bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Human Protein Kinase a (PKA) and G-Glycoprotein in Patients with T2DM
Authors: Khadhim Sura S. , Smaism Maha F. , Albayati Ali 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Type 2 diabetes usually starts with insulin resistance—a condition that happens when muscle, fat, and liver cells cannot use insulin to deliver glucose into the cells of the body for energy use.

Materials and Methods:
The group subjected to this study consists of 45 type 2 diabetic patients whose age ranges from 30 to 55 years, from both sexes (22 males and 23 females); the control group also includes 45 apparently healthy persons, and they were free from symptoms and signs of any diseases and ages of this group ranged between 30 and 55 years, from both sexes (23 females and 22 males). Protein kinase A (PKA) and G-glycoprotein concentrations was determined by Sandwich-ELISA kits by Sunlong (China) Company.

Results:
The results of this study revealed no significant differences in the concentration of PKA between patients and control groups, that is, PKA level of female patients and its control and of male patients and its control and between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) male and T2DM female (P > 0.05). Also, the results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences in the concentration of P-glycoprotein (PGP) between patient and control groups, T2DM females and T2DM males, and between T2DM male and its control group (P > 0.05), except for that between female T2DM and its control; the results revealed that there was a significant difference in the PGP concentration (P < 0.05). Finally, a moderate significant positive correlation was found between PKA and PGP concentrations (P = 0.000, r=0.51).

Conclusion:
In our study, we measure the actual PKA concentration; it is important for future studies to measure PKA activity instead of concentration to find the role of active PKA in glucose hemostasis. Also, the study of G-glycoprotein gene expression, instead of concentration, is used to explore the accurate function of G-glycoprotein in the distribution and clearance of anti-diabetic drugs.
Association of interleukin-4 in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Khalaf Ghadeer Talib , Hamdi Al-Amiedi Baha , Hindy Suha Abdulhussein 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a frequent ulcerative inflammatory disorder of the mouth. Various localized, systemic, and immunologic factors have quite a function in oral tolerance, although the etiology of RAS remains unexplained. The previous studies suggest that there is a significant association (interleukin-4—IL-4) level between in case and control group with RAS in saliva, and no significant difference between IL-4 rs 2243266 gene polymorphism with RAS.

Objectives:
To determine the level of IL-4 in saliva and the association of IL-4 gene polymorphism with the incidence of RAS.

Materials and Methods:
The subjects enrolled in the present study were (80) subjects of both genders. The age range was from 20 to 60 years. This study is carried out to detect the association of IL-4 level with RAS by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in Babylon Province, Iraq. The study sample consists of (80) subjects of both genders. The samples were divided into two groups including the patient group, (40) samples (female 21 and male 19) with RAS, and the control group (C) included (40) samples (20 females and males 20).

Results:
The results of the association between IL-4 level with RAS showed a significant association while the result of PCR sequencing found that there was no significant association of AG genotype of rs 2243266 with RAS with odd ratio 1.169 (0.54–2.54) 0.855 (0.39–1.86) and P-value 0.693.

Conclusion:
Females were more affected by RAS than males. There was a significant difference in IL-4 levels between the case and control groups.
Helicobacter Pylori Serology in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Madloom Basim Mohammed , Umran Haider Hamza 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is high in patients with chronic renal failure. Peptic ulcer disease occurs in up to one-fourth of them. Many factors are implicated in its causation including Helicobacter pylori infection.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori seropositivity in patients with GI symptoms and chronic renal failure compared with the prevalence of H. pylori seropositivity in patients with GI tract symptoms with normal renal function and to evaluate the importance of different factors that affect its prevalence depending on serological test for immunoglobulin level against H. pylori.

Materials and Methods:
This case–control study was done at the Department of Medicine, at Al Yarmook Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. During the study period from January to June in 2004, ninety patients with chronic renal failure were interrogated for dyspeptic symptoms and 2 mL of blood was withdrawn for ELISA test for anti-H. pylori serological examination. Twenty-five dyspeptic patients with normal renal function were examined as well as control group.

Results:
from 90 patients with chronic renal failure, 42 patients were on hemodialysis and 48 patients were on peritoneal dialysis. There were 52 males and 38 females with age ranging 45.3 in male and female 43.1, respectively. The percentage of positive anti-H. pylori antibody was 60%. Only 44% of the control group had positive anti-H. pylori results. There was no statistically significant difference between anti-H. pylori positive and negative status in patients on hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and control group regarding male and female gender. Again, there was no statistically significant difference in serpositivity in relation to epigastric pain and those without epigastric pain in the group of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and control group. Patients on peritoneal dialysis with dyspepsia of < 10 years had statistically significant seropositivity compared to those more than 10 years of epigastric pain. Those patients with hemodialysis and control group have no relation of seropositivity with dyspepsia duration.

Conclusions:

H. pylori serpositivity of patients with chronic renal failure was similar to that of the control. There is no relation between dyspepsia and H. pylori serpositivity. Long-term dialysis is associated with a decreased prevalence of H. pylori.
Clinical and radiological parameters affecting the quality of life in patients with bronchiectasis
Authors: Kola Kondala Rao , Ravula Sarika , Dash Somanath , K Hitesh Cheran 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
Bronchiectasis is a chronic disorder of the lung caused due to permanent structural changes in the bronchial tree which consequently leads to high morbidity. Many clinical factors lead to severe morbidity in patients and affect the respiratory quality of life.

Aim:
The present study aimed to determine the various clinical and radiological factors affecting the respiratory quality of life of patients with bronchiectasis.

Materials and Methods:
We recruited forty diagnosed patients with bronchiectasis and collected their social, clinical, and radiological data, and correlated various obtained parameters with their respiratory quality of life, based on the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire scoring.

Observation:
We observed low body mass index, higher bronchial obstruction, and worse structural damage to the lungs correlated with worse respiratory quality of life in the patients.

Conclusion:
Parameters worsening the quality of life can be considered prognostic factors for the disease. Treating clinicians can design protocols for patient management and the institutional pulmonary rehabilitation program based on these prognostic factors.
Opportunities for community-based screening of diabetes mellitus in pilgrimages
Authors: Khurjekar Ananya , Tambolkar Isha , Dixit Jagannath 
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
The Indian population is considered to have a high risk of developing diabetes mellitus. High-risk people are advised to undergo opportunistic screening since early detection allows for an early start of treatments targeted at improving glycemic control, thereby reducing or delaying the onset of complications. Through this study, we aim to utilize this golden opportunity for screening diabetes among apparently healthy individuals and thus determine the prevalence of diabetes among them.

Materials and Methods:
In June of 2022, an opportunistic screening camp for diabetes was organized during the annual Wari procession by the ADORE trust in a hall at Saswad. Using a public address system, the people who voluntarily entered the premises of the hall were shown a poster exhibit briefed about general knowledge about diabetes including its risk factors, complications, the silent killer nature, and on the Dixit lifestyle to prevent and reverse diabetes. Following this, the people were encouraged to consent to a blood sugar test voluntarily. The team of volunteers used glucometers, systematically recorded random blood sugar level (Random BSL) readings of the participants, and contacted the people with Random BSL above 200 mg/dl to counsel them for further follow-up.

Results:
Out of the 1734 people screened, 269 people were found to have a Random BSL above 200 mg/dl. Thus, 15.51% of the total people screened could be categorized into the “diabetic” category. Out of the 269 people who were found to have a Random BSL above 200 mg/dl, 195 were male and 94 were female.

Conclusion:
An opportunistic screening program is cost-effective, feasible, and has large-scale implications. Such programs must be implemented on a national scale as part of various schemes to combat health issues such as, but not limited to, noncommunicable diseases. From our initiative of opportunistic screening for diabetes, 269 participants whose Random BSL was not in the normal range were picked up. With proper counseling, they can be set on a path to reverse their course and prevent unnecessary complications.
Prevalence and risk factors of tobacco use among urban high school boys in Turkapally, Telangana
Authors: Ameer Shaik Riyaz 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Studies on the prevalence and risk factors among school-going children are important. They provide data on the current trends of tobacco use among this vulnerable group. They also help to identify the risk factors and provide valuable data in policy planning. The prevention of tobacco use in this population is of paramount importance to prevent future consequences.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to study the prevalence and risk factors tobacco use among urban high school boys.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was carried out among 532 government and private high school boys selected by the random sampling method. Data were collected by interview method using predesigned semistructured questionnaire.

Results:
Majority (35.5%) were of 12 years of age. Among smoke forms of tobacco products, most commonly known was bidi and cigarette by 97.2% of boys. The prevalence of tobacco use among boys of high school children in the present study was 7.7%. 73.1% were aware about the hazards of tobacco use. The prevalence of tobacco use was significantly more in children studying in government schools compared to private schools (P < 0.05). As the education class increased from VIII to X, the prevalence of tobacco use increased significantly (P < 0.05). It was significantly more in joint family as compared to children belonging to nuclear family. Father's education and social class were not found to be significant risk factors for tobacco use.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of tobacco use was high in the present study among high school children. It was associated with increasing age, children from government schools and children from joint family.
Economic impact of hypertension in Urban chitradurga
Authors: Naren Kailash , Mangasuli Vijayalaxmi , Vijeth S. B. , Amrutha A. M. , Ahmed Nidaanjum , Sidenu Bhagyalaxmi 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The high level of out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPEs) increases the risk for catastrophic expenditure and may further increase the risk of impoverishment.

Objective:
To know the economic impact of hypertension (HTN) in urban Chitradurga.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 196 hypertensives aged more than 18 years taking treatment for more than 1 year. Newly diagnosed hypertensives and with other debilitating illness were excluded. This study was done in urban field practice area of Chitradurga, for a period of 3 months. Subjects were selected by simple random sampling by line listing all cases. Sociodemographic data and cost of treatment were collected. Along with this cost of consultation, medicine, travel, diagnostic cost, patient's wage lost for treatment and other expenditure details was collected.

Results:
It was found that most of the subjects were above the age of 60 years and unemployed. Only 29.6% of the participants chose to seek care from government hospitals. Around 67.9% of participants had associated comorbidities. Median monthly OOPE toward HTN was found to be Rs. 600 (400–750). When this was analyzed separately for hospitalized and nonhospitalized cases, total cost of expenditure due to HTN was Rs. 2583 and Rs. 700, respectively. The monthly direct cost of subjects seeking care in private hospitals is Rs. 850 which is Rs. 650 more than what the subjects who seek care in government hospitals pay. Total monthly cost was Rs. 400 and Rs. 1050 for government and private hospitals, respectively.

Conclusion:
High OOPE makes it a necessity for intervention.
Knowledge and practice about dengue fever among urban slum dwellers in one district of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Lavanya K. M , Kumar Andey U. Vinod Venkata , Mishra Sushant Kumar , Vutharkar Nageswara Rao 
Published: May 2024

Background:
A mosquito-borne disease, dengue is present in many places of India since a long time. Studies have shown that, despite many efforts, the knowledge and practices of people, especially urban slum dwellers remain low. The factors responsible for inadequate knowledge and practices have to be explored and addressed. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice about dengue fever among urban slum dwellers of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study conducted among the urban slum dwellers (community-based study) in one district of Andhra Pradesh state. Study variables included knowledge about symptoms of dengue, mode of transmission, and complications. Practices to prevent dengue were also studied.

Results:
In the present study, males were 85 (30.4%) and females were 195 (69.6%). The awareness about dengue among urban slum dwellers is good (75.4%). Awareness of dengue was significantly higher in females than in males. No significant association of awareness of dengue was found with age, literacy status, socioeconomic status, and occupation. Recognition of symptoms of dengue was significantly better among females compared to males.

Conclusions:
The study concludes that the awareness of dengue among urban slum dwellers is good (75.4%). The practices related to mosquito control measures are improving, but, there is still a need to improve knowledge and practice.
Prevalence and risk factors of ocular fundus changes among pregnant women with pregnancy induced hypertension at a tertiary care center
Authors: Muduthanapally Charani 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) can affect the eyes of pregnant women. There is dysfunction of vascular endothelium among them. There can be further leakage from capillaries and vasospasm if it is left untreated.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to study the prevalence and risk factors of ocular fundus changes among pregnant women with PIH.

Materials and Methods:
A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was carried out among 130 pregnant women with PIH. History of symptoms related to the eyes, age, and gravida was recorded. Torchlight was used to examine the anterior segment. One percentage of tropicamide was used to dilate pupils. Direct ophthalmoscope was used to examine the fundus. Blood pressure was measured as per the standard guidelines. Urine sample was taken to look for the presence of proteins in urine.

Results:
The majority belonged to 23–27 years (50%) and the majority (54.6%) had gestational age >37 weeks. The majority (75.38%) had gestational hypertension. The prevalence of retinopathy was 11.5%. Grade I retinopathy was the most common (7.7%). Age was not associated with retinopathy. The prevalence of PIH among women with preeclampsia was 29.1% compared to 5.1% in women with gestational hypertension and it was significant (P < 0.05). The prevalence of PIH among women with blood pressure >150/100 mmHg was 43.3% compared to 2% in women with blood pressure <150/100 mmHg, and it was significant (P < 0.05). The prevalence of PIH among women with severe proteinuria (+++) was 60% compared to 42.9% in moderate proteinuria (++), 20% in mild proteinuria (+), and only 5.4% in women without proteinuria. These differences were significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The prevalence of retinopathy among pregnant women with PIH was high. High blood pressure and severe proteinuria and preeclampsia were significantly associated with retinopathy.
Prevalence and risk factors of erectile dysfunction among patients with type II diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care centre in Hyderabad
Authors: Parvthaneni Anuj , Kodithyala Prashanth Kumar , Karangula Sindhuja 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Men with diabetes who develop erectile dysfunction (ED) experience a substantial waning in quality-of-life as well as a rise in depressive symptoms. Regrettably, ED may go unnoticed as many clinicians do not question about sexual health.

Objective:
The objective is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of ED among patients with type II diabetes mellitus

Methods:
Analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out among 720 individuals with type II diabetes aged 30–70 years at the diabetes clinic of Malla Reddy Hospital from January 2019 to January 2022 after obtaining ethics committee approval. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) was assessed by taking a ratio of systolic blood pressure recorded at ankle to that recorded in the arm as per standard guidelines. Abridged version of the International Index of Erectile Function was used to assess ED. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum testosterone levels, and lipid profile were determined on fasting blood.

Results:
Mean age was 58.4 ± 7.8 years. The overall prevalence of ED in the present study was 68.7%. On univariable analysis, higher age, longer duration of diabetes, presence of hypertension, presence of peripheral arterial disease, higher levels of HbA1c, and lower levels of serum testosterone were significantly associated with the ED. On multivariable analysis increase in the duration of diabetes every 5 years, presence of hypertension, presence of peripheral arterial disease, HbA1c ≥7%, and testosterone <8 nmol/L except age were found to be significantly and independently associated with the ED.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of the ED was high in the present study. It was significantly and independently associated with the deficiency of the testosterone, poor control of the blood sugar, presence of the PAD, and the longer duration of the diabetes.
Prevalence and risk factors of complications related to hypertension at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Mallela Venkata Rambabu , Pendurthi Amith Kumar , Karumanchi Srjana , Alam Krishna Chaitanya 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Studies on complications of hypertension (HTN) are required to identify risk factors so that patients with HTN can be educated. Individuals are more amenable as they seek advice from the clinician and this fact can be taken advantage of, in preventing or delaying complications.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to study the prevalence and risk factors of complications of HTN.

Materials and Methods:
Hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 200 patients with known HTN. Blood pressure was recorded using standard equipment and standard guidelines. Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight were measured as per the standard guidelines. Investigations such as electrocardiogram, ophthalmoscopy, and urine albumin were carried out for all enrolled patients to assess the presence of complications of HTN. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to study the independent association between variables and complications of HTN.

Results:
The prevalence of complications of HTN was 57% in the present study. The most common complication of HTN was an ischemic cerebrovascular accident in 25% of the cases and coronary artery disease as well as left ventricular hypertrophy in 21% of the cases each. The odds of having complications of HTN among smokers was 3.138 (95% confidence interval [CI] =1.141–8.629; P = 0.027) times more compared to nonsmokers. The odds of having complications of HTN among those without regular treatment was 8.265 (95% CI = 3.977–17.177; P = 0.000) times more compared to those taking regular treatment. The odds of complications of HTN increased by 1.113 (95% CI = 1.045–1.186; P = 0.001) times with each increase in the duration of HTN.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of complications of HTN among known hypertensive was high in the present study. It was significantly associated with smoking, irregular treatment, and duration of HTN.
Role of diabetes self-management education in improving self-care behavior among adult type 2 diabetics
Authors: Gehlawat Mamta , Thumati Goutham , Gundala Sreenivas 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a crucial public health issue causing physical, financial, and psychosocial crises globally.

Objectives:
To estimate the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education (DSME) on self-care behavior among T2DM patients.

Materials and Methods:
A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials promoting self-care behavior among T2DM patients was done by searching MEDLINE, Clinicaltrials.gov, Microsoft Academics, ScienceDirect, ICTRP, OAISTER, LILACS and CINAHL to identify eligible trials starting from inception till August 26, 2021. Studies which did not have a self-care behavior intervention, couldn't be found or translated in English, didn't have control arm or had multiple study arms, had <30 study participants per arm, or included adolescent or pregnant individuals were excluded. Data screening, extraction, and analysis were done with help of Rayyan software, Microsoft Excel and JASP software. Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess bias in the studies.

Results:
The search yielded 4023 results, of which 20 studies were included in meta-analysis. Our main outcome was “change in self-care behaviour score” owing to the DSME intervention. The pooled standardized mean difference in self-care behaviour was 1.38 (95% confidence interval 0.50–2.27, I2 ¼ 99.2, P < 0.001) with Dersimonian and Laird random effects method.

Conclusion:
Owing to the paucity of studies in low- and middle-income countries, further studies are needed to evaluate the DSME effectiveness in preventing diabetes related complications and enhancing patients' quality of life.