bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Childhood Constipation: Systematic Review
Authors: Tabbers Merit M. , Boluyt Nicole , Berger Marjolein Y. , Benninga Marc A. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To summarize the evidence and assess the reported quality of studies concerning nonpharmacologic treatments for childhood constipation, including fiber, fluid, physical movement, prebiotics, probiotics, behavioral therapy, multidisciplinary treatment, and forms of alternative medicine.

METHODS:
We systematically searched 3 major electronic databases and reference lists of existing reviews. We included systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported on nonpharmacologic treatments. Two reviewers rated the methodologic quality independently.

RESULTS:
We included 9 studies with 640 children. Considerable heterogeneity across studies precluded meta-analysis. We found no RCTs for physical movement, multidisciplinary treatment, or alternative medicine. Some evidence shows that fiber may be more effective than placebo in improving both the frequency and consistency of stools and in reducing abdominal pain. Compared with normal fluid intake, we found no evidence that water intake increases or that hyperosmolar fluid treatment is more effective in increasing stool frequency or decreasing difficulty in passing stools. We found no evidence to recommend the use of prebiotics or probiotics. Behavioral therapy with laxatives is not more effective than laxatives alone.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is some evidence that fiber supplements are more effective than placebo. No evidence for any effect was found for fluid supplements, prebiotics, probiotics, or behavioral intervention. There is a lack of well-designed RCTs of high quality concerning nonpharmacologic treatments for children with functional constipation.
Trends in US Hospital Distribution of Industry-Sponsored Infant Formula Sample Packs
Authors: Sadacharan Radha , Grossman Xena , Sanchez Emily , Merewood Anne 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:To describe trends in the proportion of US hospitals that distribute industry-sponsored formula sample packs between 2007 and 2010.METHODS:This is a follow-up of a 2007 study. In 2007, we surveyed all 50 US states to determine the proportion of hospitals that distributed infant formula samples to new mothers. In 2010, we selected the 10 best-record and 10 worst-record states with regard to industry-sponsored formula sample-pack distribution in 2007. We called all hospitals in these 20 states and asked if the maternity service distributed a “formula company-sponsored diaper discharge bag” to new mothers. We also recorded the respondent's job title.RESULTS:We contacted 1239 hospitals in 20 states. In 2007, 14% of these hospitals were sample-pack–free. In 2010, 28% of the same hospitals were sample-pack–free; the proportion of sample-pack–free hospitals per state ranged from 0% (5 states) to 86% (Rhode Island). In the 10 best-record states, the weighted proportion of sample-pack–free hospitals increased by a mean difference of 18% between 2007 and 2010 (P &lt; .0001). In the 10 worst-record states, the weighted proportion of sample-pack–free hospitals increased by a mean difference of 6% (P &lt; .01).CONCLUSION:Most US hospitals continue to distribute industry-sponsored formula sample packs, but trends indicate a significant change in practice; increasing proportions of hospitals eliminate these packs. Change was more significant in states where higher proportions of hospitals had already eliminated packs in 2007.
Poliovirus
Authors:   Committee on Infectious Diseases
Published: September 2011

This Policy Statement was retired January 2015.
Despite marked progress in global polio eradication, the threat of polio importation into the United States remains; therefore, all children should be protected against the disease. The standard schedule for poliovirus immunization remains 4 doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 through 18 months and 4 through 6 years of age. The minimum interval between doses 1 and 2 and between doses 2 and 3 is 4 weeks, and the minimum interval between doses 3 and 4 is 6 months. The minimum age for dose 1 is 6 weeks. Minimal age and intervals should be used when there is imminent threat of exposure, such as travel to an area in which polio is endemic or epidemic. The final dose in the inactivated poliovirus vaccine series should be administered at 4 through 6 years of age, regardless of the previous number of doses administered before the fourth birthday, and at least 6 months since the last dose was received.
THz Spectroscopic Study of Iron Oxide Layers within Steel-Reinforced Structural Components
Authors: Plusquellic D. F. , Provenzano V. , Chou S. G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this study, we use THz spectroscopy in the energy range between 45 GHz to 3000 GHz (1.5 cm-1 and 100 cm-1) as a non-destructive diagnostic tool to characterize the corrosion by-products (rust) on aged steel structural components that are usually embedded in concrete. The THz radiation has been shown to penetrate concrete with extinction coefficients between (1.0 to 2.3) x 10-2 GHz-1 cm-1, depending on the composition and the moisture content of the concrete. The previously reported antiferromagnetic resonance (AFR) near 140 GHz in iron oxide composites was found to be less than our current detection sensitivity (fractional absorbance sensitivity of >10%). However, a strong transition centered near 725 GHz (24 cm-1) has been observed for the first time. This feature has appeared in reflection from several different samples of mildly corroded steel plates and has been tentatively attributed to a broad phonon density of states commonly referred to as the “Boson peak” found in disordered materials. By taking advantage of this strong transition and a powerful excitation sources in the AFR region, we expect THz spectroscopy and imaging to be an effective diagnostic tool with broad applications in corrosion diagnostics and inspection.
The Effect of Texture on the Stability of Retained Austenite in Al-Alloyed TRIP Steels
Authors: Davut Kemal , Zaefferer Stefan 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTSteels with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) offer an excellent combination of high strength and ductility. The transformation of meta-stable austenite into martensite during straining leads to strong local hardening and prevents early localization of strain. Therefore, the mechanical properties of TRIP steels, including the damage resistance depend to a significant extent on the stability of retained austenite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of texture on the stability of retained austenite. In order to compare the changes in both tension and compression the steel was deformed by a micro 3-point-bending device. The texture development upon bending was followed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Based on a simple analysis using the relation between face centered cube (FCC) and body centered cube (BCC) shear geometries theoretically expected changes of texture components due to deformation are proposed. Using the results of this analysis the observed changes of the austenite texture due to deformation could be distinguished from those due to transformation, by comparing the experimental results with the theoretically expected behavior. From this comparison, austenite grains with “Brass (B) {011} <211>” and “Goss (G) {110} <100>” texture components were found to transform into martensite much easier than differently oriented grains.
Design and evaluation of a bioadhesive film for transdermal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride
Authors: Rasool Bazigha , Aziz Uday , Sarheed Omar , Rasool Alaa 
Published: September 2011

Design and evaluation of a bioadhesive film for transdermal delivery of propranolol hydrochlorideThe objective of the study was to develop a suitable trans-dermal delivery system for propranolol hydrochloride (PPL)viaemploying chitosan as a film former. Drug concentration uniformity, thickness, moisture uptake capacity and skin bioadhesion of the films were characterized. The effects of chitosan and PPL concentration and different penetration enhancers on the release and permeation profiles from the films were investigated. Skin irritation of the candidate film was evaluated. Chitosan film (PPL 2 mg cm-2, chitosan 2 %,m/m, cineol 10 %,m/m) was found nonirritant and achieved 88.2 % release after 8 hours in phosphate buffer. Significant high (p< 0.001) permeation of PPL through rat skin was obtained using this film compared to the film without enhancer (about 8 times enhancement factor), making it a promising trans-dermal delivery system for PPL.
Adult education and the State: Gramsci, the historical	materialist tradition and relevant others
Authors: English Leona M. , Mayo Peter 
Published: September 2011

This paper focuses on the relationship between adult education and the State within the	context of hegemonic globalization and the all pervasive neoliberal ideology. It draws	from a variety of sources and provides an overview of discussions concerning the State	giving pride of place to the Historical Materialist tradition in the area. Using a	Gramscian perspective, it argues that contrary to the widespread mantra that the state	has receded into the background in this era of globalization, we argue that the State	remains ever so present in this context and, if anything, remains central to the	Neoliberal project.
Les dynamiques langagières de l'accompagnement
Authors: de Saint-Georges Ingrid 
Published: September 2011

L’article part d’un constat : peu de travaux ont étudié les rela-tions effectives qui se nouent entre professionnels et bénéfi-ciaires dans les situations d’accompagnement de reconversion professionnelle. Il propose par conséquent d’examiner l’accompagnement tel qu’il s’accomplit en situation réelle d’interaction. Dans un premier temps, la contribution relève quelques aspects génériques des situations d’accompagnement (caractère dialogique, ouvert et imprévisible, orientation vers un but, asymétrie des rôles). Dans un second temps, l’article souligne la nature « préfigurative » des situations d’accompagnement (elles sont orientées vers l’avenir et vers des décisions concernant des actions futures) et propose quelques catégories pour les analyser. Dans un troisième temps, une situation d’accompagnement effective est examinée à partir de ces catégories. Le contexte analysé est celui d’une entreprise de formation par le travail (milieu associatif), intégrant les valeurs de l’économie sociale et poursuivant une double mission d’insertion et de formation de chômeurs de longue durée peu qualifiés. L’analyse fine de l’interaction permet de relever certains aspects saillants de l’« activité sociale d’accompagnement » et de s’interroger sur certains dilemmes et controverses du métier. Sur le plan méthodologique, des outils issus de la sociolinguistique interactionnelle sont mobilisés.
L'emploi des expressions épistémiquesdans des lettres aux actionnaires en France,aux États Unis et en Allemagne.
Authors: Kranich Svenja 
Published: September 2011

Cet article offre une analyse contrastive de l’emploi des ex-pressions épistémiques dans des « lettres aux actionnaires » (document constituant la première partie du rapport annuel) provenant des sociétés françaises, états-uniennes et alle-mandes. L’étude se base sur un corpus constitué de lettres aux actionnaires saisies sur internet (environ 120 000 mots). Nous avons choisi d'étudier les expressions épistémiques pour deux raisons : premièrement, leur utilisation pour mar-quer l'incertitude les rendent intéressantes pour un genre qui doit fournir des prédictions concernant de futurs événements. Deuxièmement, des recherches (Hyland 1996, 1998, par ex.) ont montré que les éléments épistémiques peuvent aussi avoir pour fonction d’atténuer la force des propositions qui autrement risqueraient de brusquer l’allocuteur. C’est en nous penchant en particulier sur l'emploi interpersonnel des ex-pressions épistémiques que nous avons découvert des diffé-rences interculturelles intéressantes. L'étude de la forte fré-quence des éléments épistémiques dans ces lettres ainsi que leur distribution dans les catégories grammaticales et séman-tiques nous a permis de découvrir des différences intercultu-relles que l’on peut relier à des idéaux stylistiques divers et à des préférences communicatives divergentes.
The shop around the corner in the Internet age
Authors: Foncel Jérôme , Guyot Marianne , Jouneau-Sion Frédéric 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Nous étudions un modèle de compétition spatiale inspiré de Hotelling (1929). L’une des firmes est localisée alors que l’autre est présente uniquement sur internet. Elles vendent le même produit et seuls les coûts marginaux – supposés constants – peuvent différer. Les clients de la firme traditionnelle supportent un coût de transport variable selon leur adresse, alors que les clients en ligne supportent un coût fixe qui peut rendre compte de difficultés d’accès à la technologie ou d’une prime de risque. Nous montrons que les équilibres de Nash en prix laissent une part de marché souvent faible à la firme en ligne, bien qu’elle pratique un prix plus bas. Il faut que les différences de coûts de production soient suffisamment importantes pour que la firme en ligne devienne leader. À long terme, nous montrons qu’il est optimal pour la firme traditionnelle de quitter le centre-ville si la concurrence d’Internet devient trop rude. Nous mettons cette prévision en relation avec les réflexions actuelles sur la place des technologies à distance dans le développement urbain. Classification JEL : R12, L86, L11.
MHC-Independent Genetic Factors Control the Magnitude of CD4+ T Cell Responses to Amyloid-β Peptide in Mice through Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Inhibition
Authors: Toly-Ndour Cécile , Lui Gabrielle , Manuel Nunes Maria , Bruley-Rosset Martine , Aucouturier Pierre , Dorothée Guillaume 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is considered the triggering factor of pathogenic lesions in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and vaccines targeting Aβ are promising therapeutic options. However, the occurrence of meningoencephalitides attributed to T cell responses in 6% of Aβ-immunized patients underscores the need for a better understanding of T cell responses to Aβ. We characterized the parameters controlling the magnitude of Aβ-specific CD4+ T cell responses in mice. T cell responsiveness to Aβ1-42 was highly heterogeneous between mouse strains of different H-2 haplotypes, with SJL/J (H-2s) mice displaying a strong response, mainly specific for Aβ10-24, and C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice displaying a weak response to Aβ16-30. Surprisingly, C57BL/6 mice congenic for the H-2s haplotype (B6.H-2S), which display a “permissive” MHC class II allele for presentation of the immunodominant Aβ10-24 epitope, showed a very weak CD4+ T cell response to Aβ, suggesting that MHC-independent genes downmodulate Aβ-specific CD4+ T cell responses in C57BL/6 background. Vaccine-induced CD4+ T cell responses to Aβ were significantly enhanced in both C57BL/6 and B6.H-2S mice upon depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), whereas Treg-depleted SJL/J mice displayed unaltered Aβ-specific T cell responses. Finally, Treg depletion in C57BL/6 transgenic APPPS1 mice, a mouse model of AD, results in enhanced vaccine-induced CD4+ T cell responses in AD compared with wild-type animals. We concluded that the magnitude of Aβ-specific CD4+ T cell responses is critically controlled in both physiological and pathological settings by MHC-independent genetic factors that determine the overall potency of Aβ-specific Treg responses.
Longitudinal Effects of Different Types of Practice on the Development of Chess Expertise
Authors: Howard Robert W. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryA view holds that expertise level depends on practice alone and that certain types of practice are important or unimportant. Supporting evidence largely comes from studies using a correlational retrospective recall paradigm, usually with small samples. Initially, these studies were partially replicated with 533 international chess players. Log number of games played was the strongest predictor of latest performance rating. Then, effects of study hours, having had coaching and the number of games played were examined longitudinally to control for key variables confounded in the retrospective recall paradigm. Groups with a nearly 5–1 median difference in weekly study hours, roughly equated on time in the domain and the number of games played, were observed over 7 years. More study hours had negligible impact. Coaching had some effect over time, and the number of games had a strong effect even when participants were equated on time in the domain. Previous studies show that a factor other than the number of games is important in developing chess expertise. Study is a weak factor at best and could not be that important factor. Chess expertise apparently does not depend on practice (study and the number of games) alone. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved Performance of Polymer:Polymer Solar Cells by Doping Electron‐Accepting Polymers with an Organosulfonic Acid
Authors: Nam Sungho , Shin Minjung , Kim Hwajeong , Ha Chang‐Sik , Ree Moonhor , Kim Youngkyoo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe performance of polymer:polymer solar cells that are made using blend films of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐ benzothiadiazole (F8BT) is improved by doping the F8BT polymer with an organosulfonic acid [4‐ethylbezenesulfonic acid (EBSA)]. The EBSA doping of F8BT, to form F8BT‐EBSA, is performed by means of a two‐stage reaction at room temperature and 60°C with various EBSA weight ratios. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement reveals that both sulfur and nitrogen atoms in the F8BT polymer are affected by the EBSA doping. The F8BT‐EBSA films exhibit huge photoluminescence quenching, ionization potential shift toward lower energy, and greatly enhanced electron mobility. The short‐circuit current density of solar cells is improved by ca. twofold (10 wt.% EBSA doping), while the open‐circuit voltage increases by ca. 0.4 V. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency was improved by ca. threefold, even though the optical density of the P3HT:F8BT‐EBSA blend film is reduced by 10 wt.% EBSA doping due to the nanostructure and surface morphology change.
Microtribology of Aqueous Carbon Nanotube Dispersions
Authors: Kristiansen Kai , Zeng Hongbo , Wang Peng , Israelachvili Jacob N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe tribological behavior of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in aqueous humic acid (HA) solutions was studied using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) and shows promising lubricant additive properties. Adding CNTs to the solution changes the friction forces between two mica surfaces from “adhesion controlled” to “load controlled” friction. The coefficient of friction with either single‐walled (SW) or multi‐walled (MW) CNT dispersions is in the range 0.30–0.55 and is independent of the load and sliding velocity. More importantly, lateral sliding promotes a redistribution or accumulation, rather than squeezing out, of nanotubes between the surfaces. This accumulation reduced the adhesion between the surfaces (which generally causes wear/damage of the surfaces), and no wear or damage was observed during continuous shearing experiments that lasted several hours even under high loads (pressures ∼10 MPa). The frictional properties can be understood in terms of the Cobblestone Model where the friction force is related to the fraction of the adhesion energy dissipated during impacts of the nanoparticles. We also develop a simple generic model based on the van der Waals interactions between particles and surfaces to determine the relation between the dimensions of nanoparticles and their tribological properties when used as additives in oil‐ or water‐based lubricants.
Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Polyhedral Nanocrystals and Their Facet‐Dependent Properties
Authors: Huang Michael H. , Lin Po‐Heng 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGrowth of inorganic polyhedral nanocrystals with excellent morphology control presents significant synthetic challenges, especially when the development of synthetic schemes to make nanocrystals with systematic shape evolution is desired. Nanocrystals with fine size and shape control facilitate formation of their self‐assembled packing structures and offer opportunities for examination of their facet‐dependent physical and chemical properties. In this Feature Article, recent advances in the synthesis of nanocrystals with systematic shape evolution are highlighted. The reaction conditions used to achieve this morphology change offer insights into the growth mechanisms of nanocrystals. A novel class of polyhedral core–shell heterostructures fabricated using structurally well‐defined nanocrystal cores is also presented. Facet‐dependent photocatalytic activity, molecular adsorption, and catalytic and electrical properties of nanocrystals have been examined and are discussed. Nanomaterials with enhanced properties and functionality may be obtained through continuous efforts in the synthesis of nanocrystals with well‐defined structures and investigation of their plane‐selective properties.
Operando Spectroscopy: the Knowledge Bridge to Assessing Structure–Performance Relationships in Catalyst Nanoparticles
Authors: Bañares Miguel A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractProgress in nanomaterials and catalysis stands on three pillars: 1) synthesis of nanomaterials, including the preparation of hierarchically dispersed nanoparticles; 2) theoretical studies of materials that enable experimental results to be understood; and 3) advanced, in situ characterization during operation (operando methodology). This Research News brings a perspective on how these three pillars are blending for research in materials science, with particular emphasis on catalysis.
Low protein fouling polypropylene membrane prepared by photoinduced reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Hu Bing , Wang Liang , Wu Xiu‐Min , Yang Song , Gu Jia‐Shan , Yu Hai‐Yin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this study, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and N‐isopropyl acrylamide was block grafted onto the polypropylene macroporous membrane surface by photo‐induced reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization with benzyl dithiobenzoate as the RAFT agent. The degree of grafting of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) on the membrane surface increased with UV irradiation time and decreased with the chain transfer agent concentration increasing. The poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐ grafted membranes were used as macro chain transfer agent for the further block graft copolymerization of N‐isopropyl acrylamide in the presence of free radical initiator. The degree of grafting of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) increased with reaction time. Furthermore, the poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐ grafted membrane with a degree of grafting of 0.48% (wt) showed the highest relative pure water flux and the best antifouling characteristics of protein dispersion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012