bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unlocking the Shale Mystery: How Lateral Measurements and Well Placement Impact Completions and Resultant Production
Authors: Baihly J. D. , Malpani R. , Edwards C. , Han S. Y. , Kok J. C. , Tollefsen E. M. , Wheeler C. W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Across many shale plays in North America, operators ask why production performance disparities exist among horizontal wells. For example, even though drilling and completion practices of a neighboring operator may be mimicked, significantly different production results are frequently observed. Several hypotheses have been presented on the subject with little consensus. In most of these wells, formation evaluation in the lateral section is limited to gamma ray. Using a single curve to model the structure leads to multiple solutions with no way to determine which one is correct. Accordingly, large uncertainties may exist in: 1) determining the relative geologic position of the wellbore, 2) placing perforation clusters, and 3) selecting the appropriate staging design and stimulation treatment for the resulting well placement.
To produce wells that perform to their maximum potential, it is fundamentally necessary to understand both the placement of the lateral in the reservoir and the placement of the perforations in the lateral. To optimize these placements, some measurements must be taken in the lateral. Obviously, the value of understanding where to locate the lateral and the perforations must be greater than both the direct costs associated with taking these measurements and the risk weighted costs associated with deploying tools in the lateral. A way to acquire this information while mitigating many of the aforementioned concerns is logging while drilling (LWD). Some of the measurements that LWD can capture along shale laterals include borehole/azimuthal images, stress, and mineralogy. With these comprehensive LWD measurements, not only can the captured data be taken for future completion design and analysis, they can also be used while drilling the lateral to steer the wellbore towards a desired target more accurately than gamma ray only.
This paper focuses on how lateral LWD measurements impact well placement, perforation selection, hydraulic fracture stage spacing, completion design, resultant production, and subsequent economics of horizontal shale wells. Practical LWD examples from the Eagle Ford and Woodford Shale plays are presented, along with their impact on the aforementioned subjects.
In this paper principles of using LWD measurements and interpretation in a field development plan are described, including relating LWD data to additional functions such as completion design, microseismic hydraulic fracture monitoring, production monitoring, and production logging. Ideas on how to optimize the amount and type of LWD measurements are proposed. Lastly, the paper will examine the impact of LWD measurements on the overall economics of horizontal shale wells.
Integration of Geoscience and Reservoir Engineering Aspects in Understanding and Developing Highly Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Shuaib M. , Hozayen M. , Al Naqbi N. , Haggag M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This abstract presents a multi-disciplinary approach in identifying the reservoir characterization of an Upper Cretaceous fractured reservoir comprising variety of lithology, texture and facies. The field was discovered in 1965 and has been producing by natural depletion with a strong aquifer pressure support since 1983. All wells in the field are equipped with ESP. Generally, pressure support is from strong aquifer however, field experience immature water cut through fracture corridors and high permeability matrix in parts.
The reservoir is extensively fractured with high degree of heterogeneity due to diagenesis. The fracture network interpretation was the result of integrating FMI/FMS image logs, cores and seismic data. The fractures occur in the form of corridors forming fracture zones/sub-seismic faults. The fracture strikes N40E and N70E with fracture length ranging from 500 to 1000m. The reservoir thickness ranges from some 300ft in the crest to 600ft in the flank. The reservoir porosity ranges from 3% to 40 % and the permeability ranges from 0.1mD to 16 D.
Due to the reservoir heterogeneity, the dynamic data including Transient Pressure, Production Logging, and Multi-rate production tests indicated various well behaviors and performance which is linked to the reservoir properties. Some wells showed fracture dominated system and other wells showed production related to matrix behavior. In some instances fractures enhanced the well productivity while in others they cause sever water production and increased water cut. However, the high water cut in some wells was not only attributed to fractures, but also due to high matrix permeability.
The results and outcome of the integrated work helped in understanding the reservoir behaviour leading to optimization of development plan. In order to control the immature field water cut, contingency plan including ICD is considered.
Successful Application of Fiberglass Pipe in Crude Oil Pipelines in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Rookus Kees 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Oil reservoirs in the Arabian Gulf area have been producing oil & gas for over 50 years. These reservoirs are becoming matured with the following effects: Increased water cut (i.e. increased produced water).Reservoir depletion requires water injection to maintain reservoir pressure.
Water injection and produced water handling is a major part of nearly all ongoing and planned projects in the gulf area. The produced- and injected water is highly corrosive, resulting in premature failure of normal carbon steel. As a result, Oil & Gas producers consider using materials such as stainless steel, duplex/super duplex, chrome alloys ….etc. These materials are very expensive alternatives compared to carbon steel. In addition they are subject to long lead procurement periods.
Glass-reinforced Plastics (GRP) has been considered as an alternative material to carbon steel for applications in corrosive environments. This paper describes the methodology and criteria that were applied for a successful implementation of glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) inter-field three phase crude oil trunk lines in PDO facilities, Oman.
The main objective of utilizing GRE pipes was to prevent corrosion and leaks in the pipelines. This increases the reliability of the system by preventing leaks, and thereby also reducing life cycle costs. The philosophy used for implementing GRE material in such pipeline projects is based on a correct balance between costs and safety of the installed pipe system. This approach is described in ISO 14692 titled “Petroleum and natural gas industries – Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping”. Since 2000, it has been successfully applied by FPI for the supply of &gt; 550 km of GRE pipeline in the GCC area resulting in a field hydro-tests failure rate of less then 1 per 10,000 joints. This is known to be a remarkable low value. Moreover, during this ~10 years period, no joint failures have been reported during the operation of these pipelines.
Modelling Asphaltene-Induced Formation Damage in Closed Systems
Authors: Lawal Kazeem A. , Vesovic Velisa 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper implements a simple one-parameter semi-analytic model for asphaltene-induced reduction of porosity, pore-radius and permeability in closed systems. By treating sedimentation as the dominant deposition mechanism, dynamics of asphaltene deposition under “stagnant” conditions is provided, elucidating the dependence of damage rate on the size of asphaltene aggregates as well as rock and fluid properties. Parametric studies indicate that while the rate of formation degradation depends on rock and fluid properties, ultimate severity of impairment is primarily controlled by in-situ asphaltene content. The proposed model has been used to explain the general observation that light oil systems are more vulnerable to asphaltene damage, than the heavy oil systems. Validity of proposed model is demonstrated by comparing with available experimental datasets that include both sandstone and carbonates. In all cases, experimental results have been matched within 7% accuracy using the proposed model with a single adjustable parameter. Furthermore, thermal simulation studies conducted on a hypothetical but representative heavy oil reservoir highlight the detrimental effects of impairment on field-scale oil recovery and thermal efficiency. Both the models and results presented should be useful for studying impairments induced by asphaltene and other deposits.
Yield and Energy Optimization Initiatives at Saudi Aramco Khurais Central Processing Facility
Authors: Amminudin Kamarul A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper highlights the assessments that were made to identify optimization opportunities at Saudi Aramco’s Khurais Central Processing Facilities (KhCPF). Its objective is to maximize yield and minimize energy consumption from the major facility at KhCPF. The work underscores the use of a systematic approach towards process optimization, especially in using process simulation tools. It also involves a multidisciplinary team member task force that collectively identifies opportunities, validates scenarios and formulates the recommendation plan. The present work focuses on the gas-oil separation plant (GOSP) system and its utility system, as they are linked to each other as far as energy consumption is concerned. In the GOSP system, the task force identified key operating variables that affect both yield and energy performance of the facilities. By exploiting these variables; namely, the operating pressure and temperature of the separation system within the GOSP, both yield gain and energy consumption are optimized without compromising the product specifications and plant’s stringent operability and safety aspects.
The optimization assessment demonstrates that additional crude production capacity can still be generated at the expense of lower gas and condensate yields from the facility. In addition, due to a lower amount of gas generated from the separation train, which results in a lower compression requirement, significant annual energy savings could be realized, depending on the recommended initiatives. What is more important to emphasize is that this additional yield and energy savings can be achieved at no cost, or possibly very low cost, to KhCPF. These recommendations also took into account the existing hardware capability to adapt with new operating conditions. Following this assessment, several plant performance tests are scheduled to take place to verify the proposed optimum operating conditions before gearing up for a full implementation of the initiative. It is also anticipated that when the initiative is implemented as new operating conditions, the performance is to be monitored continuously and this requires a performance monitoring tool to be in place.
Understanding Reservoir & System Uncertainties to Enable CO2 EOR
Authors: Gray J. , Reynolds T. , Pedron B. , Khakoo M. , Al Jenaibi F. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
When implementing any Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) or tertiary recovery project it is critical to understand the key variables that influence the success of the scheme – reservoir parameters and fluid properties – and the behaviour of the existing development scheme. The additional components of miscible fluid fronts in heterogeneous carbonates, sources of miscible injectant and the systems needed to manage a miscible EOR development will generate additional uncertainty to that already present during primary and secondary recovery.
This paper describes the reservoir on which evaluation of CO2 miscible EOR has been carried out, the reasons it is a candidate for CO2 EOR and identifies the key uncertainties that will have a major impact on the behaviour of a CO2 development scheme; namely fluid distribution, reservoir structure, compositional variation and reservoir property distribution. A key element of the paper is describing how the uncertainties are recognised and managed by the modelling philosophy, given the relatively immature status of the reservoir development and the limited historical data available.
The paper describes the interpretation of incremental benefits of CO2 EOR over existing development schemes. A small component of the paper discusses options of appraising CO2 EOR further, the approach and need to pilot injection patterns and concepts of phasing development of CO2 into an existing pattern development. Uncertainty range will reduce over time and the paper describes how work emphasised the importance to recognise when this range is acceptably small to make decisions that involve larger capital investment, such as new development options involving additional wells and facilities.
Although the majority of work done in this study was on subsurface elements, this paper briefly touches on infrastructure needed for CO2 EOR and implications of the scheme on existing facilities. Also considered are the external influences that impact EOR value, such as the source of CO2, price of fluid streams entering and leaving the system, and potential for the scheme to be a CO2 storage option once EOR benefit is exhausted.
At present in Abu Dhabi, CO2 or Miscible Injectant (MI) EOR has been recognised as the EOR development of choice by a number of different studies. The fluid types and pressure/temperature regimes in Abu Dhabi reservoirs mean that miscible flooding is likely to be the most appropriate mechanism to further increase recovery factors. Using CO2 also has the benefit of demonstrating CO2 capture and likely storage at a time when the UAE is seeking to curb carbon emissions. Improving the understanding of how CO2 can play a role in Abu Dhabi reservoirs is therefore highly topical.
Carbon Capture Ready Steel Plants
Authors: Balasubramanian Mayuram S. , Afachtal Tarik 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Nearly a third of the world’s energy consumption and 36% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are attributable to manufacturing industries (1). The iron and steel industry accounts for about 19% of final energy use and about a 25% of direct CO2 emissions from the industry sector (1).
UAE is a major consumer of steel with per capita consumption significantly higher than that for the Middle East (over 20 times) and various upcoming infrastructure projects are expected to drive the steel requirements to even higher levels in the future (2).
The steel industry within the UAE is rapidly adding capacity to reduce the import requirements for steel products. Thus, steel mills are expected to be an important source of bulk CO2 in the future in the UAE, whether for capture and sequestration or for EOR.
The Steel making process determines the type of streams containing the emitted CO2 and the concentration of CO2 in these streams. Different technologies for steel making present different opportunities for integration of carbon capture technologies i.e Post Combustion, Pre Combustion and Oxy fuel type carbon capture technologies. Also, the type and extent of heat/power integration could influence the carbon capture potential and readiness of a steel plant to capture the CO2. The feasibility of energy recovery and carbon capture is also improved by developing a suitable equipment layout.
This paper examines the relationship and impact of steel making technology selection, equipment layout, utility integration and process integration of different carbon capture techniques to establish a concept of carbon capture ready steel mill in the future and to make the existing steel mills more carbon capture friendly.
Comparison of Traditional and Digital Rock Physics Techniques to Determine the Elastic Core Parameters in Cretaceous Formations, Abu Dhabi
Authors: Derzhi Naum , Dvorkin Jack , Diaz Elizabeth , Baldwin Chuck , Fang Qian , Sulayman Ayoola , Soroka William L. , Clark Andrew , Al Dayyani Taha , Kalam Zubair 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Knowledge of the elastic properties of rock, such as Vp, Vs, and Poisson’s ratio, is required input to accurate and rigorous reservoir description. Traditionally, these values had been acquired from log data or direct measurement in a physical laboratory. Recent advances in imaging and image processing, together with improved availability of high performance computing, gave rise to digital techniques for investigating the properties of rock samples. These techniques are based on high-resolution imaging of the rock’s pore space, segmentation of the images into pores and various minerals and simulation of the physical processes controlled by the desired rock properties. These techniques form the novel discipline of digital rock physics (DRP). The goal of the current work is to validate the results of DRP measurements of elastic parameters by comparing them with the results obtained in traditional physical laboratories.
This study includes eight core plugs from a Cretaceous formation, representing four reservoir rock types. Multiple sub-samples of each core plug were taken and analyzed using the digital rock physics technique.
Our DRP computations are compared with the results of physical measurements of the elastic properties on samples from Cretaceous formations under various stress conditions. The latter measurements were conducted on regular core plugs, several cm in size, much larger than the digital rock samples used in this study. Although some of the physical data represent samples from wells different from where the digital samples used here were extracted, these physical samples cover the rock types included in the study. The elastic property values obtained in the digital rock physics laboratory closely match the results of physical measurements conducted at effective stress about 30 MPa. This validation of elastic measurements using DRP ensures quick and reliable data acquisition, at significantly lower costs.
Malaysia Deepwater Project Execution Strategy and Challenges
Authors: MdSalleh Norain Binti , Bin Sainal M Rashid 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper discussed on the Execution and Contracting plan in Developing and Executing Malaysia’s Deepwater Project, which mostly are considered mega projects for PETRONAS. Currently there are various Deepwater Projects ongoing in Malaysia, operated by various PSC Contractor and as the Host Authority, PETRONAS, through PMU, oversees the overall development. –Many projects utilize different technology.–The scope of detail design, fabrication, procurement, installation and commissioning is complex as it is being executed by various parties.
Several key processes have been implemented in addressing the challenges faced. The processes include Interface management, Capability Development program, Schedule and Cost control. The process applied is described further in this paper.
Results or Conclusion
Best approach in handling mega projects whilst ensuring that all project’s objective is meet and PETRONAS aspiration to be the deepwater hub for the region will be discussed in the result and conclusion portion.
Rock Physics Characterization Using Acoustic Velocity Measurements On Late Cretaceous Carbonate Rocks From the Middle East
Authors: Mokhtar El Amin , Vega Sandra , Abed Hassan Ahmed , Al Baloushi Mariam Nasser 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We conducted laboratory measurements of Vp (compressional waves), Vs (shear waves), porosity and permeability on forty nine dry carbonate core plug samples at ambient pressure and temperature. We also, performed an initial lithological description, based on Dunham's carbonate rock classification to fully characterize the samples. The study results were analyzed to search for potential correlations between the different rock properties and lithological characteristics. We used cross plots of porosity-permeability, Vp - porosity, Vs - porosity, Vp - permeability, Vs – permeability, and Vp-Vs, for all samples and each rock type.
The preliminary results from our analysis suggest that the acoustic velocities are highly affected by heterogeneity. The study also confirms an inverse relation between porosity and acoustic velocities, where pore size and pore type can be the main factors controlling the acoustic response at a given porosity. In addition, a general inverse tendency between permeability and acoustic velocities is found. The results also show that carbonate mudstones follow consistent trends of porosity-permeability, Vp - porosity, Vs - porosity, Vp - permeability, and Vs - permeability. This result can probably be attributed to the relativlely more uniform internal structure of carbonate mudstones compared with the other carbonate rock types. Wackestones and packestones present relationships that are less consistent and more dispersed than the ones found for mudstones for instance. The rest of the rock types display a great scatter and non apparent relationships. Finally, we find an empirical correlation between Vp and Vs that can be used to identify gas zones.
This study has a great significance in the process of a better understanding of how acoustic velocities from different types of carbonate rocks relate to each other and to their rock properties. This knowledge can potentially be used to diagnose gas zones, predict Vs values, identify different types of carbonate rocks using well log data, and improve seismic interpretation and inversion.
High Reliability Type Gas Lift Equipment
Authors: Hearn William 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In today’s high cost environment, major efforts must be made to reduce cost, minimize intervention, while maintaining reliability. Production companies are faced with new issues in producing wells with Gas Lift including deep single-point high injection pressure applications while accompanied with rising intervention costs limiting work over capacity and the risks associated with inadequate completion integrity. This presentation will provide insight to some new equipment available; including Gas Lift Mandrels with external check valves that prevent wellbore fluids from entering the casing annulus during valve changes or from leaking gas lift valves improving completion integrity and eliminating the timely process of unloading. The presentation will also include Grooved Solid Body Mandrels that provides additional bypass clearance for multiple umbilical lines with improved protection and pressure ratings. Last the presentation will discuss the benefit of Positive Hydraulic Bellows Protection which enhances the operational life of a gas lift valve.