bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The metamorphosis of the jaws and their muscles in the Toad, Bufo regularis Reuss, correlated with the changes in the animal's feeding habits
Authors: Sedra Shokralla N. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.In the tadpoles of Bufo regularis it has been found that:

A commissura quadrato‐cranialis anterior and an ascending process are present; both of these structures are of common occurrence in all other Salientia and help in joining the quadrate to the skull.
There is no larval otic process (a primitive character), but instead there is a fibrous ligament, the quadrato‐otic ligament.
The processus muscularis quadrati is attached to the lamina orbitonasalis by a bridge of cartilage which is here called the “commissura quadrato‐orbitalis”.
The infrarostral cartilage and Meckel's cartilage are connected by a cartilaginous bar, which is here called the “commissura intramandibularis”.
The suprarostral cartilage consists of a median and two lateral lobes. This is a primitive character.
There is neither a M. l. m. anterior lateralis (as in Ascaphus truei), nor a M. l. m. subexternus (as in Bufo bufo).
The M. l. m. externus consists of two separate parts, anterior and posterior, the former is inserted on the lower jaw, the latter on the suprarostral cartilage.
The M. mandibulo‐labialis is inserted on the lower lip only, and has no connection to the upper lip.
The important changes which take place during metamorphosis are:

All three larval processes joining the quadrate to the skull break down and disappear.
The otic process develops exclusively from the posterior half of the quadrate.
The pseudo‐basal process develops as an outgrowth from the anteroventral surface of the auditory capsule.
A quadrate bone develops on the articular part of the quadrate cartilage and fuses with the quadratojugal, which develops on the ligamentum cornu quadratum laterale.
The M. mandibulo‐labialis fuses with the M. intermandibularis posterior.
The two parts of the M. l. m. externus fuse with each other.
The MM. orbitohyoideus, suspensoriohyoideus and the suspensorioquadrato‐, and hyo‐angularis fuse and give rise to the M. depressor mandibulae.
The MM. l. m. posterior superficialis and profundus remain separate throughout life.
The M. l. m. anterior lateralis is differentiated from the M. l. m. anterior articularis late during metamorphosis.
The jaw muscles show a drop in their absolute lengths as well as in volume during metamorphosis, after which they begin to grow again.
The lower jaw keeps on increasing in length until the adult condition is attained.
The blood supply of the mesonephros of the sheep
Authors: Davies J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The extrinsic and intrinsic blood vessels of the mesonephros in the sheep have been studied with special reference to the so‐called “giant glomerulus”. The latter is precocious in its development as compared with the Malpighian bodies caudal to it. The angioblastic preglomerular tissue is the important factor in determining the shape and vascular connexions of the Malpighian bodies. The latter vary greatly in size and shape, possess multiple efferent vessels and show a marked degree of linkage and fusion together. The tubules are surrounded by a plexus of sinusoidal veins in which feature the mesonephros differs fundamentally from the metanephros.The early vessels of the metanephros and the origin of the renal and spermatic arteries are briefly discussed.
A gynandromorph Sarcophaga Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with notes on the sexual dimorphism of that genus
Authors: Thomas H. T. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.This paper describes an interesting specimen of a Sarcophagid fly (probably Sarcophaga albiceps Mg.) which displays intersexual characters. Apart from the terminalia, the fly exhibits male characters; in the terminalia itself male and female sclerites can be recognized; the internal generative organs of both sexes are also present.This specimen appears to support the view that the pregenital plate (synsternite 7–8) of calypterate cyclorrhaphous Diptera is composed of two sclerites: sternites 7 and 8. It also seems to indicate that tergites 7 and 8 are absent in the higher Diptera.
Some anomalous blood vessels in the rabbit.
Authors: HERIOT JOAN E. , WESTON SYLVIA M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe presence of an anomalous left azygos vein in a rabbit is described and the origin of the azygos and hemiazygos veins discussed, with reference to the possible origin of this anomaly. In another specimen an abnormal development of the systemic arches is described and the probable origin of the anomaly discussed.
Birds' nests as a sòurce of domestic pests.
Authors: WOODROFFE G. E. , SOUTHGATE B. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

A number of stored product and domestic insect pests have been recorded from birds' nests.
Nests of five species of house‐nesting birds were examined during the first three months of 1950. The composition of the nests is given.
An extensive insect fauna was found, including, in particular, clothes moths, house moths and carpet beetles.
The mite fauna included species found on stored products.
The nature of the environment provided by a sparrow's nest is discussed. Three successive phases are recognizable, characterized respectively by (i) ectoparasites of birds, (ii) a fauna of stored products pests and their predators, and (iii) a humus fauna. The second phase is the one chiefly studied in this paper.
While the complete fauna showed considerable variation from one nest to another, the dominant species formed a distinct group which was normally present in every nest. This group consisted of the moths, Tinaea columbariella and Hofmannophila pseudospretella, the beetle, Anthrenus verbasci, and the mites. Mealia pteronyssina. Glycyphagus domesticus and Acaropsis docta.
The feeding habits of certain chironomid larvae (subfamily Tendipedinae).
Authors: WALSHE BARBARA M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The nature of the food and the feeding mechanisms of various chironomid larvae with different modes of life have been studied by observing their feeding behaviour in the laboratory and their gut contents in nature and under experimental conditions.
Of Tendipes (=Chironomus) larvae, only T. plumosus employs a filter‐feeding mechanism with a salivary net spun across the lumen of its tube anterior to the body. Other larvae of the plumosus‐group (e. g. T. dorsalis), although identical in larval morphological characters, feed only on organic matter in the mud. The possession of the unique and complicated feeding behaviour should be regarded as grounds for retaining T. plumosus as a species distinct from the others resembling it in larval characters, some of which are doubtfully valid.
Tendipes larvae of the thummi and bathophilus types have no filter‐feeding mechanism but also ingest the mud; this is true too of mud‐living Tanytarsini, e. g. Micropsectra, Tanytarsus (Tanytarsus), Sergentia.
Larvae of Tanytarsus (Rheotanytarsus) are filter‐feeders making use of the natural flow of a stream to bring them suspended particles which form their food. The filtratory salivary net is slung between spreading arms built by the larva at the entrance to its tube.
Larvae with portable cases (e. g. Stempellina, Lauterborniella) feed on particles of algae or detritus in the vicinity.
Chironomid larvae mining in aquatic plants employ a filter mechanism for obtaining their phytoplanktonic food. Like Tendipes plumosus larvae, they spin a salivary net across the lumen of their burrows but, unlike them, turn round after having spun the net so that, while driving a water current through the burrow and thereby catching phytoplankton, the net is posterior in the. The net is also a much deeper cone than that of T. plamousus.
Three genera of filter‐feeding leaf‐miners were studied: Endochironomus and Pentapedilum. The genera show certain constand differences in the details of their feeding behaviour for instance in the shape of the net, method of its construction, defaecation behaviour, and extent to which filter‐feeding is obligatory. These differences are described.
The rhythm of the feeding behaviour is not conditioned by the amount of plankton being caught in the net. The length of time spent in irrigating during each feeding cycle is, however, negatively correlated with the rate of undulatory body movement during irrigation. The larvae only defaccate whilst feeding: the length of interval between successive defaecations is proportional to the amount of food eaten.
The possible origins of the various filter‐feeding mechanisms in Tendipedinae are discussed.
The external genitalia of the female chimpanzec; with observations on the mammary apparatus.
Authors: HILL W. C. OSMAN 
Published: August 2010

Summary and Conclusion.

The female external geiiitalia of the cliirnpaiizer have been decribed and figured in more detail (especialy with reference to the morphology the ditoris) than hit'herto.
Stages are considered at, different pcriocls of the post ‐1iitta1 life history.
The mammary gland has been discussed at different, phases of tthe life history.
Comparisons are niade with the external genitalia of other Priniate's, both human and subhuman and the morphology of the cliboris cornpred with that, of the penis at different ages.
Conclusions are drawn relative to the early differeatiation of Anthropo‐pifh)ecun from the generalized anthropoid ape‐stock of the Miocene. in which a generalized mammalian phallus was probably the rule—which condition is retained by the femde chimpanzee. whereas i t has been consitlernbly departed from hy the male.
Studies on a lernacid copepod, Cardiodectes anchorellae* Brian and Gray.
Authors: GNANAMUTHU C. P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.1. The frequency of infection, the attachment and the dependence of the parasite on the host as well as the respiratory and osmotic relations of the parasite with the surrounding medium are briefly noted.2. The various divisions of the body and the appendages are described.3. An account of the structure of the body wall, the gut, the vascular and nervous systems, and the reproductive organs is given.4. Larvae belonging to the first and second chalimus stages are described and compared with the larvae of other lernaeids as regards suspension.
Studies on the Trypanosomes of New Zealand Fish.
Authors: LAIRD MARSHALL , PORTER ANNIE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.The following trypanosomes of New Zealand marine fish are described in this account, and their relationships discussed:–Trypanosoma heptatreti Laird, 1948 (host: Heptatretus cirrhatus).Trypanosoma gargantua sp. n. (host: Raja nasuta).Trypanosoma coelorhynchi sp. n. (hosts: Coelorhynchus australis; Physiculus bachus).Trypanosoma caulopsettae sp. n. (hosts: Caulopsetta scapha; Rhombosolea plebeia).Trypanosoma tripterygium sp. n. (hosts: Tripterygium carium; Tripterygium medium).Trypanosoma congiopodi sp. n, (host: Congiopodus leucopaecilus).Trypanosoma parapercis sp. n. (host: Parapercis colias).Heptatretus cirrhatus is the first member of the Agnatha to be recorded as a host for trypanosomes. while Trypanosoma gargantua sp. 11. becomes the largest known representative of its genus. It appears that New Zealand fresh water fish are not parasitized by trypanosomes, probably because of the absence of suitable leech vectors.
The nasal cavities of the Toad Hemipipa carvalhoi Mir. ‐Rib. and other Pipidae.
Authors: PATERSON NELLIE F. , HINDLE EDWARD 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.1. The results of a microscopical study of the nasal cavities of Hemipipa carvalhoi when compared with observations on Pipa, Hymenochirus and Xenopus reveal significant similarities between the latter genus and Hemipipa.2. It is considered that a recessus olfactorius, similar to that described by Helling (1938) in other Salientia, is present in the Pipidae. The “Nebenhöhle” of Xenopus (Föske, 1934) and the “lateral nasal canal” of Pipa (Bancroft, 1895) cannot, therefore, be homologous with the recessus olfactorius as Helling maintains, and the opinion is expressed that they represent the cavum medium of other forms.3. The cavum medium (Bancroft's “lateral nasal canal”) consists of anterior and posterior parts, the latter being further subdivided into dorsal‐lateral, ventro‐lateral and medial recesses.4. The “nasal canal” of Pipa (Bancroft, 1895) is considered to be comparable to the infundibulum of other Salientia.5. The cavum inferius is divisible into a medial organ of Jacobson and a more lateral part, which Föske (1934) termed the “Mündungszone” of Jacobson's organ, but which herein is compared to the recessus lateralis.6. The suggestion is made that the thin‐walled, posterior sac, usually regarded as the homologue of the recessus lateralis, may be a diverticulum of the latter, the arrangement of the cavum inferius resembling that of Bombina variegata (Slabbert, 1945).7. The nasal cavities in the Pipidae are remarkable in that they are mainly lined by sensory epithelium, the presence of which is rather inexplicable unless it be used for olfactory perception when the animal is submerged.8. Föske's suggestion (1934) that the thin‐walled diverticula of the cavum medium of Xenopus function as accessory pulsating sacs has been examined, but it is concluded that movements of skeletal elements are probably more effective in maintaining the flow of water through the nasal cavities. It is thought that the nasolacrimal duct may be of importance in Xenopus as an inlet for water bathing the sensory epithelium of the cavum medium.
The interstitial cycle in relation to autumn and winter sexual behaviour in birds.
Authors: MARSHALL A. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

The post‐nuptial recrudescence of sexual display in male birds in two species (Erithacus rubecula and Corvus frugilegus) occurs after the regeneration of the exhausted lipoid Leydig cells of the interstitium and there is evidence that the same applies to other species.
Although the collapsed post‐nuptial testis remains at or near its minimum size it is extremely active. A new tunica albuginea is formed inside the old collapsed and distorted testis wall. The new generation of endocrine Leydig cells become lipoidal and cholesterol‐positive and appear to secrete sufficiently to stimulate the late summer and autumn display characteristic of many species. Meanwhile moult ends and the tubules gradually lose their metamorphosed lipoids. As these are cholosterol‐positive they too may have an influence on post‐nuptial sexual activity. The refractory period of photoexperimentalists draws to an end. In some species post‐nuptial sexual behaviour may occasionally lead to occasional autumnal or winter reproduction if weather and food conditions remain propitious.
Testis collapse, tubule metamorphosis and interstitial regeneration are part of the internal rhythm of the organ and are unrelated to climatic events such as daylength or light variation.
Among many British birds post‐nuptial display is partially or sometimes almost wholly extinguished in normally severe December weather. There next follows the pre‐nuptial leap in gametogenetic activity that begins, according to the individual species and locality, from December until February. The last lipoids vanish from the testis tubules and there is an interstitial advancement. The ovaries show macroscopic changes and pairing occurs in species that have not already done so.
It is not known whether this late‐winter pre‐nuptial leap in gametogenetic activity is stimulated by external factors or whether it is a spontaneously occurring part of the internal rhythm in one or both of the sexes. There is evidence suggesting that in the case of the robin neither daylength or light increment cause it.
After its pre‐nuptial reactivation the sexual cycle is governed by the week to week environmental experiences, including behavioural interactions, of the pair. Sunshine as opposed to mere lengthening days is a potent stimulus; excessively dull, cold weather and hunger are inhibitors.
In the species studied the male cycle advances more rapidly than that of the female; in several British passerines spermatozoa appear while the oocytes are still minute and while the woods are still almost bare. There is evidence which suggests that the environmental stimuli that allow fertilization, and thus keep the sexual cycle of the species anchored in time, principally operate through the female and so ovulation occurs at a time that will enable the young to appear at about the same period as the traditional food harvest. Such stimuli will have to be determined from species to species.
The homology of the stomochord of the Enteropneusta.
Authors: NEWELL G. E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

The structure and anatomical relations of the stomochord found in enteropneusts are briefly reviewed and contrasted with those of the chordate notochord.
It is pointed out that the difference of opinion expressed about the homology of the stomochord can be attributed in part to the variable meanings attached to the concept of homology by different writers. It is now generally agreed that comparative anatomy is the safest criterion for the assessment of homology and on these grounds the homology of the stomochord with the notochord must be rejected. Further, homology between the two structures cannot be sustained by appeal to similarity of development for they arise quite differently in the embryo.
The enteropneust stomochord has some resemblances to the cardiac body found in some polychaetes but it is not suggested that it is homologous with it.
The milk‐molars of Perissodactyla, with remarks on molar occlusion.
Authors: BUTLER P. M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

A survey is made of the milk‐molars of Perissodactyla and Condylarthra with a view to determining the evolutionary trends.
Molarization of the milk‐molars takes place in a variety of ways, which may be grouped into three main types: (a) the condylarthran type, found also in Plagiolophus, (b) the type found in the Equidae and Brontotheriidae, and (c) that found in the Tapiroidea and Rhinocerotoidea. Each of these types has a characteristic order of development of the cusps. The condylarthran type is considered to be the most primitive.
From a study of the wear of the teeth, it is concluded that the occlusal movement in all Perissodactyla is transverse (ectal). The characteristic features of occlusion in the various families are discussed.
During molarization the talonid becomes intercalated between two trigonids, the intercalation taking place at a relatively late stage in type (a), earliest in type (b) and at an intermediate stage in type (c). The buccal parts of the trigonid and talonid become functional before the lingual parts.
The Palaeotheriidae (excluding Pachynolophus and Propachynolophus) are regarded as a distinct family that retains condylarth features of the milk dentition to a late date, and cannot be derived from Hyracotherium. With the exception of Plagiolophus, they show in their milk‐molars transitional stages leading to the conditions found in other perissodactyls.
The hypothesis is put forward that the order of development of the cusps depends upon their different sensitivities to the graded morphogenetic conditions in the developing jaw. Correlated evolution of the upper and lower teeth suggests that occlusion has a morphogenetic basis which affects both jaws.
The concepts of homology due to descent from a common ancestral structure, homology due to parallel evolution, and serial homology are considered to be closely related and not sharply separable in practice.
The copepod Thalestris rhodymeniae (Brady) and its nauplius, parasitic in the seaweed Rhodymenia palmata (L.) Grev.*
Authors: Harding J. P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A copepod which Brady named Fucitrogus rhodymieniae and which burrows into the fronds of the seaweed Rhodymenia palmata devouring the tissues and producing gall‐like swellings is shown to be the naupliar stage of the harpacticid genus Thalestris.The nauplius is highly specialized, having appendages unlike those of nauplii of other copepods and admirably suited to its life in the alga. The second antenna is masticatory in function and has a powerfully developed mandible like gnathobase.The skin of the nauplii is soft and extensible so that the animal as a whole appears to grow continuously; but there are six naupliar stages, and they show a doubling of volume of the hard parts at each instar with remarkably little increase in the complexity of the appendages.The first copepodid is advanced, as far as the number of the appendages is concerned; but these are under‐developed in structure and apparently not functional, the animal at this stage living on internal stores laid in by the nauplius.The last (apparently second) copepodid has normal appendages, is the first stage normally to be found in an open gall and is probably able to feed.The adult male and female are described and the species is compared with T. purpurea Sars which is closely related.
On the cranial anatomy of some gorgonopsids and the synapsid middle ear.
Authors: Parrington F. R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

Part of a collection of gorgonopsids from Upper Permian rocks of the Ruhuhu Valley in Tanganyika is described. Detailed accounts are given of the quadrate‐articular hinge mechanism and the reflected lamina of the angular from fragmentary remains, and skulls of Scylacops capensis Broom and Dixeya quadrata Haughton are described.
An attempt is made to restore the jaw musculature of gorgonopsids. It is concluded that the posterior pterygoideus muscle was inserted on the ventro‐medial surface of the articular and that a masseter was present and was inserted on the reflected lamina of the angular.
The evolution of the masseter muscle is discussed and it is concluded that it arose in captorhinomorph cotylosaurs, and that it was inserted on the deep Made of the angular in primitive pelycosaurs, and on the reflected lamina of the angular in all more advanced synapsids except the most advanced theriodonts.
The mechanics of retroarticular processes are examined. It is concluded that the deflected articular process present among synapsid reptiles generally was a true retroarticular process, giving attachment to a depressor mandibuli muscle, and that its ventral deflection was a modification to permit the wide gape necessary in forms having large canine teeth.
The nature of the typical synapsid middle ear is discussed. It is concluded that the available data are best accounted for by assuming that an external auditory meatus, a post‐quadrate tympanum and an extra‐stapes were present, and that the ear was sensitive to airborne sound.
The biology of the Stingless Bee Trigonu (Hypotrigona) gribodoi Magretti (Meliponidae).
Authors: Bassindale R. , Matthews L. Harrison 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

An African meliponid bee (Trigona (Hypotrigona) gribodoi Magretti) has been kept in observation nests near Accra, Gold Coast.
The nests had up to 750 bees, honey and pollen store cells of 8 mm. height and 6 mm. diameter and brood cells of 31/2 mm. height and 21/2 mm. diameter arranged in clusters.
The nests had a trumpet‐shaped tubular entrance and another tube running in to the nest. The nesting cavity is sealed where necessary by a thick propolis screen and the nest area may be cut off from the rest of the cavity by a wax sheet.
The queen is physogastric. Drones take thirty‐two days from egg laying to emergence, are reared in cells identical with those of the worker caste and perform no work. Workers take thirty‐five days to develop and after emergence pass through five recognizable stages of increasing pigmentation.
In the absence of a queen, workers lay eggs but only drones are reared.
The five stages of the worker caste perform work on a rotation system comparable with that of the honey bee. Stage 1 performs no work: stage 2 rears the brood and feeds all castes; stage 3 ripens nectar and cleans the nest: stage 4 ventilates the nest and carries debris out; stage 5 guards the entrance and forages for nectar, pollen and propolis.
A detailed description is given of activities in the nest.
Foraging takes place mainly in the morning.
There is a heavy brood mortality.