bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mechanism for inorganic fillers accelerating and inhibiting the UV irradiation aging behaviors of rigid poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Pi Hong , Guo Shaoyun 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe UV irradiation aging behaviors of PVC composites with several inorganic fillers were studied through Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV‐Vis), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical property test. It was found that incorporation of a small amount of the inorganic fillers such as CaCO3, talc and SiO2 could hold up the UV aging behaviors of PVC. Those filler‐filled PVC composites sheets after 20 days UV irradiation maintain lower carbonyl index (CI) and good appearance of surfaces, as compared with the corresponding neat PVC sheets, ascribed to high reflection of those fillers to UV light. While montmorillonite (MMT) and pyrophyllite fillers could accelerate the UV aging behaviors of PVC, which could be concluded from both the sharp increase of the CI and lower Tg due to the chain scission reactions because of their high absorbance of these fillers to UV light in 290–400 nm. In these two PVC composites, UV irradiation caused the deterioration of their mechanical properties and the appearance of rough, cracked and chalked surfaces after 20 days UV irradiation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl methacrylate) membranes by novel electrospinning system for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Li Xiaoyun , Cao Qi , Wang Xianyou , Jiang Shenghui , Deng Huayang , Wu Na 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFibrous membranes of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PVdF/PMMA) were fabricated by electrospinning method with different concentrations of polymer solution: 14, 16, and 18 wt %. The morphology of the electrospun membranes was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The images revealed that the nanofibers showed uniform diameter and no bead formation was observed with the concentration of 16 wt %. Also, the structure, crystallinity, ionic conduction, and electrochemical stability of the electrospun membranes were characterized. The results suggested that electrolyte uptake, ionic conduction, and electrochemical stability were improved by the addition of PMMA. Furthermore, with the 16 wt % concentration of the polymer solution, the membrane showed a high ionic conductivity of 3.5 mS cm−1 at room temperature and electrochemical stability of up to 5.1 V. We predicted that this new method may be very promising for preparing microporous PVdF/PMMA polymer electrolytes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Surface and adhesion properties of poly(ethylene glycol) on polyester(polyethylene terephthalate) fabric surface: Effect of air‐atmospheric plasma treatment
Authors: Takke V. , Behary N. , Perwuelz A. , Campagne C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe surface and adhesion properties of different molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (400, 1500, and 3000 g/mol) on untreated and air‐atmospheric plasma‐treated PET woven fabrics were studied, with the aim of developing durable hydrophilic PET fibrous structures. PEG application was carried out by padding of the PET fabric in aqueous solution of PEG followed by curing and drying. The surface properties of the PEG‐coated PET fabrics were then characterized using wicking test to measure the water contact angle (θ°) and capillary weight (Wc), and using atomic force microscopy (AFM) images in the tapping mode. Results showed that without a prior air‐atmospheric plasma treatment of the PET fabric, the water contact angle decreased and capillary weight increased with the three PEGs, implying an increase in the hydrophilicity of both inner and outer PET fabric fiber surface. Air‐plasma treatment of the PET fabrics before PEG coating increases further the hydrophilicity of the inner fabric fiber surface: the capillary weight was almost doubled in the case of the three PEGs. Best results were obtained with PEG 1500: water contact angle decreasing from 82° to 51°, and the capillary weight increasing from 11 mg to 134 mg. Moreover, wash fastness test at room temperature and at 80°C confirms improved adhesion of PEG‐1500 to the plasma‐treated PET woven fabric surface, while under the same conditions the plasma‐treated PET without PEG loses completely its hydrophilic character. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Adsorption removal of Cu2+ and Ni2+ from waste water using nano‐cellulose hybrids containing reactive polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
Authors: Xie Kongliang , Jing Lixia , Zhao Weiguo , Zhang Yanli 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCellulose is an important biomass in natural material fields. Reactive polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (R‐POSS) bearing multi‐N‐methylol groups is novel high reactive POSS monomer. The nano‐cellulose hybrids containing R‐POSS were synthesized by crosslinking reaction. It was interesting to investigate properties and applications of hybrids containing R‐POSS. In this work, nano‐cellulose hybrids as novel biosorbent were used for adsorpting copper and nickel ions in aqueous solution. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherm of Cu2+ and Ni2+ on the nano‐cellulose hybrids were investigated. The results showed that R‐POSS had been grafted to cellulose macromolecule. The nano‐cellulose hybrids could form new adsorptive position for heavy metal ions. The adsorption capacities of hybrid materials were obviously higher than that of control cellulose. The adsorption of heavy metal ions on nano‐cellulose hybrids followed the second‐order model. The equilibrium isotherms for adsorpting copper and nickel ions on the hybrids followed Langmuir isotherm model. Nano‐cellulose materials containing POSS as biosorbents or ultrafiltration membranes would be used in separation of toxic heavy metal ions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Impact damage sensing in glass fiber reinforced composites based on carbon nanotubes by electrical resistance measurements
Authors: Monti Marco , Natali Maurizio , Petrucci Roberto , Kenny José M. , Torre Luigi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this article, we report an interesting employment of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes as a filler in the epoxy matrix of a glass fiber reinforced composite (FRP). The intrinsic electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes made the development of a nanocomposite with enhanced electrical properties possible. The manufactured nanocomposite was subsequently employed in the production of a glass FRP. Due to the high aspect ratio of carbon nanotubes, very small amounts of these particles were sufficient to modify the electrical properties of the obtained glass fiber composites. Basically, a three‐phases material was developed, in which two phases were electrically insulating—epoxy matrix and glass fiber—and one phase highly conductive, the carbon nanotubes. The main goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of developing a glass fiber reinforced nanocomposite (GFRN), which is able to provide measurable electrical signals when subjected to a low‐velocity impact on its surface. Following this goal, the drop in the mechanical performance of the composite was evaluated before and after the impact. At the same time, the variation in its electrical resistance was measured. The results have shown that it is possible to associate the increase in electrical resistance of the composite with the formation of damages caused by impact. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Ovarian Stem Cell Niche and Follicular Renewal in Mammals
Authors: Bukovsky Antonin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStem cell niche consists of perivascular compartment, which connects the stem cells to the immune and vascular systems. During embryonic period, extragonadal primordial germ cells colonize coelomic epithelium of developing gonads. Subsequently, ovarian stem cells (OSC) produce secondary germ cells under the influence of OSC niche, including immune system‐related cells and hormonal signaling. The OSC in fetal and adult human ovaries serve as a source of germ and granulosa cells. Lack of either granulosa or germ cell niche will result in premature ovarian failure in spite of the presence of OSC. During perinatal period, the OSC transdifferentiate into fibroblast‐like cells forming the ovarian tunica albuginea resistant to environmental threats. They represent mesenchymal precursors of epithelial OSC during adulthood. The follicular renewal during the prime reproductive period (PRP) ensures that there are fresh eggs available for a healthy progeny. End of PRP is followed by exponentially growing fetal genetic abnormalities. The OSC are present in adult, aging, and postmenopausal ovaries, and differentiate in vitro into new oocytes. During in vitro development of large isolated oocytes reaching 200 μm in diameter, an ancestral mechanism of premeiotic nurse cells, which operates during oogenesis in developing ovaries from invertebrates to mammalian species, is utilized. In vitro developed eggs could be used for autologous IVF treatment of premature ovarian failure. Such eggs are also capable to produce parthenogenetic embryos like some cultured follicular oocytes. The parthenotes produce embryonic stem cells derived from inner cell mass, and these cells can serve as autologous pluripotent stem cells. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐ and Triple‐Ratios of Human Body Parts During Development
Authors: Lundh Torbjörn , Udagawa Jun , Hänel Sven‐Erik , Otani Hiroki 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecently developed landmark‐based geometric morphometry has been used to depict the morphological development of organisms. In geometry, four landmarks can be mapped to any other four by Möbius transformations, if the cross‐ratio of the landmarks is invariant and vice versa. To geometrically analyze the morphological development of the human body, we examined the cross‐ratio of three consecutive body parts that are segmented by four landmarks in their configuration. Moreover, we introduced the triple‐ratio of five landmarks that segments four consecutive parts (e.g., the shoulder, upper arm, forearm, and hand) and examined their growth patterns. The cross‐ and triple‐ratios of the upper limb and shoulder girdle in fetuses were constant when biomechanical landmarks were used, although the cross‐ratio of the upper limb varied when anatomical landmarks were used. The cross‐ratios of the lower limbs, trunk, and pelvic girdles in fetuses differed from their corresponding cross‐ratios in adults. These results suggest Möbius growth in the fetal upper limb and shoulder girdle but not in the other body parts examined. However, the growth balance of the three contiguous body parts was represented by the developmental change in the cross‐ratio. Therefore, the cross‐ and triple‐ratios may be applicable for simple but significant assessments of growth balance or proportion of the body parts. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paleoneurology of Two New Neandertal Occipitals from El Sidrón (Asturias, Spain) in the Context of Homo Endocranial Evolution
Authors: Peña‐Melián Angel , Rosas Antonio , García‐Tabernero Antonio , Bastir Markus , De La Rasilla Marco 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe endocranial surface description and comparative analyses of two new neandertal occipital fragments (labelled SD‐1149 and SD‐370a) from the El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain) reveal new aspects of neandertal brain morphological asymmetries. The dural sinus drainage pattern, as observed on the sagittal‐transverse system, as well as the cerebral occipito‐petalias, point out a slightly differential configuration of the neandertal brain when compared to other Homo species, especially H. sapiens. The neandertal dural sinus drainage pattern is organized in a more asymmetric mode, in such a way that the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) drains either to the right or to the left transverse sinuses, but in no case in a confluent mode (i.e. simultaneous continuation of SSS with both right (RTS) and left (LTS) transverse sinuses). Besides, the superior sagittal sinus shows an accentuated deviation from of the mid‐sagittal plane in its way to the RTS in 35% of neandertals. This condition, which increases the asymmetry of the system, is almost nonexistent neither in the analyzed Homo fossil species sample nor in that of anatomically modern humans. Regarding the cerebral occipito‐petalias, neandertals manifest one of the lowest percentages of left petalia of the Homo sample (including modern H. sapiens). As left occipito‐petalia is the predominant pattern in hominins, it seems as if neandertals would have developed a different pattern of brain hemispheres asymmetry. Finally, the relief and position of the the cerebral sulci and gyri impressions observed in the El Sidrón occipital specimens look similar to those observed in modern H. sapiens. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐Associated Changes of the Mandibular Foramen Position in Anteroposterior Dimension and of the Mandibular Angle in Dry Human Mandibles
Authors: Ashkenazi Malka , Taubman Lilach , Gavish Anat 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe effect of age on the anteroposterior (A‐P) position of the mandibular foramen (MF) and on the size of the gonial angle (GA) was evaluated in this study. From an Israeli Bedouin population, 121 dry mandibles with primary (36), mixed (26), and permanent dentitions (59) were analyzed. The A‐P position of the MF perpendicular to the posterior border of the ramus was measured with a digital caliper. A mandibulometer was used to evaluate the GA. The MF distance from the posterior border of the ramus increased significantly with age by 66% from primary (7.75 mm) to permanent (12.9 mm; P < 0.001). Similarly, the MF distance from the posterior border of the ramus relative to the total ramus width in A‐P dimension increased significantly (21.4%) with altered dentitions from primary (0.28) to late permanent dentition (0.34; P < 0.001). The GA decreased significantly with age from 140.17° ± 5.9° (primary dentition) to 123.61° ± 6.9° (late permanent dentition; P < 0.001). The anterior movement of the MF and the decreased size of the GA that occurred with changing dentition were related to growth process. The MF moves anteriorly, and the GA decreases with age. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shrinkage of Renal Tissue after Impregnation via the Cold Biodur Plastination Technique
Authors: Pereira‐Sampaio Marco A. , Marques‐Sampaio Beatriz P.S. , Sampaio Francisco J.B. , Henry Robert W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThorough dehydration is a key for good plastination and invariably it leads to shrinkage. Shrinkage during plastination has been studied to lesser extent. Shrinkage was studied in 10 pig kidneys including regional shrinkage (cortex, medulla, sinus) and at which stages of the process (dehydration, impregnation, curing) shrinkage occurred. Kidneys were fixation by perfusion of 10% neutral buffered formalin solution via the renal artery. The vessels and ureter were filled with colored silicone (Dow Corning, Silastic E RTV Silicone Rubber) and the kidneys were cut into one centimeter transverse slices. Two slices of each kidney were plastinated via the classic von Hagens' method. Slices were photographed at the same focal length after preparation and at the end of each stage of plastination. Slice surface area was determined by a point‐counting planimetry method. Post dehydration shrinkage of the kidney was 10.21% while post impregnation 10.11%. After completion of plastination, total area of kidney slice shrinkage was 19.72%. Cortical area shrunk 12.81% after dehydration and 13.16% after impregnation. After plastination, cortical area had shrunk 24.28%. No significant shrinkage occurred in the medulla and sinus. Results demonstrate that kidney shrinkage during impregnation is as intense as during dehydration. Significant shrinkage occurred in the renal cortex but not in the medulla and sinus. This demonstrates that different tissue types, even in the same specimen, have different rates of shrinkage during dehydration and impregnation. Therefore, plastinated specimens should be used carefully in research where obtaining measures is important. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1‐Pentanoyl‐N‐{[2'‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)biphenyl‐4‐yl]methyl}‐pyrrolidine‐2‐carboxamide: Investigation of Structural Variations
Authors: Catalano Alessia , Carocci Alessia , Di Mola Antonia , Bruno Claudio , Vanderheyden Patrick M. L. , Franchini Carlo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe recently reported a series of 1‐acyl‐N‐(biphenyl‐4‐ylmethyl)pyrrolidine‐2‐carboxamides as AT1 receptor ligands. The most potent compound of the series, 1‐pentanoyl‐N‐{[2'‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)biphenyl‐4‐yl]methyl}‐pyrrolidine‐2‐carboxamide, showed an interesting affinity for the receptor. To investigate the influence of structure variations on affinity, the synthesis of additional compounds belonging to this series has been performed. Biological tests run on the newly synthesized compounds on CHO‐hAT1 cells stably expressing the human AT1 receptor confirm our previous hypothesis, i.e. that, within this series, the length of the acyl chain, the substitution of the amidic group and the nature of the acidic one are crucial for the receptor interaction, being a valeric chain, a secondary amidic function and the tetrazole moiety, respectively, the optimal ones.
Collaborative development of anatomy workshops for medical and dental students in Cambodia
Authors: Hayes Jennifer A. , Ivanusic Jason J. , le Roux Cara M. , Hatzopoulos Kate , Gonsalvez David , Hong Someth , Durward Callum 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAfter Phnom Penh was liberated from the Khmer Rouge in 1979, health science education in Cambodia had to be completely rebuilt. In this article, the authors report the results of a teaching collaboration between the University of Melbourne (Australia), the International University (Cambodia), and the University of Health Sciences (Cambodia). The main objectives in this collaboration were to provide the opportunity for dental and medical students in Cambodia to attend resourced anatomy workshops and to provide an opportunity for anatomy teachers in Cambodia to gain experience in implementing anatomy workshops of the style that are routinely used in the medical and dental curricula at the University of Melbourne. Experienced anatomy educators from the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, designed and resourced a series of workshops and then delivered these in collaboration with Cambodian teaching staff in Phnom Penh. The Cambodian students who participated in the workshops were incredibly engaged and enthusiastic. The students' evaluations (by questionnaire) indicated a very positive response to the workshops. All of the workshop resources were donated to the two universities so that the staff could continue to implement similar workshops, and plans were developed to continue our collaboration by developing more resourced workshops for this purpose in the future. Two staff members from Cambodia will travel to Melbourne to participate in anatomy workshops and dissection classes at the University of Melbourne. We hope that this extension of the collaboration provides further support and impetus for the development of anatomy education in Cambodia in the future. Anat Sci Educ © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Laser‐Induced Crystallization and Crystal Growth
Authors: Sugiyama Teruki , Masuhara Hiroshi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecent streams of laser studies on crystallization and crystal growth are summarized and reviewed. Femtosecond multiphoton excitation of solutions leads to their ablation at the focal point, inducing local bubble formation, shockwave propagation, and convection flow. This phenomenon, called “laser micro tsunami” makes it possible to trigger crystallization of molecules and proteins from their supersaturated solutions. Femtosecond laser ablation of a urea crystal in solution triggers the additional growth of a single daughter crystal. Intense continuous wave (CW) near infrared laser irradiation at the air/solution interface of heavy‐water amino acid solutions results in trapping of the clusters and evolves to crystallization. A single crystal is always prepared in a spatially and temporally controlled manner, and the crystal polymorph of glycine depends on laser power, polarization, and solution concentration. Upon irradiation at the glass/solution interface, a millimeter‐sized droplet is formed, and a single crystal is formed by shifting the irradiation position to the surface. Directional and selective crystal growth is also possible with laser trapping. Finally, characteristics of laser‐induced crystallization and crystal growth are summarized.
Revisiting Keteniminium Salts: More than the Nitrogen Analogs of Ketenes
Authors: Madelaine Claire , Valerio Viviana , Maulide Nuno 
Published: June 2011

AbstractKeteniminium salts are powerful electrophilic heterocumulene reagents well‐known for their selectivity and stereocontrol in [2+2] cycloadditions to olefins and carbonyl derivatives. Furthermore, they are readily accessible from stable and simple precursors under a variety of different conditions. Herein, we present the chemistry of keteniminium salts with the hindsight of time, describe preparation methods, recent [2+2] chemistry, mechanistic studies, and assorted applications that significantly extend the scope of utility of these unique electrophilic heterocumulenes.
Integrated macroalgae production for sustainable bioethanol, aquaculture and agriculture in Pacific island nations
Authors: Borines Myra G. , McHenry Mark P. , de Leon Rizalinda L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Philippine Biofuels Act of 2006 mandates domestic gasoline blending with bioethanol at a rate of 5% by 2009 and 2010, and 10% by 2011 (by volume). Akin to most biofuel policies, the Act aims to increase fuel supply security, reduce emissions, and stimulate regional development. However, the majority of biofuels blended are imported due to conventional food market demand for biofuel feedstocks, and limited domestic biofuel production capacity. A promising alternative domestic bioethanol feedstock is macroalgae (seaweed) species, of which the Philippines is already a major global commercial producer. The advantages of using particular non‐food macroalgae as a bioethanol feedstock include zero competition with agricultural food production, no freshwater requirement, high yields per area, zero fertilizer applications, and the pre‐existing markets for bioethanol macroalgae wastes. Adaptation of existing macroalgae farming methods, customized to high‐yielding non‐food bioethanol precursor species, can enable rapid expansion into industrial‐scale biofuel production, far exceeding terrestrial bioethanol yields in terms of per unit area. This work identifies the regional availability and supply of appropriate macroalgae species suitable for bioethanol production, and explores integrated production synergies and challenges for an environmentally sustainable macroalgae bioethanol industry suitable for a number of Pacific island nations. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd