bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of cyclic flexural fatigue resistance of 25/0.04 and 25/0.06 twisted file rotary nickel‐titanium endodontic instruments
Authors: Al‐Hadlaq Solaiman M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTwisted files (TFs) are rotary nickel‐titanium (NiTi) instruments that are produced with a newly developed manufacturing process that is supposed to improve their properties, especially flexibility and resistance to cyclic flexural fatigue failure. The aim of this study was to study the cyclic flexural fatigue failure resistance of tip size International Standards Organization 25 TFs with two tapers 0.04 and 0.06 and to compare them with the Profile (PF) rotary NiTi files of similar tip size and taper. Four groups of fifteen files were used in this study. TF (25/0.04), TF (25/0.06), PF (25/0.04) and PF (25/0.06) were tested using the cyclic flexural fatigue testing device. The time to failure during cyclic flexural fatigue testing was recorded. The mean time required for the instrument to fail under cyclic flexural fatigue testing was 235.5 ± 68 s for 25/0.04 TF, 188.5 ± 75 s for 25/0.06 TF, 180.3 ± 102 s for 25/0.04 PF and 156.3 ± 17 s for 25/0.06 PF. The difference between the time to failure of 25/0.04 TF and 25/0.06 TF was not statistically significant. The difference between the time to failure of TF and PF of similar tip size and taper was not statistically significant. The findings of this study indicate that size 25/0.04 and 25/0.06 TFs had similar resistance to cyclic flexural fatigue failure. In addition, TFs were not superior, in terms of resistance to cyclic flexural fatigue failure, to PF of similar tip size and taper.
A model of integration of illness and self‐management in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hörnsten Åsa , Jutterström Lena , Audulv Åsa , Lundman Berit 
Published: February 2011

hörnsten å, jutterström L, Audulv Å & Lundman B (2011) Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness 3, 41–51 A model of integration of illness and self‐management in type 2 diabetesAim.  To describe the process of illness integration and self‐management among people with type 2 diabetes.Background.  Integration of illness is a developmental process referring to the emotional and existential aspects of being ill. It is an overarching concept that describes the process that a person undergoes in living with a chronic disease, from prediagnosis to adaptation to illness as a natural part of life. Despite the common use of terms such as illness integration and self‐management, there exists little research that investigates how these concepts relate to one another.Methods.  A narrative interview study applying qualitative content analysis was conducted with people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The study focused on their personal understandings of illness, and particularly, the relationship of the participants’ illness integration to self‐management of the disease. Data were collected in 2002.Results.  In the trajectory from prediagnosis to adaptation, there is a turning point when people seem to integrate the illness emotionally and existentially, and in relation to their self‐management practice. The trajectory includes the phases of suspecting illness/being diagnosed, understanding and explaining the illness, and negotiating illness and taking stands about self‐management. These phases in turn are influenced by perceptions of the seriousness and threat of the disease; the intensity and nature of the ill person’s emotional response to the disease and its management; goals and expectations for living with the disease and for living in general; and lastly, perceptions of the outcomes and impacts of self‐management.Conclusion.  Illness integration and self‐management processes develop simultaneously. In some cases, a turning point occurs that causes the person to view self‐management as both necessary and feasible.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses may influence the illness integration trajectory and assist people with type 2 diabetes to integrate the disease and its management more readily.
Therapeutic effect of glass‐ionomers: an overview of evidence
Authors: Mickenautsch S , Mount G , Yengopal V 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe requirements for an ideal restorative material include adhesion to tooth structure (enamel and dentine) and an ability to withstand the traumas of occlusion. However, some level of an anticaries effect is also desirable. After a long history of glass‐ionomer cement (GIC) development, an evidence base in support of the therapeutic effect of GIC, particularly with regard to its anticaries effect, is emerging. This evidence is increasingly presented through systematic reviews of clinical GIC application and, to a certain extent, relates to a caries‐preventive effect of the material itself. However, the strength of evidence supporting other aspects of GIC, such as a higher remineralizing effect, fluoride uptake in hard tooth tissue and fluoride release of GIC, is limited. Nevertheless, the results of these in situ and laboratory trials provide valuable insights into factors that facilitate understanding of the clinical efficacy of GIC.
Professionalism: what is it, why should we have it and how can we achieve it?
Authors: Fricker JP , Kiley M , Townsend G , Trevitt C 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper we argue that the terms ‘profession’, ‘professional’ and ‘professionalism’ provide us with important insights into the practice of dentistry and the priorities for the continuing development of dentistry as a profession. More significantly, we suggest that this understanding can assist us in designing continuing professional development (CPD) programmes aimed at maintaining the professionalism of dentists throughout their working lives.A CPD framework is required to support both the new graduate to develop from novice to expert as well as support experienced practitioners to maintain their expertise within a rapidly changing environment. Rather than an onerous task, CPD should be a positive and enjoyable experience, self‐motivated to improve job satisfaction and self‐confidence. Research is currently being undertaken to determine what is good CPD for the practising dentist with a view to recommending strategies based on sound educational theory.
The Political Economy of Stabilisation Funds: Measuring their Success in Resource‐Dependent Countries
Authors: Bagattini Gustavo Yudi 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThis paper seeks to make a meaningful contribution to the literature on the use of stabilisation funds in resource‐dependent countries, by proposing a new manner by which to measure their effectiveness. Since the 1950s, over 30 countries have used these instruments to stabilise resource revenues into their budgets to avoid the resource curse and Dutch disease and/or to save income from non‐renewables. As has been documented by case studies, these countries have had a mixed record in attaining their goals.This paper is novel in that it aggregates quantitative results of fund performance through the compilation of a new database of detailed fiscal indicators for, put together through the extraction of data from hundreds of IMF documents containing official government data. The cross‐country analysis of fiscal performance provides a new direction for the measurement of the effectiveness of stabilisation funds and the underlying political economy reasons for their success or failure.Because these funds serve a purpose of both stabilisation and savings, it is argued that their effectiveness should be measured by a success variable which is an indicator of sustainable fiscal performance. This is defined by its impact along three dimensions: fiscal revenues, fiscal expenditures and savings. By looking at the underlying economic and political conditions, as well as the attributes of stabilisation funds which drive success, some interesting conclusions are reached.First, stabilisation funds matter. Although there is no a priori economic reason to create one, their presence leads to better fiscal outcomes.Second, the governance of stabilisation funds is the most important factor in determining their success. An independent civil service is positive for success, while open and regulated political systems are actually found to be detrimental, contrary to what the literature assumed.Finally, the rules of the stabilisation fund are also crucial. Discretion over resources is negative for success, while earmarking is positive. This means that these funds work best when they are relatively rigid and less susceptible to capture by politicians.
SIMULATIONS BY TIME-BOUNDED COUNTER MACHINES
Authors: PETERSEN HOLGER 
Published: February 2011

We investigate the efficiency of simulations of storages by several counters. A simulation of a pushdown store is described which is optimal in the sense that reducing the number of counters of a simulator leads to an increase in time complexity. The lower bound also establishes a tight counter hierarchy in exponential time. Then we turn to simulations of a set of counters by a different number of counters. We improve and generalize a known simulation in polynomial time. Greibach has shown that adding s + 1 counters increases the power of machines working in time ns. Using a new family of languages we show here a tight hierarchy result for machines with the same polynomial time-bound. We also prove hierarchies for machines with a fixed number of counters and with growing polynomial time-bounds. For machines with one counter and an additional "store zero" instruction we establish the equivalence of real-time and linear time. If at least two counters are available, the classes of languages accepted in real-time and linear time can be separated.
Vessels of Wrath, Prepared to Perish: Adolf Schlatter and the Spiritual Extermination of the Jews
Authors: Mcnutt James E. 
Published: February 2011

Christians and Jews generally agree that confessional attitudes played a role in the unfolding of the Holocaust. The Vatican's “We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah,” while admitting to a painful history, distinguishes between “anti-Semitism,” based on racial theories contrary to the constant teaching of the church, and theological sentiments of mistrust and hostility called “anti-Judaism.” Such a dichotomy has been questioned. Adolf Schlatter offers an influential source for Christian attitudes toward Judaism on the eve of the Holocaust. His work provided a rationale and concrete example of the bridging of negative religious views and accusations of the Jews as an immediate social danger. In the process of carrying out his will, God bears vessels of wrath, prepared to perish, with great and often enduring longsuffering…. That they [the Jews] came to exist through wrath is made evident in that the loss of life is their end. Adolf Schlatter, 1935
Liturgy as Drama
Authors: Graham Gordon 
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this essay is to explore the case for understanding liturgy as a kind of drama. By “liturgy” here I mean religious action in contrast to religious contemplation. The contrast is an especially interesting one, because it cuts across some historically important differences between Christian traditions of worship, and in particular between Catholic and Reformed. The Catholic service of Benediction, for example, seems very far from the austere Calvinist service in which the sermon occupies central place. Yet the two share the same fundamental character in being contemplative, the first by the mystical contemplation of the Blessed Sacrament before the altar, and the second by the intellectual contemplation of the word of God. It hardly needs to be said that deep theological differences lie behind these alternative forms of Christian worship. Yet their essentially contemplative nature means that both allot the worshiper the largely passive role of recipient. In this respect, however far apart otherwise, both are to be contrasted with forms of worship in which things are done and not merely apprehended. These include acts of purification, investiture, and sacrifice, all of them instances of “making holy,” which is precisely what the etymology of the word “sacrifice” implies. The activity of “making holy” is central to a great many religions, but this essay will be concerned only with the sacramental activities of the Christian religion—such as baptizing, uniting in marriage, and ordaining to ministry—and above all its central and most enduring practice: celebrating Mass, the Eucharist, the Lord's Supper, or Holy Communion. I shall take the last of these to encapsulate the essence of liturgical action, and for convenience I shall use the relatively neutral term “Communion” to refer to it.
Conscience and the Draft
Authors: Minear Lawrence 
Published: February 2011

“Time will tell, but we do sincerely believe that we are going to have to review all of our deferred students and single men to meet future calls.” “What are you going to do with the young men whom you select who not believe in the war? Are you going to make them fight? Yes; you propose to make them fight in this war, whether they think it just or not”
Youth, Establishments, and Protest
Authors: Gandy Samuel L. 
Published: February 2011

“Students on the whole did not seek to go beyond the conventional and accepted channels of campus organization until they discovered that organization could not bring itself into position of involvement with the issue of revolution, revolt, or protest. It was then that the younger generation, its ranks already swollen by the non-organization antagonists, began to seek more indigenous ways by which to effect social change. “It is to be noted that the religious leader (chaplain) differs from his faculty colleague in that when a crisis involving justice and equality is upon him or within the college environs, he must act. Failure to act is immoral. The religious leader or chaplain must seek to proclaim justice and equality even at the risk of rejection and persecution.”
Religious Pluralism and World Community
Authors: Jurji Edward J. 
Published: February 2011

“Invariably the great religions constitute merger between classical and popular strains. A symbol of such symbiosis was once advanced by John Clark Archer of Yale. It took the form of the letter X on its side, as the Romans wrote it to signify 1000. Thus one stroke stood for mythical folklore and sundry visible elements of mass religion as they appear in rite and cult. The other stroke represented classical, conceptual, and scriptural norms of faith and order. “These two strokes of the symbol may be conceived in terms of two historical streams flowing down from antiquity. Intersecting at a given point in time, they form a traffic circle, so to say, affording both transit and interchange for future direction.
The Regenerative Art of Adolph Gottlieb
Authors: Eversole Finley 
Published: February 2011

“And yet I think man will never renounce real suffering, that is, destruction and chaos. Why, suffering is the sole origin of consciousness.”—Dostoevsky “The light, the light, the seeking, the searching, in chaos, in chaos.”—A Maori Text “My favorite symbols were those which I didn't understand.”—Adolph Gottlieb
Purpose in the university
Authors: Billington James H. 
Published: February 2011

“St. Matthew … tells us about the type of community that Jesus developed out of Daniel's tradition. The scene had moved in less than two centuries from the Seleucid Empire of Daniel's time to the far more universal and pretentious Roman Empire of Caesar Augustus. Those who sought to remain faithful to the righteous God of a captive people argued over how to get involved in the Jerusalem of Jesus' time. “There were the Zealots—the original revolutionary guerrilla warriors. The Pharisees preached sublime and self-demanding fidelity to the spirit as well as the letter of the law. And if the Pharisees were the party of law, the Sadducees were the party of order—urging creative cooperation with Rome to bring everyone back together and insure the survival of tradition. Finally there were the Essenes: ascetic communes of withdrawal and private salvation. “But Jesus chose none of these available options.”
Why do Pastors Preach on Social Issues?
Authors: Nelsen Hart M. , Blizzard Samuel W. 
Published: February 2011

Editor's note: The following article was prepared in honor of Samuel W. Blizzard, who, after a long and distinguished teaching career, is taking early retirement because of ill health. Since 1957, he has been Professor of Christianity and Society at Princeton Theological Seminary, and since 1970, he has held the Maxwell M. Upson Professorship of Christianity and Society at Princeton. He has also taught at Pennsylvania State University and Union Theological Seminary in New York, as well as serving as the director of both the Russell Sage Foundation's Training for the Ministry Project from 1953 to 1960 and the National Council of Churches' Clergy Research Project from 1957 to 1958. He is the co-author with Emory J. Brown of The Church and the Community and has contributed essays and articles to more than forty books, scholarly journals, and popular periodicals. After receiving his undergraduate degree from Maryville College, he pursued graduate study at Biblical Seminary in New York, Princeton Theological Seminary, Union Theological Seminary in Richmond, Hartford Seminary Foundation, and Cornell University, as well as post-graduate work at Mansfield College, Oxford University. Prior to entering academic life, he served Presbyterian parishes in Roselle, New Jersey, and Long Green and Ashland, Maryland. One of his students, Hart M. Nelsen, prepared this article utilizing Blizzard's highly influential study of clergy roles. Nelsen, a graduate of Occidental College, the University of Northern Iowa, Princeton Theological Seminary, and Vanderbilt University, is Professor of Sociology and Chairperson of the Department of Sociology at The Catholic University of America, as well as a member of the Boys Town Center, a research institute at Catholic University. He is the author of many articles in major sociological journals, the editor (with Raytha L. Yokley and Anne K. Nelsen) of The Black Church in America (1971) and author (with Anne K. Nelsen) of the forthcoming volume, The Black Church in the Sixties. The data for this article were collected under support from the National Institute of Mental Health (1 R01 MH 16573). His colleagues in the larger study are Raytha L. Yokley and Thomas W. Madron. Copyright © 1975 by Hart M. Nelsen
How Beautiful upon the Mountains
Authors: Davidson Charles N. 
Published: February 2011

“I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills, from whence cometh my help. My help cometh from the Lord, which made heaven and earth.” —Psalm 121:1–2. “How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace; that bringeth good tidings of good, that publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, Thy God reigneth!” —Isaiah 52:7.
A Mystery Story: Children, Cancer, and Covenant
Authors: Komp Diane M. 
Published: February 2011

“Behold, I show you a mystery!” “The peace and healing of God that defy all human understanding can keep our hearts and minds, even when they don't satisfy our analytical inclinations. … Science only asks what and how, philosophy asks why, but it is religion that asks who. God's great mystery story is, after all, a ‘whodunit.’”
Vision and Imagination in Atonement Doctrine
Authors: Van Dyk Leanne 
Published: February 2011

“The dark mystery, the holy secret of the atonement must always serve as a caution and reminder to the theologian. The atoning death of Jesus Christ will not be reduced to a formula of scholars or a possession of the church. The tragic elements of the story, the inescapable judgment on human self-deception, and the mysterious salvific impact of the atonement must never be muted or dimmed in the legitimate interest of theological clarity and precision.” “Why must holy places be dark places?” C. S. Lewis, Till We Have Faces
The Wild Bird Who Heals: Recovering The Spirit in Nature
Authors: Wallace Mark I. 
Published: February 2011

“The Bible's creation hymns teach us that we are earth creatures, mud people, molded by the cosmic potter out of the clay of earth. But many of us in the postmodern West construe ourselves differently as denizens of a shopping-mall, temperature-controlled, throw-away world in which we have little need for reidentification with the primitive soil of our ancestral origins. Others, however, hunger for a renaturalized Christianity where the palpable sense of divine presence can be touched and tasted and heard and smelled in the push and pull of natural beings and forces.” “I enter a swamp as a sacred place,—a sanctum sanctorum.” “I believe that man is at the top of the pecking order. I think that God gave us dominion over these creatures … I just look at … a chicken … and I consider the human being on a higher scale. Maybe that's because a chicken doesn't talk.”
The impact of housing energy efficiency improvements on reduced exposure to cold — the ‘temperature take back factor’
Authors: Hamilton IG , Davies M. , Ridley I. , Oreszczyn T. , Barrett M. , Lowe R. , Hong S. , Wilkinson P. , Chalabi Z. 
Published: February 2011

Energy used in dwellings is an important target for actions aimed at averting climate change. It is increasingly recognised that these actions may also have near-term effects on health arising from changes to the indoor environment. As part of a major study of such health effects, we modelled hypothetical household energy interventions for the UK of the type and scale needed to meet near-term (nominally 2030) abatement targets. Here, we provide details of the elements of our model that address the relationships between the fabric and ventilation improvements and changes in indoor temperature during the heating season — the ‘temperature take back factor’. We demonstrate that the scale of these interventions is consistent with the emission reductions proposed by the UK Climate Change Committee, and estimate that, in the UK, the consequent reduction in exposure to indoor cold may result in around 4400 fewer disability-adjusted life-years each year. The inclusion of the temperature take back factor for the fabric and ventilation interventions reduces the relevant expected CO2 reductions by ~6%. Practical application: Improvements to the UK housing stock aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions will result in changes in internal temperatures. Such changes in temperature have implications for both public health and the prediction of emissions reductions. We present here an approach for quantifying the ‘temperature take back factor’, which is of relevance to environmental and energy modelling.
Alkoxyphenyl-Substituted Symmetric Liquid Crystalline Diamantane Derivatives
Authors: Gushiken Tsuyoshi , Ujiie Seiji , Ubukata Takashi , Yokoyama Yasushi 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Eleven novel thermotropic rod-shaped liquid crystals composed of alkoxyphenyl (methoxy to decyloxy) or hexanoyloxyphenyl groups on both ends of the diamantane core have been synthesized and their liquid crystalline properties investigated. All of them behaved as liquid crystals at considerably high temperatures. When the alkoxy side chains are propyloxy or shorter, the clearing points are over 300 °C. The clearing point of a liquid crystalline compound with two hexanoyloxy groups also exceeds 300 °C. When the alkoxy groups on both ends of the molecule are octyloxy or longer, they showed only smectic phases as the mesophase. When they are shorter than octyloxy, the compounds showed nematic phases just below their clearing points. A nematic phase was also observed for the hexanoyloxy compound as well as the smectic A and B phases. However, as the bent-shaped adamantane-derived hexyloxyphenyl molecule did not show any liquid crystalline properties, the linear structures of the diamantane-derived molecules were crucial in generating liquid crystalline phases.