bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enforcement of International Regulations
Authors: Osmus LA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Disastrous incidents in international aviation in 1985 prompted the U.S. Congress to pass legislation, The International Security and Development Cooperation Act, to deter crimes against civil aviation. It requires that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) assess international airports serving as last points of departure into the United States.
The implementation of this law, through the Foreign Airport Assessment Program, yields benefits for both the United States and the host governments assessed. It provides for an exchange between the U.S. government and foreign governments on how to strengthen security procedures: a mechanisms for international airports to obtain technical assistance, training, and equipment for the United States; and a way to regulate foreign air carriers.
Regulation: Perception and Reality
Authors: Laird DR 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Since the onset of the screening of passengers and their carry-on baggage in 1973 to combat hijackings, the number of hijackings in the United States has been brought to zero. A team effort by the carriers and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) played a significant role in the elimination of the problem.
Technology developed in the 1970s for airport passenger screening is being pushed beyond its limits in an attempt to detect improvised explosive devices. As we wait for the next generation of technology to appear, we are forced to rely on a combination of overlapping and expensive procedures designed to find the “needle in the haystack.”
A solution may be the blending of present technologies to meet the threat in aviation today. We must not find ourselves in the situation where the cost of the technologies is not justified in relation to risk. The public will surely be a barometer in this evolving and sensitive process.
The Need to Harmonize Cargo Security Rules
Authors: Forbes D 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has not been able to influence world governments sufficiently to bring about universal support for Annex 17 security measures governing air cargo. The industry, notably the indirect carriers, view government regulatory plans as unrealistic and unconvincing, because of inconsistencies and extremes in the application of Annex 17 principles. The resultant lack of progress could be countered by uniting government and industry within the middle ground of compromise, and by providing ICAO with the machinery to help administrations introduce harmonized practices.
Reaching Consensus on Technical Standards through ICAO: The Work of Ad Hoc Group of Specialists on the Detection of Explosives
Authors: Cartwright N 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The ICAO Ad Hoc Group of Specialists on the Detection of Explosives was responsible for the preparation and monitoring of the technical annex for the recently signed International Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purposes of Detection. It is also currently developing protocols and standards for the testing and evaluation of explosives detection equipment Under the umbrella of ICAO the group has developed an approach that has very successfully dealt with the challenge of consensus building in this specialized area of new technology and rapidly evolving capability.
Development of Trace Explosive Detection Standards
Authors: Elias L 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The lask of defining detection standards for trace explosive detectors, similar to those used with bulk detectors, is not straightforward. Difficulty arises because the relation between the mass of concealed explosive within a package and the quantity of telltale vapor or other trace residue around the exterior of the package is not predictable. Nevertheless, it is possible to formulate meaningful test procedures that can be used to quantify detector performance in terms of minimum detectable trace levels. Such test procedures, outlined here, could be useful in establishing detection criteria for evaluation or certification purposes.
Determining the Potential Drop Calibration of a Fatigue Crack Growth Specimen Subject to Limited Experimental Observations
Authors: McKeighan PC , Smith DJ 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSix separate calibration techniques are applied to potential drop (PD) and crack length data from 23 experimental datasets. Five of the techniques use limited experimental input gained during precracking and after test completion to derive the coefficients associated with the calibrations. The datasets include SE(B) and M(T) specimens, fatigue crack growth (FCG) tests and foil analog simulations as well as various aluminum alloys and steel. A comparison of the calibration techniques is undertaken in terms of crack length and the subsequent effect on stress intensity factor errors. The best calibration techniques using two PD and crack length data pairs are the two-point modified and post-test corrected Johnson's equation. Using these methods, 21 of the 23 tests satisfy a criterion based on an acceptable ±2% mean variation in stress intensity factor. If a statistical assessment of the data is made, only 30 to 35% of the tests satisfy this criterion. Finally, the crack length prediction errors that result from the different calibrations can typically cause a 15 to 30% variation in FCG rate da/dN at a given ΔK level. This difference is found to be primarily due to errors in the ΔK calculation.
A Fractographic Technique for the Estimation of Initiation Fracture Toughness JIc for Ductile Materials
Authors: Srinivas M , Kamat SV , Rao PR 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A single specimen fractographic technique based on critical stretch zone width measurements is suggested for the estimation of fracture toughness (JIc) for highly ductile materials. The salient feature of this technique is that it overcomes the problem of fatigue precracking and is able to predict the fracture toughness of a material using a blunt notch specimen. Fracture toughness tests on commercially pure Armco iron, nickel, and aluminum as well as Al-Mn based austenitic stainless steel and En28 steel were carried out to validate the method.
Deducing Crack History in an Aged Boiler Tube from Fracture Surface Topography
Authors: Kobayashi T , Shockey DA , Ogundele G , McNabb DD , Sidey D 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new fractographic technique, FRActure Surface Topography Analysis (FRASTA), was applied to a crack in a boiler tube of a fossil-fired power plant in an attempt to determine when in its 22-year service history the crack initiated and the rate at which it grew. By comparing the topographies of the conjugate crack surfaces, we estimated that the crack nucleated about 68 000 h after onset of service and experienced several periods of accelerated and decelerated growth with rates ranging from 5 × 10 to 9.5 × 10 mm/h. These findings correlated roughly with chemical cleanings and startup/shutdown cycles. A similar analysis of a corrosion fatigue specimen tested under controlled conditions in the laboratory provided results consistent with measured values.
These results suggest that fractography can be used to extract valuable information on cracking kinetics in aged systems and thereby, lead to new ways to predict, monitor, and extend component life.
A Suggested Test Procedure to Measure Mixed Mode I–III Fracture Toughness of Brittle Materials
Authors: Kumar AM , Hirth JP , Hoagland R , Feng X 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This article describes a test procedure to measure mixed mode I–III fracture toughness. The traditional compact tension specimen geometry is modified to include an angled crack slot. This angle is varied to produce various mode I/mode III ratios. A further modification to the specimen design involving two crack fronts in a triple “pantleg” configuration that can produce near-mode III loading at the crack tip is also described. Together, these two specimens can be used to test the entire spectrum of combined mode I–III. Results of mixed mode fracture tests on 2034 aluminum alloys using these specimens are presented. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite element model of the modified compact specimen to validate the analytical procedure is also described. Angular correction factors for the mixed mode case are also presented. The results indicate the feasibility of developing a new standard test method to measure mixed mode fracture toughness in macroscopically brittle metallic materials.
Numerical Assessment of the Dynamic Tension Test Using the Split Hopkinson Bar
Authors: Rodríguez J , Navarro C , Sánchez-Gálvez V 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
An experimental and numerical analysis of tension tests in the Hopkinson bar is made to assess the suitability of this method to characterize materials in tensile conditions at strain rates about 1000/s. The stress and strain fields that appear in the specimen are analyzed by the finite element method. This mathematical simulation of the test allows a check of the hypotheses normally used in obtaining results: equilibrium situation and uniform strain distribution in the specimen. The simulation process also provides some criteria to design the experimental setup and the specimen geometry for the best agreement with the ideal situation. Finally, because of the usual assumption regarding the uniformity of the strain distribution in the specimen may not be valid, some corrections are suggested to obtain reliable material properties from direct test results in different situations.
Radial Basis Function Network Learns Ceramic Processing and Predicts Related Strength and Density
Authors: Cios KJ , Baaklini GY , Vary A , Tjia RE 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Radial basis function (RBF) neural networks were trained using the data from 273 Si3N4 modulus of rupture (MOR) bars that were tested at room temperature and 135 MOR bars that were tested at 1370°C. Milling time, sintering time, and sintering gas pressure were the processing parameters used as the input features. Flexural strength and density were the outputs by which the RBF networks were assessed. The “nodes at data points” method was used to set the hidden layer centers and output layer training used the gradient descent method. The RBF network predicted strength with an average error of less than 12% and density with an average error of less than 2%. Further, the RBF network demonstrated a potential for optimizing and accelerating the development and processing of emerging ceramic materials.
Bond Tests of Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Bars in Concrete
Authors: Larralde J , Silva-Rodriguez R , Burdette J , Harris B 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) bars for concrete reinforcement have been commercially available for several years. The main advantage of such bar relative to the conventional steel reinforcing bars is their resistance to corrosion. The reinforced plastic bars are slightly different from the conventional steel bars both geometrically and mechanically. Thus, research is needed to understand their behavior and to be able to use them in concrete reinforcement with adequate reliability. Bond strength of reinforced plastic bars in concrete is one of the mechanical and behavioral differences with the steel bars. This paper presents the results of pullout and beam tests conducted to determine the bond stress-slip behavior of FRP bars in concrete.
Estimation of Young's Modulus and of Hardness by Ultra-Low Load Hardness Tests with a Vickers Indenter
Authors: Trindade AC , Cavaleiro A , Fernandes JV 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe evaluation of the elastic-plastic properties of a material by using an ultra-low load hardness test requires a geometrical calibration that must take into account the imperfect form of the diamond indenter. In the present work, the Vickers indenter offset of the microindentation equipment was estimated using differently heat-treated steel samples. To this end, the dimensions of the indentations have been evaluated by two different methods: optical measurement of the diagonals and direct measurement of the penetration depth during the test. The elastic-plastic properties are then calculated from the analysis of the penetration depth/indentation load curves. The Young's modulus values determined for the different high-speed steel samples were very similar and close to the literature value for steel if the appropriate corrections are performed. The hardness values decrease when the determination procedure includes the geometrical correction of the indenter offset, and still further when using the total correction obtained by means of optical measurements of the indenter diagonal. Variation of the hardness values with the applied load is much less when the corrections are carried out.
An Excitation System for Dynamic Testing of Large Structures
Authors: Salawu OS , Williams C 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The service behavior and real performance of engineering materials and systems are best evaluated using data obtained from prototype or full-scale testing, or both. For large engineering structures composed of materials such as concrete, with variable properties, data from such tests are invaluable. Full-scale forced vibration testing is a useful tool for obtaining information on the condition of structural systems. As compared to ambient vibration testing, forced vibration testing can provide more accurate estimates of damping capacity and yield data from which better system identification of structural parameters is possible. However, full-scale forced vibration field testing is much more difficult to achieve when compared with laboratory tests on prototypes. The (large) size of the structure usually means special excitation systems are required. The development and performance characteristics of such an excitation system is described in the article. The system consists of an hydraulic actuator, mounted within a purpose built frame, two pumps, an electronic control unit, and a personal computer. It can be used to induce vertical excitation of highway bridges, long-span floor slabs, and similar structures.
Modeling Wood in Transverse Compression
Authors: Pellicane PJ , Bodig J , Mrema AL 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A plane-stress, Finite element model has been developed to predict the stress distribution in wood members subject to perpendicular-to-grain compression. This model exploits linearstrain, isoparametric triangular elements used in sufficient number to achieve a convergent solution. Model verification was achieved through comparison of numerically obtained deformation predictions with corresponding experimental data obtained from actual test specimens. Twenty-seven specimens were instrumented to determine their deformations at numerous locations. Test materials were sampled from three logs (two eagelemann spruce, one western hemlock). Specimens were fabricated with three widely different orthotropic ratios, three geometries (length/depth ratios), and three loading geometries (uniformly distributed load across the estire length, one-half length, and one-quarter length). In total, 377 experimental measurements on 27 specimens were compared to finite element predictions. The results showed that on average the model predicted local deformation to within 5%.
Inconsistencies between CTOD andJCalculations
Authors: Wilson CD , Landes JD 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCrack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) determined using the plastic hinge model included in the ASTM E 1290 (Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement) is inconsistent with CTOD determined using the ASTM E 813 (Test Method for JIc. Measure of Fracture Toughness) combined with an equation relating J to CTOD. The plastic hinge model is also inconsistent with the EPRI handbook estimation scheme. The plastic hinge model is highly inaccurate for hardening materials. To explore these inconsistencies, the EPRI scheme was used to generate theoretical load-displacement curves of a compact tension (CT) specimen for a wide range of materials and crack sizes. An alternate equation, derived for a power law hardening material, is shown to be consistent with both the ASTM E 813 and the EPRI handbook estimation scheme. The alternate equation accounts for nonlinearities in the relationship between CTOD and plastic load-line displacements. Differences between the alternate equation and the EPRI scheme are discussed. Experimental results demonstrate the inaccuracy of the plastic hinge model and the accuracy of the power law model.
Charpy Transition Studies of an Embrittled AISI 8640 Lower Bainitic Steel
Authors: Rinnovatore JV , Lukens KF , Reinhold J , Mahon W 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A study was performed of the effects of phosphorus and arsenic as embrittling agents on the Charpy impact behavior of resulfurized AISI 8640 steel. The steel was heat-treated to several bainitic and one martensitic condition with a wide range of strength levels. Charpy transition temperature curves were developed for each condition. SEM fractography was used to analyze the fracture behavior of the various heat-treated structures. The results show that AISI 8640 steel with high phosphorus and high arsenic was embrittled in the low-strength bainitic condition as well as in the high-strength martensitic condition. Embrittlement was evidenced by low Charpy impact energies, increased transition temperatures, and an intergranular fracture mode.
Numerical Analysis of Plasticity Effects in the Hole-Drilling Residual Stress Measurement
Authors: Beghini M , Bertini L , Raffaelli P 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of plasticity on residual stress measurement when the through thickness center-hole technique is used. The study investigated the effect of the most important loading, measuring, and material parameters, i.e., the residual stress intensity, the ratio between the principal residual stresses, the orientation of the strain-gage rusette with reference to the residual stress principal directions, the yield strength, and the strain hardening characteristics of the material.
By means of a finite element simulation of the measurements, the errors that are usually produced by the direct use of ASTM E 837 (Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain Gage Method) for the elaboration of the rosette strain gage readings was firstly determined by considering large enough ranges of the above-mentioned parameters to represent many conditions of practical concern. Afterwards it was shown that, at least within the limit of validity of the model, a considerable reduction of those errors can be obtained by using the proposed analytical procedure for elaborating the readings of a classical these elements strain-gage rosette.
Moreover, the use of a new type of rosette with four radially oriented strain gages was proposed which could lead to further improvement of the measurement accuracy in any considered condition.
Determination of Softening Kinetics in a Material by Measuring the Evolution of Hot Flow Stress
Authors: Field DP , Sample VM , Rader RS 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new technique for estimating the time and temperature-dependent softening response of a deformed material is proposed. The hot flow stress is measured at various intervals in a quasistatic softening experiment to determinse the kinetics of softening. A major advantage of the proposed technique is that a single specimen can be used to estimate the evolution of softening without having to cool and reheat the specimen for each measurement. High resolution strain measurement apparatus is used in the experiments, as minimizing strain is a critical requirement in property performing the measurement. Test control requires optimal performance from the servohydraulic system which must operate near its threshold for reliable information to be obtained. Experimental results indicate that age hardening response as well as recovery and recrystallization kinetics can be measured using this method.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Monitoring Coating Performance in Condensing Environments
Authors: Rosenberg HS , Syrett BC 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A novel method is described for monitoring coating performance in the thin liquid films found in condensing environments, such as in the corrosive condensate found in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. The method involves exposing coated metal panels to controlled environments, created by atomizing solutions of appropriate composition, in fog chambers. The fog deposits on the coated surface as a thin film that simulates the condensate formed in actual service. The performance of the coatings is monitored in situ by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) during periods when the exposed coated surfaces are temporarily flooded with bulk solution having the same composition as the condensate. The method has been used to evaluate the effects of sixteen environmental factors on the performance of eight coatings currently used in FGD outlet ducts.
Proposed Test Method for Dynamic, Properties of Connections Assembled with Mechanical Fasteners
Authors: Dolan JD 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new test procedure for connections assembled with mechanical fasteners is presented. The procedure provides information on cyclic and dynamic characteristies that will allow the relative performance of connections manufactured with different materials to be directly compared. An equivalent energy elastic-perfectly plastic system is defined that allows comparison of initial stiffness, yield load, and ductility on an equivalent basis. The hysteretic and equivalent viscous damping are also determined to provide information on the energy dissipation characteristics of the connection. Adoption of this test procedure will provide information that will allow engineers and architects to evaluate the performance of competing materials with direct comparisons. It will also provide uniform data from which revisions to the model building codes and design specifications for each material can be made on an equivalent basis.
An Analysis of Creep and Shrinkage in Mortars
Authors: Taves LBS 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper examines the subject of creep and shrinkage in mortars. Previous research has revolved around brickwork or blockwork piers. An experimental program was devised to measure the shrinkage and creep in mortarts alone, using a range of seven mortar mixes. Some of the findings confirm earlier research, but considerable additional information concerning creep and shrinkage in mortars has been obtained. Results indicate that the quantity of line in a mortar is related to shrinkage and creep: the richer the mortar is in lime, the higher the values for creep and the lower the values for shrinkage. The laboratory data add to existing knowledge of mortars and their properties.
Solvent-Free, Nuclear-Free Determination of Asphalt Content and Gradation of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Todres HA , Bhattacharja S 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new method of analyzing hot-mix asphalt concrete has been developed that involves the pyrolysis or burn-off of the asphalt cement in a furnace. The method is simple and rapid, providing both asphalt content and aggregate gradation within about 1 to 1½ h (substantial reductions in this time appear achievable). The method will permit elimination of solvent and nuclear techniques currently in use that have specific disadvantages and hazards. It can also be used, if desired, to supplement the nuclear gage, in which case burn-off will be used for gradation and the nuclear gage for asphalt content.
Methods of performing the test, taking and analyzing data, etc., are described. Results based on aggregates and an asphalt cement widely used in the Chicago area are presented in detail. Further research is under way, and the questions that remain to be answered for the method to be standardized for widespread use are listed.