bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blown Cellulose Fiber Thermal Insulations: Part 1—Density of Cellulose Fiber Thermal Insulation in Horizontal Applications
Authors: Bomberg M , Shirtliffe CJ 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents results of a study with the following objectives:
1. Determine the effects of transport and placement conditions on the initial density of the insulation.
2. Establish a standardized method for producing specimens of blown cellulose fiber insulations.
3. Investigate the factors that cause the material to settle after placement.
4. Establish a standardized method to produce settlement in the specimens comparable with those found in field studies.
A method recommended for producing settlement in the specimens consists of two procedures, one simulating settlement by impact produced on the standardized containers, and the other causing settlement under climatic cycling of the material.
Light Transmission Measurements Through Glass Fiber Insulations
Authors: Pelanne CM 
Published: March 2009

As part of a study to define the structure of glass fiber insulations, light transmission was measured through a number of insulations made by different manufacturing processes.
A significant relationship was observed between light transmitted normal to the plane of the insulation and the apparent thermal conductivity. This relationship suggests a possible application for the continuous monitoring of glass fiber insulation being manufactured.
The light transmission measurement allows us to see the laminar structure of glass fiber insulations as well as the preferred orientation of the fibers resulting from manufacturing process characteristics.
The light transmission measurements also may provide an indirect way of estimating the apparent thermal conductivity in the plane of the insulation, as well as a way of evaluating heat flow in tailor-made glass fiber specimens.
Evaluation of High-Temperature Pipe Insulations Using a 16-ln.-Diameter Pipe Test Apparatus
Authors: Svedberg RC , Steffen RJ , Rupp AM , Sadler JW 
Published: March 2009

The thermal performance of candidate pipe insulation systems for the sodium piping at the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) in Richland, Wash., has been tested at pipe temperatures up to 838.7 K (1050°F) using a 40.64-cm (16 in.) pipe test rig. Where applicable, procedures outlined in the ASTM Test for Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Insulation (C 335-69) were followed. These tests have demonstrated the feasibility of measuring thermal performance using large-diameter, guarded pipe test systems. To compare and evaluate the large-diameter pipe test results, the thermal performance of these insulations was also measured by an independent testing laboratory on a 7.62-cm (3 in.) pipe test apparatus.
Mineral wool, calcium-silicate, and aluminum-silica refractory fiber blanket-type insulations were evaluated on both the 40.64-cm (16 in.) and 7.62-cm (3 in.) pipe test apparatus. A contractor-installed calcium silicate and a duplex calcium-silicate-mineral wool system were also tested on the 40.64-cm (16 in.) pipe test apparatus to investigate thermal performance resulting from different installation procedures.
These measurements of the thermal performance of insulations assembled on large-diameter testing apparatus have been shown to be both feasible and informative. In cases where the insulation can be installed in a seam-free manner, that is, few cracks and gaps, the thermal properties are in excellent agreement with those measured on the standard 7.62-cm (3 in.) pipe test system.
In cases where installation is difficult and seam cracks and gaps occur, the additional heat losses can be evaluated on the large-diameter pipe test apparatus.
Drift Measurement Technique Applied to Poor Conductors
Authors: Ashworth T , Lacey WG , Ashworth E 
Published: March 2009

Many applications require knowledge of thermal properties, over a wide range of temperature, to within 5 percent. The speedy and economical acquisition of the data is often a prime concern. We are investigating the potential of the very simplest system (an unguarded plate system), used in a drift mode rather than in a steady-state mode, to fulfill this need.
When heat flows across a specimen whose mean temperature is drifting slowly and linearly with time, a term of the form CF(dT/dt) must be added to the steadystate equation. Data are taken over a given temperature range with the temperature both increasing and decreasing; the value of CF is then adjusted until the two sets of data produce the same value of conductivity. Since CF is a function of the density of the specimen and its specific heat at constant pressure, an approximate value of the thermal diffusivity is obtained as a by-product in this drift mode of operation.
The successful application of the technique is illustrated by both drift technique and steady-state measurements on microconcrete over the temperature range -20 to +60°C. Corrections for heat losses and nonlinear heat flow have been appraised by finite-element analysis and by comparisons with data from adiabatic linear heat flow systems. Our objective is to develop the apparatus for use up to 500°C.
Correlation of Weathered Lignite with pH and Depth of Cover
Authors: Ginnard KJ , Corriveau MP 
Published: March 2009

Using the well known relationship of lowered pH with increased oxidation of lignite slurries, a rapid field technique was established correlating the pH of a sample lignite slurry and its depth of cover to the degree of oxidation (or weathering).
Four relationships were confirmed: (a) calorific content decreases with increased oxygen content, (b) increasing cover corresponds to decreasing oxygen content, (c) megajoule (Btu) content increases with depth of cover, and (d) megajoule (Btu) content increases with corresponding increase in pH of lignite slurry.
Using this technique and the relationships derived therefrom, a field geologist can quickly estimate as a first order approximation from the depth of coal times pH product whether or not a sample lignite is unacceptably weathered.
Practical Aspects of Reconstituting Deteriorated Bituminius Pavements
Authors: Davidson DD , Canessa W , Escobar SJ 
Published: March 2009

Practical recommendations are made for recycling asphalt pavements by (a) use of selected reclaiming agents to restore durability and consistency to the aged asphalt, and (b) application of a rational mix design.
Satisfactory reclaiming agents are characterized as (a) being fully compatible with the broadest range of aged asphalts, (b) providing durability to the aged asphalts, (c) being capable of producing a reclaimed asphalt within paving-grade consistency, and (d) assuring good wetting and thorough mixing. Interim specifications are proposed for reclaiming agents fulfilling these requirements.
The basic information needed for a rational design is discussed and identified as follows: (a) gradation of the aggregate in the salvaged pavement, (b) asphalt content of the old pavement, (c) consistency of the extracted asphalt, (d) asphalt demand of the aggregate, and (e) desired consistency of the asphalt in the recycled pavement.
A simple formula and two nomographs are presented as aids for the design engineer.
Design and Strength of Screw Threads
Authors: Alexander EM 
Published: March 2009

An analytical model has been developed to compute the strength of screw threads for mechanical fasteners. The model takes precise account of dimensional and mechanical properties in determining the ultimate assembly strength and mode of failure (bolt stripping, nut stripping, or bolt breaking) in the event of overloading.
This model was utilized as the basis for a Monte Carlo computer simulation to design the most suitable nut properties for industrial applications.
Corrosion Rate Monitoring in Gas and Oil Production
Authors: Harrell JB 
Published: March 2009

One of the most expensive operations in gas and oil production is corrosion control. Methods for minimizing the cost and increasing the efficiency of corrosion control measures are very valuable to the gas and oil producer. For several years, corrosion rate instrumentation has been used to determine the eftectiveness of inhibitor programs and to detect extreme corrosion conditions in gas and oil production systems.
Case history-type examples of the use of corrosion rate instrumentation in production systems are presented. Factors affecting the utility of data produced in a corrosion monitoring scheme are discussed, including probe selection, probe placement, and instrument selection. Some data are presented to demonstrate the possible utility of a new technique which measures the rate of hydrogen penetration through production pipe walls as they carry sour production fluids.
Meteorological Instruments for Use Near the Ground: Their Selection and Use in Air Pollution Studies
Authors: Mazzarella DA 
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the instruments of primary importance in air pollution studies, those that are used to supply data for making dispersion estimates and to measure wind and temperature. Since air pollution—and, in its broader aspect, air quality—involves turbulence, the equipment employed to measure the fluctuations of the wind must have known dynamic characteristics. Also, the equipment used to measure temperature difference in relation to altitude must have known accuracies. Both wind- and temperature-measuring instruments should be given exposures that make the measurements representative of the physical phenomena at the location being studied.
Meterological instruments that do not provide data for dispersion estimates—generally considered of secondary importance—include equipment for the measurement of solar radiation, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and visibility. A wide range of meterological equipment is now available to the individual or organization undertaking an air pollution study. The selection and use of this equipment is primarily dependent on the purpose of the investigation. To assist those concerned with meteorological study, guidelines are offered in terms of criteria, terminology, and instrument specifications, especially for wind and temperature sensors. Sources of equipment are also given, together with some comparisons of specifications.
Meteorological Radar Signal Processing
Authors: Serafin RJ , Strauch R 
Published: March 2009

Modern meteorological Doppler radar has applications related to measurements of precipitation intensities and kinematics in convective storms, widespread stratiform precipitating systems, winter frontal and cyclonic storm systems, and other cloud systems. In addition, air velocities may be measured in the optically clear atmosphere from backscatter due to refractive index perturbations or from dispersed chaff tracers.
In order to derive the maximum scientific benefit from Doppler radar it is necessary to process vast quantities of data in real time at rates in excess of 1 MHz. Fortunately, current integrated circuit technology permits such processing. However, this ability to process data rapidly also produces data rapidly and results in large data sets which must be stored and processed further for outputs of maximum meteorological significance to be derived. Even when data compression ratios of 100:1 are achieved in real time, modern meteorological Doppler radar can produce 9-track, 732-m (2400-ft) tapes at the rate of two per hour.
This paper describes the chain of processing from real-time processing and acquisition, to displaying processed single and multiple Doppler radar data. The paper also describes briefly the meteorological significance of the work.
On the Development of a Guideline for Applying Air Quality Models
Authors: Slater HH , Tikvart JA 
Published: March 2009

The Clean Air Act of 1970 is based on the concept that acceptable air resources can be attained and maintained by applying two basic strategies—by managing the quality of the air and by promulgating emission standards. Air quality management requires the use of procedures for relating emissions and ambient air quality, that is, air quality models.
The infinite variety of climatological and meteorological circumstances, of topography, and of the characteristics and configurations of sources challenges atmospheric scientists to devise accurate and simple models for general use. Demands arise for uniform procedures for estimating the impacts of sources. Representatives of nonscientific disciplines publicly debate issues involving the use and standardization of models.
This paper describes a process followed in developing a guideline for selecting and applying models for the management of air quality. The process included participation by specialist groups, and also by the general public, in determining the content and tone of the guideline and the appropriate degree of standardization.
Nonanthropogenic Ozone in California Urban Areas
Authors: Stephens ER 
Published: March 2009

Ozone concentrations of a few parts per hundred million (pphm) sometimes occur in urban areas, unaccompanied by significant concentrations of other pollutants. The Santa Ana winds provide an important example of such ozone episodes, for they invariably contain 3 to 6 pphm of ozone with no diurnal variation. The origin of these winds in a large-scale weather system, along with the absence of other pollutants and the lack of a diurnal cycle, indicates that this ozone is of natural origin.
Occasionally the sea breeze develops a sharp front as it moves inland from the Pacific Ocean. In such episodes, the air which the marine sea breeze replaces is free of pollution except for several parts per hundred million of ozone. This is also regarded as not man-made because of the absence of other pollutants. Elevated ground-level concentrations of ozone have also been occasionally reported from other areas in association with storms. Downward transport from the ozonosphere seems the most probable source for these ozone episodes.
Detection and Interpretation of Trends in Oxidant Air Quality
Authors: Wayne LG , Wilson KW , Boyd CL 
Published: March 2009

Ambient air concentrations of photochemical oxidants, monitored over a five-year period in Philadelphia, Denver, and five regions in California, were examined for evidence of trends in air quality. Statistically significant trends were identified in the cases of Denver and the San Francisco Bay area.
The oxidant air quality in the San Francisco Bay area was found to be significantly related to the rates of emission of oxidant precursors. The relation is positive in the case of hydrocarbons, but negative for oxides of nitrogen. Geographical and meteorological factors are also important in determining the distribution of oxidant levels, and various indexes of oxidant air quality show different statistical behavior in regard to the detection of trends.
Fire Research and Fire Safety: A Status Report on the Situation in the United States
Authors: Lyons JW 
Published: March 2009

During the past century, efforts to control and reduce fire losses have concentrated successively on conflagrations destroying entire cities, large sections of cities, or large buildings, and, finally, on fires in the room of origin or in family residences. The first effort created effective fire departments, the second, the fire endurance concepts now an important part of the nation's building codes, and the third, now in full development, has produced research programs on interior finish, furnishings, and other consumer products. This current effort to protect occupants in the room of fire origin or in family residences is proving to be the most challenging and complex, technically and socially, of the three. These occupancies vary in materials used, configuration of the rooms, and placement of an infinite variety of movable contents.
To assess the level of fire safety, we must be able to compute or measure the time-temperature and time-gas concentration profiles at a number of points in the room. This requires, first, careful full-scale research and concommitant theoretical modeling. Second, it requires smaller, more economical tests which are correlated with the full-scale work. A series of such smaller tests will be necessary, including smoke and gas evolution, rate of heat release, and rate of fire spread over surfaces. Work on all of these is active now in many laboratories. The symposium will provide interesting progress reports on some aspects of these current efforts.
Dynamic Strain-Aging and Neutron Irradiation in Mild Steel
Authors: Murty KL , Hall EO 
Published: March 2009

“Blue brittle” or dynamic strain-aging studies were carried out on mild steel in vacuum-annealed, irradiated, and irradiated decarburized conditions. The effect of neutron damage is to decrease or eliminate the concentration of free interstitial impurity elements responsible for locking the dislocations. Progressively increasing the irradiation dose from ~ 1016 to ∼ 1019 nvt (&gt; 1 MeV) resulted in a transition from “serrated” to “jerky” flow at and beyond ~ 1017 nvt. The activation energies for serrated and jerky flow were determined to be the same, ∼ 18 kcal/mol (75 kJ/mol), identifiable with the migration energy of carbon or nitrogen in iron. Thus neutron irradiation does not seem to affect the mechanism of dislocation locking.
Neutron irradiation was found to result in the following: (1) yield stress increases (hardening); (2) ductility decreases (embrittlement); (3) temperature of strainaging increases; (4) temperature region of unstable flow decreases; (5) degree of locking decreases; (6) Luders bands become relatively more diffuse; (7) the transition from serrated to jerky flow results in a complex temperature dependence of yield stress and Luders strain; (8) at temperatures below unstable flow, Luders strain increases and, at the highest doses (∼ 1019 nvt), fracture occurs during Luders extension; and (9) radiation hardening in mild steel is thermally activated.
There was no evidence of serrated flow in decarburized and irradiated decarburized material up to about 280°C (553 K). The effect of neutron damage was found to be similar to that of dry hydrogen treatment. In both cases a transition from serrated to jerky flow was observed. Both the appearance and disappearance of serrations were found to be dependent on the concentration of nitrogen in solution. These results imply that free nitrogen is primarily responsible for dynamic strain-aging in mild steel, both archive and irradiated.
Mechanical Properties of Fast Reactor Fuel Cladding for Transient Analysis
Authors: Hunter CW , Johnson GD 
Published: March 2009

In order to determine mechanical behavior under various simulated reactor transient events, internally pressurized specimens of fast flux-irradiated 20 percent cold-worked Type 316 stainless steel fuel pin cladding were rapidly heated until they burst. Tests were conducted at heating rates of 10F°/s and 200°F/s with pressures of 2500 to 14 300 psi (17.2 to 98.6 MPa), resulting in failure temperatures from 1000 to 2000°F (811 to 1366 K). The specimens were taken from subassemblies irradiated in the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II at temperatures from 700 to 1300°F (644 to 978 K). Peak burnup and fluence levels ranged from 28 000 to 50 000 megawatt days per metric ton metal (MWd/MTM) and 2.5 to 4.0 × 1022 neutrons (n)/cm2 (E &gt; 0.1 MeV), respectively.
Irradiation degraded both the failure strain and failure strength, when the transient test conditions resulted in intergranular fracture; intergranular fracture occurred above 1000 to 1200°F (811 to 922 K), depending on strain rate. Below these temperatures the fracture mode is transgranular, so that the failure strength is not reduced.
A correlation based on the ratio of irradiated material failure strain and failure strength was developed to describe the effects of irradiation on the mechanical properties of the cladding. The strain ratio correlation indicates that the failure strain does not further decrease beyond a fluence of 2 × 1022 n/cm2. The mechanical properties of cladding which had contained fuel during irradiation were degraded more than were the properties of unfueled material.
Microstructure and Mechanisms of Ion-Simulated Irradiation-Induced Creep of Nickel
Authors: Michel DJ , Hendrick PL , Pieper AG 
Published: March 2009

The microstructure of cold-worked, high-purity nickel has been investigated following ion-simulated irradiation-induced creep with 22-MeV deuterons and 70-MeV α-particles. The irradiations were conducted at 224°C (435°F), at stresses between 170 and 345 MPa, and at displacement rates between 13 and 30 × 10-8 displacements per atom per second (dpa/s). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) procedures were used to prepare, observe, and photograph the microstructure of the ion-irradiated uniaxial creep specimens and companion unirradiated specimens. Examination of the ion-irradiated microstructure revealed no substantial differences between the deuteron and α-particle irradiated specimens. In all cases, a heterogeneous distribution of defect clusters or small dislocation loops and network dislocations, or both, were observed. A significant reduction in dislocation density from the unirradiated values was seen for the irradiated specimens. It was found that the small loops and defect clusters provided effective obstacles to dislocation motion as evidenced by the bowing of dislocations between adjacent defects.
The microstructural results were evaluated in terms of the theoretical mechanisms proposed for irradiation-induced creep and the previously reported creep simulation results for nickel by Hendrick et al. A model based on the climb-controlled glide of dislocations over dispersed obstacles was found to be consistent with the microstructural results and the experimental creep data.
Microstructural Changes in Ion-Irradiated Commercial Alloys
Authors: Bell WL , Lauritzen T , Darlin ES , Warner RW 
Published: March 2009

The effect of heavy ion bombardment on the microstructural stability of several high-nickel superalloys was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy techniques. The work was intended to simulate the type and magnitude of radiation damage occurring with high-fluence exposure in a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) core.
Results revealed a general acceleration in precipitation kinetics in alloys with high titanium-to-aluminum ratios, over the temperature range 475 to 725 °C (887 to 1337°F). In the Inconel alloys 706 and 718, for example, bombardment produced the stable overaging precipitate η Ni3Ti at the expense of the preexisting phases γ', γ", and δ. Thermal control data over the same temperature range did not reveal the presence of η. Little or no changes in precipitate microstructure were observed in Nimonic PE16, an age-hardenable alloy with a titanium/aluminum ratio of unity.