bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Skeleton of a Theriodont Reptile from the Baviaans River (Cape Colony):
Dicranozygoma leptoscelus
, gen. et sp. nov.
Authors: Seeley H. G. 
Published: October 2009

The fossil reptilia of South Africa collected or sent to England by the elder and younger Bain became known from isolated fragments, from a mistaken idea (fostered by the published figures) that the skull or the dentition gave information which was of chief scientific interest; but, partly owing to the rapidity with which specimens at the surface become broken and washed away when exposed to the sun and rain, skeletons in a complete state cannot often be obtained; and partly from difficulties of transport in the Karroo Desert, in which they have mostly occurred, associated bones are rarely collected.
In Cape Colony I saw only one specimen showing bones of the skeleton of an Anomodont reptile in natural association. This evidence I now bring before the Geological Society. It had been for some time in the Albany Museum at Grahamstown. The slab containing it is 31 inches long by 10 inches wide. The rock is an extremely hard siliceous sandstone, divided by natural rectangular joints into its present size and form, split so as to expose a portion of the skull, the vertebral column and ribs as far as the pelvis, scapula, part of the humerus, femur, and parts of the tibia and fibula. The skeleton curves over the slab; and has been so divided by the parallel longitudinal joints that the tail and left hind-limb, and apparently part of the right fore-limb, were lost. The bones have decomposed, and are represented by natural moulds. The specimen, slightly distorted by
A Description of the Salt-Lake of Larnaca in the Island of Cyprus
Authors: Bellamy C. Y. 
Published: October 2009

Much interest has from time to time been evinced in the salt-lake of Larnaca in the island of Cyprus, and many have been the surmises as to the origin of the salt. No decided information on the subject has been yet recorded, so that the Government of Cyprus, taking advantage of the presence of Dr. Otto Maas of Munich University, who was visiting the island in the interests of Marine Biology, instructed the present writer to conduct such investigations as would lead to a settlement of the question. The results of these investigations as set forth in the following pages may be of interest to the Geological Society.
The town of Larnaca is situated about midway along the eastern half of the southern coast, on the bay of that name. It is at present the chief port of the island, nearly all the trade of Nicosia, the capital town, passing through it. Its ancient name was Kitium, and its other names at the present day are Scala and Marina.
About a mile or more to the south-west lie the salt-lakes or salines which form the subject of this paper.
A Monchiquite from Mount Girnar, Junagarh (Kathiawar)
Authors: Evans John William 
Published: October 2009

I. Monchiquites and their Isotropic Groundmass
The term monchiquite is now recognized as the designation of a rock, consisting mainly of ferromagnesian silicates in an isotropic groundmass, which has approximately the chemical composition and specific gravity of analcime.

The name was given in 1890 by Hunter & Rosenbusch [10]
1
to a rock occurring in narrow dykes, near Cabo Frio in the Serra de Tingua and elsewhere in Brazil, and containing pyroxene, soda-hornblende, mica, and olivine-phenocrysts in a colourless—or, rarely, transparent brown—matrix. This material, which they assumed to be a glass, contains numerous microlites of the porphyritic minerals and, when in a fresh condition, is completely isotropic. It has a specific gravity of 2·31. In a few cases nepheline and, rather more frequently, a felspar with twin lamellation occur. The groundmass is very subject to alteration, natrolite and analcime being formed [20] p. 539 & [24] p. 233. In one instance fluidal structure was noticed to be present. The rock was distinguished from camptonite on account of its glassy base, and received the name of monchiquite, as L. van Werveke had described a similar rock from the Serra de Monchique in Southern Portugal [7].

Rocks with a groundmass of the same character, but without olivine, have been reported from Bohemia by Bořicky [4,5] and Hibsch [15]. Nepheline [5] p. 176, and leucite [15] p. 99, are sometimes present. J. R. Williams [11] described similar rocks from Arkansas, in which he believed a glassy base had once existed but had since become
On the Upper Greensand and Chloritic Marl of Mere and Maiden Bradley in Wiltshire
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. , Scanes John 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The object of this communication is to give some account of the geology of a little known district on the borders of Wiltshire and Somerset; a district which includes the parishes of Mere, Stourton, Kilmington, Maiden Bradley, and Horningsham. This area is included in Sheet 19 of the old 1-inch Ordnance Map and in Sheet 297 of the new series of maps.
It is a high watershed-area, from which streams flow into four different rivers. At Stourton are the sources of the Stour which flows southward; at Kilmington is a bourn which flows eastward into the Deverill Brook, and is consequently one of the sources of the River Wily; near Maiden Bradley are springs from which watercourses run northward into the Frome; while of the waters which issue from the western border of the high ground, some join the Frome and others are tributaries of the Brue.
The greater part of the area is occupied by sandy beds of Selbornian age, usually known as Upper Greensand; these form a high plateau, which rises gradually westward and terminates in a bold escarpment, overlooking the lower ground, formed by the outcrop of the Oxford Clay and Lower Oolites, in the valleys of the Brue and the Frome. The summit-ridge of this escarpment rises in several places to over 800 feet, the highest point being Alfred's Tower, marked as 854 feet. Eastward the Greensand plateau slopes below the Chalk, which forms a second bold, but more broken, escarpment rising to nearly
On the Character of the Upper Coal-Measures of North Staffordshire, Denbighshire, South Staffordshire, and Nottinghamshire; and their Relation to the Productive Series
Authors: Gibson Walcot 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

The productive measures in the Midlands are succeeded by a considerable thickness of strata, barren of workable seams of coal. The study of these higher strata has, in comparison with that given to the coal-bearing portion of the Carboniferous, been neglected, though they early attracted the attention of Murchison, Prestwich, and Phillips. By these and subsequent observers, the presence of thin bands of impure limestone with
Spirorbis
was considered to characterize the series. It has also been generally recognized that while the predominating colour of the productive series is grey, that of the overlying barren series is red; but, with the exception of Beete Jukes and D. C. Davies, no definite sequence has been even suggested. Fresh interest was given to the study of these strata by the discovery that the fauna and flora of the immediately overlying red beds, or ‘Salopian Permian,’ possessed a Coal-Measure facies, and that it would be more natural to include them in the Carboniferous system. Recently it has been stated, in two papers, that the higher Coal-Measures are strongly unconformable to the underlying productive series.

The object of this paper is to show that in four widely-separated areas a definite lithological sequence may be distinguished in the higher Coal-Measures; that the relation of the upper to the productive series in North Staffordshire is one of strict conformity; and that the evidence is in favour of the post-Carboniferous age of the chief movements which have affected the Midland Coalfields.
The Pottery Coalfield of
Note on a Well-Section at Dallinghoo (Suffolk)
Authors: Bullen Robert Ashington 
Published: October 2009

The well here described was sunk in the garden of Dallinghoo Post-Office, near Wickham Market (Suffolk). Dallinghoo is about 4 miles north-west of Woodbridge, and about 161 feet above Ordnance datum. The well is one of three bored by a water-finder's advice. His counsels were successfully acted upon in two out of the three cases, and this result will probably help to keep the superstition alive in that district. In this Post-Office well water' was found at a depth of 79 feet.
The section shows:—
Below this the boring was not continued.
Mr. George R. Allen, of Wickham Market, the borer and builder of the well, has carefully collected the fossils from the Boulder-Clay, and has given me the boring measurements.

Besides
Gryphæa incurva
and
Ichthyosaurus
sp. (vertebra) the following fossils were found and were kindly identified for me by Mr. E. T. :Newton, F.R.S. :—

In addition to these there is a concreted mass of indeterminable
Lima
and
Ostrea
, too young for identification, probably assignable to the Lower Lias. There are also large pieces of a dull-green bituminous shale, containing numerous fossils, showing young ammonites and brachiopoda (
Discina
sp.), and black shining objects, possibly fish-scales. This shale burns with a bright yellow flame, and gives off a disagreeable pitch-like odour.

A mass of quartz-grains, cemented by a dull-brown ferruginous material, is thought by Mr. Newton to be most probably Carstone.

The fragment of
Ammonites rarivostatus
is very much worn at the upper (dorsal) surface and striated.
Belemnites abbreviatus
also is
On some Landslips in Boulder-Clay near Scarborough
Authors: Monckton Horace Woollaston 
Published: October 2009

In the valleys which have been cut through the tabular Howardian Hills, and on the hills themselves, there is a great scarcity of deposits of Drift, but along the Yorkshire coast we find a remarkable band of Boulder-Clay with an average width of about 2 miles. The consequence is, that whereas inland the solid rock (Corallian, Oxfordian, etc.) is exposed from the top of the hills to the bottom of the valleys, along the coast the old pre-Boulder-Clay surface of the ground is obscured, and only the higher points of solid rock, such, for instance, as Oliver's Mount, project through the Boulder-Clay covering.
The old surface-features of the ground have been to some extent exposed by the action of the sea. Thus the old Corallian-capped hill upon which Scarborough Castle stands has been worn out of the Boulder-Clay in process of denudation, and even now a capping of that clay remains on its top.
South of the castle there was in pre-Boulder-Clay times a deep valley; for the Drift has been penetrated to a depth of over 100 feet below sea-level, and this valley has been to a certain extent re-excavated by the stream which flows from the Mere.
The south side of the valley was formed of sandstones belonging to the Estuarine Series, which at High Wheatcroft are covered by Cornbrash and Kellaway's Rock ; but beyond White Nab we come to another old depression, which is cut through by the sea in Carnelian Bay. The depression sinks very
On the Passage of a Seam of Coal into a Seam of Dolomite
Authors: Strahan Aubrey 
Published: October 2009

In the spring of the year 1900 I was informed by Mr. N. R. Griffith that the Seven-Feet Seam of the Wirral Colliery had been found to pass into stone of an unusual character. The matter seeming likely to be of scientific as well as of economic importance I received instructions from Sir Archibald Geikie, then Director-General of the Geological Survey, to visit the colliery and collect the facts. This I did in June, under the guidance of Mr. James Platt, the Manager, to whom I am indebted for the information concerning the working contained in the present paper.
Four workable coal-seams occur in this small Parkgate Coalfield, namely in descending order, the Six-Feet, Five-Feet, Seven-Feet, and Two-Feet. Though they cannot be precisely correlated with the seams either in Flintshire or South Lancashire, they almost certainly belong to the Middle Coal-Measures. The Seven-Feet Seam, with which alone we are now concerned, was reached at a depth of 148 yards in No. 1 Shaft, and the workings in it were carried westward under the estuary of the Dee for more than half a mile, as shewn in the accompanying plan (fig. 2, p. 299). For a distance of about 1600 yards from the shaft the coal was good and about 4 feet thick. A fault with an easterly downthrow of 23 yards was then encountered (fig. 1, p. 298), but the coal was regained by driving upward through the measures, and was found to be still fairly good. A few yards
On the Crush-Conglomerates of Argyllshire
Authors: Hill James Bastian 
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory
In a former communication to this Society dealing with the Dalradian schists of Argyllshire, I described a deposit known as the Boulder-bed, which occurs in the Highland Series along a horizon extending from Aberdeenshire to Islay. I pointed out that this abnormal conglomerate owed its origin to aqueous deposition, and supported that contention by showing that, in various localities along its outcrop, it contains boulders of foreign material.

At that time, with the exception of the Isle of Man, where the phenomena of crush-conglomerates had been brought to light by the researches of Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, the occurrence of pseudo-conglomerates had not been recorded in Britain. My subsequent work, however, on the Geological Survey in Cornwall, revealed their existence in that county on a large scale; this was described in the Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1899 (pp. 89
et seqq.
), and in a paper read before the Geological Society of Cornwall last November. On continuing my work in the Highlands last summer I was able to show that these structures occur in Scotland among the Dalradian Series, where they bear so marked a resemblance to many portions of the Highland Boulder-bed that they may readily be confounded together, especially as they are both met with on the same horizon.

In my above-mentioned communication to this Society, I sought to demonstrate that the typical crystalline schists of the Central Highlands, when followed into the Loch Awe Basin, pass laterally into sediments which are comparatively
On Intrusive, Tuff-like, Igneous Rocks and Breccias in Ireland
Authors: Kilroe James Robinson , McHenry Alexander 
Published: October 2009

For several years past it has been known to us that fragmental igneous rocks exist in different parts of Ireland, which, though they resemble tuffs, and in certain cases have been described as volcanic rocks, cannot be regarded as ejectamenta, on account of their character and mode of occurrence in the field. Of those which have come more especially under our notice, we may at the outset briefly mention a few particulars, to introduce our subject, before describing in detail the sections exposed in the South-east of Ireland which afford the chief evidence upon which our views of such rocks are based.
In the Explanatory Memoir (1888) accompanying Sheet 24 of the Geological Survey Map of Ireland, pp. 34 & 35, certain breccias occurring to the east of Lough Easke, in Donegal, are described as ‘agglomerates,’ though not in the sense of their having been at any time considered volcanic rocks. In parts, these masses might better be described as crush-breccias, as they, in such cases, follow lines of dislocation. In parts, however, they consist of partly-fused, broken-up, felspathic mica-schist or ‘gneiss,’ and they merge with felsite-dykes. Sometimes they occur dispersedly in sporadic masses in the mica-schist; and north-east of Lough Easke the breccia forms a wide band adjoining the granite, suggesting the conclusion that its formation may be attributed to the earth-stresses which immediately preceded, or in a sense accompanied, the intrusion of the Barnesmore granitic mass.
Rocks similar to these occur in the district of Forkhill, in Armagh
On the Geological and Physical Development of Guadeloupe
Authors: Spencer Joseph William Winthrop 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
My visit to Guadeloupe in March, 1897, was for the purpose of extending my observations of the later geological features of the Antilles southward from Antigua; especially those bearing upon the changes of level of land and sea since the early Miocene Period, and their necessary variation in adjacent localities.
The features of the Guadeloupe archipelago present some striking contrasts to those of the Antigua-Barbuda plateau. The main island is divided into Guadeloupe and Grande Terre. The former is traversed by high mountains, surmounted by recent volcanoes, which are unrepresented in Antigua; but all these features are reproduced in Dominica and other islands of the western belt of the Lesser Antilles. Grande Terre is a limestone-country comparable with Antigua, and, therefore, forms the principal subject of this paper.
The islands of Désirade, Petite Terre, Marie Galante, and The Saints, belong to the same physical unit as Guadeloupe—the three former having characteristics similar to those of Grande Terre, and the last, a group of seven islands, are remnants of the older volcanic rocks. This archipelago is dissected to much greater depths than the Antigua-Barbuda plateau, and shows modifications in the erosion-features, helping us to further understand the history of the Antillean plateau, most of which is now submerged.
The earliest geological contributions appear to have been those of William Maclure, shortly afterwards followed by the writings of Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès. Maclure's paper, along with the studies of Pierre Duchassaing, constitutes our principal knowledge of the Tertiary formations of
On an Altered Siliceous Sinter from Builth (Brecknockshire)
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

In a former paper some tufaceous rhyolites from Dufton Pike were described, which seemed to afford evidence of solfataric action, yet they scarcely gave the convincing proof that could have been desired of the former existence of hot springs and geyser-action among the old volcanic districts of the British Isles.
Attracted as I was by the resemblance of a small specimen of a brecciated rock from Carneddau, near Builth, to a rock from Rotorua, described in a former paper, it seemed desirable to examine other small chips from the Builth neighbourhood which were given to me many years ago by the late Mr. H. W. Bristow, F.R.S., my former Director on the Geological Survey. Among these specimens was one labelled ‘Rock acted on by heat, Builth,’ which seemed to promise more satisfactory information on the subject of old siliceous sinters than that to be derived from the microscopic examination of the generality of quartzites, the latter often showing incontrovertibly that they are sandstones which have undergone various degrees of alteration.
The rock now to be described shows no trace of original sand-grains. It is unfortunate that the label gives no indication of the precise locality at or near Builth from which the specimen was derived. Apart from this drawback, however, it appears to be of sufficient interest to deserve record. If the deposit be of tolerable thickness and extent, its pale yellowish-white or pinkish-cream colour should render it easy of recognition by future investigators of the geology of the district.
On the Origin of Certain Concretions in the Lower Coal-Measures
Authors: Stocks Herbert Birtwhistle 
Published: October 2009

In certain restricted areas of the Lower Coal-Measures at Halifax in Yorkshire and at Oldham in Lancashire, and in a seam of coal called the ‘hard-bed coal,’ peculiar nodules or concretions occur. These concretions, termed locally ‘coal-balls,’ are disseminated throughout the coal, not in particular lines but quite indiscriminately. They are spherical or ovoid, sometimes slightly flattened, and externally—by contact with the coal—they have been blackened; though when broken open they are found to be pale or dark brown internally, and often streaked with veins of iron-pyrites.
Some years ago I made analyses of two of these concretions, and the results are tabulated below :—
From these figures the constitaenta of the coal-balls are calculated to be :—
The nodules or ‘coal-balls’ are of great interest, because they contain extremely well preserved vegetable remains, sections of the concretions revealing the internal structure of Coal-Measure plants in a very remarkable manuer, and it is from such sections that our knowledge of the structure of the Carboniferous flora has been largely increased.
In many cases it is easy to detach large pieces of fossil wood from these concretions. Several samples of this fossil wood have been analysed by me with the following results:—
The constituents of the samples of fossil wood may be calculated as follows :—
From the foregoing analyses it is apparent that the fossil wood and also the concretions themselves are made up very largely of two constituents—calcium—carbonate and iron-pyrites; and that there is great variation in their relative
On the Cambrian Brachiopoda of the Malvern Hills
Authors: Matley Charles Alfred 
Published: October 2009

(i) Introductory.
Before entering upon a description of the Malvern Cambrian brachiopoda which I have had the opportunity of examining, it may be well to make a few brief remarks as to our present knowledge of these fossils.
Although the Cambrian rocks of the Malvern district have been patiently hammered over by more than one generation of geologists (among whom, of those now passed away, may be mentioned Prof. Phillips, Dr. Grindrod, Dr. Holl, the Rev. W. S. Symonds, and Mr. Hugh Strickland), the collection of brachiopoda which their labours have made known has been disappointingly meagre, both as regards individuals and species.
In 1871 the full list, according to Phillips, was as follows :—

Diagnoses of some of the above were given in Holl's paper of 1865(but the descriptions were scanty and the figures not very satisfactory; moreover, the species were in some cases admittedly founded on very imperfect material. It is unfurtunate, too, that the present whereabouts of his type-specimens is unknown. Prof. Groom has endeavoured to trace them, but without success. Davidson, in his monograph, rcdescribed the then known species, treating, however, Holl's
Obolella Phillipsii
as a synonym of Billings's
Kutorgina cingulata
; but it is clear that, excepting the
Kutorgina
of the Malvern Quartzite, he had very little material to help him.

Of the species in the above list,
Lingula squamosa
is obscure and of doubtful value : it may have been founded on fragments of
Kutorgina
I have not found any specimen to agree with Davidson's figure
Coal- and Petroleum-Deposits in European Turkey
Authors: English Thomas 
Published: October 2009

In the following paper I have attempted to give an account of the general succession, so far as at present known, of the formations which include some recently-discovered coal-seams and naphtha-bearing sands of Tertiary age, in the little-visited stretch of country lying to the north of the Gulf of Xeros in the Mediterranean and of the western portion of the Sea of Marmora.
The absence of any map sufficiently detailed for geological purposes renders it somewhat difficult to interpret various interesting features, and I feel that apology is due beforehand for many errors and omissions arising from this cause.
By far the best map is that compiled by the Russian military staff, on the scale of about half an inch to a mile, and the geological sketch-map which accompanies my paper is reduced from this. The Russian map is furnished with approximate contour-lines, apparently 10 sagenes (=70 feet) apart; but these are only sketched in, and though amply sufficient for military purposes, do not give much geological information in so broken a country. I have therefore only transferred sufficient heights in feet to the sketch-map to give a general idea of the relief.
There is but little written description accessible of the geological features of the district. The only original information that I have been able to find is contained in Ami Boue's ‘La Turquie d'Europe,’ 1840, and in Viquesnel's ‘Voyage dans la Turquie d'Europe,s’ 1868. The former gives a short general summary of the composition of the