bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal capital and the metabolic ghetto: An evolutionary perspective on the transgenerational basis of health inequalities
Authors: Wells Jonathan C.K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThere is particular interest in understanding socioeconomic and ethnic variability in health status. The developmental origins of disease hypothesis emphasize the importance of growth patterns across the life‐course in relation to noncommunicable disease risk. The physiological components of cardiovascular risk, collectively termed the metabolic syndrome, derive in part from a disparity between the homeostatic “metabolic capacity” of vital organs and the “metabolic load” induced by large tissue masses, a rich diet and sedentary behavior. From an evolutionary perspective, the risk of such disparity is decreased by maternal physiology regulating offspring growth trajectory during gestation and lactation. Maternal capital, defined as phenotypic resources enabling investment in the offspring, allows effective buffering of the offspring from nutritional perturbations and represents the environmental niche initially occupied by the offspring. Offspring growth patterns are sensitive to the magnitude of maternal capital during early windows of plasticity. Offspring life‐history strategy can then respond adaptively to further factors across the life‐course, but only within the context of this initial maternal influence on growth. Maternal somatic capital is primarily gained or lost across generations, through variable rates of fetal and infant growth. I argue that the poor nutritional experience of populations subjected to colonialism resulted in a systematic loss of maternal capital, reflected in downward secular trends in stature. Accelerating the recovery of somatic capital within generations overloads metabolic capacity and exacerbates cardiovascular risk, reflected in increased disease rates in urbanizing and emigrant populations. Public health policies need to benefit metabolic capacity without exacerbating metabolic load. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short but catching up: Statural growth among native Amazonian Bolivian children
Authors: Godoy Ricardo , Nyberg Colleen , Eisenberg Dan T.A. , Magvanjav Oyunbileg , Shinnar Eliezer , Leonard William R. , Gravlee Clarence , Reyes‐García Victoria , Mcdade Thomas W. , Huanca Tomás , Tanner Susan ,   Bolivian TAPS Study Team
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe ubiquity and consequences of childhood growth stunting (<−2 SD in height‐for‐ageZscore, HAZ) in rural areas of low‐income nations has galvanized research into the reversibility of stunting, but the shortage of panel data has hindered progress. Using panel data from a native Amazonian society of foragers‐farmers in Bolivia (Tsimane'), we estimate rates of catch‐up growth for stunted children. One hundred forty‐six girls and 158 boys 2 ≤ age ≤ 7 were measured annually during 2002–2006. Annual Δ height in cm and in HAZ were regressed separately against baseline stunting and control variables related to attributes of the child, mother, household, and village. Children stunted at baseline had catch‐up growth rates 0.11 SD/year higher than their nonstunted age and sex peers, with a higher rate among children farther from towns. The rate of catch up did not differ by the child's sex. A 10% rise in household income and an additional younger sibling lowered by 0.16 SD/year and 0.53 SD/year the rate of growth. Results were weaker when measuring Δ height in cm rather than in HAZ. Possible reasons for catch‐up growth include (a) omitted variable bias, (b) parental reallocation of resources to redress growth faltering, particularly if parents perceive the benefits of redressing growth faltering for child school achievement, and (c) developmental plasticity during this period when growth rates are most rapid and linear growth trajectories have not yet canalized. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability of genetic influences on pulmonary function in a longitudinal study of octogenarian twins
Authors: Vasilopoulos Terrie , Mack Holly A. , McClearn Gerald E. , Berg Stig , Johansson Boo , Vogler George P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractUsing data from the first four waves of the OCTO‐Twin study (twins 80 + years), the present study investigated the stability and change of genetic and environmental contributions to pulmonary function. Using a genetic simplex model, variance in peak expiratory flow (PEF) at each wave was decomposed into additive genetic and nonshared (specific) environmental factors. Additionally, this analysis distinguished the source of these influences, either from previous waves (transmissions) or from novel influences at each wave (innovations). At each time point (except wave 1), the genetic variance was due to genetic transmissions from prior time points. Conversely, the specific environmental variance in PEF at each time point was mainly due to environmental innovations. These results imply that genetic factors contribute to the stability of pulmonary function over time whereas environmental factors contribute to its change. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal foraging on the roof of the world: Himalayan langurs and the classical prey model
Authors: Sayers Ken , Norconk Marilyn A. , Conklin‐Brittain Nancy L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOptimal foraging theory has only been sporadically applied to nonhuman primates. The classical prey model, modified for patch choice, predicts a sliding “profitability threshold” for dropping patch types from the diet, preference for profitable foods, dietary niche breadth reduction as encounter rates increase, and that exploitation of a patch type is unrelated to its own abundance. We present results from a 1‐year study testing these predictions with Himalayan langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) at Langtang National Park, Nepal. Behavioral data included continuous recording of feeding bouts and between‐patch travel times. Encounter rates were estimated for 55 food types, which were analyzed for crude protein, lipid, free simple sugar, and fibers. Patch types were entered into the prey model algorithm for eight seasonal time periods and differing age‐sex classes and nutritional currencies. Although the model consistently underestimated diet breadth, the majority of nonpredicted patch types represented rare foods. Profitability was positively related to annual/seasonal dietary contribution by organic matter estimates, whereas time estimates provided weaker relationships. Patch types utilized did not decrease with increasing encounter rates involving profitable foods, although low‐ranking foods available year‐round were taken predominantly when high‐ranking foods were scarce. High‐ranking foods were taken in close relation to encounter rates, while low‐ranking foods were not. The utilization of an energetic currency generally resulted in closest conformation to model predictions, and it performed best when assumptions were most closely approximated. These results suggest that even simple models from foraging theory can provide a useful framework for the study of primate feeding behavior. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A survey of entodiniomorphid ciliates in chimpanzees and bonobos
Authors: Pomajbíková Kateřina , Petrželková Klára J. , Profousová Ilona , Petrášová Jana , Kišidayová Svetlana , Varádyová Zora , Modrý David 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntestinal entodiniomorphid ciliates are commonly diagnosed in the feces of wild apes of the genera Pan and Gorilla. Although some authors previously considered entodiniomorphid ciliates as possible pathogens, a symbiotic function within the intestinal ecosystem and their participation in fiber fermentation has been proposed. Previous studies have suggested that these ciliates gradually disappear under captive conditions. We studied entodiniomorphid ciliates in 23 captive groups of chimpanzees, three groups of captive bonobos and six populations of wild chimpanzees. Fecal samples were examined using Sheather's flotation and Merthiolate‐Iodine‐Formaldehyde Concentration (MIFC) methods. We quantified the number of ciliates per gram of feces. The MIFC method was more sensitive for ciliate detection than the flotation method. Ciliates of genus Troglodytella were detected in 13 groups of captive chimpanzees, two groups of bonobos and in all wild chimpanzee populations studied. The absence of entodiniomorphids in some captive groups might be because of the extensive administration of chemotherapeutics in the past or a side‐effect of the causative or prophylactic administration of antiparasitic or antibiotic drugs. The infection intensities of ciliates in captive chimpanzees were higher than in wild ones. We suppose that the over‐supply of starch, typical in captive primate diets, might induce an increase in the number of ciliates. In vitro studies on metabolism and biochemical activities of entodiniomorphids are needed to clarify their role in ape digestion. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antarctic winter tropospheric warming—the potential role of polar stratospheric clouds, a sensitivity study
Authors: Lachlan‐Cope T. A. , Connolley W. M. , Turner J. , Roscoe H. , Marshall G. J. , Colwell S. R. , Höpfner M. , Ingram W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOver the last 30 years, Antarctic mid‐tropospheric temperatures in winter have increased by 0.5 K per decade, the largest regional tropospheric warming observed. Over this period, amounts of polar stratospheric cloud(PSC) have also increased, as rising CO2 concentrations cooled the stratosphere. By imposing an idealisation of these increases in PSC within the radiation scheme of an atmosphere‐only general circulation model, we find that they could have contributed to the observed warming. The present generation of global climate models do not properly represent PSCs, and so these results demonstrate the need to improve the representation of PSCs. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright
Barley as a green factory for the production of functional Flt3 ligand
Authors: Erlendsson Lýður S. , Muench Marcus O. , Hellman Ulf , Hrafnkelsdóttir Soffía M. , Jonsson Anders , Balmer Yves , Mäntylä Einar , Örvar Björn L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBiologically active recombinant human Flt3 ligand was expressed and isolated from transgenic barley seeds. Its expression is controlled by a tissue specific promoter that confines accumulation of the recombinant protein to the endosperm tissue of the seed. The recombinant Flt3 ligand variant expressed in the seeds contains an HQ‐tag for affinity purification on immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) resin. The tagged protein was purified from seed extracts to near homogeneity using sequential chromatography on IMAC affinity resin and cation exchange resin. We also show that the recombinant Flt3 ligand protein undergoes posttranslational modifications: it is a glycoprotein containing α‐1,3‐fucose and α‐1,2‐xylose. The HQ‐tagged Flt3 ligand variant exhibits comparable biological activity to commercial Flt3 ligand. This is the first report showing expression and accumulation of recombinant human growth factor in barley seeds with a yield of active protein similar to a bacterial expression system. The present results demonstrate that plant molecular farming is a viable approach for the bioproduction of human‐derived growth factors.
Chemical strategies for immobilization of oligonucleotides
Authors: Sethi Dalip , Gandhi R. P. , Kuma Pradeep , Gupta Kailash Chand 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe development of oligonucleotide‐based microarrays (biochips) is a major thrust area in the rapidly growing biotechnology industry, which encompasses a diverse range of research areas including genomics, proteomics, computational biology, and pharmaceuticals, among other activities. Microarray experiments have proved to be unique in offering cost‐effective and efficient analysis at the genomic level. In the last few years, biochips have gained increasing acceptance in the study of genetic and cellular processes. As the increase in experimental throughput has posed many challenges to the research community, considerable progress has been made in the advancement of microarray technology. In this review, chemical strategies for immobilization of oligonucleotides have been highlighted with special emphasis on post‐synthetic immobilization of oligonucleotides on glass surface. The major objective of this article is to make the researchers acquainted with some most recent advances in this area.
An integrated microdevice for high‐performance short tandem repeat genotyping
Authors: Choi Jong Young , Seo Tae Seok 
Published: October 2009

AbstractShort tandem repeat (STR) analysis provides genetic fingerprinting of individuals, and is considered as a powerful and indispensable technique for forensic human identification. However, the current state‐of‐the‐art STR genotyping processes and instruments are labor intensive, expensive, time consuming, and lack portability. Micro‐total‐analysis systems or lab‐on‐a‐chip platforms based on microfabrication technologies have the capability to miniaturize and integrate bioanalysis steps in a single format. Recent progress in microsystems has demonstrated their successful performance for the forensic STR typing with a reduced cost, high speed, and improved high throughput. The purpose of this review article is to highlight up‐to‐date work on advanced microdevices for high‐throughput STR genotyping, and a portable integrated microsystem for on‐site forensic DNA analysis.
Oligomerization of adenosin‐5′‐O‐ylmethylphosphonate, an isopolar AMP analogue: Evaluation of the route to short oligoadenylates
Authors: Pressová Martina , Buděšínský Miloš , Košiová Ivana , Kopecký Vladimír , Cvačka Josef , Kašička Václav , Šimák Ondřej , Točík Zdeněk , Rosenberg Ivan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn an attempt to prepare a library of short oligoadenylate analogues featuring both the enzyme‐stable internucleotide linkage and the 5′‐O‐methylphosphonate moiety and thus obtain a pool of potential RNase L agonists/antagonists, we studied the spontaneous polycondensation of the adenosin‐5′‐O‐ylmethylphosphonic acid (pcA), an isopolar AMP analogue, and its imidazolide derivatives employing N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide under nonaqueous conditions and uranyl ions under aqueous conditions, respectively. The RP LC–MS analyses of the reaction mixtures per se, and those obtained after the periodate treatment, along with analyses and separations by capillary zone electrophoresis, allowed us to characterize major linear and cyclic oligoadenylates obtained. The structure of selected compounds was supported, after their isolation, by NMR spectroscopy. Ab initio calculation of the model structures simulating the AMP‐imidazolide and pcA‐imidazolide offered the explanation why the latter compound exerted, in contrast to AMP‐imidazolide, a very low stability in aqueous solutions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 277–289, 2010.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
When VSEPR Fails: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Behavior of Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal Acetylides
Authors: Guino‐o Marites A. , Alexander Jacob S. , McKee Michael L. , Hope Håkon , Englich Ulrich B. , Ruhlandt‐Senge Karin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe synthesis, structural, and spectral characterization as well as a theoretical study of a family of alkaline‐earth‐metal acetylides provides insights into synthetic access and the structural and bonding characteristics of this group of highly reactive compounds. Based on our earlier communication that reported unusual geometry for a family of triphenylsilyl‐substituted alkaline‐earth‐metal acetylides, we herein present our studies on an expanded family of target derivatives, providing experimental and theoretical data to offer new insights into the intensively debated theme of structural chemistry in heavy alkaline‐earth‐metal chemistry.
Geminal Ionic Liquids: A Combined Approach to Investigate Their Three‐Dimensional Organisation
Authors: D'Anna Francesca , Ferrante Francesco , Noto Renato 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDifferent investigations, such as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, resonance light scattering spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, have been jointly used to achieve a deeper understanding of the degree of structural order in two geminal ionic liquids. In particular, 3,3′‐di‐n‐butyl‐1,1′‐(1,3‐phenylenedimethylene)diimidazolium and 3,3′‐di‐n‐butyl‐1,1′‐(1,4‐phenylenedimethylene)diimidazolium bis[bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] have been studied. These geminal ionic liquids were chosen because of the presence of both a rigid phenylenedimethylene link between two imidazolium rings, which should give a high degree of order to the solvent system, and the different shapes of the two cations of the isomers, which could induce different properties and packing in the liquid state. Data collected here show that the two geminal ionic liquids are characterised by a different degree of structural order that induces, for example, a different sensitivity of the two solvent systems to temperature changes or to the presence of a co‐solvent such as methanol.
Predicting the spectral reflectance factor of translucent paints using Kubelka‐Munk turbid media theory: Review and evaluation
Authors: Zhao Yonghui , Berns Roy S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe use of Kubelka‐Munk (K‐M) turbid media theory in predicting the spectral reflectance factor of an opaque specimen from the specimen's constituent optical constants is well established in practice and well described in the literature. For translucent samples, there is a paucity of published results and the approaches are disparate. Accordingly, a review of K‐M theory and its application for predicting the spectral reflectance factor of translucent samples is presented and tested. Four methods for determining the absorption and scattering coefficients with respect to a certain film thickness are described: the black‐white method, the infinite method, the masstone‐tint method, and the two‐region method. The black‐white and infinite methods use the general form of the K‐M equation. The masstone‐tint method can be used for both the general form and the opaque simplification. The two‐region method, combining opaque and translucent approaches, was enhanced in this research and included an opacity calculation to automatically differentiate opaque and translucent spectral regions and a smoothing technique to combine both spectral regions. The two‐region method was tested using a set of acrylic‐emulsion artist paints and glazes spanning a range of opacities from opaque to nearly transparent. The results were reasonable and provided statistically significant improvement compared with the opaque simplification, commonly used in art conservation science and industrial color matching. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 417–431, 2009
Quantitative camouflage paint selection for the CH‐47F helicopter
Authors: Bacon Fred W. , Iannarilli Frank J. , Conant John A. , Deas Torrey , Dinning Malcolm 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe have determined optimal minimum‐conspicuity monocoat paint colors for the CH‐47F Chinook helicopter, viewed photopically against forest, desert, and sky backgrounds. Our methodology combines use of a validated spectroradiometric model for rigorous 3D signature prediction with statistics of varying background fields and a CIE color difference metric. The study considered a large subset of the Federal Standard 595 (FS595) paint inventory. Each paint color was rigorously modeled with bidirectional reflectance distribution function scattering properties to match existing army paint and spectral reflectances to match spectrophotometer measurements of FS595 reference samples. We devised and validated a method to impute statistical variation in background radiances over environmental conditions consistent with the aircraft radiometric computations. Using a visual jury, we informally calibrated the CIE 1994 color difference formula (which gauges both luminance and chromaticity contrast) to gauge how each paint performed against each background, for varying range, view direction, and sun location. The statistical dispersions in performance were summarized for the CH‐47F Program Manager, who selected the best overall paint for the CH‐47F fleet. We found paints that were optimized to a specific background (forest, desert, etc.) yielded enhanced performance against those backgrounds, as would be expected, and that those paints were better than the paint used on CH‐47s in the current US inventory. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 406–416, 2009
An efficient high‐throughput flow cytometric method for estimating DNA ploidy level in plants
Authors: Cousin A. , Heel K. , Cowling W. A. , Nelson M. N. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe present an efficient high‐throughput flow cytometric method that builds on previously published methods and permits rapid ploidy discrimination in plants. By using Brassica napus L. microspore‐derived plants as an example, we describe how 192 leaf tissue samples may be processed and analyzed comfortably by one operator in 6 h from tissue sampling to ploidy determination. The technique involves placing young leaf samples in two 96‐well racks, using a bead‐beating procedure to release nuclei into a lysis solution, filtering the samples on 96‐well filter plates, staining with propidium iodide, and then rapidly estimating DNA ploidy using a plate loader on a BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer. Throughout the sample preparation process, multichannel pipetting allows faster and less error‐prone sample handling. In two 96‐well plates of samples, the histogram peaks of DNA content from flow cytometry were wellresolved in 189 of 192 samples tested (98.4%), with CV values ranging from 2.98% to 6.20% with an average CV of 4.35% (SD = 0.68%). This new method is usefulin doubled haploid plant breeding programs where early discrimination of haploid and doubled haploid (i.e., diploid) plantlets can confer significantly improved operational efficiencies. We discuss how this method could be further refined including adapting the method to robotic sample processing. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Embryogenesis and ossification ofEmydura subglobosa(Testudines, Pleurodira, Chelidae) and patterns of turtle development
Authors: Werneburg Ingmar , Hugi Jasmina , Müller Johannes , Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractUsing the Standard Event System (SES) to study patterns of vertebrate development, we describe a series of 17 embryos of the pleurodire turtleEmydura subglobosa. Based on a sequence heterochrony analysis including 23 tetrapod taxa, we identified autapomorphic developmental shifts that characterise Testudines, Cryptodira, and Pleurodira. The main results are that Testudines are characterised by an autapomorphic late neck development, whereas pleurodires and cryptodires show a different developmental timing of the mandibular process. Additionally, we described the ossification pattern ofE. subglobosaand compared the data to those of five other turtles. Pleurodires show the epiplastron to ossify before or simultaneously with maxilla and dentary. In contrast, cryptodires show a later ossification of this bone. Because evolutionary developmental studies on turtles have previously focused only on “model organisms” that all belong to Cryptodira, we underline the necessity to include a pleurodire taxon for a more comprehensive, phylogenetically more informative approach. Developmental Dynamics 238:2770–2786, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.