bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotics in dementia: prevalence and quality of antipsychotic drug prescribing in UK mental health services
Authors: Barnes Thomas R. E. , Banerjee Sube , Collins Noel , Treloar Adrian , McIntyre Samantha M. , Paton Carol 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundUp to a quarter of people in the UK with a diagnosis of dementia are prescribed an antipsychotic in any year. The potential risks of such treatment are becoming clearer, but the benefits remain uncertain. Concern about the frequency and quality of such prescribing was expressed in the National Dementia Strategy for England in 2009.AimsTo provide an estimate of the prevalence of antipsychotic use for dementia in secondary mental health services in the UK and to collect data relevant to quality improvement initiatives for such prescribing practice.MethodIn the context of a UK quality improvement programme, relevant clinical audit data were collected for patients with dementia under the care of specialist older people's mental health services.ResultsFifty-four mental health National Health Service (NHS) trusts submitted data on 10 199 patients. Of those patients without comorbid psychotic illness, 1620 (16%) were prescribed an antipsychotic; the common clinical indications for such medication were agitation, psychotic symptoms, aggression and distress. Multivariable regression found younger age, care home or in-patient setting, vascular or Parkinson's disease dementia and greater severity of dementia to be all significantly associated with being prescribed antipsychotic medication. Of the 1001 (62%) patients prescribed treatment for more than 6 months, only three-quarters had a documented review of therapeutic response in the previous 6 months.ConclusionsThe data reveal areas of relatively good current practice, including consideration of alternatives to antipsychotic medication and clear documentation of target symptoms. They also suggest areas for improvement, such as the frequency and quality of review of long-term medication. Strategies to reduce antipsychotic use should take account of the demographic and clinical variables predicting increased likelihood of antipsychotic prescription.
Update in Utility of Secondary Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Steward David L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground:Detection of recurrent/persistent thyroid cancer has improved significantly in the past decade. Disease is detected earlier in recently treated patients and localized in patients long out from initial treatment. This update reviews recent literature regarding the utility of secondary node dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Outcomes include disease-free status measured biochemically and clinically.Results:The utility of secondary node dissection as measured by clinically detectable disease exceeds 70% for all series and 90% for most. The utility as measured biochemically is more modest, with rates of biochemical cure ranging from 27–81% depending upon strictness of definition and patient selection. In predominately radioiodine scan-negative patients, using the strictest definition of biochemical cure, undetectable stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) of less than 0.5 ng/ml, a rate of 27% is reported. Biochemical cure rates are reportedly 30–51% for stimulated Tg of less than 2 ng/ml and 56–71% for basal Tg of less than 2 ng/ml, with higher preoperative Tg levels less likely to achieve biochemical cure. Radioiodine-avid disease appears more amenable to cure, with 81% of patients achieving negative stimulated Tg after repeat I131 treatment and radio-assisted surgery. Complication rates of secondary nodal surgery appear similar to initial surgery in experienced hands; however, bilateral reoperative central neck dissection is associated with significantly higher complication rates than unilateral.Summary:Surgical resolution of clinically detectable disease is likely. Biochemical cure rates are more modest, with the greatest likelihood of biochemical cure occurring in patients with radioiodine-avid disease. In radioiodine-negative patients, there may be a higher likelihood of biochemical cure for those with lower preoperative detectable Tg levels.
Les Compagnies D’officiers « Moyens » Entre Déplorations Collectives Et Mobilisations Corporatives Au Début Du Xviiie Siècle
Authors: Meyzie Vincent 
Published: July 2012

Les approches actuelles du fonctionnement pratique de la monarchie suggèrent le net affaiblissement de la collaboration sociale entre élites provinciales et Etat royal durant la seconde moitié du règne de Louis XIV. Par l’étude à l’échelle du royaume de la création d’une nouvelle charge dans les élections, l’article démontre le poids à la fois ressenti et réel de la politique vénale intensive dans des compagnies de second rang négligées par l’historiographie et propose une lecture affinée du modèle de l’économie politique de l’office de David Bien. L’expansion officière engendre une conflictualité fréquente et protéiforme au sein des corps qui entraîne l’intervention autoritaire et récurrente du roi. Elle suscite de nombreuses plaintes corporatives, révélatrices des coûts de l’intermédiation financière mais incapables de procurer aux élections des avantages favorables lors des négociations. Maltraitées par un pouvoir monarchique indifférent, elles incarnent l’archétype des compagnies pénalisées par le renforcement concomitant de l’Etat de finance.
Current approaches to the sociopolitical workings of the monarchy suggest that the collaboration between the provincial elites and the royal state weakened during the latter half of the reign of Louis XIV. By studying the burdens associated with élections, this article examines the effects of the extreme venal policy on second-rank companies, a subject largely neglected in historiographical works. Refining David Bien’s model of the political economy of the offices, this article demonstrates that the expansion of offices created recurring, multifaceted conflict within the corps; this, in turn, led to the regular intervention of an authoritarian king. The actions of the monarchy incited numerous collective complaints that underscored the cost of the state’s financial intermediation but were ultimately unable to bring about desired ends during negotiations. The élections embody the typical plight of such companies, mistreated by a royal power indifferent to their demands and hurt by the policies of the fiscal state.
Detecting Cutleaf Teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) along a Missouri Highway with Hyperspectral Imagery
Authors: Bentivegna Diego J. , Smeda Reid J. , Wang Cuizhen 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCutleaf teasel is an invasive, biennial plant that poses a significant threat to native species along roadsides in Missouri. Flowering plants, together with understory rosettes, often grow in dense patches. Detection of cutleaf teasel patches and accurate assessment of the infested area can enable targeted management along highways. Few studies have been conducted to identify specific species among a complex of vegetation composition along roadsides. In this study, hyperspectral images (63 bands in visible to near-infrared spectral region) with high spatial resolution (1 m) were analyzed to detect cutleaf teasel in two areas along a 6.44-km (4-mi) section of Interstate I-70 in mid Missouri. The identified classes included cutleaf teasel, bare soil, tree/shrub, grass/other broadleaf plants, and water. Classification of cutleaf teasel reached a user's accuracy of 82 to 84% and a producer's accuracy of 89% in the two sites. The conditional κ value was around 0.9 in both sites. The image-classified cutleaf teasel map provides a practical mechanism for identifying locations and extents of cutleaf teasel infestation so that specific cutleaf teasel management techniques can be implemented.Cutleaf teasel is an exotic weed that infests roadside environments in Missouri. As a growing biennial, the plant develops as a rosette during the first year and bolts during the second. Dense patches contain flowering plants with understory rosettes. The objective of this work was to develop approaches for detecting cutleaf teasel patches with accurate assessment in a complex of species along a roadside. Thus, management of cutleaf teasel could be located at specific sites. Two hyperspectral images (63 bands with 1-m spatial resolution) were analyzed to detect cutleaf teasel along the Interstate Highway I-70 in mid Missouri. Classification of cutleaf teasel reached a user's accuracy of 82 to 84% and a producer's accuracy of 89% at the two sites. The image-classified teasel map provides a practical mechanism for identifying the locations and extents of cutleaf teasel infestation so that specific management techniques can be implemented.
Effects of Targeted Grazing and Prescribed Burning on Community and Seed Dynamics of a Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)–Dominated Landscape
Authors: Diamond Joel M. , Call Christopher A. , Devoe Nora 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDowny brome (Bromus tectorumL.)—dominated communities can remain as stable states for long periods, even with frequent disturbance by grazing and fire. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using targeted cattle grazing and late-season prescribed burning, alone and in combination, to reduceB. tectorumseed bank input and seed bank density and thus alter aboveground community dynamics (species composition) on aB. tectorum–dominated landscape in northern Nevada. Cattle removed 80 to 90% of standing biomass in grazed plots in May of 2005 and 2006 whenB. tectorumwas in the boot (phenological) stage. Grazed and ungrazed plots were burned in October 2005 and 2006. The combined grazing–burning treatment was more effective than either treatment alone in reducingB. tectorumseed input and seed bank density, and in shifting species composition from a community dominated byB. tectorumto one composed of a suite of species, withB. tectorumas a component rather than a dominant. This study provides a meso-scale precursor for landscape-scale adaptive management using grazing and burning methodologies.
Water Quality Improvement of a Reservoir Invaded by an Exotic Macrophyte
Authors: Rodríguez Mariana , Brisson Jacques , Rueda Guillermo , Rodríguez Manuel S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the macrophyte waterhyacinth on the water quality of a reservoir in Colombia. Postinvasion water quality assessments were performed during three different hydrological periods and compared with preinvasion data. The results show that water quality has improved, especially in terms of transparency, showing an increase in Secchi disk values from 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.6 ft). The analysis strongly suggests that the improvement in water quality is due to the filtering and precipitation effects provided by waterhyacinth. This case highlights the dilemma of managing an invasive species that provides a beneficial ecological service while posing a high ecological risk.
Effects of Simulated Defoliation on Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of an Invasive Liana, Ipomoea cairica (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: Li Weihua , Tian Xingshan , Luo Jianning , Dai Yanhong , Peng Changlian 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTo better understand the response of Ipomoea cairica (Cairo morningglory) to herbivory, the compensatory growth and photosynthetic characteristics of plants were measured after simulated herbivory by leaf trimming at four intensities: 25, 50, 75, and 100% removal, starting from the apex. Defoliation at 25% had no significant influence on plant biomass, but the total biomass (−19 to −66%) and root biomass (−31 to −75%) of the plants decreased significantly when defoliation intensity was ≥ 50% (P < 0.05). Photosynthetic rates (Pn) increased with defoliation intensity (P < 0.01), and Pn values in the defoliated plants were 10 to 72% greater than those in the control plants, a relationship that could be attributed to a decrease in stomatal limitation (−11 to −34%) and the increase in rubisco content (9 to 18%) as well as higher photosynthetic efficiency and less light energy dissipated as heat. At defoliation intensities up to 50%, plants needed more energy to compensate photosynthetically, which could influence the plant photosynthetic characteristics as well as the allocation of assimilates, resulting in less root development. Since the spread of I. cairica depends primarily on clonal growth, smaller roots could limit uptake of nutrients from the soil. These direct and indirect effects indicate that leaf-feeding herbivores may have potential for biological control of I. cairica but to have any effect the herbivores would need to consume ≥ 50% of the leaf biomass.
Intramedullary lesion expansion on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with motor complete cervical spinal cord injury
Authors: Aarabi Bizhan , Simard J. Marc , Kufera Joseph A. , Alexander Melvin , Zacherl Katie M. , Mirvis Stuart E. , Shanmuganathan Kathirkamanthan , Schwartzbauer Gary , Maulucci Christopher M. , Slavin Justin , Ali Khawar , Massetti Jennifer , Eisenberg Howard M. 
Published: July 2012

Object
The authors performed a study to determine if lesion expansion occurs in humans during the early hours after spinal cord injury (SCI), as has been established in rodent models of SCI, and to identify factors that might predict lesion expansion.

Methods
The authors studied 42 patients with acute cervical SCI and admission American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grades A (35 patients) and B (7 patients) in whom 2 consecutive MRI scans were obtained 3–134 hours after trauma. They recorded demographic data, clinical information, Injury Severity Score (ISS), admission MRI-documented spinal canal and cord characteristics, and management strategies.

Results
The characteristics of the cohort were as follows: male/female ratio 37:5; mean age, 34.6 years; and cause of injury, motor vehicle collision, falls, and sport injuries in 40 of 42 cases. The first MRI study was performed 6.8 ±2.7 hours (mean ± SD) after injury, and the second was performed 54.5 ± 32.3 hours after injury. The rostrocaudal intramedullary length of the lesion on the first MRI scan was 59.2 ± 16.1 mm, whereas its length on the second was 88.5 ± 31.9 mm. The principal factors associated with lesion length on the first MRI study were the time between injury and imaging (p = 0.05) and the time to decompression (p = 0.03). The lesion's rate of rostrocaudal intramedullary expansion in the interval between the first and second MRI was 0.9 ± 0.8 mm/hour. The principal factors associated with the rate of expansion were the maximum spinal cord compression (p = 0.03) and the mechanism of injury (p = 0.05).

Conclusions
Spinal cord injury in humans is characterized by lesion expansion during the hours following trauma. Lesion expansion has a positive relationship with spinal cord compression and may be mitigated by early surgical decompression. Lesion expansion may be a novel surrogate measure by which to assess therapeutic effects in surgical or drug trials.
Corneal Thickness Measurements Using Time-domain Anterior Segment OCT, Ultrasound, and Scheimpflug Tomographer Pachymetry Before and After Corneal Cross-linking for Keratoconus
Authors: Mencucci Rita , Paladini Iacopo , Virgili Gianni , Giacomelli Giovanni , Menchini Ugo 
Published: July 2012

PURPOSE:
To compare minimum corneal pachymetry assessment using three measurement methods in eyes before and after corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) for keratoconus.

METHODS:
Fifty patients (54 eyes) who underwent CXL for keratoconus were evaluated with the Visante (Carl Zeiss Meditec), Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH), and ultrasound pachymetry (USP) (Optikon Pacline) to assess corneal thickness at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment.

RESULTS:

Using USP, mean thickness was 456 μm at baseline, decreased by approximately 8 μm at 1 month, and then recovered to initial values. The mean difference between Visante and USP was statistically significant, but not clinically significant, and was similar at baseline and after CXL (−1 to −2 μm,
P
<.05 except for 12 months). Pentacam had similar readings at baseline (−2 μm vs USP), but lower corneal thickness after CXL (−12 to −20 μm throughout follow-up,
P
<.001). The width of the Bland–Altman 95% agreement interval of Visante and Pentacam with USP was approximately 5 μm and 15 μm, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
Visante pachymetry shows better agreement with USP compared to Pentacam after CXL, which may be due to the inhomogeneous reflectivity of the postoperative cross-linked cornea and possibly altered refractive index and acoustic impedance that may influence the observed differences among techniques.
Existence of Weak Solutions of Linear Subelliptic Dirichlet Problems with Rough Coefficients
Authors: Rodney Scott 
Published: July 2012

Abstract This article gives an existence theory for weak solutions of second order non-elliptic linear Dirichlet problems of the formThe principal part ξ'P(x)ξ of the above equation is assumed to be comparable to a quadratic form Q(x,ξ)=ξ'Q(x)ξ that may vanish for non-zero ξ ∊ ℝn. This is achieved using techniques of functional analysis applied to the degenerate Sobolev spaces QH1 (Θ)=W1,2(Θ,Q) and QH10(Θ)= W1,20 (Θ,Q)as defined in previous works. E.T. Sawyer and R.L. Wheeden (2010) have given a regularity theory for a subset of the class of equations dealt with here.
Over-Supply and Manufacturing Localization
Authors: Garbelli Maria Emilia 
Published: July 2012

Manufacturing localization in over-supply markets is a particularly complex problem. The starting point is the set of principles on which a localization choice is usually based (proximity to the outlet and supply markets, state-related incentives, etc.). However, such a choice cannot be made without taking several additional factors into account – from the unsold goods problem to the cooperation between companies. In contexts characterized by instability, market-driven businesses pursue a double advantage: they assign a central role to market requirements while showing open mindedness and a readiness to react to the many rapid changes in the context. Market instability is reflected in the manufacturing sites, by quickly cancelling out benefits derived from the adopted localization solutions, and thus making it difficult for businesses to make choices, that is, adopting options that remain valid and almost unchanged over the long term.
The Global Compact. Corporate Leadership in the World Economy
Authors: Annan Kofi 
Published: July 2012

United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan first proposed the Global Compact in an address to The World Economic Forum on the 31st January 1999. The Global Compact’s operational phase was launched at UN Headquarters in New York on the 26th July 2000. The Secretary-General challenged business leaders to join an international initiative – the Global Compact – that would bring companies together with UN agencies, labour and civil society to support nine principles in the areas of human rights, labour and the environment. The Global Compact is a voluntary corporate citizenship initiative. The Global Compact is a network. The Global Compact involves all the relevant social actors: governments, companies, civil society organizations, and The United Nations.
The Art Market, Global Economy and Information Transparency
Authors: Codignola Federica 
Published: July 2012

The economic role of art is sustained by complex marketing processes, which tend to modify the aims and conditions of artistic enterprise. The great dynamism which characterises the global markets in which businesses move nowadays also affects artistic enterprises and hence the artist cumentrepreneur. In the global art market, therefore, information flow between demand, supply and distribution, risks being asymmetrical. With globalisation, the art market has recorded considerable changes. The market has become internationalised up to the point of becoming a worldwide market. On the whole, globalisation of the art market appears to have favoured an increase in supply and its revitalization, too. Demand has undergone a remarkable growth, probably due also to its fragmentation and diversification.
Ouverture de ‘Over-Supply and Global Markets – 1’
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M. 
Published: July 2012

Since the start of the third Millennium, manufacturing globalisation (with the delocalisation of manufacturing activities from socially advanced countries to new areas), the opening of new consumer and import-export markets, and finally the digitalisation of communication, have combined to push many markets into a state of over-supply. In a state of over-supply, global corporate management is defined by the supremacy of intangible assets on one hand and by the crucial importance of a dynamic and complex competition space on the other (market-space management).
Product Differentiation Costs and Global Competition
Authors: Garbelli Maria Emilia 
Published: July 2012

The growing competitive intensity on the markets determines the emergence of competition costs that are expressed at a corporate level and have implicit repercussions for the supply system. This type of costs makes it possible to identify a close link between competition costs and supply differentiation costs. Classification by competitive intensity presupposes that the analysis performed identifies the classification of company costs as the discriminating element, in terms of the competitive pressure of the context in which the firm operates. The emergence of competition costs is linked to an attempt to squeeze them as an aspect of vertical, or more specifically, horizontal cooperation strategies.
Ouverture de ‘Communication and Global Markets’
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M. 
Published: July 2012

Communication is a complex phenomenon, with numerous scientific and operational dimensions, the most significant of which are: psychology, sociology, technology, legal, ethics, economics and management. In the managerial dimension, communication reveals a relatively recent theoretical ‘body’, which has developed to outline the many innovative experiences of businesses, and particularly of organisations involved in the competitive processes of globalisation. In the last years, digital communication has radically altered relations between business and the market, cancelling the spatial constraints of relations and influencing the management of time in action/reaction competition. Modern global corporate communication is managed, on one hand, by analogical communication (with a hierarchical dominance of the source and the passive interest of the audience) that develop one-way communication policies (push strategy communication); and, on the other, it is managed by digital communication to stimulate the active interest of individually profiled targets that cease to be just passive receivers while they activate two-way communication processes (pull strategy communication).
Global Markets and Contemporary Art
Authors: Codignola Federica 
Published: July 2012

Today’s contemporary art world has to come to terms with a highly unstable socioeconomic context that is evolving rapidly and constantly, with the result that any analysis to establish the state of the demand and supply of artistic goods and services in a global scenario is quite complex. The supply of contemporary art is renewed and must continue to be renewed, in line with the recent requirements of demand and with economic and technological changes.