bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of a New 2D Copper(II) Polymer Constructed by μ1,5‐Dicyanamide and Sulfonate Anion Bridges
Authors: Zhou Qi‐Ji , Yao Xue‐Jun , Hao Lan‐Fang , Ouyang Yan , Xu Jing‐Yuan , Xie Cheng‐Zhi , Lou Jian‐Shi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA new two‐dimensional (2D) polymer, [Cu(pmt)(dca)]n [pmt = 2‐(2‐pyridymethylamino)ethanesulfonate, dca = dicyanamide] (1), was synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements. X‐ray structure analysis revealed that the compound contains [Cu(μ1,5‐dca)]n chains, which are further connected by bridging sulfonate anions of pmt ligands to result in (4,4)‐connected 2D sheets. The magnetic susceptibilities (2–300 K) of 1 were investigated, and indicated that the complex exhibits a weak ferromagnetic interaction between the copper(II) ions.
Physiological integration impacts nutrient use and stoichiometry in three clonal plants under heterogeneous habitats
Authors: He Wei‐Ming , Yu Fei‐Hai , Zhang Li‐Li 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPhysiological integration facilitates clonal plants to deal with heterogeneous resources. However, little is known about how nutrient patchiness affects its use and stoichiometry in clonal plants. We conducted an experiment with Cynodon dactylon, Glechoma longituba, and Potentilla reptans to address the effects of physiological integration on nutrient use efficiency and N:P ratios. For C. dactylon, the effects of nutrient patchiness on N use efficiency (NUE), P use efficiency (PUE), and N:P ratio were stronger in daughter ramets than in parent ramets; for G. longituba, nutrient patchiness affected PUE and N:P ratio of parent and daughter ramets, but not NUE; for P. reptans, nutrient patchiness decreased NUE, PUE, and N:P ratio, regardless of parent or daughter ramets. PUE was associated with N:P ratios in three clonal plants and this association of NUE with N:P ratios varied with species. Our findings suggest that physiological integration alters nutrient use efficiency and N:P ratios of clonal plants under patchy nutrients and that these effects are linked to clonal species identity.
Intracellular Lipid Droplets Contain Dynamic Pools of Sphingomyelin: ADRP Binds Phospholipids with High Affinity
Authors: McIntosh Avery L. , Storey Stephen M. , Atshaves Barbara P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDuring the last several years, intracellular lipid droplets have become the focus of intense study. No longer an inert bystander, the lipid droplet is now known as a dynamic organelle contributing lipids to many cellular events. However, while the dynamics of cholesterol efflux from both the plasma membrane and lipid droplets have been studied, less is known regarding the efflux of sphingomyelin from these membranes. In order to address this issue, sphingomyelin efflux kinetics and binding affinities from different intracellular pools were examined. When compared to the plasma membrane, lipid droplets had a smaller exchangeable sphingomyelin efflux pool and the time required to efflux that pool was significantly shorter. Fluorescence binding assays revealed that proteins in the plasma membrane and lipid droplet pool bound sphingomyelin with high affinity. Further characterization identified adipose differentiation‐related protein (ADRP) as one of the sphingomyelin binding proteins in the lipid droplet fraction and revealed that ADRP demonstrated saturable binding to 6‐((N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino)‐hexanoyl)sphingosyl‐phosphocholine (NBD‐sphingomyelin) and also 2‐(6‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino)hexanoyl‐1‐hexadecanoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (NBD‐phosphatidylcholine) with binding affinities in the nanomolar range. Taken together, these results suggest that lipid droplet associated proteins such as ADRP may play a significant role in regulating the intracellular distribution of phospholipids and lipids in general. Overall, insights from the present work suggest new and important roles for lipid droplets and ADRP in phospholipid metabolism.
Relation Between Oxidative Stability and Composition in Argentinian Olive Oils
Authors: Ceci Liliana N. , Carelli Amalia A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe relation between oxidative stability and composition in 58 virgin olive oils from different cultivars and Argentinian regions was studied over four harvest years. The oxidative stability of the oils was assessed using the OSI index (110 °C, 20 L/h air flow). A multiple linear regression model is proposed using OSI values as the dependent variable (multiple R = 0.933, p = 1 × 10−15), with positive contributions of the independent variables: fatty acid composition [oleic acid/(linoleic acid + linolenic acid), 55.3%, p = 1 × 10−15], total polyphenols (24.1%, p = 1.8 × 10−9), carotenes (4.8%, p = 6.1 × 10−5), β‐tocopherol (1.9%, 6.0 × 10−3) and other compounds (13.9%). Highly significant correlation was observed between oxidative stability indexes estimated by the compositional model and those experimentally determined by Rancimat method (b = 0.981, R = 0.924). Chlorophylls and Δ‐5‐avenasterol contributions to the model were non‐significant when variables related with fatty acids and polyphenols were included. The results suggest that the fatty acid composition and the polyphenol content are the main factors that affect the oxidative stability of olive oils. The proposed model allows the estimation of the oxidative stability in olive oils independently of the cultivar. The model was obtained also taking into account samples that lie out of the international legal limits in some compositional values due to natural variations.
Iceberg discharge to the Chukchi shelf during the Younger Dryas
Authors: Hill Jenna C. , Driscoll Neal W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe extent of glaciation in northwestern Alaska, the source of sediment supply to the Chukchi shelf and slope, and the movement of sea ice and icebergs across the shelf during the last glacial maximum (LGM) remain poorly constrained. Here we present geophysical and geological data from the outer Chukchi margin that reveal a regionally extensive, heavily ice-scoured surface ∼ 5–8 m below the modern seafloor. Radiocarbon dating of this discrete event yields age estimates between 10,600 and 11,900 14C yr BP, indicating the discharge event occurred during the Younger Dryas. Based on mineralogy of the ice-rafted debris, the icebergs appear to be sourced from the northwestern Alaskan margin, which places important constraints on the ice extent in northern Alaska during the LGM as well as existing circulation models for the region.
THE MYSTERIES OF FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT AFTER CARTESIO
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe judgment of the European Court of Justice in Cartesio was eagerly awaited as a clarification of the questions concerning the scope of the right of establishment (articles 49, 54 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), (ex-articles 43, 48 EC) that remained after previous landmark decisions such as Centros, Überseering, and Inspire Art. This article analyses the implications of Cartesio in light of different scenarios of transfer of the registered and the real seat within the European Union. It assesses the interrelations of right of establishment and private international law rules for the determination of the law applicable to companies and concludes that the case law of the European Court of Justice after Cartesio, rather than providing for a coherent system of European company law, leads to arbitrary distinctions and significantly impedes the free movement of companies.
ADJUDGING THE EXCEPTIONAL AT INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: SECURITY, PUBLIC ORDER AND FINANCIAL CRISIS
Authors: Kurtz Jürgen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article examines the impact of international law on the ability of States to mitigate the effects of financial crises. It focuses on the invocation of investment treaty disciplines in the aftermath of the 2001–2002 Argentine financial crisis, and the adjudication of Argentina's defence of a state of necessity under both subject treaties and at customary international law. The article uncovers three interpretative methods in the jurisprudence on the relationship between the treaty exception and customary plea of necessity: methodologies I (confluence), II (lex specialis) and III (primary-secondary applications). Method I is the dominant approach in the jurisprudence and the most restrictive of the three readings. The article argues that method I is mistaken both on a careful interpretation of the two legal standards and on a broader historical analysis of the emergence of investment treaty norms. Given these substantive flaws, the article isolates the motivations to account for the popularity of this method through a close reading of the awards. These reveal continuing tensions in the field, not least the problematic suggestion that a single value of protection should exclusively inform our understanding of the purpose of investment treaties. These sociological features of investor–State arbitration should, it is suggested, inform our choice on other interpretative methods. This comes down to an election between methods II (lex specialis) and III (primary–secondary applications). Method III is the most convincing and coherent reading of the relationship between the two legal standards. The article concludes by offering a framework to address the key interpretative questions implicated in that method: (a) the identification and scope of the notion of ‘public order’ and a State's ‘essential security interests’; and (b) the appropriate test of ‘necessity’ or means–end scrutiny.
THIRD PARTY PARTICIPATION IN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION
Authors: Ishikawa Tomoko 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWhile the public nature of investment treaty arbitration has been increasingly recognized, its procedures are modelled on those of international commercial arbitration. This creates a gap between (public) substance and (private) procedure in investment treaty arbitration. Against this background, this article examines the increasing acceptance ofamicus curiaesubmissions in investment treaty arbitration. It argues that investment treaty arbitration tribunals should make effective use ofamicus curiaesubmissions in order to include neglected perspectives of the issues raised in arbitration, which may bridge this public/private gap.
Migration of ion-exchange particles driven by a uniform electric field
Authors: YARIV EHUD 
Published: May 2010

A cation-selective conducting particle is suspended in an electrolyte solution and is exposed to a uniformly applied electric field. The electrokinetic transport processes are described in a closed mathematical model, consisting of differential equations, representing the physical transport in the electrolyte, and boundary conditions, representing the physicochemical conditions on the particle boundary and at large distances away from it. Solving this mathematical problem would in principle provide the electrokinetic flow about the particle and its concomitant velocity relative to the otherwise quiescent fluid.Using matched asymptotic expansions, this problem is analysed in the thin-Debye-layer limit. A macroscale description is extracted, whereby effective boundary conditions represent appropriate asymptotic matching with the Debye-scale fields. This description significantly differs from that corresponding to a chemically inert particle. Thus, ion selectivity on the particle surface results in a macroscale salt concentration polarization, whereby the electric potential is rendered non-harmonic. Moreover, the uniform Dirichlet condition governing this potential on the particle surface is transformed into a non-uniform Dirichlet condition on the macroscale particle boundary. The Dukhin–Derjaguin slip formula still holds, but with a non-uniform zeta potential that depends, through the cation-exchange kinetics, upon the salt concentration and electric field distributions. For weak fields, an approximate solution is obtained as a perturbation to a reference state. The linearized solution corresponds to a uniform zeta potential; it predicts a particle velocity which is proportional to the applied field. The associated electrokinetic flow is driven by two different agents, electric field and salinity gradients, which are of comparable magnitude. Accordingly, this flow differs significantly from that occurring in electrophoresis of chemically inert particles.
Use of local ecological knowledge in the management of algal blooms
Authors: SCHLACHER THOMAS A. , LLOYD STEWART , WIEGAND AARON 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYMore frequent and severe algal blooms are symptomatic of increasing ecosystem stress in coastal waters. Economic losses typically follow and local governments are forced to ‘manage’ this issue. Because many blooms are not monitored, local ecological knowledge (LEK) and oral history are the only practical tools to obtain data on bloom characteristics and identify their drivers. LEK was applied to outbreaks of brown algae on popular tourist beaches in south-east Queensland (Australia). Structured interviews with local citizens who had a close and frequent connection with the ocean provided 541 bloom records, which showed that blooms are regional (≥400 km) rather than local, and that they are a historical (≥40 years) rather than a recent phenomenon. LEK frequently cited that particular wind regimes coincided with the arrival of blooms, but this could not be verified by statistical cross-validation with empirical data. Harnessing LEK was valuable in engaging citizens, in generating testable hypotheses about plume causes, in providing a previously unrecognized historical perspective and in identifying the correct spatial scale of the issue. Multi-pronged approaches will be most effective in addressing blooms where local mitigation actions are combined with broader regional coastal environmental conservation efforts.
Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English
Authors: Hoffman Michol F. , Walker James A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFollowing recent work that questions traditional social categories, this paper examines the role of ethnicity in conditioning linguistic variation. Reporting on a large-scale project in the multicultural context of Toronto, we argue for combining emic and etic approaches to social categorization. Focusing on the Chinese and Italian communities, our analysis of two sociolinguistic variables shows that speakers may vary in overall rate, but linguistic conditioning remains largely constant across and within ethnic groups. Whereas there is evidence for language transfer in the first generation, differences between generations suggest that transfer does not persist. Some speakers appear to use overall rates to express ethnic identity. Differences between communities may be explained in terms of different timelines of settlement and visible-minority status.
The past, present, and future of English dialects: Quantifying convergence, divergence, and dynamic equilibrium
Authors: Maguire Warren , McMahon April , Heggarty Paul , Dediu Dan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article reports on research which seeks to compare and measure the similarities between phonetic transcriptions in the analysis of relationships between varieties of English. It addresses the question of whether these varieties have been converging, diverging, or maintaining equilibrium as a result of endogenous and exogenous phonetic and phonological changes. We argue that it is only possible to identify such patterns of change by the simultaneous comparison of a wide range of varieties of a language across a data set that has not been specifically selected to highlight those changes that are believed to be important. Our analysis suggests that although there has been an obvious reduction in regional variation with the loss of traditional dialects of English and Scots, there has not been any significant convergence (or divergence) of regional accents of English in recent decades, despite the rapid spread of a number of features such as TH-fronting.
Depleted plural marking in two Afro-Hispanic dialects: Separating inheritance from innovation
Authors: Lipski John M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSpanish is characterized by number concord in determiner phrases (DPs) and predicate nominals; the plural marker /s/ is attached to all relevant elements in a plural DP. Exceptions to this rule usually involve phonetically motivated processes of /s/-weakening in coda position, and do not result in a functionally different system of plural marking. A distinct pattern is found in two isolated dialects of Spanish spoken in ethnically cohesive Afro-descendent communities where Spanish was originally acquired as a second language by speakers of African languages. In both varieties, characterized by the absence of /s/-reducing phenomena, plural /-s/ tends to be marked only on the first element of plural DPs, usually a determiner. In one of the dialects, spoken in Ecuador, these “stripped plurals” alternate with full multiple plural concord, similar to vernacular Brazilian Portuguese. In the other dialect, spoken in Bolivia, stripped plurals appear to be a recent development, emerging from a more restructured traditional variety in which plural /-s/ was not used at all. A variational analysis of both dialects finds little evidence for spontaneous drift away from canonical multiple plural marking, but rather suggests an evolution from earlier contact-induced interlanguages that exhibited even less systematic plural marking. The appearance of Afro-Hispanic stripped plurals is tentatively correlated with the shift from a depleted definite article system to a configuration more closely resembling modern Spanish. A similar set of circumstances may have contributed to the formation of stripped plurals in vernacular Brazilian Portuguese.
Social work and linguistic systems: Marking possession in Canadian English
Authors: Tagliamonte Sali A. , D'Arcy Alexandra , Jankowski Bridget 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe system of stative possession has been subject to variation and change since at least the Early Modern period, withhave gotrising in frequency in British and Antipodean varieties of English. In Canadian English, as represented by data from the largest city, Toronto,havepredominates. Nonetheless, the full set of constraints previously reported for this variable are operative, corroborating the longitudinal maintenance of linguistic factors across time and space (Kroch, 1989). At the same time, variation among possessive forms is conditioned by robust sociolinguistic patterns.Haveis correlated with education and with female speakers, whereas less-educated men favorhave gotandgot. Such findings demonstrate that the domination of one form or another in a variable system can be the result of historical accident, in this case a founder effect at a particular point in history, and that the social value of forms is a product of local circumstances at the time of change.
Exit Frequency Matrices for Finite Markov Chains
Authors: BEVERIDGE ANDREW , LOVÁSZ LÁSZLÓ 
Published: May 2010

Consider a finite irreducible Markov chain on state spaceSwith transition matrixMand stationary distribution π. LetRbe the diagonal matrix of return times,Rii= 1/πi. Given distributions σ, τ andk∈S, the exit frequencyxk(σ, τ) denotes the expected number of times a random walk exits statekbefore an optimal stopping rule from σ to τ halts the walk. For a target distribution τ, we defineXτas then×nmatrix given by (Xτ)ij=xj(i, τ), whereialso denotes the singleton distribution on statei.The dual Markov chain with transition matrix=RM⊤R−1is called thereverse chain. We prove that Markov chain duality extends to matrices of exit frequencies. Specifically, for each target distribution τ, we associate a unique dual distribution τ*. Let$\rX_{\fc{\t}}$denote the matrix of exit frequencies from singletons to τ* on the reverse chain. We show that$\rX_{\fc{\t}} = R (X_{\t}^{\top} - \vb^{\top} \one)R^{-1}$, wherebis a non-negative constant vector (depending on τ). We explore this exit frequency duality and further illuminate the relationship between stopping rules on the original chain and reverse chain.
FINITE GROUPS AS GALOIS GROUPS OF FUNCTION FIELDS WITH INFINITE FIELD OF CONSTANTS
Authors: ÁLVAREZ-GARCÍA C. , VILLA-SALVADOR G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLetE/kbe a function field over an infinite field of constants. Assume thatE/k(x) is a separable extension of degree greater than one such that there exists a place of degree one ofk(x) ramified inE. LetK/kbe a function field. We prove that there exist infinitely many nonisomorphic separable extensionsL/Ksuch that [L:K]=[E:k(x)] andAutkL=AutKL≅Autk(x)E.
Mount St. Helens: A 30‐Year Legacy of Volcanism
Authors: Vallance James W. , Gardner Cynthia A. , Scott William E. , Iverson Richard M. , Pierson Thomas C. 
Published: May 2010

The spectacular eruption of Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1980 electrified scientists and the public. Photodocumentation of the colossal landslide, directed blast, and ensuing eruption column—which reached as high as 25 kilometers in altitude and lasted for nearly 9 hours—made news worldwide. Reconnaissance of the devastation spurred efforts to understand the power and awe of those moments (Figure 1).The eruption remains a seminal historical event—studying it and its aftermath revolutionized the way scientists approach the field of volcanology. Not only was the eruption spectacular, but also it occurred in daytime, at an accessible volcano, in a country with the resources to transform disaster into scientific opportunity, amid a transformation in digital technology. Lives lost and the impact of the eruption on people and infrastructure downstream and downwind made it imperative for scientists to investigate events and work with communities to lessen losses from future eruptions.
Haiti Quake Increased Stress Along Fault
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: May 2010

The destructive magnitude 7.0 earthquake that ruptured a 40‐kilometer segment of the Enriquillo fault 15 kilometers from Port au Prince, Haiti, on 12 January 2010 has dangerously increased the failure stress on an adjacent eastern segment of that fault, according to research presented on 3 May at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly in Vienna, Austria.Jian Lin, a senior scientist with the Geology and Geophysics Department at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), in Massachusetts, explained that the Haiti quake brought the eastern segment about 2–5 bars closer to failure. With 1 bar equal to atmospheric pressure at sea level, a 2‐to5‐bar increase may not seem significant, Lin said. However, the fault has not ruptured for about 240 years, and it has built up about 1.5–2 meters of stress, at an estimated rate of 7–8 millimeters per year. An increase of just a few bars could act as a trigger, he said. “It's just like your car is on the edge. Now just give a kick and it's going to fall,” he told Eos.
Scientists Sift Through Urban Soils
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: May 2010

City soil gets tramped on, dumped on, and pushed around, but some soil scientists are carefully examining what is underfoot in urban areas. During a 3 May session on urban soils at the European Geosciences Union's General Assembly in Vienna, Austria, scientists discussed various aspects of city dirt.In a presentation about the large amount of rubble from buildings that were bombed during World War II, Beate Mekiffer with the Soil Protection Group at the Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany, noted that the sulfate concentration in Berlin's upper aquifer has increased continuously for decades. Many areas in Berlin now exceed a 240‐milligram‐per‐liter “precaution value” for sulfate in drinking water, according to Mekiffer.