bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Subgenera Petalograptus and Cephalograptus
Authors: Elles G. L. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

Much confusion has arisen in our own country and on the Continent with regard to the use of the names
Petalograptus
and
Cephalograptus
for certain subgenera of Graptolites. Both names have sometimes been employed for the very same species. Such an error can only have arisen through ignorance of the detailed structure of the type-forms. Thus, for example, in 1873 Lapworth gave
Petalograptus folium
His.) as the type of the subgenus Petalograptus.

In 1882 Tullberg, in his paper on the ‘Graptolites described by Hisinger,’ called it
Cephalograptus follum
, and classed it with
Cephalograptus cometa
(Gein.). No wonder, then, that Geinitz, writing later,: adopted the safer plan of ignoring both subgenera, and referred the species to the more embracing genus
Diplograptus
.

The object of this paper is to bring out the following facts :—

(1) That both
Petaloqraptus
and
Cephalograptus
should be regarded as subgenera of the genus
Diplograptus
.

(2) That these subgenera are perfectly distinct, and can readily be distinguished one from the other.
(3) That certain species should be referred to one or other subgenus.
(4) The detailed structure of the various species, showing the relationship existing between them.
I have endeavoured to make my work on these subgenera as complete as possible by examining specimens from many British and foreign localities. Many of the British specimens were collected by myself in the field, while others are to be found in the collections of the Woodwardian.
On two Boulders of Granite from the Middle Chalk of Betchworth, Surrey
Authors: Stebbing W. P. D. 
Published: October 2009

Boulders of various Palæozoic rocks, other than mere pebbles, in the Upper Cretaceous and in some other strata have at different times been described, but they are acknowledged to be of comparatively rare occurrence in rocks of Mesozoic age. It may be of interest to summarize briefly the chief finds of this kind which have been made up to the present in this country.
In 1827 Mantell observed that ‘In this country the Chalk very rarely contains traces of older deposits: the only instances of extraneous rocks that have come under my observation are pebbles of quartz and some fragments of green schist.’
In 1850 Dixon wrote:—‘Small pebbles and large rolled fragments of sandstone and quartz-rock are occasionally discovered in the centre of the Upper Chalk. Mr. Coombe found one specimen, weighing near 14 lbs., at Houghton, Sussex, and I have seen others from the same pit of 2 or 3 lbs. weight. Several also have been sent me by Mr. Catt from the pits near Lewes.’
In 1857 the well-known Purley boulder was found, of which this Society is fortunate enough to possess the principal remains. R.A.C. Godwin-Austen in vol. xiv. of the Quarterly Journal, p. 253, says ‘the boulder ..... was found in a chalk-pit by the side of the old London and Brighton road, near Purley..... The portion of the Chalk-formation in which the pit it worked is the lower part of that containing flints.’ After the boulder was removed there were found associated with it a
Changes of Level in the Bermuda Islands
Authors: Tarr Ralph S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The Author gives a summary of previous writings bearing upon the geology of the Bermudas; but his own researches point to a rather more complicated series of changes than those which have been inferred by other writers. The formation of the ‘base-rock’ or ‘beach-rock’ occurred at some period which cannot be accurately ascertained at present, owing to the fragmentary nature of the included fossils. It may have been formed in Pleistocene or even late Tertiary times. After its formation it was converted into a dense limestone and then eroded, probably by subaerial agents, and finally attacked by the waves at an elevation of at least 15 feet above present sea-level; during this stage it was covered by beach-deposits of pebbles and shells, which were accumulated in a period so recent that the contained fossils are of the same species as the organisms living in the neighbouring sea. Then followed an uplift, during which land-shells lived on the beach-deposits; but these were soon covered by blown sand—the principal accumulations of the islands, and the outline of the islands was perfected by the action of the winds. This was done at an elevation which was at one time certainly as much as 40 or 50 feet above present sea-level. The author adduces evidence of a depression since this accumulation, causing land to disappear and the outline of the area to become very irregular; and he proves that these changes cannot be accounted for solely by erosion, as some have maintained. There are
Notes on the Occurrence of Sigillaria, Glossopteris, and other Plant-remains in the Triassic Rocks of South Africa
Authors: Draper David 
Published: October 2009

A collection of plants was forwarded by the writer to Mr. A. C. Seward, M.A., F.G.S., for identification. These were found at the following localities, marked on the accompanying map.
All these localities are situated within the area which is known to be coal-bearing, excepting No. 2, Casey's Township, which is a small outlier, detached from the main body by denudation.
The coal-bearing rocks of the Transvaal belong to the horizon which is known in South African geology by the name of ‘Molteno Beds,’ the lower member of the Stormberg Beds (Dunn), generally assumed to be of Triassic age.
The accompanying sections (figs. 2 & 3, pp. 312, 313) demonstrate the position of the Molteno Beds with regard to the underlying rocks. It will be seen that they rest unconformably upon tilted strata, beneath which the beds are generally believed to be of Carboniferous age, though but few fossils have been found in proof of this assumption.
In general, and especially at Vereeniging, a boulder-bed, containing large rounded masses of quartzite, conglomerate, dolomite, and other rocks, all of which have evidently been derived from the older series exposed to the northward, lies upon the eroded surface of the underlying rocks; this boulder-bed apparently represents an ancient beach-line, no traces of which have as yet been found at a higher level than the present outcrop of coal-bearing rocks.
Geology of the different Localities where the Fossils were discovered.

NO. 1. B
oschmans
F
ontein
and M
aggies
M
ine
.

The former of these is situated
Note on a Portion of the Nubian Desert south-east of Korosko: I. Field Geology.
Authors: Lyons H. G. , Raisin C. A. , Bonney T. G. , Aston E. 
Published: October 2009

I. F
ield
G
eology
.

In the mouth of December, 1894, while on a military patrol in the Nubian Desert to the south and east of Korosko, I was able to examine a portion of this area which has not previously been described. Linant de Betlefonds, in his ‘L'Etbaye,’ and Col. Colston, of the Egyptian General Staff, have given short accounts of the rocks met with on the Korosko-Abu Hamed caravan-road, while the traveller Burckhardt in 1814 passed by Bir Ongat, and then rather to the east of the area now described, along the Berber road. From these different accounts it seemed that the Nubian Sandstone of this part reached as far east as long. 33° E. of Greenwich, but the topography of all this part was very inaccurate, and the object of the patrol was to correct this. Surveying and marching from 22 to 25 miles a day gave little time for geological investigation, and all that was possible was to indicate the boundary-line between the Nubian Sandstone and the crystalline rocks, and to form a small collection of specimens from the latter.
A set of microscope-slides has been prepared from 33 of these and submitted to Prof. Bonney, F.R.S., under whose supervision they have been described by Miss C. A. Raisin, B.Sc., at University College, London. In the sketch-map attached to this paper (P1. XXVI) no attempt has been made to distinguish the minor varieties of rocks which occur in this district; but the Nubian Sandstone, and the crystalline rocks
III. Water Analyses from Wells in the Nubian Desert, South-east of Korosko
Authors: Aston E. 
Published: October 2009

The water was collected from wells in the Nubian Desert in December 1894 by Capt. H. G. Lyons, R.E., who has sent with each specimen the following description :—
1. Murrat Wells.
Water-surface 10 feet from the ground; depth 2 feet 6 inches. if the water is all used up by a caravan, the well refills in a few hours, trickling in at the sides. Last fall of rain in November 1891, except for two or three showers. No vegetation within half a mile of the wells, which are sunk in the sand-and-gravel detritus filling the valley. The supply of water is said by the Arabs to be unlimited. Wells from 1 to 8 in number, open at various times.
2. Bir Tilat Abda.
Called by the Arabs a ‘bitter’ well. Water 20 feet from the surface; well sunk in sand-and-gravel detritus. Considerable vegetation around it. Last rain in November 1891.
3. Bir Ab Araga.
Water 20 feet from the surface. A moderate number of trees and shrubs in the vicinity. Last rain fell in November 1891. Used by the Arabs who live in the neighbourhood.
The tables (p. 375)give the analyses of the waters. In the first table the figures are the actual amounts of the substances found; the second table gives the approximate constitution. The wells are numbered as above :—1 = Murrat, 2 = Bir Tilat Abda, 3 = Bir Ab Araga.
Quantities are tabulated in grains per gallon. The ‘total solid matter‘ was found by direct
Note on Clipperton Atoll (Northern Pacific)
Authors: Wharton William J. 
Published: October 2009

In the eastern part of the Northern Pacific, in lat. 10° 17′ N., long. 109° 13′ W., and 600 miles away from the nearest point of the continent of North America, is a small, lonely atoll called Clipperton. It has never been properly surveyed, but was in 1840 sketched by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, R.N.
Its lagoon, 2 miles in diameter, was then open to the sea in two places, both shallow. The remainder of the ring surrounding it was a few feet above water, forming two flat, bare, crescent-shaped islands. It was the haunt of innumerable sea-birds, as might be expected from its solitary position, and it is doubtless to these birds that the fact that no scrap of vegetation exists is due.
Since the date of Sir E. Belcher's visit the entrances have been closed by piled-up coral-sand, the ring is complete, and the lagoon is cut off from the influx of ocean-waters, except by infiltration.
So far, Clipperton Atoll only resembles many other islands of similar type and position, but there is one point which distinguishes it, so far as I know, from all other atolls, and that is the existence on one part of the ring of a mass of rock about 60 feet in height. Some atolls have an island somewhere near the centre of the lagoon, but none, as this, on the ring itself.
9 I have long wished to know the geological character of this rock, but it is only lately, by the
The Eocene Deposits of Devon
Authors: Reid Clement 
Published: October 2009

In a paper read before this Society in 1896 I gave a short description of the Eocene Deposits of Dorset, and remarked that ‘It is noteworthy that the new evidence discovered in the western end of the Hampshire Basin strongly supports the idea that the pipeclays of the Bagshot Series are derived from the weathering of the Dartmoor Granite, and that the Bovey Tracey outlier, so like the deposits around Bournemouth, is, as maintained by Mr. Starkie Gardner, of the same age and deposited in the same basin, though in Devon Eocene rest directly on Palæozoic rocks.’ Since these words were written I have had occasion to re-examine the Bovey basin on behalf of the Geological Survey, with the result that light can now be thrown on several obscure points in the geology. As my notes on the Bovey area will complete the general description of the western end of the Hampshire Basin, it will be useful to lay before the Society the results, especially as much detailed work remains to be done and it will be at least 3 years before any general memoir can be published.
In the year 1875, when Mr. H. B. Woodward was revising the geology of the Bovey basin, and I was engaged in mapping the Greensand and plateau-gravel of Haldon, we were much exercised as to the age and relationship of the deposits, but then had no clear evidence to permit us to go contrary to the received ideas, though liar. Woodward published
Note on an Ebbing and Flowing Well at Newton Nottage (Glamorganshire)
Authors: Madan H. G. 
Published: October 2009

In the village of Newton Nottage, near the watering-place of Porthcawl, about halfway between Cardiff and Swansea, there is an ancient dipping-well, the water in which has ‘from time immemorial’ been noticed to vary in depth with the ebb and flow of the tide. It is mentioned by Camden in his ‘Britannia,’ vol. i. p. 737 (2nd ed. [Eng.] 1723: orig. work pub. in 1586), though he does not appear to have visited the place himself, but to have received a letter from ‘the learned Sir J. Stradling’ giving a fairly detailed description of the well.
In October last I spent 4 or 5 days on the spot, and made nearly forty visits to the well, determining the level of the water every hour (and every half-hour when it seemed desirable) at different states of the tide, and noting the geological characters of the neighbourhood, the height of the well above mean tide-level, etc. I also brought away specimens of the water collected at different times, and have analysed them, with the results stated at the end of this paper.
First, with regard to the position, topographical and geological, of the well. It lies on a direct line drawn north and south between the church of Newton Nottage and the sea, about 80 yards south of the church and 500 yards north of the shore. There is a falling gradient of about 1 in 20 between the church and the well. Between the well and the sea there is a
The Graptolite-Fauna of the Skiddaw Slates
Authors: Elles G. L. 
Published: October 2009

The term Skiddaw Slates is the name given to all the sedimentary and contemporaneous volcanic deposits of the Lake District and its neighbourhood, which lie below the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. Mr. Marr has shown (Geol. Mag. 1894, p. 122) that the main outcrop of these beds lies north of the mass of volcanic rocks which constitute the central hills of Cumbria. This outcrop seems to be continued in a south-south-easterly direction across the eastern end of Ulleswater to Shap, though it is partly covered by a deposit of Carboniferous Conglomerate.
Another mass of Skiddaw Slate forms the hill of Black Cone in the south of Cumberland, and a small outcrop also occurs near Dalton-in-Furness. The same rocks appear to be extensively developed in the Isle of Man, though the beds there seem to be unfossiliferous.
East of the Lake District the Skiddaw Slates are again found in the Cross Fell Inlier, and have been mapped in the small inlier of Teesdale.
The beds are always much contorted and faulted, and greatly affected by cleavage; also in certain places they have been extensively altered by the protrusion of igneous rocks through them.
The largest collections of fossils have been made in the Keswick district, where the beds have been well worked by local observers. Some of these are well preserved, but the best fossils, as a whole, come from the Cross Fell Inlier. The following are the chief localities from which fossils have been obtained:—
At Mr. Mart's request I undertook
On the Palæozoic Radiolarian Rocks of New South Wales
Authors: David T. W. Edgeworth , Pittman E. F. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
discovery of casts of radiolaria in Devonian rocks in New South Wales was made by one of us in 1895.1 I t resulted from a systematic microscopic examination of some of the red jaspers of New South Wales, in the belief' that they were very possibly of deep-sea origin, and therefore likely to contain radiolaria, as was suggested by the field-evidence, as interpreted elsewhere by one of us. At first only chalcedonic casts of radiolaria were observed in the jasper.

Early in 1896 one of us (T. W. E. David), when on a visit to England, was shown, through the courtesy of Mr. J. J. H. Teall, F.R.S., a number of carefully-prepared micro-sections of the Ordovician (?) radiolarian cherts from Mullion Island, off the coast of Cornwall, and from the Culm of Devon, as well as from the red jaspers of the Antarctic Continent. A collection of radiolarian rocks was also contributed by Dr. Hinde, chiefly from the Culm of Devon and the Ordovieian (?) of Mullion Island, for comparison with Australian rocks; and this collection subsequently proved of great value in identifying the radiolariau rocks about to be described from New South Wales. Work on these latter was resumed at the University of Sydney during 1896, with the result that the black cherts of Jenolan were found to yield better results than the red jaspers of the New England District of New South Wales.
In September of the same year one of us (T. W. E.
On the Age of certain Granites in the Counties of Tyrone and Londonderry
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
a recent paper on the geology of Slieve Gallion, in the County of Londonderry, I had occasion to discuss the age of the granite which forms so large a part of the basal mass of that mountain. Repeated visits to the moorland farther west have convinced me as to the identity of the granite of Eastern Tyrone with that of Slieve Gallion itself; and thus any section elucidating the relations of the former rock to its surroundings is of interest, on account of its bearing on a very considerable area.

Mr. Joseph Nolan in 1878, during his survey of this obscure and difficult district, found no satisfactory sections in the granite-area north of Beragh. The rock is here surrounded by Lower Old Red Sandstone, and is exposed sparingly in the floor of a broad valley. The Camowen River at present flows in the middle of a strip of cultivated alluvium, with only a few boulders to indicate the granite in its bed. In his paper published in 1879, Mr. Nolan refers to an induration of the sandstone at Drumduff Bridge as probably due to the action of the granite. He cites, however, the section at Aghnagreggan Bridge, weat of Carrickmore, as affording far clearer evidence.
The best discussion of this section occurs in the Survey memoir of 1878, for it is there pointed out that the granite, regarded as intrusive in the Old Red Sandstone, is still pre-Carboniferous. The Lower Carboniferous beds near Moneymore are thus fall of débris
On the Progressive Metamorphism of some Dalradian Sediments in the Region of Loch Awe
Authors: Hill J. B. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroductory
R
emarks
.

I
n
the course of the geological survey of the Loeh Fyne and Loch Awe districts of Argyllshire, a comparatively unaltered series of rocks was discovered by the author, located in a zone of which Loch Awe forms a central axis. So markedly different in condition were they from the ordinary mica-schists of Argyllshire that for some years they were looked upon as considerably later in age than the more crystalline rocks lying to the north and east of them. As the survey of the district progressed, especially in a north-easterly direction, a change of character was detected in them. They assumed a more crystalline condition ; in some areas a gradual, in others a more marked and rapid change of character was observed. In the years 1892 and 1893 it was found that these rocks, as they approached the more mountainous districts of Argyllshire, between Beinn Buidhe and Ben Cruachan, became more highly crystalline, until at last they were traced passing into highly crystalline schists of the normal Central Highland type.

The results of these observations were briefly set out in the Annual Report of the Director-General of the Geological Survey for the year 1893. on p. 265 of which the present author's work is referred to as follows :—
‘Not less important in its bearing upon the origin and sequence of the Highland rocks is the recent work of Mr. J. B. Hill in the district of Loeh Awe, to which reference was made last year.
The Torsion-Structure of the Dolomites
Authors: Ogilvie Maria M. , Gordon  
Published: October 2009

T
he
Sella Massive at the time when I examined it (1891–1893) was one of the least visited of the Dolomite-mountains. Its remoteness from the main tourist-routes was the chief draw-back to popularity. But, in 1894, a new driving-road was opened between Bruneck in the Puster Valley and Corvara in Enneberg (a village at the foot of the Groden Pass and the Sella Massive). A shelter-hut was also built on the mountain-terrace below the Boe summit, and has since been satisfactorily conducted under the auspices of the Bamberg section of the German and Austrian Alpine Club. Thus, when I revisited the country in the season of 1898, I found that Enneberg and the Sella Massive had been brought well within the sphere of ordinary tourist intercourse, and that the physical difficulties of the long marches and ascents had been very materially reduced.

An historical epitome of the Geological Literature respecting the ‘Dolomites’ was given in my first paper on the subject, published in February 1893. It will be sufficient here to note briefly the facts and opinions arrived at by geologists previous to the reading of the present paper, grouping them generally according as they deal, on the one hand with the stratigraphical, and on the other hand with the tectonic side of the question.
Stratigraphical.—The general succession of the Triassic rocks as laid down by Baron F. yon Richthofen for the region of the Dolomites is familiar to most geolo~sts. The various members of the sequence occur in the following
Fossils in the University Museum, Oxford: I. On Silurian Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea
Authors: Sollas W. J. 
Published: October 2009

As the work of arranging the Geological Collections of the Oxford University Museum proceeds, much interesting material is brought to light. Some of this will be described from time to time; but as the descriptions will be undertaken by more than one observer, some advantage may be gained, if only in indicating the common source of the material, by bringing these contributions together under the title of ‘Fossils in the University Museum, Oxford’ In this communication I propose to treat of some Silurian Echinoidea and Ophiuriodea.
The Family Eucladidæ.

The interesting and remarkable fossil described by Dr. Woodward under the name of
Eucladia Johnsoni
has recently been placed by Dr. Gregory in a new family—the Eucladidæ, of which hitherto it has been the sole representative. We are now able to assign it companions, and to add to our knowledge of its structure, with the result, as I believe, of showing that a more fundamental distinction exists between this group and all other Ophiuroidea than between the two recognized subdivisions Ophiuræ and. Euryalæ. The family must be relegated at least to a new order, which may be called the Ophiocistia.

Before proceeding further, it will be necessary to clear up certain doubtful points in the anatomy of
Eucladia ,Johnsoni
. The exposed surface of the fossil was described by Dr. Woodward as the ventral aspect, and good reasons were given for this proceeding, attention being called to the fact that ~he arms originate from it, and that it bears the madreporite. The