bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotics and the risk of death in the elderly: an instrumental variable analysis using two preference based instruments
Authors: Pratt Nicole , Roughead Elizabeth E. , Ryan Philip , Salter Amy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPurposeObservational studies have investigated the comparative safety of antipsychotics with varying results. Instrumental variable analysis has been suggested as a possible alternative to conventional analyses when there is concern about the effect of unmeasured confounding in observational studies. Using the example of the risk of death with typical compared to atypical antipsychotics, we aimed to explore the performance of two different instruments. We used the doctor prescribing preference instrument, which has been used in previous studies, to investigate further the assumptions of this instrument in the Australian population. We also propose an alternative instrument, nursing home facility preference.MethodsWith the Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs administrative claims database, we used an instrumental variable analysis to compare the risk of death after 12 months between the two antipsychotic classes.ResultsUsing the doctor prescribing preference instrument we estimated that typical antipsychotics were associated with an extra 24 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 18—30) deaths per 100 patients per year compared to atypical antipsychotics, and an extra 10 (95% CI 7‐14) deaths per 100 patients per year among nursing home residents. Facility prescribing preference was a stronger instrument (OR=19.2 95% CI 17.1‐21.6) and provided a better balance of covariates than doctor prescribing preference.ConclusionsOur study has shown that valid instruments in one population may not be directly applicable to other health care settings and testing of assumptions is crucial when performing IV analyses. Facility prescribing preference appears to be a potentially valid instrument for further work in this area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The electronic structure of chalcopyrites—bands, point defects and grain boundaries
Authors: Siebentritt Susanne , Igalson Malgorzata , Persson Clas , Lany Stephan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe summarize the progress made recently in understanding the electronic structure of chalcopyrites. New insights into the dispersion of valence and conduction band allow conclusions on the effective masses of charge carriers and their orientation dependence, which influences the transport in solar cell absorbers of different orientation. Native point defects are responsible for the doping and thus the band bending in solar cells. Results of optoelectronic defect spectroscopy are reviewed. Native defects are also the source for a number of metastabilities, which strongly affect the efficiency of solar cells. Recent theoretical findings relate these effects to the Se vacancy and the InCu antisite defect. Experimentally determined activation energies support these models. Absorbers in chalcopyrite solar cells are polycrystalline, which is only possible because of the benign character of the grain boundaries. This can be related to an unusual electronic structure of the GB. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced diagnostic and control methods of processes and layers in CIGS solar cells and modules
Authors: Scheer Roland , Pérez‐Rodríguez Alejandro , Metzger Wyatt K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractProcess monitoring and quality assessment for Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS) absorber layers is discussed. One focus is on laser light scattering (LLS) as a tool for process diagnostics. This technique can give in situ and real‐time information about CIGS film growth using sequential as well as evaporation processes. Raman spectroscopy is presented as a method to assess the fundamental structural properties of as‐grown films. Experience shows that the specific structure of Raman lines can be interpreted in relation to device performance. Raman spectroscopy is particularly useful for material development and achieving at least average solar cell efficiencies. Time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) goes one step further and is generally related to the solar cell performance. It tracks carrier population decay after optical excitation and thus gives quantitative information about the most efficient recombination channels and material quality. It is apt to optimise the absorber of highly efficient devices. We will recommend how to use the three methods appropriately and will discuss requirements for industrial applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Audit of GP practice records of patients prescribed clozapine
Authors: Parker Caroline , Somasunderam Portia 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPatients prescribed clozapine have associated physical health risks because of both use of the drug itself and their underlying mental illness. It is therefore important that primary and secondary care work closely together to optimise patient care. Here, the authors describe their audit of patients prescribed clozapine in secondary care to identify whether they were registered on their GP practice's severe mental illness register and whether the practice had a record that they were taking clozapine. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Cu/Ti base multicomponent amorphous Cu47Ti33Zr11Ni8Si1 and nanocrystalline silver composites
Authors: Dutkiewicz Jan , Lityńska‐Dobrzyńska Lidia , Rogal Łukasz , Maziarz Wojciech , Czeppe Tomasz 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn easy glass‐forming alloy based on Cu–Ti of composition Cu47Ti33Zr11Ni8Si1 was ball milled for 40 h to obtain amorphous powder. X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements confirmed the dominant presence of the amorphous phase after ball milling. However, transmission electron microscopy from powders allowed identification of Si particles and intermetallic phases a few nanometre in diameter, often of CuNi2Ti or Cu–Ti structures. The powder was then hot pressed in vacuum at temperature of 460 °C between the glass transition and the crystallization point to form bulk amorphous samples. Composites were prepared in the same way from mixed milled amorphous powders and nanocrystalline silver powder prepared by ball milling. Various ratios of amorphous to silver powder were applied with a maximum of 60% of nanocrystalline silver The microhardness of the amorphous phase component was near 1100 HV, much higher than the 90 HV of silver. Composites containing 20% of nanosilver have shown a much higher compression strength of 850 MPa, as compared to the 450 MPa of the composite containing 60% of silver, however, the latter has better ductility, near 5%, before fracture.
Synthesis of aluminum oxide nanoparticles using laser ablation in liquid
Authors: Kumar Bhupesh , Thareja Raj K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe report the photoluminescence (PL) properties of aluminum oxide nanoparticles synthesized in a liquid confined ambient using pulsed laser ablation of aluminum. The colloidal suspension was dried on a quartz substrate using an IR heat lamp prior to further structural and optical characterization. TEM measurement confirms the particles of nano dimension with average size of ∼23 nm and of spherical shape. XRD measurement shows a strong peak at 31.5° indicating the presence of aluminum oxide. The PL measurement using xenon lamp as excitation source shows a broad peak. The PL peak position shifts towards longer wavelength as the excita‐ tion wavelength is changed to longer wavelengths. The shift may be due to presence of intermediate compounds like Al2O in addition to Al2O3. The appearance of luminescence bands may be associated with the defects formed in the non‐equilibrium phases and the oxygen vacancy defects which are specific features of the nanostructured state in nanostructures formed during the laser ablation inside the liquid confined ambient. A comparative study of laser ablated aluminum plasma in air and water to elucidate the various processes is also presented. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gas suspended ZnO clusters and pulsed laser deposition of ZnO thin film
Authors: Thareja Raj K. , Mohanta Antaryami 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSpectroscopic investigations are made to study the formation of oxides due to cooling of the laser ablated plasma species by collision with species of the ambient and the gas phase nanoparticles synthesis, thus providing a novel way to understand the transportation of nanoparticles and of control of particle size. A comprehensive study done on oxide films using pulsed laser deposition technique for possible laser oscillations in UV region of electromagnetic spectrum, in particular of ZnO is presented. Rayleigh scattering and photoluminescence (PL) technique are used to confirm the formation of clusters in gaseous phase. The intensity of the PL emission band increases with increase in time delays of probe pulse with respect to ablating pulse, however the intensity of Zn atomic transitions decreases. The observed emission band falls in the UV spectral region of PL of ZnO, and is attributed to excitonic recombination in ZnO clusters formed in vapor phase. The clustering of grains could be the major cause of increased surface roughness of ZnO thin films deposited by PLD at high pressure. We have deposited quality ZnO films by PLD at moderate pressure in oxygen ambient. X‐ray diffraction spectrum of film shows that grains are well oriented along c‐axis. The PL profiles of films show strong UV emission band, and weak violet and green emission band. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hybrid Ti‐ceramic bionanomaterials for medical engineering
Authors: Niespodziana K. , Jurczyk K. , Miklaszewski A. , Jurczyk M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the last decade a great interest has been observed in the field of nanoscale materials. Commercially pure titanium as well as titanium alloys have become predominant in implantology. Low hardness and poor tribiological properties of titanium alloys may become critical factor when wear phenomena are involved. One of the methods that allow the change of properties of Ti alloys is the production of nanocomposites, which will exhibit the favorable mechanical properties of titanium and excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity of ceramics. In this work hybrid Ti‐x wt% ceramic (45S5 Bioglass, SiO2, Al2O3) bionanocomposites (x =0, 3 and 10) were prod‐uced by the combination of mechanical alloying and powder metallurgical process. Reinforced by 45S5 Bioglass, SiO2 or Al2O3 particles, Vickers hardness of Ti‐based nanocomposite is higher from two to six times in comparison with pure microcrystalline Ti. Additionally, the experimental results show that in Ringer's solution at 37 °C, Ti‐based nanocomposites have good corrosion resistance. On the other hand, in vitro studies show that these bionanocomposites have excellent biocompatibility and could integrate with bone (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The evolution of internal energy released from nanomaterials during grain growth
Authors: Tengen T. B. , Iwankiewicz R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe driving force for limited thermal stability of Nano‐Poly‐Crystals is high concentration of internal energy. This makes them to undergo significant changes when exposed to temperatures exceeding one‐third their melting points. Two processes are expected to take place under such temperatures which reduce the internal energy: (a) grain growth i.e. reduction in total grain boundary (GB) surface area or GB volume fraction and (b) reduction of GB energy per surface area. This paper proposes a theoretical approach that couples knowledge from energy method with that from stochastic differential equations to study the energy released from nanometals during grain growth. The basic Physics of the mechanisms leading to grain growth in nanomaterials is applied. The proposed model is tested on polycrystalline nano‐aluminium samples. The impacts of annealing time, mean grain size, grain size dispersion and annealing temperatures are tested. It is anomalously revealed that on comparing the various mechanisms of grain growth, the greatest amount of energy is released from nanomaterial if grain growth is due to Grain Rotation‐Coalescence (GRC) mechanism only, followed by that due to simultaneous GRC and Grain Boundary Migration (GBM) processes and least by that due to GBM only. The energies involved in T1 events, T2 events and in rotating the grains before coalescence during GRC have also been dealt with. On comparing the different physical activities taking place during growth, it is revealed that the largest amount of energy is released from materials in which grains rotate, translate and grow at constant force. This is followed by the amount of energy involved with rotating or translating the grains at constant size and least by the energy released due to changing grain size at constant force. It is also found that the rate of release of energy initially decreases rapidly, and then very slowly approaching zero during grain growth. Thus, one may conclude from the principle of stationary potential energy that the nanomaterial attains energy equilibrium in the long run. Thus, the driving force for grain growth at larger grain sizes is not more the grains' internal energy concentration. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase structure and crystallization of the bulk glassy FeCoZrWB alloys
Authors: Pawlik Katarzyna , Bednarcik Jozef , Pawlik Piotr , Wysłocki Jerzy J. , Kaszuwara Waldemar , Michalski Bartosz , Gębara Piotr 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the present work, the high‐energy X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements performed using monochromatic synchrotron radiation of 112 keV (λ=0.110696 Å), were utilized to compare a phase constitution of melt‐spun ribbon and suction‐cast rods of Fe61Co10+xZr5W4–xB20 alloys (where x = 0, 2, 3 at.%). For bulk amorphous samples of the investigated alloys DSC studies allowed to determine the activation energies of crystal growth and differences in crystallization kinetics at constant heating rates. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanocrystalline WC with non‐toxic Fe‐Mn binder
Authors: Siemiaszko Dariusz , Rosinski Marcin , Michalski Andrzej 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCemented carbides, based on the tungsten carbide (WC), are very popular and useful in an industry. The most important metal us as a binder in this kind of materials is cobalt. It has many advantages as a binder: very good wettability, favourable solubility with WC and thermal conductivity similar to WC. However, cost of cobalt is very high because of its low natural resources. Cobalt is not also neutral for health. It is known as an allergen and same research shown that it could cause a cancer. This paper presents results of sintering the tungsten carbides with Fe‐Mn alloys as the binders. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microstructure of rapidly solidified Nd‐Fe‐Al alloys
Authors: Kaszuwara Waldemar , Michalski Bartosz , Jezierska Elżbieta , Pawlik Piotr , Leonowicz Marcin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe present work concerns the microstructure and local chemical composition of the Nd60Fe30Al10 alloy. The analyses were performed on the nanometric level (HRTEM) and completed with SEM examinations and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The specimens were in a form of 1 mm diameter rods and a rapidly solidified ribbons, prepared at a roll speed of 30 m/s. It has been shown that the alloy contains partly agglomerated nanometric size crystallites, exhibiting a crystallographic texture. The size of the crystallites depends on the quenching rate, which also influences the composition of the amorphous phase. The HRTEM studies revealed that the crystalline grains are frequently separated by a narrow layer of an intermediate phase (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of rare earth (Gd, Dy or Sm) dopants on the magnetic properties and microstructure of Nd60‐xRExFe30Al10 alloys
Authors: Michalski Bartosz , Kaszuwara Waldemar , Latuch Jerzy , Leonowicz Marcin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe effect of partial substitution of Gd, Dy and Sm for Nd in Nd60‐xRExFe30Al10 alloys for the magnetic properties and microstructure was studied. Each of the elements used has different influence on the magnetic properties of the (Nd, RE)‐Fe‐Al alloys. Gd substantially increases the coercivity, even at as high concentrations as 20%. Addition of Gd does not change neither the initial magnetization curve nor the initial susceptibility. Similarly high coercivity increase can be achieved by addition of up to 5% of Dy. For higher Dy contents a dramatic drop of the coercivity was observed. Introduction of Sm leads to deterioration of the magnetic properties, even at as small concentrations as 1%. All the additional elements studied decrease the saturation magnetization and remanence. Additions of Dy, Gd and Sm, which partly substitute Nd in the Nd60Fe30Al10 alloy, leads to formation of crystalline precipitates. In the case of Dy these precipitates are formed by MgCu2 type phase. In the Sm doped alloy the size of the crystalline precipitates, visible in the amorphous matrix, are about twice of those, which are present in the dopant free alloy. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of semipolar (10$ \bar 1\bar 3 $) InN on m ‐plane sapphire using MOVPE
Authors: Dinh Duc V. , Pristovsek M. , Kremzow R. , Kneissl M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe report on the growth of semi‐polar InN directly on m ‐plane sapphires by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy with different nitridation times from 45 s to 6 min. Surface morphology and crystalline orientation depended on the nitridation time. Semipolar InN with (10$ \bar 1\bar 3 $) dominant orientation was obtained at 2 min and 4 min nitridation, shorter or longer nitridation times showed additional orientations. The (10$ \bar 1\bar 3 $) InN has a roughness about 30 nm (scale size 5 × 5 µm2), likely due to twinning. Low temperature photoluminescence showed emission peaks between 0.72 eV to 0.75 eV, which is slightly below the energy observed for (0001) InN. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efficient light trapping in a fluorescence solar collector by 3D photonic crystal
Authors: Knabe Sebastian , Soleimani Nazila , Markvart Tom , Bauer Gottfried Heinrich 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe escape of photons from a fluorescence collector is substantially reduced by the addition of a 3D photonic crystal which is geometrically designed for the emission wavelengths of the collector. We analyze angle dependent spectral transmission and reflection of the opal and prove the blocking effect by recording the angle dependence of the spectral fluorescence from the collector with and without the opal. By comparison of both photon fluxes a reduction of the emission in the appropriate ranges of wavelength and angle by a factor >10 is observed. For photovoltaic applications an increase in the internal photon density of the collector and likewise in the fluorescence photon flux fed to a solar cell can be expected, which might be overcompensated by the non‐negligible reflection of the opal. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The major product ion of S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine arises from a neighbouring group reaction
Authors: Barnett Zoe Mein‐Ee , Feketeová Linda , O'Hair Richard A. J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of the important sulfonium ion metabolite S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (AdoMet, m/z 399) yields five main product ions: an ion at m/z 250 arising from methionine loss; ions at m/z 102 and 298, which arise via cleavage of the γ CS bond of methionine; and ions at m/z 136 and 264, which arise via loss of protonated and neutral adenine, respectively. These metabolomics studies have, however, either totally ignored the mechanisms that govern the formation of the major product ion at m/z 250 (Gellekink H, van Oppenraaij‐Emmerzaal D, van Rooij A, Struys EA, den Heijer M, Blom HJ. Clin. Chem. 2005; 51: 1487), or have proposed an oxonium ion structure that must arise via a rearrangement involving a 1,2 hydride shift (Cataldi TRI, Bianco G, Abate S, Mattia D. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2009; 23: 3465). Here DFT calculations on a model system are used to examine potential mechanisms for the formation of the major product ion of AdoMet. These calculations suggest that a neighbouring group mechanism is preferred over a 1,2 hydride shift mechanism. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural elucidation of biologically active neomycin N‐octyl derivatives in a regioisomeric mixture by means of liquid chromatography/ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Giera Martin , de Vlieger Jon S. B. , Lingeman Henk , Irth Hubertus , Niessen Wilfried M. A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractStructural elucidation of six regioisomers of mono‐N‐octyl derivatized neomycin is achieved using MSn (up to n = 4) on an ion trap time‐of‐flight (IT‐TOF) instrument equipped with electrospray ionization. The mixture of six derivatized neomycin analogues was generated by reductive amination in a shotgun synthetic approach. In parallel to the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) detection, the antibacterial activity of the neomycin regioisomers was tested by post‐column addition of buffer and bacterial inocula, subsequent microfractionation of the resulting mixture, incubation, and finally a chemiluminescence‐based bioactivity measurement based on the production of bacterial ATP. The MS‐based high‐resolution screening approach described can be applied in medicinal chemistry to help in designing and producing new antibiotic substances, which is particularly challenging due to the high functionality of most antibiotic substances, therefore requiring advanced (hyphenated) separation and detection techniques for compound mixtures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (δ13C, δ2H and δ18O) study of Andalusian olive oils
Authors: Aramendía María A. , Marinas Alberto , Marinas José M , Sánchez Elena , Urbano Francisco J. , Guillou Claude , Moreno Rojas José M. , Moalem Mustafa , Rallo Luis 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe have determined δ13C, δ2H and δ18O isotopic abundances in Andalusian olive oils. In addition, the fatty acid composition and the distribution of isomers at positions 1,3 and 2 of glycerol were determined by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. Isotopic results obtained for four series of oil samples extracted from olives harvested in the 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons are discussed in terms of olive variety, ripeness, geographical origin, fatty acid composition and growing altitude. A distinction was also established between olives grown in irrigated and in dry land by studying selected samples of the previous series and others from the 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08 and 2008/09 seasons. The results showed that olive ripeness does not influence the abundance of any of the three isotopes studied. On the other hand, the olive variety influences the abundance of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, and also, less markedly, that of carbon. No clear‐cut effect of height or latitude on isotope values is observed, probably because the olive variety also changes with height and latitude, thus masking such influences. The oil samples from dryland‐grown olives had increased δ13C values relative to irrigation‐grown olives. In addition, no definite relationship appears to exist between isotope distribution and fatty acid composition. Finally, oil samples from olives harvested in the 2005/06 season in Italy could be distinguished from those from Spain in terms of their isotopic values (δ2H mainly). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.