bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Household Finance Management and the Labour Market: A Case Study in Hartlepool
Authors: Morris Lydia 
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on the results of a survey carried out in Hartlepool towards the end of 1989. It considers the problems posed by data collection through survey methods to enquire into the management of household finances, and adopts a procedure which first examines treatment of the man's wage, and follows with additional questions about use of the woman's wage, access to personal spending money, and the location of final authority over spending. The data are based on a comparison between four different groupings with reference to the man's employment status: Group A: couples in which the man has been unemployed for at least the last 12 months. Group B: couples in which the man is currently employed and has held the same job for at least the last twelve months. Group C: couples in which the man has been recently recruited to employment. Group D: a residual group covering any other status, notably early retirement, sickness, disability or student status. An age range of 20–55 was imposed. Marked contrasts were found between these groupings though further variation was introduced by employment for the woman. Broadly speaking there are two instances of heightened financial influence for women: low income prompts female management, whilst women's employment (and therefore higher income) increases joint management. It is in the traditional and declining situation of a sole male earner in which female authority or influence is at its lowest.
Developments in Space Dyeing for the Carpet Industry
Authors: ROBERTS BARRIE P. 
Published: August 2010

Developments have been divided into four categories, namely

random printing of webs
regular printing of warps including non‐aqueous methods
knit‐deknit
yarn package impregnation.

The emphasis is on nylon, although the ability to colour other carpet fibres by space dyeing techniques is discussed. Finally, space dyeing as an industry is reviewed and the reasons for the slowing of its rate of growth during this decade is outlined.
Colouring Wood
Authors: Hilditch E A 
Published: August 2010

Before the development of synthetic dyes, natural materials and extracts were used to colour wood, but few remain in use.Present day colouring uses synthetic dyes or pigment or natural pigment dissolved or dispersed in water, hydrocarbon solvents, alcohols or glycols.Properties of each group and factors affecting choices of combinations for colouring solid wood are reviewed both for indoor and outdoor use.
Metal‐complex Dyes for Wool and Nylon — 1930 to date
Authors: Beffa F , Back G 
Published: August 2010

An introduction outlining the scope and limitations of this paper is followed by a brief explanation of the essential structural features of metal‐complex dyes.The earliest metal‐complex dyes were produced directly within the fibre material by reacting a metallisable dye with a chromium compoundin situ. The first chromium complex dyes prepared in substance, were the chromium complexes containing sulpho‐groups, synthesised by R Bohn of BASF, in 1912, the application of which was first made possible after the discovery by Ciba of a satisfactory dyeing process based on the use of a dyebath made strongly acid with sulphuric acid. These two classes of dye dominated the dyeing industry into the 1950s.At that time 1:2 metal‐complex dyes without sulphonic acid groups but containing nonionic substituents as solubilising groups were introduced. These complexes were applicable from neutral to weakly acid dyebaths, which minimised the damage to the fibres. These dyeings were characterised by high fastness to light and wet treatments. Later, for commercial reasons, sulphonic acid groups were again introduced into the dye molecule to increase their hydrophilic properties. These dyes also have become well established as a result of the introduction of new dyeing methods and the development of dyeing auxiliaries designed to promote level dyeing.In addition to these types of metal‐complex dyes, further metal‐complex dyes selected from the extensive patent literature of the last 50 years because of their interesting structure are described.
Flame‐retardant Finishing of Textiles
Authors: Horrocks A R 
Published: August 2010

The need for flame‐retardant finishing of textiles is examined in the context of the hazards of textile flammability, associated legislation and procedures for assessing textile burning behaviour.The functions of flame‐retardant finishes and durable finishes developed specifically for cellulose, wool and man‐made fibres are described in depth. Multipurpose finishes for both cellulose and wool textiles in which flame retardancy is only one property conferred on the textile are examined. Fibre blends present a particular problem and special attention is paid to discussing those finishes applied to polyester/cotton blended fabrics.The laundering behaviour and consequent finish durability are reviewed. In addition, the effects that applying flame‐retardant finishes have on textile properties and performance are considered.Recent developments in methods used to apply flame‐retardant finishes are outlined.
Discharge and resist printing ‐ a review
Authors: Provost J R 
Published: August 2010

A review of the contemporary methods used by printers, on a world‐wide basis, to produce discharge print effects is given in this paper. Discharge‐resist and ‘true’ resist methods are also included as developments in these areas have been a recent trend. Prints produced by these methods are, in many cases, indistinguishable from prints produced by conventional discharge methods using reducing agents.A review of the major literature and patent situation over the last fifteen years is given, together with an indication of possible future trends.
COPING WITH INFLATION AND EXCHANGE RATE SHOCKS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY
Authors: DE WET W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOver the past ten years South Africa has moved to an increasingly open economy, characterised by a (relatively) low inflation and large and unpredictable movements in the prices of financial assets. One of these asset prices is the value of the South African currency. This volatility in the exchange rate has a direct impact on inflation. Using the interest rate as operational target, a central bank might ignore or underestimate the exchange rate transmission mechanism through which the economy is influenced. This paper proposes a Monetary Conditions Index for South Africa that can be used as a policy rule or simply as an important information variable in conducting monetary policy under an inflation‐targeting regime with a volatile exchange rate.
An Analytical Solution to Predict the Inception of Two-Phase Flow in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Bansode A. S. , Sundararajan T. , Das Sarit K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The presence of liquid water at the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cell hinders the reactant supply to the electrode and is known as electrode flooding. The flooding at the cathode due to the presence of two-phase flow of water is one of the major performance limiting conditions. A pseudo-two-dimensional analytical model is developed to predict the inception of two-phase flow along the length of the cathode channel. The diffusion of the water is considered to take place only across the gas diffusion layer (GDL). The current density corresponding to the inception of two-phase flow, called the threshold current density, is found to be a function of the channel length and height, GDL thickness, velocity, and relative humidity of the air at the inlet and cell temperature. Thus, for given design and operating conditions, the analytical model is capable of predicting the inception of two-phase flow, and therefore a flooding condition can be avoided in the first place.
Serological Evidence of Human Klassevirus Infection
Authors: Greninger Alexander L. , Holtz Lori , Kang Gagandeep , Ganem Donald , Wang David , DeRisi Joseph L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
Klassevirus is a proposed new genus of picornavirus that has been associated with pediatric diarrhea. In this study, we used recombinant klassevirus 3C protease as the capture antigen for an indirect serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Four of six klassevirus reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-positive individuals demonstrated seroconversion against the 3C protease, suggesting that klassevirus infection and replication occur in humans. Additional screening of 353 samples from an age-banded serological cohort from two St. Louis hospitals indicated a seroprevalence of 6.8%.
Spoligotypes of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
from Different Provinces of China
Authors: Dong Haiyan , Liu Zhiguang , Lv Bing , Zhang Yuanyuan , Liu Jie , Zhao Xiuqin , Liu Jinghua , Wan Kanglin 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

A total of 2,346
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates from 13 provinces in China were genotyped by spoligotyping. Two hundred seventy-eight spoligotypes were identified: 2,153 isolates were grouped into 85 clusters, and the remaining 193 isolates were orphans. Comparison with the SpolDB4.0 database revealed that 118 spoligotypes had shared international type numbers in the database and the other 160 were novel. These 160 novel spoligotypes were assigned to families and subfamilies using the
SpotClust
program. The most prevalent family was the Beijing family (74.08%), followed by the T family (14.11%). CAS family strains were found only in the Xinjiang and Tibet regions, while EAI family strains were found only in Fujian Province. In conclusion, the present study of the
M. tuberculosis
population in China demonstrated that Beijing family isolates are the most prevalent strains in China and that they exhibit geographical variation. Furthermore, many new spoligotypes were found in this study.
Improved Safety for Molecular Diagnosis of Classical Rabies Viruses by Use of a TaqMan Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR “Double Check” Strategy
Authors: Hoffmann B. , Freuling C. M. , Wakeley P. R. , Rasmussen T. B. , Leech S. , Fooks A. R. , Beer M. , Müller T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTo improve the diagnosis of classical rabies virus with molecular methods, a validated, ready-to-use, real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay was developed. In a first step, primers and 6-carboxyfluorescien-labeled TaqMan probes specific for rabies virus were selected from the consensus sequence of the nucleoprotein gene of 203 different rabies virus sequences derived from GenBank. The selected primer-probe combination was highly specific and sensitive. During validation using a sample set of rabies virus strains from the virus archives of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI; Germany), the Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA; United Kingdom), and the DTU National Veterinary Institute (Lindholm, Denmark), covering the global diversity of rabies virus lineages, it was shown that both the newly developed assay and a previously described one had some detection failures. This was overcome by a combined assay that detected all samples as positive. In addition, the introduction of labeled positive controls (LPC) increased the diagnostic safety of the single as well as the combined assay. Based on the newly developed, alternative assay for the detection of rabies virus and the application of LPCs, an improved diagnostic sensitivity and reliability can be ascertained for postmortem andintra vitamreal-time RT-PCR analyses in rabies reference laboratories.
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis Diagnosed by 16S rRNA Gene PCR
Authors: Yager Jessica E. , Ford Emily S. , Boas Zachary P. , Haseley Leah A. , Cookson Brad T. , SenGupta Dhruba J. , Fang Ferric C. , Gottlieb Geoffrey S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

In some patients with peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), a causative organism is never identified. We report a case of
Ureaplasma urealyticum
CAPD-associated peritonitis diagnosed by 16S rRNA gene PCR.
Ureaplasma
may be an underrecognized cause of peritonitis because it cannot be recovered using routine culture methods.
The Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Is Dynamically Associated with the Replication-Transcription Complexes
Authors: Verheije Monique H. , Hagemeijer Marne C. , Ulasli Mustafa , Reggiori Fulvio , Rottier Peter J. M. , Masters Paul S. , Haan Cornelis A. M. de 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
The coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein is a virion structural protein. It also functions, however, in an unknown way in viral replication and localizes to the viral replication-transcription complexes (RTCs). Here we investigated, using recombinant murine coronaviruses expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged versions of the N protein, the dynamics of its interactions with the RTCs and the domain(s) involved. Using fluorescent recovery after photobleaching, we showed that the N protein, unlike the nonstructural protein 2, is dynamically associated with the RTCs. Recruitment of the N protein to the RTCs requires the C-terminal N2b domain, which interacts with other N proteins in an RNA-independent manner.
A Determinant of Sindbis Virus Neurovirulence Enables Efficient Disruption of Jak/STAT Signaling
Authors: Simmons Jason D. , Wollish Amy C. , Heise Mark T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Previous studies with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and Sindbis virus (SINV) indicate that alphaviruses are capable of suppressing the cellular response to type I and type II interferons (IFNs) by disrupting Jak/STAT signaling; however, the relevance of this signaling inhibition toward pathogenesis has not been investigated. The relative abilities of neurovirulent and nonneurovirulent SINV strains to downregulate Jak/STAT signaling were compared to determine whether the ability to inhibit IFN signaling correlates with virulence potential. The adult mouse neurovirulent strain AR86 was found to rapidly and robustly inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 in response to IFN-γ and/or IFN-β. In contrast, the closely related SINV strains Girdwood and TR339, which do not cause detectable disease in adult mice, were relatively inefficient inhibitors of STAT1/2 activation. Decreased STAT activation in AR86-infected cells was associated with decreased activation of the IFN receptor-associated tyrosine kinases Tyk2, Jak1, and Jak2. To identify the viral factor(s) involved, we infected cells with several panels of AR86/Girdwood chimeric viruses. Surprisingly, we found that a single amino acid determinant, threonine at nsP1 position 538, which is required for AR86 virulence, was also required for efficient disruption of STAT1 activation, and this determinant fully restored STAT1 inhibition when it was introduced into the avirulent Girdwood background. These data indicate that a key virulence determinant plays a critical role in downregulating the response to type I and type II IFNs, which suggests that the ability of alphaviruses to inhibit Jak/STAT signaling relates to their
in vivo
virulence potential.
Hepatitis C Virus Egress and Release Depend on Endosomal Trafficking of Core Protein
Authors: Lai Chao-Kuen , Jeng King-Song , Machida Keigo , Lai Michael M. C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) assembly is known to occur in juxtaposition to lipid droplets, but the mechanisms of nascent virion transport and release remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that HCV core protein targets to early and late endosomes but not to mitochondria or peroxisomes. Further, by employing inhibitors of early and late endosome motility in HCV-infected cells, we demonstrate that the movement of core protein to the early and late endosomes and virus production require an endosome-based secretory pathway. We also observed that this way is independent of that of the internalization of endocytosed virus particles during virus entry.
Diverging Affinity of Tospovirus RNA Silencing Suppressor Proteins, NSs, for Various RNA Duplex Molecules
Authors: Schnettler Esther , Hemmes Hans , Huismann Rik , Goldbach Rob , Prins Marcel , Kormelink Richard 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The tospovirus NSs protein was previously shown to suppress the antiviral RNA silencing mechanism in plants. Here the biochemical analysis of NSs proteins from different tospoviruses, using purified NSs or NSs containing cell extracts, is described. The results showed that all tospoviral NSs proteins analyzed exhibited affinity to small double-stranded RNA molecules, i.e., small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and micro-RNA (miRNA)/miRNA* duplexes. Interestingly, the NSs proteins from tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), and groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) also showed affinity to long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), whereas tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV) NSs did not. The TSWV NSs protein was shown to be capable of inhibiting Dicer-mediated cleavage of long dsRNA
in vitro
. In addition, it suppressed the accumulation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-specific siRNAs during coinfiltration with an inverted-repeat-GFP RNA construct in
Nicotiana benthamiana
.
In vivo
interference of TSWV NSs in the miRNA pathway was shown by suppression of an enhanced GFP (eGFP) miRNA sensor construct. The ability to stabilize miRNA/miRNA* by different tospovirus NSs proteins
in vivo
was demonstrated by increased accumulation and detection of both miRNA171c and miRNA171c* in tospovirus-infected
N. benthamiana
. All together, these data suggest that tospoviruses interfere in the RNA silencing pathway by sequestering siRNA and miRNA/miRNA* molecules before they are uploaded into their respective RNA-induced silencing complexes. The observed affinity to long dsRNA for only a subset of the tospoviruses studied is discussed in light of evolutional divergence and their ancestral relation to the animal-infecting members of the
Bunyaviridae.
The Noncanonical Gag Domains p8 and n Are Critical for Assembly and Release of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus
Authors: Zábranský Aleš , Hoboth Peter , Hadravová Romana , Štokrová Jitka , Sakalian Michael , Pichová Iva 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) Gag contains the unique domains pp21, p3, p8, and n. We investigated the contribution of these domains to particle assembly and found that the region spanning the p8 and n domains is critical for shape determination and assembly. Deletion of pp21 and p3 reduced the number of released particles, but deletion of the n domain resulted in frequent formation of aberrant particles, while deletion of p8 severely impaired assembly. Further investigation of p8 revealed that both the basic and the proline-rich motifs within p8 contribute to MMTV assembly.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Inhibits Type I Interferon Signaling by Blocking STAT1/STAT2 Nuclear Translocation
Authors: Patel Deendayal , Nan Yuchen , Shen Meiyan , Ritthipichai Krit , Zhu Xiaoping , Zhang Yan-Jin 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT
Type I interferons (IFNs) IFN-α/β play an important role in innate immunity against viral infections by inducing antiviral responses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) inhibits the synthesis of type I IFNs. However, whether PRRSV can inhibit IFN signaling is less well understood. In the present study, we found that PRRSV interferes with the IFN signaling pathway. The transcript levels of IFN-stimulated genes ISG15 and ISG56 and protein level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) in PRRSV VR2385-infected MARC-145 cells were significantly lower than those in mock-infected cells after IFN-α treatment. IFN-induced phosphorylation of both STAT1 and STAT2 and their heterodimer formation in the PRRSV-infected cells were not affected. However, the majority of the STAT1/STAT2/IRF9 (IFN regulatory factor 9) heterotrimers remained in the cytoplasm of PRRSV-infected cells, which indicates that the nuclear translocation of the heterotrimers was blocked. Overexpression of NSP1β of PRRSV VR2385 inhibited expression of ISG15 and ISG56 and blocked nuclear translocation of STAT1, which suggests that NSP1β might be the viral protein responsible for the inhibition of IFN signaling. PRRSV infection in primary porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) also inhibited IFN-α-stimulated expression of the ISGs and the STAT2 protein. In contrast, a licensed low-virulence vaccine strain, Ingelvac PRRS modified live virus (MLV), activated expression of IFN-inducible genes, including those of chemokines and antiviral proteins, in PAMs without the addition of external IFN and had no detectable effect on IFN signaling. These findings suggest that PRRSV interferes with the activation and signaling pathway of type I IFNs by blocking ISG factor 3 (ISGF3) nuclear translocation.
An RNA Pseudoknot Is Required for Production of Yellow Fever Virus Subgenomic RNA by the Host Nuclease XRN1
Authors: Silva Patrícia A. G. C. , Pereira Carina F. , Dalebout Tim J. , Spaan Willy J. M. , Bredenbeek Peter J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Cells and mice infected with arthropod-borne flaviviruses produce a small subgenomic RNA that is colinear with the distal part of the viral 3′-untranslated region (UTR). This small subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) results from the incomplete degradation of the viral genome by the host 5′-3′ exonuclease XRN1. Production of the sfRNA is important for the pathogenicity of the virus. This study not only presents a detailed description of the yellow fever virus (YFV) sfRNA but, more importantly, describes for the first time the molecular characteristics of the stalling site for XRN1 in the flavivirus genome. Similar to the case for West Nile virus, the YFV sfRNA was produced by XRN1. However, in contrast to the case for other arthropod-borne flaviviruses, not one but two sfRNAs were detected in YFV-infected mammalian cells. The smaller of these two sfRNAs was not observed in infected mosquito cells. The larger sfRNA could also be produced
in vitro
by incubation with purified XRN1. These two YFV sfRNAs formed a 5′-nested set. The 5′ ends of the YFV sfRNAs were found to be just upstream of the previously predicted RNA pseudoknot PSK3. RNA structure probing and mutagenesis studies provided strong evidence that this pseudoknot structure was formed and served as the molecular signal to stall XRN1. The sequence involved in PSK3 formation was cloned into the Sinrep5 expression vector and shown to direct the production of an sfRNA-like RNA. These results underscore the importance of the RNA pseudoknot in stalling XRN1 and also demonstrate that it is the sole viral requirement for sfRNA production.