bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peptide Release upon Photoconversion of 2‐Nitrobenzyl Compounds into Nitroso Derivatives
Authors: Nakayama Koji , Heise Inge , Görner Helmut , Gärtner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe photoinduced conversion via the aci‐nitro into the nitroso form was studied for 4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl alcohols attached to various leaving groups: amino acids histidine (NHis) and aspartate (NAsp) as well as their fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl derivatives (FHis) and (FAsp). In addition, two peptides containing either of the two amino acids were studied, carrying the photoreactive group attached to a histidine (PHis), or to an aspartate (PAsp). The aci‐nitro forms with maximum at λaci = 420 nm were observed for FHis and FAsp after the decay of a triplet–triplet absorption, analogous to those of other 2‐nitrobenzyl type compounds. For both FHis and FAsp the quantum yield of photoconversion Φp is 0.03 and for the peptides PHis and PAsp ca 0.01 and 0.005, respectively.
A Metamorphic Core Complex Model for the Host of Uranium Mineralization in the Khoshoumi Mountain, Central Iran
Authors: YASSAGHI Ali , MASOODI Mehdi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA metamorphic core complex model is proposed for Khoshoumi Mountain uranium mineralization located in the Bafq–Saghand metallogenic zone of central Iran. Uranium mineralization occurred in the Chapedoni metamorphic complex. Detailed structural analysis of the complex leads to the interpretation that the mineralization is spatially concentrated in a low angle shear zone of mylonitized migmatite, the lower ductile part of the Chapedoni metamorphic complex. The shear zone that has top to the NE sense of shear in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the mountain and top to the WNW sense of shear in the southwestern part is a detachment zone to the Chapedoni Metamorphic Core Complex (CMCC). The Eocene granite is the plutonic core to the CMCC. The shear zone is cut by several NE‐trending left‐lateral strike‐slip faults. This later faulting is interpreted to account for the significant enrichment of uranium in the southern part of the mountain. The bimodal distribution of radiometric data gathered from exploratory drill holes in this part of the mountain constrains this interpretation. That is, the lower value is from the shear zone across the area but the higher value is from the places that the shear zone is cut by the transverse faults.
Comparisons of computed tomography, contrast‐enhanced computed tomography and standing low‐field magnetic resonance imaging in horses with lameness localised to the foot. Part 2: Lesion identification
Authors: VALLANCE S. A. , BELL R. J. W. , SPRIET M. , KASS P. H. , PUCHALSKI S. M. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: No previous study compares computed tomography (CT), contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and standing low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (LFMRI) to detect lesions in horses with lameness localised to the foot. This study will help clinicians understand the limitations of these techniques.Objectives: To determine if CT, CECT and LFMRI would identify lesions within the distal limb and document discrepancies with lesion distribution and lesion classification.Methods: Lesions in specific structures identified on CT and MR images of feet (31 limbs) from the same horse were reviewed and compared. Distributions of lesions were compared using a Chi‐squared test and techniques analysed using the paired marginal homogeneity test for concordance.Results: Lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) were most common and CT/CECT identified more lesions than LFMRI. Deep digital flexor tendon lesions seen on LFMRI only were frequently distal to the proximal extent of the distal sesamoid and DDFT lesions seen on CT/CECT only were frequently proximal to the distal sesamoid. Lesions identified on LFMRI only were core (23.3%) or splits (43.3%), whereas lesions identified only on CT were abrasions (29.8%), core (15.8%), enlargement (15.8%) or mineralisation (12.3%). Contrast‐enhanced CT improved lesion identification at the DDFT insertion compared to CT and resulted in distal sesamoidean impar ligament and collateral sesamoidean ligament vascular enhancement in 75% of cases. Low‐field MRI and CT/CECT failed to identify soft tissue mineralisation and bone oedema, respectively.Conclusions and potential relevance: Multiple lesions are detected with CT, CECT and LFMRI but there is variability in lesion detection and classification. LFMRI centred only on the podotrochlear apparatus may fail to identify lesions of the pastern or soft tissue mineralisation. Computed tomography may fail to identify DDFT lesions distal to the proximal border of the distal sesamoid.
Identification of risk factors for traumatic injury in the general horse population of north‐west England, Midlands and north Wales
Authors: OWEN K. R. , SINGER E. R. , CLEGG P. D. , IRELAND J. L. , PINCHBECK G. L. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: Traumatic injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the horse and consequently pose a serious threat to horses' wellbeing. To date, there have been no published studies assessing the frequency of injuries in the general horse population of the UK.Objectives: To obtain information regarding husbandry management strategies and injury prevalence in horses aged ≤15 years, with the aim of identifying predisposing risk factors for injury.Methods: A postal questionnaire was distributed to a randomly selected sample of horse owners across north‐west England, Midlands and north Wales. Factors associated with injury were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis performed with the binary outcome variable defined as whether or not the horse had sustained an injury within the previous 12 months.Results: A usable questionnaire response rate of 68% (652/953) was achieved. Forty percent of horses had sustained a traumatic injury within the past year, of which 62% occurred in the field and 13% during ridden exercise. Factors identified as being associated with an increased risk of traumatic injury included the following: breed other than cob or pony (P = 0.001), shorter duration of ownership (P = 0.002), being turned out with an increasing number of horses (P = 0.001), being used for competitive (P = 0.001) or Parelli (P = 0.006) purposes. Stabling at all times during the spring (P = 0.005), the use of wood fencing in paddocks (P = 0.05) and being prone to becoming distressed if left alone in a field (P = 0.04) were also found to be associated with an increased risk of injury. Stabling at all times during winter was associated with a decreased risk of injury (P = 0.006).Conclusions and potential relevance: Risk factors for sustaining injuries have been identified in association with management practices. This information may be used to educate owners regarding management of their horse(s) in order to prevent injury.
Implementation and faculty assessment of an oral examination in a therapeutics course in a distance synchronous education pharmacy programme
Authors: Benavides Sandra , Borja-Hart Nancy L , Maniscalco-Feichtl Maria 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the process and implementation of an oral exam in a large class with distance synchronous education technology and to evaluate the faculty's perspective of the development, administration, and assessment of the oral exam.

Methods
The Department of Pharmacy Practice at Nova Southeastern University, USA, created two patient cases for the oral exam per course over two semesters within the Therapeutics and Pathophysiology course sequence to be distributed across three campus sites. The faculty's perspective was evaluated utilizing a questionnaire distributed via an online survey.

Key findings
The oral exam was administered simultaneously across three campuses to a total of 464 students over two semesters. A total of 42 faculty members assisted in the exam process. Four cases were developed for the two exams, with detailed answer keys to minimize subjectivity in grading. Twenty-eight faculty members (66%) completed the assessment questionnaire. Most faculty were in support of continuing to administer the oral exam in subsequent therapeutic courses.

Conclusions
Implementation of an oral exam in a large class with synchronous education via distance campuses is feasible. However, exam coordinators must take into account logistics such as time commitment from faculty, adequate facilities and detailed case and key development.
Use of Filter Paper as a Transport Medium for Laboratory Diagnosis of Cholera under Field Conditions
Authors: Page Anne-Laure , Alberti Kathryn P. , Guénolé Alain , Mondongue Vital , Lonlas Mayele Sylvaine , Guerin Philippe J. , Quilici Marie-Laure 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Confirmation of a cholera epidemic is based on bacteriological identification of the agent and requires the sending of samples to a culture laboratory, often in countries with limited resources. Comparison of the use of filter paper with the use of Cary-Blair reference medium for stool transport showed that this simple transport medium is appropriate for the recovery of
Vibrio cholerae
.
Hepatitis C Virus Infection Promotes Hepatic Gluconeogenesis through an NS5A-Mediated, FoxO1-Dependent Pathway
Authors: Deng Lin , Shoji Ikuo , Ogawa Wataru , Kaneda Shusaku , Soga Tomoyoshi , Jiang Da-peng , Ide Yoshi-Hiro , Hotta Hak 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is often associated with type 2 diabetes. However, the precise mechanism underlying this association is still unclear. Here, using Huh-7.5 cells either harboring HCV-1b RNA replicons or infected with HCV-2a, we showed that HCV transcriptionally upregulated the genes for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase), the rate-limiting enzymes for hepatic gluconeogenesis. In this way, HCV enhanced the cellular production of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) and glucose. PEPCK and G6Pase gene expressions are controlled by the transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FoxO1). We observed that although neither the mRNA levels nor the protein levels of FoxO1 expression were affected by HCV, the level of phosphorylation of FoxO1 at Ser319 was markedly diminished in HCV-infected cells compared to the control cells, resulting in an increased nuclear accumulation of FoxO1, which is essential for sustaining its transcriptional activity. It was unlikely that the decreased level of FoxO1 phosphorylation was mediated through Akt inactivation, as we observed an increased phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 in HCV-infected cells compared to control cells. By using specific inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), we demonstrated that HCV infection induced JNK activation via increased mitochondrial ROS production, resulting in decreased FoxO1 phosphorylation, FoxO1 nuclear accumulation, and, eventually, increased glucose production. We also found that HCV NS5A mediated increased ROS production and JNK activation, which is directly linked with the FoxO1-dependent increased gluconeogenesis. Taken together, these observations suggest that HCV promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis through an NS5A-mediated, FoxO1-dependent pathway.
Disulfide Bond Formation Contributes to Herpes Simplex Virus Capsid Stability and Retention of Pentons
Authors: Szczepaniak Renata , Nellissery Jacob , Jadwin Joshua A. , Makhov Alexander M. , Kosinski Athena , Conway James F. , Weller Sandra K. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Disulfide bonds reportedly stabilize the capsids of several viruses, including papillomavirus, polyomavirus, and simian virus 40, and have been detected in herpes simplex virus (HSV) capsids. In this study, we show that in mature HSV-1 virions, capsid proteins VP5, VP23, VP19C, UL17, and UL25 participate in covalent cross-links, and that these are susceptible to dithiothreitol (DTT). In addition, several tegument proteins were found in high-molecular-weight complexes, including VP22, UL36, and UL37. Cross-linked capsid complexes can be detected in virions isolated in the presence and absence of
N
-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a chemical that reacts irreversibly with free cysteines to block disulfide formation. Intracellular capsids isolated in the absence of NEM contain disulfide cross-linked species; however, intracellular capsids isolated from cells pretreated with NEM did not. Thus, the free cysteines in intracellular capsids appear to be positioned such that disulfide bond formation can occur readily if they are exposed to an oxidizing environment. These results indicate that disulfide cross-links are normally present in extracellular virions but not in intracellular capsids. Interestingly, intracellular capsids isolated in the presence of NEM are unstable; B and C capsids are converted to a novel form that resembles A capsids, indicating that scaffold and DNA are lost. Furthermore, these capsids also have lost pentons and peripentonal triplexes as visualized by cryoelectron microscopy. These data indicate that capsid stability, and especially the retention of pentons, is regulated by the formation of disulfide bonds in the capsid.
cis
-Acting Effects on RNA Processing and Drosha Cleavage Prevent Epstein-Barr Virus Latency III BHRF1 Expression
Authors: Xing Li , Kieff Elliott 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency III (LTIII) infection, BHRF1 encodes three microRNAs (miRNAs). Herein we report that Drosha cleavage of LTIII BHRF1 RNA and
cis
-acting splicing effects inhibit splicing and inhibit BHRF1 RNA and protein expression. Evidence shown here supports the view that Drosha cleavage to generate mature miRNAs and
cis
-acting sequences that prevent mRNA maturation are independent processes that prevent LTIII BHRF1 expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines.
Campylobacter jejuni Group III Phage CP81 Contains Many T4-Like Genes without Belonging to the T4-Type Phage Group: Implications for the Evolution of T4 Phages
Authors: Hammerl Jens A. , Jäckel Claudia , Reetz Jochen , Beck Sebastian , Alter Thomas , Lurz Rudi , Barretto Caroline , Brüssow Harald , Hertwig Stefan 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

CP81 is a virulent
Campylobacter
group III phage whose linear genome comprises 132,454 bp. At the nucleotide level, CP81 differs from other phages. However, a number of its structural and replication/recombination proteins revealed a relationship to the group II
Campylobacter
phages CP220/CPt10 and to T4-type phages. Unlike the T4-related phages, the CP81 genome does not contain conserved replication and virion modules. Instead, the respective genes are scattered throughout the phage genome. Moreover, most genes for metabolic enzymes of CP220/CPt10 are lacking in CP81. On the other hand, the CP81 genome contains nine similar genes for homing endonucleases which may be involved in the attrition of the conserved gene order for the virion core genes of T4-type phages. The phage apparently possesses an unusual modification of C or G bases. Efficient cleavage of its DNA was only achieved with restriction enzymes recognizing pure A/T sites. Uncommonly, phenol extraction leads to a significant loss of CP81 DNA from the aqueous layer, a property not yet described for other phages belonging to the T4 superfamily.
Emergence of Genotype I of Japanese Encephalitis Virus as the Dominant Genotype in Asia
Authors: Pan Xiao-Ling , Liu Hong , Wang Huan-Yu , Fu Shi-Hong , Liu Hai-Zhou , Zhang Hai-Lin , Li Ming-Hua , Gao Xiao-Yan , Wang Jing-Lin , Sun Xiao-Hong , Lu Xin-Jun , Zhai You-Gang , Meng Wei-Shan , He Ying , Wang Huan-Qin , Han Na , Wei Bo , Wu Yong-Gan , Feng Yun , Yang Du-Juan , Wang Li-Hua , Tang Qin , Xia Guoliang , Kurane Ichiro , Rayner Simon , Liang Guo-Dong 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen, is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis worldwide. Previous phylogenetic studies based on the envelope protein indicated that there are four genotypes, and surveillance data suggest that genotype I is gradually replacing genotype III as the dominant strain. Here we report an evolutionary analysis based on 98 full-length genome sequences of JEV, including 67 new samples isolated from humans, pigs, mosquitoes, midges. and bats in affected areas. To investigate the relationships between the genotypes and the significance of genotype I in recent epidemics, we estimated evolutionary rates, ages of common ancestors, and population demographics. Our results indicate that the genotypes diverged in the order IV, III, II, and I and that the genetic diversity of genotype III has decreased rapidly while that of genotype I has increased gradually, consistent with its emergence as the dominant genotype.
Chimeric Chikungunya Viruses Are Nonpathogenic in Highly Sensitive Mouse Models but Efficiently Induce a Protective Immune Response
Authors: Wang Eryu , Kim Dal Young , Weaver Scott C. , Frolov Ilya 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an important pathogen causing outbreaks of highly debilitating and often chronic, arthralgic human disease. We have designed chimeric alphaviruses encoding CHIKV-specific structural proteins but no structural or nonstructural proteins capable of interfering with development of cellular antiviral response. These chimeras demonstrate a highly attenuated phenotype in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised (A129) mice. However, after a single vaccination, they induced protective immune response against subsequent CHIKV challenge, characterized by high titers of neutralizing antibodies. The rational design of alphavirus genomes provides a strong basis for the development of new recombinant alphaviruses with irreversible, highly attenuated, cell type-restricted phenotypes.
Improved delivery of the Neuroform 3 stent: technical note
Authors: Ferrell Andrew Stephen , Golshani Kiarash , Zomorodi Ali , Smith Tony P , Britz Gavin W 
Published: June 2011

BackgroundIntracranial stents have expanded endovascular therapy to wide neck aneurysms whose dimensions and configurations are not amendable to coil embolization alone. Stents however have not eliminated all problems due to technical factors with their delivery systems. The Neuroform stent system is one of the most widely used for this purpose and has undergone several technical modifications to improve deliverability. Despite improvements in the delivery system there are still reports of failure of stent deployment with the Neuroform 3. Here a simple back table modification is described in which the stent is pushed several centimeters back into the delivery catheter from its manufactured location. This makes the catheter tip more flexible and in our experience improves navigation through vessel curvature and increases deployment rate.MethodsOur institution's cerebrovascular database was reviewed retrospectively in compliance with institutional review board approval to identify all Neuroform 3 stents used for assistance with aneurysm embolization since the current stent design became clinically available. Records were reviewed to identify cases of failure of stent placement using the above described technical modification.Results139 Neuroform 3 stents were placed at our institution for assistance with aneurysm embolization with the technique described above. Only three instances of failure of stent placement related to trackability of the delivery system were identified for a technical failure rate of 2.2%.ConclusionsA simple back table modification to the Neuroform 3 delivery system is described which in our single center experience may improve trackability and ultimately successful stent deployment.
SURVEILLANCE TEST INTERVAL OPTIMIZATION FOR NUCLEAR PLANTS USING MULTI OBJECTIVE REAL PARAMETER GENETIC ALGORITHMS
Authors: CHOWHURY SOUMIK , VARDE P. V. 
Published: June 2011

Surveillance Test Interval is an important parameter for the standby systems of a plant with respect to its availability, cost and other issues. Stand-by systems are not required during normal operations but are essentially required when demanded by the plant operations. Stand-by systems are tested and maintained periodically in order to ensure their serviceability. In this paper an attempt has been done to optimize the unavailability, cost and manrem consumption with respect to Surveillance Test Interval for the standby systems of nuclear plants. In this work a novel approach has been introduced where Real Parameter Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been used for the multi-objective optimization problem in hand. Application of Genetic Algorithms in similar problems has been reported in literature. But the approach proposed in this paper differs from the exixting methods significantly. In this work real-parameter GA has been used which makes the algorithm simple by not having the overhead of encoding and decoding of solutions. More-over a multi-objective optimization method has been proposed that not only takes care of optimizing the unavailability but also cost and manrem consumption. Here we have mainly concentrated on the Emergency Core Cooling System of a Research Reactor, but the same idea can easily be extended for the other standby systems.
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity Synapses Form in Mice during Tumor-Specific Antibody Immunotherapy
Authors: Hubert Pascale , Heitzmann Adèle , Viel Sophie , Nicolas André , Sastre-Garau Xavier , Oppezzo Pablo , Pritsch Otto , Osinaga Eduardo , Amigorena Sebastian 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) plays a critical role in monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated cancer therapy. ADCC, however, has not been directly shown in vivo but inferred from the requirement for IgG Fc receptors (FcγR) in tumor rejection in mice. Here, we investigated the mechanism of action of a Tn antigen-specific chimeric mAb (Chi-Tn), which binds selectively to a wide variety of carcinomas, but not to normal tissues, in both humans and mice. Chi-Tn mAb showed no direct toxicity against carcinomas cell lines in vitro but induced the rejection of a murine breast tumor in 80% to 100% of immunocompetent mice, when associated with cyclophosphamide. Tumor rejection was abolished in Fc receptors–associated γ chain (FcR-γ)–deficient mice, suggesting a role for ADCC. Indeed, tumor cells formed stable conjugates in vivo with FcR-γ chain-expressing macrophages and neutrophils in Chi-Tn mAb-treated but not in control mAb-treated mice. The contact zone between tumor cells and ADCC effectors accumulated actin, FcγR and phospho-tyrosines. The in vivo formed ADCC synapses were organized in multifocal supra-molecular activation clusters. These results show that in vivo ADCC mediated by macrophages and neutrophils during tumor rejection by Chi-Tn mAb involves a novel type of multifocal immune synapse between effectors of innate immunity and tumor cells. Cancer Res; 71(15); 5134–43. ©2011 AACR.