bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allocution de M. Léopold Boissier, Président
Authors: Boissier M. Léopold 
Published: April 2010

Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge remercie les personnalités si nombreuses qui ont répondu à son appel et sont venues célébrer avec lui le centième anniversaire de sa fondation.Tout à l'heure, M. Pierre Boissier évoquera devant vous les débuts de cette æuvre et vous rappellera ce que le monde entier doit aux cinq citoyens de Genève qui ont créé la Croix-Rouge. N'ont-ils pas réalisé, avec un courage et une ténacité étonnants, les deux idées géniales de leur collègue Henry Dunant: l'énoncé de principes juridiques tendant, d'une part, à la protection des victimes de la guerre, d'autre part, à la formation de Sociétés nationales ayant pour tâche de seconder sur le théâtre des hostilités les Services de Santé des armées? De plus, en se constituant en Comité international, ils ont prévu quelle pourrait être la double mission d'un organisme neutre et impartial qui propagerait et développerait le droit humanitaire et enverrait, partout où l'on se bat, des délégués qui veilleraient à l'application de ce droit. Ainsi les principes et l'action se prêteraient un mutuel appui.
Henry Dunant
Authors: Gagnebin Bernard 
Published: April 2010

Le 9 juillet 1859, les lecteurs du Journal de Genève pouvaient lire un déchirant appel venu de Solférino, dont nous extrayons les passages suivants:Depuis trois jours je soigne les blessés de Solférino à Castiglione, et j'ai donné des soins à plus d'un millier de malheureux. Nous avons eu 40.000 blessés tant alliés qu'Autrichiens à cette terrible affaire. Les médecins sont insuffisants, et j'ai dû les remplacer tant bien que mal avec quelques femmes du pays et les prisonniers bien portants.
La radiodiffusion au service du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge
Authors: Dovaz René 
Published: April 2010

L'activité radiophonique du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge a débuté il y a seize ans, dans une Europe à demi détruite par la guerre. C'est, en effet, le 2 mai 1945 que furent lues à Radio-Genève, sur le programme national de Sottens, les premières listes de déportés français libérés en Allemagne et rentrant chez eux en transit par la Suisse.Huit jours plus tard, le 10 mai, le CICR disposait de trois heures d'antenne sur les ondes courtes suisses de Schwarzenburg et sur l'émetteur de Prangins. Il s'agissait alors de communiquer, avec le maximum de célérité, aux families des nombreux prisonniers de guerre, déportés, travailleurs civils que les troupes alliées libéraient en Allemagne, au fur et à mesure de leur avance, tous les renseignements que les délégués du CICR ou d'autres organisations lui faisaient parvenir sur le sort des captifs. En trois mois, 15.000 noms furent diffusés en onze langues.
La discipline pénitentielle et la guerre au moyen âge: Une contribution du moyen âge au développement du droit humanitaire
Authors: Draper G.I.A.D. 
Published: April 2010

La Revue internationale est heureuse de publier l'étude qu'on va lire et elle remercie l'auteur de lui avoir accordé l'autorisation de la traduire et de la reproduire id. Il s'agit de trois leçons données au « King's College » de Londres (Université de Londres) en 1957, qui représentent une importante contribution, bien que nettement délimitée dans le temps, à l'histoire du droit humanitaire.En raison de la longueur et du caractère universitaire de ces textes, nous avons jugé opportun, avec i'accord de i'auteur, d'en résumer certains passages. Ces résumes sont imprimés en italiques.Entreprise sur une importante période de l'histoire des institutions chrétiennes, cette étude montre un aspect peu connu de l'effort de l'Eglise pour rendre la guerre moins cruelle. Des efforts dans le même sens — intéressants et efficaces — ont été tentés, à l'intérieur d'autres civilisations, par des églises constituées ou des chefs religieux. La Croix-Rouge n'aurait garde de l'oublier, et nous publierons d'autres contributions sur ces sujets, qui viendront compléter les articles déjà par us et relatifs à l'attitude des civilisations de l'Orient et de l'Extrême-Orient dans le domaine humanitaire.
Aujourd'hui encore, pas de temps à perdre…
Authors: Bark Evelyn 
Published: April 2010

Nous sommes très heureux de publier ci-après un article qu'a bien voulu nous confier Mlle Evelyn Bark, qui occupe actuellement un poste important au sein de la Croix-Rouge britannique. Non seulement elle a exercé une activité humanitaire considérable sur le plan pratique, mais encore elle est l'auteur d'un livre du plus haut intérêt, qu'elle a fait paraître il y a deux ans, sous le titre No time to kill.Certes les membres de la Croix-Rouge ont l'occasion parfois, dans leur travail quotidien, de vivre des instants émouvants et remplis d'une riche substance humaine. Mais, la plupart du temps, ils ne les décrivent ni dans des livres ni dans des articles, se contentant de les garder dans leur cœur comme un réconfort et un appui pour les moments difficiles, alors que les circonstances mêmes font douter de la valeur et de la grandeur de l'homme.
Le centenaire de l'idée de la Croix-Rouge
Authors: Siordet Frédéric , Bodmer Martin , J.Z.  
Published: April 2010

A la faveur d'un événement, certains hommes trouvent brusquement le sens profond de leur destinée. Pour Henry Dunant, ce jut à Solférino que lui apparut la raison de sa vie et que se trouva illuminé pour toujours le chemin qu'il devait suivre. Il allait lancer sans cesse le même appel aux bonnes volontés, depuis ces journées de juin 1859 où la souffrance des blessés devint sa propre souffrance et où naquit, dans son cœur, l'idée de la Croix-Rouge.Voici que se termine l'année du centenaire de cette idée. Anniversaire qui incita chacun à méditer sur ce qu'est le service du prochain, sur notre tâche quotidienne et notre responsabilité à l'égard d'autrui. Ce sont les thèmes traités dans les discours de MM. Siordet et Bodmer dont nous publions, ci-après, d'importants passages et qui, tous deux, ont été prononcés lors de manifestations organisées par la Croix-Rouge allemande dans la République fédérale: le premier, le 14 juin à Hambourg, le second, le 21 juin, à Bonn.
La Diffusion dans les Annèes 1990
Authors: Kosirnik René 
Published: April 2010

Enseigner et diffuser le droit international humanitaire (DIH), c ‘est plus qu'une obligation des Etats inscrite dans les Conventions de Genève et leurs Protocoles additionnels. Enseigner et diffuser le DIH, c ‘est entreprendre une des principales actions, si ce n ‘est la principale action, permettant de limiter les souffrances lors de violences armées.Promouvoir les principes et idéaux de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge est bien un devoir de tous les membres de la famille de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge. C'est aussi et surtout propager un esprit de coopération et de paix.
Les regroupements des familles en Europe à l'époque de la deuxième guerre mondiale: Troisième partie
Authors: Beckh H. G. 
Published: April 2010

Cet article de H. G. Beckh, le troisième de la série intitulée «Les regroupements des families en Europe à l'époque de la deuxième guerre mondiale», nous a été apporté par son auteur le 23 avril 1981. L'article n'était pas tout à fait terminé. Son auteur est décédé quelques jours plus tard.H. G. Beckh a été délégué du CICR pendant de longues années. Comme tel, bien qu'il ait toujours été très discret à ce sujet, il a pris une part active et importante, pendant une trentaine d'années, aux négociations et aux opérations pour les regroupements de families en Europe, et il était le seul à connaître certains faits qu'il a rapportés. C'est pourquoi, la rédaction de la Revue internationale a décidé de publier ce dernier article de H. G. Beckh, même si certains points manquent de précision.
Ethics and International Law
Authors: HIGGINS ROSALYN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article, based on a lecture offered in honour of Professor Cleveringa, provides some insights into the difficult question of ‘unjust laws’ and the place of ethics in law, with an emphasis on international law. While this question has long been a bone of contention between natural lawyers and positivists, it has a particular importance in international law. Attention is paid to the role of ethics in the context of non-discrimination and armed conflicts.
The Importance of Being Earnest: The Timeliness of the Challenge to Admissibility in Katanga
Authors: JACOBS DOV 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis commentary argues that the Trial Chamber in Katanga adopted an erroneous interpretation of the Statute of the International Criminal Court by limiting the grounds to ne bis in idem on which a challenge to admissibility can be brought after the confirmation of charges. The Trial Chamber held that the ‘commencement of trial’ under Article 19(4) is the moment of the constitution of the Trial Chamber, rather than the making of opening statements. This commentary re-examines the legal reasoning of the Court and advocates a different reading. It also suggests that the Chamber has failed to strike a proper balance between the possibility of making challenges to admissibility and the smooth and efficient working of the proceedings, which compromises the long-term legitimacy of the institution and the interests of justice.
The Judgment on the Katanga Admissibility Appeal: Judicial Restraint at the ICC
Authors: BATROS BEN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article examines the judgment on Kantaga's appeal against the decision of Trial Chamber II of the International Criminal Court that the case against him was admissible. The Appeals Chamber rejected Katanga's appeal, and affirmed the admissibility of the case. However, it did not do so on the same basis as the Trial Chamber (that the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was unwilling). Rather, it looked at the plain language of Article 17, and found that at the time of the challenge the DRC was not investigating or prosecuting Katanga. This judgment can be seen as an example of judicial restraint. The Appeals Chamber dealt only with those questions which were necessary to dispose of the appeal. It did not engage in policy debates or seek to create new facts, but rather applied the Statute as drafted to the facts of the case before it. In doing this, the Appeals Chamber confirmed certain basic principles of the admissibility regime. The case also provides an insight into the relationship between admissibility and ‘positive complementarity’.
Islam and international law
Authors: al-Zuhili Sheikh Wahbeh 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article by an Islamic scholar describes the principles governing international law and international relations from an Islamic viewpoint. After presenting the rules and principles governing international relations in the Islamic system, the author emphasizes the principles of sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and the aspiration of Islam to peace and harmony. He goes on to explain the relationship between Muslims and others in peacetime or in the event of war and the classical jurisprudential division of the world into the abode of Islam (dar al-islam) and that of war (dar al-harb). Lastly he outlines the restrictions imposed upon warfare by Islamic Shari'a law which have attained the status of legal rules.
Governmental donor agencies and faith-based organizations
Authors: Holenstein Anne-Marie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFor decades it has been taboo to mention the role played by religious organizations in development cooperation. Today, however, there is growing awareness of the contribution that these organizations can make to sustainable development, just as there is of the risk they pose of abuse and conflict aggravation. Those involved in development therefore have to learn to cope with the double-edged nature of these organizations. Government donor agencies and faith-based organizations should jointly monitor their work in conflict-prone areas to ascertain whether it fosters peaceful settlement of conflict or whether, in fact, it aggravates the violence.
Use of nuclear and radiological weapons by terrorists?
Authors: Wirz Christoph , Egger Emmanuel 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThere is great concern that terrorists could obtain nuclear or radiological weapons and detonate them in a large city. The authors analyse the technical requirements for and obstacles to obtaining such weapons. What difficulties would have to be surmounted? Could these problems be solved by a terrorist organization without direct support from a State possessing nuclear weapons? The authors conclude that nuclear weapons are most likely out of reach for terrorists. However, radiological weapons may well be used by terrorists in the future. The possible consequences of such an attack are discussed.
Structural study of TcaR and its complexes with multiple antibiotics from
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Chang Yu-Ming , Jeng Wen-Yih , Ko Tzu-Ping , Yeh Yao-Jen , Chen Cammy K.-M. , Wang Andrew H.-J. 
Published: April 2010

TcaR and IcaR are a weak and a strong negative regulator of transcription of the
ica
locus, respectively, and their presence prevents the poly-
N
-acetylglucosamine production and biofilm formation in
Staphylococcus epidermidis
. Although TcaR was shown to interact with the
ica
promoter, the precise binding region and the mechanism of interaction remained unclear. Here we present the 3D structure of TcaR in its apo form and in complex with salicylate as well as several aminoglycoside and β-lactam antibiotics. A comparison of the native and complex TcaR structures indicates that the mechanism of regulation involves a large conformational change in the DNA-binding lobe. Here, we deduced the consensus binding sequence of two [∼TTNNAA] hexamers embedded in a 16 bp sequence for a TcaR dimer. Six TcaR dimers bind specifically to three approximately 33 bp segments close to the IcaR binding region with varying affinities, and their repressor activity is directly interfered by salicylate and different classes of natural antimicrobial compounds. We also found in this study that the antimicrobial compounds we tested were shown not only to inhibit TcaR–DNA interaction but also to further induce biofilm formation in
S. epidermidis
in our in vivo assay. The results support a general mechanism for antibiotics in regulating TcaR–DNA interaction and thereby help understand the effect of antibiotic exposure on bacterial antibiotic resistance through biofilm formation.
Phenothiazines inhibit S100A4 function by inducing protein oligomerization
Authors: Malashkevich Vladimir N. , Dulyaninova Natalya G. , Ramagopal Udupi A. , Liriano Melissa A. , Varney Kristen M. , Knight David , Brenowitz Michael , Weber David J. , Almo Steven C. , Bresnick Anne R. 
Published: April 2010

S100A4, a member of the S100 family of Ca
2+
-binding proteins, regulates carcinoma cell motility via interactions with myosin-IIA. Numerous studies indicate that S100A4 is not simply a marker for metastatic disease, but rather has a direct role in metastatic progression. These observations suggest that S100A4 is an excellent target for therapeutic intervention. Using a unique biosensor-based assay, trifluoperazine (TFP) was identified as an inhibitor that disrupts the S100A4/myosin-IIA interaction. To examine the interaction of S100A4 with TFP, we determined the 2.3 Å crystal structure of human Ca
2+
-S100A4 bound to TFP. Two TFP molecules bind within the hydrophobic target binding pocket of Ca
2+
-S100A4 with no significant conformational changes observed in the protein upon complex formation. NMR chemical shift perturbations are consistent with the crystal structure and demonstrate that TFP binds to the target binding cleft of S100A4 in solution. Remarkably, TFP binding results in the assembly of five Ca
2+
-S100A4/TFP dimers into a tightly packed pentameric ring. Within each pentamer most of the contacts between S100A4 dimers occurs through the TFP moieties. The Ca
2+
-S100A4/prochlorperazine (PCP) complex exhibits a similar pentameric assembly. Equilibrium sedimentation and cross-linking studies demonstrate the cooperative formation of a similarly sized S100A4/TFP oligomer in solution. Assays examining the ability of TFP to block S100A4-mediated disassembly of myosin-IIA filaments demonstrate that significant inhibition of S100A4 function occurs only at TFP concentrations that promote S100A4 oligomerization. Together these studies support a unique mode of inhibition in which phenothiazines disrupt the S100A4/myosin-IIA interaction by sequestering S100A4 via small molecule-induced oligomerization.
IS
Ecp1
-Mediated Transposition and Homologous Recombination Can Explain the Context of
bla
CTX-M-62
Linked to
qnrB2
Authors: Zong Zhiyong , Partridge Sally R. , Iredell Jonathan R. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

bla
CTX-M-62
, a C508T variant of
bla
CTX-M-3b
, was transferred from
Klebsiella pneumoniae
JIE137 on a conjugative plasmid together with a class 1 integron containing the
dfrA12
-
gcuF
-
aadA2
cassette array, IS
CR1
, and
qnrB2
.
bla
CTX-M-62
lies between intact and rearranged copies of IS
Ecp1
in a configuration that can be explained by a combination of transposition and homologous recombination and which also illustrates the ability of IS
Ecp1
to mobilize an adjacent gene as part of transposition units of different sizes.
Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir-Ritonavir with and without Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Ugandan HIV-Infected Adults
Authors: Kityo C. , Walker A. S. , Dickinson L. , Lutwama F. , Kayiwa J. , Ssali F. , Nalumenya R. , Tumukunde D. , Munderi P. , Reid A. , Gilks C. F. , Gibb D. M. , Khoo S. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir-ritonavir with and without nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in Ugandan adults. The study design was a three-period crossover study (3 tablets [600 mg of lopinavir/150 mg of ritonavir {600/150 mg}], 4 capsules [533/133 mg], and 2 tablets [400/100 mg] twice a day [BD];
n
= 40) of lopinavir-ritonavir with NNRTIs and a parallel one-period study (2 tablets BD;
n
= 20) without NNRTIs. Six-point pharmacokinetic sampling (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h) was undertaken after observed intake with a standardized breakfast. Ugandan DART trial participants receiving efavirenz (
n
= 20), nevirapine (
n
= 18), and no NNRTI (
n
= 20) had median ages of 41, 35, and 37 years, respectively, and median weights of 60, 64, and 63 kg, respectively. For the no-NNRTI group, the geometric mean (percent coefficient of variation [%CV]) lopinavir area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC
0-12
) was 110.1 (34%) μg·h/liter. For efavirenz, the geometric mean lopinavir AUC
0-12
(%CV) values were 91.8 μg·h/liter (58%), 65.7 μg·h/liter (39%), and 54.0 μg·h/liter (65%) with 3 tablets, 4 capsules, and 2 tablets BD, respectively, with corresponding (within-individual) geometric mean ratios (GMR) for 3 and 2 tablets versus 4 capsules of 1.40 (90% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 1.65;
P
= 0.002) and 0.82 (90% CI, 0.68 to 0.99;
P
= 0.09), respectively, and the apparent oral clearance (CL/
F
) values were reduced by 58% and 1%, respectively. For nevirapine, the geometric mean lopinavir AUC
0-12
(%CV) values were 112.9 μg·h/liter (30%), 68.1 μg·h/liter (53%), and 61.5 μg·h/liter (52%), respectively, with corresponding GMR values of 1.66 (90% CI, 1.46 to 1.88;
P
< 0.001) and 0.90 (90% CI, 0.77 to 1.06;
P
= 0.27), respectively, and the CL/
F
was reduced by 57% and 7%, respectively. Higher values for the lopinavir concentration at 12 h (
C
12
) were observed with 3 tablets and efavirenz-nevirapine (
P
= 0.04 and
P
= 0.0005, respectively), and marginally lower
C
12
values were observed with 2 tablets and efavirenz-nevirapine (
P
= 0.08 and
P
= 0.26, respectively). These data suggest that 2 tablets of lopinavir-ritonavir BD may be inadequate when dosed with NNRTIs in Ugandan adults, and the dosage should be increased by the addition of an additional adult tablet or a half-dose tablet (100/25 mg), where available.
Mechanism of formation of atoll garnet during high-pressure metamorphism
Authors: Faryad S. W. , Klápová H. , Nosál L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAtoll garnet has been found in metabasites and quartz- and mica-rich rocks that have experienced low- to medium-temperature, high-pressure eclogite facies metamorphism in the Krušné Hory (Erzgebirge). They occur in several localities but are restricted to thin, texturally distinct zones, even on a thin-section scale. The mechanism of atoll garnet formation is documented by a series of micrographs and compositional maps and profiles of atoll garnet in combination with textural relations to other phases in the rocks. The core of full garnet or its relics in the atoll garnet have larger Ca and Fe, but smaller Mg contents, compared with the thin rim (ring). In addition to quartz, Na-Ca amphibole and phengite, the atoll cores are filled by a new garnet that has a composition similar to the outer rim. Formation of the atoll garnet is interpreted as resulting from fluid infiltration and element exchange between the garnet core and matrix, a process facilitated by a temperature increase during eclogite facies metamorphism. In addition to fluid access, the primary textures, mainly grain size, were also effective for the atoll garnet formation. Small grain fractions with thin rims were easily infiltrated by fluid, which used the short distance for element exchange between core and matrix. The core garnet was gradually dissolved and replaced by new garnet having the same crystallographic orientation as the rim or relics in the core.
Propionibacterium acnes infection induces upregulation of inflammatory genes and cytokine secretion in prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Drott Johanna B , Alexeyev Oleg , Bergström Patrik , Elgh Fredrik , Olsson Jan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
The immune stimulating bacterium Propionibacterium acnes is a frequent colonizer of benign and malignant prostate tissue. To understand the pathogenesis of the earliest phase of this infection, we examined the P. acnes triggered immune response in cultivated prostate epithelial cells.

Results
Prostate epithelial cells are triggered to secrete IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF when infected with P. acnes. The secretion of cytokines is accompanied by NFκB related upregulation of the secreted cytokines as well as several components of the TLR2-NFκB signaling pathway.

Conclusions

P. acnes has potential to trigger a strong immune reaction in the prostate glandular epithelium. Upon infection of prostate via the retrograde urethral route, the induced inflammatory reaction might facilitate bacterial colonization deeper in the prostate tissue where persistent inflammation may impact the development of prostate diseases as hyperplasia and/or malignancy.