bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial–temporal variation ofAchiruslarvae (Actinopterygii: Achiridae) in mangrove, beach and reef habitats in north-eastern Brazil
Authors: Silva-Falcão Elisabeth Cabral , Severi William , De Araújo Maria Elisabeth 
Published: January 2012

The genusAchirusis made up of demersal fish that have a close relationship with the substrate and exhibit peculiar aspects during their larval stage. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the abundance ofAchiruslarvae differed among a set of habitats in the estuary of the Formoso River in the State of Pernambuco (north-eastern Brazil). Sampling was performed monthly between April 2009 and March 2010, and comprised horizontal hauls with plankton net during the day and night in mangrove, beach and reef habitats. Fish larvae were sorted, identified, measured and larval stage recorded. Density and body length values were used in a non-parametric analysis of variance for the determination of variations between seasons, habitats and diel periods. A total of 204 larvae were collected, with an average density of 2.1 larvae.100 m−3. Density was greater in the nocturnal samplings, with no differences found between habitats. The larvae occurred in the yolk-sac to post-flexion stage, with pre-flexion the most abundant stage (78%). Size segregation was observed. Larger larvae were captured at night and in the mangrove. The smallest larvae were caught on the reef, with length increasing toward the mangrove. The results indicate thatAchiruslarvae come from deeper regions near reefs, where spawning probably occurs, and perform ontogenetic migration towards the shallow waters of mangrove, where they settle.
Putting singular and plural morphology in context
Authors: DISPALDRO MARCO , BENELLI BEATRICE 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis study explores the development of children's knowledge of linguistic and pragmatic aspects of singular and plural in Italian, for definite articles (Experiment 1) and verbs (Experiment 2). Participants aged three to adult were asked to pick objects from two dishes, each with a different number of items on them (one vs. two), following the morphological information. Results show that children understand that singular forms refer to ‘one’ at about age four, whereas they understand that plural forms refer to ‘more than one’ when they are older than six. Moreover, children use singular and plural knowledge in appropriate relation with the referential context only when they are about six.
Non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteraemia in elderly patients: an increased risk for endovascular infections, osteomyelitis and mortality
Authors: CHEN P. L. , LEE H. C. , LEE N. Y. , WU C. J. , LIN S. H. , SHIH H. I. , LEE C. C. , KO W. C. , CHANG C. M. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYNon-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a common pathogen causing foodborne infections, bacteraemia, and extra-intestinal focal infections (EFIs) in humans. The study compares the clinical characteristics of elderly patients with NTS bacteraemia with those of young adults. Of 272 adults with NTS bacteraemia identified in this study, 162 (59·6%) were aged ⩾55 years. EFIs were observed in 36% of the 162 patients. The most common EFIs in the elderly patients (⩾55 years) was mycotic aneurysm, followed by pulmonary infections and bone/joint infections. Elderly patients more often had chronic heart, lung, renal and malignant diseases, had more EFIs, and a higher 30-day mortality rate. Independent factors of 30-day mortality in elderly patients were solid-organ tumour [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4·4, P=0·003], mycotic aneurysm (aOR 3·7, P=0·023) and shock (aOR 12·1, P<0·0001). HIV infection, autoimmune diseases, and receipt of immunosuppressive therapy were more often observed in young patients.
Observational bounds on atmospheric heating by aerosol absorption: Radiative signature of transatlantic dust
Authors: Davidi Amit , Kostinski Alex B. , Koren Ilan , Lehahn Yoav 
Published: January 2012

Aerosols absorb solar radiation thus changing the atmospheric temperature profile but the overall magnitude of this effect is not known. To that end, Saharan dust emissions over the Atlantic Ocean provide an opportunity to examine aerosol‐related heating via satellite imaging. A major difficulty, however, is disentangling a straightforward heating signal caused by the absorbing dust from a meteorological signal, which originates from correlation between dust concentration and air temperature. To tackle the problem, we combine temperature (T) soundings, from the atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS), with aerosol optical depth (τ) measurements, from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), and data assimilation results from the global data assimilation system (GDAS). We introduce the quantity β(P) ≡ ∂TP/∂τ, the subscript indicating temperature at a given pressure, and study the observed (AIRS) vs. modeled (GDAS) vertical profiles of β(P). Using the vertical as well as horizontal patterns of β(P) and Δβ(P) ≡ βobs. − βmodl., we avoid instrumental and geographic artifacts and extract a remarkably robust radiative heating signal of about 2–4 K within the dust layer. The extracted signal peaks over the mid‐Atlantic Ocean, as a result of competing trends: “memory” of the dust source in the east, and mixing with transparent aerosol in the west.
Formation and growth of ultrafine particles from secondary sources in Bakersfield, California
Authors: Ahlm Lars , Liu Shang , Day Douglas A. , Russell Lynn M. , Weber Robin , Gentner Drew R. , Goldstein Allen H. , DiGangi Josh P. , Henry Samuel B. , Keutsch Frank N. , VandenBoer Trevor C. , Markovic Milos Z. , Murphy Jennifer G. , Ren Xinrong , Scheller Scott 
Published: January 2012

In this study, physical and chemical properties of ultrafine aerosol particles are investigated at an urban site in Bakersfield, California, during the CalNex 2010 (California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) campaign in May and June. Ultrafine particle measurements include particle number size distributions by a scanning Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) and size resolved aerosol chemical composition determined with a High‐Resolution Time‐of‐Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR‐ToF‐AMS). Growth events of ultrafine particles were observed on most days and had a very regular pattern. A nucleation mode centered at ∼20 nm appeared in the morning and grew to 40–100 nm throughout the day. Microphysical modeling and size‐resolved HR‐ToF‐AMS concentrations showed that organic components provided most of the particle growth in the ultrafine mode, and sulfate provided on most days only a minor contribution to the mass of this mode. The ultrafine particle mass was largely dominated by organics (77%), and was at maximum during the afternoon. Elemental carbon (EC) and the AMS tracer C4H9+ for hydrocarbon‐like organic aerosol (HOA) peaked in the early morning during rush hour, indicative of primary emissions. The fact that the particle number concentration peaked in the afternoon, when EC was at minimum, indicates that the midday increase in number concentration was likely due to new particle formation. The potential importance of solar radiation, the condensation sink of vapor on existing particles, concentrations of OH, O3, SO2, NH3, and VOCs for both condensational growth and new particle formation is evaluated based on the covariation of these parameters with ultrafine mass. The results suggest that the ultrafine particles are from secondary sources that are co‐emitted or co‐produced with glyoxal and formaldehyde.
Evaluation of the Viability and Growth of Walleye Embryos and Larvae after Antiviral Iodine Treatment
Authors: Bowzer John , Dabrowski Konrad , Jaroszewska Marta , Ware Kyle , Kwasek Karolina 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Avoiding the transmission of viral disease and securing the health of fish populations are vital for hatchery-based stocking programs in regions affected by viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). Iodine compounds are nonselective antiviral substances that are widely used as disinfectants, but their effects on survival and growth during early life stages of fish require further study. Two groups of walleyes Sander vitreus were collected from the Maumee River (Perrysburg, Ohio) in March 2009. Group 1 (6 females and 3 males) was collected midmorning, and group 2 (10 females and 4 males) was collected that evening. Gametes were collected on site for group 1; group 2 fish were held in tanks overnight, and their gametes were collected the next morning. Gametes were transported (3–4 h) to the laboratory, where eggs from individual females were fertilized with the combined sperm of three to four males. Directly after fertilization and tannic acid treatment, embryos were exposed to iodine at 0 mg/L (control) or 100 mg/L (triplicate) for 30 min. Survival to the eyed embryo stage was estimated for both groups. Only larvae from group 1 were sampled prior to first feeding (live nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia spp.) at 9 d posthatch (dph) and approximately every 10 d thereafter until 48 dph to assess growth. Samples of eggs, ovarian fluid, larvae, and juveniles were collected for VHS testing. Survival to the eyed embryo stage for group 1 was not affected by treatment, but iodine treatment significantly decreased survival for group 2. Growth was unaffected by iodine treatment, and all samples that were tested for VHS were negative. Histological analysis of swim bladder morphology revealed that larvae with noninflated swim bladders had features of an undeveloped organ with hyperplastic epithelium consisting of vacuolarized cells. Walleye eggs that are collected according to the procedures used for group 1 can be treated with 100-mg/L iodine for 30 min without sacrificing survival or growth in regions affected by VHS.
Efficacy of Common Aquaculture Compounds for Disinfection of Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes at Various Temperatures
Authors: Mainous Mary E , Kuhn David D , Smith Stephen A 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Aeromonas spp. bacteria are important causes of infection in freshwater and marine fishes. Thus, the reduction or elimination of these pathogens from an aquaculture facility or aquarium is important. We evaluated a variety of commercially available chemicals for their efficacy in reducing or eliminating A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes at four different temperatures. The various concentrations of chemicals were tested in vitro in microcentrifuge tubes with a known concentration of bacteria at 5, 10, 15, and 22°C. In this study, ethanol (50% and 70%), benzyl-4-chlorophenol/phenylphenol (1%), sodium hypochlorite (50, 100, 200, and 50,000 mg/L), n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1:256), povidone-iodine (50 and 100 mg/L), glutaraldehyde (2%), and potassium peroxymonosulfate–sodium chloride (1%) were effective disinfectants: each eliminated or reduced the number of detectable organisms within 1 min of contact time at all temperatures. Chloramine-T (15 mg/L) was effective within 10 min against A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida at all temperatures but required 60 min of contact time to be effective against A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes. Formalin (250 mg/L) did not substantially reduce counts of any bacterial species tested at any temperature, even after 60 min of contact time. Only ethanol (30%) demonstrated an apparent temperature dependence; this chemical killed organisms within 1 min at room temperature (22°C) but required a longer exposure time at lower temperatures.
Effects of Stargrass Hay Supplementation on Growth and Survival of Juvenile Redclaw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus
Authors: Garza de Yta Antonio , Davis D Allen , Rouse David B , Saoud I Patrick , Ghanawi Joly 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Hay is used as supplementary forage for crayfish aquaculture in many farms around the world. However, our understanding of the relative contribution of hay to crayfish dietary requirements is limited. In the present work, 36 juvenile redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus were stocked into each of 28 tanks that received water continuously from a pond. Four replicate tanks were assigned to each of seven dietary treatments: commercial formulated feed (FF) only, at a ration calculated to produce optimal growth; 100% of the calculated FF ration plus the hay of stargrass Cynodon nlemfuensis added at 150 kg·ha−1·week−1; 75% of the FF ration plus hay; 50% of the FF ration plus hay; 25% of the FF ration plus hay; hay only; and no feed (control). At the end of 8 weeks, the crayfish were harvested, counted, and weighed. There were no significant differences in survival among treatments (α = 0.05), and crayfish growth did not differ among tanks that were offered FF. Redclaw crayfish in the hay-only treatment grew less than those that were offered FF, but growth did not differ between crayfish that were offered only hay and crayfish in the no-feed control. Although hay did not contribute to the growth of redclaw crayfish that were offered the high-protein shrimp feed, it did allow for survival and minimal growth of crayfish that were not offered FF. Accordingly, hay might contribute to growth if a low-protein, low-energy diet is developed specifically for crayfish.
Introduction
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe introduction articulates the distinction between the shock-based aesthetic of avant-garde modernism and the “recontextualizing” mode represented by pragmatic modernism. It does so by examining Gertrude Stein’s expulsion from “the Transition crowd,” a community of avant-garde artists and writers that included Tristan Tzara, Eugene Jolas, and Georges Braque. Stein, the introduction argues, rejected the avant-garde ideology of rupture and opposition and embraced instead a nuanced and institutionally based vision of change. Her vision hinged on the concept of habit, which she reconceptualized, following pragmatist philosophy, as a dialectical process.
Prediction Theories
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChapter Four claims that James’s remarkably subtle and nuanced registry of emotions and personal interactions-long taken to indicate an apolitical aestheticism-should be linked directly to his engagement with pressing political and social questions. These include the ongoing debate about “bigness” which preoccupied many of the leading intellectuals of his day, including his brother, William James. Despite its idiosyncratic and intensely personal aspect, The American Scene provides an acute theoretical analysis of the limitations and challenges of democratic institutions, and even offers a coherent and distinctive theory of the State.
Epilogue
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe epilogue revisits the contributions of pragmatic modernism through a discussion of Marcel Proust, whose own novelistic meditations on habit rival in their complexity and meticulousness the philosophical analyses of Dewey and James. Proust’s surprisingly intense engagement with pragmatist philosophy, and the larger networks of connection between French and American philosophy it illustrates, shows how the idea of pragmatic modernism might help reunite discourses too often separated by national and disciplinary traditions. Proust offers our richest treatment of habit’s centrality to change; he also offers a final opportunity to consider pragmatic modernism as a transnational intellectual movement.
The General Framework of the Abuse Tests in EU Law
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter identifies the key principles of the abuse test under Article 102. It starts by laying down the conceptual and contextual premises of the test under Article 102. These are the development of proportionality as an analytical structure and the application of the principle of proportionality in Union law in general and under Article 101 in particular. It goes on to analyse the proportionality test under Article 102 and the key principles that shape the concept of abuse, namely the definition of abuse in the case law, effective competition, and the ‘doctrine’ of the special responsibility of the dominant undertaking. Then, the chapter examines the causal link between dominance, conduct, and effect. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
General Conclusion
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter brings together the different strands of the analysis developed throughout the book. It sets out the main conclusions. It does so in three ways: firstly, by setting out the main reasoning of the book, from the identification of the normative objective of competition law to the development of the tests; secondly, by setting out the main principles and tests developed in the analysis so as to present a coherent analytical framework for the assessment of abuse under Article 102; and, finally, by pointing out the main areas in the case law of the EU courts and in the enforcement practice of the Commission that need to be reviewed in order to bring the current application of the law into line with the purpose and principles of Article 102.
The Aim and Approach of this Book
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter sets out the purpose of this book, which is to describe and analyse certain aspects of the administration of the European Union, and more specifically and intensively, the legal framework within which that administration operates. In essence, then, the work addresses the legal regulation of the administration of the EU. It doing so it recognizes a central scholarly objective of both administrative science and administrative law, namely the examination of multifarious approaches, techniques, and structures of public administration in order to systematize and assess the solutions they offer to political, social, and economic problems and, where appropriate, to compare their responses to common, or at least similar, subjects and issues. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Interdisciplinary Foundations of European Administrative Law
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter deals with a selection of interdisciplinary factors which contribute to an understanding of the relationships within and rationales of European administrative law. The first section begins with an analysis of the concept of cycles and phases of administrative activities. Next, it considers the application and comparison of state administrative models to those of the EU. It then turns to the debate concerning the concept of ‘new public management’, which has attempted to identify areas of public administration in need of reform and to put forward alternative concepts for its structuring and direction. The second section offers reflections on two approaches: first, the application of principal-agent theory in the context of the delegation and organization of competences on the EU level; secondly concepts of regulatory competition which arise in the context of multi-level regulatory systems.
General Principles Framing European Union Administrative Law
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the overarching principles which frame the EU's administrative law. It looks at the meta-principles of democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of fundamental rights. This is followed in more detail by a discussion of principles of very particular relevance for administrative action, such as transparency, legal certainty, and legitimate expectations, as well as the rights of defence and the principles underpinning the concept of good administration.
Delegation and the European Union Constitutional Framework
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of delegation in EU administrative law. It begins with the legal issues relating to the constitutional framework of delegation to EU institutions under the EC Treaty before discussing the new constitutional framework established by the Lisbon Treaty of delegated and implementing acts under Articles 290 and 291 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It examines the increasingly important delegation of powers to European agencies in the light of the continuing relevance of the Meroni doctrine. It then turns to an assessment of the entrusting of EU powers to the Member States and gives consideration to the constitutionally challenging involvement of private bodies in the implementation of EU policies. It provides an account of the specific issues concerning delegations in respect of financial matters. It concludes with a consideration of the legal issues relating to intra-institutional delegation, in particular within the Commission.
Organizational Arrangements for European Union Administrative Action
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the organizational forms central to European administrative governance. It sets out the central features of these forms, their rationale(s) and, wherever possible, offers an assessment of the issues which they raise in terms of legitimacy and accountability. Specifically, it considers comitology, European agencies, various forms of European networks for administrative governance, the Open Method of Coordination, and organizational forms in which private parties play a dominant role.
Budget Implementation and Programme Management
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the implementation of the budget, including the supervision of expenditure by numerous recipients of EU moneys. The presently applicable Financial Regulation (Council Regulation 1605/2002), emanating from a reform process established a new framework for financial management of Union programmes, including inter alia provisions on budget implementation methods. Article 53 stipulates that the budget can be implemented in a number of ways: on a centralized basis; through shared or decentralized management; and through joint management with international organizations. Centralized administration allows the Commission to implement the budget directly through its own departments or indirectly though limited delegation to third parties. Shared management involves delegation of implementational tasks to Member States, particularly in relation to the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund and the Structural Funds. In the case of decentralized management, tasks of implementation are delegated to third countries subject to the conditions laid down in Article 56 and Part Two, Title IV of the Financial Regulation. Where the budget is implemented by joint management, certain implementing tasks are delegated to international organizations, which have to provide, in their accounting, audit, internal control, and procurement procedures, standards which offer guarantees equivalent to internationally accepted standards.