bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of diffuse pollution loads in Europe for continental scale modelling of loads and in‐stream river water quality
Authors: Malve Olli , Tattari Sirkka , Riihimäki Juha , Jaakkola Elina , Voβ Anja , Williams Richard , Bärlund Ilona 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAn export coefficient model of diffuse pollution at large scales has been developed as part of a larger study investigating and mapping the present and future patterns of the quantity and quality of European water resources. The model was developed to provide reasonable estimates across the whole of Europe based on readily accessible datasets, and that would be amenable to application within a gridded model of water quality loadings to surface waters. The export coefficient models for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphors (TP) were fitted to data from European Union European Environment Agency databases of 79–106 selected river basins around Europe depending on the variable in question. Estimated export coefficients were on a reasonable level with estimates made by other methods within Europe. Firstly, it was shown that runoff, number of livestock and point load were common factors for BOD, TP and TN loads with runoff as the most important factor. Secondly, cropland area also contributed to diffuse TN load. Thirdly, average slope steepness and runoff, as a combined factor, had a negative effect on diffuse TP load. Fourthly, lake area reduced diffuse loads because of retention mechanisms in lakes. A larger set of data with higher spatial and temporal resolution and partitioning of the data based on, e.g. climate or spatial patterns would further improve the precision of the export coefficient estimates. When applied at the catchment scale, the parameters should be updated with local data. In the long run, adaptive modelling should be applied in order to fit the model to continuously accumulating data and experience, although the study showed that the export coefficients derived were stable over time. It is also advisable to integrate the administrative monitoring, modelling and management of river basins more closely to improve data availability, model predictions and cost efficiency of management measures and policies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ENVISIONING INNOVATIVE GROUNDWATER REGULATION POLICIES THROUGH SCENARIO WORKSHOPS IN FRANCE AND PORTUGAL
Authors: Rinaudo J‐D , Montginoul M. , Varanda M. , Bento S. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTGroundwater management policies will need to be revised in many Mediterranean countries, in light of the impact of climate change and the increasing demand for water. In this paper, we analyse stakeholder perceptions of three groundwater policy scenarios which respectively assume a strengthening of state intervention, the introduction of market regulation mechanisms, and the transfer of regulation responsibility to farmers. The method consists of organizing scenario workshops with experts, institutional representatives and farmers. It is applied in two case studies in France and Portugal. From a methodological viewpoint, the research demonstrates farmers' ability to contribute to an exploratory assessment of possible future water management scenarios. From a policy viewpoint, it clarifies expectations concerning state intervention and self‐regulation by farmers. It also provides some insights regarding the acceptability of tradable groundwater permits in two European contexts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prey Capture Behavior of Native vs. Nonnative Fishes: A Case Study From the Colorado River Drainage Basin (USA)
Authors: ARENA ANTHONY , FERRY LARA A. , GIBB ALICE C. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe Colorado River drainage basin is home to a diverse but imperiled fish fauna; one putative challenge facing natives is competition with nonnatives. We examined fishes from Colorado River tributaries to address the following questions: Do natives and nonnatives from the same trophic guild consume the same prey items? Will a given species alter its behavior when presented with different prey types? Do different species procure the same prey types via similar feeding behaviors? Roundtail chub (Gila robusta) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), midwater predators, and Sonora sucker (Catostomus insignis) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), benthic omnivores, were offered six ecologically relevant prey types in more than 600 laboratory trials. Native species consumed a broader array of prey than nonnatives, and species from a given trophic guild demonstrated functional convergence in key aspects of feeding behavior. For example, roundtail chub and smallmouth bass consume prey attached to the substrate by biting, then ripping the prey from its point of attachment; in contrast, Sonora sucker remove attached prey via scraping. When presented with different prey types, common carp, roundtail chub, and smallmouth bass altered their prey capture behavior by modifying strike distance, gape, and angle of attack. Gape varied among the species examined here, with smallmouth bass demonstrating the largest functional and anatomical gape at a given body size. Because fish predators are gape‐limited, smallmouth bass will be able to consume a variety of large prey items in the wild, including large, invasive crayfish and young roundtail chub—their presumptive trophic competitors. J. Exp. Zool. 317:103–116, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CDH1 methylation in preoperative peritoneal washes is an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer
Authors: Yu Qi‐Ming , Wang Xin‐Bao , Luo Jun , Wang Shi , Fang Xian‐Hua , Yu Jiang‐Liu , Ling Zhi‐Qiang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo investigate the clinical value of CDH1 methylation in preoperative peritoneal washes (PPW) from gastric cancer patients.MethodsCDH1 methylation was detected by real‐time methylation specific‐PCR in tumor tissues and corresponding PPW from 92 gastric cancer patients, gastric mucosa from 40 chronic gastritis patients and 48 normal persons.ResultsCDH1 methylation was found in 75 of 92 (81.5%) gastric cancer tissues, which significantly correlated with size, growth pattern, differentiation, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and TNM stage of tumor (all P < 0.05), but its relationship to age, gender, tumor site, and H. pylori infection was not found (all P > 0.05). The percentage of CDH1 methylation in PPW was 48.9%, of which the Aζ value of ROC curve was 0.8 compared to that in gastric cancer tissues. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that there was a significant difference in disease‐free survival (DFS) between the patients with or without methylated CDH1 in their PPW (χ2 = 109.64, P < 0.000). Cox regression analysis revealed CDH1 methylation in PPW was an independent risk factor for gastric cancer patients, with a remarkable decrease in DFS after postoperative 30 months.ConclusionsMethylated CDH1 in PPW predicts poor prognosis for gastric cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:765–771. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between STAT1 activity and BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid carcinomas
Authors: Yim Ji Hye , Kim Eun Sook , Choi Hyun‐Jung , Jeon Min Ji , Han Ji Min , Kim Won Gu , Kim Tae Yong , Gong Gyungub , Kim Sang Yoon , Kim Won Bae , Shong Young Kee 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundSignal transducer and activator of transcription‐1 (STAT1) plays a critical role in tumorigenesis by controlling several functions in both tumor cells and the immune system, and is considered to be a tumor suppressor. The present study evaluated the activity of STAT1 in human papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC).MethodsSTAT1 activity was measured in nuclear extracts of tumor tissues from 35 PTC patients using an ELISA‐based kit.ResultsSTAT1 activity was significantly lower in tumors than in the surrounding normal thyroid tissues (P < 0.01). The association between STAT1 activity and clinicopathologic factors was analyzed in PTC tissues. STAT1 activity was significantly lower in tumors that measured 2 cm or more than in tumors that measured 2 cm or less (P = 0.044). Moreover, tumor size was inversely correlated with STAT1 activity (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rho) = −0.34, P = 0.048). In addition, tumors with BRAF mutations showed lower STAT1 activity than wild‐type BRAF tumors [0.064 (0.056–0.124) vs. 0.108 (0.073–0.153) arbitrary units, P = 0.048].ConclusionSTAT1 activity is suppressed in PTCs (as measured by DNA‐binding activities). The tumor with T1799A BRAF mutation and tumor sizes of 2 cm or more were clinicopathologic parameters associated with lower STAT1 activity. STAT1 activity of tumor might be one of potential biomarkers for PTC's. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:719–723. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
D1 versus D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer
Authors: Schmidt Benjamin , Yoon Sam S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSignificant variability exists throughout the world in the extent of lymphadenectomy that is performed for gastric adenocarcinoma. D2 lymphadenectomy is the standard lymphadenectomy performed in high incidence countries such as Japan and South Korea, and less extensive lymphadenectomies are often performed in lower incidence countries such as the Unites States. This article reviews the evidence on the extent of lymphadenectomy that should be performed for gastric adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:259–264. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Imaginaries in Boolean algebras
Authors: Wencel Roman 
Published: April 2012

AbstractGiven an infinite Boolean algebraB, we find a natural class of\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\varnothing$\end{document}‐definable equivalence relations\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal {E}_{B}$\end{document}such that every imaginary element fromBeqis interdefinable with an element from a sort determined by some equivalence relation from\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal {E}_{B}$\end{document}. It follows thatBtogether with the family of sorts determined by\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal {E}_{B}$\end{document}admits elimination of imaginaries in a suitable multisorted language. The paper generalizes author's earlier results concerning definable equivalence relations and weak elimination of imaginaries for Boolean algebras, obtained in10.
Preexcisional artery reconstruction: A new strategy in multiple hepatic artery reconstruction for reducing ischemic injury of the liver
Authors: Iida Takuya , Mihara Makoto , Narushima Mitsunaga , Yoshimatsu Hidehiko , Hara Hisako , Koshima Isao 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMultiple reconstructions of the hepatic arteries (HA) after cancer resection presents a surgical challenge, not only because it is technically demanding, but also because attention must be paid to potential ischemic injury to the liver caused by the prolonged ischemia. We present a novel “preexcisional artery reconstruction” method for minimizing ischemic injury of the liver. A 65‐year‐old woman presented with cholangiocarcinoma invading the HA. Pancreatoduodenectomy, resection, and multiple reconstruction of the HA were performed. First, the left hepatic artery (LHA) was reconstructed prior to the tumor resection. During this procedure, blood supply was maintained to most of the liver via the right hepatic artery (RHA). Then, resection of the tumor en bloc with the HA was performed, followed by reconstruction of the RHA. During this procedure, blood supply was maintained via the already‐reconstructed LHA, thereby limiting the ischemic area. Use of this method allowed the ischemia time and region to be divided and minimized, thereby leading to a reduced risk of ischemia‐related complications. We believe that this method may be one of the useful approaches in multiple HA reconstruction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Composite vascularized fibular epiphyseo‐osteo‐periosteal transfer for hip reconstruction after proximal femoral tumoral resection in a 4‐year‐old child
Authors: Soldado Francisco , Fontecha Cesar Garcia , Haddad Sleiman , Corona Pablo , Collado Diego , Llusá Manel , Rego Paulo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLiterature on the reconstruction of the proximal femur in skeletally immature patients with the use of an epiphyseal transplant is scarce and with variable results depending on the indication. We report successful outcomes using a modified vascularized fibular epiphyseal transplant in a 4‐year‐old boy with an oncologic lesion. We discuss the advantages of supplementing the standard graft with a vascularized fibular periosteal tissue.The vascularized fibular epiphyseal transplant (VFET) is an effective option in the reconstruction of the epiphysis in skeletally immature patients, owing to the advantage of restoring both the joint function and the growth potential in a single surgical operation.1Multiple reported cases demonstrate the effectiveness of this complex technique in upper extremity reconstruction.1,2 However, literature is scarce regarding its use for the reconstruction of the proximal femur and hip joint.3‐5Through this article, we report the use of a VFET in the reconstruction of a proximal femur in a 4‐year‐old boy after an intra‐articular wide excision of an epithelioid hemangioendotelioma. We also discuss the advantages of designing the flap as a composite vascularized epiphyseo‐osteo‐periosteal flap.6 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Double‐wall carbon nanotube‐reinforced polyester nanocomposites: Improved dispersion and mechanical properties
Authors: Jacob Muthu S.D. , Paskaramoorthy Ratnam 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDouble‐walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT)‐reinforced polyester nanocomposites were prepared and tested to characterize their mechanical properties. The DWCNTs were functionalized to improve their dispersion within the polyester matrix. The improvement in the mechanical properties shows that the functionalized DWCNTs have better distribution within, and good adhesion with, the polyester matrix. A comparison of the mechanical properties of nanocomposites reinforced by functionalized and nonfunctionalized DWCNTs confirms that the functionalization leads to substantially improved composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of expandable graphite via H2O2‐hydrothermal process and its effect on properties of high‐density polyethylene composites
Authors: Kuan Chen‐Feng , Tsai Kuang‐Chung , Chen Chia‐Hsun , Kuan Hsu‐Chiang , Liu Tai‐Ying , Chiang Chin‐Lung 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study presented a new way to prepare expandable graphite (EG), which is one kind of halogen‐free flame retardant using the H2O2‐hydrothermal process. Natural graphite was immersed in H2O2 and then put in autoclave to proceed the hydrothermal process. The EG was called as H2O2‐HEG from the H2O2‐hydrothermal process. The results showed that the expanded volume of EG using the H2O2‐hydrothermal process was higher than that compared with convectional liquid phase synthesis, ultrasound irradiation, and hydrothermal method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscope, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to analyze the structure and confirm that the EG had been prepared. Thermogravimetric analysis presents that H2O2‐HEG can improve the thermal stability of composites. The cone calorimeter show that the peak heat release rate (HRR) values of composites decrease dramatically. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of H2O2‐HEG composites is higher than that of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/natural flake graphite. HDPE composites are capable of passing the V‐0 classification and have antidripping behavior. LOI, UL‐94, and the cone calorimeter results show that the HDPE/H2O2‐HEG composite possess excellent flame retardant property. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic starch–kaolinite nanocomposite films
Authors: Lu Panfang , Zhang Min , Qian Ping , Zhu Qiang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this work, the thermoplastic starch–kaolinite (KAO) nanocomposite films were first prepared via solution‐casting method using chitosan‐modified KAO (CKAO) and Na+–KAO (NKAO). The structure was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. The results showed that the well‐dispersed KAO layers were delaminated in the starch matrix attesting to anexfoliated nanocomposite and formed strong interaction with starch molecules. According to thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric study, and water absorption testing, the starch–CKAO–urea nanocomposites have the greatest enhancements compared with those of starch–urea film and starch–NKAO–urea nanocomposites. These results provide the important information with using CKAO to obtain the exfoliated starch nanocomposites with high performance. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Prenatal diagnosis of atrial restriction in hypoplastic left heart syndrome is associated with decreased 2‐year survival
Authors: Lowenthal Alexander , Kipps Alaina K. , Brook Michael M. , Meadows Jeffery , Azakie Anthony , Moon‐Grady Anita J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo compare the course of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) patients diagnosed prenatally with any degree of atrial restriction with those without evidence of atrial restriction.DesignRetrospective, cohort.MethodsPrenatally diagnosed HLHS patients from August 1999 to January 2009 were categorized as nonrestrictive versus restrictive, defined by left atrial hypertension on pulmonary venous Doppler and/or an intact interatrial septum.ResultsOf 73 total fetal patients identified, 49 were live‐born. Survival at 2 years was 29/35 [83% confidence interval (CI): 59.5%–88.9%] for the nonrestrictive group and 6/14 (43% CI: 17.7%–6.0%) for the restrictive group (p < 0.0001). Of those who underwent stage 1 palliation (35 with nonrestrictive and 10 with restrictive atrial septa), both groups had a similar incidence of preoperative acidosis and need for ventilation and inotropic support. Postoperatively, there was no difference between groups in ventilator days, length of stay, or survival to discharge. There was decreased survival at 2 years in the restrictive group, 60% (CI: 26.2%–87.8%) versus 83% (CI: 66.4%–93.4%) in the nonrestrictive group. Furthermore, a disproportionate number of interstage deaths was evident in the restrictive group.ConclusionsPrenatal presence of any degree of atrial septal restriction in the setting of HLHS confers a significant survival disadvantage, with increases in both early and late mortality. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of highly transparent self‐cleaning protection films for photovoltaic systems
Authors: Lee Seong‐Hwan , Han Kang‐Soo , Shin Ju‐Hyeon , Hwang Seon‐Yong , Lee Heon 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTA moth‐eye anti‐reflective structure was fabricated by hot‐embossing and UV nanoimprint lithography on a solar cell protective film to suppress the reflection of incident light. Moreover, a superhydrophobic surface was developed by reducing the surface energy by forming a hydrophobic self‐assembled monolayer coating on an anti‐reflective structured resin surface. Therefore, the transmittance of incident light was increased by the anti‐reflective structure. As a result, the solar cell efficiency was enhanced and the total accumulated electrical energy generated by a solar cell with a nano‐patterned polymeric film was increased. The efficiency of each solar cell was evaluated by an analysis of its I‐V characteristics using a solar simulator, and the external quantum efficiency according to the wavelength of incident light was analyzed by using an incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency system. Finally, the enhancement of the generated power was confirmed by a field test and a power charging experiment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brushless and controlled microphase separation of lamellar polystyrene‐b‐polyethylene oxide thin films for block copolymer nanolithography
Authors: Mokarian‐Tabari Parvaneh , Collins Timothy W. , Holmes Justin D. , Morris Michael A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCreating perpendicular alignment in lamellar block copolymer (BCP) systems has considerable industrial and commercial significance, most importantly for generating nanowire structures in electronic devices. In general, these lamellar systems require careful interface engineering to obtain vertical orientation of the blocks. To avoid the strong preferential adsorption of one block to either the substrate or the polymer/air interface, the surface must be “neutralized” by chemical brushes or external forces, for example, solvent fields. Reported here is a stepwise thermo/solvent annealing process allowing the formation of perpendicular domains of polystyrene‐b‐polyethylene oxide lamellar structures while avoiding brush or other surface modifications. This BCP has a relatively small minimum feature size and can be used to generate substrate patterns for use in fabrication of nanowire electronic device structures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Solvent‐based and solvent‐free characterization of low solubility and low molecular weight polyamides by mass spectrometry: a complementary approach
Authors: Barrère Caroline , Hubert‐Roux Marie , Lange Catherine M. , Rejaibi Majed , Kebir Nasreddine , Désilles Nicolas , Lecamp Laurence , Burel Fabrice , Loutelier‐Bourhis Corinne 
Published: April 2012

RATIONALEPolyamides (PA) belong to the most used classes of polymers because of their attractive chemical and mechanical properties. In order to monitor original PA design, it is essential to develop analytical methods for the characterization of these compounds that are mostly insoluble in usual solvents.METHODSA low molecular weight polyamide (PA11), synthesized with a chain limiter, has been used as a model compound and characterized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS). In the solvent‐based approach, specific solvents for PA, i.e. trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), were tested. Solvent‐based sample preparation methods, dried‐droplet and thin layer, were optimized through the choice of matrix and salt. Solvent‐based (thin layer) and solvent‐free methods were then compared for this low solubility polymer. Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization (UHPLC/ESI)‐TOF‐MS analyses were then used to confirm elemental compositions through accurate mass measurement.RESULTSSodium iodide (NaI) and 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5‐DHB) are, respectively, the best cationizing agent and matrix. The dried‐droplet sample preparation method led to inhomogeneous deposits, but the thin‐layer method could overcome this problem. Moreover, the solvent‐free approach was the easiest and safest sample preparation method giving equivalent results to solvent‐based methods. Linear as well as cyclic oligomers were observed. Although the PA molecular weights obtained by MALDI‐TOF‐MS were lower than those obtained by 1H NMR and acido‐basic titration, this technique allowed us to determine the presence of cyclic and linear species, not differentiated by the other techniques. TFA was shown to induce modification of linear oligomers that permitted cyclic and linear oligomers to be clearly highlighted in spectra.CONCLUSIONSOptimal sample preparation conditions were determined for the MALDI‐TOF‐MS analysis of PA11, a model of polyamide analogues. The advantages of the solvent‐free and solvent‐based approaches were shown. Molecular weight determination using MALDI was discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.