bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
11 Improving Measurement of Latin American Inequality and Poverty with an Eye to Equitable Growth Policy1
Authors: Berry Albert 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMajor improvements in the quality and frequency of data on income and consumption distribution in Latin American countries have provided an adequate base for assessing trends and analysing the factors (including policies) that have an impact on inequality, except in cases where conclusions are likely to depend substantially on the hardest-to-measure or least frequently measured components of income or consumption. These are capital income, accruing mainly to upper income groups (including income from the appreciation of assets), and consumption of public goods. Until household surveys are greatly improved from their present levels, other types of information will remain the main source on capital income, e.g., tax-related information. Arguably the highest potential payoff among the easily feasible improvements to the database on inequality is in the panel area, though success requires expertise inside or outside the data collection agency to keep it going. A major payoff to improvements in the information on inequality is the more efficient testing of hypotheses about the determination of distribution and its changes. Some of the required information is not related to distribution per se but rather to the phenomena whose causal links to inequality we seek to establish. Given the amount of information that falls in this category, some sort of rotating special module system is often called for. At this point it appears likely that extension of the distribution-relevant database in this direction is the highest priority in many countries.
13 China is Poorer than We Thought, but No Less Successful in the Fight against Poverty1
Authors: Chen Shaohua , Ravallion Martin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn 2005, China participated for the first time in the International Comparison Program (ICP), which collects primary data across countries on the prices for an internationally comparable list of goods and services. This chapter examines the implications of the new Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rate for China's poverty rate and how it has changed over time. It provides estimates with and without adjustment for a likely sampling bias in the ICP data. Using an international poverty line of US$ 1.25 at 2005 PPP, the results show a substantially higher poverty rate for China than past estimates, with about 15% of the population living in consumption poverty, implying about 130 million more poor by this standard. The income poverty rate in 2005 is 10%, implying about 65 million more people living in poverty. However, the new ICP data suggest an even larger reduction in the number of poor since 1981.
15 Living Standards in Africa
Authors: Sahn David E. , Younger Stephen D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter substantiates two claims: that in contrast to other regions of the world, Africa is poor; and that poverty in Africa is not declining consistently or significantly. It considers poverty in the dimensions of health and education, in addition to income, stressing the inherent conceptual and measurement issues that commend such a broader perspective. It notes a lack of consistency in the movement of the poverty measures. During similar periods, these are moving in opposite directions. The chapter discusses the need to go beyond examining each poverty measure individually, and presents an approach to evaluating poverty reduction in multiple dimensions jointly. The results of the multi-dimensional poverty comparisons reinforce the importance of considering deprivation beyond the material standard of living and provide insight into how to reconcile differing stories that arise from examining each indicator separately.
Divide and Conquer: Caesar,De Bello Gallico7
Authors: Kraus Christina Shuttleworth 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the work narrative structure does in creating meaning through a case study of BG 7. It analyses how the text invites us to isolate and then pit paired elements against each other: Caesar and Vercingetorix, who structure BG 7 and the history as a whole; Avaricum and Alesia, with their internally-divisive physical structures; and various doubled plot elements at Gergovia. Close reading of the Gergovia narrative shows how the interweaving of plots and the insistent doubling of conventional battle and ethnographical elements create significant echoes that signal to a reader both the constructedness of the narrative and its affinity with ‘proper’ literary historiography. Caesar leads us to consider not only the whats and whys, but most importantly the hows, of narrative. How we divide this (or any) text affects our interpretation; and the more conscious we are of the spaces, and the topoi that structure the narrative, the better we can understand it as historiographical re-presentation.
Velleius Mythistoricus
Authors: Wiseman T. P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the first surviving part of Velleius Paterculus' history (1.1-8), which covers the period from the Trojan War to the reign of Romulus, with particular reference to the foundations of cities and colonies, and the succession of monarchical power (imperium) in Greece and Asia. The discussion concentrates on Velleius' interest in Hercules, whose apotheosis he even uses as a dating marker like the Trojan War or the foundation of Rome. Comparison with Diodorus's narrative of Hercules' deeds, and with the first Nemean Ode of Pindar (written for a Sicilian patron), suggests that Velleius may have been following a western tradition in which Hercules became a god after the defeat of the Giants in Campania. Velleius himself was Campanian, as was his patron M. Vinicius, whose family's presence there can be traced back to the 5th century BC.
Romani ueteres atque urbani sales: A Note on CiceroDe Oratore2.262 and Lucilius 173M
Authors: Chahoud Anna 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines how Cicero shaped his oratorical persona through the deployment of precise verbal devices (especially diminutives and irony), re-configuring his champions of the past by combining different aspects of their humour so as to construct a unified model of verbal wit that owes much to the tradition of satire at Rome, particularly to the voice of Lucilius. The orator could not adopt wholesale the conventions or persona of the satirist, however. Cicero's self-construction modulates political invective in accordance with the dignitas and auctoritas appropriate to the orator, and with the elegantia and wit of the urbane contemporary Roman.
Erosand Empire: Virgil and the Historians on Civil War
Authors: Marincola John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter works outward from the final scene of Virgil's Aeneid in order to examine three interlocking themes. The first is the importance of the Social (or Marsic) War (91-88 BC) as an analogue for the battles waged for Italy in the second half of Virgil's Aeneid. Here historiographical texts (Sallust, Diodorus, Posidonius) are adduced in order to show the issues surrounding the Social War. The second theme is the dilemma between mercy and vengeance, and the difficulty for Roman authors in portraying civil war. It is argued that the ‘open’ endings of both Aeneid and Sallust's Catiline are not accidental, but rather one strategy for dealing with those difficulties. The third theme is the role that spoils play in late Republican discussions of their empire and treatment of their subjects, and the way in which this is related to the question of civil war.
Juvenal and theDelatores
Authors: Powell J. G. F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter enquires into the objects of attack in Juvenal's second satire — traditionally called ‘philosophers’, ‘moralists’, or ‘hypocrites’ — and identifies them as élite Romans who prosecuted in the law courts, especially the adultery court recently revived by Domitian. Juvenal's attack is seen within the tradition of hostility to prosecutors (delatores) in Graeco-Roman culture, in general, and in other literature of the period (Martial, Pliny the Younger, and, especially, Tacitus). The text of the second satire is examined in detail and numerous references to history, law, and rhetoric are eludicated. The interpretation aims to restore greater internal coherence to the satire and place it more securely than hitherto in its social and historical context. The truth or otherwise of its allegations (and thus its status as evidence for Roman sexual practices) emerges as less important. Improved interpretations are also proposed for four other passages of Juvenal that mention prosecutors (1.33-5, 3.116-20, 4.46-56, 10.69-72).
Romaand Her Tutelary Deity: Names and Ancient Evidence
Authors: Cairns Francis 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe ‘secret name of Rome’ and the identity of the alleged secret protector deity of Rome have long excited scholarly interest. This chapter reconsiders critically the ancient evidence about these topics and reaches conclusions different from those of most modern scholarship: although the ‘secret name of Rome’ was a matter of speculation at least from Varro on, and the notion of a protector deity current at least by the first century AD, the relevant ancient texts contain errors and inconsistencies that undermine the historical reality of the secret name and protector deity.
The Art of Losing: Tacitus and the Disaster Narrative
Authors: Keitel Elizabeth 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyses Tacitus's narratives of natural and man-made disasters, with special emphasis on those perpetrated by the principes against their own people. Tacitus consistently shows compassion towards Romans of all classes and does not stress the breakdown of social order among the masses during such disasters. He repeatedly evokes the sack of cities, the quintessential man-made disaster, when describing the tyrannical behaviour of principes such as Tiberius and Nero. Through allusions to Aeneid 2, Tacitus creates a portable, repeatable sack of Troy during the civil wars of AD 69 to underline the gravity of the situation as Italy and Rome suffer serial abuse from various contenders; the common motives of all leaders and armies in making war on their own country; the vicissitudes of fortune during civil war, and the profanation of Rome itself.
The Historian's Presence, or, There and Back Again
Authors: Damon Cynthia 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter is an investigation of a Tacitean metaphor for historiography and its implications for the historian's role in history. The metaphor of the historian's physical proximity to his subject matter, which is found in the Annals 4 digression contrasting Tacitus's work with that of historians of earlier periods, is an offshoot of the enargeia that often enlivens a narrative. It is also one of the many connections between this digression and both Tacitus's account of the trial of the historian Cremutius Cordus (4.34-35) and what he suggests about his own work as historian.
Chapter 7 If Invasive Species are “Pollutants”, Should Polluters Pay?
Authors: Simpson R. David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the issue of whether policies toward invasive species should look like those adopted in response to other forms of ‘pollution’. It argues that this will depend on whether damages are low enough that preventing invasions should be seen as a ‘lost cause’ and abandoned, or if damages are high enough that prevention is a wise investment and significant resources should be put into preventing invasions. A simple model is developed that lays out these considerations. It is also shown that fixing parameters describing the demand for imports, their cost, and the cost of treating imports to reduce the likelihood of invasion allows the definition of the optimal strategy by reference to the anticipated damages resulting from invasion.
Chapter 10 Optimal Random Exploration for Trade‐related Nonindigenous Species Risk
Authors: Springborn Michael , Costello Christopher , Ferrier Peyton 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter identifies variables from the port inspection setting that influence the gains to exploration via random inspections. It begins by describing a Bayesian learning model of trade-related non-indigenous species (NIS) risk in Section 10.2, which captures uncertainty over the true probability that trade from a given source is infested, and provides a framework for updating these beliefs as observations accrue. The formal inspection allocation decision problem is expressed in Section 10.3, where the computational demands of the central task are made clear. The analysis in Section 10.4 begins with the simplest possible nontrivial version of the problem. Elements of real-world complexity are subsequently added to build intuition for the ultimate task of exploring random inspection policy in an empirically-based setting. The workhorse method applies Monte Carlo simulation under various policies to characterize performance in terms of interceptions and to identify optimal choices for design and intensity of exploration.
Chapter 11 The Role of Space in Invasive Species Management
Authors: Touza Julia , Drechsler Martin , Johst Karin , Dehnen-Schmutz Katharina 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the spatial characteristics of invasive species management. Specifically, it looks at control of the spread of a species introduced to an area. It begins with a review of the emerging literature on the spatial economics of invasive species. The studies are reviewed in terms of their use of space: the inclusion of local heterogeneity and the analysis of a network of areas (i.e., two-patches versus multiple-patches). It is shown that most of the studies either focus on heterogeneity in simple landscapes with two patches, or on complex landscapes with multiple areas but ignoring spatial heterogeneity. The chapter develops a simple model to explore the role of spatial heterogeneity in invasive species management in a landscape with multiple areas. A final section recapitulates the main points and offers conclusions.
Chapter 14 Invasive Plants in Tropical Human‐Dominated Landscapes: Need for an Inclusive Management Strategy
Authors: Shaanker R. Uma , Joseph Gladwin , Aravind N.A. , Kannan Ramesh , K.N. Ganeshaiah 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that solutions to the management of invasive species need to be reworked to take into account the fact that invasive species can impact human livelihoods both negatively and positively. Besides the existing strategies for the management of invasive species, there is a need for alternative strategies in terms of the net benefit they yield, taking of course all benefits and costs into account. A specific case of control of invasive species in largely tropical landscapes is considered, with the attendant problems of human dependence on natural resources as well as lack of investment portfolios to control invasive species. Management strategies are proposed that promote use of the invasive as a way of minimizing the net costs of the invasive species.
Agency, Emotions, and the Problem of Import
Authors: Helm Bennett W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter sketches a basic account of what it is for something to have import to an agent — of what it is for an agent to care about something — in terms of which is distinguished mere goal-directedness from genuine desire, and hence mere intentional systems from genuine agents. The resulting account rejects the cognitive-conative divide: emotions, desires, and evaluative judgments are not cognitions insofar as they serve to constitute their objects as having import, and yet they are not conations insofar as they are rationally evaluable in terms of that import. Rather, import and the rational patterns of felt evaluations and evaluative judgments emerge simultaneously, each presupposing the other in a way that is unintelligible were we to accept the cognitive-conative divide. This account paves the way for an account of love that understands love like caring to be neither simply an appraisal nor simply a bestowal of value; instead, love is simultaneously both.
Caring about Others
Authors: Helm Bennett W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter extends the account of caring in general to include a distinctive kind of caring, which is called caring about an agent as such. This has required first coming to understand what it is to care about something for its own sake in terms of its being the focus of the relevant pattern of felt evaluations and evaluative judgments. The chapter examines what it is to care about something as being of a certain kind in terms of an at least implicit understanding of that kind informing and so structuring the rational pattern of felt evaluations and evaluative judgments constitutive of one's caring. It argues that caring about something as an agent requires that the pattern of felt evaluations and evaluative judgments constitutive of one's caring be structured in such a way that one comes to share not only her cares but also thereby her felt evaluations and desires. This means that in caring about an agent as such one ought normally to undertake engaged activity with her as an expression of one's caring.
Paternalistic Love and External Reasons
Authors: Helm Bennett W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the sort of properly paternalistic loving relationships loving caretakers — parents — ought to have with children. It argues that we must at least begin to relax the individualist conception of autonomy if we are to make sense of the ways in which parents can have some control over their children's upbringing by helping to instill particular values in them, without thereby undermining the children's responsibility for who they become. Parents can provide their children with reasons for caring or valuing in a particular way, reasons that, by having their source in the loving relationship, others are not in a position to provide; as such, these reasons are distinctively interpersonal in a way that calls into question whether we can make sense of the child as exercising his growing capacity for autonomy all on his own, as the individualist conception of autonomy requires.
Postscript
Authors: Helm Bennett W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis Postscript reviews the discussions in the preceding chapters. It focuses on the individualist conception of persons, which has two central components: the egocentric conception of intimate concerns, and the individualist conception of autonomy. It is argued that the justification for the account is the sense it is able to make overall of a variety of related phenomena. Providing this account of love and friendship provides explicit accounts of what it is to care about and value something for the sake of another person or agent, of the phenomenology of love and the place of the emotions within it, of the intimacy of love, of the rational role of loving parents in the enculturation of their children, of the nature of plural agents as distinct from plural intentional systems, and of a solution to the fungibility problem for both love and friendship in the context of an overall account of their value and justification.
A Metasemantic Account of Vagueness
Authors: Rayo Agustín 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends a metasemantic account of vagueness, which is based on the following three theses: (1) The meaningfulness of our sentences depends on the prevalence of suitable linguistic conventions; (2) Whether or not a convention prevails in a given population need not be an all-or-nothing matter — it can come in degrees; (3) Whereas conventions about how to use sentences involving only attributions of vague predicates to clear cases are often prevalent to a very high degree, conventions about how to use sentences involving attributions of vague predicates to borderline cases are prevalent, if at all, to lesser degrees.
Vague Properties
Authors: Schiffer Stephen 
Published: May 2010

Abstract‘Quandary’ labels a psychological state that is characteristic of taking a thing to be a borderline instance of a property. Q-Constraint is the claim that there need be nothing incorrect about being in Quandary. A truth-status theory of vague properties assigns a particular truth-status (e.g. being true or false, being neither true nor false) to the proposition that x is an instance of φ when x is a borderline instance of φ. This chapter argues that no truth-status theory is consistent with Q-Constraint and sketches a non-truth-status theory of vague properties that satisfies Q-Constraint. A crucial feature of the sketch is that vague properties are individuated in a way that affords us epistemic and linguistic access to them by the very use-practices that determine which vague properties words express.
Vagueness, Metaphysics, and Objectivity
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOne much discussed issue concerns the metaphysical nature, or the source or cause, of vagueness. Is vagueness a purely linguistic matter, concerned (merely) with how the world gets represented via language, or is there a sense in which the world itself is vague? This chapter argues against the intelligibility of the question of metaphysical vagueness, at least if it is put in such a straightforward and perhaps naive manner. Reflection on the origins and nature of vagueness in language suggests that the phenomenon is due to both the way the world is and the way that we, the users of language, and our faculties of representation are, and that there is no sense to separating those factors and attributing vagueness to one of them exclusively.
Perceptual Indiscriminability and the Concept of a Color Shade
Authors: Horsten Leon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter investigates the connection between indiscriminability with respect to colour, and the concept of a colour shade. A crucial question is whether indiscriminability is a transitive relation. If it is, then a simple identity criterion for colour shades can be straightforwardly expressed in terms of indiscriminability. If it is not, then we are driven to a less immediate identity criterion for colour shades, which is however still intimately linked to indiscriminability. In this situation, there is a sense in which the concept of a colour shade must be taken to be a low-level theoretical notion.
The Prospects of a Paraconsistent Response to Vagueness
Authors: Hyde Dominic 
Published: May 2010

AbstractParaconsistent responses to vagueness are often thought to represent a revision of logical theory that is too radical to be defensible. The paracomplete logic of supervaluationism, SpV, is not only taken to be more conservative but is also commonly said to ‘preserve classical logic’. This chapter argues that this is wrong on both counts. The paraconsistent logic SbV, or subvaluationism, is no less conservative than SpV nor more so. In the end both logics offer equally compelling theoretical approaches to vagueness. Each approach is also equally objectionable, with neither providing an adequate account of vagueness, but this criticism arises from a feature shared by each approach that is independent of their paracompleteness or paraconsistency per se. For all that has been said, a paraconsistent approach, and the associated recourse to truth-value gluts, remains a contender in accounting for vagueness.
Fuzzy Epistemicism
Authors: MacFarlane John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMuch of the literature on vagueness has taken for granted that semantic and epistemic approaches to vagueness are fundamentally at odds. If we can analyze borderline cases and the Sorites paradox in terms of degrees of truth, then we do not need an epistemic explanation. Conversely, if an epistemic explanation suffices, then there is no reason to depart from the familiar simplicity of classical bivalent semantics. This chapter questions this assumption, showing that there is an intelligible motivation for adopting a many-valued semantics, even if one accepts a form of epistemicism. The resulting hybrid view has advantages over both classical epistemicism and traditional many-valued approaches.