bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Therapy, Female
Authors: Meston Cindy M. , Harte Christopher B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Sex therapy is goal‐specific and is concerned with alleviating sexual impairments that cause distress; it may also include broader goals such as improvement of a couple's communication and relationship quality. The initial phase of sex therapy is concerned with the accurate diagnosis of the sexual dysfunction presented by the patient. This may pose a difficulty for many psychotherapists, considering that (1) the diagnostic criteria provided by the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2000) is often unclear, (2) there is high comorbidity with respect to sexual dysfunctions, and (3) there is a paucity of research examining age‐related norms for the female sexual response.
Sex Therapy, Male
Authors: Kleinplatz Peggy J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe treatment of male sexual difficulties is still in its infancy, but it has had quite a dramatic beginning over the last 40 years or so. In 1966, Masters and Johnson published their seminal description of the physiology of male and female sexual response as observed in their laboratory. They referred to their observations as the human sexual response cycle (HSRC) model, which consisted of four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Subsequently, in 1970, Masters and Johnson provided the first systematic approach to the treatment of sexual problems and became the founders of what is now called sex therapy. Problems came to be defined in terms of deviations from the 1966 HSRC model. For men, this meant that the major sexual dysfunctions were identified as what was then called “impotence,” now known as “erectile dysfunction” (ED); “premature ejaculation,” now known as “rapid ejaculation” (RE); “ejaculatory incompetence,” now known as “delayed ejaculation” (DE); or “male orgasmic dysfunction” and “dyspareunia,” meaning pain associated with sexual intercourse.
Sexism
Authors: Elias Steven M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAccording to U.S. Census Bureau statistics (Spraggins, 2005), the median income for full‐time, year‐round female employees is $9,000 less than that of their male equivalents. Nationwide, Caucasian women typically earn 70 cents for every dollar earned by Caucasian men. Although females make up just 51% of the U.S. population, they account for 56% of Americans living in poverty. Even though it is true that discrimination directed toward females has decreased over the past several decades, it is still more difficult for a female to gain and retain a professional position than it is for a comparable male jobseeker. Once employed, it is currently more arduous for a female employee to be promoted at work than it is for a male employee with identical qualifications (Crosby & Stockdale, 2007). On reading these facts and figures, one may ask why such disparities exist between males and females. In answering such a question, most would indicate that sexism or gender discrimination is to blame. Furthermore, if asked, most people would probably agree that such difficulties continue to plague women.
Sexual Desire
Authors: Diamond Lisa M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSexual desire is typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or activities. Although sexual desire is often confused with sex drive, these are fundamentally different constructs. Whereas sex drive represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to seek out sexual activity and/or sexual gratification (and hence is traitlike in nature), sexual desire is a specific state of sexual interest that typically has a specific target and/or trigger. Sexual desire can be elicited by a large variety of cues and situations, private thoughts, feelings, and fantasies, erotic materials (such as books, movies, photographs), and a variety of erotic environments, situations, or social interactions. Researchers have increasingly come to acknowledge that there are different forms of sexual desire. One useful distinction, first advanced in the context of research on nonhuman primates, is that between proceptivity and receptivity. Proceptivity refers to a basic urge to seek out and initiate sexual activity and is regulated by gonadal hormones (e.g., testosterone in men and estrogen in women). Receptivity, sometimes called arousability, represents the capacity to become sexually interested or aroused upon exposure to certain environmental or situational stimuli. Unlike proceptivity, arousability is not hormone‐dependent; in fact, even individuals with no circulating gonadal hormones show arousability to erotic stimuli, although they are not typically motivated to seek out sexual gratification.
Sexual Development
Authors: McKinney John Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, sexuality begins in infancy (Freud, 1920/1969). The development of sexuality is a major part of the development of personality. According to Freud, the individual passes through several psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, and genital, each named for the erogenous zone that gives rise to the main libidinal cathexis of that period.
Sexual Deviations
Authors: Burnette M. Michele 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFew people would question whether sexual activities that involve force or coercion of an adult or any sexual activity with a child are deviant. These behaviors are not only maladaptive—they are criminal. But what about other atypical or unusual sexual behaviors that are noncoercive or do not involve children? Certainly, unusual sexual practices find their way into the sex lives of so‐called normal people. For example, normal sexual interactions between consenting adults may include tying one another to the bedpost while making love. Or a man may enjoy sex more when his partner wears lacy panties because he finds it particularly titillating. Are these normal or deviant practices?
Sexual Dysfunction, Female
Authors: Leiblum Sandra R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Population surveys highlight the fact that female sexual disorders are highly prevalent. The 1992 National Health and Social Life Survey, conducted with a probability sample of the U.S. population between the ages of 18 and 59 years, found that 43% of women had significant sexual complaints lasting several months in the preceding year. The most common concern was lack of sexual interest (reported by 33% of women), followed by difficulty reaching orgasm (24%) and problems with lubrication (19%).
Sexual Dysfunction, Male
Authors: McCarthy Barry , Breetz Alisa 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTraditionally, male sex function and dysfunction has been viewed as simple. It was thought that 90% of male sex dysfunction was caused by psychological factors (especially performance anxiety) or relationship factors (typically poor communication). Since the introduction of Viagra (Goldstein et al., 1998), the pendulum has swung to the opposite extreme. The current belief within both academic and lay communities is that 95% of male sex dysfunction is biologically caused, with the common treatment being a stand‐alone medical intervention that will quickly return the man to “normal” sex functioning with easy erections and perfect performance. The result has been the dramatic medicalization of male sexuality (Rowland, 2007).
Sexual Intercourse, Human
Authors: McKinney John Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Human sexual intercourse, or coitus, is one of the most common sexual outlets among adults. Sexual intercourse generally refers to penile penetration of the vagina, the most common sexual expression between opposite‐sexed partners practiced in the United States. In a large national survey study of more than 3,000 participants, Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, and Michaels (1994) found that 95% of men and 97% of women report that they have experienced vaginal intercourse. Other sexual techniques with opposite‐sex partners include mutual masturbation, anal intercourse, and oral sex (both cunnilingus, i.e., male mouth on female genitalia, and fellatio, i.e., female mouth on male genitalia). Although less common than vaginal intercourse both in terms of life incidence and most recent experience, these sexual expressions are more openly discussed in the media and more frequently practiced than in the past, especially among adolescents (Weiss & Bullough, 2004).
Sexual Orientation, Roots of
Authors: Diamond Milton 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
No one is certain why a majority of individuals are heterosexual and a minority are homosexual, or why some of us accept the sex in which we are born and others do not. Most clues, however, point to genetic and endocrine forces interacting with postnatal social experiences. These biological factors set a bias with which the individual meets society to effect sexual orientation and sexual identity. Not everyone, however, sees biology as playing so strong a role.
Sexual Subcultures
Authors: Diamond Milton 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The term
homosexual
refers to private behavior, the term
gay
to public behavior and association with a subculture. Although the majority of individuals who engage in homosexually oriented activities are probably closeted and unrecognized, others are open about their sexual preferences and desires. They may or may not be identified by mannerisms and activities. Observable traits can be effeminate ones by males or masculine ones by females. These may be natural expressions of the self or part of highly formalized codes that signal group identity. It is unknown what proportion of such persons can be so identified unless they want to be.
S
hakow,
D
avid (1901–1981)
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

Abstract
David Shakow was born in New York City in 1901. He received his undergraduate and graduate degrees from Harvard University, completing his dissertation in 1946. During the 1940s he worked on several committees and prepared papers that led to the well‐known Boulder Conference and the acceptance of the “Boulder Model” (designed for the most part by Shakow himself) to guide doctoral training in clinical psychology. He worked for several years as a psychologist in mental hospitals, including McLean Hospital, Worcester State Hospital, and Boston Psychopathic Hospital. He then became affiliated with the Worcester Child Guidance Clinic, where he developed one of the first internships in clinical psychology. In 1948, Shakow became professor of psychology at the University of Illinois College of Medicine, and he subsequently received a joint appointment at the University of Chicago Department of Psychology. He served as consultant to many commissions and committees, and in 1967 he became senior research psychologist with the National Institute of Mental Health, where he helped establish and served as chief of the NIMH Laboratory of Psychology.
Shame
Authors: Hahn William K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractShame is a complex experience characterized by overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, perseverative reproachful thoughts, condemning and accusatory imagery, and an urge to hide or withdraw (Lewis, 1971). The nonverbal signs that accompany shame include lowering the head and gaze, averting eye contact, social withdrawal, slumping shoulders, and blushing. At the heart of this experience is a sense of utter exposure of a personal flaw that has been perceptually magnified and is believed to be visible to a devaluing and condemning audience, while objective self‐evaluations fade from awareness. This cognitive process results in a distorted impression that the revealed characteristics are deplorable and accurately reflect the totality of one's character, leading to the belief that one is unacceptable and to an excruciating sense of aloneness. In other words, shame is a negative self‐evaluation experienced as if this evaluation came from others. As such, one is simultaneously both the object and the agent of contempt. Despite its unpleasantness, everyone experiences shame from time to time.
Short‐Term Psychotherapy
Authors: Binder Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractShort‐term psychotherapy can refer to an agreement about the duration of therapy, either by setting a specific number of sessions (typically between 1 and 25 to 30) or by setting a calendar date for the maximum length of treatment (typically no more than several months). Short‐term psychotherapy also can refer to explicitly setting specific goals and predicting their achievement within approximately 25 sessions or less. In the broadest sense, short‐term therapy can refer to the therapist's mind‐set in four respects: (1) Chronic problems can be overcome, and significant psychological and interpersonal changes can be facilitated in a relatively brief period of time; (2) even people with severe psychopathology have potential psychological resources that can be activated in treatment with the therapist's encouragement; (3) the patient's experience in therapy can catalyze changes in broad areas of his or her life through actions taken between sessions and after formal therapy ends; and (4) there is no way to predict how much can be accomplished in therapy if the therapist works to make every minute of every session count (Budman & Gurman, 1988; Hoyt, 2003).
Sibling Relationships
Authors: Kretschmer Tina , Pike Alison 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although it is rarely contemplated, our sisters and brothers are often the longest lasting relationship partners in our lives. Siblings are present before friendships or romantic relationships, and they usually outlive our parents. Until about three decades ago, the importance of siblings was neglected by psychologists, despite the fact that around 80% of children still grow up with siblings (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). Research before the 1980s almost exclusively concentrated on birth order and the impact of particular gender compositions (boy‐boy, girl‐boy, etc.) for siblings. Most of this literature, however, was either not based on empirical studies at all, or on research with serious methodological limitations. For three decades now, sibling relationships and their impact on family life and individual development have attracted the interest of developmental and clinical psychologists, resulting in a substantial body of evidence‐based literature about sibling relationships.
Simultaneous Conditioning
Authors: Tobia Michael J. , Kennard John A. , Woodruff‐Pak Diana S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In cognitive neuroscience, the dual‐task approach is a means to test hypotheses about shared brain substrates of behavioral processes. Simultaneous conditioning uses the dual‐task design, with a conditioning task as one of the two tasks performed simultaneously. Concurrent performance of two tasks is more difficult than carrying out either task in isolation and often results in decremented performance of one or both tasks. Theoretical analyses conceptualize the interference effects of dual‐task performance as a resource limitation. The central bottleneck theory (Pashler, 1994) and central capacity sharing theory (Tombu & Jolicoeur, 2003) each hypothesize that a common information‐processing resource of limited availability is distributed among diverse task demands during dual‐task processing. Accordingly, the interference induced by dual‐task demands is the result of a secondary task having distracted essential resources away from processing information that is relevant to the primary task. This interference can cause an assortment of performance decrements that include increased processing time and error rates. Neuropsychological theories of executive function and cognitive control postulate the existence of a different resource that aids in resolving interference between the two tasks so as to maintain or enhance performance of the primary task.
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe introduction of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) in 1949 marked the beginning of the modern era of personality assessment. This scale was the first to utilize many of the major conceptual and empirical methods that have come to characterize contemporary personality scale development. Its developer, Raymond B. Cattell, was a pioneer in the field and helped to set the criteria by which future assessment endeavors would be evaluated. This article provides an overview of the 16PF and its applications in and implications for contemporary assessment.
Skill Acquisition
Authors: Ackerman Philip A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The hallmark characteristics of well‐learned skills are that they tend to be fast and accurate and can often be performed with little attentional effort. Normal adults have countless numbers of such skills, ranging in complexity from very simple (e.g., brushing one's teeth) to relatively complex (e.g., reading a novel). In the absence of such skills, the process of getting from one's bed to work would be an exhausting and error‐prone challenge. The question of how people acquire skills has been central to psychology for more than 100 years. For many intents and purposes, though, it is useful to separate two different kinds of knowledge and skills. Ryle (1949/2000) suggested that there are fundamental differences between procedural knowledge and declarative knowledge. Procedural knowledge is described as “knowing how,” and declarative knowledge is defined as “knowing that.”
S
kinner,
B
urhus
F
redrick (1904–1990)
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Burhus Fredrick Skinner was among the most important psychologists of the twentieth century. However, like anyone who takes a strong position, he had many critics throughout his career. He is regarded as a great teacher, experimental psychologist, behavior theorist, and never‐ending promoter of strictly objective psychology.
Sleep Cycle
Authors: Steiger Axel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Sleep in mammals, including humans, and in birds has a cyclic structure. Polygraphic recordings (sleep electroencephalogram [EEG]) reveal the alternating occurrence of periods of non‐rapid‐eye‐movement (nonREM) and rapid‐eye‐movement (REM) sleep. One sleep cycle consists of one nonREM and one REM period. Normal adult human subjects have three to five sleep cycles per night (see Figure 1).
Sleep Cycles
Authors: Manber Rachel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Human sleep changes across the night in a cyclic pattern. Each sleep cycle begins with non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and ends with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The cycling frequency is approximately 90 minutes but shorter than this during the first year of life. The number of sleep cycles depends on the duration of sleep. An average young adult who sleeps well has between 5 and 6 sleep cycles during a typical night's sleep. The organization of sleep during the first year of life differs substantially and depends on brain maturation during this early stage of human development.
Small‐Sample Statistics
Authors: Rossi Joseph S. , Merenda Peter F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe notion of small‐sample or small‐nstatistics was first developed by Gosset, a statistician working at the Guinness Brewery in the United Kingdom. One of his duties was to analyze samples of freshly brewed stout. Due to the inherent variability in the nature of the brewing process and the length of time required to test samples, Gosset experimented with the idea of substantially reducing the number of samplings to be taken from the very large number of available barrels. He found that the sampling distribution for small samples differed markedly from the normal distribution. Further, the distribution changed depending on the size of the sample, giving rise to a whole family of distributions. The results of his experiments with small samples led to the development of thetdistribution, which Gosset published in 1908 using the pseudonym Student. In addition to being the first to recognize and deal with the problem of small samples, Gosset was also the first to combine experimental design with statistical testing and probably also the first to suggest anything like the .05 level as a reasonable criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis. Although not immediately recognized as such, Gosset's work with small samples was a critical breakthrough in the history of statistics, leading to the development of a number of other procedures, including the analysis of variance.
Smoking Behavior
Authors: Feldstein Ewing Sara W. , Hutchison Kent 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the world, responsible for at least 5.4 million deaths in 2005. Across the globe, 35% of men and 22% of women smoke daily. Nicotine dependence is the most common form of substance dependence in the United States, with 20–29% of Americans smoking. In the United States, 70% of adult smokers want to quit; last year, 44.2% stopped smoking for at least 1 day. Rates of adult smoking influence not only themselves but also the health and development of young children. Approximately 60% of U.S. children age 3–11 are routinely exposed to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke is linked to 300,000 cases of bronchitis and pneumonia among children less than 18 months old, resulting in 7,500–15,000 annual hospitalizations.
Social Competence
Authors: Orpinas Pamela 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Social competence is defined as the ability to handle social interactions effectively. In other words, social competence refers to getting along well with others, being able to form and maintain close relationships, and responding in adaptive ways in social settings. Given the complexity of social interactions, social competence is the product of a wide range of cognitive abilities, emotional processes, behavioral skills, social awareness, and personal and cultural values related to interpersonal relationships. To further complicate the understanding of this concept, social competence is dependent on developmental characteristics (i.e., expectations of social competence vary by age of person), the specific social situation (i.e., people may be socially competent in one situation but not in another, or a child may appear more competent when interacting with a socially skilled partner than with a shy person), and cultural characteristics (i.e., specific acts of social competence are bound by cultural expectations). In an effort to integrate these components, Orpinas and Horne (2006) defined social competence as “a person's age‐appropriate knowledge and skills for functioning peacefully and creatively in his or her own community or social environment” (p. 108).
Social Construction
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe phrasesocial constructionrefers to a tradition of scholarship that traces the origin of knowledge, meaning, or understanding to human relationships. The termconstructivismis sometimes used interchangeably, but scholarship associated with constructivism tends to trace the origin of people's constructions of the world to processes inherent in the individual mind, as opposed to human relationships. Although one may trace early roots of social construct to Vico, Nietzsche, and Dewey, scholars often view Berger and Luckmann's 1966 volume,The Social Construction of Reality,as the landmark work. Yet, because of its being lodged in social phenomenology, this work has largely been eclipsed by more recent scholarly developments. One may locate the primary stimulants to the more recent development of social constructionist thought in at least three quite independent movements. The convergence of these movements provides the basis for social constructionist inquiry today.