bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Walled in: 13 August 1961
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Traces local responses by East Germans to Sunday the Thirteenth—13 August 1961—the day the Berlin Wall was erected. Initial reactions were stunned, but the prohibition of visits from West Berliners ten days later hardened responses. The author compares political and emotional reactions to the (seemingly) final division of Germany as well as the severing of family ties. The limited number of local strikes and stoppages is considered in some detail, as well as the state's cranking up of the judicial apparatus to arrest regime critics and instil a new sense of state authority. The East German state was most successful where it could isolate recalcitrants, such as in the countryside. Other groups, such as doctors, academics, and engineers found that they were not facing the clamp‐down they had feared. These short‐term successes and compromises are weighed against failed productivity drives on the shop‐floor, recruitment drives for the armed forces and campaigns to deter ‘western’ television viewing, suggesting some continuities with the pre‐Wall GDR.
In the Shadow of the Wall: Coming to Terms with Communism
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Examines the longer‐term impact of the Wall, which induced some East Germans to come to terms with the system in ways in which the open border of the 1950s had prevented. The chapter examines generational responses to the border closure, as well as regional differences between Berlin and the provinces. The brief period of liberalization behind the Wall from 1963–65 is also considered in its effects on the economy, but in particular the attempts to placate the younger generation. The phenomenon of Beatlemania behind the Wall is traced in some detail, before its repression in the autumn of 1965. Furthermore, the intellectual battles for and against the Wall are reconstructed between Günter Grass in West Berlin and the Academy of Arts in East Berlin, as well as the literary treatment of the Wall in the works of Christa Wolf and others. The case is examined of singer–songwriter Wolf Biermann, effectively expelled from the GDR in 1976, and its ramifications on the GDR's artistic elite, who increasingly turned from inner to outer emigration. The chapter concludes with the broader economic corrosion of the GDR by West German currency and the regime's own system of duty‐free shops.
Administrative Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter moves down a layer to the assumed hierarchically inferior ‘administrative executive’ in its various configurations that are sketched in impressionistic fashion. The administrative executive is composed of the civil servants that go to form the public administration and actually implement and execute public policy in practice. These civil servants are found both at the European level itself (mainly in the Commission but also increasingly in other EU institutions) as well as coming from the national level: the hordes of national civil servants and scientific and technical ‘experts’ that participate in one way or another in EU policy-making processes. Part of the administrative executive may form part of the so-called ‘core executive’ although clearly not all.
Chapter 9 V5. Interest Groups
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The traditional relationship between Labour government and trade unions shifted during 1997–2007 from the ‘union‐party bonding model’ to a ‘union‐distance model’. The creation of new political spaces and democratic arenas through devolution, however, has increased the number of linkages in the democratic chain, thereby creating new conduits through which interest groups can play a role in the policy‐making process.
Chapter 16 Democratic Drift
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
At the end of the first decade of the twenty‐first century democracy in the United Kingdom is drifting. No political party seems able to articulate what constitutional reform is for anymore and in this context stimulating debates about ‘Britishness’, citizenship or a ‘common statement of values’ might, therefore, be regarded as weak and oblique responses to the challenges of constitutional anomie set out in this book.
Chapter 4 Social Justice: A Mirage?
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIt is a central thesis of neo‐liberalism that social justice is an incoherent moral ideal and should play no part in proper identification of the real purposes and scope of the state. Social justice is central to both Social Democracy and Socialism and the critique of social justice is crucial for the neo‐liberal claim to differentiate itself in a categorical way from these other political, social, and economic positions. The chapter looks in detail at the different arguments used by neo‐liberal thinkers to criticize social justice. It is also part of the neo‐liberal position that social justice as a policy aim cannot be made compatible with the idea of the rule of law. The reasons for this are explored in detail.
Chapter 8 Government and Markets
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter has as its main focus the nature and scope of markets in neo‐liberal thought. The first part of the chapter looks at the critique of economic planning of the economy and of government intervention in the economy more generally developed by neo‐liberal thinkers. The second part of the chapter deals with the issue of whether in a nomocratic order allied to free markets and rational utility maximization can be made to work without some sense of an orientation to the common good or a diffused sense of civic virtue. Such ideas fit rather badly into neo‐liberal perspectives because they look to be more teleocratic, oriented towards some conception of the good rather than a nomocratic order based upon rules. The chapter looks at recent ways in which neo‐liberal have sought to answer this question of what might be called social capital.
Chapter 10 Freedom and Coercion: An Alternative Account
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter the neo‐liberal account of freedom and coercion expounded in Chapter 3 is subjected to sustained critical analysis and is found wanting in its own terms. This is crucially important because the neo‐liberal society is supposed to be a society which has freedom as one of, if not, its central constitutive value. Hence, if this concept and the linked idea of coercion cannot be made coherent in the terms which neo‐liberals allow themselves then this puts a very serious question mark against the neo‐liberal project.
Chapter 12 Neo‐liberal Rights: A Wider Perspective
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the critique of rights when they extend beyond protecting negative liberty as set out in Chapter 5. First of all, if the idea of negative liberty is defective, then so too is a theory of rights, which limits role to the protection of such liberties. Building on the more comprehensive account of liberty set out in Chapter 10 it is argued that there is no justification for arguing that there is a categorical distinction to be drawn between negative rights to protect individuals from the coercion of others including the state and social and economic or positive rights. This claim does not depend solely upon the argument about freedom but is also based upon a critical analysis of other salient ideas which have been used to reject positive rights such as scarcity, the illusory nature of social justice, and the indefiniteness of corresponding obligations in respect of positive rights.
Musical Performance ofIamboi
Authors: Rotstein Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines ancient evidence for a connection of iambos and music. It suggests that a similar term (iambos) was used for rhythm, melody and poetry, and -iamb- appears in names of musical instruments and melodies. Although the conceptual link is not enough to prove that iambos was in practice a melic genre, it certainly presents the possibility that given the connection of iambos with several aspects of music such as rhythm, musical nomoi, and musical instruments, some iamboi at least, were occasionally sung or performed with musical accompaniment.
Creating the Letter
Authors: Whyman Susan E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how people learned to read and write letters by treating the letter as a material object. Readers observe the step-by step process of writing and reading letters. The use of copybooks and handwriting are linked to national identity, and the value of epistolary manuals is questioned. Children's letters of the Evelyn family are compared with those of three merchant families, and their importance is discussed. They suggest that a more informal type of letter written in the merchant's round hand dominated personal correspondence by 1800.
Letter‐Writing, Reading, and Literary Culture
Authors: Whyman Susan E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter contrasts Jane Johnson's quiet reading and writing with the fast-paced public literary culture of her children — Robert and Barbara — and the patroness of their Bath poetry salon, Anna Miller. Changes in literary practices over the century, from the growth of epistolary fiction to the era of sensibility by the 1790s, are revealed through writings and reading records of Jane Johnson's children. It is suggested that the travelogue, methods of literary criticism, and the language of sentiment were influenced and shaped by letters. As sites of unsupervised reading, independent opinions, and cultural desires, letters had a political impact. Epistolary literacy thus provided a base for a free and active electorate at a time when political participation was still limited.
1 Arma uirumque cano
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Vergil begins the Aeneid with a strong proclamation of song: ‘I sing of arms and the man’. The Sibyl offers an allegory of both the advantages and disadvantages of song that indirectly reflects Vergil's self-definition with regard to his own media. The Sibyl's direct inspiration by god guarantees the validity of her prophecy, but her resistance to violent possession shows that authority comes with a price. This chapter maps the differences between Roman poetic practices in this period and the ideologies attaching to the different media. Analysis is provided of the semantic range of a variety of words having to do with performance and reception (canere, dicere, carmen). Writing and song operate along a continuum, where one extreme sets them in contrast and the other sees them as interrelated aspects of literary representation and its transmission.
4 Horatian Lyric and Metaphorical Truths
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter moves beyond the previous one in attempting to unify aestheticizing and sociological approaches to Horace's language of performance and performativity. The rhetoric of inability in the Epodes and the claims to song in the Odes are strategies of self-authorization that serve different political ends. An analysis of Odes 3. 30 closes the chapter. Although Horace appears to ground his poetic immortality in a book that will live on as a physical object embedded in ritual repetition, in fact, his literary monument (monumentum) surpasses both physical embodiment and the specific occasions of his culture.
7 Elegy
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The traditional softness of the elegiac lover is a self-conscious rhetoric of inability that excuses the poet from the obligations of imperial citizenship. Over time, Roman elegy becomes more interested in defining its political role in terms of the media. Although it would be easy to dichotomize reading in a girl's lap and singing the praises of Caesar, elegy in fact develops a hybrid generic identity. Propertius, who at first shows little interest in specific media ends up staging a performative extravaganza to analyze his capabilities as a praise poet and Ovid moves from a position of mocking self-irony in the Amores, through self-authorization as a scholar in the Fasti, to a final assumption of song in the Metamorphoses, where the epic genre demands greater poetic self-confidence.
9 Beyond Performance Envy
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Horace's literary epistles, contrary to their own written medium, are fascinated with performance. It is not just that the Ars Poetica is a didactic poem on how to write tragedy and Epistles 2.1 focuses mostly on drama in its literary history. Horace is interested in the function of the poet in society. He claims a plenitude for choral lyric and for the archaic poet's role as a founder that is lacking for himself. Although he had already composed the Carmen saeculare by the time of the epistle, he does not line up his own epistolary oeuvre with such plenitude and rather presents the library as a place of refuge for a poet who does not want to be subject to the whims of an audience.
10 De‐ and Re‐contextualization
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Recitation had become a strong venue for poets to reach a public in Augustan Rome. Horace, however, resists this medium on the grounds that it exposed a poet to the exigencies of the rat race. Epistles 1. 19 analyzes its own poet's hypocrisy in wanting to avoid social climbing while reserving his poetry for Augustus' ears.
11 Ovid's Triumphs in Exile: Representation and Power
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Exile provides a situation of extreme separation between author and reader, poet, and addressee. Ovid returns to the semiotic issues he explored in the Heroides in his exile poetry. The triumph in particular is a locus for him to examine the extent to which presence is necessary to performative felicity. He concludes that his imagination is such that he neither needs to witness such a performance nor that it even needs to take place for him to be able to offer an accurate description. His own situation uncannily resembles that of Augustus, whose runs the empire through delegation: both can be present where they are not through representation. Writing and absence have advantages that compensate for his misfortune.
13 Occasion and Monument:The Ara Pacis
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The Ara Pacis is a monument representing a procession. Along with Augustus' Mausoleum, sundial, and ustrinum, it formed part of a dynamic complex on the Campus Martius that united writing with performance, static representation with ritual reenactment. As with much of Augustus poetry, it heralds occasionality while the actual occasion depicted on it is hard to pin down.
13 Established Churches
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Two contradictory Protestant truths. Nature of church establishment in England and Scotland. Its non‐existence in Wales and Northern Ireland. A confused archbishop. Prevalence of religious belief in the United Kingdom since 1851. Religion and social policy: variation in social attitudes between religious and non‐religious people in the United Kingdom. Withdrawal of Prime Minister from appointing bishops 2007: de facto disestablishment? Whether religious representatives have a role in a democratic parliament. Religious pluralism and charitable regulation. The theology of Calvinism from Andrew Melvill to the Percy case. Status of the Church of Scotland Act 1921.
The use of value of information methods in the design and evaluation of clinical trials
Authors: Willan Andrew R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the use of value of information methods in determining sample size for pediatric clinical trials and for summarizing trial results, underscoring the particular advantage these methods have for rare diseases in pediatrics. Based on incremental net benefit, a model for developing value of information methods is given. Solutions based on decision theory for determining optimal sample size under various assumptions are also presented. There then follows two examples illustrating the methods using data from pediatric trials — the first related to the use of calf lung surfactant in patients with pediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and the second examining postoperative purulent otorrhea. The advantages of value of information methods are summarized in the last section.
Obstacles to the economic evaluation of specialist child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Byford Sarah 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Few economic evaluations of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) have been carried out and those that exist suffer from design weaknesses. This chapter presents a comprehensive systematic review and quality appraisal of clinical and economic evaluations of non-pharmacological specialist CAMHS in the UK. The chapter also describes the results of a survey of key UK investigators involved in the evaluation of specialist CAMHS to identify the obstacles to high quality clinical evaluations and to determine the impact these obstacles might have on the ability to undertake high quality economic evaluations. It points the way for future improvements in the conduct of health economic research in this field.
Economic evaluations in the management of pediatric asthma
Authors: Campbell Jonathan D. , Sullivan Sean D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood and the incidence is increasing. This chapter reviews published health economic studies of asthma interventions and medical technology with a focus on pediatric and adolescent populations. It begins with descriptions of the etiology, epidemiology, and management of asthma, followed by the economic burden of illness. A detailed literature review and a quality appraisal are presented, scrutinizing asthma outcome measures, the analytic framework and handling of uncertainty. The discussion evaluates how well the current health economic recommendations in pediatric asthma have been reflected in clinical guidelines and suggests avenues for future improvement.
Economic evaluation of dengue prevention
Authors: Shepard Donald S. , Suaya Jose A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease which threatens half the world's population. This chapter first briefly examines an existing technology, larviciding, to control the mosquito which transmits dengue. It then presents a detailed examination of a new technology for dengue prevention, a potential dengue vaccine, based on previous work. The economic analysis estimates the health benefits of offering dengue vaccination to annual child cohorts in Southeast Asia (a region that has witnessed the highest incidence), determines the annual cost of that strategy, and projects potential revenues to vaccine producers. The economic analysis is conducted using standard approaches to cost-effectiveness analysis to derive the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. Finally, the chapter highlights some methodological challenges that are specific to child health.
Evidence-based decision-making in child health: The role of clinical research and economic evaluation
Authors: Currie Gillian , Curtis Sarah , Klassen Terry 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Health economics plays an important part in the clinical research and knowledge translation phases of the research process, as well as having a role in health care prioritization and accountability. This chapter begins by introducing a conceptual framework which depicts the generation and implementation of research evidence as an iterative process comprising clinical research, knowledge translation, and engagement with key stakeholders. Secondly, key aspects of the generation of evidence through clinical research that impact upon decision-making are highlighted. Pediatric research poses unique challenges distinct from that of adult research and the history and complexities of research in this population are discussed. The third section of the chapter presents the role of economics within decision-making. The chapter concludes with ideas for further strengthening decision-making in child health.
Technology: scientific force or power force?
Authors: Bosanquet Nick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Technology is often presented for healthcare as an extraneous variable that can be used to explain the continuing rise in health care costs. The general consensus seems to be that most technology raises total expenditure, either through higher unit costs or through raising the volume of procedures. Recent events seem to have borne out Schwartz's forecast in 1994 that health services were on the brink of a period of rapid technological change and the consensus is that the change has cost a great deal. This chapter explores another model of how technology is determined. The changes in technology that have actually happened have been more diverse than was envisaged in 1994. Alongside the ‘big ticket’ technology projected by Schwartz, a ‘small ticket’ technology has grown up, which is much more available outside large hospitals in clinics, doctor's surgeries, or pharmacies. The rise of small ticket technology opens up a range of very different investment opportunities from those available in the past four decades.
The limits and challenges to the economic evaluation of health technologies
Authors: Oliver Adam , Sorenson Corinna 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews some of the concerns raised against the use of economic evaluation in the decision-making process, from a wide range of disciplinary and stakeholder perspectives. It offers some reflections on the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) as a user of health economic evaluation to assess whether health care interventions ought to be made available in the National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales.
Knowledge, technology, and demand for online health information
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Rudisill Caroline , Mossialos Elias 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the process of knowledge sharing and use of information technologies in health care, drawing upon evidence from the use of the Internet for health purposes in the European Union. The Internet appears as a relatively new information source with the potential to bring efficiency gains and health production benefits. However, little is known about the specific determinants of the search for information, especially under heterogeneous cultural and institutional settings, such as those of European Union member states.
Basic principles
Authors: McCoy Barry M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic results of thermodynamics. It derives the basic formulas of the canonical and grand canonical ensemble from the microcanonical ensemble. It defines the concept of a partition function and free energy, and introduces the notion of phases and ergodic components. It discusses the relation of classical to quantum statistical mechanics, and explains the close relationship of statistical mechanics to quantum field theory.
Theorems on order
Authors: McCoy Barry M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses Hales proof of Kepler's conjecture for densest packing of hard spheres and recent extensions to hard ellipsoids. It gives the proofs of lack of certain types of order in one and two dimensions. It discusses the proofs of existence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic order in classical and quantum Heisenberg magnets in three dimensions. Open questions and ‘missing theorems’ are presented.