bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal properties and wavelength analysis of telecom oriented photonic-crystal VCSELs
Authors: Czyszanowski T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractResults of the self-consistent comprehensive analysis of a room-temperature operation of InP-based 1300-nm AlInGaAs photonic-crystal (PhC) VCSELs are presented. In particular, an influence of PhC parameters on thermal effects within VCSEL volume and its emission wavelength are analysed. The PhC has been found to introduce a number of opposite effects including a possible light leakage through PhC holes. From one side, PhC holes make more difficult heat-flux extraction from VCSEL volume leading to higher temperature increases within it. But, from the other side, a properly manufactured PhC creates an efficient radial confinement mechanism for VCSEL radiation field. It enhances an interaction between the field and the active-region carriers leading to a decrease in both the VCSEL lasing threshold and temperature increases. Seemingly both effects may similarly affect VCSEL operation, but our analysis revealed, that thermal properties of the PhC VCSEL are mainly dependent on an efficient confinement of its radiation field within the active region impeding a mode leakage through PhC holes, whereas an importance of deterioration of heat-flux extraction from VCSEL volume is much less essential. The wavelength shift induced by a change of PhC parameters has been found not to exceed 4×10−3 µm.
Holographic imaging with a nanometer resolution using compact table-top EUV laser
Authors: Wachulak P. , Marconi M. , Bartels R. , Menoni C. , Rocca J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHolographic 2D/3D imaging with nanometer resolution using short wavelength extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light is presented in this paper. Gabor’s holograms were recorded with a highly coherent table top EUV laser with different numerical apertures demonstrating ultimately a spatial resolution of 46+/−2 nm, comparable with the illumination wavelength, in 2D holographic imaging. Three dimensional images were obtained from a single high numerical aperture hologram recorded in a high resolution photoresist and numerically reconstructed at different image planes, allowing numerical optical sectioning with a lateral resolution ∼170 nm and depth resolution of 2.4 µm. The holograms were recorded in a high resolution photoresist and digitized with an atomic force microscope. To assess the spatial resolution of the numerical reconstructions of the holograms a correlation method was used. The algorithm allows for simultaneous estimation of the resolution and the feature size of the image under analysis.
Pre‐pregnancy physical activity and preeclampsia risk: a prospective population‐based cohort study
Authors: TYLDUM EVA VESLEMØY , ROMUNDSTAD PÅL RICHARD , SLØRDAHL STIG ARILD 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective. To test the hypothesis that women physically active prior to pregnancy are at reduced risk of preeclampsia. Design. Population‐based prospective cohort study. Setting. Linkage between the HUNT‐1 Study (health study) and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Population. Women with singleton live births after participation in the HUNT‐1 Study were included, if the newborn's gestational age was more than 22 weeks or birthweight above 500 g. Women pregnant during participation in the health study were excluded. Methods. The physical activity level was measured by a questionnaire. Information on the women's coming birth was provided by the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Odds ratios of preeclampsia were calculated and adjusted for maternal age, parity, smoking and body mass index. Main outcome measure. Preeclampsia. Results. Of 3,656 women included, 167 (4.6%) developed preeclampsia. Overall, we found no link between pre‐pregnancy physical activity and preeclampsia. Only among the women physically active for 120 min/week or more, a tendency for reduced risk was found (adjusted odds ratio 0.6:95% CI 0.3–1.2). Conclusion. Women physically active prior to pregnancy were not at reduced risk of developing preeclampsia.
Weight control program for obese pregnant women
Authors: LINDHOLM ELISABETH STORCK , NORMAN MARGARETA , KILANDER CHARLOTTE PALME , ALTMAN DANIEL 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe evaluated an intervention program to control pregnancy weight gain among obese women with body mass index > 30 by a dietary and physical activity program. Maternal weight gain and pregnancy outcome were evaluated. Of 27 obese women, 25 (92%) completed the study. Mean age at entry to the program was 31.7 years (±3.2 SD). Fourteen women kept their pregnancy weight gain to ≤6 kg (study weight goal). Three women had mild hypertension (12%), but there were no cases of gestational diabetes. Three were delivered by emergency cesarean sections and 22 had uncomplicated vaginal deliveries (88%). All women delivered normally sized babies with normal Apgar scores. An early intervention program may be successful in helping obese women control weight gain during pregnancy without adverse perinatal outcomes.
Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors: clinico‐pathological presentation and survival outcomes
Authors: TANGJITGAMOL SIRIWAN , HANPRASERTPONG JITTI , MANUSIRIVITHAYA SUMONMAL , WOOTIPOOM VIRACH , THAVARAMARA THAOVALAI , BUHACHAT RAKCHAI 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective. To evaluate clinico‐pathological features, treatment, survival, and prognostic factors of patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. Design. Descriptive study. Setting. Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Medical College and Vajira Hospital and Prince of Songkla University. Population. Malignant ovarian germ cell tumor patients treated between January 1996 and December 2007. Methods. Clinico‐pathological data were collected. Patients with malignant tumors arising from benign cystic teratoma were excluded. Survival and potential prognostic factors were analyzed. Main outcome measures. Clinico‐pathological features, survival. Results. One hundred and thirty patients were identified. The median age was 21 years (range, 4–44 years). The most common complaint was pelvic or abdominal mass (63%). Primary surgery was performed by a gynecologic oncologist in only 39.2% of cases. More than half (64.2%) had early stage disease (stages I–II) and the majority had conservative surgery (73.1%). The most common histopathology was dysgerminoma. Of 124 patients with available follow‐up data, 22 did not receive adjuvant treatment; 1 had whole abdominal radiation; and 101 had chemotherapy. Of 89 patients who were evaluable for responses, 4 patients had progressive disease while 85 had complete response. The five‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 82.4% [95% confidence interval (CI), 75.4–89.5%)] and 92.4% (95% CI, 87.6–97.2%), respectively. Only preoperative tumor marker elevation was a significant poor prognostic factor for PFS. Conclusions. Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors have a good prognosis with conservative surgical treatment. Chemotherapy is important. Elevated preoperative serum tumor markers are a poor prognostic factor for PFS.
Exposure of pregnant women to indoor air pollution: a study from nine low and middle income countries
Authors: KADIR MUHAMMAD MASOOD , MCCLURE ELIZABETH M. , GOUDAR SHIVAPRASAD S. , GARCES ANA L. , MOORE JANET , ONYAMBOKO MARIE , KASEBA CHRISTINE , ALTHABE FERNANDO , CASTILLA EDUARDO E. , FREIRE SALVIO , PARIDA SAILAJANANDAN , SALEEM SARAH , WRIGHT LINDA L. , GOLDENBERG ROBERT L. ,   The Global Network Tobacco Study Group*
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective. We studied exposure to solid fuel and second‐hand tobacco smoke among pregnant women in south Asia, Africa and Latin America. Design. Prospective cross‐sectional survey. Setting. Antenatal clinics in Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, Uruguay, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, India and Pakistan. Sample. A total of 7,961 pregnant women in ten sites in nine countries were interviewed between October 2004 and September 2005. Methods. A standardized questionnaire on exposure to indoor air pollution (IAP) and second‐hand smoke was administered to pregnant women during antenatal care. Main outcome measures. Exposure to IAP and second‐hand tobacco smoke. Results. South Asian pregnant women commonly reported use of wood (49.1–89.7%), crop residue and animal dung as cooking and heating fuel. African pregnant women reported higher use of charcoal (85.4–93.5%). Latin American pregnant women had greater use of petroleum gas. Among south Asian women, solid fuel use and cooking on an open flame inside the home were common. There was a significant association between solid fuel use and allowing smoking within the home at the Asian sites and in Zambia (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Pregnant women from low/middle income countries were commonly exposed to IAP secondary to use of solid fuels. Among these populations, exposure to second‐hand tobacco smoke was also common. This combination of exposures likely increases the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes among the most vulnerable women. Our study highlights the importance of further research on the combined impact of IAP and second‐hand tobacco smoke exposures on adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.
Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Rhesus‐Immunized Mothers and Their Erythroblastotic Newborn Infants
Authors: Nielsen Niels Chr. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A study of the parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis in Rhesus D immunized mothers and their erythroblastotic infants gave the following results, on comparison with normal women delivered at term and their newborn infants and with prematurely delivered women and their newborn infants:A. Mothers: No influence of the Rhesus immunization upon the parameters of coagulation or fibrinolysis.B. Newborn infants: With increasing severity of erythroblastosis a decreasing platelet count and at the same time an increasing content of clot‐promoting components in the plasma. In addition, a reduced content of PP and factor V, but unchanged fibrinogen.Fibrinolytic activity was also reduced in erythroblastotic newborn infants.The causes of these changes are discussed.
II The age of menarche in Finnish girls in 1969
Authors: Kantero Riitta‐Liisa , Widbolm Olof 
Published: December 2009

The material consisted of data on 8,111 girls from primary and secondary schools in different districts of Finland. The investigation was carried out during 1969 and the girls were from 10 to 20 years of age.By means of the probit analysis method it was found that the mean value of the menarcheal age for the whole country was 13.16 ± 0.02 years and standard deviation 1.13 years. With few exceptions, menarche occurred between 10 and 16 years of age.The trend towards a lower menarcheal age since the late 19th century was found to continue. The rate of decline in the age of menarche was estimated, on the basis of earlier studies, to be about 6 months per decade. The causes of this trend were discussed and the conclusion drawn was that its pace corresponds to that of the rise in the general standard of living.The comparison of constitutional types calculated according to the height/weight ratio showed that the menarche of asthenic girls occurred 11.4 months later than that of girls with a normal height/weight ratio, and that the pyknic type started menstruation 4.8 months later than the normal. The age at menarche of the girls with an ordinary body build was just under 13 years.Dependence upon geographical environments could be shown in that the menarcheal age of the girls living in the capital was 5.2 months lower than that of girls living in the inland districts. The menarcheal age of the girls living in the coastal districts and representing small‐town dwellers did not differ significantly from the girls resident in the capital.A comparison between the social groups revealed an almost significant difference of 2.2 months in the age of menarche between the girls of groups I and II.The menarcheal age of the primary school pupils was 5.5 months higher than that of secondary school pupils.The mean menarcheal age of the mothers, whose mean age was 40 years at the time of the investigation, was 13.88 ± 0.02 calculated on the basis of recollected data. Comparisons by constitutional types, geographical place of residence and social groups revealed the same differences among the mothers as among the girls.
IV Correlations of menstrual traits between adolescent girls and their mothers
Authors: Kantero Riitta‐Liisa , Widholm Olof 
Published: December 2009

It has been claimed that daughters mimic the menstrual patterns of their mothers. For the present report the menstrual patterns of c. 5,000 menstruating girls and their mothers were studied.Comparisons were made under the following headings: constitution, age of menarche, cycle, duration, regularity of menstruation, premenstrual tension, and dysmenorrhoea.The correlations between the patterns of menstruation of mothers and daughters were highly significant. The highest correlation coefficients were found for the age at menarche, for premenstrual tension, duration of flow and dysmenorrhoea, and the lowest for the regularity of menstruation.The question as to whether the genetic constitution or whether an acquired behaviour plays the more important role in these correlations is still unclear.
A Semiquantitative Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay For Human Placental Lactogen (Hpl) in the Late Part of Pregnancy
Authors: Gæde Preben , Nørgaard‐Pedersen B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A hemagglutination‐inhibition reaction (HAIR) for semiquantitative determination of human placenta lactogen hormone (HPL) in serum or whole blood from pregnant women is presented.The lower level of HPL concentration in serum for a positiv reaction of the test was found to be 2,3 mg/liter, making it suitable for determinations after the 32nd week of pregnancy.A microtechnique for combined sampling and dilution of capillary blood makes the assay suitable as a screening procedure in places with limited laboratory facilities.
RIPENING OF THE CERVIX BY INTRACERVICAL APPLICATION OF PGE2‐GEL BEFORE TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY WITH DILATATIONU AND EVACUATION
Authors: Wingerup Lars , Ulmsten Ulf , Andersson Karl‐Erik 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In a randomized double‐blind study a viscous gel, containing 0.25 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2‐gel) or without prostaglandin (placebo gel), was applied intracervically in twenty‐two nulliparous patients just before termination of early pregnancy by dilatation and evacuation (D & E). Within twelve hours a marked ripening of the cervix was found in all the eleven patients receiving PGE2‐gel. Thus, a significant change in cervical dilatation from mean 5.4 mm to mean 10.7 mm occurred. Furthermore, a considerable softening of the cervix was registered. In the eleven patients receiving placebo gel, no significant changes in cervical dilatation or consistency were found. The subsequent D & E was easily performed in all patients treated with PGE2‐gel. However, in three of the patients given placebo gel, D & E was difficult to carry out because of an unfavorable cervical state.To eliminate or decrease myometrial activity the calcium antagonist nifedipine was given orally to eight patients at application and five hours after application of 0.25 mg PGE2‐gel. None of the patients recognized uterine contractions. However, also in these patients significant changes in cervical consistency and dilatation occurred within twelve hours. No side effects of the treatment were observed.It is concluded, that a preoperative, intracervical single application of 0.25 mg PGE2 seems to be useful to ripen the unfavorable cervix before subsequent termination of early pregnancy by D & E.
PROSTAGLANDINS AND DYSMENORRHEA
Authors: Pickles Vernon R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. This survey traces the development of the main ideas and experimental findings on the function of endometrial prostaglandins in stimulating the expulsive contractions of the myometrium during normal menstruation, and the effect of excessive action of this nature in producing dysmenorrhea. Some observations are also given on the ‘menotoxin’, an unidentified substance which is toxic to certain plants and which may or may not prove relevant to gynecology.Areas where further fundamental work is needed are suggested. The survey is not a complete review of the topic, which would need a much longer paper.
PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHETASE INHIBITORS AND DYSMENORRHEA
Authors: Jacobson Jan , Cavalli‐Björkman Karin , Lundström Viveca , Nilsson Berit , Norbeck Mimmi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A survey of earlier published studies on treatment of dysmenorrhea with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors is given and personal clinical experiences are presented. The time when treatment should start in relation to the onset of bleeding is also discussed.A survey of studies published in English and Scandinavian literature yielded 532 patients. Pain relief was experienced in 64 to 100 per cent of the patients in these studies. The incidence of side‐effects has generally been low but in a few studies a high incidence was reported.In the current study 34 patients with primary dysmenorrhea completed the double‐blind, placebo controlled study on naproxen. The patients were treated for two cycles, 16 with naproxen and 18 with placebo. The mean relief score indicated a “slight to good” pain relief in the naproxen group and “no alleviation” in the placebo group. The difference is statistically significant (p = 0.003). Supplementary medication was much more used in the placebo group compared to the naproxen group (p = 0.01). In the placebo group no change whatsoever was demonstrated in alleviation of interference with every‐day life, whereas there was a statistically significant improvement in the naproxen group. No major side‐effect was registered. Thus none of the subjects withdrew from the study.
NAPROXEN AND INDOMETHACIN IN THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA
Authors: Kajanoja Pauli , Vesanto Tuulikki 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The efficacy of naproxen and indomethacin in the treatment of dysmenorrhea was compared in a double‐blind, cross‐over study. Both drugs were given to 24 female undergraduates with severe primary dysmenorrhea in four consecutive cycles in a randomized schedule. Both drugs were equally effective. Good or moderate overall relief was achieved in 73% of 48 cycles treated with indomethacin and in 61% of the 48 cycles treated with naproxen. The difference was not statistically significant.Gastrointestinal side‐effects occurred in 5 and 7 patients during naproxen and indomethacin treatment respectively. Central nervous system side‐effects, dizziness, headache, tiredness, were more common with indomethacin than with naproxen (p<0.02). The most important and frequent of these side‐effects, dizziness, was complained of by six patients in association with indomethacin but by none with naproxen (p<0.05). Only one patient discontinued the treatment because of side‐effects.
Posterior Bladder Suspension Defects in the Female: A Radiological Classification with Urodynamic and Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Olesen Knud P. , Walter Steen , Hald Tage 
Published: December 2009

Of 420 female patients examined by means of colpo‐cysto‐urethrography 51 patients presented posterior bladder suspension defects. Two distinct forms were seen1. Trigonocele (22 patients)—a downward herniation of the trigone between the postero‐inferiorly displaced vagina and the bladder neck, which is retained in a nearly normal position by muscle fibres from the pubococcygeal muscle and the pubovesical ligaments. Symptoms were mostly those associated with prolapse. Stress incontinence was rare, while urge incontinence, cystitis and retention of urine were seen. The morphology varied from cases where the herniation disappeared during detrusor contraction (compensated trigonocele) through typical forms to transitional forms between trigonocele and posterior bladder descent.2. Posterior bladder descent (29 patients) comprises postero‐inferior displacement of the vagina and bladder base together. Two subgroups are discernible: A. Bladder descent even at rest (16 patients). B. Bladder descent only during micturition (13 patients). Symptoms were varied, but stress incontinence was found in 31 per cent in group A, and 62 per cent in group B. Morphological forms varied from two cases that were normalized in position during detrusor contraction (compensated descent) to total prolapse during micturition.
TREATMENT WITH ORAL ESTRONE SULPHATE IN THE FEMALE CLIMACTERIC
Authors: Lagrelius A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Thirty‐eight women were treated with estrone sulphate over a period of 30 months for climacteric problems. A random control group of 29 women were given methyl scopolamine.Bone mineral assays were performed by means of dual photon absorptiometry before the start of treatment and after 6, 12, 18, and 30 months. There was a difference in the mineral loss of trabecular bone between the two groups after 30 months of treatment, that of the control group being significantly higher (p>0.001).In the estrogen‐treated group there was a decrease in serum phosphorus (p>0.01), alkaline phosphatase activity (p>0.001), and albumin (p>0.001). In the control group, serum albumin showed the same decrease, while the other factors either showed no difference or even increased. The urinary excretion of calcium was not significantly reduced in the estrogen group, whereas there was an increase in the control group (p>0.01). There was an increase in hematocrit in both groups.Positive correlation was found between parity and loss of trabecular bone mineral (p>0.01).
Detrusor Instability Score in the Evaluation of Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Kauppila Antti , Alavaikko Pirkko , Kujansuu Erkki 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The major cause of failure in the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women is an occult detrusor instability. In order to detect detrusor instability and its degree, urological histories were standardized by scoring the replies to ten specific questions with 0 (indicative of SUI), 1 or 2 (slightly and markedly indicative of detrusor instability, respectively). The sum of the scores was termed the “detrusor instability score” (DIS).The DIS was calculated for 134 patients both preoperatively and 2 years after operation, and 112 of these women were also evaluated by bead‐chain urethrocystography (UCG) before operation. The 10% failure rate among the 72 patients with a DIS of 0–7 (exclusive or nearly exclusive detrusor instability) was significantly less than the 32% rate in the 62 women with a DIS of 8–16 (SUI complicated by marked detrusor instability). The 38% failure rate in 47 women of peri‐ or post‐menopausal age and having a DIS of 8–16 was higher than the 10% in the other 87 women. An increased risk of failure was also found in patients who had a DIS of 8–16 together with either a urethral inclination angle of 80° or less (46% failure rate in 28 women) or a posterior urethrovesical angle of 160° or less (43% failure rate in 30 women) in lateral bead‐chain UCG during straining. The mean DIS decreased after successful surgery, but remained constant in cases of failure. The scored urological data facilitate the detection of patients with detrusor instability. This is potentiated by those lateral bead‐chain UCG findings which indicate a low motility of the proximal urethra or bladder neck.