bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and characterization of a new langasite‐type single crystal Sr3NbAl1.5Ga1.5Si2O14
Authors: Zeng Yiming , Zheng Yanqing , Kong Haikuan , Xin Jun , Chen Hui , Tu Xiaoniu , Gao Pan , Shi Erwei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSingle crystals of Sr3NbAl1.5Ga1.5Si2O14 (SNAGS) with langasite structure have been successfully grown by Czochralski method. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) verified that the as‐grown crystal was isostructural with A3BC3D2O14 structure and the lattice parameters were calculated as follows: a = 8.242 Å, c = 5.041 Å, V = 296.6 Å3. The piezoelectric coefficient d11 was 5.7pC/N, which was 2.47 times of α‐quartz (d11=2.31pC/N). The electric resistivity was up to 3.04×106 Ωcm at 700 °C for X‐cut sample. In addition, the transmission spectrum of the SNAGS crystal showed that it had a high transmittance (>80%) in the range of 350‐800 nm and exceeded 90% above 520 nm. These results suggest that the SNAGS crystals have potential applications in high‐temperature piezoelectric sensors and optical techniques. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gsx transcription factors repress Iroquois gene expression
Authors: Winterbottom Emily F. , Ramsbottom Simon A. , Isaacs Harry V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe have previously shown that the Gsx family homeobox gene Gsh2 is part of the regulatory network specifying dorsoventral pattern of primary neurons in the developing amphibian embryo. Here, we investigate the role of Gsx transcription factors in regulating the transcription of Iroquois family homeobox genes in the amphibian neural plate. Iroquois genes are key regulators of neural patterning and their expression is coincident with that of the Gsx genes during open neural plate stages. We show that Gsx proteins repress Iroquois expression in the embryo and conversely, inhibition of Gsx activity with either antisense morpholino oligos or an anti‐morphic Gsx protein up‐regulates Iroquois expression. These data indicate that Gsx factors act as negative regulators of Iroquois gene expression in the amphibian neural plate and support a model in which the Gsx proteins promote neuronal differentiation by repressing the expression of known inhibitors of neuronal differentiation such as Iro3. Developmental Dynamics 240:1422–1429, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extraction of nucleic acids from bacterial spores using bead‐based mechanical lysis on a plastic chip
Authors: Geissler Matthias , Beauregard Julie A. , Charlebois Isabelle , Isabel Sandra , Normandin François , Voisin Benoît , Boissinot Maurice , Bergeron Michel G. , Veres Teodor 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper describes an experimentally simple and efficient way of integrating bead‐based mechanical cell lysis on a plastic chip. The chip is fabricated from machined slides of poly(methylmethacrylate) and accommodates a metal disk along with solid microbeads in a designated lysis chamber. Magnetic actuation of the metal disk induces collisions and frictional forces within the lysis matrix causing cell disruption. The efficiency of nucleic acid extraction was investigated using spores of Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii and the amount of genomic DNA in the lysates has been quantified by real‐time PCR. Compared to a standardized DNA extraction method based on BD GeneOhm™ Lysis Kit, the yield was dependent on the composition of the lysis matrix, including size and relative amount of microbeads, along with instrumental parameters, such as duration and frequency of agitation. The interplay of these parameters should allow for optimizing lysis protocols to faithfully disrupt any particular type of cell without affecting the genetic material to be extracted.
Extended biotic ligand model for prediction of mixture toxicity of Cd and Pb using single metal toxicity data
Authors: Jho Eun Hea , An Jinsung , Nam Kyoungphile 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The combined toxic effects of Cd and Pb in the presence of different concentrations of Ca2+ were predicted using the biotic ligand model (BLM), with the parameters derived from the Cd-only and Pb-only toxicity data. The BLM-based toxic unit (TU) approach and the proposed BLM-based fmix approach were used for prediction. The predicted mixture toxic effects using the BLM-based fmix approach were closer to the observed mixture effects (root mean square error [RMSE] = 9.7 at 25 mM Ca2+) than that using the BLM-based TU approach (RMSE = 25.6 at 25 mM Ca2+). This can be attributed to the fact that the BLM-based TU approach only considers the competition between Ca2+ and Cd or Pb, whereas the BLM-based fmix approach considers both the competition between Cd and Pb and the competition between Ca2+ and Cd or Pb for biotic ligand sites. In addition, the parameters derived from the Cd-only and Pb-only solutions in the presence of the background Ca2+ concentration (0.025 mM) could be used to predict the mixture toxic effects at higher Ca2+ concentrations. The BLM-based fmix approach proposed in the current study suggests a new way of predicting the Cd–Pb mixture toxicity from the single metal toxicity data by adopting the fmix values. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1697–1703. © 2011 SETAC
An ALE mesh movement scheme for long‐term in‐flight ice accretion
Authors: Fossati M. , Khurram R. A. , Habashi W. G. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYThe rather irregular shapes that glaze ice may grow into while accreting over the surface of an aircraft represent a major difficulty in the numerical simulation of long periods of in‐flight icing. There is a constant need for remeshing: a wasteful procedure. In the framework of ALE formulations, a mesh movement scheme is presented, in which frame and elasticity analogies are loosely coupled. The resulting deformed mesh preserves the quality of elements, especially in the near‐wall region, where accurate prediction of heat flux and shear stresses is required. The proposed scheme handles mesh deformation in a computationally efficient manner by localizing the mesh deformation. The 2D problem of ice accretion over single and multi‐element airfoils is considered here as a numerical experiment. Experimentally measured glaze ice shapes were used to evaluate the performance of the present approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and risk factors of depressive symptoms in latest life—results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA 75+)
Authors: Luppa Melanie , Sikorski Claudia , Luck Tobias , Weyerer Siegfried , Villringer Arno , König Hans‐Helmut , Riedel‐Heller Steffi G. 
Published: April 2011

IntroductionBecause the oldest old will be the fastest‐growing age group in the future and information about epidemiology of depressive symptoms in latest life is scarce, the present study aims at determining the age‐specific and gender‐specific prevalence rates and risk factors of depressive symptoms in latest life.MethodsAs part of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA 75+), a population‐based sample of 1 006 individuals aged 75 years and older were interviewed on socio‐demographic, clinical and psychometric variables. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (cut‐off score ≥16); mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was diagnosed according to criteria of the International Working Group on MCI. Factors associated with depressive symptoms were determined with multiple logistic regression models.ResultsOf the overall sample, 38.2% (95% confidence interval, CI 35.2–41.2) were classified as depressed. In the full multivariate model, the following variables were significantly associated with depressive symptoms: divorced or widowed marital status, low educational level, poor self‐rated health status, functional impairment, multi‐domain MCI, stressful life events and poor social network. All variables but MCI remained significant correlates of depressive symptoms in the parsimonious model.DiscussionBecause depressive symptoms are common in oldest age and associated with broad categories of risk factors, latest‐life depression represents an important public health issue. Employment of comprehensive geriatric assessment to ascertain depressive symptoms and its concomitants could help to improve treatment success. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Halogenation reactions of a ditelluride having bulky aryl groups leading to the formation of organotellurium halides
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Sugamata Koh , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHalogenation reactions of BbtTe‐TeBbt (Bbt; 2,6‐bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]‐4‐[tris (trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl) with SO2Cl2, Br2, and I2 were examined. When 1 equiv of the reagents were used, the corresponding tellurium monohalides were obtained as stable crystalline compounds. Although iodination reaction of BbtTe‐TeBbt using 3 equiv of I2 afforded BbtTeI, treatment of BbtTe‐TeBbt with 3 equiv of SO2Cl2 and Br2 gave the corresponding tellurium trihalides, BbtTeX3(X = Cl, Br), as stable crystalline compounds. Characterization of the obtained tellurium mono‐ and trihalides was achieved by the spectroscopic and crystallographic analyses, together with theoretical calculations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:405–411, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20698
Cyclobutadiene to tetrahedrane: Valence isomerization induced by one‐electron oxidation
Authors: Nakamoto Masaaki , Inagaki Yusuke , Ochiai Tatsumi , Tanaka Masanobu , Sekiguchi Akira 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA new procedure for synthesizing tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetrahedrane from tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadiene is reported. Valence isomerization of cyclobutadiene to tetrahedrane induced by one‐electron oxidation has been developed by the addition of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as an oxidant. This new method has great synthetic advantages for easy, quick, and high‐yielding reaction to achieve gram‐order‐scale synthesis of tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetrahedrane. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:412–416, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20699
An improved genetic programming to SSM/I estimation typhoon precipitation over ocean
Authors: Chen Li , Yeh Keh‐Chia , Wei Hsiao‐Ping , Liu Gin‐Rong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article proposes an improved multi‐run genetic programming (GP) and applies it to estimate the typhoon rainfall over ocean using multi‐variable meteorological satellite data. GP is a well‐known evolutionary programming and data mining method used to automatically discover the complex relationships among nonlinear systems. The main advantage of GP is to optimize appropriate types of function and their associated coefficients simultaneously. However, the searching efficiency of traditional GP can be decreased by the complex structure of parse tree to represent the multiple input variables. This study processed an improvement to enhance escape ability from local optimums during the optimization procedure. We continuously run GP several times by replacing the terminal nodes at the next run with the best solution at the current run. The current method improves GP, obtaining a highly nonlinear meaningful equation to estimate the rainfall. In the case study, this improved GP (IGP) described above combined with special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) seven channels was employed. These results are then verified with the data from four offshore rainfall stations located on islands around Taiwan. The results show that the IGP generates sophisticated and accurate multi‐variable equation through two runs. The performance of IGP outperforms the traditional multiple linear regression, back‐propagated network (BPN) and three empirical equations. Because the extremely high values of precipitation rate are quite few and the number of zero values (no rain) is very large, the underestimations of heavy rainfall are obvious. A simple genetic algorithm was therefore used to search for the optimal threshold value of SSM/I channels, detecting the data of no rain. The IGP with two runs, used to construct an appropriate mathematical function to estimate the precipitation, can obtain more favourable results from estimating extremely high values. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lead exposure and poisoning of songbirds using the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho, USA
Authors: Hansen James A , Audet Daniel , Spears Brian L , Healy Kate A , Brazzle Roy E , Hoffman David J , Dailey Anne , Beyer W Nelson 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Previous studies have found widespread Pb poisoning of waterfowl in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin in northern Idaho, USA, which has been contaminated by mining and smelting activities. We studied the exposure of ground-feeding songbirds to Pb, sampling 204 American robins (Turdus migratorius), song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), and Swainson's thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) throughout the basin. These songbirds had mean blood Pb concentrations (mg/kg, dry weight) of less than 0.19 at a reference area (25 mg Pb/kg soil), 1.09 at moderately contaminated sites (170 to 1300 mg Pb/kg soil), and 2.06 at highly contaminated sites (2000 to 5000 mg Pb/kg soil). Based on guidelines for evaluating blood Pb in birds, 6% of robins from the highly contaminated sites had background concentrations, 24% were subclinically poisoned, 52% were clinically poisoned, and 18% were severely clinically poisoned with Pb. Blood Pb concentrations were lower in song sparrows than in robins and lowest in Swainson's thrushes. More than half of the robins and song sparrows from all contaminated sites and more than half of the Swainson's thrushes from highly contaminated sites showed at least 50% inhibition of the activity of the enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), commonly used as a measure of exposure to Pb. The highest hepatic Pb concentration of 61 mg/kg (dry weight) was detected in a song sparrow. Using Al as a marker for soil in songbird ingesta, we estimated average soil ingestion rates as 20% in robins, 17% in song sparrows, and 0.7% in Swainson's thrushes. Soil Pb in ingesta accounted for almost all of the songbirds' exposure to Pb. Based on these results, it is recommended that ecological risk assessments of ground-feeding songbirds at contaminated sites include soil ingestion as a pathway of exposure to Pb. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:587–595. © 2011 SETAC
Is God in the details? A reexamination of the role of religion in economic growth
Authors: Durlauf Steven N. , Kourtellos Andros , Tan Chih Ming 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYBarro and McCleary (2003, Religion and economic growth across countries. American Journal of Sociology 68: 760–781) is a key research contribution in the new literature exploring the macroeconomic effects of religious beliefs. This paper represents an effort to evaluate the strength of their claims. We evaluate their results in terms of replicability and robustness. Overall, their analysis generally meets the standard of statistical replicability, though not perfectly. On the other hand, we do not find that their results are robust to changes in their baseline statistical specification. When model‐averaging methods are employed to integrate information across alternative statistical specifications, little evidence survives that religious variables help to predict cross‐country income differences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological and mineral analysis of dental enamel after erosive challenge in gastric juice and orange juice
Authors: Braga Sheila Regina Maia , De Faria Dalva Lúcia araújo , De Oliveira Elisabeth , Sobral Maria Angela Pita 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study evaluated and compared in vitro the morphology and mineral composition of dental enamel after erosive challenge in gastric juice and orange juice. Human enamel specimens were submitted to erosive challenge using gastric juice (from endoscopy exam) (n = 10), and orange juice (commercially‐available) (n = 10), as follows: 5 min in 3 mL of demineralization solution, rinse with distilled water, and store in artificial saliva for 3 h. This cycle was repeated four times a day for 14 days. Calcium (Ca) loss after acid exposure was determined by atomic emission spectroscopy. The presence of carbonate (CO) and phosphate (PO) in the specimens was evaluated before and after the erosive challenge by FT‐Raman spectroscopy. Data were tested using t‐tests (P < 0.05). Morphology of enamel was observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mean loss of Ca was: 12.74 ± 3.33 mg/L Ca (gastric juice) and 7.07 ± 1.44 mg/L Ca (orange juice). The analysis by atomic emission spectroscopy showed statistically significant difference between erosive potential of juices (P = 0.0003). FT‐Raman spectroscopy found no statistically significant difference in the ratio CO/PO after the erosive challenge. The CO/PO ratios values before and after the challenge were: 0.16/0.17 (gastric juice) (P = 0.37) and 0.18/0.14 (orange juice) (P = 0.16). Qualitative analysis by SEM showed intense alterations of enamel surface. The gastric juice caused more changes in morphology and mineral composition of dental enamel than orange juice. The atomic emission spectroscopy showed to be more suitable to analyze small mineral loss after erosive challenge than FT‐Raman. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MRT letter: Real time and in situ imaging the reversible evolution of ethanol vapor condensed on mica surface
Authors: Zhang Donghua , Zhang Chen , Zhang Fuchun , Hu Jun 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe reversible adsorption and desorption of ethanol vapor on mica surface at ambient temperature were investigated in situ with time‐evolution by Vibrating Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy (VSPFM). At temperature 20°C and relative humidity 20%, ethanol vapor condensed and formed clusters on the freshly cleaved mica. These clusters expanded to a network structure and later formed a full film shown by continuous VSPFM imaging. The film broke into pieces and desorbed completely if in unsaturated condition. The film showed different apparent heights when different biases were used in VSPFM study, indicated polarized orientation of the ethanol molecules on the mica surface. It is a process of hours for the clusters or network structures to form a film on mica, which demonstrated that vapor ethanol molecule is not so easy to precipitate on mica as ethanol molecule in liquid stage. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spring Arctic sea ice as an indicator of North American summer rainfall
Authors: Song Mirong , Liu Jiping , Wang Chunyi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAssociations between the spring Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) and North American summer rainfall were discussed using the singular value decomposition analysis. Results show that a reduced SIC in the North Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Arctic, and an enhanced SIC in much of the central Arctic Basin and Beaufort Sea, are accompanied by dry conditions over the western United States, the northern Great Plains, the Midwest, westernmost Canada, and central and eastern Greenland, and wet conditions over the southern United States, Alaska, northern Canada, and western Greenland. Atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with the SIC variability show two wave‐train structures, which are persistent from spring to summer, leading to the identified relationship between the spring Arctic SIC and North American summer rainfall. This relationship indicates a potential long‐term outlook for the North American summer rainfall as the decline of the spring sea ice in the north Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Arctic is expected to continue as climate warms. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Surgical anatomy of transcanal endoscopic approach to the tympanic facial nerve
Authors: Marchioni Daniele , Alicandri‐Ciufelli Matteo , Piccinini Alessia , Genovese Elisabetta , Monzani Daniele , Tarabichi Muaaz , Presutti Livio 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Until recently, tympanic facial nerve surgery had been performed using microscopic approaches, but in recent years, exclusive endoscopic approaches to the middle ear have increasingly been used, particularly in cholesteatoma surgery. The aim of this report was to illustrate the surgical anatomy of the facial nerve during an exclusive endoscopic transcanal approach.Study Design:Retrospective video review of cadaveric dissections and operations on living patients in a tertiary university referral center.Methods:Between November 2008 and July 2010, a total of 12 endoscopic cadaveric dissections were performed by an exclusive endoscopic transcanal approach. All dissections were recorded and stored in a database. In July 2010, video recordings from those dissections were reviewed, and the anatomic variations and accessibility of the tympanic facial nerve were studied and noted. Two further video recordings from living patients affected by middle ear chronic disease were also included in our study.Results:In all 14 subjects, the transcanal endoscopic approach guaranteed direct access to the entire tympanic segment of the facial nerve after ossicular chain removal, allowing decompression of the nerve from the geniculate ganglion and the greater petrosal nerve to the second genu of the facial nerve. As in microscopic techniques, the cochleariform process and transverse crest (cog) may represent useful landmarks.Conclusions:The tympanic facial nerve can be thoroughly visualized by an exclusive endoscopic transcanal approach, even in poorly accessible regions such as the second genu and geniculate ganglion. Further clinically based reports may strengthen our preliminary results.
The social cost of trading: Measuring the increased damages from sulfur dioxide trading in the United States
Authors: Henry David D. , Muller Nicholas Z. , Mendelsohn Robert O. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe sulfur dioxide (SO2) cap and trade program established in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments is celebrated for reducing abatement costs ($0.7 to $2.1 billion per year) by allowing emissions allowances to be traded. Unfortunately, places with high marginal costs also tend to have high marginal damages. Ton‐for‐ton trading reduces emissions in low damage areas (rural) while increasing emissions in high damage areas (cities). From 2000 to 2007, conservative estimates of the value of mortality risk suggest that trades increased damages from $0.8 to $1.1 billion annually relative to the initial allowance allocation and from $1.5 to $1.9 billion annually relative to a uniform performance standard. With U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) values, trades increased damages from $2.4 to $3.2 billion annually compared to the initial allowance allocation and from $4.4 to $5.4 billion compared to a uniform performance standard. It is not clear that the ton‐for‐ton SO2 cap and trade program is actually more efficient than comparable command and control programs. The trading program needs to be modified so that tons are weighted by their marginal damage. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Initial testing (Stage 1) of AT13387, an HSP90 inhibitor, by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Kang Min H. , Reynolds C. Patrick , Houghton Peter J. , Alexander Denise , Morton Christopher L. , Kolb E. Anders , Gorlick Richard , Keir Stephen T. , Carol Hernan , Lock Richard , Maris John M. , Wozniak Amy , Smith Malcolm A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAT13387, a non‐geldanamycin inhibitor of heat‐shock protein 90 (HSP90), was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel (1.0 nM to 10 µM) and against the PPTP in vivo panels (40 or 60 mg/kg) administered orally twice weekly. In vitro AT13387 showed a median EC50 value of 41 nM and exhibited activity consistent with a cytotoxic effect. In vivo AT13387 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to controls in 17% evaluable solid tumor xenografts, but in none of the ALL xenografts. No objective tumor responses were observed. In vivo AT13387 demonstrated only modest single agent activity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 185–188. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.