bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Batch and continuous decolorisation of bleached kraft effluents by a white‐rot fungus
Authors: Royer Guy , Desrochers Michel , Jurasek Lubo , Rouleau Denis , Mayer Raymond C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe white‐rot fungus Coriolus versicolor, used in the form of mycelial pellets, provided an effective means to decolorise lignin‐containing kraft E1‐stage effluent from wood treatment processes. The mycelial pellets adsorbed the chromophores of the liquor and oxidised them in the presence of glucose. For an original liquor containing 7000 colour units (CU), the mean colour removal in batch experiments was estimated to be 300 CU g−1 mycelium h−1. The adsorption process and the oxidation process (following glucose addition) generally operated best at between pH 4 and 5, and at temperatures of 25 to 30°C, with a ratio of glucose to mycelium of 0.36, for a 24 h experiment. Magnesium ions accelerated the oxidation process. Decolorisation was then tested in a continuous reactor. The rate of loss of activity of the pellets was 1% per day and no mechanical damage to the pellets was observed in the reactor. With a liquor of 5600 CU a 50% decolorisation was attained in 15 to 30 h using 4.64 g dm−3 mycelium. This represents a rate of chromophore consumption of 30 CU g−1 mycelium h−1.
Studies on colour removal from bleach plant effluent of a kraft pulp mill
Authors: Gupta Mahesh P. , Bhattacharya Prashant K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA comparative study for colour removal of pulp bleach plant effluent with three different decolorising agents: fly ash, high molecular weight amine (Kemamine T 1902D) and lime, showed 90% or more colour removal. Fly ash treatment offered a promising way for colour removal (94%); amine treatment yielded better colour removal than fly ash but had comparatively high cost. The large amount of lime needed to remove the colour beyond 90% restricts its use, since large‐scale equipment would be costly.
Efficiency of repeated batch penicillin fermentation using two fermentors. Computer simulation and optimisation
Authors: Hasegawa Sachiyuki , Shimizu Kazuyuki , Kobayashi Takeshi , Matsubara Masakazu 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRepeated batch operation using two fermentors (RBTF) to penicillin fermentation was demonstrated by computer simulation to improve productivity. Three operation modes were compared: chemostat, repeated batch operation using a single fermentor (RBSF) and RBTF; in each case account was made of the lag period before growth. The simulated fermentor performances were assessed on the basis of the penicillin productivity and concentration; the simulation was based on published batch fermentation data. It was shown that RBTF was superior to RBSF and chemostat. The advantage of RBTF increased as the lag period became greater.
Stable coexistence of syntrophic associations in continuous culture
Authors: Powell Godfrey E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper describes mathematically the growth dynamics of a ‘tight’ syntrophic association of two species of organisms in continuous coculture. Species X utilises substrate S and forms a product P. The substance P both inhibits the growth of X and constitutes the growth limiting substrate of the species Y. It is shown that the resulting dynamical balance in the level of P leads to a stable coexistence of both species over the range of dilution rates consistent with equal values of specific growth rates, provided certain qualitative conditions, characteristic of syntrophic interactions in general, are satisfied.
Phase equilibration in agitated vessels during extractive enzyme recovery
Authors: Fauquex Pierre‐Francois , Hustedt Helmut , Kula Maria‐Regina 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEquilibration of partition during stirred‐reactor protein extraction occurs within a few seconds using aqueous two‐phase polyethylene glycol/salt systems, both when extracting enzymes from cell homogenates of various microorganisms and when using cell free systems. The tested systems were representative of the current processes developed in this laboratory for the extractive purification of enzymes; can be differentiated by their physicochemical properties. The experiments were carried out in baffled vessels at volume scales of 2.8, 21 and 160 dm3. Low stirrer speeds were used, although sufficient to ensure homogeneous mixing. In all cases the short time required to reach equilibrium confirmed the suitability of enzyme extraction processes for large scale applications.
Effect of polymer matrix on thermal stability of immobilised trypsin
Authors: Kumakura Minoru , Kaetsu Isao 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTrypsin was markedly stabilised through immobilisation by radiation polymerisation of various monomers at low temperatures. A porous polymer matrix having a defined structure and flexibility enhanced the thermal stability. In highly hydrophilic monomer systems the resulting polymer matrix had a porous internal structure in which enzyme molecules were trapped. Trypsin was then protected from thermal denaturation and self‐autolysis. In contrast, polymers formed from hydrophobic monomers were of particle form and enzyme molecules were only trapped on the surface. With high concentrations of up to 90% monomer, the resulting radiation‐polymerised enzyme composites experienced limitations of substrate diffusion. There was an optimum hydrophilicity for enhancement of thermal stability of trypsin and this was found when the measured degree of hydration of the system was at a ratio of 0.35.
Mould spoilage of crepe rubber: Humidity effects
Authors: Keerthi Tillekeratne Liyanaarachchige M. , Vimalasari Titus 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMould growth and discoloration of crepe rubber depended on the relative humidity; moisture uptake could be reduced by the removal of the so‐called ‘yellow fraction’ of field latex, although subsequent storage in dry conditions is essential for rubber preservation.
Optimal size, hydraulic retention time and volatile solids loading rate of biogas unit using water hyacinth
Authors: Vaidyanathan S. , Kavadia K. M. , Borkar L. P. , Mahajan S. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWith a view to evaluate the effects of hydraulic retention time and volatile solids loading rate on methane production using water hyacinth, experiments were conducted in a 160 dm3 capacity, well‐mixed continuous digestion unit at ambient temperature. The optimal design of biogas plant using water hyacinth was elucidated, to provide a unit giving a maximum methane yield of 0.16 nm3 kg−1 volatile solids added, which was 60% greater than the conventional plant using cowdung. The calculations of optimal design factors were based on reactor size, hydraulic retention time and volatile solids loading rate; considerations were made of capital cost, running costs and operational revenue.
The influence of the ion content of whey on the pH‐activity profile of the β‐galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Griethuysen Evin Van , Flaschel Erwin , Renken Albert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe pH‐dependence of the reaction kinetics of lactase (β‐galactosidase) from Aspergillus oryzae in different reaction media is presented in terms of a two‐parameter model. The lactase from A. oryzae seems to have replaced the A. niger lactase on the market owing to a better activity/price ratio and may be utilised for lactose hydrolysis in acid as well as in neutral milk products. Its pH optimum is around pH 4.5. However, in the neutral pH‐range its activity depended strongly on the salt content of the substrate solution. For example, its activity in whey (pH 6.5) fell to only 30% of its expected activity in a pure lactose solution at the same pH. The whey effect was the same for both soluble and immobilised lactase. The two parameter kinetic model, which included a term for competitive product inhibition gave excellent agreement with experimental data, and may thus be useful for the prediction of reactor performance with this enzyme.
Production of high purity fructose from barley syrups using semi‐continuous chromatography
Authors: Barker Philip E. , Ganetsos George 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA semi‐continuous counter current chromatographic refiner, developed in this department, was used to produce high fructose syrup from an industrial barley syrup containing 42% fructose, 52% glucose and 6% maltose and oligosaccharides. The chromatographic refiner consisted of twelve 5.4 cm i.d. columns, each packed to a height of 65.5 cm with KORELA VO7C calcium charged resin, with a particle size range 150–300 μm. At a throughput of 32.1 kg sugar solids/m3 resin/h, the fructose rich product obtained was 95% pure and had a concentration of 11.3% w/v, while the glucose rich product contained only 4.5% fructose and had a concentration of 22.56% w/v.
A theoretical model for catalyst‐fluid flow reactors with immobilised cells
Authors: Gamarra J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA theoretical model of the behaviour of immobilised cells in porous pellets is developed. Particular attention is given to ethanol production with immobilised yeast cells, the deactivating effect of the alcohol upon the cells and the performance of the reactor. It is demonstrated that by introducing an activity parameter, which is a measurable quantity, all of the effects of immobilisation, decreased activity, increased operational stability and increased thermal resistance, yield to a quantitative description. This description is given in terms of parameters that govern the diffusion and reaction phenomena in the pellet and the dynamics of the cell population in free form. The effects of ethanol are accounted for by treating it as a deactivator acting in series with the main reaction. In this way it can be shown that its action manifests itself by increasing a natural decay constant of the cell system. The growth of the cell population inside the pellet is taken into account. Immobilised enzyme reactors may be considered a special case of heterogeneous biocatalytic reactors in which no growth takes place. The model is able, therefore, to describe enzyme systems under analogous conditions of deactivation‐reaction or under natural irreversible decay.
Analysis of the growth of Trichosporon cutaneum on glucose: Yield and maintenance requirements
Authors: Solomon Bamidele O. , Layokun Steven K. , Fatile Israel A. , Agho Godfrey N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnalysis of the growth of Trichosporon cutaneum on glucose was carried out using the concepts of material and energy regularities. Carbon and available electron balances were used to check the consistency of the measured data and to detect outlying data points. Combined point and interval estimates of the true biomass energetic yield and maintenance coefficient for T. cutaneum were obtained using a multivariate statistical procedure. The analysis shows that T. cutaneum has a higher true biomass energetic yield and a lower maintenance coefficient than Candida utilis, which has been found suitable for SCP production.
The adhesion of animal cells to surfaces: The measurement of critical surface shear stress permitting attachment or causing detachment
Authors: Crouch Colin F. , Fowler Harold W. , Spier Raymond E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe ‘LH Fowler Cell Adhesion Measurement Module’ was successfully adapted to permit the determination of the critical shear forces involved in both the attachment to and the detachment from glass and plastic surfaces, by mammalian fibroblasts. Variations in the sensitivity of different cell types to critical shear forces were observed, although generally the critical shear forces permitting attachment were in the order of 1000‐times less than those causing detachment. Finally alterations to culture conditions indicated that the sensitivity of cell attachment to shear forces is strongly affected outside of optimal conditions.
Efficient computation of Maxwell eigenmodes in axisymmetric cavities using hierarchical vector finite elements
Authors: Venkatarayalu Neelakantam V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractComputation of Maxwell eigenmodes in an axisymmetric cavity using hierarchical vector finite elements is presented. The use of curl conforming vector basis functions, which span the null space of the curl operator, leads to the appearance of spurious modes with zero eigenvalues. Such spurious modes lead to electric flux solution with non‐zero divergence. Constraining the solution space in the variational statement for the eigenvalue problem by weakly enforcing the flux to be divergence‐free leads to the elimination of such modes. Discrete equivalent of such a constraint equation is developed for axisymmetric problems solved using hierarchical vector and scalar basis functions of orders complete to p=2. The discrete constraint equation, developed individually for Fourier modes m=0 and m≥1, is efficiently integrated with a subspace iteration‐based eigenvalue solution technique such as the Lanczos/Arnoldi method. The resulting solution technique is free of spurious modes added with an advantage of seeking a solution of a positive definite matrix during each iteration of the eigenvalue solver. Convergence in solution is demonstrated for orders up to p=2, while the proposed technique can be extended to basis functions of arbitrary order. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of copper nanoparticle‐containing glass matrices: ancient red stained‐glass windows
Authors: Colomban Philippe , Tournié Aurélie , Ricciardi Paola 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA selection of red‐flashed and red‐coated medieval potash lime and 19th century soda lime stained glass pieces were studied in the laboratory using different instruments and laser wavelengths, both at lower and higher than the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of copper. The Raman signatures of the transparent glass matrix and the red glass layers are discussed and compared with those recorded on model glasses containing a dispersion of Cu0 nanoparticles. Evidence is given that the conformation of the silica network in the vicinity of the metal nanoparticles differs from that of the glass matrix. Hematite and carbon traces are evidenced in the Cu0‐rich layers, which is consistent with the use of a combination of a reducing atmosphere and redox couples to control the growth of metallic copper particles. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen bonding in nitrofurantoin polymorphs: a computation‐assisted spectroscopic study
Authors: Sardo Mariana , Amado Ana M. , Ribeiro‐Claro Paulo J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe importance of hydrogen‐bond formation in the molecular packing arrangements of two anhydrous forms of nitrofurantoin is investigated, combining computational methods and spectroscopic data. The overall results indicate, as expected, that the vibrational modes related to the CO, NH and CH groups are strongly affected by intermolecular hydrogen‐bond formation. Moreover, the importance of weak C‐H···O interactions in conferring additional stability to molecular associations in biological systems is evidenced in this study. The complete assignment of the Raman and infrared spectra of both polymorphs is accomplished by means of a computationally based methodology, which accounts for the effects of intermolecular interactions in the crystal. The vibrational shifts due to crystal packing interactions are evaluated from DFT calculations for a set of suitable molecular pairs, using the B3LYP/6‐31G* approach. This methodology provides an answer to the current demand for a reliable and complete assignment of the vibrational spectra of pharmaceutically active compounds such as nitrofurantoin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances and Controversies in Assisted Reproductive Technology
Authors: Vela Gerardo , Luna Martha , Sandler Benjamin , Copperman Alan B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAs the incidence and awareness of infertility have increased in the last decades, reproductive endocrinologists and scientists have striven to improve the therapeutic options being offered to patients. One of the most advanced and efficient technologies currently being offered is assisted reproductive technology. Among the various techniques that are comprised by assisted reproductive technology, in vitro fertilization is the most widely studied and used, being responsible for approximately 1% of all live births in the United States. As this technology has evolved, many controversies have arisen, and it is the purpose of this article to review what in the authors' opinion are the most current and controversial aspects of the whole process of in vitro fertilization and its related techniques. Mt Sinai J Med 76:506‐520, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Litton Christian , Stone Joanne , Eddleman Keith , Lee Men‐Jean 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe presence of fetal cells in the maternal circulation was first noted by Georg Schmorl when he documented the presence of multinucleated syncytial giant cells of placental origin in the lung tissue of women who had died from complications of eclampsia. In the intervening century, advances in cellular and molecular biology further elucidated both the physiology and pathophysiology of communication within the fetomaternal unit. This concept is at the foundation of the rapidly expanding field of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. However, the clinical utility of this phenomenon had been limited until the presence of cell‐free fetal DNA circulating in the maternal plasma was reported in 1997 and fetal messenger RNA was demonstrated to circulate in the maternal plasma in 2000. These circulating nucleic acids are found free‐floating in the maternal plasma, unencumbered by a surrounding fetal cell. The analysis of these 3 fetal markers (fetal cells, cell‐free fetal DNA, and fetal messenger RNA) for diagnostic and screening purposes is now being developed. The scope of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis is not limited to only the diagnosis of fetal genetic traits and aneuploidies. Recently, researchers have focused their investigations on the role of cell‐free fetal DNA and fetal messenger RNA in preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm labor. These biomarkers, the result of inherent placental dysfunction or the byproducts of placental trophoblastic apoptosis, may allow for improvements in the diagnosis and management of high‐risk pregnancies. Mt Sinai J Med 76:521‐528, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Extent of pharmacovigilance among resident doctors in Edo and Lagos states of Nigeria
Authors: Ohaju‐Obodo J. O. , Iribhogbe O. I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundSystematic attention to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) started with the thalidomide disaster in the early 60s of the 20th century. In 1968 ten countries supported a spontaneous reporting system for ADR and collaborated with the WHO pilot research project for international drug monitoring. This survey was conducted to determine the level of awareness of resident doctors about ADRs reporting, the extent of their involvement in pharmacovigilance activities and to build a useful data base that will improve the quality of health care in Nigeria.SettingThis cross‐sectional observational survey was conducted in University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) and Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) in Edo and Lagos states, Nigeria, respectively.Study Design / MethodsA cross‐sectional observational survey was used in this study. Total population under survey being 971 residents with the sample size of 350 statistically determined.ResultsThe survey conducted revealed that 78.1% (258) of the respondents had inadequate knowledge about pharmacovigilance with 71.2% (235) unaware of the yellow forms for ADR reporting distributed by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). The respondents (92.4%) have observed ADRs in the course of their training and practice, yet only 25.5% of cases were reported. The reported cases (7.3%) were to the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control. The study showed a statistically significant difference between the institution of respondents, knowledge and experience about pharmacovigilance (p < 0.05).ConclusionThere is marked under‐reporting of cases and a low level of awareness about pharmacovigilance among resident doctors in Edo and Lagos states. This may be what obtains in other states in Nigeria. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and antibiofouling properties of novel crosslinkable terpolymers containing semifluoroalkyl substituted aromatic side chains
Authors: Feng Shijun , Huang Yangen , Wang Qiang , Gao Yu , Qing Feng‐Ling 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSynthesis, contact angle analysis, surface properties and biofouling characteristics of novel crosslinkable terpolymers with semifluoroalkyl substituted aromatic side chains have been described. These polymers are targeted for use as coatings to prevent marine biofouling. The marine antifouling properties of these materials were evaluated by laboratory assays employing the fouling diatom Nitzschia and ubiquitous Staphylococcus aureusi. Results indicated that the experimental coatings exhibited better antibiofouling performance than that of a standard Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) coating. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Comparison of efficiency measures for academic interventions based on acquisition and maintenance
Authors: Burns Matthew K. , Sterling‐Turner Heather E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated the importance of examining the instructional efficiency of academic interventions and has defined efficiency as the number of items learned per instructional minute. Maintenance of the skill is also an important instructional goal, however. Therefore, the current study compared efficiency metrics using initial learning and maintenance with 25 fourth‐grade students. Each student was taught the pronunciation and English translation of 12 words from the Esperanto international language with two instructional conditions (six words for each condition). The first condition was traditional drill (TD) rehearsal with all unknown words, and the second was incremental rehearsal (IR) with one unknown and eight known words. Results indicated that, although the IR condition led to significantly more words being retained, TD was significantly more efficient using initial learning. The two conditions were equally efficient, however, when maintenance data were used. Therefore, evaluating the efficiency of instructional interventions should consider maintenance data as well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of the word “bully” on the reported rate of bullying behavior
Authors: Kert Allison S. , Codding Robin S. , Tryon Georgiana Shick , Shiyko Mariya 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study examined whether the definition and use of the word “bully” would result in lower self‐reports of bullying behavior by providing students with one of three versions of a self‐report measure with: (a) no reference to the word bully or its definition, (b) the definition of the word bully followed by use of the word in each item, or (c) the definition of the word bully and no further mention of the word bully in the item stems. Participants (N = 114) completed surveys, and statistical comparisons examined the impact of the word bully on reports of bullying behavior. Analyses indicated that respondents provided with a definition of and repeated exposure to the word bully reported significantly less bullying behavior than those who were not exposed to the word or its definition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.