bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prayers for Academic Success in South Korea
Authors: Galmiche Florence 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Prayers for practical benefits—academic success, health, prosperity—are a major part of Buddhism as it is lived in Asia, but their status is controversial, both locally and academically. Widely practiced, they are also generally criticized in Buddhist intellectual circles. Moreover, the people who practice them—mostly women—also refuse to “pray like their grandmothers” and express the will to practice an enlightened Buddhism. Based on the case of prayers for academic success in South Korea, this chapter presents how the so-called prayers for good fortune (kibok 祈福) are framed within contemporary Buddhism. It also describes how clerics and laypeople share the concern to develop an “educated Buddhism” where it is possible to pray for this-worldly happiness in a “correct”—here “properly Buddhist”—way. Through the description of a case study, this chapter provides a reflection on the notion of popular religion in the context of contemporary Buddhism.
The International Legal Profession in the Americas
Authors: Soares Pereira Luíza Leão , Pereira Santos Pedro Henrique 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical development of the Latin American international legal profession from 1890 to 2000 across three generations of professionals. The Generation of Statesmen (1890–1920) saw international law used as a tool for connecting with the international community and advancing Latin American nation-building efforts. These professionals were deeply involved in domestic politics, propelling them onto the global stage. The Generation of Bureaucrats (1930–50) concentrated on strengthening their national and international institutional frameworks while specializing in international law techniques. Lastly, the Generation of Democratic Transition (1960–2000) faced disruptions due to military dictatorships in the Southern Cone during the Cold War. These regimes limited academic freedom, influenced engagement with national foreign affairs institutions, and limited opportunities within NGOs and the private market. The end of these dictatorships, however, opened up career prospects in human rights and international arbitration for international lawyers.
Public Opinion and Geoeconomics
Authors: Chubb Andrew 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The multifaceted relationships between domestic public opinion and geoeconomics are an increasingly salient feature of world politics. This chapter first details four common roles of public opinion in geoeconomics: (1) supporting and incentivizing economic statecraft; (2) implementing economic statecraft; (3) initiating economic punishments against foreign targets; and (4) responding to foreign economic statecraft. The second section provides an overview of recent research on public attitudes toward economic statecraft in both sending states (seeking to utilize economic statecraft) and receiving countries (targeted by such measures). The third section explores the further research needed to understand the role of public in geoeconomic competition in an era of unprecedented cross-border interaction.
Republicanism and Social Prejudice
Authors: Coffee Alan M. S. J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Republicans are, in principle, committed to securing freedom from domination for all members of the political community. Traditionally, this has been done through a set of institutional mechanisms and a culture of public deliberation that holds the government to account. The members of historically marginalized social groups, however, have long argued that institutions and dialogue are insufficient to guarantee freedom, and that there is a third core element represented by the background culture shared by the republic’s population. Women, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, showed that centuries of patriarchal society had evolved to support a culture in which women were systematically dominated by men as much through norms and values as by legal exclusion. African Americans, such as Frederick Douglass, showed how the internalized racist myths used to maintain slave society persisted long after formal abolition. One of Wollstonecraft’s key arguments was that social prejudices ‘cloud’ people’s ability to reason impartially and so undercut the operation of public reason through which republican institutions must operate. Douglass shows how large-scale, persistent social inequality leads to ideological struggles that polarize society, fatally diminishing the quality of public deliberation and civil society. Free, republican society is only possible, both Wollstonecraft and Douglass argue, where republican institutions operate within a background culture that is the representative outcome of the input of citizens from all constitutive social groups.
Republicanism, the Environment, and Future Generations
Authors: Pinto Jorge 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The links between republicanism and what can be called broadly the ‘environment’ are substantial. This chapter looks into the commonalities of republican and green politics, such as freedom, the recognition of the existing interdependencies (both social and nature-oriented), and the vulnerability (of individuals in a community and of the ecosphere), briefly sketching what a green republicanism could look like. Furthermore, it looks at length to how republican conception of freedom as non-domination answers the need for limits, which greens claim are essential to bring the planet to a situation of ecological sustainability. The chapter also looks to the relation between green republicanism and the economy, focusing particularly on the need for an economic floor and an economic ceiling. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion about the freedom of the futures and how green republicanism can answer the social and ecological challenges of the present. Examples include what can be considered as green republican political innovations such as citizens’ assemblies.
History
Authors: Simmons Clare A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
By the beginning of the nineteenth century, new interest in national heritage and Indigenous tradition that also influenced ballad-collecting and the emergence of Gothic and historical novels broadened the scope of British history. Historiography is distinct from much Romantic-era writing in drawing its sources not from the imagination or from the natural world but from material human productions such as documents and artefacts. This chapter focuses on emerging ideas about history, both practical and philosophical, prompted by the French Revolution’s challenge to tradition; the more sympathetic view of the Middle Ages; and history’s relationship with imperial expansion. It also considers the transmission of history through education and through periodical writing.
Newspapers
Authors: Latané David 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the transformation of the eighteenth-century newspaper into a more professional, profitable, and influential medium by the time of the Reform Bill of 1832. The uncertainties of news reporting are illustrated by comparing accounts of the fall of the Bastille with the Battle of Waterloo. The enhanced status of the press is reflected through a focus on the daily Times, Morning Chronicle, and Morning Post, which featured essays by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Hazlitt, and the ‘leaders’ of Thomas Barnes. New genres of Sunday papers arose, broadening the audience. The Romantic era was also a time in which government fears of an uncensored press meant that a variety of strategies were deployed to lessen the risk—primarily taxes to make news expensive, and secret subventions to support the government’s line. Resourceful writers such as William Cobbett circumvented the restrictions, and the agitation that pushed through the Reform Bill owed much to the untaxed penny papers.
Romantic Cruxes Reimagined
Authors: Morrison Robert 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Our understanding of British Romanticism has long been weighted heavily in favour of the many achievements of its poets. The Oxford Handbook of British Romantic Prose vigorously contests this perception by revealing the many ways in which scholars are reassessing delineations of Romanticism in order to include and comprehensively evaluate the accomplishments of its nonfiction prose writers. The Handbook contains fifty-four chapters divided into eight sections, and reveals the immense variety and exuberance of British Romantic nonfiction prose. It brings together texts from the celebrated through the marginalized to the almost entirely forgotten. It assesses the interactions—often vexed, sometimes deeply congruent—between Romantic poetry and nonfiction prose, and between Romantic fiction and nonfiction. It reimagines comparisons, confronts paradoxes, considers historical and contemporary methodologies, and suggests future lines of inquiry. Throughout the focus is on cogent expression rather than abstruse observation, and on chapters that contain, not dutiful surveys, but engagingly evaluative assessments.
Recognition of Foreign Decisions Concerning Civil Status of LGBTI Persons and Private International Law
Authors: Montini Michel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This contribution focuses on the rights of LGBTI people and their family in relation to civil status issues and the international recognition of related changes in view of the divergences (applicable law, order public, etc.) between various legal systems. Topics covered include gender identity, marriage, civil unions, and various forms of registered partnership, as well as parent–child relationships established by law, recognition, or decision (adoption, surrogacy). The standards of various international institutions, both universal and regional (UN, Council of Europe, etc.) and specialized (International Commission on Civil Status, Hague Conference), and the case law of human rights courts (European Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Court of Human Rights) and national supreme courts are reviewed, as well as the Yogyakarta Principles.
A Legal History of SOGIESC
Authors: Ziegler Andreas R. , Bagi Raphaël 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The handling of SOGIESC is increasingly being framed as a concern of how the law treats sexual minorities, including gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. From antiquity to modern times, this chapter considers how the issue encountered by the community was and still is addressed. Similarly, the principle of non-discrimination in this area has evolved and been consolidated in treaties ratified by many states. Violence against LGBTQ people continues to be an issue, with just a few states enacting explicit laws against so-called hate crimes. Homotransphobia is frequently at the root of so-called hate crimes, which cause intimidation and persistent dread among potential victims. Significant advances in the legal status of LGBTQ people have occurred after the Second World War, and even more recently, but they are far from universal and are frequently rescinded in many parts of the world.
Culture in Insects
Authors: Danchin Étienne , Isabel Guillaume , Nöbel Sabine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Does culture exist in insects? The answer is probably yes. No insect studies document patterns of behavioural variation among wild populations (i.e. traditions), but some lab studies offer major insight on the mechanisms that can potentially generate traditions. Hence studies on insect culture nicely complement vertebrate studies that often document persistent patterns of behavioural variation among natural populations without necessarily exploring the underlying mechanisms of social learning. This chapter reviews the evidence for insect social learning and suggests that this cognitive capacity is probably widespread in the taxon. The few convincing examples of insect culture, including the proposed case of cultural transmission of sexual preferences in the fruit fly allows testing of an integrative definition of animal culture that is applicable to any kind of animal from insects to vertebrates. The chapter concludes by briefly discussing the challenges for the future of the study of animal culture in insects and beyond.
Culture in Cetaceans
Authors: Garland Ellen C. , Rendell Luke 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Our shared mammalian heritage makes cetaceans extremely important in any comparative analysis. There is a wide diversity of cetacean taxa, but, given their aquatic lifestyle, we know relatively little about most species. A handful of well-studied species provide convincing evidence that cultural transmission occurs in a number of behavioural contexts including foraging, communication, and migration. In this chapter, the authors highlight examples of social learning, cultural evolution, and the emergence of local cultures, using several case studies. These include vocal learning and multiple foraging traditions in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), vocal clans and cultural hitchhiking in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), migratory culture in southern right whales (Eubalaena australis), song culture and foraging traditions in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), and the evolution of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ecotypes. Finally, the authors explore how some of these behaviours are linked to recent genomic findings suggesting that gene-culture coevolution is occurring in some populations, and how knowledge of cultural differences among groups and populations can inform conservation management.
Authoritarian Legacies
Authors: Loxton James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The transition to democracy rarely means a clean slate. Legacies of the old regime almost always survive. This chapter examines four common authoritarian legacies: holdover constitutions, subnational authoritarian enclaves, self-amnesties, and authoritarian successor parties. While the first three can be understood as “birth defects” resulting from authoritarian officials’ influence over the transition process, authoritarian successor parties depend on the active collaboration of voters and thus require a different explanation. The prevalence of these parties can be explained by “authoritarian inheritance”: they inherit valuable resources from the old regime, such as a party brand, territorial organization, and source of finance. This inheritance has allowed authoritarian successor parties to become prominent actors in nearly three-quarters of all new democracies since the third wave of democratization, and to be voted back into office in over one-half of third-wave democracies. The chapter concludes by outlining several potential directions for future research on authoritarian legacies.
Political Opposition in Authoritarian Institutions
Authors: Gandhi Jennifer 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Given that most dictatorships allow for contested national elections and legislatures, opposition often emerges in the form of organized parties and movements challenging the regime for control of political offices, policy, and spoils. This chapter reviews the literature on opposition in authoritarian legislatures and elections. It examines the types of decisions and dilemmas facing opposition leaders and followers, including whether to participate and how to participate in legislative and electoral institutions that are designed to perpetuate incumbent rule. While our understanding of the opposition in authoritarian institutions has advanced over the last several years, there remain several areas that require further investigation.
Legitimacy and Legitimation Strategies in Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Grauvogel Julia , von Soest Christian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
All authoritarian regimes seek to substantiate their right to rule. In this chapter, we differentiate legitimation—understood as the process of claiming popular support—from legitimacy itself, which refers to the extent to which a regime is perceived as legitimate by its citizens. Given autocracies’ opaque and repressive nature, their legitimacy is notoriously difficult to measure with public opinion surveys. In response, research has focused on nondemocratic regimes’ claims to legitimacy, which have fundamental repercussions for how authoritarian leaders relate to other elite members and to society. Regimes’ characteristics render certain legitimation strategies more likely and effective. Accordingly, electoral autocracies regularly focus on procedural claims, thereby emulating democracies, while closed autocracies tend to stress their (illiberal) ideology. As legitimation is crucial for autocratic stability, regimes adjust their claims to withstand domestic and international crises, for example by shifting from performance-based to personalistic claims amid economic crisis.
Pinpointing the causal influences of stomatal anatomy and behavior on minimum, operational, and maximum leaf surface conductance
Authors: Ochoa Marissa E , Henry Christian , John Grace P , Medeiros Camila D , Pan Ruihua , Scoffoni Christine , Buckley Thomas N , Sack Lawren 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Leaf surface conductance to water vapor and CO2 across the epidermis (gleaf) strongly determines the rates of gas exchange. Thus, clarifying the drivers of gleaf has important implications for resolving the mechanisms of photosynthetic productivity and leaf and plant responses and tolerance to drought. It is well recognized that gleaf is a function of the conductances of the stomata (gs) and of the epidermis + cuticle (gec). Yet, controversies have arisen around the relative roles of stomatal density (d) and size (s), fractional stomatal opening (α; aperture relative to maximum), and gec in determining gleaf. Resolving the importance of these drivers is critical across the range of leaf surface conductances, from strong stomatal closure under drought (gleaf,min), to typical opening for photosynthesis (gleaf,op), to maximum achievable opening (gleaf,max). We derived equations and analyzed a compiled database of published and measured data for approximately 200 species and genotypes. On average, within and across species, higher gleaf,min was determined 10 times more strongly by α and gec than by d and negligibly by s; higher gleaf,op was determined approximately equally by α (47%) and by stomatal anatomy (45% by d and 8% by s), and negligibly by gec; and higher gleaf,max was determined entirely by d. These findings clarify how diversity in stomatal functioning arises from multiple structural and physiological causes with importance shifting with context. The rising importance of d relative to α, from gleaf,min to gleaf,op, enables even species with low gleaf,min, which can retain leaves through drought, to possess high d and thereby achieve rapid gas exchange in periods of high water availability.
Reporting delays: A widely neglected impact factor in COVID-19 forecasts
Authors: Ma Long , Qiu Zhihao , Van Mieghem Piet , Kitsak Maksim 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Epidemic forecasts are only as good as the accuracy of epidemic measurements. Is epidemic data, particularly COVID-19 epidemic data, clean, and devoid of noise? The complexity and variability inherent in data collection and reporting suggest otherwise. While we cannot evaluate the integrity of the COVID-19 epidemic data in a holistic fashion, we can assess the data for the presence of reporting delays. In our work, through the analysis of the first COVID-19 wave, we find substantial reporting delays in the published epidemic data. Motivated by the desire to enhance epidemic forecasts, we develop a statistical framework to detect, uncover, and remove reporting delays in the infectious, recovered, and deceased epidemic time series. Using our framework, we expose and analyze reporting delays in eight regions significantly affected by the first COVID-19 wave. Further, we demonstrate that removing reporting delays from epidemic data by using our statistical framework may decrease the error in epidemic forecasts. While our statistical framework can be used in combination with any epidemic forecast method that intakes infectious, recovered, and deceased data, to make a basic assessment, we employed the classical SIRD epidemic model. Our results indicate that the removal of reporting delays from the epidemic data may decrease the forecast error by up to 50%. We anticipate that our framework will be indispensable in the analysis of novel COVID-19 strains and other existing or novel infectious diseases.
Ideational robustness in turbulent times
Authors: Carstensen Martin B , Sørensen Eva , Torfing Jacob 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The concept of robustness has received increasing scholarly attention regarding public policy and governance, where it has enhanced our understanding of how policies and governance are adapted and innovated in response to disruptive events, challenges, and demands associated with heightened societal turbulence. Yet, we know little about the robustness of the ideas undergirding the efforts to foster robust policymaking and public governance. Based on a review of recent strands of governance theory and the ideational turn in public policy research, we define a new ideational robustness concept, which can help us to explain why some governance and policy ideas persist, while others disappear. As the contributions to this special issue demonstrate, studying ideational robustness opens new avenues for reflecting on how the robustness of ideas may affect the robustness of public policy and governance.
Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation in Reducing Pain and Disability in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Oliveira Sofia , Andrade Renato , Valente Cristina , Espregueira-Mendes João , Silva Filipe S , Hinckel Betina B , Carvalho Óscar , Leal Ana 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is not implemented in routine clinical management for knee osteoarthritis. This study aims to systematically investigate the effects of PBM in patients with knee osteoarthritis, comparing with placebo to understand its true clinical effects.

Methods
PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched up to October 2023. Randomized placebo-controlled trials applying PBM versus placebo were included. Study characteristics, intervention parameters, and patient-reported and physical examination outcome measures were collected. The risk of bias was judged using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (version 2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) to interpret the certainty of results.

Results
Ten studies were included comprising 542 participants. All studies were judged with unclear to a high risk of bias. Meta-analysis for pain at rest (6 studies) showed that PBM significantly reduced pain at rest as compared to placebo (−0.7 [95% CI = −1.1 to −0.2]), moderate effect, very low certainty of evidence, whereas for the Timed “Up & Go” Test (three studies), no significant effect was detected. Statistically significantly within-group (PBM) mean improvement was detected for pain, Lequesne Index, and gait performance outcomes, but not always clinically relevant or significant when compared to placebo.

Conclusion
PBM reduces pain intensity in patients with knee osteoarthritis and may improve disability. However, the very low certainty of evidence does not allow to recommend its isolated use but may be used to complement other widely recommended therapies. More rigorous clinical trials and the revision of the recommended dosage guidelines are warranted to increase the strength of evidence.

Impact
The findings indicate that photobiomodulation can reduce pain and improve disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, researchers should continue to investigate isolated photobiomodulation intervention versus placebo and extend the dosage guidelines to other types of light emitters.