bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of cervical cancer screening: cytology versus human papillomavirus DNA testing
Authors: van Rosmalen J , de Kok IMCM , van Ballegooijen M 
Published: January 2012

Please cite this paper as: van Rosmalen J, de Kok I, van Ballegooijen M. Cost‐effectiveness of cervical cancer screening: cytology versus human papillomavirus DNA testing. BJOG 2012;119:699–709.Objective  To determine the most cost‐effective screening programme for cervical cancer.Design  Cost‐effectiveness analysis from a societal perspective.Setting  The Netherlands.Population  Dutch women who have not been invited for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination.Methods  We calibrated the microsimulation screening analysis (MISCAN) model to Dutch epidemiological data. We used this model to consider nine screening strategies that use: (i) cytological testing with cytology triage for borderline/mildly abnormal smears; (ii) HPV testing with cytology triage for HPV‐positive smears; or (iii) cytological testing with HPV triage for borderline/mildly abnormal smears. For each strategy, we varied the number of screening rounds, the time interval, the age of the first screening, and the type of cytological testing (conventional or liquid‐based cytology).Main outcome measures  Quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) gained and costs from a societal perspective.Results  Under the base‐case assumptions, primary HPV testing with cytology triage is the most cost‐effective strategy. Using cost‐effectiveness thresholds of €20 000 and €50 000 per QALY gained yields optimal screening programmes with three and seven screening rounds, respectively. The results are sensitive to several uncertain model inputs, most importantly the costs of the HPV test. For women aged 32 years or younger, primary cytology screening is more cost‐effective than primary HPV testing.Conclusions  Increasing the interval between screening rounds and changing the primary test from cytology to HPV testing can improve the effectiveness and decrease the costs of cervical cancer screening in the Netherlands.
HIV care need not hamper maternity care: a descriptive analysis of integration of services in rural Malawi
Authors: van den Akker T , Bemelmans M , Ford N , Jemu M , Diggle E , Scheffer S , Zulu I , Akesson A , Shea J 
Published: January 2012

Please cite this paper as: van den Akker T, Bemelmans M, Ford N, Jemu M, Diggle E, Scheffer S, Zulu I, Akesson A, Shea J. HIV care need not hamper maternity care: a descriptive analysis of integration of services in rural Malawi. BJOG 2012;119:431–438.Objective  To evaluate the use of reproductive health care and incidence of paediatric HIV infection during the expansion of antiretroviral therapy and services for the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission in rural Malawi, and the influence of integration of these HIV‐related services into general health services.Design  Descriptive analysis.Setting  Thyolo District, with a population of 600 000, an HIV prevalence of 21% and a total fertility rate of 5.7 in 2004.Population  Women attending reproductive health services care in 2005 and 2010.Methods  Review of facility records and databases for routine monitoring.Main outcome measures  Use of antenatal, intrapartum, postpartum, family planning and sexually transmitted infection services; incidence of HIV infection in infants born to mothers who received prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission care.Results  There was a marked increase in the uptake of perinatal care: pregnant women in 2010 were 50% more likely to attend at least one antenatal visit (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.48–1.51); were twice as likely to deliver at a healthcare facility (RR 2.05, 95% CI 2.01–2.08); and were more than four times as likely to present for postpartum care (RR 4.40, 95% CI 4.25–4.55). Family planning consultations increased by 40% and the number of women receiving treatment for sexually transmitted infections doubled. Between 2007 and 2010, the number of HIV‐exposed infants who underwent testing for HIV went up from 421 to 1599/year, and the proportion testing positive decreased from 13.3 to 5.0%; infants were 62% less likely to test HIV positive (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.27–0.52).Conclusions  During the expansion and integration of HIV care, the use of reproductive health services increased and the outcomes of infants born to HIV‐infected mothers improved. HIV care may be successfully integrated into broader reproductive health services.
Dissemination of public health information: key tools utilised by the NECOBELAC network in Europe and Latin America
Authors: De Castro Paola , Marsili Daniela , Poltronieri Elisabetta , Calderón Carlos Agudelo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground:  Open Access (OA) to scientific information is an important step forward in communication patterns, yet we still need to reinforce OA principles to promote a cultural change of traditional publishing practices. The advantages of free access to scientific information are even more evident in public health where knowledge is directly associated with human wellbeing.Objectives:  An OA ‘consolidation’ initiative in public health is presented to show how the involvement of people and institutions is fundamental to create awareness on OA and promote a cultural change. This initiative is developed within the project NEtwork of COllaboration Between Europe and Latin American Caribbean countries (NECOBELAC), financed by the European Commission.Methods:  Three actions are envisaged: Capacity building through a flexible and sustainable training programme on scientific writing and OA publishing; creation of training tools based on semantic web technologies; development of a network of supporting institutions.Results:  In 2010–2011, 23 training initiatives were performed involving 856 participants from 15 countries; topic maps on scientific publication and OA were produced; 195 institutions are included in the network.Conclusions:  Cultural change in scientific dissemination practices is a long process requiring a flexible approach and strong commitment by all stakeholders.
Efficacy of tadalafil in chronic hypobaric hypoxia–induced pulmonary hypertension: possible mechanisms
Authors: Rashid Masrat , Fahim Mohammad , Kotwani Anita 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe present study was carried out to investigate the effects of long‐acting phosphodiesterase five inhibitor, tadalafil, on pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypobaric hypoxia in rats. Adult Albino Wistar rats were exposed to 2 weeks of hypobaric hypoxia for 8 h daily and treated with tadalafil or tempol, a standard antioxidant agent. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was taken as an index for pulmonary arterial pressure; malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase were chosen as the markers of oxidative stress; serum tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) levels and inflammatory changes in lungs were assessed for inflammation. Chronic hypobaric hypoxia was found to induce pulmonary hypertension, as it significantly (P < 0.001) increased RVSP. Chronic hypobaric hypoxia also leads to an increase in oxidative stress as was evidenced by an increase in malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in (P < 0.001) reduced glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity. Chronic hypobaric hypoxia–induced inflammation was revealed by lung histology and increase in serum TNF‐α levels. Tadalafil significantly prevented (P < 0.001) rise in hypobaric hypoxia–induced rise in RVSP. Tadalafil partially while tempol completely reversed hypobaric hypoxia–induced oxidative stress. Lung inflammation and serum TNF‐α levels were significantly attenuated by both tadalafil and tempol. However, effect of tadalafil on inflammation was more marked than that of tempol. These data indicate that tadalafil possess antioxidant as well as antinflammatory action in addition to its vasodilatory property. All these three actions combined may have positive impact of tadalafil in the treatment of hypobaric hypoxia–induced pulmonary hypertension.
The risk of preterm delivery prior to 34 weeks in women presenting with antepartum haemorrhage of unknown origin
Authors: Yeung Sik Wing , Tam Wing Hung , Cheung Rachel Y.K. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundThe management of antepartum haemorrhage of unknown origin (APHUO) remote from term remains controversial.AimTo determine the rate and risk factors in predicting preterm delivery among women presenting with APHUO before 34 weeks of gestation.MethodsAll singleton pregnancies with the first episode of APHUO before 34 weeks of gestation who delivered between January 1995 and December 2004 were reviewed. The predictability of risk factors was assessed by both univariate and multivariate analysis. The cumulative rates of preterm delivery prior to 34 weeks were compared by using the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and log‐rank test between those with and those without risk factors.ResultsThe rates of preterm delivery prior to 34 and 37 weeks of gestation were 7.3 and 17%, respectively. Uterine contractions, persistent bleeding, two or more episodes of APHUO and a history of spontaneous preterm deliveries were significant risk factors for preterm birth prior to 34 weeks in a multivariate logistic regression. Women with one risk factor had a hazard ratio of 5.5 (95% CI: 3.2–9.6) in having preterm delivery prior to 34 weeks compared with those without risk factors, whereas women with any two risk factors had a hazard ratio of 5.2 (95% CI: 2.1–12.9) compared with those with one risk factor.ConclusionsAPHUO prior to 34 weeks of gestation is associated with three to fivefold increased risk of preterm delivery. Identification of several risk factors could further help to predict early preterm delivery and appropriate triage management.
How continuous and precise is the record of P–T paths? Insights from combined thermobarometry and thermodynamic modelling into subduction dynamics (Schistes Lustrés, W. Alps)
Authors: PLUNDER A. , AGARD P. , DUBACQ B. , CHOPIN C. , BELLANGER M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPressure–temperature (P–T) paths as complete as possible and with a precision on the km‐scale or less are needed to further improve the knowledge of deformation, re‐equilibration processes and element/fluid transfer, in particular along subduction zones. This contribution attempts to (i) critically evaluate the precision and continuity with which metamorphic P–T histories are retrieved today and (ii) discuss implications for regional‐scale accretionary processes in subduction zones, through application to the Schistes Lustrés complex (Haute Maurienne, W. Alps). P–T estimates are compared and combined using several independent approaches: (i) from minerals assumed to be in textural equilibrium; (ii) from electron microprobe compositional maps; and (iii) from pseudosection modelling predictions. Multi‐equilibrium calculations were performed with tweequ and thermocalc, and pseudosections were built with Perple_X and Theriak/Domino. These P–T estimates were also compared with maximum temperatures (Tmax) deduced from the Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous matter. The different methods used here yield the peak of pressure for the lower structural unit of the Schistes Lustrés at 480 °C and 23 kbar and document the retrograde path for both the Median and Lower Units. The results show that P–T conditions are recorded almost continuously and can be determined with a precision of ±1 kbar and ±30 °C at best. This study underlines the complementarity of the various thermobarometric methods and demonstrates that precision could be increased by improving solid solution models for chlorite. Observed tectonic patterns, major lithological boundaries, pressure–temperature and Tmax data suggest that underplating processes and early structural development played a key role in the Schistes Lustrés accretionary complex.
Clinician Perceptions of Providing Natural Family Planning Methods in Title X Funded Clinics
Authors: Kelly Patricia J. , Witt Jacki , McEvers Kimberly , Enriquez Maithe , Abshier Patricia , Vasquez Magda , McGee Eve 
Published: January 2012

Introduction: Natural family planning (NFP) methods are effective for contraception with proper and consistent use. However, only 1% of patients at federally funded Title X family planning clinics select NFP as a contraceptive method. The goal of this study was to understand from clinicians’ perspectives the barriers and facilitators to providing NFP methods.Methods: Six telephone focus groups were conducted with 29 clinicians from Title X clinics across the United States and Puerto Rico. A hermeneutic method was used to analyze data for related themes.Results: The overarching theme from the study was that participants had a strong desire to teach their patients how their bodies work and to empower them to learn to control fertility. Four subthemes emerged: patient misinformation and misunderstanding about fertility; provider ideas about ideal types of candidates for NFP; inconsistent patient teaching strategies; and lack of time to teach NFP methods.Discussion: There is a need for increased NFP training for providers and efficient NFP patient teaching strategies to meet the needs of patients with limited knowledge about fertility.
First Birth Cesarean and Risk of Antepartum Fetal Death in a Subsequent Pregnancy
Authors: Osborne Cara , Ecker Jeffrey L. , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Lieberman Ellice 
Published: January 2012

Introduction: To examine the relationship between first birth by cesarean and antepartum fetal death in a subsequent pregnancy in a large, hospital‐based population.Methods
: Data for this retrospective cohort study were taken from a database of all women who gave birth at Brigham and Women's Hospital during 4 waves of data collection beginning in 1994 and ending in 2002. We calculated the risk of antepartum fetal death in the subsequent pregnancy for women whose first birth was by cesarean compared to women with a vaginal first birth. Survival analysis was used to examine the influence of gestational age at birth.Results: Of 10,996 women who met inclusion criteria, 22% (n = 2450) had first births by cesarean, and 78% (n = 8546) had vaginal first births. The risk of antepartum fetal death in the subsequent pregnancy for women whose first birth was by cesarean was significantly greater than the risk for women whose first birth was vaginal (odds ratio 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1‐6.2). The relationship between first birth cesarean and antepartum fetal death in a subsequent pregnancy differed by gestational age at birth, with no excess risk among women with a previous cesarean birth who gave birth before 34 weeks’ gestation but with a substantially increased risk for women who gave birth at 34 or more weeks’ gestation (unadjusted hazard ratio = 5.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.6‐19.8). Hazard ratio estimates for the association remained significant in bivariate models when adjusted for maternal height, weight, age, hypertension, and diabetes.Discussion: In these data, first birth by cesarean was associated with an increased risk of antepartum fetal death in a subsequent pregnancy. Our findings suggest that antepartum fetal deaths in subsequent pregnancies might be prevented by avoiding primary cesarean birth.
Empowering Students to Create and Claim Value through the Thomas–Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument
Authors: Brown Jennifer Gerarda 
Published: January 2012

In a world of problem‐solving lawyering, principled negotiation, and integrative bargaining, to describe a negotiation as “distributional” may strike some as heretical. Still, we disserve our students if we ignore distributional bargaining altogether. Unfortunately, many law students who are drawn to negotiation classes bring with them a fundamental discomfort with claiming value. Contrary to the stereotypes that attribute aggression and “sharp practices” to lawyers, many law students struggle to become more assertive.The Thomas–Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) is one tool that I have found can help raise students' awareness of, and comfort with, the reflexive responses to conflict that can impede their attempts to claim as well as create value in negotiation. The insights students gain from taking the TKI can be quickly put to use in the next negotiation role play. Although it may help students realize their dominant response to conflict, the TKI highlights that no single approach to negotiation is always best. Thus, the TKI can both encourage the reticent to claim more value in negotiation and suppress the seemingly insatiable appetites for value claiming that drive other students.When administering the TKI, I encourage students to learn at least four major lessons:
A negotiator has a choice in resolving the dilemma between value claiming and value creating. We are not just stuck with our reflexes.
Still, it is good to know what our reflexive response to conflict is likely to be so that we are more mindful of the choices as we make them.
Departing from reflexes requires energy: preparation, planning, mindfulness, and conscious effort.
Adaptability is desirable. A well‐integrated negotiator might move from one TKI “type” to another as a negotiation progresses.
In this article, I seek to give a very brief overview of the ways I have used the TKI to convey these lessons, increasing students' comfort with, and management of, value claiming. To this end, the article will describe the TKI, explain how I administer and debrief the students' encounter with it, and point out some potential pitfalls of this process.
Hard Bargaining in the Classroom: Realistic Simulated Negotiations and Student Values
Authors: Kirgis Paul F. 
Published: January 2012

Empirical research into the negotiation practices of lawyers shows that “hard bargaining,” including at least some unethical conduct, is an inescapable fact of a lawyer's life. To prepare students for legal practice, negotiation instructors must expose them to hard bargaining in the classroom. In doing so, however, instructors should be sensitive to the moral and ethical values of their students, so that the classroom experience does not unduly pressure students to compromise their values.The simulation is the primary tool of negotiation instruction. By selecting and manipulating simulations, a negotiation instructor can expose students to a wide range of negotiating behaviors, from distributive negotiations marked by the use of power tactics to value‐creating negotiations in which participants must consider many interests and collaborative strategies predominate. With that flexibility, however, comes the potential for classroom exercises to pressure students, in ways both subtle and overt, to adopt behaviors that feel uncomfortable.In this article, I examine the use of simulations to teach different types of negotiating behavior, including hard bargaining. Referring to a number of widely available simulations, I suggest ways to focus student attention on three dimensions of negotiation behavior — the issues over which the parties are bargaining, the objectives the parties seek, and the tactics the parties use to achieve their objectives — in order to push students to reflect on their own negotiation behaviors and to prepare for the tactics of others. I assess the potential for simulations to pressure students to compromise their values, and I conclude with my own thoughts on the goals of a negotiation course.
The role of surface implant treatments on the biological behavior of SaOS‐2 osteoblast‐like cells. Anin vitrocomparative study
Authors: Conserva Enrico , Menini Maria , Ravera Giambattista , Pera Paolo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was anin vitrocomparison of osteoblast adhesion, proliferation and differentiation related to six dental implants with different surface characteristics, and to determine if the interaction between cells and implant is influenced by surface structure and chemical composition.Material and methodsSix types of implants were tested, presenting four different surface treatments: turned, sandblasted, acid‐etched, anodized.The implant macro‐ and microstructure were analyzed usingSEM, and the surface chemical composition was investigated using energy‐dispersiveX‐ray analysis.SaOS‐2 osteoblasts were used for the evaluation of cell adhesion and proliferation bySEM, and cell viability in contact with the various surfaces was determined using cytotoxicityMTTassays. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymatic activity in contact with the six surfaces was evaluated. Data relative toMTTassay andALPactivity were statistically analyzed usingKruskal–Wallis not parametric test andNemenyi‐Damico‐Wolfe‐Dunnpost hoctest.ResultsAll the implants tested supported cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, revealing neither organic contaminants nor cytotoxicity effects. The industrial treatments investigated changed the implant surface microscopic aspect and SaOS‐2 cell morphology appeared to be influenced by the type of surface treatment at 6, 24, and 72 h of growth. SaOS‐2 cells spread more rapidly on sandblasted surfaces. Turned surfaces showed the lowest cell proliferation atSEMobservation.Sandblasted surfaces showed the greatestALPactivity values per cell, followed by turned surfaces (P < 0.05).ConclusionsOn the base of thisin vitroinvestigation, differently surfaced implants affected osteoblast morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Sandblasted surfaces promoted the most suitable osteoblast behavior.
Accelerated bone formation on photo‐induced hydrophilic titanium implants: an experimental study in the dog mandible
Authors: Hirakawa Yuko , Jimbo Ryo , Shibata Yasuaki , Watanabe Ikuya , Wennerberg Ann , Sawase Takashi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of photo‐induced hydrophilic titanium dioxide (TiO2) on serum fibronectin (sFN) attachment, and further to evaluate initial osseointegration responses in the dog mandibles.Materials and methodsTo apply the anatase TiO2 film, plasma source ion implantation (PSII) method followed by annealing was employed for the titanium disks and implants, which were then illuminated with UV‐A for 24 h for the experimental groups. Non‐deposited titanium disks and implants were prepared for the control group. Surface characterization was performed using the interferometer and contact angle analyzer. The attachments of sFN were evaluated using fluorescence emission analysis. Thereafter both groups of implants were placed in the mandible of six beagle dogs. Bone response was investigated with histological and histomorphometrical analyses after periods of 2 and 4 weeks.ResultsThe experimental groups exhibited strong hydrophilicity under UV‐A illumination and showed significant improvement in sFN attachment. And further, the experimental implants enhanced the bone formation with the bone‐to‐implant contact of 42.7% after 2 weeks of healing (control: 28.4%).ConclusionsThe combined applications of plasma fibronectin and PSII to produce hydrophilic titanium surfaces could accelerate early osseointegration.