bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The UCSC Genome Browser: What Every Molecular Biologist Should Know
Authors: Mangan Mary E. , Williams Jennifer M. , Kuhn Robert M. , Lathe Warren C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractElectronic data resources can enable molecular biologists to query and display many useful features that make benchwork more efficient and drive new discoveries. The UCSC Genome Browser provides a wealth of data and tools that advance one's understanding of genomic context for many species, enable detailed understanding of data, and provide the ability to interrogate regions of interest. Researchers can also supplement the standard display with their own data to query and share with others. Effective use of these resources has become crucial to biological research today, and this unit describes some practical applications of the UCSC Genome Browser. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 88:19.9.1‐19.9.28. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular Analysis of Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Basehore Monica J. , Friez Michael J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe gene responsible for Fragile X syndrome, fragile X mental retardation‐1 (FMR1), contains an unstable sequence of CGG trinucleotide repeats in its promoter region. Expansions of >200 trinucleotide repeats are considered full mutations and typically lead to abnormal methylation of the region resulting in loss of FMR1 expression. Males with loss of FMR1 protein are expected to be affected by Fragile X syndrome while females may or may not clinically manifest features of the condition. The protocols in this unit outline the complementary use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and methylation‐sensitive Southern blot hybridization to accurately measure trinucleotide repeat size and methylation status. These protocols are also used to evaluate CGG repeat size in two adult‐onset conditions known for their association with FMR1 premutation alleles, Fragile X Tremor/Ataxia (FXTAS) syndrome and Premature Ovarian Failure (POF). Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 63:9.5.1‐9.5.16. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Techniques for Flow Cytometer Alignment
Authors: Jett James H. , Martin John C. , Habbersett Robert C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis unit provides essential knowledge for correctly using any flow cytometer to ensure that data collected are accurate and reliable. Two levels of system alignment are described: routine alignment checks and complete alignment, both of which can be applied to a variety of instrument configurations. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 50:1.10.1‐1.10.7. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measures and Metrics; Their Application
Authors: Sydenham Peter H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSetting up an effective measuring system requires an understanding of the process of measurement and its role in scientific investigation. This article explains the scientific process and terms used to describe the various kinds of measure. Following the description of the measurement tree and its levels of different measures, an explanation on how to construct a measuring system for complex situations is given. This article ends with an illustrative example of the development of a loaf of bread measuring system.
Measurement Theory in Physical, Social, and Psychological Science
Authors: Finkelstein Ludwik 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The main aspects of the application of measurement theory to physical science are briefly considered. It is argued that important problems lie in domains for which there are inadequate theories as well as in quantum and relativistic physics. Problems of defining measurement in social sciences and psychology are discussed. They are seen to lie particularly in the difficulty in establishing satisfactory concepts and adequate theories.
Units
Authors: Petley Brian W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe International System of Units (SI) was introduced to provide a universal ‘language’ for recording and communicating measurement in a unique, and unambiguous manner. The SI is used globally. It may be modified in order to reflect and satisfy the demands of scientific and technological progress, only after careful discussion and general international agreement. The legal national measurement systems, where different, bear a known relationship to the SI.
Designing the Sensor Interface
Authors: Yang Qing Ping 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Sensor design is largely based upon selection of the most suitable converting principle or mechanism. These mechanisms can be best described in terms of energy transformation from one form (or domain) to another. This transformation is largely determined by the energy forms of input, output and, if necessary, modulation. These conversion mechanisms may be represented in different ways, namely, 3D space, matrix, and transducer conversion logic. These schemes and methods may be used to represent both energy and signal flows of a sensor interface or measuring instrument. A systematic approach to system specification is presented, and various tools for sensor development are also discussed in this article.
Reduction of Influence Factors
Authors: Regtien Paul P.L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The accuracy of a measurement is affected by system imperfections and influence factors. In particular, the influences from the system's environment may produce unacceptable errors. Knowledge about the type of errors (additive, multiplicative; stochastic, deterministic) is a prerequisite for an effective suppression of these errors. In this section, some basic error reduction methods are discussed: isolation, compensation, feedback, and correction.
RS
232 and
EIA
/
TIA
232 Serial Interface
Authors: McGhee Joseph 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Serial data interfaces are introduced with an emphasis upon the RS 232 interface. Some aspects of modems are described. This is followed by a detailed description of the RS 232 specification including details of electrical and mechanical details. What the RS 232 does not cover has been emphasized. Extension of the RS 232 to cover other serial communication conditions is described.
Voltage and Current Loop Transmission
Authors: McGhee Joseph 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Voltage and current loop transmission systems are a long‐standing way of communicating sensor and control data. They are well‐established methods and are frequently used. The effect of series mode interference in both types of transmission loop is considered. The principles of the current loop are described. Two‐wire and four‐wire variable current potentiometers, current loop transmitters, and intelligent transmitters using temperature sensors as specific examples are described.
Closed‐Loop Sampled Data Systems
Authors: Sydenham Peter H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Today most practical control systems use discrete digital signals. Their operation is an extension of analog control systems principles, usually by addition of sampling of the signal stream. To understand how the digital controller system can be analyzed in depth, it is necessary to understand the sampling process.
Z
‐transforms are introduced as the means to investigate sampled (i.e. digital) systems. Stability issues and compensation schemes are addressed.
Characteristics and Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Mari Luca P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In the course of history, the research about the nature of human knowledge, its characteristics, and limitations has produced a large number of theories and philosophical systems. General topics such as the reality of the objects of knowledge, the relation between the objects of knowledge and their models, the possibility of a definitive foundation for knowledge have been differently interpreted by different philosophers and scientists, and they are schematically reviewed here.
Principles of Semiotics as Related to Measurement
Authors: Mari Luca P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Semiotics investigates the symbolization, as related to the coding and the decoding of information in a system of signs. The relation of ‘standing for’ is introduced and analyzed here in its elements of conventionality, in particular, in reference to the opposition between analog and digital coding, and its systemic nature is discussed in terms of the classical distinction of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Finally, measurement is presented as a peculiar semiotic operation.
Signals in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Woschni Eugen Georg 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Signals can be mathematically described either in the frequency or in the time domain. Principal methods using the frequency domain are described here. First considered are periodic signals leading to the Fourier spectrum. Discussion then covers nonperiodic signals using the Fourier transform. Also dealt with is the spectral power density of nondeterministic signals, such as random noise.
Relationship Between Signals in the Time and Frequency Domain
Authors: Woschni Eugen Georg 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSignals may be described as being of the same value either in the time or in the frequency domain. Therefore, it is possible to convert one domain into the other. The mathematical fundament of these conversions is the Fourier Transform. Here, the conversions are put together and it is shown, from the physical background, which conversions are reversible or not reversible. Some examples are given.
Discrete Signal Theory
Authors: Woschni Eugen Georg 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDiscrete signals are of paramount importance in measuring systems because they are the basis of digital systems. By means of sampling, instead of using an analog signal, a discrete signal appears, containing the whole information if the conditions of the sampling theorem are fulfilled. If this theorem is violated, aliasing errors arise in the signal processing after sampling. The infinite time functionx(t) has to be time limited by means of a truncation window leading to variation of the spectrum known as leakage distortion. On the basis of classical linear forms of the Fourier and Laplace transformations, the discrete signal analyses are handled using the Discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) and Z‐transformation method. Application of discrete signal processing is illustrated by mean‐value realization (integration) and prediction.
Geometrical Signal Representations
Authors: Woschni Eugen Georg 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The description of signals in the signal space uses modern geometry to obtain a measure concerning the distance of two or more signals. Distance is related to error and is applied in these cases and in classification situations. While analog signals use the Euclidean space, digital signals are represented in a non‐Euclidean space with direct relation to the Hamming distance. Codegraph representation of this is applied in coding theory.
Systems in the Time Domain
Authors: Woschni Eugen Georg 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Systems can be described either in the time or in the frequency domains. In this article, the methods using the time domain are treated: after some remarks concerning the classification of systems analogies, block diagrams and linearization are treated. The classical description using differential equations is followed by the state space description leading to flowcharts. Then the answer (response) functions to typical test signals were deduced. At the end, the answer to a general input by means of the convolution integral is obtained.
Coding Theory and Its Application to Measurement
Authors: Woschni Eugen Georg 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
An introduction is first presented on the use of signal coding in measurement. A short survey on the theory of coding, including coding theorems is presented. Normally, binary codes are used especially the reflected codes as the Gray code or the Glixon code for absolute optical encoders. Incremental encoders are covered leading to their limitations given by the Least Significant Digit (LSD). Where the transmission line is of poor quality, the Bit Error Ratio (BER) is high and error correction is applied using alphabets with a large Hamming distance. The performance of this method is demonstrated using an example.
Chiral Separations
Authors: Stalcup Apryll M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Use of Chiral Additives

Chiral Stationary Phases

Ligand‐Exchange Phases

Pirkle Phases

Cyclodextrin Phases

Cellulosic and Amylosic Phases

Protein‐Based Phases

Chirobiotic Phases

Chiral Crown Ether Phases

Chiral Synthetic Polymer Phases

Chiral Separation Validation for
Hplc

Chiral Stationary Phases for Gas Chromatography

Chiral Separation Validation for Gas Chromatography
Seasonal and reproductive variation in body condition in captive female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Garcia Cécile , Huffman Michael , Shimizu Keiko 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe geographic distribution of Japanese macaques includes populations with the most northern range of any primate species. Not surprisingly, females of this species are characterized by physiological adaptations and unique fat deposition mechanisms that facilitate their survival through the sometimes‐harsh seasonal conditions of temperate climates, as well as sustaining the metabolic costs of mating, pregnancy, and lactation. Here, we explore the relationship between nutritional status, seasonality, and reproductive status using anthropometric and leptin measures from 14 captive female Japanese macaques. No seasonal patterns were found in the levels of leptin, but there were differences between seasons in anthropometric measures, specifically between the beginning and the end of the mating season. Females gained weight and accumulated energy reserves in fall to prepare for mating activity, and to survive the severe conditions of winter, which is also the period of gestation if pregnancy occurs. Lactating females had larger total skinfolds relative to nonlactating individuals, and females with older babies at the beginning of the mating season had larger abdominal skinfolds than did those with younger babies. There was a relationship between the likelihood of conception and nutritional status, with females that conceived during one mating season being in better condition at the end of their previous mating season. Together, these results suggest that, even in captive settings, seasonal breeding has a cost on the energetic demands of mating, and that higher condition (i.e. fatter) females could afford the demands of lactation and reproduced more rapidly. Am. J. Primatol. 72:277–286, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diet of the Delacour's langur (Trachypithecus delacouri) in Van Long Nature Reserve, Vietnam
Authors: Workman Catherine 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe six limestone langur taxa of Southeast Asia inhabit the rugged limestone karst mountains, although the reason for their current restriction to this habitat is unclear. From August 2007 to July 2008, I collected data on the diet and feeding behavior of the critically endangered Delacour's langur (Trachypithecus delacouri) in Van Long Nature Reserve, Vietnam. I used these data to evaluate the hypothesis that limestone langurs are found on karst habitat because they depend on endemic limestone plants. Feeding accounted for 29% of the langurs' activity budget. Young leaves dominated the diet monthly, seasonally, and annually. The annual diet consists of nearly 79% foliage with almost 60% young leaves. Despite a distinct wet and dry season, over the study period, seasonal variation in plant part consumption was slight. Fruit and seeds were a small contribution to the diet. Delacour's langurs ate 42 of 145 available species, and they concentrated on a subset of this number. Five plant species comprised more than 60% of the diet and 16 species comprised more than 93%. More than half of the diet came from climbers. Delacour's langurs are among the most highly folivorous of studied colobines and, along with the closely related T. leucocephalus of southern China, the most folivorous of the Asian langurs. Whether high folivory is owing to a lack of available fruits and seeds in limestone habitats is unknown. What is certain, however, is that the plant species most important in the Delacour's langurs' diet at VLNR, throughout the study, were not plants endemic to limestone. Feeding dependence alone, therefore, cannot explain the current distribution of limestone langurs on karst habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 72:317–324, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Mitochondrial haplotype C4c confirmed as a founding genome in the Americas
Authors: Malhi Ripan S. , Cybulski Jerome S. , Tito Raul Y. , Johnson Jesse , Harry Harold , Dan Carrie 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMitochondrial DNA analysis of 31 unrelated Shuswap speakers from a previously poorly sampled region of North America revealed two individuals with haplogroups rarely found in the Americas, C4c and C1d. Comparison of the complete genomes of the two individuals with others found in the literature confirms that C4c is a founding haplotype and gives insight into the evolution of the C1d haplotype. This study demonstrates the importance of collecting and analyzing data from Native North Americans when addressing hypotheses about the peopling of the Americas. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life and death in a civitas capital: Metabolic disease and trauma in the children from late Roman Dorchester, Dorset
Authors: Lewis Mary E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe impact that “Romanization” and the development of urban centers had on the health of the Romano‐British population is little understood. A re‐examination of the skeletal remains of 364 nonadults from the civitas capital at Roman Dorchester (Durnovaria) in Dorset was carried out to measure the health of the children living in this small urban area. The cemetery population was divided into two groups; the first buried their dead organized within an east–west alignment with possible Christian‐style graves, and the second with more varied “pagan” graves, aligned north–south. A higher prevalence of malnutrition and trauma was evident in the children from Dorchester than in any other published Romano‐British group, with levels similar to those seen in postmedieval industrial communities. Cribra orbitalia was present in 38.5% of the children, with rickets and/or scurvy at 11.2%. Twelve children displayed fractures of the ribs, with 50% of cases associated with rickets and/or scurvy, suggesting that rib fractures should be considered during the diagnosis of these conditions. The high prevalence of anemia, rickets, and scurvy in the Poundbury children, and especially the infants, indicates that this community may have adopted child‐rearing practices that involved fasting the newborn, a poor quality weaning diet, and swaddling, leading to general malnutrition and inadequate exposure to sunlight. The Pagan group showed no evidence of scurvy or rib fractures, indicating difference in religious and child‐rearing practices but that both burial groups were equally susceptible to rickets and anemia suggests a shared poor standard of living in this urban environment. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Reaction to fire by savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal: Conceptualization of “fire behavior” and the case for a chimpanzee model
Authors: Pruetz Jill D. , LaDuke Thomas C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe use and control of fire are uniquely human traits thought to have come about fairly late in the evolution of our lineage, and they are hypothesized to correlate with an increase in intellectual complexity. Given the relatively sophisticated cognitive abilities yet small brain size of living apes compared to humans and even early hominins, observations of wild chimpanzees' reactions to naturally occurring fire can help inform hypotheses about the likely responses of early hominins to fire. We use data on the behavior of savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal during two encounters with wildfires to illuminate the similarities between great apes and humans regarding their reaction to fire. Chimpanzees' close relatedness to our lineage makes them phylogenetically relevant to the study of hominid evolution, and the open, hot and dry environment at Fongoli, similar to the savanna mosaic thought to characterize much of hominid evolution, makes these apes ecologically important as a living primate model as well. Chimpanzees at Fongoli calmly monitor wildfires and change their behavior in anticipation of the fire's movement. The ability to conceptualize the “behavior” of fire may be a synapomorphic trait characterizing the human‐chimpanzee clade. If the cognitive underpinnings of fire conceptualization are a primitive hominid trait, hypotheses concerning the origins of the control and use of fire may need revision. We argue that our findings exemplify the importance of using living chimpanzees as models for better understanding human evolution despite recently published suggestions to the contrary. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Degrees of uncertainty: An overview and framework for future research on experience‐based choice
Authors: Rakow Tim , Newell Ben R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA striking finding has emerged recently in the literature: When decision makers are faced with essentially the same choice, their preferences differ as a function of whether options are described or are “experienced” via observation and feedback. For example, when presented the described choice: (A) A 90% chance of $0 and a 10% chance of $10 or (B) $1 for sure, people tend to prefer (A). But when those same two options are experienced through observation of “draws” from two payoff distributions that match the described options, the modal preference reverses. Why? This is just one question that the papers in this special issue address. In addition, they address the rich repertoire of issues that arise when one considers experience‐based choices. The decisions‐from‐experience paradigm—with its focus on the acquisition and integration of information prior to choice, as well the choice itself—taps many of the fundamentals of psychology (learning, memory, encoding, knowledge representation, modelling) thus inspiring novel and fruitful avenues for research. This paper reviews recent research on experience‐based choice, and highlights the contribution of the papers in the special issue. The paper introduces a framework that places different types of decisions along a continuum of uncertainty about what one is choosing between, which emphasizes the rich and varied role of “experience” in decision making. It ends by identifying important unsolved questions that are ripe for future research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Crampton M. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.