bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary‐thinking in agricultural weed management
Authors: Neve Paul , Vila‐Aiub Martin , Roux Fabrice 
Published: September 2009

SummaryAgricultural weeds evolve in response to crop cultivation. Nevertheless, the central importance of evolutionary ecology for understanding weed invasion, persistence and management in agroecosystems is not widely acknowledged. This paper calls for more evolutionarily‐enlightened weed management, in which management principles are informed by evolutionary biology to prevent or minimize weed adaptation and spread. As a first step, a greater knowledge of the extent, structure and significance of genetic variation within and between weed populations is required to fully assess the potential for weed adaptation. The evolution of resistance to herbicides is a classic example of weed adaptation. Even here, most research focuses on describing the physiological and molecular basis of resistance, rather than conducting studies to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of selection for resistance. We suggest approaches to increase the application of evolutionary‐thinking to herbicide resistance research. Weed population dynamics models are increasingly important tools in weed management, yet these models often ignore intrapopulation and interpopulation variability, neglecting the potential for weed adaptation in response to management. Future agricultural weed management can benefit from greater integration of ecological and evolutionary principles to predict the long‐term responses of weed populations to changing weed management, agricultural environments and global climate.
Do Physicians Attend to Base Rates? Prevalence Data and Statistical Discrimination in the Diagnosis of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Maserejian Nancy N. , Lutfey Karen E. , McKinlay John B. 
Published: September 2009

Objective. To examine whether physicians attend to gender prevalence data in diagnostic decision making for coronary heart disease (CHD) and to test the hypothesis that previously reported gender differences in CHD diagnostic certainty are due to discrimination arising from reliance on prevalence data (“statistical discrimination”).Data Sources. A vignette‐based experiment of 256 randomly sampled primary care physicians conducted from 2006 to 2007.Study Design. Factorial experiment. Physicians observed patient presentations of cardinal CHD symptoms, standardized across design factors (gender, race, age, socioeconomic status).Data Collection. Structured interview.Principal Findings. Most physicians perceived the U.S. population CHD prevalence as higher in men (48.4 percent) or similar by gender (44.9 percent). For the observed patient, 52 percent did not change their CHD diagnostic certainty based on patient gender. Forty‐eight percent of physicians were inconsistent in their population‐level and individual‐level CHD assessments. Physicians' assessments of CHD prevalence did not attenuate the observed gender effect in diagnostic certainty for the individual patient.Conclusions. Given an adequate presentation of CHD symptoms, physicians may deviate from their prevalence data during diagnostic decision making. Physicians' priors on CHD prevalence did not explain the gender effect in CHD certainty. Future research should examine personal stereotypes as an explanation for gender differences.
Down‐regulation of the Notch pathway mediated by a γ‐secretase inhibitor induces anti‐tumour effects in mouse models of T‐cell leukaemia
Authors: Tammam J , Ware C , Efferson C , O'Neil J , Rao S , Qu X , Gorenstein J , Angagaw M , Kim H , Kenific C , Kunii K , Leach KJ , Nikov G , Zhao J , Dai X , Hardwick J , Scott M , Winter C , Bristow L , Elbi C , Reilly JF , Look T , Draetta G , Van der Ploeg LHT , Kohl NE , Strack PR , Majumder PK 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  γ‐Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) block NOTCH receptor cleavage and pathway activation and have been under clinical evaluation for the treatment of malignancies such as T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL). The ability of GSIs to decrease T‐ALL cell viability in vitro is a slow process requiring >8 days, however, such treatment durations are not well tolerated in vivo. Here we study GSI's effect on tumour and normal cellular processes to optimize dosing regimens for anti‐tumour efficacy.Experimental approach:  Inhibition of the Notch pathway in mouse intestinal epithelium was used to evaluate the effect of GSIs and guide the design of dosing regimens for xenograft models. Serum Aβ40 and Notch target gene modulation in tumours were used to evaluate the degree and duration of target inhibition. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic correlations with biochemical, immunohistochemical and profiling data were used to demonstrate GSI mechanism of action in xenograft tumours.Key results:  Three days of >70% Notch pathway inhibition was sufficient to provide an anti‐tumour effect and was well tolerated. GSI‐induced conversion of mouse epithelial cells to a secretory lineage was time‐ and dose‐dependent. Anti‐tumour efficacy was associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis that was in part due to Notch‐dependent regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis.Conclusions and implications:  Intermittent but potent inhibition of Notch signalling is sufficient for anti‐tumour efficacy in these T‐ALL models. These findings provide support for the use of GSI in Notch‐dependent malignancies and that clinical benefits may be derived from transient but potent inhibition of Notch.
Protecting the Delivery of Ecosystem Services
Authors: Cairns John 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTHuman society depends on services performed by natural systems. These ecological services include maintaining the atmospheric gas balance and producing food, fiber, and other building materials. Efforts must be made to protect the delivery of ecosystem services because they are essential to the sustainable use of the planet. The best way to encourage policy that protects ecosystem services is to make the linkages between ecosystem services and human quality‐of‐life easy to understand for any citizen.
Nutrition, mood and behaviour: a review
Authors: Soh Nerissa L , Walter Garry , Baur Louise , Collins Clare 
Published: September 2009

Objective:To conduct a critical review of recent empirical research regarding mood, behaviour and nutrition factors including essential fatty acids, macronutrients, micronutrients and food additives.Method:A literature search of databases Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Embase up to October 2008. The search emphasised empirical research published in the last 10 years and also included older literature. Studies in both adults and children were addressed.Results:Research into omega-3 fatty acids has been substantial but evidence for their potential in treating mood and behaviour is modest. In comparison, there has been much less research into carbohydrate and protein intakes and little evidence for their ability to influence mood and behaviour. Recent trials with food additives suggest their removal from the diet may benefit susceptible children with hyperactivity disorders. Micronutrient supplementation appears to improve mood only in those who were initially deficient in micronutrients.Conclusions:More stringent research designs such as longitudinal studies and the use of biologically inert placebos within randomised controlled trials are needed before supplemental use of omega-3 fatty acids to treat disorders of mood and behaviour can be recommended. Caution is advised regarding the indiscriminate use of diets free of artificial food additives in managing hyperactivity disorders, as they may place an undue burden on individuals and their families. Should omega-3 fatty acid supplementation or the elimination of certain food additives be established as effective, they may provide cost-effective, accessible and well-tolerated adjuncts to standard psychiatric treatments for mood and behavioural disturbances.
The Association Between Rural‐Urban Continuum, Maternal Education and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Québec, Canada
Authors: Auger Nathalie , Authier Marie‐Andrée , Martinez Jérôme , Daniel Mark 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT:
Context:

Rural relative to urban area and low socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with adverse birth outcomes. Whether a graded association of increasing magnitude is present across the urban‐rural continuum, accounting for SES, is unclear. We examined the association between rural‐urban continuum, SES and adverse birth outcomes. Methods: Singleton births from 1999 to 2003 (n = 356,147) were linked to Québec municipalities ranked on a continuum of 3 urban and 4 rural areas based on population and economic base. Maternal education was used to represent SES. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) birth, accounting for municipality and individual‐level covariates. We used stratified analyses to examine interaction between SES and rural‐urban continuum. Findings: Relative to metropolitan area residence, living in small urban or rural areas was associated with adverse birth outcomes. Living in rural areas was associated with SGA birth (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.05‐1.17) and LBW (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05‐1.26), and living in small urban areas was associated with PTB (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08‐1.20). Upon stratification by education, living in remote rural relative to metropolitan areas was associated with adverse birth outcomes among university educated mothers only, and living in small urban areas was associated with adverse birth outcomes among mothers with lesser but not higher education. An SES gradient was present in all rural‐urban areas, particularly for SGA birth. Conclusion: Differences in perinatal health exist across the rural‐urban continuum, and maternal education has a modifying influence.
Muslim‐Majority States and Human Rights: From the UDHR to Durban Conference
Authors: Meral Ziya 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThus far, public debates around human rights in the Islamic world have mostly been abstract debates around Islamic thought. This has taken the form of arguments around faulty notions of clash of civilisations or the attempts of Muslim thinkers to demonstrate that Islam is compatible with contemporary ideals of democracy and human rights. In contrast, this essay focuses exclusively on how Muslim‐majority states have reacted to the development of the human rights both domestically and internationally. It presents an overview of the emergence of Cairo Declaration and Arab Charter on Human Rights and current debates around Defamation resolutions and Durban conferences on racism, along with politics of sharia and domestic power challenges faced by Muslim‐majority states and their effects on implementation of human rights in the Islamic world.
FUS‐Immunoreactive Intranuclear Inclusions in Neurodegenerative Disease
Authors: Woulfe John , Gray Douglas A. , Mackenzie Ian R.A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNeuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs) are a histopathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders. However, the role played by NIIs in neurodegenerative pathogenesis remains enigmatic. Defining their molecular composition represents an important step in understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders. Recently, a nuclear protein, “fused‐in‐sarcoma” (FUS) was identified as the pathological protein in two forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD‐IF, formerly known as neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease, and FTLD‐UPS, formerly known as atypical FTLD‐U), both of which are characterized by the presence of NII. The objective of the present study was to determine the range of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by FUS‐positive NIIs. Immunostaining for FUS revealed intense reactivity of NIIs in FTLD‐IF and FTLD‐UPS as well as in Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias 1 and 3, and neuronal intranuclear inclusion body disease. In contrast, there was no FUS staining of NIIs in inherited forms of FTLD‐TDP caused by GRN and VCP mutations, fragile‐X‐associated tremor ataxia syndrome, or oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. In a cell culture model of Huntington's disease, NIIs were intensely FUS‐positive. NII‐bearing cells displayed loss of the normal diffuse nuclear pattern of FUS staining. This suggests that sequestration of nuclear FUS by NIIs may interfere with its normal nuclear localization.
Are the Fluorescent Properties of the Cyan Fluorescent Protein Sensitive to Conditions of Oxidative Stress?
Authors: Alvarez Luis , Levin Chantal Houée , Merola Fabienne , Bizouarn Tania , Pasquier Hélène , Baciou Laura , Rusconi Filippo , Erard Marie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe modifications induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) on fluorescent proteins (FPs) may have important implications for live cell fluorescence imaging. Using quantitative γ‐radiolysis, we have studied the ROS‐induced biochemical and photophysical perturbations on recombinant cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). After oxidation by the ˙OH radical, the protein displays a modified RP‐HPLC elution profile, while the CFP fluorescence undergoes pronounced decreases in intensity and lifetime, without changes in its excitation and emission spectra. Meanwhile, the Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) between the single W57 and the chromophore remains unperturbed. These results rule out a direct oxidation of the CFP chromophore and of W57 as well as major changes in the protein 3D structure, but show that new fluorescent forms associated to a higher level of dynamic quenching have been generated. Thus, strict in situ controls are required when CFP is to be used for FRET studies in situations of oxidative activity, or under strong illumination.
Memory as a Self‐Protective Mechanism
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Green Jeffrey D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe autobiographical memory literature has established that people remember poorly unpleasant, relative to pleasant, life events. We complemented this literature with a theoretical model – the mnemic neglect model – and an experimental paradigm that exerts tight control over the to‐be‐remembered material. Participants recall poorly self‐threatening feedback compared to self‐affirming or other‐relevant feedback – a phenomenon we labeledmnemic neglect. The phenomenon is motivational: it is in the service of self‐protection. The phenomenon is also flexible. Participants can switch from self‐protection (e.g. avoiding negative feedback) to an alternative goal (e.g. striving for feedback with improvement potential), when circumstances call for it such as when the feedback is provided by a close other rather than a stranger. Finally, self‐threatening feedback may be forgotten, but it is not lost: the mnemic neglect effect is not obtained in recognition recall.
Guns, Germs, and Sex: How Evolution Shaped Our Intergroup Psychology
Authors: Van Vugt Mark , Park Justin H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA phenomenon of perennial interest to social psychologists is people’s tendency to categorize others on the basis of group membership and to exhibit a preference for members of the ingroup relative to the outgroup. Recent work emphasizing the evolutionary functions of outgroup aggression, exploitation, and avoidance have shed new light on previously observed intergroup phenomena and generated many new empirical findings. We delineate two distinct evolved psychologies of intergroup relations and review recent research pertaining to each. One research line (on the psychology of warfare) focuses on the intergroup competition for resources; as we describe below, such competition – and the associated exploitative psychology – is more amplified among men. The other research line (on the psychology of disease avoidance) focuses on the need to avoid contagious disease. Because the threats posed by competitive versus disease‐carrying outgroups are qualitatively distinct, the psychological reactions may also be qualitatively distinct.
The ABC’s of LGM: An Introductory Guide to Latent Variable Growth Curve Modeling
Authors: Duncan Terry E. , Duncan Susan C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn recent years, we have witnessed an increase in the complexity of theoretical models that attempt to explain behavior from both contextual and developmental perspectives. This increase in the complexity of our theoretical propositions regarding behavior parallels recent methodological advances for the analysis of change. These new analysis techniques have fundamentally altered how we conceptualize and study change. Researchers have begun to identify larger frameworks to integrate our knowledge regarding the analysis of change. One such framework is latent growth modeling, perhaps the most important and influential statistical revolution to have recently occurred in the social and behavioral sciences. This study presents a basic introduction to a latent growth modeling approach for analyzing repeated measures data. Included is the specification and interpretation of the growth factors, primary extensions such as the analysis of growth in multiple populations, and structural models including both precursors of growth, and subsequent outcomes hypothesized to be influenced by the growth functions.
Lay Psychology and the Social Value of Persons
Authors: Beauvois Jean‐Léon , Dubois Nicole 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPersonality traits are basic constructs of lay psychology. Unlike the traditional view in which traits are considered as descriptive tools, we argue that the most frequent traits are evaluative criteria, that is, they do not point out what people are, but what people are socially worth. First, we intend to report on various studies showing that traits can be viewed as generalizations of affordances in social relations: traits supply information not only on what people are doing, but also, and several times more, on what is possible to do with people. Second, we challenge the dominant view underlying social judgments by showing that the two traditional factors can be viewed as aspects of the social value of persons. We called them social desirability and social utility. We shall show that the two dimensions intervene in situations in which social value of the person is engaged. To finish, we shall address the link between these dimensions with some aspects of individualism.
Exit paths and constructible stacks
Authors: Treumann David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFor a Whitney stratification S of a space X (or, more generally, a topological stratification in the sense of Goresky and MacPherson) we introduce the notion of an S-constructible stack of categories on X. The motivating example is the stack of S-constructible perverse sheaves. We introduce a 2-category EP≤2(X,S), called the exit-path 2-category, which is a natural stratified version of the fundamental 2-groupoid. Our main result is that the 2-category of S-constructible stacks on X is equivalent to the 2-category of 2-functors 2Funct(EP≤2(X,S),Cat) from the exit-path 2-category to the 2-category of small categories.
Turbine Efficiency
Measurement System for the QinetiQ Turbine Test
Facility
Authors: Beard Paul F. , Povey Thomas , Chana Kamaljit
S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A turbine efficiency measurement system has been developed and installed on the turbine test facility (TTF) at QinetiQ Farnborough. The TTF is an engine-scale short-duration (0.5s run time) rotating transonic facility, which can operate as either single stage (HP vane and rotor) or 112 stage (HP stage with IP or LP vane). The current MT1 HP stage is highly loaded and unshrouded and is therefore relevant to current design trends. Implementation of the efficiency measurement system forms part of the EU Turbine Aero-Thermal External Flows (TATEF II) program. The following aspects of the efficiency measurement system are discussed in this paper: mass-flow rate measurement, power measurement by direct torque measurement, turbine inlet and exit area traverse measurement systems, computation of efficiency by mass weighting, and uncertainty analysis of the experimentally determined turbine efficiency. The calibration of the mass-flow rate and torque measurement systems are also discussed. Emphasis was placed on the need for a low efficiency precision uncertainty, so that changes in efficiency associated with turbine inlet temperature distortion and swirl can be resolved with good accuracy. Measurements with inlet flow distortion form part of the TATEF II program and will be the subject of forthcoming publications.
Why Learn Physics?
Authors: Riendeau Diane 
Published: September 2009

In my experience, when students can see an application for knowledge, they are more willing to spend the necessary time to attain it. Certainly your students were motivated at the beginning of the semester. Perhaps now is a good time to get their attention again? One way to motivate our students to learn physics is to show them examples of the way people try to exploit the ignorance of others. Along this vein, I offer these four video clips.
Special thanks to Karl Mamola and the pholks at Physics Northwest for your video suggestions.
Effect of living close to a main road on asthma, allergy, lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Pujades-Rodríguez M , Lewis S , Mckeever T , Britton J , Venn A 
Published: September 2009

Background:A number of epidemiological studies suggest that the risk of asthma is increased among those living in close proximity to major roads. However, the evidence is inconsistent, and effects on asthma and related respiratory and allergic conditions using objective measures such as lung function and allergic sensitisation have not been widely investigated.Methods:In 1995, 1996 and 2001 data on respiratory and allergic disease, along with demographic and lifestyle factors, were collected in 59 285 children (aged 2–16 years) and adults as part of the Health Survey for England, a nationally representative annual survey. Using Geographical Information System software, we mapped the location of each participant’s home and computed distance to the nearest major road. We estimated the effect of distance on self-reported wheezing in the past year, asthma, eczema and hay fever in 50 994 participants, and on 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), immunoglobulin E and spirometry-defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in subgroups of those aged 7+, 11+ and 16+ years, respectively.Results:Living within 150 m from a major road was not significantly associated with an increased risk of any of the outcome variables in any age group (adjusted odds ratios ranged from 0.85 to 1.05). Furthermore there was little evidence that risk increased with increasing proximity across the 0–150 m range where contrasts in traffic-related pollutant concentrations are greatest.Conclusion:Our analysis of a large and nationally representative population sample did not provide evidence of an adverse effect of living in close proximity to main roads on the risk of asthma, COPD or allergic disease in England.