bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable remediation panel—Measuring the social and economic benefits of a sustainable remediation project
Authors: Havranek Timothy J. , Watts Daniel J. , Geckeler Grant , Rowland Marty , Fabersunne Mikos 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRemediation developed a Sustainable Remediation Panel in the Summer 2009 issue, which featured the Sustainable Remediation Forum White Paper. The panel is composed of leaders in the field of sustainable remediation who have volunteered to provide their opinions on difficult subjects related to the topic of how to integrate sustainability principles into the remediation practice. The panel's opinions are provided in a question‐and‐answer format, whereby selected experts provide an answer to a question. This issue's question is provided below, followed by opinions from five experts in the remediation field.
What are the best methods of measuring the social and economic benefits of a sustainable remediation project? Are there ways to develop quantitative metrics or are qualitative metrics the best alternative for measuring the social and economic benefits of sustainable remediation? © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiconducting Two‐Dimensional Graphene Nanoconstriction Arrays
Authors: Safron Nathaniel S. , Brewer Adam S. , Arnold Michael S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe fabrication and characterization of two‐dimensional nanoconstriction arrays consisting of sub‐20‐nm graphene constrictions and interconnecting graphene islands are reported. The arrays are fabricated in a scalable top–down fashion using self‐assembled close‐packed polystyrene nanospheres as lithographic templates and characterized using electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and charge transport measurements. At room temperature, the arrays behave as semiconductors with a field‐effect conductance modulation of up to 450 and charge mobilities of ∼1 cm2 V−1 s−1. The effective bandgap of the arrays scales inversely with the nanoconstriction width, indicating that its magnitude is determined by quantum confinement in the constrictions. At low temperatures, the arrays act as semiconductors, with increasing ON/OFF conductance modulation up to ∼1000, and simultaneously act as 2D arrays of coupled Coulomb islands affected by single‐electron charging events. The high conductance modulation of these nanopatterned graphene materials, combined with the scalability of the patterning approach is expected to impact thin film, flexible, and transparent semiconductor electronics.
A New Shear Test for Sheet Metal Characterization
Authors: Brosius A. , Yin Q. , Güner A. , Tekkaya A.E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn order to predict plastic material behavior for sheet forming processes by finite element simulation, shear tests are useful to identify material parameters. Since the existing shear test setups have certain disadvantages, a new twin bridge torsion shear test is proposed. Stress and strain calculation is derived from the presented geometrical features. The clamping situation and the shear gauge dimensions are investigated to evaluate the quality of the obtained flow curves. It is shown that this test specimen is suitable to determine anisotropic yield behavior and to characterize prestrained specimen, for instance due to cold rolling, when the yield locus is shifted by a backstress tensor.
An Endothelial Cell Niche Induces Hepatic Specification Through Dual Repression of Wnt and Notch Signaling
Authors: Han Songyan , Dziedzic Noelle , Gadue Paul , Keller Gordon M. , Gouon-Evans Valerie 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Complex cross-talk between endoderm and the microenvironment is an absolute requirement to orchestrate hepatic specification and expansion. In the mouse, the septum transversum and cardiac mesoderm, through secreted bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and fibroblast growth factors (FGF), respectively, instruct the adjacent ventral endoderm to become hepatic endoderm. Consecutively, endothelial cells promote expansion of the specified hepatic endoderm. By using a mouse reporter embryonic stem cell line, in which hCD4 and hCD25 were targeted to the Foxa2 and Foxa3 loci, we reconstituted an in vitro culture system in which committed endoderm cells coexpressing hCD4-Foxa2 and hCD25-Foxa3 were isolated and cocultured with endothelial cells in the presence of BMP4 and bFGF. In this culture setting, we provide mechanistic evidence that endothelial cells function not only to promote hepatic endoderm expansion but are also required at an earlier step for hepatic specification, at least in part through regulation of the Wnt and Notch pathways. Activation of Wnt and Notch by chemical or genetic approaches increases endoderm cell numbers but inhibits hepatic specification, and conversely, chemical inhibition of both pathways enhances hepatic specification and reduces proliferation. By using identical coculture conditions, we defined a similar dependence of endoderm harvested from embryos on endothelial cells to support their growth and hepatic specification. Our findings (1) confirm a conserved role of Wnt repression for mouse hepatic specification, (2) uncover a novel role for Notch repression in the hepatic fate decision, and (3) demonstrate that repression of Wnt and Notch signaling in hepatic endoderm is controlled by the endothelial cell niche.
Locally Applied Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Increases the Osteogenic Healing Capacity of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells by Promoting Osteogenic and Endothelial Differentiation
Authors: Behr Björn , Tang Chad , Germann Günter , Longaker Michael T. , Quarto Natalina 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are known for their capability to promote bone healing when applied to bone defects. For bone tissue regeneration, both sufficient angiogenesis and osteogenesis is desirable. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) has the potential to promote differentiation of common progenitor cells to both lineages. To test this hypothesis, the effects of VEGFA on hASCs during osteogenic differentiation were tested in vitro. In addition, hASCs were seeded in murine critical-sized calvarial defects locally treated with VEGFA. Our results suggest that VEGFA improves osteogenic differentiation in vitro as indicated by alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Moreover, local application of VEGFA to hASCs significantly improved healing of critical-sized calvarial defects in vivo. This repair was accompanied by a striking enhancement of angiogenesis. Both paracrine and, to a lesser degree, cell-autonomous effects of VEGFA-treated hASCs were accountable for angiogenesis. These data were confirmed by using CD31−/CD45− mouse ASCsGFP+ cells. In summary, we demonstrated that VEGFA increased osteogenic differentiation of hASCS in vitro and in vivo, which was accompanied by an enhancement of angiogenesis. Additionally, we showed that during bone regeneration, the increase in angiogenesis of hASCs on treatment with VEGFA was attributable to both paracrine and cell-autonomous effects. Thus, locally applied VEGFA might prove to be a valuable growth factor that can mediate both osteogenesis and angiogenesis of multipotent hASCs in the context of bone regeneration.
Side Population is Not Necessary or Sufficient for a Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: Broadley Kate W. R. , Hunn Martin K. , Farrand Kathryn J. , Price Kylie M. , Grasso Carole , Miller Rose J. , Hermans Ian F. , McConnell Melanie J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere is strong evidence for the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the aggressive brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). These cells have stem-like self-renewal activity and increased tumor initiation capacity and are believed to be responsible for recurrence due to their resistance to therapy. Several techniques have been used to enrich for CSC, including growth in serum-free defined media to induce sphere formation, and isolation of a stem-like cell using exclusion of the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342, the side population (SP). We show that sphere formation in GBM cell lines and primary GBM cells enriches for a CSC-like phenotype of increased self-renewal gene expression in vitro and increased tumor initiation in vivo. However, the SP was absent from all sphere cultures. Direct isolation of the SP from the GBM lines did not enrich for stem-like activity in vitro, and tumor-initiating activity was lower in sorted SP compared with non-SP and parental cells. Transient exposure to doxorubicin enhanced both CSC and SP frequency. However, doxorubicin treatment altered the cytometric profile and obscured the SP demonstrating the difficulty of identifying SP in cells under stress. Doxorubicin-exposed cells showed a transient increase in SP, but the doxorubicin-SP cells were still not enriched for a stem-like self-renewal phenotype. These data demonstrate that the GBM SP does not necessarily contribute to self-renewal or tumor initiation, key properties of a CSC, and we advise against using SP to enumerate or isolate CSC.
Pramel7 Mediates LIF/STAT3-Dependent Self-Renewal in embryoniC Stem Cells
Authors: Casanova Elisa A. , Shakhova Olga , Patel Sameera S. , Asner Igor N. , Pelczar Pawel , Weber Fabienne A. , Graf Urs , Sommer Lukas , Bürki Kurt , Cinelli Paolo 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A unique and complex signaling network allows ESCs to undergo extended proliferation in vitro, while maintaining their capacity for multilineage differentiation. Genuine ESC identity can only be maintained when both self-renewal and suppression of differentiation are active and balanced. Here, we identify Pramel7 (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma-like 7) as a novel factor crucial for maintenance of pluripotency and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-mediated self-renewal in ESCs. In vivo, Pramel7 expression was exclusively found in the pluripotent pools of cells, namely, the central part of the morula and the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Ablation of Pramel7 induced ESC differentiation, whereas its overexpression was sufficient to support long-term self-renewal in the absence of exogenous LIF. Furthermore, Pramel7 overexpression suppressed differentiation in ESCs in vitro and in vivo. This process was reversible, as on transgene excision cells reverted to a LIF-dependent state and regained their capacity to participate in the formation of chimeric mice. Molecularly, LIF directly controls Pramel7 expression, involving both STAT3-dependent transcriptional regulation and PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Pramel7 expression in turn confers constitutive self-renewal and prevents differentiation through inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. Accordingly, knockdown of Pramel7 promotes ESC differentiation in presence of LIF and even on forced STAT3-activation. Thus, Pramel7 represents a central and essential factor in the signaling network regulating pluripotency and self-renewal in ESCs.
Performance of tall buildings in Concepción during the 27 February 2010 moment magnitude 8.8 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake
Authors: Rojas Fabian , Naeim Farzad , Lew Marshall , Carpenter Lauren D. , Youssef Nabih F. , Saragoni G. Rodolfo , Adaros Macarena Schachter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractConcepción, near the southern end of the fault rupture zone of the offshore Maule, Chile earthquake, suffered significant damage to all types of structures. Tall reinforced concrete buildings in the region were also affected, some severely. Spectacular collapse and partial collapse were experienced in two buildings, and many buildings had failure of thin shear walls that lacked sufficient boundary element confinement. Concrete spalling and crushing occurred and reinforcing steel buckled and were sometimes fractured. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
US climate change politics and policymaking
Authors: Selin Henrik , VanDeveer Stacy D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe United States is often identified as a global laggard on climate change policymaking and implementation. Although this reputation may be deserved by the US federal government, a look across all levels of the US federal political system and a multitude of political actors demonstrates the existence of a significant number of climate change and energy‐related activities. This brief review of US climate change politics covers climate change policy support and opposition across different governance levels, involving legal and political activities and interactions of a large number of public, private, and civil society sector actors. It examines US federal climate change legislation and politics, and how activities in Washington, DC are connected to both international politics and domestic conditions and debates. This discussion is linked to state and municipal level climate change action, followed by a discussion of how activities of firms and advocacy groups and aspects of US public opinion shape US climate change politics. The review ends with a few concluding remarks about the future of US climate change policymaking and implementation. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 121–127 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.94This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > National Climate Change Policy
Event perception
Authors: Radvansky Gabriel A. , Zacks Jeffrey M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEvents are central elements of human experience. Formally, they can be individuated in terms of the entities that compose them, the features of those entities, and the relations amongst entities. Psychologically, representations of events capture their spatiotemporal location, the people and objects involved, and the relations between these elements. Here, we present an account of the nature of psychological representations of events and how they are constructed and updated. Event representations are like images in that they are isomorphic to the situations they represent. However, they are like models or language in that they are constructed of components rather than being holistic. Also, they are partial representations that leave out some elements and abstract others. Representations of individual events are informed by schematic knowledge about general classes of events. Event representations are constructed in a process that segments continuous activity into discrete events. The construction of a series of event representations forms a basis for predicting the future, planning for that future, and imagining alternatives. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 608–620 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.133This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Distributed versus focused attention (count vs estimate)
Authors: Chong Sang C. , Evans Karla K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractQuantity or numerosity is one of the basic properties of our environment. Humans and animals both have the neural representation of quantity or ‘number sense’. The ability to extract and to manipulate numbers is closely related to our various cognitive functions such as the capacity of working memory, mathematical achievement, and texture perception. Evidence shows that the sense of number is not a unitary mechanism but rather a composition of two distinct processes; enumeration and estimation. The review examines how numerosity is represented in the visual domain and its relation to different modes of attention. Enumeration or counting permits an exact representation of a distinct number of objects, with an awareness of each object achieved through focal deployment of attention to each object serially. On the other hand, estimation involves an approximation of the number of different items or a sense of ensemble statistics, achieved through fast deployment of distributed attention over a set of objects as a whole. In this overview we suggest that a focused attention mode is more suitable for enumeration, whereas a distributed attention mode is better for estimation. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 634–638 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.136This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention
Self‐Assembly of a Novel VIV–CuII Hybrid: Hydrogen Bonds Interlinked [VO(2,3‐DHN)2]2– and [Cu(1,3‐PDA)2]2+ Blocks
Authors: Chi Zixiang , Zhu Linli , Chen Yuyou , Yu Chong , Shi Xudong , Bi Yangang , Lu Xiaoming 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA novel VIV‐CuII hybrid complex assembled from an O,O‐chelating vanadium block [VO(2,3‐DHN)2]2– and a N,N‐chelating copper block [Cu(1,3‐PDA)2]2+, namely, [VO(2,3‐DHN)2][Cu(1,3‐PDA)2]·0.5CH3CN (1) (2,3‐DHN = 2,3‐dihydroxynaphthalene, 1,3‐PDA = 1,3‐propanediamine), was synthesized at 8 °C (low room temperature) and characterized by IR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The vanadium and copper blocks are both independent complexes and are interlinked through N–H···O hydrogen bonds donated by [Cu(1,3‐PDA)2]2+ moiety, exhibiting 1D chain, 2D layer, and open 3D channel supramolecular array. This work was originally sparked by the tunicate chemistry and the [VO(2, 3‐DHN)2]2– ion can be seen a sequel of vanadium‐catechol models.
Mixed‐Addenda Lindqvist‐Type Polyoxoanion [V2W4O19]4–‐Supported Copper Complexes
Authors: Wang Chunling , Weng Linhong , Ren Yuanhang , Du Chengbo , Yue Bin , Gu Min , He Heyong 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThree mixed‐addenda Lindqvist‐type polyoxoanion‐supported copper 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) complexes, [Cu(phen)(H2O)3]2[V2W4O19] (1), [Cu(bpy)2]‐ [H2V2W4O19]·6H2O (2), and [Cu(bpy)(H2O)]2[V2W4O19]·4H2O (3) were synthesized in aqueous solution and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 51V NMR spectroscopy, TG as well as X‐ray powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structure of compound 1 is constructed from copper(II)‐tri(aqua)‐phen complexes and [V2W4O19]4– clusters. It exhibits a three‐dimensional (3D) supramolecular framework due to the abundance of hydrogen bonding interaction between the copper‐phen cation and the polyoxoanion. In compound 2 the [V2W4O19]4– cluster as bidentate ligand coordinates two [Cu(bpy)2] units, which leads to a single twist‐armed chain. In both 1 and 2, the crystallographical positions of the two vanadium atoms are totally disordered in the whole Lindqvist [V2W4O19]4– cluster. In compound 3 the [V2W4O19]4– cluster as a quadridentate ligand connects four [Cu(bpy)] units to form double armed chains, where two vanadium atoms are mainly disordered over four positions around the equatorial belt of the [V2W4O19]4– cluster. Compounds 2 and 3 are the first examples of the extended structure based on mixed‐addenda [V2W4O19]4– and metal coordination ions. Furthermore, the extensive hydrogen bonding and π–π packing interactions between the chains play important roles in the construction of the 3D framework of 1–3.
Treatment of boundary layers with anisotropic finite elements
Authors: Apel Th. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe aim is to construct a finite element method which resolves layers appearing in singularly perturbed problems, here the easiest case of a reaction diffusion problem. For this, a special anisotropic mesh of Shishkin type is investigated. Estimates of the finite element error in the energy norm are derived which are uniformly valid with respect to the (small) diffusion parameter. A key ingredient for the error analysis is a refined estimate for derivatives of the interpolation error.
Singularities in differential‐algebraic systems with unilateral constraints
Authors: Arnold M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractInequality (unilateral) constraints may introduce various types of singularities in differential‐algebraic systems ([5]). In the present paper we consider contact conditions that are formulated as unilateral constraints for position and velocity coordinates in a mechanical multibody system. If the surfaces of the bodies being in contact are worn then the contact conditions result often in constraints that are only piecewise differentiable. We discuss a regularization that considers qualitatively the elastic deformation of the bodies.
An algebraic approach to the HBMG method for unstructured grids
Authors: Bank Randolph E. , Gutsch Sabine 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe will cast some of the previously introduced interpolation coefficients for the construction of hierarchical basis functions into an algebraic formulation of the HBMG method. Furthermore we construct a new set of coefficients that fulfills a consistency condition which results in a better approximation of smooth functions. We provide numerical examples for the convection dominated convection‐diffusion equation on uniformly as well as adaptively refined grids.
Non‐classically damped random vibration of shear building with damages
Authors: Bryja D. , Mironowicz W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA shear building with damages in its columns, dynamically loaded with machines viscoelastically supported on floors, is considered in the paper. Two kinds of damages are taken into account: the first one is most often caused by the corrosion process, that reduces the bending stiffness of columns ‐ usually at the place where piles touch the floors; the second one is caused by exceeding the shearing strength and occurs in the form of horizontal or slant cracks. It is assumed that both the parameters of damages and dynamic excitation are random. The solution is formulated in the correlation theory sphere, by using the influence function of the MDOF system, which is similar to the well known impulse response function related to the SDOF system. Some results of numerical analysis are presented.
An a posteriori estimate for nonconforming finite element methods
Authors: Carstensen Carsten , Jansche Stefan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA computable error estimate is established for the model case of the Poisson‐problem. This enables an efficient method in applying the nonconforming Crouzeix‐Raviart Elements for adaptive refinement techniques. We study reliability and efficiency of the proposed algorithm both theoretically and numerically.
Obstacle problems in elasticity
Authors: Schuricht F. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObstacle problems in elasticity are usually described by variational inequalities where the set of admissible deformations is convex in some function space. This is, however, too restrictive for applications on the basis of realistic models. Furthermore it is unsatisfactorily that variational inequalities do not have enough structure to provide a detailed description of the forces exerted by the obstacle. An other point is that in obstacle problems concentrated contact forces actually arise while in standard continuum mechanics body forces and surface tractions with integrable densities are considered only.It seems that finer nonsmooth methods than variational inequalities and a more general approach to forces are necessary to handle these difficulties. On the basis of the very general Cosserat theory describing planar deformations of shearable nonlinearly elastic rods we demonstrate how this can be done. Using Clarke's calculus of generalized gradients we derive the Euler‐Lagrange equations for very general obstacle problems and we obtain a very natural representation of the contact reactions, including concentrated forces. This finally serves as basis for further regularity results.
Molekulardynamische Simulation ionenstrahlgestützter Verfahren (IBAD) zur Herstellung neuer Schichtmaterialien
Authors: Schweitzer D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGegenwärtig wird weltweit sehr intensiv an der Synthese von phasenreinen, texturierten Nitridschichten (z. B. BN, TiN, AlN, SiN) geforscht, die wegen ihrer besonderen Eigenschaften ein hohes Anwendungspotential für die Elektronik, Optoelektronik und als verschleißfeste Hartstoffschichten erwarten lassen. Dabei haben sich ionenstrahlgestützte Verfahren, sog. IBAD‐ Verfahren (“Ion Beam Assisted Deposition”), als besonders erfolgversprechend erwiesen. Bei der numerischen Integration der Bewegungsgleichungen eines diesen Prozeß modellierenden Vielteilchensystems erfordert das gleichzeitige Auftreten schneller Ionen mit Energien im keV‐Bereich und langsamer Atome mit thermischen Energien eine adaptive Schrittweitensteuerung mit lokal unterschiedlichen Zeitschritten.