bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reframing Problematic Policies
Authors: Rein Martin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article tries to reframe problematic policies, first by exploring the different types of situations that threaten instrumental means. The two most familiar situations are examined first: the ambiguity of ends and the conflict of values. The article then extends the list and considers other less popular dynamics, which reveals that the problematic ends are not free standing but are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. The article ends with a survey of the many ways of socially coping with these problematic ends. An extended discussion of ‘secondary reframing’ is also included in the article.
Policy in Practice
Authors: Laws David , Hajer Maarten 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses practice in its relation to policy, and starts with a look at the notion of practice as a site of joint action and learning that is constituted around shared problems and a competence that resists reflection. The article studies and traces the developments in three adjacent fields related to practice, such as fluid organizational arrangements and the situated character of knowledge and the variety of forms it takes. The discussions in this article suggest that the concept of practice may allow a better grasp of the ‘units’ where learning and innovation occur.
Economic Constraints on Public Policy
Authors: Quiggin John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article studies the economic constraints on public policy. It examines the relationship between accounting identities and economic constraints, and introduces the notions of ‘crowding out’ and ‘twin deficits’. These notions are referenced in the discussion on the relationship between budget balance constraints and external balance constraints. The article also considers the dual relationship between constraints and trade-offs; this relationship serves as the basis for a consideration of how public policy can respond to constraints and trade-offs.
Political Feasibility: Interests and Power
Authors: Galston William A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses political feasibility, which is understood in its general sense. Political feasibility is also shaped by the interests of individuals in a society and the distribution of power among them. The article first discusses broad reflections on the concept of political feasibility, and then moves on to the historical or analytical examination of shifting conceptions of power. It studies the role of organized interests that are found within the institutional and cultural context of politics in the United States. The article concludes with a section on the collapse of President Clinton's proposal for universal health care.
Market and Non‐Market Failures
Authors: Kleiman Mark A. R. , Teles Steven M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses market and non-market failures. The first section explores the various implications of three ideas: recognition of the scope of departures from the optimal in private choice, deference to voluntary action as a ‘default option’, and acknowledgement of the pervasiveness of government failure. When these three ideas are combined, they provide a template for responsible policy analysis.
The Unique Methodology of Policy Research
Authors: Etzioni Amitai 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a unique methodology of policy research, focusing on the various factors that differentiate policy research from basic research. It identifies malleability as a key variable of policy research, and this is defined as the amount of resources that would have to be expended to cause change in a given variable or variables. The scope of analysis/factors of policy research is shown to encompass all the major facets of the social phenomenon it is trying to deal with. Basic research, on the other hand, fragments the world into abstract and analytical slices, which are then studied individually. The last two differentiating factors of policy research and basic research, which are privacy and communication, are studied in the last two sections of the article.
The Politics of Retrenchment
Authors: Piven Frances Fox 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the theories of the political dynamics that underlie welfare state development in light of the sharp reversals that have recently occurred. It also presents the argument that the big theories dominating the interpretation of the welfare state lead people to expect gradualism and continuity. This leads to the presumption that these theories are not equal to the task of explaining ruptures with past practices.
Comparative Federalism
Authors: Galligan Brian 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses comparative federalism. It first considers the changing global environment that favors federalism, and then discusses more familiar structures of country-specific federal systems. It also examines the changing international environment and historical setting of federalism, and how it fits within the changing global order. The article includes discussions on the robustness and flexibility of federalism, which is a result of its particular blend of institutions, and its dependency on a highly developed civic and constitutional culture.
Public Bureaucracies
Authors: Kettl Donald F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at public bureaucracies, which are considered to be the locus of government action. It examines three key puzzles. The first is that bureaucratic actions are the locus of governmental power. The second is that much of the work of bureaucracy happens through the coordination of complex activities. The third puzzle shows that such power is important for democratic government, both to protect it from forces that try to destroy it and to empower it to do what the people want to be done. The article also includes a section on the challenges for public bureaucracies and the impulse for reform.
The Welfare State
Authors: Hacker Jacob S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a review of the avenues of inquiry that students of the welfare state have recently pursued. These recent works have collectively and individually testified to the huge progress that has occurred. This article emphasizes writings on the American welfare state, which has provoked several of the liveliest scholarly debates of the past ten years. The five areas of recent debate are included in the discussion, namely: gender and social policy, the interplay of public and private benefits, race and the welfare state, the politics of welfare and state reform, and the role of business.
The Judicial Process and Public Policy
Authors: McGuire Kevin T. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article considers several issues that are related to the judicial process. It aims to shed some light on the policy capacities that the courts possess, as well as the impact of their decisions. The chapter focuses on the conditions that must be met in order for the courts to make effective policy. It describes how several of the basic features of the judicial process actually undermine the realization of those conditions. The discussion draws on several different strands of research that underscore different problems that are common to judges serving as policy-makers.
Direct Democracy
Authors: Budge Ian 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines direct democracy, starting with a discussion on democracy and direct democracy. The following section identifies varieties of direct democracy before addressing the question of whether direct democracy weakens political parties or not. It discusses the procedures of direct democracy, specifically referendum and initiative. The last two sections of the article focus on the policy areas that are covered by popular voting and setting parameters for a realistic debate about direct democracy.
International Political Institutions
Authors: Higgott Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at international political institutions and is divided into three main sections. The first section offers some theoretical and historical insights into the understanding of international organizations. The second section talks about the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), and several other regional actors as exemplars of contemporary international organizations. It notes that regional organizations are quickly becoming very important. The third main section of the article examines the different ways international organizations have been studied by scholars of international relations.
The Organization of Democratic Legislatures
Authors: Cox Gary W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the organization of democratic legislatures. It is argued that the lure of office supports the formation of legislative parties and coalitions. It is noted that much recent theorizing about legislatures start by suggesting a certain structure of agenda-setting powers, before conclusions about various legislative outcomes are derived. A review of related literature is provided, which stresses the differences between veto power and proposal power; and between centralized and decentralized agenda power.
Interpersonal Comparisons of Well‐Being
Authors: Blackorby Charles , Bossert Walter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a short survey of the use of interpersonal comparisons in social evaluation. The focus of this discussion is on the principles for social evaluation that are welfarist, or those principles that use information about individual well-being to rank alternatives. The article reviews some of the most important characterization results for the welfarist social evaluation principles. A basic notation, along with a formal definition of social evaluation functionals, is introduced. The article then formulates some basic axioms for social evaluation orderings, and this is followed by an introduction to information invariance properties. The article also provides an overview of some important results.
The Non‐Politics of Monetary Policy
Authors: Lohmann Susanne 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article studies the non-politics of monetary policy. It argues that there is an urgent need for a macro political economy, which is stuck with an impoverished understanding of political institutions. It looks at the life cycle of social choice, public choice, and political economy and presents an assessment of the contribution of macro political economy. The last two sections are concerned with total special interest gridlock and the poverty of international institutions.
Political‐Economic Cycles
Authors: Franzese Robert J. , Jusko Karen Long 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article provides a survey of the theoretical and empirical work on political-economic cycles, such as cycles in economic outcomes induced by electoral and partisan competition. It also reviews the literature on electoral cycles and emphasizes how electoral context may heighten or limit incentives to electioneer. Another survey, which focuses on the theoretical and empirical literature linking economic policy to partisan electoral motivations, is provided as well.
The Political Economy of Exchange Rates
Authors: Broz J. Lawrence , Frieden Jeffry A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the political economy of exchange rates, the latter being prominent features of economic life. The article begins by separating the analysis of the international monetary system from the analysis of the policy choices of national governments. This separation allows us to simplify issues in each area and eventually present them in generic political economy terms. The article also discusses how these issues are to be analyzed jointly and across the domains.
Democratization
Authors: Grzymala-Busse Anna , Jones Pauline 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses democratization, and looks specifically at its post-Communist implications. It draws upon the experience of post-Communist countries in order to show how structural preconditions allow elite action as much as they limit it. A review and contrast of the formal and informal approaches is provided, followed by a discussion of the post-Communist experience. The article concludes with an evaluation of the success of these approaches in explaining the variation in democratization outcomes.
National Borders and the Size of Nations
Authors: Spolaore Enrico 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article provides a brief review of some ideas and results from the political economy literature on the size of nations. It determines the benefits and costs of national size, and then presents a simple analytical framework for understanding several basic issues about the formation and break-up of nations. Compensations, redistribution, income inequality, borders, and conflict between nations are some of the topics that are also covered in this article.
Central Issues In The Study Of International Conflict
Authors: de Mesquita Bruce Bueno 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the central issues in the study of international conflict. It looks at some debates about international affairs and the ways conflict and peace are studied. It examines structural perspectives and the evolving research programs that look inside the state and try to explain how conflict or cooperation relates to ordinary politics. It then illustrates the differences between approaches by examining two empirical issues. A brief evaluation of how the different approaches address these issues is provided.
Democracy, Peace, and War
Authors: Reiter Dan , Stam Allan C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses how variations in domestic political institutions affect the foreign policy behaviour of states. Although scholars have not agreed on a single theory of how institutions affect foreign policy, they do agree on the general framework. The sections in this article help lay out that general framework, and provide some specific theories that express different visions of how exactly domestic politics affect matters of war and peace.
The Tool Kit of Economic Sociology
Authors: Swedberg Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the tool kit of economic sociology. It begins by examining two of the most important concepts in modern economic sociology, namely: embeddedness and field. It is followed by a discussion of a sociological concept of interest and an interest-based concept of institutions. The article also presents some arguments posed in the text, one of which states that economic sociology would do well in some respects to follow the example of political economy and pay more attention to analytical economics and its general approach.
The challenges of ICTs
Authors: Mansell Robin , Avgerou Chrisanthi , Quah Danny , Silverstone Roger 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Many scholars have documented the way information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been entwined with major changes in society since the invention of electrical telegraphy in the 1830s. For some, the early ICTs, as well as those stemming from the invention of the microprocessor in the late 1960s, are best characterized as being revolutionary. This is because of the cascade of opportunities they created for new forms of media and information and communication services and for new ways of organizing society. The book is organized around four themes covering topics that policy makers and those in other settings where ICTs are encountered will find informative: the knowledge economy; organizational dynamics, strategy, and design; governance and democracy; and culture, community, and new media literacies.
Markets and policies in new knowledge economies
Authors: Melody William H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
As new information and communication technologies and services (ICTS) are being applied ever more widely and intensively there is increasing evidence that the economies of technologically advanced countries are in the process of moving beyond the industrial capitalism of the twentieth century to information and communication based ‘knowledge economies’ for the twenty-first century. This transformation is exhibited not only by the rapid growth and development of new ICTS, but more importantly by their pervasive application throughout virtually all sectors of the economy. This article examines some of the generic developments and key characteristics of evolving twenty-first century new knowledge economies that are becoming evident, their implications for market development, and the important issues they are raising for government policy and regulation relating to market governance in the new economy.
Productivity and ICTs: A review of the evidence
Authors: Draca Mirko , Sadun Raffaella , Van Reenen John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article offers a guided tour to some of the main aspects of ICTs and productivity. It discusses a neoclassical theoretical framework that has been extensively used (either explicitly or implicitly) by most of the studies we survey. It also considers extensions to these theoretical approaches. It details some of the econometric issues involved in estimating the productivity of ICT. This requires some consideration of the estimation of production functions, an area where there has been considerable econometric advance in recent years. It also discusses issues relating to the data, both ideal and actual. Finally, it discusses the results of the empirical studies covering both growth accounting and econometric approaches at the industry and firm level.
Information technology and the dynamics of organizational change
Authors: Jones Matthew , Orlikowski Wanda J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Advancing the ongoing debates and accounting for these innovations in the relationship between technology and organizational change will require rich theoretical conceptualizations and new empirical insights. This article begins by briefly reviewing some key perspectives that have emerged in the information systems (IS) literature to account for the relationship between technology and organizational change. It then presents a short empirical account taken from a recent field study into the emergence of online news in the traditional newspaper industry since the mid-1990s. These data provide some grounded details about the nature and dynamics of technology-based organizational change. The article concludes by suggesting opportunities for further theoretical development in the IS research repertoire.
E‐democracy: The history and future of an idea
Authors: Coleman Stephen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The post-Athenian democratic relationship, in which political representatives speak for the absent demos and media gatekeepers translate between the intimate sphere of individualized experience and the impersonal, public sphere in which strangers must live together as citizens, is blighted by inevitable problems of miscommunication. Political representatives are accused of being ‘out of touch’ and not listening to the public. The media are blamed for being simplistic, cynical, and sensationalist. The public are depicted as lacking the attentiveness, political literacy, and moral energy required of active citizens. There is a powerful desire for more effective communicative structures, techniques, and technologies that can facilitate the free spread of information and unrestricted communication between citizens. The purpose of this article is to explore ways in which, theoretically and empirically, new digital media technologies can support the norms and practices of democratic political communication.
Governance and state organization in the digital era
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The article has three main parts. The first looks briefly at how successive waves of administrative and organizational theory have downplayed the role of administrative technologies and technological change affecting government organizations. Next it looks at the key issues in post-1995 ‘e-government’ debates and processes, briefly surveying the still little-researched changes of government arrangements brought in around web-based ICTs in advanced industrial countries. The third section sketches an emergent ideal type of ‘digital era governance’ focusing on the reintegration of government sector processes, a new effort at holism and a range of connected ‘digitalization’ changes in the organization of government information.
Privacy protection and ICT: Issues, instruments, and concepts
Authors: Raab Charles D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article focuses on the privacy of personal information. Following a short, indicative literature survey, it frames the discussion in terms of a very few illustrative themes that open up a larger number of avenues for further research; the cited literature, albeit not comprehensive, enables deeper understanding. Three prominent areas of information privacy are selected for review and comment, with a view to identifying some critical questions and issues that are to the fore in policy and governance debates as well as in research. The first area is the ways in which governments and other organizations have attempted to regulate the increasingly intensive, extensive, and global processing of personal data. The second concerns the prevalent practice of sharing data across organizational boundaries, giving scope to further invasions of privacy alongside benefits realized by organizations as well as individuals, and involving uncertainties about control and related matters. The third is especially, but not exclusively, associated with the contemporary preoccupation with terrorist and criminal threats to society, law, and order, and reflects on the effect of the safety and security agenda upon the protection of privacy. The first two involve the erosion, to one extent or another, of different kinds of boundary. All of these areas generate questions and policy issues for debate as well as items for an agenda of future research. The article concludes by drawing the latter together to point a way forward.
ICTs and inequality: Net gains for women?
Authors: Wajcman Judy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article considers the gender relations of ICTs, canvassing both pessimistic and optimistic perspectives. Drawing on the social studies of technology, it argues that ideas about and practices of gender inform the design, production, and use of ICTs, and that, in turn, technical artefacts and culture are integral to the formation of gender identity. Technologies embody and advance political interests and agendas and they are the product of social structure, culture, values, and politics as much as the result of objective scientific discovery. While new ICTs can be constitutive of new gender dynamics, they can also be derivative of and reflect older patterns of gender inequality. The article argues that social science needs to continually engage with the process of technological change, as it is a key aspect of gender power relations.
Language as Internal
Authors: Bezuidenhout Anne 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
According to internalist conceptions of language, languages are properties of the mind/brains of individuals and supervene entirely on the internal states of these mind/brains. Hence, languages are primarily to be studied by the mind and/or brain sciences — psychology, neuroscience, and the cognitive sciences more generally (including linguistics and philosophy). This is not to deny that other sciences may contribute to our understanding too (e.g. evolutionary biology). The internalist conception of language is most associated with Chomsky, who has argued for it in many of his writings. Chomsky argues that one part of the human brain is specialized for language. This language system has an innate specification.