bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAJOR SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS: SINGLE INSTITUTION EXPERIENCE
Authors: Kiszka Mariusz , Barnaś Szczepan , Babchyshyn Witalij , Olszewski Jurek 
Published: June 2024

IntroductionThe study analyses the occurrence and treatment outcomes of tumors of the major salivary glands in our patients.Material and methodsBetween 2019 and March 2023, a total of 182 salivary gland surgeries were conducted at our clinic. Of these, 111 were on females aged 18 to 76 years, and 71 on males aged 18 to 82 years. Diagnosis comprised a medical history, otolaryngological physical examination, ultrasonography (USG), fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of tumor, laboratory tests (CBC, CRP), and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).ResultsPredominantly (176 patients), benign tumors and neoplasms were found in the parotid salivary gland. Histopathology most commonly revealed pleomorphic adenoma (PA, 74 cases) and Warthin’s tumor (WT, 70 cases). Other benign tumors and neoplasms made up only 18% of cases. Malignant neoplasms were only identified in the parotid salivary gland in 3.3% of cases; these were diagnosed as epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and ductal carcinoma.ConclusionsIn our dataset, most patients with tumors of the major salivary glands were operated on at ages above 60 years. A low incidence of malignant tumors and a high incidence of WT of the large salivary glands were observed. The main postoperative complication was facial nerve paresis in 7.6% of cases.
Health Needs and Priorities of an Underserved Karenni Refugee Community: A Community Needs Assessment
Authors: Sucaldito Ana D. , Meh Htay , Rhodes Scott D. , Daniel Stephanie S. 
Published: June 2024

Background Southeast Asian refugee communities are frequently underserved by social and medical systems and experience profound health and health care inequities. The purpose of this study was to detail the health needs, priorities, and health care utilization of the Karenni, a Southeast Asian refugee community, in Forsyth County, North Carolina. Methods A mixed-mode survey (i.e., online and in-person) was distributed in Kayah, Burmese, and English to Karenni adults in Forsyth County. Quantitative and qualitative questions focused on community health needs, health and public health service utilization, and social determinants of health. Results 101 Karenni adults completed the survey, with a total of 91 participants completing the quantitative portion (N = 91). Utilization of health care and public health services was low and impacted by individual- and contextual-level barriers, such as limited English profi­ciency and social determinants of health (e.g., lower levels of education and employment compared to state and national averages). Mental health, chronic pain, and health care access were highlighted as prominent community concerns while theh plaw theh jie (togetherness) and community organizations were described as community strengths. Limitations Data were collected using convenience sampling, and limited knowledge from the Karenni community regarding research served as a barrier to recruitment. Some sensitive questions (e.g., income) also experienced higher levels of missingness. Conclusion This assessment highlights the need to increase engagement with and lower barriers to care for the Karenni community in Forsyth County, North Carolina. To produce culturally congruent and acceptable care, public health and health care systems should partner with the community to identify and address community needs and priorities, harness assets, and mitigate health and health care inequities.
Analyzing the Expectant Management of Redefined Active Phase of Labor (WHO 2018 Guidelines) in Nulliparous Women: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Tandon Anshika , Mahendru Rajiv , Sangwan Vijayata , Khandelwal Shivani , Lakra Pinki , Sheoran Swati , Siwach Sunita 
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND:The World Health Organization (WHO) in their 2018 guidelines favored a noninterventional approach toward the labor process. The active phase of labor will be initiated when the cervix is 5 cm dilated and during obsoleted use of a 1 cm/hour cervical dilation rate as a diagnostic test for abnormal birth outcomes.OBJECTIVES:The aim of the study is to compare an active interventional labor management approach to a noninterventional labor management approach in nulliparous parturient women in terms of need of intervention, mode of birth, and maternofetal outcome.METHODOLOGY:This randomized control study was conducted at a rural tertiary care hospital for a period of 1.5 years. Nulliparous low-risk pregnant women presenting in latent labor were randomly allocated into two groups on the basis of cervical dilation and labor intervention. WHO 2014 guidelines with partograph were followed in group 1, and 2018 WHO guidelines with labor care guide were followed in group 2.RESULT:Both the groups were comparable with age, parity, and Bishop score at the time of admission. The incidence rates of intervention in the active first stage of labor in group 1 and group 2 were 31% and 10% with an odds ratio of 0.192 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.079, 0.466]), and the rates of lower segment cesarean section in both the groups were 17.6% and 5.8%, respectively. The odds ratio with 95% CI for postpartum hemorrhage and neonatal intensive care unit admission in group 1 compared with group 2 was 0.313 [0.061, 1.610] and 1.057 [0.143, 7.832], respectively.CONCLUSION:This study showed that the shifting of the active first-stage threshold by 1 cm and letting labor progress at its natural pace significantly reduced the need for intervention and affected the fetal and maternal outcome positively.
Pediatric Device Innovation
Authors: Dubin Jonathan , Sardesai Krish , Grote Caleb , Tougas Caroline , Branche Katherine , Otsuka Norman 
Published: June 2024

Background:
Despite a tremendous increase in the number of orthopaedic devices authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), novel devices designed specifically for the pediatric population remain sparse. Surgeons frequently repurpose adult implants for “off-label” use in pediatric patients, with both legal and technical ramifications. This study seeks to objectively quantify and characterize the nature of pediatric device innovation over time.

Methods:
The FDA employs 4 pathways for assessing safety and effectiveness of novel devices prior to authorization. Perceived device risk and novelty determine the pathway. Orthopaedic devices were identified from the FDA’s online database. All devices approved since inception via the Humanitarian Device Exemption, Pre-Market Approval, and De Novo regulatory pathways were included and grouped as “highly innovative.” Because of their number and the rapidity of their development, the evaluation of 510(k) devices was limited to those cleared from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022. Such 510(k) devices make up ∼97% of devices and by definition are less risky and less novel. Approval statements were assessed for pediatric indications within the approved labeling. As a secondary analysis, the impact of company size on developing a product with a pediatric indication was analyzed.

Results:
Of the 1,925 devices cleared via the 510(k) pathway, 9 (0.5%) were designed exclusively for pediatrics and 160 (8.3%) included pediatric indications. Five of the 9 pediatrics-only devices were for spine and 4 were for trauma indications. Of the 97 highly innovative devices, only 2 (2%) were exclusively pediatric and another 2 (2%) included pediatric indications. The 2 pediatrics-only devices were for the spine. Large and medium-sized companies were 1.9 times and 1.6 times more likely to bring to market a device with pediatric indications than a small company, respectively.

Conclusions:
Innovation for pediatric orthopaedic devices lags substantially behind that for adult orthopaedic devices. These findings are consistent with clinical experience and the common practice of modifying adult implants for “off-label” use in pediatric patients. Despite long-standing efforts to stimulate innovation for this vulnerable population, our results suggest little progress.
Equilibrium Modelling of Interactions in DETPMP-Carbonate System
Authors: Meybodi Mahdi Kalantari , Vazquez Oscar , Sorbie Kenneth S. , Mackay Eric J. , Jarrahian Khosro 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Scale inhibitor (SI) squeeze treatments are widely used for the prevention of inorganic scale deposition in oil and gas production operations. This may be an expensive operation and its efficiency depends on the degree of SI retention in the formation. Carbonate formations are known to be highly reactive, where the SI retention is driven by both adsorption and precipitation of SI and SI-Ca/Mg complexes. To design and carry out this type of squeeze treatment, a comprehensive model capable of simulating SI retention in carbonate formations is required.
In this study, a model has been developed to fully characterize the retention of DETPMP in a carbonate system. This model considers all the equilibrium reactions coupled with precipitation and adsorption processes to simulate the equilibrium of a DETPMP-Calcite-brine system containing free Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations. To equilibrate this system, the following coupled reactions were considered: (i) the full aqueous carbonate system, (ii) SI speciation by dissociation (SI is considered as a weak n-poly acid, HnA), (iii) SI impurities and their reactions, (iv)SI-Ca and SI-Mg complexation, (v)the associated adsorption and precipitation of the SI/Ca/Mg complexes. These reactions may be coupled together through the equilibrium equations, the mass balance of base species and the system charge balance. After some algebra, the system of equations is reduced and solved by Newton Raphson to find the concentration of key primary species from which the concentration of all other species is calculated and the equilibrium of the entire couple system is characterized. In the entire system, there may be up to ~100 species involved in the chemical equilibrium equation set.
The adsorption process is characterized by an adsorption isotherm, Γ(C), which can be a reversible process. In the examples presented, the adsorption is considered to proceed in both directions of adsorption and desorption. Precipitation (denoted Π) is coupled with the adsorption (and the rest of the system) to satisfy the SI solubility by removing further SI from the solution, if required, through the complex SI species that may physically precipitate.
Finally, the proposed model was validated against coupled adsorption-precipitation experiments. The results showed very good agreement between the model and experiments and confirmed the reliability and validity for various conditions and DETPMP concentrations.
The Formation, Prediction, and Inhibition of CaxFe1-x CO3 in Produced Brine Under High Temperature
Authors: Ye Y. , Wang X. , Shen Y. Y. , Deng G. , Yao X. , Pimentel D. , Kan A. T. , Tomson M. B. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study first measured pure FeCO3 precipitation kinetics from 90 to 150°C (1M NaCl, and pH=6). Then it investigated FeCO3 and CaCO3 precipitation kinetics under the impact of Ca2+ and Fe2+ at 70°C (1M NaCl, and pH=6.17). Overall, the measurement was conducted by using an anoxic flow-through setup with carbon steel surfaces. Key goals included examining the influence of Ca2+ and Fe2+ on precipitation rates, understanding solid solution formation, assessing DTPMP inhibition of CaCO3 precipitation, and confirming the role of mild steel corrosion in scale formation. Results showed that Ca2+ had negligible impact on the FeCO3 precipitation rate but decreased its solubility, Fe2+ accelerated the CaCO3 precipitation and DTPMP inhibited CaCO3 precipitation but caused increased corrosion with amorphous particle formation. Evidence supports the formation of CaxFe1-x CO3 solid solution. Overall, the study enhances understanding of carbonate precipitation dynamics in CO2 corrosion, which is crucial for industrial scale control.
How to Develop a Comprehensive Scale Management Strategy and Use the Scale Risk Factor (SRF) for Chemical Optimisation
Authors: Ness G. , Langvik M. , Ree L. Strand 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Valhall field is located in the southern part of the Norwegian sector in the North Sea and has been producing for over 40 years. In more recent years there has been a number of issues caused by the presence of solids in the system and although barite scale was always known to be the main source, a thorough assessment of the problem was required.
A project task force was set up in early 2023 to collate and review years of water chemistry data, solids analysis, Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), Infrared Thermography reports and other measurements to clearly establish the source of solids in the system and develop a field wide scale prediction model which covers over 60 mixing points from wellhead to water overboard. Thanks to this process the areas at higher risk of scale formation were identified and this provided the basis for scale inhibitor optimisation throughout the system.
In addition to this analysis, a large volume of data that had been stored in various databases was also transferred to Power BI to improve data visualisation and allow faster detection of solids precipitation, easier root cause analysis and ultimately more effective scale management.
Finally, a new calculation was used to quantify the scale risk more holistically and to compare the scaling potential in different parts of the system. This is called Scale Risk Factor (SRF) and is calculated using both Saturation Ratio (SR) and mass of scale predicted. Additional lab work is currently ongoing to produce a trendline which shows how the minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) for a specific product change with variable SRF.
This case study shows how accurate conventional scale predictions can be used in conjunction with data visualisation and a new parameter, the scale risk factor (SRF) to successfully optimise scale inhibitor injection and potentially reduce operating costs.
Effect of Water Salinity on Barium Sulfate Formation in the Context of Gas Wells in the Dutch Sector of the North Sea
Authors: Doldersum A. , Baraka-Lokmane S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Operator has several gas wells which encountered barium sulfate scale. In one instance this had resulted in a complete blockage of the well and in another well not being able to perform a planned well intervention. This paper will present the investigation of the mechanism of formation of scales in combination with an overview of laboratory and field data on how to treat the barium scales.
The production water of one of the wells is characterised by a very high salinity level close to saturation in combination with presence of barium, strontium, calcium, carbonate, and sulfate. The evaluation of the scaling risk has been carried out from bottomhole to wellhead with commercial software; 80 points modelling have been performed. This has helped to determine the scaling mechanisms for individual scales.
Barium scale from a second well has been used to select an effective dissolvent via laboratory experiments.
The evaluation of the scaling risk has been carried out with a help of a commercial software. The predicted scales are halite, barite, celestite, strontianite and calcite, while mainly barite was found in the recovered deposit. The difference between modelling results and field observation are discussed in the paper.
As halite concentrations exceeded saturation levels, downhole water injection was applied in one of the wells to stay below the saturation levels, due to water evaporation caused by drawdown. However, the reduction of salinity decreases the solubility of barium sulfate which in combination with decreasing temperatures seriously increases the risk of precipitation of barium sulfate. This eventually resulted in a complete blockage of the well.
For the second well, barium scale samples were tested in the laboratory to select the best dissolvent. This dissolvent had been batch injected in the upper part of the well to dissolve the scale. Collected production water at surface immediately after opening of the well, showed increased levels of barium, strontium, and sulfate. Continuous downhole injection of fresh water to compensate for evaporation losses due to drawdown should be carefully evaluated when barium sulfate scaling risk exists as the solubility decreases at lower salinity levels. One of the mitigation methods is therefore to add inhibitors to the injected water.
Case Studies of Novel Seawater-Based FracPac Fluid Used in DeepWater Gulf of Mexico with Barium-Rich Formation Fluids Present
Authors: Slocum Andrew , Yue Zhiwei David , Ke Linping , Thomas Michael , Lacamu Jeremy , Kottemann Matthew , Lizak Ken , Zanten Ryan Van , Lee JiYoung , Karazincir Oya , Marquez Maricel 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Injecting seawater into producing formations with barium-rich formation water has been avoided for decades due to concerns of barium sulfate scale formation impairing production. The local barium-rich formations unfortunately bring immediate scaling risk due to severe tendencies to form barite when the seawater sulfate contacts barium-rich formation waters. This scaling challenge has driven the industry to utilize freshwater-based fluids for most completions operations which include fracturing and other sand control methods. As multizone completions have increased in frequency over the past decade, the logistical challenges of providing freshwater-based systems have grown greater. To overcome these challenges, a newly developed seawater-based fracturing fluid system has provided benefits over the traditional freshwater-based system.
In this paper, we present case studies of four multizone completions in deepwater Gulf of Mexico which utilized a newly developed seawater-based fracturing fluid integrated with a polymeric scale inhibitor package. All four wells have barium-rich formation waters present and range in temperatures from 194 to 260°F (90 to 127°C). We share the challenges overcome in the designs and operation, field overview data, lab testing results, field deployment results, and initial production results. We also discuss the benefits seen by using seawater-based fracturing fluids for deepwater FracPac jobs to streamline logistics by eliminating the need for supply vessels and reducing cleaning wastes, CO2 emissions and freshwater use.
Unlike proposals in other publications which was characterized by Hou et al. (2023), the seawater based fracturing fluid used on these treatments did not remove the seawater's sulfates by nano-filtration, forced precipitation of sulfates, electrodialysis, or any other means. Sulfate removal techniques were investigated, but currently they are not deemed practical for stimulation vessel use due to the extra equipment requirements and associated processing times.
Subsea Pelican Oil Field Scale Management and Production Enhancement
Authors: Garayev M. , Adoga C. , Trim S. , Brand P. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This abstract presents the evolving scale management strategy over the life of the Pelican field and the recent success in enhancing late life production.
The subsea Pelican gas lifted field is a water injection supported oil field tied back to the Cormorant Alpha platform and has been in production since 1996.
In early field life, the initial scaling assessment predicted barite scale deposition in the tubing, prompting the adoption of preventive inhibition measures. Scale dissolver treatments and inhibitors were dutifully employed throughout most the field's life, but some wells experienced productivity decline due to scale inhibitor injection and some well abandonments recovered clean tubing with no scale deposits.
As new wells were to be drilled in late field life, a reassessment of the scale management strategy was required and core studies were commissioned to assess the inhibitor impact on return permeability, which revealed a significant reduction in productivity. Moreover, a study by Heriot Watt University indicated that the risk of barite scaling was confined to the reservoir, with a low probability of deposition in the wellbore and this led to the suspension of further inhibitor treatments.
However, during the period 2016 to 2018 a significant production decline in the Pelican field was observed. After a rigorous well performance and scaling tendency reviews, the decline was attributed to calcite deposition which ran contrary to both production and abandonment experience. Challenging accepted field practice, required multiple gated approval processes before finally obtaining approval to proceed with the subsea intervention to restore productivity.
Consequently, extensive carbonate scale was removed from high up in the tubing through to the reservoir section in the biggest producer PuP18s1 in 2019 with the MSS1 rig. A combination of multiple runs of chemical dissolver and CT milling were employed to remove scale restrictions to increase well production rate. Scale treatment of the P18S1 well successfully increased production from the Pelican field by 40%.
After successful scale removal, a remediation strategy was put in place, involving yearly acid dissolver treatment bullheading to the subsea wells. This approach has achieved stable production from 2021 to 2023, with three successful acid dissolver treatments and no significant decline in the production rate.
Scale Treatment Optimisation in Geothermal Reservoirs
Authors: Vazquez Oscar , Mackay Eric , Beteta Alan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Geothermal power capacity to generate electricity is steadily growing in the last decade from 10.9 GW in 2019 to 15.9 GW in 2020, due mainly that is a sustainable source of energy with low CO2 emissions, where the electricity is generated by heating water underground. There are three types of plants, namely, dry-steam, flash-steam and binary. Dry-steam generators use steam directly from the reservoir; and then directed to a turbine to generate electricity, reservoirs with high enthalpy, &gt;200°C. Flash-steam and binary are more common, flashing consists in the separation of steam from liquid brine through boiling. In binary plants, hot brine is circulated through a heat- exchanger, where heat is transferred to a lower boiling liquid, commonly known as Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), common in low enthalpy reservoirs, 50-100°C. In flash and binary plants, once the heat from the produced brine is extracted, the cooled brine is reinjected in the reservoir.
Due to the dramatic changes in pressure and temperature occurring in water dominated reservoirs, binary and flash cycle geothermal systems results in the precipitation of scale minerals. Scaling may occur at different locations, such as producing wells, surface facilities, reservoir formation and re-injection lines. Scale inhibitors have been commonly used in the oil and gas industry to prevent the mineral deposition. The objective of this paper is to optimize a scale treatment strategy in a geothermal doublet injector-producer layout in a low enthalpy geothermal plant, where the reservoir is assumed to be fractured granitic/crystalline rock, assuming low SI adsorption, due to the nature of the formation and formation brine composition, where the well spacing of 750m and production rate of 50m3/day. The results suggested that the optimum strategy, assuming 20ppm MIC, is to deploy the SI chemical pill in the injector, resulting in over 650 days treatment lifetime, after injecting 12,809Kg of SI for EW well doublet orientation, and 474 days and 5,881Kg for NS. In terms of squeeze treatment, resulted in 410 days treatment lifetime after injecting 27,600kg for EW, and 137 days and 27,115Kg. The results suggest that deployment of the SI slug in the injector is preferable than at the injector. However, compared to continuous injection at 20ppm at 50m3/day, results in 650kg in 650 days, significantly smaller than the other options. Although, it might be an alternative as the whole system will be protected from injection to surface facilities.