bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological components of intellectual disability: the contributions of immediate, working, and associative memory
Authors: Edgin Jamie O. , Pennington Bruce F. , Mervis Carolyn B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground  Efficient memory functions are important to the development of cognitive and functional skills, allowing individuals to manipulate and store information. Theories of memory have suggested the presence of domain‐specific (i.e. verbal and spatial) and general processing mechanisms across memory domains, including memory functions dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus. Comparison of individuals who have syndromes associated with striking contrasts in skills on verbal and spatial tasks [e.g. Down syndrome (DS) and Williams syndrome (WS)] allows us to test whether or not these dissociations may extend across cognitive domains, including PFC and hippocampal memory processes.Methods  The profile of memory function, including immediate memory (IM), working memory (WM) and associative memory (AM), was examined in a sample of adolescents and young adults with DS (n = 27) or WS (n = 28), from which closely CA‐ and IQ‐matched samples of individuals with DS (n = 18) or WS (n = 18) were generated. Relations between memory functions and IQ and adaptive behaviour were also assessed in the larger sample.Results  Comparisons of the two matched groups indicated significant differences in verbal IM (DS < WS), spatial IM (DS > WS) and spatial and verbal AM (DS > WS), but no between‐syndrome differences in WM. For individuals with DS, verbal IM was the most related to variation in IQ, and spatial AM related to adaptive behaviour. The pattern was clearly different for individuals with WS. Verbal and spatial AM were the most related to variation in IQ, and verbal WM related to adaptive behaviour.Conclusions  These results suggest that individuals with these two syndromes have very different patterns of relative strengths and weaknesses on memory measures, which do not fully mirror verbal and spatial dissociations. Furthermore, different patterns of memory dysfunction relate to outcome in individuals with each syndrome.
Adaptation and validation of the Tower of London test of planning and problem solving in people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Masson J. D. , Dagnan D. , Evans J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground  There is a need for validated, standardised tools for the assessment of executive functions in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). This study examines the validity of a test of planning and problem solving (Tower of London) with adults with ID.Method  Participants completed an adapted version of the Tower of London (ToL) while day‐centre staff completed adaptive function (Adaptive Behaviour Scale – Residential and Community: Second Edition, modified version) and dysexecutive function (DEX‐Independent Rater) questionnaires for each participant. Correlation analyses of test and questionnaire variables were undertaken.Results  The adapted ToL has a robust structure and shows significant associations with independent living skills, challenging behaviour and behaviours related to dysexecutive function.Conclusions  The adapted ToL is a valid test for use with people with ID. However, there is also a need to develop other ecologically valid tools based on everyday planning tasks undertaken by people with ID.
Effectiveness of a computerised working memory training in adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities
Authors: Van der Molen M. J. , Van Luit J. E. H. , Van der Molen M. W. , Klugkist I. , Jongmans M. J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground  The goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a computerised working memory (WM) training on memory, response inhibition, fluid intelligence, scholastic abilities and the recall of stories in adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities attending special education.Method  A total of 95 adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities were randomly assigned to either a training adaptive to each child's progress in WM, a non‐adaptive WM training, or to a control group.Results  Verbal short‐term memory (STM) improved significantly from pre‐ to post‐testing in the group who received the adaptive training compared with the control group. The beneficial effect on verbal STM was maintained at follow‐up and other effects became clear at that time as well. Both the adaptive and non‐adaptive WM training led to higher scores at follow‐up than at post‐intervention on visual STM, arithmetic and story recall compared with the control condition. In addition, the non‐adaptive training group showed a significant increase in visuo‐spatial WM capacity.Conclusion  The current study provides the first demonstration that WM can be effectively trained in adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities.
An SSR from the leucine‐rich repeat region of the rose Rdr1 gene family is a useful resistance gene analogue marker for roses and other Rosaceae
Authors: Terefe D. , Debener T. 
Published: April 2010

With 1 figure and 1 table AbstractWe developed the Rd1LRR microsatellite marker from a highly conserved part of the LRR region of nine completely sequenced Rdr1 paralogues of a black spot‐resistant Rosa multiflora genotype. The black spot resistance gene Rdr1 belongs to the class of nucleotide‐binding site and leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR)‐encoding genes. The occurrence of a distinct (CT)n repeat in each Rdr1 paralogue allowed us to fingerprint rose genotypes for the diversity within the Rdr1 gene family. PCR analysis with Rd1LRR in 34 rose cultivars resulted in 52 distinct bands corresponding to a minimum of 52 different NBS‐LRR encoding resistance gene analogue genes. In addition, 31 wild rose species and 34 accessions of R. arvensis were analysed with this marker. The high diversity for the number and allelic composition of Rd1LRR banding patterns even within individuals of R. arvensis indicated that the Rdr1 locus is highly diverse. The Rd1LRR may be used in future mapping projects for tests of cosegregation of new resistance specificities to the Rdr1 gene cluster. Furthermore, this marker is a useful tool for the identification of distinct Rdr1 genes in cloning experiments.
Carbimazole‐induced agranulocytosis: does antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody have a role?
Authors: Yip G. , Ekinci E. , Lee S. T. , Jerums G. , Grossmann M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCarbimazole is a drug that is widely used for hyperthyroid disorders, such as Graves' disease. Agranulocytosis is a rare idiosyncratic adverse reaction to the drug which is potentially fatal. This report describes a patient with a history of successfully treated pyoderma gangrenosum, who developed agranulocytosis 3 weeks after commencement of carbimazole for Graves' disease. It may give credence to the theory that implicates antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in the pathogenesis of agranulocytosis induced by antithyroid drugs.
Hypertension in children with poorly functioning unilateral kidneys: predictors of resolution after nephrectomy
Authors: El‐Hout Yaser , Licht Christoph , Pippi Salle Joao L. , Ngan Bo‐Yee , Bagli Darius J. , Lorenzo Armando J. , Farhat Walid A. 
Published: April 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo identify the outcome of nephrectomy and predictors of hypertension (HTN) resolution in children with poorly functioning unilateral kidneys (differential renal function, DRF of <15%), as concurrent HTN is often an indication for nephrectomy.PATIENTS AND METHODSOver a 7.5‐year period, a single centre retrospective analysis of 89 children with unilateral nonfunctioning/poorly functioning kidney who underwent nephrectomy was conducted. Preoperative HTN was present in 18 children (20.2%). The childrens’ characteristics (age, sex, body mass index, pathology, side), cause of nonfunction, diagnostics including preoperative proteinuria (dipstick) and DRF (nuclear scan), pathological features of specimen and follow‐up were recorded.RESULTSThe mean (median; range) age at nephrectomy was 6.8 (5; 0.333–14) years with a mean (median; range) follow‐up of 2.4 (3; 0.083–5.5) years. The mean (median; range) DRF was 6.5 (1; 0–15)%. Twelve of 18 children (67%) resolved their HTN. Age at nephrectomy, sex, side of nonfunctioning kidney and surgical approach (78% laparoscopic nephrectomy) did not correlate with HTN resolution. Persistence of HTN seemed to correlate with residual function of more than a DRF threshold of 5% (P= 0.05), the presence of preoperative qualitative proteinuria by dipstick (P= 0.03) and inflammation on pathology.CONCLUSIONSHTN resolved after nephrectomy for poorly functioning unilateral kidney in most of the children. Persistence of HTN is probably multifactorial. Ipsilateral residual function before nephrectomy, preoperative proteinuria and pathological features of nephrectomy specimen may serve as clinically useful markers for outcome prediction.
Quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Guevara C. A. , Blain C. R. , Stahl D. , Lythgoe D. J. , Leigh P. N. , Barker G. J. 
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose:  Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows the measurement of a number of brain tissue metabolites in vivo, including N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), a putative marker of neuronal integrity. Unlike single voxel MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) enables quantification of these metabolites simultaneously from multiple anatomically localized voxels. Both single voxel MRS and MRSI allow the absolute quantification of these metabolites and, when combined with tissue segmentation, can give accurate metabolite concentrations even in the presence of partial volume effects from nearby cerebrospinal fluid.Methods:  Using MRSI with cubic voxels with a nominal volume of 1.0 cm3, we tested the hypothesis that concentrations of NAA in the basal ganglia in multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) would show differences compared to Parkinson’s disease (IPD). NAA values (in mM) from MRSI voxels centred to the putamen, pallidum and thalamus were obtained from 11 patients with IPD, 11 with MSA‐P, six with MSA‐C, 13 with PSP and 18 controls. The mean concentrations of NAA and its bulk grey and white matter values were also estimated over the whole brain slab.Results:  N‐acetylaspartate concentrations in the pallidum, putamen and lentiform nucleus were significantly lower in patients with MSA‐P and PSP compared to IPD and controls. The putaminal values were also significantly reduced in PSP compared to MSA‐P. There were no significant differences between groups in the thalamus and over the whole brain slab.Conclusion:  Our findings support the notion that MRSI can potentially quantify basal ganglia cellular pathology in MSA and PSP.
Assimilation of Foreigners in Former West Germany
Authors: Schaeffer Peter V. , Bukenya James O. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMigration movements to industrialized countries have grown in number and size, and the presence of large numbers of immigrants has raised concerns about their integration and assimilation into host societies. This article is an empirical study of assimilation of foreign nationals in Germany. Their experience may hold lessons for other relatively recent immigration destinations. As expected, language is one of the most critical factors for determining integration and assimilation at the workplace and in society. Our results indicate uneven success in these two areas, and suggest that greater language skills may be required for social assimilation, compared to economic assimilation. Among the most important findings of our study are the strong and statistically significant effects of the attitudes by Germans toward immigrants, the significant influence of the region of residence, and the ambivalence of German‐born foreign residents toward naturalization and continued stay. This signals the failure of past integration and assimilation policies. The results show that negative attitudes by ethnic Germans against others at work or in society, in general, reduce interest in integration and assimilation. This is neither new nor surprising and this research does not contribute new theoretical insights, but it demonstrates the magnitude and significance of the effects. The question of why different locations seemed to have different impacts on citizenship aspirations is beyond the scope of this article. The data do not provide information to pursue this question and we suspect that the causes are too complex for a short answer. As expected, non‐EU citizens showed greater interest in acquiring German citizenship than EU citizens. Finally, the results also indicate that the immediate post‐World War II notion of “guest workers” was not completely false. There has been significant return migration and a significant number of respondents to the survey say that they intend to return.
Mainstream In‐Patient Mental Health Care for People with Intellectual Disabilities: Service User, Carer and Provider Experiences
Authors: Donner Ben , Mutter Robin , Scior Katrina 
Published: April 2010

Background  Government guidelines promote the use of mainstream mental health services for people with intellectual disabilities whenever possible. However, little is known about the experiences of people with intellectual disabilities who use such services.Materials and Methods  Face‐to‐face interviews with service users, carers and community nurses were completed and analysed on a case by case basis using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The results were followed up in focus groups with service providers.Results  Positive aspects included the provision of respite, particularly for carers, and good basic care. These were outweighed by a perception of the admission as disempowering and lacking in flexible treatment provision. Accessing help emerged as a major problem, as well as the prospect of staff neglecting the specific needs of people with intellectual disabilities.Conclusions  While there were some indications of improvements in line with recent policies and guidance, mainstream services seem a long way off realizing aims of easy accessibility, person‐centred practices and active partnership with intellectual disability services.
Cognitive Functioning of Children with Severe Intellectual Disabilities and Children with Deafblindness: A Study of the Perceptions of Teachers and Parents in the USA and India
Authors: Narayan Jayanthi , Bruce Susan M. , Bhandari Reena , Kolli Padmavathi 
Published: April 2010

Background  Teachers and parents play a very important role in providing valuable information for the assessment of children with severe disabilities. The needs of children, educational goals, and parental aspirations are similar irrespective of the part of the globe they live in. This study focused on the perceptions of teachers and parents of children with severe intellectual disability and children with deafblindness in the USA and India.Method  A total of 125 teachers and parents from both countries formed the participants for the study. A questionnaire of 13 yes/no items with space for narrative comments was administered to participants.Results  Analysis of the yes/no questions revealed that many of the perceptions of the participants were similar in both countries. Furthermore, the examples cited in the narrative were also similar across both countries. The teachers in this study tended to credit performance more readily than parents and teachers were more likely to report emerging skills and teaching strategies. The narratives highlighted the importance of functional assessment in the child’s natural environment over time to most fully capture the child’s present abilities and potential.Conclusions  While detailed study with larger samples is necessary, the present study implies that it may be possible to develop assessment tools that can be used across countries for educational planning.
Do You Know What I Feel? A First Step Towards a Physiological Measure of the Subjective Well‐Being of Persons With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Vos Pieter , De Cock Paul , Petry Katja , Van Den Noortgate Wim , Maes Bea 
Published: April 2010

Background  Because of limited communicative skills, it is not self‐evident to measure subjective well‐being in people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. As a first step towards a non‐interprative measure of subjective well‐being, we explored how the respiratory, cardiovascular and electro dermal response systems were associated with the valence dimension of emotion.Material and Methods  Three participants were presented with staff selected negative and positive stimuli. During the presentation we measured the participants’ respiration, skin conductance, heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). We used behavioural codings as an extra measure of emotional valence.Results  Participants showed a shallow, fast breathing pattern, used less thoracic breathing, had a higher skin conductance and had less RSA when experiencing positive emotions then when experiencing negative emotions.Conclusion  There are physiological differences between positive and negative emotions. The results also indicate that people with PIMD direct their attention away from negative stimuli.
Dental health behaviours among early adolescents in Hong Kong
Authors: Mak KK , Day JR 
Published: April 2010

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene
9, 2011; 122–126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00452.x Mak KK, Day JR. Dental health behaviours among early adolescents in Hong Kong.Abstract:  Objectives:  This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and socioeconomic differences in dental health behaviours among Hong Kong early adolescents.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 4927 students (44.7% boys) aged 14–15 from 36 secondary schools in 2000–2001. Students reported their socioeconomic information and dental health behaviours using the Health Related Behaviour General Questionnaire (HRBGQ). Logistic regression models were used to determine the adjusted odds ratios of regular tooth brushing (at least twice daily), weekly use of dental floss (in the past 7 days) and annual dental visit (in the past 12 months) for different socioeconomic characteristics.Results:  Of the subjects, 77.8% reported to have brushed regularly, but only 22.3% used dental floss weekly and 37.9% had annual dental visit. Male gender and Chinese ethnicity were significantly associated with lower odds of regular brushing, use of dental floss and annual dental visit. Two or more siblings and not living with both parents were also significantly associated with lower odds of regular brushing and annual dental visit. Furthermore, students living in non‐private housing were significantly less likely to have annual dental visit than those in private housing.Conclusions:  Regular brushing was common, but not use of dental floss and annual dental visits among Hong Kong early adolescents. In general, socioeconomic disparity in dental health behaviours was observed. Extending the existing government‐run dental health programmes to secondary school students in Hong Kong is warranted.
Difference in incisional complications following exploratory celiotomies using antibacterial‐coated suture material for subcutaneous closure: Prospective randomised study in 100 horses
Authors: BISCHOFBERGER A. S. , BRAUER T. , GUGELCHUK G. , KLOHNEN A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Incisional complications are a major post operative challenge following ventral midline exploratory celiotomy for abdominal pain in horses. They lead to discomfort, prolonged hospitalisation, longer recovery times and increased cost; therefore, investigation of preventative procedures are warranted.Objectives:To determine the clinical effect of antibacterial (triclosan) coated 2‐0 polyglactin 910 suture material on the likelihood of incisional infections when used for closure of subcutaneous tissue following ventral midline celiotomies in horses.Methods:One hundred horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy assigned at random to one of 2 groups. In the control group coated 2‐0 polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) was used for apposition of the subcutaneous tissue in a simple continuous pattern and, in the study group, antibacterial (triclosan) coated 2‐0 polyglactin 910 suture material (Vicryl Plus) was used. Post operatively an elastic adhesive abdominal bandage was applied, changed and the incision was inspected by a clinician blinded to the study protocol at 24–36 h and 6–9 days post operatively. Outcomes of interest were evidence of incisional pain, incisional oedema, sheath/udder oedema, incisional drainage, hernia formation and dehiscence.Results:Antibacterial‐coated suture material did not decrease the likelihood of incisional complications in 100 horses.Conclusions:A beneficial effect on ventral midline incisions in 100 horses was not evident by using antibacterial‐coated suture material.Potential relevance:Lack of effectiveness of antibacterial‐coated suture material in equine ventral midline closure after exploratory celiotomy and the observed potential adverse effects suggest that further clinical investigations are needed before using such material routinely on horses.
A morphological and quantitative immunohistochemical study of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the normal equine intestinal tracts
Authors: PAVONE S. , MANDARA M. T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) play a key role in the control of intestinal motility and have been implicated in several human gastrointestinal dysmotility syndromes, in equine grass sickness and in other intestinal disorders where a significant reduction in ICC density was observed.Objectives: To investigate the density of ICC in clinically normal horses, ICC c‐Kit expression was evaluated by image analysis in order to obtain numerical data.Methods: Intestinal samples from the jejunum to small colon from 5 clinically normal horses were studied. Immunohistochemical labelling of ICC was performed using an anti‐c‐Kit antibody. Density of ICC was calculated using image analysis software.Results: In the equine intestinal tract 2 types of ICC were observed: intramuscular ICC, i.e. ICC in the internal circular layer (IC‐CM) and ICC in the external longitudinal layer (IC‐LM), and myenteric ICC (IC‐MY). The density of IC‐MY was found to be higher throughout the small intestine. IC‐MY density in the large intestine appeared to be greatest in the right ventral colon and in the small colon. IC‐MY density in the ileocaecal junction showed an intermediate value compared to the small and large intestine. On the other hand, the density of IC‐CM was found to be higher in the ileocaecal junction, whereas the caecum, left ventral colon and the left dorsal colon showed the lowest c‐Kit immunoreactivity. The ileal tract and the ileocaecal junction showed an appreciable IC‐LM density.Conclusions: Image analysis is a rapid and reproducible method to establish the density of ICC in the normal equine intestinal tract.Potential relevance: This study corroborates the findings of previous studies and provides a platform for further future pathological investigations of the equine intestine by supplying usable numerical data as comparative elements.