bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Structure of Children's Beliefs about Health and Illness
Authors: Green Kathy E. , Bird J. Elisabeth 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis study examined the structure of causal beliefs in children, concentrating on attributions by children about “staying well” vs. “getting sick.” Eighty‐two children in grades one, three, five, and seven‐eight participated in the study. Children were asked pairwise to compare five causes of health and five causes of illness. Self‐controlled or self‐initiated actions were the most highly ranked causes of health. As a cause of illness, self‐initiated behaviors were ranked second to germs and bad weather. Health and illness seemed to be understood as reciprocal aspects of the concept “health” by older but not by younger children. Results are discussed in relation to attributions made at different age levels.
Future Fit: A Cardiovascular Health Education and Fitness Project in an After‐school Setting
Authors: Connor Maureen K. , Smith Lynn G. , Fryer Andrew , Erickson Susan , Fryer Sally , Drake June 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTFuture Fit was developed to provide a low cost, heart health education and fitness program that could be incorporated readily into existing after‐school programs with minimal teacher training and nominal expenditures for equipment and supplies. Participants in the 12‐week demonstration project were 55 third and fourth grade students enrolled in after‐school programs at four sites, randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions. Results indicated significant knowledge gains and changes in knowledge, attitude, and behavior at home. These outcomes suggest health and fitness programming in the after‐school setting can be an effective complement to the education provided within the school setting.
Gender Differences in Psychosocial Determinants of Adolescent Smoking
Authors: Clayton Serena 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBecause of the social meaning smoking has acquired and because of different trends in male and female initiation rates, it is reasonable to suspect that different psychosocial factors predict smoking in teen‐age boys and girls. A literature review revealed external pressures such as peer and parental smoking are important for both boys and girls though their influence may be moderated differentially by age and type of smoking behavior assessed. Some data support the hypothesis that female smoking is associated with self‐confidence, social experience, and rebellion, whereas male smoking is associated with social insecurity. Overall, group differences such as gender and socioeconomic status are well‐documented in terms of smoking prevalence but underexplored in the area of psychosocial predictors. In this review, gender differences have been documented with sufficient frequency to warrant further attention to develop gender specific components of smoking prevention programs.
Innovation, Peer Teaching, and Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Outreach from a School‐Based Clinic
Authors: Pacheco Mario , Adelsheim Steven , Davis Lisa , Mancha Victor , Aime Leslie , Nelson Patsy , Derksen Dan , Kaufmann Arthur 
Published: October 2009

The gum‐chewing 10th grade student with teased hair eyed the quiet line of seventh grade girls seated nervously across the table from her in the mid‐school library. The 10th grade student was their “teacher” for the next 30 minutes, leading a discussion about AIDS. “So,” she asked, chewing between phrases, “You girls know about latex condoms?” She then rattled off a series of questions and teaching points about AIDS — “African green monkeys,” “unprotected sex,” “shared needles.”The 10th grade student was contributing to her inner city high school class project, run in conjunction with the school‐based clinic. She was sharing her special knowledge about AIDS, taught by the clinic staff, with younger children as a service to her community. What this novice teacher was lacking in professional delivery she made up for in enthusiasm for both her subject and for her important, new leadership role.
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 1995
Authors: Kann Laura , Warren Charles W. , Harris William A. , Collins Janet L. , Williams Barbara I. , Ross James G. , Kolbe Lloyd J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Priority health‐risk behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of mortality, morbidity, and social problems among youth and adults often are established during youth, extend into adulthood, and are interrelated. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health‐risk behaviors among youth and young adults: behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviors, unhealthy dietary behaviors, and physical inactivity. The YRBSS includes both a national school‐based survey conducted by CDC and state and local school‐based surveys conducted by state and local education agencies. This report summarizes results from the national survey, 35 state surveys, and 16 local surveys conducted among high school students from February through May 1995.In the United States, 72% of all deaths among school‐age youth and young adults result from four causes: motor vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the 1995 YRBSS suggest that many high school students practice behaviors that may increase their likelihood of death from these four causes: 21.7% had rarely or never used a safety belt, 38.8% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey, 20.0% had carried a weapon during the 30 days preceding the survey, 51.6% had drunk alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey, 25.3% had used marijuana during the 30 days preceding the survey, and 8.7% had attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey. Substantial morbidity and social problems among school‐age youth and young adults also result from unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection. YRBSS results indicate that in 1995, 53.1% of high school students had experienced sexual intercourse, 45.6% of sexually active students had not used a condom at last sexual intercourse, and 2.0% had ever injected an illegal drug. Among adults, 65% of all deaths result from three causes: heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Most of the risk behaviors associated with these causes of death are initiated during adolescence. In 1995, 34.8% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey, 39.5% had eaten more than two servings of foods typically high in fat content during the day preceding the survey, and only 25.4% had attended physical education class daily. YRBSS data are being used nationwide by health and education officials to improve national, state, and local policies and programs designed to reduce risks associated with the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. YRBSS data also are being used to measure progress toward achieving 21 national health objectives and one of eight National Education Goals.
Managed Care Organizations and Public Health: Exploring Collaboration on Adolescent Immunizations
Authors: Molliconi Stephanie A. , Zink Therese 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Managed care organizations (MCOs) joined local and state public health agencies in a pilot effort to improve hepatitis B immunization rates of adolescents in an urban and a suburban/rural school district. The pilot also explored issues inherent in public and private collaboration on population health improvement.Local public health agencies provided links to schools in their communities, took the lead in implementing school‐based immunization programs, and provided health education materials. MCOs contributed financial support necessary for the project. The final cost per fully vaccinated student, not taking into account the work group's planning and coordination time, was little more than the catalog price of the vaccine alone.Managed care organizations face challenges that complicate their participation and funding of school‐based vaccinations: 1) Limited data on health plans of participating students complicate allocation of costs to each MCO; 2) Double‐paying occurs for MCOs paying clinics a monthly, per‐member rate that already includes adolescent immunizations; 3) When schools provide adolescent immunizations, MCOs lose the “hook” that draws adolescents to clinics for comprehensive health services.When self‐consenting is permitted, schools can achieve a high consent and completion rates for multi‐dose adolescent immunizations such as hepatitis B. At the same time, MCOs have the responsibility to provide members with comprehensive care and should continue to examine both internal modifications and external partnerships as opportunities to improve their services to adolescents.
Encouraging Schools to Promote Health: Impact of the Western Australian School Health Project (1992 — 1995)
Authors: McBride Nyanda , Midford Richard 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe Western Australian School Health (WASH) Project, a school health promotion intervention operating over a four‐year period (1992–1995), provided a comprehensive, year‐long intervention to help successive groups of schools develop health promotion programs. The WASH Project worked with self‐selected school communities and used community development strategies to support participating schools in identifying and responding to health concerns relevant to their students. This paper reports the school impact results of the WASH Project. School impact data involved 24 variables categorized into two areas: school organizational factors supportive of health promotion, and school health promotion factors. Two methods of analysis were used: logistic regression indicating the direction of change, and linear regression indicating the magnitude of change. Results demonstrated that schools successfully made organizational changes, such as the allocation of additional time, personnel, and monetary resources, to support health promotion.
Lessons Learned from the Hunter Region Health Promoting Schools Project in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Lynagh Marita , Knight Jenny , Schofield Margot J. , Paras Lorraine 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes development, over a five‐year period, of the Hunter Region Health Promoting Schools Project in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The project implemented the principles and philosophy of the Health Promoting Schools concept and evaluated its effectiveness using a randomized controlled trial involving 22 public secondary schools. An overview of the preliminary intervention model based on the health promoting schools philosophy and trialed in a pilot study is provided. The authors also outline barriers to, and difficulties in, implementing the philosophically based intervention model in the secondary school setting. The current intervention approach, which evolved over five years, is described in relation to the roles played by project team members and school communities. In addition, the authors outline guiding principles arising from the new approach which facilitated adoption of health promotion strategies in secondary school settings.
The Status of Middle Level HIV/STD Education as Assessed by State and Local Education Agencies
Authors: Wolff Wendy J. , Schoeberlein Deborah R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDuring spring 1998 RAD Educational Programs, in cooperation with the National Middle School Association, conducted a needs assessment of middle level HIV/STD prevention programs from the perspective of representatives from state education agencies (SEA) and local education agencies (LEA). Data were collected from 84% of states (SEAs) and 88% of cities (LEAs) funded by CDC to conduct HIV/STD prevention activities. A range of activities are occurring in school‐based HIV/STD prevention for early adolescents in grades 5–8. However, a prevailing characteristic among states was the high degree to which local control and local decision making affects programming in schools. Needs of SEAs and LEAs are similar as reflected by the need for continued improvement of middle level HIV/STD prevention education. A concrete result was the multitude of requests for effective HIV/STD curricula for middle level students. In addition, administrators shared similar needs for an increase in time allotment for health instruction. Most SEAs (65%) and LEAs (77%) believed that time for health education in the classroom would increase if a nationwide mandate existed resulting in appropriate standards and assessments for all middle level and high school students.
School‐related Violence Among High School Students in the United States, 1993–1995
Authors: Hill Susan C. , Drolet Judy C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTUsing logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals, this secondary analysis determined statistically significant predictors and prevalence rates for high school students in the United States who carried a weapon, were threatened or injured with a weapon, or were involved in physical fighting on school property from 1993–1995. Geographic region, grade in school, race/ethnicity, and gender were the independent variables. Data regarding school‐related violence among adolescents were collected in 1993 and 1995 using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey developed and implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results indicated gender, race, and grade in school were predictors of school‐related violence for students in grades 9–12 from 1993 to 1995. Males were involved in violent acts more often than females. Minority students, especially Hispanics and Blacks, and students in lower grades at school participate in and are victims of violence more often than other students.
Relationship Between Self‐Esteem and Smoking Behavior Among Japanese Early Adolescents: Initial Results from a Three‐Year Study
Authors: Kawabata Tetsuro , Cross Donna , Nishioka Nobuki , Shimai Satoshi 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTResearchers examined the relationship between self‐esteem and smoking behavior among Japanese elementary and junior high school students. Students (2,090) in fourth to ninth grade from three elementary schools and two junior high schools in the Hyogo and Niigata prefectures completed an anonymous questionnaire. Self‐esteem was measured using the Harter Perceived Competence Scale, the Pope Self‐Esteem Scale, and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale. Results indicated that never smokers had higher cognitive, family, and global self‐esteem, but lower physical self‐esteem than ever smokers. Grade and gender were significantly associated with self‐esteem, showing a decrease of self‐esteem with increases in grade and a higher level of self‐esteem among boys than girls. The results suggest that effective smoking prevention programs for Japanese early adolescents should be integrated into more comprehensive health education or health promotion programs including self‐esteem enhancement training.
Physical Activity and Stages of Change in Fifth and Sixth Graders
Authors: Walton Julie , Hoerr Sharon , Heine Linda , Frost Stacey , Roisen Danielle , Berkimer Melissa 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe Stage of Change (SC) paradigm was adapted to assess readiness to be or stay physically active among fifth and sixth graders. Students completed a four‐item SC survey, the Past Year Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Modifiable Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages were grouped as “pre‐action” (PRE), and action and maintenance as “post‐action” (AX) stages. Nearly 40% of all students were in PRE, compared to 60% of students in AX stages. Twenty‐two percent of all students were in the sedentary precontemplation or contemplation stages. Significantly more boys were in maintenance than girls, and more girls than boys were in contemplation. Students averaged 14–21 hours/week of television, video, or computer work, and 1.6 hours/week of physical activity outside of school. Interventions may be targeted at a specific SC to enable a child to move forward along the SC continuum toward an active lifestyle.
Flood damage reduction by compartmentalization of a dike ring: comparing the effectiveness of three strategies
Authors: Oost J. , Hoekstra A.Y. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCompartmentalization of dike ring areas is currently seen as one of the promising options for managing or reducing the risk of flooding. Recently, several studies on the effectiveness of subdividing dike ring areas by means of compartmentalization dikes were published. These studies show that the total damage after a flood could indeed be smaller, but that the damage could also turn out to be larger on a local level. The available studies on compartmentalization usually consider only one dike pattern in the area concerned. This article develops, assesses and compares three fundamentally different strategies, based on different configurations of the compartmentalization dikes. Not only do we examine the effects of the most probable flood scenarios, we also look at the worst‐case scenario, whereby the water is able to flood into the dike ring area from all sides. The spatial layout of the area codetermines the effectiveness of each strategy. Dike ring area 14, which lies in the west of the Netherlands and that covers some cities, like Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, was chosen as the area of application. The results show that for this dike ring, the secondary dike strategy is most effective in reducing the number of expected victims under different flood scenarios.
Carbon sequestration under Miscanthus: a study of 13C distribution in soil aggregates
Authors: DONDINI MARTA , VAN GROENIGEN KEES‐JAN , DEL GALDO ILARIA , JONES MICHAEL B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe growing of bioenergy crops has been widely suggested as a key strategy in mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, the full mitigation potential of these crops cannot be assessed without taking into account their effect on soil carbon (C) dynamics. Therefore, we analyzed the C dynamics through four soil depths under a 14‐year‐old Miscanthus plantation, established on former arable land. An adjacent arable field was used as a reference site. Combining soil organic matter (SOM) fractionation with 13C natural abundance analyses, we were able to trace the fate of Miscanthus‐derived C in various physically protected soil fractions. Integrated through the whole soil profile, the total amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) was higher under Miscanthus than under arable crop, this difference was largely due to the input of new C. The C stock of the macroaggregates (M) under Miscanthus was significantly higher than those in the arable land. Additionally, the C content of the micro‐within macroaggregates (mM) were higher in the Miscanthus soil as compared with the arable soil. Analysis of the intramicroaggregates particulate organic matter (POM) suggested that the increase C storage in mM under Miscanthus was caused by a decrease in disturbance of M. Thus, the difference in C content between the two land use systems is largely caused by soil C storage in physically protected SOM fractions. We conclude that when Miscanthus is planted on former arable land, the resulting increase in soil C storage contributes considerably to its CO2 mitigation potential.
Endosymbiotic Bacteria in the Parasitic Ciliate
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Authors: Sun H. Y. , Noe J. , Barber J. , Coyne R. S. , Cassidy-Hanley D. , Clark T. G. , Findly R. C. , Dickerson H. W. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Endosymbiotic bacteria were identified in the parasitic ciliate
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
, a common pathogen of freshwater fish. PCR amplification of DNA prepared from two isolates of
I. multifiliis
, using primers that bind conserved sequences in bacterial 16S rRNA genes, generated an ∼1,460-bp DNA product, which was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis demonstrated that 16S rRNA gene sequences from three classes of bacteria were present in the PCR product. These included
Alphaproteobacteria
(
Rickettsiales
),
Sphingobacteria
, and
Flavobacterium columnare
. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining showed endosymbionts dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of trophonts and, in most, but not all theronts. Endosymbionts were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a prominent, electron-translucent halo characteristic of
Rickettsia
. Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated that bacteria from the
Rickettsiales
and
Sphingobacteriales
classes are endosymbionts of
I. multifiliis
, found in the cytoplasm, but not in the macronucleus or micronucleus. In contrast,
F. columnare
was not detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. It likely adheres to
I. multifiliis
through association with cilia. The role that endosymbiotic bacteria play in the life history of
I. multifiliis
is not known.
Oligomerization of Cry11Aa from
Bacillus thuringiensis
Has an Important Role in Toxicity against
Aedes aegypti
Authors: Muñoz-Garay Carlos , Rodríguez-Almazán Claudia , Aguilar Jose N. , Portugal Leivi , Gómez Isabel , Saab-Rincon Gloria , Soberón Mario , Bravo Alejandra 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Cry11Aa and Cyt1Aa of
Bacillus thuringiensis
are active against mosquitoes and show synergism. Cyt1Aa functions as a membrane receptor inducing Cry11Aa oligomerization. Here we characterized Cry11Aa helix α-3 mutants impaired in oligomerization and toxicity against
Aedes aegypti
, indicating that oligomerization of Cry11Aa is important for toxin action. Cyt1Aa did not recover the insecticidal activity of Cry11Aa mutants.
Pathogenicity of Life-Shortening
Wolbachia
in
Aedes albopictus
after Transfer from
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Suh Eunho , Mercer David R. , Fu Yuqing , Dobson Stephen L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Maternally inherited
Wolbachia
bacteria have evolved mechanisms to manipulate the reproduction of their invertebrate hosts, promoting infection spread. A high fitness cost to the host is maladaptive for obligate endosymbionts, and prior studies show rapid selection of new
Wolbachia
associations toward commensal or mutualistic symbioses. Here,
w
MelPop
Wolbachia
is transferred from
Drosophila melanogaster
into the mosquito
Aedes albopictus
. Characterization of the resulting strain provides an extreme example of
Wolbachia
as a pathogen. In addition to reduced longevity and fecundity, abnormally high
Wolbachia
density is associated with embryonic mortality that masks the typical pattern of cytoplasmic incompatibility. The results are consistent with earlier reports that show unpredictable shifts in the
Wolbachia
phenotype after interspecific transfer, which can complicate proposed strategies to modify the age structure of medically important vector populations.