bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schizotypy and brain structure: a voxel-based morphometry study
Authors: Modinos G. , Mechelli A. , Ormel J. , Groenewold N. A. , Aleman A. , McGuire P. K. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundSchizotypy is conceptualized as a subclinical manifestation of the same underlying biological factors that give rise to schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Individuals with psychometric schizotypy (PS) experience subthreshold psychotic signs and can be psychometrically identified among the general population. Previous research using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown gray-matter volume (GMV) abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia, in subjects with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) and in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). However, to date, no studies have investigated the neuroanatomical correlates of PS.MethodSix hundred first- and second-year university students completed the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), a self-report instrument on psychosis proneness measuring attenuated positive psychotic experiences. A total of 38 subjects with high and low PS were identified and subsequently scanned with MRI. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was applied to examine GMV differences between subjects with high and low positive PS.ResultsSubjects with high positive PS showed larger global volumes compared to subjects with low PS, and larger regional volumes in the medial posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the precuneus. There were no regions where GMV was greater in low than in high positive PS subjects.ConclusionsThese regions, the PCC and precuneus, have also been sites of volumetric differences in MRI studies of ARMS subjects and schizophrenia, suggesting that psychotic or psychotic-like experiences may have common neuroanatomical correlates across schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Religion and psychosis: the effects of the Welsh religious revival in 1904–1905
Authors: Linden S. C. , Harris M. , Whitaker C. , Healy D. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundPsychotic symptoms have been linked to religious experience, but empirical evidence is scarce. We have investigated the impact of the Welsh religious revival (RR) of 1904–1905 on the number of admissions to the regional psychiatric hospital, their diagnostic features and lifelong course.MethodAll case-notes of patients admitted to the North Wales Hospital between 1902 and 1907 were included.ResultsThere was a significant increase in admissions for brief polymorphic psychoses (BPP; ICD-10: F23.0 and F23.1) in the revival years, but the number of first admissions for other mental disorders did not change. The vast majority of BPP admissions were linked to a revival meeting and did not result in further admissions.ConclusionsIntensive religious experience can lead to transient psychotic episodes. Our data also support the view that BPP triggered by life events rarely lead to chronic mental illness, distinguishing them from other psychoses and supporting the validity of the concept of reactive psychosis.
Spatial patterns of tour ship traffic in the Antarctic Peninsula region
Authors: Lynch H.J. , Crosbie K. , Fagan W.F. , Naveen R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCommercial, shipborne tourism along the Antarctic Peninsula grew exponentially between 1989–90 and 2007–08, raising concern about the impact such activity may have on the environment of the region. Previous analyses of Antarctic tourism have focused narrowly on patterns of visitation and potential impacts at terrestrial landing sites. Here, using 19 years of passenger landing statistics and five years of reconstructed ship itineraries, we explore patterns of tourism activities in the Antarctic Peninsula region using a spatially explicit network theory analysis of ship itineraries. We find that passenger landings and marine traffic are highly concentrated at a few specific locations and that growth in tourism activity occurred disproportionally rapidly at these sites relative to growth in visitation of the Peninsula as a whole. We conclude by discussing the pros and cons of spatially concentrated tourism activity and the associated implications for ecosystem management.
Virtual Fly Brain: An ontology-linked schema of the Drosophila Brain
Authors: Osumi-Sutherland David , Longair Mark , Armstrong J. Douglas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDrosophila neuro-anatomical data is scattered across a large, diverse literature dating back over 75 years and a growing number of community databases. Lack of a standardized nomenclature for neuro-anatomy makes comparison and searching this growing data-set extremely arduous.A recent standardization effort (BrainName; Manuscript in preparation) has produced a segmented, 3D model of the Drosophila brain annotated with a controlled vocabulary. We are formalizing these developments to produce a web-based ontology-linked atlas in which gross brain anatomy is defined, in part, by labeled volumes in a standard reference brain.We have developed new relations that allow us to use this well-defined gross anatomy as a substrate to define neuronal types according to where they fasciculate and innervate as well as to record the neurotransmitters they release, their lineage and functions. The resulting ontology will provide a vocabulary for annotation and a means for integrative queries of neurobiological data.The ontology and associated images, queries and annotations will be integrated into the Virtual Fly Brain website. This will provide a resource that biologists can use to browse annotated images of Drosophila neuro-anatomy and to get answers to questions about that anatomy and related data, without any need for ontology expertise.
Reacquainting two cultures. Preventing a de-elsification of European nutrigenomics?
Authors: Penders Bart 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSir Charles Snow, being a writer and a scientist, felt that he "was moving among two groups - comparable in intelligence, identical in race, not grossly different in social origin, earning about the same incomes, who had ceased to communicate at all"(Snow, 1993 [1959], p.2). He called these two groups, the two cultures, referring to those in the natural sciences and those in the humanities. Many argue that this division is an awful thing. This poster discusses strategies to reacquaint the two cultures in the case of genomics.
The Effects of ADHD Medication Changes on a Child Who Stutters
Authors: Donaher Joseph , Healey E. Charles , Zobell Anneli 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This case report describes a 10-year-old boy who presented with comorbid stuttering, ADHD, and Tourette Syndrome. The focus of this case study is the child’s favorable reaction to the non-stimulant Strattera® versus the stimulant Adderall XR® on stuttering behaviors. The family reported increased stuttering, tic behaviors, social anxiety, and communication-related frustration resulting in social isolation shortly after starting the stimulant medication. Consequently, the medical team discontinued the stimulant medication and prescribed the non-stimulant Strattera® to manage the ADHD symptoms. After initiating the non-stimulant medication, the family reported an increased willingness to interact with peers and reduced aggressiveness while interacting with family members. Compared to the disfluency rate and speech patterning from the first evaluation, the child demonstrated a 63% reduction in disfluency rate and a 51% reduction in the proportion of speech behaviors typical of stuttering. However, the non-stimulant medication was linked with a noticeable increase in impulsivity and decrease in attention/focusing in the academic setting.
Trait and State Anxiety in People Who Stutter and People Who Do Not Stutter
Authors: Palasik Scott , Irani Farzan , Goberman Alexander M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Previous research suggests that people who stutter (PWS) tend to have heightened general anxiety (i.e., trait anxiety) and situational anxiety (i.e., state anxiety) compared to people who do not stutter (PWDS). Most research with anxiety and stuttering utilizes self-perception scales; however, few studies have looked at anxiety over time. The current study examined self-reported state and trait anxiety in PWS and PWDS over six weeks, along with an investigation of the effects of audio-recording on anxiety. Results indicated no significant group differences in trait (general) anxiety over six weeks; however trends indicated that PWS may have increased trait anxiety compared to PWDS. Furthermore, for both groups, state (situational) anxiety was lower after a recording session compared to before.
Structures having o-minimal open core
Authors: Dolich Alfred , Miller Chris , Steinhorn Charles 
Published: November 2009

The open core of an expansion of a dense linear order is its reduct, in the sense of definability, generated by the collection of all of its open definable sets. In this paper, expansions of dense linear orders that have o-minimal open core are investigated, with emphasis on expansions of densely ordered groups. The first main result establishes conditions under which an expansion of a densely ordered group has an o-minimal open core. Specifically, the following is proved:

Let

R

\mathfrak R

be an expansion of a densely ordered group

(
R
,
>
,
∗
)

(R,>,*)

that is definably complete and satisfies the uniform finiteness property. Then the open core of

R

\mathfrak R

is o-minimal.

Two examples of classes of structures that are not o-minimal yet have o-minimal open core are discussed: dense pairs of o-minimal expansions of ordered groups, and expansions of o-minimal structures by generic predicates. In particular, such structures have open core interdefinable with the original o-minimal structure. These examples are differentiated by the existence of definable unary functions whose graphs are dense in the plane, a phenomenon that can occur in dense pairs but not in expansions by generic predicates. The property of having no dense graphs is examined and related to uniform finiteness, definable completeness, and having o-minimal open core.
Orbit of the diagonal in the power of a nilmanifold
Authors: Leibman A. 
Published: November 2009

Let

X
X

be a nilmanifold, that is, a compact homogeneous space of a nilpotent Lie group

G
G

, and let

a
∈
G

a\in G

. We study the closure of the orbit of the diagonal of

X

r

X^{r}

under the action

(

a

p

1

(
n
)

,
…
,

a

p

r

(
n
)

)

(a^{p_{1}(n)},\ldots ,a^{p_{r}(n)})

, where

p

i

p_{i}

are integer-valued polynomials in

m
m

integer variables. (Knowing this closure is crucial for finding limits of the form

lim

N
→
∞

1

N

m

∑

n
∈
{
1
,
…
,
N

}

m

μ
(

T

p

1

(
n
)

A

1

∩
…
∩

T

p

r

(
n
)

A

r

)

\hbox {lim}_{N\rightarrow \infty }\frac {1}{N^{m}}\sum _{n\in \{1,\ldots ,N\}^{m}} \mu (T^{p_{1}(n)}A_{1}\cap \ldots \cap T^{p_{r}(n)}A_{r})

, where

T
T

is a measure-preserving transformation of a finite measure space

(
Y
,
μ
)

(Y,\mu )

and

A

i

A_{i}

are subsets of

Y
Y

, and limits of the form

lim

N
→
∞

1

N

m

∑

n
∈
{
1
,
…
,
N

}

m

d
(
(

A

1

+

p

1

(
n
)
)
∩
…
∩
(

A

r

+

p

r

(
n
)
)
)

\hbox {lim}_{N\rightarrow \infty }\frac {1}{N^{m}}\sum _{n\in \{1,\ldots ,N\}^{m}} d((A_{1}+p_{1}(n))\cap \ldots \cap (A_{r}+p_{r}(n)))

, where

A

i

A_{i}

are subsets of Z and

d
(
A
)

d(A)

is the density of

A
A

in Z.) We give a simple description of the closure of the orbit of the diagonal in the case that all

p

i

p_{i}

are linear, in the case that

G
G

is connected, and in the case that the identity component of

G
G

is commutative; in the general case our description of the orbit is not explicit.
Sublethal effects of catch-and-release fishing: measuring capture stress, fish impairment, and predation risk using a condition index
Authors: Campbell Matthew D. , Patino Reynaldo , Tolan James , Strauss Richard , Diamond Sandra L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Campbell, M. D., Patino, R., Tolan, J., Strauss, R., and Diamond, S. L. 2010. Sublethal effects of catch-and-release fishing: measuring capture stress, fish impairment, and predation risk using a condition index. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 513–521. The sublethal effects of simulated capture of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) were analysed using physiological responses, condition indexing, and performance variables. Simulated catch-and-release fishing included combinations of depth of capture and thermocline exposure reflective of environmental conditions experienced in the Gulf of Mexico. Frequency of occurrence of barotrauma and lack of reflex response exhibited considerable individual variation. When combined into a single condition or impairment index, individual variation was reduced, and impairment showed significant increases as depth increased and with the addition of thermocline exposure. Performance variables, such as burst swimming speed (BSS) and simulated predator approach distance (AD), were also significantly different by depth. BSSs and predator ADs decreased with increasing depth, were lowest immediately after release, and were affected for up to 15 min, with longer recovery times required as depth increased. The impairment score developed was positively correlated with cortisol concentration and negatively correlated with both BSS and simulated predator AD. The impairment index proved to be an efficient method to estimate the overall impairment of red snapper in the laboratory simulations of capture and shows promise for use in field conditions, to estimate release mortality and vulnerability to predation.
Interfacial cracking in a graded coating/substrate system loaded by a frictional sliding flat punch
Authors: Choi Hyung Jip , Paulino Glaucio H. 
Published: November 2009

An analysis of a coupled plane elasticity problem of crack/contact mechanics for a coating/substrate system with functionally graded properties is performed, where the rigid flat punch slides over the surface of the coated system that contains a crack. The graded material is treated as a non-homogeneous interlayer between dissimilar, homogeneous phases of the coated medium and the crack is assumed to exist along the interface between the interlayer and the substrate. Based on the Fourier integral transform method and the transfer matrix approach, formulation of the current coupled mixed boundary value problem lends itself to the derivation of a set of three simultaneous Cauchy-type singular integral equations. In the numerical results, the emphasis is placed on the investigation of interactions between the contact stress field and the crack-tip behaviour for various combinations of material, geometric and loading parameters of the coated system. Specifically, effects of interfacial cracking on the distributions of the contact pressure and the in-plane stress component along the coating surface are examined and the mixed-mode stress intensity factors evaluated from the crack-tip stress field with the square-root singularity are provided as a function of punch location. Further addressed is the quantification of the singular character of contact pressure distributions at the trailing and leading edges of the flat punch in terms of the punch-edge stress intensity factors. Implicit in this particular analysis of the coupled crack/contact problem presented henceforth is that the crack closure behaviour under the compressive contact stress field is not taken into account, ignoring the influence of crack-face contact and friction.
Smoking cessation patterns and predictors of quitting smoking among the Japanese general population: a 1‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Hagimoto Akiko , Nakamura Masakazu , Morita Takako , Masui Shizuko , Oshima Akira 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAim  To examine the percentage of Japanese adult smokers who make quit attempts and succeed in smoking cessation over a 1‐year period, and to identify predictors of attempts to stop and successful smoking cessation.Design and setting  This study used Ipsos JSR Company's access panel, whose sampling framework is based on the Basic Resident Register in Japan. We tracked and monitored a selected sample of smokers who were at least 20 years of age through a baseline postal questionnaire survey in 2005 and a follow‐up survey 1 year later.Participants  The original response rate was 72.1% (1874 of 2600 smokers). There were 1627 current smokers in the baseline survey, and of those, 1358 were followed‐up 1 year later.Findings  Among the current smokers, 23.0% reported that they had attempted to quit smoking at least once in the past year. Of those who made quit attempts, 25.6% had achieved 1‐week abstinence successfully and 13.5% reported having achieved sustained 6‐month abstinence successfully at the time of the follow‐up survey. The predictors associated with quit attempts were non‐daily smoker, higher motivation to quit and previous attempts to stop smoking. Among smokers who made quit attempts, only 13.5% used nicotine replacement therapy. Higher nicotine dependence was associated with lower probability of success in quitting.Conclusions  Japanese smokers attempt to quit at a lower rate than smokers in the United Kingdom and United States, but factors that predict attempts (primarily markers of motivation) and success of attempts (primarily dependence) are similar to those found in western samples.
Heroin‐assisted treatment in Switzerland: a case study in policy change
Authors: Uchtenhagen Ambros 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBackground  Switzerland introduced a pragmatic national drug policy when the former conservative abstinence‐orientated politics proved unable to cope with an escalating number of users and related negative consequences for public health and public order. The high visibility of ‘needle parks’ and the size of the acquired immune deficiency disorder (AIDS) epidemic called for a new approach and for national leadership.Aims  To describe the intentions, the process and the results of setting up the new treatment approach of prescribing heroin to treatment resistant heroin addicts, as an example of drug policy change.Materials and Methods  A systematic collection of relevant documents is analysed and used as evidence for describing the process of policy change.Results  Measures to reduce the negative consequences of continued use and to prevent the spread of AIDS were started mainly by private initiatives and soon taken up officially in the ‘four‐pillar’ drug policy (including harm reduction, prevention, treatment and law enforcement). Medical prescription of heroin to chronic, treatment‐resistant heroin addicts was one of the innovations, based on extensive scientific and political preparation. Detailed documentation and evaluation, ample communication of results, adaptations made on the basis of results and extensive public debate helped to consolidate the new policy and heroin‐assisted treatment, in spite of its limitations as an observational cohort study. All necessary steps were taken to proceed from a scientific experiment to a routine procedure.Discussion  Comparable policy changes have been observed in a few other countries, such as The Netherlands and Germany, based on the Swiss experience, with equally positive results of heroin‐assisted treatment. These experiments were designed as randomised controlled trials, comparing intravenous heroin against oral methadone, thereby demonstrating the specific value of pharmaceutical diamorphine for maintenance treatment in opiate dependence. The positive impact of policy change and the positive outcomes of heroin‐assisted treatment were acknowledged increasingly nationally and internationally, but made it difficult to continue the process of adapting policy to new challenges, due to the low visibility of present drug problems and to changing political priorities.Conclusion  A major change in drug policy was effectively realised under typical conditions of a federalist country with a longstanding tradition of democratic consensus building. Facilitating factors were the size and visibility of the heroin problem, the rise of the Aids epidemic, and a pragmatic attitude of tolerating private initiatives opening the way to official policy change.
Outcome of long‐term heroin‐assisted treatment offered to chronic, treatment‐resistant heroin addicts in the Netherlands
Authors: Blanken Peter , Hendriks Vincent M. , Van Ree Jan M. , Van Den Brink Wim 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To describe 4‐year treatment retention and treatment response among chronic, treatment‐resistant heroin‐dependent patients offered long‐term heroin‐assisted treatment (HAT) in the Netherlands.Design  Observational cohort study.Setting and intervention  Out‐patient treatment in specialized heroin treatment centres in six cities in the Netherlands, with methadone plus injectable or inhalable heroin offered 7 days per week, three times per day. Prescription of methadone plus heroin was supplemented with individually tailored psychosocial and medical support.Participants  Heroin‐dependent patients who had responded positively to HAT in two randomized controlled trials and were eligible for long‐term heroin‐assisted treatment (n = 149).Measurements  Primary outcome measures were treatment retention after 4 years and treatment response on a dichotomous, multi‐domain response index, comprising physical, mental and social health and illicit substance use.Findings  Four‐year retention was 55.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 47.6–63.8%].Treatment  Response was significantly better for patients continuing 4 years of HAT compared to patients who discontinued treatment: 90.4% versus 21.2% [difference 69.2%; odds ratio (OR) = 48.4, 95% CI: 17.6–159.1]. Continued HAT treatment was also associated with an increasing proportion of patients without health problems and who had stopped illicit drug and excessive alcohol use: from 12% after the first year to 25% after 4 years of HAT.Conclusions  Long‐term HAT is an effective treatment for chronic heroin addicts who have failed to benefit from methadone maintenance treatment. Four years of HAT is associated with stable physical, mental and social health and with absence of illicit heroin use and substantial reductions in cocaine use. HAT should be continued as long as there is no compelling reason to stop treatment.
Evidence of a complex association between dose, pattern and timing of prenatal alcohol exposure and child behaviour problems
Authors: O'Leary Colleen M. , Nassar Natasha , Zubrick Stephen R. , Kurinczuk Jennifer J. , Stanley Fiona , Bower Carol 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBackground  There is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of dose, pattern and timing of prenatal alcohol exposure and behaviour problems in children aged 2 years and older.Methods  A 10% random sample of women delivering a live infant in Western Australia (1995–96) were invited to participate in an 8‐year longitudinal survey (78% response rate n = 2224); 85% were followed‐up at 2 years, 73% at 5 years and 61% at 8 years. Alcohol consumption was classified by combining the overall dose, dose per occasion and frequency to reflect realistic drinking patterns. Longitudinal analysis was conducted using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to investigate the association between child behaviour as measured by the Child Behaviour Checklist at 2, 5 and 8 years of age and prenatal alcohol exposure collected 3 months postpartum for each trimester separately, adjusting for a wide range of confounding factors.Results  Low levels of prenatal alcohol were not associated with child behaviour problems. There were increased odds of internalizing behaviour problems following heavy alcohol exposure in the first trimester; anxiety/depression [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–7.43] and somatic complaints (aOR 2.74; 95% CI 1.47–5.12) and moderate levels of alcohol exposure increased the odds of anxiety/depression (aOR 2.24; 95% CI 1.16–4.34).Conclusions  Prenatal alcohol exposure at moderate and higher levels increased the odds of child behaviour problems with the dose, pattern and timing of exposure affecting the type of behaviour problems expressed. Larger studies with more power are needed to confirm these findings.