bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating existing movement hypotheses in linear systems using larval stream salamanders
Authors: Cecala K. K. , Price S. J. , Dorcas M. E. 
Published: April 2009

Because of their linear nature, streams provide a restrictive framework to understand the movement ecology of many animals. Stream movements have been characterized under two competing hypotheses. The colonization hypothesis dictates that small individuals experience passive drift, but concurrent, upstream movement by larger individuals replaces the loss of small individuals. Alternatively, the production hypothesis suggests that downstream movements are a consequence of limited resource availability. Previous research suggests that large larvae should move upstream and vice versa for small larvae, which should therefore be found downstream more often. We conducted a mark–recapture study of larval red salamanders ( Pseudotriton ruber (Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801)) to assess the validity of these hypotheses. We found that no larvae exhibited downstream movement (skew = 0.361, p = 0.019; biased upstream), and large larvae were the only size cohort to exhibit directional movement upstream (skew = 0.901, p = 0.035). Contrary to predictions under the colonization hypothesis, small larvae were found upstream more frequently than large larvae (N = 871, H = 16.29, df = 2, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that larval movements are related to abiotic stream conditions, and we conclude that neither hypothesis fully explains stream movement. In the absence of drift, new movement hypotheses are necessary to describe persistent upstream movement in streams. These hypotheses should consider individual causes of movement and the direction of movements that will improve the fitness of the organism.
Large-scale spatiotemporal variation in calf sex ratio in moose (Alces alces): an effect of density-dependent decrease in maternal condition?
Authors: Bjørneraas K. , Solberg E. J. , Herfindal I. , Sæther B.-E. 
Published: April 2009

The harvest of Norwegian moose ( Alces alces (L., 1758)) is directed towards certain sex and age classes to maximize yield in terms of meat or number of animals. Observed side effects are declining numbers of calves per female and proportions of adult males, which may affect other demographic variables. Using long-term data, we examined whether spatiotemporal variation in the calf sex ratio was related to changes in (i) density of harvested moose, (ii) recruitment rate, and (or) (iii) the composition of the adult segment of the population. We found declining proportions of male calves in the autumn harvest over time associated with decreasing recruitment rates. Similarly, the proportion of male calves was lower when density of harvested moose was high. We suggest that the decrease in proportion of male calves was caused by increased prenatal or postnatal mortality rates of males, possibly owing to a density-dependent decline in maternal body condition. Proportion of male calves increased with the proportion of adult males in the population the previous year, indicating that low proportions of adult males may lead to lower male recruitment, particularly at high densities. Further declines in proportions of male calves recruited may be avoided by reducing the population density and changing the demographic composition of the harvest.
SPECTRAL AND SCATTERING THEORY FOR SOME ABSTRACT QFT HAMILTONIANS
Authors: GÉRARD C. , PANATI A. 
Published: April 2009

We introduce an abstract class of bosonic QFT Hamiltonians and study their spectral and scattering theories. These Hamiltonians are of the form H = dΓ(ω) + V acting on the bosonic Fock space Γ(𝔥), where ω is a massive one-particle Hamiltonian acting on 𝔥 and V is a Wick polynomial Wick(w) for a kernel w satisfying some decay properties at infinity. We describe the essential spectrum of H, prove a Mourre estimate outside a set of thresholds and prove the existence of asymptotic fields. Our main result is the asymptotic completeness of the scattering theory, which means that the CCR representations given by the asymptotic fields are of Fock type, with the asymptotic vacua equal to the bound states of H. As a consequence, H is unitarily equivalent to a collection of second quantized Hamiltonians.
Construction of Fixed Points by Some Iterative Schemes
Authors: El-Sayed Ahmed A. , Kamal A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe obtain strong convergence theorems of two modifications of Mann iteration processes with errors in the doubly sequence setting. Furthermore, we establish some weakly convergence theorems for doubly sequence Mann's iteration scheme with errors in a uniformly convex Banach space by a Frechét differentiable norm.
Global Attractivity Results for Mixed-Monotone Mappings in Partially Ordered Complete Metric Spaces
Authors: Burgić Dž , Kalabušić S. , Kulenović M. R. S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe prove fixed point theorems for mixed-monotone mappings in partially ordered complete metric spaces which satisfy a weaker contraction condition than the classical Banach contraction condition for all points that are related by given ordering. We also give a global attractivity result for all solutions of the difference equation "Equation missing", "Equation missing" where "Equation missing" satisfies mixed-monotone conditions with respect to the given ordering.
Distinct Neural Correlates for Volitional Generation and Inhibition of Saccades
Authors: Reuter Benedikt , Kaufmann Christian , Bender Julia , Pinkpank Thomas , Kathmann Norbert 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The antisaccade task has proven highly useful in basic and clinical neuroscience, and the neural structures involved are well documented. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms that mediate task performance are not yet understood. An event-related fMRI study was designed to dissociate the neural correlates of two putative key functions, volitional saccade generation and inhibition of reflexive saccades, and to investigate their interaction. Nineteen healthy volunteers performed a task that required (a) to initiate saccades volitionally, either with or without a simultaneous demand to inhibit a reflexive saccade; and (b) to inhibit a reflexive saccade, either with or without a simultaneous demand to initiate a saccade volitionally. Analysis of blood oxygen level-dependent signal changes confirmed a major role of the frontal eye fields and the supplementary eye fields in volitional saccade generation. Inhibition-related activation of a specific fronto-parietal network was highly consistent with previous evidence involved in inhibitory processes. Unexpectedly, there was little evidence of specific brain activation during combined generation and inhibition demands, suggesting that the neural processing of generation and inhibition in antisaccades is independent to a large extent.
Neural Correlates of Symbolic Number Comparison in Developmental Dyscalculia
Authors: Mussolin Christophe , De Volder Anne , Grandin Cécile , Schlögel Xavier , Nassogne Marie-Cécile , Noël Marie-Pascale 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a deficit in number processing and arithmetic that affects 3–6% of schoolchildren. The goal of the present study was to analyze cerebral bases of DD related to symbolic number processing. Children with DD aged 9–11 years and matched children with no learning disability history were investigated using fMRI. The two groups of children were controlled for general cognitive factors, such as working memory, reading abilities, or IQ. Brain activations were measured during a number comparison task on pairs of Arabic numerals and a color comparison task on pairs of nonnumerical symbols. In each task, pairs of stimuli that were close or far on the relevant dimension were constituted. Brain activation in bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) was modulated by numerical distance in controls but not in children with DD. Moreover, although the right IPS responded to numerical distance only, the left IPS was influenced by both numerical and color distances in control children. Our findings suggest that dyscalculia is associated with impairment in areas involved in number magnitude processing and, to a lesser extent, in areas dedicated to domain-general magnitude processing.
Mistakes of Reason: Practical Reasoning and the Fallacy of Accident
Authors: Bäck Allan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFor Aristotle the fallacy of accident arises from mistakes about being per accidens and not from accidental predication. Mistakes in perceiving per accidens come from our judgements about being per accidens and so commit that fallacy. Practical syllogisms have the same formal structure as being and perceiving per accidens. Moreover perceiving per accidens typically provides the minor premise for the practical syllogism as it makes it possible for us to know singular propositions, especially those about substances. Thus these minor premises may come about through fallacious reasoning, what today would be called reasoning via collateral information. On account of these foundations for the practical syllogism, even a person of practical wisdom will need a lot of luck to avoid mistakes.
African Easterly Jet: Structure and Maintenance
Authors: Wu Man-Li C. , Reale Oreste , Schubert Siegfried D. , Suarez Max J. , Koster Randy D. , Pegion Philip J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
This article investigates the African easterly jet (AEJ), its structure, and the forcings contributing to its maintenance, critically revisiting previous work that attributed the maintenance of the jet to soil moisture gradients over tropical Africa.
A state-of-the-art global model in a high-end computer framework is used to produce a three-member 73-yr ensemble run forced by observed SST to represent the control run. The AEJ as produced by the control is compared with the representation of the AEJ in the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and other observational datasets and found to be very realistic.
Five experiments are then performed, each represented by sets of three-member 22-yr-long (1980–2001) ensemble runs. The goal of the experiments is to investigate the role of meridional soil moisture gradients, different land surface properties, and orography. Unlike previous studies, which have suppressed soil moisture gradients within a highly idealized framework (i.e., the so-called bucket model), terrestrial evaporation control is here achieved with a highly sophisticated land surface treatment and with an extensively tested and complex methodology. The results show that the AEJ is suppressed by a combination of absence of meridional evaporation gradients over Africa and constant vegetation, even if the individual forcings taken separately do not lead to the AEJ disappearance, but only its modification. Moreover, the suppression of orography also leads to a different circulation in which there is no AEJ. This work suggests that it is not just soil moisture gradients but a unique combination of geographical features present only in northern tropical Africa that causes and maintains the jet.
What Vertical Mode Does the Altimeter Reflect? On the Decomposition in Baroclinic Modes and on a Surface-Trapped Mode
Authors: Lapeyre Guillaume 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
This study is motivated by the ongoing debate on the dynamical properties of surface motions at mesoscales that are measured by altimetry [for sea surface height (SSH)] and microwave [for sea surface temperature (SST)]. The mesoscale signal obtained by the altimeter is often considered to be associated with the first baroclinic mode, but recent results indicate that SST spectra and surface kinetic energy spectra derived from SSH have the same slope, which is not consistent with this hypothesis. Moreover, baroclinic modes are associated by definition with vanishing buoyancy anomalies at the ocean surface, which is obviously not the case. Here a careful derivation of the vertical modes is done using the concepts of quasigeostrophic potential vorticity (QGPV) theory. Since the surface buoyancy can be interpreted as a Dirac function in PV, the traditional baroclinic modes have to be completed by a surface-trapped mode with no interior QGPV. The possible contribution of each mode is quantified in a realistic simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean. The surface mode is found to give the largest contribution in terms of surface energy in most of the Atlantic. Its relative importance compared to the other modes is determined at first order by the large-scale forcing of PV and surface buoyancy. These results emphasize the necessity for a new interpretation of satellite measurements of sea surface temperature or height.
Verification of Extratropical Cyclones within the NCEP Operational Models. Part II: The Short-Range Ensemble Forecast System
Authors: Charles Michael E. , Colle Brian A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
This paper verifies the strengths and positions of extratropical cyclones around North America and the adjacent oceans within the Short Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF) system at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) during the 2004–07 cool seasons (October–March). The SREF mean for cyclone position and central pressure has a smaller error than the various subgroups within SREF and the operational North American Mesoscale (NAM) model in many regions on average, but not the operational Global Forecast System (GFS) for many forecast times. Inclusion of six additional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model members into SREF during the 2006–07 cool season did not improve the SREF mean predictions.
The SREF has slightly more probabilistic skill over the eastern United States and western Atlantic than the western portions of the domain for cyclone central pressure. The SREF also has slightly greater probabilistic skill than the combined GFS and NAM for central pressure, which is significant at the 90% level for many regions and thresholds. The SREF probabilities are fairly reliable, although the SREF is overconfident at higher probabilities in all regions. The inclusion of WRF did not improve the SREF probabilistic skill. Over the eastern Pacific, eastern Canada, and western Atlantic, the SREF is overdispersed on average, especially early in the forecast, while across the central and eastern United States the SREF is underdispersed later in the forecast. There are relatively large biases in cyclone central pressure within each SREF subgroup. As a result, the best-member diagrams reveal that the SREF members are not equally accurate for the cyclone central pressure and displacement. Two cases are presented to illustrate examples of SREF developing large errors early in the forecast for cyclones over the eastern United States.
The Psychology of Silence: Its Role in Transference, Countertransference and the Psychoanalytic Process
Authors: Zeligs Meyer A. 
Published: April 2009

"He that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his finger-tips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore. And thus the task of making conscious the most hidden recesses of the mind is one which it is quite possible to accomplish." -FREUD (16)
“When Friends Fall Out”: Developmental Interference with the Function of Some Imaginary Companions
Authors: Benson Ronald M. , Pryor David B. 
Published: April 2009

“Even the death of friends will inspire us as much as their lives.” -Thoreau: A Week on tlae Concord and Mern'mack Rivers (1849) “Never trust a friend who deserts you in a pinch.”. -Aesop: The Two Fellows and a Bear
A comparative study of measures for children in conflict with the law in Goa and Singapore
Authors: Desai Murli 
Published: April 2009

English This article aims to compare the measures undertaken for children in conflict with the law in terms of strengths and gaps and similarities and differences, together with profiles of children who enter the juvenile justice system in a progressive state of India, namely Goa, and Singapore. French Cette article vise à comparer les mesures prises pour les enfants en conflit avec la loi en termes de forces et manques, ressemblances et différences, ainsi que le profil des enfants entrants dans le système de justice des mineurs dans un état progressiste de l’Inde, en l’occurrence Goa, et Singapour. Spanish Este artículo compara las medidas tomadas para tratar a los niños en conflicto con la ley en términos de fortalezas y vacíos y similitudes y diferencias, y también el perfil de los niños que ingresan al sistema de justicia juvenil en el estado progresivo de India (Goa) y Singapur.
Self-help groups for men in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Raymond K. H. 
Published: April 2009

English This article reports the findings of the first survey of men’s self-help groups in Hong Kong. Group members and social workers felt that these contributed significantly to improvements in interpersonal skills and social networking, but also that men’s services have been marginalized due to lack of societal support and a proper understanding of men’s needs. French Cet article présente le rapport des résultats de la première enquête des groupes d’entraide d’hommes à Hong Kong. Les membres du groupe et les travailleurs sociaux expriment le fait que ces groupes ont contribué de manière significative aux améliorations des aptitudes interpersonnelles et à la construction de réseaux sociaux, mais aussi que les services à destination des hommes ont été marginalisés du fait du manque de soutien sociétal et faute d’une compréhension appropriée des besoins des hommes. Spanish Este ensayo describe los descubrimientos de la primera encuesta de grupos de autoayuda para hombres en Hong Kong. Los miembros de los grupos y los trabajadores sociales sintieron que estos grupos contribuyeron significativamente a mejorar las habilidades interpersonales y las redes sociales, pero también que los servicios a los hombres han sido marginados debido a la falta de apoyo social y de un entendimiento apropiado de las necesidades de los hombres.
The Homoerotic Diaspora in Latin America
Authors: Foster David William 
Published: April 2009

The diaspora experience is defined, not by essence or purity, but by the recogni tion of a necessary heterogeneity and diversity; by a conception of "identity" which lives with and through, not despite, difference; by hybridity. Diaspora identities are those which are constantly producing and reproducing them selves anew, through transformation and difference. -Stuart Hall
Waste benefits of CO2 policies in Japan
Authors: Gielen D. J. , Moriguchi Y. 
Published: April 2009

A linear programming model REAP (Regional Environmental strategy Analysis Program) has been developed for the analysis of the consequences of a CO2 tax for petrochemical products such as plastics (CO2, carbon dioxide, is the most important greenhouse gas). Special attention has been paid to the impacts on waste management. The results suggest that a 10,000 Y t-1 CO2 tax would result in a significant reduction of CO2 emissions in the petrochemical life cycle, ranging from 40 Mt in 2015 to 70 Mt CO2 in later decades (more than 50% emission reduction). Waste quantities will be reduced simultaneously. The CO2 tax results in an 18% reduction of plastic waste weight in 2015 (3 Mt waste). Lower tax levels that may be politically more acceptable would result in proportionally lower environmental benefits. CO2 benefits and waste benefits of a CO2 tax are of equal importance in policy terms. Apart from changes in waste volume, CO2 taxes would affect the cost-effectiveness of waste handling technologies. Energy recovery in industrial kilns may replace conventional waste incineration. Recycling constitutes half of the total waste treatment. Given these results, current investments in new incineration capacity may suffer from insufficient waste availability during the next two decades in case CO2 taxes are introduced. A third effect of a CO2 tax is a significant increase of waste transportation. The results show that this increase is concentrated in the central part of Honshu (Kinki, Chubu & Kanto). Such transportation can result in new local environmental impacts that should be analysed in more detail. Given the strong impact of CO2 taxes on waste quantities and waste treatment it is recommended to co-ordinate CO2 policies and solid waste policies.
Re-use of stabilised flue gas ashes from solid waste incineration in cement-treated base layers for pavements
Authors: Cai Zuansi , Jensen Dorthe L. , Christensen Thomas H. , Bager Dirch H. 
Published: April 2009

Fly ash from coal-burning power plants has been used extensively as a pozzolan and fine filler in concrete for many years. Laboratory experiments were performed investigating the effect of substituting the coal-based fly ash with chemically stabilised flue gas ashes (FGA) from waste incineration. Two types of FGA were treated by the Ferrox-process, which removes the majority of the easily soluble salts in the FGA and provides binding sites for heavy metals in terms of ferrihydrite. Cubes of cement treated base layer materials containing 5% stabilised FGA were cast, sealed and cured for two weeks. Cylinders (diameter 100 mm, length 150 mm) were drilled from these cubes for tank leaching experiments. Duplicate specimens were subject to compression strength testing and to tank leaching experiments. The compressive strength of the CTB fulfilled the Danish requirements for CTB, i.e. strength more than 5 MPa after 7 days. The tank leaching tests revealed that leaching of heavy metals was not significantly affected by the use of chemically stabilised flue gas ashes from waste incineration. Assuming that diffusion controls the leaching process it was calculated that less than 1% of the metals would leach during a 100-year period from a 0.5 m thick concrete slab exposed to water on one side. Leaching of the common ions Ca, Cl, Na and SO4 was increased 3-20 times from the specimens with chemically stabilised flue gas ashes from waste incineration. However, the quantities leached were still modest. These experiments suggest that FGA from waste incineration after Ferrox-treatment could be re-used in CTB without compromising the strength and leaching from the base layer.
Hospital waste operational procedures: A case study in Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Aldo Pacheco , Veiga Marcelo Motta 
Published: April 2009

This study analysed the hospital waste management practices and their implications to public health in the city of Belo Horizonte, south eastern Brazil. Belo Horizonte is a regional capital city located 300 miles from the famous city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is only 100 years old and is the first city planned in Brazil. It was originally planned for 300,000 people but, today, it is home to more than 2 million people. This study assessed the operational procedures at five hospitals (170 to 450 beds) with different medical specialties in order to analyse their major waste problems. This study also gathered data on different types of treatment and disposal procedures used by waste generators, which enabled an estimate on the amount of on-site and off-site waste generated.