bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity to Gibberellin of Dwarf Foxtail Millet Varieties
Authors: Qian Jiyue , Jia Guanqing , Zhi Hui , Li Wei , Wang Yongfang , Li Haiquan , Shang Zhonglin , Doust Andrew N. , Diao Xianmin 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTDwarf mutants identified from various crop species have been extensively used as valuable resources for breeding lodging resistant elite cultivars. The response of dwarf lines to gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) is important for dwarf mutant identification and classification. Forty‐eight foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] dwarf lines collected from different breeding programs in China were tested for their response to GA3 at the seedling stage. Forty‐six of the samples were identified as being sensitive to GA3 treatments and two lines, 84133chunhe and Xianai, were identified as insensitive. For most sensitive lines, seedling, leaf, mesocotyl, and coleoptile showed positive reaction to GA3, increasing their length at most of the concentrations. Root responses to GA3 were diverse but mostly negative. The mesocoty1 is the most sensitive to GA3 solutions with concentrations between 30 and 50 mg kg−1 and is suggested as the best test for gibberellic acid (GA) sensitivity in foxtail millet. The results in this paper indicate that multiple dwarfing genes might exist in foxtail millet and that these dwarf lines will be useful for further studies.
Nitrogen Source Effects on Ammonia Volatilization from Warm‐Season Sod
Authors: Huckaby E.C. Knight , Wood C.W. , Guertal E.A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTAmmonia (NH3) volatilization from fertilized turfgrass may represent a worst‐case scenario: surface application without incorporation, especially if irrigation is not available. Although studied in field crop systems, field‐scale losses of NH3 from turfgrass systems have received little study. Additionally, volatilization research with slow‐release N sources is largely absent from the turfgrass literature. The objective of this study was to quantify NH3 volatilization from three N sources applied to warm‐season turfgrass, using a field‐scale mast system not yet evaluated in turfgrass settings. Treatments were applied to hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy] or zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) sod in October 2005, May 2006, and September 2006. Fertilizer treatments were urea (46–0–0), methylene urea (40–0–0), and polymer coated urea (41–0–0) applied at a N rate of 146 kg ha−1. For 10 d NH3 was captured using a passive micrometeorological system of oxalic acid coated traps mounted on a rotating mast in the center of a 15 m diameter circular plot. In October 2005, NH3 volatilized from plots fertilized with urea was 11.7% of total N applied, which is significantly more volatilization than measured from plots receiving polymer coated urea. In May 2006 significantly more NH3 volatilized from plots fertilized with urea (11.7%) than from those fertilized with polymer‐coated urea (3.6%). The 2006 studies had similar results, with significantly more NH3 volatilized from urea fertilized plots (average of 17.9%) than from plots fertilized with methylene urea (5.8%) or polymer‐coated urea (4.4%).Of the three N sources, urea volatilized a greater proportion of applied N than the slow‐release sources methylene urea and polymer coated urea.
Direct Selection for Grain Yield under Moisture Stress in Oryza sativa cv. IR58025B × Oryza meridionalis Population
Authors: Gouda P. Kalmeshwer , Kumar Varma C. Mohan , Saikumar S. , Kiran B. , Shenoy Vinay , Shashidhar H. E. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the important food crops drastically affected by drought. Considering the low heritability of grain yield under water stress, several secondary traits associated with drought tolerance have been used, but the success achieved in deriving cultivars with high yield potential under stress is less compared to irrigated conditions. Hence, objective of the experiment was to estimate heritability for grain yield under lowland stress and select for grain yield per se using wild species Oryza meridionalis Ng and also to identify physio‐morphological traits responsible for withstanding water stress. A population derived from O. sativa cv. IR58025B × O. meridionalis (BC2F3) was evaluated under control and stress conditions. Variability observed for yield and component traits indicated O. meridionalis to be a good source of useful alleles for drought tolerance. Broad‐sense heritability (h2) of grain yield under stress, although only 33.1%, was comparable to control 59.4%, indicating direct selection for grain yield per se can be practiced. Twenty high‐yielding selected lines and 40 random lines were evaluated under control and stress conditions to estimate selection response. Yield of selected lines outperformed random lines and checks under stress. Furthermore, 10 lines (5 high yielding and 5 low yielding) selected from the population were characterized for root morphological traits. Maximum root length (MRL) and root volume (RV) of selected high‐yielding lines recorded maximum compared with checks and low‐yielding lines indicating positive influence of drought avoidance root traits on grain yield under stress. Hence, O. meridionalis can be a good source of root traits contributing to stress tolerance and selection for grain yield under stress is an effective strategy in deriving drought tolerant lines in rice.
A Rapid, Small‐Scale Sedimentation Method to Predict Breadmaking Quality of Hard Winter Wheat
Authors: Seabourn Bradford W. , Xiao Zhihua S. , Tilley Michael , Herald Thomas J. , Park Seok‐Ho 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTBreeders and processors are always looking for rapid and accurate methods to evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, small‐scale method to accurately determine breadmaking quality for early generation hard winter wheat (HWW) breeding lines by combining the solutions used in the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation method (American Association of Cereal Chemists [AACC] 56‐70 [AACC, 2000]) and the centrifugation process found within the solvent retention capacity (SRC) method (AACC 56‐11 [AACC, 2000]). A preliminary test of the hybrid SDS‐SRC method was performed on eight HWW varieties and compared to AACC (56‐70) and in‐house Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory (HWWQL) methods to show proof of concept. Further validation of the hybrid method was conducted on a diverse set of 53 HWW varieties. The hybrid method was performed in 66% less time than AACC 56‐70 and HWWQL methods. Furthermore, sample size was reduced from 6 g for the AACC method to 1 g for the hybrid method. Results obtained from the hybrid method exhibited a higher correlation to bread loaf volume (r ≥ 0.84) compared to results from the AACC method (r > 0.42) and HWWQL method (r ≥ 0.64) for wheat flour. Due to enhanced speed, accuracy, and simplicity the hybrid SDS‐SRC sedimentation method may prove useful in breeding programs, grain elevators, and other scenarios where rapid assessment of end‐use quality determination is required.
Seasonal Changes in Morphology and Physiology of Roughstalk Bluegrass
Authors: Rutledge James M. , Volenec J.J. , Hurley R.H. , Reicher Z.J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTRoughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) (RBG) is a weed in many turf settings because it often thins, goes dormant, or dies with increasing summer temperatures. Morphology and physiology of RBG are not well understood. Our objective was to describe morphological differences and physiological changes in shoots and stolons of RBG and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) (CBG) during the growing season in Indiana. The study evaluated three grasses (‘L93’ CBG and ‘Laser’ and ‘Pulsar’ RBG) over nine harvests from field plots between April and October of 2008 and 2009. Turf quality and percent cover were consistently higher for CBG compared to RBG. However, mild summer temperatures in 2008 and 2009 likely resulted in minimal separation between RBG cultivars. Stolon production began in May for RBG and CBG after planting in August of the previous year. Specific stolon dry weights (mg cm−1) of RBG doubled compared to L93 during peak summer stress in August. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration of RBG shoots decreased 26% while TNC in stolons remained unchanged. Additionally, protein and amino acid concentrations increased in stolons and decreased in shoots of RBG during summer stress, further supporting our hypothesis that stolons act as storage organs during high temperatures. Conserving protein and carbohydrates in stolons at the expense of shoots until high temperature stress subsides may be a stress tolerance mechanism of RBG.
Influence of Seeding Rate, Nitrogen Management, and Micronutrient Blend Applications on Pith Expression in Solid‐Stemmed Spring Wheat
Authors: Beres Brian L. , McKenzie Ross H. , Cárcamo Héctor A. , Dosdall Lloyd M. , Evenden Maya L. , Yang Rong‐Cai , Spaner Dean M. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton [Hymenoptera: Cephidae]) is a serious threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other cereal grains in the northern Great Plains. Wheat cultivars with high expression of pith in the culm of the stem (stem solidity) can minimize losses associated with sawfly infestations and subsequent stem boring of the larva. Based on the widespread area now sown to solid‐stemmed wheat, our objective was to develop an integrated nutrient and planting strategy specific to solid‐stemmed spring wheat using modern farming techniques. Five levels of banded N fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha−1) were arranged in a factorial combination with three levels of sowing density (100, 300, and 500 seeds m−2) and grown at three sites in southern Alberta, Canada, from 2007 to 2009. Increased planting densities optimized yield, but an inverse relationship with pith expression (stem solidness) was observed. Low plant populations (100 seeds m−2) were often most effective at maximizing pith expression in solid‐stemmed wheat and reducing sawfly cutting damage. However, this usually required the highest rates of N fertilizer, so a system of low seeding rates and high N may not be economical based on fertilizer input costs and the generally lower grain yield response (−9%). An integrated planting and nutrient strategy for solid‐stemmed spring wheat cultivars consists of seeding rates no greater than 300 seeds m−2 and basal N applications in the range of 30 to 60 kg N ha−1.
A Modified Method to Screen for Partial Resistance to Phytophthora sojae in Soybean
Authors: Stewart Silvina , Robertson Alison E. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTPhytophthora root and stem rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae Kauf and Gerd, is one of the most damaging diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the United States. Partial resistance (PR), which is defined as the relative ability of a soybean plant to survive root infection without showing severe symptoms, is an effective way to manage this disease. A modification of the layer test method used to screen for PR to P. sojae in soybean was evaluated. Instead of the P. sojae‐colonized agar layer, which is used in the current greenhouse cup assay, P. sojae‐infested rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains were used. In addition, a dry root weight (Drw) measurement was compared to a disease severity root rot score, which uses a 1 to 10 visual scale. The rice method was not statistically different from the layer test for the variables evaluated. Advantages of the rice method include reduced cost and the ability to screen soybean germplasm with more than one pathotype of the pathogen in a single assay. A mixture of several pathotypes of P. sojae ensures compatible interactions between isolates used and all known Rps genes, thus avoiding Rps genes that could go undetected and mask PR during screening. Although collecting and handling of roots for Drw data may require more time, it is a more objective variable, which assures precise scoring, it is not rater dependent, and less training of personnel is required.
Diverse Soybean Accessions Identified with Temperature‐Sensitive Resistance to Tobacco Streak Virus
Authors: Hobbs H. A. , Jossey S. , Wang Y. , Hartman G. L. , Domier L. L. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTTobacco streak virus (TSV) is a pathogen that has been reported in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in Brazil and the United States, for which resistance has only been reported in the “hay‐type” soybean cultivar Tanner. To find additional resistant soybean genotypes, >1000 soybean accessions from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection were evaluated for resistance to TSV in the greenhouse. No resistance was found in a 94‐accession ancestral set, but 19 of 926 accessions screened from a geographically diverse set of soybean accessions were resistant to TSV infection. Further investigation showed that the resistance of the soybean accessions was temperature sensitive. When TSV‐resistant plants were inoculated with TSV and grown at 24°C for 17 to 20 d in a growth chamber, only 7% of inoculated plants became infected, based on virus antigen detected in noninoculated trifoliolate leaves. In contrast, when inoculated with TSV and grown at 32°C for 17 to 20 d, 71% of TSV‐resistant plants became systemically infected with TSV, including plants of the resistant control, Tanner, which was earlier identified as resistant to TSV infection and had never shown systemic TSV movement under greenhouse conditions. Because temperatures may equal or exceed 32°C at times during the growing season in many soybean producing areas, it will be important to assess the potential usefulness of the TSV resistance under field conditions for several years before utilizing it in breeding programs.
Evaluation and Haplotype Analysis of Elite Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Lines for Resistance to Hessian Fly
Authors: Yu Guo Tai , Wang Tao , Anderson Kirk M. , Harris Marion O. , Cai Xiwen , Xu Steven S. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTSynthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW), derived from the hybrids between tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) and Tausch's goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii Coss.), is an excellent source of resistance genes for various pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the elite SHW lines developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center for resistance to Hessian fly and to postulate the resistance genes present in the resistance lines. A total of 118 elite SHW lines and 35 durum wheat parents were evaluated for resistance to the Great Plains (GP) biotype of the Hessian fly. Fifty‐two of the SHW lines were highly or moderately resistant to Hessian fly. Since all of the durum parents were susceptible, the resistance genes in these SHW lines were derived from the A. tauschii D genome. The 52 SHW lines were haplotyped using eight polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based markers closely linked to five resistance genes (H13, H22, H23, H26, and H32) previously identified in A. tauschii. The marker analysis revealed that 32 resistant SHW lines shared haplotypes with the wheat lines containing the five known resistance genes. Nineteen resistant SHW lines had different haplotypes, suggesting that these lines may contain new genes for resistance to Hessian fly. The resistant SHW lines identified in this study will be useful for the development of wheat cultivars resistant to the Hessian fly as well as for genetic and evolutionary studies of resistance genes.
Selection and Use Recommendation in Hybrids of Ornamental Banana
Authors: Santos‐Serejo Janay A. , Souza Everton H. , Costa Maria A. P. C. , Costa Junior Davi S. , Amorim Edson P. , Silva Sebastião O. , Souza Fernanda V. D. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe ornamental market is dynamic and demands constant novelties. The use of fruit crops as ornamental plants can be an interesting alternative with very differentiated and original products. The banana germplasm bank at Embrapa Cassava and Fruits has been primarily used in the breeding program for generating new cultivars as food. To diversify and expand the use of this collection, accessions with ornamental potential have been selected to obtain new hybrids. This work was aimed at characterizing the progeny of ornamental Musa L. spp. by grouping the hybrids according to the following uses: landscape plants, potted plants, cut flower, or minifruits. Forty‐two hybrids were evaluated with 14 quantitative and 12 qualitative descriptors in three production cycles. In addition, assays for resistance to black and yellow Sigatoka and to Fusarium wilt were performed. Variability was observed for all the characteristics evaluated within progenies, especially with regard to leaf color, fruit, peduncle, rachis, and heart. All evaluated hybrids were resistant to yellow Sigatoka and to Fusarium wilt and were resistant or showed reduced symptoms of susceptibility to black Sigatoka. Most hybrids (82%) presented reduced plant height. After clustering by use category, the hybrids RM 09, RM 38, RM 37, and RM 33 were selected and recommended to be used as cut flowers, minifruits, or landscaping plants.
Inheritance and Genetic Mapping of Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in Iranian Wheat Landrace Accession PI 626580
Authors: Valdez Victoria A. , Byrne Patrick F. , Lapitan Nora L.V. , Peairs Frank B. , Bernardo Amy , Bai Guihua , Haley Scott D. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTRussian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), is a significant insect pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and has had a major economic impact worldwide, especially on winter wheat in the western United States. Development of resistant cultivars remains the most viable method for RWA control, although the continuing emergence of new RWA biotypes virulent to deployed resistance genes reinforces the need for the discovery of new sources of resistance. Iranian wheat landrace accession PI 626580 has shown high levels of resistance to RWA biotypes 1 (RWA1) and 2 (RWA2), but the inheritance and chromosomal location of this resistance is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of RWA2 resistance, identify closely linked markers, and map the chromosomal location of RWA2 resistance found in PI 626580. Bulked segregant analysis was conducted with a mapping population of 154 F2 individuals derived from a single plant selection made from PI 626580 and ‘Yuma’ (a susceptible wheat cultivar). Phenotypic segregation of RWA2 resistance suggested a single dominant gene, provisionally designated Dn626580. Linkage mapping analysis identified three simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, Xbarc214, Xgwm473, and Xgwm437, proximally linked to Dn626580 near the centromere on the short arm of chromosome 7D at distances of 1.8, 5.0, and 8.2 cM, respectively. Dn626580, a new resistance gene found in PI 626580, could be used alone or by pyramiding with other resistance genes to develop cultivars with effective RWA resistance.
Forage Accumulation, Nutritive Value, and Persistence of ‘Mulato II’ Brachiariagrass in Northern Florida
Authors: Vendramini J. M. B. , Sollenberger L. E. , Lamb G. C. , Foster J. L. , Liu K. , Maddox M. K. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT‘Mulato II’ [Brachiaria spp.] is a warm‐season grass with excellent nutritive value adapted to tropical regions; however, its herbage production and persistence in subtropical locations is unknown. Grazing and clipping studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in Marianna and Gainesville, FL, respectively. The treatments for the grazing study were beef heifers (Bos spp.) grazing Mulato II, ‘Tifleaf 3’ pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], or ‘Hayday’ sorghum‐sudangrassgrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] pastures on a continuous stocking rate. In 2008, there were no differences in herbage allowance (HA) (0.9 kg dry matter [DM] kg−1 live weight [LW]), average daily gain (ADG) (0.5 kg d−1), and gain per hectare (168 kg) among treatments. However, Mulato II had greater HA (2.0 vs. 0.7 kg DM kg−1 LW) and ADG (0.78 vs. 0.41 kg d−1) than Tifleaf 3 and Hayday and similar gain per hectare (302 kg) in 2009. The treatments for the clipping study were Mulato II, evaluated as an annual and perennial, ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), Tifleaf 3 pearl millet, and Hayday sorghum‐sudangrass. In 2008, Hayday and Tifleaf 3 established more rapidly than Mulato II; however, Mulato II grew later in the fall. In 2009, the perennial treatments (Mulato II and Tifton 85) had overall greater herbage accumulation than the annual treatments. In the clipping study, Tifton 85 had greater ground cover than Mulato II perennial in 2009 (73 vs. 36%) and 2010 (73 vs. 12%). Mulato II may be used as a high quality, short‐lived perennial warm‐season grass in subtropical areas.
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Genotype Imputation in Populations from Several Maize Breeding Programs
Authors: Hickey John M. , Crossa Jose , Babu Raman , de los Campos Gustavo 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTGenomic selection and association mapping offer great potential to increase rates of genetic progress in plants. The prediction of genomic breeding values usually requires that missing genotypes be imputed because a proportion of genotypes is usually uncalled by the genotyping algorithm, different individuals may be genotyped using different platforms, or low cost genotyping strategies can involve genotyping some individuals at high density and others at low density. The objective of this paper was to quantify the accuracy of imputation in a maize (Zea mays L.) data set and explore some of the factors that affect it. The factors studied were the density of the low‐density platform, level of linkage disequilibrium, minor allele frequency of the marker being imputed, and degree of genetic relationship between the line being imputed and the training population. The accuracy of imputation was high even when only 8774 genotypes constitute the low‐density platform. The correlation between the true and imputed genotypes was 0.87. However, there was a dramatic reduction in the accuracy of imputation when the low‐density platforms had fewer than 8774 genotypes. Genetic relatedness between an individual having its genotypes imputed and the individuals genotyped with the high‐density platform was important. The design of an information nucleus that incorporates imputation for the purposes of implementing genomic selection and association mapping in small independent breeding programs was discussed.