bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Three Alternative Keyboard Designs on Forearm Pronation, Wrist Extension, and Ulnar Deviation: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Baker Nancy A. , Cidboy Erin L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The growth of computer keyboard use in the workplace is believed to be one important determinant of the increased prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity (MSD-UE). One possible contributing factor to the development of MSD-UE is the flat standard keyboard, which places the forearm and wrist in biomechanically awkward postures. This meta-analysis examines the efficacy of three alternative keyboard designs, adjustable slope (AS), split fixed-angle (FA), and adjustable open-tented (AT), in reducing forearm pronation, wrist extension, and ulnar deviation. Analyses of pooled effect size from six studies indicated that the AT had a large effect on pronation (r = 0.85) and ulnar deviation whereas the FA had a large effect only on ulnar deviation (r = 0.79). The AS was found to have a large effect (r = 0.66) on wrist extension. The FA had a moderate effect on pronation (r = 0.33) and wrist extension (r = 0.30). None of these keyboards were found to have a significant effect on all three postures. This meta-analysis has implications for clinicians by providing objective information that may assist with the selection of an alternative keyboard that best reduces an identified problematic posture.
School-Based Practice Patterns: A Survey of Occupational Therapists in Colorado
Authors: Spencer Karen C. , Turkett Amanda , Vaughan Roberta , Koenig Sandra 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This purpose of this study was to describe school-based occupational therapy practice for kindergarten through twelfth-grade students in Colorado and to examine occupational therapy practice in light of current education policy and published views of best practice.
METHOD. Study data were provided by 105 occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants who completed a 24-item questionnaire.
RESULTS. Occupational therapists carried an average caseload of 43.68 students; most frequently served kindergarten through third-grade students with perceptual or communicative disabilities; and delivered services most often in pullout treatment areas. Practitioners spent most of their work week providing direct services. Remedial or developmental approaches were used 62% of the time and compensatory and educational approaches 37% of the time. Individualized education program goals addressed by occupational therapists were most frequently developed by the occupational therapist and targeted students’ sensory or motor impairments. Workshops on autism and sensorimotor intervention techniques were reported as the primary and preferred forms of professional development.
CONCLUSION. The strong majority of reported occupational therapy services contrasted with emerging views of best practice. They were, however, consistent with the Colorado Department of Education’s guidelines for “motor specialists” that address occupational therapy, physical therapy, and adaptive physical educators working in schools. Study findings are discussed.
Factors Affecting Patient Recruitment in an Acute Rehabilitation Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lannin Natasha , Cusick Anne 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. To evaluate factors associated with randomized controlled trial patient recruitment by therapists.
METHOD. Survey of 18 (of a possible 26) therapists who had agreed to recruit patients for a randomized controlled trial (78% response rate).
RESULTS. Sixteen respondents had enrolled at least one patient. The site at which the therapist worked neither influenced the likelihood that a therapist would contact the researcher nor influenced the recruitment rate. Seventeen respondents reported that they contacted the researcher to discuss one or more of their patients for potential inclusion in the trial. Factors reported by therapists as reasons why they did not recommend the trial to eligible patients were not specific to study inclusion or exclusion criteria, rather were linked to personal judgments about patient suitability for the study. Regression analysis indicated that being enrolled or having completed master’s level postgraduate studies, and choosing not to refer patients because of concern for their poor medical prognosis were the only factors that significantly influenced recruitment rate (p &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSION. Recruitment practices vary amongst therapists. Selection of therapists with postgraduate qualifications as recruiters may be an effective way to enhance recruitment rate.
A Comparison of Visual-Perceptual and Visual-Motor Skills Between Palestinian and Israeli Children
Authors: Josman Naomi , Abdallah Taisir M. , Engel-Yeger Batya 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
PURPOSE. This pioneer study examines the visual-motor and visual-perceptual performance of Israeli and Palestinian children, and makes comparisons among these respective populations according to age, place of residence, and parental education. In addition, the study evaluates the validity of standardized assessment tools for use with Palestinian children, with the view of establishing a sound assessment battery for this underserved population.
METHODS. Participants included 101 Israeli and 125 Palestinian children from kindergarten, first grade, and second grade who underwent visual-motor and visual-perceptual tests.
RESULTS. Significant differences were found between the two cultural groups in all assessments. Results also refer to grade, place of residence, and parents’ education variables.
CONCLUSIONS. Although culture influences children’s performance, children from different societies should be screened and, when necessary, evaluated and treated in order to enable their optimal functioning at school. The validity of the assessment tools used, expressed in the ability to differentiate between Israeli and Palestinian children, should be further studied in order to suggest that these assessments may be considered as part of an evaluation battery for determining the school readiness and ability to advance in grade level among Palestinian children.
An Occupation-Centered Discussion of Development and Implications for Practice
Authors: Humphry Ruth , Wakeford Linn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Children’s learning to do everyday activities seems so obvious that the mechanisms bringing about the development of occupations remain essentially unstudied. Therefore, occupational therapy uses developmental models from other disciplines as foundation for practice. We specialists in childhood occupations need a theory-based and empirically tested body of knowledge about the processes leading to change to inform practice and guide interventions during efficacy studies. One body of knowledge about developmental mechanisms views change as originating from within the child and informs practice centered on changing the child. Given the inseparable nature of children and their social environments and daily activities, we introduce the philosophy of contextualism and outline a potential body of knowledge about a change process that is occupation centered. An intervention arising from a contextual perspective illustrates how this way of thinking leads to occupation-centered practice that uses multiple strategies and supports a child’s occupation with social participation with peers.
Shoulder Muscle Activity Increases With Wrist Splint Use During a Simulated Upper-Extremity Work Task
Authors: Mell Amy G. , Friedman Mark A. , Hughes Richard E. , Carpenter James E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that wearing a wrist splint while performing a common light manufacturing task (moving an object from a bin) increases shoulder muscle activity.
METHODS. Electromyography (EMG) signals were evaluated from the anterior, middle, and posterior deltoid, trapezius, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus of 14 volunteers while they moved an object from a bin. Two test conditions were measured: with and without a wrist splint. The height of the bin was also varied.
RESULTS. Wearing a wrist splint increased maximum EMG for all six muscles and average levels for the deltoid (anterior, middle, posterior) and trapezius. As bin height increased, maximum muscle activity increased in the deltoid (anterior, middle, and posterior) and trapezius, and the average increased in the deltoid (middle and posterior) and trapezius.
CONCLUSIONS. Workplace factors can modify the activation of a patient’s shoulder muscles when he or she is wearing a wrist splint. An ergonomic job analysis should be conducted for patients who are returning to work wearing wrist splints.
Early Intervention Service Eligibility: Implications of Using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales
Authors: Van Den Wymelenberg Kimberly , Deitz Jean Crosetto , Wendel Susan , Kartin Deborah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Occupational therapists, as members of early intervention (EI) teams, are responsible for contributing to equitable decision making regarding service eligibility. Because the two editions of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) are often used in this process, it is important to study these measures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the implications of using different editions of the PDMS (PDMS versus PDMS-2) and different types of scores (standard deviation versus percent delay) when determining children’s eligibility for EI.
METHOD. With testing order counterbalanced, 30 candidates for EI evaluation, between 11 months and 34 months corrected age, were tested using both the PDMS and the PDMS-2.
RESULTS. Support for EI eligibility often differed depending on the edition of the PDMS used and the type of score used. When the PDMS was used, as opposed to the PDMS-2, disagreements occurred 23% to 43% of the time. For all disagreements, scores on the PDMS supported EI eligibility, whereas scores on the PDMS2 did not. When support for service eligibility was compared using percent delay scores versus standard deviation scores, disagreements occurred more often for the PDMS (Gross Motor: 17%; Fine Motor: 23%) than for the PDMS-2 (Gross Motor: 7%; Fine Motor: 3%).
CONCLUSIONS. It is important that occupational therapists within a facility, and ideally within a state, identify a single test edition to use as part of the process for determining EI eligibility. Also, if standard scores and percent delay scores point to conflicting decisions (eligibility vs. noneligibility), further evaluation and greater reliance on clinical judgment are advised.
Access to Polling Places in the 2004 Presidential Election: The Experience of One Metropolitan Midwestern City
Authors: Pohl Patricia S. , Froehlich-Grobe Katherine , McKiernan Brian , Vacek Kris M. , Donnelly Michael , Gaughan Julia Gilmore 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
According to federal law, polling places must be accessible to persons with disabilities. The rate of compliance with these laws, however, is not known. Our purpose was to determine whether polling places in the Greater Kansas City area were physically accessible to persons with disabilities. Students, faculty, and staff members from four professional programs representing two universities completed surveys at 128 polling places on the day of the 2004 Presidential election. Over the 14 items of interest, compliance ranged from 75% to 99%. The highest rate of deficiencies was found in the lack of a ramp with a handrail to the entrance of the polling place. Only 43% of the polling places were compliant in all of the 14 survey items. Despite laws mandating that polling places be accessible to persons with disabilities, restrictions in access persist. Persons with disabilities may still find polling places inaccessible on Election Day.
Integration and Application of a Home Treatment Program: A Study of Parents and Occupational Therapists
Authors: Segal Ruth , Beyer Claudia 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe parental adherence to home treatment programs. A qualitative exploratory study with six parents and eight occupational therapists who used the brushing and compression technique (Wilbarger Protocol) was conducted. Participants were interviewed one or two times, exploring their experiences in adhering to the protocol. Data analysis focused on facilitators and hindrances to parental adherence and on occupational therapists’ strategies used to encourage it. Parents identified their children’s responses to brushing, its perceived efficacy, and interaction of the protocol with family daily schedules, as factors influencing their adherence. Occupational therapists identified only family daily schedules as influencing parental adherence. The findings are discussed in the context of the ecocultural theory of family accommodations.
Searches and Content of the OTseeker Database: Informing Research Priorities
Authors: Bennett Sally , McKenna Kryss , Tooth Leigh , Hoffmann Tammy , McCluskey Annie , Strong Jenny 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
BACKGROUND. A strategic and prioritized approach to occupational therapy research is needed, particularly given the limited research funding available. Comparing occupational therapists’ information needs with the research evidence available can potentially inform research debate within the profession. This study aimed to identify research topics most often sought by users of the OTseeker database and to compare these with the quantity of topics available in the database.
METHOD. A random sample of keyword search terms submitted to OTseeker (n = 4,500) was coded according to diagnostic and intervention categories, and compared with the amount of research contained in OTseeker in 2004.
RESULTS. Most frequently sought topics were relevant to the diagnostic categories of pediatric conditions (19%), neurology and neuromuscular disorders (17%), and mental health (17%). Most frequently sought intervention topics included modes of service delivery, sensory interventions, and physical modalities. Although many frequently sought topics had a correspondingly high volume of research in OTseeker, a few areas had very little content (e.g., fine motor skill acquisition, autistic spectrum disorder). This information is offered to inform discussions about research priorities and resource allocation for research within occupational therapy.
National Status of the Entry-Level Doctorate in Occupational Therapy (OTD)
Authors: Griffiths Yolanda , Padilla René 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A multifaceted survey was conducted to identify the factors that academic occupational therapy (OT) programs were considering in making decisions as to whether the entry-level clinical doctorate (OTD) is a viable alternative for their institutions. The survey was sent in the summer of 2004 to program directors of all (150) occupational therapy programs in the United States. Responses were received from 111 programs (response rate of 74%). Quantitative (demographic) and qualitative (factor identification) data were compiled and analyzed. Supporting factors for the development of entry-level OTD programs included (a) coexistence of physical therapy doctorate program, (b) enhanced preparation of graduates, and (c) improved student recruitment. Impeding factors included (a) limited resources, (b) philosophical objections, and (c) lack of demand. In addition, results suggested that overall there is greater support for the OTD as a postprofessional degree. The study provided a historical record of current decision making in occupational therapy academic programs. In addition, the results of the study suggest a need for the development of national consensus regarding the place of the OTD in occupational therapy education.
Outcomes of Selected Cases From the American Occupational Therapy Foundation’s Curriculum Mentoring Project
Authors: Provident Ingrid M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This study investigated the outcomes of a yearlong formal curriculum-mentoring project sponsored by the American Occupational Therapy Foundation. Five occupational therapy faculty groups were selected through a competitive application process and paired with mentors to assist in curriculum change. The experiences of each of the teams were studied using multiple methods of data collection, including semistructured interviews conducted in person and via telephone, a mailed questionnaire, and bimonthly electronic journal entries. The process and outcomes of two representative cases are reported in this qualitative, critical case study analysis. Overall, the faculty groups in each of the two teams seemed to benefit from mentoring in differing degrees as a result of their participation in this curriculum mentoring project. An important finding was that a well-focused mentoring plan with clearly outlined expectations needs to be established at the onset of any formal mentoring project. Additionally, a systematic, strategic plan agreed on by both mentors and participants, with a clear outline of responsibilities, will enhance the outcomes of a mentoring relationship.
Personal Preference and Quality of Reach in Healthy Adult Women
Authors: Rice Martin S. , Renock Lisa A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. A common practice in occupational therapy is to have clients choose an object that they prefer to be used during treatment. This practice assumes that a preference for chosen items will hold greater meaning and result in higher quality of movement. Little research has been conducted that specifically addresses the effect that preference has on quality of movement. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to contribute to the knowledge by determining whether preference affects quality of movement.
METHOD. Forty-three healthy right-hand-dominant adult women between the ages of 18 and 60 years in Northwest Ohio engaged in this study. Each participant rank-ordered 15 magazines from most preferred to least preferred. The participant then reached for her most preferred, neutrally preferred, and least preferred magazines.
RESULTS. When participants reached for the neutrally preferred magazines, movement time was significantly slower and movement units were significantly greater (less smooth) than when they reached for a magazine perceived as being the least preferred (p &lt; .017). No differences were found between the three conditions in terms of displacement, peak velocity, or percentage of time to peak velocity, nor between the most preferred and the other two preferences.
CONCLUSION. This study has shown that preference may not be an influential factor when performing simple reaches for magazines. Although there was a difference between the neutrally preferred and least preferred conditions, the goal when reaching during the neutrally preferred condition may have been different (i.e., to glean more information from the magazine cover) than when reaching in the least preferred condition (e.g., to reach for and discard the magazine as quickly as possible). These results reflect the complexity involved in the formation of meaning, of which preference is a part. Further exploration of individual preferences as well as personal goal formation and their impact on success in occupations of daily living is needed.
Occupational Engagement in Persons With Schizophrenia: Relationships to Self-Related Variables, Psychopathology, and Quality of Life
Authors: Bejerholm Ulrika , Eklund Mona 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Previous research suggests that having schizophrenia involves not being fully equipped to engage in daily occupations. This study was aimed at exploring relationships between occupational engagement and the issues of self-related variables, psychiatric symptoms, and quality of life. Seventy-four outpatients with schizophrenia entered the study. Instruments used in this study were Profile of Occupational Engagement in People with Schizophrenia, Locus of Control, Mastery, Sense of Coherence, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and Lancashire Quality of Life Profile. The results showed that a high level of occupational engagement was related to higher ratings of self-related variables, fewer psychiatric symptoms, and better ratings of quality of life, and vice versa. A significant difference and a linear trend were found among the three subgroups of different levels of occupational engagement and the estimated variables. In the regression model, negative symptoms and internal locus of control together explained 47% of the variance in occupational engagement. The results add a new dimension to understanding mental health and suggest the importance of assessing the level of occupational engagement.
Use and Perceived Effectiveness of Energy Conservation Strategies for Managing Multiple Sclerosis Fatigue
Authors: Matuska Kathleen , Mathiowetz Virgil , Finlayson Marcia 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study describes the use and perceived effectiveness of energy conservation strategies by persons with multiple sclerosis after participation in an energy conservation course.
METHOD. One hundred twenty-three participants completed a survey about their use of energy conservation strategies.
RESULTS. All strategies were newly used by at least 50% of the participants and rated as effective. Strategies that involved rest and delegation were used most and rated most effective, followed by modifying priorities and standards. The most common reason for not implementing strategies was that participants were already using them.
CONCLUSION. Persons with multiple sclerosis who participated in an energy conservation course implemented a number of new energy conservation strategies and reported them as effective.
Identifying Gravitational Insecurity in Children: A Pilot Study
Authors: May-Benson Teresa A. , Koomar Jane A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study developed an observational assessment of gravitational insecurity (GI), the GI Assessment, and examined its preliminary reliability and validity evidence.
METHOD. The GI Assessment consisted of 15 activities that created conditions characterized as fear-inducing for children with gravitational insecurity. Three behavioral categories—avoidance, emotional, and postural responses—were scored for each activity. Participants were 18 children with gravitational insecurity, ages 5–10 years, and a matched group of children who were typically developing. Forty-eight preschoolers who were typically developing, ages 2–4 years, were examined for developmental trends.
RESULTS. Significant differences were found between groups. Discriminant analysis classified 83% of the gravitationally insecure group and 100% of the typical group. Interrater reliability for the total test was .79. Performance of preschool children suggested a developmental age trend.
CONCLUSION. The GI Assessment is a promising clinical tool for objectively identifying children with gravitational insecurity.
Development of an Assessment for Ideational Praxis
Authors: May-Benson Teresa A. , Cermak Sharon A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study developed an assessment of ideational praxis, examined its psychometric properties, and analyzed age and gender trends in children who were typically developing.
METHOD. Part 1 developed items and scoring criteria of the Test of Ideational Praxis (TIP) and examined interrater reliability and internal consistency. Part 2 studied performance of 80 typically developing children between ages 5 and 8 years.
RESULTS. The TIP demonstrated acceptable interrater reliability (ICC = .85) and internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .74). Children who were typically developing demonstrated age and gender trends. Girls scored higher than boys, and older children scored higher than younger children.
CONCLUSION. The TIP is the first objective assessment for identification of ideational abilities and is a reliable assessment tool. Further research is needed to validate the construct of ideation and examine the TIP’s ability to discriminate between children with and without ideational difficulties.