bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemistry and Genesis of the Late Jurassic Granitoids at Northern Great Hinggan Range: Implications for Exploration
Authors: WU Guang , CHEN Yanjing , SUN Fengyue , ZHANG Zhe , LIU Ankun , LI Zhitong 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The Longgouhe and Ershiyizhan intrusions of the Late Jurassic, located in the Upper Heilongjiang Basin of the northern Great Hinggan Range, are closely related to porphyry Cu‐Au mineralizations. In lithology the intrusions are quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite and granodiorite of high‐K calc‐alkaline series, with minor aspects of shoshonite series. Their SiO2and Al2O3contents range from 61.37% to 66.59% and 15.35% to 17.06%, respectively. The MgO content ranges from 2.02% to 3.47%, with Mg#indices of 44–59. The (La/Yb)Nand Eu/Eu* values range from 16.85 to 81.73 and 0.68 to 0.93, respectively, showing strong differentiation rare earth element (REE) patterns similar to those of adakites. The rocks are enriched in Ba, Sr and light REE (LREE), obviously depleted in Nb and Ta, slightly depleted in Rb and Ti, and poor in Yb and Y, with Yb and Y contents of 0.31–1.32 ppm and 4.32–12.07 ppm, respectively. As indicated by Sr/Y ratios of 67.74–220.60, the rocks are characterized by low‐Y and high‐Sr contents, which characterize the adakites in the world. Holistically, geochemical tracers suggest that the interested intrusions are adakitic rocks. Given that the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean were closed in the Late Paleozoic and Permian‐Middle Jurassic, respectively, the interested intrusions should be formed by partial melting of delaminated crust, which had been thickened during collisional orogeny between the Siberian and Mongolian‐Sinokorean continents.
New Jurassic Pseudopolycentropodids from China (Insecta: Mecoptera)
Authors: REN Dong , SHIH Chungkun , LABANDEIRA Conrad C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:In this paper two new species of fossil Pseudopolycentropus Handlirsch, 1906 are described: Pseudopolycentropus janeannae sp. nov. and P. novokshonovi, sp. nov. All of them were recovered from the Middle Jurassic non‐marine sedimentary strata of northeastern China. The new material from China reveals that the early diversification of pseudopolycentropodids was well underway by the Middle Jurassic.
A Quantitative Study of Fault Zone Sealing
Authors: LI Yang , ZHAO Mifu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:A fault is not simply a plane, but a zone consisting of a series of broken planes or lower faults. The greater the scale of faults, the wider and more complex the fault zone is. Fault‐sealing properties are influenced by the fault zone itself, whose fault displacement, depth, net‐to‐gross‐ratio of mudstone, fault plane angle, and fault mechanical properties play important controlling roles. The sealing of hydrocarbon by the fault zone depends on whether the fault zone can form a continuous sealing zone and if the pore throats connecting those fault zones are small enough. The concept of fault zone‐sealing potential is proposed here, and a quantitative formula is established by using a great amount of practical statistical data as well as the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, which is a comprehensive characterization parameter to judge whether or not fault zones could seal oil hydrocarbon. The greater the value of the fault zone‐sealing potential, the better sealed the fault is. For example, with increasing depth, the sealing degree of the Xin 68 Fault in the Dongxin 1 oilfield changes greatly, reflecting the complexity of fault‐sealing properties.
Förderung der konstruktivistischen Handlungskompetenz türkischer DaF‐Lehramtsstudenten durch einen gemeinsam geschriebenen Roman
Authors: Ünver Şerife 
Published: August 2010

Die schulischen DaF‐Lehrpläne in der Türkei sind seit geraumer Zeit durch den Paradigmenwechsel gekennzeichnet, der sich vom Lehren zum Lernen bzw. von der reinen Wissensvermittlung durch die Lehrkraft zum selbständigen und eigenverantwortlichen Handeln des Lerners verschiebt. Die zukünftigen Lehrer auf diesen Wandel vorzubereiten und die Lehrerausbildung auf diesbezügliche Qualifikationsanforderungen auszurichten, erweist sich als unumgänglich. Um diesen Anforderungen entgegenzukommen, sollte das Lehramtsstudium den angehenden Sprachlehrern Freiräume zur Entfaltung berufsrelevanter Handlungskompetenzen und zum Umgang mit handlungsorientierten Lernformen schaffen.Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in diesem Beitrag der Arbeitsprozess zur Zusammenarbeit an einem Projekt vorgestellt. Es handelt sich dabei um das gemeinsame Schreiben eines deutschsprachigen Romans, den die türkischen DaF‐Lehramtsstudenten auf der Grundlage ihrer eigenen konstruktivistischen Handlungskompetenz geplant, organisiert und durchgeführt haben. Mit dem erfolgreich abgeschlossenen Projekt sind im fremdsprachlichen Bereich sowie im Umgang mit konstruktivistischen Handlungsbereichen deutliche Lernzuwächse verzeichnet worden.
Factors and mechanisms explaining spatial heterogeneity: a review of methods for insect populations
Authors: Vinatier Fabrice , Tixier Philippe , Duyck Pierre‐François , Lescourret Françoise 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. The spatial distribution of populations is affected by the dispersal abilities of the species, interactions among individuals, or habitat selection. Linking these ecological processes to spatial patterns is of primary importance for understanding and prediction purposes.2. We review both statistical and mechanistic methods for studying the spatial distribution of populations. Statistical methods, such as spatial indexes and nearest‐neighbour analyses help characterizing the spatial pattern. They allow testing the effect of environmental variables on spatial patterns using regression analyses.3. Mechanistic modelling can be used to analyse the effect of mechanisms underlying the spatial pattern. We review mechanistic models (e.g. metapopulation, individual‐based and cellular automaton models) devoted to represent dispersal abilities, interactions among individuals and habitat selection.4. We illustrate each method by works on insects, which cover a broad range of spatial patterns. Strengths and limitations of methods are discussed according to the process and type of data set.5. Scientists can use statistical or mechanistic methods in an iterative manner to infer process from spatial pattern. New approaches such as ‘pattern‐oriented modelling’ or ‘space as a surrogate framework’ determine whether alternative models reproduce an observed pattern. It allows selection of the process that best explain the observed pattern.
Use of FTA Cards for Direct Sampling of Patients' Lesions in the Ecological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Kato Hirotomo , Cáceres Abraham G. , Mimori Tatsuyuki , Ishimaru Yuka , Sayed Amal S. M. , Fujita Megumi , Iwata Hiroyuki , Uezato Hiroshi , Velez Lenin N. , Gomez Eduardo A. L. , Hashiguchi Yoshihisa 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The FTA card (Whatman) was assessed for its utility as a molecular epidemiological tool in collecting samples from patients with leishmaniasis in Peru because the card has a variety of merits; it is less invasive for patients and easy to handle for both physicians and other medical personnel for sample collection or diagnosis, in addition to its simplicity and easy countrywide and/or intercountry transportation for analysis. Samples were collected from 132 patients suspected of having leishmaniasis, and
Leishmania
species were successfully identified in samples from 81 patients in 15 departments of Peru by cytochrome
b
and mannose phosphate isomerase gene analyses. Of these, 61.7% were identified as
Leishmania
(
Viannia
)
peruviana
, 22.2% as
L.
(
V.
)
braziliensis
, 12.3% as
L.
(
V.
)
guyanensis
, 2.5% as
L.
(
V.
)
shawi
, and 1.2% as
L.
(
V.
)
lainsoni
. The three predominant species,
L.
(
V.
)
peruviana
,
L.
(
V.
)
braziliensis
, and
L.
(
V.
)
guyanensis
, were mainly found in the Andean highlands, in the tropical rainforest, and in northern and central rainforest regions, respectively. This is the first time
L.
(
V.
)
shawi
has been identified outside Brazil. The present study showed that the FTA card will be a useful tool for the ecological study of different forms of leishmaniasis. Furthermore, collecting samples directly from patients' lesions by using the FTA card eliminates (i) the possibility of contamination of
Leishmania
isolates during short- and/or long-term passages of culture
in vitro
in each laboratory and (ii) pain and suffering of patients from taking samples by skin biopsy.
The (1,3)β-
d
-Glucan Test as an Aid to Early Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections following Lung Transplantation
Authors: Alexander Barbara D. , Smith P. Brian , Davis R. Duane , Perfect John R. , Reller L. Barth 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The Fungitell assay for (1,3)β-
d
-glucan (BG) detection in serum has been evaluated in patients with invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and healthy controls and for the early diagnosis of IFI in cancer patients. We evaluated the BG assay for the detection of IFI in lung transplant recipients. Serial serum samples were prospectively collected from patients undergoing lung transplants at Duke Hospital. Fungal infections were classified according to revised European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was generated; possible causes for false-positive and false-negative tests were investigated by linear regression analysis. Seven hundred fifty-six serum specimens from 59 subjects without IFI and 41 specimens from 14 patients with proven or probable IFI were tested. The area under the ROC curve was 0.69. Based on a 60-pg/ml positive cutoff, per-patient sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 64%, 9%, 14%, and 50%, respectively; per-test estimates were 71%, 59%, 9%, and 97%, respectively. The majority (92%) of patients not diagnosed with an IFI had at least one BG level of ≥60 pg/ml, and 90% had at least one BG level of ≥80 pg/ml. Respiratory colonization with mold and hemodialysis significantly affected mean BG levels. In conclusion, the accuracy of the BG test is marginal and its utility as a tool for the early diagnosis of IFI is questionable in the lung transplant population. Although the NPV of the BG test is high, the low PPV limits its utility as a screening tool for early diagnosis of IFI.
Development of a Rapid ATP Bioluminescence Assay for Biocidal Susceptibility Testing of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Authors: Kapoor Renuka , Yadav Jagjit S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

An ATP-based biocide susceptibility assay for mycobacteria was developed by optimizing the cell lysis and assay conditions. Compared to the conventional agar plating method, the assay was rapid (1.5 h) and showed high sensitivity and specificity as determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The test species,
M
ycobacterium
immunogenum
,
M. chelonae
, and
M. abscessus
, showed various susceptibilities to the glutaraldehyde- and isothiazolone-based test biocides.
HIV Controllers with HLA-DRB1*13 and HLA-DQB1*06 Alleles Have Strong, Polyfunctional Mucosal CD4+T-Cell Responses
Authors: Ferre April L. , Hunt Peter W. , McConnell Delandy H. , Morris Megan M. , Garcia Juan C. , Pollard Richard B. , Yee Hal F. , Martin Jeffrey N. , Deeks Steven G. , Shacklett Barbara L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA small percentage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, termed elite controllers, are able to spontaneously control HIV replication in blood. As the gastrointestinal mucosa is an important site of HIV transmission and replication as well as CD4+T-cell depletion, it is important to understand the nature of the immune responses occurring in this compartment. Although the role of the HIV-specific CD8+T-cell responses in mucosal tissues has been described, few studies have investigated the role of mucosal HIV-specific CD4+T cells. In this study, we assessed HIV-specific CD4+T-cell responses in the rectal mucosa of 28 “controllers” (viral load [VL] of <2,000 copies/ml), 14 “noncontrollers” (VL of >10,000 copies/ml), and 10 individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (VL of <75 copies/ml). Controllers had higher-magnitude Gag-specific mucosal CD4+T-cell responses than individuals on HAART (P< 0.05), as measured by their ability to produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β). The frequency of polyfunctional mucosal CD4+T cells was also higher in controllers than in noncontrollers or individuals on HAART (P< 0.05). Controllers with the strongest HIV-specific CD4+T-cell responses possessed class II HLA alleles, HLA-DRB1*13 and/or HLA-DQB1*06, previously associated with a nonprogression phenotype. Strikingly, individuals with both HLA-DRB1*13 and HLA-DQB1*06 had highly polyfunctional mucosal CD4+T cells compared to individuals with HLA-DQB1*06 alone or other class II alleles. The frequency of polyfunctional CD4+T cells in rectal mucosa positively correlated with the magnitude of the mucosal CD8+T-cell response (Spearman'sr= 0.43,P= 0.005), suggesting that increased CD4+T-cell “help” may be important in maintaining strong CD8+T-cell responses in the gut of HIV controllers.
A Conserved Domain in the Coronavirus Membrane Protein Tail Is Important for Virus Assembly
Authors: Arndt Ariel L. , Larson Blake J. , Hogue Brenda G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Coronavirus membrane (M) proteins play key roles in virus assembly, through M-M, M-spike (S), and M-nucleocapsid (N) protein interactions. The M carboxy-terminal endodomain contains a conserved domain (CD) following the third transmembrane (TM) domain. The importance of the CD (SWWSFNPETNNL) in mouse hepatitis virus was investigated with a panel of mutant proteins, using genetic analysis and transient-expression assays. A charge reversal for negatively charged E
121
was not tolerated. Lysine (K) and arginine (R) substitutions were replaced in recovered viruses by neutrally charged glutamine (Q) and leucine (L), respectively, after only one passage. E
121
Q and E
121
L M proteins were capable of forming virus-like particles (VLPs) when coexpressed with E, whereas E
121
R and E
121
K proteins were not. Alanine substitutions for the first four or the last four residues resulted in viruses with significantly crippled phenotypes and proteins that failed to assemble VLPs or to be rescued into the envelope. All recovered viruses with alanine substitutions in place of SWWS residues had second-site, partially compensating, changes in the first TM of M. Alanine substitution for proline had little impact on the virus. N protein coexpression with some M mutants increased VLP production. The results overall suggest that the CD is important for formation of the viral envelope by helping mediate fundamental M-M interactions and that the presence of the N protein may help stabilize M complexes during virus assembly.
The extent to which chaperone policies are used in acute hospital trusts in England
Authors: Metcalfe Neil H , Moores Karen L , Murphy Naomi P , Pring David W 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether the Ayling Inquiry’s recommendations (2004) concerning chaperone policy implementation in acute hospital trusts in England has been implemented.

Methods
A quantitative questionnaire based on the Ayling Inquiry was posted to medical directors of all acute hospital trusts in England during December 2005 to March 2006 to determine whether their trusts had implemented the inquiry’s recommendations by 1 December 2005. The same questionnaire was resent between December 2007 and March 2008 to determine whether their trusts had implemented the inquiry’s recommendations by 1 December 2007.

Results
The total response rates were 59.4% and 47.7% for the first and second cohorts, respectively. The percentage of trusts having a chaperone policy increased from 41.3% in December 2005 to 56.5% in December 2007. By the end of 2007, 17.3% had accredited training for chaperones, 57.7% had a management lead and 71.2% of trusts formally investigated a breach of the chaperone policy, the latter being a fall from 88.4% in December 2005. Informing patients verbally of the policy was the most common method of distributing the information in both cohorts. By 1 December 2007, 50.0% of trusts did not use any resources towards their chaperone policy. Of the trusts without a chaperone policy by 1 December 2007, 52.5% intend to start a policy.

Conclusion
Despite a public inquiry, only a small majority of acute trusts in England have a chaperone policy in place, which may have severe medico-legal repercussions in the future. Commencing a chaperone policy is a must for acute trusts and regular auditing necessary to ensure recommendations be maintained.
Acer saccharum response to concurrent disturbances: the importance of stem layering as an adaptive trait
Authors: Holmes Stacie A. , Webster Christopher R. 
Published: August 2010

For shade-tolerant saplings persisting under heavy forest shade, the probability of release by disturbance is directly related to longevity. We examined the effects of two concurrent disturbances, overstory removal and herbivory, on the regeneration dynamics and release response of Acer saccharum Marsh. within 20 artificial canopy gaps ranging in size from 50 to 450 m2. To examine the influence of herbivory, we constructed arrays of deer exclosures within each canopy gap. Five years after gap creation, A. saccharum dominated the taller sapling classes across the entire range of gap sizes examined, and evidence of stem layering in this species was common across all treatments (52%), especially in taller saplings. The presence of stem layering was significantly associated with greater postdisturbance height growth (P < 0.001), regardless of gap area or herbivory. The increase in height of layered A. saccharum on control plots was in spite of the fact that 70% of these saplings were browsed at least once following gap creation; compared with 46% of nonlayered individuals. Consequently, our results suggest that stem layering likely fosters resilience in the face of complex or interacting disturbances and may be an important trait for forecasting gap capture and succession.
Fuel treatments reduce the severity of wildfire effects in dry mixed conifer forest, Washington, USA
Authors: Prichard Susan J. , Peterson David L. , Jacobson Kyle 
Published: August 2010

To address hazardous fuel accumulations, many fuel treatments are being implemented in dry forests, but there have been few opportunities to evaluate treatment efficacy in wildfires. We documented the effectiveness of thinning and prescribed burning in the 2006 Tripod Complex fires. Recent fuel treatments burned in the wildfires and offered an opportunity to evaluate if two treatments (thin only and thin and prescribed burn) mitigated fire severity. Fire severity was markedly different between the two treatments. Over 57% of trees survived in thin and prescribed burn (thinRx) units versus 19% in thin only (thin) and 14% in control units. Considering only large-diameter trees (>20 cm diameter at breast height), 73% survived in thinRx units versus 36% and 29% in thin and control units, respectively. Logistic regression modeling demonstrates significant reductions in the log-odds probability of tree death under both treatments with a much greater reduction in thinRx units. Other severity measures, including percent crown scorch and burn severity index, are significantly lower in thinRx units than in thin and control units. This study provides strong quantitative evidence that thinning alone does not reduce wildfire severity but that thinning followed by prescribed burning is effective at mitigating wildfire severity in dry western forests.
How to build a pectoral fin: functional morphology and steady swimming kinematics of the spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei)
Authors: Foster K. L. , Higham T. E. 
Published: August 2010

Aquatic flight is the primary locomotor mode for many animals, including penguins and other diving birds, turtles, and fishes, where labriform and rajiform swimming have been the focus of much interest. However, despite its interesting phylogenetic placement, little is known about the aquatic flight of the sister lineage to the elasmobranchs, the chimaerids. This study investigates the pectoral fin morphology of the spotted ratfish ( Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett, 1839)) as a possible factor underlying the kinematics of their steady swimming by comparing muscle mass, distribution, and abductor to adductor ratio with those of a closely related shark ( Squalus acanthias L., 1758). Despite fundamental differences in swimming mode, abductor to adductor muscle ratio did not differ between species (P = 0.49). However, the muscle ratio in the spotted ratfish was similar to the range determined in other flapping labriform swimmers. Ratfish had larger, distally placed pectoral fin muscles relative to body size than dogfish (P < 0.0001) possibly aiding in fine control. Stroke amplitude remained constant across body size (P = 0.26) and relative swimming speed (P = 0.23) in the ratfish, whereas the downstroke was significantly faster than the upstroke (P = 0.006). The similar muscle ratio, despite differences in stroke phases, may be explained by physiological or in vivo recruitment differences between abductors and adductors in the ratfish.
Rapid Extravasation and Establishment of Breast Cancer Micrometastases in the Liver Microenvironment
Authors: Martin Michelle D. , Kremers Gert-Jan , Short Kurt W. , Rocheleau Jonathan V. , Xu Lei , Piston David W. , Matrisian Lynn M. , Gorden D. Lee 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
To examine the interplay between tumor cells and the microenvironment during early breast cancer metastasis, we developed a technique for ex vivo imaging of murine tissue explants using two-photon microscopy. Cancer cells in the liver and the lung were compared by imaging both organs at specific time points after the injection of the same polyomavirus middle T-initiated murine mammary tumor cell line. Extravasation was greatly reduced in the lung compared with the liver, with 56% of tumor cells in the liver having extravasated by 24 hours, compared with only 22% of tumor cells in the lung that have extravasated. In the liver, imaged cells continually transitioned from an intravascular location to an extravascular site, whereas in the lung, extravasation rates slowed after 6 hours. Within the liver microenvironment, the average size of the imaged micrometastatic lesions increased 4-fold between days 5 and 12. Histologic analysis of these lesions determined that by day 12, the micrometastases were heterogeneous, consisting of both tumor cells and von Willebrand factor–positive endothelial cells. Further analysis with intravenously administered lectin indicated that vessels within the micrometastatic tumor foci were patent by day 12. These data present the use of two-photon microscopy to directly compare extravasation times in metastatic sites using the same tumor cell line and highlight the differences in early events and metastatic patterns between two important secondary sites of breast cancer progression with implications for future therapy. Mol Cancer Res; 8(10); 1319–27. ©2010 AACR.