bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relations Among Home- and Community-Based Services Investment and Nursing Home Rates of Use for Working-Age and Older Adults: A State-Level Analysis
Authors: Miller Nancy A. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. I examined state-level rates of nursing home use for the period from 2000 to 2007. Methods. I used multivariate fixed-effects models to examine associations between state sociodemographic, economic, supply, and programmatic characteristics and rates of use. Results. Nursing home use declined among older adults (aged ≥65 years) in more than two thirds of states and the District of Columbia but increased among older working-age adults (aged 31–64 years) in all but 2 states. State characteristics associated with these trends differed by age group. Although relatively greater state investment in Medicaid home- and community-based services coupled with reduced nursing home capacity was associated with reduced rates of nursing home care for adults aged 65 years and older, neither characteristic was associated with use among older working-age adults. Their use was associated with state sociodemographic characteristics, as well as chronic disease prevalence. Conclusions. Policy efforts to expand home- and community-based services and to reduce nursing facility capacity appear warranted. To more fully extend the Supreme Court's Olmstead decision's promise to older working-age adults, additional efforts to understand factors driving their increasing use are required.
Setting Group Minimum Environmental Management Standards—An NOC Approach to Managing the Environment
Authors: Lee Tzee Wan , Abidin Raihatul J.Z. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
PETRONAS, the National Oil Company (NOC) of Malaysia, is currently operating in more than 30 countries across the globe where environment-related national regulations and practising standards differ in one way or another. PETRONAS, which comprises a group of upstream and downstream companies, finds it appropriate to establish a set of Group "Minimum Environmental Management Standards" (MEMS) to ensure that all its operations and plants worldwide are operated to at least meet the MEMS requirements and thereby minimise harm to the environment.
The elements in the MEMS were developed on the basis of the project or asset life cycle. The criteria for consideration in the MEMS include internal and external stakeholders’ concerns, critical environmental issues relating to consumption of natural resources or emissions at the operations, commonly reported parameters of oil majors and data collection capability and availability. A phased-approach is adopted for the development and implementation of the MEMS, focusing on basic and critical parameters in the first phase while allowing operating companies to develop for new requirements in later phases.
Development work began with extensive internal and external document research on related subjects. Drafting of the document was carried out by a group of technical professionals and operation staff based on in-house resources and experience. Finally, a series of internal consultation sessions with various stakeholders was conducted to ensure management buy-in and practicality of the guide and specificity of its implementation before the document was approved by the Group Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Committee for implementation group-wide.
The expected challenges of implementing the MEMS within the Group would include strong management will and sustained education and communication on the subject. Implementation status of the initiative will be audited by the Group HSE Division one year after the commencement of implementation group-wide
Recent Advances in Surfactant EOR
Authors: Hirasaki George J. , Miller Clarence A. , Puerto Maura 
Published: July 2011

Summary
In this paper, recent advances in surfactant enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are reviewed. The addition of alkali to surfactant flooding in the 1980s reduced the amount of surfactant required, and the process became known as alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding (ASP). It was recently found that the adsorption of anionic surfactants on calcite and dolomite can also be significantly reduced with sodium carbonate as the alkali, thus making the process applicable for carbonate formations. The same chemicals are also capable of altering the wettability of carbonate formations from strongly oil-wet to preferentially water-wet. This wettability alteration in combination with ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) makes it possible to displace oil from preferentially oil-wet carbonate matrix to fractures by oil/water gravity drainage.
The alkaline/surfactant process consists of injecting alkali and synthetic surfactant. The alkali generates soap in situ by reaction between the alkali and naphthenic acids in the crude oil. It was recently recognized that the local ratio of soap/surfactant determines the local optimal salinity for minimum IFT. Recognition of this dependence makes it possible to design a strategy to maximize oil recovery with the least amount of surfactant and to inject polymer with the surfactant without phase separation. An additional benefit of the presence of the soap component is that it generates an oil-rich colloidal dispersion that produces ultralow IFT over a much wider range of salinity than in its absence.
It was once thought that a cosolvent such as alcohol was necessary to make a microemulsion without gel-like phases or a polymer-rich phase separating from the surfactant solution. An example of an alternative to the use of alcohol is to blend two dissimilar surfactants: a branched alkoxylated sulfate and a double-tailed, internal olefin sulfonate. The single-phase region with NaCl or CaCl2 is greater for the blend than for either surfactant alone. It is also possible to incorporate polymer into such aqueous surfactant solutions without phase separation under some conditions. The injected surfactant solution has underoptimum phase behavior with the crude oil. It becomes optimum only as it mixes with the in-situ-generated soap, which is generally more hydrophobic than the injected surfactant. However, some crude oils do not have a sufficiently high acid number for this approach to work.
Foam can be used for mobility control by alternating slugs of gas with slugs of surfactant solution. Besides effective oil displacement in a homogeneous sandpack, it demonstrated greatly improved sweep in a layered sandpack.
Localization of Ensemble-Based Control-Setting Updates for Production Optimization
Authors: Chen Yan , Oliver Dean S. 
Published: July 2011

Summary
In the ensemble-based approach to production optimization (EnOpt), a steepest-ascent direction is computed from an ensemble of controls to iteratively improve a set of control settings. The method was shown to work well in maximizing field net present value (NPV) with an ensemble size of 104 on the Brugge SPE comparative test case for closed-loop optimization that had 84 controllable completion intervals (and 3,360 control variables), but performance of the method with smaller ensemble size or on larger problems might be difficult. Without regularization, the crosscovariance between control variables and the objective function is often likely to be dominated by spurious correlations. Because the update to the control variables is proportional to the covariance, spurious correlations will result in poor control settings.
We propose a localization method that updates the control setting to optimize the field production while reconciling information from each individual well. The proposed localization method reduces the effect of spurious correlations for improved performance. The Brugge test case is used as an example to show that with covariance localization, greater efficiency could be achieved through the use of a smaller ensemble, or that for a given ensemble size, the optimization results can be improved.
Biot Critical Frequency Applied as Common Friction Factor for Pore Collapse and Failure of Chalk With Different Pore Fluids and Temperatures
Authors: Andreassen Katrine Alling , Fabricius Ida Lykke , Foged Niels Nielsen 
Published: July 2011

SummaryA fluid effect toward higher strengths for oil-saturated chalk compared with water-saturated chalk has previously been identified and labeled the "water-weakening phenomenon," but has not been further characterized physically. The hypothesis of this paper is that the Biot critical frequency with a strain or stress-rate dependence can be used to explain this behavior on the pore scale and can be extrapolated to the macroscale failure and pore-collapse properties. A large set of previously published laboratory test results on chalk with different pore fluids was collected, and as a supplement we present a new test series on Stevns chalk with unconfined compression and Brazilian strength results.
Solubility Of Methane, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide in Bitumen and Water for SAGD Modelling
Authors: Al-Murayri Mohammed , Harding Thomas G. , Maini Brij B. 
Published: July 2011

Summary
Gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane that can be present in a steam-assisted gravity-drainage (SAGD) steam chamber (but do not condense into the liquid phase to any large degree at reservoir conditions) are referred to as noncondensable gases (NCGs). The coinjection of NCGs with steam during SAGD results in changes in production rate, total oil production, and the amount of steam required to mobilize the bitumen in place. To investigate the impact of NCGs on SAGD performance by means of numerical simulation, it is important to model gas solubility in both bitumen and water accurately. Also, the dependence of relative permeability on temperature needs to be accounted for to achieve reliable results. This study presents a systematic approach to predict the K-values for the gas/bitumen- and gas/water-phase equilibria over a wide range of pressures and temperatures.
Impact of Noncondensable Gas on Performance of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
Authors: Al-Murayri Mohammed , Harding Thomas G. , Maini Brij B. 
Published: July 2011

Summary
This study investigates, by means of numerical modelling, the impacts of naturally occurring and continuously coinjected and intermittently coinjected noncondensable gas (NCG) at different stages of the steam-assisted gravity-drainage (SAGD) process. The CMG Builder software was used to construct a homogeneous 2D baseline model based on generic Athabasca-type reservoir properties and well configuration. A fluid-component model was generated using the CMG WinProp package for modelling the phase behaviour and properties of reservoir fluids. This fluid-component model was modified to incorporate manually calculated K-values for the gas-water- and the gas-bitumen-phase equilibria. The modified fluid model was then incorporated into the baseline model and the CMG STARS thermal reservoir simulator.
The simulation results of this study show that methane coinjection along with steam is generally not beneficial. Although it can reduce the heat loss to the overburden to some extent, the reduction in oil-drainage rate and total oil recovery negates the benefits of such heat-loss reduction. The poor performance of NCG addition to SAGD results from the tendency for the NCG to remain in the vicinity of the steam chamber and reduce the transfer of heat into the cold bitumen at the edges of the steam chamber, thereby impeding steam-chamber growth. Accurate modelling of NCG addition to steam in SAGD is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate relative permeability curves and gas-solubility data. NCG with steam may perform better compared with steam-only injection in SAGD if methane coinjection were investigated using a heterogeneous model in which SAGD is affected adversely by the presence of reservoir heterogeneities in the form of shale barriers, inclined heterolithic strata (IHS), and steam-thief zones.
Laboratory Experiment on Coalbed-Methane Desorption Influenced by Water Injection and Temperature
Authors: Zhao Dong , Zhao Yangsheng , Feng Zengchao 
Published: July 2011

Summary
Traditional coalbed-methane (CBM) exploitation technologies, including ordinary drills, enhanced drills, water jets, and hydrofracture in the coalbed, are widely used in modern coal mining and involve high-pressure water. Because the CBM-desorption capacity decreases when using high-pressure water, the CBM output efficiency is lower than expected. To investigate the decrease in CBM desorption after water injection and the increase in CBM output after temperature is raised, an experimental system was built to simulate ideal conditions for one water-injection well per production well. The apparatus comprised a gas-liquid-injection system, a coal-sample container, a temperature-control device, a measurement system, and other auxiliary devices. Experiments on the effects of water injection and temperature on CBM desorption were carried out. The results revealed that the CBM-desorption capacity mainly depends on the water-injection pressure at constant temperature. The capacity decreased by at least 50% at less 2 MPa and became stable if the water pressure exceeded 8 MPa. Furthermore, the desorption capacity rapidly increased when the temperature was increased after water injection. Desorption reached a plateau once the temperature reached the boiling point of water, and the percentage desorption (PD) at 90°C was greater than that for free broken coal. The results demonstrate that heated hydrofracture is an effective technology with good efficiency for CBM exploitation.
Hemoglobin A1c as a Screen for Previously Undiagnosed Prediabetes and Diabetes in an Acute-Care Setting
Authors: Silverman Robert A. , Thakker Urvi , Ellman Tovah , Wong Ivan , Smith Kelly , Ito Kazuhiko , Graff Kirsten 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is recommended for identifying diabetes and prediabetes. Because HbA1c does not fluctuate with recent eating or acute illness, it can be measured in a variety of clinical settings. Although outpatient studies identified HbA1c-screening cutoff values for diabetes and prediabetes, HbA1c-screening thresholds have not been determined for acute-care settings. Using follow-up fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as the criterion gold standard, we determined optimal HbA1c-screening cutoffs for undiagnosed dysglycemia in the emergency department setting.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a prospective observational study of adults aged ≥18 years with no known history of hyperglycemia presenting to an emergency department with acute illness. Outpatient FBS and 2-h OGTT were performed after recovery from the acute illness, resulting in diagnostic categorizations of prediabetes, diabetes, and dysglycemia (prediabetes or diabetes). Optimal cutoffs were determined and performance data identified for cut points.

RESULTS
A total of 618 patients were included, with a mean age of 49.7 (±14.9) years and mean HbA1c of 5.68% (±0.86). On the basis of an OGTT, the prevalence of previously undiagnosed prediabetes and diabetes was 31.9 and 10.5%, respectively. The optimal HbA1c-screening cutoff for prediabetes was 5.7% (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.659, sensitivity = 55%, and specificity = 71%), for dysglycemia 5.8% (AUC = 0.717, sensitivity = 57%, and specificity = 79%), and for diabetes 6.0% (AUC = 0.868, sensitivity = 77%, and specificity = 87%).

CONCLUSIONS
We identified HbA1c cut points to screen for prediabetes and diabetes in an emergency department adult population. The values coincide with published outpatient study findings and suggest that an emergency department visit provides an opportunity for HbA1c-based dysglycemia screening.
Chronic Reduction of Fasting Glycemia With Insulin Glargine Improves First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pennartz Christian , Schenker Nina , Menge Björn A. , Schmidt Wolfgang E. , Nauck Michael A. , Meier Juris J. 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVEInsulin secretion is often diminished in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes. We examined whether chronic basal insulin treatment with insulin glargine improves glucose-induced insulin secretion.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSFourteen patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin monotherapy received an add-on therapy with insulin glargine over 8 weeks. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) were performed before and after the intervention, with and without previous adjustment of fasting glucose levels using a 3-h intravenous insulin infusion.RESULTSFasting glycemia was lowered from 179.6 ± 7.5 to 117.6 ± 6.5 mg/dL (P &lt; 0.001), and HbA1c levels declined from 8.4 ± 0.5 to 7.1 ± 0.2% (P = 0.0046). The final insulin dose was 59.3 ± 10.2 IU. Acute normalization of fasting glycemia by intravenous insulin reduced C-peptide levels during the IVGTT (P &lt; 0.0001). In contrast, insulin and C-peptide responses to intravenous glucose administration were significantly greater after the glargine treatment period (P &lt; 0.0001, respectively). Both first- and second-phase insulin secretion increased significantly after the glargine treatment period (P &lt; 0.05, respectively). These improvements in insulin secretion were observed during both the experiments with and without acute adjustment of fasting glycemia.CONCLUSIONSChronic supplementation of long-acting basal insulin improves glucose-induced insulin secretion in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes, whereas acute exogenous insulin administration reduces the β-cell response to glucose administration. These data provide a rationale for basal insulin treatment regiments to improve postprandial endogenous insulin secretion in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes.
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Is Improved by Adding Asymptomatic Coronary Status to Routine Risk Assessment in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Cosson Emmanuel , Nguyen Minh Tuan , Chanu Bernard , Banu Isabela , Chiheb Sabrina , Balta Cristina , Takbou Karim , Valensi Paul 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate if silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) and silent coronary artery disease (CAD) provide significant additional value to routine cardiovascular risk assessment in type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We followed up to a first cardiovascular event 688 subjects (322 men, aged 59 ± 8 years) out of 731 consecutive asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients with ≥1 additional risk factor who had been prospectively screened between 1992 and 2006 for SMI by stress myocardial scintigraphy and for silent CAD by coronary angiography.

RESULTS
SMI was found in 207 (30.1%) patients and CAD in 76 of those with SMI. Of the patients, 98 had a first cardiovascular event during a 5.4 ± 3.5 (range: 0.1–19.2) year follow-up period. Cox regression analysis considering parameters predicting events but not SMI and CAD (“routine assessment”) showed in univariate analyses that macroproteinuria (hazard ratio [HR] 3.33 [95% CI 1.74–6.35]; P &lt; 0.001), current multifactorial care (0.27 [0.15–0.47]; P &lt; 0.001), and peripheral/carotid occlusive arterial disease (PCOAD; 4.33 [2.15–8.71]; P &lt; 0.001) independently predicted cardiovascular events. When added into the model, SMI (HR 1.76 [1.00–3.12]; P = 0.05) and CAD (2.28 [1.24–4.57]; P &lt; 0.01) were also independently associated with events. SMI added to the prediction of an event in the following 5 years above and beyond routine assessment risk prediction (c statistic with or without SMI 0.788 [0.720–0.855] and 0.705 [0.616–0.794], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Although screening for SMI and silent CAD should not be systematic, these complications are predictive of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients in addition to routine risk predictors, especially represented by PCOAD, macroproteinuria, and nonintensive management.
Continuous Glucose Profiles in Obese and Normal-Weight Pregnant Women on a Controlled Diet
Authors: Harmon Kristin A. , Gerard Lori , Jensen Dalan R. , Kealey Elizabeth H. , Hernandez Teri L. , Reece Melanie S. , Barbour Linda A. , Bessesen Daniel H. 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE
We sought to define 24-h glycemia in normal-weight and obese pregnant women using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) while they consumed a habitual and controlled diet both early and late in pregnancy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Glycemia was prospectively measured in early (15.7 ± 2.0 weeks’ gestation) and late (27.7 ± 1.7 weeks’ gestation) pregnancy in normal-weight (n = 22) and obese (n = 16) pregnant women on an ad libitum and controlled diet. Fasting glucose, triglycerides (early pregnancy only), nonesterified fatty acids (FFAs), and insulin also were measured.

RESULTS
The 24-h glucose area under the curve was higher in obese women than in normal-weight women both early and late in pregnancy despite controlled diets. Nearly all fasting and postprandial glycemic parameters were higher in the obese women later in pregnancy, as were fasting insulin, triglycerides, and FFAs. Infants born to obese mothers had greater adiposity. Maternal BMI (r = 0.54, P = 0.01), late average daytime glucose (r = 0.48, P &lt; 0.05), and late fasting insulin (r = 0.49, P &lt; 0.05) correlated with infant percentage body fat. However, early fasting triglycerides (r = 0.67, P &lt; 0.001) and late fasting FFAs (r = 0.54, P &lt; 0.01) were even stronger correlates.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study to demonstrate that obese women without diabetes have higher daytime and nocturnal glucose profiles than normal-weight women despite a controlled diet both early and late in gestation. Body fat in infants, not birth weight, was related to maternal BMI, glucose, insulin, and FFAs, but triglycerides were the strongest predictor. These metabolic findings may explain higher rates of infant macrosomia in obese women, which might be targeted in trials to prevent excess fetal growth.
Oxalic Acid Under Adhesive Restorations as a Means to Reduce Dentin Sensitivity: A Four-Month Clinical Trial
Authors: Barrientos C , Xaus G , Leighton C , Martin J , Gordan VV , Moncada G 
Published: July 2011

Clinical RelevanceOxalic acid may offer a novel approach to improve the reduction of dentin postoperative sensitivity after placement of resin-bonded restorations.
In Vitro Evaluation of ICDAS and Radiographic Examination of Occlusal Surfaces and Their Association With Treatment Decisions
Authors: Diniz MB , Lima LM , Eckert G , Zandona AG Ferreira , Cordeiro RCL , Pinto L Santos 
Published: July 2011

Clinical RelevanceIt has been suggested that occlusal caries detection has become more difficult due to the widespread use of fluoride, which slows down lesion progression and delays cavitation. The ability to detect caries lesions at an early stage has a significant impact on treatment decisions, improving the possibility for a successful preventive intervention. In this investigation, the authors found that the International Caries Detection and Assessment System associated with radiographic examination has the potential to support treatment decisions for occlusal surfaces.