bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Licensing Strategies in the Presence of Patent Thickets
Authors: Lin Lihui 
Published: April 2011

Many key industries (e.g., biomedical, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, and information technologies) are characterized by cumulative innovations, where the introduction of a new product or service often requires many complementary technologies. When these technologies are protected by intellectual property rights owned by many firms, patent thickets exist, which researchers have argued may hinder the development of cumulative innovations. Specifically, patent thickets may lead to excessive royalty burdens for potential licensees, which is called “royalty stacking,” and if such costs are passed on to consumers, prices of products based on cumulative technologies will be driven up, dubbed as “double marginalization.” The literature, however, does not address these issues under different forms of licensing contracts.This article develops a game‐theoretic model where a downstream firm seeks to license N patents that read on its product from upstream firms. It discusses a variety of licensing forms widely used in practice and attempts to discover whether royalty stacking and double marginalization occur under these forms of licenses. It also studies the impact of bargaining power between parties. It is found that when patent ownership becomes more fragmented, neither royalty stacking nor double marginalization occurs under profit‐based royalty, fixed fee, and hybrid licenses. Such problems occur only under pure quantity‐based or pure revenue‐based royalty licenses when the downstream firm's bargaining power is low. It is also shown that no matter how fragmented the ownership structure of patent is, hybrid licenses consisting of a fixed fee and a quantity‐ or revenue‐based royalty rate lead to the same market outcomes as a fully integrated firm that owns all the patents and the downstream market.This article has interesting implications for both research and practice. First, the results show that even under the same patent ownership structure, different forms of licenses lead to quite different market outcomes. Therefore, it is suggested that firms and policy makers pay more attention to contractual forms of licenses when trying to minimize the negative impact of patent thickets. Second, the extant literature has largely assumed that quantity‐based royalties are used, where double marginalization is the most severe. In practice, revenue‐based royalties are most common, under which double marginalization is much milder. Third, the results show that patent pools can be most effective in mitigating royalty stacking and double marginalization when quantity‐based or revenue‐based royalties are the sole or primary payment form, especially when downstream firms have low bargaining power.
Statistics: All Together Now, One Step at a Time
Authors: DRUMMOND GORDON B. , PATERSON DAVID J. , McLOUGHLIN PAUL , McGRATH JOHN C. 
Published: April 2011

Please cite this paper as: Drummond, Paterson, McLoughlin and McGrath (2011). Statistics: All Together Now, One Step at a Time. Microcirculation 18(4), 312.
Emergency Department Abnormal Vital Sign “Triggers” Program Improves Time to Therapy
Authors: McGillicuddy Daniel C. , O’Connell Francis J. , Shapiro Nathan I. , Calder Shelly A. , Mottley Lawrence J. , Roberts Jonathan C. , Sanchez Leon D. 
Published: April 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:483–487 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractBackground:  Implementation of rapid response systems to identify deteriorating patients in the inpatient setting has demonstrated improved patient outcomes. A “trigger” system using vital sign abnormalities to initiate evaluation by physician was recently described as an effective rapid response method.Objectives:  The objective was to evaluate the effect of a triage‐based trigger system on the primary outcome of time to physician evaluation and the secondary outcomes of therapeutic intervention, antibiotics, and disposition in emergency department (ED) patients.Methods:  A separate‐samples pre‐ and postintervention study was conducted using retrospective chart review of outcomes in ED patients for three arbitrarily selected 5‐day periods in 2007 (pretriggers) and 2008 (posttriggers). There were 2,165 and 2,212 charts in the pre‐ and posttriggers chart review, with 71 and 79 patients meeting trigger criteria. Trigger criteria used to identify patients at triage were: heart rate of <40 or >130 beats/min, respiratory rate of <8 or >30 breaths/min, systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation of <90% on room air. Median times (in minutes) were compared between pre‐ and posttrigger groups with interquartile ranges (IQRs 25–75), with the Wilcoxon rank sum test used to determine statistical significance.Results:  Overall median times were decreased among the posttriggers group. Median times to physician evaluation (21 minutes [IQR = 13–41 minutes] vs. 11 minutes [IQR = 5–21 minutes]; p < 0.001), first intervention (58 minutes [IQR = 20–139 minutes] vs. 26 minutes [IQR = 11–71 minutes]; p < 0.01), and antibiotics (110 minutes [IQR = 74–171 minutes] vs. 69 minutes [IQR = 23–130 minutes]; p < 0.01) were significant. Median times to disposition (177 minutes [IQR = 121–303 minutes] vs. 162 minutes [IQR = 114–230 minutes]; p = 0.18) were not significant.Conclusions:  Implementation of an ED triggers program allows for more rapid time to physician evaluation, therapeutic intervention, and antibiotics.
Delirium in Older Emergency Department Patients Is an Independent Predictor of Hospital Length of Stay
Authors: Han Jin H. , Eden Svetlana , Shintani Ayumi , Morandi Alessandro , Schnelle John , Dittus Robert S. , Storrow Alan B. , Ely E. Wesley 
Published: April 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:451–457 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The consequences of delirium in the emergency department (ED) remain unclear. This study sought to determine if delirium in the ED was an independent predictor of prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS).Methods:  This prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care, academic ED from May 2007 to August 2008. The study included English‐speaking patients aged 65 and older who were in the ED for less than 12 hours at enrollment. Patients were excluded if they refused consent, were previously enrolled, were unable to follow simple commands at baseline, were comatose, or did not have a delirium assessment performed by the research staff. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM‐ICU) was used to determine delirium status. Patients who were discharged directly from the ED were considered to have a hospital LOS of 0 days. To determine if delirium in the ED was independently associated with time to discharge, Cox proportional hazard regression was performed adjusted for age, comorbidity burden, severity of illness, dementia, functional impairment, nursing home residence, and surgical procedure. A sensitivity analysis, which included admitted patients only, was also performed.Results:  A total of 628 patients met enrollment criteria. The median age was 75 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 69–81), 365 (58%) patients were female, 111 (18%) were nonwhite, 351 (56%) were admitted to the hospital, and 108 (17%) were delirious in the ED. Median LOS was 2 days (IQR = 0–5.5) for delirious ED patients and 1 day (IQR = 0–3) for nondelirious ED patients (p < 0.001). The hazard ratio (HR) of delirium for time to discharge was 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57 to 0.89) after adjusting for confounders, and indicated that ED patients with delirium were more likely to have prolonged hospital LOS compared with those without delirium. For the sensitivity analysis, which included only hospitalized patients, the adjusted HR was 0.76 (95% CI = 0.58 to 0.99).Conclusions:  Delirium in older ED patients has negative consequences and is an independent predictor of prolonged hospitalizations.
Only a Multipronged Strategy Can Advance the Function Life Cycle Logistics
Authors: BORSCH CHARLES 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Life Cycle Logistics career field is by definition not a professional one. Department of Navy Life Cycle Logisticians must nevertheless operate to high degrees of professionalism in order to successfully plan, resource, and execute sustainment programs for defense systems that are effective and maximally affordable for the Fleet to own and operate. The multifaceted solutions to the challenge of advancing both the functions of logistics and its career workforce, in lieu of professional certification, is the subject of this paper.
The Ballistic Response of Cross‐Stiffened Panels from a Rocket‐Propelled Grenade
Authors: PAHOS SPIRO J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCruise ships often transit the littoral zone of developing countries where piracy thrives. The attack against Seaborne Spirit on November 5, 2005 was countered successfully by the ship's crew but the toll could have been a lot heavier that day. Nowadays, although international forces police high‐risk waters, the risk map is constantly evolving, and there have been instances where even naval vessels had to change their route in order to avoid perilous areas. In the Seaborne Spirit attack approximately 100 miles off the Somali Coast, although the crew thwarted the pirates from coming any closer to the ship, the assailants managed to launch a rocket‐propelled grenade (RPG) that miraculously failed to explode when it hit the ship's side. This paper carried out the analysis of blast and impact in a fluid–structure interaction model with LS‐DYNA solver. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the ballistic response of cross‐stiffened panels, commonly used in ship and offshore structures, from the impact with an RPG warhead. It was found that although an RPG alone cannot threaten a highly redundant structure as a ship or an offshore platform, the developed jet from the shaped charge is certainly threatening to passengers and crew.
Optimal Feedback Control of Power Systems Using Eigenstructure Assignment and Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: FERRESE FRANK , DONG QING , NATARAJ NAT , BISWAS SAROJ 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe US Navy has a continuing interest and investment in basic and applied research in the area of automation and control. The potential naval applications for this research are numerous and wide ranging. The need for advances in control and automation systems exists from missile defense, to shipboard auxiliary systems, to naval aircraft, and virtually everywhere in between. This research is performed in industry, academia, and in naval laboratories across the nation. This paper will detail particular research in control theory being performed in the area of automation and controls in the naval laboratories. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to manipulate the state and control weighting matrices of a linear quadratic regulator to achieve an optimal control for a desired eigenstructure. The algorithm is demonstrated on a nonlinear power system model, and is found to be highly effective in the stabilization of the system output performance, showing both rapid convergence and a closed loop eigenstructure very close to the specified eigenstructure.
Cutaneous angiosarcoma arising in massive localized lymphedema of the morbidly obese: a report of five cases and review of the literature
Authors: Shon Wonwoo , Ida Christiane M. , Boland‐Froemming Jennifer M. , Rose Peter S. , Folpe Andrew 
Published: April 2011

A significant proportion of angiosarcoma arises in the setting of chronic lymphedema, often following surgery for breast carcinoma (Stewart–Treves syndrome). Massive localized lymphedema (MLL), a relatively recently described and rare pseudotumor most often occurring in morbidly obese patients, is thought to be the result of derangements in lymphatic drainage secondary to excessive adipose tissue. Only a very small number of cases of angiosarcoma have been reported in patients with MLL. We reviewed the clinical and pathological features of five patients with angiosarcoma arising in this unusual clinical setting. The tumors arose in three women and two men, who were in the age range from 36 to 81 years (median: 52 years). All patients were or had recently been morbidly obese (mean body mass index = 47.2 kg/cm2; range:37.6–68.5 kg/cm2) and had long‐standing soft tissue changes of MLL. The tumors arose in the thigh (two cases), lower leg (two cases) and abdomen/proximal thigh (one case) and ranged from 6 to 28.5 cm in size (mean: 15.9 cm). All tumors were conventional high‐grade angiosarcomas and microscopically exhibited an admixture of vasoformative, spindled and epithelioid features. Microscopic changes of MLL, including dermal fibrosis, expansion of interlobular fibrous septa and lymphangiectasia, were identified in all cases. Clinical follow‐up (four cases; mean: 13.8 months; range: 2–32 months) showed one patient to be dead of disease, one patient to be dead from therapy‐related complications and two patients to be alive without disease. One case was too recent for meaningful clinical follow‐up. We conclude that lymphedema secondary to obesity should be recognized as a significant risk factor for the development of angiosarcoma. The clinical and pathological features of angiosarcoma arising in this distinctive clinical setting appear to be identical to those of other lymphedema‐associated angiosarcomas. With the continuing epidemic of obesity in Western societies, the incidence of obesity‐related angiosarcoma is probably to increase. Consequently, it is critical that lymphedematous areas in obese patients be carefully examined for clinical evidence of early angiosarcoma, with the hope that timely diagnosis may lead to improved patient outcome.Shon W, Ida CM, Boland‐Froemming JM, Rose PS, Folpe A. Cutaneous angiosarcoma arising in massive localized lymphedema of the morbidly obese: a report of five cases and review of the literature.
Quantitative evaluation of healthy epidermis by means of multiphoton microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
Authors: Benati Elisa , Bellini Valerio , Borsari Stefania , Dunsby Christopher , Ferrari Chiara , French Paul , Guanti Mario , Guardoli Davide , Koenig Karsten , Pellacani Giovanni , Ponti Giovanni , Schianchi Simona , Talbot Clifford , Seidenari Stefania 
Published: April 2011

Background/purpose: Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) enables the assessment of unstained living biological tissue with submicron resolution, whereas fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) generates image contrast between different states of tissue characterized by various fluorescence decay rates. The aim of this study was to compare the healthy skin of young individuals with that of older subjects, as well as to assess the skin at different body sites, by means of MPM and FLIM.Methods: Nineteen elderly patients were examined on the outer side of the forearm, whereas 30 young individuals were assessed on the dorsal and volar sides of the forearm and on the thigh.Results: Cell and nucleus diameters, cell density and FLIM vary according to the epidermal cell depth and the skin site. In elderly subjects, epidermal cells show morphologic alterations in shape and size, with smaller cell and nucleus diameters; the number of basal cells is decreased, whereas the mean fluorescence lifetimes at both the upper and the lower layers increase.Conclusion: This study provides quantitative and qualitative data on normal epidermis at different skin sites at different ages and represents a reference for the clinician attempting to understand the effectiveness of MPM and FLIM in discriminating diseased states of the skin from normal ones.
Spatially resolved kinematics of an ultracompact dwarf galaxy
Authors: Frank M. J. , Hilker M. , Mieske S. , Baumgardt H. , Grebel E. K. , Infante L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We present the internal kinematics of UCD3, the brightest known ultracompact dwarf galaxy (UCD) in the Fornax cluster, making this the first UCD with spatially resolved spectroscopy. Our study is based on seeing-limited observations obtained with the ARGUS Integral Field Unit of the VLT/FLAMES spectrograph under excellent seeing conditions (0.5–0.67 arcsec FWHM).
The velocity field of UCD3 shows the signature of weak rotation, comparable to that found in massive globular clusters. Its velocity dispersion profile is fully consistent with an isotropic velocity distribution and the assumption that mass follows the light distribution obtained from Hubble Space Telescope imaging. In particular, there is no evidence for the presence of an extended dark matter halo contributing a significant (≳33 per cent within R &lt; 200 pc) mass fraction, nor for a central black hole more massive than ∼5 per cent of the UCD's mass. While this result does not exclude a galaxian origin for UCD3, we conclude that its internal kinematics are fully consistent with it being a massive star cluster.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ULTRAFILTRATION AND MICROFILTRATION IN THE CLARIFICATION OF POMEGRANATE JUICE
Authors: MIRSAEEDGHAZI HOSSEIN , MOUSAVI SEYYED MOHAMMAD , EMAM‐DJOMEH ZAHRA , REZAEI KARAMATOLLAH , AROUJALIAN ABDOLREZA , NAVIDBAKHSH MAHDI 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTIn this study, both microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) were applied to clarify pomegranate juice (PJ). Although MF resulted in greater permeate efficiency, the turbidities of the juices were similar when using these approaches. Also, changes in the pH, acidity, total soluble solids, phenolic components, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities were similar when using both membrane processes. According to the results of this study, there was a greater membrane fouling in the UF process when compared to the MF process. Pretreatment of the juices with an MF process reduced the membrane fouling in the UF process. However, further processing of the microfiltered PJ by a UF process did not have any influence on the turbidity but decreased the levels of valuable components (such as total anthocyanin and antioxidant activity levels) of the juice.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAccording to this research, microfiltration (MF) can be used as a more convenient approach than ultrafiltration (UF) to clarify pomegranate juice (PJ). This is due to the fact that the yield of the clarified juice in the MF process was higher, but the chemical and nutritional properties of the permeated juices were similar in both applications. It was also found that complementary UF of a previously microfiltered PJ was ineffective in the clarification process of PJ.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND TSS ON PERFORMANCE OF EVAPORATION AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PINEAPPLE CONCENTRATION BY MICROWAVE VACUUM
Authors: ASSAWARACHAN RITTICHAI , NOOMHORM ATHAPOL 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTIn the first part of this study, pineapple juice concentrated by microwave vacuum evaporation (MVE) and rotary vacuum evaporation (RVE) process were compared in terms of evaporation rate, electrical energy, color and apparent viscosity (µa). MVE provided 2.21 times higher evaporation rate and used 5.32 times less energy than RVE. Pineapple juice concentrates from MVE gave better color quality than from RVE at the same evaporation condition. However, there was a significant difference inµa of pineapple juice concentrates between the two evaporation methods. The second part was to investigate the effect of temperature and total solid soluble (TSS) on rheological behavior of concentrate pineapple juice from MVE. The values of consistency coefficient (k) were in the range of 23.855–257.771 Pa·sn, which decreased with the increasing temperature and concentration. The effect of temperature on k was described by Arrhenius model. The activation energy of k was in the range of 9.74–10.13 kJ/mol K. The power equation showed that the consistency coefficient non‐linearly increased with an increase in concentration. The effect of temperature and concentration on k of pineapple juice concentrate could be determined in terms of single logarithmic. Predicted models were developed to calculate k as a function of temperature and concentration. The result of validation showed the suitability of the mathematical model prediction in describing k of pineapple juice concentrate.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSVacuum evaporation process has the advantage being of highly efficient technology and provides high product quality. The vacuum evaporation is a unit operation in fruit juice processing by which fruit juice is evaporated at sub‐atmospheric pressure. Under subatmospheric pressure, the operation can be completed at lower temperature, and hence produce higher quality of concentrate juice than a conventional process, which is conducted at atmospheric pressure. In this study, the effect of heating system of vacuum evaporation between external heating by rotary vacuum and internal heating by microwave vacuum on juice quality and evaporation performances was investigated. For the food industry, characterization of flow behavior is essential for determining the processing operation and transport phenomena of liquid food, and flow behavior parameters are defined as a set of parameters indicating the food quality indexes. The relationship of temperature and concentration of pineapple juice on rheological behavior of pineapple concentrate was determined to develop mathematical model for predicting the change of flow behavior during the process.
EFFECT OF DE‐AWNING AND MOISTURE CONTENT ON SOME FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PADDY
Authors: ALIZADEH MOHAMMADREZA , MINAEI SAEED 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTOne of the specific traits of Iran's local paddy varieties is the presence of awns at the tip of the lemma that cause difficulties in the grain flow through chutes and orifices. In this study, the effect of de‐awning and moisture content of paddy on the angle of repose, coefficient of internal friction and coefficient of mobility were evaluated as a function of moisture content in the range of 7–23% dry basis (d.b.).Results revealed that the effect of de‐awning and moisture content on frictional properties of paddy was highly significant (P < 0.01). For awned paddy, the angle of repose increased from 37.42 to 45.70°; coefficient of internal friction increased from 0.453 to 0.574; the angle of internal friction from 24.37 to 29.85° and coefficient of mobility decreased from 0.415 to 0.335 as the paddy moisture content increased from 7.64 to 23.38% d.b. In the case of de‐awned paddy, the angle of repose increased from 34.46 to 42.68°; coefficient of internal friction from 0.427 to 0.512; the angle of internal friction from 23.11 to 27.10° and the coefficient of mobility decreased from 0.430 to 0.370 at same range of moisture content.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSKnowledge of frictional properties is important in predicting the lateral pressure on a retaining wall in storage bins or design of bins and hoppers for gravity flow. The coefficient and angle of internal friction has applications in problems of flow of bulk granular materials encountered in problems flow of bulk granular materials equipment. To predict the flow ability of the grains through openings, it is important to determine the angle of repose of the materials. In design and optimization of paddy handling systems, especially de‐awner machine, dryer, huller and cleaning systems, it is important to obtain these frictional properties during paddy postharvest operations.