bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive Testing of Adhesive-Bonded Joints
Authors: Gonzalez H. M. , Cagle C. V. 
Published: September 2009

The use of adhesive structural bonding has spread rapidly throughout the aerospace industry. Its wide acceptance is attributed, on one hand, to unique strength properties imparted to joined structures by the adhesives and, on the other hand, to the design flexibility and production simplification it provides. Adhesive bonding is, in many instances, replacing conventional techniques, such as welding, brazing, and mechanical fastening.
A major problem encountered in the effective application of structural adhesives, however, is determining the reliability of the bonded assembly. Up to the present time, the quality of a bonded structure has been difficult to establish without actually testing the structure to destruction. Test specimens bonded under the same process and at the same time, destructively tested, cannot provide complete quality assurance. The test specimens can exhibit and guarantee only that bonded assemblies are properly processed, that is, that proper surface preparation and cure treatment were used. The test coupons can, therefore, indicate the adhesive quality of a joint, but not the cohesive quality of the bondline.
A nondestructive testing procedure that provides an indication of the cohesive quality of a joint has been studied, developed, and applied to the production-line testing of bonded structures at Hughes Aircraft Co.
This paper briefly describes the background for this study, the procedure developed, and the technique used to generate the measurement criteria.
1963 Edgar Marburg Lecture: Adhesives—Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Blomquist R. F. 
Published: September 2009

Although adhesives have been known at least from the time of the early Egyptians and are familiar to all the civilized world as useful means to hold things together, their use in industry is only now being fully realized. Adhesives have many advantages over other methods of fastenings and some important limitations. They open the door to many new combinations of materials with unusual properties unattainable in materials of one component. They can be engineered to produce structural components of unusual properties, such as prefabricated building components or high-speed aircraft, as well as such prosaic uses as holding labels on cans, paper on a wall, or sealing envelopes.
Use of adhesives is still largely an art, but a science of adhesion and adhesives applications is developing. Adhesives are formulated from many components—both natural and synthetic—and are further modified with other selected additives. Their complex molecular composition makes basic studies of interfacial phenomena in bonding difficult. However, significant strides are being made to understand the fundamental nature of adhesion to various substrates, cohesive properties of the adhesive film, and interactions between adherends and adhesives in joints as related to joint design and bonding conditions.
One of the most valuable contributions to adhesives technology in recent years has been the introduction of new man-made polymers, which, when properly formulated into adhesives, can produce strong and durable joints that can be used with confidence as primary fastenings in structures where service requirements are severe over long periods of time.
The wide variety of adhesives now available, together with the many new adhesives to be developed in the near future, challenge the engineer and fabricator. Standardized methods for evaluating and specifying adhesives for new uses are an important phase of current and future ASTM activities.
Establishing Specification Limits by Statistical Data Analysis
Authors: Carpenter C. A. , Oglio E. R. 
Published: September 2009

Specification limits for test characteristics of road materials and for the control of processes such as compaction have usually been established on the basis of judgement reflecting experience in testing and working with materials. The limits have been set with the basic intention that compliance will be required. Generally, there is considerable operating room or built-in tolerance for the variations that occur as the operation of incorporating the materials in the job is carried out. As long as these normal variations in materials and processes do not result in failure to meet the specifications, quality is considered to be under control.
Suppliers of materials and contractors tend to operate close to the specification limits when it is financially advantageous. In this case many individual test results and sometimes half or more of all test results fall outside the specification limits, because of at least four specific factors: (1) natural, inherent variations in the material, (2) variations due to sampling, (3) variations due to proportioning and processing, and (4) variations attributable to testing procedures and techniques.
The Bureau of Public Roads has initiated a broad research and development project in cooperation with the State highway departments that participate, to determine the feasibility of establishing specification requirements through statistical analysis of large samples of test data. Early in November, 1962, a suggestion for such a project was sent to all members of the AASHO (American Association of State Highway Officials) Committee on Materials through the committee's secretary. Several States had already undertaken such studies and had accumulated and analyzed a considerable amount of data. The Bureau proposed to analyze any data that might be made available to it, using normal frequency distribution plots and related procedures as suggested in ASTM Manual of Quality Control of Materials (1).
Many highway departments participated, expressed their interest in participating, or agreed to the need for it although unable to participate because of limited personnel.
In order to develop illustrative material applying specifically to highway material, the Bureau made a very limited pilot study on one recent, Federal, construction project using the data from the control testing of the bituminous surfacing material. It distributed an informal report of this work to representatives of the State highway departments at the AASHO annual meeting early in December, 1962. The graphical material from this pilot study is presented in this paper to illustrate the potential of statistical attack.
Uniformity of Asphalt Concrete Plant Production
Authors: Graham M. D. , Burnett W. C. , Thomas J. J. 
Published: September 2009

This study was undertaken to provide much needed information on the uniformity of surface-course asphalt concrete being produced for paving projects under the auspices of the New York State Department of Public Works. Over a two-year period, 39 hot-mix plants were visited, and more than 500 hot-bin samples were obtained. The average gradation from each plant was used as a base from which to compute uniformity. The differences between average gradations and individual sample gradations were analyzed statistically to obtain an indication of the uniformity of asphalt concrete production on a statewide basis. From this study it was concluded that:
1. There is now available a realistic indication of the uniformity of top-course asphalt concrete being supplied to New York State highway projects.
2. None of the plants studied produced a mix which was extremely variable or exceptionally uniform.
3. Using statistical coefficients, as developed in this study, it is possible to establish tolerance limits which reflect the actual variations encountered in the production of asphaltic concrete.
A Comparison of Soil Shear Strengths as Determined with Field and Laboratory Vane Shear Apparatus
Authors: Miller E. A. , Hall E. B. 
Published: September 2009

The increasing use of the field vane shear apparatus3,4 has been noted during the past several years. Even with the many limitations it possesses, a defined degree of reliability has been attached to this method of determining the undrained shear strength of fine-grain plastic soils.
This paper presents a comparison of results of undrained shear strengths as obtained by the field vane shear test with those obtained by a laboratory vane shear device. Further comparisons are presented from the use of the “Q” type (unconsolidated-undrained) triaxial compression test on undisturbed specimens. A remolded strength was determined with the field and laboratory vane shear devices, and certain triaxial test specimens were remolded at unaltered water contents. This was also accomplished for comparative reasons. Close agreement under qualified conditions was found to exist between the strength values obtained by the two methods of vane testing as well as the triaxial tests. However, definite variation was found in the shear strengths obtained by laboratory vane testing within a given 30-in.-long undisturbed sample taken in a 3-in. diameter thin-walled tube with a piston sampler.
Critical Appraisal of Proposal to Grade Paving Asphalts by Viscosity at 140 F
Authors: McLeod N. W. 
Published: September 2009

The proposal to grade asphalt cements by viscosity at 140 F, and to eliminate grading by penetration at 77 F, has been made to facilitate high temperature pavement construction operations, and particularly to eliminate delayed rolling.
This paper is critical of this proposed change to grading asphalt cements by viscosity at 140 F for the following reasons:
1. The effect this proposed change would have on long term pavement performance has been overlooked or ignored.
2. Elimination of delayed rolling can be achieved much more effectively by discarding steel-wheel rollers, and by employing properly operated pneumatic-tire rollers equipped for rapid adjustment of tire inflation pressure.
3. One of the proposed new viscosity grades, AC 12, would include all of the current paving grades, 40 to 50, 60 to 70, 85 to 100, 120 to 150, and 150 to 200 penetration, and this proposal implies, therefore, that pavement performance will be the same if asphalt cements ranging from 40 to 50 to 150 to 200 penetration are used.
4. Photographic evidence is presented to show the drastic difference in pavement performance that can occur when 85 to 100 versus 150 to 200 penetration asphalt cements are used under the severe climatic conditions that occur in the interior of Canada, and probably in the neighboring United States.
5. Differences of 50 and 70 per cent in Marshall stabilities of paving mixtures determined at 140 and 39.2 F, respectively, occur when they are made with asphalt cements of the same viscosity at 140 F, but with widely different penetrations at 77 F. These large differences in Marshall stability would influence both warm weather and cold weather pavement performance.
6. If the proposed grading by viscosity at 140 F were narrowed or circumscribed in any way, so as to eliminate asphalt cements with low penetrations at 77 F, this would exclude asphalt cements that satisfy current ASTM, AASHO, and Asphalt Institute specifications, which are based on grading by penetration at 77 F, and that have excellent records of service performance.
7. Grading asphalt cements by penetration at 77 F makes low viscosity asphalt cements available which, due to their lower resistance to compaction, facilitate: (a) attaining compaction to 100 percent of laboratory compacted density by rolling during construction, (b) achieving faster compaction by traffic to 100 per cent of laboratory compacted density, (c) achieving compaction to much higher density by rolling during cold weather construction; all of which will result in longer pavement life, in higher load carrying capacity per inch thickness of pavement, and in better pavement performance.
Identification of aCis-Acting Regulatory Polymorphism in a EucalyptCOBRA-Like Gene Affecting Cellulose Content
Authors: Thumma Bala R , Matheson Bronwyn A , Zhang Deqiang , Meeske Christian , Meder Roger , Downes Geoff M , Southerton Simon G 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPopulations with low linkage disequilibrium (LD) offer unique opportunities to study functional variants influencing quantitative traits. We exploited the low LD in forest trees to identify functional polymorphisms in a Eucalyptus nitens COBRA-like gene (EniCOBL4A), whose Arabidopsis homolog has been implicated in cellulose deposition. Linkage analysis in a full-sib family revealed that EniCOBL4A is the most strongly associated marker in a quantitative trait locus (QTL) region for cellulose content. Analysis of LD by genotyping 11 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a simple sequence repeat (SSR) in an association population revealed that LD declines within the length of the gene. Using association studies we fine mapped the effect of the gene to SNP7, a synonymous SNP in exon 5, which occurs between two small haplotype blocks. We observed patterns of allelic expression imbalance (AEI) and differential binding of nuclear proteins to the SNP7 region that indicate that SNP7 is a cis-acting regulatory polymorphism affecting allelic expression. We also observed AEI in SNP7 heterozygotes in a full-sib family that is linked to heritable allele-specific methylation near SNP7. This study demonstrates the potential to reveal functional polymorphisms underlying quantitative traits in low LD populations.
The Population Genetics of Adaptation: Multiple Substitutions on a Smooth Fitness Landscape
Authors: Unckless Robert L , Orr H Allen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Much recent work in the theoretical study of adaptation has focused on the so-called strong selection–weak mutation (SSWM) limit, wherein adaptation is due to new mutations of definite selective advantage. This work, in turn, has focused on the first step (substitution) during adaptive evolution. Here we extend this theory to allow multiple steps during adaptation. We find analytic solutions to the probability that adaptation follows a certain path during evolution as well as the probability that adaptation arrives at a given genotype regardless of the path taken. We also consider the probability of parallel adaptation and the proportion of the total increase in fitness caused by the first substitution. Our key assumption is that there is no epistasis among beneficial mutations.
The Small, Secreted Immunoglobulin Protein ZIG-3 Maintains Axon Position in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Bénard Claire , Tjoe Nartono , Boulin Thomas , Recio Janine , Hobert Oliver 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Vertebrate and invertebrate genomes contain scores of small secreted or transmembrane proteins with two immunoglobulin (Ig) domains. Many of them are expressed in the nervous system, yet their function is not well understood. We analyze here knockout alleles of all eight members of a family of small secreted or transmembrane Ig domain proteins, encoded by the Caenorhabditis elegans zig (“zwei Ig Domänen”) genes. Most of these family members display the unusual feature of being coexpressed in a single neuron, PVT, whose axon is located along the ventral midline of C. elegans. One of these genes, zig-4, has previously been found to be required for maintaining axon position postembryonically in the ventral nerve cord of C. elegans. We show here that loss of zig-3 function results in similar postdevelopmental axon maintenance defects. The maintenance function of both zig-3 and zig-4 serves to counteract mechanical forces that push axons around, as well as various intrinsic attractive forces between axons that cause axon displacement if zig genes like zig-3 or zig-4 are deleted. Even though zig-3 is expressed only in a limited number of neurons, including PVT, transgenic rescue experiments show that zig-3 can function irrespective of which cell or tissue type it is expressed in. Double mutant analysis shows that zig-3 and zig-4 act together to affect axon maintenance, yet they are not functionally interchangeable. Both genes also act together with other, previously described axon maintenance factors, such as the Ig domain proteins DIG-1 and SAX-7, the C. elegans ortholog of the human L1 protein. Our studies shed further light on the use of dedicated factors to maintain nervous system architecture and corroborate the complexity of the mechanisms involved.
Population Differentiation as an Indicator of Recent Positive Selection in Humans: An Empirical Evaluation
Authors: Xue Yali , Zhang Xuelong , Huang Ni , Daly Allan , Gillson Christopher J , MacArthur Daniel G , Yngvadottir Bryndis , Nica Alexandra C , Woodwark Cara , Chen Yuan , Conrad Donald F , Ayub Qasim , Mehdi S Qasim , Li Pu , Tyler-Smith Chris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe have evaluated the extent to which SNPs identified by genomewide surveys as showing unusually high levels of population differentiation in humans have experienced recent positive selection, starting from a set of 32 nonsynonymous SNPs in 27 genes highlighted by the HapMap1 project. These SNPs were genotyped again in the HapMap samples and in the Human Genome Diversity Project–Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (HGDP–CEPH) panel of 52 populations representing worldwide diversity; extended haplotype homozygosity was investigated around all of them, and full resequence data were examined for 9 genes (5 from public sources and 4 from new data sets). For 7 of the genes, genotyping errors were responsible for an artifactual signal of high population differentiation and for 2, the population differentiation did not exceed our significance threshold. For the 18 genes with confirmed high population differentiation, 3 showed evidence of positive selection as measured by unusually extended haplotypes within a population, and 7 more did in between-population analyses. The 9 genes with resequence data included 7 with high population differentiation, and 5 showed evidence of positive selection on the haplotype carrying the nonsynonymous SNP from skewed allele frequency spectra; in addition, 2 showed evidence of positive selection on unrelated haplotypes. Thus, in humans, high population differentiation is (apart from technical artifacts) an effective way of enriching for recently selected genes, but is not an infallible pointer to recent positive selection supported by other lines of evidence.
Epithelial Polarity: Interactions Between Junctions and Apical–Basal Machinery
Authors: Kaplan Nicole A , Liu Xiaoping , Tolwinski Nicholas S 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Epithelial polarity is established and maintained by competition between determinants that define the apical and basolateral domains. Cell–cell adhesion complexes, or adherens junctions, form at the interface of these regions. Mutations in adhesion components as well as apical determinants normally lead to an expansion of the basolateral domain. Here we investigate the genetic relationship between the polarity determinants and adhesion and show that the levels of the adhesion protein Armadillo affect competition. We find that in arm mutants, even a modest reduction in the basolateral component lgl leads to a full apical domain expansion or lgl phenotype. By using an allelic series of Armadillo mutations, we show that there is a threshold at which basolateral expansion can be reversed. Further, in embryos lacking the Wingless signaling component zw3, the same full apical expansion occurs again with only a reduction in lgl. We propose a model where zw3 regulates protein levels of apical and adhesion components and suggest that a reciprocal interaction between junctions and polarity modules functions to maintain stable apical and basolateral domains.
The Chronology of Distress, Anxiety, and Depression in Older Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Nelson Christian J. , Weinberger Mark I. , Balk Eliana , Holland Jimmie , Breitbart William , Roth Andrew J. 
Published: September 2009

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Explain why older cancer patients have better coping skills than younger cancer patients.Analyze the relationship between aging, and anxiety, depression and quality of life in prostate cancer patients.Explain the dynamics between anxiety and depression in older prostate cancer patients.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Assessment of Psychiatric Disorders in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients
Authors: Alim MA , Hussain AM , Haque MA , Ahad MA , Islam QT , Ekram ARMS 
Published: September 2009

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder commonly associated with psychosomatic illness Eighty six patients of IBS who met the clinical Rome-II criteria were enrolled in this prospective study. Necessary laboratory investigations were done to exclude organic diseases. All patients were subjected to psychiatric assessment by clinical psychiatrist using DSM-IV criteria. 96.5% of the studied patients actually had different psychiatric illness. Among them generalized anxiety disorder (24.4%), depressive illness (27.8%), somatoform disorder (12.7%) and hypochondriasis (10.4%) were the predominant abnormalities. New onset of IBS patients exhibited higher prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (42.8%) in comparison to longer duration of illness. Depressive illness (44.4%) was substantially higher in constipation-predominant IBS than other forms. doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i1.3296 TAJ 2005; 18(1): 10-13
Correlation of the Laboratory Findings with a Etiology of Patients Presenting with Fever followed by Altered Consciousness in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Shaha Amaresh Chandra , Nag Manabendra Nath , Deb Arpita , Nath NC 
Published: September 2009

Consecutive fifty subjects having fever with altered consciousness admitted into medical wards in Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur were selected to find out the aetiology and its correlation with laboratory findings of the subjects. Subjects having prolonged fever, (more than 21 days) pregnancy, trauma, drug intoxication, cerebrovascular disease and metabolic causes including liver diseases were excluded from the study. Study revealed that majority of the study subjects were below 39 years (76%) of age and most of them were male (80%). Predominant cases were found to be pyogenic meningitis (44%), followed by encephalitis (32%), cerebral malaria (20%) and tubercular meningitis (4%). Neutrophilic leucocytosis, high cerebrospinal fluid protein, very high cell count and low sugar were a common observation in pyogenic meningitis while very high erythrocytic sedimentation rate was the main findings in tubercular meningitis and high lymphocytic count was observed in encephalitis as compared to other. So it is concluded that subjects suffering from fever with altered consciousness are 1. Predominantly male of young age group. 2. pyogenic meningitis is a predominant cause. 3. Cerebrospinal fluid findings were observed to have usual findings in disease of pyogenic meningitis, encephalitis and tubercular meningitis. doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i1.3300 TAJ 2005; 18(1): 25-29