bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite RNA reduces expression of the 2b suppressor protein resulting in the attenuation of symptoms caused by Cucumber mosaic virus infection
Authors: HOU WEI‐NA , DUAN CHENG‐GUO , FANG RONG‐XIANG , ZHOU XIAO‐YANG , GUO HUI‐SHAN 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYSatellite RNAs (satRNAs) depend on cognate helper viruses for replication, encapsidation, movement and transmission. Many satRNAs with different symptom modulation effects have been reported. The pathogenicity of satRNAs is thought to be the result of a direct interaction among the satRNA, helper viruses and host factors by unknown mechanisms. To understand the effect of satRNA of Cucumber mosaic virus (a severe field ShanDong strain, SD‐CMV) on pathogenicity, and the possible involvement of host RNA silencing pathways in pathogenicity, we constructed biologically active CMV cDNA clones and a CMV‐Δ2b mutant lacking the open reading frame of 2b, a silencing suppressor protein, in order to infect Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis with or without SD‐satRNA. We found that SD‐satRNA reduced the accumulation of the 2b protein and its coding RNA4A and attenuated the yellowing caused by SD‐CMV infection. Small RNA analysis indicated that the 2b protein interfered with RNA silencing, specifically in the synthesis of CMV RNA3‐derived small interfering RNAs (R3‐siRNAs). The accumulation of R3‐siRNAs in CMV‐Δ2b infection was reduced in the presence of satRNA, for which greater accumulation of satRNA‐derived siRNAs (satsiRNAs) was detected. Our results suggest that abundant SD‐satRNA serving as target for RNA silencing may play a role in protecting helper CMV RNA, especially, subgenomic RNA4, from being targeted by RNA silencing. This compensates for the increase in RNA silencing resulting from the reduction in expression of the 2b suppressor in the presence of satRNA. Our data provide evidence that a plant silencing mechanism is involved in the pathogenicity of satRNA.
Blockade of interleukin‐6 signalling with siltuximab enhances melphalan cytotoxicity in preclinical models of multiple myeloma
Authors: Hunsucker Sally A. , Magarotto Valeria , Kuhn Deborah J. , Kornblau Steven M. , Wang Michael , Weber Donna M. , Thomas Sheeba K. , Shah Jatin J. , Voorhees Peter M. , Xie Hong , Cornfeld Mark , Nemeth Jeffrey A. , Orlowski Robert Z. 
Published: January 2011

SummarySignalling through the interleukin (IL)‐6 pathway induces proliferation and drug resistance of multiple myeloma cells. We therefore sought to determine whether the IL‐6‐neutralizing monoclonal antibody siltuximab, formerly CNTO 328, could enhance the activity of melphalan, and to examine some of the mechanisms underlying this interaction. Siltuximab increased the cytotoxicity of melphalan in KAS‐6/1, INA‐6, ANBL‐6, and RPMI 8226 human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) in an additive‐to‐synergistic manner, and sensitized resistant RPMI 8226.LR5 cells to melphalan. These anti‐proliferative effects were accompanied by enhanced activation of drug‐specific apoptosis in HMCLs grown in suspension, and in HMCLs co‐cultured with a human‐derived stromal cell line. Siltuximab with melphalan enhanced activation of caspase‐8, caspase‐9, and the downstream effector caspase‐3 compared with either of the single agents. This increased induction of cell death occurred in association with enhanced Bak activation. Neutralization of IL‐6 also suppressed signalling through the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt pathway, as evidenced by decreased phosphorylation of Akt, p70 S6 kinase and 4E‐BP1. Importantly, the siltuximab/melphalan regimen demonstrated enhanced anti‐proliferative effects against primary plasma cells derived from patients with myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and amyloidosis. These studies provide a rationale for translation of siltuximab into the clinic in combination with melphalan‐based therapies.
Modelling the koi herpesvirus (KHV) epidemic highlights the importance of active surveillance within a national control policy
Authors: Taylor Nick G.H. , Norman Rachel A. , Way Keith , Peeler Edmund J. 
Published: January 2011

Summary 1. Koi herpesvirus can cause serious disease in carp Cyprinus carpio populations globally. Populations of carp exposed to the virus are already widespread across England and Wales, and there is a need to determine whether and how to control its spread. This study evaluates potential management options and provides recommendations applicable to many infected countries. 2. The influences of the main drivers of the epidemic were investigated using simple compartment based models, and the effectiveness of several potential control options were evaluated. Models were parameterized using recorded fish movement, field and experimental data. 3. Experimental studies suggested the risk of transmitting the virus between waters on angling equipment was low. Data from previous studies suggested live fish movements between fisheries, and the introduction of imported ornamental fish to be the most likely routes by which a fishery could be infected. 4. The models suggest that fish movements between fisheries alone could not have led to the number of exposed sites known to exist in 2007. An additional external infection pressure such as the introduction of imported ornamental fish would have been required, and is likely to have been the main driver of the epidemic in its early stages. 5. Predictions of future scenarios suggest that fish movements between fisheries have taken over as the main driver of the epidemic, and consequently restricting imports to reduce the external infection pressure is unlikely to have much impact on its own. 6. Due to the small proportion of infected waters currently detected, increasing the duration of movement restrictions placed on infected sites from four years to permanent was predicted to have little effect on the epidemic. 7. Synthesis and applications. Given the current stage of the koi herpesvirus epidemic, reducing the spread of the virus between fisheries is likely to be challenging, but may be possible by conducting an active surveillance programme and placing permanent movement restrictions on exposed sites. However, this will only be effective if the external infection pressure can also be reduced, possibly through restrictions on the import of fish from koi herpesvirus infected countries.
Bayesian analysis of hybridization and introgression between the endangered european mink (Mustela lutreola) and the polecat (Mustela putorius)
Authors: CABRIA M. T. , MICHAUX J. R. , GÓMEZ‐MOLINER B. J. , SKUMATOV D. , MARAN T. , FOURNIER P. , LÓPEZ de LUZURIAGA J. , ZARDOYA R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHuman‐mediated global change will probably increase the rates of natural hybridization and genetic introgression between closely related species, and this will have major implications for conservation of the taxa involved. In this study, we analyse both mitochondrial and nuclear data to characterize ongoing hybridization and genetic introgression between two sympatric sister species of mustelids, the endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola) and the more abundant polecat (M. putorius). A total of 317 European mink, 114 polecats and 15 putative hybrid individuals were collected from different localities in Europe and genotyped with 13 microsatellite nuclear markers. Recently developed Bayesian methods for assigning individuals to populations and identifying admixture proportions were applied to the genetic data. To identify the direction of hybridization, we additionally sequenced mtDNA and Y chromosomes from 78 individuals and 29 males respectively. We found that both hybridization and genetic introgression occurred at low levels (3% and 0.9% respectively) and indicated that hybridization is asymmetric, as only pure polecat males mate with pure European mink females. Furthermore, backcrossing and genetic introgression was detected only from female first‐generation (F1) hybrids of European mink to polecats. This latter result implies that Haldane’s rule may apply. Our results suggest that hybridization and genetic introgression between the two species should be considered a rather uncommon event. However, the current low densities of European mink might be changing this trend.
Design and usability of heuristic‐based deliberation tools for women facing amniocentesis
Authors: Durand Marie‐Anne , Wegwarth Odette , Boivin Jacky , Elwyn Glyn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground  Evidence suggests that in decision contexts characterized by uncertainty and time constraints (e.g. health‐care decisions), fast and frugal decision‐making strategies (heuristics) may perform better than complex rules of reasoning.Objective  To examine whether it is possible to design deliberation components in decision support interventions using simple models (fast and frugal heuristics).Design  The ‘Take The Best’ heuristic (i.e. selection of a ‘most important reason’) and ‘The Tallying’ integration algorithm (i.e. unitary weighing of pros and cons) were used to develop two deliberation components embedded in a Web‐based decision support intervention for women facing amniocentesis testing. Ten researchers (recruited from 15), nine health‐care providers (recruited from 28) and ten pregnant women (recruited from 14) who had recently been offered amniocentesis testing appraised evolving versions of ‘your most important reason’ (Take The Best) and ‘weighing it up’ (Tallying).Results  Most researchers found the tools useful in facilitating decision making although emphasized the need for simple instructions and clear layouts. Health‐care providers however expressed concerns regarding the usability and clarity of the tools. By contrast, 7 out of 10 pregnant women found the tools useful in weighing up the pros and cons of each option, helpful in structuring and clarifying their thoughts and visualizing their decision efforts. Several pregnant women felt that ‘weighing it up’ and ‘your most important reason’ were not appropriate when facing such a difficult and emotional decision.Conclusion  Theoretical approaches based on fast and frugal heuristics can be used to develop deliberation tools that provide helpful support to patients facing real‐world decisions about amniocentesis.
Chylothorax secondary to catheter related thrombosis successfully treated with heparin
Authors: Siu Sylvia LY , Yang Janet YK , Hui John PK , Li Rever CH , Cheng Vinson YW , Cheung Tammy WY , Kwong Albert NS 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIt has been well recognized that intra‐thoracic surgery is a major cause of chylothorax in the newborn period; however, catheter‐related thrombosis could also be a cause. We report a preterm baby who presented with right chylothorax secondary to venous thrombosis postinadvertent right internal jugular vein catheterization. The complication resolved with drainage, catheter removal and low molecular weight heparin. The literature on neonatal chylothorax and thrombosis and case reports reporting thrombosis‐related chylothorax that have been successfully treated with anticoagulation are reviewed.
Obesity and the developmental origins of health and disease
Authors: Kemp Matthew W , Kallapur Suhas G , Jobe Alan H , Newnham John P 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe concept that environmental stimuli imparted on a developing organism have the potential to affect both its short‐ and long‐term developmental profiles is intuitively appealing and, more importantly, supported by a growing body of experimental and observational evidence. A number of groups have posited model hypotheses in tandem with experimental data, linking extrinsic factors to the development of a host of human diseases. Here, we review the evolution of ‘the developmental origins of health and disease’ as a concept and discuss recent advances in the association of specific stimuli to obesity, an epidemic cause of human morbidity and mortality.
Risk factors associated with pneumothorax in Malaysian neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Boo Nem‐Yun , Cheah Irene Guat‐Sim ,   for the Malaysian National Neonatal Registry
Published: January 2011

Aims:  This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the development of pneumothorax among infants admitted to the Malaysian neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).Methods:  Twenty‐nine of forty NICUs in Malaysian public hospitals participated in the 2006 Malaysian National Neonatal Registry (MNNR). Data of infants from this registry with and without pneumothorax were analysed. A diagnosis of pneumothorax was made in the presence of extra‐pleural air detected by chest radiograph or needle aspiration.Results:  There were 10 387 infants admitted to these NICUs who met the MNNR inclusion criteria and were included in this study. Pneumothorax developed in 505 (4.9%) of them. Pneumothorax was most common (7.3%) among the extremely low birthweight infants (birthweight equal or less than 1000 g) and the extremely preterm infants of gestation equal or less than 26 weeks (6.8%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the significant risk factors associated with increased risk of development of pneumothorax were: meconium aspiration syndrome (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.7, 2.7), intermittent mandatory ventilation (adjusted OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.0), high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (adjusted OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 3.0, 5.2) and confirmed sepsis (adjusted OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.1). Infants on nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) therapy were associated with significantly lower risk of pneumothorax (adjusted OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4, 0.6).Conclusion:  Meconium aspiration syndrome, mechanical ventilation and sepsis were associated with increased risk and the use of nCPAP with decreased risk of pneumothorax in Malaysian NICUs.
Effects of laughter therapy on depression, cognition and sleep among the community‐dwelling elderly
Authors: Ko Hae‐Jin , Youn Chang‐Ho 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To investigate the effects of laughter therapy on depression, cognitive function, quality of life, and sleep of the elderly in a community.Methods:  Between July and September 2007, the total study sample consisted of 109 subjects aged over 65 divided into two groups; 48 subjects in the laughter therapy group and 61 subjects in the control group. The subjects in the laughter therapy group underwent laughter therapy four times over 1 month. We compared Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Short‐Form Health Survey‐36 (SF‐36), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) between the two groups before and after laughter therapy.Results:  There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. Before laughter therapy, the GDS scores were 7.98 ± 3.58 and 8.08 ± 3.96; the MMSE scores were 23.81 ± 3.90 and 22.74 ± 4.00; total scores of SF‐36 were 54.77 ± 17.63 and 52.54 ± 21.31; the ISI scores were 8.00 ± 6.29 and 8.36 ± 6.38; the PSQI scores were 6.98 ± 3.41 and 7.38 ± 3.70 in laughter therapy group and control groups, respectively. After laughter therapy, the GDS scores were 6.94 ± 3.19 (P = 0.027) and 8.43 ± 3.44 (P = 0.422); the MMSE scores were 24.63 ± 3.53 (P = 0.168) and 23.70 ± 3.85 (P = 0.068); total scores of SF‐36 were 52.24 ± 17.63 (P = 0.347) and 50.32 ± 19.66 (P = 0.392); the ISI scores were 7.58 ± 5.38 (P = 0.327) and 9.31 ± 6.35 (P = 0.019); the PSQI scores were 6.04 ± 2.35 (P = 0.019) and 7.30 ± 3.74 (P = 0.847) in both groups, respectively.Conclusion:  Laughter therapy is considered to be useful, cost‐effective and easily‐accessible intervention that has positive effects on depression, insomnia, and sleep quality in the elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 267–274.
Discrepancy between clinical and pathological stage: external validation of the impact on prognosis in an international radical cystectomy cohort
Authors: Svatek Robert S. , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Novara Giacomo , Skinner Eila C. , Fradet Yves , Bastian Patrick J. , Kamat Ashish M. , Kassouf Wassim , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Fritsche Hans‐Martin , Izawa Jonathan I. , Tilki Derya , Ficarra Vincenzo , Volkmer Bjoern G. , Isbarn Hendrik , Dinney Colin P. 
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Observations from small retrospective studies have indicated that a considerable number of patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer experience a stage migration (either upstaging or downstaging) when comparing clinical and pathological staging. In addition, it is unclear if pathological upstaging is an adverse prognostic feature independent of pathological stage.We report the frequency of upstaging and downstaging using a large, international multicentre cohort of patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings indicate that pathological upstaging is not an independent adverse prognostic feature when considering pathological stage.OBJECTIVE• To compare the clinical and pathologic stage among a large, multi‐institutional series of patients undergoing radical and to determine the effect of stage discrepancy on outcomes.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Data was collected from nine centers and 3,393 patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) treated with radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy without neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy.• A retrospective cohort design was used to assess the percentage of patients experiencing stage discrepancy and the impact of stage discrepancy on time to disease relapse and time to death from UCB.RESULTS• Clinical under staging occurred in 50% of patients and pathologic down staging occurred in 18% of patients.• Up staging to muscle invasive disease occurred in 45.9% (n = 592) of 1,291 patients with clinical ≤T1, including 30.6% of patients with Tis only at transurethral resection.• Of the 3,166 patients with clinically organ confined (OC) tumor stage, 1,357 (42.9%) were up staged to non‐organ confined pathologic tumor stage.• Within each clinical stage stratum, patients who were clinically under staged had a higher probability of disease relapse or death from UCB compared to those who were same staged or down staged on pathologic examination (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS• We identified clinical under staging in half of the patients undergoing radical cystectomy for UCB.• Up staging resulted in a higher likelihood of disease progression and eventual death from UCB.• These findings should be considered when utilizing pre‐operative risk‐adapted strategies for selecting candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Inverse stage migration in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: results of 8916 European patients treated within the last decade
Authors: Budäus Lars , Spethmann Jan , Isbarn Hendrik , Schmitges Jan , Beesch Laura , Haese Alexander , Salomon Georg , Schlomm Thorsten , Fisch Margit , Heinzer Hans , Huland Hartwig , Graefen Markus , Steuber Thomas 
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?The widespread use of PSA testing resulted in a stage migration towards clinical organ‐confined prostate cancers at diagnosis during the last decade. However, our study of a large cohort demonstrates an increasing proportion of patients with non‐organ confined cancers after radical prostatectomy. These findings may be related to the introduction of new, non‐established treatment options for low‐risk prostate cancer patients during the last years and the growing adoption of RP in a multimodal treatment setting for locally advanced tumours.OBJECTIVE• To investigate the stage migration patterns during the last decade in European men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP).PATIENTS AND METHODS• Between 2000 and 2009, RP was performed in 8916 patients at a single European tertiary‐care institution.• Age at diagnosis, clinical and pathological data were prospectively collected, and trends and proportions of preoperative and pathological findings were analysed over time.RESULTS• The median (mean) age of patients increased from 62 (62) to 63 (65) years between 2000 and 2009 (P < 0.001).• When patients were stratified based on their clinical findings according to the D’Amico risk groups for disease progression, the proportion of low‐risk patients dropped from 66% in 2004 to 35% (P= 0.016) in the final year of the study period.• Similarly, histopathological evaluation of RP specimens showed a decrease of favourable disease (organ confinement and Gleason 3 + 3 grade) from 53 to 17% (P= 0.008).• This trend was accompanied by an increase in the number of patients with non‐organ‐confined prostate cancer (PCa) from 19% in 2003 to 33% in 2009 (P= 0.008).• The restriction of the analyses in the present study to a single tertiary‐care centre could limit the generalizeability of the results.CONCLUSIONS• During the last decade, we observed an inverse stage migration trend in those European patients with PCa who were treated with RP.• The recorded increase in patients with non‐organ‐confined disease after RP could be related to changes in patient selection and the growing adoption of RP in multimodal treatment settings for locally advanced tumours as well as the availability of new treatment alternatives for low‐risk disease.
Cerebral infarction associated with transient visual loss in child with diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Lee H. S. , Hwang J. S. 
Published: January 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 516–518 (2011)AbstractBackground  Diabetic ketoacidosis is a metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency and is the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acute neurological complications related to diabetic ketoacidosis include cerebral oedema, cerebral infarction, brain herniation, cortical venous thrombosis and cerebral haemorrhage. Cerebral infarction is rare in juvenile diabetic ketoacidosis.Case report  We report a girl with a newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes mellitus who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis and developed cerebral infarction with transient visual loss.Conclusions  Our findings emphasize the importance of prompt evaluation and proper management of intracranial crises in diabetic ketoacidosis.