bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Cornish Earthquakes of March 29th to April 2nd, 1898
Authors: Davison Charles 
Published: October 2009

On March 29th and April 1st & 2nd, 1898, three slight earthquake–shocks were felt in the south of Cornwall. Their importance lies chiefly in the unusually clear evidence which they furnish, with regard to the origin of the double series of vibrations in one of the shocks, and to the continuous displacement of the seismic focus along the surface of the originating fault.
It is possible that, at about the same time, there may have been other shocks or earth–sounds; but none, so far as I am aware, was noticed by more than one person. At Constantine, which is about 2 miles from the centre of the area chiefly affected, subterranean rumblings were heard on twelve occasions, ranging from six days before to three days after the principal earthquake on April 1st. Two other slight shocks, accompanied by a faint rumbling sound, were also observed on April 10th—one at Helston at 1.45 p.m., the other at Mabe at about 4.30 p.m. I have tried in vain to obtain other records of these reported shocks, and their seismic origin cannot, therefore, be regarded as established.
Earthquake of March 29th, about 10.25 P.M. Of this earthquake I have only 9 accounts from 7 different places, namely, Crowan, Garras, ttelston, Mabe, Mawnan.Smith, Nancegollen, and St. Stythians ; while at 8 other places it is stated that neither shock nor sound was observed.
The boundary of the disturbed area is indicated on the accompanying map (p. 2) by the broken–and–dotted line.
On some Effects of Earth-Movement on the Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks of the Isle of Man
Authors: Lamplugh G. W. 
Published: October 2009

In a paper brought before this Society four years ago by Prof. W. W. Watts and myself, attention was drawn to some peculiar effects of earth–movement on the older Palæozoic rocks of the Isle of Man. These rocks, constituting the Manx Slate Series, are unconformably overlain by Carboniferous strata in the south of the island, and from the manner in which the Carboniferous Basement Conglomerate evenly overspreads the denuded edges of the folded, cleaved, and crushed slate–series, it is certain that the movements which so profoundly modified the slates were of pre–Carboniferous age. This evidence led me at first to suppose that the region had undergone very little disturbance in later times, and further evidence tending to the same conclusion seemed to be afforded by the fact that the Carboniferous–Limestone outcrop in the south of the island, though traversed by numerous minor dislocations and undulations, nearly always presents a low dip and shows no readily recognizable indication of exceptional disturbance.
Before completing the mapping of the island in 1897, however, I had occasion to re–examine the magnificent coast–section in the Carboniferous Volcanic Series between Castletown Bay and Poolvash (Poyll Vaaish) with the hope of clearing up some outstanding difficulties in regard to the relations of the limestone to these volcanic rocks which several previous examinations had failed to elucidate, and, being favoured by exceptionally low spring–tides, I then discovered evidence which threw new light upon this point. Both at the eastern and at the western extremities of the volcanic outcrop,
Bala Lake and the River-System of North Wales
Authors: Lake Philip 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In this paper the Author begins by showing that topographically Bala Lake belongs to the same valley as the River Wnion—the valley of the Bala Fault; and he believes that the whole drainage of the valley originally flowed south-westward, and entered the sea near Barmouth.
He then examines the possible outlets, and shows that the lake is probably rock-bound in all directions except towards the south-west, where there is no conclusive evidence.
He describes the faults which occur near the watershed that separates the Wnion from the streams flowing into Bala Lake, pointing out that they are closely related to the form of the valley, and that the watershed coincides with a transverse line of fault. Prom this he infers that the formation of the lake is possibly due to earth-movements.
The watersheds of several other similar valleys are examined, and are shown to lie in one straight line; whence it is concluded that they must have been produced by some general cause, probably a slight differential movement.
The general drainage-system of North Wales is next discussed. Attention is drawn to the existence of a series of long and nearly parallel valleys running from north-east to south-west, which divide the region more or less completely into a number of strips. The drainage of each strip is now independent, and flows in most cases into the long valley lying south of it. But from the fact that the chief streams in each strip have their representatives (flowing in the same line) in the adjacent strips, it is concluded that before the
formation of the long valleys the streams were continuous.
The centre from which these streams radiate lies in the high ground near the sources of the Conway; and the Author believes that this was the centre of an original radial system of drainage, and that this radial system was subsequently broken up into sections, by the formation of the long valleys which now run from north-east to south-west–each of these long valleys carrying away the drainage of one of the sections. He attributes the formation of the long valleys to faulting.
Fossils in the Oxford University Museum.—II.On Two New Genera and Species of Crinoidea (
Brahmacrinus ponderosus
and
Cicerocrinus elegans
)
Authors: Sollas W. J. 
Published: October 2009

I.
Brahmacrinus Ponderosus
gen. et sp. nov.

(P1. XVI, figs. 1 & 2.)
This somewhat barbarically ornate crinoid is represented in the University Collection by two calyces, which are both devoid of arms and stem. One of the specimens is exceedingly well preserved, and affords a fairly complete knowledge of the structure of the calyx. In the British Museum (Natural History) five specimens of the same crinoid are displayed; these also are calyces without arms or stem. Some of the specimens in the British Museum were obtained from Preston (Lancashire), and some from Yorkshire; those in the Oxford University Museum are from the latter county, where they occur in the Carboniferous Limestone.
The size of the calyx is fairly constant in all specimens, measuring, in that selected for description, 45 mm. in height by 40 mm. in maximum breadth. The dorsal cup is obconic in form, with the apex (corresponding to the base of the crinoid) truncate; the ventral disc is gently convex, and supports an excentric anal tube.
The basals are large, and three in number; two are equal in size and larger than the third, which is the left anterior. The sutures, which are persistent, are not quite symmetric with regard to the radial plates, which they meet on one side of the median line. The basals, like the other plates of the calyx, are much swollen, except immediately over the sutures, which consequently lie at the bottom of a deep groove.
The five radials are also large,
The Lower Ludlow Formation and its Graftolite-Fauna
Authors: Wood Ethel M. R. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The Lower Ludlow Shales, which form the lowest section of the Ludlow division of the Silurian System, are most typically developed in the neighbourhood of the picturesque old town of Ludlow. It was in this district that they were first defined and described by Murchison. Lithologically, they are here essentially an argillaceous group of strata, the lower and upper limits of which are well marked by two distinct calcareous beds—the Wenlock Limestone below and the Aymestry Limestone above. Palæontologically, the Lower Ludlow Shales are rich in fossils: brachiopods, cephalopods, crustaeea, and graptolites.
When the Lower Ludlow Beds are followed from the Ludlow district north-eastward along their line of strike as far as the valley of the Severn, south-westward as far as Aymestry, and eastward as far as the Malverns and Mayhfil, they are seen to retain their lithologieal characters unaltered, and the Wenlock and Aymestry Limestones are both well developed. But when these beds are traced from the typical area to the west and north-west, the limiting calcareous strata dwindle away and eventually disappear, until, finally, the Lower Ludlow Shales merge lithologically on the one hand into the Wenlock Shales below, and on the other into the Upper Ludlow Flags above. It is clearly impossible, therefore, in these westerly districts to separates on purely lithological grounds, the Lower Ludlow Beds as a distinct group from the formations which overlie and underlie them.
The proofs that the Lower Ludlow Beds of Britain contain a Characteristic graptolite-fauna have been gradually
Mechanically-formed Limestones from Junagarh (Kathiawar), and other Localities
Authors: Evans John William 
Published: October 2009

I. The Original Structures of Mechanically-formed Calcareous Rocks—Subaqueous, Littoral, and Æolian
We are apt to think of the calcareous rocks as being laid down differently from other sedimentary strata. It is recognized at once that the deposition of the latter involves the mechanical forces of rivers, currents, waves, or winds ; but the former―when they are not the result of chemical precipitation―are often spoken of as if they represented merely the undisturbed accumulation of calcareous material, which either remains where the organism, of which it formed part, ceased to live, or sinks by its own weight at once to the sea-bottom.
This distinction is, however, as every one would admit, only very partially valid. All the structures characteristic of the sedimentation of arcnaceous beds are exhibited, on occasion, by calcareous rocks ; though when these are formed in the sea, the phenomena are restricted and modified by the fact that carbonate of lime is soluble to a very large extent in water containing carbonic anhydride.¹
As a general rule, the water of rivers, lakes, and seas is not completely saturated with carbonate of lime, and therefore acts as a solvent of that substance. A small calcareous particle—whether it is derived from the erosion of a limestone; or is the result of the comminution of shells, corals, and other organic remains; or represents the test of a minute organism—will not remain long suspended in water which is still capable of taking up carbonate of lime, before it disappears into solution. Fine-grained
Notes on the Consolidated Æolian Sands of Kathiawar
Authors: Chapman Frederick 
Published: October 2009

In Kathiawar and Kach, on the littoral between the peninsula of India and the mouth of the Indus, are some interesting calcareous deposits which, both in structure and composition, present many points of interest. They are usually known under the name of the Miliolite-formation, given by H. J. Carter, who was the first to investigate them.
Dr. J. W. Evans, who was formerly State Geologist to the Government of Junagarh in Kathiawar, has supplied me with four specimens from different localities in the Junagarh State, as well as a microscope-section made in India. I am indebted to Prof. T. Rupert Jones for another specimen from the hills north-east of Porbandar. I have carefully examined these specimens for organisms, both in thin sections and in the disintegrated rock.

The material investigated by Carter was from the locality ,mar Porbandar, where it is quarried and exported for building purposes under the name of Porbandar Stone. He refers to it as follows
1
:—

—The Poorbandar limestone derives its specific denomination from the place near which it is quarried in Khattyawar, and is imported at Bombay in the shape of blocks and flags for building purposes. It is of a brownish-white colour, uniform in structure, granular, and composed of oolitic particles of calcareous sand united together into a firm compact rock.—

On examination by Dr. Carter it yielded numerous foraminifera, among which those of the genus
Miliolina
were conspicuous. The rock, however, resembles the Miliolitic Limestone of the Paris Basin neither in age nor in
Appendix. Report on the Inorganic Constituents of the Crag
Authors: Lomas Joseph 
Published: October 2009

For the purposes of this enquiry the proposed zones of the Red Crag—Waltonian, Newbournian, and Butleyan—may be taken together, as no essential differences in the contained minerals can be detected.
Very marked distinctions in colour are noticeable in different localities, but these largely depend on varying degrees of impregnation with iron. The iron-staining undoubtedly took place after the beds were deposited, and differences in amount can be traced to the flow of water containing iron in solution. Thus, it is found that where the Crag rests upon a clayey foundation, as at Beaumont, the line of parting has formed a channel along which water has flowed.
In some cases, as is well seen in the pit near Beaumont Hall, the lines of infiltration run across the bedding in wavy lines. It is evident that water percolating through porous rock must trend towards an outflow. When a line of flow has once been established, most of the water will move through certain channels and, carrying iron in solution, there will be a tendency to form pipes by the deposition of iron-oxide in the interstices of the sand.
Where pits have been for a long time unworked and a cliff of Crag has been left exposed, the porous rock has served as a passage for surface-water, which oozes out from the face of the section. Here the staining can be directly associated with lines of flow. In some instances the iron-oxide has cemented the sand and shells together, and, where a part
Additional Notes on the Drifts of the Baltic Coast of Germany
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Hill Edwin 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
We quitted Rügen in 1898 with no expectation of ever seeing it again. But after completing the paper which has appeared in the Society's Quarterly Journal, we felt the usual desire of once more going over the work. When there seemed a possibility of gratifying this, we should have withheld our paper, if a special reason had not existed for an early publication of our views. We determined, however, in 1899 to cover a wider field and to examine not only Arkona (which want of time had prevented us from visiting), but also some sections at Warnemünde which we expected to prove very different from those in the Jasmund district. This was the case, though they were not exactly what we had been led to anticipate.
In looking for papers on Rügen we unfortunately missed a small monograph by Dr. Rudolf Credner (‘Rügen: Eine Insel-Studie,’ 1893), which would have been very useful as a clear statement of one view and as containing a list of the literature after 1886. He considers that in the Arkona and Jasmund areas (but not universally) the ‘Diluvium’ is naturally separable into a lower member consisting of two greyish-blue boulder-clays with an intervening bedded sand; and an upper one, of boulder-clays, gravels, and sands, which is unconformable with the other. He regards the boulder-clays as true ground-moraines; the sands and gravels as produced from these by denudation. The dislocations to which he attributes the peculiar association of the Chalk and the Lower Drift
Bajocian and Contiguous Deposits in the North Cotteswolds: The Main Hill-Mass.
Authors: Buckman S. S. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
This paper is a continuation of two former communications published by the Society, namely, ‘The Bajocian of the Mid-Cotteswolds,’ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. li (1895) p. 388, and ‘Deposits of the Bajocian Age in the Northern Cotteswolds: The Cleeve Hill Plateau,’ vol. liii (1897) p. 607. So far as the sequence of the strata themselves was concerned, the results arrived at in these two papers may be best expressed in Table I (p. 127).

What the Table indicates is this:—In a north-easterly traverse from Birdlip to Cleeve there are found, at Leckhampton Hill five distinct beds separating two strata which at Birdlip were in juxtaposition; and at Cleeve Hill, three more distinct beds separating two beds which at Leckhampton Hill were in juxtaposition, namely, the Upper
Trigonia
-grit and the Notgrove Freestone, and another distinct bed separating two other beds similarly placed at Leckhampton—the Snowshill Clay and the Upper Freestone. Consequently where nothing is intervening at Birdlip there are five beds inserted at Leckhampton Hill, and nine beds inserted at Cleeve Hill: that is, with regard to the five at Leckhampton, three additional at the top, and one more at the bottom.

The interest which attaches to the exploration of the North Cotteswolds is to ascertain how and in what manner this intervention of strata continues in a farther north-easterly traverse. The results are these:—That the three upper intervening beds at Cleeve Hill—the
Phillipsiana-Witchellia
-beda—have been planed away, so that Upper
Trigonia
-grit rests upon Notgrove Freestone; but in the
Notes on the Geology of South-Central Ceylon
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The following notes are the result of a tour of a few weeks' duration in the south-central parts of Ceylon. The time spent in the island was brief, and the work was done entirely upon inland sections; but in many places the exposures of rock are good, especially along the lines of railway. Petrological descripions of Ceylon rocks are not wanting, but details of their field-relations are few, and it is hoped that the following paper may direct attention to the interesting problems which are likely to arise from such an investigation.
II. The Gneissoid Granulites

(
a
) On the Ceylon Government Railway: from Rambukkana eastward in the direction of Alagala.—Leaving the station at Rambukkana, and proceeding along the metals, we walk over country which is flat, or nearly so, for about 1/2 mile, when we come to a small cutting. Here is exposed a rather coarse granitic rock with pinkish-brown felspars up to ·3 inch across. In about 6 yards this gives place to one more finely grained, rather saccharoidal in appearance, and speckled with patches of mica.

On the opposite Bide of the railway-line the rock is banded, but not in the clear even way which, for instance, characterizes the gneiss on the south side of the St. Gotthard Pass. The darker parts are rich in hornblende and brown mica, and contain little or no quartz. These bands often have a wavy habit, as though torn, and sometimes small black patches, like fragments
On a Remarkable Volcanic Vent of Tertiary Age in the Island of Arran, enclosing Mesozoic Fossiliferous Rocks.
Authors: Gunn William , Peach Benjamin Neeve , Newton Edwin Tolley 
Published: October 2009

Part I. The Geological Structure
During the progress of the geological survey of the Island of Arran Mr. Gunn mapped the network of igneous rocks that occurs about halfway between Brodick Bay on the east and Machrie Bay on the west, and lying to the south of the String Road which crosses the island from Brodick to Shiskine and Blackwaterfoot (Sheet 21 of the 1-inch Geological Survey Map). These rocks form the mass of high ground culminating in Ard Bheinn (1676 feet), A'Chruach (1679 feet), and Beinn Bhreac (1649 feet), whence the headwaters of the Glen Cloy Burn and Benlister Burn drain to the east and the Black Water and Machrie Water to the west. The area in which these igneous rocks are exposed has obviously been a focus of great volcanic activity. It may be compared with some of the larger and more complex vents of Palæozoic and Tertiary age in Scotland, but it is exceptionally gigantic in its proportions. It is oval in shape, and covers an area of about 7 to 8 square miles. Its greater axis, which trends east-north-east and west-south-west, is 3½ miles long, and its shorter axis is about 3 miles in length. It is surrounded by various formations, ranging in age from the Lower Old Red Sandstone to the Trias. On the north side, conglomerates, sandstones, and mud-stones of Lower Old Red Sandstone age, dipping steeply southeastward, strike obliquely against its northern margin. On the east side, the Lower
The Igneous Rocks and Associated Sedimentary Beds of the Tortworth Inlier
Authors: Morgan Conwy Lloyd , Reynolds Sidney Hugh 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The Silurian rocks of the Tortworth district in Southern Gloucestershire present several features of geological interest. Lying to the north of the horseshoe ridge of Carboniferous Limestone, which forms the rim of the Bristol Coalfield, they share in the synclinal disposition of the Palæozoic strata. They underlie the attenuated Old Red Sandstone, which in this district is not more than some 200 or 300 feet thick; but the exact relation of Silurian to Old Red is nowhere clearly seen. The strata include beds of Ludlow, of Wenlock, and of Upper Llandovery age, the last-named being originally regarded as Caradoc. The chief points of interest are: (1) the remarkable attenuation of the upper strata, the Ludlow Beds not exceeding 100 feet in thickness, and the Wenlock attaining a thickness of at most 700 feet, probably less; (2) the limited number of fossils recorded; and (3) the occurrence of igneous rocks interbedded with the Upper Llandovery strata, and passing up to, or perhaps just into, the Lower Wenlock Beds. It is with these igneous rocks and their relation to the sedimentary beds that this paper deals.
The trap-rocks were carefully studied and described by Thomas Weaver in 1819. He regarded it as ‘evident that the trap constitutes discontinuous beds included in and parallel to the continuous series of the stratified transition-beds’; but, as a faithful disciple of Werner, he hastened to add that, since these stratified beds were ‘undeniably aqueous products, I do not perceive how we can avoid extending
On the Skull of a Chiru-like Antelope from the Ossiferous Deposits of Hundes (Tibet)
Authors: Lydekker Richard 
Published: October 2009

Exactly twenty years ago I proposed the provisional name of
Pantholops hundesiensis
for an extinct species of antelope, typified by an imperfect skull figured in J. F. Royle's ‘Illustrations of the Botany, &c. of the Himalayan Mountains’ 1839, pi. iii, fig. 1. I had only the figure to go by, as the paper was written in India, and the specimen was said to be in the Collection of the Geological Society of London. And till the other day, when my attention was called to it by Mr. C. D. Sherborn, I had never seen the specimen. Having, by the kind permission of the Council, obtained the loan of this skull, I am happy to say that my original determination is in the main confirmed by actual examination of the specimen. And since the fossil is of more than ordinary interest, and the original figure is highly unsatisfactory, I have thought it desirable to offer the present note to the Society.

The specimen was obtained by Messrs. Webb & Trail from Tibetan traders, by whom it was brought from the Hundes plain, on the far side of the Niti Pass ; and it was presented to the Society by Capt. Webb.
The skull in its present condition comprises the brain-case in a fairly perfect state, although lacking the edge of the frontal portion of the orbits. The right horn-core is broken off obliquely a short distance above the pedicle, while the second has been broken through the pedicle itself, showing the