bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prostaglandin E2Receptor EP4 Is Expressed by Human Platelets and Potently Inhibits Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation
Authors: Philipose Sonia , Konya Viktoria , Sreckovic Ivana , Marsche Gunther , Lippe Irmgard T. , Peskar Bernhard A. , Heinemann Akos , Schuligoi Rufina 
Published: November 2010

Objective—Low concentrations of prostaglandin (PG) E2enhance platelet aggregation, whereas high concentrations inhibit it. The effects of PGE2are mediated through 4 G protein-coupled receptors, termed E-type prostaglindin (EP) receptor EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. The platelet-stimulating effect of PGE2has been suggested to involve EP3 receptors. Here we analyzed the receptor usage relating to the inhibitory effect of PGE2.Methods and Results—Using flow cytometry, we found that human platelets expressed EP4 receptor protein. A selective EP4 agonist (ONO AE1-329) potently inhibited the platelet aggregation as induced by ADP or collagen. This effect could be completely reversed by an EP4 antagonist, but not by PGI2, PGD2, and thromboxane receptor antagonists or cyclooxygenase inhibition. Moreover, an EP4 antagonist enhanced the PGE2-induced stimulation of platelet aggregation, indicating a physiological antiaggregatory activity of EP4 receptors. The inhibitory effect of the EP4 agonist was accompanied by attenuated Ca2+flux, inhibition of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, and downregulation of P-selectin. Most importantly, adhesion of platelets to fibrinogen under flow and in vitro thrombus formation were effectively prevented by the EP4 agonist. In this respect, the EP4 agonist synergized with acetylsalicylic acid.Conclusion—These results are suggestive of EP4 receptor activation as a novel antithrombotic strategy.
A Systematic Assessment of Causes of Death After Heart Failure Onset in the Community
Authors: Lee Douglas S. , Gona Philimon , Albano Irene , Larson Martin G. , Benjamin Emelia J. , Levy Daniel , Kannel William B. , Vasan Ramachandran S. 
Published: November 2010

Background—
The high mortality rate in patients with heart failure (HF) is influenced by presence of multiple comorbidities. Data are limited on the relative contributions of cardiovascular versus noncardiovascular diseases to death in individuals with HF in the community.

Methods and Results—

We examined the incidence and predictors of cardiovascular versus noncardiovascular death in participants with HF in the Framingham Heart Study. Underlying, immediate, and contributing causes of death (3 key elements of the World Health Organization classification) were adjudicated by a 3-physician review panel. During 1971 to 2004, 1025 participants with HF died (499 men, mean [SD] age at death 79 [11] years), including 463 participants with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) data. Cardiovascular disease was the cause of death in 66.1% overall. Stratified by LVEF, cardiovascular deaths occurred in 44.5% and 69.9% of those with preserved and reduced LVEF, respectively. Presence of reduced LVEF increased the risk of cardiovascular death, with odds ratios of 3.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.73 to 5.78) in men and 2.39 (95% CI, 1.39 to 4.08) in women. Prior myocardial infarction was associated with increased cardiovascular death in women with HF (odds ratio, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.10 to 3.16) but not in men. The risk of cardiovascular disease death decreased in women (odds ratio after 1980, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.69) and men (odds ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.41 to 1.07,
P
=0.095) with HF over time. Infections and kidney disease emerged as key immediate and contributing causes of death, respectively.

Conclusions—
Individuals with HF in the community often experience cardiovascular death, but noncardiovascular disease also contributes significantly especially among those with preserved LVEF.
Are the Father and Son Different in Kind? Scotus and Ockham on Different Kinds of Things, Univocal and Equivocal Production, and Subordination in the Trinity
Authors: Paasch JT 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this paper, I examine how Scotus and Ockham try to solve the following problem. If different kinds of constituents contribute some difference in kind to the things they constitute, then the divine Father and Son should be different in kind because they are constituted by at least some constituents that are different in kind (namely, fatherhood and sonship). However, if the Father and Son are different in kind, the Son’s production will be equivocal, and equivocal products are typically less perfect than their producers. Therefore, the Son must be subordinate to the Father. In response, Scotus argues that different kinds of constituents do not necessarily result in different kinds of things, but Ockham rejects this, arguing instead that although the Father and Son are different in kind, they are still equal in perfection because of their identity with the divine essence.
Reconciliation: The Political Theological Nexus in Australasian Indigenous Public Policy
Authors: O’Sullivan Dominic 
Published: November 2010

AbstractReconciliation brings together Christological and anthropological dimensions of human thought to illustrate the nexus between religious principles and political means. For the state reconciliation is concerned with social cohesion and political stability. For the church, it extends the sacramental notion of reconciliation between God and penitent to public relationships. This article examines Roman Catholic contributions to secular reconciliation debates. It shows how religious precepts create moral imperatives to engagement with secular discourses as a necessary element of Christian mission. It also argues that the church’s role in the disruption of indigenous societies creates an additional moral imperative to engage in reconciliation as mission and to articulate a Christian vision of indigenous rights.
When the Body of Christ has AIDS: A Theological Metaphor for Global Solidarity in Light of HIV and AIDS
Authors: van Klinken Adriaan S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article explores the global implications of the statement from African theologians that the body of Christ has AIDS. It will outline how these theologians employ the metaphor of the body of Christ to challenge the western world to enter into solidarity with Africa struck by HIV and AIDS. From the realization that the HIV epidemic is embedded in globalization processes, and from the understanding of contextual theologies as significant to western theology, it is argued that western theologians have to take seriously the critical African questions. Hence the article investigates what it means for the western world to say that the body of Christ has AIDS, and how this metaphor helps to envision global solidarity in light of the HIV epidemic.
What’s in a Name—Proper Names in Greek Exodus
Authors: Perkins Larry 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHebrew proper names presented significant challenges to the translator of Greek Exodus. He employed various strategies including transcription and translation. In most cases he created new transcriptions or employed those found in Greek Genesis. On occasion Hellenized forms of proper names are found, but these tend to be the exception. Etiologies were handled variously. Rarely names seem to be added in the Greek text. This paper interacts with previous analyses of the translator’s practices in handling Hebrew proper names, offering alternative explanations for several phenomena observed.
Religion and Development from Below: Independent Christianity in South Africa
Authors: Bompani Barbara 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMost of the literature on African independent churches (AICs) in South Africa has not paid much attention to their economic and developmental role. In contrast, this article will show how AICs are involved in important economic activities such as voluntary mutual benefit societies, savings clubs, lending societies, stokvels (informal savings funds), and burial societies that control millions of South African rand. In light of firsthand empirical research, this article investigates these kinds of activities, and analyses independent churches’ developmental role. This will allow us to better understand how these communities play a strong and supportive function among Africans in a deprived economic situation. In a period of socio-political transformation in South Africa, AICs are able to answer the needs of the people and their hunger to rebuild an identity. My major critique of classical research on AICs is the failure of the literature to address ‘social change’ in a theoretically adequate way, as something more than just descriptions of ‘traditional’ social structures away from interpretations of modernity.
Cyrille d’Alexandrie aux prises avec un exégète allégoriste au début de son In Oseam: Didyme l’Aveugle ou Piérius d’Alexandrie?
Authors: Zaganas Dimitrios 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to identify the anonymous commentator with whom Cyril of Alexandria is in disagreement at the beginning of his Commentary on Hosea, because of the commentator’s purely allegorical interpretation of the marriage of Hosea with a prostitute (Os 1:2-3). We present initially the position of the author “not deprived of reputation” as transmitted by Cyril, then we re-examine F.M.Abel’s assumption in support of Didymus the Blind. Finally, we propose Pierius, a priest and leader of the Christian school of Alexandria, and his homily On the Beginning of the Prophet Hosea, as possible candidates behind Cyril’s attack.
Lightfoot’s Text of 2 Clement: A Response to W.L. Petersen
Authors: Tuckett Christopher 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis study provides a response to the 2006 Vigiliae Christianae article of William Petersen discussing aspects of the text of 2 Clement in the highly influential edition of J.B. Lightfoot. Petersen discussed four readings in Lightfoot’s edition that he suggested should be changed. He also discussed what he regarded as serious fundamental flaws in Lightfoot’s work which have serious repercussions today in textual study of both the texts of Church Fathers and also of the New Testament. This article examines the four specific readings in 2 Clement discussed by Petersen. It also examines the more general methodological issues raised in his article. It is argued here that Lightfoot’s overall methodology was perhaps not as suspect as Petersen argued and that, while all text editions are open to debate at individual points, the general approach adopted by Lightfoot and others does not perhaps merit the strong criticisms levelled by Petersen.
Lewi Pethrus and the Creation of a Christian Counterculture
Authors: Halldorf Joel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article presents and analyzes the life and work of Lewi Pethrus (1884-1974), the leader of the Swedish Pentecostal movement. The argument is that Pethrus created a Christian counterculture in the midst of a secularized Western society. Although a radical congregationalist skeptical toward organization, Pethrus spent most of his life building institutions. The first institutions he created were for the benefit of the spiritual life of Pentecostal congregations and churches. These included a publishing house, an edifying journal, a hymn book, and a school for evangelism. During World War II, however, Nazism and Communism made Pethrus attentive to the dangers of secularization. He now began founding institutions that were part of the broader civil society, such as a daily newspaper, a radio station, a bank, and a political party. His goal was to turn Sweden into a Christian society. He did not achieve this, but what he did leave was the legacy of a Christian counterculture.
Freedom of Expression and Advocacy of Group Hatred
Authors: Lerner Natan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFreedom of expression is a fundamental right, but not an absolute one, and is subject to limitations determined by law. Article 19 of the ICCPR permits certain restrictions and should be read in conjunction with Article 20, prohibiting advocacy of hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. There should not be differences in the treatment of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. Limitations on freedom of expression regarding other liberties permit to draw analogies. Article 4 of the Convention on Racial Discrimination and Article III of the Genocide Convention are relevant, and the discussion on the existence of an international public order has to be considered. The Genocide Convention refers equally to incitement against racial or religious groups. Frequently, ethnicity and religion overlap.
Seeing the Facts and Saying What You Like: Retroactive Redescription and Indeterminacy in the Past
Authors: Gustafsson Martin 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn chapter 17 of his book, Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory, Ian Hacking makes the disquieting claim that “perhaps we should best think of past human actions as being to a certain extent indeterminate.”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">1</xref> Against what may appear like the self-evident conception of the past as fixed and unalterable, Hacking suggests that when it comes to human conduct and experience, there are reasons to adopt a more flexible view. This suggestion has caused lively debate, in the journal History of the Human Sciences and elsewhere.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> Central to this debate is the question of what it means to use a recently invented vocabulary to redescribe past human affairs. In particular, it is asked: How do the linguistic, cultural and social differences between past and present matter to the possibility of such a redescription’s being true? We who do research in the humanities and social sciences often make retroactive redescriptions of precisely this sort. Hence, the debate is clearly of some general importance for how to conceive the goals and methods of our inquiries. My overall aim in this paper is to clarify what we may learn from the clash between Hacking and his critics.
On Sense, Reference, and Tone in History
Authors: Zeleňák Eugen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper tries to show how the Fregean semantic framework, especially the notions of sense and tone, can be used to explain certain features of history. Following Michael Dummett’s interpretation of Gottlob Frege’s notion of meaning, it is possible to conceive of historical works as proposing particular modes of presentation of past events. In fact, alternative historical works about the same past events could be viewed as differing in what sense and tone they express. In this paper, I first outline some of the points and distinctions made by Frege. Second, I examine how the notions of sense, reference, and tone can be applied in semantic analysis of historical work. Finally, I point to a certain similarity between the Fregean framework and some of the views presented in the recent philosophy of history. My account suggests how to make use of some of the classical insights of Frege when dealing with the semantic issues of historical work.
The Hotplate Precipitation Gauge
Authors: Rasmussen Roy M. , Hallett John , Purcell Rick , Landolt Scott D. , Cole Jeff 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
A new instrument designed to measure precipitation, the “hotplate precipitation gauge,” is described. The instrument consists of a heated thin disk that provides a reliable, low-maintenance method to measure precipitation rate every minute without the use of a wind shield. The disk consists of two heated, thermally isolated identical aluminum plates—one facing upward and the other downward. The two plates are heated independently, and both are maintained at constant temperature above 75°C by electronic circuitry that heats the plates depending on the deviation from the set temperature. Precipitation rate is estimated by calculating the power required to either melt or evaporate snow or to evaporate rain on the upward-facing plate, compensated for wind effects by subtracting out the power on the lower, downward-facing plate. Data from the World Meteorological Organization reference standard for liquid-equivalent snowfall rate measurements, the Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) shield system, were used as the truth to develop the hotplate algorithm. The hotplate measures the liquid-equivalent precipitation rate from 0.25 to 35 mm h−1 within the National Weather Service standard for solid precipitation measurement. The hotplate was also shown to measure wind speed during severe icing conditions and during vibration. The high update rate (precipitation rate, wind speed, and temperature every 1 min), make this an ideal gauge for real-time applications, such as aircraft deicing and road weather conditions. It serves as an accumulation gauge by integrating the 1-min rates over time. It can also be used as a rain gauge for rainfall rates up to 35 mm h−1.
Optimal Linear Fitting for Objective Determination of Ocean Mixed Layer Depth from Glider Profiles
Authors: Chu Peter C. , Fan Chenwu 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
A new optimal linear fitting method has been developed to determine mixed layer depth from profile data. This methodology includes three steps: 1) fitting the profile data from the first point near the surface to a depth using a linear polynomial, 2) computing the error ratio of absolute bias of few data points below that depth versus the root-mean-square error of data points from the surface to that depth between observed and fitted data, and 3) finding the depth (i.e., the mixed layer depth) with maximum error ratio. Temperature profiles in the western North Atlantic Ocean over 14 November–5 December 2007, collected from two gliders (Seagliders) deployed by the Naval Oceanographic Office, are used to demonstrate the capability of this method. The mean quality index (1.0 for perfect determination) for determining mixed layer depth is greater than 0.97, which is much higher than the critical value of 0.8 for well-defined mixed layer depth with that index.
Intercomparison of an Ensemble Kalman Filter with Three- and Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Methods in a Limited-Area Model over the Month of June 2003
Authors: Zhang Meng , Zhang Fuqing , Huang Xiang-Yu , Zhang Xin 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This study compares the performance of an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) with both the three-dimensional and four-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVar and 4DVar) methods of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over the contiguous United States in a warm-season month (June) of 2003. The data assimilated every 6 h include conventional sounding and surface observations as well as data from wind profilers, ships and aircraft, and the cloud-tracked winds from satellites. The performances of these methods are evaluated through verifying the 12- to 72-h forecasts initialized twice daily from the analysis of each method against the standard sounding observations. It is found that 4DVar has consistently smaller error than that of 3DVar for winds and temperature at all forecast lead times except at 60 and 72 h when their forecast errors become comparable in amplitude, while the two schemes have similar performance in moisture at all lead times. The forecast error of the EnKF is comparable to that of the 4DVar at 12–36-h lead times, both of which are substantially smaller than that of the 3DVar, despite the fact that 3DVar fits the sounding observations much more closely at the analysis time. The advantage of the EnKF becomes even more evident at 48–72-h lead times; the 72-h forecast error of the EnKF is comparable in magnitude to the 48-h error of 3DVar/4DVar.
Increasing frequency of multiple sclerosis in Catania, Sicily: a 30-year survey
Authors: Nicoletti Alessandra , Patti Francesco , Lo Fermo Salvatore , Messina Silvia , Bruno Elisa , Quattrocchi Graziella , Laisa Patrizia , Cilia Sabina , Mostile Giovanni , Marziolo Roberto , Scillieri Renato , Maimone Davide , Zappia Mario 
Published: November 2010

Background and Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its temporal profiles from 1975 to 2005 in the city of Catania. Methods: The incidence of MS from 1975 to 31 December 1999 had been previously investigated by the same group. The frequency of MS in the community of Catania from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2004 was studied in a population of 313,110 inhabitants (2001 census). All patients who satisfied Poser’s criteria were considered as prevalent and incident cases. Results: Three hundred and ninety-eight patients with MS who had experienced the clinical onset of the disease before 31 December 2004 were found in a population of 313,110 inhabitants. The prevalence rate was 127.1/100,000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 115.1–140.4]. From 2000 to 2004, 108 patients with MS had clinical onset of the disease . The mean annual incidence was 7.0/100,000 (95% CI 5.7–13.7) and was higher in women (8.4/100,000; 95% CI 6.4–10.5) than in men (5.3/100,000; 95% CI 3.7–7.2). The mean length of time between the date of clinical onset and the date of the diagnosis was 1.4 ± 1.7 years. During the last 30 years the incidence of MS in this population increased from 1.3/100,000 during the first quinquennium (1975–9) to 7.0/100,000 during 2000–4. Conclusions: Incidence rates have further increased in this population, suggesting that the risk of MS is still increasing.
Ageing and COPD affect different domains of nutritional status: the ECCE study
Authors: Battaglia S. , Spatafora M. , Paglino G. , Pedone C. , Corsonello A. , Scichilone N. , Antonelli-Incalzi R. , Bellia V. 
Published: November 2010

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ageing may contribute to malnutrition. We aimed to explore whether COPD and ageing determine malnutrition in different manners.460 stable COPD outpatients (376 males and 84 females) from the Extrapulmonary Consequences of COPD in the Elderly (ECCE) study database were investigated (age 75.0±5.9 yrs; forced expiratory volume in 1 s 54.7±18.3% predicted). Nutritional status was evaluated using the Mini Nutritional Assessment® (MNA) questionnaire. From the MNA, three scores exploring the domains of the nutritional status were calculated: body composition, energy intake and body functionality scores.Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages were negatively correlated with five MNA items exploring mobility, patient’s perception of own nutrition and health status, and arm and calf circumferences (lowest Spearman’s rho (rs) = -0.011; highest p = 0.039). GOLD stages were independently correlated with body composition and body functionality scores (model r2= 0.073). Age was negatively correlated with four MNA items exploring loss of appetite, fluid intake, mobility and autonomy in daily life (lowest rs= -0.013; highest p = 0.030). Age was independently correlated with body functionality score (model r2= 0.037).Severe COPD and ageing are independent and probably concurrent conditions leading to malnutrition. The MNA questionnaire allows a valuable insight into the complexity of components of nutritional status and may provide useful clues for treatment strategies.