bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aiding the Design of Radiation Resistant Materials with Multiphysics Simulations of Damage Processes
Authors: Race C. P. , Mason D. R. , Le Page J. , Finnis M. W. , Foulkes W. M.C. , Sutton A. P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe design of metals and alloys resistant to radiation damage involves the physics of
electronic excitations and the creation of defects and microstructure. During irradiation damage of metals by high energy particles, energy is exchanged between ions and electrons. Such “non-adiabatic” processes violate the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, on which all conservative classical interatomic potentials rest. By treating the electrons of a metal explicitly and quantum mechanically we are able to explore the influence of electronic excitations on the ionic motion during irradiation damage. Simple theories suggest that moving ions should feel a damping force proportional to their velocity and directly opposed to it. In contrast, our simulations of a forced oscillating ion have revealed the full complexity of this force: in reality it is anisotropic and dependent on the ion velocity and local atomic environment. A large set of collision cascade simulations has allowed us to explore the form of the damping force further. We have a means of testing various schemes in the literature for incorporating such a force within molecular dynamics (MD) against our semi-classical evolution with explicitly modelled electrons. We find that a model in which the damping force is dependent upon the local electron density is superior to a simple fixed damping model. We also find that applying a lower kinetic energy cut-off for the damping force results in a worse model. A detailed examination of the nature of the forces reveals that there is much scope for further improving the electronic force models within MD.
General Photon Counting Model for Beam Splitters and Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Häyrynen Teppo , Oksanen Jani , Tulkki Jukka 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCreating a single photon to a light field or removing a single photon from a light field reveals interesting quantum phenomena. For theoretical modeling and understanding of these experiments it is essential to be able to model the coupling of the optical field to the measurement apparatus. We investigate a cascaded field–quantum system–reservoir setup to obtain a theoretical model that can, in contrast to previous models, simultaneously model both the weak and the strong coupling regimes of the field–detector system. Furthermore, our theory can be applied to model optical fields coupled to dissipative systems or to active amplifying systems including for example operation of various optical instruments and devices, such as detectors, LEDs and lasers.
Teaching Materials' Properties to K-12 Students Using a Sensor Board
Authors: Pierratos Theodoros , Koltsakis Evangelos , Polatoglou Hariton M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this work we present two teaching modules, based on the combination of Scratchboard and Scratch, to be used for the study of materials' thermal properties such as thermal conductivity and heat capacity. These properties are very important for the understanding of many applications. In the design of the modules we have taken into account two scenarios, one for elementary and secondary school students and one for high school students. This determines not only the type of measurement and the analysis of the data but also the Scratch interface. The main emphasis for the lower grades is placed on the introduction of the concepts and a demonstration of the differences of the properties of different materials, while for the upper grades for making accurate measurements through inquiry based projects. Both modules have been implemented in a high school laboratory, providing reliable measurements and engaging the students in a higher level than usually.
Supporting Content Learning for English Learners
Authors: Bauer Eurydice B. , Manyak Patrick C. , Cook Crystal 
Published: January 2010

In this column, the three authors address the teaching of ELs within the content areas. Specifically, they highlight the difference between having language and content objectives, utilizing small‐group work to maximize involvement, and inclusion of beginning English speakers into the learning process. Currently there is a gap of 36 points between native English and EL students. Therefore, it is important to examine the nature of instruction provided to EL students.في هذا العمود يتناول المؤلفون الثلاث تعليم دارسي اللغة الإنكليزية في مجال المحتوى خصوصاً وأنهم يسلطون الضوء على الاختلاف بين وجود أغراض اللغة والمحتوى واستخدام العمل في مجموعات صغيرة كي يبلغ الحد الأقصى من الاشتراك وإدخال متكلمي اللغة الإنكليزية في عملية التعلم. وحالياً يوجد هنالك ثغرة بين ناطقي اللغة الإنكليزية ودارسيها بمقدار 36 نقطة وبالتالي إنه مهم لفحص طبيعة التعليم المتوفر لطلاب اللغة الإنكليزية.在本期专栏里，三位作者探讨在学科知识范畴内的英语学习者教学问题。他们具体说明：语文教学目标与学科知识教学目标两者之间的差别，如何利用小组教学形式令学生充分参与学习，以及如何把英语初学者纳入语文及学科知识的学习过程中。目前，母语是英语的学生与学习英语的学生在成绩上有36点之差距。因此，剖析给予英语学习者的教学性质是至为重要。Dans cette rubrique, les trois auteurs s'intéressent à l'enseignement de l'anglais langue étrangère dans différents domaines disciplinaires. Plus précisément, ils mettent en lumière la différence entre objectifs en langue et objectifs dans les disciplines, en faisant appel au travail en petits groupes pour maximiser l'investissement, et l'inclusion de personnes commençant à parler anglais dans le processus d'apprentissage. Il y a habituellement une différence de 36 points entre les élèves dont l'anglais est la langue maternelle et les autres. Il est par conséquent important d'examiner la nature de l'enseignement fourni aux élèves dont l'anglais n'est pas la langue maternelle.В этом выпуске рубрики три автора делятся своими соображениями об обучении различным учебным предметам детей, для которых английский язык не является родным (EL). В частности, они подчеркивают, в чем состоит разница между языковыми и предметными задачами, объясняют, как организовать работу в малых группах, чтобы максимально вовлечь учащихся в учебный процесс – даже тех, кто только начинает изучать английский. В настоящее время среди учащихся разница между носителями английского языка и EL составляет 36 пунктов. Поэтому важно исследовать саму природу процесса обучения EL учеников.En esta columna, los tres autores abordan el tema de la enseñanza de estudiantes de inglés (ELs por sus siglas en inglés) en los cursos de contenido. Subrayan especialmente la diferencia en las metas de la enseñanza del lenguaje y las de los cursos de contenido, en el uso de trabajos hecho en grupos pequeños para llevar al máximo la participación del estudiante, y en el incluir a estudiantes de inglés principiantes en el proceso del aprendizaje. En este momento hay una diferencia de 36 puntos entre los estudiantes cuya lengua materna es el inglés y los que están aprendiendo inglés. Por lo tanto, es importante examinar el tipo de instrucción que se les da a los estudiantes de inglés.
Compression of the cervical internal carotid artery by the stylopharyngeus muscle: an anatomical study with potential clinical significance
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios , Dixon Joshua , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. 
Published: January 2010

Object
Occasionally, the internal carotid artery (ICA) may be symptomatically compressed in the neck by an elongated styloid process. The authors are unaware, however, of any study to date in which the aim was to describe the compression of this part of the ICA by surrounding muscles extending from the styloid process.

Methods
In 20 adult cadavers (40 sides), dissection of the cervical ICA was performed, with special attention given to the relationship between this artery and the stylopharyngeus muscle. In addition, rotation of the head was performed while observing for any compression of the ICA by this muscle. Last, the segment of the ICA immediately adjacent to the stylopharyngeus was excised and evaluated for signs of gross compression.

Results
Five sides (12.5%) were found to have an ICA that was grossly compressed by the neighboring stylopharyngeus muscle, and this was confirmed on excised ICA specimens. Moreover, such compression was increased with ipsilateral rotation of the head. Effacement of the lumen of the ICA by the stylopharyngeus ranged from approximately 30 to 50%. Such compression was increased by approximately 25% with ipsilateral rotation of the head.

Conclusions
To the authors' knowledge, compression of the cervical ICA by the stylopharyngeus muscle has not been previously described. Such a relationship should be appreciated by the clinician who treats patients with symptoms of ICA stenosis or occlusion as a potential extracranial site of compression. Based on this study, a subset of patients with occlusion of the cervical ICA but without elongation of the styloid process should be included within the definition of Eagle syndrome.
Bone Marrow-derived Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Engraft NOD/SCID Mice and Traffic Appropriately to an Inflammatory Stimulus in the Joint
Authors: CHANG NAN-HUA , INMAN ROBERT D. , DICK JOHN E. , WITHER JOAN E. 
Published: January 2010

Objective.Studies of human inflammatory arthritis would be significantly aided by the development of better animal models. Our hypothesis is that it is possible to develop humanized arthritis models through novel techniques of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) delivery.Methods.Bone marrow was obtained from patients with osteoarthritis who were undergoing total hip replacement. HSPC were enriched by negative selection and injected into the femur of irradiated anti-CD122 treated nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. Human cell engraftment was analyzed by flow cytometry. Arthritis was induced by an intraarticular injection of Chlamydia trachomatis and injected knee joints were examined 5 days later by histology and immunohistochemistry.Results.Human bone marrow HSPC successfully engrafted NOD/SCID mice, with some mice showing up to 90% engrafted human cells. Human B lymphoid and myeloid cells were detected in the bone marrow and spleen 6 weeks following transfer of HSPC, and engrafted recipient mice remained healthy up to 12 weeks postinjection. Chlamydia-injected mice that had been repopulated with HSPC had synovial inflammation, consisting of human neutrophils and macrophages.Conclusion.Bone marrow-derived human HSPC engraft NOD/SCID mice and traffic appropriately to an inflammatory stimulus in the joint, thus offering the potential for direct studies on the immunopathogenesis and treatment of human arthritis.
Variable Effects of 3 Different Chondroitin Sulfate Compounds on Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage/Chondrocytes: Relevance of Purity and Production Process
Authors: TAT STEEVE KWAN , PELLETIER JEAN-PIERRE , MINEAU FRANÇOIS , DUVAL NICOLAS , MARTEL-PELLETIER JOHANNE 
Published: January 2010

Objective.During osteoarthritis (OA), the altered metabolism of cartilage involves proinflammatory factors and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activity. Studies showed that chondroitin sulfate (CS) may exert a positive effect on the cartilage. Because of differences in CS in terms of purity and the production/purification process, we compared the effects of 3 different types of CS on human OA cartilage.Methods.Three types of CS were tested: CS1 (porcine, purity 90.4%), CS2 (bovine, purity 96.2%), and CS3 (bovine, purity 99.9%). Treatment with CS at 200 and 1000μg/ml was performed on human OA cartilage explants in the presence/absence of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), and the protein modulations of factors including prostaglandin E2(PGE2), IL-6, and MMP-1 measured by ELISA. The CS effect on the expression of collagen type II was also investigated on OA chondrocytes using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results.In the presence of IL-1ß, CS2 at 1000μg/ml significantly inhibited IL-6 and PGE2production, and CS3 at 200μg/ml markedly reduced the level of IL-6. CS1 was much less efficient at reducing the catabolic markers and in the absence of IL-1ß, it significantly increased IL-6 and MMP-1. IL-1ß significantly inhibited the gene expression level of collagen type II; only CS3 was able to limit this inhibition. CS1, in the presence or absence of IL-1ß, further markedly decreased collagen type II expression.Conclusion.Our data indicate that among the 3 tested CS, CS1 increased production of some catabolic pathways and inhibited the gene expression level of collagen type II. Our study provides new information in the context of prescribing CS for alleviating OA symptoms, as the purity and/or production/purification of the CS compound could orient the current OA disease process toward increased catabolic pathways.
Antiasthmatic Agents
Authors: Erb Klaus J. , Martyres Domnic H. , Seither Peter 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Bronchodilators (Relievers)2.1.Adrenoceptor Agonists2.1.1.Aminocatechol Derivatives2.1.2.Resorcinol Derivatives2.1.3.Saligenin Derivatives2.1.4.Further Arylalkylamines2.2.Xanthine Derivatives2.3.Anticholinergic Drugs3.Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs or Controllers3.1.Glucocorticosteroids3.2.Antileukotrienes3.3.Cromolyns3.4.Anti‐IgE Antibodies3.5.Allergen‐Specific Immunotherapy4.Fixed Dose Combination Therapies4.1.Fixed Dose Combinations of Adrenoceptor Agonists and Glucocorticosteroids4.2.Fixed Dose Combinations of Adrenoceptor Agonists and Anticholinergic Drugs4.3.Fixed Dose Combinations of Adrenoceptor Agonists and Cromolyns4.4.Fixed Dose Combinations of Xanthines5.Newer Concepts in Asthma Therapy
Bubble Columns
Authors: Deen N.G. , Mudde R.F. , Kuipers J.A.M. , Zehner Peter , Kraume Matthias 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Bubble Columns2.1.Design and Applications2.2.Gas Distribution2.3.Flow Regimes2.4.Bubble Size2.5.Bubble Rise Velocity2.6.Axial Dispersion2.7.Gas Holdup2.8.Specific Interfacial Area2.9.Mass Transfer2.10.Heat Transfer2.11.Fluid Dynamics3.Airlift Loop Reactors3.1.Design and Applications3.2.Mixing Behavior and Fluid Dynamics3.3.Gas Holdup3.4.Mass Transfer and Mixing3.5.Heat Transfer3.6.Computational Fluid Dynamics
Membrane Reactors
Authors: Drioli Enrico , Fontananova Enrica 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMembrane reactors (MRs) are systems in which a membrane separation process is combined with a chemical (catalytic) reaction. Because there are different ways to combine a catalyst with a membrane in order to have a synergic effect on the entire process, there are numerous possible categorizations of these systems. Some useful classifications are presented to highlight the advantages and still‐existing limitations of MRs in comparison with traditional reactors. Classification can be based on the role of the membrane in the catalytic process (catalytically active or providing only a separation function), the type of transport through the membrane (extractor‐, distributor‐, and contactor‐type MRs), the natures of the membrane material (organic or inorganic) and catalyst (artificial or biological). Applications of MRs in high‐temperature reactions using inorganic membranes and in low‐temperature MRs using polymer membranes are presented, as well as large‐scale applications in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment.1.Introduction2.Extractor‐, Distributor‐, and Contactor‐Type Membrane Reactors3.Organic and Inorganic Membrane Reactors4.Biocatalytic Membrane Reactors5.Catalytically Active and Catalytically Inert Membranes
Adhesives, 2. Applications
Authors: Onusseit Hermann , Wefringhaus Rainer , Dreezen Gunther , Kneafsey Brendan , Wichelhaus Jürgen , Bachon Thomas , Becker Kevin , Chen Chunfu , Dausmann Dieter , Gillitzer Tatiana , Gossen Ralf , Gupta Shashi , Holloway Matthew , Iida Kazutoshi , Jacobine Anthony F. , Kopannia Siegfried , Lammerschop Olaf , Lu Daniel , Mayer Bernd , Meckel‐Jonas Claudia , Picker Stefan , Pröbster Manfred , Ruyters Michel , Sattler Hans‐Peter , Schöttmer Bernhard , Windhövel Udo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Paper and Packaging Industry1.1.Graphic Products1.1.1.Bookbinding1.1.1.1.Perfect Binding (Unsewn Binding) of Books1.1.1.2.Book Manufacture1.1.2.Fold Gluing1.2.Adhesives for Packaging and Packaging Materials1.2.1.Manufacture of Corrugated Board1.2.2.Lamination of Paper and Board1.2.3.Folder Gluer1.2.4.Folding Cartons1.2.5.Flexible Packages1.2.6.Bags, Sacks, and Pouches1.2.7.Adhesive Coating of Paper and Board1.2.8.Adhesives for Automatic Packaging Machines1.2.9.Reclosure Systems for Liquid Packaging Boards1.2.10.Membrane Bonding1.2.11.Pallet Securing1.3.Envelopes and Advertising Mail1.4.Cigarette Manufacture1.5.Labeling1.6.Nonwovens Hygiene Industry1.7.Hygienic Tissue Papers2.Gluing of Wood and Wooden Materials3.Footwear Adhesives4.Bonding of Plastics5.Bonding of Elastomers5.1.Postvulcanization Bonding of Rubber5.2.Vulcanization Bonding of Rubber6.Bonding of Metals7.Adhesives for Wallcoverings8.Flooring Adhesives9.Building Construction Adhesives10.Adhesives for Bonding Textile Fabrics11.Flocking Adhesives12.Adhesives for Bonding Glass13.Adhesives in Automobile Manufacture14.Adhesives in Aircraft Construction15.Adhesives and Sealants in Electronics15.1.Introduction15.2.Conductive Adhesives15.3.Coating and Protection Products15.4.Surface Mounting Adhesives15.5.Adhesives for Flat‐Panel Display Manufacture16.Medical Adhesives17.Household Adhesives and Do‐It‐Yourself Products17.1.Household Adhesives17.1.1.Adhesive Rollers (Paper Adhesives in Cassette Form)17.2.Do‐It‐Yourself Products18.Applications of Anaerobic Adhesives18.1.Introduction18.2.Main Applications Types18.2.1.Threadlockers18.2.2.Threadsealants18.2.3.Chemical Gaskets18.2.4.Retaining Compounds18.2.5.Porous‐Metal Sealing (PMS)18.3.Limitations for Anaerobic Adhesive Applications18.4.Formulation Ingredients and Chemistry18.4.1.Methacrylate Esters18.4.2.Curatives18.4.3.Initiation or Polymerization Accelerators–Promoters18.4.4.Rheological Additives18.4.5.Performance Additives19.Adhesives in Transportation Industry19.1.Introduction19.2.Sandwich Elements19.3.Commercial Vehicles/Buses19.4.Recreational Vehicles19.5.Railway19.6.Shipbuilding19.7.Refrigerated Containers19.8.Future Trends20.Adhesives in Low‐Pressure Molding for Electronic Components
Pharmaceutical Coatings
Authors: Warnke Gernot 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Coating Substrates

3.

Types of Film Coatings

3.1.

Aesthetic Coatings

3.2.

Functional Coatings

3.3.

Coating Components

3.3.1.

Polymers

3.3.2.

Plasticizers

3.3.3.

Fillers

3.3.4.

Pigments

3.3.5.

Solvents

3.3.6.

Other Ingredients

4.

Processes and Equipment

4.1.

Wetting

4.2.

Drying

4.3.

Blending

5.

Troubleshooting

6.

Testing

6.1.

Tests on the Coating Formulation

6.2.

Tests on Cast Films

6.3.

Tests on the Finished Product
Long‐term mortality and renal outcome in a cohort of 100 patients with Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Faurschou Mikkel , Dreyer Lene , Kamper Anne‐Lise , Starklint Henrik , Jacobsen Søren 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term mortality and renal outcome in a cohort of Danish patients with lupus nephritis (LN) and to identify outcome predictors among findings registered at the time of the first renal biopsy.MethodsThe cohort consisted of 100 patients diagnosed with LN (World Health Organization classes I–VI) between 1971 and 1995 and followed for a median duration of 14.7 years (range 0.01–36.9 years). Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated on the basis of national age‐, sex‐, and calendar‐year period–specific death rates.ResultsThirty‐seven deaths occurred in the cohort, corresponding to an overall SMR of 6.8 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.9–9.4). Excess mortality was observed throughout followup. The SMR estimates were 9.0 (95% CI 4.7–17.1), 6.2 (95% CI 4.0–9.5), and 6.6 (95% CI 3.1–13.8) for patients diagnosed during the calendar‐year periods 1971–1979, 1980–1989, and 1990–1995, respectively. The cumulative renal survival after 5, 10, and 20 years of followup was 87%, 83%, and 73%, respectively. The risk of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) did not decrease significantly across calendar‐year periods. Systolic blood pressure ≥180 mm Hg, focal segmental nephritis, and advanced sclerosing nephritis were identified as baseline predictors of death in multivariate regression analyses, while systolic blood pressure ≥180 mm Hg, serum creatinine level ≥140 μmoles/liter, and diagnostic delay predicted progression to ESRD.ConclusionLN is associated with excess long‐term mortality, and patients may progress to ESRD even after prolonged followup. Our analyses indicate that focal segmental histopathology at disease onset constitutes an important risk factor for death among LN patients. Moreover, our data underscore the importance of early intervention, blood pressure control, and long‐term followup in LN.
Feeding ecology of a group of buffy‐headed marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps): fungi as a preferred resource
Authors: Hilário Renato R. , Ferrari Stephen F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMycophagy is a relatively rare behavior in primates and has only been recorded in five callitrichid species. Here, we present data on the feeding ecology of a free‐ranging group ofCallithrix flaviceps, which was studied in the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Southeastern Brazil, in 2008. In contrast with other marmosets, which are typically gummivorous, the study group was predominantly mycophagous–insectivorous, with fungi corresponding to 64.8% of total feeding records, and gum (6.1%) and fruit (3.3%) together providing only a minor part of the diet. Prey corresponded to 25.8% of the group's diet. The fungi (Mycocitrusspp.) consumed by the marmosets were found attached to the stems ofMerostachysbamboo. As the animal component of the group's diet was similar to that recorded in studies of other marmosets, we propose that fungi were exploited primarily as a substitute for plant material, in particular exudates. This highly mycophagous diet may be determined by two principal factors: (1) the abundance of fungi within the study area, and (2) the avoidance of bark gouging, for whichC. flavicepsmay be less specialized than most other marmosets. These conclusions are supported by comparisons with other marmoset groups, which indicate an ecological specialization for mycophagy inC. flaviceps, and that the species will resort to gummivory in habitats where fungi are scarce. Am. J. Primatol. 72:515–521, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.