bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controversies in HIV cure research
Authors: Johnston Rowena , Barré‐Sinoussi Françoise 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundAntiretroviral therapy significantly reduces HIV viral burden and prolongs life, but does not cure HIV infection. The major scientific barrier to a cure is thought to be the persistence of the virus in cellular and/or anatomical reservoirs.DiscussionMost efforts to date, including pharmaco, immuno or gene therapy, have failed to cure patients, with the notable exception of a stem cell transplant recipient commonly known as the Berlin patient. This case has revived interest in the potential to cure HIV infection and has highlighted the need to resolve critical questions in the basic, pre‐clinical and clinical research spheres as they pertain specifically to efforts to eradicate HIV from the body of an infected person (a sterilizing cure) or at least render the need for lifelong antiretroviral therapy obsolete (functional cure). This paper describes ongoing debates in each of these research spheres as they were presented and discussed at a satellite session that took place at the 6th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention in Rome in July 2011.SummaryThe resolution of these debates may have important implications for the search for a cure, the most efficient ways to identify and test promising interventions, and ultimately the availability of such a cure to diverse groups of HIV patients around the world.
MAnorm: a robust model for quantitative comparison of ChIP-Seq data sets
Authors: Shao Zhen , Zhang Yijing , Yuan Guo-Cheng , Orkin Stuart H , Waxman David J 
Published: March 2012

AbstractChIP-Seq is widely used to characterize genome-wide binding patterns of transcription factors and other chromatin-associated proteins. Although comparison of ChIP-Seq data sets is critical for understanding cell type-dependent and cell state-specific binding, and thus the study of cell-specific gene regulation, few quantitative approaches have been developed. Here, we present a simple and effective method, MAnorm, for quantitative comparison of ChIP-Seq data sets describing transcription factor binding sites and epigenetic modifications. The quantitative binding differences inferred by MAnorm showed strong correlation with both the changes in expression of target genes and the binding of cell type-specific regulators.
Liver hyperplasia after tamoxifen induction of Myc in a transgenic medaka model
Authors: Menescal Luciana A. , Schmidt Cornelia , Liedtke Daniel , Schartl Manfred 
Published: March 2012

Summary
Myc is a global transcriptional regulator and one of the most frequently overexpressed oncogenes in human tumors. It is well established that activation of Myc leads to enhanced cell proliferation but can also lead to increased apoptosis. The use of animal models expressing deregulated levels of C-myc has helped elucidate its function in normal cells and also give insights on how Myc initiates and maintains tumorigenesis. Analyses of the medaka (Oryzias latipes) genome uncovered the unexpected presence of two C-myc gene copies in this teleost species. Comparison of these C-myc versions to other vertebrate species, revealed that one gene, c-myc17, differs by the loss of some conserved regulatory protein motifs present in all other known c-myc genes. To investigate how such differences might affect the basic biological functions of Myc, we generated a tamoxifen inducible in vivo model utilizing a natural, fish-specific myc gene. Using this model we show that when activated, C-myc17 leads to increased proliferation and to apoptosis in a dose dependent manner, similar to human Myc. We have also shown that long-term C-myc17 activation triggers liver hyperplasia in adult fish, allowing this newly established transgenic medaka model to be used to study the transition from hyperplasia to liver cancer and to identify of Myc-induced tumorgenesis modifiers.
Effect of foam sclerotherapy on healing and long-term recurrence in chronic venous leg ulcers
Authors: Kulkarni S R , Slim F J A , Emerson L G , Davies C , Bulbulia R A , Whyman M R , Poskitt K R 
Published: March 2012

Introduction The ESCHAR trial showed that superficial venous surgery and compression in chronic venous ulceration achieved a 24-week healing rate of 65% and 12-month recurrence rate of 12%. Foam sclerotherapy treatment is an alternative to surgery. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of foam sclerotherapy on ulcer healing and recurrence in chronic venous leg ulcers. Methods Chronic venous leg ulcers (CEAP [clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological elements] 5 and CEAP 6) with superficial venous reflux were treated between March 2006 and June 2011 with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and compression. Venous duplex was performed on all legs before and after treatment. Twenty-four-week ulcer healing and one- and four-year ulcer recurrence rates were calculated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results Two hundred legs (186 patients) with chronic venous ulcers (CEAP 5: n = 163 and CEAP 6: n = 37) were treated with foam sclerotherapy. Complete occlusion was achieved in 185/200 (92.5%) limbs, short segment occlusion in 14/200 (7%) limbs and one leg segment failed to occlude. One patient suffered an asymptomatic non-occlusive deep vein thrombosis (DVT) diagnosed on duplex scan at one week and one presented with an occlusive DVT three weeks following a normal scan at one week. One patient developed an asymptomatic occlusive DVT at two weeks following a non-occlusive DVT diagnosed on initial one-week scan. Eighteen patients were lost to follow-up (3 moved away and 15 died of unrelated causes). The 24-week healing rate was 71.1% and one- and four-year recurrence rates were 4.7% and 28.1%, respectively. Conclusion Foam sclerotherapy is effective in abolition of superficial venous reflux and may contribute to similar ulcer healing and long-term recurrence rates to superficial venous surgery. Foam sclerotherapy is an attractive alternative to surgery in this group of patients.
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Adjunctive Therapy for Cognitive Impairment and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults with Depression
Authors: McDermott Cara L , Gray Shelly L 
Published: March 2012

Objective: To review the primary literature regarding the use of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) as adjunctive therapy for cognitive enhancement and improvement of depressive symptoms for older adults with depression. Data Sources: A literature search of MEDLINE (1950-September 2011) was conducted, using the search term depression in combination with cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine. A search of reference citations was conducted to identify additional references. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language clinical trials were evaluated. Studies that included subjects with Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson disease, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia were excluded. Four clinical studies met our criteria, Data Synthesis: We identified 4 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that ranged in sample size from 20 to 130. Galantamine 16 mg daily was evaluated in 2 trials lasting 8 and 24 weeks. Neither study found a statistically significant difference in measures of cognition or Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores. Donepezil augmentation was evaluated in a 1-year and a 2-year trial. Donepezil was found to improve global cognition at 1 year, but the benefit did not persist at year 2. Subjects with mild cognitive impairment at baseline who received donepezil experienced higher depression recurrence than did those who took placebo (p = 0.03); this effect was not observed in cognitively intact subjects (p = 0.39). Conclusions: There is no clear benefit for ChEI therapy as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy for depressed older adults.
Zellulare Neuronale Netzwerke zur schnellen bildbasierten Regelung von Materialbearbeitungsprozessen
Authors: Strohm Peter , Blug Andreas , Carl Daniel , Höfler Heinrich 
Published: March 2012

Zusammenfassung
Kameras, welche auf Zellularen Neuronalen Netzwerken basieren, können neue Anwendungsgebiete für die industrielle Bildverarbeitung erschließen, weil diese Technologie die Integration von Rechenelementen in die elektronische Beschaltung der Pixel von CMOS-Kameras ermöglicht. Insbesondere Regel- und Steuerungssysteme profitieren von der hohen Rechenleistung und den kurzen Latenzzeiten dieser neuartigen Kameratechnologie. Dieser Artikel verdeutlicht das anhand dreier Anwendungen aus den Bereichen Laserschweißen, Laserablation und Drahtziehen, welche mit konventionellen Bildverarbeitungssystemen nicht möglich sind.
Präzise IR-basierte Temperaturmessung — eine Fallstudie für die automatische Gesundheitsüberwachung von Milchkühen
Authors: Wirthgen Tom , Zipser Stephan , Geidel Steffi , Franze Ulrike 
Published: March 2012

Zusammenfassung
In der modernen Tierhaltung besteht zunehmend Bedarf nach neuen automatisierten Lösungen zur Gesundheitsüberwachung. Die Infrarotthermographie (IRT) könnte dies leisten, hohe Messunsicherheiten und großer manueller Aufwand verhindern dies jedoch derzeit. Über die Kombination aus strahlungsbasierter Korrektur zur deutlichen Reduzierung der Messunsicherheit, modellbasierter Korrektur der Umgebungseinflüsse sowie einer automatischen Segmentierung als Basis für die Berechnung diagnostisch relevanter Temperaturmerkmale konnte die IRT erfolgreich für veterinäre Massenuntersuchungen zur Anwendung gebracht werden.
The Philippines in 2011
Authors: De Castro Renato Cruz 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Early this year, a majority of Filipinos indicated in a national survey that they are not sure if Benigno Aquino, III, will succeed or fail in his presidency. This uncertainty stems from his unconventional style of governance and the gravity of the domestic and international problems he faces. Moreover, his style of governance is generally perceived by the Filipinos as reactive and lacklusterâ&#x80;&#x94;a fact attributed to his first year in office, a difficult period of learning and adjustment.
Papua New Guinea in 2011
Authors: Anere Ray 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The current power struggle has taken on historical proportions, interrupting the four-year-old Somare government in Papua New Guinea one year short of its full five-year term. In August 2011, Speaker of Parliament Jeffrey Nape declared the Office of Prime Minister vacant, resulting in Parliament electing Peter O'Neill as the new prime minister. Late in the year, the Supreme Court ruled otherwise.
The United States and Asia in 2011
Authors: Paal Douglas 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Obama administration moved to stabilize 2010's deteriorating relations with China and exploit the opportunity to deepen ties with China's nervous neighbors. Diplomatic, economic, and security initiatives were melded to “rebalance” American resources and attention to Asia in the 21st century. Early 2011 euphoria about China's rise and gloom about America's decline began to reverse themselves by end 2011. Obama made a key policy statement about the Asia-Pacific region in his address to Australia's Parliament.
Haplotype Analysis and Linkage Disequilibrium at Five Loci inEragrostis tef
Authors: Smith Shavannor M , Yuan Yinan , Doust Andrew N , Bennetzen Jeffrey L 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEragrostis tef (Zucc.), a member of the Chloridoideae subfamily of grasses, is one of the most important food crops in Ethiopia. Lodging is the most important production problem in tef. The rht1 and sd1 dwarfing genes have been useful for improving lodging resistance in wheat and rice, respectively, in what has been known as the “Green Revolution.” All homologs of rht1 and sd1 were cloned and sequenced from 31 tef accessions collected from across Ethiopia. The allotetraploid tef genome was found to carry two rht1 homologs. From sequence variation between these two putative homologs, an approximate ancestral divergence date of 6.4 million years ago was calculated for the two genomes within tef. Three sd1 homologs were identified in tef, with unknown orthologous/paralogous relationships. The genetic diversity in the 31 studied accessions was organized into a relatively small number of haplotypes (2−4) for four of these genes, whereas one rht1 homeologue exhibited 10 haplotypes. A low level of nucleotide diversity was observed at all loci. Linkage disequilibrium analysis demonstrated strong linkage disequilibrium, extending the length of the five genes investigated (2−4 kb), with no significant decline. There was no significant correlation between haplotypes of any of these genes and their recorded site of origin.
Genetic Screen for Regulators of Lymph Gland Homeostasis and Hemocyte Maturation inDrosophila
Authors: Tan Kai Li , Goh Siow Chong , Minakhina Svetlana 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBlood cell development in the Drosophila lymph gland is controlled by multiple factors, most of them conserved from flies to mammals. The Drosophila homolog of vertebrate PDCD2, Zfrp8, is required in Drosophila hematopoietic stem cell development. Zfrp8 mutant larvae show a disruption of homeostasis in the lymph gland and vast lymph gland overgrowth. The loss of one copy of Zfrp8 also causes a lymph gland enlargement. This dominant phenotype can be modified by heterozygous mutations in cell-cycle genes and several genes functioning in blood development. To identify additional genes that function in hematopoiesis, we screened a collection of second and third chromosome deficiencies for modifiers of Zfrp8 heterozygous phenotype. Using deficiency mapping, available single gene mutations, and RNAi lines, we identified several novel factors required for lymph gland development and hemocyte differentiation. Distinct lymph gland phenotypes of nine of these genes are reported here for the first time. Importantly, the orthologs of four of them have a role in mammalian blood development and leukemogenesis. Our work has shown that the number of genes regulating normal blood cell development in Drosophila is much larger than expected, and that the complex molecular mechanisms regulating hemocyte differentiation are comparable to those in vertebrates.
Homology-Dependent Silencing by an Exogenous Sequence in theDrosophilaGermline
Authors: Pöyhönen Maria , de Vanssay Augustin , Delmarre Valérie , Hermant Catherine , Todeschini Anne Laure , Teysset Laure , Ronsseray Stéphane 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe study of P transposable element repression in Drosophila melanogaster led to the discovery of the trans-silencing effect (TSE), a homology-dependent repression mechanism by which a P-transgene inserted in subtelomeric heterochromatin (Telomeric Associated Sequences) represses in trans, in the female germline, a homologous P-lacZ transgene inserted in euchromatin. TSE shows variegation in ovaries and displays a maternal effect as well as epigenetic transmission through meiosis. In addition, TSE is highly sensitive to mutations affecting heterochromatin components (including HP1) and the Piwi-interacting RNA silencing pathway (piRNA), a homology-dependent silencing mechanism that functions in the germline. TSE appears thus to involve the piRNA-based silencing proposed to play a major role in P repression. Under this hypothesis, TSE may also be established when homology between the telomeric and target loci involves sequences other than P elements, including sequences exogenous to the D. melanogaster genome. We have tested whether TSE can be induced via lacZ sequence homology. We generated a piggyBac-otu-lacZ transgene in which lacZ is under the control of the germline ovarian tumor promoter, resulting in strong expression in nurse cells and the oocyte. We show that all piggyBac-otu-lacZ transgene insertions are strongly repressed by maternally inherited telomeric P-lacZ transgenes. This repression shows variegation between egg chambers when it is incomplete and presents a maternal effect, two of the signatures of TSE. Finally, this repression is sensitive to mutations affecting aubergine, a key player of the piRNA pathway. These data show that TSE can occur when silencer and target loci share solely a sequence exogenous to the D. melanogaster genome. This functionally supports the hypothesis that TSE represents a general repression mechanism which can be co-opted by new transposable elements to regulate their activity after a transfer to the D. melanogaster genome.
Nonlinear Optical Techniques for Characterization of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Electronic Properties: III-nitrides, SiC, and Diamonds
Authors: Jarašiūnas Kęstutis , Aleksiejūnas Ramūnas , Malinauskas Tadas , Nargelas Saulius , Ščajev Patrik 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTCombining interdisciplinary fields of nonlinear optics, dynamic holography, and photoelectrical phenomena, we developed the optical measurement technologies for monitoring the spatial and temporal non-equilibrium carrier dynamics in wide bandgap semiconductors at wide range of excitations (1015 to 1020 cm-3) and temperatures (10 to 800 K).We explored advantages of non-resonant optical nonlinearities, based on a short laser pulse induced refractive or absorption index modulation (Δn and Δk) by free excess carriers. This approach, based on a direct correlation between the electrical and optical processes, opened a possibility to analyze dynamics of electrical phenomena in “all-optical” way, i.e. without electrical contacts.Carrier diffusion and recombination processes have been investigated in various wide band gap materials - differently grown GaN, SiC, and diamonds - and their key electrical parameters determined, as carrier lifetime, diffusion coefficient, diffusion length and their dependences on temperature and injected carrier density. The studies provided deeper insight into nonradiative and radiative recombination processes in GaN crystals, revealed diffusion-driven long nonradiative carrier lifetimes in bulk GaN and SiC, disclosed impact of delocalization in InGaN layers, and suggested a trap-assisted Auger recombination in highly-excited InN. Injection and temperature dependent diffusivity revealed a strong contribution of carrier-carrier scattering in diamond and bandgap renormalization in SiC.
Evaluation of the Effects of Buccal–Palatal Bone Width on the Incidence and Height of the Interproximal Papilla Between Adjacent Implants in Esthetic Areas
Authors: Siqueira Sergio , Pimentel Suzana P. , Alves Renato V. , Sendyk Wilson , Cury Patricia R. 
Published: March 2012

Background: The presence of interproximal papilla depends on the distance between the contact point to the bone crest, as well as the mesio‐distal distance between implants or between implants and teeth. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of buccal–palatal bone width on the presence of the interproximal papilla between adjacent implants in esthetic areas of the mouth.Methods: The presence or absence of the gingival papilla, distance from the base of the interproximal contact to the tip of the gingival papilla (black space), distance from the base of the interproximal contact to the alveolar crest (vertical distance), alveolar bone width (bone width) between adjacent implants as well as the spacing between the implants (horizontal distance), and soft‐tissue biotype were assessed in 29 interimplant areas in the upper incisor, canine, and premolar regions of 18 patients.Results: The papilla was always present when vertical distance was ≤5 mm (P ≤0.04) and frequently present when the horizontal distance was ≥4 mm (P = 0.04). The black space was smaller when the vertical distance was ≤5 mm (P ≤0.04) and when the horizontal distance was ≥4 mm (P = 0.76). Bone width and soft‐tissue biotype did not influence the incidence of gingival papilla (P ≥0.41) and black space (P ≥0.15).Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that bone width and tissue biotype do not have an effect on the incidence and height of papilla between adjacent implants in esthetic areas, and the incidence was greater when vertical distance was ≤5 mm or when horizontal distance was ≥4 mm.
Host–Bacterial Interactions During Induction and Resolution of Experimental Gingivitis in Current Smokers
Authors: Matthews Chad R. , Joshi Vinayak , de Jager Marko , Aspiras Marcelo , Kumar Purnima S. 
Published: March 2012

Background: Changes in clinical profiles, microbial succession, and immune mediator fluctuations have all been separately examined during onset and resolution of experimental gingivitis in smokers. However, because both the bacterial challenge and the host response contribute to periodontal disease, the purpose of this investigation is to simultaneously examine clinical, bacterial, and immune changes that occur during the onset and resolution of disease in smokers.Methods: Experimental gingivitis was induced in 15 smokers for 21 days, followed by treatment with a sonic toothbrush for 21 days. Marginal and subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected at baseline; after 7, 14, and 21 days of undisturbed plaque formation; and 21 days after reinstitution of brushing. 16S cloning and sequencing was used for bacterial quantification, and multiplexed bead‐based flow cytometry was used to quantify the levels of 27 immune mediators.Results: Onset of clinical gingivitis was preceded by significant changes in the marginal and subgingival biofilms, with a decrease in the abundance of early colonizers, namely, Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Pseudomonas, and an increase in levels of periodontopathogens, such as Treponema, Selenomonas, Parvimonas, Dialister, and Campylobacter. This was accompanied by a decrease in anti‐inflammatory, chemokine, and T‐helper 2 (Th2) responses and altered Th1/Th2 ratios. Although the bacterial communities continued to shift in the same direction after onset of clinical gingivitis and returned to baseline levels after resolution of disease, the anti‐inflammatory, chemokine, and Th2 profiles demonstrated an increase from day 14 that continued even after clinical health was evident.Conclusion: Both marginal and subgingival biofilms in smokers are characterized by early acquisition of pathogenic organisms, which elicit a sustained host response that persists even after removal of the bacterial challenge.
Platelet‐Rich Fibrin Combined With a Porous Hydroxyapatite Graft for the Treatment of 3‐Wall Intrabony Defects in Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Pradeep A. R. , Bajaj Pavan , Rao Nishanth S. , Agarwal Esha , Naik Savitha B. 
Published: March 2012

Background: Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) bone grafting material has been used to fill periodontal intrabony defects (IBDs), resulting in clinically acceptable responses. Platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) is a leukocyte and platelet preparation that concentrates various polypeptide growth factors and, therefore, has the potential for use as regenerative treatment for periodontal defects. The present study aims to explore the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of autologous PRF versus PRF + HA in treatment of IBDs in patients with chronic periodontitis.Methods: Ninety IBDs were treated with autologous PRF with open‐flap debridement (OFD), PRF + HA with OFD, or OFD (controls) alone. Clinical and radiologic parameters, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), IBD depth, and percentage defect fill were recorded at baseline and 9 months postoperatively.Results: Mean PD reduction was greater in PRF (3.90 ± 1.09 mm) and PRF + HA (4.27 ± 0.98 mm) groups than the control group (2.97 ± 0.93 mm), and mean CAL gain was greater in PRF (3.03 ± 1.16 mm) and PRF + HA (3.67 ± 1.03 mm) compared to controls (2.67 ± 1.09 mm). Furthermore, significantly greater percentage of mean bone fill was found in the PRF (56.46% ± 9.26%) and PRF + HA (63.39% ± 16.52%) groups compared to controls (15.96% ± 13.91%).Conclusions: Treatment of IBD with PRF results in significant improvements of clinical parameters compared to baseline. When added to PRF, HA increases the regenerative effects observed with PRF in the treatment of 3‐wall IBDs.