bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of vapor‐liquid equilibrium data of binary systems
Authors: Nagata Isamu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a method of predicting vapor‐liquid equilibria of binary systems at reduced or higher pressures if vapor‐liquid equilibria of the systems concerned are available at atmospheric pressure. The method is based upon Prahl's three‐constant equation which expresses vapor‐liquid composition relationships directly. Experimental data and those calculated by the proposed method are compared for five typical nonideal binary systems.
Co‐current stratified laminar flow of two immiscible liquids in a rectangular conduit
Authors: Charles M. E. , Lilleleht L. U. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTheoretical expressions have been derived for velocity distribution and volumetric flow rates for the co‐current laminar stratified flow of two immiscible liquids in rectangular conduits. Results are presented in terms of the relative depth of the more viscous phase and the pressure gradient reduction factor for a wide range of viscosity and aspect ratios.Theoretical results are reasonably well verified by experimental data at viscosity and aspect ratios of 5.326 and 7.95:1 respectively. The results suggest that a Lockhart‐Martinelli type correlation should be valid at high viscosity ratios and at low input volume fractions of the more viscous phase.
A versatile radiation source for studying gamma‐initiated reactions
Authors: Hodgins J. W. , Werezak G. N. , Ross S. L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFor the investigation of chemical reactions initiated by ionizing radiation, a gamma source has been constructed employing Cobalt‐60 as the emitter. This source is used in a radiation laboratory equipped with manipulators and therefore, has a wide range of applicability. Dose rate, total dosage, and radiation environment can be varied for either batch or flow type experiments. The design and flux characteristics of this source are described.
The role of fluids in comminution
Authors: Kapur P. C. , Mular A. L. , Fuerstenau D. W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA relation is presented that describes the comminution of a solid in a ball mill, either alone or as a mixture component; and the effect of suspending fluids on the parameters of this relation is presented. The size distributions of products obtained from grinding in water, air, and tetrabromoethane are interpreted in terms of the effect of fluids on the relative proportions of abrasion, chipping, and impact events occurring in the mill. In the ball milling of mixtures, components have been shown to grind without significant interaction. Special effects that result when a material is lighter than the suspending fluid are discussed.
Axial mixing of liquid in gas‐liquid flow through packed beds
Authors: Hoogendoorn C. J. , Lips J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe axial mixing in the liquid phase of a gas‐liquid flow through a packed column was studied with air and water flowing counter‐currently in a 1.33 ft. diameter column with 1/2‐in. Raschig rings.The results for bubble flow (liquid continuous) indicate that liquid staging corresponds to about one ideal mixing stage per foot in the range of flow rates investigated. An approximate correlation for the axial diffusion coefficient has been established.In trickle operation strong tailing was found. This could be explained from exchange between the main stream and a static liquid hold‐up.
Production of potassium sulphate from a mixture of sodium and magnesium sulphatesn and potassium chloride
Authors: Gunn Brad 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPotassium sulphate has been produced by a batch process from a mixture of sodium and magnesium sulphates, and potassium chloride. The process is made attractive by the production of additional products — magnesium chloride and sodium sulphate —, by the recirculation of brines and by the recovery of potassium chloride from the brine circuit. Purities of products throughout can be controlled by slight circuit adjustments and/or by additional water washes. Flow sheets have been prepared and several cycles of operation have proven that the process is reliable.
The pipeline flow of capsules: Part 8: An experimental investigation of the transport in oil of single, denser‐than‐oil, spherical and cylindrical capsules
Authors: Round G. F. , Bolt L. H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the present paper, the flow behavior of single capsules of regular shape transported by two mineral oils of kinematic viscosities 45 and 7 centistokes respectively, in a 1 1/4‐inch diameter pipeline, are reported. In terms of pipe Reynolds number this means that the data for the more viscous oil were obtained for the laminar flow regime and the data for the less viscous oil were obtained, for the most part, for turbulent flow. A specific gravity range of 1.19‐7.86, a capsule diameter/pipe diameter ratio range of 0.39 (0.40)‐0.89 (0.90) and in the case of cylinders, lengths of 2‐in., 4‐in., and 7‐in. were investigated.
The mechanics of large gas bubbles in tubes: I. Bubble velocities in stagnant liquids
Authors: Brown R. A. S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effect of liquid viscosity on the rate of rise of a large gas bubble through stagnant liquid in a tube is shown to be limited to that on the film flow past the bubble on the wall of the tube. A criterion of similarity between the shapes of bubbles in different liquids is obtained experimentally which enables development of a correlation for the velocities of rise. This correlation is shown to be in good agreement with experimental results for systems in which the effects of surface tension and liquid viscosity on the frontal flow are negligible.
The mechanics of large gas bubbles in tubes: II. The prediction of voidage in vertical gas‐liquid flow
Authors: Brown R. A. S. , Govier G. W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMaterial balance considerations define a relation between the voidage in gas‐liquid slug flow and the linear velocity of the gas bubbles for flow in a vertical tube. To utilize this relation for the correlation of gas content or voidage, a model is proposed for the liquid flow around an individual gas bubble taking into account the effect of liquid viscosity. While the model is not solvable analytically, a form for the correlation of bubble velocities in moving streams of liquid is developed from the material balance on the liquid. This correlation is found to describe experimental results from all flow patterns.
The mechanism of wall to fluid heat transfer in particulately fluidized beds
Authors: Wasmund B. , Smith J. W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA proposed model for predicting heat transfer from a wall to a fluidized bed by particle convection has been based on particle velocities and radial temperature profiles. Solutions for two cases have been obtained:Case I: The thermal resistance in the particles is small relative to that of the film surrounding them.Case II: The resistance to heat transfer in the particle is of the same order as that in the surrounding film.These solutions have been used to calculate particle convective heat transfer coefficients for water‐fluidized beds of 1.1 mm. and 1.53 mm. diameter glass spheres. The results are compared with reported experimental data, and indicate that particle convective transfer is 50 to 60% of the total heat transfer for Case II, and 30 to 40% for Case I.In some liquid‐fluidizing systems, the thermal conductivity of the particles should have an effect, and the reason this has not been found experimentally is suggested.
Estimation of k‐constants for binary aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures: Application to methane‐free systems
Authors: Ekiner Okan , Thodos George 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCorrelations have been developed for the prediction of vapor‐liquid equilibrium constants of methane‐free binary hydrocarbon mixtures. Each of these correlations has been associated with the parameter t, and presents relationships between the normalized reduced state variables, β/β0 and PR/PRS, for constant reduced temperatures. K values have been calculated and were compared with experimental values for the three binary systems, n‐butane—n‐heptane (τ = 1.36), ethane—n‐butane (τ = 1.48), and ethane—n‐heptane (τ = 2.02) used to develop the correlations of this study. These comparisons produced an average deviation of 5.03% for 80 points. Checks have been carried out on five other systems of a different nature to produce an average deviation of 6.65% for 29 additional points.
The use of mixtures of methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone as dewaxing solvent and the dehydration of such mixtures by distillation
Authors: Butler R. M. , Macleod D. M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIt has been found that anhydrous mixtures of methyl ethyl ketone with methyl isobutyl ketone can be used as very effective dewaxing solvents. Such a mixture containing 70% methyl isobutyl ketone gives a performance essentially equivalent to that obtained with the much more expensive, yet, up until now, technically preferred methyl n‐propyl ketone.For the same dewaxed oil pour point, dry mixtures of methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone (and also as described previously methyl n‐propyl ketone) do not require as low filtering temperatures yet give higher filter rates than the widely employed mixtures of methyl ethyl ketone and aromatics. The continuous dehydration of mixtures of methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone by distillation is also described. This operation is complicated by the fact that methyl ethyl ketone forms a binary, homogeneous azeotrope with water. The process which is described is rather unusual in that it combines some of the features of extractive distillation and also some of those of azeotropic distillation.
A catalyst mounting technique for close temperature control
Authors: Alexander W. A. , Tollefson E. L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA novel technique for mounting the Cambron‐McKim silver catalyst has been developed which provides a highly conducting metal path between the catalyst and the temperature control medium. Its effectiveness as a means of maintaining control over a highly exothermic reaction has been demonstrated in a small pilot plant for the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide.
On reactor design for complex systems of first‐order chemical reactions
Authors: Wei James 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe mathematical problems of reactor design and performance depend primarily on the solution of a set of partial differential or difference equations. These equations are linear if the reactions are first‐order, if temperature variations are not significant, and if mass transfer by diffusion obeys Fick's law. When a reactor problem can be solved for a single irreversible first‐order reaction, it can also be solved for a system of coupled first‐order reactions of any number of chemical species and of arbitrary complexity.
Liquid‐liquid extraction with association effects
Authors: Johnson A. I. , Raal J. D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAcetic and propionic acids were transferred from aqueous solutions into n‐heptyl alcohol, diisobutyl ketone, diisopropyl ether, and n‐heptane in an extraction cell of the Lewis type. The experiments were conducted over wide ranges of concentration to study the concentration dependence of the mass transfer coefficient.In the extraction experiments with isopropyl ether and diisobutyl ketone as solvents, the overall mass transfer coefficients were found to vary markedly with concentration in contrast to the results with n‐pentane as solvent. These results could not be predicted by conventional mass transfer theory, but were in broad qualitative agreement with the predictions of a diffusion reaction model. An empirical “association factor” was proposed.Diffusion experiments were carried out in diaphragm diffusion cells to test the predicted concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient.
Design equations for multicomponent gas absorption
Authors: Cullwan Harry T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe recently developed linearized theory of multicomponent mass transfer(1, 2, 3, 4) is applied to the case of gas absorption in a plate column. Matrix generalizations of the well‐known binary design equations are obtained using the diagonalizing procedure of Toor(1). The results demonstrate that the theory provides a general framework for the direct incorporation of diffusional and thermodynamic interaction effects into design procedures for multicomponent systems.
Heat transfer in the melting of solids to non‐newtonian liquids
Authors: Skelland A. H. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRelationships relevant to the design of industrial melters are developed for the case in which the molten material is a time‐independent non‐Newtonian fluid of the Power Law type. Expressions are derived for the local and mean values of the heat transfer coefficient in the melting of a solid slab on a hot, inclined, plane surface at constant temperature. The equations developed are restricted to laminar flow of the melt, and a criterion is therefore presented for checking that the molten film between the hot surface and the slab is actually in laminar flow throughout its entire length.
Dissociation and heat transfer in laminar flow
Authors: Rothenberg R. I. , Smith J. M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn analytic study of heat transfer and temperature and composition distribution was conducted for a reacting fluid in laminar flow in a tubular reactor. The reaction chosen was reversible and homogeneous of the form A ⇆ 2U.Numerical solutions were obtained by machine computation for conditions of chemical equilibrium and of finite kinetics. For endothermic, dissociative reactions the radial energy transfer due to diffusion adds to the contribution due to a temporary difference. Nusselt numbers up to 10 fold greater than those for the corresponding inert system are obtained. The diffusion contribution is a maximum when the radial mass transfer is not subject to a reaction resistance; i.e. at equilibrium.
Heat transfer studies in a climbing film evaporator: Part I. Heat transfer from condensing steam to boiling water
Authors: Gupta A. S. , Holland F. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHard water was concentrated using steam heating in a single tube climbing film evaporator, of length 9 ft. and external diameter 1 inch.The heat flux Q/A in BTU/hr. sq. ft. was found to be related to the feed rate of the water M lb./hr. and its temperature Ti °F by the equationQ/A = ψ M0.6 + 90.3 (Tb – Ti) Cpwhere ψ is a graphically read function of the temperature difference driving force between the condensing steam and the boiling water. The data fit the above equation with a standard deviation of 2.6%.The empirically derived equation for heat flux was also found to represent the data for other aqueous solutions with reasonable accuracy.
Silica and alumina powders: Part II. Coherence and strength of compacts
Authors: Griffith Richard M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe mechanical strength of compacted silica and alumina powders was studied to gather information about agglomeration in general and the preparation of catalyst supports in particular. Substantial strength developed only if the conditions of preparation favored formation of oxygen crosslinks between adjacent particles through reaction between hydroxyl groups on adjacent surface. Strength rose sharply with solids fraction once a minimum value of about 0.2 was achieved and, in general, behaved as predicted from brittle fracture theory.
Mass transfer in a turbulent radial wall jet
Authors: Dawson D. A. , Trass O. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractExperimental and theoretical coefficients are reported for mass transfer in a turbulent radial wall jet initiated by an impinging free jet. The hydrodynamic solution was obtained by the momentum integral technique, and mass transfer was predicted by analogy.Point mass transfer data were obtained for air‐naphthalene and cinnamic acid‐water systems. At low Schmidt numbers, experimental coefficients were slightly above the theoretical prediction, and followed the theoretical trend with radial distance and nozzle Reynolds number from 10,000 to 60,000. Coefficients at high Schmidt numbers showed large positive deviations from theory, which decreased with radial distance and increased with Schmidt number. These discrepancies were attributed to surface roughness effects.
Impact tube measurement of flow patterns, velocity profiles and pumping capacities in mixing vessels
Authors: Wolf D. , Manning F. S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractImpact‐static‐shielded tubes were found to be suitable for measuring time‐average velocities in the jet stream flow generated by the marine propeller. Pumping capacities and entrainment flow were then calculated from these velocity profiles. Pumping capacities were correlated by: Q = KpND3.When the tank contained water: Kp = 0.54. The same probe was found to be useful in evaluating qualitatively the flow patterns from turbine and paddle type impellers. The effect of several parameters on the flow patterns are reported.
Dynamic optimisation: An extension of the direct method of lyapunov
Authors: Stevens William F. , Wanninger L. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a method for the dynamic optimization of a chemical process, applicable whether or not the uncontrolled system is stable at the desired operating conditions. The system has several advantages over other methods of dynamic optimization: (1) Dimensionality is not a limitation; (2) Inequality constraints are handled directly; (3) A two‐point boundary value problem is not encountered; and (4) Control is designed around a stability criterion. Numerical results on a second order stirred‐tank reactor system are presented in order to verily the practicality of the proposed method.
Solution of problems involving systems of distillation columns
Authors: Nartker T. A. , Skrygley J. M. , Holland C. D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA convergence method (called the Θ‐method) and calculational procedure have been developed which may be applied to any system of distillation units. The procedure makes use of the programs of the individual units without modification. This amounts to the use of the programs of the individual units as building blocks for the construction of the model for the system. Any number of independent feeds to any one of the distillation units may be specified, and any number of sidestreams may be either withdrawn from the system or fed to any other unit of the system.
New optimization method is highly suitable for chemical engineering applications
Authors: Methot J. C. , Cloutier Leonce , Cholette A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA new optimization method involving only elementary calculus represents a significant simplification over existing methods. It makes for the easy and rapid solution of many complex problems in chemical engineering.In addition to making use of the first derivative, as in most other methods, the new method also calls for the second derivative of the function to be optimized. When going from one point to another, the method consists essentially in adding simultaneously to each independent variable an increment which, for a given variable, is equal to the negative ratio of the first partial derivative to the second partial derivative, and so on until optimum conditions are reached.A few mathematical examples illustrate the speed of the new method and permit comparisons with other well known methods. Numerical applications pertaining to chemical engineering are also presented.
Isotropic turbulent mixing with boundary sources
Authors: Rosensweig R. E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA type of turbulent mixing, ubiquitous in occurrence as a limiting case, is defined and given analytical treatment. By combining the Kolmogoroff and Corrsin concepts of inertial subrange with consistent application of the divergence theorem of Gauss, predictions are made for statistical turbulence and mixing parameters in uniformly mixed regions into which fluid streams are introduced of arbitrary number, concentration and speed.
Vapor‐liquid equilibrium data for system: Ethanol‐water saturated with potassium acetate
Authors: Meranda D. , Furter W. F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIsobaric vapor‐liquid equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure are reported for the system ethanol‐water saturated with potassium acetate. Solubility data for potassium acetate in boiling solutions of aqueous ethanol, as a function of ethanol concentration, are also reported. Potassium acetate, a salt highly soluble in aqueous solution, was observed to exert a very large effect on relative volatility.
The horizontal stacked disk still: A high speed, high efficiency, laboratory distillation apparatus
Authors: Butler R. M. , Pasternak I. S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA novel type of high efficiency, high speed, laboratory still has been developed for obtaining distillation curves on small (5 ml) samples of high boiling (300°F+) materials. The apparatus is simple consisting essentially of a hollow, baffled, horizontal metal bar heated at one end by means of an electrical cartridge heater. In operation, the feed sample is placed in one end of the still, the heater and a vacuum pump turned on, and distillation fractions collected at the other end. Conventional distillation curves are obtained directly.
Computational methods in process optimization: I. Recycle plant with bounded controls
Authors: Paynter J. D. , Bankoff S. G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractComputational methods for optimal cooling jacket design on a tubular reactor with recycle of unconverted reactant were studied. A successful procedure employed a gradient technique for control‐vector iteration, followed by a two‐dimensional search to locate the optimal switching points. On the other hand, boundary condition iteration was notably unsuccessful for this “bang‐bang” control problem.
Solubility parameters of hydrocarbons
Authors: Bradford Michael L. , Thodos George 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInformation available in the literature on vapor pressures, saturated vapor and liquid densities, and critical constants, for different hydrocarbons, has permitted the calculation of δ, the solubility parameter advanced by Hildebrand, at temperatures up to and including the critical point. For these hydrocarbons, the residual quantity, δ‐δc was found to depend on 1‐TR according to the relationship,

where k appears to be a constant within different classes of hydrocarbons. Values of δ calculated with this equation were compared with the corresponding values used to develop it, and produced an average deviation of 0.85% for 153 values considered which represented 17 hydrocarbons.