bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission of influenza A viruses between pigs and people, Iowa, 2002–2004
Authors: Terebuh Pauline , Olsen Christopher W. , Wright Jennifer , Klimov Alexander , Karasin Alexander , Todd Karla , Zhou Hong , Hall Henrietta , Xu Xiyan , Kniffen Tim , Madsen David , Garten Rebecca , Bridges Carolyn B. 
Published: October 2010

Please cite this paper as: Terebuh et al. (2010) Transmission of influenza A viruses between pigs and people, Iowa, 2002–2004. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 387–396.Background  Triple‐reassortant (tr) viruses of human, avian, and swine origin, including H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes, emerged in North American swine herds in 1998 and have become predominant. While sporadic human infections with classical influenza A (H1N1) and with tr‐swine influenza viruses have been reported, relatively few have been documented in occupationally exposed swine workers (SW).Methods  We conducted a 2‐year (2002–2004) prospective cohort study of transmission of influenza viruses between pigs and SW from a single pork production company in Iowa. Respiratory samples were collected and tested for influenza viruses from SW and from pigs under their care through surveillance for influenza‐like illnesses (ILI). Serial blood samples from study participants were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) for antibody seroconversion against human and swine influenza viruses (SIV), and antibody seroprevalence was compared to age‐matched urban Iowa blood donors.Results  During the first year, 15 of 88 SW had ILI and were sampled; all were culture‐negative for influenza. During the second year, 11 of 76 SW had ILI and were sampled; one was culture‐positive for a human seasonal H3N2 virus. Among 20 swine herd ILI outbreaks sampled, influenza A virus was detected by rRT‐PCR from 17 with 11 trH1N1 and five trH3N2 virus isolates cultured. During both years, HI geometric mean titers were significantly higher among SW compared to blood donor controls for three SIV: classical swine Sw/WI/238/97 (H1N1), tr Sw/IN/9K035/99 (H1N2), and trSw/IA/H02NJ56371/02 (H1N1)] (P < 0·0001).Conclusions  SW had serologic evidence for infection with both swine and human influenza viruses and were exposed to diverse influenza virus strains circulating in pigs. Influenza virus surveillance among pigs and SW should be encouraged to better understand cross‐species transmission and diversity of influenza viruses at the human–swine interface.
Beliefs about the relative harm of “light” and “low tar” cigarettes: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey
Authors: Elton-Marshall T , Fong G T , Zanna M P , Jiang Y , Hammond D , O’Connor R J , Yong H-H , Li L , King B , Li Q , Borland R , Cummings K M , Driezen P 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundMany smokers in Western countries perceive “light” or “low tar” cigarettes as less harmful and less addictive than “regular” or “full flavoured” cigarettes. However, there is little research on whether similar perceptions exist among smokers in low and middle incomes, including China.ObjectiveTo characterise beliefs about “light” and “low tar” cigarettes among adult urban smokers in China.MethodsWe analysed data from Wave 1 of the ITC China Survey, a face-to-face household survey of 4732 adult Chinese smokers randomly selected from six cities in China in 2006. Households were sampled using a stratified multistage design.FindingsHalf (50.0%) of smokers in our sample reported having ever tried a cigarette described as “light,” “mild” or “low tar”. The majority of smokers in our sample (71%) believed that “light” and/or “low tar” cigarettes are less harmful compared to “full flavoured” cigarettes. By far the strongest predictor of the belief that “light” and/or “low tar” cigarettes are less harmful was the belief that “light” and/or “low tar” cigarettes feel smoother on the respiratory system (p<0.001, OR=53.87, 95% CI 41.28 to 70.31).ConclusionMisperceptions about “light” and/or “low tar” cigarettes were strongly related to the belief that these cigarettes are smoother on the respiratory system. Future tobacco control policies should go beyond eliminating labelling and marketing that promotes “light” and “low tar” cigarettes by regulation of product characteristics (for example, additives, filter vents) that reinforce perceptions that “light” and “low tar” cigarettes are smoother on the respiratory system and therefore less harmful.
Quitting smoking in China: findings from the ITC China Survey
Authors: Jiang Yuan , Elton-Marshall Tara , Fong Geoffrey T , Li Qiang 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundFew studies have examined interest in quitting smoking and factors associated with quitting in mainland China.ObjectiveTo characterise interest in quitting, quitting behaviour, the use of cessation methods and reasons for thinking about quitting among adult urban smokers in six cities in China.MethodsData is from Wave 1 of the ITC China Survey, a face-to-face household survey of 4732 adult smokers randomly selected from six cities in China in 2006. Households were sampled using a stratified multistage design.FindingsThe majority of smokers had no plan to quit smoking (75.6%). Over half (52.7%) of respondents had ever tried to quit smoking. Few respondents thought that they could successfully quit smoking (26.5%). Smokers were aware of stop-smoking medications (73.5%) but few had used these medications (5.6%). Only 48.2% had received advice from a physician to quit smoking. The number one reason for thinking about quitting smoking in the last 6 months was concern for personal health (55.0%). Most smokers also believed that the government should do more to control smoking (75.2%).ConclusionThese findings demonstrate the need to: (1) increase awareness of the dangers of smoking; (2) provide cessation support for smokers; (3) have physicians encourage smokers to quit; (4) denormalise tobacco use so that smokers feel pressured to quit; (5) implement smoke-free laws to encourage quitting; (6) develop stronger warning labels about the specific dangers of smoking and provide resources for obtaining further cessation assistance; and (7) increase taxes and raise the price of cigarettes.
Use of less expensive cigarettes in six cities in China: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey
Authors: Li Qiang , Hyland Andrew , Fong Geoffrey T , Jiang Yuan , Elton-Marshall Tara 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveThe existence of less expensive cigarettes in China may undermine public health. The aim of the current study is to examine the use of less expensive cigarettes in six cities in China.MethodsData was from the baseline wave of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey of 4815 adult urban smokers in 6 cities, conducted between April and August 2006. The percentage of smokers who reported buying less expensive cigarettes (the lowest pricing tertile within each city) at last purchase was computed. Complex sample multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with use of less expensive cigarettes. The association between the use of less expensive cigarettes and intention to quit smoking was also examined.ResultsSmokers who reported buying less expensive cigarettes at last purchase tended to be older, heavier smokers, to have lower education and income, and to think more about the money spent on smoking in the last month. Smokers who bought less expensive cigarettes at the last purchase and who were less knowledgeable about the health harm of smoking were less likely to intend to quit smoking.ConclusionsMeasures need to be taken to minimise the price differential among cigarette brands and to increase smokers' health knowledge, which may in turn increase their intentions to quit.
Perceptions of tobacco health warnings in China compared with picture and text-only health warnings from other countries: an experimental study
Authors: Fong Geoffrey T , Hammond David , Jiang Yuan , Li Qiang , Quah Anne C K , Driezen Pete , Yan Mi ,   for the ITC China Project Team
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo assess the perceived effectiveness of cigarette health warnings in China, compared with picture and text-only warnings from other countries.Method1169 individuals (adult smokers, adult nonsmokers and youth) from four Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Kunming and Yinchuan) viewed 10 health warnings on cigarette packages, which included (a) the current Chinese text warnings covering 30% of the front/back of the pack (introduced October 2008); (b) the former Chinese text warning located on the side of the pack; (c) four picture warnings covering 50% of the front/back of the pack from Canada (lung cancer), Singapore (mouth disease), Hong Kong (gangrene) and European Union (clogged arteries); and (d) the same four warnings without the picture. Participants rated and ranked the 10 warnings on dimensions including how effective each would be in motivating smokers to quit and in convincing youth not to start smoking.ResultsBoth Chinese warnings were consistently rated as least effective, with the new Chinese warning rated only slightly higher than the old warning. The picture warnings were consistently ranked or rated as most effective, with the text-only versions in the middle. Results were consistent across subject group, city and sex.Conclusions(1) Picture warnings are rated as much more effective than the same warnings without pictures. (2) The revised health warnings in China, introduced in October 2008, are only marginally more effective than the previous warning and far less effective than even text warnings from other countries. These results, coupled with population-based evaluation studies, suggest that pictorial warnings would significantly increase the impact of health warnings in China.
Individual-level factors associated with intentions to quit smoking among adult smokers in six cities of China: findings from the ITC China Survey
Authors: Feng Guoze , Jiang Yuan , Li Qiang , Yong Hua-Hie , Elton-Marshall Tara , Yang Jilan , Li Lin , Sansone Natalie , Fong Geoffrey T 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundOver 350 million smokers live in China, and this represents nearly one-third of the smoking population of the world. Smoking cessation is critically needed to help reduce the harms and burden caused by smoking-related diseases. It is therefore important to identify the determinants of quitting and of quit intentions among smokers in China. Such knowledge would have potential to guide future tobacco control policies and programs that could increase quit rates in China.ObjectiveTo identify the correlates of intentions to quit smoking among a representative sample of adult smokers in six cities in China.MethodsData from wave 1 (2006) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project China Survey, a face-to-face survey of adult Chinese smokers in six cities: Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Changsha, Guangzhou and Yinchuan, was analysed. Households were sampled using a stratified multistage design. About 800 smokers were surveyed in each selected city (total n=4815).ResultsPast quit attempts, duration of past attempts, Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), outcome expectancy of quitting, worry about future health and overall opinion of smoking were found to be independently associated with intentions to quit smoking, but demographic characteristics were not.ConclusionsThe determinants of quit intentions among smokers in China are fairly similar to those found among smokers in Western countries, despite the fact that interest in quitting is considerably lower among Chinese smokers. Identifying the determinants of quit intentions provides possibilities for shaping effective policies and programs for increasing quitting among smokers in China.
Immunohistochemical detection of p53 and p21 proteins in canine testicular tumours
Authors: Inoue M. , Wada N. 
Published: October 2010

The objective of this study was to detect by immunohistochemical means nuclear accumulations of p53 and p21 proteins in testicular tumours of dogs. Intense p53 protein nuclear labelling was shown by each of seven seminomas and one intermediate collision tumour. Moderate or intense immunoreactivity was shown by three Sertoli cell tumours. All the tumours also showed p21 nuclear reactivity in parallel with the p53 reactivity. In contrast, four Leydig cell tumours showed no detectable immunoreactivity. The results suggested that high levels of p53 accumulation were associated with the expression of wild‐type p53, which was able to activate the transcription of the p21 gene. In addition, weak p53‐ and p21‐nuclear reactivities were detectable in primary spermatocytes within normal seminiferous tubules.
Repeated oestrus synchronisation of beef cows with progesterone implants and the effects of a gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone agonist at implant insertion
Authors: Penny C. D. , Scott P. R. , Lowman B. G. , Scott N. A. 
Published: October 2010

A group of 97 spring‐calving beef cows were initially oestrus synchronised with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) intravaginal progesterone implants inserted for nine days and a prostaglandin injection on day 7. Approximately half the cows were given 10 μg buserelin when the implants were inserted, and they all received a single fixed‐time artificial insemination (Al) 56 hours after the withdrawal of the implants. The overall pregnancy rate to the first synchronised Al was 55 per cent, the buserelin‐treated cows having a pregnancy rate of 63 per cent compared with 47 per cent in the untreated cows (P>0.05). Sixteen days after the first synchronised Al all the cows were re‐implanted with used CIDR implants which were removed five days later, and the cows received a second synchronised Al on days 23 to 24. Cows which received the second Al were implanted with new CIDR devices 16 days later and these were removed after five days and the non‐pregnant cows received a third synchronised Al. The pregnancy rates to the second and third synchronised services were 74 per cent and 75 per cent, respectively.
Immunohistochemical study of hormonal receptors and cell proliferation in normal canine mammary glands and spontaneous mammary tumours
Authors: Geraldes M. , Gärtner F. , Schmitt F. 
Published: October 2010

The expression of hormone receptors and their relationship_to cell proliferation in six samples of normal canine mammary tissue, and 11 benign and 10 malignant mammary neoplasms from female dogs were assessed by immunohistochemistry in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples, by using monoclonal antibodies against progesterone and oestrogen receptors, and nuclear antigen Ki‐67 (MIB‐1). Malignant tumours negative for progesterone receptors proliferated at higher rates than progesterone receptorpositive tumours, suggesting that the progression towards malignancy in spontaneous mammary tumours is accompanied by a decrease in hormonal steroid dependency. Only one malignant tumour was positive for oestrogen receptors.
Descriptive epidemiology of scrapie in Great Britain: results of a postal survey
Authors: Hoinville L. J. , Hoek A. , Gravenor M. B. , McLean A. R. 
Published: October 2010

In 1998, a questionnaire was sent to 11,554 British sheep farmers to determine how many believed that scrapie cases had occurred in their flock; 61.4 per cent of them responded anonymously. The results indicated that 14.9 per cent of farmers with more than 30 breeding ewes thought that they had ever experienced scrapie in their flock and 2.7 per cent thought that they had had cases in the past 12 months. A comparison of these results with the number of farmers reporting suspect scrapie cases to MAFF, in accordance with the statutory requirement, suggests that only 13 per cent of farmers who suspect that they may have cases of scrapie are currently reporting them. Scrapie occurred in all regions of the country but there was an apparent regional variation. Larger farms and those with purebred sheep appeared to be at greater risk of having cases. Other differences between affected and unaffected farms included lambing practices and sheep purchasing policy. On the majority of farms the first case occurred in a purchased animal. The survey also revealed a need for the provision of further information about scrapie to farmers.
Ultrasound‐guided percutaneous lung biopsy in sheep
Authors: Braun U. , Estermann U. , Flückiger M. , Sydler T. , Pospischil A. 
Published: October 2010

Lung biopsies were taken through the ninth intercostal space on the two sides of the thorax of 10 clinically healthy sheep, using a Tru‐Cut needle on one side and the Bard Biopty‐System on the other. Nine of the 10 sheep remained clinically healthy, but one coughed transiently and had a mild bloody discharge from the right nostril immediately after the biopsy. The sheep were slaughtered 10 days later and the lungs and pleura were examined macroscopically; there were either no lesions or only small scars visible at the sites of the biopsies. However, well‐developed subpleural nodules due to parasites were observed in some of the lungs. There were no adhesions between the costal and pulmonary pleurae. Of the 20 biopsy specimens, 18 were ideal for histological examination, and none of them was histologically normal. Mild interstitial pneumonia was diagnosed in 15 specimens, chronic bronchiolitis in nine specimens, and hyperplasia of smooth muscle or connective tissue in 17.
Application of the Veftest 8008 system for the biochemical analysis of vervet monkey plasma
Authors: Ngure R. M. , Gateri L. M. , Ngotho J. M. , Ndung'u J. M. 
Published: October 2010

A clinical biochemistry analyser designed specifically for veterinary use was used to analyse plasma samples from 24 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Two millilitres of heparinised blood was collected from each of the 24 monkeys on four occasions at intervals of one week. Plasma was separated and analysed for the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, total proteins, albumin, globulins, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotrasferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK). The tests were easy to perform, used small volumes of plasma, and yielded consistent results for most of the analytes. The activities of CK and AP, but not AST, appeared to be influenced by haemolysis, and there were significant individual variations in the activity of LDH.
Ground reaction force analysis of large breed dogs when walking after the amputation of a limb
Authors: Kirpensteijn J. , van den Bos R. , van den Brom W. E. , Hazewinkel H. A. W. 
Published: October 2010

Force plate analysis was used to measure ground reaction forces (GRF) and contact times, and calculate the centre of gravity at a walk of 10 dogs which had had a limb amputated, and the results were compared with the results from 22 normal dogs of the same weight. The loss of a limb caused significant changes in the GRF, impulses and contact times of the remaining limbs and in the location of the dogs' centre of gravity. The changes were greater in dogs which had lost a forelimb than in dogs which had lost a hindlimb.
Partial tibial neurectomy in 113 Belgian blue calves with spastic paresis
Authors: Vlaminck L. , De Moor A. , Martens A. , Steenhaut M. , Gasthuys F. , Desmet P. , Van Branteghem L. 
Published: October 2010

One hundred and thirteen double‐muscled Belgian blue calves (69 males and 44 females) with spastic paresis (52 unilateral and 61 bilateral) were treated surgically by partial tibial neurectomy under caudal epidural anaesthesia. Telephone inquiries made at least three‐and‐a‐half months later established that good results were obtained in 83.2 per cent of the calves; a considerable improvement was reported in 4.4 per cent which still had intermittent spastic contractions; severe hyperflexion of the hock necessitating early slaughtering was recorded in 4.4 per cent of the calves; and in 8 per cent there was little or no improvement.
Use of moxidectin treatment in the investigation of abomasal nematodiasis in wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus)
Authors: Irvine R. J. 
Published: October 2010

An experiment was conducted to evaluate moxidectin as a tool for understanding the impact of parasitism on wild Svalbard reindeer (Rangifertarandusplatyrhynchus). Adult females were injected subcutaneously with moxidectin at a dose rate of 0‐4 mg/kg bodyweight, and groups of animals were culled within its expected period of efficacy (around 14 days) or around 12 or 24 weeks after treatment. Moxidectin was effective in eliminating the reindeers' abomasal worm burdens, and although they became reinfected, worm burdens were significantly lower in the treated animals compared to the untreated controls for up to 24 weeks after treatment. Nematode eggs did not reappear in faeces until five weeks after treatment, a similar period to that claimed by the manufacturer for sheep and cattle. Animals culled 12 and 24 weeks after treatment had been reinfected and harboured a wide range of abomasal worm burdens which contributed to the understanding of the seasonal variation in the relationship between faecal egg count and worm burden.
Natural and experimental infection of normal caftle with Escherichia coli 0157
Authors: Wray C. , McLaren I. M. , Randall L. P. , Pearson G. R. 
Published: October 2010

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of inoculating cattle orally with a strain of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (A84/92). However, before they were challenged two of the six calves were found to be infected naturally with a wild‐type strain of E coli 0157 and two more of them became infected later. The number of daily faeces samples from which the wild‐type E coli 0157 was isolated ranged from one to 10. After they were inoculated, A84/92 was detected in all the calves' faeces on one to six of the next 14 days, and later from the faeces samples of three calves on two, three, and 11 occasions, the last occasion being between 19 and 51 days after inoculation. Two calves were redosed with A84/92, and the organism was isolated on a further five and 15 occasions, the last being after 20 and 58 days. In three dry cows, A84/92 was isolated from the faeces on three to 1 1 of the 14 days after they were inoculated. Two of the cows were redosed and from one of them it was isolated on 15 occasions, the last being 44 days after the initial infection; in the other cow no further isolation was made. In three lactating cows, it was detected on three to four of the 14 days after they were inoculated, and similar results were obtained after they were reinoculated. None of the animals showed clinical signs and no lesions were detected in the intestines of the calves. Three calves had a serological response to E coli 0157 but, with the exception of one cow which had a slight increase to IgM levels, no serological changes were observed in the adult cattle.
Prevalence of murmurs consistent with aortic stenosis among boxer dogs in Norway and Sweden
Authors: Heiene R. , Indrebø A. , Kvart C. , Skaalnes H. M. , Ulstad A. K. 
Published: October 2010

The prevalence and severity of cardiac murmurs consistent with subclinical or clinically detectable aortic stenosis among purebred boxer dogs in Norway and Sweden were evaluated. Two hundred and thirty‐one boxers, randomly selected or investigated at dog shows, were examined by phonocardiography by two veterinarians and classified on the basis of the characteristics of their murmurs into categories 0 to 4. No murmur was detected in 23 per cent of the dogs, murmurs classified as category 1 were diagnosed in 25 per cent of the dogs, as category 2 in 46 per cent, as category 3 in 7 per cent cent, and two dogs had category 4 murmurs. In 55 per cent of the dogs, primarily those with very soft murmurs, there was some variation in the intensity of the murmur from beat to beat. The prevalence of cardiac murmurs among Norwegian and Swedish boxers was high and similar to the prevalence reported in Great Britain.