bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulated watershed scale impacts of corn stover removal for biofuel on hydrology and water quality
Authors: Cibin R. , Chaubey I. , Engel B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEthanol from corn stover is expected to play an important role in achieving the Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 target of 136.25 billion liters (36 billion gallons) of biofuel by 2022. The 2010 USDA biofuel strategic report estimates that 16.3 billion liters (4.3 billion gallons) of biofuel from crop residues such as corn stover and straw is possible. Corn stover is expected to provide the majority of the estimated biofuel from crop residues, especially from the Midwestern US Corn Belt. A major concern related to removing corn stover is potential negative hydrologic and water quality impacts. The overall goal of this study was to estimate the watershed scale environmental impacts of corn stover removal in an agricultural watershed in the Midwest US. Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to simulate the impacts associated with three corn stover removal rates (38%, 52% and 70%). The stream flow, nitrate and mineral phosphorus loading were reduced, and sediment and organic nitrogen loading were increased at the watershed outlet with all three stover removal scenarios. The stream flow was reduced by 1.4%, 2.0% and 2.7% from the baseline scenario (no stover removed) at 38%, 52% and 70% stover removal rates, respectively. The sediment loading increased by 19.7%, 22.5% and 29.0%, organic nitrogen increased by 0.8%, 2.0% and 5.5%, mineral phosphorus decreased by 11.7%, 15.5% and 21.0%, and nitrate decreased by 2.0%, 3.2% and 5.3% from the baseline scenario at the watershed outlet with 38%, 52% and 70% stover removal rates, respectively. The model results also indicate that the watershed response to stover removal is sensitive to watershed characteristics and management inputs, such as, slope and amount of fertilizer applied. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspect influences on soil water retention and storage
Authors: Geroy I.J. , Gribb M.M. , Marshall H.P. , Chandler D.G. , Benner S.G. , McNamara J.P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMany catchment hydrologic and ecologic processes are impacted by the storage capacity of soil water, which is dictated by the profile thickness and water retention properties of soil. Soil water retention properties are primarily controlled by soil texture, which in turn varies spatially in response to microclimate‐induced differences in insolation, wetness and temperature. All of these variables can be strongly differentiated by slope aspect. In this study, we compare quantitative measures of soil water retention capacity for two opposing slopes in a semi‐arid catchment in southwest Idaho, USA. Undisturbed soil cores from north and south aspects were subjected to a progressive drainage experiment to estimate the soil water retention curve for each sample location. The relatively large sample size (35) supported statistical analysis of slope scale differences in soil water retention between opposing aspects. Soils on the north aspect retain as much as 25% more water at any given soil water pressure than samples from the south aspect slope. Soil porosity, soil organic matter and silt content were all greater on the north aspect, and each contributed to greater soil water retention. These results, along with the observation that soils on north aspect slopes tend to be deeper, indicate that north aspect slopes can store more water from the wet winter months into the dry summer in this region, an observation with potential implications on ecological function and landscape evolution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the impact of linear landscape elements on surface runoff, soil erosion, and sedimentation in the Wahnbach catchment, Germany
Authors: Hölzel Herwig , Diekkrüger Bernd 
Published: September 2011

AbstractModel predictions concerning the endangerment of on‐site and off‐site damages due to runoff, soil erosion and sedimentation under alternative design and operation policies are of particular importance in recent catchment planning and management. By using the raster‐based model approach, linear landscape elements, such as streets and roads, and their impacts on flow paths are often neglected. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the effects of linear landscape elements on patterns of soil erosion, sediment transport and sedimentation. To accomplish this, roads are considered while determining flow paths. Simulations in the well‐investigated catchment of the Wahnbach River (54 km²) in a low mountain range in Germany were carried out using a combination of different models for hydrology and soil erosion. Although the study focuses on the catchment scale of the Wahnbach River, detailed investigations concerning the sub‐catchment scale (21 ha) were also conducted. The simulation results show that these spatial structures mainly affect the pattern of soil erosion and sedimentation. On the sub‐catchment scale, improved identification of active zones for sediment dynamic becomes possible. On the catchment scale, the predicted runoff is about 20% higher, and sediment outputs were four times larger than predicted when roads were considered. Soil erosion increases by 37% whereas sedimentation is reduced by 29%. The model improvement could not be evaluated on the catchment scale because of the high variability and heterogeneity of land use and soils, but road impacts could be explained by simulations on the sub‐catchment scale. It can be concluded that runoff concentration due to rerouted flow paths leads to lower non‐concentrated and higher concentric‐linear surface runoff. Thus, infiltration losses decline and surface runoff and soil erosion increase because sedimentation is reduced. Further, runoff concentration can cause soil erosion hot spots. In the model concept used in this study, buffering of runoff and sediments on the upslope side of roads and in local depressions adjacent to roads cannot be simulated. Flow paths will only be rerouted because of road impacts, but the temporal ponding of water is not simulated. Therefore, the drastic increase of predicted sediment output due to road impact does not seem to be reliable. However, results indicate that the consideration of roads when determining flow paths enabled more detailed simulations of surface runoff, soil erosion and sedimentation. Thus, progress in model‐based decision‐making support for river catchment planning and management can be achieved. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modified monthly degree‐day model for evaluating glacier runoff changes in China. Part I: model development
Authors: Zhang Shiqiang , Ye Baisheng , Liu Shiyin , Zhang Xiaowen , Hagemann Stefan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe retreat of mountain glaciers and ice caps has dominated the rise in global sea level and is likely to remain an import component of eustatic sea‐level rise in the 21st century. Mountain glaciers are critical in supplying freshwater to populations inhabiting the valleys downstream who heavily rely on glacier runoff, such as arid and semi‐arid regions of western China. Owing to recent climate warming and the consequent rapid retreat of many glaciers, it is essential to evaluate the long‐term change in glacier melt water production, especially when considering the glacier area change. This paper describes the structure, principles and parameters of a modified monthly degree‐day model considering glacier area variation. Water balances in different elevation bands are calculated with full consideration of the monthly precipitation gradient and air temperature lapse rate. The degree‐day factors for ice and snow are tuned by comparing simulated variables to observation data for the same period, such as mass balance, equilibrium line altitude and glacier runoff depth. The glacier area–volume scaling factor is calibrated with the observed glacier area change monitored by remote sensing data of seven sub‐basins of the Tarim interior basin. Based on meteorological data, the glacier area, mass balance and runoff are estimated. The model can be used to evaluate the long‐term changes of melt water in all glacierized basins of western China, especially for those with limited observation data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much water can a watershed store?
Authors: Sayama Takahiro , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Dhakal Amod , Sullivan Kate 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSubsurface runoff dominates the hydrology of many steep humid regions, and yet the basic elements of water collection, storage, and discharge are still poorly understood at the watershed scale. Here, we use exceptionally dense rainfall and runoff records from two Northern California watersheds (~100 km2) with distinct wet and dry seasons to ask the simple question: how much water can a watershed store? Stream hydrographs from 17 sub‐watersheds through the wet season are used to answer this question where we use a simple water balance analysis to estimate watershed storage changes during a rainy season (dV). Our findings suggest a pronounced storage limit and then ‘storage excess’ pattern; i.e. the watersheds store significant amounts of rainfall with little corresponding runoff in the beginning of the wet season and then release considerably more water to the streams after they reach and exceed their storage capacities. The amount of rainfall required to fill the storages at our study watersheds is the order of a few hundred millimeters (200–500 mm). For each sub‐watershed, we calculated a variety of topographic indices and regressed these against maximum dV. Among various indices, median gradient showed the strongest control on dV where watershed median slope angle was positively related to the maximum volume of storage change. We explain this using a hydrologically active bedrock hypothesis whereby the amount of water a watershed can store is influenced by filling of unrequited storage in bedrock. The amount of water required to activate rapid rainfall–runoff response is larger for steeper watersheds where the more restricted expansion of seepage from bedrock to the soil limits the connectivity between stored water and stream runoff. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening the current soil drainage class map of Flanders (Belgium) for its predictive quality
Authors: de Wauw J. Van , Finke P.A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe predictive quality of the current drainage class map of Flanders was evaluated using data from two monitoring networks: one with good spatial coverage but poor temporal coverage and another with better temporal but poor spatial coverage. We combine both networks to obtain 1678 point predictions for mean highest water (MHW) and mean lowest water (MLW) tables by applying time series modelling and total least squares regression. The resulting MHW and MLW point data set was used to evaluate the currency of the existing map and to identify regional differences. The quality of the current map is moderate, and large differences occur between regions. Especially the Campine region shows large and systematic differences, whereas the southeastern hills and chalk–loam region is relatively accurate. If more weight is given to errors in the wetter drainage classes, about 50% of the area of Flanders would benefit from remapping. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of pit removal methods on river network position
Authors: Poggio Laura , Soille Pierre 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDigital elevation models often contain depressions that result in areas described as having no drainage, referred to as sinks or pits. These depressions disrupt the drainage surface, which disrupt routing of flow over the surface. Most of the attributes that can be extracted from a digital elevation model rely on flow‐routing algorithms to calculate the upslope contributing area. There is little information on the influence of the various algorithms on the position and on the connectivity of the extracted networks. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of pit removal methods, data sources and flow‐routing algorithms on the position of river networks. The results show that all factors and methods have an impact on the position of the extracted networks. The pit removal method combining filling and carving extracted river networks closer to the reference, as well the elevation models with higher resolution. Single‐flow direction methods provided more accurate positioning of river network, in this test area where the drainage is generally well defined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scanning electron microscopy of antennal sensible of Anoplistes halodendri halodendri and Anoplistes halodendri ephippium (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Liu Xin‐Hai , Luo You‐Qing , Cao Chuan‐Jian , Zong Shi‐Xiang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAnoplistes halodendri halodendri (Pallas, 1776) and Anoplistes halodendri ephippium (Stevens and Dalman, 1817) are two subspecies of the longicorn beetle A. halodendri (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). In the recent years, these subspecies have been spreading rapidly in Hippophae rhamnoides and Hedysarum scoparium shrubberies in the Chinese provinces of Shanxi and Kingie, causing mass mortality of these shrubberies species and consequently leading to great damage to local ecological environment construction as well as high economic, ecological, and societal losses. To control their hazards effectively, here, we study and compare the types, densities, and distribution of antennal sensilla of A. h. halodendri and A. h. ephippium using scanning electron microscopy. Eight sensilla types were observed on the antennae of these two subspecies, including placoid sensilla (Ps), chaetica sensilla (ch) (types I–III), sensilla basiconica (b) (types I and II), sensilla gemmiformium (G), and auricillica sensilla (au). Ps predominated on the antennae of both A. h. halodendri and A. h. ephippium, followed by b and ch, and G and au. There were differences between the subspecies in the distribution and density of the different sensilla types, with ch I being found exclusively on the antennae of A. h. ephippium and b I and au on the antennae of A. h. halodendri only. With the exception of Ps, the densities of ch II, ch III, b II, and G on the antennae of A. h. halodendri were much higher than on the antennae of A. h. ephippium. These results provide sufficient evidence to clarify the receptive mechanisms used by these two subspecies of longicorn beetles and their responses to volatile semiochemicals released by their host plants as well as discuss their differences with respect to host and habitat selection. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An automated approach for cerebral microvascularity labeling in microscopy images
Authors: Huang Yue , Sun Xuezhi , Hu Guangshu , Huang Yunying 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMorphological observation and analysis of cerebral microvascular network is an essential way to study cerebral function. Automated labeling of cerebral microvascular in microscopy images is one of the key steps for quantitative analysis of microvascular network in the specimens of brain mantle. It is presented in this work that an automated image processing approach based on curvilinear structure detector is applied to label and analyze the microvascular in the image. Steerable filter is also introduced to address the detecting confusion in branching regions. And then the vascular morphology analysis, such as average microvascular density, is also performed after image processing. Validation has demonstrated that the results from proposed approach are satisfied. The proposed method is finally applied in the study of cerebral microvascular dysfunction induced by γ‐ray irradiation. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The response of the rabbit subsynovial connective tissue to a stress‐relaxation test
Authors: Morizaki Yutaka , Vanhees Matthias , Thoreson Andrew R. , Larson Dirk , Zhao Chunfeng , An Kai‐Nan , Amadio Peter C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) in the carpal tunnel may play a role in the etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), yet the material properties of the SSCT remain unclear. Thus, we investigated the mechanical response of the SSCT in a rabbit model. Twenty‐four rabbit cadaver paws were used for mechanical testing; two paws were used for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. After testing normal tendon excursion, the divided third digit flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendon was pulled to displacements of 2, 3.5, 5, or 8 mm, maintained at that position until force decay, and then the process was repeated. Normal excursion of the FDS averaged 4.8 mm. The ratio of the second peak force to the first peak force in the 2 mm group was 0.98 (SD = 0.16), which was significantly higher than the other groups (3.5 mm: 0.74, 5 mm, 0.63, and 8 mm: 0.59; p < 0.05). SEM showed ruptured fibrils in the displaced specimen. The declining force ratio with displacements >2 mm suggests damage to the SSCT within the physiological tendon excursion. These data may be useful in understanding SSCT mechanics in CTS, which is associated with SSCT fibrosis. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:443–447, 2012
A resilience‐oriented treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results of a preliminary randomized clinical trial
Authors: Kent Martha , Davis Mary C. , Stark Shannon L. , Stewart Laura A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis preliminary randomized trial examined the effect of a resilience‐oriented intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) versus a waitlist control on anxiety and depressive symptoms, positive emotional health, and cognitive performance in 39 veterans with a variety of traumatic exposures. From pre‐ to posttreatment, the intervention but not the control group showed improvements that were large in magnitude for affective symptoms and positive emotional health (ds = 0.73–1.18), moderate in magnitude for memory (ds = 0.50–0.54), and small‐to‐moderate in magnitude for executive function (ds = 0.30–0.35). Findings suggest that treatment explicitly targeting resilience resources (e.g., positive emotional engagement, social connectedness) may provide broad benefits, including alleviation of anxiety and depressive symptoms and improved positive emotional and cognitive function.
Oxidation of L‐amino acids by metal ion (Mn3+) in sulfuric acid medium: Effect of nucleophilicity and hydrophobicity on reaction rate
Authors: Kumara M. N. , Mantelingu K. , Bhadregowda D. G. , Rangappa K. S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe kinetics of oxidation of L‐amino acids (AAs) glycine(1a), alanine(1b), valine(1c), isoleucine(1d), leucine(1e), proline(1f), and phenylalanine(1g) by a transition metal ion (Mn3+) was studied in the presence of sulfuric acid medium at 26°C by a spectrophotometrical (λmax = 500 nm) method. In all cases, the kinetics of reactions was of first‐order with respect to each [AA] and [Mn3+]. Increased [H+], [Mn2+] (the reduction product of Mn3+), sulfate, and chloride had no effect on the reaction rate. However, the reaction rate increased with increased dielectric constant of the medium. Oxidation rate increased for 1a–gand an apparent correlation was observed between the rate of oxidation and nucleophilicty of AAs except for 1a and 1g. The reaction rate also linearly depended on the hydrophobicity of AAs except for 1f and 1g. The thermodynamic parameters for AA‐metal ion complex formation and activation parameters for the rate‐limiting steps have been evaluated. Analysis of the oxidation products indicated that the AAs underwent oxidative deamination and decarboxylation to form corresponding aldehydes. Based on these data, plausible mechanisms involved in the oxidation of AAs are proposed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 599–607, 2011
Reactions of aryl acetates with secondary alicyclic amines in ethanol/water mixtures: Effect of the solvent composition on the kinetics and mechanism
Authors: Castro Enrique A. , Millan Daniela , Aguayo Raul , Campodónico Paola R. , Santos José G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe report a kinetic study on the reactions of secondary alicyclic amines toward 4‐nitrophenyl, 2,4‐dinitrophenyl, and 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl acetates (1, 2, and 3) in ethanol/water mixtures of different compositions. It is found that (i) the intermediate in the reaction of 1 is stabilized in a mixture of 90 vol% ethanol; (ii) for the reaction of 2, the mechanism is stepwise in water but concerted in the mixtures; (iii) For the reaction of 3, the mechanism is concerted along the whole range of composition; (iv) the effect of NO2 outweighs the solvent effect; (v) preferential solvation in the core of reaction can be ruled out. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 687–693, 2011
4‐Heptanone cyclic diperoxide: Improved preparation method and solvent effect on its thermolysis in solution
Authors: Nesprias Karina , Iglesias Mariángeles , Rivas Sonia , Alvarez Elida , Barreto Gastón , Eyler Nora , Cañizo Adriana 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCyclic organic peroxides have interesting pharmacological properties and are used at industrial level as polyfunctional initiators of polymerization, and so their preparation through novel methods has attracted the attention of numerous researchers. White crystals of 4‐heptanone cyclic diperoxide (HDP) can be obtained in acidic media at −1°C by a reaction between 4‐heptanone and hydrogen peroxide. Its thermal decomposition was studied in acetone, cyclohexane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 2‐propanol, 2‐butanol, and 1,4‐dioxane at temperatures higher than 120°C, showing a behavior accordingly with a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic law up to at least 80% HDP conversion. It was demonstrated that an increase in solvent polarity is accompanied by an increase in reaction rates. The effect of solvent polarity on the thermal decomposition rate constant values can be associated with a reaction mechanism involving a more dipolar‐activated complex than the diperoxide initial molecule. The activation parameters varied widely from 31.2 to 46.6 kcal mol−1 and −1.33 to 31.7 cal mol−1 K−1 when going from ethanol to cyclohexane as reaction solvents, respectively. An enthalpy–entropy compensation effect was observed in all solvents. Specific interactions between the oxygen atoms from the peroxidic bond and the hydrogen atom bonded to C2 and/or from the OH group can be taken into account to explain that the existence of the compensation effect does not mean that an isokinetic relationship consequently can be established. The kinetic results showed that an isokinetic relationship is observed only for a group of solvents. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 657–666, 2011
Characterization of proteins by ambient mass spectrometry
Authors: Yao Zhong‐Ping 
Published: September 2011

AbstractProteins play important roles in living systems and are topics of many fundamental and applied research projects. With the introduction of electrospray ionization and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization for analysis of biomacromolecules in the late 1980s, mass spectrometry has become an important tool for characterization of proteins. Characterization of proteins in raw samples by these mass spectrometric techniques, however, usually requires extensive sample pretreatment. Ambient ionization techniques are new mass spectrometric techniques that allow direct analysis of samples with no or little sample preparation. Can these techniques facilitate or even eliminate sample preparation for mass spectrometric analysis of proteins? Apart from sample preparation, do these techniques offer any new features for characterization of proteins as compared with conventional ESI or MALDI? Recent advances in characterization of proteins by ambient mass spectrometry are summarized and commented in this article. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 31:437–447, 2012