bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An in vivoinvestigation of the initiation and progression of subchondral cysts in a rodent model of secondary osteoarthritis
Authors: McErlain David D , Ulici Veronica , Darling Mark , Gati Joseph S , Pitelka Vasek , Beier Frank , Holdsworth David W 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Introduction

Subchondral bone cysts (SBC) have been identified in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) as a cause of greater pain, loss of cartilage and increased chance of joint replacement surgery. Few studies monitor SBC longitudinally, and clinical research using three-dimensional imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is limited to retrospective analyses as SBC are identified within an OA patient cohort. The purpose of this study was to use dual-modality, preclinical imaging to monitor the initiation and progression of SBC occurring within an established rodent model of knee OA.

Methods

Eight rodents underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection and partial medial meniscectomy (ACLX) of the right knee. In vivo 9.4 T MRI and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans were performed consecutively prior to ACLX and 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-ACLX. Resultant images were co-registered using anatomical landmarks, which allowed for precise tracking of SBC size and composition throughout the study. The diameter of the SBC was measured, and the volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) was calculated within the bone adjacent to SBC. At 12 weeks, the ACLX and contralateral knees were processed for histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) pathological scoring.

Results

At 4 weeks post-ACLX, 75% of the rodent knees had at least 1 cyst that formed in the medial tibial plateau; by 12 weeks all ACLX knees contained SBC. Imaging data revealed that the SBC originate in the presence of a subchondral bone plate breach, with evolving composition over time. The diameter of the SBC increased significantly over time (P = 0.0033) and the vBMD significantly decreased at 8 weeks post-ACLX (P = 0.033). Histological analysis demonstrated positive staining for bone resorption and formation surrounding the SBC, which were consistently located beneath the joint surface with the greatest cartilage damage. Trabecular bone adjacent the SBC lacked viable osteocytes and, combined with bone marrow changes, indicated osteonecrosis.

Conclusions

This study provides insight into the mechanisms leading to SBC formation in knee OA. The expansion of these lesions is due to stress-induced bone resorption from the incurred mechanical instability. Therefore, we suggest these lesions can be more accurately described as a form of OA-induced osteonecrosis, rather than 'subchondral cysts'.
Mapping the magnetic susceptibility and electric conductivity of marine surficial sediments by benthic EM profiling
Authors: Müller Hendrik , von Dobeneck Tilo , Hilgenfeldt Christian , SanFilipo Bill , Rey Daniel , Rubio Belén 
Published: February 2012

Distribution, accumulation, and diagenesis of surficial sediments in coastal and continental shelf systems follow complex chains of localized processes and form deposits of great spatial variability. Given the environmental and economic relevance of ocean margins, there is growing need for innovative geophysical exploration methods to characterize seafloor sediments by more than acoustic properties. A newly conceptualized benthic profiling and data processing approach based on controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) imaging permits to coevally quantify the magnetic susceptibility and the electric conductivity of shallow marine deposits. The two physical properties differ fundamentally insofar as magnetic susceptibility mostly assesses solid particle characteristics such as terrigenous or iron mineral content, redox state, and contamination level, while electric conductivity primarily relates to the fluid-filled pore space and detects salinity, porosity, and grain-size variations. We develop and validate a layered half-space inversion algorithm for submarine multifrequency CSEM with concentric sensor configuration. Guided by results of modeling, we modified a commercial land CSEM sensor for submarine application, which was mounted into a nonconductive and nonmagnetic bottom-towed sled. This benthic EM profiler Neridis II achieves 25 soundings/second at 3–4 knots over continuous profiles of up to a hundred kilometers. Magnetic susceptibility is determined from the 75 Hz in-phase response (90% signal originates from the top 50 cm), while electric conductivity is derived from the 5 kHz out-of-phase (quadrature) component (90% signal from the top 92 cm). Exemplary survey data from the north-west Iberian margin underline the excellent sensitivity, functionality, and robustness of the system in littoral (∼0–50 m) and neritic (∼50–300 m) environments. Susceptibility versus porosity crossplots successfully identify known lithofacies units and their transitions. All presently available data indicate an eminent potential of CSEM profiling for assessing the complex distribution of shallow marine surficial sediments and for revealing climatic, hydrodynamic, diagenetic, and anthropogenic factors governing their formation.
Accounting for soil surface roughness in the inversion of ultrawideband off-ground GPR signal for soil moisture retrieval
Authors: Jonard François , Weihermüller Lutz , Vereecken Harry , Lambot Sébastien 
Published: February 2012

We combined a full-waveform ground-penetrating radar (GPR) model with a roughness model to retrieve surface soil moisture through signal inversion. The proposed approach was validated under laboratory conditions with measurements performed above a sand layer subjected to seven different water contents and four different surface roughness conditions. The radar measurements were performed in the frequency domain in the range of 1–3 GHz and the roughness amplitude standard deviation was varied from 0 to 1 cm. Two inversion strategies were investigated: (1) Full-waveform inversion using the correct model configuration, and (2) inversion focused on the surface reflection only. The roughness model provided a good description of the frequency-dependent roughness effect. For the full-waveform analysis, accounting for roughness permitted us to simultaneously retrieve water content and roughness amplitude. However, in this approach, information on soil layering was assumed to be known. For the surface reflection analysis, which is applicable under field conditions, accounting for roughness only enabled water content to be reconstructed, but with a root mean square error (RMS) in terms of water content of [Formula: see text] compared to an RMS of [Formula: see text] for an analysis where roughness is neglected. However, this inversion strategy required a priori information on soil surface roughness, estimated, e.g., from laser profiler measurements.
Identification of microRNAs that Mediate Thyroid Cell Growth Induced by TSH
Authors: Akama Takeshi , Sue Mariko , Kawashima Akira , Wu Huhehasi , Tanigawa Kazunari , Suzuki Sayuri , Hayashi Moyuru , Yoshihara Aya , Ishido Yuko , Ishii Norihisa , Suzuki Koichi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTSH is a major regulator of thyroid cell growth and endocrine function. It is known that cAMP and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) are responsible for mediating the action of TSH. Activation of these signals results in the induction of a series of transcription factors and cell cycle regulating proteins, which induce cell proliferation. In addition to such canonical transcriptional regulation, it was recently shown that microRNA (miRNA or miR) constitutes another key mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. However, whether TSH action is mediated by miRNA in the thyroid is unknown. In this study, we have performed miRNA microarray analysis and demonstrated that TSH significantly decreases expression of 47 miRNA in thyroid cells. Among these, we have shown, using their specific agonists, that overexpression of miR-16 and miR-195 suppressed cell cycle progression and DNA synthesis that was induced by TSH. In silico analysis predicted that Mapk8, Ccne1, and Cdc6, the expression of which was up-regulated by TSH, are potential target genes for these miRNA, and overexpression of miR-16 and miR-195 suppressed expression of these target genes. The decrease of miR-16 and miR-195 expression by TSH was reproduced by forskolin and N6,2′-O-dibutyryladenosine cAMP and reversed by the protein kinase A inhibitor H89 and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. These results suggest that TSH activates cAMP/protein kinase A and PI3K cascades to decrease miR-16 and miR-195, which induce Mapk8, Ccne1, and Cdc6 to activate cell proliferation.
Salmonella enterotoxin, Stn, regulates membrane composition and integrity
Authors: Nakano Masayuki , Yamasaki Eiki , Ichinose Akitoyo , Shimohata Takaaki , Takahashi Akira , Akada Junko K. , Nakamura Kazuyuki , Moss Joel , Hirayama Toshiya , Kurazono Hisao 
Published: February 2012

Summary
The mechanism of action of Salmonella enterotoxin (Stn) as a virulence factor in disease is controversial. Studies of Stn have indicated both positive and negative effects on Salmoenlla virulence. In this study, we attempted to evaluate Stn function and its effects on Salmonella virulence. To investigate Stn function, we first performed in vitro and in vivo analysis using mammalian cells and a murine ileal loop model. In these systems, we did not observe differences in virulence phenotypes between wild-type Salmonella and an stn gene-deleted mutant. We next characterized the phenotypes and molecular properties of the mutant strain under various in vitro conditions. The proteomic profile of total Salmonella cell membranes was remarkable for the absence of a protein in the mutant strain, which was identified as OmpA. By Far-Western blotting, OmpA interacted directly with Stn. To verify this result, the morphology of Salmonella was examined by transmission electron microscopy, with OmpA localized by immuno-gold labeling compared to wild-type Salmonella, the mutant strain had a different pole structure and a thin periplasminc space; OmpA was not seen in the mutant. These results indicate that Stn, via regulation of OmpA membrane localization, functions in the maintenance of membrane composition and integrity.
Powder X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Hydration and Leaching Behavior of Nontronite
Authors: Scarlett Nicola V. Y. , Raven Mark , Madsen Ian 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNontronite is a significant component of commercially important nickel laterite ores. Its behavior during high-pressure acid leaching of such ores may have an impact upon the efficiency of the process. The present study was conducted in order to further investigate the response of this material during high-pressure acid leaching. In situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data were collected from a number of nontronite samples during hydration and leaching reactions at ambient and elevated temperatures. The present study followed previous high-pressure acid-leaching studies of nontronite where unexpected contraction and expansion behavior of the clay was observed by means of in situ X-ray diffraction. In the earlier studies the data sets only extended to ~20 Å so that when the nontronite expanded to greater than 19.5 Å (hydrated) the main 001 peak was only partially visible in the observed d-spacing range. The aim of the current work was to collect similar in situ diffraction data over a greater d-spacing range to observe more fully the movement of the main 001 reflection in order to better understand the changes taking place. This work was undertaken at the powder diffraction beamline of the Australian Synchrotron which was configured such that an upper d-spacing limit of ~34.5 Å could be achieved. Suggestions arising out of the previous work were confirmed along with additional information from testing of samples from the Source Clays Repository of The ClayMinerals Society. These results also show contradictory behavior of clays with the layer charge distributed over tetrahedral and octahedral sheets.
Clay-Mineral Formation in Soils Developed in the Weathering Zone of Pyrite-Bearing Schists: A Case Study from The Abandoned Pyrite Mine in Wieściszowice, Lower Silesia, SW Poland
Authors: Uzarowicz Łukasz , Skiba Stefan , Skiba Michał , Šegvić Branimir 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntense mineral transformations that produce acid soils from weathering zones of pyritebearing rocks, including alterations of layer silicates, are of critical importance to agricultural and environmental interests in various regions of the world. To date, the transformations of layer silicates in these soils have not been studied in detail. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the weathering pathways controlling processes of clay-mineral formation in acidic soils developed near the abandoned pyrite mine in Wieściszowice (Lower Silesia, SW Poland). A sequence of soils, from weakly developed technogenic soils (located on the mine dumps) to well developed natural soils, was selected. Bulk soil material and separated clay fractions were analyzed using X-ray diffractometry, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry. The profiles analyzed were developed on pyrite-bearing schists containing trioctahedral Mg,Fe-chlorite and dioctahedral micas (muscovite and paragonite). Because of pyrite weathering, all the soils studied were strongly acidic (pH 2.8–4.4). Inherited chlorite and micas (K- and Na-mica) predominated in the clay fractions of soils developed on the mine dumps, whereas clays from natural soils were rich in pedogenic minerals (i.e. smectite, vermiculite, and mixed-layer minerals containing hydrated interlayers). The formation of both vermiculite and smectite at the expense of chlorite was observed in the soils studied. The transformation probably led to smectite formation via intermediate stages of mixed-layer minerals (i.e. chlorite-vermiculite, chlorite-smectite, and/or vermiculite-smectite). The process of chlorite dissolution took place simultaneously with the transformation. Micas were mainly transformed to smectite and mixedlayer mica-smectite. Neoformation of kaolinite occurring in A horizons of the soils investigated was also documented. Metal-hydroxy interlayers in Bw horizons of well developed soils were found. The process of interlayer development appeared to be pH dependent and took place at pH ⩾4.2. The processes of claymineral formation in soils developed in the weathering zone of a pyrite-bearing schist are similar to those occurring in podzols (Spodosols).
Illite From Muloorina, South Australia
Authors: Eggleton Richard A. , Gerald John Fitz 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIllite from Muloorina, just south of Lake Eyre in South Australia, is commonly used as a standard ferric iron-bearing illite which has a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of ~22 meq/100 g, too high a value for this clay to conform to the most recent conclusions about illite composition. The objective of the present study was to reassess the Muloorina illite to determine the reason for this high CEC value. The composition determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis calculated to a cation charge of +22 is K0.68(Mg0.39Al1.02Fe0.543+Fe0.042+)[Si3.59Al0.38Fe0.033+]O10(OH)2. X-ray diffraction of glycolated and heated K-saturated Muloorina illite revealed no evidence of expandable layers. The cell dimensions are a = 5.314(1)Å, b = 9.040(1)Å, c = 10.135(3)Å, and b = 100.97(3)° (3σ in parentheses). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Muloorina illite has a remarkably fine and uniform particle size in the form of irregularly stepped hexagonal crystals, averaging 60 nm in diameter at their widest, and 35 nm thick, each step being ~7 nm high. At most steps and between many steps defects occur where a 2:1 layer terminates, with a wide interlayer spacing beyond, commonly reaching to the crystal edge. Even though uninterrupted stacking of >10 or so 2:1 layers across one crystal is uncommon, the irregular distribution of the dislocations leaves appreciable structural continuity so that the mean diffracting thickness is of the order of 16 nm. Muloorina illite is not an interstratified illite-smectite, but a mica mineral with low-charge regions associated with terminating 2:1 layer defects. Such regions are wedge shaped at the nm scale and stabilized by the bonding of the illitic remainder of that interlayer. Approximately 17% of the total volume of each Muloorina illite crystallite is occupied by such low-charge 2:1 layers.
Hydration Behavior of MX80 Bentonite in a Confined-Volume System: Implications for Backfill Design
Authors: Perdrial Julia N. , Warr Laurence N. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBentonites are considered suitable backfill material for planned underground nuclear-waste repositories because of an inherent capacity to self-seal and retain contaminants when hydrated. Barrier effectiveness, however, depends on the physical properties of bentonite after placement in a repository site, where hydration state and bulk density can vary. The objective of the present study was to investigate commercial bentonite MX80 hydration rates and mechanisms during water infiltration into dry, moist, and wet samples using the ‘wet-cell’ X-ray diffraction technique. During experimentation, water enters a small flow-through cell and induces swelling within a confined reaction volume, analogous to clay barriers in excavated underground sites. Results demonstrated the importance of using dry, well compacted (>1.4 g/cm3) bentonite, which became saturated slowly (<2.0 ×10−9 m/s) with minimal water in noninterlayer sites (external-surface sites, or within pores). The significant degree of interlayer expansion dominated by the formation of two and eventually three water layers developed as hydration clusters with greater probabilities for the same thickness to lie in adjacent interlayer sites. The relatively thicker particles and the less accessible surface area of hydrated, initially dry bentonite probably resulted in less pore-controlled diffusion, but also less potential radionuclide adsorption by surface complexation. Moist MX80 had the greatest water uptake, the smallest (1.23 g/cm3) dry bulk density, and the greatest proportion of water in pores and on external surfaces. Water that initially accumulated in pore spaces subsequently acted as a reservoir for interlayer hydration and probable gel formation in trapped voids, which is expected to occur in more loosely filled gaps within an excavated repository.
The Growth and Permanency of Criminal Records with Particular Reference to Juveniles
Authors: Williams Clifford 
Published: February 2012

There have been a number of significant developments in recent years that have contributed to the growth and permanency of criminal records in England and Wales. First, the greater recording and retention of criminal records and their connection to the processes of disclosure associated with the suitability or otherwise of people to work with children and other vulnerable people. Secondly, the expansion of the type of offences which are recorded in criminal records, both recorded in criminal statistics and in personal records. And thirdly, the performance culture where police force performance is measured by a series of collated figures and targets, in particular detection targets. In addition to these developments, a ruling in the Supreme Court of Justice Court of Appeal (Civil Division) (2009 EWCA Civ 1079) allows all personal criminal records to be retained and potentially be disclosed for up to one hundred years. This article examines these developments with particular reference to juveniles. The impact such records may have on employment prospects and especially work with either young people or vulnerable adults is examined. In this article ‘juvenile’ refers to those aged 10 to 17 years of age who if charged with a crime would normally appear at a Youth Court.
Cracking Resistance and Impact Wear of Thin and Thick Hard Coatings Under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Kulu Priit , Saarna Mart , Sergejev Fjodor , Surženkov Andrei , Sivitski Alina 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Among wear resistant coatings and deposition techniques physical vapour deposition of hard thin coatings and high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying of thick WC-Co-based powder coating have provided good wear protection against various types of wear including impact wear. Three different substrate and coating systems—hard metal-coating, cold work tool steel-coating and nitrided steel-coating—were studied. Mono- and multilayer coatings as well as duplex coatings were selected for testing. For characterization of coating systems nanohardness and microhardness as well as Rockwell adhesion test and single point indentation methods were used. Wear resistance of coatings was determined considering impact wear. The best adhesion determined by indentation was demonstrated by monolayer coating (TiN) on a hard metal substrate; the same coating system has a higher impact wear resistance. The coatings with multilayer structure (TiAlN) demonstrate better cracking resistance. Resistance to cracking as well as to impact wear depends on coating E/H ratio (at lower loads) as well as on substrate material E/H ratio (at higher loads). For characterization of resistance to plastic deformation for substrate Hs3Es2 ratio was used. The obtained data enable a comparison of cracking and impact wear resistance of a coated system and selection of an optimal coating for metal forming tools applications.
Querdynamische Fahrzeugführung zur reproduzierbaren Erprobung von Sicherheitssystemen
Authors: Zindler Klaus , Hahn Stefan , Zecha Stephan , Jürgens Gunnar 
Published: February 2012

Zusammenfassung
Die hohe Komplexität moderner Fahrzeugsicherheitssysteme macht die Entwicklung neuer, standardisierter Testverfahren erforderlich. Der Beitrag beschreibt den Entwurf eines querdynamischen Fahrzeugführungssystems, welches eine systematische Validierung der neuen Sicherheitsfunktionen im Rahmen reproduzierbarer Fahrversuche ermöglicht.
Onboardfähige Ladeoptimierung
Authors: Dietze Markus , Wolf Patrick , Preuschoff Werner 
Published: February 2012

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Ladeoptimierung ist die Ermittlung einer möglichst optimalen Ladestrategie, welche die Anforderungen des Fahrzeughalters, des Fahrzeugs und des Energieversorgungssystems berücksichtigt. Um dies zu ermöglichen, müssen entsprechende Informationen zwischen diesen drei Parteien ausgetauscht und verarbeitet werden. Die Grundlage für den Austausch soll das SmartCharge Communication Protokoll bieten, welches im Rahmen der ISO/IEC 15118 weltweit standardisiert wird. In diesem Artikel liegt der Fokus auf der fahrzeugseitigen Verarbeitung der vorhandenen Informationen.
Einfluss Gesteuerten Ladens von Elektrofahrzeugen auf Verteilnetze bei volatiler Windeinspeisung
Authors: Agsten Michael , Schlegel Steffen , Westermann Dirk 
Published: February 2012

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Aufsatz fasst Erkenntnisse zum Gesteuerten Laden von Elektrofahrzeugen zusammen. Es werden zwei Verfahren gezeigt. Das Wind−2-Vehicle-Verfahren (W2V) ist Beispiel für die Nutzung Gesteuerten Ladens, um einer regenerativen Einspeisung folgenden Bedarf zu realisieren. Das Lokale Lastmanagement (LLM) ist Beispiel, um Informationen aus dem Verteilnetz zu nutzen, um die Ladeleistung von Elektrofahrzeugen zeitlich zu begrenzen.
Energy Efficient Data Center
Authors: Bieswanger Andreas , Hamann Hendrik F. , Wehle Hans-Dieter 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
In this article we describe the application of physical analytics to manage optimally energy consumption of a data center (DC). In its core the solution leverages the intelligent co-management of IT workloads and the physical infrastructure of the DC. Specifically, we demonstrate workload dependent control using real-time data such as temperature, pressure, humidity and power consumption. The data is used to build specific and comprehensive models, which enables operators to either control the cooling resources or alternatively to place the IT workloads for optimum energy usage.