bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemosensitivity testing in ovarian cancer
Authors: Sevin Bernd‐Uwe , Perras James P. , Averette Hervy E. , Donato Daniel M. , Penalver Manuel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMost patients with ovarian cancer currently are treated primarily with surgery and chemotherapy. Drug selection usually is not based on individualized in vitro sensitivity studies but on reported response rates of clinical trials. Attempts to include in vitro chemosensitivity testing into the management of ovarian cancer have been disappointing to clinicians. Tumor cells from fresh human ovarian cancer do not grow well under artificial in vitro growth conditions. The selection of cells that happen to proliferate in vitro (e.g., human tumor clonogenic assay) has resulted in low plating efficiencies (0.001–0.1% of plated cells). The vigorous mechanical and enzymatic tumor disaggregation, done to obtain a single‐cell suspension, further reduces the number of cells that grow in vitro, resulting in low overall evaluability rates of 40–70% for the human tumor clonogenic assay. At the University of Miami, a new in vitro chemosensitivity assay was developed that detected the decrease in total tumor cell viability by measuring intracellular adenosine triphosphate as a function of in vitro drug response. Preliminary data on 31 tumor tissues from patients, which was evaluated with this method, showed a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 100%. Since these initial studies, data were gathered on more than 150 fresh gynecologic tumor specimens to evaluate single drugs and drug combinations at five concentrations (range, 10–500% of reported peak plasma concentrations). The evaluability rate for ovarian tumors was more than 90%. Some tumors showed almost complete cell kill at the lowest drug concentration; others had only a limited response at the highest level. Drug‐response patterns also were variable for combined drug exposure. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of drug response in morphologically similar tumors and the importance of characterizing individual chemosensitivity profiles for patients before drug treatment.
Flow cytometric evaluation of ovarian cancer
Authors: Braly Patricia S. , Klevecz Robert R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground. Despite recent advances in the treatment of ovarian cancer, the long‐term prognosis for patients with this malignancy appears to depend more on tumor prognostic factors than on treatment regimens. The traditionally used prognostic factors are often subjective and, currently, have not been sufficient to determine individual patient prognosis.Methods. Newer techniques of quantitative cytologic testing, including flow cytometry, facilitate the objective evaluation of tumor cell heterogeneity and the identification of additional prognostic factors.Results. There is good evidence, mainly from retrospective studies, that DNA ploidy is a valuable prognostic indicator in patients with both early‐stage and late‐stage ovarian cancer. Most of the recent flow cytometric studies have identified ploidy as an independent prognostic factor, with aneuploidy predicting a significantly shorter survival time, even in patients with borderline malignant tumors. Flow cytometric determination of cell cycle information (e.g., S‐phase fraction or proliferative index) may represent additional prognostic information and may be used to predict the early tumor response to treatment.Conclusions. Although additional prospective studies are needed to establish the exact value of flow cytometric evaluation for ovarian cancer and other gynecologic malignancies, there is little doubt that the prognostic value of this information will influence clinical management of patients with these malignancies in the near future.
Imaging in gynecologic malignancies
Authors: Bragg David G. , Hricak Hedvig 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCross‐sectional imaging is often a useful complement to clinical examination in patients with gynecologic malignancies. Patients with ovarian cancer will benefit less from the use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, extensive intraperitoneal disease may be evaluated and followed with either technology. Endometrial cancer is best approached by staging with contrast‐enhanced MRI. The more advanced the disease is, the more information should be available from MRI imaging. By contrast, patients with cervical cancer are assessed best using noncontrast‐enhanced MRI as far as imaging of the primary tumor is concerned. Extracervical extension is defined better with contrast enhancement and varied pulse sequences. Radiation changes and tumor response also can be assessed with MRI imaging as a complement to clinical examination.
Neovaginal reconstruction
Authors: Hatch Kenneth D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFormation of a neovagina is an important step in restoring a normal self‐image for the woman who has had treatment for gynecologic cancer. There are several techniques that the surgeon may select based on the amount of tissue removed or damaged, the surrounding anatomy, and the condition of the patient. The indications, techniques, and results of these procedures will be described in this article.
Low colorectal anastomosis and reconstruction after gynecologic cancer
Authors: Wheeless Clifford R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRadical en bloc resection of pelvic tissue remains an important part of the armamentarium of the gynecologic oncologist despite significant advances in radiation oncology and chemotherapy. Total pelvic exenteration can be the only hope of women who have not responded to more conservative therapy. The time has come where it is appropriate to use contemporary techniques in the discipline of reconstructive surgery to restore these women to an acceptable quality of life. It may be the next challenge for the pelvic surgeon to participate in such surgical reconstruction. This challenge is becoming an active part of the oncologic surgical practice in head and neck and breast surgery. This article reviews the techniques that are available in the reconstruction of a functional rectum with elimination of colostomy.
Predicting sexual and psychologic morbidity and improving the quality of life for women with gynecologic cancer
Authors: Andersen Barbara L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe research progress made in the 1980s on understanding psychologic outcomes after gynecologic cancer has continued since the 1986 conference. To facilitate future intervention research, a model for predicting the risk for psychologic and behavioral morbidity is provided. This model clarifies psychologic, behavioral, and medical routes leading to a reduced quality of life. Although few intervention studies have been conducted with gynecologic patients, studies in other patients with cancer suggest that psychologic interventions can reduce emotional distress, enhance coping, and improve general adjustment and sexual functioning, in particular. The final section of this article discusses future research directions and challenges institutions and study groups to support quality‐of‐life research for women with gynecologic cancer.
Gynecologic oncology group randomized trials of combined technique therapy for vulvar cancer
Authors: Keys Henry 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) did a surgicopathologic study of vulvar cancer in which various prognostic factors in the primary lesion were evaluated and compared with the pathologic status of the lymph nodes in the groin dissections. In total, 558 patients were entered into this study (GOG Protocol 36) from November 1977 to February 1984. The 203 patients with positive groin nodes were eligible for a second study in which they were assigned randomly to receive either pelvic lymph node dissection or pelvic and groin irradiation (Protocol 37). One hundred fourteen patients were randomized to this study, and 53 of 59 patients in each treatment arm actually underwent the prescribed treatment. Acute and late toxicities were similar in both treatment arms. There was a significant difference in survival rate that favored the pelvic radiation treatment [P = 0.03). The largest difference in survival rates occurred in those patients with either of the poor prognostic findings (clinically suspicious fixed ulcerated nodes or two or more positive nodes). The 2‐year survival rate was 68% for the radiation treatment arm and 54% for the surgical program. Pelvic radiation therapy has become the standard treatment for patients with positive groin nodes, especially if they are fixed or multiple. Based on these results, a subsequent study was designed to test whether radiation therapy could substitute for bilateral groin node dissection in patients with vulvar cancer (Protocol 88). Fifty‐eight patients were enrolled in the study before entry was suspended on April 30, 1991, and the study was closed on November 1, 1991. In the first 49 evaluable patients, there were five groin recurrences in the irradiated patients, although there were no groin failures in the operated group. The radiation program used in this study may not have provided an adequate dose to the depth where the lymph nodes were located because the prescription called for dose calculations at a depth of 3 cm. Unless demonstrated in another study, groin irradiation cannot be used as an equivalent option to groin dissection. Aggressive preoperative chemoradiation treatment currently is being studied for patients with T3 lesions not amenable to standard radical vulvectomy. Surgical dissection of residual tumor plus bilateral groin dissections are to be done if the postradiation biopsy findings are positive. Patients with unresectable Stage T2 or T3 groin nodes are also eligible for this study (Protocol 101).
Carcinoma of the cervix treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy: Cooperative studies in the gynecologic oncology group
Authors: Stehman Frederick B. , Bundy Brian N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSince its inception in 1970, the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) has pursued a series of Phase II and III cooperative clinical investigations of the combination of cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation therapy for patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. After an initial randomized trial indicated that hydroxyurea was superior to placebo, subsequent studies have evaluated whether the hypoxic sensitizer, misonidazole, or the combination of cisplatin with infusional 5‐fluorouracil were superior to hydroxyurea. Other studies have evaluated concurrent chemotherapy with extended field radiation for patients with metastatic disease in their paraaortic nodes. The GOG will continue to attempt to identify and develop superior adjuncts to radiation therapy for this patient population.
Fine‐needle aspirations of papillary carcinoma with oncocytic features
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although a wide variety of papillary carcinomas of the thyroid can have abundant granular cytoplasm and may be difficult to distinguish from Hürthle cell lesions in fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs), the literature on these tumors is limited. The author described 18 cases with a spectrum of cytologic appearances.METHODS:A series of 7089 FNAs was correlated with 1331 subsequent resection specimens. Cases in which the original cytologic and histologic diagnoses included the differential diagnosis of papillary carcinoma or Hürthle cell lesions were identified.RESULTS:A total of 18 (1.3% of cases with resection) cases were identified. On review, 3 cases had classic features of papillary carcinoma, including nuclear crowding, along with a moderate amount of granular cytoplasm. Four cases had a population of cells that mimicked repair and/or cyst‐lining cells with almost no other epithelial cells. In 2 of those 4 cases, the cells were extremely large, and in 2 other cases, they could not be distinguished from typical cyst‐lining cells. The remaining 11 cases had cells with overlapping features including pale to granular chromatin, small to medium nucleoli either centrally or eccentrically, occasional grooves, and rare intranuclear inclusions. Typical Hürthle cells also were commonly present. Nuclear crowding was not present, and the cells were in sheets, follicles, or appeared alone. No papillae were identified. On resection, 7 cases were follicular variants of papillary carcinoma, 2 cases occurred in the setting of Hashimoto thyroiditis, and 2 cases had features of the tall‐cell variant.CONCLUSIONS:The author concluded that a subset of papillary carcinomas of the thyroid were difficult to distinguish from Hürthle cell lesions or repair and/or cyst‐lining cells because of the presence of abundant granular cytoplasm and a lack of nuclear crowding. These tumors were often follicular or cystic variants of papillary carcinoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
DOG1 utility in diagnosing gastrointestinal stromal tumors on fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Fatima Nazneen , Cohen Cynthia , Siddiqui Momin T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and the majority contain KIT or PDGFRA activating mutations. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a valuable technique in the diagnosis of GIST and may allow for preoperative therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Because of the morphologic diversity of these tumors, routine diagnosis of GIST often relies on C‐Kit immunohistochemical staining in addition to morphologic findings. However, up to 15% of GISTs are C‐Kit negative. Antibodies with increased sensitivity and specificity for detection of C‐Kit–negative GIST cases may be of value, especially because some of these cases may also benefit from TKI therapy.METHODS:Immunohistochemical staining for DOG‐1, C‐Kit (CD117) and protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) was performed on FNA cell‐block preparations representing 30 GISTs, 17 leiomyosarcomas, 16 melanomas, 16 schwannomas, 11 adenoid cystic carcinomas, and 8 leiomyomas.RESULTS:DOG‐1 was found to have 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in diagnosis of GIST. C‐Kit demonstrated 70% sensitivity and 76% specificity, and PKCθ showed 40% sensitivity and 86% specificity. When only spindle‐cell neoplasms were considered (adenoid cystic carcinomas excluded), the specificity of C‐Kit increased to 89%. Of interest, all C‐Kit–negative cases showed DOG‐1 positivity.CONCLUSIONS:DOG‐1 was the most sensitive and specific of the 3 markers for the diagnosis of GIST in cell‐block preparations and may be of particular use in the diagnosis of C‐Kit–negative GIST. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society
synthesis of high‐quality crystalline α‐MoO3 nanobelts
Authors: Yang Xiaofei , Tang Hua , Zhang Rongxian , Song Haojie , Cao Kesheng 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHigh‐quality crystalline MoO3 nanobelts were successfully fabricated with a facile hydrothermal route by using common and inexpensive NaCl as a capping agent. The products are thoroughly characterized by the combination of different techniques. The results indicate that as‐prepared MoO3 nanobelts have an orthorhombic crystal structure (α‐MoO3) with growth preferential in the [001] direction, the size of the obtained MoO3 nanobelts ranges from 200 nm to 300 nm in width and micrometers in length. The effects of the amount of NaCl on the morphology and size of the resultant MoO3 were also investigated, it is clearly shown that the presence of appropriate amount of NaCl plays a crucial role in controlling the size and morphology of the obtained MoO3. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanowire arrays
Authors: Zhang L. C. , Ruan Y. F. , Wang D. L. , Qiu C. X. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper we report a chemical method named coordination reaction method to synthesize ZnO nanowire arreys. ZnO nanowires with the diameter about 80nm were successfully fabricated in the channels of the porous anodic alumina (PAA) template by the above coordination reaction method. The microstructures of ZnO/PAA assembly were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the ZnO nanowires can be uniformly assembled into the nanochannels of PAA template. The growth mechanism of ZnO nanowires and the conditions of the coordination reaction are discussed. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement shows that the ZnO/PAA assembly system has a blue emission band caused by the various defects of ZnO. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Fuel‐Cell Reactor for the Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide Alkaline Solutions from H2 and O2
Authors: Yamanaka Ichiro , Onisawa Takeshi , Hashimoto Toshikazu , Murayama Toru 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe effects of the type of fuel‐cell reactors (undivided or divided by cation‐ and anion‐exchange membranes), alkaline electrolytes (LiOH, NaOH, KOH), vapor‐grown carbon fiber (VGCF) cathode components (additives: none, activated carbon, Valcan XC72, Black Pearls 2000, Seast‐6, and Ketjen Black), and the flow rates of anolyte (0, 1.5, 12 mL h−1) and catholyte (0, 12 mL h−1) on the formation of hydrogen peroxide were studied. A divided fuel‐cell system, O2 (g)|VGCF–XC72 cathode|2 M NaOH catholyte|cation‐exchange membrane (Nafion‐117)|Pt/XC72–VGCF anode|2 M NaOH anolyte at 12 mL h−1 flow|H2 (g), was effective for the selective formation of hydrogen peroxide, with 130 mA cm−2, a 2 M aqueous solution of H2O2/NaOH, and a current efficiency of 95 % at atmospheric pressure and 298 K. The current and formation rate gradually decreased over a long period of time. The cause of the slow decrease in electrocatalytic performance was revealed and the decrease was stopped by a flow of catholyte. Cyclic voltammetry studies at the VGCF–XC72 electrode indicated that fast diffusion of O2 from the gas phase to the electrode, and quick desorption of hydrogen peroxide from the electrode to the electrolyte were essential for the efficient formation of solutions of H2O2/NaOH.
Socio‐ecohydrology and the urban water challenge
Authors: Pataki D. E. , Boone C. G. , Hogue T. S. , Jenerette G. D. , McFadden J. P. , Pincetl S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUrban water systems are highly engineered. However, hydrology and ecology are still closely linked in semi‐arid urban ecosystems in which surface characteristics, vegetation, and water flows are all highly transformed. Although these systems are human‐dominated, there are many uncertainties in the water budgets of semi‐arid cities, because evapotranspiration, runoff, groundwater recharge, and leakage are poorly constrained. Decision‐making, governance, and socioeconomic factors play important roles in determining urban hydrologic budgets. We offer a framework to integrate these factors in studies that combine biophysical and social dimensions of the urban water system using the example of western US cities, which are facing critical issues in water supply and demand, and which can benefit from a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that determine water consumption, distribution and availability. Because of the severity of the water crisis in the western US, and the biophysical, institutional, and cultural barriers to developing and implementing new water management practices, this region provides useful lessons for addressing water challenges in other regions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil moisture and ecosystem function responses of desert grassland varying in vegetative cover to a saturating precipitation pulse
Authors: Hamerlynck Erik P. , Scott Russell L. , Stone Jeffry J. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA critical linkage between hydrological and ecological processes is plant cover, yet the ecosystem‐level responses of aridland systems of varying plant cover to extreme precipitation events, predicted to increase in the future, have not been well studied. We tracked volumetric soil water (θ15 cm) across the entire summer monsoon season, and ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET), net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (Reco), gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP), and leaf‐level net carbon assimilation (Anet) and stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) for 30 days in high‐cover (ca. 50%) and low‐cover (ca. 23%) plots in response to a runoff generating experimental rainfall. For 35 days following the pulse, θ15 cm was 2·5% higher in high‐cover plots compared to low‐cover values, with identical soil drying rates between cover conditions. After θ15 cm converged to similar values between cover conditions, dry‐down rates were longer in low‐cover plots. ET and gs did not differ between plots. For 7 days after the pulse, slower Anet development in some grass species compared to rapid development by the canopy dominant, Lehmann's lovegrass, may have resulted in similar GEP between low‐ and high‐cover plots. After this, GEP and Reco were higher and increased in parallel in high‐cover plots. In low‐cover plots, Reco levelled at + 21 days, resulting in similar NEE to high‐cover plots, even though GEP was lower. These findings suggest that low biomass in low‐cover areas may constrain Reco and lead to more evenly distributed productivity across semiarid grasslands following large, infrequent precipitation events. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
A General Route to Perfluoroalkyl‐ and Trifluorovinyl‐Substituted Fischer Carbene Complexes of Tungsten and Chromium – Syntheses, Characterisation and Structures
Authors: Tyrra Wieland , Yagupolskii Yurii L. , Kirij Nataliya V. , Rusanov Eduard B. , Kremer Silke , Naumann Dieter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHexacarbonyltungsten and ‐chromium [M(CO)6; M = W, Cr] react smoothly with perfluoroalkyl (Rf = CF3, C2F5) and trifluorovinyl (Rf = CF=CF2) silanes in the presence of equimolar amounts of fluoride ions with exclusive attack of one of the CO ligands to form the corresponding salts, Cat[(CO)5MC(Rf)O] (Cat = [Me4N]+, [Cs(15‐crown‐5)2]+) which after methylation represent the first hitherto unknown perfluoroorgano‐substituted Fischer carbene complexes, (CO)5MC(Rf)(OCH3), of those metals. The methoxy group can be easily replaced by amino functional groups as shown for the corresponding carbonyltungsten compound. The molecular structures of (CO)5WC(CF3)(OCH3) and (CO)5WC(CF3)[N(C2H5)2] have been elucidated by XRD measurements.
Strategies for Optimizing the Performance of Cyclometalated Ruthenium Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Bomben Paolo G. , Thériault Kim D. , Berlinguette Curtis P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPursuant to our goal of optimizing the performance of cyclometalated Ru sensitizers in the dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC), the physicochemical properties of a series of tris‐heteroleptic RuII complexes are reported. Each of these complexes contains a metal ligated by: (i) a bidentate 2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid (dcbpy) ligand to anchor the dye to the TiO2 surface; (ii) a cyclometalating ligand – withelectron‐withdrawing groups to ensure a sufficiently high oxidation potential for dye regeneration in the DSSC; and (iii) a 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) ligand. UV/Vis and electrochemical data reveal that each complex exhibits broad metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands of significant intensity (ϵ = 1.0–2.3 × 104 M–1 cm–1) in the visible region, and ground‐ and excited‐state redox potentials that are appropriate for sensitizing TiO2. Analysis of the dyes in the DSSC highlights the sensitivity of cell performance to the oxidation potential for each of the dyes, which has important implications in the development of cyclometalated Ru sensitizers.