bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatic and “X” agglutinins to theSalmonellagroup
Authors: Cruickshank J. C. 
Published: May 2009

An examination was made of 200 Wassermann sera, thirty-eight sera from typhoid, twenty-five from paratyphoid B and thirty-one from tuberculous cases, for somatic agglutinins to a range of Salmonellas representative of the O groups then available.In the Wassermann sera O agglutinins, except toBact. typhosumandBact. paratyphosumB, were rare, and the titres against these organisms were low, attaining a titre of 1: 80 againstBact. typhosumin one serum only.The sera of the enteric cases mostly possessed agglutinins to bothBact. typhosumO andBact. paratyphosumB O. Cross-relations withBact. paratyphosumA,Bact. londonand, to a less extent,Bact. paratyphosumC, were common in the typhoid sera. Otherwise there was no evidence of relation amongst the somatic groups tested.The response to T.A.B. inoculation of fifteen individuals suggested also the relation of some organism in the vaccine toBact. londonand its probable lack of relation to the other somatic groups.There was no evidence of increased frequency ofSalmonellaagglutinins in tuberculous cases.The cross-relations of the Salmonellas was found to be due to the possession of minor antigenic components and not to possession of X antigen, which was absent from the suspensions used. X agglutinins were not more frequent in the pathological than in the Wassermann sera.The relation of these findings to the diagnostic agglutination test is discussed, and the possibility of error consequent upon the use of suspensions containing X antigen is pointed out.
The effects of morphine, diacetylmorphine and some related alkaloids upon the alimentary tract: Part III. Caecum and colon
Authors: Myers G. Norman 
Published: May 2009

1. The effects of morphine, heroin, codeine, dilaudid, dicodid and eukadol upon the caecum and colon are described.2. Small quantities of morphine produce a rapid increase in tone and amplitude of movements lasting many hours. Large doses result in a spastic contraction of the intestine with diminution of peristaltic movements.3. The effects of heroin closely resemble those of morphine; it usually produces a greater increase in tone than morphine but the movements are not so great. Heroin is about 30% more active than morphine.4. Codeine appears to be the weakest member of the series. It causes a slight increase in tone and peristaltic movements which never last very long.5. Dilaudid produces effects which closely resemble those of morphine and heroin but it is approximately 7.5 times more potent than morphine. Intestinal tone is increased at first but may be subnormal at the 3 or 4 hr. stage. The maximum amplitude of peristaltic movements is seen at the 3 hr. stage.6. Dicodid increases the tone, and particularly the peristaltic movements. The effects upon the general tone are moderate, much less than those of morphine, heroin or dilaudid. The increase in the amplitude of the movements is, however, much greater than with any other of the drugs. It differs from the others in producing its effects only after a long latent interval of 1–2 hr.7. Eukadol increases the peristaltic movements in a marked way and is more active in this respect than either morphine or heroin, but is inferior to dicodid. Its effects upon tone are very transient and never very marked.8. The effects of all these drugs upon the tone and peristaltic movements are at once abolished by adrenalin or atropine. Except morphine and eukadol, these drugs failed to produce their effects when administered after full doses of atropine.9. The injection of hypophysin during the phase of increased muscular activity following the injection of these drugs, always causes an immediate abolition or diminution of the peristaltic movements and loss of tone to a subnormal level. There is however a rapid recovery from this state and approximately 5–10 min. later the movements are increased to an amplitude far in excess of that seen perior to the injection of hypophysin.
Air purification by hypochlorous acid gas
Authors: Masterman A. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. A short synopsis of research upon application of hypochlorites to airpurification is given.2. A short review of the most recent work on this subject shows that:(a) Of the “nebulizers” employed by Baker, Finn & Twort (1940) the “Atmozon” is incapable of consistent atomizing of hypochlorites, whilst the “Aerograph” has an efficiency much below that of modern atomizers.(b) The data obtained by them, after due allowance for defective technique, can be interpreted as fully confirming the view that HOCl gas is the active germicide in hypochlorite spraying. Sterility can be approximately attained (99·75% reduction) by HOCl gas with a volumetric concentration in air, of not more than (3·5 × 109)−1.(c) The application of the “Aerosol” theory is discussed and reasons given for its non-applicability to hypochlorite spraying.(d) Alleged drawbacks to this practical application of hypochlorite air disinfection are discussed and shown to be of no practical importance.
The serological diagnosis of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis): a new technique
Authors: Barrett A. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The agglutination titres for sheep and for horse erythrocytes of 100 normal sera and twenty-seven glandular fever sera have been determined.2. The results of the sheep-cell agglutination tests on normal sera differed considerably from those of Stuart, Burgess, Lawson & Wellman (1934) whose technique was used. The reason for this difference was not determined. It was thought to have some bearing upon the interpretation of sheep-cell agglutination tests in the diagnosis of glandular fever.3. Although in the glandular fever sera the horse-cell titre was usually higher than the sheep-cell titre, the normal range for horse cells was also higher, and in the diagnosis of glandular fever there did not appear to be any advantage in using horse cells instead of sheep cells.4. The value of absorption tests in the diagnosis of glandular fever is discussed and a new technique described which has practical advantages over other methods although it does not embody any important new principles.5. Of 300 normal sera examined by this technique, five contained small amounts of an antibody indistinguishable from glandular fever antibody and ten others contained a sheep-cell agglutinin apparently, though not certainly, different from any yet recognized in human serum.6. A comparison of the results of the two tests on thirty-one samples of glandular fever serum showed the absorption test to be a more sensitive diagnostic test for glandular fever than the ordinary sheep-cell agglutination test.
An apparatus for the safe inoculation of animals with dangerous pathogens
Authors: van den Ende M. 
Published: May 2009

An apparatus which prevents the distribution of infective droplets into the air of the laboratory during the intranasal inoculation of mice is described.Experiments using Chr. prodigiosum as indicator organism are described to show the extent and duration of the droplet dissemination by inoculated mice, and the effect of the apparatus in reducing this dissemination.We wish to express our thanks to Dr R. B. Bourdillon for many suggestions in the design of the apparatus, and to Mr C. D. Sutton for the photographs.
An agglutinogen common to certain strains of lactose and non-lactose-fermenting coliform bacilli
Authors: Stamp Lord , Stone Doris M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Certain strains of lactose and non-lactose-fermenting coliform bacilli have been found to possess a common agglutinogen. This antigen is found in both motile and non-motile smooth strains and appears to be distinct from ‘H’, ‘O’ and rough antigens, and from the X antigen described by Topley & Ayrton. In certain respects it seems to resemble the Vi antigen of Felix & Pitt, notably in the inhibitory effect it exerts on ‘O’ agglutination. It is, however, not associated with virulence and is of relatively wide distribution.2. The strains, when inoculated into rabbits, stimulate the production to high titre of an agglutinin which can be absorbed out completely by any one of the strains.3. Subculture of the strains under certain conditions results in the loss of the antigen and the development of specific variants.4. Agglutinins to these strains have been found in certain diagnostic sera and may prove a possible source of error, particularly if slide agglutination is relied on for identification.We take this opportunity of expressing our thanks to Prof. G. S. Wilson for the loan of Bact. typhi-murium ‘X’ antiserum.
Etiological factors in broncho-pneumonia amongst infants in London
Authors: Wright G. Payling , Wright Helen Payling 
Published: May 2009

1. In the period 1923–39, more than one-fifth of all deaths in the age group 0-2 years in the Administrative County of London are recorded as having been caused by bronchitis or broncho-pneumonia. It is very unlikely that the returns have been exaggerated by more than 10–15% through the inclusion of deaths from secondary broncho-pneumonia following measles, whooping cough or influenza. In the 8 years in which measles epidemics occurred, the peak of the measles mortality was from 2 to 17 weeks after, and never before, that of the mortality from broncho-pneumonia.2. The winter rise in mortality from broncho-pneumonia is not associated with any comparable increase in the carrier rates for pneumococci and haemolytic streptococci.3. The broncho-pneumonia mortality of infants in the Metropolitan Boroughs is strongly correlated with sub-standard housing incidence, social index and percentage below the poverty line. The relatively small value found for the coefficient of regression between broncho-pneumonia mortality and sub-standard housing may be due to the less rigorous winter temperatures occurring in the more overcrowded central areas.4. Low external temperature appears to be the most important predisposing cause of fatal broncho-pneumonia in infants; their weekly death-rate from this disease in mid-winter is about seven times that in the late summer. This great seasonal fluctuation in mortality is also found for persons over 55 years in the Administrative County, and for persons of all ages in both the urban and rural districts of the Home Counties.5. The weekly mortalities of infants from broncho-pneumonia in the Administrative County are most strongly correlated with low temperatures 2 weeks earlier. The two variables are so associated that the mortality rises sharply when the mean temperature of the coldest day of the week falls below 40° F. There is no indication that low temperatures in the spring are associated with higher death-rates from broncho-pneumonia than the same temperatures in the autumn, so that the data provide no support for the supposition that susceptibility increases during the winter in consequence of the progressive depletion in the body of protective nutrient substances.6. Possible measures to reduce the mortality of infants from broncho-pneumonia are discussed.
A study of the Vi agglutination test for the detection of typhoid carriers
Authors: Mackenzie E. F. W. , Taylor E. Windle 
Published: May 2009

A total of 1040 individuals has been examined for the typhoid carrier state by the O, H and Vi agglutination tests. Some observations have been made upon the technique of the Vi test.Estimation of the O and H agglutinins proved unsuitable as a preliminary test owing to the high proportion of positive reactors. The Vi test, in contrast, gave a positive result in only a small percentage of those tested and brought the cultural work subsequently required within practical limits. All positive reactors were examined by cultural methods, and in no case were the organisms of enteric fever recovered.The relative merits of the various tests available for the detection of carriers are discussed and certain tentative conclusions are expressed.
Studies in the dynamics of disinfection: III. The reaction between phenol andBact. coli: the effect of temperature and concentration: with a detailed analysis of the reaction velocity
Authors: Jordan R. C. , Jacobs S. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Details are given of further experiments on the disinfection ofBact. colicultures by phenol using an improved standardized technique. These were carried out at several temperatures at each of five phenol concentrations.2. An excess of high values of χ2was again observed at high mortalities. Reasons for the occurrence of this phenomenon are discussed.3. The logarithmic death-rates calculated between successive determinations of the surviving cells have been combined and analysed. Strong evidence was obtained that the death-rate rises to a maximum and then falls, sharply at first and then more slowly. There was some evidence for an initial rush in the death-rate.4. The method hitherto adopted for treating these data, based on the assumption that the death-rate rises to a maximum at which it remains constant, has been shown to be a fair approximation but one which leads to low values for thev.s.t.'s.5. Calculated estimates nearer to the true values for thev.s.t.'shave been obtained by treating the last phase of slow decline as one of constant death-rate. All values except those exceeding 1000 min. are increased by this change in method of calculation.6. The newv.s.t.'sdo not alter significantly the value previously obtained for the concentration exponent for phenol at 35°C.
Clinical nutritional surveys Relationship between observed signs
Authors: Adcock E. W. , Hammond W. H. , Magee H. E. 
Published: May 2009

The findings of clinical nutrition surveys of 3351 children aged 8–15 years and of 3326 adults, of both sexes, were analysed statistically to ascertain the relationship existing between nutritional grade (good, fair and poor) and the incidence of a variety of clinical signs (pityriasis, folliculosis, gingivitis, etc.) observed at the time of the medical examination but not taken into account in grading the subjects according to their state of nutrition.The analysis showed negligible correlations between the clinical signs singly and collectively and the clinician's nutritional grade. Further, when we compared the incidence of each clinical sign and the nutritional state as a combination of all the clinical signs (i.e. the general nutritional factor), there was negligible agreement as shown by the low general factor saturation coefficients, thus suggesting that the presence of these signs is not a dependable expression of the general state of nutrition.A special clinical survey of 1067 children was carried out to provide data which would throw light on the relationship between the criteria (posture, muscular development, etc.) which the clinician consciously takes into account but does not as a rule record in deciding the nutritional grade, and the nutritional grade itself. The grading criteria in the survey were separately assessed and recorded and so also were the usual clinical signs (pityriasis, gingivitis, etc.).For the grading criteria there was a high degree of correlation between each one and the nutritional grade and also between each one and the combined pool of all the criteria. The clinical signs showed only negligible correlations with each other, with the nutritional grade or with any of the grading criteria.It would seem, therefore, that nutritional assessment as at present understood is determined mainly by the value placed on the grading criteria (posture, muscular development, etc.), and to a negligible extent or not at all by the presence or absence of clinical signs (pityriasis, folliculosis, gingivitis, etc.).
Bacteriological investigation of the washing and sterilization of food containers
Authors: Knox R. , Walker Jacqueline 
Published: May 2009

1. We have investigated bacteriologically the conditions in a central meals kitchen from which about 3000 meals were issued daily to some 65 departments.2. Plate counts showed that the containers in which the meals were sent out contained large numbers of organisms, from several thousand to several hundred thousand per container.3. Counts of this order were obtained both before and after the routine method of washing.4. These counts were reduced to the order of a few hundred or less per container by steam sterilization.5. Exposure for 2–3 min. to steam from a simple jet sterilizer was effective for all except large insulated lids which required at least 5 min.6. Treatment for 5 min. in a chamber filled with steam from a boiler was effective with all types of containers and lids tested.7. If containers are to be sterilized at all they must be sterilized each time they are to be used.8. A great improvement in the bacteriological counts can be achieved by attention to the hygiene of washing, e.g. by the use of plenty of hot water with soap and soda or perhaps preferably with detergents, with a second sink of very hot water for rinsing, and by using fresh sterilized dish-cloths each time the washing water is changed.9. Counts almost as good as those given by steam sterilization were obtained by washing with soap and water at 48–50° C., wiping with a sterilized dish-cloth and then rinsing in a second sink of water at 75–80° C.10. The arguments for and against steam sterilization are discussed.This investigation was greatly helped by the co-operation of the Leicester Education Department.
Experiments on infection of cows with typhoid bacilli
Authors: Scott W. M. , Minett F. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. A cow given by the mouth very large doses of virulent typhoid bacilli (275 and 125 thousand millions) on two occasions at an interval of 29 days failed to show signs of infection or to pass the bacilli in faeces or milk.2. Of two-month-old calves, dosed with about 100 ml. ascites broth culture of typhoid mixed with milk, one became infected and typhoid bacilli were grown from the intestine and ileocaecal gland. Both, however, passed typhoid bacilli in the faeces on the first or second day after dosing.3. When large numbers of typhoid bacilli (say, 1–3 thousand millions) were instilled into the udder through the teat canal, excretion of the bacilli in the milk usually ceased within 10 days (fourteen quarters of four cows). In two quarters of one of these cows excretion continued for 25 and 27 days, and in two quarters of another cow for at least 85 days. The procedure usually caused an acute mastitis lasting for a few days, and the ‘H’ and ‘O’ agglutinin titre of the blood rose.4. When large numbers of typhoid bacilli were applied to the teat orifice, even when this had been grossly injured beforehand by slitting the sphincter, there was as a rule only a very transient infection. In eleven cases out of twelve, either the organism could not be found in the milk or was found for 1 day only; in the remaining case there was intermittent excretion for 7 days.5. The strain of typhoid used for most of the above experiments was of high Vi content and was isolated from the carrier involved in the Bournemouth-Poole epidemic of 1936.6. These experiments do not support the view that milk-borne typhoid outbreaks are brought about by an active infection of the cow and suggest that the main object of the epidemiologist must still be the location of the human carrier.7. The chances of typhoid bacilli growing in the milk after its withdrawal from the cow are stressed.This work was rendered possible by financial assistance from the Ministry of Health and from United Dairies Limited. Thanks are due to Dr A. Felix for providing a Vi-rich culture of typhoid, and to Dr V. D. Allison for valuable help in checking the draft paper and making suggestions.
Studies in the dynamics of disinfection. X. The effect of lethal temperatures on standard cultures ofBact. coli. III. on the variation of the rate of disinfection with temperature atpH 7·0, including the calculation of a new and constant temperature coefficient
Authors: Jordan R. C. , Jacobs S. E. , Davies H. E. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. The 99·99 % mortality time (t) has been used as a measure of the rate of disinfection of standard cultures ofBact. coliby heat under carefully controlled conditions, and the relationship between this rate and temperature (T) over the range 47–55° C. has been examined.2. From the form of the relationship a minimum temperature of about 44° C. for the reaction was indicated, but the formulat(T— α)b=a, which has been used for the calculation of biological temperature coefficients in the past, was quite inadequate to express the relationship when an acceptable value for the maximum temperature (α) was employed.3. The formulat× θT=Amore usually employed in bacteriological work, fitted the data reasonably well except at the highest temperature. The very high value of 897 for Q10was obtained.4. On theoretical grounds, the above formula could not apply at temperatures near the minimum, and also it appeared likely to break down when high temperatures were used.5. It was shown that the full graph of log (t— 10) against temperature should be sigmoid and asymptotic to two temperatures, a minimum and a maximum, the latter being defined as the temperature at which 99·99 % mortality would be produced in 10 min.6. The graph of the Pearl-Verhulst logistic equation is of this type and, with 44 and 56° C. as the minimum and maximum temperatures, it provided an excellent fit to the data, especially at the highest temperature used.
Factors affecting warmth comfort and stuffiness in domestic rooms
Authors: Yarnold K. W. 
Published: May 2009

One object of the investigation was to determine the ideal contributions to warmth comfort in small ‘domestic’ rooms of air heating and radiation. It was soon found that in rooms heated by fires, subjects usually complained of cold backs when the equivalent temperature was in the region of 60–65° F., the accepted standard for buildings heated by convection, and preferred equivalent temperatures above 70° F.Since large-scale trials, using many observers, were clearly necessary, the reliability of 5 min. test periods was studied; these short periods were proved reliable so long as the subject had previously been in a comfortable room for an hour or so.It was found necessary, in rooms heated by fires, to treat separately the side of the subject facing the fire and remote from it. The cooler side must be exposed to an equivalent temperature not much less than 65° F., while radiation falling on the warm side is to be regarded as a very desirable, but nonessential, bonus. These conclusions were confirmed by field work in the subjects' own homes.The eupatheoscope and globe thermometer were modified to enable conditions acting on the two sides of the body to be assessed separately.The extent to which radiation acting on the front of the body could compensate for a cold back to produce what was called ‘minimum comfort’ was also studied. It was shown that down to back equivalent temperatures of about 56° F. an increase of 2° in front equivalent temperature will compensate for a fall of 1° in back equivalent temperature, but below 56° F. compensation fails.The physical basis of sensations of stuffiness and freshness were also investigated. Throughout these experiments care was taken to ensure that the subjects were neither too hot nor too cold. In these conditions, only two factors appear to be important. First, the air temperature should be as low as possible. To obtain warmth comfort with a low air temperature some high temperature source of radiation is generally necessary. The peak wave-length of the radiation emitted by the fire is also of great importance, a striking change in the personal sensations occurring, for example, as the wave-length increases from 2 to 3μ. In general, those wavelengths which are absorbed in the outer layers of the skin cause sensations of stuffiness, and those which are not give rise to feelings of freshness. Peaks at 3, 4·1 and 4·7 μ should therefore be avoided in the design of gas and electric fires.