bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VIII.—Transuterine (“Internal”) Migration of Fertilised Ova in the Albino Rat
Authors: Young A. , Wyburn George M. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe passage of ova down the Fallopian tube and uterine horn of one side into the horn of the other side is generally referred to as transuterine migration. There is evidence that such transmigration can occur in a wide variety of animals—Ungulata, Carnivora, Cheiroptera, Insectivora and Primates (Boyd, Hamilton and Hammond, 1944; Marshall'sPhysiology of Reproduction, 1952). In all these forms the genital tract has a single supravaginal segment varying from a common cervical canal to the single uterine cavity of the primate uterus simplex. The uterus of the albino rat is generally described as “uterus duplex”, with separate cervical canals opening independently into the vagina, and it has been stated by Hanson and Boone (1925, 1926) and by Slonaker (1927) that there is no evidence that transuterine migration occurs in the albino rat. In the course of an experimental investigation of the vascular pattern in pregnancy in the rat, some results were obtained which indicate that transuterine migration can occur in the albino rat.
I—Nigrosin-Eosin Staining of Rabbit Spermatozoa and the Fertility of Semen
Authors: Beatty R. A. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisA standard nigrosin-eosin staining method in current use has been said to differentiate between live (unstained) and dead (stained) spermatozoa. In the present work, the method is applied to rabbit semen. The general results are comparable with those already obtained in the larger domestic animals. The effects of several technical and biological factors on staining capacity are evaluated, and the validity of the method is examined experimentally. Some statistical aspects are presented. The percentage of stained spermatozoa varies widely between rabbit males. To a large extent, any particular male preserves a characteristic percentage from one ejaculate to another. The percentage of stained spermatozoa is inversely related to the fertility of males as measured by the birth rate after natural mating.Concurrently, an investigation was made of the incidence of a class of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa seen in the preparations. The classifications of spermatozoa by morphology and by staining capacity are highly correlated. For assessing semen quality, the morphological classification is considered to be as useful as the classification by staining capacity, and perhaps more useful.Nigrosin-eosin staining of rabbit spermatozoa is discussed; firstly, in comparison with other animals and in relation to sources of variation; secondly, as a means of differentiating between live and dead spermatozoa; thirdly, as a means of assessing the fertility of semen; and fourthly, in relation to the alternative classification of spermatozoa by abnormal morphology.
X.—A Taxonomic Review of the British Species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidæ).
Authors: Campbell J. Allan , Pelham-Clinton E. C. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisA taxonomic review is provided of imagines of the forty-one known British species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidæ).Four species new to science, C. cameroni, C. reconditus, C. segnis and C. machardyi are described from the British Isles.The female of C. poperinghensis Goetghebuer is described for the first time. C. poperinghensis Goetghebuer and C. subfasciipennis Kieffer are recorded as new to the British Isles. C. lupicaris Downes and Kettle is defined anew. Distinguishing taxonomic characters are given for the females of C. achrayi Kettle and Lawson and C. pallidicornis Kieffer.A number of female structural characters of taxonomic importance are discussed and described for all the British species: the antennal sensilla are found to be important as a group character and antennal ratio as a specific or subspecific character.Descriptive notes with relevant taxonomic discussion are given for each species. The paper includes a key to species based on superficial characters and separate keys for each sex based on structural characters.
XIII.—The Cytology of a Diploid Bisexual Spider Beetle, Ptinus clavipes Panzer and its Triploid Gynogenetic form mobilis Moore
Authors: Sanderson Ann R. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe chromosome constitution of the bisexual beetle Ptinus clavipes Panzer (2n = 18) and of its gynogenetic form P. clavipes f. mobilis Moore (3n = 27) have been investigated. The triploid mobilis lives in close association with the bisexual species and mates freely with the males. Eggs from virgin females never pass beyond the metaphase stage and successful completion of maturation is dependent on the presence of sperm. An endomitotic split is apparent in prophase chromosomes and leads to the formation of twenty-seven pseudobivalents which undergo a pseudomeiotic division. Only one maturation division has been observed. Although the fate of the activating sperm has not been resolved it is thought that sperm nuclei give rise to isolated haploid nuclei in some eggs and interfere with normal cleavage in others. Since the triploid form may also mate with males of Ptinus pusillus Sturm and P. fur. L. with reduced numbers of progeny the affinities of the gynogenetic form is discussed. This is the only known case of gynogenesis in Coleoptera.
XIII.—The Polysaccharides Synthesized byMonodus subterraneuswhen Grown on Artificial Media under Bacteria-free Conditions.
Authors: Beattie Anne , Percival Elizabeth 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThis paper describes the isolation and characterization of the polysaccharides synthesized by the unicellular organism,Monodus subterraneus. Complete extraction of polysaccharide material proved difficult and the method finally adopted, after removal of colouring matter by immersion in dimethyl sulphoxide, was successive extractions with (i) cold water, (ii) hot water, (iii) aqueous ethanol, (iv) chlorite solution, and (v) dilute alkali. The major polysaccharide, isolated from (v), is a glucan. It was shown by periodate oxidation, methylation and enzymic studies to consist mainly ofβ-l, 4-linked glucose units. The presence of a small proportion ofβ-1, 3-linked glucose units, either incorporated with theβ-1, 4-linked units in a single polymer of the lichenin-type or in a separate polymer of the laminarin-type, was also established. Further small quantities of this mixed glucan were also deposited from (ii) and from (iii) on keeping these extracts in the cold. Heterogeneous crude polysaccharide material was isolated from (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) by alcohol precipitation. The sugars present in these various precipitates and their respective oxopolysaccharides were identified chromatographically, and, in the case of the major constituents, separated and characterized as crystalline derivatives. The polysaccharide extracted by cold water was found to contain glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose and 12 per cent of sulphate; that extracted by hot water comprised glucose (major), galactose (major), and possibly fucose; and that extracted by chlorite solution consisted of glucose (major), xylose (major), ribose and a trace of galactose.
XIV.—Origin and Development of the Digestive System of the Giant Land SnailAchatina fulicaBowdich
Authors: Ghose Krishna Chandra 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe stomodæum appears as an ectodermal invagination. The oesophagus develops from an outgrowth (posterior) and the radular sac from a ventral evagination of the floor of the stomodæum. The basal epithelium of the radular sac secretes the radular membrane and the teeth, while the dorsal epithelium contributes towards the hardening of the teeth. The subradular cavity is formed from a depression of the floor and the salivary glands from two evaginations of the roof of the stomodæum. The buccal cartilage is mesodermal, while the jaw is ectodermal. The blastopore closes. Only the posterior part of the archenteron takes part in the formation of the gut, from which the crop, stomach and the digestive gland develop. The anterior chamber of the crop develops from a diverticulum of the archenteron. The anterior and posterior lobes of the digestive gland arise from the anterior part of the primitive stomach dorsally and on the left side respectively; the posterior chamber of the crop from the anteroventral region of the primitive stomach, and the stomach from the posterior right side of its floor. The hind gut appears by the arrangement of cells proliferated from that part of the archenteron where blastopore closes. It opens anterodorsally into the primitive stomach in a 2½ mm. embryo; the anus appears in a late embryo about 12 days old.
XX.—Quantitative Studies on the Invertebrate Fauna of Sandy and Stony Substrates in the River Endrick, Scotland
Authors: Maitland Peter S. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisMonthly quantitative samples of the invertebrate fauna were taken from two stations in the River Endrick over a period of fifteen months; the substrate at one station in the lower reaches was sandy, whilst that at the other in the middle reaches was stony. The fauna at these stations differed qualitatively, but showed certain quantitative similarities, especially with regard to seasonal change. The fauna of stones is richer, and much more varied than that of sand, though both substrates appear to be unstable and may be drastically affected by spates. The average standing crop of the invertebrate fauna during 1960 was found to be 8 g. per square m. in sand and 16 g. per square m. in stones. Compared with the few other results which are available for rivers elsewhere in the world these figures would indicate that the standing crops of these substrates in the River Endrick are of intermediate richness.
XXII.—A Quantitative Study of Spermatozoan Nucleus Length inDrosophila melanogaster(Meig).
Authors: Sidhu N. S. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisA squash-preparation technique for the measurement of nucleus lengths in permanent preparations of the spermatozoa ofDrosophila melanogasteris described. Prefixation gave longer nuclei, but the degree of pressure used in making the squash did not affect nucleus length. Variation in nucleus length between the spermatozoa of a male was fairly high (coefficient of variation 14 per cent). Smaller, though significant, differences existed between means of males within culture bottles, but there were no significant differences between means of duplicate culture bottles. There was a little evidence of heterogeneity of within-male variances. A logarithmic transformation of data before analysis was indicated. These observations provide a hitherto missing background for planning experiments in quantitative variation designed to throw light on genetic and other factors affecting the dimensions ofDrosophilaspermatozoa.
VII.—On the Neonatus of Callimico gœldii (Thomas)
Authors: Osman Hill W. C. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisAn account is provided of the external and skeletal features of a four-days old Callimico gœldii, one of twins born in captivity. Bodily proportions are compared with those of other newborn marmosets and tamarins. Diffeiences in pelage from the adult are outlined. Data are provided on the regional external anatomy. The state of skeletal ossification and dental development are discussed. The taxonomic position of Callimico within the Hapalidæ is confirmed.
II.—Some New Data on “Kylitic” Sills and Associated Picrites in Ayrshire, Scotland
Authors: Drever H. I. , MacDonald J. G. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe definition of the name “kylite” is reviewed and it is suggested that its usage should be discontinued. What is now emphasised as the criterion of most importance in distinguishing “kylites” from crinanites and teschenites is the development of a strongly zoned purplish pink augite in advance of feldspar. Basic alkaline doleritic rocks in which the augite develops in this manner could be referred to simply as kylitic. Specimens were systematically collected from the picritic sill near Dalmellington which is kylitic in type. Rocks from different levels in this sill have been chemically analysed, and also unzoned olivine (Mg74.4) and zoned augite. A vein (and the augite from it) in the kylitic sill near Troon, known as the Hillhouse Quarry Sill, have also been chemically analysed. The chemical compositions of all these analysed rocks and of the analysed augites are compared with appropriate data from, in particular, the sills of the Shiant Isles and Lugar, and the Black Jack Sill in New South Wales. Some relationships of kylitic rocks with the differentiation trends in these sills are briefly discussed with the aid of variation diagrams. On the basis of the available evidence it is inferred that in the olivine-rich Dalmellington Sill, olivine has accumulated prior to intrusion and that subsequent “flowage differentiation” has apparently been inoperative.
IV.—On the Biology of a herbivorous Fish, the White Amur or Grass Carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellaVal
Authors: Hickling C. F. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe important macrophyte-feeding cyprinid fishCtenopharyngodon idellaVal., the White Amur or Grass Carp, is native to temperate climates. The present paper is concerned with its biology when transplanted to Malacca, a tropical research station in latitude 2° 17′ N.At this station, the fish has a faster growth-rate, and may mature at an earlier age and smaller size, than in its native habitat. There are no marked seasonal changes at Malacca, and in these conditions the Grass Carp shows no spawning cycle, but some fish are ripe at any time of the year. While the testes of the males appear to develop normal milt, the ovaries in the fish examined seldom produced as many eggs as in their native habitat, and the eggs themselves have been shown to be mostly defective and to undergo early atresion.Consequently, though the ovulation of eggs of normal size was induced by pituitary injection in nineteen out of forty-eight trials, no success was got in the artificial fertilization of the eggs, though elsewhere success has been got in 25 per cent and more of trials. It is suggested that this fish may need the external stimuli which are associated with its natural spawning season to develope normal fertile eggs.
XIII.—Preliminary Cytological Investigation of the Collembolan Hypogastrura viatica (Tullberg 1872)
Authors: Sanderson Ann R. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe breeding season of Hypogastrura viatica (Tullberg 1872) appears to reach its peak in mid-April when both sexes occur in about equal numbers. Cytological examination reveals a karyotype of 14/XX in the female and 13X/O in the male. The investigation of spermateleosis and maturation of the egg is incomplete but arguments for and against the occurrence of parthenogenesis are presented.
XIII.—The History, Organisation and Work of Moredun Institute Animal Diseases Research Association
Authors: Greig J. Russell 
Published: June 2012

I am privileged to-day in having been invited to give this address, but I feel that I am particularly privileged also in that, so far as I can discover, this is the first occasion in the annals of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on which a veterinarian has been asked to address the Society on matters concerning the diseases of animals.The Veterinary profession has long been recognised as a handmaid of Agriculture but, like her sister profession Medicine, her services, until comparatively recently, have been based on knowledge acquired by long experience derived from trial and error, as distinct from planned experiment based on scientific principles.
XXI.–Estimation of Fertile and Infertile Marriages and Size of Family
Authors: Burns C. Margaret 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisFrom the proportion of first births in any year it is possible to calculate the average size of fertile family which would be produced if the rate of reproduction remained constant and equal to that of that year. From marriage age and total married fertility rate the corresponding size of all families may be estimated. The relation of these two figures gives the percentage of fertile unions corresponding to the aforesaid reproduction rate. The proportion of fertile unions in various countries during the two wars, and under the varying economic conditions of peace, has been studied, and the great variations demonstrated. The importance of these variations is considered.
XIII.—The Mid-Winter Rumen Microfauna of the Seaweed-Eating Sheep of North Ronaldshay
Authors: Eadie J. Margaret 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisIn January 1956 a visit was made to North Ronaldshay, one of the Orkney Islands, to examine the rumen ciliate protozoa of the seaweed-fed native sheep. Rumen material from thirteen sheep was examined and the ciliate species identified. The numerical ratio of holotrich to oligotrich ciliates appeared to be much the same as in the hay-fed sheep's rumen;Isotriclia intestinalisStein was, however, always absent. Certain experiments on the protozoan utilization of carbohydrates were carried out and the results compared with those of similar experiments on rumen liquor from hay-fed sheep. The holotrich ciliates of North Ronaldshay sheep were found to store amylopectin when the rumen liquor was incubated with laminarin, to a lesser extent when incubated with galactose and to be unaffected by mannose. These three results differ from previous experience with hay-fed sheep. No seaweed carbohydrate other than laminarin was utilized by the North Ronaldshay sheep holotrichsin vitro.
XVI.—Ecological Distribution of the Lumbricidæ in the Hebrides
Authors: Boyd J. Morton 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe mineral base of the soils in Islay, Tiree, Coll and the Outer Hebrides is composed mainly of erosion products of Lewisian and Torridonian rocks, together with materials taken from solution in the sea biotically, and subsequently deposited in the form of shell-sand on the windward coasts. The soils composed for the most part of erosion products are acid, and those of marine products basic. Along transect lines at right angles to the coast there is in many places a wide range of soil conditions from calcareous sand to peat, in distances of about 1 kilometre.The distribution of the Lumbricidæ, a group known to be affected by pH, available calcium content, and moisture content of the soil, is studied within this range in soil types. Seventeen species are involved, three of which are grouped (in numerical considerations) owing to taxonomic difficulties, and these are described in groups living in the main ecological zones of the soil habitat. Relationships are found between the abundance of those species and soil types.The occurrence of earthworms in three different soil niches—open soil, in and under cow-pats, and under stones—is described, and niche preferences of the dominant species discussed.
I.—Copepoda (Crustacea) from the Meiobenthos of Some Scottish Marine Sub-littoral Muds
Authors: Wells J. B. J. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisAmong collections of meiobenthos from some sub-littoral muds off the coast of Scotland were eighty-five species of Copepoda. Twelve of these were found to be new species of Harpacticoida. In addition, the hitherto unknown males of four species were discovered.
II.—The Hydroid Collections of James Ritchie
Authors: Rees William J. , Thursfield Sarah 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe introduction contains an appreciation of the work of James Ritchie (1882–1958) on hydroids. His collections in the Royal Scottish Museum consisting of 266 species have been re-examined and listed with up-to-date synonymy, this also serving as a catalogue of all the identified hydroid material in this Museum.Among the important collections are those made by W. S. Bruce in theScotiaand E. H. Shackleton's Antarctic Expeditions; there is also much valuable secondary material, especially in the form of micro-preparations, from collections reported on by Ritchie, notably those of the AustralianThetisExpedition, the Scottish Loch collections of Sir John Murray, the Indian Museum and collections by Cyril Crossland, James Simpson and Rudmose Brown and others.Ritchie described many new species and varieties and all the type material has been noted, lectotypes being designated where necessary.Hydroids from theGoldseekercollections of the Fishery Board for Scotland were not reported on by Ritchie although he identified a considerable number of samples from Scottish waters—these have been included in this survey. These new records are of considerable value for compiling distribution lists. Apart from Ritchie's own work little has been done on hydroids from waters around the north of Scotland since the days of Hincks, Allman and Norman. The bibliography contains a full list of James Ritchie's hydroid papers.
XIX.—pH Phenomena in Relation to Stomatal Opening: II–V
Authors: Small J. , Clarke M. I. , Crosbie-Baird J. 
Published: June 2012

The control of stomatal aperture by intensity of light, under normal conditions of water-relations of surrounding cells, has apparently been established by Nutman (1937) for coffee leaves. This control results in the closing of stomatal pores both with too little and with too much illumination. Since photosynthesis in the guard-cells is not known to decrease with increase in light intensity, up to the limit of full sunshine, some other factor or factors are suggested as coming into action.Investigations, in the Department of Botany, Queen's University, Belfast, by three research students have progressively elucidated some of the factors concerned.
XV.—The Effect of Certain Factors on the Formation of Root Nodules on Pea Plants in Aseptic Culture
Authors: McGonagle Moira P. 
Published: June 2012

The experiments described in the present paper were undertaken as the outcome of an investigation into the possibility of securing nodule formation on leguminous roots cultured separately from the shoots. During that investigation it soon became clear that experiments on whole plants were necessary, in order to test the effect, on the nodulation of the normal whole plant, of certain conditions under which nodulation of root cultures was being attempted. It is thought that these observations on whole plants, though ancillary to the main investigation (which is still in progress), are of sufficient interest to be published separately. The observations are concerned with the effect of the following conditions or treatments on nodule development in a particular variety of pea:—(a) Depriving the plant of light;(b) the presence of sucrose in the rooting medium;(c) the presence of nitrate in the rooting medium; and(d) the presence of certain accessory growth substances, viz. aneurin and nicotinic acid, in the rooting medium.
XX.—Inheritance of Resistance to Blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Potatoes: Comparison of A and B Strains
Authors: Black William 
Published: June 2012

Previous reports (Black, 1943, 1945) on the resistance of potatoes to the blight fungus (Phytophthora infestans) have shown the existence of at least two major genetic factors (Ra and Rb) in the host, and the occurrence of not less than two strains (A and B) of the pathogen.From the studies then reported, it was concluded that the two genes had been brought into the potato from different phyletic sources and that one, Ra, when in the dominant state, conferred resistance to strain A, while similarly Rb conferred resistance to strain B.