bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two scales for measuring patients' perceptions for coercion during mental hospital admission
Authors: Gardner William , Hoge Steven K. , Bennett Nancy , Roth Loren H. , Lidz Charles W. , Monahan John , Mulvey Edward P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLegal and extra‐legal coercion are pervasive in mental hospital admission and there are sharp disputes about its appropriate role. This article presents two scales for measuring psychiatric patients' perceptions of coercion during hospital admission and reports data on these scales' internal consistency. We measure patients' perceptions of coercion by asking questions, in either an interview or questionnaire format, about their experience of lack of control, choice, influence, and freedom in hospital admission. Patients' responses to questions about their perceptions of coercion were highly internally consistent. The internal consistency of the scale was robust with respect to variation in site, instrument format, patient population, and interview procedure. Correspondence analysis was used to construct two numerical scales of perceived coercion.
Coercion in psychiatric care: Problems of medical ethics in a comprehensive empirical study
Authors: Kjellin Lars , Candefjord Inga‐Lill , Machl Margareta , Westrin Claes‐Göran , Eriksson Kerstin , Ekblom Bengt , Ängfors Gunvor , Axelsson‐Östman Margareta , Östman Olle 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn a study of involuntary psychiatric care in two Swedish counties psychiatric examinations and interviews were carried out with 100 committed and 99 voluntarily admitted patients, and 155 relatives of these patients were interviewed. Questionnaires were sent to psychiatric staff, health and welfare personnel of primary care and a representative sample of the general public. As a frame of reference, a two‐dimensional model for description and analysis of ethical conflicts was developed. The first dimension specifies the relevant principles of medical ethics and the second specifies the persons involved. The results indicate ethical ‘benefits’ (fulfilment of ethical principles) and ethical ‘costs’ (violation of ethical principles) for both committed and voluntarily admitted patients, as well as for other groups involved. The study shows the need and feasibility of comprehensive studies of coercion, and the need to develop concepts and methods in such studies as well as for quasiexperimental investigations of involuntary psychiatric care.
Motivations for gun possession and carrying among serious juvenile offenders
Authors: Sheley Joseph F. , Wright James D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThough the prevalence of gun possession and carrying among juveniles is now fairly well documented (at least among non‐serious offenders), little research has examined juveniles' reasons for possessing and carrying guns beyond noting that youth who report robbery and assaultive behavior have higher rates of gun and other weapon possession than do non‐violent youth. The present study examines the question of motivation behind gun possession and carrying by criminally‐inclined youths through analysis of survey data collected from juveniles incarcerated in maximum security reformatories. The findings support the popular fear that juvenile offenders are heavily involved in gun‐related crime, though the same findings point to multiple needs and uses for guns. Using a number of measures—reasons for carrying guns, for using them during the commission of crimes, for purchasing them, etc.—it appears that the primary reason for gun possession and carrying is the juvenile's perception of the need to be armed for protection. This is the case even among those who were involved in such predatory crimes as armed robbery prior to incarceration. Thus, legislative attempts to dissuade youth from obtaining guns to commit crimes are likely misplaced, since the guns eventually used in crime are usually obtained for protective purposes. Only when firearms are perceived as no longer needed can we expect a serious drop in gun‐related offenses among youth.
Weapons used by juveniles and adults to kill parents
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractYouths who kill, particularly those who kill their parents, have been a matter of increasing concern in the United States in recent years. Empirical analyses of homicide and parricide cases, however, have been limited. The FBI Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) Data Base for the 10‐year period 1977–1986 was utilized to investigate which weapons were used by children in the United States to kill male and female parents and stepparents in single victim, single offender situations. Biological parents were analyzed separately from stepparents. Significant differences were found in the weapons used to kill male and female parents, the weapons used by juveniles and adults when killing parents and stepfathers, and the weapons used by both juveniles and adults when killing male as opposed to female victims. The age and gender differences found in relation to weapons used to kill parents were consistent with a physical strength hypothesis. The relationship found between offender age and weapon used strongly suggests that the number of parricides committed by juveniles could be somewhat curtailed if access to firearms, particularly rifles and shotguns, was severely restricted.
Historical, environmental, and behavioral correlates of sexual offending by male adolescents: A critical review
Authors: Aljazireh Laureen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article is a critical review of research on the historical, environmental, and behavioral correlates of sexual offending by male adolescents. Variables considered include: demographics, victimization history, delinquency history, sexual history, family situation, social/relationships, intellectual functioning, and psychopathology. The review concludes with suggestions for future research and implications for treatment, assessment, and prevention of sexual offending behavior by adolescents.
Phage‐derived fully human antibody scFv fragment directed against human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 blocked its interaction with VEGF
Authors: Zhang Juan , Li Haixin , Wang Xiuyun , Qi Haidi , Miao Xiaoniu , Zhang Tao , Chen Guosheng , Wang Min 
Published: May 2012

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR‐2) plays a critical role in tumor angiogenesis. None therapeutic antibodies targeting VEGFR‐2 are available in clinical use. Herein, we describe the screening of a new single‐chain antibody fragment (scFv) targeting extracellular domain 3 of human VEGFR‐2 (kinase insert domain‐containing receptor [KDR]3) from Griffin phage display scFv library. A comprehensive sequence analysis was performed to assign the framework and complementary‐determining regions. The scFv exerted particular binding sites to KDR3 on molecular docking, and the binding affinity was further convinced by binding analysis both in quantitative ELISA and real‐time kinetic determination by biosensors (KD = 40 nM). Finally, the scFv was revealed to inhibit VEGF‐stimulated proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs; IC50 = 5 nM) and to inhibit HUVEC migration significantly at 17 nM. Taken together, our results indicate that we have successfully isolated a scFv which differentially recognizes KDR3 and has potential clinical applications in the treatment of angiogenesis related diseases. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 28: 981–989, 2012
Constructing Risk and Avoiding Need: Findings from Interviews with Social Workers and Police Officers Involved in Safeguarding Work with Migrant Children
Authors: Westwood Joanne L. 
Published: May 2012

Previous research illustrates the lack of services and provision for the needs of migrant children; assessments of needs in the early stage of their arrival into the UK have previously been advocated. This paper reports on a qualitative study with officials in agencies working with children at a UK port of entry. Along with a sense of isolation and fragmentation between those agencies involved in this work, there were clear tensions between the safeguarding agendas and practices of the agencies involved. Analysis of interviews with social workers and police officers suggests that there was a lack of confidence and trust between agencies and in multi‐agency approaches to safeguarding children entering the UK. Assessment approaches tend to be risk orientated at the expense of being culturally attuned and children's rights focused. These findings are discussed together with recommendations for further research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Clear tensions between the safeguarding agendas and practices of the agencies involved’Key Practitioner Message

Initial assessment work with asylum‐seeking/refugee children should be conducted in the child's first language.
Culturally attuned social work practice with children newly arrived into the UK promotes children's rights, this should be the norm, not the exception.
Professionals working with asylum‐seeking/refugee children at ports of entry should assess risk and need.
Painterly rendering techniques: a state‐of‐the‐art review of current approaches
Authors: Hegde Siddharth , Gatzidis Christos , Tian Feng 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn this publication we will look at the different methods presented over the past few decades which attempt to recreate digital paintings. While previous surveys concentrate on the broader subject of non‐photorealistic rendering, the focus of this paper is firmly placed on painterly rendering techniques. We compare different methods used to produce different output painting styles such as abstract, colour pencil, watercolour, oriental, oil and pastel. Whereas some methods demand a high level of interaction using a skilled artist, others require simple parameters provided by a user with little or no artistic experience. Many methods attempt to provide more automation with the use of varying forms of reference data. This reference data can range from still photographs, video, 3D polygonal meshes or even 3D point clouds. The techniques presented here endeavour to provide tools and styles that are not traditionally available to an artist. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin's discovery: New insights on its ninetieth birthday
Authors: Roth Jesse , Qureshi Sana , Whitford Ian , Vranic Mladen , Kahn C. Ronald , Fantus I. George , Dirks John H. 
Published: May 2012

Summary2012 marks the 90th year since the purification of insulin and the miraculous rescue from death of youngsters with type 1 diabetes. In this review, we highlight several previously unappreciated or unknown events surrounding the discovery. (i) We remind readers of the essential contributions of each of the four discoverers – Banting, Macleod, Collip, and Best. (ii) Banting and Best (each with his own inner circle) worked not only to accrue credit for himself but also to minimize credit to the other discoverers. (iii) Banting at the time of the insulin research was very likely suffering from post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that originated during his heroic service as a surgeon in World War I on the Western Front in 1918, including an infected shrapnel wound that threatened amputation of his arm. His war record along with the newly discovered evidence of a suicide threat goes along with his paranoia, combativeness, alcohol excess, and depression, symptoms we associate with PTSD. (iv) Banting's eureka idea, ligation of the pancreatic duct to preserve the islets, while it energized the early research, was unnecessary and was bypassed early. (v) Post discovery, Macleod uncovered many features of insulin action that he summarized in his 1925 Nobel Lecture. Macleod closed by raising the question – what is the mechanism of insulin action in the body? – a challenge that attracted many talented investigators but remained unanswered until the latter third of the 20th century. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titration of Zr3(μ‐OH) Hydroxy Groups at the Cornerstones of Bulk MOF UiO‐67, [Zr6O4(OH)4(biphenyldicarboxylate)6], and Their Reaction with [AuMe(PMe3)]
Authors: Larabi Cherif , Quadrelli Elsje Alessandra 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe known MOF UiO‐67 of general formula [Zr6O4(OH)4(bpdc)6] [bpdc = biphenyldicarboxylate, O2C(C6H4)2CO2] has been synthesized on a 3 g scale and characterized by BET, TGA, XRD, IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The chemical accessibility of the hydroxy ligand Zr3(μ‐OH) was assessed by the addition of D2O: The expected isotopic shift of ν(OH) = 3673 cm–1 to ν(OD) = 2709 cm–1 in the IR spectrum was observed. The OH content in bulk UiO‐67, previously mildly activated at 120 °C under vacuum (10–5 Torr) overnight, was quantitatively determined by three methods: (1) By integration of the IR ν(OH) region and comparison with calibrated spectra of MCM‐41 previously dehydroxylated at 500 °C, which gave a spectroscopically measured OH content in bulk UiO‐67 of 2.2 mmol/g (37 mg OH/g); (2) by extrapolation of the OH content from the measured weight loss between 250 and 400 °C in TGA, which corresponded to 1.6 mmol OH/g (27 mg OH/g); and (3) by chemical titration of UiO‐67 with CH3MgBr and GC determination of the evolved methane, which gave 1.8 mmol OH/g (31 mg OH/g). The three methods, and in particular the latter chemical titration, are in very good to excellent agreement with the nominal OH content based on the molecular formula [Zr6O4(OH)4(bpdc)6] (expected: 1.9 mmol OH/g, 32 mg OH/g; experimental/calculated OH content = 110, 85, and 95 %, respectively, for the three methods). The weak acidity of the OH moiety in UiO‐67 was assessed by IR and 31P NMR monitoring of the physisorption of PMe3 in the UiO‐67 cavities. Inclusion of the organometallic AuI complex [AuMe(PMe3)] in a 1:1 molar ratio with respect to [Zr6O4(OH)4(bpdc)6] was achieved. Some chemisorption at 20 % of the cornerstone hydroxy sites also occurred to yield [Zr6O4(OH)3(bpdc)6(OAuPMe3)].
FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INTERNATIONAL RISK SHARING IN EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES
Authors: Schmitz Martin 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn light of rapidly increasing foreign equity liability positions of emerging market economies, we test for a necessary condition of international risk sharing, namely for systematic patterns between idiosyncratic output fluctuations and financial market developments. Panel analysis of 22 emerging market economies shows strong evidence for pro‐cyclicality of capital gains on domestic stock markets both over short‐term and medium‐term horizons. This implies that domestic output fluctuations can be hedged through cross‐border ownership of financial markets. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amniotic membrane as part of a skin substitute for full‐thickness wounds: An experimental evaluation in a porcine model
Authors: Loeffelbein Denys J. , Baumann Claudia , Stoeckelhuber Mechthild , Hasler Rafael , Mücke Thomas , Steinsträßer Lars , Drecoll Enken , Wolff Klaus‐Dietrich , Kesting Marco R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground:We evaluated the use of human amniotic membrane (HAM) as a graft material for the treatment of iatrogenic full‐thickness (FT) skin wounds in a porcine model with a view to reducing donor site morbidity in free flap transfer.Methods:Forty experimental FT‐wounds were covered with an autologous split‐thickness skin graft (STSG) alone or in combination with a mono‐ or multilayer HAM or Integra®. Untreated wounds served as controls. Clinical evaluation and biopsy‐sampling for histological and immunohistochemical staining with von‐Willebrand‐factor (vWF) antibody, laminin antibody, Ki‐67 antibody, and smooth muscle actin (αSMA) antibody were performed on days 5, 7, 10, 20, 40, and 60 after surgical intervention.Results:Considerable disparities in the estimated criteria were observed between the various treatment groups of the FT‐wounds. The use of HAM was found to have an accelerating impact on re‐epithelialization. The multilayered amnion membrane showed better results than the Integra® and monolayer technique in terms of contraction rate, inflammation, and scarring and seemed useful as a dermal substitute in FT‐wounds giving comparable results to STSG coverage alone.Conclusions:This study demonstrates the successful application of HAM as part of a skin substitute in FT‐wounds in minipigs. The results offer promise as a simple and effective technique for the application of multilayer HAM in iatrogenic human skin defects and the acceleration of wound healing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Halofuginone prevents estrogen‐deficient osteoporosis in mice
Authors: DeSelm Carl J. , Zou Wei , Teitelbaum Steven L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOsteoporosis is characterized by enhanced activity of osteoclasts relative to that of osteoblasts. Thus, the principal means of treating the most common form of osteoporosis, namely that attending menopause, is inhibition of osteoclast formation or function. We have demonstrated that the inflammatory cytokine, IL‐17, mediates estrogen‐deficient osteoporosis, in mice, and that genetic blockade of its function prevents ovariectomy‐induced bone loss. We herein report that the febrifugine derivative, halofuginone, a small molecule drug, reduces abundance of Th‐17 cells in mice and prevents estrogen‐deficient osteoporosis by diminishing bone resorption without impacting osteogenesis. In keeping with IL‐17 mediating its osteoclastogenic effects by promoting RANK ligand expression by osteoblasts, halofuginone does not directly inhibit the bone resorptive cell. Thus, halofuginone, which is presently FDA‐approved for treatment of scleroderma, is a candidate therapeutic for post‐menopausal osteoporosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3086–3092, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An insertion in loop L7 of human eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin is crucial for its antiviral activity
Authors: Sikriwal Deepa , Seth Divya , Parveen Shama , Malik Anu , Broor Shobha , Batra Janendra K. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe human eosinophil granule ribonuclease, eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN) has been shown to have antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus‐B (RSV‐B). Other closely related and more active RNases such as RNase A, onconase, and RNase k6 do not have any antiviral activity. A remarkable unique feature of EDN is a nine‐residue insertion in its carboxy‐terminal loop, L7 which is not present in RNase A, and differs in sequence from the corresponding loop in another eosinophil RNase, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). ECP has a much lower antiviral activity as compared to EDN. The current study probed the role of loop L7 of EDN in its antiviral activity. Three residues in loop L7, Arg117, Pro120, and Gln122, which diverge between EDN, ECP, and RNase A, were mutated to alanine alone and in combination to generate single, double, and triple mutants. These mutants, despite having RNase activity had decreased antiviral activity towards RSV suggesting the involvement of loop L7 in the interaction of EDN with RSV. It appears that the mutations in loop L7 disrupt the interaction of protein with the viral capsid, thereby inhibiting its entry into the virions. The study demonstrates that besides the RNase activity, loop L7 is another important determinant for the antiviral activity of EDN. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3104–3112, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clarification of succinic acid fermentation broth by ultrafiltration in succinic acid bio–refinery
Authors: Wang Caixia , Li Qiang , Tang Huang , Zhou Wei , Yan Daojiang , Xing Jianmin , Wan Yinhua 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Succinic acid is an important precursor chemical for the synthesis of high value‐added products. In this work, ultrafiltration was first investigated to clarify succinic acid fermentation broth by integrating fermentation and separation and removal processes of the product in situ. Four different ultrafiltration membranes (PES 100 kDa, PES 30 kDa, PES 10 kDa and RC 10 kDa) were used in this work.RESULTS: Results indicate that ultrafiltration is feasible for clarifying succinic acid fermentation broth. Almost all the microorganism cells (99.6%) were removed from the fermentation broth. Proteins were also removed effectively by all the membranes studied. The removal rate was 79.86% for PES 100 kDa, 86.43% for PES 30 kDa, 86.83% for PES 10 kDa, and 80.06% for the RC 10 kDa. After ultrafiltration, a clearer permeate was obtained compared with that from centrifugation.CONCLUSION: Membranes operating at high flux are always susceptible to rapid fouling. Compared with molecular weight cut‐offs (MWCO), membrane material has a significant influence on the flux. Membrane flux measured in this study shows industrial potential of this technology in treatment of succinic acid fermentation broth. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ligand [11C]AF150(S)
Authors: Buiter Hans J.C. , Leysen Josée E. , Schuit Robert C. , Fisher Abraham , Lammertsma Adriaan A. , Windhorst Albert D. 
Published: May 2012

PurposeM1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1ACh‐R) agonists are potential therapeutics for cognitive disorders. The aim of this study was to develop an orthosteric agonist positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for the M1ACh‐R that would provide a tool to explore the active G‐protein coupled receptor. To that extend, the radiosynthesis, receptor binding in vitro, and brain uptake of [11C]AF150(S), a selective M1ACh‐R agonist, were investigated.Procedures[11C]AF150(S) was synthesized, its binding properties were investigated using autoradiography on rat brain sections, and brain uptake was determined in biodistribution studies ex vivo in rats. Metabolites in brain and blood were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsYield of the [11C]AF150(S) radiosynthesis was 69 ± 9% with radiochemical purity >99%. The logDoct,7.4 was 0.05. Autoradiography showed binding in M1ACh‐R rich brain areas and selective inhibition by muscarinic agents in conditions promoting agonist binding. Biodistribution studies revealed rapid and high brain uptake, to levels exceeding five times the blood level. In M1ACh‐R rich areas, specific uptake versus cerebellum was apparent, remaining constant over 60 min in spite of rapid decline of radioactivity from the brain and rapid peripheral metabolism. Brain uptake of [11C]AF150(S) may involve facilitated transport.Conclusion[11C]AF150(S) was successfully synthesized, showed M1ACh‐R agonist binding properties, and high brain uptake. It provides an interesting lead for the development of an M1ACh‐R agonist PET ligand meant to explore the active receptor state. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.