bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing conditional inference in the auditory system: What matters?
Authors: Todd Juanita , Mullens Daniel 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn prior studies, we have used a conditional linkage between rare deviations in a regular sound pattern to determine if the auditory system can use the first deviation to anticipate the probable features of the second deviation (i.e., make a conditional inference). This study was designed to test two hypotheses about why the mismatch negativity (MMN) to a duration deviant sound seems more susceptible to conditional inference effects. The MMNs to duration and frequency glide deviant sounds were significantly smaller when their occurrence was conditionally linked to the identity of a prior deviant as opposed to when they occurred randomly in a sequence. Results provide support for the learned conditional inference interpretation of reduced MMN size to linked deviants. We discuss alternate explanations and conclude that conditional inference studies could provide insight into the dynamics of probability‐based prediction in the auditory system.
The prescribing of antiepileptic drugs for pregnant Australian women
Authors: VAJDA Frank J.E. , HORGAN David , HOLLINGWORTH Samantha , GRAHAM Janet , HITCHCOCK Alison A. , ROTEN Annie , O’BRIEN Terence J. , LANDER Cecile M. , EADIE Mervyn J. 
Published: September 2011

Background:  It is not clear how widely it is appreciated in Australia that certain antiepileptic drugs, particularly valproate, are teratogenic.
Aim:  The aim of the study is to assess trends in the pattern of antiepileptic drug prescribing for pregnant women in Australia to determine whether drug use is optimal, particularly from the fetal viewpoint.
Methods:  Analysis of data contained in the Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs, assessing trends in antiepileptic drug use correlated with pregnancy outcomes.
Results:  Valproate was the only significant teratogen among the antiepileptic drugs in common use. There was a fetal malformation rate of 14.5% associated with its use in monotherapy, as compared with a rate of 3.15% in antiepileptic drug‐unexposed pregnancies in women with epilepsy (OR = 5.23, 95% CI = 1.81, 15.09). The highest malformation rate associated with any other antiepileptic drug used in monotherapy was 5.0%, for carbamazepine. Neurologists had progressively prescribed valproate less frequently and in lower dosage than other classes of practitioner over the 10‐year study period, with a parallel decrease in occurrence of fetal malformations in pregnancies referred to the Register. Other prescribers of valproate did not seem to have adopted these practices to the same extent and had not obtained similar degrees of reduction in the occurrence of fetal malformations.
Conclusions:  Contemporary Australian obstetricians, even though they may not be valproate prescribers, when managing pregnancies in women taking valproate, need to be alert to the possibility that it may not be being used optimally from the fetal point of view, especially when not prescribed by neurologists.
Property–Liability Insurer Reserve Error: Motive, Manipulation, or Mistake
Authors: Grace Martin F. , Leverty J. Tyler 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe use two reserve error definitions found in the literature to investigate the joint impact of previously studied incentives on the magnitude of reserve error. We find many prior conclusions are dependent upon the restricted setting in which the hypotheses are tested and on the definition of the reserve error. We find strong evidence that financially weak insurers underreserve to a greater extent than other insurers. However, our evidence casts doubt on the conclusion that insurers manipulate reserves to avoid solvency monitoring. We also find insurers increase reserves for tax purposes and to reduce the impact of regulatory rate suppression.
Is Selective Ipsilateral PV Isolation Sufficient for Focally Triggered Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation? Comparison of Selective Ipsilateral Pulmonary Vein Isolation versus Bilateral Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Authors: HU JI‐QIANG , MA JIAN , OUYANG FEIFAN , YANG QIAN , LIAO ZI‐LI , HOU YU , ZHANG SHU 
Published: September 2011

Is SIPVI Sufficient for Focally Triggered Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation? Introduction: Selective ipsilateral pulmonary vein isolation (SIPVI) has shown comparable efficacy in focal triggered atrial fibrillation (AF) versus isolation of all pulmonary veins (PVs), yet the sufficiency for such an ablation strategy to all patients is unclear. This study sought to identify a subgroup of patients for SIPVI and a subgroup of patients for bilateral PV isolation (BiPVI) with long‐term success by comparing the clinical efficacy of SIPVI and BiPVI on PV‐triggered AF.
Methods and Results:
One hundred and forty‐two patients (106 males; mean age 51 ± 13 years) with focal PV triggered paroxysmal AF (PAF) were studied. Seventy patients underwent SIPVI and 72 patients underwent BiPVI. After the first ablation, 44 patients (44/70) in the SIPVI group and 54 patients (54/72) in the BiPVI group were free of AF without antiarrhythmic drugs, after a follow‐up period of 36 ± 12 months (log‐rank test P = 0.1594). In patients younger than 50 years of age with a left atrium (LA) diameter <40 mm, SIPVI had a high success rate (15/18, 83%) of freedom from AF. However, for patients aged ≥50 years with an LA diameter ≥40 mm, 10 of the 12 patients in the SIPVI group and only 5 of the 15 patients in the BiPVI group had a recurrence of AF (log‐rank test P = 0.0173).
Conclusions:
For focally triggered PAF, in patients aged <50 years with an LA diameter <40 mm, SIPVI of triggering PV had a high success rate of freedom from AF. However, in patients aged ≥50 years with an LA diameter ≥40 mm, BiPVI achieved a higher success rate. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 130‐136, February 2012)
Profiling of immune‐related microRNA expression in human cord blood and adult peripheral blood cells upon proinflammatory stimulation
Authors: Takahashi Naoyuki , Nakaoka Takashi , Yamashita Naohide 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives: Cord blood (CB) transplantation has advantages in terms of incidence and severity of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), while it has disadvantages in terms of infection. Our aim is to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the immune response of CB‐derived cells during acute GVHD and infection following CB transplantation. Methods: We examined expression of 69 immune‐relating microRNAs in CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ cells of CB and adult peripheral blood (APB) upon interferon‐γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Results: Under basal condition, 20 microRNAs showed differential expression between CB and APB. Compared to APB counterparts, six microRNAs (miR‐21, miR‐22, miR‐29a, miR‐29b, miR‐29c, and let‐7c) were underexpressed in at least two cell lineages of CB, while five microRNAs (miR‐15b, miR‐181a, miR‐181c, miR‐363, and miR‐424) were overexpressed in CD4+ and CD8+ CB cells. Upon interferon‐γ stimulation, seven microRNAs (miR‐29a, miR‐29b, miR‐34c‐5p, miR‐132, miR‐146a, miR‐146b‐5p, and miR‐155) changed in expression mainly in CD14+ CB cells, while only two microRNAs (miR‐18a and miR‐155) changed in expression in CD14+ CB cells upon LPS stimulation. These results suggest that the mechanisms regulating the expression of such immune‐relating microRNAs in CD14+ CB cells are much more sensitive to proinflammatory stimuli than those in APB CD14+ cells, which might be related to the poor immunoreactivity of CD14+ CB cells. Conclusions: Our results suggest essential roles of specific microRNAs in regulating immune function of CB cells, providing insight into the underlying molecular mechanism.
Cell surface markers CD44 and CD166 localized specific populations of salivary acinar cells
Authors: Maria OM , Maria AM , Cai Y , Tran SD 
Published: September 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 162–168Objective:  Experimental approaches tested to date for functional restoration of salivary glands (SGs) are tissue engineering, gene transfer, and cell therapy. To further develop these therapies, identifying specific cell surface markers for the isolation of salivary acinar cells is needed. To test a panel of cell surface markers [used in the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells, (MSCs)] for the localization of salivary acinar cells.Materials:  Human submandibular and parotid glands were immunostained with a panel of MSC markers and co‐localized with salivary acinar cell differentiation markers [α‐amylase, Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1, aquaporin‐5 (AQP5)]. Additional cell markers were also used, such as α‐smooth muscle actin (to identify myoepithelial cells), cytokeratin‐5 (basal ductal cells), and c‐Kit (progenitor cells).Results:  CD44 identified serous acini, while CD166 identified mucous acini. Cytokeratin‐5 identified basal duct cells and 50% of myoepithelial cells. None of the remaining cell surface markers (Stro‐1, CD90, CD106, CD105, CD146, CD19, CD45, and c‐Kit) were expressed in any human salivary cell.Conclusions:  CD44 and CD166 localized human salivary serous and mucous acinar cells, respectively. These two cell surface markers will be useful in the isolation of specific populations of salivary acinar cells.
Digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance and methane production in Holstein steers fed diets containing soy sauce cake at 10 or 20%
Authors: HOSODA Kenji , MIYAJI Makoto , MATSUYAMA Hiroki , IMAI Yasuhiko , NONAKA Kazuhisa 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTTwo feeding trials were performed to evaluate the effect of soy sauce cake (SSC) on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen (N) balance as well as methane production in Holstein steers. Six animals received a diet without or with the SSC at 10% (Experiment 1) and 20% (Experiment 2) in a 2 × 2 crossover design with a balance trial and respiratory exchange measurement. The SSC feeding showed a strongly inhibitory effect on methane production when its proportion was elevated up to 20%. The digestibility of nutrients with the 10% SSC treatment was similar to that of the control, whereas that for the 20% SSC treatment was significantly decreased in comparison with the control. The 20% SSC treatment also inhibited ruminal fermentation. A lower N partition to urine and a higher N partition to retention were observed in the animals receiving the 20% SSC treatment. These results suggested that SSC feeding at 20% suppressed methane production and changed the N balance; however, the feeding level of 20% caused deterioration in some productive aspects, such as nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation. In addition, a feeding level of SSC at 10% of the diet should be considered a reasonable level in cattle.
The effect of lighting conditions on the rhythmicity of growth hormone secretion in Holstein steers
Authors: KASUYA Etsuko , KUSHIBIKI Shiro , YAYOU Ken‐ichi , HODATE Koichi , OGINO Mizuna , SUTOH Madoka 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTGrowth hormone (GH) secretion regularity and the effects of lighting condition and GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH) on GH release were determined in steers. First, steers were kept under 12:12 L : D conditions (light: 06.00–18.00 hours). The animals were then subjected to a 1‐h advancement in lighting on/off conditions (05.00 and 17.00 hours, respectively). Blood was sampled for 24 h at 1‐h interval on the seventh day of each condition. Second, GHRH was injected intravenously (IV) at 12.00 and 00.00 hours under 12:12 L : D and blood was sampled at 15‐min interval for 4‐h (1 h before and 3 h after the injection). Plasma GH concentrations were measured by a radioimmunoassay. Periodicity of GH secretory profile was calculated by power spectrum analysis using the maximum entropy method. Plasma GH concentrations showed a characteristic pattern consisting of four distinct peaks. Mean periodicity of GH secretory profile was 5.7 h, and it was not altered by any change in lighting conditions. IV injection of GHRH increased GH secretion during the day and night. The increase in GH secretory volume after GHRH injection during the night was equal to that during the day. The present results suggest that GH secreted from the anterior pituitary have regularity in steers.
Changes in the milk composition of okapi (Okapia johnstoni) during the first 6 months of lactation
Authors: KAWASAKI Ryuta , SUGINAKA Tatsuhiro 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe collected 17 milk samples at 1 day to 6 months post partum from one captive okapi (Okapia johnstoni). Milks were examined for nutrient composition, including water, fat, crude protein, carbohydrates, ash and five minerals. The average values of the concentrations were 79.2 ± 3.0% SD water, 8.5 ± 3.4% fat, 7.5 ± 1.1% crude protein, 3.6 ± 0.6% carbohydrate, 1.2 ± 0.1% ash, 263.7 ± 47.3 mg/100 g calcium, 183.0 ± 40.0 mg/100 g phosphorus, 95.2 ± 17.6 mg/100 g sodium, 74.4 ± 34.3 mg/100 g potassium and 28.4 ± 4.4 mg/100 g magnesium, respectively. The protein concentration increased at late lactation (P < 0.01). The contents of sodium and potassium were rather high in the early lactation period, while those of calcium and phosphorus were rather low in the early lactation period. During the course of lactation in the first week post partum and the protein concentration was high at 1 day post partum. We compare our findings with the American Association of Zoos & Aquariums's Okapi Species Survival Plan Hand‐rearing Protocol, and recommend that nutrient composition of the formula for okapi calves is developed using the present study as a guide.
Nutritional status and oral status of the elderly with dementia: a 2‐year study
Authors: Sadamori Shinsuke , Hayashi Syouji , Fujihara Isao , Abekura Hitoshi , Hamada Taizo , Akagawa Yasumasa 
Published: September 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00555.xNutritional status and oral status of the elderly with dementia: a 2‐year studyObjectives:  To determine the relationship between denture wearing and nutritional status in the elderly with dementia.Background:  There could be a correlation between nutrition, oral health, dietary habits, patients’ satisfaction, and their socio‐economic status in the elderly, and the relationship between compromised oral status and nutritional status in the elderly with dementia.Subjects and methods:  A 2‐year follow‐up study of 63 elderly Japanese women with and without dentures from a nursing home was undertaken to investigate their oral, physical and mental, and nutritional status.Results:  Each item for 2006 and 2008 in this study showed no significant difference between 2006 and 2008, except the calories/day. The elderly with dementia without complete dentures during the 2 years of the study only significantly decreased the mean of the calories/day.Conclusion:  The calories/day of the elderly with dementia without dentures decreased after 2 years. Denture wearing for the elderly with dementia could be necessary to maintain a satisfactory intake of calories.
Mistletoes Play Different Roles in a Modular Host–Parasite Network
Authors: Genini Julieta , Côrtes Marina C. , Guimarães Jr Paulo R. , Galetti Mauro 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAntagonistic interactions between host plants and mistletoes often form complex networks of interacting species. Adequate characterization of network organization requires a combination of qualitative and quantitative data. Therefore, we assessed the distribution of interactions between mistletoes and hosts in the Brazilian Pantanal and characterized the network structure in relation to nestedness and modularity. Interactions were highly asymmetric, with mistletoes presenting low host specificity (i.e., weak dependence) and with hosts being highly susceptible to mistletoe‐specific infections. We found a non‐nested and modular pattern of interactions, wherein each mistletoe species interacted with a particular set of host species. Psittacanthus spp. infected more species and individuals and also caused a high number of infections per individual, whereas the other mistletoes showed a more specialized pattern of infection. For this reason, Psittacanthus spp. were regarded as module hubs while the other mistletoe species showed a peripheral role. We hypothesize that this pattern is primarily the result of different seed dispersal systems. Although all mistletoe species in our study are bird dispersed, the frugivorous assemblage of Psittacanthus spp. is composed of a larger suite of birds, whereas Phoradendron are mainly dispersed by Euphonia species. The larger assemblage of bird species dispersing Psittacanthus seeds may also increase the number of hosts colonized and, consequently, its dominance in the study area. Nevertheless, other restrictions on the interactions among species, such as the differential capacity of mistletoe infections, defense strategies of hosts and habitat types, can also generate or enhance the observed pattern.Abstract in Portuguese is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.
New constraints on the polarization of anomalous microwave emission in nearby molecular clouds
Authors: Dickinson C. , Peel M. , Vidal M. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
Anomalous microwave emission (AME) has been previously studied in two well-known molecular clouds and is thought to be due to electric dipole radiation from small spinning dust grains. It is important to measure the polarization properties of this radiation both for component separation in future cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments and also to constrain dust models. We have searched for linearly polarized radio emission associated with the ρ Ophiuchi and Perseus molecular clouds using WMAP 7-year data. We found no significant polarization within an aperture of 2° diameter. The upper limits on the fractional polarization of spinning dust in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud are 1.7, 1.6 and 2.6 per cent (at 95 per cent confidence level) at K, Ka and Q bands, respectively. In the Perseus cloud we derived upper limits of 1.4, 1.9 and 4.7 per cent, at K, Ka and Q bands, respectively; these are similar to those found by López-Caraballo et al. If AME at high Galactic latitudes has a similarly low level of polarization, this will simplify component separation for CMB polarization measurements. We can also rule out single domain magnetic dipole radiation as the dominant emission mechanism for the 20–40 GHz. The polarization levels are consistent with spinning dust models.
Significant hepatic histopathology in chronic hepatitis B patients with serum ALT less than twice ULN and high HBV‐DNA levels in Indonesia
Authors: LESMANA C. Rinaldi A. , GANI Rino A. , HASAN Irsan , SIMADIBRATA Marcellus , SULAIMAN Andri S. , PAKASI Levina S. , BUDIHUSODO Unggul , KRISNUHONI Ening , LESMANA Laurentius A. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:  To study the prevalence of significant hepatic histopathology in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ twice upper limit of normal (ULN) and its association with age, HBeAg status, hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐DNA level and viral genotype.METHODS:  A prospective study was conducted over a 3‐year period in treatment‐naive CHB patients with ALT ≤ twice ULN. Patients with a history of acute flare hepatitis, use of alcohol and hepatotoxic drugs, hepatitis C, hepatitis D and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co‐infection were excluded from the study. Hepatic histopathology was assessed according to the METAVIR scoring system.RESULTS:  A total of 145 patients were recruited, 81 (55.9%) of whom were male. The patients’ mean age was 41.50 ± 10.74 years (range 16–70 years). Significant hepatic inflammation was found in 59.3% of these patients, and significant hepatic fibrosis was found in 62.1%, the latter being associated with hepatitis B e antigen status, ALT levels and serum HBV‐DNA, but not with their age group or viral genotype. Significant hepatic fibrosis was found in 24 of 35 CHB patients (68.6%) who were previously considered in an immunotolerance phase.CONCLUSIONS  The prevalence of significant hepatic histopathology in CHB patients with serum ALT levels ≤ twice ULN is high. Delayed antiviral treatment can be harmful.
Epilepsy in the Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen: Prevalence, Semiology, and Clinical Phenotype
Authors: Gulløv C.H. , Toft N. , Baadsager M.M.N. , Berendt M. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundEpilepsy with a genetic background is increasingly being identified. In certain dog breeds, epilepsy occurs with a higher prevalence than the estimate of 1–2% reported in the general dog population.HypothesisThe Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen (PBGV) experiences an increased occurrence of epilepsy compared to the general dog population.AnimalsThe target population consisted of all 876 PBGV dogs registered in the Danish Kennel Club from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2008. The study population included 820 dogs that met the inclusion criteria.MethodsA population study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of epilepsy in the Danish PBGV population. A mailed questionnaire was used to detect possible signs of epilepsy. The information was subsequently validated by telephone interviews of positive and possible positive responders and a negative responder control group, using an extensive questionnaire developed to detect epilepsy. Dogs evaluated as epilepsy positive after the telephone interview were offered a clinical investigation.ResultsThe prevalence of epilepsy was estimated to be 8.9% (42/471) in the PBGV population. Average age of onset was 26.3 months. Sex and mode of response did not affect the prevalence, but a strong litter effect was seen. Among euthanized dogs, epilepsy was the predominant cause (6/45 = 13.3%).Conclusion and Clinical ImportancePetit Basset Griffon Vendeen dogs experience an increased risk of epilepsy characterized by a relatively early onset and dominated by focal seizures with and without secondary generalization. With an estimated prevalence of 8.9% and substantial clustering within litters, a genetic factor associated with epilepsy is suspected.
Biochemical Characterization of the TEM-107 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase in a Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate from South Korea
Authors: Lee Kyungwon , Yum Jong Hwa , Yong Dongeun , Jeong Seok Hoon , Rossolini Gian Maria , Docquier Jean-Denis , Chong Yunsop 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

The TEM-107 extended-spectrum β-lactamase detected in a
Klebsiella pneumoniae
clinical isolate had a Gly238Ser substitution compared to the TEM-43 β-lactamase. The MIC of ceftazidime was higher (64 μg/ml) than that of cefotaxime (2 μg/ml) for the isolate. Clavulanic acid reduced the MIC of ceftazidime 64-fold.