bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of atypical nontraumatic diaphyseal fractures of the femur
Authors: Dell Richard M , Adams Annette L , Greene Denise F , Funahashi Tadashi T , Silverman Stuart L , Eisemon Eric O , Zhou Hui , Burchette Raoul J , Ott Susan M 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Bisphosphonates reduce the rate of osteoporotic fractures in clinical trials and community practice. “Atypical” nontraumatic fractures of the diaphyseal (subtrochanteric or shaft) part of the femur have been observed in patients taking bisphosphonates. We calculated the incidence of these fractures within a defined population and examined the incidence rates according to duration of bisphosphonate use. We identified all femur fractures from January 1, 2007 until December 31, 2011 in 1,835,116 patients older than 45 years who were enrolled in the Healthy Bones Program at Kaiser Southern California, an integrated health care provider. Potential atypical fractures were identified by diagnostic or procedure codes and adjudicated by examination of radiographs. Bisphosphonate exposure was derived from internal pharmacy records. The results showed that 142 patients had atypical fractures; of these, 128 had bisphosphonate exposure. There was no significant correlation between duration of use (5.5 ± 3.4 years) and age (69.3 ± 8.6 years) or bone density (T-score −2.1 ± 1.0). There were 188,814 patients who had used bisphosphonates. The age-adjusted incidence rates for an atypical fracture were 1.78/100,000/year (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–2.0) with exposure from 0.1 to 1.9 years, and increased to 113.1/100,000/year (95% CI, 69.3–156.8) with exposure from 8 to 9.9 years. We conclude that the incidence of atypical fractures of the femur increases with longer duration of bisphosphonate use. The rate is much lower than the expected rate of devastating hip fractures in elderly osteoporotic patients. Patients at risk for osteoporotic fractures should not be discouraged from initiating bisphosphonates, because clinical trials have documented that these medicines can substantially reduce the incidence of typical hip fractures. The increased risk of atypical fractures should be taken into consideration when continuing bisphosphonates beyond 5 years. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Noninvasive mapping of water diffusional exchange in the human brain using filter‐exchange imaging
Authors: Nilsson Markus , Lätt Jimmy , van Westen Danielle , Brockstedt Sara , Lasič Samo , Ståhlberg Freddy , Topgaard Daniel 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe present the first in vivo application of the filter‐exchange imaging protocol for diffusion MRI. The protocol allows noninvasive mapping of the rate of water exchange between microenvironments with different self‐diffusivities, such as the intracellular and extracellular spaces in tissue. Since diffusional water exchange across the cell membrane is a fundamental process in human physiology and pathophysiology, clinically feasible and noninvasive imaging of the water exchange rate would offer new means to diagnose disease and monitor treatment response in conditions such as cancer and edema. The in vivo use of filter‐exchange imaging was demonstrated by studying the brain of five healthy volunteers and one intracranial tumor (meningioma). Apparent exchange rates in white matter range from 0.8 ± 0.08 s−1 in the internal capsule, to 1.6 ± 0.11 s−1 for frontal white matter, indicating that low values are associated with high myelination. Solid tumor displayed values of up to 2.9 ± 0.8 s−1. In white matter, the apparent exchange rate values suggest intra‐axonal exchange times in the order of seconds, confirming the slow exchange assumption in the analysis of diffusion MRI data. We propose that filter‐exchange imaging could be used clinically to map the water exchange rate in pathologies. Filter‐exchange imaging may also be valuable for evaluating novel therapies targeting the function of aquaporins. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in close relationships between cancer patients and their partners
Authors: Drabe Natalie , Wittmann Lutz , Zwahlen Diana , Büchi Stefan , Jenewein Josef 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurposeDistress caused by cancer may have an important impact on the quality of a couple's relationship. This investigation examined perceived relationship changes in a sample of cancer patients and their partners, accounting for gender and role (i.e., patient or partner).Patients and MethodsA total of 209 patients with different cancer types and stages and their partners completed questionnaires with items on psychological distress (anxiety and depression), quality of life, and perceptions regarding positive and negative relationship changes.ResultsA total of 149 patients (71.3%) and 156 partners (74.6%) reported that the diagnosis of cancer had changed their relationship. Of these, 121 (57.9%) patients and 116 (55.5%) partners reported positive changes only, whereas eight patients (3.8%) and 18partners (8.6%) indicated negative changes only. Twenty patients (9.6%) and 22 partners (10.5%) had experienced both positive and negative changes. In male patients and partners, negative dyadic changes were associated with lower quality of life and higher levels of anxiety and depression. This finding was similar in female partners, but not in female patients. The association between perceived negative relationship changes and both increased psychological distress and reduced quality of life remained significant even when controlled for gender and congruency of perception.ConclusionsAlthough most couples in our sample reported growing closer while dealing with cancer, a small but sizeable percentage observed negative changes in their relationships, and these negative changes resulted in increased psychological distress and worse quality of life. Female partners were at greatest risk for these negative perceptions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random graphs containing few disjoint excluded minors
Authors: McDiarmid Colin , Kurauskas Valentas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Erdős‐Pósa theorem (1965) states that in each graph G which contains at most k disjoint cycles, there is a ‘blocking’ set B of at most f(k) vertices such that the graph G – B is acyclic. Robertson and Seymour (1986) give an extension concerning any minor‐closed class of graphs, as long as does not contain all planar graphs: in each graph G which contains at most k disjoint excluded minors for , there is a set B of at most g(k) vertices such that G – B is in .In an earlier paper (Kurauskas and McDiarmid, Combin, Probab Comput 20 (2011) 763–775), we showed that, amongst all graphs on vertex set which contain at most k disjoint cycles, all but an exponentially small proportion contain a blocking set of just k vertices.In the present paper we build on the previous work, and give an extension concerning any minor‐closed graph class with 2‐connected excluded minors, as long as does not contain all fans (here a ‘fan’ is a graph consisting of a path together with a vertex joined to each vertex on the path). We show that amongst all graphs G on which contain at most k disjoint excluded minors for , all but an exponentially small proportion contain a set B of k vertices such that G – B is in . (This is not the case when contains all fans.) For a random graph Rn sampled uniformly from the graphs on with at most k disjoint excluded minors for , we consider also vertex degrees and the uniqueness of small blockers, the clique number and chromatic number, and the probability of being connected. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 44, 240‐268, 2014
Understanding needs embodiment: A theory‐guided reanalysis of the role of metaphors and analogies in understanding science
Authors: Niebert Kai , Marsch Sabine , Treagust David F. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMany authors stress the importance of basing teaching on students' prior knowledge. To build a bridge between students' everyday knowledge and scientific concepts, the role of metaphors and analogies came into the focus of the science education community during the past two decades. Approaches using metaphor‐based teaching strategies often regard metaphors and analogies as teaching tools that can be adopted by a teacher. On the basis of the theoretical framework of experientialism, we argue that not only teaching but also thinking about and understanding science without metaphors and analogies is not possible. An analysis of studies dealing with metaphors and analogies in science education shows that instructional analogies and metaphors are often not understood as intended or not used by students in their own explanations. By reanalyzing 199 instructional metaphors and analogies on the basis of a metaphor analysis, we show that it takes more than making a connection to everyday life to communicate science fruitfully. We show that good instructional metaphors and analogies need embodied sources. These embodied sources are everyday experiences conceptualized in, for example, schemata such as containers, paths, balances, and up and down. For the analysis, we introduce the concept of conceptual metaphors for analyzing metaphors as well as analogies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:849–877, 2012
Staged Separation of Craniopagus Conjoined Twins: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Kho Uy Esther , Speranza Mary , Wong Clemencia S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDuring 2003 and 2004, a multidisciplinary team at the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, successfully separated twin infants who presented with a total craniopagus vertical O'Connell type 1 conjoining. The twins underwent a series of four staged separation procedures over 10 months. The first three stages involved performing gradual circumferential craniotomies, dividing the dura, ligating large and small bridging veins, separating abutting brains, and inserting skin expanders. The fourth stage involved dividing the remaining dura and veins, transecting shared brain tissue not detected in preoperative imaging, replacing dura in twin B, and replacing skin over native dura in twin A. Planning and carrying out separation of the conjoined twins required organization and cooperation of all the disciplines involved to prepare the children preoperatively, care for them perioperatively and postoperatively, and support the mother during the process.
Marine benthic communities of the sound of Jura
Authors: Brown B. J. 
Published: July 2012

SynopsisBenthic communities, controlled predominantly by the environmental parameters of sediment type and hydrography, have been determined by computer cluster analysis and by reference to previously established offshore communities.A gravel association floors much of the central and northern parts of the sound while a deep mud association is flanked by a muddy sand association in the south.
Salmon and freshwater fishes of the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Campbell R. N. , Williamson R. B. 
Published: July 2012

SynopsisApart from limited studies on salmon and sea trout no previous investigation of the status and distribution of Inner Hebridean freshwater fishes has been made. Only euryhaline fishes were able to recolonise Hebridean freshwaters after the last glaciation. Thus seven indigenous, freshwater fishes have been recorded in the Inner Hebrides: Atlantic salmon, trout, Arctic charr, three- and ten-spined stickleback, European eel and brook lamprey. Trout occur both as anadromous and sedentary forms but charr as the sedentary form only.Flounders penetrate far upstream and may be found in lochs while grey mullet occur seasonally in streams a short way inland from the sea. In contrast to the Outer Hebrides there are established populations of non-indigenous species; American brook charr occur in lochs only on Eigg and Mull and pike and perch only on Islay.Populations of rainbow trout are artificially maintained. On some small islands, freshwater bodies are temporary so that there are no permanent fish populations while on others, where freshwaters are present as ditches and small streams, only eels can exist. A survey showed that freshwater eels were the most widely distributed fish, followed by trout and three-spined stickleback in that order.Salmon and sea trout are found in all the major river systems and are also caught in nets on the coasts of the larger islands. These coastal fisheries also exploit salmon in passage to river systems elsewhere in Scotland.
The Frontal-Anatomic Specificity of Design Fluency Repetitions and Their Diagnostic Relevance for Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Possin Katherine L. , Chester Serana K. , Laluz Victor , Bostrom Alan , Rosen Howard J. , Miller Bruce L. , Kramer Joel H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOn tests of design fluency, an examinee draws as many different designs as possible in a specified time limit while avoiding repetition. The neuroanatomical substrates and diagnostic group differences of design fluency repetition errors and total correct scores were examined in 110 individuals diagnosed with dementia, 53 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 37 neurologically healthy controls. The errors correlated significantly with volumes in the right and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the right and left superior frontal gyrus, the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the right striatum, but did not correlate with volumes in any parietal or temporal lobe regions. Regression analyses indicated that the lateral OFC may be particularly crucial for preventing these errors, even after excluding patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) from the analysis. Total correct correlated more diffusely with volumes in the right and left frontal and parietal cortex, the right temporal cortex, and the right striatum and thalamus. Patients diagnosed with bvFTD made significantly more repetition errors than patients diagnosed with MCI, Alzheimer's disease, semantic dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, or corticobasal syndrome. In contrast, total correct design scores did not differentiate the dementia patients. These results highlight the frontal-anatomic specificity of design fluency repetitions. In addition, the results indicate that the propensity to make these errors supports the diagnosis of bvFTD. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–11)
Novel MEMS-Based Gas-Cell/Heating Specimen Holder Provides Advanced Imaging Capabilities forIn SituReaction Studies
Authors: Allard Lawrence F. , Overbury Steven H. , Bigelow Wilbur C. , Katz Michael B. , Nackashi David P. , Damiano John 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn prior research, specimen holders that employ a novel MEMS-based heating technology (AduroTM) provided by Protochips Inc. (Raleigh, NC, USA) have been shown to permit sub-Ångström imaging at elevated temperatures up to 1,000°C duringin situheating experiments in modern aberration-corrected electron microscopes. The Aduro heating devices permit precise control of temperature and have the unique feature of providing both heating and cooling rates of 106°C/s. In the present work, we describe the recent development of a new specimen holder that incorporates the Aduro heating device into a “closed-cell” configuration, designed to function within the narrow (2 mm) objective lens pole piece gap of an aberration-corrected JEOL 2200FS STEM/TEM, and capable of exposing specimens to gases at pressures up to 1 atm. We show the early results of tests of this specimen holder demonstrating imaging at elevated temperatures and at pressures up to a full atmosphere, while retaining the atomic resolution performance of the microscope in high-angle annular dark-field and bright-field imaging modes.
Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation
Authors: Reid T. D. , Carenzo M. , Pellicciotti F. , Brock B. W. 
Published: July 2012

Distributed glacier melt models generally assume that the glacier surface consists of bare exposed ice and snow. In reality, many glaciers are wholly or partially covered in layers of debris that tend to suppress ablation rates. In this paper, an existing physically based point model for the ablation of debris‐covered ice is incorporated in a distributed melt model and applied to Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, which has three large patches of debris cover on its surface. The model is based on a 10 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the area; each glacier pixel in the DEM is defined as either bare or debris‐covered ice, and may be covered in snow that must be melted off before ice ablation is assumed to occur. Each debris‐covered pixel is assigned a debris thickness value using probability distributions based on over 1000 manual thickness measurements. Locally observed meteorological data are used to run energy balance calculations in every pixel, using an approach suitable for snow, bare ice or debris‐covered ice as appropriate. The use of the debris model significantly reduces the total ablation in the debris‐covered areas, however the precise reduction is sensitive to the temperature extrapolation used in the model distribution because air near the debris surface tends to be slightly warmer than over bare ice. Overall results suggest that the debris patches, which cover 10% of the glacierized area, reduce total runoff from the glacierized part of the basin by up to 7%.
XPS characterization and photoelectrochemical behaviour of p-type 3C-SiC films on p-Si substrates for solar water splitting
Authors: Ma Quan-Bao , Kaiser Bernhard , Ziegler Jürgen , Fertig Dominic , Jaegermann Wolfram 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The electrochemical (EC) properties of single-crystalline p-type 3C-SiC films on p-Si substrates were investigated as electrodes in H2SO4 aqueous solutions in dark and under white light illumination. Before EC tests, the SiC films were etched by HF solution and aqua-regia–HF solution, respectively, and then investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) including one untreated SiC sample. After EC tests, XPS was also applied to investigate the surface chemical state changes. The EC measurements indicate that the p-type 3C-SiC films on p-Si substrates can generate a cathodic photocurrent as the photocathode, which corresponds to hydrogen production, and generate an anodic photocurrent as the photoanode, which corresponds to oxygen evolution. XPS shows the surface of all the SiC films was oxidized due to anodic oxidation applied by a positive bias during the EC test, which indicates the formation of silicon oxides, CO2 or CO and carbonates.
zCall: a rare variant caller for array-based genotyping
Authors: Goldstein Jacqueline I. , Crenshaw Andrew , Carey Jason , Grant George B. , Maguire Jared , Fromer Menachem , O’Dushlaine Colm , Moran Jennifer L. , Chambert Kimberly , Stevens Christine ,   Swedish Schizophrenia Consortium,   ARRA Autism Sequencing Consortium, Sklar Pamela , Hultman Christina M. , Purcell Shaun , McCarroll Steven A. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Daly Mark J. , Neale Benjamin M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Summary: zCall is a variant caller specifically designed for calling rare single-nucleotide polymorphisms from array-based technology. This caller is implemented as a post-processing step after a default calling algorithm has been applied. The algorithm uses the intensity profile of the common allele homozygote cluster to define the location of the other two genotype clusters. We demonstrate improved detection of rare alleles when applying zCall to samples that have both Illumina Infinium HumanExome BeadChip and exome sequencing data available.
Availability: http://atguweb.mgh.harvard.edu/apps/zcall.
Contact: bneale@broadinstitute.org
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Literature and Theology From a North American Perspective
Authors: Ziolkowski Eric 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The ‘non-confessional’ stance of Literature and Theology, together with its embrace of ‘theology broadly understood’, has allowed the Journal to carve out a unique niche in the academic terrain of North America, for the Journal affords a forum for theologically inclined scholars to pursue the enterprise traditionally, and perhaps still most often, associated with its title, that of seeking transcendent meanings manifest or concealed within the immanence of literary texts, while also welcoming contributions that represent perspectives at odds, sometimes quite emphatically, with any traditional, strictly literalist, etymological construal of ‘theology.’ This article considers the rather precarious relationship that ‘theology’ has historically had to American culture, before concluding with some reflections on why the specific association of ‘theology’ with ‘literature’ in this Journal’s purview has proven so alluring and fertile a subject in America over the past twenty-five years, and why this same association promises to make the Journal all the more crucial a forum for critical reflection in the coming decades.
Dissecting Functions of KATANIN and WRINKLED1 in Cotton Fiber Development by Virus-Induced Gene Silencing
Authors: Qu Jing , Ye Jian , Geng Yun-Feng , Sun Yan-Wei , Gao Shi-Qiang , Zhang Bi-Pei , Chen Wen , Chua Nam-Hai 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Most of the world’s natural fiber comes from cotton (Gossypium spp.), which is an important crop worldwide. Characterizing genes that regulate cotton yield and fiber quality is expected to benefit the sustainable production of natural fiber. Although a huge number of expressed sequence tag sequences are now available in the public database, large-scale gene function analysis has been hampered by the low-efficiency process of generating transgenic cotton plants. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) has recently been reported to trigger virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cotton leaves. Here, we extended the utility of this method by showing that TRV-VIGS can operate in reproductive organs as well. We used this method to investigate the function of KATANIN and WRINKLED1 in cotton plant development. Cotton plants with suppressed KATANIN expression produced shorter fibers and elevated weight ratio of seed oil to endosperm. By contrast, silencing of WRINKLED1 expression resulted in increased fiber length but reduced oil seed content, suggesting the possibility to increase fiber length by repartitioning carbon flow. Our results provide evidence that the TRV-VIGS system can be used for rapid functional analysis of genes involved in cotton fiber development.
TP53 pathway analysis in paediatric Burkitt lymphoma reveals increased MDM4 expression as the only TP53 pathway abnormality detected in a subset of cases
Authors: Leventaki Vasiliki , Rodic Vladimir , Tripp Sheryl R. , Bayerl Michael G. , Perkins Sherrie L. , Barnette Phillip , Schiffman Joshua D. , Miles Rodney R. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe TP53 (p53) pathway can be inhibited by TP53 mutation or deletion or by MDM2 overexpression. Both occur in Burkitt lymphoma (BL), but many cases lack either abnormality. Expression patterns of the TP53 inhibitor MDM4 have not been reported in BL, and increased MDM4 could deregulate the TP53 pathway in cases without TP53 or MDM2 abnormalities. We investigated TP53 pathway disruption in paediatric BL patient samples (n = 30) by studying MDM4, MDM2, and CDKN1A (p21) protein and mRNA expression; TP53 mutations; TP53 protein expression; and gene copy number abnormalities. MDM4 protein was expressed in 30/30 tumours, and MDM2 protein was weakly expressed in 7/30 (23%). All cases were negative for CDKN1A protein, and CDKN1A mRNA levels were decreased. TP53 mutations were detected in 5/28 (18%) cases and confirmed by sequencing. TP53 protein was expressed in 15/30 (50%) cases, including 7/8 with TP53 genetic alterations. MDM2 protein and mRNA expression levels did not correlate with lack of TP53 genetic changes or TP53 protein expression; however, there was an inverse relationship between detectable TP53 protein expression and MDM4 copy number gains and mRNA expression. The TP53 pathway is deregulated in paediatric BL cases, and increased MDM4 expression may be the primary mechanism in some cases.