bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counterfeiting in performance‐ and image‐enhancing drugs
Authors: Graham Michael R. , Ryan Paul , Baker Julien S. , Davies Bruce , Thomas Non‐Eleri , Cooper Stephen‐Mark. , Evans Peter , Easmon Sue , Walker Christopher J. , Cowan David , Kicman Andrew T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe current drastic escalation in obesity may be contributing to the exponential rise in drugs used for image enhancement. Drugs such as anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AAS) are perceived as a viable method of achieving a perfect physique. They are also the most widely abused drugs in sport. The Internet has encouraged the abuse of expensive drugs, particularly human growth hormone (hGH), resulting in increased importation for personal use. The substantial increase in this market has opened up avenues for counterfeiting, estimated as a multi‐million pound business. The acute adverse effects from contaminated vials may result in a variety of pathologies including communicable diseases. In 2007, in the UK, a series of intramuscular abscesses, requiring surgical treatment, led us to study samples obtained from the underground market.The analysis of 38 parenteral samples and 19 oral samples of tablets was performed by a World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) accredited laboratory, in an attempt to establish the extent of available counterfeit products. Fifty‐three per cent (20) of the injectable AAS esters and 21% (4) of the oral tablets were counterfeit. Culture and sensitivity revealed the presence of skin commensal organisms, which may have contributed to the development of the abscesses. Users of AAS and hGH for sport, including bodybuilding, are currently risking their health because of counterfeit and poorly controlled products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl) Ruthenium(II)/tripropylamine in the Presence of Pyridine and Its Analogues
Authors: Jiang Ping , Yan Lei , Liu Yun‐Hua , Yuan Hong‐Yan , Xiao Dan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the present work, we conducted an investigation on the electrochemical and ECL behavior of Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$/TPrA system in the presence of pyridine and its analogues on platinum and gold electrode. Results showed that pyridine and its analogues enhanced Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$/TPrA ECL signal and exhibited different enhancement effects on different electrodes. On platinum electrode, the maximum enhancement factor of about 5 was obtained. On gold electrode, a low‐oxidation‐potential (LOP) ECL signal occurred and increased.
Nanocomposite with Polypyrrole Encapsulated within SBA‐15 Mesoporous Silica: Preparation and Its Electrochemical Application
Authors: Dong Junping , Hu Yanyan , Xu Jiaqiang , Qu Xiaomin , Zhao Chongjun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe nanocomposite with polypyrrole (PPy) confined in ordered mesoporous silica SBA‐15 channels was synthesized by in situ electropolymerization. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, and FT‐IR studies indicated that the nanocomposite has the well‐ordered hexagonal structures and PPy was in situ polymerized into the channels instead of the outer surface of SBA‐15. Furthermore, the PPy/SBA‐15 nanocomposite was used as an electrode modifier. We found that the nanocomposite‐modified electrode exhibited good electrocatalytic activities for hydroquinone oxidation where PPy chains could facilitate the electron transfer between molecular sieves and electrode surface. Three dihydroxybenzene isomers (hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol) have been successfully detected at PPy/SBA‐15 modified electrode by preconcentration of the analyte.
Electrochemiluminescence Sensor Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Doped Polyvinyl Butyral Film Containing Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$ as Chemiluminescence Reagent
Authors: Yang Xia , Yuan Ruo , Chai Yaqin , Zhuo Ying , Mao Li , Liu Zhongyuan , Su Huilan , Yuan Shirong 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn effective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was developed by combining Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$ with multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) doped polyvinyl butyral (PVB) film. The doped film can prevent the leakage of Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$ efficiently and the immobilized Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$ kept its electrocatalytic activity toward the electrooxidation of tripropylamine (TPA), suggesting PVB and MWNTs were proper matrix to immobilize Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$ by hydrophobic interaction. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemiluminescent characterization were employed to study the presented sensor. A wide linear dynamic range of 6 orders of magnitude between ECL intensity and concentration of TPA was found from 1×10−8 M to 5×10−2 M, with a detection limit of 3.5×10−9 M.
Semi‐active tuned mass damper building systems: Design
Authors: Chey Min‐Ho , Chase J. Geoffrey , Mander John B. , Carr Athol J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPassive and semi‐active tuned mass damper (PTMD and SATMD) building systems are proposed to mitigate structural response due to seismic loads. The structure's upper portion self plays a role either as a tuned mass passive damper or a semi‐active resetable device is adopted as a control feature for the PTMD, creating a SATMD system. Two‐degree‐of‐freedom analytical studies are employed to design the prototype structural system, specify its element characteristics and effectiveness for seismic responses, including defining the resetable device dynamics. The optimal parameters are derived for the large mass ratio by numerical analysis. For the SATMD building system the stiffness of the resetable device design is combined with rubber bearing stiffness. From parametric studies, effective practical control schemes can be derived for the SATMD system. To verify the principal efficacy of the conceptual system, the controlled system response is compared with the response spectrum of the earthquake suites used. The control ability of the SATMD scheme is compared with that of an uncontrolled (No TMD) and an ideal PTMD building systems for multi‐level seismic intensity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence and persistence of sleep complaints in a community older population
Authors: Fok Marcella , Stewart Robert , Besset Alain , Ritchie Karen , Prince Martin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate factors associated with incidence and persistence of sleep complaints in an older population, with particular focus on the role of depression, subclinical depression and physical health status as predictors.MethodAn analysis was carried out of data from the Gospel Oak Study: a community survey of 656 residents within a geographic catchment area in north London, aged 65 and over who were followed up after 1 year. Subjective sleep complaint was ascertained using a single question at baseline and follow‐up. Independent variables included age, sex, marital status, social class, number of physical illnesses, disability, social support deficit and depression (according to SHORT‐CARE: both a categorical measure and a scale based score).ResultsBaseline prevalence of sleep complaint was 44.7%. Incidence after 1 year was 21.4%, and persistence was 66.3%. After adjustment, female sex and depression predicted incidence of sleep complaint whereas only depression caseness predicted persistence of complaint. The population attributable fractions of depression caseness for incidence and persistence of sleep complaint were 37.4 and 23.4%, respectively. Positive but weaker associations were found between sub‐case depressive symptoms and these outcomes.ConclusionsDepression was the strongest predictor of incidence and persistence of sleep complaints in this older sample. However, overall it accounted only for a minority of instances of incident/persistent symptoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Earlier stress exposure and subsequent major depression in aging women
Authors: Kasen Stephanie , Chen Henian , Sneed Joel R. , Cohen Patricia 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveDespite evidence that stress exposure earlier in the life course may have long‐term consequences for psychopathology, most models of vulnerability for late life depression are limited to current stressors or to retrospective reports of stress history. This study estimates the influences of earlier stressors assessed longitudinally on subsequent major depressive disorder (MDD) in women at average age 60 (range 50–75).MethodMDD, negative life events (NLE), and marital stress were assessed multiple times in a community‐based sample of 565 women followed for three decades. Adverse events experienced in childhood also were assessed prior to outcome.ResultsGreater childhood adversity, earlier high levels of NLE and marital stress, and a more rapid increase in marital stress over time elevated the odds of MDD at average age 60 independent of all stressors and other salient risk factors. Childhood adversity was mediated in part by intervening risks. Prior depression, earlier poor health status, a more rapid deterioration in health with age, and current disability owing to physical problems also were related independently to later MDD.ConclusionsThese findings support the enduring effects of earlier stress burden on MDD in women into old age and, in light of the increasing proportion of older women in the population, have important clinical implications for identification and treatment of those at risk for depression. Findings also underscore the need to develop resources to counteract or buffer similar stress exposure in younger generations of women. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma β‐amyloid and duration of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Prasher V. P. , Sajith S. G. , Mehta P. , Zigman W. B. , Schupf N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the relation of plasma levels of Aβ peptides (Aβ1‐40 and Aβ1‐42) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype to dementia status, and the duration of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in adults with Down syndrome (DS).MethodsAdults with DS were recruited from community settings and followed up for a mean period of 6.7 years. Plasma levels Aβ1‐40 and Aβ1‐42 and APOE genotype were determined at the last visit.ResultsThere were 83 nondemented participants and 44 participants with prevalent AD. Overall, plasma levels of Aβ1‐42, Aβ1‐40 and the ratio Aβ1‐42/Aβ1‐40 did not differ significantly between the adults with DS. Among demented participants, the mean level of Aβ1‐40 was significantly lower (157.0 vs. 195.3) and the ratio of Aβ1‐42/Aβ1‐40 was significantly higher (0.28 vs. 0.16) in those with more than 4 years duration of dementia than in those with 4 or fewer years' duration of dementia. This pattern was generally similar in those with and without an APOE ε4 allele.ConclusionsThere is an association between plasma Aβ peptide levels and the duration of AD in older persons with DS. The predictive and diagnostic roles of Aβ1‐42 and Aβ1‐40 measurements for AD, however, remain controversial. Change in Aβ peptide levels with onset of AD and with the duration of dementia may account for a lack of difference between prevalent cases and nondemented individuals and for variation in the predictive power of Aβ peptide levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of carvacrol by Friedel–Crafts alkylation of o‐cresol with isopropanol using superacidic catalyst UDCaT‐5
Authors: Yadav Ganapati D. , Kamble Shashikant B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Alkylation of o‐cresol with propylene or isopropyl alcohol (IPA) over solid acid catalysts results in the formation of carvacrol, which finds potential applications in the synthesis of fine chemicals, intermediates, specialty chemicals, flavours and fragrances.RESULTS: The present work covers evaluation of novel mesoporous superacidic catalysts namely UDCaT‐4, UDCaT‐5 and UDCaT‐6 in the greener synthesis of carvacrol. The catalysts are modified versions of zirconia showing high catalytic activity, stability and reusability. The catalytic activity increases in the following order: UDCaT‐5 > UDCaT‐4 > UDCaT‐6 > sulfated zirconia. The process was optimized and a mathematical model developed to describe the reaction pathway in liquid phase. Carvacrol could be efficiently obtained with a selectivity up to 82% at an isopropanol conversion of 98% after 2 h over UDCaT‐5 at 180 °C.CONCLUSION: The reaction is free from any external mass transfer as well as intraparticle diffusion limitations and is intrinsically kinetically controlled. An overall second‐order kinetic equation was used to fit the experimental data. The activation energy was found to be 19.2 kcal/mol. The reaction was carried out without any solvent in order to make the process cleaner and greener. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Thromboprophylaxis for hospitalized medical patients: A Multicenter Qualitative study
Authors: Cook Deborah , Tkaczyk Andrea , Lutz Kristina , McMullin Joseph , Brian Haynes R. , Douketis James 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Observational studies have documented that medical patients infrequently receive venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention.OBJECTIVE:To understand the barriers to, and facilitators of, optimal thromboprophylaxis.PATIENTS:Hospitalized medical patients.DESIGN:We conducted in‐depth interviews with 15 nurses, 6 pharmacists, 12 physicians with both clinical and managerial experience, and 3 hospital administrators.SETTING:One university‐affiliated and 2 community hospitals.INTERVENTION:Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were reviewed and interpreted independently in duplicate.MEASUREMENT:Analysis was conducted using grounded theory.RESULTS:Physicians and pharmacists affirmed that evidence supporting heparin is strong and understood. Clinicians, particularly nurses, reported that mobilization was important, but were uncertain about how much mobilization was enough. Participants believed that depending on individual physicians for VTE prevention is insufficient. The central finding was that multidisciplinary care was also perceived as a barrier to effective VTE prevention because it can lead to unclear accountability by role confusion. Participants believed that a comprehensive, systems approach was necessary. Suggestions included screening and risk‐stratifying all patients, preprinted orders at hospital admission that are regularly reevaluated, and audit and feedback programs. Patient or family‐mediated reminders, and administrative interventions, such as hiring more physiotherapists and profiling thromboprophylaxis in hospital accreditation, were also endorsed.CONCLUSIONS:Universal consideration of thromboprophylaxis finds common ground in multidisciplinary care. However, results of this qualitative study challenge the conviction that either individual physician efforts or multidisciplinary care are sufficient for optimal prevention. To ensure exemplary medical thromboprophylaxis, clinicians regarded coordinated, systemwide processes, aimed at patients, providers, and administrators as essential. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:269–275. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Quantification of bedside teaching by an academic hospitalist group
Authors: Crumlish Colleen M. , Yialamas Maria A. , McMahon Graham T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Medical educators have raised serious concerns about the decline in bedside teaching and the effect of this decline on trainee skills. We investigated the fraction of time hospitalist attending physicians spend at the bedside during teaching rounds and how often physical examination skills are demonstrated.METHODS:In a prospective, observational study, the authors investigated the rounding behavior of members of Brigham and Women's Hospitalist Service. For 5 weeks from December 2007 to January 2008, interns and residents rotating on the hospitalist service reported in a daily e‐mail (1) total time spent with their attending during attending rounds, (2) time spent inside patient rooms during attending rounds, and (3) whether or not a physical examination finding or technique was demonstrated by their hospitalist attending.RESULTS:A total of 61 observations were reported (66% response). Hospitalists spent an average of 101 minutes on teaching rounds and an average of 17 minutes inside patient rooms or 17% of their teaching time at the bedside. Bedside teaching occurred during 61% of teaching sessions and physical examination teaching occurred during 38% of teaching sessions. Rounds that included time spent at the bedside were longer on average than rounds that did not include time spent at the bedside (122 vs. 69 minutes, P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS:Bedside teaching makes up approximately 17% of the time that hospitalists at this medical center spend on teaching rounds. Physical examination teaching has become infrequent. Research to clarify optimal strategies to improve bedside teaching and its value in patient care is needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:304–307. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Economic inequality in Nepal: Patterns and changes during the late 1990s and early 2000s
Authors: Wagle Udaya R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNepal has undergone enormous economic and political changes during the past two decades. Data suggest that these were accompanied by large and increasing economic inequality after the mid 1990s with income from house rental, employment, businesses and remittances as well as the stock of wealth in real estate and businesses constituting the leading sources. Considerable disparities existed by castes/ethnicities and spatial distinctions with upper caste Hindus and Newars and urban areas consolidating their command of resources. The deep‐seated socio‐cultural practices and changing political landscape appear to greatly affect the gulf between those with and without access to power. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parkinsonism in Gaucher's disease type 1: Ten new cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Kraoua Ichraf , Stirnemann Jérôme , Ribeiro Maria João , Rouaud Tiphaine , Verin Marc , Annic Agnès , Rose Christian , Defebvre Luc , Réménieras Liliane , Schüpbach Michaël , Belmatoug Nadia , Vidailhet Marie , Sedel Frédéric 
Published: June 2009

AbstractParkinsonism has been described in patients with Gaucher's disease (GD). We reviewed the 10 cases of patients with both parkinsonism and GD recorded in the French national GD registry, as well as 49 previously published cases. Relative to the general population, parkinsonism in GD patients (1) was more frequent, (2) occurred at an earlier age, (3) responded less well to levodopa, and (4) was more frequently associated with signs of cortical dysfunction. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and substrate reduction therapy (SRT) were ineffective on GD‐associated parkinsonism, suggesting that parkinsonism itself is not an indication for ERT or SRT in this setting. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Synchronized brain network associated with essential tremor as revealed by magnetoencephalography
Authors: Schnitzler Alfons , Münks Christian , Butz Markus , Timmermann Lars , Gross Joachim 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDespite the fact that essential tremor (ET) is the most prevalent movement disorder, the underlying pathological mechanisms are not fully understood. There is accumulating evidence that this specific type of tremor is mainly of central origin, in particular involving inferior olive, cerebellum, thalamus, and primary motor cortex. We studied 8 patients with ET recording simultaneously neural activity with a whole‐scalp neuromagnetometer and tremor activity with surface electromyography (EMG). Subjects performed an isometric contraction of the left forearm. Tremor frequency of 5 to 7 Hz and its first harmonic were clearly evident in power spectra of EMG recordings. We used the localization technique dynamic imaging of coherent sources (DICS) to identify cerebral areas coherent to the EMG signal at tremor frequency and its first harmonic. All subjects showed coherence to the contralateral primary motor cortex. In a further step, DICS was used to identify areas of significant cerebro‐cerebral coherence. The analysis revealed a network of areas consisting of contralateral primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, thalamus, brainstem, and ipsilateral cerebellum. These results are consistent with the view that in ET, a network of cerebral areas including brainstem shows oscillatory interactions, which lead to a rhythmic modulation of muscle activity becoming apparent as tremor. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Vertical optokinetic nystagmus in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Knapp Christopher M. , Gottlob Irene , McLean Rebecca J. , Rajabally Yusuf A. , Abbott Richard J. , Rafelt Suzanne , Proudlock Frank A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is associated with a number of oculomotor deficits; however, little is known about changes in vertical optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) associated with PD. We recorded eye movements in 14 PD patients and 14 age‐matched controls in response to large field OKN stimulation using stimulus velocities of 20°/second and 40°/second. We compared asymmetry of horizontal and vertical responses in the two groups. We found vertical OKN to be strongly asymmetric in PD with reduced gains for downward‐moving stimuli. This asymmetry was significantly greater than that recorded in control volunteers. We postulate that this could result from an abnormal pursuit/early OKN system in PD leading to greater influence of the delayed OKN system. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Clinical and genetic characteristics of non‐Asian dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy: A systematic review
Authors: Wardle Mark , Morris Huw R. , Robertson Neil P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder regarded as found almost exclusively among the Japanese. We have performed as systematic review of published literature to investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics of non‐Asian DRPLA. We identified 183 non‐Asian patients in 27 families reported with DRPLA with a variable level of clinical information. Mean age at onset was 31 (range 1–67) with epilepsy, ataxia, and chorea common presenting features. A highly significant relationship was identified between repeat length and age at onset with repeat length accounting for 62% of the observed variation in age at onset (P < 0.0001). In addition, a highly significant relationship between repeat length and main presenting complaint was identified (P < 0.001). There was evidence of marked anticipation with a median intergenerational reduction in age at onset of 19 years with a corresponding increase of five repeats per generation. DRPLA is not exclusively found among the Japanese but has been reported worldwide. As such, DRPLA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a wide spectrum of neurological disease, particularly if there is a dominant family history. Non‐Asian DRPLA clinico‐genetic phenomenology are similar to Asian series and our study confirms marked genetic anticipation together with a clear association between repeat length and clinical phenotype and disease severity. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society