bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism
Authors: Mirza Omar 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMetaphysical naturalism can be taken, roughly, to be the view that there is no God, and nothing beyond nature. Alvin Plantinga has argued that naturalism, in this sense, is self‐defeating. More specifically, he argues that an evolutionary account of human origins gives the naturalist (but not the theist) compelling reasons for doubting the reliability of human cognitive faculties, and thus compelling reasons for doubting the truth of any of his beliefs, including naturalism itself. This argument, which has come to be known as the ‘evolutionary argument against naturalism’, has generated a great deal of controversy, and a substantial literature concerning it has grown up as a result. In this paper, I will introduce readers to this literature. I begin by explaining the argument itself, and making clear its intuitive force. I then survey the main objections to it, such as the Perspiration Objection, the ‘Can’t the Naturalist Just Add a Little Something?’ Objection, and the Tu Quoque Objection: in the course of this survey, I pay particular attention to the most interesting of these, a version of the Tu Quoque Objection according to which the problem of evil results in a form of epistemic self‐defeat for the theist that is exactly analogous to the self‐defeat with which the naturalist is allegedly faced in the evolutionary argument. I go on to suggest that, despite the wide range of objections in the literature, the challenge of the evolutionary argument against naturalism is still very much with us, and I conclude by describing some promising directions for future research.
Ancient Near Eastern Wisdom Literature (Didactic)
Authors: Fox Michael V. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWisdom Literature is found in several major cultures of the ancient Near East: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Israel, and in peripheral areas. Texts of this type are extant from some two millennia, as early as 2600 B.C.E. to the first century C.E. Works from these areas are demonstrably related in style and content and connected at several points, early and late. Wisdom Literature shows us the ancient Near East functioning as a single world, with distinctive but interconnected cultures.This article looks at didactic Wisdom Literature, books that seek to educate young men in the skills of leading a good and virtuous life. These texts seek to shape a man who has the character‐qualities—skills of comportment, practical talents, ethics, and religious bearing—that will make him well suited to the position and who can transmit the ideas and attitudes to future generations. Most of these books present themselves as teachings of a father to his son or sons.The article surveys Wisdom books in Egypt, Mesopotamia and its periphery, and Israel. The latter discusses the dating, composition, contents, and main messages of Proverbs, Qohelet, Ben Sira, the Qumran Wisdom texts, and the Wisdom of Solomon.
Pre‐Angkor Khmer Religion and State
Authors: Michon Daniel 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article surveys recent scholarship on Southeast Asian religion and state formation by using the pre‐Angkor Khmer religio‐political organizational patterns as a case study. It begins by situating the debate in the broader chronological frame of both the pre‐Angkor and Angkor periods by outlining both the India‐centric, ‘Khmer Hinduism’ model and the Khmer‐centric, indigenous model for religio‐political formation. It then shifts its focus to the pre‐Angkor period and uses the recent work of Michael Vickery and Alexis Sanderson to discuss the debate concerning the influence of Śaivism on pre‐Angkor Khmer state and society. In doing so, it argues that the idea of a ‘ state’, combined with the recognition of a distinction between élite religio‐political constructions and the common experience and practice of religion, serves to reconcile Vickery’s and Sanderson’s arguments. The article ends with a discussion of new avenues of research that have opened up in the last decade.
Computational Aspects of Lexical Functional Grammar
Authors: Forst Martin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe area of grammar engineering has been a central and active field in computational linguistics. One of the formal frameworks used for the development of computational grammars for a large variety of languages is lexical functional grammar (LFG). This article first introduces the formal and computational foundations of LFG by presenting the correspondence architecture via which the central linguistic representations of LFG, c‐structure and f‐structure, are linked, and it addresses the computational complexity of LFG parsing. In the second half, it gives an overview over work in LFG‐based grammar engineering, focusing on techniques aimed at facilitating multilingual grammar development and ambiguity management.
Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Beef Stock Containing Glutathione Maillard Reaction Products Prepared at Various Conditions
Authors: Kwon G.Y. , Hong J.H. , Kim Y.S. , Lee S.M. , Kim K.O. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of beef soup samples containing 9 types of glutathione Maillard reaction products (GMRPs) were investigated to examine the effects of the GMRPs produced under different reaction conditions on the flavor of the beef soup. The sensory characteristics of the beef stocks were examined using descriptive analysis. In consumer testing, 50 consumers evaluated the overall acceptability and flavor intensities of beef odor, salty taste, beef flavor, and seasoning flavor in the beef soup samples. It was found that the reaction conditions, including sugar type and pH, affected the sensory characteristics of the beef stock containing the GMRPs. The samples containing the GMRPs reacted at pH 7 were characterized with strong beef flavor, chestnut flavor, and cooked rice flavor. However, the GMRP reacted with xylose at pH 7 (XM7) was significantly stronger in beef‐related sensory characteristics than the GMRPs reacted with glucose or fructose at pH 7 (GM7 and FM7). The samples containing the GMRPs reacted at pH 3 had strong acid‐related attributes whereas the GMRPs reacted at pH 11 exhibited strong sulfur‐related attributes and a bitter taste. Overall, the beef soup containing XM7, which was perceived as having a strong beef odor and flavor, was rated the highest consumer acceptability score. This suggests that XM7 has feasibility as a flavor enhancer. To elucidate its effectiveness further, it is required to apply XM7 in various food systems at varying levels and to compare its flavor enhancing effects with other flavor enhancers such as monosodium L‐glutamate in future studies.Practical Application:  This study characterized sensory attributes of glutathione Maillard reaction products (GMRPs) reacted under various conditions and evaluated their potential as a flavor enhancer by examining consumer acceptability of beef stock containing the GMRPs. This study showed that the GMRP reacted with xylose at pH 7 had strong 71 beef flavor and the highest consumer acceptability score. The results of this study will provide valuable information for understanding sensory aspect of flavors generated by Maillard reaction of GSH and sugars, since most studies on Maillard reaction focused on chemical reactions. Also, the outcome of this study will help flavor and food industries’ efforts to develop a new flavor enhancer for use in a variety of processed food products.
Characterization of Spray‐Dried Microalgal Oil Encapsulated in Cross‐Linked Sodium Caseinate Matrix Induced by Microbial Transglutaminase
Authors: Bao Shan‐Shan , Hu Xue‐Chao , Zhang Ka , Xu Xiao‐Kang , Zhang Hong‐Man , Huang He 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Sodium caseinate (SC) cross‐linked by microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) for encapsulating microalgal oil was investigated. Protein cross‐linking was evidenced in the SDS‐PAGE graph. The emulsifying properties of SC depended on the cross‐linked time with MTGase. The emulsifying activity and stability indexes of SC increased with the cross‐linking time of 30 to 90 min (P30 to P90), and then declined with longer cross‐linked time of 180 to 420 min (P180 to P420). The P30 to P90 as wall material for microencapsulation was superior to P180 to P420 and control sample. The microcapsules prepared with P30 to P90 showed more than 97% of microencapsulation efficiency in contrast to about 90% with the P180 to P420. During storage, the microcapsules prepared with P30 to P90 exhibited higher oxidative stability as compared with other microcapsules. A sustained release of microalgal oil was observed, and core release was time dependent and affected by cross‐linking degree. Results showed that the powdered microalgal oil prepared with P30 to P90 demonstrated enhanced physicochemical properties and oxidative stability.Practical Application:  The novel method using cross‐linked proteins as wall material induced by microbial transglutaminase in food industry for sensitive ingredients could convert microcapsules into a stable form, which would lead to its more widespread utilization as a kind of food additive.
Influence of Biopolymer Emulsifier Type on Formation and Stability of Rice Bran Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions: Whey Protein, Gum Arabic, and Modified Starch
Authors: Charoen Ratchanee , Jangchud Anuvat , Jangchud Kamolwan , Harnsilawat Thepkunya , Naivikul Onanong , McClements David Julian 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Rice bran oil (RBO) is used in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its desirable health, flavor, and functional attributes. We investigated the effects of biopolymer emulsifier type and environmental stresses on the stability of RBO emulsions. Oil‐in‐water emulsions (5% RBO, 10 mM citrate buffer) stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI), gum arabic (GA), or modified starch (MS) were prepared using high‐pressure homogenization. The new MS used had a higher number of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) groups per starch molecule than conventional MS. The droplet diameters produced by WPI and MS were considerably smaller (d < 300 nm) than those produced by GA (d > 1000 nm). The influence of pH (3 to 8), ionic strength (0 to 500 mM NaCl), and thermal treatment (30 to 90 °C) on the physical stability of the emulsions was examined. Extensive droplet aggregation occurred in WPI‐stabilized emulsions around their isoelectric point (4 < pH < 6), at high salt (> 200 mM, pH 7), and at high temperatures (>70 °C, pH 7, 150 mM NaCl), which was attributed to changes in electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between droplets. There was little effect of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on emulsions stabilized by GA or MS, which was attributed to strong steric stabilization. In summary: WPI produced small droplets at low concentrations, but they had poor stability to environmental stress; GA produced large droplets and needed high concentrations, but they had good stability to stress; new MS produced small droplets at low concentrations, with good stability to stress.Practical Application:  This study showed that stable rice bran oil‐in‐water emulsions can be formed using biopolymer emulsifiers. These emulsions could be used to incorporate RBO into a wide range of food products. We compared the relative performance of whey protein, GA, and a new MS at forming and stabilizing the emulsions. The new OSA MS was capable of forming small stable droplets at relatively low concentrations.
Does Enhanced Solar UV‐B Radiation Affect Marine Primary Producers in Their Natural Habitats?
Authors: Häder Donat‐P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article is a highlight of the paper by Li et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology as well as a short summary of the research on the effects of solar UV‐B radiation on primary production in the oceans. Laboratory experiments under controlled conditions using artificial light sources indicate species‐specific damage of many phytoplankton groups. Mesocosm studies in enclosures of limited volume allow analyzing UV effects in multigeneration monitoring of natural assemblages. Field studies to determine the effects of short‐wavelength solar radiation require sensitive instrumentation and measurements over extended areas of the open ocean to yield significant results. Results from a cruise described in the paper by Li et al. indicate clear effects of UV‐B and UV‐A on the photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton communities with spatial differences between coastal and open‐ocean waters. Increasing temperatures and acidification in the ocean due to global climate change may exacerbate the detrimental effects of solar UV‐B radiation.
Photophysical Properties of Ternary Hybrid System of Lanthanide Center Linking Organically Modified Silica and Polymeric Chain
Authors: Yan Bing , Wang Xiao‐Long , Liu Jin‐Liang 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAccording to coordination chemistry principle and molecular assembly technology, series of ternary lanthanide centered hybrid systems have been constructed through coordination bonds. Among one component (ligand) is organically modified Si–O network, which originates from the functional molecular bridge (BFPPSi) by the functionalization of 1,3‐bis(2‐formylphenoxy)‐2‐propanol (BFPP) with 3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate. In the second component (ligand), three different organic polymeric chains are introduced, poly‐(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, from the polymerization of MMA with the benzoyl peroxide [BPO] as the initiator), poly‐(methyl acrylic acid) (PMAA, from the polymerization of MAA with the BPO as the initiator), polyvinyl pyridine, respectively. All these ternary hybrid materials show homogeneous, regular microstructure, suggesting the existence of assembly process of lanthanide centers, inorganic Si–O network and organic polymer chain. Compared to the binary hybrids without polymer chain, the photoluminescent properties of these ternary hybrids present stronger luminescent intensities, longer lifetimes and higher luminescent quantum efficiencies indicating that the introduction of organic polymer chain is favorable for the luminescence of the whole hybrid systems.
Photocatalytic Activity of Ho‐doped Anatase Titanium Dioxide Coated Magnetite
Authors: Shi Zhongliang , Xiang Yongfang , Zhang Xiaoyan , Yao Shuhua 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA composite photocatalyst (Ho/TiO2/Fe3O4) with Ho‐doped anatase titanium dioxide (Ho/TiO2) shell and a magnetite core was prepared by coating photoactive Ho/TiO2 onto a magnetic Fe3O4 core through the hydrolysis of tetrabutyltitanate (Ti(OBu)4, TBT) in water/oil (w/o) microemulsion with precursors of Ho(NO3)3 and TBT in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The morphological, structural and optical properties of the prepared samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and UV‐Vis diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐Vis DRS). The effect of Ho ion content on the photocatalytic activity was studied. The photodegradation behavior of the prepared photocatalyst under UV and visible light was investigated in aqueous solution using methyl orange (MO) as target pollutant. The results showed that the prepared photocatalyst was activated by visible light and used as effective catalyst in photo‐oxidation reactions. In addition, the possibility of cyclic usage of the prepared photocatalyst was also confirmed. Moreover, Ho/TiO2 was tightly bound to Fe3O4 and could be easily recovered from the medium by a simple magnetic process. It can therefore be potentially applied for the treatment of water contaminated by organic pollutants.
Transforming youth mental health services and supports in Ireland
Authors: Illback Robert J. , Bates Tony 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground: Young people in the Republic of Ireland do not have access to appropriate mental health services and supports, necessitating transformational change in delivery systems.Aims: Describe ongoing development and change efforts facilitated by Headstrong – The National Centre for Youth Mental Health.Methods: Discusses findings from a national needs assessment, core strategies within the change initiative, progress in system‐building, and preliminary descriptive and outcome data.Results: Five demonstration sites comprised of four counties and a city neighbourhood are operational and preliminary data are promising with respect to implementation and outcomes.Conclusion: Effective change initiatives require vision and leadership, competence‐ and capacity‐building, participative planning and engagement, adequate and thoughtfully deployed resources, and a comprehensive change management approach.
Early access and help seeking: practice implications and new initiatives
Authors: Wilson Coralie J. , Bushnell John A. , Caputi Peter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim: Seeking appropriate help for early signs and symptoms of psychological distress can reduce the long‐term impact of many mental disorders. This article describes practice implications and new initiatives for promoting early access and help‐seeking among young people.Methods: Relevant help‐seeking research is reviewed, and prominent help‐seeking barriers are discussed.Results: Prominent barriers for young people include: incomplete mental health and emotional literacy, beliefs about having little need for help versus having a need for autonomy, and the process of help‐negation for different symptoms of psychological distress.Conclusions: To improve early access to appropriate help and mental health services, barriers that can be reduced, and in particular, psychological distress symptoms that promote the help‐negation process, must be reduced as soon as they can be. Strategies that can be used by clinicians, parents and others, including young people, to encourage appropriate help‐seeking are provided. Examples of how these strategies are implemented in several innovative programs and approaches are discussed.
Youth mental health: we know where we are and we can now say where we need to go next
Authors: Hickie Ian B. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim: To provide an overview of the state of knowledge relevant to the development of youth‐specific mental health initiatives.Methods: A selective review of data, particularly from Australian community and health service studies, that are relevant to the decisions faced by those who fund and organize health services internationally.Results: It is possible to reach consensus on key issues such as the current state of evidence, myths that need to be challenged, areas of genuine uncertainty, priorities for future reform, and five and ten year goals and targets.Conclusions: There is considerable convergence of evidence from epidemiology, clinical and basic neuroscience, population health and health service evaluation that supports an urgent new investment in development and evaluation of youth mental health initiatives.
Microbiology of nitrogen cycle in animal manure compost
Authors: Maeda Koki , Hanajima Dai , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Morioka Riki , Osada Takashi 
Published: January 2011

SummaryComposting is the major technology in the treatment of animal manure and is a source of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas. Although the microbiological processes of both nitrification and denitrification are involved in composting, the key players in these pathways have not been well identified. Recent molecular microbiological methodologies have revealed the presence of dominant Bacillus species in the degradation of organic material or betaproteobacterial ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria on nitrification on the surface, and have also revealed the mechanism of nitrous oxide emission in this complicated process to some extent. Some bacteria, archaea or fungi still would be considered potential key players, and the contribution of some pathways, such as nitrifier denitrification or heterotrophic nitrification, might be involved in composting. This review article discusses these potential microbial players in nitrification–denitrification within the composting pile and highlights the relevant unknowns through recent activities that focus on the nitrogen cycle within the animal manure composting process.
A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Using Secondary Data for Psychological Research
Authors: Andersen Judith Pizarro , Prause JoAnn , Silver Roxane Cohen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to serve as a primer for those who have never used, or even considered using, secondary data as a resource for psychological research. Secondary data (SD) can provide a unique methodological tool with which to examine psychological issues and can serve as a valuable contribution to a program of research. However, this important resource may often be overlooked because its use can sometimes appear daunting and time‐consuming. We seek to assist new users of SD by describing the process in a step‐by‐step manner. We address both benefits and challenges to anticipate when using SD, and discuss identifying and acquiring potential datasets, creating a personalized dataset, variable creation, statistical considerations, and the potential problem of conflicting findings when large datasets are used by multiple researchers. Our goal is to encourage researchers who are novices to the approach to consider using SD as an adjunct to their program of research.
Personality and Pathways of Influence on Physical Health
Authors: Kern Margaret L. , Friedman Howard S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSome individuals are prone to illness, decline, and premature mortality while others recover quickly, maintain health, and live long lives. Personality, an individual’s biopsychosocial pattern of reactions and behaviors, is related to health across time, but the pathways are complex, with interrelated causal and non‐causal links. Causal pathways linking personality and health include: health behaviors and habits; number and quality of social relationships; reactions to challenges and psychophysiological stress; and situation selection and evocation. Important but non‐causal (spurious) links include: genes and early experiences; and disease‐caused personality changes. Attending to the multiple links between personality and health within a lifespan perspective will aid causal understanding and facilitate the most appropriate interventions.
How Individuals and Organizations Can Reduce Interpersonal Discrimination
Authors: Ruggs Enrica N. , Martinez Larry R. , Hebl Michelle R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIndividuals do not always face overt, unambiguous forms of discrimination that often have legal repercussions. Rather, the current paper introduces the construct of interpersonal discrimination, a set of behaviors (e.g., increased interpersonal hostility, decreased eye contact, abbreviated interactions) that has negative implications for both individuals and organizations. For individuals, interpersonal discrimination may result in consequences such as lowered performance (2009, doctoral dissertation, Rice University). For organizations, this type of discrimination may lead to negative bottom line consequences (Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 2006, 579–592). Individuals and organizations can both take steps to combat this discrimination and in this article, we review these strategies. While research on some individual‐level strategies in reducing interpersonal discrimination is showing success, the research on other strategies (from allies and organizations) is sparse, and we end by encouraging such future research.