bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Structure for Blast Wave Mitigation
Authors: Kubota Shiro , Saburi Tei , Homae Tomotaka , Wada Yuji , Ogata Yuji , Iida Mitsuaki , Hamashima Hideki , Katoh Katsumi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe internal structure of a blast containment container has been developed and examined by experiments involving the explosion of a high explosive. A steel pipe was selected as an effective structure for blast mitigation, because it dramatically reduces the blast wave in the radial direction near the explosion source. To also reduce the blast wave in the axial direction, two types of model structures consisting of a steel pipe as the main part were examined by both high‐speed photography and pressure measurements of the blast waves. A 0.34‐scale internal structure was constructed by combining these structures. To induce a powerful mitigation effect, the internal structure was filled with a shock‐absorbing material. The peak pressures of C4 explosions in free air were obtained on the basis of the published blast wave data for TNT explosions in free air using an equivalent weight of 1.37. The peak pressures of the blast waves from the structures for all cases were compared with the blast wave data for C4 explosions in free air to estimate the blast mitigation effect. As a result it was estimated that the internal structure not only eliminates the blast pressure in the radial direction but also reduces the blast wave in the axial direction by 36 %. By combining the effects of the internal structure and the shock‐absorbing material, the structure can reduce the peak pressure by 75 %.
Structure and dynamics of cationic membrane peptides and proteins: Insights from solid‐state NMR
Authors: Hong Mei , Su Yongchao 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMany membrane peptides and protein domains contain functionally important cationic Arg and Lys residues, whose insertion into the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer encounters significant energy barriers. To understand how these cationic molecules overcome the free energy barrier to insert into the lipid membrane, we have used solid‐state NMR spectroscopy to determine the membrane‐bound topology of these peptides. A versatile array of solid‐state NMR experiments now readily yields the conformation, dynamics, orientation, depth of insertion, and site‐specific protein–lipid interactions of these molecules. We summarize key findings of several Arg‐rich membrane peptides, including β‐sheet antimicrobial peptides, unstructured cell‐penetrating peptides, and the voltage‐sensing helix of voltage‐gated potassium channels. Our results indicate the central role of guanidinium‐phosphate and guanidinium‐water interactions in dictating the structural topology of these cationic molecules in the lipid membrane, which in turn account for the mechanisms of this functionally diverse class of membrane peptides.
Estimating the dose–toxicity curve in completed phase I studies
Authors: Iasonos Alexia , Ostrovnaya Irina 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWhile there is an extensive amount of literature covering prospective designs for phase I trials, the methodology for analyzing these data is limited. Prospective designs select the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) through a dose escalation scheme based on a model or on empirical rules. For example, the ‘3 + 3’ method (standard method: SM) assigns patients in cohorts of three and expands to six if one toxicity is observed. It has been shown previously that the MTD chosen by the SM may be low, possibly leading to a non‐efficacious dose. Additionally, when deviation from the original trial design occurs, the rules for determining MTD might not be applicable. We hypothesize that a retrospective analysis would suggest an MTD that is more accurate than the one obtained by the SM. A weighted Continual Reassessment Method (CRM‐w) has been suggested (Biometrics 2005; 61:749–756) for analyzing data obtained from designs other than the prospective Continual Reassessment Method (CRM). However, CRM‐w has not been evaluated in trials that follow the SM design. In this study, we propose a method to analyze completed phase I trials and possibly confirm or amend the recommended phase II dose, based on a constrained maximum likelihood estimation (CMLE). A comparison of CRM‐w, isotonic regression, and CMLE in analyzing simulated SM trials shows that CMLE more accurately selects the true MTD than SM, and is better or comparable to isotonic regression and CRM‐w. Confidence intervals around the toxicity probabilities at each dose level are estimated using the cumulative toxicity data. A programming code is included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and Electronic Properties of Fluorographene
Authors: Samarakoon Duminda K. , Chen Zhifan , Nicolas Chantel , Wang Xiao‐Qian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe structural and electronic characteristics of fluorinated graphene are investigated based on first‐principles density‐functional calculations. A detailed analysis of the energy order for stoichiometric fluorographene membranes indicates that there exists prominent chair and stirrup conformations, which correlate with the experimentally observed in‐plane lattice expansion contrary to a contraction in graphane. The optical response of fluorographene is investigated using the GW–Bethe–Salpeter equation approach. The results are in good conformity with the experimentally observed optical gap and reveal predominant charge‐transfer excitations arising from strong electron–hole interactions. The appearance of bounded excitons in the ultraviolet region can result in an excitonic Bose–Einstein condensate in fluorographene.
Deformation Behaviour and Microstructural Evolution During Hot Compression of AISI 904L
Authors: Bradaskja B. , Pirnar B. , Fazarinc M. , Fajfar P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe hot deformation behaviour and microstructural evolution of AISI 904L super‐austenitic steel has been investigated by means of hot compression tests. The tests were carried out on a Gleeble 1500D thermo‐mechanical simulator in the temperature range from 850 °C to 1150 °C and at strain rates range from 0.001 s−1 to 5 s−1. The microstructure evolution was examined by means of light optical microscopy (LOM). The results show that after an initial deformation hardening, softening mechanisms occur. The peak stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which can be represented by a Zener–Hollomon parameter in the hyperbolic‐sine equation with the activation energy for deformation of 463 kJ/mol. The steady state was achieved at maximum strain of 0.9 only at the lower strain rates (under 1 s−1) and the higher temperatures (above 1100 °C). Microstructural analyses showed a gradual increase in the dynamically recrystallized area with an increase of the temperature and a decrease of the strain rate. The grain size did change, as expected, correlating to the deformation conditions.
Solubility of Two Disperse Dyes Derived from N‐Alkyl and N‐Carboxylic Acid Naphthalimides in the Presence of Gemini Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Gharanjig K. , Sadeghi‐Kiakhani M. , Tehrani‐Bagha A. R. , Khosravi A. , Menger F. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe solubility of naphthalimide‐based monoazo dyes containing N‐ethyl and N‐ethanoic acid groups was investigated in the presence of a conventional monomeric counterpart (DTAB) and two cationic gemini surfactants (12‐4‐12 or 14‐4‐14) individually. The effective parameters on dye solubility such as temperature, time and concentration of surfactants were investigated by UV–Visible spectrophotometry. The results demonstrate that the solubility of both dyes was considerably increased at concentrations above the surfactant CMC. The wavelength for the maximum absorbance of dyes in the aqueous solution shifts toward longer wavelengths with changes in the concentration of the cationic surfactants. A kinetic study of solubilization of dyes in cationic surfactants solution showed that the rate of solubilization follows the pseudo‐first‐order reactions. Rates of solubilization were in the range of 0.5 × 10−3 to 6.8 × 10−3 min−1 for both dyes. The disperse dye containing a carboxylic acid group (dye 2) has a higher solubility rate than the dye containing an alkyl group (dye 1). The type of surfactant has a very low effect on adsorption of dye 1 onto the polyester fibers, whereas changing the surfactant type from DTAB to 12‐4‐12 or 14‐4‐14 causes adsorption of dye 2 on polyester to decrease.
Relationships of maternal zinc intake from animal foods with fetal growth
Authors: Lee Yo A. , Hwang Ji-Yun , Kim Hyesook , Ha Eun-Hee , Park Hyesook , Ha Mina , Kim Yangho , Hong Yun-Chul , Chang Namsoo 
Published: February 2011

Zn is an essential element for human growth. The nutritional adequacy of dietary Zn depends not only on the total Zn intake, but also on the type of food source (i.e. of plant or animal origin). We investigated the association between maternal dietary Zn intake from animal and plant food sources and fetal growth. A total of 918 pregnant women at 12–28 weeks of gestation were selected from the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health study in Korea. Dietary intakes in mid-pregnancy were estimated by a 24 h recall method, and subsequent birth weight and height were obtained from medical records. Multiple regression analysis showed that maternal Zn intake from animal food sources and their proportions relative to total Zn intake were positively associated with birth weight (P = 0·034 and 0·045, respectively) and height (P = 0·020 and 0·032, respectively). Conversely, the percentage of Zn intake from plant food sources relative to total Zn intake was negatively associated with birth height (P = 0·026) after adjustment for covariates that may affect fetal growth. The molar ratio of phytate:Zn was negatively associated with birth weight (P = 0·037). In conclusion, we found that the absolute amounts of Zn from different food sources (e.g. animal or plant) and their proportions relative to total Zn intake were significantly associated with birth weight and height. A sufficient amount of Zn intake from animal food sources of a relatively higher Zn bioavailability is thus encouraged for women during pregnancy.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on the efficacy and tolerability of sertraline in Iranian veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Panahi Y. , Moghaddam B. Rezazadeh , Sahebkar A. , Nazari M. Abbasi , Beiraghdar F. , Karami G. , Saadat A. R. 
Published: February 2011

BackgroundUnlike civilian post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the efficacy of sertraline for the treatment of combat-related PTSD has not yet been proven. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of sertraline against combat-related PTSD in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.MethodSeventy Iranian veterans of the Iran–Iraq war who met the DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of PTSD were randomized to receive either flexibly dosed sertraline (50–200 mg/day) (n=35, completers=32) or placebo (n=35, completers=30) for 10 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated by the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) and the Clinical Global Impression scale – Severity (CGI-S) and Improvement (CGI-I) ratings. Responder criteria were defined as a ⩾30% reduction in the IES-R total score plus a CGI-I rating of ‘much’ or ‘very much’ improved.ResultsOn both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol (completer) methods of analysis, the mean reductions in the IES-R total and subscale (re-experiencing/intrusion, avoidance/numbing and hyperarousal) scores (p<0.001) and also in the CGI-S score (p<0.01) were significantly greater in the sertraline group than in the placebo group. For the CGI-I, the mean endpoint score was significantly lower in the sertraline group than in the placebo group (p⩽0.001). The number of responders in the sertraline group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (44% v. 3%, p⩽0.001). Sertraline was well tolerated, with a 6% discontinuation rate as a result of adverse reactions.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that sertraline can be an effective, safe and tolerable treatment for combat-related PTSD in Iranian veterans.
Meanings of television in older adults' lives: an analysis of change and continuity in television viewing
Authors: VAN DER GOOT MARGOT , BEENTJES JOHANNES W. J. , VAN SELM MARTINE 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTTelevision viewing is an important leisure activity for older adults. The aim of the current study is to provide insight into the meanings of television in older adults' lives, by analysing change and continuity in their television viewing. A qualitative study was conducted that included in-depth interviews on television viewing among a diverse sample of Dutch people aged 65 years and older (N=86). The interview study shows that television has a variety of meanings for older adults. The meanings of television viewing changed in response to changes in everyday life, but this did not happen unidirectionally. Retirement, physical changes and changes in household composition led to increases as well as decreases in television viewing. Watching more television was experienced in both positive and negative ways. After a loss in the interpersonal sphere, television viewing can play a valuable role in adaptation processes, but it was also experienced as an activity that needs to be avoided. With regard to television content we found that some programmes gained importance when people age, whereas other programmes became less important or attractive. These changes in television viewing occurred for only part of the sample and some interviewees experienced continuity in the status of viewing and in their content preferences. The results are discussed in the context of recent literature on leisure constraints, leisure as coping, and adaptation strategies.
Perceptions of trends in Seychelles artisanal trap fisheries: comparing catch monitoring, underwater visual census and fishers' knowledge
Authors: DAW TIM M. , ROBINSON JAN , GRAHAM NICHOLAS A. J. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYFisheries scientists and managers are increasingly engaging with fishers’ knowledge (FK) to provide novel information and improve the legitimacy of fisheries governance. Disputes between the perceptions of fishers and scientists can generate conflicts for governance, but can also be a source of new perspectives or understandings. This paper compares artisanal trap fishers’ reported current catch rates with landings data and underwater visual census (UVC). Fishers’ reports of contemporary ‘normal’ catch per day tended to be higher than recent median landings records. However, fishers’ reports of ‘normal’ catch per trap were not significantly different from the median CPUE calculated from landings data, and reports of ‘good’ and ‘poor’ catch rates were indicative of variability observed in landings data. FK, landings and UVC data all gave different perspectives of trends over a ten-year period. Fishers’ perceptions indicated greater declines than statistical models fitted to landings data, while UVC evidence for trends varied between sites and according to the fish assemblage considered. Divergence in trend perceptions may have resulted from differences in the spatial, temporal or taxonomic focus of each dataset. Fishers may have experienced and understood behavioural changes and increased fishing power, which may have obscured declines from landings data. Various psychological factors affect memory and recall, and may have affected these memory-based estimates of trends, while different assumptions underlying the analysis of both interview data and conventional scientific data could also have led to qualitatively different trend perceptions. Differing perspectives from these three data sources illustrate both the potential for ‘cognitive conflicts’ between stakeholders who do not rely on the same data sources, as well as the importance of multiple information sources to understand dynamics of fisheries. Collaborative investigation of such divergence may facilitate learning and improve fisheries governance.
Effectiveness of the geriatric day hospital – a realist review
Authors: Gunawardena Indunil 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThis research paper is a realist review on the effectiveness of medical care for older people in the geriatric day hospital (GDH), based on trial data from a Cochrane review published in 2008. The Cochrane review indicated no overall difference between GDH care and alternative services. However, health care management and policy interventions are quite complex and methodologically more diverse than clinical treatments. Hence a ‘realist review’ is a more suitable explanatory analysis, aimed at discerning what works for whom, in what circumstances, in what respect, and how. This realist review on GDH care provides an explanatory analysis and has aimed to identify where GDH care is and is not effective.
An overview of surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence
Authors: Maguire T , Tincello DG , Mistri A 
Published: February 2011

SummaryUrinary incontinence remains a topic that both patients and clinicians find difficult to discuss and manage. Following the NICE guidance published in 2006, a well-defined structure for the management of urinary problems was outlined. Conservative measures are the mainstay for all patients, with anticholinergic drugs playing a major role in the management of over-active bladder and urge incontinence.Surgical management is an area that continues to grow and develop. The types of procedures offered to patients have changed dramatically in the last 10–15 years, with the advent of tension-free vaginal tapes and more recently the use of botulinum toxin. It is important that health professionals encountering patients with incontinence are aware of the common urological/gynaecological operations available, the place of surgical options in the overall pathway, and the benefits as well as the risks associated with continence surgery. This article provides the non-specialist with an overview of the available surgical options for management of continence.
Assessing factorial and convergent validity and reliability of a food behaviour checklist for Spanish-speaking participants in US Department of Agriculture nutrition education programmes
Authors: Banna Jinan C , Townsend Marilyn S 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess convergent validity, factorial validity, test–retest reliability and internal consistency of a diet quality food behaviour checklist (FBC) for low-literate, low-income Spanish speakers.DesignParticipants (n90) completed three dietary recalls, the Spanish-language version of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) and the Spanish-language FBC. Factor structure was examined using principal component analysis. Spearman correlation coefficients between FBC item responses and nutrient intakes from 24 h recalls were used to estimate convergent validity. Correlation coefficients were also calculated between FBC item responses at two time points in another group of participants (n71) to examine test–retest reliability. Cronbach'sαcoefficient was determined for items within each sub-scale.SettingNon-profit community agencies serving low-income clients, migrant farm worker camps and low-income housing sites in four California counties.SubjectsSpanish-speaking women (n161) who met income eligibility for the SNAP-Ed (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education).ResultsFactor analysis resulted in six sub-scales. Responses to nineteen food behaviour items were significantly correlated with hypothesized 24 h recall data (with a maximum correlation of 0·44 for drinking milk and calcium) or the USDA HFSSM (0·42 with the food security item). Coefficients for test–retest reliability ranged from 0·35 to 0·79. Cronbach'sαranged from 0·49 for the diet quality sub-scale to 0·80 for the fruit and vegetable sub-scale.ConclusionsThe twenty-two-item FBC and instruction guide will be used to evaluate USDA community nutrition education interventions with low-literate Spanish speakers. This research contributes to the body of knowledge about this at-risk population in California.
Stellar black holes: Cosmic history and feedback at the dawn of the universe
Authors: Mirabel I. Felix 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSignificant historic cosmic evolution for the formation rate of stellar black holes is inferred from current theoretical models of the evolution of massive stars, the multiple observations of compact stellar remnants in the near and distant universe, and the cosmic chemical evolution. The mean mass of stellar black holes, the fraction of black holes/neutron stars, and the fraction of black hole high mass X-ray binaries (BH-HMXBs)/solitary black holes increase with redshift. The energetic feedback from large populations of BH-HMXBs form in the first generations of star burst galaxies has been overlooked in most cosmological models of the reionization epoch of the universe. The powerful radiation, jets, and winds from BH-HMXBs heat the intergalactic medium over large volumes of space and keep it ionized until AGN take over. It is concluded that stellar black holes constrained the properties of the faintest galaxies at high redshifts. I present here the theoretical and observational grounds for the historic cosmic evolution of stellar black holes. Detailed calculations on their cosmic impact are presented elsewhere (Mirabel, Dijkstra, Laurent, Loeb, & Pritchard 2011).
The stability of astrophysical jets
Authors: Hardee Philip E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractJets are produced by young stellar objects (YSOs), by black hole binary star system “microquasars” (μQSOs), by active galactic nuclei (AGN), are associated with neutron stars and pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), and are thought responsible for the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). An understanding of these outflows must include how they are launched and collimated into jets, and how they propagate to large distances. Jets be they Poynting flux and/or kinetic flux dominated are current driven (CD) and/or Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) velocity shear driven unstable. Here I present some of the work that is leading to a better understanding of the properties required for the observed relative stability of astrophysical jets.
The X-ray burster 4U 1608-522 as seen by JEM-X onboard INTEGRAL
Authors: Sánchez-Fernández Celia , Kuulkers Erik 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe present here and overview of the results of a systematic search of Type-I X-ray bursts in the light curves of the transient, atoll system 4U 1608–522 as seen by JEMX onboard INTEGRAL.
Brown dwarf jets: Investigating the universality of jet launching mechanisms at the lowest masses
Authors: Whelan Emma Teresa , Bacciotti Francesca , Ray Tom , Dougados Catherine 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecently it has become apparent that proto-stellar-like outflow activity extends to the brown dwarf (BD) mass regime. While the presence of accretion appears to be the common ingredient in all objects known to drive jets fundamental questions remain unanswered. The more prominent being the exact mechanism by which jets are launched, and whether this mechanism remains universal among such a diversity of sources and scales. To address these questions we have been investigating outflow activity in a sample of protostellar objects that differ considerably in mass and mass accretion rate. Central to this is our study of brown dwarf jets. To date Classical T Tauri stars (CTTS) have offered us the best touchstone for decoding the launching mechanism. Here we shall summarise what is understood so far of BD jets and the important constraints observations can place on models. We will focus on the comparison between jets driven by objects with central mass <0.1M⊙ and those driven by CTTSs. In particular we wish to understand how the the ratio of the mass outflow to accretion rate compares to what has been measured for CTTSs.