bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concentrations and environmental risk of chlorothalonil in air near potato fields in Prince Edward Island, Canada
Authors: Garron Christine , Ernst Bill , Julien Gary , Losier René , Davis Kimberly 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Chlorothalonil is used extensively in Prince Edward Island for the control of blight on potatoes, and has been measured throughout summer months in ambient air monitoring studies. This study was designed to characterize near‐field drift of chlorothalonil, and to evaluate how exposure to measured air concentrations might impact upon local wildlife species.RESULTS: Air samples were collected using high‐volume samplers at three distances downwind of sprayed potato fields, and at four different time intervals. Chlorothalonil was detected in 73% of prespray samples (from < 0.013 to 0.440 µg m−3). The mean air concentration 0 m away from the field edge during spray was 5.8 µg m−3, which was 7–41 times higher than concentrations measured in similar studies. Air concentrations were found to decline exponentially both with distance and time, although 0 m and 30 m concentrations at 2 h post‐spray remained significantly (3 times) higher than prespray (P < 0.05). Wind speed was not found to be significantly correlated with air concentration; however, increases in temperature were found to be significantly correlated with increases in air concentrations at all sample times, at 0 m and 30 m distances.CONCLUSION: Frequent prespray detections and high post‐spray concentrations suggest that both chronic and acute exposures to non‐target species are occurring; however, risk calculations suggest a relatively low risk of effects to representative species. One measurement showed that a human‐health‐based short‐term guideline had been exceeded, indicating that potential impacts to humans from chlorothalonil under current application conditions cannot be discounted. Copyright © 2011 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd
Quinclorac resistance: a concerted hormonal and enzymatic effort in Echinochloa phyllopogon
Authors: Yasuor Hagai , Milan Marco , Eckert James W , Fischer Albert J 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Quinclorac (3,7‐dichloro‐quinoline‐carboxylic acid) is a selective herbicide widely used to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Koss. is the most noxious grass weed in California rice fields and has evolved resistance to multiple herbicides with different modes of action. A quinclorac‐resistant (R) E. phyllopogon biotype found in a Sacramento Valley rice field where quinclorac has never been applied was investigated.RESULTS: Resistant to susceptible (S) GR50 (herbicide rate for 50% growth reduction) ratios ranged from 6 to 17. The cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion (200 mg L−1) caused R plants to become as quinclorac susceptible as S plants. Quinclorac rapidly (6 HAT) stimulated ethylene formation in S plants, but only marginally in R plants. Malathion pretreatment did not reduce ethylene formation by quinclorac‐treated S and R plants. Activity of β‐cyanoalanine synthase (β‐CAS) in tissue extracts was 2‐3‐fold greater in R than in S plants, and incubation of shoot extracts with 1 mM malathion reduced β‐CAS activity by 40% in both biotypes.CONCLUSION: Resistance to quinclorac in R E. phyllopogon involved at least two mechanisms: (a) insensitivity along the response pathway whereby quinclorac induces ethylene production; (b) enhanced β‐CAS activity, which should enable greater HCN detoxification following quinclorac stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis. This unveils new resistance mechanisms for this multiple‐resistant biotype widely spread throughout California rice fields. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Vacancies and atomic processes in intermetallics – From crystals to quasicrystals and bulk metallic glasses
Authors: Schaefer Hans‐Eckhardt , Baier Falko , Müller Markus A. , Reichle Klaus J. , Reimann Klaus , Rempel Andrey A. , Sato Kiminori , Ye Feng , Zhang Xiangyi , Sprengel Wolfgang 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA review is given on atomic vacancies in intermetallic compounds. The intermetallic compounds cover crystalline, quasicrystalline, and bulk metallic glass (BMG) structures. Vacancies can be specifically characterized by their positron lifetimes, by the coincident measurement of the Doppler broadening of the two quanta emitted by positron–electron annihilation, or by time‐differential dilatometry. By these techniques, high concentrations and low mobilities of thermal vacancies were found in open‐structured B2 intermetallics such as FeAl or NiAl, whereas the concentrations of vacancies are low and their mobilities high in close‐packed structure as, e.g., L12‐Ni3Al. The activation volumes of vacancy formation and migration are determined by high‐pressure experiments. The favorable sublattice for vacancy formation is found to be the majority sublattice in Fe61Al39 and in MoSi2. In the icosahedral quasicrystal Al70Pd21Mn9 the thermal vacancy concentration is low, whereas in the BMG Zr57Cu15.4Ni12.6Nb3Al10 thermal vacancies are found in high concentrations with low mobilities. This may determine the basic mechanisms of the glass transition. Making use of the experimentally determined vacancy data, the main features of atomic diffusion studies in crystalline intermetallics, in quasicrystals, and in BMGs can be understood. Manfred Fähnle and his group have substantially contributed to the theoretical understanding of vacancies and diffusion mechanisms in intermetallics.
Magnetic coupling in dilute magnetic semiconductors: A new perspective
Authors: Andriotis Antonis N. , Menon Madhu 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe ferromagnetic coupling (FMC) among magnetic impurities in the dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) ZnO and GaN is revisited within a molecular orbital (MO) approximation. In particular, based on computational results obtained by both ab initio and tight binding molecular dynamics methods, we demonstrate that the FMC appears to be the coupling between MOs consisting of MO‐parts confined in the tetrahedra centered at the cationic impurities. This new interpretation links the defect‐induced magnetism in DMSs and TMOs (transition metal oxides) to the previously proposed theories of magnetic organic salts and carbon‐based materials.
From electrons to materials
Authors: Hammerschmidt Thomas , Madsen Georg K. H. , Rogal Jutta , Drautz Ralf 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this article, we discuss how microstructural length and time scales may be reached in atomistic simulations. We bridge from electronic properties to properties of materials by employing a systematic coarse graining of the electronic structure to effective interatomic interactions. In combination with extended time scale simulations the elementary processes of microstructural evolution may then be described. We present our approach to the derivation of tight‐binding models from density functional theory, the characterization of the interatomic interaction using bond‐order potentials and extended time scale simulations based on adaptive kinetic Monte Carlo. Applications to structural stability in iron, internal interfaces in tungsten and hydrogen diffusion in iron are discussed briefly and relate our approach to Manfred Fähnle's work.
A deep level transient spectroscopy study on the interface states across grain boundaries in multicrystalline silicon
Authors: Chen J. , Cornagliotti E. , Simoen E. , Hieckmann E. , Weber J. , Poortmans J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDegrading the recombination activities of grain boundaries (GBs) is essential to improve the efficiency of multi‐crystalline silicon (mc‐Si) based solar cells. We apply the deep level transient spectroscopy technique to detect interface states at Σ3 and Σ9 GBs in mc‐Si. The density of interface states close to midgap is found comparable for both as‐grown GBs. Gettering or hydrogenation leads to shallower states with a smaller capture cross section and lower density. Recombination activity reduction for Σ3 GBs is stronger than for Σ9 GBs especially after hydrogenation. Both the analysis approach and experimental results could be applied for a specific GB engineering of mc‐Si based solar cells. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thin film optimization design of organic–inorganic hybrids for waveguide high‐rejection optical filters
Authors: Vicente Carlos M. S. , Venkatachaam Ramkanna , Ferreira Bruno M. , Marques Paulo G. , Marques Carlos A. F. , Pecoraro Edison , Carlos Luis D. , André Paulo S. , Ferreira Rute A. S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe report the fabrication of transparent, low surface roughness (<0.1 nm), and low‐loss (1.5 ± 0.2 dB cm–1, 532 nm) thin films of organic–inorganic hybrids with controlled refractive index values stable under aging. High‐rejection optical filters based on first‐order Bragg gratings inscribed in channel waveguides were fabricated using UV‐laser writing. Their high‐rejection figure of merit (∼24 dB) is the best value found until now for organic–inorganic hybrids reinforcing the potential of sol–gel technology in the integration of optoelectronic components based on hybrid materials, namely in the fabrication of cost‐effective integrated optics devices. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Forensic surface metrology: tool mark evidence
Authors: Gambino Carol , McLaughlin Patrick , Kuo Loretta , Kammerman Frani , Shenkin Peter , Diaczuk Peter , Petraco Nicholas , Hamby James , Petraco Nicholas D. K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOver the last several decades, forensic examiners of impression evidence have come under scrutiny in the courtroom due to analysis methods that rely heavily on subjective morphological comparisons. Currently, there is no universally accepted system that generates numerical data to independently corroborate visual comparisons. Our research attempts to develop such a system for tool mark evidence, proposing a methodology that objectively evaluates the association of striated tool marks with the tools that generated them. In our study, 58 primer shear marks on 9 mm cartridge cases, fired from four Glock model 19 pistols, were collected using high‐resolution white light confocal microscopy. The resulting three‐dimensional surface topographies were filtered to extract all “waviness surfaces”—the essential “line” information that firearm and tool mark examiners view under a microscope. Extracted waviness profiles were processed with principal component analysis (PCA) for dimension reduction. Support vector machines (SVM) were used to make the profile‐gun associations, and conformal prediction theory (CPT) for establishing confidence levels. At the 95% confidence level, CPT coupled with PCA‐SVM yielded an empirical error rate of 3.5%. Complementary, bootstrap‐based computations for estimated error rates were 0%, indicating that the error rate for the algorithmic procedure is likely to remain low on larger data sets. Finally, suggestions are made for practical courtroom application of CPT for assigning levels of confidence to SVM identifications of tool marks recorded with confocal microscopy. SCANNING 33: 272–278, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A New Approach to In‐Situ “Micromanufacturing”: Microfluidic Fabrication of Magnetic and Fluorescent Chains Using Chitosan Microparticles as Building Blocks
Authors: Jiang Kunqiang , Xue Chao , Arya Chanda , Shao Chenren , George Elijah O. , DeVoe Don L. , Raghavan Srinivasa R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn in situ microfluidic assembly approach is described that can both produce microsized building blocks and assemble them into complex multiparticle configurations in the same microfluidic device. The building blocks are microparticles of the biopolymer chitosan, which is intentionally selected because its chemistry allows for simultaneous intraparticle and interparticle linking. Monodisperse chitosan‐bearing droplets are created by shearing off a chitosan solution at a microfluidic T‐junction with a stream of hexadecane containing a nonionic detergent. These droplets are then interfacially crosslinked into stable microparticles by a downstream flow of glutaraldehyde (GA). The functional properties of these robust microparticles can be easily varied by introducing various payloads, such as magnetic nanoparticles and/or fluorescent dyes, into the chitosan solution. The on‐chip connection of such individual particles into well‐defined microchains is demonstrated using GA again as the chemical “glue” and microchannel confinement as the spatial template. Chain flexibility can be tuned by adjusting the crosslinking conditions: both rigid chains and semiflexible chains are created. Additionally, the arrangement of particles within a chain can also be controlled, for example, to generate chains with alternating fluorescent and nonfluorescent microparticles. Such microassembled chains could find applications as microfluidic mixers, delivery vehicles, microscale sensors, or miniature biomimetic robots.
Single‐Molecule Colocalization Studies Shed Light on the Idea of Fully Emitting versus Dark Single Quantum Dots
Authors: Pons Thomas , Medintz Igor L. , Farrell Dorothy , Wang Xiang , Grimes Amy F. , English Douglas S. , Berti Lorenzo , Mattoussi Hedi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this report the correlation between the solution photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield and the fluorescence emission of individual semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is investigated. This is done by taking advantage of previously reported enhancement in the macroscopic quantum yield of water‐soluble QDs capped with dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) when self‐assembled with polyhistidine‐appended proteins, and by using fluorescence coincidence analysis (FCA) to detect the presence of “bright” and “dark” single QDs in solution. This allows for changes in the fraction of the two QD species to be tracked as the PL yield of the solution is progressively altered. The results clearly indicate that in a dispersion of luminescent nanocrystals, “bright” (intermittently emitting) single QDs coexist with “permanently dark” (non‐emitting) QDs. Furthermore, the increase in the fraction of emitting QDs accompanies the increase in the PL quantum yield of the solution. These findings support the idea that a dispersion of QDs consists of two optically distinct populations of nanocrystals—one is “bright” while the other is “dark;” and that the relative fraction of these two populations defines the overall PL yield.
Microstructure and Local Strain Fields in a High‐Alloyed Austenitic Cast Steel and a Steel‐Matrix Composite Material after in situ Tensile and Cyclic Deformation
Authors: Weidner A. , Yanina A. , Guk S. , Kawalla R. , Biermann H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe tensile and cyclic deformation behaviour of a new metastable austenitic stainless cast TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steel and a composite material consisting of austenitic steel matrix (AISI 304) with 5% MgO partially stabilized ZrO2 (MgO‐PSZ) was studied in‐situ in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In‐situ tests in the SEM show the evolution of the microstructure with the strain for uniaxial deformation and the number of cycles during fatigue, respectively. Initially, deformation bands develop. In these bands, the face‐centred cubic austenite transforms into the hexagonal ε‐martensite and subsequently to the body‐centred cubic α'‐ martensite. This evolution was studied by different SEM techniques. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was applied for phase and orientation identification. The dislocation arrangement was investigated applying the electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) technique to different deformation stages. The studies are completed with measurements of local displacement fields using digital image correlation (DIC).
Novel Stem/Progenitor Cell Population from Murine Tracheal Submucosal Gland Ducts with Multipotent Regenerative Potential
Authors: Hegab Ahmed E. , Ha Vi Luan , Gilbert Jennifer L. , Zhang Kelvin Xi , Malkoski Stephen P. , Chon Andy T. , Darmawan Daphne O. , Bisht Bharti , Ooi Aik T. , Pellegrini Matteo , Nickerson Derek W. , Gomperts Brigitte N. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The airway epithelium is in direct contact with the environment and therefore constantly at risk for injury. Basal cells (BCs) have been found to repair the surface epithelium (SE), but the contribution of other stem cell populations to airway epithelial repair has not been identified. We demonstrated that airway submucosal gland (SMG) duct cells, in addition to BCs, survived severe hypoxic-ischemic injury. We developed a method to isolate duct cells from the airway. In vitro and in vivo models were used to compare the self-renewal and differentiation potential of duct cells and BCs. We found that only duct cells were capable of regenerating SMG tubules and ducts, as well as the SE overlying the SMGs. SMG duct cells are therefore a multipotent stem cell for airway epithelial repair This is of importance to the field of lung regeneration as determining the repairing cell populations could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and cell-based therapies for patients with airway diseases.
Bis(4‐methylthiazolyl)isoindoline (4‐Mebti) Complexes of Palladium: Cationic [PdII(4‐Mebti)L]+Species with a L = Neutral Group XIV or Group XV Donor Ligand
Authors: Bröring Martin , Kleeberg Christian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLigand exchange has been studied on the chlorido palladium(II) complex of the bis(4‐methylthiazolylimino)isoindoline ligand, [Pd(4‐Mebti)Cl], with a number of neutral group XIV and group XV donor ligands in the presence of the sodium salt of tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate NaB(ArF)4. Seven new cationic compounds with L = PMe3,tBuNH2, PhNH2, py, 2,6‐Me2py, MeCN and MeNC were obtained as B(ArF)4–salts, and were characterized by analytic, spectroscopic and crystallographic means. Further attempts to observe ligand exchange reactions with either the softer AsMe3or SbMe3donor ligands or with different carbenes were unsuccessful and led to decomposed material or to mixtures of different compounds. Most of the crystallographically characterized complexes have been found to reside in a pseudoplanar conformation regardless of the size or cone angle of the external donor ligand. The derivatives carrying an sp2‐type donor atom (L = py, 2,6‐Me2py), however, adopt helical forms in the solid state.1H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic data suggest that this helicity is also present in solution. The expected chirality, however, could not be observed due to the lack of diastereotopic ligand protons.
TAG Profiles of Jatropha curcas L. Seed Oil by Easy Ambient Sonic‐Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cardoso K. C. , Da Silva M. J. , Grimaldi R. , Stahl M. , Simas R. C. , Cunha I. B. S. , Eberlin M. N. , Alberici R. M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEasy ambient sonic‐spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI–MS) was used to follow the maturation of Jatropha curcas L. seeds via the monitoring of the triacylglycerides (TAG) profile of the oil. Results show that TAG composition is significantly modified during seed development but remains nearly unchanged during storage. The EASI–MS oil analysis performed herein is simple, requires just a tiny droplet of the oil and is performed without any pre‐separation or chemical manipulation. The oil from Jatropha gossypifolia L. was also evaluated, and a very different TAG profile was obtained.
Coping strategies and beliefs about pain in veterans with comorbid chronic pain and significant levels of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
Authors: Alschuler K.N. , Otis J.D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess differences in beliefs about pain and coping strategies employed in veterans with comorbid chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), compared to veterans with chronic pain alone. It was hypothesized that veterans with comorbid chronic pain and significant levels of PTSD symptomatology would report higher levels of maladaptive coping strategies and beliefs about pain when compared to veterans with pain alone.MethodsData were obtained from 194 veterans who completed self‐report questionnaires as part of their participation in a Psychology Pain Management Program at a northeastern Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare facility.ResultsAnalyses indicated that 47.4% of the sample scored above the clinical cutoff for PTSD symptomatology on the PTSD Checklist – Military Version (PCL‐M). A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted with age and pain intensity as covariates. In support of the hypothesis, veterans with comorbid chronic pain and significant levels of PTSD symptomatology endorsed significantly higher levels of maladaptive coping strategies and beliefs about pain (greater catastrophizing and emotional impact on pain; less control over pain) when compared to veterans with chronic pain alone.DiscussionThe results of this study suggest potential explanations for the previously observed negative effect of PTSD on chronic pain. Moreover, the results suggest specific targets for intervention with patients who have comorbid pain and PTSD.
Safety hazard and time to recall: The role of recall strategy, product defect type, and supply chain player in the U.S. toy industry
Authors: Hora Manpreet , Bapuji Hari , Roth Aleda V. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis research identifies and tests key factors that can be associated with time to recall a product. Product recalls due to safety hazards entail societal costs, such as property damage, injury, and sometimes death. For firms, the related external failure costs are many, including the costs of recalling the product, providing a remedy, meeting the legal liability, and repairing damage to the firm's reputation. The recent spate of product recalls has shifted attention from why products are recalled to why it takes so long to recall a defective product that poses a safety hazard. To address this, our research subjects to empirical scrutiny the time to recall and its relationship with recall strategies, source of the defect and supply chain position of the recalling firm. We develop and verify our conceptual arguments in the U.S. toy industry by analyzing over 500 product recalls during a 15‐year period (1993–2008). The empirical results indicate that the time to recall, as measured by difference between product recall announcement date and product first sold date, is associated with (1) the recall strategy (preventive vs. reactive) adopted by the firm, (2) the type of product defect (manufacturing defect vs. design flaw), and (3) the supply chain entity that issues the recall (toy company vs. distributor vs. retailer). Our results provide cues that could trigger a firm's recognition of factors that increase the time to recall.
Assessing the Contribution of Commercial Archaeology to the Study of the Roman Period in England, 1990–2004
Authors: Fulford Michael , Holbrook Neil 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper identifies the ways in which the enormous upsurge in the volume of commercial archaeology in England since the introduction of PPG 16 in 1990 has affected our knowledge and understanding of Roman Britain. The difficulties in establishing a comprehensive database of interventions are discussed, but overall it is estimated that around 6,600 separate interventions sampled Roman deposits between 1990 and 2004. While many important excavations have been published in conventional formats, a considerable amount of information resides only in grey literature. Commercial work has generated major advances in our understanding of non-villa rural settlement and its associated land use, while analyses of material culture and, to a lesser extent, biological remains have considerable potential for wider synthesis and inter-site comparison. Improvements in collection methodology and reporting standards are suggested, and the need to integrate the results of commercial investigations with data derived from other sources is stressed.