bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public policy evaluation in France
Authors: Nioche Jean‐Pierre , Poinsard Robert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe future of public policy evaluation in France seems at once promising and uncertain. Although the signs of development are evident‐increasing numbers of evaluations, aroused public and parliamentary interest, active administrative involvement‐the process is not uniform, codified, or generally rigorous. The administration itself is the chief initiator of evaluations, possessing the greatest resources, yet only in a small minority of instances are the ideal conditions of evaluation met. Strong political pressure would almost certainly be essential to move the government toward the institutionalization of an effective appraisal system.
Through a glass darkly: Cause and effect in refugee resettlement policies
Authors: Fass Simon M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs the ongoing debate among philosophers and social scientists suggests, interpretation of cause and effect in human action is often extremely difficult. Especially complicated for the policy analyst is the problem of determining whether causal relationships are inferred from the evidence or imputed to it. This dilemma characterizes certain types of government activity in which distinctions between policy and implementation, between decisions and actions, and between inputs and outcomes are unclear. The efforts of the federal government between 1960 and 1985 to assist refugees in securing employment illustrate how the flow of events may elude causal explanation, and how conclusions and recommendation for improvement derived from the evidence may prove highly ambiguous. In such instances the most rational course open to policy analysts may be to concede ignorance.
Blind spots in policy analysis: What economics doesn't say about energy use
Authors: Stern Paul C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article describes the difficulties of reducing analysis of energy use to an application of economic theory. It shows how economic concepts of behavior direct attention selectively to some important determinants of consumer behavior and away from others; how available economic accounts of short‐term change in energy use, investment in energy efficiency, and the dynamics of investment limit understanding and narrow analysts' vision; how promising policy options are overlooked as a result; and how concepts and knowledge from the noneconomic behavioral sciences can compensate. Two strategies are discussed for improving analysis. Using economic theory to guide the improvement of existing models can help, conceptual blind spots will remain. A problem‐oriented approach drawing on concepts and methods from across the behavioral sciences can avoid the blind spots, but cannot be systematic. Analysis can be improved by using both approaches in concert; some implications of a combined strategy are sketched.
The political hand: Policy implementation and youth employment programs
Authors: Levin Martin , Fennan Barbara 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOutstanding studies in the past decade have illuminated the sources of ineffective implementation and thus have suggested what not to do. To learn more about what to do, we analyzed a broad range of cases of effective implementation of youth employment programs in eight cities. The goal was to build an impressionistic model of the conditions contributing to flective implementation. We found that executives in the successful programs often acted as “fixers,” repairing the implementation process and protecting and correcting their programs, especially through coalition building and constant intervention in administrative detail. Some executives created patterns of interest convergence among the relevant actors, using incentives to turn mild interests into active support. They thus provided the public sector's missing “political hand,” analogous to the market's “invisible hand.”
Limits of the comprehensive services model: The case of adolescent pregnancy programs
Authors: Perlman Sylvia B. , Weatherley Richard A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the past 15 to 20 years a comprehensive services model, incorporating health, social, and educational components, has been the preferred mechanism for addressing the problems associated with adolescent pregnancy. This paper offers an assessment of the model based on a study of ten communities in four states. The widely recognized service needs of pregnant teenagers give the model a compelling logic, but we find inherent obstacles that seriously constrain its implementation. These constraints are exacerbated in an era of social welfare cutbacks. We conclude that short‐term local sewice programs, although better than no services at all, are unlikely to meet their objectives.
Negotiated rulemaking in practice
Authors: Perritt Henry H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUntil recently, parties interested in rulemaking by federal agencies were forced to voice their views primarily through adversarial procedures. An alternative, negotiated rulemaking, was proposed by the Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) in 1982. Since then, negotiated rulemaking has been used four times by federal agencies. The four completed negotiations show that negotiated rulemaking permits affected interests to retain greater control over the content of agency rules, while ensuring fairness and balance. It also permits agencies to obtain a more accurate perception of the costs and benefits of policy alternatives than can be obtained from digesting voluminous records of testimonial and documentary evidence presented in adversarial hearings. This article summarizes the results of a recently completed report prepared by the author for the Administrative Conference. It reviews the genesis of negotiated rulemaking, presents a framework within which to understand dynamics of the negotiation process and related administrative law issues, and presents recommendations for future agency use of negotiated rulemaking recently adopted in substance by the Administrative Conference.
Controllership in the public sector
Authors: Thompson Fred , Jones L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIneffective or incompetent controllership is, perhaps, the most common managerial failure found in the public sector. This failure affects outcomes and achievements in every area of public policy‐often profoundly. Controllers design and operate management control systems. The effectiveness of alternative control system designs depends upon the cost and production behavior of the good or service in question. But control strateg are seldom consciously or effectively matched to circumstances. As a consequence, public programs are too often simultaneously overcontrolled and out of control.
Federal tax reform and the financing of state and local governments
Authors: Chemick Howard , Reschovsky Andrew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough the Reagan Administration tax reform proposals would reduce federal income tax liabilities for most taxpayers, federal tax reform would also create strong pressures on state and local governments to cut taxes and public services. These pressures would arise primarily because itemizers would no longer be able to deduct state and local taxes in determining their federal income tax liabilities. In New York City and Boston, it is likely that the Administration's tax reform would induce cuts in spending that range from 2.5 to 7.5 percent. While the elimination of state and local tax deductibility may promote allocative efficiency in the provision of local public goods, the cost would be a decline in the degree of redistribution through the state and local public sector, and a reduction in local public services for the poor.
Nonmoney income and the elderly: The case of the tweeners
Authors: Smeeding Timothy M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the degree of economic security experienced by the population aged 65 and over. Elderly people in the United States now enjoy an average degree of economic well being that is high relative to the younger population. Within that average there is variance, however. This analysis finds that elderly persons in the lower‐middle income range—within 100 and 200 percent of the poverty line—are economically more vulnerable than either those of high income or those below the poverty threshold. Virtually all of the elderly benefit from social security retirement income (OASI) and Medicare. The poor receive in addition substantial means‐tested cash and in‐kind transfers, and the well‐to‐do receive enough additional subsidies and tax‐free income to leave them better off after government intervention than before it. But those in between—the tweeners—are more likely to rent unsubsidized housing, are less likely to have non‐Medicare health subsidies, and are more likely to rely on OASI as their primary source of income. When facing economic or health problems, the only way they can improve their well being is to spend themselves down to penury and thereby qualify for means‐tested cash and in‐kind transfers, in the form of Medicuid and Supplemental Security Income. Policy implications of these findings are discussed in closing.
To pay or not to pay: A model of international defaults
Authors: Kohler Daniel F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost lenders in international financial markets accede to reschedule overdue payments when sovereign borrowers fail to meet repayment requirements rather than foreclose and force a default. This practice provides borrowers with strong incentives to avoid prompt payment and to sak rescheduling instead. Because lenders cannot distinguish between borrowers who are unable, and those who are merely unwilling, to repay the loan, they will agree to reschedule loans of borrowers who would choose to pay rather than face outright default. This paper augments the traditional lender‐borrower model by explicitly considering rescheduling, in addition to default and repayment, and places it in a game theoretic context. It develops a theory of unwillingness to pay, as opposed to inability to pay, and derives strategies by which lenders can at least partially protect themselves against rescheduling requests by borrowers unwilling, but not unable, to fulfill their obligation.
Ethics and education for the public service in a liberal state
Authors: Brown Peter G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGraduate programs in public policy offer a variety of ethics courses focusing on framework theories, topical applications, and duties of office. Brown gives four reasons for making these types of courses an integral part of education for public service: they provide a common civic vocabulary; they give an essential perspective on analytical techniques; they challenge students' own presuppositions about public policy; and they help distinguish between empirical and conceptual issues. He argues that the growing emphasis in the policy programs on public management further enhances the importance of education in ethics, and that the current dearth of such courses in some programs seriously impedes their graduates.
Graduate education in public management: Working the seams of government
Authors: Elmore Richard F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublic management means quite different things when it is understood in terms of its intellectual roots in policy analysis, in terms of what managers actually do in the public sector, and in terms of the knowledge and skills required for effective performance in higher‐level jobs in the public sector. As taught in the public policy schools, public management has inherited a deep skepticism about public intervention and an active decision‐forcing attitude toward the practice and teaching of management. These attributes distinguish it from public administration. The public management curriculum has developed in a number of different ways, and four broad models can be discerned from existing practice: the core survey model, the elective model, the modified MBA model, and the generic model. These models differ in several ways but share a common bias toward grounding in the technical core of management skills, a strong decision‐forcing emphasis, and an active view of the manager's role.
Privatization of public‐sector services in practice: Experience and potential
Authors: Poole Robert W. , Fixler Philip E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrivatization—the transfer of assets and service responsibility from the public to the private sector—has been expanding at the state and local level. Empirical studies document significant cost savings, apparently due to incentives introduced by competition. The outlook is for continued expansion of privatization, including such areas as highways, transit, water supply, and education.
Substituent effect investigation of 3‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐(4′‐X‐phenyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐one. Part 1. Correlation analysis of 13C NMR chemical shifts
Authors: Perjéssy A. , Al‐Amood H. K. , Fadhil G. F. , Prónayová N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of substituted chlorinated chalcones namely, 3‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐(4′‐X‐phenyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐one, have been synthesized, X being H, NH2, OMe, Me, F, Cl, CO2Et, CN, and NO2. Dual substituent parameter (DSP) models of 13C NMR chemical shift (CS) have revealed that π‐polarization concept could be utilized to explain the reverse field effect at CO, the enhanced substituent field effect at CO, C‐2, and C‐5, and the decreased sensitivity of substituent field effect at C‐6. Chlorine atoms dipole direction at the benzylidene ring either enhances or reduces substituent effect depending on how they couple with the substituent dipole at the probe site. The correlation of 13C NMR CS of C‐2, C‐5, and C‐6 with σ and σ indicates that chlorine atoms in the benzylidine ring deplete the ring from charges. Both MSP of Hammett and DSP of Taft 13C NMR CS models give similar trends of substituent effects at C‐2, C‐5, and C‐6. However, the former fail to give a significant correlation for CO and C‐6 13C NMR CS. MSP of σq and DSP of Taft and Reynolds models significantly correlated 13C NMR CS of Cβ. MSP of σq fails to correlate C‐1′ 13C NMR CS. Investigation of 13C NMR CS of non‐chlorinated chalcones series: 3‐phenyl‐1‐(4′‐X‐phenyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐one has revealed similar trends of substituent effects as in the chlorinated chalcones series for C‐1′, CO, Cα, and Cβ. In contrast, the substituent effect of the non‐chlorinated chalcone series at C‐2, C‐5, and C‐6 did not correlate with any substituent constant. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interannual changes in seasonal ground freezing and near‐surface heat flow beneath bottom‐fast ice in the near‐shore zone, Mackenzie Delta, NWT, Canada
Authors: Stevens Christopher W. , Moorman Brian J. , Solomon Steve M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterannual changes in seasonal ground freezing and near‐surface heat flow beneath zones of bottom‐fast ice (BFI) were examined over the winters of 2005–06 and 2006–07 within the near‐shore zone of the Mackenzie Delta, Canada. Winter variability in ground thermal conditions was determined at three monitoring sites. Ground‐penetrating radar surveys were conducted in late winter to determine spatial variability in landfast ice conditions and the extent of ice‐bonded sediments. Shallow water sites (<0.5 m‐water depth) were characterised by early onset of BFI, freezeback of the active layer and mean winter sediment bed temperatures ranging between −3°C and −10°C. In contrast, deep water sites (>1 m of water) experienced prolonged periods of floating ice, which limited the duration of ice contact with the sediment bed and the depth of seasonal frost, and resulted in warmer winter ground temperatures (between −0.5°C and −2.6°C). Under similar water depths, interannual changes in ice growth altered the timing of BFI and winter heat loss from the ground. When comparing conditions over the two winters, 2005–06 was characterised by a decrease in ice thickness that limited the extent of BFI and seasonal cooling of the ground. These changes in ice conditions had a greater effect on the thermal conditions at sites where water depths were close to the maximum ice thickness. The short ice contact times at these sites are important to the thermal state of permafrost, as only minimal heat exchange contributing to permafrost cooling occurs prior to freezeback of the active layer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional cytotoxic agents fromAnacardium occidentale
Authors: Kubo Isao , Nitoda Teruhiko , Tocoli Felismino E. , Green Ivan R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of anacardic acids and cardols isolated from the cashew nut and appleAnacardium occidentale(Anacardiaceae) on murine B16‐F10 melanoma cells were tested. Although anacardic acids and cardols were found to inhibit tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanin synthesis, melanogenesis in melanocytes was not suppressed in cultured cells but rather enhanced. Both anacardic acids and cardols exhibited moderate cytotoxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bromelain in the early phase of healing in acute crush Achilles tendon injury
Authors: Aiyegbusi A. I. , Duru F. I. O. , Anunobi C. C. , Noronha C. C. , Okanlawon A. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBromelain, an enzyme extracted from the stem of the pineapple plant has been proposed as a treatment for reducing pain and swelling following acute muscle injuries but studies are yet to be done on its effect on tendon healing. This study therefore investigated the effects of bromelain on tenocyte proliferation and the tendon malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the early stage of healing in a crush injury to the Achilles tendon of Sprague‐Dawley rats.Twenty four male rats were divided randomly into three groups; groups 2 and 3 had induced crush injury to the left Achilles tendon. Group 1; nil injury and nil treatment, Group 2; nil treatment, Group 3; oral bromelain treatment. Bromelain was given at a dosage of 7 mg/kg body weight daily over the first 14 days post‐injury. On day 15 post injury, the animals were killed and the tendons excised and processed for histological study and MDA assay.The results showed a significant increase in the tenocyte population in the bromelain group; p < 0.05. There was, however, no significant difference in the MDA level.Conclusion: Based on this study, 600 GDU bromelain given once daily in acute tendon injury at a dosage of 7 mg/kg promoted healing by stimulating tenocyte proliferation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of food and gender on the pharmacokinetics of rhein and emodin in rats after oral dosing with Da‐Cheng‐Qi decoction
Authors: Gong Han Lin , Tang Wen Fu , Wang Hong , Xia Qing , Huang Xi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDa‐Cheng‐Qi decoction (DCQD), a traditional Chinese medicine preparation used to treat digestive diseases, is composed of dahuang (Rheum officinale Baill, Polygonaceae), houpu (Magnolia officinalis Rehd., Magnoliaceae), zhishi (Citrus aurantium L, Rutaceae) and mangxiao (sodium sulphate). Rhein and emodin are the major active components of Rheum officinale Baill. To investigate the effects of food and gender on the plasma concentrations of rhein and emodin after oral administration of DCQD, a rapid high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated. A reversed phase C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm) and a mobile phase of methanol and 0.2% acetic acid (78:22, v/v) were employed with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. Feeding was observed to decrease the absorption of rhein and emodin in rats receiving DCQD orally. No evidence for gender‐based differences in the pharmacokinetics of rhein was observed. However, the half‐life and area under the concentration–time curve for emodin differed significantly between male and female rats. Because food intake and gender are anticipated to influence the pharmacokinetics of DCQD in human subjects, it is recommended that oral doses of DCQD be reduced in fasting subjects and that female patients receive lower oral doses compared with male patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐heartburn effects of a fenugreek fiber product
Authors: DiSilvestro Robert A. , Verbruggen Marian A. , Offutt E. Jann 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrequent heartburn occurs in many people, some of whom prefer alternative treatments over conventional drugs. In a pilot study of subjects with frequent heartburn, 2 week intake of a fenugreek fiber product, taken 30 min before two meals/day, diminished heartburn severity. This conclusion was based on symptom diary results and reduced the use of a mild antacid as a rescue medicine. Improvement for each of the 2 weeks was judged by comparison with results from a baseline week. Placebo also produced some statistically significant effects, but the fiber product's effects differed significantly from the placebo. Moreover, the fenugreek fiber effects were generally similar to the results produced by an OTC antacid medication (ranitidine at 75 mg, twice a day). This study suggests that people with certain degrees of heartburn can benefit from a fenugreek fiber product. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chloroform extract of aged black garlic attenuates TNF‐α‐induced ROS generation, VCAM‐1 expression, NF‐κB activation and adhesiveness for monocytes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Lee Eun Na , Choi Young Whan , Kim Hye Kyung , Park Jin Kyeong , Kim Hyo Jin , Kim Myoung June , Lee Hee Woo , Kim Ki‐Hyung , Bae Sun Sik , Kim Bong Seon , Yoon Sik 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAged black garlic is a type of fermented garlic (Allium sativum) which has been used in Oriental countries for a long time because of various biological properties of garlic derivatives. The current study explored the potential of the chloroform extract of aged black garlic (CEABG) in attenuating the activities of adhesion molecules in tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)‐stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The study was performed on HUVECs that were pretreated with 30 μg/mL of CEABG before TNF‐α treatment. Treatment of HUVECs with CEABG significantly inhibited TNF‐α‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. HUVECs treated with CEABG showed markedly suppressed TNF‐α‐induced mRNA expression of VCAM‐1, but little alteration in ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin mRNA expression. CEABG treatment also significantly decreased the TNF‐α‐induced cell surface and total protein expression of VCAM‐1 without affecting ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin expression. In addition, treatment of HUVECs with CEABG markedly reduced THP‐1 monocyte adhesion to TNF‐α‐stimulated HUVECs. Furthermore, CEABG significantly inhibited NF‐κB transcription factor activation in TNF‐α‐stimulated HUVECs. The data provide new evidence of the antiinflammatory properties of CEABG that may have a potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis through mechanisms involving the inhibition of VCAM‐1 expression and NF‐κB activation in vascular endothelial cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.