bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anprall und Explosion – Experimentelle Untersuchungen an Verbundbauteilen
Authors: Britner Alexander , Ummenhofer Thomas , Elghazouli Ahmed Y. , Bangert Falko , Dürr André 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAußergewöhnliche Bauwerksbeanspruchungen aus Explosion und Anprall rücken immer mehr in den Fokus der Bemessung wegen der weltweiten Zunahme terroristischer Anschläge. Der passive Schutz von Bauten gegenüber Terrorattacken gewinnt immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die Auswirkungen solcher dynamischen Belastungen aus Anprall und Explosion unterscheiden sich wegen des dynamischen Systemverhaltens und der Abhängigkeit vom Impulsverlauf erheblich von statischen Belastungen.Im Rahmen des europäischen RFCS (Research Fund for Coal and Steel)‐Forschungsprojekts COSIMB (Composite Column and Wall Systems for Impact and Blast Resistance) wurden an der Universität Karlsruhe, heute Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), am Imperial College, London, und bei der HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Frankfurt, Untersuchungen an Verbundstützen und Stützen‐Wand‐Verbundsystemen, bestehend aus höherfestem Stahl und hochfestem Beton, durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen umfassten sowohl statische als auch dynamische Beanspruchungen. Die realisierten Aufprallgeschwindigkeiten betrugen bis zu 14,5 m/s bei einer Masse des Aufprallfahrzeugs von bis zu 1460 kg. Die aufgebrachten Explosionsbelastungen entsprachen der Druckwelle einer Sprengladung von bis zu 2240 kg TNT‐Äquivalent. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Versuchsdurchführung sowie die erhaltenen Ergebnisse.Blast and impact – Experimental investigations on composite structures. Nowadays civil engineers pay more attention to the extraordinary loads like blast and impact. This trend was set off by the political development after the Cold War when the risk of terrorist attacks increased. The passive protection of the buildings becomes more important. The effects of such loads are not the same as the effect of a static load with the same maximum amplitude. It is a fact that currently used structures are not designed for such extreme events.Within the European RFCS research project COSIMB experimental study on composite column and wall systems made out of high performance steel and concrete was done. The experimental study includes static and dynamic tests. The impact velocities were up to 14.5 m/s. The mass of the impact moving barrier was up to 1460 kg. The blast loads corresponds to an explosive charge up to 2240 kg TNT. In this paper the performance of the tests and the test results are presented.
Plasma‐induzierte Polymerisation von Acrylaten
Authors: Elsner Christian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPlasmen eignen sich zur Erzeugung komplexer Polymere aus einfachen Monomervorstufen. Beispielsweise wird der Prozess der Plasma‐Polymerisation zur Abscheidung dünner polymerer Filme aus der Gasphase genutzt, indem die gasförmigen Polymerprecursoren aktiviert, ionisiert oder fragmentiert werden und sich anschließend zu größeren Molekülkomplexen zusammenlagern. Eine weitere Möglichkeit zur Erzeugung polymerer Strukturen besteht über die Plasma‐induzierte Polymerisation. Hierbei erfolgt die Polymerisation innerhalb einer zuvor auf ein Substrat aufgebrachten Beschichtung. Sie wird initiiert durch reaktive Plasmaspezies in Analogie zu anderen strahleninduzierten Polymerisationen. Ein Vorteil des Plasmaverfahrens ist jedoch die räumliche Verteilung aktiver Spezies, die es ermöglicht, auch prepolymere, flüssige Beschichtungen auf komplex geformten Substraten auszuhärten. In diesem Artikel werden Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur Plasma‐induzierten Polymerisation an Acrylaten vorgestellt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auf Aspekte des Doppelbindungsumsatzes, der Oberflächenenergie und der Mikrostrukturierung eingegangen.
Einfluss der HiPIMS‐Parameter beim PVD‐Verfahren
Authors: Slomski Elena Maja , Scheerer Herbert , Troßmann Torsten , Berger Christina 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStörstellen in Bauteiloberflächen wirken sich häufig ungünstig auf die Schichtnukleation bei PVD‐Beschichtungen aus. Sie können beim Schichtwachstum zu defekten in der Schichtstruktur führen. Die Konsequenz ist eine Minderung der lokalen Haftfestigkeit, höhere Reibwerte und Fehlstellen in der Schicht. Diese begünstigen in korrosiven Medien die Entstehung von lokalen Korrosionselementen an Defekten.CrN‐Schichten sind für ihre hohe Härte und ihre guten Verschleißeigenschaften bekannt. Zudem weisen sie eine bessere Korrosionsbeständigkeit als Ti basierte Nitride auf. Die strukturellen und mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Schichtsysteme können unter anderem durch die Veränderung der Biasspannung und des Stickstoffgehalts während des Schichtwachstums beeinflusst werden.Durch gezielte Variation dieser Parameter beim reaktiven Magnetronsputtern wurden CrN‐Schichten mit den bevorzugten Kristallgitterstrukturen (111) und (200) abgeschieden, mit dem Ziel, deren Fähigkeit zur Abdeckung von Störstellen zu untersuchen.
Nanotechnologie
Authors: Werner Matthias , Barbré Ingo Matthias , Markanović Mario 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNanotechnologie hat sowohl in der Wissenschaft als auch in der Wirtschaft erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Über 4 Milliarden USD an öffentlichen Fördergeldern werden allein in diesem Jahr weltweit für die Nanotechnologieforschung ausgegeben. Verschiedene Publikationen weisen darauf hin, dass nahezu jede Branche in der Zukunft durch Nanotechnologie beeinflusst werden wird. Die Anwendung von kohlenstoffbasierten Materialien – insbesondere Kohlenstoffnanoröhren – wird im Allgemeinen in unterschiedlichen Branchen als eine der wichtigsten Zukunftssektoren angesehen. Trotzdem sind derzeit nur äußerst begrenzte Informationen über die Märkte, die Marktgrößen, die Patentsituation und die Zeitspannen bis zur Kommerzialisierung verfügbar. Exotische kohlenstoffbasierte Materialien, wie z. B. nanokristalline Diamantfilme, weisen physikalisch sehr ähnliche Eigenschaften – wie Kohlenstoffnanoröhren – auf und werden bereits sehr erfolgreich in verschiedenen Nischenmärkten angewendet.
Kollektorbeschichtungen für die EUV‐Lithografie
Authors: Perske Marco , Pauer Hagen , Yulin Sergiy , Trost Marcus , Schröder Sven , Duparré Angela , Feigl Torsten , Kaiser Norbert 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDie Extrem‐Ultraviolett‐Lithografie (EUVL) bei einer Wellenlänge von 13,5 nm (14‐mal kleiner als bei aktuellen Lithografiesystemen) stellt eine innovative Methode dar, integrierte Schaltkreise mit strukturbreiten ≤ 22 nm herzustellen [1]. Die vorliegende Arbeit demonstriert die erfolgreiche Beschichtung des derzeit weltgrößten Kollektorspiegels für die EUVL mit einem Durchmesser von 660 mm (Abb. 1). Um den geforderten Reflexionsgrad von mehr als 65 % auf dem Kollektor zu realisieren, wurde dieser mit einem hochreflektierenden Interferenzschichtsystem versehen. Die Beschichtung ist mittels DC‐Magnetronsputtertechnologie an der Beschichtungsanlage „NESSY”︁ durchgeführt worden. Der erzielte Reflexionsgrad lag bei mehr als 65 % für Radien bis zu 220 mm. Für Radien zwischen 230 mm und 320 mm nahm der Reflexionsgrad auf 58 % ab. Die angestrebte Wellenlänge blieb über die gesamte Kollektoroberfläche konstant bei (13,50 ± 0,05) nm und liegt somit innerhalb der Spezifikation für die kommerzielle Nutzung.
A fast and reliable routing technique for wireless mesh networks
Authors: Javadi Farshad , Munasinghe Kumudu S. , Jamalipour Abbas 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn wireless mesh networks (WMNs), real time communications (e.g., Voice over IP (VoIP) and interactive video communications) may often be interrupted as packets are frequently lost or delayed excessively. This usually happens due to the unreliability of wireless links or buffer overflows along the routing paths. The mesh connectivity within the WMN enables the capability to enhance reliability and reduce delay for such applications by using multiple paths for routing their packets. The vital components in multi‐path routing for achieving this are the pre‐determined formation of paths and the technique that the paths are deployed for packet traversal. Therefore, we propose a novel multi‐path routing protocol by introducing a new multi‐path organization and a traffic assignment technique. The designed technique dubbed as FLASH (Fast and reLiAble meSH routing protocol) discovers one primary path between a pair of source and destination based on a new proposed metric, and thereafter selects mini‐paths, which connect pairs of intermediate nodes along the primary path. The primary path and mini‐paths are concurrently deployed, as multiple copies of packets are routed through. This technique compensates for possible outage at intermediate wireless nodes or their corresponding wireless links along the primary path. Routing along mini‐paths is performed in such a way that redundant copies do not cause an excessive congestion on the network. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is evaluated analytically and through extensive simulations under various load conditions. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed multi‐path organization in terms of reliability and satisfactory achievements of the protocol in enhancing delay and throughput compared to the existing routing protocols, especially for long distances and in congested conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal‐based nanoparticles and their toxicity assessment
Authors: Schrand Amanda M. , Rahman Mohammad F. , Hussain Saber M. , Schlager John J. , Smith David A. , Syed Ali F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNanoparticles (NPs) can potentially cause adverse effects on organ, tissue, cellular, subcellular, and protein levels due to their unusual physicochemical properties (e.g., small size, high surface area to volume ratio, chemical composition, crystallinity, electronic properties, surface structure reactivity and functional groups, inorganic or organic coatings, solubility, shape, and aggregation behavior). Metal NPs, in particular, have received increasing interest due to their widespread medical, consumer, industrial, and military applications. However, as particle size decreases, some metal‐based NPs are showing increased toxicity, even if the same material is relatively inert in its bulk form (e.g., Ag, Au, and Cu). NPs also interact with proteins and enzymes within mammalian cells and they can interfere with the antioxidant defense mechanism leading to reactive oxygen species generation, the initiation of an inflammatory response and perturbation and destruction of the mitochondria causing apoptosis or necrosis. As a result, there are many challenges to overcome before we can determine if the benefits outweigh the risks associated with NPs. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 544–568This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
From cradle to grave: RNA biology in malaria parasites
Authors: Hughes Katie R. , Philip Nisha , Lucas Starnes G. , Taylor Sonya , Waters Andrew P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMalaria is caused by the unicellular apicomplexan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, some of which, including the major human parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have extreme genome compositions (A/T content > 80%). In this overview of RNA production, roles and degradation, we show that despite their unusual genome composition these parasites generally exhibit the standard eukaryotic features of these processes. Thus genes are monocistronic and transcribed by RNA polymerases that conform to the general categories of I, II, and III. Plasmodium spp. are unusual in that they possess structurally distinct rRNA genes that are expressed at different points in the complicated life cycle of the parasite. Transcription in blood stage asexual parasites follows a cascade consistent with a dependency upon plant‐like apetala 2 (AP2) DNA‐binding proteins. mRNA is transported to, translated and degraded in the cytoplasm and the transcription pattern is largely inflexible and responsive to temperature and glucose but not drugs. Furthermore, although Plasmodium spp. undertake controlled repression of mRNA species at a number of points in their life cycle only one mechanism, employed by female gametocytes (gamete precursor cells), is clear; it resembles that of metazoan female gametes, consisting of a complex of repression‐associated proteins in an architecture formed with the mRNA 5′ cap and dependent on U‐rich untranslated region (UTR) elements. Extensive antisense transcription has been documented resulting in the production of both short and long transcripts of generally unknown functional significance. This review attempts to summarize what is currently known about the biology of Plasmodium RNA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Regulation
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
HITS‐CLIP: panoramic views of protein–RNA regulation in living cells
Authors: Darnell Robert B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe study of gene regulation in cells has recently begun to shift from a period dominated by the study of transcription factor‐DNA interactions to a new focus on RNA regulation. This was sparked by the still‐emerging recognition of the central role for RNA in cellular complexity emanating from the RNA World hypothesis, and has been facilitated by technologic advances, in particular high throughput RNA sequencing and crosslinking methods (RNA‐Seq, CLIP, and HITS‐CLIP). This study will place these advances in context, and, focusing on CLIP, will explain the method, what it can be used for, and how to approach using it. Examples of the successes, limitations, and future of the technique will be discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses In Vitro and In Silico
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
Signaling pathways in early cardiac development
Authors: Liu Wenrui , Foley Ann C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCardiomyocyte differentiation is a complex multistep process requiring the proper temporal and spatial integration of multiple signaling pathways. Previous embryological and genetic studies have identified a number of signaling pathways that are critical to mediate the initial formation of the mesoderm and its allocation to the cardiomyocyte lineage. It has become clear that some of these signaling networks work autonomously, in differentiating myocardial cells whereas others work non‐autonomously, in neighboring tissues, to regulate cardiac differentiation indirectly. Here, we provide an overview of three signaling networks that mediate cardiomyocyte specification and review recent insights into their specific roles in heart development. In addition, we demonstrate how systems level, ‘omic approaches’ and other high‐throughput techniques such as small molecules screens are beginning to impact our understanding of cardiomyocyte specification and, to identify novel signaling pathways involved in this process. In particular, it now seems clear that at least one chemokine receptor CXCR4 is an important marker for cardiomyocyte progenitors and may play a functional role in their differentiation. Finally, we discuss some gaps in our current understanding of early lineage selection that could be addressed by various types of omic analysis. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 191–205 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.112This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Survival After Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Ampullary Cancer is not Affected by Age
Authors: Yeh Chi‐Chuan , Jeng Yung‐Ming , Ho Cheng‐Maw , Hu Rey‐Heng , Chang Hsiu‐Pi , Tien Yu‐Wen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackgroundAlthough pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) provides the best chance of survival for elderly patients with ampullary carcinoma, it is associated with considerable surgical risk. The aim of the present study was to compare the benefits and risks of pancreaticoduodenectomy as a treatment of ampullary carcinoma between young and elderly patients.Patients and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 171 consecutive patients treated at our hospital. Comparison of the biological aggressiveness of ampullary cancer between old and younger patients was also performed by immunohistochemical study of several prognostic biological markers, including MUC1, MUC2, CK17, and CDX2.ResultsFor patients in whom ampullary carcinoma was presumed resectable preoperatively, actuarial survival was significantly poorer in 55 elderly patients because 9 of them did not have PD (the other 46 had PD) than in 101 younger patients (all had PD). Multivariate analysis indicated that PD was the only independent prognostic factor; age was not. There were no significant differences in MUC1, CK17, MUC2, and CDX2 immunohistochemical staining of ampullary carcinomas between elderly and young patients. In spite of increased co‐morbidities, PD could be performed as safely in elderly patients as in young patients. After PD, the actuarial survivalwas similar between old and young patients.ConclusionsOur data support the conclusion that ampullary cancers in elderly patients should be treated as aggressively as in younger patients.
Meningococcal purpura fulminans in children: I. Initial orthopedic management
Authors: Nectoux E. , Mezel A. , Raux S. , Fron D. , Maillet M. , Herbaux B. 
Published: August 2010

Background Purpura fulminans is a rare and extremely severe infection, mostly due to Neisseria meningitidis frequently causing early orthopedic lesions. Few studies have reported on the initial surgical management of acute purpura fulminans. The aim of this study is to look at the predictive factors in orthopedic outcome in light of the initial surgical management in children surviving initial resuscitation. Methods Nineteen patients referred to our institution between 1987 and 2005 were taken care of at the very beginning of the purpura fulminans. All cases were retrospectively reviewed so as to collect information on the total skin necrosis, vascular insufficiency, gangrene, and total duration of vasopressive treatment. Results All patients had multiorgan failure; only one never developed any skin necrosis or ischemia. Eighteen patients lost tissue, leading to 22 skin grafts, including two total skin grafts. There was only one graft failure. Thirteen patients were concerned by an amputation, representing, in total, 54 fingers, 36 toes, two transmetatarsal, and ten transtibial below-knee amputations, with a mean delay of 4 weeks after onset of the disease. Necrosis seems to affect mainly the lower limbs, but there is no predictive factor that impacted on the orthopedic outcome. We did not perform any fasciotomy or compartment pressure measurement to avoid non-perfusion worsening; nonetheless, our outcome in this series is comparable to existing series in the literature. V.A.C.® therapy could be promising regarding the management of skin necrosis in this particular context. While suffering from general multiorgan failure, great care should be observed not to miss any additional osseous or articular infection, as some patients also develop local osteitis and osteomyelitis that are often not diagnosed. Conclusions We do not advocate very early surgery during the acute phase of purpura fulminans, as it does not change the orthopedic outcome in these children. By performing amputations and skin coverage some time after the acute phase, we obtained similar results to those found in the literature.
ENDPOINT ESTIMATES FOR COMMUTATORS OF RIESZ TRANSFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH SCHRÖDINGER OPERATORS
Authors: LI PENGTAO , PENG LIZHONG 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss the H1L-boundedness of commutators of Riesz transforms associated with the Schrödinger operator L=−△+V, where H1L(Rn) is the Hardy space associated with L. We assume that V (x) is a nonzero, nonnegative potential which belongs to Bq for some q>n/2. Let T1=V (x)(−△+V )−1, T2=V1/2(−△+V )−1/2 and T3 =∇(−△+V )−1/2. We prove that, for b∈BMO (Rn) , the commutator [b,T3 ] is not bounded from H1L(Rn) to L1 (Rn) as T3 itself. As an alternative, we obtain that [b,Ti ] , ( i=1,2,3 ) are of (H1L,L1weak) -boundedness.
Minimalist models for proteins: a comparative analysis
Authors: Tozzini Valentina 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the coarse-grained (CG) models for biopolymers, also stimulated by the needs of modern molecular biology, dealing with nano- to micro-sized bio-molecular systems and larger than microsecond timescale. This combination of size and timescale is, in fact, hard to access by atomic-based simulations. Coarse graining the system is a route to be followed to overcome these limits, but the ways of practically implementing it are many and different, making the landscape of CG models very vast and complex.In this paper, the CG models are reviewed and their features, applications and performances compared. This analysis, restricted to proteins, focuses on the minimalist models, namely those reducing at minimum the number of degrees of freedom without losing the possibility of explicitly describing the secondary structures. This class includes models using a single or a few interacting centers (beads) for each amino acid.From this analysis several issues emerge. The difficulty in building these models resides in the need for combining transferability/predictive power with the capability of accurately reproducing the structures. It is shown that these aspects could be optimized by accurately choosing the force field (FF) terms and functional forms, and combining different parameterization procedures. In addition, in spite of the variety of the minimalist models, regularities can be found in the parameters values and in FF terms. These are outlined and schematically presented with the aid of a generic phase diagram of the polypeptide in the parameter space and, hopefully, could serve as guidelines for the development of minimalist models incorporating the maximum possible level of predictive power and structural accuracy.
The value of nature in Indian (Hindu) traditions
Authors: FRAMARIN CHRISTOPHER G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMany authors claim that certain Indian (Hindu) texts and traditions deny that nature has intrinsic value. If nature has value at all, it has value only as a means tomokṣa(liberation). This view is implausible as an interpretation of any Indian tradition that accepts the doctrines ofahiṃsā(non-harm) andkarma. The proponent must explain the connection betweenahiṃsāand merit by citing the connection betweenahiṃsāandmokṣa:ahiṃsāis valuable, and therefore produces merit, becauseahiṃsāis instrumentally valuable as a means tomokṣa. Ahiṃsāis a means tomokṣa, however, because it produces merit. Hence the explanation is circular. Additionally, this view entails that morality is strictly arbitrary – it might just as well be thathiṃsā(harm) produces merit, andahiṃsāproduces demerit. An alternative interpretation that avoids these problems states that the value ofahiṃsāderives from the intrinsic value of the unharmed entities.
Counter-cultural religious experiences
Authors: DUMSDAY TRAVIS 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDiscussions of the evidential import of religious experiences have tended to focus on the intra-cultural variety: that is, experiences the content of which accord with the religious/cultural background of the experiencer (eg. someone raised in a Buddhist culture might experience the oneness of all, whereas someone from a Christian background might have a vision of Jesus). But what of counter-cultural experiences? That is, experiences which fall outside of the individual's religious/cultural background? Little attention has been paid to these, though such experiences are far from unheard of in the case study literature. In this paper I explore some preliminary questions surrounding the evidential import of counter-cultural religious experiences.