bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Policy Regression in Arizona Worksites
Authors: Eisenberg Merrill , Lopez Darlene , Lee Hye-Ryeon 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To learn how worksite tobacco policies in Arizona changed between 1998 and 2001. Design. Telephone survey panel design. Setting. Arizona. Subjects. Private workplaces with at least five employees (N = 1008). Measures. Workplace policies were rated as “smoke free” (no smoking by employees in any indoor areas or in company vehicles except for designated smoking areas enclosed by physical barriers and having separate ventilation systems), “partial” policies (restrictive tobacco policies that did not meet the “smoke-free” standard), or no tobacco policy. Analysis. Bivariate statistical tests included χ2 and analysis of variance. Logistic regression was performed to identify the variables that best predicted the workplaces that weakened or eliminated their policies. Results. Tobacco policy in Arizona worksites improved overall, but 10.8% of worksites had weakened or eliminated tobacco policies present at baseline. Among worksites that were smoke free at baseline, 15.5% were no longer smoke free at follow-up. Conclusion. Policy regression is a disturbing finding that should be further explored. Our findings suggest that efforts to promote workplace tobacco policies should not end when policies are in place.
Effects of Environmental Changes in a Stair Climbing Intervention: Generalization to Stair Descent
Authors: Webb Oliver J. , Eves Frank F. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Visual improvements have been shown to encourage stair use in worksites independently of written prompts. This study examined whether visual modifications alone can influence behavior in a shopping mall. Climbing one flight of stairs, however, will not confer health benefits. Therefore, this study also assessed whether exposure to the intervention encouraged subsequent stair use. Design. Interrupted time-series design. Settings. Escalators flanked by a staircase on either side. Subjects. Ascending and descending pedestrians (N = 81,948). Interventions. Following baseline monitoring, a colorful design was introduced on the stair risers of one staircase (the target staircase). A health promotion message was superimposed later on top. The intervention was visible only to ascending pedestrians. Thus, any rise in descending stair use would indicate increased intention to use stairs, which endured after initial exposure to the intervention. Measures. Observers inconspicuously coded pedestrians' means of ascent/descent and demographic characteristics. Results. The design alone had no meaningful impact. Addition of the message, however, increased stair climbing at the target and nontarget staircases by 190% and 52%, respectively. The message also produced a modest increase in stair descent at the target (25%) and nontarget (9%) staircases. Conclusions. In public venues, a message component is critical to the success of interventions. In addition, it appears that exposure to an intervention can encourage pedestrians to use stairs on a subsequent occasion.
A Stage-Tailored Multi-Modal Intervention Increases Fruit and Vegetable Intakes of Low-Income Young Adults
Authors: Nitzke Susan , Kritsch Karen , Boeckner Linda , Greene Geoffrey , Hoerr Sharon , Horacek Tanya , Kattelmann Kendra , Lohse Barbara , Oakland Mary Jane , Phillips Beatrice , White Adrienne 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Assess effectiveness of an intervention to improve fruit and vegetable consumption in economically disadvantaged young adults. Design. Randomized treatment-control, pre-post design. Setting. Ten states. Subjects. Young adults (n = 2024, ages 18–24) were recruited from noncollege venues; 1255 (62%) completed assessment interviews at baseline and at 4 and 12 months. Intervention. Treatment participants received a series of mailed materials and two educational calls in 6 months. Controls received a mailed pamphlet. Measures. Assessment calls determined two measures of fruit and vegetable intakes, demographics and stage of change at baseline, 4 and 12 months, plus treatment participants' decisional balance, processes, and self-efficacy. Analysis. Repeated measure analysis of variance, intent-to-treat, χ2, and logistic regression. Results. At follow-up, participants in the experimental group had higher intakes of fruit and vegetables than controls (perceived daily intakes of 4.90 vs. 4.60 servings per day, F = 3.49, p < .05 and 4.31 vs. 3.92 servings/day via 5-A-Day Screener, F = 4.78, p < .01) and greater progression to action or maintenance stages (66% progress in fruit for intervention vs. 55% progress in fruit for controls; 47% vs. 32% progress for vegetables, p = .0080 and .0001, respectively). Lower education, non-White ethnicity, male gender, living with children, and experimental group assignment predicted attrition (X26df = 288, p < .001, Cox R2 = .132). Conclusions. Tailored educational messages and research-extension partnerships are advantageous for improving fruit and vegetable intakes of young adults.
Pigmented tumor in the nostril
Authors: Jaada Nawel , Zaraa Ines , Chelly Ines , Cheikhrouhou Rym , Trojjet Sondes , Euch Dalenda , Mokni Mourad , Haouet Slim , Ben Osman Amel 
Published: November 2011

A 64-year-old man was noted to have a single pigmented lesion in the nostril of his nose. Clinical examination revealed a 5 mm nodular growth and brown lesion. With a presumed clinical diagnosis of malignant skin tumor, a biopsy was performed. The histological examination revealed the unexpected diagnosis of pigmented inverted follicular keratosis.
The inverted follicular keratosis is an uncommon benign lesion that is usually diagnosed histologically rather than clinically. It commonly simulates other proliferative skin lesions.
Detection and Analysis of Proteins Modified by O‐Linked N‐Acetylglucosamine
Authors: Zachara Natasha E. , Vosseller Keith , Hart Gerald W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractO‐GlcNAc is a common post‐translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. This unit covers simple and comprehensive techniques for identifying proteins modified by O‐GlcNAc, studying the enzymes that add and remove O‐GlcNAc, and mapping O‐GlcNAc modification sites. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 66:12.8.1‐12.8.33. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Protein Ubiquitination
Authors: Laney Jeffrey D. , Hochstrasser Mark 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAttachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to a protein requires a series of enzymes that recognize the substrate and promote Ub transfer. Several methods are described in this unit for determining if a protein has Ub‐transferring activity. They include immunoblotting of immunoprecipitated proteins, affinity purification using His‐tagged Ub, assaying for auto‐ubiquitination of E3, and assaying ubiquitination of a model substrate protein in vitro and in E. coli cells that express Ub‐ligation enzymes. These methods are suitable for a variety of eukaryotic cells, but techniques are specifically described for use with yeast and mammalian cells. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 66:14.5.1‐14.5.13. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Crystallization of Macromolecules
Authors: Friedmann David , Messick Troy , Marmorstein Ronen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractX‐ray crystallography has evolved into a very powerful tool to determine the three‐dimensional structure of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes. The major bottleneck in structure determination by X‐ray crystallography is the preparation of suitable crystalline samples. This unit outlines steps for the crystallization of a macromolecule, starting with a purified, homogeneous sample. The first protocols describe preparation of the macromolecular sample (i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, and macromolecular complexes). The preparation and assessment of crystallization trials is then described, along with a protocol for confirming whether the crystals obtained are composed of macromolecule as opposed to a crystallization reagent. Next, the optimization of crystallization conditions is presented. Finally, protocols that facilitate the growth of larger crystals through seeding are described. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 66:17.4.1‐17.4.26. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Safe Use of Hazardous Chemicals
Authors: Lunn George , Lawler Gretchen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis unit provides protocols for some commonly used disposal and decontamination procedures along with analytical techniques that are used to verify that reagents have been decontaminated. Some of the specific reagents covered are diaminobenzidine, ethidium bromide, cyanogen bromide, and chloromethylsilane. With modification, these assays may also be used to determine the concentration of a particular chemical. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 23:1A.3.1‐1A.3.36. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methods for Analysis of Bacterial Autoinducer‐2 Production
Authors: Taga Michiko E. , Xavier Karina B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractQuorum sensing is a cell‐cell signaling process that many bacteria use to regulate gene expression as a function of the density of the population. This phenomenon involves the production, release, and response to small chemical molecules termed autoinducers. Most autoinducers are species‐specific; however, one autoinducer called autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2) is produced and detected by many species of bacteria and thus can foster inter‐species communication. This unit describes two assays to detect and quantify AI‐2 from biological samples. The first uses a bacterial reporter strain, which produces bioluminescence in response to AI‐2. The second is an in vitro assay based on a modified version of an AI‐2 receptor fused to a cyan fluorescent protein and a yellow fluorescent protein. Binding of AI‐2 to this fusion protein induces a dose‐dependent decrease in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), enabling quantification of the AI‐2 concentration in the samples. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 23:1C.1.1‐1C.1.15. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic Manipulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Dillard Joseph P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe sexually transmitted pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, undergoes natural transformation at high frequency. This property has led to the rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance markers and to the panmictic structure of the gonococcal population. However, high‐frequency transformation also makes N. gonorrhoeae one of the easiest bacterial species to manipulate genetically in the laboratory. Techniques have been developed that result in transformation frequencies >50%, allowing the identification of mutants by screening and without selection. Constructs have been created to take advantage of this high‐frequency transformation, facilitating genetic mutation, complementation, and heterologous gene expression. Techniques are described for genetic manipulation of N. gonorrhoeae, as well as for growth of this fastidious organism. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 23:4A.2.1‐4A.2.24. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)—Bentonite clay nanocomposite films in relation to polymer–clay interactions
Authors: Sapalidis A. A. , Katsaros F. K. , Steriotis Th. A. , Kanellopoulos N. K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study describes an effective way for the preparation of well‐dispersed, high‐loaded PVA/bentonite nanocomposites with improved properties, based on nanoscale interactions. To this end, a series of Poly(vinyl alcohol)—bentonite clay nanocomposites have been prepared via solvent casting technique and their properties were thoroughly investigated by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐Ray diffraction, oxygen and water permeability, water sorption along with mechanical and thermal studies. Microscopic and XRD techniques revealed highly organized regions. Clay content up to 10% led to nanocomposites with high degree of exfoliation. In addition samples with increased filler content (20%) demonstrated also, apart from the delaminated, well‐organized intercalated regions. The nanocomposites exhibited increased mechanical, thermal and gas barrier properties, though they retained their optical clarity. Thus, the Young's modulus of the sample containing 20% clay was increased by 193 times, while the oxygen permeability was decreased about seven times, in regard to the corresponding values of the neat polymer. The obtained results were explored on the basis of nanoscale phenomena and it was concluded that the organized structures and intercalated regions observed on highly loaded samples are attributed to the competitive effect between weaker polymer–polymer interactions in relation to stronger polymer–clay ones. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The plasticizer‐assisted formation of a percolating multiwalled carbon nanotube network in biodegradable poly(L‐lactide)
Authors: Zou Shufen , Na Bing , Lv Ruihua , Pan Huayan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA plasticizer, polyethylene glycol (PEG), was used to disperse multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in biodegradable poly(L‐lactide) during one‐step melt mixing. Incorporation of PEG significantly promotes the formation of a percolating MWCNT network in the plasticized composites, as revealed by rheological measurements and morphological observations. It, in turn, results in the retarded glass transition and cold crystallization behaviors in these plasticized composites as a result of constrained chain relaxation. It is believed that noncovalent wrapping of MWCNTs by PEG is responsible for the improved affinity between MWCNTs and the poly(L‐lactide) matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its control of core‐shell polyacrylate latices at ambient temperature
Authors: Zhang Xinya , Liu Yanhong , Huang Hong , Li Yongjin , Chen Huanqin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSelf crosslinkable core‐shell polyacrylate latices (PAs) cured at ambient temperature were synthesized by semicontinuous‐seeded emulsion polymerization with diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) and adipic dihydrazide (ADH) as crosslinkable monomers. The influences of DAAM monomer mass content, neutralizer, and curing temperature on the properties of self crosslinkable core‐shell latices and the keto‐hydrazide crosslinking were discussed. The spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and contact angle instruments were used to determine the structure and properties of PAs. The water evaporating rate during the film‐forming process of self crosslinkable core‐shell latices was also investigated. FTIR analyses demonstrate that the keto‐hydrazide crosslinking reaction does not occur in the latex environment but occurs at ambient temperature with the evaporation of water during the film‐forming process. The results of DSC show that the core‐shell crosslinkable PAs have two glass transition temperatures (Tg), and Tgs of crosslinked film are higher than that of non crosslinked fim. Moreover, the keto‐hydrazide reaction is found to be acid catalyzed and favored by the loss of water and the simultaneous decrease in pH arising from the evaporation of ammonia or amines during film‐forming process. Hence, in the volatile ammonia or amines neutralized latices, the latex pH value adjusted to 7–8, which not only ensure the crosslinkable latex with good storage stability but also obtain a coating film with excellent performances by introducing the keto‐hydrazine crosslinking reaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Solid state NMR analysis of poly(L‐lactide) random copolymer with poly(ε‐caprolactone) and its reactive extrusion process
Authors: Nishida Masakazu , Nishimura Yoshiro , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Oonishi Miyoko , Kanematsu Wataru 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA random copolymer based on poly(L‐lactide) (PLA) with poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) was prepared and characterized by mechanical testing and solid state NMR, compared with a polymer blend. For a monofilament sample consisting of PLA/PCL random copolymer, there were negative correlations between the CL content and the mechanical properties: tensile strength, tensile elastic modulus, flexural rigidity, and flexural hysteresis decreased with increasing CL content. In contrast, the mechanical properties of the polymer blend were only slightly changed by addition of the CL unit. For the random copolymer, the addition of a small amount of CL reduced relaxation times, T1C and T1ρH, gradually. The T1C and T1ρH values correlated closely with the tensile elastic modulus and the tensile strength, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
A study on effect of different reaction conditions on grafting of psyllium and acrylic acid‐based hydrogels
Authors: Kumar Kiran , Kaith B. S. , Mittal Hemant 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this study, Psyllium and acrylic acid based polymeric networks were synthesized under different reaction conditions such as in‐air, in‐vacuum, and under the influence of γ‐radiations using potassium persulphate (KPS)‐ hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA) as an initiator‐crosslinker system. Initially, optimization of varied reaction parameters was performed under all the different reaction conditions. The synthesized networks were then characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, TGA/DTA, and XRD techniques. It has been found that the percent grafting varies with varying reaction conditions with maximum grafting (138 ± 1.15%) reported in case of synthesis carried‐out in‐vacuum followed by the synthesis in‐air (125 ± 1.00%) and then in case of synthesis under the influence of γ‐radiations (124 ± 1.15%). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
A new way to construct luminescent functionalized polysiloxane based on ternary lanthanide complexes of 1, 10‐phenanthroline
Authors: Lu Haifeng , Liu Lei , Feng Shengyu 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA kind of polysiloxane with ester group as the functional side chain was prepared via hydrosilylation reaction in this article. Then the functionalized polysiloxane was submitted to complex with 1, 10‐phenanthroline and lanthanide ions (Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions, respectively) to obtain two luminescent functionalized polysiloxanes. The molecular energy transfer process takes place within these systems in terms of sensitized functions of 1, 10‐phenanthroline. Narrow‐width green and red emissions were achieved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Epoxy toughening using low viscosity liquid diglycidyl ether of ethoxylated bisphenol‐A
Authors: Yang Xin , Huang Wei , Yu Yunzhao 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTwo new epoxy resins, diglycidyl ether of ethoxylated bisphenol‐A (BPA) with two and six oxyethylene units (DGEBAEO‐2 and DGEBAEO‐6) were synthesized and characterized. DGEBAEO‐6 was used to toughen the conventional epoxy resin diglycidyl ether of BPA (DGEBA). The blends of DGEBA with different amounts of DGEBAEO‐6 were cured by 4,4′‐diamino diphenylmethane (DDM), and their thermal and mechanical properties were examined. The DSC and DMA results presented that DGEBA/DGEBAEO‐6 blends exhibited a homogenous phase, and the glass transition temperature of the blends was inversely proportional to the content of DGEBAEO‐6. The impact strength of the cured blends was directly proportional to the content of DGEBAEO‐6, and reached five times higher than that of the neat DGEBA when 50 wt % DGEBAEO‐6 was used; the same impact strength was achieved for DDM‐cured DGEBAEO‐2. The viscosities of the blends decreased with increasing the DGEBAEO‐6 content, whereas the tensile and flexural strength and the thermal stabilities were not obviously affected. Scanning electron microscopic results confirmed that the plastic deformation inducing by the incorporated flexible oxyethylene units was responsible for the toughness improvement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation of poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐lactide) (PCL/PLCL) blend filament by melt spinning
Authors: Gupta Bhuvanesh , Geeta  , Ray Alok R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPoly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐lactide) (PCL/PLCL) blend filaments with various ratios of PCL and PLCL were prepared by melt spinning. The effect of PLCL content on the physical properties of the blended filament was investigated. The melt spinning of the blend was carried out and the as spun filament was subsequently subjected to drawing and heat setting process. The addition of PLCL caused significant changes in the mechanical properties of the filaments. Crystallinity of blend decreased with the addition of PLCL as observed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the fracture surface becomes rougher at higher PLCL content. It may be proposed that PCL and PLCL show limited interaction within the blend matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Morphological Correlates of the Grooming Claw in Distal Phalanges of Platyrrhines and Other Primates: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Maiolino Stephanie , Boyer Doug M. , Rosenberger Alfred 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGrooming claws are present on the second pedal digits of strepsirhines and on the second and third pedal digits of tarsiers. However, their presence in New World monkeys is often overlooked. As such, the absence of a grooming claw is generally considered an anthropoid synapomorphy. This study utilizes a quantitative multivariate analysis to define grooming claw morphology and document its presence in platyrrhine monkeys. Our results show that owl monkeys possess grooming claws similar to those of strepsirhines, while titi monkeys possess grooming claw‐like morphology. Therefore, we conclude that anthropoids are not clearly united by the absence of a grooming claw. Furthermore, due to their presence in three major primate clades, we infer that it is likely that a grooming claw was present on the second pedal digit of the ancestor of living primates. Therefore, we advise the reassessment of fossil adapids in light of the anatomical correlates described here. This should increase resolution on the homology and polarity of grooming claw morphology, and, therefore, will help provide a sharper picture of primate evolution. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paleodiet of Extinct Platyrrhines With Emphasis on the Caribbean Forms: Three‐Dimensional Geometric Morphometrics of Mandibular Second Molars
Authors: Cooke Siobhán B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA three‐dimensional geometric morphometric approach was employed to examine shape variation in laser‐scan generated models of lower second molars and its relationship to diet in a sample of 9 extant and 16 extinct platyrrhine genera. Principal component analysis of twenty‐three x,y,z landmarks describing the occlusal table and sidewalls showed that dental relief was the main contributing factor to variation along the first axis. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) of PC 1 scores and centroid size accurately classified extant platyrrhines according to dietary preference; however, without centroid size, the DFA was less successful. Within this framework, most of the fossil platyrrhines, including specimens from Patagonia, Colombia, Brazil, and the Caribbean, were predicted to have had a frugivorous diet, but several taxa were classified as having a frugivorous/insectivorous diet, the middle Miocene Neosaimiri, Patasola, and Laventiana, all from La Venta. Alouattins, including the La Ventan Stirtonia and the Cuban Paralouatta, showed variable classification as either frugivores or folivore/frugivores. Xenothrix, from Jamaica, was classified either as a frugivore or frugivore/omnivore. Dietary profiles across different extinct platyrrhine communities are compared and discussed in a paleoecological context. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.