bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty funded by the Australian government's Medicare scheme (1995‐2007)
Authors: Marshall Nathaniel S. , MacKay Stuart , Gallagher Richard , Robinson Sam 
Published: September 2009

Objective: To describe the provision, through the Australian state‐funded Medicare system, of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and its laser‐assisted variation (LAUP) to the population of Australia between 1995 and 2007.Study Design: Case series using a comprehensive national administrative database.Setting: The Commonwealth of Australia.Subjects and Methods: Subjects comprised the population of Australia. The raw numbers of procedures, reimbursement amounts in Australian dollars, and per capita adjustment nationwide and in each state/territory for UPPP and LAUP for each calendar year from 1995 to 2007 were downloaded from a publicly accessible database run by Medicare.Results: The Australian federal government paid AUD 8.2 million for 19,534 UPPP procedures and AUD 1.1 million for 3270 LAUP procedures in the calendar years 1995 to 2007, inclusive. There is substantive variability between states in provision. Over time, provision of UPPP has declined slightly compared with population growth and overall Medicare provision. LAUP provision has declined markedly.Conclusion: Provision of UPPP under Medicare in Australia has declined slowly relative to population growth and overall growth in Medicare per capita provision. Laser‐assisted UPPP (LAUP) has steadily declined and is now rarely used compared with the peak in its provision in the mid 1990s.
GROWING APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA) UNDER TROPICAL MOUNTAIN CLIMATE CONDITIONS IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: ASHEBIR DEREJE , DECKERS TOM , NYSSEN JAN , BIHON WUBETU , TSEGAY ALEMTSEHAY , TEKIE HAILEMARIAM , POESEN JEAN , HAILE MITIKU , WONDUMAGEGNEHEU FEKADU , RAES DIRK , BEHAILU MINTESINOT , DECKERS JOZEF 
Published: September 2009

SUMMARYLack of effective chilling during the dormant season is one of the major problems when apples are growing under a tropical climate. We evaluated the response of different apple cultivars (Golden Delicious, Gala, Fuji, Granny Smith and Jonagold) grown on M9 rootstock with different dormancy-management practices. The trials were carried out between 2004 and 2006 in a tropical mountain area (Tigray, Ethiopia), where chilling conditions are poor with the aim of improving and synchronizing the bud break and the blossoming period of these apple cultivars. Two-year-old well-feathered trees were planted in two experimental trial sites in a randomized complete block design. Trees were subjected to the following treatments in two sets of experiments: one defoliation per year only; two defoliations per year, one defoliation followed by 1% hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex) treatment; one defoliation followed by 2% Dormex treatment; one defoliation followed by 4% winter oil; one defoliation followed by 0.5% Dormex and 2% winter oil; and a control with no defoliation or dormancy breaking treatments. The results show positive effects of the dormancy breaking agents on the productivity of the trees after defoliation, with comparable results for the effectiveness of both Dormex and winter oil. There were no statistically significant differences between the Dormex doses. The defoliation treatment alone was not sufficient to break dormancy for the cultivars Golden Delicious, Granny Smith or Gala but showed promising results with dormancy breaking on Jonagold. Yields increased as a result of better flowering time synchronization within a tree but even with the dormancy treatments the length of the flowering period was still spread over five weeks, where under a more temperate climate it lasted two to three weeks. The average fruit weight of Jonagold and Granny Smith can be considered as a good fruit quality while the fruit of other diploid cultivars like Golden, Gala and Fuji were rather small, which indicates that fruit thinning by hand will be a necessity for these cultivars. Red colouration of the apples on the cultivars Gala and Jonagold was excellent and meets the standards necessary for commercialization of these fruits. The sugar concentration of the fruits and the fruit firmness at harvest was high. The results of these first trials indicate that it is possible to develop new apple production in the mountain region of Tigray, Ethiopia.
Wild Elephants in Assam
Authors: Gee E. P. 
Published: September 2009

Even in this age of atomic energy and jet propulsion, the market for elephants is still strong. Their value as a means of extracting timber in thick forests, as a mode of transport in otherwise inaccessible tracts of country and for ceremonial uses has not in the least declined.There are those who, misled by the elephants' huge size, overestimate their strength, and work them till they break down. Then they decry them as weak and delicate animals. Admittedly elephants are, size for size, about a quarter less strong than a horse and slightly weaker even than man. But with the necessary knowledge of their habits in their wild state, and with proper care and attention, these sagacious and docile creatures will perform a great variety of tasks and get through an enormous amount of heavy work, resulting in an appreciable saving of man-power and complicated mechanical devices.
Exploitation and Conservation of Seals in South Georgia
Authors: Bonner W. Nigel 
Published: September 2009

Almost from the date of their discovery by Captain Cook in 1775 the seal stocks of South Georgia have formed the basis of a lucrative, though initially sporadic, industry.South Georgia lies between 54 degrees and 55 degrees South and between 36 degrees and 38 degrees West. Despite its low latitude it has an antarctic climate, being south of the Antarctic Convergence at all seasons of the year. True sea ice is probably never formed on any of its coasts though enormous quantities of brash ice from the many glaciers may frequently obstruct access to certain beaches. Meteorological observations are made at King Edward Cove, a sheltered spot on the north-east coast, which does not perhaps represent truly the severity of the climate. In 1953 the average temperature throughout the year was 35·6 degrees F. and the extreme minimum recorded was 10 degrees F. in July. Almost certainly the exposed parts of the coast, particularly on the south-west side, frequently experience temperatures below zero. Violent winds are common. In 1953 the mean wind-speed was 8·9 knots and precipitation, mostly in the form of snow, amounted to 1,257·6 mm. The pattern of the climate of South Georgia is delineated by the relatively low temperatures, the prevailing high winds and the heavy precipitation.
Through the lens of the polar years: changing characteristics of polar research in historical perspective
Authors: Elzinga Aant 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe four polar years are used as windows for highlighting changes in the character of polar research over the past 125 years. The approach taken may be seen as one of an archaeology of knowledge. As such it fixes on four separate strata in the history of science and seeks to lay bare distinctive features in each of these. To simplify, the focus is selective, mainly presenting three types of aspect for each year. The first is the character of the instruments and research technologies employed in each, and the second is the kinds of problems tackled, while the third is the associated view or ideal of science that stands out. The latter aspect has to do with epistemology. The paper suggests that whereas work during the first International Polar Year (IPY) reflected an empirical inductivist philosophy of science, during the second IPY a mix of problem oriented, and hypothesis driven, approaches existed alongside inductivism. By the time of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) the theoretical foundations of polar research had grown stronger and much of the focus had shifted to larger scale geophysical processes. Finally, today's ambition to develop an integrated Earth system science reflects an ideal that is systemic, constructivist and predictive. Such epistemological features are evident in some of the most advanced forms of computer aided analysis of Arctic and Antarctic processes, as well as in visualisation methodologies used to interpret and present data, concepts, models and theories. This latest approach is evident in some of the planning and agenda setting documents generated under the auspices of the current IPY.
Emperor penguin colonies in the Australian Antarctic Territory: how many are there?
Authors: Wienecke Barbara 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTEmperor penguinsAptenodytes forsteriare endemic to Antarctica. Their breeding colonies are located in the coastal areas of the continent. The precise number of breeding locations is uncertain. This paper examines what is known about the colonies in the Australian Antarctic Territory and examines which colonies are without doubt breeding locations and which ones require further examination in order to determine their existence and status. Several colonies have not been seen since they were first reported. This begs the question of whether the reported sightings were indeed of breeding colonies. Given the extent of uncertainty with regard to the number of colonies, it is suggested that the listing of the species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature be changed from ‘of least concern’ to ‘data deficient’.
Incomplete search effort: a potential source of bias in estimates of Adélie penguin breeding populations in the Australian Antarctic Territory
Authors: Southwell Colin , Smith David , Bender Angela 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTPotential Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae breeding habitat in the Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT: 45°E–136°E, 142°E–160°E) was mapped using a geographic information system (GIS), and the literature reviewed for evidence of the mapped habitat being searched for presence or absence of breeding Adélie penguins. It is concluded that incomplete search effort is a possible source of substantial negative bias of Adélie penguin breeding abundance derived from published count data in some regions of the AAT. The extent of search effort in other regions of Antarctica could be determined using the same approach applied here, because GIS data required for mapping potential habitat are available for the entire continent. We would expect that regions with more scientific and tourist activity, such as the Antarctic Peninsula, are likely to have greater search effort than the AAT.
Making Choices
Authors: Caprioli Mary 
Published: September 2009

Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts.— Albert Einstein
I never thought I would be considered a quantitative scholar. When I took my first statistics course in graduate school, I just did not ask the types of questions that required statistical analysis. I was interested in women in development, issues of power and powerlessness, and violence against women—not issues that are readily quantifiable. As you can imagine, I quickly learned how to ask the “right” questions. This all occurred when the democratic peace thesis began to take on a life of its own, and I reasoned that norms of inequality and injustice must surely transfer to the international arena, much the same way as those positive democratic norms are theorized to do (see Hudson et al. 2008/9). So I decided I would study conflict and war, which were readily quantifiable. And I would incorporate measures of women's equality. Thus, by some twist of fate, I chose quantitative methods as one of my testing fields and became a scholar interested in bridging the gap between feminist international relations theory and traditional international relations theory using quantitative methods.
Planning for a Soil Moisture Satellite Mission: SMAP Algorithms & Cal/Val Workshop; Oxnard, California, 9–11 June 2009
Authors: Moghaddam Mahta , Jackson Thomas 
Published: September 2009

The Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission aims to gather high‐resolution global soil moisture and freeze/thaw state data, which should enable improvements to weather and climate forecasts, flood prediction and drought monitoring, and estimations of net carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake in forested regions. Targeted for launch in 2014, SMAP is one of four missions recommended by the U.S. National Research Council Committee on Earth Science and Applications From Space for launch in the early part of the next decade (Earth Science and Applications From Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond, Natl. Acad. Press, 2007).The SMAP mission concept utilizes an L‐band (1.20–1.41 gigahertz) radar and a radiometer that share a rotating 6‐meter mesh reflector antenna to provide high‐resolution and high‐accuracy global maps of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state every 2–3 days.
Factors influencing immature Dermacentor variabilis burdens on white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)
Authors: Dallas Tad , Fore Stephanie , Kim Hyun-Joo , Peng Mary , Henderson Jake , Mueller Georgia , Fielden Laura 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe host-parasite relationship is an important and complex ecological interaction.Parasite load affects pathogen transfer and can influence host fitness. Mice werelive trapped in three night trapping sessions conducted on two permanent gridsevery other month from June 2006 to December 2008. Grids were established inan old field and an early successional forest each with 104 sampling points. Datawere analyzed with negative binomial regression. Gender and body size both hadsignificant effects on tick load (P =0.012 and P =0.029, respectively), with males andlarger hosts harboring more immature ticks. However, body size and gender werenot significantly related with one another (P = 0.234). The data were also found tofollow the 80/20 rule, in which less than 20% of the hosts harbor 80% of on-hostimmature D. variabilis.
Invasional conflict: Do invasive insect herbivores mediate the effects of enemy release for their invasive plant hosts?
Authors: Bohl Kerry , Stiling Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough many factors have been proposed that potentially contribute to invasion success in plants, it remains unclear why some species successfully establish and become dominant while others do not. The most often cited explanation for the success of invasive plants worldwide is the enemy release hypothesis (ERH), which maintains that populations are kept in check by their co-evolved natural enemies in their native range, but are released from this regulation in the new range. Although there is evidence that introduced plant species often experience a decrease in damage by herbivores in the novel range, it is uncertain if this decrease affects plant productivity. The purpose of this study was 1) to determine if the invasive plant _Eugenia uniflora_ (Myrtaceae) experiences release from enemies and 2) if enemy release increases growth and survival for this species relative to co-occurring native congeners E. axillaris and E. foetida. An insect herbivore exclusion experiment using insecticide was conducted in the field to assess differences in insect herbivore damage, leaf number, height, and survival for all three species. The results contradict the ERH, showing that E. uniflora has a greater proportion of damaged leaves and experiences a greater reduction in this damage when herbivores are excluded from the system, relative to the two native congeners. A trend exhibited by the data also demonstrates that exclusion of enemies positively affects growth and survival for all three species, indicating that E. uniflora has not experienced enemy release in its new range. This may be explained by the fact that E. uniflora exhibits, with few exceptions, mostly damage characteristic of a notching weevil, Myllocerus undatus, a recent import from Sri Lanka. E. uniflora originates in Brazil, so these species share no coevolutionary history. The results of this study indicate that M. undatus may have a negative effect on E. uniflora, potentially benefitting the native species by reducing competition. In contrast to invasional meltdown, this is a potential example of another type of interaction, which we have termed “invasional conflict”. This interaction will undoubtedly become much more prevalent as more species are introduced, become established, and interact with one another, forming new biological associations.
Obesity is the major contributor to vascular dysfunction and inflammation in high-fat diet hypertensive rats
Authors: Elmarakby Ahmed A. , Imig John D. 
Published: September 2009

Obesity and hypertension are the two major risk factors that contribute to the progression of end-stage renal disease. To examine whether hypertension further exacerbates oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction and inflammation in obese rats, four groups of male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed either a normal (7% fat) or high-fat (36% fat) diet for 6 weeks and osmotic pumps were implanted to deliver ANG (angiotensin II) or vehicle for an additional 4 weeks. Treatment with the high-fat diet did not alter ANG-induced hypertension compared with the normal diet (174±6 compared with 170±5 mmHg respectively). Treatment with the high-fat diet increased body weight gain and plasma leptin levels and induced insulin resistance in normotensive and ANG-induced hypertensive rats. Plasma TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances), a measure of oxidative stress, were elevated in high-fat diet-fed rats compared with controls (11.2±1 compared with 8.4±1 nmol/ml respectively) and was increased further in ANG-induced hypertensive rats fed a high-fat diet (18.8±2.2 nmol/ml). Urinary nitrite excretion was also decreased in rats fed a high-fat diet without or with ANG infusion compared with controls. Afferent arteriolar relaxation to acetylcholine was impaired in rats fed the high-fat diet without or with ANG infusion. Renal cortical TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2) and phospho-IKK (inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase) expression increased in high-fat diet-fed rats compared with normal diet-fed rats. The increases in phospho-IKK and COX-2 expression were elevated further in ANG-induced hypertensive rats fed the high-fat diet. These results suggest that ANG-induced hypertension exacerbates oxidative stress and renal inflammation without further impairment in vascular dysfunction in high-fat diet-induced obesity.
Recreational diving: Re‐evaluation of task, environment, and equipment definitions
Authors: Bitterman Noemi , Ofir Erez , Ratner Nadav 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecreational diving has developed extensively over the years, becoming a popular sport and leisure activity, attracting millions of people around the world. A questionnaire aiming to identify problematic stages during recreational diving and to map the relative importance of the diving equipment features was distributed among divers of different genders, ages, certification, and professional experience (N=130). It was found that the most problematic stages for recreational divers (out of 32 tasks) were on‐land activities and transitional phases between water and terrestrial interfaces: carrying equipment on shore, underwater orientation, exiting from water to boat and reef, surface swimming, and donning the wetsuit. Safety/reliability, individual adjustment, performance, and simplicity were rated the most important features for diving equipment, while design/style and brand name were rated the least. We suggest that redefinition of the task, equipment, and environment according to the current profile of recreational divers will increase pleasure, reduce fatigue and related diving accidents, improve safety, and increase the number of dedicated active divers.
Trends in Antimicrobial Utilization at a Tertiary Teaching Hospital During a 15-Year Period (1978–1992)
Authors: Pallares Roman , Dick Robert , Wenzel Richard P. , Adams J. Robert , Nettleman Mary D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground:Antimicrobials are a major part of hospital pharmacy budgets and must be considered in resource planning and spending projections. Logically, trends in antimicrobial usage should be linked to trends in resistant pathogens.Objective:To examine long-term trends in antimicrobial use over a 15-year period (1978 to 1992) and contrast them with changes in pathogens causing nosocomial bacteremia.Setting:A 900-bed, tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods:Pharmacy records were reviewed to identify parenteral antimicrobial agents administered to adult inpatients. Results were expressed in average daily adult doses per 1,000 patient days.Results:Chloramphenicol use decreased, while use of penicillin G, antistaphylococcal penicillins, first-generation cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides remained relatively stable. In contrast, there was a sharp increase in the use of second- and third-generation cephalosporins (7-fold and 6.5-fold increase, respectively), vancomycin (161 -fold increase), metronidazole (32-fold increase) and amphotericin B (35-fold increase). The proportion of nosocomial bacteremias due to methicillin-resistant gram-positive bacteria rose, but gentamicin resistance in gram-negatives remained at low levels. During the past 14 years, the percentage of patients receiving at least one parenteral antimicrobial rose from 23% to 44%. Among patients receiving antimicrobials, the average number of different agents used per patient increased from 1.8 to 2.1Conclusions:If newer agents were available, use of older agents usually declined. If newer alternatives were not available, use of older agents rose sharply. The increased use of antimicrobials in adults was related to the expanded proportion of patients receiving these agents.
Histamine-2-Receptor Antagonists and Antacids in the Critically Ill Population Stress Ulceration Versus Nosocomial Pneumonia
Authors: Cook Deborah J. , Reeve Brenda K. , Scholes L. Cory 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe performed a meta-analysis to evaluate whether stress ulcer prophylaxis with histamine-2-receptor antagonists or antacids reduces mortality in critically ill patients. It appears that sucralfate results in a lower incidence of nosocomial pneumonia than either antacids or histamine-2-receptor antagonists. With respect to mortality, strong trends favored sucralfate over both antacids and histamine-receptor antagonists.
Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia
Authors: Tablan Ofelia C. , Anderson Larry J. , Arden Nancy H. , Breiman Robert P. , Butler Jay C. , McNeil Michael M. ,   The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee
Published: September 2009

This Z-part document updates and replaces the previously published Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia (Infect Control 1982;3:327-33, Respir Care 1983;28:221-32, and Am J Infect Control 1983;11:230-44). The revised guideline is designed to reduce the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and intended for use by personnel who are responsible for surveillance and control of infections in acute-care hospitals. The guideline may not be applicable in long-term care facilities because of the unique characteristics of these settings.The revised guideline addresses common problems encountered by infection control practitioners regarding the prevention and control of nosocomial pneumonia in U.S. hospitals. Sections on the prevention of bacterial pneumonia in tnechanically ventilated and/or critically ill patients, care of respiratory-therapy devices, prevention of cross-contamination, and prevention of viral lower respiratory tract infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza infections, have been expanded and updated. New sections on Legionnaires' disease and pneumonia due to Aspergillus spp. have been added. Lower respiratory tract infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not addressed in this document: it is covered in separate guidelines.