bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Improvement of Water Handling Offshore Trinidad
Authors: Rampersad Kerry , Lom Shreeram , McLean Hadyn 
Published: May 2011

Summary
This paper describes how it is possible to modify existing equipment and chemical treatment and effectively separate approximately 94% of water produced and treat it offshore. The goal is to separate water from oil on the platform abiding by environmental regulations and reduce operating costs with a defined budget. The engineering described is basically that of creating secondary and tertiary separation at each facility, improving chemical treatment and designing for redundancy and future production increases.
Reservoir Characterization and Flow Simulation of a Low-Permeability Gas Reservoir: An Integrated Approach for Modelling the Tommy Lakes Gas Field
Authors: Deng Jack H. , Aguilera Roberto , Alfarhan Mohammed , White Lionel , Oldow John S. , Aiken Carlos L.V. 
Published: May 2011

Summary
The Tommy Lakes field is located in northeastern British Columbia, Canada, and is one of the largest Middle Triassic gas pools within the western Canada sedimentary basin (WCSB). The major gas-production formation (Halfway/Doig reservoirs) at the Tommy Lakes field corresponds to shoreface sands with permeabilities ranging between 0.1 and 3 md, and porosities of 3 to12%. For the purpose of production optimization and field development, a full-field reservoir model was developed with the integration of advanced reservoir characterization, hydraulic-fracture modelling, and history-matching techniques.
This study presents an integrated workflow for modelling the low-permeability Doig gas reservoir. A stochastic geostatistical reservoir model was developed on the basis of concepts emanating from an outcrop analogue analyzed with terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology and 60 wells that represent the fundamental rock characteristics, structure, facies? proportions, and petrophysical properties of the Doig anomalously thick sandstone bodies (ATSBs). Structural tops were interpreted from well logs and permeability/porosity relationships established from quantitative log analysis and core/log calibration. Facies were identified in cored intervals and were further grouped into four lithofacies. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used for training the logs of key wells [gamma ray (GR), neutron porosity (NPHI), and bulk density (RHOB)] and populating the facies distribution of uncored wells. Facies-based log-derived porosity, permeability, shale volume, and water saturation were assigned to gridblocks using sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS). Finally, the Monte Carlo simulation approach was used to rank the key variables affecting original gas in place (OGIP) in the uncertainty and optimization process.
Flow-based techniques were used for upscaling reservoir properties into the coarse simulation grid. The full-field simulation model was calibrated with buildup data and hydraulic-fracture modelling of single wells. Production of the Doig channel from commingled wells was allocated systematically in order to achieve a good match of the gas-production history and bottomhole pressures. Sensitivity analysis of fracture half-length and its impact on ultimate gas recovery was investigated. This concluded with an integrated development strategy.
It is concluded that integration of multiple domains leads to a valid full-field reservoir model, which is critical in developing an integrated strategy, predicting reservoir performance, and optimizing gas production.
Simulation of Deep-Coalbed-Methane Permeability and Production Assuming Variable Pore-Volume Compressibility
Authors: Tonnsen Robert R. , Miskimins Jennifer 
Published: May 2011

Summary
One of the horizons of interest for future unconventional-resource development is deep- (&gt; 5,000 ft) coalbed-methane (CBM) production. Unfortunately, coal permeability is highly sensitive to changes in stress, leading to the belief of limited permeability in deep coals. However, this conclusion is generally based on the assumption of constant pore-volume (PV) compressibility of a coal's porosity/cleat system during changing stress conditions.
Modelling the evolution of permeability within potential deep coal reservoirs is highly dependent on this assumption of constant or variable PV compressibility. This paper shows how this assumption affects modelled permeability changes and that permeability in deep coals may maintain much higher values during production than previously suggested. Using prior work and data, ideas are reorganized into an alternative view of deep-CBM permeability.
The modelled compressibility and permeability results are then applied to the simulation of deep-CBM reservoirs to discover the practical difference of the compressibility assumption on a coal's simulated production. Simulations show significant difference in production based on the two assumptions. Application of the simulation results may provide a justification for exploration into deeper CBM reservoirs.
Real-linear isometries between function algebras
Authors: Miura Takeshi 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Let A and B be uniformly closed function algebras on locally compact Hausdorff spaces with Choquet boundaries Ch A and ChB, respectively. We prove that if T: A → B is a surjective real-linear isometry, then there exist a continuous function κ: ChB → {z ∈ ℂ: |z| = 1}, a (possibly empty) closed and open subset K of ChB and a homeomorphism φ: ChB → ChA such that T(f) = κ(f ∘φ) on K and $T\left( f \right) = \kappa \overline {fo\phi }$ on ChB \ K for all f ∈ A. Such a representation holds for surjective real-linear isometries between (not necessarily uniformly closed) function algebras.
On a class of nonlocal elliptic operators for compact Lie groups. Uniformization and finiteness theorem
Authors: Sternin Boris 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
We consider a class of nonlocal operators associated with an action of a compact Lie group G on a smooth closed manifold. Ellipticity condition and Fredholm property for elliptic operators are obtained. This class of operators is studied using pseudodifferential uniformization, which reduces the problem to a pseudodifferential operator acting in sections of infinite-dimensional bundles.
Scalar differential invariants of symplectic Monge-Ampère equations
Authors: Paris Alessandro , Vinogradov Alexandre 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
All second order scalar differential invariants of symplectic hyperbolic and elliptic Monge-Ampère equations with respect to symplectomorphisms are explicitly computed. In particular, it is shown that the number of independent second order invariants is equal to 7, in sharp contrast with general Monge-Ampère equations for which this number is equal to 2. We also introduce a series of invariant differential forms and vector fields which allow us to construct numerous scalar differential invariants of higher order. The introduced invariants give a solution of the symplectic equivalence of Monge-Ampère equations. As an example we study equations of the form u
xy + f(x, y, u
x, u
y) = 0 and in particular find a simple linearization criterion.
Diffractometric examination of the structure of heat-resisting steel-based coatings in different measurement geometries
Authors: Kucharska Barbara 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Coatings of the composition of 310S heat-resisting steel dopped Al and Ir additions, deposited on a substrate of the same steel by the magnetron sputtering method, were examined. The measurements were made in the classical Bragg-Brentano geometry and by the GXRD method. With the fixed and different position of the coated sample by rotating the sample by angles ψ. The coating as deposited and after being soaked at 400°C for 15 minutes was subjected to examinations. The examination carried out have shown that coatings may have a unique, subtle structure which is metastable and undergoes irreversible changes in the temperatures up to 400°C. It has been found that in the outermost coating zones and zones closer to the substrate, areas occur in the coating structure, which have the different lattice parameter compared to the basic phase. Additionaly, the local period of the structure equal 5.9 nm was found.
First-principles investigation of structural, electronic, optical and dynamical properties in CsAu
Authors: Erdinc Bahattin , Soyalp Fethi , Akkus Harun 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The structural, electronic, optical and dynamical properties of CsAu compound in the CsCl(B2) phase were investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The calculated lattice constant, static bulk modulus and first-order pressure derivative of the bulk modulus are reported and compared with previous experimental and theoretical calculations. The calculated electronic band structure for this compound is in good agreement with available theoretical and experimental studies. The present band calculation indicates that CsAu compound has an indirect gap at R→X points. Furthermore, the linear photon-energy-dependent dielectric functions have been calculated. For the first time, the electronic structure results are used, within the implementation of a linear-response technique, for calculations of phonon properties.
Effects of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin via claudin-4 on normal human pancreatic duct epithelial cells and cancer cells
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Kojima Takashi , Ito Tatsuya , Kyuno Daisuke , Kimura Yasutoshi , Imamura Masafumi , Hirata Koichi , Sawada Norimasa 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe tight junction protein claudin-4 is frequently overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, and is also a receptor for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE). The cytotoxic effects of CPE are thought to be useful as a novel therapeutic tool for pancreatic cancer. However, the responses to CPE via claudin-4 remain unknown in normal human pancreatic duct epithelial (HPDE) cells. We introduced the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene into HPDE cells in primary culture as a model of normal HPDE cells in vitro. hTERT-HPDE cells treated with or without 10% FBS and pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1, BXPC3, HPAF-II and HPAC were treated with CPE. In Western blotting, the expression of claudin-4 protein in hTERT-HPDE cells treated with 10% FBS was as high as it was in all of the pancreatic cancer cell lines. In hTERT-HPDE cells with or without 10% FBS, cytotoxicity was not observed at any concentration of CPE, whereas in all pancreatic cancer cell lines, CPE had a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect. In hTERT-HPDE cells with 10% FBS, claudin-4 was localized in the apical-most regions, where there are tight junction areas, in which in all pancreatic cancer cell lines claudin-4 was found not only in the apical-most regions but also at basolateral membranes. In hTERT-HPDE cells with 10% FBS after treatment with CPE, downregulation of barrier function and claudin-4 expression at the membranes was observed. In HPAC cells, the sensitivity to CPE was significantly decreased by knockdown of claudin-4 expression using siRNA compared to the control. These findings suggest that, in normal HPDE cells, the lack of toxicity of CPE was probably due to the localization of claudin-4, which is different from that of pancreatic cancer cells. hTERT-HPDE cells in this culture system may be a useful model of normal HPDE cells not only for physiological regulation of claudin-4 expression but also for developing safer and more effective therapeutic methods targeting claudin-4 in pancreatic cancer.
The importance of autonomic symptoms in trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Simms H. Neil , Honey Christopher R. 
Published: May 2011

Object
Autonomic symptoms can occur in association with the facial pain of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The distinction between first division (V1) TN and trigeminal autonomic cephalgias, particularly short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT), can be difficult. The goal in this study was to investigate the frequency of autonomic symptoms with TN and to determine their effect on surgical outcome.

Methods
The authors sent questionnaires and reviewed the records of 92 patients who underwent surgical procedures for TN to obtain visual analog scale scores for pain before and after surgery and to determine the location of the pain and the presence of autonomic symptoms.

Results
Sixty-seven percent of patients had at least 1 autonomic symptom, and 14% had 4 or more autonomic symptoms associated with their pain. With V1 pain, the most common autonomic symptoms were conjunctival injection, ptosis, and excessive tearing. With pain involving the second division (V2), facial swelling was the most common autonomic symptom. Excessive salivation occurred most often when the pain involved the third division (V3). In patients who underwent microvascular decompression (MVD), visual analog scores for pain showed significantly greater improvement postoperatively in those who had no preoperative autonomic symptoms than in those who reported autonomic symptoms. There was also a significantly greater number of patients who were pain free postoperatively in the group without autonomic symptoms. There were 3 patients with V1 facial pain associated with conjunctival injection and tearing who, in retrospect, fulfilled all the current diagnostic criteria for SUNCT. These patients underwent MVD, during which a vessel was found to compress the trigeminal nerve. Postoperatively, the 3 patients experienced complete and long-lasting pain relief.

Conclusions
The presence of autonomic symptoms in TN correlated with a worse prognosis for pain relief after MVD. First division TN with autonomic symptoms can present identically to SUNCT but can respond to MVD if there is a compressive vessel. Neurosurgeons should be aware of SUNCT, especially in patients with V1 TN and autonomic symptoms, to ensure that all potential medical therapies have been tried prior to surgical treatment.
Lactic Acidosis and Symptomatic Hyperlactataemia in a Randomized Trial of First-Line Therapy in HIV-Infected Adults in South Africa
Authors: Dlamini Judith , Ledwaba Lotty , Mokwena Nthabiseng , Mokhathi Thabo , Orsega Susan , Tsoku Mary , Kowo Hedwig , Proschan Michael , Khabo Paul , Maja Patrick , Hadigan Colleen 
Published: May 2011

Background Lactic acidosis (LA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Few randomized prospective studies have compared LA between different ARV regimens. Methods Characterization of cases of LA (serum lactate >5 mmol/l and arterial pH<7.35 or bicarbonate <20 mmol/l) and symptomatic hyperlactataemia (SH; serum lactate >2.2 mmol/l and symptoms) was made in a randomized open-label 2x2 factorial study of stavudine/lamivudine (d4T/3TC)-based versus didanosine/zidovudine-based therapy and lopinavir/ritonavir-based versus efavirenz (EFV)-based therapy in 1,771 HIV-infected adults initiating therapy between 2004 and 2008. Results The LA incident rate was 3.5/1,000 person-years (95% CI 1.8-5.9), and for combined LA/SH was 11.0/1,000 person-years (95% CI 7.9-14.9). There were two deaths (15% mortality) among 13 LA cases; all 11 survivors experienced symptom resolution and started new ARV regimens. LA cases were more likely to be female (OR 7.19, 95% CI 1.84–40.75; P=0.001) and had a higher body mass index (BMI; P<0.0001) compared with non-cases. There was no increase in LA according to ARV regimen, age or CD4+ T-cell count at randomization. When combined, LA/SH cases ( n=41) were more often female (OR 4.76, 95% CI 2.36–10.08; P<0.0001), had increased BMI ( P<0.0001), were more likely to be assigned d4T/3TC (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.50–7.28; P=0.001) and were more likely to be assigned EFV (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.08–4.61; P=0.026). Conclusions Female sex and increased BMI were associated with severe LA in this large randomized trial of first-line ARV in South Africa. While female sex, increased BMI and d4T are previously described risk factors for the development of clinically significant lactate elevations, the independent risk associated with EFV is a novel observation warranting further investigation.
Fragilité des malades en fin de vie : place de l'accompagnement dans la démarche palliative
Authors: de Broucker Didier 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Si l’accompagnement constitue un des piliers fondateurs et fédérateurs de la pratique des soins palliatifs, la place du soignant en tant qu’accompagnant mérite réflexion. Nous nous proposons d’articuler notre développement autour de trois grandes interrogations: en quoi une personne en fin de vie est-elle une personne fragile ? Comment les soins palliatifs s’inscrivent-ils dans la démarche d’accompagnement? Quel sens donne-t-on au mot accompagnement? Nous soutenons alors qu’accompagner la personne gravement malade, si cela doit interpeller l’ensemble des acteurs et observateurs de la fin de vie, cela doit aussi intégrer des déclinaisons différentes selon le rôle et les missions de chacun dans une complémentarité à respecter.
Une virée en cancer avec l'histoire de madame O : le témoin et l'acteur comme les deux parts d'un même sujet
Authors: Lombard Marjorie , Caron Rosa 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Notre pratique auprès des personnes atteintes de cancers ayant précédemment été traversées par la mort d’un proche décédé de cette même pathologie nous confronte à la question du deuil qui en appelle à des problématiques existentielles touchant à la collusion de deux histoires. Ces personnes malades passent alors du statut de témoin impuissant dans l’histoire familiale à celui d’acteur dramatique dans leur propre traversée du cancer. En ce temps de passage, cette épreuve trouverait à s’inscrire dans la parole du sujet œuvrant à faire « acte de témoignage » au nom du mort. Leur parole ainsi sacrifiée attesterait d’un lien en survivance. En esquisse d’une réflexion clinique, nous suivrons les « traces » dessinées par une malade qui nous livre le récit de sa vie (d’où resurgissent des deuils ensevelis), alors qu’elle s’achemine vers la mort. La position subjective que dévoile ainsi son discours nous ouvre la voie des deuils éminemment douloureux réactivés sous le coup de la survenue du cancer agissant alors comme détonateur.
Nonabelian H1 and the Étale Van Kampen Theorem
Authors: Misamore Michael D. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract Generalized étale homotopy pro-groups associated with pointed, connected, small Grothendieck sites are defined, and their relationship to Galois theory and the theory of pointed torsors for discrete groups is explained.Applications include new rigorous proofs of some folklore results around , a description of Grothendieck's short exact sequence for Galois descent in terms of pointed torsor trivializations, and a new étale van Kampen theorem that gives a simple statement about a pushout square of pro-groups that works for covering families that do not necessarily consist exclusively of monomorphisms. A corresponding van Kampen result for Grothendieck's profinite groups immediately follows.
Rational Homogeneous Algebras
Authors: MacDougall J. A. , Sweet L. G. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAn algebra A is homogeneous if the automorphism group of A acts transitively on the one-dimensional subspaces of A. The existence of homogeneous algebras depends critically on the choice of the scalar field. We examine the case where the scalar field is the rationals. We prove that if A is a rational homogeneous algebra with dimA > 1, then A2 = 0.
On Sha's Secondary Chern–Euler Class
Authors: Nie Zhaohu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFor a manifold with boundary, the restriction of Chern's transgression form of the Euler curvature form over the boundary is closed. Its cohomology class is called the secondary Chern– Euler class and was used by Sha to formulate a relative Poincaré–Hopf theorem under the condition that the metric on the manifold is locally product near the boundary. We show that the secondary Chern–Euler form is exact away from the outward and inward unit normal vectors of the boundary by explicitly constructing a transgression form. Using Stokes’ theorem, this evaluates the boundary term in Sha's relative Poincaré–Hopf theorem in terms of more classical indices of the tangential projection of a vector field. This evaluation in particular shows that Sha's relative Poincaré–Hopf theorem is equivalent to the more classical law of vector fields.
Impact of Endothelial Activation on Infective and Inflammatory Complications after Cardiac Surgery in type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Onorati Francesco , Rubino Antonino S. , Cuda Aldo , Foti Daniela , Sica Vincenzo , Santini Francesco , Gulletta Elio , Renzulli Attilio 
Published: May 2011

Purpose Altered endothelial response has been described in diabetics after cardiac surgery. Infections and inflammatory organ damage often complicate the postoperative course. We evaluated endothelial/cytokine response (ECR) after cardiac surgery and its role on infective/inflammatory complications of type II diabetic patients. Methods Perioperative ECR of 60 diabetic patients (Group A) undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass was compared to that of 60 non-diabetics (Group B). Hemodynamics, endothelial markers [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)], pro-inflammatory (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) were analyzed preoperatively (T0), at time of aortic declamping (T1), at ITU admission (T2), at 12 h (T3) and 24 h (T4) postoperatively. Postoperative infective/inflammatory complications were registered, and the related ECR was analyzed. Results Hemodynamics were comparable. No differences were found in perioperative IL-6 (p=0.776) and IL-8 (p=0.660) between the 2 groups. However, the diabetics showed significantly higher endothelial activation (VEGF p=0.0001, p=0.0001 since T1 to T3; MCP-1 p=0.0001, p<0.007 at T1, T3 and T4) with lower IL-10 (p=0.0001, p<0.05 at T2, T3, T4) and lower IL-2 secretion (p=0.0001, p<0.0001 at T1, T2). Infections developed in 23.3% of the diabetics; inflammatory complications in 13.3%. Those developing infections showed significantly lower IL-2 (p=0.042; p ≤. 021 at T1 and T2) than patients without infections, whereas those with complicated inflammatory lung or renal injury had higher MCP-1 leakage (p=0.006) with lower IL-10 (p=0.005). Conclusions The diabetics showed higher endothelial activation and lower antiinflammatory response to CPB compared to non-diabetics. Infections in diabetic patients correlated with depressed IL-2, while inflammatory complications correlated to higher endothelial activation and lower anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion.
Study on the Effects of Allitride and Its Mechanisms on Renal Cell Carcinoma in Vitro
Authors: Hui Liu , Rong-pei Wu , Xiao-fei Li , Kai-yuan Cao , Le-jun Li , Wei Zhang 
Published: May 2011

Objective To study the killing effect of allitride on human renal cell carcinoma cell line Ketr-3 and its possible mechanisms. Methods The Ketr-3 cells were treated with allitride and the morphological changes were observed with inverted microscope. The cytotoxicity was estimated through theamine blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT). Apoptotic cells were detected by in situ cell apoptosis detection kit, and confirmed by flow cytometry. Changes of apoptosis rate cell cycle were assessed by flow cytometry. Caspase-3 (cysteine aspartate specific proteinase) mRNA was detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Caspase-3 protease activity was estimated with colorimetry Results MTT assay and morphological changes confirmed the killing effect of allitride on Ketr-3 cell line. FCM also showed that S-phase and G2/M-phase arrest was induced. RT-PCR and colorimetry confirmed that there was apparently a rise of Caspase-3 mRNA and Caspase-3 protease activity. Conclusion Allitride could kill Ketr-3 effectively by inducing apoptosis. Cell cycle arrest and up-regulation of Caspase-3 may play an important role in the mechanisms of killing effect.