bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early loading of surface modified implants in the posterior mandible – 5 year results of an open prospective non‐controlled study
Authors: Schliephake Henning , Rödiger Matthias , Phillips Keith , McGlumphy Edwin A. , Chacon Guillermo E. , Larsen Peter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate an early loading protocol for surface modified implants placed in the posterior mandible.Material and Methods: A total of 134 implants with a TiO2 blasted, fluoride modified surface were inserted into the posterior mandibles of 44 patients. The implants were functionally loaded after 7 weeks of healing. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) values (during the first year), bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque accumulation and marginal bone level (MBL) were assessed until the end of the observation period of 5 years. A total of 41 patients with 123 implants completed the study.Results: No implants were lost. ISQ values decreased significantly from the time of insertion to 2 weeks and increased significantly until the 1‐year follow up. BOP varied until the end of the observation period between 7.9% and 13.0%. Plaque accumulation decreased from the time of early loading to the end of the study. MBL changed from 0.59 mm at the time of implant placement to 0.80 mm at the time of early loading. Thereafter, only slight variations in MBL occurred until the end of the observation period.Conclusions: The results confirm that early loading is a promising option also in posterior edentulism of the mandible.
Peri‐implant disease in subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5‐year follow‐up
Authors: Costa Fernando Oliveira , Takenaka‐Martinez Satoshi , Cota Luís Otávio Miranda , Ferreira Sergio Diniz , Silva Geraldo Lúcio Magalhães , Costa José Eustáquio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAimTo determine the incidence of peri‐implantitis in individuals with mucositis in a 5‐year follow‐up study.Material and MethodsA sample of 212 partially edentulous individuals, rehabilitated with dental implants, underwent periodontal and peri‐implant clinical examinations in 2005 (baseline). Five years later, 80 individuals who had been diagnosed with mucositis in the baseline examination were re‐examined. These individuals were divided into two groups: one group with preventive maintenance during the study period (GTP; n = 39), and another group without preventive maintenance (GNTP; n = 41). The following parameters were clinically evaluated: plaque index, bleeding on periodontal and peri‐implant probing, periodontal and peri‐implant probing depth, suppuration and peri‐implant bone loss. The influence of biological and behavioural risk variables associated with the occurrence of peri‐implantitis was analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe incidence of peri‐implantitis in the global sample was 31.2% (GNTP = 43.9% and GTP = 18.0%).ConclusionThe absence of preventive maintenance in individuals with pre‐existing peri‐implant mucositis was associated with a high incidence of peri‐implantitis. Clinical parameters, such as bleeding on peri‐implant probing, periodontal probing depth and the presence of periodontitis were associated with a higher risk of developing peri‐implantitis.
Initial assessment of responsiveness of the P‐CPQ (Brazilian Version) to describe the changes in quality of life after treatment for traumatic dental injury
Authors: Antunes Lívia Azeredo Alves , Luiz Ronir Raggio , Leão Anna Thereza Thomé , Maia Lucianne Cople 
Published: November 2011

Abstract – This study aimed to assess the responsiveness of the Brazilian version of the Parental–Caregiver Perception Questionnaire (B‐P‐CPQ) to describe changes in quality of life (QoL) after treatment for traumatic dental injury (TDI). After eligibility criteria were applied, 42 of 255 patients who went to a dental trauma center for TDI treatment were included. QoL was evaluated in two different appointments: A1 (after TDI) and A2 (after TDI treatment). The B‐P‐CPQ scores were calculated using the additive method. Psychometric properties like internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha), test–retest reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and construct validity (Spearman’s correlations) were assessed, and, mainly, the responsiveness was analyzed by standardized response means (SRM). Mean B‐P‐CPQ scores were 30.05 (1.74 SD) and 2.67 (4.05 SD), while the median scores were 17.39 and 2.00 (P < 0.01), respectively in A1 and A2. Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.87 in A1 and 0.66 in A2. ICC was 0.90. B‐P‐CPQ scores were correlated with overall well‐being (P < 0.01; rho: 0.71). The B‐P‐CPQ responsiveness scores declined 27.38 points, and a perfect SRM of 1.76 was achieved. The B‐P‐CPQ scores indicated changes in QoL following TDI. The change was observed as an impact decrease after TDI treatment, demonstrating positive reduction and improvement on QoL. The responsiveness of the P‐CPQ (Brazilian version) in detecting change on QoL after TDI treatment was confirmed by SRM assessment. The findings represent an evidence of the importance of professional care and treatment of TDI.
Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by Brown Lemurs in a Malagasy Tropical Dry Forest
Authors: Sato Hiroki 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn the Ankarafantsika tropical dry forest (northwestern Madagascar), the common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus) is the largest frugivore and probably the sole disperser of large‐seeded plants (seed diameter > 10 mm). To investigate seed dispersal by this primate, I recorded the feeding activities of a troop; also conducted fecal analyses, germination trials on defecated seeds, and a vegetation survey over 1 yr (beginning Dec 2006). Brown lemurs mostly consumed fruit (68%). The fruit of Vitex beraviensis was the most exploited resource (21% of total feeding time). Among dung samples, 1126 contained intact seeds of 70 plant species, with a median of six seeds and two species per sample. These data indicate that the brown lemur population dispersed approximately 9854 seeds/km2/d. Although the number of annually defecated seeds was overwhelmingly the largest in Grewia triflora, many of the small seeds were often clumped in dung piles. In contrast, large seeds of V. beraviensis occurred in the largest number of dung samples. The rate and time of seed germination in V. beraviensis were improved by passage through brown lemur guts. Therefore, V. beraviensis may readily establish seedlings in sites of brown lemur fecal deposition. Vitex beraviensis and brown lemurs are probably involved in a strong mutualism. Twenty‐three large‐seeded plants were probably dependent on brown lemurs for seed dispersal and some of these species were common trees in the forest. Maintenance of these key plant–animal interactions will probably contribute to the conservation of species diversity and intact regeneration of the Ankarafantsika forest.
Motivational interviewing training in juvenile corrections: A comparison of outside experts and internal trainers
Authors: Doran Neal , Hohman Melinda , Koutsenok Igor 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. This study was designed to compare expert consultant trainers and less experienced, in‐house trainers in providing basic training in motivational interviewing (MI) for juvenile corrections employees.Methods. Trainees (n= 1,552) attended a 3‐day workshop administered by either a member of the Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers (MINT) or a corrections staff member who had been trained by a MINT trainer.Results. Pre‐ to post‐test MI knowledge and skill gains did not vary between MINT expert and internal trainers, and increased for both groups. MINT trainees were more motivated to learn MI and expected it to be more effective in their work compared with those trained by corrections staff. MINT trainers were perceived as more knowledgeable about the topic, whereas corrections staff trainers were rated as better at utilizing handouts and visual aids. The groups did not differ on other measures of trainee satisfaction.Conclusions. These data suggest that a train‐the‐trainers model, in which expert consultants provide initial trainings to develop a pool of staff to provide subsequent trainings, may be as effective as a model that relies exclusively on expert trainers.
Small Rho GTPases and Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway Intermediates in African Swine Fever Virus Infection
Authors: Quetglas Jose I. , Hernáez Bruno , Galindo Inmaculada , Muñoz-Moreno Raquel , Cuesta-Geijo Miguel A. , Alonso Covadonga 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
The integrity of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is required for efficient African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection. Incorporation of prenyl groups into Rho GTPases plays a key role in several stages of ASFV infection, since both geranylgeranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphates are required at different infection steps. We found that Rho GTPase inhibition impaired virus morphogenesis and resulted in an abnormal viral factory size with the accumulation of envelope precursors and immature virions. Furthermore, abundant defective virions reached the plasma membrane, and filopodia formation in exocytosis was abrogated. Rac1 was activated at early ASFV infection stages, coincident with microtubule acetylation, a process that stabilizes microtubules for virus transport. Rac1 inhibition did not affect the viral entry step itself but impaired subsequent virus production. We found that specific Rac1 inhibition impaired viral induced microtubule acetylation and viral intracellular transport. These findings highlight that viral infection is the result of a carefully orchestrated modulation of Rho family GTPase activity within the host cell; this modulation results critical for virus morphogenesis and in turn, triggers cytoskeleton remodeling, such as microtubule stabilization for viral transport during early infection.
Replication-Competent Influenza A Virus That Encodes a Split-Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged PB2 Polymerase Subunit Allows Live-Cell Imaging of the Virus Life Cycle
Authors: Avilov Sergiy V. , Moisy Dorothée , Munier Sandie , Schraidt Oliver , Naffakh Nadia , Cusack Stephen 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Studies on the intracellular trafficking of influenza virus ribonucleoproteins are currently limited by the lack of a method enabling their visualization during infection in single cells. This is largely due to the difficulty of encoding fluorescent fusion proteins within the viral genome. To circumvent this limitation, we used the split-green fluorescent protein (split-GFP) system (S. Cabantous, T. C. Terwilliger, and G. S. Waldo, Nat. Biotechnol. 23:102–107, 2005) to produce a quasi-wild-type recombinant A/WSN/33/influenza virus which allows expression of individually fluorescent PB2 polymerase subunits in infected cells. The viral PB2 proteins were fused to the 16 C-terminal amino acids of the GFP, whereas the large transcomplementing GFP fragment was supplied by transient or stable expression in cultured cells that were permissive to infection. This system was used to characterize the intranuclear dynamics of PB2 by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and to visualize the trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) by dynamic light microscopy in live infected cells. Following nuclear export, vRNPs showed a transient pericentriolar accumulation and intermittent rapid (∼1 μm/s), directional movements in the cytoplasm, dependent on both microtubules and actin filaments. Our data establish the potential of split-GFP-based recombinant viruses for the tracking of viral proteins during a quasi-wild-type infection. This new virus, or adaptations of it, will be of use in elucidating many aspects of influenza virus host cell interactions as well as in screening for new antiviral compounds. Furthermore, the existence of cell lines stably expressing the complementing GFP fragment will facilitate applications to many other viral and nonviral systems.
A Distinct Class of Internal Ribosomal Entry Site in Members of the Kobuvirus and Proposed Salivirus and Paraturdivirus Genera of the Picornaviridae
Authors: Sweeney Trevor R. , Dhote Vidya , Yu Yingpu , Hellen Christopher U. T. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The 5′-untranslated regions (5′ UTRs) of picornavirus genomes contain an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) that promotes the end-independent initiation of translation. Picornavirus IRESs are classified into four structurally distinct groups, each with different initiation factor requirements. Here, we identify a fifth IRES class in members of
Kobuvirus
,
Salivirus
, and
Paraturdivirus
genera of
Picornaviridae
: Aichi virus (AV), bovine kobuvirus (BKV), canine kobuvirus (CKoV), mouse kobuvirus (MKoV), sheep kobuvirus (SKV), salivirus A (SV-A), turdivirus 2 (TV2), and TV3. The 410-nucleotide (nt)-long AV IRES comprises four domains (I to L), including a hairpin (L) that overlaps a Y
n
-X
m
-AUG (pyrimidine tract/spacer/initiation codon) motif. SV-A, CKoV, and MKoV also contain these four domains, whereas BKV, SKV, and TV2/TV3 5′ UTRs contain domains that are related to domain I and equivalent to domains J and K but lack an AV-like domain L. These IRESs are located at different relative positions between a conserved 5′-terminal origin of replication and divergent coding sequences. Elements in these IRESs also occur elsewhere: domain J's apical subdomain, which contains a GNRA tetraloop, matches an element in type 1 IRESs, and eIF4G-binding motifs in domain K and in type 2 IRESs are identical. Other elements are unique, and their presence leads to unique initiation factor requirements.
In vitro
reconstitution experiments showed that like AV, but in contrast to other currently characterized IRESs, SV-A requires the DExH-box protein DHX29 during initiation, which likely ensures that the initiation codon sequestered in domain L is properly accommodated in the ribosomal mRNA-binding cleft.
Small RNA Deep Sequencing Identifies MicroRNAs and Other Small Noncoding RNAs from Human Herpesvirus 6B
Authors: Tuddenham Lee , Jung Jette S. , Chane-Woon-Ming Béatrice , Dölken Lars , Pfeffer Sébastien 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Roseolovirus, or human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), is a ubiquitous human pathogen infecting over 95% of the population by the age of 2 years. As with other herpesviruses, reactivation of HHV-6 can present with severe complications in immunocompromised individuals. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of herpesvirus-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) in modulating both cellular and viral gene expression. An initial report which computed the likelihood of various viruses to encode miRNAs did not predict HHV-6 miRNAs. To experimentally screen for small HHV-6-encoded RNAs, we conducted large-scale sequencing of Sup-T-1 cells lytically infected with a laboratory strain of HHV-6B. This revealed an abundant, 60- to 65-nucleotide RNA of unknown function derived from the lytic origin of replication (OriLyt) that gave rise to smaller RNA species of 18 or 19 nucleotides. In addition, we identified four pre-miRNAs whose mature forms accumulated in Argonaute 2. In contrast to the case for other betaherpesviruses, HHV-6B miRNAs are expressed from direct repeat regions (DR
L
and DR
R
) located at either side of the genome. All miRNAs are conserved in the closely related HHV-6A variant, and one of them is a seed ortholog of the human miRNA miR-582-5p. Similar to alphaherpesvirus miRNAs, they are expressed in antisense orientation relative to immediate-early open reading frames (ORFs) and thus have the potential to regulate key viral genes.
Associations between Virologic and Immunologic Dynamics in Blood and in the Male Genital Tract
Authors: Gianella Sara , Strain Matthew C. , Rought Steffney E. , Vargas Milenka V. , Little Susan J. , Richman Douglas D. , Spina Celsa A. , Smith Davey M. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

To determine the influence of asymptomatic genital viral infections on the cellular components of semen and blood, we evaluated the associations between the numbers and activation statuses of CD4
+
and CD8
+
T lymphocytes in both compartments and the seminal levels of cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV). Paired blood and semen samples were collected from 36 HIV-infected antiretroviral-naïve individuals and from 40 HIV-uninfected participants. We performed multiparameter flow cytometry analysis (CD45, CD45RA, CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD38) of seminal and blood cellular components and measured HIV RNA and CMV and HSV DNA levels in seminal and blood plasma by real-time PCR. Compared to HIV-uninfected participants, in the seminal compartment HIV-infected participants had higher levels of CMV (
P
< 0.05), higher numbers of total CD3
+
(
P
< 0.01) and CD8
+
subset (
P
< 0.01) T lymphocytes, and higher CD4
+
and CD8
+
T lymphocyte activation (RA-CD38
+
) (
P
< 0.01). Seminal CMV levels positively correlated with absolute numbers of CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells in semen (
P
< 0.05) and with the activation status of CD4
+
T cells in semen and in blood (
P
< 0.01). HIV levels in semen (
P
< 0.05) and blood (
P
< 0.01) were positively associated with T-cell activation in blood. Activation of CD8
+
T cells in blood remained an independent predictor of HIV levels in semen in multivariate analysis. The virologic milieu in the male genital tract strongly influences the recruitment and activation of immune cells in semen and may also modulate T-cell immune activation in blood. These factors likely influence replication dynamics, sexual transmission risk, and disease outcomes for all three viruses.
The Role of Evolutionary Intermediates in the Host Adaptation of Canine Parvovirus
Authors: Stucker Karla M. , Pagan Israel , Cifuente Javier O. , Kaelber Jason T. , Lillie Tyler D. , Hafenstein Susan , Holmes Edward C. , Parrish Colin R. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The adaptation of viruses to new hosts is a poorly understood process likely involving a variety of viral structures and functions that allow efficient replication and spread. Canine parvovirus (CPV) emerged in the late 1970s as a host-range variant of a virus related to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). Within a few years of its emergence in dogs, there was a worldwide replacement of the initial virus strain (CPV type 2) by a variant (CPV type 2a) characterized by four amino acid differences in the capsid protein. However, the evolutionary processes that underlie the acquisition of these four mutations, as well as their effects on viral fitness, both singly and in combination, are still uncertain. Using a comprehensive experimental analysis of multiple intermediate mutational combinations, we show that these four capsid mutations act in concert to alter antigenicity, cell receptor binding, and relative
in vitro
growth in feline cells. Hence, host adaptation involved complex interactions among both surface-exposed and buried capsid mutations that together altered cell infection and immune escape properties of the viruses. Notably, most intermediate viral genotypes containing different combinations of the four key amino acids possessed markedly lower fitness than the wild-type viruses.
Conventional Protein Kinase C-α (PKC-α) and PKC-β Negatively Regulate RIG-I Antiviral Signal Transduction
Authors: Maharaj Natalya P. , Wies Effi , Stoll Andrej , Gack Michaela U. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a key sensor for viral RNA in the cytosol, and it initiates a signaling cascade that leads to the establishment of an interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral state. Because of its integral role in immune signaling, RIG-I activity must be precisely controlled. Recent studies have shown that RIG-I CARD-dependent signaling function is regulated by the dynamic balance between phosphorylation and TRIM25-induced K
63
-linked ubiquitination. While ubiquitination of RIG-I is critical for RIG-I's ability to induce an antiviral IFN response, phosphorylation of RIG-I at S
8
or T
170
suppresses RIG-I signal-transducing activity under normal conditions. Here, we not only further define the roles of S
8
and T
170
phosphorylation for controlling RIG-I activity but also identify conventional protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) and PKC-β as important negative regulators of the RIG-I signaling pathway. Mutational analysis indicated that while the phosphorylation of S
8
or T
170
potently inhibits RIG-I downstream signaling, the dephosphorylation of RIG-I at both residues is necessary for optimal TRIM25 binding and ubiquitination-mediated RIG-I activation. Furthermore, exogenous expression, gene silencing, and specific inhibitor treatment demonstrated that PKC-α/β are the primary kinases responsible for RIG-I S
8
and T
170
phosphorylation. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that PKC-α/β interact with RIG-I under normal conditions, leading to its phosphorylation, which suppresses TRIM25 binding, RIG-I CARD ubiquitination, and thereby RIG-I-mediated IFN induction. PKC-α/β double-knockdown cells exhibited markedly decreased S
8
/T
170
phosphorylation levels of RIG-I and resistance to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus. Thus, these findings demonstrate that PKC-α/β-induced RIG-I phosphorylation is a critical regulatory mechanism for controlling RIG-I antiviral signal transduction under normal conditions.
Beyond the fireground: injuries in the fire service
Authors: Poplin Gerald S , Harris Robin B , Pollack Keshia M , Peate Wayne F , Burgess Jefferey L 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundAlthough firefighting and emergency medical services are high-risk professions, few studies have identified the aetiology of injury in the fire service beyond the fireground.MethodsData were collected for work-related injuries in a medium-sized metropolitan fire department. In a descriptive study, the factors explored included the nature of injury, agent, mechanism, body location, environment, abbreviated injury scale (AIS), functional capacity index (FCI) and lost time status.ResultsFrom 2004 to 2009, the annual injury incidence rate averaged 17.7 per 100 employees. One-third of all injuries (32.9%) resulted from physical exercise activities, while patient transport, training drills and fireground operations resulted in 16.9%, 11.1% and 10.2% of injuries, respectively. For all job operations, sprains and strains were the most prevalent type of injury (40.2–85.2%), followed by contusions and lacerations (7.7–26.1%). The third most common injury was related to the conventional hazards of the individual job operation. Most injuries (n=862, 95.6%) were minor in severity, while 4.3% of injuries were classified as having some impedance of normal function (FCI 3). Moderate injuries (AIS 2) were infrequent, but comprised a greater proportion of fireground injuries (8.7%) than the other activities (1.0–4.1%); however, lost time injuries were more frequent for patient transport (46.1%) than other operations (22.0–29.1%).ConclusionsPhysical exercise, patient transport and training activities were responsible for a greater percentage of injuries than fireground operations. Focused efforts to improve the characterisation of risks during these more diverse set of work processes should help guide the development of salient strategies for injury prevention.