bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A preliminary survey of mitochondrial sequence variation in Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) using polymerase chain reaction-based single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing
Authors: Stothard J. R. , Yamamoto Y. , Cherchi A. , Garcia A. L. , Valente S. A. S. , Schofield C. J. , Miles M. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGenetic variation within triatomine bugs was investigated by amplification of a 400 bp portion of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using evolutionarily conserved primers, from a selection of species representative of the genera Rhodnius, Triatoma and Panstrongylus. Amplification products were subsequently screened for sequence variation using single strand conformational polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and also subjected to direct sequencing. Single strand conformational polymorphism analysis could detect variation within and between genera; intraspecific variation was also detected and SSCP profiles appear to be useful for identification purposes at the inter- and intraspecific levels. A 290 bp multiple alignment of 15 sequences obtained from nine species was generated, phylogenetic inference subsequently used three methods; a distance estimate, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. This 16S region exhibited considerable variation which ranged from intergeneric to intraspecific levels. Phylogenies from these three methods of inference were in broad agreement. Triatoma and Panstrongylus were more closely related to each other than either was to Rhodnius, in keeping with the current taxonomic appraisal.
Three new injurious Curculionidae (Col.)
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K. 
Published: July 2009

Protostrophus dianthi, sp. n.♀. Black, with dense grey and pale brown scaling ; head brown with a grey stripe adjoining the eyes ; prothorax with a broad indefinite median brown stripe, the lateral areas grey with brown spots which sometimes form two narrow irregular stripes, the pleurae brown above and grey below ; elytra mottled with pale brown and grey, intervals 2, 5 and 6 usually with dark brown patches, the suture pale fulvous.
The Food and Feeding Habits of Antestia in Kenya
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H. 
Published: July 2009

(1) Two host-plants of Antestia lineaticollis in addition to Coffea arabica are Psychotria nairobiensis and Pavetta elliottii.(2) Laboratory experiments showed that red berries and large green berries are favoured foods, but feeding will also take place on small green berries, on shoots, and on leaves.(3) Feeding trials showed that large green berry food is essential for normal length of life and normal egg production.(4) Antestia was reared to adult stage when fed exclusively on large green berries, on small green berries, and on shoots, but not on red berries or leaves.(5) In large green berries and small green berries the endosperm becomes infected with rots, usually caused by the fungi Nematospora coryli or Nematospora gossypii, which are introduced by Antestia, but in the case of ripe red berries the endocarp is seldom if ever pierced and rotting of the endosperm is not initiated at this stage.(6) The amount of damage caused to the crop by rotting of the beans is related to the number of Antestia present, and a formula which is considered to represent this relationship is given. In practice as high a proportion as 97 per cent. of the beans have been found rotted when Antestia is numerous. The figures also show that even when Antestia population is low, an economically important amount of damage to the crop may occur.(7) Antestia was proved to cause a dropping of young green berries. This seems not to be due to the insect feeding on the stalk, but to be a response by the plant to an interruption of normal growth of the bean due to insect feeding. A similar shedding has been noticed of berries damaged by other insects when it is known that no feeding on the stalk can have taken place.(8) Feeding experiments in cages and sleeves showed that Antestia must rank as one of the important causes of the non-setting of flowers ; this form of damage has been neglected or minimised in the past.(9) As a result of Antestia feeding on the growing point, leaves become scarred and distorted.(10) A useful form of cage for experimental work of this kind is described.(11) Definite confirmation was obtained that well-known abnormalities of the vegetative growth characterised by multiple branching are produced by the feeding of Antestia.(12) It is shown that the growth is stopped or much reduced by the feeding of Antestia, and when this is associated, as it usually is, with multiple branching, a “ bunchy ” or “ matted ” growth results, which increases pruning costs and much reduces the cropping ability of the tree.(13) A short discussion follows which indicates certain practical conclusions that can be drawn from the above results.
“ Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region ”—Notes and Corrections
Authors: Hopkins G. H. E. 
Published: July 2009

One or two errors in “ Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region ” have recently come to light, and several new Culicine larvae have been discovered since the first volume was published. I take this opportunity to correct the errors and to indicate the positions which the newly-described larvae should occupy in the keys. I have not seen most of these larvae and have inserted them in the keys solely from the descriptions.A number of the mosquitos of which I described the larvae in Vol. I of the monograph were incorrectly determined, but Edwards has already pointed out these misdeterminations (in Vol. III) and I have not thought it necessary to mention them here.At the request of Mrs. G. R. Cunningham van Someren (formerly Miss E. C. C. Macdonald), I have added her description and figure of the larva of Aëdes adersi and her description of that of Culex adersianus as an appendix (see p. 178).
Some Notes on the Integument of Insects in Relation to the Entry of Contact Insecticides
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: July 2009

Insects immersed in oils exude minute droplets of water over the surface of the cuticle. These appear more rapidly in light oils than in heavy oils and are more numerous in young insects than in old. Immersed in mixtures of oils and alcohols which separate in contact with water they show a vigorous effervescence at those regions where the mixture penetrates most rapidly to the water in the cuticle. There is a delay of varying duration at different parts of the cuticle when heavy oils are used. This delay disappears if the lipoid layer is first extracted with petroleum ether.Factors controlling the rate of entry of pyrethrum through the cuticle have been studied by the application of pyrethrum in oil to a restricted area of the abdomen of nymphs and adults of Rhodnius. Entry is more rapid in light than in heavy petroleum oils ; it is much accelerated if the cuticle is first treated with petroleum ether. Entry is very slow in vegetable oils. There are great individual variations, due chiefly to the thickness of the endocuticle, which in turn is determined by the size of meal taken before moulting, the age and the amount of food taken after moulting, and the degree of stretching of the cuticle. There is evidence that the pore canals are important in the passage of pyrethrum through the endocuticle.Histological examination of the integument shows that in the nymph of Rhodnius oils are taken up first by the epidermal cells in the zone around the bristles ; later by the general epidermis. The uptake of oil is greatly increased if 5 per cent. of oleic acid is added to refined petroleum. In the adult Rhodnius soon after moulting, oils are taken up by the general epidermis. In old insects they are taken up solely by the dermal glands. There is no visible entry through the sockets of the bristles.The entry of pyrethrum in oils is accelerated by the addition of oleic or other fatty acids.
Some Results of Studies on the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria, Forsk.) in India
Authors: Ramchandra Rao Rao Bahadur Y. 
Published: July 2009

[A voluminous general report on the organisation and the results of the locust investigations carried out in India in 1931–1938, under the auspices of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, was officially submitted to the Council by Rao Bahadur Y. Ramchandra Rao in 1941, but its publication has been postponed until after the war.A copy of the report has been sent, by permission of the Council, to the Anti-Locust Research Centre at the Imperial Institute of Entomology, for information, and it proved to contain a wealth of data and of ideas, only some of which have been published in various preliminary papers by its author and by his colleagues. In view of the great scientific and practical value of the report, it appeared necessary to make at least its main findings available to other entomologists working on the subject, and permission has been obtained from the author and from the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research for the publication of some sections of the report. Only a few sections, selected and edited by Dr. B. P. Uvarov, are being published below, and it should be stressed that their publication in the abridged form does not in any way detract from the value of the complete report, which, it is hoped, will be published at the earliest opportunity for the benefit of all workers on the locust problem.]
Experiments on the Survival and Behaviour of the Itch Mite, Sarcoptes scabiei DeG. var. hominis
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth , Johnson C. G. , Bartley W. C. , Brown P. 
Published: July 2009

(1) Adult female Sarcoptes were killed by 49°C. (120°F.) in 10 minutes and by 47·5°C. (117·5°F.) in 30 minutes.(2) At 28°C. (82°F.) no Sarcoptes survived for two days and the majority died in 24 hours.(3) At 13°C. (55°F.) and 90 per cent. R.H. the majority of the mites died within a week, but a few survived longer, even up to 14 days.(4) At temperatures below 13°C. (55°F.) the mites survived for a shorter time.(5) Sarcoptes gives no reactions, positive or negative to unidirectional light.(6) Below 15°C. (59°F.) Sarcoptes is in chill coma. Little movement occurs below 20°C. (68°F.).(7) In temperature gradient mites seldom, if ever, go below 24°C. (75°F.). They will walk into high temperatures which prove rapidly lethal.
The Emergence and Sex Ratio of Culex fatigans Wied. (Diptera, Culicidae) in Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Qutubuddin M. 
Published: July 2009

In view of the great diversity of opinion on the subject of sex ratio and order of emergence of the two sexes of adults in laboratory-bred mosquitos and those occurring in nature, 70 experiments spread over a period of 1 year, were conducted in the laboratory at room temperature to study (a) the order of emergence of the sexes, (b) proportions of sexes in the total output in a brood, (c) the effect of larval and pupal mortality, (d) the effect of food, and (e) of temperature on sex ratio. The common species, C. fatigans, was chosen for the purpose.By a statistical evaluation and graphical representation of the data it has been shown that males hatch out significantly earlier than females, and that the larval life of the males is significantly shorter than that of the females.It is concluded that the sexes emerge in a 1: 1 ratio, although a small number of aberrant cases with a significant preponderance of one sex or the other may occur.Larval as well as pupal mortality below 20 per cent. does not seem to affect the sex ratio; nor has it been possible to establish any relationship between sex ratio and mortality in any of the aquatic stages.
Studies of British Anthomyiid Flies
Authors: Miles Mary 
Published: July 2009

The Spinach Stem FlyHylemyia echinata(Séguy), is an important pest of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in the east and south-east of England for canning and freezing. Attack by the larvae results in the blackening and distortion of terminal shoots and the splitting and discoloration of petioles and mid-ribs, and some larvae may be present in the crops when they are harvested.The eggs are laid in May on the upper surfaces of the leaves and among the leaflets of the terminal and axillary buds. The larvae penetrate the epidermis and tunnel through the mesophyll until they reach mid-ribs, petioles or stems where they feed on the hollow inner surfaces. The puparia are usually found in the soil but may occur in the feeding sites. The second generation emerges in June and July, and further emergences occur in August and September. Larvae are present in the crops from May to October.Eggs and larvae are described and illustrated so that they can be distinguished from those of the Mangold Fly,Pegomyia betae(Curt.), which are often present on spinach at the same time. The flies are described and the characters which distinguish them from the Bean Seed Flies,Delia cilicrura(Rond.), are noted.
A Revision of the African Species of Sesamia Guenée and related Genera (Agrotidae-Lepidoptera)
Authors: Tams W. H. T. , Bowden J. 
Published: July 2009

The primary object of the work which is the subject of this paper was to clarify the confusion that has existed for many years in the nomenclature and taxonomy of certain important Agrotid borers of graminaceous crops in Africa.The genera involved are Spcia, Sciomesa, Poeonoma, Conicofrontia, Bussecla and Sesamia, and of these the first three are new and are described and the others are redescribed. A key to the genera and keys to the species of Sciomesa, Poeonoma and Sesamia are given. The genus Speia is erected for Phalaena vuteria Stoll; the name vuteria Stoll has been wrongly applied to the important pest of sugar-cane in Mauritius, which is, in fact, the well known Sesamia calamistis Hampson. Sciomesa is erected to contain three species previously included in Conicofrontia. Poeonoma also contains three species, of which one is Phragmatiphila serrata Hampson and the other two are new. Hampson's species Conicofrontia sesamoides is redescribed in Conicofrontia and is the only species of that genus dealt with in detail; Phragmatiphila bipartita Hampson is synonymised with it. In the genus Busseola, only the well known pest, B. fusca (Fuller) is described.
Some important Species of the Genus Cryptophlebia Walsingham, 1899, with Descriptions of three new Species (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Bradley J. D. 
Published: July 2009

This work was undertaken to unravel past confusion concerning the identity of certain economically important species of Cryptophlebia. It involved the study of several other species of the same genus and has resulted in the recognition of three new species and the transfer to Cryptophlebia of several species hitherto placed in other genera, mainly Argyroploce.The three new species are described and 14 species are redescribed. The distribution of each is given and the food-plants are listed where known. The adult female and the male and female genitalia of each of the new species and certain others are illustrated.
Seasonal Variations in the Mean Size of Tsetse Flies
Authors: Jackson C. H. N. 
Published: July 2009

The mean size of the males of the three tsetse speciesGlossina pallidipes,G. morsitansandG. swynnertoniis negatively correlated with the mean 2 p.m. saturation deficit of 2 months before.The correlation is highest (—0·90) forG. pallidipes, the largest species, and lowest forG. swynnertoni, the smallest. The variation coefficient of mean vein length also is highest forG. pallidipesand lowest forG. swynnertoni.The reason for the apparent 2 months' lag in the effect of saturation deficit on size of flies is that the mean male pupal period is 35 days in Shinyanga (23°C.) and the mean age of males measured is 3–4 weeks. If 1 month's lag is tried, the correlation forG. pallidipesdrops from —0·90 to —0·32, and with no lag at all it is —0·24. The correlation with maximum temperature of 2 months earlier is insignificantly lower than that with saturation deficit; it is —0·79 forG. pallidipes.
Studies of the Biting-habits of African Mosquitos. An Appraisal of Methods employed, with special Reference to the twenty-four-hour Catch
Authors: Haddow A. J. 
Published: July 2009

It is felt that the 24-hour catch presents a valuable method of studying the biting-behaviour of mosquitos in the field, and further that conclusions concerning seasonal abundance, vertical distribution and times of biting-activity must be based on catches of this type if serious errors of interpretation are to be avoided.The time-divisions of the catch should not exceed one hour, and even shorter intervals may be desirable. Timing should be related to the actual times of sunrise and sunset. Where possible, a series of consecutive catches should be carried out, and a shift system must be carefully considered in relation to the particular series projected.Usually the results from different levels above ground should be treated separately in working out biting-cycles, and this may also apply to results from different seasons or different localities. Further, while in some instances the summation of long series of catches seems permissible, in others it is not, and in these detailed analysis of the figures may be necessary before consistent behaviour-patterns become apparent.In cases where a measure of the central tendency is to be employed, the geometric mean as modified by C. B. Williams appears to be the most suitable.
Cyclodiene-BHC resistance in Cosmopolites sordidus (Germ.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Edge V. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDieldrin, aldrin and γBHC in kerosene were applied topically to adults of Cosmopolites sordidus (Germ.) collected from banana plantations with no history of insecticide application and from plantations that had been treated regularly with dieldrin for many years. Adults from the latter source were highly resistant to dieldrin and aldrin, while resistance to γBHC was lower; those from the former source were susceptible and the results could be used as base line data. Females collected in spring from two untreated plantations showed LD50 values for dieldrin varying by a factor of 1·5, while females collected in the spring were 1·7 times more susceptible than those collected in the autumn from the same plantation. A discriminating dose of 1 μl of 1·0% dieldrin per weevil is considered suitable for detecting resistant individuals.
Populations and host-plant preferences of Earias spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in East Africa
Authors: Reed W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this ecological survey conducted mainly in western Tanzania between 1962 and 1969, six species of Earias were found, including two undescribed species and E. cupreoviridis (Wlk.), which is restricted to Sida spp.; E. biplaga (Wlk.) and E. insulana (Boisd.) were the only species found on cotton and were virtually restricted to Malvales. Differences in the incidence of Malvales and the Earias larvae feeding on them were noted on a research farm and on surrounding local farms as being due to different farming practices and soil types. E. biplaga was the dominant species on cotton for most of each year and its major alternative host was Waltheria indica; E. insulana was relatively more common on cotton in the dry season and was particularly common on Abutilon spp. Populations of E. biplaga increased on W. indica early in the rainy season, then dispersed onto cotton; populations on cotton could be predicted from the size of earlier populations on W. indica and subsequent rainfall.
Male potency inCulicoides melleus(Coq.) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Lenley J. R. , Hinds M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPotency in the maleCulicoides melleus(Coq.) has been investigated by direct counts of spermatozoa liberated from spermatophores removed forcibly during copulation. At the first copulation, virgin males 12–24 h old transferred a mean (± s.d.) of 1156±210 sperm to the females. In a series of copulations in immediate succession (with a fresh virgin female at each mating in the series), the numbers of sperm transferred declined progressively to a mean of 72±88 at the seventh copulation. The percentage fertility was recorded in first egg batches oviposited naturally by females that partnered individual males at one of the copulations in an immediately successive series. Fertility remained essentially unchanged at its highest level (62–66%) for the first three copulations. It then declined through copulations 4, 5 and 6, and reached zero at the seventh copulation and beyond. The minimum number of sperm required to ensure full fertility in the first egg batch appeared to be about 600. Limited recovery of potency was exhibited by males mated three times in immediate succession, then kept 24 h and mated again.
Host preference in Aedes simpsoni (Theo.) (Diptera, Culicidae) with special reference to the anthropophilic and non-anthropophilic forms in Uganda
Authors: Mukwaya L. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPrecipitin tests of the blood-meals of the non-anthropophilic population of Aedes simpsoni (Theo.) in Bwayise showed that at least 62% of the meals were mammalian; none was certainly avian or reptile. The remaining 38% were mostly too far digested for identification. Of the positive mammalian feeds, 84% were of rodents and only 5%; were of primates, probably human. In laboratory choice experiments, approximately two-thirds of a sample of the Bwayise strain fed on rodent in preference to monkey. Precipitin tests on blood-meals of the Bwamba strain of Ae. simpsoni confirmed earlier findings that this strain is strongly anthropophilic. At least 86% of wild-caught individuals had fed on mammals, 65% of these specifically identified: 28% of the feeds were of rodents and 72% were of primates, mostly human. During a five-month study at Bwayise in 1969, eleven species of rodents were caught; 91% of the rodents diurnally active were Arvicanthis niloticus which contributed 38% of the total collection and was twice as active during the afternoon as in the morning. The remaining species were predominantly nocturnal. A close relationship was found between the times of activity of A. niloticus and the biting cycle of Ae. simpsoni. In feeding tests using the three commonest rodent species, Ae. simpsoni selected A. niloticus as often as, or more often than, the nocturnal rodent species. This preference was maintained over one generation reared in culture. It is suggested that A. niloticus is the major natural host of the Bwayise strain by reason of the synchrony between rodent and mosquito activity rhythms. The Bwayise strain does not normally feed upon wild primates, so explaining further the almost total absence of human cases of yellow fever in areas of Uganda where this mosquito is non-anthropophilic.