bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations in the Triticinae III. The morphology and field behaviour of theA2generation of interspecific and intergeneric amphidiploids
Authors: Bell G. D. H. , Lupton Mary , Riley Ralph 
Published: March 2009

1. In general the juvenile growth of interspecificTriticumand intergenericTritioum-Aegilopsamphidiploids, was normal and did not deviate from the parental behaviour. However, in the case of the interspecific hexaploids derived fromT. monococcumandT. aegilopoidesthere was an early check in growth, and all the amphidiploids derived fromA. caudatadeveloped more or less severe chlorosis.2. Most amphidiploids were intermediate between their parents in mature plant characters. However, in the hexaploidTriticuminterspecific amphidiploids there was a transgressive increase in plant height, and whilst the derivatives ofTriticum x Aegilopscrosses fell within the range of their parents, they were closer to one or other parent depending upon theAegilopsspecies involved.3. The ear morphology of theTriticuminterspecific amphidiploid was generally a composite of that of the parents, the influence of each parent being detectable. In theTriticum-Aegilopsamphidiploids, however, ear morphology was so strongly influenced by theAegilopsspecies, that there was frequently no obvious difference between the ears of amphidiploids with a commonAegilopsparent but different wheat parents.4. The fertility of the amphidiploids was low and there was no significant correlation between the fertility of amphidiploids and parents. There was a significant correlation between both the grain weight, and number of spikelets per ear, in parents and amphidiploids, but whilst the mean grain weight was about that of the parent with the heavier grain, the mean of spikelets per ear was about that of the parent with the fewer spikelets.
Flower and pod production inPhaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Binnie R. C. , Clifford P. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA series of glasshouse and growth-cabinet experiments were carried out to investigate aspects of flower and pod production inPhaseolus vulgarisL. (French bean). Abscission of flowers and immature pods varied between 45 and 80% in the seven cultivars tested, with flowers which opened first being most likely to produce mature pods. Seed yield was only slightly reduced and sometimes increased by the removal of opened flowers for periods of up to 15 days from the start of anthesis depending on the conditions under which plants are grown. It was demonstrated that plants compensated for flower removal by setting pods from flowers which opened later. Similarly, when opened flowers were removed from alternate nodes plants compensated by setting pods from flowers which opened on nodes not being deflowered.The physiological basis for premature abscission of reproductive structures in grain legumes is discussed.
Whole body composition of heifers in relation to phosphorus status with particular reference to the skeleton
Authors: Hoey W. A. , Murphy G. M. , Gartner R. J. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe carcass composition of phosphorus-deficient heifers of lower body weight was similar toad libitumand restricted-fed controls supplemented daily with an extra 12 g phosphorus. The skeleton of heifers fed a phosphorus deficient diet for 63 weeks contained 18·8% less ash than restricted-fed controls given an extra 12 g phosphorus daily, but not less thanad libitumfed controls. Supplements of phosphorus and energy had different effects on the weights and concentration of bone minerals in skeletal components. A phosphorus supplement increased deposition of phosphorus in head, feet and tail, limbs and vertebrae and increased phosphorus concentration in head, feet and tail, vertebrae, ribs 1–5 and ribs 10–13. Extra energy intake slightly increased phosphorus accretion only in ribs 6–9 but had no effect on its concentration in this and other skeletal components. Only one (40 weeks) of the six biopsy samples taken from the cortex of the 11th and 12th ribs during the course of the experiment reflected the effect of uncomplicated phosphorus deficiency. No treatment differences were found in biopsy samples taken at slaughter in spite of differences in rib 10–13 analyses. The implications of this are discussed as they relate to the use of this method to monitor the phosphorus status of cattle.
Measurement of protozoa, using phosphatidyl choline, and of bacteria, using nucleic acids, in the duodenal digesta of sheep fed chaffed lucerne hay (Medicago sativaL.) diets
Authors: John A. , Ulyatt M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe use of phosphatidyl choline (PC) as a marker of protozoa in duodenal digesta was examined in sheep fed chaffed lucerne hay (Medicago sativaL.; 330–950 g organic matter/day) either once daily or hourly.PC was present in rumen protozoa (N:PC-P = 185±6·4) but was not detected in rumen bacteria. Dietary intake of PC was less than 5% of the daily passage of PC from the stomach (7·49 mg PC-P/day). A comparison of the SA of PC-P in protozoa and in duodenal digesta of sheep given a continuous intraruminal infusion of32P-orthophosphate showed that the proportion of dietary PC-P in duodenal digesta was negligible.The limitations and validity of PC as a marker of protozoa in duodenal digesta are discussed. The daily passage of protozoal N from the stomach (1·38 ± 0·125 g/day) estimated with PC was not affected by frequency of feeding but protozoal N yield (4·96 ± 0·509 g/kg organic matter apparently digested) declined with increasing feed intake.The SA of DNA-32P, RNA-32P and readily extractable phospholipid-32P (REPL-32P) in rumen protozoa, bacteria and duodenal digesta were similar, showing that the DNA, RNA and REPL-P in duodenal digesta were of microbial origin. A method is described for the estimation of bacterial REPL-P and bacterial N in duodenal digesta using DNA, RNA or DAPA as markers.The calculated total microbial REPL-P (bacterial plus protozoal) in digesta using DNA or RNA as markers was in close agreement with values obtained by direct measurement. It was estimated that protozoa contributed 22 and 14% of microbial REPL-P and microbial N, respectively. Bacterial REPL-P and bacterial N values estimated with DAPA as the marker were higher than values obtained with DNA or RNA. These results are discussed with regard to the use of these markers.
Phosphate distribution in animal waste slurries
Authors: Gerritse R. G. , Vriesema R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryResults obtained previously on distribution and behaviour of phosphate between organic and inorganic forms in pig slurries are extended to slurries from wastes of hens, cows and calves. Organic P in the slurries varied from about 1 to 15% of total P, with slurries from veal calves having the lowest content of organic P. In all slurries roughly half of organic P in solution had a high molecular weight (50000 and higher) and is therefore potentially mobile in soils.
Prediction of beef carcass composition from organs and tissues of the non-carcass parts
Authors: Johnson E. R. , Vidyadaran M. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIndividual muscles, individual bones and fat depots from the non-carcass parts (head, foreshanks and tail) of 40 steers (chilled carcass weight 142–174 kg) were studied in an attempt to predict carcass composition more accurately than in an earlier study where the crude non-carcass parts, head, tongue, foreshanks and hindshanks were used.The technique did not improve the accuracy of prediction of muscle or bone. Carcass fat, which was calculated by difference in the earlier study, was predicted more accurately using intermandibular fat weight (requiring 3–4 min to obtain) plus fat thickness at the 12th rib. However, the accuracy of this prediction (carcass fatness range 14·0–33·6%, residual standard deviation 1·98%) was no greater than that using chilled side weight plus fat thickness at the 12th rib.Careful dissection and trimming of anatomical entities from the non-carcass parts therefore offered a slight advantage only in the prediction of carcass components over existing techniques.Substitution of hot side weight for chilled side weight, and sacral crest fat thickness for fat thickness at the 12th rib did not lead to a loss in the accuracy of prediction of muscle, bone or fat.
Interaction between finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes and drug-resistant mutants ofAzospirillum brasilensein calcareous soil
Authors: Rai R. , Prasad V. , Shukla I. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAzospirillum brasilensewas treated with nitrosoguanidine and five drug-resistant mutant strains isolated. The effects of acriflavin on pre- and post-irradiation with u.v. light and the level of antibiotic resistance were studied. Variations in factors were found between the strains. Inoculation of finger millet withA. brasilenseand mutant strains led to significant increases in grain yield and nitrogenase activity compared with the uninoculated control, with significant strain x genotype interactions. Differential response of genotype and strain was noted on the protein and amino acid concentration of seeds.
Carbon dioxide enrichment and water stress interaction on growth of two tomato cultivars
Authors: Paez Alejandra , Hellmers H. , Strain B. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIf atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration continues to increase, plant growth and crop yield could be affected. New Yorker and Better Boy cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were used to investigate possible intraspecific variation in the response of crop species to increased CO2. Because precipitation and temperature are predicted to change with the increasing atmospheric CO2concentration, the response of the two cultivars to the interaction between CO2and water stress was also examined. Seeds of the two cultivars were germinated and grown under controlled environmental conditions, in either 350 or 675 μ1 CO2/1.The plant water status of the two cultivars was inherently different but was little affected by the CO2concentration when the plants were well watered. When water was withheld for 5 days the total leaf water potential and osmotic potential decreased in both CO2treatments but less rapidly in high CO2than in low. Under low CO2total leaf water potential decreased to a lower value than osmotic potential. The differences were due, at least in part, to the reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under high CO2.Increased CO2ameliorated the detrimental effects of drought stress on plant growth. The results indicate that increased CO2could differentially affect the relative drought resistance of species cultivars.
A study of serum mineral changes in lactating Welsh mountain ewes under different grazing conditions with special reference to hypomagnesaemia
Authors: L'Estrange J. L. , Axford R. F. E. 
Published: March 2009

Short-term grazing trials with daily blood sampling were carried out on Welsh mountain ewes in early lactation.1. A small decrease in serum magnesium levels and a very marked decrease in serum inorganic phosphorus levels, were observed in two groups of four ewes, when one group was transferred from an old pasture to a fertilized (high nitrogen and potash) fresh spring ley, and the others to a similar fresh ley but untreated. There was little effect from the fertilizer treatment on the magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium or phosphorus content of the herbage.
Comparison of the effects of autumn and spring sowing date on growth and yield of combining peas (Pisum sativutnL.)
Authors: Silim S. N. , Hebblethwaite P. D. , Heath M. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExperiments were conducted between 1978 and 1981 to investigate the effect of autumn and spring sowing on emergence, winter survival, growth and yield of combining peas (varieties ‘Frimas’, ‘Filby’ and ‘Vedette’). Effects of growth regulator PP 333 (Paclobutrazol, ICI pic) application and defoliation on winter survival of Filby were also investigated. Field emergence of autumn-sown Frimas (winter hardy) was less than Vedette or Filby but percentage winter survival was greater. PP 333 application, but not defoliation, increased percentage winter survival of Filby sown in September. Total dry-matter production and photosynthetic area of autumn- compared with spring-sown crops varied considerably between seasons. Yield data indicated that autumn-sown crops produce similar seed yields to spring sowings when winter survival is adequate. November sowings matured 2–4 weeks before March-sown crops, depending on variety and season. Optimum sowing dates were mid-November and early March. Large seed-yield reductions occurred when sowing was delayed until mid-April.
Interactions between Rhizobium strains and lentil (Lens culinaris Linn.) genotypes under salt stress
Authors: Rai R. , Nasar S. K. T. , Singh S. J. , Prasad V. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree strains of Rhizobium able to fix nitrogen in symbiosis with lentils in saline soil were screened. Nodulation pattern, N2-fixation and grain yield were all influenced by Rhizobium strain and lentil genotype. Genotypes DL-443 and Pant L-406 were found to be more salt tolerant than others, and gave the highest grain yield.
Anin vivostudy of ruminal micro-organisms influencing lactate turnover and its contribution to volatile fatty acid production
Authors: Mackie R. I. , Gilchrist Frances M. C. , Heath Suzette 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe ruminal metabolism of lactic acid was investigatedin vivounder normal feeding conditions in four sheep each adapted to one of the following diets: high-concentrate, intermediate, high-roughage containing 65, 43 or 10% maize meal and molasses respectively, or lucerne hay. A continuous basal turnover of ruminal lactate (0·01–0·02 mmol/1/min) was found which increased 10- to 40-fold immediately after feeding when production exceeded utilization and lactate accumulated in the rumen. This was followed by an increase in utilization rate which removed the accumulated lactate. Both lactate and glucose turnover were related to the amount of readily fermentable carbohydrate in the diet. Approximately 8, 6·5, 5 and 2·5% of the total VFA was formed through lactate on the high-concentrate, intermediate, high-roughage and lucerne hay diets respectively.Rumen microbial counts of total culturable, glucolytic, amylolytic and lactateutilizing bacteria, and of ciliate protozoa were also performed on the four sheep. Numbers of micro-organisms in all groups were highest on the high-concentrate diet and lowest on the two roughage diets. The proportions of the predominant genera from the different metabolic groups of bacteria differed, although in most cases the same organisms were present in the rumen on all diets. The succinate pathway was found to be quantitatively more important in the conversion of lactate to propionate in the rumen. Although the numbers of lactate-utilizing bacteria increased as the amount of RFC in the diet increased, their metabolic activity was actually lower. Reasons for this finding are discussed, together with factors influencing the regulation of lactate production and utilization in the rumen.
The effect of feeding in early lactation on feed intake, yields of milk, fat and protein and on live-weight change over one lactation cycle in dairy cows
Authors: Johnson C. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAn experiment has been made to study the effect of level of feeding in early lactation on the feed intake, yields of milk, fat and protein and on live-weight change over one lactation cycle. Adult British Friesian cows of high potential yield were randomly allocated to high (HP) or moderate (MP) levels of feeding for 20 weeks. They were then randomly allocated within treatments to controlled or ad libitum levels of feeding for the rest of the lactation.There were significant effects of feeding in the early part of lactation on the yields of milk, protein and lactose but not on milk fat or live-weight change. Cows on the MP treatment produced about 450 kg milk from body energy reserves but were unable to supplement fully the dietary energy deficiency. There was no significant response to feeding ad libitum in the second part of lactation and the differences in yields established in the first part were maintained in the second. There was no relationship between feed intake and milk yield for cows fed ad libitum nor did the level of feeding in early lactation influence the level of intake in the later part.There was little agreement between calculated energy balance and the live-weight changes but there was more between live-weight change and condition score.
Seasonal variations in the composition of young cotton leaves in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: Jewitt T. N. 
Published: March 2009

The composition and weight of young cotton leaves at a fixed age are given for 3 years which had different rainfall before the sowing of the cotton, and for which the final yields of the cotton are also known. These yields are inversely related to the early growth and percentage composition of the crop. It is not possible to explain this, but the differences in early growth and nutrient absorption are in accord with expectation. In a year of heavy rainfall before sowing, surface soil nitrates are low, which accords with the smaller amounts of nitrogen taken up by the plants. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that in such a year the physical condition of the soil would be poor, which is consistent with poor growth and the low uptake of nutrients other than nitrogen.In the Sudan Gezira the yields of irrigated cotton are positively correlated with the amount of rainfall in the 6 weeks before sowing. This is not due to increased nitrate in the top foot of soil nor is it due to increased efficiency of absorption of nutrients in years of high rainfall.
Observations on the vitamin metabolism of the common fowl III. The effects of oestradiol dipropionate, testosterone propionate and progesterone injections in immature pullets on the riboflavin content of the magnum
Authors: Bolton W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effects of injections of oestradiol dipropionate, testosterone propionate and progesterone in immature pullets have been studied.2. Oestradiol dipropionate evokes hypertrophy of the oviduct, and increases in serum calcium and serum riboflavin.3. Testosterone propionate evokes hypertrophy and reddening of the comb and wattles, it acts synergistically with oestradiol dipropionate in evoking hypertrophy of the oviduct.4. Progesterone antagonizes the effects of oestradiol dipropionate and testosterone propionate on the growth of the oviduct.5. Progesterone and/or testosterone propionate increase the percentage of free riboflavin in the hypertrophied magnum from 18% of the total vitamin present to 35%.
Ruminal ammonia formation in relation to the protein requirement of sheep: I. Duodenal administration and heat processing as factors influencing fate of casein supplements
Authors: Chalmers Margaret I. , Cuthbertson D. P. , Synge R. L. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. Nitrogen-balance experiments showed that casein supplements fed to hill ewes on a low plane of nutrition in the later stages of pregnancy were used very ineffectively, despite the animals' need for protein.2. In confirmation of McDonald (1948a, b, 1952) extensive conversion of casein to ammonia was found to occur in the rumen, with absorption of ammonia into the blood stream.3. Casein administered to sheep by duodenal fistual was better utilized than when administered by ruminal fistula.4. The course of dissolution in the rumen of casein in the form of tough lumps was observed by a staining procedure.5. It was found possible to process casein in a way that led to better utilization as shown by nitrogenbalance experiments. This processed casein gave less ammonia in the rumen.6. It is concluded that the formation in the rumen of ammonia from proteins may be an important factor determining their usefulness to the animal. Processing may have effects on the value of a protein for ruminants quite different from those on the value for non-ruminants. The tendency to value proteins for ruminants solely in terms of their digestibility is criticized, and it is suggested that casein has disadvantages as a ‘standard protein’ in nutrition experiments with ruminants.
The nutrition of maize in sand culture II. The uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus and its relevance to plant analysis
Authors: Glover J. 
Published: March 2009

The materials and methods have been described in the first paper of this series (Glover, 1953). All experiments were of 33 factorial design (Yates, 1937) involving three different levels of supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.The results of the measurements are shown graphically in Figs. 1–4 inclusive. Because of the limits set by reproduction of Figs. 1 and 2 it is impossible to show minor variations due to different treatments. Where the curves of uptake run together one broad line is used to denote this. Deviations from this line are shown where they occur. Superimposed on the figures are lines denoting the length of the tasselling and silking periods. Thus a line covering a period of, say, 10 days and bearing the symbol T shows that tasselling in the particular series was completed in that period, and the first tassel was set at the date corresponding to the start of the line.
Studies on piglet mortality I. Effect of low temperature and low plane of nutrition on the rectal temperature of the young pig
Authors: Pomeroy R. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The rectal temperature of piglets was determined (a) at intervals from birth up to 18 days, (b) at the same time daily until the piglets appeared to be fully thermoregulated.2. The rectal temperature of a vigorous piglet during parturition may be as high as 104–105° F.3. During the first few minutes after birth the temperature falls to about 100° F., partly as a result of the lower temperature of the external environment and partly as a result of rapid evaporation of amniotic fluid with which the young pig is covered. The fall in temperature is greater with lighter pigs than with heavier pigs.4. The temperature falls until the young pig finds its way round to the teats and starts to suckle. This struggle and activity of suckling together with the warmth in the sow's nest causes a temporary rise in temperature. During the first rest the temperature falls again to about 100° F., but vigorous pigs have a normal temperature within 12 hr.5. Piglets deprived of milk after 5 hr. and 16 hr. suckling experienced a more or less steady fall in temperature to about 98° F. in 2–3 days, when the pigs were comatose and were killed. In the case of a pig which had suckled for 7–8 days the temperature remained more or less normal for 2 days and then declined to 95° F. during 5–6 days. The length of survival depends largely on the initial weight, i.e. on the reserves accummulated during the suckling period, and possibly on the thickness of the insulating layer of subcutaneous fat.