bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behind the scenes: the changing roles of parents in the transition from child to adult diabetes service
Authors: Allen D. , Channon S. , Lowes L. , Atwell C. , Lane C. 
Published: April 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 994–1000 (2011)AbstractAims  To explore the experiences of young people and their carers during the transition from child to adult diabetes services.Methods  Longitudinal qualitative case studies of young people and carers undergoing transition in five different diabetes services in the UK.Results  When young people make the transition from child to adult diabetes services, it is assumed that they will also undergo a parallel transition away from dependence on parents to independent diabetes management. However, the lives of young people are characterized by interdependencies, which are facilitative of their diabetes management and which are not always reflected in healthcare policy and practice. This can lead to discontinuities of information and undermine mothers’ ability to continue to support their child into young adulthood. Mothers also lose contact with the service at a time when they are undergoing developmental challenges of their own and need support in adjusting to a new existence.Conclusions  There is a clear need to develop service structures that recognize the continuing role played by mothers in the diabetes care of young adults.
THE MAP OF MULTILATERAL TREATY‐MAKING 1600–2000: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF DIPLOMACY
Authors: VAN DER WUSTEN HERMAN , DENEMARK ROBERT A. , HOFFMANN MATTHEW , YONTEN HASAN 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe paper describes and analyses the successive geographical distributions of places where multilateral treaties have been signed over the life course of the state system. A large proportion of all negotiations occurred in just a few places and the collection of most frequently selected places shows considerable continuity over time. Treaty‐making emerges as more of a secular trend than a cyclical pulse, being insignificantly impacted by economic cycles, and inconsistently impacted by hegemonic cycles. The work presents a measure of specialisation that helps to identify types of central venues in the multilateral treaty‐making system. The actual selection of specific venues suggests functional and political considerations to have been most important. The sustained preference for national political centres expresses the importance of such considerations, while the actual choice of a venue in a specific case can be highly contingent.
Estrogen destabilizes microtubules through an ion‐conductivity‐independent TRPV1 pathway
Authors: Goswami Chandan , Kuhn Julia , Dina Olayinka A. , Fernández‐Ballester Gregorio , Levine Jon D. , Ferrer‐Montiel Antonio , Hucho Tim 
Published: April 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 995–1008.AbstractRecently, we described estrogen and agonists of the G‐protein coupled estrogen receptor GPR30 to induce protein kinase C (PKC)ε‐dependent pain sensitization. PKCε phosphorylates the ion channel transient receptor potential, vanilloid subclass I (TRPV1) close to a novel microtubule‐TRPV1 binding site. We now modeled the binding of tubulin to the TRPV1 C‐terminus. The model suggests PKCε phosphorylation of TRPV1‐S800 to abolish the tubulin‐TRPV1 interaction. Indeed, in vitro PKCε phosphorylation of TRPV1 hindered tubulin‐binding to TRPV1. In vivo, treatment of sensory neurons and F‐11 cells with estrogen and the GPR30 agonist, G‐1, resulted in microtubule destabilization and retraction of microtubules from filopodial structures. We found estrogen and G‐1 to regulate the stability of the microtubular network via PKC phosphorylation of the PKCε‐phosphorylation site TRPV1‐S800. Microtubule disassembly was not, however, dependent on TRPV1 ion conductivity. TRPV1 knock‐down in rats inverted the effect of the microtubule‐modulating drugs, Taxol and Nocodazole, on estrogen‐induced and PKCε‐dependent mechanical pain sensitization. Thus, we suggest the C‐terminus of TRPV1 to be a signaling intermediate downstream of estrogen and PKCε, regulating microtubule‐stability and microtubule‐dependent pain sensitization.
Angiotensin IV displays only low affinity for native insulin‐regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)
Authors: Demaegdt Heidi , De Backer Jean‐Paul , Lukaszuk Aneta , Tóth Géza , Szemenyei Erzsébet , Tourwé Dirk , Vauquelin Georges 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRadioligand binding studies revealed that Ang IV binds to insulin‐regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/’AT4 receptors’ with high affinity. Yet, as these experiments were routinely carried out in the presence of chelators, only the catalytic zinc‐depleted apo‐form of IRAP was labelled. While the chelators remove the catalytic zinc from IRAP and protect Ang IV from proteolytic degradation, the aminopeptidase N selective inhibitor ‘7B’ only exerts the latter effect. By using 7B along with the new stable Ang IV‐analog [3H]AL‐11, we here show that the native enzyme is only a low‐affinity target for Ang IV.
Cultivating Sustainability through Anthropology: University of Idaho's Campus Trash Project
Authors: Camp Stacey Lynn , Allen Josh , Bayly Elaine , Capawana Jamie , Galbraith Sara , Henry Shea , Jones Meaghan , Parker‐McGlynn Kyle , Petrich‐Guy Mary , Sargent Heather , Stokeld Rachel 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:[sustainability, archaeology, archeological method, anthropology of trash, education]
Maternal malnutrition, environmental exposure during pregnancy and the risk of non‐syndromic orofacial clefts
Authors: Jia Z‐L , Shi B , Chen C‐H , Shi J‐Y , Wu J , Xu X 
Published: April 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 584–589Objective:  To explore the risk factors of non‐syndromic orofacial clefts.Subjects and Methods:  A case–control study was conducted in China, 537 infants born with non‐syndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate, 176 infants born with cleft palate (CP), and 221 normal controls were recruited to participate in a questionnaire based study to identify risk factors related to maternal nutrition.Results:  Single‐factor Chi‐square analysis identified 12 factors as significantly related to non‐syndromic orofacial clefts (P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression showed five of these factors were associated with non‐syndromic orofacial clefts, male gender and maternal passive smoking during early pregnancy were risk factors for non‐syndromic orofacial clefts (OR = 1.86 and 11.42; 95%CI: 2.28–2.69 and 6.87–19.00, respectively), whereas maternal weight gain during pregnancy and folic acid supplementation during early pregnancy were protective (OR = 0.15 and 0.67; 95%CI: 0.034–0.63 and 0.44–1.00, respectively).Conclusions:  Our data may provide references for cleft lip and CP prevention programs, and counseling programs in China.
Inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Boirivant M , Cossu A 
Published: April 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 18, 1–15This review focuses on the prominent etiological and pathogenetic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with particular attention being paid to the mucosal immune response to commensal micro‐organisms in health and disease. Pathogenetic implications for target therapy will also be discussed. The clinical presentation, diagnostic aspects, and currently recommended therapeutic options for the two main types of IBD are also taken into consideration, including manifestations of these conditions in the oral cavity.
Harry Potter and “the landscape of consciousness”: repeat home viewers’ understandings about character
Authors: Finch Brian 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMany children view favourite feature films repeatedly at home and develop understandings of them. This article discusses findings from a study which focused on the understandings that 9‐ and 10‐year‐old children showed about character in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. These findings are reported in terms of a framework appropriate for responses to character in literature or in film. The children's home‐based engagement with characters provides evidence for teachers who are planning to extend understandings about character in their classrooms. The article shows that children's interpretative and structural engagement can build significant understandings and informed appreciation which are similar to those that teachers aim for.
Auto‐methylation of the mouse DNA‐(cytosine C5)‐methyltransferase Dnmt3a at its active site cysteine residue
Authors: Siddique Abu Nasar , Jurkowska Renata Z. , Jurkowski Tomasz P. , Jeltsch Albert 
Published: April 2011

The Dnmt3a DNA methyltransferase is responsible for establishing DNA methylation patterns during mammalian development. We show here that the mouse Dnmt3a DNA methyltransferase is able to transfer the methyl group from S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (AdoMet) to a cysteine residue in its catalytic center. This reaction is irreversible and relatively slow. The yield of auto‐methylation is increased by addition of Dnmt3L, which functions as a stimulator of Dnmt3a and enhances its AdoMet binding. Auto‐methylation was observed in binary Dnmt3a AdoMet complexes. In the presence of CpG containing dsDNA, which is the natural substrate for Dnmt3a, the transfer of the methyl group from AdoMet to the flipped target base was preferred and auto‐methylation was not detected. Therefore, this reaction might constitute a regulatory mechanism which could inactivate unused DNA methyltransferases in the cell, or it could simply be an aberrant side reaction caused by the high methyl group transfer potential of AdoMet.EnzymesDnmt3a is a DNA‐(cytosine C5)‐methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.37.Structured digital abstract
Dnmt3amethylatesDnmt3a by methyltransferase assay(View interaction)
Dnmt3a and DNMT3LmethylateDnmt3a by methyltransferase assay(View interaction)
Medical student/student doctor access to patients in an emergency department
Authors: Celenza Antonio , Li Jesse , Teng Justin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectives: To determine the proportion of patients in a teaching hospital ED who are available to medical students; identify barriers to student access to patients; and determine whether patients are more likely to be accessible if the term student doctor is used rather than medical student.Methods: Repeated cross‐sectional study of the ED of a tertiary teaching hospital. Interviews were attempted with all patients in the ED during six 4 h periods. Outcome measures included: number of patients present and accessible to students; present but inaccessible, absent or unfit to be seen for clinical reasons; number of patients consenting to history, physical examination and certain procedures; and difference in patient consent between the terms ‘medical student’ and ‘student doctor’.Results: Overall, 180 of 450 (40.0%) patients completed the interview, 72 (16.0%) were able to be observed only, and 198 (44.0%) were not suitable for interview or observation. The common reasons for patient unsuitability were: physically not available (60%), being assessed by a health professional or undergoing a procedure (13.0%) altered mental status (7.4%), unstable or terminally ill (5.2%); refusal to participate in the study (4.8%), or dangerous or under arrest (4.1%). No significant differences were found in patient willingness to undergo clinical skills from ‘student doctors’ compared with ‘medical students’.Conclusion: A minimum 40% of patients in a tertiary ED are accessible for student learning, with high proportions of patients accepting of students practising supervised history‐taking, physical examination, and most less‐invasive procedural skills.
Selective targeting of G‐protein‐coupled receptor subtypes with venom peptides
Authors: Näreoja K. , Näsman J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) family is one of the largest gene superfamilies with approx. 370 members responding to endogenous ligands in humans and a roughly equal amount of receptors sensitive to external stimuli from the surrounding. A number of receptors from this superfamily are well recognized targets for medical treatment of various disease conditions, whereas for many others the potential medical benefit of interference is still obscure. A general problem associated with GPCR research and therapeutics is the insufficient specificity of available ligands to differentiate between closely homologous receptor subtypes. In this context, venom peptides could make a significant contribution to the development of more specific drugs.Venoms from certain animals specialized in biochemical hunting contain a mixture of molecules that are directed towards a variety of membrane proteins. Peptide toxins isolated from these mixtures usually exhibit high specificity for their targets. Muscarinic toxins found from mamba snakes attracted much attention during the 1990s. These are 65–66 amino acid long peptides with a structural three‐finger folding similar to the α‐neurotoxins and they target the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in a subtype‐selective manner. Recently, several members of the three‐finger toxins from mamba snakes as well as conotoxins from marine cone snails have been shown to selectively interact with subtypes of adrenergic receptors.In this review, we will discuss the GPCR‐directed peptide toxins found from different venoms and how some of these can be useful in exploring specific roles of receptor subtypes.
Post‐translational modifications regulate signalling by Ror1
Authors: Kaucká M. , Krejčí P. , Plevová K. , Pavlová Š. , Procházková J. , Janovská P. , Valnohová J. , Kozubík A. , Pospíšilová Š. , Bryja V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim:  In this study, we analysed the post‐translational modification of receptor tyrosine kinase‐like orphan receptor (Ror1). Ror1 is highly upregulated in B cells of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Molecularly, Ror1 acts as the Wnt receptor in the non‐canonical Wnt pathway.Methods:  The level of Ror1 glycosylation in HEK293 cells and in primary human CLL cells was analysed by treatment of inhibitors interfering with different steps of glycosylation process and by direct treatment of cell lysates with N‐glycosidase. Ror1 ubiquitination was determined by ubiquitination assay. Functional consequences of post‐translational modifications were analysed by immunohistochemistry and by analysis of cell surface proteins. Differences in Ror1 glycosylation were confirmed by analysis of 14 samples of B cells from CLL patients.Results:  We demonstrate that Ror1 is extensively modified by N‐linked glycosylation. Glycosylation produces several variants of Ror1 with electrophoretic migration of approx. 100, 115 and 130 kDa. Inhibition of glycosylation interferes with cell surface localization of the 130‐kDa variant of Ror1 and prevents Ror1‐induced formation of filopodia. Moreover, we show that 130‐kDa Ror1 is mono‐ubiquitinated. Furthermore, individual CLL patients show striking differences in the electrophoretic migration of Ror1, which correspond to the level of glycosylation.Conclusion:  Our data show that Ror1 undergoes complex post‐translational modifications by glycosylation and mono‐ubiquitination. These modifications regulate Ror1 localization and signalling, and are highly variable among individual CLL patients. These may suggest that Ror1 signals only in a subset of CLL patients despite Ror1 levels are ubiquitously high in all CLL patients.
Counter‐regulatory hormone responses to spontaneous hypoglycaemia during treatment with insulin Aspart or human soluble insulin: a double‐blinded randomized cross‐over study
Authors: Brock Jacobsen I. , Vind B. F. , Korsholm L. , Flyvbjerg A. , Frystyk J. , Holst J. J. , Beck‐Nielsen H. , Henriksen J. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAims:  To compare insulin Aspart and human insulin with respect to glycaemic control, hypoglycaemic frequency and counter‐regulatory responses to spontaneous hypoglycaemia.Methods:  Glycaemic control, hypoglycaemic frequency, p‐insulin concentrations, insulin dosages and patients’ satisfaction were examined in a randomized, double‐blinded cross‐over study for two periods of 8 weeks. Sixteen patients with type 1 diabetes were subjected to three daily injections of human soluble insulin or Aspart in addition to Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin twice daily. Each intervention period was followed by hospitalization where episodes of spontaneous hypoglycaemia and counter‐regulatory hormone responses were evaluated from frequently obtained blood samples.Results:  No difference between soluble insulin and insulin Aspart was found regarding HbA1c (7.0 ± 0.2 vs. 7.0 ± 0.2%, ns), hypoglycaemic frequency (1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1 events per patient per week, ns), nocturnal hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemic events, dosages of bolus insulin (31.8 ± 0.4 vs. 30.0 ± 0.6 IU day−1, ns), or NPH insulin (26.7 ± 1.8 vs. 26.0 ± 1.7 IU day−1, ns) or in patients satisfaction (ns). Modest differences existed in the counter‐regulatory responses regarding growth hormone, glucagon and ghrelin whereas no differences were found in relation to free fatty acid, cortisol, insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I, IGF‐II and IGF‐binding proteins 1 and 2. Treatment with insulin Aspart resulted in well‐defined peaks in serum insulin concentrations as compared with more blunted insulin peaks using human soluble insulin.Conclusion:  Although insulin Aspart treatment was associated with clear postprandial insulin peaks, no improvement in glycaemic control was obtained and no difference in the hypoglycaemic frequency was observed. However, insulin Aspart elicited a slightly different physiological response to spontaneous hypoglycaemia compared with human insulin.
Taste receptor signalling – from tongues to lungs
Authors: Kinnamon S. C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTaste buds are the transducing endorgans of gustation. Each taste bud comprises 50–100 elongated cells, which extend from the basal lamina to the surface of the tongue, where their apical microvilli encounter taste stimuli in the oral cavity. Salts and acids utilize apically located ion channels for transduction, while bitter, sweet and umami (glutamate) stimuli utilize G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) and second‐messenger signalling mechanisms. This review will focus on GPCR signalling mechanisms. Two classes of taste GPCRs have been identified, the T1Rs for sweet and umami (glutamate) stimuli and the T2Rs for bitter stimuli. These low affinity GPCRs all couple to the same downstream signalling effectors that include Gβγ activation of phospholipase Cβ2, 1,4,5‐inositol trisphosphate mediated release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and Ca2+‐dependent activation of the monovalent selective cation channel, TrpM5. These events lead to membrane depolarization, action potentials and release of ATP as a transmitter to activate gustatory afferents. The Gα subunit, α‐gustducin, activates a phosphodiesterase to decrease intracellular cAMP levels, although the precise targets of cAMP have not been identified. With the molecular identification of the taste GPCRs, it has become clear that taste signalling is not limited to taste buds, but occurs in many cell types of the airways. These include solitary chemosensory cells, ciliated epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Bitter receptors are most abundantly expressed in the airways, where they respond to irritating chemicals and promote protective airway reflexes, utilizing the same downstream signalling effectors as taste cells.
Towards better patient safety: WHO Surgical Safety Checklist in otorhinolaryngology
Authors: Helmiö P. , Blomgren K. , Takala A. , Pauniaho S.‐L. , Takala R.S.K. , Ikonen T.S. 
Published: April 2011

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2011, 36, 242–247Objectives:  The World Health Organisation has developed a Surgical Safety Checklist to improve patient safety during surgery. This checklist has reduced postoperative morbidity and mortality. Prior to checklist implementation, we wanted to evaluate how it would fit into the process of otorhinolaryngology‐head and neck surgery and whether it would have an impact on the awareness of safety‐related issues.Design:  A structured questionnaire was addressed to the operating room team after consecutive operations during a 1‐month period before and after checklist implementation.Setting and participants:  This study was conducted at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at the Helsinki University Central Hospital as a part of a multicentre study. Responses were received regarding 288 operations before and 412 after checklist implementation.Main outcome measures:  The questions concerned patient‐related safety checks, teamwork and communication.Results:  The checklist improved verification of the patient’s identity (P < 0.001). Awareness of the patient’s medical history, medication and allergies increased (P < 0.001). Knowledge of the names and roles among the team members improved. The otolaryngologists and anaesthesiologists discussed possible critical events more often (P < 0.001), and postoperative instructions were better recorded after use of the checklist. In addition, the checklist enhanced communication between operation team members.Conclusions:  Our study confirms that the Surgical Safety Checklist fits well into the surgical working process in otorhinolaryngology‐head and neck surgery improving the sharing of patient‐related medical information between team members. Development of a specific checklist for otolaryngology calls for further study.
Using the global functioning social and role scales in a first‐episode sample
Authors: Piskulic Danijela , Addington Jean , Auther Andrea , Cornblatt Barbara A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAims: Dysfunction in social and role functioning is a hallmark of schizophrenia, which is present in both the prodromal phase and at the first episode of the illness. Two new measures, Global Functioning: Social and Global Functioning: Role, were developed to address functioning in the prodromal phase of the illness. The purpose of this study was to determine if these measures would be useful in a first episode population.Methods: Forty‐eight stable outpatients were assessed using the new social and role scales. A subsample of 33 subjects was assessed at 6 and 12 months. All subjects were additionally assessed using standardized measures of psychotic symptoms, social functioning, self‐esteem and beliefs about illness.Results: Average ratings on the Global Functioning: Social and Role scales were 6 (standard deviation (SD) = 1.60) and 5.5 (SD = 2.2), respectively. Both social and role scales were significantly correlated with relevant subscales on the Social Functioning Scale. Good social but not role functioning was related to low levels of both positive and negative symptoms and to high self‐esteem. Role but not social functioning was related to personal beliefs about the illness, such as having control over illness and feeling less stigmatized. Repeated measures analyses demonstrated no change over time for either social or role functioning.Conclusion: The Global Functioning: Social and Role scales appear to be useful and valid measures of functioning in first‐episode patients. These ratings are similar to those reported in prodromal studies supporting the idea that poor functioning may be a stable long‐standing deficit.