bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocabulary Learning through Assisted and Unassisted Repeated Reading
Authors: Webb Stuart , Chang Anna C-S 
Published: June 2012

Abstract: Previous research investigating the effects of unassisted and assisted repeated reading has primarily focused on how each approach may contribute to improvement in reading comprehension and fluency. Incidental learning of the form and meaning of unknown or partially known words encountered through assisted and unassisted repeated reading has yet to be examined in an ecologically valid context. This study investigated the effects of assisted and unassisted repeated reading on incidental vocabulary learning with beginner readers over two seven-week periods. A total of 82 students who were 15–16 years old and studying English as a foreign language in Taiwan read or read and listened to 28 short texts several times. To measure the effects of each condition, a modified vocabulary-knowledge scale was used in a pre-test and post-test design. The results indicated that both types of repeated reading contributed to vocabulary learning with assisted repeated reading leading to significantly greater vocabulary knowledge. The implications for the development of reading skills and vocabulary size are discussed in detail.
L’utilisation d’une mesure de la mémoire phonologique auprès d’une population d’enfants linguistiquement hétérogène
Authors: Fortier Véronique , Simard Daphnée , French Leif 
Published: June 2012

Résumé: Cette étude avait comme objectif de mettre à l’essai une tâche de répétition de non-mots destinée à une population francophone auprès d’une population dont la langue d’origine n’est pas le français. Un groupe de locuteurs de langues d’origine (n = 27) a été apparié à un groupe de locuteurs natifs du français (n = 27) possédant des connaissances lexicales réceptives comparables. Nous avons comparé les résultats des deux groupes à une tâche de répétition de non-mots. Les résultats des analyses de variance indiquent que les participants de langues d’origine ont obtenu des résultats équivalents à ceux des locuteurs natifs, et ce malgré le fait que leur langue d’origine ne soit pas celle à partir de laquelle les non-mots ont été construits. Cette étude met en lumière la possibilité d’utilisation d’une tâche de répétition de non-mots auprès d’une population linguistiquement hétérogène, tout en fournissant des pistes de réflexion relativement à l’unité de mesure qui devrait être privilégiée, soit la mesure de syllabes réussies, afin de tenter de limiter le plus possible l’influence de différents facteurs pouvant intervenir lors de la réalisation de la tâche.
Leishmania donovani Exploits Host Deubiquitinating Enzyme A20, a Negative Regulator of TLR Signaling, To Subvert Host Immune Response
Authors: Srivastav Supriya , Kar Susanta , Chande Ajit G. , Mukhopadhyaya Robin , Das Pijush K. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
TLRs, which form an interface between mammalian host and microbe, play a key role in pathogen recognition and initiation of proinflammatory response thus stimulating antimicrobial activity and host survival. However, certain intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania can successfully manipulate the TLR signaling, thus hijacking the defensive strategies of the host. Despite the presence of lipophosphoglycan, a TLR2 ligand capable of eliciting host-defensive cytokine response, on the surface of Leishmania, the strategies adopted by the parasite to silence the TLR2-mediated proinflammatory response is not understood. In this study, we showed that Leishmania donovani modulates the TLR2-mediated pathway in macrophages through inhibition of the IKK–NF-κB cascade and suppression of IL-12 and TNF-α production. This may be due to impairment of the association of TRAF6 with the TAK–TAB complex, thus inhibiting the recruitment of TRAF6 in TLR2 signaling. L. donovani infection drastically reduced Lys 63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6, and the deubiquitinating enzyme A20 was found to be significantly upregulated in infected macrophages. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of A20 restored the Lys 63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 as well as IL-12 and TNF-α levels with a concomitant decrease in IL-10 and TGF-β synthesis in infected macrophages. Knockdown of A20 led to lower parasite survival within macrophages. Moreover, in vivo silencing of A20 by short hairpin RNA in BALB/c mice led to increased NF-κB DNA binding and host-protective proinflammatory cytokine response resulting in effective parasite clearance. These results suggest that L. donovani might exploit host A20 to inhibit the TLR2-mediated proinflammatory gene expression, thus escaping the immune responses of the host.
Performing Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Mouse
Authors: Daubeuf François , Frossard Nelly 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a simple technique commonly used in humans to sample the contents of the epithelial lining fluid and determine the cellular and molecular composition of the pulmonary airways. In murine models, BAL makes it possible to sample immunological and inflammatory cell populations; it is indispensable for studying cell influx in disease models of the airways such as asthma and COPD. Cell counts can be combined with methods such as ELISA, immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and HPLC to assess such inflammatory components as cytokines, growth factors, analytes, and receptors expressed at the cell membrane. Performing BAL in a reproducible manner is a hallmark of airway research in the mouse. Several procedures may be implemented. This unit describes a basic, rapid, inexpensive, and highly reproducible procedure to collect BAL fluid and cells that can be counted efficiently and reproducibly. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:167‐175 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stereospecific Reduction of Methyl o‐Chlorobenzoylformate at 300 g⋅L−1 without Additional Cofactor using a Carbonyl Reductase Mined from Candida glabrata
Authors: Ma Hongmin , Yang Linlin , Ni Yan , Zhang Jie , Li Chun‐Xiu , Zheng Gao‐Wei , Yang Huaiyu , Xu Jian‐He 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn order to search for oxidoreductases suitable for the preparation of methyl (R)‐o‐chloromandelate [(R)‐CMM], the key intermediate for clopidogrel, the homologous proteins of Gre2p were expressed in Escherichia coli, among which CgKR1 showed the most satisfactory activity and stereoselectivity towards methyl o‐chlorobenzoylformate (CBFM). Using the crude enzyme of CgKR1 and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), as much as 300 g⋅L−1 of CBFM was almost stoichiometrically converted to (R)‐CMM with excellent enantiomeric excess (98.7% ee). More importantly, the reaction could be performed without external addition of an expensive cofactor. The substrate profile indicates that keto esters serve as the most suitable substrate, which was confirmed by gram‐scale preparations. Homology modeling and docking analysis revealed the molecular basis for the high stereoselectivity of CgKR1. These demonstrate not only the feasibility of in silico mining of novel enzymes based on sequence homology but also the applicability of this new reductase for the practical production of optically active (R)‐CMM.
Three‐Step One‐Pot Synthesis of Imidazo[2,1‐b]chalcogenazoles via Intramolecular Cyclization of N‐Alkynylimidazoles
Authors: Roehrs Juliano Alex , Pistoia Renan P. , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson 
Published: June 2012

AbstractImidazo‐chalcogenazoles are easily accessible from the corresponding N‐alkynylimidazoles by a three‐step, one‐pot chalcogenation reaction. The generality of this reaction has been established with various substituted N‐alkynylimidazoles as well as elemental chalcogens. By accessing the key intermediate 2‐chalcogenolate‐N‐alkynylimidazole it was also possible to prepare dichalcogenide derivatives.
Selbstorganisierte Multivalenz: dynamische Ligandenanordnungen für hochaffine Bindungen
Authors: Barnard Anna , Smith David K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDie Anwendung multivalenter Wechselwirkungen ist eine leistungsfähige Strategie biologischer Systeme, um eine hochaffine molekulare Erkennung zu erzielen. Seit kurzem richtet die Aufmerksamkeit der Synthesechemie vermehrt auf die selbstorganisierte anstelle einer kovalenten Synthese zur Anordnung von Liganden. Dieser Ansatz bietet mehrere Vorteile, z. B. eine einfache Synthese/Assemblierung, gezielt einstellbare Morphologien und Liganden, die Möglichkeit zum Einbau mehrerer aktiver Einheiten und die responsive Natur der Selbstorganisation. Wir zeigen, dass selbstorganisierte Multivalenz eine Strategie mit fundamentaler Bedeutung für den Entwurf synthetischer Nanosysteme ist, die in biologische Reaktionswege eingreifen können und potenzielle Anwendungen in der Nanomedizin finden.
The effects of gas counter pressure and mold temperature variation on the surface quality and morphology of the microcellular polystyrene foams
Authors: Chen Shia‐Chung , Hsu Ping‐Shun , Hwang Shyh‐Shin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this study, we developed a foaming control system using the Gas Counter Pressure (GCP) combined with mold temperature control during the microcellular injection molding (MuCell) process and investigated its influence on the parts' surface quality and foams structures. The results revealed that under GCP control alone when GCP is greater than 10 MPa, part surface roughness for transparent polystyrene (PS) improved by 90%. When GCP increased, the skin thickness also increased, the weight reduction decreased and the average cell size reduced to about 30 μm. For black PS parts, when GCP is greater than 10 MPa, the part gloss reaches the same value as that molded by conventional injection molding. By increasing gas holding time, the cell density decreased and the cell size distribution became more uniform. The increase in amount of supercritical fluid foaming agent also increased the cell density. Applying mold temperature control alone with temperature in the range of 90–120°C (near Tg), the surface roughness improved by 65%. Increasing mold temperature decreased the skin thickness; however, the cell size distribution became significantly nonuniform. It was found that thin skin, small and uniform cell size as well as good surface quality can be achieved efficiently by simultaneous combining of GCP and mold temperature control. The proposed innovative approach may lead to a significant improvement and a more broad application for MuCell process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Evaluation of cure state of vinylester resins
Authors: Acha Betiana A. , Carlsson Leif A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe objective of this investigation is to characterize the effect of time and moisture on the degree of cure of two room temperature (RT)‐curable vinylester resins (VE), VE8084, and VE510A. Both resins were cured at RT for 24 h. Following the initial cure, some specimens were cured at RT over an extended period of time; others were immersed in seawater or a humidity chamber (85% RH) at 50°C, or post‐cured (PC) at elevated temperatures. Dynamic‐mechanic analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry techniques were performed to characterize the degree of cure. The degree of cure for 24 h RT‐cured and seawater exposed specimens ranged from 83 to 86% for VE510A and from 86 to 93% for VE8084. After PC at elevated temperature, or exposure to 85% RH at 50°C, the degree of cure of both resins increased to about 99–100%. Analysis of the viscoelastic response of the resins by DMA revealed two heterogeneous transitions for partially cured VE resins and a single transition for fully cured resins. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Deinked and acetylated fiber of newspapers
Authors: Nedjma Samira , Djidjelli Hocine , Boukerrou Amar , Benachour Djafer , Chibani Nacera 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRecently, the incorporation of lignocellulosic materials as reinforcing agents or as fillers in polymer composites has received an increased attention. Although natural fibers have a number of advantages over glass fibers, the strong polar character of their surface is a limiting factor, as compatibility with strongly apolar thermoplastic matrices is very low. Such problems of incompatibility may be overcome with fiber pretreatments, which can enhance compatibility, albeit having a negative impact on the economics. In this study, the newspaper is deinked and acetylated. The effect of esterification between the acetyl groups and the hydroxyl groups of the fiber was examined by Fourier transform infrared. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the crystallinity and the surface morphology of the untreated deinked and acetylated fibers (newspaper). The thermal stability of deinked and acetylated fibers was slightly decreased. It was also shown that the deinking increased the crystallinity of newspaper fibers while acetylating decreased this crystallinity. Cellulose acetate is one of the most important cellulose derivatives and its main applications are its use in composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Morphology and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of ternary polymer blends of polyamide6, polypropylene, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene co‐polymer: Influence of compatibilizer and multiwall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Panda Biswajit , Bhattacharyya Arup R. , Kulkarni Ajit R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMorphological investigation was carried out with melt‐mixed ternary polymer blends of polyamide6 (PA6), polypropylene (PP) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS) in the presence of compatibilizer and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). 80/10/10 (wt/wt/wt) PA6/PP/ABS and 80/10/10 (wt/wt/wt) PP/PA6/ABS blends exhibited “core‐shell” morphology, whereas 80/10/10 (wt/wt/wt) ABS/PP/PA6 blends exhibited “separately dispersed” phase morphology. The type of phase morphology was unaltered in the presence of either compatibilizer or MWNTs in the respective ternary polymer blends. The morphological refinement in the presence of compatibilizer was explained on the basis of melt‐interfacial reaction. In contrast, the refinement in the dispersed droplets in the presence of MWNTs was due to the localization of MWNTs in the specific phase. Dynamic relaxation spectroscopic analysis indicated an increase in the relaxation time of PA6 chain in the presence of compatibilizer in the corresponding ternary blends. The variation in the relaxation time was dependent on the efficiency of the compatibilizer. The variation in the relaxation time for PA6 in the presence of 1 wt% MWNTs in the respective ternary blends also followed a similar trend; however, the extent of mobility of PA6 phase was influenced by the state of dispersion of MWNTs in the corresponding blends. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis, characterization, and anticoagulant activity of carboxymethyl starch sulfates
Authors: Fan Lihong , Gong Yugui , Cao Mi , Gao Song , Sun Yi , Chen Lingyun , Zheng Hua , Xie Weiguo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTo develop a renewable and compatible anticoagulant as potential heparin alternative, carboxymethyl starch sulfate (CMSS) was prepared by the reaction of carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and sulfating reagent [N(SO3Na)3]. The chemical structures of CMS and CMSS were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The influences of reaction parameters, including the pH of sulfating reagent, the molar ratio of sulfating reagent to CMS, reaction time, and temperature on the degree of substitution of sulfate groups (DS) of CMSS were studied. Meantime, the DS of each CMSS was determined by barium sulfate–glutin nephelometery method. Moreover, the anticoagulant activity of CMSS was investigated by the coagulation assays of activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and prothrombin time. The results revealed that the anticoagulant activity of CMSS was closely related to the DS value and concentration. The anticoagulant activity was promoted with the increasing of the DS and concentration. The molecular weight (Mw) in measured range had little impact on anticoagulant activity in contract to the DS and concentration. In this article, the CMSS with the DS of 1.91, concentration of 75 μg/mL and the Mw of 2.61 × 104 had the best blood anticoagulant activities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of polyarylene ether nitriles on processing and mechanical behaviors of phthalonitrile‐epoxy copolymers and glass fiber laminated composites
Authors: Zhao Xin , Guo Heng , Lei Yajie , Zhao Rui , Zhong Jiachun , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA series of copolymers and glass fiber composites were successfully prepared from 2,2‐bis [4‐(3,4‐dicyanophenoxy) phenyl] propane (BAPh), epoxy resins E‐44 (EP), and polyarylene ether nitriles (PEN) with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone as curing additive. The gelation time was shortened from 25 min to 4 min when PEN content was 0 wt % and 15 wt %, respectively. PEN could accelerate the crosslinking reaction between the phthalonitrile and epoxy. The initial decomposition temperatures (Ti) of BAPh/EP copolymers and glass fiber composites were all more than 350°C in nitrogen. The Tg of 15 wt % PEN glass fiber composites increased by 21.2°C compared with that of in comparison with BAPh/EP glass fiber composite. The flexural strength of the copolymers and glass fiber composites reached 119.8 MPa and 698.5 MPa which increased by 16.6 MPa and 127.3 MPa in comparison with BAPh/EP composite, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Highly Carboxylic‐Acid‐Functionalized Ethane‐Bridged Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties
Authors: Kao Hsien‐Ming , Chung Chih‐Hsuan , Saikia Diganta , Liao Shih‐Hsiang , Chao Pei‐Ying , Chen Yu‐Han , Wu Kevin C.‐W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFunctionalization of periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with high loadings of pendant organic groups to form bifunctional PMOs with ordered mesostructures remains a challenging objective. Herein, we report that well‐ordered ethane‐bridged PMOs functionalized with exceptionally high loadings of pendant carboxylic acid groups (up to 80 mol % based on silica) were synthesized by the co‐condensation of 1,4‐bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (BTME) and carboxyethylsilanetriol sodium salt (CES) with Pluronic P123 as the template and KCl as an additive under acidic conditions. The bifunctional materials were characterized by using a variety of techniques, including powder X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen‐adsorption/desorption, TEM, and solid‐state 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Zeta‐potential measurements showed that the surface negative charges increased with increasing the CES content. This property makes them potential candidates for applications in drug adsorption. The excellent adsorption capacity of these bifunctional PMOs towards an anticancer drug (doxorubicin) was also demonstrated.
Alcohol‐Processable Organic Amorphous Electrolytes as an Effective Electron‐Injection Layer for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Liu Gang , Li Yan‐Hu , Tan Wan‐Yi , He Zhi‐Cai , Wang Xiao‐Tie , Zhang Chi , Mo Yue‐Qi , Zhu Xu‐Hui , Peng Junbiao , Cao Yong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA new series of monoammonium‐based organic electrolytes with the tetrafluoroborate (BF4−) counteranion have been synthesized. Replacing the pendant ethyl groups in the fluorenyl unit with 4‐ethoxyphenyl groups dramatically improves both solubility and morphological stability. The characterization of the alcohol‐processable amorphous ionic compounds as an electron‐injection layer in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) reveals that the organic electrolyte that comprises a rigid linear‐conjugated unit provides better device performance, with respect to its counterpart containing a branched bulky moiety. The capability of these compounds to facilitate electron injection from air‐stable aluminum metal is preliminarily discussed on the basis of the investigations of the electron‐only devices and photovoltaic experiments.
Multi‐dimensional fractionation and characterization of crude protein mixtures: Toward establishment of a database of protein purification process development parameters
Authors: Nfor Beckley K. , Ahamed Tangir , Pinkse Martijn W.H. , van der Wielen Luuk A.M. , Verhaert Peter D.E.M. , van Dedem Gijs W.K. , Eppink Michel H.M. , van de Sandt Emile J.A.X. , Ottens Marcel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA multi‐dimensional fractionation and characterization scheme was developed for fast acquisition of the relevant molecular properties for protein separation from crude biological feedstocks by ion‐exchange chromatography (IEX), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), and size‐exclusion chromatography. In this approach, the linear IEX isotherm parameters were estimated from multiple linear salt‐gradient IEX data, while the nonlinear IEX parameters as well as the HIC isotherm parameters were obtained by the inverse method under column overloading conditions. Collected chromatographic fractions were analyzed by gel electrophoresis for estimation of molecular mass, followed by mass spectrometry for protein identification. The usefulness of the generated molecular properties data for rational decision‐making during downstream process development was equally demonstrated. Monoclonal antibody purification from crude hybridoma cell culture supernatant was used as case study. The obtained chromatographic parameters only apply to the employed stationary phases and operating conditions, hence prior high throughput screening of different chromatographic resins and mobile phase conditions is still a prerequisite. Nevertheless, it provides a quick, knowledge‐based approach for rationally synthesizing purification cascades prior to more detailed process optimization and evaluation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3070–3083. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peptide Bicycles that Inhibit the Grb2 SH2 Domain
Authors: Quartararo Justin S. , Wu Pianpian , Kritzer Joshua A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDeveloping short peptides into useful probes and therapeutic leads remains a difficult challenge. Structural rigidification is a proven method for improving the properties of short peptides. In this work, we report a strategy for stabilizing peptide macrocycles by introducing side‐chain‐to‐side‐chain staples to produce peptide bicycles with higher affinity, selectivity, and resistance to degradation. We have applied this strategy to G1, an 11‐residue peptide macrocycle that binds the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of growth‐factor‐bound protein 2 (Grb2). Several homodetic peptide bicycles were synthesized entirely on‐resin with high yields. Two rounds of iterative design produced peptide bicycle BC1, which is 60 times more potent than G1 and 200 times more selective. Moreover, BC1 is completely intact after 24 hours in buffered human serum, conditions under which G1 is completely degraded. Our peptide‐bicycle approach holds promise for the development of selective inhibitors of SH2 domains and other phosophotyrosine (pTyr)‐binding proteins, as well as inhibitors of many other protein–protein interactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Tailormade Bi4MO4(PO4)2 Structural Type (M: Mg, Zn).
Authors: Endara Diana , Colmont Marie , Huve Marielle , Tricot Gregory , Carpentier Laurent , Mentre Olivier 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe title compounds are synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Bi2O3, MO (M: Zn, Mg), and (NH4)2HPO4 (850 °C, 96 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Efficient Ca2SiO4:Eu2+ Green Emitting Phosphor by a Liquid Phase Precursor Method.
Authors: Luo Y. Y. , Jo D. S. , Senthil K. , Tezuka S. , Kakihana M. , Toda K. , Masaki T. , Yoon D. H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe title phosphor is synthesized by conventional solid state reaction, a new liquid phase precursor approach using SiO2 sol, and a liquid phase precursor approach using a water‐soluble silicon compound (obtained from Si(OEt)4, propylene glycol, and HCl at 80 °C for 48 h).