bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement‐Theoretic Accounts of Propositional Attitudes
Authors: Matthews Robert J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn the late 1970s and early 1980s a number of philosophers, notably Churchland, Field, Stalnaker, Dennett, and Davidson, began to argue that propositional attitude predicates (such as believes that it’s sunny outside) are a species of measure predicate, analogous in important ways to numerical predicates by which we attribute physical magnitudes (such as mass, length, and temperature). Other philosophers, including myself, have subsequently developed the idea in greater detail. In this paper I sketch the general outlines of measurement‐theoretic accounts of propositional attitudes, explaining in the briefest terms the basic idea of such accounts, why some have thought such accounts plausible, how these accounts might go, what their implications might be both for our conception of propositional attitudes and for their role in cognitive scientific theorizing, and where the potential problems with such accounts might lie.
Fictionalism in Metaphysics
Authors: Kroon Frederick 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis is a survey of contemporary work on ‘fictionalism in metaphysics’, a term that is taken to signify both the place of fictionalism as a distinctive anti‐realist metaphysics in which usefulness rather than truth is the norm of acceptance, and the fact that philosophers have given fictionalist treatments of a range of specifically metaphysical notions.
Description of Cydia piceicola, sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), feeding on Picea jezoensis in Korea
Authors: LEE Bong‐Woo , BAE Yang‐Seop , HAN Ah Reum , PARK Pil Sun , BYUN Bong‐Kyu 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe adult and the early stages of Cydia piceicola, sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Korea. Larvae of the new species feed on Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zucc.) Carrière, The life history and larval feeding habits are briefly discussed.
All 4 Bile Salt Hydrolase Proteins Are Responsible for the Hydrolysis Activity in Lactobacillus plantarum ST‐III
Authors: Ren Jing , Sun Kejie , Wu Zhengjun , Yao Jing , Guo Benheng 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  In vertebrates, bile salt hydrolysis plays an essential role in fat metabolism. Bile salts are synthesized in the liver. And in the small intestine glycine and taurine are de‐conjugated from bile salts by the enzyme bile salt hydrolase (BSH) from intestinal microbes. However, the mechanism of bile salt hydrolysis in Lactobacillus plantarum is still ambiguous. Four predicted bile salt hydrolase (bsh) genes from L. plantarum ST‐III were cloned into Escherichia coli. The function of these genes was explored by overexpression. All 4 proteins that were studied showed activity against glycine‐ or taurine‐conjugated bile salts. Substrate preference was also observed in BSH proteins, especially for the enzyme BSH1, which had high hydrolysis activity for glycodeoxycholic acid. These results suggest that all 4 bile salt hydrolases may be responsible for the bile salt hydrolysis activity in L. plantarum ST‐III.Practical Application:  Hypercholesterolemia is considered one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. More interest has focused on intestinal microbes because of their role in the decrease of serum cholesterol. BSH proteins play an important role in the reduction of cholesterol. This paper adds to a better understanding of BSH proteins of intestinal microbes. It gives a great hint that probiotics can be used to solve hypercholesterolemia one day.
Characterization of the butyl homologues of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol in samples of cannabis by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Harvey D I 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The butyl homologues of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, cannabinol and cannabidiol have been identified in several samples of cannabis. 8 samples contained Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, one sample contained cannabinol and one sample contained both cannabinol and cannabidiol. Separation by gas chromatography and identification by gas chromotography-mass spectrometry was achieved by the preparation of trimethylsilyl, d9-trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl and tri-n-propylsilyl derivatives.
Mœglin’s theorem and Goldie rank polynomials in Cartan type A
Authors: Brundan Jonathan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe use the theory of finite W-algebras associated to nilpotent orbits in the Lie algebra $\mathfrak {g} = \mathfrak {gl}_N({\mathbb C})$ to give another proof of Mœglin’s theorem about completely prime primitive ideals in the enveloping algebra U(𝔤). We also make some new observations about Joseph’s Goldie rank polynomials in Cartan type A.
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Bacteremia in an Immunocompromised Host with a Liver Graft and Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Verstreken Isabel , Laleman Wim , Wauters Georges , Verhaegen Jan 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Desulfovibrio
spp. are anaerobic, sulfate-reducing, nonfermenting, Gram-negative bacteria found in the digestive tract of humans. Identification of these species with conventional methods is difficult. The reported case of a
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
bacteremia occurring in an immunocompromised host with ulcerative colitis confirms that this organism may be a possible opportunistic human pathogen.
Subtyping Influenza A Virus with Monoclonal Antibodies and an Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay
Authors: Johnson Jennifer , Higgins Angela , Navarro Adriana , Huang Yung , Esper Frank L. , Barton Nicole , Esch Derek , Shaw Carl , Olivo Paul D. , Miao Lynn Yihong 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The recent association of certain influenza A virus subtypes with clinically relevant phenotypes has led to the increasing importance of subtyping by clinical virology laboratories. To provide clinical laboratories with a definitive immunofluorescence assay for the subtyping of influenza A virus isolates, we generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the major circulating influenza A virus subtypes using multiple inactivated H1N1, H3N2, and 2009 H1N1 strains individually as immunogens. Eleven MAbs that target hemagglutinin (HA) of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes were selected. These MAbs were combined into three subtype-specific reagents, one each for pan-H1 (seasonal and 2009 strains), H3, and 2009 H1, for the subtyping of influenza A virus-positive specimens by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Each subtype-specific reagent was tested on 21 prototype influenza A virus strains and confirmed to be specific for its intended subtype. In addition, the subtyping reagents did not cross-react with any of 40 other viruses. The clinical performance of the subtyping reagents was evaluated with 75 archived clinical samples collected between 2006 and 2009 using the D
3
Ultra DFA influenza A virus identification reagent (Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc., Athens, OH) and the influenza A virus subtyping reagents by IFA simultaneously. Sixty-four samples grew virus and were subtyped as follows: 30 as H3N2, 9 as seasonal H1N1, and 25 as 2009 H1N1. RT-PCR was used to confirm the influenza A virus subtyping of these samples, and there was 100% agreement with IFA. This subtyping IFA provides clinical laboratories with a cost-effective diagnostic tool for better management of influenza virus infection and surveillance of influenza virus activity.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum 1,3-β-
d
-Glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia, Invasive Candidiasis, and Invasive Aspergillosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Onishi Akira , Sugiyama Daisuke , Kogata Yoshinori , Saegusa Jun , Sugimoto Takeshi , Kawano Seiji , Morinobu Akio , Nishimura Kunihiro , Kumagai Shunichi 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Serum 1,3-β-
d
-glucan (BG) assay may be helpful as a marker for the diagnosis of
Pneumocystis jiroveci
pneumonia (PJP) and invasive fungal infection (IFI). We conducted a systematic review to assess the diagnostic accuracy of this assay. We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration databases, Ichushi-Web, reference lists of retrieved studies, and review articles. Our search included studies of serum BG assay that used (i) positive cytological or direct microscopic examination of sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for PJP and (ii) European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer or similar criteria for IFI as a reference standard and provided data to calculate sensitivity and specificity. Only major fungal infections such as invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis were included in the IFI group. Twelve studies for PJP and 31 studies for IFI were included from January 1966 to November 2010. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-SROC) for PJP were 96% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 92% to 98%), 84% (95% CI, 83% to 86%), 102.3 (95% CI, 59.2 to 176.6) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94 to 0.99), respectively. No heterogeneity was found. For IFI, the values were 80% (95% CI, 77% to 82%), 82% (95% CI, 81% to 83%), 25.7 (95% CI, 15.0 to 44.1), and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.93). Heterogeneity was significant. The diagnostic accuracy of the BG assay is high for PJP and moderate for IFI. Because the sensitivity for PJP is particularly high, the BG assay can be used as a screening tool for PJP.
A 5-year follow-up study of Alfredson's heel-drop exercise programme in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy
Authors: van der Plas A , de Jonge S , de Vos R J , van der Heide H J L , Verhaar J A N , Weir A , Tol J L 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundEccentric exercises have the most evidence in conservative treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Although short-term studies show significant improvement, little is known of the long-term (>3 years) results.AimTo evaluate the 5-year outcome of patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy treated with the classical Alfredson's heel-drop exercise programme.Study designPart of a 5-year follow-up of a previously conducted randomised controlled trial.Methods58 patients (70 tendons) were approached 5 years after the start of the heel-drop exercise programme according to Alfredson. At baseline and at 5-year follow-up, the validated Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment–Achilles (VISA-A) questionnaire score, pain status, alternative treatments received and ultrasonographic neovascularisation score were recorded.ResultsIn 46 patients (58 tendons), the VISA-A score significantly increased from 49.2 at baseline to 83.6 after 5 years (p<0.001) and from the 1-year to 5-year follow-up from 75.0 to 83.4 (p<0.01). 39.7% of the patients were completely pain-free at follow-up and 48.3% had received one or more alternative treatments. The sagittal tendon thickness decreased from 8.05 mm (SD 2.1) at baseline to 7.50 mm (SD 1.6) at the 5-year follow-up (p=0.051).ConclusionAt 5-year follow-up, a significant increase of VISA-A score can be expected. After the 3-month Alfredson's heel-drop exercise programme, almost half of the patients had received other therapies. Although improvement of symptoms can be expected at long term, mild pain may remain.
Validity of internal expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I in the diagnosis of inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Salaroli Roberta , Baldin Elisa , Papa Valentina , Rinaldi Rita , Tarantino Lucia , De Giorgi Lucilla Badiali , Fusconi Marco , Malavolta Nazzarena , Meliconi Riccardo , D'Alessandro Roberto , Cenacchi Giovanna 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveThe inflammatory myopathies (IMs) are a group of disorders characterised by weakness and inflammation of the skeletal muscles. Muscle biopsy is the most crucial test to confirm the clinical diagnosis, but also the most common cause of misdiagnosis. There are currently no markers specific or sensitive enough to distinguish IMs from other diseases with similar clinical and morphological features, and an international multidisciplinary effort is under way to develop new classification criteria for IMs.MethodsStandards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy recommendations to validate a diagnostic test based on the quantification of internal major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) positive fibres were adopted. MHC-I immunostained specimens from 64 patients were scored by two independent blinded investigators, and the percentage of positive fibres was determined. Agreement between investigators was evaluated with the k-weighted statistic. The receiver operating characteristic curve, area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of each percentage range of positive fibres versus the diagnosis of IM were calculated.ResultsThe main difference between IM and non-inflammatory samples was the number of internal MHC-I positive fibres. The k-weighted value was 0.89 for a percentage of MHC-I positive fibres above 50%; the positive predictive value was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 94%.ConclusionsThis is the first study on the validity of a quantitative analysis of internal MHC-I positive fibres for an IM diagnosis performed according to Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy recommendations. The interobserver agreement was almost perfect, thus making the method reproducible. Applying an MHC-I cut-off above 50% is an optimal marker for polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) diagnosis.
p53 Modulates Acquired Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors and Radiation
Authors: Huang Shyhmin , Benavente Sergio , Armstrong Eric A. , Li Chunrong , Wheeler Deric L. , Harari Paul M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
There is presently great interest in mechanisms of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors that are now being used widely in the treatment of a variety of common human cancers. To investigate these mechanisms, we established EGFR inhibitor–resistant clones from non–small cell lung cancer cells. A comparative analysis revealed that acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors was associated consistently with the loss of p53 and cross-resistance to radiation. To examine the role of p53, we first knocked down p53 in sensitive parental cells and found a reduction in sensitivity to both EGFR inhibitors and radiation. Conversely, restoration of functional p53 in EGFR inhibitor–resistant cells was sufficient to resensitize them to EGFR inhibitors or radiation in vitro and in vivo. Further studies indicate that p53 may enhance sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors and radiation via induction of cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair. Taken together, these findings suggest a central role of p53 in the development of acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors and prompt consideration to apply p53 restoration strategies in future clinical trials that combine EGFR inhibitors and radiation. Cancer Res; 71(22); 7071–9. ©2011 AACR.
Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 by a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Agonist Contributes to Neuroprotection in the Peri-Infarct Region After Ischemia in Oophorectomized Rats
Authors: Kinouchi Tomoya , Kitazato Keiko T. , Shimada Kenji , Yagi Kenji , Tada Yoshiteru , Matsushita Nobuhisa , Sumiyoshi Manabu , Satomi Junichiro , Kageji Teruyoshi , Nagahiro Shinji 
Published: November 2011

Background and Purpose—
The role of the phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT3) after cerebral ischemia by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone (PGZ) remains controversial. Whether the increase in p-STAT3 by estrogen is mediated by the estrogen receptor α is also obscure. We examined the role of p-STAT3, PPARγ, and estrogen receptor α against ischemic brain damage after PGZ treatment.

Methods—
Female Wistar rats subjected or not subjected to bilateral oophorectomy were injected with 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg PGZ 2 days, 1 day, and 1 hour before 90-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion–reperfusion and compared with vehicle-control rats.

Results—
The cortical infarct size was larger in ovariectomized than in nonovarietomized rats; it was reduced by PGZ treatment. Inversely with the reduction of the infarct size, PPARγ, and p-STAT3 but not estrogen receptor α in the peri-infarct area were increased in PGZ-treated compared with vehicle-control rats. The increase in PPARγ and p-STAT3 was associated with the transactivation of antiapoptotic and survival genes and the reduction of caspase-3 in this area. Inhibitors of PPARγ or STAT3 abolished the PGZ-induced neuroprotection and the increase in p-STAT3. More importantly, p-STAT3 increased by PGZ was bound to PPARγ and the complex translocated to the nucleus to dock to the response element through p-STAT3.

Conclusions—
Our findings suggest that the activation in the peri-infarct region of p-STAT3 and PPARγ by PGZ is essential for neuroprotection after ischemia and that PGZ may be of benefit even in postmenopausal stroke patients.
A Characterization of the Present-Day Arctic Atmosphere in CCSM4
Authors: de Boer Gijs , Chapman William , Kay Jennifer E. , Medeiros Brian , Shupe Matthew D. , Vavrus Steve , Walsh John 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Simulation of key features of the Arctic atmosphere in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) is evaluated against observational and reanalysis datasets for the present-day (1981–2005). Surface air temperature, sea level pressure, cloud cover and phase, precipitation and evaporation, the atmospheric energy budget, and lower-tropospheric stability are evaluated. Simulated surface air temperatures are found to be slightly too cold when compared with the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). Spatial patterns and temporal variability are well simulated. Evaluation of the sea level pressure demonstrates some large biases, most noticeably an under simulation of the Beaufort High during spring and autumn. Monthly Arctic-wide biases of up to 13 mb are reported. Cloud cover is underpredicted for all but summer months, and cloud phase is demonstrated to be different from observations. Despite low cloud cover, simulated all-sky liquid water paths are too high, while ice water path was generally too low. Precipitation is found to be excessive over much of the Arctic compared to ERA-40 and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) estimates. With some exceptions, evaporation is well captured by CCSM4, resulting in P − E estimates that are too high. CCSM4 energy budget terms show promising agreement with estimates from several sources. The most noticeable exception to this is the top of the atmosphere (TOA) fluxes that are found to be too low while surface fluxes are found to be too high during summer months. Finally, the lower troposphere is found to be too stable when compared to ERA-40 during all times of year but particularly during spring and summer months.
Changes in Central Apnea Index following Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Baldassari Cristina M. , Kepchar Jessica , Bryant Lucas , Beydoun Hind , Choi Sukgi 
Published: November 2011

ObjectivesTo determine if there are changes in the central apnea index (CAI) when pediatric patients undergo adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTwo tertiary children’s hospitals.Subjects and MethodsChildren between 1 and 16 years of age who underwent adenotonsillectomy for OSA and had both preoperative and postoperative full‐night polysomnography (PSG) with CAI greater than 1 on preoperative PSG were eligible for inclusion. Central apnea was defined as the absence of both inspiratory effort and chest wall movement lasting longer than 20 seconds. Criteria for diagnosis of central sleep apnea (CSA) was CAI greater than 1.ResultsA total of 101 children with OSA had preoperative and postoperative PSG. Fifteen of these patients had a preoperative CAI greater than 1. The mean age was 67.7 months (SD, 62.7 months). The CAI ranged from 1.1 to 11.1. The mean preoperative CAI was 3.9 (SD, 2.9), while the mean postoperative CAI was 1.9 (SD, 4.8). There was significant improvement (P =. 008) of the CAI following adenotonsillectomy. Ninety percent of subjects with mild CSA (CAI between 1 and 5) had postoperative resolution of their disease. There was also significant improvement (P =. 004) in the obstructive apnea hypopnea index (AHI), with the mean preoperative AHI of 22.8 (SD, 19.8) decreasing to an AHI of 5.5 (SD, 6.5) postoperatively.ConclusionsChildren with OSA and mild CSA on preoperative PSG showed significant improvement in CAI following adenotonsillectomy. Future studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of CSA in children with OSA and to identify treatment strategies.
Surgical Parathyroidectomy versus Cinacalcet Therapy
Authors: Ghani Assia , Baxter Prudence 
Published: November 2011

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of surgery with calcimimetics as treatment strategies for managing the biochemical abnormalities that characterize secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPTH), resistant to optimal conventional therapy in patients with end‐stage renal failure (ESRF).Study DesignA historical cohort study.SettingMaxillofacial Department, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom.Subjects and MethodsFifty‐four patients with 2HPTH resistant to optimal conventional medical management were studied. One cohort of 20 patients was treated with surgical parathyroidectomy, the other cohort of 34 patients with cinacalcet. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone profile were measured before and at monthly intervals after intervention.ResultsBoth cohorts were comparable in their demographic profile, pretreatment comorbidities, baseline PTH, and bone profile. In all 20 surgical patients, the 1‐week postoperative PTH had decreased by 97% (P <. 001); in the medical cohort after 4 months of daily cinacalcet, the PTH decreased by 48% (P <. 001) from baseline. This reduction was maintained at 18 months. In all but 1 surgical patient, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased to normal levels, whereas on cinacalcet, there was no statistically significant reduction. Patients who underwent parathyroidectomy had a more significant decrease in PTH (P <. 001) and ALP (P <. 0014) than did patients on cinacalcet therapy. All patients managed surgically who complained of preoperative symptoms of pruritis and bone pain expressed complete resolution or significant improvement after parathyroidectomy (P <. 001, P <. 003, respectively).ConclusionSurgery was superior to “medical” parathyroidectomy in controlling PTH and ALP.
Antiapoptotic and proliferative activity of curcumin on ovarian follicles in mice exposed to whole body ionizing radiation
Authors: Aktas Cevat , Kanter Mehmet , Kocak Zafer 
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiapoptotic and proliferative activity of curcumin (Cur) on the ovarian follicles in mice exposed to whole body ionizing radiation (Rd). The mice were exposed to 8.3 gray whole body Rd, and Cur groups were given as a daily dose of 100 mg/kg of Cur for 10 days (10 days before Rd). The ovaries were collected 3 and 12 h after irradiation. To date, no such studies have been performed on antiapoptotic and proliferative activity of Cur on the ovarian follicles in mice exposed to whole body Rd. Analysis of mice ovary after exposure to Rd by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling showed that there were apoptotic cells both in the follicular wall and the antrum, and that the number of follicles showing early atresic features was high 3 h after Rd. On the other hand, analysis of mice ovary 12 h after exposure to Rd showed that the number of follicles containing apoptotic cells with advanced atresic features was significantly higher when compared to the 3-h Rd exposure group. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen -positive granulosa cells were decreased in association with follicular atresia. The groups given treatment were observed to have some benefit from Cur against the damage caused by Rd. The results of this study demonstrate that Cur prevents follicular atresia in Rd-induced apoptosis in ovarian follicles.