bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved method of task context switching in OSEK operating system
Authors: Wu Zhaohui , Li Hong , Yang Guoqing , Gao Zhigang , Lv Pan 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the method to improve real‐time property of real‐time operating system (RTOS), one of the most essential problems in RTOS studies.Design/methodology/approachImproved task models are proposed based on the basic task and extended task models of OSEK operating system (OSEK OS). According to different task states, optimized scheduling algorithm was put forward. Some examples in a practical environment are described that illustrate the value of the method.FindingsThis method has been successfully implemented and evaluated in an OSEK compatible operating system, SmartOSEK OS. The time cost of context switching is decreased and the efficiency is enhanced.Research limitations/implicationsThe improvement gained depends on the ratio of each strategy applied. In case the strategy D is applied too many times, the performance will be lead to a depressing result. For real‐time system, a long‐lived process that maybe increase the ratio of strategy D is not the optimal selection.Originality/valueDividing the ready state of task into intermediate state and initial state, can optimize the process of task context switching for OSEK OS. The method has proven to be useful in improving the real‐time property of RTOS.
A behavioral characteristics model for a flexible distributed system
Authors: Takahashi Akiko , Kinoshita Tetsuo 
Published: July 2010

PurposeWith the wide spread of the ubiquitous environment, it is necessary to provide adequate multimedia communication services for various users under various networked environments. In such situations, it is essential to organize multimedia software components dynamically to provide necessary services for effective service provision based on the system's operational environment during the run time of the system. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new scheme for observing and controlling behavior of the QoS‐aware agent organization, which provides a flexible QoS control of multimedia service components.Design/methodology/approachTwo models are proposed in this paper: a flexible distributed system (FDS) model and a behavioral characteristics model (BCM), which were applied to the design of network middleware constructed as a QoS‐aware agent organization. Experiments were performed using the middleware prototype system.FindingsResults confirmed that the proposed models provide an effective scheme for designers of multimedia communication services.Originality/valueThis paper shows that using the FDS model, a multiagent system can be designed and constructed systematically. In addition, using BCM, a multiagent system with flexible QoS control capability can deal with changes of the system's operational situations and thereby maintain the required QoS as well as its behavioral characteristics.
Ubiquitous QoS communications using scalable satellite networking
Authors: Durresi Arjan , Barolli Leonard , Koyama Akio , Takizawa Makoto 
Published: July 2010

PurposeSatellite networking will be an important component of future ubiquitous communications systems. Satellite networks will be especially useful to interconnect remote sensor networks. Therefore, satellite networks should provide the needed QoS, differentiation of services and at the same time keep the required scalability. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new Diffserv‐based scheme of bandwidth allocation during congestion, called proportional allocation of bandwidth (PAB).Design/methodology/approachThe paper suggests a method for implementing PAB without storing per‐flow state, which makes the scheme scalable and simple and shows, by simulation, the advantages of using PAB in IP satellite networks.FindingsThe paper finds that PAB can be used in geostationary earth orbit, MEO and low earth orbit satellite networks. In PAB, during congestion all flows get a share of IP available bandwidth, which is in proportion to their subscribed information rate.Originality/valueThe simulations described in this paper show that the performance of PAB scheme is good on congested satellite networks.
Social sustainability, flexible work arrangements, and diverse women
Authors: Blake‐Beard Stacy , O'Neill Regina , Ingols Cynthia , Shapiro Mary 
Published: July 2010

PurposeA key challenge facing organizations today is sustainability in economic, environmental, and social arenas. The purpose of this paper is to examine flexible work arrangements (FWAs) a source of social sustainability.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from theoretical explanations of social sustainability, the authors explored opportunities and challenges of FWAs as social sustainability in the American workforce.FindingsWhile FWAs allow organizations to “sustain” their workforce, diverse employees face challenges in accessing them, particularly across dimensions of gender, race, and class. The paper offers guiding principles for organizational leaders, including making flexibility an organizational norm, better understanding employees' lives outside of work, and creating metrics of social sustainability.Research limitations/implicationsTo extend knowledge on FWAs as a source of social sustainability, researchers should focus beyond managerial, professional, and mostly White women in America. What can be learned about employees of color, of lower socioeconomic levels, and those in location‐dependent jobs? What can be learned from companies and countries, who are leaders in providing flexible options?Practical implicationsGiven the potential for FWAs to minimize tensions from conflicting demands of work and life, efforts to employ FWAs should be directed at the entire organization. This paper discusses the differential impact of FWAs across different groups of women and questions current organizational responses.Originality/valueThe paper expands the understanding of social sustainability to include an organization's human resources by examining the use of FWAs for diverse women, and by offering suggestions for practitioners and researchers interested in social sustainability.
Technological innovation and culture: research needed for China and other countries
Authors: Kash Don E. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to suggest that the importance of culture on the innovation of technological processes and products has not received sufficient attention from researchers. The paper offers a framework and some categories for investigating the affects of culture on technological innovation.Design/methodology/approachThe data and ideas that inform this paper come primarily from interviews carried out as a part of case studies of the innovation of 13 technology products and processes centered in China and other five countries.FindingsInnovation success in the various technology sectors differs among countries including China in part because of different national cultures – the norms and values that guide and constrain both the individuals in societies and the societies at large.Research limitations/implicationsThe values the paper assigns to eight cultural characteristics for China and other five countries are based on qualitative interviews and more scientific survey is needed.Practical implicationsIncreased understanding of how different national cultures influence innovation will give managers and policy makers improved opportunities to formulate policies and management practices that can overcome cultural barriers and take advantage of cultural assets.Originality/valueThe paper offers a starting point for the investigation of the impact of national cultures on technological innovation in different technology sectors.
A NEW LEPIDOLITE DEPOSIT IN COLORADO*
Authors: Eckel Edwin B. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTA newly discovered pegmatite deposit near Ohio City, Colorado, is chiefly lepidolite, massive topaz, beryl, and albite, with some samarskite and columbitc. Three parallel pegmatite dikes, cach about 11 fect thick and 300 feet long, cut black schist. The minerals arc banded parallel to walls, with the following succession from walls to center; fine‐grained albite and quartz, large plates of lcpidolite with crystals of topaz and beryl, fine‐grained lcpidolitc, and lamellar albite. An estimate of the bulk percentage of the various constituents heads to the belief that at least several thousand tons of each of the commercially vdluahle minerals await mining.
THE BLISTERING OF CAST IRON ENAMEL*
Authors: Poste Emerson P 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis Progress Report II is a continuation of the report presented before the Enamel Division in 1932. The subjects discussed are (1) gases from metal, (2) possible reaction between enamel and iron, and (3) gases from the enamel itself. The author concludes in this report that nothing has developed which is inconsistent with the facts summarized in the 1932 report.
EFFECT OF SODIUM ALUMINATE ON CONSISTENCY AND ACID RESISTANCE OF SOME ACID‐RESISTANT ENAMELS*
Authors: Mcintyre G. H. , Irwin. J. T. , Carter W. K. , King R. M. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper includes consistency studies and shows variations in acid resistance occurring with concentration and the method of using sodium aluminate as a setting‐up agent.
RELIABILITY OF CROSS‐BEND, IMPACT, AND REFLECTIVITY DATA OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS SIZES OF TEST PIECES*
Authors: Mcintyre G. H. , Irwin J. T. , Ammon M. G. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTCross‐bend, impact, and reflectivity data are given 011 test pieces varying from 2 by 3 to 9 by 16 inches, using an application range of 30 to 100 grams per square foot (dry weight). The results indicate that the 4‐ by 12‐inch test piece, properly prepared, may be used for such determinations with a minimum error.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SODA IN GLASSES*
Authors: Scholey S. R. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTA direct determination of alkali is often avoided in glass analysis because of the tedious nature of the method and the estimation by differcnce is not justifiable because of accumulating errors. The method proposed consists in HF‐H2SO4 decomposition, removal of MgO and R2O3 by lime, conversion of sulfate to carbonates by Ba(OH)2 and CO2, boiling to precipitate CaCO3 and BaCO3, and titration of Na2CO3.
DIFFICULTIES IN FIRING DECORATED WHITEWARE*
Authors: Robson J T. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTSome of the problems cncountered in firing decorated whiteware are discussed. Both commercial and laboratory tests were conducted t o show the cause of difficultie and thrir prevention The subjects discussed are (1) “spit‐out” or blistered glaze, (2) prevention of craxd or duntcd glaze, (3) firing of selenium red overglaze, and (4) prevention of specks m decorating or overglazing one‐fired whiteware.
THE RELEASE OF STRAIN IN GLASS*
Authors: Bailey James , Sharp Donald E. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTMeasurements of strain release1 showed that check results were obtained only when the previous history of the samples was the same. Moreover, if. was found that the release of strain was more rapid a t first than could be accounted for by the equation of Adams and Williamson.This paper discusses the effect of previous history on the measurements, describes an improved device for loading the specimens, and suggests a logarithmic equation which, in general, fits the observations better than that of Adams and Williamson. Tests of the equation are made both on data obtained from the modified apparatus described and on the data of Adams and Williamson. I t is indicated that the Adams and Williamson equation gives too long an annealing time at higher temperatures and too short an annealing time at lower temperatures.It appears that the rate of release of strain depends on power of the strain which varies from unity at high temperatures where the glass is a viscous fluid to a higher power at. low temperatures where the release of strain is elastico‐viscous in character. With a single specimen at any fixed temperature in the annealing range, however, it appears that the release of strain in various parts of the specimen takes place at a rate which is proportional to the strain, but that the rate undergoes continnal change with time.
WATER MOVEMENT IN STIFF‐MUD WARE AND ITS RELATION TO DRYING*
Authors: Lovejoy Ellis 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTStiff‐mud test bars were dried from one surface, and the rate of water loss was determined by frequent weighings. The plotted curves indicate an end point in the water movement with a loss of around 60% of the total water, This loss was checked by soluble salts in the clay and alkalinity tests at intervals.
AN X‐RAY STUDY OF THE TOUGHNESS OF PAVING BRICK*
Authors: Stong Guy E. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTX‐ray diffraction photographs of paving brick were compared with those of pure materials.The most important result obtained in this work is the discovery of a line in the X‐ray diffraction pattern of paving brick which is characteristic of high‐grade shale paving brick. This line, produced by an undetermined crystal, is more intense in the tougher than in the weaker brick. The line falls at 2.03 + 0.01 Ångström units.A further result of this investigation is the proof that cristobalite, mullite, sillimanite, alumina, and cyanite are not present in the paving brick studied. This also shows that mullite is not produced in ceramic materials at the relatively low temperature at which paving brick are fired.
CONSTITUTION AND MICROHARDNESS OF FUSED CORUNDUM ABRASIVES*
Authors: Schrewelius Nils G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy means of X‐ray crystallographic studies it has been proved that fused corundum abrasives are mainly α‐Al2O3 or a solid solution of 10.6 mol.% Ti2O3 in alumina. In addition, the following crystalline impurities forming a matrix have been identified: a calcium titano‐aluminate with variable composition CaO.[6(Al, Ti)2O3], spinel (MgO.‐Al2O3), Na2O.11Al2O3, quartz, rutile, and an iron‐silicon‐titanium alloy.Knoop microhardness numbers and dimensions of the unit cell of the corundum lattice have been determined and correlated with the chemical composition of various corundum abrasives. It has been found that the formation of a solid solution of Ti2O3 in Al2O3 is followed by a decrease of the microhardness of the corundum phase from about 2100 for the pure alumina to about 1940 for the solid solution. The latter has been found in all commercial corundum abrasives containing more than 1.5% TiO2, the former in all white titanium‐free samples. In making fused corundum blocks in large experimental electrical arc furnaces from various low‐grade bauxites and coke, the corundum obtained contained only about 1% TiO2, minute changes in the furnacing effecting the formation of the pure and hard corundum or the softer solid solution.
Electrochemical Determination of the Activity of Na2O in the Pyrochlore Phase of the Sb2O4‐NaSbO3 System
Authors: Kale Girish Madhav , Srikanth Srinivasan 
Published: July 2010

Activity of Na2O in the pyrochlore phase of the system Sb2O4‐NaSbO3 has been measured as a function of temperature in the range 1073–1412 K by electromotive force (emf) measurements of the following solid‐state electrochemical cells:
image
The solid electrolyte used in the above electrochemical cells is Na‐ß‐Al2O3, which is an excellent sodium‐ion conductor in the temperature range of the measurements. From the measured reversible emf, the activity of Na2O in the Sb2O4‐NaSbO3 system has been calculated. The temperature dependence of the logarithm of the activity of Na2O in various two‐phase regions of the Sb2O4‐NaSbO3 system can be represented as
image
No thermodynamic data have been reported earlier in the literature for the system Sb2O4‐NaSbO3, and the present data constitute the first thermodynamic information.
The HL–A Gene Structure of Twareg Populations. II. TheKelDiniq
Authors: COLOMBANI J. , CHAVENTRE A. , JACQUARD A. , DEGOS L. , LEFEVRE‐WITTIER P. , SOLAL C. , DASTOT H. , REBOUL M. , CSASZAR E. 
Published: July 2010

The HL–A groups of 138 Kel Diniq Twaregs were determined by the platelet complement fixation microtechnique. Their HL–A characteristics, compared to those of Caucasoid populations, are: decrease in HL–A2, 9, W17 and W15; increase in W28, W32, HL–A7, W5, W10 and second locus blank; absence of Da25 (W30 + W31), HL–A13, W15, W18, W27. This genetic structure is in accordance with the isolated condition of this population.The most frequent haplotypes are: W28,HL–A7, common to both the Kel Diniq and the Kel Kummer Twaregs previously studied; W32,W10 and HL–A3, HL–A5, Kel Diniq only.These two populations are both isolates, with a common origin in the seventeenth century, but separated as from that date. Genealogical studies have enabled the haplotype W28,HL–A7 to be attributed to the two brothers who founded the populations in the seventeenth century.A comparison of these two populations constitutes a model for the study of genetic drift and the founder effect.
Cell Mediated Lympholysis in Man. Varying Strength of the HL‐A (LA and FOUR) Antigens as Sensitizing or Target Determinants
Authors: KRISTENSEN TOM , GRUNNET NIELS , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN FLEMMINC 
Published: July 2010

The gene products of the LA and FOUR loci of the human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) are generally considered to be a major target in the Indirect Cell Mediated Lympholysis (ICML) test. Within most experiments, a positive correlation exists between the number of HL‐A antigens challenged and lympholysis. When different experiments are collated this correlation is less obvious. This discrepancy might be caused by differences between the individual HL‐A antigens involved in the afferent phase (MLC) andor the efferent phase (CML).In 28 experiments involving 97 unrelated individuals we have compared statistically 12 different antigens governed by the LA and FOUR loci.When only one of these antigens is challenged in ICML, target lymphocytes are lysed to different degrees allowing a significant classification of the antigens into different groups, which do not coincide with the classification in the LA and FOUR series antigens.It is concluded that the antigens of the HL‐A system are not of equal importance when challenged separately in ICML. The existence of a separate CML locus and a corresponding linkage disequilibrium to the SD loci of the MHC region is suggested.
Studies on the Major Histocompatibility System in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: MOLLER ERNA , OLHAGEN KRJE 
Published: July 2010

One hundred % of 66 patients with pelvospondylitis were found to haveHL‐A27, whereas the frequency of the antigen in 60 patients with sacroiliitis was 70 %. The difference in frequency ofHL‐A27between the two patient groups is statistically highly significant. This implies that tissue typing could be of clinical importance for a prognostic evaluation of patients with sacroiliitis.Studies in families with severalHL‐NMLCidentical sibs indicated a relatively low penetrance of disease in those carrying the gene for increased susceptibility to development of AS. No assocation ofASto particular MLC alleles was found either in families or in severalSD‐2identicalASpatients.
Further Miniaturization and Automation of in vitro Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Mlggiano Vlncenzo G. , Meo Tommaso , Blrgén Inga , Nabholz Markus 
Published: July 2010

A microtechnique (10 ø culture volume) for in vitro lymphocyte cultures is described, which, compared with current miniaturized techniques, permits a four to 20‐fold reduction of both medium volume and cell numbers. Furthermore, two alternative procedures for harvesting and washing radioisotope labelled cells are described. The first, making use of a conventional harvesting device, collects cells on glass fibre filters in a two to three‐fold shorter time than that needed for the current semi‐automatic collectors. The second takes advantage of the possibility of washing and fixing the cells in their culture wells and allows processing of more cultures with fewer manual operations.Various technical aspects of the micro‐culture system are described and discussed with special reference to automation problems.
The Association of HLA with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in Newfoundland. The Influence of HLA Homozygosity in Graves’ Disease
Authors: Farid Nadir R. , Barnard John M. , Marshall William H. 
Published: July 2010

Forty‐seven patients with Graves’ disease, 73 with thyroiditis and 128 controls drawn from the same geographical area of Newfoundland were HLA typed. The frequency of HLA‐B8 was significantly increased in the Graves’ disease patients when compared to the control group giving a relative risk of 3.9. There were no significant HLA differences between the thyroiditis and control groups.Homozygosity for the HLA haplotype, which is common in this island population, was more common in Graves’ disease patients (12.8%) than in controls (5.5%) but did not reach statistical significance in this sample. Homozygosity was due in five of the six cases to either an A1;B8 haplotype or an A2;B8 haplotype. This contrasted with an apparently random assortment of haplotypes in the control and thyroiditis groups. Calculations suggest that homozygosity for a B8 haplotype confers an additional risk over heterozygosity for B8 of about 3.5 fold; however, homozygosity had no observable influence on the severity of the disease.These results strengthen the idea that B8, or an allele in linkage disequilibrium with it, determines in part the susceptibility of an individual to developing Graves’ disease.
Psoriasis, Sacro‐Iliitis and Peripheral Arthritis Occurring in Patients with the same HLA Haplotype. A Preliminary Family Report a Hypothetical Explanation of the Interaction between MHS Products
Authors: Marcusson J. , Elman A. , Möller E. , Thyresson N. 
Published: July 2010

The present family investigation has shown that genes within the MHS are mainly responsible for the development of psoriasis or psoriasis‐associated arthritic lesions (peripheral arthritis and sacroiliitis). We have hypothetically discussed the possibility that multiple genes, all located within the MHS, act in concert to increase the risk of developing disease to very high levels. This implies that at least two MHS linked genes act in complementary fashion for the development of disease, these genes seem to be able to operate both in the cis and in the trans position. One of these genes would be situated in the chromosomal portion of the MHS which carries the HLA‐D locus.Families with a high incidence of disease would show inheritance according to the cis position of genes, when it can be shown that most of the carriers of the specific disease‐associated haplotype are affected by disease, whereas in other families, complementarity between two distinct HLA haplotypes with genes acting in the trans position would result in disease.
The HLA Antigens and Leprosy in Thailand
Authors: Chiewsilp P. , Athkambhira S , Chirachariyavej T. , Bhamarapravati N. , Entwistle C. 
Published: July 2010

HLA—A and —B locus antigens were determined in 170 unrelated patients with leprosy and 100 healthy controls. There were no statistically significant deviations from expected antigen distribution in patients with any of the various forms of leprosy, though the number of patients studied is relatively small. There were some interesting trends, particularly a possible decrease in the number of tuberculoid patients with A9, and an increase in the proportions of lepromatous patients with B18 and B40.Limited evidence of a genetically controlled pre‐disposition to the clinical manifestations of leprosy suggests that further studies with extended typing should be carried out on the HLA haplotype segregation in informative leprosy families. These should provide a clearer indication of the relevance of the HLA (including DR) and possibly of other non‐HLA loci to the possible mechanism (s) of disease susceptibility.