bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induced particle precipitation
Authors: Hartle R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Preliminary results were recently reported from the Navy's Stimulated Emission of Energetic Particles (SEEP) satellite regarding detection of stimulated magnetospheric electron precipitation from ground based Navy VLF transmitters (Eos, January 18, 1983). The results, first released at the AGU Fall Meeting, were obtained on passes during mid‐August 1982, using coded transmitter pulses with a duty cycle of 3 s ‘on,’ 2 s ‘off.’We note here that a similar experiment was conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) using low‐cost, recoverable rocket payloads from Wallops Island, Virginia, during late June and early July 1982. These flights also used the Navy VLF transmitter (NSS) at Annapolis, Maryland, with the same coding as that used for the later SEEP experiment. Participants in the NASA experiment included scientists from Goddard Space Flight Center, Denver University, and Cornell University. The results of this experiment, also reported at the AGU Fall Meeting, show evidence for pulsed electron precipitation patterns with the same period as the transmitted VLF pulses. These results were accomplished by sensing the bremsstrahlung X rays produced when the electrons reenter the atmosphere. A zenith‐viewing, wide angle X ray detector was stabilized with a slow descent aboard a parachutehung payload; this permitted a statistical build‐up of the X ray signals over thirty 5‐s cycles, a benefit not afforded by a fast moving satellite. Cross correlation analyses of the X ray data with the transmitted signal clearly demonstrated the existence of this effect at a detectable level under nighttime conditions. The SEEP results, which measured the precipitating electrons in situ, are consistent with these earlier NASA findings.
Distribution of elements in sea water
Authors: Quinby‐Hunt M. S. , Turehian K. K. 
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this report is to provide a basis for predicting the composition of elements at any depth or location in the world oceans. Our aim is not to assess the importance of variations in elemental concentrations but only to provide a method of estimating them. The method, however, provides no entry into the problem of estimating the effects of local releases from sediments or of human activity.The salinity of the open ocean ranges between 33‰ and 38‰ Dittmar [1884] showed that despite this variation in total salt concentration the proportions of the different ions making up most of the salt content were remarkably constant. In that sense these ions are identified as being ‘conservative’; that is, their variation is ascribed exclusively to the addition or subtraction of pure water to a saline solution of fixed elemental proportions. The concentrations of certain trace elements also have been shown to correlate with chlorinity within analytical errors and these too can be classified as behaving conservatively.
Shell funds chair
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Shell Companies Foundation, Inc., of Houston, Tex., has given $750,000 to the University of Texas at Austin to establish the Shell Distinguished Chair in Geophysics. The 5‐year, $150,000‐per‐year grant will support the studies of John G. Sclater. Sclater, currently a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has accepted a joint position that begins July 1 in the geological sciences department and in the Institute for Geophysics at UT Austin.Sclater's research into the formation of ocean basins has applications for understanding the way petroleum deposits mature. He has studied the reconstruction of movements of the continents and the subsidence of ocean basins. He is considered an expert in the interpretation of geothermal and seismic data.
Fisica de la Tierra
Authors: Lomnitz Cinna 
Published: October 2011

This brief introductory textbook fills a definite need. There have been no accessible references in Spanish on general geophysics. The level of the book requires only a knowledge of high school physics, according to the preface; however, this is not so much a high school text as a reference guide for the general reader.The book contains four chapters: (1) Gravity and the Shape of the Earth, (2) Earthquakes and the Interior of the Earth, (3) The Magnetic field, and (4) Origins and Evolution of the Earth. The latter chapter contains most of the relevant information on plate tectonics and dynamics of the lithosphere. The sequence of chapters is somewhat awkward, since the idea of lithospheric plates is already introduced in Chapter 2. In fact, the discussion of plate tectonics contains several inconsistencies: in Figure 4‐4, for example, volcanoes are shown as plumes rising from the Benioff zone and erupting offshore, on the continental slope. The text compounds the confusion: ‘Because of the dip angle of the sinking plate, these volcanoes are found behind the coast line. Continental rocks in the collision zone are pushed up to form large mountain ranges in some places, such as the Andes.’
Core models
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Newly formulated models of the earth's core have been described recently as ‘simultaneously provocative and vexing’ (R. Jeanloz, Nature, 299, 108, 1982). Part of the reason for this is that concepts about the earth's core are being rapidly updated.That there is knowledge at all of a core results from the analysis of seismic data; such analysis is model‐dependent. Further analysis of more extensive data results in new models; alternative approaches to the problems from theoretical geochemical considerations result in another type of model. The conjunction of such models may seem incongruous, but not so. A great deal is being learned about the geochemistry of processes that have a bearing on core formation. Significantly, there has been a simultaneous surge of improved seismic data and analysis.
U.S. streams in March, April
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

March streamflow conditions were generally above average over most of the United States, and much of the eastern United State; was awash in April, with record and near‐record flows being set on streams from Maine to Louisiana, according to monthend checks on the nation's water‐resource conditions by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). About 90% of the key index gaging stations nationwide reported average to above‐average flow: in April.USGS hydrologists said that new record high streamflows were set on the Amite, Tan gipahoa and Natalbany rivers and the Bogue Chitto in Louisiana and the Wolf and Biloxi rivers and Red Creek in Mississippi.
Merger at MIT
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

On July 1, the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences a n d the Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) merged to form the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. This new department will deal with researc in climatology, geochemistry, geology, geophysics, meteorology, oceanography, and planetary science. W. F. Brace, former chairman of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, will head the new department.The new department contains a Center for Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, which will coordinate all efforts in these closely related areas. In addition, the center will serve as a focus for MIT's participation in the physical oceanography portion of the Joint Program in Oceanography with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The director of the new center is Peter H. Stone, former head of the Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography.
Recruiting astronauts
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is recruiting candidates for its 1‐year training and evaluation program for space shuttle pilots and mission specialists. Applications will be accepted between October 1 and December 1, 1983; selections will be made by May 1984, and successful candidates will begin their training in July 1984.Candidates for mission specialist must have a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution in engineering, in the biological or physical sciences, or in mathematics. The degree must be supplemented by at least 3 years of related professional experience. An advanced degree is desirable and may be substituted for all or part of the experience requirement.
Krakatau 1883: A classic geophysical event
Authors: Simkin Tom , Fiske Richard S. 
Published: October 2011

This week marks the 100th anniversary of Krakatau's 1883 eruption, perhaps the most famous volcanic event in recorded history. During a 23‐hour period on August 26 and 27, 1883, more than 18 km3 of volcanic debris thundered upward from Krakatau, resulting in the death of more than 36,000 people and causing widespread devastation to the surrounding area. Moreover, the 1883 events at Krakatau caused geophysical phenomena that were observed around the world, making it (at least up until Mount St. Helens' 1980 eruption) the household word for a classic volcanic catastrophe.One hundred years ago, Krakatau was a 5×9 km island in the Sunda Straits, between Java and Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies. It was a familiar landmark, both to the tens of thousands of nearby coastal residents and to the crews of thousands of ships from Europe and the Americas that passed through the Straits each year on their way to and from the far east. The volcano had last erupted in 1681 and was not regarded as a likely site for renewed and catastrophic activity.
Radioactive waste study released
Authors: Dowhaluk Bohdan 
Published: October 2011

A National Research Council (NRC) panel has concluded that the technology for safely storing radioactive waste is ready for confirmation in a test facility. At the same time, the panel proposed safety standards that are more stringent than standards currently proposed by some government agencies. The report, Study of the Isolation System for the Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Wastes, was funded by the Department of Energy as part of its effort to comply with a Congressional mandate to open a national radioactive waste storage facility by the end of the century.The Waste Isolation Panel of the NRC's Board on Radioactive Waste Management did not choose a specific site for the first U.S. repository because the state of current technology does not allow the U.S. to design, construct, and safely operate a full‐fledged site. However, the panel's chairman, Thomas H. Pigford, of the University of California at Berkeley, believes that the goal established by Congress can be met.
Seismicity and surface deformation of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii
Authors: Decker R. W. , Koyanagi R. Y. , Dvorak J. J. , Lockwood J. P. , Okamura A. T. , Yamashita K. M. , Tanigawa W. R. 
Published: October 2011

Changing patterns of seismicity and surface deformation indicate that magma is being injected and stored in a shallow reservoir beneath the summit, and that the probability of an eruption is increased.Mauna Loa is a 4169‐m‐high shield volcano on the Island of Hawaii. Its latest two eruptions occurred on the southwest flank in 1950 [Macdonald, 1954] and, mainly within the summit caldera, in 1975 [Lockwood el al., 1976]. The oval summit caldera is 3 by 5 km in diameter, with cliffs as much as 180 m high (Figure 1). It is elongate in the direction of two principal rift zones that extend northeastward and southwestward from the summit. These rift zones, which are commonly vents for flank eruptions, form the gently sloping ridges that give Mauna Loa its Hawaiian name—Long Mountain.
Geoscientists surveyed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A sociological survey of men and women geoscientists has been prepared by the Association for Women Geoscientists (AWG) in conjunction with the University of Colorado. AWG, which will mail the survey questions to its members in October, invites interested men and women who are not AWG members to request and fill out the questionnaire; it will be available October 1 from Sigrid Asher, 586 South Williams Street, Denver, CO 80209, and must be returned by October 31, 1983.The survey will cover both career facts and job attitudes, and the results will be analyzed by survey specialists at the University of Colorado. AWG hopes that, besides being useful for designing AWG programs to meet the needs of those queried, the survey will provide employment statistics previously unavailable.
Molecular‐orbital experiments
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Molecular orbitals (MO) are theoretical entities created to describe probability functions of bonding electrons in molecular groups. Whereas one‐electron wave functions that describe atomic orbitals have been measured for decades by spectrographic techniques, bonding electrons in molecules have been less discrete objects to measure directly. The ultimate hopes of those engaged in applied MO theory in the field of mineral physics ride on being able to deduce the nature of bonding electrons precisely.A new application of the so‐called Penning ionization principle may make these hopes realizable; it offers the first opportunity to obtain by direct measurement quantitative electron densities within the outer orbitals. Called a Penning ionization electron spectroscopy (PIES) technique, this potentially major breakthrough in molecular orbital studies was developed by Koichi Ohno, Hideki Mutoh, and Yoshiya Harada of the University of Tokyo. As described recently, the results of the University of Tokyo group have shown that “ … a spectroscopic technique can provide information about individual molecular orbitals and that … [the technique] … is most sensitive to the outer most orbitals” (Chemical and Engineering News, August 1, 1983).
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Principles of Forest Hydrology has been written to accompany class lectures for students pursuing training in forestry, wildland resources, environmental sciences, and geography. The book introduces basic principles and concepts of hydrology and it does this quite well.Principles of Forest Hydrology is a revision of an earlier book, An Outline of Forest Hydrology, coauthored with Wade L. Nutter. The new version is quite similar to the original with some important additions in the areas of precipitation, subsurface water, and evapotranspiration. Metric units are used in the examples and problems, and the soil water potential terminology has been updated.
Principles of Forest Hydrology
Authors: Engman Edwin T. 
Published: October 2011

Principles of Forest Hydrology has been written to accompany class lectures for students pursuing training in forestry, wildland resources, environmental sciences, and geography. The book introduces basic principles and concepts of hydrology and it does this quite well.Principles of Forest Hydrology is a revision of an earlier book, An Outline of Forest Hydrology, coauthored with Wade L. Nutter. The new version is quite similar to the original with some important additions in the areas of precipitation, subsurface water, and evapotranspiration. Metric units are used in the examples and problems, and the soil water potential terminology has been updated.
Mount St. Helens Eruptions of 1980: Atmospheric Effects and Potential Impact
Authors: Reiter R. 
Published: October 2011

This clearly and uniformly arranged little book reports the results of a NASA workshop held November 20–21, 1980, in Washington, D.C , on the atmospheric effects of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions.It is divided into the following six chapters: (1) Volcanological Description of the May 18, 1980, Eruption of Mount St. Helens, (2) Transport and Dispersion, (3) Chemical and Physical Measurements of the Volcanic Cloud Made In Situ, (4) Remote Sensing of Mount St. Helens Effluent, (5) Chemistry of the Mount St. Helens Effluent, and (6) Influence of Mount St. Helens and other Volcanoes on Climate and Weather. Each chapter closes with conclusions and references.
Acid rain trends
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Analyses of 10 to 15 years of water quality records for 47 headwater streams across the country suggest a decline in the acidity of precipitation in the northeastern United States and an increase in acidity in most other regions. These results, published by two U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists, lend a new perspective to the debate on whether increased sulfur emissions from Midwest powerplants increase the acidity of precipitation in the Northeast.The apparent regional trends in the acidity of precipitation are expected to be reflected as changing levels of sulfate and alkalinity on streams across the country, say USGS scientists. “Because we lack long‐term, nationwide data on changes in the quality of the precipitation itself, the next best possibility is to detect any changes in the quality of the receiving waters—streams and lakes—that can be attributed to changes in the acidity of the precipitation they receive,” explained Richard A. Smith, USGS hydrologist and senior author of the new report. Richard B. Alexander coauthored the report.
NSF budget for fiscal 1984
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Although the fiscal 1984 budget for the National Science Foundation (NSF) was signed into law in mid July, the agency only recently distributed the appropriations to the various directorates. NSF's total appropriation is for $1320.3 million, an increase of 20.7% over the fiscal 1983 budget of $1093.5 million. Here are highlights of the NSF appropriations levels and how the agency plans to distribute the funds for the fiscal year that began on October 1.The final conference between the House of Representatives and Senate did not specify appropriations for all of the NSF research directorates (see Table 1), but it set an overall appropriation level for research and related activities and made general recommendations. NSF officials, using the appropriation level and reports from House and Senate committees as guidelines, established program levels for the directorates.
NOAA data service
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Beginning this month, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has a new source of information for scientists seeking information on environmental assessment and impact studies, facility site planning, research program planning, project data tracking and management, and new data.The agency's new National Environmental Data Referral Service (NEDRES) is an electronic catalog that identifies the existence, location, characteristics, and availability of conditions of environmental data. NOAA expects NEDRES to develop into a national network serving federal, state, and private organizations. NEDRES now contains about 13,000 data files.
September streamflow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Above‐average streamflows dominated water conditions in the West for the 15th consecutive month, according to the September check of national water conditions by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). High flows were reported from Washington to southern California and eastward to central Colorado (see map, courtesy of USGS).In contrast, drier than usual conditions—with streamflows well below average—prevailed in the East and South. Low streamflows were also reported in the Ohio River valley, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and drought conditions worsened in west Texas, where no appreciable rainfall has occurred this year.
DPEP in geochemistry
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

According to a group of investigators at the CSIRO Lucas Heights Research Laboratories, New South Wales, the metal porphyrin DPEP (if it can be proved to exist) plays a key role in theories of the organic origin of petroleum. The proof would involve a single crystal structure determination of the huge molecule isolated from a geological sample and this is what the CSIRO group successfully achieved (Nature, 306, pp. 173–174, 1983).About 50 years ago A. Treibs postulated that vanadyl‐DPEP is the dominant metal‐organic compound in crude oils and oil shales, but until this recent study, existence of the compound has remained unconfirmed. Treibs' scheme detailed the formation of the porphyrin from chlorophyll. The steps of prophyrin formation could characterize the biological origin of petroleum, but the very crucial piece of evidence has been lacking.
Solar irradiance variations
Authors: Hudson Hugh S. 
Published: October 2011

The planned repair in orbit by NASA of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) in April 1984 provides an excellent opportunity for improved observations of the sun. In retrospect the solar‐terrestrial research community should have organized new programs before the 1980 launch of this satellite, but foresight is sometimes difficult to achieve. We now have an opportunity to redress this omission, and the organizers of the June 1983 Workshop on Solar Irradiance Variations on Active‐Region Time Scales hope that with this advantage a substantial improvement can be made.The goal of the workshop, held in Pasadena, Calif., was to help plan for improved solar synoptic observations to coincide with the 1984 repair of the SMM satellite. Most of the major participants in experimentation, observation, and data analysis were present. A particularly important aspect of the meeting was the participation of the ultraviolet (UV)‐irradiance community, and it was generally recognized that irradiance variations in the UV are important both energetically and physically.
CO2 pulses
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Studies of the sources and the increases of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been both frustrating and alarming; frustrating because so little is known and alarming because the potential consequences could be so grave (Eos, November 15, 1983, p. 929). The nature of the complexities have recently been focused upon by studies of the carbon cycle at the earth's surface and its influence on the atmosphere. It turns out that most of the increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide are from two sources: (1) petroleum and coal use and (2) the clearing of major forested lands.It is generally acknowledged that fossil fuel use has declined sharply during the past several years and that the deforestation of large areas under development will end. A recent review of current thinking on the effects of global deforestation by G.M. Woodwell and others stated that, “appropriate action taken now might reduce or eliminate the problem. Stabilization of the rate of combustion of fossil fuels combined with a program of reforestation would contribute toward stabilizing the CO2 content of the atmosphere … we need not accept as inexorable a global warming due to the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere” (Science, 222, 1081‐1086, 1983).
Special issue in JGR‐B
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Journal of Geophysical Research, B, will publish a special issue in 1985 focusing on the results obtained using a variety of new seafloor mapping tools (e.g., SEA BEAM, SEA MARC I and II, GLORIA, GEOS‐3 and Seasat radar altimetry). Liberal use of color and large‐format black and white figures are encouraged. Special reduced rates for color will apply. The submission deadline is September 1, 1984; publication is planned for July or August 1985.Papers describing results obtained using these new mapping techniques in a variety of tectonic environments (e.g., mid‐ocean ridges, active margins, passive margins, seamounts) are solicited as well as papers describing instrumentation and data processing and interpretation techniques.