bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel synthesis of 1,2,4‐triazolophanes and 1,3,4‐oxadiazolophanes: A dieckmann condensation approach
Authors: Chande Madhukar S. , Sajithkumar C. , Mondkar Hemant S. , Barve Pravin A. , Diwan Sachin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe Dieckmann condensation has been used for the first time for the syntheses of novel 1,2,4‐triazolophanes and 1,3,4‐oxadiazolophanes. The bis‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐thiols1aand1bwere reacted with ethyl bromoacetate to give the diesters2aand2b. Diesters2aand2bwere treated under dry conditions with sodium methoxide in methanol to afford desired symmetrical 1,3,4‐oxadiazolophanes3aand3b. Similarly, diesters of macrocycle precursors containing 1,2,4‐triazole moiety, that is,6a,6b,10,13a,13b, and13cwere synthesized from5a,5b,9,12a,12b, and12c, respectively. Dieckmann condensation of these diesters afforded symmetrical ketones7a,7b,11,14a,14b, and14c. Extrusion of CO2was observed afterin situhydrolysis of the conventional Dieckmann product during neutralization by dilute mineral acids to afford highly symmetrical ketone in good yields. Further, the ketones14a,14b, and14cwere converted into their respective thiones by the reaction with Lawesson's reagent. All the products were synthesized with good yields, and structures were confirmed by various spectroscopic tools and elemental analyses. J. Heterocyclic Chem.,, (2012).
Enhancing concentration and mass sensitivities for liquid chromatography trace analysis of clopyralid in drinking water
Authors: Gu Binghe , Meldrum Brian , McCabe Terry , Phillips Scott 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA theoretical treatment was developed and validated that relates analyte concentration and mass sensitivities to injection volume, retention factor, particle diameter, column length, column inner diameter and detection wavelength in liquid chromatography, and sample volume and extracted volume in solid‐phase extraction (SPE). The principles were applied to improve sensitivity for trace analysis of clopyralid in drinking water. It was demonstrated that a concentration limit of detection of 0.02 ppb (μg/L) for clopyralid could be achieved with the use of simple UV detection and 100 mL of a spiked drinking water sample. This enabled reliable quantitation of clopyralid at the targeted 0.1 ppb level. Using a buffered solution as the elution solvent (potassium acetate buffer, pH 4.5, containing 10% of methanol) in the SPE procedures was found superior to using 100% methanol, as it provided better extraction recovery (70–90%) and precision (5% for a concentration at 0.1 ppb level). In addition, the eluted sample was in a weaker solvent than the mobile phase, permitting the direct injection of the extracted sample, which enabled a faster cycle time of the overall analysis. Excluding the preparation of calibration standards, the analysis of a single sample, including acidification, extraction, elution and LC run, could be completed in 1 h. The method was used successfully for the determination of clopyralid in over 200 clopyralid monoethanolamine‐fortified drinking water samples, which were treated with various water treatment resins.
Tracheotomy outcomes and complications: A national perspective
Authors: Shah Rahul K. , Lander Lina , Berry Jay G. , Nussenbaum Brian , Merati Albert , Roberson David W. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To provide national level data on frequency of tracheotomy and complication rate and in‐hospital mortality following tracheotomy.Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Methods:Retrospective cohort study using a public national database, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2006.Results:There were 113,653 tracheotomies performed in patients 18 years or older in 2006. The overall complication rate was 3.2%, and the in‐hospital mortality rate was 19.2%. The data suggest that in‐hospital mortality is usually due to the underlying illness rather than the tracheotomy. Mortality was higher in patients older than 50 years, those with cardiac conditions, particularly congestive heart failure, those with public insurance, and patients in Northeast hospitals. Patients with neurologic conditions, trauma, and upper airway infection are more likely to survive to discharge. In‐hospital mortality is slightly higher in nonteaching hospitals.Conclusions:This database study determined baseline data for the rate of complications (3.2%) for patients undergoing tracheotomy; it showed that only 80% of adult patients who underwent tracheotomy in the United States survived to discharge. Patients located in the Northeast, patients more than 50 years old, and patients with cardiac conditions were at particularly high risk for mortality. This study provides normative data for these outcomes for patient counseling and planning future quality improvement initiatives in this patient population.Laryngoscope, 122:25–29, 2012
Infiltrating lymphocytes and human papillomavirus‐16–associated oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Wansom Derrick , Light Emily , Thomas Dafydd , Worden Francis , Prince Mark , Urba Susan , Chepeha Douglas , Kumar Bhavna , Cordell Kitrina , Eisbruch Avraham , Taylor Jeremy , Moyer Jeffrey , Bradford Carol , D'Silva Nisha , Carey Thomas , McHugh Jonathan , Wolf Gregory ,   UM Head Neck SPORE Program
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Human papillomavirus‐16 (HPV‐16)–associated carcinoma of the oropharynx has a favorable prognosis. Such patients have elevated CD8+ T‐lymphocyte levels that correlate with response to chemotherapy and survival. Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) subpopulations were assessed in pretreatment biopsies from a prospective patient cohort to determine if TIL subsets differed by HPV status, clinical factors, or patient outcome or correlated with peripheral blood T‐cell levels.Study Design:Retrospective immunological correlative study of patients entered in a prospective Phase 2 clinical trial.Methods:Measured were CD8, CD4, CD68, and Treg (FoxP3) lymphocytes by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray created from patients (n = 46) with advanced oropharyngeal cancer. Correlations with peripheral blood levels, HPV status, expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), clinical tumor, and patient characteristics and outcome were determined. Median follow‐up was 6.6 years.Results:HPV‐16–positive patients had improved survival (P = .016). Degree of T‐cell infiltration did not differ by HPV status but was significantly related to disease‐specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Even after adjusting for HPV status, we found that CD8, FoxP3, and total T cells were significantly associated with DSS (P = .0236, P = .0040, and P = .0197, respectively) and OS (P = .0137, P = .0158, and P = .0115, respectively). Less T‐cell infiltration (P = .0130) and CD4 cells in particular (P = .0792) were associated with higher EGFR expression.Conclusions:Improved outcomes are associated with increased TILs independent of HPV status and suggest the local immune response may be more related to factors such as tumor size, EGFR expression, or performance status than HPV status. Further study of larger numbers of patients and infiltrates combined with functional analysis of individual subsets may be necessary to detect significant differences in local immunity in HPV‐16–related cancers.Laryngoscope, 122:121–127, 2012
The role of preoperative, intratympanic glucocorticoids for hearing preservation in cochlear implantation: A prospective clinical study
Authors: Rajan Gunesh P. , Kuthubutheen Jafri , Hedne Naveen , Krishnaswamy Jay 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground:Hearing Preservation is becoming increasingly important in cochlear implantation as there is growing evidence that preserving the residual hearing, especially in the low frequencies in combination with the electric stimulation can significantly improve hearing and speech outcomes in noise. Besides the ongoing development of atraumatic implant electrodes and insertion techniques, the implementation of pharmacologic hair cell protection is thought to increase hearing preservation. This study investigates the effects of preoperative intratympanic glucocorticoid application on hearing preservation rates in cochlear implantation.Study Design:Prospective interventional study.Setting:Tertiary neurotology referral center.Patients:Patients undergoing cochlear implantation with measurable preoperative hearing thresholds using either a Flex soft electrode or a Flex EAS electrode depending on the degree of residual low frequency hearing.Intervention:Preoperative intratympanic steroid application during cochlear implantation via round window insertion.Main Outcome Measures:Level of hearing preservation after cochlear implantation; electrode‐ and frequency‐specific hearing preservation rates.Results:Preoperative hearing thresholds were comparable in the control group and the interventional Flex soft group (70.5 db ± 12.5 dB vs. 73.5 dB ± 10.5 dB, P = .27). As per selection criteria the low‐frequency hearing thresholds were significantly lower in interventional Flex EAS groups when compared to the control group. Hearing preservation was significantly better in the interventional group with no case of complete hearing loss in this group (11 dB ± 2.5 dB vs. 19.5 dB 3.5 dB, P < .05). The interventional group displayed a higher stability of hearing preservation after implantation (r = .8, P = .03). Level of hearing preservation was higher when a specific hearing preservation electrode was used (r = .85, P < .05). Hearing preservation in the low frequencies was significantly higher than in the high frequencies.Conclusions:Our study suggests that the additional preoperative use of intratympanic glucocorticoids improves and stabilizes hearing preservations rates in round window cochlear implantation for adults and children with residual hearing.Laryngoscope, 122:190–195, 2012
The price paid: Manipulation of otolaryngologists by the tobacco industry to obfuscate the emerging truth that smoking causes cancer
Authors: Jackler Robert K. , Samji Hussein A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Our objectives were to explore the multifaceted campaign by the tobacco industry to enlist otolaryngologists in support of their efforts to reassure consumers that cigarettes were safe, and to elucidate the incentives that led so many leading otolaryngologists to give testimony denying a causal linkage between tobacco use and head and neck cancer.Study Design:Historical analyses.Methods:Recent litigation has exposed for public viewing a huge trove of internal tobacco industry documents. These documents include correspondence files, internal memoranda, research solicitations, grant agreements, records of payments, marketing plans, and testimony by otolaryngologists on behalf of tobacco interests in court proceedings, before congressional committees, and at U.S. Federal Trade Commission hearings.Results:Evidence shows that marketing divisions of major tobacco companies systematically sought to use the authority and prestige of otolaryngologists to support their promotional efforts. Industry documents reveal widespread collaboration by leaders in the field through conducting research and giving well‐compensated testimony favorable to tobacco interests. Invariably, industry‐funded research showed tobacco in a favorable light. The industry also sought to influence otolaryngologists with free cigarettes, elegant dinners, and hospitality booths at conventions.Conclusions:In revealing this unfortunate period in our history, we by no means intend to diminish the memory of distinguished leaders whose tobacco involvements were certainly more acceptable by the standards of their own time. Rather, by exposing the pervasive tobacco industry manipulation of scientific research for commercial purposes we seek to encourage vigilance by contemporary researchers who might consider seeking funding from an industry that places the pursuit of profits above the well‐being of its customers.Laryngoscope, 122:75–87, 2012
Hearing results and quality of life after streptomycin/dexamethasone perfusion for meniere's disease
Authors: Shea Paul F. , Richey Phyllis A. , Wan Jim Y. , Stevens Suzanne R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To evaluate the hearing changes and quality‐of‐life outcomes of 393 cases of streptomycin/dexamethasone inner ear perfusion performed by the primary author on 312 ears of 299 patients with Meniere's disease between July 2002 and May 2010.Study Design:Retrospective chart review.Methods:Objective arm: A database was used to compile pretreatment and post‐treatment audiograms as well as basic demographic information, dates of treatment, number of treatments, and which ear was treated. All patients met the 1995 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium Guidelines for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapy in Meniere's disease. All patients underwent one or more 3‐day treatments consisting of daily intratympanic injections of a low‐dose streptomycin/high‐dose dexamethasone mixture plus intravenous dexamethasone. The end point for treatment was adequate control of vertigo. Subjective arm: The Meniere's Disease Outcomes Questionnaire survey was used to assess patients' quality of life after receiving streptomycin/dexamethasone inner ear perfusion. All procedures were performed by the primary author at the Shea Ear Clinic, a tertiary‐referral otology clinic and outpatient surgery center.Results:After a single 3‐day treatment, the average change in pure tone average was 0.89 dB (±11). The average change in word recognition score was 0.49% (±17). The average number of days from treatment to follow‐up audiogram was 94 with a range of 8 to 1,603. Clinically significant hearing loss occurred after 62 of 393 (15.7%) treatments. Severe hearing loss occurred after 20 of 393 treatments (5.0%). The percentage of ears with clinically significant hearing loss after all treatments was 56 of 312 (17.9%). A total of 215 surveys were returned from 383 patients (56.1%) to whom they were mailed. There were 90% of patients who indicated improvement in quality of life after treatment and 88% who indicated improvement in their “vertigo subscore,” a domain within the survey that focuses on vertigo control.Conclusions:Streptomycin/dexamethasone inner ear perfusion is as safe to the hearing of patients with Meniere's disease as other aminoglycoside regimens and provides a significant improvement in quality of life.Laryngoscope, 122:204–211, 2012
A multi‐institutional analysis of tracheotomy complications
Authors: Halum Stacey L. , Ting Jonathan Y. , Plowman Emily K. , Belafsky Peter C. , Harbarger Claude F. , Postma Gregory N. , Pitman Michael J. , LaMonica Donna , Moscatello Augustine , Khosla Sid , Cauley Christy E. , Maronian Nicole C. , Melki Sami , Wick Cameron , Sinacori John T. , White Zrria , Younes Ahmed , Ekbom Dale C. , Sardesai Maya G. , Merati Albert L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To define the prevalence of tracheotomy tube complications and evaluate risk factors (RFs) associated with their occurrence.Study Design:Multi‐institution historical cohort.Methods:Data regarding tracheotomy tube complications from consecutive surgeries performed across eight participating institutions between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009 were retrospectively collected. Patient demographics, comorbidities, physician specialty, and surgical technique were recorded and statistically analyzed to identify the incidence of surgical complications following tracheotomy and associated RFs.Results:The charts of 1,175 tracheotomy procedures were reviewed from eight academic institutions. Otolaryngologists performed 66.2% of the tracheotomies. Intraoperative, early (<1 week), and late complication rates were 1.4%, 5.6%, and 7.1%, respectively. Postoperative bleeding was identified as the most common early complication (2.6%), whereas airway stenosis was the most common late complication (1.7%). The use of outer flange security sutures to anchor the tracheostomy tube was negatively associated with the incidence of early complication (P < .0001). The use of large endotracheal tubes (size >7.5) and obesity were associated with the development of airway stenosis (P < .05).Twenty‐two percent of patients undergoing tracheotomy died during hospitalization.Conclusions:Perioperative tracheotomy complications are rare; however, the rate of death for all causes is high (22%) in this population. Obesity and the use of endotracheal tubes over 7.5 in size are major risk factors for the development of airway stenosis. Although percutaneous tracheotomy resulted in a significantly higher rate of postoperative bleeding (6.6%) than the open method (1.9%) (P < .05), the use of outer flange tracheostomy tube sutures may reduce this complication.Laryngoscope, 122:38–45, 2012
Surveillance and management practices in tracheotomy patients
Authors: Zhu Hannah , Das Preety , Brereton Jean , Roberson David , Shah Rahul K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To ascertain the surveillance and management practices for tracheotomy patients.Study Design:Survey of tracheotomy management.Methods:An electronically distributed 26‐question survey was distributed under the auspices of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.Results:There were 478 responses. The mean number of years in practice was 21.2 years (standard deviation [SD], 11.0 years). Sixty‐five percent of respondents perform mainly adult tracheotomy. There is variation in surveillance patterns of immediate, postoperative, intermediate, and long‐term surveillance. On average, respondents follow a fresh tracheotomy daily for about 6 days, monthly for about 3 months, and long‐term surveillance every 4 months on average. Almost all respondents perform long‐term surveillance during routine tracheotomy changes; 61.4% perform this surveillance with an endoscope, and a minority rely on history and examination. The mean frequency of tracheotomy tube changes was 2 months (SD, 2.2 months; median, 1.1 month; range, 0.06–12 months). Two hundred sixty‐one respondents have or have used a decannulation algorithm. The vast majority, 96.2%, are comfortable with their current management practices. Over half of the respondents perceive value in a clinical practice guideline to help them with standardizing care, and 80% of respondents feel that it would assist other specialties in the care and surveillance of tracheotomy patients.Conclusions:There is marked variability in the surveillance and management of tracheotomy patients. There exists opportunity to improve care through standardization of surveillance and management of these patients. Laryngoscope, 122:46–50, 2012
Screening for head and neck cancer in liver transplant candidates: A review of 11 years of experience at the University of Pittsburgh
Authors: Dedhia Raj C. , Grandis Jennifer R. , Fontes Paulo A. , Johnson Jonas T. , Weissfeld Joel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:At our institution, any liver transplant candidate with a recent history of smoking combined with daily use of alcohol prior to a 6‐month sobriety period warrants formal evaluation by otolaryngology. Given the significant resource consumption and lack of evidence in support of this strategy, we sought to determine the effectiveness of these guidelines in detecting head and neck cancer.Study Design:Retrospective review of clinical database and patient billing records.Methods:Under an institutional review board‐approved protocol, a search was performed for patients seen at our institution's otolaryngology office from 1999 to 2010. This patient list was cross‐matched with the patients evaluated for transplant at the University of Pittsburgh Starzl Transplantation Institute during the same timeframe. A search for the diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNC) among these patients was carried out through both a National Cancer Institute‐affiliated clinical research registry and ICD‐9 codes from billing records. Otolaryngology attending physicians were also asked to recall detection of HNC upon screening of this patient population.Results:Of 581 patient evaluations performed by the otolaryngologist for HNC screening prior to liver transplantation from 1999 to 2009, one (0.17% of evaluations) case of HNC was detected.Conclusions:Given the consumption of resources required for this screening strategy and the limited yield, it appears that current screening guidelines are ineffective and need to be reconsidered.
Is otitis media with effusion almost always accompanying cleft palate in children?: The experience of 319 Asian patients
Authors: Chen Yi‐Wei , Philip Chen Kuo‐Ting , Chang Po‐Hung , Su Jen‐Liang , Huang Chi‐Che , Lee Ta‐Jen 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To evaluate the incidence of concomitant otitis media with effusion (OME) in children with cleft palate in Taiwan and the reliability of preoperative tympanometry.Study Design:Individual prospective cohort study.Methods:We included 319 patients who underwent palatoplasty for cleft palate from 2005 to 2010. All received tympanometry 1 day before surgery, and myringotomy was performed before palatoplasty. Grommet was inserted if there was OME, the amount and content of which were graded and recorded. All data, including the tympanometry results, were analyzed for statistical significance.Results:The incidence of OME accompanying cleft palate during palatoplasty was 71.92% in Asian patients, which was lower than in previous studies. The content of OME was serous fluid in 47.8%, mucoid in 33.1%, and mucopus in 19.1%. Type‐B tympanogram had high sensitivity (0.956) in all age groups. However, its specificity was poor in children younger than 9 months (0.375), fair in children aged 9 to 14 months (0.582), and good in children older than 14 months (0.857).Conclusions:The incidence of OME accompanying cleft palate has decreased in Asian patients in the past 5 years. Tympanometry is not a very reliable tool for evaluating OME in children with cleft palate younger than 14 months, especially those younger than 9 months. Meticulous examination of the middle ear during palatoplasty is necessary for making a definite diagnosis and deciding on the use of a grommet.Laryngoscope, 122:220–224, 2012
Casting defects and fatigue behaviour of ductile cast iron for wind turbine components: A comprehensive study
Authors: Shirani M. , Härkegård G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTwo types of EN‐GJS‐400‐18‐LT ductile cast iron were investigated in this research, clean baseline material in the shape of castings with different thicknesses and also defective material from a rejected wind turbine hub. P‐S‐N curves for baseline EN‐GJS‐400‐18‐LT specimens with different dimensions and from castings with different thicknesses at different load ratios were established. Geometrical size effect, technological size effects and mean stress effect on fatigue strength of baseline EN‐GJS‐400‐18‐LT were evaluated. Fatigue strength of baseline EN‐GJS‐400‐18‐LT was compared with that of defective material from the rejected hub. The effect of defects type, shape, size and position on fatigue strength of this material was evaluated. The hypothesis that the endurance observed in an S‐N test can be predicted based on the analysis of crack growth from casting defects through defect‐free ‘base’ material was tested for the analyzed defective material. 3D X‐ray computed tomography was use to detect defects in defective specimens and find the defect size distribution. The obtained defect size distribution for the defective material was used in random defect analysis to establish the scatter of fatigue life for defective specimens. Finally both safe‐life design and damage tolerant design of wind turbine castings were analyzed and compared.