bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New challenges in integrated water quality modelling
Authors: Rode Michael , Arhonditsis George , Balin Daniela , Kebede Tesfaye , Krysanova Valentina , van Griensven Ann , van der Zee Sjoerd E. A. T. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is an increasing pressure for development of integrated water quality models that effectively couple catchment and in‐stream biogeochemical processes. This need stems from increasing legislative requirements and emerging demands related to contemporary climate and land use changes. Modelling water quality and nutrient transport is challenging due a number of serious constraints associated with the input data as well as existing knowledge gaps related to the mathematical description of landscape and in‐stream biogeochemical processes. The present paper summarizes the discussions held during the workshop on ‘Integrated water quality modelling: future demands and perspectives’ (Magdeburg, Germany, 23–24 June 2008). Our primary focus is placed on the current limitations and future challenges in water quality modelling. In particular, we evaluate the current state of integrated water quality modelling, we highlight major research needs to assess and reduce model uncertainties, and we examine opportunities to enhance model predictive capacity. To better account for the need of upscaling process knowledge, we advocate the adoption of combined process‐oriented field and modelling studies at representative sites. In‐stream nutrient metabolism investigations at the entire range of stream and river scales will enable the improvement of the mathematical representation of these processes and therefore the articulation level of coupled watershed‐receiving waterbody models. Keeping the complexity of integrated water quality models in mind, the development of novel uncertainty analysis techniques for rigorous assessing parameter identification and model credibility is essential. In this regard, we recommend the use of Bayesian calibration frameworks that explicitly accommodate measurement errors, parameter uncertainties, and model structure errors. The Bayesian inference can be used to quantify the information the data contain about model inputs, to offer insights into the covariance structure among parameter estimates, to obtain predictions along with credible intervals for model outputs, and to effectively address the ‘change of support’ problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating reference evapotranspiration using numerical weather modelling
Authors: Ishak Asnor Muizan , Bray Michaela , Remesan Renji , Han Dawei 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvapotranspiration is an important hydrological process and its estimation usually needs measurements of many weather variables such as atmospheric pressure, wind speed, air temperature, net radiation and relative humidity. Those weather variables are not easily obtainable from in situ measurements in practical water resources projects. This study explored a potential application of downscaled global reanalysis weather data using mesoscale modelling system 5 (MM5). The MM5 is able to downscale the global data down to much finer resolutions in space and time for use in hydrological investigations. In this study, the ERA‐40 reanalysis data are downscaled to the Brue catchment in southwest England. The results are compared with the observation data. Among the studied weather variables, atmospheric pressure could be derived very accurately with less than 0·2% error. On the other hand, the error in wind speed is about 200–400%. The errors in other weather variables are air temperature (<10%), relative humidity (5–21%) and net radiation (4–23%). The downscaling process generally improves the data quality (except wind speed) and provides higher data resolution in comparison with the original reanalysis data. The evapotranspiration values estimated from the downscaled data are significantly overestimated across all the seasons (27–46%) based on the FAO Penman–Monteith equation. The dominant weather variables are net radiation (during the warm period) and relative humidity (during the cold period). There are clear patterns among some weather variables and they could be used to correct the biases in the downscaled data from either short‐term in situ measurements or through regionalization from surrounding weather stations. Artificial intelligence tools could be used to map the downscaled data directly into evapotranspiration or even river runoff if rainfall data are available. This study provides hydrologists with valuable information on downscaled weather variables and further exploration of this potentially valuable data source by the hydrological community should be encouraged. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of rural land management signals in runoff response
Authors: McIntyre Neil , Marshall Miles 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRural land management signals in catchment‐scale runoff have proven difficult to identify in general. The Pontbren experimental catchment in upland Wales, UK, provides a new data set with which to address this challenge. This data set includes more than 4 years of data from six tipping bucket rainfall gauges and eight stream flow gauges representing different land management regimes at different scales. Data‐based mechanistic rainfall–runoff models were fitted to this data set using the CAPTAIN toolbox. The spatial and temporal variabilities of model parameters were identified and interpreted where possible. The analysis highlighted a dependency between the modelled residence time and the presence of agriculturally improved grassland, which produced a flashier response than grassland in a more natural condition. Another factor found to strongly affect the spatial variability of runoff response was the presence of lakes, while catchment area had a less pronounced effect, and the influence of trees, steepness and soil type could not be identified. Some time variability of response was observed but this was not consistent across the catchment and could not easily be interpreted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of urbanization on stream hydrology in hillslope watersheds in central Texas
Authors: Sung Chan Yong , Li Ming‐Han 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study examined the effect of urbanization on stream hydrology in hillslope watersheds. Ten streams (seven in hillslope and three in gentle slope watersheds) around Austin, Texas were selected for analysis. For each stream, we compared parameters of transfer function (TF) models estimated from daily rainfall and streamflow data collected in two study periods (October 1988–September 1992 and October 2004–September 2008) representing different degrees of watershed urbanization. As expected, the streams became more intermittent as the watersheds were more urbanized in all the study streams. However, the effect of urbanization on peakflow differs between hillslope and gentle slope watersheds. After watershed urbanization, peakflow increased in gentle slope watersheds, but decreased in hillslope watersheds. Based on the results of the TF models, we found that urbanization made stream not flashier but drier in hillslope watersheds. Overpumpage of aquifer has been recognized as a problem that leads to the stream dryness in the study area. However, the overpumpage alone cannot explain the differences in hydrological changes between the two types of watersheds. We attributed the reduced peakflow and stream dryness in the hillslope watersheds to land grading for construction forming stair‐stepped or terraced landscape. Compared with natural hillslope, a stair‐stepped landscape could infiltrate more stormwater by slowing down surface runoff on tread portions of the stair. Our findings suggest that a watershed management scheme should take into account local hydrogeologic conditions to mitigate the stream dryness resulting from urbanization in hillslope watersheds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fuzzy‐based simulation method for modelling hydrological processes under uncertainty
Authors: Huang Y. , Chen X. , Li Y. P. , Huang G. H. , Liu T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, a fuzzy‐based simulation method (FBSM) is developed for modelling hydrological processes associated with vague information through coupling fuzzy vertex analysis technique with distributed hydrological model. The FBSM can handle uncertainties existed as fuzzy sets in the hydrological modelling systems, and solutions under an associated number of α‐cut levels can be generated by solving 2n deterministic models. The lower reach of the Tarim River Basin in China is selected as a study case for demonstrating applicability of the proposed method. The developed model is calibrated and validated against observed groundwater elevation for four wells during the period 2000–2001, and generally performed acceptable for model Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (R2) and correlation coefficient (R). The R2 is approximately over 0·65 and the correlation coefficient is higher than 0·90. Based on the technique of fuzzy simulation, the uncertainties of two parameters (KH and LC) are reflected under different α‐cut levels. The results indicate that, under a lower degree of plausibility, the interval between the lower and upper bounds of the groundwater elevation is wider; conversely, a higher degree of plausibility would lead to a narrow interval. The main effect of KH is more significant than the effect of LC at most well sites. The proposed method is useful for studying hydrological processes within a system containing multiple factors with uncertainties and providing support for identifying proper water resources management strategies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct gaze may modulate face recognition in newborns
Authors: Rigato Silvia , Menon Enrica , Johnson Mark H. , Faraguna Dino , Farroni Teresa 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFaces are important for non‐verbal communication in daily life, and eye gaze direction provides important information for adult–infant interaction. Four‐month‐old infants and adults better recognize faces when accompanied with direct gaze, suggesting a special status of ‘eye contact’. Whether mutual gaze plays a role in face recognition from birth, or whether it requires expertise, is investigated in this paper. We conducted a between subjects design, for a total of four experiments, two involving habituation (1a, 1b) and two involving preference tests (2a, 2b), to investigate newborns' ability to recognize faces when gaze direction is manipulated. We predicted that a face accompanied with direct gaze would be better recognized by newborns. In contrast, we expected no evidence of identity recognition when newborns were familiarized with a face with averted gaze. According with our expectations, newborns were able to recognize a face identity when previously familiarized with direct gaze, but not with averted gaze. However, this effect was face identity‐specific. Overall, our results suggest that direct gaze can modulate face processing and affects preferences and face identity learning in newborns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Birth characteristics and Wilms tumors in children in the Nordic countries: A register‐based case–control study
Authors: Schüz Joachim , Schmidt Lisbeth Samsø , Kogner Per , Lähteenmäki Päivi M. , Pal Niklas , Stokland Tore , Schmiegelow Kjeld 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle is known about causes of Wilms tumor. Because of the young age at diagnosis, several studies have looked at various birth characteristics. We conducted a registry‐based case–control study involving 690 cases of Wilms tumor aged 0–14 years, occurring in Denmark, Finland, Norway or Sweden during 1985–2006, individually matched to five controls drawn randomly from the Nordic childhood population. Information on birth characteristics was obtained from the population‐based medical birth registries. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using conditional logistic regression analysis. We observed a distinct association between Wilms tumor and high birth weight (≥4 kg) for girls (OR 1.97, CI 1.50–2.59) but not for boys (1.04, 0.78–1.38); overall, the OR was 1.43 (1.17–1.74). Among girls, risk increased by 28% (15–42%) per 500 g increase in birth weight. Large‐for‐gestational age girls also had a higher risk (2.48, 1.51–4.05), whereas no effect was seen for boys (1.12, 0.60–2.07). An association was seen with Apgar score at 5 min < 7 for both sexes combined (5.13, 2.55–10.3). ORs close to unity were seen for parental age and birth order. In our large‐scale, registry‐based study, we confirmed earlier observations of an association between high birth weight and risk of Wilms tumor, but we found an effect only in girls. The higher risk of infants with low Apgar score might reflect hypoxia causing cell damage, adverse side effects of neonatal treatment or reverse causation as low Apgar score might indicate the presence of a tumor.
Plasminogen activators in human gastric cancers: Correlation with DNA ploidy and immunohistochemical staining
Authors: Takai Souichirou , Yamamura Manabu , Tanaka Kanji , Kawanishi Hiroshi , Tsuji Masazumi , Nakane Yasushi , Hioki Koshirou , Yamamoto Masakatsu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlasminogen activator activity was investigated in extracts of 42 surgically removed gastric carcinomas. The mean levels of total plasminogen activator (total‐PA) and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (u‐PA) activities in the gastric carcinomas were significantly higher than those in the background normal tissues (p < 0.001). On electrophoresis, gastric cancers were found to contain u‐PA as the predominant PA, this being confirmed using zymography by direct inhibition with anti‐urokinase antibody. Assessment of the relationship between PA activity and biological behavior of gastric cancer revealed total‐PA and u‐PA levels to be significantly higher in differentiated than in undifferentiated tumors (p < 0.001), and in aneuploid than in diploid ones (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the proportion of u‐PA‐positive cancer cells in the carcinoma tissues also correlated with activity as measured by the azocaseinolytic method. These findings suggest that the study of PA contents in gastric cancer, combined with a nuclear DNA ploidy and immunohistochemical analysis, might be useful for understanding the biological characteristics of the tumor.
Dietary and serum carotenoids and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Van Eenwyk Juliet , Davis Faith G. , Bowen Phyllis E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA case‐control study examined the association between cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and serum and dietary alpha‐carotene, beta‐carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein, and lycopene. Cases (n = 102) had biopsy confirmed CIN I, II or III. Controls matched for age, ethnic origin and clinic (n = 102) had normal Pap smears. Participants completed health history and food frequency questionnaires. Fasting venous blood samples were assayed for serum carotenoids. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses yielded odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for those in quartiles 3, 2, and I (lowest) compared to quartile 4 (highest) of serum lycopene of 3.5 (I.I‐II.5), 4.7 (1.2–17.7) and 3.8 (1.1–12.4), respectively. Similar analyses yielded adjusted odds ratios (OR, s) and 95% CIs of 4.6 (1.1–19.7), 5.8 (1.6–21.3) and 5.4 (1.3–23.3) for dietary intake of lycopene. The findings for lycopene‐rich foods (tomatoes) were consistent with this result. CIN was not associated with the lutein. Findings for alpha‐carotene, beta‐carotene and cryptoxanthin were ambiguous. Quartile of vitamin C intake was also inversely associated with CIN with OR, s and 95% CIs of 3.7 (0.9–14.6), 4.1 (1.0–17.2), and 6.4 (1.4–30.0) for those in quartiles 3, 2, and I compared to quartile 4.
Establishment and characterization of a human melanoma cell line (MV3) which is highly metastatic in nude mice
Authors: van Muijen Goos N. P. , Jansen Kees F. J. , Cornelissen Ine M. H. A. , Smeets Dominique F. C. M. , Beck Johan L. M. , Ruiter Dirk J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo select human melanoma cells that are highly tumorigenic and metastatic in nude mice we have implanted fragments of a fresh human melanoma metastasis subcutaneously (s.c.) into a nude mouse. After 3 passages in nude mice, part of the xenograft was cultured and a new melanoma cell line, MV3, was established. After intravenous (i.v) inoculation of 2 × 104 MV3 cells, 95% of the nude mice (n = 20) developed lung colonies within 6 weeks. S.c. inoculation of 2 × 104 MV3 cells resulted in 95% tumor take, while 90% of the mice (n = 20) showed spontaneous metastases in the lungs within 7 weeks. Histological and immunohistological features of the original tumor of the patient were largely retained in the tumors of the mice and in the cell line in vitro. As shown by Aldan blue staining, MV3 cells contain large quantities of gly‐cosaminoglycans (GAGs) and/or proteoglycanes (PGs), both in vivo and in vitro. The cells showed a marked expression of transferrin receptor, ICAM‐I, EGF‐receptor, and VLA‐2 inte‐grin. As only few human melanoma cell lines are available that frequently show metastasis in nude mice, the highly metastatic MV3 cell line represents a useful tool for studying the expression and regulation of molecules on human melanoma cells involved in the process of metastasis.
Role of prolactin in growth of the rat mammary tumor MTW9
Authors: Platica Micsunica , Doody Jacqueline , Mandeli John P. , Hollander Vincent P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe growth of MTW9 mammary tumors exhibits different degrees of responsiveness to ovariectomy, ranging from sensitivity to resistance. This range of response is a function of time elapsing from tumor inoculation until performance of ovariectomy provided that prolactin (PRL) level is kept continuously high. In vivo studies showed that the MTW9 tumors developed by chronic administration of spiramide were sensitive to ovariectomy by 60 days, but they became resistant to ovariectomy by 100 days. However, when spiramide treatment was discontinued after tumor appearance, the tumors were still sensitive to ovariectomy by 100 days. Chromatofo‐cusing (CF) profile of cytosolic estrogen receptors (ER) correlated with the responsiveness to ovariectomy. A 2‐peak profile for tumors sensitive to ovariectomy, and only a one‐peak profile for tumors resistant to ovariectomy, were seen. Although the prolactin level in rats bearing the tumors was higher than in the normal rats, no correlation between the PRL level and the change in CF profile of ER over time was seen. Also, these changes could not be correlated with the tumor size. In vitro studies showed that incubation of cytosolic ER from a sensitive tumor (2 peaks) with PRL led to a CF profile with only one peak, characteristic of a resistant tumor. Leupeptin, molybdate and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) could not prevent this transition. The effect was not reproduced by incubation with growth hormone or progesterone. Our data suggest that PRL, either directly or through intermediates, may play a role in changing the response to hormonal therapy of the mammary tumor MTW9.
Transformation of a mammary epithelial cell line by the v‐raf and v‐mos oncogenes
Authors: Scully Jackie Leach , Edwards Paul A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDefective retroviruses were used to investigate the effects of the oncogenes v‐raf and v‐mos on the behaviour of mammary epithelial cells. Cultures of the mammary epithelial cell lines #43 and NMuMG infected with either virus showed obvious areas of overgrowing cells, which were not seen when cells were infected with control viruses not containing an oncogene. Several clonal cell lines were derived from the areas of overgrowth on #43 cells. Most of these were tumorigenic on subcutaneous inoculation. In culture, several of the cloned lines showed marked morphological abnormalities, had altered rates of growth and saturation densities, and were able to clone in soft agar. Unexpectedly, one raf‐containing and one mos‐containing line grew more slowly in culture than did control or uninfected cells. Other lines showed only some of these changes. In the mos‐containing lines the level of viral transcript corresponded approximately to the extent of transformation, whereas the raf‐containing lines showed no such correlation.
Non—MHC—restricted target—cell lysis by a CD4−CD− TCRαβ T—cell line, as well as by TCR4gMδ T—cell lines, results from lymphokine—activated killing
Authors: Maziarz Richard T. , Groh Veronika , Prendergast Margaret , Fabbi Marina , Strominger Jack L. , Burakoff Steven J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA long—term CD4— CD8—TCR αβ human T—cell line, as well as similar CD4— CD8— TCR γδ T—cell lines for comparison, were generated from various tissues by negative selection using anti—CD4 and anti—CD8 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) followed by positive selection with specific anti—TCR MAb and then repeated in vitro stimulation with interleukin—enriched media and lectin. These cell lines all demonstrated non—MHC—restricted cytolysis on a variety of human tumor cell lines. However, removal of lymphokines from the culture media for 24 hr abrogated most of the non—MHC—restricted target—cell lysis without affecting TCR αβ or TCR γδ cell viability or TCR function as determined by antibody—triggered redirected target—cell lysis. Subsequent re—exposure to lymphokines reconstituted non—MHC—restricted cytolysis by these cell lines. Thus, much of the non—specific, non—MHC—restricted cytolytic activity generated by CD4—CD8—TCRαβ or TCRγδ cells is secondary to lymphokine—activated killing (LAK) activity. These cells have potent LAK activity and may be prominent in LAK—cell populations. In addition, after lymphokine deprivation, both CD4—CD8—TCRαβ and TCRγδ cells showed residual activity against some tumor—cell targets, the nature of which remains to be defined.
Non‐melanoma skin cancer: Ten years of cancer‐registry‐based surveillance
Authors: Kaldor John , Shugg Dace , Young Bill , Dwyer Terence , Wang You‐Gan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Tasmanian Cancer Registry carried out population‐based surveillance of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) from 1978 to 1987. A total of 8,651 NMSC were recorded in 7,160 individuals, representing an age‐standardized rate of 161/100,000 per year. Ninety‐four percent of cases were based on histological diagnosis. Incidence of basal‐cell carcinoma (BCC) was higher than the incidence of squamous‐cell carcinoma (SCC). The incidence of NMSC was twice as high in men as in women. Incidence increased substantially with age, more markedly for SCC than BCC. For most body sites, BCC was more frequent, but on highly exposed sites such as the backs of hands, lower limbs in women and ears in men, the incidence of SCC was higher. There was an overall increase of 7% per year in the age‐standardized incidence rate of NMSC. The increase was more marked for BCC than for SCC, and was consistent across age groups and both sexes. A first NMSC during the study period was associated with a 12‐fold increase among men and a 15‐fold increase among women in the risk of development of a new NMSC within 5 years, when compared with the NMSC incidence recorded for the population as a whole.