bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total fluid and specific beverage intake and mortality due to IHD and stroke in the Netherlands Cohort Study
Authors: Leurs Lina J. , Schouten Leo J. , Goldbohm R. Alexandra , van den Brandt Piet A. 
Published: May 2010

Chronic mild dehydration has been associated with several diseases, including fatal IHD and stroke. It has been suggested that hydration through total fluid intake (or water) is inversely associated with IHD or stroke mortality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between total fluid (and specific beverage) intake and IHD or stroke mortality in the Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS). In 1986, 120 852 participants aged 55–69 years were enrolled into the NLCS. Mortality data were collected over a 10-year follow-up period. Analysis was done through a case–cohort approach, and it was based on the subjects without a history of heart disease, stroke or diabetes at baseline. A total of 1789 IHD mortality cases and 708 stroke mortality cases occurred during the follow-up. Higher total fluid consumption was not associated with either IHD mortality or stroke mortality in men or women. When analysing specific beverages, a positive association between coffee consumption (increment 270 ml/d) and IHD mortality was observed in men (hazard ratio (HR) 1·09, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·18), while an inverse relationship was observed in women (HR: 0·88, 95 % CI 0·78, 1·00). For tea consumption (increment of 253 ml/d), an inverse relationship with IHD mortality was observed in men (HR: 0·91, 95 % CI 0·83, 1·00). No association with water intake was observed. In the study population, fresh water consumption was very low. In conclusion, total fluid intake was not associated with IHD or stroke mortality in either men or women. Coffee consumption was inversely associated with IHD mortality in women only, while a higher tea intake was associated with lower IHD mortality in men only.
The Use of Simulation Techniques in Historical Analysis: Railroads versus Canals
Authors: Schaefer Donald , Weiss Thomas 
Published: May 2010

One problem with which economic historians always contend, to which they usually give acknowledgment and with which they occasionally think they have dealt successfully, is that of the representativeness of their empirical answers. As Clapham said,Every economic historian should, however, have acquired what might be called the statistical sense, the habit of asking in relation to any institution, policy, group or movement the questions: how large? how long? how often?how representative?
Debt Peonage Re-examined
Authors: Brown William W. , Reynolds Morgan O. 
Published: May 2010

In a recent Journal article Professors Ransom and Sutch (R & S) suggest “debt peonage” as a broad explanation for the course of southern economic development after the Civil War. They summarize their general thesis in the following three statements:“(1) That because of the readjustments in agriculture and the difficulties in forming new banks under the banking laws, the South was unable to re-establish a viable network of commercial banks to serve her agricultural economy.
The Antebellum Money Market and the Economic Impact of the Bank War: A Reply
Authors: Sushka Marie Elizabeth 
Published: May 2010

In their comment Curran and Johnston raise two general points. They suggest (1) that my main conclusions are not substantiated by statistical tests of stability, and (2) that the specifications used in my analysis are inappropriate.Let me summarize my reply. With regard to Curran and Johnston's statistical tests for the structural stability of my money model, there are three major points. First, in using the Chow test for structural stability the authors do not use the relevant statistical information to carry out the test, so the results they derive are not the appropriate test of the economic hypotheses. I on the other hand report and interpret the results of the relevant Chow test that uses the appropriate statistical information and lends support to my hypothesis that the Bank War altered the public's liquidity preference. Second, Curran and Johnston do not correctly analyze and interpret their own results. Actually, the implications of their own evidence support my original hypothesis that the Bank War caused a shift in the liquidity preference of the public. Third, although the Chow test is a statistical test for stability, in this case it is not a direct test of the economic question at hand; that is, it is a weak test. I therefore provide a more direct statistical F test that provides evidence to support my hypothesis that the Bank War caused the Panic of 1837 and that refutes the Temin hypothesis that the Bank War left monetary behavior unaffected.1 Furthermore, the empirical evidence demonstrates that banks were quite interest sensitive during the years prior to the Bank War and that the Bank War altered commercial bank behavior before 1837 in a manner that, coupled with the shift in the public's liquidity preference, culminated in the Panic of 1837.
Property Rights, Nineteenth-Century Federal Timber Policy, and the Conservation Movement
Authors: Libecap Gary D. , Johnson Ronald N. 
Published: May 2010

In campaigning for the establishment of the National Forests in the late nineteenth century, conservationists pointed to fraud and timber theft in the Pacific Northwest. In this paper we argue that the conservationists were misdirected; that it was a costly Federal land policy that encouraged fraud and theft. In the face of restrictive land laws, fraud was necessary if lumber companies were to acquire large tracts of land to take advantage of economies of scale in logging. Since fraud used real resources, it raised the actual cost of acquiring land and thus delayed the establishment of property rights. Such delays led to theft. The paper examines the public land laws, explains their selection by claimants, and calculates the added transaction costs or rent dissipation that resulted from circumventing the law.“Government control of cutting on all timberland, private as well as public, is still today, as it was then, the one most indispensable step toward assuring a supply of forest products for the future in the United States.”
Gesture and posture: pointing the finger and the mapping of outer continental shelves
Authors: Dodds Klaus 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThis note considers the practice of pointing the finger at the map. Using two recent examples from Australia and Norway involving outer continental shelf submissions, it considers why such a bodily gesture might actually be more than a mere gesture. With regard to the polar regions, it is a timely reminder that ceremonies of possession remain important and provides further opportunity to reflect on the embodied and gendered nature of these activities. Being seen is one thing and being cited is another.
Contact surgeries and the transverse invariant in knot Floer homology
Authors: Ozsváth Peter , Stipsicz András I. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe study naturality properties of the transverse invariant in knot Floer homology under contact (+1)-surgery. This can be used as a calculational tool for the transverse invariant. As a consequence, we show that the Eliashberg–Chekanov twist knots En are not transversely simple for n odd and n > 3.
Swan conductors for p-adic differential modules. II Global variation
Authors: Kedlaya Kiran S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractUsing a local construction from a previous paper, we exhibit a numerical invariant, the differential Swan conductor, for an isocrystal on a variety over a perfect field of positive characteristic overconvergent along a boundary divisor; this leads to an analogous construction for certain p-adic and l-adic representations of the étale fundamental group of a variety. We then demonstrate some variational properties of this definition for overconvergent isocrystals, paying special attention to the case of surfaces.
Re-evaluating the list of high-production chemicals predicted to become Arctic contaminants
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe large number of historical and current organic chemicals in commerce, and the ability of these compounds to make their way from industrial to remote regions, has resulted in concerted efforts to predict which chemicals have the capacity to migrate from where they are used/disposed to areas such as the Arctic. A suite of 120 high production volume chemicals has been recently screened from an initial dataset of >100,000 compounds and listed as potential Arctic contaminants. In the current work, we critically assess members of this proposed list for their possible rapid reactivity in environmental systems that would prevent substantial accumulation or transport in the environment and accumulation in vivo, as well as whether the investigated physicochemical properties are adequate for the intended environmental screening purposes.
Allergological and toxicological risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) plants - Development of a model system
Authors: Steinmann Alain , Entzian Kristin , Grümmer Birgit , Meyer Udo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTechnical advances in biotechnology lead to a rising number of genetically modified plants and derived food and feed. Therefore, the international interest in adequate and standardized analytical methods increases to assess health risks in a rapid and low cost manner.To address this issue a decision support system (DSS), which will be based on baseline data and thresholds of key parameters, is going to be established in the framework of a joint project (BioOK). Determination of the potential allergenicity or toxicity of novel proteins caused by the genetic modification compared to near isogenic variants (NIV) is a key issue in this context. For the development of DSS the model plant “potato” was used to compare values of relevant parameters of GM plants with those of NIV using different allergological and toxicological methods which are shown in the present poster. No significant differences in comparison of the results of GM plants and NIV were found so far.
Development of a sampling regime for research with environmental relevance based on variability of transgene expression in plants
Authors: Struzyna-Schulze Carla , Mikschofsky Heike , Mönkemeyer Wenke , Schmidtke Jörg , Schmidt Kerstin , Broer Inge 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTransgenic plants often produce proteins that are unknown in conventional crops. Therefore, it requires a fundamental analysis before approval of a new genetically modified plant is given. Since the EFSA-guidelines for risk assessment on transgenic plants provide only recommendations but no detailed instructions, we wanted to develop a valid test scheme that defines sample size and sampling organ to enable a statically valid and efficient analysis of transgene expression and its variability. The scheme will be based on data obtained for the variability in expression i. of different recombinant proteins in one variety; ii. of different integration sites of one transgene in one variety; iii. of the same recombinant protein between different varieties and between isogenic clones in a variety. The optimization of experimental procedures shall enable the development of cost and time efficient and valid sampling systems that will be used as a part of the Decision Support System (DSS) that is developed by BioOK.
Detection strategies for non-authorized GMO products on the European market
Authors: Gürtler Patrick , Meissner Esther , Busch Ulrich 
Published: May 2010

AbstractImport and planting of biotech crops is strictly regulated in Europe. In order to observe these strict regulations, an efficient surveillance of the European market is required. In Europe, data on authorised biotech crops from foreign countries are on hand, however, only scarce information on non-authorised biotech crops is available. Experience of the last years has shown that non-authorized biotech crops (e.g. biotech-papaya, Bt10-maize, LL601-rice and Bt63-rice) were detected on the European market. The Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority is responsible for the detection of illegal imports and for labelling control of Food and Feed in Bavaria (Germany). The quantitative real-time PCR is the method of choice for the detection of genetic modifications in plants on DNA level. Therefore, data on novel DNA constructs and event-specific detection methods need to be gathered to assure the surveillance of the market for non-authorised GMO.
Elusive transition state of alcohol dehydrogenase unveiled
Authors: Roston Daniel , Kohen Amnon 
Published: May 2010

For several decades the hydride transfer catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase has been difficult to understand. Here we add to the large corpus of anomalous and paradoxical data collected for this reaction by measuring a normal (> 1) 2° kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for the reduction of benzaldehyde. Because the relevant equilibrium effect is inverse (< 1), this KIE eludes the traditional interpretation of 2° KIEs. It does, however, enable the development of a comprehensive model for the “tunneling ready state” (TRS) of the reaction that fits into the general scheme of Marcus-like models of hydrogen tunneling. The TRS is the ensemble of states along the intricate reorganization coordinate, where H tunneling between the donor and acceptor occurs (the crossing point in Marcus theory). It is comparable to the effective transition state implied by ensemble-averaged variational transition state theory. Properties of the TRS are approximated as an average of the individual properties of the donor and acceptor states. The model is consistent with experimental findings that previously appeared contradictory; specifically, it resolves the long-standing ambiguity regarding the location of the TRS (aldehyde-like vs. alcohol-like). The new picture of the TRS for this reaction identifies the principal components of the collective reaction coordinate and the average structure of the saddle point along that coordinate.
Social Networks and Health
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSocial Networks and Health provides a comprehensive introduction to how social networks influence health behaviors. Section one provides an introduction to major research themes and perspectives used to understand how networks form, evolve, and channel the spread of ideas and behaviors. An intellectual history of the field is provided as well as conjectures on why network science took so long to develop. Methodologies for studying networks and assessing personal network data are discussed. Section two covers algorithms and applications of the most common network metrics divided into four chapters: centrality, groups, positions, and network level. For each chapter, descriptions of how the metrics are calculated and how they influence health behavior are presented. Section three reviews applications of social network analysis to health behaviors. The actor-oriented stochastic evolution model is presented first which provides a way to statistically test network evolution properties. Diffusion of innovations models are presented next which describe how networks influence the spread of ideas and practices within and between communities. Network interventions are also presented and a typology describing network interventions and evidence from empirical studies presented. This book enables researchers to understand how network data are collected and processed; and how to calculate appropriate metrics and models used to understand network influences on health behavior. Simple examples and data are presented throughout so researchers can adopt this methodology and perspective in their own investigations. Examples of health behaviors include smoking, substance use, contraception, HIV/AIDS, obesity, and many others.
Ego- and Personal-Network Effects
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows how researchers can collect network data from randomly drawn samples. The data only represent the respondent personal network, usually from the respondent's perspective. The chapter then details the various measures derived from personal network data and the research questions and hypotheses that have been tested. Personal network exposure, concurrency, and tie strength hypotheses are discussed. A comparison between ego-centric and sociometric data is presented. The chapter discussed how to convert egocentric data to a dyadic dataset thus facilitating analysis and testing of certain hypotheses. Although ego centric data are somewhat limited, they still provide powerful measures of interpersonal influence that are strongly predictive of behavior. The chapter closed with a discussion of the application of snowball sampling including network recruitment.
Centrality
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides background on the calculation, interpretation, and uses of various measures designed to determine which nodes occupy the center of a network. The chapter focuses on the three most common centrality measures developed by Freeman (1979): degree, closeness, and betweenness. Other centrality measures are also listed. The distinction between centrality and centralization is made and extent of correlation among centrality measures reported. The chapter reviewed how each of these centrality measures might function in the diffusion of innovations and behavior change and discussed the roles of opinion leaders in the behavior change process.
Positions
Authors: Valente Thomas W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces positional analysis which is conducted by defining positions in a network and reducing a network to these positions and mapping the relations between positions. The chapter also covers individual measures of positions in which nodes are defined as occupy the same position based on their connections to others or the similarity in their distances to others in the network. These individual equivalence positions can be used to group people into positions and to model the ways in which network positions influence behavior. Positions are composed of people who seem to be in the same space in the network, regardless of whether they are directly connected to one another, though they might be.
11 Compassion: Human and Animal
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Most discussions of the continuity in compassionate concern between humans and other animals focus on continuities and on “good discontinuities,” areas in which humans appear to have superior moral abilities. This chapter focuses on “bad discontinuities,” areas in which human compassion appears diseased and obtuse in ways that correspond to no defect in other species. After offering an analysis of the cognitive structure of compassion, the chapter then examines the relationship between each component of compassion, as it appears in standard human cases, and its role in a variety of animal cases, mapping the differences between humans and a range of animal species. The chapter then attempts to pinpoint the ways in which human compassion goes awry, through the influence of distortions supplied both by defective cultural norms and by a more tenacious underlying anxiety about weakness and need that leads human beings to create classes of subordinate beings to whom they then refuse compassion. Finally, this analysis is used to illuminate a range of cases in which humans refuse compassion to other humans in ways that appear deformed and reprehensible.
Executive Function: Description and Explanation
Authors: Dick Anthony Steven , Overton Willis F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe concept “executive function,” which broadly refers to the psychological processes involved in the conscious control of action and thought, occupies a central place in the study of cognition and cognitive development. However, while adequate as a working definition, this understanding is vague and imprecise. In this chapter, we examine contemporary approaches to executive function development that operate as behavioral descriptions, and as biological or psychological explanations. We argue that, in order to avoid reductionism to a single level of explanation, a relational perspective is necessary. This perspective emphasizes that description and multiple explanatory levels of analysis are complementary features of a complete explanation. Thus, any complete explanation may entail all levels, but no level represents a competing alternative to other levels. Within this context, we explore the advantages of this approach for executive function research, and conclude with suggestions uniting the levels into an integrated system of explanation.
Developments and Regressions in Rule Use: The Case of Zinedine Zidane
Authors: Burack Jacob A. , Russo Natalie , Dawkins Tammy , Huizinga Mariëtte 
Published: May 2010

AbstractZinedine Zidane's “head-butt” of the Italian defender Marco Materazzi in the championship game of the 2006 World Cup provides the context for asking why people make clearly detrimental decisions, even in contexts in which they are experienced and expert. Werner's developmental notion of regression is an essential component of a developmental framework that can be used to understand Zidane's impulsive behavior, as even well-ingrained rules can be overwhelmed by lower developmental behaviors in certain circumstances. In this context, the notion of the development of rule learning and use is more nuanced than the simple attainment of the understanding or even the ability to of a rule in certain situations, but entails the adaptability to flexibly implement the optimal choice of rules in particularly challenging and stressful situations, such as the World Cup final.
The Development of Future-Oriented Decision-Making
Authors: Moore Chris 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers the development of future oriented decision-making and its relations to theory of mind, executive function, and the temporally extended self. Recent work using a modified choice-based delay of gratification paradigm to study future oriented decision-making is reviewed. In general, it is found that children start to be able to make prudent choices in favor of future benefits for self and others at about 4 years of age. This development is associated with a suite of social–cognitive changes, including the understanding of the diversity of mental states across self and other, the ability to inhibit immediate responses to salient information, and the ability to conceive of the self as extended in time.
Early Social and Cognitive Precursors and Parental Support for Self-Regulation and Executive Function: Relations from Early Childhood into Adolescence
Authors: Landry Susan H. , Smith Karen E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDevelopment of executive functions and self-regulation, two important goals for school age children, are described in this chapter. To better understand their development, we examine the evidence for several early skills as precursors, including social communication, language, and pretend play. The potential for the quality of caregivers' early verbal input to also support these skills is described, particularly as this input occurs during early childhood. Finally, evidence is provided for the links between early precursor skills and caregiver input with school age executive functions and adolescent social competence. Evidence for these relations comes from a unique longitudinal study of 360 children and their caregivers examined in home settings from 6 months to 13 years of age. Findings highlight how skills developing in infancy and early childhood provide a foundation for executive functions and self regulation in middle childhood and early adolescence and the importance of the child's social context.