bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of intrinsic reward in adolescent word learning
Authors: Bains Amrita , Barber Annaliese , Nell Tau , Ripollés Pablo , Krishnan Saloni 
Published: April 2024

AbstractRelatively little work has focused on why we are motivated to learn words. In adults, recent experiments have shown that intrinsic reward signals accompany successful word learning from context. In addition, the experience of reward facilitated long‐term memory for words. In adolescence, developmental changes are seen in reward and motivation systems as well as in reading and language systems. Here, in the face of this developmental change, we ask whether adolescents experience reward from word learning, and how the reward and memory benefit seen in adults is modulated by age. We used a naturalistic reading paradigm, which involved extracting novel word meanings from sentence context without the need for explicit feedback. By exploring ratings of enjoyment during the learning phase, as well as recognition memory for words a day later, we assessed whether adolescents show the same reward and learning patterns as adults. We tested 345 children between the ages of 10–18 (N > 84 in each 2‐year age‐band) using this paradigm. We found evidence for our first prediction: children aged 10–18 report greater enjoyment for successful word learning. However, we did not find evidence for age‐related change in this developmental period, or memory benefits. This work gives us greater insight into the process of language acquisition and sets the stage for further investigations of intrinsic reward in typical and atypical development.Research Highlights
We constantly learn words from context, even in the absence of explicit rewards or feedback.
In adults, intrinsic reward experienced during word learning is linked to a dopaminergic circuit in the brain, which also fuels enhancements in memory for words.
We find adolescents also report enhanced reward or enjoyment when they successfully learn words from sentence context.
The relationship between reward and learning is maintained between the ages of 10 and 18.
Unlike in adults, we did not observe ensuing memory benefits.
Factors associated with treatment responses to pioglitazone in patients with steatotic liver disease: A 3‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Chang Ming‐Ling , Tai Jennifer , Cheng Jur‐Shan , Chen Wei‐Ting , Yang Sien‐Sing , Chiu Cheng‐Hsun , Chien Rong‐Nan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAimThe response rate to pioglitazone and the predictive factors for its effects on improving liver biochemistry in patients with steatotic liver disease (SLD) remain elusive, so we aimed to investigate these issues.MethodsA 3‐year prospective cohort study of 126 Taiwanese patients with SLD treated with pioglitazone (15‐30 mg/day) was conducted. Phospholipase domain‐containing protein 3 I148M rs738409, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase rs1801133, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) rs671 and lipoprotein lipase rs10099160 single nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed in the patients.ResultsOf 126 patients, 78 (61.9%) were men, and the mean and median ages were 54.3 and 56.5 years, respectively. Pioglitazone responders were defined as those with decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels at 6 months post‐treatment, and 105 (83.3%) patients were responders. Compared with non‐responders, responders were more frequently women and had higher baseline ALT levels. The proportion of patients with the ALDH2 rs671 GG genotype was lower among responders (38.6% vs. 66.6%, p = .028). Female sex [odds ratio (OR): 4.514, p = .023] and baseline ALT level (OR: 1.015, p = .046; cut‐off level: ≥82 U/L) were associated with pioglitazone response. Among responders, the liver biochemistry and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance improved from 6 to 24 months post‐treatment. The total cholesterol levels decreased within 6 months, while increases in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and decreases in triglyceride levels and fibrosis‐4 scores were noted only at 24 months post‐treatment. The 2‐year cumulative incidences of cardiovascular events, cancers and hepatic events were similar between responders and non‐responders.ConclusionsRegarding liver biochemistry, over 80% of Taiwanese patients with SLD had a pioglitazone response, which was positively associated with female sex and baseline ALT levels. Insulin resistance improved as early as 6 months post‐treatment, while liver fibrosis improvement was not observed until 24 months post‐treatment. The link between the pioglitazone response and the ALDH2 genotype warrants further investigation.
Changes to business faculty perceived skills with online teaching tools and educational practices: The pandemic effect
Authors: Churchill Christina , Warren Scott J. , Grotewold Kimberly S. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn the spring of 2020, universities worldwide closed their campuses and transitioned their face‐to‐face courses to remote teaching with educational technologies due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. This unprecedented transition to online instruction created a unique learning environment for students and faculty. Our case‐based, qualitative study explores the perceived skill level changes of professors who implemented (with minimal training) online educational technologies to deliver business courses at a business school in the southwest United States. Business faculty completed a Likert‐scale survey instrument that used the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) teacher competency framework, which includes digitally communicating with students, delivering asynchronous material, delivering synchronous classes, using the learning management system, and providing digital assessments and feedback (2018). Study outcomes indicate that instructors’ perceived skill sets in most topics grew due to the adoption of online educational technologies at the onset of the pandemic. Further study might focus on determining the long‐term implications of the growing integration of educational technology on business faculty instruction in both online and face‐to‐face classrooms.
Higher‐order species interactions cause time‐dependent niche and fitness differences: Experimental evidence in plant‐feeding arthropods
Authors: Majer Agnieszka , Skoracka Anna , Spaak Jürg , Kuczyński Lechosław 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSpecies interact in different ways, including competition, facilitation and predation. These interactions can be non‐linear or higher order and may depend on time or species densities. Although these higher‐order interactions are virtually ubiquitous, they remain poorly understood, as they are challenging both theoretically and empirically. We propose to adapt niche and fitness differences from modern coexistence theory and apply them to species interactions over time. As such, they may not merely inform about coexistence, but provide a deeper understanding of how species interactions change. Here, we investigated how the exploitation of a biotic resource (plant) by phytophagous arthropods affects their interactions. We performed monoculture and competition experiments to fit a generalized additive mixed model to the empirical data, which allowed us to calculate niche and fitness differences. We found that species switch between different types of interactions over time, including intra‐ and interspecific facilitation, and strong and weak competition.
Ictal fast activity chirps as markers of the epileptogenic zone
Authors: Di Giacomo Roberta , Burini Alessandra , Chiarello Daniela , Pelliccia Veronica , Deleo Francesco , Garbelli Rita , de Curtis Marco , Tassi Laura , Gnatkovsky Vadym 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe identification of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) boundaries is crucial for effective focal epilepsy surgery. We verify the value of a neurophysiological biomarker of focal ictogenesis, characterized by a low‐voltage fast‐activity ictal pattern (chirp) recorded with intracerebral electrodes during invasive presurgical monitoring (stereoelectroencephalography [SEEG]). The frequency content of SEEG signals was retrospectively analyzed with semiautomatic software in 176 consecutive patients with focal epilepsies that either were cryptogenic or presented with discordant anatomoelectroclinical findings. Fast activity seizure patterns with the spectrographic features of chirps were confirmed by computer‐assisted analysis in 95.4% of patients who presented with heterogeneous etiologies and diverse lobar location of the EZ. Statistical analysis demonstrated (1) correlation between seizure outcome and concordance of sublobar regions included in the EZ defined by visual analysis and chirp‐generating regions, (2) high concordance in contact‐by contact analysis of 68 patients with Engel class Ia outcome, and (3) that discordance between chirp location and the visually outlined EZ correlated with worse seizure outcome. Seizure outcome analysis confirms the fast activity chirp pattern is a reproducible biomarker of the EZ in a heterogeneous group of patients undergoing SEEG.
Arc volcanism initiated on the eastern margin of Eurasia during the Early Cretaceous: Geochemistry of the Takanokura volcanic rocks in the Abukuma Mountains, Northeast Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Takahiro 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe Early Cretaceous Takanokura Formation in the eastern part of the Abukuma Mountains consists of a lower felsic ignimbrite and upper intermediate lavas and volcaniclastic rocks, representing the initial arc‐type in northeast Japan. In this study, I analyzed the major and trace element contents and Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic ratios of these eruptive products; then, I discussed their magma genesis based on their geochemical properties. Although igneous rocks of the same period in other localities of northeast Japan are characterized by the occurrence of adakites, these volcanism are composed of non‐adakitic high‐ to medium‐K andesite to rhyolite that are rich in large‐ion lithophile elements and poor in high‐field‐strength elements and have low Sr/Y values and flat heavy rare earth element patterns. Furthermore, these rocks have high radiogenic Pb isotopic ratios. The rhyolite and dacite have been thought to derive from crustal melting, whereas the andesite formed by the mixing of crustal felsic melts and mafic magmas generated by melting of the lithospheric mantle. Although previous studies attributed the formation of the Early Cretaceous adakites to the hot subduction of a mid‐ocean ridge, recent global plate motion reconstructions reject this model. To generate magma from a cold slab and lithospheric mantle that does not spontaneously melt, the mantle wedge under northeast Japan must have experienced heating. During this period, the volcanic province along the eastern margin of Eurasia expanded rapidly toward the trench, forming grabens. Therefore, I concluded that the advance of the hot asthenosphere into the forearc region that led to this expansion, which caused the retreat of the subduction boundary of the paleo‐Pacific plate to retreat and ultimately converted northeast Japan from an accretionary complex into a volcanically active region.
Magnolia biondii flower extract attenuates UVB‐induced skin damage through high‐mobility group box protein B1
Authors: Huang Fang , Liu Qing , Lu Yina 
Published: April 2024

AbstractObjectiveMagnolia biondii, a plant containing many magnolian‐like compounds in its flowers or buds, exhibits anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic effects; however, no study has addressed its effect on alleviating ultraviolet light (UV)‐induced skin damage. We thus aimed at studying the effects of M. biondii flower extract (MB) on UVB‐induced skin damage and determine the relationship between cell damage and damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).MethodsReconstructed epidermal models and foreskin samples were selected to detect cellular reactions after UVB irradiation and MB treatment. MTT, haematoxylin–eosin and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine total viability, sunburned cells and expression and migration of DAMPs at 16 or 48 h. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE‐2) and interleukin 8 (IL‐8) levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. A clinical UVB‐damaged test was carried out on human arms subjected to MB pre‐ or post‐treatment. Human skin probes were used to measure erythema, melanin, ITA° and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), while skin photos were captured using the VISIA system.ResultsMB is rich in lignans such as magnolin, pinoresinol dimethyl ether and fargesin, and shows weak UV absorption at 280–320 nm. Coculturing with MB for 16 or 48 h after UVB irradiation improved the tissue viability and structure of Skinovo‐Epi, and reduced the expression and migration of high mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1) as well as the expression of IL‐8 and PGE‐2. In the excised foreskin treated with MB after UVB irradiation, the generation of 8‐hidroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine and nuclear transfer of HMGB1 were reduced. When pre‐treated with MB for 3 days, UVB‐induced skin erythema and ITA° were significantly decreased. When post‐treated with MB for 5 days, a decrease in skin erythema, melanin and TEWL values and an increase in skin ITA° were observed.ConclusionsTreatment with MB attenuated UVB‐induced skin damage, such as erythema, pigmentation and skin barrier function, by improving the tissue viability and structure and reducing sunburned cells and skin inflammation. This effect may be related to DNA damage, which causes the migration of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the outside of the cell to induce skin inflammation.
Clinical strategies for successful palato‐mesiobuccal canal management—Report of 2 cases
Authors: Kudryashov Dmitry , Versiani Marco A. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAimTo describe the management of the palato‐mesiobuccal (PMB) canal in maxillary second molars with fused roots using conventional techniques.SummaryRoot canal treatment success hinges upon effectively addressing the intricate and variable anatomy of molar teeth. Failure to do so can lead to persistent infections and treatment failure. Recent advancements in imaging technologies have provided unparalleled insights into dental anatomy, especially in molars. Among these discoveries is the PMB canal, a unique anatomical variant recently reported for the first time in Endodontic literature. This canal, found in maxillary second molars with fused roots and originating from the coronal third of the palatal canal while traversing towards the mesiobuccal root presents challenges in clinical management due to its location. This article is the first to showcase the management of the PMB canal using conventional techniques. In the first case, a 38‐year‐old male patient presented with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis in the maxillary second right molar. Following thorough instrumentation and irrigation, the presence of the PMB canal was discovered during root canal preparation. The canal was managed using rotary instruments and obturated successfully, resulting in a symptom‐free tooth at an 8‐year follow‐up. The second case illustrates a similar scenario in a 23‐year‐old female patient presenting with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in tooth 17. The PMB canal was identified during treatment and managed using rotary nickel‐titanium instruments, leading to a favourable outcome at a 9‐year follow‐up.Key learning points

In fused roots of maxillary second molars, a PMB canal might be expected.

Exploration of the buccal wall of the palatal canal under magnification after shaping procedures can reveal the PMB canal orifice in fused roots.

Small tapers are suggested for the enlargement of the PMB canal.

Continuous bleeding spots in the palatal canal might indicate a possible PMB canal orifice in vital cases.

The use of an apex locator is suggested for the differential diagnosis of the PMB canal orifice from a perforation site.
The quest for standardisation in adult social work: Municipal guidelines and premises for professional discretion
Authors: Wittberg Sara , Larsson Annika Taghizadeh , Olaison Anna 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLittle is known about how the tools and guidelines, which are central to current social work practice, are designed. The purpose of this article is to improve understanding of the conditions for social workers' discretion by analysing how the municipal responsibility to meet individual needs is circumscribed in local guidelines for needs assessment in Swedish elder care. The paper applies framing theory to the analysis of guidelines in 51 municipalities and maps the prevalence of guidelines. Framing theory highlights how different designs of local guidelines can create varying premises for the discretion of social workers. By illustrating how the guidelines provide social workers with the necessary guidance on how to interpret the law by circumscribing their discretion in standardised, and varying, ways, the findings point to the importance of further research on how the quest for standardisation in adult social work through local guidelines influences social workers' assessments in practice.
Differences in oncological benefits from second transurethral resection between white‐light initial surgery and photodynamic diagnosis‐guided initial surgery for primary high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Miyake Makito , Nishimura Nobutaka , Nakahama Tomonori , Nishimoto Koshiro , Oyama Masafumi , Matsushita Yuto , Miyake Hideaki , Fukuhara Hideo , Inoue Keiji , Kobayashi Keita , Matsuyama Hideyasu , Fujii Tomomi , Hirao Yoshihiko , Fujimoto Kiyohide 
Published: April 2024

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare clinical outcomes between patients receiving second TUR after initial white‐light transurethral resection of bladder tumor (WL‐TURBT) and initial photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)‐assisted TURBT.MethodsA total of 1007 patients were divided into four groups based on the treatment pattern: WL‐TURBT with second TUR (161 patients, WL‐second group) or without second TUR (540 patients, WL‐alone group) and PDD‐TURBT with second TUR (112 patients, PDD‐second group) or without second TUR (194 patients, PDD‐alone group). Oncologic outcomes (bladder cancer recurrence, progression, urothelial cancer‐specific mortality) and rates of residual tumor and risk stratification of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after second TUR were evaluated.ResultsAfter propensity score‐matching 121 patients were included each in the WL‐alone and WL‐second groups, and 63 patients each in the PDD‐alone and PDD‐second groups. In the WL group, the second TUR was significantly associated with improved progression‐free (p = 0.012) and urothelial cancer‐specific free survival (p = 0.011), but not with recurrence‐free survival (p = 0.93). Patients initially treated with PDD‐TURBT, and with a tumor diameter <30 mm and multifocality had a relatively high benefit from second TUR. The rates of residual tumor and risk stratification of NMIBC did not significantly differ between WL‐TURBT and PDD‐TURBT groups.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that a second TUR could be omitted after an initial PDD‐TURBT in selected patients with high‐risk NMIBC.
Comprehensive analysis of perioperative hypotension in photodynamic diagnosis‐assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumor with 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Nohara Takahiro , Takimoto Atsuya , Shinzawa Rei , Kurauchi Daimon , Toriumi Ren , Nakagawa Ryunosuke , Aoyama Shuhei , Kamijima Taiki , Kano Hiroshi , Naito Renato , Kadomoto Suguru , Iwamoto Hiroaki , Yaegashi Hiroshi , Kawaguchi Shohei , Shigehara Kazuyoshi , Izumi Kouji , Mizokami Atsushi 
Published: April 2024

ObjectiveIntraoperative hypotension remains a serious adverse event of photodynamic diagnosis‐assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumor with oral administration of 5‐aminolevulinic acid. We conducted a re‐analysis of perioperative hypotension in photodynamic diagnosis‐assisted transurethral resection of the bladder tumor with oral 5‐aminolevulinic acid to ascertain its safety.MethodsA total of 407 cases who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors in our institution were reviewed (274 cases for the PDD group with photodynamic diagnosis and 133 for the white light (WL) group without). A classification of hypotension severity was devised to identify risk factors for clinically troublesome hypotension. The distribution of hypotension severity in each of the PDD and WL groups was compared. Additionally, the patient background and perioperative data by hypotension severity were compared only in the PDD group.ResultsMore patients with moderate and severe hypotension were noted in the PDD group. The renal function was lower with increasing hypotension severity in the PDD group. More patients on general anesthesia were included in the mild and moderate hypotension group, whereas more patients on spinal anesthesia were included in the severe hypotension group. Furthermore, the frequency of side effects other than hypotension tended to increase with hypotension severity.ConclusionsRenal function impairment and the other adverse effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid may be risk factors for severe hypotension. Mild or moderate hypotension may be caused by general anesthesia and severe hypotension may be caused by spinal anesthesia. To elucidate specific risk factors, further case–control studies are warranted.
14‐month‐old infants detect a semantic mismatch when occluded objects are mislabeled
Authors: Kampis Dora , Askitis Dimitris , Poulsen Emilie , Parise Eugenio , Southgate Victoria 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWhen infants start mastering their first language, they may start to notice when words are used incorrectly. Around 14‐months of age, infants detect incorrect labeling when they are presented with an object which is labeled while still visible. However, things that are referred to are often out of sight when we communicate about them. The present study examined infants' detection of semantic mismatch when the object was occluded at the time of labeling. Specifically, we investigated whether mislabeling that referred to an occluded object could elicit a semantic mismatch. We showed 14‐month‐old Danish‐speaking infants events where an onscreen agent showed an object and then hid it in a box. This was followed by another agent's hand pointing at the box, and a concurrent auditory category label played, which either matched or did not match the hidden object. Our results indicate that there is an effect of semantic mismatch with a larger negativity in incongruent trials. Thus, infants detected a mismatch, as indicated by a larger n400, when occluded objects were mislabeled. This finding suggests that infants can sustain an object representation in memory and compare it to a semantic representation of an auditory category label.
One‐Inflation and Zero‐Truncation Count Data Modelling Revisited With a View on Horvitz–Thompson Estimation of Population Size
Authors: Böhning Dankmar , Friedl Herwig 
Published: April 2024

SummaryEstimating the size of a hard‐to‐count population is a challenging matter. We consider uni‐list approaches in which the count of identifications per unit is the basis of analysis. Unseen units have a zero count and do not occur in the sample leading to a zero‐truncated setting. Because of various mechanisms, one‐inflation is often an occurring phenomena that can lead to seriously biased estimates of population size. The current work reviews some recent advances on one‐inflation and zero‐truncation modelling, and furthermore focuses here on the impact it has on population size estimation. The zero‐truncated one‐inflated and the one‐inflated zero‐truncated model is compared (also with the model ignoring one‐inflation) in terms of Horvitz–Thompson estimation of population size. The simulation work shows clearly the biasing effect of ignoring one‐inflation. Both models, the zero‐truncated one‐inflated and the one‐inflated zero‐truncated one, are suitable to model ongoing one‐inflation. It is also important to choose an appropriate base‐line distributional model. Finally, all models derived in the paper are illustrated on a number of case studies.