bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel organization and development of copepod myelin. ii. nonglial origin
Authors: Wilson Caroline H. , Hartline Daniel K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNerve‐impulse conduction is greatly speeded by myelin sheaths in vertebrates, oligochaete annelids, penaeid and caridean shrimp, and calanoid copepods. In the first three invertebrate cases, myelin arises from glial cells, as it does in vertebrates. The contribution of the glial cells to the layered structure of the myelin is clear: their nuclei are either embedded in the layers or reside in contiguous cytoplasmic compartments, and their cell membranes are seen to be continuous with those of the myelin layers. However, with calanoids, the association with glial cells presumed necessary to generate the myelin has never been satisfactorily identified. We have conducted a systematic examination of thin sections through different parts of the copepod nervous system to identify the structural organization of copepod myelin and the likely mechanism for its formation. We find that myelination appears to commence by laying down and compacting a cisternal tongue against the inside of the axolemma. This is followed by the successive layering and compaction of additional tongues to create a stack of tongues. The margins of the tongues then expand to encircle the interior of a neurite, meeting and fusing to form complete concentric myelin. No sign of glial involvement could be detected at any stage. Unlike glially derived myelin, the extracellular tracer lanthanum did not penetrate between the myelin layers in copepods, further evidence against a glial source. We believe this to be the first demonstration of a nonglial origin for myelin in any species. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3281–3305, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐cost data uncertainty quantification
Authors: Bekas C. , Curioni A. , Fedulova I. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThe analysis of a huge backload of ever‐accumulating data presents a huge challenge in all respects of computing. Inverse covariance matrices in this respect are very important. We target data uncertainty quantification, a very useful measure of which is provided by inverse covariance matrix diagonal entries. In previous work, we introduced a novel method that reduces overall complexity by at least two orders of magnitude. At the same time, a state‐of‐the‐art message‐passing interface (MPI) implementation allowed us to reach a sustained performance of up to 73% (730 TFLOPS on the full 72 Blue Gene/P rack configuration at Jülich). Thanks to its reduced complexity, this work has attracted significant interest, and thus, we have received numerous requests concerning its exploitation in various fields. A common denominator in these requests is that they almost all came from people with no or, in the best case, limited high‐performance computing background. Nevertheless, all interest is in analyzing huge data sets, suitably adapting the method to particular applications. A bottleneck then is that potential users are reluctant to pay for a steep learning curve to get proficient in parallel computing using the de facto standard: MPI. Thus, we turned to the Partitioned Global Address Space programming model and in particular the Unified Parallel C language. In this work, we gave a comprehensive description of the framework and demonstrated the efficiency of the state‐of‐the‐art MPI implementation. In addition, we showed that one can develop an easy‐to‐follow yet efficient Unified Parallel C implementation, which is also easy to debug and maintain, features that significantly boost overall productivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Browsing large‐scale cheminformatics data with dimension reduction
Authors: Choi Jong Youl , Bae Seung‐Hee , Qiu Judy , Chen Bin , Wild David 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYVisualization of large‐scale high dimensional data is highly valuable for data analysis facilitating scientific discovery in many fields. We present PubChemBrowse, a customized visualization tool for cheminformatics research. It provides a novel 3D data point browser that displays complex properties of massive data on commodity clients. As in Geographic Information System browsers for Earth and Environment data, chemical compounds with similar properties are nearby in the browser. PubChemBrowse is built around in‐house high performance parallel Multi‐dimensional scaling and Generative topographic mapping services and supports fast interaction with an external property database. These properties can be overlaid on 3D mapped compound space or queried for individual points. We prototype the integration with Chem2Bio2RDF system using SPARQL endpoint to access over 20 publicly accessible bioinformatics databases. We describe our design and implementation of the integrated PubChemBrowse application and outline its use in drug discovery. The same core technologies are generally applicable to develop high performance scientific data browsing systems for other applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure–Function Relationships of New Lipids Designed for DNA Transfection
Authors: Dittrich Matthias , Heinze Martin , Wölk Christian , Funari Sergio S. , Dobner Bodo , Möhwald Helmuth , Brezesinski Gerald 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCationic liposome/DNA complexes can be used as nonviral vectors for direct delivery of DNA‐based biopharmaceuticals to damaged cells and tissues. To obtain more effective and safer liposome‐based gene transfection systems, two cationic lipids with identical head groups but different chain structures are investigated with respect to their in vitro gene‐transfer activity, their cell‐damaging characteristics, and their physicochemical properties. The gene‐transfer activities of the two lipids are very different. Differential scanning calorimetry and synchrotron small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering give valuable structural insight. A subgel‐like structure with high packing density and high phase‐transition temperature from gel to liquid‐crystalline state are found for lipid 7 (N′‐2‐[(2,6‐diamino‐1‐oxohexyl)amino]ethyl‐2,N‐bis(hexadecyl)propanediamide) containing two saturated chains. Additionally, an ordered head‐group lattice based on formation of a hydrogen‐bond network is present. In contrast, lipid 8 (N′‐2‐[(2,6‐diamino‐1‐oxohexyl)amino]ethyl‐2‐hexadecyl‐N‐[(9Z)‐octadec‐9‐enyl]propanediamide) with one unsaturated and one saturated chain shows a lower phase‐transition temperature and a reduced packing density. These properties enhance incorporation of the helper lipid cholesterol needed for gene transfection. Both lipids, either pure or in mixtures with cholesterol, form lamellar phases, which are preserved after addition of DNA. However, the system separates into phases containing DNA and phases without DNA. On increasing the temperature, DNA is released and only a lipid phase without intercalated DNA strands is observed. The conversion temperatures are very different in the two systems studied. The important parameter seems to be the charge density of the lipid membranes, which is a result of different solubility of cholesterol in the two lipid membranes. Therefore, different binding affinities of the DNA to the lipid mixtures are achieved.
Daytime Reactions of 1,8‐Cineole in the Troposphere
Authors: Ceacero‐Vega Antonio A. , Ballesteros Bernabé , Bejan Iustinian , Barnes Ian , Albaladejo José 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRelative rate coefficients for the gas‐phase reaction of chlorine atoms (Cl) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) with 1,8‐cineole were determined by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy between 285 and 313 K at atmospheric pressure. The temperature dependence of both reactions shows simple Arrhenius behaviour which can be represented by the following expressions (in units of cm3 molecule−1s−1): k(1,8‐cineole+OH)=(6.28±6.53)×10−8exp[(−2549.3±155.7)/T] and k(1,8‐cineole+Cl)=(1.35±1.07)×10−10exp[(−151.6±237.7)/T]. Major products of the titled reactions were identified by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to a GC‐MS. Additionally, the first step of the reaction was theoretically studied by ab initio calculations and a reaction mechanism is proposed.
Binocular maps in Xenopus tectum: Visual experience and the development of isthmotectal topography
Authors: Udin Susan B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractXenopus frogs have a prominent binocular field that develops as a consequence of the migration of the eyes during the remodeling of the head during and after metamorphosis. In the optic tectum, a topographic representation of the ipsilateral eye develops during this same period. It is relayed indirectly, via the nucleus isthmi. In the early stages of binocular development, the topographic matching of the ipsilateral input to the retinotectal input from the contralateral eye is largely governed by chemical cues, but the ultimate determinant of the ipsilateral map is binocular visual input. Visual input is such a dominant factor that abnormal visual input resulting from unilateral eye rotation can induce isthmotectal axons to alter their trajectories dramatically, even shifting their terminal zones from one pole of the tectum to the other. This plasticity normally is high only during a 3–4‐month critical period of late tadpole‐early juvenile life, but the critical period can be extended indefinitely by dark‐rearing. N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in this process; plasticity can be blocked or promoted by chronic treatment with NMDA antagonists or agonists, respectively. Cholinergic nicotinic receptors on retinotectal axons are likely to play an essential role as well. Modifications in the polysialylation of neural cell adhesion molecule are correlated with the state of plasticity. The circuitry underlying binocular plasticity is not yet fully understood but has proved not to be a simple convergence of ipsilateral and contralateral inputs onto the same targets. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 564–574, 2012
Multiple transcription factor families regulate axon growth and regeneration
Authors: Moore Darcie L. , Goldberg Jeffrey L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractUnderstanding axon regenerative failure remains a major goal in neuroscience, and reversing this failure remains a major goal for clinical neurology. Although an inhibitory central nervous system environment clearly plays a role, focus on molecular pathways within neurons has begun to yield fruitful insights. Initial steps forward investigated the receptors and signaling pathways immediately downstream of environmental cues, but recent work has also shed light on transcriptional control mechanisms that regulate intrinsic axon growth ability, presumably through whole cassettes of gene target regulation. Here we will discuss transcription factors that regulate neurite growth in vitro and in vivo, including p53, SnoN, E47, cAMP‐responsive element binding protein (CREB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT), c‐Jun activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), sex determining region Ybox containing gene 11 (Sox11), nuclear factor κ‐light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), and Krüppel‐like factors (KLFs). Revealing the similarities and differences among the functions of these transcription factors may further our understanding of the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in axon growth and regeneration. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 1186–1211, 2011
Improvement in distance resolution of chaos laser radar using phase delay circuit
Authors: Sato Nagayuki , Yano Yoshikazu , Tsuda Norio , Yamada Jun 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecently, laser radar has been widely studied as a sensor to measure the distance from a car ahead. Laser radar has the characteristic that the received signal becomes buried in noise with increasing distance. It is difficult to measure long distances at low laser power. Thus, a new type of chaos laser radars has been studied. This laser radar is relatively resistant to noise and can perform processing simply because it uses only addition operations. However, the distance resolution of chaos laser radars is limited by the clock cycle of the FPGA which is used for signal processing of the laser radar. Therefore, a new method of improving distance resolution by means of a phase delay circuit has been developed. As a result, the distance resolution of chaos laser radars has been improved to 1/10 using phase delay circuitry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(6): 59–65, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10177
Ultraviolet biexcitonic emission from AlGaN ternary alloys
Authors: Yokogawa Toshiya , Yamada Yoichi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAlGaN ternary mixed crystal semiconductors are promising as materials for ultraviolet emission devices. This paper reports on the optical properties resulting from AlGaN excitons. In particular, the focus is on biexcitons. Evaluations are performed using photoluminescence, time‐resolved emission measurement, and excitation spectroscopy. Biexciton emission was clearly observed over a wide range of AlN mole fractions. In the time‐resolved emissions measurements, the decay time was shown to rise along with the AlN molar fraction. This increase in decay time is likely to be caused by the localization of excitons and biexcitons resulting from increased inhomogeneity of the Al composition. We also found the Stokes shift for the biexcitons using two‐photon absorption. The Stokes shift shows the rate of localization. The Stokes shift was shown to rise along with an increase in the AlN molar fraction. This shows that the biexcitons are localized, and suggests that the inhomogeneity in the Al composition increased. Thus, an increase in the binding energy was also confirmed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(6): 41–47, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10198
An evaluation of trading methods for a distributed energy management system
Authors: Yakire Koji , Miyamoto Toshiyuki , Kumagai Sadatoshi , Mori Kazuyuki , Kitamura Shoichi , Yamamoto Takaya 
Published: June 2011

AbstractControl of CO2 emissions, which are the main factor causing global warming, is one of the most important problems in the 21st century for the preservation of the earth's environment. Therefore, efficient supply and use of energy are indispensable. We have proposed distributed energy management systems (DEMS), which are intended to obtain optimal plans that minimize both costs and CO2 emissions by electrical and thermal trading. In this paper we evaluate trading methods for the DEMS through computational experiments. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(6): 32–40, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10203
Analysis of heart rate variability during breath‐holding using fast and continuous calculation of frequency and power
Authors: Yoshida Yutaka , Yokoyama Kiyoko , Ishii Naohiro 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMany reports show that the dominant frequency of the high‐frequency component (HF: 0.15 to 0.4 Hz) of heart rate time series is synchronized with the respiratory frequency. In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the condition of respiration continuously by using the dominant frequency and power of the HF component (HFP) of the heart rate time series. The dominant frequency and HFP are calculated from the interval between two adjacent extreme points and subtraction of the two neighboring extremals. In the experimental results, high‐frequency components did not disappear completely during breath‐holding. This result differs from results obtained in previous studies. The subjects were divided into two groups. In one group, the dominant frequency of the HF was significantly increased during breath‐holding compared with normal breathing. In the other group, this phenomenon was not observed. On the other hand, the HFP of all subjects decreased significantly during breath‐holding compared with normal breathing. The correct rate during breath‐holding and the error rate during rest and recovery were calculated using the HFP. In the results, the mean and standard deviation of the correct rate during breath‐holding were 65.0 ± 26.3%. The correct rate for 18 subjects was 80.0 ± 14.1% and the correct rate for the other 8 subjects was 31.5 ± 11.9%. Our method is expected to be applicable to the development of respiratory monitors which can measure respiratory conditions continuously in a nonrestrictive manner. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(6): 24–31, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10324
Optimal design of CSD coefficient FIR filters subject to number of nonzero digits
Authors: Ozaki Yuichi , Suyama Kenji 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the hardware implementation of FIR (Finite Impulse Response) digital filters, it is desirable to reduce the total number of nonzero digits used for representation of the filter coefficients. In general, the design problem of FIR filters with CSD (Canonical Signed Digit) representation, which is efficient for reduction of the number of multiplier units, is often treated as a 0–1 combinational problem. In such problems, certain difficult constraints hinder linearization of the problem. Although many kinds of heuristic approaches have been used to solve the problem, the solutions obtained in such a manner cannot be guaranteed to be optimal. In this paper, we attempt to formulate the design problem as a 0–1 mixed integer linear programming problem and to solve it by using the branch and bound technique, which is a powerful method for solving integer programming problems. Several design examples are presented to illustrate the efficient performance of the proposed method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(6): 10–16, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10331
Calculation of iron loss in rotating machines by direct consideration of eddy currents in electrical steel sheets
Authors: Yamazaki Katsumi , Tanida Makoto , Satomi Hitoshi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA method for calculation of iron loss in rotating machines is proposed. The calculation employs the finite element method while taking into consideration the eddy currents in electrical steel sheets. First, the electromagnetic field distribution and iron loss of several types of electrical steel sheets are calculated by the proposed method, formulated as a one‐dimensional model. The results are compared with those of experiments and the conventional method in order to verify the validity of the proposed method. The influence of the skin effect and magnetic saturation in the electrical steel sheets on the iron loss characteristics is also investigated. Next, the proposed method formulated as a three‐dimensional model is applied to several types of rotating machines. It is shown that the skin effect is significant in the case of high‐frequency harmonic fields and that direct consideration of eddy currents by the finite element method is indispensable in such cases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 69–80, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21053
Influence of various compounds on electrostatic charging tendency in insulating oil
Authors: Okabe Sigemitsu , Kotoh Masanori , Tsuchie Motoo , Amimoto Tsuyoshi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe influence of various compounds on the increase of the electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) in insulating oil was investigated. Sulfide compounds, which are contained in new mineral oil, are identified for the first time as the original materials involved in the increase of the ECT. This is verified by heating tests of alkylbenzene with the addition of various compounds. Coexistence with copper and injection of oxygen enhance the increase of the ECT. Some sulfide and sulfoxide compounds increase the ECT markedly. On the other hand, the influence of sulfones, which are oxidation products of sulfoxides, is negligible. Although sulfonic acids, which are oxidation products of sulfones, markedly increase the ECT, the polarity is reverse. Thus, the ECT is influenced by the kinds and the molecular structures of additive sulfur compounds. The influence of nitrogen compounds and that of oxygen compounds are confirmed to be smaller than that of sulfur compounds. Since the amounts of nitrogen compounds and oxygen compounds are much smaller than those of sulfur compounds in mineral insulating oils, the influence of these compounds is considered negligible. Since the ECT of oils with the addition of sulfides or sulfoxides increases after heating, the other compounds should be created from these compounds that increase the ECT directly. Thus, the increase of the ECT is mostly caused by the oxidation of sulfides, which creates sulfoxides. Then certain compounds, which directly increase the ECT, are created from sulfoxides. If sulfones or sulfonic acids are created by the oxidation of sulfoxides, the ECT decreases because of the influence of these compounds on the ECT. It is most likely that some process other than oxidation occurs in the creation of the compounds that increase the ECT directly. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 29–36, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21112
Speed estimation method for ultrahigh‐speed induction machine utilizing rotor slot harmonics appearing in neutral point voltage
Authors: Nishibata Koichi , Ishida Muneaki , Doki Shinji , Masuzawa Takashi , Fujitsuna Masami 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecently the development of power electronics technology has made it possible to realize ultrahigh‐speed drives, and ultrahigh‐speed drives promise to be useful in various applications. This research aims at sensorless control drive of an induction machine in the ultrahigh‐speed region by utilizing rotor slot harmonics, which occur due to the structure of the induction machine. In this paper, we focus on the slot harmonics which appear in the neutral point voltage, and we propose a method for detection of the slot harmonics voltage and a speed estimation method utilizing the FFT with limitation of the detection band. The effectiveness of the proposed method and the possibility of speed sensorless control with the proposed method are illustrated through speed estimation results obtained both offline and online. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 59–68, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21120