bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of ultrasound‐guided percutaneous argon‐helium cryoablation of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yang Yongping , Wang Chunping , Lu Yinying , Bai Wenlin , An Linjing , Qu Jianhui , Gao Xudong , Chen Yan , Zhou Lin , Wu Yu , Feng Yongyi , Zhang Minna , Chang Xiujuan , Lv Jiyun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound (US)‐guided percutaneous argon‐helium cryoablation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and determine appropriate indications.MethodsWe reviewed outcomes of 300 HCC patients who underwent US‐guided percutaneous cryoablation.ResultsOverall, 223 tumors (mean diameter 7.2 ± 2.8 cm) in 165 patients were incompletely ablated, while 185 tumors (mean diameter 5.6 ± 0.8 cm, P = 0.0001 vs. incomplete ablation) in 135 patients were completely ablated. Nineteen patients (6.3%) developed serious complications while in hospital, including cryoshock syndrome in six patients, hepatic bleeding in five, stress‐induced gastric bleeding in four, liver abscess in one and intestinal fistulas in one. Two patients died because of liver failure. The median follow‐up was 36.7 months (range 6–63 months). The local tumor recurrence rate was 31%, and was related to tumor size (P = 0.029) and tumor location (P = 0.037). The mean survival duration of patients with early, intermediate and advanced HCC (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system) was 45.7 ± 3.8, 28.4 ± 1.2 and 17.7 ± 0.6 months, respectively.ConclusionsUS‐guided percutaneous cryoablation is a relatively safe and effective therapy for selected HCC patients.
Evidence‐based Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis is Associated With a Six‐fold Decrease in Numbers of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolisms in Rehabilitation Inpatients
Authors: Mayer R. Samuel , Streiff Michael B. , Hobson Deborah B. , Halpert Daniel E. , Berenholtz Sean M. 
Published: December 2011

ObjectivesTo measure the impact of a standardized risk assessment tool and specialty‐specific, risk‐adjusted venous thromboembolism (VTE) order sets on compliance with American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines and the number of symptomatic VTE as assessed by administrative data.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAcademic hospital inpatient rehabilitation unit.Patients and ParticipantsAll patients on the rehabilitation unit.Methods and InterventionsAssessment of VTE risk factors and evaluated admission VTE prophylaxis orders before and after implementation of an ACCP guideline–based, specialty‐specific VTE risk assessment, and prophylaxis order set by using a standardized data collection form.Main Outcome MeasuresDischarge diagnostic codes for VTE and pulmonary embolism were tracked by ICD‐9 (International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition) discharge diagnosis codes for the 12 months before and 36 months after the intervention.ResultsBefore implementation of the VTE order set, 27% of patients received VTE prophylaxis in compliance with the 2004 ACCP VTE guidelines. By following implementation of specialty‐specific, risk‐adjusted VTE order sets, compliance increased to 98%. In the year before VTE order‐set implementation, the number of VTEs per admission was 49 per 1000. By following implementation, the number of VTEs steadily decreased each year to 8 per 1000 in 2007 (χ2 = 14.985; P = .0001).ConclusionsImplementation of a standardized VTE risk assessment tool and prophylaxis order set resulted in a substantial improvement in compliance with ACCP guidelines for VTE prophylaxis and was associated with a 6‐fold reduction in the number of symptomatic VTEs in a hospital‐based rehabilitation unit.
Staged venture capital contracting with ratchets and liquidation rights
Authors: Leisen Dietmar P.J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper uses real options analysis to study later round financing in the presence of two standard venture capital contracting provisions: anti‐dilution (ratchet) and liquidation preference. We argue that such provisions can preclude financing of a positive NPV venture in the case of a large follow‐on financing relative to firm value. Liquidation preference contracting at multiples greater than one is not feasible in the later round if the financing is small relative to firm value. We highlight an interaction effect between the two provisions: increasing the liquidation multiple can help to avoid dilution and the need for the prior venture capitalist to waive ratchet provisions.
The making of a splash
Authors: Thoroddsen S. T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe splash resulting from the impact of a drop onto a pool is a particularly beautiful manifestation of a canonical problem, where a mass of fluid breaks up into smaller pieces. Despite over a century of experimental study, the splashing mechanics have eluded full description, the details often being obscured by the very rapid motions and small length scales involved. Zhang et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 690, 2012, pp. 5–15) introduce a powerful new tool to the experimental arsenal, when they apply X-ray imaging to study the fine ejecta sheets which emerge during the earliest contact of the drop. Their images reveal hidden details and complex underlying dynamics, which will directly affect the size and velocity of the splashing droplets.
Intake estimation of total and individual flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins and theaflavins, their food sources and determinants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study
Authors: Knaze Viktoria , Zamora-Ros Raul , Luján-Barroso Leila , Romieu Isabelle , Scalbert Augustin , Slimani Nadia , Riboli Elio , van Rossum Caroline T. M. , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Trichopoulou Antonia , Dilis Vardis , Tsiotas Konstantinos , Skeie Guri , Engeset Dagrun , Ramón Quirós J. , Molina Esther , Huerta José María , Crowe Francesca , Wirfäl Elisabet , Ericson Ulrika , Peeters Petra H. M. , Kaaks Rudolf , Teucher Birgit , Johansson Gerd , Johansson Ingegerd , Tumino Rosario , Boeing Heiner , Drogan Dagmar , Amiano Pilar , Mattiello Amalia , Khaw Kay-Tee , Luben Robert , Krogh Vittorio , Ardanáz Eva , Sacerdote Carlotta , Salvini Simonetta , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Fagherazzi Guy , Perquier Florence , González Carlos A. 
Published: December 2011

Epidemiological studies suggest health-protective effects of flavan-3-ols and their derived compounds on chronic diseases. The present study aimed to estimate dietary flavan-3-ol, proanthocyanidin (PA) and theaflavin intakes, their food sources and potential determinants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration cohort. Dietary data were collected using a standardised 24 h dietary recall software administered to 36 037 subjects aged 35–74 years. Dietary data were linked with a flavanoid food composition database compiled from the latest US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases and expanded to include recipes, estimations and retention factors. Total flavan-3-ol intake was the highest in UK Health-conscious men (453·6 mg/d) and women of UK General population (377·6 mg/d), while the intake was the lowest in Greece (men: 160·5 mg/d; women: 124·8 mg/d). Monomer intake was the highest in UK General population (men: 213·5 mg/d; women: 178·6 mg/d) and the lowest in Greece (men: 26·6 mg/d in men; women: 20·7 mg/d). Theaflavin intake was the highest in UK General population (men: 29·3 mg/d; women: 25·3 mg/d) and close to zero in Greece and Spain. PA intake was the highest in Asturias (men: 455·2 mg/d) and San Sebastian (women: 253 mg/d), while being the lowest in Greece (men: 134·6 mg/d; women: 101·0 mg/d). Except for the UK, non-citrus fruits (apples/pears) were the highest contributors to the total flavan-3-ol intake. Tea was the main contributor of total flavan-3-ols in the UK. Flavan-3-ol, PA and theaflavin intakes were significantly different among all assessed groups. This study showed heterogeneity in flavan-3-ol, PA and theaflavin intake throughout the EPIC countries.
‘A Railway to the Moon’: The post-histories of a Sri Lankan railway line
Authors: THIRANAGAMA SHARIKA 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper takes as its subject the 1905 opening and 1990 closure of the Northern Railway Line, the major Sri Lankan railway which ran the length of the island from south to north. It argues that it can been seen as a social compact in which the life of the individual, the community, and the state became integrally intertwined. It focuses on two dimensions of what the Northern Railway Line enabled in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon): first, a physical and symbolic representation of stateness, and, secondly, the pursuit of mundane everyday life. These are embedded within Sri Lanka's landscapes and histories of colonial and post-colonial rule, and the ethnic conflict, riots, and war which inextricably shaped the railway's journeys and passengers. Railways are more often thought of as large-scale, high-tech artefacts rather than the smaller everyday technologies that are the themes of other papers in this special issue. However, this paper highlights the ways in which railways also make particular kinds of everyday life possible and how, in being woven into routine daily and weekly journeys, the Northern Railway Line came to intertwine the changing circumstances and histories of its mainly Tamil passengers within an increasingly ethnicized national landscape. In the aftermath of its closure, the railway has now come to symbolize a desire for a return to the normalcy of the past, an aspiration to an everyday experience that younger generations have never had, and which has, in consequence, become a potent force.. . . the Northern Railway Line to be opened tomorrow would be a great boon to the Jaffnese in and out of Jaffna. . . it has become possible to travel to Jaffna in a single day. . . At last the railway which was characterized as a ‘tantalising vision’ by a previous Governor and ‘a railway to the moon’, by a quondam Colonial Secretary, has become a fait accompli.1This line has been completely destroyed between Vavuniya and Kankesanthurai (KKS) a track length of 160km. . . The Northern Railway Line is the main line connecting Colombo with Jaffna. . . the third largest town in Sri Lanka prior to the conflict and the Northern Railway Line was in high demand from both passengers and freight. There is a great sentiment amongst the people of the north for restoration.2
Microsporidial infections due toEncephalitozoon intestinalisin non-HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhoea
Authors: YAKOOB J. , ABBAS Z. , BEG M. ASIM , JAFRI W. , NAZ S. , KHALID A. , KHAN R. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYWe determined the prevalence of microsporidiaEnterocytozoon(Ent.)bieneusiandEncephalitozoon(E.)intestinalisinfection in patients with chronic diarrhoea and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 330 stool samples were examined from 171 (52%) patients with chronic diarrhoea, 18 (5%) with HCC while 141 (43%) were controls. Stool microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with species-specific primers forEnt. bieneusiandE. intestinalisand sequencing were carried out. Microsporidia were found by trichrome staining in 11/330 (3%) andE. intestinalisby PCR in 13/330 (4%) whileEnt. bieneusiwas not detected. PCR forE. intestinaliswas positive in 8/171 (5%) stool samples from patients with chronic diarrhoea, 2/141 (1·4%) samples from healthy controls and in 3/18 (17%) samples from patients with HCC. In the chronic diarrhoea group,E. intestinaliswas positive in 4/171 (2·3%) (P=0·69) stool samples compared to 2/18 (11%) (P=0·06) in the HCC group and 2/141 (1·4%) from healthy controls.E. intestinalisinfection was significantly associated with chronic diarrhoea and HCC in these patients who were negative for HIV. Stool examination with trichrome or species-specific PCR for microsporidia may help establish the cause of chronic diarrhoea.
Direct and indirect effects of plant litter on a seed–pathogen interaction inBromus tectorumseed banks
Authors: Beckstead Julie , Miller Lauren E. , Connolly Brian M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe naturally occurring fungal seed pathogen,Pyrenophora semeniperda, reduces the seed bank ofBromus tectorumbut the role of plant litter in this seed–pathogen interaction is unexplored. To investigate the direct and indirect effects of litter on this interaction, we first collected field seed-bank samples from low and highBromuslitter patches. From these data, we explored the relationship between litter depth, seed-bank density and seed mortality fromP. semeniperda. Second, we manipulated the fungal stages (conidial spores and mycelium) in/on the litter through sterilization techniques, to measure the direct effect of litter on seed death. Third, for indirect effects, we manipulated litter levels and held seed density and inoculum constant to determine whetherBromuslitter could modify the seed zone microsites to favour disease. We found that seed-bank samples from high-litter patches contained higher field-killed seed densities compared with low-litter patches, although the percent difference of disease between litter patch types varied among sites and years (e.g. 80% to 46%). In testing the direct effects of litter on the seed–pathogen interaction, we found that litter can act as a direct inoculum source for the pathogen in the early summer but decreases in disease transmission by the following spring when the litter naturally is in contact with seeds. Investigating indirect effects, we found four times as many pathogen-killed seeds in high-litter treatments as compared with low-litter treatments when inoculum loads and seed densities were held constant. In addition, we found that litter influences the seed–pathogen interaction through density-dependent disease transmission. Our findings demonstrate the ecological importance of litter in semi-arid environments as it influences disease levels of a seed pathogen by direct and indirect means.
Bias Correction in Logarithmic Regression and Comparison with Weighted Regression for Nonlinear Models
Authors: Zeng Wei Sheng , Tang Shou Zheng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNon-linear models with heteroscedasticity are commonly used in ecological and forestry modeling, and logarithmic regression and weighted regression are usually employed to estimate the parameters. Using the single-tree biomass data of three large samples, the bias correction in logarithmic regression for non-linear models was studied and comparison between logarithmic regression and weighted regression was discussed in this paper. Firstly, the imminent cause producing bias in logarithmic regression was analyzed, and a new correction factor was presented with which three commonly used bias correction factors were examined together, and the results showed that the correction factors presented here and derived by Baskerville (1972) should be recommended, which could insure the corrected model to be asymptotically consistent with that fitted by weighted regression. Secondly, the fitting results of weighted regression for non-linear models, using the weight function based on residual errors of the model estimated by ordinary least squares (OLS) and the general weight function (w=1/ƒ(x)2) presented by Zeng (1998) respectively, were compared with each other that showed two weight functions worked well and the general function was more applicable. It was suggested that the best way to fit non-linear models with heteroscedasticity would be using weighted regression, and if the total relative error of the estimates from the model fitted by the general weight function was more than a special allowance such as ±3%, a better weight function based on residual errors of the model fitted by OLS should be used in weighted regression.
Label-free Raman observation of cytochrome c dynamics during apoptosis
Authors: Okada Masaya , Smith Nicholas Isaac , Palonpon Almar Flotildes , Endo Hiromi , Kawata Satoshi , Sodeoka Mikiko , Fujita Katsumasa 
Published: December 2011

We performed label-free observation of molecular dynamics in apoptotic cells by Raman microscopy. Dynamic changes in cytochrome c distribution at the Raman band of 750 cm
-1
were observed after adding an apoptosis inducer to the cells. The comparison of mitochondria fluorescence images and Raman images of cytochrome c confirmed that changes in cytochrome c distribution can be distinguished as release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Our observation also revealed that the redox state of cytochrome c was maintained during the release from the mitochondria. Monitoring mitochondrial membrane potential with JC-1 dye confirmed that the observed cytochrome c release was associated with apoptosis.
Simulating Effects of Nonintrogressive Hybridization with a Stocked Hatchery Strain of Rainbow Trout on the Sustainability and Recovery of Naturalized Steelhead Populations in Minnesota Waters of Lake Superior
Authors: Page Kevin S. , Negus Mary T. , Ward Matthew C. , Close Tracy L. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A model was developed to explore the impacts of nonintrogressive hybridization with a stocked hatchery strain of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Kamloops strain [KAM]) on the sustainability and recovery of naturalized steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) populations in Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior. The model was used to assess the extinction risk of Lake Superior steelhead over a 50-year period based on multiple KAM stocking scenarios, initial population sizes, and levels of assortative mating. No extinctions occurred in simulated steelhead populations regardless of initial size after a one-time introduction of KAM; however, the risk of extinction due to nonintrogressive hybridization increased dramatically for scenarios involving annual stocking of KAM. The level of assortative mating among KAM and steelhead greatly influenced the risk of steelhead population decline or extinction for all scenarios. Results of the model support the contention that nonintrogressive hybridization could be an impediment to the sustainability and recovery of the steelhead population in Lake Superior.
Received June 14, 2010; accepted July 20, 2011
Hybridization between Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Rainbow Trout in the Upper Snake River Basin, Wyoming
Authors: Kovach Ryan P. , Eby Lisa A. , Corsi Matthew P. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Human-induced hybridization between fish populations and species is a major threat to aquatic biodiversity worldwide and is particularly relevant to management of the subspecies of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii. The upper Snake River basin in Wyoming contains one of the largest remaining populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout O. clarkii bouvieri, a subspecies of special concern throughout its range; however, little is known about levels of hybridization between Yellowstone cutthroat trout and exotic rainbow trout O. mykiss or about the overall genetic population structure for this river basin. There is concern that the Gros Ventre River is a source of hybridization for the Snake River basin. We sampled across the upper Snake River basin to estimate levels of hybridization and population structure and to describe hybrid zone structure and spatial patterns of hybridization throughout the basin. We used this information to help resolve whether the Gros Ventre River was acting as a potential source of hybridization for the upper Snake River basin. We found that Yellowstone cutthroat trout genotypes dominated the river system, but hybridization was detected at low levels in all populations. The Gros Ventre River contained the highest levels of hybridization (population and individual) and displayed evidence of ongoing hybridization between parental genotypes. Levels of hybridization decreased as a function of distance from the Gros Ventre River, suggesting that this population is acting as a source of rainbow trout genes. These patterns were evident despite the fact that levels of genetic connectivity appeared to be higher than those observed in other cutthroat trout populations (global genetic differentiation index F ST = 0.04), and we did not find evidence for genetic isolation by distance. Management actions aimed at reducing the presence of highly hybridized cutthroat trout or rainbow trout individuals in the Gros Ventre River will help to maintain the upper Snake River basin as an important conservation area.
Received August 30, 2010; accepted August 9, 2011
Tag Loss and Short-Term Mortality Associated with Passive Integrated Transponder Tagging of Juvenile Lost River Suckers
Authors: Burdick Summer M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags are commonly used to mark small catostomids, but tag loss and the effect of tagging on mortality have not been assessed for juveniles of the endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus. I evaluated tag loss and short-term (34-d) mortality associated with the PIT tagging of juvenile Lost River suckers in the laboratory by using a completely randomized design and three treatment groups (PIT tagged, positive control, and control). An empty needle was inserted into each positive control fish, whereas control fish were handled but not tagged. Only one fish expelled its PIT tag. Mortality rate averaged 9.8 ± 3.4% (mean ± SD) for tagged fish; mortality was 0% for control and positive control fish. All tagging mortalities occurred in fish with standard lengths of 71 mm or less, and most of the mortalities occurred within 48 h of tagging. My results indicate that 12.45- × 2.02-mm PIT tags provide a viable method of marking juvenile Lost River suckers that are 72 mm or larger.
Received February 18, 2011; accepted July 27, 2011
Long-Term Changes in Recreational Catch Inequality in a Trout Stream
Authors: Seekell David A. , Brosseau Chase J. , Cline Timothy J. , Winchcombe Raymond J. , Zinn Lee J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Catch inequality occurs when a small number of anglers catch a disproportionally large number of fish. Catch inequality is a common occurrence in recreational fisheries, but long-term changes in catch inequality are rarely measured. We evaluated catch inequality in archived long-term complete-trip creel census records from a trout stream in southeastern New York. These records document all fish caught for each angler over a 20-year period. Catch inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, increased significantly during the study period. Catch per unit effort and an inequality-standardized measure of catch per unit effort declined significantly throughout the study. We tested the hypothesis that between-angler inequality increases as catch per unit effort declines. There was no change in between-angler inequality but between-trip inequality increased substantially. Trip-to-trip variability, not between-angler variability, accounts for increased catch inequality when catch per unit effort declines. Catch inequality increases as catch per unit effort declines, but less successful anglers are not disproportionately affected.
Received July 13, 2011; accepted August 24, 2011
Analytical estimation of the thrust generated by a surface dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Soloviev V R 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The thrust induced by a set of microdischarges forming a surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) at sinusoidal alternating voltage is estimated analytically by a phenomenological model based on available experimental data and achieved understanding of SDBD physics. Qualitative coincidence between theoretical predictions and experimental observations for thrust dependence on voltage at different dielectric thicknesses and its relative permittivity is demonstrated by the developed phenomenological model. The volumetric force is primarily induced by the negative voltage half-cycle. The origin of the force is the accumulation of volumetric negative charge carried by negative long-lived

and

ions. This accumulation is proportional to the third power of discharge length giving a strong force dependence on applied voltage. The directions of further SDBD investigation and actuator performance improvement are discussed.