bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From sustainable transport development to active citizenship and participatory democracy: The experience of Living City in Chile
Authors: Sagaris Lake 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIncreasingly, the search for sustainable transport has reflected the awareness that cycling, walking and the liveable cities that encourage these activities lie at the centre of any effective strategy. While citizens' groups are often encouraged, instructed or expected to support these initiatives, to date, there have been few studies of how these citizens' groups work. This article examines how a partnership between Living City (Ciudad Viva), a community‐based organization; Interface for Cycling Expertise, a Dutch non‐governmental organization; and Metropolitan Santiago's regional government applied collaborative planning and other methods to build effective processes for more cycling‐inclusive transport policies in Santiago, Chile. The resulting actors' ecologies mobilized substantial knowledge and goodwill. After just three years, cycling had become a presidential priority, cycling infrastructure design skills had improved substantially, and both politicians and citizens had made significant commitments to more cycling‐ and walking‐friendly urban environments. This study provides insights into the nuts and bolts of how some civil society organizations develop, what they can contribute to sustainable transport and what environments and support they need to be effective.
Older male labour force participation in OECD countries: Pension reform and “the reserve army of labour”
Authors: O'BRIEN Martin 
Published: November 2010

Abstract.Many governments have treated older workers as a “reserve army of labour”, allowing early exit from the labour force by various means, so the OECD recommends that the fiscal strain associated with population ageing be addressed through pension reform to increase older workers’ labour force participation. Modelling the labour force participation of males aged 55–59 and 60–64 in 12 OECD countries over the period 1967–2007, the author finds that labour market variables dominate pension reform variables – and country‐specific causal factors also – in explaining older males’ participation rates. Without consideration of labour market conditions, the OECD's standard prescription of pension reform would thus seem doomed to fail.
Flexicurity in Belgium: A reform proposal based on economic principles
Authors: Cockx Bart , Van der Linden Bruno 
Published: November 2010

Abstract.Belgium's systems of unemployment insurance and employment protection legislation were set up in the context of typically enduring and stable relationships between workers and firms. Economic globalization and rapid technological and organizational change, however, are now demanding more flexibility of both workers and firms. As a result, current labour market institutions are in urgent need of reform to reconcile such increased flexibility with adequate security for workers. Though the call for a “flexicurity” approach is not new, there is no single view of what institutional model the latter implies. This paper proposes a reform explicitly guided by economic principles.
The specific star formation rate of high redshift galaxies: the case for two modes of star formation
Authors: Khochfar Sadegh , Silk Joseph 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
We study the specific star formation rate (SSFR) and its evolution at z ≳ 4, in models of galaxy formation, where the star formation is driven by cold accretion flows. We show that constant star formation and feedback efficiencies cannot reproduce the observed trend of SSFR with stellar mass and its observed lack of evolution at z &gt; 4. Model galaxies with log (M*) ≲ 9.5 M⊙ show systematically lower SSFRs by orders of magnitudes, while massive galaxies with M* ≳ 5 × 1010 M⊙ have up to an order of magnitude larger SSFRs, compared to recent observations by Stark et al. To recover these observations we apply an empirical star formation efficiency in galaxies that scales with the host halo velocity dispersion as ∝ 1/σ3 during galaxy mergers. We find that this modification needs to be of stochastic nature to reproduce the observations, i.e. only applied during mergers and not during accretion driven star formation phases. Our choice of star formation efficiency during mergers allows us to capture both, the boost in star formation at low masses and the quenching at high masses, and at the same time produce a constant SSFR–stellar mass relation at z ≳ 4 under the assumption that most of the observed galaxies are in a merger-triggered star formation phase. Our results suggest that observed high-z low-mass galaxies with high SSFRs are likely to be frequently interacting systems, which experienced bursts in their star formation rate and efficiency (mode 1), in contrast to low redshift z ≲ 3 galaxies which are cold accretion-regulated star forming systems with lower star formation efficiencies (mode 2).
Vieillissement de la population active et gestion stratégique des ressources humaines: problèmes de dotation des administrations de sécurité sociale
Authors: McKinnon Roddy 
Published: November 2010

RésuméL'emploi dans le service public des pays à revenu élevé a augmenté rapidement dans les années 1970 et au début des années 1980. Durant cette période, le secteur de la protection sociale a été l'un de ceux qui ont connu une croissance des plus rapides. Or, bon nombre des employés du service public qui ont été embauchés au cours des dernières années ont pris ou prendront bientôt leur retraite. En conséquence, les administrations de sécurité sociale dans la zone de l'OCDE vont perdre une part importante de leur effectif actuel, tous échelons confondus, sur une période relativement courte. Toutefois, malgré, d'une part, les appels à un recours plus fréquent à la planification stratégique du personnel et, d'autre part, la prise de conscience croissante des défis que pose le vieillissement des effectifs du service public, les institutions de services publics, y compris les administrations de sécurité sociale, ont tardéà agir. Le présent article se penche sur les défis de gestion des ressources humaines (GRH) que des administrations de sécurité sociale doivent relever en raison du vieillissement des effectifs du secteur public, décrit les propositions de réponses politiques et évalue les difficultés pour les mettre efficacement et systématiquement en œuvre.
Applicability of mitochondrial DNA for the identification of Arvicolid species from faecal samples: a case study from the threatened Cabrera’s vole
Authors: ALASAAD SAMER , SORIGUER RAMÓN C. , JOWERS MICHAEL J. , MARCHAL JUAN A. , ROMERO ISMAEL , SÁNCHEZ ANTONIO 
Published: November 2010

AbstractArvicolid mitochondrial genomes evolve faster than in any other mammalian lineage. The genetic diversity exhibited by these rodents contrasts sharply with their phenotypic homogeneity. Furthermore, faecal droppings from Arvicolid rodents of similar body size are almost undistinguishable on the basis of pellet morphology and content. In this study, we advantaged from their high genetic diversity vs. phenotypic homogeneity to document the applicability of mtDNA extraction from vole droppings for latter identification of such via a rapid and efficient nested PCR‐based technique using the threatened Microtus cabrerae as a model species. We sequenced the mitochondrial control region from 75 individuals belonging to 11 species of Arvicolinae from Spain, Portugal, Greece and Italy, and an additional 19 sequences from ten Microtus species from other countries were downloaded from Genbank. Based on these control region sequences, we successfully designed and applied a nested PCR for M. cabrerae‐specific and arvicolid‐generic mtDNA markers to differentiate Cabrera’s vole faecal samples among other species of the Arvicolinae subfamily. Although this study used Cabrera’s vole as a model species, similar techniques based on mtDNA sequences may find a broader applicability for noninvasive genetic conservation of vole species and their populations.
The role of reference body selection in calculating posterior corneal elevation and prediction of keratoconus using rotating Scheimpflug camera
Authors: Kovács Illés , Miháltz Kata , Ecsedy Mónika , Németh János , Nagy Zoltán Z 
Published: November 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  To explore the effects of corneal astigmatism and asphericity on posterior elevation values calculated by different reference bodies and to compare their predictive accuracy in the diagnosis of keratoconus.Methods:  In this prospective observational case series, 44 eyes of 24 patients with keratoconus and 70 eyes of 41 refractive surgery candidates as a control group were measured by the Pentacam Scheimpflug camera. Discriminating ability and predictors of posterior elevation measurements obtained by best fit toric ellipsoid (BFTE) and best fit sphere (BFS) reference surfaces were compared by receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC) and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. Bland–Altman plots were used to determine the agreement between different reference surfaces.Results:  Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed that posterior elevation measured by a BFTE auto had a significantly higher area under ROC curves (0.99) value than BFTE 8‐mm or BFS reference surfaces. ROC analysis identified cut‐off values for BFTE auto (9.5‐μm), for BFTE 8‐mm (10.5‐μm), for BFS auto (16.5‐μm) and for BFS 8‐mm (15.5‐μm) reference surfaces. According to GEE models, corneal cylinder and posterior asphericity had the least effect in toric ellipsoid models. Bland–Altman plots showed a systematic bias at higher values of average posterior elevation measured BFS reference surfaces.Conclusions:  Posterior corneal elevation value measured by the Pentacam camera can effectively discriminate keratoconus from normal corneas although measured values and cut‐off points depend on the selection of reference body and corneal asphericity. Toric ellipsoid reference surface seems to be the most sensitive method to differentiate keratoconus.
Judicial Response to Elder Abuse
Authors: Aileen Howze Judge Karen , White Jennifer L. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTReported cases of elder abuse are increasing throughout the United States. At the same time, identification of elder abuse issues by courts is considered “fair” or “poor.” To address the increased numbers of reported cases—particularly those where the victim is in an ongoing, trusted relationship with his or her perpetrator—the justice system must develop a concerted approach to resolving elder abuse cases. Along with the identification of the various forms and definitions of elder abuse, the courts face numerous challenges including the lack of reliable data and research on this form of abuse; the lack of laws, legal precedent, or appropriate remedies in elder abuse cases; complex evidentiary challenges; issues of victim capacity and victim choice, as well as assumptions about age and aging, limited resources, and the lack of a coordinated community response to elder abuse.
The New Age of Stalking: Technological Implications for Stalking
Authors: Fraser Cynthia , Olsen Erica , Lee Kaofeng , Southworth Cindy , Tucker Sarah 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTTechnology has led to tremendous advancements in our society but has also brought more danger to victims of stalking and given more tools for stalkers to use. New technology has made it more difficult for prosecutors and judges to hold stalkers accountable for their crimes, and without an understanding of how technology is misused by stalkers to track and monitor their victims, many victims don't get the justice they deserve. This article addresses the tremendous impact of technology on stalking, especially within the context of intimate partner stalking.
Postexposure Prevention of Progressive Vaccinia in SCID Mice Treated with Vaccinia Immune Globulin
Authors: Fisher R. W. , Reed J. L. , Snoy P. J. , Mikolajczyk M. G. , Bray M. , Scott D. E. , Kennedy M. C. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTA recently reported case of progressive vaccinia (PV) in an immunocompromised patient has refocused attention on this condition. Uniformly fatal prior to the licensure of vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) in 1978, PV was still fatal in about half of VIG-treated patients overall, with a greater mortality rate in infants and children. Additional therapies would be needed in the setting of a smallpox bioterror event, since mass vaccination following any variola virus release would inevitably result in exposure of immunocompromised people through vaccination or contact with vaccinees. Well-characterized animal models of disease can support the licensure of new products when human studies are not ethical or feasible, as in the case of PV. We chose vaccinia virus-scarified SCID mice to model PV. As in immunocompromised humans, vaccinia virus-scarified SCID animals develop enlarging primary lesions with minimal or no inflammation, eventual distal virus spread, and lethal outcomes if left untreated. Postexposure treatment with VIG slowed disease progression, caused local lesion regression, and resulted in the healthy survival of most of the mice for more than 120 days. Combination treatment with VIG and topical cidofovir also resulted in long-term disease-free survival of most of the animals, even when initiated 7 days postinfection. These results support the possibility that combination treatments may be effective in humans and support using this SCID model of PV to test new antibody therapies and combination therapies and to provide further insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of PV.
Identification of
Fusarium
Species in Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Sections by
In Situ
Hybridization Using Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes
Authors: Shinozaki Minoru , Okubo Yoichiro , Sasai Daisuke , Nakayama Haruo , Murayama Somay Yamagata , Ide Tadashi , Wakayama Megumi , Hiruta Nobuyuki , Shibuya Kazutoshi 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Fusarium
has recently emerged as an opportunistic pathogen of humans, but the histological differentiation of
Fusarium
from
Aspergillus
and
Scedosporium
is particularly difficult because these fungi may induce similar clinical features and exhibit filamentous development in host tissues. Thus, there is a need to establish rapid and reliable methods that are applicable to pathological diagnoses. The aim of this study was to evaluate and establish
in situ
hybridization (ISH) using peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes targeting the 28S rRNA to identify
Fusarium
species in tissue sections. This technique was validated using both formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded pulmonary tissues from mice infected with seven different species of fungi and cell blocks from fungal cultures of 30 strains. As a result, strong positive signals were observed within fungal organisms present in tissues of the lung from mice infected with
Fusarium solani
. Furthermore, this probe reacted strongly with both
F. solani
and
Fusarium oxysporum
in sections from cell blocks. Although some cross-reactivity occurred with the
Pseudallescheria boydii
in sections from cell blocks, the signal intensity was low and most hyphae were not reactive. In conclusion, it was confirmed that ISH with PNA probes is accurate and is a valuable tool for identifying
Fusarium
spp. among organisms that have identical morphological features in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections.
Rapid and Sensitive Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Test for Clostridium difficile Detection Challenges Cytotoxin B Cell Test and Culture as Gold Standard
Authors: Norén Torbjörn , Alriksson Ingegärd , Andersson Josefin , Åkerlund Thomas , Unemo Magnus 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Compared to the composite gold standard cytotoxin B assay and toxigenic culture, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test for
Clostridium difficile
had a sensitivity and specificity of 98%, positive predictive value of 92%, and negative predictive value of >99%. A one-hour turnaround time for the LAMP test provides rapid diagnosis and cost savings.
Distinct Bacteriophages Encoding Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) among International Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clones Harboring PVL
Authors: Boakes E. , Kearns A. M. , Ganner M. , Perry C. , Hill R. L. , Ellington M. J. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Genetically diverse community-associated methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(CA-MRSA) can harbor a bacteriophage encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) lysogenized into its chromosome (prophage). Six PVL phages (ΦPVL, Φ108PVL, ΦSLT, ΦSa2MW, ΦSa2USA, and ΦSa2958) are known, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PVL genes have been reported. We sought to determine the distribution of lysogenized PVL phages among MRSA strains with PVL (PVL-MRSA strains), the PVL gene sequences, and the chromosomal phage insertion sites in 114 isolates comprising nine clones of PVL-MRSA that were selected for maximal underlying genetic diversity. The six PVL phages were identified by PCR; ΦSa2USA was present in the highest number of different lineages (multilocus sequence type clonal complex 1 [CC1], CC5, CC8, and sequence type 93 [ST93]) (
n
= 37 isolates). Analysis of 92 isolates confirmed that PVL phages inserted into the same chromosomal insertion locus in CC22, -30, and -80 but in a different locus in isolates of CC1, -5, -8, -59, and -88 and ST93 (and CC22 in two isolates). Within the two different loci, specific attachment motifs were found in all cases, although some limited inter- and intralineage sequence variation occurred. Overall, lineage-specific relationships between the PVL phage, the genes that encode the toxin, and the position at which the phage inserts into the host chromosome were identified. These analyses provide important insights into the microepidemiology of PVL-MRSA, will prove a valuable adjunct in outbreak investigation, and may help predict the emergence of new strains.
First Case of Invasive Human Infection Caused by Cupriavidus metallidurans
Authors: Langevin Stéphanie , Vincelette Jean , Bekal Sadjia , Gaudreau Christiane 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

We describe the first case of invasive human infection (a nosocomial septicemia) caused by
Cupriavidus metallidurans
. This metal-resistant bacterium has not been reported to be pathogenic in humans or animals.
Recombinant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Carrying Hepatitis C Virus Epitopes
Authors: Upadhyay Chitra , Ammayappan Arun , Patel Deendayal , Kovesdi Imre , Vakharia Vikram N. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

The delivery of foreign epitopes by a replicating nonpathogenic avian infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was explored. The aim of the study was to identify regions in the IBDV genome that are amenable to the introduction of a sequence encoding a foreign peptide. By using a cDNA-based reverse genetics system, insertions or substitutions of sequences encoding epitope tags (FLAG, c-Myc, or hepatitis C virus epitopes) were engineered in the open reading frames of a nonstructural protein (VP5) and the capsid protein (VP2). Attempts were also made to generate recombinant IBDV that displayed foreign epitopes in the exposed loops (P
BC
and P
HI
) of the VP2 trimer. We successfully recovered recombinant IBDVs expressing c-Myc and two different virus-neutralizing epitopes of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E in the VP5 region. Western blot analyses with anti-c-Myc and anti-HCV antibodies provided positive identification of both the c-Myc and HCV epitopes that were fused to the N terminus of VP5. Genetic analysis showed that the recombinants carrying the c-Myc/HCV epitopes maintained the foreign gene sequences and were stable after several passages in Vero and 293T cells. This is the first report describing efficient expression of foreign peptides from a replication-competent IBDV and demonstrates the potential of this virus as a vector.
Characterization of Two Substrains of Puumala Virus That Show Phenotypes That Are Different from Each Other and from the Original Strain
Authors: Sundström Karin B. , Stoltz Malin , Lagerqvist Nina , Lundkvist Åke , Nemirov Kirill , Klingström Jonas 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTHantaviruses, the causative agents of two emerging diseases, are negative-stranded RNA viruses with a tripartite genome. We isolated two substrains from a parental strain of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV-Pa), PUUV-small (PUUV-Sm) and PUUV-large (PUUV-La), named after their focus size when titrated. The two isolates were sequenced; this revealed differences at two positions in the nucleocapsid protein and two positions in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, but the glycoproteins were identical. We also detected a 43-nucleotide deletion in the PUUV-La S-segment 5′ noncoding region covering a predicted hairpin loop structure that was found to be conserved among all hantaviruses with members of the rodent subfamily Arvicolinae as their hosts. Stocks of PUUV-La showed a lower ratio of viral RNA to infectious particles than stocks of PUUV-Sm and PUUV-Pa, indicating that PUUV-La replicated more efficiently in alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β)-defective Vero E6 cells. In Vero E6 cells, PUUV-La replicated to higher titers and PUUV-Sm replicated to lower titers than PUUV-Pa. In contrast, in IFN-competent MRC-5 cells, PUUV-La and PUUV-Sm replicated to similar levels, while PUUV-Pa progeny virus production was strongly inhibited. The different isolates clearly differed in their potential to induce innate immune responses in MRC-5 cells. PUUV-Pa caused stronger induction of IFN-β, ISG56, and MxA than PUUV-La and PUUV-Sm, while PUUV-Sm caused stronger MxA and ISG56 induction than PUUV-La. These data demonstrate that the phenotypes of isolated hantavirus substrains can have substantial differences compared to each other and to the parental strain. Importantly, this implies that the reported differences in phenotypes for hantaviruses might depend more on chance due to spontaneous mutations during passage than inherited true differences between hantaviruses.
Inhibition of Enveloped Virus Infection of Cultured Cells by Valproic Acid
Authors: Vázquez-Calvo Ángela , Saiz Juan-Carlos , Sobrino Francisco , Martín-Acebes Miguel A. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
Valproic acid (VPA) is a short-chain fatty acid commonly used for treatment of neurological disorders. As VPA can interfere with cellular lipid metabolism, its effect on the infection of cultured cells by viruses of seven viral families relevant to human and animal health, including eight enveloped and four nonenveloped viruses, was analyzed. VPA drastically inhibited multiplication of all the enveloped viruses tested, including the zoonotic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and West Nile virus (WNV), while it did not affect infection by the nonenveloped viruses assayed. VPA reduced vesicular stomatitis virus infection yield without causing a major blockage of either viral RNA or protein synthesis. In contrast, VPA drastically abolished WNV RNA and protein synthesis, indicating that this drug can interfere the viral cycle at different steps of enveloped virus infection. Thus, VPA can contribute to an understanding of the crucial steps of viral maturation and to the development of future strategies against infections associated with enveloped viruses.