bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of prey antigen half‐life in Polistes metricus using a monoclonal antibody‐based immunodot assay
Authors: Greenstone M. H. , Hunt J. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn order to derive quantitative estimates of predation rate from serological gut analysis data, one must have an estimate of the interval during which a meal can be detected after feeding. In practice this has turned out to be ‘Dmax,’ defined as ‘…the time from finishing a meal until that meal could just no longer be detected in any individuals.’ However Dmax substitutes an absolute limit for what is really a continuous variable with significant variation. We examined this problem in a study of the detectability of Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instar remains in the guts of Polistes metricus Say (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Wasps were maintained on Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instars before being fed a single H. zea fifth instar. They were killed and frozen at 0, 24, 48 and 96 h intervals, with those held for more than 24 h fed a single T. ni fifth instar at 24 h intervals in order to simulate continued feeding. Wasp abdomens were assayed by immunodot, using a monoclonal antibody to H. zea arylphorin. There was a logarithmic decay in the proportion of P. metricus positive over time, a single H. zea fifth instar meal having a detectability half‐life of 19.4 h at field temperatures. If prey antigen detectability decays exponentially, then a detectability half‐life is a more appropriate unit of detectability than an absolute detectability period.
Differential selection of host plants by two Pieris species: the role of oviposition stimulants and deterrents
Authors: Huang Xinpei , Renwick J. A. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOviposition responses of Pieris rapae L. and P. napi oleracea Harris to nine crucifers, one Capparidaceae and one Tropaeolaceae were directly compared under controlled conditions. Chemical fractions from these plants were also tested on both insects for the presence of oviposition stimulants or deterrents. The results showed that plant chemistry is a key factor in differential selection of potential hosts by these Pieris species. Some plant species were equally acceptable to both Pieris species. However, P. rapae preferred cabbage over most test plants whereas P. napi oleracea strongly preferred plant species that were avoided by P. rapae. The observed preferences were explained in most cases by the presence of stimulants and deterrents in extracts of the plants. The two Pieris species have apparently evolved differential sensitivities to the chemical stimuli that trigger or deter oviposition. The balance of positively and negatively interpreted sensory signals evoked by plant chemicals obviously plays an important role in acceptance or rejection of a plant by both species. The role of specific glucosinolates and differing structure‐activity relationships is suggested.
Effects of mite age, mite density, and host quality on aerial dispersal behavior in the twospotted spider mite
Authors: Li Jianbo , Margolies David C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMite age, population density, and host leaf quality affect various life history traits in spider mites. We investigated the effects of these factors on the aerial dispersal behavior of adult female twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The proportion of adult females exhibiting the dispersal behavior dropped significantly with age following adult emergence, particularly in the first 3 days. Sixty to eighty percent of female mites 2‐days old or younger displayed the behavior under test conditions, whereas less than 20% of female mites older than 3‐days‐old showed the behavior. Younger adult females also exhibited shorter latency for the behavior, although this trend was not as clear. Leaf quality experienced during deutonymph development had no effect on the behavior adults subsequently displayed. On the other hand, adult females that fed on poor quality leaves after emergence were twice as likely to display the behavior (90% vs. 45%), and with shorter latency (37 vs. 77 min), than those that fed on high quality leaves. When newly emerged adult females encountered high mite density and dry leaves, the incidence of the behavior increased (69% vs. 47%) and latency decreased (69 vs. 93 min) compared to mites that encountered low density on well watered leaves. Our results suggest that both starvation and desiccation of adult females may enhance their dispersal behavior.
Failure to avoid rutin diets results in altered food utilization and reduced growth rate of Manduca sexta larvae
Authors: Stamp N. E. , Skrobola C. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe possibility of avoidance of and dietary self‐selection relative to the flavonol rutin was examined for third instar Manduca sexta for two thermal regimes and for larvae previously reared on plain or rutin diet. Temperature affected all of the performance indices examined, except efficiency of conversion of digested food. Significant interactive effects between temperature and diet occurred for relative consumption rate, relative growth rate and the food utilization efficiencies. For example, at the warm daytime temperature, relative growth rate prior to head capsule slippage was lower for caterpillars previously reared on rutin diet compared to those reared on plain diet. In contrast, at the cool daytime temperature, the relative growth rates were similar for caterpillars reared on plain diet and on 6 μmoles rutin diet. Consequently, in some treatments (5 of 12), caterpillars with a history of rutin in their diet had lower relative growth rates than those experiencing rutin for the first time. Despite rutin's impact on food utilization indices and negative effect on relative growth rate, the caterpillars did not avoid rutin nor was there evidence of regulation of the intake of rutin. The lack of metabolic feedback is discussed.
Interaction of Manduca sexta resistance in tomato with insect predators of Helicoverpa zea
Authors: Barbour J. D. , Farrar R. R. , Kennedy G. G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractResistance in accession PI 134417 of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum to Manduca sexta L. results from the presence of the methyl ketones 2‐tridecanone and 2‐undecanone in the type VI trichome glands on foliage of these plants. Short (24 h) and long term (neonate to adult) laboratory experiments using M. sexta‐resistant and susceptible foliage and methyl ketone treated filter paper disks were conducted to evaluate the direct (plant‐mediated) and indirect (prey‐mediated) effects of this resistance on two predators of Helicoverpa zea eggs, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) and Geocoris punctipes (Say). Direct effects of resistance were manifest as reduced egg consumption and increased mortality for both predators. Indirect effects were manifest as reduced egg consumption by G. punctipes, but were not observed for C. maculata. Results of experiments using methyl ketone‐treated filter paper disks instead of foliage were similar.
Host race formation in Tetranychus urticae: genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice in a tomato and a cucumber strain
Authors: Gotoh T. , Bruin J. , Sabelis M. W. , Menken S. B. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, occurs in two colour forms in greenhouses in the Netherlands: a red form on tomato and a green form on cucumber. The evolutionary status of these strains was analysed by studying genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice. Males of the tomato strain preferred the female (30 h‐old) teleiochrysales from the same strain to those of the cucumber strain, independent of the host plants (tomato, cucumber, bean) on which the teleiochrysales were placed. In contrast, males of the cucumber strain were not selective. In a Y‐tube olfactometer, females of the cucumber strain were not responsive to host plant volatiles alone. However, in two‐choice disc experiments, where females were exposed to both volatile and contact cues, they settled on cucumber leaves in preference to tomato leaves. Females of the tomato strain preferred the odour of tomato leaves and settled on tomato leaves in preference to cucumber leaves. These experimental results provide the first evidence for (1) host‐plant independent mate selection in male spider mites and (2) olfactory discrimination between host plants in female spider mites.Electrophoretic analysis showed much genetic differentiation at the phosphoglucose isomerase locus. The cucumber strain showed large variation with 5 alleles, whereas the tomato strain was fixed for the most common allele of the cucumber strain.The results suggest that the two strains represent host races. We hypothesize that the tomato strain has originated from the cucumber strain because (1) tomato represents a more hostile host plant to spider mites (due to toxic compounds and glandular hairs) and (2) the tomato strain is genetically impoverished suggesting that it passed through one or more bottlenecks.
Behavioural responses of three linyphiid spiders to pitfall traps
Authors: Topping C. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe behaviour of three linyphiid spider species (Araneae: Linyhiidae) towards pitfall traps was investigated in an experimental arena. Capture efficiencies were low with a mean of between 16 and 57 traps being encountered before spiders were caught. Survival time, trap encounter rate, trap entry rate and reactions towards vegetation were all found to be species‐specific. These behaviours are considered to affect differentially pitfall trap efficiency and may partially explain the lack of clear relationship between pitfall trap catch and density found in published studies.
Toxicity of the fungal metabolite griseofulvin toHelicoverpa zeaandSpodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Dowd Patrick F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGriseofulvin is a fungal metabolite that can be considered a mycotoxin but is used pharmaceutically to treat topical fungal infections. It was found to be toxic to both the corn earworm.Helicoverpa zeaBoddie, and the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith), at 250 ppm in diets. Its toxicity was enhanced by exposure to ultraviolet light, suggesting it can be photoactivated. Its toxicity was also enhanced by coincorporated δ‐amino levulinic acid, suggesting it interferes with porphyrin synthesis in these insects. Differences in toxicity and rates of metabolism caused by coincorporated piperonyl butoxide suggested unspecific monooxygenases were relatively more important in griseofulvin activation inH. zeaand detoxification inS. frugiperda.
Managing lepidopteran pests in cabbage with herbicide‐induced resistance, in combination with a pyrethroid insecticide
Authors: Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Shelton Anthony M. , Kain Wendy C. , Leichtweis Harry , Spittler Terry D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractS‐ethyldipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) applied as a soil treatment or over‐the‐top spray on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea L.) caused the leaves to turn ‘glossy’ for as long as 30 days. EPTC‐induced glossy plants were damaged significantly less than untreated plants by diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae (L.), and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.). Reductions in damage were equivalent to those obtained from treatment with permethrin. When used in combination with permethrin, EPTC provided additive control of damage by these pests. Our calculations show EPTC‐induced resistance to be cost‐effective. This use of EPTC has several limitations, however. Younger plants (<9 leaves) were killed or injured by the herbicide. The growth of older plants was not affected, but plants did not become glossy for ca. 10 days after they were treated with EPTC. The crop must be protected with insecticides until the plants are mature enough to treat with EPTC, and until treated plants become glossy. In addition, since the glossy trait is only effective against first instar larvae, populations of later instars on glossy plants must be reduced with an application of insecticide. Finally, EPTC formulations are water‐soluble and can be washed away from the plants by heavy rains and irrigation, which may make this use of EPTC impractical in some situations. Where its use is practical, and the indicated precautions are taken, EPTC‐induced resistance could reduce dependence on chemical insecticides and reduce selection for insecticide resistance in diamondback moth.
The inheritance of a wingless character in the 2spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata)
Authors: Marples N. M. , de Jong P. W. , Ottenheim M. M. , Verhoog M. D. , Brakefield P. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA viable wingless 2spot ladybird Adalia bipunctata (L.) was found in the wild. Breeding through four generations revealed that the wingless trait was controlled by a recessive allele which displays variable levels of expression. The wingless ladybird is discussed in relation to its potential as a biocontrol agent. One ladybird also occurred in this stock which is suggestive of a supergene controlling the colour polymorphism in this species.
Bioassay for evaluating attraction of the phorid fly, Megaselia halterata to compost colonized by the commercial mushroom, Agaricus bisporus and to 1‐octen‐3‐ol and 3‐octanone
Authors: Pfeil R. M. , Mumma R. O. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA bioassay chamber was developed to evaluate the attraction of the phorid fly pest, Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera, Phoridae), to volatiles from mushroom compost colonized by the commercial mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Fungi, Agaricaceae) and to its volatile constituents, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and 3‐octanone. The bioassay chamber consisted of a large round container which was attached, via glass tubes, to three removable sample cups situated below the container. Once a fly had entered a sample cup, the flatly cut glass tubes prevented the flies from readily returning to the release chamber and, in effect, was a pit fall trap which kept the flies in the cups until the flies were counted. Holes in the bottom of the cups and removal of 20 ml of air from the chamber to fill the entrance tubes with volatiles from the cups were necessary for the success of the bioassay.Mated and unmated female M. halterata and, to a lesser extent, mated males preferred spawned compost (compost well colonized by fungal mycelia) relative to unspawned compost or blank cups. Unmated males were not attracted to spawned compost. Males and females were not attracted to unspawned compost. No attraction of male or female M. halterata to the spawned compost volatiles, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and 3‐octanone, could be demonstrated under various experimental conditions. These two compounds seemed to deter females at high concentrations.
Production and electrophoretic verification of F1 hybrids between the sibling species Rhagoletis pomonella and R. cornivora
Authors: Smith D. C. , Lyons S. A. , Berlocher S. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTo investigate the potential for natural interspecific hybridization in the Rhagoletis pomonella group of sibling fruit fly species, an attempt was made to hybridize R. pomonella, the apple maggot fly, with R. cornivora, a non‐pest feeding on dogwoods. Laboratory hybridization was difficult, with only five F1 hybrids produced. Electrophoretic analysis of the hybrids confirmed their hybrid origin. Allele frequency data for three diagnostic loci in up to 5,596 individuals of the parental species, gathered from published and unpublished studies, indicate that the two sibling species hybridize in nature very infrequently, if at all.
Associations of allozyme variation and behavior in the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus)
Authors: Berg David J. , Mitchell Rodger 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabré)) exhibits several behavioral traits that are stable within, but vary among, strains. These traits are heritable and quantitative. We used cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis to quantify allozyme variation within and among laboratory cultures of four weevil strains and determine whether allozyme variation correlates with behavioral traits. Significant variation exists at 8 of 11 loci assayed and gene frequencies are significantly different among strains. The South Indian strain (SI) is most variable and measures of genetic distance set it apart from the other strains. It is also behaviorally unique. The Brazilian strain (BC) is most different from SI in allozyme diversity and behavioral phenotype, while two African strains (IITA, CAM) are intermediate in allozyme diversity and phenotype. These results are consistent with the known history of these strains and the differences in the allozymes parallel the differences in behavioral traits.
Chemosensory attraction of fig wasps to substances produced by receptive figs
Authors: Hossaert‐McKey M. , Gibernau M. , Frey J. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the mutualism between figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their species‐specific fig wasp pollinators (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), location of a receptive host tree by the adult insect is a critical step. The adult female wasp lives only a few days, and must usually fly to a different tree than her natal tree to locate receptive figs. Trees in receptive phase often occur at very low densities. Reproductive success of both fig and wasp depends on transmission of a very strong signal by the plant. Some evidence exists for the role of olfaction in location of receptive hosts by fig wasps, but very little work has been done on the chemical ecology of host location and host specificity. Here the first experimental evidence is presented for long‐distance olfactory attraction of wasps by volatile substances produced by receptive figs, and for short‐distance or contact chemostimulation by host volatiles that elicit entry of the wasp into the fig. In studies using Ficus carica L., pentane extracts of receptive‐phase figs attract the pollinator Blastophaga psenes L. from distances of at least 5 m in the field. Short‐distance chemostimulation was demonstrated in laboratory bioassays. Pentane extracts of receptive figs, when painted onto the ostiole of non‐receptive figs, elicit entry of pollinator wasps. Figs emit volatile compounds attractive to pollinating wasps only during the period of receptivity; pentane extracts of non‐receptive figs are not attractive. A simple reliable procedure is described to compare the attractivity of different types of extracts (total, internal, and external extracts) and of different fractions, in the first step towards identifying attractant substances.
The protection of barley seedlings from attack by Schistocerca gregaria using azadirachtin and related analogues
Authors: Nasiruddin M. , (Luntz) A. J. Mordue 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBarley seedlings were sprayed with azadirachtin or analogues and the resulting crop protection against Schistocerca gregaria was examined. Any change of the parent azadirachtin molecule resulted in less effective insect control and hence more crop damage. Crop protection by azadirachtin and dihydroazadirachtin resulted from both antifeedancy and toxicity, 3‐tigloylazadirachtol was more effective by direct toxicity after significant ingestion and bromoethoxyazadirachtin showed extremely low antifeedant and insecticidal properties. S. gregaria was shown to be very sensitive to change in the azadirachtin molecule.
Effect of age on the responsiveness of peripheral chemosensory sensilla of the turnip root fly (Delia floralis)
Authors: Blaney W. M. , Simmonds M. S. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effect of insect age on the neural responsiveness of gustatory sensilla was investigated. Electrophysiological recordings were obtained from type A and type D sensilla on the pro‐ and meso‐thoracic tarsi, and from sensilla on the labellum of the turnip root fly, Delia floralis (Fallen) in response to potassium chloride, sucrose and sinigrin. The age of the fly did have an effect on the numbers of sensilla responding to the test stimuli and on the magnitude of the response, but there was no consistent pattern in these effects among sensilla. The labellar sensilla were more responsive to sucrose than the tarsal sensilla and the proportion of flies whose labellar sensilla responded to sucrose was initially low, but increased after day 2 of adult life. In contrast, the number of flies whose tarsal sensilla responded to stimulation with sucrose was initially high and decreased as the flies aged. There was a similar decline in the proportion of tarsal sensilla responding to potassium chloride. Neither the proportion of flies whose tarsal sensilla responded to sinigrin nor the magnitude of the response was influenced by the age of the fly. These finding are discussed in relation to the feeding and host selection behaviour of the fly.
Selection of Azolla forms resistant to the water lily aphid, Rhopalosiphum nymphaeaeLife history of Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
Authors: Hance Th. , Nibelle D. , Lebrun Ph. , van Impe G. , van Hove C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe water lily aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is one of the potential pests of the genus Azolla Lam., an agronomically important aquatic fern used as green manure and as fodder. In this paper its life and fertility table was established by observing 70 virginoparous females individually from birth to death on Azolla microphylla Kaulf. under constant abiotic conditions. A rather short average development time of 6.1 days was observed. The maximum length of survival recorded was 24 days, and a linear relationship was found between age and survival. The fecundity averaged 36.8 larvae/female, but this appeared to be an age‐specific parameter. Life table computation showed a high intrinsic rate of increase (0.315 days−1), meaning that theoretical populations could double every 2.2 days.RésuméLes fougères aquatiques du genre Azolla présentent un grand intérêt en agriculture tropicale et subtropicale, comme engrais vert et comme source de nourriture. Le puceron Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) est un des insectes déprédateurs susceptibles d'affecter considérablement la productivité d'Azolla Lam.Le but de cette étude était de déterminer les paramètres démographiques et d'établir la table de survie de R. nymphaeae. Pour ce faire, 70 femelles virginopares ont été observées depuis leur naissance jusqu'à leur mort sur Azolla microphylla (souche 69 MI).Le temps de développement moyen enregistré est de 6,1 jour. La survie maximum est de 24 jours et une relation linéaire entre l'âge et le taux de survie a été mise en évidence. La fécondité moyenne totalise 36,8 larves par femelle mais la fécondité journalière montre une évolution clairement âge‐spécifique. Le calcul des paramètres de la table de survie a mis en évidence le haut taux d'accroissement intrinsèque (0,315 par jours), ce qui signifie qu'une population dont la distribution d'âge serait constante dans le temps verrait son effectif doubler tous les 2,2 jours.