bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Profile in Polyphenols and Volatile Compounds in Alcoholic Beverages from Different Cultivars of Mulberry
Authors: Juan Chen , Jianquan Kan , Junni Tang , Zijian Cai , Ji Liu 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:  Mulberry fruits have different chemical compositions because of cultivar variation. In this study, polyphenol profile and volatile composition of alcoholic beverages produced from different mulberries of Da 10, Hongguo 2 hao, and Hongguo 1 hao were investigated. Statistically significant differences were detected in the chemical composition of the analyzed alcoholic beverage samples. The beverage of Da 10 possessed the highest content of total phenols, total flavonoids, and total anthocyanins, which was determined by spectrophotometry analysis, contrarily Hongguo 1 hao beverage showing the lowest. Phenolic acids and flavonols were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Protocatechuic acid was the main phenolic acid in all analyzed alcoholic beverage samples, and its concentration ranged from 8.20 mg L−1 (Hongguo 1 hao beverage) to 29.98 mg L−1 (Da 10 beverage). High level of flavonols was found in both Da 10 and Hongguo 2 hao beverage samples, whereas Hongguo 1 hao beverage sample was characterized with lower level of flavonols. Furthermore, volatile compounds were analyzed by solid phase microextraction‐gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. The amount of esters varied widely among the 3 alcoholic beverage samples. The concentration of aliphatic alcohols in Hongguo 2 hao and 1 hao beverage samples was higher than Da 10 sample, whereas Da 10 beverage sample contained more aromatic alcohols than the others. Hongguo 1 beverage sample showed the highest concentration of acetic acid. This study demonstrated that quantitative differences of phenolic compounds and volatile compounds among cultivars were significant, which highly affected the quality of alcoholic beverage from mulberry.Practical Application:  Mulberry fruits had different chemical compositions because of cultivar variation. The analyzed Da 10 cultivar of mulberry appeared to be a good raw material for alcoholic beverage‐making because of its high level of total sugar and acidity. This study demonstrated that alcoholic beverages from mulberry contain high amounts of polyphenols. These bioactive compounds may act synergistically to promote health, and reduce risk factors of chronic diseases.
Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide signaling in pancreatic β‐cells and adipocytes
Authors: McIntosh Christopher HS , Widenmaier Scott , Kim Su‐Jin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGlucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) was the first incretin to be identified. In addition to stimulating insulin secretion, GIP plays regulatory roles in the maintenance, growth and survival of pancreatic islets, as well as impacting on adipocyte function. The current review focuses on the intracellular signaling pathways by which GIP contributes to the regulation of β‐cell secretion and survival, and adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Studies on signaling underlying the insulinotropic actions of the incretin hormones have largely been carried out with glucagon‐like peptide‐1. They have provided evidence for contributions by both protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (EPAC2), and their probable role in GIP signaling is discussed. Recent studies have shown that inhibition of the kinase apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) by GIP plays a key role in reducing mitochondria‐induced apoptosis in β‐cells through protein kinase B (PKB)‐mediated pathways, and that GIP‐induced post‐translational modification of voltage‐ dependent K+ (Kv) channels also contributes to its prosurvival role. Through regulation of gene expression, GIP tips the balance between pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic members of the B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2) protein family towards β‐cell survival. GIP also plays important roles in the differentiation of pre‐adipocytes to adipocytes, and in the regulation of lipoprotein lipase expression and lipogenesis. These events involve interactions between GIP, insulin and resistin signaling pathways. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00196.x, 2012)
Chymase inhibition prevents myocardial fibrosis through the attenuation of NOX4‐associated oxidative stress in diabetic hamsters
Authors: Maeda Yasutaka , Inoguchi Toyoshi , Takei Ryoko , Hendarto Hari , Ide Makoto , Inoue Tomoaki , Kobayashi Kunihisa , Urata Hidenori , Nishiyama Akira , Takayanagi Ryoichi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAims/Introduction:  Diabetic cardiomyopathy entails the cardiac injury induced by diabetes, independent of vascular disease or hypertension. Despite numerous experimental studies and clinical trials, the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy remains elusive. Here, we report that chymase, an immediate angiotensin II (AngII)‐forming enzyme in humans and hamsters, and NOX4‐induced oxidative stress have pathogenic roles in myocardial fibrosis in diabetic hamsters.Materials and Methods:  Expression of chymase was evaluated in the hearts of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic hamsters. The impact of chymase‐specific inhibitors, TEI‐E00548 and TEI‐F00806, on myocardial fibrosis, and increased levels of intracardiac AngII, accumulation of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (an oxidative stress marker in urine and heart tissue) and expression of heart NOX4 in diabetic hamsters were investigated.Results:  Myocardial chymase expression was markedly upregulated in STZ hamsters in a glucose‐dependent manner. A total of 8 weeks after STZ administration, the diabetic hamsters showed enhanced oxidative stress and NOX4 expression in the heart, in parallel with increased myocardial AngII production. Oral administration of chymase‐specific inhibitors, TEI‐F00806 and TEI‐E00548, normalized heart AngII levels, and completely reversed NOX4‐induced oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis in STZ‐induced diabetic hamsters, although they did not affect the activity of the systemic renin–angiotensin system or systolic blood pressure.Conclusions:  Chymase inhibition might prevent oxidative stress and diabetic cardiomyopathy at an early stage by reducing local AngII production. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00202.x, 2012)
Designing a benthic monitoring programme with multiple conflicting objectives
Authors: Bijleveld Allert I. , van Gils Jan A. , van der Meer Jaap , Dekinga Anne , Kraan Casper , van der Veer Henk W. , Piersma Theunis 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. Sound conservation and management advice usually requires spatial data on animal and plant abundances. The expense of programmes to determine species distributions and estimates of population sizes often limits sample size. To maximise effectiveness at minimal costs, optimisations of such monitoring efforts are critical. A monitoring programme can have multiple objectives with demands on the optimal sampling design that are often in conflict. Here, we develop an optimal sampling design for monitoring programmes with conflicting objectives, building on an existing intertidal benthic monitoring programme in the Dutch Wadden Sea and simulation models bounded in their parameter spaces by these data.2. We distinguish three possible objectives: (1) estimation of temporal changes and spatial differences in abundance and (2) mapping, that is, prediction of abundances at unsampled locations. Mapping abundances requires model‐based analyses using autocorrelation models. Such analyses are as good as the model fits the data; therefore, the final objective was (3) accurately estimating model autocorrelation parameters. To compare sampling designs, we used the following criteria: (1) minimum detectable difference in mean between two time periods or two areas, (2) mean prediction error and (3) estimation bias of autocorrelation parameters.3. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we compared five sampling designs with respect to these criteria (i.e. simple random, grid, two types of transects, and grid with random replacements) at four levels of naturally occurring spatial autocorrelation.4. The ideal sampling design for objectives (1) and (2) was grid sampling and for objective (3) random sampling. The sampling design that catered best for all three objectives combined was grid sampling with a number of random samples placed on gridlines.5. Grid sampling with a number of random samples is considered an accurate and powerful tool with the highest effectiveness. This sampling design is widely applicable and allows for accurate estimates of population sizes, monitoring of population trends, comparisons of populations/trends between years or areas, modelling autocorrelation, mapping species distributions and a mechanistic understanding of species distribution processes.
Caspase-mediated pro-apoptotic interaction of panaxadiol and irinotecan in human colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Du Guang-Jian , Wang Chong-Zhi , Zhang Zhi-Yu , Wen Xiao-Dong , Somogyi Jacqueline , Calway Tyler , He Tong-Chuan , Du Wei , Yuan Chun-Su 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Objectives
Panaxadiol is a purified sapogenin of ginseng saponins that exhibits anticancer activity. Irinotecan is a second-line anticancer drug, but clinical treatment with irinotecan is limited due to its side effects. In this study, we have investigated the possible synergistic anticancer effects of panaxadiol and irinotecan on human colorectal cancer cells and explored the potential role of apoptosis in their synergistic activity.

Key findings
The combination of panaxadiol and irinotecan significantly enhanced antiproliferative effects in HCT-116 cells (P &lt; 0.05). Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that combining irinotecan treatment with panaxadiol significantly increased the G1-phase fractions of cells, compared with irinotecan treatment alone. In apoptotic assays, the combination of panaxadiol and irinotecan significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells compared with irinotecan alone (P &lt; 0.01). Increased activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was observed after treating with panaxadiol and irinotecan. The synergistic apoptotic effects were supported by docking analysis, which demonstrated that panaxadiol and irinotecan bound two different chains of the caspase-3 protein.

Conclusions
Data from this study suggested that caspase-3- and caspase-9-mediated apoptosis may play an important role in the panaxadiol enhanced antiproliferative effects of irinotecan on human colorectal cancer cells.
Preparation and characterisation of novel spray-dried nano-structured para-aminosalicylic acid particulates for pulmonary delivery: impact of ammonium carbonate on morphology, chemical composition and solid state
Authors: Gad Shadeed , Tajber Lidia , Corrigan Owen I , Healy Anne Marie 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this work was to spray dry p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and its ammonium salt and to investigate the impact of the pore-forming agent, ammonium carbonate (AC), on the morphological, aerodynamic and physicochemical properties of the resulting powders.

Methods
Microparticles were prepared by spray drying from ethanol/water solvent systems. Their solid-state properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and in-vitro deposition, using the twin impinger.

Key Findings
The physicochemical properties of PAS were altered on spray drying with AC and a new solid state was produced. The solution composition impacted on the morphology of the resulting powders, which ranged from irregular crystal agglomerates to spherical crystal clusters and porous microparticles. The chemical composition, structure and morphology were dependent on process inlet temperature, low inlet temperatures resulting in a novel solid of stoichiometry; PAS : ammonia : water, 2 : 1 : 0.5. At higher temperatures pure PAS was obtained. In-vitro deposition studies showed an increase in emitted dose from spray dried drug, relative to the micronised PAS.

Conclusions
Under appropriate process conditions AC interacts with the acidic PAS, resulting in the formation of a novel solid-state drug phase. Spray-dried PAS powders have potential for pulmonary delivery.
Dissolution testing of oral modified-release dosage forms
Authors: Garbacz Grzegorz , Klein Sandra 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Objectives
The in-vivo performance of oral modified-release dosage forms is determined by the interplay of various physiological- and dosage-form-derived parameters. Thus it is often a challenge to predict the in-vivo drug-release behaviour from modified-release dosage forms based solely on in-vitro release rates.

Key findings
For a long time the most common procedure to obtain in-vitro/in-vivo correlations for modified-release formulations was to apply test conditions typically used for quality control on a retrospective basis. Such so-called ‘compendial approaches’ are typically not biorelevant with respect to volumes, composition and physicochemical properties of the test media and also do not take into consideration the mechanical and hydrodynamic forces that may influence dosage-form behaviour during passage through the gastrointestinal tract.

Summary
This review provides an overview of physiological conditions relevant to in-vivo drug release and of dissolution models which, based on current scientific findings on human gastrointestinal physiology, have been developed to enable a better prediction of the in-vivo performance of oral MR dosage forms.
School‐related conscientiousness, alcohol drinking, and cigarette smoking in a representative sample of English school pupils
Authors: Hagger‐Johnson Gareth , Bewick Bridgette M. , Conner Mark , O’Connor Daryl , Shickle Darren 
Published: February 2012

Objective. Conscientiousness is a strong predictor of health behaviours and better health outcomes. However, longitudinal data from representative samples of the population and from adolescents are rare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish whether school‐related conscientiousness was associated with the onset and change in alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking frequency, in a large representative cohort of school pupils in England.Methods. A school‐related conscientiousness facet in the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE, N= 15,770) was identified, which had concurrent validity with conscientiousness and its facets. Latent growth curve modelling (LGCM) was used to model initial alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking frequency, over 4 years of the study.Results. For all pupils, higher conscientiousness predicted lower initial alcohol drinking across 4 years (from year 9 to 12). In females, higher conscientiousness was marginally associated with a slower rate of change in the move from non‐drinker to drinker (linear slope), but significantly associated with a faster upturn in this change (quadratic slope). Higher conscientiousness predicted non‐smoker status, greater initial cigarette smoking frequency for pupils (in smokers) but a change towards less frequent smoking (in smokers). Associations were not explained by parental educational, income, or monitoring; regularity of seeing friends; psychiatric morbidity; or birth weight.Conclusions. School‐related conscientiousness is an important facet, predictive of health behaviour onset and change during adolescence. The study illustrates the value of representative population samples that allow researchers to study associations between personality traits and health behaviours over time.
Local spectral equidistribution for Siegel modular forms and applications
Authors: Kowalski Emmanuel , Saha Abhishek , Tsimerman Jacob 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe study the distribution, in the space of Satake parameters, of local components of Siegel cusp forms of genus 2 and growing weight k, subject to a specific weighting which allows us to apply results concerning Bessel models and a variant of Petersson’s formula. We obtain for this family a quantitative local equidistribution result, and derive a number of consequences. In particular, we show that the computation of the density of low-lying zeros of the spinor L-functions (for restricted test functions) gives global evidence for a well-known conjecture of Böcherer concerning the arithmetic nature of Fourier coefficients of Siegel cusp forms.
A non-Archimedean Montel’s theorem
Authors: Favre Charles , Kiwi Jan , Trucco Eugenio 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe prove a version of Montel’s theorem for analytic functions over a non-Archimedean complete valued field. We propose a definition of normal family in this context, and give applications of our results to the dynamics of non-Archimedean entire functions.
Sex, ageing and resting blood pressure: gaining insights from the integrated balance of neural and haemodynamic factors
Authors: Hart Emma C. , Joyner Michael J. , Wallin B. Gunnar , Charkoudian Nisha 
Published: February 2012

Abstract Young women tend to have lower blood pressure, and less risk of hypertension, compared to young men. As people age, both blood pressure and the risk of hypertension increase in both sexes; this occurs most strikingly in women after menopause. However, the mechanisms for these influences of sex and age remain incompletely understood. In this review we are specifically interested in the interaction between neural (sympathetic nerve activity; SNA) and haemodynamic factors (cardiac output, blood pressure and vascular resistance) and how these change with sex and age. While peripheral vascular SNA can vary 7‐ to 10–fold among normotensive young men and women, it is reproducible in a given individual. Surprisingly, higher levels of SNA are not associated with higher blood pressures in these groups. In young men, high SNA is associated with higher total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR), and appears to be balanced by lower cardiac output and less peripheral vascular responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation. Young women do not exhibit the SNA–TPR relationship. Recent evidence suggests that β–adrenergic vasodilatation offsets the vasoconstrictor effects of α–adrenergic vasoconstriction in young women, which may contribute to the generally lower blood pressures in this group. Sympathetic nerve activity increases with age, and in groups over 40, levels of SNA are more tightly linked to levels of blood pressure. The potentially protective β–adrenergic effect seen in young women appears to be lost after menopause and probably contributes to the increased blood pressure and increased risk of hypertension seen in older women.
Peripheral vasodilatation determines cardiac output in exercising humans: insight from atrial pacing
Authors: Bada A. A. , Svendsen J. H. , Secher N. H. , Saltin B. , Mortensen S. P. 
Published: February 2012

Key points
During exercise, cardiac output is regulated to match oxygen delivery to the metabolic demand.
This study evaluated the role of heart rate and peripheral vasodilation in the regulation of cardiac output during exercise.
We increased heart rate by atrial pacing in 10 healthy male individuals during three different conditions: at rest, during exercise and during femoral arterial ATP infusion at rest.
Increasing the heart rate by atrial pacing by up to 54 beats min−1 did not increase cardiac output in any of the three given conditions as there was a proportional decrease in stroke volume.
These results indicate that cardiac output is regulated by changes in peripheral vasodilatation, whereas an increase in heart rate is less important.
Epidermal growth factor chronically upregulates Ca2+‐dependent Cl− conductance and TMEM16A expression in intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Mroz Magdalena S. , Keely Stephen J. 
Published: February 2012

Key points
Cl− secretion, the predominant driving force for fluid secretion in the intestine, can be dysregulated in conditions of disease, such as cystic fibrosis.
We have previously shown that acute exposure to epidermal growth factor (EGF) chronically upregulates the capacity of colonic epithelial cells to secrete Cl−.
Here, we show that the effects of EGF are mediated by upregulation of the Ca2+‐dependent Cl− channel, transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A), in the apical membrane of colonic epithelial cells.
EGF‐induced TMEM16A expression is mediated by sequential activation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and PKCδ.
These findings are among the first to elucidate molecular mechanisms that regulate TMEM16A expression in epithelial cells and suggest the channel represents a good target for development of new therapeutics for intestinal transport disorders.
NHE1 knockout reduces blood pressure and arterial media/lumen ratio with no effect on resting pHi in the vascular wall
Authors: Boedtkjer Ebbe , Damkier Helle H. , Aalkjaer Christian 
Published: February 2012

Key points
Small arteries are important for regulation of blood pressure and local blood flow.
Changes in intracellular pH alter artery tone although the mechanistic background has been unclear.
Using knockout mice for Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 with reduced acid extrusion from cells in the arterial wall and low intracellular pH in the absence of CO2/HCO3‐, we show that intracellular acidification alters enzymatic activity and consequently artery dilatation and contraction.
Although lack of NHE1 does not affect intracellular pH in the arterial wall when CO2/HCO3− is present, arteries from NHE1 knockout mice have thinner walls and produce less active force due to reduced volume and cross‐sectional area of individual smooth muscle cells.
These results highlight the interplay between intracellular pH and artery function, provide new targets to consider for modulating artery structure, and underscore the need to evaluate acid–base transport in conditions of vascular disease and blood pressure disturbances.
Are all spinal segments equal: intrinsic membrane properties of superficial dorsal horn neurons in the developing and mature mouse spinal cord
Authors: Tadros M. A. , Harris B. M. , Anderson W. B. , Brichta A. M. , Graham B. A. , Callister R. J. 
Published: February 2012

Key points
Much of what we know about pain signalling in the spinal cord comes from studies undertaken in lumbosacral spinal segments that innervate the hindlimb.
Clinical evidence suggests sensory information from viscera and head and neck tissues is processed differently from sensations arising in the hindlimb.
Here we show that intrinsic membrane properties, a major determinate of neuronal output, change dramatically during development in superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons from lumbar, thoracic and upper cervical segments in the mouse. In contrast, intrinsic membrane properties are generally conserved in SDH neurons along the length of the spinal cord in both neonates and adults.
Our data suggest the intrinsic membrane properties of SDH neurons involved in pain signalling do not contribute to the marked differences in pain experienced in the limbs, viscera and head and neck.