bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of a Subfilter-Scale Flux Model over the Ocean Using OHATS Field Data
Authors: Kelly Mark , Wyngaard John C. , Sullivan Peter P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Simple rate equation models for subfilter-scale scalar and momentum fluxes have previously been developed for application in the so-called “terra incognita” of atmospheric simulations, where the model resolution is comparable to the scale of turbulence. The models performed well over land, but only the scalar flux model appeared to perform adequately over the ocean. Analysis of data from the Ocean Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (OHATS) reveals a need to account for the moving ocean–air interface in the subfilter stress model. The authors develop simple parameterizations for the effect of surface-induced pressure fluctuations on the subfilter stress, leading to good predictions of subfilter momentum flux both over land and in OHATS.
Circulation and Transport in the Western Boundary Currents at Cape Farewell, Greenland
Authors: Holliday N. P. , Bacon S. , Allen J. , McDonagh E. L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The circulation and volume transports in the western boundary currents around Cape Farewell, Greenland, are derived from full-depth hydrographic and velocity measurements from August–September 2005. The western boundary currents from surface to seafloor transport 40.5 ± 8.1 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) southward in the Irminger Sea, and 53.8 ± 10.8 Sv northward in the Labrador Sea. The Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC, defined as water with potential density greater than 27.80 kg m−3) transports 12.3 ± 2.5 Sv southward in the Irminger Sea. The deep water transport is reduced south of Cape Farewell, where it changes flow direction from southward to northward (the south corner). At a section over the Eirik Ridge, a bathymetric feature extending southwest of Cape Farewell, the DWBC transports 8.7 ± 1.7 Sv westward. The reduction in transport at the south corner is associated with decreased velocities within the deepest layers and the volumetric loss of the most saline deep water types. The observations suggest that the paths of the shallow and deep western boundary currents diverge at the south corner. Downstream in the eastern Labrador Sea the deep water transport is increased to 19.7 ± 3.9 Sv northward, with the addition of recirculating denser deep waters. The representativeness of the results from the semisynoptic survey is discussed with reference to companion current meter measurements of the DWBC.
Mean Dynamic Topography of the Ocean Derived from Satellite and Drifting Buoy Data Using Three Different Techniques*
Authors: Maximenko Nikolai , Niiler Peter , Centurioni Luca , Rio Marie-Helene , Melnichenko Oleg , Chambers Don , Zlotnicki Victor , Galperin Boris 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Presented here are three mean dynamic topography maps derived with different methodologies. The first method combines sea level observed by the high-accuracy satellite radar altimetry with the geoid model of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), which has recently measured the earth’s gravity with unprecedented spatial resolution and accuracy. The second one synthesizes near-surface velocities from a network of ocean drifters, hydrographic profiles, and ocean winds sorted according to the horizontal scales. In the third method, these global datasets are used in the context of the ocean surface momentum balance. The second and third methods are used to improve accuracy of the dynamic topography on fine space scales poorly resolved in the first method. When they are used to compute a multiyear time-mean global ocean surface circulation on a 0.5° horizontal resolution, both contain very similar, new small-scale midocean current patterns. In particular, extensions of western boundary currents appear narrow and strong despite temporal variability and exhibit persistent meanders and multiple branching. Also, the locations of the velocity concentrations in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current become well defined. Ageostrophic velocities reveal convergent zones in each subtropical basin. These maps present a new context in which to view the continued ocean monitoring with in situ instruments and satellites.
Experiments of Hurricane Initialization with Airborne Doppler Radar Data for the Advanced Research Hurricane WRF (AHW) Model
Authors: Xiao Qingnong , Zhang Xiaoyan , Davis Christopher , Tuttle John , Holland Greg , Fitzpatrick Patrick J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Initialization of the hurricane vortex in weather prediction models is vital to intensity forecasts out to at least 48 h. Airborne Doppler radar (ADR) data have sufficiently high horizontal and vertical resolution to resolve the hurricane vortex and its imbedded structures but have not been extensively used in hurricane initialization. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system, the ADR data are assimilated to recover the hurricane vortex dynamic and thermodynamic structures at the WRF model initial time. The impact of the ADR data on three hurricanes, Jeanne (2004), Katrina (2005) and Rita (2005), are examined during their rapid intensification and subsequent weakening periods before landfall.
With the ADR wind data assimilated, the three-dimensional winds in the hurricane vortex become stronger and the maximum 10-m winds agree better with independent estimates from best-track data than without ADR data assimilation. Through the multivariate incremental structure in WRF 3DVAR analysis, the central sea level pressures (CSLPs) for the three hurricanes are lower in response to the stronger vortex at initialization. The size and inner-core structure of each vortex are adjusted closer to observations of these attributes. Addition of reflectivity data in assimilation produces cloud water and rainwater analyses in the initial vortex. The temperature and moisture are also better represented in the hurricane initialization.
Forty-eight-hour forecasts are conducted to evaluate the impact of ADR data using the Advanced Research Hurricane WRF (AHW), a derivative of the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) model. Assimilation of ADR data improves the hurricane-intensity forecasts. Vortex asymmetries, size, and rainbands are also simulated better. Hurricane initialization with ADR data is quite promising toward reducing intensity forecast errors at modest computational expense.
Formation of the Convective Lines off the Mountainous Coast of Southeastern Taiwan: A Case Study of 3 January 2004
Authors: Yu Cheng-Ku , Hsieh Ying-Hsun 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Convective lines frequently occurring off the mountainous coast of southeastern Taiwan under weakly synoptically forced weather conditions are one of the most well-known mesoscale phenomena in Taiwan. These lines usually develop close to the coast but frequently can also be observed well offshore. While nearshore lines are better understood, the formative processes of the offshore lines remain unclear. The main objective of this study is to use various available observations (e.g., Doppler radar, surface and sounding observations, QuikSCAT, and NCEP data) collected over southeastern Taiwan to investigate a specially chosen case on 3 January 2004, in an attempt to identify possible mechanisms leading to the formation of the offshore lines. The studied line was formed ∼50–60 km away from the southeastern coast of Taiwan and oriented south-southwest to north-northeast and approximately parallel to the coast. Detailed analyses of the event indicated that the formation of the line did not appear directly relevant to coastal land/sea breezes or offshore flow. Instead, orographic forcing was observed to play a crucial role in the initiation of the line. Particularly, an orographically forced northerly flow due to upstream blocking was evident to the west of the line. The convergence generated as the prevailing northeasterly onshore flow encountered the nearshore blocked flow was found to be an important low-level forcing conducive to the initiation of moist convection associated with the line. In addition, the persistence of the coastally blocked flow and the degree of ambient convective available potential energy (CAPE) were also shown to be closely related to the maintenance and overall intensity of the observed line’s convection. The orographically induced convective forcing identified in this study is distinctly different from the conceptual model of line formation proposed by previous studies of the nearshore lines. It is thus strongly suggested that multiple mechanisms may exist upstream of coastal mountains in southeastern Taiwan, which act to initiate the lines with diverse formative locations relative to the coastline.
Cluster Analysis of Cloud Properties over the Southern European Mediterranean Area in Observations and a Model
Authors: Chéruy Frédérique , Aires Filipe 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper demonstrates how satellite observations of the cloudiness over a complex area such as the European Mediterranean area can be classified into distinct cloud regimes by application of a K-means clustering algorithm to pixel-level cloud properties. The study contrasts with previous approaches in the fact that the clustering is done on the cloud physical properties at the pixel level and not on statistics of these properties over a coarser grid. A method to choose the number of clusters is described. “Shallow cumulus,” “stratocumulus,” and “frontal” clusters are robustly identified, and associated environmental properties are described. The approach helps to refine the diagnosis of errors in model simulations. In addition to isolated classical errors of climate models (lack of midlevel clouds, overestimation of the cloud optical thickness, and underestimation of the stratocumulus) and a dramatic underestimation of the shallow cumulus clouds over land, an underestimation of the boundary layer depth is detected for some regimes as well as an incorrect stratification for the shallow cumulus. The clustering on the individual cloud properties classifies them in a much more homogeneous way than the clustering on the statistics of the cloud properties; the use of individual cloud properties at the pixel level produced by climate models activating simulators combined with subgrid-scale sampling procedures may be considered as an alternative to the use of the statistical products for the evaluation of models. The approach can also be applied to a high-resolution regional climate model.
Myeloid blasts are the mouse bone marrow cells prone to differentiate into osteoclasts
Authors: de Vries Teun J , Schoenmaker Ton , Hooibrink Berend , Leenen Pieter J M , Everts Vincent 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCells of the myeloid lineage at various stages of maturity can differentiate into multinucleated osteoclasts. Yet, it is unclear which developmental stages of this lineage are more prone to become osteoclasts than others. We investigated the osteoclastogenic potential of three successive stages of myeloid development isolated from mouse bone marrow. Early blasts (CD31hi/Ly-6C–), myeloid blasts (CD31+/Ly-6C+), and monocytes (CD31–/Ly-6Chi), as well as unfractionated marrow cells, were cultured in the presence of M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and the differentiation toward multinucleated cells and their capacity to resorb bone was assessed. Myeloid blasts developed rapidly into multinucleated cells; in only 4 days, maximal numbers were reached, whereas the other fractions required 8 days to reach maximal numbers. Bone resorption was observed after 6 (myeloid blasts and monocyte-derived osteoclasts) and 8 (early blast-derived osteoclasts) days. This difference in kinetics in osteoclast-forming capacity was confirmed by the analysis of osteoclast-related genes. In addition, the myeloid blast fraction proved to be most sensitive to M-CSF and RANKL, as assessed with a colony-forming assay. Our results show that osteoclasts can develop from all stages of myeloid differentiation, but myeloid blasts are equipped to do so within a short period of time.
The Hydration of Nitriles Catalyzed by the Combination of Palladium Nanoparticles and Copper Compounds
Authors: Ishizuka Akinori , Nakazaki Yoshiaki , Oshiki Toshiyuki 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
New catalysts based on Pd nanoparticles for the hydration of nitriles to amides were investigated. Copper compounds containing oxygen acted as effective promoters in the catalytic system. The catalysts could be used to prepare aromatic and aliphatic amides from the corresponding nitriles. Chloride ions significantly inhibited the catalytic performance.
Cyclic Tetrasiloxanetetraols: Formation, Isolation, and Characterization
Authors: Ito Ryuichi , Kakihana Yuriko , Kawakami Yusuke 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Hydrolysis of trialkoxysilanes having various substituents gave cyclic tetrasiloxanetetraols with all-cis isomer as the major fraction in the presence of equimolar amounts of water and sodium hydroxide. All stereoisomers of phenyl derivative were produced by isomerization of the all-cis isomer in the presence of hydrochloric acid, and isolated and identified.
“Compressed” Icelike Structures between Molecular Films Comparable with Ice Phase III
Authors: Yoshida Yuki , Miyamoto Riichi , Nishioka Takanori , Hashimoto Hideki , Kinoshita Isamu 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
An icelike supramolecular structure is found in a self-assembled quasi 3-D crystalline hydrate in-between the layers of CuII tris(pyridylthio)methyl hydroxide complexes, which is comparable with compressed pure ice III.
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks of Poly(N-vinylacetamide) and Poly(acrylic acid) Applied to Novel Amphiphilic Drug Release Substrates with Mechanically Modified Strengths
Authors: Ajiro Hiroharu , Takemoto Yukie , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Gels with interpenetrating polymer networks were prepared with N-vinylacetamide (NVA) and acrylic acid (AAc) as novel substrates for transdermal therapeutic systems. The gelation of NVA at 1 M in AAc gel sustained the amphiphilic character, and a poorly water-soluble drug was kept in the gel with ethanol as solvent. Mechanical strengths were five times larger in value than those of simple poly(N-vinylacetamide) gels.
Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Layered Crystal Composed of Polyoxomolybdate and Surfactant with π Electrons
Authors: Ito Takeru , Yamase Toshihiro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A polyoxometalate layered crystal containing surfactant with π electrons was successfully prepared by using hexadecylpyridinium (C16py). X-ray single-crystal structure analysis revealed that monolayers of hexamolybdate (Mo6) and bilayers of C16py were stacked alternately. The hexadecyl chains of the C16py in the bilayer interdigitated each other. The pyridine rings were inserted into the monolayers of the Mo6 to form the inorganic layers together with the Mo6 anions.
Tb3+-enhanced Potentiometric Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism by Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Wang Jinping , Ito Kenya , Nakanishi Takuya , Kuroiwa Shigeki , Osaka Tetsuya 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The use of Tb3+ as a center ion and media to introduce more exogenously negative charges onto double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), can greatly enhance potentiometric signals produced by the shift of gate voltage of field effect transisitor (FET). Furthermore, different affinities of Tb3+ to normal and mismatched dsDNAs amplified the signal difference between their detections, which can improve the discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphism.
A systematic review of compression hosiery for uncomplicated varicose veins
Authors: Palfreyman S J , Michaels J A 
Published: March 2009

Objective Compression hosiery is widely used in the prevention and management of symptoms related to varicose veins. However, there are still gaps and questions in relation to its benefit. This review seeks to examine the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of compression hosiery in the treatment of varicose veins. Method Prospective, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating compression hosiery in the treatment of varicose veins were sought. Where RCTs were unavailable other evidence was included. Studies were included if they evaluated the application of compression to patients with a diagnosis of varicose veins. Twelve electronic bibliographic databases and 18 internet-based research resources were searched. Inclusion or exclusion of trials was decided by two reviewers acting independently. Results The search strategy identified 25 studies. Eleven were RCTs or systematic reviews, 12 non-randomized studies and two guidelines. No consensus was found regarding the class of compression needed for the effective management of varicose veins. Wearing compression improved symptom management, but could be confounded by the exclusion of high number of non-compliant patients within the trials. Wearing compression to slow the progression, or prevent the reoccurrence of varicose veins could not be supported by the current published evidence. Conclusion The evidence for the benefit of compression hosiery for varicose veins was equivocal. The published literature was often contradictory and had methodological flaws.
Dairy Versus Calcium Carbonate in Promoting Peak Bone Mass and Bone Maintenance During Subsequent Calcium Deficiency
Authors: Weaver Connie M , Janle Elsa , Martin Berdine , Browne Sarah , Guiden Holly , Lachcik Pamela , Lee Wang-Hee 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Dairy products provide most of the calcium in the diet, but consumption of milk has declined steadily over the last six decades. We determined (1) benefits to bone formation in growing female Sprague-Dawley rats when calcium is derived from dairy versus CaCO3 and (2) residual benefits of calcium provided by dairy to rats subsequently receiving a low-calcium diet. During growth, femurs from rats fed nonfat dry milk solids (NFDM) had 8.4% higher peak breaking force, 6.4% greater Ca content, 4.8% greater weight, 4% greater width, 1.2% greater density, 13.1% greater midshaft cortical thickness, and 16.7% greater midshaft cortical area than from rats fed CaCO3. These effects were unrelated to differences in calcium absorption or serum IGF-1, but the NFDM group had higher rates of bone formation. If maintained on an adequate calcium diet, many of these advantages disappeared. However, rats fed adequate Ca as NFDM versus CaCO3 during growth and subsequently switched to deficient Ca as CaCO3 had significantly (p &lt; 0.0001) higher femoral BMD (1.3%), total bone Ca (7.2%), Ca concentration (4.6%), and cortical thickness (9.4%) and a trend (p = 0.02) toward greater peak breaking force (17%). Thus, NFDMs improved bone measures during growth and protected bone against a subsequent period of calcium depletion compared with CaCO3.
Sporadic and MEN1-Related Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Differences in Clinical Expression and Severity
Authors: Eller-Vainicher Cristina , Chiodini Iacopo , Battista Claudia , Viti Raffaella , Mascia Maria Lucia , Massironi Sara , Peracchi Maddalena , D'Agruma Leonardo , Minisola Salvatore , Corbetta Sabrina , Cole David EC , Spada Anna , Scillitani Alfredo 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disease that is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) in ∼2% of PHPT cases. Lack of a family history and other specific expressions may lead to underestimated MEN1 prevalence in PHPT. The aim of this study was to identify clinical or biochemical features predictive of MEN1 and to compare the severity of the disease in MEN1-related versus sporadic PHPT (sPHPT). We performed a 36-mo cross-sectional observational study in three tertiary referral centers on an outpatient basis on 469 consecutive patients with sporadic PHPT and 64 with MEN1-related PHPT. Serum calcium, phosphate, PTH, 25(OH)D3, and creatinine clearance were measured, and ultrasound examination of the urinary tract/urography was performed in all patients. In 432 patients, BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN). MEN1 patients showed lower BMD Z-scores at the LS (−1.33 ± 1.23 versus −0.74 ± 1.4, p = 0.008) and FN (−1.13 ± 0.96 versus −0.6 ± 1.07, p = 0.002) and lower phosphate (2.38 ± 0.52 versus 2.56 ± 0.45 mg/dl, p = 0.003) and PTH (113.8 ± 69.5 versus 173.7 ± 135 pg/ml, p = 0.001) levels than sPHPT patients. Considering probands only, the presence of MEN1 was more frequently associated with PTH values in the normal range (OR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.07–8.50; p = 0.037) and younger age (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.28–2.02; p = 0.0001). A combination of PTH values in the normal range plus age &lt;50 yr was strongly associated with MEN1 presence (OR, 13.51; 95% CI, 3.62–50.00; p = 0.0001). In conclusion, MEN1-related PHPT patients show more severe bone but similar kidney involvement despite a milder biochemical presentation compared with their sPHPT counterparts. Normal PTH levels and young age are associated with MEN1 presence.
Schnelles Scheduling mit Hilfe eines hybriden Evolutionären AlgorithmusFast Scheduling by Means of a Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm
Authors: Jakob Wilfried , Hahnenkamp Björn , Quinte Alexander , Stucky Karl-Uwe , Süß Wolfgang 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Scheduling und Ressourcenplanung sind Aufgaben, die in vielen Einsatzbereichen wie z.B. der Maschinenbelegung oder Projektplanung vorkommen. In diesem Beitrag wird eine verwandte Aufgabenstellung vorgestellt, nämlich die Ressourcen- und Jobplanung im Bereich des Grid-Computing. Auf Grund der Dynamik in einem solchen heterogenen Rechnernetz ist eine schnelle Reaktion und häufige Umplanung innerhalb weniger Minuten erforderlich. Daher kommt es vor allem auf gute Resultate innerhalb eines vorgegebenen Zeitrahmens an und weniger darauf, das Optimum zu finden. Zur Lösung dieses Problems werden Heuristiken und der Evolutionäre Algorithmus GLEAM eingesetzt. Der Beitrag vergleicht mit Hilfe geeigneter Benchmarks zwei unterschiedliche Genmodelle, zwei Verfahren zur Reparatur illegaler Schedules und den Effekt eines Hilfskriteriums zur schnelleren Verbesserung von Schedules. Außerdem wird die Wirkung zweier bekannter Crossover-Operatoren für kombinatorische Optimierung untersucht. Dabei zeigt es sich, dass der Evolutionäre Algorithmus trotz der zeitlichen Einschränkung eine deutliche Verbesserung der heuristisch erzeugten Schedules erreicht.
Maschinelles Lernen von validierbaren Klassifikatoren zur autonomen Steuerung sicherheitsrelevanter SystemeMachine Learning of Verifiable Classifiers for Autonomous Control of Safety-related Systems
Authors: Nusser Sebastian , Otte Clemens , Hauptmann Werner , Leirich Oskar , Krätschmer Manfred , Kruse Rudolf 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Im Bereich sicherheitsrelevanter Anwendungen ist es besonders wichtig sicherzustellen, dass die gelernte Lösung im gesamten Eingaberaum korrekt ist. Es wird eine Methode zum Lernen von Klassifikationsmodellen vorgestellt, die auch bei sicherheitskritischen Steuerungsaufgaben einsetzbar ist. Hierfür wird ein Ensemble von niedrigdimensionalen Teilmodellen erzeugt, bei dem jedes Teilmodell von einem Experten interpretiert und validiert werden kann.