bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Urinary Bladder Cancer Is Associated with 8q24 Variant rs9642880[T] in Multiple Racial/Ethnic Groups: Results from the Los Angeles–Shanghai Case–Control Study
Authors: Cortessis Victoria K. , Yuan Jian-Min , Van Den Berg David , Jiang Xuejuan , Gago-Dominguez Manuela , Stern Mariana C. , Castelao Jose E. , Xiang Yong-Bing , Gao Yu-Tang , Pike Malcolm C. , Conti David V. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Background: Multiple chromosome 8q24 genotypic variants are strongly implicated in several cancers. Recent genome-wide association studies of urinary bladder cancer report risk to be associated with the T allele of rs9642880 on 8q24 among individuals of European descent.
Methods: We examined associations between bladder cancer risk and genotypes defined by rs9642880 and each of 8 additional 8q24 variants associated with risk of other cancers, in both high-risk non-Hispanic white and low-risk Chinese participants enrolled in a large population-based case–control study conducted in Los Angeles County and Shanghai.
Results: We confirmed association of rs9642880 T with bladder cancer risk not only among non-Hispanic whites but also among Chinese participants [overall per-allele relative risk estimate 1.32 (95% CI, 1.16–1.50; P = 0.000024)]. Subgroup analyses suggested that effects of rs9642880 are largely confined to nonsmokers and former smokers, and may be particularly important in the etiology of noninvasive papillary tumors. There was little indication that 8q24 SNPs associated with other cancer types—rs7008482, rs7000448, rs6983561, rs6983267, rs13281615, rs13254738, or rs10090154—are associated with bladder cancer risk.
Conclusions: Bladder cancer risk is associated specifically with variation in the discrete 8q24 region containing rs9642880. Factors other than rs9642880 genotypes seem to underlie differences in bladder cancer risk between non-Hispanic whites and Chinese.
Impact: Characterization of functional consequences of genetic variation in the discrete region including rs9642880 is needed to understand biological basis of this bladder cancer-specific 8q24 association in these racial/ethnic groups characterized by both high and low risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(12); 3150–6. ©2010 AACR.
Change in Physical Activity and Colon Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Authors: Wolin Kathleen Y. , Patel Alpa V. , Campbell Peter T. , Jacobs Eric J. , McCullough Marjorie L. , Colditz Graham A. , Gapstur Susan M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground: Although data on the association of physical activity and colon cancer risk is convincing, little research has examined whether change in physical activity alters risk of cancer incidence and mortality.Methods: We examined the association of 10- and 15-year change in physical activity with risk of colon cancer incidence and mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. Endpoints were verified through medical record abstraction or registry or National Death Index linkage. Ten-year physical activity analysis included 1,863 incident and 826 fatal cases, whereas the longer-term exposure analysis included 1,386 incident and 602 fatal colon cancer cases. Age and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.Results: Neither measure of physical activity change was associated with colon cancer incidence. Fifteen-year change was not associated with colon cancer mortality. However, consistently high physical activity over 10 years was associated with a decreased risk of colon cancer mortality as compared with those with consistently low activity. The association attenuated to borderline significance with adjustment for body mass index. Those consistently at or above sample median physical activity levels over 15 years had half the risk of colon cancer death as those consistently below the median.Conclusions: Regular long-term physical activity was associated with a lower risk of colon cancer mortality.Impact: This study suggests that long-term participation in physical activity provides the greatest reduction in risk of colon cancer death. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(12); 3000–4. ©2010 AACR.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Relation to Bladder Cancer Risk—The Shanghai Bladder Cancer Study
Authors: Tao Li , Xiang Yong-Bing , Wang Renwei , Nelson Heather H. , Gao Yu-Tang , Chan Kenneth K. , Yu Mimi C. , Yuan Jian-Min 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Background: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) contains tobacco carcinogens. Hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) are important isoenzymes in activation and detoxification, respectively, of tobacco carcinogens. Data on ETS and bladder cancer risk are sparse.
Methods: We examined the effects of ETS alone and combined with NAT2/CYP1A2 on bladder cancer risk among lifelong-nonsmokers in a case-control study involving 195 patients and 261 controls in Shanghai, China. A comprehensive history of ETS exposure was determined through in-person interviews while CYP1A2 and NAT2 phenotypes by a caffeine-based urinary assay.
Results: ETS exposure was related to an overall statistically nonsignificant 38% increased bladder cancer risk. The risk increased with increasing number of cigarettes smoked by household members or number of hours per day at workplace where coworkers smoked. Compared with no ETS exposure, subjects living with smoking parents during childhood had an OR of 2.43 (95% CI = 0.99–5.96) for bladder cancer. When all ETS sources were combined, the risk increased with increasing total ETS score (Ptrend = 0.03). The OR for high versus nil ETS exposure was 3.00 (95% CI = 1.24–7.26). The increased risk with ETS was mainly seen among individuals possessing a CYP1A2 high efficiency and/or a NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype (Ptrend = 0.04).
Conclusions: ETS was associated with an increased bladder cancer risk for lifelong-nonsmokers. The association was stronger for people possessing the at-risk phenotypes of CYP1A2 and/or NAT2.
Impact: Reducing exposure to ETS for children and genetically more susceptible individuals could be more effective for bladder cancer prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(12); 3087–95. ©2010 AACR.
Dietary Insulin Load, Dietary Insulin Index, and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Bao Ying , Nimptsch Katharina , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Chan Andrew T. , Ng Kimmie , Michaud Dominique S. , Brand-Miller Jennie C. , Willett Walter C. , Giovannucci Edward , Fuchs Charles S. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Background: Circulating insulin levels have been positively associated with risk of colorectal cancer; however, it remains unclear whether a diet inducing an elevated insulin response influences colorectal cancer risk. On the basis of a novel insulin index for individual foods, we estimated insulin demand for overall diets and assessed its association with colorectal cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study.
Methods: We followed 86,740 women and 46,146 men who were free of cancer and diabetes at baseline and identified a total of 2,481 colorectal cancer cases during up to 26 years of follow-up. Dietary insulin load was calculated as a function of food insulin index and the energy content of individual foods was reported on food frequency questionnaires. Average dietary insulin index was calculated by dividing the dietary insulin load by the total energy intake.
Results: Dietary insulin load and dietary insulin index were not associated with risk of colorectal cancer. Comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles, the pooled multivariate relative risks of colorectal cancer were 0.91 (95% CI = 0.79–1.05) for dietary insulin load and 0.93 (95% CI = 0.81–1.08) for dietary insulin index. Body mass index and physical activity did not modify the association of dietary insulin load or index with colorectal cancer.
Conclusion: A diet high in foods that increase postprandial insulin levels did not increase the risk of colorectal cancer in this large prospective study.
Impact: This study is the first to investigate insulin index and load in relation to colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(12); 3020–6. ©2010 AACR.
Disparities in Liver Cancer Incidence by Nativity, Acculturation, and Socioeconomic Status in California Hispanics and Asians
Authors: Chang Ellen T. , Yang Juan , Alfaro-Velcamp Theresa , So Samuel K. S. , Glaser Sally L. , Gomez Scarlett Lin 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Background: Asians and Hispanics have the highest incidence rates of liver cancer in the United States, but little is known about how incidence patterns in these largely immigrant populations vary by nativity, acculturation, and socioeconomic status (SES). Such variations can identify high-priority subgroups for prevention and monitoring.
Methods: Incidence rates and rate ratios (IRR) by nativity among 5,400 Hispanics and 5,809 Asians diagnosed with liver cancer in 1988–2004 were calculated in the California Cancer Registry. Neighborhood ethnic enclave status and SES were classified using 2000 U.S. Census data for cases diagnosed in 1998–2002.
Results: Foreign-born Hispanic males had significantly lower liver cancer incidence rates than U.S.-born Hispanic males in 1988–2004 (e.g., IRR = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50–0.59 in 1997–2004), whereas foreign-born Hispanic females had significantly higher rates in 1988–1996 (IRR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.18–1.71), but not 1997–2004. Foreign-born Asian males and females had up to 5-fold higher rates than the U.S.-born. Among Hispanic females, incidence rates were elevated by 21% in higher-enclave versus lower-enclave neighborhoods, and by 24% in lower- versus higher-SES neighborhoods. Among Asian males, incidence rates were elevated by 23% in higher-enclave neighborhoods and by 21% in lower-SES neighborhoods. In both racial/ethnic populations, males and females in higher-enclave, lower-SES neighborhoods had higher incidence rates.
Conclusions: Nativity, residential enclave status, and neighborhood SES characterize Hispanics and Asians with significantly unequal incidence rates of liver cancer, implicating behavioral or environmental risk factors and revealing opportunities for prevention.
Impact: Liver cancer control efforts should especially target foreign-born Asians, U.S.-born Hispanic men, and residents of lower-SES ethnic enclaves. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(12); 3106–18. ©2010 AACR.
Characterization of 9p24 Risk Locus and Colorectal Adenoma and Cancer: Gene–Environment Interaction and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kocarnik Jonathan D. , Hutter Carolyn M. , Slattery Martha L. , Berndt Sonja I. , Hsu Li , Duggan David J. , Muehling Jill , Caan Bette J. , Beresford Shirley A.A. , Rajkovic Aleksandar , Sarto Gloria E. , Marshall James R. , Hammad Nazik , Wallace Robert B. , Makar Karen W. , Prentice Ross L. , Potter John D. , Hayes Richard B. , Peters Ulrike 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Background: A potential susceptibility locus for colorectal cancer on chromosome 9p24 (rs719725) was initially identified through a genome-wide association study, though replication attempts have been inconclusive.
Methods: We genotyped this locus and explored interactions with known risk factors as potential sources of heterogeneity, which may explain the previously inconsistent replication. We included Caucasians with colorectal adenoma or colorectal cancer and controls from 4 studies (total 3,891 cases, 4,490 controls): the Women's Health Initiative (WHI); the Diet, Activity and Lifestyle Study (DALS); a Minnesota population-based case–control study (MinnCCS); and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). We used logistic regression to evaluate the association and test for gene–environment interactions.
Results: SNP rs719725 was statistically significantly associated with risk of colorectal cancer in WHI (OR per A allele 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01–1.40; Ptrend = 0.04), marginally associated with adenoma risk in PLCO (OR per A allele 1.11; 95% CI, 0.99–1.25; Ptrend = 0.07), and not associated in DALS and MinnCCS. Evaluating for gene–environment interactions yielded no consistent results across the studies. A meta-analysis of 17 studies (including these 4) gave an OR per A allele of 1.07 (95% CI, 1.03–1.12; Ptrend = 0.001).
Conclusions: Our results suggest the Aallele for SNP rs719725 at locus 9p24 is positively associated with a small increase in risk for colorectal tumors. Environmental risk factors for colorectal cancer do not appear to explain heterogeneity across studies.
Impact: If this finding is supported by further replication and functional studies, it may highlight new pathways underlying colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(12); 3131–9. ©2010 AACR.
Targeting the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Inhibits Ovarian Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Kenny Hilary A. , Leonhardt Payton , Ladanyi Andras , Yamada S. Diane , Montag Anthony , Im Hae Kyung , Jagadeeswaran Sujatha , Shaw David E. , Mazar Andrew P. , Lengyel Ernst 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Purpose: To understand the functional and preclinical efficacy of targeting the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) in ovarian cancer.
Experimental Design: Expression of u-PAR was studied in 162 epithelial ovarian cancers, including 77 pairs of corresponding primary and metastatic tumors. The effect of an antibody against u-PAR (ATN-658) on proliferation, adhesion, invasion, apoptosis, and migration was assessed in 3 (SKOV3ip1, HeyA8, and CaOV3) ovarian cancer cell lines. The impact of the u-PAR antibody on tumor weight, number, and survival was examined in corresponding ovarian cancer xenograft models and the mechanism by which ATN-658 blocks metastasis was explored.
Results: Only 8% of all ovarian tumors were negative for u-PAR expression. Treatment of SKOV3ip1, HeyA8, and CaOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines with the u-PAR antibody inhibited cell invasion, migration, and adhesion. In vivo, anti-u-PAR treatment reduced the number of tumors and tumor weight in CaOV3 and SKOV3ip1 xenografts and reduced tumor weight and increased survival in HeyA8 xenografts. Immunostaining of CaOV3 xenograft tumors and ovarian cancer cell lines showed an increase in active-caspase 3 and TUNEL staining. Treatment with u-PAR antibody inhibited α5-integrin and u-PAR colocalization on primary human omental extracellular matrix. Anti-u-PAR treatment also decreased the expression of urokinase, u-PAR, β3-integrin, and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 both in vitro and in vivo.
Conclusions: This study shows that an antibody against u-PAR reduces metastasis, induces apoptosis, and reduces the interaction between u-PAR and α5-integrin. This provides a rationale for targeting the u-PAR pathway in patients with ovarian cancer and for further testing of ATN-658 in this indication. Clin Cancer Res; 17(3); 459–71. ©2010 AACR.
Heterogeneity of the Phenotypic Definition of Coronary Artery Disease and Its Impact on Genetic Association Studies
Authors: Kitsios Georgios D. , Dahabreh Issa J. , Trikalinos Thomas A. , Schmid Christopher H. , Huggins Gordon S. , Kent David M. 
Published: December 2010

Background—
Variability in phenotypic characterization of coronary artery disease (CAD) may contribute to the heterogeneity of genetic association studies, and more consistency in phenotype definitions might improve replication of genetic associations. We assessed the extent of phenotypic heterogeneity and quantified its impact in a large literature sample of association studies.

Methods and Results—
We searched for large (≥15 studies) meta-analyses of genetic associations and reviewed all studies included therein. From each primary study, we extracted phenotypic definitions, demographics, study design characteristics, and genotypic data. For each association, we assessed the magnitude and heterogeneity of genetic effects within and across CAD phenotypes, using meta-analytic methodologies. A total of 965 individual studies investigating 32 distinct variants in 22 genes were included, from which we grouped CAD phenotypes into 3 categories: acute coronary syndromes (ACS) (426 [44%] studies); angiographically documented disease (323 [34%] studies); and broad, not otherwise specified CAD (216 [22%] studies). These clinical phenotypes were overlapping. Subgroup meta-analyses by phenotype showed discordant results, but phenotypic classification generally explained small proportions of between-study heterogeneity. Differences between phenotypic groups were minimized for associations with robust statistical support. No CAD phenotype was consistently associated with larger or more homogeneous genetic effects in meta-analyses.

Conclusions—
Substantial phenotypic heterogeneity exists in CAD genetic associations, but differences in phenotype definition make a small contribution to between-study heterogeneity. We did not find a consistent effect in terms of the magnitude or homogeneity of summary effects for a specific phenotype to support its preferential use in genetic studies or meta-analyses for CAD.
Balanced Contribution to the Intensification of a Tropical Cyclone Simulated in TCM4: Outer-Core Spinup Process*
Authors: Fudeyasu Hironori , Wang Yuqing 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The balanced contribution to the intensification of a tropical cyclone simulated in the three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic, full-physics tropical cyclone model version 4 (TCM4), in particular the spinup of the outer-core circulation, is investigated by solving the Sawyer–Eliassen equation and by computing terms in the azimuthal-mean tangential wind tendency equation. Results demonstrate that the azimuthal-mean secondary circulation (radial and vertical circulation) and the spinup of the midtropospheric outer-core circulation in the simulated tropical cyclone are well captured by balance dynamics. The midtropospheric inflow develops in response to diabatic heating in mid–upper-tropospheric stratiform (anvil) clouds outside the eyewall in active spiral rainbands and transports absolute angular momentum inward to spin up the outer-core circulation. Although the azimuthal-mean diabatic heating rate in the eyewall is the largest, its contribution to radial winds and thus the spinup of outer-core circulation in the middle troposphere is rather weak. This is because the high inertial stability in the inner-core region resists the radial inflow in the middle troposphere, limiting the inward transport of absolute angular momentum. The result thus suggests that diabatic heating in spiral rainbands is the key to the continued growth of the storm-scale circulation.
Comparison of Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Schemes in Idealized Supercell Thunderstorm Simulations
Authors: Morrison Hugh , Milbrandt Jason 
Published: December 2010

Idealized three-dimensional supercell simulations were performed using the two-moment bulk microphysics schemes of Morrison and Milbrandt–Yau in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Despite general similarities in these schemes, the simulations were found to produce distinct differences in storm structure, precipitation, and cold pool strength. In particular, the Morrison scheme produced much higher surface precipitation rates and a stronger cold pool, especially in the early stages of storm development. A series of sensitivity experiments was conducted to identify the primary differences between the two schemes that resulted in the large discrepancies in the simulations. Different approaches in treating graupel and hail were found to be responsible for many of the key differences between the baseline simulations. The inclusion of hail in the baseline simulation using the Milbrant–Yau scheme with two rimed-ice categories (graupel and hail) had little impact, and therefore resulted in a much different storm than the baseline run with the single-category (hail) Morrison scheme. With graupel as the choice of the single rimed-ice category, the simulated storms had considerably more frozen condensate in the anvil region, a weaker cold pool, and reduced surface precipitation compared to the runs with only hail, whose higher terminal fall velocity inhibited lofting. The cold pool strength was also found to be sensitive to the parameterization of raindrop breakup, particularly for the Morrison scheme, because of the effects on the drop size distributions and the corresponding evaporative cooling rates. The use of a more aggressive implicit treatment of drop breakup in the baseline Morrison scheme, by limiting the mean–mass raindrop diameter to a maximum of 0.9 mm, opposed the tendency of this scheme to otherwise produce large mean drop sizes and a weaker cold pool compared to the hail-only run using the Milbrandt–Yau scheme.
3D-Var Assimilation of Insect-Derived Doppler Radar Radial Winds in Convective Cases Using a High-Resolution Model
Authors: Rennie S. J. , Dance S. L. , Illingworth A. J. , Ballard S. P. , Simonin D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe assimilation of Doppler radar radial winds for high-resolution NWP may improve short-term forecasts of convective weather. Using insects as the radar target, it is possible to provide wind observations during convective development. This study aims to explore the potential of these new observations, with three case studies. Radial winds from insects detected by four operational weather radars were assimilated using three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3D-Var) into a 1.5-km resolution version of the Met Office Unified Model, using a southern U.K. domain and no convective parameterization. The effect on the analyzed wind was small, with changes in direction and speed up to 45° and 2 m s−1, respectively. The forecast precipitation was perturbed in space and time but not substantially modified. Radial wind observations from insects show the potential to provide small corrections to the location and timing of showers, but not to completely relocate convergence lines. Overall, quantitative analysis indicated the observation impact in the three case studies was small and neutral. However, the small sample size and possible ground clutter contamination issues preclude unequivocal impact estimation. The study shows the potential positive impact of insect winds; future operational systems using dual-polarization radars that are better able to discriminate between insects and clutter returns should provide a much greater impact on forecasts.
What is the Goal? Framing the Climate Change Adaptation Question through a Problem-Oriented Approach
Authors: Roman Carolina E. , Lynch Amanda H. , Dominey-Howes Dale 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA problem-oriented and interdisciplinary approach was employed at Alpine Shire, in northeast Victoria, Australia, to explore its tourism sector’s contextual vulnerability and adaptability to stressors that include but are not limited to climatic change. Using a policy sciences approach, the objective was to identify factors that influence existing vulnerabilities and that might consequently act as barriers to effective adaptation. To do this, a particular focus was placed on identifying the underlying values embedded in social and decision processes and their role in shaping preferred adaptation outcomes. Analyses of social processes suggest that many threats, including the effects climate change, compete for the resources, strategy, and direction of local tourism management bodies. Many complex and interacting factors define the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the shire’s tourism sector to the challenges of global change, including local socioeconomic issues as well as exposure to external factors of macroscale. These issues represent more immediate concerns than future climate change scenarios, revealing an approximation of the common interest in working toward adaptation and sustainability.