bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Long Term Land Disposal by Spray Irrigation of Food Processing Wastes on Some Chemical Properties of the Soil and Subsurface Water
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Novak L. T. , Erickson A. E. , Wolcott A. R. , Ellis B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFood processing waste waters at two irrigated land disposal sites and subsurface waters (perched and ground waters) were monitored at daily to monthly intervals over one annual cycle of production. Soil profiles were sampled to depths up to 6.6 m in the early fall.Yearly inputs were calculated at 487 kg/ha total N (Kjeldahl plus NO3‐N) and 101 kg/ha soluble PO4‐P (orthophosphate) from cannery wastes at site 1. Estimates for milk wastes at site 2 were 562 kg/ha total N and 522 kg/ha PO4‐P.The range for NO3‐N in subsurface waters was 7 to 16 ppm at site 1 (perched water at 1.5 m) and 2 to 41 ppm at site 2 (ground water at 0.9 m). Maximum concentrations, found in summer, were essentially the same as the average for total N in the input wastes (16 ppm at site 1 and 38 ppm at site 2). Nitrate was stable in the percolation stream below the root zone. Annual additions to subsurface waters were estimated at 76% of input N at site 1 and 65% at site 2.The range of PO4‐P in subsurface waters was 0.5 to 1.5 ppm at site 1 and 0.04 to 1.8 ppm at site 2; average waste water concentrations were 3 and 35 ppm. The highest concentrations in subsurface water were found in spring. Annual subsurface discharge was estimated at 27% of input P at site 1 and 2% at site 2. The extensive removals of PO4 and the similar concentrations encountered in subsurface waters are of theoretical and practical interest since PO4‐P had already accumulated in soil profiles at both sites in quantities which exceed the Langmuir maxima for nonirrigated control soils.During seasons of major irrigation input, NO3 appeared in subsurface waters in concentrations exceeding public health standards; PO4 concentrations exceeded environmental guidelines at all times except where irrigation was discontinued during the winter at site 2.Soil systems appeared poised to discharge at the observed rates because of the large quantities of organic N and fixed P which had accumulated in the profiles over 20 years operation at site 1, and 10 years at site 2. The rate of residual accumulation in soil could have been reduced by harvest, to extend system life materially. The harvest potential of three grass clippings per season removed for silage, was estimated experimentally at 31% of input N at both sites and 80% of input PO4 at site 1; 27% at site 2.
Land Application of Sewage Sludge: I. Effect on Growth and Chemical Composition of Plants
Authors: Sabey B. R. , Hart W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMunicipal sewage sludge was added to a Truckton loamy sand at rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 125 metric tons/ha (dry weight basis) in the field to determine the effect on the growth and chemical composition of plants. Severe inhibition of germination of sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense) cv. NB 280S, and millet (Panicum miliacium L.) cv. Leonard, resulted when seeded shortly after the sludge was incorporated into the soil. Stand counts for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell [aestivum gray] cv. Centurk) seeded about 3 months after sludge incorporation snowed no germination inhibition. Either the inhibitory factor was dissipated or the wheat was more tolerant than the other plants. The decrease in sorghum sudangrass yields with sludge addition was a result of poor germination rather than growth inhibition due to the sewage sludge. With one exception, yields on sludge‐treated wheat plots were greater or equal to the no‐sludge plots. Based on wheat yields, the optimum application rate of the sludge used in this study was between 25 and 50 metric tons/ha. sludge application except for lead and phosphorus. In no case, even at 125 metric tons/ha was the elemental content of the wheat grain outside normal ranges excepted in plant tissues.
Kinetics of Rice Straw Decomposition in Soils
Authors: Pal D. , Broadbent F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMature rice straw was decomposed in Sacramento clay and Stockton adobe clay at loading rates up to 8% of soil weight for 120 days. Carbon loss was linearly related to loading rate, and carbon loss at given loading rates was described by equations of the form C = ktm. Rice straw labeled with 13C and 15N added to the same two soils permitted distinction between straw and soil carbon and nitrogen during decomposition. A pronounced effect of straw on loss of soil carbon was observed, but the effects on soil nitrogen were small. Turnover times for the immature labeled straw were calculated to be between 0.8 and 3.4 years, depending on loading rate and soil. Priming ratios, defined as (soil C‐loss with straw) ÷ (soil C‐loss without straw) were greater than unity throughout the 120‐day period of incubation.
Utilization of the Pollutant Di‐2‐Ethylhexyl Phthalate by a Bacterium
Authors: Mathur S. P. , Rouatt J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA bacterium, tentatively identified as the virtually ubiquitous saprophyte Serratia marcescens Bizio, was isolated for its ability to utilize the plasticizer di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate as sole source of carbon and energy. The organism was able to grow on o‐phthalic acid but not on 2‐ethylhexanol.This strain of Serratia appeared to possess a constitutive esterase, but the enzyme(s) that mediated o‐phthalic acid utilization appeared to be adaptive. The isolate reported here should be useful in studies of the environmental dynamics of the pollutant phthalate esters, as well as for assessing the susceptibility of certain plastic materials to microbial attack.
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Terrestrial Plant Communities
Authors: Allen L. H. , Gausman H. W. , Allen W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere has been a growing concern that NOx effluents from supersonic or other highflying craft, or chlorofluoromethane refrigerants or aerosol can propellents that diffuse to the stratosphere, could cause a reduction of atmospheric ozone, which would result in a concomitant increase of penetration of solar ultraviolet radiation to the earth's surface with possible biological consequences. Spectral distributions of direct‐beam and diffuse solar ultraviolet irradiance at the earth's surface, as a function of stratospheric ozone content and solar elevation angle, have been accurately measured or predicted by other researchers. Our objectives were to couple incident spectra to a plant canopy radiation penetration model to give the redistribution of middle ultraviolet radiation, or UV‐B (280–315 nm), within plant canopies. Detailed comparisons were made between two ozone content conditions (0.32 cm, typical for 30° N latitude and 0.24 cm, representing a 25% ozone reduction) with a 60° solar elevation angle.Predictions of UV‐B radiation regimes in plant communities over ranges of architectural or structural characteristics, including erect‐leaf, normal‐leaf, and horizontal‐leaf canopies, were computed. Clumped, random, and regular leaf distributions were modeled, as well as leaf area indices of 2.6, 3.3, and 4.0. Phyloelement optical properties included zero transmissivity and 5% reflectivity. Soil reflectivities of both 5% and 20% were used. Epidermal transmission spectra were used to predict UV‐B radiation loads inside leaves.Predicted penetration of UV‐B radiation was much greater in erect‐leaf than horizontal‐leaf canopies. Upward‐directed UV‐B irradiance was greater near the ground level than near the top of the canopy.In conclusion, the model prediction described the range of UV‐B radiation regimes to be expected in plant communities under present stratospheric ozone content and under a 25% ozone reduction. Data from these idealized plant communities can be interpolated for other plant canopy types and soil types to predict upward or downward UV‐B radiation loads and dosages.
The Potential of Autocides and Microorganisms as Ecologically Acceptable Agents for the Regulation of Spruce Budworm Infestations
Authors: Weatherston J. , Retnakaran A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) is the most economically important indigenous pest in eastern North America. In order to protect valuable timber the budworm population must be restricted to endemic levels. To achieve this, and simultaneously attempt to improve environmental quality is a major objective of much research into the development of new insect control methods.This review presents an encapsulated report of researches into the use of pheromones and hormones (autocides), and viruses, fungi, bacteria and microsporida (microorganisms) as possible control agents. Such agents would be more selective than conventional insecticides. Several of the control methods discussed in this report are almost operational, and while it is evident that none of them can completely replace chemical insecticides, field tests indicate that they have a potential in budworm control. The results also indicate the urgent need for testing the integrated use of the autocides and microorganisms, and the integrated application of these newer control agents with conventional chemical insecticides.
Denitrification in Subsoils of the North Carolina Coastal Plain as Affected by Soil Drainage
Authors: Gambrell R. P. , Gilliam J. W. , Weed S. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a tiled moderately well‐drained soil, over 200 kg NO3‐N/ha were generally found distributed throughout the top 3 m. However, in a poorly drained soil, relatively low levels of NO3 were found in the top m and very little NO3 persisted in the saturated zone beneath 1 m.Oxidation‐reduction potential (Eh) measurements in the tiled moderately well‐drained soil indicated well‐oxidized conditions (500–700 millivolts) to 3 m. The Eh measurements beneath 1 m in the poorly drained soil consistently indicated favorable conditions for denitrification. A marked decrease in the NO3‐N/Cl ratio with depth in the poorly drained soil supported the contention that denitrification was occurring in the soil.The water‐soluble C content of the subsurface soil water was 2–5 mg/liter in the moderately well‐drained soil and 10–15 mg/liter in the poorly drained soil. The absence of saturated conditions for extended periods of time and lack of an adequate energy source apparently limited denitrification in the moderately well‐drained soil and much of the fertilizer N not utilized by crops moved into shallow aquifers and surface water. However, sufficient available organic C was present in the subsoil of the saturated, poorly drained soil to bring about a reducing soil environment and subsequent denitrification of the residual NO3. Thus, little NO3 moved from this soil into surface waters.
Nitrogen Losses from Soils of the North Carolina Coastal Plain
Authors: Gambrell R. P. , Gilliam J. W. , Weed S. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen balances were measured for a moderately well‐drained and a poorly drained soil in the North Carolina Coastal Plain to evaluate the effect of drainage on the fate of unutilized fertilizer N. Approximately one‐half of the fertilizer N applied to each soil was not utilized by the crop.Most of the nitrogen lost by surface runoff from both soils was organic nitrogen associated with the sediment. However, there was a measurable increase in loss of nitrogen from fertilized plots as compared to unfertilized plots. The poorly drained soil (27% organic matter) had approximately 50% less surface runoff than did the moderately well‐drained soil (2% organic matter). However, the concentration of N in runoff from the poorly drained soil was almost twice as great resulting in nearly identical N losses from the two soils. Much of the total surface loss of N from corn (Zea mays L.) occurred during the first few months after planting.During the winters after the 1972 and 1973 harvests, an average of 46 kg NO3‐N/ha moved from the moderately well‐drained soil by subsurface drainage. A portion of this loss entered surface waters directly via tile outlets. The remainder was thought to enter a shallow aquifer and is believed to ultimately move with the water to nearby surface streams. It is unlikely that denitrification removed significant amounts of N from the moderately well‐drained soil.An average of 16 kg NO3‐N/ha was removed from the poorly drained soil by subsurface drainage during the two winters. The smaller loss from the poorly drained soil was thought to result from denitrification of residual NO3 in the shallow ground water.
Salinity‐Ozone Interactive Effects on Alfalfa Yield and Water Relations
Authors: Hoffman G. J. , Maas E. V. , Rawlins S. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of ozone on forage yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Moapa) was determined at four controlled salinity levels. Plants were grown in gravel cultures in four environment‐controlled, sunlit chambers. Four salinity treatments (NaCl and CaCl2) having osmotic potentials of −40, −200, −400, and −600 kilopascals (kPa) were replicated four times in each chamber. Alfalfa grown in ozone‐free chambers was compared with plants exposed to ozone 2 hours every day between cuttings.For nonsaline treatments, ozone at 10, 15, and 20 parts per hundred million (pphm) reduced forage yield by 16, 26, and 39%, respectively. As salinity increased, ozone had less effect on yield. Alfalfa exposed to 20 pphm of ozone for 2 hours daily yielded 25% more at −200 kPa osmotic potential than at the nonsaline level, −40 kPa. The residual effect of ozone treatments reduced yield in the next cutting. Salinity at all levels or ozone at 20 pphm increased water‐use efficiency of alfalfa; low concentrations of ozone had no effect on water‐use efficiency. Both ozone and salinity were required to increase leaf diffusion resistance; either factor alone had no effect.
Nutrient and Sediment Discharge from Agricultural Watersheds in Oklahoma
Authors: Olness Alan , Smith S. J. , Rhoades E. D. , Menzel R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeven cropland watersheds and four rangeland watersheds in central Oklahoma were monitored for surface hydrology and discharge of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment over a 1 year period. Precipitation and runoff were much above normal during the study. Sediment losses from the continuously grazed rangeland watersheds ranged from 18 to 23 metric tons/ha during the study. None of the sediment losses from the other watersheds exceeded 10 metric tons/ha.Total nutrients discharged in runoff ranged from 2 to 15 kg/ha of N and 1 to 11.5 kg/ha of P. Flow‐weighted mean concentrations ranged from 1 to 6 ppm of total N, 0.2 to 1.9 ppm of nitrate‐N, 0.5 to 4.8 ppm of total P, and 0.04 to 0.9 ppm of soluble P. Runoff losses of soluble inorganic nitrogen were generally less than those quantities received in rainfall. Concentrations of soluble phosphorus in runoff from the cropland watersheds were much greater than from the rangeland watersheds. Losses of fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus did not exceed 5% of the most recent applications, although surface runoff was 4‐ to 10‐fold greater than that observed in previous years.
Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Total Phosphorus in Waters Containing Particulate Material
Authors: O'Connor P. W. , Syers J. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPerchloric acid digestion compared favorably with Na2CO3 fusion for the determination of total P in a range of waters containing varying concentrations of both P and particulate material. The recovery of particulate P by persulfate digestion tended to decrease with increasing particulate material concentration in both natural unfiltered samples and in filtered samples to which particulate material was added. Recovery of added soil particulate P by persulfate digestion also decreased with increasing particle size. Low recovery of P by persulfate digestion was caused by the incomplete extraction of P occluded within oxides and hydrous oxides of iron. Between 58 and 86% of the P not recovered by persulfate digestion was in the inorganic form. Persulfate digestion is not recommended for the determination of total P in waters containing particulate inorganic materials of soil origin. Perchloric acid digestion is considered to be a more suitable method for such samples.
Identification of Sulfur Gases Evolved from Animal Manures
Authors: Banwart W. L. , Bremner J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvolution of volatile sulfur compounds from animal manures [beef cattle (Bos taurus), dairy cattle (Bos taurus), poultry (Gallus domesticus), sheep (Ovis aries), and swine (Sus scrofa)] was studied by gas chromatographic techniques permitting detection and identification of trace (nanogram) amounts of sulfur gases in the presence of nonsulfur gases known to be released through microbial decomposition of organic materials. All manures studied released hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3) when incubated under anaerobic conditions, and some released dimethyl disulfide (CH3SSCH3), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and/or carbon disulfide (CS2). Only trace amounts of one sulfur gas (dimethyl sulfide) could be detected in the gaseous products of decomposition of manures under aerobic conditions, and no evidence could be obtained that sulfur gases contribute to the odors of dried manures. Most of the sulfur volatilized when manures were incubated under anaerobic conditions was in the form of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, and the amount of sulfur volatilized in 1 month at 23C represented < 1% of the total sulfur in the manures studied.
Absorption and Translocation of Sulfur Dioxide by Seedlings of Four Forest Tree Species
Authors: Jensen K. F. , Kozlowski T. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRates of absorption of SO2 and of translocation of absorbed sulfur were determined in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata Michx.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and yellow birch seedlings [Betula alleghaniensis Britton (Betula lutea Michx. f.)]. Bigtooth aspen, a sensitive species, had the highest absorption rate with no prefumigation and sugar maple, a tolerant species, had the lowest. After 20 hours or more of prefumigation with 1,965 µg/m3 (0.75 ppm) SO2, the rate of sulfur absorption was reduced in all species except white ash, a species intermediate in sensitivity. The relationship between species sensitivity and absorption rate thus changed with the prefumigation treatment. The foliar sulfur content of all species increased with SO2 fumigation. Sulfur‐35 absorbed from the atmosphere as 35SO2 was concentrated mainly in the leaves shortly after fumigation, but by the eighth day had been translocated throughout the plants. Amounts of sulfur translocated to roots varied with species.
Nitrate‐nitrogen Removal from Soil Profiles by Alfalfa
Authors: Mathers A. C. , Stewart B. A. , Blair Betty 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ‘Cody’) was established in the fall of 1971 on plots previously treated with 0, 22, 45, 112, or 224 metric tons/ha of manure annually for 3 years. Additional plots had received 224 kg N/ha (as NH4NO3) annually for 3 years. Nitrate‐nitrogen and water contents of the soil profile were determined by 30‐cm increments to 6 m prior to planting. Nitrate‐nitrogen was found to 6 m, but the largest concentrations were in the top 1.8 m, where amounts of NO3−‐N varied from 100 to 2,400 kg/ha. Additional profile samples were taken in 1972 and 1973 after the final cutting of alfalfa. The data showed that alfalfa removed water and NO3−‐N to a 1.8‐m depth the first year and to 3.6 m the second year. These results indicate that alfalfa could remove NO3−‐N from the lower depth of soil profiles where annual crops were not effective. Yield, NO3−‐N, and P contents of alfalfa were increased by manure. Total N taken up by the crop was directly related to the yield.
Effect of 2‐Chloro‐6‐(Trichloromethyl)Pyridine and its Hydrolysis Product 6‐Chloropicolinic Acid on Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Laskowski D. A. , O'Melia F. C. , Griffith J. D. , Regoli A. J. , Youngson C. R. , Goring C. A. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)pyridine] and 6‐chloropicolinic acid on soil microorganisms was studied in a series of pure culture and soil incubation tests with concentrations of chemicals ranging from 0 to 1,000 ppm.Pure culture studies with 59 species of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes showed no inhibition of growth by nitrapyrin at concentrations < 10 ppm. Two species were inhibited between 10 and 100 ppm, 38 between 100 and 1,000, and 10 species showed no growth reduction at the highest concentration of 1,000 ppm nitrapyrin. Of 45 species studied, 6‐chloropicolinic acid inhibited one species at concentrations < 1,000 ppm. Forty‐one species did not show growth reduction in the presence of 1,000 ppm of this chemical.Population counts of bacteria and fungi in seven soils incubated in the presence of nitrapyrin or 6‐chloropicolinic acid at concentrations of 1,000 ppm snowed little inhibitory influence. No consistent trend in terms of stimulation or suppression of carbon dioxide formation during soil respiration was evident for either chemical at 1,000 ppm.6‐Chloropicolinic acid at 1,000 ppm had little if any effect on soil mineralization, variable effect on ammonium oxidation, and little or no effect on nitrite oxidation. Suppression of ammonium oxidation by 6‐chloropicolinic acid varies with soils, and appears most likely to be observed at concentrations of 100 ppm or more.
Uptake of Cadmium and Zinc from Sludge by Barley Grown Under Four Different Sludge Irrigation Regimes
Authors: Kirkham M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBarley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Liberty’) was irrigated at four different rates with liquid sewage sludge containing three concentrations of Cd to determine an optimum irrigation frequency that would minimize Cd and Zn movement from the sludge crust into the soil profile. Concentrations of 65, 79, and 205 µg/g Cd in anaerobically digested sludge were used, attained by adding 14 or 140 µg Cd as CdSO4 to sludge containing 65 µg/g Cd. Zinc was 4,350 µg/g in all sludges. Barley was grown in 40 cm by 15 cm columns of soil under greenhouse conditions for 69 days. Beginning 28 to 39 days after planting, sludge was applied periodically to each column, but at four different frequencies: 50 ml daily, 200 ml every 4 days, 400 ml every 8 days, and 600 ml every 12 days. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in the roots, leaves, grain, soil, and sludge crusts were measured. Cadmium concentration in leaves was < 3 ppm and, in grain, Cd was < 0.25 ppm. The Cd concentration in the roots varied (3.3 to 16.2 ppm) with Cd concentration the sludge and increased with decreasing frequency of irrigation. Cadmium and Zn concentrations of the sludge crusts increased with increasing frequency of irrigation. Soil columns irrigated daily were continuously wet at the surface, whereas soil columns irrigated every 4, 8, or 12 days dried between irrigations.