bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skeletal surveys in infants with isolated skull fractures
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: June 2009

.

Wood J. N.,
Christian C. W.,
Adams C. M. &
Rubin D. M.
(
2009
)

,
123
,
e247
–
e252
.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008‐2467
.
Objective The goal was to describe the utility of skeletal surveys and factors associated with both skeletal survey use and referral to child protective services for infants with skull fractures in the absence of significant intracranial injury. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for infants who were evaluated at a tertiary children's hospital because of an isolated, non‐motor vehicle‐related, skull fracture between 1997 and 2006. Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations of demographic factors, clinical findings that raised suspicion for abuse (absence of trauma history, changing history, delay in care, previous child protective services involvement and other cutaneous injuries), and fracture type (simple vs. complex) with the primary outcomes of skeletal survey use and reports to child protective services. Results Among the 341 infants in the study, 31% had clinical findings that raised suspicion for abuse and 42% had complex skull fractures. Skeletal surveys were obtained for 141 infants (41%) and detected additional fractures for only two (1.4%) of those 141 infants. Child protective services reports were made for 52 (15%) of the 341 children. Both infants with positive skeletal survey findings had other clinical findings that raised suspicion for abuse, and they were among those reported. With controlling for race and age, Medicaid‐eligible/uninsured infants were more likely than privately insured infants to receive skeletal surveys and child protective services reports in the presence of a complex skull fracture or clinical findings that raised suspicion for abuse. Conclusion Skeletal surveys were ordered frequently for infants with isolated skull fractures, but they rarely added additional information, beyond the history and physical findings, to support a report to child protective services.
Effects of a booster seat education and distribution program in child care centers on child restraint use among children aged 4 to 8 years
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: June 2009

.

Thoreson S.,
Myers L.,
Goss C. &
DiGuiseppi C.
(
2009
)

,
163
,
261
–
267
.
Objective To compare child care centre‐based booster seat education and distribution with no intervention when implemented immediately after booster seat legislation. Design Cluster randomized controlled trial. Setting Thirty‐nine urban child care centres. Participants A total of 854 parents and 1010 children aged 4 to 8 years in vehicles leaving centres. Intervention We trained 168 staff members at 20 centres to give parents and children messages promoting booster seats and supplied lesson plans, children's activities, and free booster seats. Main outcome measures Observed booster seat use, ‘good practice’ restraint use and legal restraint use. Results Parents at intervention centres were more likely to report receiving restraint information from the centre [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 4.06; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.48–6.67], speaking with staff about booster seats (AOR, 3.95; 95% CI, 2.26–6.88) and using fit to decide when to move children into seat belts (AOR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.91–5.99). Groups did not differ in proportions using booster seats (44% vs. 43%; AOR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.62–1.73), good practice (42% vs. 41%; AOR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.70–1.74) or legal restraints (65% vs. 65%; AOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.48–1.31). Results were similar for children aged 4 to 5 and 6 to 8 years. All outcomes were significantly less likely among children riding in pickup trucks or with Hispanic or black drivers. Conclusions The intervention increased parents' receipt of information from centre staff and knowledge about booster seats but not booster seat use. Research is needed to identify methods and messages that will empower centre providers to promote booster seats effectively and reach high‐risk populations.
Rapid and reliable generation of invariant natural killer T‐cell lines in vitro
Authors: Chiba Asako , Cohen Nadia , Brigl Manfred , Brennan Patrick J. , Besra Gurdal S. , Brenner Michael B. 
Published: June 2009

SummarySeveral tools have proved useful in the study of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, including CD1d‐deficient mice, Jα281‐deficient mice, synthetic lipid antigens and antigen‐loaded CD1d tetramers. However, the generation and examination of long‐term primary murine iNKT cell lines in vitro has been challenging. Here, we show the rapid generation of iNKT cell lines from splenic iNKT cells of Vα14 T‐cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) mice. These purified iNKT cells were stimulated by bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) loaded with α‐galactosylceramide (αGalCer) and cultured with interleukin (IL)‐2 and IL‐7. iNKT cells proliferated dramatically, and the cell number exhibited a 100‐fold increase within 2 weeks and a 105‐fold increase in 8 weeks after repeated stimulation with αGalCer. The iNKT cell lines consisted of iNKT cells expressing Vβ chains including Vβ8.1/8.2, Vβ14, Vβ10, Vβ6 and Vβ7, and responded to stimulation with αGalCer presented both by BMDCs and by plate‐bound CD1d. In addition, the iNKT cell lines produced interferon (IFN)‐γ when activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)‐stimulated BMDCs. Further, we show that iNKT cell lines produced cytokines in response to microbial antigens. In summary, high‐yield iNKT cell lines were generated very rapidly and robustly expanded, and these iNKT cells responded to both TCR and cytokine stimulation in vitro. Given the desire to study primary iNKT cells for many purposes, these iNKT cell lines should provide an important tool for the study of iNKT cell subsets, antigen and TCR specificity, activation, inactivation and effector functions.
How useful is expert opinion for predicting the distribution of a species within and beyond the region of expertise? A case study using brush‐tailed rock‐wallabies Petrogale penicillata
Authors: Murray Justine V. , Goldizen Anne W. , O’Leary Rebecca A. , McAlpine Clive A. , Possingham Hugh P. , Choy Samantha Low 
Published: June 2009

Summary 1. Species’ distribution modelling relies on adequate data sets to build reliable statistical models with high predictive ability. However, the money spent collecting empirical data might be better spent on management. A less expensive source of species’ distribution information is expert opinion. This study evaluates expert knowledge and its source. In particular, we determine whether models built on expert knowledge apply over multiple regions or only within the region where the knowledge was derived. 2. The case study focuses on the distribution of the brush‐tailed rock‐wallaby Petrogale penicillata in eastern Australia. We brought together from two biogeographically different regions substantial and well‐designed field data and knowledge from nine experts. We used a novel elicitation tool within a geographical information system to systematically collect expert opinions. The tool utilized an indirect approach to elicitation, asking experts simpler questions about observable rather than abstract quantities, with measures in place to identify uncertainty and offer feedback. Bayesian analysis was used to combine field data and expert knowledge in each region to determine: (i) how expert opinion affected models based on field data and (ii) how similar expert‐informed models were within regions and across regions. 3. The elicitation tool effectively captured the experts’ opinions and their uncertainties. Experts were comfortable with the map‐based elicitation approach used, especially with graphical feedback. Experts tended to predict lower values of species occurrence compared with field data. 4. Across experts, consensus on effect sizes occurred for several habitat variables. Expert opinion generally influenced predictions from field data. However, south‐east Queensland and north‐east New South Wales experts had different opinions on the influence of elevation and geology, with these differences attributable to geological differences between these regions. 5. Synthesis and applications. When formulated as priors in Bayesian analysis, expert opinion is useful for modifying or strengthening patterns exhibited by empirical data sets that are limited in size or scope. Nevertheless, the ability of an expert to extrapolate beyond their region of knowledge may be poor. Hence there is significant merit in obtaining information from local experts when compiling species’ distribution models across several regions.
Reframing the dilemma of poor attendance at cardiac rehabilitation: an exploration of ambivalence and the decisional balance
Authors: Everett Bronwyn , Salamonson Yenna , Zecchin Robert , Davidson Patricia M 
Published: June 2009

Aim.  To discuss the problem of poor attendance at cardiac rehabilitation from the alternative perspective of patient ambivalence.Background.  Evidence supports the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation as a means for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, yet current literature continues to document poor attendance at these programmes. Whilst extrinsic factors, such as transportation and lack of physician support have been identified as barriers, patients who choose not to attend these programmes are often described as lacking motivation or being non‐compliant. However, it is possible that non‐attendance is the result of ambivalence – the experience of simultaneously wanting to and yet not wanting to, or the ‘I want to, but I don’t want to’ dilemma.Design.  Discussion paper.Method.  This discussion paper draws on the literature of ambivalence and decision‐making theory to reframe the issue of poor attendance at cardiac rehabilitation.Conclusions:  This paper has demonstrated that the problem of poor attendance may be explained from the perspective of patient ambivalence and that using strategies such as the decisional balance may assist these individuals in exploring their ambivalence to engage in secondary prevention programmes.Relevance to clinical practice.  Understanding the dynamics of ambivalence provides an alternative to thinking of patients as lacking motivation, being non‐compliant, or even resistant. Helping patients to explore and resolve their ambivalence may be all that is needed to help them make a decision and move forward.
Learning for heart failure patients (The L‐HF patient study)
Authors: Boyde Mary , Tuckett Anthony , Peters Robyn , Thompson David , Turner Catherine , Stewart Simon 
Published: June 2009

Aim and objective.  To investigate the learning style and preferences for information delivery of heart failure patients for the purpose of informing the design of educational resources.Background.  Patient education is a vital component of heart failure management programmes however the content and delivery of education varies in each programme. Traditionally education programmes for patients have focussed on educational needs as identified by health care providers however research has shown there are discrepancies between patients’ and nurses’ perceptions of the learning needs of heart failure patients. There is no evidence that educational programmes for heart failure patients are based on identification of patients learning needs or their preferred learning style.Design.  Qualitative.Method.  A purposive sample of 12 participants, diagnosed with heart failure and enrolled in a heart failure management programme, participated in semi‐structured interviews.Results.  Four themes emerged: knowledge quest (L‐loading), barriers to learning (L‐inhibitors), facilitators for learning (L‐agonists), and meeting educational needs (L‐titration). Integral to these themes was the participant’s relationship with health care professionals.Conclusion.  This study provides unique information regarding the preferred learning modality of heart failure patients and, as such, serves to inform the development of appropriate education resources specifically tailored for this population.Relevance to clinical practice.  The development of effective modes of education is likely to further enhance heart failure management programmes service organisation and delivery and improve health outcomes for heart failure patients.
Implementation of a diabetes clinic‐in‐a‐clinic project in a family practice setting: using the plan, do, study, act model
Authors: Johnson Paisley , Raterink Ginger 
Published: June 2009

Objectives.  The American Association of Diabetic Educators suggests that educating patients about their diabetes management facilitates problem solving and coping skills. This paper will describe a clinic‐in‐a‐clinic model of care delivery founded on the principles of the Chronic Care Model and focused towards the outcomes proposed by the American Association of Diabetic Educators. The reader will be introduced to the use of the ‘plan, do, study, act’ process used to develop this model in a clinical setting.Background.  Self‐management support, a key component of the Chronic Care Model, focuses on providing patients with the skills to make healthcare decisions. Self‐management encourages patient to be responsible for his/her own health care. Because diabetes outcomes and complication prevalence are related to the degree of self involvement in illness care, self‐management support is an important component of disease management.Design.  Plan, do, study, act model for program development.Methods.  The ‘plan, do, study, act’ cycles outlined the steps needed to implement the clinic‐in‐a‐clinic program with success related to coordination of all components and continual assessment and revision. Each cycle was initiated in a sequential order allowing for evaluation and goal adjustment before the next cycle was implemented.Conclusions.  The majority of patients seen were middle‐aged, obese, females with HbA1cs greatly above the recommended 7·0. Patients selected a variety of topics related to diabetes management for their clinical session. Participation rates were consistent with regular clinic visit attendance. Barriers to success of the program were related to both structure and process.Relevance to clinical practice.  The clinic‐in‐a‐clinic design moves disease management from individual practice into a property of the health systems and places importance on the collaboration of patient, provider and delivery system in reducing the consequences of chronic illness. Use of the ‘plan, do, study, act’ cycle model offers a method for changing the process of care delivery in a structured, sequential approach.
Sleep in adolescence: a review of issues for nursing practice
Authors: Vallido Tamara , Peters Kathleen , O’Brien Louise , Jackson Debra 
Published: June 2009

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this review was to explore the literature to determine what is known about adolescent sleep, the causes and consequences of disturbed sleep in adolescence and the implications this has for nursing practice.Background.  Sleep disorders are relatively common in young people. Disturbed sleep can be both a cause and a result of ill health and if recognised can indicate psychosocial, psychological or physical difficulties.Design.  Literature review.Methods.  Searching of key electronic databases.Results.  Disturbed sleep in adolescents has several potential consequences, including daytime sleepiness, reduced academic performance and substance use/abuse. However, despite its significance and frequency, sleep disturbance is an area of adolescent health that is almost entirely unaddressed within the nursing literature.Conclusion.  Nursing has a role to play in assisting adolescents and their families to recognise the importance of sleep to the general health and well‐being of young people.Relevance to clinical practice.  There is a need for nursing to develop tools to assess sleep in adolescent clients and non‐pharmaceutical interventions to assist adolescents achieve optimum sleep and rest. Nurses may also contribute to educating adolescents and their families regarding the importance of good sleep hygiene.
Expression of Acidothermus cellulolyticus E1 endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase catalytic domain in transplastomic tobacco
Authors: Ziegelhoffer Thomas , Raasch John A. , Austin‐Phillips Sandra 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAs part of an effort to develop transgenic plants as a system for the production of lignocellulose‐degrading enzymes, we evaluated the production of the endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase E1 catalytic domain (E1cd) of Acidothermus cellulolyticus in transplastomic tobacco. In an attempt to increase the translation efficiency of the E1cd cassette, various lengths of the N‐terminus of the psbA gene product were fused to the E1cd protein. The psbA gene of the plastid genome encodes the D1 polypeptide of photosystem II and is known to encode an efficiently translated mRNA. Experiments in an Escherichia coli expression system indicated that the fusion of short (10–22 amino acid) segments of D1 to E1cd resulted in modest increases in E1cd abundance and were compatible with E1cd activity. Plastid expression cassettes encoding unmodified E1cd and a 10‐amino‐acid D1 fusion (10nE1cd) were used to generate transplastomic tobacco plants. Expression of the E1cd open reading frame in transplastomic tobacco resulted in very low levels of the enzyme. The transplastomic plants accumulated a high level of E1cd mRNA, however, indicating that post‐transcriptional processes were probably limiting the production of recombinant protein. The accumulation of 10nE1cd in transplastomic tobacco was approximately 200‐fold higher than that of unmodified E1cd, yielding 10nE1cd in excess of 12% of total soluble protein in the extracts of the lower leaves. Most importantly, the active recombinant enzyme was recovered very easily and efficiently from dried plant material and constituted as much as 0.3% of the dry weight of leaf tissue.
Calvin's Metaphysics of Our Union with Christ
Authors: FISK PHILIP 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study of the Calvin corpus asks whether the older works of Emmen, Dominicé and Kolfhaus and English monographs adequately answer the question of how human beings can receive life‐giving properties from the person of Christ without recognizing Calvin's use of the conceptual tool of reduplicative predication to explain our unio spiritualis cum Christo. Thanks to a renaissance in the use of conceptual analysis in the service of theology, we identify Calvin's use of this conceptual tool and propose a tentative solution to the vexing question of how he predicates a unio spiritualis between humans and the person of the Mediator, since he states that the unio is, in the first instance, between our self‐subsistent natura humana and Christ's anhypostatic natura humana. How then can this unio‘channel’ life‐giving properties to us? Calvin himself states the rule that ‘the flesh of Christ does not of itself have a power so great as to quicken us’; that is, only a supposit, not a nature, can perform such operations. Calvin relieves this predicative tension by employing the conceptual tool of reduplicative predication – the borrowing and ‘channeling’ of properties across the hypostatic union of Christ as well as across the unio spiritualis– such that Homo secundum istum unionem est iustus.
Do birds of a feather flock together in China?
Authors: CHEN HAO , LUO SHANHONG , YUE GUOAN , XU DAN , ZHAOYANG RUIXUE 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEvidence of couple similarity was examined in 2 nationally representative samples (Ns = 536 and 537 couples) from mainland China. Variable‐centered and couple‐centered tests provided convergent results suggesting that husbands and wives were considerably similar on characteristics of 3 broad categories: demographic variables, values, and personality. Additional tests suggest that value and personality similarities were not likely to be due to social homogamy, convergence, response biases, or culture‐unique characteristics. Whereas the couple similarity on demographics and values largely mirrors what has been observed in Western research, Chinese couples' consistent and strong similarity on personality domains presents a striking contrast to Western couples who share little systematic similarity on personality.
Parental shame and guilt: Distinguishing emotional responses to a child's wrongdoings
Authors: SCARNIER MARCHELLE , SCHMADER TONI , LICKEL BRIAN 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis research differentiates shame and guilt as distinct emotional reactions that parents in the United States can have for their children's misdeeds. In Study 1, when 93 parents wrote about their child's worst transgression, their ratings of perceived public exposure and threat to their self‐image predicted shame, whereas the degree to which they felt a lack of control over their child and believed the act harmed others predicted guilt. In Study 2, when 123 mothers rated their reactions to an imagined wrongdoing, the presence of a critical observer tended to elevate shame but not guilt. Across both studies, guilt predicted adaptive parenting responses, whereas, shame predicted maladaptive responses. The discussion emphasizes the implications that self‐conscious emotions have for family dynamics.
Therapeutic action and underlying mechanisms of a combination of two pentacyclic triterpenes, α‐ and β‐amyrin, in a mouse model of colitis
Authors: Vitor CE , Figueiredo CP , Hara DB , Bento AF , Mazzuco TL , Calixto JB 
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose:  α‐ and β‐amyrin are pentacyclic triterpenes found in plants and are known to exhibit pronounced anti‐inflammatory effects. Here, we evaluated the effects of a 1:1 mixture of α‐ and β‐amyrin (α,β‐amyrin) on an experimental model of colitis in mice.Experimental approach:  Colitis was induced in Swiss male mice by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) and followed up to 72 h; animals were treated systemically with α,β‐amyrin, dexamethasone or vehicle. Macro‐ and microscopic damage, myeloperoxidase activity and cytokine levels were assessed in colons. Histological sections were immunostained for cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), vascular endothelial growth factor, phospho‐p65 nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and phospho‐cyclic AMP response element‐binding protein (CREB)Key results:  TNBS‐induced colitis was associated with tissue damage, neutrophil infiltration and time‐dependent increase of inflammatory mediators. Treatment with α,β‐amyrin (3 mg·kg−1, i.p.) or dexamethasone (1 mg·kg−1, s.c.) consistently improved tissue damage scores and abolished polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. α,β‐Amyrin, like dexamethasone, significantly diminished interleukin (IL)‐1β levels and partially restored IL‐10 levels in colon tissues 72 h after colitis induction, but only α,β‐amyrin reduced vascular endothelial growth factor expression by immunohistochemistry. The colonic expression of COX‐2 at 24 h and that of phospho‐NF‐κB and phospho‐CREB (peaking at 6 h) after colitis induction were consistently inhibited by both α,β‐amyrin and dexamethasone.Conclusions and implications:  Systemic administration of α,β‐amyrin exerted a marked and rapid inhibition of TNBS‐induced colitis, related to the local suppression of inflammatory cytokines and COX‐2 levels, possibly via inhibition of NF‐κB and CREB‐signalling pathways. Taken together, our data suggest a potential use of α,β‐amyrin to control inflammatory responses in bowel disease.