bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Vessel Capacity Reduction Programmes on Efficiency in Fisheries: the Case of Australia’s Multispecies Northern Prawn Fishery
Authors: Pascoe Sean , Coglan Louisa , Punt Andre E. , Dichmont Catherine M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractCapacity reduction programmes, in the form of buybacks or decommissioning, have had relatively widespread application in fisheries in the US, Europe and Australia. A common criticism of such programmes is that they remove the least efficient vessels first, resulting in an increase in average efficiency of the remaining fleet, which tends to increase the effective fishing power of the remaining fleet. In this paper, the effects of a buyback programme on average technical efficiency in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery are examined using a multi‐output production function approach with an explicit inefficiency model. As expected, the results indicate that average efficiency of the remaining vessels was generally greater than that of the removed vessels. Further, there was some evidence of an increase in average scale efficiency in the fleet as the remaining vessels were closer, on average, to the optimal scale. Key factors affecting technical efficiency included company structure and the number of vessels fishing. In regard to fleet size, our model suggests positive externalities associated with more boats fishing at any point in time (due to information sharing and reduced search costs), but also negative externalities due to crowding, with the latter effect dominating the former. Hence, the buyback resulted in a net increase in the individual efficiency of the remaining vessels due to reduced crowding, as well as raising average efficiency through removal of less efficient vessels.
Fifty Years of Work on the Artificial Placenta: Milestones in the History of Extracorporeal Support of the Premature Newborn
Authors: Schoberer Mark , Arens Jutta , Lohr Anne , Seehase Matthias , Jellema Reint K. , Collins Jennifer J. , Kramer Boris W. , Schmitz‐Rode Thomas , Steinseifer Ulrich , Orlikowsky Thorsten 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe concept of an artificial placenta has been pursued in experimental research since the early 1960s. The principle has yet to be successfully implemented in neonatal care despite the constant evolution in extracorporeal life support technology and advancements in neonatal intensive care in general. For more than three decades, the physical dimensions of the required equipment necessitated pump‐driven circuits; however, recent advances in oxygenator technology have allowed exploration of the simpler and physiologically preferable concept of pumpless arteriovenous oxygenation. We expect that further miniaturization of the extracorporeal circuit will allow the implementation of the concept into clinical application as an assist device. To this end, NeonatOx (Fig. 1), a custom‐made miniaturized oxygenator with a filling volume of 20 mL, designed by our own group, has been successfully implemented with a preterm lamb model of less than 2000 g body weight as an assist device. We provide an overview of milestones in the history of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation of the preterm newborn juxtaposed against current and future technological advancements. Key limitations, which need to be addressed in order to make mechanical gas exchange a clinical treatment option of prematurity‐related lung failure, are also identified.NeonatOx, a low‐volume extracorporeal assist device for preterm lung failure.image
Proinflammatory cytokines and complement activation in salvaged blood from abdominal aortic aneurism surgery and total hip replacement surgery
Authors: Lindholm Espen , Seljeflot Ingebjørg , Aune Erlend , Kirkebøen Knut Arvid 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Levels of proinflammatory mediators in unwashed salvaged blood from abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA) surgery are unknown. We hypothesized that there are higher levels of these mediators in unwashed blood salvaged in AAA surgery compared to hip replacement surgery.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Ten patients scheduled for AAA surgery (Group A) and 10 patients for total hip replacement surgery (Group H) were included. Blood samples from the autotransfusion set were obtained during surgery and arterial samples before, during, and 6 hours after surgery. Determination of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, tumor necrosis factor‐α, activated complement 3 (C3a), and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (CRP) were performed. Salvaged blood was not retransfused.RESULTS: Levels (median [range]) of IL‐8 in blood in the salvage system were higher in Group A versus Group H (215.3 [22.5‐697.2] vs. 35.3 [16.7‐66.6] pg/mL; p = 0.002). Higher levels of IL‐6 were also seen in Group A versus Group H (60.0 [52.6‐62.2] vs. 42.34 [19.4‐62.2] pg/mL; p = 0.049). Levels of IL‐6 in blood sampled during surgery were approximately fivefold higher in Group A versus Group H (p = 0.023), whereas approximately 70% higher levels of C3a were observed in Group H versus Group A (p = 0.021). Postoperative concentrations of IL‐1β (p = 0.002), IL‐6 (p = 0.001), and IL‐8 (0.005) were higher in Group A versus Group H.CONCLUSION: Salvaged blood in AAA surgery contains substantially higher levels of proinflammatory mediators compared to blood in total hip replacement surgery.
Effect of a Rising R‐Curve on the Sliding Wear of Silicon‐Disilicide In Situ Composites
Authors: Fischer David S. , Schuh Christopher A. 
Published: February 2012

This study investigates the tribological behavior of a new class of silicon‐disilicide (Si‐(Cr,V)Si2) in situ composites which display eutectic microstructures comprising a Si matrix and reinforcing (Cr,V)Si2 disilicide phase. Dry, room temperature ball‐on‐disk tests carried out at various loads (W = 1–6 N) showed that the specific wear rates of the Si‐(Cr,V)Si2 composites (ka ≈10−5 mm3/Nm) were about an order of magnitude lower than that of unalloyed Si (ka ≈10−4 mm3/Nm) in the wear regime dominated by lateral cracking. Microscopic analysis of the wear tracks, as well as observations from indentation experiments, revealed that the improved wear resistance of the Si‐(Cr,V)Si2 composites at higher loads was due to the activation of crack deflection and bridging toughening mechanisms during the wear process, which results in a rise in the apparent composite fracture toughness with increasing crack size (i.e., a rising R‐curve behavior). Analysis of the wear test data in the context of a lateral fracture wear model demonstrates that the enhanced short‐crack response of the Si‐(Cr,V)Si2 composites during sliding wear can indeed be explained by the incorporation of a sharply rising R‐curve relation for the composite fracture toughness.
Effect of Composition and Temperature on Volatilization of Cs from Borosilicate Glasses
Authors: Banerjee Dayamoy , Joseph Annie , Sudarsan Vasantha Kumaran , Wattal Piaray Kishen , Das Dasarathi 
Published: February 2012

Volatility of Cs from borosilicate glasses incorporated with different additives like ZnO, BaO, and CaO have been investigated as a function of heating temperatures (900°C, 950°C, and 1000°C) and time. According to the lower Cs volatility, the sequence of the incorporated oxides is arrived as ZnO < B2O3 < BaO < CaO. It is confirmed that the volatilization of Cs occurred predominantly through diffusion controlled process. From the temperature‐dependence volatility profiles of Cs, the activation energy and frequency factor was calculated and found to be in the range of 300–500 kJ/mol and 103–1012 cm2/s, lowest for ZnO and highest for CaO containing glasses. It was found that the frequency factor and not the activation energy were controlling the Cs loss. The observed variations in the activation energy and frequency factor have been explained by a unique model structure and possible interactions of Cs with different structural units formed due to incorporation of the different additives.
Neuroimaging of Pediatric Intracranial Infection—Part 2: TORCH, Viral, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections
Authors: Nickerson Joshua P. , Richner Beat , Santy Ky , Lequin Maarten H. , Poretti Andrea , Filippi Christopher G. , Huisman Thierry A.G.M. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTIn the second half of this 2‐part review, the neuroimaging features of the most common viral, fungal, and parasitic infections of the pediatric central nervous system are discussed. Brief discussions of epidemiology and pathophysiology will be followed by a review of the imaging findings and potential differential considerations. J Neuroimaging 2012;22:e52–e63.
Comparison of Oxidized and Reduced Glutathione in the Bread‐Making Qualities of Rice Batter
Authors: Yano Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:  The demand for gluten‐free bread is growing as the recognition of celiac disease and wheat allergy has increased worldwide. In our previous study, reduced glutathione (GSH) was found to improve the gas‐retaining properties of rice batter used for gluten‐free bread. In this article, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was shown to have the same effect. Moreover, sensory tests revealed that GSSG bread had a significantly reduced sulfurous odor. Analyses by a gas chromatography‐flame photometric detector demonstrated the presence of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan in the headspace of GSH bread, and also their significant reduction in GSSG bread. The viscoelastic properties and microstructures of GSSG and GSH bread did not noticeably differ. These observations suggest the usefulness of GSSG in making gluten‐free rice bread and extend our knowledge of the use of glutathione in food processing.Practical Application:  Glutathione, a widely‐distributed peptide in cells, improves the bread‐making quality of gluten‐free rice batter. While both the reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione are effective, GSSG‐bread has significantly reduced sulfurous odor compared to GSH‐bread.
The once‐daily human glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog, liraglutide, improves β‐cell function in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Seino Yutaka , Rasmussen Mads Frederik , Clauson Per , Kaku Kohei 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAims/Introduction:  β‐cell function was evaluated by homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function (HOMA‐B) index, proinsulin:insulin and proinsulin:C‐peptide ratios in adult, Japanese type 2 diabetes patients receiving liraglutide.Materials and Methods:  Data from two randomized, controlled clinical trials (A and B) including 664 Japanese type 2 diabetes patients (mean values: glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] 8.61–9.32%; body mass index [BMI] 24.4–25.3 kg/m2) were analyzed. In two 24‐week trials, patients received liraglutide 0.9 mg (n = 268) or glibenclamide 2.5 mg (n = 132; trial A), or liraglutide 0.6, 0.9 mg (n = 176) or placebo (n = 88) added to previous sulfonylurea therapy (trial B).Results:  Liraglutide was associated with improved glycemic control vs sulfonylurea monotherapy or placebo. In liraglutide‐treated groups in trials A and B, area under the curve (AUC) insulin 0–3 h was improved (P < 0.001 for all) and the AUCinsulin 0–3 h:AUCglucose 0–3 h ratio was increased (estimated treatment difference [liraglutide–comparator] 0.058 [0.036, 0.079]). HOMA‐B significantly increased with liraglutide relative to comparator in trial B (P < 0.05), but not in trial A. The reduction in fasting proinsulin:insulin ratio was 50% greater than in comparator groups.Conclusions:  In Japanese type 2 diabetes patients, liraglutide was associated with effective glycemic control, restoration of prandial insulin response and indications of improved β‐cell function. This trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (trial A: no. NCT00393718/JapicCTI‐060328 and trial B: no. NCT00395746/JapicCTI‐060324). (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00193.x, 2012)
Optimal cut‐off point for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance to discriminate metabolic syndrome in non‐diabetic Japanese subjects
Authors: Yamada Chizumi , Moriyama Kengo , Takahashi Eiko 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe have recently established a ‘health‐associated’ reference interval of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) between 0.4 and 2.4. In the present study, the aim was to establish a ‘decision‐based’ limit of HOMA‐IR for the discrimination of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in non‐diabetic Japanese subjects. The receiver–operating characteristic curve of HOMA‐IR for detecting MetS was developed using data from 6868 non‐diabetic subjects (3727 men, 3141 women). The optimal cut‐off point was determined based on the point that yielded the minimum value of the square root of [(1 – sensitivity)2 + (1 – specificity)2]. HOMA‐IR = 1.7 was determined as the optimal cut‐off value, with a sensitivity and specificity of 73.4% and 70.5% for men, and 81.5% and 77.0% for women, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal cut‐off value for HOMA‐IR to discriminate MetS in non‐diabetic Japanese subjects appears to be 1.7. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00194.x, 2012)
Case Study: A Young Male With Auditory Hallucinations in Paranoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Kotowski Abigail 
Published: February 2012

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this case study is to demonstrate use of the nursing process and the standardized nursing languages of NANDA International (NANDA‐I), the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), and the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) to assist a young male with paranoid schizophrenia to deal with auditory hallucinations.DATA SOURCES.  Data were obtained from the experience and expertise of the author and published literature.DATA SYNTHESIS.  This case study demonstrates nurses' clinical decision making in providing care for an adolescent with mental illness.CONCLUSION.  This case study provides the pertinent nursing diagnosis, patient outcomes, and nursing interventions for a young male with auditory hallucinations in paranoid schizophrenia.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING.  The use of NANDA‐I, NOC, and NIC can provide the necessary framework for enhancing and improving the management of care with patients who experience auditory hallucinations in paranoid schizophrenia.
Cues for Nursing Diagnosis of Ineffective Self‐management of Fluid and Dietary Restrictions in Dialysis Therapy in Japan
Authors: Kamiya Chizuru , Honda Ikumi , Kasaoka Kazuko , Egawa Takako , Yada Mamiko , Miyawaki Ikuko 
Published: February 2012

PURPOSE.  We aimed to identify the cues of expert nurses and validate the cue information on the defining characteristics for a nursing diagnosis of ineffective self‐management of fluid and dietary restrictions in dialysis therapy in Japan.METHODS.  We used qualitative interviews and two‐round Delphi studies.FINDINGS.  The expert nurses regarded four signs of unmaintained fluid and dietary restrictions as major defining characteristics and nine other cues as minor defining characteristics.CONCLUSIONS.  Expert nurses in dialysis therapy regard symptoms of health behavior as major cues for nursing diagnosis of ineffective self‐management of fluid and dietary restrictions in dialysis therapy.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  Verification of the clinical validity and development of a specific, clinically useful database on nursing diagnoses are required.
A Variational Method to Retrieve the Extinction Profile in Liquid Clouds Using Multiple-Field-of-View Lidar
Authors: Pounder Nicola L. , Hogan Robin J. , Várnai Tamás , Battaglia Alessandro , Cahalan Robert F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLiquid clouds play a profound role in the global radiation budget, but it is difficult to retrieve their vertical profile remotely. Ordinary narrow-field-of-view (FOV) lidars receive a strong return from such clouds, but the information is limited to the first few optical depths. Wide-angle multiple-FOV lidars can isolate radiation that is scattered multiple times before returning to the instrument, often penetrating much deeper into the cloud than does the single-scattered signal. These returns potentially contain information on the vertical profile of the extinction coefficient but are challenging to interpret because of the lack of a fast radiative transfer model for simulating them. This paper describes a variational algorithm that incorporates a fast forward model that is based on the time-dependent two-stream approximation, and its adjoint. Application of the algorithm to simulated data from a hypothetical airborne three-FOV lidar with a maximum footprint width of 600 m suggests that this approach should be able to retrieve the extinction structure down to an optical depth of around 6 and a total optical depth up to at least 35, depending on the maximum lidar FOV. The convergence behavior of Gauss–Newton and quasi-Newton optimization schemes are compared. Results are then presented from an application of the algorithm to observations of stratocumulus by the eight-FOV airborne Cloud Thickness from Off-Beam Lidar Returns (THOR) lidar. It is demonstrated how the averaging kernel can be used to diagnose the effective vertical resolution of the retrieved profile and, therefore, the depth to which information on the vertical structure can be recovered. This work enables more rigorous exploitation of returns from spaceborne lidar and radar that are subject to multiple scattering than was previously possible.
Tropical Cyclone Lightning and Rapid Intensity Change
Authors: DeMaria Mark , DeMaria Robert T. , Knaff John A. , Molenar Debra 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A large sample of Atlantic and eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone cases (2005–10) is used to investigate the relationships between lightning activity and intensity changes for storms over water. The lightning data are obtained from the ground-based World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The results generally confirm those from previous studies: the average lightning density (strikes per unit area and time) decreases with radius from the storm center; tropical storms tend to have more lightning than hurricanes; intensifying storms tend to have greater lightning density than weakening cyclones; and the lightning density for individual cyclones is very episodic. Results also show that Atlantic tropical cyclones tend to have greater lightning density than east Pacific storms. The largest lightning density values are associated with sheared cyclones that do not intensify very much. The results also show that when the lightning density is compared with intensity change in the subsequent 24 h, Atlantic cyclones that rapidly weaken have a larger inner-core (0–100 km) lightning density than those that rapidly intensify. Thus, large inner-core lightning outbreaks are sometimes a signal that an intensification period is coming to an end. Conversely, the lightning density in the rainband regions (200–300 km) is higher for those cyclones that rapidly intensified in the following 24 h in both the Atlantic and east Pacific. When lightning density parameters are used as input to a discriminant analysis technique, results show that lightning information has the potential to improve the short-term prediction of tropical cyclone rapid intensity changes.
Toward Improving High-Resolution Numerical Hurricane Forecasting: Influence of Model Horizontal Grid Resolution, Initialization, and Physics
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Sundararaman G. , Goldenberg Stanley , Quirino Thiago , Zhang Xuejin , Marks Frank , Yeh Kao-San , Atlas Robert , Tallapragada Vijay 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This paper provides an account of the performance of an experimental version of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting system (HWRFX) for 87 cases of Atlantic tropical cyclones during the 2005, 2007, and 2009 hurricane seasons. The HWRFX system was used to study the influence of model grid resolution, initial conditions, and physics. For each case, the model was run to produce 126 h of forecast with two versions of horizontal resolution, namely, (i) a parent domain at a resolution of about 27 km with a 9-km moving nest (27:9) and (ii) a parent domain at a resolution of 9 km with a 3-km moving nest (9:3). The former was selected to be consistent with the current operational resolution, while the latter is the first step in testing the impact of finer resolutions for future versions of the operational model. The two configurations were run with initial conditions for tropical cyclones obtained from the operational Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and HWRF models. Sensitivity experiments were also conducted with the physical parameterization scheme. The study shows that the 9:3 HWRFX system using the GFDL initial conditions and a system of physics similar to the operational version (HWRF) provides the best results in terms of both track and intensity prediction. Use of the HWRF initial conditions in the HWRFX model provides reasonable skill, particularly when used in cases with initially strong storms (hurricane strength). However, initially weak storms (below hurricane strength) posed special challenges for the models. For the weaker storm cases, none of the predictions from the HWRFX runs or the operational GFDL forecasts provided any consistent improvement when compared to the operational Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme with an inland decay component (DSHIPS).
Verification of RUC 0–1-h Forecasts and SPC Mesoscale Analyses Using VORTEX2 Soundings
Authors: Coniglio Michael C. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This study uses radiosonde observations obtained during the second phase of the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) to verify base-state variables and severe-weather-related parameters calculated from Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) analyses and 1-h forecasts, as well as those calculated from the operational surface objective analysis system used at the Storm Prediction Center (the SFCOA). The rapid growth in temperature, humidity, and wind errors from 0 to 1 h seen at all levels in a past RUC verification study by Benjamin et al. is not seen in the present study. This could be because the verification observations are also assimilated into the RUC in the Benjamin et al. study, whereas the verification observations in the present study are not. In the upper troposphere, the present study shows large errors in relative humidity, mostly related to a large moist bias. The planetary boundary layer tends to be too shallow in the RUC analyses and 1-h forecasts. Wind speeds tend to be too fast in the lowest 1 km and too slow in the 2–4-km layer. RUC and SFCOA 1-h forecast errors for many important severe weather parameters are large relative to their potential impact on convective evolution. However, the SFCOA significantly improves upon the biases seen in most of the 1-h RUC forecasts for the base-state surface variables and most of the other severe-weather-related parameters, indicating that the SFCOA has a more significant impact in reducing the biases in the 1-h RUC forecasts than on the root-mean-squared errors.