bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of continuously tagged MRI for the measurement of dynamic 3D skeletal muscle tissue deformation
Authors: Moerman Kevin M. , Sprengers Andre M. J. , Simms Ciaran K. , Lamerichs Rolf M. , Stoker Jaap , Nederveen Aart J. 
Published: March 2012

Purpose:Typically spatial modulation of the magnetization (SPAMM) tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires many repeated motion cycles limiting the applicability to highly repeatable tissue motions only. This paper describes the validation of a novel SPAMM tagged MRI and post‐processing framework for the measurement of complex and dynamic 3D soft tissue deformation following just three motion cycles. Techniques are applied to indentation induced deformation measurement of the upper arm and a silicone gel phantom.Methods:A SPAMM tagged MRI methodology is presented allowing continuous (3.3–3.6 Hz) sampling of 3D dynamic soft tissue deformation using non segmented 3D acquisitions. The 3D deformation is reconstructed by the combination of three mutually orthogonal tagging directions, thus requiring only three repeated motion cycles. In addition a fully automatic post‐processing framework is presented employing Gabor scale‐space and filter‐bank analysis for tag extrema segmentation and triangulated surface fitting aided by Gabor filter bank derived surface normals. Deformation is derived following tracking of tag surface triplet triangle intersections. The dynamic deformation measurements were validated using indentation tests (∼20 mm deep at 12 mm/s) on a silicone gel soft tissue phantom containing contrasting markers which provide a reference measure of deformation. In addition, the techniques were evaluatedin vivo for dynamic skeletal muscle tissue deformation measurement during indentation of the biceps region of the upper arm in a volunteer.Results:For the phantom and volunteer tag point location precision were 44 and 92 μm, respectively resulting in individual displacements precisions of 61 and 91 μm, respectively. For both the phantom and volunteer data cumulative displacement measurement accuracy could be evaluated and the difference between initial and final locations showed a mean and standard deviation of 0.44 and 0.59 mm for the phantom and 0.40 and 0.73 mm for the human data. Finally accuracy of (cumulative) displacement was evaluated using marker tracking in the silicone gel phantom. Differences between true and predicted marker locations showed a mean of 0.35 mm and a standard deviation of 0.63 mm.Conclusions:A novel SPAMM tagged MRI and fully automatic post‐processing framework for the measurement of complex 3D dynamic soft tissue deformation following just three repeated motion cycles was presented. The techniques demonstrate dynamic measurement of complex 3D soft tissue deformation at subvoxel accuracy and precision and were validated for 3.3–3.6 Hz sampling of deformation speeds up to 12 mm/s.
Robust calculation of effective atomic numbers: The Auto‐Zeff software
Authors: Taylor M. L. , Smith R. L. , Dossing F. , Franich R. D. 
Published: March 2012

Purpose:The most appropriate method of evaluating the effective atomic number necessitates consideration of energy‐dependent behavior. Previously, this required quite laborious calculation, which is why many scientists revert to over‐simplistic power‐law methods. The purpose of this work is to develop user‐friendly software for the robust, energy‐dependent computation of effective atomic numbers relevant within the context of medical physics, superseding the commonly employed simplistic power law approaches.Method: Visual Basic was used to develop a GUI allowing the straightforward calculation of effective atomic numbers. Photon interaction cross section matrices are constructed for energies spanning 10 keV to 10 GeV and elementsZ = 1–100. Coefficients for composite media are constructed via linear additivity of the fractional constituents and contrasted against the precalculated matrices at each energy, thereby associating an effective atomic number through interpolation of adjacent cross section data. Uncertainties are of the order of 1–2%.Results: Auto‐Zeff allows rapid (∼0.6 s) calculation of effective atomic numbers for a range of predefined or user‐specified media, allowing estimation of radiological properties and comparison of different media (for instance assessment of water equivalence). The accuracy of Auto‐Zeff has been validated against numerous published theoretical and experimental predictions, demonstrating good agreement. The results also show that commonly employed power‐law approaches are inaccurate, even in their intended regime of applicability (i.e., photoelectric regime). Furthermore, comparing the effective atomic numbers of composite materials using power‐law approaches even in a relative fashion is shown to be inappropriate.Conclusion: Auto‐Zeff facilitates easy computation of effective atomic numbers as a function of energy, as well as average and spectral‐weighted means. The results are significantly more accurate than normal power‐law predictions. The software is freely available to interested readers, who are encouraged to contact the authors.
Cell therapy in the heart
Authors: Abdelli Latifa S. , Merino Hilda , Rocher Crystal M. , Singla Dinender K. 
Published: March 2012

Cell therapy is emerging as a new strategy to circumvent the adverse effects of heart disease. Many experimental and clinical studies investigating the transplantation of cells into the injured myocardium have yielded promising results. Moreover, data from these reports show that transplanted stem cells can engraft within the myocardium, differentiate into major cardiac cell types, and improve cardiac function. However, results from clinical trials show conflicting results. These trials demonstrate significant improvements in cardiac function for up to 6 months. However, these improved functions were diminished when examined at 18 months. In this review, we will discuss the current literature available on cell transplantation, covering studies ranging from animal models to clinical trials.
Voce voco. Some Text Linguistic Observations on Ovid Heroides 10
Authors: Kroon Caroline 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn his articleVoce voco. Ariadne in Ovids Heroides und die ‘weibliche Stimme’(Mnemosyne, this issue), Christoph Pieper proposes a metapoetic interpretation of OvidHeroides10 in terms of a gradual awakening (and subsequent faltering) of Ariadne’s literary voice. The present contribution serves as a supplement to this article, in that it provides some text linguistic support for this metapoetic reading. In a linguistically and narratologically oriented discussion of the structure ofHeroides10, it is shown how epic and elegy literally merge in this poem, for instance by means of an ingenious mixing of discourse modes and time frames, and a subtle play with the inherent ambiguity of the present tense. The analysis reveals by which formal means the poet manages to reconcile all of Ariadne’s different roles and perspectives in the poem (epistolary speaker, epic speaker, elegiac speaker, narrative character), and integrate them, by way of literary experiment, in one coherent text.
Interrogative Nam in Early Latin
Authors: Holmes Nigel 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The article examines the use of nam in close association with a question word (e.g. quisnam, nam quis) in early Latin. As Kroon (1995, 165-5) observes, the use mirrors explicative nam, in that it is found when a speaker seeks supplementary information, while explicative nam is used to provide it. If interrogative nam arose from a sarcastic use of explicative nam to comment on a dialogue partner’s failure to supply information, this could account for several nuances that commentators have found in nam questions.
Explaining the Recent Upturn in Divorce in Indonesia: Developmental Idealism and the Effect of Political Change
Authors: Heaton Tim , Cammack Mark 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDivorce trends in Indonesia during the latter half of the 20th century provide an interesting contrast to Western societies. While the social forces associated with modernisation resulted in a dramatic rise in divorce in Western societies, the process of modernisation produced an equally dramatic decline in divorce in Indonesia. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the divorce trends have reversed direction in Indonesia, and the divorce rate has begun to rise. The purpose of this paper is to present both statistical evidence of a possible rise in divorce and qualitative evidence of possible changes in reasons for divorce. The statistical evidence is based on five rounds of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1987 and 2007. Qualitative evidence comes from interviews with marriage registrars, court officials, and other informed community members.
The Islamic Divorce Contract and a Flawed Axiom of Masculine Protectionism
Authors: Mohamad Maznah 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Islamic marital contract is based on an ideal of masculine protectionism, with males assuming power over those presumed to be vulnerable, namely, women and children. Greater rights are accorded to males in accordance with their bigger obligation towards the security and prosperity of the family. In illustrating these dynamics, I trace the historical development of the Family Syariah in Malaysia, and analyse the provisions on marital dissolution contained within it. The notion of either protectionist or dominative masculinity is then explored by examining the litigious experiences of men and women, as revealed from case law files on divorce of the various Syariah courts in Malaysia. In these cases, many men do not live up to their religious obligation as family head and provider, but often given the court mandate to imagine that they can. Hence, when they fail to see to their families’ maintenance, despite being religiously entrusted to be the source of women’s and children’s well-being, a social cost to society is exacted. In this situation, the manufacture of the submissive female is seldom successful as material conditions (such as wealth and social safety nets) do not always exist for obedience to be exchanged with protection. The article explores the extent to which an Islamic divorce contract can be sustained given that the axiom of male-protectionism can often be proven false in present day socio-economic context.
Fresh Cut Flowers and Exploitation
Authors: Miller Christina M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Our lives are filled with goods, from food to clothes to cars and everything in between. We purchase almost everything we use on a daily basis. Everywhere one turns there is talk of globalization and capitalism. These forces are significant factors in the daily lives of people all over the world. The availability of fresh cut flowers in the United States, Canada, and Europe is intimately tied to exploitation of workers in the third world. In this article I look at two case studies on different hemispheres, Colombia and Kenya, and show the exploitation of workers, especially women and children.
South Korea’s Sunshine Policy, Reciprocity and Nationhood
Authors: Hogarth Hyun-key Kim 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article is an anthropological study of South Korea’s ‘Sunshine Policy’ towards North Korea, through analyzing the much debated issue of reciprocity between the divided yet one nation. The Sunshine Policy was first instigated in 1998 by South Korean President Kim Dae Jung, to soften the belligerent attitude of North Korea towards the South by promoting interaction through the prosperous South’s economic aid to the nearly bankrupt North. The policy initially seemed to work, leading to some communications between the two Koreas, and President Kim Dae Jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000. However, as the North ‘jettisoned’ the principle of reciprocity, and the financial aid aimed to help the starving North Korean masses was used to develop weaponry including nuclear bombs and long-range missiles, the South Korean public began to question its validity. Since March 2008, the new South Korean President Lee Myung-bak has taken a harsher stance towards the North, and the Sunshine Policy has somewhat faded. According to some it is doomed to fail. This is an analyses of nation, state and reciprocity, and the reasons why the Sunshine Policy has encountered so many problems.
Critical Literacy in East Asian Literacy Classrooms
Authors: Kim So Jung 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this non-empirical study I examine the significance of implementing a critical literacy curriculum into East Asia literacy classrooms, focusing on the Korean and the Vietnamese context. Although critical literacy is not a new issue in most countries, no study has been published about critical literacy in East Asia countries. The fundamental goal of this study is to provide a more democratic vision for literacy teaching and learning to teachers, educators and policymakers, especially in East Asia countries. This study will be beneficial not only for teachers in East Asia, but also for Western countries that still need more knowledge to develop appropriate usage of critical literacy throughout the world.
Globalizing Research Ethics: Justice & Biomedical Research in Developing Countries
Authors: Neitzke Alex B. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A variety of factors are pushing biomedical research (e.g. pharmaceutical drug trials) to be increasingly performed in developing countries by foreign sponsors from wealthier nations. However, research takes on unique ethical dimensions when studies are performed in developing countries. Factors like poverty, imbalance of power, and cultural difference between sponsors/researchers and participants combine to increase possibilities for research abuses. Biomedical research in developing countries must therefore be given informed ethical analysis to ensure that research may be performed without exploiting developing nations. In this article I argue that an ethical framework for research in developing countries should be formulated through the adoption of four important conceptual changes: i) accounting for the vulnerability of subjects, ii) acknowledging contextual factors including social structures, culture, and political climate, iii) challenging ‘reasonable availability’ and other narrow concepts of benefit to research subjects, and iv) forging and utilizing lasting relationships with institutions already established in developing nations.
The English-Only Movement in the US and the World in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Pac Teresa 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this article, I examine the English-only movement in the United States and other countries in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Elaborating on research on the hegemony of English, this examination demonstrates English-only ideology, both linguistic and visual, as a primary means of restricting language and ethnic minorities’ access not only in the US, but also globally. First, I will present English as a social construction of the Anglo-Saxon elites in the process of the subordination of other language groups throughout American history up to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Second, I will briefly introduce the legislation of the Civil Rights Movement to show that language access increased the political presence of language minorities. Third, I will discuss the reemergence of the English-only movement appealing to nationalist sentiments in order to diminish language and ethnic minorities’ rising political presence in the US in the twenty-first century. Fourth, I will examine the spread of English-only ideology within the context of global capitalism, led by the US, in order to show forced compliance to the superiority of English by various diverse social groups on the global level.
Global Sushi: Eating and Identity
Authors: Edwards Paige A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRaw foods, especially raw fish, have not always been considered foodstuff in the US. Today, sushi has become so fused into Americans’ diets that it can even be purchased at popular supermarkets. Sushi’s growing popularity shows the influences of non-Western cultures in US society. What occurs as a result of this global mixing? What effects does this have on local food cultures? Through fieldwork in New York City, the Midwest and Japan, I explore the complexities of the global flow of both sushi and popular imaginings associated with it.
The Mondragon Cooperatives and 21st Century Socialism: A Review of Five Books with Radical Critiques and New Ideas
Authors: Davidson Carl 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This article is a review of five books on the Mondragon Cooperatives spanning several decades, not only to offer short critiques of their contents, but to use them as a starting point to bring Mondragon up to date and summarize its core philosophy in a way that helps the cooperative movement, and the wider socialist movement as well. The article is also full of interesting discussions held during a study tour in Mondragon in September of 2010.
Healthy Ageing — A Patients’ Rights Perspective
Authors: Hartlev Mette 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The demographic development is a challenge for the European healthcare systems, and to meet these challenges it is crucial to develop efficient health preventive strategies to ensure that the population is, and stays fit as long as possible. However, along with demographic development, Europe is also facing a boom in lifestyle diseases which constitute an impediment for healthy ageing. Smoking and obesity are considered to be the major causes in this regard. Both internationally and nationally there has been a strong commitment to reduce smoking, and it seems that a combination of information, economic incentives and legal regulation have been successful. The article explores whether the same public health strategy could be useful fighting obesity, and discusses whether such public health measures are compliant from a human and patients’ rights perspective. Special questions regarding public health initiatives targeting elderly patients will also be addressed.
Dialogue and Power: Understanding Danish Public Diplomacy Efforts in the Middle East
Authors: Pultz Karina 
Published: March 2012

Summary
Dialogue has become the grand new imperative of world politics in recent decades, particularly since 9/11 and the ‘war on terror’. It is also at the forefront of the agenda within the public diplomacy debate. This article points out that current attempts to capture public diplomacy through ‘soft power’ are of limited value for understanding dialogue as a central component in this field. The article claims that the notion of soft power should be supplemented with that of discursive power, which allows us to enquire into dialogue as a form of interaction that is able to transform identities. A case study on Danish-Middle Eastern dialogue activities illustrates that dialogue can be effective public diplomacy.
Imagination and Memory in Marsilio Ficino’s Theory of the Vehicles of the Soul 1
Authors: Corrias Anna 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe ancient Neoplatonic doctrine that the rational soul has one or more vehicles—bodies of a semi-material nature which it acquires during its descent through the spheres—plays a crucial part in Marsilio Ficino’s philosophical system, especially in his theory of sense-perception and in his account of the afterlife. Of the soul’s three vehicles, the one made of more or less rarefied air is particularly important, according to Ficino, during the soul’s embodied existence, for he identifies it with thespiritus, the pneumatic substance based in the brain which was believed to serve as an instrument for perception and imagination. He refers to the vehicles in his arguments against the theory of the transmigration of souls into the bodies of animals, claiming that the imaginative suffering experienced after death by souls in their aerial bodies are much more acute than the physical pain they might feel in bodies made of flesh and blood. Since the power of the imagination, for Ficino, is stronger than that of the four senses, the soul’s perceptive activity is more intense after death, when it has lost its earthly body and lives instead in a body made of air. The vehicles, moreover, provided Ficino with evidence for the individual immortality of souls, a doctrine that he was attempting to demonstrate philosophically against the position of Averroes and his followers. In his view, the vehicles ensured the survival after death of two faculties which were intimately connected to personal identity: the imagination and memory. By pointing out the role of the vehicles in transporting the soul’s innermost representations and memories through the universe, Ficino was able to show that the distinguishing traits of our personality are not lost with bodily death, but survive along with the vehicle that carries them.
Establishing and Dating Sinhala Influence in Sri Lanka Malay
Authors: Nordhoff Sebastian 
Published: March 2012

The study of Sri Lanka Malay has focussed on the genesis scenario, where theories of creolization (Smith et al., 2004; Smith & Paauw, 2006) with a dominant role of Tamil compete with theories of convergence (Bakker, 2006; Ansaldo, 2008), which allow for a more important role of Sinhala. This paper assesses and reevaluates the empirical data brought forward by both sides and contributes more empirical data on parallels with Sinhala. These parallels are partly due to substrate reinforcement (Siegel, 1998) of marginal structures found in Malay varieties, partly they are clear calques on Sinhala patterns. Some structures must be analysed as the result of Early Sinhala Influence during the colonial period, while for others, a later development following socio-political changes after independence is possible (Late Sinhala Influence). The paper argues that SLM changes towards Sinhala at both periods can be seen as a kind of metatypy comparable to other language contact settings in Eurasia and Papua.
Commentary on Smith’s papers1
Authors: Nordhoff Sebastian 
Published: March 2012

In his two contributions to this issue, Ian Smith nicely sets out criteria to establish language contact. Unfortunately, a rigorous application of the standards listed by Thomason (2001), which he endorses, is detrimental to his argumentation based on the Tamil accusative. Smith furthermore argues that phonological and syntactic influence should go together. This is intended to discredit Sinhala influence, but closer scrutiny of the argument shows that it actually discredits Tamil influence.
Smith’s papers furthermore are not informed by the socio-historical data and analysis presented in Nordhoff (2009), which are not compatible with his approach. Furthermore, Smith lists a phonological analysis based on syllable weight as a desideratum; such an analysis is also already found in Nordhoff 2009 and should have been consulted.