bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR VACUUM‐MICROWAVE CONCENTRATION BEHAVIOR OF PINEAPPLE JUICE
Authors: ASSAWARACHAN RITTICHAI , NOOMHORM ATHAPOL 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTLaboratory scale microwave vacuum was designed and developed to concentrate pineapple juice. Pineapple juice was concentrated from initial concentration of 12.26 ± 0.11 to 61.21 ± 1.47°Brix at three different microwave power densities (0.451, 0.925 and 1.536 W/g) under four levels of vacuum pressure (200, 300, 400 and 500 mbar). The effect of operating conditions (vacuum pressure and microwave power density) on evaporation rate of pineapple concentrate was investigated to select the most appropriate empirical relationships for the prediction of change in pineapple juice concentration during microwave‐vacuum evaporation (MVE) under different conditions. The experimental data were fitted to various empirical models (Lewis, Page, modified Page, Henderson and Pabis, Two terms, Two term exponential, Logarithmic and Wang and Singh) to determine the most appropriate representation of the concentration behavior of pineapple juice under vacuum‐microwave environment. The empirical models were compared according to three statistical parameters, the correlation coefficient (R2), reduce chi‐square (χ2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The modified Page model gave the highest R2 and lowestχ2 and RMSE values and thus, predicted evaporation characteristics of the pineapple concentrate more accurately. Based on the multiple regression analysis, the relationship of model constants and coefficient was expressed in terms of microwave power density and vacuum pressure. Validation of the selected model was determined with the experimental data. The result showed the suitability of the modified Page model in describing evaporation rate of pineapple concentrate.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSEvaporation is a type of heat transfer, which involves the evaporation of a volatile solvent such as water from a nonvolatile solute material in a solution. Microwave vacuum applied in evaporation process has the advantage of highly efficient technology because it can improve energy efficiency and product quality. This study investigated the effect of microwave power density and vacuum pressure on the concentration of pineapple juice in order to select the suitable mathematical model for the representation of concentration change.
EFFECT OF POLYOLS ON SHELF‐LIFE AND QUALITY OF FLAT BREAD FORTIFIED WITH SOY FLOUR
Authors: POURFARZAD AMIR , KHODAPARAST MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN HADDAD , KARIMI MEHDI , MORTAZAVI SEYED ALI , DAVOODI MEHDI GHIAFEH , SOURKI ABDOLLAH HEMATIAN , RAZAVIZADEGAN JAHROMI SEYED HOSSEIN 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe influence of glycerol, sorbitol, maltitol and propylene glycol on shelf life and quality of Barbari, Iranian flat bread, fortified with soy flour, was examined. Effects of different levels of polyols (0, 1 and 5 g/100 g) were analyzed during 2 weeks of storage at room temperature. Specific volume and width/height ratio of fresh breads were not affected by polyol addition, while it significantly decreased the moisture content of the bread. Propylene glycol significantly decreased water activity to 0.871 (1 g/100 g propylene glycol) and 0.867 (5 g/100 g propylene glycol) in comparison with the control (0.883). Evaluation of crumb hardness and moisture indicated that sorbitol and propylene glycol were able to diminish bread staling. The rise in hardness in polyol‐supplemented bread samples was not significantly more than the control between the first and second days of storage. Increase in hardness of bread samples was observed lower than the control after the second day in both levels of the sorbitol and 5 g/100 g propylene glycol. Acceptability of the breads, as indicated by panelists, was found to be higher than control bread for 5 g/100 g propylene glycol with 3.8 and 4.8 values, respectively. Results showed that propylene glycol can present the greatest effect on quality and shelf life of Barbari flat bread fortified with soy flour.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFlat bread plays a significant role in the diet of large portion of the Middle East population, but it is a highly delicate product. The three most common forms of bread deterioration are staling, moisture loss and microbial spoilage. One of the most frequent ways to prevent or control these problems is the use of additives such as polyols. Polyols may be a good choice to diminish the hardening phenomena, moisture loss and water activity, and increase the shelf life and sensory acceptability of bakery products. On the other hand, incorporation of soybean flour into food products, especially in developing countries, can provide good nutritional quality besides prolonging the shelf life of bread. The changes due to polyol addition need to be characterized if a viable commercial product should be achieved.
Bad cops
Authors: Kane Robert J. , White Michael D. 
Published: November 2009

Research Summary Police scholars and public policymakers throughout generations have sought to identify reliable correlates of police misconduct. Despite these efforts, general statements as to the etiology and epidemiology of police misconduct remain inconclusive, in part because of the inconsistent definitions of misconduct and the difficulty of obtaining the data required to make such statements. This research attempts to fill these gaps through a comparison of the personal and career histories of all 1,543 officers who were involuntarily separated from the New York City Police Department (NYPD) for cause during 1975–1996 with a randomly selected sample of their police academy classmates who served honorably. The study uses confidential NYPD files as its major data sources, which include extensive biographical and career information. The study finds that career‐ending misconduct rarely occurs in the NYPD and that the types of misconduct do not match well with existing definitions. Several factors emerge as significant predictors of misconduct, including officer race, minimal education, records of prior criminality and prior poor employment, failure to advance in the NYPD, and histories of citizen complaints. Policy Implications This study shows that existing definitions of police misconduct are difficult to apply to actual cases of police malpractice, which leads the authors to create a new eight‐category classification scheme. The rarity of misconduct, especially on‐duty abuse, confirms prior research indicating that most police officers do their jobs without engaging in serious malpractice. These findings suggest that the NYPD has become better behaved as it has become more diverse along race and gender dimensions and that the link between black officers and misconduct might be explained by persistent “tokenism.” The findings related to race have important implications for continued efforts to build racially representative police departments. Personal history findings highlight the importance of conducting background investigations that disqualify candidates with arrest records and employment disciplinary histories, whereas the inverse relationship between college education and misconduct provides strong support for continued emphasis on pre‐ and post‐employment educational requirements.
Examining fatal and nonfatal incidents involving the TASER
Authors: White Michael D. , Ready Justin 
Published: November 2009

Research Summary According to TASER International, nearly 10,000 police departments in the United States have deployed the TASER as a less lethal force alternative in some capacity. Despite the TASER's increasing popularity, serious questions have been raised about the device's physiological side effects; in particular, Amnesty International has reported that more than 300 people have died after being subjected to the TASER. Although a growing body of research has examined the physiological effects of the TASER on animals and healthy human volunteers in laboratory settings, there has been virtually no empirical analysis of “real‐world” fatal and nonfatal TASER cases simultaneously. This article examines all media reports of TASER incidents from 2002 to 2006 through a comprehensive review of LexisNexis and New York Times archives. We compare TASER incidents in which a fatality occurred to TASER incidents in which a fatality did not occur and then employ multivariate analyses to identify the incident and suspect characteristics that are predictive of articles describing TASER‐proximate deaths. Policy Implications Several suspect factors were significantly associated with the reporting of a fatal TASER incident, including drug use (but not alcohol), mental illness, and continued resistance. Multiple deployments of the TASER against a suspect was also associated with the likelihood of the article describing a fatality—especially if the suspect was emotionally disturbed—which raises the possibility that the risk of multiple shocks might not be uniform for all suspects. More research is needed to explore the relationship between mental illness, drug use (illicit or therapeutic), continued resistance, and increased risk of death. In the meantime, police departments should develop specific policies and training governing the use of multiple TASER shocks against individuals who could be in these vulnerable physiological and psychological states.
Use of Dacid‐, Dbile‐, zacid‐, and zbile‐Values in Evaluating Bifidobacteria with Regard to Stomach pH and Bile Salt Sensitivity
Authors: Jia Li , Shigwedha Nditange , Mwandemele Osmund D. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  The survival of bifidobacteria in simulated conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was studied based on the D‐ and z‐value concept. Some Bifidobacterium spp. are probiotics that improve microbial balance in the human GI tract. Because they are sensitive to low pH and bile salt concentrations, their viability in the GI tract is limited. The D‐ and z‐value approach was therefore adopted as a result of observing constant log‐cell reduction (90%) when Bifidobacterium spp. were exposed to these 2 different stressing factors. Survivals of one strain each or 4 species of Bifidobacterium was studied at pH between 3.0 and 4.5 and in ox‐bile between 0.15% and 0.60% for times up to 41 h. From the Dacid‐ and Dbile‐values, the order of resistance to acid and bile was B. bifidum > B. infantis > B. longum > B. adolescentis. While the former 3 strains retained high cell viability at pH 3.5 (>5.5 log CFU/mL after 5 h) and at elevated bile salt concentration of 0.6% (>4.5 log CFU/mL after 3 h), B. adolescentis was less resistant (<3.4 log CFU/mL). The zacid‐ and zbile‐values calculated from the Dacid‐ and Dbile‐values ranged from 1.11 to 1.55 pH units and 0.40% to 0.49%, respectively. The results suggest that the Dacid‐, Dbile‐, zacid‐, and zbile‐value approach could be more appropriate than the screening and selection method in evaluating survival of probiotic bacteria, and in measuring their tolerance or resistance to gastric acidity and the associated bile salt concentration in the small intestine.Practical Application: The evaluation of the tolerance of bifidobacteria to bile salts and low pH has been made possible by use of D‐ and z‐value concept. The calculated zacid‐ and zbile‐values were all fairly similar for the strains used and suggest the effect of increasing the bile salt concentration or decreasing the pH on the Dacid‐ and Dbile‐values. This approach would be useful for predicting the suitability of bifidobacteria and other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics for use in real‐life situations.
Determination of Trace Para Red Residues in Foods through On‐Line Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Xu Z.X. , Zhou J. , Zhao D.Y. , Qiao X.G. , Yang J.M. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  In this article, we prepared a novel imprinted polymer by a room temperature ionic liquid‐mediated surface molecular imprinting technique in combination with a sol–gel process. This polymer was characterized by static and kinetic adsorption experiments and exhibited good recognition ability and offered fast kinetics for the adsorption of Para Red. A simple and sensitive analytical method, based on the coupling of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), had been developed for determination of trace Para Red. With a loading flow rate of 0.42 mL min−1 for 25 mL, an enrichment factor of 1061 was achieved. Under the selected experimental condition, the detection limit (S/N = 3) of Para Red was 6.6 ng L−1, and the peak area precision (RSD) for 5 replicate detections of 0.15 μg L−1 Para Red was 4.1%. The applicability of this method for determination of the blank chili sauce sample, spiked with Para Red at 5 to 25 ng g−1 levels, was demonstrated, with recoveries ranging from 86% to 95%.Practical Application: In this paper, a simple and sensitive analytical method, based on the coupling of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction with high performance liquid chromatography, had been developed for determination of trace Para Red. It was applied to the analysis of spiking Para Red in chili sauce sample with satisfactory recovery and repeatability. This proposed method has the potential to be used for monitoring the illegal addition of Para Red in foods in the future due to its simple, reliable, rapid, and excellent precision.
Specialized home treatment versus hospital‐based outpatient treatment for first‐episode psychosis: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Dewa Carolyn S. , Zipursky Robert B. , Chau Nancy , Furimsky Ivana , Collins April , Agid Ofer , Goering Paula 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjective: This pilot study compared the effectiveness of specialized care that was home based versus hospital based for individuals experiencing their first psychotic episode.Method: A randomized controlled trial design was used. A total of 29 subjects were interviewed at baseline, 3 and 9 months. Repeated measures analysis of variance was employed to test for statistically significant changes over time within and between groups with regard to community psychosocial functioning and symptom severity.Results: Our findings indicate that subjects in both the home‐based and hospital‐based programmes significantly improved with regard to symptoms and community functioning over time. However, the rates of change over time were not significantly different between the two programmes. There was a statistically significant difference between programmes with regard to the proportion of subjects with less than two visits (i.e. either did not attend their first assessment or attended follow‐up visits after their assessment).Conclusions: This was a modest pilot study and the sample was too small to allow definitive conclusions to be drawn. However, the results raise questions about differences in initial treatment engagement. They suggest the need for additional research focusing on interventions that promote initial treatment seeking.
‘Schizophrenia postdrome’: a study of low‐level psychotic experience after remission of first‐episode schizophrenia
Authors: Burley Kate , Upthegrove Rachel , Birchwood Max , Patterson Paul , Skeate Amanda 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground: Despite remission being the primary objective following the first episode of schizophrenia, clinically stabilized patients nevertheless relapse.Aim: To assess the extent and fluctuation of low‐level psychotic symptoms in patients who are in remission after first‐episode schizophrenia and consider whether this is equivalent to symptomatology experienced by those at ‘ultra high risk’ (UHR) of developing first‐episode psychosis.Methods: We examined the phenomenological characteristics of 11 patients who fulfilled international remission criteria using the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms and compared this cohort with an UHR sample.Results: Remitted patients were experiencing attenuated positive symptoms (73%) and brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (18%), features that were similarly prevalent in the UHR group. There was no significant fluctuation in these low‐level symptoms over the course of four interviews.Conclusions: Although further research is required in this novel field, such features could form the building blocks for better prediction of psychotic relapse.
Improving detection of first‐episode psychosis by mental health‐care services using a self‐report questionnaire
Authors: Boonstra Nynke , Wunderink Lex , Sytema Sjoerd , Wiersma Durk 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjective: To examine the utility of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE)‐42, a self‐report questionnaire, to improve detection of first‐episode psychosis in new referrals to mental health services.Method: At first contact with mental health‐care services patients were asked to complete the CAPE‐42 and were then routinely diagnosed by a clinician. Standard diagnoses were obtained by means of the mini‐Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry.Results: Of the 246 included patients, 26 (10.6%) were diagnosed with psychosis according to the mini‐Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Only 10 of them were recognized by clinical routine, and 16 psychotic patients were not properly identified. Using an optimal cut‐off of 50 on the frequency or distress dimension of the positive subscale of the CAPE‐42 detected 14 of these misdiagnosed patients. The sensitivity of the CAPE‐42 at this cut‐off point was 77.5 and the specificity 70.5.Conclusion: Systematic screening of patients using a self‐report questionnaire for psychotic symptoms improves routine detection of psychotic patients when they first come into contact with mental health services.
Review of the operational definition for first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Breitborde Nicholas J. K. , Srihari Vinod H. , Woods Scott W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim: Given the growing interest in the study of first‐episode psychosis, clinical and research programmes would benefit from a conceptual clarification of how to operationalize ‘first‐episode psychosis’. We review the variety of definitions in use and discuss their relative merits with respect to both clinical (e.g. early treatment) and research (e.g. obtaining meaningfully homogeneous populations) agendas.Methods: We completed a selective review of the literature to investigate how first‐episode psychosis was operationally defined.Results: Operational definitions for ‘first‐episode psychosis’ fall largely into three categories: (i) first treatment contact; (ii) duration of antipsychotic medication use; and (iii) duration of psychosis. Each definitional category contains a number of underlying assumptions that contribute to the strengths and weaknesses of the definition.Conclusions: The term ‘first‐episode psychosis’ as used within clinical and research settings is misleading regardless of which operational definition is used. This term is typically used to refer to individuals early in the course of a psychotic illness or treatment rather than individuals who are truly in the midst of a first ‘episode’ of illness. The alternative of ‘recent‐onset psychosis’ with related definitions based on ‘duration of psychosis’ is proposed. Based on this review, we provide suggestions with regard to the overarching pragmatic consideration of setting up a clinical service that can attract and assemble a population of early psychosis patients for the related purposes of treatment and research.
Testing a new two‐dimensional flood modelling system: analytical tests and application to a flood event
Authors: Lhomme J. , Gutierrez‐Andres J. , Weisgerber A. , Davison M. , Mulet‐Marti J. , Cooper A. , Gouldby B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDetailed testing of a new two‐dimensional hydraulic modelling system is presented. The methodology consists of applying the hydraulic model to a set of theoretical tests, for which analytical solutions are known, and then comparing a model simulation with a real flood event. The water‐at‐rest test, three dam‐break tests and the Seiche test constitute the set of tests with analytic solutions. The flood event is the Boscastle 2004 flood, for which observed water levels are available. The model yields results that compare closely with the analytical solutions in all of the tests, except for the Seiche test. When applied to the real flood event, the simulated maximum levels are close to the observed levels. Comparisons with two similar commercial software packages show similar results between the models.
Two dimensional model analysis of flash‐flood processes: application to the Boscastle event
Authors: Roca M. , Davison M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper analyses some of the main processes that occur during a flash‐flood with a two‐dimensional (2D) model (InfoWorks RS with a 2D module). The data collated in the Valency River after an extreme rainfall event in the Boscastle area, in the north coast of Cornwall (UK) in August 2004, are used to analyse such processes. The paper focuses on blockage of structures, which clearly influences flow distribution and water levels in the floodplain and on changes in flow paths by collapse of some structures, which have a relatively local influence. Changes of channel dimensions due to geomorphological processes as scour and deposition are also studied, although their influence is reduced by the effect of bridge blockage. Understanding the processes that occur in the river during a flash‐flood contributes to the development of risk models to reduce vulnerability.
Nationalism, Ethnicity and Self‐determination: A Paradigm Shift?
Authors: Nimni Ephraim 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn ongoing paradigm shift is giving birth to a more multidimensional understanding of the relationship between nationalism, sovereignty, self‐determination and democratic governance. A common element among the various versions of the new paradigm is the dispersal of democratic governance across multiple and overlapping jurisdictions. Governmental processes are no longer seen as discrete, centralised and homogenous (as in the old nation‐state model) but as asymmetrical, multilayered, multicultural and devolved into multiple jurisdictions. These changes have hardly affected the two main conceptual frameworks that dominate the study of nationalism: modernism and ethnosymbolism. As a result, these frameworks risk becoming irrelevant to the new forms of national self‐determination, asymmetrical governance and shared sovereignty. Modernism and ethnosymbolism insist that nationalism seeks to equate the nation with a sovereign state, while in reality the overwhelming majority of nations are stateless and unable to build nation states because they often inhabit territories shared with other nations. The paradigm shift occurs through the realisation that nation‐state sovereignty is no longer a feasible solution to the demands of stateless nations. Ethnosymbolism is in a much better position to adapt to the paradigm shift provided it abandons the claim that the nation state is the best shell for the nation.