bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) is associated with metformin‐induced lactic acidosis
Authors: Toyama K , Yonezawa A , Masuda S , Osawa R , Hosokawa M , Fujimoto S , Inagaki N , Inui K , Katsura T 
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUNDS AND PURPOSELactic acidosis is a fatal adverse effect of metformin, but the risk factor remains unclear. Multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) is expressed in the luminal membrane of the kidney and liver. MATE1 was revealed to be responsible for the tubular and biliary secretion of metformin. Therefore, some MATE polymorphisms, that cause it to function abnormally, are hypothesized to induce lactic acidosis. The purpose of this study is to clarify the association between MATE dysfunction and metformin‐induced lactic acidosis.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHBlood lactate, pH and bicarbonate ion (HCO3‐) levels were evaluated during continuous administration of 3 mg·mL−1 metformin in drinking water using Mate1 knockout (−/−), heterozygous (+/−) and wild‐type (+/+) mice. To determine the tissue accumulation of metformin, mice were given 400 mg·kg−1 metformin orally. Furthermore, blood lactate data were obtained from diabetic patients given metformin.KEY RESULTSSeven days after metformin administration in drinking water, significantly higher blood lactate, lower pH and HCO3‐ levels were observed in Mate1−/− mice, but not in Mate1+/− mice. The blood lactate levels were not affected in patients with the heterozygous MATE variant (MATE1‐L125F, MATE1‐G64D, MATE2‐K‐G211V). Sixty minutes after metformin administration (400 mg·kg−1, p.o.) the hepatic concentration of metformin was markedly higher in Mate1−/− mice than in Mate1+/+ mice.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONSMATE1 dysfunction caused a marked elevation in the metformin concentration in the liver and led to lactic acidosis, suggesting that the homozygous MATE1 variant could be one of the risk factors for metformin‐induced lactic acidosis.
Instructor‐Specific Grade Inflation: Incentives, Gender, and Ethnicity*
Authors: Jewell R. Todd , McPherson Michael A. 
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesThis study attempts to isolate instructor‐specific measures that may be sources of grade inflation and to measure their relative importance.MethodsWe estimate a fixed‐effects model, using by far the most extensive data set related to grade inflation ever assembled. Our data comprise 48,038 courses taught by 1,871 distinct instructors at a large public university over a two‐decade period.ResultsOur results suggest that female faculty members are the most likely to inflate grades, while ethnicity has a lesser effect.ConclusionsCharacteristics of instructors, in particular gender, affect the degree of observed grade inflation, controlling for student‐ and department‐specific effects.
Love ‘Em or Hate ‘Em? Changing Racial and Regional Differences in Opinions Toward Southerners, 1964–2008*
Authors: Cooper Christopher A. , Knotts H. Gibbs 
Published: January 2012

ObjectiveWe determine whetherAmericans have reevaluated opinions toward southerners following the transformation of the region in the decades following thecivilrightsmovement, focusing specifically on how opinions toward southerners vary across racial and regional groups.MethodsWe use both descriptive and multivariate methods to evaluate opinions toward southerners usingAmericanNationalElectionStudy (ANES) data from 1964 to 2008.ResultsOpinions toward southerners have increased dramatically over time. People living in the South display more positive feelings toward southerners than individuals residing outside the region, although the gap is much smaller today than in previous decades. In addition, southern blacks' opinions toward southerners have improved dramatically. These trends hold even when controlling for a host of other factors.ConclusionsBeing a southerner is no longer a pejorative in the minds of manyAmericans. Blacks, in particular, have reevaluated their opinions of southerners as a group.
Parent Involvement Policy in Established and New Immigrant Destinations*
Authors: Marschall Melissa J. , Shah Paru R. , Donato Katharine 
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesThis study examines how schools situated in different “contexts of reception” go about the critical task of engaging and supporting immigrant parents.MethodsUsing data from the 2003–04 National Center for Educational Statistics’ Schools and Staffing Surveys, we estimate regression models to test the effects of cultural brokers, teacher training, and professional development on school policies and practices specifically designed to engage and support immigrant parents as well as more traditional, school‐ and home‐based parent involvement programs.ResultsWe find cultural brokers and school attributes are more strongly associated with the type and magnitude of parent involvement programs in established destinations, whereas teacher training and in‐service professional development are most consistently associated with these policies in new destination schools. We also find a strong association between minority principals (African American or Latino) and parent involvement programing in new destinations, suggesting that principals of color are taking an active role in addressing the needs of immigrant and minority parents.ConclusionsAs the U.S. population becomes increasingly multicultural, these findings have important policy implications for both federal and local governments.
Unusually High Association of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Complex Heart Defects in Children with Fasciculoventricular Pathways
Authors: VASHIST SUDHIR , SILVA JENNIFER N.A. , VAN HARE GEORGE F. , PAPEZ ANDREW L. , SU WILBER W. , RHEE EDWARD K. 
Published: January 2012

Introduction:
Fasciculoventricular pathways (FVPs) are rare causes of preexcitation that do not mediate tachycardias. We report a two‐center experience of pediatric patients with FVP and an unexpectedly high association of complex congenital heart defects (CHDs), chromosomal anomalies, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Methods:
A retrospective review of the electrophysiology database at two institutions was performed to identify patients with FVP from January 2000 to January 2011. Medical records of these patients were reviewed for clinical history and course, presence of comorbidities, and details of intracardiac electrophysiology (EP) study.
Results:
A total of 17 patients were identified. The primary indication for EP study was a preexcitation pattern on electrocardiogram. The majority of patients, 12/17 (71%), were found to have associated cardiac and genetic anomalies. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was found in 5/17 (29%) patients, with genetic testing in two patients demonstrating the lysosomal‐associated membrane protein 2 mutation (Danon syndrome). Underlying complex CHDs were present in 3/17 (18%) patients. One patient (6%) was status post (s/p) cardiac transplant, one patient had hypertension, and another had Trisomy 21. Other electrophysiologic substrates mediating tachycardia were found in 3/17 (18%) patients. Only 5/17 patients (29%) were otherwise healthy with structurally normal hearts.
Conclusions:

In this largest reported series of FVP in children, there is an unusually high association of FVP with complex CHDs, chromosomal anomalies, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Any patient with such disorders and manifest preexcitation should be evaluated with a high index of suspicion for a FVP. (PACE 2012;1–6)
The Role of miRNA in Stem Cell Pluripotency and Commitment to the Vascular Endothelial Lineage
Authors: WHITE KATIE , KANE NICOLE M. , MILLIGAN GRAEME , BAKER ANDREW H. 
Published: January 2012

Please cite this paper as: White K, Kane NM, Milligan G, Baker AH. The role of miRNA in stem cell pluripotency and commitment to the vascular endothelial lineage. Microcirculation19: 196–207, 2012.AbstractVascular endothelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells have substantial potential for the development of novel vascular therapeutics and cell‐based therapies for the repair of ischemic damage. To gain maximum benefit from this source of cells, a complete understanding of the changes in gene expression and how they are regulated is required. miRNAs have been demonstrated to play a critical role in controlling stem cell pluripotency and differentiation and are important for mature endothelial cell function. Specific miRNAs that determine stem cell fate have been identified for a number of different cell lineages; however, in the case of differentiation and specification of vascular endothelial cells, this is yet to be fully elucidated.
In situ Formation of Oxidation Resistant Refractory Coatings on SiC‐Reinforced ZrB2 Ultra High Temperature Ceramics
Authors: Jayaseelan Daniel Doni , Zapata‐Solvas Eugenio , Brown Peter , Lee William E. 
Published: January 2012

In situ oxidation resistant and solid refractory coatings have been generated on 20 vol% SiC‐reinforced ZrB2 ultra high temperature ceramics containing 10 wt% rare earth (RE) additives such as LaB6, La2O3, and Gd2O3 fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Oxidation for 1 h at 1600°C in static air led to formation of a dense layer (up to 250 μm thick) of ZrO2 and RE‐zirconates on the composite systems underneath which were intermediate layers (50–100 μm) containing heterogeneous crystalline oxides such as La2Zr2O7 and amorphous silicate phases. The benefits of predominating solid oxidation products over having substantial volumes of liquid present in aerospace leading edge applications are discussed.
The effect of experimental warming on a low‐latitude aphid, Myzus varians
Authors: Chiu Ming‐Chih , Chen Ying‐Hsin , Kuo Mei‐Hwa 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTropical invertebrates are currently living very close to their optimal temperature. Warming due to global climate change will likely exceed their physiological optima and have deleterious consequences for insects living at low latitudes. In this study, we assess the effects of various levels of summer warming predicted for the late 21st century (+1.2 and +3.7 °C, with the same diel oscillation as the current regime) on the physiology and demography of the aphid Myzus varians Davidson (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in subtropical and tropical Taiwan. Aphids subjected to a moderate (3.7 °C) increase in temperature did not reach adulthood and thus left no offspring, meaning that wild populations could go extinct during the summer. Slight (+1.2 °C) warming did not significantly affect development time and generation time. However, warming reduced nymphal survival, adult longevity, and reproduction, and, thus, reduced the fitness of aphid populations. Aphids have a number of adaptations for surviving or avoiding unfavorable conditions. However, predicted increases in global temperatures will likely decrease their survival and reproduction, which could increase the frequency of local extinction.
A new approach for mealybug management: recruiting an indigenous, but ‘non‐natural’ enemy for biological control using an attractant
Authors: Teshiba Mayumi , Sugie Hajime , Tsutsumi Takafumi , Tabata Jun 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe previously discovered that (2,4,4‐trimethyl‐2‐cyclohexenyl)‐methyl butyrate (cyclolavandulyl butyrate, CLB) is an attractant for the mealybug‐parasitic wasp Anagyrus sawadai Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: Anagyrini). This wasp is not likely to parasitize the Japanese mealybug, Planococcus kraunhiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), under natural conditions. In this study, we showed that this ‘non‐natural’ enemy wasp can parasitize P. kraunhiae in the presence of CLB in field experiments. Laboratory‐reared mealybugs placed on persimmon trees with CLB‐impregnated rubber septa were parasitized significantly more often by endoparasitic wasps than those on non‐treatment trees (18.1–40.3 vs. 0–6.3%). Anagyrus sawadai accounted for 20% of the wasps that emerged from mealybugs placed on CLB‐treated trees. Moreover, CLB attracted another minor parasitoid, Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: Anagyrini), which also parasitized more P. kraunhiae in the presence of CLB. All wasps that emerged from the mealybugs on control trees were Anagyrus fujikona Tachikawa, a major parasitoid of P. kraunhiae around the test location. These results demonstrated that CLB can recruit an indigenous, but ‘non‐natural’ enemy that does not typically attack P. kraunhiae under natural conditions, as well as a minor natural enemy, for biological control of this mealybug species.
The functional exercise capacity is correlated with global functioning in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Vancampfort D. , Probst M. , Scheewe T. , Knapen J. , De Herdt A. , De Hert M. 
Published: January 2012

Vancampfort D, Probst M, Scheewe T, Knapen J, De Herdt A, De Hert M. The functional exercise capacity is correlated with global functioning in patients with schizophrenia.Objective:  The 6‐minute walk test (6MWT) is commonly used to measure the functional exercise capacity in chronic patients with cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the 6MWT is associated with the global assessment of functioning (GAF) score in patients with schizophrenia.Methods:  A total of 68 male and 25 female in‐patients with schizophrenia (34.6 ± 9.7 years; body mass index = 24.9 ± 4.4) performed a 6MWT and were assessed with the GAF scale and the Psychosis Evaluation tool for Common use by Caregivers (PECC).Results:  The mean distance walked on the 6MWT was 587.3 ± 98.4 m, while the mean GAF score was 52.0 ± 10.4. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the 6MWT and the GAF score was 0.59 (P < 0.001), indicating a moderate association between both measures. The 6MWT was also significantly related to negative (r = −0.45, P < 0.001), depressive (r = −0.48, P < 0.001) and cognitive (r=, P) symptoms and with body mass index (r = −0.31, P < 0.005), smoking behaviour (r = −0.36, P < 0.001)) and dose of antipsychotic medication (r = −0.38, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Next to the GAF scale, clinicians in in‐patient settings should consider incorporating the 6MWT into their test battery to measure the functional consequences of schizophrenia and its treatment.
A novel mutation in the AMELX gene and multiple crown resorptions
Authors: Lee Kyung‐Eun , Lee Sook‐Kyung , Jung Seung‐Eun , Song Su Jeong , Cho Sang Hyun , Lee Zang Hee , Kim Jung‐Wook 
Published: January 2012

Lee K‐E, Lee S‐K, Jung S‐E, Song SJ, Cho SH, Lee ZH, Kim J‐W. A novel mutation in the AMELX gene and multiple crown resorptions.  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 324–328. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciAmelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders with regard to genetic aetiology and clinical phenotype and affects tooth enamel with no other non‐oral syndromic conditions. X‐linked AI is caused by mutations in the amelogenin (AMELX) gene, the only AI candidate gene located on the X chromosome. To date, 15 mutations in the AMELX gene have been found to cause AI. We identified a proband with generalized hypoplastic enamel and unusual multiple crown resorption in premolars and molars. Pedigree analysis suggested an X‐linked hereditary pattern. We performed mutational analysis for the AMELX gene based on the candidate gene approach. Sequencing analysis revealed a novel mutation in exon 6 (g.4090delC, c.517delC, p.Pro173LeufsX16). This frameshift mutation produces a premature stop codon within exon 6 and is predicted to replace 33 amino acids at the C‐terminus with 15 novel amino acids if the mutant mRNA escapes the nonsense‐mediated decay system. Although crown resorptions occur frequently in patients with the hypoplastic type of A1, an association with the AMELX mutation has not been previously reported. We believe that these findings will broaden our understanding of the clinical phenotype and pathogenesis of X‐linked AI.
Matrix metalloproteinase 20 promotes a smooth enamel surface, a strong dentino–enamel junction, and a decussating enamel rod pattern
Authors: Bartlett John D. , Skobe Ziedonis , Nanci Antonio , Smith Charles E. 
Published: January 2012

Bartlett JD, Skobe Z, Nanci A, Smith CE. Matrix metalloproteinase 20 promotes a smooth enamel surface, a strong dentino–enamel junction, and a decussating enamel rod pattern. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 199–205. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciMutations of the matrix metalloproteinase 20 (MMP20, enamelysin) gene cause autosomal‐recessive amelogenesis imperfecta, and Mmp20 ablated mice also have malformed dental enamel. Here we showed that Mmp20 null mouse secretory‐stage ameloblasts maintain a columnar shape and are present as a single layer of cells. However, the maturation‐stage ameloblasts from null mouse cover extraneous nodules of ectopic calcified material formed at the enamel surface. Remarkably, nodule formation occurs in null mouse enamel when MMP20 is normally no longer expressed. The malformed enamel in Mmp20 null teeth was loosely attached to the dentin and the entire enamel layer tended to separate from the dentin, indicative of a faulty dentino–enamel junction (DEJ). The enamel rod pattern was also altered in Mmp20 null mice. Each enamel rod is formed by a single ameloblast and is a mineralized record of the migration path of the ameloblast that formed it. The enamel rods in Mmp20 null mice were grossly malformed or absent, indicating that the ameloblasts do not migrate properly when backing away from the DEJ. Thus, MMP20 is required for ameloblast cell movement necessary to form the decussating enamel rod patterns, for the prevention of ectopic mineral formation, and to maintain a functional DEJ.
Enamel proteins and proteases in Mmp20 and Klk4 null and double‐null mice
Authors: Yamakoshi Yasuo , Richardson Amelia S. , Nunez Stephanie M. , Yamakoshi Fumiko , Milkovich Rachel N. , Hu Jan C‐C. , Bartlett John D. , Simmer James P. 
Published: January 2012

Yamakoshi Y, Richardson AS, Nunez SM, Yamakoshi F, Milkovich RN, Hu JC‐C, Bartlett JD, Simmer JP. Enamel proteins and proteases in Mmp20 and Klk4 null and double‐null mice. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 206–216. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciMatrix metalloproteinase 20 (MMP20) and kallikrein‐related peptidase 4 (KLK4) are thought to be necessary to clear proteins from the enamel matrix of developing teeth. We characterized Mmp20 and Klk4 null mice to better understand their roles in matrix degradation and removal. Histological examination showed retained organic matrix in Mmp20, Klk4, and Mmp20/Klk4 double‐null mouse enamel matrix, but not in the wild‐type. X‐gal histostaining of Mmp20 null mice heterozygous for the Klk4 knockout/lacZ knockin showed that Klk4 is expressed normally in the Mmp20 null background. This finding was corroborated by zymogram and western blotting, which discovered a 40‐kDa protease induced in the maturation stage of Mmp20 null mice. Proteins were extracted from secretory‐stage or maturation‐stage maxillary first molars from wild‐type, Mmp20 null, Klk4 null, and Mmp20/Klk4 double‐null mice and were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE and western blotting. Only intact amelogenins and ameloblastin were observed in secretory‐stage enamel of Mmp20 null mice, whereas the secretory‐stage matrix from Klk4 null mice was identical to the matrix from wild‐type mice. More residual matrix was observed in the double‐null mice compared with either of the single‐null mice. These results support the importance of MMP20 during the secretory stage and of KLK4 during the maturation stage and show there is only limited functional redundancy for these enzymes.
Fine mapping of dental fluorosis quantitative trait loci in mice
Authors: Everett Eric T. , Yin Zhaoyu , Yan Dong , Zou Fei 
Published: January 2012

Everett ET, Yin Z, Yan D, Zou F. Fine mapping of dental fluorosis quantitative trait loci in mice.

Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 8–12. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciGenetic factors underlie the susceptibility and the resistance to dental fluorosis (DF). The A/J (DF susceptible) and 129P3/J (DF resistant) mouse strains have previously been used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with DF on chromosome (Chr) 2 and Chr 11. In the present study, increased marker density genotyping followed by interval mapping was performed to narrow the QTL intervals and improve the logarithm of the odds (to the base 10) (LOD) scores. Narrower intervals were obtained on Chr 2 where LOD ≥ 6.0 (57–84 cM or ∼51 Mb), LOD ≥ 7.0 (62–79 cM or ∼32 Mb), and LOD ≥ 8.0 (65–74 cM or ∼17 Mb); and on Chr 11 where LOD ≥ 6.0 (18–51 cM or ∼53 Mb), LOD ≥ 7.0 (28–48 cM or ∼34 Mb), and LOD ≥ 8.0 (31–45 cM or∼22 Mb). Haplotype analysis between A/J and 129P3/J mice further reduced the QTL intervals. Accn1 was selected as a candidate gene based upon its location near the peak LOD score on Chr 11 and distant homology with the Caenorhabditis elegans fluoride‐resistance gene, flr1. The severity of DF between Accn1−/− and wild‐type mice was not significantly different. Hence, the loss of ACCN1 function does not modify DF severity in mice. Narrowing the DF QTL intervals will facilitate additional candidate gene selections and interrogation.
Is the 32‐kDa fragment the functional enamelin unit in all species?
Authors: Brookes Steven J. , Kingswell Nicola J. , Barron Martin J. , Dixon Michael J. , Kirkham Jennifer 
Published: January 2012

Brookes SJ, Kingswell NJ, Barron MJ, Dixon MJ, Kirkham J. Is the 32‐kDa fragment the functional enamelin unit in all species?  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 345–350. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciEnamelin is an extracellular enamel matrix protein essential for normal amelogenesis. After secretion, porcine enamelin is processed to generate several enamelin‐degradation products. The cumulative 32‐kDa enamelin is the most abundant enamelin present, and various roles for this molecule have been suggested. However, the proteolytic cleavage sites in porcine enamelin that generate the 32‐kDa enamelin are not conserved across species, and the 32‐kDa enamelin analogue may not be present in all species. To explore this we studied rat enamelin biochemistry using western blotting with anti‐peptide IgGs to porcine 32‐kDa enamelin and to the putative rat 32‐kDa enamelin analogue. The dominant enamelins in secretory‐stage rat enamel migrated at around 60–70 kDa. In contrast, the dominant enamelins in secretory‐stage porcine enamel migrated at around 32 kDa. In contrast, secretory‐stage porcine‐enamel enamelins were dominated by the 32‐kDa enamelin. Rat enamelin was completely removed from maturation‐stage enamel without any accumulation of 32‐kDa enamelin. We suggest that a discrete 32‐kDa enamelin is not essential for normal amelogenesis in all species, and in pig it may be a processing product of a larger functional enamelin molecule. The pig may be an atypical model in terms of enamelin biochemistry and function, and caution should be exercised when assigning functional roles to the 32‐kDa enamelin as a discrete enamel matrix entity.