bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Romanisation of Bengali and Other Indian Scripts
Authors: KURZON DENNIS 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article will discuss two attempts at the romanisation of Indian languages in the twentieth century, one in pre-independence India and the second in Pakistan before the Bangladesh war of 1971. By way of background, an overview of the status of writing in the subcontinent will be presented in the second section, followed by a discussion of various earlier attempts in India to change writing systems, relating mainly to the situation in Bengal, which has one language and one script used by two large religious groups – Muslims and Hindus (in modern-day Bangladesh and West Bengal, respectively). The fourth section will look at the language/script policy of the Indian National Congress in pre-independence days, and attempts to introduce romanisation, especially the work of the Bengali linguist S. K. Chatterji. The penultimate section deals with attempts to change the writing system in East Pakistan, i.e. East Bengal, to (a) the Perso-Arabic script, and (b) the roman script.In all cases, the attempt to romanise any of the Indian scripts failed at the national – official – level, although Indian languages do have a conventional transliteration. Reasons for the failure will be presented, in the final section, in terms of İlker Aytürk's model (see this issue), which proposes factors that may allow – or may not lead to – the implementation of romanisation.
The Rōmaji movement in Japan
Authors: GOTTLIEB NANETTE 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe alphabet (rōmaji) has never been considered a serious contender for the national script in Japan, although at several points since the country's modern period began in 1868 supporters have made a case for its adoption on varying grounds, most notably those of education, democracy and office automation. Although such advocates have included influential scholars and bureaucrats, their combined intellectual gravitas has never been sufficient to allow their arguments for romanisation to outweigh the strong cultural traditions and ideologies of writing centred on the existing three-script writing system. Even today, in the face of pressures imposed by modern keyboard technology, discussion of the issue is not on the national agenda. This article considers the place of romanisation in Japan today and offers a short history of the rōmaji movement since the late nineteenth century.
A contingent valuation analysis to determine profitability of establishing local organic wine markets in Spain
Authors: Brugarolas M. , Martinez-Carrasco L. , Bernabeu R. , Martinez-Poveda A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this research an alternative is proposed for viticulture producers that would allow them to maintain their income and prevent the abandonment of their agricultural activity. The proposed alternative is the production of organic wine with subsequent commercialization in the local market. The suitability of the alternative is measured by the acceptance of the product in local markets. This acceptance was determined through contingent valuation, which relates probability of purchase to willingness to pay (WTP). Since regional differences could exist for product acceptance, the preliminary hypothesis was formulated that the importance of the viticulture sector in the regional economy makes consumers value farm work more highly and pay more for sustainable agricultural practices. Two regions of Spain were taken into consideration because of the different weight of their agricultural activity: Castile-La Mancha and the Community of Valencia. A survey of 800 wine consumers was made (400 from each region) to determine WTP. From the results it was shown on the one hand that organizing organic wine in local markets can be a profitable alternative for wine producers and, on the other hand, consumers from regions where wine production shares a larger proportion of the regional economy are willing to pay more for organic wine.
Green food industry in China: development, problems and policies
Authors: Lin Ling , Zhou Deyi , Ma Caixue 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOrganic food is the development trend of food in the world today. China's green food is a kind of food with pollution-free, safety, high-quality and nutritious properties, similar to organic food in the international market. The Chinese government has paid attention to the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems under the pressures of population growth and agricultural expansion since the 1980s and began to develop a green food industry in 1990. After the development of about two decades, now the Chinese green food industry has already entered a fast-growth stage. It has reached a considerable scale and is expanding rapidly. The share of green food in the global market is continuously increasing and a two-tier certification system has been established. However, green food's further development is still facing some difficulties and problems. This paper mainly analyzes those problems and discusses reasonable solutions. Specifically, this paper first gives a detailed introduction to green food and the green food industry in China, and then analyzes the major problems impeding the further development of green food industry, such as unreasonable product structure and enterprise structure, incomplete market system and backward certification system. Finally, suggestions on product structure, enterprise structure, publicity, market, certification system and governmental policies are put forward.
Die Diagnostik der männlichen Infertilität – ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Reproduktionsmedizin
Authors: Kamischke Axel , Cordes Tim , Nieschlag Eberhard 
Published: November 2009

Aufgrund des erheblichen Anteils der männlichen Infertilität an der ungewollten Kinderlosigkeit müssen Andrologen in jedes reproduktionsmedizinische Team integriert sein, so dass die Kinderwunschbehandlung und -diagnostik immer eine interdisziplinäre Aufgabe ist. Aufgrund der spontanen Schwangerschaften auch bei infertilen Paaren ist es die Hauptaufgabe der reproduktionsmedizinischen Diagnostik die weitere therapeutische Weichenstellung auf eine solide diagnostische Basis zu stellen. Anerkannte Richtlinien für die standardisierte Diagnostik der männlichen Infertilität fehlen meist. Eine minimale andrologische Diagnostik sollte bei allen infertilen Paaren nach spätestens einem Jahr ungeschützten Geschlechtverkehrs erfolgen bzw. gegebenenfalls früher, falls andrologische oder gynäkologische Risikofaktoren für eine Infertilität vorliegen. Bestandteile der minimalen andrologischen Diagnostik sind die Erhebung der reproduktionsmedizinischen Anamnese und eine zweimalige Ejakulatuntersuchung nach den aktuell gültigen WHO-Kriterien. Eine komplette andrologische Untersuchung durch einen Andrologen sollte grundsätzlich erfolgen, insbesondere bei Patienten mit einer auffälligen andrologischen Anamnese, bei Auffälligkeiten in der Ejakulatanalyse, bei idiopathischer Paarinfertilität und bei Patienten mit einem behandelten weiblichen Faktor und persistierender ­Infertilität. Elementarer Bestandteil einer kompletten andrologischen Untersuchung ist die Durchführung einer kompletten körperlichen und genitalen Untersuchung. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchungen sollten gegebenenfalls weitere diagnostische Maßnahmen durchgeführt werden, wie Hormonuntersuchungen, eine sonographische Untersuchung der Skrotalorgane und der Prostata und Samenblasen, die Durchführung genetischer Untersuchungen sowie eine diagnostisch/therapeutische Hodenbiopsie. Diese Untersuchungsgänge führen zu einer Diagnose, auf der das therapeutische Vorgehen basieren muss.
Service Learning Project: Multimodality Language Learning
Authors: Phillips Kerri , Owen Pleasance , Reese Dana , Freyaldenhoven Allison 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The goal of the project was to embed a service learning component into a graduate level child language course in speech-language pathology. A pilot program was developed to utilize multi-modality learning coupled with low-cost technology materials to provide educational enhancement and training in the traditional classroom setting.
Spatial and temporal distribution of spawning aggregations of blue ling (Molva dypterygia) west and northwest of the British Isles
Authors: Large Philip A. , Diez Guzman , Drewery James , Laurans Martial , Pilling Graham M. , Reid David G. , Reinert Jákup , South Andrew B. , Vinnichenko Vladimir I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Large, P. A., Diez, G., Drewery, J., Laurans, M., Pilling, G. M., Reid, D. G., Reinert, J., South, A. B., and Vinnichenko, V. I. 2010. Spatial and temporal distribution of spawning aggregations of blue ling (Molva dypterygia) west and northwest of the British Isles. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 494–501. Fisheries on blue ling in ICES Areas Vb, VI, VII, and XIIb have mostly targeted spawning aggregations. ICES has repeatedly advised that blue ling are susceptible to sequential depletion of spawning aggregations and that closed areas to protect spawning aggregations should be maintained and expanded where appropriate. Information from a range of sources, including fishers, is analysed, and five main spawning areas are identified: (i) along the continental slope northwest of Scotland (ICES Division VIa); (ii) on, around, and northwest of Rosemary Bank (VIa); (iii) on the southern and southwestern margins of Lousy Bank (Vb); (iv) on the northeastern margins of Hatton Bank (VIb); and (v) along the eastern and southern margins of Hatton Bank (VIb). From the information available, it is suggested that, for management purposes, peak spawning be considered to take place at depths of 730–1100 m between March and May inclusive in VIa and Vb, and during March and April in VIb. Based largely on this information, the European Commission (EC) introduced in 2009 protection areas for spawning aggregations of southern blue ling in European Union (EU) waters within ICES Division VIa.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, maximum entropy production and Earth-system evolution
Authors: Kleidon Axel 
Published: November 2009

The present-day atmosphere is in a unique state far from thermodynamic equilibrium. This uniqueness is for instance reflected in the high concentration of molecular oxygen and the low relative humidity in the atmosphere. Given that the concentration of atmospheric oxygen has likely increased throughout Earth-system history, we can ask whether this trend can be generalized to a trend of Earth-system evolution that is directed away from thermodynamic equilibrium, why we would expect such a trend to take place and what it would imply for Earth-system evolution as a whole. The justification for such a trend could be found in the proposed general principle of maximum entropy production (MEP), which states that non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems maintain steady states at which entropy production is maximized. Here, I justify and demonstrate this application of MEP to the Earth at the planetary scale. I first describe the non-equilibrium thermodynamic nature of Earth-system processes and distinguish processes that drive the system’s state away from equilibrium from those that are directed towards equilibrium. I formulate the interactions among these processes from a thermodynamic perspective and then connect them to a holistic view of the planetary thermodynamic state of the Earth system. In conclusion, non-equilibrium thermodynamics and MEP have the potential to provide a simple and holistic theory of Earth-system functioning. This theory can be used to derive overall evolutionary trends of the Earth’s past, identify the role that life plays in driving thermodynamic states far from equilibrium, identify habitability in other planetary environments and evaluate human impacts on Earth-system functioning.
Infliximab safety profile and long‐term applicability in inflammatory bowel disease: 9‐year experience in clinical practice
Authors: ZABANA Y. , DOMÈNECH E. , MAÑOSA M. , GARCIA‐PLANELLA E. , BERNAL I. , CABRÉ E. , GASSULL M. A. 
Published: November 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 553–560SummaryBackground  Most available data on infliximab therapy come from large, short‐term, pivotal RCTs and concerns about long‐term safety profile still remain.Aim  To evaluate the long‐term safety profile of infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a clinical practice setting.Methods  Since 1999, all IBD patients treated with infliximab were registered and clinical outcomes prospectively recorded up to March 2008, loss of follow‐up or patient’s death. Infliximab regimens and preventive measures were in accordance with the prevalent guidelines or with the manufacturer’s recommendations.Results  One hundred fifty‐two patients were included (121 Crohn’s disease, 24 ulcerative colitis, 7 indeterminate colitis), with a median of 5 infliximab infusions (IQR 3–8) and 87% of patients received at least three infusions. Seventy‐nine per cent of them received concomitant immunomodulators and 70% were pre‐medicated with hydrocortisone from the first infusion. After a median follow‐up of 142 weeks, 13% presented infusion reactions, 13% viral or bacterial infections and two patients developed neoplasia. The mortality rate was 2.6% (four patients).Conclusions  Infliximab therapy is safe when the recommended preventive measures are implemented, with a rate of serious adverse events less than 10%. No new safety signals were found.
The safety of intravenous fluorescein for confocal laser endomicroscopy in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: WALLACE M. B. , MEINING A. , CANTO M. I. , FOCKENS P. , MIEHLKE S. , ROESCH T. , LIGHTDALE C. J. , POHL H. , CARR‐LOCKE D. , LÖHR M. , CORON E. , FILOCHE B. , GIOVANNINI M. , MOREAU J. , SCHMIDT C. , KIESSLICH R. 
Published: November 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 548–552SummaryBackground  Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is rapidly emerging as a valuable tool for gastrointestinal endoscopic imaging. Fluorescent contrast agents are used to optimize imaging with CLE, and intravenous fluorescein is the most widely used contrast agent. Fluorescein is FDA‐cleared for diagnostic angiography of the retina. For these indications, the safety profile of fluorescein has been well‐documented; however, to date, fluorescein is not cleared for use with CLE.Aims  To estimate the rate of serious and total adverse events attributable to intravenous fluorescein when used for gastrointestinal CLE.Methods  We performed a cross sectional survey of 16 International Academic Medical Centres with active research protocols in CLE that involved intravenous fluorescein. Centres using i.v. fluorescein for CLE who were actively monitored for adverse events were included.Results  Sixteen centres performed 2272 gastrointestinal CLE procedures. The most common dose of contrast agent was 2.5–5 mL of 10% sodium fluorescein. No serious adverse events were reported. Mild adverse events occurred in 1.4% of individuals, including nausea/vomiting, transient hypotension without shock, injection site erythema, diffuse rash and mild epigastric pain. The limitation is that only immediate post procedure events were actively monitored.Conclusions  Use of intravenous fluorescein for gastrointestinal CLE appears to be safe with few acute complications.
Use of rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) to achieve successful treatment of polytrauma with fibrinogen concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrate
Authors: Schöchl H. , Forster L. , Woidke R. , Solomon C. , Voelckel W. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryGoal‐directed coagulation therapy is essential in the management of trauma patients with severe bleeding. Due to the complex nature of coagulation disorders in trauma, a quick and reliable diagnostic tool is essential. We report a severely injured multiple trauma patient who received haemostatic therapy with coagulation factor concentrates, guided by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®). Initial therapy consisted of fibrinogen concentrate (Haemocomplettan® P), as maximum clot firmness in the ROTEM analyses was low, whereas clotting time was normal. Later on, prothrombin complex concentrate was given to optimise thrombin generation. This approach enabled extended emergency hemihepatectomy to be performed without using fresh frozen plasma. As the EXTEM maximum clot firmness showed good clot quality, no platelets were transfused despite low platelet counts. This case shows the potential success of treatment using both fibrinogen concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrate, not only in restoring haemostasis but also in minimising requirement for transfusion of allogeneic blood products.
Predictions of response to selection caused by angling in a wild population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: SAURA MARÍA , MORÁN PALOMA , BROTHERSTONE SUSAN , CABALLERO ARMANDO , ÁLVAREZ JAVIER , VILLANUEVA BEATRIZ 
Published: November 2009

Summary1. Recreational angling activities in wild populations of Atlantic salmon may induce a selection pressure towards a reduction in body size and length if the angling season coincides with the return of the largest sea age fish class.2. Using estimates of heritability for growth traits and estimates of the selection pressure from angling operating on growth, we predicted the response to selection expected to occur in a wild population of Atlantic salmon.3. The dataset used here comprised individuals from two consecutive generations (parents and offspring) from the River Bidasoa (NW Spain). Offspring were assigned to parents using six highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. Use of restricted maximum likelihood methodology and the animal model allowed us to estimate the heritability for body length and body weight as well as their genetic correlation.4. Estimated heritabilities (0.32 ± 0.12 for length and 0.32 ± 0.11 for weight) and selection pressure caused by angling were used to obtain predictions of response to selection because of angling. Our results suggested a decline of 1.9 mm in body length and 103.3 g in body weight per generation because of angling pressure.5. The results derived from this study suggest that the angling season should be annually delayed in order to avoid selective angling of the multi‐year class and further reductions in body weight and length.
Seasonal shifts in genotype frequencies in the invasive cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi in Lake Texoma, U.S.A.
Authors: FRISCH DAGMAR , WEIDER LAWRENCE J. 
Published: November 2009

Summary1. We examined the ecological genetics of the invasive cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi in a reservoir (Lake Texoma) in the southern USA. This species originates from the Old World subtropics and has spread across North America since the late 1980s after its inadvertent introduction to a reservoir in northeastern Texas.2. The population genetic structure of D. lumholtzi was examined seasonally on 22 dates over a 3‐year period along a natural temperature and salinity gradient.3. A two‐allele polymorphism at the phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) locus was detected, while other loci tested showed no variation. Significant temporal heterogeneity existed in genotype frequencies with a major shift between summer and autumn.4. Results of a multiple linear regression analysis revealed that a significant amount of variation was explained by day length, temperature and conductivity. Additionally, significant spatial heterogeneity of genotype frequencies between lake stations was observed, but was restricted to the summer.5. Clonal isolates were used in controlled laboratory temperature and salinity tolerance experiments. Results suggest that salinity and temperature tolerance differed between PGI genotypes.6. Genotype × environment interactions may play a significant role in the micro‐evolutionary dynamics of this invasive species and may have facilitated its rapid expansion across the North American continent.
Androgen action in the masculinization programming window and development of male reproductive organs
Authors: MacLeod D. J. , Sharpe R. M. , Welsh M. , Fisken M. , Scott H. M. , Hutchison G. R. , Drake A. J. , Van Den Driesche S. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryWe have shown previously that deficient androgen action within a masculinization programming window (MPW; e15.5–e18.5 in rats) is important in the origin of male reproductive disorders and in programming male reproductive organ size, but that androgen action postnatally may be important to achieve this size. To further investigate importance of the MPW, we used two rat models, in which foetal androgen production or action was impaired during the MPW by exposing in utero to either di(n‐butyl) phthalate (DBP) or to flutamide. Reduced anogenital distance (AGD) was used as a monitor of androgen production/action during the MPW. Offspring were evaluated in early puberty (Pnd25) to establish if reproductive organ size was altered. The testes, penis, ventral prostate (VP) and seminal vesicles (SV) were weighed and penis length measured. Both DBP and flutamide exposure in the MPW significantly reduced penis, VP and SV size along with AGD at Pnd25; AGD and organ size were highly correlated. In DBP‐, but not flutamide‐, exposed animals, testis weight was also reduced and correlated with AGD. Intratesticular testosterone was also measured in control and DBP‐exposed males during (e17.5) or after (e21.5) the MPW and related to AGD at e21.5. To evaluate the importance of postnatal androgen action in reproductive organ growth, the effect of combinations of prenatal and postnatal maternal treatments on AGD and penis size at Pnd25 was evaluated. In prenatally DBP‐exposed animals, further postnatal exposure to either DBP or flutamide significantly reduced AGD and penis size in comparison with prenatal DBP exposure alone. In comparison, rats exposed postnatally to testosterone propionate after prenatal vehicle‐exposure showed considerable increase in these parameters vs. controls. In conclusion, we show that the size of all male reproductive organs is programmed by androgen exposure in the MPW, but that growth towards this size is dependent on androgen action postnatally.
Oestrogenic mycotoxin exposures and precocious pubertal development
Authors: Massart F. , Saggese G. 
Published: November 2009

SummarySince the 1970s, there has been a worldwide scientific discussion on the potential health consequences of human exposure to endocrine disrupters: many environmentally persistent compounds are oestrogen agonists and/or androgen antagonists. Thus, they can dysregulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis potentially affecting human puberty timing. Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non‐steroidal mycotoxin produced byFusariumspecies on several grains. Despite its low acute toxicity and carcinogenicity, ZEA exhibits oestrogenic and anabolic properties in several animal species. ZEA food contamination is caused either by direct contamination of grains, fruits and their based‐products or by ‘carry‐over’ of mycotoxins in animal tissues, milk and eggs after intake of contaminated feedstuff. In addition, zeranol (α‐ZAL), a resorcyl lactone derived from ZEA, has been widely used in the USA as a growth promoter to improve fattening rates in cattle. From 1978 to 1984, a great epidemic of premature thelarche and precocious puberty occurred in Puerto Rico. To explain this condition, it was suggested that dairy and meat products could be contaminated with anabolic oestrogens such as ZEA or α‐ZAL. Subsequently, worldwide other groups have also reported causative associations between oestrogenic mycotoxins and development of early thelarche and/or precocious puberty in exposed children. In addition to animal data, epidemiological studies strongly support the hypothesis that human pubertal development may be induced by foetal/early or prepubertal exposure to oestrogenic compounds. Indeed, ZEA and its metabolites are able to adopt molecular conformation, which sufficiently resembles 17β‐oestradiol to allow it to bind to oestrogen receptors (ERs) in target cells exerting oestrogenic (agonist) actions. In this view, oestrogenic mycotoxins are suspected as triggering factor for precocious pubertal development at least in prepubertal exposed girls.