bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A community mental health survey in Cantabria: a general description of morbidity
Authors: Vázquez-Barquero J. L. , Díez-Manrique J. F. , Peña C. , Aldama J. , Rodríguez C. Samaniego , Arango J. Menéndez , Mirapeix C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA two-stage mental illness survey of a random sample of persons aged 17 years and over from a rural community in Cantabria, Spain, is described. In the first stage newly qualified doctors and final year medical students interviewed 1223 respondents (583 males and 640 females) at their homes, using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-60) and other psychopathological and social questionnaires. In the second stage senior psychiatrists carried out an at-home interview on a sample composed of all those who in the first stage scored above the cut-off point on the GHQ, and of a similar number of persons selected at random from two independent batches of below-threshold scorers on the GHQ. Because of this design the prevalence figures have to be weighted in order to represent the whole first stage sample.Of the total population, 14·7% (8·1% of the men and 20·6% of the women) had psychiatric disorders as defined by the PSE-ID system. In males depression accounted for about twice as many cases as anxiety states, but in females there was a predominance of a combination of anxiety, phobic and obsessive conditions. Men presented a higher prevalence of disorders over the age of 35, with a peak around the age of forty, while in women the rise of prevalence was over the age of 45. There was, however, no significant association with marital status.Unemployment was related to mental illness in males but not in females, while the reverse was true of the type of work. In both sexes the presence of children under fourteen in the household was not related to a rise in prevalence. Women exhibited a high rate of mental illness in the low educational level and in the low social and religious integration groups, but in men a rise in prevalence was found in the low social status, low educational level and low social integration groups. Lastly, in both sexes the presence of physical illness was related to mental disorders.
Eating behaviour of male racing jockeys
Authors: King Michael B. , Mezey Gillian 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisJockeys based in racing stables in the Newmarket and Epsom areas of England were screened using the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test. The mean score of the EAT was 14·9, significantly above that reported for males in other studies. The response rate was poor, but 10 jockeys agreed to a full psychiatric and eating interview. The majority of jockeys interviewed reported food avoidance, the use of saunas, and the abuse of laxatives. Diuretics and appetite suppressants were also used. Bingeing was common, but self-induced vomiting was unusual. Current weights were 13% below, and the lowest reported weights 21% below, matched population mean weights. The relationship between these forms of eating behaviour and clinical eating disorders is discussed.
The Gospel Oak Study: prevalence rates of dementia, depression and activity limitation among elderly residents in Inner London
Authors: Livingston Gill , Hawkins Angel , Graham Nori , Blizard Bob , Mann Anthony 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe steps to setting up a population register of elderly residents are described. Based upon this, 87·2% of the elderly residents of an inner-city electoral area were screened for memory disorder, depression and activity limitation using the Short CARE. Contact with medical and social agencies was also recorded; 4·7% were classed as cases by the dementia diagnostic scale, sufferers being older and not living alone. Of the residents 15·9% were classed as depressed, this state being more prevalent in those not currently married. The depresse were, in contrast to the demented residents, likely to be in recent contact with hospital and general practitioner. Thirty-two per cent of the population showed impairment in daily activity, these individuals were usually older, not married and receiving hospital care. Sleep disorder and compliant of many somatic symptoms were associated with a diagnosis of depression. In contrast, most respondents with a subjective complaint of memory disorder, which was common in this population, were neither suffering from depression nor dementia.With this accurate sampling frame and a good response rate, the prevalence rate of clinical depression must be seen as disturbingly high. The prevalence rate of dementia approximated to that of other surveys. This study also indicated that general practitioners' lists may be inaccurate and that non-responders to first approaches for interview, although similar in demographic features to those responding, may contain among them many suffering from dementia.
The relationship between social vulnerability and the occurrence of severely threatening life events
Authors: Champion Lorna 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISResearch on the role of life events in the onset of depression has suggested that certain vulnerability factors can increase the risk of disorder in the face of a threatening event. The role of vulnerability factors to increase the likelihood of severs events occurring in the first place has remained largelu unexplored. The vulnerability factor which has received the most attention is a lack of social support, particularly lack of a confiding relationship with a husband for women. A reanalysis of a number of published studies is undertaken; this shows that there is a positive relationship between lack of intimacy and the occurrence of adversity. The implications of this finding are briefly discussed, with emphasis on the need for a life-span developmental perspective in future life events research.
Clinical attributes of schizophrenic skin conductance responders and non-responders
Authors: Gruzelier John H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisNurses rated schizophrenics, subclassified upon the basis of the presence or absence of electrodermal orienting responses, with Wittenborn scales. Amongst non-institutionalized patients responders, who are more highly aroused psychophysiologically than non-responders, were more manic, anxious, assaultive and attention-demanding. Amongst institutionalized patients skin conductance levels and spontaneous fluctuations were associated with behaviour of a schizophrenic character.
Modification of the noradrenaline related effects of smoking by beta-blockade
Authors: Carruthers Malcolm 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIncreases in plasma noradrenaline were found in a group of 12 subjects smoking cigarettes. The associated rises in pulse rate, blood pressure and plasma free fatty acids could be prevented by β-blockade with oxprenolol. This inhibition of the peripheral effects of catecholamines did not affect subjective satisfaction, indicating that central effects or other rewards are more important reinforcers. It is suggested that noradrenaline release in the hypothalamus is the final common pathway to pleasure in many situations, including smoking.
Cerebral function and the EEG in psychiatric disorder: a hypothesis
Authors: Shaw J. C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIndependent studies which showed a difference between the EEG frequency spectra of test and control groups have been compared. Some of the test groups included schizophrenic patients, others comprised groups with dyslexia, reading disability and left preference. The EEG differences between the test and control groups are shown to be similar across the studies. It is suggested that the common attribute of the test groups relates to the functional organisation of the brain and that investigation of EEG correlates of this phenomenon may be of value to research into the biological basis of psychiatric illness.
Hypotheses linking neuroses with premature mortality
Authors: Sims Andrew 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe death risk for psychiatric patients has decreased over the last 30 years but still remains higher than that of the general population. The death risk for patients with a diagnosis of neurosis is higher than that for the general population. Previous studies are enlisted to investigate this mortality for socio-economic characteristics, alcohol and drug abuse, psychopathy and accident proneness. Possible psychosomatic aetiology of disease and subsequent death is examined. Psychological theories for premature death are discussed and some recommendations made for future areas of enquiry.
Dream content and daytime attitudes in anxious and calm women
Authors: Gentil M. Lourdes Felix , Lader Malcolm 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISTwenty female anxious neurotic patients were compared with 25 normal female volunteers, divided into a low anxious normal and a high anxious group, with respect to dream report content. Dream reports were analysed using an objective and reliable method and were correlated with the day-time attitudes of the subjects measured by Semantic Differential techniques.Anxiety levels influenced both dream reporting and dream content. In particular, aggression towards the dreamer was more common in the anxious patients. Significant correlations were found in all groups between dream content and daytime attitudes. The results were consistent with the ‘continuity’ hypothesis of dream function.
Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder following physical trauma: an examination of the stressor criterion
Authors: Feinstein Anthony , Dolan Ray 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA prospective study documenting psychopathology was undertaken in 48 subjects exposed to a range of physical trauma, but whose injuries were of similar severity. No support was found for the DSM-III-R view correlating the severity of the stressor with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Distress post injury (high scores on the impact of event scale), indicative of difficulty with cognitive assimilation of the traumatic event, was found to be highly predictive of psychiatric morbidity and PTSD at 6 months.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia in three identical twin pairs
Authors: Lewis S. W. , Chitkara B. , Revelely A. M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThree monozygotic twin pairs are described who are concordant for DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder while being discordant for schizophrenia or schizoaffiective disorder. Follow-up interview showed the non-psychotic co-twins to have schizotypal personality disorder. It is concluded that obsessive-compulsive and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders can truly co-exits, thus supporting diagnostic changes introduced into DSM-III-R, and may in some cases be inherited together.
Dietary and metabolic effects on rhesus social behaviour: neonatal thyroxine reductions
Authors: Chamove Arnold. S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAssessment was made of the behavioural development of 3 monkeys whose levels of thyroxine were reduced by being given 131I and another 3 monkeys given a thyroxine depressant (TCAP) during the first weeks of life and maintained with low thyroxine levels for 3 months. When subsequently tested at normal thyroxine levels, these experimental subjects showed less positive social behaviour when compared with controls. When confronted with unfamiliar monkeys, the two experimental groups were less fearful than controls and also showed a lack of differential responsiveness in varying social situations, suggesting a low level of emotion. A foetal athyreotic group is also described.
The implications of bilingualism in the study and treatment of psychiatric disorders: a review
Authors: De Zulueta F. I. S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis review of the data on bilinguals in relation to hypnosis, psychotherapy and psychotic disorders presents evidence for the bilateral representation of language in the cerebral hemispheres of bilinguals, and outlines possible links between the neuropsychology of psychotic disorders and the lateralization of language in these patients. The relationship between affective states and the retrieval of memories and language is also explored.
The clinical EEG and personality in mentally abnormal offenders
Authors: Howard R. C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA retrospective survey was undertaken of the clinical EEG in a series of consecutive admissions to Broadmoor Special Hospital (N = 265). Following reporting of the records by visual inspection, the EEGs were classified according to 4 descriptive categories: predominantly monorhythmic; low voltage fast, ‘choppy’ dysrhythmic with excess theta; and dysrhythmic with paroxysmal features. The last 3 categories constituted EEG patterns with atypical or anomalous features. The EEGs of patients with high scores on Welsh's MMPI Anxiety scale (‘withdrawers’) were compared with those of patients with low scores (‘approachers’). Lateralization of paroxysmal EEG features was studied with reference to MMPI personality measures (Blackburn's Impulsivity and Sociability and Welsh's Anxiety), legal diagnosis, type of offence, and relationship to victim. The EEGs were studied in a further sample of 29 admissions who had been assessed, using Hare's Research Scale for the Assessment of Psychopathy (Hare, 1980). While the overall incidence of atypical EEG features reported in the present study (around 60% of cases) was comparable with that reported previously for offender populations, they occurred significantly more frequently in ‘withdrawers’ than in ‘approachers’. This suggests that the high frequency of atypical EEG features in abnormal offenders may be due to the preponderance of ‘withdrawers’ in this population. Patients who had committed violent offences against strangers, as opposed to people known to them, tended to have bilateral paroxysmal features in their EEG. High scores on Hare's Psychopathy scale were significantly associated with prominent Posterior Temporal Slow Activity. The study offers some prospect that the combined use of EEG and personality assessments may be of potential value in the assessment of dangerousness.
Hallucinations in children with conduct and emotional disorders: I. The clinical phenomena
Authors: Garralda M. E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a retrospective study, children referred to the Maudsley Hospital with conduct or emotional disorders who also suffered from hallucinations were found to be older than other children seen with similar diagnoses, more of them had below-average IQs and they were more frequently admitted as in-patients. In most cases hallucinations were auditory. When compared with a group of 20 controls matched on these differentiating features, the 20 children with hallucinations had more precipitants of illness, a shorter duration of the disorder, symptoms of depression, and a family history of mood changes. They also had more symptoms suggestive of cognitive–perceptual dysfunction.
Hallucinations in children with conduct and emotional disorders: II. The follow-up study
Authors: Garralda M. E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a controlled study, 20 children with hallucinations and emotional or conduct disorders were followed up into adulthood. The mean follow-up time was 17 years and the mean age at follow-up was 30 years. Hallucinations in childhood did not carry an increased risk for psychoses, depressive illness, organic brain damage or other psychiatric disorders. The continuation of hallucinations and episodes of altered awareness in some of the subjects may indicate a special predisposition to hallucinate.
Type A and Type B behaviour patterns, task type and sensitivity to noise
Authors: Moch Annie 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe present study examined sensitivity to noise in subjects with Type A and Type B behaviour patterns as a function of the type of task being performed. Twenty Type A and 20 Type B subjects, selected by means of Bortner's scale (French version), were exposed to steadily increasing noise levels (68–110 dBA) while performing two tasks. The first was simple (crossing out) and the second was more complex (memorizing nonsense syllables). There was no difference between the groups on the simple task, but on the more complex task Type A and Type B subjects reacted differently, the former maintaining their level of tolerance while the latter lowered theirs. High investment and the desire to succeed may lead Type A subjects to ignore the acoustic environment and/or to deny the aversive aspects of noise as cognitive strategies for coping with stress.
Suicide among psychiatric patients of a district general hospital
Authors: Fernando Suman , Storm Victor 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwenty-two psychiatric patients who committed suicide while receiving hospital treatment or within 3 months of discharge from psychiatric care were studied using general population statistics, a random sample of 100 psychiatric patients and a control group matched individually with the hospital suicides. The rate of suicide among psychiatric in-patients was over 50 times that in the general population. A higher vulnerability to suicide was detected among in-patients (v.other patient groups), men (v.women) and middle-aged patients (v.older and younger patients). Suicides were differentiated from controls in having suffered more losses (P< 0·05), being psychiatrically ill for the first time (P< 0·05), having a past history of deliberate self-harm (P< 0·05), and not receiving a schizophrenic diagnosis (P< 0·02). People with mid-life crises, patients who swing rapidly into depression while receiving treatment, and individuals who are judged to be depressed because of personal problems may carry a particularly high suicide risk during psychiatric treatment.
TRH by slow, continuous infusion: an antidepressant?
Authors: Van Den Burg W. , Van Praag H. M. , Bos E. R. H. , Piers D. A. , Van Zanten A. K. , Doorenbos H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA slow, continuous infusion of 1000μg TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) over a period of 4 h had a very faint and diffuse short-lasting beneficial effect on a group of 10 depressive patients. This was assessed in a double blind cross-over trial with placebo. The effect was of no therapeutic value. No difference was found between the depressive patients and a control group of normal subjects in TSH response, T3resin uptake, T4or free thyroxine index values as a consequence of the TRH infusion.
Clinical and social variables which differentiate suicide, open and accident verdicts
Authors: Jacobson Solomon , Bagley Christopher , Rehin Ann 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA study has been made of cases coming before the Brighton coroner in the period 1970–2. Fifty cases in which a suicide verdict was recorded were specially studied, and relatives and acquaintances of the deceased were interviewed. The information thus obtained was compared with information available to the coroner in considering his verdict in 83 further cases in which he made a verdict of ‘suicide’. The reliability of thewhich the coroner's decision is based was largely validated. A study was made of variables which differentiated ‘suicide’ from 25 ‘open’ and 33 ‘accident’ cases considered by the same coroner. The prevalence of depression did not differentiate ‘suicide’ and ‘open’ cases, and this finding contradicts suggestions that the association of depression and suicide might be an artefact of the method of arriving at a suicide verdict. A number of other demographic and clinical factors did however significantly vary between ‘suicide’, ‘open’ and ‘accident’ cases.
Rehabilitation of psychiatric patients who stayed in hospital more than one year
Authors: Sergeant Howard 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisFewer than one half (238) of a cohort of 489 psychiatric patients who had stayed in hospital more than one year (longstay) were still in hospital three years later. One third of these ‘old’ longstay patients (170) were discharged and resettled – and 81 elderly patients died. During the same three years 1971–3 a further 108 patients became (new) longstay; 57 remained at the end of the study. The discharged patients were neither readmitted unduly often, nor did they become destitute.
Professionalization and narcotics: the medical and pharmaceutical professions and British narcotic use 1868–1926
Authors: Berridge Virginia 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper analyses the influence of medical professional organization on the formation of attitudes and policies towards narcotics in England. Restrictions on sale were one corollary, and the extension of medical control helped delineate a hypodermic morphine problem and disease theories of ‘inebriety’. In the period 1916–26 the Home Office attempted to impose a penal and nonprofessional policy. The 1926 Rolleston Report marked a compromise between medical professionalism and public policy.
N-acetyl-p-amino-phenol (paracetamol, acetaminophen) in the treatment of acute schizophrenia
Authors: Falloon I. , Watt D. C. , Lubbe K. , Macdonald A. , Shepherd Michael 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe hypothesis that schizophrenia is caused by the release of prostaglandin E into the hypothalamus and may sometimes be accompanied by an elevation of temperature was examined by a clinical trial of the prostaglandin E suppressant N-acetyl-p-amino-phenol (paracetamol, acetaminophen). Ten acute schizophrenic patients were included in a double-blind, crossover trial of paracetamol and a placebo, in which each treatment was given for a week. Regular 4-hourly temperatures were recorded in all these cases and in 5 non-schizophrenic patients for comparison. The findings provided no evidence that paracetamol mitigated the symptoms of schizophrenia. The temperatures of the schizophrenics were not elevated more than those of the controls, but the number of cases used was probably too small for this finding to be conclusive.
Continuation therapy in endogenous depression controlled by changes in the TRH stimulation test
Authors: Kirkegaard C. , Smith Eli 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone is impaired during endogenous depression and normalized between the depressive periods. Changes in the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone were shown to be of predictive value and might be useful in the control of continuation therapy with antidepressants in patients with endogenous depression.
Ernst Kretschmer 1888–1964
Authors: Häfner Heinz 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisUntil his retirement in 1959 Ernst Kretschmer was Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Tübingen. He published eight monographs, five of which were of eminent importance and at least two exerted considerable influence on European psychiatry for several decades, namely Der sensitive Beziehungswahn (1918) and Körperbau und Charakter (1921). His theory on constitutional body types and character became an integral part of German schoolbooks.
Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin in delirium. II Changes at the acute stage and at one year follow-up
Authors: Koponen Hannu , Reinikainen Kari , Riekkinen Paavo J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisCerebrospinal fluid somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (CSF SLI) was determined for elderly delirious patients during the acute stage and after one-year follow-up. The SLI levels were compared with age-equivalent controls. For the group as a whole, and also when the group was subdivided according to the severity of cognitive decline at the acute stage, type of delirium, or the central nervous system disease, delirious patients showed significant reduction of SLI as compared with the controls. In the follow-up, we observed a further reduction of CSF SLI together with significant correlations in the second and third samples between SLI levels and Mini-Mental State Examination score. Our results suggest a role for somatostatinergic dysfunction in the genesis of some symptoms of delirium. This dysfunction may be a common phenomenon in various forms of delirium and dementia.