bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors determining social distance toward people with depression among community pharmacists
Authors: Liekens S. , Smits T. , Laekeman G. , Foulon V. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to measure stigma among community pharmacists regarding patients with depression, using social distance as a proxy measure. Furthermore, factors influencing stigmatization were identified.MethodsA survey consisting of questions regarding social distance, cognitive attitude components, stereotypical beliefs and behavioural tendencies towards pharmaceutical care for patients with depression was carried out. The survey was completed by 149 community pharmacists with a response rate of 82%. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to the results of the survey.ResultsMost pharmacists endorsed social distance towards patients with depression. The social distance further increased the more the situation described implied “social closeness”. Age, depression care attitude, the stereotypical belief “danger to others” and the level of involvement pharmacists showed towards patients with depression were found to predict social distance. The present model explains 32.3% of the variance in social distance.ConclusionThe results showed that community pharmacists have a stigmatizing attitude towards patients with depression. The determinants found to influence these stigmatizing attitudes might be addressed when trying to reduce stigmatization of patients with depression.
The relationship between insight and neurological dysfunction in first-episode psychosis
Authors: Hill M. , Crumlish N. , Whitty P. , Clarke M. , Browne S. , Gervin M. , Kinsella A. , Waddington J.L. , Larkin C. , O’Callaghan E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPurposeImpaired insight is commonly seen in psychosis and some studies have proposed that is a biologically based deficit. Support for this view comes from the excess of neurological soft signs (NSS) observed in patients with psychoses and their neural correlates which demonstrate a degree of overlap with the regions of interest implicated in neuroimaging studies of insight. The aim was to examine the relationship between NSS and insight in a sample of 241 first-episode psychosis patients.MethodTotal scores and subscale scores from three insight measures and two NSS scales were correlated in addition to factors representing overall insight and NSS which we created using principal component analysis.ResultsThere were only four significant associations when we controlled for symptoms. “Softer” Condensed Neurological Evaluation (CNE) signs were associated with our overall insight factor (r = 0.19, P = 0.02), with total Birchwood (r = −0.24, P<0.01), and the Birchwood subscales; recognition of mental illness (r = −0.24, P<0.01) and need for treatment (r = −0.18, P = 0.02). Total Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and recognition of the achieved effects of medication were also weakly correlated (r = 0.14, P = 0.04).ConclusionThis study does not support a direct link between neurological dysfunction and insight in psychosis. Our understanding of insight as a concept remains in its infancy.
The validity of self-rated psychotic symptoms in depressed inpatients
Authors: Seemüller F. , Riedel M. , Obermeier M. , Schennach-Wolff R. , Spellmann I. , Meyer S. , Bauer M. , Adli M. , Kronmüller K. , Ising M. , Brieger P. , Laux G. , Bender W. , Heuser I. , Zeiler J. , Gaebel W. , Möller H.-J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundSelf-ratings of psychotic experiences might be biased by depressive symptoms.MethodData from a large naturalistic multicentre trial on depressed inpatients (n = 488) who were assessed on a biweekly basis until discharge were analyzed. Self-rated psychotic symptoms as assessed with the 90-Item Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) were correlated with the SCL-90 total score, the SCL-90 depression score, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 21 item (HAMD-21) total score, the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score and the clinician-rated paranoid-hallucinatory score of the Association for Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry (AMDP) scale.ResultsAt discharge the SCL-90 psychosis score correlated highest with the SCL-90 depression score (0.78, P<0.001) and with the BDI total score (0.64, P<0.001). Moderate correlations were found for the MADRS (0.34, P<0.001), HAMD (0.37, P<0.001) and AMDP depression score (0.33, P<0.001). Only a weak correlation was found between the SCL-90 psychosis score and the AMDP paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome score (0.15, P<0.001). Linear regression showed that change in self-rated psychotic symptoms over the treatment course was best explained by a change in the SCL-90 depression score (P<0.001). The change in clinician-rated AMDP paranoid-hallucinatory score had lesser influence (P = 0.02).ConclusionsIn depressed patients self-rated psychotic symptoms correlate poorly with clinician-rated psychotic symptoms. Caution is warranted when interpreting results from epidemiological surveys using self-rated psychotic symptom questionnaires as indicators of psychotic symptoms. Depressive symptoms which are highly prevalent in the general population might influence such self-ratings.
TRPV1 receptors modulate retinal development
Authors: Leonelli Mauro , Martins Daniel O. , Britto Luiz R.G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe investigated the possible participation of TRPV1 channels in retinal apoptosis and overall development. Retinas from newborn, male albino rats were treated in vitro with capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist. The expression of cell cycle markers was not changed after TRPV1 blockade, whereas capsazepine reduced the number of apoptotic cells throughout the retina,increased ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation and slightly reduced JNK phosphorylation. The expression of BAD, Bcl‐2, as well as integral and cleaved capsase‐3 were similar in all experimental conditions. Newborn rats were kept for 2 months after receiving high doses of capsazepine. In their retinas, calbindin and parvalbumin protein levels were upregulated, but only the number of amacrine‐like, parvalbumin‐positive cells was increased. The numbers of calretinin, calbindin, ChAT, vimentin, PKC‐alpha and GABA‐positive cells were similar in both conditions. Protein expression of synapsin Ib was also increased in the retinas of capsazepine‐treated rats. Calretinin, vimentin, GFAP, synapsin Ia, synaptophysin and light neurofilament protein levels were not changed when compared to control values.Our results indicate that TRPV1 channels play a role in the control of the early apoptosis that occur during retinal development, which might be dependent on MAPK signaling. Moreover, it seems that TRPV1 function might be important for neuronal and synaptic maturation in the retina.
Ontogenetic profile of ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase in rat brain synaptic plasma membranes
Authors: Stanojević Ivana , Bjelobaba Ivana , Nedeljković Nadežda , Drakulić Dunja , Petrović Snježana , Stojiljković Mirjana , Horvat Anica 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEcto‐5′‐nucleotidase (CD73; EC 3.1.3.5, e‐5NT) is regarded as the key enzyme in the extracellular formation of adenosine, which acts as a neuromodulator and important trophic and homeostatic factor in the brain. In the present study, we have investigated e‐5NT activity, kinetic properties concerning AMP hydrolysis and the enzyme protein abundance in the purified synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) preparations isolated from whole female rat brain at different ages. We observed pronounced increase in AMP hydrolyzing activity in SPM during maturation, with greatest increment between juvenile (15‐day‐old) and pre‐pubertal (30‐day‐old) rats. Immunodetection of e‐5NT protein in the SPM displayed the reverse pattern of expression, with the maximum relative abundance at juvenile and minimum relative abundance in the adult stage. Negative correlation between the enzyme activity and the enzyme protein abundance in the SPM indicates that e‐5NT has additional roles in the synaptic compartment during postnatal brain development, other than those related to AMP hydrolysis. Determination of kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, suggested that the increase in the enzyme activity with maturation was entirely due to the increase in the enzyme catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km). Finally, double immunofluorescence staining against e‐5NT and presynaptic membrane marker syntaxin provided first direct evidence for the existence of this ecto‐enzyme in the presynaptic compartment. The results of the study suggest that e‐5NT may be a part of general scheme of brain development and synapse maturation and provide rationale for the previously reported inconsistencies between enzyme immunohistochemical and biochemical studies concerning localization of e‐5NT in the brain.
Comparative study of dexamethasone and ondansetron for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery
Authors: D'souza Nita , Swami Mohan , Bhagwat Shama 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo compare intravenous dexamethasone and ondansetron for the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), a main complaint that affects almost 40%–75% of patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.MethodsIn a prospective study, 93 women were divided into 3 groups receiving 4 mg of dexamethasone, 8 mg of dexamethasone, or 4 mg of ondansetron. PONV score was used for assessment during the first 24 hours after surgery.ResultsThe incidence of PONV during the 24‐hour postoperative period was highest in the ondansetron group (61%). In the first 3 hours, the incidence of PONV in the ondansetron group was also higher: 51.6% as compared with 22.6% and 36.6% in the dexamethasone 4 mg and 8 mg groups, respectively. The overall incidence of PONV was highest in the first 3 hours as compared with later time periods, and there was a linear trend in decreasing PONV among the groups (P = 0.017). In the dexamethasone 4 mg group, the request for a rescue antiemetic was significantly lower: 0% as compared with 6.7% and 16.1% in the dexamethasone 8 mg and ondansetron 4 mg groups, respectively.ConclusionDexamethasone was found to be an efficacious and cost‐effective drug for the prophylaxis of PONV.
Intracranial atherosclerosis as a contributing factor to Alzheimer's disease dementia
Authors: Roher Alex E. , Tyas Suzanne L. , Maarouf Chera L. , Daugs Ian D. , Kokjohn Tyler A. , Emmerling Mark R. , Garami Zsolt , Belohlavek Marek , Sabbagh Marwan N. , Sue Lucia I. , Beach Thomas G. 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundA substantial body of evidence collected from epidemiologic, correlative, and experimental studies strongly associates atherosclerotic vascular disease (AVD) with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Depending on the precise interrelationship between AVD and AD, systematic application of interventions used to maintain vascular health and function as a component of standard AD therapy offers the prospect of mitigating the presently inexorable course of dementia. To assess this hypothesis, it is vital to rigorously establish the measures of AVD that are most strongly associated with an AD diagnosis.MethodsA precise neuropathological diagnosis was established for all subjects, using a battery of genetic, clinical, and histological methods. The severity of atherosclerosis in the circle of Willis was quantified by direct digitized measurement of arterial occlusion in postmortem specimens and was compared between AD and nondemented control groups by calculating a corresponding index of occlusion.ResultsAtherosclerotic occlusion of the circle of Willis arteries was more extensive in the AD group than in the nondemented control group. Statistically significant differences were also observed between control and AD groups with regard to Braak stage, total plaque score, total neurofibrillary tangle score, total white matter rarefaction score, brain weight, Mini‐Mental State Examination scores, and apolipoprotein E allelic frequencies.ConclusionsOur results, combined with a consideration of the multifaceted effects of impaired cerebral circulation, suggest an immediate need for prospective clinical trials to assess the efficacy of AD prevention using antiatherosclerotic agents.
If money does not make you happy, consider time
Authors: Aaker Jennifer L. , Rudd Melanie , Mogilner Cassie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAlthough a substantial amount of research has examined the link between money and happiness, far less has examined the link between time and happiness. This paper argues, however, that time plays a critical role in understanding happiness, and it complements the money‐spending happiness principles in Dunn, Gilbert, and Wilson (2011) by offering five time‐spending happiness principles: 1) spend time with the right people; 2) spend time on the right activities; 3) enjoy the experience without spending the time; 4) expand your time; and 5) be aware that happiness changes over time.
Happiness and thrift: When (spending) less is (hedonically) more
Authors: Chancellor Joseph , Lyubomirsky Sonja 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe authors respond to Dunn, Gilbert, and Wilson (2011) and offer additional ideas about how to apply the virtue of thrift to obtain greater affective benefit from spending less. Materialism and over‐consumption is damaging for the individual, the economy, and the environment. Over consumption is understandable in light of hedonic adaptation, where the happiness arising from a positive change erodes via two key pathways: diminishing positive emotions and rising aspirations. In the U.S., hedonic adaptation encourages overspending and indebtedness. The practice of thrift is the wise and efficient use of resources, and there are many thrifty proponents and adherents throughout history ‐‐including Socrates, King Solomon, Confucius, Benjamin Franklin, and today, Warren Buffett. Studies suggest that individuals would spend less and derive more hedonic benefit by eliminating distressing debts, stretching positive experiences through appreciation and savoring, recycling positive experiences via variety and reminiscing, renting instead of buying, and resolutely focusing on intrinsic goals over extrinsic ones. With a strong financial foundation and the skills to make the most of positive changes, more Americans would be able to thrive financially and emotionally in challenging economic times, while contributing less to the perilous circumstances that led to these challenging times in the first place.
A 500 yr speleothem-derived reconstruction of late autumn–winter precipitation, northeast Turkey
Authors: Jex Catherine N. , Baker Andy , Eden Jonathan M. , Eastwood Warren J. , Fairchild Ian J. , Leng Melanie J. , Thomas Louise , Sloane Hilary J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA verified instrumental calibration of annually resolved δ18O for a stalagmite from Gümüşhane in northeast Turkey is presented and cross-validated using a ‘leave-one-out’ technique. The amount of late autumn to winter precipitation is negatively correlated with stalagmite δ18O between AD 1938 and 2004. The observed relationship is extrapolated back to ~ AD 1500 leading to the first long winter precipitation reconstruction for this region. Modern day October to January precipitation is linked to pressure fields in Western Russia. Anomalously lower reconstructed rainfall is recorded in AD 1540–1560 at which time higher pressure over the Caspian Sea region is inferred.
Transnational Radicals: Labour Dissent and Political Activism in Detroit and Turin (1950–1970)
Authors: Pizzolato Nicola 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThis article investigates the entangled histories of radicals in Detroit and Turin who challenged capitalism in ways that departed from “orthodox” Marxism. Starting from the 1950s, small but influential groups of labour radicals, such as Correspondence in Detroit and Quaderni Rossi in Turin, circulated ideas that questioned the Fordist system in a drastic way. These radicals saw the car factories as laboratories for a possible “autonomist” working-class activity that could take over industrial production and overhaul the societal system. They criticized the usefulness of the unions and urged workers to develop their own forms of collective organization. These links were rekindled during the intense working-class mobilization of the late 1960s, when younger radicals would also engage in a dialogue across national boundaries that influenced each other's interpretation of the local context. These transnational connections, well-known to contemporaries but ignored by historians, show how American events and debates were influenced by, and impinged on, distant countries, and how local activists imagined their political identity as encompassing struggles occurring elsewhere.
Starving Strikers and the Limits of the “Humanitarian Discovery of Hunger” in Late Victorian Britain
Authors: Croll Andy 
Published: March 2011

SummaryBy the late nineteenth century, the hungry increasingly found themselves constructed as objects of compassion. However, there were real limits to the “humanitarian discovery of hunger”. Not every famished body was understood as deserving of sympathy. Compassionate citizens were particularly troubled by the mass distress that often accompanied lengthy strikes. How should they respond to such hunger? A study of newspaper representations of strike-induced hunger reveals that a gendered discourse evolved which repeatedly concentrated attention on the starving “innocents”: the wives and children of male strikers. The discourse was apparently apolitical but, in truth, it was nothing of the sort. It adjudged the “innocents” worthy recipients of food aid, whilst frequently ignoring the hunger of the striking male and denying him support. Labour leaders had to choose their words carefully if they were to get his suffering recognized.
Modulation of immune responses to parasitoids by polydnaviruses
Authors: Beckage N. E. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryParasitoids are parasites that invariably kill their host. Polydnaviruses are injected by parasitoid wasps into the body cavity of their insect host and cause immunosuppression, allowing the parasitoid to develop in the absence of encapsulation. One of the targets of the polydnaviruses are the haemocytes of the host, which undergo significant changes in response to entry of the virus. In some systems, haemocyte apoptosis is induced, or haemocyte clumping may be seen; in others, the cells round up and fail to adhere to a substrate. Effects on haemocytes may be transitory or permanent (cell death). Various polydnavirus gene products have been identified that interfere with normal haemocyte function. Phenoloxidase activity also is inhibited during parasitism, and the effect is inducible by polydnavirus. In some systems, venom components may act synergistically with polydnavirus in mediating the virally-induced effects on the host immune system. Polydnaviruses are powerful influences on the host immune system, which serve to permit successful development of the parasitoid without triggering the host immune response.
The evolution of parasite manipulation of host behaviour: a theoretical analysis
Authors: Poulin R. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYParasite-induced modifications of host behaviour are known from a wide range of host-parasite associations. In many cases, these behavioural changes are thought to be adaptive and. benefit the parasite by increasing its probability of successful transmission. However, in many cases, energy spent on host manipulation will not be available for other functions, such as growth. These trade-offs suggest that in the absence of other constraints, natural selection will optimize, and not maximize, the influence of parasites on host behaviour. This argument is developed and expanded into theoretical considerations of the evolution of host behaviour manipulation by parasites. Among populations of the same parasite species or among closely-related species, the optimal investment into manipulation, or optimal manipulative effort (ME*), of individual parasites is predicted to increase as (1) typical infrapopulation size decreases, (2) prevalence increases, (3) the longevity of the infected host, or of the parasite in its host, decreases, (4) passive transmission rates decrease, and (5) parasite fecundity decreases. This evolutionary analysis indicates that ecological and life history variables may have played an important role in the evolution of manipulation of host behaviour by parasites.
The playful is political: The metapragmatics of internet rape-joke arguments
Authors: Kramer Elise 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRape jokes are a contentious topic on the internet; arguments over whether “rape is funny” unfold in a diverse range of forums, but they generally take the same predictable form. In this article, I analyze the text of a variety of disputes on American websites over the funniness of rape jokes. I show not only that both sides of these arguments are premised on the same underlying assumptions about the ways that humor and language function, but more importantly that these shared assumptions make it possible for rape humor (and humor more generally) to carry social and political valence—and that in order to understand the significance of the debate over rape jokes, we need to understand the identity work that people are doing when they tell rape jokes, laugh at them, or frown and shake their heads. (Humor, language ideologies, rape, joking)*
Relative linguistic homogeneity in a new society: The case of Iceland
Authors: Leonard Stephen Pax 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe language of a speech community can only act as an identity marker for all of its speakers if linguistic norms are widely shared and if a minimal number of language varieties are spoken. This article examines briefly how a linguistic norm came to serve the whole of Iceland and how a situation of relative linguistic homogeneity was maintained for centuries. Sociolinguistic theory tells us that the speech community that we can reconstruct for early Iceland should lead to the establishment and maintenance oflocalnorms. However, Iceland, arguably monodialectal, was certainly characterized by long-term linguistic homogeneity and remained a society where nucleated settlements barely formed over a thousand-year period. Scholars have argued that a mixture of dialects leveled shortly after the settlement of Iceland in the ninth century (Settlement). Studies show that dialect leveling requires dialect mixing, the convergence of people on one place, and sustained linguistic contact between the speakers. The settlement pattern of Iceland is indicative of population divergence (not convergence) and there is limited evidence ofsustainedcontact. It is therefore proposed that the dialect leveling might be linked instead with significant population movements and social upheaval in mainland Scandinavia in the immediate pre-Viking period. The variety of Norse that was taken westward across the Atlantic might itself already have been the result of several earlier stages of mixing and koineization. It is only by combining linguistic, historical, and archaeological knowledge that this problem of how one linguistic norm came to serve the whole of Iceland can be understood.