bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decolonizing (Psycho)linguistics Means Dropping the Language Gap Rhetoric
Authors: Figueroa Megan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Not everything is known about how children develop language. It is understood that parents don’t teach their kids language—that’s just not how it works because language development is much more natural than that. But researchers act like parents do teach their kids language. They say some parents are better at teaching language and some kids are better at learning it. Some researchers even claim certain parents are so bad at language that their kids will hear 30 million fewer words by the time they enter school. That’s 30 million fewer words for kids to learn from, they say. This is called the language gap, and it’s completely ridiculous. Worse, it’s straight-up racist. Time after time, language gap research claims that racialized kids and families are the ones not doing language right, while the language of middle- and upper-class white people should be imitated. This is all just another way to protect white supremacy in a settler-colonial country.
Promoting Decolonized Classrooms Through an Introductory Linguistics Course for Future Teachers in Alaska
Authors: Ryan Ève , Ford Matt , Wilde Giovanna 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What does decolonization mean in the context of linguistics teaching in an institution of higher education in Alaska? In this chapter, the authors share some reflections based on their experience teaching and taking an undergraduate linguistics course aimed at future teachers at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). After providing a brief overview of both the Alaskan educational context and linguistics at UAF, they offer a description of the course, as well as an assessment of the course’s strengths (e.g., affirming students’ emotions) and limitations (e.g., missed opportunities to indigenize knowledge). The chapter concludes with a testimony from a past student of the course, illustrating and emphasizing the need for community-school-university partnerships.
Conclusion
Authors: Hudley Anne H. Charity , Montoya Ignacio L. , Mallinson Christine , Bucholtz Mary 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This conclusion to Decolonizing Linguistics reflects on how to translate the guiding principles of decolonization into concrete action, with a focus on what can be done by the scholarly community, colleges and universities, departments, and individuals. Returning to the chapters in this volume, the conclusion explores the action plans that the authors lay out. This practical discussion begins with the fundamental recognition that decolonization is both ongoing and imperative and then considers in turn teaching and learning as a decolonizing process; decolonizing research practices; engaging in decolonization as an ongoing process; and refusing to engage in colonial ways of thinking and acting. The chapter, and the volume, concludes by calling for transparency and open, critical dialogue as linguists continue to grapple with the discipline’s colonial legacy and ongoing colonial ideologies and practices and work toward a decolonized future.
Good Victims
Authors: Krystalli Roxani 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As of 2023, over nine million Colombians have secured official recognition as victims of an armed conflict that has lasted decades. The category of ‘victim’ is not a mere description of having suffered harm, but a political status and a potential site of power. This book investigates the political as a feminist question. What kind of politics is the politics of victimhood? What does it mean to understand the victim subject as a political subject, and the political subject as shaped through victimhood? Based on in-depth engagement in Colombia, the analysis demonstrates the possibilities of politics through, rather than in opposition to, the status of ‘victim.’ Encompassing acts of care, agency, and haunting, the politics of victimhood entangle people who identify as victims, researchers, and transitional justice professionals. Victims do not merely exist; they are also made, not only through acts of violence during war, but also through acts of bureaucratic affirmation in its tenuous aftermath. This book shows how victimhood becomes a pillar of reimagining the state, and of bringing a vision of it into being through bureaucratic encounters in the wake of war. Directing feminist curiosity towards how different actors experience, produce, and contest victimhood, Good Victims also sheds light on the ethical and methodological dilemmas that arise when seeking to understand the legacies of transitional justice mechanisms.
Disembedded
Authors: Kus Basak 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Major economic crises raise questions often overshadowed during prosperous times. The 2007–2010 financial crisis was no exception. It prompted new questions and demanded revisiting older ones. In the wake of the crisis, several pressing questions surfaced. Among the most pivotal were: What should be the role of government in a market economy? Could different governmental policies have averted the crisis? Why didn’t the government play a more active role in supervising the financial sector and reducing the risks it placed on the broader economy? Why wasn’t there enhanced consumer protection for countless individuals whose daily lives were deeply linked to financial markets, be it as borrowers, savers, or investors? And what measures could prevent such catastrophic crises in the future? This book delves into these questions, centered primarily on the state’s regulatory role in a dominantly financialized economy. It examines how neoliberal principles influenced the evolution of American regulatory policies, shaping the financial sector’s operations and practices. The narrative traces the trajectory of these interactions, highlighting critical junctures, policy decisions, and market outcomes that culminated in the financial crisis. Through this investigation, the author aims to contribute to readers’ knowledge of the American political economy, especially the regulatory landscape that shaped the patterns of financialization. Furthermore, the author seeks to offer historical insights into the financial crisis spanning 2007–2010 and its ensuing influence on American politics and democracy.
Privatizing Justice
Authors: Staszak Sarah 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Privatizing Justice: Arbitration and the Decline of Public Governance in the U.S. examines the institutional, legal, and political development of mandatory, private arbitration for resolving disputes in lieu of traditional litigation in court. It details the shift in arbitration from its origins as a low-cost, less adversarial, and more efficient way to handle disputes between entities of equal bargaining power who willingly chose to use it instead of litigation to a private, non-reviewable, compulsory forum for resolving disputes between individuals and corporations, often on unilateral terms. The chapters examine its original use in the labor, commercial, and securities realms, as well how its use was extended to include employment and consumer arbitration. Unlike accounts of private arbitration that focus primarily on the Supreme Court, it examines the efforts of a broad range of actors and institutions, including Congress, presidents, the administrative state, interest groups, and the business community, as well as both conservatives and liberals. It shows that private arbitration today is not solely the product of modern judicial revisionism; rather, it is a complex process of conversion and gradual institutional change over time.
Politics and Social Visions
Authors: Ferrera Maurizio 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During the 2010s the European Union entered into an existential predicament. The Euro crisis triggered a sharp conflict between a frugal North and a solidaristic South. The refugee crisis pitted the sovereigntist view of most Central and Eastern member states against the ‘burden sharing’ view of the others. Brexit sealed the victory of Euroscepticism. Divides intensified within the Left camp regarding the very desirability of a Social Europe. How can we explain this spiral of centrifugation? The book argues that the key cause was a long-standing but suddenly accelerating deficit of ‘communal ethos’ among the member states. A deficit caused by the failure of the main ideological families of the Continent to elaborate coherent visions about the EU as a compound community of national welfare states . Ideological pluralism is vital for the dynamism of a polity. But in order to avert destructive conflict, ideological visions must incorporate the values of common belonging, a shared allegiance to the group as such, capable of favouring mutual adjustments and compromises, especially in the face of adversities. Only with the Covid 19 pandemic has a basic communal consensus (re)emerged, mitigating ideological divides and allowing for a solidaristic re-orientation of the EU polity.
Can Artificial Intelligence Bring Deliberation to the Masses?
Authors: Landemore Hélène 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A core problem in deliberative democracy is the tension between two seemingly equally important conditions of democratic legitimacy: deliberation, on the one hand, and mass participation, on the other. Might artificial intelligence help bring quality deliberation to the masses? The answer is a qualified yes. The chapter first examines the conundrum in deliberative democracy around the trade-off between deliberation and mass participation by returning to the seminal debate between Joshua Cohen and Jürgen Habermas. It then turns to an analysis of the 2019 French Great National Debate, a low-tech attempt to involve millions of French citizens in a two-month-long structured exercise of collective deliberation. Building on the shortcomings of this process, the chapter then considers two different visions for an algorithm-powered form of mass deliberation—Mass Online Deliberation (MOD), on the one hand, and Many Rotating Mini-publics (MRMs), on the other—theorizing various ways artificial intelligence could play a role in them. To the extent that artificial intelligence makes the possibility of either vision more likely to come to fruition, it carries with it the promise of deliberation at the very large scale.
Intersection Is Not Identity, or How to Distinguish Overlapping Systems of Injustice
Authors: Dembroff Robin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When one takes an intersectional perspective on patterns of oppression and domination, it becomes clear that familiar forms of systemic injustice, such as misogyny and anti-Black racism, are inseparable. Some feminist theorists conclude, from this, that the systems behind these injustices cannot be individuated—for example, that there isn’t patriarchy and white supremacy, but instead only white supremacist patriarchy. This chapter offers a different perspective. Philosophers have long observed that a statue and a lump of clay can be individuated although inseparable, and that statues and lumps of clay do different explanatory and predictive work for the same causal outcomes. This chapter suggests that the same is true of systems such as patriarchy and white supremacy. These systems, like the injustices they produce, are inseparable. But they can be individuated, and when they are individuated, they do different explanatory and predictive work.
Buffering the Great Recession and the eurozone crisis
Authors: Matsaganis Manos , Parma Andrea 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we investigate the empirical record on the role of welfare buffers during the Great Recession and the eurozone crisis. Specifically, we review the evidence on the performance of automatic stabilizers and discretionary policy changes, and we present the results of our work on how effectively social benefits softened the blow of job and income loss in twelve European countries. We find that Europe’s welfare states responded to the crisis as prescribed: when earnings fell, social benefits were there to cushion the blow. Nonetheless, there were exceptions. In southern and eastern Europe, automatic stabilizers had been weaker to start with, and were further undermined by austerity: social spending was retrenched pro-cyclically, just as the economy contracted and unemployment rolls grew. Welfare buffers were deployed most effectively in countries with inclusive social protection systems, typically embedded in economies enjoying greater fiscal space, free from the constraints of external supervision.
The legacy of the eurozone crisis
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Matsaganis Manos 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we offer a brief exposition of the EU’s policy response to the eurozone crisis. We find that the resolve of policymakers at the periphery to keep their countries in the euro area (even when it meant electoral suicide), the willingness of voters there to put up with bitter medicine (if that was the price of EMU membership), and the commitment of core countries to the integrity of the eurozone (albeit grudging and at times verging on vengeful) were all decisive. Moreover, macroeconomic governance in the eurozone has evolved considerably from the immediate reaction to the crisis, and has advanced by leaps and bounds since 2020. Still, a bias persists in EMU governance, with fiscal imbalances being more stringently defined and less leniently treated than macroeconomic imbalances, while the banking union remains incomplete without a common deposit-insurance system and a fiscal backstop to the Single Resolution Mechanism.
Why Natural Social Contracts Are Not Fair
Authors: O’Connor Cailin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Game theory has been employed to model the emergence of stable social norms, or natural “social contracts.” One branch of this literature uses bargaining games to show why many societies have norms and rules for fairness. In cultural evolutionary models, fair bargaining emerges endogenously, because it is an efficient way to divide resources. These models, however, miss an important element of real human societies—divisions into groups or social categories. Once these factors are added, fairness is no longer the expected outcome. Instead “discriminatory norms” often emerge where one group systematically gets more when dividing resources, which helps explain why categorical inequity is the rule in human societies. If one wishes to understand the naturalistic emergence of social contracts, one must account for the presence of categorical divisions, and unfairness, as well as for norms of fairness. This chapter overviews this body of work and considers its lessons for social contract theory.
The Economics of the UK Health and Social Care Labour Market
Authors: Elliott Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 2019, three million workers delivered health and social care in the UK; they accounted for one in every ten workers. These frontline workers delivered the spectrum of care we receive ‘from the cradle to the grave’; they are the occupations we encounter in hospitals, community health care, residential, and domiciliary care settings. Fifty per cent of the current spend of a typical UK hospital goes on its frontline workforce, and yet policy toward this workforce bears little evidence of being based on sound research. This book details the size, occupational composition, geographical spread, and growth of this workforce. It identifies the reasons people work in frontline care and what drives the demand for these workers. It explains how the UK labour market is part of a global market and details the heavy dependence of the UK on foreign trained workers. It explains how the labour market for frontline workers operates, how these workers’ pay is set, what has happened to their pay in recent years, and why there are such acute shortages of some of the key frontline occupations. It employs economic theory to analyse this labour market and presents the analytic framework required to construct coherent policy. Finally, it offers a number of proposals for policy to improve the efficiency with which this market operates and to address current problems.
Animalization
Authors: de Ruiter Adrienne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What does it mean to deny people’s humanity by regarding, portraying, or treating them as animals? This question is explored in this chapter, which examines the so-called ‘animalization’ of refugees, asylum seekers, and unwanted migrants. Considering various ways in which (forcibly) displaced persons are identified with animals, this chapter examines how each of these relates to dehumanization. A close look at animalization shows that the act of likening people to animals is not always morally problematic, let alone dehumanizing. Central to dehumanizing forms of animalization is the idea that the distinctively human quality of the feelings, thoughts, and life of the person(s) involved is discredited by attributing to it a lower, animalistic, status. The chapter’s main argument is that the moral sense of humanity is central to understanding the point at which animalization turns into dehumanization, as this occurs when victims are viewed, portrayed, or treated as less than human in a normative sense.
Property
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter the private international law of property is examined in relation to immovable property (jurisdiction and applicable law; the rules in Moçambique and Penn v Baltimore); tangible movable property (things); intangible movable property (credits/debts, contractual rights, assignments, shares, indirectly held securities); new forms of property (or not) of the crypto- kind. Particular transactions relating to property are also examined: governmental seizure; judicial seizure; and the effect of marriage, divorce and death on property. The chapter also discusses the extent to which the retained Rome I Regulation may apply to transactions concerning intangible property, and the retained Rome II Regulation to tangible property.
Introduction
Authors: Peters Anne , Sparks Tom 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter presents the thesis that international law is reorienting to centre the individual (the ‘humanisation’ of international law) and defines its key concepts for the purposes of the discussion to follow. It outlines the development of humanisation in the literature to date, and seeks to refine the scope and depth of humanisation through discussion of human rights, rights beyond human rights, international individual legal personality, and State sovereignty. It then outlines the major critiques of humanisation, including three ‘productive’ critiques: that humanisation is neoliberal; that it is neocolonial; and that it is anthropocentric. It highlights that many critiques of humanisation focus on its perceived lack of a historical and theoretical grounding, and demonstrates the need for a history and theory of the individual in international law. The chapter concludes by briefly outlining the structure of the volume.
The Individual in Secular Natural Law Theories of International Law
Authors: Sparks Tom 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The secular tradition of natural law founds law and morality on philosophical precepts rather than divine truth. As such, it has often—though need not necessarily—used human values as the starting point for legal theory, and as a result is often seen as a natural counterpart to the humanisation thesis. This chapter investigates the link between humanisation and secular natural law in order to show that a system of international law built on natural law foundations would, at least according to the vast majority of secular natural law theories, be a ‘humanised’ legal system. The chapter then addresses the sceptical challenge to secular natural law, and asks whether a natural law-based ‘humanised’ international legal system could be built from sceptical foundations. It relies on the socio-legal theory of Émile Durkheim to argue that even if the sceptical premise is granted, the international legal system must nevertheless be individual-centred.
Conclusions
Authors: Peters Anne , Sparks Tom 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter brings together the key findings from each part of the volume, and suggests a forward research agenda for scholars of the individual in international law. It first summarises the chapters in the historical and theoretical parts of the book in order to highlight key lessons, overlaps, and contrasts. It then reassesses the key critiques of humanisation in light of the analysis in the various contributions, and demonstrates that the majority of the critiques are answered by a historical and theoretical analysis. The chapter then returns to the three ‘productive’ critiques highlighted in the introduction, namely, that humanisation is neoliberal, neocolonial, and anthropocentric, and argues for open-minded reflection. There is a need to distinguish between humanisation and individualisation, in order to create space for the humanisation thesis to engage with ecocentrism and posthumanism, as well as to better situate individuals within communities and social contexts. Doing so, it argues, will create space for a renewed, ‘second wave’ individual-centred approach to international law.
The Thought of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Authors: Upton Robert E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This work offers a systematic study of Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s thought, focusing on his views on ‘communal’ relations within the Indian polity, on caste and reform in Hindu society, and on political ethics regarding violence and non-cooperation. It adopts a contextualist approach, situating Tilak’s ideas in local Maharashtrian as well as all-Indian and global cultural-intellectual contexts. The approach blends Tilak’s quotidian journalism and speeches alongside his canonical texts on Aryan history and on the Bhagavad Gita. The work marks a departure from current interpretations, emphatically arguing that Tilak is misappropriated and/or misunderstood as a proto-Hindutva thinker. Tilak instead emerges as a majoritarian pluralist in inter-community terms, a radical liberal in his espousal of counter-autocratic violence, and both self-strengthening, masculinity-focused reformer and Brahmin supremacist, substantially hemmed in by nineteenth-century frameworks while self-consciously committed to refashioning India for the challenges of modernity. The work also studies Tilak’s contesting and reworking in India’s public sphere since his death, in turn helping to situate the range of historiographical responses to him. Underlining Tilak’s remarkable hailing as a national ‘founding father’ from 1920, it particularly shows how Tilak’s subsequent appropriation by Gandhi was contested by those celebrating Tilak’s violence to oppose him, in the crucial mid-1920s period when Tilak was enduringly connected to re-emergent Hindutva. More recently, a growing ahistorical demi-official insistence on his social progressivism illustrates a change in India’s public culture—as does the use of popular or even legal pressure to delegitimate perennial criticism of Tilak’s socio-political positions.