bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours – an update for histopathologists
Authors: Wong Newton A C S 
Published: June 2011

Wong N A C S (2011) Histopathology59, 807–821 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours – an update for histopathologistsThis review aims to summarize recent knowledge gained about gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) of particular relevance to histopathologists. KIT and PDGFRA mutation analyses can be useful for confirming a diagnosis of GIST, but there are some diagnostic limitations to these analyses, and so immunohistochemical markers currently remain crucial to the diagnostic process. Of these markers, CD117 and Discovered on GIST 1 (DOG1) are currently the most sensitive and specific markers of GIST, and recent data appear to disprove the fear that antigen retrieval causes false‐positive CD117 immunostaining. The accurate prognostication of GIST has been greatly helped by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) classification systems, although both systems still have limitations, and the behaviours of certain GIST subgroups are less well predicted by both systems. KIT and PDGFRA mutation analyses can help to predict the response of GISTs to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and both GISTs that respond and those that show resistance to these inhibitors may show characteristic pathological changes. Some GIST subgroups (e.g. Carney syndrome and paediatric GISTs) have had recently described clinicopathological and/or molecular characteristics which may help with the diagnosis and/or treatment of these specific neoplasms.
The fittest person in the morgue?
Authors: Sheppard Mary N 
Published: June 2011

Sheppard M N (2012) Histopathology 60, 381–396 The fittest person in the morgue?The cardiovascular benefits of regular physical activity are well established (J. Sci. Med. Sport,7, 2004, 6). James Fixx wrote the best‐selling book on running entitled The Complete Book of Running (1977), which led to an increase in popularity. However, when Fixx collapsed and died suddenly while running in 1984, people began to consider the adverse effects of sport on cardiac conditions. Going back in time, in 490 bc Phidippides, a young Greek messenger, ran 26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens delivering the news of the Greek victory over the Persians, and immediately collapsed and died. This is probably the first recorded incident of sudden death of an athlete running a marathon. According to Noakes (Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,19, 1987, 187), one of the earliest reports on the association between running and cardiac risk was published in 1909, which claimed that school cross‐country races over one mile for boys below the age of 19 years were totally inappropriate, and that the associated stress will cause damage in the heart and other organs. Death in athletes is highly publicized and has a substantial emotional impact on the community at large, given that athletes are perceived as the healthiest segment of society.
Power relations in patient′s experiences of suffering during treatment for cancer
Authors: Saarnio Lotta , Arman Maria , Ekstrand Per 
Published: June 2011

saarnio l., arman m. & ekstrand p. (2012) Power relations in patient′s experiences of suffering during treatment for cancer. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(2), 271–279.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of how patients who have cancer experience suffering in the context of power relations.Background.  Many studies in Sweden and in other countries have detected inequality in healthcare use and resources, including unseen influences that can be connected to gender and distribution of resources. Few studies have examined how multiple relations of power – such as gender, ethnicity, age and education – influence how people with cancer experience suffering during treatment.Method.  A hermeneutic design was used. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 women and 14 men receiving treatment for a variety of cancer diagnoses. The data collection was done at two hospitals in Sweden during 2008–2009. The interpretation of data was based on two theoretical perspectives – suffering and intersectionality.Results.  The results highlight patients suffering where two or more positions of power relations interacted with each other. Three main themes were identified: the complexity of control, the vulnerable effects of body changes, and the internal battle of survival.Conclusion.  A vulnerable social situation for people with cancer concretely increased their suffering. Social inequalities, seemingly linked to social hierarchy, increased the suffering of people with cancer. For example, women with cancer with a low education belonging to an ethnic minority suffered more than highly educated patients belonging to the ethnic majority.
Encounter data in resource management and ecology: pitfalls and possibilities
Authors: Keane Aidan , Jones Julia P. G. , Milner‐Gulland E. J. 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. Simple indices based on the number of encounters with a study object are used throughout ecology, conservation and natural resource management (e.g. indices of abundance used in animal surveys or catch per unit effort (CPUE) data in fisheries management). All forms of encounter data arise through the interaction of two sets of behaviours: those of the data generators and those of the data collectors. Analyses of encounter data are prone to bias when these behaviours do not conform to the assumptions used to model them.2. We review the use of CPUE indices derived from patrol data, which have been promoted for the study of rule‐breaking in conservation, highlighting potential sources of bias and noting how similar problems have been tackled for other forms of encounter data.3. We identify several issues that must be addressed for analyses of patrol data to provide useful information, including the definition of suitable measures of catch and effort, the choice of appropriate temporal and spatial scales, the provision of suitable incentives for ranger patrols and the recording of sufficient information to describe the spatial pattern of sampling. The same issues are also relevant to encounter data more generally.4. Synthesis and applications.This review describes a common conceptual framework for understanding encounter data, based on the interactions that produce them. We anticipate that an appreciation of these commonalities will lead to improvements in the analysis of encounter data in several fields, by highlighting the existence of methodological approaches that could be more widely applied, and important characteristics of these data that have so far been neglected.
Comparison of nutrient acquisition in exotic plant species and congeneric natives
Authors: Meisner Annelein , de Boer Wietse , Verhoeven Koen J. F. , Boschker Henricus T.S. , van der Putten Wim H. 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. The ability of exotic plant species to establish and expand in new areas may be enhanced by a relatively high ability to acquire soil nutrients. To test this hypothesis, we predicted that the capacity for nutrient acquisition would be higher in seedlings of exotic species than in seedlings of native congeners.2. We selected the five exotic species that had recently increased in abundance in a riverine habitat in the Netherlands and that had a native congener that was common in the same habitat. We grew seedlings of each of these ten species singly in pots of soil from this habitat in a glasshouse. After two months, we measured the final dry mass and N and P content of each plant and components of microbial biomass and nutrient mineralization in the soil. We also measured these soil characteristics in pots that had been left unplanted.3. Exotic and native congeners did not differ consistently in the uptake of N or P or in effects on components of soil mineralization. Within a genus, values of these measurements were sometimes higher, sometimes lower and sometimes similar to the exotic when compared with the native species.4. Depending upon the statistical analysis used, biomarker‐based biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was generally higher in soil planted with exotic than with native species. Most measures of microbial biomass and soil mineralization were higher in pots that had been planted with plants than in pots with no plant.5. Synthesis. Our results do not suggest that invasive, exotic plant species generally possess greater capacity for nutrient acquisition during the early establishment than native species do.
Developmental changes in the sleep electroencephalogram of adolescent boys and girls
Authors: BAKER FIONA C. , TURLINGTON SHARON R. , COLRAIN IAN 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) changes across adolescence; however, there are conflicting data as to whether EEG changes are regionally specific, are evident in non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and whether there are sex differences. The present study seeks to resolve some of these issues in a combined cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis of sleep EEG in adolescents. Thirty‐three healthy adolescents (18 boys, 15 girls; 11–14 years) were studied on two occasions 6–8 months apart. Cross‐sectional analysis of data from the initial visit revealed significantly less slow‐wave sleep, delta (0.3 to <4 Hz) and theta (4 to <8 Hz) power in both NREM and REM sleep with advancing age. The age–delta power relationship was significant at the occipital site, with age accounting for 26% of the variance. Longitudinal analysis revealed that NREM delta power declined significantly from the initial to follow‐up visit, in association with declining delta amplitude and incidence (P < 0.01), with the effect being greatest at the occipital site. REM delta power also declined over time in association with reduced amplitude (P < 0.01). There were longitudinal reductions in theta, alpha and sigma power in NREM and REM sleep evident at the occipital site at follow‐up (P < 0.01). No sex differences were apparent in the pattern of change with age for NREM or REM sleep. Declines in sleep EEG spectral power occur across adolescence in both boys and girls, particularly in the occipital derivation, and are not state‐specific, occurring in both NREM and REM sleep.
Life history of Cornularia cornucopiae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) on the Conero Promontory (North Adriatic Sea)
Authors: Betti Federico , Bo Marzia , Di Camillo Cristina G. , Bavestrello Giorgio 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe life cycle of the stoloniferan Cornularia cornucopiae (Pallas, 1766) (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) was studied from March 2009 to October 2010 on the rocky cliff of the Conero Promontory (North Adriatic Sea, 43°34.865′ N, 13°34.320′ E). In this area the species showed unusual high densities never recorded in other sites of the Mediterranean Sea. The density trend of the species showed a marked seasonal cycle, with a winter minimum of about 1000 polyps m−2 and a summer maximum of about 30,000 polyps m−2. In accordance with other Mediterranean literature data, polyps were fertile during spring–summer, from March to August, but the number of eggs per polyp continuously decreased during this span of time. Variations of polyp density were strongly correlated to water temperature, which can be considered the main environmental factor triggering this seasonal behaviour. The possibility, for C. cornucopiae, to face adverse winter conditions is probably related to the presence of a characteristic perisarcal envelope covering the stolon and the calyx of each polyp, which isolates the living tissues from the exterior. During winter, polyps degenerate but the stolons remain dormant inside their envelopes. The perisarc covering represents a morphological convergence of C. cornucopiae with benthic hydrozoans. As the latter, the studied stoloniferans are able to live in habitats characterized by periodic favourable conditions thanks to a seasonal life strategy. A similar trend is shared also by other important components (cnidarians and some sponges) of the filter‐feeding community of the North Adriatic Sea. Differently to the Western Mediterranean basin, this area is characterized by high food availability all year around, so benthic organisms are strongly constrained by the very low winter temperatures.
Invasive fungal infections in the intensive care unit: a multicentre, prospective, observational study in Italy (2006–2008)
Authors: Tortorano Anna Maria , Dho Giovanna , Prigitano Anna , Breda Giuseppe , Grancini Anna , Emmi Vincenzo , Cavanna Caterina , Marino Giovanni , Morero Silvia , Ossi Cristina , Delvecchio Giacomo , Passera Marco , Cusumano Vitaliano , David Antonio , Bonaccorso Giuseppina , Corona Alberto , Favaro Myriam , Vismara Chiara , Garau Maria Graziella , Falchi Susanna , Tejada Milvana R. ,   for the ECMM‐FIMUA Study Group
Published: June 2011

SummaryCritically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) are highly susceptible to healthcare‐associated infections caused by fungi. A prospective sequential survey of invasive fungal infections was conducted from May 2006 to April 2008 in 38 ICUs of 27 Italian hospitals. A total of 384 fungal infections (318 invasive Candida infections, three cryptococcosis and 63 mould infections) were notified. The median rate of candidaemia was 10.08 per 1000 admissions. In 15% of cases, the infection was already present at the time of admission to ICU. Seventy‐seven percent of Candida infections were diagnosed in surgical patients. Candida albicans was isolated in 60% of cases, Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis in 13%, each. Candida glabrata had the highest crude mortality rate (60%). Aspergillus infection was diagnosed in 32 medical and 25 surgical patients. The median rate was 6.31 per 1000 admissions. Corticosteroid treatment was the major host factor. Aspergillosis was demonstrated to be more severe than candidiasis as the crude mortality rate was significantly higher (63% vs. 46%), given an equal index of severity, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS‐II). The present large nationwide survey points out the considerable morbidity and mortality of invasive fungal infections in surgical as well as medical patients in ICU.
Addition of DNase improves the in vitro activity of antifungal drugs against Candida albicans biofilms
Authors: Martins Margarida , Henriques Mariana , Lopez‐Ribot José L. , Oliveira Rosário 
Published: June 2011

SummaryCells within Candida albicans biofilms display decreased susceptibility to most clinically used antifungal agents. We recently demonstrated that extracellular DNA (eDNA) plays an important role in biofilm integrity, as a component of the biofilm matrix. This study aimed at gaining insights into the contributions of eDNA to C. albicans biofilms antifungal susceptibility by the investigation of the impact of the combined use of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase) and antifungals to treat biofilms. Candida albicans biofilms were formed using a simple and reproducible 96‐well plate‐based method. The activity of the combined use of 0.13 mg l−1 DNase and antifungals was estimated using the 2,3‐bis(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐5‐[(phenylamino)carbonyl]‐2H‐tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay and total viable counts. Herein, we report the improved efficacy of amphotericin B when in combination with DNase against C. albicans biofilms, as assessed using XTT readings and viable counts. Furthermore, although DNase increased the efficacy of caspofungin in the reduction of mitochondrial activity, no changes were observed in terms of culturable cells. Deoxyribonuclease I did not affect biofilm cells susceptibility to fluconazole. This work suggests that agents that target processes affecting the biofilm structural integrity may have potential use as adjuvants of a catheter–lock therapy.
Online monitoring of phytoplankton light response curves using a novel delayed fluorescence device
Authors: Honti Mark , Istvanovics Vera 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis study describes a novel delayed fluorescence (DF) device developed to automatically record photosynthetically active biomass and photosynthesis–irradiance (PI) curves of phytoplankton. The device was tested in shallow Lake Balaton, Hungary, and in moderately deep, dimictic Lake Erken, Sweden. We estimated the following: (i) saturation light intensity and maximum rate of photosynthesis from hourly PI curves; (ii) hourly vertical light profile using global radiation and vertical light attenuation data recorded simultaneously with the DF measurements; and (iii) daily integral of primary production. Estimated primary production was compared with gross community production derived from high‐frequency measurements of dissolved oxygen concentrations. Preliminary analysis indicated that online recording of PI curves might significantly reduce the uncertainty of primary production estimates. This suggestion is particularly obvious for shallow, turbid lakes, where underwater light climate changes rapidly as a function of wind‐induced sediment resuspension, and phytoplankton adapt to these changes at time scales ranging from minutes to season. The new method has a high potential for both facilitating understanding of the regulation of primary production and long‐term, high‐frequency monitoring of aquatic productivity.
Deep sclerectomy augmented with combination of absorbable biosynthetic sodium hyaluronate scleral implant and mitomycin C or with mitomycin C versus trabeculectomy: long‐term results
Authors: Mesci Cem , Erbil Hasan H , Karakurt Yücel , Akçakaya Aylin A 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate the long‐term results following deep sclerectomy with mitomycin C‐SKgel implant (DSMMC‐SKgel), mitomycin C (DSMMC) and trabeculectomy.Design:  Comparative case series, Goztepe Training and Educational Hospital.Participants:  Ninety‐one open‐angle glaucoma patients.Methods:  DSMMC‐SKgel, DSMMC and trabeculectomy operations were performed in 28, 30 and 33 eyes, respectively.Main Outcome Measures:  Intraocular pressures (IOP) and distance corrected visual acuities (DCVA) were measured preoperatively and postoperatively at days 1, 7 and months 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48.Results:  At month 48, deep sclerectomy groups had better DCVAs, and in all groups mean IOPs and number of medications were significantly lower and DCVAs were worse than preoperative values. Mean IOPs in trabeculectomy group at week 1, months 1 and 3 were significantly lower than those in DSMMC group. Mean IOPs in DSMMC‐SKgel group at week 1 and month 1 were significantly lower than those in DSMMC group. Mean preoperative IOPs, postoperative IOPs following 3rd month, complete (IOP ≤ 21 mmHg and ≤18 mmHg without medication) and qualified (IOP ≤ 21 mmHg and ≤18 mmHg with or without medication) success rates of all groups were not statistically different. Rate of complications such as hyphema, hypotony, shallow anterior chamber, bleb leak, bleb fibrosis, cataract, choroidal detachment and macular oedema were found to be significantly higher in trabeculectomy group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the mean post‐laser goniopuncture IOPs was found between the two deep sclerectomy groups during the follow up.Conclusions:  DSMMC, DSMMC‐SKgel and trabeculectomy operations were almost equally effective in lowering IOP at long‐term follow up, but complication rates were higher after trabeculectomy operations.
Regulation of cell‐mediated collagen gel contraction in human retinal pigment epithelium cells by vascular endothelial growth factor compared with transforming growth factor‐β2
Authors: Ma Jin , Zhang Qianru , Moe Morten C , Zhu Tiepei 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  To explore the potential role of vascular endothelial growth factor compared with transforming growth factor‐β2 in the regulation of human retinal pigment epithelium cell‐mediated collagen gel contraction.Methods:  The retinal pigment epithelium cell mediated type I collagen gel contraction assay was performed to evaluate and compare the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor‐β2. The number of viable retinal pigment epithelium cells in the gel and the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin were analysed.Results:  Both vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor‐β2 caused a time dependent gel contraction, associated with over expression of α‐smooth muscle actin in retinal pigment epithelium cells undergoing a fibroblast like transformation. The decrease in volume of the collagen gel and increase in α‐smooth muscle actin expression were more significant in the transforming growth factor‐β2‐treated group than in vascular endothelial growth factor‐treated group beginning at day 2, and the growth of retinal pigment epithelium cells was significantly more inhibited in the transforming growth factor‐β2‐treated group compared with the vascular endothelial growth factor‐treated group after day 1 (P < 0.05). Transforming growth factor‐β2 stimulation increased both vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression and secretion. The α‐smooth muscle actin expression and the change in volume of collagen gel were significantly positively correlated in both experimental groups.Conclusions:  Both vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor‐β2 can cause induction of retinal pigment epithelium cell‐mediated collagen gel contraction in vitro via partial upregulation of α‐smooth muscle actin expression.
Filtering blue light reduces light‐induced oxidative stress, senescence and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in human retinal pigment epithelium cells
Authors: Kernt Marcus , Walch Axel , Neubauer Aljoscha S , Hirneiss Christoph , Haritoglou MD Christos , Ulbig Michael W , Kampik Anselm 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Cumulative light exposure is significantly associated with ageing and the progression of age‐related macular degeneration. To prevent the retina from blue‐light damage in pseudophakia, blue light‐absorbing intraocular lenses have been developed. This study compares the possible protective effects of a blue light‐absorbing intraocular lens to an untinted ultraviolet‐absorbing intraocular lens with regard to light‐induced oxidative stress and senescence of human retinal pigment epithelium.Methods:  As primary human retinal pigment epithelium cells were exposed to white light, either an ultraviolet‐ and blue light‐absorbing intraocular lens or ultraviolet‐absorbing intraocular lens was placed in the light beam. After 60 min of irradiation, cells were investigated by electron microscopy for viability, induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase activity. Expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 and their mRNA were determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results:  Light exposure induced structural damage, decreased retinal pigment epithelium cell viability, and increased reactive oxygen species, senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase activity and matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 expression and secretion. Although both types of intraocular lens significantly reduced these effects, the protective effects of the ultraviolet‐ and blue light‐absorbing intraocular lens were significantly stronger than those of the ultraviolet‐absorbing intraocular lens.Conclusions:  The ultraviolet‐ and blue light‐absorbing intraocular lens demonstrated significantly better protection against light‐induced oxidative stress, senescence and structural damage than the ultraviolet‐absorbing intraocular lens. These in vitro findings support the hypothesis that the ultraviolet‐ and blue light‐absorbing intraocular lens may prevent retinal damage in clinical use.