bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for PTSD, anxiety, and depression among adolescents in gaza
Authors: Kolltveit Silje , Lange‐Nielsen Ida Ingridsdatter , Thabet Abdel Aziz Mousa , Dyregrov Atle , Pallesen Ståle , Johnsen Tom Backer , Laberg Jon Christian 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe present study examined among adolescents in Gaza the relationship between exposure to war stressors and psychological distress as well as the effects of age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Data were collected from a sample of 139 adolescents 12 to 17 years old. Results showed that adolescents reported elevated levels of intrusion, avoidance, and depression compared to levels in communities not affected by war in the recent past. The proportion scoring within the clinical range of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 56.8% compared to 6.3% in peacetime populations, reflecting a Hedges'sgof 1.29 (p< .001). Significant risk factors for PTSD were exposure (β = .377,p< .001), female gender (β = −.257,p< .001), older age (β = .280,p< .01), and an unemployed father (β = −.280,p< .01). Risk factors for anxiety were exposure (β = .304,p< .001), female gender (β = −.125,p< .01), and older age (β = 272,p< .01), whereas female gender (β = <.238,p< .001) was the only significant risk factor for depression. The present study suggests large individual differences in how adolescents are affected by war stressors.
Neural substrates for processing task‐irrelevant emotional distracters in maltreated adolescents with depressive disorders: A pilot study
Authors: De Bellis Michael D. , Hooper Stephen R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this pilot study, neural systems related to cognitive and emotional processing were examined using event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging in 5 maltreated youth with depressive disorders and 11 nonmaltreated healthy participants. Subjects underwent an emotional oddball task, where they detected infrequent ovals (targets) within a continual stream of phase‐scrambled images (standards). Sad and neutral images were intermittently presented as task‐irrelevant distracters. The maltreated youth revealed significantly decreased activation in the left middle frontal gyrus and right precentral gyrus to target stimuli and significantly increased activation to sad stimuli in bilateral amygdala, left subgenual cingulate, left inferior frontal gyrus, and right middle temporal cortex compared to nonmaltreated subjects. Additionally, the maltreated youth showed significantly decreased activation to both attentional targets and sad distracters in the left posterior middle frontal gyrus compared to nonmaltreated subjects. In this exploratory study of dorsal control and ventral emotional circuits, we found that maltreated youth with distress disorders demonstrated dysfunction of neural systems related to cognitive control and emotional processing.
Identification of trauma exposure and PTSD in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: An exploratory study
Authors: Havens Jennifer F. , Gudiño Omar G. , Biggs Emily A. , Diamond Ursula N. , Weis J. Rebecca , Cloitre Marylene 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTrauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), though prevalent among adolescent psychiatric inpatients, are underidentified in standard clinical practice. In a retrospective chart review of 140 adolescents admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit, we examined associations between probable PTSD identified through the Child PTSD Symptom Scale and adolescents' service use and clinical characteristics. Results suggest a large discrepancy between rates of probable PTSD identified through standardized assessment and during the emergency room psychiatric evaluation (28.6% vs. 2.2%). Adolescents with probable PTSD had greater clinical severity and service utilization, an increased likelihood of being diagnosed with bipolar disorder (27.5% vs. 9.2%) and being prescribed antipsychotic medications (47.5% vs. 27.6%), and were prescribed more psychotropic medications. Upon discharge, those with probable PTSD were more than those without to be assigned a diagnosis of PTSD (45% vs. 7.1%), a comorbid diagnosis of major depressive disorder (30% vs. 14.3%), to be prescribed an antidepressant medication (52.5% vs. 33.7%), and to be prescribed more medications. The underidentification of trauma exposure and PTSD has important implications for the care of adolescents given that accurate diagnosis is a prerequisite for providing effective care. Improved methods for identifying trauma‐related problems in standard clinical practice are needed.
The role of shame in distinguishing perpetrators of intimate partner violence in U.S. veterans
Authors: Hundt Natalie E. , Holohan Dana R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIncreasing attention is being paid to the fact that exposure to traumatic stressors in military combat may lead to perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV). Because shame has been identified as a factor in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the current cross‐sectional study examined the relationship in U.S. veterans between IPV and PTSD, depression, guilt, and shame. We hypothesized that shame would be the strongest correlate of perpetration of IPV and that shame would mediate the relationship between PTSD and IPV. Participants were 264 primarily male and Caucasian mixed‐era veterans presenting for psychological treatment at a Veterans Affairs hospital. They completed standard measures of depression, PTSD symptoms, shame, and guilt and a local checklist was used to dichotomize the sample regarding IPV. Discriminant analysis indicated that shame contributed most (standardized canonical discriminant function coefficient = .44) to distinguishing perpetrators of IPV. In addition, the results were consistent with shame as a mediator of the relationship between PTSD and IPV. These results are in line with studies indicating that shame is linked to IPV perpetration in nonveteran samples (Harmon, 2002; Rand, 2004; Schibik, 2002) and suggests that shame may be an important aspect of the relationship between PTSD and IPV.
Harvest of red‐legged partridge in central Spain
Authors: Díaz‐Fernández Silvia , Viñuela Javier , Arroyo Beatriz 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA basic rule to attain sustainable use of harvested resources is to adjust take to availability. Populations of red‐legged partridges in Spain have decreased in recent decades, and releases of farm‐bred partridges to improve short‐term availability are increasingly common. We used questionnaires and bird surveys to assess whether harvest was related to availability of wild partridges or intensity of farm‐bred partridge releases. We studied 50 hunting estates, including 6 administratively labeled as intensive (with few numerical and temporal restrictions to releases). In addition, we considered hunting pressure (number of hunters × hunting days/km2) and habitat as explanatory variables in the analyses. In intensive estates, annual harvest was exclusively related to release intensity, indicating that in these estates hunting is detached from natural resources and approaches an industrial activity based on external inputs. In non‐intensive estates, harvest was affected by wild stock availability, walked‐up shooting pressure, and habitat (greater harvest in estates with more Mediterranean shrubland). In these estates, releases did not increase annual harvest, and can be considered an inefficient practice. Additionally, the relationship between abundance estimates and harvest disappeared in estates with low partridge abundance estimates, suggesting possibilities for overharvesting in a large proportion of estates. Increasing the abundance of wild red‐legged partridge through techniques like habitat management, and improving the adjustment of harvest to availability, may be a good strategy to increase long‐term harvest in non‐intensive estates. Additionally, Government and managers must create ways to segregate and label the estates where only wild red‐legged partridges are managed from those where releases are used, to reduce ecological costs of management decisions. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Thermal decomposition of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone in m‐xylene solution: Experimental and computational study
Authors: Murillo Juliana , Henao Diana , Vélez Ederley , Castaño Carolina , Quijano Jairo , Gaviria Jair , Zapata Edilma 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe mechanism of thermal decomposition of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone in m‐xylene solution was studied experimentally and theoretically at the M05‐2X/6‐31G(d, p) level of theory. It follows first‐order kinetics and appears to be homogeneous and unimolecular. The proposed mechanism is via a six‐membered cyclic transition state to give a mixture of formaldehyde and acetone. Rate constant values were experimentally determined at three temperatures: 483.15, 493.15, and 503.15 K. Calculated rate constants are of the same order of magnitude than the experimental ones. Calculated Gibbs energies of activation agree very well with the experimental values. Computationally, the progress of the reactions was followed by means of the Wiberg bond index. The results indicate that the transition state has an intermediate character between reactants and products, and the calculated synchronicity shows that the reaction is slightly asynchronous. The bond‐breaking processes are more advanced than the bond‐forming ones, indicating a bond deficiency in the transition state. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 407–413, 2012
Merkel cell carcinoma: Identification of prognostic factors unique to tumors located in the head and neck based on analysis of SEER data
Authors: Smith Valerie A. , Camp E. Ramsay , Lentsch Eric J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous neoplasm that occurs most frequently in the head and neck region. Because of its rarity, prognostic factors are poorly characterized. Head and neck MCC (HN‐MCC) may require separate consideration from MCC that occurs in other anatomic regions. Our objective was to determine the relevance of clinicopathologic parameters as prognostic factors in a large series of patients with HN‐MCC and to compare these to a series of patients with non–head and neck MCC (NHN‐MCC).Study Design:Retrospective analysis of large population database.Methods:Patients with MCC were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and categorized according to tumor location either 1) within or 2) outside of the head and neck region. Clinicopathologic data were compared between groups. Retrospective univariable and multivariable analyses of factors associated with disease‐specific survival (DSS) were performed.Results:We identified 2,104 patients with HN‐MCC and 2,272 with NHN‐MCC. DSS was similar between groups. Independent prognostic factors in HN‐MCC are male sex (P < .001), lip primary site (P = .005), tumor extension beyond the dermis (P = .03), histologically confirmed nodal disease (P < .001), absence of histologic lymph node evaluation (P = .01), and distant metastasis (P = .001). Male sex and tumor extension limited to the subcutis are prognostic factors that are unique to HN‐MCC.Conclusions:Because independent markers of aggressive disease appear to be unique in HN‐MCC, it is important that future studies provide separate consideration for HN‐MCC to allow for the most accurate identification of prognostic indicators and assessment of treatment outcomes accordingly.
Postoperative hemorrhage following adenoidectomy
Authors: Tomkinson Alun , Harrison Wendy , Owens David , Fishpool Samuel , Temple Mark 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To examine postoperative hemorrhage following adenoidectomy.Study Design:Prospective multicenter observational study.Methods:The Surgical Instrument Surveillance Programme (SISP) was established in 2003 to monitor tonsil and adenoid surgery in all hospitals in Wales. Data were examined between April 1, 2003 and June 30, 2008, for risk factors that may contribute to primary (R1) or secondary (R2) postoperative hemorrhage from the adenoid bed, of a severity sufficient to require a return to the operating room.Results:There were 5,588 procedures included, of which 4,225 included simultaneous tonsillectomy. The study included 2,903 (52%) males with a median age of 5.8 years (interquartile range [IQR], 4.5–7.7 years) and 2,685 (48%) females with a median age of 6.5 years (IQR, 5.0–9.1 years). There were 22 patients (0.4%; confidence interval [CI], 0.2‐0.6) who returned to the operating room with a postoperative hemorrhage arising from the adenoid bed. These were exclusively R1 hemorrhage; there were no instances of R2 hemorrhage (0.0%; CI, 0.0‐0.1). No specific risk factors for R1 hemorrhage could be identified. There were 38 patients in the adenotonsillectomy group who returned to operating room with a postoperative hemorrhage arising from the tonsil bed (0.5%; CI, 0.3‐0.8). R1 was seen in 22 patients (0.5%; CI, 0.3‐0.8) and R2 in 16 patients (0.4%; CI, 0.2‐0.6).Conclusions:Adenoidectomy appears to be primarily a procedure performed in childhood. The rate of R1 hemorrhage following adenoidectomy is one in 200 (0.5%) and is similar to the R1 hemorrhage rate for tonsillectomy. R2 hemorrhage following an adenoidectomy appears to be extremely rare. In children, the risk of a serious primary hemorrhage following an adenotonsillectomy is double that of either procedure when performed alone.
Nasoseptal flap repair after endoscopic transsellar versus expanded endonasal approaches: Is there an increased risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak?
Authors: Eloy Jean Anderson , Choudhry Osamah J. , Shukla Pratik A. , Kuperan Arjuna B. , Friedel Mark E. , Liu James K. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The development of expanded endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) has allowed resection of cranial‐base lesions beyond the sella. One major criticism is an increased risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage because of the larger skull base defect. We evaluated our experience with vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap (PNSF) reconstruction and compared the postoperative CSF leak rates between patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal (transsellar) approaches versus expanded EEA (transplanum‐transtuberculum, transcribriform, transclival).Study Design:Retrospective analysis at a tertiary care medical center.Methods:A retrospective review of a prospective database was performed on patients who underwent PNSF reconstruction for intraoperative high‐flow CSF leaks after EEA between December 2008 and August 2011. Demographic data, repair materials, surgical approach, and incidence of postoperative CSF leaks were collected.Results:Thirty‐seven transsellar defects (group I) were repaired with a PNSF, and 32 expanded EEA defects (19 transplanum‐transtuberculum, 10 transcribriform, three transclival) (group II) were repaired with a PNSF. No postoperative CSF leaks occurred in group I. One delayed postoperative CSF leak was encountered in group II leading to a 3.1% leak rate in that group. The incidence of postoperative CSF leakage was not significantly different between the two groups (P > .05). Our overall success rate in this series using a PNSF was 98.6%.Conclusions:Based on our data, there is no significant increased risk of postoperative CSF leak between transsellar and expanded EEA defects when a PNSF is used. The potential risk of postoperative CSF leaks associated with larger defects created through expanded EEA can be minimized by multilayered closure with a PNSF and meticulous surgical technique.
Differences in sensitivity to rocuronium among orbicularis oris muscles innervated by normal or damaged facial nerves and gastrocnemius muscle innervated by somatic nerve in rats
Authors: Zhou Ru‐Yuan , Xu Jing , Chi Fang‐Lu , Chen Lian‐Hua , Li Shi‐Tong 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To evaluate mechanisms of discrepant responses to the nondepolarizing muscle relaxant rocuronium among normal and injured facial nerve‐innervated orbicularis oris and tibial nerve‐innervated gastrocnemius, and to provide information for the proper use of muscle relaxants to balance evoked electromyography (EEMG) monitoring and immobility in general anesthesia.Study Design:Randomized controlled study.Methods:Right‐sided facial nerve injury was induced by crush axotomy in 18 Sprague‐Dawley rats. At different rocuronium concentrations, muscular tension amplitude (MTA) was determined in vitro for normal and injured facial nerve‐innervated orbicularis oris and gastrocnemius; the number of unsaturated acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at end plates was determined by125I‐α‐bungarotoxin staining followed with gamma spectroscopy. The morphological composition of muscle fibers was determined by histological examination.Results:Following rocuronium incubation, the percentage of MTA inhibition (MTAI%) of gastrocnemius was significantly higher than the corresponding values of orbicularis oris (P< .05), and the degree of saturation of AChR in gastrocnemius was significantly greater than that in orbicularis oris (P< .05). The baseline MTA and AChR density of injured‐side orbicularis oris was significantly smaller than those of the normal side, whereas no significant difference was found regarding MTAI% and the degree of AChR saturation between the normal and injured side.Conclusions:The affinity of AChR at end plates and different number of AChR per unit fiber cross‐sectional area may be the mechanisms for differential sensitivities to neuromuscular blockers between facial nerve‐innervated muscles and somatic nerve‐innervated muscles. The lower EEMG responses in the impaired facial nerve‐innervated muscles may result from the lower AChR density at end plates compared with the normal facial nerve‐innervated muscles.
Tongue adiposity and strength in healthy older adults
Authors: Butler Susan G. , Lintzenich Catherine Rees , Leng Xiaoyan , Stuart Andrew , Feng Xin , Carr J. Jeffrey , Kritchevsky Stephen B. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To identify treatable risk factors for aspiration in older adults, particularly those associated with sarcopenia, we examined tongue composition. We hypothesized that isometric and swallowing posterior tongue strength would positively correlate with posterior tongue adiposity, and healthy older adults who aspirate would have greater tongue adiposity than healthy older adults who did not aspirate.Study Design:Prospective.Methods:Participants were 40 healthy adults, comprised of 20 aspirators (mean age, 78 years) and 20 nonaspirators (mean age, 81 years), as identified via flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Measures of maximal isometric posterior tongue strength and posterior swallowing tongue strength were acquired via tongue manometry. An index of posterior tongue adiposity was acquired via computed tomography for a 1‐cm region of interest.Results:Posterior tongue adiposity was correlated with posterior tongue isometric (r = 0.32, P = .05) but not swallowing pressures (P > .05) as examined with separate partial correlation analyses. Tongue adiposity did not significantly differ as a function of age, gender, or aspiration status (P > .05).Conclusions:Lower posterior isometric tongue strength was associated with greater posterior tongue adiposity. However, aspiration in healthy older adults was not affected by posterior tongue adiposity. This finding offers insight into the roles of tongue composition and strength in healthy older adults.
Metal‐Free and Metallated Polymers: Properties and Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Ng Annie , Ho Cheuk‐Lam , Fung Man Kin , Sun Ye Chuan , Shao Shu‐Yan , Fu Ying‐Ying , Ng Alan Man Ching , Li Chi Ho , Cheung Wai Kei , Leung Yu Hang , Djurišić Aleksandra B. , Wang Qiwei , He Ze , Wang Xingzhu , Chan Wai‐Kin , Xie Zhi‐Yuan , Zapien Juan Antonio , To Chap Hang , Wong Wai‐Yeung 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe have studied the properties of organic and organometallic polymers based on a similar chemical structure to elucidate the influence of the metal center on the optical and electronic properties of the polymers as well as their photovoltaic performance. Detailed characterization of the optical properties of both polymers is performed and film morphology and photovoltaic performance are compared. Metal‐containing polymers exhibit red‐shifted absorption and under optimal processing conditions exhibit different film morphology compared with the metal‐free ones. Our results indicate that organometallic polymers represent a promising class of compounds for improved performance in photovoltaic cells.
Design and Synthesis of Novel “Orthogonally” Functionalizable Maleimide‐Based Styrenic Copolymers
Authors: Yilmaz Idil Ipek , Arslan Mehmet , Sanyal Amitav 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPolymers containing maleimide groups on their side chains have been synthesized by utilization of a novel styrenic monomer containing a masked‐maleimide unit. AIBN initiated free radical polymerization and reverse addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was utilized for synthesis of copolymers containing masked maleimide groups as side chains. The maleimide groups were unmasked via the retro Diels–Alder reaction. Orthogonally functionalizable copolymers were obtained by copolymerization of the maleimide‐based monomer with other reactive monomers to yield copolymers that are reactive towards thiol‐ and amine‐containing molecules, or two different thiol‐containing molecules sequentially via the nucleophilic thiol‐ene and the free‐radical thiol‐ene “click” reactions.
pH‐Induced Shape‐Memory Polymers
Authors: Han Xiao‐Juan , Dong Zhen‐Qiang , Fan Min‐Min , Liu Yan , li Jian‐Hu , Wang Yi‐Fu , Yuan Qi‐Juan , Li Bang‐Jing , Zhang Sheng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA novel pH sensitive shape‐memory polymer (SMP) is prepared by cross‐linking the β‐cyclodextrin modified alginate (β‐CD‐Alg) and diethylenetriamine modified alginate (DETA‐Alg): The pH reversible β‐CD‐DETA inclusion complexes serve as a reversible phase, and the cross‐linked alginate chains serve as a fixing phase. It is shown that this material can be processed into temporary shape as we needs at pH 11.5 and recover to its initial shape at pH 7. The recovery ratio and the fixity ratio were 95.7 ± 0.9% and 94.8 ± 1.1%, respectively. Furthermore, this material showed good degradability and biocompatibility. Because the shape transition pH value is quite close to that of our body fluid and this pH triggered shape‐memory effect is convenient and safe to use, this material has a high potential for medical application.
Sensitivity importance‐based robust optimization of structures with incomplete probabilistic information
Authors: Chakraborty Subrata , Bhattacharjya Soumya , Haldar Achintya 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYRobust design optimization (RDO) is usually performed by minimizing the nominal value of a performance function and its dispersion considering equal importance to each individual gradient of the performance function. However, it is well known that all gradients are not equally important. An efficient sensitivity importance‐based RDO technique is proposed in the present study for optimum design of structures characterized by bounded uncertain input parameters. The basic idea of the proposed RDO formulation is to improve the robustness of a performance function by using a new gradient index that utilizes the importance factors proportional to the importance of the gradients of the performance function. The same concept is also extended to the constraints. To enhance the robustness of the constraints, the constraint functions are also modified by using the importance factor proportional to the importance of the associated gradient of the constraint. Because all the variables are not equally important to capture the presence of uncertainty, an improved robust solution is obtained by the proposed approach compared with the conventional RDO approach. The present formulation is illustrated with the help of three informative examples. The results are compared with the conventional RDO results to study the effectiveness of the proposed RDO approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.