bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dapagliflozin for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Anderson Sarah L , Marrs Joel C 
Published: March 2012

Objective: To review the literature and describe the pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties; clinical safety; and efficacy of dapagliflozin, a new drug currently under review by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Data Sources: A MEDLINE (1995-November 2011) and ClinicalTrials.gov search was conducted using the terms dapagliflozin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and SGLT2 inhibitor. Reference citations from publications identified were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language studies, including abstracts, evaluating dapagliflozin use in humans were included in this review. Data Synthesis: Dapagliflozin is the first-in-class oral sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that represents a new potential therapeutic option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its mechanism of action is insulin- and insulin-sensitivity independent. Preliminary data suggest that dapagliflozin decreases hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, and postprandial plasma glucose, while also promoting weight loss. In Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials, dapagliflozin has exhibited a safety and tolerability profile similar to that of placebo. Conclusions: Dapagliflozin is a novel oral antihyperglycemic agent that has demonstrated promise as monotherapy and as synergistic combination therapy with currently available agents in Phase 3 clinical trials. On January 19, 2012, the FDA issued a complete response letter to AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb regarding the new drug application for dapagliflozin. The FDA is requesting additional clinical data—from ongoing studies and potentially new clinical trials—to better describe the risk-benefit profile of the drug. Both manufacturers remain committed to the development of dapagliflozin, and there are currently 8 Phase 3 trials ongoing. Dapagliflozin has the potential to be the next new oral agent in the diabetes drug armamentarium.
Note on the Budget of the European Union and an Internet Communication Tax
Authors: Leen Auke R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe European Union (EU) wants to finance part of the EU budget with a European tax which citizens would pay directly to the Union. One option is a communication tax. After a brief view of the finances of the EU and the history of the idea of taxing communication, the note states the criteria used in selecting a EU tax. After an assessment according to the criteria, the article concludes that at this moment a European Internet communication tax is not a viable option. For the citizen, it is a visible and equitable tax that does not distort economic decision‐making. However, it makes hardly any sense from the point of view of the other budgetary, efficiency, and political criteria. To reform this situation, an EU policy on information and communication technologies is planned, including the dedication of resources to an EU‐wide infrastructure and digital networks, which could make taxation of communications at the EU level a more feasible option. However, the technical aspects of taxing the Internet and other media — which are, at present, hardly discussed — may still prove to be significant barriers to such a policy.
Internet Diffusion and Implications for Taxation: Evidence from U.S. Cigarette Sales
Authors: Goel Rajeev K. , Nelson Michael A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUsing state level U.S. data from 1994‐2009, this research examines the impact of the Internet on cigarette demand and discusses resulting implications for tax policy. Results show that the Internet increases the demand price elasticity of cigarettes, which limits the ability of governments to generate additional tax revenues through cigarette tax increases. Further, the smuggling of cigarettes, both across domestic and international borders, remains significant, and tobacco producers and Indian casinos undermine efforts to lower cigarette sales.
The Spread of Obesity in Developing and Transitional Countries: A Focus on the Mekong Region, Southeast Asia
Authors: Pawloski Lisa R. , Thurman Shaneka , Curtin Kevin M. , Ruchiwit Manyat 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Obesity policies in transitional countries are limited as most have needed to focus resources on reducing hunger, poverty, and infectious diseases. The Mekong Region is one such area that is still facing issues of undernutrition and infectious disease, yet has a growing population at risk of obesity related diseases. Such a dual burden creates a dilemma regarding which issue to address first, given limited resources. This review addresses this problem from a policy perspective. Materials and Methodology: Comparative analyses of literature reviews, existing policy, and previous research were synthesized among countries within the Mekong Region. Results: Traditional diets, quickly emerging fast food markets, and urbanization add levels of complexity to managing and creating obesity policy. Existing policies have not been successful and there are few measurable outcomes. Conclusion and Policy Implications: Obesity‐related policies have been initiated in the Mekong Region, but with few resources and conflicting priorities, several countries are at risk of being left behind. Suggested policies in the region include utilizing mass media education campaigns, modeling other successful public health programs, and promoting culturally and regionally appropriate interventions.
An elementary proof of the vanishing of the second cohomology of the Witt and Virasoro algebra with values in the adjoint module
Authors: Schlichenmaier Martin 
Published: March 2012

Abstract.
By elementary and direct calculations the
vanishing of the (algebraic) second
Lie algebra cohomology of the Witt and the Virasoro algebra with
values in the adjoint module is shown. This yields infinitesimal and formal rigidity or these
algebras. The first (and up to now only) proof of this
important result was given 1989 by Fialowski in an unpublished note. It is based on cumbersome calculations. Compared to the original proof
the presented one is quite elegant and considerably simpler.
The proteasome: molecular machinery and pathophysiological roles
Authors: Tanaka Keiji , Mizushima Tsunehiro , Saeki Yasushi 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The 26S proteasome, in collaboration with ubiquitin, operates the energy-dependent regulated proteolysis process in eukaryotic cells. Over the past 30 years, several studies have comprehensively characterized the structure and molecular/physiological functions of the 26S proteasome. It is a sophisticated 2.5-MDa protein degradation machine comprising a proteolytic core particle (CP) and one or two terminal regulatory particle(s) (RP). The CP consists of two outer α rings and two inner β rings, which are made up of seven structurally similar α and β subunits, respectively. The CP contains catalytic threonine residues (β1, β2, and β5; caspase-like, trypsin-like, and chymotrypsin-like activities, respectively) on the inner surface of the chamber formed by two abutting β rings. Intriguingly, the immunotype proteasomes, named ‘immunoproteasome’ and ‘thymoproteasome’, whose catalytic subunits are replaced by the related counterparts, were discovered lately. Both unique isoenzymes essentially contribute to the acquisition of adaptive immunity in vertebrates. The RP, which serves to recognize polyubiquitylated substrate proteins and plays a role in their deubiquitylating, unfolding, and translocation into the interior of the CP for destruction, forms two subcomplexes: the base and the lid. On another front, the PA28 and PA200, alternative CP activator proteins discovered biochemically, both play independent roles in proteolysis of the 26S proteasome. Several studies have highlighted the importance of the proteasome in various intractable diseases that have been increasing in the aged society of the 21st century.
ELF and the inconvenience of established concepts
Authors: Widdowson, H. G. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to put ELF in broader perspective and to speculate on how it raises general epistemological and practical issues in (socio)linguistics and language pedagogy. Such issues have not escaped the notice of ELF researchers, of course, and so this paper will have nothing to offer in the way of revelation. My intention is not to argue for the legitimacy of ELF study as such but to consider its effect as a catalyst for change in established ways of thinking. We can only make sense of the world by imposing our own order on it by devising abstract constructs so as to bring it under conceptual control. This is as true of linguistics and language pedagogy as of everything else: both of them necessarily disconnect the continuum of actual experience to make simplifying distinctions so as to come to terms with reality – distinctions between languages and varieties, for example, between competence and performance, between language learners and users. Making abstract distinctions of one kind or another is a necessary convenience and cannot be avoided, but having made them, we need also to consider how they are related and how far they remain convenient. What ELF research reveals so clearly is the need to review the distinctions that have become conventionally established in the description and the teaching of English.
Towards a post-normative approach: learning the pedagogy of ELF
Authors: Dewey, Martin 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This paper considers the impact on pedagogy of ELF research and theory in relation to language teacher education and development. As has been much remarked, research in ELF has reached the point where established principles and sanctioned good practice in ELT (English Language Teaching) require substantial reassessment. Empirical work and theoretical discussions pose profound questions to the ELT profession, with major implications for common beliefs and assumptions about all manner of concerns, especially the language syllabus, teaching materials, and language assessment. Yet, as we have also seen, any discussion of major change in pedagogy tends to provoke controversy and unease among practitioners. There has thus far been relatively little in-depth exploration of what teachers might do to incorporate an ELF perspective in practice. Modifying the curriculum or materials in response to ELF requires fundamental rethinking and (re)training in approaches to teaching. This paper reports ongoing attempts to engage and work collaboratively with ELF-aware teachers to re-examine current methodology and practice in context- relevant ways. Only by working with teachers can we properly explore the feasibility of incorporating an ELF perspective in order to move beyond a norm-driven approach.
Influence of the specimen thickness on low velocity impact behavior of composites
Authors: Amaro Ana M. , Reis Paulo Nobre Balbis , de Moura Marcelo , Santos Jaime B. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In this work, the influence of specimen thickness on low velocity impact behavior of carbon-epoxy composite laminates is studied. Plates with different thicknesses were tested under low velocity impact using a hemispherical impactor. The internal damage was mainly constituted by delaminations which were evaluated through the inspection of the impacted plates by the ultrasonic C-scan technique. It was observed that delaminations increase with plate thickness. In order to better understand the physical phenomenon explaining this result, a progressive damage model was used to simulate composites behavior under low velocity impact. In this context, a three-dimensional numerical analysis considering interface finite elements, including a cohesive mixed-mode damage model, which allows simulating delaminations onset and growth between layers, was performed. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and numerical analysis, which validated the proposed procedure. In addition, the proposed numerical methodology allowed identification of physical phenomena related to the influence of plate thickness on delamination size.
A quantitative approach to assess the mixing ability of single-screw extruders for polymer extrusion
Authors: Domingues Natália , Gaspar-Cunha António , Covas José António 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Models to predict the evolution of the morphology of immiscible liquid-liquid systems and of solid agglomerates dispersion in single-screw extruders were adapted to compute global distributive and dispersive mixing indices. Using these indices, the direct assessment of the mixing ability of a given screw or a comparison of distinct screws becomes readily available. In the case of liquid-liquid systems, the degree of distributive mixing is computed from the extent of deformation of the individual drops, whereas the degree of dispersive mixing is determined by the reduction in drop size. For solid-liquid systems, distributive mixing is quantified by a normalized Shannon entropy, whereas dispersive mixing is defined from the extent of size reduction. The effect of material properties, operating conditions, and geometry of the screw and die is investigated. Finally, the indices are used to determine (via optimization) the operating conditions and the screw geometry that maximize the mixing efficiency.
Soft Microorigami: Stimuli-Responsive Self-Folding Polymer Films
Authors: Ionov Leonid , Zakharchenko Svetlana , Stoychev Georgi , Sperling Evgeni 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTAsymmetry is intrinsic to natural systems and is widely used by living organisms for efficient adaptation, mimicry and movement. Polymer bilayers are the example of synthetic asymmetric systems, which are able to generate macroscopic motion and fold by forming different 3D objects such as tubes and capsules. Similar to bimetal films, the polymer bilayer consist of two substances with different swelling properties. One polymer is non-swellable and hydrophobic. Another polymer is water-swellable hydrogel. The folding, which might occur in response to temperature or pH, is caused by swelling of the hydrogel layer. The formed tubes and capsules can be manipulated using magnetic field. Reversible folding and unfolding of the polymer films is applied for reversible capture and release of cells in response to change of temperature and other signals. This novel biomimetic approach can be used for controlled encapsulation and release of microparticles, cells and drugs as well as fabrication of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Gone but Not Forgotten? Invasive Plants' Legacies on Community and Ecosystem Properties
Authors: Corbin Jeffrey D. , D'Antonio Carla M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe widespread recognition that nonnative plants can have significant biological and economic effects on the habitats they invade has led to a variety of strategies to remove them. Removal alone, however, is often not sufficient to allow the restoration of altered communities or ecosystems. The invasive plant's effects may persist after its removal thus exerting a “legacy” that influences community composition or the ecosystem properties or both over some ensuing period. Here, we review evidence of such legacy effects on plant and soil communities, soil chemistry, and soil physical structure. We discuss this evidence in the context of efforts to restore community composition and ecosystem function in invaded habitats. Legacies are especially likely to develop in cases where invasive species cause local extirpations of resident species, alter resource pools, and interact with other aspects of global change including land-use changes, atmospheric N deposition, acid rain, and climate change. In cases where legacies of invasive plants develop, the removal of the nonnative species must also be accompanied by strategies to overcome the legacies if restoration goals are to be achieved.
Drilling Fluids Consultation System: Development and Field Applications
Authors: Al-yami Abdullah S. , Schubert Jerome 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Long years of experience in the field and sometimes in the lab are required to develop drilling fluid consultants. Texas A&M University recently has established a new method to develop a drilling expert system that can be used as a training tool for young engineers or as a consultation system in various drilling engineering concepts such as drilling and completion fluids, cementing, completion, and underbalanced drilling practices. Drilling fluids are important factor in drilling and completion operations. Designing drilling fluids depend on formation lithology, temperature and pressure. To the best of the authors knowledge there is no standards developed to aid drilling engineers and scientists to formulate effective drilling fluids systems for the entire well sections. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first study to show a systematic method to design drilling fluids for oil and gas wells.
The objective of this paper is to set a module that should aid drilling engineers when designing drilling fluids. A module was created based on several inputs. To create this module, we interviewed experts to gather the information required to determine best practices as a function of different probabilities. We used these best practices to build decision trees that allow the user to take an elementary data set and end up with a decision that honors the best practices.
Neural Networks for Production Curve Pattern Recognition Applied to Cyclic Steam Optimization in Diatomite Reservoirs
Authors: Popa Andrei S. , Patel Anil 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Steam injection is the primary technique used to produce heavy oil reservoirs. The technology, used either as a continuous injection or cyclic steam, has been successfully applied in Chevron’s San Joaquin Valley fields since the mid 1960’s. In the Diatomite reservoirs cyclic steam was introduced in the mid 1990’s and used profitably ever since to increase recovery from these assets.
In the early times the field practices manually solved the production and steam optimization problem on a daily basis while taking into consideration all the operational constraints. As the number of wells became larger (&gt;500) manually resolving issues became difficult. In 2003 a scheduling tool based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) was successfully deployed and is still being used. As the field has matured, the well’s individual production curve behavior has been changing from an idealistic exponential decline to a more complex profile. These new conditions together with other tool limitations prompted the opportunity to develop a new approach that would increase the success of the scheduling tool.
A new approach, analogous to the Type Curves Concept (TCC) for cycle production response is introduced in this article. The methodology uses Neural Networks (NN) to identify different cycle production shape patterns. Data from 500+ wells and more than 12,000 cycles were used to identify the type curves or shape patterns. A meticulous classification of raw data revealed fourteen patterns, which were reduced to four representative patterns for further analysis and modeling. Significant data processing such as ID cycles, interpolation, normalization for amplitude and cycle-time, as well as selection of input parameters, were performed in order to train the Neural Network. To complete the model, heuristics rules were inferred to optimize well candidate selection. The hybrid NN-rule based application was coded and integrated with the scheduler and is currently being field-tested. Preliminary results indicate an 80% success rate while the business value analysis showed significant optimization potential.
The paper outlines the methodology used in the study including patterns identification, model training, rule-based system and concludes with early deployment results. The hybrid system proved to provide better steam allocation and minimize production loss. Lastly, challenges and lessons learned during the development and deployment are summarized.
An Analytical Methodology to Determine Oil in Place, Aquifer Influx, and Ultimate Sweep Efficiency of a Mature Heavy Oil Waterflood in the Wilmington Basin
Authors: Gill B. S. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This paper reviews two reservoirs adjacent to each other collectively referred as Upper Terminal VI in the Wilmington Basin, which had previously been distinctly identified as separate reservoirs with regards to managing voidage ratios and reservoir management. This study reviews and determines the size of the oil in these reservoirs, the volume of water influx from the surrounding aquifer and then evaluates the effective sweep efficiency of the peripheral flood. Various analytical techniques were used in the analysis to determine the oil in place, the existence and size of the water influx and the ultimate sweep efficiency.
The analysis indicates that these two reservoirs are essentially one field with original oil in place number of approximately 250 MMBO. In addition it was determined that the size of the water influx was small compared to the relative size of water injection and this influx amounted to approximately 54 MMBW. Finally the effectiveness of the injector sweep efficiency was determined based on the surrounding injectors.
Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Gels on Color, Opacity, and Fluorescence of Composite Resins
Authors: Torres CRG , Ribeiro CF , Bresciani E , Borges AB 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARY
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 20% and 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels on the color, opacity, and fluorescence of composite resins. Seven composite resin brands were tested and 30 specimens, 3-mm in diameter and 2-mm thick, of each material were fabricated, for a total of 210 specimens. The specimens of each tested material were divided into three subgroups (n=10) according to the bleaching therapy tested: 20% hydrogen peroxide gel, 35% hydroxide peroxide gel, and the control group. The baseline color, opacity, and fluorescence were assessed by spectrophotometry. Four 30-minute bleaching gel applications, two hours in total, were performed. The control group did not receive bleaching treatment and was stored in deionized water. Final assessments were performed, and data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (p&lt;0.05). Color changes were significant for different tested bleaching therapies (p&lt;0.0001), with the greatest color change observed for 35% hydrogen peroxide gel. No difference in opacity was detected for all analyzed parameters. Fluorescence changes were influenced by composite resin brand (p&lt;0.0001) and bleaching therapy (p=0.0016) used. No significant differences in fluorescence between different bleaching gel concentrations were detected by Tukey test. The greatest fluorescence alteration was detected on the brand Z350. It was concluded that 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel generated the greatest color change among all evaluated materials. No statistical opacity changes were detected for all tested variables, and significant fluorescence changes were dependent on the material and bleaching therapy, regardless of the gel concentration.
Variable-Frequency Prony Method in the Analysis of Electrical Power Quality
Authors: Zygarlicki Jarosław , Mroczka Janusz 
Published: March 2012

Variable-Frequency Prony Method in the Analysis of Electrical Power QualityThe article presents a new modification of the the least squares Prony method. The so-called variable-frequency Prony method can be a useful tool for estimating parameters of sinusoidal components, which, in the analyzed signal, are characterized by time-dependent frequencies. The authors propose use of the presented method for testing the quality of electric energy. It allows observation of phenomena which, when using traditional methods, are averaged in the analysis window. The proposed modification of least squares Prony method is based on introduction and specific selection of a frequency matrix. This matrix represents frequencies of estimated components and their variability in time.