bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hispanica Infecting Grapevines in Southern Spain
Authors: Castillo P. , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez C. , Palomares-Rius J. E. , Cantalapiedra Navarrete C. , Landa B. B. 
Published: November 2009

Some commercial vineyards producing the ‘Condado de Huelva’ wine denomination of origin in Almonte, Bonares, and Rociana (Huelva Province), southern Spain, showed general decline in sandy soils in 2009. Disease surveys revealed severe infections of grapevine rootstock Richter 110 feeder roots and heavy soil infestations by a root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp.). Infected plants showed a general decline as the only visible aboveground symptom, but when roots were inspected, moderate to small galls on secondary feeder roots were detected. The Meloidogyne sp. population was extracted and quantified from soil and root samples as previously described (1) and identified by the female perineal pattern, esterase (Est) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) phenotypes, and sequencing and maximum parsimony (MP) analysis of the ribosomal DNA region D2-D3 of 28S (2,4). Morphology of the perineal patterns and measurements of the second-stage juveniles (J2s) matched those of the original description of Meloidogyne hispanica (3). Enzyme analysis revealed two slow and a medium Est bands, a strong band, and two additional weaker bands coincident with the S2-M1 and N3 Mdh M. hispanica phenotypes (2,4). D2-D3 sequences of all three populations sampled were 100% homologous (GenBank Accession No. GQ375158). Phylogenetic analyses with MP of those sequences placed the Meloidogyne sp. in a clade (100% support) that included all M. hispanica sequences available from the GenBank database (4). M. hispanica was first found in Seville Province, southern Spain, infecting rootstocks of Prunus spp. Its distribution has been confirmed worldwide on different agricultural crops. Thus, M. hispanica has been reported to be infecting grapevines in South Africa and Australia (4); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of M. hispanica infecting grapevines in Europe. Our data suggest that M. hispanica may pose a threat for vineyard production in southern Spain since M. hispanica was found in 52.63 and 47.36% of soil and root samples, respectively, from 19 fields in ‘Condado de Huelva’, with nematode population densities ranging from 2.4 to 129.6 eggs and J2s per 100 cm3 of soil and 1 to 1,797 eggs and J2s per gram of fresh roots. Furthermore, genes that confer resistance to other common root-knot nematodes reported on grapevine in Europe may not protect against M. hispanica. References: (1) K. R. Barker. Nematode extraction and bioassays. Page 19 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol. II, Methodology. K. R. Barker et al., eds. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, 1985. (2) P. R. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou. J. Nematol. 22:10, 1990. (3) H. Hirschmann. J. Nematol. 18:520, 1986. (4) B. B. Landa et al. Plant Dis. 92:1104, 2008.
First Report on Tobacco mild green mosaic virus in Calibrachoa Plants (Calibrachoa × hybrida) in Mississippi
Authors: Sabanadzovic S. , Henn A. , Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic N. , Lawrence A. 
Published: November 2009

Six calibrachoa plants displaying reduced growth, general chlorosis, and blistering on the foliage were purchased from a retail store in Starkville, MS in 2007 and tested for possible virus infections. Transmission electron microscope observations of leaf-dip preparations revealed the presence of rigid rod virions reminiscent of tobamoviruses in all samples. The virus was easily mechanically transmissible and induced systemic mosaic/mottling/necrosis symptoms in inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum cvs. Xanthi and Turkish, N. rustica, N. clevelandii, and N. glutinosa plants as well as in pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Sweet banana). In double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA tests, the virus reacted slightly with antibodies to Tobacco mosaic virus and Tomato mosaic virus (Agdia Inc, Elkhart, IN) indicating a serological relationship with these two viruses. Final identification of the virus was done by cloning and sequencing a 450-bp-long portion of the viral genome spanning the carboxy terminus of the viral coat protein and 3′ noncoding region from one of the original sources. Analyses showed that the virus in diseased calibrachoas is an isolate of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) and shared 96 to 97% nucleotide identity with sequences of TMGMVCPR-18 (1) (Accession No. AF132908) and several other isolates of this virus available in GenBank. Furthermore, TMGMV was ascertained in all six calibrachoa in reverse transcription-PCR tests using virus-specific primers designed on the generated genomic region. To our knowledge, TMGMV has not been previously reported from calibrachoa plants or from Mississippi in general. In addition, our results stress the importance of the retail industry in the dissemination of viruses on the regional/national scale. Reference: (1) S. Bodaghi et al. J. Gen. Virol. 81:577, 2000.
A Role for Differential Glycoconjugation in the Emission of Phenylpropanoid Volatiles from Tomato Fruit Discovered Using a Metabolic Data Fusion Approach
Authors: Tikunov Yury M. , de Vos Ric C.H. , Gonzaݩlez Paramaݩs Ana M. , Hall Robert D. , Bovy Arnaud G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A role for differential glycoconjugation in the emission of phenylpropanoid volatiles from ripening tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) upon fruit tissue disruption has been discovered in this study. Application of a multiinstrumental analytical platform for metabolic profiling of fruits from a diverse collection of tomato cultivars revealed that emission of three discriminatory phenylpropanoid volatiles, namely methyl salicylate, guaiacol, and eugenol, took place upon disruption of fruit tissue through cleavage of the corresponding glycoconjugates, identified putatively as hexose-pentosides. However, in certain genotypes, phenylpropanoid volatile emission was arrested due to the corresponding hexose-pentoside precursors having been converted into glycoconjugate species of a higher complexity: dihexose-pentosides and malonyl-dihexose-pentosides. This glycoside conversion was established to occur in tomato fruit during the later phases of fruit ripening and has consequently led to the inability of red fruits of these genotypes to emit key phenylpropanoid volatiles upon fruit tissue disruption. This principle of volatile emission regulation can pave the way to new strategies for controlling tomato fruit flavor and taste.
Probing Allosteric Binding Sites of the Maize Endosperm ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase
Authors: Boehlein Susan K. , Shaw Janine R. , Hannah L. Curtis , Stewart Jon D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMaize (Zea mays) endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a highly regulated enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in starch biosynthesis. Although the structure of the heterotetrameric maize endosperm AGPase remains unsolved, structures of a nonnative, low-activity form of the potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) AGPase (small subunit homotetramer) reported previously by others revealed that several sulfate ions bind to each enzyme. These sites are also believed to interact with allosteric regulators such as inorganic phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). Several arginine (Arg) side chains contact the bound sulfate ions in the potato structure and likely play important roles in allosteric effector binding. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis was applied to the corresponding Arg residues in both the small and large subunits of maize endosperm AGPase to determine their roles in allosteric regulation and thermal stability. Steady-state kinetic and regulatory parameters were measured for each mutant. All of the Arg mutants examined—in both the small and large subunits—bound 3-PGA more weakly than the wild type (A 50 increased by 3.5- to 20-fold). By contrast, the binding of two other maize AGPase allosteric activators (fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate) did not always mimic the changes observed for 3-PGA. In fact, compared to 3-PGA, fructose-6-phosphate is a more efficient activator in two of the Arg mutants. Phosphate binding was also affected by Arg substitutions. The combined data support a model for the binding interactions associated with 3-PGA in which allosteric activators and inorganic phosphate compete directly.
Syringe exchange, injecting and intranasal drug use
Authors: Des Jarlais Don C. , Arasteh Kamyar , McKnight Courtney , Ringer Martin , Friedman Samuel R. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTObjective  To assess trends in injecting and non‐injecting drug use after implementation of large‐scale syringe exchange in New York City. The belief that implementation of syringe exchange will lead to increased drug injecting has been a persistent argument against syringe exchange.Methods  Administrative data on route of administration for primary drug of abuse among patients entering the Beth Israel methadone maintenance program from 1995 to 2007. Approximately 2000 patients enter the program each year.Results  During and after the period of large‐scale implementation of syringe exchange, the numbers of methadone program entrants reporting injecting drug use decreased while the numbers of entrants reporting intranasal drug use increased (P < 0.001).Conclusion  While assessing the possible effects of syringe exchange on trends in injecting drug use is inherently difficult, these may be the strongest data collected to date showing a lack of increase in drug injecting following implementation of syringe exchange.
Differential effects of β‐adrenoreceptor antagonists on central and peripheral blood pressure at rest and during exercise
Authors: Cockburn James A. , Brett Sally E. , Guilcher Antoine , Ferro Albert , Ritter James M. , Chowienczyk Philip J. 
Published: November 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • At rest, β‐adrenoreceptor antagonists lower peripheral systolic blood pressure (SBP) but have less effect on central SBP.• Effects of β‐adrenoreceptor antagonists on central and peripheral blood pressure during exercise are unknown. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study shows that acute β‐blockade in healthy normotensive subjects markedly reduces peripheral SBP by ∼ 20 mmHg during moderate exercise but has no significant effect on central SBP.• The differential effect of β‐blockade on central and systolic blood pressure is not completely explained by reduction in heart rate. Beta‐blockade may blunt dilation of muscular arteries, influencing peripheral amplification during exercise.BACKGROUND Differential effects of β‐adrenoreceptor antagonists (β‐ARB) on central and peripheral blood pressure may relate to change in heart rate and/or vasodilator tone and thus be exaggerated during exercise.AIMS To examine acute effects of selective and nonselective β‐ARB on central and peripheral blood pressure, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance during exercise.METHODS Healthy volunteers (n= 20, 18 men, 19–54 years) received propranolol 80 mg, bisoprolol 20 mg, and placebo 1 h before bicycle ergometry (50, 75 and 100 W each for 3 min) in a randomized, cross‐over study. Cardiac output was determined by pulmonary uptake of soluble and inert gas tracers (InnoCor, Innovision). Central systolic blood pressure (SBP) was determined from the late systolic shoulder of the digital artery pressure waveform (Finometer, Finopres).RESULTS At rest, both β‐ARB reduced brachial but not central SBP (compared with placebo). During exercise, β‐ARB reduced brachial SBP (reductions of 19.9 ± 4.3 mmHg and 23.2 ± 2.7 mmHg for propranolol and bisoprolol, respectively, at 100 W, each P < 0.0001) but not central SBP. The difference between peripheral and central SBP was reduced, relative to that during placebo, by 21.5 mmHg (95% confidence interval 8.8, 34.1) and 26.4 mmHg (18.1, 34.8) for propranolol and bisoprolol, respectively, at 100 W (each P < 0.01). There was no significant effect of β‐ARB on diastolic blood pressure or peripheral vascular resistance.CONCLUSIONS Despite reducing brachial blood pressure, acute β‐adrenoreceptor blockade in man at rest and during exercise does not reduce central blood pressure.
Superior palatability of crushed lercanidipine compared with amlodipine among children
Authors: Milani Gregorio , Ragazzi Monica , Simonetti Giacomo D. , Ramelli Gian P. , Rizzi Mattia , Bianchetti Mario G. , Fossali Emilio F. 
Published: November 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Among children, medication palatability is crucial for adherence to therapeutic regimen.• Since there is a lack of appropriate formulations for children prescribed drugs originally designed for adults, parents crush available tablets and administer the medication mixed with solid food or a palatable drink.• Crushed amlodipine, a very popular calcium channel blocker, is bitter and unpalatable. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • From the perspective of the child with arterial hypertension, the taste of pulverized lercanidipine is superior to that of pulverized amlodipine.AIMSTo compare the taste of equivalent doses of pulverized amlodipine and lercanidipine, two calcium channel blockers, among children with kidney disease.METHODSEach child received a test dose of 1 mg of amlodipine besylate and 2 mg of lercanidipine in a single‐blinded fashion. Children indicated their preference by pointing to the appropriate face on a visual analogue scale (VAS) that depicts five degrees of pleasure.RESULTSThe VAS palatability score assigned to lercanidipine was higher than that assigned to amlodipine both in nine children 4–7 years of age (P < 0.005) and in 10 children 8–11 years of age (P < 0.005). The preference for lercanidipine was statistically significant in both girls (P < 0.02) and boys (P < 0.001) and in both children initially presented amlodipine (P < 0.005) and children initially presented lercanidipine (P < 0.005).CONCLUSIONSThere is a lack of appropriate formulations for children prescribed drugs originally designed for adults, such as calcium channel blockers. Parents therefore crush available tablets and administer the medication mixed with solid food or a palatable drink. From the perspective of the child, the taste of pulverized lercanidipine is superior to that of pulverized amlodipine.
Development of learning outcomes for an undergraduate prescribing curriculum (British Pharmacological Society prescribing initiative)
Authors: Ross Sarah , Loke Yoon K. 
Published: November 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Tomorrow's Doctors provides overarching outcomes for undergraduate medical students on prescribing skills; however, detailed learning outcomes are not available. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study provides additional guidance for medical schools and teachers by setting out detailed learning outcomes for prescribing.• The outcomes reflect the recent emphasis on teamwork and communication, as well as the need to minimize medication errors.• This is a further step towards defining practical prescribing competence.AIMSThe question of whether new medical graduates are adequately prepared for the challenge of prescribing has been raised. Although broad outcomes for prescribing competency have been agreed, clarity is needed on the detailed outcomes expected of new graduates. This study aimed to create a consensus on the required competencies for new graduates in the area of prescribing.METHODSWe used a modified Delphi approach based on the findings of a systematic review of educational interventions for improved prescribing. Panellists were asked to rank the importance of a list of 53 possible learning outcomes and to add any additional outcomes felt to be missing.RESULTSOf the 48 experts who were invited to participate, 28 agreed (58%). Forty‐five learning outcomes were included from the original list of 53. A further nine outcomes were suggested by panellists, of which five were included. The wording of three outcomes was changed in line with suggestions from the panellists. Many of the agreed outcomes relate to improving patient safety through medication review, checking appropriateness of the drug for the patient, recognizing the prescriber's limitations and seeking advice when needed. Enhanced communication with the patient and healthcare team, better documentation in the notes and discharge letters were key areas featured in this Delphi exercise.DISCUSSIONThis study has identified 50 learning outcomes for teaching prescribing. These build on the existing British Pharmacological Society document by focusing specifically on prescribing, with greater emphasis on avoiding medication errors and better communication.
Effect of long‐term combined nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application on 13C CPMAS NMR spectra of humin in a Typic Hapludoll of northeast China
Authors: Zhang J. J. , Dou S. , Song X. Y. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBecause of its insolubility, heterogeneity and structural complexity, humin is the least understood among the three fractions of soil humic substances. This research aimed to evaluate the long‐term effect of combined nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) fertilizer addition on the chemical structure of humin under maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture in a Typic Hapludoll of northeast China. Soil samples were collected 12 and 25 years after the initiation of the fertilizer treatment. Soil humin was isolated using NaOH‐Na4P2O7 extraction to remove humic and fulvic acids, which was followed by HF‐HCl treatment to remove most of the inorganic minerals. Solid‐state 13C cross‐polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the chemical structure of the humin isolates. Results showed that the organic carbon (C) content of humin increased after NP fertilizer addition, compared with a no‐fertilizer (CK) treatment. 13C CPMAS NMR indicated that O‐alkyl C and aromatic C of humin decreased, while alkyl C and the ratios of alkyl C/O‐alkyl C, aliphatic C/aromatic C and hydrophobic C/hydrophilic C all increased in the NP fertilizer treatment. The long‐term application of NP fertilizer changed the molecular structure of soil humin to be more alkyl and hydrophobic, and was thus beneficial to the sequestration and stability of organic C in soil.
Evaluation of 1H NMR relaxometry for the assessment of pore‐size distribution in soil samples
Authors: Jaeger F. , Bowe S. , Van As H. , Schaumann G. E. 
Published: November 2009

Summary 1H NMR relaxometry is used in earth science as a non‐destructive and time‐saving method to determine pore size distributions (PSD) in porous media with pore sizes ranging from nm to mm. This is a broader range than generally reported for results from X‐ray computed tomography (X‐ray CT) scanning, which is a slower method. For successful application of 1H NMR relaxometry in soil science, it is necessary to compare PSD results with those determined from conventional methods. The PSD of six disturbed soil samples with various textures and soil organic matter (SOM) content were determined by conventional soil water retention at matric potentials between −3 and −390 kPa (pF 1.5–3.6). These PSD were compared with those estimated from transverse relaxation time (T2) distributions of water in soil samples at pF 1.5 using two different approaches. In the first, pore sizes were estimated using a mean surface relaxivity of each soil sample determined from the specific surface area. In the second and new approach, two surface relaxivities for each soil sample, determined from the T2 distributions of the soil samples at different matric potentials, were used. The T2 distributions of water in the samples changed with increasing soil matric potential and consisted of two peaks at pF 1.5 and one at pF 3.6. The shape of the T2 distributions at pF 1.5 was strongly affected by soil texture and SOM content (R2 = 0.51 − 0.95). The second approach (R2 = 0.98) resulted in good consistency between PSD, determined by soil water retention, and 1H NMR relaxometry, whereas the first approach resulted in poor consistency. Pore sizes calculated from the NMR data ranged from 100 μm to 10 nm. Therefore, the new approach allows 1H NMR relaxometry to be applied for the determination of PSD in soil samples and for studying swelling of SOM and clay and its effects on pore size in a fast and non‐destructive way. This is not, or only partly, possible by conventional soil water retention or X‐ray CT.
Review of vibroseis data acquisition and processing for better amplitudes: adjusting the sweep and deconvolving for the time‐derivative of the true groundforce
Authors: Ziolkowski Anton 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe goal of vibroseis data acquisition and processing is to produce seismic reflection data with a known spatially‐invariant wavelet, preferably zero phase, such that any variations in the data can be attributed to variations in geology. In current practice the vibrator control system is designed to make the estimated groundforce equal to the sweep and the resulting particle velocity data are cross‐correlated with the sweep. Since the downgoing far‐field particle velocity signal is proportional to the time‐derivative of the groundforce, it makes more sense to cross‐correlate with the time‐derivative of the sweep. It also follows that the ideal amplitude spectrum of the groundforce should be inversely proportional to frequency. Because of non‐linearities in the vibrator, bending of the baseplate and variable coupling of the baseplate to the ground, the true groundforce is not equal to the pre‐determined sweep and varies not only from vibrator point to vibrator point but also from sweep to sweep at each vibrator point. To achieve the goal of a spatially‐invariant wavelet, these variations should be removed by signature deconvolution, converting the wavelet to a much shorter zero‐phase wavelet but with the same bandwidth and signal‐to‐noise ratio as the original data. This can be done only if the true groundforce is known. The principle may be applied to an array of vibrators by employing pulse coding techniques and separating responses to individual vibrators in the frequency domain. Various approaches to improve the estimate of the true groundforce have been proposed or are under development; current methods are at best approximate.
Antimony in plasma and skin of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis – relationship with side effects after treatment with meglumine antimoniate
Authors: Da Justa Neves Diana Brito , Caldas Eloisa Dutra , Sampaio Raimunda Nonato Ribeiro 
Published: November 2009

SummaryObjective  To evaluate the levels of antimony in plasma and skin of patients being treated with pentavalent antimonials (Glucantime®) and their relationship with side effects.Methods  We evaluated 19 patients treated endovenously at the conventional dose (20 mg Sbv/kg/day), two at a smaller dose (5 mg Sbv/kg/day) and three treated intralesionally (up to 4.0 ml/week). During treatment, patients underwent periodic blood exams and were interviewed weekly about the incidence of adverse symptoms. The levels of antimony in plasma and skin samples were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma with Mass Spectrometry (ICP‐MS).Results  The patients under conventional treatment presented a mean initial antimony plasma concentration of 3.39 μg/l; at the end of treatment, these levels were 0.21 before Glucantime® application and 125.8 mg after Glucantime® application. The mean antimony level in their skin at the end of the treatment was 9.24 μg/g. The main adverse symptoms were arthralgia and myalgia; laboratory results showed mainly lymphocytosis and eosinophilia.Conclusions  We found some significant correlations between antimony concentrations, adverse symptoms and laboratory alterations, strengthening the hypothesis of a dose–dependent relationship between antimony concentration in plasma and skin and side effects.