bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of spontaneous gender stereotyping in childhood: relations to stereotype knowledge and stereotype flexibility
Authors: Banse Rainer , Gawronski Bertram , Rebetez Christine , Gutt Hélène , Bruce Morton J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe development of spontaneous gender stereotyping in children was investigated using the newly developed Action Interference Paradigm (AIP). This task consists of assigning gender‐stereotypical toys as quickly as possible to boys and girls in either a stereotype‐congruent or a stereotype‐incongruent manner. A pilot study with 38 children (mean age 5.1 years) provided evidence for spontaneous gender stereotyping in the AIP, which was reflected in higher latencies for stereotype‐incongruent compared with stereotype‐congruent toy assignments. The main study, with 66 children (aged 5, 8 and 11 years), compared the development of spontaneous stereotyping with established measures of stereotype flexibility and stereotype knowledge. Stereotype flexibility showed a strong increase from age 5 to 11. In contrast, stereotype knowledge and spontaneous stereotyping remained stable at high levels. The results provide evidence for a dissociation between stereotype flexibility and spontaneous stereotyping, suggesting that spontaneous stereotyping may be more closely related to stereotype knowledge than to stereotype flexibility.
Better working memory for non‐social targets in infant siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Noland Julia S. , Steven Reznick J. , Stone Wendy L. , Walden Tedra , Sheridan Elisabeth H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe compared working memory (WM) for the location of social versus non‐social targets in infant siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (sibs‐ASD, n = 25) and of typically developing children (sibs‐TD, n = 30) at 6.5 and 9 months of age. There was a significant interaction of risk group and target type on WM, in which the sibs‐ASD had better WM for non‐social targets as compared with controls. There was no group by stimulus interaction on two non‐memory measures. The results suggest that the increased competency of sibs‐ASD in WM (creating, updating and using transient representations) for non‐social stimuli distinguishes them from sibs‐TD by 9 months of age. This early emerging strength is discussed as a developmental pathway that may have implications for social attention and learning in children at risk for ASD.
Sensori‐motor experience leads to changes in visual processing in the developing brain
Authors: James Karin Harman 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSince Broca’s studies on language processing, cortical functional specialization has been considered to be integral to efficient neural processing. A fundamental question in cognitive neuroscience concerns the type of learning that is required for functional specialization to develop. To address this issue with respect to the development of neural specialization for letters, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare brain activation patterns in pre‐school children before and after different letter‐learning conditions: a sensori‐motor group practised printing letters during the learning phase, while the control group practised visual recognition. Results demonstrated an overall left‐hemisphere bias for processing letters in these pre‐literate participants, but, more interestingly, showed enhanced blood oxygen‐level‐dependent activation in the visual association cortex during letter perceptiononlyafter sensori‐motor (printing) learning. It is concluded that sensori‐motor experience augments processing in the visual system of pre‐school children. The change of activation in these neural circuits provides important evidence that ‘learning‐by‐doing’ can lay the foundation for, and potentially strengthen, the neural systems used for visual letter recognition.
AUTONOMY AND AUTHENTICITY OF ENHANCED PERSONALITY TRAITS
Authors: BUBLITZ JAN CHRISTOPH , MERKEL REINHARD 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThere is concern that the use of neuroenhancements to alter character traits undermines consumer's authenticity. But the meaning, scope and value of authenticity remain vague. However, the majority of contemporary autonomy accounts ground individual autonomy on a notion of authenticity. So if neuroenhancements diminish an agent's authenticity, they may undermine his autonomy. This paper clarifies the relation between autonomy, authenticity and possible threats by neuroenhancements. We present six neuroenhancement scenarios and analyse how autonomy accounts evaluate them. Some cases are considered differently by criminal courts; we demonstrate where academic autonomy theories and legal reasoning diverge and ascertain whether courts should reconsider their concept of autonomy. We argue that authenticity is not an appropriate condition for autonomy and that new enhancement technologies pose no unique threats to personal autonomy.
INTENTION, AUTONOMY, AND BRAIN EVENTS
Authors: GILLETT GRANT 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTInformed consent is the practical expression of the doctrine of autonomy. But the very idea of autonomy and conscious free choice is undercut by the view that human beings react as their unconscious brain centres dictate, depending on factors that may or may not be under rational control and reflection. This worry is, however, based on a faulty model of human autonomy and consciousness and needs close neurophilosophical scrutiny. A critique of the ethics implied by the model takes us towards a ‘care of the self’ view of autonomy and the subject's attunement to the truth as the crux of reasoning rather than the inner mental/neural state views of autonomy and human choice on offer at present.
EPISTEMOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON NEUROIMAGING – A CRUCIAL PREREQUISITE FOR NEUROETHICS
Authors: HUBER CHRISTIAN G. , HUBER JOHANNES 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTPurpose: Whereas ethical considerations on imaging techniques and interpretations of neuroimaging results flourish, there is not much work on their preconditions. In this paper, therefore, we discuss epistemological considerations on neuroimaging and their implications for neuroethics.Results: Neuroimaging uses indirect methods to generate data about surrogate parameters for mental processes, and there are many determinants influencing the results, including current hypotheses and the state of knowledge. This leads to an interdependence between hypotheses and data. Additionally, different levels of description are involved, especially when experiments are designed to answer questions pertaining to broad concepts like the self, empathy or moral intentions. Interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks are needed to integrate findings from the life sciences and the humanities and to translate between them. While these epistemological issues are not specific for neuroimaging, there are some reasons why they are of special importance in this context: Due to their inferential proximity, ‘neuro‐images’ seem to be self‐evident, suggesting directness of observation and objectivity. This has to be critically discussed to prevent overinterpretation. Additionally, there is a high level of attention to neuroimaging, leading to a high frequency of presentation of neuroimaging data and making the critical examination of their epistemological properties even more pressing.Conclusions: Epistemological considerations are an important prerequisite for neuroethics. The presentation and communication of the results of neuroimaging studies, the potential generation of new phenomena and new ‘dysfunctions’ through neuroimaging, and the influence on central concepts at the foundations of ethics will be important future topics for this discipline.
PERSONAL IDENTITY, ENHANCEMENT AND NEUROSURGERY: A QUALITATIVE STUDY IN APPLIED NEUROETHICS
Authors: LIPSMAN NIR , ZENER REBECCA , BERNSTEIN MARK 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTRecent developments in the field of neurosurgery, specifically those dealing with the modification of mood and affect as part of psychiatric disease, have led some researchers to discuss the ethical implications of surgery to alter personality and personal identity. As knowledge and technology advance, discussions of surgery to alter undesirable traits, or possibly the enhancement of normal traits, will play an increasingly larger role in the ethical literature. So far, identity and enhancement have yet to be explored in a neurosurgical context, despite the fact that 1) neurological disease and treatment both potentially alter identity, and 2) that neurosurgeons will likely be the purveyors of future enhancement implantable technology. Here, we use interviews with neurosurgical patients to shed light on the ethical issues and challenges that surround identity and enhancement in neurosurgery. The results provide insight into how patients approach their identity prior to potentially identity‐altering procedures and what future ethical challenges lay ahead for clinicians and researchers in the field of neurotherapeutics.
AN INQUIRY INTO THE PRINCIPLES OF NEEDS‐BASED ALLOCATION OF HEALTH CARE
Authors: HOPE TONY , ØSTERDAL LARS PETER , HASMAN ANDREAS 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe concept of need is often proposed as providing an additional or alternative criterion to cost‐effectiveness in making allocation decisions in health care. If it is to be of practical value it must be sufficiently precisely characterized to be useful to decision makers. This will require both an account of how degree of need for an intervention is to be determined and a prioritization rule that clarifies how degree of need and the cost of the intervention interact in determining the relative priority of the intervention. Three common features of health care interventions must be accommodated in a comprehensive theory of need: the probabilistic nature of prognosis (with and without the intervention); the time course of effects; and the fact that the most effective treatments often combine more than one intervention. These common features are problematic for the concept of need. We outline various approaches to prioritization on the basis of need and argue that some approaches are more promising than others.
Boards of Directors' Contribution to Strategy: A Literature Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Pugliese Amedeo , Bezemer Pieter‐Jan , Zattoni Alessandro , Huse Morten , Van den Bosch Frans A. J. , Volberda Henk W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTManuscript Type:ReviewResearch Question/Issue:Over the last four decades, research on the relationship between boards of directors and strategy has proliferated. Yet to date there is little theoretical and empirical agreement regarding the question of how boards of directors contribute to strategy. This review assesses the extant literature by highlighting emerging trends and identifying several avenues for future research.Research Findings/Results:Using a content‐analysis of 150 articles published in 23 management journals up to 2007, we describe and analyze how research on boards of directors and strategy has evolved over time. We illustrate how topics, theories, settings, and sources of data interact and influence insights about board–strategy relationships during three specific periods.Theoretical Implications:Our study illustrates that research on boards of directors and strategy evolved from normative and structural approaches to behavioral and cognitive approaches. Our results encourage future studies to examine the impact of institutional and context‐specific factors on the (expected) contribution of boards to strategy, and to apply alternative methods to fully capture the impact of board processes and dynamics on strategy making.Practical Implications:The increasing interest in boards of directors' contribution to strategy echoes a movement towards more strategic involvement of boards of directors. However, best governance practices and the emphasis on board independence and control may hinder the board contribution to the strategic decision making. Our study invites investors and policy‐makers to consider the requirements for an effective strategic task when they nominate board members and develop new regulations.
Toward a Behavioral Theory of Boards and Corporate Governance
Authors: Van Ees Hans , Gabrielsson Jonas , Huse Morten 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: ReviewResearch Question/Issue: A coherent alternative to an economic approach of corporate governance is missing. In this paper we take steps towards developing a behavioral theory of boards and corporate governance.Research Findings/Results: Building upon concepts such as political bargaining, routinization of decision making, satisficing, and problemistic search, a behavioral theory of boards and corporate governance will focus more on (1) interactions and processes inside and outside the boardroom; (2) the fact that decision making is made by coalitions of actors and objectives are results of political bargaining; and (3) the notion that not only conflicting, but also cooperating, interests are parts of the boards' decision making and control over firm resources.Theoretical Implications: The consequences are a new research agenda for boards and corporate governance. The agenda will focus on actual instead of stylized descriptions of board behavior. In a behavioral perspective the emphasis on problems of coordination, exploration, and knowledge creation may dominate over problems of conflict of interest, exploitation, and the distribution of value. A future research agenda based on a behavioral framework calls for novel and adventurous research designs.Practical Implications: A behavioral theory of boards and corporate governance will be closer to actual board behavior than the traditional economic approach and research about boards and corporate governance may thus become more actionable for practitioners.
The Effect of Crosslisting on Corporate Governance: A Review of the International Evidence
Authors: Ferris Stephen P. , Kim Kenneth A. , Noronha Gregory 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTManuscript Type:ReviewResearch Question:This review essay examines the mechanisms by which crosslisting of a firm's shares on a foreign stock exchange and its subsequent exposure to an international capital market can induce changes in corporate governance. We also review reasons why a firm might elect to use crosslisting to improve investor perception of the quality of its governance.Research Findings/Results:After a review of the existing literature, we conclude that there is substantial support for legal bonding in the decision to crosslist, with lesser evidence consistent with reputational bonding. We also conclude that firm growth opportunities and the need for external capital are critical factors in a decision to crosslist.Theoretical Implications:This study synthesizes the extensive empirical work done on crosslisting and consequent changes in corporate governance structures. It also highlights a number of areas that require further research including more direct testing of governance changes following crosslisting, the effect of crosslisting on corporate equity ownership structures, and the investment/new securities issuance behavior of firms subsequent to crosslisting. This research will help to chart the path of future academic study by scholars of international corporate governance.Practical Implications:This review of the empirical evidence will contribute to the identification of a set of best practices that can lead to improved governance for firms worldwide. Furthermore, the discussion of what remains unexamined by governance researchers will help to shape the contours of future policy and legislative debate.
The moral regulation of the workplace: presenteeism and public health
Authors: Dew Kevin , Taupo Trina 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper draws on Durkheimian concepts of moral forces, particularly anomie and fatalism, and the forced division of labour, to argue that the current institutional arrangements to protect and compensate workers in hazardous workplaces are insufficient. This argument is illustrated with interview data from workers at a meatworks in New Zealand which examined workers’ responses to illness and injury in the workplace. It is suggested that an imbalance in moral forces leads to pathological outcomes for workers – seen in presenteeism – the phenomenon of staying at work when injured or ill – and workplace injustice. There are state institutions such as worker compensation schemes and occupational safely and health regulations, and other intermediary groups such as unions, that can act as a buffer against anomic and fatalistic forces in the workplace, but at present these countervailing regulatory and advocacy forces are not sufficiently protective of vulnerable workers. Public health advocacy and research could fill the current void.
Older women and suntanning: the negotiation of health and appearance risks
Authors: Hurd Clarke Laura , Korotchenko Alexandra 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper examines older women’s experiences and perceptions of sunbathing, sun avoidance, and suntanned appearances. Using data from in‐depth interviews with 36 women aged 71 to 94, we elucidate the motivations behind the women’s sunbathing practices. Specifically, we explore how the women responded to the health and appearance risks associated with exposure to and avoidance of ultraviolet radiation as well as extant feminine beauty norms. The majority of women put their experiences of sunbathing in an emergent historical context. Although most of the women suggested that suntanned appearances were indicative of health and beauty, sunbathers tended to downplay their health risks by distancing themselves from those they considered to be most at risk, namely tanning bed users and individuals who acquired overly dark suntans. Sunbathers also emphasised the benefits of sun exposure for adequate vitamin D absorption. In contrast, the women who did not suntan tended to have experienced negative health and appearance consequences from their past sunbathing practices. Thus, these women emphasised the importance of future health over immediate appearance dividends. We discuss our findings in relation to the extant research on suntanning and the literature pertaining to health, risk, and beauty work.
Testing non‐nested demand relations: linear expenditure system versus indirect addilog*
Authors: De Boer Paul , Paap Richard 
Published: June 2009

In applied economic research computable general equilibrium (CGE) models in which the behavior of economic agents are modeled, are widely used. In many CGE models, the linear expenditure system (LES) is used to model the behavior of the household sector. The disadvantage of LES is that the Engel curves, describing the relationship between expenditure on a certain commodity and total expenditure, are straight lines. Moreover, the LES does not allow for the existence of inferior commodities, elastic demand and gross substitution. An alternative model for the household block is the indirect addilog system (IAS), which is as simple to implement as LES, but which does not suffer from these theoretical deficiencies. In this paper, we test the LES specification against the IAS specification in case one disposes of a budget survey. Consequently, IAS provides a theoretically richer description of household behavior than LES, while it is also easy to implement.It is not possible to use a standard likelihood ratio test as both models are not nested. We propose to use the likelihood ratio test for non‐nested hypotheses due to Vuong [(1989), Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and non‐nested hypotheses, Econometrica 57, 307–333.] or, alternatively, the distribution‐free test due to Clarke [(2007), A simple distribution‐free test for nonnested model selection, Political Analysis 15, 347–363.]. We apply both tests to the Palestinian Expenditure and Consumption Survey [PECS (2005), Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Ramallah, Palestine.] and find that there is overwhelming evidence that the IAS specification is to be preferred to the LES specification.
Statistical Calibration of Climate System Properties
Authors: Sansó Bruno , Forest Chris 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe behaviour of modern climate system simulators is controlled by numerous parameters. By matching model outputs with observed data we can perform inference on such parameters. This is a calibration problem that usually requires the ability to evaluate the computer code at any given configuration of the parameters. As the climate system simulator attempts to describe very complex physical phenomena, the task of running the model is very computationally demanding. Thus, a statistical model is required to approximate the model output. In this work, we use output from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology two-dimensional climate model (MIT2DCM), historical records and output from a three-dimensional climate model, to obtain estimates of the climate sensitivity, the effective thermal diffusivity in the deep ocean and the net aerosol forcing that control MIT2DCM. We use a Bayesian approach that allows for the use of scientifically based information on the climate parameters to be used in the calibration process. The model tackles the problem of dealing with multivariate computer model output and incorporates all estimation uncertainties into the posterior distributions of the climate parameters. Additionally we obtain estimates of the correlation structure of the unforced variability of temperature change patterns. These results are critical for understanding uncertainty in future climate change and provide an independent check that the information that is contained in recent climate change is robust to statistical treatment. These results include uncertainties in the estimation of the multivariate covariance matrices.
Estimating and Testing Haplotype–Trait Associations in Non-Diploid Populations
Authors: Li X. , Thomas B. N. , Rich S. M. , Ecker D. , Tumwine J. K. , Foulkes A. S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryMalaria is an infectious disease that is caused by a group of parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Characterizing the association between polymorphisms in the parasite genome and measured traits in an infected human host may provide insight into disease aetiology and ultimately inform new strategies for improved treatment and prevention. This, however, presents an analytic challenge since individuals are often multiply infected with a variable and unknown number of genetically diverse parasitic strains. In addition, data on the alignment of nucleotides on a single chromosome, which is commonly referred to as haplotypic phase, is not generally observed. An expectation–maximization algorithm for estimating and testing associations between haplotypes and quantitative traits has been described for diploid (human) populations. We extend this method to account for both the uncertainty in haplotypic phase and the variable and unknown number of infections in the malaria setting. Further extensions are described for the human immunodeficiency virus quasi-species setting. A simulation study is presented to characterize performance of the method. Application of this approach to data arising from a cross-sectional study of n = 126 multiply infected children in Uganda reveals some interesting associations requiring further investigation.