bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin of Crude Oil in the Lunnan Region, Tarim Basin
Authors: Sumei LI , Xiongqi PANG , Haijun YANG , Zhongyao XIAO , Qiaoyuan GU , Baoshou ZHANG , Haijiang WANG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:The oil source of the Tarim Basin has been controversial over a long time. This study characterizes the crude oil and investigates the oil sources in the Lunnan region, Tarim Basin by adopting compound specific isotopes of n‐alkanes and biomarkers approaches. Although the crude oil has a good correlation with the Middle‐Upper Ordovician (O2+3) source rocks and a poor correlation with the Cambrian‐Lower Ordovician (∈‐O1) based on biomarkers, the ş13C data of n‐alkanes of the Lunnan oils show an intermediate value between ∈‐O1 and O2+3 genetic affinity oils, which suggests that the Lunnan oils are actually of an extensively mixed source. A quantification of oil mixing was performed and the results show that the contribution of the Cambrian‐Lower Ordovician source rocks ranges from 11% to 70% (averaging 36%), slightly less than that of the Tazhong uplift. It is suggested that the inconsistency between the biomarkers and δ13C in determining the oil sources in the Lunnan Region results from multiple petroleum charge episodes with different chemical components in one or more episode(s) and different sources. The widespread marine mixed‐source oil in the basin indicates that significant petroleum potential in deep horizons is possible. To unravel hydrocarbons accumulation mechanisms for the Lunnan oils is crucial to further petroleum exploration and exploitation in the region.
Tectono‐thermal Evolution in the Bachu Uplift, Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Nansheng QIU , Guang JIANG , Qinghua MEI , Shengjun WANG 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:The thermal evolution of source rocks in the Paleozoic has long been a problem to petroleum exploration in the Bachu uplift, Tarim basin, since the thermal history in the Paleozoic could not be rebuilt objectively due to lack of effective thermal indicators in the Lower Paleozoic successions. The apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He thermochronometry can be used as a new kind of technique to study the thermal history and tectonic uplift of sedimentary basins. Based on the measured apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He ages, apatite fission track data and equivalence vitrinite reflectance (%EVRo), the tectonothermal histories in 5 wells of the Bachu uplift were modeled. The modeling results show that there was relatively high gradient at the Early Paleozoic in the Bachu uplift and it decreased gradually during the entire Paleozoic: 33–35°C/km in the Cambrian‐Ordovician, 32–33°C/km in the Silurian‐Devonian, 30–32°C/km at the end of Carboniferous and 27.5–31°C/km at the end of Permian. Therefore, the thermal history can be modeled by combining multiple thermal indicators of AFT, (U‐Th)/He ages and EVRo data. Especially, this provides a new method to rebuild the thermal history for the Low Paleozoic carbonate successions in the Tarim Basin.
Effects of Near‐Surface Absorption on Reflection Characteristics of Continental Interbedded Strata: the Dagang Oilfield as an Example
Authors: Guofa LI , Mingqiang CAO , Hui ZHOU 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Due to the effects of seismic wave field interference, the reflection events generated from interbedded and superposed sand and shale strata no longer have an explicit corresponding relationship with the geological interface. The absorption of the near‐surface layer decreases the resolution of the seismic wavelet, intensifies the interference of seismic reflections from different sand bodies, and makes seismic data interpretation of thin interbedded strata more complex and difficult. In order to concretely investigate and analyze the effects of the near‐surface absorption on seismic reflection characteristics of interbedded strata, and to make clear the ability of current technologies to compensate the near‐surface absorption, a geological model of continental interbedded strata with near‐surface absorption was designed, and the prestack seismic wave field was numerically simulated with wave equations. Then, the simulated wave field was processed by the prestack time migration, the effects of near‐surface absorption on prestack and poststack reflection characteristics were analyzed, and the near‐surface absorption was compensated for by inverse Q‐filtering. The model test shows that: (1) the reliability of prediction and delineation of a continental reservoir with AVO inversion is degraded due to the lateral variation of the near‐surface structure; (2) the corresponding relationships between seismic reflection events and geological interfaces are further weakened as a result of near‐surface absorption; and (3) the current technology of absorption compensation probably results in false geological structure and anomaly. Based on the model experiment, the real seismic data of the Dagang Oil Field were analyzed and processed. The seismic reflection characteristics of continental interbedded strata were improved, and the reliability of geological interpretation from seismic data was enhanced.
Citrullinated peptide and its relevance to rheumatoid arthritis: an update
Authors: LUBAN Stanislav , LI Zhan‐Guo 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCitrullinated peptides in autoimmune diseases have been extensively studied in the last two decades. It is suggested that citrullination and the anti‐citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) plays a critical role in initiating inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The most commonly accepted molecular mechanism for citrullinated peptides/proteins in RA is that the modified antigen resulting from cell damage or uncontrolled apoptosis could evoke an immune response leading to autoantibodies against these peptide or the whole protein. Citrullination of arginine is catalyzed by the enzyme peptidylarginine‐deiminase (PAD) in the presence of calcium, changing the positively charged arginine to a polar but neutral citrulline. These citrullinated peptides/proteins and the relevant antibodies (ACPA) are important, not only in initiation of RA, but also in the diagnosis of the disease. In this evidence‐based clinical review, we summarize recently published data on peptide citrullination and ACPA gauging the ability of anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) antibodies for diagnosis of RA. We also recapitulate results of studies elucidating the mechanism underlying the disease.
Photolysis of Hydrogen Peroxide, an Effective Disinfection System via Hydroxyl Radical Formation
Authors: Ikai Hiroyo , Nakamura Keisuke , Shirato Midori , Kanno Taro , Iwasawa Atsuo , Sasaki Keiichi , Niwano Yoshimi , Kohno Masahiro 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

The relationship between the amount of hydroxyl radicals generated by photolysis of H
2
O
2
and bactericidal activity was examined. H
2
O
2
(1 M) was irradiated with laser light at a wavelength of 405 nm to generate hydroxyl radicals. Electron spin resonance spin trapping analysis showed that the amount of hydroxyl radicals produced increased with the irradiation time. Four species of pathogenic oral bacteria,
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
,
Streptococcus mutans
, and
Enterococcus faecalis
, were used in the bactericidal assay.
S
.
mutans
in a model biofilm was also examined. Laser irradiation of suspensions in 1 M H
2
O
2
resulted in a >99.99% reduction of the viable counts of each of the test species within 3 min of treatment. Treatment of
S
.
mutans
in a biofilm resulted in a >99.999% reduction of viable counts within 3 min. Other results demonstrated that the bactericidal activity was dependent on the amount of hydroxyl radicals generated. Treatment of bacteria with 200 to 300 μM hydroxyl radicals would result in reductions of viable counts of >99.99%.
Tigecycline Population Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Community- or Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Rubino Christopher M. , Forrest Alan , Bhavnani Sujata M. , Dukart Gary , Cooper Angel , Korth-Bradley Joan , Ambrose Paul G. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Tigecycline is a new-generation of tetracycline (glycylcyclines) and is active
in vitro
against bacteria that possess any of the classical genes that confer tetracycline resistance through ribosomal protection or efflux pumps. Herein, tigecycline disposition in patients with community- or hospital-acquired pneumonia was described using a population pharmacokinetic model. Additionally, the influence of covariates, such as body surface area, severity of illness, and clinical laboratory measures, on tigecycline disposition was evaluated. An intravenous loading dose of 100 mg was followed by 50 mg of tigecycline every 12 h. The final population pharmacokinetic model was a two-compartment model with linear elimination and with a relationship between tigecycline clearance and body surface area and creatinine clearance. The model was parameterized using total clearance (CL), the volume of the central compartment, distributional clearance from the central to the peripheral compartment, and volumes of distribution at steady state. Relationships between body surface area and creatinine clearance were identified as significant predictors of interindividual variability on CL. This model will serve as the basis for estimating tigecycline exposure for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses for efficacy and safety among patients with community- or hospital-acquired pneumonia.
Increased Pho Regulon Activation Correlates with Decreased Virulence of an Avian Pathogenic
Escherichia coli
O78 Strain
Authors: Bertrand Nicolas , Houle Sébastien , LeBihan Guillaume , Poirier Édith , Dozois Charles M. , Harel Josée 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Avian pathogenic
Escherichia coli
(APEC) strains are associated with respiratory infections, septicemia, cellulitis, peritonitis, and other conditions, since colibacillosis manifests in many ways. The Pho regulon is jointly controlled by the two-component regulatory system PhoBR and by the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system. To determine the specific roles of the PhoBR regulon and the Pst system in the pathogenesis of the APEC O78 strain χ7122, different
phoBR
and
pst
mutant strains were tested
in vivo
in chickens and
in vitro
for virulence traits. Mutations resulting in constitutive activation of the Pho regulon rendered strains more sensitive than the wild type to hydrogen peroxide and to the bactericidal effects of rabbit serum. In addition, production of type 1 fimbriae was also impaired in these strains. Using a chicken competitive infection model, all PhoB constitutive mutants were outcompeted by the wild-type parent, including strains containing a functional Pst system. Cumulative inactivation of the Pst system and the PhoB regulator resulted in a restoration of virulence. In addition, loss of the PhoB regulator alone did not affect virulence in the chicken infection model. Interestingly, the level of attenuation of the mutant strains correlated directly with the level of activation of the Pho regulon. Overall, results indicate that activation of the Pho regulon rather than phosphate transport by the Pst system plays a major role in the attenuation of the APEC O78 strain χ7122.
Role of Adrenomedullin in Lyme Disease
Authors: Marre Meghan L. , Darcy Courtney T. , Yinh Janeth , Akira Shizuo , Uematsu Satoshi , Steere Allen C. , Hu Linden T. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBorrelia burgdorferistimulates a strong inflammatory response during infection of a mammalian host. To understand the mechanisms of immune regulation employed by the host to control this inflammatory response, we focused our studies on adrenomedullin, a peptide produced in response to bacterial stimuli that exhibits antimicrobial activity and regulates inflammatory responses by modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Specifically, we investigated the effect ofB. burgdorferion the expression of adrenomedullin as well as the ability of adrenomedullin to dampen host inflammatory responses to the spirochete. The concentration of adrenomedullin in the synovial fluid of untreated Lyme arthritis patients was elevated compared with that in control osteoarthritis patient samples. In addition, coculture withB. burgdorferisignificantly increased the expression of adrenomedullin in RAW264.7 macrophages through MyD88-, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)-, and p38-dependent signaling cascades. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous adrenomedullin toB. burgdorferi-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages resulted in a significant decrease in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results suggest thatB. burgdorferiincreases the production of adrenomedullin, which in turn negatively regulates theB. burgdorferi-stimulated inflammatory response.
‘Dippers' flu’ and its relationship to PON1 polymorphisms
Authors: Cherry Nicola , Mackness Michael , Mackness Bharti , Dippnall Martin , Povey Andrew 
Published: October 2010

ObjectivesSheep-dippers report an acute flu-like condition (dippers' flu: DF) but the cause and relation to chronic disability are unknown.MethodsIn a case-referent study previously reported, 175 sheep dippers with chronic disability and 234 referents, sheep dippers in good health, completed an interview with information on dipping, type of pesticide used and health for each year 1970–2000 and gave blood for typing of PON1 polymorphisms.ResultsReports of DF were much higher (66.3% 116/175) in the chronically unwell than in those without chronic ill-health (18.0% 42/234: OR=8.99 95% CI 5.69–14.21). No significant relation was seen between reported exposures and DF in those with chronic illness, but risk was higher with concentrate handling in those without. An R allele at position 192 on PON1 related to reports of DF both in those with chronic illness (OR=2.04 95% CI 1.08–3.87) and in those who started dipping after 1969 and were not chronically unwell (OR=2.52 95%CI 1.00–6.37). Interaction between handling diazinon concentrate and PON1 (192R) increased the risk of DF. No precipitating factor was identified in a case-crossover analysis. In the group without chronic illness those with 192R developed DF earlier (risk ratio 2.49 95%CI 1.03-6.02).Conclusion‘Dippers’ flu' and chronic ill-health attributed to dipping share a common polymorphism (192R). The interaction between handling diazinon concentrate and PON1 genotype supports the conclusion that organophosphates may cause DF. Sheep dippers who are still healthy but experience ‘dippers’ flu' may be wise to further limit exposures to organophosphates.
Comparison of analyses of respiratory gases made with the K4b2 portable and Quark laboratory analysers in horses
Authors: Leprêtre P‐M. , Metayer N. , Giovagnoli G. , Pagliei E. , Barrey E. 
Published: October 2010

Measurements of minute ventilation (VE) and expired oxygen and carbon dioxide fractions (FeO2and FeCO2) were measured at rest and during exercise in seven warmblood horses performing two consecutive standardised incremental treadmill exercise tests at submaximal speed, using the portable K4b2telemetric unit and the laboratory Quark metabolic cart in random order. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were estimated using the Haldane equation. There were no significant differences between the measurements made with the two devices. However, VEwas overestimated when the horses were cantering at 10 m/s in comparison with values available in the literature.
Factors affecting the risk of euthanasia for cows in Danish dairy herds
Authors: Thomsen P. T. , Sørensen J. T. 
Published: October 2010

Information about the 7238 Danish dairy cows that died or were euthanased in April, May and June of 2008 was obtained from the Danish Cattle Database, and the herd‐level factors affecting the risk of being euthanased (as opposed to dying naturally) were evaluated by logistic regression. In total, 16·6 per cent of the dead cows had been euthanased. The odds of euthanasia increased with increasing herd size, increasing herd‐level milk yield and increasing morbidity in the herd. The odds ratio (OR) of euthanasia was 1·13 (P<0·0001) for the effect of an increase in herd size of 50 cows, 1·13 (P<0·0001) for an increase in herd‐level milk yield of 1000 kg energycorrected milk per cow per year, and 1·31 (P<0·0001) for an increase in the average number of diseases recorded per cow per year of 0·5. The cows' parity and stage of lactation had no effect on their risk of being euthanased.
Effect of fasting sheep for a shor t period on the efficacy and safety of monepantel
Authors: Hosking B. C. , Stein P. A. 
Published: October 2010

Eighteen, six‐ to seven‐month‐old lambs were infected experimentally with larvae of Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia curticei and Nematodirus spathiger, and allocated to three equal groups. The infections were timed to ensure that fourth‐stage larvae were present when groups 1 and 2 were treated orally with monepantel. Group 1 was not fed for 24 hours before the treatment, group 2 was fed two hours before the treatment and group 3 was fed at the same time as group 2 but not treated with monepantel. All the sheep had access to water. Worm burdens were determined 15 days after the treatments. Fasting or feeding had no statistically significant effects on the efficacy of the monepantel solution against the nematodes, and the period of fasting had no adverse effects.
Survival time of dogs with inflammatory mammary cancer treated with palliative therapy alone or palliative therapy plus chemotherapy
Authors: Clemente M. , De Andrés P. J. , Peña L. , Pérez‐Alenza M. D. 
Published: October 2010

Seven of 30 female dogs diagnosed with inflammatory mammary cancer were given chemotherapy and palliative treatment, and the other 23 received only palliative treatment. The median survival time of the seven dogs given chemotherapy was 57 days, compared with 35 days for the 23 given only palliative treatment.
Application of real‐time ultrasonography for the detection of tarsal vein thrombosis in cattle
Authors: Kofler J. , Buchner A. , Sendlhofer A. 
Published: October 2010

The clinical and ultrasonographic features of the thrombosis of three tarsal veins in a six‐year‐old dairy cow are described. Thrombosis and metastatic abscessation developed on the left tarsus six days after the amputation of the lateral claw of the left hindlimb. Originally, the cow suffered from a severe purulent arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint and a retroarticular abscess, caused by interdigital necrobacillosis. By means of real‐time ultrasonography, using a 7.5 MHz transducer, a marked subcutaneous oedema, a subcutaneous abscess and a thrombosis of the ramus cranialis and ramus caudalis of the vena saphena lateralis reaching the confluence into the vena saphena lateralis and a thrombosis of the ramus caudalis of the vena saphena medialis could be identified. The thrombosed veins were not compressible, were oval and had an increased diameter of up to 9 x 12 mm. Intraluminal masses were visualised as hypoechoic structures and the veins distal to the thrombosis were distended up to 10 x 13 mm. The differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of the thrombosis and the abscessation are discussed, and the clinical course and the sonographic observations of the thrombosis during a six week period are described.
Exposure of gilts in early gestation to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Prieto C. , Sánchez R. , Martin‐Rillo S. , Suárez P. , Simarro I. , Solana A. , Castro J. M. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐five gilts without measurable serum antibody titres to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRsv) were identified and 16 were inoculated with PRRSV at seven, 14 or 21 days of gestation and killed 20 to 22 days later to determine the effect of the virus on their embryos. The remaining nine gilts were not exposed to PRRSV, but were killed at the same stages of gestation. The gults were observed for clinical signs of infection and the gilts and their embryos were tested for PRRv and homologous antibodies. The infection was demonstrated by the re‐isolation of the virus and its detection by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in serum and other tissue samples from the inoculated gilts, and also by seroconversion. However, the gilts remained healthy throughout the study, except for one which was depressed and anorexic for two days. Two of the litters from the gilts challenged with PRRSV on day 14 of gestation contained one and three infected live embryos; the other embryos from these two litters did not contain detectable virus, although most of the embryos in one of the litters were dead. The other nine litters from the gilts challenged with PRRSV and the control litters, showed no evidence of infection.
Health and welfare of rehabilitated juvenile hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) before and after release into the wild
Authors: Sainsbury A. W. , Cunningham A. A. , Morris P. A. , Kirkwood J. K. , Macgregor S. K. 
Published: October 2010

Thirteen wild caught juvenile hedgehogs were treated and overwintered in a rehabilitation centre and 12 were released into the wild and monitored by radiotelemetry. Clinical examinations were carried out before they were released and twice afterwards, and any hedgehogs found dead were examined post mortem. The health of the animals was generally good but dental disease, obesity and minor injuries were common. One hedgehog died before it was released and had cardiovascular and respiratory lesions, and one was euthanased 28 days after its release and had verminous enteritis and parasitic bronchitis. Three hedgehogs were killed by badgers, two were killed by road traffic and four were known to have survived when the study ended.
Transient metabolic hyperammonaemia in young Irish wolfhounds
Authors: Meyer H. P. , Rothuizen J. , Tiemessen I. , van den Brom W. E. , van den Ingh T. S. G. A. M. 
Published: October 2010

Inherited portosystemic shunts occur in 2 to 3 per cent of Irish wolfhounds and are associated with high venous ammonia concentrations and signs of hepatic encephalopathy. Moreover, the vast majority of Irish wolfhound pups without signs of hepatic encephalopathy have moderate hyperammonaemia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the increased ammonia levels in these clinically healthy dogs are caused by low‐grade portosystemic shunting, and whether the hyperammonaemia persists in adulthood. The fasting venous ammonia concentration and the fraction of portal blood by‐passing the liver, expressed as the shunt index (si) were measured in 42 Irish wolfhound pups, and the dogs with high si values were examined post mortem. The ammonia concentration was also measured in 25 adult Irish wolfhounds in which it had been measured when they were seven to eight weeks old. Eleven of the 42 pups had a portosystemic shunt, as evidenced by a high Si (mean 0.82, range 0.12 to 1.00, normal range 0.01 to 0.05) and by post mortem examination. Their mean ammonia concentration was 249 pmolllitre (range 121 to 350). The 31 pups with a normal si (mean 0.025, range 0.00 to 0.05) had a mean ammonia concentration of 93 μmol/litre (range 51 to 125). In the 25 dogs in which the ammonia concentration was measured twice, the mean concentration at seven to eight weeks of age was 77,mol/litre (range 47 to 115) and in the adults it was 17 μmol/litre (range 6 to 27) at a mean age of 3‐1 years (range 1.0 to 8.9). These results show that Irish wolihounds with ammonia concentrations >125 μmol/litre had a portosystemic shunt, whereas the hyperammonaemia in dogs with ammonia concentrations <120 gmolllitre was transient and of metabolic origin.