bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bias and dispersal in the animal reintroduction literature
Authors: Bajomi Bálint , Pullin Andrew S. , Stewart Gavin B. , Takács-Sánta András 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe examined the literature on animal reintroductions to assess the challenges facing individual conservation practitioners who wish to access, synthesize and interpret available evidence to inform their decision making. We undertook an extensive search in eight electronic literature databases, using seven different keyword combinations, and added the content of four bibliographies on reintroductions. We found 3,826 potentially relevant publications totalling at least 29,290 pages of text. Taxonomic bias is apparent in the distribution of general and conservation scientific literature and in reintroduction programmes. We examined whether the literature on reintroductions is biased in a similar way. Comparing the distribution of reintroduction publications to numbers of species, reintroduction programmes and the general conservation literature, there is a marked taxonomic bias favouring vertebrates, especially birds and mammals. The bias in relation to reintroduction programmes is surprising and indicates that managers working with invertebrates and amphibians are less willing and/or less able to publish their results than those working with mammals and birds. The reasons for this are unclear. The growth of the cumulative body of literature can be depicted by a sigmoid curve. Almost 40% of the items were scientific journal articles distributed across 335 journals. The large, ever-growing and dispersed evidence base results in an increased need for reviews, which must be systematic to minimize bias.
Resilience of community forestry under conditions of armed conflict in Nepal
Authors: KARNA BIRENDRA K. , SHIVAKOTI GANESH P. , WEBB EDWARD L. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYArmed conflicts pose a serious and potentially long-term threat to institutions, societies and environments across the world. This study focuses on the small mountainous country of Nepal, which has experienced high levels of armed conflict for many years. This paper analyses the relationship between local forest institutions, institutional embeddedness and forest condition under conditions of active armed conflict. Seven community forest user groups with similar forest governance structure were examined, located in similar biophysical and ecological zones, but experiencing different degrees of conflict. Those forest user groups facing severe armed conflict showed a decline in institutional arrangements but improvements in characteristics of institutional embeddedness, such as trust and reciprocity, whereas the forest user groups in low conflict environments had more stable institutional arrangements and stable embeddedness characteristics. Both types of locations showed an increase in forest density. These results emphasize the capacity of local institutions to organize and cooperate even in extremely vulnerable situations, building trust and reciprocity for sustainable forest use and management.
Risk factors forBrucellaspp. infection in smallholder household herds
Authors: MATOPE G. , BHEBHE E. , MUMA J. B. , LUND A. , SKJERVE E. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYRisk factors forBrucellainfection, the association and impact ofBrucellaseropositivity on abortions were investigated in cattle (n=1291) reared in smallholder household herds (n=203) from six geographical areas of Zimbabwe between September 2004 and 2005. Data on management, abortion and herd structure were collected. Sera were tested forBrucellaantibodies using the Rose Bengal test and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analysed by generalized estimating equation and logistic regression models.Brucellaantibodies were estimated at 5·5% and 22·9% for individual cattle and herds, respectively. Abortions were reported in 3·2% of cows and 22·0% herds. The age of cows andBrucellaseropositivity predicted abortion. For herds,Brucellaseropositivity, geographical area, purchase of cattle and large herd size were independently associated with increased odds of abortion. Exposure toBrucellahad a significant impact on abortion. These results highlight the important risk factors forBrucellaspp. infection in smallholder herds. Thus, brucellosis control programmes which take these factors into consideration will be beneficial.
Study on the effect of measles control programmes on periodic structures of disease epidemics in a large Chinese city
Authors: LUO T. , SUMI A. , ZHOU D. , KAMO K. , YU B. , ZHAO D. , MISE K. , KOBAYASHI N. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYMeasles is regarded as a disease that can be eliminated by vaccination; however, disease epidemics still occur in Wuhan, China. This study explored the effect of measles control programmes on the periodic structure of disease epidemics in Wuhan. The monthly reported measles incidence from 1953 to 2008 was divided into pre-vaccine range (1953–1965) and post-vaccine range (1966–2008). For the incidence in each range, spectral analysis was conducted and power spectral density (PSD) was obtained. In PSD for the pre-vaccine range, the most dominant spectral line was observed at a 2·0-year period, as in the case of Japan. It was confirmed that spectral lines of periodic modes longer than a 1-year cycle of the incidence rates behave in response to the introduction of measles control programmes. The investigation of periodic structures of measles epidemics will contribute to effective measles control programmes in Wuhan.
Incidence of renal and perinephric abscess in diabetic patients: a population-based national study
Authors: KO M.-C. , LIU C.-C. , LIU C.-K. , WOUNG L.-C. , CHEN H.-F. , SU H.-F. , LI C.-Y. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYThis population-based cohort study aimed to investigate the incidence and relative hazard of renal and perinephric abscess (RA) in the diabetic population in Taiwan. More than a half million diabetic patients and sex- and age-matched controls were identified from the 1997 Taiwan National Health Insurance data and were linked to in-patient claims from 1997 to 2007. Person-year approach with Poisson assumption was used to estimate the incidence density (ID) of RA. The hazard ratios (HRs) of hospitalization due to RA in relation to diabetes were analysed using a Cox proportional hazard model. The ID for the diabetic and control subjects was 4·6 and 1·1/10 000 person-years, respectively, in 11 years of follow-up, representing an adjusted HR of 3·81 (95% confidence interval 3·44–4·23). This study confirmed the association of diabetes with RA, and argued that more aggressive urological care should be administered to diabetic patients.
Risk factors for gastroenteritis: a nested case-control study
Authors: RODRIGO S. , SINCLAIR M. , WOLFE R. , LEDER K. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYThis nested case-control study investigated the risk factors for gastroenteritis in a cohort using rainwater as their primary domestic water source. Consumption of beef [odds ratio (OR) 2·74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·56–4·80], handling of raw fresh chicken in the household (OR 1·52, 95% CI 1·02–2·29) and animal contact (OR 1·83, 95% CI 1·20–2·83) were found to be significant risk factors (P>0·05). Significant protective effects were observed with raw salad prepared at home (OR 0·33, 95% CI 0·18–0·58), consumption of salami (OR 0·60, 95% CI 0·36–0·98), and shellfish (OR 0·31, 95% CI 0·14–0·67). This study provides novel insight into community-based endemic gastroenteritis showing that consumption of beef was associated with increased odds of illness and with a population attributable fraction (PAF) of 57·6%. Detecting such a high PAF for beef in a non-outbreak setting was unexpected.
Changing choices in health care: implications for equity, efficiency and cost
Authors: Bevan Gwyn , Helderman Jan-Kees , Wilsford David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAlthough choice may be seen as an end in itself, the papers included in this special issue ofHealth Economics, Policy and Law, examine choice policies in European systems of health care, which aim to be effective instruments for ameliorating the systemic pressures from the iron triangle of equity, efficiency, and cost. Three papers consider the nature of differences between and within countries following the Beveridge and Bismarck models of financing and organising the delivery of care, and how choices are changing within different systems. Within countries following the Beveridge model, current policies in England, Denmark and Sweden emphasise increasing patient choice of provider. Within countries following the Bismarck model, current policies in France and Germany seek to restrict choice of specialists by introducing ‘soft’ gatekeeping; and in the Netherlands there is a system of managed competition with choice of insurer that, in principle, allows insurers to contract selectively with providers. A fourth paper considers how government policies that seek to restrict choice within systems of universal coverage have been subject to challenges in the courts. A commentary explores the implications of the fraught and complex nature of choices between insurers and providers of health care for designing effective choice policies.
Choice of providers and mutual healthcare purchasers: can the English National Health Service learn from the Dutch reforms?
Authors: Bevan Gwyn , van de Ven Wynand P. M. M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn the 1990s, countries experimented with two models of health care reforms based on choice of provider and insurer. The governments of the UK, Italy, Sweden and New Zealand introduced relatively quickly ‘internal market’ models into their single-payer systems, to transform hierarchies into markets by separating ‘purchasers’ from ‘providers’, and enabling ‘purchasers’ to contract selectively with competing public and private providers so that ‘money followed the patient’. This model has largely been abandoned where it has been tried. England, however, has implemented a modified ‘internal market’ model emphasising patient choice, which has so far had disappointing results. In the Netherlands, it took nearly 20 years to implement successfully the model in which enrollees choose among multiple insurers; but these insurers have so far only realised in part their potential to contract selectively with competing providers. The paper discusses the difficulties of implementing these different models and what England and the Netherlands can learn from each other. This includes exploration, as a thought experiment, of how choice of purchaser might be introduced into the English National Health Service based on lessons from the Netherlands.
The procedure for institutional compatibility assessment: ex-ante policy assessment from an institutional perspective
Authors: THEESFELD INSA , SCHLEYER CHRISTIAN , AZNAR OLIVIER 
Published: May 2010

Abstract:Ex-ante impact assessment of agricultural, environmental, and rural policies has become an integral part of political decision-making processes in the European Union. While a variety of agri-environmental modelling tools exists, ex-ante policy assessment tools capturing the institutional dimension are rare and need to be improved. In this paper, we introduce a standardized procedure for ex-ante modelling institutional aspects for policy implementation: the ‘Procedure for Institutional Compatibility Assessment’ (PICA). PICA has been designed as an explorative and flexible, yet formalized methodology that enables policy-makers to identify, at an early stage, potential institutional incompatibilities. After relating PICA to relevant approaches for policy assessment, we elaborate on its four distinct steps, use a core element of the EU Nitrate Directive to illustrate its function, and then provide model validation by means of a test case.
Why evolutionary realism underpins evolutionary economic analysis and theory: A reply to Runde's critique
Authors: DOPFER KURT , POTTS JASON 
Published: May 2010

Abstract:This paper offers a reply to Jochen Runde's critical appraisal of the ontological framework underpinning Dopfer and Potts's (2008) General Theory of Economic Evolution. We argue that Runde's comprehensive critique contains several of what we perceive to be misunderstandings in relation to the key concepts of ‘generic’ and ‘meso’ that we seek here to unpack and redress.
Reproductive biotechnology in farm animals goes genomics.
Authors: Kues W. A. , Rath D. , Niemann H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The breeding of domestic animals has a longstanding and successful history, starting with domestication several thousand years ago. Modern animal breeding strategies, predominantly based on population genetics, artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET) technologies led to significant increases in the performances in domestic animals and are the basis for the regular supply with high-quality animal-derived food at acceptable prices. A recent addition to this arsenal of technologies is the separation of spermatozoa into X- and Y-chromosomes bearing populations by means of flow cytometry, which is going to be transferred into commercial cattle breeding. Moreover, reproductive biotechnologies are currently being complemented by new measures of molecular genetics. The genomes of several domestic animals have been sequenced and annotated. Important uses of genomic data include improving selective breeding strategies, studying expression patterns (transcriptomics or proteomics) and the production of transgenic animals tailored for specific production purposes. The technology for the production of transgenic animals, either by additive gene transfer or by selective deletion (knockout), has been advanced to the level of practical application. A crucial step in this context was the development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning, which has replaced the previously used rather inefficient method of microinjection for producing transgenic animals. In this review, we discuss recent advances in important areas of animal biotechnology related to agricultural applications, including sperm sexing, somatic cloning, genome and transcriptome research, transgenesis and recombinant DNA vaccines with emphasis on large domestic species.
Forty years of farming systems classification for enhanced food security and poverty reduction.
Authors: Dixon J. , Hellin J. , Li XiaoYun Li XiaoYun , Hyman G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Further progress towards improved food security and rural incomes and realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) requires a substantial increase in agricultural production, particularly of cereal crops such as maize, rice and wheat. During the four decades of experience with farming systems analyses, there has been a progressive broadening of research and development agendas and enrichment of classification methods. The Food and Agriculture Organization - World Bank farming systems framework represents a recent synthesis that blends systems and livelihood perspectives in order to analyse, classify and map farming systems in developing regions. The framework characterizes farming systems in terms of their potential to improve food security and reduce poverty, based on the two dimensions of: (i) agricultural resource endowment, e.g. land quality, and (ii) access to institutions, e.g. market access. These characteristics shape farming system development pathways and household livelihood strategies that intensify production and augment farm incomes largely from cereal-based systems (the bedrock of national and global food security) and thereby accelerate progress towards the MDGs. Among the five principal livelihood strategies for reducing poverty, farm intensification and diversification are promising avenues for substantial poverty reduction in many cereal farming systems. The relative importance of poverty-reducing intensification and diversification strategies in different farming systems provides a basis for priority setting and targeting of agricultural research.
Saturated fat and insulin resistance.
Authors: Galgani J. E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance are highly prevalent, and these conditions are strongly related to disorders of lipid metabolism characterized by increased tissue/cellular lipid accumulation, particularly in skeletal muscle. Recent evidence shows that specific fatty acids affect cell metabolism, modifying the balance between fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis. Thus, it has been hypothesized that changes in dietary fatty acid composition can modify insulin resistance. Animal studies provide support for this notion. In humans, intake of dietary saturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have increased, while n-3 fatty acid intake has decreased, which strengthens the need for assessing the influence of the specific type of fatty acid on insulin action. This review specifically examines the evidence relating saturated fat with insulin resistance in humans. Most of the available evidence does not show increased insulin resistance after consuming a saturated fat diet versus an unsaturated fat diet. However, a well-powered and well-designed study found that consumption of saturated fat increased insulin resistance by 10% when compared with a high-monounsaturated fat diet. Modifications in dietary fatty acid composition may have implications in addressing the present epidemic of nutrition-related chronic disease.
Epidemiology and survival of the five stages of chronic kidney disease in a systolic heart failure population
Authors: Hebert Kathy , Dias Andre , Delgado Maria Carolina , Franco Emiliana , Tamariz Leonardo , Steen Dylan , Trahan Patrick , Major Brittny , Arcement Lee M. 
Published: May 2010

AimsThe epidemiology of the five stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in systolic heart failure (HF) patients has predominantly been described in hospitalized White patients, with little known about the prevalence in outpatient Blacks and Hispanics. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of the five stages of CKD by race, ethnicity (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics), and gender in an outpatient systolic HF population and also to evaluate the impact of CKD on mortality.Methods and resultsWe conducted a prospective study of 1301 patients recruited from two hospital facilities in Louisiana and Florida, USA. All patients were enrolled in a systolic HF disease management programme (HFDMP), which enrolled patients with an ejection fraction of ≤40% by echocardiography. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. Patients were classified into five stages of CKD according to the National Kidney Foundation classification system. A total of 338 patients (26%) were found to have CKD. Patients with CKD were older, more likely to be Hispanics, to have less education, New York Heart Association class III, elevated systolic blood pressure, and diabetes. There was no statistical difference in prevalence by gender. Survival was reduced in patients with CKD.ConclusionThe prevalence of CKD in an outpatient systolic HFDMP is high, with over one in four patients affected. CKD patients had significantly lower survival rates compared with patients without CKD.
Clinical trial: impact of prior infliximab therapy on the clinical response to certolizumab pegol maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease
Authors: Hanauer S. B. , Panes J. , Colombel J.‐F. , Bloomfield R. , Schreiber S. , Sandborn W. J. 
Published: May 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 384–393SummaryBackground  Certolizumab pegol (CZP) is an effective therapy for Crohn’s disease refractory to aminosalicylates, corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. In PRECiSE 2, patients were also eligible for enrolment if prior infliximab therapy was terminated due to loss of response.Aim  To evaluate prior infliximab therapy on sustained response and remission to CZP for Crohn’s disease.Methods  PRECiSE 2 were was analysed for predictors of sustained response and remission. Covariates included prior infliximab therapy, and baseline Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI).Results  Week 26 response (≥100‐point decrease from baseline CDAI) and remission (CDAI ≤ 150) were greater with CZP vs. placebo in patients previously receiving infliximab (response: 44.2% vs. 25.5%, P = 0.018; remission: 32.7% vs. 13.7, P = 0.008) and infliximab‐naïve patients (response: 68.7% vs. 39.6%, P < 0.001; remission: 52.8% vs. 33.3%, P < 0.001). Prior infliximab use was the only independent predictor of week 26 response and remission in both groups [response ORCZP vs. placebo = 3.06 (95% CI: 1.21–7.77); remission ORCZP vs. placebo = 4.22 (95% CI: 1.45–12.28)]. Adverse events were similar for both groups.Conclusions  Certolizumab pegol is an effective maintenance therapy in Crohn’s disease regardless of prior infliximab use. Efficacy is higher in patients receiving CZP therapy as a first‐line biologic, but ∼50% of infliximab‐experienced patients benefited from second‐line CZP therapy.
Relationship of sFas with metabolic risk factors and their clusters
Authors: Tamakoshi Akiko , Suzuki Koji , Lin Yingsong , Ito Yoshinori , Yagyu Kiyoko , Kikuchi Shogo , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Inaba Yutaka , Tajima Kazuo , Nakachi Kei ,   for the JACC Study Group
Published: May 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (6): 527–533AbstractBackground  Metabolic risk factors are known to cause atherosclerosis through inflammation. In the process of inflammation, soluble Fas (sFas) may interfere with the apoptotic pathway and contribute to dysregulated inflammation. Recent studies suggest sFas as a marker of inflammation in patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, whether a relationship exists between sFas levels and metabolic risk factors among healthy subjects remains unclear.Materials and methods  We measured the serum sFas levels of 876 subjects selected as controls for a nested case–control study within the JACC Study. The adjusted means of the sFas levels were compared according to the presence of overweight/obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes and their clusters.Results  sFas level was significantly associated with overweight/obesity (2·42 ng mL−1 in overweight/obese men and 2·19 in others) and hyperlipidaemia (2·34 ng mL−1 in men with hyperlipidaemia and 2·19 in others) among men, though not with hypertension or diabetes. Moreover, a clear association between sFas levels and the cluster number of metabolic risk factors was observed independently with age, smoking and drinking(2·39, 2·28, 2·24 and 2·11 ng dL−1 in men with three to four, two, one and none of the four metabolic risk factors respectively). However, among women, clear associations were not observed between sFas levels and the four metabolic risk factors or their clustering.Conclusions  Serum sFas levels appear to be associated with overweight/obesity, hyperlipidaemia and clusters of metabolic risk factors among men, suggesting that sFas may elevate to down‐regulate increased apoptosis in atherogenesis processes.