bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic diffusion in softwood and hardwood cell walls using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
Authors: Donaldson Lloyd , Pearson Hamish 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The porosity of cell walls, as indicated by diffusion of rhodamine B dye, in the wood of Douglas fir, radiata pine, New Zealand red beech and Shining gum was compared under dynamic conditions using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. The comparative diffusion rate was estimated using the half-life of fluorescence recovery under water-saturated conditions performed on transverse sections. All four wood species showed similar diffusion behaviour in tracheid or fibre cell walls with slower diffusion in the middle lamella layer compared to the secondary cell wall. Within the S2 layer of the secondary wall two regions were observed, an outer region with a slow diffusion rate and an inner region with a higher diffusion rate. Vessel cell walls showed slightly slower diffusion rates. Diffusion of rhodamine B dye appears to occur primarily along the fibre axis and is probably somewhat different to water in its behaviour. This suggests that pores are aligned with cellulose microfibrils. The dye diffusion rate was estimated to be in the range of 50–100 nm2 s−1. This has implications for understanding wood drying behaviour and chemical modification of wood by infiltration with small molecules as well as water storage in living trees.
Performance analysis of 4QAM-OFDM-FSO link under rain weather conditions
Authors: Attri Saruchi , Madhu Charu , Kaur Daljeet 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Free space optical communication (FSO) is a technique based on transmission of data by propagating the light in free space. FSO is inexpensive, providing high data rates, high capacity, high security, and low power and uses the license free frequency spectrum. Nevertheless, FSO is still facing many problems such as bad weather conditions, atmospheric turbulence, and multipath fading. In this research work, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) FSO system is analyzed for low to heavy rain fall intensities. Different rain rates have been considered for low, moderate, heavy, very heavy, and torrential rains. For all the rain rates, a direct detection OFDM–FSO system and a coherent detection system have been simulated and results are compared. Analysis has been done on the basis of SNR, received power, and constellation diagrams. According to these parameters, link length of both the systems for different rain rates was found. Coherent detection is applied to improve the system sensitivity compared to conventional direct detection. In tropical regions where heavy rainfall is the main reason for the degradation of the system, the OFDM system with coherent detection can perform better with high data rates. Second, over a 11 km FSO, a 4-QAM wireless signal is successfully transmitted under very heavy rainfall conditions. The distance achieved by moderate and heavy rains is 25 km and 15.5 km with an acceptable SNR of 25 dB and a system sensitivity (received power) of −65.1 dBm.
Comparison of Biochemical, Microbiological, and Toxicological Properties of Wild and Cultivated Sour Cherry Genotypes (Prunus cerasus L.)
Authors: Erbil Nurcan , Murathan Zehra Tuğba , Arslan Mehmet 
Published: April 2024

Aims: It was aimed to investigate two sour cherry genotypes such as SC genotype which is a small-fruited wild sour cherry and LC genotype which is a large-fruited cultivated sour cherry in this study.

Material and methods: Total phenolic, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), phenolic, sorbic, benzoic acids and sugar contents, and antibacterial activities (agar well diffusion, MIC, MBC, and MTC) were studied. Additionally, Salmonella typhimurium revision tests were made.

Results: It was observed that the SC genotype had higher values for total phenolic, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid contents than the LC genotype. Similarly, antioxidant activity was found to be higher in the SC genotype. The dominant phenolic acids in both sour cherry genotypes were succinic acid and rutin trihydrate among the phenolic acid contents. While benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and sucrose could not be detected in both genotypes; glucose and fructose contents were higher in the LC genotype. Bacillus spizizenii ATCC 6633 was the most sensitive bacteria to both sour cherry extracts, and a weaker antibacterial activity was observed in the other test bacteria. In addition, no mutagenic and antimutagenic activities were found in both sour cherry genotypes.

Discussion: It has been observed that the SC genotype, a wild sour cherry, contains a higher amount of bioactive components and exhibits higher antioxidant activity than the LC genotype, a cultivated variety.
Conclusions: Consequently, because of its contents and biological activities, sour cherry has the potential to play a supportive role in human health.
The Effectiveness of The Handwashing Program with Soap (CTPS) In Preventing E. Coli Contamination on Elementary School Student, West Martapura South Kalimantan
Authors: Mutttaqien Fauzan , Khatimah Husnul , Fakhrurrazy Fakhrurrazy , Arganita Fidya Rahmadhany , Maulana Irfan , Yuliana Ida 
Published: April 2024

Martapura river had been discovered of indicators of microbial contamination of drinking water, namely total coliform and E coli which are harmful to health. CTPS program for elementary schools in West Martapura sub-district has been going for long time to prevent disease. Tihis study aimed to know the difference in the effectiveness of using Martapura river water for CTPS in elementary school children in Martapura Barat District to preventing E. Coli contamination. The research method used the true experiment method with a posttest only control group design research design. The research group named group (P1) CTPS using processed Martapura river water, group with hand washing soap (P2) CTPS using Martapura river water without being processed and group (K) CTPS with PDAM water . The research subjects were18 elementary student selected by simple random sampling technique. The object study was the observation of the presence of Escherichia coli bacteria which were found from the hand swabs of elementary school children in West Martapura sub-district whose schools had treated water facilities and did not have treated water facilities. Also taking palm swabs for the research subjects, a quality test for PDAM water, Martapura river water and processed river water at the three elementary schools was carried out and examined at the Banjarbaru BBTKL-PPB Laboratory. The results showed that for CTPS water samples from PDAM water sources only counted 1 CFU E coli/100 ml, while CTPS water from the Martapura River and PAMSIMAS the number of E. coli colonies was > 200 CFU/100 ml. For all samples of palm swabs from the elementary school students, all results were negative for E. Coli CFU / cm2. The conclusion is that there is no difference in the effectiveness of using Martapura River water, both treated and untreated, in the CTPS program in reducing E.Coli numbers.
The Association between Coagulation Parameters, C-Reactive Protein, D-Dimer and In-Hospital Mortality of Covid-19 Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Delmi Anwari , Adiputro Dwi Laksono , Nurrasyidah Ira , Yasmina Alfi 
Published: April 2024

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease with severe cardiovascular complications, one of them is pulmonary embolism (PE). Studies have shown many contributing factors related to mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients that developed pulmonary embolism. This study aimed to find the association between coagulation parameters (PT and APTT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and D-dimer with in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients with suspected PE. COVID-19 patients in Ulin General Hospital Banjarmasin who met the clinical criteria of suspected PE, assessed with clinical scorings (Well’s score for PE and Padua prediction score for venous thromboembolism), and receiving anticoagulant therapy recorded in medical records were included in this study. A total of 91 patients were included, with most patients were female (59.3%), average age of 53.36 years, average BMI of 25.82 kg/m2, having normal electrocardiogram (79.1%), with history of hypertension (56%), and no histories of smoking (94.5%), diabetes mellitus (70.3%), heart failure (93.4%), coronary artery disease (96.7%), and chronic lung disease (95.6%). As much as 39.57% patients with suspected PE was deceased during the course of hospitalization. Unadjusted analysis showed significant increased levels of PT, APTT, and CRP, in deceased patients compared to those discharged alive (mean 14.62 vs 11.91 seconds, 42.94 vs 28.57 seconds, and 98.19 vs 47.01 mg/dL, respectively; p value < 0.01), and a non-significant increased level of D-dimer (mean 10.89 mg/L; p = 0.09). Multivariate logistic regression showed non-significant associations between PT, APTT, D-dimer, and CRP with in-hospital mortality (p values of 0.06, 0.14, 0.52, and 0.23, respectively). In conclusion, there is no association between coagulation parameters, CRP, and D-dimer levels with in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients with suspected PE. A further study with a larger sample size is needed to see the role of laboratory findings in predicting in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients with suspected PE.
PENGARUH VARIASI KOSENTRASI PADA EKSTRAK DAUN BAYAM MERAH SEBAGAI DYE TERHADAP KINERJA DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL (DSSC)
Authors: Hatib Rustan , Anwar Khairil , Soso Ardi Yefta 
Published: April 2024

DSSC adalah serangkaian perangkat yang menggunakan energi celah antara semikonduktor dan ikatannya dengan cluster di lapisan tipis untuk mengubah energi cahaya menjadi energi listrik. Struktur perangkat DSSC terdiri dari lima komponen yaitu kaca FTO, TiO2, pewarna, elektrolit dan karbon. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan konsentrasi pewarna ekstrak daun bayam merah memberikan pengaruh terhadap peningkatan nilai arus, tegangan dan efisiensi DSSC. Nilai terendah terdapat pada konsentrasi zat warna 10gr dengan nilai arus 0,0000115 A, tegangan 0,2965 V dan efisiensi 0,009635%. Kemudian terjadi peningkatan dengan nilai arus sebesar 0,0000173 A, tegangan sebesar 0,3301 V, dan efisiensi sebesar 0,01692% pada konsentrasi zat warna 20gr. Pada konsentrasi zat warna 30gr mengalami peningkatan dengan nilai arus 0,0000215 A, tegangan 0,457 V dan efisiensi 0,030618%. Dan nilai tertinggi pada konsentrasi pewarna 40gr dengan nilai arus 0,0000241 A, tegangan 0,566 V dan efisiensi 0,042891%. Sedangkan pada konsentrasi zat warna 50gr terjadi penurunan dengan nilai arus sebesar 0,000023 A, tegangan sebesar 0,508 V dan efisiensi sebesar 0,035797%. DSSC is a series of devices that use the gap energy between semiconductors and their bonds with clusters in thin layers to convert light energy into electrical energy. The structure of the DSSC device consists of five components, namely FTO glass, TiO2, dye, electrolyte and carbon. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the addition of dye concentration of red spinach leaf extract has an effect on increasing the value of current, voltage and efficiency of DSSC. The lowest value is at 10gr dye concentration with a current value of 0.0000115 A, a voltage of 0.2965 V and an efficiency of 0.009635%. Then there was an increase with a current value of 0.0000173 A, a voltage of 0.3301 V, and an efficiency of 0.01692% at a dye concentration of 20gr. At a dye concentration of 30gr it increased with a current value of 0.0000215 A, a voltage of 0.457 V and an efficiency of 0.030618%. And the highest value at a dye concentration of 40gr with a current value of 0.0000241 A, a voltage of 0.566 V and an efficiency of 0.042891%. While at a dye concentration of 50gr there was a decrease with a current value of 0.000023 A, a voltage of 0.508 V and an efficiency of 0.035797%.
PENGARUH VARIASI PENDINGIN DAN MATA PAHAT TERHADAP KEKASARAN PERMUKAAN BAJA ST 37 PADA MESIN BUBUT KONVENSIONAL
Authors: Annafi Helmi Hafidz , Nugraha Andy 
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi pahat HSS dan Carbide serta media pendingin (air kelapa, radiator coolant, dan tanpa pendingin) terhadap nilai kekasaran permukaan baja ST 37 dengan menggunakan mesin bubut konvensional. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental, yaitu spesimen dipotong sesuai ukuran kemudian dilakukan pembubutan dengan pendinginan yang ditentukan dan selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian. Setelah dilakukan pengujian, didapatkan nilai kekasaran terendah pada pahat tanpa menggunakan media pendingin, dibandingkan dengan menggunakan media pendingin air kelapa dan Radiator Coolant. Sedangkan pada mata pahat, kekasaran terendah diperoleh dengan menggunakan mata pahat HSS dibandingkan dengan menggunakan mata pahat Carbide. This study aims to determine the effect of HSS and Carbide tool variations and cooling media (coconut water, coolant radiator, and no cooling) on the surface roughness value of ST 37 steel using a conventional lathe. This research method uses an experimental method, namely the specimen is cut to size then turned with specified cooling and then tested. After testing, the lowest roughness is obtained without using cooling media, compared to usings coconut water cooling and Radiator Coolant. While on the tool blade, the lowest roughness was obtained by using the HSS tool blade compared to using the Carbide tool blade.
ANALISIS BENTUK DAN KEKUATAN SUPPORT PIPA PADA REINJECTION LINE AKIBAT ADANYA PENAMBAHAN CONTROL VALVE DI PLANT 3 TRAIN C PT. BADAK LNG
Authors: Rahman Arifad , Tamjidillah Mastiadi 
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk dan kekuatan penopang pipa pada jalur pipa reinjeksi LGP di PT. BADAK LNG akibat kenaikan beban berkelanjutan yang terjadi akibat penambahan control valve. Saluran pipa sebelum dan sesudah penambahan control valve didesain ulang untuk perbandingan tegangan, kemudian dihitung beban maksimum yang didapat akibat penambahan control valve yaitu beban sustain 172,93 N/mm2 dan beban ekspansi 7,72 N/mm2. Sedangkan beban maksimum dihitung karena penambahan control valve dengan penyangga pipa adalah beban sustain sebesar 97,84 N/mm2 dan beban ekspansi sebesar 8,88 N/mm2. Sedangkan nilai ijin material A33-6 sendiri adalah sustain 137,90 N/mm2 dan ekspansi 206,84 N/mm2. Setelah diketahui kenaikan tegangan sustain melebihi batas material yang diijinkan, maka perlu ditambahkan satu buah penyangga pipa lagi untuk menahan jalur pipa reinjeksi. Tambahan penyangga sepatu pipa menggunakan bahan standar ASTM A36 dengan ketebalan 4 mm. Tegangan maksimum pada control valve yang dihitung setelah analisa adalah 66,49 MPa dengan bahan yang diijinkan sebesar 250 MPa sehingga control valve aman. This study aims to analyze the shape and strength of pipe support in the LGP reinjection pipeline line at PT. BADAK LNG due to the increase in sustained loads that occur due to the addition of the control valve. The pipe line before and after the addition of the control valve is redesigned for voltage comparison, then the maximum load obtained is calculated due to the addition of a control valve that is sustain load 172.93 N/mm2 and expansion load of 7.72 N/mm2. While the maximum load is calculated because the addition of a control valve with pipe support is a sustain load of 97.84 N/mm2 and expansion load of 8.88 N/mm2. While the allowable value of A33-6 material itself is sustain 137.90 N/mm2 and expansion of 206.84 N/mm2. After it is known that the sustain voltage increase exceeds the allowable material limit, it is necessary to add one more pipe support to hold the reinjection pipe line. Additional pipe shoe support using ASTM A36 standard material with a thickness of 4 mm. Maximum stress on the control valve calculated after the analysis is 66.49 MPa with an allowable material of 250 MPa so that the control valve is safe.
PENGARUH PWHT (POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT) PADA PENGELASAN SMAW TERHADAP KEKERASAN DAN KEKUATAN TEKAN BAJA ST 37
Authors: Irawan Dony , Irawansyah Herry 
Published: April 2024

Pada proses pengelasan dapat timbul masalah berupa tegangan sisa setelah pengelasan yang tidak disadari. Tegangan sisa yang berlebihan dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan bentuk dan keretakan pada hasil pengelasan. Tegangan sisa dapat terjadi sebagai akibat pengelasan dilakukan tanpa melalui perlakuan panas terlebih dahulu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan pengelasan Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) pada baja ST 37 dengan perlakuan panas yaitu Post Welding Heat Treatment (PWHT) dengan variasi tanpa perlakuan, 550°C, 600°C, dan 650°C selanjutnya melakukan dan menganalisis hasil uji kekerasan dan uji tekan. Pada uji kekerasan diperoleh hasil nilai tertinggi pada spesimen tanpa perlakuan PWHT (Post Weld Heat Treatment) di daerah weld metal sebesar 709,43 HVN. Sedangkan nilai terendah didapatkan pada spesimen dengan perlakuan PWHT (Post Weld Heat Treatment) di daerah base metal sebesar 236,45 HVN. Pada uji tekan diperoleh hasil nilai tertinggi pada spesimen tanpa perlakuan PWHT (Post Weld Heat Treatment) sebesar 838,46 MPa. Sedangkan nilai terendah didapatkan pada spesimen dengan perlakuan PWHT (Post Weld Heat Treatment) 550˚C sebesar 755,60 MPa. In the welding procedure, problems can arise in the form of residual stresses after welding that are not realized. Excessive residual stress will cause a permanent deformation, and can even cause cracks in the welding results. Residual stresses can occur as a result of welding being carried out without prior heat treatment. The goal of this research was to perform SMAW on ST 37 steel treatment with heat, namely Post Welding Heat Treatment (PWHT) with variations without treatment, 550°C, 600°C, and 650°C then perform and analyze results of hardness test and bending test. In the hardness test, the highest value was obtained for specimens without PWHT treatment in the weld metal area of 709.43 HVN. While The lowest possible value was attained in specimens treated with PWHT in the base metal area of 236.45 HVN. In the bending test, The maximum possible value was attained on the specimen without PWHT of 838.46 MPa. While the result with the lowest value was in specimens treated with 550˚C PWHT of 755.60 MPa.
ANALISA BAHAN TAMBAH SERBUK BATERAI BEKAS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEKUATAN TARIK BALING – BALING ALUMINIUM RONGSOKAN
Authors: Khalid Anhar , Norhafani Norhafani 
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini menggunakan data yang diperoleh dari hasil pengujian di laboratorium pengujian bahan, yaitu labroatorium uji bahan menggunakan mesin uji tarik. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini dilaksanakan adalah untuk menguji bahan hasil coran dari bahan aluminium rongsokan yang pada proses peleburannya dicampurkan serbuk baterai bekas dapat meningkatkan kualitas kekuatan tarik baling-baling kapal. Pada penelitian ini terdapat variable terikat yaitu kekuatan tarik dan ariabel bebas, yaitu kadar serbuk baterai 20 gr, 30 gr, 40 gr, dan 50 gr. Pengujian dilakukan dengan tahapan melakukan pengecoran alumunium bekas yang ditambahkan dengan serbuk baterai sesuai dengan variable yang telah ditentukan untuk dijadikan spesimen dan selanjutnya melakukan uji tarik pada setiap spesimen. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan dengan empat tahap penambahan serbuk baterai bekas yang dikenakan pada paduan aluminium rongsokan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap nilai kekuatan tariknya yaitu nilai kekuatan tarik lebih tinggi daripada nilai kekuatan tarik control yang hanya diberi perlakuan natural serbuk baterai bekas. This study used data obtained from the results of testing in a materials testing laboratory, namely a materials testing laboratory using a tensile testing machine. The purpose of this research was to test the casting material made from scrap aluminum, which, in the smelting process, when mixed with used battery powder, can improve the quality of the tensile strength of ship propellers. In this study, there were dependent variables, namely tensile strength, and independent variables, namely battery powder content of 20 gr, 30 gr, 40 gr, and 50 gr. The test is carried out by casting aluminum, which is then added to battery powder according to the variables that have been determined to be used as specimens, and then carrying out a tensile test on each specimen. It can be concluded that the treatment with four stages of adding used battery powder applied to scrap aluminum alloy had a significant effect on the tensile strength value, namely that the tensile strength value was higher than the control tensile strength value, which was only given by the natural treatment of used battery powder.
A phase-I study of second-line S-IROX for unresectable pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel failure
Authors: Okuno Mitsuru , Mukai Tsuyoshi , Iwata Keisuke , Takagi Akihiro , Ito Yuki , Ohashi Yosuke , Tezuka Ryuichi , Iwasa Yuhei , Iwata Shota , Tomita Eiichi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background and aims:
Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (GnP) and FOLFIRINOX are widely used as first-line regimens for unresectable pancreatic cancer (PC). When GnP therapy is selected, considering patient age or condition, second-line FOLFIRINOX is sometimes difficult to administer owing to its toxicity. This study aimed to determine the recommended dose (RD) of S-IROX (S-1, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan combination) regimens in patients with unresectable PC after first-line GnP failure.
Methods:
This phase-I study used the “3+3” dose-escalation design with two dose levels. Patients who failed first-line GnP therapy for unresectable PC were enrolled. Oxaliplatin and irinotecan were administered on day 1, and S-1 was administered orally twice daily on days 1–7, followed by 7 days of rest. The primary endpoints were dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and determination of RD. The secondary endpoint was the evaluation of potential antitumor activity.
Results:
Nine patients received the second-line S-IROX regimen. In level-0 (S-1, 80mg/m2; oxaliplatin, 85mg/m2; and irinotecan, 120mg/m2), no patient experienced DLT; however, one patient experienced grade 3 neutropenia. At level-1 (irinotecan increased to 150mg/m2), one of six patients experienced DLTs, including G3 diarrhea. The RD was confirmed at the level-1 dose. The response rate, disease control rate, median progression-free survival, and median overall survival were 33.3%, 77.8%, 172 (range:77–422) days, and 414 (101–685) days, respectively. One patient underwent surgery after the second-line S-IROX therapy.
Conclusions:
Second-line S-IROX treatment was deemed acceptable. The RD was set at level-1 dose (S-1, 80mg/m2; oxaliplatin, 85mg/m2; and irinotecan, 150mg/m2).
Research on citrus segmentation algorithm based on complex environment
Authors: Zhang Jia Jun , Zhang Peng Chao , Huang Jun Lin , Yue Kai , Guo Zhi Miao 
Published: April 2024

Aiming to address the low efficiency of current deep learning algorithms for segmenting citrus in complex environments, this paper proposes a study on citrus segmentation algorithms based on a multi-scale attention mechanism. The DeepLab V3+ network model was utilized as the primary framework and enhanced to suit the characteristics of the citrus dataset. In this paper, we will introduce a more sophisticated multi-scale attention mechanism to enhance the neural network’s capacity to perceive information at different scales, thus improving the model’s performance in handling complex scenes and multi-scale objects. The DeepLab V3+ network addresses the challenges of low segmentation accuracy and inadequate refinement of segmentation edges when segmenting citrus in complex scenes, and the experimental results demonstrate that the improved algorithm in this paper achieves 96.8 % in the performance index of MioU and 98.4 % in the performance index of MPA, which improves the segmentation effectiveness to a significant degree.