bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Endogenous Core Temperature Rewarming After Cooling Due to Snow Burial
Authors: Grissom Colin K. , Harmston Chris H. , McAlpine John C. , Radwin Martin I. , Ellington Brad , Hirshberg Ellie L. , Crouch Andre 
Published: January 2011

Objective To measure afterdrop and rewarming in subjects placed in a hypothermia wrap immediately after extrication from 60 minutes of snow burial. Methods We measured esophageal core body temperature (Tes) in 6 subjects buried in compacted snow (mean density 39%) for up to 60 minutes at an altitude of 2450 m while breathing with an AvaLung (Black Diamond Equipment, Salt Lake City, UT). Mean snow temperature was –3.5 ± 1.0°C and mean air temperature was 0 ± 2°C. Subjects wore a 1-piece Gore-Tex suit over medium weight Capilene underwear with a hood, face mask, goggles, mittens, and boots. After extrication from snow burial subjects were immediately placed in a hypothermia wrap. Tes was measured for an additional 60 minutes as subjects rewarmed by shivering. Results Tes cooling rate during snow burial was 0.84 ± 0.3°C/h during a mean burial time of 58 ± 4 minutes. Tes afterdrop (0.77 ± 0.4°C) occurred 12 ± 8 minutes after extrication from snow burial at a cooling rate of 4.0 ± 0.8°C/h ( P <.001 Tes snow burial vs afterdrop cooling rate). Rewarming rate was 1.1 ± 0.3°C/h over the subsequent 48 ± 8 minutes ( P = 0.045 snow burial cooling vs rewarming rate). Conclusion Afterdrop rate increased about 4-fold as compared to snow burial cooling rate for a transient time period in subjects who were placed immediately into an insulating hypothermia wrap. Spontaneous endogenous rewarming increased core body temperature at a slightly higher rate than it decreased during snow burial. These findings suggest that field rewarming of mildly hypothermic and shivering avalanche burial victims is possible, but they should be insulated quickly to limit significant afterdrop.
An index theorem of Callias type for pseudodifferential operators
Authors: Kottke Chris 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe prove an index theorem for families of pseudodifferential operators generalizing those studied by C. Callias, N. Anghel and others. Specifically, we consider operators on a manifold with boundary equipped with an asymptotically conic (scattering) metric, which have the form D + iΦ, where D is elliptic pseudodifferential with Hermitian symbols, and Φ is a Hermitian bundle endomorphism which is invertible at the boundary and commutes with the symbol of D there. The index of such operators is completely determined by the symbolic data over the boundary. We use the scattering calculus of R. Melrose in order to prove our results using methods of topological K-theory, and we devote special attention to the case in which D is a family of Dirac operators, in which case our theorem specializes to give family versions of the previously known index formulas.
Dehn surgeries on some classical links
Authors: Cavicchioli Alberto , Spaggiari Fulvia , Telloni Agnese Ilaria 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe consider orientable closed connected 3-manifolds obtained by performing Dehn surgery on the components of some classical links such as Borromean rings and twisted Whitehead links. We find geometric presentations of their fundamental groups and describe many of them as 2-fold branched coverings of the 3-sphere. Finally, we obtain some topological applications on the manifolds given by exceptional surgeries on hyperbolic 2-bridge knots.
Kinetic-Energy Discrimination for Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Kelly Thomas F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe benefits of using kinetic-energy information to aid ion discrimination in atom probe tomography (APT) are explored. Ion peak interferences in time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra are categorized by difficulty of discrimination using TOF and kinetic-energy information. Several of these categories, which are intractable interferences when only TOF information is available, may be discriminated when kinetic-energy information also is available. Furthermore, many opportunities for removing noise from composition determinations and three-dimensional images are enabled. Modest kinetic-energy resolving powers (KRPs) of 10 or so should be sufficient to have a major impact on APT. With KRP of about 100, the energy deficits in voltage pulsing may be resolved to enable peak discrimination in straight-flight-path instruments. Real examples and simulated mass spectra are used to illustrate the benefits of kinetic-energy discrimination. Many of the conclusions are applicable generally in TOF spectroscopy. Current detectors do not provide the kinetic energy of incoming ions, but there are realistic prospects for building such detectors and these are discussed. A program to develop these detectors should be pursued.
Timekeepers – Sound Artists – Drum Machines: Studies of Notation and Performance in Contemporary Music for Solo Percussionist
Authors: BRÜSTLE CHRISTA 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhat are the consequences of understanding a musical score as an ‘action plan’ – a composed set of performance instructions – rather than as a document, a transcript, or a concretization of a composer's idea and, ultimately, of a fixed musical work? This question is discussed through a consideration of four examples of contemporary percussion music – solo pieces by Karlheinz Stockhausen, Morton Feldman, David Lang, and Helmut Lachenmann. Considering the musical text in relation to the dynamics of a work's execution and performance can give us not only a ‘sound picture’ but also a kinaesthetic picture of the performer on stage. Through this shift of perspective the score comes to be viewed as a script or an agent, which then acts as both a foundation and a catalyst for the actions of the performer and his or her production of sound.
A Hermeneutics of Spatialization for Recorded Song
Authors: MOORE ALLAN F. , SCHMIDT PATRICIA , DOCKWRAY RUTH 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article is one of a series exploring the spatialization of sound sources in recorded songs and how they may be understood (see also ‘The Virtual Performance Space in Rock’,twentieth-century music5/2). Its theoretical basis is multi-faceted, utilizing notions of ecological perception, of the sound-box, of the singer's persona, and of interpersonal distance in communication, as well as further concepts from cognitive science. It focuses particularly onimage schemataandproxemics, exemplifying them across a range of genres, while also addressing them critically, for instance from a feminist perspective. Finally, it explores how this theoretical basis helps us not only to understand the contribution of spatialization to the interpretation of songs and their meanings, but also to shed light on the role of other musical domains.
Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Antibiotic Use for the Treatment of Hospital-Acquired Infections at 393 French Hospitals: A Regional Variation Analysis
Authors: Amadeo B. , Dumartin C. , Venier A. G. , Fourrier-Réglat A. , Coignard B. , Rogues A. M. 
Published: January 2011

Objective.The present study investigated regional variations in antibiotic use for the treatment of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in France by means of a multilevel analysis, to identify targets for quality improvement.Methods.Data were obtained from the 2001 and 2006 French national point-prevalence surveys of HAIs and antibiotic use. The present study was conducted using data from 393 nonteaching public hospitals. Data included patient characteristics calculated at the hospital level (mean age and proportion of patients with the following: HAI, presence of a vascular catheter, presence of a urinary catheter, surgical procedure, and immunodeficiency) and hospital characteristics (size and presence of an intensive care unit). The regional effect was measured using a random intercept on a regional variable.Results.Overall, the prevalence of antibiotic use was 5.35% for both study years. The most commonly used antibiotics for HAIs were fluoroquinolones (2001, 1.33%; 2006, 1.35%) and combinations of penicillins with a β-lactamase inhibitor (2001, 0.92%; 2006, 1.02%). Mapping of antibiotic use showed wide variation between regions. The regional effect explained 3% of antibiotic variation in the unadjusted analysis. In the multivariable analysis, hospital size, high prevalence of patients with immunodeficiency, and infection characteristics explained 45% of the variability in antibiotic use. The regional effect was not retained in the final model.Conclusion.The pattern of antibiotic use for HAIs differed over time, and regional variations were mostly explained by patient characteristics; there was no regional effect. Models that take data hierarchy into account are essential to better approach antibiotic use and develop relevant strategies for improvement.
Identifying viral integration sites using SeqMap 2.0
Authors: Hawkins Troy B. , Dantzer Jessica , Peters Brandon , Dinauer Mary , Mockaitis Keithanne , Mooney Sean , Cornetta Kenneth 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Summary: Retroviral integration has been implicated in several biomedical applications, including identification of cancer-associated genes and malignant transformation in gene therapy clinical trials. We introduce an efficient and scalable method for fast identification of viral vector integration sites from long read high-throughput sequencing. Individual sequence reads are masked to remove non-genomic sequence, aligned to the host genome and assembled into contiguous fragments used to pinpoint the position of integration.
Availability and Implementation: The method is implemented in a publicly accessible web server platform, SeqMap 2.0, containing analysis tools and both private and shared lab workspaces that facilitate collaboration among researchers. Available at http://seqmap.compbio.iupui.edu/.
Contact: troyhawk@iupui.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The future of fisheries science in management: a remote-sensing perspective
Authors: Stuart Venetia , Platt Trevor , Sathyendranath Shubha 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Stuart, V., Platt, T., and Sathyendranath, S. 2011. The future of fisheries science in management: a remote-sensing perspective. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 644–650. Earth observation from satellites offers vast potential for fisheries applications, including management of marine resources, stock assessment, marine aquaculture, and fish harvesting. One of the most promising avenues for the use of satellite data for fisheries science in management lies in quantifying objectively the variables that result in large and small year classes of exploited stocks. The influence of fluctuations in the availability of food in the critical period of larval stages can be investigated through the application of ecological indicators describing the variability of the pelagic ecosystem at a given time and place. These indices can increase our understanding of the relationship between ecosystem factors and the recruitment of key species. Despite the many demonstration applications published to date, little use is being made of satellite data to support fisheries science in management. We discuss some of the obstacles that lie in the way of the operational use of satellite data and suggest actions that could facilitate its broader application.
Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia Improves Early Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Caputo Massimo , Alwair Hazaim , Rogers Chris A. , Pike Katie , Cohen Alan , Monk Christopher , Tomkins Sally , Ryder Ian , Moscariello Cesare , Lucchetti Vincenzo , Angelini Gianni D. 
Published: January 2011

Background
The aim of this two-center, open, randomized, controlled trial was to evaluate the impact of thoracic epidural anesthesia on early clinical outcomes in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

Methods
Two hundred and twenty-six patients were randomized to either general anesthesia plus epidural (GAE) (n = 109) or general anesthesia only (GA) (n = 117). The primary outcome was length of postoperative hospital stay. Secondary outcomes were: arrhythmia, inotropic support, intubation time, perioperative myocardial infarction, neurologic events, intensive care stay, pain scores, and analgesia requirement.

Results
Baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. One patient died in the GAE group. Median postoperative stay was significantly reduced in the GAE, compared with the GA, group (5 days, interquartile range [5-6] vs. 6 days, interquartile range [5-7], hazard ratio = 1.39, 95% CI [1.06-1.82]; P = 0.017). The incidence of arrhythmias and the median intubation time were both significantly lower in the GAE, compared with the GA, group (odds ratio = 0.41, 95% CI [0.22-0.78], P = 0.006 and hazard ratio = 1.73, 95% CI [1.31-2.27], P < 0.001, respectively). Patients in the GAE group were more likely to need vasoconstrictors intraoperatively than in the GA group (odds ratio = 2.50, 95% CI [1.22-5.12]; P = 0.012). The GAE, compared with GA, group reported significantly lower levels of impairment for all pain domains and reduced morphine usage (odds ratio = 0.07, 95% CI [0.03-0.17]; P < 0.001).

Conclusion
In patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery, the addition of thoracic epidural to general anesthesia significantly reduces the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias and improves pain control and overall quality of recovery, allowing earlier extubation and hospital discharge.
Salvinorin A Produces Cerebrovasodilation through Activation of Nitric Oxide Synthase, κ Receptor, and Adenosine Triphosphate–sensitive Potassium Channel
Authors: Su Diansan , Riley John , Kiessling Willis J. , Armstead William M. , Liu Renyu 
Published: January 2011

Background
Salvinorin A is a nonopioid, selective κ opioid-receptor agonist. Despite its high potential for clinical application, its pharmacologic profile is not well known. In the current study, we hypothesized that salvinorin A dilates pial arteries via activation of nitric oxide synthase, adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels, and opioid receptors.

Methods
Cerebral artery diameters and cyclic guanosine monophosphate in cortical periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid were monitored in piglets equipped with closed cranial windows. Observation took place before and after salvinorin A administration in the presence or absence of an opioid antagonist (naloxone), a κ opioid receptor-selective antagonist (norbinaltorphimine), nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine and 7-nitroindazole), a dopamine receptor D2 antagonist (sulpiride), and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium and Ca-activated K channel antagonists (glibenclamide and iberiotoxin). The effects of salvinorin A on the constricted cerebral artery induced by hypocarbia and endothelin were investigated. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA (n = 5) with statistical significance set at a P value of less than 0.05.

Results
Salvinorin A induced immediate but brief vasodilatation that was sustained for 30 min via continual administration every 2 min. Vasodilatation and the associated cyclic guanosine monophosphate elevation in cerebrospinal fluid were abolished by preadministration N(G)-nitro-L-arginine, but not 7-nitroindazole. Although naloxone, norbinaltorphimine, and glibenclamide abolished salvinorin A-induced cerebrovasodilation, this response was unchanged by iberiotoxin and sulpiride. Hypocarbia and endothelin-constricted pial arteries responded similarly to salvinorin A, to the extent observed under resting tone.

Conclusions
Salvinorin A dilates cerebral arteries via activation of nitric oxide synthase, adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel, and the κ opioid receptor.
Differentiation of Arabidopsis Guard Cells: Analysis of the Networks Incorporating the Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor, FAMA
Authors: Hachez Charles , Ohashi-Ito Kyoko , Dong Juan , Bergmann Dominique C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNearly all extant land plants possess stomata, the epidermal structures that mediate gas exchange between the plant and the environment. The developmental pathways, cell division patterns, and molecules employed in the generation of these structures are simple examples of processes used in many developmental contexts. One specific module is a set of “master regulator” basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that regulate individual consecutive steps in stomatal development. Here, we profile transcriptional changes in response to inducible expression of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) FAMA, a basic helix-loop-helix protein whose actions during the final stage in stomatal development regulate both cell division and cell fate. Genes identified by microarray and candidate approaches were then further analyzed to test specific hypothesis about the activity of FAMA, the shape of its regulatory network, and to create a new set of stomata-specific or stomata-enriched reporters.
BSCTV C2 Attenuates the Degradation of SAMDC1 to Suppress DNA Methylation-Mediated Gene Silencing in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Zhonghui , Chen Hao , Huang Xiahe , Xia Ran , Zhao Qingzhen , Lai Jianbin , Teng Kunling , Li Yin , Liang Liming , Du Quansheng , Zhou Xueping , Guo Huishan , Xie Qi 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Plant viruses are excellent tools for studying microbial–plant interactions as well as the complexities of host activities. Our study focuses on the role of C2 encoded by Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV) in the virus–plant interaction. Using BSCTV C2 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, a C2-interacting protein, S-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase 1 (SAMDC1), was identified from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library. The interaction was confirmed by an in vitro pull-down assay and a firefly luciferase complemention imaging assay in planta. Biochemical analysis further showed that the degradation of the SAMDC1 protein was inhibited by MG132, a 26S proteasome inhibitor, and that C2 could attenuate the degradation of the SAMDC1 protein. Genetic analysis showed that loss of function of SAMDC1 resulted in reduced susceptibility to BSCTV infection and reduced viral DNA accumulation, similar to the effect of BSCTV C2 deficiency. Bisulfite sequencing analysis further showed that C2 deficiency caused enhanced DNA methylation of the viral genome in infected plants. We also showed that C2 can suppress de novo methylation in the FWA transgenic assay in the C2 transgene background. Overexpression of SAMDC1 can mimic the suppressive activity of C2 against green fluorescent protein–directed silencing. These results suggest that C2 interferes with the host defense mechanism of DNA methylation-mediated gene silencing by attenuating the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of SAMDC1.
River dynamics shape clonal diversity and genetic structure of an Amazonian understorey herb
Authors: Schleuning Matthias , Becker Thomas , Vadillo Giovana P. , Hahn Thomas , Matthies Diethart , Durka Walter 
Published: January 2011

Summary 1. Clonal herbs are an important feature of the understorey of Amazonian forests. However, little is known about the environmental drivers determining the population genetics of these herbs and about the spatial scale of gene flow. 2. With amplified fragment length polymorphism markers, we analysed the clonal diversity and genetic structure of a clonal Amazonian herb (Heliconia metallica) in south‐eastern Peru at two spatial scales. First, we sampled leaves in 24 patches differing in flooding frequency and canopy openness in 2 km2 of a floodplain forest, and second in 21 riverine populations from the Andean foothills to the Amazon lowlands along a 550‐km stretch of river. 3. At the small spatial scale in the floodplain forest, the clonal diversity of H. metallica was higher at flooded than at non‐flooded sites, but clonal diversity did not increase with canopy openness. 4. At the large spatial scale, clonal diversity was very low in riverine populations at up‐ and downriver sites, suggesting that seedling recruitment was higher at mid‐altitudes where the flooding intensity is intermediate. Genetic diversity of riverine populations monotonously increased downriver, indicating unidirectional gene flow mediated by hydrochory. 5. Genetic differentiation among riverine populations was very low (FST = 0.06) and followed an isolation‐by‐distance pattern, indicating a stepping‐stone type of gene flow by seeds. Despite the much smaller spatial scale, genetic differentiation among patches in the floodplain forest was higher (FST = 0.16), due to spatially restricted gene flow in the forest understorey. 6.
Synthesis. The genetic structure of H. metallica is the result of seedling recruitment being largely limited to flooded sites and of hydrochoric seed dispersal between populations growing on riverbanks. We conclude that river dynamics are the major determinant of the genetic structure of Amazonian plants and that largely undisturbed river systems, such as the Amazon, provide a crucial vector for gene flow, even at large spatial scales.
Impact of above‐ and below‐ground invertebrates on temporal and spatial stability of grassland of different diversity
Authors: Eisenhauer Nico , Milcu Alexandru , Allan Eric , Nitschke Norma , Scherber Christoph , Temperton Vicky , Weigelt Alexandra , Weisser Wolfgang W. , Scheu Stefan 
Published: January 2011

Summary1. Recent theoretical studies suggest that the stability of ecosystem processes is not governed by diversityper se, but by multitrophic interactions in complex communities. However, experimental evidence supporting this assumption is scarce.2. We investigated the impact of plant diversity and the presence of above‐ and below‐ground invertebrates on the stability of plant community productivity in space and time, as well as the interrelationship between both stability measures in experimental grassland communities.3. We sampled above‐ground plant biomass on subplots with manipulated above‐ and below‐ground invertebrate densities of a grassland biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment) 1, 4 and 6 years after the establishment of the treatments to investigate temporal stability. Moreover, we harvested spatial replicates at the last sampling date to explore spatial stability.4. The coefficient of variation of spatial and temporal replicates served as a proxy for ecosystem stability. Both spatial and temporal stability increased to a similar extent with plant diversity. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between spatial and temporal stability, and elevated plant density might be a crucial factor governing the stability of diverse plant communities.5. Above‐ground insects generally increased temporal stability, whereas impacts of both earthworms and above‐ground insects depended on plant species richness and the presence of grasses. These results suggest that inconsistent results of previous studies on the diversity–stability relationship have in part been due to neglecting higher trophic‐level interactions governing ecosystem stability.6. Changes in plant species diversity in one trophic level are thus unlikely to mirror changes in multitrophic interrelationships. Our results suggest that both above‐ and below‐ground invertebrates decouple the relationship between spatial and temporal stability of plant community productivity by differently affecting the homogenizing mechanisms of plants in diverse plant communities.7.Synthesis. Species extinctions and accompanying changes in multitrophic interactions are likely to result not only in alterations in the magnitude of ecosystem functions but also in its variability complicating the assessment and prediction of consequences of current biodiversity loss.