bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Captive-bolt euthanasia of cattle: determination of optimal-shot placement and evaluation of the Cash Special Euthanizer Kit® for euthanasia of cattle
Authors: Gilliam JN , Shearer JK , Woods J , Hill J , Reynolds J , Taylor JD , Bahr RJ , Crochik S , Snider TA 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHumane euthanasia of cattle represents a challenge to the beef and dairy industries. Penetrating captive bolt, while traditionally considered to be only a stunning method, can be an effective single-step euthanasia method if both the cerebral cortex and brainstem are disrupted. This report describes a preliminary study investigating the likelihood of brainstem disruption for two captive-bolt shot locations. Heads were collected from 15 cattle that died or were euthanised for reason unrelated to the study and were then randomly assigned to one of two shot placement groups. Heads in the first group (n = 7) were shot at the intersection of two lines drawn from the medial canthus to the opposite horn or top of the opposite ear. Heads in the second group (n = 8) were shot at the intersection of two lines drawn for the lateral canthus to the opposite horn or top of the opposite ear. The guns were held perpendicular (as assessed visually) to the plane of the forehead. Shot placement was then assessed using computed tomography and disruption of the brainstem was determined. In the first group, the captive bolt failed to disrupt the brainstem in any of the heads. In the second group, the bolt disrupted the brainstem in 6 of 8 heads. The results suggest that selecting a higher shot location leads more readily to disruption of the brainstem which reduces the risk of regaining sensibility and should therefore improve animal welfare when cattle are euthanised with a penetrating captive bolt.
Aversion to the inhalation of nitrogen and carbon dioxide mixtures compared to high concentrations of carbon dioxide for stunning rabbits
Authors: Llonch P , Rodríguez P , Velarde A , de Lima V Abreu , Dalmau A 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStunning by inhalation of nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mixtures reduces aversion compared to high concentrations of CO2in pigs and poultry. The objective of the study was to assess the aversion to 90% of CO2(90C) and an alternative gas mixture of 80% N2and 20% CO2(80N20C) in commercial rabbits(Oryctolagus cuniculus). Sixty animals, divided into two groups, were used. During the first day, the rabbits of both groups were lowered in pairs into the pit with atmospheric air and their behaviour was recorded as control. During the second day, one group was exposed, again in pairs, to 90C and the other to 80N20C for 1 min. Exploratory behaviour and general activity were assessed 2 min before the exposure, during the exposure and for 2 min subsequently. During the exposure, signs of respiratory distress, loss of balance, muscle twitching and recovery of balance were also assessed. In the control sessions (atmospheric air), animals did not show respiratory distress or muscle twitching and were less active while the crate was descending than when gas treatments were applied. The percentage of animals with respiratory distress was higher in 90C (97%) than 80N20C (40%). Muscle twitching occurred earlier in 80N20C (97%; 23.9 s) than in 90C (17%; 37.4 s). A second phase of muscle twitching occurred only in 90C at 93.0 s. Mean latency of lost of balance and recovery were lower in 80N20C (24.2 and 98.6 s, respectively) than in 90C (28.2 and 110.2 s, respectively). It is concluded that rabbits showed less signs of respiratory distress to inhalation of 80N20C than 90C but more signs of aversion than when they were exposed to atmospheric air.
Equivalency between EU and non-EU countries regarding animal welfare at slaughter
Authors: Cassidy T 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMuch development work has already been done by the industry and the competent authorities in countries exporting meat to the EU, and these countries are well on their way to satisfying the requirements of Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009. The major problem for animal welfare was that the electrical parameters used for water-bath stunning of poultry were not set at levels which ensured that birds were effectively stunned. In addition, there are meat quality issues when higher currents are used. Other areas to be further developed include clarification and formalisation of the tasks of the Animal Welfare Officer; certifying competence of the relevant staff; adapting and improving or completing the existing standard operating procedures. Several countries need to make changes to their transport/delivery practices or to the arrangements for accommodating animals, so that they respect the requirement to feed and bed animals if not slaughtered within 12 hours of their arrival at the slaughterhouse.
Searching Materials Space for Hydride Superconductors at Ambient Pressure
Authors: Cerqueira Tiago F. T. , Fang Yue‐Wen , Errea Ion , Sanna Antonio , Marques Miguel A. L. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA machine‐learning‐assisted approach is employed to search for superconducting hydrides under ambient pressure within an extensive dataset comprising over 150 000 compounds. The investigation yields ≈50 systems with transition temperatures surpassing 20 K, and some even reaching above 70 K. These compounds have very different crystal structures, with different dimensionality, chemical composition, stoichiometry, and arrangement of the hydrogens. Interestingly, most of these systems display slight thermodynamic instability, implying that their synthesis will re quire conditions beyond ambient equilibrium. Moreover, a consistent chemical composition is found in the majority of these systems, which combines alkali or alkali‐earth elements with noble metals. This observation suggests a promising avenue for future experimental investigations into high‐temperature superconductivity within hydrides at ambient pressure.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Phase Nanostructure and Cholesterol Enhance Lipid Nanoparticle Mediated mRNA Transfection in Macrophages
Authors: Iscaro Joshua , Yu Haitao , Martinez Natalia , Subramaniam Santhni , Joyce Paul , Wang Hao , Dyett Brendan P. , White Jacinta , Prestidge Clive A. , Drummond Calum J. , Bozinovski Steven , Zhai Jiali 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMacrophages are unique immune cells attracting growing attention as a potential candidate for cell‐based therapy for infectious diseases and cancer. Strategies that can reprogramme or gene‐edit macrophages hold potential across a spectrum of acute and chronic conditions. Herein, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are developed containing the ionizable lipid SM‐102, helper lipid monoolein which is known for self‐assembly in aqueous solutions into the inverse cubic lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophase, and cholesterol as an mRNA nanocarrier. The immortalized alveolar macrophage cell line (MH‐S cells) is utilized to investigate how cholesterol concentration impacts on mRNA delivery which is further validated using primary mouse alveolar macrophages isolated from the bronchoalveolar compartment and human monocyte derived macrophages. By using high‐throughput synchrotron small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), an acidification‐induced non‐ordered to ordered internal nanostructure transition of the formulated LNPs is observed, following the transition sequence of inverse micellar to hexagonal to cubic mesophase in the pH range from 7 to 4. Cholesterol is identified as another crucial component for superior mRNA transfection in macrophages, contributing to nanostructure transition and protein corona variation. Successful ex vivo mRNA transfection is also achieved in primary macrophages, highlighting the prospectivity of reprogramming macrophages as a cell therapy for lung diseases.
Ultrastrong and Thermo‐Remoldable Lignin‐Based Polyurethane Foam Insulation with Active‐Passive Fire Resistance
Authors: Sun Lichao , Guo Yujia , Ou Rongxian , Xu Jingwen , Gao Fei , Meng Qingzhi , Chen Sili , Guo Chuigen , Fan Qi , Wang Qingwen 
Published: June 2024

AbstractFoam thermal insulators are indispensable for prevailing energy‐saving engineering, however their widespread use brings intractability such as unsustainability, “white pollution”, and fire hazards. The emergence of bio‐based foams is highly appreciated, but the fabrication approaches are economically unattractive and/or the product properties are inferior, making their large‐scale implementation unviable. Herein, a versatile, thermally remoldable phosphate‐containing polyurethane composite foam (LPU‐G) is constructed from natural lignin and expanded graphite flakes via an atmospheric pressure and scalable one‐pot strategy. The optimal LPU‐G exhibits exceptional mechanical strength, capable of supporting over 6000 times its weight without significant deformation. Moreover, the LPU‐G demonstrates the desired multifunctionality in handling extreme circumstances, including humidity‐tolerant thermal insulation, superb water vapor barrier, and withstanding ≈1200 °C flame without ignition. Based on the “expansion‐conductivity” micro‐mechanism, LPU‐G is the first foam material to be constructed as a sensitive fire alarm system with an ultra‐long alarm time (>1800 s). Surprisingly, LPU‐G can be rapidly upcycled into recyclable bulk composites for a second life through simple thermo‐molding processes rooted in the multi‐dynamic behavior of the phosphate, carbamate, and hydrogen bonds. The easy‐to‐scale LPU‐G represents a new generation of thermal insulators that address concerns regarding unsustainability, high cost, fire risk, and inferior mechanical properties.
Room Temperature Single Photon Detection at 1550 nm Using van der Waals Heterojunction
Authors: Abraham Nithin , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Majumdar Kausik 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSingle‐photon detectors (SPDs) are crucial in applications ranging from space, biological imaging to quantum communication and information processing. The SPDs that operate at room temperature are of particular interest to broader application space as the energy overhead introduced by cryogenic cooling can be avoided. Although silicon‐based single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are well‐matured and operate at room temperature, the bandgap limitation restricts their operation at telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm) and beyond. InGaAs‐based SPADs, on the other hand, are sensitive to 1550 nm photons but suffer from relatively lower efficiency, high dark count rate, afterpulsing probability, and pose hazards to the environment from the fabrication process. In this work, the properties of nanomaterials that can be leveraged to address these challenges are demonstrated and a room‐temperature single‐photon detector capable of operating at 1550 nm is realized. This is achieved by coupling a low bandgap (≈ 350 meV) absorber (black phosphorus) to a sensitive van der Waals probe that is capable of detecting discrete electron fluctuation. The device is optimized for operation at 1550 nm and demonstrates an overall quantum efficiency of 21.4% (estimated as 42.8% for polarized light), and a minimum dark count of ≈ 720 Hz at room temperature.
Regulation of d‐Orbital Electron in Fe‐N4 by High‐Entropy Atomic Clusters for Highly Active and Durable Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yang Gege , Cai Hairui , Zhang Nan , Wang Bin , Liang Chao , Zhang Shengli , Yang Zhimao , Yang Shengchun 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSimultaneously improving activity and stability is a crucial yet challenge in the development of metallic single‐atom‐based catalysts. In current work, a novel approach is introduced to address this issue by combining post‐adsorption and secondary pyrolysis techniques to create a synergistic catalytic system, in which the single atoms (SAs) Fe sites played in the NC matrix (Fe─NC) are coupled with high‐entropy atomic clusters (HEACs). Theoretical calculations reveal that the incorporation of HEACs lead to a rehybridization of the 3d orbital configuration of Fe‐N4, which helps to balance the adsorption/desorption energy of oxygenated intermediates. In situ spectroscopy further reveals that the rate‐limiting step of OH* desorption on HEAC/Fe─NC in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is more facile compared to atomic Fe─NC, implying a higher ORR activity. Moreover, the synergistic effect of diffusion activation barriers and configuration entropy contributes to the structural stability of HEAC/Fe─NC, resulting in remarkable durability. Consequently, this unique catalyst exhibits half‐wave potentials of 0.927 and 0.828 V in an aqueous solution of KOH (0.1 m) and HClO4 (0.1 m), respectively, along with excellent durability. The findings propose a novel strategy for modulating the electronic structure of metallic SAs catalysts and enhancing their stability through strong interactions between SAs and HEACs.
Bioinspired Nano‐Photosensitizer‐Activated Caspase‐3/GSDME Pathway Induces Pyroptosis in Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Gao Min , Sun Qiuting , Zhang Huiru , Liu Mengyu , Peng Rui , Qin Weiji , Wang Qian , Yang Tianhao , Zhou Man , He Xiaoyan , Sun Gengyun 
Published: June 2024

AbstractNoninflammatory apoptosis is transformed into inflammatory pyroptosis by activating caspase‐3 to lyse gasdermin E (GSDME), and this process can be used as an effective therapeutic strategy. Thus, a selective and powerful inducer of activated caspase‐3 plays a vital role in pyroptosis‐based cancer therapy. Herein, a human cell membrane vesicle‐based nanoplatform (HCNP) is designed for photodynamic therapy (PDT). HCNP is modified with vesicular stomatitis virus G‐protein (VSVG) to anchor nano‐photosensitizers on the tumor cell membrane. Photosensitizers are bonded to HCNP by clicking chemical reaction as pyroptosis inducers. The results show that HCNP effectively disrupts the mitochondrial function of cells by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon laser irradiation; concomitantly, GSDME is cleaved by activated caspase‐3 and promotes pyroptosis of lung cancer cells. Here an effective intervention strategy is proposed to induce pyroptosis based on light‐activated PDT.
Efficient Orbitronic Terahertz Emission Based on CoPt Alloy
Authors: Liu Yongshan , Xu Yong , Fert Albert , Jaffrès Henri‐Yves , Nie Tianxiao , Eimer Sylvain , Zhang Xiaoqiang , Zhao Weisheng 
Published: June 2024

AbstractOrbitronic devices operate by manipulating orbitally polarized currents. Recent studies have shown that these orbital currents can be excited by femtosecond laser pulses in a ferromagnet such as Ni and converted into ultrafast charge currents via orbital‐to‐charge conversion. However, the terahertz emission from orbitronic terahertz emitters based on Ni is still much weaker than that of the typical spintronic terahertz emitter. Here, this work reports a more efficient light‐induced generation of orbital current from a CoPt alloy, and the terahertz emission from CoPt/Cu/MgO is comparable to that of benchmark spintronic terahertz emitters. By varying the composition of the CoPt alloy, the thickness of Cu, and the capping layer, this work confirms that THz emission primarily originates from the orbital accumulation generated within CoPt, propagating through Cu, followed by subsequent orbital‐to‐charge conversion due to the inverse orbital Rashba‐Edelstein effect at the Cu/MgO interface. This study provides strong evidence for the efficient orbital current generation in CoPt alloy, paving the way for efficient orbital terahertz emitters.
Enhanced Excitonic Nature of MAPbBr3 Nanocrystals in Nanoporous GaN
Authors: Bai Xinyu , Fairclough Simon M. , Dai Linjie , Sarkar Maruf , Griffin Peter H. , Gundimeda Abhiram , Sun Yuqi , Greenham Neil C. , Dar M. Ibrahim , Oliver Rachel A. , Friend Richard H. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBlue gallium nitride (GaN) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), combined with red/green fluorescent converters, have broad potential for display applications. Metal halide perovskites now show excellent luminescence properties and may be suitable as light converters. Here a simple solution‐processed method is reported to prepare a methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) nanoporous GaN composite. Fast (within 2 ps) energy transfer is demonstrated from photoexcited nanoporous GaN to encapsulate MAPbBr3 nanocrystals, as observed by transient absorption spectroscopy. The spatial confinement of the perovskite within the nanoporous GaN is shown to increase the perovskite radiative recombination rate. These results offer guidelines for developing high‐performance perovskite/nanoporous GaN optoelectronics.
Sequential Inhibition of PARP and BET as a Rational Therapeutic Strategy for Glioblastoma
Authors: Peng Xin , Huang Xin , Zhang Shaolu , Zhang Naixin , Huang Shengfan , Wang Yingying , Zhong Zhenxing , Zhu Shan , Gao Haiwang , Yu Zixiang , Yan Xiaotong , Tao Zhennan , Dai Yuxiang , Zhang Zhe , Chen Xi , Wang Feng , Claret Francois X. , Elkabets Moshe , Ji Ning , Zhong Yuxu , Kong Dexin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPARP inhibitors (PARPi) hold substantial promise in treating glioblastoma (GBM). However, the adverse effects have restricted their broad application. Through unbiased transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing, it is discovered that the BET inhibitor (BETi) Birabresib profoundly alters the processes of DNA replication and cell cycle progression in GBM cells, beyond the previously reported impact of BET inhibition on homologous recombination repair. Through in vitro experiments using established GBM cell lines and patient‐derived primary GBM cells, as well as in vivo orthotopic transplantation tumor experiments in zebrafish and nude mice, it is demonstrated that the concurrent administration of PARPi and BETi can synergistically inhibit GBM. Intriguingly, it is observed that DNA damage lingers after discontinuation of PARPi monotherapy, implying that sequential administration of PARPi followed by BETi can maintain antitumor efficacy while reducing toxicity. In GBM cells with elevated baseline replication stress, the sequential regimen exhibits comparable efficacy to concurrent treatment, protecting normal glial cells with lower baseline replication stress from DNA toxicity and subsequent death. This study provides compelling preclinical evidence supporting the development of innovative drug administration strategies focusing on PARPi for GBM therapy.
Lipid Nanoparticle‐Mediated Delivery of CRISPR‐Cas9 Against Rubicon Ameliorates NAFLD by Modulating CD36 Along with Glycerophospholipid Metabolism
Authors: Bai Yu , Nan Yanyang , Wu Tao , Zhu An , Xie Xinlei , Sun Yun , Deng Yong , Dou Zihan , Hu Xiaozhi , Zhou Rongrui , Xu Shuwen , Zhang Yuanzhen , Fan Jiajun , Ju Dianwen 
Published: June 2024

AbstractNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prominent cause of various chronic metabolic hepatic diseases with limited therapeutics. Rubicon, an essential regulator in lysosomal degradation, is reported to exacerbate hepatic steatosis in NAFLD mice and patients, indicating its probability of being a therapeutic target for NAFLD treatment. In this study, the therapeutic potential of Rubicon blockage is investigated. Lipid nanoparticles carrying Rubicon‐specific CRISPR‐Cas9 components exhibited liver accumulation, cell internalization, and Rubicon knockdown. A single administration of the nanoparticles results in attenuated lipid deposition and hepatic steatosis, with lower circulating lipid levels and decreased adipocyte size in NAFLD mice. Furthermore, the increase of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine levels can be observed in the NAFLD mice livers after Rubicon silencing, along with regulatory effects on metabolism‐related genes such as CD36, Gpcpd1, Chka, and Lpin2. The results indicate that knockdown of Rubicon improves glycerophospholipid metabolism and thereby ameliorates the NAFLD progression, which provides a potential strategy for NAFLD therapy via the restoration of Rubicon.
An examination of trends in U.S. orange and grapefruit juice consumption
Authors: Stewart Hayden , Dong Diansheng , Byrne Anne T. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe average U.S. consumer has been drinking less orange and less grapefruit juice over time. Per capita consumption is down more than 50% since the mid‐2000s. In this study, we propose and estimate a count data model. The number of times an adult consumes 100% orange or 100% grapefruit juice over a 2‐day period is modeled as a function of income, product prices, and some characteristics of the consumer such as level of education, being on a diet, and taking nutrient supplements that proxy for health concerns and nutrition knowledge. Data used in the study were collected between January 2005 and March 2020 on over 30,000 adult consumers. Tests for overdispersion favor a negative binomial model instead of the more restrictive Poison regression model. Estimation results confirm that rising juice product prices and concern over product healthfulness have been contributing to long run trends in orange and grapefruit juice consumption. Prices for these citrus juices have increased in recent years due in part to the citrus greening disease and hazardous weather in Florida. Trends in orange and grapefruit juice consumption can impact consumer diet quality, fruit growers, and agribusiness firms responsible for transforming raw fruit into juice and juice products. [EconLit Citations: D12, Q13].
European Union–Mercosur Accord's effects on Brazilian milk powder
Authors: Mendes Krisley 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMilk is one of the few agricultural products in which Brazil is not competitive. The domestic market is served by domestic production and imports from Argentina and Uruguay. The Mercosur–European Union Biregional Association Agreement provides for the elimination of tariffs and the harmonization of nontariff measures between the parties. Because the EU is one of the most competitive regions in the world market for powdered milk, this study analyzes the effects of the agreement on the links in this production chain in the Brazilian market. A constant, nested, multisectoral, and vertically integrated elasticity of substitution model is structured incorporating uncertainty in the estimates of Armington elasticities through Monte Carlo simulations, as in Hallren and Opanasets. The model allows projecting the price effect (Armington) and the preference effect in the market shares of Brazil, Mercosur, and the EU on the domestic market. The results, in the most ambitious scenario of the agreement and in the most conservative estimate, show that Brazil would lose 71.7 percentage points in the domestic market. This means reducing Brazilian production by 475 thousand tons of powdered milk. The national agricultural link in this scenario would lose 15% of the current dairy demand. This loss benefits the EU, which would participate in the domestic market with a market share of 58.75%. Mercosur would add 13.41 percentage points to its current share of the Brazilian market [EconLit Citations: F13, F14].