bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of the skin in peripheral neuropathic pain
Authors: Irving Gordon 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn addition to homeostatic and immunologic barrier functions, the skin acts as a complex sensory organ. Traditionally, the sensory modality of pain was thought to be transduced exclusively by primary afferent neurons, but the concept of a neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous system (NICS) is becoming more recognized. This system involves signals between both neuronal and non‐neuronal skin cells. The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor plays an important role in the NICS. It is highly expressed on nociceptive sensory nerves, as well as on non‐neuronal skin cells, especially keratinocytes. Keratinocytes, which account for 85% of the cells of the dermis, have a close anatomic relationship with peripheral nerves and have TRPV1 receptors on their surface. TRPV1 receptors have also been reported on Langerhans cells, sebocytes and sweat gland epithelium, although due to different staining techniques there is controversy about the actual amount. TRPV1 receptors are activated by capsaicin and the topical application of a high‐concentration capsaicin patch has been shown to significantly reduce pain in patients with post‐herpetic neuralgia or HIV‐associated neuropathy. Given the emerging picture of the role played by cutaneous cells in pain transmission, this review will discuss the critical interplay between cutaneous cells and nociceptors, and how their interactions contribute to the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathic pain.
Challenges with current treatment of neuropathic pain
Authors: Tölle Thomas R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryNeuropathic pain refers to pain that originates from a lesion or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system. Common examples are painful diabetic neuropathy and post‐herpetic neuralgia. Despite recent advances in the identification of pain‐generating mechanisms and the introduction of evidence‐based treatment guidelines, patients with neuropathic pain are challenging to manage. The currently available systemic therapies provide about half of affected patients with meaningful pain relief and are further limited by unwanted adverse effects, such as drowsiness and dizziness, and the need for multiple daily dosing. The traditional topical agents available for the treatment of neuropathic pain—lidocaine patch (5% w/w) and low‐concentration capsaicin cream (0.075% w/w)—are generally free of systemic adverse effects but they have only modest efficacy, require cumbersome daily administration, and in the case of capsaicin cream can lead to discomfort and contamination of sensitive body areas, all of which may result in poor compliance. As patients are left with a difficult compromise between pain relief on the one hand and adverse effects and daily treatment regimens on the other, a clear unmet need remains in the management of neuropathic pain. A high‐concentration capsaicin (8% w/w) patch that provides rapid and prolonged pain relief from a single application is a promising alternative treatment option for patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. Further elucidation of the specific pathophysiologic mechanisms which contribute to neuropathic pain and their translation into signs and symptoms should ultimately enable the design of optimal treatments for individual patients with neuropathic pain.
High‐concentration capsaicin for the treatment of post‐herpetic neuralgia and other types of peripheral neuropathic pain
Authors: Backonja Miroslav M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPost‐herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common complication of shingles, but current therapies often only provide partial pain relief in a proportion of patients treated. Results of six randomized controlled studies in patients with PHN have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of a high‐concentration capsaicin (8% w/w) (NGX‐4010; QUTENZA™) patch following a single 60‐minute application. Patients treated with capsaicin achieved greater pain relief during Weeks 2–8 and Weeks 2–12 compared with a 0.04% w/w capsaicin control patch in two pivotal Phase III studies. In the first study the mean percentage change in Numeric Pain Rating Scale score for Weeks 2–8 was −29.6% versus −19.9% (p = 0.01) for the high‐concentration capsaicin patch versus control, respectively. This result was confirmed by a second similar study. Patients also reported a significant improvement in quality of life on the Patient Global Impression of Change following a single 60‐minute application.An integrated analysis further demonstrated the efficacy of the high‐concentration capsaicin patch and confirmed its good safety and tolerability profile. Sensory testing showed little or no effect on light brush, pinprick or warmth sensations following treatment and a slight improvement in vibration sensation. An open‐label study that administered repeated applications of the high‐concentration capsaicin patch over 1 year demonstrated its long‐term safety with no increased incidence or severity of adverse events and no impact on neurologic function. The high‐concentration capsaicin patch was well tolerated and the most common adverse events were application site‐related, mild to moderate, and transient.
Signs of hope in the eastern Pacific: international collaboration reveals encouraging status for a severely depleted population of hawksbill turtlesEretmochelys imbricata
Authors: Gaos Alexander R. , Abreu-Grobois F.A. , Alfaro-Shigueto J. , Amorocho D. , Arauz R. , Baquero A. , Briseño R. , Chacón D. , Dueñas C. , Hasbún C. , Liles M. , Mariona G. , Muccio C. , Muñoz J.P. , Nichols W.J. , Peña M. , Seminoff J.A. , Vásquez M. , Urteaga J. , Wallace B. , Yañez I.L. , Zárate P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhile little is known about hawksbill turtlesEretmochelys imbricatain the eastern Pacific Ocean, available information suggests that the population has declined substantially in recent decades and could be near extirpation in the region. To evaluate the current status of the population more effectively and to determine the feasibility of recovery efforts, a workshop of regional marine turtle specialists was held in June 2008 in Los Cóbanos, El Salvador. An international working group, Iniciativa Carey del Pacífico Oriental (ICAPO; Eastern Pacific Hawksbill Initiative in English), was established to consolidate information, promote conservation projects and raise awareness about the species. We present information derived from the workshop and compiled by the ICAPO working group since that time. Considering only records from 1 January 2007 to 31 May 2009 it appears that El Salvador hosts the majority of known hawksbill turtle nesting activity in the eastern Pacific, with 79.6% (n = 430) of all nesting observation records, and Mexico hosts the majority of records of hawksbill turtles at sea, with 60.3% (n = 44) of all in-water observation records. Although current abundance is very low, the pervasiveness of the species in the region suggests potential for conservation and recovery. Despite a historical paucity of research focusing on this population, the relatively large and steadily increasing number of records as a result of concerted efforts demonstrates the viability of the ICAPO network as an instrument to promote conservation of this species in the eastern Pacific.
Population dynamics of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica: the effect of time and spatial separation on the genetic diversity of fluke populations in the Netherlands
Authors: WALKER S. M. , JOHNSTON C. , HOEY E. M. , FAIRWEATHER I. , BORGSTEEDE F. , GAASENBEEK C. , PRODÖHL P. A. , TRUDGETT A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYAn evaluation of the genetic diversity within Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) may provide an insight into its potential to respond to environmental changes, such as anthelmintic use or climate change. In this study, we determined the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of >400 flukes from 29 individual cattle, from 2 farms in the Netherlands, as an exemplar of fasciolosis in a European context. Analysis of this dataset has provided us with a measure of the genetic variation within infrapopulations (individual hosts) and the diversity between infrapopulations within a herd of cattle. Temporal sampling from one farm allowed for the measurement of the stability of genetic variation at a single location, whilst the comparison between the two farms provided information on the variation in relation to distance and previous anthelmintic regimes. We showed that the liver fluke population in this region is predominantly linked to 2 distinct clades. Individual infrapopulations contain a leptokurtic distribution of genetically diverse flukes. The haplotypes present on a farm have been shown to change significantly over a relatively short time-period.
Morphological processing of Chinese compounds from a grammatical view
Authors: LIU PHIL D. , McBRIDE-CHANG CATHERINE 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn the present study, morphological structure processing of Chinese compounds was explored using a visual priming lexical decision task among 21 Hong Kong college students. Two compounding structures were compared. The first type was the subordinate, in which one morpheme modifies the other (e.g., 籃 球 [laam4 kau4, basket-ball, basketball]), similar to most English compounds (e.g., a snowman is a man made of snow and toothpaste is a paste for teeth; the second morpheme is the “head,” modified morpheme). The second type was the coordinative, in which both morphemes contribute equally to the meaning of the word. An example in Chinese is 花 草 (faa1 cou2, flower grass, i.e., plant). There are virtually no examples of this type in English, but an approximate equivalent phrase might be in and out, in which neither in nor out is more important than the other in comprising the expression. For the subordinate Chinese compound words, the same structure in prime and target facilitated the semantic priming effect, whereas for coordinative Chinese compound words, the same structure across prime and target inhibited the semantic priming effect. Results suggest that lexical processing of Chinese compounds is influenced by compounding structure processing.
‘It's so cute how they talk’: Stylized Italian English as sociolinguistic maintenance
Authors: Del Torto Lisa M. 
Published: August 2010

In a downtown Border City, Ontario coffee shop, I interviewed Carlo, an Italian-Canadian man in his late 50s. He explained that his children, who are in their 20s, do not demonstrate much productive use of Italian, but that they have maintained the language in that they understand their grandparents' Italian and can imitate their Italian-accented English. I refer to the linguistic phenomenon that Carlo mentions as Stylized Italian English (SIE), which is the primary focus of this paper.This paper begins with a brief ethnographic and linguistic background of the community and participants. I then explore specific features of Stylized Italian English as it is used in multigenerational family interactions, showing that second and third generation family members use SIE to index Italianness. Finally, I discuss SIE within larger contexts of language shift and maintenance and language contact research.
Second generation West Indian Americans and English in New York City
Authors: Blake Renée , Shousterman Cara 
Published: August 2010

Within American sociolinguistics there is a substantial body of research on race as a social variable that conditions language behavior, particularly with regard to black speakers of African American English (AAE) in contact with their white neighbors (e.g., Wolfram, 1971; Rickford, 1985; Myhill, 1986; Bailey, 2001; Cukor-Avila, 2001). Today, the communities that sociolinguists study are more multi-layered than ever, particularly in a metropolis like New York City, thus warranting more complex analyses of the interaction between race and language. Along these lines, Spears (1988) notes the sorely underestimated social and linguistic heterogeneity of the black population in the U.S., which needs to be considered in studies of the language of black speakers. This critique is addressed in work of Winer and Jack (1997), as well as Nero (2001), for example, on the use of Caribbean English in New York City. These two studies broaden our notions of the Englishes spoken in the United States by black people, particularly first generation immigrants. The current research goes one step further with an examination of the English spoken by children of black immigrants to New York City.We focus on second generation Caribbean populations whose parents migrated from the English-speaking Caribbean to the United States, and who commonly refer to themselves as West Indians.
Sporadic Cryptosporidium infection in Nigerian children: risk factors with species identification
Authors: MOLLOY S. F. , TANNER C. J. , KIRWAN P. , ASAOLU S. O. , SMITH H. V. , NICHOLS R. A. B. , CONNELLY L. , HOLLAND C. V. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate risk factors for sporadic Cryptosporidium infection in a paediatric population in Nigeria. Of 692 children, 134 (19·4%) were infected with Cryptosporidium oocysts. Cryptosporidium spp. were identified in 49 positive samples using PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing of the glycoprotein60 (GP60) gene. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to identify risk factors for all Cryptosporidium infections, as well as for C. hominis and C. parvum both together and separately. Risk factors identified for all Cryptosporidium infections included malaria infection and a lack of Ascaris infection. For C. hominis infections, stunting and younger age were highlighted as risk factors, while stunting and malaria infection were identified as risk factors for C. parvum infection.
Military operations in urban areas
Authors: Vautravers Alexandre 
Published: August 2010

AbstractArmies have traditionally avoided cities and siege operations. Fighting for and in cities is costly, slow, and often inconclusive. But sometimes they are unavoidable, either because they are located on main road or rail junctions or because of their value as political and/or economic prizes. Urban expansion in both north and south has made cities today the main theatres of military and humanitarian operations.Armies' structures, equipment, and doctrines are undergoing a process of adaptation. Manoeuvre has given way to fire power and protection for the troops as the decisive elements of military power. While heavy fire power does considerable damage and causes civilians to flee their homes, operations using protection techniques are only suitable for stabilization. Moreover, their success depends essentially on the willingness of troops to make sacrifices, and on support from the public.
Lysophosphatidylcholines activate G2A inducing Gαi-1-/Gαq/11- Ca2+ flux, Gβγ-Hck activation and clathrin/β-arrestin-1/GRK6 recruitment in PMNs
Authors: Khan Samina Y. , McLaughlin Nathan J. D. , Kelher Marguerite R. , Eckels Phillip , Gamboni-Robertson Fabia , Banerjee Anirban , Silliman Christopher C. 
Published: August 2010

Lyso-PCs (lysophosphatidylcholines) are a mixture of lipids that accumulate during storage of cellular blood components, have been implicated in TRALI (transfusion-related acute lung injury) and directly affect the physiology of neutrophils [PMNs (polymorphonuclear leucocytes)]. Because the G2A receptor, expressed on PMNs, has been reported to recognize lyso-PCs, we hypothesize that lyso-PC activation of G2A causes the increases in cytosolic Ca2+ via release of Gα and Gβγ subunits, kinase activation, and the recruitment of clathrin, β-arrestin-1 and GRK6 (G-protein receptor kinase 6) to G2A for signal transduction. PMNs were isolated by standard techniques, primed with lyso-PCs for 5–180 s, and lysed for Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation or subcellular fractionation, or fixed and smeared on to slides for digital microscopy. The results demonstrated that lyso-PCs cause rapid activation of the G2A receptor through S-phosphorylation and internalization resulting in Gαi-1 and Gαq/11 release leading to increases in cytosolic Ca2+, which was inhibited by an antibody to G2A or intracellular neutralization of these subunits. Lyso-PCs also caused the release of the Gβγ subunit which demonstrated a physical interaction (FRET+) with activated Hck (haemopoietic cell kinase; Tyr411). Moreover, G2A recruited clathrin, β-arrestin-1 and GRK6: clathrin is important for signal transduction, GRK6 for receptor de-sensitization, and β-arrestin-1 both propagates and terminates signals. We conclude that lyso-PC activation of G2A caused release of Gαi-1, Gαq/11 and Gβγ, resulting in cytosolic Ca2+ flux, Hck activation, and recruitment of clathrin, β-arrestin-1 and GRK6.
Sitagliptin prevents the development of metabolic and hormonal disturbances, increased β-cell apoptosis and liver steatosis induced by a fructose-rich diet in normal rats
Authors: Maiztegui Bárbara , Borelli María I. , Madrid Viviana G. , Del Zotto Héctor , Raschia María A. , Francini Flavio , Massa María L. , Flores Luis E. , Rebolledo Oscar R. , Gagliardino Juan J. 
Published: August 2010

The aim of the present study was to test the effect of sitagliptin and exendin-4 upon metabolic alterations, β-cell mass decrease and hepatic steatosis induced by F (fructose) in rats. Normal adult male Wistar rats received a standard commercial diet without (C) or with 10% (w/v) F in the drinking water (F) for 3 weeks; animals from each group were randomly divided into three subgroups: untreated (C and F) and simultaneously receiving either sitagliptin (CS and FS; 115.2 mg/day per rat) or exendin-4 (CE and FE; 0.35 nmol/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally). Water and food intake, oral glucose tolerance, plasma glucose, triacylglycerol (triglyceride), insulin and fructosamine concentration, HOMA-IR [HOMA (homoeostasis model assessment) for insulin resistance], HOMA-β (HOMA for β-cell function) and liver triacylglycerol content were measured. Pancreas immunomorphometric analyses were also performed. IGT (impaired glucose tolerance), plasma triacylglycerol, fructosamine and insulin levels, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indexes, and liver triacylglycerol content were significantly higher in F rats. Islet β-cell mass was significantly lower in these rats, due to an increase in the percentage of apoptosis. The administration of exendin-4 and sitagliptin to F animals prevented the development of all the metabolic disturbances and the changes in β-cell mass and fatty liver. Thus these compounds, useful in treating Type 2 diabetes, would also prevent/delay the progression of early metabolic and tissue markers of this disease.
Semantic Abilities in Children With Pragmatic Language Impairment: The Case of Picture Naming Skills
Authors: Ketelaars Mieke Pauline , Hermans Suzanne Irene Alphonsus , Cuperus Juliane , Jansonius Kino , Verhoeven Ludo 
Published: August 2010

Purpose
The semantic abilities of children with pragmatic language impairment (PLI) are subject to debate. The authors investigated picture naming and definition skills in 5-year-olds with PLI in comparison to typically developing children.

Method
84 children with PLI and 80 age-matched typically developing children completed receptive vocabulary, picture naming, and definition tasks.

Results
The PLI group scored lower on the receptive vocabulary and picture naming tasks. Word length and frequency affected naming accuracy in both groups. Children with PLI showed higher numbers of semantic errors, nonrelated errors, and omissions and circumlocutions. The error-type distribution differed between groups: PLI children showed disproportionate levels of nonrelated errors. In the definition task, PLI children showed lower information accuracy for accurately named pictures and comparable accuracy for incorrectly named pictures. Qualitative analysis suggested a high incidence of pragmatically inappropriate definitions for the PLI group. Naming accuracy for both groups improved equally after giving semantic cues.

Conclusions
These findings suggest a deficit in object identification and/or naming selection. It might be premature to conclude that children with PLI show normal semantic abilities. The results are largely consistent with a general language delay; however, there is also some evidence of a qualitative difference between both groups.
Label-free imaging, detection, and mass measurement of single viruses by surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Wang Shaopeng , Shan Xiaonan , Patel Urmez , Huang Xinping , Lu Jin , Li Jinghong , Tao Nongjian 
Published: August 2010

We report on label-free imaging, detection, and mass/size measurement of single viral particles in solution by high-resolution surface plasmon resonance microscopy. Diffraction of propagating plasmon waves along a metal surface by the viral particles creates images of the individual particles, which allow us to detect the binding of the viral particles to surfaces functionalized with and without antibodies. We show that the intensity of the particle image is related to the mass of the particle, from which we determine the mass and mass distribution of influenza viral particles with a mass detection limit of approximately 1 ag (or 0.2 fg/mm
2
). This work demonstrates a multiplexed method to measure the masses of individual viral particles and to study the binding activity of the viral particles.
METAREP: JCVI metagenomics reports—an open source tool for high-performance comparative metagenomics
Authors: Goll Johannes , Rusch Douglas B. , Tanenbaum David M. , Thiagarajan Mathangi , Li Kelvin , Methé Barbara A. , Yooseph Shibu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Summary: JCVI Metagenomics Reports (METAREP) is a Web 2.0 application designed to help scientists analyze and compare annotated metagenomics datasets. It utilizes Solr/Lucene, a high-performance scalable search engine, to quickly query large data collections. Furthermore, users can use its SQL-like query syntax to filter and refine datasets. METAREP provides graphical summaries for top taxonomic and functional classifications as well as a GO, NCBI Taxonomy and KEGG Pathway Browser. Users can compare absolute and relative counts of multiple datasets at various functional and taxonomic levels. Advanced comparative features comprise statistical tests as well as multidimensional scaling, heatmap and hierarchical clustering plots. Summaries can be exported as tab-delimited files, publication quality plots in PDF format. A data management layer allows collaborative data analysis and result sharing.
Availability: Web site http://www.jcvi.org/metarep; source code http://github.com/jcvi/METAREP
Contact: syooseph@jcvi.org
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.