bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the respiratory signals acquired by different respiratory monitoring systems used in respiratory gated radiotherapy
Authors: Otani Yuki , Fukuda Ichirou , Tsukamoto Nobuhiro , Kumazaki Yu , Sekine Hiroshi , Imabayashi Etsuko , Kawaguchi Osamu , Nose Takayuki , Teshima Teruki , Dokiya Takushi 
Published: December 2010

Purpose:Respiratory monitoring systems are used to detect the respiratory phase of patients during the planning and administration of respiratory gated radiotherapy by using four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) or 4D positron‐emission tomography/CT (4DPET/CT) and the linear accelerator (linac), respectively. Generally, identical respiratory monitoring systems are used for 4DCT, 4DPET/CT, and linac. However, different systems are sometimes used in combination because the accessibility of the respiratory monitoring systems may differ by manufacturer. The combined use of different respiratory monitoring systems in phase‐based gating is of concern because the differences in the timing of tags (end‐respiration signals algorithmically determined by the respiratory monitoring system), defined by the two systems, may result in phase differences. The purpose of this study is to estimate this difference and evaluate its effect on 4DCT data.Methods:Ten patients (seven men and three women) with a median age of 75 yr (range: 57–84 yr) were treated by gated stereotactic body radiation therapy between April and December 2009. Two types of respiratory monitoring systems—RPM (Varian Medical Systems) and AZ‐733V (Anzai MEDICAL)—were placed on the abdominal surface of the patients, and the respiratory signals were acquired by both systems. The relationship between the amplitude peak and the tag obtained by each respiratory system was analyzed for each patient. Further, the 4DCT images were reconstructed by using the signals obtained from both the RPM and the AZ‐733V systems, and the tumor volumes and the tumor centroid positions in the craniocaudal plane were analyzed for each patient.Results:The correlation factor between the respiratory signals from the RPM system and AZ‐733V system was 0.990 (range: 0.940–0.994). The amplitude peak of the RPM system corresponded well with that of the AZ‐733V system. The deviation of the phase difference for all the patients ranged from to . In the case of some patients, differences were noted between the two systems in the estimation of the tumor centroid position and tumor shape.Conclusions:The estimation of the position of the tumor centroid and tumor shape may vary with the use of different respiratory monitoring systems. This implies that it is preferable to use the same respiratory monitoring system with 4DCT, 4DPET‐CT, and linac.
Reconstruction of a cone‐beam CT image via forward iterative projection matching
Authors: Brock R. Scott , Docef Alen , Murphy Martin J. 
Published: December 2010

Purpose:To demonstrate the feasibility of reconstructing a cone‐beam CT (CBCT) image by deformably altering a prior fan‐beam CT (FBCT) image such that it matches the anatomy portrayed in the CBCT projection data set.Methods:A prior FBCT image of the patient is assumed to be available as a source image. A CBCT projection data set is obtained and used as a target image set. A parametrized deformation model is applied to the source FBCT image, digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) that emulate the CBCT projection image geometry are calculated and compared to the target CBCT projection data, and the deformation model parameters are adjusted iteratively until the DRRs optimally match the CBCT projection data set. The resulting deformed FBCT image is hypothesized to be an accurate representation of the patient's anatomy imaged by the CBCT system. The process is demonstrated via numerical simulation. A known deformation is applied to a prior FBCT image and used to create a synthetic set of CBCT target projections. The iterative projection matching process is then applied to reconstruct the deformation represented in the synthetic target projections; the reconstructed deformation is then compared to the known deformation. The sensitivity of the process to the number of projections and the DRR/CBCT projection mismatch is explored by systematically adding noise to and perturbing the contrast of the target projections relative to the iterated source DRRs and by reducing the number of projections.Results:When there is no noise or contrast mismatch in the CBCT projection images, a set of 64 projections allows the known deformed CT image to be reconstructed to within a nRMS error of 1% and the known deformation to within a nRMS error of 7%. A CT image nRMS error of less than 4% is maintained at noise levels up to 3% of the mean projection intensity, at which the deformation error is 13%. At 1% noise level, the number of projections can be reduced to 8 while maintaining CT image and deformation errors of less than 4% and 13%, respectively. The method is sensitive to contrast mismatch between the simulated projections and the target projections when the soft‐tissue contrast in the projections is low.Conclusions:By using prior knowledge available in a FBCT image, the authors show that a CBCT image can be iteratively reconstructed from a comparatively small number of projection images, thus saving acquisition time and reducing imaging dose. This will enable more frequent daily imaging during radiation therapy. Because the process preserves the CT numbers of the FBCT image, the resulting 3D image intensities will be more accurate than a CBCT image reconstructed via conventional backprojection methods. Reconstruction errors are insensitive to noise at levels beyond what would typically be found in CBCT projection data, but are sensitive to contrast mismatch errors between the CBCT projection data and the DRRs.
Estimation and correction of cardiac respiratory motion in SPECT in the presence of limited‐angle effects due to irregular respiration
Authors: Dey Joyoni , Segars William P. , Pretorius P. Hendrik , Walvick Ronn P. , Bruyant Philippe P. , Dahlberg Seth , King Michael A. 
Published: December 2010

Purpose:One issue with amplitude binning list‐mode studies in SPECT for respiratory motion correction is that variation in the patient's respiratory pattern will result in binned motion states with little or no counts at various projection angles. The reduced counts result in limited‐angle reconstruction artifacts which can impact the accuracy of the necessary motion estimation needed to correct the images. In this work, the authors investigate a method to overcome the effect of limited‐angle reconstruction artifacts in SPECT when estimating respiratory motion.Methods:In the first pass of the reconstruction method, only the projection angles with significant counts in common between the binned respiratory states are used in order to better estimate the motion between them. After motion estimation, the estimates are used to correct for motion within iterative reconstruction using all of the acquired projection data.Results:Using simulated SPECT studies based on the NCAT phantom, the authors demonstrate the problem caused by having data available for only a limited number of angles when estimating motion and the utility of the proposed method in diminishing this error. For NCAT data sets with a clinically appropriate level of Poisson noise, the average registration error for motion with the proposed method was always less with the use of their algorithm, the reduction being statistically significant in the majority of cases. The authors illustrate the ability of their method to correct the degradations caused by respiratory motion in short‐axis slices and polar maps of the NCAT phantom for cases with 1 and 2 cm amplitudes of respiratory motion. In four cardiac‐perfusion patients acquired on the same day, the authors demonstrate the large variability of the number of counts in the amplitude‐binned projections. Finally, the authors demonstrate a visual improvement in the slices and polar maps of patient studies with the algorithm for respiratory motion correction.Conclusions:The authors' method shows promise in reducing errors in respiratory motion estimation despite the presence of limited‐angle reconstruction effects due to irregularity in respiration. Improvements in image quality were observed in both simulated and clinical studies.
Non-smoking worksites in the residential construction sector: using an online forum to study perspectives and practices
Authors: Bondy Susan J , Bercovitz Kim L 
Published: December 2010

ObjectivesBlue-collar workers are a recognised priority for tobacco control. Construction workers have very high smoking rates and are difficult to study and reach with interventions promoting smoke-free workplaces and cessation. The objectives of this study were to explore the smoking-related social climate in the North American residential construction sector and to identify potential barriers and facilitators to creating smokefree worksites.MethodsThe data source used was a popular internet forum on home building. Participants included a broad and unselected population of employers, employees and freelance tradespersons working in residential construction. The forum archive contained 10 years of discourse on the subjects of smoking, workplace secondhand smoke and smoking restrictions on construction sites. Qualitative data analysis methods were used to describe major and minor discussion themes relevant to workplace smoking culture and policies in this sector.ResultsParticipants described considerable tension between smoking and non-smoking tradespersons, but there was also much interpersonal support for cessation and support for non-smokers' rights. Employers and employees described efforts to make construction sites smoke free, and a movement towards preferential hiring of non-smoking tradespersons was discussed. Board participants wanted detailed scientific evidence on secondhand smoke exposure levels and risk thresholds, particularly in open-air workplaces.ConclusionsExperience with success of smoking bans in other challenging workplaces can be applied to the construction sector. Potential movement of smokers out of the workforce represents a challenge for public health systems to ensure equitable access to cessation supports and services.
Light reallocation for high contrast projection using an analog micromirror array
Authors: Hoskinson Reynald , Stoeber Boris , Heidrich Wolfgang , Fels Sidney 
Published: December 2010

We demonstrate for the first time a proof of concept projector with a secondary array of individually controllable, analog micromirrors added to improve the contrast and peak brightness of conventional projectors. The micromirrors reallocate the light of the projector lamp from the dark parts towards the light parts of the image, before it reaches the primary image modulator. Each element of the analog micromirror array can be tipped/tilted to divert portions of the light from the lamp in two dimensions. By directing these mirrors on an image-dependent basis, we can increase both the peak intensity of the projected image as well as its contrast.
In this paper, we describe and analyze the optical design for projectors using this light reallocation approach. We also discuss software algorithms to compute the best light reallocation pattern for a given input image, using the constraints of real hardware. We perform extensive simulations of this process to evaluate image quality and performance characteristics of this process. Finally, we present a first proof-of-concept implementation of this approach using a prototype analog micromirror device.
Targeting STAT3 in Adoptively Transferred T Cells Promotes Their In Vivo Expansion and Antitumor Effects
Authors: Kujawski Maciej , Zhang Chunyan , Herrmann Andreas , Reckamp Karen , Scuto Anna , Jensen Michael , Deng Jiehui , Forman Stephen , Figlin Robert , Yu Hua 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with engineered T cells to improve natural immune response and antitumor functions has shown promise for treating cancer. However, the requirement for extensive ex vivo manipulation of T cells and the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment limit this therapeutic modality. In the present study, we investigated the possibility to circumvent these limitations by engineering Stat3 -deficient CD8+ T cells or by targeting Stat3 in the tumor microenvironment. We show that ablating Stat3in CD8+ T cells prior to their transfer allows their efficient tumor infiltration and robust proliferation, resulting in increased tumor antigen-specific T-cell activity and tumor growth inhibition. For potential clinical translation, we combined adoptive T-cell therapy with a Food and Drug Administration–approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sunitinib, in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma tumor models. Sunitinib inhibited Stat3 in dendritic cells and T cells and reduced conversion of transferred FoxP3− T cells to tumor-associated regulatory T cells while increasing transferred CD8+ T-cell infiltration and activation at the tumor site, leading to inhibition of primary tumor growth. These data show that adoptively transferred T cells can be expanded and activated in vivo either by engineering Stat3-silenced T cells or by targeting Stat3 systemically with small-molecule inhibitors. Cancer Res; 70(23); 9599–610. ©2010 AACR.
CDB-4124, a Progesterone Receptor Modulator, Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis by Suppressing Cell Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis
Authors: Wiehle Ronald , Lantvit Daniel , Yamada Tohru , Christov Konstantin 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
CDB-4124 (Proellex or telapristone acetate) is a modulator of progesterone receptor (PR) signaling, which is currently employed in preclinical studies for prevention and treatment of breast cancer and has been used in clinical studies for treatment of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Here we provide evidence for its action on steroid hormone-signaling, cell cycle–regulated genes and in vivo on mammary carcinogenesis. When CDB-4124 is given to rats at 200 mg/kg for 24 months, it prevents the development of spontaneous mammary hyperplastic and premalignant lesions. Also, CDB-4124 given as subcutaneous pellets at two different doses suppressed, dose dependently, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis. The high dose (30 mg, over 84 days) increased tumor latency from 66 ± 24 days to 87 ± 20 days (P &lt; 0.02), decreased incidence from 85% to 35% (P &lt; 0.001), and reduced multiplicity from 3.0 to 1.1 tumors/animal (P &lt; 0.001). Tumor burden decreased from 2.6 g/animal to 0.26 g/animal (P &lt; 0.01). CDB-4124 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in MNU-induced mammary tumors, which correlated with a decreased proportion of PR+ tumor cells and with decreased serum progesterone. CDB-4124 did not affect serum estradiol. In a mechanistic study employing T47D cells we found that CDB-4124 suppressed G1/G0–S transition by inhibiting CDK2 and CDK4 expressions, which correlated with inhibition of estrogen receptor (ER) expression. Taken together, these data indicate that CDB-4124 can suppress the development of precancerous lesions and carcinogen-induced ER+ mammary tumors in rats, and may have implications for prevention and treatment of human breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 4(3); 414–24. ©2011 AACR.
Deregulation of TWIST-1 in the CD34+ compartment represents a novel prognostic factor in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Cosset Erika , Hamdan Ghassan , Jeanpierre Sandrine , Voeltzel Thibault , Sagorny Karen , Hayette Sandrine , Mahon François-Xavier , Dumontet Charles , Puisieux Alain , Nicolini Franck E. , Maguer-Satta Véronique 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The mechanisms of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) often remain obscure. Analysis of patient samples during disease progression revealed the up-regulation of the oncogene TWIST-1, also measured in primary samples from TKI-resistant patients. Moreover, we found that TWIST-1 was overexpressed in CML diagnostic samples of patients who later developed cytogenetic resistance to imatinib, even those without any detectable resistance mechanism. We confirmed the up-regulation of TWIST-1 at both RNA and protein levels in imatinib-resistant cell lines, irrespective of any other resistance mechanism. Analysis with specific small interfering RNA suggested TWIST-1 involvement in the resistance phenotype. Finally, the kinetics of TWIST-1 expression during the individual medical histories of CML patients indicated that TWIST-1 expression is down-regulated by TKIs and up-regulated with TKI resistance. We hypothesize that the overexpression of the TWIST-1 oncogene represents a novel key prognostic factor potentially useful for optimizing CML management in the TKI era.
Critical role of transcription factor PU.1 in the expression of CD80 and CD86 on dendritic cells
Authors: Kanada Shunsuke , Nishiyama Chiharu , Nakano Nobuhiro , Suzuki Ryuyo , Maeda Keiko , Hara Mutsuko , Kitamura Nao , Ogawa Hideoki , Okumura Ko 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the role of a transcription factor, PU.1, in the regulation of CD80 and CD86 expression in dendritic cells (DCs). A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that PU.1 is constitutively bound to the CD80 and CD86 promoters in bone marrow–derived DCs. In addition, co-expression of PU.1 resulted in the transactivation of the CD80 and CD86 promoters in a reporter assay. The binding of PU.1 to cis-enhancing regions was confirmed by electromobility gel-shift assay. As expected, inhibition of PU.1 expression by short interfering RNA (siRNA) in bone marrow–derived DCs resulted in marked down-regulation of CD80 and CD86 expression. Moreover, overexpression of PU.1 in murine bone marrow–derived lineage-negative cells induced the expression of CD80 and CD86 in the absence of monocyte/DC-related growth factors and/or cytokines. Based on these results, we conclude that PU.1 is a critical factor for the expression of CD80 and CD86. We also found that subcutaneous injection of PU.1 siRNA or topical application of a cream-emulsified PU.1 siRNA efficiently inhibited murine contact hypersensitivity. Our results suggest that PU.1 is a potential target for the treatment of immune-related diseases.
SYK regulates B-cell migration by phosphorylation of the F-actin interacting protein SWAP-70
Authors: Pearce Glen , Audzevich Tatsiana , Jessberger Rolf 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
B-cell migration into and within lymphoid tissues is not only central to the humoral immune response but also for the development of malignancies and autoimmunity. We previously demonstrated that SWAP-70, an F-actin-binding, Rho GTPase-interacting protein strongly expressed in activated B cells, is necessary for normal B-cell migration in vivo. SWAP-70 regulates integrin-mediated adhesion and cell attachment. Here we show that upon B-cell activation, SWAP-70 is extensively posttranslationally modified and becomes tyrosine phosphorylated by SYK at position 517. This phosphorylation inhibits binding of SWAP-70 to F-actin. Phospho-site mutants of SWAP-70 disrupt B-cell polarization in a dominant-negative fashion in vitro and impair migration in vivo. After CXCL12 stimulation of B cells SYK becomes activated and SWAP-70 is phosphorylated in a SYK-dependent manner. Use of the highly specific SYK inhibitor BAY61-3606 showed SYK activity is necessary for normal chemotaxis and B-cell polarization in vitro and for entry of B cells into lymph nodes in vivo. These findings demonstrate a novel requirement for SYK in migration and polarization of naive recirculating B cells and show that SWAP-70 is an important target of SYK in this pathway.
Double-hit B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Aukema Sietse M. , Siebert Reiner , Schuuring Ed , van Imhoff Gustaaf W. , Kluin-Nelemans Hanneke C. , Boerma Evert-Jan , Kluin Philip M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn many B-cell lymphomas, chromosomal translocations are biologic and diagnostic hallmarks of disease. An intriguing subset is formed by the so-called double- hit (DH) lymphomas that are defined by a chromosomal breakpoint affecting the MYC/8q24 locus in combination with another recurrent breakpoint, mainly a t(14;18)(q32;q21) involving BCL2. Recently, these lymphomas have received increased attention, which contributed to the introduction of a novel category of lymphomas in the 2008 WHO classification, “B cell lymphoma unclassifiable with features intermediate between DLBCL and BL.” In this review we explore the existing literature for the most recurrent types of DH B-cell lymphomas and the involved genes with their functions, as well as their pathology and clinical aspects including therapy and prognosis. The incidence of aggressive B-cell lymphomas other than Burkitt lymphoma with a MYC breakpoint and in particular a double hit is difficult to assess, because screening by methods like FISH has not been applied on large, unselected series, and the published cytogenetic data may be biased to specific categories of lymphomas. DH lymphomas have been classified heterogeneously but mostly as DLBCL, the majority having a germinal center phenotype and expression of BCL2. Patients with DH lymphomas often present with poor prognostic parameters, including elevated LDH, bone marrow and CNS involvement, and a high IPI score. All studies on larger series of patients suggest a poor prognosis, also if treated with RCHOP or high-intensity treatment modalities. Importantly, this poor outcome cannot be accounted for by the mere presence of a MYC/8q24 breakpoint. Likely, the combination of MYC and BCL2 expression and/or a related high genomic complexity are more important. Compared to these DH lymphomas, BCL6+/MYC+ DH lymphomas are far less common, and in fact most of these cases represent BCL2+/BCL6+/MYC+ triple-hit lymphomas with involvement of BCL2 as well. CCND1+/MYC+ DH lymphomas with involvement of 11q13 may also be relatively frequent, the great majority being classified as aggressive variants of mantle cell lymphoma. This suggests that activation of MYC might be an important progression pathway in mantle cell lymphoma as well. Based on clinical significance and the fact that no other solid diagnostic tools are available to identify DH lymphomas, it seems advisable to test all diffuse large B-cell and related lymphomas for MYC and other breakpoints.
The use of thoracic computed tomography scanning and EBUS-TBNA to diagnose tuberculosis of the central nervous system: two case reports
Authors: Mehta M.R. , Connell D.W. , Wickremasinghe M.I. , Kon O.M. 
Published: December 2010

Herein, we report two cases of tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system where accessing the cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes was relatively or absolutely contraindicated at presentation.The finding of mediastinal lymphadenopathy on thoracic computed tomography scans, which was not visible on plain chest radiography, allowed endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) of these lymph nodes to support the diagnosis of TB in each patient and rule out other disease processes.EBUS-TBNA is a new bronchoscopic technique and in this case report appears to be a safe and useful option in the diagnosis of TB. Moreover, it proved to be so in cases where the main focus of disease was outside the thorax.