bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Completeness and timeliness of Salmonella notifications in Ireland in 2008: a cross sectional study
Authors: Nicolay Nathalie , Garvey Patricia , Delappe Niall , Cormican Martin , McKeown Paul 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn Ireland, salmonellosis is the second most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. A new electronic system for reporting (Computerised Infectious Disease Reporting - CIDR) ofSalmonellacases was established in 2004. It collates clinical (and/or laboratory) data on confirmed and probableSalmonellacases. The authors studied the completeness and the timeliness ofSalmonellanotifications in 2008.MethodsThis analysis was based upon laboratory confirmed cases of salmonella gastroenteritis. Using data contained in CIDR, we examined completeness for certain non-mandatory fields (country of infection, date of onset of illness, organism, outcome, patient type, and ethnicity). We matched the CIDR data with the dataset provided by the nationalSalmonellareference laboratory (NSRL) to which allSalmonellaspp. isolates are referred for definitive typing. We calculated the main median time intervals in the flow of events of the notification process.ResultsIn total, 416 laboratory confirmedSalmonellacases were captured by the national surveillance system and the NSRL and were included in the analysis. Completeness of non mandatory fields varied considerably. Organism was the most complete field (98.8%), ethnicity the least (11%). The median time interval between sample collection (first contact of the patient with the healthcare professional) to the first notification to the regional Department of Public Health (either a clinical or a laboratory notification) was 6 days (Interquartile 4-7 days). The median total identification time interval, time between sample collections to availability of serotyping and phage-typing results on the system was 25 days (Interquartile 19-32 days). Timeliness varied with respect toSalmonellaspecies. Clinical notifications occurred more rapidly than laboratory notifications.ConclusionsFurther feedback and education should be given to health care professionals to improve completeness of reporting of non-mandatory fields. The efficiency of reporting was similar to that published elsewhere. Delays in the reporting system at present mean that although the system is of value in facilitating comprehensive reporting it is unlikely it can be relied upon for rapid detection of outbreaks at an early stage. Direct person-to-person, communication between clinical and reference laboratories and public health practitioners remains a critical element of the surveillance system for rapid outbreak detection.
Increased expression and local accumulation of the Prion Protein, Alzheimer Aβ peptides, superoxide dismutase 1, and Nitric oxide synthases 1 & 2 in muscle in a rabbit model of diabetes
Authors: Bitel Claudine L , Feng Yicheng , Souayah Nizar , Frederikse Peter H 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundMuscle disease associated with different etiologies has been shown to produce localized accumulations of amyloid and oxidative stress-related proteins that are more commonly associated with neurodegeneration in the brain. In this study we examined changes in muscle tissue in a classic model of diabetes and hyperglycemia in rabbits to determine if similar dysregulation of Alzheimer Aβ peptides, the prion protein (PrP), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), as well as nitric oxide synthases is produced in muscle in diabetic animals. This wild-type rabbit model includes systemic physiological expression of human-like Alzheimer precursor proteins and Aβ peptides that are considered key in Alzheimer protein studies.ResultsDiabetes was produced in rabbits by injection of the toxic glucose analogue alloxan, which selectively enters pancreatic beta cells and irreversibly decreases insulin production, similar to streptozotocin. Quadriceps muscle from rabbits 16 wks after onset of diabetes and hyperglycemia were analyzed with biochemical andin situmethods. Immunoblots of whole muscle protein samples demonstrated increased PrP, SOD1, as well as neuronal and inducible Nitric oxide synthases (NOS1 and NOS2) in diabetic muscle. In contrast, we detected little change in Alzheimer Aβ precursor protein expression, or BACE1 and Presenilin 1 levels. However, Aβ peptides measured by ELISA increased several fold in diabetic muscle, suggesting a key role for Aβ cleavage in muscle similar to Alzheimer neurodegeneration in this diabetes model. Histological changes in diabetic muscle included localized accumulations of PrP, Aβ, NOS1 and 2, and SOD1, and evidence of increased central nuclei and cell infiltration.ConclusionsThe present study provides evidence that several classic amyloid and oxidative stress-related disease proteins coordinately increase in overall expression and form localized accumulations in diabetic muscle. The present study highlights the capacity of this wild-type animal model to produce an array of hallmark pathological features that have also been described in other muscle diseases.
Trop2 expression contributes to tumor pathogenesis by activating the ERK MAPK pathway
Authors: Cubas Rafael , Zhang Sheng , Li Min , Chen Changyi , Yao Qizhi 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
Trop2 is a cell-surface glycoprotein overexpressed by a variety of epithelial carcinomas with reported low to restricted expression in normal tissues. Expression of Trop2 has been associated with increased tumor aggressiveness, metastasis and decreased patient survival, but the signaling mechanisms mediated by Trop2 are still unknown. Here, we studied the effects murine Trop2 (mTrop2) exerted on tumor cellular functions and some of the signaling mechanisms activated by this oncogene.

Results
mTrop2 expression significantly increased tumor cell proliferation at low serum concentration, migration, foci formation and anchorage-independent growth. These in vitro characteristics translated to increased tumor growth in both subcutaneous and orthotopic pancreatic cancer murine models and also led to increased liver metastasis. mTrop2 expression also increased the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 mediating cell cycle progression by increasing the levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin E as well as downregulating p27. The activation of ERK was also observed in human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells and colorectal adenocarcinoma cells overexpressing human Trop2.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate some of the pathogenic effects mediated by mTrop2 expression on cancer cells and the importance of targeting this cell surface glycoprotein. This study also provides the first indication of a molecular signaling pathway activated by Trop2 which has important implications for cancer cell growth and survival.
Nymphs of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) produce anti-aphrodisiac defence against conspecific males
Authors: Harraca Vincent , Ryne Camilla , Ignell Rickard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundAbdominal wounding by traumatic insemination and the lack of a long distance attraction pheromone set the scene for unusual sexual signalling systems. Male bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) mount any large, newly fed individual in an attempt to mate. Last instar nymphs overlap in size with mature females, which make them a potential target for interested males. However, nymphs lack the female's specific mating adaptations and may be severely injured by the abdominal wounding. We, therefore, hypothesized that nymphs emit chemical deterrents that act as an honest status signal, which prevents nymph sexual harassment and indirectly reduces energy costs for males.ResultsBehavioural mating assays showed that males mount nymphs significantly shorter time compared to females, although initial mounting preference was the same. In support of our hypothesis, nymphs experienced the same percentage of mating with sperm transfer as females if they were unable to emit (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal, from their dorsal abdominal glands. We report that the aldehydes and 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal are detected by olfactory receptor neurons housed in smooth and grooved peg sensilla, respectively, on the adult antennae, at biologically relevant concentrations. Behavioural experiments showed that application of 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal or the two aldehydes at a nymph-emitted ratio, to a male/female pair during mounting initiation, decreased mating frequency to a rate comparable to that of a male/nymph pair.ConclusionsBy combining behavioural and sensory studies, we show that the nymph-specific alarm pheromone plays an important role in intra-specific communication in the common bed bug. Alarm pheromones are commonly looked upon as a system in predator/prey communication, but here we show that alarm pheromones may be used as multipurpose signals such as decreasing the risk of nymphal mating by males.See commentary:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/117
Variations in autologous neutralization and CD4 dependence of b12 resistant HIV-1 clade C envclones obtained at different time points from antiretroviral naïve Indian patients with recent infection
Authors: Ringe Rajesh , Thakar Madhuri , Bhattacharya Jayanta 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
Limited information is available on HIV-1 Indian clade C sensitivities to autologous antibodies during the course of natural infection. In the present study, a total of 37 complete envelope clones (Env) were amplified at different time points predominantly from the plasma of five Indian patients with recent HIV-1 infection and envelope-pseudotyped viruses were examined for their magnitude of sensitivity to autologous plasma antibodies during natural course of infection.

Results
Variable low levels of neutralization were consistently detected with contemporaneous autologous plasma. In contrast to clade B and African clade C HIV-1 envelopes, Env clones obtained from four patients were found to be resistant to IgG1b12. The majority of the Env clones were resistant to 2G12 and 2F5 due to the absence of the minimal motifs required for antibody recognition, but were sensitive to 4E10. Nonetheless, Env clones from one patient were found to be sensitive to 2G12, atypical for clade C, and one Env clone exhibited unusual sensitivity to 17b, suggesting spontaneous exposure of CD4i epitopes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Env clones were closely clustered within patients. Variation in the potential N-linked glycosylation pattern also appeared to be different in patients over the course of infection. Interestingly, we found that the sensitivity of Envs to contemporaneous autologous NAbs correlated positively with increased sensitivity to soluble CD4 and inversely with anti-CD4 antibody and Envs with increased NAb sensitivity were able to efficiently infect HeLa cells expressing low CD4.

Conclusion
Our data showed considerable variations in autologous neutralization of these early HIV-1 clade C Envs in each of these patients and indicate greater exposure to CD4 of Envs that showed increased autologous neutralization. Interestingly, Env clones obtained from a single patient at different time points were found to retain sensitivity to b12 antibody that binds to CD4 binding site in Env in contrast to Envs obtained from other patients. However, we did not find any association between increased b12 sensitivity of Envs obtained from this particular patient with their degree of exposure to CD4.
Identification and characterization of a virus-specific continuous B-cell epitope on the PrM/M protein of Japanese Encephalitis Virus: potential application in the detection of antibodies to distinguish Japanese Encephalitis Virus infection from West Nile Virus and Dengue Virus infections
Authors: Hua Rong-Hong , Chen Na-Sha , Qin Cheng-Feng , Deng Yong-Qiang , Ge Jin-Ying , Wang Xi-Jun , Qiao Zu-Jian , Chen Wei-Ye , Wen Zhi-Yuan , Liu Wen-Xin , Hu Sen , Bu Zhi-Gao 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
Differential diagnose of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection from other flavivirus especially West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DV) infection was greatly hindered for the serological cross-reactive. Virus specific epitopes could benefit for developing JEV specific antibodies detection methods. To identify the JEV specific epitopes, we fully mapped and characterized the continuous B-cell epitope of the PrM/M protein of JEV.

Results
To map the epitopes on the PrM/M protein, we designed a set of 20 partially overlapping fragments spanning the whole PrM, fused them with GST, and expressed them in an expression vector. Linear epitope M14 (105VNKKEAWLDSTKATRY120) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By removing amino acid residues individually from the carboxy and amino terminal of peptide M14, we confirmed that the minimal unit of the linear epitope of PrM/M was M14-13 (108KEAWLDSTKAT118). This epitope was highly conserved across different JEV strains. Moreover, this epitope did not cross-react with WNV-positive and DENV-positive sera.

Conclusion
Epitope M14-13 was a JEV specific lineal B-cell epitpe. The results may provide a useful basis for the development of epitope-based virus specific diagnostic clinical techniques.
Alvimopan Use in Laparoscopic and Open Bowel Resections: Clinical Results in a Large Community Hospital System
Authors: Absher Randall K , Gerkin Todd M , Banares Linda W 
Published: September 2010

Background: Alvimopan has received Food and Drug Administration approval to accelerate the time to upper and lower gastrointestinal recovery following partial large or small bowel resection with primary anastomosis. Objective: To assess the efficacy, safety, and economic benefit of alvimopan in patients undergoing open or laparoscopic bowel resection in a community hospital system setting. Methods: This 6-month, open-label, multi-hospital, prospective study combined with a retrospective chart review compared postoperative length of stay and postoperative ileus-related morbidity (nasogastric tube insertion, hospital read-mission) for patients undergoing open or laparoscopic bowel resection who received alvimopan 12 mg (n = 108) versus historical control bowel resection patients (n = 91) who would have been eligible to receive alvimopan. Multivariate analysis assessed the effects of age and surgery type on postoperative length of stay. Additional-day hospital costs were estimated using ordinary least-squares regression to calculate costs based on length of stay in the control cohort. Results: Compared with historical controls, patients receiving alvimopan had a mean 1.8-day shorter postoperative length of stay (p = 0.01) and lower rates of nasogastric tube insertion (2% vs 15%, p < 0.001) Multivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in postoperative length of stay in the alvimopan group of approximately 1.2 days (p = 0.01), regardless of age or surgery type, with an even larger difference (3.2 days) observed in patients ≥70 years old. Mean cost savings associated with alvimopan use ranged from $531 (laparoscopic bowel resection) to $997 (open bowel resection) per patient. Conclusions: Consistent with clinical trial data, alvimopan use resulted in an approximately 1 day shorter postoperative length of stay and was associated with substantial cost savings.
Neuroligin 1 Is Dynamically Exchanged at Postsynaptic Sites
Authors: Schapitz Inga U. , Behrend Bardo , Pechmann Yvonne , Lappe-Siefke Corinna , Kneussel Silas J. , Wallace Karen E. , Stempel A. Vanessa , Buck Fritz , Grant Seth G. N. , Schweizer Michaela , Schmitz Dietmar , Schwarz Jürgen R. , Holzbaur Erika L. F. , Kneussel Matthias 
Published: September 2010

Neuroligins are postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules that associate with presynaptic neurexins. Both factors form a transsynaptic connection, mediate signaling across the synapse, specify synaptic functions, and play a role in synapse formation. Neuroligin dysfunction impairs synaptic transmission, disrupts neuronal networks, and is thought to participate in cognitive diseases.Here we report that chemical treatment designed to induce long-term potentiation or long-term depression (LTD) induces neuroligin 1/3 turnover, leading to either increased or decreased surface membrane protein levels, respectively. Despite its structural role at a crucial transsynaptic position, GFP-neuroligin 1 leaves synapses in hippocampal neurons over time with chemical LTD-induced neuroligin internalization depending on an intact microtubule cytoskeleton. Accordingly, neuroligin 1 and its binding partner postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) associate with components of the dynein motor complex and undergo retrograde cotransport with a dynein subunit.Transgenic depletion of dynein function in mice causes postsynaptic NLG1/3 and PSD-95 enrichment. In parallel, PSD lengths and spine head sizes are significantly increased, a phenotype similar to that observed upon transgenic overexpression of NLG1 (Dahlhaus et al., 2010). Moreover, application of a competitive PSD-95 peptide and neuroligin 1 C-terminal mutagenesis each specifically alter neuroligin 1 surface membrane expression and interfere with its internalization. Our data suggest the concept that synaptic plasticity regulates neuroligin turnover through active cytoskeleton transport.
When ‘towards’ means ‘away from’: the case of directional-ablative syncretism in the Ardeşen variety of Laz (South-Caucasian)
Authors: Kutscher Silvia 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This paper deals with morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics of the spatial case called motative in the Ardeşen-variety of Laz. The motative can be used to mark the ground-nominal in allative as well as in ablative spatial expressions, while the ground-nominal in static spatial expressions is unmarked for case. Hence, the motative case shows a conflation of the allative with ablative spatial semantics, while at the same time excluding locative spatial meaning. Given that this kind of syncretism has been claimed to be non-existent, the findings for Ardeşen-Laz are of special relevance for the refinement of the typology on spatial case-systems.
Fluorescence Quenching of Phycoerythrin by Anthraquinone Dyes
Authors: Kathiravan A. , Renganathan R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFluorescence quenching of phycoerythrin (PE) by a series of anthraquinone dyes has been investigated using steady state fluorescence technique in water medium. The dyes used were Uniblue, Acid blue 129, Alizarin and Alizarin red S. The quenching of PE was found to obey the Stern-Volmer equation and the corresponding Stern-Volmer plots were linear indicating the dynamic quenching. The quenching rate constants (kq) were calculated by using fluorescence data. The mechanism of quenching is discussed on the basis of quenching rate constants as well as the reduction potential of dyes. The electron transfer mechanism has been proved by the calculation of free energy change (ΔGet) by applying Rehm-Weller equation.
Synthesis and Viscoelastic Behavior of an Anionic Gemini Surfactant in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wu Huijue , Du Xigang , Lu Yao , Zhang Xin , Yang Zhengyu 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A novel anionic Gemini surfactant, sodium dialkylbenzene disulfonate with spacer of -C3H6-, was synthesized and confirmed by 1HNMR, MS and IR. Such Gemini surfactant in dilute aqueous solution without additives was researched by rotational rheometer and exhibited special viscoelastic behaviors and shear-thinning properties like entangled polymer solution. The influence of concentration and shear rate on viscosity and shear modulus has been studied and the reason of enhancing viscosity has also been discussed.
Comparative Study of the Absolute Values of Enthalpy and Gibbs Free Energy of Solvation of Proton from Cluster-ion Solvation data and Direct Determination of the Thermodynamic Parameters of Proton in Aqueous and Non-aqueous Solvents
Authors: Bhattacharyya Ranjana , Lahiri Sujit Chandra 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Absolute values of enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of hydration (h) or solvation (s) of H+ ion, ΔH0(H+)h or s and ΔG0(H+)h or s in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, t-butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene carbonate, n-methyl formamide, acetone, tetrahydro furan, 1,4-dioxan, acetonitrile) were determined directly using a single standard state [i.e.H2(g) at 1bar and 298.15K]. A comparative study of the methods of Tissandier et al. and the present one has been made. The values −1299.4 kJ mol−1(−1303.9 kJ mol−1) and −1284.5 kJ mol−1(−1288.9 kJ mol−1) for the absolute enthalpy [∆H0
h(H+)] and Gibbs free energy [∆G0
h(H+)] of hydration determined in the present work have been found to be much lower than the corresponding values −1150.1±0.9 kJ mol−1 and −1104.5±0.3 kJmol−1 determined by Tissandier et al. using cluster-ion solvation data. The values of Tissandier et al. have been acclaimed to be the most accurate values of these quantities by most of the workers. However, the method is based on approximations and assumptions and uses a number of conventional standard states. The calculations use the principle of ionic additivity and Klot’s equation which are open to question. The equations, based on the difference between several sets of energy values of different ion-pairs of similar magnitude, have been used. Thus, the method is insensitive and many of the important energy terms characterizing the ions and the structure of the solvents are eliminated. Thus the accuracy of the energy values are not without question.Our method, on the other hand, is a direct one using a single standard state. The most important contributory factor for the determination of ΔG0
h(H+) is the Gibbs free energy of charging and the value is accurately known. Thus, the values for ΔH0
h(H+) and ΔG0
h(H+) determined by us though much lower than those of Tissandier et al. can be regarded to be reasonable.
Synthesis, Characterization and CMC Determination of some Double-Chain Surfactant-Cobalt(III) Complexes
Authors: Sasikala K. , Senthil Kumar R. , Arunachalam S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Some new surfactant-cobalt(III) complex ions of the type, cis-[Co(X)2(C14H29NH2)2]3+ (where X = ethylenediamine or 2,2’ bipyridyl or 1,10-phenanthroline) and cis-α-[Co(trien)(C14H29NH2)2]3+ were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, UV-Visible electronic absorption spectra, elemental analysis and metal analysis. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of these surfactant-cobalt(III) complexes in aqueous solution were obtained from conductance measurements. Specific conductivity data (at 298, 308 and 318 K) served for the evaluation of temperature-dependent CMC and the thermodynamics of micellization (ΔG0
m, ΔH0
m, ΔS0
m).