bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Timing of Pediatric Knee Ligament Surgery on Short-term Academic Performance in School-Aged Athletes
Authors: Trentacosta Natasha E. , Vitale Mark A. , Ahmad Christopher S. 
Published: May 2009

Background Orthopaedic injuries negatively affect the academic lives of children. Hypothesis The timing of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstructions affects academic performance in school-aged athletes. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Records of patients ≤18 years old who underwent ACL or MPFL reconstructions from 2001-2007 were reviewed retrospectively. Subjects had been administered a unique questionnaire to evaluate school life in the immediate postoperative period as well as International Knee Documentation Committee (IDKC), Lysholm, and Kujala knee-specific questionnaires. Patients were in 1 of 3 study cohorts: group A (surgery during school year), group B (surgery during school holiday), and group C (surgery during summer break). Results There were 62 subjects (53 ACL and 12 MPFL reconstructions). A higher proportion of patients in group A required being driven to school (88.5%) than groups B (63.6%) or C (64.7%) (P < .05). A lower proportion of patients in group A returned to school immediately after surgery (3.8%) than groups B (36.4%) or C (88.2%) (P < .005). Among children who had never failed a test before surgery, a higher proportion of patients in group A failed a test (36.4%) after return to school than groups B (0%) or C (0%) (P < .05). Patients in group C had higher mean Likert scores (4.5) than groups A (3.8) or B (3.7) (P = .05) in response to the question “my grades suffered in my classes.” Delay in surgery was negatively correlated with IKDC, Lysholm, and Kujala questionnaire scores (P < .05). Conclusion In school-aged athletes with ligamentous knee injuries receiving operative treatment, surgery on a school day causes more academic difficulties than surgery during a holiday or summer break. Academic benefits of delaying surgery during the school year must be weighed against potentially worse outcomes encountered with prolonged surgical delay.
The 1:1 versus the 2:2 Tunnel-Drilling Technique
Authors: Walsh Michael P. , Wijdicks Coen A. , Armitage Bryan M. , Westerhaus Benjamin D. , Parker Josh B. , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: May 2009

Background Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions involve drilling 2 tibial tunnels separated by a narrow 2-mm bone bridge. The sequence of reaming and drilling the tibial tunnels for double-bundle ACL reconstructions has not been defined. Hypothesis Fixing a graft in the posterolateral ACL tibial tunnel before reaming the anteromedial tibial tunnel will reduce the number of complications, as compared with drilling both the anteromedial and posterolateral tunnels before graft fixation, when performing double-bundle ACL reconstructions. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twelve porcine tibias were divided into 2 groups of 6 specimens. Fresh bovine extensor tendons grafts were fixed in 7-mm tunnels reamed using an inside-out method. Grafts were fixed in a retrograde fashion with 7-mm bioabsorbable retrograde screws. The tibias in group 1 were reconstructed by reaming and reconstructing the posterolateral tunnel before reaming and securing the graft for the anteromedial tunnel (ie, 1:1 method), whereas those in the second group were reconstructed by reaming both tunnels before graft fixation in either (ie, the 2:2 method). The specimens were biomechanically tested with cyclic and load-to-failure parameters. Results Cyclic testing revealed no significant difference between the 2 methods in displacement or stiffness. In load-to-failure testing, the 1:1 group withstood significantly higher initial failure loads and ultimate loads. Pullout displacement was significantly higher for the 1:1 group. Whereas no tibias in the 1:1 group sustained fractures, 4 from the 2:2 group demonstrated a bone bridge fracture. Conclusion Soft tissue ACL grafts fixed in the tibia with the 1:1 method withstood significantly higher initial and ultimate failure loads and were stiffer than the grafts fixed with the 2:2 method. Tibias fixed with the 1:1 method were also less susceptible to bone bridge fracture. Clinical Relevance The potential for a lower complication rate and greater pullout strength seen with the 1:1 method may prove useful to surgeons performing anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstructions, in addition to other procedures involving reconstructing 2 closely positioned tunnels, including anatomic posterolateral corner and medial collateral reconstructions.
Expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in chronic idiopathic cough
Authors: Xie Shaoping , Macedo Patricia , Hew Mark , Nassenstein Christina , Lee Kang-Yun , Chung Kian Fan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn patients with chronic idiopathic cough, there is a chronic inflammatory response together with evidence of airway wall remodelling and an increase in airway epithelial nerves expressing TRPV-1. We hypothesised that these changes could result from an increase in growth factors such as TGFβ and neurotrophins.We recruited 13 patients with persistent non-asthmatic cough despite specific treatment of associated primary cause(s), or without associated primary cause, and 19 normal non-coughing volunteers without cough as controls, who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial biopsies.There was a significant increase in the levels of TGFβ in BAL fluid, but not of nerve growth factor(NGF) and brain-derived nerve growth factor(BDNF) compared to normal volunteers. Levels of TFGβ gene and protein expression were assessed in bronchial biopsies. mRNA expression for TGFβ was observed in laser-captured airway smooth muscle and epithelial cells, and protein expression by immunohistochemistry was increased in ASM cells in chronic cough patients, associated with an increase in nuclear expression of the transcription factor, smad 2/3. Subbasement membrane thickness was significantly higher in cough patients compared to normal subjects and there was a positive correlation between TGF-β levels in BAL and basement membrane thickening.TGFβ in the airways may be important in the airway remodelling changes observed in chronic idiopathic cough patients, that could in turn lead to activation of the cough reflex.
Extensive molecular differences between anterior- and posterior-half-sclerotomes underlie somite polarity and spinal nerve segmentation
Authors: Hughes Daniel ST , Keynes Roger J , Tannahill David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe polarization of somite-derived sclerotomes into anterior and posterior halves underlies vertebral morphogenesis and spinal nerve segmentation. To characterize the full extent of molecular differences that underlie this polarity, we have undertaken a systematic comparison of gene expression between the two sclerotome halves in the mouse embryo.ResultsSeveral hundred genes are differentially-expressed between the two sclerotome halves, showing that a marked degree of molecular heterogeneity underpins the development of somite polarity.ConclusionWe have identified a set of genes that warrant further investigation as regulators of somite polarity and vertebral morphogenesis, as well as repellents of spinal axon growth. Moreover the results indicate that, unlike the posterior half-sclerotome, the central region of the anterior-half-sclerotome does not contribute bone and cartilage to the vertebral column, being associated instead with the development of the segmented spinal nerves.
A Unique Rodent Model of Cardiometabolic Risk Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Shi Danni , Dyck Michael K. , Uwiera Richard R. E. , Russell Jim C. , Proctor Spencer D. , Vine Donna F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo-/anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology and is a complex endocrine disorder that also presents with features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. These latter symptoms form cardiometabolic risk factors predisposing individuals to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). To date, animal models to study PCOS in the context of the metabolic syndrome and CVD risk have been lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the JCR:LA-cp rodent as an animal model of PCOS associated with the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic indices were measured at 6 and 12 wk, and reproductive parameters including ovarian morphology and estrous cyclicity were assessed at 12 wk or adulthood. At 6 wk of age, the cp/cp genotype of the JCR:LA-cp strain developed visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia) compared with control animals. Serum testosterone concentrations were not significantly different between groups at 6 wk of age. However, at 12 wk, the cp/cp genotype had higher serum testosterone concentrations, compared with control animals, and presented with oligoovulation, a decreased number of corpora lutea, and an increased number of total follicles, in particular atretic and cystic follicles. The cardiometabolic risk factors in the cp/cp animals were exacerbated at 12 wk including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. The results of this study demonstrate that the JCR:LA-cp rodent may be a useful PCOS-like model to study early mechanisms involved in the etiology of cardiometabolic risk factors in the context of both PCOS and the metabolic syndrome.
Transitional Versus Surgical Menopause in a Rodent Model: Etiology of Ovarian Hormone Loss Impacts Memory and the Acetylcholine System
Authors: Acosta Jazmin I. , Mayer Loretta , Talboom Joshua S. , Tsang Candy Wing S. , Smith Constance J. , Enders Craig K. , Bimonte-Nelson Heather A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Clinical research suggests that type of ovarian hormone loss at menopause influences cognition. Until recently ovariectomy (OVX) has been the primary rodent model to examine effects of ovarian hormone loss on cognition. This model limits evaluations to abrupt and complete ovarian hormone loss, modeling less than 13% of women who receive surgical menopause. The majority of women do not have their ovaries surgically removed and undergo transitional hormone loss via ovarian follicular depletion. 4-Vinylcyclohexene-diepoxide (VCD) produces gradual ovarian follicular depletion in the rodent, with hormone profiles more similar to naturally menopausal women vs. OVX. We directly compared VCD and OVX models to examine whether type of hormone loss (transitional vs. surgical) impacted cognition as assessed on a maze battery as well as the cholinergic system tested via scopolamine mnemonic challenge and brain acetylcholinesterase activity. Middle-aged rats received either sham surgery, OVX surgery, VCD, or VCD then OVX to assess effects of removal of residual ovarian output after transitional menopause and follicular depletion. VCD-induced transitional menopause impaired learning of a spatial recent memory task; surgical removal of residual ovarian hormones by OVX abolished this negative effect of transitional menopause. Furthermore, transitional menopause before OVX was better for memory than an abrupt loss of hormones via OVX only. Surgical ovarian hormone loss, regardless of menopause history, increased hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity. Circulating gonadotropin and androstenedione levels were related to cognitive competence. Collectively, findings suggest that in the rat, initiation of transitional menopause before surgical ovary removal can benefit mnemonic function and could obviate some negative cognitive consequences of surgical menopause alone.
Diagnostic Strategies for Autosomal Dominant Acute Porphyrias: Retrospective Analysis of 467 Unrelated Patients Referred for Mutational Analysis of the HMBS, CPOX, or PPOX Gene
Authors: Whatley Sharon D , Mason Nicola G , Woolf Jacqueline R , Newcombe Robert G , Elder George H , Badminton Michael N 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Background: Clinically indistinguishable attacks of acute porphyria occur in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), hereditary coproporphyria (HCP), and variegate porphyria (VP). There are few evidence-based diagnostic strategies for these disorders.
Methods: The diagnostic sensitivity of mutation detection was determined by sequencing and gene-dosage analysis to search for mutations in 467 sequentially referred, unrelated patients. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma fluorescence scanning, fecal porphyrin analysis, and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) assay was assessed in mutation-positive patients (AIP, 260 patients; VP, 152 patients; HCP, 31 patients).
Results: Sensitivities (95% CI) for mutation detection were as follows: AIP, 98.1% (95.6%–99.2%); HCP, 96.9% (84.3%–99.5%); VP, 100% (95.7%–100%). We identified 5 large deletions in the HMBS gene (hydroxymethylbilane synthase) and one in the CPOX gene (coproporphyrinogen oxidase). The plasma fluorescence scan was positive more often in VP (99% of patients) than in AIP (68%) or HCP (29%). The wavelength of the fluorescence emission peak and the fecal coproporphyrin isomer ratio had high diagnostic specificity and sensitivity for differentiating between AIP, HCP, and VP. DNA analysis followed by PBGD assay in mutation-negative patients had greater diagnostic accuracy for AIP than either test alone.
Conclusions: When PBG excretion is increased, 2 investigations (plasma fluorescence scanning, the coproporphyrin isomer ratio) are sufficient, with rare exceptions, to identify the type of acute porphyria. When the results of PBG, 5-aminolevulinate, and porphyrin analyses are within reference intervals and clinical suspicion that a past illness was caused by an acute porphyria remains high, mutation analysis of the HMBS gene followed by PBGD assay is an effective strategy for diagnosis or exclusion of AIP. .
Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Among Immigrants and Refugees
Authors: Truman Benedict I. , Tinker Timothy , Vaughan Elaine , Kapella Bryan K. , Brenden Marta , Woznica Celine V. , Rios Elena , Lichtveld Maureen 
Published: May 2009

Some immigrants and refugees might be more vulnerable than other groups to pandemic influenza because of preexisting health and social disparities, migration history, and living conditions in the United States. Vulnerable populations and their service providers need information to overcome limited resources, inaccessible health services, limited English proficiency and foreign language barriers, cross-cultural misunderstanding, and inexperience applying recommended guidelines. To increase the utility of guidelines, we searched the literature, synthesized relevant findings, and examined their implications for vulnerable populations and stakeholders. Here we summarize advice from an expert panel of public health scientists and service program managers who attended a meeting convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 1 and 2, 2008, in Atlanta, Georgia.
New data on the Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of southern France
Authors: Chanthasit Phornphen , Buffetaut Eric 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Since the first discovery of dromaeosaurid remains from the Late Cretaceous of southern France, two genera and species, Variraptor mechinorumLe Loeuff & Buffetaut, 1998, and Pyroraptor olympiusAllain & Taquet, 2000, have been erected. Their validity and possible synonymy have been debated. New remains of Dromaeosauridae from Late Campanian – Early Maastrichtian localities near Cruzy (Hérault) and Fox-Amphoux (Var) are described. A sacrum from Hérault is remarkably comparable to that of Variraptor. An ilium from Fox-Amphoux and the holotype sacrum of Variraptor mechinorum probably belong to the same individual. Shared elements between Variraptor and Pyroraptor do not show any diagnostic characters. The question of the synonymy between Variraptor and Pyroraptor is still unresolved on the basis of these new specimens. Nevertheless, the available evidence suggests that these two species may be valid. The specimens from Cruzy suggest that faunal interchange between Europe and Asia lasted longer than that between Europe and North America, and that European dromaeosaurids evolved on their own during the Late Cretaceous isolation of Europe.
Astronomical dating of two Pliocene alkaline volcanic ash layers in the Capo Rossello area (southern Sicily, Italy): implications for the beginning of the rifting in the Sicily Channel
Authors: Caruso Antonio , Censi Paolo , Aricò Pietro , Meli Carmelina , Sprovieri Mario 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Two volcaniclastic ash layers (AL1 and AL2) are intercalated throughout the middle Pliocene sedimentary sequences of Punta Piccola and Capo Rossello exposed along the south coast of Sicily (Italy). Astronomical calibration of the Punta Piccola section provided an age of 2.676 Ma for the deposition of the AL1 layer. The high-resolution bio-cyclostratigraphy of the Capo Rossello section, in combination with detailed correlations with previously astronomically calibrated coeval sequences, provided an age of 2.225 Ma for the deposition of the AL2 layer.
Mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical results from the two volcaniclastic layers suggest a Na-alkaline differentiated magmatism for the volcanic source, similar to the one which formed the alkaline rocks of the island of Pantelleria (Sicily Channel). These results indicate that isolated volcanic activity and/or early differentiated magmatic events may have occurred in the area of the Sicily channel well before the well-known late Pleistocene volcanic activity.
An Application of Diffusity and Material-Balance Equations to a High Relief Pool
Authors: Juarez A. Romero , Hefferan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A method that combines the diffusity equation and the material-balance equation is presented to determine the overall porosity and mobility of the reservoir and water intrusion.
The procedure is based on the formulas and tables developed by A. F. van Everdingen and W. Hurst, and is applied to the Poza Rica oil field which is a high relief pool. An approach to the problem of locating the datum plane is given.
A discussion of several proposed formulas for water encroachment is included, and comparison is made between the results given by these expressions and those obtained by the unsteady radial flow theory.

Introduction
The Poza Rica field is located on the Gulf Coast of Mexico approximately 170 kilometers (110 miles) northeast of Mexico City, almost equidistant between the harbors of Tampico and Veracruz, and 35 km (22 miles) from the beach. It lies within the geological province known as the Tampico Embayment.
The discovery well was P.R. No.2, completed in 1930 at the top of the structure at a depth of 1,986 meters (6,514 ft).
The productive formation at Poza Rica is a limestone called the Tamabra. The structure is about 16 km (10 miles) long and about 5.4 km (3.4 miles) wide, and the reservoir has an average thickness of 127 m (417 ft). It has a steep northeast flank and a very gentle, almost flat southwest flank. The northwest and southeast extremities have approximately the same angle of slope as the northeast flank. The reservoir is limited along the northeast flank, northwest and southeast extremities by salt water and along the southwest flank by lack of porosity (Figure 1).
Poza Rica: Its Development, Exploitation and Near Future
Authors: Colomo J. , Barnetche A. , Hefferan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A description is given about the development of the Poza Rica Reservoir, production, number of wells, gas-oil ratios, pressure surveys.
A brief discussion is given on the Geology and initial conditions of the reservoir.
Future reservoir pressures for the next four years are predicted by the short-cut pressure-drop method, and comparisons are made among different projects of water and/or gas injection.
A comparison is given, too, among ultimate recoveries under different programs of exploitation.

Introduction
The Poza Rica Field of Mexico was discovered in June 1930, when Well Poza Rica No. 2 was completed at the top of the structure at a depth of 6,514ft.
The field is located 22 miles from the beach of the Gulf of Mexico and almost equidistant from the harbors Tampico and Veracruz. (Figure 1)
The field is divided at the surface into five areas, from Northwest to Southeast: Mecatepec area (Mac), Poza Rica area (PH), Petronac area (PN), Escolin area (ESC) and Presidente Aleman area (PA), as shown in Figure 2.
As new wells were drilled, the field was gradually developed, starting with the Petronac area, then with Central part, or PR area, then Mecatepec area and finally Escolin and Presidente Aleman areas. These last two were developed only since 1949 and 1950. Figures 3 and 4 show this development and correspond to the pressures surveys of years 1942 and 1949 respectively.
Another pressure survey was being undertaken during August 1951.
Figure 5 shows graphically the history of the pool.
Four main policies of exploitation may be noticed.
The Determination of Performance Curve in Five-Spot Water Flood
Authors: Hurst William 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The method presented is the formation of an oil seal in a five-spot waterflood, and the development of its progress to break through into the producing well. This method is applicable to any configuration of secondary recovery in water flooding. The criterion that permits this development is the displacement of oil by water in the interstitial pore space, and referred to as the displacement factor. Illustrations for a five-spot water flood are included in this work, and a detailed analysis given. The generalization of the problem facilitates the computations to obtain a realistic portrayal for the growth of the oil seal in the path of the water flood. This is represented by the performance curve which gives the cumulative oil produced as a per cent of the recoverable oil in the formation versus the total water injected, expressed as a per cent of the total floodable void space in the reservoir, Figure 8 [illustrations and tables are shown at the rear of this preprint]. The time for fill-up for the oil seal to reach the producing well, followed by breakthrough of the water flood are also indicated by the amounts of water injected.

Introduction
The purpose for this presentation is the determination of the performance curve in a five-spot water flood. The method employed takes account of the displacement of oil by the injection of water into the interstitial pore space of the formation in forming a growing oil seal ahead of the water front intraversing the potential and stream-line distribution representative of such a water flood. Although the illustration as given here depicts a five-spot flood, the method is equally applicable to any configuration of water flood in which the displacement factor of oil by water must play a predominant role.