bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Flexible Manufacturing Capacity in Pharmaceutical Product Introductions*
Authors: Chambers Chester G. , Snir Eli M. , Ata Asad 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis work considers the value of the flexibility offered by production facilities that can easily be configured to produce new products. We focus on technical uncertainty as the driver of this value, while prior works focused only on demand uncertainty. Specifically, we evaluate the use of process flexibility in the context of risky new product development in the pharmaceutical industry. Flexibility has value in this setting due to the time required to build dedicated capacity, the finite duration of patent protection, and the probability that the new product will not reach the market due to technical or regulatory reasons. Having flexible capacity generates real options, which enables firms to delay the decision about constructing product‐specific capacity until the technical uncertainty is resolved. In addition, initiating production in a flexible facility can enable the firm to optimize production processes in dedicated facilities. The stochastic dynamic optimization problem is formulated to analyze the optimal capacity and allocation decisions for a flexible facility, using data from existing literature. A solution to this problem is obtained using linear programming. The result of this analysis shows both the value of flexible capacity and the optimal capacity allocation. Due to the substantial costs involved with flexibility in this context, the optimal level of flexible capacity is relatively small, suggesting products be produced for only short periods before initiating construction of dedicated facilities.
Health Care Supply Chain Design: Toward Linking the Development and Delivery of Care Globally*
Authors: Sinha Kingshuk K. , Kohnke Emily J. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis article is motivated by the gap between the growing demand and available supply of high‐quality, cost‐effective, and timely health care, a problem faced not only by developing and underdeveloped countries but also by developed countries. The significance of this problem is heightened when the economy is in recession. In an attempt to address the problem, in this article, first, we conceptualize care as a bundle of goods, services, and experiences—including diet and exercise, drugs, devices, invasive procedures, new biologics, travel and lodging, and payment and reimbursement. We then adopt a macro, end‐to‐end, supply chain–centric view of the health care sector to link the development of care with the delivery of care. This macro, supply chain–centric view sheds light on the interdependencies between key industries from the upstream to the downstream of the health care supply chain. We propose a framework, the 3A‐framework, that is founded on three constructs—affordability, access, and awareness—to inform the design of supply chain for the health care sector. We present an illustrative example of the framework toward designing the supply chain for implantable device–based care for cardiovascular diseases in developing countries. Specifically, the framework provides a lens for identifying an integrated system of continuous improvement and innovation initiatives relevant to bridging the gap between the demand and supply for high‐quality, cost‐effective, and timely care. Finally, we delineate directions of future research that are anchored in and follow from the developments documented in the article.
Evaluation of cytotoxicity of two root canal filling materials by MTT assay
Authors: Ashraf Hengameh , Taherian Ali , Kerdar Alireza N. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of two root filling materials GuttaFlow (GF) and gutta‐percha (GP) on mouse fibroblasts cell line L‐929. In this study there were four groups: GP and GF were considered as study groups and the other two were negative control groups. GP and GF were prepared according to manufacturer's instruction. L‐929 fibroblast cells of mouse were passaged with trypsin (Merck, Germany) after elimination of freeze phase. Adequate trypsin was added to cells and they were prepared with 95% of cell vitality. After 24 h, 150 000 cells were put in each well. The cell and dimethyl methacrylate were used as negative and positive controls. Ten specimens from each group were brought into contact with the culture medium and were incubated under sterilised conditions 24 h later. The cytotoxicity of all samples was assessed by dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide test after 1 h, 24 h and 72 h. The results showed that cytotoxicity of GF was less than GP when assessed at 24 h and 72 h, but there was no significant difference at 1 h. In GF, the most and least cytotoxicity were observed at 24 h and 72 h while cytotoxicity of GP increased with time.
Use of a natural tooth crown as a pontic following cervical root fracture: a case report
Authors: Parolia Abhishek , Shenoy Kundabala M. , Thomas Manuel S. , Mohan Mandakini 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe loss of anterior teeth can be psychologically and socially damaging to the patient. Despite a wide range of treatment options available, traumatised teeth may be inevitably lost on certain occasions. This paper describes the immediate replacement of a right central incisor using a fibre‐composite resin with the natural tooth crown as a pontic. The abutment teeth can be conserved with minimal or no preparation, thus keeping the technique reversible, and can be completed at chair side thereby avoiding laboratory costs. It can be used as an interim measure or a definitive prosthesis.
Transgenic expression of glucose dehydrogenase in Azotobacter vinelandii enhances mineral phosphate solubilization and growth of sorghum seedlings
Authors: Sashidhar Burla , Podile Appa Rao 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe enzyme quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyses the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid by direct oxidation in the periplasmic space of several Gram‐negative bacteria. Acidification of the external environment with the release of gluconic acid contributes to the solubilization of the inorganic phosphate by biofertilizer strains of the phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria. Glucose dehydrogenase (gcd) gene from Escherichia coli, and Azotobacter‐specific glutamine synthetase (glnA) and phosphate transport system (pts) promoters were isolated using sequence‐specific primers in a PCR‐based approach. Escherichia coli gcd, cloned under the control of glnA and pts promoters, was mobilized into Azotobacter vinelandii AvOP and expressed. Sorghum seeds were bacterized with the transgenic azotobacters and raised in earthen pots in green house. The transgenic azotobacters, expressing E. coli gcd, showed improved biofertilizer potential in terms of mineral phosphate solubilization and plant growth‐promoting activity with a small reduction in nitrogen fixation ability.
Early Australian dental literature—prior to 1900*
Authors: Levine Sydney 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Between 1830 and 1897 six books on dentistry were published in Australia. The first and last were written by medical men and the others by dentists; two of the authors lived in Sydney, two in Adelaide, one in Tasmania, and one in Melbourne. The books were written for popular and not professional reading, and varied considerably in size and quality.The writings have been discussed in relation to the dental and medical knowledge of their times, and some indications of the comparative general development of Australian society is also mentioned. It is impossible to know the distribution of these books but it is interesting that they were written by local authors when facilities for formal dental education were lacking.
The effects of additives on the thermal behaviour of Gypsum‐bonded casting investments. Part I
Authors: Earnshaw R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— In the formulation of gypsum‐bonded casting investments, small amounts of certain modifiers are sometimes added to increase the investment's thermal expansion.In the present investigation, a systematic study has been made of the effects on thermal expansion of adding boric acid and sodium chloride to the investment powder, and glycerol to the mixing water. The combination of 0.2 per cent of sodium chloride in the powder, and 10 per cent of glycerol in the mixing water, appears to offer most promise in the formulation of an investment with a high thermal expansion.
Darwin dental survey—1972
Authors: Barnard P. D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An examination limited to the recording of dental caries, periodontal disease and oral hygiene of 1592 children aged 3–14 years resident in Darwin, Northern Territory of Australia was made in August, 1972.The survey provides base‐line data for future assessment of the value of fluoridation. Forty‐two per cent of the children had received regular fluoride supplements and dental caries prevalence was lower than expected for a non‐fluoridated Australian community.
A simulated clinical appraisal of base materials for amalgam restorations*
Authors: Bryant Roland W. , Wing George 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Eight materials were placed as bases on the pulpal surfaces of cavities prepared in extracted teeth. Seven minutes after mixing of the material commenced, amalgam was condensed on to the lined cavity. The restored teeth were sectioned subsequently for microscopic examination.The results suggested that all uniformly mixed, carefully placed base forming materials that have reached the state of “clinical set” are able to withstand loads applied during amalgam condensation irrespective of their strength.
The rate of development of strength in base forming materials for dental amalgam*
Authors: Bryant Roland W. , Wing George 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Eleven base forming materials used under amalgam restorations were examined for the rate of development of their compressive and tensile strengths. Materials from three categories were compared.Under in vitro conditions of testing, it was found that, immediately after a state of clinical set had been reached, the quick‐setting zinc oxide‐eugenol materials possessed strengths significantly greater than the calcium hydroxide cements but significantly weaker than the zinc phosphate cements.Calcium hydroxide cements possessed the lowest compressive strength to tensile strength ratio and modified zinc oxide‐eugenol materials the highest.
Cryosurgery*
Authors: Jolly Mark 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Cryosurgery offers a means of destroying tissue by subjecting it to extreme cold. The mechanisms by which cells die are as yet poorly understood, but reliable and predictable clinical results have been obtained in the treatment of a wide range of benign and pre‐malignant oral lesions. Its effectiveness in the primary treatment of malignant oral lesions has not been adequately assessed but at least it offers palliation and relief of intractable pain where conventional cancer therapy has failed.The use of carbon dioxide ‘snow’ has been tested and found to be a simple and effective means of treating superficial benign lesions of the mouth.
The effects of manipulative variables on base forming materials for amalgam restorations*
Authors: Bryant Roland W. , Wing George 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The influence of several manipulative variables on the compressive and tensile strengths of eight base forming materials has been investigated.The most important manipulative variable from the point of view of influencing the development of strength was found to be the powder‐liquid ratio. In particular, thicker mixes produced greater early strengths.The setting time of each material was found to be influenced more by the temperature during setting than the ambient temperature or presence of moisture.
The effect of investment type on the fit of cast titanium crowns
Authors: Mori Toshiko , Jean‐Louis Michael , Yabugami Masahiko , Togaya Toshihiro 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn order to determine the best laboratory procedure for titanium crown casting, a set of thermal expansion measurements and casting experiments were carried out using a casting machine (argon arc, pressure difference type) and three different investments, two conventional SiO2 based investments and a new Al2O3/MgO based investment. The thermal expansion measurements involved a cycle of heating and cooling. The relatively low mould temperatures recommended (200°C) or chosen (350°C) for the conventional investments provided zero or negative mould expansion for the compensation of metal shrinkage. Crowns made from these investments exhibited heavy reaction with the mould, and the common cleaning method of sand blasting appeared to be essential. This cleaning process, however, was not adequate for the assessment of casting accuracy as the short sand blasting time (15 s) rapidly altered the fit of the crowns. The metal reacted little with the new investment and the best compensation (0.15 mm discrepancy) for the metal shrinkage, as assessed ‘as cast’, was achieved when the investment was heated to 950°C and then cooled to the recommended mould temperature (600°C).
The choice of irrigant during hand instrumentation and ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal: a scanning electron microscope study
Authors: Cameron Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the use of 4 per cent sodium hypochlorite and 15 per cent EDTAC, either alone or in conjunction, as irrigants during hand instrumentation and ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal. Thirty‐six extracted human teeth, each with a single, straight root 21–25 mm long were hand‐instrumented through a clinical access cavity to file size 40. One millilitre of the test irrigant was used after each instrument size. Canal debridement was completed with an intermittent flush irrigation technique with one or both of the test irrigants activated by ultrasound at a medium effective power output. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally, viewed in a scanning electron microscope and scored for the presence or absence of debris and smear layer at levels less than 1 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm from the apical seat. Under the conditions of this experiment the most effective regime was irrigation with 1 mL EDTAC after each instrument size, followed by two 30 second exposures to ultrasound + EDTAC then four 30 second exposures to ultrasound + 4 per cent sodium hypochlorite. The specimens in this group were free from retained pulp tissue and superficial smear layer, had the lowest debris scores at the < 1 mm and 5 mm levels, and the lowest total debris score. All of the techniques tested produced smear‐free canals at the 10 mm level.
Oral Candida albicans from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and characterization of a genetically distinct subgroup of Candida albicans
Authors: McCullough M. , Ross B. , Reade P. C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCandida albicans has been shown to vary in its phenotypic expression with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This study was designed to investigate whether in Category IV HIV infected patients (CDC, Atlanta, USA) these phenotypic changes were related to changes in the genetic strain of the organism. Isolates of C. albicans were obtained from 45 patients with HIV infection during the progression of their disease as determined by percentage T4 lymphocyte count. Isolates were strain differentiated using two methods. In 67 per cent of the patients a single strain of C. albicans, as determined by the DNA analysis, was isolated from each individual over the experimental period. The phenotypic expression of the genetically identical strains isolated from each patient varied considerably over the experimental period with the morphotype 754 being predominant. These results showed that the genotype of C. albicans isolated persisted in the majority of HIV infected individuals, but that the phenotypical expression of this strain changed. A finding in this study was that 18 strains of C. albicans had DNA which did not hybridize to the probe used. These strains were analysed for the presence of two other C. albicans specific DNA segments using PCR. The probe 27A hybridizing strains yielded PCR products which differed from the non‐hybridizing strains. Five of these genetically atypical C. albicans strains and 98 of the C. albicans strains were then analysed for purported virulence factors. The genetically atypical C. albicans strains, by comparison with typical C. albicans strains, produced greater amounts of extracellular proteinase (p = 0.038, Student's t test), adhered to a greater degree to buccal epithelial cells (p = 0.018, Student's nest) and were less susceptible to the anti‐fungal drug flucytosine (p = 0.0003, Mann‐Whitney test). Analysis of these strains with other common antifungal drugs showed no statistically significant variation in susceptibility. The results of this study indicated that these genetically atypical C. albicans strains possess increased virulence by comparison with typical C. albicans strains.
Donor variability in the proliferation of human dental pulp fibroblasts
Authors: Moule Alex J. , Li Huika , Bartold P. Mark 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFibroblasts were isolated from human dental pulps of healthy third molars from 49 donors of ages ranging from 17 to 68. Significant variability was noted in the success of obtaining primary cultures from these pulps. Variability between the various cultures was also observed in the reliability of maintaining subcultures of the primary cultures as well as recovery from frozen stocks of established cell lines. Of the original 49 explant cultures studied, only three survived long‐term passage and freezing. In addition to difficulties and variability in establishing cell lines, the human pulp fibroblasts also showed great variability in proliferative activity which could not be accounted for by donor age, source, or passage number. These findings highlight significant difficulties in establishing reliable human pulp fibroblast cultures and the need for great care in interpreting any in vitro data.
Extrusion of root‐filled incisors in beagles — a light microscope and scanning electron microscope investigation
Authors: Weekes W. T. , Wong P. D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe response of the periodontal ligament to orthodontic extrusion of the incisor of a beagle was examined with light microscope and scanning electron microscope techniques. The ligament morphology was slightly altered by the procedure but was essentially normal. Teeth that were extruded and retained for 12 weeks exhibited partial relapse. Where a full thickness mucogingival flap was raised and immediately replaced in lieu of retention, continued extrusion was observed. Root resorption was observed at the interproximal region of the cervical third in three out of five specimens. The resorption had been repaired with cellular cementum.
Ectodermal dysplasia. A case with impacted permanent teeth
Authors: Bilge O. Murat , Dayi Ertunç , Bocutoglu Önder 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn unusual case of ectodermal dysplasia is presented. Besides the main symptoms of ectodermal dysplasia, congenitally missing teeth and the impaction of all the other existing permanent teeth make this case interesting.
Occlusal reconstruction with implant crown pair prostheses. Case report
Authors: Darveniza M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOcclusal reconstruction of both arches was performed using splinted implant crown pairs. Each pair of crowns was luted to parallel implant abutment pairs and these were screwed and glued into approximately parallel pairs of implant bodies. Paralleling of holes for implant body pairs was performed using a precision guiding device.
The provision of orthodontic services by general dental practitioners. 1. Methods and descriptive results
Authors: Lawrence A. J. , Wright F. A. C. , D'Adamo S. P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractInformation regarding orthodontic service provision by general dental practitioners in Australia is limited. The aim of this survey was to determine the amount and variety of orthodontic services provided by general dental practitioners in the Melbourne Statistical Division, Victoria, Australia. A random sample of 307 dentists drawn from the Victorian Dentists Register was surveyed by mailed questionnaire: 218 (71%) replied. Data were collected using a fortnight log. During this time 59 per cent of the dentists saw at least one orthodontic patient; one dentist saw 66 orthodontic patients. Removable orthodontic appliances were used by 35 per cent of the dentists and fixed orthodontic appliances by 18 per cent. Twenty‐six per cent provided comprehensive orthodontic treatment, 22 per cent aligned incisors, and 21 per cent corrected anterior cross‐bites. The general dental practitioners surveyed provided a wide range of preventive and interceptive orthodontic services to generally a small percentage of their patients.
A denture swallowed. Case report
Authors: Brunello Demetrio L. , Mandikos Michael N. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSwallowing and aspiration of dental foreign objects is often reported in the literature. Swallowing seems to be more common than aspiration, and is observed most often in the elderly. Too often the size and configuration of these objects compounds their impaction and removal. A 67‐year‐old man swallowed a unilateral removable partial denture which became lodged in his mid‐oesophagus. The denture was located by radiographic examination of his chest and removal by a rigid oesophagoscopy was performed under general anaesthetic.
The provision of orthodontic services by general dental practitioners. 2. Factors influencing variation in service provision
Authors: Lawrence A. J. , Wright F. A. C. , D'Adamo S. P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPrevious work has shown that variations exist amongst general dental practitioners in the volume and type of orthodontic services provided, the type of orthodontic appliances used, and the objectives of the orthodontic treatment. The aims of this survey were to identify practitioner characteristics that account for variations in the level of orthodontic services provided and which distinguish providers and non‐providers of orthodontic services. Multiple regression analysis revealed that four practitioner characteristics explained 41 per cent of the variance in the number of orthodontic patients treated. Dentists who treated more orthodontic patients: 1) treated more general practice patients; 2) frequently used multiple sources to keep up to date in orthodontics; 3) perceived their patient base to contain more children; and 4) were likely to have attended a Truitt course. Eleven variables best distinguished providers from non‐providers of orthodontic treatment; 1, 2 and 3 above had the highest correlation with the discriminant function. The Null Hypothesis that selected characteristics of dentists providing orthodontic services were no different from those of dentists not providing orthodontic services was rejected. The provision of orthodontic services was associated with a higher level of continuing orthodontic education as well as treating more general practice patients, especially children.
Cephalometric analysis of Deutero‐Malay Indonesians
Authors: Munandar Susanti , Snow Michael D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA cephalometric study using Downs' analysis was undertaken with lateral cephalometric radiographs for a mixed sample of 50 child, adolescent and young adult Indonesians who presented with Angle Class I occlusions.Significant differences between this study group and the published results from comparative racial types were found for Downs' angle of convexity, Y‐axis and incisor inclinations, indicating that Indonesians can be differentiated from other races with similar occlusions by using Downs' analysis.