bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2008 Okuda lecture: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: From surveillance to molecular targeted therapy
Authors: Kudo Masatoshi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is responsible for approximately 600 000–700 000 deaths worldwide. It is highly prevalent in the Asia‐Pacific region and Africa, and is increasing in Western countries. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) alone is insufficient for HCC screening. A combination with other tumor markers, such as PIVKA‐II and AFP‐L3, and periodical ultrasound surveillance is necessary. Sensitivity of AFP in depicting HCC is highest, followed by PIVKA‐II and AFP‐L3, but the order of the specificity is inverse, AFP‐L3, PIVKA‐II, and AFP. Sonazoid‐enhanced ultrasound (US) is extremely useful to characterize hepatic tumors equal to or more than multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT). Sonazoid‐enhanced US with defect re‐perfusion imaging is a breakthrough technique in the treatment of HCC. Defect re‐perfusion imaging will markedly change the therapeutic strategy for liver cancer. Gd‐EOB‐DTPA‐magnetic resonance imaging is a newly developed imaging technique in the detection and diagnosis of HCC. It is the most sensitive tool in the differentiation of early HCC from dysplastic nodules. Regarding the treatment strategy, there has been no established systemic chemotherapy for advanced HCC, except for Sorafenib. Empirically, intrahepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy using implanted reservoir port is known to be effective in response rate and overall survival for advanced HCC with vascular invasion. Sorafenib in combination with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or adjuvant use after ablation or resection will significantly prolong the life expectancy if ongoing clinical trials provide positive results. In conclusion, it is expected that readers will gain deeper insight into the latest progress and updated diagnosis and treatment of HCC described in this review.
Protoperidinium tricingulatumsp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new motile form of a round, brown, and spiny dinoflagellate cyst
Authors: Kawami Hisae , Van Wezel René , Koeman Reinoud P.T. , Matsuoka Kazumi 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYA small, broadly ovoidal and heterotrophic dinoflagellate containing round, brownish, and spiny cyst was found in the water column of Huibertsplaat in the Wadden Sea off the coast of the Netherlands. This dinoflagellate had these conspicuous morphological characters: a five‐sided first apical plate (1′), only three cingular plates, and an extremely small first antapical plate. Based on these morphological features,Protoperidinium tricingulatumKawami, vanWezel, Koeman et Matsuoka is described as a new species. The flagellar pore ofP. tricingulatumis covered with a small fin, which rises from the left side of the right sulcal plate to the large V‐shaped posterior sulcal plate. This feature suggests thatP. tricingulatumis assigned to the Abé's Monovela Group. The cyst stage ofP. tricingulatumwas positively linked to the vegetative stage by comparison of the ribosomal 5.8S rDNA, internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2). Living cysts ofP. tricingulatumare round, brownish, and covered with many slender spines bearing capitate or cauliforate distal ends. The cyst also possesses a theropylic archeopyle formed by a slit corresponding to parasutures between three apical and two apical intercaraly plates. These morphological characters indicate that this species is morphologically related to two dinoflagellate cyst‐generaIslandiniumandEchinidinium.
Fine structure of two Hygropetra species, Hygropetra gelasina sp. nov. and Hygropetra balfouriana (Bacillariophyceae), and the taxonomic position of the genus with special reference to Frankophila
Authors: Mayama Shigeki , Idei Masahiko 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYA small diatom, Hygropetra gelasina sp. nov., obtained from wet moss is described. This diatom is similar to Hygropetra balfouriana (Grunow ex Cleve) Krammer & Lange‐Bertalot, which was found in the same moss sample. Fine structural observations revealed that H. gelasina has a reduced raphe slit and depressions along the margin of the axial area, at the proximal ends of the striae. Both species are characterized by multiple rows of areolae in each stria and a hexagonal pattern of sub‐pores similar to that in Pinnularia, but differing in the position of the areola occlusions or hymenes, which are internal in Hygropetra. Comparison with Frankophila, which shares the characteristics of reduced raphe slits and areola structure with Hygropetra, provides a reference for future taxonomic study of these related genera.
Effect of fluid intake on the outcome of constipation in children: PEG 4000 versus lactulose
Authors: Bae Sun Hwan , Son Jae Sung , Lee Ran 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fluid intake on the outcome of treatment with osmotic laxatives, PEG 4000 and lactulose, in children with chronic constipation.Methods:  Medical records were reviewed, and 27 children with chronic constipation satisfying the following criteria were enrolled: (i) on stable maintenance medication for ≥3 months; (ii) no dosage modification or drug change between the two periods compared; (iii) no clinical events during the investigation that could affect intake or the clinical outcomes; (iv) good compliance regarding inclusion in the diaries of the frequency of bowel movements, the consistency of stools, and the amount of fluid intake. The diary covered >25 days per visit; and (v) interval of <3 months between the two periods compared. A scoring system was developed for bowel movements and for stool consistency. The score during a period of better fluid intake was compared to that during a period of worse fluid intake, for the same patient. Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used for the analysis.Results:  On polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000; n= 14), the bowel movement score on good fluid intake was 21.43–30.00 (median, 27.78), while that on poor fluid intake was 19.00–30.00 (median, 25.13; P= 0.009). For stool consistency, the score on good fluid intake was 11.79–20.00 (median, 20.00), while that on poor fluid intake was 11.00–25.00 (median, 15.91; P= 0.002). On lactulose (n= 13) there was no statistical difference with respect to the two categories of defecation.Conclusions:  Children who are already on PEG 4000 still benefit from additional fluid intake.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS
Authors: TAYLOR J. NORTON , JESSE K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractForty‐three patients with congenital nystagmus who underwent surgery in the Ocular Motility Clinic at The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospitar Melbourne, are analysed to assess the effect of different surgical approaches on the abnormal head posture and binocular visual performance. There were 38 patients with a horizontal head turn, and five with a vertical abnormal head posture.In those undergoing horizontal nystagmus surgery the different surgical procedures have been classified as(4 Anderson procedure, which involves large bilateral augmented recessions only; (ii) Kestenbaum and augmented Kestenbaum bilateral recess/resect surgery in which the recess:resect ratio is less than 1; and (iii) a modified Anderson‐Kestenbaum procedure with the emphasis on large recessions. so that the bilateral recess/resect ratio is greater than 1. In this series the augmented recessions of the Anderson and Anderson‐Kestenbaum procedures appeared to produce a more favourable result of improved binocular vision.The five patients with vertical abnormal head posture with nystagmus had various surgical procedures with very encouraging results, both in terms of reduction of the abnormal head posture and an even greater improvement of binocular vision than with the horizontal cases. The surgical techniques in these cases are presented and discussed.
A survey of local anaesthesia use in cataract surgery in Australia
Authors: Sindhu Kiran , Colrain Ian , Buttery Robert , Wise Gordon 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA survey of the use of local anaesthesia in cataract surgery by ophthalmologists in Australia is presented. The main conclusions drawn from the survey were:1. A marked trend towards the use of local anaesthesia in cataract surgery during the years 1983–88 throughout Australia. A less marked trend in country areas and in Western Australia.2. The use of local anaesthesia did not correlate with the number of cataract operations performed by an ophthalmologist.3. Day case cataract surgery was more often performed under local anaesthesia in private than in public hospitals.4. Throughout Australia retrobulbar local anaesthesia was preferred to the peribulbar technique.5. The most commonly used local anaesthetic mixture was 2% lignocaine and 0.5% marcaine with or without adrenaline and/or hyalase.
Neovascularisation: Has the angiogenic factor already been found?
Authors: Loughnan Michael S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecently many soluble growth factors capable of influencing neovascularisation (angiogenesis) have been isolated and molecularly cloned. As such they are now available in a highly purified and active form. One or several of these already quite well known molecules may be of importance in the control of ocular neovascularisation. This article reviews what is presently known about growth factor control of neovascularisation with particular emphasis on both the eye and those factors that have already been molecularly cloned. In addition several recently reported inhibitors of neovascularisation are discussed. Such research is of particular interest to the ophthalmologist as knowledge gained in this area may allow for the use of both growth factors as well as growth factor inhibitors in the management of several ocular diseases involving neovascularisation.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in uveitis and scleritis
Authors: Mills Richard A. D. , Weeramanthri Tarun S. , Hollingsworth Peter N. , Cooper Richard L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report a case where the detection of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) at the time of diagnosis of a case of sclero‐uveitis predicted the later development of systemic features and prompted an early and definitive diagnosis of systemic vasculitis.
Cutaneous sarcoidosis: updates in the pathogenesis
Authors: Ali MM , Atwan AA , Gonzalez ML 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSarcoidosis is a multiorgan granulomatous disease in which the skin is one of the frequently involved target organs. Cutaneous involvement occurs in a third of patients with sarcoidosis and has protean manifestations. More than a century has passed since the initial description of sarcoidosis, but its cause continues to be an enigma. Recent studies have introduced several new insights into the pathogenesis of this disease.The aim of this literature review was to provide a comprehensive overview on the current updates in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis.This review has revealed that several genetic polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of developing sarcoidosis, suggesting that genetic susceptibility to sarcoidosis is probably polygenic. Environmental factors may also modify the susceptibility to sarcoidosis. Evidence favouring an infectious aetiology has been accumulating, but the results of studies are conflicting. The current concept is that the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis involves a T‐helper‐1‐mediated immune response to environmental antigens in a genetically susceptible host.The studies carried out on sarcoidosis have largely focused on the pulmonary aspects and have been mainly conducted by respiratory physicians. In contrast, research conducted on the cutaneous aspects of sarcoidosis is comparatively limited. Although tremendous advances have been made, there is a significant gap between the vast knowledge accumulated on sarcoidosis in recent years and the understanding of this disease.
Emotional and behavioural difficulties in young children with and without developmental delay: a bi‐national perspective
Authors: Emerson Eric , Einfeld Stewart 
Published: December 2009

Background:  Relatively high rates of emotional and behavioural difficulties have been reported among children with intellectual or developmental disabilities. Little is known about nature of the relationship between cognitive development and psychopathology in very young children.Methods:  Secondary analysis of data from the first two waves of the UK’s Millennium Cohort Study (n = 11,389) and the first two waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4,606).Results:  Two‐ to three‐year‐ old children with developmental delay show significantly higher rates of emotional and behavioural difficulties than their peers. These differences appear to reflect a general association between cognitive performance and emotional/behavioural difficulties in the bottom half of the ability spectrum and threshold‐based discontinuities within the bottom 3% of the distribution. In the UK, but to a much lesser extent in Australia, higher rates of emotional and behavioural difficulties among children with developmental delay may be partially attributed to greater risk of exposure to adverse socio‐economic circumstances.Conclusions:  The results highlight the potential value of targeted preventative interventions for young children with developmental delay.
d‐Serine enhancement of NMDA receptor‐mediated calcium increases in rat retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Daniels Bryan A. , Baldridge William H. 
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem.(2010)112, 1180–1189.AbstractNMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation is enhanced byd‐serine or glycine acting at a specific binding site. Previous work has shownd‐serine enhancement of NMDAR currents in retinal ganglion cells. One of the major functions of most NMDA channels is to permit calcium influx into cells. We show thatd‐serine enhances glutamate‐induced calcium responses in immunopanned retinal ganglion cells. This effect was specific to NMDA receptors as similar results were found with NMDA, but not kainate, and was reduced or blocked by modulators of the NMDAR coagonist binding site.d‐Serine and glycine enhanced glutamate‐induced calcium responses in a dose‐dependent manner and at equimolar concentrations there was no difference in the efficacy of the coagonists. In isolated retinas NMDA‐induced calcium responses were enhanced byd‐serine coapplication in 46% of ganglion cells. Endogenousd‐serine degradation by treatment withd‐amino acid oxidase caused a ∼45% decrease in the NMDA‐induced response that could be reversed by coapplication withd‐serine.d‐Serine and glycine were equally effective in enhancing glutamatergic calcium responses. Endogenousd‐serine contributes to NMDAR activation in retinal wholemounts and some but not all retinal ganglion cells may experience saturating levels ofd‐serine or glycine.
Behavior expectations in cross‐sex friendships, same‐sex friendships, and romantic relationships
Authors: FUHRMAN ROBERT W. , FLANNAGAN DOROTHY , MATAMOROS MIKE 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn 2 studies, university students from the United States rated the importance of 43 behavior expectations about their cross‐sex friends, same‐sex friends and romantic partners. In Study 1, all 399 participants had a current romantic partner, whereas in Study 2, romantic partner status varied across the 165 participants. Participants always rated their expectations for romantic partners higher than for either type of friend, and expectations for behaviors promoting emotional closeness were always rated higher than expectations about behaviors promoting social companionship or relationship positivity. In Study 2, expectations for cross‐sex friends were rated lower and more similar to same‐sex friends when participants had a current romantic partner than when they did not.
Climate and development economics: Balancing science, politics and equity
Authors: Stanton Elizabeth A. , Ackerman Frank 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe interaction of climate and development threatens to create a paradox: economic development could accelerate climate change, which in turn could block further development, locking the world into existing patterns of inequality as the natural environment deteriorates. The solution to this paradox is far from obvious. What analytical tools are needed to chart a path that leads toward sustainable, low‐carbon economic development? This article reviews the implications for climate policy of the climate economics and development literature, focusing on three key areas of judgments and assumptions that are built into a number of leading climate‐economics models: 1) the treatment of climate science, risk, and uncertainty in climate‐economics models; 2) questions of abatement technologies and costs, including a focus on the cost effectiveness method of economic analysis; and 3) ethical issues surrounding the distribution of the costs of emission reductions and adaptation measures. The article concludes that since climate and development goals are inextricably linked, there is a need for a new economic analysis that can help interpret and guide the creation of an innovative, low‐carbon path to economic development.
14C‐dated fluctuations of the western flank of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet 45–25 kyr BP compared with Bølling–Younger Dryas fluctuations and Dansgaard–Oeschger events in Greenland
Authors: MANGERUD JAN , GULLIKSEN STEINAR , LARSEN EILIV 
Published: December 2009

Mangerud, J., Gulliksen, S. & Larsen, E. 2009: 14C‐dated fluctuations of the western flank of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet 45–25 kyr BP compared with Bølling–Younger Dryas fluctuations and Dansgaard–Oeschger events in Greenland. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00127.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.We present 32 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates obtained on well‐preserved bones from caves in western Norway. The resulting ages of 34–28 14C kyr BP demonstrate that the coast was ice‐free during the so‐called Ålesund Interstadial. New AMS 14C dates on shells aged 41–38 14C kyr BP are evidence of an earlier (Austnes) ice‐free period. The Ålesund Interstadial correlates with Greenland interstadials 8–7 and the Austnes Interstadial with Greenland interstadials 12–11. Between and after the two interstadials, the ice margin reached onto the continental shelf west of Norway. These events can be closely correlated with the Greenland ice core stratigraphy, partly based on identification of the Laschamp and Mono Lake palaeomagnetic excursions. We found that the pattern of the NGRIP δ18O curves for the two periods Greenland Interstadial (GI) 8 to Greenland Stadial (GS) 8 and GI 1–GS 1 (Bølling–Younger Dryas) were strikingly similar, which leads us to suggest that the underlying causes of these climate shifts could have been the same. We therefore discuss some aspects of glacial fluctuations during the Bølling–Younger Dryas in order to elucidate processes during Dansgaard–Oeschger events.
Re‐dating the Pilgrimstad Interstadial with OSL: a warmer climate and a smaller ice sheet during the Swedish Middle Weichselian (MIS 3)?
Authors: ALEXANDERSON HELENA , JOHNSEN TIMOTHY , MURRAY ANDREW S. 
Published: December 2009

Alexanderson, H., Johnsen, T. & Murray, A. S. 2009: Re‐dating the Pilgrimstad Interstadial with OSL: a warmer climate and a smaller ice sheet during the Swedish Middle Weichselian (MIS 3)?Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00130.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.Pilgrimstad in central Sweden is an important locality for reconstructing environmental changes during the last glacial period (the Weichselian). Its central location has implications for the Scandinavian Ice Sheet as a whole. The site has been assigned an Early Weichselian age (marine isotope stage (MIS) 5 a/c; >74 ka), based on pollen stratigraphic correlations with type sections in continental Europe, but the few absolute dating attempts so far have given uncertain results. We re‐excavated the site and collected 10 samples for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating from mineral‐ and organic‐rich sediments within the new Pilgrimstad section. Single aliquots of quartz were analysed using a post‐IR blue single aliquot regenerative‐dose (SAR) protocol. Dose recovery tests were satisfactory and OSL ages are internally consistent. All, except one from an underlying unit that is older, lie in the range 52–36 ka, which places the interstadial sediments in the Middle Weichselian (MIS 3); this is compatible with existing radiocarbon ages, including two measured with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The mean of the OSL ages is 44±6 ka (n=9). The OSL ages cannot be assigned to the Early Weichselian for all reasonable adjustments to water content estimates and other parameters. The new ages suggest that climate was relatively mild and that the Scandinavian Ice Sheet was absent or restricted to the mountains for at least parts of MIS 3. These results are supported by other recent studies completed in Fennoscandia.
Destination Therapy: One‐Year Outcomes in Patients With a Body Mass Index Greater Than 30
Authors: Coyle Laura A. , Ising Mickey S. , Gallagher Colleen , Bhat Geetha , Kurien Sudha , Sobieski Michael A. , Slaughter Mark S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLeft ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are slowly gaining acceptance as the treatment of choice in appropriately selected patients with end‐stage heart failure who are not transplant candidates. Obesity is a well‐known risk factor for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and frequently can be the reason some patients are turned down for heart transplantation. Because of this experience in transplant patients, many centers have also been reluctant to offer these patients an LVAD for destination therapy (DT). Subsequently, the 1‐year outcomes of obese patients receiving LVADs for DT at our center were reviewed. Fifty‐eight consecutive patients (83% men) were implanted with HeartMate XVE (n = 22) or HeartMate II (n = 36) LVAD. Patients were divided into normal (body mass index [BMI] ≤ 30 kg/m2, n = 38) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n = 20) groups according to their BMI. Preoperatively, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between normal and obese groups in age (65.9 years vs. 54.7 years), weight (72.9 kg vs. 107.5 kg), BMI (24.1 kg/m2 vs. 35.2 kg/m2), and incidence of diabetes (37% vs. 60%). At 1‐year follow‐up, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.5) between normal and obese groups: creatinine levels (1.4 vs. 1.5), New York Heart Association classification (1.2 vs. 1.6), and survival (63% vs. 65%). Our initial results demonstrate that morbidly obese patients with end‐stage heart failure with a contraindication for transplant may successfully undergo implantation of an LVAD for DT.