bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Rapid Naming Speed and Reading Speed as a Marker of Reading Difficulties of Estonian Children from 6 to 8 Years
Authors: Lukanenok Kadi 
Published: July 2011

Relationship Between Rapid Naming Speed and Reading Speed as a Marker of Reading Difficulties of Estonian Children from 6 to 8 YearsReading is one of the fundamental skills for successful performance in modern society. Reading acquisition is one of the most important tasks in primary level of education. The early identification of reading difficulties (RD) enables educators to apply the treatment as early as possible. Rapid naming (RN) is one of the reliable methods used to identify RD and risk for RD. The relationship between RN skills, especially RN speed and reading decoding speed, is investigated as a good tool for predicting reading at decoding level and welldocumented in languages using non-transparent orthography. Few researches are carried out on RN skills in transparent orthographies. The current research is the first attempt to investigate RN skills of children speaking Estonian, highly transparent Finno-Ugric language. The aim of this study is to examine longitudinally RN speed and decoding skills of children at the age 6, 7 and 8 years to detect the relationship between RN speed in prereading age and reading age after starting formal reading instruction.
Protected lepidopteran species (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in North-East of Romania
Authors: Corduneanu Constantin 
Published: July 2011

Protected lepidopteran species (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in North-East of Romania
In the present paper references on the lepidopteran species in need of protection, specified in the EU Habitats Directive, as well as the species included in the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007 on the regime of the natural protected areas, the conservation of the natural habitats of flora and fauna have been made. Information is provided on the distribution and status of the protected population of Lepidoptera from Botoşani county (North-East of Romania).
Soldering of temperature‐sensitive, aluminium based Composites
Authors: Wielage B. , Grund T. , Hoyer I. , Weis S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDas Fügen von temperaturempfindlichen Aluminiummatrix‐Verbundwerkstoffen erfordert geeignete Lotwerkstoffe und angepasste Fügetechnologien. Dabei existieren unterschiedliche Lösungsansätze. Einerseits zeichnen sich die entwickelten, partikelverstärkten Zinnbasislote durch niedrige Verarbeitungstemperaturen und gesteigerte mechanische Eigenschaften aus. Andererseits ermöglichen die entwickelten, ultraschallunterstützten Löttechnologien mit induktiver bzw. widerstandsbasierter Erwärmung den Einsatz von Zinkbasisloten. Die notwendige Löttemperatur wird dabei lokal in der Fügezone erzeugt. Die Kombination mit der Ultraschalleinleitung stellt eine flussmittelfreie Benetzung der Fügeflächen sicher.
Childhood impulsive behavior and problem gambling by adulthood: a 30‐year prospective community‐based study
Authors: Shenassa Edmond D. , Paradis Angela D. , Dolan Sara L. , Wilhelm Charlotte S. , Buka Stephen L. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAims  Problem gambling can create major financial, emotional and sometimes criminal problems for an individual. This study prospectively investigated the association between impulsive behavior at age 7 and the development of life‐time problem gambling by adulthood. We also examined the specificity of any observed association between impulsive behaviors and problem gambling by conducting parallel analyses examining the link between respondents' shy/depressed behavior in childhood and later problem gambling.Design, setting and participants  Cohort study of 958 offspring of mothers enrolled in the Collaborative Perinatal Project who participated in an adult follow‐up study at a mean age of 39.2 years.Measurements  Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to determine associations between psychologist‐rated impulsive and shy/depressed behaviors at age 7 and life‐time self‐reported gambling as measured by the South Oaks Gambling Screen administered during the adult follow‐up study.Findings  Children who exhibited impulsive behaviors at age 7, compared to their non‐impulsive counterparts, were 3.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.40–6.82) times as likely to report problem gambling years later. In contrast, we did not find a significant association between childhood shy/depressed behavior and problem gambling by adulthood in adjusted analyses.Conclusions  Impulsive behaviors at age 7 are a specific and significant risk factor for later problem gambling.
A study to establish whether food‐based approaches can improve serum iron levels in child‐bearing aged women
Authors: Bokhari F. , Derbyshire E. , Li W. , Brennan C. S. , Stojceska V. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground:  Iron‐deficiency anaemia is particularly prevalent in pregnancy. The present study aimed to determine whether functional bread containing teff flour (i.e. naturally rich in iron) could be an alternative way of improving iron status. However, before testing whether its consumption can improve pregnancy iron status, the bio‐availability of iron was determined in a sample of nonpregnant women.Methods:  Fifty‐eight women (20–50 years) were recruited from the University. Blood samples were taken at baseline to assess iron status and participants were screened to account for other factors affecting iron status. Twenty‐four participants (haemoglobin 9.5–14.0 g dL−1) were recruited to take part in the intervention and allocated to five groups: (i) control bread (CB); (ii) teff bread (TB); (iii) TB + level 1 phytase (TB + P1); (iv) TB + level 2 phytase (TB + P2); or (v) a supplement containing 10 mg of ferrous sulphate. Venous blood samples were taken before the intervention and after 180–210 min, aiming to determine changes in serum iron.Results:  Consuming three or four slices of TB provided statistically significantly more iron (7.6 mg) than CB (5.1 mg) (P < 0.001). Because participants were fasted, serum iron levels declined in all bread groups (average −1.5 μm), although the smallest reduction was observed in the TB + P2 group (−0.3 μm). The area‐under‐the‐curve from baseline to 210 min was lower in the TB + P2 (−78.8 μmol min L−1) group compared to the other bread interventions, indicating higher levels of iron absorption in this group.Conclusions:  The results obtained in the present study show that TB consumption may help to maintain serum iron levels, especially when phytase is added. The findings from the study also demonstrate there may be potential to further improve the bio‐availability of iron from non‐haem food sources.
Nerve‐stimulator‐guided pudendal nerve block by pararectal approach
Authors: Kim S.‐H. , Song S. G. , Paek O. J. , Lee H. J. , Park D. H. , Lee J. K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAim  Various techniques have been described for performing a pudendal nerve block (PNB) and have associated problems such as multiple needle injections, the need for special equipment and consumption of time. This study aimed to describe a nerve‐stimulator‐guided PNB using a pararectal approach and to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of that procedure.Method  We conducted a prospective study of 53 patients who underwent a PNB from December 2009 to July 2010. With the index finger of the left hand inserted into anus, we guided the nerve stimulator needle along the second finger tip on the ischial spine to the site where the maximal contraction of the external anal sphincter could be felt. Once the position of the needle tip had been confirmed, the desired drug was injected. Of the 53 patients, a cohort of eight underwent manometry before and after the pudendal block.Results  A total of 53 patients underwent the nerve‐stimulator‐guided procedure: 13 patients for pudendal neuralgia and the other 40 patients for anorectal disease. The mean maximal resting and squeezing pressures before the block were 55 and 161 mmHg, respectively, compared with 35 and 67 mmHg after the block. The PNB took just minutes to perform, was well tolerated by the patients, and resulted in neither severe complications nor repeated attempts.Conclusion  Nerve‐stimulator‐guided PNB using a pararectal approach proved to be easy and safe, with acceptable patient tolerance. In addition, it can be used for a variety of anorectal procedures where relaxation of anal tone is required.
Understanding the Anomalous Alkane Selectivity of ZIF‐7 in the Separation of Light Alkane/Alkene Mixtures
Authors: van den Bergh Johan , Gücüyener Canan , Pidko Evgeny A. , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Gascon Jorge , Kapteijn Freek 
Published: July 2011

AbstractC2 and C3 alkanes are selectively adsorbed from mixtures over the corresponding alkenes on the zeolite imidazolate framework ZIF‐7 through a gate‐opening mechanism. As a result, the direct production of the pure alkene upon adsorption and the pure alkane upon desorption in packed columns is possible. Herein, a detailed investigation of the step‐wise adsorption and separation of alkanes and alkenes is presented, together with a rigorous performance assessment. A molecular picture of the gate‐opening mechanism underlying the unprecedented selectivity towards alkane adsorption is proposed based on DFT calculations and a thermodynamic analysis of the adsorption–desorption isotherms.
Making sense of measurement geometries for multi‐angle spectrophotometers
Authors: Kirchner Eric , Cramer Werner 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe have developed new parameters that help to interpret multi‐angle reflection data. By expressing measurement geometries in terms of so‐called flake‐based parameters, a physical explanation is given for several well‐known colorimetric characteristics of effect coatings. The new concepts are based on expressing angles with respect to the normal vector of flakes, instead of the conventional usage of the coating normal as a reference. We discuss and give physical explanations for the usefulness and limitations of previously defined concepts such as aspecular angle, cis‐ versus trans‐geometries, interference lines and aspecular lines. For example, it is known that the trans‐15° geometry has added value next to the cis+15° geometry when samples are analyzed that contain colored effect pigments with large color travel, such as Colorstream, Chromaflair, or chromatic Xirallic pigments. Our results demonstrate and explain why there is much less added value in the case of samples that contain less striking chromatic effect pigments, such as metallic or mica‐based effect pigments, or “white” Xirallic pigments. Further, interference lines are shown to be suitable for characterizing effect pigments because they selectively sample the reflectance values of flakes as a function of the angle of incidence with respect to the flake normal. In another example, the similarity between an off‐plane measurement geometry and several in‐plane geometries is investigated. The results are clearly explained when referring to the corresponding values of the flake‐based parameters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012
Electrochemical Oxidation of Carbon‐Containing Fuels and Their Dynamics in Low‐Temperature Fuel Cells
Authors: Krewer Ulrike , Vidakovic‐Koch Tanja , Rihko‐Struckmann Liisa 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFuel cells can convert the energy that is chemically stored in a compound into electrical energy with high efficiency. Hydrogen could be the first choice for chemical energy storage, but its utilization is limited due to storage and transport difficulties. Carbon‐containing fuels store chemical energy with significantly higher energy density, which makes them excellent energy carriers. The electro‐oxidation of carbon‐containing fuels without prior reforming is a more challenging and complex process than anodic hydrogen oxidation. The current understanding of the direct electro‐oxidation of carbon‐containing fuels in low‐temperature fuel cells is reviewed. Furthermore, this review covers various aspects of electro‐oxidation for carbon‐containing fuels in non‐steady‐state reaction conditions. Such dynamic investigations open possibilities to elucidate detailed reaction kinetics, to sense fuel concentration, or to diagnose the fuel‐cell state during operation. Motivated by the challenge to decrease the consumption of fossil fuel, the production routes of the fuels from renewable resources also are reviewed.
Refining of rice bran oil by neutralization with calcium hydroxide
Authors: De Bijay Krishna , Patel Jignesh Dahyabhai 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe applicability of calcium hydroxide (lime) in the neutralization of rice bran oil (RBO) was investigated. Crude RBO samples of three different free fatty acids (FFAs) (3.5–8.4 wt%) were degummed, dewaxed, bleached, and neutralized with lime and deodorized. The oils obtained thus were characterized by determining the color, peroxide value (PV), content of unsaponifiable matter (UM), and FFA. Conventionally practiced caustic soda neutralization (at 80–90°C) of FFA has in the present investigation been replaced by a high temperature (150–210°C) low pressure (2–4 mm Hg) reaction with lime. It was observed that neutralization with Ca(OH)2 at high temperature (210°C) and under low pressure (2–4 mm Hg pressure) may substantially reduce the FFA content (0.8 wt%, after 2 h). The deodorized oil was found to be of acceptable color, PV, and content of UM and FFA. Neutralization of oil was also carried out by using NaHCO3 and Na2CO3, nonconventional alkalies for neutralization, and the results were compared with NaOH and Ca(OH)2. Overall recovery of oil in Ca(OH)2 refining process (88.5 ± 0.6 wt%, for Sample 1 containing 8.4%‐wt FFA) was found to be more than other competitive processes studied.
Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Within a Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Film for the Voltammetric Determination of Sulfite in Foods
Authors: Sartori Elen Romão , Takeda Humberto Hissashi , Fatibello‐Filho Orlando 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe performance of a glassy carbon electrode modified with functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes within a poly(allylamine hydrochloride) film (GCE/PAH/MWCNTs) for the voltammetric determination of sulfite in food samples is described. The anodic peak potential for sulfite oxidation at a GCE/PAH/MWCNTs was 0.41 V whereas at GCE/PAH and GCE, the peak potentials were 0.96 and 0.89 V, respectively. Using square‐wave voltammetric technique, the obtained analytical curve was linear in the sulfite concentration range from 1.1×10−5 to 3.9×10−4 M, with a detection limit of 4.2 µM. The electrode was successfully used to determinate sulfite in vinegar, pickle water, coconut water, and shredded coconut.
Electrooxidation of Chlorophenols Catalyzed by Nickel Octadecylphthalocyanine Adsorbed on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Khene Samson , Nyokong Tebello 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe described the synthesis of nickel octadecylphthalocyanine (NiPc(C10H21)8), followed by its adsorption on single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to form SWCNT‐NiPc(C10H21)8 conjugates. SWCNT‐NiPc(C10H21)8 was used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and for the electrooxidation of 4‐chlorophenol and 2,4‐dichlorophenol. The SWCNT and NiPc(C10H21)8 have a synergistic effect on each other in terms of improving electrocatalysis for the detection of chlorophenols. The stability of the electrode improved in the presence of NiPc(C10H21)8 or NiPc compared to the bare GCE. The presence of SWCNT improves the electrocatalytic behaviour of NiPc(C10H21)8 but not of unsubstituted NiPc. All modified electrodes showed improved stability towards the detection of 2,4‐dichlorophenol. The best stability for 4‐CP detection was observed in the presence of SWCNT for NiPc(C10H21)8.
Seismic capacity of retrofitted beam–column connections in high‐rise steel frames when subjected to long‐period ground motions
Authors: Chung Yu‐Lin , Nagae Takuya , Matsumiya Tomohiro , Nakashima Masayoshi 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYThe seismic capacity of beam‐to‐column connections in steel high‐rise frames is a matter of concern, particularly when they are subjected to long‐period ground motions. A previous full‐scale shaking table test conducted at the E‐Defense National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention in Japan disclosed cracks and fractures in such beam‐to‐column connections. This paper examines the effects of three types of beam‐to‐column connection retrofit: supplemental welds, wing plates, and a haunch. Quasi‐static member tests and a series of shaking table tests applied to a full‐scale specimen are conducted to quantify the respective performances of the retrofit schemes. The performance of a total of 28 connections tested by the member and shaking table tests is evaluated together with that of an additional 12 unretrofitted connections tested in the previous test. When the supplemental welds are applied only to the shear tab to the web, the connection fractures at the same instant as the connection without retrofit. The corresponding cumulative plastic rotation is not improved. When the supplement welds are further applied to the web‐to‐column connection, strain concentration at the bottom flange, primarily promoted by the presence of the RC floor slab, is significantly reduced, and the cumulative plastic rotation capacity is increased to eight times that of the connection without retrofit. For the wing plate connection and haunch connection, the critical section is moved from the beam end to the beam cross‐section corresponding to the tip of the wing plates or haunch, resulting in an improvement of ductility by eight times that of the unretrofitted connection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for evaluating the cost effectiveness of materials processing chains
Authors: Götze U. , Hache B. , Schmidt A. , Weber Th. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDamit sich neue Werkstoffvarianten durchsetzen, muss bei allen an der Herstellung und Verarbeitung beteiligten Akteuren neben der technischen auch die wirtschaftliche Vorteilhaftigkeit gegeben sein, die wiederum wesentlich von der Effizienz der neu zu gestaltenden bzw. zu verändernden Prozessketten beeinflusst wird. Eine werkstoffbezogene Wirtschaftlichkeitsbewertung muss daher auch die Prozessketten der Werkstoffherstellung und ‐verarbeitung umfassen. Die Bewertung von Prozessketten ist allerdings oft eine komplexe Aufgabenstellung, da diese sich aus vielfältigen Prozessen, Teilprozessen und weiteren untergeordneten Prozessen zusammensetzen, auf die eine Vielzahl verschiedenartiger Größen einwirkt. Gerade bei derartigen komplexen Problemstellungen besteht Bedarf an einem (kosten‐)theoretisch fundierten Instrumentarium, das es ermöglicht, systematisch und strukturiert aussagekräftige Aufgabenlösungen zu erreichen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll daher ein entsprechendes Vorgehensmodell mit methodenbezogenen Vorschlägen zur Bewertung von Prozessketten zunächst konzipiert und anschließend am Beispiel ausgewählter Prozessketten der Verarbeitung von (im SFB 692 erforschten) aluminiumbasierten Leichtbauwerkstoffen veranschaulicht werden.
Optimisation of thermo mechanical treatments using cryogenic rolling and aging of the high strength aluminium alloy AlZn5.5MgCu (AA7075). Optimierung der thermomechanischen Behandlung am Beispiel der hochfesten Aluminiumlegierung AlZn5,5MgCu mittels Tieftemperaturwalzen
Authors: Fritsch S. , Hunger S. , Scholze M. , Hockauf M. , Wagner M. F.‐X. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this study, we consider the optimisation of mechanical properties and the microstructure of the high strength and difficult‐to‐work aluminium alloy AA7075 by cryogenic rolling. In order to reduce the grain size into the (ultra)fine‐grained regime, cryogenic rolling is used to introduce different amount of plastic strain. We discuss how rolling at lower temperatures allows the introduction of higher strains on the one hand, and suppresses dynamic recovery and aging effectively on the other hand. Our results demonstrate that, in combination with an appropriate post‐processing aging treatment, an outstanding combination of strength and ductility can be achieved.
The structural and dynamic properties of 1‐bromodecane in urea inclusion compounds investigated by solid‐state 1H, 13C and 2H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Xiaorong , Müller Klaus 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFor asymmetric guest molecules in urea, the end‐groups of two adjacent guest molecules may arrange in three different ways: head–head, head–tail and tail–tail. Solid‐state 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy is used to study the structural properties of 1‐bromodecane in urea. It is found that the end groups of the guest molecules are randomly arranged. The dynamic characteristics of 1‐bromodecane in urea inclusion compounds are probed by variable‐temperature solid‐state 2H NMR spectroscopy (line shapes, spin–spin relaxation: T2, spin‐lattice relaxation: T1Z and T1Q) between 120 K and room temperature. The comparison between the simulation and experimental data shows that the dynamic properties of the guest molecules can be described in a quantitative way using a non‐degenerate three‐site jump process in the low‐temperature phase and a degenerate three‐site jump in the high‐temperature phase, in combination with the small‐angle wobbling motion. The kinetic parameters can be derived from the simulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Re)scaling Governance of Skilled Migration in Europe: Divergence, Harmonisation, and Contestation
Authors: van Riemsdijk Micheline 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe European Commission has attempted to create a common European migration policy since the mid‐1980s. It has made progress in the harmonisation of asylum and family law, and the Schengen agreement has opened internal borders within the European Union (EU). But the commission's attempts to establish common admission standards for non‐EU labour migrants met with considerable opposition from member states. This paper investigates the construction, negotiations, and contestations of scales of decision‐making power in Europe, especially regarding skilled migrants. The paper first provides a short historical overview of initiatives of the European Commission to streamline migration policies across the EU, followed by a case study of the (re)scaling of the European Blue Card. The European Commission designed this initiative to attract more skilled workers to the EU. Several EU member states rejected the initial proposal to safeguard their sovereign decision‐making power. The findings of this case study indicate that the scale of the nation state remains powerful in the admission of non‐EU workers and that institutions at higher geographical scales do not necessarily dominate lower scales. The findings also show that overlapping and intertwining scales of decision‐making power hamper efforts to create a common European skilled migration policy. The newly adopted Lisbon Treaty may supersede these scales and facilitate more far‐reaching skilled migration policies. The findings of this paper contribute to debates about the rescaling of decision‐making power in the EU and the changing roles of nation states, institutions, and supranational organisations in the governance of skilled migration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.