bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel diversity of bacterial communities associated with bottlenose dolphin upper respiratory tracts
Authors: Johnson Wesley R. , Torralba Manolito , Fair Patricia A. , Bossart Gregory D. , Nelson Karen E. , Morris Pamela J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryRespiratory illness is thought to be most the common cause of death in both wild and captive populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The suspected pathogens that have been isolated from diseased animals have also been isolated from healthy individuals, suggesting they may be part of the normal flora. Our current understanding of the bacteria associated with the upper respiratory tract (URT) of bottlenose dolphins is based exclusively upon culture‐based isolation and identification. Because < 1% of naturally occurring bacteria are culturable, a substantial fraction of the bacterial community associated with the dolphin URT remains to be described. The dolphin URT microbiota revealed by sequencing of bacterial 16S rDNA exhibits almost no overlap with the taxa indicated in culture‐based studies. The most abundant sequences in our libraries were similar among all of our study animals and shared the greatest homology to sequences of bacteria belonging to the genera Cardiobacterium, Suttonella, Psychrobacter, Tenacibaculum, Fluviicola and Flavobacterium; however, they were sufficiently different from database sequences from both cultured and uncultured organisms to suggest they represent novel genera and species. Our findings also demonstrate the dominance of three of the four bacterial phyla that dominate other mammalian microbiomes, including those of humans, and show tremendous diversity at the species/strain level, suggesting tight coevolution of the dolphin host and its URT bacterial community.
Elucidating further phylogenetic diversity among the Defluviicoccus‐related glycogen‐accumulating organisms in activated sludge
Authors: McIlroy Simon , Seviour Robert J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryGlycogen‐accumulating organisms (GAO) are thought to out‐compete the polyphosphate‐accumulating organisms (PAO) in activated sludge communities removing phosphate (P). Two GAO groups are currently recognized, the gammaproteobacterial Candidatus‘Competibacter phosphatis’, and the alphaproteobacterial Defluviicoccus vanus‐related tetrad forming organisms (TFOs). Both are phylogenetically diverse based on their 16S rRNA sequences, with the latter currently considered to contain members falling into three distinct clusters. This paper identifies members of an additional fourth Defluviicoccus cluster from 16S rRNA gene clone library data obtained from a laboratory‐scale activated sludge plant community removing P, and details FISH probes designed against them. Probe DF181A was designed to target a single sequence and DF181B designed against the remaining sequences in the cluster. Cells hybridizing with these probes in the biomass samples tested always appeared as either TFOs or in large clusters of small cocci. Members of the Defluviicoccus‐related organisms were commonly found in full‐scale wastewater treatments plants, sometimes as a dominant population.
Evaluation of laparoscopic surgery for Hirschsprung's disease from the standpoint of invasiveness and colonic motility: Prolapsing technique with extra‐anal mucosectomy
Authors: Morikawa Y 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjective: Laparoscopic pull‐through has become the standard surgical modality for Hirschsprung's disease in the field of pediatric surgery. This article discusses the minimal invasiveness of the prolapsing technique. This technique allows mucosectomies to be performed under direct vision even at the deepest dissected portion because the procedure is conducted via an extra‐anal approach.Method: The laparoscopic prolapsing technique (Lap) is compared with the conventional open Soave technique in terms of the change in CRP and WBC, defecation function, both clinical and manometric, after surgery.Results: As a result, the timing of surgery has become earlier and the patients younger. Soiling occurs in 33% of open Soave and 0% of Lap patients. Manometry after Lap. pull‐through revealed a positive recto‐anal inhibitory reflex in 39% and evoked high amplitude propagated contraction was demonstrated in 85% of patients.Conclusion: These results suggest that the present technique, including minimal dissections of the mesentery and the preservation of pelvic nerves in combination with fine mucosectomy under direct vision, could be beneficial for postoperative anorectal function in patients with Hirschspurung's disease.
Cigarette brand preference as a function of price among smoking youths in Canada: are they smoking premium, discount or native brands?
Authors: Leatherdale S T , Ahmed R , Barisic A , Murnaghan D , Manske S 
Published: October 2009

Introduction:Given that little is known about the price-related cigarette brand preferences of youths, the current study seeks to characterise cigarette brand preferences and examine factors associated with smoking discount or native cigarette brands among Canadian youths who are current smokers.Methods:This study used nationally representative data collected from 71 003 grade 5–12 students as part of the 2006–7 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS). Using data from current smokers, logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with smoking discount or native cigarette brands relative to premium cigarette brands.Results:In 2006, premium cigarettes were the most prevalent brand of cigarette youths report usually smoking (49.4%); a substantial number of youths do report usually smoking either discount (12.9%) or native (9.3%) cigarette brands. Occasional smokers were more likely to report usually smoking premium cigarettes whereas daily smokers were more likely to report smoking either discount or native cigarettes. In particular, discount and native brands appear to be appealing among smoking youths with less spending money or those who are heavier smokers compared to youths smoking premium brands.Conclusion:Discount and native cigarette brands are commonly used by a substantial number of smoking youths in Canada. Additional research is required to better understand the reasons behind different cigarette brand preferences and how youths are able to access premium, discount and illicit native cigarettes. Moreover, ongoing surveillance of the cigarette brand preferences of youths is required for guiding future tobacco control policy and programming activities.
Support for smoke-free policy among restaurant owners and managers in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Authors: Chang S-H , Delgermaa V , Mungun-Ulzii K , Erdenekhuu N , Odkhuu E , Huang S-L 
Published: October 2009

Objectives:Exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) is widespread in restaurants in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. While a smoke-free policy is the most effective way of protecting restaurant workers and customers from SHS, this has not been well accepted in Mongolia. Furthermore, little is known about restaurants’ attitude toward the smoke-free policy.Methods:A cross-sectional survey directed to restaurant owners or managers was conducted in 475 representative restaurants in Ulaanbaatar. Face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire and on-site observation were performed.Results:Only 29.3% of the restaurants claimed to prohibit smoking; none of the remaining had any protection toward SHS, and half of the restaurants estimated that more than 20% of customers would smoke inside. None of them had visible “no smoking” signs and the majority never received complaints about SHS. Despite the generally high level of knowledge of the health effects of SHS, of the 336 restaurants that were not smoke free, only 25.9% expressed that they planned to take action in the near future. By contrast, 87.8% of restaurants would support the government if it asked all restaurants to ban smoking. Multivariate analysis identified that restaurants having menus in foreign languages, selling cigarettes and predicting business decline were less likely to support the government smoke-free policy.Conclusions:This survey demonstrates that restaurants owners and managers were reluctant to take action on their own, but would support government policy. The government can assume a stronger role first by revising the law on tobacco control following the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control guideline.
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN SPIN GLASSES
Authors: YOUNG A. P. 
Published: October 2009

Some recent progress in Monte Carlo simulations of spin glasses will be presented. The problem of slow dynamics at low temperatures is partially alleviated by use of the parallel tempering (replica exchange) method. A useful technique to check for equilibration (applicable only for a Gaussian distribution) will be discussed. It will be argued that a finite size scaling analysis of the scaled correlation length of the system is a good approach with which to investigate phase transitions in spin glasses. This method will be used to study two questions: (i) whether there is a phase transition in zero field in the Heisenberg spin glass in three dimensions, and (ii) whether there is phase transition in a magnetic field in an Ising spin glass, also in three dimensions.
COMBINATORIAL KNOT INVARIANTS THAT DETECT TREFOILS
Authors: DEVIATOV ROSTISLAV 
Published: October 2009

We construct a series of combinatorial quandle-like knot invariants. We color regions of a knot diagram rather than lines and assign a weight to each coloring. Sets of these weights are the invariants we construct (colorings and weights depend on several parameters).Using these invariants, we prove that left and right trefoils are not isotopic using this invariant (in a particular case).
MULTISCALE PROGRESSIVE FAILURE ANALYSIS OF PLAIN-WOVEN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Authors: RAIMONDO L. , ALIABADI M. H. 
Published: October 2009

The paper presents an overview of multiscale modeling of advanced fibrous composite materials. Following the review, a nonlinear, fully three-dimensional, numerical model is proposed which is suitable for multiscale elastic and progressive failure analysis of plain-woven composite materials. The proposed model is developed for implementation into the Finite Element code ABAQUS/Explicit as a user-defined subroutine for constant stress (one integration point) solid elements. The multiscale strategy applied in this paper uses a closed-form solution approach for homogenization of the mesoscale properties of a woven composite. A mosaic model of the woven composite's Representative Volume Element (RVE) is used for deriving the micromechanical relations used for homogenization. The composite RVE model used herein is composed of UD interlacing yarns (fill and warp yarns) and matrix-rich regions. For failure and damage analysis, the following features are implemented in this work: material nonlinearity for pure in-plane shear deformation; physically-based failure criteria for matrix failure in the UD yarns; maximum stress failure criteria for failure of fibers in the UD yarns and of the pure matrix in the resin-rich regions and energy-based damage mechanics. The proposed strategy, which has been implemented and tested for a special case of an in-plane damage, has some evident advantages compared to the other approaches, especially for application to full-scale simulations, i.e., component and structural scales. A comparison of the proposed model with experimental data shows a good correlation can be achieved.
ON THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF A (k,l)-SUM-FREE SUBSET OF AN ABELIAN GROUP
Authors: BAJNOK BÉLA 
Published: October 2009

A subset A of a given finite abelian group G is called (k,l)-sum-free if the sum of k (not necessarily distinct) elements of A does not equal the sum of l (not necessarily distinct) elements of A. We are interested in finding the maximum size λk,l(G) of a (k,l)-sum-free subset in G. A (2,1)-sum-free set is simply called a sum-free set. The maximum size of a sum-free set in the cyclic group ℤn was found almost 40 years ago by Diamanda and Yap; the general case for arbitrary finite abelian groups was recently settled by Green and Ruzsa. Here we find the value of λ3,1(ℤn). More generally, a recent paper by Hamidoune and Plagne examines (k,l)-sum-free sets in G when k - l and the order of G are relatively prime; we extend their results to see what happens without this assumption.
A Synchronic Justification for Aristotle's Commitment to Prime Matter
Authors: Scharle Margaret 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe current debate over Aristotle's commitment to prime matter is centered on diachronic considerations found in his theory of substantial change. I argue that an appeal to this theory is not required in order to establish his commitment to the existence of prime matter. By drawing on Physics II.1's conception of what it is for an element to have a nature – that is, to have an inner source of movement and rest – I introduce a synchronic justification for the existence of prime matter. By trading on the relationship between the thing that has a source of change and the source it has, I show that something that has a source in itself cannot be identical with its source, and that a type of matter that has no nature of its own (a kind of prime matter) is required to block this identification at the level of the elements.
Delimiting Aristotle's Conception of Stasis in the Politics
Authors: Skultety Steven 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSome scholars have claimed that Aristotle uses the word "stasis" to refer to any sort of conflict in the political realm, covering everything from civil-war to social rivalry. After developing an interpretation of Politics V.1-4, where Aristotle discusses the topic at length, I argue that he is in fact carefully delimiting the concept of stasis so that it applies only to civil-war and open sedition, showing how his analysis excludes partisan antipathy, legal disputes, and political competition. I conclude with some reflections on the significance of this position: by defining stasis narrowly, Aristotle not only offers a profound critique of Plato's theory of regime change, but adopts a position that allows his political philosophy to be relevant for modern theories requiring acceptance rather than rejection of conflict in the political realm.
The Stoic Ontology of Geometrical Limits
Authors: Ju Anna Eunyoung 
Published: October 2009

AbstractScholars have long recognised the interest of the Stoics' thought on geometrical limits, both as a specific topic in their physics and within the context of the school's ontological taxonomy. Unfortunately, insufficient textual evidence remains for us to reconstruct their discussion fully. The sources we do have on Stoic geometrical themes are highly polemical, tending to reveal a disagreement as to whether limit is to be understood as a mere concept, as a body or as an incorporeal. In my view, this disagreement held among the historical Stoics, rather than simply reflecting a doxographical divergence in transmission. This apparently Stoic disagreement has generated extensive debate, in which there is still no consensus as to a standard Stoic doctrine of limit. The evidence is thin, and little of it refers in detail to specific texts, especially from the school's founders. But in its overall features the evidence suggests that Posidonius and Cleomedes differed from their Stoic precursors on this topic. There are also grounds for believing that some degree of disagreement obtained between the early Stoics over the metaphysical status of shape. Assuming the Stoics did so disagree, the principal question in the scholarship on Stoic ontology is whether there were actually positions that might be called "standard" within Stoicism on the topic of limit. In attempting to answer this question, my discussion initially sets out to illuminate certain features of early Stoic thinking about limit, and then takes stock of the views offered by late Stoics, notably Posidonius and Cleomedes. Attention to Stoic arguments suggests that the school's founders developed two accounts of shape: on the one hand, as a thought-construct, and, on the other, as a body. In an attempt to resolve the crux bequeathed to them, the school's successors suggested that limits are incorporeal. While the authorship of this last notion cannot be securely identified on account of the absence of direct evidence, it may be traced back to Posidonius, and it went on to have subsequent influence on Stoic thinking, namely in Cleomedes' astronomy.
Sociological Theory, Discourse and the Cognitive Construction of Participation
Authors: O'Mahony Patrick 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis essay examines the theoretical value of two pragmatic theories for the study of public participation, those of Habermas and of Boltanski and Thevenot, and then places these findings into the context of the systems sociology of Luhmann. The theoretical structure that emerges can be applied in analyzing social actors' constructions of public participation. Such constructions, along with their interactions and alignments, are taken to be pivotal, though neglected, components of participatory innovation. The essay offers a cognitive sociological methodology for analyzing these constructions and briefly considers its value for comparative research.
Biotechnologies and Communication: Participation for Democratic Processes
Authors: Pellegrini Giuseppe 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe emergence of biotechnologies in the broader context of the so-called risk society requires consideration, comprehension and management of a series of social questions. This is necessary in order to justify decisions on potentially risky phenomena, and not only with accurate measurements or probabilistic calculations of the possible effects. Equally important are detailed examinations of the political and communicative processes able to represent and reflect upon the various sensitivities and attitudes of the actors involved.
Participation in Administrative Decision-Making: A Sequential Analysis of Announcement, Obections and Concluding Letter
Authors: Münte Peter 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe essay summarizes results of a case study on participation in administrative decision-making on the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This case study evolved from a research project on social positioning within communication between government officials and citizens in different legally driven participation procedures. The communication within the participatory component of the permitting procedure will be interpreted as a "communicative collision" between two parties: A public authority obliged to contribute to a legally constituted public order, and citizens who wish to discuss or negotiate the subject with authorities, or otherwise to "deconstruct" the knowledge base of the authority's decision-making.
Participation and Beyond: Dynamics of Social Positions in Participatory Discourse
Authors: Bora Alfons , Hausendorf Heiko 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe article studies the characteristics of participatory governance on the level of micro-structures. The analysis of micro-structures allows for better understanding the strengths and weaknesses of participatory discourse. A detailed analysis of communicative structures in partici atory decision-making procedures provides insight into the process of social positioning. The rather strict legal framework in such procedures promotes both inclusive and exclusive dynamics in the process of communication. Participation per se does not guarantee an advance in democratic culture nor is it as such suited to cope with the "democratic deficit" often mentioned in scholarly and political debate. Against this empirical background the article explores new ways for democratic engagement, particularly in the governance of science and technology. In every case of participatory governance the precise function of participation should be clarified with respect to the particular procedure and with respect to the constitutional and legal framework. The competent authority should inform the public about the legal conditions underlying the case, for example in a local information forum. The implementation of "alternative" institutional forms for citizen participation in administrative decision-making should be prepared and accompanied by a precise scientific analysis of the function and structure of participation in the particular model.
The Role of Intention (Niyya) Under Saudi Arabian Hanbali Law
Authors: Saleh Nabil 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOn the authority of the Shari'a, the part intention (niyya) holds in religious matters ('ibādāt) is undisputed. However, a number of schools of thought have questioned its significance with respect to secular transactions (mu'āmalāt). The very first hadīth reported in the Compendium of Tradition, Sahih al-Bukhari says in substance: "Deeds are judged according to intention and every human being will have to take responsibility for what he intended". Sunni schools of law are divided with regard to the extent of application of that hadīth. Whilst Hanafī and Shāfī'ī schools interpret it narrowly to cover only religious matters, Hanbalī and Mālikī teachings extend it to mu'āmalāt. This article looks at intention and its possible relevance in matters concerning breach of contact, abuse of rights and the validity and construction of contract when governed by Saudi/Hanbalī law.
When EU Law Meets Arabic Law: Assessment of Anti-Corruption Law in Morocco and Some Proposed Amendments
Authors: Michael Bryane , Nouaydi Abdelaziz 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article reviews the present state of the adoption of anti-corruption legal provisions usually adopted in EU (or candidate) countries in Morocco. Morocco lags behind many countries in its adoption of anti-corruption legislation, and the recently established Central Agency of the Prevention of Corruption is unlikely to succeed in speeding up the adoption of these measures. English language translations of a number of Moroccan anticorruption legal instruments are presented and amendments to these legal instruments are recommended (based on international best practice) in order to increase the likely effectiveness of Moroccan law enforcement institutions in fighting corruption.
Evolution in the Canonical Sunni Hadith Body of Literature and the Concept of an Authentic Hadith During the Formative Period of Islamic ought as Based on Recent Western Scholarship
Authors: Duderija Adis 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe aim of this article is to trace the development of the Hadith body of literature and the concept of an authentic Hadith as defined by the classical Islamic sciences ('ulum-ul-hadith) during the formative years of Islamic thought as based primarily on Western scholarship sources. The first part of the article will describe the semantico-contextual changes in the meaning of the term Hadith during the period under examination. The second part will present a brief chronological analysis of the development of the canonical Hadith literature and the concept of an authentic Hadith during the first four generations of Muslims. The progress of development of Hadith literature will, in particular, be traced in relation to the development of the concept of an authentic Hadith, as defined by the classical Hadith sciences.