‐fold increase in GGT production. This finding should be of great importance for the industrial production of GGT. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Acidified sodium chlorite optimisation assessment to improve quality of fresh‐cut tatsoi baby leaves
Authors: Tomás‐Callejas Alejandro , López‐Velasco Gabriela , Artés Francisco , Artés‐Hernández Francisco 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The fresh‐cut industry commonly uses sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for disinfection. However, there are certain problems related to its use, and acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) could be an alternative sanitiser to replace it. There is limited research evaluating the effect of ASC on the overall quality of fresh‐cut produce, especially sensory quality. In this study the decontamination efficacy and quality attribute effects of ASC on fresh‐cut tatsoi after application and during storage were investigated.RESULTS: Tatsoi baby leaves were minimally processed at 8 °C and stored under passive modified atmosphere packaging for up to 11 days at 5 and 10 °C. Low to moderate doses of ASC (100–500 mg L−1) showed an initial antimicrobial efficacy on natural microflora and Escherichia coli as effective as that of NaClO. Regarding contact time, ASC was effective in reducting the E. coli population during the first 30 s of washing, and an increase in contact time did not improve the antimicrobial effect. Sensory quality attributes were well kept for up to 11 days at 5 °C but for only 5 days at the abusive temperature of 10 °C.CONCLUSION: ASC provides an alternative sanitising technique to NaClO for maintaining the quality and safety of fresh‐cut tatsoi baby leaves for up to 11 days at 5 °C. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of postoperative pelvic irradiation after complete resection of metastatic rectal cancer
Authors: Chang Chul Young , Kim Hee Cheol , Park Young Suk , Park Joon Oh , Choi Doo Ho , Park Hee Chul , Cho Yong Beom , Yun Seong Hyeon , Lee Woo Yong , Chun Ho‐Kyung 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe 2010 NCCN clinical practice guidelines recommend radiation as a part of the standard adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment for stage IV rectal cancer patients. This study evaluated the oncologic efficacy of postoperative radiotherapy (RTx) in loco‐regional control after complete removal of primary and metastatic lesions in stage IV rectal cancer.MethodsSixty‐eight patients with metastatic rectal cancer were enrolled and analyzed. Twenty‐eight of the enrolled patients received concurrent postoperative RTx with chemotherapy (RTx group) and the remaining 40 received only postoperative systemic chemotherapy (CTx) without RTx (non‐RTx group). The eligibility criteria were as follows: a primary rectal tumor located in the low or mid‐rectum, no postoperative macroscopic and microscopic evidence of residual tumor in primary and metastatic sites, and no history of prior CTx or pelvic RTx.ResultsThe recurrence rates were 75.0% in the RTx group and 72.5% in the non‐RTx group. Local recurrence rates were 7.1% (RTx group) and 22.5% (non‐RTx group) (P = 0.108). There were no differences in overall survival (OS), local recurrence‐free survival, and disease‐free survival between the two groups. The 2‐year OS rates were 78.9% (RTx group) and 74.1% (non‐RTx group) (P = 0.395).ConclusionsSurvival benefit of postoperative RTx in stage IV rectal cancer after complete removal of tumors was not apparent. RTx could be recommended for selected patients at high risk of local recurrence or for palliation of symptoms. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:244–248. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SALINE SOILS AND AEOLIAN DUST
Authors: de la Paix M. J. , Lanhai L. , Xi C. , Varenyam A. , Nyongesah M. J. , Habiyaremye G. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTField studies were carried out near Lake Muhazi, Rwanda, to investigate the pollutants present and salinity of soils and the physicochemical content of aeolian dust. The data on aeolian dust and saline sediments showed that soil formation and salinization may be related to aeolian processes. The ecological status of the region a major cause of aeolian material in the Lake. The results revealed that dust originating from the dried bottom of the Lake and riversides contribute to the formation of East African dust storms and adversely affects the climate of the region. Apart from copper and zinc that were identified as heavy metals that polluted the Lake, petroleum products, Fe and Mn were also the main pollutants. Chemical properties of the soils are related to sediment composition of aeolian material, some elements like Zn, Fe, Cd and Cu. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ corrosion testing of various nickel alloys at Måbjerg waste incineration plant
Authors: Montgomery M. , Hansson A. N. , Jensen S. A. , Vilhelmsen T. , Nielsen N. H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe majority of waste in Denmark is disposed via waste to energy (WTE) incineration plants which are fabricated from carbon steel. However, due to the increasing corrosiveness of waste over the years, more corrosion resistant alloys are required. In Denmark, Inconel 625 (UNSN06625) is the weld overlay material currently being used to give improved corrosion resistance. In order to assess the use of alternative nickel alloys, test panels have been manufactured and inserted into Måbjerg waste incineration plant. Inconel 625 as a 50% weld overlay, two layered weld overlay and as a spiral weld overlay was exposed. Other nickel materials exposed were weld overlay Alloy 686, Alloy 50 and Sumitomo Super 625 coextruded tube. Exposure has been undertaken from 2003 to 2009 in the first pass and 2005–2009 in the second pass, and sections have been removed and investigated during this period. The composition of the deposits from the exposed waterwall panels was also analysed each time sections were removed. This paper will compare the various nickel alloys in the two areas and assess the results of the long‐term testing project.
Fabrication of ZnNi/NiP compositionally modulated multilayer coatings
Authors: Liu J. H. , Chen J. L. , Liu Z. , Yu M. , Li S. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractZnNi/NiP compositionally modulated multilayer (CMM) coatings which have a novel three‐dimension (3d) latticed multilayer structure were prepared by dual‐bath technique. The formation of the special 3d latticed structure was investigated. The adhesion and corrosion resistance of the CMM coatings were studied. The results showed that the special 3d latticed multilayer structure, which was different from the structure of traditional CMM coatings, was formed during NiP electroless plating. The 3d latticed structure benefited the adhesion and corrosion resistance of the novel CMM coatings. The barrier effect of the 3d latticed structure is enhanced.
Improving the protective properties of La‐conversion coating on α‐brass surface by the combined use of La2O3 nanoparticles incorporation and electrodeposition
Authors: Fan H. Q. , Li S. Y. , Zhao Z. C. , Wang H. , Shi Z. C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe La2O3 nanoparticles incorporation and electrodeposition were used together to prepare the La‐conversion coatings on α‐brass surface in a basal solution containing rare earth salt. The results showed that both techniques can improve the protective properties of coatings. A ‘critical nano‐La2O3 content’ and a ‘critical deposition potential’ were observed, under which the conversion coatings had the highest protective properties. Increased electrodeposition time improve the quality of conversion coatings. The La‐conversion coatings could provide important protection against α‐brass corrosion for considerable immersion periods in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution because it ennobled the corrosion potential and decreased the anodic current.
Experimental and theoretical study of the inhibition effects of some Schiff bases as corrosion inhibitors of aluminium in HCl
Authors: Aytaç A. , Bilgiç S. , Gece G. , Ancın N. , Öztaş S. G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe inhibition efficiencies of two new synthesized Schiff bases have been investigated for aluminium in 0.5 M HCl solution using experimental and theoretical methods. Potentiodynamic polarization and EIS method were used to determine the inhibition efficiencies. From the experimental results it has been found that both compounds adsorb on the aluminium surface according to the Temkin adsorption isotherm. Quantum chemical calculations were further applied to reveal the adsorption structure and explain the experimental results. A good correlation between the quantum chemical parameters and the experimental inhibition efficiency has been found.
Corrosion resistant Ti alloy for sulphuric acid medium: Suitability of Ti–Mo alloys
Authors: Balusamy T. , Jamesh M. , Kumar Satendra , Narayanan T. S. N. Sankara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe corrosion resistance of Ti–Mo (5, 10, 15 and 25 wt% molybdenum) alloys in 5–25% sulphuric acid was evaluated. The Ti–Mo alloys offered a better corrosion resistance than commercially pure titanium (CP‐Ti). The higher impedance values, higher phase angle maximum, ability to reach the phase angle maximum at relatively lower frequencies, ability to exhibit a constant phase angle maximum over a wider range of frequencies, higher phase angle values at 0.01 Hz, have confirmed the formation of a stable passive oxide film on Ti–Mo alloys. The study recommends the use of Ti–Mo alloys, particularly Ti–25Mo alloy, as a suitable material of construction for sulphuric acid medium.
Prediction of corrosion rate in reinforced concrete structures – a critical review and preliminary results
Authors: Otieno M. , Beushausen H. , Alexander M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a critical review of some of the available corrosion rate prediction models focusing mainly on chloride‐induced corrosion. In addition to the proposals made for the improvement of these models, preliminary results of an ongoing study aimed at developing a chloride‐induced corrosion rate prediction model using both natural and accelerated corrosion results are presented. Even though a reasonable correlation between natural and accelerated icorr is presented here, more data are still required to ascertain the relationship.
The structure and properties of electroless Ni–Mo–Cr–P coatings on copper alloy
Authors: Jin Z.‐Y. , Li P.‐P. , Zheng B.‐Z. , Xiao D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the present study, the quaternary Ni–Mo–Cr–P alloy coatings were deposited on copper alloy by an electroless deposition process. Crystallization behavior and the effect of heat‐treatment on hardness and corrosion resistance of Ni–Mo–Cr–P deposits were detailedly investigated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that as‐deposited Ni–Mo–Cr–P coatings are Ni–Mo–Cr–P solid solution and mixed crystal structure; the trend of microcrystallinity increases with the introduction of additional types of metal element; Ni–Mo–Cr–P alloy coatings start to occur in the crystallization with the heat‐treatment temperature increasing. With an increase in the annealing temperature, the hardness improves and reaches the maximum value at 500 °C. Further, it is found that Ni–Mo–Cr–P coatings have superior corrosion resistance than Ni–P and Ni–Mo–P deposits after the analysis of electrochemical measurements. Moreover, corrosion resistance increases before annealed at 400 °C, but heat‐treatment at higher temperatures has a negative effect on the corrosion resistance of Ni–Mo–Cr–P alloy coatings.
Zn–Fe alloy electrodeposition from chloride bath: Influence of deposition parameters on coatings morphology and structure
Authors: Amirat S. , Rehamnia R. , Bordes M. , Creus J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this study, the kinetics of Zn–Fe codeposition was investigated in chloride acidic solution using cyclic voltammetry. Anomalous codeposition is detected and this mechanism depends on the Zn(II)/Fe(II) concentration ratio in the electrolytic bath. Influence of deposition parameters on the morphology and structure of the coatings is discussed using characterization techniques and using the anodic linear sweep voltametry (ALSV). The ratio between Zn(II)/Fe(II) considerably influences the structure of the alloys. Dense, uniform, and single‐phased Zn–Fe coatings could be obtained.
Thin Films of Semifluorinated Block Copolymers Prepared by ATRP
Authors: Irita Tomomi , Chen Dian , Li Xuefa , Wang Jin , Russell Thomas P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA symmetric diblock copolymer, poly(pentafluorostyrene‐b‐styrene) (PPFS‐b‐PS), is synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The behavior of PPFS‐b‐PS thin films on silicon wafers is investigated. Lamellar microdomains oriented parallel to the film surface are formed when the thin films are heated to 220 °C for 24 h, due to preferential interfacial interactions and the low surface energy of the PPFS. An electric field is used to overcome the low surface energy of the fluorinated block and preferential interactions with the substrate so as to force the lamellar microdomains to orient normal to the surface.
Activation–Deactivation Equilibrium of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene up to High Pressure
Authors: Morick Joachim , Buback Michael , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) equilibrium constants, KATRP, are measured for copper‐mediated styrene polymerizations in acetonitrile solution using several different ligand and initiator systems. Application of high pressure increases the rate of an ATRP by enhancing both KATRP and the propagation rate coefficient. This favorable effect is not counterbalanced by an increase in dispersity. A comparison of the values of KATRP measured on monomer‐free model systems shows close agreement with values measured during styrene polymerization.
Heterogeneous Morphology of Random Copolymer Microgels as Reflected in Temperature‐Induced Volume Transition and1H High‐Resolution Transverse Relaxation NMR
Authors: Balaceanu Andreea , Demco Dan E. , Möller Martin , Pich Andrij 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Flory temperature‐induced volume transition theory for copolymer microgels is generalized for the case of a bimodal heterogeneity of the crosslink density in the microgel particles and applied to PVCL–PNIPAAm and PVCL–PNIPMAAm systems. The most probable morphological parameters are selected from the microscopic and thermodynamic constraints imposed by1H transverse relaxation NMR data and the Flory equation of state in the approximation of a homogeneous morphology. NMR proves the existence of a bimodal heterogeneous morphology of the copolymer microgel particles. Although the systems are different in chemical structure, the heterogeneity parameters obtained from Flory transition theory and NMR transverse relaxation are not essentially different.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Sulfide‐Containing Aniline Copolymers as a Cathode Material for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Su Chang , Ye Yinpeng , Xu Lihuan , Zhang Cheng 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA novel sulfide‐containing aniline, 4‐amino‐dihydrobenzothiophene (ADBT), is synthesized by the alkylbromination of 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐nitrobenzene. Copolymers of aniline and ADBT, P(An‐co‐ADBT), are prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization and tested as a cathode material for Li‐ion batteries. The results show that the copolymerization activity of ADBT is lower than that of aniline. The charge/discharge tests show that the P(An‐co‐ADBT)‐2 gives well‐defined and sloping plateaus in the potential rang of 3.0–4.0 V and quite a high capacity of 104.7 mAh g−1. The P(An‐co‐ADBT)‐2 also shows high cycling stability and coulombic efficiency. After 50 cycles, the discharge capacity of the P(An‐co‐ADBT)‐2 still maintains 87.8% of the capacity obtained at the initial cycle.
Closed form of the rotational Crofton formula
Authors: Auneau Jérémy , Rataj Jan , Vedel Jensen Eva B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe closed form of a rotational version of the famous Crofton formula is derived. In the case where the sectioned object is a compact d‐dimensional C2 manifold with boundary, the rotational average of intrinsic volumes (total mean curvatures) measured on sections passing through a fixed point can be expressed as an integral over the boundary involving hypergeometric functions. In the more general case of a compact subset of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}${\mathbb R}^d$\end{document} with positive reach, the rotational average also involves hypergeometric functions. For convex bodies, we show that the rotational average can be expressed as an integral with respect to a natural measure on supporting flats. It is an open question whether the rotational average of intrinsic volumes studied in the present paper can be expressed as a limit of polynomial rotation invariant valuations.
Hedonic evaluations of cars: Effects of payment mode on prediction and experience
Authors: Hoelzl Erik , Pollai Maria , Kastner Herbert 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe paper examines the effect of different payment modes on hedonic post‐purchase product evaluations over time. Two theoretical frameworks—mental accounting and cognitive dissonance—suggest such an effect, but are contradictory regarding its direction. Additionally, the paper examines whether prospective consumers are able to correctly predict post‐purchase evaluations and the effect of payment mode over time. In an online survey, hedonic evaluations of 346 car owners in three ownership phases (one, two, and three years after purchase) were measured and compared to predictions of 75 prospective car owners. Two different payment modes (down payment vs. installments) were distinguished. Results showed an interaction between payment mode and the hedonic evaluation of the car over time. In the first and third year, the evaluations by both groups were similar; in the second year, the installments group rated their cars more favorably than the down payment group. Neither of the two theoretical frameworks—mental accounting or cognitive dissonance—is sufficient to explain the observed relationship between payment mode and evaluation over time. The results suggest that mental accounting theory should be expanded with elements of cognitive dissonance. Regarding predictions, prospective car owners did not foresee the effect of payment mode on evaluations over time. Mispredictions are of practical relevance because they can influence consumer decisions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aggressive driving: A consumption experience
Authors: Ruvio Ayalla A. , Shoham Aviv 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this paper, the literature on aggressive driving tendencies as a consumption experience is reviewed. Two studies test a comprehensive model that includes personality, attitudinal, and value antecedents to such behavior. The research supports the role of most of the antecedents. However, personality and attitudinal constructs were found to be stronger predictors of aggressive driving than values. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that aggressive driving tendencies increase incidences of law breaking. Suggestions for future research and practical implications are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.