bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uprooted but Stable: Chilean Parties and the Concept of Party System Institutionalization
Authors: Luna Juan Pablo , Altman David 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMainwaring and Scully's concept of party system institutionalization (PSI) has greatly influenced the literature on parties and party systems. This article contributes to the “revisionist” literature on PSI by exploring the recent evolution of the concept's four dimensions in Chile. It finds that the Chilean party system is not homogenously institutionalized (as conventionally argued) but is simultaneously frozen at the elite level and increasingly disconnected from civil society. In this regard, it approaches some recent descriptions of the Brazilian party system, a prototypical example of an “inchoate” party system that has gained stability over time without developing roots in society. This article argues that the current operationalization of the concept of PSI is problematic. Not only should all four dimensions of the concept be simultaneously measured, probably through multiple indicators for each one, but their trends across time and space should also be better integrated into the concept's theoretical structure.
Quantification of the impact of the hoverfly, Metasyrphus corollae on the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae, in winter wheat: laboratory rates of kill
Authors: Adams T. H. L. , Chambers R. J. , Dixon A. F. G. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe rate of kill of cereal aphids by larvae of Metasyrphus corollae (F.) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was measured in the laboratory with the aim of assessing the impact of this predator on field populations of cereal aphids. Daily measurements were taken of changes in both the larval weight and the biomass of aphids killed by M. corollae in conditions of constant temperature and humidity. A mean relative kill rate was defined and calculated for each larval instar of the predator from which estimates of field daily rates of kill can be made.RésuméQuantification de l'impact de Metasyrphus corollae sur Sitobion avenae sur blé d'hiver: taux de mortalité au laboratoireLe taux de mortalité de S. avenae provoqué par les larves de M. corollae a été mesureé au laboratoire pour évaluer l'impact de ce prédateur sur les populations de ce puceron dans la nature. L'évolution du poids des larves et de la biomasse de pucerons tués a été suivie tous les jours dans des conditions de température et humidité constantes. Un taux moyen de mortalité a été déterminé pour chaque stade larvaire du prédateur, il a servi à déduire les niveaux de mortalité quotidienne dans les champs.
Host selection by ovipositing cowpea weevils: Patterning of input from separate sense organs
Authors: Messina Frank J. , Barmore Joyce L. , Renwick J. A. A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAblations were performed to identify the sense organs used in host selection by ovipositing cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus. Antennae, foretarsi and palpi (maxillary + labial) were removed singly or in combination, and females were offered pairwise choices of four host species. Removal of the palpi consistently had the greatest effect on host choice, whereas the relative importance of other organs depended on the pair of hosts tested. Different organs may provide conflicting input as to the ‘preferred’ host; certain ablations led to a complete reversal in preference (as opposed to a simple loss of discrimination). Input from separate organs appeared to be received in a dominance hierarchy.RésuméSélection de l'hǒte lors de la ponte de Callosobruchus maculatus: modélisation des influx provenant séparément des divers organes sensorielsLes ablations ont servi d'éttape nitiale lors de la détermination des organes sensoriels impliqués dans la sélection du lieu de ponte par C. maculatus. Les antennes, les tarses antérieurs, les palpes (maxillaires et labiaux) ont été retirés seuls ou en combinaison. Les femelles ont eu des choix binaires entre les graines de 4 légumineuses: Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata. Chaque combinaison d'ablations était accompagnée d'un témoin chez lequel les měmes ablations étaient unilatérales. C'est l'ablation des palpes qui a le plus modifié le choix de l'hǒte; l'influence relative des autres organes dépendait des paires d'hǒtes offerts. Différents organes peuvent fournir des influx opposés quant à l'hǒte préféré; certaines ablations ont conduit à une inversion complète des préférences. Il semble que les influx sensoriels formaient une gamma avec hiérarchie dominante. Dans les choix binaires, les préférences initiales des femelles intactes ont été supprimées avec l'ablation des palpes seuls, cependant elles n'avaient pas été modifiées par l'ablation conjointe des palpes et des tarses. Dans ces expériences, l'influx antennaire ne devenait dominant qu'après ablation des deux autres organes sensoriels. Les préférences des femelles avec ablations unilatérales ne différaient pas de celles des femelles intactes.
Sex pheromone discrimination by male aphids of a biotype of Schizaphis graminum
Authors: Eisenbach J. , Mittler T. E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe ability of male aphids of two different biotypes (C & E) of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), to distinguish ovipara‐produced sex pheromone of their own biotype from that of the other biotype was examined using an arena olfactometer. Biotype E males showed a strong preference for biotype E oviparae; the preference of biotype C males for biotype C oviparae was less marked. These behavioral findings indicate a potential biochemical reproductive isolating mechanism for these biotypes.ZusammenfassungUnterscheidung der weiblichen Geschlechtspheromone zweier Biotypen der Aphide Schizaphis graminum durch die MännchenDie Reaktion der Männchen von zwei Biotypen (C & E) der Aphide Schizaphis graminum auf die Geschlechtspheromone der Oviparen ihres eigenen und des anderen Biotyps wurde mit Hilfe einer Olfaktometer‐Arena untersucht. Biotyp E Männchen zeigten eine starke Präferenz für Biotyp E Ovipare, während die Präferenz von Biotyp C Männchen für Biotyp C Ovipare weniger stark ausgeprägt war. Diese Resultate deuten auf einen möglichen verhaltensbiologischen Isolationsmechanismus der beiden Biotypen dieser Blattlausart in der Natur hin.
Molecular profiling indicates orthotopic xenograft of glioma cell lines simulate a subclass of human glioblastoma
Authors: Shankavaram Uma T. , Bredel Markus , Burgan William E. , Carter Donna , Tofilon Philip , Camphausen Kevin 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCell line models have been widely used to investigate glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) pathobiology and in the development of targeted therapies. However, GBM tumours are molecularly heterogeneous and how cell lines can best model that diversity is unknown. In this report, we investigated gene expression profiles of three preclinical growth models of glioma cell lines, in vitro and in vivo as subcutaneous and intracerebral xenografts to examine which cell line model most resembles the clinical samples. Whole genome DNA microarrays were used to profile gene expression in a collection of 25 high‐grade glioblastomas, and comparisons were made to profiles of cell lines under three different growth models. Hierarchical clustering revealed three molecular subtypes of the glioblastoma patient samples. Supervised learning algorithm, trained on glioma subtypes predicted the intracerebral cell line model with one glioma subtype (r = 0.68; 95% bootstrap CI –0.41, 0.46). Survival analysis of enriched gene sets (P < 0.05) revealed 19 biological categories (146 genes) belonging to neuronal, signal transduction, apoptosis‐ and glutamate‐mediated neurotransmitter activation signals that are associated with poor prognosis in this glioma subclass. We validated the expression profiles of these gene categories in an independent cohort of patients from ‘The Cancer Genome Atlas’ project (r = 0.62, 95% bootstrap CI: –0.42, 0.43). We then used these data to select and inhibit a novel target (glutamate receptor) and showed that LY341595, a glutamate receptor specific antagonist, could prolong survival in intracerebral tumour‐implanted mice in combination with irradiation, providing an in vivo cell line system of preclinical studies.
Oral Lichen Planus and Dental Implants – A Retrospective Study
Authors: Czerninski Rakefet , Eliezer Meizi , Wilensky Asaf , Soskolne Aubrey 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTObjectives: To examine whether oral lichen planus (OLP) affects the success rate of dental implants and if the manifestations of OLP are altered by implant‐borne prostheses.Materials and Methods: OLP patients, treated in the oral medicine department, with (the study group) and without (control group) dental implants were included. Pocket depth, mobility, bleeding on probing, erythema, pain and radiolucency around the implants, as well as clinical findings and OLP symptoms were recorded. Follow‐up ranged from 12–24 months. Ordinal variables and visual analog scale score were compared using the Mann–Whitney test. The significance of the trend within each of the groups was assed using the Friedman test. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson chi‐squared test and Fisher's exact test.Results: Fourteen patients in the study group with 1–15 implants per patient and 15 in the control group were included. No implant failures were recorded. Comparison between the clinical manifestations of OLP in both groups did not reveal any significant differences.Conclusions: Success of implant rehabilitation among treated OLP patients does not seem to be different from the success rate in the general population. Nor does implant placement influence the disease manifestations.
The Effects of Cortical Bone Thickness and Trabecular Bone Strength on Noninvasive Measures of the Implant Primary Stability Using Synthetic Bone Models
Authors: Hsu Jui‐Ting , Fuh Lih‐Jyh , Tu Ming‐Gene , Li Yu‐Fen , Chen Kuan‐Ting , Huang Heng‐Li 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTPurpose: This study investigated how the primary stability of a dental implant as measured by the insertion torque value (ITV), Periotest value (PTV), and implant stability quotient (ISQ) is affected by varying thicknesses of cortical bone and strengths of trabecular bone using synthetic bone models.Materials and Methods: Four synthetic cortical shells (with thicknesses of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mm) were attached to four cellular rigid polyurethane foams (with elastic moduli of 137, 47.5, 23, and 12.4 MPa) and one open‐cell rigid polyurethane foam which mimic the osteoporotic bone (with an elastic modulus 6.5 MPa), to represent the jawbones with various cortical bone thicknesses and strengths of trabecular bone. A total of 60 bone specimens accompanied with implants was examined by a torque meter, Osstell resonance frequency analyzer, and Periotest electronic device. All data were statistically analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance. In addition, second‐order nonlinear regression was utilized to assess the correlations of the primary implant stability with the four cortex thicknesses and five strengths of trabecular bone.Results: ITV, ISQ, and PTV differed significantly (p < .05) and were strongly correlated with the thickness of cortical bone (R2 > 0.9) and the elastic modulus of trabecular bone (R2 = 0.74–0.99).Conclusions: The initial stability at the time of implant placement is influenced by both the cortical bone thickness and the strength of trabecular bone; however, these factors are mostly nonlinearly correlated with ITV, PTV, and ISQ. Using ITV and PTV seems more suitable for identifying the primary implant stability in osteoporotic bone with a thin cortex.
Peri‐Implant Bone Density in Senile Osteoporosis‐Changes from Implant Placement to Osseointegration
Authors: Beppu Kensuke , Kido Hirofumi , Watazu Akira , Teraoka Kay , Matsuura Masaro 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of this study was to examine healing over time after implant body placement in a senile osteoporosis model and a control group.Materials and Methods: In this study, 16‐week‐old male mice were used. The senile osteoporosis model consisted of senescence‐accelerated prone 6 mice and the control group consisted of senescence‐accelerated resistant 1 mice. Titanium‐coated plastic implants were used as experimental implants whose dimensions were 3.0 mm in length, 1.1 mm in apical diameter, and 1.2 mm in coronal diameter. Bone samples were collected at 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after implant placement. A micro‐quantitative computed tomography (QCT) system was used to scan these samples and a phantom in order to quantitate bone mineral measurements. Bone mineral density (BMD) of each sample was measured. Each sample was also examined by light microscopy after QCT imaging. At 14 and 28 days after implant placement, the bone‐implant contact (BIC) ratios were calculated from light microscopy images and were divided into cortical bone and bone marrow regions.Results: When BMD was compared between the osteoporosis and control groups using micro‐QCT, the osteoporosis group had a significantly lower BMD in the region 0–20 µm from the implant surface in the bone marrow region at 14 days onward after implant placement. Compared with the control group, the osteoporosis model also had significantly lower BMD in all regions 0–100 µm from the implant surface in the bone marrow region at 14 days after placement. However, in the cortical bone region, no statistically significant difference was observed in the regions at the bone‐implant interface. Light microscopy revealed osseointegration for all implants 28 days after implant placement. The osteoporosis model tended to have lower BICs compared with that of the control group, although this did not reach statistical significance.Discussion: Our results showed that osseointegration was achieved in the osteoporosis model. However, the BMD was 30–40% lower than that of the control group in the region closest to the implant surface in bone marrow region. Peri‐implant BMD was lower in a relatively large area in the osteoporosis model during an important time for osseointegration. Therefore, this result suggests that osteoporosis might be considered as a risk factor in implant therapy.Conclusion: The osteoporosis model had a lower BMD than the control group in the region closest to the implant during an important time for osseointegration. This result suggests that senile osteoporosis might be a risk factor in implant therapy. However, the osteoporosis model and the control group had no difference in peri‐implant BMD in the cortical bone region. This suggests that risk might be avoided by implant placement that effectively uses the cortical bone.
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism Resistant to Cinacalcet Treatment
Authors: Okada Manabu , Tominaga Yoshihiro , Izumi Kumiko , Nobata Hironobu , Yamamoto Takayuki , Hiramitsu Takahisa , Tsujita Makoto , Goto Norihiko , Nanmoku Koji , Watarai Toshihiko , Uchida Kazuharu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCinacalcet hydrochloride (cinacalcet) has been reported to be efficacious for patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT). We experienced five patients with THPT requiring parathyroidectomy (PTx) because of resistance to cinacalcet treatment and investigated their clinical characteristics and clinical course. The maximum diameter of the parathyroid gland estimated by ultrasonography before renal transplantation was evaluated. Serum total calcium, phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatinine (Cr) levels were investigated every three months after the administration of cinacalcet and at PTx. After surgery, the Cr levels were followed. In all five patients, at least one parathyroid gland had a largest diameter of more than 1 cm, and the mean diameter was 18.7 mm (range 14.9–24.1 mm). Intact PTH and ALP levels gradually increased after the initiation of cinacalcet and the Cr levels transiently increased after PTx. These findings suggest that the existence of a severely enlarged nodular hyperplastic gland is a main factor involved in resistance to cinacalcet.
Parathyroidectomy Markedly Reduces Oxidative Stress in a Patient with Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Tanaka Motoko , Tokunaga Koki , Maruyama Toru , Otagiri Masaki , Tominaga Yoshihiro , Itoh Kazuko , Matsushita Kazutaka , Komaba Hirotaka , Fukagawa Masafumi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractParathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism has been associated with a survival benefit, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We are reporting on an 88‐year‐old female patient who had high serum calcium and intact parathyroid hormone levels associated with an enlarged parathyroid gland. A parathyroidectomy was performed due to a diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. After the surgery, there was a marked decrease in the oxidative stress markers, such as the ratios of oxidized to unoxidized albumin and advanced oxidation protein products. These results suggest that parathyroidectomy reduces oxidative stress in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, which may in part explain the reduced risk for cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality after parathyroidectomy.
Parathyroid Hormone Control Survey to Determine Inter‐method and Inter‐lab Variations in Japan
Authors: Kakuta Takatoshi , Kato Hitoshi , Komaba Hirotaka , Akizawa Tadao ,   Japanese PTH Control Survey Committee
Published: May 2011

AbstractFor uremic patients, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes suggest that parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels should be maintained within approximately 2–9 times the upper normal limit for the assay. One of reasons for the lack of definite approximate PTH values is the inability to use the Allegro Intact PTH assay from Nicols. We aimed to evaluate whether other parathyroid hormone assays were suitable for these assessments. We compared the parathyroid hormone concentrations measured with five commercial immunoassays by using three serum pools and seven artificially spiked samples of parathyroid hormone; the Total Intact parathyroid hormone assay was used as the reference assay. Although the results of parathyroid hormone assays showed high correlation, the concentrations differed from Yamasa's assay to another. And the third/second‐generation assay ratio was approximately 60%. Further, the Immulite assay overestimated the levels of 1–84 PTH. We showed important inter‐method variations in the parathyroid hormone assays used in Japan.
Effects of Raloxifene on Bone Mineral Metabolism in Postmenopausal Japanese Women on Hemodialysis
Authors: Tanaka Motoko , Itoh Kazuko , Matsushita Kazunori , Matsushita Kazutaka , Moriishi Misaki , Kawanishi Hideki , Fukagawa Masafumi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn addition to renal osteodystrophy, postmenopausal women on hemodialysis are at high risk for osteoporosis. Recent studies reported the effects of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator for osteoporosis, in postmenopausal women. The present study evaluated the efficacy of raloxifene and its effects on bone mineral metabolism in postmenopausal Japanese patients on dialysis. In a prospective, multicentre study, 17 postmenopausal women on chronic hemodialysis with severe osteoporosis (bone mineral density [BMD]≤2 SD by bone densitometry) were treated with 60 mg/day raloxifene hydrochloride for 12 months. The study also included 10 age‐matched control women. Vitamin D and calcium salts were not changed during the study. Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), serum calcium and phosphorus, and bone resorption marker (NTx) were measured, and BMD were determined by DEXA, at 0, 6, and 12 months after administration of raloxifene. The mean lumbar spine BMD at baseline was similar in the two groups. Raloxifene therapy (for 12 months) improved lumbar spine BMD (by 2.6%) in 53% of the patients, while 70% of the control group showed a reduction in BMD (by 4.0%). Raloxifene significantly decreased serum calcium and increased iPTH. Our results suggested that raloxifene improved trabecular BMD in postmenopausal Japanese women on hemodialysis. The effects of raloxifene on serum calcium and serum iPTH level suggest it improves bone resorption. Vitamin D and/or calcium salts should be added to raloxifene treatment to avoid secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Interaction Between the Antibiotic Tetracycline and the Elongation Factor 1α from the Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus
Authors: Lamberti Anna , Martucci Nicola M. , Ruggiero Immacolata , Arcari Paolo , Masullo Mariorosario 
Published: May 2011

The interaction between tetracycline and the archaeal elongation factor 1α from Sulfolobus solfataricus was investigated. The effects produced by this eubacterial antibiotic indicated that this interaction involved the G‐domain of the elongation factor 1α from S. solfataricus, although also the M‐domain was required. In fact, in the presence of the antibiotic, an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield of the aromatic region was observed for elongation factor 1α from S. solfataricus and its truncated form lacking the C‐terminal domain, but not for that lacking also the M‐domain. The increase in quantum yield was restored when the G‐domain of elongation factor 1α from S. solfataricus was fused to the M and the C‐domains of the eubacterial analogue elongation factor Tu. Tetracycline inhibits protein synthesis catalysed by elongation factor 1α from S. solfataricus; this is accompanied by an increase in the GDP/GTP exchange rate and a slight inhibition of the intrinsic GTPase, suggesting that a main effect of the antibiotic was exerted on the GTP‐bound form of the enzyme. Furthermore, the mixed inhibition observed for GTPase confirmed that the interaction, besides the G‐domain, involved also other region(s) of elongation factor 1α from S. solfataricus. These results can be useful for studying potential side effects arising from the interaction between tetracycline and eukaryotic elongation factors.
Methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureusin a population of horses in Australia
Authors: Axon JE , Carrick JB , Barton MD , Collins NM , Russell CM , Kiehne J , Coombs G 
Published: May 2011

Objective To evaluate if methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is present in the horse population in Australia.Design A two‐part retrospective study of laboratory submissions of microbial culture results from horses.Methods Part A: medical records of 216 horses that had MRSA screening performed on nasal swabs collected over a 30‐day period at admission to the Scone Equine Hospital Clovelly Intensive Care Unit were retrieved. Part B: laboratory records from 2004 to 2009 of culture submissions to the Scone Veterinary Laboratory were reviewed and cultures that grew MRSA were identified. The MRSA isolates from Parts A and B were genotyped over an 18‐month period.Results MRSA screening of 216 horses identified eight (3.7%) positive samples. MRSA was isolated from cultures of 80 (0.002%) clinical bacteriology samples over a 6‐year period. Genotypic analysis was performed on 36 isolates. All MRSA characterised had the same pulse field gel electrophoresis pattern (type 1), with eight closely related subtypes identified (subtypes A–F and H) and 66% of isolates classified as subtype D, which multilocus sequence and staphylococcal cassette chromosomemectyping analysis identified as ST612‐MRSA‐IVa, a clonal complex (CC) 8S. aureusstrain. Antimicrobial resistance to more than two classes of antimicrobials was common.Conclusions MRSA was present in a population of horses in Australia. Genotypic analysis of the isolates identified the MRSA strain as CC8S. aureus. Further research needs to be undertaken to evaluate MRSA infection and colonisation of horses and personnel in Australia.