bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant Uptake and Growth Responses from p‐Chlorophenyl Methyl Sulfide, ‐Sulfoxide, and ‐Sulfone in Soil
Authors: Guenzi W. D. , Beard W. E. , Bowman R. A. , Olsen S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of three soil chemical concentrations of 14C‐ring labeled p‐chlorophenyl methyl sulfide, ‐sulfoxide, and ‐sulfone on seedling growth and uptake by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Each crop was tested in separate experiments during a 3‐month period in an Ascalon sandy loam (Aridic Argiustoll). Effects on growth were determined from plant height, dry matter production of roots and tops, and visual toxicity symptoms of leaves. Plant uptake of chemicals was evaluated from calculations using total 14C activity measurements of combusted plant samples. In most cases, there appeared to be little difference among the three chemicals. Reduction of root and top growth (dry weight) for each plant species was linearly related to increases in soil chemical concentrations. Growth reduction at a given chemical concentration varied among crop species, with alfalfa being the most susceptible and corn the least susceptible. The calculated mean soil concentrations of the three chemicals responsible for a 20% reduction in dry weight of tops were 4.7, 6.3, 7.3, and 15.5 ppm for alfalfa, rescue, sugarbeet, and wheat, respectively. The 20% reduction for corn was only obtained from the 2$‐ppm sulfone treatment.Chemical concentration in plant tissue increased almost linearly with increasing soil concentrations. The linear correlation coefficients were r = 0.894** (tops) and r = 0.942** (roots).
Effects of Sewage Sludges and Composts on Soil Porosity and Aggregation
Authors: Pagliai M. , Guidi G. , La Marca M. , Giachetti M. , Lucamante G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractModifications induced in soil porosity and in stability of soil aggregates were studied for 2 years on an Italian sandy loam soil. Aerobic and anaerobic sludges and their composted mixtures with the organic fraction of urban refuse were used and compared with manure. Addition rates were equivalent to 50 and 150 metric tons/ha of manure on the organic carbon basis. A control plot was also present. Porosity and pore size distribution were measured on thin sections prepared from undisturbed soil samples by using electro‐optical image‐analysis equipment. The stability of soil aggregates was determined by a wet‐sieving method.All organic materials increased the total porosity significantly at all sampling times. Differences between the two application rates were generally not significant. The improvement of total porosity caused by sludges and composts was comparable to that of manure. Modifications of pore size distribution were also observed. Stability of soil aggregates increased slightly in treated samples. The best stabilizing effect was shown by the anaerobic sludge.
Influence of Trace Metals on Some Soil Nitrogen Transformations
Authors: Chang F.‐H. , Broadbent F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn investigation to evaluate the influence of trace metals on N immobilization, N mineralization, and nitrification was conducted. Samples of Yolo silt loam amended with 100 ppm NH4‐N, 1% sewage sludge, and 1% ground alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were treated with solutions to provide 100, 200, and 400 ppm of Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Mn(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II), and incubated for 2, 4, 8, and 12‐week periods. Metals were determined by extracting with water, KNO3, DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), and HNO, at the end of each incubation period.All metals reverted quickly to more insoluble forms. Quantities of metals extractable with water + KNO3 + DTPA decreased with time, while corresponding increases in HNO3‐soluble forms occurred. Nitrogen immobilization was measured during the 2‐ to 4‐week period, and N mineralization and nitrification during the 4‐ to 12‐week period. At low levels of metal addition Mn and Pb stimulated N immobilization, but at 400 ppm all metals were inhibitory to all N transformations. Among the six metals studied the sequence in order of decreasing inhibition was Cr > Cd > Cu > Zn > Mn > Pb. it was concluded that N transformation rates may be affected by trace metals in soils receiving heavy sludge applications.
Water Quality in a Stream Receiving Dairy Feedlot Effluent
Authors: Hollon B. F. , Owen J. R. , Sewell J. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater quality in a stream that received effluent directly from a 200‐cow dairy feedlot operation was monitored during a 22‐month study to determine if the stream pollution level exceeded current Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permissible levels for raw public water supplies, and to evaluate changes in water quality at selected distances downstream from the point source of discharge. Grab samples were collected at 2‐week intervals from stations located 400 m and 3 km upstream, and 100, 500, and 1200 m downstream from the point source of discharge. Samples were analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chlorides, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, orthophosphate, total solids, and pH. Mean concentration of fecal coliform exceeded the EPA permissible level of 2,000 col/100 ml at 100 and 500 m below the point source of discharge, but not at 1,200 m. All other parameter means measured were below the permissible levels. Mean concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) for all parameters, except BOD and pH, when downstream stations were compared with upstream stations. However, mean concentrations significantly declined (P <0.01) for fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, BOD and orthophosphate at 1,200 m below the point source of discharge, while other parameters either declined or remained unchanged. Water quality 1,200 m below the point source of discharge apparently was not different from that 400 m above. Discharge of effluent into the stream did not appear to have a great effect on water quality, and the value of controlling the discharge would be questionable in terms of improving water quality in the receiving stream.
Alfalfa Hay Grown with Municipal Waste Water and Pump Water
Authors: Day A. D. , Swingle R. S. , Tucker T. C. , Cluff C. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of municipal waste water on the growth and yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was studied in field experiments near Buckeye, Ariz., in 1974 and 1975. The crop was planted in October of each year at a seeding rate of 22.4 kg/ha (20 lb/acre). Approximately 150 cm (60 in) of irrigation water were applied in flood irrigations each year. The response of alfalfa to two irrigation treatments: (i) pump water from local wells (control) and (ii) municipal waste water from Phoenix and pump water in a 50:50 mixture was compared by sampling the first harvest in selected fields. The hay was harvested when 10% of the alfalfa stems had one or more flowers.Alfalfa irrigated with the waste‐water and pump‐water mixture produced taller plants and higher yields of hay than did alfalfa grown with pump water alone. Total protein in the hay and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) of the hay was the same for alfalfa grown with both sources of irrigation water. When municipal waste water was mixed with pump water high in total soluble salts, the salt content of the mixture was reduced and the quality of the irrigation water was improved. The higher hay yields obtained when alfalfa was irrigated with the waste‐water and pump‐water mixture than when grown with pump water alone probably resulted from lower concentrations of soluble salts in the water mixture than in the pump water.
Effects of Use Pattern, Cover, Soil Drainage Class, and Overwinter Changes on Rain Infiltration on Campsites
Authors: Vimmerstedt John P. , Scoles Frederick G. , Brown James H. , Schmittgen Mark C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to examine how rainfall infiltration on developed Ohio campsites varied with soil drainage class, cover, use pattern, and overwinter changes. Infiltration and sediment yield were measured during 60‐min applications of 11 cm of simulated rain on campsite use zones, using a spray infiltrometer. Initial percent infiltration was 82 and 89 in fall and spring with sod cover, and 68 and 79 in fall and spring with hardwood cover. Initial infiltration also varied with use zone and season: heavy use—52% fall (F), 65% spring (Sp); moderate use—79% F, 87% Sp; and light use—95% F, 99% Sp. Fall infiltration during the last 10 min of simulated storms on poorly drained soils was 4% with sod cover vs. 12% with hardwood cover. But on well‐drained soils cover effect was reversed (62 vs. 42% on excessively drained and 56 vs. 35% on well‐drained soils for sod and hardwood covers, respectively). Final infiltration rate and total infiltration changed little from one use zone to another on poorly drained campsites, but on well‐ or excessively drained soils there was a marked and progressive reduction in infiltration from light‐ to moderate‐ and heavy‐use zones. Sediment concentration in runoff and soil bulk density increased with use intensity.
Responses of Radish to All Combinations of Three Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Ozone
Authors: Reinert R. A. , Shriner D. S. , Rawlings J. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVegetation stress by air pollutants is frequently a result of a multiple pollutant exposure. Long‐range transport of major air pollutants may affect rural agricultural and forested regions of the eastern United States. Also, changes in the relative importance of the major phytotoxic pollutants, NO2, SO2, and O3, can be anticipated as a result of changing energy patterns. In experiments designed to evaluate the effects of the coincident occurrence of NO2, SO2, and O3, as well as the importance of the ratios of the pollutants to one another, we have demonstrated that the pollutants interacted to influence the response of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) foliage and root.The influence of increasing O3 concentrations at increasing concentrations of NO2 and SO2 generally resulted in smaller root (hypocotyl) fresh and dry weight, and in most cases the relationship was linear. Fresh‐weight reductions in radish roots due to increasing O3 concentrations from 0.1 to 0.2 ppm and from 0.1 to 0.4 ppm at 0.1 ppm NO2 and SO2 were 24 and 51%, respectively. At 0.4 ppm NO2 and SO2, the root‐weight losses due to increasing O3 concentration from 0.1 to 0.2 and from 0.1 to 0.4 ppm were 20 and 38%, respectively. When SO2 reached 0.8 and 1.6 ppm, there was little change in root weight as NO2 and O3 concentrations were increased from 0.2 to 0.4 ppm. Nitrogen dioxide played a significant role in the response of radish to SO2 and O3, considering the high concentration of NO2 (> 2.0 ppm) needed to cause a response in radish from a single exposure to NO2 alone. These results suggested that valid assessment of the impact of siting additional sources of SO2 and NO2 in regions currently experiencing elevated O3 levels will require recognition of this interaction potential.
Plant Disease in an Old Field Ecosystem Irrigated with Municipal Waste Water
Authors: Epstein Lynn , Ditz Kimberly , Safir G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring 1978 and 1979, plant disease on foliage was assessed in an old field dominated by goldenrod (Solidago canadensis and S. graminifolia) and quackgrass (Agropyron repens) and irrigated with waste water. Plant pathogens abundant in waste‐water‐irrigated areas included, Coleosporium asterum, Erysiphe cichoracearum, Phyllachora graminis, and Helminthosporium sp.; such fungi reportedly alternate their life cycles or reproduce on economically important plant species. The increased foliar disease in the irrigated areas was probably due to increased moisture. Frequencies of plant pathogens in the waste water were apparently low since wounded seedlings of numerous crop varieties immersed in waste water remained healthy. Alternaria alternata and Stemphylium sarcinaeforme survived equally well after 24 days in filter‐sterilized waste water or tapwater; however, Erwinia herbicola and E. atroseptica survived longer than 24 hours in buffered waste water but not in buffered tapwater.
Decomposition of Chelates Leached from Waste Disposal Sites
Authors: Avnimelech Yoram , Raveh Ariela 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHeavy metals chelated by organic ligands and sites may endanger adjacent water bodies. Potential chelation capacity of solutions was determined through the effect of the chelating agents on the solubility of CaCO3. The method is simple and yields consistent results.Leachates from sanitary landfill models were incubated aerobically and anaerobically with clay loam, calcareous clay loam, and CaCO3 for periods of up to 120 days. No significant adsorption of the chelates was detected. Decomposition of chelates in the anaerobic systems was very slow and insignificant. Decomposition in aerobic systems was relatively fast, leading to a residual chelation capacity of only 0.1–1% of the initial value after a 74‐day incubation. It is essential, accordingly, to avoid direct drainage of anaerobic leachates from a waste disposal site into a water body.
Storm Sediment Concentrations as Affected by Land Use, Hydrology, and Weather
Authors: Verhoff F. H. , Yaksich S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 26‐year record of daily suspended load carried by the Maumee River at Waterville, Ohio, was examined to determine any trends as a function of time for the period of record. This work was undertaken because earlier work with a 5‐year record of P transport could not determine trends in P loading caused by the abatement of P pollution at an upstream point source. As a result, a question was asked of the length of record required to determine trends. A flow‐weighted mean concentration averaged over an event month or year was used to eliminate flow differences. No significant trends in sediment transport were detected despite urbanization in the basin and changes in farm management practices over the period. Hydrology and weather appear to be the major factors affecting the storm average suspended sediment concentration in the Maumee River. The important variables are maximum discharge during the storm, duration of the storm, water temperature, and high wind average for the days since the previous storm. Such traditional variables as raindrop impact and rainfall energy, which influence sheet erosion, do not explain the variation in the suspended sediment concentration at Waterville on the Maumee River.
Effect of Atrazine on Soil Transformations of Nitrogen and Uptake by Corn
Authors: Cervelli Stefano , Ciardi Carlo , Perna Amalia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of different rates of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐[ethylamino]‐6‐[isopropylamino]‐s‐triazine) (0,2, and 6 kg ha−1) on nitrogen balance and soil urease following 15N‐urea fertilization (200 kg ha−1) was investigated in corn (Zea mays L.) plots by emission spectrometry. Urease activity was affected by both urea and atrazine applications. Concentrations of NH4+‐N and NO3−‐N in soil were greater at the highest herbicide rate. Organic N buildup was slower in plots that received atrazine at the highest rate, but at the end of the cropping season the total amount of organic N was similar for all treatments.Nitrogen losses, as determined by an N balance sheet, were 51, 32, and 22% of added N in the plots treated with 0, 2, and 6 kg ha−1 of atrazine, respectively.The main role of organic N in the N cycle of the soil‐plant environment in the presence of atrazine is suggested.
Toxicity of Anakeesta Formation Leachates to Shovel‐Nosed Salamander, Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Authors: Mathews Raymond C. , Morgan Eric L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFollowing reconstruction of U.S. Highway 441 in 1963 near New‐found Gap, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, aquatic life was almost completely eliminated in stream areas immediately downstream from the construction site. In Beech Flats Prong, for example, aquatic life was virtually absent for approximately 8 km downstream from highway roadcut and fill areas. Salamander (Leurognathus marmoratus) mortality in this stream area was attributed to acidic heavy metal leachate formed through redox processes associated with pyritic content of the Anakeesta roadfill bedrock. To evaluate the lethality of simulated leachate, salamanders were subjected to 96‐hour time‐until‐death acute toxicological assays under laboratory conditions. In this study, leachate components derived from Anakeesta rock thought to be contributing jointly to intoxication processes were elevated acidity and heavy metal concentrations.
Movement of Diffuse Source Pollutants in Small Agricultural Watersheds of the Great Lakes Basin
Authors: Hubbard R. K. , Erickson A. E. , Ellis B. G. , Wolcott A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was conducted to determine losses and distributions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in runoff waters and sediments from heavily fertilized agricultural watesheds during both the growing and nongrowing seasons. The study was done on two small watersheds having well‐drained, fine, sandy loam soils. Runoff was measured continuously and sampled proportionately during 50–60 events over a 2‐year period.Ninety nine percent of the sediment loss over the period occurred during 11 months; 64–86% occurred during a single storm in April when no crop canopy was present. This event was associated with rainfall probabilities rising rapidly toward a primary annual peak for East Lansing, Mich. A second storm of equal magnitude in August was associated with a secondary annual peak in normal rainfall for this location. Both storms exceeded the 20‐year expectancy in erosion potential (erosion index = 68). Seventy to 95% of the N in runoff, and 90–98% of the P, were carried in sediments, except during winter months when up to 80% of the N and 33% of the P were in solution. Sediments were enriched, relative to soils, in total N, but not in extractable P.
Nutrient Mobilization Following Winter Fires in an Irregularly Flooded Marsh
Authors: Faulkner Samuel P. , de la Cruz Armando A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of prescribed winter burning on nutrient pools in an irregularly flooded marsh in St. Louis Bay, Miss., were investigated. Nutrient levels were determined in field‐collected pre‐fire vegetation, post‐fire regrowth, pre‐fire and post‐fire sediments, combustion residues, and reference materials from unburned adjacent sites. Post‐fire soil chemistry was characterized by transitory elevation of sediment‐water pH, P extractable in 0.10N HCl + 0.03N NH4F, and exchange + solution phase K, Ca, and Mg in surface sediments. Although input of ash‐borne nutrients into the marsh appeared minimal for most elements, estimated losses of N and K from combustible plant matter exceeded 90 and 50%, respectively, for both vegetation communities examined, one dominated by needle rush (Juncus roemerianus Scheele), and the other by giant cordgrass (Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth). Losses of these elements in standing elemental pools amounted to 70% for N and nearly 40% for K within both communities. Increases in both absolute elemental concentrations and elemental standing stocks in early spring regrowth, particularly with respect to N, appeared associated with marsh burning. Stimuli including slight increases in some elements in the sediments, sediment warming, and increased insolation, may have contributed to the higher nutrient levels found in plants from burned areas, although a slight lag in physiological ages of plants within burned and reference sites may account for observed differences.
Interception and Retention of Technetium by Vegetation and Soil
Authors: Hoffman F. Owen , Garten Charles T. , Huckabee John W. , Lucas Deborah M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were performed to quantify the initial interception and retention of technetium (Tc) by herbaceous vegetation as a consequence of direct deposition and uptake from soil. A simulated rain containing a solution of 95mTcO4− was applied to plots of bare soil and plots with standing vegetation. Vegetation emerging in the bare‐soil plots obtained Tc predominantly from root uptake. Vegetation standing during the initial application obtained Tc from both direct foliar interception and root uptake. For the plots with standing vegetation, the estimated initial interception fraction (r) ranged from 0.079 to 0.17. The mass interception factor (r/Yv) ranged from 0.65 to 1.1 m2/kg. The retention of Tc by vegetation receiving direct foliar contamination varied with environmental half‐times (Tw) ranging from 15.9 to 18.7 days. Adjusting for the effects of growth dilution increased the values of Tw (range 21.6–28.7 days). For vegetation emerging from the plots of initial bare soil, retention was equivalent to a Tw of 43 days. These data indicated that uptake of Tc from soil diminished with time and that Tc was removed from plant tissue. In soil, a downward movement was evident, because Tc in the top 2 cm decreased with time and concentrations at lower soil depths (6–8 and 14–15 cm) increased with time. The application of these data to predict steady‐state concentrations of Tc in vegetation resulting from continuous deposition does not differ substantially from predictions based on the use of generic‐default parameter values recommended in Regulatory Guide 1.109 of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (1977).
Application of an Approximate Analytic Method of Computing Solute Profiles with Dispersion in Soils
Authors: Rose C. W. , Chichester F. W. , Williams J. R. , Ritchie J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe calculation of mean solute penetration (or solute peak position), e.g., using the method of Rose et al. (1982), provides a Lagrangian (or moving) coordinate system about which solute dispersion takes place. An approximate analytic equation, useful in calculating the convection and dispersion of applied N fertilizer was then developed as follows: the solution of the convection/dispersion equation for a step change in concentration under constant flux boundary conditions was assumed to apply approximately under non‐steady conditions, using an equivalent constant flux; then an equation describing convection/dispersion of an initially rectangular concentration pulse (which approximates the initial concentration profile following fertilizer application) was constructed by superposition.This model gave a useful interpretation of the field monolith lysimeter data of Chichester and Smith (1978), who used 15N‐labelled N fertilizer to study the N balance. Such discrepancies as remained require separate investigation, but are likely to be due to assumptions on the theory not being met in the permanently fissured bedrock lower in the profile.