bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Interactions in Trade Policy in a Differential Game Model of Tariff Protection
Authors: Fujiwara Kenji , Shinozaki Tsuyoshi , Yanase Akihiko 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper develops a two‐country dynamic game model of tariff protection to reconsider optimal trade policies and their implications for welfare. The authors show that an import subsidy is optimal in the feedback Nash equilibria, which results in a curious possibility that the domestic market is monopolized by the foreign firrm. However, welfare comparisons among Nash equilibria, free trade, and autarky reveal that feedback Nash equilibria involve higher welfare than both autarky and free trade, i.e. dynamic noncooperative choices of policy serve as tacit policy coordination and ensure larger trade gains relative to free trade.
General Equilibrium Impacts of Monetary and Fiscal Policies on Welfare of Households in South Asia
Authors: Bhattarai Keshab 
Published: October 2011

AbstractImpacts of fiscal and monetary policies are assessed in an open economy two sector multi‐household general equilibrium tax model with money for South Asia. Despite impressive growth rates there is evidence for alarming gaps in the distribution of income among households that require very careful design of economic policies. Generally the impacts of fiscal expansions are positive for all categories of households under the flexible price system but the gains are much higher for households in the upper income group than for those in the bottom. In theory the equilibrium relative prices guarantee the optimal allocation of resources in such economy. Simulation results show that demand, output and employment are sensitive to the preferences of consumers, confidence of producers and sector specific production technologies. Monetary policy is super‐neutral under flexible price regime but can complement fiscal policy well when aggregate prices are made sticky. Combination of monetary and fiscal policies in this manner can have extensive impacts in efficiency and redistribution. Higher taxes distort incentives to work and investment from richer households slowing down the economy. This reduces the welfare level of both rich and poor. Flexibility in prices enhances the market mechanism and makes the fiscal policy more effective and efficient.
Sharing the Cost of Global Warming*
Authors: de Villemeur Etienne Billette , Leroux Justin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFor meteorological reasons, the distribution of climate‐change damage bears no relationship to the distribution of emissions across the globe. We argue in favor of offsetting this discrepancy. We propose a global insurance scheme of sorts, to be financed according to countries’ responsibilities in the matter. We analyze this horizontal equity problem using a responsibility/compensation framework, which we have adapted to a context of externalities. We characterize new versions of two well‐known cost‐sharing schemes.
The Flexible Fourier Form and Local Generalised Least Squares De‐trended Unit Root Tests*
Authors: Rodrigues Paulo M. M. , Robert Taylor A. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn two recent papers Enders and Lee (2009) and Becker, Enders and Lee (2006) provide Lagrange multiplier and ordinary least squares de‐trended unit root tests, and stationarity tests, respectively, which incorporate a Fourier approximation element in the deterministic component. Such an approach can prove useful in providing robustness against a variety of breaks in the deterministic trend function of unknown form and number. In this article, we generalize the unit root testing procedure based on local generalized least squares (GLS) de‐trending proposed by Elliott, Rothenberg and Stock (1996) to allow for a Fourier approximation to the unknown deterministic component in the same way. We show that the resulting unit root tests possess good finite sample size and power properties and the test statistics have stable non‐standard distributions, despite the curious result that their limiting null distributions exhibit asymptotic rank deficiency.
Automated Model Selection in Finance: General‐to‐Specific Modelling of the Mean and Volatility Specifications*
Authors: Sucarrat Genaro , Escribano Alvaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGeneral‐to‐Specific (GETS) modelling has witnessed major advances thanks to the automation of multi‐path GETS specification search. However, the estimation complexity associated with financial models constitutes an obstacle to automated multi‐path GETS modelling in finance. Making use of a recent result we provide and study simple but general and flexible methods that automate financial multi‐path GETS modelling. Starting from a general model where the mean specification can contain autoregressive terms and explanatory variables, and where the exponential volatility specification can include log‐ARCH terms, asymmetry terms, volatility proxies and other explanatory variables, the algorithm we propose returns parsimonious mean and volatility specifications.
Papulopustular rosacea, skin immunity and Demodex: pityriasis folliculorum as a missing link
Authors: Forton F.M.N. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPapulopustular rosacea (PPR) is a common facial skin disease, characterized by erythema, telangiectasia, papules and pustules. Its physiopathology is still being discussed, but recently several molecular features of its inflammatory process have been identified: an overproduction of Toll‐Like receptors 2, of a serine protease, and of abnormal forms of cathelicidin.The two factors which stimulate the Toll‐like receptors to induce cathelicidin expression are skin infection and cutaneous barrier disruption: these two conditions are, at least theoretically, fulfilled by Demodex, which is present in high density in PPR and creates epithelial breaches by eating cells. So, the major pathogenic mechanisms of Demodex and its role in PPR are reviewed here in the context of these recent discoveries.In this review, the inflammatory process of PPR appears to be a consequence of the proliferation of Demodex, and strongly supports the hypothesis that: (1) in the first stage a specific (innate or acquired) immune defect against Demodex allows the proliferation of the mite; (2) in the second stage, probably when some mites penetrate into the dermis, the immune system is suddenly stimulated and gives rise to an exaggerated immune response against the Demodex, resulting in the papules and the pustules of the rosacea.In this context, it would be very interesting to study the immune molecular features of this first stage, named “pityriasis folliculorum”, where the Demodex proliferate profusely with no, or a low immune reaction from the host: this entity appears to be a missing link in the understanding of rosacea.
Images of Europe: How Commission Officials Conceive Their Institution's Role*
Authors: HOOGHE LIESBET 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHow do Commission officials conceive the Commission's role in the European Union? Should the Commission be the government of Europe or the servant of Member States? Is there a third possibility – that of institutional pragmatism, whereby Commission and Member States share authority? This article lays out jurisdictional options and role conceptions adopted by Commission officials, and estimates their relative incidence using a 2008 large‐scale survey among Commission officials (N = 1,901). There is a plurality of views, though within relatively narrow parameters. In explaining variation, national background shapes views more than professional background.
A new system for fast and quantitative analysis of heterologous gene expression in plants
Authors: Thévenin J. , Dubos C. , Xu W. , Le Gourrierec J. , Kelemen Z. , Charlot F. , Nogué F. , Lepiniec L. , Dubreucq B. 
Published: October 2011

Summary
Large‐scale analysis of transcription factor–cis‐acting element interactions in plants, or the dissection of complex transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, requires rapid, robust and reliable systems for the quantification of gene expression.
Here, we describe a new system for transient expression analysis of transcription factors, which takes advantage of the fast and easy production and transfection of Physcomitrella patens protoplasts, coupled to flow cytometry quantification of a fluorescent protein (green fluorescent protein). Two small‐sized and high‐copy Gateway® vectors were specifically designed, although standard binary vectors can also be employed.
As a proof of concept, the regulation of BANYULS (BAN), a key structural gene involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, was used. In P. patens, BAN expression is activated by a complex composed of three proteins (TT2/AtMYB123, TT8/bHLH042 and TTG1), and is inhibited by MYBL2, a transcriptional repressor, as in Arabidopsis. Using this approach, two new regulatory sequences that are necessary and sufficient for specific BAN expression in proanthocyanidin‐accumulating cells were identified.
This one hybrid‐like plant system was successfully employed to quantitatively assess the transcriptional activity of four regulatory proteins, and to identify their target recognition sites on the BAN promoter.
Homogenization of freshwater fish faunas after the elimination of a natural barrier by a dam in Neotropics
Authors: Vitule Jean Ricardo Simões , Skóra Felipe , Abilhoa Vinícius 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim  We quantify biotic homogenization of fish fauna caused by the elimination of a natural barrier between two freshwater ecoregions. We also evaluated fish introductions by different mechanisms such as aquaculture, angling and the aquarium trade in the homogenization of fish assemblages. The relative importance of native extinctions in the homogenization process was assessed by simulating the exclusion of threatened species in the data set.Location  Paraná River, south‐eastern South America.Methods  A fish species list of the Parana River Basin was organized in a subset of species distributions, according to pre‐ and post‐introductions caused by the elimination of the natural barrier and by other mechanisms. Biotic homogenization was verified by the use of Jaccard’s and Bray–Curtis’s coefficients, Whittaker’s beta diversity index, non‐metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) and nonparametric tests.Results  For all subsets of species distributions, we observed an increase in the number of non‐native species in common related to the introductions. Between 40 and 52% of the species currently present in the Upper Paraná Basin dispersed upstream from the Lower Paraná after the construction of Itaipu Dam, including at least 1 class, 2 orders, 4 families and 16 genera of fish. Jaccard’s coefficient between the Upper and Lower Parana River increased by 6–7.5% only considering the Itaipu Dam influence and 10.5% considering all mechanisms of fish introductions. More than 50% of the increase in similarity was caused by the elimination of the barrier. Our results indicated functional homogenization related to large‐bodied Siluriformes (catfish).Main conclusions  Itaipu Lake flooded a natural barrier and allowed hydrologic connectivity between the Upper and Lower Paraná River, and many fishes of the lower part of the river were able to colonize the upper stretches. The homogenization of the two assemblages between these adjacent aquatic regions was an unpredicted result of hydropower implementation. Introductions by dam can also shift longitudinal and latitudinal body size patterns (i.e. Bergmann's rule).
Innovations in Practice: Preliminary evidence for effective family engagement in treatment for child traumatic stress–trauma systems therapy approach to preventing dropout
Authors: Saxe Glenn N. , Heidi Ellis B. , Fogler Jason , Navalta Carryl P. 
Published: October 2011

Background:  This study aimed to obtain preliminary evidence for the extent to which a novel intervention embedded within a systems‐oriented treatment model [trauma systems therapy (TST)] engages and retains traumatized children and their families in treatment.Method:  Twenty youth who had prominent symptoms of posttraumatic stress were randomly assigned to receive TST or care as usual (CAU).Results:  At the 3‐month assessment, 90% of TST participants were still in treatment, whereas only 10% of CAU participants remained. Within‐group analyses of TST participants demonstrated significant reductions in posttraumatic stress and aggression as well as a slight improvement in home safety.Conclusions:  These preliminary findings point to the need to utilize effective engagement approaches to retain traumatized children and their families in treatment.
Vasopressors in shock: too early to move away from catecholamines?
Authors: De Backer D , Scolletta S 
Published: October 2011

Adrenergic and non‐adrenergic vasopressor agents can be used to correct hypotension in shock states. For a similar increase in arterial pressure, these agents may be associated with different haemodynamic, metabolic, endocrinological or immunological effects. But how relevant are these differences? Do these affect the outcome of patients with shock? Large‐scale randomized trials comparing the effects of different vasopressor agents are scarce. Data on potential alternatives, and especially vasopressin, are even more scarce. Over‐interpretation of the data, and especially of data obtained in subgroups, is common. Analysis of subgroups may be useful to address mechanisms and to raise hypotheses. However, subgroup analysis is often biased by confounding factors, especially when subgroup categorization is defined by response to therapy and not by intrinsic patient or disease characteristics. In this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Bracht and colleagues present their interpretation of data from trials comparing vasopressin with noradrenaline in patients with septic shock. Here, we present an alternative interpretation.LINKED ARTICLES This article is a commentary on Bangash et al., pp. 2015–2033 and Bracht et al., pp. 2009–2011 of this issue. To view Bangash et al. visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01588.x and to view Bracht et al. visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01776.x
Direct pharmacological monitoring of the developmental switch in NMDA receptor subunit composition using TCN 213, a GluN2A‐selective, glycine‐dependent antagonist
Authors: McKay S , Griffiths NH , Butters PA , Thubron EB , Hardingham GE , Wyllie DJA 
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEDevelopmental switches in NMDA receptor subunit expression have been inferred from studies of GluN2 expression levels, changes in kinetics of glutamatergic synaptic currents and sensitivity of NMDA receptor‐mediated currents to selective GluN2B antagonists. Here we use TCN 213, a novel GluN2A‐selective antagonist to identify the presence of this subunit in functional NMDA receptors in developing cortical neurones.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHTwo‐electrode voltage‐clamp (TEVC) recordings were made from Xenopus laevis oocytes to determine the pharmacological activity of TCN 213 at recombinant NMDA receptors. TCN 213 antagonism was studied in cultures of primary cortical neurones, assessing the NMDA receptor dependency of NMDA‐induced excitotoxicity and monitoring developmental switches in NMDA receptor subunit composition.KEY RESULTSTCN 213 antagonism of GluN1/GluN2A NMDA receptors was dependent on glycine but independent of glutamate concentrations in external recording solutions. Antagonism by TCN 213 was surmountable and gave a Schild plot with unity slope. TCN 213 block of GluN1/GluN2B NMDA receptor‐mediated currents was negligible. In cortical neurones, at a early developmental stage predominantly expressing GluN2B‐containing NMDA receptors, TCN 213 failed to antagonize NMDA receptor‐mediated currents or to prevent GluN2B‐dependent, NMDA‐induced excitoxicity. In older cultures (DIV 14) or in neurones transfected with GluN2A subunits, TCN 213 antagonized NMDA‐evoked currents. Block by TCN 213 of NMDA currents inversely correlated with block by ifenprodil, a selective GluN2B antagonist.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSTCN 213 selectively blocked GluN1/GluN2A over GluN1/GluN2B NMDA receptors allowing direct dissection of functional NMDA receptors and pharmacological profiling of developmental changes in native NMDA receptor subunit composition.
Factors influencing transfer accuracy of cone beam CT‐derived template‐based implant placement
Authors: Behneke Alexandra , Burwinkel Matthias , Behneke Nikolaus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the present investigation was the analysis of the factors presumptively affecting the accuracy outcome of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT)‐derived laboratory‐based surgical guides for implant placement in partially edentulous patients.Materials and methodsIn 52 partially edentulous patients a total of 132 implants were placed following CBCT diagnostics with the aid of laboratory‐fabricated, tooth‐borne templates. Based on the image fusion technique measurements were done to calculate linear and angular deviations between virtually planned and placed implants. The implant sites were stratified according to four factors that presumably may influence the transfer accuracy: (i) type of arch (maxilla/mandible), (ii) kind of template (single‐tooth gap/interrupted dental arch/shortened dental arch/reduced residual dentition), (iii) surgical technique (flapless/open flap), (iv) number of sleeve‐guided site preparation steps (fully guided placement/freehand placement/freehand final drilling). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test.ResultsThe transfer accuracy of shoulder level, apex level, and angulation was similar for maxilla and mandible as well as for flapless and open flap approach. The differences were small in magnitude and reached no or only a borderline statistical significance. At implant sites in the reduced residual dentition group, the discrepancies were more pronounced than in the single‐tooth gap group, whereas no significant differences could be determined between free ending templates in the shortened dental arch and bilateral anchored templates in the interrupted dental arch. Implant placement through the guide allowed a more accurate implementation of the virtual plan to the surgical site than freehand insertion or freehand final drilling.ConclusionCBCT‐derived laboratory‐based surgical templates enabled an implant placement in the cancellous maxilla as well as flapless procedures without compromising the transfer accuracy. The number and distribution of the remaining teeth as well as the number of sleeve‐guided implant site preparation steps influenced the extent of deviation that can be achieved in partial edentulism.
Comparative evaluation of different calcium phosphate‐based bone graft granules – an in vitro study with osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Bernhardt Anne , Lode Anja , Peters Fabian , Gelinsky Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveGranule‐shaped calcium phosphate‐based bone graft materials are often required for bone regeneration especially in implant dentistry. Two newly developed bone graft materials are Ceracell®, an open‐celled highly porous bioceramic from β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) under addition of bioglass and Osseolive®, an open porous glass ceramic with the general formula Ca2KNa(PO4)2. The goal of this study was to characterize different modifications of the two bone graft materials in vitro in comparison to already established ceramic bone grafts Cerasorb M®, NanoBone® and BONIT Matrix®.Materials and methodsAdhesion and proliferation of SaOS‐2 osteoblast‐like cells were evaluated quantitatively by determining DNA content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, MTT cell‐vitality staining was applied to confirm the attachment of viable cells to the different materials. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as well as gene expression analysis of osteogenic markers using reverse transcriptase PCR.ResultsDNA content and LDH activity revealed good cell attachment and proliferation for Ceracell and Cerasorb M. When pre‐incubated with cell‐culture medium, also Osseolive showed good cell attachment and proliferation. Attachment and proliferation of osteoblast‐like cells on NanoBone and BONIT Matrix was very low, even after pre‐incubation with cell‐culture medium. Specific ALP activity on Ceracell®, Osseolive ® and Cerasorb M® increased with time and expression of bone‐related genes ALP, osteonectin, osteopontin and bone sialoprotein II was demonstrated.ConclusionsCeracell as well as Osseolive granules support proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro and may be promising candidates for in vivo applications.
Bone modelling at fresh extraction sockets: immediate implant placement versus spontaneous healing. An experimental study in the beagle dog
Authors: Vignoletti Fabio , Discepoli Nicola , Müller Anna , de Sanctis Massimo , Muñoz Fernando , Sanz Mariano 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this investigation is to describe histologically the undisturbed healing of fresh extraction sockets when compared to immediate implant placement.MethodsIn eight beagle dogs, after extraction of the 3P3 and 4P4, implants were inserted into the distal sockets of the premolars, while the mesial sockets were left to heal spontaneously. Each animal provided four socket sites (control) and four implant sites (test). After 6 weeks, animals were sacrificed and tissue blocks were dissected, prepared for ground sectioning.ResultsThe relative vertical buccal bone resorption in relation to the lingual bone was similar in both test and control groups. At immediate implant sites, however, the absolute buccal bone loss observed was 2.32 (SD 0.36) mm, what may indicate that while an apical shift of both the buccal and lingual bone crest occurred at the implant sites, this may not happen in naturally healing sockets.ConclusionsThe results from this investigation showed that after tooth extraction the buccal socket wall underwent bone resorption at both test and control sites. This resorption appeared to be more pronounced at the implant sites, although the limitations of the histological evaluation method utilized preclude a definite conclusion.
Sleep quality in heroin addicts under methadone maintenance treatment
Authors: Hsu Wen-Yu , Chiu Nan-Ying , Liu Jui-Ting , Wang Chieh-Hui , Chang Ting-Gang , Liao Yi-Cheng , Kuo Pei-I 
Published: October 2011

Hsu W-Y, Chiu N-Y, Liu J-T, Wang C-H, Chang T-G, Liao Y-C, Kuo P-I. Sleep quality in heroin addicts under methadone maintenance treatment.Background: Sleep disturbance is a common phenomenon among opiate addicts. The side effects of opiate addiction or opiate withdrawal might result in sleep disturbance. However, their problems might be related to sedative medication abuse, alcohol abuse or heroin relapse. Sleep is an important issue in this population.Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep disorders in heroin addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and analyse the correlation between related factors, such as age at opiate exposure, opiate exposure duration, duration in MMT, methadone current dosage, methadone attendance rate and the severity of sleep disorders.Method: We enrolled 121 heroin addicts who were receiving MMT. We collected data on the duration of insomnia, hypnotic history, Visual Analogue Scale-10 of sleep quality, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), methadone dosage, methadone history and opiate history.Results: The mean of the PSQI was 9.1 ± 5.4, and 70.2% of patients had PSQI scores >5, indicating they were poor sleepers. We also found the PSQI scores were correlated significantly with the methadone dosage.Conclusions: The sleep disturbance prevalence rate of opiate addicts under MMT was high in Taiwan, as shown in the previous studies, and the severity of sleep disturbance has been underestimated.