bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fungicidal properties of certain spray-fluids. III
Authors: Horton E. , Salmon E. S. 
Published: March 2009

The following solutions were tested with respect to their fungicidal properties towards the “powdery,” conidial stage of S. Humuli on young hop-leaves in the greenhouse:(1) Disodium arsenate, containing 0·096 per cent. As2O5 proved fungicidal and killed also patches of leaf-cells underlying the mildewpatches, but did not otherwise injure the leaf. A solution containing 0·02 per cent. As2O5 was fungicidal without killing any leaf-cells.(2) Trisodium arsenate containing 0·077 per cent. As2O5 proved fungicidal.(3) Dicalcium arsenate. containing 0·048 per cent. As2O5 proved fungicidal; containing 0·024 per cent. As2O5 the solution was apparently just fungicidal, but with 0·01 per cent. As2O5 the solution was practically non-fungicidal.(4) Tricalcium arsenate containing 0·076 per cent. As2O5 is fungicidal; containing 0·02 per cent. As2O5 it possesses some fungicidal value, but with 0·01 per cent. As2O5 it is practically non-fungicidal.(5) The following constituents of lime-sulphur wash proved nonfungicidal: calcium sulphate, sulphite, thiosulphate, hydroxyhydrosulphide.(6) Calcium polysulphide, at a strength of 0·11 per cent., proved fungicidal.
The feeding of raw and cooked potatoes and sugar beet to laying pullets
Authors: Temperton H. , Dudley F. J. 
Published: March 2009

An account is given of experimental work on the feeding of uncooked and cooked potatoes and sugar beet to laying stock. The available literature on the use of these foods for poultry is reviewed and an explanation is offered for the poor results which have generally followed the use of raw potatoes.A description is given of an experiment in which there were two control groups fed on mash, two groups on 3 oz. mash and 8 oz. potatoes daily, uncooked for one group and steamed for the other, and two groups on 3 oz. mash and 8 oz. sugar beet daily, uncooked in one case and steamed in the other.
Plant growth with nutrient solutions. IV. The influence of culture solutions of varying phosphate content on the growth of the turnip in fen and gravel soil.
Authors: Woodman Rowland Marcus , Johnson Delphine Ainslie 
Published: March 2009

Statistical experiments were made to ascertain the effect of variations in applied soluble phosphate on the growth of Milan Strap-leaved Purple Top Turnips in a light gravel soil already containing sufficient available phosphate, and in a fen soil possessing an inadequate supply of available phosphate, as aggregates for growth.No adverse effect on yield, calculated as fresh or dry matter of tops, roots, or whole plants, was suffered in either soil at any of the stages of growth considered at the highest concentrations of soluble phosphate, unlike the behaviour of this turnip when grown in a pure sand containing no clays or humates, where there was a narrow optimum range of phosphorus at a low concentration. The gravel soil occupied an intermediate position, however, between sand with its low optimum range of soluble phosphorus, and fen soil, where positive response to increasing concentrations of soluble phosphorus approached the ‘normal’, and thus there was a range of phosphorus at low concentration tending to a maximum yield followed generally by a greater numerical yield at the highest concentrations of phosphorus.At the seedling stage in gravel soil variation in applied phosphate had absolutely no statistical effect on yield, moisture content of tops, roots and whole plants, and the ratios, for fresh or dry matter, Top/Root, Root/(Whole plant) and (Whole plant)/ Top.
The effect of time of application of inorganic nitrogen on the turnip
Authors: Woodman R. M. , Paver H. 
Published: March 2009

An investigation has been made into the effect of time of application of nitrogen as sodium nitrate to the turnip. Experiments were arranged on a statistical basis, and were carried out in sand culture. The life of the turnip up to harvest was arbitrarily divided into three equal light periods, and the fourteen possible combinations of high and low nitrogen applied in these periods constituted the treatments. The absolute amount of growth was largely determined by the level of nitrogen, but the relative proportion of growth was independent of this level. Tops developed earlier than roots, and the effect of difference in nitrogen level was more marked with the roots than the tops. For a high yield of roots it seems desirable to apply nitrogen, early, but for a high yield of tops it would be preferable to apply the nitrogen as post-seedling dressings. The chief effect of level of nitrogen on moisture content was confined to the period in which the harvest took place. A comparison of top/ root ratios also showed that high nitrogen in the early stages of growth stimulated root development.We thank Mr J. F. N. Leonard for his help during this experiment.
Studies on the fats of the bacon pig with reference to carcass quality. The effect of diet on the component fatty acids of the back fat
Authors: Shorland F. B. , De La Mare P. B. D. 
Published: March 2009

The fatty acid composition of the back fats of pigs whose basic diets were buttermilk or skim milk have been determined by ester-fractionation, and the results are compared with those of previous workers. Pigs whose diets were supplemented with copra contained up to 13 mol. % of myristic acid, with smaller amounts of lauric acid.Experimental evidence supports the view that dietary linoleic acid is assimilated to a greater extent by slow-growing than by fast-growing pigs. Dietary lauric and myristic acids, however, appear in greater proportions in the depots of fast-growing, as compared with slow-growing pigs.The di-, and polyethenoid C18acids of the fat of unsupplemented milk-fed pigs appeared not to contain appreciable amounts of linoleic acid.
Seed disinfection. VIII. Radishes
Authors: Taylor R. Eric , Cronshey J. F. H. , Weston W. A. R. Dillon 
Published: March 2009

1. The seeding rate of radish seed may be influenced by the mechanical effect of the material with which it is treated.2. The seedling emergence of radishes may be improved by treating the seed with an organomercury seed disinfectant.3. The beneficial effect is correlated with adverse weather conditions at the time of germination, and advantages are therefore usually confined to early sowings.
The Effects of Varied Dressings of Ground Limestone in the Field.
Authors: Nicholson H. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. These field experiments show that equilibrium after applications of lime may be attained on arable land between one and two years later.2. The quantitative correcting effects of a given dressing seem to be about equal on different soils.3. Added calcium carbonate is quickly converted into exchangeable calcium base to an extent which depends on the individual soil.
The analysis of tomato plants. Part I.
Authors: Owen O. 
Published: March 2009

In an attempt to determine the rôle of phosphates in tomato culture tomato plants have been analysed for potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen.In unmanured plants the fruit is of inferior quality but the weight as picked is 2·6 times that of the foliage and stems of the same plants. In manured plants this ratio is 1·6. The relative efficiency of the plants under the two sets of conditions is discussed.Manured plants have a higher ash content than unmanured plants.
Quality of potatoes in relation to soil and season I. The content of dry matter
Authors: Wager H. G. 
Published: March 2009

The dry-matter content of about 260 samples of potatoes was determined. The samples were collected over three seasons and from many types of soil.The average dry-matter content of a variety varied from season to season, but it always bore an approximately constant relationship to the average value of other varieties.Wet seasons led to potatoes low in dry matter.The variation in the content of dry matter of potatoes in different seasons and from different soil types is not a direct effect of the water balance of the tubers.The average content of dry matter of potatoes depends on the soil in which they were grown; fen and blackland gave potatoes with the lowest dry matter, followed by skirt, silt and warp, then loam and medium loam, then clay, and the highest dry matter occurred in stocks grown in sands, gravels or light loams.The difference between the soils is discussed, and it is tentatively concluded that the factor responsible for the variation in content of dry matter of the potatoes is the available water content of the soils.
Nitrate leaching from sheep-grazed grass/clover and fertilized grass pastures
Authors: Cuttle S. P. , Hallard M. , Daniel G. , Scurlock R. V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNitrate leaching from sheep-grazed pastures was measured over three winters between 1987 and 1990 at a lowland site in Wales. Losses from replicated plots of ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne/Trifoliwn repens) pasture that received no N fertilizer and from pure ryegrass pasture receiving 150–200 kg fertilizer-N/ha per year were determined using suction cup samplers. In Year 1, the average clover content of the grass/clover swards (April-September) was equivalent to 35% of total dry matter but declined during the course of the experiment and was only 4% in Year 3. Concentrations of nitrate and quantities of N leached from separate sampling positions exhibited a wide range of values and conformed to a log-normal distribution. In the first two winters, mean nitrate concentrations in soil water and quantities leached from grass/clover plots were greater than those from fertilized grass plots. In Year 3 the loss from the N-fertilized plots was higher and exceeded that from the grass/clover treatment. Total quantities of N leached during the three winters ranged from 6 to 33 kg N/ha from grass/clover plots and from 2 to 24 kg N/ha from fertilized grass plots. At no time did mean nitrate concentrations from either treatment exceed 11 mg N/litre. These values probably underestimate the true loss as the distribution of the main sets of water samplers did not provide adequate coverage of those areas of the plots where sheep congregated and which received high returns of excreta. These positions were characterized by particularly high leaching losses. Differences between losses from the two treatments and between years could only be partly explained by the decline in clover content and differences in stocking rates.
The Formation, Evolution, Reclamation, and the Absorbed Bases of Alkali Soils
Authors: Kelley W. P. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. The formation of alkali soils is primarily a question of soluble salt accumulation. Those processes which bring about the accumulation of soluble salts in soils also tend to cause the accumulation of CaCO3. Under certain conditions simple calcium silicates may also be precipitated in alkali soils. Hilgard's researches were concerned chiefly with the soluble salts. On the other hand, more recent investigators have emphasised the base-exchange aspects of the subject. Sodium salts tend to react with the clay and humus constituents of the soil, converting them into Na-absorption compounds. These components produce extremely adverse conditions in the soil.2. Under certain conditions alkali soils tend to pass through four evolutionary stages, namely, salinisation, alkalinisation, desalinisation, and degradation. As to whether or not an alkali soil will pass beyond the salinisation stage, depends on the composition of the soluble salts that accumulate in it. Where sodium salts predominate, more or less alkalinisation of the exchange complex has taken place. However, this is not true where soluble calcium is relatively abundant.3. Desalinisation (by leaching, whether natural or artificial) of alkalinised soil is usually accompanied by the formation of Na2CO3and by pronounced deflocculation. If CaCO3be present, the formation of Na2CO3is accompanied by the replacement of absorbed sodium by calcium. Under these conditions the degradation stage will not be attained. If CaCO3be absent, base-unsaturated constituents arise under leaching conditions, and more or less of the inorganic-exchange complex becomes decomposed into simple oxides.
Nutritive Value of Pasture. X. The Utilisation of Young Grass by Swine
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Norman D. B. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn this communication are brought forward the results of digestion trials designed to discover the degree to which pigs are able to digest and utilise young grass. Three digestion trials have been carried out. In the first trial, the digestibility of a basal ration composed of equal parts of maize meal and coarse middlings was determined. In the following two periods, the amount of basal food was cut down to an appropriate level and definite weights of the grass to be tested were added. In period 2, very short, leafy grass, containing, on the basis of dry matter, 26·04 per cent, of crude protein and 16·73 per cent. of crude fibre, was used, whilst somewhat older grass, containing 16·76 and 19·42 per cent. crude protein and fibre respectively, was fed in the third period.It was found that the Large White hogs, which averaged about 195 lb. live-weight during the carrying out of the grass periods of feeding, were unable, with the exception of the fibrous component, to digest the constituents of even young grass with anything like the same degree of efficiency as they displayed in the digestion of the basal ration of middlings and maize meal. The constituents of the older grass, with the exception of the crude protein, were not markedly less digestible than those of the very young grass. The relative values of the pasturage and mixed meal are best brought out by the data for the digestion coefficients of the total organic matter; the pigs were able to digest about 85 per cent. of the organic matter of the meal, and only 60–62 per cent. of that contained in the grass.
Woburn irrigation, 1951–59 III. Results for rotation crops
Authors: Penman H. L. 
Published: March 2009

Potatoes1951–53, Ulster Chieftain; 1954–56, Majestic, came after spring barley, with threefold replication of four irrigation treatments. All plots received the same basic P and K dressing, and half-plots got N dressings at N1= 0·5, N2 = 1·0 cwt. nitrogen/acre. Under main crop all plots received farmyard at 15 tons/acre, in addition. The ‘early’ potatoes were lifted about mid-July: the main crop at the beginning of October, a few weeks after killing of the haulms by a spray.
A study in sampling technique: the effect of artificial fortilisers on the yield of potatoes
Authors: Wishart J. , Clapham A. R. 
Published: March 2009

(1) The desiderata of a sampling-method are outlined, and the particular case of sampling a large number of potato plots discussed.(2) An analysis is made of the yields of 54 sub-plots of the Rothamsted Potato Experiment of 1928, both as estimated by a sampling-method and as determined by large-scale lifting.(3) It is shown that most of the significant results of the experiment are obtained from the sample-yields, but that the higher standard error per plot obscures the effect of superphosphate.(4) It is concluded that at Rothamsted 102, and at Woburn 56, plants would have to be lifted to give a sampling-error as small as 4 per cent. It would then be profitable only to sample experimental plots of 1/20th acre or more in area.Finally it is a pleasure to record our indebtedness to Dr R. A. Fisher for much valuable advice and criticism: and to Mr H. J. G. Hines for assistance with the field work.
Plastometric studies of soil and clay pastes
Authors: Keen B. A. , Blair G. W. Scott 
Published: March 2009

The laboratory study of the physical properties of soil and clays can conveniently be divided into three stages:(a) Moisture content comparable to that under field conditions.(b) Thick pastes.(c) Weak suspensions.The use of the plastometer for experimental work on intermediate stage is described and recent developments of the theory of the flow for thick pastes under stress are outlined. It is shown that certain constants defining the material can be obtained from the experimental data. The two to which special attention is given are the pseudo-viscosity (a quantity analogous to the viscosity of true fluids) and the static rigidity (which represents the energy required just to cause the paste to flow and a measure of the solid cohesive properties of the system). The latter quantity is related to other physical measurements made under very different experimental conditions,e.g.the resistance of the soil to the passage of cultivation implements; the effect of chalk, etc., on the soil resistance; the moisture content at which a well-kneaded mass of soil is about to become sticky.
Nitrification in Sudan Gezira soil
Authors: Jewitt T. N. 
Published: March 2009

A laboratory study has been made of nitrification rates of the soil's own nitrogen, ammonium sulphate and certain organic nitrogen compounds. It is shown that nitrification in this soil is substantially normal, with no striking differences from that in soils of other arid regions.I am indebted to H. Greene and E. M. Crowther for access to their earlier unpublished work on nitrification in Gezira soil, and to O. W. Snow of this Service for advice during the course of this work.
Biochemistry of water-logged soils: Part I. The effect of water-logging on the different forms of nitrogen, on the reaction, on the gaseous relationships, and on the bacterial flora
Authors: Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: March 2009

Rothamsted and Indian soils were water-logged in the absence of freshly decomposing organic matter.Nitrogen changes: Water-logging resulted in:(1) A distinct increase in the free and saline ammonia content.(2) A significant though only slight diminution in the nitric nitrogen.(3) No marked loss of ammonia by volatilisation or otherwise in the gaseous form: nor considerable variation in the nitrites: nor any observable diminution in the total nitrogen.Reaction: Water-logging resulted in an increase in alkalinity; the increase in pH value was closely correlated with the corresponding increase in ammonia.Gaseous relations: Water-logging resulted in:(1) No release of any soluble reducing matter capable of absorbing dissolved oxygen.(2) No appreciable carbon dioxide production.(3) An absorption of dissolved oxygen from the surface water. An equation has been worked out expressing the concentration gradient of dissolved oxygen with depth.Bacterial numbers:From bacterial counts on water-logged soils it was found that:(1) There was significant though slight decrease in bacterial numbers on Thornton's Agar.(2) Very few colonies were obtained by plating aerobically (and fewer still anaerobically) on Giltay's Agar. None of the organisms appearing on the plates brought about any nitrate reduction in soils.(3) The total counts on gelatine plates also showed some decrease. The numbers of gelatine-liquefiers on the other hand did not vary. There was no evidence to suggest that the increased production of ammonia was due to the activity of the gelatine-liquefiers.Agency responsible for ammonia formation:The results indicate that the formation of ammonia in water-logged soils is not due to biological action. It is suggested that the action is due to an enzyme.
The determination of exchangeable calcium in carbonate-free soils
Authors: Williams Rice 
Published: March 2009

(1) The possibility of using acetic acid as a reagent for extracting exchangeable calcium from carbonate-free soils is discussed, and experimental results are given showing that calcium is quantitatively precipitated from an acetic acid medium.(2) A method for determining exchangeable calcium using 0·5 N acetic acid is described, and figures are given comparing this proposed method with the Hissink method.(3) A modification of the proposed method is suggested in the case of heavy clay soils owing to the impervious nature of these soils which probably does not allow the acid to penetrate through the whole mass of the soil when leached on the filter paper.
The Differentiation of Grain Samples of Closely Related Varieties of Wheat by Means of a Simple Mechanical Test for Grain Quality
Authors: Frankel O. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. A reliable identification of grain samples of related wheat varieties of different grain values is of economic importance.2. The distensometer test distinguishes with a high degree of reliability between Tuscan and Cross 7 grain, whereas eye inspection, baking and fermentation tests cannot be relied upon for differentiation between the two varieties.3. A testing service for the use of farmers, grain merchants and millers would involve no technical difficulties.
Digestibility trials with poultry. X. The effect of war-time changes in milling practice on the composition and nutritive value of fine and coarse wheat bran
Authors: Halnan E. T. 
Published: March 2009

Digestibility tests with poultry, and one with rabbits, on brans produced under war-time conditions led to the following conclusions:1. Changes in war-time milling practice, brought about by the implementation of Government policy directed towards maximum production of flour for human use, at first led to the production of a fine bran, somewhat better in food value than prewar bran, and a coarse bran, of poorer quality than pre-war bran. Later, owing to dilution of the grist with barley, the quality of the fine bran deteriorated and became worse than that of prewar bran.2. The changes noted were largely caused by the extremely efficient removal of the starch by the millers, and reflect the ability shown by the milling industry in diverting to human food supplies the maximum possible edible food material present in the wheat berry.3. The superior efficiency of the rabbit's digestive system for dealing with fibrous foods, as compared with the fowl's, is emphasized by the differences in the amounts of digestible nutrients extracted from a given sample of coarse bran by these two classes of animals. 1 kg. of coarse bran yielded 2522 kg. cal. of metabolizable energy in the rabbit as compared with 1637 kg. cal. in the fowl.
Adaptation of the ovine ruminal flora to biuret
Authors: Schröder H. H. E. , Gilchrist F. M. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe adaptation of the ruminal flora of sheep to the hydrolysis of biuret has been successfully demonstrated. Bi-weekly measurements of biuretolytic activity of ruminal ingesta were made before, during and after the supplementation of biuret to poor, medium and high-quality rations. Generally no activity was found prior to biuret feeding, but an almost immediate response to biuret feeding occurred which increased progressively with the number of days the animals were fed biuret. The time required to reach maximum activity on very low, medium and somewhat higher protein diets were found to be 15, 30 and 70 days approximately. The supplementation with starch in addition to biuret was found to increase biuretolytic activity. Since neither protein nor starch was found to have any direct effect on biuretolytic activity in vitro, a change in numbers of biuretolytic organisms in the ingesta is discussed as a likely mechanism for the adaptation and de-adaptation of the ruminal flora. A stoichiometric conversion of biuret-N to NH3-N by active ingesta was demonstrated in vitro but was not reflected by the nitrogen levels in vivo. The activity of the ingesta was greatly reduced by straining.