bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age‐ and sex‐specific patterns of vocal behavior in De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus)
Authors: Bouchet Hélène , Blois‐Heulin Catherine , Lemasson Alban 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlthough vocal production is strongly genetically determined in nonhuman primates, vocal usage is more likely to be influenced by experience. Nonetheless, sex differences in both production and usage can be found in the vocal repertoire of adults, but little attention has been paid to their ontogeny. Here, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of the vocal repertoire of De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus), with particular attention to age‐ and sex‐specific patterns. This species has special interest because it is the only monogamous species of guenons, but it nevertheless shares the strong sexual morphological and behavioral dimorphism seen in other guenons. A structurally based classification of calls recorded in 23 captive individuals has been cross‐validated by an analysis of the associated contexts of emission. We identified sound units that could be uttered alone or concatenated to form 10 call types, including only three types shared by all age‐sex‐classes. Both age‐ and sex‐discrepancy in terms of phonation could be explained by maturational changes and morphological dimorphism. In general, call production and usage parallel those seen in other guenons, suggesting that phylogeny and sexual dimorphism play important roles in vocal communication in this species. However, the boundary between adult male and female vocal repertoires appeared to be less strict than previously reported, suggesting that both sexes have the capacity to produce calls of the other sex but that social roles may constrain this expression. Similarly, age‐specific vocal patterns would reflect respective social roles, and experience to some extent. Finally, calling rates would reflect age‐/sex‐specific degree of involvement in intragroup social networks. These findings highlight the relative importance of phylogeny, morphology, and social system on the shaping of individual repertoires in nonhuman primates. Am. J. Primatol. 74:12–28, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The genetics of ocular disorders: Insights from the zebrafish
Authors: Morris Ann C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractProper formation of the vertebrate eye requires a precisely coordinated sequence of morphogenetic events that integrate the developmental contributions of the skin ectoderm, neuroectoderm, and head mesenchyme. Disruptions in this process result in ocular malformations or retinal degeneration and can cause significant visual impairment. The zebrafish is an excellent vertebrate model for the study of eye development and disease due to the transparency of the embryo, its ex utero development, and its amenability to forward genetic screens. This review will present an overview of the genetic methodologies utilized in the zebrafish, a description of several zebrafish models of congenital ocular diseases, and a discussion of the utility of the zebrafish for assessing the pathogenicity of candidate disease alleles. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 93:215–228, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted mutagenesis of zebrafish: Use of zinc finger nucleases
Authors: Leong Ivone Un San , Lai Daniel , Lan Chuan‐Ching , Johnson Ross , Love Donald R. , Johnson Ross , Love Donald R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe modeling of human disease in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is moving away from chemical mutagensis and transient downregulation using morpholino oligomers to more targeted and stable transgenic methods. In this respect, zinc finger nucleases offer a means of introducing mutations at targeted sites at high efficiency. We describe here the development of zinc finger nucleases and their general use in model systems with a focus on the zebrafish. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 93:249–255, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish—As an integrative model for twenty‐first century toxicity testing
Authors: Sipes Nisha S. , Padilla Stephanie , Knudsen Thomas B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe zebrafish embryo is a useful small model for investigating vertebrate development because of its transparency, low cost, transgenic and morpholino capabilities, conservation of cell signaling, and concordance with mammalian developmental phenotypes. From these advantages, the zebrafish embryo has been considered as an alternative model for traditional in vivo developmental toxicity screening. The use of this organism in conjunction with traditional in vivo developmental toxicity testing has the potential to reduce cost and increase throughput of testing the chemical universe, prioritize chemicals for targeted toxicity testing, generate predictive models of developmental toxicants, and elucidate mechanisms and adverse outcome pathways for abnormal development. This review gives an overview of the zebrafish embryo for pre	dictive toxicology and 21st century toxicity testing. Developmental eye defects were selected as an example to evaluate data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ToxCast program comparing responses in zebrafish embryos with those from pregnant rats and rabbits for a subset of 24 environmental chemicals across >600 in vitro assay targets. Cross‐species comparisons implied a common basis for biological pathways associated with neuronal defects, extracellular matrix remodeling, and mitotic arrest. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 93:256–267, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A validated bioanalytical HPLC method for pharmacokinetic evaluation of 2‐deoxyglucose in human plasma
Authors: Gounder Murugesan K. , Lin Hongxia , Stein Mark , Goodin Susan , Bertino Joseph R. , Kong Ah‐Ng Tony , DiPaola Robert S. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT2‐Deoxyglucose (2‐DG), an analog of glucose, is widely used to interfere with glycolysis in tumor cells and studied as a therapeutic approach in clinical trials. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of 2‐DG, we describe the development and validation of a sensitive HPLC fluorescent method for the quantitation of 2‐DG in plasma. Plasma samples were deproteinized with methanol and the supernatant was dried at 45°C. The residues were dissolved in methanolic sodium acetate–boric acid solution. 2‐DG and other monosaccharides were derivatized to 2‐aminobenzoic acid derivatives in a single step in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride at 80°C for 45 min. The analytes were separated on a YMC ODS C18 reversed‐phase column using gradient elution. The excitation and emission wavelengths were set at 360 and 425 nm. The 2‐DG calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.63–300 µg/mL with a limit of detection of 0.5 µg/mL. The assay provided satisfactory intra‐day and inter‐day precision with RSD less than 9.8%, and the accuracy ranged from 86.8 to 110.0%. The HPLC method is reproducible and suitable for the quantitation of 2‐DG in plasma. The method was successfully applied to characterize the pharmacokinetics profile of 2‐DG in patients with advanced solid tumors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination and pharmacokinetics of [6]‐gingerol in mouse plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Min Gi , Shin Beom Soo , Choi Yohan , Ryu Jae Kuk , Shin Seung Woo , Choo Hyun Wook , Yoo Sun Dong 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis study describes the development of a rapid and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) assay for the quantification of [6]‐gingerol in mouse plasma and application to a pharmacokinetic study after dose ranging in mice. The assay involved a protein precipitation step with acetonitrile and an isocratic elution using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% formic acid (80:20 v/v). The multiple reaction monitoring was based on the transition of m/z = 277.2 → 177.1 for [6]‐gingerol and 294.2 → 137.1 for nonivamide (internal standard). The assay was validated to demonstrate the specificity, linearity, recovery, accuracy, precision and stability. The calibration curves were linear over the wide concentration range of 10–10,000 ng/mL (r ≥ 0.9988). The lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL using a small volume of mouse plasma (20 μL). The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice after intravenous injection of [6]‐gingerol at 1.5, 3 and 6 mg/kg doses. The pharmacokinetics of [6]‐gingerol were linear over the dose range studied as demonstrated by the linear increase in area under the concentration‐time curve (AUCinf) with no significant change in the systemic clearance (Cls), volume of distribution (Vss) and elimination half‐life (t1/2) as a function of dose. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational Enantioselective Design of Chiral Heterobimetallic Single‐Chain Magnets: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Oxamato‐Bridged MIICuII Chains (M=Mn, Co)
Authors: Ferrando‐Soria Jesús , Cangussu Danielle , Eslava Mercedes , Journaux Yves , Lescouëzec Rodrigue , Julve Miguel , Lloret Francesc , Pasán Jorge , Ruiz‐Pérez Catalina , Lhotel Elsa , Paulsen Carley , Pardo Emilio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new series of neutral oxamato‐bridged MIICuII chiral chains of general formula [MCuLx(S)m(H2O)n]⋅aS⋅bH2O [L1=(M)‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2,2′‐bis(oxamate) with M=Mn (1 a) and Co (1 b); L2=(P)‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2,2′‐bis(oxamate) with M=Mn (2 a) and Co (2 b)] and the analogous racemic chains of formula [MCuL3(S)m(H2O)n]⋅aS⋅bH2O [L3=1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2,2′‐bis(oxamate) with M=Mn (3 a) and Co (3 b)] have been prepared by reaction of the corresponding dianionic oxamatocopper(II) complex [Cu(Lx)]2− with Mn2+ or Co2+ cations in either dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Solid circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the bimetallic chain compounds were recorded to establish their chiral and enantiomeric nature. They exhibit maximum positive and negative Cotton effects, each pair of enantiomeric chains being non‐superimposable mirror images. The crystal structures of the MnIICuII (1 a–3 a) and the CoIICuII (1 b and 2 b) chain compounds were solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. Our attempts to obtain X‐ray quality crystals of 3 b were unsuccessful. The values of the shortest interchain Mn⋅⋅⋅Mn and Co⋅⋅⋅Co distances are indicative of a good isolation of neighbouring chains in the crystal lattice, which is caused by the bulky aromatic ligand. Although all the MnIICuII and CoIICuII chains exhibit ferrimagnetic behaviour (−JMnCu=18.9–26.6 cm−1 and −JCoCu=19.5–32.5 cm−1), only the enantiopure CoIICuII chains (1 b and 2 b) show slow magnetic relaxation at low temperatures (TB=0.6–1.8 K), which is a characteristic of single‐chain magnets (SCMs) and is related to the magnetic anisotropy of the high‐spin CoII ion. Analysis of the SCM behaviour of 1 b and 2 b, based on Glauber’s theory for an Ising one‐dimensional system, shows a thermally activated mechanism for the magnetic relaxation (Arrhenius law dependence). The energy barriers (Ea) to reverse the magnetisation direction are 8.2 (1 b) and 8.1 cm−1 (2 b), whereas the pre‐exponential factor (τ0) is 1.9×10−8 (1 b) and 6.0×10−9 s (2 b). Interestingly, the racemic CoIICuII chain analogue, 3 b, showed no evidence of SCM behaviour.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Stability, Ionic Conductivity of BaCe0.9‐xZrxSm0.10O3‐α and Its Application to Ammonia Synthesis at Atmospheric Pressure.
Authors: Wang Xiaowen , Yin Jinling , Xu Jianhong , Wang Hongtao , Ma Guilin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTitle ceramics with x = 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.30 are prepared by heat treatment (1423 and 1823 K in air for 10 h each) of precursors obtained by coprecipitation from HNO3 solutions of Ba(NO3)2, (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6, ZrO(NO3)2, and Sm(NO3)3 in the presence of polyethylene glycol.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Crystal NaY(MoO4)2 thin Plates with Dominant {001} Facets for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes under Visible Light Irradiation.
Authors: Liu Sen‐Sen , Yang Dong‐Peng , Ma De‐Kun , Wang Shun , Tang Tian‐Di , Huang Shao‐Ming 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNaY(MoO4)2 thin plates with 93% {001} facets are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous solutions of Y(NO3)3, Na2MoO4, and HNO3 (autoclave, pH 4.3, 180 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Cerium—Tungsten Mixed Oxide Catalyst for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3.
Authors: Shan Wenpo , Liu Fudong , He Hong , Shi Xiaoyan , Zhang Changbin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMixed Ce—W oxide catalysts (Ce2WOx, CeWOx, CeW2Ox) are prepared by homogeneous precipitation from aqueous solutions of Ce(NO3)3, (NH4)10W12O41, and (COOH)2 using urea (90 °C, 12 h) followed by calcination in air (500 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of the New Chalcogenides Ba3Cu17‐x(S,Te)11 and Ba3Cu17‐x(S,Te)11.5 with Two Different Cu Clusters.
Authors: Kuropatwa Bryan A. , Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Holger 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBa3Cu15.1S7.92Te3.08 (I), Ba3Cu15.7S7.051Te3.949 (II), Ba3Cu15.6S5.33Te6.17 (III), and Ba3Cu16.0S4.45Te7.05 (IV) are synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements at 1073 K (6 h, slow cooling to 873 K over 100 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrolysis: Asymmetric Hydrolytic Protonation of Enol Esters Catalyzed by Phase‐Transfer Catalysts.
Authors: Yamamoto Eiji , Nagai Ayano , Hamasaki Akiyuki , Tokunaga Makoto 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCompared with known enzymatic reactions, the new protocol can also be performed under concentrated and in buffer‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed Phosphane η5‐CpRuCl(PR3)2 Complexes as Ambifunctional Catalysts for anti‐Markovnikov Hydration of Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Boeck Florian , Kribber Thomas , Xiao Li , Hintermann Lukas 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new in situ mixed phosphane catalyst, is mixed in situ, used for preparative anti‐Markovnikov hydration of alkynes in water‐rich media.
ChemInform Abstract: The Dinosyl Group: A Powerful Activator for the Regioselective Alcoholysis of Aziridines.
Authors: Stanetty Christian , Blaukopf Markus K. , Lachmann Bodo , Noe Christian R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Dns group presents major advantages over the tosyl and nosyl protecting groups in the alcoholysis reaction of aziridines in terms of reaction time and selectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: SBA‐15‐Functionalized TEMPO Confined Ionic Liquid: An Efficient Catalyst System for Transition‐Metal‐Free Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols with Improved Selectivity.
Authors: Karimi Babak , Badreh Ebrahim 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA novel catalyst system for the aerobic oxidation of a wide range of alcohols is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Propargylic Carbonates with N‐Tosylhydrazones: Highly Selective Synthesis of Substituted Propargylic N‐Sulfonylhydrazones and Vinylallenes.
Authors: Chen Zi‐Sheng , Duan Xin‐Hua , Wu Lu‐Yong , Ali Shaukat , Ji Ke‐Gong , Zhou Ping‐Xin , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPropargylic N‐sulfonylhydrazones are obtained using PdCl2(MeCN)2 by direct propargylic substitution.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, and Mechanism of Action of a Series of 2‐{[(2E)‐3‐Phenylprop‐2‐enoyl]amino}benzamides.
Authors: Raffa Demetrio , et al. et al. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSome of the new benzamides (III) and (VIII) are evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against the full NCI tumor cell line panel.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Pinacol Coupling of Aryl Ketones with a Phenyltitanium Reagent: A New Type of Catalytic Reaction.
Authors: Hayashi Tamio , Sasaki Keigo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA novel protocol for the synthesis of pinacol alcohols is presented using a low valent phenyl‐titanium species as reducing agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Bergman Cyclization of Fluorinated Benzo‐Fused Enediynes to Naphthalene Derivatives: Syntheses and Structures.
Authors: Kane Christopher M. , Meyers Tiffany B. , Yu Xin , Gerken Michael , Etzkorn Markus 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe subtle changes in the substitution pattern of the fluorinated naphthalenes cause significant diversity in their molecular structures due to different non‐covalent interactions in the solid state.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Methylenetetrahydrofurans by Palladium‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Trimethylenemethane with Aldehydes — A Novel Ligand Design.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Bringley Dustin A. , Silverman Steven M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new type of phosphoramidite ligand is developed possessing a stereogenic phosphorus, whose high reactivity mitigates the need for a Lewis acid co‐catalyst in the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative C—H/C—H Cross‐Coupling of Indoles and Pyrroles with Heteroarenes.
Authors: Wang Zhen , Li Kaizhi , Zhao Dongbing , Lan Jingbo , You Jingsong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA Pd—Cu co‐catalyst system is successfully applied to the oxidative C—C cross coupling of indole and pyrrole derivatives with various hetarenes like purine, thiazole, or oxazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Cp2ZrCl2‐Induced Reformatsky and Barbier Reactions on Isatins: An Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Substituted‐3‐hydroxyindolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Chouhan Mangilal , Sharma Ratnesh , Nair Vipin A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Reformatsky reaction is investigated and first applied under optimized conditions to carbonyl compounds (I)/(IV) and esters (II)/(V).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Aminooxygenation: Direct Access to Formyl‐Substituted Aromatic N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Wang Honggen , Wang Yong , Liang Dongdong , Liu Lanying , Zhang Jiancun , Zhu Qiang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTreatment of N‐allyl‐2‐aminopyridines or N‐allylamidines with O2 in the presence of copper catalyst allows a direct production of formyl‐substituted imidazole skeletons from acyclic substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Remarkable Stereocontrol in 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Acyclic Nitrones: Investigation of the Cycloaddition of C,N‐Diaryl Nitrones to Methyl Cinnamate under Different Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Biswas Pizush Kanti , Bandyopadhyay Debasish , Prange Thierry , Neuman Alain , Banerji Avijit 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe different outcome of the title reaction is discussed based on MO theory.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient, Stereoselective Approach to the Synthesis of 3‐(1‐Phenyl‐2‐(Z‐styrylsulfonyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐ones.
Authors: Guravaiah Nalajam , Rao Vedula Rajeswar 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA facile synthesis of the title styrylsulfonylimidazoles (VIII) (some yields not given), which are expected to possess higher anticancer activity than aryl styryl sulfones, is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Pt(IV)‐Catalyzed Generation and [4 + 2]‐Cycloaddition Reactions of o‐Quinone Methides.
Authors: Radomkit Suttipol , Sarnpitak Pakornwit , Tummatorn Jumreang , Batsomboon Paratchata , Ruchirawat Somsak , Ploypradith Poonsakdi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA variety of dihydrobenzopyran derivatives is prepared by Pt(IV)‐catalyzed generation of o‐quinone methides and their subsequent inter‐ and intramolecular cycloaddition towards various dienophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Enantiomeric Scaffolding: A Strategy for the Enantiocontrolled Construction of Regio‐ and Stereodivergent Trisubstituted Piperidines from a Common Precursor.
Authors: Wong Heilam , Garnier‐Amblard Ethel C. , Liebeskind Lanny S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA general, efficient, and stereoselective method to prepare 2,3,6‐cis‐ and 2,6‐cis‐3‐trans‐trisubstituted piperidines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Barium Chloride Dispersed on Silica Gel Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for the Preparation of 2,4,6‐Triarylpyridines under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Shafiee Mohammad Reza Mohammad , Moloudi Raheleh 
Published: September 2011

Abstractby the reaction of acetophenones with benzaldehydes, and ammonium acetate
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Bicyclic 4‐Aminopyrimidines from the Reaction of Dinitriles with Mononitriles.
Authors: Chercheja Serghei , Simpson Juliet K. , Lam Hon Wai 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTitle reaction proceeds via a Thorpe—Ziegler cyclization of the dinitrile to generate a β‐cyanoenamine which subsequently undergoes a second cyclization step with the mononitrile to give fused pyrimidine derivative, e.g. (III), (V), (VII) and (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Carbonylation of Functionalized Diamine Diols to Cyclic Ureas: Application to Derivatives of DMP 450.
Authors: Darko Ampofo K. , Curran F. Chris , Copin Chloe , McElwee‐White Lisa 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCyclic urea derivatives are synthesized by carbonylation of primary and secondary diamines.
ChemInform Abstract: New 2‐Thioether‐Substituted Apomorphines as Potent and Selective Dopamine D2 Receptor Agonists.
Authors: Reinart Reet , Gyulai Zsuzsanna , Berenyi Sandor , Antus Sandor , Vonk Argo , Rinken Ago , Sipos Attila 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe introduction of substituents at position 2 of the aporphine backbone is suitable for the preparation of 2‐O‐ and 2‐S‐substituted aporphines with the methanesulfonic acid‐mediated rearrangement of thebaine (I).
ChemInform Abstract: The New 5‐ or 6‐Azapyrimidine and Cyanuric Acid Derivatives of L‐Ascorbic Acid Bearing the Free C‐5 Hydroxy or C‐4 Amino Group at the Ethylenic Spacer: CD‐Spectral Absolute Configuration Determination and Biological Activity Evaluations.
Authors: Mintas M. , et al. et al. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCytosine and azacytosine derivatives of L‐ascorbic acid are obtained by the reaction of silylated cytosine bases (I) with ascorbic acid derivatives (II) and (VII) under Vorbrueggen reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Advanced Electron Microscopy Investigation of Ceria‐Zirconia‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Lopez‐Haro M. , Perez‐Omil J. A. , Hernandez‐Garrido J. C. , Trasobares S. , Hungria A. B. , Cies J. M. , Midgley P. A. , Bayle‐Guillemaud P. , Martinez‐Arias A. , Bernal S. , et al. et al. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractReview: 46 refs.
Gastric H+,K+‐ATPase
Authors: Shin Jai Moo , Munson Keith , Sachs George 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe gastric H+,K+‐ATPase is responsible for gastric acid secretion. This ATPase is composed of two subunits, the catalytic α subunit and the structural β subunit. The α subunit with molecular mass of about 100 kDa has 10 transmembrane domains and is strongly associated with the β subunit with a single transmembrane segment and a peptide mass of 35 kDa. Its three‐dimensional structure is based on homology modeling and site‐directed mutagenesis resulting in a proton extrusion and K+reabsorption model. There are three conserved H3O+‐binding sites in the middle of the membrane domain and H3O+secretion depends on a conformational change involving Lys791insertion into the second H3O+site enclosed by E795, E820, and D824 that allows export of protons at a concentration of 160 mM. K+countertransport involves binding to this site after the release of protons with retrograde displacement of Lys791and then K+transfer to E343 and exit to the cytoplasm. This ATPase is the major therapeutic target in treatment of acid‐related diseases and there are several known luminal inhibitors allowing analysis of the luminal vestibule. One class contains the acid‐activated covalent, thiophilic proton pump inhibitors, the most effective of current acid‐suppressive drugs. Their binding sites and trypsinolysis allowed identification of all ten transmembrane segments of the ATPase. In addition, various K+‐competitive inhibitors of the ATPase are being developed, with the advantage of complete and rapid inhibition of acid secretion independent of pump activity and allowing further refinement of the structure of the luminal vestibule of the E2form of this ATPase. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:2141‐2153, 2011.