bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free Fatty Acids and Oxidative Changes of a Raw Goat Milk Cheese through Maturation
Authors: Delgado Francisco J. , González‐Crespo José , Cava Ramón , Ramírez Rosario 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Free fatty acids (FFA) and lipid and protein oxidation changes were studied throughout maturation process of a raw goat milk cheese with protected designation of origin. Cheeses were analyzed at 4 different times of maturation, at 1, 30, 60, and 90 d. All FFA significantly increased during maturation and the relative increase was higher for long‐chain than medium‐ or short‐chain FFA. At the end of maturation, oleic (C18:1 n9), butyric (C4:0), and palmitic (C16:0) acids were the most abundant. The higher levels of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) regarding total FFA obtained at the end of Ibores cheese ripening compared with other raw goat milk cheeses, highlight the notable role of SCFA on the flavor of this cheese owing to their low‐odor thresholds. Lipid oxidation values significantly increased during maturation process but low levels of malondialdehyde were reported; however, protein oxidation did not significantly change during ripening.Practical Application:  The knowledge of the lypolitic and oxidative changes of cheeses along maturation is essential for the optimization and standardization of cheese changes during manufacture processes. The lack of studies about the lypolitic and the oxidative processes during cheese maturation, and especially in raw goat milk cheeses, make these topics essential to go further in the characterization of cheese ripening processes. In addition, the control of lypolitic and oxidative changes (including lipid and protein oxidation) should be evaluated due to their effect on cheese quality and also for consumers’ health if they are produced in a great extent.
Phytochemicals Characterization of Solvent Extracts from Taro‐Scented Japonica Rice Bran
Authors: Chen Hua Han , Chiu Tsai Hsin 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The major phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of taro‐scented rice bran (TaiNung 71; TN71) extracts using 3 different solvents are characterized. Some progress is realized in creating an economic value for rice bran that has long been considered an agricultural waste. Various solvent extracts reveal the presence of phenolic compounds, oryzanols, tocopherols, and tocotrienols. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) can extract more oryzanols (1.55 ± 0.20 g/kg rice bran). Meanwhile, the methanol (MeOH) extract possesses a higher yield in total contents (15.42 ± 1.41 g/kg bran), which includes phenolic compounds (2.69 ± 0.29 g gallic acid equivalent/kg bran), tocopherols (251 ± 26 mg/kg bran) and tocotrienols (111 ± 4 mg/kg bran). The MeOH extract exhibits more effective antioxidant activity against various oxidative systems in vitro, including the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (33.89%), scavenging of DPPH radicals (83.88%), and reducing power. It is found that the yield, total content in phenolic compounds and tocols of the extracts increase with increasing Synder's polarity value and viscosity, which can then be used as the indices in isolation of the desired rice bran phytochemicals extracts.Practical Application:  The results from this study have provided essential information concerning the utilization of rice bran extracts in cosmetics or in nutritional medicine.
Effect of Maturity, Processing, and Storage on the Furanocoumarin Composition of Grapefruit and Grapefruit Juice
Authors: Cancalon Paul F. , Barros Santiago M. , Haun Carl , Widmer Wilbur W. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Since the early 1990's, grapefruit juice has been implicated in drug interaction with various furanocoumarins (FCs) now associated with the effect. Although FCs are present in various fruits and vegetables, it is their presence in grapefruit that has attracted the most attention. Studies have shown that FCs in grapefruit juice can vary significantly and from multiple causes. Most of all, FCs are stress‐induced molecules, their levels affected by many factors ranging from UV exposure to insect infestation. There are also varietal and seasonal factors. In this study, juice processing and storage parameters were investigated. Prolonged fruit storage prior to processing and most steps involved in juice processing had little influence on the levels of 6′,7′‐dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), paradisin C, or bergamottin. However, products that were hot filled or stored at room temperature had lower amounts of DHB and paradisin C and higher amounts of bergaptol compared to juices that were not hot filled and stored at refrigerated temperatures. Both DHB and paradisin C are potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, while bergaptol is a very weak inhibitor. Bergamottin amounts decreased to a lesser extent. Therefore, grapefruit juice products that were hot filled or have been stored at room temperature for an extended period of time will have a reduced drug interaction potential.Practical Application:  This research provides information on how grapefruit drug interaction potential of grapefruit juice products are affected by processing and storage of juice products. Shelf stable products stored at room temperature in cans and glass containers will have lower levels of FCs compared to fresh products made from the same juice. Those wishing to minimize drug interaction potential in grapefruit products may do so by heating to pasteurization temperatures for 30 to 60 min. However, this will only lower and not eliminate the drug interaction potential.
A combined approach of bifocal distraction and autogenous iliac grafting for reconstructing large mandibular defect: a unique approach to reconstruction
Authors: Krishnan S. , Subramaniyam R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim:  To reconstruct a mandibular continuity defect using a technique of bifocal distraction osteogenesis, causing minimal morbidity to the patient.Materials and methods:  A forty five year old male with an incompletely reconstructed mandibular defect extending from the right subcodylar region to the symphysis region of the mandible for whom reconstruction of the defect was attempted using a custom made distractor device. The device was not able to achieve the planned target site of reconstruction. The device was removed and the remaining defect site was reconstructed autogenous anterior iliac block graft.Results:  A significant portion of the large mandibular segmental defect was reconstructed using the bifocal distraction technique, with the residual defect being reconstructed using an anterior iliac block graft, hence avoiding a microvascular reconstructive procedure.Discussion:  The procedure was planned to completely avoid a bone grafting or a microvascular procedure to reconstruct the lost mandible. However, complete regeneration was unable to be achieved due to various factors. A microvascular reconstruction was not attempted due to various known complications involving prolonged surgical procedure, donor site morbidity, failure of the uptake of graft, long term rehabilitation problem, and difficulty of dental rehabilitation.Conclusion:  The patient obtained a satisfactory facial symmetry and a functionally continuous mandibular bone for daily function of speech, and once the dental rehabilitation is accomplished the chewing and swallowing functions, which were a tedious process for the patient before the procedure, would be re‐established.
A biophysical model of Sugarcane growth
Authors: CUADRA S. V. , COSTA M. H. , KUCHARIK C. J. , DA ROCHA H. R. , TATSCH J. D. , INMAN‐BAMBER G. , DA ROCHA R. P. , LEITE C. C. , CABRAL O. M. R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractScientists predict that global agricultural lands will expand over the next few decades due to increasing demands for food production and an exponential increase in crop‐based biofuel production. These changes in land use will greatly impact biogeochemical and biogeophysical cycles across the globe. It is therefore important to develop models that can accurately simulate the interactions between the atmosphere and important crops. In this study, we develop and validate a new process‐based sugarcane model (included as a module within the Agro‐IBIS dynamic agro‐ecosystem model) which can be applied at multiple spatial scales. At site level, the model systematically under/overestimated the daily sensible/latent heat flux (by −10.5% and 14.8%,HandλE, respectively) when compared against the micrometeorological observations from southeast Brazil. The model underestimated ET (relative bias between −10.1% and –12.5%) when compared against an agro‐meteorological field experiment from northeast Australia. At the regional level, the model accurately simulated average yield for the four largest mesoregions (clusters of municipalities) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, over a period of 16 years, with a yield relative bias of −0.68% to 1.08%. Finally, the simulated annual average sugarcane yield over 31 years for the state of Louisiana (US) had a low relative bias (−2.67%), but exhibited a lower interannual variability than the observed yields.
Astragaloside IV inhibits adenovirus replication and apoptosis in A549 cells in vitro
Authors: Shang Lei , Qu Zhangyi , Sun Lihua , Wang Yingchen , Liu Fenghai , Wang Shu , Gao Hong , Jiang Fuyang 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Astragaloside IV, purified from the Chinese medical herb Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge and Astragalus caspicus Bieb, is an important natural product with multiple pharmacological actions. This study investigated the anti-ADVs effect of astragaloside IV on HAdV-3 (human adenovirus type 3) in A549 cell.

Methods
CPE, MTT, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), flow cytometry (FCM) and Western blot were apply to detect the cytotoxicity, the inhibition and the mechanisms of astragaloside IV on HAdV-3.

Key findings
TC0 of astragaloside IV was 116.8 µm, the virus inhibition rate from 15.98% to 65.68% positively was correlated with the concentration of astragaloside IV from 1.25 µm to 80 µm, IC50 (the medium inhibitory concentration) was 23.85 µm, LC50 (lethal dose 50% concentration) was 865.26 µm and the TI (therapeutic index) was 36.28. qPCR result showed astragaloside IV inhibited the replication of HAdV-3. Flow FCM analysis demonstrated that the anti-HAdV-3 effect was associated with apoptosis. Astragaloside IV was further detected to reduce the protein expressions of Bax and Caspase-3 and increasing the protein expressions of Bcl-2 using western blotting, which improved the anti-apoptosis mechanism of astragaloside IV on HAdV-3.

Conclusions
Our findings suggested that astragaloside IV possessed anti-HAdV-3 capabilities and the underlying mechanisms might involve inhibiting HAdV-3 replication and HAdV-3-induced apoptosis.
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides antagonize the suppression on lymphocytes induced by culture supernatants of B16F10 melanoma cells
Authors: Sun Li-Xin , Lin Zhi-Bin , Duan Xin-Suo , Lu Jie , Ge Zhi-Hua , Li Xue-Jun , Li Min , Xing En-Hong , Jia Jing , Lan Tian-Fei , Li Wei-Dong 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Tumour cells produce factors such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that suppress the function of immune cells or induce apoptosis of immune cells. One of the most important goals of tumour immunotherapy is to antagonize this suppression on immune cells. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS) may have this potential. The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonistic effects of Gl-PS on the suppression induced by B16F10 melanoma cell culture supernatant (B16F10-CS) on lymphocytes.

Methods
Gl-PS was used on lymphocytes incubated with B16F10-CS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of IL-10, TGF-β1 and VEGF in B16F10-CS. The MTT assay was used to determine the proliferation of lymphocytes. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot assay were used to determine perforin and granzyme B production in lymphocytes.

Key findings
There were elevated levels of IL-10, TGF-β1 and VEGF in B16F10-CS. The lymphocyte proliferation, and perforin and granzyme B production in lymphocytes after induction with phytohemagglutinin, as well as lymphocyte proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction, were suppressed by B16F10-CS. This suppression was fully or partially antagonized by Gl-PS.

Conclusions
B16F10-CS suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and perforin and granzyme B production in lymphocytes after induction with phytohemagglutinin, as well as lymphocyte proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. This suppression may be associated with elevated levels of immunosuppressive IL-10, TGF-β1 and VEGF in B16F10-CS. Gl-PS had antagonistic effects on the immunosuppression induced by B16F10-CS, suggesting the potential for Gl-PS in cancer immunotherapy.
Non-prescription medicines and Australian community pharmacy interventions: rates and clinical significance
Authors: Williams Kylie A , Emmerton Lynne M , Taylor Richard , Werner Joel , Benrimoj Shalom Isaac 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Objective
To quantify pharmacy intervention rates for non-prescription medications (pharmacist-only and pharmacy medicines), to document the clinical significance of these interventions and to determine the adverse health consequences and subsequent health care avoided as a result of the interventions.

Methods
Non-prescription medicines interventions undertaken by community pharmacy staff were recorded in two field studies: a study of all Australian pharmacies to determine incidence rates for low-incidence, highly significant interventions, and a study of a sample of pharmacies to collect data on all non-prescription interventions. Recorded interventions were assessed by a clinical panel for clinical significance, potential adverse health consequence avoided, probability and likely duration of the adverse health consequence.

Key findings
The rate of professional intervention that occurs in Australia for pharmacist-only and pharmacy medicines is 5.66 per 1000 unit sales (95% confidence interval 4.79–6.64). Rates of intervention varied by clinical significance. When considering health care avoided, the main impact of the interventions was avoidance of urgent general practitioner (GP) visits, followed by avoidance of regular GP visits and accident and emergency treatment. The most common adverse health consequences avoided were exacerbations of an existing condition (e.g. hypertension, asthma) and adverse drug effects.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the way in which community pharmacy encourages appropriate non-prescription medicine use and prevents harm through intervening at the point of supply. It was estimated that Australian pharmacies perform 485 912 interventions per annum when dealing with non-prescription medicines, with 101 324 per annum being interventions that avert emergency medical attention or serious harm, or which are potentially life saving.
Assessment of levels of moral reasoning in pharmacy students at different stages of the undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Gallagher Cathal T 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe principal aim of this study was to demonstrate the maturation of moral reasoning among pharmacy students as they progress through a 4-year degree programme at a school of pharmacy in the UK.MethodsThe moral reasoning of 332 students from across all 4 years of the Master of Pharmacy (M Pharm) degree, together with 13 faculty members, was assessed using Rest's Defining Issues Test over a 1-week period.Key findingsThe results demonstrate clear increase moral reasoning scores through all years of study and on into membership of the faculty. This trend was highly significant (t = 7.09; df = 1; P &lt; 0.001). The coefficient of variability (R2) was calculated as 0.92 using linear least squares regression. There was a wide range of moral reasoning scores at each educational level: the top 18% of the Level 1 cohort achieved higher scores than the bottom 11% of faculty.ConclusionsThe students at a school of pharmacy at a UK university experienced significant moral growth throughout the course of their studies. A further, longitudinal study of the cohort, which attempts to correlate the moral development with age, sex, level of education and mode of delivery of moral education is warranted.
Adenoviral Infection Presenting as an Isolated Central Nervous System Disease without Detectable Viremia in Two Children after Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Frange Pierre , Peffault de Latour Régis , Arnaud Cécile , Boddaert Nathalie , Oualha Mehdi , Avettand-Fenoel Véronique , Bernaudin Françoise , Aguilar Claire , Barnerias Christine , Leruez-Ville Marianne , Touzot Fabien , Lortholary Olivier , Fischer Alain , Blanche Stéphane 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT
We report two cases of adenoviral meningoencephalitis in children following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. These cases showed four similarities: isolated neurological involvement, infiltrating hyperintensities next to the third ventricle on the cerebral magnetic resonance image, the absence of concomitant detectable adenoviral viremia, and a severe clinical outcome.
Development of Echinocandin Resistance in Clavispora lusitaniae during Caspofungin Treatment
Authors: Desnos-Ollivier Marie , Moquet Olivier , Chouaki Taieb , Guérin Anne-Marie , Dromer Françoise 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Clavispora lusitaniae
is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for 0.6 to 2% of candidemia. This species is intrinsically susceptible to echinocandins. Nevertheless, in this study, development of echinocandin resistance in
C. lusitaniae
isolates was observed during caspofungin treatment. This resistance resulted from missense mutation in the echinocandin target
Fks1
gene.
Demonstration of Cord Formation by Rough Mycobacterium abscessus Variants: Implications for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
Authors: Sánchez-Chardi Alejandro , Olivares Francesc , Byrd Thomas F. , Julián Esther , Brambilla Cecilia , Luquin Marina 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

In low-income countries some infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria are misdiagnosed as multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. In most of these settings the observation of microscopic cords is the only technique used to identify
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
in the laboratory. In this article we definitively demonstrate that
Mycobacterium abscessus
, an emerging pulmonary pathogen, also forms microscopic cords.
Feline Tetherin Efficiently Restricts Release of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus but Not Spreading of Infection
Authors: Dietrich Isabelle , McMonagle Elizabeth L. , Petit Sarah J. , Vijayakrishnan Swetha , Logan Nicola , Chan Chi N. , Towers Greg J. , Hosie Margaret J. , Willett Brian J. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Domestic cats endure infections by all three subfamilies of the retroviridae: lentiviruses (feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV]), gammaretroviruses (feline leukemia virus [FeLV]), and spumaretroviruses (feline foamy virus [FFV]). Thus, cats present an insight into the evolution of the host-retrovirus relationship and the development of intrinsic/innate immune mechanisms. Tetherin (BST-2) is an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein that inhibits the release of enveloped viruses from infected cells. Here, we characterize the feline homologue of tetherin and assess its effects on the replication of FIV. Tetherin was expressed in many feline cell lines, and expression was induced by interferons, including alpha interferon (IFN-α), IFN-ω, and IFN-γ. Like human tetherin, feline tetherin displayed potent inhibition of FIV and HIV-1 particle release; however, this activity resisted antagonism by either HIV-1 Vpu or the FIV Env and “OrfA” proteins. Further, as overexpression of complete FIV genomes in
trans
could not overcome feline tetherin, these data suggest that FIV lacks a functional tetherin antagonist. However, when expressed stably in feline cell lines, tetherin did not abrogate the replication of FIV; indeed, syncytium formation was significantly enhanced in tetherin-expressing cells infected with cell culture-adapted (CD134-independent) strains of FIV (FIV Fca-F14 and FIV Pco-CoLV). Thus, while tetherin may prevent the release of nascent viral particles, cell-to-cell spread remains efficient in the presence of abundant viral receptors and tetherin upregulation may enhance syncytium formation. Accordingly, tetherin expression
in vivo
may promote the selective expansion of viral variants capable of more efficient cell-to-cell spread.
An Exploratory Trial of Cyclooxygenase Type 2 Inhibitor in HIV-1 Infection: Downregulated Immune Activation and Improved T Cell-Dependent Vaccine Responses
Authors: Pettersen Frank O. , Torheim Eirik A. , Dahm Anders E. A. , Aaberge Ingeborg S. , Lind Andreas , Holm Malin , Aandahl Einar M. , Sandset Per M. , Taskén Kjetil , Kvale Dag 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Chronic HIV infection is characterized by chronic immune activation and dysfunctional T cells with elevated intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), which inhibits the T cell activation capability. cAMP may be induced by prostaglandin E
2
following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2) in monocytes due to the elevated LPS levels in patients with chronic HIV infection. This hypothesis was tested using celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, for 12 weeks in HIV-infected patients without antiretroviral treatment in a prospective, open, randomized exploratory trial. Thirty-one patients were randomized in the trial; 27 completed the study, including 13 patients on celecoxib. Celecoxib reduced chronic immune activation in terms of CD38 density on CD8
+
T cells (−24%;
P
= 0.04), IgA levels (
P
= 0.04), and a combined score for inflammatory markers (
P
< 0.05). Celecoxib further reduced the inhibitory surface receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) on CD8
+
T cells (
P
= 0.01), including PD-1 on the HIV Gag-specific subset (
P
= 0.02), enhanced the number of CD3
+
CD4
+
CD25
+
CD127
lo/−
Treg or activated cells (
P
= 0.02), and improved humoral memory recall responses to a T cell-dependent vaccine (
P
= 0.04). HIV RNA (
P
= 0.06) and D dimers (
P
= 0.07) tended to increase in the controls, whereas interleukin-6 (IL-6) possibly decreased in the treatment arm (
P
= 0.10). In conclusion, celecoxib downmodulated the immune activation related to clinical progression of chronic HIV infection and improved T cell-dependent functions
in vivo
.
Spatiotemporally Different DNA Repair Systems Participate in Epstein-Barr Virus Genome Maturation
Authors: Sugimoto Atsuko , Kanda Teru , Yamashita Yoriko , Murata Takayuki , Saito Shinichi , Kawashima Daisuke , Isomura Hiroki , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Tsurumi Tatsuya 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Productive replication of Epstein-Barr virus occurs in discrete sites in nuclei, called replication compartments, where viral DNA replication proteins and host homologous recombinational repair (HRR) and mismatch repair (MMR) factors are recruited. Three-dimensional (3D) surface reconstruction imaging clarified the spatial arrangements of these factors within the replication compartments. Subnuclear domains, designated BMRF1 cores, which were highly enriched in viral polymerase processivity factor BMRF1 could be identified inside the replication compartments. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that newly synthesized viral genomes organized around the BMRF1 cores were transferred inward. HRR factors could be demonstrated mainly outside BMRF1 cores, where
de novo
synthesis of viral DNA was ongoing, whereas MMR factors were found predominantly inside. These results imply that
de novo
synthesis of viral DNA is coupled with HRR outside the cores, followed by MMR inside cores for quality control of replicated viral genomes. Thus, our approach unveiled a viral genome manufacturing plant.