Black-White differences in ceramides, cardiovascular health, and cardiovascular risk: a comparative study of US observational cohorts
Authors: Lalika M , Vasile V C , Johnson M P , Hayes S N , Jones C , Cooper L A , Patten C A , Brewer L C 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Despite advances in cardiovascular (CV) care, African American adults experience worse CV disease (CVD) outcomes than White adults, warranting the investigation of CVD prediction biomarkers. Plasma ceramides are bioactive lipids that are biomarkers of adverse cardiovascular risk for both primary and secondary prevention. However, racial/ethnic differences in ceramide levels and their link to CV health (CVH) in African American adults remain underexplored.

Purpose
This study aimed to: 1) assess the association between ceramide scores and CVH and atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk among African American adults and 2) compare ceramide scores between African American and White adults.

Methods
Health surveys and ceramides measurements were conducted for African American and White adults, both recruited from population-based observational study cohorts. Ten-year pooled cohort risk ASCVD scores were calculated based on American College of Cardiology guidelines. CVH was assessed using Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) scores, as per American Heart Association rubrics. CV risk factors in the two cohorts were compared using Chi-squared tests. Linear regression and Pearson correlation assessed the association between ceramide, LE8, and ASCVD risk scores. Linear regression, adjusted for age and sex, compared ASCVD risk and ceramide scores between the two cohorts.

Results
In total, 58 African American (mean age [SD] 54.5 [11.9] years, 67.9% women) and 1103 White (mean age [SD] 64.5 [11.9] years, 52.1% women) adults were included (Table 1). Compared to White adults, African American adults had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity (92.9% vs 33.6%; p&lt;0.001), hypertension (69.6% vs 42.5%; p&lt;0.001), diabetes (30.4% vs 12.2%; p&lt;0.001), and hyperlipidaemia (42.9% vs 30.0%; p=0.03). No difference in mean ASCVD risk was observed between the African American (12.8% [SD 10.4]) and White (12.6% [SD 11.1]) cohorts (p= 0.91). African American adults had lower 18:0 (0.08 [0.03] vs 0.10 [0.04] μmol/L) and 24:1 (0.91 [0.31] vs 1.17 [0.33] μmol/L) ceramides compared to White adults (p&lt;0.001). Ceramide scores among African American adults were not associated with LE8 scores (p=0.077) or ASCVD risk scores (r=-0.12, p=0.428). Adjusting for age and sex, African American adults had lower ceramide scores compared to White adults (mean [SD] 1.90 [1.97] vs 3.48 [2.88], p=0.006).

Conclusions
In our study comparing African American and White adults in the community, the association observed between ceramide scores and CVH or ASCVD risk scores in the African American cohort did not reach statistical significance. Interestingly, despite a more suboptimal cardiometabolic profile, African American adults had lower ceramide scores compared to White adults. Our findings suggest that ceramide profiles may not accurately reflect cardiovascular risk in African American adults, warranting further exploration of alternative sphingolipid biomarkers of risk for this population.