bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children and Adolescents With Gender Identity Disorder Referred to a Pediatric Medical Center
Authors: Spack Norman P. , Edwards-Leeper Laura , Feldman Henry A. , Leibowitz Scott , Mandel Francie , Diamond David A. , Vance Stanley R. 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVES:
To describe the patients with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center. We identify changes in patients after creation of the multidisciplinary Gender Management Service by expanding the Disorders of Sex Development clinic to include transgender patients.

METHODS:
Data gathered on 97 consecutive patients &lt;21 years, with initial visits between January 1998 and February 2010, who fulfilled the following criteria: long-standing cross-gender behaviors, provided letters from current mental health professional, and parental support. Main descriptive measures included gender, age, Tanner stage, history of gender identity development, and psychiatric comorbidity.

RESULTS:
Genotypic male:female ratio was 43:54 (0.8:1); there was a slight preponderance of female patients but not significant from 1:1. Age of presentation was 14.8 ± 3.4 years (mean ± SD) without sex difference (P = .11). Tanner stage at presentation was 4.1 ± 1.4 for genotypic female patients and 3.6 ± 1.5 for genotypic male patients (P = .02). Age at start of medical treatment was 15.6 ± 2.8 years. Forty-three patients (44.3%) presented with significant psychiatric history, including 20 reporting self-mutilation (20.6%) and suicide attempts (9.3%).

CONCLUSIONS:
After establishment of a multidisciplinary gender clinic, the gender identity disorder population increased fourfold. Complex clinical presentations required additional mental health support as the patient population grew. Mean age and Tanner Stage were too advanced for pubertal suppressive therapy to be an affordable option for most patients. Two-thirds of patients were started on cross-sex hormone therapy. Greater awareness of the benefit of early medical intervention is needed. Psychological and physical effects of pubertal suppression and/or cross-sex hormones in our patients require further investigation.
Association Between a Functional Polymorphism in the MAOA Gene and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Klintschar Michael , Heimbold Christian 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVES:
Abnormalities in the serotonergic as well as the noradrenergic neuronal systems are believed to contribute to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The X-chromosomal monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene is of importance for both systems and up to now no systematic study on a functional polymorphism in this gene has been performed in a sufficiently large group.

METHODS:
We investigated a functional MAOA promoter length polymorphism in 156 white SIDS cases and 260 gender- and age-matched control subjects by using capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence dye labeled primers.

RESULTS:
The pooled low-expressing alleles *2 and *3 were more frequent in the 99 male SIDS cases than in 161 male control subjects (44.4% vs 25.5%). However, there were no differences in female cases. The frequency of low expression alleles varied significantly with the age at death and were significantly more frequent in children who died between an age of 46 and 154 days than at an older age (54.9% vs 22.6%).

CONCLUSIONS:
Our results indicate a relationship between SIDS and the MAOA genotype in boys via influencing serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem. This locus is the first X-chromosomal locus associated with SIDS. Our results support the theory that abnormalities in the brainstem contribute to a subset of SIDS, at least in boys. Moreover, we argue that not only the serotonergic system but also other neuronal systems, among those the noradrenergic one, are involved.
Phonon Transport and Thermoelectricity in Defect-Engineered InAs Nanowires
Authors: Weathers Annie , Moore Arden L. , Pettes Michael T. , Salta Daniel , Kim Jaehyun , Dick Kimberly , Samuelson Lars , Linke Heiner , Caroff Philippe , Shi Li 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThere have been reports of improvements in the thermoelectric figure of merit through the use of nanostructured materials to suppress the lattice thermal conductivity. Here, we report on a fundamental study of the combined effects of defect planes and surface scattering on phonon transport and thermoelectric properties of defect-engineered InAs nanowires. A microfabricated device is employed to measure the thermal conductivity and thermopower of individual suspended indium arsenide nanowires grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. The four-probe measurement device consists of platinum resistance thermometers and electrodes patterned on two adjacent SiNx membranes. A nanowire was suspended between the two membranes, and electrical contact between the nanowire and the platinum electrodes was made with the evaporation of a Ni/Pd film through a shadow mask. The exposed back side of the device substrate allows for characterization of the crystal structure of the suspended nanowire with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following measurement. The 100-200 nm diameter zincblende (ZB) InAs nanowire samples were grown with randomly spaced twin defects, stacking faults, or phases boundaries perpendicular to the nanowire growth direction, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Compared to single-crystal ZB InAs nanowires with a similar lateral dimension, the thermal conductivity of the defect-engineered nanowires is reduced by fifty percent at room temperature.
Frequency of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at Collaborating Centers Based on IADPSG Consensus Panel–Recommended Criteria
Authors: Sacks David A. , Hadden David R. , Maresh Michael , Deerochanawong Chaicharn , Dyer Alan R. , Metzger Boyd E. , Lowe Lynn P. , Coustan Donald R. , Hod Moshe , Oats Jeremy J.N. , Persson Bengt , Trimble Elisabeth R. ,   for the HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE
To report frequencies of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among the 15 centers that participated in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study using the new International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
All participants underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test between 24 and 32 weeks’ gestation. GDM was retrospectively classified using the IADPSG criteria (one or more fasting, 1-h, or 2-h plasma glucose concentrations equal to or greater than threshold values of 5.1, 10.0, or 8.5 mmol/L, respectively).

RESULTS
Overall frequency of GDM was 17.8% (range 9.3–25.5%). There was substantial center-to-center variation in which glucose measures met diagnostic thresholds.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the new diagnostic criteria for GDM apply globally, center-to-center differences occur in GDM frequency and relative diagnostic importance of fasting, 1-h, and 2-h glucose levels. This may impact strategies used for the diagnosis of GDM.
Hypergraphs with large transversal number and with edge sizes at least four
Authors: Henning Michael , Löwenstein Christian 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Let H be a hypergraph on n vertices and m edges with all edges of size at least four. The transversal number τ(H) of H is the minimum number of vertices that intersect every edge. Lai and Chang [An upper bound for the transversal numbers of 4-uniform hypergraphs, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B, 1990, 50(1), 129–133] proved that τ(H) ≤ 2(n+m)/9, while Chvátal and McDiarmid [Small transversals in hypergraphs, Combinatorica, 1992, 12(1), 19–26] proved that τ(H) ≤ (n + 2m)/6. In this paper, we characterize the connected hypergraphs that achieve equality in the Lai-Chang bound and in the Chvátal-McDiarmid bound.
Transportation Mode Choice Analysis Based on Classification Methods
Authors: Zenina Nadezda , Borisov Arkady 
Published: February 2012

Transportation Mode Choice Analysis Based on Classification MethodsMode choice analysis has received the most attention among discrete choice problems in travel behavior literature. Most traditional mode choice models are based on the principle of random utility maximization derived from econometric theory. This paper investigates performance of mode choice analysis with classification methods - decision trees, discriminant analysis and multinomial logit. Experimental results have demonstrated satisfactory quality of classification.
The Business School in the Corporation of Higher Learning in the USA
Authors: Kemp Robert 
Published: February 2012

The Business School in the Corporation of Higher Learning in the USA
In The Higher Learning in America, Veblen speculated on the prospects of the schools of commerce within the American university. Specifically he postulated that (a) instruction in the field of commercial training may all into a more rigidly drawn curriculum, that diverges from the ways of scientific inquiry (b) the college of commerce would divert funds from legitimate university uses, (c) create a bias hostile to scholarly and scientific work and (d) train graduates who would have better skills to predate on the community. The Higher Learning in America is an extension of his economics and was meant to be a warning about the cumulative effect of the conduct of universities by business principles. This paper summarizes the Veblenian approach used to question the legitimacy of the business school in the modern university. The goal is to promote a re-consideration of the role of the business school with respect to a Veblenian analysis.
Diagnostic significance of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase activity in tuberculous pleurisy
Authors: Ahmed Sharmeen , Fatema Reaz , Abu Saleh Ahmed , Sattar Mumayun , Miah Md Ruhul Amin 
Published: February 2012

Diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is difficult because of its non-specific clinical presentation and insufficient efficiency of conventional diagnostic methods. The study was carried out to evaluate the utility of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of TPE. ADA activity was measured in pleural fluid of 103 pleural effusion patients by colorimetric method using a commercial ADA assay kit. The diagnosis of TPE was made from pleural fluid examinations (including cytology, biochemistry, and bacteriology) and pleural biopsy. Patient with negative result of this methods were diagnosed by response of empirical treatment. Out of 130 cases, 62 (61.1%) had TPE and the remaining 41 (39.8%) had pleural effusion due to non tuberculous diseases. There was statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the mean of pleural fluid ADA levels (70.82±22.54 U/L) in TPE group and (30.07±22.93 U/L) in non-TPE group. Of 62 TPE cases, microscopy for AFB and culture for M.tuberculosis in pleural fluid revealed positivity in 9.6% and 22.5% cases respectively, and biopsy of pleura showed typical epithelioid granuloma in only 43.5% cases. The cut-off value of ADA for diagnosing TPE was 40 U/L using a ROC curve, with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 88%. Positive and negative predictive value of ADA assay were 92% and 90% respectively. The overall test accuracy was 90%. Pleural fluid ADA assay is therefore a simple, rapid, highly sensitive and specific adjunct test for diagnosis of TPE. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9852 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 1-5 Keywords: Pleural fluid; adenosine deaminase; tuberculous pleural effusion
Population genetic analysis of Bromus tectorum (Poaceae) indicates recent range expansion may be facilitated by specialist genotypes
Authors: Merrill Keith R. , Meyer Susan E. , Coleman Craig E. 
Published: February 2012

• Premise of the study: The mechanisms for range expansion in invasive species depend on how genetic variation is structured in the introduced range. This study examined neutral genetic variation in the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum in the Intermountain Western United States. Patterns of microsatellite (SSR) genotype distribution in this highly inbreeding species were used to make inferences about the roles of adaptively significant genetic variation, broadly adapted generalist genotypes, and facultative outcrossing in the recent range expansion of B. tectorum in this region.• Methods: We sampled 20 individuals from each of 96 B. tectorum populations from historically and recently invaded habitats throughout the region and used four polymorphic SSR markers to characterize each individual.• Key results: We detected 131 four‐locus SSR genotypes; however, the 14 most common genotypes collectively accounted for 79.2% of the individuals. Common SSR genotypes were not randomly distributed among habitats. Instead, characteristic genotypes sorted into specific recently invaded habitats, including xeric warm and salt desert as well as mesic high‐elevation habitats. Other SSR genotypes were common across a range of historically invaded habitats. We observed very few heterozygous individuals (0.58%).• Conclusions: Broadly adapted, generalist genotypes appear to dominate historically invaded environments, while recently invaded salt and warm desert habitats are dominated by distinctive SSR genotypes that contain novel alleles. These specialist genotypes are not likely to have resulted from recombination; they probably represent more recent introductions from unknown source populations. We found little evidence that outcrossing plays a role in range expansion.
Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Fagaceae)
Authors: Tong Xin , Xu Na‐Na , Li Ling , Chen Xiao‐Yong 
Published: February 2012

• Premise of the study: We isolated and characterized polymorphic microsatellite loci in Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Fagaceae), an evergreen broadleaved monoecious tree, to provide tools for analyzing parentage and mating system.• Methods and Results: Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed and tested in three C. glauca populations. The number of alleles per locus varied from two to 22. The observed and expected heterozygosities within populations were 0.000–0.967 and 0.033–0.949, respectively.• Conclusions: These polymorphic primers showed high levels of polymorphism within tested populations, and can be used in parentage analysis and mating system estimation of C. glauca.
« Comment dire Je dans un corps qui devient fou ? »
Authors: Lombard Marjorie 
Published: February 2012

Résumé A travers notre expérience aux côtés de patients atteints de cancers, nous avons été exposés à une question clinique fondamentale : l’expérience subjective du lien entre les patients et un être aimé. Quelle peut être la teneur des pertes passées lorsqu’un individu, autrefois témoin du cancer chez un proche, s’incarne brutalement acteur dans l’occurrence de cette même pathologie ? Ce « petit bout de savoir en plus » induit par cette place de témoin préalable est ici interrogé dans ce potentiel pathogène souvent annoncé. Il se trouve que ces liens, ainsi revisités, étayent le sujet dans la position de « deuilleur ». Nous serons, nous-mêmes, témoins d’un vécu d’« inquiétante étrangeté » que peut constituer le basculement d’une place de spectateur à celle d’acteur qui précipite le sujet sur la scène dramatique incarnée par son corps blessé. Afin d’étudier ce paysage psychique, nous étayerons notre réflexion à partir de la rencontre avec M me R.
Factors associated with fatigue in early arthritis: Results from a multicenter national French cohort study
Authors: Rat Anne‐Christine , Pouchot Jacques , Fautrel Bruno , Boumier Patrick , Goupille Philippe , Guillemin Francis 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveFatigue frequently occurs in patients with early arthritis (EA). Determinants of its severity are unknown. We aimed to identify the factors associated with fatigue in EA and changes in fatigue after 1 year of followup.MethodsThe Evaluation et Suivi de Polyarthrites Indifférenciées Récentes (Assessment and Followup of Early Undifferentiated Arthritis) cohort study is a multicenter, prospective, national cohort of patients with EA. At baseline and every 6 months up to 1 year, we recorded sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics, Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 Short Form (AIMS2‐SF) and Short Form 36 (SF‐36) scores for health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), and fatigue severity by a visual analog scale (f‐VAS) and the SF‐36 vitality score (fatigue_SF36).ResultsWe included 813 patients (77% women, mean ± SD age 48 ± 13 years). At baseline, fatigue as assessed by the f‐VAS or fatigue_SF36 was independently associated with young age, female sex, low education level, smoking, increased Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), waking up at night, Sjögren's syndrome, and worse AIMS2‐SF physical, affect, and symptom scores. At 1‐year followup, a favorable change in fatigue scores was associated with increased baseline AIMS2‐SF physical and affect scores (better quality of life), high baseline fatigue scores, and improved 1‐year AIMS2‐SF affect scores. Age, sex, and change in AIMS2‐SF physical score, DAS28, and hemoglobin or C‐reactive protein level were inconsistently associated with change in fatigue scores. The AIMS2‐SF affect score explained most of the variance in baseline fatigue score and was an important factor in 1‐year change in fatigue score.ConclusionFatigue in EA is multifactorial. Its level and its course are strongly associated with HRQOL, notably the affect dimension. These results should help professionals inform patients about fatigue, explore its causes, and develop tailored interventions.
Charge Injection in Solution‐Processed Organic Field‐Effect Transistors: Physics, Models and Characterization Methods
Authors: Natali Dario , Caironi Mario 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA high‐mobility organic semiconductor employed as the active material in a field‐effect transistor does not guarantee per se that expectations of high performance are fulfilled. This is even truer if a downscaled, short channel is adopted. Only if contacts are able to provide the device with as much charge as it needs, with a negligible voltage drop across them, then high expectations can turn into high performances. It is a fact that this is not always the case in the field of organic electronics.In this review, we aim to offer a comprehensive overview on the subject of current injection in organic thin film transistors: physical principles concerning energy level (mis)alignment at interfaces, models describing charge injection, technologies for interface tuning, and techniques for characterizing devices. Finally, a survey of the most recent accomplishments in the field is given. Principles are described in general, but the technologies and survey emphasis is on solution processed transistors, because it is our opinion that scalable, roll‐to‐roll printing processing is one, if not the brightest, possible scenario for the future of organic electronics.With the exception of electrolyte‐gated organic transistors, where impressively low width normalized resistances were reported (in the range of 10 Ω·cm), to date the lowest values reported for devices where the semiconductor is solution‐processed and where the most common architectures are adopted, are ∼10 kΩ·cm for transistors with a field effect mobility in the 0.1–1 cm2/Vs range. Although these values represent the best case, they still pose a severe limitation for downscaling the channel lengths below a few micrometers, necessary for increasing the device switching speed. Moreover, techniques to lower contact resistances have been often developed on a case‐by‐case basis, depending on the materials, architecture and processing techniques. The lack of a standard strategy has hampered the progress of the field for a long time. Only recently, as the understanding of the rather complex physical processes at the metal/semiconductor interfaces has improved, more general approaches, with a validity that extends to several materials, are being proposed and successfully tested in the literature. Only a combined scientific and technological effort, on the one side to fully understand contact phenomena and on the other to completely master the tailoring of interfaces, will enable the development of advanced organic electronics applications and their widespread adoption in low‐cost, large‐area printed circuits.
Population balance modeling and simulation of liquid–liquid–liquid phase transfer catalyzed synthesis of mandelic acid from benzaldehyde
Authors: Sowbna P. R. , Yadav Ganapati D. , Ramkrishna Doraiswami 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMandelic acid has cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and antibacterial activities and is used in urinary antiseptic medicines. An attractive process for the production of mandelic acid is through reaction between benzaldehyde, sodium hydroxide, and chloroform in the presence of polyethylene glycol 4000 as a phase transfer catalyst. The liquid–liquid phase transfer catalyzed (L–L PTC) reaction can be intensified by converting it into three‐liquid phases (L–L–L PTC). We address the modeling of a well‐stirred reactor for the foregoing process, in which organic droplets surrounded by a thin film of catalyst‐rich phase are suspended in the aqueous phase. A population balance model is formulated for the L–L–L PTC reaction and solved by Monte Carlo simulation using interval of quiescence technique. Transport processes and intrinsic reaction kinetics are extracted from the experiments. This population balance model serves to assess and interpret the relative roles of various processes in L–L–L PTC reaction, such as diffusive transport, reaction, and interaction between dispersed phase droplets. The model is expected to be an effective tool for reactor design and scale up. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Flame‐retardant and physical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) chemically modified by diethyl chlorophosphate
Authors: Lin Jian‐Sheng , Chen Li , Liu Ya , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPhosphorylated poly(vinyl alcohol) (P‐PVA) was prepared via the modification of the pendent hydroxyl groups of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in the presence of diethyl chlorophosphate (DECP). Chemical structures of the P‐PVA were characterized by attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, and 31PNMR spectra. The formed P‐PVA showed good flame retardance, improved thermal stability, enhanced hydrophilicity, decreased tensile strength, and increased elongation at break compared with PVA. The crystallinity of P‐PVA was much lower than that of PVA, and it decreased with the increase of phosphorus content. The reasons for the obvious differences between the aforementioned properties of PVA and P‐PVA were investigated and discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012