bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Report from IUGG Assembly: IAGA session on electromagnetic coupling within the atmosphere
Authors: Volland H. 
Published: October 2011

Electromagnetic fields of low frequencies with periods smaller than about 1 hour can easily penetrate from the lower into the upper atmosphere, and vice versa, with very short time constants. Therefore, they can serve as a coupling link to transfer energy from one region into another. One prominent example is the transfer of kinetic energy of the solar wind into thermal energy of the upper atmosphere via a magnetohydrodynamic generator process in which the electric convection field of the magnetosphere is the link between magnetosphere and ionosphere by the driving of high‐latitude electric currents within the dynamo region.Another example is the electric coupling between the ionospheric E and F layer via the electric polarization field of the Sq current. Here, the surf's thermal energy input into the lower and the middle atmosphere is redistributed via the generation of tidal waves, associated electric fields and Sq currents at E layer heights, and the driving of F layer winds by the polarization field mapped upward into the F layer. Finally, the thunderstorm electric fields within the troposphere can map into the magnetosphere, and they may be responsible for field‐aligned irregularities in that region, or electric fields of magnetospheric origin may map downward into the lower atmosphere.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Krafla Caldera, Mývatn Area, Iceland (65.71°N, 16.75°W). The following is a report from Karl Gronvold and Páll Einarsson.The gradual inflation after the minor December event (see SEAN Bulletin, 4 (12)) was reversed about 1 February when very slow deflation began and the earthquake activity associated with inflation stopped. As measured at the Krafla power house, the initial deflation rate of about 0.5 microradians/day increased on 7 February to about 1.3 microradians/day. In the evening of 10 February, a dense microearthquake swarm began near the S rim of the Krafla caldera and started to propagate southward. At about the same time the deflation rate increased at Krafla, reaching a maximum of 7 microradians/day on 12 February. The rate of deflation decreased gradually thereafter; on 17 February it stopped, and on 21 February inflation started again. The deflation of 40 microradians is somewhat larger than the December deflation but still only about ⅙ of the last major deflation‐rifting event in May 1979 (see SEAN Bulletin, 4 (5)).
X‐15 marks 20th anniversary
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Occupying a place of honor in the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., is a black, dartlike, stubby‐winged craft that resembles a cross between a rocket and an airplane. The X‐15 is, in fact, just that. Tuesday, March 25, marked the 20th anniversary of the first research flight of the X‐15 rocket plane, which advanced knowledge of how man and machine function in the realm of hypersonic flight and made significant contributions to the nation's space program.The X‐15 was conceived some 25 years ago and went on to fly 199 flights in a combined NASA‐Air Force‐Navy research program. The craft's first research flight took place March 25, 1960; its last, October 24, 1968.
Illinois borehole update
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

At a recent meeting, the Continental Scientific Drilling Committee (CSDC) approved a plan for a broad program of geophysical tests to be conducted on a deep borehole now being drilled in northern Illinois. (The CSDC is organized under the Geophysics Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences and is charged with seeking ways to conduct add‐on experiments in holes drilled by government agencies or private industry.) They also decided to make efforts to assist in obtaining sources of support for the experiments.The plan was the result of a hurried effort to organize a campaign of investigations. Researchers first learned of the existence of the hole, being drilled by a power company, in January (EOS, April 22). Drilling was expected to be finished in May or June, when the borehole would reach a depth of about 1650 m. Now, investigators must move more quickly than previously thought, reported Bezalel Haimson of the University of Wisconsin, chairman of the steering group that prepared the plan. Spring drilling has gone faster than expected, he said. The borehole could be finished as early as May 10. After completion of drilling, the power company will remove its drill rig, then downhole experiments requiring a rig will cost researchers more.
Survey of geology student placement
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

In an effort to find out where geology students go and how much they make when they graduate, the American Geological Institute (AGI) will add several questions on the subject of graduate placement to its annual survey of student enrollment.What happens to graduates after they leave school has been an uncertain matter since the AGI stopped collecting and disseminating information about manpower, early in the 1970's. At the request of several AGI member societies, an ad hoc committee was set up to study ways to make employment information available.
World magnetic chart model for 1980
Authors: Barker F. S. , Barraclough D. R. 
Published: October 2011

The 1980 World Magnetic Chart model is the product of a joint effort by the United States and the United Kingdom. It will be used to construct the 1980 World Magnetic Declination Charts published by the Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center in the U.S. and the British Hydrographic Department in the U.K.As is customary the model consists of Schmidt quasinormalized coefficients of the spherical harmonic expansion of the internal geomagnetic field. The main field coefficients are of degree and order 12, and the secular field coefficients are of degree and order 8.
Geologist‐legislator addresses mining officials
Authors: Agnew Allen F. 
Published: October 2011

Genevieve Atwood, in her second term as a member of the Utah House of Representatives, addressed the American Mining Congress last September on ‘Effective Communications with State Legislators.’ She discussed four topics: (1) why communicate, (2) with whom to communicate, (3) the legislator's environment, and (4) how to communicate.Atwood, who also is employed as a geologist by Ford, Bacon & Davis, Utah Incorporated, in Salt Lake City, spoke of the increasing inroads of government into our lives and the growing amount of legislation. Government is big business. Time spent on communication with state legislators can be viewed as a long‐term investment because a large number of legislators stay in the political system, even though they may not remain at their present post for more than one or two terms.
Solar currents linked to sunspots
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

Mt. Wilson Observatory astronomers Robert Howard and Barry J. LaBonte have correlated currents of east‐west motion on the sun's surface with the rhythm of the 11‐year sunspot cycle and the regions of heaviest sunspot activity.The researchers analyzed 12 years of digital full‐disk data on the 5250‐Å line of Fe I. These were recorded daily with the magnetograph of the 45.72‐m tower telescope at Mt. Wilson. Velocities were determined from wavelength shifts, and after compensating for the varying rates of rotation at different latitudes, the astronomers found what they describe as alternating zones of slow and fast rotation. The bands of rapid motion averaged 3 m/s faster than the average speed of rotation at any given latitude; slow bands averaged a similar amount less than the average velocity. (At the poles, the sun rotates once every 33 days; at the equator, once every 25 days.
NOAA organic act planned
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

Comprehensive enabling legislation for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is in the works and should reach consideration by Congress during the current session, according to information from NOAA's University Affairs Office.An organic act similar to those that undergird the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is needed, say NOAA officials, because much of NOAA's structure and duties are derived from old statutes, delegations of authority, and transfers of programs from other agencies. In the past 10 years, nearly 100 statutes that govern NOAA activities have been added, according to a member of NOAA's congressional affairs staff, and some NOAA missions have no authorizing legislation.
NOAA consolidates ocean engineering functions
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has moved to strengthen its ocean engineering operations. Agency officials have decided to stop seeking to work on engineering projects outside the government and have begun reorganizing and consolidating engineering functions within the agency.In a recent memorandum, NOAA head Richard A. Frank listed three reasons why the agency will ‘no longer attempt to play an engineering development role unrelated to government programs,’ and instead will ‘focus our ocean engineering and technology energies first on meeting our own needs and then on satisfying other selected federal program needs.’
The lunar highlands crust
Authors: Simonds Charles H. , Herzberg Claude T. , Papike James J. 
Published: October 2011

The heavily cratered lunar highlands (see cover) preserve remnants of the moon's origin at 4.5–4.6 billion years ago and subsequent evolution to 3.8–3.9 billion years ago. Rocks produced during the same time appear to be totally missing from the record on Earth. Thus the lunar highlands afford us the opportunity to study processes that were operative during planetary formation and early evolution; such studies can be expected to yield new insights on the history of the earth and other terrestrial planets during the first few hundred million years of their existence.Studies of the lunar highlands have made great strides since the collection of highland rocks by the Apollo 14,15,16, and 1 7 missions. Many types of information have been interpreted and synthesized, including petrologic and geochemical data collected on highlands samples and photographic and geochemical data, covering large portions of the moon's surface, collected by orbiting spacecraft. Research on igneous processes, such as fractional crystallization and magma mixing, has increased our understanding of lunar petrogenetic processes. Research on impact cratering processes (involving improved mathematical modeling, the study of small craters that are produced experimentally, and investigations of large terrestrial impact craters) has added greatly to our ability to interpret lunar history. In addition, the formulation of models of planetary accretion, heating, and internal mass transfer has increased our knowledge of the earliest processes of planetary formation.
Measuring and reporting amplitudes and periods
Authors: Anderle Richard 
Published: October 2011

The following instructions were adopted by the Commission on Practice of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's interior (IASPEI) at Canberra, in December. They should be used whenever possible in reporting amplitudes and periods.The determination of earthquake magnitude is based on observations of amplitude A and period T of seismic waves. It is essential for subsequent earthquake studies to report the time that an observation of A and T is made.
IUE investigators present findings
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Astronomers, through the use of data from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), are continuing to study the ‘halo’ surrounding our Milky Way galaxy that was discovered during early observations by this satellite. The satellite is a joint project of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Space Agency.This halo material is hot (about 100,000°C), extends to 50,000 light years from the galaxy, and contains oxygen, sulfur, iron, cilicon, and carbon. These and other findings were outlined this month by Robert Wilson of the University College, London, at a scientific colloquium at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. At the 3‐day international meeting, 92 papers on the satellite were presented.
Considerations of the proposed A‐21 Accounting Principles
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The new regulations on timekeeping for academic recipients of grants and contracts appear to contain proposals for a 100% accounting of time—thus a researcher's time on a given project, on other projects, and in his academic pursuits as well must be reported in detail to each government agency that provides support. These issues are described in the 1979 Office of Management and Budget Circular A‐21, Appendix A, which deals with new rules for ‘Time and Effort Reporting.’Some of the difficulties and considerations of these new regulations were described recently in a memorandum circulated at the National Academy of Sciences by Saunders MacLane of the Department of Mathematics, University of Chicago. MacLane says that the traditional independence of academic scientists will be eroded as a result of their having to fill out numerous reports that reflect many types of activity, the cumulative total of which must be 100%.
NASA renews Lunar Institute contract
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Despite the budget pinch, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) has again awarded a cost‐plus‐management fee contract to Universities Space Research Associates of Columbia, Maryland, for the continued management and operation of the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas.Total cost and management fee for a 2‐year period through March 31, 1982, is $4,292,700. The work will be performed at the Institute, adjacent to the Johnson Space Center in Houston.
Saturn day longer than previous estimates
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

It has been determined recently that the rotation period of Saturn is some 24 minutes longer than had previously been estimated. Using bursts of radio noise, recorded from Saturn by the two Voyager spacecraft, the length of 1 day was measured to be 10 hours, 39.9 minutes long.Previously, astronomers, using Earth‐based observations of the ringed planet, had calculated the length of a day to be about 10 hours, 15 minutes, but they admitted that their measurements lacked great accuracy.
Mount St. Helens committee formed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The rapidly increasing number of requests from scientific and educational groups to inspect Mount St. Helens has prompted the U.S. Geological Survey staff at Vancouver to ask two Portland geologists to form a coordinating committee to screen all applicants.The committee is headed jointly by John E. Allen, professor emeritus of geology, Portland State University, and Ralph S. Mason, former state geologist with the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Advisory members include representatives from Portland State University, University of Oregon, Oregon State University, University of Washington, the Washington Division of Geology and Earth Sciences, and the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries.
NASA taps teachers' group for shuttle student project
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

NASA has selected the National Science Teachers Association in Washington, D.C, for negotiation for a contract to manage the Shuttle Student Involvement Project.The project is a nationwide competition to be conducted annually among secondary students for scientific and engineering experiments to be performed on a ‘space available’ basis aboard the shuttle. The space shuttle is expected to be operational in 1982.
Boeing to study space disposal of nuclear waste
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The Boeing Aerospace Corporation of Seattle, Washington, has been awarded a $296,000 contract by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, to study and analyze systems concepts for the possible disposal of nuclear wastes in space.This supports the Department of Energy's program to develop technology for managing radioactive wastes in a ‘safe and environmentally acceptable’ fashion. The space disposal option could supplement Earth disposal by removing from Earth the long‐lived radionuclides that remain radioactive over tens of thousands of years.
New GRL editor
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Robert E. Riecker, 44, of Los Alamos, New Mexico, became the editor of Geophysical Research Letters this past November. He is program manager for basic energy geosciences, Geosciences Division, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. His current work involves theoretical, experimental, and field work so as to determine physical and mechanical properties and modes of deformation of rocks, minerals, and solids under geophysically realistic conditions of high pressure and temperature, with the goal of gaining insight into tectonophysical manifestations within the earth.He currently works within the Program Management Group of the Geosciences Division. Present activities of the group include program management, technology transfer, technical writing, technical liaison with industry, interaction with educational institutions, and support of Department of Energy headquarters. At present, he gives special emphasis to program development. New programs, programs too small to warrant a group, and programs of small duration are handled in the group. Members of the group act as consultants and advisors to the division office, groups within the Geosciences Division and other divisions of Los Alamos laboratories, and outside agencies.
Brussels to compile relative sunspot numbers
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

The Royal Observatory at Brussels will take over responsibility for compiling relative sunspot numbers by the end of this year, according to J. O. Stenflo, director of the Swiss Federal Astronomical Observatory in Zurich. Until this year the numbers, one of the oldest continuous series of astronomical data, have been produced at Zurich. Stenflo has directed the Zurich observatory to discontinue the service by the end of this year.The indexes from both observatories will be produced in parallel, beginning in July. The new numbers will be designated R index I (R stands for ‘relative sunspot number;’ I stands for ‘International.’) The old series was labeled R index Z.
Mars surface active
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

The surface of Mars has shown itself to be a moderately active place, according to information compiled by Stephen D. Wall, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Kenneth L. Jones, Planetary Research, Inc., Pasadena, and presented by Wall at the AGU Spring Meeting.Researchers think the planet undergoes great dust storms each Martian year. (A Martian year consists of 667 25‐hour‐long Martian days.) Investigators knew dust interacted with the atmosphere, but didn't know what effect that had on surface conditions.
Satellite records solar flare
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Scientific instruments aboard NASA's Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft have recorded a 40‐minute burst on the sun's surface, which may have resulted in the ‘most significant observations ever made of a solar flare.’ The flare, covering more than 5.2 billion km2 of the sun's surface, was measured by six instruments aboard the spacecraft on May 21.The intense electromagnetic radiation generated from the flare so disturbed the earth's ionosphere that radio communications over a broad band of frequencies were lost for more than a half hour, according to scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The flare also created a 9‐hour geomagnetic storm, but it had little other effect on the earth, they reported.
$2 Million Contract to Princeton University
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has awarded a $2 million contract to Princeton University to add nearly 19,000 square feet to the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory on its Forrestal campus. Scheduled for completion August 15, 1980, the proposed annex will house a new computer, which will enable scientists with the laboratory to undertake an expanded program in modeling planetary and oceanic circulations. The facility also will augment research on convection and turbulence in the atmosphere, hurricane and climate dynamics, experimental prediction, observational studies, and middle‐atmospheric dynamics and chemistry.Since 1968, Princeton University and NOAA have had a formal agreement to improve the effectiveness of research at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory by promoting close collaboration between the scientists and engineers associated with the two institutions and with visiting scientists.
AGI Minority Scholorship
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The American Geological Institute will again offer scholarships for geoscience majors (including all disciplines spanned by AGU) who are U.S. citizens and belong to one of the following minority groups: American‐born blacks, American Indians, and Hispanics. (AGU makes one of the largest single contributions to the program, $8000 annually.)About 50 awards, ranging from $500 to $1250, were granted in 1980–1981. About the same number and the same size grants will be awarded for 1981–1982.
NASA to build chemical release module
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, has contracted for design, development, and manufacture of a self‐contained, free‐flying chemical release module for the first controlled, large‐scale investigations of the dynamic phenomena that occur in the regions outside the earth's atmosphere. The contract calls for delivery of the chemical release module to Marshall Center for a mid‐1983 launch of the space shuttle. The approximate value of the proposed contract is $9.5 million.For many years it has been theorized that solar winds, solar flares, and other phenomena that originate on the sun, directly affect our atmosphere through a series of dynamic processes in the earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and upper atmosphere. The difficulty in gathering information on these processes lies in the vastness of the region and the fact that all of this dynamic activity is invisible.
High‐risk research at NSF
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

A National Science Foundation (NSF) task group is soliciting comment and opinions about the agency's sponsorship of research proposals that have a high risk of failure.‘There seems to be a perception in some parts of the scientific community that highly imaginative proposals… which are off the beaten track sometimes have difficulty in obtaining funding because scientific reviewers and agency officials are unduly conservative and tend to play it safe,’ Halsey Royden of Stanford, chairman of the group, said.
Mount St. Helens glow not lava
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

On one of the rare occasions when the summit of Mount St. Helens was not hidden by clouds, U.S. Forest Service observers recently got a look at the cause of a red glow in the volcano's crater. The source was originally thought to be lava—a good sign, since that would have indicated that the heated, pressurized gases had escaped and the volcano was releasing pressure gradually, instead of explosively.But the glow came instead from a 23‐m crack in the 183‐m dome of crusted lava in the crater, and it appeared to be simply deeper rock that had been exposed by the ‘breadcrust’ effect of the cooling, deforming dome surface. Such cracks are ‘nothing unusual’ and are not necessarily associated with harmonic tremors or earthquakes, U.S. Geological Survey geologist Tim Hait said.