bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Evapotranspiration Estimates from the Second Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP-2) Simulations
Authors: Schlosser C. Adam , Gao Xiang 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This study assesses the simulations of global-scale evapotranspiration from the second Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP-2) within a global water budget framework. The scatter in the GSWP-2 global evapotranspiration estimates from various land surface models can constrain the global annual water budget fluxes to within ±2.5% and, by using estimates of global precipitation, the residual ocean evaporation estimate falls within the range of other independently derived bulk estimates. The GSWP-2 scatter, however, cannot entirely explain the imbalance of the annual fluxes from a modern-era, observationally based global water budget assessment. Inconsistencies in the magnitude and timing of seasonal variations between the global water budget terms are also found. Intermodel inconsistencies in evapotranspiration are largest for high-latitude interannual variability as well as for interseasonal variations in the tropics, and analyses with field-scale data also highlight model disparity at estimating evapotranspiration in high-latitude regions. Analyses of the sensitivity simulations that replace uncertain forcings (i.e., radiation, precipitation, and meteorological variables) indicate that global (land) evapotranspiration is slightly more sensitive to precipitation than net radiation perturbations, and the majority of the GSWP-2 models, at a global scale, fall in a marginally moisture-limited evaporative condition. Lastly, the range of global evapotranspiration estimates among the models is larger than any bias caused by uncertainties in the GSWP-2 atmospheric forcing, indicating that model structure plays a more important role toward improving global land evaporation estimates (as opposed to improved atmospheric forcing).
A Hierarchical Bayesian Model for a Novel Sparse Partial Diallel Crossing Design
Authors: Greenberg Anthony J , Hackett Sean R , Harshman Lawrence G , Clark Andrew G 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Partial diallel crossing designs are in common use among evolutionary geneticists, as well as among plant and animal breeders. When the goal is to make statements about populations represented by a given set of lines, it is desirable to maximize the number of lines sampled given a set number of crosses among them. We propose an augmented round-robin design that accomplishes this. We develop a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate quantitative genetic parameters from our scheme. For example, we show how to partition genetic effects into specific and general combining abilities, and the method provides estimates of heritability, dominance, and genetic correlations in the face of complex and unbalanced designs. We test our approach with simulated and real data. We show that although the models slightly overestimate genetic variances, main effects are assessed accurately and precisely. We also illustrate how our approach allows the construction of posterior distributions of combinations of parameters by calculating narrow-sense heritability and a genetic correlation between activities of two enzymes.
PI3K inhibition in inflammation: Toward tailored therapies for specific diseases
Authors: Ghigo Alessandra , Damilano Federico , Braccini Laura , Hirsch Emilio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the past decade, the availability of genetically modified animals has enabled the discovery of interesting roles for phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐γ (PI3Kγ) and ‐δ (PI3Kδ) in different cell types orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, these PI3K isoforms appear to be attractive drug targets for the treatment of diseases caused by unrestrained immune reactions. Currently, pharmacological targeting of PI3Kγ and/or PI3Kδ represents one of the most promising challenges for companies interested in the development of novel safe treatments for inflammatory diseases. In this review we provide a general outline of PI3Kγ‐ and PI3Kδ‐specific functions in distinct subsets of inflammatory cells. We also discuss the therapeutic impact of novel compounds targeting PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ or both, in mouse models of autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis), respiratory diseases (allergic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and cardiovascular dysfunctions (atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction).
Expression of BK‐type calcium‐activated potassium channel splice variants during chick cochlear development
Authors: Kim Jung‐Min , Beyer Ryan , Morales Marti , Chen Stephanie , Liu Li Qian , Duncan R. Keith 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe appearance of large‐conductance, calcium‐activated potassium (BK) current is a hallmark of functional maturation in auditory hair cells. Acquisition of this fast‐activating current enables high‐frequency, graded receptor potentials in all vertebrates and an electrical tuning mechanism in nonmammals. The gene encoding BK α subunits is highly alternatively spliced, and the resulting variations in channel isoforms may contribute to functional diversity at the onset of hearing. We examined the tissue specificity of nine BK α alternative exons and investigated changes in expression during chick cochlear development using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Each alternative was widely expressed in several tissues except for an insert near the C‐terminus Ca2+ sensing domain, which appeared brain‐specific. The only alternative form in the membrane‐bound core of the channel was expressed in brain and muscle but was undetected in cochlea. Of the remaining variants, three increased in expression prior to the onset of hearing and acquisition of BK currents. These three variants cause decreased Ca2+ sensitivity or increased intracellular retention, traits that would not easily explain the advent of calcium‐sensitive currents at embryonic day (E)18–19. Expression levels of other variants were mature and stable by E15, days before currents were acquired. Surface expression of C‐terminal isoforms was examined using patch‐clamp electrophysiology and immunocytochemistry. C‐terminal variants that exhibit robust surface expression appeared in the membrane at E18, even though transcripts were unchanged during development starting from E12. These results indicate that delays in protein synthesis and trafficking/scaffolding of channel subunits underlie the late acquisition of BK currents in cochlear hair cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2554–2569, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bulk universality for Wigner matrices
Authors: Erdős László , Péché Sandrine , Ramírez José A. , Schlein Benjamin , Yau Horng‐Tzer 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe consider N × N Hermitian Wigner random matrices H where the probability density for each matrix element is given by the density ν(x) = e−U(x). We prove that the eigenvalue statistics in the bulk are given by the Dyson sine kernel provided that U ∈ C6(
\input amssym $\Bbb R$) with at most polynomially growing derivatives and ν(x) ≥ Ce−C|x| for x large. The proof is based upon an approximate time reversal of the Dyson Brownian motion combined with the convergence of the eigenvalue density to the Wigner semicircle law on short scales. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Phase‐Pure 0D–1D BaTiO3 Nanostructures Using H2Ti3O7 Templates
Authors: Lee Duk Kyu , Cho In‐Sun , Lee SangWook , Kim Dong Hoe , Shim Hyun‐Woo , Kim Dong‐Wan , Hong Kug Sun 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOne‐dimensional (1D) barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanowires, which were uniformly covered with 0D BaTiO3 nanocrystals, were synthesized by using a simple solvothermal reaction of protonated trititanate (H2Ti3O7) nanowires with barium hydroxide octahydrate [Ba(OH)2·8H2O] at 80 °C in ethanol/water mixed solvent systems. The compositions of the mixed solvents ― the volume ratio of ethanol to deionized water ― was a key controlling parameter in order to determine the phase formation and primary particle size of the 0D BaTiO3 nanocrystals. Single‐phase cubic perovskite BaTiO3 started to form at 80 °C in a mixed solvent containing more than approximately 60 % by volume of ethanol. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed that the as‐prepared BaTiO3 retained its wire‐shaped morphology with nanocrystals on the surface. Furthermore, the synthetic mechanism of the 0D‐1D BaTiO3 nanostructures was demonstrated in view of the dielectric tuning of the mixed solvent and the similarities between the crystal structures of BaTiO3 and H2Ti3O7.
Efficient Syntheses of Novel Cryptands Based on Bis(m‐phenylene)‐26‐crown‐8 and Their Complexation with Paraquat
Authors: Xu Zhikai , Huang Xinmin , Liang Jidong , Zhang Suhui , Zhou Songgen , Chen Mujuan , Tang Mingfei , Jiang Lasheng 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHigh‐yielding syntheses of two novel cryptands based on bis(m‐phenylene)‐26‐crown‐8 are reported. One‐step [2+2] cyclization of methyl 3,5‐dihydroxybenzoate with tri(ethylene glycol) ditosylate under pseudo‐high‐dilution conditions gave BMP26C8 (1) in 28 % yield. Reduction of 1 with LAH, followed by deprotonation (NaH) and alkylation with propargyl bromide, afforded the dialkynated BMP26C8 (3) in high yield (two‐step 84 %). Unimolecular macrocyclization of 3 through copper(II)‐mediated Eglinton coupling generated the diacetylene‐containing cryptand 4 in 97 % yield. Pd/C‐catalyzed hydrogenation of 4 yielded the cryptand 5 (93 %). Their structures were confirmed by NMR, ESI‐MS, and X‐ray analysis. The complexation behavior of these new cryptands with paraquat was also studied, and it was found that these cryptands bind paraquat more strongly than the corresponding BMP26C8. The association constants (K1 and K2) in acetone solution were determined to be K1 = 914 M–1, K2 = 229 M–1 for complex 42·6 and K1 = 758 M–1, K2 = 190 M–1 for complex 52·6. Moreover, the two new [3]pseudorotaxane‐like complexes 42·6 and 52·6 were also obtained in the solid state, as confirmed by X‐ray analysis.
A CE‐based assay for human protein kinase CK2 activity measurement and inhibitor screening
Authors: Gratz Andreas , Götz Claudia , Jose Joachim 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new assay for protein kinase CK2 activity determination based on the quantification of a phosphorylated substrate was developed. The common CK2 substrate peptide RRRDDDSDDD, conjugated with the fluorophore 5‐[(2‐aminoethyl)amino]naphthalene‐1‐sulfonic acid at the C‐terminus served as the analyte. By means of CZE using 2 mol/L acetic acid as electrolyte and UV detection at 214 nm, the non‐phosphorylated and the phosphorylated peptide variants could be resolved within 6 min from a complex assay mixture. By this means, activity of human CK2 could be monitored by a kinetic, as well as an endpoint, method. Inhibition of human recombinant CK2 holoenzyme by 6‐methyl‐1,3,8‐trihydroxyanthraquinone and 4,5,6,7‐tetrabromobenzotriazole resulted in IC50values of 1.33 and 0.27 μM, respectively, which were similar to those obtained with the standard radiometric assay. These results suggest that the CE/UV strategy described here is a straightforward assay for CK2 inhibitor testing.
Toxicity of oxyanions of selenium and of a proposed bioremediation intermediate, dimethyl selenone
Authors: Yu Rui , Coffman John P , van Fleet-Stalder Verena , Chasteen Thomas G 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The relative toxicity of selenate, selenite, and dimethyl selenone were assessed by determining growth inhibition and growth rate inhibition of Pseudomonas fluorescens K27 and using the Microtox® bioassay method at varying concentrations of these three selenium species. The results of EC50 vary depending on the organism tested and the method used; for P. fluorescens K27, EC50 increased in the order of dimethyl selenone &lt; selenate &lt; selenite. However, for Vibrio fisheri, EC50 increased in the order of selenite &lt; dimethyl selenone &lt; selenate. The possibility that different reduction mechanisms may dominate the remediation of the two selenium oxyanions with different oxidation states by P. fluorescens K27 is discussed, as is whether dimethyl selenone is a possible intermediate in selenium reduction and methylation.
A filter‐based, mass‐conserving lattice Boltzmann method for immiscible multiphase flows
Authors: Chao Jianghui , Mei Renwei , Singh Rajkeshar , Shyy Wei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSome issues of He–Chen–Zhang lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) method (referred as HCZ model) (J. Comput. Physics 1999; 152:642–663) for immiscible multiphase flows with large density ratio are assessed in this paper. An extended HCZ model with a filter technique and mass correction procedure is proposed based on HCZ's LBE multiphase model. The original HCZ model is capable of maintaining a thin interface but is prone to generating unphysical oscillations in surface tension and index function at moderate values of density ratio. With a filtering technique, the monotonic variation of the index function across the interface is maintained with larger density ratio. Kim's surface tension formulation for diffuse–interface method (J. Comput. Physics 2005; 204:784–804) is then used to remove unphysical oscillation in the surface tension. Furthermore, as the density ratio increases, the effect of velocity divergence term neglected in the original HCZ model causes significant unphysical mass sources near the interface. By keeping the velocity divergence term, the unphysical mass sources near the interface can be removed with large density ratio. The long‐time accumulation of the modeling and/or numerical errors in the HCZ model also results in the error of mass conservation of each dispersed phase. A mass correction procedure is devised to improve the performance of the method in this regard. For flows over a stationary and a rising bubble, and capillary waves with density ratio up to 100, the present approach yields solutions with interface thickness of about five to six lattices and no long‐time diffusion, significantly advancing the performance of the LBE method for multiphase flow simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cigar and pipe smoking and cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
Authors: McCormack Valerie A. , Agudo Antonio , Dahm Christina C. , Overvad Kim , Olsen Anja , Tjonneland Anne , Kaaks Rudolf , Boeing Heiner , Manjer Jonas , Almquist Martin , Hallmans Goran , Johansson Ingegerd , Chirlaque Maria Dolores , Barricarte Aurelio , Dorronsoro Miren , Rodriguez Laudina , Redondo Maria Luisa , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Wareham Nick , Allen Naomi , Key Tim , Riboli Elio , Boffetta Paolo 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe carcinogenicity of cigar and pipe smoking is established but the effect of detailed smoking characteristics is less well defined. We examined the effects on cancer incidence of exclusive cigar and pipe smoking, and in combination with cigarettes, among 102,395 men from Denmark, Germany, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom in the EPIC cohort. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cancer during a median 9‐year follow‐up from ages 35 to 70 years were estimated using proportional hazards models. Compared to never smokers, HR of cancers of lung, upper aerodigestive tract and bladder combined was 2.2 (95% CI: 1.3, 3.8) for exclusive cigar smokers (16 cases), 3.0 (2.1, 4.5) for exclusive pipe smokers (33 cases) and 5.3 (4.4, 6.4) for exclusive cigarette smokers (1,069 cases). For each smoking type, effects were stronger in current smokers than in ex‐smokers and in inhalers than in non‐inhalers. Ever smokers of both cigarettes and cigars [HR 5.7 (4.4, 7.3), 120 cases] and cigarettes and pipes [5.1 (4.1, 6.4), 247 cases] had as high a raised risk as had exclusive cigarette smokers. In these smokers, the magnitude of the raised risk was smaller if they had switched to cigars or pipes only (i.e., quit cigarettes) and had not compensated with greater smoking intensity. Cigar and pipe smoking is not a safe alternative to cigarette smoking. The lower cancer risk of cigar and pipe smokers as compared to cigarette smokers is explained by lesser degree of inhalation and lower smoking intensity.
Mixed‐mode chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: McCullagh James S. O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLiquid chromatography coupled to molecular mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has been a standard technique since the early 1970s but liquid chromatography coupled to high‐precision isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) has only been available commercially since 2004. This development has, for the first time, enabled natural abundance and low enrichment δ13C measurements to be applied to individual analytes in aqueous mixtures creating new opportunities for IRMS applications, particularly for the isotopic study of biological molecules. A growing number of applications have been published in a range of areas including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrates studies, quantification of cellular and plasma metabolites, dietary tracer and nucleic acid studies. There is strong potential to extend these to new compounds and complex matrices but several challenges face the development of LC/IRMS methods. To achieve accurate isotopic measurements, HPLC separations must provide baseline‐resolution between analyte peaks; however, the design of current liquid interfaces places severe restrictions on compatible flow rates and in particular mobile phase compositions. These create a significant challenge on which reports associated with LC/IRMS have not previously focused. Accordingly, this paper will address aspects of chromatography in the context of LC/IRMS, in particular focusing on mixed‐mode separations and their benefits in light of these restrictions. It aims to provide an overview of mixed‐mode stationary phases and of ways to improve high aqueous separations through manipulation of parameters such as column length, temperature and mobile phase pH. The results of several practical experiments are given using proteogenic amino acids and nucleosides both of which are of noted importance in the LC/IRMS literature. This communication aims to demonstrate that mixed‐mode stationary phases provide a flexible approach given the constraints of LC/IRMS interface design and acts as a practical guide for the development of new chromatographic methods compatible with LC/IRMS applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sharing the wealth: social comparisons and pay dispersion in the CEO's top team
Authors: Fredrickson James W. , Davis‐Blake Alison , Sanders WM. Gerard 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe antecedents and consequences of pay dispersion are studied using theory that focuses on the social comparisons that occur among members of the CEO's top team. Results from a sample of large public firms indicate that when members of this elite group were similar on a variety of dimensions, and thus likely to compare their pay, the board allowed less dispersion. In addition, pay dispersion was negatively related to company performance, particularly when it exceeded what could be justified by characteristics of the industry, firm, or team. But the strength of that relationship depended on how uniformly members of the team would benefit from subsequent performance gains. Specifically, the negative effect was particularly strong in firms where major differences in compensation—that is, some executives were given significantly more stock options—combined with a volatile stock price to provide only a few team members with the opportunity to realize very large financial gains in the future. The study demonstrates that the social‐psychological factors that affect comparisons among members of the CEO's top team impact the board's pay setting process, which in turn affects pay dispersion, and ultimately firm performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of RIE‐lag Reduction Technique for Si Deep Etching Using Double Protection Layer Method
Authors: Ohara Junji , Asami Kazushi , Takeuchi Yukihiro , Sato Kazuo 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this study, we have developed a new reactive ion etching (RIE)‐lag reduction technique in Si deep etching. The conventional RIE‐lag reduction technique has a dependence of polymeric layer deposition thickness on mask opening width in the deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process (Bosch process). However, in our experiment, when the RIE‐lag was suppressed, the polymeric layer on the wider trench bottom remained and caused Black Si under typical process condition. Even if the Black Si is suppressed by optimization of process parameters, it appears when the trench becomes deeper. Therefore, the remaining of the polymeric layer is considered to determine the depth range for the RIE‐lag reduction. In order to avoid this limitation, we have developed a new RIE‐lag reduction technique that forms a double protection layer consisting of polymer and SiO2on the trench bottom before the etching step in the DRIE process. The SiO2layer formed by O2plasma irradiation under polymeric layer has higher ability for removal than that of the polymeric layer and it can be removed clearly without Black Si phenomenon. Experimental result shows that this technique can obtain RIE‐lag free region up to an aspect ratio of 13. Within this aspect ratio range, the RIE‐lag free effect is considered to be applicable not only to trench pattern but also to other two‐dimensional mask patterns except hall pattern. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Silicon Fishbone‐Shaped MEMS Resonator with Digitally Variable Resonant‐Frequency Tuning
Authors: Tanigawa Hiroshi , Makita Sho , Suzuki Kenichiro 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe have developed a new MEMS (microelectromechanical system) resonator with a digitally tunable resonant‐frequency function. A 20‐µm‐thick silicon main beam, 10 × 760 µm, has multiple sets of 20‐µm‐thick short beams, 10 × 100 µm, along the longitudinal direction. The bending of the short beams exerts a moment on the main beam. The frequency of the maximum amplitude in the main beam has been measured to vary at 85.5, 223, and 400 kHz by selecting three sets of exciting electrodes. The resonator has been measured to have Q‐factor of higher than 10 000 under vacuum. The frequency can be easily increased up to several tens of megahertz by reducing the device size. Therefore, this new resonator should be useful for wide multiband frequency applications. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acquired cholesteatoma pathogenesis: stepwise explanations
Authors: Louw L 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground:Since Virchow's first, 1855 publication on cholesteatoma, this disease has been the subject of extensive debate. The pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma is repeatedly explained on the premises of the migration, hyperplasia and metaplasia theories, but proof for the latter theory remains limited. In retrospect, there is progress toward better understanding of all the pathological mechanisms involved, as expounded in this review.Discussion:The triggers for cholesteatoma onset are diverse, and may involve tympanic membrane trauma (i.e. perforation, displacement, retraction or invagination), tympanic membrane disease, and/or tympanic cavity mucosa disease. Research has revealed that cell migration is replaced under inflammatory conditions by hyperplasia, which triggers the onset of cholesteatoma. Lately, the hyperplasia theory gained prominence and circumscription of the papillary cone formation concept provided insight into cholesteatoma progression (growth and expansion). Diseased mucosa can contribute to the development of retraction pockets and cholesteatoma. The type of cholesteatoma trigger and the role of chronic inflammation during disease progression and recurrence are important in guiding clinical intervention.