bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Hunting and Habitat in Determining the Abundance of Tropical Forest Species in Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Rist Janna , Milner‐Gulland Eleanor Jane , Cowlishaw Guy , Rowcliffe J. Marcus 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the impact of hunting on wildlife populations is crucial to achieving sustainability and requires knowledge of prey abundance responses to different levels of exploitation. While the abundance of primates has been shown to respond independently to hunting and habitat, habitat is rarely considered simultaneously when evaluating the impacts of hunting. Furthermore, the importance of these two factors in determining the abundance of other species has not been well investigated. We evaluate the independent effects of hunting and habitat on the abundance of a diverse assemblage of species, using a series of predictions and data from a study in Equatorial Guinea. Line transect surveys in sites of varying hunting intensity and habitat, and weekly interviews with hunters on current hunting effort in each site, were conducted. We also consider the role of past hunting, and discuss the interrelationships between hunting and habitat variables. We show that for primates, hunting is important in determining abundance, while for rodents and duikers, habitat is more important. Our findings show that the effects of hunting and habitat on abundance vary greatly between species, are often confounded and require an approach that isolates their independent effects to determine the true impact of hunting. Conservation managers must consider and incorporate habitat heterogeneity when managing hunting systems, taking into account the way in which the relative importance of these factors can vary between species.
BREAD MAKING OF DURUM WHEAT WITH CHICKPEA SOURDOUGH OR COMPRESSED BAKER'S YEAST
Authors: KEFALAS PETROS , KOTZAMANIDIS SAVAS , SABANIS DIMITRIOS , YUPSANI ANASTASIA , KEFALA LIDA‐AIKATERINI , KOKKALIS ATHANASIOS , YUPSANIS TRAIANOS 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTTwo ways of improving durum wheat bread‐making quality were evaluated.First, durum wheat (cultivar “Papadakis”) was blended with bread wheat flour of good (A‐flour) or medium (B‐flour) quality (70% durum and 30% bread wheat flour). Durum wheat flour displayed the γ‐gliadin 45 electrophoretic band and acceptable bread‐making quality. Breads from flour blends had better volume, particularly the durum and A‐flour blend. The addition of ascorbic and citric acid and malt flour improved dough rheological properties and thus bread volume, as well as staling rate and sensory characteristics. These were more pronounced in the blend of durum with B‐flour.Second, durum wheat flour alone was used to prepare chickpea sourdough‐leavened bread, as flavor is important for consumer acceptance. With the addition only of salt, the chickpea sourdough‐leavened durum wheat bread displayed acceptable loaf volume, distinguished flavor and longer shelf life compared with bread prepared with compressed baker's yeast.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSOne of the practical applications of this study is the possibility of using a common durum wheat cultivar instead of local varieties as is the case with traditional breads. Results of this work may be useful for promoting greater acceptance of durum wheat breads as well as expansion of the use of a traditional Mediterranean chickpea sourdough‐leavened durum wheat bread with distinguished flavor and taste.This work may serve as a guide for determining the quality of flours suitable for production of “home made” or “village” bread (which has high market value as specialty bread) by blending durum and bread wheat flours. Best results are obtained with good‐quality bread wheat flour, regardless of the good quality of durum wheat cultivar used, together with the use of the dough improvers implemented in this work.
Aesthetics and Cognitive Science
Authors: Stokes Dustin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiences of art involve exercise of ordinary cognitive and perceptual capacitiesbutin unique ways. These two features of experiences of art imply the mutual importance of aesthetics and cognitive science. Cognitive science provides empirical and theoretical analysis of the relevant cognitive capacities. Aesthetics thus does well to incorporate cognitive scientific research. Aesthetics also offers philosophical analysis of the uniqueness of the experience of art. Thus, cognitive science does well to incorporate the explanations of aesthetics. This paper explores this general framework ofexpansionism: a research strategy that suggests that the explanatory goals and resources of both aesthetics and cognitive science should expand to include those of the other. Two relations are considered. First, what is the relation between aesthetics and more traditional cognitive science? Second, what is the relation between aesthetics and new developments in cognitive science that de‐emphasize mental representation and emphasize body and action?
Works and Performances in the Performing Arts
Authors: Davies David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe primary purpose of the performing arts is to prepare and present ‘artistic performances’, performances that either are themselves the appreciative focuses of works of art or are instances of other things that are works of art. In the latter case, we have performances of what may be termed ‘performed works’, as is generally taken to be so with performances of classical music and traditional theatrical performances. In the former case, we have what may be termed ‘performance‐works’, as, for example, in free improvisations. Where we have performances of performed works, a number of distinctive philosophical questions arise: What kind of thing is a performed work? How is it appreciated through its performances? Is ‘authenticity’ an artistically relevant quality of performances of performed works, and, if so, why? How much of what goes on in the performing arts is rightly viewed as the performance of performed works? Artistic performances, whether or not they are of performed works, raise philosophical questions of their own. Can a performance itself be rightly viewed as a work of art? How do improvisation and rehearsal enter into the performing arts, and how do they bear on the appreciation of artistic performances? What role does the audience play in such performances? Does the performer’s use of her own body as an artistic medium, as for example in dance performance, generate special constraints on appreciation? How, finally, does what is usually classified as ‘performance art’ relate to activities in the performing arts more generally construed? I critically survey the ways in which these questions have been addressed by principal theorists in the field.
How, When, and Why to Use Digital Experimental Virtual Environments to Study Social Behavior
Authors: McCall Cade , Blascovich Jim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOver the last decade, researchers have begun using immersive virtual environment technology (IVET; commonly known as virtual reality) to create digital experimental virtual environments (DEVEs) to investigate social psychological processes. Researchers increasingly recognize that IVET provides powerful and cost‐effective ways to manipulate theoretical variables and to measure a host of outcome variables, while providing a remarkable level of experimental control and ecological realism. In this article, we discuss IVET, the nature of social influence within DEVEs, and the use of DEVEs to study social behavior.
Body in Mind: The Role of Embodied Cognition in Self‐Regulation
Authors: Balcetis Emily , Cole Shana 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe review a growing body of literature that evidences the reciprocal relationship between body and mind, known as embodied cognition. We argue that an embodied mind may serve a functional purpose, aiding in self‐regulatory processes. Specifically, we suggest that embodied cognition assists in self‐regulation by increasing signal strength, encouraging appropriate goal‐relevant action, and incorporating situational constraints to cue appropriate information processing styles. Furthermore, we propose that affect serves as the link between an embodied mind and self‐regulatory action. Finally, we situate this research in debates on theories of mind, and we advocate for a highly interactive system that integrates information across modalities.
The Effect of Family Immigration History on Blacks in Higher Education
Authors: Thomas Audrey Alforque 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSocial science research has a strong tradition of explicating the link between race and educational attainment. This review explores racial differences in achievement in higher education with the added dimension of family immigration history. In particular, this article focuses on Black students and compares African‐Americans or native Blacks with those Black students whose families immigrated to the United States within the past two generations. Theories which aid in this comparison are: socioeconomic explanations, segmented assimilation theory, theories of social capital, the theory of oppositional culture, and stereotype threat. Empirical evidence for each theoretical explanation is provided. This article concludes with a call for further research in differences in educational attainment by race and immigrant generation, focusing on early education, emerging multi‐racial groups, and gender.
Social Problems Work: The Cases of Children and Youth
Authors: Miller Gale , Vitus Kathrine 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article reviews the literature on social problems work concerned with children and young people. Social problems work involves assessing particular people, events and circumstances as instances of social problems. We focus on how social problems work is organized within discourses of childhood and youth, how it is a site for holding children and young people accountable, and how normalization is an aspect of social problems work. Our review brings together analytic themes in the literature on social problems and that on children and young people. We also point to topics that might be elaborated upon in future research on social problems work concerned with children and young people.
The ‘New’ Sociology of Empire and Colonialism
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study reviews recent sociological scholarship on empire and colonialism. The new ‘imperial–colonial studies’ in sociology is not a fully fledged subfield but an emerging space of inquiry that examines social forms, processes, and relations associated with imperialism and colonialism. This study sketches the main features of the new scholarship. It also situates the new sociological studies within a larger history of sociological inquiry and interdisciplinary context. Finally, it suggests that the future of sociology’s new imperial–colonial studies lies not in ‘sociologizing’ the study of empire and colonialism but in deploying analyses of empire and colonialism to help critically reorient some of traditional sociology’s limiting lenses and assumptions.
Appalachia and the Construction of Whiteness in the United States
Authors: Scott Rebecca R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe field of critical whiteness studies has made significant progress in the deconstruction of ideologies of white supremacy. In part, this has been accomplished by analyzing whiteness as a racial identity. Another step in this deconstruction has been a focus on groups of marginalized whites, ‘white trash’ or ‘hillbillies’. Since the mid‐19th Century, Appalachia has been considered the paradigmatic place for these marginalized whites in the United States. Hillbillies are simultaneously stigmatized and idealized in the national culture. Accounting for both the negative and positive representations makes visible how marginalized white identity is a space where white hegemony is both challenged and reaffirmed.
Change in mRNA Expression after Atenolol, a Beta‐adrenergic Receptor Antagonist and Association with Pharmacological Response
Authors: Kohli Utkarsh , Grayson Britney L. , Aune Thomas M. , Ghimire Laxmi V. , Kurnik Daniel , Stein C. Michael 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAims. Genetic determinants of variability in response to β‐blockers are poorly characterized. We defined changes in mRNA expression after a β‐blocker to identify novel genes that could affect response and correlated these with inhibition of exercise‐induced tachycardia, a measure of β‐blocker sensitivity.Methods. Nine subjects exercised before and after a single oral dose of 25mg atenolol and mRNA gene expression was measured using an Affymetrix GeneChip Human Gene 1.0 ST Array. The area under the heart rate‐exercise intensity curve (AUC) was calculated for each subject; the difference between post‐ and pre‐atenolol AUCs (Δ AUC), a measure of β‐blocker response, was correlated with the fold‐change in mRNA expression of the genes that changed more than 1.3‐fold.Results. Fifty genes showed more than 1.3‐fold increase in expression; 9 of these reached statistical significance (P < 0.05). Thirty‐six genes had more than 1.3‐fold decrease in expression after atenolol; 6 of these reached statistical significance (P < 0.05). Change in mRNA expression ofFGFBP2and Probeset ID 8118979 was significantly correlated with atenolol response (P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively).Conclusion. The expression of several genes not previously identified as part of the adrenergic signaling pathway changed in response to a single oral dose of atenolol. Variation in these genes could contribute to unexplained differences in response to β‐blockers.
Virtual study groups: Internet‐based collaborative revision for the FRANZCR examinations
Authors: Fong A , Sidhom M , Hayden A , Thiagarajan A 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPreparation for the FRANZCR examination series is often performed cooperatively in study groups. Meeting face‐to‐face on a regular basis is time‐consuming and distances can be prohibitive for trainees in isolated centres. We present a report of a web‐based study group that used home‐based broadband technologies and we discuss its efficacy and feasibility, as well as various technical issues that arose during the course of the meetings. Web‐based peer revision is a useful tool that should be employed by trainees.
Self‐Reported Delinquency and Alienation: A Study of Juvenile Crime
Authors: Nigem Elias T , LaGrange Randy , King James A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBased on a probability sample of 7542 from the seventh, ninth, 11th grade students of the Toledo metropolitan area, this study, using self‐reported delinquency, investigated the relationship between alienation and deviant behavior. A positive association between alienation (normlessness and societal estrangement) and self‐reported delinquency were observed. The degree of association and the direction still maintained when controlled for the age and sex of the students.
Quaker Origins of Juvenile Justice Reform
Authors: Cromwell Paul 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study traces the contributions of the Society of Friends‐Quakers‐to the earliest efforts directed at reform in the juvenile justice system. Although it is generally settled that Quakers were the founders of the American penitentiary and that Quaker principles have contributed to reform in the adult prisons system in America, the Quaker contributions to the development of humane treatment for children accused of crime have been obscured. The first attempt in America to remove children from adult prisons and to recognize their special status in the justice system resulted from the humanitarian efforts of early 19th century Quakers to understand and ameliorate the problem of poverty. Their investigations led to the founding of the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquency, the first American voluntary association solely concerned with delinquency and the problems associated with juvenile crime.
Wilderness Programs for Juvenile Offenders: A Challenging Alternative
Authors: Roberts Albert R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWithin the context of juvenile justice a distinction can be made between alternatives which are intended primarily to meet rehabilitation goals (e.g., wilderness adventure programs) and alternatives which are intended primarily to meet social control goals (e.g., juvenile training schools). This article begins with a discussion of the similarities and differences between traditional training schools and wilderness programs. The author then provides a brief historical perspective on wilderness programs, followed by an examination of the similarities and differences among the various established wilderness programs. A detailed description of one of the most widely known adventure programs — Vision Quest—is presented. Some of the more critical programmatic factors are reviewed, including, the purposes, nature, content, and evaluations of wilderness programs. The author concludes by calling for more research based on uniform statistics, standardized outcome and recidivism measures, and longitudinal data so valid comparisons of the effectiveness of the various programs can be made.
A Proposed Determinate Sentencing Model In Virginia: An Empirical Evaluation
Authors: Benda Brent B. , Waite Dennis 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAfter a brief presentation of issues that preceded the current disillusionment with the indeterminate sentencing practices in juvenile justice, the authors describe a determinate sentencing model being proposed in Virginia. Then, data are discussed comparing length of sentence under the proposed model to incarceration periods under the present indeterminate structure according to offense history, age, gender, and race. Finally, some immediate implications of the proposed model of sentencing are discussed.
Recommendations for Judicial Action on Adoption Disruption
Authors: Hampton Jacquelyn , Poertner John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdoption disruption is examined by a brief literature review and by the presentation of findings from a juvenile court case review process. Among the findings is the crucial role played by a juvenile court judge who intervened with emphasis on post‐placement services for adoptive families and children, which minimized the risk of the placements to disrupt. Recommendations are offered to assist the juvenile justice system when decisions must be made that will effect unstable adoptive placements.
Punishment, Accountability, and the New Juvenile Justice
Authors: Forst Martin L. , Crim D. , Blomquist Martha‐Elin 
Published: July 2009

The juvenile justice system has undergone radical change in the past three decades. The procedural revolution that began at the end of the 1960s with the Gault decision has more recently evolved into a substantive revolution. The changes in juvenile justice have been many and in some instances drastic, particularly in the apparent demise of the rehabilitative ideal. New theories or models have emerged, incorporating terminology such as punishment, justice, and accountability into the vocabulary of juvenile justice practitioners and the lexicon of state juvenile codes.The transformation in the philosophy and underlying goals of the system has been well‐documented over the past decade or so. It is now time to ask critical questions about the significance and meaning of this transformation and to bring attention to unresolved issues. This article suggests the issues that need to be addressed in order to make both practical and philosophical sense out of the changes in the mission of “juvenile justice.”
The Impact of Mediating Victim Offender Conflict: An Analysis of Programs in Three States
Authors: Umbreit Mark S. , Coates Robert B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article presents the findings of an analysis of victim offender mediation programs working with the juvenile courts in Albuquerque (NM), Minneapolis (MN) and Oakland (CA). The study is based upon 868 interviews with crime victims and offenders, including pre‐ and post‐mediation interviews and two different comparison groups.The data that emerged from this study indicates that the vast majority of both victims and young offenders experience the mediation process and outcome (restitution agreement) as fair and are satisfied with the program. The mediation process used by the programs in Albuquerque, Minneapolis and Oakland results in greater satisfaction, greater perception of fairness and higher restitution completion rates than found in a matched sample of victims and offenders who were not referred to mediation.
Family Group Conferencing Comes to the U.S.: A Comparison with Victim‐Offender Mediation
Authors: Umbreit Mark S. , Stacey Susan L. 
Published: July 2009

A boy hesitantly appears in the doorway to a meeting room. A large man wearing a name tag greets him thoughtfully and points out where he should sit in the horseshoe of chairs in the room. The boy crosses the room, picks his name tag up off the chair, puts it on crookedly, and sits down. On his face apprehension alternates with bravado. As his mother and sister, done with hanging their coats, enter the room the boy begins to fidget quietly. The large man greets them and points out their places in the horseshoe of chairs; they find their name tags on their chairs and sit down on either side of the boy. Other people that the boy and his family are close to appear in the doorway, are greeted, and move to their seats farther down the arch of the horseshoe: his grandfather and cousin, his basketball coach, his school social worker, an elderly neighbor, and a member of his mother's church. Their faces, and those of his mother and sister, betray various emotions; grim calm, hopefulness, solemnity, foreboding, sadness, and quiet interest. When they are seated, the chairs on one side of the horseshoe arch are full. The investigating officer enters, and sits at the apex of the arch.When they are all seated, the large man leaves the room and comes back with a group of people who have been waiting in a nearby room. The boy's victim enters the room first; she is a small, white‐haired woman who shakes a little as she crosses the room and sits in a chair directly across the horseshoe from the boy. The boy glances quickly at her and then looks down and away to avoid her eyes. On her face, anxiety is swiftly replaced by surprise, relief, and then anger as she openly studies the boy across from her. Her daughter, a middleaged woman, sits down on one side of her, and her teenaged grandson takes his place on the other side of the victim. The older woman's minister, two elderly women neighbors, and a middle‐aged male friend find their name tags on chairs further down the horseshoe's arch. When they sit down they fill the last vacancies in the horseshoe of chairs. The large man who greeted them all takes his place on a chair at the open end of the horseshoe. He is the conference coordinator and the only one with whom every person present has spoken about this meeting. He smiles quietly, looks around the circle of faces, clears his throat, and begins the family group conference.
The Effect of Race on Juvenile Justice Processing
Authors: Wu Bohsiu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies concerning differential treatment of minority youths in the juvenile justice system have not provided conclusive evidence. However, previous literature has revealed methodological problems which may account for the inconsistency among previous studies. Multi‐stage design, adequate control of legal and non‐legal variables, and refined measurement of social variables have been demonstrated as crucial elements in resolving the inconclusiveness in previous studies. The purpose of this study is to employ these approaches to detect case‐handling bias at three stages of juvenile justice processing: detention, adjudication, and disposition. Data were obtained from juvenile cases reported to the Ohio trial court in 1989. A total of 2,334 court cases were randomly sampled from 17 Ohio counties. Research findings showed a differential treatment of minority juveniles at the detention stage. Further, detention status was also found to have an increasing impact at the two subsequent decision points.