bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oceans beyond Boundaries: Environmental Assessment Frameworks
Authors: Warner Robin 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The obligation to conduct environmental impact assessment (EIA) of activities with the potential for significant impact on the marine environment within and beyond national jurisdiction has attained customary international law status. The related but broader process of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is also applied to plans, policies and programmes with the potential for significant impact on the marine environment in many national jurisdictions and in a transboundary context. The application of EIA and SEA for activities with the potential for significant impact on marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) has been much more ad hoc. This commentary reviews the initiatives being taken by the international community to develop a more comprehensive legal and institutional framework for EIA and SEA of activities affecting ABNJ. It examines the role of sectoral environmental assessment in ABNJ, as well as the potential role of global guidelines for EIA and SEA of activities affecting ABNJ.
Consolidating Governance Principles for Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Barnes Richard A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article comments upon the list of governance principles for areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) advanced in the Report by Alex Oude Elferink. It begins by considering the meaning of governance principles, and how they can contribute to the development of the legal regime for ABNJ. It suggests that such principles need to be rooted in more than existing rules, although such rules provide an important means of inducing the existence of general principles. Governance principles need to be properly aligned with the nature of the spaces and resources found in ABNJ, as well as with fundamental values of the international community and contours of legal authority. The article offers some further comments on the specific principles, emphasising the importance of not just strong procedural approaches, but also principles that facilitate a sound and reliable knowledge basis for decision-making and that advance a strong version of integrated management.
Marine Protected Areas in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Petra Drankier 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) are embedded in a number of multilateral frameworks. The present report discusses how various global and regional conventions deal with MPAs in their regulatory frameworks, such as their processes and guidelines for the identification and designation of MPAs in ABNJ, and cross-sectoral issues. It is concluded that the designation of MPAs is one step, but it needs to be followed by effective management measures in order to prevent that MPAs, especially multi-purpose MPAs, only exist on paper for many years. Such measures are mostly sector-specific and thus often fall under the competences of various organizations that have their own individual criteria and balance of interests. The report concludes by providing recommendations to overcome obstacles in cross-sectoral cooperation and coordination, as well as on how to combine global and regional interaction.
Severe diabetes and leptin resistance cause differential hepatic and renal transporter expression in mice
Authors: More Vijay R , Wen Xia , Thomas Paul E , Aleksunes Lauren M , Slitt Angela L 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Type-2 Diabetes is a major health concern in the United States and other Westernized countries, with prevalence increasing yearly. There is a need to better model and predict adverse drug reactions, drug-induced liver injury, and drug efficacy in this population. Because transporters significantly contribute to drug clearance and disposition, it is highly significant to determine whether a severe diabetes phenotype alters drug transporter expression, and whether diabetic mouse models have altered disposition of acetaminophen (APAP) metabolites.

Results
Transporter mRNA and protein expression were quantified in livers and kidneys of adult C57BKS and db/db mice, which have a severe diabetes phenotype due to a lack of a functional leptin receptor. The urinary excretion of acetaminophen-glucuronide, a substrate for multidrug resistance-associated proteins transporters was also determined. The mRNA expression of major uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporting polypeptide Slco1a1 in liver and kidney, 1a4 in liver, and Slc22a7 in kidney was decreased in db/db mice. In contrast, Abcc3 and 4 mRNA and protein expression was more than 2 fold higher in db/db male mouse livers as compared to C57BKS controls. Urine levels of APAP-glucuronide, -sulfate, and N-acetyl cysteine metabolites were higher in db/db mice.

Conclusion
A severe diabetes phenotype/presentation significantly altered drug transporter expression in liver and kidney, which corresponded with urinary APAP metabolite levels.
Exploring professionalization among Brazilian oral health technicians
Authors: Sanglard-Oliveira Carla Aparecida , Werneck Marcos Azeredo Furquim , Lucas Simone Dutra , Abreu Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães 
Published: April 2012

AbstractProfessional dental auxiliaries emerged in the early 20th century in the United States of America and quickly spread to Europe and other regions of the world. In Brazil, however, oral health technicians (OHTs), who occupy a similar role as dental hygienists, had a long journey before the occupation achieved legal recognition: Brazilian Law 11.889, which regulates this occupation in the country, was only enacted in 2008. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the professionalization of OHTs, highlighting the triggering, limiting and conflicting aspects that exerted an influence on the historical progress of these professionals in Brazil. We have tested Abbott’s and Larson’s theory on professionalization, against the history of OHTs. A number of different dental corporative interests exerted an influence over professionalization, especially in discussions regarding the permissible activities of these professionals in the oral cavity of patients. With primary health care advances in Brazil, the importance of these professionals has once again come to the forefront. This seems to be a key point in the consolidation of OHTs in the area of human resources for health in Brazil.
Bitrate control using a heuristic spatial resolution adjustment for a real-time H.264/AVC encoder
Authors: Rhee Chae Eun , Kim Jin-Sung , Lee Hyuk-Jae 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Conventional bitrate control algorithms that change only the quantization parameter (QP) often suffer from quality degradation when the target bitrate is very low. Therefore, rate control algorithms that adjust spatial resolution in addition to QP control have recently been proposed, but their computations are too complex to be processed in real time. This research proposes a very simple, but effective, rate control algorithm that employs spatial resolution control as well as the existing QP-based bitrate control. The spatial resolution ratio for the best peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is calculated using a simple estimation model which defines the relationship between the PSNR and the spatial resolution at very low bitrate compression. In the proposed bitrate control algorithm, two scalability tools for adjusting the QP and the spatial resolution ratio are used sequentially to reach the target PSNR and the control decision is made for a group of pictures. Experimental results show that the proposed bitrate control algorithm approximates an optimal solution and yields a better subjective quality as well as objective quality at various bitrates compared to the conventional QP-based bitrate control algorithm. The decision of the control parameters requires very small computational complexity and is made in a completely automatic manner so that the proposed algorithm is well suited for real-time applications.
A possible role for inflammation in mediating apoptosis of oligodendrocytes as induced by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Ramesh Geeta , Benge Shemi , Pahar Bapi , Philipp Mario T 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundInflammation caused by the Lyme disease spirocheteB. burgdorferiis an important factor in the pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Our central hypothesis is thatB. burgdorferican cause disease via the induction of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines in glial and neuronal cells. Earlier we demonstrated that interaction ofB. burgdorferiwith brain parenchyma induces inflammatory mediators in glial cells as well as glial (oligodendrocyte) and neuronal apoptosis usingex vivoandin vivomodels of experimentation.MethodsIn this study we evaluated the ability of liveB. burgdorferito elicit inflammationin vitroin differentiated human MO3.13 oligodendrocytes and in differentiated primary human oligodendrocytes, by measuring the concentration of immune mediators in culture supernatants using Multiplex ELISA assays. Concomitant apoptosis was quantified in these cultures by thein situterminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and by quantifying active caspase-3 by flow cytometry. The above phenomena were also evaluated after 48 h of stimulation withB. burgdorferiin the presence and absence of various concentrations of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.ResultsB. burgdorferiinduced enhanced levels of the cytokine IL-6 and the chemokines IL-8 and CCL2 in MO3.13 cells as compared to basal levels, and IL-8 and CCL2 in primary human oligodendrocytes, in a dose-dependent manner. These cultures also showed significantly elevated levels of apoptosis when compared with medium controls. Dexamethasone reduced both the levels of immune mediators and apoptosis, also in a manner that was dose dependent.ConclusionsThis finding supports our hypothesis that the inflammatory response elicited by the Lyme disease spirochete in glial cells contributes to neural cell damage. As oligodendrocytes are vital for the functioning and survival of neurons, the inflammation and subsequent apoptosis of oligodendrocytes induced byB. burgdorfericould contribute to the pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis.
Capturing phenotypic heterogeneity in MPS I: results of an international consensus procedure
Authors: de Ru Minke H , Teunissen Quirine GA , van der Lee Johanna H , Beck Michael , Bodamer Olaf A , Clarke Lorne A , Hollak Carla E , Lin Shuan-Pei , Rojas Maria-Verónica Muñoz , Pastores Gregory M , Raiman Julian A , Scarpa Maurizio , Treacy Eileen P , Tylki-Szymanska Anna , Edmond Wraith J , Zeman Jiri , Wijburg Frits A 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundMucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is traditionally divided into three phenotypes: the severe Hurler (MPS I-H) phenotype, the intermediate Hurler-Scheie (MPS I-H/S) phenotype and the attenuated Scheie (MPS I-S) phenotype. However, there are no clear criteria for delineating the different phenotypes. Because decisions about optimal treatment (enzyme replacement therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) need to be made quickly and depend on the presumed phenotype, an assessment of phenotypic severity should be performed soon after diagnosis. Therefore, a numerical severity scale for classifying different MPS I phenotypes at diagnosis based on clinical signs and symptoms was developed.MethodsA consensus procedure based on a combined modified Delphi method and a nominal group technique was undertaken. It consisted of two written rounds and a face-to-face meeting. Sixteen MPS I experts participated in the process. The main goal was to identify the most important indicators of phenotypic severity and include these in a numerical severity scale. The correlation between the median subjective expert MPS I rating and the scores derived from this severity scale was used as an indicator of validity.ResultsFull consensus was reached on six key clinical items for assessing severity: age of onset of signs and symptoms, developmental delay, joint stiffness/arthropathy/contractures, kyphosis, cardiomyopathy and large head/frontal bossing. Due to the remarkably large variability in the expert MPS I assessments, however, a reliable numerical scale could not be constructed. Because of this variability, such a scale would always result in patients whose calculated severity score differed unacceptably from the median expert severity score, which was considered to be the 'gold standard'.ConclusionsAlthough consensus was reached on the six key items for assessing phenotypic severity in MPS I, expert opinion on phenotypic severity at diagnosis proved to be highly variable. This subjectivity emphasizes the need for validated biomarkers and improved genotype-phenotype correlations that can be incorporated into phenotypic severity assessments at diagnosis.
Patterns of endogenous steroids in apathetic refugee children are compatible with long-term stress
Authors: Söndergaard Hans Peter , Kushnir Mark M , Aronsson Bernice , Sandstedt Per , Bergquist Jonas 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
During the last few years, a number of children of asylum applicants in Sweden developed an apathetic or unconscious state. The syndrome was perceived as new, and various explanations were advanced such as factitious disorder, intoxication, or stress. Considering a potential association between traumatic stress and regulation of steroids biosynthesis, this study explored whether changes in concentrations of endogenous steroids were associated with the above syndrome.

Methods
Eleven children were recruited in the study. Concentrations of steroids in blood samples were determined using high sensitivity liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods. Symptoms were assessed with a clinical rating scale developed for the study. Steroid concentrations were measured at the entry into study and after recovery; and concentrations were evaluated for the association with the symptoms in apathetic children.

Results
Cortisol and cortisone concentrations at baseline were negatively associated with duration of the symptoms from entry into the study to clinical recovery. Higher concentrations of pregnanes (pregnenolone, 17-OH-pregnenolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone) were observed in the symptomatic state and the concentrations decreased after the recovery.

Conclusions
Pattern of low cortisol concentrations found in apathetic children is consistent with long-term stress. An increase of upstream steroid metabolites (pregnanes) was found to be associated with the symptomatic state.
Modeling squirt dispersion and attenuation in fluid-saturated rocks using pressure dependency of dry ultrasonic velocities
Authors: de Paula Osni Bastos , Pervukhina Marina , Makarynska Dina , Gurevich Boris 
Published: April 2012

Modeling dispersion and attenuation of elastic waves in fluid-saturated rocks due to squirt flow requires the knowledge of a number of geometrical parameters of the pore space, in particular, the characteristic aspect ratio of the pores. These parameters are usually inferred by fitting measurements on saturated rocks to model predictions. To eliminate such fitting and thus make the model more predictive, we propose to recover the geometrical parameters of the pore space from the pressure dependency of elastic moduli on dry samples. Our analysis showed that the pressure dependency of elastic properties of rocks (and their deviation from Gassmann’s prediction) at ultrasonic frequencies is controlled by the squirt flow between equant, stiff, and so-called intermediate pores (with aspect ratios between [Formula: see text]). Such intermediate porosity is expected to close at confining pressures of between 200 and 2000 MPa, and thus cannot be directly obtained from ultrasonic experiments performed at pressures below 50 MPa. However, the presence of this intermediate porosity is inferred from the significant linear trend in the pressure dependency of elastic properties of the dry rock and the difference between the bulk modulus of the dry rock computed for spherical pores and the measured modulus at 50 MPa. Moreover, we can infer the magnitude of the intermediate porosity and its characteristic aspect ratio. Substituting these parameters into the squirt model, we have computed elastic moduli and velocities of the water-saturated rock and compared these predictions against laboratory measurements of these velocities. The agreement is good for a number of clean sandstones, but not unexpectedly worse for a broad range of shaley sandstones. Our predictions showed that dispersion and attenuation caused by the squirt flow between compliant and stiff pores may occur in the seismic frequency band. Confirmation of this prediction requires laboratory measurements of elastic properties at these frequencies.
Do We Want a Revolution without Revolution? Reflections on Political Authority
Authors: Edelstein Dan 
Published: April 2012

How can we move past revisionism? This article suggests that a first step is to recognize its strengths: Furet was right to underscore the transformative effects of revolution on political culture. But his interpretation of its significance was flawed. Not only did the events of July 1789 transform the understanding of revolution that had prevailed in previous months, but this concept continued to evolve over the next four years. It gradually went from being identified with a popular “right of resistance” to becoming a future-oriented and open-ended concept, associated with state action. This transformation peaked in October 1793, when the National Convention declared “revolutionary government.” At this point, revolution provided the sole political authority for the Revolution. This legacy of the French Revolution would live on in the great revolutions of the twentieth century.
Comment sortir de l’impasse du révisionnisme? Cet article suggère qu’en premier lieu il faut reconnaître ses atouts: Furet avait raison de souligner le pouvoir transformateur de la révolution sur la culture politique. Mais l’interprétation qu’il donna de son sens est insuffisant. Les événements de juillet 1789 ont non seulement transformé la signification de « révolution » qui était en cours les mois précédents, mais ce concept a continué d’évoluer pendant les quatre années suivantes. D’abord identifié comme un droit populaire de résistance, il s’est transformé progressivement en un concept ouvert, orienté vers le futur, et associé avec le pouvoir d’état. Cette transformation toucha son comble en octobre 1793, quand la Convention proclama le « gouvernement révolutionnaire ». Dès ce moment, la révolution constitua la seule autorité politique pour la Révolution. Cette contribution de la Révolution française se retrouvera dans les grandes révolutions du vingtième siècle.
“He Who Rushes to Riches Will Not Be Innocent”: Commercial Values and Commercial Failure in Postrevolutionary France
Authors: Vause Erika 
Published: April 2012

While scholars have written widely on the importance of honor in postrevolutionary France, the construction of commercial honor has been little discussed. This article examines the bankruptcy and subsequent trial of the banker Demiannay in Restoration Rouen with particular attention to the role of commercial honor and dishonor in practices and discourses surrounding business failure in the early nineteenth century. A careful reconstruction of the events preceding the bankruptcy reveals the intertwining of social and financial networks and the importance of emotions and not just rational calculation in economic decision making. In Demiannay’s trial, narratives concerning ambition, family obligation, and self-interest, mobilized by all parties, defined what it meant to fail “honorably” and at the same time justified the existing socioeconomic order.
Alors que l’importance de l’honneur dans la France post-révolutionnaire a été largement étudiée, la construction de l’honneur commercial n’a pas reçu la même attention historiographique. Cet article traite de la faillite et du procès du banquier Demiannay dans le Rouen de la Restoration. Une reconstruction minutieuse des événements qui ont précédé la chute de la banque révèle un monde émotionnel dans lequel les réseaux financiers et sociaux sont entremêlés et où les émotions jouent un rôle aussi important que le calcul rationnel dans les décisions économiques. Lors du procès, les récits construits par les différentes parties autour des notions d’honneur, d’ambition, d’obligation familiale et d’intérêt personnel ont défini ce que signifiait une « faillite honorable » et en même temps ont justifié l’ordre socioéconomique traditionnel.
Directly Linked Corrole Oligomers via Facile Oxidative 3–3′ Coupling Reaction
Authors: Hirabayashi Sho , Omote Masato , Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Upon heating with p-chloranil in CHCl3, 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (1H) underwent regioselective oxidative coupling reaction at the 3,3′-position to give dimer 2H and trimer 3H. Oxidation of 2H with p-fluoranil gave tetramer 4H and hexamer 6H. The crystal structures have been revealed for 2H, cobalt(III) complexed trimer 3Co·py6, and tetramer 4Co·py8.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Study on the Intercalation Compound of KTiNbO5 with Cationic Metalloporphyrin
Authors: Ma Juanjuan , Shao Feng , Liu Lin , Zhang Dongen , Gong Junyan , Tong Zhiwei 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A cationic metalloporphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrinatoiron(III), FeTMPyP, was successfully intercalated into layered titanoniobate (KTiNbO5) through a guest-exchange method by using PrNH3+–TiNbO5 as an intermediate. The characterizations for the intercalation compound FeTMPyP–TiNbO5 were carried out by means of XRD, elemental analysis, and UV–vis absorption spectra. Electrochemical studies reveal that the glass carbon electrode modified with FeTMPyP–TiNbO5 hybrid exhibits good redox activity.
Thermodynamics of Lipoplex Formation: Relationship between the Lipid Alkyl Tail Length and Thermodynamic Functions
Authors: Fujii Shota , Nishimura Tomoki , Sakurai Kazuo 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The formation of a cationic-lipid/DNA complex (lipoplex), where the lipids that have a quaternary amine headgroup and alkyl tails of various lengths are newly synthesized, was investigated by use of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS showed that all of the samples formed a lamellar structure with DNA sandwiched between the lipid bilayers. For the hexyl tail, ITC showed an exothermic response, while for the nonyl and dodecyl tails, it was endothermic. We propose a lipoplex formation model to explain both SAXS and ITC results.
A customised collared polished stem may reduce the complication rate of impaction grafting in revision hip surgery
Authors: Flecher X. , Blanc G. , Sainsous B. , Parratte S. , Argenson J-N. 
Published: April 2012

We describe the results of 81 consecutive revision total hip replacements with impaction grafting in 79 patients using a collared polished chrome–cobalt stem, customised in length according to the extent of distal bone loss. Our hypothesis was that the features of this stem would reduce the rate of femoral fracture and subsidence of the stem.The mean follow-up was 12 years (8 to 15). No intra-operative fracture or significant subsidence occurred. Only one patient suffered a post-operative diaphyseal fracture, which was associated with a fall. All but one femur showed incorporation of the graft. No revision for aseptic loosening was recorded.The rate of survival of the femoral component at 12 years, using further femoral revision as the endpoint, was 100% (95% confidence interval (CI) 95.9 to 100), and at nine years using re-operation for any reason as the endpoint, was 94.6% (95% CI 92.0 to 97.2).These results suggest that a customised cemented polished stem individually adapted to the extent of bone loss and with a collar may reduce subsidence and the rate of fracture while maintaining the durability of the fixation.