bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘I’ in IR: an autoethnographic account
Authors: LÖWENHEIM ODED 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAutoethnography is a way and method to reflect on the mutual constitution of the self and the social. It allows one to consider how her/his personal and professional subjectivity was constructed and how her/his actions in the world reproduce or change this world. Autoethnography enables one to acquire an agentive role in the world by highlighting one's uniqueness and voice. It also aims to create mutual empowerment among people, ordinary individuals, by means of identification, connectivity, and empathy. In this article I explore some conceptual issues relating to autoethnography and then present my personal account of why I study International Relations (IR) and how I decided to bring myself more openly into my texts and lectures. I conclude by arguing that autoethnography made me more confident in sounding my voice in print and in class, and that, consequently, I became much more aware of the human capacity to make a difference.
HIV, AIDS and conflict in Africa: why isn't it (even) worse?
Authors: MCINNES COLIN 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe causes and consequences of HIV and AIDS are social are well as biomedical. Given the scale of the pandemic, understanding the social dimensions of HIV and AIDS is vital. One key argument is that there is a link between conflict and the spread of HIV. This appears to be particularly the case for sub-Saharan Africa where high levels of HIV prevalence are matched by violent conflict and state instability. Recent evidence however suggests that HIV prevalence does not always increase in conflict and that in some instances it may even reduce. This article attempts to explain why HIV has not increased in some sub-Saharan conflicts. To do this it moves beyond the use of risk factors to offer a new explanation based on susceptibility and vulnerability. It uses this explanation to examine four cases – Sierra Leone, Angola, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) – where conflict did not lead to a significant increase in the prevalence of HIV. The article concludes that, despite the fears of a few years ago, conflict does not readily act as a vector for the spread of HIV, though the potential for this to occur does still exist under certain circumstances.
Dietary factors and the risks of oesophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: Kubo Ai , Corley Douglas A. , Jensen Christopher D. , Kaur Rubinder 
Published: July 2010

Incidence rates for oesophageal adenocarcinoma have increased by over 500 % during the past few decades without clear reasons. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, obesity and smoking have been identified as risk factors, although the demographic distribution of these risk factors is not consistent with the demographic distribution of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, which is substantially more common among whites and males than any other demographic groups. Numerous epidemiological studies have suggested associations between dietary factors and the risks of oesophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett's oesophagus, though a comprehensive review is lacking. The main aim of the present review is to consider the evidence linking dietary factors with the risks of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, Barrett's oesophagus, and the progression from Barrett's oesophagus to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The existing epidemiological evidence is strongest for an inverse relationship between intake of vitamin C, β-carotene, fruits and vegetables, particularly raw fruits and vegetables and dark green, leafy and cruciferous vegetables, carbohydrates, fibre and Fe and the risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's oesophagus. Patients at higher risk for Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma may benefit from increasing their consumption of fruits and vegetables and reducing their intake of red meat and other processed food items. Further research is needed to evaluate the relationship between diet and the progression of Barrett's oesophagus to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Evidence from cohort studies will help determine whether randomised chemoprevention trials are warranted for the primary prevention of Barrett's oesophagus or its progression to cancer.
Hypergraphs Do Jump
Authors: BABER RAHIL , TALBOT JOHN 
Published: July 2010

We say that α ∈ [0, 1) is a jump for an integer r ≥ 2 if there exists c(α) > 0 such that for all ϵ > 0 and all t ≥ 1, any r-graph with n ≥ n0(α, ϵ, t) vertices and density at least α + ϵ contains a subgraph on t vertices of density at least α + c.The Erdős–Stone–Simonovits theorem [4, 5] implies that for r = 2, every α ∈ [0, 1) is a jump. Erdős [3] showed that for all r ≥ 3, every α ∈ [0, r!/rr) is a jump. Moreover he made his famous ‘jumping constant conjecture’, that for all r ≥ 3, every α ∈ [0, 1) is a jump. Frankl and Rödl [7] disproved this conjecture by giving a sequence of values of non-jumps for all r ≥ 3.We use Razborov's flag algebra method [9] to show that jumps exist for r = 3 in the interval [2/9, 1). These are the first examples of jumps for any r ≥ 3 in the interval [r!/rr, 1). To be precise, we show that for r = 3 every α ∈ [0.2299, 0.2316) is a jump.We also give an improved upper bound for the Turán density of K4− = {123, 124, 134}: π(K4−) ≤ 0.2871. This in turn implies that for r = 3 every α ∈ [0.2871, 8/27) is a jump.
Chronic disease and infant nutrition: is it significant to public health?
Authors: Smith Julie P , Harvey Peta J 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the public health significance of premature weaning of infants from breast milk on later-life risk of chronic illness.DesignA review and summary of recent meta-analyses of studies linking premature weaning from breast milk with later-life chronic disease risk is presented followed by an estimation of the approximate exposure in a developed Western country, based on historical breast-feeding prevalence data for Australia since 1927. The population-attributable proportion of chronic disease associated with current patterns of artificial feeding in infancy is estimated.ResultsAfter adjustment for major confounding variables, current research suggests that the risks of chronic disease are 30–200 % higher in those who were not breast-fed compared to those who were breast-fed in infancy. Exposure to premature weaning ranges from 20 % to 90 % in post-World War II age cohorts. Overall, the attributable proportion of chronic disease in the population is estimated at 6–24 % for a 30 % exposure to premature weaning.ConclusionsBreast-feeding is of public health significance in preventing chronic disease. There is a small but consistent effect of premature weaning from breast milk in increasing later-life chronic disease risk. Risk exposure in the Australian population is substantial. Approximately 90 % of current 35–45-year-olds were weaned from breast-feeding by 6 months of age. Encouraging greater duration and exclusivity of breast-feeding is a potential avenue for reducing future chronic disease burden and health system costs.
Determinants of sports, cycling, walking and overall leisure-time physical activity among postmenopausal women in Germany
Authors: Steindorf Karen , Chang-Claude Jenny , Flesch-Janys Dieter , Schmidt Martina E 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveConvincing evidence exists for a beneficial effect of physical activity (PA) on health and well-being for elderly women. Nevertheless, many women in Germany are insufficiently physically active. Activity promotion programmes should target women in particular need. Thus, we examined subject-related determinants of PA for postmenopausal women in Germany.DesignAssociations of sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle and health-related factors with activity since the age of 50 years were assessed with multiple linear and logistic regression models, regarding overall leisure-time PA (LPA) in metabolic equivalent hours per week, engagement in sports (ever v. never), cycling (yes v. no) and walking (≥3·5 v. <3·5 h/week).SettingAll controls from a population-based case–control study carried out in 2002–2005 in Germany (MARIE study).SubjectsA total of 6569 postmenopausal women.ResultsWe found significant associations of overall LPA, sports, cycling and walking in postmenopausal years with several characteristics, among others: obese v. normal BMI (adjusted OR: ORsports = 0·73; ORcycling = 0·60; ORwalking = 0·63), tall v. short (ORsports = 1·49), worker v. medium employee (ORsports = 0·47), working full time v. unemployed/retired (ORsports = 0·80; ORwalking = 0·56), current v. non-smoker (ORsports = 0·62; ORcycling = 0·62; ORwalking = 0·82), non-German nationality (ORsports = 0·58; ORcycling = 0·41). Parity seemed more relevant than marital status for sports or cycling activity. Further, CVD, hypertension and diabetes were significantly associated with lower activity (ORsports = 0·77, 0·79 and 0·80; ORcycling = 0·80, 0·75 and 0·85, respectively).ConclusionsOur results suggest potential target groups for promoting sports, cycling or walking activity. Postmenopausal women with chronic diseases may need to be stronger encouraged by their physicians to engage in adequate PA for the management of their diseases.
An alignment-free method to identify candidate orthologous enhancers in multiple Drosophila genomes
Authors: Arunachalam Manonmani , Jayasurya Karthik , Tomancak Pavel , Ohler Uwe 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Evolutionarily conserved non-coding genomic sequences represent a potentially rich source for the discovery of gene regulatory region such as transcriptional enhancers. However, detecting orthologous enhancers using alignment-based methods in higher eukaryotic genomes is particularly challenging, as regulatory regions can undergo considerable sequence changes while maintaining their functionality.
Results: We have developed an alignment-free method which identifies conserved enhancers in multiple diverged species. Our method is based on similarity metrics between two sequences based on the co-occurrence of sequence patterns regardless of their order and orientation, thus tolerating sequence changes observed in non-coding evolution. We show that our method is highly successful in detecting orthologous enhancers in distantly related species without requiring additional information such as knowledge about transcription factors involved, or predicted binding sites. By estimating the significance of similarity scores, we are able to discriminate experimentally validated functional enhancers from seemingly equally conserved candidates without function. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on a wide range of enhancers in Drosophila, and also present encouraging results to detect conserved functional regions across large evolutionary distances. Our work provides encouraging steps on the way to ab initio unbiased enhancer prediction to complement ongoing experimental efforts.
Availability: The software, data and the results used in this article are available at http://www.genome.duke.edu/labs/ohler/research/transcription/fly_enhancer/
Contact: tomancak@mpi-cbg.de; uwe.ohler@duke.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
C-It: a knowledge database for tissue-enriched genes
Authors: Gellert Pascal , Jenniches Katharina , Braun Thomas , Uchida Shizuka 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Due to the development of high-throughput technologies such as microarrays, it has become possible to determine genome-wide expression changes in a single experiment. Although much attention has been paid to identify differentially expressed genes, the functions of tens of thousands of genes in different species still remain unknown.
Results: C-It is a knowledge database that has its focus on ‘uncharacterized genes’. C-It contains expression profiles of various tissues from human, mouse, rat, chicken and zebrafish. By applying our previously introduced algorithm DGSA (Database-Dependent Gene Selection and Analysis), it is possible to screen for uncharacterized, tissue-enriched genes in the species mentioned above. C-It is designed to include further expression studies, which might provide more comprehensive coverage of gene expression patterns and tissue-enriched splicing isoforms. We propose that C-It will be an excellent starting point to study uncharacterized genes.
Availability: C-It is freely available online without registration at http://C-It.mpi-bn.mpg.de
Contact: thomas.braun@mpi-bn.mpg.de; shizuka.uchida@mpi-bn.mpg.de
A Fertilization-Independent Developmental Program Triggers Partial Fruit Development and Senescence Processes in Pistils of Arabidopsis
Authors: Carbonell-Bejerano Pablo , Urbez Cristina , Carbonell Juan , Granell Antonio , Perez-Amador Miguel A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe pistil is the specialized plant organ that enables appropriate pollination and ovule fertilization, after which it undergoes growth and differentiation to become a fruit. However, in most species, if ovules are not fertilized around anthesis the pistil irreversibly loses its growth capacity. We used physiological, molecular, and transcriptomic tools to characterize the post-anthesis development of the unfertilized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pistil. Surprisingly, developmental processes that have been previously described in developing Arabidopsis fruits, such as the collapse of the adaxial epidermis, differentiation of a sclerenchyma layer in the adaxial subepidermis and the dehiscence zone, and valve dehiscence, were also observed in the unfertilized pistil. We determined that senescence is first established in the transmitting tract, stigma, and ovules immediately after anthesis, and that the timing of senescence in the stigma and ovules correlates with the loss of fruit-set responsiveness of the pistil to pollen and the hormone gibberellin (GA), respectively. Moreover, we showed that mutants with altered ovule development have impaired fruit-set response to the GA gibberellic acid, which further indicates that the presence of viable ovules is required for fruit-set responsiveness to GAs in the unfertilized pistil. Our data suggest that a fertilization-independent developmental program controls many of the processes during post-anthesis development, both in unfertilized pistils and seeded fruits, and point to a key role of the ovule in the capacity of pistils to undergo fruit set in response to GA.
An experimental comparison of a genetic algorithm and a hill‐climber for term selection
Authors: MacFarlane A. , Secker A. , May P. , Timmis J. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe term selection problem for selecting query terms in information filtering and routing has been investigated using hill‐climbers of various kinds, largely through the Okapi experiments in the TREC series of conferences. Although these are simple deterministic approaches, which examine the effect of changing the weight of one term at a time, they have been shown to improve the retrieval effectiveness of filtering queries in these TREC experiments. Hill‐climbers are, however, likely to get trapped in local optima, and the use of more sophisticated local search techniques for this problem that attempt to break out of these optima are worth investigating. To this end, this paper aims to apply a genetic algorithm (GA) to the same problem.Design/methodology/approachA standard TREC test collection is used from the TREC‐8 filtering track, recording mean average precision and recall measures to allow comparison between the hill‐climber and GAs. It also varies elements of the GA, such as probability of a word being included, probability of mutation and population size in order to measure the effect of these variables. Different strategies such as elitist and non‐elitist methods are used, as well as roulette wheel and rank selection GAs.FindingsThe results of tests suggest that both techniques are, on average, better than the baseline, but, the implemented GA does not match the overall performance of a hill‐climber. The Rank selection algorithm does better on average than the Roulette Wheel algorithm. There is no evidence in this study that varying word inclusion probability, mutation probability or Elitist method make much difference to the overall results. Small population sizes do not appear to be as effective as larger population sizes.Research limitations/implicationsThe evidence provided here would suggest that being stuck in a local optima for the term selection optimization problem does not appear to be detrimental to the overall success of the hill‐climber. The evidence from term rank order would appear to provide extra useful evidence, which hill climbers can use efficiently, and effectively, to narrow the search space.Originality/valueThe paper represents the first attempt to compare hill‐climbers with GAs on a problem of this type.
Stereotyping of citizens in an expatriate‐dominated labour market
Authors: Al‐Waqfi Mohammed , Forstenlechner Ingo 
Published: July 2010

PurposeEven though initiatives to increase the participation of citizens in the workforce have been in place for more than a decade in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the results are not impressive. Citizens' workforce participation – it is argued in the literature – is hindered by structural as well as attitudinal concerns. A key concern of this paper is to explore stereotypes which – as anecdotal evidence in the literature suggests – are a key hindrance to successful localisation.Design/methodology/approachA survey was completed by 310 expatriates and citizens. Exploratory factor analysis was used to understand the key factors describing how UAE citizens are perceived and stereotyped and ANOVA analyses were used to understand the determinants of such perceptions.FindingsFindings confirm the general belief that Emiratis are negatively stereotyped by expatriates in the UAE labour market. Four themes or factors regarding perceptions of citizens were identified: generally negative perceptions with regard to skills and competencies, work ethics, cultural disposition, and perceived effectiveness of Emiratisation.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample was not ideally balanced as it included more citizens compared to the overall composition of the labour market.Practical implicationsThe implications of these negative stereotypes on intergroup relations and expected impacts on Emiratisation are discussed. Ultimately, this paper provides a new subject perspective on immigration, presenting the case of citizens being a minority in need of acculturation to their own country's work environment.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to empirically assess stereotyping and negative perceptions of citizens and its implications on workforce nationalisation in the GCC region.
Self‐concept, emotions and consumer coping
Authors: Hamilton Kathy , Hassan Louise 
Published: July 2010

PurposeWhereas much previous research focuses on the ways consumers strive to gain social approval, consumption that may result in social disapproval must be considered. In order to do so, the purpose of this paper is to explore consumers' self‐concepts within a risky consumption context, namely smoking. Self‐concept discrepancies and the resulting emotions and coping strategies are identified.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative methodology based on 30 focus groups conducted across ten European countries is employed.FindingsFindings demonstrate self‐concept discrepancies between both the actual self and ought/ideal guiding end states, as well as between the “I” and social selves. Such discrepancies generate negative emotions and result in emotion‐focused coping strategies. In addition, the accuracy of smokers' social self‐concepts with reference to the actual perceptions of non‐smokers is discussed.Practical implicationsImportant implications for the design of effective anti‐smoking advertising are discussed, based on the findings. It is suggested that counter advertising should encourage dialogue between smokers and non‐smokers and that message themes should centre on building the self‐efficacy of smokers.Originality/valueThe reason why the social context should be an integral part of consumer self‐concept research is highlighted. Moreover, the importance of moving beyond merely understanding the existence of self‐discrepancies, to focus on the emotions that are generated by these discrepancies and the consequent coping strategies employed to resolve them is identified. As such, the potential contributions that may arise by recognising the intersection between two bodies of literature that are often treated separately, namely, consumer coping and the self‐concept, are highlighted.
The role of satisfaction, norms and conflict in families' eating behaviour
Authors: Ottar Olsen Svein , Grunert Klaus G. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between satisfaction and consumer behaviour by proposing and testing a model of how moral and social influences interact with individual satisfaction and conflict to explain and understand consumer behaviour in a family context, using consumption of fish for the family as an example.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data from a sample of 452 Norwegian respondents are used. The target behaviour was eating fish as a family meal. The constructs of behaviour, satisfaction, social norm, preference conflict and personal norm were measured by multiple‐item measures. After checking for reliability and validity of the data by confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling in Lisrel was used to estimate relationships between the constructs and their measures.FindingsWhile satisfaction, social norm and preference conflict had an influence on behaviour, the impact of satisfaction was least among the three constructs. In turn, these three constructs were influenced by personal norm. Also, social norm and preference conflict were mutually related.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on self‐reported data and does not include observational data. It is also based on cross‐sectional data. The results underline the importance of social factors when dealing with the relationship between satisfaction and behaviour in a family context.Practical implicationsThe role of satisfaction as a strategic variable in establishing customer loyalty should be put in context whenever consumption decisions are made in a social situation, since social variables may be more important for establishing loyalty than individual satisfaction of one person whenever decisions are made jointly in a family household.Originality/valueThe results highlighted here have important managerial implications for the use of satisfaction data in marketing and will be of use to those working in that field.