bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of γδ T Cells in α-Galactosylceramide–Mediated Immunity
Authors: Paget Christophe , Chow Melvyn T. , Duret Helene , Mattarollo Stephen R. , Smyth Mark J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Attempts to harness mouse type I NKT cells in different therapeutic settings including cancer, infection, and autoimmunity have proven fruitful using the CD1d-binding glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). In these different models, the effects of α-GalCer mainly relied on the establishment of a type I NKT cell-dependent immune cascade involving dendritic cell, NK cell, B cell, or conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation/regulation as well as immunomodulatory cytokine production. In this study, we showed that γδ T cells, another population of innate-like T lymphocytes, displayed a phenotype of activated cells (cytokine production and cytotoxic properties) and were required to achieve an optimal α-GalCer–induced immune response. Using gene-targeted mice and recombinant cytokines, a critical need for IL-12 and IL-18 has been shown in the α-GalCer–induced IFN-γ production by γδ T cells. Moreover, this cytokine production occurred downstream of type I NKT cell response, suggesting their bystander effect on γδ T cells. In line with this, γδ T cells failed to directly recognize the CD1d/α-GalCer complex. We also provided evidence that γδ T cells increase their cytotoxic properties after α-GalCer injection, resulting in an increase in killing of tumor cell targets. Moreover, using cancer models, we demonstrated that γδ T cells were required for an optimal α-GalCer–mediated anti-tumor activity. Finally, we reported that immunization of wild-type mice with α-GalCer enhanced the adaptive immune response elicited by OVA, and this effect was strongly mediated by γδ T cells. We conclude that γδ T cells amplify the innate and acquired response to α-GalCer, with possibly important outcomes for the therapeutic effects of this compound.
Various Confocal Scan Features of Cysts and Trophozoites in Cases with Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Authors: Kanavi Mozhgan Rezaei , Naghshgar Nima , Javadi Mohammad Ali , Hashemi Marzieh Sadat 
Published: March 2012

Purpose To describe the various confocal scan features of cysts and trophozoites in patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis and to specify the associated findings. Methods In a retrospective study of cases between June 2005 and June 2010, we reviewed all the recorded confocal scan images of patients given a high index in regards to clinical suspicion of Acanthamoeba keratitis, in order to specify the various morphometric and morphologic features of Acanthamoeba cysts and trophozoites and to characterize the associated findings in such cases. Results Confocal scan images of 170 eyes from 170 patients were reviewed. Bilayered, target-shaped, coffee-bean and rod-shaped appearances of the cysts were observed in 100%, 82.9%, 36.4%, and 17.5% of cases, respectively. Single file arrangement of the cysts was noticed in 22 cases. The mean size of the cysts was 18.9 μm (range 10-39.6). In all cases, trophozoites were observed as pear-shaped or irregularly wedge-shaped structures, some surrounded by a brilliant halo and some exhibiting fine pseudopodia-like extensions, with mean size of 30.2 μm (range 19.2-55.6). Keratoneuritis and the anterior stromal honeycomb pattern were seen in 28.2% and 5.9% of cases, respectively. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest case-series study on confocal scan features of Acanthamoeba cysts and trophozoites in cases with clinical diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis specifying the morphologic and morphometric criteria of this infectious organism and the associated findings.
Can Jews Be Radical Theologians?
Authors: Kavka Martin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn its first half, this essay recapitulates the history of the relationship between Christian radical theology (sometimes called “God-is-dead theology”) and Judaism from the 1960s onward, in order to hypothesize that this relationship has not yet become a productive dialogue, since Jewish philosophical theology has understood itself to be fundamentally opposed to the Hegelian elements on which Christian radical theology depends. If God is immanent in history, as God was for Hegel, wouldn't a Jewish radical theology be obscene after the Holocaust? Taking up a productive line of inquiry in the work of the author's teacher, the late Edith Wyschogrod, the second half of the essay claims that a non-obscene Jewish radical theology is possible once it centers around law as a site of kenosis, in which the authority of God as lawgiver becomes subordinate to the development of the freedom of the members of the community. Classical rabbinic texts about the so-called “Yavneh reforms” are analyzed in support of this claim.
Analysis of Polarized Membrane Traffic in Hepatocytes and Hepatic Cell Lines
Authors: In Julie G. , Ihrke Gudrun , Tuma Pamela L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe protocols described in this unit were developed to monitor membrane traffic in cultured cell monolayers that display hepatic polarity. In general, the assays are designed to visualize and/or quantitate membrane trafficking by monitoring the fates of antibodies bound to specific membrane proteins. We first describe how to infect cells with recombinant adenovirus, the preferred method for introducing exogenous genes into hepatic cells. We next provide a morphological assay to monitor basolateral to apical transcytosis. In a supporting protocol, we describe how to visualize apical recycling and/or retention. In an additional supporting protocol, we provide a semi‐quantitative method to measure the relative extents of apical delivery. Finally, we describe quantitative assays to measure basolateral internalization and recycling. The methods presented in this unit provide a relatively simple, yet powerful approach to examining hepatic membrane traffic. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 54:15.17.1‐15.17.19. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neural Differentiation of P19 Carcinoma Cells and Primary Neurospheres: Cell Morphology, Proliferation, Viability, and Functionality
Authors: Negraes Priscilla D. , Schwindt Telma T. , Trujillo Cleber A. , Ulrich Henning 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis unit describes the culture and induction of in vitro models of neural differentiation and strategies to evaluate the participation of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in modulation of this process. Protocols focus on large‐scale expansion of pluripotent P19 murine embryonic carcinoma cells and their induction to neural differentiation in the presence of retinoic acid, closely resembling conditions of early neuroectodermal differentiation. Procedures are also described for obtaining rat neural precursor cells (NPCs) or neurospheres and for differentiating them in the absence of growth factors. Experimental strategies are reported using P19 cells and NPCs as in vitro models for studying the actions of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on morphology, proliferation, viability, neural phenotype determination, and progress of differentiation, as well as the functionality of ion channels and metabotropic receptors in inducing calcium fluxes at different developmental stages. The methods described here may be useful for optimizing in vitro protocols for stem cell differentiation into defined neural populations, as well as for studying mechanisms that underlie neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 20:2D.9.1‐2D.9.22. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Accumulation, Flexible
Authors: Huang Chung‐Hsien 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Since the beginning of the 1980s, we have witnessed a restructuring of economic processes. The old hegemonic Fordist accumulation regime seems to take pains to cross over what Piore and Sabel (1984) have termed the second industrial divide by various sorts of strategies, such as “outsourcing” and/or “downsizing.” It has progressively given way to a new regime of flexible specialization, which is defined as: “a strategy of permanent innovation to increase change, rather than effort to control it. This strategy is based on flexible – multiuse – equipment, skilled workers, and the creation, through politics, of an industrial community that restricts the forms of competition to those favoring innovation” (Piore & Sabel 1984: 123). According to Piore and Sabel, the volatility of markets during the 1970s and 1980s compelled firms to experiment with more flexible forms of organization, allowing rapid changes in production. Thus, allegedly a new model of flexible specialization has emerged: small batch production in interlinked, specialized small firms; flexible in organization, work process and output; and tending to concentrate spatially in industrial districts. Vertical disintegration and the independent development of small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs), encouraged by new technologies, are therefore shaping an organizational model founded on SMEs.
A
narchy
Authors: Tormey Simon 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
“Anarchy” describes the absence of governmental order, or the state. The term is popularly used with a negative connotation, to describe a condition of lawlessness, chaos, or uncertainty. In the context of discussions about globalization, anarchy is used as a description of the global system, the “anarchical society” as Hedley Bull (1995) notably put it. Anarchy is also used with a more positive connotation to denote a political project (“anarchy”) or ideology (“anarchism”) where the state has been superseded by cooperative forms of life, rendering police or military enforced sanctions unnecessary. Anarchism in this sense has seen a revival in the wake of the Zapatista uprising of 1994, the Seattle protests in 1999, and the radicalization of the environmental movement over the past two decades.
Anti‐Bribery Convention
Authors: Warner Carolyn M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In 1997, the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) established an Anti‐Bribery Convention, which, at the time of writing, 38 countries have ratified. It obliges countries to establish criminal legal penalties for the bribery of foreign public officials, and to investigate and prosecute such acts without regard to national, economic, or political interest. The signatories also agree to participate in a monitoring program, in which teams from the OECD's working group on bribery conduct periodic reviews, which are then published. The Convention has no legal force over the signatory states; the only penalty the OECD can inflict is public shaming of a state, as the United Kingdom has recently experienced. States are also obliged to make bribery an extraditable offense in any extradition treaties the signatories have between themselves. The Convention includes related stipulations that states criminalize the laundering of funds for or from bribery, establish penalties for related accounting fraud, and develop mechanisms for assisting other OECD countries, if requested, in their investigative and prosecution efforts. It has had some impact, in that states that used not to make bribery of overseas public officials a legal offense now do, and a few have pursued prosecutions under these new laws. Its impact is also felt in the trend it created towards other international institutions adopting anti‐bribery or anti‐corruption conventions, however toothless. The United Nations established an Anti‐Corruption Convention that most states have ratified; the European Union (EU) has a convention against bribing EU officials and/or officials of EU member states. All conventions rely on the signatory states to implement and enforce the provisions of the agreement; many may not find it in their interest to do so consistently or at all.
Anti‐War Movement
Authors: Reitan Ruth 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Anti‐war, or peace, movements are extremely diverse collective actors or social processes, varying in philosophical orientation, political and social aims, organizational structure, and societal and political level — local, national, and increasingly transnational — at which they operate. While post — World War II era anti‐war movements may be broadly divided into pacifism, anti‐militarism, anti‐colonialism, and anti‐nuclearism, scholars have identified at least eight traditions ebbing and flowing throughout the twentieth century, including religious pacifism, liberal internationalism, anti‐conscriptionism, anti‐militarism and socialist resistance to war, communist internationalism, women's or feminist anti‐militarism, radical pacifism, and anti‐nuclearism. The latter tendency — bridging as it does to the environmental movement — can be seen as part of a new tradition, ecological or environmental pacifism, which is manifested in transnational social movement organizations like Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth International.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Authors: Yamamoto Satomi 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
ASEAN is an acronym for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, a geopolitical and economic organization of ten Southeast Asian countries. In 1967, the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), an economic and political alliance of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand, reorganized itself as ASEAN by inviting Indonesia and Singapore as new members. The five founding countries signed the Bangkok Declaration with the aim of accelerating economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in Southeast Asia. In 1984, Brunei Darussalam, the sixth Member State, joined ASEAN, and the remaining four member states, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Cambodia, joined in 1995, 1997, and 1999.
Citizenship
Authors: Münch Richard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAccording to T.H. Marshall (1964), the United Kingdom has become the model of the development of citizenship from the citizens' sharing of civil rights in the eighteenth century to their sharing of political rights in the nineteenth century and right through to their sharing of social rights in the twentieth century (Turner 1993; Münch 2001). In the later part of the twentieth century, cultural rights, that is, rights of living one's identity rooted in a particular cultural tradition, have moved to the center of struggles on the definition of citizenship (Kymlicka 1993; Koopmans et al. 2005). What is particularly characteristic of citizenship is its creation of solidarity between citizens sharing rights independent of their origin and independent of their membership in primordial groups. The bonds of citizenship reach beyond primordial group boundaries. Going far beyond the historical model of the United Kingdom, the United States – being the society of immigrants par excellence – has become the model of a pluralistic and dynamic community of citizens with continuing material struggles for inclusion into citizenship and symbolic struggles on its meaning (Parsons 1971; Cohen & Arato 1992; Isin & Turner 2002; Alexander 2006.
Clean Clothes Campaign
Authors: Ross Robert J.S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEstablished in 1989, the Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) describes itself as “an alliance of organizations in 12 European countries to support garment workers in their efforts to create substantive, sustainable improvements in working conditions” (Clean Clothes Campaign 2009). The CCC is the premier anti‐sweatshop consumer‐oriented group in the “global North,” that is, the high‐income countries. Each national campaign is autonomous and decisions are taken by consensus, but the “international secretariat” in Amsterdam coordinates much of the international work. The CCC is notable for high‐quality research, persistence, focus on high‐profile sporting events (e.g., Olympics, World Cup football) and its ability to mobilize European activists around letter‐writing and petitions and “e‐activist” campaigns for “urgent appeals” on particular struggles. The CCC's work is targeted almost exclusively at Asian exporters – perhaps because most garments in Europe arrive from Asia. They also work with labor organizations in Africa, Eastern Europe and Turkey.
Clearing House Interbank Payment System
Authors: Kahn Charles M. , Roberds William 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Clearing House Interbank Payment System (CHIPS) is the privately owned large‐value payment system in the United States. It is operated by the Clearing House (formerly the New York Clearing House Association), a special‐purpose company in turn owned by large commercial banks. Founded in 1970, CHIPS quickly became the standard institution for settling the dollar side of foreign exchange transactions. This role continues today, although since 2002 this function has increasingly been taken on by CLS Bank. In 2009 the value of payments through CHIPS was $364 trillion (down from $509 trillion in the peak year of 2008). In contrast, FedWire, the other US large‐value payment system, run by the Federal Reserve System, had payments transactions of $755 trillion and $631 trillion respectively in 2008 and 2009 (Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems 2010).
Climate Change: Urban Impacts and Responses
Authors: Carmin Joann 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Urban areas contribute to anthropogenic warming and at the same time are sites where the impacts of climate change are expected to have significant impacts. With ongoing trends in urbanization, particularly in the global South, the percentage of the global population living in cities is increasing. Population density, along with investments in urban infrastructure and buildings, means that climate impacts pose a significant threat to economic stability and human well‐being. While cities in all parts of the world will experience the impacts of climate change, those in developing countries are expected to bear an unequal share of the burden. Developed countries are making the greatest contributions to climate change through the consumption of fossil fuels and release of greenhouse gases. However, projections suggest that the impacts of emissions will be felt most profoundly in countries in the global South which have the lowest material, financial, and social resources to cope.
Colonization
Authors: Schuerkens Ulrike 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe word colonization is derived from the Latin wordcolonus(inhabitant), which means the settlement of people and the establishment of settler colonies. It is a political phenomenon. The colonial state keeps the subordinated society and its population in a legally inferior position. But colonization has also been linked to important social, cultural, and economic influences of European or Western powers over Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
Commoditization
Authors: Langman Lauren 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The commodity and commodification were as central for classical and neoclassical economics as well as the Marxist critique of political economy (see
Commodification in perpetuity
). In more recent years the business communities, have developed a very special form of commodification, namely commoditization, which has two meanings. When the processes that produce a given commodity are so similar across different brands, often because of the global diffusion of the intellectual capital needed to produce the commodity, as time goes on, there is less and less to differentiate the properties of one particular brand from another. As a result, many people buy on the basis of price alone. Thus for example the gasoline, toothpaste, generic drugs or microchips provided by one company are almost indistinguishable from those provided by another company. One of the best examples of this kind of commoditization has been the personal computer, in which the computing power has increased while the costs of production have declined. Moreover, most of the subcomponents, motherboards, CPUs, hard drives and screens are produced by a small number of companies. While computer geeks may debate the performance and value of one brand and model versus the other, for most consumers today, most of these differences are invisible.
Communities
Authors: Wedam Elfriede 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCommunity is often understood as things people have in common or that bind them together; it also connotes a sense of belonging. In some of the earliest community studies researchers conflated common bonds with an attachment to place and harmonious social relationships therein, leaving the concept open to considerable debunking. Steven Brint (2001: 8) proposes instead a generic definition that avoids a problematic normative stance and treats community as a variable, rather than essential, aspect of group experience. While variable, these group relationships are nonetheless based principally on “affect, loyalty, common values, and/or personal concern.” Gerard Delanty (2010) offers an alternative view of community that is based less on values and more on styles of social organization and modes of belonging. Globalization has fragmented some forms of community while making possible others. Community is a flexible and resilient concept that exists in traditional and post‐traditional forms.
Comparative Advantage
Authors: Kick Edward L. , McKinney Laura A. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Comparative advantage is accepted as an economic law. This is true even though as articulated, it has been widely criticized. The esteem of the law may best be described by famed economist Paul Samualson who, when asked to name one proposition in all of the social sciences which is both true and non‐trivial, replied “comparative advantage.”
Conflict: global anti‐Jewish violence
Authors: Smith Robert B. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Jewish communities continuously experience violence against their people and their property – synagogues, cemeteries, businesses, and homes. This anti‐Jewish violence has become globalized: during periods of severe conflict between Israel and the Palestinians it peaks worldwide. This globalized violence is a major social problem. It not only inflicts pain on Jewish people; it also desensitizes the perpetrators, making them less humane and thus more likely to target non‐Jews as well as Jewish people. Moreover, the apathetic response of non‐Jewish communities toward this violence weakens societal cohesion, which undermines the ability of the larger society to respond effectively to this violence and the threat of terrorist attacks.
Confucianism
Authors: Sun Anna 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIs Confucianism a religion? The religious nature of Confucianism is an issue that has been hotly debated in recent years, among Chinese scholars as well as scholars in the West, yet this contentious disagreement is by no mean a new phenomenon. Throughout history, there have been several rounds of major controversies over the religious nature of Confucianism, and the most current debate could be seen as a recurrence of the same cyclical development. The following focuses on the global nature of these controversies, and shows how the conception of Confucianism as a religion has been shaped greatly by theological, political, and intellectual forces from abroad. Indeed, the past, present, and future of Confucianism has as much to do with the continuation of Confucian tradition in China as with the ongoing encounters and negations between Confucianism and the world outside of the “middle kingdom,” the ancient name of China.
Connectivity
Authors: Axford Barrie 
Published: March 2012

AbstractApplied to the social world, connectivity means links between actors and between actors and various media. The medium of connection could be trade or movements of capital, human media in the shape of travelers, or digital technologies that enable instantaneous connection and interaction, beggaring the constraints of place and time. But any form of exchange or communication between actors is also a form of connectivity. That said, much of the academic literature on connectivity from cultural and communication studies, as well as some research on globalization, focuses on communicative connectivity. This focus embraces communication between agents who are co‐present in the same physical space and various types of mediated communication that permit interactions not reliant on co‐presence (Giddens 1990).