bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graphene Field‐Effect Transistors: Electrochemical Gating, Interfacial Capacitance, and Biosensing Applications
Authors: Chen Fang , Qing Quan , Xia Jilin , Tao Nongjian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSingle‐layer graphene has received much attention because of its unique two‐dimensional crystal structure and properties. In this review, we focus on the graphene devices in solution, and their properties that are relevant to chemical and biological applications. We will discuss their charge transport, controlled by electrochemical gates, interfacial and quantum capacitance, charged impurities, and surface potential distribution. The sensitive dependence of graphene charge transport on the surrounding environment points to their potential applications as ultrasensitive chemical sensors and biosensors. The interfacial and quantum capacitance studies are directly relevant to the on‐going effort of creating graphene‐based ultracapacitors for energy storage.
Regional‐scale convection patterns during strong and weak phases of the Saharan heat low
Authors: Lavaysse C. , Flamant C. , Janicot S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe West African heat low, which is defined as a thermal depression generally below 700 hPa over West Africa, is stationary over the Sahara during the summer season and is often referred to as the Saharan heat low (SHL). This SHL displays synoptic and intra‐seasonal pulsations of its intensity on time scales under 60 days.In this study, we analyse the regional‐scale pattern of low troposphere dynamics and convective activity associated with weak and strong phases of the SHL during the summer, using 18 years (1984–2001) of concomitant European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts re‐analysis data and satellite observations of brightness temperature provided by the European Union‐funded Cloud Archive User Service. Strong SHL phases, defined by an increase of low‐level atmospheric thickness, are accompanied by (1) a positive anomaly of temperature in the low layers, (2) a strengthening of the monsoon flow, (3) both a negative anomaly of the divergence flux and an enhancement of the moisture advection over the central Sahel, (4) an intensification of the African easterly jet and (5) enhanced upward vertical motions located south of the inter‐tropical discontinuity (ITD). These conditions appear to be favourable for the occurrence of convection over the central Sahel. The strongest, most widespread convective activity over the central and eastern Sahel occurs on the day when the SHL intensity is the strongest. In contrast, a significant decrease of the convective activity was detected over Senegal and to the West of the Jos Plateau.Opposite patterns are found during weak SHL phases, with a negative anomaly of convection over the central and eastern Sahel connected with anomalous subsidence south of the ITD and a negative moisture advection anomaly. Conversely, convection is seen to be enhanced along the Atlantic coast and particularly over Senegal. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Equatorial upper‐ocean dynamics and their interaction with the West African monsoon
Authors: Brandt Peter , Caniaux Guy , Bourlès Bernard , Lazar Alban , Dengler Marcus , Funk Andreas , Hormann Verena , Giordani Herve , Marin Frédéric 
Published: August 2010

AbstractZonal wind anomalies in the western equatorial Atlantic during late boreal winter to early summer precondition boreal summer cold/warm events in the eastern equatorial Atlantic (EEA) that manifest in a strong interannual Atlantic cold tongue (ACT) variability. Local intraseasonal wind fluctuations, linked to the St. Helena anticyclone, contribute to the variability of cold tongue onset and strength, particularly during years with preconditioned shallow thermoclines. The impact of cold tongue sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the wind field in the Gulf of Guinea is assessed. It contributes to the northward migration of humidity and convection and possibly the West African monsoon (WAM) jump. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Atmospheric composition of West Africa: highlights from the AMMA international program
Authors: Mari Céline H. , Reeves Claire E. , Law Katherine S. , Ancellet Gérard , Andrés‐Hernández Maria Dolores , Barret Brice , Bechara Joëlle , Borbon Agnès , Bouarar Idir , Cairo Francesco , Commane Roisin , Delon Claire , Evans Matthew J. , Fierli Federico , Floquet Cédric , Galy‐Lacaux Corinne , Heard Dwayne E. , Homan Carine D. , Ingham Trevor , Larsen Niels , Lewis Alastair C. , Liousse Catherine , Murphy Jennifer G. , Orlandi Emiliano , Oram David E. , Saunois Marielle , Serça Dominique , Stewart David J. , Stone Daniel , Thouret Valérie , Velthoven Peter van , Williams Jason E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe atmospheric composition of West Africa reflects the interaction of various dynamical and chemical systems (i.e. biogenic, urban, convective and long‐range transport) with signatures from local to continental scales. Recent measurements performed during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) observational periods in 2005 and 2006 provide new data which has allowed new insight into the processes within these systems that control the distribution of ozone and its precursors. Using these new data and recently published results, we provide an overview of these systems with a particular emphasis on ozone distributions over West Africa during the wet season. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Linking obesity to colorectal cancer: Application of nutrigenomics
Authors: Sung Mi‐Kyung , Bae Yun‐Jung 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDiet is one of the most affective environmental factors in cancer development. Due to complicated nature of the diet, it has been very difficult to provide clear explanations for the role of dietary components in carcinogenesis. However, as high‐throughput omics techniques became available, researchers are now able to analyze large sets of gene transcripts, proteins, and metabolites to identify molecules involved in disease development. Bioinformatics uses these data to perform network analyses and suggest possible interactions between metabolic processes and environmental factors. Obesity is known as one of the most closely related risk factors of colorectal cancer (CRC). Metabolic disturbances due to a positive energy balance may trigger and accelerate CRC development. In this review, we have summarized reports on genes, proteins and metabolites that are related to either obesity or CRC, and suggested candidate molecules linking obesity and CRC based on currently available literature. Possible application of bioinformatics for a large scale network analysis in studying cause‐effect relationship between dietary components and CRC are suggested.
Promotion of Direct Methanol Electro‐oxidation by Ru Terraces on Pt by using a Reversed Spillover Mechanism
Authors: Jones Simon , Tedsree Karaked , Sawangphruk Montree , Foord John S. , Fisher Janet , Thompsett David , Tsang Shik Chi E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBy examining Pt‐core–Ru‐shell nanocatalysts of different compositions for the electro‐oxidation of methanol, a volcano activity response is revealed according to Ru coverage. This activity profile can be accounted for by a bifunctional mechanism of spilling over the hydroxy species from Ru to Pt in close proximity with supplemental electronic and structural promotions. At high surface coverage of Ru on Pt, it is revealed that a new ‘direct’ pathway of Ru terraces on Pt sites in close vicinity can provide synergetic catalysis. Pt sites activate the methoxy surface species, which migrate to the Ru terrace to react with its surface oxygenates, from water dissociation, for accelerated CO2 formation through a ‘reversed’ spillover mechanism. This non‐CO electro‐oxidation route to CO2 on a Ru surface requires a lower potential to take place than the corresponding process on a Pt surface.
Sonogashira Coupling Catalyzed by Gold Nanoparticles: Does Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalysis Dominate?
Authors: Kyriakou Georgios , Beaumont Simon K. , Humphrey Simon M. , Antonetti Claudia , Lambert Richard M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA variety of measurements indicates that Au nanoparticle‐ catalyzed Sonogashira coupling of iodobenzene and phenylacetylene is predominantly a heterogeneous process. Large gold particles are much more selective than small ones, which is consistent with this view. Substantial leaching of Au into the solution phase occurs during the reaction, but the resulting supernatant liquid exhibits immeasurably low catalytic activity; TONs for the nanoparticles are orders of magnitude higher than those for the leached Au, once more pointing to the primacy of heterogeneous chemistry. These properties are independent of the support material, implying that they are intrinsic to metallic Au nanoparticles. Reaction data and quantitative analysis of the solid and solution phases by XPS and ICP‐MS, respectively, showed that catalytic activity ceased when all the metallic Au had dissolved. Conversely, when starting with a soluble Au complex, a long inactive induction phase is followed by the sharp onset of reaction and steadily increasing catalytic activity, consistent with the eventual nucleation and growth of gold particles. Again, the implication is that, for the nanoparticle‐catalyzed reaction, heterogeneous catalysis is by far the most important process.
Wet Classification in the Fines Range < 10 μm
Authors: Müller F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNowadays, fine and narrow particle size distributions in the range < 10 μm are frequently required to obtain desired product application properties in many different areas. Apart from the possibility of operating stirred media mills under conditions favoring steep residence time distributions, which are directly coupled with the steepness of the particle size distribution, wet classification is used as a tool to achieve this task in a mill/classification circuit or in a stand‐alone operation. This study initially provides a short survey of classification apparatuses in the fines range between 10–100 μm including gravity‐sedimentation classifiers, sieves and filters. Classification in the fines ranges < 10 μm is shown to require the use of centrifugal field classifiers. Some fundamentals that are necessary to understand wet classification in the centrifugal field are discussed. Following this, several fines classification apparatuses are introduced. Finally, the operation behavior, advantages and disadvantages of a stirred media mill/classifier circuit are described.
Integration of Solar Energy into Absorption Refrigerators and Industrial Processes
Authors: Tora E. A. , El‐Halwagi M. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAbsorption refrigeration is gaining increasing attention in industrial facilities to use process heat for partially or completely driving a cooling cycle. This paper introduces a systematic approach to the design of absorption refrigeration systems for industrial processes. Three sources of energy are considered to drive absorption refrigerators: excess process heat, solar energy, and fossil fuels. To handle the dynamic nature of solar energy, hot water tanks are used for energy storage and dispatch. Thermal pinch analysis is performed to determine the amount of available excess heat and the required refrigeration duty. Next, a multiperiod optimization formulation is developed for the entire system. The procedure determines the optimal mix of energy forms (solar versus fossil) and the dynamic operation of the system. Three case studies are solved to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the devised procedure.
Performance Evaluation of Oxygen‐Depolarized Cathode with PtPd/C Electrocatalyst Layer in Advanced Chlor‐Alkali Cell
Authors: Joudaki E. , Farzami F. , Mahdavi V. , Hashemi S. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe impact of process parameters on caustic current efficiency and peroxide‐to‐hydroxide molar ratio are studied in the advanced chlor‐alkali membrane cell, using an oxygen‐depolarized carbon‐supported PtPd electrocatalyst cathode. The experimental results indicate the caustic current efficiency (CCE) improvement by decreasing peroxide generation rate as the temperature and oxygen flow rate increase. The performances of the carbon‐supported PtPd and the ESNS carbon‐supported Pt electrocatalyst layer cathodes are compared. The results show a new oxygen‐depolarized cathode with PtPd/C electrocatalyst layer in an advanced chlor‐alkali cell which is more economical, as well as a comparison of its performance against a commercial ESNS® cathode.
Palladium Membrane‐Installed Microchannel Devices for Instantaneous Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Yamada Yoichi M. A. , Watanabe Toshihiro , Beppu Tomohiko , Fukuyama Naoshi , Torii Kaoru , Uozumi Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInstantaneous catalytic carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions were achieved in catalytic membrane‐installed microchannel devices that have a polymeric palladium‐complex membrane. The catalytic membrane‐installed microchannel devices were provided inside the microchannels by means of coordinative and ionic molecular convolution at the interface between the organic and aqueous phases flowing laminarly, in which both non‐crosslinked linear polymer ligands and palladium species dissolved. The palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkenyl halides with arylboronic acids and sodium tetraarylborates was performed with the catalytic membrane‐installed microchannel devices to give quantitative yields of biaryls, heterobiaryls, and aryl alkenes within 5 s of residence time in the defined channel region. These microchannel devices were applied to the instantaneous allylic arylation reaction of allylic esters with arylboron reagents under microflow conditions to afford the corresponding coupling products within 1 s of residence time.
Do Dynamic Effects Play a Significant Role in Enzymatic Catalysis? A Theoretical Analysis of Formate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Roca Maite , Oliva Mónica , Castillo Raquel , Moliner Vicente , Tuñón Iñaki 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA theoretical study of the protein dynamic effects on the hydride transfer between the formate anion and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase (FDH), is presented in this paper. The analysis of free downhill molecular dynamic trajectories, performed in the enzyme and compared with the reaction in aqueous solution, has allowed the study of the dynamic coupling between the reacting fragments and the protein or the solvent water molecules, as well as an estimation of the dynamic effect contribution to the catalytic effect from calculation of the transmission coefficient in the enzyme and in solution. The obtained transmission coefficients for the enzyme and in solution were 0.46±0.04 and 0.20±0.03, respectively. These values represent a contribution to catalysis of 0.5 kcal mol−1, which, although small, is not negligible keeping in mind the low efficiency of FDH. The analysis of the reactive trajectories also reveals how the relative movements of some amino acids, mainly His332 and Arg284, precede and promote the chemical reaction. In spite of these movements, the time‐dependent evolution of the electric field created by the enzyme on the key atoms of the reaction reveals a permanent field, which reduces the work required to reach the transition state, with a concomitant polarization of the cofactor. Finally, application of Grote–Hynes theory has allowed the identification of the modes responsible for the substrate–environment coupling, showing how some protein motions take place simultaneously with the reaction. Thus, the equilibrium approach would provide, in this case, an overestimation of the catalyzed rate constant.
The Effect of Ligand Denticity in Size‐Selective Synthesis of Calix[n]arene‐Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles: A Multitechnique Approach
Authors: Pescatori Luca , Boccia Alice , Ciesa Flavio , Rossi Francesca , Grillo Vincenzo , Arduini Arturo , Pochini Andrea , Zanoni Robertino , Secchi Andrea 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA series of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stabilized by monodentate, bidentate, and tridentate thiolate calix[n]arene ligands 1–3 was prepared by using the Brust–Schiffrin two‐phase direct synthesis and characterized with NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental data show that the particular multidentate structure of calix[n]arene derivatives 2 and 3 introduces a control element in the preparation of the gold nanoparticles that allows, in the particular experimental conditions here reported, to obtain very small (≈1 nm) AuNPs. These are the first experimental findings that identify a role of ligand “denticity” in the determination of the nuclearity of nanoparticles.
Investigation of Lewis Acid versus Lewis Base Catalysis in Asymmetric Cyanohydrin Synthesis
Authors: North Michael , Omedes‐Pujol Marta , Williamson Courtney 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes can be catalysed by Lewis acids and/or Lewis bases, which activate the aldehyde and trimethylsilyl cyanide, respectively. It is not always apparent from the structure of the catalyst whether Lewis acid or Lewis base catalysis predominates. To investigate this in the context of using salen complexes of titanium, vanadium and aluminium as catalysts, a Hammett analysis of asymmetric cyanohydrin synthesis was undertaken. When Lewis acid catalysis is dominant, a significantly positive reaction constant is observed, whereas reactions dominated by Lewis base catalysis give much smaller reaction constants. [{Ti(salen)O}2] was found to show the highest degree of Lewis acid catalysis, whereas two [VO(salen)X] (X=EtOSO3 or NCS) complexes both displayed lower degrees of Lewis acid catalysis. In the case of reactions catalysed by [{Al(salen)}2O] and triphenylphosphine oxide, a non‐linear Hammett plot was observed, which is indicative of a change in mechanism with increasing Lewis base catalysis as the carbonyl compound becomes more electron‐deficient. These results suggested that the aluminium complex/triphenylphosphine oxide catalyst system should also catalyse the asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to ketones and this was found to be the case.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Crystal Structures of the Vanadiumphosphates VPO4. times.2 H2O (I) and V5.12(PO4)4(OH)3.36(H2O)0.64×0.84 H2O (II).
Authors: SCHINDLER M. , JOSWIG W. , BAUR W. H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Site‐Symmetry Investigation on the Hexagonal KCaY(PO4)2.
Authors: TIE S. , SU Q. , YU Y. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Electrical Properties of a New Family of Mixed‐Metal Sulfides Containing Rutile‐Like (InS4)∞/(TiS4)∞ Chains: (Ln)6In1‐xTi1+xS12 (Ln: Nd, Sm, Gd).
Authors: HUNG Y.‐C. , HWU S.‐J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cubic Mg29Ir4 Crystallizing with an Ordered Variant of the Mg6Pd‐Type Structure.
Authors: BONHOMME F. , YVON K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of GdxDy1‐yFe11.35Nb0.65 Compounds and Their Nitrides.
Authors: WANG K.‐Y. , WANG Y.‐Z. , HU B.‐P. , HU J. , ZHAO R. , LAI W.‐Y. , WANG Z.‐X. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Structural State in Melt‐Spun Nd‐Fe‐B Alloys.
Authors: PAMYATNYKH L. A. , PUSHKARSKY V. I. , ANDREEV S. V. , KORZNIKOVA G. F. , KUDREVATYKH N. V. , LOBANOV B. N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary Compounds REMSb2, RE: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd; M: Mn, Zn, Cd; Compound Formation, Crystal Structure and Magnetism.
Authors: SOLOGUB O. , HIEBL K. , ROGL P. , BODAK O. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhanced Oxidation of Nickel in Atomic Oxygen.
Authors: RASPOPOV S. A. , GUSAKOV A. G. , VOROPAYEV A. G. , VECHER A. A. , GRISHIN V. K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of “TaCo4Si3”, a New Silicide Closely Related to the Y13Pd40Sn31 Stannide.
Authors: VILASI M. , VENTURINI G. , STEINMETZ J. , MALAMAN B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnesium and Calcium Nitrides as Nitrogen Sources in Metathetical Reactions to Produce Metal Nitrides.
Authors: HECTOR A. L. , PARKIN I. P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the Tetraphenylarsonium Salts of ( V2O3(NO3)2X4)2‐, X: Cl or NO3.
Authors: ARROWSMITH S. , DOVE M. F. A. , GIBBONS M. N. , LOGAN N. , BATSANOV A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.