bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transitions in Oral and Intestinal Microflora Composition and Innate Immune Receptor-Dependent Stimulation during Mouse Development
Authors: Hasegawa Mizuho , Osaka Toshifumi , Tawaratsumida Kazuki , Yamazaki Takashi , Tada Hiroyuki , Chen Grace Y. , Tsuneda Satoshi , Núñez Gabriel , Inohara Naohiro 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Commensal bacteria possess immunostimulatory activities that can modulate host responses to affect development and homeostasis in the intestine. However, how different populations of resident bacteria stimulate the immune system remains largely unknown. We characterized here the ability of intestinal and oral microflora to stimulate individual pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in bone marrow-derived macrophages and mesothelial cells. The intestinal but not oral microflora elicited age- and cell type-specific immunostimulation. The immunostimulatory activity of the intestinal microflora varied among individual mice but was largely mediated via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) during breast-feeding, whereas it became TLR4 independent after weaning. This transition was associated with a change from a microflora rich in TLR4-stimulatory proteobacteria to one dominated by
Bacteroidales
and/or
Clostridiales
that poorly stimulate TLR4. The major stimulatory activity of the intestinal microflora was still intact in NOD1-, NOD2-, TLR2-, TLR4-, TLR5-, TLR9-, TLR11-, ASC-, or RICK-deficient cells but still relied on the adaptor MyD88. These studies demonstrate a transition in the intestinal microflora accompanied by a dynamic change of its ability to stimulate different PRRs which control intestinal homeostasis.
Critical Roles of Complement and Antibodies in Host Defense Mechanisms againstNeisseria meningitidisas Revealed by Human Complement Genetic Deficiencies
Authors: Hellerud Bernt Christian , Aase Audun , Herstad Tove Karin , Næss Lisbeth Meyer , Kristiansen Lisa Høyem , Trøseid Anne-Marie Siebke , Harboe Morten , Lappegård Knut Tore , Brandtzæg Petter , Høiby E. Arne , Mollnes Tom Eirik 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTCertain complement defects are associated with an increased propensity to contractNeisseria meningitidisinfections. We performed detailed analyses of complement-mediated defense mechanisms againstN. meningitidis44/76 with whole blood and serum from two adult patients who were completely C2 or C5 deficient. The C5-deficient patient and the matched control were also deficient in mannose-binding lectin (MBL). The proliferation of meningococci incubated in freshly drawn whole blood was estimated by CFU and quantitative DNA real-time PCR. The serum bactericidal activity and opsonophagocytic activity by granulocytes were investigated, including heat-inactivated postvaccination sera, to examine the influence of antimeningococcal antibodies. The meningococci proliferated equally in C2- and C5-deficient blood, with a 2 log10increase of CFU and 4- to 5-log10increase in DNA copies. Proliferation was modestly decreased in reconstituted C2-deficient and control blood. After reconstitution of C5-deficient blood, all meningococci were killed, which is consistent with high antibody titers being present. The opsonophagocytic activity was strictly C2 dependent, appeared with normal serum, and increased with postvaccination serum. Serum bactericidal activity was strictly dependent on C2, C5, and high antibody titers. MBL did not influence any of the parameters observed. Complement-mediated defense against meningococci was thus dependent on the classical pathway. Some opsonophagocytic activity occurred despite low levels of antimeningococcal antibodies but was more efficient with immune sera. Serum bactericidal activity was dependent on C2, C5, and immune sera. MBL did not influence any of the parameters observed.
Fenugreek seeds reduce atherogenic diet-induced cholesterol gallstone formation in experimental mice
Authors: Reddy R.L.R. , Srinivasan K. 
Published: November 2009

Dietary hypocholesterolemic adjuncts may have a beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of cholesterol gallstones (CGS). In this investigation, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed was evaluated for this potential on the experimental induction of CGS in laboratory mice. CGS was induced by maintaining mice on a lithogenic diet (0.5% cholesterol) for 10 weeks. Fenugreek seed powder was included at 5%, 10%, and 15% of this lithogenic diet. Dietary fenugreek significantly lowered the incidence of CGS in these mice; the incidence was 63%, 40%, and 10% in the 5%, 10%, and 15% fenugreek groups, respectively, compared with 100% in the lithogenic control. The antilithogenic influence of fenugreek is attributable to its hypocholesterolemic effect. Serum cholesterol level was decreased by 26%–31% by dietary fenugreek, while hepatic cholesterol was lowered by 47%–64% in these high cholesterol-fed animals. Biliary cholesterol was 8.73–11.2 mmol/L as a result of dietary fenugreek, compared with 33.6 mmol/L in high-cholesterol feeding without fenugreek. Cholesterol saturation index in bile was reduced to 0.77–0.99 in fenugreek treatments compared with 2.57 in the high-cholesterol group. Thus, fenugreek seed offers health-beneficial antilithogenic potential by virtue of its favourable influence on cholesterol metabolism.
Alteration of perivascular adipose tissue function in angiotensin II-induced hypertension
Authors: Lee Robert M.K.W. , Ding Lili , Lu Chao , Su Li-Ying , Gao Yu-Jing 
Published: November 2009

We studied the role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in the control of vascular function in an in vivo experimental model of hypertension produced by angiotensin II infusion by osmotic minipump in adult male Wistar rats. Two weeks after infusion with angiotensin II, blood pressure in treated rats was significantly elevated but heart rate was reduced compared with control rats infused with physiological saline. Contraction of aorta from the 2 groups of rats in response to phenylephrine or serotonin was significantly attenuated by the presence of PVAT in both the presence and absence of endothelium. This attenuation effect on contraction to phenylephrine was higher, however, in vessels from control rats than in vessels from hypertensive rats in the absence of endothelium. In the mesenteric resistance arteries, lumen diameter was larger in both hypertensive and control vessels with intact PVAT than in vessels with PVAT removed. The medial wall was thicker in arteries from hypertensive rats. The presence of PVAT potentiated the contraction induced by KCl in mesenteric arteries from control rats, but not in hypertensive rats. PVAT also attenuated the contraction of mesenteric arteries in response to phenylephrine or serotonin in both hypertensive and control groups. Mesenteric arteries from hypertensive rats were more responsive to stimulation by serotonin than those from control rats. We conclude that the increased blood pressure of Wistar rats that occurred after infusion with angiotensin II was associated with changes in the functions of PVAT in the aorta and mesenteric arteries and in the structure and function of resistance arteries.
Inhibitory effects of dauricine on early afterdepolarizations and L-type calcium current
Authors: Liu Qiang-Ni , Zhang Li , Gong Pei-Li , Yang Xiao-Yan , Zeng Fan-Dian 
Published: November 2009

We have previously reported that dauricine exerted antiarrhythmic effects on various experimental arrhythmias. To further clarify its mechanism, the effects of dauricine on action potential duration (APD), early afterdepolarizations (EADs), triangulation, which is defined as the repolarization time from APD at 30% level (APD30) to APD at 90% level (APD90), and L-type calcium current (ICa-L) were studied using standard microelectrode techniques on rabbit papillary muscles and whole-cell patch clamp techniques on single myocytes isolated from rabbits by enzymatic digestion, respectively. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by coarctating the abdominal aorta of rabbits. The results showed that in papillary muscles of hypertrophied rabbits, 1 µmol/L dofetilide, a selective IKr blocker, prolonged APD50 and APD90 and induced EADs (4/6, p < 0.01) with hypokalemia ([K+]o = 2.7 mmol/L). Dauricine inhibited EADs (p < 0.01) and shortened the prolonged APD (p < 0.01). In single myocytes, dauricine also inhibited EADs induced by dofetilide, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesaemia. Dauricine decreased the triangulation and reduced the peak amplitude of ICa-L at all potentials tested. Dauricine shifted the steady-state activation curves to the right and steady-state inactivation curves to the left and prolonged the τ value of the recovery curve. These results suggest that dauricine inhibits EADs and this effect may be associated with its blockade of ICa-L.
Efficient deployment of predictive analytics through open standards and cloud computing
Authors: Guazzelli Alex , Stathatos Kostantinos , Zeller Michael 
Published: November 2009

Over the past decade, we have seen tremendous interest in the application of data mining and statistical algorithms, first in research and science and, more recently, across various industries. This has translated into the development of a myriad of solutions by the data mining community that today impact scientific and business applications alike. However, even in this scenario, interoperability and open standards still lack broader adoption among data miners and modelers.
In this article we highlight the use of the Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) standard, which allows for models to be easily exchanged between analytic applications. With a focus on interoperability and PMML, we also discuss here emerging trends in cloud computing and Software as a Service, which have already started to play a critical role in promoting a more effective implementation and widespread application of predictive models.
As an illustration of how the benefits of open standards and cloud computing can be combined, we describe a predictive analytics scoring engine platform that leverages these elements to deliver an efficient deployment process for statistical models.
Development and user experiences of an open source data cleaning, deduplication and record linkage system
Authors: Christen Peter 
Published: November 2009

Record linkage, also known as database matching or entity resolution, is now recognised as a core step in the KDD process. Data mining projects increasingly require that information from several sources is combined before the actual mining can be conducted. Also of increasing interest is the deduplication of a single database. The objectives of record linkage and deduplication are to identify, match and merge all records that relate to the same real-world entities. Because real-world data is commonly 'dirty', data cleaning is an important first step in many deduplication, record linkage, and data mining project.
In this paper, an overview of the Febrl (Freely Extensible Biomedical Record Linkage) system is provided, and the results of a recent survey of Febrl users is discussed. Febrl includes a variety of functionalities required for data cleaning, deduplication and record linkage, and it provides a graphical user interface that facilitates its application for users who do not have programming experience.
Adaptive learning and mining for data streams and frequent patterns
Authors: Bifet Albert 
Published: November 2009

This thesis is devoted to the design of data mining algorithms for evolving data streams and for the extraction of closed frequent trees. First, we deal with each of these tasks separately, and then we deal with them together, developing classification methods for data streams containing items that are trees.
In the data stream model, data arrive at high speed, and the algorithms that must process them have very strict constraints of space and time. In the first part of this thesis we propose and illustrate a framework for developing algorithms that can adaptively learn from data streams that change over time. Our methods are based on using change detectors and estimator modules at the right places. We propose an adaptive sliding window algorithm ADWIN for detecting change and keeping updated statistics from a data stream, and use it as a black-box in place or counters or accumulators in algorithms initially not designed for drifting data. Since ADWIN has rigorous performance guarantees, this opens the possibility of extending such guarantees to learning and mining algorithms. We test our methodology with several learning methods as Naíve Bayes, clustering, decision trees and ensemble methods. We build an experimental framework for data stream mining with concept drift, based on the MOA framework, similar to WEKA, so that it will be easy for researchers to run experimental data stream benchmarks.
Trees are connected acyclic graphs and they are studied as link-based structures in many cases. In the second part of this thesis, we describe a rather formal study of trees from the point of view of closure-based mining. Moreover, we present efficient algorithms for subtree testing and for mining ordered and unordered frequent closed trees. We include an analysis of the extraction of association rules of full condence out of the closed sets of trees, and we have found there an interesting phenomenon: rules whose propositional counterpart is nontrivial are, however, always implicitly true in trees due to the peculiar combinatorics of the structures.
And finally, using these results on evolving data streams mining and closed frequent tree mining, we present high performance algorithms for mining closed unlabeled rooted trees adaptively from data streams that change over time. We introduce a general methodology to identify closed patterns in a data stream, using Galois Lattice Theory. Using this methodology, we then develop an incremental one, a sliding-window based one, and finally one that mines closed trees adaptively from data streams. We use these methods to develop classification methods for tree data streams.
Temporal Aspects of Speech Production: Anticipatory Labial Coarticulation
Authors: Lubker James 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This research attempts to define the temporal extent of anticipatory labial coarticulation and the effect on rounding onset of a stressed nonround vowel located temporally prior to the rounded vowel. The results suggest that the onset of the labial rounding gesture is controlled in relation to the temporal extent of the nonlabial duration preceding the rounded vowel and that the onset of activity for the rounded vowel is somehow related to the stress of the preceding nonround vowel. These results argue against the classic articulatory syllable model as well as against a concept of the onset of rounding being temporally locked to the rounded vowel. They can be argued to support a look-ahead or scanning model.
Temporal Organization of Articulatory Movements as a Multidimensional Phrasal Structure
Authors: Fujimura Osamu 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Recently obtained data from X-ray microbeam experiments indicate inherently multidimensional articulatory phenomena with respect to temporal characteristics of speech. Elementary gestures in different articulatory dimensions for phonetic elements, typically representing demisyllabic transitions, constitute the content of a phrasal frame.
Timing of Articulatory Control in the Production of Plosives
Authors: Kohler Klaus J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
EMG data from the musculus palatoglossus and the m. levator veli palatini as well as velograph recordings of velic movement in the production of plosives in German are discussed. The results point to the articulation of lenis plosives being controlled by a slower raising and a faster lowering of the velum than in the case of fortis plosives, within a fairly constant time frame for the complete movement. A simple neural programme is postulated consisting of a control for the macro-timing and for two movement patterns within it.
Fricative Envelope Parameters and Silent Intervals in Distinguishing ‘slit’ and ‘split’
Authors: Summerfield Q. , Bailey P.J. , Seton J. , Dorman M.F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In two experiments, the minimal duration of silence between [s] and [lrt] required to hear ‘split’ was shown to vary. More silence was required both when the durations of the fricative and vocalic segments were increased and when the intensity fall-time of the fricative was reduced. The effect of segment duration is consistent with demonstrations of perceptual sensitivity to variations in speech rate found for other contrasts distinguished by temporal parameters. The effect of intensity fall-time can be added to the set of temporally distributed acoustical consequences of the articulation of a stop consonant to which perceptual sensitivity can be demonstrated.
Individual Variation in the Perception of Vowels: Implications for a Perception-Production Link
Authors: Fox Robert Allen 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A scaling experiment using dyadic comparisons of vowel pairs was performed to determine if significant perceptual variation existed on an individual level and whether such variation could be correlated with differences among subjects in their production of vowels. Subjects were required to scale six separate sets of vowel stimuli. Each stimulus set consisted of the 36 possible dyads from the vowel set /i, I, ε, æ, a, Λ, o, Æ, u/. Analysis of the resulting data indicated that significant individual perceptual variation was present which could be seen as a function of perceptual structure differences between the subjects and not merely error variance. In addition, such variations were related to aspects of each subject’s acoustic vowel space – indicators of tongue height and advancement during vowel articulation. These results were interpreted as suggesting a link between perception and production.
Is a Stop Consonant Released when Followed by Another Stop Consonant?
Authors: Henderson Janette B. , Repp Bruno H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Many phonetics textbooks state that, in sequences of two stop consonants in English, the first stop is commonly unreleased. For nonhomorganic stop consonant sequences, this statement may be taken to imply that the (necessary) articulatory release of the first stop has no observable acoustic consequences. To examine this claim, we recorded sentences, produced by several native speakers of American English at a conversational rate, containing word-internal sequences of two nonhomorganic stops, either across a syllable boundary (e.g., cactus, pigpen), or in word-final position (e.g., act, sobbed). Oscillograms of the critical words revealed that release bursts of the first stop occurred in the majority of tokens, except in those where the second stop was bilabial. The bursts were acoustically rather weak and difficult to detect by ear, which may account for their having been neglected in the literature. Instead of a simple ‘released’-‘unreleased’ distinction, we propose five classification categories which make use of articulatory, acoustic, perceptua and contrastive phonetic criteria.
Effects of Lingual Anesthetization upon Lingualabial Coarticulation
Authors: Kramer Mitchell B. , Hoffman Paul R. , Daniloff Raymond G. , Wilcox Kim 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
(Right to Left) and (Left to Right) coarticulation of vowels with stop consonants in VGV logotemes was studied before and during oral anesthetization. Correlational analysis revealed that neither LR nor RL coarticulation was markedly reduced in extent, suggesting that orosensorv feedback was not crucial to control of coarticulation. This lends support to the notion of central control of coarticulation.
Subjective Estimation of Speech Rate
Authors: Vaane Eveline 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The presupposition that listeners tend to estimate speech of an unfamiliar language as being faster than speech in their mother tongue was tested by means of a perception test consisting of five different languages (Dutch, English, French, Spanish and Moroccan Arabic) and three different speech rates (normal, fast and extra fast). The perception test was offered to two listening panels, differing in level of familiarity with one language (English) and in general listening ability (trained versus untrained listeners). The results indicate that the presupposition has to be rejected, as both panels were able to estimate the speech rate of items of different languages and intended speech rates with great accuracy and agreement. The results also indicate that the listeners’ main cue for tempo detection is not their knowledge of the lexical information of the signal, but rather some temporal feature or features in the speech signal.
Textual Aspects of Prosody in Swedish
Authors: Bruce Gösta 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The present paper explores the textual function of intonation in indicating coherence and boundaries between successive utterances of speech. An informal listening test showed how such prosodic coupling can be used to mark coherence between sentences of a text unit. The coherence is expressed as a downdrift of F₀ peaks and valleys characterizing the whole text unit. The boundary between two text units is signalled by terminating one and beginning another downdrift ramp. The characteristic features of the downdrift pattern seem to be (1) an adjustment of F₀ values to the length of the text unit, and (2) an adaptation of the F₀ of the beginning of a succeeding sentence to that of the later part of a preceding one in the same unit. Some preliminary implications of these results for speech planning are discussed.
What Makes Speakers Omit Pitch Accents ? An Experiment
Authors: Nooteboom S.G. , Terken J.M.B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The present paper reports on an experiment which was set up to examine whether we can make a speaker either accent or de-accent particular words by systematically varying the objective probability that a particular referent will be mentioned (and therewith the referent’s predictability for speaker and listener). In the experiment each of 24 speakers was asked to watch a visual display, showing a very simple configuration of letter symbols, and to describe orally each change in the current configuration to a listener. By manipulating the letter configurations shown on the display, the objective probability that the speaker would mention a particular letter could be controlled. Letters could either move around on the screen (moving letters) or remain fixed and serve as spatial reference points (fixed letters). Objective probabilities were 0.5 and 1 for both moving letters and fixed letters. The main findings were the following: (1) When a referent is fully predictable to speaker and listener there is a high proportion of ellipsis, particularly for the moving letter, which was always referred to from subject position. (2) The probability that a word referring to a letter will be accented appears not to be immediately controlled by the predictability of the referent. The controlling factor is rather the preceding linguistic context. More specifically, the probability of accenting, being close to 1 the first time a specific referent is mentioned, sharply decreases when the same referent is mentioned for the second time in a row, and decreases again when this same referent is mentioned three or more times in a row. However, as soon as the competing referent is mentioned once, in the same role (moving or fixed letter), the probability of accenting jumps up again. (3) The probability of accenting is systematically lower for the moving letters in subject position (average 0.32) than for the fixed letters in predicate position (average 0.52). In view of these findings, de-accenting, defined as conspicuously omitting an accent on a word that, for grammatical reasons, otherwise would have been accented, is interpreted as a device which can be used by a cooperative speaker for helping the listener to find the intended referent as easily and quickly as possible. It is supposed that speakers not using this device systematically give their listeners a harder time.