bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TH‐C‐301‐01: Accuracy and Utility of Diagnostic Ionization Dosimeters
Authors: Wagner L 
Published: November 2011

Ionization chambers have been used in medicine for nearly a century. They are the standard instrument for measuring exposure and its related quantity, air kerma. In diagnostic medicine, there is a wide range of conditions under which air kerma must be measured. Air kerma rates important to diagnostic and image‐guided interventional radiology vary from less than 10 microgray per hour to many gray per minute. Energies range from less than 10 keV to 150 keV. Photon directivity can be nearly unidirectional, isotropic, or anisotropic. The manufacture of a variety of ionization chambers is necessary to meet the challenges of various tasks. This presentation will discuss the various forms of ionization chambers and their limitations and versatility for use in diagnostic medicine.Learning objectives:1. To understand limitations in the use of air‐kerma ionization meters2. To be able to select the proper meter for a given task3. To understand how different tasks place different challenges on the measurement of air kerma
TH‐E‐BRA‐01: Tumor Control, Probability of Cure, and All That
Authors: Zaider M 
Published: November 2011

In current practice tumor control (TC) is taken to mean the extinction of clonogenic tumor cells at the end of treatment, a sufficient but not necessary condition for cure. In contrast, patients undergoing radiation therapy are concerned with the probability of cure (long term recurrence‐free survival, meaning the absence of a detectable or symptomatic tumor). Tumor control thus defined has significant deficiencies, viz. it is an unobservable event, and elimination of all malignant clonogenic cells is in some cases unnecessary. As well, many primary cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer, are not lethal per se; they kill through metastases and, consequently, an object of tumor control in such cases should be the prevention of metastatic spread of the disease.I shall argue that full information about the long‐term treatment outcome is contained in the distribution, Pm(T), of the number of malignant cells m that remain clonogenic at the end of treatment and the birth (b) and death rates (d) of surviving tumor cells after treatment. Accordingly, plausible definitions of tumor control are invariably traceable to Pm(T). Specifically, I shall explain the link between survival time — where the events of interest are local recurrence or distant (metastatic) failure (cancer‐free survival) or death (cancer‐specific survival) — and the distribution, Pm(T); and show how to link Pm(T) to treatment planning (modality, total dose and schedule of radiation) and tumor‐specific parameters (initial number of clonogens, birth and spontaneous death rates during the treatment period, parameters of the dose‐response function).Learning Objectives:1. understand (and appreciate) the difference between tumor control and cure probability,2. become familiar with the mathematical tools available for describing these quantities,3. link Pm(t) to treatment planning algorithms, and4. become aware of many important factors that determine tumor response to radiation (cell cycling, interaction with the immune system, selection effects, spatial heterogeneity of the tumor and its capillary network, etc) that have not been taken into account. As a bonus youˈll learn why the ubiquitous Poisson expression of tumor control probability is wrong and should be avoided.
Systematics of “horned” dodders: phylogenetic relationships, taxonomy, and two new species within the Cuscuta chapalana complex (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: Costea Mihai , Ruiz Ignacio García , Stefanović Saša 
Published: November 2011

The Cuscuta chapalana complex (Convolvulaceae) is a recently circumscribed clade within the subgenus Grammica that includes several little-known species from Mexico and Central and northern South America characterized by the presence of peculiar subapical multicelullar appendages on the corolla and often on the calyx lobes. Basic morphology, scanning electron microscopy, and DNA sequence data from the plastid trnL–F region and the 26S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer nuclear regions were used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within the group and to test the species limits. Multicellular appendages are horn-like or tubular in shape and bear one or more stomata at their tips; hence the vernacular name “horned” dodders. Eight lineages were reconstructed; two of them, both from Mexico, were described as new species: Cuscuta bonafortunae Costea & I. García, sp. nov., and Cuscuta carnosa Costea & Stefanović, sp. nov. Cuscuta pringlei is redefined as a variety of Cuscuta strobilacea . A taxonomic treatment with an identification key, descriptions, and illustrations is provided.
Effects of ERCC2 Lys751Gln (A35931C) and CCND1 (G870A) Polymorphism on Outcome of Advanced-Stage Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Are Treatment Dependent
Authors: Zhong Shilong , Nukui Tomoko , Buch Shama , Diergaarde Brenda , Weissfeld Lisa A. , Grandis Jennifer , Romkes Marjorie , Weissfeld Joel L. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Background: Germline variation in DNA damage response may explain variable treatment outcomes in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). By grouping patients according to stage and radiation treatment, we compared SCCHN survival with regard to ERCC2 A35931C (Lys751Gln, rs13181) and CCND1 G870A (Pro241Pro, rs9344) genotypes.
Methods: In a hospital-based SCCHN case series (all white, 24.7% female, mean age 58.4 years), this treatment-outcome cohort study genotyped 275 stage III–IV cases that were initially treated with radiation (with or without chemotherapy) and 80 stage III–IV and 130 stage I–II cases that were initially treated without radiation or chemotherapy and used Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses to compare genotype groups on the basis of overall, disease-specific, progression-free, and recurrence-free survival rates.
Results: ERCC2 35931 AA predicted worse survival in stage III–IV cases treated with radiation [multiply-adjusted HR = 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–2.40; HR over the first 3 follow-up years = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.28–2.88] and better survival in stage III–IV cases not treated with radiation (HR = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.11–0.62). Although not associated with survival in stage III–IV cancers treated with radiation (HR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.67–1.51), CCND1-870 GG predicted better survival in stage III–IV cancers not treated with radiation (HR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04–0.50). Survival in stage I–II did not depend on ERCC2 A35931C or CCND1 G870A genotype.
Conclusions: Although promoting tumor progression in untreated patients, germline differences in DNA-repair or cell-cycle control may improve treatment outcome in patients treated with DNA-damaging agents.
Impact: ERCC2 A35931C may help distinguish advanced stage SCCHN with better outcomes from radiation treatment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(11); 2429–37. ©2011 AACR.
Thyroid Cancer Incidence among Active Duty U.S. Military Personnel, 1990–2004
Authors: Enewold Lindsey R. , Zhou Jing , Devesa Susan S. , de Gonzalez Amy Berrington , Anderson William F. , Zahm Shelia H. , Stojadinovic Alexander , Peoples George E. , Marrogi Aizenhawar J. , Potter John F. , McGlynn Katherine A. , Zhu Kangmin 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Background: Increases in thyroid papillary carcinoma incidence rates have largely been attributed to heightened medical surveillance and improved diagnostics. We examined papillary carcinoma incidence in an equal-access health care system by demographics that are related to incidence.
Methods: Incidence rates during 1990–2004 among white and black individuals aged 20 to 49 years in the military, and the general U.S. population were compared using data from the Department of Defense's Automated Central Tumor Registry and the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER-9) program.
Results: Incidence was significantly higher in the military than in the general population among white women [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–1.61], black women (IRR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.70–2.99), and black men (IRR = 1.69, 95% CI, 1.10–2.50). Among whites, differences between the two populations were confined to rates of localized tumors (women: IRR = 1.73, 95% CI, 1.47–2.00; men: IRR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.30–1.75), which may partially be due to variation in staging classification. Among white women, rates were significantly higher in the military regardless of tumor size and rates rose significantly over time both for tumors ≤ 2 cm (military: IRR = 1.64, 95% CI, 1.18–2.28; general population: IRR = 1.55, 95% CI, 1.45–1.66) and &gt; 2 cm (military: IRR = 1.74, 95% CI, 1.07–2.81; general population: IRR = 1.48, 95% CI, 1.27–1.72). Among white men, rates increased significantly only in the general population. Incidence also varied by military service branch.
Conclusions: Heightened medical surveillance does not appear to fully explain the differences between the two populations or the temporal increases in either population.
Impact: These findings suggest the importance of future research into thyroid cancer etiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(11); 2369–76. ©2011 AACR.
Risk of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin in Relation to IgE: a Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Wiemels Joseph L. , Wiencke John K. , Li Zhongze , Ramos Christian , Nelson Heather H. , Karagas Margaret R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground: Individuals diagnosed with nonmelanoma skin cancer have a high risk of developing a second skin cancer diagnosis. We assessed whether a marker of immune function related to atopic allergy, IgE, was associated with diagnosis of subsequent squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin in patients with a previous skin cancer enrolled in a skin cancer prevention trial.Methods: One hundred twelve individuals who developed an SCC (cases) were compared with 227 controls who did not develop SCC over the same followup period, matched on age, sex, and study center. Total, respiratory, and food-specific IgE were measured in the baseline or year one (prior to diagnosis) sera samples for each subject.Results: IgE levels were higher in cases with SCC than controls (comparing the highest quartile with the lowest, ORtotal IgE = 1.44; 95% CI: 0.73–2.85; ORrespiratory IgE = 2.43; 95% CI: 1.16–5.06; ORfood IgE = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.19–5.35). The association between respiratory IgE and subsequent skin cancer was strongest among individuals with a tendency to sunburn (ORrespiratory IgE = 3.82; 95% CI: 1.05–13.88) compared with those with a tendency to tan (ORrespiratory IgE = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.20–4.76). Among 25 subjects with repeat IgE measurements taken over several years, IgE levels were remarkably stable (interclass coefficient = 0.90 for total IgE).Conclusion: These results indicate that allergy or allergy-associated IgE may be indicative of an immune phenotype that enhances risk of SCC, possibly via immune-associate inflammatory mediators.Impact: Our results indicate that controlling allergy and IgE levels may be a new avenue of skin cancer prevention in susceptible populations, and implicate immune mechanisms in skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(11); 2377–83. ©2011 AACR.
Number of Families within Bathynellacea (Malacostraca) and Year of Publication of their Names, with Redescription of Baicalobathynella Magna (Bazikalova, 1954) from Lake Baikal
Authors: Drewes Jan , Schminke Horst Kurt 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere is a debate about the systematic status of Leptobathynellidae Noodt, 1965. Are they a highly specialized offshoot of Parabathynellidae or do they deserve separate familial status? The arguments for the latter point of view are critically evaluated and as a result it is suggested to merge Leptobathynellidae with Parabathynellidae as had already been done earlier. Separate familial status for Leptobathynellidae would leave Parabathynellidae as a paraphyletic rest. The probably most plesiomorphic species within Bathynellidae is Baicalobathynella magna (Bazikalova, 1954), which belongs to the first Bathynellacea ever described. Its redescription presented here adds important new details. The morphological differences between Bathynellidae and Parabathynellidae are listed. There is some confusion about the year of publication of their names. The correct citations are: Bathynellidae Grobben, 1905 and Parabathynellidae Noodt, 1965.
Thirtieth Annual Erasmus Birthday Lecture: Erasmus, the Church Fathers and the Ideological Implications of Philology
Authors: Visser Arnoud 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article explores the ideological impact of humanist philology in the age of the European Reformation. It focuses in particular on Erasmus' significance for the textual transmission of early Christian authors. An analysis of Erasmus' editions of the church fathers reveals that the editor did not just restore ancient texts but, by means of textual criticism, also sought to emancipate patristic authority from its traditional ecclesiastical keepers. In doing so he helped to transform their intellectual status from pillars of the institutionalized church into more flexible examples of spiritual virtues. In addition, it shows how Erasmus used his explanatory material to guide the interpretation of specific texts. Finally, by rigorously assessing the authenticity of received works and thus reorganizing the patristic canon, Erasmus promoted a critical attitude to the ecclesiastical tradition. The results of this exploration suggest that the notions of emancipation, interpretative guidance, and canonization can serve as helpful criteria for gauging the ideological impact of textual criticism in other areas as well.
Divorce and Remarriage of Orthodox Copts in Egypt: The 2008 State Council Ruling and the Amendment of the 1938 Personal Status Regulations
Authors: Bernard-Maugiron Nathalie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn June 2008, the 1938 Personal Status Regulations for the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt were amended to limit the grounds for divorce to adultery and change of religion. This revision followed a ruling of the State Council requiring Pope Shenouda III, the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church, to grant a divorced Orthodox Copt a license to remarry. The amendments ended a long-standing conflict between the Egyptian national courts and the Coptic Orthodox Church regarding the effects of judicial divorce: prior to the revision, thousands of couples divorced before the courts were considered by the Church to be still married. However, by restricting the possibilities for Orthodox Copts to obtain a divorce, the 2008 amendments may lead to an increase in conversions to other religious faiths to escape application of the revised 1938 regulations. In this essay, I analyze the 2008 amendments, the State Council ruling, landmark decisions of the Court of Cassation, comments by legal scholars and articles in newspapers, in an effort to assess the current status of divorce and remarriage among Orthodox Copts in Egypt and the problems generated by the application of conflicts rules between non-Muslim personal status laws in case of inter-religious marriages. At the end of the essay, I mention developments that took place in June 2010 after the release of a new ruling by the State Council.
Notes on Some Indo-pacific Pontoniinae, L. Typtonychus Spp. Nov., from Northwest Australia
Authors: Bruce A.J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA new species of the genus Typtonychus Bruce from the Kimberley region of Western Australia is described and illustrated. The status of T. dimorphus Bruce is reconsidered and T. infaustus sp. nov. is designated. Six species of the genus Typtonychus are now known, all from the Australia-New Caledonia-Japan region. A key is provided for their identification.
Law of the International Civil service: A Venture into Legal Theory
Authors: Dhinakaran Renuka 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe employment relations of international organizations are governed by their constituent instruments, internal laws and practice, with no overarching legal regime governing international civil service as such. However, academics and international administrative tribunals refer to 'international civil service law', while the tribunals also apply the general principles of such law. There is uncertainty as to what the legal basis behind this is and whether this refers to a common legal regime applicable to international organizations. This contribution analyses the existence or the possibility of such a common legal regime. It introduces the notion of 'international civil service' as a legal institution and international civil service law as its legal regime. The author analyses the theoretical foundation and potential normative bases of this common legal regime, setting out an agenda for further research.
IGOs in Crisis? Or New Opportunities to Demonstrate Responsibility?
Authors: Marceau Gabrielle 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis editorial seeks to explore the creative reactions of intergovernmental organizations ('IGOs') in times of global crisis. With emphasis on recent health and economic crises and the response of IGOs including the World Health Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization, the editorial shows that crises have strengthened the institutional and law-making power of the IGOs that are forced to deal with them. Certain common elements emerge from this discussion, including the more prominent role that the leadership and Secretariats of IGOs regularly play in crises, the wider range of institutions and groups with which IGOs are prepared to closely collaborate in order to deal with new issues, and the increased prevalence of creative and informal law-making by IGOs as part of their institutional responses to challenges.
World Legislation as Deliberation about the Common Good of International society
Authors: Vos J. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis contribution describes how the phenomenon of world legislation by the Security Council highlights the interrelationship between the entrustment of the common good of international society and a concentration of legislative and executive powers in an organ of an international institution. The notion of the trias politica seems unsuitable to address this dichotomy, in so far as the practice of the Security Council may be analyzed in policy, legislative and executive terms. Seeking to contain these powers through other international organs evokes the specter of the super-State, consistently rejected in ICJ jurisprudence. The contribution ends by suggesting how deliberative and representative aspects may direct us to seeing the action of both organs of international institutions and the members of international society as informing the common good of international society.
John Locke and the Case of Anthony Ashley Cooper
Authors: Principe Lawrence M. , Anstey Peter R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn June 1668 Anthony Ashley Cooper, later to become the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, underwent abdominal surgery to drain a large abscess above his liver. The case is extraordinary, not simply on account of the eminence of the patient and the danger of the procedure, but also because of the many celebrated figures involved. A trove of manuscripts relating to this famous operation survives amongst the Shaftesbury Papers in the National Archives at Kew. These include case notes in the hand of the philosopher John Locke and advice from leading physicians of the day including Francis Glisson, Sir George Ent and Thomas Sydenham. The majority of this material has never been published before. This article provides complete transcriptions and translations of all of these manuscripts, thus providing for the first time a comprehensive case history. It is prefaced with an extended introduction.
Levison's Filled with the Spirit: A Brief Appreciation and Response
Authors: Turner Max 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLevison's is a magnificent contribution to the History-of-Religions analysis of the Spirit from OT to NT times, with a positive-but-also devastating analysis of Gunkel's earlier analysis (1888!) which has since then reigned. This response-review examines Levison's answer to Gunkel's case that the Spirit (in the NT period) is always the blatantly supernatural Spirit, rather than the (OT) Spirit/breath of God immanent and active in all (approximately Levison's well-argued view). The article finds Levison's perspective more convincing in OT texts, but increasingly marginal as we approach the NT period, where the writings restrict the Spirit (as Gunkel suggested) to believers, and dominantly as charismatic presence (which Levison nevertheless illuminates creatively and with entrancing originality).
'My spirit' in Genesis 6.1-4
Authors: Routledge Robin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGen. 6.1-4 is widely thought to stand in an indirect relationship to the flood narrative as an example of the wickedness (v. 5) that resulted in divine judgment. This article argues that Gen. 6.1-8 forms a unified introduction to the flood story and thus that 1) the withdrawal of the divine in 6.3 presages the flood and the destruction of everything that has the 'breath of life'; and 2) the 'sons of God, daughters of humankind' episode in Gen. 6.1-4, which points to human presumption in seeking to attain immortality through illicit liaisons with heavenly beings, is a primary motivation for that divine judgment. The designation of in 6.3 as belonging to God also indicates a close link with Gen. 1.2 (the only other such reference in the primaeval history) and suggests that has also a cosmological significance, playing a role in the divine victory over the chaotic waters (1.2), and when withdrawn (6.3) allowing those waters to return. is allows us to set Gen. 6.1-4 within the wider context of the primaeval history. It also has implications for the way we understand the role of the Spirit in creation; and so, too, in renewal and new creation.
Filled with the Spirit: A Conversation with Pentecostal and Charismatic Scholars
Authors: (Jack) Levison John R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPentecostal theologian Amos Yong predicted that Filled with the Spirit, like Barth's Römerbrief, will fall 'like a bombshell on the playground of theologians' and 'explode in the field of those laboring on a theology of the spirit'. The range of reactions in this issue of Journal of Pentecostal Theology, represented by Roger Stronstad, Max Turner, and Robby Waddell, suggests that Yong's prediction is squarely on target. Levison has hit a nerve in Pentecostal pneumatology, and readers of Filled with the Spirit are dividing, like onlookers at Pentecost, into two camps: converts and critics. In this response, Levison addresses both camps by identifying the challenges and opportunities that Filled with the Spirit raises for Pentecostal and charismatic scholars, such as the need for a new definition of subsequence and the scandal of ecstasy in the New Testament. This article shows that Filled with the Spirit is iconoclastic and, as Yong suggests, explosive.