bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATE LEAVES: EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION AND THEORETICAL EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT
Authors: ZANOELO EVERTON FERNANDO , BENINCÁ CRISTINA , RIBEIRO EVALDO 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTAn experimental investigation to determine the specific heat, thermal conductivity and apparent density of mate leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) was carried out. The experimental method of mixtures and a quasi‐adiabatic calorimeter were used to obtain a specific heat of dry leaves close to 1780 ± 450 J/kg/K. A thermal conductivity of 0.17 ± 0.01/W/m/K was tuned on transient experimental measurements of temperature in a dry bar of mate leaves. A dynamic one‐dimensional heat transfer model was involved in this procedure of tuning. An apparent density equal to 750 ± 40 kg/m was experimentally found. The effect of moisture content on these thermophysical properties was also theoretically investigated by involving simplified models based on properties of only dry matter and water. Analogous results available in the literature support the reliability of all experimental data and equations presented in this investigation.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMate manufacturing basically involves a stage of enzymatic deactivation and a process of drying that are together responsible for almost the full energy consumed in the mate industry. A detailed description of both these processes with mathematical models is a cheap and safe way to process optimization and energy saving. However, the knowledge of the specific heat, thermal conductivity and density of the processed material whose availability is limited in the literature is required for model solution.
ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSES ON DRYING OF OLIVE LEAVES (OLEA EUROPAEA L.) IN TRAY DRIER
Authors: ERBAY ZAFER , ICIER FILIZ 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTRecently, olive leaves have a high potential for industrial exploitation in the food industry. The main process in olive leaf treatment is drying. Because drying is an energy‐intensive process, analyzing and improving the drying systems is important. In this study, olive leaves were dried in a tray drier and the performance of the drying process was evaluated using energy and exergy analyses methods. The effects of the drying air temperature and the velocity on the performance of the drying process were discussed. While the energy utilization ratio values varied between 14.05% and 26.21%, the exergetic efficiencies varied between 55.95% and 75.12%. It was inferred that exergetic efficiencies increased as the drying air temperature decreased and the drying air velocity increased. They were influenced mainly by the drying air temperature.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAlthough olive trees cover ∼8 million ha in the whole world and scientific studies show the importance of olive leaves, there are few examples of using olive leaves industrially. The main process in olive leaf treatment is drying, and there has been no information on the thermodynamic analysis of the drying of olive leaves in the open literature according to the authors' knowledge. Thermodynamic analysis is an important step for designing and optimizing the olive leaf treatment. It is believed that such a study would contribute the industrial exploitation of olive leaves.
OPTIMIZATION AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF AN EXTENDED DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC MODEL OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION OF NIMBIN FROM NEEM SEEDS
Authors: ZAHEDI G. , ELKAMEL A. , BIGLARI M. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn this article, supercritical extraction of nimbin from neem seeds has been studied. In order to investigate the effect of parameters on nimbin extraction yield, a partial differential equation model based on mass conservation principles. The model was solved using MATLAB software. The results were successfully validated with available laboratory experimental data. The optimum values of the operating parameters were obtained using gradient search strategy. Optimization routine was employed to maximize process profit. The optimum value of temperature, pressure, CO2 flow rate and particle diameter were found to be 305K, 177.339 bar, 0.9660 cm3/min and 0.0575 cm, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out on the different model parameters, and found that process profit is mostly sensitive to neem price.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work uses mathematical optimization as a computational engine to arrive at the best solution for neem extraction in a systematic and efficient way. In the context of neem supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) systems, coupling optimization with suitable simulation modules opens a new avenue of possibilities. It saves money and provides economical benefits. In neem SFE process, measuring parameters and understanding the process are difficult. In this case, modeling can provide virtual environmental for operator practice.
Oleic Acid Ameliorates Amyloidosis in Cellular and Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Amtul Zareen , Westaway David , Cechetto David F. , Rozmahel Richard F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence support protective as well as deleterious effects of oleic acid (OA) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurological disorders; however, the bases of these effects are unclear. Our investigation demonstrates that amyloid precursor protein (APP) 695 transfected Cos‐7 cells supplemented with OA have reduced secreted amyloid‐beta (Aβ) levels. An early‐onset AD transgenic mouse model expressing the double‐mutant form of human APP, Swedish (K670N/M671L) and Indiana (V717F), corroborated our in vitro findings when they were fed a high‐protein, low‐fat (18% reduction), cholesterol‐free diet enriched with OA. These mice exhibited an increase in Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio, reduced levels of beta‐site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) and reduced presenilin levels along with reduced amyloid plaques in the brain. The decrease in BACE levels was accompanied by increased levels of a non‐amyloidogenic soluble form of APP (sAPPα). Furthermore, the low‐fat/+OA diet resulted in an augmentation of insulin‐degrading enzyme and insulin‐like growth factor‐II. These results suggest that OA supplementation and cholesterol intake restriction in a mouse model of AD reduce AD‐type neuropathology.
Multiple‐Element Matching Reservoir Formation and Quantitative Prediction of Favorable Areas in Superimposed Basins
Authors: Huaijie WANG , Xiongqi PANG , Zhaoming WANG , Qiuhua YU , Zhipeng HUO , Qingyang MENG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Superimposed basins in West China have experienced multi‐stage tectonic events and multicycle hydrocarbon reservoir formation, and complex hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered widely in basins of this kind. Most of the complex hydrocarbon reservoirs are characterized by relocation, scale re‐construction, component variation and phase state transformation, and their distributions are very difficult to predict. Research shows that regional caprock (C), high‐quality sedimentary facies (Deposits, D), paleohighs (Mountain, M) and source rock (S) are four geologic elements contributing to complex hydrocarbon reservoir formation and distribution of western superimposed basins. Longitudinal sequential combinations of the four elements control the strata of hydrocarbon reservoir formation, and planar superimpositions and combinations control the range of hydrocarbon reservoir and their simultaneous joint effects in geohistory determine the time of hydrocarbon reservoir formation. Multiple‐element matching reservoir formation presents a basic mode of reservoir formation in superimposed basins, and we recommend it is expressed as T‐CDMS. Based on the multiple‐element matching reservoir formation mode, a comprehensive reservoir formation index (Tcdms) is developed in this paper to characterize reservoir formation conditions, and a method is presented to predict reservoir formation range and probability of occurrence in superimposed basins. Through application of new theory, methods and technology, the favorable reservoir formation range and probability of occurrence in the Ordovician target zone in Tarim Basin in four different reservoir formation periods are predicted. Results show that central Tarim, Yinmaili and Lunnan are the three most favorable regions where Ordovician oil and gas fields may have formed. The coincidence of prediction results with currently discovered hydrocarbon reservoirs reaches 97%. This reflects the effectiveness and reliability of the new theory, methods and technology.
Late‐Stage Reservoir Formation Effect and Its Dynamic Mechanisms in Complex Superimposed Basins
Authors: Dejiang KANG , Xiongqi PANG , Jun KUANG , Xiaorong LUO , Hong PANG , Lei LEI 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Complex superimposed basins exhibit multi‐stage tectonic events and multi‐stage reservoir formation; hydrocarbon reservoirs formed in the early stage have generally late‐stage genesis characteristics after undergoing adjustment, reconstruction and destruction of later‐stage multiple tectonic events. In this paper, this phenomenon is called the late‐stage reservoir formation effect. The late‐stage reservoir formation effect is a basic feature of oil and gas‐forming reservoirs in complex superimposed basins, revealing not only multi‐stage character, relevance and complexity of oil and gas‐forming reservoirs in superimposed basins but also the importance of late‐stage reservoir formation. Late‐stage reservoir formation is not a basic feature of oil and gas forming reservoir in superimposed basins. Multi‐stage reservoir formation only characterizes one aspect of oil and gas‐forming reservoir in superimposed basins and does not represent fully the complexity of oil and gas‐forming reservoir in superimposed basins. We suggest using “late‐stage reservoir formation effect” to replace the “late‐stage reservoir formation” concept to guide the exploration of complex reservoirs in superimposed basins. Under current geologic conditions, the late‐stage reservoir formation effect is represented mainly by four basic forms: phase transformation, scale reconstruction, component variation and trap adjustment. The late‐stage reservoir formation effect is produced by two kinds of geologic processes: first, the oil and gas retention function of various geologic thresholds (hydrocarbon expulsion threshold, hydrocarbon migration threshold, and hydrocarbon accumulating threshold) causes the actual time of oil and gas reservoir formation to be later than the time of generation of large amounts of hydrocarbon in a conventional sense, producing the late‐stage reservoir formation effect; second, multiple types of tectonic events (continuously strong reconstruction, early‐stage strong reconstruction, middle‐stage strong reconstruction, late‐stage strong reconstruction and long‐term stable sedimentation) after oil and gas reservoir formation lead to adjustment, reconstruction and destruction of reservoirs formed earlier, and form new secondary hydrocarbon reservoirs due to the late‐stage reservoir formation effect.
Differences of Hydrocarbon Enrichment between the Upper and the Lower Structural Layers in the Tazhong Paleouplift
Authors: Zhenxue JIANG , Haijun YANG , Zhuo LI , Xiongqi PANG , Jianfa HAN , Dongxu LI , Yuyan HUANG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:The Tazhong paleouplift is divided into the upper and the lower structural layers, bounded by the unconformity surface at the top of the Ordovician carbonate rock. The reservoirs in the two layers from different parts vary in number, type and reserves, but the mechanism was rarely researched before. Therefore, an explanation of the mechanism will promote petroleum exploration in Tazhong paleouplift. After studying the evolution and reservoir distribution of the Tazhong paleouplift, it is concluded that the evolution in late Caledonian, late Hercynian and Himalayan periods resulted in the upper and the lower structural layers. It is also defined that in the upper structural layer, structural and stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are developed at the top and the upper part of the paleouplift, which are dominated by oil reservoirs, while for the lower structural layer, lithological reservoirs are developed in the lower part of the paleouplift, which are dominated by gas reservoirs, and more reserves are discovered in the lower structural layer than the upper. Through a comparative analysis of accumulation conditions of the upper and the lower structural layers, the mechanism of enrichment differences is clearly explained. The reservoir and seal conditions of the lower structural layer are better than those of the upper layer, which is the reason why more reservoirs have been found in the former. The differences in the carrier system types, trap types and charging periods between the upper and the lower structural layers lead to differences in the reservoir types and distribution. An accumulation model is established for the Tazhong paleouplift. For the upper structural layer, the structural reservoirs and the stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are formed at the upper part of the paleouplift, while for the lower structural layer, the weathering crust reservoirs are formed at the top, the reef‐flat reservoirs are formed on the lateral margin, the karst and inside reservoirs are formed in the lower part of the paleouplift.
Logging Evaluation of the Ordovician Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Lungudong Region, Tarim Basin
Authors: Wenjing YANG , Chengwen XIAO , Luofu LIU , Guangzhong QI , Zhenxue JIANG , Yunchun YUAN , Weili WANG , Song YANG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:In recent years, great progress has been made constantly in oil and gas exploration in the Lungudong region of the Tarim Basin. However, progress has been slow in the evaluation of its main oil‐producing horizons — the Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds. Based on previous researches and on the various data such as drilling, geology and oil test, in combination with the interpretation of each single‐well imaging and conventional logging data, and through analysis and comparison, the identification methods in imaging and conventional logging for four types of carbonate reservoir beds in this region are summarized in this paper. Calculation formulas for four reservoir bed parameters, i. e. shale content, porosity, permeability and oil saturation in this region are proposed; and reservoir beds in this region are divided into three levels (I, II and III) by combining oil test data and logging data, The lower limits of the effective porosity of reservoir beds and the fracture porosity of effective reservoir beds are determined as 1.8% and 0.04%, respectively. The physical property parameters are calculated by conventional logging curves, and the most advantageous areas for reservoir development are predicted comprehensively. On the plane, the high‐value zones of reservoir bed parameters are mainly concentrated in the N‐S‐trending strike‐slip fault, the Sangtamu fault horst zone and near the LG38 well area; vertically, the reservoir bed parameters of the Yijianfang Formation are better than those of the Yingshan and Lianglitage formations.
Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions of Ordovician Carbonate in Tarim Basin
Authors: Qiming LI , Guanghui WU , Xiongqi PANG , Wenqin PAN , Chunshu LUO , Chenglin WANG , Xinsheng LI , Bo ZHOU 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Based on comprehensive analysis of reservoir‐forming conditions, the diversity of reservoir and the difference of multistage hydrocarbon charge are the key factors for the carbonate hydrocarbon accumulation of the Ordovician in the Tarim Basin. Undergone four major deposition‐tectonic cycles, the Ordovician carbonate formed a stable structural framework with huge uplifts, in which are developed reservoirs of the reef‐bank type and unconformity type, and resulted in multistage hydrocarbon charge and accumulation during the Caledonian, Late Hercynian and Late Himalayan. With low matrix porosity and permeability of the Ordovician carbonate, the secondary solution pores and caverns serve as the main reservoir space. The polyphase tectonic movements formed unconformity reservoirs widely distributed around the paleo‐uplifts; and the reef‐bank reservoir is controlled by two kinds of sedimentary facies belts, namely the steep slope and gentle slope. The unconventional carbonate pool is characterized by extensive distribution, no obvious edge water or bottom water, complicated oil/gas/water relations and severe heterogeneity controlled by reservoirs. The low porosity and low permeability reservoir together with multi‐period hydrocarbon accumulation resulted in the difference and complex of the distribution and production of oil/gas/water. The distribution of hydrocarbon is controlled by the temporal‐spatial relation between revolution of source rocks and paleo‐uplifts. The heterogenetic carbonate reservoir and late‐stage gas charge are the main factors making the oil/ gas phase complicated. The slope areas of the paleo‐uplifts formed in the Paleozoic are the main carbonate exploration directions based on comprehensive evaluation. The Ordovician of the northern slope of the Tazhong uplift, Lunnan and its periphery areas are practical exploration fields. The Yengimahalla‐Hanikatam and Markit slopes are the important replacement targets for carbonate exploration. Gucheng, Tadong, the deep layers of Cambrian dolomite in the Lunnan and Tazhong‐Bachu areas are favorable directions for research and risk exploration.
Different Hydrocarbon Accumulation Histories in the Kelasu‐Yiqikelike Structural Belt of the Kuqa Foreland Basin
Authors: Zhaoming WANG , Huashan LONG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:The Kuqa foreland basin is an important petroliferous basin where gas predominates. The Kela‐2 large natural gas reservoir and the Yinan‐2, Dabei‐1, Tuzi and Dina‐11 gas reservoirs have been discovered in the basin up to the present. Natural gases in the Kelasu district and the Yinan district are generated from different source rocks indicated by methane and ethane carbon isotopes. The former is derived from both Jurassic and Triassic source rocks, while the latter is mainly from the Jurassic. Based on its multistage evolution and superposition and the intense tectonic transformation in the basin, the hydrocarbon charging history can be divided into the early and middle Himalayan hydrocarbon accumulation and the late Himalayan redistribution and re‐enrichment. The heavier carbon isotope composition and the high natural gas ratio of C1/C1–4 indicate that the accumulated natural gas in the early Himalayan stage is destroyed and the present trapped natural gas was charged mainly in the middle and late Himalayan stages. Comparison and contrast of the oils produced in the Kelasu and Yinan regions indicate the hydrocarbon charging histories in the above two regions are complex and should be characterized by multistage hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.
Control of Fades and Potential on Jurassic Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Prediction of Favorable Targets in the Hinterland Region of the Junggar Basin
Authors: Dongxia CHEN , Xiongqi ANG , Jun KUANG , Dejiang KANG , Lei LEI , Yougen DENG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential, however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated, and it is difficult to predict hydrocarbon‐bearing properties. The research indicates that the oil and gas is controlled by structure fades belt and sedimentary system distribution macroscopically, and hydrocarbon‐bearing properties of sand bodies are controlled by lithofacies and petrophysical facies microscopically. Controlled by ancient and current tectonic frameworks, most of the discovered oil and gas are distributed in the delta front sedimentary system of a palaeo‐tectonic belt and an ancient slope belt. Subaqueous branch channels and estuary dams mainly with medium and fine sandstone are the main reservoirs and oil production layers, and sand bodies of high porosity and high permeability have good hydrocarbon‐bearing properties; the facies controlling effect shows a reservoir controlling geologic model of relatively high porosity and permeability. The hydrocarbon distribution is also controlled by relatively low potential energy at the high points of local structure macroscopically, while most of the successful wells are distributed at the high points of local structure, and the hydrocarbon‐bearing property is good at the place of relatively low potential energy; the hydrocarbon distribution is in close connection with faults, and the reservoirs near the fault in the region of relatively low pressure have good oil and gas shows; the distribution of lithologic reservoirs at the depression slope is controlled by the distribution of sand bodies at positions of relatively high porosity and permeability. The formation of the reservoir of the Jurassic in the Junggar Basin shows characteristics of favorable facies and low‐potential coupling control, and among the currently discovered reservoirs and industrial hydrocarbon production wells, more than 90% are developed within the scope of facies‐potential index FPI>0.5, while the FPI and oil saturation of the discovered reservoir and unascertained traps have relatively good linear correlation. By establishing the relation model between hydrocarbon‐bearing properties of traps and FPI, totally 43 favorable targets are predicted in four main target series of strata and mainly distributed in the Badaowan Formation and the Sangonghe Formation, and the most favorable targets include the north and east of the Shinan Sag, the middle and south of the Mobei Uplift, Cai‐35 well area of the Cainan Oilfield, and North‐74 well area of the Zhangbei fault‐fold zone.
Involvement of YC-1 in extracellular signal-regulated kinase action in rat cremasteric muscle
Authors: Hsieh Yu-Hsuan , Huang Shiang-Suo , Day Yuan-Ji , Wei Fu-Chan , Hung Li-Man 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The nitric oxide (NO)–soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) signalling pathway is attributed to the prevention of ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R)-induced leucocyte–endothelium adhesive interactions. YC-1 (3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzylindazole), a NO-independent sGC activator, has been shown to exert cardiovascular benefits, but its action on leucocyte–endothelium interactions remains unknown. In this study, the direct effect and the underlying mechanism of the anti-adhesive action of YC-1 have been examined in cremasteric microcirculation.

Methods
Rat cremaster muscle was subjected to 4 h pudic-epigastric artery ischaemia followed by 2 h reperfusion and intravital microscopy was used to observe leucocyte–endothelium interaction and to quantify functional capillaries in rat cremaster muscle flaps.

Key findings
The values for leucocyte rolling, adhering and transmigrating were 5.5-, 6.9- and 8.8-fold greater, respectively, in I/R than in sham-control animals. YC-1 treatment rescued functional capillary density and reduced leucocyte rolling, adhering and transmigrating in I/R injured cremaster muscles to levels observed in sham-controls. Interestingly, these effects were completely blocked by the MEK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase) inhibitor (PD98059) but not by sGC or protein kinase C inhibitors. Cotreatment of PD98059 with YC-1 caused a 3.3-, 7.5- and 8.3-fold increase in the values for leucocyte rolling, adhering and transmigrating, respectively, in postcapillary venules of I/R-injured cremaster muscle.

Conclusions
This study has indicated that the anti-adhesive and functional capillary density rescue properties of YC-1 were mediated predominantly by the activation of ERK but not sGC, although YC-1 was identified to be a sGC activator. A better understanding of the action of YC-1 on the microvasculature may help shed light on its therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease.