bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring social-indexical knowledge: A long past but a short history
Authors: Foulkes Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article has three main aims. First, I review what is known about encoding social-indexical information in phonetics/phonology, suggesting that it is more complex and more extensive than typically acknowledged in laboratory phonology. Secondly, I explore evidence for the development of indexical knowledge in phonological acquisition, considering indexical learning from the perspective of exemplar theory. One of the attractions of exemplar theory is its capacity to predict learning of both linguistic and social structures through the same mechanism. The tenets of exemplar theory also make a number of predictions about indexical learning: some types of indexical properties are likely to be transmitted more readily than others, as a function of the frequency and phonetic transparency with which they are manifested. The predictions appear to be borne out relatively well by the available data. I end by raising a number of implications and challenges, in particular, but not exclusively, for exemplar theory.
A sociophonetic analysis of perception of sexual orientation in Puerto Rican Spanish
Authors: Mack Sara 
Published: May 2010

AbstractListeners display acute sensitivity to phonetic variation that marks social identity; this sensitivity is observable in listener perceptions of a variety of social identities, including social class, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. Most previous research on phonetic variation and sexual orientation has focused on English, with little data available from other languages. The current study addresses this gap by exploring associations between phonetic variation and perception of social categories in Spanish, with a focus on perception of sexual orientation. The study examined listener perceptions of speaker sexual orientation, height, age, and social class to determine to what extent Spanish-speaking listeners make uniform evaluations of sexual orientation based on speech, and, if so, what acoustic parameters correlate with those evaluations. The study also analyzed the relationships between perceptions of speaker sexual orientation and speaker height, age, and social class. Clusters of listeners determined a posteriori using factor analysis were found to share patterns of evaluations, and F2 frequencies of two mid front vowel (/e/) tokens were signifi cant correlates of evaluations of sexual orientation. Listener evaluations of perceived sexual orientation were correlated with evaluations of perceived height, highlighting the complexity of indexicality as well as the multi-faceted nature of social identity.
Lexical neighborhoods and phonological confusability in cross-dialect word recognition in noise
Authors: Clopper Cynthia G. , Pierrehumbert Janet B. , Tamati Terrin N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLexical neighborhood density is a well-known factor affecting phonological categorization in spoken word recognition. The current study examined the interaction between lexical neighborhood density and dialect variation in spoken word recognition in noise. The stimulus materials were real English words produced in two regional American English dialects. To manipulate lexical neighborhood density, target words were selected so that predicted phonological confusions across dialects resulted in real English words in the word-competitor condition and did not result in real English words in the nonword-competitor condition. Word and vowel recognition performance were more accurate in the nonword-competitor condition than the word-competitor condition for both talker dialects. An examination of the responses to specific vowels revealed the role of dialect variation in eliciting this effect. When the predicted phonological confusions were real lexical neighbors, listeners could respond with either the target word or the confusable minimal pair, and were more likely than expected to produce a minimal pair differing from the target by one vowel. When the predicted phonological confusions were not real words, however, the listeners exhibited less lexical competition and responded with the target word or a minimal pair differing by one consonant.
Sensitivity to grammatical and sociophonetic variability in perception
Authors: Drager Katie K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPhonetic realizations vary depending on social characteristics of the speaker, and recent research provides evidence that individuals are sensitive to at least some of these sociophonetic relationships during perception (Strand and Johnson, Gradient and visual speaker normalization in the perception of fricatives, Mouton, 1996; Hay et al., Journal of Phonetics 34: 458–484, 2006). In addition to socially-conditioned variation, there is evidence that phonetic realizations in production vary depending on the grammatical function of a word (Plug, Phonetic reduction and categorisation in exemplar-based representation:Observations on a Dutch discourse marker, 2005; Hay and Bresnan, The Linguistic Review 23: 321–349, 2006), yet it is not known whether listeners can actively exploit this phonetic variation in speech perception. This paper reports on three perception experiments conducted to determine whether perceivers' sensitivity to fine phonetic detail can assist in extraction of both grammatical and social meaning from the signal.
Bringing semantics to sociophonetics: Social variables and secondary entailments
Authors: Smith E. Allyn , Hall Kathleen Currie , Munson Benjamin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper introduces a novel approach to the question of how sociophonetic information might be stored cognitively that makes use of the tools of formal semantics. This approach involves applying conventional semantic tests for types of lexicalized meanings (e.g. presuppositions, conventional implicatures) to sociophonetic variables, with the hypothesis that, insofar as sociophonetic meaning patterns like lexical meaning, it should be stored in the same way. Two examples of how this approach can be implemented experimentally are given, applying projections tests (Frege, Letter to Peano, University of Chicago, 1896) (i.e., the ‘Family of Sentences’ tests, Chierchia & McConnell-Ginet 1990) and the ‘Hey, Wait a Minute!’ test (Shannon, Foundations of language 14: 247–249, 1976, von Fintel, Would you believe it? The king of France is back! Presuppositions and truth-value intuitions, Oxford University Press, 2004) to patterns of /æ / tensing and retraction in Minnesotan English and /aI / monophthongization in Southern English, respectively. Preliminary results of these experiments indicate that sociophonetic meaning patterns like secondary entailments (such as presuppositions and conventional implicatures) from the semantics literature, being both conventional and subsidiary to the proffered content of an utterance, and thus should be considered lexical. The primary goal of the paper, however, is to present a new way of thinking rather than to provide conclusive laboratory evidence for a specific position.
Accessing psycho-acoustic perception and language-specific perception with speech sounds
Authors: Babel Molly , Johnson Keith 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this paper we review the results of four speech perception experiments that explore the difference between language-specific perception and psycho-acoustic auditory perception. The first two experiments examine this difference with voiceless fricatives by American English and Dutch listeners. The second series of experiments explores the perception of consonant palatalization by American English and Russian listeners. These experiments examine this processing difference through two tasks: speeded AX discrimination (“same” or “different” response) and similarity rating. The fast-paced nature of the AX discrimination task is designed to bypass linguistic processing and hone in on pure auditory similarity. The similarity rating task asks listeners to compare two stimuli at a more leisurely pace and language-specific perception is evaluated. The results of these experiments suggest that psycho-acoustic perception can be evaluated apart from linguistic perception. Other work using this experimental paradigm, however, has found language effects in both AX discrimination and rating tasks (Boomershine et al., The impact of allophony vs. contrast on speech perception, Mouton de Gruyter, 2008; McGuire, Phonetic category learning, The Ohio State University, 2007). We reconcile our findings with the contrary results by demonstrating that language effects tend to appear in the longer response latencies that naturally allow for linguistic processing and are attenuated in the fast responses.
Fourier-Feynman transforms of unbounded functionals on abstract Wiener space
Authors: Kim Byoung , Yoo Il , Cho Dong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Huffman, Park and Skoug established several results involving Fourier-Feynman transform and convolution for functionals in a Banach algebra S on the classical Wiener space. Chang, Kim and Yoo extended these results to abstract Wiener space for a more generalized Fresnel class $$
\mathcal{F}_{\mathcal{A}_1 ,\mathcal{A}_2 }
$$
A1,A2 than the Fresnel class $$
\mathcal{F}
$$(B)which corresponds to the Banach algebra S. In this paper we study Fourier-Feynman transform, convolution and first variation of unbounded functionals on abstract Wiener space having the form $$
F\left( x \right) = G\left( x \right)\psi \left( {\left( {\vec e,x} \right)^ \sim } \right)
$$, where G∈$$
\mathcal{F}
$$(B)and Ψ = ψ + ϕ with ψ ∈ L
1(ℝn) and ϕ is the Fourier transform of a complex Borel measure of bounded variation on ℝn. We also prove a translation theorem for the analytic Feynman integral of the above functionals.
On the total domination subdivision numbers in graphs
Authors: Sheikholeslami Seyed 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A set S of vertices of a graph G = (V, E) without isolated vertex is a total dominating set if every vertex of V(G) is adjacent to some vertex in S. The total domination number γ
t(G) is the minimum cardinality of a total dominating set of G. The total domination subdivision number sdγt
(G) is the minimum number of edges that must be subdivided (each edge in G can be subdivided at most once) in order to increase the total domination number. Karami, Khoeilar, Sheikholeslami and Khodkar, (Graphs and Combinatorics, 2009, 25, 727–733) proved that for any connected graph G of order n ≥ 3, sdγ
t(G) ≤ 2γ
t(G) − 1 and posed the following problem: Characterize the graphs that achieve the aforementioned upper bound. In this paper we first prove that sdγ
t(G) ≤ 2α′(G) for every connected graph G of order n ≥ 3 and δ(G) ≥ 2 where α′(G) is the maximum number of edges in a matching in G and then we characterize all connected graphs G with sdγ
t(G)=2γt(G)−1.
An accurate approximation of zeta-generalized-Euler-constant functions
Authors: Lampret Vito 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Zeta-generalized-Euler-constant functions, $$
\gamma \left( s \right): = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {\left( {\frac{1}
{{k^s }} - \int_k^{k + 1} {\frac{{dx}}
{{x^s }}} } \right)}
$$ and $$
\tilde \gamma \left( s \right): = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {\left( { - 1} \right)^{k + 1} \left( {\frac{1}
{{k^s }} - \int_k^{k + 1} {\frac{{dx}}
{{x^s }}} } \right)}
$$ defined on the closed interval [0, ∞), where γ(1) is the Euler-Mascheroni constant and $$
\tilde \gamma
$$(1) = ln $$
\frac{4}
{\pi }
$$, are studied and estimated with high accuracy.
Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Mast Cell Activation Induces IFN-γ Secretion by NK Cells
Authors: Vosskuhl Katja , Greten Tim F. , Manns Michael P. , Korangy Firouzeh , Wedemeyer Jochen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMast cells (MCs) that are well known for their important effector function in IgE-associated immune responses play a key role in innate immune defenses. In this study, we investigate the interaction between MCs and NK cells in vitro and in vivo. We show that mouse bone marrow-derived cultured MCs activated with LPS, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, or CpG can stimulate NK cells to secrete increasing concentrations of IFN-γ. MCs induce a 20-fold increase in IFN-γ release from NK cells after LPS stimulation. This enhancement of IFN-γ secretion is cell contact dependent and TNF-α independent. Furthermore, we show that this interaction is in part mediated by OX40 ligand on MCs. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was not affected by the presence of MCs. Intracellular IFN-γ levels in splenic NK cells are significantly decreased after i.p. injection of LPS in mast cell-deficient (C57BL/6 Kitwsh/wsh) mice in comparison with wild-type mice. In conclusion, our data show for the first time a direct mast cell-dependent NK cell activation. This interaction might play an important role in innate immune defense, as it is dependent on the presence of stimulators relevant in innate immune responses.
Protein Tyrosine Nitration of Aldolase in Mast Cells: A Plausible Pathway in Nitric Oxide-Mediated Regulation of Mast Cell Function
Authors: Sekar Yokananth , Moon Tae Chul , Slupsky Carolyn M. , Befus A. Dean 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNO is a short-lived free radical that plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular signaling. Mast cell (MC)-derived NO and exogenous NO regulate MC activities, including the inhibition of MC degranulation. At a molecular level, NO acts to modify protein structure and function through several mechanisms, including protein tyrosine nitration. To begin to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of NO in MCs, we investigated protein tyrosine nitration in human MC lines HMC-1 and LAD2 treated with the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione. Using two-dimensional gel Western blot analysis with an anti-nitrotyrosine Ab, together with mass spectrometry, we identified aldolase A, an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, as a target for tyrosine nitration in MCs. The nitration of aldolase A was associated with a reduction in the maximum velocity of aldolase in HMC-1 and LAD2. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that despite these changes in the activity of a critical enzyme in glycolysis, there was no significant change in total cellular ATP content, although the AMP/ATP ratio was altered. Elevated levels of lactate and pyruvate suggested that S-nitrosoglutathione treatment enhanced glycolysis. Reduced aldolase activity was associated with increased intracellular levels of its substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Interestingly, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate inhibited IgE-mediated MC degranulation in LAD2 cells. Thus, for the first time we report evidence of protein tyrosine nitration in human MC lines and identify aldolase A as a prominent target. This posttranslational nitration of aldolase A may be an important pathway that regulates MC phenotype and function.
A Common Polymorphism in the Caspase Recruitment Domain of RIG-I Modifies the Innate Immune Response of Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Hu Jianzhong , Nistal-Villán Estanislao , Voho Anu , Ganee Arnold , Kumar Madhu , Ding Yaomei , García-Sastre Adolfo , Wetmur James G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Infection of human dendritic cells (DCs) by negative-strand RNA viruses, such as Newcastle disease virus, leads to the induction of the IFNβ gene, IFNB1, through the activation of the RNA helicase RIG-I, which is encoded by DDX58. Expression levels of IFNB1 and DDX58 in infected DCs showed positive correlations at the population and the single-cell levels. DDX58 has a common and potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphism, rs10813831 (A/G), encoding an Arg7Cys amino acid change in the RIG-I protein caspase recruitment domain (CARD). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis on Newcastle disease virus-infected primary DCs from 130 individuals revealed a significant association of the Arg7Cys single nucleotide polymorphism with increased IFNB1 and DDX58 transcription. Allelic imbalance analysis ruled out allele-specific DDX58 message levels and suggested that the observed association between Arg7Cys and IFNB1 and DDX58 transcription originated from a functional change in RIG-I due to the amino acid substitution in the CARD. DDX58 transfection experiments in 293T cells confirmed a biological functional difference between RIG-I 7Cys and the more common RIG-I 7Arg. Taken together, these data indicate that the innate immune response to viral infection of human cells is modified by a functional polymorphism in the RIG-I CARD.
α-Synuclein Activates Microglia by Inducing the Expressions of Matrix Metalloproteinases and the Subsequent Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor-1
Authors: Lee Eun-Jung , Woo Moon-Sook , Moon Pyong-Gon , Baek Moon-Chang , Choi In-Young , Kim Won-Ki , Junn Eunsung , Kim Hee-Sun 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The mutation or overexpression of α-synuclein protein plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. In our preliminary experiments, we found that α-synuclein induced the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (MMP-1, -3, -8, and -9) in rat primary cultured microglia. Thus, the current study was undertaken to determine the roles of MMPs in α-synuclein–induced microglial activation. The inhibition of MMP-3, -8, or -9 significantly reduced NO and reactive oxygen species levels and suppressed the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Notably, MMP-8 inhibitor suppressed TNF-α production more efficaciously than MMP-3 or MMP-9 inhibitors. Inhibition of MMP-3 or -9 also suppressed the activities of MAPK, NF-κB, and AP-1. Previously, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) has been associated with the actions of MMPs, and thus, we further investigated the role of PAR-1 in α-synuclein–induced inflammatory reactions. A PAR-1–specific inhibitor and a PAR-1 antagonist significantly suppressed cytokine levels, and NO and reactive oxygen species production in α-synuclein–treated microglia. Subsequent PAR-1 cleavage assay revealed that MMP-3, -8, and -9, but not α-synuclein, cleaved the synthetic peptide containing conventional PAR-1 cleavage sites. These results suggest that MMPs secreted by α-synuclein–stimulated microglia activate PAR-1 and amplify microglial inflammatory signals in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Furthermore, our findings suggest that modulation of the activities of MMPs and/or PAR-1 may provide a new therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease.
Generation of Th1-Polarizing Dendritic Cells Using the TLR7/8 Agonist CL075
Authors: Spranger Stefani , Javorovic Miran , Bürdek Maja , Wilde Susanne , Mosetter Barbara , Tippmer Stefanie , Bigalke Iris , Geiger Christiane , Schendel Dolores J. , Frankenberger Bernhard 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In this paper, we describe a new method for preparation of human dendritic cells (DCs) that secrete bioactive IL-12(p70) using synthetic immunostimulatory compounds as TLR7/8 agonists. Monocyte-derived DCs were generated using a procedure that provided mature cells within 3 d. Several maturation mixtures that contained various cytokines, IFN-γ, different TLR agonists, and PGE2 were compared for impact on cell recovery, phenotype, cytokine secretion, migration, and lymphocyte activation. Mixtures that included the TLR7/8 agonists R848 or CL075, combined with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, yielded 3-d mature DCs that secreted high levels of IL-12(p70), showed strong chemotaxis to CCR7 ligands, and had a positive costimulatory potential. They also had excellent capacity to activate NK cells, effectively polarized CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to secrete IFN-γ and to induce T cell-mediated cytotoxic function. Thereby, mature DCs prepared within 3 d using such maturation mixtures displayed optimal functions required for vaccine development.
NKG2D Costimulates Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell Antitumor Cytotoxicity through Protein Kinase Cθ-Dependent Modulation of Early TCR-Induced Calcium and Transduction Signals
Authors: Nedellec Steven , Sabourin Caroline , Bonneville Marc , Scotet Emmanuel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, a major innate-like peripheral T cell subset, are thought to play in vivo an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses to infection agents and tumors. However, the mechanisms regulating their broad effector functions, such as cytotoxicity and cytokine responses, remain poorly understood. In this study, we used single-cell calcium video imaging to analyze the early intracellular events associated with TCR-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell functional responses. When compared with other human T cell subsets, including NKT and Vδ2neg γδ T cells, TCR/CD3-activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells displayed an unusually delayed and sustained intracellular calcium mobilization, which was dramatically quickened and shortened on costimulation by NKG2D, a main activating NKR regulating γδ T cell tumor cytolysis. Importantly, the protein kinase Cθ transduction pathway was identified as a main regulator of the NKG2D-mediated costimulation of antitumor Vγ9Vδ2 cytolytic responses. Therefore, this study identifies a new mechanism regulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cell functional plasticity through fine-tuning of early signal transduction events.
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in ectopic liver masquerading as left adrenal carcinoma: a rare occurrence
Authors: Singh Vishwajeet , Sinha Rahul Janak , Sankhwar Satya Narayan , Kumar Shailendra , Mehrotra Bandana , Puri Mohini , Sengottayan Vengetesh Kilvani 
Published: May 2010

We report a unique case of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in an ectopic liver rest in the left renal hilum masquerading as a left adrenal tumor. Adrenal tumors have been reported within adrenal rests inside the liver but hepatocellular carcinoma in ectopic liver rests in the adrenal area is an extremely rare entity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report from the Indian subcontinent to describe this event in the English literature. Our patient, a sixty-year-old, non-diabetic, non-hypertensive male, presented with a history of left flank pain for the past six months. He was a chronic smoker and also consumed excessive amounts of alcohol. He had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and was hepatitis B surface antigen positive. A contrast enhanced computer tomography scan of the abdomen showed an 8×8×8 cm, well-defined, heterogeneously enhancing mass with central necrosis, in the left suprarenal region. The provisional diagnosis of an adrenal tumor was made and open transperitoneal excision of the tumor along with two enlarged lymph nodes was done. Immunohistochemistry staining of the specimen revealed it to be a primary hepato cellular carcinoma. The patient died within six months of surgery owing to extensive metastases. We concluded that chronic hepatitis B infection and chronic and excessive alcohol consumption and/or chronic smoking may have been the predisposing factors for the occurrence of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in the liver rest in our patient. The prognosis appears to be poor despite surgical management.