bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential regulation of steroid nuclear receptor coregulator expression between normal and neoplastic prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Heemers Hannelore V. , Schmidt Lucy J. , Kidd Emily , Raclaw Kristin A. , Regan Kevin M. , Tindall Donald J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDDeregulated androgen receptor (AR) action is critical for prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Aberrant expression of AR‐associated coregulators contributes to AR activity in PCa. The mechanisms underlying coregulator expression in PCa are under intense investigation as they may lead to alternative means of targeting AR activity in PCa cells. We have recently shown that over 30% of coregulator expression in the PCa cell line LNCaP is subject to androgen regulation.METHODSUsing multiple PCa cell lines as well as xenograft models, non‐malignant prostate epithelial cell lines and androgen‐responsive tissues derived from a male Wistar rat model system, we explored the effect of androgen stimulation and androgen deprivation on the expression of the core coactivators SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, CBP, and p300.RESULTSAndrogen stimulation of model systems representing PCa led to a decrease in the expression of SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, CBP, and p300, whereas androgen deprivation induced the expression of these coactivators. In contrast, expression of these coregulators remained largely unaffected following changes in the androgenic milieu in AR‐positive models representing non‐malignant prostate cells and tissues.CONCLUSIONSOur data indicate differences in the regulation of coregulator expression between neoplastic and normal prostate cells. These findings emphasize the important potential of targeting the mechanisms regulating coregulator expression for therapeutic intervention in PCa. Prostate 70: 959–970, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substrate dependent buffer‐layer assisted growth of nanoclusters
Authors: Honolka Jan , Sessi Violetta , Zhang Jian , Hertenberger Simon , Enders Axel , Kern Klaus 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe role of the substrate on the morphology of nanometer size clusters fabricated by buffer layer assisted growth (BLAG) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. Clusters of Fe and Co were deposited on Ag(111), Cu(100), Rh(111), and Pt(111) surfaces using identical BLAG parameters, which are temperature, as well as metal and buffer layer coverage. Semi‐hemispherical clusters are found on Ag(111) and Cu(100), while flat monolayer high islands are observed on Rh(111) and Pt(111) due to complete wetting. The results of this study are in agreement with the common notion that BLAG is useful to deposit clusters of virtually any material on any substrate, however, the shape, size, and lateral distribution of the resulting clusters depend strongly on the substrate surface free energy and diffusion processes.
Mott transition in the Hubbard model on the triangular lattice
Authors: Yoshioka Takuya , Koga Akihisa , Kawakami Norio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe investigate a metal–insulator Mott transition in the half‐filled Hubbard model on the triangular lattice. In this study, we make use of the path‐integral renormalization group method with an iteration and truncation scheme proposed recently, which allows us to access the competing ground states around the transition point. We find for a cluster with 36 sites that as the Hubbard interaction U increases, the paramagnetic metallic (PM) state undergoes a metal–insulator phase transition to a nonmagnetic insulating (NMI) state at $U_{\rm c} \sim 7.4t$, where t is the transfer integral. A detailed analysis around the transition point shows that the Mott transition is of first order.
How to distribute antidote to control epidemics
Authors: Borgs Christian , Chayes Jennifer , Ganesh Ayalvadi , Saberi Amin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe give a rigorous analysis of variations of the contact process on a finite graph in which the cure rate is allowed to vary from one vertex to the next, and even to depend on the current state of the system. In particular, we study the epidemic threshold in the models where the cure rate is proportional to the degree of the node or when it is proportional to the number of its infected neighbors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2010
Unusual secondary electron emission behavior in carbon nanotube forests
Authors: Alam Md. K. , Yaghoobi P. , Nojeh A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractElectron yield was measured from patterned carbon nanotube forests for a wide range of primary beam energies (400–20,000 eV). It was observed that secondary and backscattered electron emission behaviors in these forests are quite different than in bulk materials. This seems to be primarily because of the increased range of electrons due to the porous nature of the forests and dependent on their structural parameters, namely nanotube length, diameter and inter‐nanotube spacing. In addition to providing insight into the electron microscopy of nanotubes, these results have interesting implications on designing novel secondary electron emitters based on the structural degrees of freedom of nanomaterials. SCANNING 31: 221–228, 2009. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of heat treatment on the properties and structure of TiO2 nanotubes: phase composition and chemical composition
Authors: Regonini D. , Jaroenworaluck A. , Stevens R. , Bowen C.R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTitanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes prepared by electrolytic anodisation of a titanium electrode have been systematically heat treated to control the conversion of the as‐prepared amorphous structure to nanocrystalline anatase and rutile. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the temperature of calcination is critical in determining the structure and crystallinity of the titania. X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysis shows the as‐prepared film to consist mainly of oxide, although a small amount of fluoride contamination remains from the electrolyte. Organic components from post‐anodising cleaning treatments were also present. Fluorine ions are gradually ejected from the anodic layer during annealing and the fluorine concentration is negligible in samples that are heat treated above 400 °C. Choosing the appropriate annealing temperature allows the structure to be made up of defined proportions of anatase and rutile with a reduced contamination of species from the electrolyte or organic solvents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generate Both Retinal Ganglion Cells and Photoreceptors: Therapeutic Implications in Degenerative Changes in Glaucoma and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Parameswaran Sowmya , Balasubramanian Sudha , Babai Norbert , Qiu Fang , Eudy James D. , Thoreson Wallace B. , Ahmad Iqbal 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe direct reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state holds significant implications for treating intractable degenerative diseases by ex vivo cell therapy. In addition, the reprogrammed cells can serve as a model for diseases and the discovery of drugs and genes. Here, we demonstrate that mouse fibroblast induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a renewable and robust source of retinal progenitors, capable of generating a wide range of retinal cell types that includes retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), cone, and rod photoreceptors. They respond to simulated microenvironment of early and late retinal histogenesis by differentiating into stage-specific retinal cell types through the recruitment of normal mechanisms. The depth of the retinal potential of iPSCs suggests that they may be used to formulate stem cell approaches to understand and treat a wide range of retinal degenerative diseases from glaucoma to age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Lesion of the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus blocks acute cocaine‐induced changes in striatal glutamate
Authors: McKee Brenda L. , Keyghobadi Modjgan , Tozier De La Poterie Adrienne P. , Meshul Charles K. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA single injection of cocaine increases extracellular glutamate in the rat dorsolateral striatum 1 day after the acute cocaine was administered (McKee and Meshul, 2005). However, the nuclei that facilitate this increase in striatal glutamate remain unknown. We hypothesized that the cocaine‐induced increase in striatal glutamate was produced by activation of the ventromedial (VM) nucleus of the thalamus via the thalamo‐corticostriatal or thalamostriatal pathways. First, rats received an electrolytic lesion of the VM. One day after a single cocaine or vehicle injection, extracellular glutamate was measured in the dorsolateral striatum using in vivo microdialysis. The motor thalamus lesion blocked the cocaine‐induced increase in striatal glutamate and reduced extracellular glutamate to the level of the vehicle‐treated group. This study shows a critical role for the VM nucleus of the thalamus in mediating the effects of cocaine on extracellular glutamate levels in the rat dorsolateral striatum. Synapse 64:445–448, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How location and ethnicity affect ethnic entrepreneurs in three Canadian cities
Authors: Brenner Gabrielle A. , Menzies Teresa V. , Dionne Lionel , Filion Louis Jacques 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFew studies on the entrepreneurial contributions of immigrant and/or ethnic entrepreneurs have been carried out in Canada. This article presents results from a cross‐Canadian project. Data were collected from 718 entrepreneurs in three cities. Analysis of the socio‐demographic profile suggests that ethnic entrepreneurs pursue different paths of integration. Firm characteristics suggest that similar support programs are needed for ethnic firms as for all small firms. Also, our analysis suggests that there is no need for new support programs for ethnic firms, except to help them better integrate. Lastly, the use that these entrepreneurs make of social capital only partially confirms the literature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Value of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laparoscopy for Abdominal Stab Wounds
Authors: Lin Heng‐Fu , Wu Jiann‐Ming , Tu Chao‐Chiang , Chen Hsin‐An , Shih Hsin‐Chin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the use of laparoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment for hemodynamically stable patients with abdominal stab wounds.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare the outcomes of 86 hemodynamically stable patients with suspected intra‐abdominal injuries from abdominal stab wounds who underwent either exploratory laparotomy or diagnostic laparoscopy. Thirty‐eight patients (group A) were treated before the adoption of laparoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for abdominal stabbing injuries at our hospital, and 48 patients (group B) were treated after. Demographic information, injury severity, operative findings, rates of nontherapeutic interventions, operation time, length of hospital stay, and morbidity of the two groups were evaluated.ResultsThere was no difference in the demographics and injury severity between the two groups. Laparoscopy decreased the nontherapeutic laparotomy rate from 57.9% in group A to 0% in group B (P < 0.001). The accuracy of diagnostic laparoscopy was 100% in group B. Patients in group B had a significantly shorter hospital stay (5.0 days versus 9.9 days; P < 0.001) and shorter operation time (90.7 min vs. 118.7 min; P = 0.019) than group A. For patients in group B with significant intra‐abdominal injuries, therapeutic laparoscopy was successfully performed in 16 of 17 patients (94.1%), treating a total of 22 intra‐abdominal injuries.ConclusionsLaparoscopy is feasible and safe for the diagnosis and treatment of hemodynamically stable patients with abdominal stab wounds. It can reduce the nontherapeutic laparotomy rate and shorten the length of hospital stay.
Detour behavior changes associated with prenatal morphine exposure in 11‐day‐old chicks
Authors: Sun Huaying , Che Yi , Liu Xiaofen , Ma Yuanye 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe central nervous system exhibits remarkable plasticity in early life. Prenatal morphine exposure may induce adverse behavioral effects on the neonate and the developing offspring. In the present study, we investigated the effect of prenatal morphine exposure (daily from embryonic days 12–16, 20 mg/kg) on 11‐day‐old chicks using two forms of spatial paradigms: one trial detour behavior task in which animals must bypass an obstacle to reach the desired goal without any training and detour learning task which required several trials of training to reach the detour criterion.The results showed that, on the condition that chicks could successfully detour in the first trial, morphine exposed chicks exhibited longer detour latency to finish the task, coupled by a preference for turning right versus turning left. In contrast, no significant difference in learning and memory was found in detour learning task between morphine exposed chicks and saline chicks. These findings suggest specific behavioral changes associated with prenatal exposure to opioids during mid to late gestation, also raise attention to the possible health hazard from pregnancy drug use in everyday life.
Effects of repeated minimal electroshock seizures on NGF, BDNF and FGF‐2 protein in the rat brain during postnatal development
Authors: Kim Jinsook , Gale Karen , Kondratyev Alexei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRepeated brief seizures, such as those induced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), markedly elevate neurotrophic factor levels in the adult rat brain, but it is not known whether a similar response to seizures occurs in immature animals. To address this question, we evoked brief seizures with electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in rat pups at different stages of postnatal development and examined basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2), nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins in selected brain regions in which these trophic factors are known to increase in the adult rat following ECS‐induced seizures.ECS treatments were administered daily (3 episodes/day) over 7 days to rat pups of three different ages: postnatal day (P)1–7, P7–13, or P14–20. Protein levels were measured 6 h after the last ECS using Western blotting for FGF‐2 in rhinal cortex, ELISA for BDNF and NGF in hippocampus, and NGF in frontal cortex.7 days of repeated ECS‐induced seizures during P1–7 did not alter protein levels for BDNF, FGF‐2, or NGF. The repeated seizures during P7–13 affected only BDNF protein, causing a significant elevation of 40% in hippocampus over sham‐treated controls. In P14–20 pups, the repeated seizures resulted in a significant increase in BDNF in hippocampus (162% over controls) and FGF‐2 in rhinal cortex (34% over controls), while NGF protein did not show a significant change in either hippocampus or frontal cortex.The results suggest that during the first postnatal week there is a resistance to seizure‐induced increase in neurotrophic factors, but by the third postnatal week, both BDNF and FGF‐2 are elevated substantially in response to repeated seizures. This time‐dependent profile suggests that synthesis of these proteins is initially activity‐independent, becoming subject to activity‐dependent regulation by 3 weeks of age. This maturation of seizure‐evoked changes in trophic factors may be important for understanding the impact of ECT and seizures in childhood.
Ligula intestinalis(Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea): an ideal fish-metazoan parasite model?
Authors: HOOLE D. , CARTER V. , DUFOUR S. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYSince its use as a model to study metazoan parasite culture andin vitrodevelopment, the plerocercoid of the tapeworm,Ligula intestinalis, has served as a useful scientific tool to study a range of biological factors, particularly within its fish intermediate host. From the extensive long-term ecological studies on the interactions between the parasite and cyprinid hosts, to the recent advances made using molecular technology on parasite diversity and speciation, studies on the parasite have, over the last 60 years, led to significant advances in knowledge on host-parasite interactions. The parasite has served as a useful model to study pollution, immunology and parasite ecology and genetics, as well has being the archetypal endocrine disruptor.
Patterns of brain atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging and the boundary between ageing and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: O'Sullivan Mike 
Published: February 2010

SummaryClinicians are increasingly faced with the problem of interpreting subtle, early cognitive symptoms. Enhanced awareness of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and available treatments has led to a growing demand for early assessment. Although it is known that a proportion of individuals with mild cognitive impairment will progress to dementia in following years, our ability to identify these individuals and predict individual cognitive trajectories is limited. The emergence of disease-modifying treatments would make these problems more acute. In this review, the potential role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in aiding the clinician in early diagnosis of AD will be considered. The changes in grey matter structure that accompany ‘normal’ ageing will be described briefly, before moving on to studies that have attempted to distinguish the onset of disease from this background of structural change. Volumetric methods range from measurements of single key structures, such as the hippocampus, to methods based on computational neuroanatomy, which evaluate subtle structural alterations across the whole brain simultaneously. Computational methods are rapidly evolving and already perform as well as radiologists in distinguishing AD from normal ageing at an individual level. This article aims to provide a practical knowledge of how and why these methods work, point out the main advantages and disadvantages and sketch out outstanding issues and possible future directions.
Diseases of the prostate
Authors: Bright Elizabeth , Abrams Paul 
Published: February 2010

SummaryBenign and malignant prostate disease is common in older men and becomes more prevalent with age. Many seek medical help due to bother associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Some fear their LUTS are secondary to prostate cancer or seek advice regarding prostate cancer screening. Furthermore, prostate cancer is now the most common male cancer in the UK. However, not all prostate disease causes LUTS. Equally, not all LUTS are due to a disease of the prostate. Thorough clinical assessment is therefore required to identify urological from non-urological, and benign from malignant causes of LUTS. This review presents a description of the current terminology for diseases of the prostate, the essential clinical assessment and investigations, and a description of the many treatment options currently available for both benign and malignant prostate disease.
Anticholinergics for urge incontinence
Authors: Mappilakkandy R , Mistri AK 
Published: February 2010

SummaryUrinary incontinence is a common symptom in women, more so in older people, with a significant impact on physical health and wellbeing. About 1 in 5 people have impaired continence. Symptom categorization at initial assessment is the key to guiding further therapy. Non-pharmacological options (bladder training for 6 weeks with guidance from a trained physiotherapist) are preferred and can be supported with biofeedback. If unsuccessful, anticholinergics are added and, rarely, surgical options need consideration.Anticholinergics are the mainstay of pharmacological management of urge incontinence. The National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends immediate release oxybutynin as the first-line agent, with recourse to others if there are adverse effects. The pharmacology, efficacy and adverse effect profile of the various anticholinergic drugs is reviewed, allowing the reader to make an informed choice of appropriate anticholinergics for urge incontinence.
A longitudinal method of teaching pediatric palliative care to interns: Preliminary findings regarding changes in interns' comfort level
Authors: Yazdani Shahram , Evan Elana , Roubinov Danielle , Chung Paul J. , Zeltzer Lonnie 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjective:A longitudinal pediatric palliative care curriculum was introduced into the pediatric residency program at the University of California, Los Angeles. The present study explores the possible effects of this curriculum on the interns' self-assessed comfort levels regarding caring for children with life-threatening conditions.Methods:A newly created assessment tool was administered to interns in order to rate their comfort regarding pediatric palliative care at the beginning and conclusion of their intern year.Results:Twenty-two of the 29 interns completed this survey. Baseline data indicated 55% of the interns had some experience with taking care of a dying pediatric patient during their medical school training, and 79% indicated that they had taken care of a dying adult. Only 7% of the interns felt adequately prepared to deal with death and dying, but all interns indicated interest in further learning about pediatric palliative care. Comparison of the overall comfort levels of the 22 responding residents before and after the first year of training in 20 different related tasks demonstrated a significant self-assessed improvement of comfort in seven areas. There was no increase in self-reported comfort in communication related to palliative care.Significance of results:Residents indicated increased comfort in some areas of pediatric palliative care after the first year of their training. The underlying cause of this increased comfort is unclear at this time. The overall effect of longitudinal palliative care curriculums on residents' level of comfort in caring for this population deserves further assessment.
Mars Rover Enters New Phase of Mission
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: February 2010

The wandering days for NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit appear to be over. Spirit, which has been exploring the planet on a science mission since January 2004, is embedded in sandy soil and will remain at its current location at 14.6°S, 175.5°E, at the “Home Plate” plateau within Gusev crater, through the coming Martian winter and for the rest of its days.Despite NASA's best efforts to extricate the six‐wheeled Spirit from the sulfate salt—rich soil for the past 8 months, mission scientists indicated on 26 January that they now believe the rover is stuck for good, aside from minor movements on its four remaining operational wheels and other small adjustments. For the next several weeks, NASA will continue efforts to slightly reposition the robot so that it can better catch the Sun, endure the coming Martian winter in a state of hibernation, and remain at least in infrequent communication with the science team.
Obama Budget Proposal Would Increase Science Agency Funding
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: February 2010

Although the Obama administration's $3.8 trillion U.S. federal budget proposal for fiscal year (FY) 2011, announced on 1 February, would push the federal deficit to $1.6 trillion and include a 3‐year budget freeze for a number of nondefense programs, science and technology “are doing very well,” according to John Holdren, assistant to the president for science and technology.While President Barack Obama announced in his State of the Union speech his intention to hold down costs, it “did not mean he was imposing a mindless across‐the‐board freeze,” Holdren said at a 2 February briefing. “In making the tough decisions embodied in the 2011 budget, he managed to preserve and expand what most needed to be preserved and expanded in the government's investments in research and development, and in science, technology, engineering, and math education.”