bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of the Action Component Of Action Space
Authors: Higgs Gary 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAction spaces and the related topics of human spatial behavior patterns have been the subject of a great many studies. Despite this, theory development in behavioral geography has not proceeded rapidly. The slow progress in the theoretical area of behavioral geography in general, and action space in particular, may be attributed to the fact that the action‐space concept combines the diverse elements of perception, action, preference, and potential activity into one elusive term. Theory development might be facilitated if these elements were separated and an operational definition established. This paper presents an operational definition and description of the action component of action spaces and evaluates the application and utility of the concept in the study of spatial behavior patterns.
Set‐determined Process and the Growth of Spatial Structure
Authors: Smith Terence R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe present an analysis of the effects of different information flow patterns on the growth of spatial structure in a broad class of systems. Examples are drawn from plant and message diffusion processes, the growth of herding in animal populations and, in particular, the evolution of cities in human populations. We model the actions of an “individual” as a response to gradients in a transformation of the “real” space, this transformation being the individual's information map of the space. Interesting deductions occur as a result of allowing the individual's information map to vary from extremely local to extremely global. In the city growth model for example, if migration decisions are based upon extremely local information, then the system is characterized by instability and the lack of any well‐defined spatial structure. As the localness of this information map decreases, the system is characterized by the development of well defined spatial structure with a characteristic distance separating the “cities.” In a particular case, we show that the wavelength of the dominant spatial structure is directly related to the size of an individual's information field. These effects are a consequence of interactions between individuals that arise from the nonlocalness of the information fields. We interpret the early growth stages in these models in terms of linear filters.
Semantic Structure and Perceived Environment
Authors: Desbarats Jacqueline M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMost data‐gathering tasks for eliciting information about the structure of spatial images tend to impose predetermined arbitrary dimensions or categories on the subjects' responses. This paper, in contrast, makes use of an unstructured task (word association) from which measures of semantic similarity between metropolitan areas in California are generated. The interpretation of the areal groupings derived from the analysis of these data by a clustering method reveals the importance of location and size of urban areas in cognitive organization. When the dimensions underlying perceived similarities between places are extracted by a factor analytic model, climatic and environmental dimensions are found to account for more variance in the word‐association data than do social dimensions.
Streams, Slopes, and Suburban Development
Authors: Graf William L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe percent of available relief in the form of free‐face slope and the percent of valley width as floodplain change systematically throughout drainage networks in response to changes in network position. The energy level and discharge of streams at the bases of slopes may be assessed by means of a cumulative stream‐ordering system wherein the stream order is directly related to discharge. Investigations of several small drainage basins on the rim of the Denver Basin, Colorado, by means of field measurements, interpretation of aerial photography, and operation of a computer model provide data that indicate that the distribution of near‐channel slopes responds to changes in land use, and particularly to suburban development. Increasing suburban development causes increases in the size and frequency of both free faces and floodplains.
A Classification of Spatial Distributions Based upon Several Cell Sizes
Authors: Liebetrau Albert M. , Rothman Edward D. 
Published: September 2010

Several procedures, based upon cell count analysis, have been proposed for classifying spatial distributions, or maps, associated with some region R. Such procedures are rather imprecise and are known to depend upon the sixes and shapes of the cells in the particular partition of R under consideration.In this paper, the problem is considered from the point of view of hypothesis testing. A test of randomness based upon an arbitrary number of partitions of R is giuen. If the hypothesis of randomness is rejected, additional tests may be performed to classify the map into one of two categories, clustered or regular.These tests provide a number of advantages over existing procedures. Based upon multiple partitions of R, they decrease the dependence upon any particular partition, and the colresponding classification is precise since the null hypothesis distribution of the test statistic is (asymptotically) known. Finally, they allow a great deal of flexibility in testing for certain alternatives to randomness, and are applicable to one‐, two‐, and three‐ dimensional maps.
Unpacking Central Place Geometry I: Single Level Theoretical k Systems
Authors: Church Richard L. , Bell Thomas L. 
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the spatial and potential economic consequences of relaxing the geometrical packing requirement of classical central place theory. Diagrams are used to demonstrate that geometric packing is not necessary to satisfy demand at all discrete points at a given hierarchical level. With unpacked landscapes the same population can be served from fewer, more widely spaced, central places without increasing the length of journey to shop. Consumers have fewer choices in an unpacked landscape, but economies of scale may increase the array of consumer goods and services available.Relaxing the packing requirement allows the development of a range of stable k systems (i.e., further market entry is disallowed). Between the limits of the k = 3 system (Christaller's marketing principle) and the k = 7 system (the sociopolitical or administrative principle), a range of unpacked k systems can develop including a k = 5 and a k = 6 system. Noninteger k systems are also possible as are systems which are stable mixtures of coexisting k principles. In certain instances, it is economically advantageous for two or more entrepreneurs to co‐locate in the same central place rather than attempting monopolistic control over a more limited hinterland. Such a result is consistent with both Berry and Garrison's concept of the duplication ratio and with recent trends in retail location.
Policy Coalitions in the U.S. Congress: A Spatial Duration Modeling Approach
Authors: Pellegrini Pasquale A. , Grant J. Tobin 
Published: September 2010

This paper applies spatial duration models to the analysis of cosponsorship coalitions in the U.S. House of Representatives. This approach provides a unique and simultaneous statistical analysis of ideological space (specifically, coalition formation) and geographical space. Typically, duration models are associated with temporal longitudinal data, but recently have been adapted to the spatial domain (Pellegrini and Reader 1996). In this paper, spatial duration models are further adapted to examine ideological space including a consideration of unobserved sources of spatial variation (or omitted variable bias).We examine two features of cosponsorship coalitions, breadth and clustering. Breadth is defined as the ideological distance between the two most extreme members of the coalition which is an important “signal” to the rest of Congress regarding the scope and broad appeal of the proposed legislation. In contrast, clustering refers to the distance between individual members of a coalition and reveals the tendency, or not, of ideologically similar members of Congress to support various bills. To examine breadth and clustering, we employspatial durationmodels of cosponsorship that permit a multivariate analysis incorporating both the characteristics of members of Congress and the geographical regions they represent.Results indicate that cosponsorship coalition patterns are primarily determined by the content of the legislation, not the actions of the coalition leadership. While the leadership characteristics of sponsors have a limited effect on cosponsorship breadth, the size of the coalition is the primary determinent. Leadership characteristics also have little effect on cosponsorship clustering. Rather, clustering is due to members' policy preferences, as measured by distance to the coalition leader. In addition, the duration analysis results suggest that geographical proximity between members of Congress “overcomes” ideological distance. Finally, the spatial duration approach is noted as a fruitful methodology for examining explicitly spatial patterns in both ideological or geographical space.
Investigating DEM Error Patterns by Directional Variograms and Fourier Analysis
Authors: Liu Hongxing , Jezek Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2010

In many spatial analyses and GIS applications, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is often used to derive a variety of new variables and parameters. Previous research shows that the accuracy of derived variables is affected, not merely by the magnitude of DEM errors and the algorithms applied to derive these variables, but also by the spatial structure of DEM errors. However, the lack of knowledge and understanding of the spatial structure of DEM errors often handicaps the analysis of error propagation.This paper investigates the spatial autocorrelation and anisotropic pattern of DEM error by using directional variograms in the spatial domain and Fourier analysis in the frequency domain. Based on an empirical study, it is concluded that the spatial autocorrelation pattern of DEM errors is anisotropic and scale‐dependent, and that the maximum direction and range of the autocorrelation depends upon the orientation and wavelength of the terrain features. For a smooth terrain, the magnitude of DEM errors is correlated to surface slope. For a rugged terrain, the elevation values in DEMs tend to be underestimated in ridges, and overestimated in valleys, but the correlation between the DEM error and surface slope is quite low.
Measuring Student Perceptions of Blackboard Using the Technology Acceptance Model
Authors: Landry Brett J. L. , Griffeth Rodger , Hartman Sandra 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWeb Enhanced Instruction (WEI) is not intended to replace the traditional classroom setting, but rather to supplement the traditional lecture with course content that can be accessed from campus or the Internet. WEI has the potential to extend the boundaries of traditional classrooms by providing new opportunities for communication and interaction between students and the instructor. While the potential benefits of augmenting the traditional class with WEI have been recognized and discussed, what has remained largely unknown are student reactions to WEI as an addition to the traditional lecture. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been widely used in the Information Systems research to gather user reactions to information systems. The TAM examines users' perceptions of Usage, Usefulness, and Ease of Use. This research applied the TAM to the academic setting to measure student reactions to Blackboard, the WEI tool used in this study. Using several multivariate methods, results suggest that students (n = 692) found that the Blackboard elements which are associated with Course Content (Course Documents, Lectures, Student Tools, Announcements, and Quizzes) are used more often and are seen as more useful than those items that provide Course Support and communication (Discussion Board, External Web Sites, Faculty Information, and E‐Mail).
Dancing with the Devil: Partnering with Industry but Publishing in Academia*
Authors: Guide V. Daniel R. , Van Wassenhove Luk N. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWe believe that partnering with industry can lead to research that is relevant, rigorous, and refreshing. Our experiences show that the potential benefits of partnering with industry are enormous, but that this is not an easy route for academics interested in operations research modeling or empirical methods. The need for grounded business research is greater now than ever, and, while academics have made great progress, there are still numerous opportunities to demonstrate the relevance of our research. We discuss how to establish industry contacts, identify fruitful academic—industry projects, and publish the resulting research.
Application of a feasible method for determination of biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility in staphylococci
Authors: ANTUNES ANA LÚCIA SOUZA , TRENTIN DANIELLE SILVA , BONFANTI JÉSSICA WEIS , PINTO CAMILLE CATTANI FERREIRA , PEREZ LEANDRO REUS RODRIGUES , MACEDO ALEXANDRE JOSÉ , BARTH AFONSO LUIS 
Published: September 2010

Antunes ALS, Trentin DS, Bonfanti JW, Pinto CCF, Perez LRR, Macedo AJ, Barth AL. Application of a feasible method for determination of biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility in staphylococci. APMIS 2010; 118: 873–7.The aim of this study was to use a practical method to determine the minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of vancomycin and to compare the MBEC with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for biofilm‐producing and non‐biofilm‐producing isolates of staphylococci. Forty Staphylococcus spp. isolates from central venous catheter, from distinct patients, were selected for this study. The vast majority (28/30) of isolates which were biofilm‐producing, presented high MBEC values (≥8 μg/mL) and could be considered as non‐susceptible to vancomycin. All non‐biofilm‐producing isolates presented low MBEC (≤2 μg/mL) and were susceptible to vancomycin, according to CLSI breakpoints. While the MBEC and MIC values for biofilm‐producing isolates differ significantly, the MBEC and MIC values for non‐biofilm producers were the same. The method we have used proved to be a feasible and rapid technique to measure MBEC of Staphylococcus spp. biofilms. The method presented herein might be an alternative tool to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility in the biofilm mode of growth; the MBEC may be a more appropriate approach to correlate the susceptibility in vitro with clinical outcome resulting from the treatment of Staphylococcus spp. infection.
Evidence‐based guidelines for the prevention, identification and management of occupational contact dermatitis and urticaria*
Authors: Nicholson Paul J , Llewellyn Diane , English John S ,   on behalf of the Guidelines Development Group
Published: September 2010

Background: Occupational contact dermatitis is the most frequently reported work‐related skin disease in many countries. A systematic review was commissioned by the British Occupational Health Research Foundation in response to a House of Lords Science and Technology Committee recommendation. Objectives: The systematic review aims to improve the prevention, identification and management of occupational contact dermatitis and urticaria by providing evidence‐based recommendations. Methods: The literature was searched systematically using Medline and Embase for English‐language articles published up to the end of September 2009. Evidence‐based statements and recommendations were graded using the Royal College of General Practitioner's three‐star system and the revised Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network grading system. Results: Three thousand one hundred and fifty‐five abstracts were identified and screened. From these, 786 full papers were obtained and appraised. One hundred and nineteen of these studies were used to produce 36 graded evidence statements and 10 key recommendations. Conclusions: This evidence review and its recommendations focus on interventions and outcomes to provide a robust approach to the prevention, identification and occupational management of occupational contact dermatitis and urticaria, based on and using the best available medical evidence.
Anti‐herbivore strategies in mountain birch at the tree‐line
Authors: Haukioja Erkki 
Published: September 2010

Birch forest on the slope of the Jesnalvaara fell forms a gradient ranging from 7–8 m high trees (at 75 m a.s.l.) to birch shrubs less than 1 m high at the top of the fell (330 m a.s.l.). Upper parts of the forest (above 220 m) were defoliated by Oporinia autumnata (Lep., Geometridae) about ten years ago and, with the exception of the top, only a fraction of birches have recovered.Climatic conditions explain the limitation of the damaged area – Oporinia eggs were killed during cold winters. Predators may also limit the damage. Defensive mechanisms in the birch leaves – especially a low nitrogen content and high concentrations of phenols inhibiting trypsin – can slow down an increase in herbivore density by reducing their reproductive capacity. Birch leaves from the lower limit of the damaged area are least suitable for the growth of herbivores. They have the highest concentration of phenols, too. Birches at the foot of Jesnalvaara are able to increase leaf phenols after mechanical damage of nearby leaves. This is enough to retard the growth of several herbivore species.Ability to recover after defoliation is an important part of the anti‐herbivore strategy of the birch. This ability is higher in shrub birches than in tall trees and better after a warm than a cold summer. Birch leaves in the year following defoliation are less usable for herbivores and cause increased mortality and lowered reproduction. These properties are the weakest in birches at the foot of Jesnalvaara where the probability of being defoliated is also lowest.
Effect of an Er,Cr:YSGG laser on water perfusion in human dentine
Authors: Adu‐Arko Ampong Y. , Sidhu Sharanbir K. , McCabe John F. , Pashley David H. 
Published: September 2010

Adu‐Arko AY, Sidhu SK, McCabe JF, Pashley DH. Effect of an Er,Cr:YSGG laser on water perfusion in human dentine. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 483–488. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci Changes in fluid perfusion through tubules may affect the sensitivity of exposed and restored dentine. The rate of perfusion is dependent on the structure and composition of dentine, particularly at the surface. This work analyzed the effect of treatment with an Erbium, Chromium‐doped: Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser on dentine perfusion. Extracted molars were sectioned above the mid‐coronal portion, and below the cemento–enamel junction, to create crown segments. The pulp was extirpated and the dentine treated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser, a diamond bur or sandpaper. Each specimen was mounted, with the pulp chamber oriented upwards, on a petri‐dish cover in order to permit a tube filled with water to be connected to the pulp. Movement of the water meniscus over 24 h provided a measurement of the volume of water that filtered across the dentine. The dishes contained water to provide a moist environment in the relevant specimens, or were left dry to provide dry conditions. Specimens were perfused for 24 h with water pressures ranging from 20 to 60 cm. The results (in μl mm−2 d−1) showed a significant difference in the perfusion rate between treatments. The difference between perfusion in wet and dry conditions was highly significant. Laser and bur treatment of dentine significantly affected perfusion, which was higher in the former than in the latter. Therefore, laser‐treated dentine may be more sensitive than bur‐cut dentine.
Role of preliminary etching for one‐step self‐etch adhesives
Authors: Taschner Michael , Nato Fernando , Mazzoni Annalisa , Frankenberger Roland , Krämer Norbert , Di Lenarda Roberto , Petschelt Anselm , Breschi Lorenzo 
Published: September 2010

Taschner M, Nato F, Mazzoni A, Frankenberger R, Krämer N, Di Lenarda R, Petschelt A, Breschi L. Role of preliminary etching for one‐step self‐etch adhesives. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 517–524. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of preliminary phosphoric acid etching of enamel and dentine before the application of two, one‐step self‐etch adhesive systems. The systems were applied onto acid‐etched or smear‐layer‐covered enamel and dentine. The treatment groups were as follows: group 1, Adper Easy Bond (3M ESPE) on etched substrate; group 2, Adper Easy Bond (control); group 3, iBond Self‐Etch (Heraeus Kulzer) on etched substrate; and group 4, iBond Self‐Etch (control). Enamel and dentine bond strengths were calculated using microshear and microtensile bond‐strength tests. Additional specimens were prepared to evaluate nanoleakage at the dentine–adhesive interface and were investigated using light microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Both adhesives demonstrated higher microshear bond strengths when enamel was pre‐acid‐etched with phosphoric acid (Adper Easy Bond 28.7 ± 4.8 MPa; iBond Self‐Etch 19.7 ± 3.6 MPa) compared with controls (Adper Easy Bond 19.2 ± 3.3 MPa; iBond Self‐Etch 17.5 ± 2.7 MPa) and increased microtensile bond strength when applied on acid‐etched (Adper Easy Bond 35.8 ± 5.7 MPa; iBond Self‐Etch 24.3 ± 7.9 MPa) vs. smear‐layer‐covered dentine (Adper Easy Bond 26.9 ± 6.2 MPa; iBond Self‐Etch 17.6 ± 4.3 MPa). Adper Easy Bond showed lower nanoleakage than iBond Self‐Etch, irrespective of preliminary etching. The results of this study support the use of phosphoric acid etching before the application of one‐step self‐etch adhesive systems.
Frequency of psychiatric disorders in blepharospasm does not differ from hemifacial spasm
Authors: Dias Fernando Machado , Doyle Flávia , Kummer Arthur , Cardoso Francisco , Fontenelle Leonardo Franklin , Teixeira Antonio Lucio 
Published: September 2010

Dias FM, Doyle F, Kummer A, Cardoso F, Fontenelle LF, Teixeira AL. Frequency of psychiatric disorders in blepharospasm does not differ from hemifacial spasm.Objective:To compare the frequency of psychiatric disorders and the severity of psychiatric symptoms between patients with blepharospasm (BS) and hemifacial spasm (HS).Methods:BS is a type of primary focal dystonia characterised by recurrent and involuntary eye blinking. HS is a condition with different pathophysiology but similar clinical phenotype. Twenty-two patients with BS and 29 patients with HS participated in this study. They underwent a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation that included a structured clinical interview for current psychiatric diagnosis according to Diagnostic Statistical Manual, fourth edition (DSM-IV) (MINI-Plus) and psychometric scales, including the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS).Results:BS and HS groups did not differ in most demographic and clinical parameters, such as gender, age and length of symptoms. The frequency of psychiatric disorders and the severity of psychiatric symptoms were similar in both groups.Conclusion:BS does not seem to have more psychiatric disorders than HS.
Consequences of Childlessness in Later Life
Authors: Rowland D. T. 
Published: September 2010

Book reviews in this article:Objective: To examine the consequences of childlessness for living arrangements and instrumental support.Data: Statistics on 8,313 women aged 65 years and over from the 1986 Census Households Sample File, a 1 per cent sample of the census returns.Method: The paper first compares the living arrangements of childless women with those of mothers to illustrate the distinctiveness of the two populations. The paper then uses logistic regression modelling to analyse the effects of childlessness on the risk of living in particular situations.Conclusion: Childless women were more likely than mothers to be in hostels and nursing homes. Childlessness, independently of age and marital status, substantially increases the risk of institutionalisation.