bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legitimacy and Institutional Replacement: The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and the Emergence of the Mine Ban Treaty
Authors: Cottrell M. Patrick 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhen and under what conditions is an existing international institution most likely to be replaced by a new one? Conventional international relations theories offer only partial insights into this question and seldom address it directly. But replacement occurs in a variety of important international contexts. For example, the United Nations replaced the League of Nations, the WTO replaced the GATT, and most recently, the Ottawa Convention banning landmines replaced Protocol II of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). I argue that the concept of legitimacy, commonly defined as “the belief that an institution ought to be obeyed,” and careful attention to the development of the existing institution are necessary to understand replacement. After developing a theoretical framework to conceptualize the relationship between legitimacy and replacement, this article traces the origins and development of the largely overlooked institutional predecessor to the Ottawa Convention: the CCW. It then shows how ideational change, driven by transnational efforts to delegitimate the CCW, paved the way for a shift in discourse from control to disarmament that made the creation of a new institution possible. The article concludes by seeking to generalize from the CCW experience through a preliminary discussion of other ways and cases in which legitimacy might affect institutional replacement and persistence.
National Institutions and Global Public Goods: Are Democracies More Cooperative in Climate Change Policy?
Authors: Bättig Michèle B. , Bernauer Thomas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article examines whether democracies contribute more to the provision of global public goods. It thus contributes to the debate on the effects of domestic institutions on international cooperation. The focus is on human-induced climate change, in Stern's words “the biggest market failure the world has ever seen.”1Using new data on climate change cooperation we study a cross-section of 185 countries in 1990–2004. The results show that the effect of democracy on levels of political commitment to climate change mitigation (policy output) is positive. In contrast, the effect on policy outcomes, measured in terms of emission levels and trends, is ambiguous. These results demonstrate that up until now the democracy effect has not been able to override countervailing forces that emanate from the free-rider problem, discounting of future benefits of climate change mitigation, and other factors that cut against efforts to reduce emissions. Even though democracies have had a slow start in moving from political and legal commitments (policy output) to emission reductions (policy outcomes), particularly in the transportation sector, we observe some encouraging signs. The main implication of our findings for research on international politics is that greater efforts should be made to study policy output and outcome side by side. This will help in identifying whether more democratic countries experience larger “words-deeds” gaps also in other policy areas, and whether there are systematic differences of this kind between domestic and international commitments and across different policy areas.
A Political Economy of Aid
Authors: de Mesquita Bruce Bueno , Smith Alastair 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe model how the size of a leader's support coalition and government revenues affect trades between policy concessions and aid. We find that aid benefits donor and recipient leaders, while harming the recipient's, but not the donor's, citizenry. The willingness to grant policy concessions for aid depends on how easily leaders can reimburse supporters for their concession. As coalition size increases, incumbents rely more on public goods to reward supporters, making it difficult to compensate for policy concessions. Small-coalition leaders rely more on private goods to retain office, making it easier for them to grant policy concessions for aid. Empirical tests of bilateral aid transfers by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations between 1960 and 2001 support the predictions that (1) aid is given by wealthy, large-coalition systems; (2) relatively poor, small-coalition systems are most likely to get aid; but, (3) conditional on receiving aid, the amount increases as the recipient's coalition size, wealth, and policy salience increase. Evidence suggests that OECD members have little humanitarian motivation for aid giving.
Who Are These Belligerent Democratizers? Reassessing the Impact of Democratization on War
Authors: Narang Vipin , Nelson Rebecca M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn a key finding in the democratic peace literature, Mansfield and Snyder argue that states with weak institutions undergoing incomplete transitions to democracy are more likely to initiate an external war than other types of states. We show that the empirical data do not support this claim. We find a dearth of observations where incomplete democratizers with weak institutions participated in war. Additionally, we find that the statistical relationship between incomplete democratization and war is entirely dependent on the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire prior to World War I. We also find that the case selection in Mansfield and Snyder rarely involved incomplete democratizers with weak institutions. We therefore conclude that the finding that incomplete democratizers with weak institutions are more likely to initiate or participate in war is not supported by the empirical data.
DISCOURSE ON MORAL WOMANHOOD IN SOMALI POPULAR SONGS, 1960–1990
Authors: KAPTEIJNS LIDWIEN 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article is a study of Somali popular songs of the period 1960–90, which opened with the establishment of the Somali national state and ended with its collapse. It focuses on these songs as a discursive site in which a particular dilemma of the new Somali state clearly comes into focus, namely the desire to be ‘modern’, while at the same time turning to ‘tradition’ (i.e. a particular construction of Somali cultural authenticity and traditional religious morality) to mark and anchor a new Somali collective self-understanding and communal identity. The discursive push-and-pull of ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’ evident in the songs expresses itself specifically in debates about moral womanhood – that is to say, about what ‘good’ women should be like. Since the collapse of the state in 1991, Somali discourses about common public identity and gender norms have undergone dramatic change, with the sites of popular culture multiplying, especially outside of Somalia, and accessible through the internet. Although an interpretation of Islam that distances itself from Somali ‘tradition’ has been gaining importance as a source of legitimization, as is evident both in the struggle over the state in Somalia and in everyday life in Somalia and the diaspora, this is not a major concern in the Somali popular songs from the period after 1991.
It was born auspiciously this flag raised above usWe will not differentiate among any SomalisSince none of us are closer to it than the others,Let us be equal in front of our flag(Waa samo ku dhalayoo calanka noo saaranSoomaali oo dhan, kala sooci maynoUma kala sokeynno, ha loo sinnaado)Somali popular song, articulating the hope of Somali unity and equality, sung by Faduumo Abdillaahi ‘Maandeeq’ in the early 1960s
‘COLONIAL’ EXPERTS, LOCAL INTERLOCUTORS, INFORMANTS AND THE MAKING OF AN ARCHIVE ON THE ‘TRANSVAAL NDEBELE’, 1930–1989
Authors: LEKGOATHI SEKIBAKIBA PETER 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThe perspectives of African informants and researchers profoundly shaped the writings of government ethnologist Dr. Nicholas Jacobus van Warmelo who not only collected information from local African informants but also relied on African researchers who wrote manuscripts in the vernacular that would constitute part of his archive. This study explores the process of producing knowledge on the ‘Transvaal Ndebele’, and provides an analysis of Van Warmelo's texts and of his researchers' manuscripts. By looking at the role of local interlocutors, I make a case for African agency in shaping the ‘colonial’ expert's conceptions of Ndebele identity. This article provides an account of the co-production of cultural knowledge. Van Warmelo was employed by the South African Native Affairs Department to identify and fix ‘tribes’, a highly political enterprise, and in the process generated an archive. His work was as much appropriated by the apartheid state for social engineering as by Ndebele interlocutors involved in contemporary struggles over chieftainship.
THE CHANGING POLITICS OF SLAVE HERITAGE IN THE WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: WORDEN NIGEL 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTChanges that have taken place in the ways in which the slave past has been remembered and commemorated in the Western Cape region of South Africa provide insight into the politics of identity in this locality. During most of the twentieth century, public awareness of slave heritage was well buried, but the ending of apartheid provided a new impetus to acknowledge and memorialize the slave past. This engagement in public history has been a vexed process, reflecting contested concepts of knowledge and the use of heritage as both a resource and a weapon in contemporary South African identity struggles.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF KWAME NKRUMAH'S POLITICAL THOUGHT IN EXILE, 1966–1972
Authors: BINEY AMA 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThe focus of this article is an examination of the evolution of Nkrumah's political thought during the last years of his life. There is a discernible radicalization as Nkrumah's intellectual thought developed between 1966 and 1972. He had clearly abandoned the constitutional path to independence and begun to adopt revolutionary armed struggle as the only solution to Africa's myriad problems of capitalism, neo-colonialism and imperialism. The unfolding social and political struggles in Vietnam and Latin America and the unrest in America's black cities impacted profoundly on his thinking. The coup d'état which deposed Nkrumah on 24 February 1966 forced him into exile in neighbouring Guinea-Conakry. It therefore provides the political background against which Nkrumah's intellectual thinking unfolded.
Effects of diode current on high power microwave generation in a vircator
Authors: LIU GUOZHI , HUANG WENHUA , SHAO HAO , QIU SHI , WANG HONGJUN , LIU JINGYUE , WANG FENG , YANG ZHANFENG , QIAO YONGZHI 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn experiment of a virtual cathode oscillator (vircator) built on the low impedance intense electron beam accelerator Flash II is reported. A novel spectrum diagnosis method—a circulating dispersion line—is proposed. A thin oil layer coated graphite cathode is introduced in the experiment to decrease the delay time of the explosive emission process and obtain a homogeneous electron beam emission for improving the high-power microwave (HPM) generation efficiency. The effect of diode current on HPM generation in the vircator system is discussed. The HPM pulse width has a strong connection with the diode current waveform. For most shots, corresponding to the time that microwave emission starts, there is an inflection point in the diode current pulse. Compared with the case that no microwave is generated, the diode current increases more slowly following the inflection point. HPM generation terminates when the beam current reaches the self-pinching critical current of the diode.
Radial characterization of wave magnetic field components during helicon discharge in a small aspect ratio torus
Authors: PAUL MANASH KUMAR , BORA DHIRAJ 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWave magnetic field components are measured across the radius (−10 cm ≤ r ≤ 10 cm) for a low-pressure (0.3 mbar) helicon discharge, in a toroidal vacuum chamber of small aspect ratio. Radial variation of the wave magnetic field components, measured during the helicon mode of the discharge, exhibit strong poloidal asymmetry which contribute significantly to the wave-induced helicity. The rise in the magnitude of the radial electric field with radiofrequency power, observed during discharge mode transition, supports better radial confinement of the plasma during the helicon mode of the discharge. The strong dependence of the plasma current on the helicon mode of the discharge has been observed during the present experimental study.
Food and feeding habits ofCaranx crysosfrom the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia)
Authors: Sley Ayda , Jarboui Othman , Ghorbel Mohamed , Bouain Abderrahmen 
Published: April 2009

The diet of blue runnerCaranx crysos(Carangidae) in the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia, Mediterranean) is described from analysis of stomach contents (N = 1668 fish). The majority of samples were obtained from commercial purse seine and gill-net catches. The index of vacuity (%VI) was relatively high (58.7%) and differed significantly across months. Blue runner is an opportunistic predator that consumes mostly pelagic organisms, with benthic prey representing only a small proportion of the diet. The diet was quantified using the frequency of occurrence (%F), numerical abundance (%N), weight (%W) and the index of relative importance (IRI and %IRI) for each prey taxa.The most important prey categories were teleosts (%IRI = 83.4) and crustaceans (%IRI = 16.6), with molluscs only observed occasionally (%IRI < 0.1). Fish were also the dominant food items in both terms of weight (89.60%) and frequency of occurrence (82.44%). In terms of numerical abundance, crustaceans were the most abundant prey (78.07%). Ontogenetic and seasonal differences in the diet were observed, although there was no difference between the diets of males and females.
Fecundity of Nephrops norvegicus from the Irish Sea
Authors: McQuaid N. , Briggs R.P. , Roberts D. 
Published: April 2009

Potential fecundity, number of oocytes in the mature ovary, and realized fecundity, number of eggs extruded and attached to the pleopods of female Nephrops, caught at the start of the incubation period were estimated for females from the eastern and western Irish Sea grounds. Potential fecundity was found to differ significantly between eastern and western Irish Sea stocks, while realized fecundity did not differ between areas. Inter-year comparison of realized fecundity, and effective fecundity (the number of mature eggs on the pleopods of females at the end of the incubation period) in the western Irish Sea stocks revealed no significant variation over time. Egg loss during the transition from oocytes in the ovary to mature eggs increased with female size, ranging from 40% at 25 mm carapace length (CL) to 65% at 40 mm CL. No relationship was found between egg diameter or volume and female size.
Summer distribution of fish larvae in northern Aegean Sea
Authors: Tsikliras Athanassios C. , Koutrakis Emmanuil T. , Sylaios Georgios K. , Kallianiotis Argyris A. 
Published: April 2009

Larval fish and hydrographic data were collected in Kavala Gulf (northern Aegean Sea) across a fine scale grid of 17 stations in two surveys, carried out in the beginning of July 2002 and 2003. Despite the different taxonomic resolution and excluding the unidentified larvae, 22 taxa were caught in 2002 and 27 in 2003. Seventeen taxa were present in both years' collections. A total of 833 larvae were collected during the two samplings. The adults of several larvae caught, although sometimes at very low concentrations, are species with high commercial value or represent a major proportion of the captured production of the northern Aegean Sea. The larvae of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) were most abundant in both years followed by the brown comber (Serranus hepatus), the gobies (Gobius sp.) and, only for 2003, round sardinella (Sardinella aurita). Maximum anchovy larval densities reached 4145/10 m2 and 13852/10 m2 in the 2002 and 2003 surveys, respectively. The spatial extent of anchovy larvae was also high as they were collected at 12 stations in 2002 and at 15 in 2003. Besides water circulation, the spatial distribution of fish larvae was largely influenced by temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen.
Toxocariasis/cysticercosis seroprevalence in a long-term rural settlement, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: PRESTES-CARNEIRO L. E. , SOUZA D. H. P. , MORENO G. C. , TROIANI C. , SANTARÉM V. , ZAGO S. C. S. , MIGUEL N. A. , FREITAS S. B. Z. , FARIA R. , MARTINI L. , RUBINSKY-ELEFANT G. , IHA A. , VAZ A. J. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYSeroprevalence ofToxocaraandTaenia soliumand risk factors for infection with these parasites were explored in a long-term rural settlement in São Paulo state, Brazil. An ELISA for the detection of anti-ToxocaraIgG and IgE and anti-T. soliumcysticerci was standardized usingToxocaraexcretory-secretory antigens (TES) obtained from the cultured second-stage larvae ofT. canisand by vesicular fluid antigen fromTaenia crassiceps cysticerci(VF). For cysticercosis, the reactive ELISA samples were assayed by Western blot using 18 kDa and 14 kDa proteins purified from VF. Out of 182 subjects, 25 (13·7%) presented anti-ToxocaraIgG and a positive correlation between total IgE and the reactive index of specific anti-TES IgE (P=0·0265) was found amongst the subjects found seropositive for anti-ToxocaraIgG. In these individuals 38·0% showed ocular manifestations. The frequency of anti-T. soliumcysticerci confirmed by Western blot was 0·6%. Seropositivity forToxocarawas correlated with low educational levels and the owning of dogs. Embryonated eggs ofToxocaraspp. were found in 43·3% of the analysed areas.
Reduction of parasite levels in blood improves pregnancy outcome during experimentalTrypanosoma cruziinfection
Authors: SOLANA M. E. , ALBA SOTO C. D. , FERNÁNDEZ M. C. , PONCINI C. V. , POSTAN M. , GONZÁLEZ CAPPA S. M. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYInfection with a myotropicTrypanosoma cruziclone induces maternal fertility failure. In the current work, we evaluated whether reduction of maternal parasitaemia before mating has beneficial effects on pregnancy outcome. Female mice were subjected to benznidazole (Bz) treatment after infection. On day 30 of therapy, mating was assessed and pregnancy outcome was determined on day 14 of gestation. Fetal resorptions diminished inT. cruzi-infected Bz-treated mice compared withT. cruzi-infected untreated mice. This was in agreement with the reduction in the blood/solid tissue parasite load and with the percentage of necrotic foci in placental samples fromT. cruzi-infected Bz-treated females. To study eventual changes in the immune homeostasis ofT. cruzi-infected Bz-treated mice, activation of the immune system was evaluated at the end of Bz therapy and before mating. We found specific IgG1reduction resulting in a predominance of specific IgG2a, reduced numbers of CD69+CD4+cells and diminished frequency and numbers of CD44+T cells. Concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes fromT. cruzi-infected Bz-treated mice produced higher amounts of IFN-γ thanT. cruzi-infected untreated mice. These results indicate that reduction of maternal parasite load improves pregnancy outcome. These findings correlate with a favourable modulation of the immune response.
The evolution of the knowledge of cat and dog coccidia
Authors: DUBEY J. P. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYBefore the discovery ofToxoplasma gondiias a coccidium of the cat in 1970, cat and dog coccidia were classified in the genusIsosporaand considered of little clinical or zoonotic significance. Since 1970, several new (Hammondiasp.,Neosporasp.) and previously described species, includingSarcocystis, Besnoitia, andCryptosporidiumhave been found as coccidians of cats and dogs with clinical and zoonotic significance. In the present paper I review salient features of the evolution of cat and dog coccidia.
Echinococcus,GiardiaandCryptosporidium: observational studies challenging accepted dogma
Authors: THOMPSON R. C. A. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYThe development ofin vitroculture systems that allow the maintenance, and support the development ofEchinococcus,GiardiaandCryptosporidiumin the laboratory have had a significant impact on their biology and taxonomy and the epidemiology of infections they cause. This short retrospective review demonstrates how radical shifts in our understanding have occurred as a result of being able to grow these organisms in culture, and how molecular tools have helped in the interpretation of such research that often reflects the observations of earlier workers.
SERIAL STRUCTURES IN ROBERTO GERHARD'S FIRST AND SECOND SYMPHONIES
Authors: Sproston Darren 
Published: April 2009

Roberto Gerhard described the problem of structure in the following manner:My favourite simile is the experience of flying. Imagine yourself sitting next to the pilot of a glider aircraft. Your first problem is that of getting airborne. So it is, metaphorically speaking, with musical form. Your second problem is to keep airborne, how to take advantage of every condition that may confront you in the air, currents, countercurrents, air pockets and so forth; how to navigate your craft and set a course. Your third problem, when in sight of your destination, is (naturally) how to come down.Believe me the hazards of the take off and the landing are conspicuous in musical form too. If you have been watching your pilot all the time, you will have realised how his skill, his reflexes, his compass-readings, his judgement of hazards and chance happenings combine instant by instant and result in choice, in doing this rather than that. In short you have been witnessing an activity which consists of a chain of decisions taken in full course of the operation. That, I submit, applies exactly to musical form. A chain of decisions, subserving an overall design and steering a course of action. Naturally they ought to be the right decisions every time, or things may go wrong. If you have to bale out or crash land the thing is not considered to be quite as successful.