bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Investigation of Myoglobin in Layer‐by‐Layer Films Assembled with Sulfonated‐β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Li Jueyu , Liu Dan , Tian Lei , Yang Lingzhu , Hu Naifei 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this work, myoglobin (Mb) and sulfonated‐β‐cyclodextrin (S‐CD) were assembled into {S‐CD/Mb}n layer‐by‐layer films on solid substrates. In pH 7.0 buffers, the {S‐CD/Mb}n films assembled on electrodes showed a pair of well‐defined and nearly reversible CV peaks at about −0.35 V vs. SCE. The stable CV response of {S‐CD/Mb}n films could be used to electrocatalyze reduction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in solution. For comparison, another modified β‐cyclodextrin, carboxyethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (C‐CD), was also assembled with Mb into {C‐CD/Mb}n multilayer films. The driving forces of the assembly were explored and discussed.
A Simple Fabrication Method for Three‐Dimensional Gold Nanoparticle Electrodes and Their Application to the Study of the Direct Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c
Authors: Murata Kenichi , Kajiya Kazuki , Nukaga Megumi , Suga Yosuke , Watanabe Toshiyuki , Nakamura Nobuhumi , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA simple method for constructing gold nanoparticle‐modified electrodes with three‐dimensional nanostructures is demonstrated. The electrodes were prepared by casting citrate‐reduced AuNPs onto polycrystalline gold electrodes. The resultant electrodes had a large surface area‐to‐volume ratio, adequate for high protein loading and conferring high stability. The gold nanoparticle electrodes were covered with a self‐assembled monolayer of 11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid for electrostatic immobilization of cytochrome c (cyt c). At the electrode, direct, reversible electron transfer from cyt c was observed with remarkable stability. Moreover, an extremely high surface coverage of electrochemically active cyt c, 167 fully packed monolayers, was obtained through use of the electrode.
Electrokinetic sample injection for high‐sensitivity CZE (part 2): Improving the quantitative repeatability and application of electrokinetic supercharging‐CZE to the detection of atmospheric electrolytes
Authors: Xu Zhongqi , Koshimidzu Eiji , Hirokawa Takeshi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractElectrokinetic supercharging (EKS) is defined as a technique that combines electrokinetic sample injection with transient ITP. Quantitative repeatability of EKS‐CZE and the other CE methods using electrokinetic sample injection process is usually inferior in comparison with the CE methods using hydrodynamic or hydrostatic injection. This is due to some effects, such as the temperature change and the convection of the sample solution in the reservoir, as well as the change of the distance between an electrode and a capillary end (Dec). In particular, we have found that the Dec change might most seriously affect the repeatability, especially when the electrode is a thin Pt wire that could be unintentionally bent during sampling. By using a Teflon spacer to fix Dec to 1.1 mm, the RSD of peak area (n=5) was decreased from 20 to 3.4% in EKS‐CZE for several metal cations. This Dec dependence of the sample amount injected was supported by computer simulation using CFD‐ACE+ software. The improved repeatability (down to 5.1% at n=5, averaged RSD for Co2+, Li+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+) was also experimentally attained by increasing the Dec to ca. 20 mm, which was also effective to obtain high sensitivity. Since the temperature and the convection effects on the repeatability are comparatively small in a proper laboratory environment, these effects were estimated from the EKS‐CZE experiments using conditions such as warming and agitating the sample solution during EKS process. Finally, EKS‐CZE was applied to the detection of ions from atmospheric electrolytes in high‐purity water exposed to ambient air for 2 h. The microgram per liter levels of anions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, formate, acetate and lactate) and cations (ammonium, calcium, sodium and magnesium) could be detected using conventional UV detector.
The effect of riparian land use on transport hydraulics in agricultural headwater streams located in northeast Ohio, USA
Authors: Herrman Kyle S. , Bouchard Virginie , Granata Tim , Carey Anne E. , Moore Richard H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis study examined if riparian land use (forested vs agricultural) affects hydraulic transport in headwater streams located in an agriculturally fragmented watershed. We identified paired 50‐m reaches (one reach in agricultural land use and the other in forested land use) along three headwater streams in the Upper Sugar Creek Watershed in northeast Ohio, USA (40° 51′42″N, 81° 50′29″W). Using breakthrough curves obtained by Rhodamine WT slug injections and the one‐dimensional transport with inflow and storage model (OTIS), hydraulic transport parameters were obtained for each reach on six different occasions (n = 36). Relative transient storage (AS:A) was similar between both reach types (As: A = 0·3 ± 0·1 for both agricultural and forested reaches). Comparing values of Fmed200 to those in the literature indicates that the effect of transient storage was moderately high in the study streams in the Upper Sugar Creek Watershed. Examining travel times revealed that overall residence time (HRT) and residence time in transient storage (TSTO) were both longer in forested reaches (forested HRT = 19·1 ± 11·5 min and TSTO = 4·0 ± 3·8 min; agricultural HRT = 9·3 ± 5·3 min and TSTO = 1·7 ± 1·4 min). We concluded that the effect of transient storage on solute transport was similar between the forested and agricultural reaches but the forested reaches had a greater potential to retain solutes as a result of longer travel times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The threat of corporate groups and the insolvency connection
Authors: Dähnert Alexander 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper attempts to shed some light on the issue referred to by the term ‘group threat’. The factual appearance of corporate groups will be emphasized, as well as the question of what particular dangers arise from groups of legal entities. It will be argued that the source of group threats lies in the supremacy of group interest over the interests of affiliates, particularly in groups acting as a single unit. However, while efficiency gains inherent in group structures have attracted considerable attention in the debate about the insolvencies of corporate groups, the aspect of how the restriction of group threats can be reconciled with these efficiency‐preservation concepts has been neglected. This appears of some concern given the fact that group threats and group synergy effects are part of the same coin. Both sides of the Janus‐head ought to be considered in insolvency concepts and an attempt will be made to put the specific aspect of group threats into the wider context of group insolvencies. Existing approaches will be introduced, summarized and categorized, with a particular view taken of their common characteristics. It is argued that most insolvency concepts suffer from the same fundamental deficiencies: the focus on the structure of groups, which makes the very nature of integrated companies difficult to grasp. Consequently, this calls into question the application of these concepts and leads, furthermore, to significant collateral damage in the shape of principles central to company law. Resulting from these shortcomings and from the insight that the supremacy of the group interest constitutes the fundamental source of group characteristics, this paper suggests as an alternative that the focus be placed on wrongful conduct, the argument being that it is not the static structure, but the way the group is directed and ruled, which constitutes the decisive criterion for insolvency concepts. The understanding of group threats is therefore the key to a satisfactory approach to group specific challenges in insolvency. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effectiveness and efficiency of corporate insolvency law—part two
Authors: Luttikhuis Karin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractLittle empirical research has been done in the Netherlands (or internationally) into the effect of corporate insolvency proceedings. The Dutch legislature has made several attempts in the past decades to revise the current Dutch Bankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet) of 1893, while almost nothing is known about the effectiveness and efficiency of the Dutch corporate insolvency law. I have studied the effectiveness of the current Dutch insolvency law and of European Directive 2001/23/EC which is incorporated in this law, on the basis of theoretical and large‐scale empirical research. The study concerned all 4167 of the corporate insolvencies that ended in 2004. In the first part of this Article (International Insolvency Review, Volume 17, 3, Winter 2008, pp. 189–209), the research results showed that the Dutch Bankruptcy Act achieved the goals set on it only to a limited degree and that the informal restructuring procedure is of great social importance. In this second part, I concentrate on the conditions imposed by European Directive 2001/23/EC on the European national legislatures to protect employees' rights: automatic transfer of employment contracts in the event of transfers as part of insolvency proceedings, together with measures to prevent misuse of insolvency proceedings in such a way as to deprive employees of the rights provided for in this European Directive. The study shows that, in the Netherlands, not applying automatic transfer of employment contracts when an undertaking or business is transferred as part of an insolvency proceeding does not result in large‐scale misuse of insolvency law. It appears that automatic transfer of employment contracts outside insolvency proceedings can actually impede the informal restructuring of financially unsound companies. These surprising results are interesting for corporate insolvency proceedings worldwide. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium regulation of non‐kinase and kinase activities of recombinant myosin light‐chain kinase and its mutants
Authors: Xie Ce , Zhang Yue , Wang Hong Hui , Matsumoto Atsushi , Nakamura Akio , Ishikawa Ryoki , Yoshiyama Shinji , Hayakawa Kohichi , Kohama Kazuhiro , Gao Ying 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMyosin light‐chain kinase (MLCK) comprised of N‐terminal actin‐binding domain, central catalytic domain, and C‐terminal myosin‐binding domain. It exerted not only kinase activity to phosphorylate 20 kDa regulatory light chain of smooth muscle but also exerted non‐kinase activity on myosin motor and myosin ATPase activities (Nakamura et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 369, 135). The previous studies on the multiple MLCK functions were done using MLCK fragments. The present study reported the expression of whole MLCK molecules in Escherichia coli in a large amount. The construct in which the calmodulin (CaM) binding domain for regulating kinase activity was mutated lost the kinase activity. However, the mutant exerted non‐kinase activity and inhibited both myosin motor and ATPase activities. The domain that regulated kinase activity was also shown to be involved in the Ca2+ regulation of non‐kinase activity. The deletion mutants of actin‐binding domain which located at N‐terminal 1–41 amino acids demonstrated that non‐kinase activity was mediated through actin filaments. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11): 1092–1098, 2009
Bevacizumab and ranibizumab on microvascular endothelial cells: A comparative study
Authors: Costa Raquel , Carneiro Ângela , Rocha Ana , Pirraco Ana , Falcão Manuel , Vasques Luísa , Soares Raquel 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGiven its broad effects in endothelium, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents the primary rate‐limiting step of angiogenesis. Therefore, VEGF targeting therapies were soon developed. Bevacizumab and ranibizumab are two of these therapeutic agents already in clinical use. Bevacizumab was first used for cancer treatment, whereas ranibizumab was designed to target choroidal neovascularization, the main cause of blindness in age‐related macular degeneration. The present study aims to compare the multiple effects of bevacizumab and ranibizumab in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). HMEC cultures were established and treated during 24 h with the anti‐VEGF agents within the intravitreal‐established concentration range or excipients. Analyses of VEGF content in cell media and VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) expression in cell lysates were performed. No cell cytotoxicity (MTS assay) was found in anti‐VEGF‐treated cultures at any concentration. Apoptosis (TUNEL assay) was significantly increased and cell proliferation (BrdU assay), migration (transwell assay) and assembly into vascular structures were significantly reduced by incubation with both agents at the two doses used. These findings were accompanied by a strong decrease in VEGF release, and in phosphorylated VEGFR‐2 and Akt expression for both agents at the clinical concentration. Interestingly, phosphorylated Erk was only significantly reduced upon bevacizumab treatment. In addition, proliferation was more affected by ranibizumab, whereas migration, capillary formation, and phosphorylated VEGFR2 expression were significantly reduced by bevacizumab as compared to ranibizumab. Therefore, although both agents presented anti‐angiogenic actions, distinct effects were exerted by the two molecules in HMEC. These findings suggest that a careful confirmation of these effects in clinical settings is mandatory. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1410–1417, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human testicular orphan receptor 4 enhances thyroid hormone receptor signaling
Authors: Huang Ya‐Hui , Liao Chen‐Hsin , Chen Ruey‐Nan , Liao Chia‐Jung , Lin Kwang‐Huei 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and human testicular orphan receptor 4 (TR4) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They are ligand‐dependent transcription factors. TR and TR4 bind to a similar thyroid response element (TRE), known as a direct repeat with four nucleotide spacing (DR4). This study examined the possible interaction or cross‐talking between those two receptors. We hypothesized that protein–protein interaction between TR4 and TR may promote TR‐mediated transcriptional activity. Glutathione S‐transferase pull‐down and immunoprecipitation assays showed direct interaction between TR and TR4. Electrophoretic mobility‐shift assay demonstrated that TR and TR4 could co‐occupy the same TRE. The interaction between TR4 and TR may enhance regulation of genes targeted by TR, such as furin, fibrinogen, cdk2 and p21 expression. We found that TR4 function is similar with TR as TR4 alone could regulate expression of some TR target genes, and could increase cell migration or inhibit cell proliferation. Importantly, the TR‐dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and stimulation of cell migration are more enhanced in the HepG2‐TR cells stably over‐expressing TR4. Overall, TR4 not only has modulation abilities similar to TR but also can cross‐talk with TR and promote the TR signaling pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 347–356, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient synthesis and spectroscopy of 3,3‐dimethyl‐2,3,4,5,10,11‐hexahydro‐8‐[(o‐; and p‐methyl)phenoxy]‐11‐[(o‐; and p‐substituted)phenyl]‐1H‐dibezo‐[b,e][1,4]diazepin‐1‐ones
Authors: Cortés Eduardo Cortés , Meneses Ociel E. Andrade , García‐Mellado Olivia , Zuñiga Ofelia Collera , Naranjo‐Rodríguez Elia Brosla 
Published: October 2009

Abstractmagnified imageAn easy synthesis of four steps to afforded 12 new derivatives of 3,3‐dimethyl‐2,3,4,5,10,11‐hexahydro‐8‐[(o‐; and p‐methyl)phenoxy]‐11‐[(o‐; and p‐substituted)phenyl]‐1H‐dibezo‐[b,e][1,4]diazep‐in‐1‐ones IV, IV,1, IV,2, IV,3, IV,4, IV,5, IV,6, IV,7, IV,8, IV,9, IV,10, IV,11, IV,12 with potential biological and pharmacological activity as sedative, hypnotic‐muscular relaxing, anticonvulsant, and schizophrenia treatment of the central nervous system (CNS). The final products have been obtained with good yields, by condensation and cyclization between 3‐{4‐[(o‐; and p‐methyl)phenoxy]‐1,2‐phenylendiamine}‐5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexanone III, with the corresponding (o‐; and p‐R)benzaldehyde. The structure of all derivatives was corroborated by spectroscopy of ir, 1H, and 13C NMR, with bi‐dimensional experiments and EI‐MS in low and high resolution with collision‐induced dissociation experiments (CID). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
New crown compounds containing a 1,3,4‐thiadiazole moiety: Synthesis and crystal structure
Authors: Outirite Moha , Bentiss Fouad , Lebrini Mounim , Wignacourt Jean‐Pierre , Lagrenée Michel 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
magnified imageThe syntheses of new macrocyclic compounds are described. The 2,5‐bis(hydroxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole reacts with allyl bromide to give the corresponding allyloxy derivative. The allyl is used to functionalize the ortho position by means of a Claisen rearrangement under microwave irradiation. New 2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles are obtained, which are converted into macrocyclic polyethers. The structures of the new macrocyclic compounds were confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The crystal structure of 2,5‐bis(2‐allyloxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole has been determined. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Caspase inhibition by cardiotrophin‐1 prevents neuronal death in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Peng Hui , Sola Augusto , Moore James , Wen Tongchun 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOur previous studies showed that cardiotrophin‐1 (CT‐1), a cytokine in the interleukin‐6 family, protected the developing rat brain against focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) in vivo and prevented cortical neuron death in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which CT‐1 prevents neuronal death are not clearly understood. This in vivo study focused on whether CT‐1 treatment prevented FCI‐induced brain injuries in the postnatal day 7 (P7) rat through modulating activation of the initiator caspase‐8 (C‐8) and the downstream effector caspase‐3 (C‐3). FCI caused a significant increase in expressions of cleaved C‐8 and C‐3 and, meanwhile, a significant decrease in expression of microtubule‐associated protein‐2 (MAP2) in the left ischemic cortex of the P7 rat brain after FCI. Exogenous treatment of CT‐1 significantly reduced the expression of cleaved C‐8 or C‐3 and attenuated the decline in MAP2 expression in the ischemic cortex from 12 to 24 hr after FCI. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated that CT‐1 treatment inhibited sodium nitroprusside (SNP)‐induced activation of C‐8 and C‐3 and loss of MAP2‐positive neurons in cortical neuron cultures. More importantly, CT‐1 activated several pathways, including Janus kinase 2, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MAPK kinase in the cultures exposed to SNP. This is the first suggestion that CT‐1 prevents neuronal injury in the developing central nervous system possibly through mediating multiple signal pathways, inhibiting activation of C‐8 and C‐3. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First radiocarbon dates on woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from northern Germany
Authors: Sommer Robert S. , Benecke Norbert 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA major gap in the radiocarbon chronology of woolly mammoth in Europe results from an absence of dated records from the Late Weichselian moraine regions of the Northern European Lowlands. In the past many fossil mammoth remains were discovered in the province of Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania in northeastern Germany. Seven finds, which were well preserved, were radiocarbon dated by accelerator mass spectrometry. The dates, ranging from 44.8 to 23.9 14C ka BP (50–28 cal. ka BP), can be correlated with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 of the late Quaternary, and indicate that mammoth was able to colonise this region during a period of rapid environmental changes. The new radiocarbon evidence fits well into the known colonisation pattern of woolly mammoth and shows a continuous distribution in the Late Weichselian moraine areas of northern Germany before the expansion of the Scandinavian ice sheet. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schweißtechnische Anwendungen der Hochleistungs–Faserlaser
Authors: Kessler Berthold 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSeit ungefähr 10 Jahren wird die Festkörperlaserentwicklung mit rasanter Geschwindigkeit in Punkto höherer verfügbarer Laserleistung, höherer Effizienz und besserer Strahlqualität vorangetrieben. Insbesondere die Entwicklung der Hochleistung–Faserlaser hat diesen Trend beschleunigt und zu vorher undenkbaren Leistungen und Strahleigenschaften geführt. Ende 2008 waren Multimode–Laser mit 50 kW Strahlleistung und Single–Mode Laser mit 10 kW erhältlich.
Complex‐valued analysis of arterial spin labeling–based functional magnetic resonance imaging signals
Authors: Hernandez‐Garcia Luis , Vazquez Alberto L. , Rowe Daniel B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCerebral blood flow‐dependent phase differences between tagged and control arterial spin labeling images are reported. A biophysical model is presented to explain the vascular origin of this difference. Arterial spin labeling data indicated that the phase difference is largest when the arterial component of the signals is preserved but is greatly reduced as the arterial contribution is suppressed by postinversion delays or flow‐crushing gradients. Arterial vasculature imaging by saturation data of activation and hypercapnia conditions showed increases in phase accompanying blood flow increases.An arterial spin labeling functional magnetic resonance imaging study yielded significant activation by magnitude‐only, phase‐only, and complex analyses when preserving the whole arterial spin labeling signal. After suppression of the arterial signal by postinversion delays, magnitude‐only and complex models yielded similar activation levels, but the phase‐only model detected nearly no activation. When flow crushers were used for arterial suppression, magnitude‐only activation was slightly lower and fluctuations in phase were dramatically higher than when postinversion delays were used.Although the complex analysis performed did not improve detection, a simulation study indicated that the complex‐valued activation model exhibits combined magnitude and phase detection power and thus maximizes sensitivity under ideal conditions. This suggests that, as arterial spin labeling imaging and image correction methods develop, the complex‐valued detection model may become helpful in signal detection. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.