bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PALM OIL SHORTENING EFFECTS ON BAKING PERFORMANCE OF WHITE BREAD
Authors: CHIN NYUK LING , RAHMAN RUSSLY ABDUL , HASHIM DZULKIFLY MAT , KOWNG SHIN YUEH 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT The effect of the addition of palm oil shortening up to 10% on baking performance of white breads in terms of volume, oven spring, weight, density, color, crumb texture and shelf life using strong and weak flour was investigated. Shortening improved the volume and oven spring of bread at an optimum level of 4% for both strong and weak flour. The strong flour illustrated the effects of shortening more significantly than the weak flour as it produced loaves with higher volumes, oven spring and weight. Bread density decreased to its lowest at 4% of shortening before increasing but porosity decreased linearly with shortening level. These findings suggest that shortening has the optimum capability of reducing bread density at 4% and further addition resulted in dense and coarse bread. Addition of shortening also gave signs of whiter breads and mold reduction effect, although there is no particular trend with its usage levels. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research presents the improvement in baking characteristics of white bread with addition of palm oil shortening at an optimum level of 4% for all three types of shortening with melting points ranging from 36–52C. The baking characteristics such as volume, oven spring, weight, density, color, crumb texture and shelf life were evaluated using newly developed research methods and also by adopting industrial practices. It was observed that addition of shortening gave signs of whiter breads and mold reduction effect.
Geography of Stock Markets
Authors: Wójcik Dariusz 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGeography matters for stock markets. Stock market actors and institutions do not just have to be somewhere, but where they are in relation to other actors and institutions has an effect on their behaviour and performance. Hence, the geography of stock markets is crucial to the spatial distribution of financial services and centres. On another level, the evolution and structure of stock markets involves a complex interplay of politics, technology, economy and culture, and can never be explained with economic models alone. Finally, stock markets do not just reflect economy and society, they influence how economy and society work. The current financial crisis only underscores the value of geography as a lens through which to view stock markets, and the significance of the latter in the world economy.
Mitotic Epitopes are Incorporated into Age‐dependent Neurofibrillary Tangles in Niemann–Pick Disease Type C
Authors: Zhang Min , Wang Xuezhen , Jiang Feng , Wang Wei , Vincent Inez , Bu Bitao 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe mechanism underlying neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders remains elusive. Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is a kind of genetic neurovisceral disorder in which the intracellular sequestration of cholesterol and other lipids in neurons, NFT formation and neuronal degeneration in brain are the neuropathology hallmarks. The age of onset and progression of the disease vary dramatically. We have analyzed the hippocampus from 17 NPC cases, aged from 7 months to 55 years, to depict the temporal characteristics of NFT formation. Unexpectedly, classic NFT was observed in about 4‐year‐old NPC brain, suggesting that NFT is not aging dependent, and that juvenile brain neurons satisfy the requirements for NFT formation. NFT in the hippocampus of NPC was significantly increased in number with the advance of age. More importantly, multiple mitotic phase markers, which are not usually found in normal mature neurons, were abundant in the affected neurons and incorporated into NFT. The unusual activation of cdc2/cyclin B kinase and downstream mitotic indices are closely associated with the age‐dependent NFT formation, signifying the contribution of abortive cell cycle to neurodegeneration. The cdc2 inhibitors may be therapeutically used for early intervention of neurodegeneration and NFT formation in NPC.
Fetal Hydrocephalus Caused by Cryptic Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: Lategan Belinda , Chodirker Bernard N. , Del Bigio Marc R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCryptic intracerebral hemorrhage as an etiological factor in fetal hydrocephalus has been postulated but not described at autopsy. Four fetuses with overt hydrocephalus diagnosed by in utero ultrasound examination were examined at autopsy at 19–22 weeks gestation. Although a hemorrhagic etiology was not evident on ultrasound, hemosiderin‐containing macrophages and associated reactive changes were found to obstruct the otherwise well‐formed cerebral aqueduct in all four. Coagulopathy due to thrombocytopenia was implicated in one case. Anomalies involving other parts of the body were identified in two cases, although a direct link to the hydrocephalus was not obvious. The abnormality was isolated in one case. In three cases, possible sites of hemorrhage in the ventricles were identified. This abnormality represents a significant proportion of the fetuses examined for hydrocephalus in our referral center. We discuss the importance of careful autopsy examination in the diagnosis of cryptic intracerebral hemorrhage and the implications for counseling.
Photodamage Generates 7‐keto‐ and 7‐hydroxycholesterol in the Rat Retina via a Free Radical‐mediated Mechanism
Authors: Rodriguez Ignacio R. , Fliesler Steven J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlbino Sprague–Dawley rats are known to undergo photoreceptor degeneration after exposure to constant light, but the molecular mechanism(s) by which the photoreceptors degenerate is not fully understood. We hypothesized that cytotoxic oxysterols are generated in situ in the retina under such conditions and may be involved in the degenerative mechanism. Thus, photodamaged and control rat retinas were analyzed for oxysterols by liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy. Elevated levels of two known cytotoxic oxysterols, 7‐ketocholesterol (7KCh) and 7αβ‐hydroxycholesterol (7HCh), were found in the photodamaged retinas, at levels six‐fold and 50‐fold greater, respectively, than those found in non photodamaged controls. Notably, two key intermediates, 5,6α,β‐epoxycholesterol (5,6‐epoxyCh) and 7αβ‐hydroperoxy‐cholesterol, were also identified, indicating that the formation of 7KCh and 7HCh is mediated by a free radical mechanism. By immunohistochemistry, 7KCh was localized to the ganglion cell layer, photoreceptor inner segments and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which coincides with the localization of ferritin in the retina. Exposure of a mixture of ferritin and low‐density lipoprotein to intense white light in vitro produced similar oxysterol species as seen in vivo. We propose that the increased levels of 7KCh and 7HCh, especially in photoreceptor inner segments and RPE, may arise due to ferritin‐catalyzed reactions and may be important contributors to the photoreceptor degeneration observed in photodamaged rats.
Dosimetric dependence of the dimensional characteristics on a lead shield in electron radiotherapy: a Monte Carlo study
Authors: Chow James C L , Grigorov Grigor N 
Published: May 2009

This study investigates the dosimetric dependence of the dimension of a lead (Pb) layer for shielding using clinical electron beams with different energies. Monte Carlo simulations were used to generate phase space files for the 4, 9 and 16 MeV electron beams produced by a Varian 21 EX linear accelerator using the EGSnrc‐based BEAMnrc code, and validated by measurements using films. Pb layers with different thicknesses (2, 4, 6 and 8 mm) and diameters (2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 cm) were placed at the center of an electron field on a solid water phantom. Beam profiles were determined at the depth of maximum doseusing Monte Carlo simulations. The dose profiles under the Pb layer at, including the penumbra at the edge of the layer and relative dose at the central beam axis (CAX), were studied with varying thicknesses and diameters of Pb. It is found that 2 mm of Pb is adequate to provide 5 half value layer (HVL) attenuation for the 4 MeV electron beams, and the beam profiles atare dependent on the diameter but not the thickness of the Pb. However, for the 9 and 16 MeV electron beams, the relative dose at the CAX anddepends on both the thickness and diameter of the Pb layer. For 8 mm thickness of Pb, 4 and 5 HVL attenuation of electron beams with energies of 9 and 16 MeV can be achieved at, respectively. Moreover, the beam profile under the Pb layer atdepends on: (1) the penumbra region at the edge of the Pb layer; (2) the beam attenuation varying with the thickness of the Pb layer; (3) the electron side scatter contributing to the CAX under the Pb layer; and (4) the photon contamination produced by the Pb layer. A parameter called “shielding area factor” (defined as the ratio of the length between two points of 50% relative doses in the beam profile atto the diameter of the Pb layer) is suggested to predict the required size and thickness of Pb for shielding a target with known dimension at. The dosimetric data calculated by Monte Carlo simulations in this study are useful to select the suitable thickness and size of Pb for the protection of critical tissue in electron radiotherapy.PACS number: 87.53.Bn; 87.55.kh and 87.55.km.
Compliance of Bhabhatron‐II telecobalt unit with IEC standard ‐ radiation safety
Authors: Sahani G , Kumar Munish , Sharma PK Dash , Sharma DN , Chhokra Kanta , Mishra Bibekananda , Agarwal SP , Kher RK 
Published: May 2009

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India designed and developed a telecobalt unit, Bhabhatron‐II. In this paper, the results pertaining to radiation safety of the indigenously developed Bhabhatron‐II telecobalt unit are reported. The various tests were carried out as per requirements of International Electrotechnical Commission standards and acceptance criteria. Various devices such as : Dy‐based thermoluminescent dosimeters, Farmer‐type ionization chamber, water phantom, and radiographic films were used. All the parameters pertaining to radiation leakage/transmission were within the tolerance limits, as per the IEC standard 60601–2–11, except the collimator transmission through X collimators (upper jaw), which marginally exceeds the tolerance limit.PACS number: 87.52Tr, 87.56By, 87.56.FC
Lower bounds for processing data with few random accesses to external memory
Authors: Grohe Martin , Hernich André , Schweikardt Nicole 
Published: May 2009

We consider a scenario where we want to query a large dataset that is stored in external memory and does not fit into main memory. The most constrained resources in such a situation are the size of the main memory and the number of random accesses to external memory. We note that sequentially streaming data from external memory through main memory is much less prohibitive.
We propose an abstract model of this scenario in which we restrict the size of the main memory and the number of random accesses to external memory, but admit arbitrary sequential access. A distinguishing feature of our model is that it allows the usage of unlimited external memory for storing intermediate results, such as several hard disks that can be accessed in parallel.

In this model, we prove lower bounds for the problem of sorting a sequence of strings (or numbers), the problem of deciding whether two given sets of strings are equal, and two closely related decision problems. Intuitively, our results say that there is no algorithm for the problems that uses internal memory space bounded by
N
1−ε
and at most
o
(log
N
) random accesses to external memory, but unlimited “streaming access”, both for writing to and reading from external memory. (Here,
N
denotes the size of the input and ε is an arbitrary constant greater than 0.) We even permit randomized algorithms with one-sided bounded error. We also consider the problem of evaluating database queries and prove similar lower bounds for evaluating relational algebra queries against relational databases and XQuery and XPath queries against XML-databases.
Combination Therapies against Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Short-term versus Long-term Strategies
Authors: Komarova Natalia L. , Wodarz Dominik 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
During therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), decline of the number of BCR-ABL transcripts has been shown to follow a biphasic pattern, with a fast phase followed by a slower phase. Hence, sustained remission requires a long phase of therapy. Data indicate that a combination of different available targeted drugs might prevent treatment failure due to drug resistance, especially at advanced stages of the disease. However, for long-term multiple-drug treatments, complications can arise from side effects. We investigate whether and how the number of drugs could be reduced during long-term therapy. Using computational models, we show that one or more drugs can be removed once the number of tumor cells is reduced significantly, without compromising the chances of sustained tumor suppression. Which drug to remove first depends on the number of mutations in the BCR-ABL gene that confer resistance to the drugs, as well as on how effectively the drugs inhibit Bcr-Abl protein tyrosine kinase activity and inhibit tumor growth. We further show that the number of CML cells at which the number of drugs can be reduced does not correlate with the two phases of decline of the BCR-ABL transcript numbers. Neither does it depend much on kinetic parameters of CML growth, except for the mutation rates at which resistance is generated. This is a significant finding because even without any information on most parameters, and using only the data on the number of cancer cells and the rate at which resistant mutants are generated, it is possible to predict at which stage of treatment the number of drugs can be reduced. [Cancer Res 2009;69(11):4904–10]
Differentiation of Malignant B-Lymphoma Cells from Normal and Activated T-Cell Populations by Their Intrinsic Autofluorescence
Authors: Pantanelli Seth M. , Li Zhuqing , Fariss Robert , Mahesh Sankaranarayana P. , Liu Baoying , Nussenblatt Robert B. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Patients with active posterior and intermediate uveitis have inflammatory cells in their vitreous; those with primary intraocular lymphoma have malignant B-lymphoma cells concomitantly. These cell types cannot be distinguished clinically. The goal of this study was to investigate intrinsic autofluorescence as a noninvasive way of differentiating immune and lymphomatous cell populations. Human primary T cells were stimulated with or without anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 stimulation. B-lymphoma cells (CA46) were cultured separately. Five experimental groups were prepared: unstimulated T cells, stimulated T cells, CA46 cells, and stimulated T cells mixed with CA46 cells at a ratio of 1:3 or mixed at a ratio of 3:1. Samples were excited with three wavelengths and imaged with a confocal microscope. For each condition, the autofluorescent emissions from the sample were measured. In separate experiments, T cells or CA46 cells were injected into the anterior chamber of a BALB/c mouse eye and autofluorescence was measured. Pure T-cell and lymphoma populations were clearly distinguishable based on autofluorescence intensity spectra. CA46 cells were the least fluorescent when excited with 351-nm light, but most fluorescent when excited with longer wavelengths like 488 nm. Mixed populations of T cells and CA46 cells had emission intensities that fell predictably in between those of the pure populations. An ex vivo study showed that CA46 cells could be detected based on their intrinsic autofluorescence. Our studies showed that normal activated and malignant lymphocyte populations can be distinguished based on their intrinsic autofluorescent properties. Future work with in vivo models may prove useful in facilitating the diagnosis of uveitis and other ocular diseases. [Cancer Res 2009;69(11):4911–7]
Combined Inhibition of MEK and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Abolishes Phosphorylation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 in Glioblastoma Cell Lines and Prevents Their Proliferation
Authors: Paternot Sabine , Roger Pierre P. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The Ras/Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are aberrantly activated in many tumors, including highly proliferative glioblastomas, but how they are wired with the cell cycle remains imperfectly understood. Inhibitors of MEK/ERK and mTOR pathways are tested as anticancer agents. They are generally considered to induce a G1 cell cycle arrest through down-regulation of D-type cyclins and up-regulation of p27kip1. Here, we examined the effect of targeting mTOR by rapamycin and/or MEK by PD184352 in human glioblastoma cell lines. In combination, these drugs cooperatively and potently inhibited the G1-S transition and retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Their cooperation could not be explained by their partial and differential inhibitory effects on cyclin D1 or D3 but instead by their synergistic inhibition of the activating T172 phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4. This appeared independent of p27 and unrelated to weak modulations of the CDK-activating kinase activity. The T172 phosphorylation of CDK4 thus appears as a crucial node integrating the activity of both MEK/ERK and mTOR pathways. Combined inhibition of both pathways should be considered as a promising strategy for treatment of tumors harboring a deregulated CDK4 activity. [Cancer Res 2009;69(11):4577–81]
Rifampicin as an Oral Angiogenesis Inhibitor Targeting Hepatic Cancers
Authors: Shichiri Masayoshi , Fukai Nozomi , Kono Yutaka , Tanaka Yujiro 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important therapeutic target in cancer, and to fully exploit its therapeutic potential, combination chemotherapeutic/antiangiogenic regimens should be optimized and delivered earlier to more patients. Ideally, this could be done by a single potent oral agent with established safety. Rifampicin, a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from the rifamycins, is one of the most commonly used pharmaceutical compounds worldwide in the treatment of tuberculosis. Here, we present the effects of oral rifampicin on human cancer progression and its antiangiogenic properties, which were comparable to the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin. Clinically, low-dose p.o. administration of rifampicin to six high-risk patients with hepatitis C virus–related liver cirrhosis resulted in a single occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma during the follow-up period of 97.3 ± 29.1 (mean ± SD) months. Experimentally, rifampicin rapidly and markedly down-regulated the expression of a wide spectrum of angiogenesis-associated genes in growing human microvascular endothelial cells, thereby suppressing endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Rifampicin, at higher concentrations, also directly inhibited the growth of a variety of human cancer cells. P.o. administration of rifampicin significantly inhibited in vivo growth and metastases of subcutaneous human cancer xenografts. Thus, the potent antiangiogenic properties of oral rifampicin therapy were effective in suppressing cancer progression. It provides a promising new addition to antiangiogenic strategies for designing human cancer therapies. Considering the clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampicin, which enters the enterohepatic circulation and undergoes subsequent hepatic accumulation, it may be especially beneficial as an antitumor agent targeting hepatobiliary tumors. [Cancer Res 2009;69(11):4760–8]
Identification of a Subpopulation of Macrophages in Mammary Tumor–Bearing Mice That Are Neither M1 nor M2 and Are Less Differentiated
Authors: Torroella-Kouri Marta , Silvera Risset , Rodriguez Dayron , Caso Raul , Shatry Alwi , Opiela Shannon , Ilkovitch Dan , Schwendener Reto A. , Iragavarapu-Charyulu Vijaya , Cardentey Yoslayma , Strbo Natasa , Lopez Diana M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSystemic and local immune deficiency is associated with cancer, and the role of M2 tumor-associated macrophages in this phenomenon is well recognized. However, the immune status of macrophages from peripheral compartments in tumor hosts is unclear. Peritoneal macrophages (PEM) are derived from circulating monocytes and recruited to the peritoneal cavity where they differentiate into macrophages. We have previously shown that PEMs from mice bearing D1-DMBA-3 mammary tumors (T-PEM) are deficient in inflammatory functions and that this impairment is associated with diminished expression of transcription factors nuclear factor κB and CAAT/enhancer-binding protein. We now provide evidence that T-PEMs display neither M1 nor M2 phenotypes, yet exhibit deficiencies in the expression of several inflammatory cytokines and various proinflammatory signaling pathways. Moreover, due to nuclear factor κB down-regulation, increased apoptosis was observed in T-PEMs. We report for the first time that macrophage depletion is associated with increased macrophage progenitors in bone marrow. Furthermore, T-PEMs have a lower expression of macrophage differentiation markers F4/80, CD68, CD115, and CD11b, whereas Gr-1 is up-regulated. Our results suggest that T-PEMs are less differentiated and represent a newly derived population from blood monocytes. Lastly, we show that transforming growth factor-β and prostaglandin E2, two immunosuppressive tumor-derived factors, may be involved in this phenomenon. [Cancer Res 2009;69(11):4800–9]
Quantitative Metabolome Profiling of Colon and Stomach Cancer Microenvironment by Capillary Electrophoresis Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hirayama Akiyoshi , Kami Kenjiro , Sugimoto Masahiro , Sugawara Maki , Toki Naoko , Onozuka Hiroko , Kinoshita Taira , Saito Norio , Ochiai Atsushi , Tomita Masaru , Esumi Hiroyasu , Soga Tomoyoshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, even in the presence of an adequate oxygen supply (Warburg effect). However, little has been reported regarding the direct measurements of global metabolites in clinical tumor tissues. Here, we applied capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which enables comprehensive and quantitative analysis of charged metabolites, to simultaneously measure their levels in tumor and grossly normal tissues obtained from 16 colon and 12 stomach cancer patients. Quantification of 94 metabolites in colon and 95 metabolites in stomach involved in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the TCA and urea cycles, and amino acid and nucleotide metabolisms resulted in the identification of several cancer-specific metabolic traits. Extremely low glucose and high lactate and glycolytic intermediate concentrations were found in both colon and stomach tumor tissues, which indicated enhanced glycolysis and thus confirmed the Warburg effect. Significant accumulation of all amino acids except glutamine in the tumors implied autophagic degradation of proteins and active glutamine breakdown for energy production, i.e., glutaminolysis. In addition, significant organ-specific differences were found in the levels of TCA cycle intermediates, which reflected the dependency of each tissue on aerobic respiration according to oxygen availability. The results uncovered unexpectedly poor nutritional conditions in the actual tumor microenvironment and showed that capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry–based metabolomics, which is capable of quantifying the levels of energy metabolites in tissues, could be a powerful tool for the development of novel anticancer agents that target cancer-specific metabolism. [Cancer Res 2009;69(11):4918–25]