bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A higher degree of methylation of the HPV 16 E6 gene is associated with a lower likelihood of being diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Piyathilake Chandrika J. , Macaluso Maurizio , Alvarez Ronald D. , Chen Min , Badiga Suguna , Edberg Jeffrey C. , Partridge Edward E. , Johanning Gary L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although HPV 16 is the most common HPV genotype associated with cancerous lesions of the cervix, only a fraction of HPV 16 infected women are diagnosed with precancerous lesions of the cervix. Therefore, molecular changes in HPV 16, rather than infections per se, may serve as better screening or diagnostic biomarkers. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether methylation status of specific regions of the HPV E6 gene promoter and enhancer is independently associated with the likelihood of being diagnosed with higher grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2+).METHODS:The study included 75 HPV 16‐positive women diagnosed with CIN 2+ or ≤CIN 1. Pyrosequencing technology was applied to quantify methylation at 6 cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CpG) sites of the HPV 16 E6 promoter and enhancer. CIN 2+ (yes/no) was the dependent variable in logistic regression models that specified the degree of methylation of the CpG sites of the HPV 16 E6 gene as the primary independent predictors. All models were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, known risk factors for cervical cancer, and circulating concentrations of “cancer‐protective” micronutrients.RESULTS:The odds of being diagnosed with CIN 2+ were 79% lower when the degree of methylation of the HPV 16 enhancer and promoter sites was ≥9.5% (OR = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.06‐0.79; P = .02).CONCLUSIONS:Results suggested that CpG methylation is independently involved in the biology of HPV 16 as well as in the development of higher grades of CIN. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
International staging system and metaphase cytogenetic abnormalities in the era of gene expression profiling data in multiple myeloma treated with total therapy 2 and 3 protocols
Authors: Waheed Sarah , Shaughnessy John D. , van Rhee Frits , Alsayed Yazan , Nair Bijay , Anaissie Elias , Szymonifka Jackie , Hoering Antje , Crowley John , Barlogie Bart 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Myeloma survival varies markedly with International Staging System classification, presence of cytogenetic abnormalities, and, especially, gene expression profiling‐based risk and delTP53 status, whose collective impact has not been examined in the context of specific therapies.METHODS:The authors examined overall survival (OS), event‐free survival (EFS), and complete response duration (CRD) in Total Therapy 2 with randomization to a control or thalidomide arm and in Total Therapy 3 with added bortezomib. Among 612 patients with complete data sets, multivariate analyses were used to investigate the relative contributions to OS, EFS, and CRD of International Staging System stage, cytogenetic abnormalities, and gene expression profiling‐derived risk and delTP53 status, in the context of the 3 Total Therapy regimens.RESULTS:Whereas gene expression profiling risk segregated outcomes within all 3 International Staging System stages, International Staging System 3 conferred inferior prognosis only in low‐risk myeloma, whereas the grave prognosis of high‐risk disease was International Staging System‐independent. After adjusting for gene expression profiling‐defined high risk and delTP53 in multivariate analysis, International Staging System 3 and cytogenetic abnormalities both retained independent adverse implications for OS, EFS, and CRD. Among the 86% with low‐risk disease, cytogenetic abnormalities and delTP53 both affected all 3 endpoints negatively, whereas the International Staging System 3 effect was limited to OS. Total Therapy 3 improved survival outcomes beyond results obtained with Total Therapy 2.CONCLUSIONS:In the genomic era, standard laboratory variables, such as International Staging System stage and presence of cytogenetic abnormalities, continue to impact survival after adjusting for gene expression profiling risk and delTP53 status, providing a basis for stratification in our current practice of gene expression profiling risk‐based treatment assignment.Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Racial disparity in death from colorectal cancer
Authors: Fiscella Kevin , Winters Paul , Tancredi Daniel , Hendren Samantha , Franks Peter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The reasons blacks have higher mortality rates from colorectal cancer (CRC) than non‐Hispanic whites are not fully understood. Blacks have higher rates of vitamin D deficiency than non‐Hispanic whites, and vitamin D deficiency has been associated with CRC. The authors of this report investigated the association of vitamin D deficiency with excess risk for CRC mortality for blacks in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) that was conducted from 1988 to 1994.METHODS:The association between serum 25(OH)D levels and CRC mortality and its contribution to elevated risk among blacks were studied using baseline data from NHANES III and CRC mortality data through 2006 from the National Death Index. By using survival models, the adjusted risk of death from CRC for African Americans was examined with and without adjusting for vitamin D deficiency, which was defined as an 25(OH)D level <20 ng/dL.RESULTS:Black race (hazard ratio [HR], 2.03; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.04‐3.95), age (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.09‐1.15), not having health insurance (HR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.12‐5.36), and a history of CRC (HR, 7.22; 95% CI, 2.12‐24.6) predicted CRC mortality. When added to the model, vitamin D deficiency was associated significantly with CRC mortality (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.11‐4.00), and the effect of race was decreased (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.87‐2.93); the 40% attenuation was statistically significant (F1,49 = 4.85; P = .03). Similar results were observed when participants who had a history of CRC were excluded from the analysis.CONCLUSIONS:The current findings were consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency contributes to excess African‐American mortality from CRC. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Underutilization of therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in the medicare population
Authors: Shah Shimul A. , Smith Jillian K. , Li YouFu , Ng Sing Chau , Carroll James E. , Tseng Jennifer F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in the United States, and the care of these patients remains highly specialized and complex. Multiple treatment options are available for HCC but their use and effectiveness remain unknown.METHODS:Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare linked data, 8730 patients who were diagnosed with HCC between 1991 and 2005 were identified. Therapy included surgical resection (8.7%), liver transplantation (1.4%), ablation (3.6%), or transarterial chemoembolization (16%). Patients who received no or palliative‐only treatment were grouped together (NoTx; 70.3%). Patient, disease, and tumor factors were examined as determinants of therapy.RESULTS:HCC is increasing in the Medicare population. The median age at diagnosis was 75.1 years and 73.6% of patients were coded as white, 17.2% as Asian, 8.3% as black, and 0.9% as other race. The rate of therapy increased over time, but only 29.7% of patients overall underwent therapy. In patients with early stage HCC, only 43.1% underwent therapy. In the NoTx group, 49.4% did not have cirrhosis, 36.0% had tumors that measured <5 cm, and 39.8% were diagnosed with stage I or II disease when variables were complete. The use of therapy for all HCC patients increased over time, correlating with a commensurate increase in median survival. In multivariate regression analysis, patients who received any modality of treatment achieved significant benefit compared with the NoTx group (odds ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.39‐0.43).CONCLUSIONS:In the Medicare population, HCC patients who received therapy experienced a substantial survival advantage over their nonoperative peers (NoTx). Despite evidence that many patients had favorable biological characteristics, <30% of patients diagnosed with HCC received any treatment. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A Meta‐Analysis of the relationship between the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII) and psychiatric severity
Authors: Diener Marc J. , Hilsenroth Mark J. , Shaffer Seth A. , Sexton James E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII) and psychiatric severity. Search procedures yielded 13 independent samples (total N = 1402, average n = 108, standard deviation = 90) for inclusion in the meta‐analysis. Inter‐rater reliability analyses demonstrated that coding of effect sizes and moderator variables was completed with good to excellent reliability. Results indicated that higher EII scores were associated with greater psychiatric severity, with an overall weighted effect size of r = 0.29, p = 0.000002 (95% confidence interval = 0.17–0.40), supporting the EII's validity as a measure of psychological impairment. Publication bias analyses did not indicate any significant cause for concern regarding the results. The data were demonstrably heterogeneous (Q = 56.82, p = 0.0000001), and results of post‐hoc tests indicated that effect sizes with dependent variables obtained via researcher ratings were significantly larger than any of the following: effect sizes with dependent variables obtained via clinician ratings, informant ratings, information about level of treatment or placement status or self‐report ratings (p's = 0.0005, 0.003, <0.001, <0.001, respectively). In addition, there was a trend for effect sizes based on performance‐based measures to be larger than those based on information about level of treatment or placement status (p = 0.098) as well as those based on self‐report measures (p = 0.076). Other moderator analyses were non‐significant (p 's > 0.10). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• The Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII) demonstrated validity in measuring psychiatric severity across a range of normative, outpatient, residential, and inpatient samples.• The degree of the EII's validity in assessing psychiatric severity compared favorably to the overall validity of the Rorschach and the MMPI.• The EII appears to be most valid in capturing psychiatric severity as measured by researcher ratings of social competency or estimated ego impairment.
Can endogenous hyperinsulinaemia explain the increased risk of cancer development and mortality in type 2 diabetes: evidence from mouse models
Authors: LeRoith Derek 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThere is now convincing evidence of an increased risk of patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes developing cancer. To understand the possible causation, type 2 diabetic muscle lysine to arginine (MKR) mice were studied. Introduction of mammary tumour cell lines resulted in aggressive growth of the mammary tumours in the hyperinsulinaemic MKR female mice. Blocking the insulin receptor activation or reducing the hyperinsulinaemia reduced the mammary tumour burden. Thus, hyperinsulinaemia may be one of the factors in the increased breast cancer risk seen with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caspase 3 is not essential for the induction of anergy or multiple pathways of CD8+ T‐cell death
Authors: Murakami Kiichi , Liadis Nicole , Sarmiento Janice , Elford Alisha R. , Woo Minna , Nguyen Linh T. , Mak Tak W. , Ohashi Pamela S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractT‐cell death is a fundamental process that is intricately regulated at multiple phases during T‐cell differentiation, tolerance induction and the decline of the immune response. Caspase 3 is a crucial molecule regulating both mitochondrial and death receptor apoptotic pathways and therefore we were interested in examining the role of caspase 3 in T cells. Using P14 and H‐Y CD8+ TCR‐transgenic models, our analysis has shown that caspase 3 is not required for thymic negative selection. In addition, caspase 3 does not play a prominent role in the contraction phase following acute viral infection, nor clonal deletion of CD8+ T cells under tolerizing conditions. Surprisingly, our studies demonstrate that caspase 3 was not required for the induction of CD8+ T‐cell anergy in vivo, contrary to published reports using CD4+ T cells. Therefore, these results demonstrate that caspase 3 is not essential in CD8+ T cells for multiple forms of thymic or peripheral tolerance, nor the contraction phase after an acute anti‐viral response.
Tertiary lymphoid organs in renal allografts can be associated with donor‐specific tolerance rather than rejection
Authors: Brown Kathryn , Sacks Steven H. , Wong Wilson 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTertiary lymphoid organs can form at sites of chronic inflammation. Their presence has been mainly associated with tissue destruction. In transplantation, there is a dynamic immune response as in chronic inflammation. Indeed, the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs has been associated with chronic rejection. In addition to a destructive alloimmune response, secondary lymphoid organs are also important in transplant tolerance. We hypothesised that tertiary lymphoid organs may also form during transplantation tolerance as this process also requires an active local immune response. If so, their presence may enhance tolerance, resulting in better graft function rather than chronic rejection. Using a mouse kidney allograft model of tolerance, we demonstrate the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs within tolerated allografts. Tertiary lymphoid organs are supplied by high endothelial venules, and contain T and B cells, macrophages, DC, Foxp3+ T cells, donor MHC class II+ cells and recipient cells presenting donor‐derived allopeptides. Formation of tertiary lymphoid organs and the presence of immune cells within them are associated with superior graft function, suggesting that tertiary lymphoid organs act to amplify the prevailing immune response, be it a tolerant and beneficial immune response or the previously described destructive alloimmunity.
Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Benzoxazoles and Benzimidazoles: The Application of Hantzsch Ester 1,4‐Dihydropyridines in Reductive Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Xing Rui‐Guang , Li Ya‐Nan , Liu Qiang , Meng Qing‐Yuan , Li Jing , Shen Xiao‐Xia , Liu Zhengang , Zhou Bo , Yao Xiaojun , Liu Zhong‐Li 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBoth benzoxazole and benzimidazole are common heterocyclic scaffolds in biologically active and medicinally significant compounds. Reductive cyclization of ortho‐substituted nitrobenzene derivatives provides an attractive route to benzoxazole or benzimidazole ring formation. Unfortunately, only a few synthetic methods by reductive cyclization ofortho‐nitro compounds have been reported and the yields are rather low. In continuation of the development of biomimetic reductants in synthetically useful organic transformations, Hantzsch ester 1,4‐dihydropyridine (HEH), analogues of NAD(P)H, has attracted a considerable amount of attention. Hence, we wish to report that benzoxazoles and benzimidazoles can be efficiently synthesized by the reaction of ortho‐substituted nitrobenzene derivatives with HEH catalyzed by Pd/C. A range of functionalized ortho‐nitrophenyl esters or ortho‐nitrophenyl amides were efficiently reduced by HEH and cyclized to the corresponding benzoxazoles or benzimidazoles. Especially, working in the presence of the same substituents, benzimidazoles could be obtained in higher yields with respect to the corresponding benzoxazoles. Moreover, in the present work, the recycling of Pd/C was studied and was shown to maintain its high catalytic activity over five runs. On the basis of our experimental results and DFT calculations, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed.
G‐Quadruplex‐Based DNAzymes Aptasensor for the Amplified Electrochemical Detection of Thrombin
Authors: Shen Bijun , Wang Qi , Zhu Dan , Luo Juanjuan , Cheng Guifang , He Pingang , Fang Yuzhi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA novel G‐quadruplex‐based DNAzymes aptasensor for the amplified electrochemical detection of thrombin has been described. The aptasensor utilized a combination of hemin and guanine‐rich thrombin‐binding aptamer (TBA) to form horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐mimicking DNAzymes with peroxidase catalytic activity. In the presence of thrombin, the enzyme activity could be extensively promoted, thereby providing the amplified electrochemical readout signals for detecting thrombin. This aptasensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for thrombin determination, which enabled the analysis of thrombin with a detection limit of 6×10–11 M. On the basis of results, this method could have broad applications in the detection of proteins and other biomolecules.
Depressive symptoms and executive functioning in stroke patients: a follow‐up study
Authors: Bour A. , Rasquin S. , Limburg M. , Verhey F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundCognitive and emotional sequellae are commonly observed in stroke patients and these symptoms often co‐occur. Diagnosis can be difficult since symptoms of depression and executive dysfunction overlap.ObjectiveTo study the longitudinal relationship between depressive symptoms and executive dysfunction in stroke patients.MethodsThe study comprises of 116 first‐ever stroke patients who were followed‐up for 2 years and who were assessed for emotional and cognitive sequellae after 1, 6, 12, and 24 months. Emotional disturbances were evaluated using the SCL‐90 depression subscale. Executive functions were assessed using compound scores of a combination of the interference scores of the Stroop Colour Word Test and the Concept Shifting Test.ResultsTwenty‐five patients suffered from both depressive symptoms and executive dysfunction, 28 patients were depressed with no signs of executive dysfunction, and 13 patients showed executive dysfunction with no depressive symptoms. Patients with executive dysfunction had higher mean SCL‐90‐D scores compared to patients with no executive dysfunction (30.9 (SD 11.7) versus 26.2 (SD 11.1, p = 0.037). Depressive symptoms were predictive for executive dysfunction in a regression analysis corrected for age, sex, and diabetes mellitus but not after additional correction for pre‐existent brain damage and other vascular risk factors. After 2 years 66.6 and 53.3% of patients with both depressive symptoms and executive dysfunction at baseline still had depressive symptoms and executive dysfunctions respectively and had worse prognostic outcome than patients with depressive symptoms or executive dysfunction alone.ConclusionsSymptoms of depression and executive dysfunction are highly prevalent in stroke patients and often co‐occur. These patients are more at risk for poor stroke outcome, chronic depression, and cognitive deterioration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of direction of cyclization of 1‐azolil‐4‐aryl/alkyl‐thiosemicarbazides
Authors: Siwek Agata , Wujec Monika , Dobosz Maria , Wawrzycka‐Gorczyca Irena 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOn a four series of 1‐azolil‐4‐aryl/alkyl‐thiosemicabazides, a study on the influence of azole moiety on the capability for intramolecular cyclization and its direction was carried out. It was found that for 4‐aryl/alkyl‐thiosemicabazides with triazole, imidazole, or pyrrole moiety at N‐1 nitrogen atom possible products were only s‐triazoles, both in alkaline and acidic medium. Successful dehydrocyclization of 1‐azolil‐4‐aryl/alkyl‐thiosemicarbazides leading to a thiadiazole has been documented only for a series of 1‐(4‐methyl‐1,2,3‐thiadiazol‐5‐yl‐carbonyl)‐4‐aryl/alkyl‐thiosemicarbazides. It can be speculative that the determination of pKa value of oxygen atom of 1‐azolil‐4‐aryl/alkyl‐thiosemicarbazide can be a very valuable parameter in the prediction of the possibility of dehydrocyclization to form thiadiazole. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:521–532, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20643
Family income and child cognitive and behavioural development in the United Kingdom: does money matter?
Authors: Violato Mara , Petrou Stavros , Gray Ron , Redshaw Maggie 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis study investigates the extent to which family income is associated with an extensive range of child cognitive and behavioural outcomes in a cohort of almost 19 000 British children born between 2000 and 2001. Merging the economists' and developmental psychologists' approaches, it also attempts to identify the main mechanisms through which family economic resources translate into better developmental outcomes for children. The relative and joint relevance of three groups of mediating factors (parental stress, parental investment and other family‐related pathways), identified from the recent economic and psychological literature, are examined both in a cross‐sectional (‘mopping‐up’ approach) and in a panel data (fixed effects models) context. Results indicate a weak or absent direct effect of family economic resources on child development after controlling for potential mediating mechanisms. The study also identifies key mediating factors (e.g. maternal depression, a cognitively stimulating home environment, parenting practices and length of breastfeeding) that could be targeted by government initiatives in order to effectively improve children's intellectual development and behaviour beyond what income redistribution can achieve. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of Charge‐Transfer Reactions at Nanoscopic Electrochemical Interfaces
Authors: Wang Yixian , Velmurugan Jeyavel , Mirkin Michael V. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAfter several decades of intensive studies, the questions about the magnitudes of rate constants of rapid heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) and ion transfer (IT) reactions remain open. The fabrication of nanometer‐sized metal electrodes and nanopipets enabled electrochemical studies of rapid charge transfer processes at solid/liquid and liquid/liquid nanointerfaces. The nanoelectrochemical techniques offer numerous advantages such as fast mass‐transfer rate and simplified analysis of data obtained under steady‐state conditions. At the same time, kinetic data obtained at nanointerfaces may be affected by double layer effects, deviations from classical electrochemical theory, and other size‐related phenomena. Nanoelectrochemical measurements are also plagued by difficulties in characterizing nanometer‐sized interfaces and conductor/insulator boundaries. In this review, we discuss the results of fast electron and ion transfer kinetics measurements at nanointerfaces, along with related reliability problems and some approaches to fixing them.
The Big Mac Index two decades on: an evaluation of burgernomics
Authors: Clements Kenneth W. , Lan Yihui , Seah Shi Pei 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTThe Big Mac Index, introduced by The Economist magazine more than two decades ago, claims to provide the ‘true value’ of a large number of currencies. This paper assesses the economic value of this index. We show that (i) the index suffers from a substantial bias; (ii) once the bias is allowed for, the index tracks exchange rates reasonably well over the medium to longer term in accordance with relative purchasing power parity theory; (iii) the index is at least as good as the industry standard, the random walk model, in predicting future currency values for all but short‐term horizons; and (iv) future nominal exchange rates are more responsive than prices to currency mispricing. While not perfect, at a cost of less than $US10 per year, the index seems to provide good value for money. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.