bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking on the challenge of noncommunicable diseases: We all hold a piece of the puzzle
Authors: Lohse Nicolai , Ersbøll Charlotte , Kingo Lise 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTwo out of 3 deaths globally are attributable to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), with 80% occurring in lowresource countries. The “cost of inaction” is estimated to be US$35 trillion between 2005 and 2030. We need to get behind the societal root causes of this global health challenge; we need a life‐course approach to respond to the increasing evidence of intergenerational transmission of NCDs; and we need to focus on strengthening of health systems and integration of services for prevention, screening, and management across disease groups. There is a growing understanding that all actors, private or public, for‐profit or not‐for‐profit, can make substantial and positive contributions as long as they maintain transparency in their agenda, motivation, and actions. Effective and sustainable global public‐private partnerships require trust between partners, a safe space for talks and negotiations, and a framework for governance and accountability. We need a neutral global convener to unite us all behind shared visions for a healthier future, where each player is encouraged to commit and contribute to the common cause and be recognized or held accountable for their respective commitments. Creation of such a platform could be a direct outcome of the United Nations High Level Meeting on NCDs to be held in September 2011.
Debating Radical Cinema: A History of the Film Society Movement in India
Authors: MAJUMDAR ROCHONA 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper offers a history of the creation and development of film societies in India from 1947 to 1980. Members of the film society movement consisted of important Indian film directors such as Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Shyam Benegal, Basu Chatterji, Mani Kaul, G. Aravindan, Kumar Shahani, Adoor Gopalkrishnan, and Mrinal Sen, as well as film enthusiasts, numbering about 100,000 by 1980. The movement, confined though it was to members who considered themselves film aficionados, was propelled by debates similar to those that animated left-oriented cultural movements which originated in late colonial India, namely, the Progressive Writers Association in 1936, and the Indian People's Theatre Association in 1942. By looking at the film society movement as an early and sustained attempt at civil-social organization in postcolonial India, this paper highlights the two distinct definitions of ‘good cinema’—from an aesthetically sophisticated product to a radical political text—that were debated during the time of the movement.
Unsettling ageing in three novels by Pat Barker
Authors: FALCUS SARAH 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWithin the growing body of interdisciplinary work on ageing, more attention is now paid to literary engagement with and representations of ageing, often in the form of literary gerontology. This field locates literature as part of the cultural discourses around ageing in our society. Pat Barker's work, already the subject of some gerontological attention, is important here, because her texts offer detailed representations of the ageing subject, and engage with the often disturbing challenges that ageing presents to self and social identity. This paper considers three of Pat Barker's novels –Another World(1999),Liza's England(1986/1996), andUnion Street(1982) – within one of the central debates in ageing studies: how far we are aged by culture and where culture might meet the material. In these novels, ageing characters are clearly at the mercy of cultural constructions of age; nevertheless, the texts also insist on the centrality of the body, forcefully reminding us of the limits of cultural ageing. This paper argues that these novels explore the interplay between cultural and corporeal ageing, forcing the reader to acknowledge the complexities of, and unsettle any easy assumptions about, ageing subjectivity. In the process, this suggests that what fiction can offer to gerontology is, at least in part, an exploration of the ineluctability of ‘contradictions’ when it comes to ageing.
Dynamics ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 outbreak detection and investigation, Minnesota 2000–2008
Authors: ROUNDS J. M. , BOXRUD D. J. , JAWAHIR S. L. , SMITH K. E. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYWe determined characteristics ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clusters that predict their being solved (i.e. that result in identification of a confirmed outbreak). Clusters were investigated by the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) using a dynamic iterative model. During 2000–2008, 19 (23%) of 84 clusters were solved. Clusters of ⩾3 isolates were more likely to be solved than clusters of two isolates. Clusters in which the first two case isolates were received at MDH on the same day were more likely to be solved than were clusters in which the first two case isolates were received over ⩾8 days. Investigation of clusters of ⩾3E. coliO157:H7 cases increased the success of cluster investigations.
Diatom resting spore ecology drives enhanced carbon export from a naturally iron‐fertilized bloom in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Salter Ian , Kemp Alan E. S. , Moore C. Mark , Lampitt Richard S. , Wolff George A. , Holtvoeth Jens 
Published: November 2011

Southern Ocean Island systems sustain phytoplankton blooms induced by natural iron fertilization that are important for the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide and serve as analogues for past and future climate change. We present data on diatom flux assemblages and the biogeochemical properties of sinking particles to explain the enhanced particulate organic carbon (POC) export fluxes observed in response to natural iron supply in the Crozet Islands region (CROZeX). Moored deep‐ocean sediment traps (>2000 m) were located beneath a naturally fertilized island bloom and beneath an adjacent High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) control site. Deep‐ocean carbon flux from the naturally‐fertilized bloom area was tightly correlated (R = 0.83, n = 12, P < 0.0006) with the resting spore flux of a single island‐associated diatom species,Eucampia antarctica var. antarctica. The unusually well preserved state of the Eucampia‐associated carbon flux, determined by amino acid studies of organic matter degradation, was likely influenced by their ecology, since diatom resting spores are adapted to settle rapidly out of the surface ocean preserving viable cells. The naturally fertilized bloom enhanced carbon flux and the resulting Si/C and Si/N ratios were 2.0–3.4‐fold and 2.2–3.5‐fold lower than those measured in the adjacent HNLC control area. The enhanced carbon export and distinctive stoichiometry observed in naturally fertilized systems is therefore largely not attributable to iron relief of open ocean diatoms, but rather to the advection and growth of diatom species characteristic of island systems and the subsequent flux of resting spores. Carbon export estimates from current natural iron fertilization studies therefore represent a highly specific response of the island systems chosen as natural laboratories and may not be appropriate analogues for the larger Southern Ocean response. The broader implications of our results emphasize the role of phytoplankton diversity and ecology and highlight the need for a species‐centered approach in order to understand the regulation of biogeochemical fluxes.
Locating solar and wind energy sources
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power hold out the promise of providing energy that does not produce greenhouse gases. One obstacle to realizing production of energy from the Sun and from wind, however, has been determining where these energy sources can best be tapped.A new project called the Solar and Wind Energy Survey Assessment (SWERA) plans to map the solar and wind resources of 13 developing countries, and link these findings with a Geographical Information System so that potential developers can find sites online.
Controlling bush fires
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

With bush fires burning hundreds of thousands of hectares in the populous Australian state of New South Wales, a recent study indicates that a Fire Danger Meter used since the 1960s by firefighters there to predict prescribed fire spread in eucalyptus forests is inaccurate under wildfire conditions.The meter could under‐predict the rate of fire spreading in forests by a factor of 3 or more for extreme fire conditions or when wind speeds are greater than 15 kilometers per hour, according to the report by Project Vesta. The project is a 6‐year endeavor by Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), in collaboration with the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM), and land management agencies and fire authorities in other Australian states.
NASA fills key positions
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe has named Shannon Lucid, a NASA astronaut and veteran of five Space Shuttle flights, to serve as the agency's chief scientist. Lucid replaces Kathie Olsen, whom President Bush has said he intends to nominate as associate administrator for science in the White Office of Science and Technology Policy.President Bush also has announced his intention to nominate former NASA astronaut and Assistant Deputy Administrator Major General Charles F. Bolden as NASA Deputy Administrator.
El Niño returns
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

An El Niño probably will develop in the tropical Pacific Ocean in the next three months, according to scientists with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The forecast is based on the latest observed oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns in the Pacific Ocean off the coasts of Ecuador and Peru and sea‐surface temperature predictions.“The warming represents an early stage of El Niño's onset,” said NOAA Administrator Conrad Lautenbacher, Jr. “If the warming persists, it will be several more months before mature El Niño conditions develop. The impacts will depend on the strength of the event, which we can't determine at this time.”
Sea Grant gains support in Congress
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

The Bush administration's efforts to reduce funding for the National Sea Grant College Program and to transfer it from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to the National Science Foundation (NSF) (see Eos, 5 March 2002) appear to be getting a lukewarm reception in Congress.While the administration advocates the transfer on the grounds that NSF management would improve the program's overall effectiveness, some members of Congress have voiced concerns about the potential loss of many of Sea Grant's education and outreach activities if the program is transferred.
U.S. coastal waters graded
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

A comprehensive summary of the condition of U.S. coastal conditions, released 29 March, grades the nation's coasts as fair to poor.The “National Coastal Conditions Report,” prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal agencies, found that 44% of the nation's estuarine areas are impaired for use by people and aquatic life.
Bush Administration proceeding with climate change research plans
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

While the Bush administration continues to withhold from the public many details about its Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI) and Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI), it is moving ahead with efforts to incorporate some key elements of these plans into federal agency planning for the upcoming fiscal year 2004 budget cycle.The administration is trying ”on the fly” to identify key climate change priorities to consider, “so that by the end of the year, we will have a well‐developed new program plan,” assistant secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere James Mahoney told a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences' Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC) on 8 May.
Aquatic invasive species harming U.S. ecosystems, fisheries
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

Biological invasions are fundamentally changing the structure and function of many ecosystems around the world, Gregory Ruiz, senior scientist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland, told a 20 June U.S. Congressional hearing on aquatic invasive species.“Not only have many [nuisance aquatic species] become established, but many communities are now dominated by [them] in terms of number or organisms, biomass, and ecological processes,” Ruiz said. “In some cases, it is clear that invasions have caused dramatic shifts in food webs, chemical cycling, disease outbreaks, and commercial fisheries.”
Ocean Commission mid‐term report
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

In its mid‐term report issued on 24 September, the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy paints a bleak picture of the oceans and marine resources.Among the concerns are dramatic increases in population and pollution along shorelines, which indicate that the management of U.S. coastal areas is inadequate. Other problems outlined include outdated and under‐utilized ocean and coastal observing and prediction systems, jurisdictional and legal confusion and ambiguity about coastal laws, and a lack of public awareness about threats to oceans.
Smithsonian Centers should receive direct funding
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

A report by the U.S. National Academies' National Research Council, issued 31 October, has come out in favor of continuing direct federal funding for several science centers that are part of the Smithsonian Institution, including the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.The report, “Funding Smithsonian Scientific Research,” was requested by the White House Office of Management and Budget. OMB had proposed transferring funds from the centers to the National Science Foundation, and had expressed concerns that the centers' research programs are funded without competition.
NAS evaluating water resources research needs
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

The Water Science and Technology Board of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has begun a congressionally‐mandated study, funded by the U.S. Geological Survey to help identify and prioritize areas on which the nation's water resources research should target its efforts.The study also will address the need to better coordinate the efforts of the many agencies and other entities that conduct water resources research in the United States, according to board chair Henry Vaux, professor of resource economics at the University of California, Riverside. Water resources research currently involves more than a dozen federal agencies, along with some state, local, and private agencies which often all act independently of each other.
Lightning strike forecasts
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

A new Global Positioning System Lightning Index could provide a better lightning forecast for the launches of the NASA Shuttle and other commercial and military launches from the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, which are in a high lightning‐flashdensity region.The index measures the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which can help to create the positive and negative charges in a thundercloud.
Coral reef protection
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced the establishment on 13 November of the first U.S. zone to protect a sensitive coral reef area from potential damage by ships.The Florida Keys' Particularly Sensitive Sea Area, just one of a handful of such areas globally, has been designated by the International Maritime Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations. The area protects a zone of more than 3,000 square nautical miles stretching from the Biscayne National Park to the Dry Tortugas.
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) signalling in human atherosclerosis: results of a systematic evaluation and intervention study
Authors: Meijer C. Arnoud , Le Haen Pum A. A. , van Dijk Rogier A. , Hira Mitsuhisa , Hamming Jaap F. , van Bockel J. Hajo , Lindeman Jan H. 
Published: November 2011

Animal studies implicate the AP-1 (activator protein-1) pro-inflammatory pathway as a promising target in the treatment of atherosclerotic disease. It is, however, unclear whether these observations apply to human atherosclerosis. Therefore we evaluated the profile of AP-1 activation through histological analysis and tested the potential benefit of AP-1 inhibition in a clinical trial. AP-1 activation was quantified by phospho-c-Jun nuclear translocation (immunohistochemistry) on a biobank of aortic wall samples from organ donors. The effect of AP-1 inhibition on vascular parameters was tested through a double blind placebo-controlled cross-over study of 28 days doxycycline or placebo in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Vascular function was assessed by brachial dilation as well as by plasma samples analysed for hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), IL-6 (interleukin-6), IL-8, ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1), vWF (von Willebrand factor), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) and fibrinogen. Histological evaluation of human atherosclerosis showed minimal AP-1 activation in non-diseased arterial wall (i.e. vessel wall without any signs of atherosclerotic disease). A gradual increase of AP-1 activation was found in non-progressive and progressive phases of atherosclerosis respectively (P&lt;0.044). No significant difference was found between progressive and vulnerable lesions. The expression of phospho-c-Jun diminished as the lesion stabilized (P&lt;0.016) and does not significantly differ from the normal aortic wall (P&lt;0.33). Evaluation of the doxycycline intervention only revealed a borderline-significant reduction of circulating hs-CRP levels (−0.51 μg/ml, P=0.05) and did not affect any of the other markers of systemic inflammation and vascular function. Our studies do not characterize AP-1 as a therapeutic target for progressive human atherosclerotic disease.
Arabidopsis RGLG2, Functioning as a RING E3 Ligase, Interacts with AtERF53 and Negatively Regulates the Plant Drought Stress Response
Authors: Cheng Mei-Chun , Hsieh En-Jung , Chen Jui-Hung , Chen Hsing-Yu , Lin Tsan-Piao 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Transcriptional activities of plants play important roles in responses to environmental stresses. ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR53 (AtERF53) is a drought-induced transcription factor that belongs to the AP2/ERF superfamily and has a highly conserved AP2 domain. It can regulate drought-responsive gene expression by binding to the GCC box and/or the dehydration-responsive element in the promoter of downstream genes. Overexpression of AtERF53 driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter resulted in an unstable drought-tolerant phenotype in T2 transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a RING domain ubiquitin E3 ligase, RGLG2, which interacts with AtERF53 in the nucleus. The copine domain of RGLG2 exhibited the strongest interacting activity. We also demonstrated that RGLG2 could move from the plasma membrane to the nucleus under stress treatment. Using an in vitro ubiquitination assay, RGLG2 and its closest sequelog, RGLG1, were shown to have E3 ligase activity and mediated AtERF53 ubiquitination for proteasome degradation. The rglg1rglg2 double mutant but not the rglg2 or rglg1 single mutant exhibited a drought-tolerant phenotype when compared with wild-type plants. AtERF53-green fluorescent proteins expressed in the rglg1rglg2 double mutants were stable. The 35S:AtERF53-green fluorescent protein/rglg1rglg2 showed enhanced AtERF53-regulated gene expression and had greater tolerance to drought stress than the rglg1rglg2 double mutant. In conclusion, RGLG2 negatively regulates the drought stress response by mediating AtERF53 transcriptional activity in Arabidopsis.
The SigB σ Factor Regulates Multiple Salt Acclimation Responses of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Nikkinen Hanna-Leena , Hakkila Kaisa , Gunnelius Liisa , Huokko Tuomas , Pollari Maija , Tyystjärvi Taina 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Changing of principal σ factor in RNA polymerase holoenzyme to a group 2 σ factor redirects transcription when cyanobacteria acclimate to suboptimal environmental conditions. The group 2 sigma factor SigB was found to be important for the growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in high-salt (0.7 m NaCl) stress but not in mild heat stress at 43°C although the expression of the sigB gene was similarly highly, but only transiently up-regulated at both conditions. The SigB factor was found to regulate many salt acclimation processes. The amount of glucosylglycerol-phosphate synthase, a key enzyme in the production of the compatible solute glucosylglycerol, was lower in the inactivation strain ƊsigB than in the control strain. Addition of the compatible solute trehalose almost completely restored the growth of the ƊsigB strain at 0.7 m NaCl. High-salt conditions lowered the chlorophyll and phycobilin contents of the cells while protective carotenoid pigments, especially zeaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll, were up-regulated in the control strain. These carotenoids were up-regulated in the ƊsigCDE strain (SigB is the only functional group 2 σ factor) and down-regulated in the ƊsigB strain under standard conditions. In addition, the HspA heat shock protein was less abundant and more abundant in the ƊsigB and ƊsigCDE strains, respectively, than in the control strain in high-salt conditions. Some cellular responses are common to heat and salt stresses, but pretreatment with mild heat did not protect cells against salt shock although protection against heat shock was evident.
Academic achievement and smoking initiation in adolescence: a general growth mixture analysis
Authors: Morin Alexandre J. S. , Rodriguez Daniel , Fallu Jean‐Sébastien , Maïano Christophe , Janosz Michel 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAims  This study aims to: (i) explore the relations between smoking initiation and different profiles of academic achievement trajectories in early to mid‐adolescence; and (ii) to investigate whether background characteristics (gender, ethnicity, grade repetition, parental education) and proximal processes (parental practices, extra‐curricular involvement) predicted class membership and smoking initiation.Design  Four‐year longitudinal cohort study (7th–10th grade).Setting  Adolescents completed the questionnaires during school hours.Participants  At total of 741 adolescents with no history of smoking in grade 7 participating in the Montreal Adolescent Depression Development Project.Measurements  Self‐report questionnaires were used to assess predictors and previous smoking in year 1, and smoking initiation by the end of the study. Grade point average (GPA) was obtained twice yearly from school records.Findings  Three academic achievement trajectories were identified and found to differ significantly in rates of smoking initiation: persistently high achievers (7.1% smoking), average achievers (15.1% smokers) and unstable low achievers (49.1% smoking). Further, results showed that general parenting practices and parental education indirectly reduced the likelihood of smoking by reducing the risk of membership in classes with lower GPA.Conclusions  Adolescents who do well in school are less likely to smoke and it may be cost‐effective for smoking prevention to focus on the few (12%) easy to identify unstable low achievers who form 35% of smoking onsets. In addition, as parental support and democratic control reduced the likelihood of poor academic performance, promoting essential generic parenting skills from a young age may also prevent future onsets of smoking in adolescence.