bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(vinyl chloride)–Acacia bark flour composite: Effect of particle size and filler content on mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics
Authors: Saini Gajender , Bhardwaj Rashmi , Choudhary Veena , Narula A. K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article describes the effect of filler [obtained from bark of Acacia (Babool)] content and its particle size (ranging from 100 to 150 μm and <50 μm) on the properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites. Bark of the fast‐growing species Acacia was used as powder for making PVC composites, which may find applications as a substitute to high‐cost wood and to avoid deforestation. A two‐roll mill was used for mixing varying amounts of bark flour with PVC formulation. Samples for testing were prepared by compression molding. Tensile strength and percentage of elongation at break decreased, whereas modulus increased with an increasing amount of bark flour. A significant increase in storage modulus (E′) was observed upon incorporation of filler. Improvement in properties was significant in the presence of filler, having a particle size <50 μm as compared to filler, having a particle size ranging from 100 to 150 μm. Morphological characterization was conducted by using scanning electron microscopy. A uniform dispersion of filler was observed in PVC matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Hydrophobically modified poly(ethylene glycol) as reactive clays inhibitor additive in water‐based drilling fluids
Authors: de Souza Carlos Eduardo Carvalhido , Lima Alexandre Souza , Nascimento Regina Sandra Veiga 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAdsorption measurements and inhibition tests were used to investigate the mechanisms of shale stabilization by hydrophobically modified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Commercially available PEG with a large range of molar masses and PEG diesters were adsorbed on smectite‐rich clay from saline solutions and the clay/polymer complexes obtained were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and x‐ray diffraction. The adsorption isotherms obtained for all unmodified PEG showed low affinity for the clay surface, however they all accessed the interlamellar spaces of the clay and reduced the clay water content of the complexes obtained. The PEG macromolecules had their affinity for the clay strongly enhanced by the hydrophobic modification especially with dodecanoic acid and were intercalated into the clay matrix, reducing, in a more efficient way, the water uptake by the clay. Conventional rolling tests were performed to evaluate the effect of polymers on the clay cuttings integrity. Results show that under conditions promoting the adsorption of polymers on both external and interlayer clay surfaces, displacement of the water from the clay was obtained and dispersion and disintegration of clay cuttings were inhibited. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of α‐butyl‐omega‐{3‐[2‐hydroxy‐3‐(N‐methyl‐N‐hydroxy‐ ethylamino)propoxy]propyl}polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Sun Haifeng , Zhang Qingsi , Zhang Meng , Yu Yitao , Zong Jianping 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA novel synthesis path for the monotelechelic polydimethylsiloxane with a diol‐end group, α‐butyl‐omega‐{3‐[2‐hydroxy‐3‐(N‐methyl‐N‐hydroxyethylamino)propoxy]propyl}polydimethylsiloxane, is described in this article. The preparation included three steps, which were anionic ring‐opening polymerization, hydrosilylation, and epoxy addition. The structure and polydispersity index of the products were analyzed and confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HH, and CH. Correlated Spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The results demonstrated that each step was successfully carried out and the targeted products were accessed in all cases. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermooxidative degradation behavior of poly(silphenylene–siloxane)s
Authors: Chen Xunjun , Cui Yingde , Yin Guoqiang , Liao Liewen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCopolymers of poly(silphenylene–siloxane) with dimethylsiloxane and diphenylsiloxane with various end groups were synthesized through an SiH/SiOR polycondensation process. The thermooxidative degradation behaviors of the copolymers were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and IR spectrometry techniques. All of the polymers were characterized by a two‐step mass loss. The first one, which peaked at 510–545°C in differential thermogravimetric curves, was mostly caused by the main‐chain depolymerization, whereas the second one, which reached its maximum around 650°C, was caused by side‐group oxidation and SiC bond scission. The main‐chain depolymerization occurred over a temperature range of some 470–580°C, whereas SiC bond scission and side‐group oxidation occurred over a temperature range of about 585°C to above 720°C. The incorporation of phenyl groups in the end groups greatly retarded the temperature for the degradation onset of the main chain to 120°C higher. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Electropolymerization of p‐phenylenediamine on Pt‐electrode from aqueous acidic solution: Kinetics, mechanism, electrochemical studies, and characterization of the polymer obtained
Authors: Sayyah S. M. , Abd El‐Rehim S. S. , El‐Deeb M. M. , Kamal S. M. , Azooz R. E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractElectropolymerization of p‐phenylenediamine (pPD) on Pt‐electrode from a deoxygenated aqueous acid medium was carried out using cyclic voltammetry technique. The kinetic parameters were calculated by means of electrochemical data. The experimentally obtained kinetic equation was RP,E = kE [monomer]1.23 [acid] 1.24 [electrolyte]0.94 from the value of the anodic current density. The apparent activation energy (Ea) is found to be 65.1 kJ mol−1. The obtained polymer films have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis, and IR spectroscopy. The conductivity of the polymer pellets is 6.3 × 10−7 S cm−1. The mechanism of the electrochemical polymerization reaction has been discussed. TGA is used to confirm the proposed structure and determination of the number of water molecules in the polymeric chain unit. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and metal ion adsorption studies of chelating resins derived from macroporous glycidyl methacrylate‐divinylbenzene copolymer beads anchored schiff bases
Authors: Yan Xin , Sun Weihong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo novel chelating resins are prepared by anchoring diethylenetriamine bis‐ and mono‐furaldehyde Schiff bases onto the macroporous GMA‐DVB copolymer beads and utilized for the adsorption towards Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). FTIR spectra show that Schiff base groups have been successfully introduced into the polymer matrix and the chelating resins can form complexes with the metal ions. The chelating resins show a higher adsorption capacity toward Cu(II). The conductivity method can be used for determining the adsorption kinetics of the resins towards metal ions. The results show that the adsorption rates towards Cu(II) are much higher than those towards other ions and pseudo second‐order and intraparticle diffusion models can be applied to treat the adsorption amount‐time data. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Modified chitosan as a polymeric nanoreactor for fabrication of pure ZnO nano particles
Authors: Jajarmi Pedram , Barzegar Shahram , Pourjavadi Ali 
Published: March 2010

AbstractZnO nanoparticles have been prepared successfully by hydrogel decomposition method (HDM). Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transition electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Narrow distribution of sizes with a 20–30 nm diameter and regular distribution of ZnO nanoparticles are attributed to the application of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide) grafted chitosan hydrogel as coating agent. The results show that the polymer thermal decomposition technique is a perfect method for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A new approach to soluble polyaniline and its copolymers with toluidines
Authors: Swaruparani H. , Basavaraja S. , Basavaraja C. , Huh Do Sung , Venkataraman A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHomopolymers of aniline, toluidines and their copolymers were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using different ratios of monomers in the feed in H2SO4 medium. The synthesized polymers were characterized by employing Fourier transform infrared, UV‐visible, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray diffraction techniques for understanding the details of the structure of the synthesized polymers. Morphological, thermal, and electrical conductivity of the as synthesized polymers were also studied by employing scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and dc electrical conductivity, respectively. From the SEM images rod shaped nanoparticles were observed in PANI and spherical shaped nanoparticles were observed for copolymers. A three‐step thermal degradation was observed for all the polymers. The electrical conductivities of the copolymers were less compared with PANI, and at higher temperature the conductivities of all the polymers were more or less same. It was observed that yield and intrinsic viscosity of copolymers are not regularly dependant on monomer concentration in the feed. The copolymers show better solubility but lower conductivity than PANI. Properties of homopolymers and copolymers are also pointed out. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Analysis of the moisture sorption behavior of amorphous drug–polymer blends
Authors: Rumondor Alfred C. F. , Konno Hajime , Marsac Patrick J. , Taylor Lynne S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHydrophobic drugs are often formulated with hydrophilic polymers to form miscible blends called amorphous solid dispersions. The interaction of moisture with these blends is an important topic, both from stability as well as processing perspectives. In this study, the moisture sorption profiles of four different drug–polymer blends, [felodipine–poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), indomethacin–PVP, felodipine–hypromellose (HPMC), and felodipine–hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS)] were experimentally determined at 25°C, and analyzed using various mathematical models. It was found that the moisture sorption profiles of the drug–polymer blends could not be reconstructed using the weight‐averaged sum of the moisture sorbed by each of the components. Application of the Flory–Huggins model for ternary systems to extract drug–polymer interaction parameter (χ23) values using known values of water–drug and water–polymer interaction parameters led to ambiguous conclusions about the systems' thermodynamics. χ23 values extracted for felodipine–PVP and indomethacin–PVP using this model ranged from −9.6 to 26.9 and −20.4 to 22.0, respectively. It is thought that the presence of specific drug–polymer interactions changed the water–drug and the water–polymer interactions in the system. Combined with the mathematically small contribution from the term encompassing χ23 to the predicted amount of moisture sorbed by the drug–polymer blends, it was concluded that this method cannot be used to unambiguously determine drug–polymer interaction parameters in solid dispersions. Instead, a model with a mean interaction parameter (χ1,23) that considers the drug and the polymer in the blend as a single unit was found to better describe the changing affinity of water for the solid matrix with a change in composition or polymer type. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Polymerization of N‐vinylcarbazole (NVC) by tungsten blues (WB) and evaluation of a conducting PNVC‐WB nanocomposite isolated from the system
Authors: Ghosh Debanjana , Biswas Mukul 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTungsten oxide and tungsten blues (WB) prepared by reducing the former with stannous chloride were capable of initiating the bulk polymerization of N‐vinylcarbazole (NVC) at the melting temperature of the latter (65°C). The polymerizations were initiated by a η2‐type of complex formation involving π‐clouds of vinyl group and the available d‐orbitals of W6+ ions. A composite of PNVC with WB was isolated and characterized. Formation of PNVC and its incorporation in the composite was confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and UV absorption spectroscopic studies. Scanning electron micrographic analyses of PNVC‐WB composite revealed the presence of close packed aggregates comprising particles of average sizes between 100–200nm range. TGA revealed the thermogravimmetric stability trend as WB > PNVC‐WB > PNVC. Dc conductivities of PNVC‐WB nanocomposite were found to depend on the WB : PNVC weight ratio in the composite and varied from 3.5 × 10−4 (weight ratio 26) to 3 × 10−2 S/cm (weight ratio 100) at room temperature. The threshold WB : PNVC weight ratio for the manifestation of conductivity in the composite was around 25 under the experimental condition of this study. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Polymeric blend microspheres for controlled release of theophylline
Authors: Sullad Anita G. , Manjeshwar Lata S. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMicrospheres of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) were prepared as semi‐interpenetrating networks (IPNs), crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and used in controlled release of theophylline (THP), an anti‐asthmatic drug. Formulations were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to understand uniform distribution of THP, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to understand chemical interactions, universal testing machine (UTM) for mechanical stability, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for investigating the morphology of the microspheres produced. SEM indicated smooth surfaces of the microparticles and sizes of around 10–15 μm giving high encapsulation efficiency up to 69%. Equilibrium uptake performed in double distilled water and in vitro release studies performed in 1.2 and 7.4 pH buffer media indicated the effect of extent of crosslinking and HEC content of the semi‐IPN matrix on the release of THP that was extended up to 12 h. Analysis of in vitro results using empirical equation suggested a deviation from the Fickian transport. Drug diffusion was estimated from the Fick's diffusion equation for spherical geometry. Kinetics of drug release followed the Higuchi square root equation, indicating that release is diffusion‐controlled. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Studies of different kinds of fiber pretreating on the properties of PLA/sweet sorghum fiber composites
Authors: Zhong Jing , Zhang Liye , Yu Jianliang , Tan Tianwei , Zhang Xu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this article, truly degradable composites were prepared using sweet sorghum fibers which are residue of ethanol fermentation industry as reinforcement and renewable resource‐based biodegradable polyester, poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) as matrix, they were fabricated by melt‐blending. The effect of different kinds of pretreatments (dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment, mild alkaline/oxidative pretreatment, steam explosion pretreatment) on mechanical properties of composites were investigated. Besides the composition of untreated and treated fibers as determined by Van soest method, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) were also used to study the change of sweet sorghum fibers before and after pretreatments. Mechanical properties testing indicated that tensile strength and impact strength of PLLA/treated fibers were improved except the dilute sulfuric acid pretreated fibers reinforced PLA composite. The mild alkaline/oxidative pretreated fiber reinforced PLA composite showed highest tensile strength of 46.12 MPa and impact strength of 8.02 kJ/m2 which was 15.5 and 33% higher than that of the control. The SEM of impact fracture surface and DMTA test were carried out to investigate the interfacial morphology and interfacial adhesion between the fiber and matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and curing behavior of a novel benzoxazine‐based bisphthalonitrile monomer
Authors: Zuo Fang , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA novel bisphthalonitrile containing benzoxazine units (BZ‐BPH) was synthesized via a solventless method from 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl, paraformaldehyde, and 4‐aminophenoxylphthalonitrile. The chemical structure of BZ‐BPH was confirmed by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR analyses. The curing behavior was investigated with DSC, FTIR, TGA, and rheology techniques. The monomer manifested a two‐stage thermal polymerization pattern. The first stage was attributed to the ring‐opening polymerization of benzoxazine moiety, and the second to the polymerization of phthalonitriles. Study about the effect of the catalysts including 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone and FeCl3 on the polymerization of BZ‐BPH was performed, and the result indicated that the addition of these agents could increase the curing rate and lower the curing temperature. Additionally, the cured product showed excellent thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability, the high char yield was 76.0% by weight at 800°C in nitrogen atmosphere and 81.2% by weight at 600°C in air, and temperature at 5% weight loss (T5%) in nitrogen and air was 477.9°C and 481.7°C, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of nano zinc oxide on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the silica‐filled natural rubber/butadiene rubber compounds
Authors: Kim Il‐Jin , Kim Wook‐Soo , Lee Dong‐Hyun , Kim Wonho , Bae Jong‐Woo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWith the increasing interest in environmental and health issues, legal restrictions, such as European Union (EU) End of Life Vehicle Directives, were strengthened. This led us to incorporate nano zinc oxide (nano‐ZnO), with particle sizes of 30–40 nm and specific surface areas of 25.0–50.0 m2/g, instead of conventional ZnO into natural rubber (NR)/butadiene rubber (BR) compounds to decrease the content of zinc in the formulation. In the unfilled system, only a 20 wt % nano‐ZnO content, compared to conventional zinc oxide content, showed the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the same level. This was because the increase in the specific surface area of the nano‐ZnO led to an increase in the degree of crosslinking. The effect of nano‐ZnO on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties was more pronounced in the silica‐filled system than in the unfilled system. This was mainly because of the dispersing agent used in the silica‐filled system, which also improved the dispersion of nano‐ZnO. The silica‐filled NR/BR compounds containing 0.3–3.0 phr of nano‐ZnO showed improved curing characteristics and mechanical properties, such as optimum cure time, 100 and 300% modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength compared to the compound with 5 phr of conventional ZnO. The optimum amounts of nano‐ZnO and stearic acid were only 1.0 and 0.1 phr, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of different types of carbon black on the mechanical and acoustic properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber
Authors: Abou‐Kandil Ahmed I. , Gaafar Mohammed S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe effects of the incorporation of different types of carbon black as fillers on some selected physical and mechanical properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) based compounds were studied with the results of density, ultrasonic wave velocity, and tensile measurements. Ultrasonic wave velocities (both longitudinal and shear) were measured at frequencies up to 4 MHz at room temperature. The density, ultrasonic attenuation coefficient, and tensile strength results showed that rubber mixes containing general‐purpose furnace (GPF) black at a concentration of 25 phr had the best physical and mechanical properties. These results were interpreted to be due to the better compatibility of GPF black, which, because of its particle size and structure, filled the interstitial spaces in EPDM and provided better reinforcement of the elastomer. The use of a nondestructive technique such as ultrasonic measurement presents a new possibility for testing rubber and plastic products more efficiently. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fabrication of sintered porous poly(L‐lactide) scaffold with controlled pore size and porosity
Authors: Teraoka Fumio , Hara Masashi , Nakagawa Masafumi , Sohmura Taiji 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to control the pore sizes, porosities, and mechanical properties of three‐dimensional scaffolds by varying the particle sizes, sintering temperature, and sintering time. The surface and inner morphologies of the scaffolds were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope and an X‐ray microfocus CT, respectively. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the scaffold were discussed. The sintered scaffolds had a total porosity between 15% and 54% with a median pore size in the range of 65–340 μm. By varying the particle sizes and the sintering temperature at a constant sintering time (15 min), the flexural strength and flexural modulus changed from 9.09 ± 1.33 MPa to 44.64 ± 3.31 MPa and from 0.51 ± 0.04 GPa to 1.11 ± 0.09 GPa, respectively. These results indicate that the sintered scaffolds are suitable for bone tissue engineering as load‐bearing scaffolds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermal stability and crystalline of electrospun polyamide 6/organo‐montmorillonite nanofibers
Authors: Li Qi , Gao Dawei , Wei Qufu , Ge Mingqiao , Liu Weimin , Wang Lejiang , Hu Keqin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis research is mainly to investigate the thermal and crystalline differences between polyamide 6/montmorillonite (PA6/MMT) and polyamide 6/organo‐montmorillonite (PA6/O‐MMT) nanofibers, which were both prepared by electrospinning under the same process conditions. The structures of PA6/MMT and PA6/O‐MMT nanofibers were observed by scanning electrical microscope. It was identified that the interval between O‐MMT clays was increased in the PA6 matrix compared to that of MMT, which was detected by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal properties of PA6 nanofibers contained O‐MMT particles were more efficient than PA6/MMT nanofibers, that was verified using thermal gravimetric analysis. The crystalline properties of the electrospun nanofibers was investigated using differential scanning calorimeter and it was found that the degree of crystallinity in the PA6 nanofibers loaded with O‐MMT was much higher than PA6/MMT and PA6 nanofibers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010