bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , Dewey M. E. , Griffiths-Jones H. M. 
Published: August 2011

SynopsisThe Geriatric Mental State and a new computerized diagnostic system, AGECAT, are briefly described. A nomenclature for designating cases for epidemiological work is introduced. Concordance between AGECAT and psychiatrists' diagnoses for these studies, hospital and community based (total of 541 subjects), achieved overall kappa values of 0·84 for a psychiatric hospital sample and 0·74 for a community sample. The values for depression and organic illness specifically in these settings were psychiatric hospital 0·80/0·86, and community 0·80/0·88, respectively.
Dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of postpartum depression: the mother–child ‘Rhea’ cohort in Crete, Greece
Authors: Chatzi Leda , Melaki Vasiliki , Sarri Katerina , Apostolaki Ioanna , Roumeliotaki Theano , Georgiou Vaggelis , Vassilaki Maria , Koutis Antonis , Bitsios Panos , Kogevinas Manolis 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo identify and describe dietary patterns in a cohort of pregnant women, and investigate whether dietary patterns during pregnancy are related to postpartum depression (PPD).DesignThe study uses data from the prospective mother–child cohort ‘Rhea’ study. Pregnant women completed an FFQ in mid-pregnancy and the Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at 8–10 weeks postpartum. Dietary patterns during pregnancy (‘health conscious’, ‘Western’) were identified using principal component analysis. Associations between dietary patterns categorized in tertiles and PPD symptoms were investigated by multivariable regression models after adjusting for confounders.SettingHeraklion, Crete, Greece, 2007–2010.SubjectsA total of 529 women, participating in the ‘Rhea’ cohort.ResultsHigh adherence to a ‘health conscious’ diet, characterized by vegetables, fruit, pulses, nuts, dairy products, fish and olive oil, was associated with lower EPDS scores (highest v. lowest tertile: β-coefficient = −1·75, P = 0·02). Women in the second (relative risk (RR) = 0·52, 95 % CI 0·30, 0·92) or third tertile (RR = 0·51, 95 % CI 0·25, 1·05) of the ‘health conscious’ dietary pattern were about 50 % less likely to have high levels of PPD symptoms (EPDS ≥ 13) compared with those in the lowest tertile.ConclusionsThis is the first prospective study showing that a healthy diet during pregnancy is associated with reduced risk for PPD. Additional longitudinal studies and trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis and preserved left ventricular systolic function: an observational study
Authors: Patel Amit R. , Klein Michael R. , Chandra Sonal , Spencer Kirk T. , DeCara Jeanne M. , Lang Roberto M. , Burke Martin C. , Garrity Edward R. , Hogarth D. Kyle , Archer Stephen L. , Sweiss Nadera J. , Beshai John F. 
Published: August 2011

AimsLate gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (LGE‐CMR) is a valuable test to detect myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis; however, the clinical significance of LGE in sarcoidosis patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is not defined. We aim to characterize the prevalence of LGE, its associated cardiac findings, and its clinical implications in sarcoidosis patients with preserved LVEF.Methods and resultsOne hundred and fifty‐two patients with biopsy proven extra‐cardiac sarcoidosis, no known cardiac sarcoidosis, and LVEF ≥50% referred for LGE‐CMR were included in this observational study. The presence of LGE in the left ventricular myocardium was considered diagnostic for cardiac sarcoidosis. The cohort was divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of LGE. Twenty‐nine patients (19%) had LGE involving 11 ± 9% of the left ventricle. The modified Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (JMHW) criteria for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis only had a sensitivity of 52% and specificity of 83% for identifying myocardial LGE in these patients. Compared with those patients without LGE, those with LGE had a higher heart rate (84 ± 19 vs. 76 ± 18 b.p.m., P= 0.002), greater prevalence of an abnormal electrocardiogram (76 vs. 31%, P< 0.001), diastolic dysfunction (67 vs. 33%, P= 0.05), reduced right ventricular ejection fraction (49 ± 8 vs. 55 ± 6%, P= 0.012), and evidence of non‐sustained ventricular tachycardia (33 vs. 6%).ConclusionsIn patients with sarcoidosis and preserved systolic function, myocardial damage is commonly present and may increase the risk of ventricular tachy‐arrhythmias. The JMHW Criteria were neither sensitive nor specific for predicting the presence of myocardial LGE.
Prognostic model for total mortality in patients with haemodialysis from the Assessments of Survival and Cardiovascular Events (AURORA) study
Authors: Holme I. , Fellström B. C. , Jardin A. G. , Schmieder R. E. , Zannad F. , Holdaas H. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract.  Holme I, Fellström BC, Jardin AG, Schmieder RE, Zannad F, Holdaas H (Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, UK; University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany; Centre d`Investigation Clinique; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, and Nancy Université, Nancy, France; and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway). Prognostic model for total mortality in patients with haemodialysis from the Assessments of Survival and Cardiovascular Events (AURORA) study. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 463–471.Objectives.  Risk factors of mortality in patients with haemodialysis (HD) have been identified in several studies, but few prognostic models have been developed with assessments of calibration and discrimination abilities. We used the database of the Assessment of Survival and Cardiovascular Events study to develop a prognostic model of mortality over 3–4 years.Methods.  Five factors (age, albumin, C‐reactive protein, history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes) were selected from experience and forced into the regression equation. In a 67% random try‐out sample of patients, no further factors amongst 24 candidates added significance (P < 0.01) to mortality outcome as assessed by Cox regression modelling, and individual probabilities of death were estimated in the try‐out and test samples. Calibration was explored by calculating the prognostic index with regression coefficients from the try‐out sample to patients in the 33% test sample. Discrimination was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) areas.Results.  The strongest prognostic factor in the try‐out sample was age, with small differences between the other four factors. Calibration in the test sample was good when the calculated number of deaths was multiplied by a constant of 1.33. The five‐factor model discriminated reasonably well between deceased and surviving patients in both the try‐out and test samples with an ROC area of about 0.73.Conclusions.  A model consisting of five factors can be used to estimate and stratify the probability of death for individuals The model is most useful for long‐term prognosis in an HD population with survival prospects of more than 1 year.
Investigation of staining, polarization and fluorescence‐microscopic properties of myoendothelial cells
Authors: Puchtler Holde , Sweat Faye , Terry Mary S. , Conner H. M. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYElectron microscopists have described in vascular endothelial cells filaments which resemble myofibrils. These fibrils cannot be demonstrated with conventional staining techniques. On the basis of previous investigations of relations between dye structure and affinity for muscle fibres, a staining method for demonstration of myoendothelial cells by direct, polarization and fluorescence microscopy has been developed. Carnoy‐fixed paraffin sections were treated consecutively with Kernechtrot, tannic and phosphomolybdic acid and counter‐stained with Levanol fast cyanine 5RN. This procedure stained myoendothelial cells and muscle fibres deep blue, connective tissues yellow and nuclei pink. For polarization and fluorescence‐microscopic studies thiazine red R was substituted for Levanol fast cyanine 5RN and Kernechtrot was replaced by Mayer's acid hæmalum. The light‐microscopic characteristics of fibrils in endothelial cells and in smooth muscle cells were identical.Correlation of light‐microscopic observations with electron‐microscopic data supported the conclusion that the staining procedure indeed demonstrates myofilaments in endothelial cells. Formation of multiple layers of myoendothelial cells was observed in areas of thickening of the intima, while the cells in the deeper layers became indistinguishable from smooth muscle cells. These findings support earlier concepts of the transformation of endothelial cells into intimal muscle cells.
Analysis of polarized light with two quarter‐wave plates
Authors: Goldstein D. J. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe following method is proposed for the analysis of the elliptically polarized light leaving a transparent, birefringent and dichroic specimen (in which the direction of maximum absorption coincides with either of the principal axes of refractive index), oriented with its optic axis at ± 45° relative to the transmission azimuth of the polarizer.Between the specimen and the rotatable analyser are two λ/4 plates; that nearer the specimen is fixed with its slow axis at ± 90° to the polarizer, while that nearer the analyser is rotatable. If the amplitude ratio of the components of light leaving the specimen is tan Y (Y being less than 45°), and their relative retardation is Δ°, at compensation the azimuth of the rotatable λ/4 plate will be Δ/2 (relative to its initial position orthogonal to the polarizer) and that of the analyser will be (45° ‐ Y), relative to the new azimuth of the rotatable λ/4 plate.Apart from involving minimal calculations, the method is capable of high precision with suitable equipment, since all critical settings can be made with the aid of a Nakamura half‐shade plate. Although so far used only in transmission polarization microscopy, the method is quite general and could be applied in any work involving polarized light.
A new method for the detection of tissue‐bound polysaccharides
Authors: Pritchard Hayden N. , Argot Jeanne E. , Perry Mary H. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYAn alternative cytochemical procedure is described for the periodic acid‐Schiff reaction (PAS) for adjacent glycol groups. This method appears to be as reliable as the PAS in its specificity and reproducibility, is simple to perform and its fully developed colour is more intense than the PAS reaction, although it fades after a few hours.
Light‐microscopic demonstration of myoid fibrils in renal epithelial, mesangial and interstitial cells
Authors: Harper J. T. , Puchtler Holde , Meloan Susan N. , Terry Mary S. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIn kidney sections treated with the tannic acid‐phosphomolybdic acid‐Levanol fast cyanine 5RN procedure, myoid fibrils were observed in tubular and glomerular cells. The myoid fibrils in tubular epithelial cells were delicate in normal kidneys, but became conspicuous under pathological conditions. Under certain conditions myoid fibrils were found in capsular epithelium and mesangial cells of glomeruli; in some cases podocytes also contained prominent myoid fibrils. There seemed to be a continuous system of myoid fibrils from the media of the afferent arteriole into the mesangium and through the capsular into the tubular epithelium. These myoid fibrils could not be identified with certainty in sections treated with conventional staining methods.Correlations of light‐microscopic observations with electron‐microscopic data indicate that the myoid fibrils in renal epithelial cells visualized by the TP‐Levanol fast cyanine 5RN stain correspond to the myofilamentous system described in electron‐microscopic studies by Pease (1968a). The myoid fibrils in tubular and capsular epithelial cells resembled the long forgotten ‘Basalreifen’ described around the turn of the century. A review of the literature shows that structures corresponding to the basal myoid fibrils were known to early histologists and that contractile functions had been suggested.
Estimation of the size distribution of triaxial ellipsoidal particles from the distribution of linear intercepts
Authors: Dehoff R. T. , Bousquet P. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYMethods for estimating particle‐size distributions in metallurgical structures from the distribution of linear intercepts observed on a metallographic section are extended to include systems in which the particle shape may be modelled by triaxial ellipsoids. Procedures are developed for oriented, partially oriented and randomly oriented systems of particles. Methods for determining the axial ratios appropriate to a given system are outlined for these cases.
The wear of diamond in cutting aluminium‐silicon alloy*
Authors: Keen D. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYBecause of the large variation found in the life of single‐point diamond tools used to machine aluminium‐silicon‐alloy piston skirts, a study of the wear of this type of tool has been carried out. Brief details of the machining process are given, followed by a description of some of the relevant properties of diamond and the theories which have already been proposed for its mechanism of wear. The procedure for the study of both special test tools and tools used in piston production is outlined. Microscopical and other techniques used for tool‐wear examination are described in detail. Different aspects of wear, such as fracture and grooving, are reported, together with suggested explanations for some of the wear phenomena observed. The influence of crystallographic orientation on the shape of the wear region is commented upon and the effect of swarf erosion of sintered metal tool shanks is dealt with. The main part of the study is completed by a description of some of the wear microstructures observed using replica transmission electron microscopy. In the final discussion it is suggested that better inspection of tools by the manufacturers, using optical microscopy techniques, could improve tool life by improvement in the initial quality of tools. It is also suggested that sintered metal shanks should be improved by increasing their resistance to abrasion by swarf. Although crystallographic orientation of the diamond affects the shape of wear, it is thought unlikely that a possible optimum orientation would justify the increased cost to produce it within the close tolerance which would be required. No confirmation of any particular wear mechanism for diamond is made but, if the general process of wear is mechanical, it is thought that the fragments of diamond removed will be of sub‐micro size.
Studies on haemoglobin from the Indian toad, Bufo melanostictus, by electron microscopy
Authors: Misra D. N. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYHæmoglobin from an amphibian, Bufo melanostictus, was studied by electron microscopy after metal shadowing and after negative staining with uranyl acetate. The effect of the electron stain on the protein was investigated by spectrophotometry. The sample was also characterized by alkali denaturation and sedimentation analysis. The results were compared to those of adult human hæmoglobin.Spectrophotometry of the sample showed characteristics similar to those of normal oxyhæmoglobin. The protein, like human adult hæmoglobin, was found to be completely alkali‐labile. Ultracentrifugation of a freshly prepared sample showed a single symmetrical peak, an indication for the presence of a homogeneous component. The S020,W value (5.1) was found to be markedly higher than that of adult human hæmoglobin. With storage, however, the peak became asymmetrical suggesting the formation of a limited amount of a heavier component.The electron micrographs of the shadowed preparations revealed a characteristic shape and ultrastructure of the protein molecules and their average height was found to be 5.5 nm. The micrographs of the negatively stained samples showed many particles with a substructure similar to that of the shadowed molecules and a mean dimension of 6.1 nm, a number of dimers of average length 6.0 nm and overall width 3.6 nm, and many globules of average diameter 3.6 nm. These were interpreted as whole, half and quarter hæmoglobin molecules, respectively. Both techniques revealed at the most four subunits in a molecule. The structure of the subunits and their arrangement in the molecule were found to be essentially similar to those of normal human adult hæmoglobin, and could be interpreted in terms of the Perutz model. Spectrophotometry of the mixture of the protein and uranyl acetate showed that the protein becomes denatured with time and that the denaturation is due to the low pH (4.3) of the stain. Nevertheless, this study showed that by keeping the staining time very short, it is possible to obtain acceptable electron micrographs of small multi‐unit protein molecules such as haemoglobin.
Frozen‐fractured viruses; a study of virus structure using freeze‐etching
Authors: Willison J. H. M. , Cocking E. C. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYTobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tobacco rattle virus (TRV), Tipula iridescent virus (TIV), turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), T2 phage and Lambda phage were examined by freeze‐etching water/glycerol suspensions. It was found that the virus particles usually fracture internally.TMV rarely fractures at its surface. Careful consideration of the fracture planes within TMV indicates not only that the TMV subunits do not fracture but also that there are no ‘preferred planes’ of fracture. An unexpected channel appears at the position of the RNA in TMV on one side of the capsid only. It is proposed that this indicates that the fracture of RNA is out of step with that of the subunit. By deep‐etching, a 5 nm repeat can sometimes be seen at the capsid surface of TMV (vulgare).TRV sometimes fractures to reveal its surface. It is proposed that this indicates that the surface of this rod‐shaped virus is smoother than that of the similar TMV.The large icosahedral virus, TIV, fractures between core and coat protein. The core which appears to consist of globular subunits is icosahedral and fits closely into its enclosing coat. The coat thickness is 10–12 nm. Numerous collapsible fibrous projections (probably up to 150 nm long) project from the surface of the coat.T2 phage sometimes fractures to reveal the surface of the enclosed DNA which is smooth and very compact.Fracture by the freeze‐etch technique is shown to be a valuable adjunct to other techniques for the study of virus structure. It can reveal otherwise hidden internal structures. It may also disclose planes of minimum chemical bond energies represented by recurring regular fracture planes.The technique appears to be unsuitable, however, for the smaller viruses TYMV and Lambda phage.
Random sets theory and its applications to stereology
Authors: Matheron G. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIn order to study objects forming a sub‐set A of euclidean space, mathematical morphology uses structuring figures B and notes the frequency of events such as ‘B hits A’, ‘B is included into A’ etc. Thus, a probabilistic formalism is associated with this experimental technique and facilitates its interpretation. If A is considered as a closed set, we obtain a random closed‐sets theory, closely connected with integral geometry. The functionals T defined by T(K) = P(A ∩ K ≠ Ø) for K compact are characterized as alternating capacities of infinite order. Interesting classes of functionals T are obtained if A is indefinitely divisible or semi‐markovian. At last, the mathematical notion of granulometry (size distribution) is studied by using an axiomatic method.
Experimental determination of the topological properties of three‐dimensional microstructures
Authors: DeHoff R. T. , Aigeltinger E. H. , Craig K. R. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYProcedures have been developed whereby the topological properties of single‐phase cell structures, and two‐phase structures, may be estimated from a series of closely spaced microsections. In both cases, the analysis is straightforward but tedious. However, because the topological properties abstract a description of the basic skeleton or framework of the structure from details of shape and size, their quantitative knowledge provides insights into microstructural behaviour that may be obtained in no other way. These combined factors make it likely that the application of these procedures will be limited to very select problems, but that where they are applied the results will significantly affect the thinking in the field.
The use of geometrical models as a stereological aid exemplified by the solidification geometry of ferrous metals
Authors: Wlodawer Robert 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIn the present paper, model geometry is used to describe the three‐dimensional nature of some structural constituents of ferrous metals, such as cells, grains, dendrites, networks etc. in the course of their solidification process.Based on micrographs of eutectic cells, highly magnified model structures were built. By cutting the models, all the features found in real micrographs (cell boundaries, groupings, phosphide figures etc.) could be simulated.Using the known geometrical properties of the models, parameters such as the porosity due to phosphides, can be calculated; this allowed precautionary casting techniques to be derived. Further, conclusions could be drawn about processes occurring during structure formation, i.e. during cooling and solidification of the metal. A geometrical derivation of various equations for internal surfaces, hydraulic diameters during the last moments of crystallization etc., and the technological applications of this knowledge are possible.As structural constituents of metals are sometimes complicated bodies, our more intuitive geometrical approach using models often provides more reliable information about their appearance than very elegant but abstract arithmetical methods.
The study of the three‐dimensional structural relationships in connective tissues by high voltage electron microscopy
Authors: Glauert Audrey M. , Mayo C. R. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYAn examination of stereo‐electron micrographs taken at 1 MV in an AEI EM7 high voltage electron microscope of sections 0.5–1.0 μm thick has provided three‐dimensional information of the structural relationships in connective tissues. Sufficient contrast is obtained after block staining with uranyl acetate and with prolonged staining of the sections with lead citrate. Selective staining was observed when either the uranyl acetate or lead staining was omitted. Preliminary results indicate that there may be regions of fusion of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane in chondrocytes that are secreting collagen. The observations also suggest that matrix vesicles in regions of calcification are formed from long cytoplasmic processes of osteoblasts by a ‘pinching off’ mechanism and that bone crystallites form within the vesicles only after the vesicles have completely separated from the surrounding cells. It is concluded that the high voltage electron microscope is capable of making a significant contribution to the understanding of the three‐dimensional structural relationships associated with specific biochemical events.