bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of serotonin on the physiology of the rabbit small intestine
Authors: Salvador M T , Murillo M D , Rodríguez-Yoldi M C , Alcalde A I , Mesonero J E , Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ 
Published: April 2011

Serotonin has been shown to alter the intestinal transport of ions and intestinal motility. These effects may interfere with each other, modulating the whole physiology of the intestine. We have previously shown that serotonin also alters the transport of nutrients. Thus, the aims of the present work were to determine the possible interference between the secretagogue effect of serotonin and the mechanism by which serotonin inhibits the absorption of nutrients, and to study the effect of serotonin on the digestive activity of nutrients of the brush border membrane jejunum enterocyte in the rabbit. The results show that the secretagogue effect of serotonin neither affects the inhibitory effect of serotonin on the intestinal absorption of the nutrients, nor affects the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. The activity of sucrase and aminopeptidase N was also not affected by serotonin in the rabbit jejunum. Finally, we also studied different parameters of the motility in the rabbit small intestine. Serotonin seemed to stimulate the motility of the rabbit small intestine by increasing integrated mechanical activity and tone of muscle fibers in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In conclusion, serotonin might alter or modulate the whole intestinal physiology. Key words: serotonin, small intestine, motility, absorption, rabbit.
A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRACONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) BASED ON THE CEPHALIC STRUCTURES OF THE FINAL INSTAR LARVA AND BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Čapek M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe cephalic structures of the final instar larva of 278 species of 140 genera of Braconidae were examined. On the basis of these and biological data, modifications are proposed in the classification of the higher categories. Zele (Helconinae) and Eubadizon (Blacinae) are placed in the Macrocentrinae (endoparasites of larval Lepidoptera) and Meteoridea is moved from the Helconinae and ranked as an independent subfamily. The Blacinae is completely dismembered: Aliolus, Triaspis, Urosigalphus, Blacus, and Calyptus form a tribe of the Helconinae (endoparasites of larval Coleoptera); Microtypus, Orgilus, and Stantonia form a tribe of the Agathidinae (endoparasites of larval Lepidoptera); and Pygostolus, Centistes, and Syrrhizus a subfamily near Euphorinae with Cosmophorus (endoparasites of adult Coleoptera). Present genera of Microgasterinae are separated into two tribes with the addition of the Cardiochilini as a third tribe. The Dacnusinae is reduced to a tribe of the Alysiinae. The Rogadinae is reduced to one tribe, Rogadini, containing only Rogas and allied genera (endoparasites of larval Lepidoptera). Rhyssalus is transferred to the Hecabolini, and Exothecini, Pambolini, Hormiini, and ectoparasitic Rogadini to the Braconinae (ectoparasites of larval Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, etc.). The problematic genus Gnaptodon is also placed in the Braconinae.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE APPLE RUST MITE, ACULUS SCHLECHTENDALI (PROSTIGMATA: ERIOPHYOIDAE), AND ITS DENSITY ON SEVERAL CULTIVARS OF APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Herbert H. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.), is active on the apple leaves from late May until early August and passes through three generations as indicated by the peak numbers of eggs. This species overwinters as deutogynes under bud scales and crevices in the bark. During the latter part of May the deutogynes lay eggs that develop into first generation primaries, followed by a second generation the latter part of June. Eggs laid by the second generation primaries produce the overwintering deutogynes. Injury to the leaves, mainly bronzing to the ventral surfaces, becomes noticeable early in July. The numbers of A. schlechtendali varied between cultivars within orchards. The differences were not consistent between orchards.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON COTTON IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Ehler L. E. , van den Bosch R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe impact of natural enemies on Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) is reviewed. Disappearance of eggs and small larvae (presumably due to predation) is consistently the major intrageneration mortality. Parasitoids and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus effect mortality of larvae surviving early-instar predation. From the analysis, it is argued that natural enemies capable of effective colonization of the habitat and rapid exploitation of the prey population (i.e., r-strategists) are suitable agents for biological control of pests of annual or short-cycle crops. Polyembryony, polyphagy, and polyhedrosis represent attributes which enable the particular natural enemy to implement the rapid-host-exploitation strategy. This interpretation gives added theoretical support for importation of exotic natural enemies of pests of non-perennial crop plants.
FECUNDITY OF MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MAYFLIES OF A BROWN-WATER STREAM OF ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Clifford Hugh F. , Boerger Hans 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA review of studies of mayfly fecundity (number of eggs produced per life span) indicates that some of the larger mayflies, e.g. Palingenia and Hexagenia, have total potential fecundity values that are higher than found in most other insect groups. For 12 mayfly species of a brown-water stream in Alberta, Canada, fecundity of the subimagoes was generally predictable from the size of the female regardless of the particular species. An exception was Leptophlebia cupida, which, for a given length, had a much higher fecundity than any of the other species and a much larger increase in fecundity per unit increase in body length. L. cupida averaged 362 eggs/mm body length, while the other species had an average egg production of between 100 and 200 eggs/mm body length. The small species, although having a relatively low total fecundity, produced more eggs per unit volume of abdominal space than did the larger species. By combining quantitative emergence data and fecundity data, we calculated that the entire mayfly fauna produced about 300,000 eggs/m2 per year and that it takes an average of 934 eggs to produce one subimago of the next generation.
METHODS FOR AND COMPARISON OF SAMPLING SCHEMES FOR ESTIMATING WITHIN TREE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE POPULATIONS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Nebeker T. E. , Hackney O. P. , Hocking R. R. , Paz M. , Lashomb J. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNine sampling units for estimating southern pine beetle population within a tree are compared according to unit size, strata size, and number and type of sampling allocation. As a measure of performance of different sampling schemes or different unit sizes the ratio of the variances of the estimate is used, i.e. relative efficiency.Relative efficiency decreases as unit size increases, where equal surface area is sampled. Unequal stratification, which allocates smaller area to the upper and lower strata, results in higher relative efficiencies than equal stratification. Thus, unequal stratification is recommended. Samples should be allocated to these strata according to the optimal sampling ratios.
SEXING AND REARING THE BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Godbee John F. , Franklin Rudolph T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) adults may be accurately sexed by means of the seventh abdominal tergite. Stridulation sound and stridulation movement are useful especially in field observations but not completely accurate because some male beetles do not stridulate and some females do.Laboratory rearing is accomplished by the introduction of parent beetles to fresh pine bolts. Development takes ca. 78 days at 23 °C ± 2 °C or ca. 1302 degree days of effective temperature.
EFFECTS OF ALTOSID AND DIMILIN ON BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE): LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS
Authors: McKague A. B. , Pridmore R. B. , Wood P. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAdult emergence of Simulium verecundum S. and J. and S. decorum Walk. was reduced 58–94% by exposure of late instar larvae to 0.1 ppm Altosid or Altosid SR-10 for 1 h. Pupae were not affected by the presence of 0.1 ppm Altosid SR-10 in the rearing water. Adult emergence of S. verecundum was reduced 95% when mixed larval instars were reared in the presence of 0.001 ppm Dimilin. Last instar larvae died as a result of abnormal metamorphosis. Black fly mortality was 86–100% with 1-h exposures to 0 1–0.2 ppm Dimilin, and 100% with a 15-min exposure to 1 ppm at 22 ± 2 °C, lower temperatures giving similar results.Release of Altosid over a 48-h period from formulated blocks gave a concentration of 0.002–0.006 ppm in a small stream. Emergence of adults was completely suppressed for 23 days 18 m downstream and 17 days 43 m downstream. Applications of 1 ppm Dimilin for 15 min to two streams resulted in the gradual elimination of black fly larvae from artificial substrates, a high reduction in adult emergence, and the formation of abnormal larvae following the tests. The maximum concentration of Dimilin detected in the water was 0.31 ppm during application; however, submerged vegetation residues as high as 18.9 ppm were found 1 h following the second application, decreasing to less than 0.05 ppm 14 days later.
HEMITHEA AESTIVARIA, A GEOMETRID NEW TO NORTH AMERICA, ESTABLISHED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE: GEOMETRINAE)
Authors: Doǧanlar Miktat , Beirne Bryan P. 
Published: April 2011

Hemithea aestivaria, “the common emerald” in Britain, is common throughout most of Europe and in Eastern Asia. The larva feeds on many herbaceous plants before hibernation and on a wide variety of woody plants in the spring.Forty of the distinctively-marked larvae were collected on cherry, apple, wild plum, and species of Rubus and Crataegus at Burnaby, New Westminister, and Langley, in British Columbia, between 1.IV.78 and 18.V.78. A sample reared produced a male that was identified by Dr. K. B. Bolte, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, as of Hemithea aestivaria, a species and genus apparently not recorded previously from North America.
OLFACTORY REPELLENCY OF HERBICIDES TO FORAGING HONEY BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Elliott R.H. , Cmiralova D. , Wellington W.G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractForaging honey bees were offered various sucrose–herbicide solutions. Despite the visual attractiveness of the feeding dishes to foragers, six of seven herbicides significantly reduced the incidence of feeding and were judged to be olfactory and gustatory repellents. The most repellent herbicide was 2,4,5-T, which totally inhibited feeding at concentrations as tow as 1000 ppm. The next most repellent was 2,4-DB, followed by linuron, picloram, 2,4-D, and monuron. Paraquat was the only herbicide that did not exhibit marked repellency at concentrations up to 4000 ppm.The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the impact of herbicide applications on honey bee foraging behaviour, brood development, pollination, and honey production.
ENTOMOPHTHORA CRUSTOSA N. SP. AS A PATHOGEN OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: MacLeod Donald M. , Tyrrell David 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEntomophthora crustosa n. sp. pathogenic for Malacosoma species (principally M. disstria Hbn.), is described. It is characterized in the conidial state by a hymenial coating which, at maturity, forms a crust-like covering, cinnamon brown, over the surface of infected insects, and by conidial size. In the resting spore (zygospore) state the distinguishing attributes are ornamentation of the zygospores and their mode of development. The pathogen grows readily on coagulated egg-yolk media.The fungus is briefly compared with 10 other closely related Entomophthora species. Entomophthora crustosa seems to be of widespread occurrence in eastern North America.
ANNOTATED LIST OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) COLLECTED AT CHURCHILL, MANITOBA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
Authors: Robinson A.G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn annotated list is given of 48 species of aphids collected 1974–1977 at Churchill, Manitoba. Four new species are described: Acyrthosiphon churchillense new species from Oxytropis hudsonica (Greene) Fern, Aphis madderae new species from Taraxacum lacerum Greene, Capitophorus hudsonicus new species (collected by sweeping), and Macrosiphum subarcticum new species from Epilobium angustifolium L. It is suggested that Macrosiphum valerianae (Clarke) be declared a nomen dubium.
THE LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) AND ITS PARASITES: II. THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES OF LARIX OCCIDENTALIS FOLIAGE ON CASEBEARER DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL
Authors: Ryan R. B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLast-stage larvae of Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) were transferred to foliated Larix occidentalis Nutt. trees in four stages of growth for feeding. Based on insect survival, development rate, and size, trees with newly flushing foliage were best for rearing; trees which had completed shoot elongation were nearly as favorable. Both were distinctly superior to trees with elongating shoots and to trees with foliage so old that the current year’s buds were breaking. It is important to recognize the effects of tree growth stage when rearing C. laricella parasites in the laboratory, because parasite survival and sex ratio can be significantly influenced.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE WHITE APPLE LEAFHOPPER, TYPHLOCYBA POMARIA (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), AND ON THE MIRID PREDATOR BLEPHARIDOPTERUS ANGULATUS, AND MEASUREMENTS OF THEIR COLD-HARDINESS
Authors: MacPhee A. W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTyphlocyba pomaria McA., with two generations per year, damages the leaves and defaces the fruit of apple. It was reduced in numbers in an experimental orchard by the predatory mirid Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.) which attacked the second generation. The cold-hardiness of T. pomaria and B. angulatus overwintering eggs, which had mean freezing points of −35 °C and −34 °C respectively, was sufficient to protect these species from winter low temperatures in Nova Scotia.
BEHAVIOURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF PEA APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) TO HIGH GROUND TEMPERATURES AND PREDATOR DISTURBANCE
Authors: Roitberg Bernard D. , Myers Judith H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPea aphids can avoid ladybug predators by dropping from the food plant when disturbed. Once off the plant the aphid must find another food plant. If temperatures on the ground are high, the aphid may die before finding a new food plant. In Kamloops, B.C., summers are hot and dry, compared with Vancouver where the climate is warm and moist. Pea aphids from Kamloops generally exhibit back-up behaviour and rarely drop from the plant when approached by a ladybug. By contrast, Vancouver pea aphids readily drop from the plant when disturbed by a predator. Adult aphids from Kamloops are more tolerant of heat under moist conditions at 37.5 °C than Vancouver adults but under dry conditions and at 42 °C, both groups have similar survival times. First instars of both aphid biotypes die sooner at high temperatures than adults. Mortality of aphids on the ground is sufficiently high to select against dropping behaviour as a first line defense against predators in areas with hot, dry climates.
DEDA, A NEW GENUS OF SAWFLIES FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: SYMPHYTA, TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Gibson Gary A. P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe genus Deda (Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae) is newly described for D. ferula n. sp., Macrophya annulipes Cresson, and Sciapteryx coquilletti Rohwer. A key to species is given and the genus is compared with similar genera of Tenthredininae.
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG,LYGUS LINEOLARIS(HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA): MIRIDAE), ON GREEN BEANS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Stewart R. K. , Khattat A. R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCaged microplots of “Contender” green beans,Phaseolus vulgarisL., were artificially infested with various densities ofLygus lineolaris(Palisot de Beauvois) to determine the effect of feeding on yield and quality, and to establish economic injury levels. Plants infested at bloom or pod set stage were more severely injured than those infested at the flower bud stage. Higher infestation levels reduced crop yield, but the percentage of crude protein in bean seeds was not affected. Based on 1975 crop values and chemical control costs, economic injury levels ranged between 0.3 and 4.4 insects/10 plants depending on crop use, chemical control, and plant stage infested.
ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE ADULT PARASITOID ITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: House H. L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTwo artificial diets — one liquid, the other candied — developed for adult Itoplectis conquisitor, an ichneumonid parasitoid, proved equal in performance for fecundity to a natural food regimen involving blood of host pupa, Galleria mellonella. Feeding on the liquid diet resulted in a parasitoid emergence rate from host pupae of 42.9 ± 8.6%; on the candy diet, 52.2 ± 15.8%; and on the natural regimen, 54.4 ± 4.0%. Therefore, host material was not needed to feed the adults. Other advantages of these artificial diets include convenience, economy, efficacy, and manageability for proper insect husbandry.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS FOR MOTH CONTROL IN STORED WHEAT
Authors: McGaughey Wm. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTreatment of the surface layer of wheat in 2-m3 bins with a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner controlled Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and almond moths, Ephestia cautella (Walker), for two grain storage seasons. Doses of 100, 125, and 150 mg of formulation/kg of wheat in the 10-cm-deep surface layer reduced moth populations by ≥81%, reduced insect feeding damage by > 92%, and reduced or prevented webbing of the grain surface.
PRODUCTIVITY AND PERSISTENCE OF DECLINING ALFALFA STANDS AS INFLUENCED BY THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, WEEDS, AND EARLY FIRST HARVEST IN OKLAHOMA
Authors: Latheef M.A. , Berberet R.C. , Stritzke J.F. , Caddel J.L. , McNew R.W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractImportance of cultivars, harvest schedules, and pest infestations as determinants of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., productivity and stand persistence was investigated using the unimproved “OK08” (Oklahoma Common) and the multiple-pest resistant “WL 318” cultivars. Beginning in the 5th year of production, treatments including three first-harvest schedules (early bud, early bloom, and full bloom) were imposed in a factorial arrangement with unsprayed subplots and three pesticide options for control of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), or weeds such as downy brome, Bromus tectorum L., or both. In addition to estimating population levels of alfalfa weevil and percentage composition of weeds in forage during each year, alfalfa dry matter yield and stem densities (no. per square metre) were determined during the 3-year period from 1986 through 1988. The seasonal forage production (2-year mean) of WL 318 was nearly 5.4 Mg per hectare greater than that of OK08. There was no consistent trend for greater seasonal alfalfa yield with any of the first-harvest schedules. Timely application of pesticides, as well as use of the improved cultivar were essential for maintaining productivity in years 5 through 7 of stand life. At the termination of the study, only the herbicide + insecticide treatment of WL 318 had close to sufficient stem (and plant) numbers remaining for continued production.
EFFECT OF UROPHORA CARDUI (L.) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) AND CEUTORHYNCHUS LITURA (F.) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON THE WEED CANADA THISTLE, CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) SCOP.
Authors: Peschken D.P. , Derby J.L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractStress caused by two biocontrol agents on their weed host Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Asteraceae] was investigated. The combined attack of the gall-fly Urophora cardui (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the stem-mining weevil Ceutorhynchus litura (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) caused a significant reduction in the vigour of the attacked plants as measured by the number of live buds in the 1st year and by the dry weight of the roots in the 3rd year. The attacks did not significantly reduce the number of aborted buds, mature seed heads, and new shoots, nor the combined dry weight of the leaves, stems, and galls as compared with Canada thistle plants that had not been galled or mined, in any of the 3 years. Non-structural carbohydrate content of the roots of attacked shoots was found significantly reduced only at the end of the mining period.
INFLUENCE OF STARVATION ON DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION IN APTEROUS VIRGINOPARAE OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Kouamé K.L. , Mackauer M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe influence of nutrient stress on growth, development, and reproduction in apterous virginoparae of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was investigated in the laboratory. We tested the hypothesis that species with a high reproductive investment have low resistance to starvation. Aphids in two groups were starved daily from birth for 4 h and 6 h, respectively, and compared with feeding counterparts reared on leaves of broad beans, Vicia faba L. Aphid wet weight increased as an exponential function of age in all groups. Starved aphids had lower adult weight and required longer from birth to parturition than feeding aphids. These effects increased with the length of daily starvation. The number of offspring produced was correlated with adult dry weight. Aphids were unable to compensate, or to compensate completely, for water and nutrient loss resulting from starvation. It is suggested that pea aphids allocate resources first to maintenance and then to reproduction when deprived of food.
TOXICITY OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES TO SEVERAL LIFE STAGES OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY)
Authors: Hilton S.A. , Tolman J.H. , MacArthur D.C. , Harris C.R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractResidual and contact toxicities of several insecticides to larvae and adults of insecticide-susceptible (four insecticides) and insecticide-resistant (three insecticides) Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were measured in laboratory studies. For both methods of exposure, azinphosmethyl was the least toxic to all life stages tested. The residual toxicity of deltamethrin was at least 4.4-fold higher than either cypermethrin or endosulfan. With the insecticide-susceptible strain, residual toxicities of azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and deltamethrin were, respectively, 3.5, 5.9, and 4.1 times higher to first instars than to adults and 1.2, 8.1, and 1.6 times higher to third instars than to adults. Contact toxicities of azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and deltamethrin were, respectively, 3.3, 2.9, and 1.4 times higher to insecticide-susceptible third instars than to adults. In most comparisons, susceptibilities of fourth and third instars were similar. With the insecticide-resistant strain, azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and deltamethrin were, respectively, 3.2, 1.6, and 8.0 times more toxic to third instars than to adults. The importance of differential life stage toxicity to current control recommendations for Colorado potato beetle is discussed.