bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Distinct Neuronal Networks Mediate the Awareness of Environment and of Self
Authors: Vanhaudenhuyse Audrey , Demertzi Athena , Schabus Manuel , Noirhomme Quentin , Bredart Serge , Boly Melanie , Phillips Christophe , Soddu Andrea , Luxen Andre , Moonen Gustave , Laureys Steven 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Evidence from functional neuroimaging studies on resting state suggests that there are two distinct anticorrelated cortical systems that mediate conscious awareness: an “extrinsic” system that encompasses lateral fronto-parietal areas and has been linked with processes of external input (external awareness), and an “intrinsic” system which encompasses mainly medial brain areas and has been associated with internal processes (internal awareness). The aim of our study was to explore the neural correlates of resting state by providing behavioral and neuroimaging data from healthy volunteers. With no a priori assumptions, we first determined behaviorally the relationship between external and internal awareness in 31 subjects. We found a significant anticorrelation between external and internal awareness with a mean switching frequency of 0.05 Hz (range: 0.01–0.1 Hz). Interestingly, this frequency is similar to BOLD fMRI slow oscillations. We then evaluated 22 healthy volunteers in an fMRI paradigm looking for brain areas where BOLD activity correlated with “internal” and “external” scores. Activation of precuneus/posterior cingulate, anterior cingulate/mesiofrontal cortices, and parahippocampal areas (“intrinsic system”) was linearly linked to intensity of internal awareness, whereas activation of lateral fronto-parietal cortices (“extrinsic system”) was linearly associated with intensity of external awareness.
Israel's 1993 Decision to Make Peace with the PLO or How Political Losers (this Time) Became Winners
Authors: Doron Gideon , Rosenthal Maoz 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPolitical losers' theory claims that political losers can move to a winning position if they turn the tables and change the situation completely. Our analysis shows that political losers can become winners by maintaining their favored option on the agenda. If the alternatives promoted by the political winners collapse and the losers have access to the winners' agenda, then there can be a situation in which the losers' favored alternative might be adopted. The 1993 Oslo Agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) illustrates this. We show how a team of political losers facilitated an alternative that the political winner – Israel's Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin – eventually had to adopt when his more favored options for negotiations became irrelevant. Thus, this narrative offers a complementary explanation to existing explanations of the Oslo Agreement, applies political losers' theory and provides further insight into the influence of domestic politics on international negotiations.
The Women and Peace Hypothesis? The Effect of Opponent Negotiators' Gender on the Evaluation of Compromise Solutions in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Maoz Ifat 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe "women and peace" hypothesis refers to the tendency of women to hold more peaceful and compromising attitudes than men. We hypothesized that common gender stereotypes that portray women as less aggressive and as more cooperative and considerate than men will cause a gendered evaluation effect, in which: (1) a compromise proposal offered by female opponents in peace negotiations will be valued more favorably, as more beneficial to ones' own side and as less beneficial to the opponents' side, in comparison to the same proposal when offered by male opponents; (2) female opponent negotiators offering the compromise proposal will be perceived as significantly higher in warmth and trustworthiness and as significantly lower in assertiveness than male opponent negotiators offering the same proposal. These effects were researched in the context of the protracted conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. An experimental study examined the effect of national identity (Israeli vs. Palestinian) and gender (female vs. male) of negotiators offering a compromise proposal – aimed at resolving the conflict – on Jewish-Israeli evaluations of the proposal. The findings were consistent with the hypothesized gendered evaluation effect.
Competitiveness, Gender and Ethics in Legal Negotiations: Some Empirical Evidence
Authors: Tsaoussi Aspasia , Feidakis Andreas 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe role of gender in negotiation has been extensively explored and documented in a now rich body of literature. A main strand of empirical evidence suggests that women, largely due to their gender socialization, tend to be weaker negotiators relative to men and consequently, less effective in pursuing their economic, social or family interests in diverse bargaining settings. We present findings from a Greek setting that paint a different picture, in which gender does not have a strong impact on the negotiating process when the negotiating parties are members of a competitive profession. We selected three different groups (Greek attorneys-at-law, Greek business students and a control group comprised of young employees in public and private organizations) and distributed self-assessment questionnaires to test for negotiating style and gender-specific negotiation behavior. Our findings suggest that differences which may be attributed to gender are less pronounced for Greek legal practitioners. Stronger determinants of successful outcomes in negotiations are negotiators' individual characteristics (competitive negotiating style, persuasion, social and emotional intelligence) and the conformity of Greek lawyers of both sexes to the competitive group norms of their profession. Therefore, the shared norms and values of professional culture play a critical role in how lawyers negotiate. We discuss these findings in the context of a larger social setting, especially by reference to the changing hierarchies and shifts in power in a legal profession increasingly populated by women.
Deconstructing Gender in Trans-Gender Identities
Authors: Hakeem Az 
Published: June 2010

In this theoretically informed clinical study the author draws upon the psychoanalytic and group therapeutic literature in addition to the works of Judith Butler and his own clinical group analytic work with trans-gender in order to discuss the author’s hypothesis that binary gender rigidity stands at the core of trans-gender states. The author suggests that the analytic task is to deconstruct gender and trans-gender constructions in working with these patients. In addition to working towards greater analytic understanding such an endeavour may also be considered as a social, political and cultural exercise in working towards shifts in our societal foundation matrix. Small group psychotherapy is used as a medium for these observations and as the basis for this study.
Treating and Training: A 30 Year Experience of a Team with a Group-Analytic Framework: Part II
Authors: Manso Neto Isaura , Fialho Teresa , Godinho Paula , Centeno Maria João 
Published: June 2010

Part II Part II will incorporate the results of a survey that was carried out with the aim of evaluating the training received at the Psychiatric Day Hospital of Santa Maria’s Hospital in Lisbon during its first 30 years. This was accomplished by sending a questionnaire to all the professionals who trained at this unit during the period between 1977 and 2007. The conclusions of this research have highlighted the importance of the group analytic model in training professionals in psychiatry and mental health.
Revisited role for mucus hypersecretion in the pathogenesis of COPD
Authors: Cerveri I. , Brusasco V. 
Published: June 2010

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous and complex disease of which the basic pathophysiological mechanisms remain largely unknown. On the basis of recent results from pathological studies and large clinical trials, the presence of airway inflammation does not seem to be sufficient to explain the complexity of the disease and the relatively poor response to treatment. It is probably time to abandon the concept of COPD as a unique disease and define, identify and treat the various aspects, which may differ between individuals.Among the different phenotypic distinctions, the classical distinction “chronic bronchitis” has mucus hypersecretion as the key presenting symptom. Its role in COPD has been the subject of an ongoing debate; however, it now appears to be being re-evaluated due to findings from recent epidemiological and pathological studies. In this context, the view that chronic mucus hypersecretion plays a secondary role in the pathogenesis of COPD should be abandoned and instead, drugs targeting mucus hypersecretion should be considered as a treatment option.
Prevention of exacerbations of COPD with pharmacotherapy
Authors: Miravitlles M. 
Published: June 2010

Exacerbations are a frequent event in the evolution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Individuals with COPD have a mean of 1–3 episodes per year, some of which lead to hospital admission and may even be a cause of death. The importance of COPD exacerbations has become increasingly apparent due to the impact these episodes have on the natural history of disease. It is now known that frequent exacerbations can adversely affect health-related quality of life and short- and long-term pulmonary function. Optimising treatment for stable COPD will help to reduce exacerbations.Long-acting bronchodilators, alone or combined with inhaled corticosteroids, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing the rate of exacerbations in patients with COPD. Other innovative approaches are being investigated, such as the long-term use of macrolides or the use of antibiotics in an effort to suppress bronchial colonisation and consequent exacerbations. Other drugs, such as mucolytics and immunomodulators, have recently provided positive results.Non-pharmacological interventions such as rehabilitation, self-management plans and the maintenance of high levels of physical activity in daily life are also useful strategies to prevent exacerbations in patients with COPD and should be implemented in regular clinical practice.
Mucoactive therapy in COPD
Authors: Decramer M. , Janssens W. 
Published: June 2010

It has been shown that mucus hypersecretion is associated with greater susceptibility for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), excess forced expiratory volume in 1 s decline, hospitalisations and excess mortality. The effects of mucoactive drugs on outcomes have been reviewed in several meta-analyses, the largest one including 26 studies. 21 studies were performed in patients with chronic bronchitis and five in patients with COPD. The majority of these trials were performed withN-acetylcysteine (n = 13) and carbocysteine (n = 3).Overall, there was a significant reduction in exacerbations (0.05 per patient per month) and the number of days with disability (0.56 days per patient per month). Mucolytics were well tolerated and the number of adverse events was lower than with placebo (odds ratio 0.78). In the largest and best designed study withN-acetylcysteine in 523 patients with COPD, the reduction in exacerbations was only observed in patients not taking inhaled corticosteroids. In addition, a 374 mL reduction in functional residual capacity was found. A recent large study (n = 709) with high-dose carbocysteine (1,500 mg·day−1) demonstrated a significant effect on exacerbations (25% reduction) and also reported an improvement in health-related quality of life (-4.06 units in St George's Respiratory Questionnaire).It is unclear what the mechanisms underlying these effects may be and which phenotypes benefit from this treatment. On the basis of this evidence mucoactive drugs may deserve consideration in the long-term treatment of COPD.
What does the respiratory physician interested in sleep need to know about bariatric surgery?
Authors: Ramsey H. , Pournaras D.J. , Ahmed A. , le Roux C. , Partridge M.R. 
Published: June 2010

Educational aimsTo understand the relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome, obesity and bariatric surgery.To learn the mechanisms, techniques and non-respiratory benefits of bariatric surgery.SummaryObstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) is reported to affect 4% of middle-aged males and 2% of middle-aged females in the UK [1], with one of the most widely recognised major risk factors being obesity [2]. The prevalence of obesity in many countries is rising – in England, 24% of males and 24% of females were classified as obese in 2007 (body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg per m2), compared with 13.2% of males and 16.4% of females in 1993 [3]. The prevalence of OSAHS within the obese population is widely reported to range between 55–90% in people with a BMI of >40 kg per m2[4], and many studies have found a reduction in the apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) and symptoms of OSAHS with weight loss [5], although it is widely recognised that weight loss by medical methods does not yield good results in the long term. The mainstay of treatment for OSAHS is nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. This has been shown to have a discontinuation rate of 18–24% [2], which adds to the need for alternative therapy for OSAHS associated with obesity.Bariatric surgery is the field of weight-loss surgery, from the Greek words ‘baros’ meaning ‘weight’ and ‘iatrike’ meaning ‘medicine’, and is widely accepted as the most effective, long-term treatment for obesity, especially in those with a BMI of >40 kg per m2. The Swedish Obese Subjects Trial, the largest trial studying surgicalversusmedical treatment of weight loss, showed an average weight loss of approximately 25.6% 2 yrs after surgery and 18.3% after 10 yrs, compared with a weight change of ±2% in the medically managed group [6].
Continuous positive airway pressure and humidification
Authors: Nilius G. , Ruhle K-H. 
Published: June 2010

Educational aimsTo demonstrate the side-effects of CPAP on the upper airways.To discuss the principles of humidification of breathing.To explain the operating mode and distinctions of different heated humidifiers.SummaryUpper airway complications are very common during noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation, particularly continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Acceptance of CPAP is compromised if such complaints occur; thus proactive management is very important for the achievement of good compliance. The use of conventional heated humidifiers is standard therapy when complications with upper airways arise during CPAP therapy. The performance of different types of heated humidifiers has not been fully considered in terms of their therapeutic effect. In particular, changes in ambient conditions should be taken into account. Advanced controlled heated humidifiers with heated breathing tubes monitor the amount of air flow,e.g.when mouth or mask leaks occur, as well as changes in ambient temperature. These more advanced techniques have been proven to reduce side-effects.
Pulmonary rehabilitation: today and tomorrow
Authors: Nici L. , ZuWallack R. 
Published: June 2010

Educational aimsTo review the rationale for and the components of comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation.To evaluate the role of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation.To discuss the potential role of pulmonary rehabilitation in the critically ill patient and the patient with lung cancerSummaryComprehensive and effective clinical management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requires an interdisciplinary, integrated care approach that includes both pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a nonpharmacological, interdisciplinary, patient-centred intervention that is a crucial component of the optimal care for patients with COPD, and, as such, has a prominent place in all current guidelines for the treatment of this disease [1–3].This article will begin by outlining the components of pulmonary rehabilitation and the rationale behind its effectiveness. It will then focus on some emerging areas of clinical and research interest which will illustrate how the principles of pulmonary rehabilitation can be adapted to nontraditional areas to improve patient outcomes. These include COPD exacerbations, lung cancer and critical illness.
Integrated care of the COPD patient: a pulmonary rehabilitation perspective
Authors: ZuWallack R. , Nici L. 
Published: June 2010

Educational aimsTo demonstrate that the current care system for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients often falls short of desired outcomes.To describe the concepts of the chronic care model and integrated care.To emphasise the positioning of pulmonary rehabilitation and self-management and self management strategies within integrated care.SummaryThe current acute care model for COPD is, in general, insufficient for optimal management of the disease. Single disease guidelines often fall short for diseases such as COPD that have prominent systemic manifestations and frequent comorbidities contributing to disease burden. Coordination of services is often inadequate, especially at the time of the COPD exacerbation, which is characterised by high morbidity, increased healthcare utilisation and increased mortality risk. The integrated care model for COPD may reduce some of these inefficiencies. On one level, integrated care means giving the right patient the right therapy at the right time. This can include smoking cessation therapies, the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and increased activity, optimal pharmacotherapy, collaborative self-management strategies, palliative therapy and end-of-life care. Additionally, integrated care improves access to care and reduces fragmentation of care through partnering, communication and coordination among healthcare professionals, patients and their families. Integration at the time of the exacerbation includes a comprehensive assessment of the patient at the time of hospital discharge, proper discharge planning, early discharge services, a self-management plan, sharing this plan with all pertinent healthcare providers, utilisation of a professional for case management and facilitation of the exchange of information with modern information technology. Pulmonary rehabilitation provides many of these services and can be considered a component of integrated care.
Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation
Authors: Singh S. , Wagg K. 
Published: June 2010

Educational aimsTo consider the fundamental aims of pulmonary rehabilitation.To give an overview of the outcome measures used and how they can be appliedTo review the content of a course of rehabilitation and methods by which it can be delivered.To review the structure and format of rehabilitation including setting, location and duration.SummaryPulmonary rehabilitation provides a package of education, nutritional support and physical training that promotes the skills required for patients to successfully self manage their respiratory condition. Improvements in quality of life, exercise tolerance, physical activity and function are key outcomes for the individual. There are many tools available which measure these changes and can be used to identify individual deficits and needs. Most of the literature describes the intervention in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but there is emerging evidence that the benefits translate to other respiratory conditions, and improvements are achievable regardless of disease severity, smoking status, gender or age. To maintain the benefits from rehabilitation it is critical to identify barriers and address behaviour change that will provoke better lifestyle choices.
Pathogenesis and diagnosis of bronchiectasis
Authors: King P.T. , Daviskas E. 
Published: June 2010

Educational aimsTo describe the important factors involved in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis.To define how a diagnosis of bronchiectasis is made.SummaryBronchiectasis is an important cause of respiratory morbidity but one that has generally had a low profile. The prevalence of this condition varies but is common in certain indigenous populations and, anecdotally, in developing nations. It also has been recently recognised to be an ongoing problem in developed countries. As bronchiectasis is heterogeneous with a large number of predisposing factors and, generally, a long clinical history, the pathogenesis has not been well defined. The combination of a microbial insult and a defect in host defence allow the establishment of persistent bronchial infection and inflammation leading to progressive lung damage. Lung function testing usually demonstrates a mild to moderate obstructive pattern, which arises from inflammation in the small airways. There are a number of risk factors associated with this condition, which is commonly idiopathic. The microbiology of bronchiectasis is complex and changes as the disease progresses. The diagnosis is made by a combination of clinical symptoms and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) demonstrating abnormal airway dilatation.
Factors associated with death in hospitalized pneumonia patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in Shenyang, China
Authors: Cui Wei , Zhao Hongwen , Lu Xu , Wen Ying , Zhou Ying , Deng Baocheng , Wang Yu , Wang Wen , Kang Jian , Liu Pei 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
During the spring of 2009, a pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged and spread globally. We describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with the death of patients who were hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 influenza pneumonia in Shenyang, China, from November to December 2009.

Methods
We carried out a retrospective chart review of 68 patients who were hospitalized with pneumonia and confirmed to have 2009 H1N1 virus infection by a real time RT-PCR assay of respiratory specimens.

Results
Of the 68 patients we studied, 30 (44%) were admitted to an intensive care unit and 10 (14.7%) died. The median age of patients was 41 years (range, 18-66), and only one patient was over 65 years of age. The male to female ratio was 2.78:1 (50:18). Of the 68 patients, 23 (34%) had at least one underlying medical condition, 9 (13%) had a cigarette index ≥400 and 22 (32%) were obese. All patients underwent chest radiography on admission and the findings were consistent with pneumonia in all cases. All patients were treated with oseltamivir and treatment was initiated at a median time of seven days after the onset of illness. The laboratory test results indicated lymphopenia, hypoproteinemia and elevated lactic dehydrogenase and C reactive protein levels. Of the 68 patients, 33 (52%) showed a reduction in CD4 T cell counts. Of the 58 patients who survived, 31 (53%) had lymphopenia and 27 recovered from this condition after five days. Of the 10 patients who died, nine (90%) had lymphopenia and only two patients recovered from this condition after five days. Obesity and recovery from lymphopenia after five days were factors associated with death, as determined by multivariate logistic-regression analysis (obesity, odds ratio = 23.06; lymphocytopenia reversion, odds ration = 28.69).

Conclusions
During the evaluation period in Shenyang, China, 2009 H1N1 influenza caused severe illness requiring hospitalization in 68 patients, 10 (14.7%) of which died. Many of these patients were considered healthy adults and few were elderly (65 years or older). Obesity and lymphopenia, which was not restored after five days of treatment, were factors associated with poor outcomes of 2009 H1N1 influenza infection.