bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The PREVENT dementia programme: baseline demographic, lifestyle, imaging and cognitive data from a midlife cohort study investigating risk factors for dementia
Authors: Ritchie Craig W , Bridgeman Katie , Gregory Sarah , O’Brien John T , Danso Samuel O , Dounavi Maria-Eleni , Carriere Isabelle , Driscoll David , Hillary Robert , Koychev Ivan , Lawlor Brian , Naci Lorina , Su Li , Low Audrey , Mak Elijah , Malhotra Paresh , Manson Jean , Marioni Riccardo , Murphy Lee , Ntailianis Georgios , Stewart William , Muniz-Terrera Graciela , Ritchie Karen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
PREVENT is a multi-centre prospective cohort study in the UK and Ireland that aims to examine midlife risk factors for dementia and identify and describe the earliest indices of disease development. The PREVENT dementia programme is one of the original epidemiological initiatives targeting midlife as a critical window for intervention in neurodegenerative conditions. This paper provides an overview of the study protocol and presents the first summary results from the initial baseline data to describe the cohort. Participants in the PREVENT cohort provide demographic data, biological samples (blood, saliva, urine and optional cerebrospinal fluid), lifestyle and psychological questionnaires, undergo a comprehensive cognitive test battery and are imaged using multi-modal 3-T MRI scanning, with both structural and functional sequences. The PREVENT cohort governance structure is described, which includes a steering committee, a scientific advisory board and core patient and public involvement groups. A number of sub-studies that supplement the main PREVENT cohort are also described. The PREVENT cohort baseline data include 700 participants recruited between 2014 and 2020 across five sites in the UK and Ireland (Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, London and Oxford). At baseline, participants had a mean age of 51.2 years (range 40–59, SD ± 5.47), with the majority female (n = 433, 61.9%). There was a near equal distribution of participants with and without a parental history of dementia (51.4% versus 48.6%) and a relatively high prevalence of APOEɛ4 carriers (n = 264, 38.0%). Participants were highly educated (16.7 ± 3.44 years of education), were mainly of European Ancestry (n = 672, 95.9%) and were cognitively healthy as measured by the Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination-III (total score 95.6 ± 4.06). Mean white matter hyperintensity volume at recruitment was 2.26 ± 2.77 ml (median = 1.39 ml), with hippocampal volume being 8.15 ± 0.79 ml. There was good representation of known dementia risk factors in the cohort. The PREVENT cohort offers a novel data set to explore midlife risk factors and early signs of neurodegenerative disease. Data are available open access at no cost via the Alzheimer’s Disease Data Initiative platform and Dementia Platforms UK platform pending approval of the data access request from the PREVENT steering group committee.
Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Danggui–Jianzhong Decoction by Fingerprint Analysis, Multi-Component Quantitation and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS
Authors: Huang Lanyi , Liu Qing , Zhang Wenfang , Lin Bishan , Gao Yongjian , Deng Hong , Zhang Shu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Danggui–Jianzhong decoction (DGJZ) is a famous classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, which ingredients are complex and the quality is difficult to control. Our study aimed to identify the overall chemical profile of DGJZ qualitatively by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and UPLC. A total of 77 components, including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, gingerols and other components, were firstly detected and characterized by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and 18 peaks marked after analyzing the UPLC fingerprint. Finally, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizic acid and 6-gingerol were quantified, which was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, repeatability and recovery. Taken together, the chemical constitutes of DGJZ were systematically identified and a reliable quantitative method coupled with fingerprint analysis was successfully employed for evaluating the holistic quality, which will provide a robust foundation for the quality control of DGJZ.
Using vitality indicators to predict survival of aquatic animals released from fisheries
Authors: Lennox R J , Donaldson M R , Raby G D , Cook K V , LaRochelle L , Madden J C , Cooke S J , Patterson D A , Hinch S G 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Estimating the survival probability of animals released from fisheries can improve the overall understanding of animal biology with implications for fisheries management, conservation and animal welfare. Vitality indicators are simple visual measures of animal condition that change in response to stressors (like fisheries capture) and can be assessed to predict post-release survival. These indicators typically include immediate reflex responses which are typically combined into a score. Vitality indicators are straight-forward and non-invasive metrics that allow users to quantify how close (or far) an animal is from a normal, ‘healthy’ or baseline state, which in turn can be correlated with outcomes such as survival probability, given appropriate calibration. The literature on using vitality indicators to predict post-release survival of animals has grown rapidly over the past decade. We identified 136 papers that used vitality indicators in a fisheries context. These studies were primarily focused on marine and freshwater fishes, with a few examples using herptiles and crustaceans. The types of vitality indicators are diverse and sometimes taxa-specific (e.g. pinching leg of turtles, spraying water at nictitating membrane of sharks) with the most commonly used indicators being those that assess escape response or righting response given the vulnerability of animals when those reflexes are impaired. By presenting Pacific salmon fisheries as a case study, we propose a framework for using vitality indicators to predict survival across taxa and fisheries.
The minimal important difference in orthodontic treatment duration: a survey across adult patients
Authors: Mheissen Samer , Koletsi Despina , Joria Aya Bassam , Khan Haris , Alharbi Fahad , Koretsi Vasiliki , Awaisi Zubair Hassan , Qamar Rehan , Saeed Hassan , Alrefaiy Yaser Ali , Eliades Theodore , Guyatt Gordon 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
The minimal important difference (MID) is defined as the smallest difference that the patient perceives as important. Furthermore, the smallest worthwhile effect (SWE) is the important change measured with the benefit-harm trade-off method. The aim of this study was to evaluate the MID in orthodontic treatment duration to inform the decision regarding seeking procedures to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement and reduce treatment duration.

Methods
We constructed a survey eliciting views of the MID from adult participants from four countries undergoing orthodontic treatment. Ten questions addressed reduction in the treatment duration for both durations 12 and 24 months, and four questions were related to the reduction in treatment duration that the patients would require to undergo surgical or non-surgical adjunctive procedures. We applied a univariable random effects logistic regression model to examine the association between the participants’ characteristics and the MID. Then, we fitted a multivariable logistic random effects regression including significant predictors.

Results
Four hundred and fifty adults, with a median age of 21 (interquartile range: 19–24), undergoing orthodontic treatment participated in the survey. Of the respondents, 60% considered 15 days as a trivial reduction from 12 months duration of therapy and 70% considered 15 days a trivial reduction from 24 months. Of the respondents, 48% considered the period of 2 months a moderate reduction from 12 months, and 60% considered 2 months a moderate reduction from 24 months. From these results, we inferred that patients considered reductions of approximately 1 month as the MID in the treatment duration for both 12 and 24 months. However, SWE was considerably more than the MID for most of the participants to decide undergoing surgical adjunctive procedures to reduce the time of therapy. The participants required smaller SWE to undergo non-surgical procedures compared to surgical procedures.

Conclusion
The MID in the treatment duration is one month for both treatment durations 12 and 24 months. Patients require a greater SWE than the MID to undergo adjunctive procedures to shorten the duration, particularly for surgical procedures.
Chlamydia trachomatis upregulates lncRNA CYTOR to mediate autophagy through miR-206/MAPK1 axis
Authors: Cheng Shan , Liu Yi , He Bei , Zhang Jinrong , Yang Yewei , Wang Xinglv , Li Zhongyu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infection can be regulated by autophagy-related genes. LncRNA CYTOR has been proven to be involved in autophagy. In this research, we investigated the role of CYTOR in autophagy induced by C. trachomatis and the potential mechanisms. After C. trachomatis infection, CYTOR and MAPK1 were up-regulated and miR-206 was down-regulated, meanwhile, the autophagy-related protein Beclin1 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio were increased. Interference with CYTOR or overexpression with miR-206 downregulated the autophagy-related protein Beclin1 and the number of autophagic spots LC3, decreased the protein ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, and upregulated the expression of P62 protein. The luciferase reporter assay confirmed that CYTOR acted as a sponge for miR-206 to target MAPK1. In addition, CYTOR promoted autophagy induced by C. trachomatis infection through the MAPK1/ERK signaling pathway activation. Taken together, we have identified a novel molecular mechanism that the CYTOR/miR-206/MAPK1 axis was involved in the regulation of autophagy in C. trachomatis infection. This work provides an experimental basis for elucidating the pathogenesis of C. trachomatis for the treatment, prevention and control of related infectious diseases.
‘Ein Strudel der Selbstauflösung’: The Contested Role of Form in Poetry from the Concentration Camps
Authors: Robinson-Self Elizabeth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
German-language concentration camp poetry has been frequently criticized for its formal failings, particularly its lack of innovation and overreliance on traditional forms. In this article, I undertake close readings of three formally conventional texts: Alfred Kittner’s ‘Molotschna’ (composed in Obodowka, a Transnistrian extermination camp, in 1943), Fritz Löhner-Beda’s ‘Sonett auf das Revier im KZ-Buchenwald’ (composed in Buchenwald in 1940) and Heinrich Steinitz’s ‘Wo bist Du, Gott?’ (composed in Buchenwald between 1938 and 1942). I will demonstrate how traditional forms provided stability in the midst of extremity through their regularity, structure and link to a more stable past and identity. Moreover, I will propose that they were not simply readily available containers for the poet’s suffering, but also enabled the poet to shape their individual depiction of the camps and therefore provide as valid an insight as those works which respond to extremity with fragmentation and innovation.
Tumor regression pattern may impact the prognosis of rectal cancer patients with tumor regression grade 1 after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Tang Yuan-Ling , Zhou Ji-Tao , Gu Xia-Fei , Yang Li-Juan , Li Dan-Dan , Duan Jia-Yu , Jiang Dan , Wang Xin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Tumor regression grade (TRG) is evaluated by calculating the proportion of residual tumor to stromal fibrosis, which can reflect the tumor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Overall, patients with TRG1 show good sensitivity to NCRT but the long-term survival for these patients remains different. This study aimed to assess the prognostic factors in patients with TRG1.

Methods
LARC patients who underwent NCRT and radical surgery were included. TRG was evaluated according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. The association between clinicopathological factors and survival outcomes was assessed in patients with TRG1. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated using both Kaplan–Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazards models.

Results
Of the 393 LARC patients, 104 (26.5%) were diagnosed with TRG1. The 5-year OS rates and 5-year DFS rates of patients with TRG1 were 90.9% and 72.2%, respectively. In patients with TRG1, the tumor regression pattern (P = 0.001), pathologic tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.002), neoadjuvant rectal score (P = 0.024), T downstaging (P = 0.022), and baseline carcinoembryonic antigen level (P = 0.038) were associated with DFS in univariate analysis. Only the tumor regression pattern showed prognostic significance for DFS in multivariate analysis (P = 0.003). The group with tumor shrinkage had a higher OS rate than the tumor fragmentation group but the difference in the OS rates between the two groups was not significant (P = 0.196).

Conclusions
TRG could be a prognostic variable for LARC patients receiving NCRT. In patients with TRG1, the tumor regression pattern may represent another useful prognostic factor to better individualize the prognosis.
Quantifying public and private investment in European biopharmaceutical research and development
Authors: Fowler Annabelle , Grieve Kathleen , Maos Andreas , Wilsdon Tim 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Robust biopharmaceutical research and development (R&D) ecosystems require investment from both the public and private sectors. In Europe, there is an interest in growing biopharmaceutical R&D given its contribution to public health and the economy, which requires an understanding of current public and private investment. In addition, recent European draft legislation has focused on the public sector's contributions to biopharmaceutical R&D to inform pharmaceutical prices. However, there is little empirical evidence on the specifics of public and private funding for medicine R&D in Europe. This paper performs aggregative data collection to quantify 2019 investment in biopharmaceutical R&D by the public and private sectors in 6 countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, and the United Kingdom. We find that, across these countries, the private sector accounts for just under two-thirds of investment. We contrast results to those obtained using high-level R&D indicators from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and contextualize differences. We then provide 2013–2019 estimates for Belgium, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom (countries with data to support such analysis), and show that total spending grew over those years, although proportions attributable to each sector remained stable. These findings should provide further evidence for debates on policies to effectively grow the biopharmaceutical R&D sector.
Measuring productivity dispersion: a parametric approach using the Lévy alpha-stable distribution
Authors: Yang Jangho , Heinrich Torsten , Winkler Julian , Lafond François , Koutroumpis Pantelis , Farmer J. Doyne 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
It is well known that value added (VA) per worker is extremely heterogeneous among firms, but relatively little has been done to characterize this heterogeneity more precisely. Here, we show that the distribution of VA per worker exhibits heavy tails, a very large support, and consistently features a proportion of negative values, which prevents log transformation. We propose to model the distribution of VA per worker using the four-parameter Lévy stable distribution, a natural candidate deriving from the generalized central limit theorem, and we show that it is a better fit than key alternatives. Fitting a distribution allows us to capture dispersion through the tail exponent and scale parameters separately. We show that these parametric measures of dispersion can be useful to characterize the evolution of dispersion in recent years.
Undergraduate pharmacy students’ perceptions and experiences of a student-led clinic providing preventative services
Authors: Abdul-Salam Prince , Richardson Charlotte , Nazar Hamde 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Authentic work-based learning is crucial to facilitate the development and preparedness for training healthcare professionals. Such experiences are challenging to design and secure within the clinical environment. One School of Pharmacy established a student-led clinic to provide undergraduate pharmacy students the opportunity to practise physical assessment and communication skills with members of the public. The aim of this study was to explore students’ thoughts and perspectives on this experience.

Methods
Undergraduate students were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview after their clinic experience. Transcriptions of the interviews were analysed by reflexive thematic analysis.

Results
Twelve students agreed to an interview that took place between October and December 2022. Three themes were identified from the qualitative data which related to external factors that influenced student experience of the clinic, for example, organizational issues and impact of the physical environment; interactions within the clinic environment; and internalized learning for example, professional growth and development, and the appreciating the learning opportunity.

Conclusions
In the current climate, where securing valuable work-based learning opportunity is challenging, student-led clinics offer an environment that is well-received by students and appears to facilitate student professional development. Student clinics are receiving more attention and investment across undergraduate healthcare programmes around the world given advantages such as these. However, they need to be well integrated and structured into the existing training and education and students need appropriate induction to prepare them for the experience and manage expectations.
Effect of Smoking on Longitudinal Interferon γ Release Assay Results Among Close Contacts of People with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Arriaga María B , Amorim Gustavo , Figueiredo Marina C , Staats Cody , Kritski Afrânio L , Cordeiro-Santos Marcelo , Rolla Valeria C , Andrade Bruno B , Sterling Timothy R ,   for the RePORT-Brazil consortium, Andrade Alice M S , Rocha Michael S , Nascimento Vanessa , Cubillos-Angulo Juan M , Rebouças-Silva Jéssica , Viana Sayonara M , Brito Pedro , Santos Saulo R N , Ramos André , Costa Alysson G , Silva Jaquelane , de Oliveira Jamile G , Benjamin Aline , Gomes-Silva Adriano , Sant'Anna Flavia M , Ignácio Francine P , Lourenço Maria Cristina , Silva Elisangela C , Moreira Adriana S R , Mello Mayla , Turner Megan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in close contacts is critical for tuberculosis control. Smoking is a risk factor for M. tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease but its effect on longitudinal interferon γ release assay (IGRA) results remains unknown. We conducted a multisite prospective study in Brazil between 2015 and 2019, among close contacts of adults with culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. IGRA was performed at baseline, at month 6 if results were negative at baseline, and at months 24–30 after enrollment. IGRA results were categorized as IGRA positive (maintained from baseline to the last visit), IGRA conversion (from negative to positive at any time), IGRA reversion (from positive to negative at any time), and IGRA negative (maintained from baseline to the last visit). Associations between IGRA results and smoking status at baseline (current/former vs never) in contacts were evaluated using propensity score-adjusted logistic regression models. Estimated propensity score was used as a covariate in models, which regressed the outcome (IGRA positive, IGRA conversion, IGRA reversion) on smoking status. Of 430 close contacts, 89 (21%) were IGRA positive, 30 (7%) were converters, 30 (7%) were reverters and 22 were indeterminate. Smoking frequency was 26 (29%) among IGRA-positive contacts, 7 (23%) in converters, and 3 (10%) in reverters. Smoking in contacts was associated with lower odds of IGRA reversion (adjusted odds ratio, 0.16 [95% confidence interval, .03–.70]). We did not detect associations between smoking and IGRA positive or IGRA conversion. Our findings highlight the importance of smoking on longitudinal IGRA results. This has implications for clinical care and clinical trials in which IGRA status is monitored or used as an outcome.
Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 and Seasonal Viruses Among 2 Million Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Infection During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil
Authors: Diniz Lilian M , Dias Cristiane S , Oliveira Maria Christina L , Simões e Silva Ana Cristina , Colosimo Enrico A , Mak Robert H , Pinhati Clara C , Galante Stella C , Yan Isadora O , Martelli-Júnior Hercílio , Oliveira Eduardo A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal viruses in adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
This population-based cohort study included patients aged &gt;18 years hospitalized for severe acute respiratory infection in Brazil between February 2020 and February 2023. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. A competing risk analysis was used to account for competing events.

Results
In total, 2 159 171 patients were included in the study. SARS-CoV-2 was the predominant virus (98.7%). Among patients testing positive, the cumulative incidence of in-hospital mortality was 33.1% for SARS-CoV-2, 31.5% for adenovirus, 21.0% for respiratory syncytial virus, 18.7% for influenza, and 18.6% for other viruses. SARS-CoV-2 accounted for 99.3% of the deaths. Older age, male sex, comorbidities, hospitalization in the northern region, and oxygen saturation &lt;95% were the common risk factors for death among all viruses.

Conclusions
In this large cohort study, individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 or adenovirus had the highest risk of mortality. Irrespective of the virus type, older age, male sex, comorbidities, hospitalization in vulnerable regions, and low oxygen saturation were associated with an increased risk of fatality.
Contested Statehood in a Contested International Order: Furthering a Research Agenda
Authors: Knotter Lucas 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis article serves as the introduction to this Special Forum on Contested Statehood in a Contested International Order. The articles in this Special Forum (SF) are premised on the argument that the persistent ontological and epistemological contestations over the nature of such state-like polities are strongly intertwined with recent ontological and epistemological contestations of the broader international order. To introduce such an intellectual project, this paper sets out the themes that inform this SF’s analyses of the relationships between international order and contested states. I first pay heed to the manner in which existing scholarship has already studied the embeddedness of state contestation in their broader international environment. Subsequently, this paper acknowledges that the study of international order itself is becoming a rather saturated field of research, and it therefore refrains from adding too many thoughts about the nature, virtues, and vices of (the transformation of) international order per se. Instead, this paper’s final section will outline three broad “themes of contestation” that intersect between scholarship of contested statehood and international order and that broadly underpin the research contributions to this SF. These three themes revolve around violent and/or peaceful modes of international ordering, inclusive and/or exclusive modes of international ordering, and particularistic and/or universalistic modes of international ordering.