bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar in Comparison
Authors: Borck Tobias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter compares the findings of the book’s three case studies. It shows that for Saudi Arabia, regional leadership was not optional, whereas taking on a prominent role in regional affairs involved more choice for Emirati and Qatari leaders. The latter perceived significant threats to their security, but their regional foreign policies were more obviously driven by ambitions to elevate their small states’ status within the region and beyond. The chapter further summarizes how the three countries’ assessments about what drove instability in the MENA during the 2010s differed considerably, even as they all saw the region collapse into a general state of disorder; and it outlines how their ideas of what kind of order could yield stability—i.e. an environment in which they felt secure enough domestically and able to protect and pursue their regional interests as freely as possible—consequently described three different versions of the MENA.
Conclusion
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter synthesizes Critique of Halakhic Reason’s textual, legal, and philosophical arguments to clarify its larger claim: whether religious norms or obligations—even divine commandments—are justified and how they are implemented depends on the reasons that can be offered for and against them by human agents. Reasons and practices of reason-giving are thus central to religious thought and life. In the process, the chapter draws out the implications for Jewish philosophy and law, theology, and the study and philosophy of religion, as well as legal, political, and moral philosophy. Critical reflection on religion must recognize it not as an autonomous domain based on uniquely religious reasons—which is merely an updated version of the unhelpful category “faith”—but as a nexus of reasons with connections to theology, philosophy, law, politics, and ethics. Tracing and evaluating reasons in religious traditions thus requires agile movement across multiple discourses.
The Delhi Bomb
Authors: McQuade Joseph 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter traces Rash Behari Bose’s initial appearance within the historical record by reconstructing the events that preceded and then followed the Delhi bomb attack of 1912. Drawing on reports by colonial officials and intelligence officers, the chapter argues that Bose’s first major revolutionary operation exposed the limits of colonial knowledge and helped accelerate the growth of the modern surveillance state in India. The assassination attempt against the British viceroy triggered a subcontinent-wide manhunt for the perpetrators. Drawing on new methods of surveillance, intelligence-sharing, and the emerging field of forensic science, the Delhi bomb investigation marks a key episode in the birth of the modern security state in India and beyond.
A National Army
Authors: McQuade Joseph 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
With the outbreak of the Second World War, Rash Behari Bose worked alongside Indian revolutionaries and Japanese imperialists to create the Indian National Army (INA), which fought alongside the Japanese against British imperial forces. Bose also mounted a sustained communications strategy intended to add fuel to the fire that was already raging back home, thanks to Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, whose Quit India movement threatened to render British rule on the subcontinent impossible. The chapter assesses the successes and failures of these movements and demonstrates Bose’s continued significance in India’s freedom movement up until his death in 1945.
Muhammad’s Confrontations with Meccan Pagans
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapters 3 and 4 focus on Muhammad’s major confrontations with the Meccan pagans of his Quraysh tribe. Chapter 3 examines the Muslim victory at Badr (2/624) and their defeat at Uḥud (3/625). The narratives are treated as literary stories, fashioned and created by traditionists to communicate meaningful religious dispositions. The chapter shows how ᶜAbbāsid-era historians seem to have elevated the status of figures crucial to ᶜAbbāsid legitimacy (e.g., al-ᶜAbbās ibn ᶜAbd al-Muṭṭalib) and how they also designed narratives to present Umayyad notables (e.g., Abū Sufyān and Muᶜāwiya) as weak Muslims who desired worldly gains and remained unbelievers until they were forced to submit to Muhammad at the conquest of Mecca. Muslim historians were unable to relinquish their religious sympathies or political inclinations in forming their narratives. They not only report stories—they author them.
The King of Arabia
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 is devoted to Muhammad’s final maghāzī against the Bedouins, which reportedly resulted in their total surrender to his leadership. The tradition describes that, after subduing the Jews of Medina and the pagans of Mecca, Muhammad subdued various strong tribes in Western Arabia. The chapter analyzes the incursion against the Banū Jadhīma, the Battle of Ḥunayn, and the siege of al-Ṭā’if. The first two resulted in Muslim victories, while the siege did not. These narratives depict Muhammad as having become the major leader in Arabia, and allege that many Arab delegations came to declare allegiance, loyalty, and submission to Muhammad—a notion conveyed in the tradition as religious conversion. In the examination of these narratives, the chapter highlights apparent attempts by the narrators to adjust the portrayals of individuals and the course of events. Muslim traditionists appear to have designed military victories and defeats to communicate theological meanings.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this concluding chapter, the main points of the book’s chapters and their major observations and arguments are given and explained. The book is a journey into medieval Muslim thought on Muhammad and his role as a military champion. The classical narrators designed his memory as a raid initiator, caravan interceptor, and plunder seeker—a memory that Muslims past and present have cherished. While very little is known about the Muhammad of history from contemporary and near-contemporary sources, details about the Muhammad of the tradition are ample in number, stunning in detail, and complex in composition. These stories are documented centuries after his death by religious zealots who served as authors of history. They tweaked, adjusted, and rewrote their narratives in response to their sociopolitical and sectarian contexts. When asked what is fiction and what actually occurred, one can only yield, Allāhu aᶜlam (Allah knows best).
Greater Tigray and the Mysterious Magnetism of Ethiopia
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This is an analytical history of the role Tigrinya-speakers have played and are still playing in the history of Ethiopia and Eritrea, from Tigray’s very ancient incipience to the origins of today’s tragically fratricidal war. Drawing from his huge corpus of publications on the Horn of Africa, Haggai Erlich sheds new light on major turning-points, as well as patterns of continuity. His history revolves around one key question: what was “the mysterious magnetism” that held (and still holds) Ethiopia together? Erlich argues that there is an “Amhara thesis” competing with a “Tigrayan thesis” on what Ethiopia’s political and administrative system should be, and that the region’s history has often rotated around the axis of struggle between these two visions. The Tigrayans, though a minority, have had their periods of domination, the last ending in 2018. In between these eras, Tigrayans have been marginalised and weakened, including as the victims of their own internal rivalries, which culminated in the deep and bitter split between “core” Tigrayans and Tigrayan Eritreans. In the context of today’s war, Erlich’s insightful book offers an extremely timely introduction to Tigrayan history, and an indispensable key to understanding the roots of Ethiopia’s present crisis.
The Era of the Judges
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the three centuries following the destruction by Ahmad Gragn, Ethiopia did not recuperate. More factors contributed to a gradual weakening of the imperial system of the kingdom. The Oromo ethnic group penetrated the centre. Portuguese missionaries challenged the Ethiopian Church. The weakened emperors isolated themselves in their new capital of Gondar. By the end of the 18th century, Ethiopia was in fact a loose framework for regional entities: Gondar, Shoa, Gojjam, Tigray. While Shoa stabilized under its local dynasty, Tigray grew stronger due to two processes that would prepare her for future hegemony. One was the solidification of the social and economic power of the leading families. The other was the quicker and better adoption of firearms. However, local power in Tigray was rotating between rival families amid perpetual internal conflicts.
Collapse
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
When Yohannes fell, Tigray was already exhausted. The imperial system that had been built around her collapsed. Shoa under Menelik II, 1889–1913, was now the stronger and dominant power in Ethiopia. The heir of Yohannes, Ras Mangasha, proved unable to unite Tigray. The devastated region, caught between Shoa and the Italians--now the occupiers of Colonia Eritrea (declared in 1890)--sank into endless internal conflicts. Ras Alula, the mentor of Mangasha prevented him from submitting to Menelik. Finally, in June 1894, the Tigrayan leaders marched to Addis Ababa and swore allegiance to the emperor. They helped him to win the decisive battle of Adwa over the invading Italians in March 1896, but Menelik saw to it that Tigray would remain poor, disunited, and marginal.
Under Haile Selassie
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the years after the 1941 liberation and until the 1945 end of the global war, there continued the triple game: Haile Selassie, the British, and Tigray’s traditional leading families. The latter were entrenched in their power positions as of the 16th century (or earlier), but in 1943 a fourth factor entered the scene, a popular Tigrayan protest movement, the Woyane. Though it was soon quelled, and though the old tripartite game was quickly resumed, Woyane proved significant in later years. The Woyane revolt was both a demand of the local minor chiefs, for more attention from the central government, as well as a gesture of discontent on the part of Tigray against imperial control. (The Tigrayan People Liberation Front (TPLF) would lead Ethiopia as of 1991, proud in their nickname as “Woyane”).
The Grand Dam
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Meles Zenawi emerged stronger at home from the 1998–2000 war with Eritrea, and even stronger from the Ethiopian 2006–2008 pre-emptive invasion of the Islamic militant Somalia. Many admired him for pushing the country momentously forward, others criticized him for being arrogant, and for his general policy of ethnic federalism. His supporters argued that his achievements in all fields--economic, education, freedoms, openness to the world--were far greater than his failures. The chapter focuses on one important aspect: laying the foundation for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). An enterprise, which he envisioned and carried out in the spirit of Tigray’s tradition of courage and defiance, at home as well as in external affairs.
A Prospect of Secularization?
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter looks at the consequences of the religious liberalization and political rise of Muslims in the 1990s. It explores whether this resulted in an integration of Muslims in the country’s hegemonic bloc. The text looks at the presence of Muslims in parliament, nationally and locally, and uncovers that since 1998 the government has in fact restricted the influence of Muslims within the party in power. This has limited the weight Muslims have had on politics, and it poses the question of whether secularization could ensue. Muslims have noted the change and reorganized accordingly, refocusing their energy away from politics, on religious, social, and educational issues. The text analyzes the new thinking and strategy of Muslim national leaders in the early 2000s.
From Palace to Revolution
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of tribes and their relationship to the state during the coming to power and early years of the Qadhafi regime. It explores how despite Qadhafi’s Arab nationalist discourse, which castigated tribes as backwards and reactionary, and despite his aspiration to forge a modern state that would transcend tribal and regional divisions, Qadhafi came to realize early on that he could not go against the social fabric of society. Having grown up steeped in tribal traditions, he fully understood the weight and influence of kinship relations and structures. He worked therefore to bind tribes to his regime, reaching out to and engaging tribal elites in order to widen his support base and shore up his fledgling regime. This chapter also looks at how after an attempted coup by members of his inner circle from Misrata in 1975, Qadhafi’s engagement with Libya’s tribes deepened and he moved further to wrap himself in the protective layers of kinship.
Tribes and the Post-2014 Order
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the tribes and their role in Libya in light of the conflict that erupted in 2014, creating yet more faultlines in an already fractured environment. It traces the tribes’ relationship to Khalifa Haftar, showing how many tribes, especially those in Cyrenaica, looked to him to provide stability and security, viewing him as an antidote to the predominantly Islamist and Misratan forces that had emerged triumphant in 2011. Yet while many tribes, or parts of tribes, provided Haftar with a bedrock of support, enabling him to expand his area of control, this relationship was not unproblematic; tribal support was not uniform or guaranteed. As this chapter shows, while tribes may be flexible and pragmatic, there are limits as to how far they will bargain or bend to accommodate, and their ability to mobilize, mediate and push back against key stakeholders has had far-reaching consequences on Libya’s post-Qadhafi trajectory.
Tribes and the Iraqi Republic
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between tribes and the Iraqi state from the 1958 coup until the Ba’athists’ coming to power a decade later. It looks at how successive revolutionary regimes adopted a discourse that equated tribalism with feudalism, castigating tribal sheikhs and their “outdated practices,” and seeking to undermine tribal power. While these developments eroded old patterns of social organization, transforming relations between the sheikh and his tribesmen, the birth of the Iraqi Republic did not herald the end of tribalism. As this chapter examines, not only did tribal structures remain intact, the new military elites proved unable to bypass the kinship alliances that were woven deep into the fabric of their own society. Despite their public rhetoric, successive regimes continued to rely on kinship relations, using tribes as protective layers to buttress their power. This chapter shows that while 1958 marked a radical rupture with the past, it did not result in the wholesale decline of the tribe or the tribal sheikh. Social organization patterns and kinship bonds were affected by the policies of successive regimes, but were not broken.
Tribes and the Ba’athist State
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of tribes and their relationship with the Ba’athist regime that took over in 1968. More radical in outlook than successive regimes of the preceding ten years, the new revolutionary Arab nationalist leaders adopted more robust efforts to undermine and dismantle tribalism, which they equated with the reactionary forces of the past. However, as this chapter shows, while tribal power was undoubtedly weakened during this period, the new regime found itself forced to engage with the very tribal elite it was bent on destroying. From the outset, it employed a two-pronged approach, repressing the tribal sheikhs while simultaneously courting and accommodating them. Although this engagement remained largely hidden, the relationship served both ruler and ruled, enabling the regime to tap into the tribal networks whilst enabling the tribes to carve out space for themselves under Ba’athist rule, both during the time of Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and during that of Saddam Hussein.
Tribes, Occupation and Shi’ite Iraq
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the shifting role of tribes following the 2003 occupation of Iraq, assessing how tribes responded to regime change and to the presence of occupying powers. It also examines how tribes were suddenly propelled to the fore, showing how tribal elites began to exercise tribal agency in new ways. It examines how tribes began running and securing their local areas, how they dealt with militant forces including al-Qaeda, but also how they sought to recover a political role in their own right. It shows too how, as the transition progressed, the tribes found themselves outmaneuvered by competing forces including the Americans, political Islamist parties, militias, and extremist groups. The chapter focuses too on the rule of prime minister Nouri Maliki and his relationship to the Shi’ite tribes, arguing that he and the Shi’ite ruling elite forced the tribes back into a clientelistic relationship, simultaneously courting and subduing them, and establishing a new bargain between ruler and ruled.
Introduction
Authors: Awan Akil N. , Lewis James R. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins and contemporary usage of the term Radicalization which has become an important and ubiquitous part of the twenty-first-century security and political landscape, employed by academics, policymakers, civil society actors, practitioners, and media alike, in ever-expanding ways, while derivative terms like counter-radicalization and de-radicalization, have spawned an entire industry of radicalization experts, counter-radicalization consultancies and think tanks, and de-radicalization programs, centers, and policies. As this chapter argues, the term is a product of the post 9/11 milieu and the appropriation of the term in policymaker, popular, and media discourse was quickly matched in academia, albeit, not entirely uncritically. Highlighting the enduring political origins of the term, the vast majority of academic studies address Islamist or Jihadist radicalization. This is of particular concern when viewed in light of the increasing prevalence of right-wing terrorism during this period, which nevertheless remains both understudied in academia and underreported in the media, allowing it to grow on the margins relatively unnoticed, while conversely reinforcing the linkage between Muslim communities and terrorism, contributing to both societal polarization and the creation of suspect communities.
Aum Shinrikyo and the “Aum Incident”
Authors: Repp Martin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the emergence of the Aum Shinrikyo cult in Japan, and the factors behind its eventual radicalization which culminated in a nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway system in 1995. The chapter explores how a religious group was able to transform itself so drastically during a relatively short period of time. In addition, the chapter examines the numerous, often contradictory, narratives of Aum Shinrikyo and the 1995 Aum incident, asking why some have come to dominate the discourse while others are neglected. The chapter argues that many academic studies take the poison gas attacks of 1995 as presupposition for understanding the group, and therefore portrayed its earlier developments anachronistically from later events. According to these narratives, internal reasons such as the religious teachings, practices, and the leader led necessarily to the evil outcome. However, in doing so, external contributing factors were neglected, as were the unproblematic spiritual aspects of the group, as practiced by many ordinary members not involved with Aum’s crimes, and who continued with their beliefs and practices. This holistic appraisal is necessary if we are to fully comprehend the radicalization of Aum Shinrikyo.
ALM
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to situate the masculinities evident in narratives participants told about pivotal moments in their lives before their association with the al-Muhajiroun network. Masculinities emerge as constructed in three ways: in geographic space, in particular a hypermasculine street culture echoing that of radical right radicalization; through a process of gendered meta-reflexivity that constitutes the “identity crisis” of radicalization literature; and in the discursive space constructed post-9/11 through the gendered securitization of Muslims and Islam. The chapter therefore expands radicalization theories’ understanding of identity crisis: here it is less “crisis,” more cumulative process. Reflexivity is constant, and while there appears to be a pivotal moment for each participant, this cannot be predicted. The chapter explores how gender is fundamental in that process, given that participants internalize conflicting masculinity systems and conflicting normative gender frameworks. As with the radical right, this means that gender and sexual norms are important in distinguishing in- from out-group. The chapter also introduces the Islamist participants, and their backgrounds.
ALM
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how the masculinities that participants discussed as important in their lives prior to becoming Islamists are later mobilized in the ideology and activism of the extreme network. It sets out what the Islamist participants believe, with a focus on their understanding of doctrine, and how this positions them in relation to women, to gender and to jihad. While radical-right participants deemphasized adherence to any explicit “ideology,” ideology has an important status within the Islamist network. There is far more coherence around a particular gendered ideological position among al-Muhajiroun members and their network than there is for the radical-right participants: ideological knowledge endows status. This is accumulated via reading, but also learning by association with more experienced activists. This learning process is an induction into a particular gendered outlook, entailing the acceptance and propagation of explicitly gendered norms, and constituting a particular masculinity project.
Introduction
Authors: Vuković Vuk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
There is a deep, structural connection between elite power and the consequences it projects on the distribution of incomes and wealth in a society. In order to theoretically justify the origin of such a connection the book must answer three basic questions: (1) why is there an incentive to join an elite network, (2) why should elite networks have any effect on inequality, and (3) if there is a relationship, how does it explain the cyclical nature of inequality? The introductory chapter summarizes the answers to all three of these questions, which will later be tackled, theoretically and empirically, throughout the book.