bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Equation missing" : an integrated modeling approach for developing educational modules
Authors: Barbosa Ellen Francine , Maldonado José Carlos 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Educational modules—concise units of study, composed of theoretical and practical content, which can be delivered to learners by using technological and computational resources—are relevant mechanisms to improve the learning processes. Similar to software products, educational modules require the establishment and integration of innovative methods, tools and procedures into well-defined processes aiming at producing flexible, adaptable and high-quality products. In this sense, content modeling activity plays a fundamental role in the development of educational modules, providing a way to structure the relevant parts of the learning content. Motivated by this scenario, we propose "Equation missing"—an approach for modeling learning content, capable of addressing conceptual, instructional and didactic issues altogether, in an integrated way. By means of a set of models, "Equation missing" helps the author in determining the relevant parts of the learning content, providing a systematic way to structure the concepts and related information. "Equation missing" also explores the idea of open specifications, providing support for the definition of dynamic contexts of learning. Besides that, the translation of "Equation missing" models into machine-readable specifications, automatically or by hand, makes possible interoperability and promotes reusability. "Equation missing" has been applied in the development of educational modules for different domains. The resulting modules have been evaluated in terms of the authors’ and learners’ perspectives. The results obtained provide preliminary evidence of the learning effectiveness, quality and flexibility achieved by the educational modules produced.
Health technology assessment–based development of a Spanish breast cancer patient decision aid
Authors: Izquierdo Fátima , Gracia Javier , Guerra Mercedes , Blasco Juan Antonio , Andradas Elena 
Published: October 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a breast cancer Patient Decision Aid (PDA), using a Health Technology Assessment (HTA) process, to assist patients in their choice of therapeutic options, and to promote shared decision making among patients, healthcare professionals, and other interested parties.Methods: A systematic review (SR) was conducted of existing breast cancer patient Decision Aids encountered in the main scientific journal databases and on institutional Web sites that create PDAs, together with a Qualitative Research (QR) study, using semi-structured interviews and focus group with stakeholders (patients, family members, and health professionals), with the aim of developing a PDA for breast cancer.Results: The SR shows that PDAs in breast cancer not only increase patient knowledge of the illness, leading to more realistic expectations of treatment outcomes, but also reduce passivity in the decision-making process and facilitate the appropriate choice of treatment options in accordance with patient medical and personal preferences. The analysis of QR shows that both breast cancer patients and healthcare professionals agree that surgery, adjuvant treatments, and breast reconstruction represent the most important decisions to be made. Worry, anxiety, optimism, and trust in healthcare professionals were determined as factors that most affected patients subjective experiences of the illness. This HTA was used as the basis for developing a PDA software program.Conclusions: The SR and QR used in the development of this PDA for breast cancer allowed patients to access information, gain additional knowledge of their illness, make shared treatment decisions, and gave healthcare professionals a deeper insight into patient experiences of the disease.
Ethical Issues in Disasters
Authors: Lateef Fatimah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA disaster is a situation that overwhelms the local population’s capacity to respond, thus necessitating a request for assistance from outside the impacted area. In these circumstances, needs usually outweigh resources. The objective of response is to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people (the utilitarian principle). As such, some unique ethical considerations will arise that are not seen in day-to-day practice.The adoption of medical ethics principles is important in such situations, but certain provisions must be accepted. In large-scale, complex disasters, it may be impossible to provide optimal care to each patient. This paper will discuss some of the challenges for healthcare personnel at “ground zero”, how training in preventive ethics may help, and what principles can be applied when working in disaster-affected areas or when responding to disasters.
Social Cognition Impairments in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Henry Audrey , Tourbah Ayman , Chaunu Marie-Pierre , Rumbach Lucien , Montreuil Michèle , Bakchine Serge 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTheory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to attribute independent mental states to self and others to explain and predict behavior. Impairment of ToM is well established in developmental pathologies. In neurological populations, investigation of ToM is still rare but data suggest that ToM impairment could contribute to behavioral and social disturbances. In addition to neurological signs, multiple sclerosis (MS) presents with disorders of cognition and behavior directly related to brain damage. The aim of this study was to assess ToM abilities and recognition of facial emotional expression in adults with MS. We compared 64 patients with relapsing MS and 30 matched healthy controls on three levels of ToM tasks, a facial emotion recognition task, and a neuropsychological assessment. MS patients performed significantly worse than controls in emotion recognition and all ToM tasks (p < .02). These deficits were not correlated with demographic variables or neuropsychological test performance. These findings underscore the importance of assessing ToM and facial recognition in MS, as dysfunction in these areas may impact upon social interaction and, thus, impair quality of life for both patients with MS and their families. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1122–1131)
Clustering and Switching Strategies During Verbal Fluency Performance Differentiate Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Aging
Authors: Haugrud Nicole , Crossley Margaret , Vrbancic Mirna 
Published: October 2011

AbstractClustering and switching strategies during phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks as defined by Troyer et al. (1997), Abwender et al. (2001), and Lanting et al. (2009) were compared using archival data to determine which scoring procedures best differentiate healthy older adults (n = 26) from individuals with early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 26). Total word production showed the largest group difference, especially for semantic fluency. The AD group produced fewer switches when compared to the healthy control group, whereas the groups did not differ in cluster size. The AD group also accessed fewer novel semantic subcategories, presumably due to reduced access to semantic memory storage rather than lower processing speed. Clustering and switching scores on the phonemic task did not add information above total words produced, consistent with previous research indicating these variables are most informative in relation to semantic fluency. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1153–1157)
Electronic states of tetrahydrofuran molecules studied by electron collisions
Authors: Zubek Mariusz , Dampc Marcin , Linert Ireneusz , Neumann Tomasz 
Published: October 2011

Electronic states of tetrahydrofuran molecules were studied in the excitation energy range 5.5–10 eV using the technique of electron energy loss spectroscopy in the gas phase. Excitation from the two conformations, C2 and Cs, of the ground state of the molecule are observed in the measured energy loss spectra. The vertical excitation energies of the 3(no3s) triplet state from the C2 and Cs conformations of the ground state of the molecule are determined to be 6.03 ± 0.02 and 6.25 ± 0.02 eV, respectively. The singlet-triplet energy splitting for the no3s configuration is determined to be 0.31 eV. It is also found that excitation from the Cs conformation of the ground state has a higher cross section than that from the C2 conformation.
Human Rights and Humanitarian Law as Competing Legal Paradigms for Fighting Terror
Authors: Shany Yuval 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter surveys various developments and counter-developments of the first decade of the 21st century relating to identifying the governing legal paradigm of the ‘war against terror’. Part 1 describes the jurisdictional struggle between the two principal legal paradigms that purport to regulate the international fight against terror: the law enforcement and the armed conflict paradigms. Arguably, many disagreements concerning the lawfulness of specific counter-terrorism, such as targeted killings or detention without trial, are actually disagreements on the applicable legal framework and the stories on the nature of the threat of terrorism that is being offered. Part 2 considers the emergence of a mixed paradigm which borrows contents from both human rights law and humanitarian law. It argues that such normative crossover illustrates the difficulty of maintaining rigid paradigmatic distinctions in light of the complexities of the fight against terror; but also that some key differences in emphasis between the two paradigms nonetheless remain. Most significantly, it is argued that the development of a new mixed paradigm merely recontextualizes pre-existing jurisdictional struggles over the proper legal framework to govern the fight against terror. Part 3 concludes.
“Shattered Nerves”
Authors: Oppenheim Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book explores an illness that figures in nearly every volume of Victorian autobiography, memoirs, diaries, letters, and more than a few novels. Variously described as shattered nerves, nervous collapse, neurasthenia, or nervous breakdown, the illness was the focus of extensive medical discussion during the Victorian and Edwardian decades. Few doctors could decide whether the nervous breakdown was a physiological disorder, to be cured by medication, or a moral weakness for which the patient needed psychiatric care. The book uses the letters, diaries, and autobiographies of men and women who suffered breakdowns, examines medical archives, published scientific sources, and contemporary fiction, in which the “nervous type” was so familiar as to border on caricature. The book places a puzzling medical problem in its full social, cultural, and intellectual context.
Introduction: The Enigma of “Nervous Breakdown”
Authors: Oppenheim Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The experience of nervous breakdown achieved a significance in Victorian culture that went far beyond the substantial interest bestowed by the medical profession on so perplexing and elusive an illness. Nervous breakdown, a popular name for incapacitating depression, is not a specific disease that can be traced to a single cause. It is an abstract concept, encompassing many symptoms that vary from one patient to another, with invariably devastating effect. The characteristic sense of overwhelming hopelessness, emptiness, impotence, and uselessness, the incapacity to focus attention or reach decisions, the obsessive thoughts and fears, the diminished self-esteem, the extreme lethargy, and the inability to take interest or pleasure in any aspect of life make existence scarcely tolerable. This book attempts to ascertain what nervous breakdown meant to the Victorians, both to patients who experienced the baffling disorder and to medical practitioners who tried to treat it.
Nervous Children
Authors: Oppenheim Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
When Victorian and Edwardian doctors worried about the nervous instability of British women, they were often thinking about the children that neurotic females might produce. It was a medical platitude in the 19th and early 20th centuries that nervous mothers bore nervous children. As with adult patients, doctors wielded the language of neurology and psychiatry to justify their intervention as moral managers of childhood. Furthermore, they accepted the underlying assumptions that guided their pronouncements as unquestioningly as they embraced those that informed their visions of adulthood. They rarely, if ever, stopped to examine the role of environmental agents in accentuating the differences between boys and girls, because they viewed those differences as innate. Meanwhile, Crichton-Browne showed real sympathy toward neurotic children partly because he dreaded seeing the emergence of neurasthenic adults.
Conclusion: The Psychiatric Dilemma
Authors: Oppenheim Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Crichton-Browne's admission of defeat was clearly much more than a reflection of the general postwar anxiety that afflicted British literary culture in the 1920s and 1930s, often finding expression in images of impotence. It revealed the crisis of confidence that disabled British psychiatry, from the collapse of professional optimism in the third quarter of the 19th century through the horrific challenges of World War I. With such pessimistic attitudes, British psychiatry at the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th was not likely to prove receptive to the theories of another Viennese doctor, Sigmund Freud. Moreover, the tragedy of British psychiatry in the 19th and early 20th centuries was that the genuine desire of its practitioners to cure people who suffered from elusive neurotic ailments was nullified in large part by the doctors' own endeavors.
Specters of Democracy
Authors: Wilson Ivy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book interrogates the representational strategies that 19th-century Americans used in art and literature to delineate blackness as an index to the forms of U.S. citizenship. The book reveals how the difficult task of representing African Americans—both enslaved and free—in imaginative expression was part of a larger dilemma concerning representative democracy. More specifically, the book analyzes how African Americans manipulated aurality and visuality in art that depicted images of national belonging not only as a mode of critique but as an iteration or articulation of democratic representation itself. Such a turn to culture as a particular arena where African Americans had varying levels of agency is all the more necessary in the years before they were ostensibly granted access to formal political structures with the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. Recovering important aspects of the African American presence in the debates about democracy and citizenship, this book focuses on the mutual engagement with the national idioms by both black and white Americans and illustrates how African Americans in particular deployed artistic practices to enact a more egalitarian society.
Merely Rhetorical
Authors: Wilson Ivy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter illustrates how Brown's understanding of the oratorical forms of rhetoric including addresses, debates, and speeches depends upon recognizing how he distinguishes “rhetoric proper” from the “merely rhetorical.” By examining the various modes of rhetoric in Clotel (1853) from formal speeches to seemingly mundane songs, it outlines an African American engagement with the Declaration of Independence and Patrick Henry's maxim to contest the institution of chattel slavery. Central to the book's larger claims about how blacks participated in the civic sphere and as an example of what Harriet Mullen has called “resistant orality,” the chapter underscores Brown's use of the slave Sam's ostensibly rudimentary and unskillful song as a model for how Brown's own novel itself assumes the form of political discourse.
Black and Tan Fantasy
Authors: Wilson Ivy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBy asking what happens to our understanding of Walt Whitman and his cultural project if we turn to the question of sound, this chapter considers the nuances, inflections, tenor, idiosyncrasies, and cadences of his poetry to disclose a particular rhetoric that is attempting to constitute itself as a national idiom. Examining three different emanations of sound in Whitman's poetry—his use of anaphora; his reference to the Yankee fife; and his staging of black dialect—the chapter contends that Whitman uses different sonic forms in Leaves of Grass to enunciate a person's relationship to the nation. It argues that Whitman's preoccupation with the audible—as the most basic unit of the sonic field upon which the poems and songs are built—shapes his poetics and politics of Leaves of Grass.
The Colored Museum
Authors: Wilson Ivy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn turning to one of the most curious stories in all of African American literature—William J. Wilson's “Afric-American Picture Gallery” (1859)—this last chapter examines the relationship between visuality and curatorial practices as they relate to the representations of an alternative vision of U.S. nation formation and democracy. It contends that “Afric-American Picture Gallery” remains important not only as a contemporaneous account of various artwork but for its depiction of “Ethiop” as the curator who arranges the space of the museum. More theoretically, the chapter offers a reading about how to reconsider the making of the antebellum black public sphere, one where the discourse of politics is translated into objets d'art in the recesses of the mind as an act of interiorization, one where each reader ostensibly becomes an artist at the moment of visualizing these very images.
Conclusion: Shadow and Act Redux
Authors: Wilson Ivy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis concluding chapter extends the book's readings of aurality and visuality over a wide-range of late 20th-century African American cultural production including works by hip hop artists Common and OutKast, political figure Malcolm X, artist Robert Colescott, and musicians Parliament/Funkadelic. Intimating the applicability of the book's critical currency of “the remix,” the chapter illustrates the continued salience of art to political discourse.
Political Elizabethanism and the Spenser Revival
Authors: Gerrard Christine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the Elizabethan revival of the Robert Walpole era. Surprisingly little scholarship exists on one of the most inescapable features of this period: the widespread cult of Elizabeth I. Elizabeth's reign supplies the focal point for Bolingbroke's major political writings of the 1730s and historians have duly examined its significance. But most readings are confined to equating Bolingbroke's Elizabethan ‘nostalgia’ with his reactionary conservatism. The Elizabethan cult of the 1730s found expression in a wide variety of media, from the plethora of pamphlets generated by popular pressure for war with Spain, through to drama, painting, poetry, and statuary. For the aggressive, expansionist Protestant mercantilism associated with the victories of Cadiz and the Armada, an Elizabethanism shaped above all by pressure for war with Spain. But war with Spain was only one source of the complex patriotic manipulations of Elizabeth's golden age. Both Patriot Whigs and Court Whigs, operating from within a shared Protestant Hanoverian idiom which stressed the continuity of Protestant freedoms, competed over rival claims to represent ‘Elizabethan’ values.
Liminal Experience
Authors: Smith Angela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The haunting presence of Katherine Mansfield recurs in Virginia Woolf’s personal writing throughout her life, often as a slightly challenging phantom. They mirror each other in many ways, in spite of their evident differences. In 1920, for instance, each describes a moment of suspension which is at once a response to the natural world and an impression of their experience of writing. Fictional borders are erased in Woolf’s and Mansfield’s entries into their characters’ abjection, for instance in the horrors revealed through Septimus Warren-Smith in Mrs Dalloway or through Linda in ‘Prelude’. This book contains two chapters on abjection as it is explored in the personal writings, as well as chapters that focus exclusively on its effect on the fiction, within the wider context of an interpretation of liminality in the two women’s work. The focus as far as Woolf is concerned is on her writing up to To the Lighthouse (1917). The liminal place inflects the two authors’ version of modernism, and affects their perception of the boundaries between different art forms.
Sense of Echo
Authors: Smith Angela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Virginia Woolf’s phrase ‘the queerest sense of echo’ used to describe her relationship with Katherine Mansfield indicates her own awareness of recognising Mansfield as the foreigner within, other but familiar, both frightening in her alien similarity and reassuring in her capacity to understand a shared obsession with writing. What Ann L. McLaughlin describes as an ‘uneasy sisterhood’ is acknowledged in June 1920 when Woolf remarks of her friendship with Mansfield that ‘this fragmentary intermittent intercourse of mine seems more fundamental than many better established ones’. It predates Woolf’s relationship with another writer, Vita Sackville-West, and was intellectually and artistically more significant for Woolf: its centrality becomes evident to the reader of the personal writings of both women. This chapter discusses the danger to Mansfield’s and Woolf’s vulnerable sensibilities in the process of exploration, and of their dependence on literary husbands and canonical fathers. It examines the two women’s preoccupation with childhood, time, and memory.
Threshold People
Authors: Smith Angela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Because margins are dangerous, they are also places of revelation. Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf recur in their letters to the magnetism as well as the terror of the overcrossing, of being on a landing on strange stairs where the everyday consciousness becomes aware of the foreigner within. This final chapter considers two short stories, Woolf’s ‘An Unwritten Novel’ and Mansfield’s ‘The Stranger’, in both of which a journey becomes the medium for inner exploration. In each case the liminal experience is transitory, though one of the stories also implies that writing itself offers what Turner describes as liminal communitas, a place of habitation, where the bonds are egalitarian and direct, non-rational. In both fictions, the foreigner looms out of the mist, the liminal space beyond borders of definition, and is recognised as part of the self; this perhaps partially explains why both Woolf and Mansfield recur to colonisation and empire.
Philosophy Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book proposes a unified view of the mind, which integrates the insights of philosophers, psychologists, and neuroscientists. Through a detailed discussion of major theories from all these, and related disciplines, the book reveals fundamental links between these previously unconnected approaches to human thought and experience. The book includes research from studying medicine, philosophy, mathematics, and history, and the authoor of this book is currently a practising psychiatrist and a teacher at the Harvard Medical School. The book discusses diverse fields of thought and the perspective given here should stimulate a re-evaluation of our traditional approaches to the mind.