bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informatics, evidence-based care, and research; implications for national policy: a report of an American Medical Informatics Association health policy conference
Authors: Bloomrosen Meryl , Detmer Don E 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
There is an increased level of activity in the biomedical and health informatics world (e-prescribing, electronic health records, personal health records) that, in the near future, will yield a wealth of available data that we can exploit meaningfully to strengthen knowledge building and evidence creation, and ultimately improve clinical and preventive care. The American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) 2008 Health Policy Conference was convened to focus and propel discussions about informatics-enabled evidence-based care, clinical research, and knowledge management. Conference participants explored the potential of informatics tools and technologies to improve the evidence base on which providers and patients can draw to diagnose and treat health problems. The paper presents a model of an evidence continuum that is dynamic, collaborative, and powered by health informatics technologies. The conference's findings are described, and recommendations on terminology harmonization, facilitation of the evidence continuum in a “wired” world, development and dissemination of clinical practice guidelines and other knowledge support strategies, and the role of diverse stakeholders in the generation and adoption of evidence are presented.
Ordovician arc collision and foredeep evolution in the Gaspé Peninsula, Québec: the Taconic Orogeny in Canada and its bearing on the Grampian Orogeny in Scotland
Authors: PRAVE A. R. , KESSLER L. G. , MALO M. , BLOECHL W. V. , RIVA J. 
Published: June 2010

The Middle to Upper Ordovician Deslandes, Cloridorme and Garin Formations in the eastern Gaspé Peninsula, Québec, are some of the most extensively exposed foredeep successions along the northern Appalachian portion of the Taconic–Caledonian orogen. Their depositional and biostratigraphic frameworks (
N. gracilis
to
C. spiniferus
Zones, approximate correlatives to the
N. gracilis
to
D. clingani
British Zones) indicate that foredeep evolution spanned
c.
10 Ma and was essentially synchronous with the convergence and accretion of the Popelogan arc to the Laurentian margin during the Caradoc (
c.
458–449 Ma). These results, when combined with metamorphic and radiometric age data synthesized from across the Laurentian segments of the northern Appalachian and northwestern Ireland Taconic–Caledonian orogen, further substantiate that orogenesis consisted of several short‐lived (
c.
10–20 Ma) deformational episodes confined to Arenig through Ashgill time (
c.
485–440 Ma). This indicates that the total duration of orogeny, as recorded by arc magmatism, metamorphism and Laurentian foredeep development, spanned no more than
c.
45 Ma. In that the Scottish Caledonides are a consanguineous part of this orogen, their tectonostratigraphic evolution, i.e., Grampian Orogeny, should be similar. Accordingly, the results detailed above are geodynamically compatible with and thereby support tectonic models that define the Grampian Orogeny in Scotland as a mostly Early to Mid‐Ordovician (
c.
480–460 Ma) tectonic episode of short, rather than long duration.
Late Cretaceous sea‐level changes in Tunisia: a multi‐disciplinary approach
Authors: Li Liangquan , Keller Gerta , Adatte Thierry , Stinnesbeck Wolfgang 
Published: June 2010

A multi‐disciplinary study of sea‐level and climate proxies, including bulk rock and clay mineral compositions, carbon isotopes, total organic carbon (TOC), Sr/Ca ratios, and macro‐ and microfaunal associations, reveals seven major sea‐level regressions in the southwestern Tethys during the last 10 million years of the Cretaceous: late Campanian (
c.
74.2 Ma, 73.4–72.5 Ma and 72.2–71.7 Ma), early Maastrichtian (70.7–70.3 Ma, 69.6–69.3 Ma, and 68.9–68.3 Ma), and late Maastrichtian (65.45–65.3 Ma). Low sea levels are generally associated with increased terrigenous influx, low kaolinite/chlorite + mica ratios, high TOC and high Sr/Ca ratios, whereas high sea levels are generally associated with the reverse conditions. These sea‐level changes may be interpreted as eustatic as suggested by the global recognition of at least four of the seven major regressions identified (74.2 Ma, 70.7–70.3 Ma, 68.9–68.3 Ma and 65.45–65.3 Ma). Climatic changes inferred from clay mineral contents correlate with sea‐level changes: warm or humid climates accompany high sea levels and cooler or arid climates generally accompany low sea levels.
Environmental geochemistry at the global scale
Authors: PLANT JANE , SMITH DAVID , SMITH BARRY , WILLIAMS LORRAINE 
Published: June 2010

Land degradation and pollution caused by population pressure and economic development pose a threat to the sustainability of the Earth’s surface, especially in tropical regions where a long history of chemical weathering has made the surface environment particularly fragile.
Systematic baseline geochemical data provide a means of monitoring the state of the environment and identifying problem areas. Regional surveys have already been carried out in some countries, and with increased national and international funding they can be extended to cover the rest of the land surface of the globe. Preparations have been made, under the auspices of the IUGS, for the establishment of just such an integrated global database.
Large clockwise rotations in an extensional allochthon, Alboran Domain (southern Spain)
Authors: PLATZMAN E. , PLATT J. P. , KELLEY S. P. , ALLERTON S. 
Published: June 2010

Palaeomagnetic, structural and geochronological analysis of a suite of Oligocene mafic dykes intruded into the Malaguide allochthon in the Internal Zone of the Betic Cordillera demonstrate that at least 134° clockwise vertical-axis rotation of a large region occurred, probably during early Miocene thrusting onto the External Zones. Initial results from Ar/Ar whole rock analysis suggests that the dykes were probably intruded over a period of time between 23 Ma and 30 Ma. Results of demagnetization experiments demonstrate that the remanence in many of the dykes is composed of one to three components. The lowest temperature component is poorly defined. The intermediate temperature (IT) component, carried by pyrrhotite, has reversed polarity, a declination of 314° and an inclination of −48°. This component was probably acquired during cooling after greenschist-facies metamorphism. The high temperature (HT) component is carried by magnetite and was probably acquired at or shortly after intrusion. This component has both reversed and normal polarity, with an average declination of 320° and an inclination of −13°. Rotation of approximately 35° about a horizontal NNE-trending axis, in present-day coordinates, brings the inclination of the HT component into statistical agreement with both the IT component and the expected inclination for the Oligocene. This rotation leaves the dykes in a near-vertical orientation but brings the foliation in the surrounding schists to approximately horizontal.
We suggest that the original regional foliation may have been sub-horizontal and related to the ductile phase of late-orogenic extension in the Betic Cordillera. The dykes were intruded sub-vertically into the schists with an original NW–SE trend. The region was then tilted and rotated clockwise by 23°±15 before acquiring the IT component after which it underwent 134°±10° of clockwise rotation about a vertical axis.
The Kennack Gneiss of the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, SW England: commingling and mixing of mafic and felsic magmas accompanying Givetian continental incorporation of the Lizard ophiolite
Authors: SANDEMAN HAMISH A. I. , CLARK ALAN H. , SCOTT DAVID J. , MALPAS JOHN G. 
Published: June 2010

The Kennack Gneiss comprises a suite of interlayered mafic and felsic igneous rocks that intruded the 397 Ma Lizard Ophiolite Complex, Cornwall, at 376.4±1.7 Ma (U–Pb single-zircon date) and were shortly thereafter (
c.
370 Ma) metamorphosed to the amphibolite facies. Weakly deformed examples at the type-locality of Kennack Sands reveal net-veining of the mafic by the felsic component, dispersed enclaves of the former in the latter and flame-like interfingering of the two, features indicative of magmatic commingling and mixing.

The silicic components of the Kennack Gneiss range from granodiorite to syenogranite and from metaluminous to peraluminous, the least silicic rocks being the most peraluminous. They were generated through anatexis of a predominantly metasedimentary crustal source having trace element and isotopic compositions comparable to those of the Devonian Gramscatho Group of South Cornwall. The mafic component of the gneiss includes members (group 1) which are weakly enriched in light REE, have minor negative Ta, Nb, P and Ti anomalies in extended trace element plots, and display primitive, time-corrected
143
Nd/
144
Nd and
87
Sr/
86
Sr values, and others (group 2) which are more strongly enriched in all incompatible trace elements, exhibit more prominent negative Ta, Nb, P and Ti anomalies, and have isotopic ratios intermediate between group 1 mafic components and the associated felsic gneiss. Group 2 represents mixtures of group 1 and granitic melts, whereas group 1 rocks are comparable to EMORB and were probably generated through partial melting of a weakly enriched mantle source. Emplacement of two commingled magmas into the base of the Lizard ophiolite, one representing the products of crustal anatexis, implies that the ophiolite was removed from its oceanic setting and was in the process of obduction in the Givetian.
Emeishan Basalts, SW China: reappraisal of the formation’s type area stratigraphy and a discussion of its significance as a large igneous province
Authors: THOMPSON GARY M. , ALI JASON R. , SONG XIEYAN , JOLLEY DAVID W. 
Published: June 2010

The late Permian Emeishan Basalt Formation of SW China is one of Earth’s LIPs (large igneous provinces), yet its basic geology remains poorly documented. Recent work on sections close to the type area in Sichuan Province enable us in part to rectify this. Descriptions of the formation and associated units at two areas, one on the lower flanks of Mt Emei and another from a series of outcrops in Ebian County, 50–70 km to the SW, are presented. The basalt pile is 180–270 m thick and in both areas comprises 12 flows that were erupted in relatively quick succession. It rests conformably upon shallow-marine limestones/lignites suggesting emplacement close to sea level. The upper half of the youngest basalt was intensively weathered, but not eroded, prior to it being conformably succeeded by complex body of rocks
c.
30 m thick, that includes thin basalts, pyroclastic rocks, tuffs and organic-rich terrestrial sediments. This unit, which has previously been described as a sedimentary package, presumably because intense weathering has obscured the primary lithological fabric in key outcrops, is considered to mark the volcanic waning phase. Uppermost Permian and Triassic terrestrial sediments conformably overlie the terminal volcanic rocks. The sub-regional stratigraphy is compared, as best it can be, with that described from two sections 400 km to the SE; one section matches reasonably well, the other does not, indicating that regional correlations need to be developed carefully. The information is discussed in the context of LIP generator models; several key features of the Emeishan Basalt terrain are at odds with those commonly encountered in LIP’s. The most important conclusion is that the unit marks a prematurely terminated system in which full bloodied rifting leading to the development of an ocean basin never started.
Platiniferous chromitite and the tectonic setting of ultramafic rocks in Cabo Ortegal, NW Spain
Authors: MORENO TERESA , GIBBONS WES , PRICHARD HAZEL M. , LUNAR ROSARIO 
Published: June 2010

High-Cr number (Cr#) chromitites with exceptional concentrations of platinum (up to 7000 ppb) and palladium (up to 4400 ppb) occur in sulphide-poor dunites exposed along the western side of the ultramafic Herbeira Massif at Cabo Ortegal, NW Spain. The Pt–Pd enriched chromitites are restricted to the exposed top of the
c.
800 m thick Herbeira Layered Complex, which comprises two dunite-dominated units (lower and upper dunites) separated by a garnet-bearing pyroxenite-dominated unit. The Herbeira Layered Complex is interpreted as lower crustal and is underlain by high-Al spinel harzburgite interpreted as mantle tectonite. Dunite lenses within this underlying tectonized harzburgite also contain high-Cr# chromitites, but these are Pt–Pd depleted (Pt and Pd have been strongly fractionated into the overlying Herbeira Layered Complex). Highest Pt and Pd concentrations are restricted to the top of the upper dunite, where a negative Ru anomaly also becomes apparent. The Cabo Ortegal ultramafics form part of a high grade terrane with HP granulites, garnet pyroxenites and eclogites, and are similar to PGE-rich chromite concentrations in arc root complexes in Pakistan (Jijal) and Alaska (Talkeetna and Tonsina). The Cabo Ortegal chromitites are interpreted as having crystallized from a sulphide-poor, mantle-derived suprasubduction melt deep within an arc massif subsequently thrust over the Gondwanan continent during Variscan collision.
Metamorphism and exhumation of the NW Himalaya constrained by U–Th–Pb analyses of detrital monazite grains from early foreland basin sediments
Authors: WHITE NIKKI M. , PARRISH R. R. , BICKLE M. J. , NAJMAN Y. M. R. , BURBANK D. , MAITHANI A. 
Published: June 2010

Single detrital monazite grains from the Dharamsala and Lower Siwalik Formations (early to mid-Miocene continental foreland basin sediments in NW India) have been dated by two techniques; isotope dilution thermal ionization multicollector mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) and laser ablation plasma ionization multicollector mass spectrometry (LA-PIMMS). The results give U–Th–Pb isotopic ages of
c.
400–1300 Ma and 28–37 Ma and suggest that the source of detritus shed from the uplifting Himalayan mountains and captured in the foreland basin included (1) the protolith to the High Himalayan Crystalline Series (HHCS), i.e. rocks unaffected by the Himalayan metamorphism, (2) Cambro-Ordovician granites and (3) HHCS affected by the M
1
phase of Barrovian metamorphism (Eo-Himalayan) related to the Indo-Asian collision. Deposition of the Dharamsala Formation was coeval with M
2
sillimanite grade Himalayan metamorphism and crustal melting.

The youngest monazite (
c.
28–37 Ma) ages imply that Indian plate rocks, having experienced the earliest Himalayan metamorphic event which occurred within 10–20 Ma of collision were exhumed, eroded and deposited within
c.
10–20 Ma of metamorphism. This indicates a minimum cooling rate of between 60 and 40°C Ma
−1
for the period 30–20 Ma. After 20 Ma our study suggests no change in source area and that this same sequence, comprising both metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed rocks, was supplying detritus and being progressively incised by erosion for at least a further 8 million years.
SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of the exhumation of the Lizard Peridotite and its emplacement over crustal rocks: constraints for tectonic models
Authors: NUTMAN A. P. , GREEN D. H. , COOK C. A. , STYLES M. T. , HOLDSWORTH R. E. 
Published: June 2010

On the Lizard Peninsula of Cornwall, UK, within the European Variscan orogenic belt, the Lizard Peridotite preserves evidence of high-temperature exhumation from
c.
15 kbar, 1250–1300°C to <8 kbar, <900°C in marginal peridotite tectonite, and emplacement into mafic and pelitic rocks undergoing regional metamorphism. Following exhumation, the peridotite was intruded by troctolite and gabbro, and after cooling, by NNW–SSE-trending mafic dykes and shallow-dipping mafic sheets. Very shortly after this, the peridotite and associated rocks forming the Lizard Complex, were thrust over crustal rocks and intruded by granite and granitic injection gneiss, assumed to be derived from underlying continental crust. The Lizard Peridotite and associated gabbros have been interpreted as an ophiolite or having developed during extension to form a basin within, or at the margin of, continental crust. Using the ion-microprobe (SHRIMP) we address questions of these multiple events and histories recorded from complex, zoned zircons and their relevance to different tectonic models.

Zircons in an metagabbro marginal to peridotite in the NE of the complex (Landewednack or Traboe Hornblende Schists) yield a date of metamorphism of 387±7 Ma. In Landewednack Hornblende Schists structurally below the peridotite in the SW corner of the complex, low-U zircon grew at 379±25 Ma during ‘Barrovian’ amphibolite facies metamorphism. Two samples of Traboe Hornblende Schists, one in the amphibolite-granulite facies thermal aureole of the exhuming peridotite and the other one granulite within the marginal peridotite tectonite, have yielded metamorphic zircons dated at 393±6 Ma, and 386±7 Ma. One inherited old zircon core (two analyses—high U and
c.
500 Ma) was detected in the Traboe Hornblende Schist sample from within the peridotite tectonite, and provides a link between them and the continental rocks of the Old Lizard Head Series (which are cut by granodioritic sheets which contain
c.
500 Ma, high U, magmatic zircons) and the Landewednack Schists (which have biotite schist layers with
c.
500 Ma zircons) in the south of the complex. Kennack Gneiss granite sheets intruded into the peridotite have been dated at 384±4 Ma, 396±10 Ma and 391±8 Ma by U–Pb zircon. Inherited Proterozoic zircons within Kennack Gneiss granites shows that source sialic (zircon-bearing) crust already (tectonically) underlay the peridotite by the time the granites were emplaced. Together with the date of 397±2 Ma on a ‘plagiogranite’ sheet the results show that exhumation of the peridotite, intrusion of gabbros into it and subsequent compression, detachment and stacking of the Lizard Peridotite over crust which melted to give the Kennack Gneiss granites occurred within a short interval between 380 and 400 Ma (Eifelian–Emsian).
Development of an Orthotopic Model of Invasive Pancreatic Cancer in an Immunocompetent Murine Host
Authors: Tseng William W. , Winer Daniel , Kenkel Justin A. , Choi Okmi , Shain Alan H. , Pollack Jonathan R. , French Randy , Lowy Andrew M. , Engleman Edgar G. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Purpose: The most common preclinical models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma utilize human cells or tissues that are xenografted into immunodeficient hosts. Several immunocompetent, genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer exist; however, tumor latency and disease progression in these models are highly variable. We sought to develop an immunocompetent, orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer with rapid and predictable growth kinetics.
Experimental Design: Cell lines with epithelial morphology were derived from liver metastases obtained from KrasG12D/+;LSL-Trp53R172H/+;Pdx-1-Cre mice. Tumor cells were implanted in the pancreas of immunocompetent, histocompatible B6/129 mice, and the mice were monitored for disease progression. Relevant tissues were harvested for histologic, genomic, and immunophenotypic analysis.
Results: All mice developed pancreatic tumors by two weeks. Invasive disease and liver metastases were noted by six to eight weeks. Histologic examination of tumors showed cytokeratin-19–positive adenocarcinoma with regions of desmoplasia. Genomic analysis revealed broad chromosomal changes along with focal gains and losses. Pancreatic tumors were infiltrated with dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. Survival was decreased in RAG−/− mice, which are deficient in T cells, suggesting that an adaptive immune response alters the course of disease in wild-type mice.
Conclusions: We have developed a rapid, predictable orthotopic model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in immunocompetent mice that mimics human pancreatic cancer with regard to genetic mutations, histologic appearance, and pattern of disease progression. This model highlights both the complexity and relevance of the immune response to invasive pancreatic cancer and may be useful for the preclinical evaluation of new therapeutic agents. Clin Cancer Res; 16(14); 3684–95. ©2010 AACR.
GDF-15 Contributes to Proliferation and Immune Escape of Malignant Gliomas
Authors: Roth Patrick , Junker Markus , Tritschler Isabel , Mittelbronn Michel , Dombrowski Yvonne , Breit Samuel N. , Tabatabai Ghazaleh , Wick Wolfgang , Weller Michael , Wischhusen Jörg 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family. GDF-15 is necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy but has also been linked to other physiologic and pathologic conditions.
Experimental Design: The expression of GDF-15 in glioma cell lines was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunoblot. GDF-15 levels in situ and in the peripheral blood of glioma patients were examined by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The effects of short hairpin RNA-mediated GDF-15 inhibition on proliferation and immunogenicity of SMA-560 glioma cells were investigated by [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation and immune-mediated target cell lysis. The impact of GDF-15 on glioma growth in vivo was assessed in syngeneic mice.
Results: GDF-15 is expressed by gliomas of different WHO grades as assessed by immunohistochemistry. The high expression of GDF-15 in tumor tissue translates into elevated GDF-15 serum levels in glioblastoma patients compared with healthy controls. GDF-15 mRNA and protein are also detectable in human and mouse glioma cells in vitro. Silencing of GDF-15 by RNA interference reduces the proliferation of malignant glioma cells. Immunologically, the depletion of glioma-derived GDF-15 enhances the susceptibility of mouse glioma cells towards syngeneic natural killer cells and splenocytes. This results in a reduced in vivo tumorigenicity and increased T-cell infiltration of GDF-15–deficient glioma cells in syngeneic mice.
Conclusions: Although previous studies focusing on ectopic overexpression of GDF-15 have proposed unclear or antitumorigenic effects of GDF-15 in glioma cells, we here show that GDF-15 at endogenous levels contributes to proliferation and immune escape of malignant gliomas in an immunocompetent host. Clin Cancer Res; 16(15); 3851–9. ©2010 AACR.