bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of drug prescribing in older patients: is there a problem and can we improve it?
Authors: Scott I. , Jayathissa S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOlder patients are at high risk of suboptimal prescribing (overuse, underuse and misuse of drugs), which can lead to serious adverse drug reactions (ADR). About one in four patients admitted to hospital are prescribed at least one inappropriate medication and up to 20% of all inpatient deaths are attributed to potentially preventable ADR. Lists of drugs to avoid (unnecessary or where risks outweigh benefits) and drugs not to be omitted (strong indications if there are no contraindications) can assist in identifying suboptimal prescribing although, to date, no trials have established the ability of such screening, by itself, to improve prescribing quality. Remedial strategies proven to be effective in randomized trials include detailed appraisal of medication lists by multidisciplinary teams, which involve geriatricians and close liaison with specialist clinical pharmacists. A multifaceted quality improvement strategy is proposed that includes an aspirational target of no more than five different drugs be regularly prescribed to vulnerable older patients. Achieving this target involves prioritizing drug selection on the basis of strength of indication which may run counter to current disease‐specific clinical guideline recommendations based on trials that have excluded most older patients. Such a strategy is worthy of further evaluation in a multicentre randomized trial.
Change of insulin sensitivity in hepatitis C patients with normal insulin sensitivity; a 5‐year prospective follow‐up study variation of insulin sensitivity in HCV patients
Authors: Park S. K. , Cho Y. K. , Park J. H. , Kim H. J. , Park D. I. , Sohn C. I. , Jeon W. K. , Kim B. I. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground:  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin resistance (IR) is known to play a crucial role in the development of DM in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. We prospectively investigated changes of insulin sensitivity in CHC patients during a 5‐year period and analysed the factors significantly associated with IR.Methods:  Sixty‐two CHC patients with normal insulin sensitivity (CHC group), and a healthy control group of 172 subjects matched by age, gender, body mass index and lifestyles were studied. We compared the initial baseline insulin sensitivity, metabolic parameters and incidence of IR at the end of the follow‐up period between the two groups. The changes in insulin sensitivity, metabolic parameters and the development of IR were analysed as well as factors associated with the development of IR.Results:  IR developed in 22.5% of 62 CHC patients and 5.2% of 172 normal individuals (P < 0.001). HCV infection per se and the genotype 1 were independent risk factors for the development of IR. The duration of infection ≥120 months, initial fasting glucose 90–100 mg/dL, fasting insulin ≥10 µIU/mL and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR) 2.3–2.7 were significantly associated with the development of IR in the CHC group.Conclusion:  HCV infection was an independent risk factor for the development of IR. All CHC patients, even those with normal insulin sensitivity, require careful monitoring for the development of IR.
Hepatic epithelioid haemangioendothelioma: challenges in diagnosis and management
Authors: Thin L. W. Y. , Wong D. D. , De Boer B. W. , Ferguson J. M. , Adams L. , MacQuillan G. , Delriviere L. , Mitchell A. , Jeffrey G. P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground:  Hepatic epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (HEH) is a rare, low grade malignant neoplasm of endothelial origin which is difficult to diagnose and has a variable outcome. We review five HEH cases from our centre with the aim of identifying clinical predictors of outcome and various therapeutic options.Methods:  A search was made on the WA Liver Transplant registry for cases with histologically confirmed HEH. Their medical records were reviewed. A literature search was conducted through Medline using terms to compare the results from this series with those of other series.Results:  Five patients were identified to have HEH. The mean age was 44.2 years (range 34–53 years). Four of five patients presented with dyspepsia and two patients had clinical evidence of portal hypertension with ascites. Two patients had radiologically diffuse disease and three patients had discrete nodular liver involvement. The mean duration from presentation of symptoms to diagnosis of HEH was 26.8 months. Liver transplantation was performed in one patient with diffuse HEH who is alive with no disease recurrence at 3 years. Three patients with radiologically stable disease followed with 6 monthly surveillance imaging are currently alive and well. The median survival of all five patients was 5 years (range 1.5–16 years) at the time of follow up.Conclusions:  These results support the role of surveillance alone for patients with focal and radiologically stable disease. Patients with diffuse HEH with hepatic decompensation should be considered for transplantation. However, numbers are small and an international registry is required to make firm comparisons.
Basolateral amygdala involvement in memory reconsolidation processes that facilitate drug context‐induced cocaine seeking
Authors: Fuchs Rita A. , Bell Guinevere H. , Ramirez Donna R. , Eaddy Jessica L. , Su Zu‐In 
Published: August 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the neurobiological underpinnings of putative memory stabilization processes that maintain context–response–cocaine associations in long‐term memory and underlie contextual control over addictive behavior is of great interest from an addiction treatment perspective. Using an instrumental animal model of contextual drug relapse we show that the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, administered into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) immediately after limited (15‐ or 60‐min) re‐exposure to a previously cocaine‐paired context, subsequently disrupted the ability of the previously cocaine‐paired context to reinstate extinguished cocaine‐seeking behavior relative to vehicle. Consistent with a BLA‐mediated memory reconsolidation deficit, a similar impairment in cocaine‐seeking behavior was not observed in (i) ‘no‐reactivation’ control groups that received anisomycin into the BLA after (re)exposure to either a novel unpaired or an extinction‐paired context or in (ii) a neuroanatomical control group that received anisomycin into the posterior caudate–putamen, dorsally adjacent to the BLA, after re‐exposure to the cocaine‐paired context. Furthermore, anisomycin administered into the BLA after brief (5‐min) or extensive (120‐min) re‐exposure to the cocaine‐paired context (which was sufficient to extinguish cocaine‐seeking behavior in a vehicle control group) also failed to alter responding. Together, these findings suggest that re‐exposure to a cocaine‐paired context in the absence of cocaine reinforcement is sufficient to trigger memory reconsolidation processes that support future drug‐seeking behavior. The presence and duration of drug‐related memory reactivation critically influences, and anisomycin‐sensitive mechanisms in the BLA selectively control, this phenomenon. These findings support the feasibility of novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches that selectively inhibit the reconsolidation of cocaine‐related memories in order to prevent drug relapse.
Analysis of ureteric stent kinking forces: the role of curvature in stent failure
Authors: Christman Matthew S. , L’Esperance James O. , Choe Chong H. , Stroup Sean P. , Auge Brian K. 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVETo further characterize the kinking forces and degree of curvature that result in failure of various stents, as malignant obstruction of the ureter causes failure of about half of ureteric stents.MATERIALS AND METHODSSeveral stents (Silhouette 4.6 F and 6 F, Applied Medical, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA; Sof‐CurlTM Tecoflex 6 F, Gyrus ACMI, Southborough, MA; PolarisTM Ultra 6 and 7 F, and Percuflex® 6, 7 and 8 F stents, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA) were tested. The amount of force necessary to result in kinking of the stent was measured, and the degree of curvature at failure was calculated for each stent.RESULTSThe Silhouette 4.6 and 6 F stents were the most resistant to failure by kinking and curvature. In general, smaller stents allowed more curvature before failing than their larger counterparts.CONCLUSIONSThe greater allowable curvature and resistance to kinking achieved by the Silhouette ureteric stents might result in fewer stent failures in cases of malignant obstruction or other retroperitoneal processes.
International Trade and Manufacturing Employment: Is India following the Footsteps of Asia or Africa?
Authors: Sen Kunal 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe Indian manufacturing sector has rapidly increased its integration with the world economy since the 1991 trade reforms. We examine whether trade integration created or destroyed jobs in the Indian manufacturing sector, and compare India's employment outcomes with four other countries—Bangladesh, Kenya, South Africa, and Vietnam. We find that the impact of international trade on manufacturing employment seems to be similar to those found for the two African countries rather than the two Asian countries, a surprising result for a country with an apparent comparative advantage in labor‐intensive manufacturing goods, and a large excess supply of unskilled labor.
Intentions to Return of Clandestine Migrants: The Perverse Effect of Illegality on Skills
Authors: Coniglio Nicola D. , De Arcangelis Giuseppe , Serlenga Laura 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this paper we show that highly skilled clandestine migrants are more likely to return home than migrants with low or no skills when illegality causes “skill waste”, i.e. when illegality reduces the rate of return of individual capabilities (i.e. skills and human capital) in the country of destination. In a simple life‐cycle framework, illegality is modeled as a tax on skills that reduces the opportunity cost of returning home particularly for the highly skilled. This proposition is tested on a sample of apprehended immigrants that unlawfully crossed the Italian borders in 2003. The estimation confirms that the intention to return to the home country is more likely for highly skilled illegal immigrants. The empirical results of this paper attenuate the common wisdom on the return decisions of legal migrants, according to which low‐skill individuals are more likely to go back home (mainly because of negative self‐selection).
Reforms and Entry: Some Evidence from the Indian Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Bhaumik Sumon Kumar , Gangopadhyay Shubhashis , Krishnan Shagun 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTraditional research in the context of product market entry has explored the strategic reactions of incumbent firms when threatened by the possibility of entry, and have identified industry‐specific factors that affect entry rates. However, following de Soto (1989), there has been increasing emphasis on regulatory and institutional factors governing entry rates, especially in the context of developing countries. Using three‐digit industry‐level data from India, for the 1984–97 period, we examine the phenomenon of entry in the Indian context. Our empirical results suggest that during the 1980s industry‐level factors largely explained variations in entry rates, but that, following the economic federalism brought about by the post‐1991 reforms, variations in entry rates during the 1990s were explained largely by state‐level institutional and legacy factors. Past productivity growth affects net entry rates as well.
Auctioning Immigration Visas
Authors: Collie David R. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract Freeman (2006) suggested that auctioning immigration visas and redistributing the revenue to native residents in the host country would increase migration from low‐income to high‐income countries. The effect of the auctioning of immigration visas, in the Ricardian model from Findlay (1982), on the optimal level of immigration for the host country is considered. It is shown that auctioning immigration visas will lead to a positive level of immigration only if the initial wage difference between the host country and the source country is substantial. The cost of the immigration visa is more than half the earnings of the immigrant worker.
Capital Services Growth in the UK: 1950 to 2006*
Authors: Wallis Gavin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a capital services dataset for the United Kingdom developed for use in empirical work, and some of its key features. The estimates are consistent with National Accounts output estimates, making them ideal for use in growth‐accounting or business‐cycle analysis. The divergence between the volume of capital services and the volume of the capital stock after 1980 is highlighted. This divergence is driven by a shift in investment towards short‐lived and more productive information and communication technology assets for which the flow of capital services is high. Standard capital stock measures understate growth in the productive input of capital, especially after 1990.
Freedom and Necessity: Spinoza's Impact on Lessing
Authors: Crowther Louise 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTBenedict de Spinoza (1632–77) was an undeniably significant and pivotal figure not only during his own lifetime but also during the Enlightenment. The over‐arching purpose of this paper is to consider how Lessing dealt with the impact of Spinozist thought and its consequences and to analyse the extent to which he can be said to exemplify a post‐Spinozist mentality in dealing with the relationship between freedom and necessity. It aims to prove not that Lessing was a direct disciple of Spinoza, but that he was influenced by the post‐Spinozist climate pervading the eighteenth‐century intellectual world. In particular, this paper examines Lessing's exploration of a nexus of causality which has been set out by Spinoza's ideas on freedom and necessity. In a similar manner to Spinoza, he demonstrates that man's subjection to external causes is balanced by his ability to exert a degree of free necessity, that is, freedom within the necessary constraints of the order of nature and the designs of Providence. Furthermore, he parallels Spinoza's thinking in arguing for a necessary causal relationship between virtue, necessity and freedom.
Aber in Spanien schon tausend und drei: Perpetuelle Vertragsbrüche in Schillers Abfall der Niederlande1
Authors: Nilges Yvonne 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTDer vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich Schillers Rechtsauffassung in der Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der Spanischen Regierung (1788). Ausgehend von dem notorischen ‘Verrat am Vertrag’ des spanischen Königs Philipp II. entwickelt Schiller als Historiograph eine naturrechtliche Darstellung des Rechts auf Widerstand und des humanitären Völkerrechts. Dem grundlegenden Einfluss Hugo Grotius’ auf Schiller wird im Folgenden zum ersten Male nachgegangen, ebenso Schillers Vertrautheit mit dem Menschenrechtsdiskurs im Advent der Französischen Revolution. Im Abfall der Niederlande offenbart sich Schiller als ein engagierter Zeitbürger, der rechtlich betrachtet bereits unverkennbar auf dem Weg in die Moderne ist. Das erste Geschichtswerk Schillers figuriert als seine ganz persönliche Geburt des Rechtsstaats aus dem Geiste der Historie, die ihrer Zeit erstaunlich weit voraus ist und tatsächlich freiheitsrechtliche Grundthemen des 20. Jahrhunderts schon naturrechtlich antizipiert.
Wilhelm Simon Guttmann, 1891–1990: A Documentary Portrait
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Kerbs Diethart 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTIn his collection of biographical essays, Lebenslinien – Deutsche Biographien aus dem 20. Jahrhundert (Essen 2007), Diethart Kerbs gave the first tentative portrait of Simon Guttmann as one of the founders of photo‐journalism. As an emeritus professor of the History of Photography Kerbs based his study on his personal acquaintance with Guttmann and on his photographic associates in London, as well as on research and contacts in Germany. The aim of the present study is to document as fully as possible Guttmann's development from literature, through the politics of the German revolutionary period of 1918/19, to his influential career in photography in Berlin and, eventually, in London. To do this, Nicholas Jacobs has augmented Kerb's essay with his own records of conversations with Guttmann (some undated), and with new critical material now available.
Bombed and Silenced: Foreign Witnesses of the Air War in Germany
Authors: Lubrich Oliver 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTNon‐German accounts of the air war from inside Germany, 1939–1945, offer perspectives and evidence that are very distinct from what most German authors have been able to contribute. Yet they have not been registered in the recent debates about representations of German suffering in testimonies and literature (initiated by W. G. Sebald ten years ago). By looking at five issues specific to non‐German writing, the present article proposes to open up the debate to these new voices: (1) Foreign experiences are distinctively sudden, open, ambivalent, dynamic and, by contrast, sharper in perception. (2) International reports are historical documents that have a particular value for understanding contemporary expectations, relative information and shifting judgments on the Allied bombing campaign. (3) Writers like Curzio Malaparte, Louis‐Ferdinand Céline, Kurt Vonnegut or Marie Vassiltchikov developed rhetorical and poetical means for representing the destruction without succumbing to the faults that Sebald diagnosed in most German writers, who repressed, stylised or banalised it. (4) Unlike many of their contemporary German counterparts, most international authors dealt with the uncanny aesthetics of an air raid without aestheticising it. (5) Finally, the article attempts an explanation for why international witnesses have not been heard in the politicised German debates. Their tendency to overemphasise introspection and moralism over comparative philology and historiography may have made many Germans deaf to the voices of foreigners.
‘Der Wechsel von einem vertrauten Element in das andere, fremde’: Das Schwimm‐Motiv in der deutschen Gegenwartsliteratur
Authors: Bartl Andrea 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTIn der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur häuft sich das Motiv des Schwimmens. Es wird als Tätigkeit des Grenzgangs mit Fragen nach Integration und Synthese, Erinnerung und Narration verbunden, ohne jedoch die Brüchigkeit solcher utopischer Konzepte zu leugnen. Der Akt des Schwimmens setzt diese und weitere Fragen präzise ins Bild. Gerade in der zeitgenössischen Kunst wird das Schwimm‐Motiv zum paradigmatischen Zeichen für eine behutsame Suche nach neuen Orientierungen und Verortungen.
No. 3 Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 297–304, 2008 Development of pre‐paration solubilized coenzyme Q10 with polyglycerol fatty acid esters and application for cosmetics
Authors: Fukuhara T. , Oouchi T. , Kamata T. , Inoue K. , Tsuji S. , Iwanaga T. 
Published: August 2009

Polyglycerol fatty acid esters (PGFE) , a food grade emulsifier has been used in cosmetic products in recent years due to its safety and low stimulation of skin. Cosmetic formulation containing CoQ1O to provide a stable and clear pre‐paration is difficult because it has a high crystalline property. We have tried the development of CoQ10‐soluble pre‐paration with PGFE applied for cosmetics. The present study is summarized as follows: This CoQ10‐soluble pre‐paration has a bicontinuous microemulsion structure that provides high solubilization capacity and thermodynamic stability. Cosmetics using this CoQ1O soluble pre‐paration tend to improve the skin permeability and also to involve the change in skin conditions (moisturization and elasticity), compared to the non‐bicontinuous microemulsion pre‐paration.Keywords:  coenzyme Q10, solubilization, bicontinuous, microemulsion, polyglycerol fatty acid ester, cosmetics, food, emulsifier, safety, low stimulation, skin, moisturization, elasticity
No. 4 Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 305–312, 2008 The Reaction of Oxidative Hair Dyes in Cuticle Layers
Authors: Imai T. , Niwa M. , Hasegawa T. , Kawamura H. , Umemura T. , Kimura M. , Nakano T. , Haraguchi H. 
Published: August 2009

The mechanism of oxidative hair dyes (permanent hair color) in cuticle layers of human hair was studied. In general, it is considered that the oxidative hair dye deposits monomer into the cortex, and is polymerized with coloring in there. It was confirmed that not only cortex but also cuticle layers were dyed with the permanent hair color, through observation with the thin cross‐section of the dyed hair. There were exogenous metals in the cuticle layers from tap water etc., and the transition metals increased the dyeing and decreased the bleaching. It was thought that the activity of oxidation reaction with hydrogen peroxide was increased in the cuticle layers, and permeability to the cortex was decreased. Furthermore, TEM findings suggested that the oxidation hair dyes mainly reacted in the β‐layer/ δ‐layer interface in the cuticle layers, unevenly distributing the metals in the β‐layer of cuticular CMC.Keywords:  hair, oxidative hair dye, hair color, bleach, cuticle, transition metal, ultrastructure, CMC, β‐layer, oxidative reaction
No. 5 Vol 42, No. 4, pp. 313–318, 2008 A New Water‐in‐Powder Technology A Novel Structure for Creating Unique Cosmetic  Products
Authors: Igarashi K. , Sagara K. , Egawa J. 
Published: August 2009

A Water‐in‐Powder cosmetic is one encapsulating a large amount of water with powders. In this study we explain why the cosmetic is possible. First we focused on hydrophilic and hydrophobic balance of nano‐sized powder surface. We looked into the surface state of powders with the gas adsorption test and discovered the functional powders that have the optimized balance of hydrorepellency due to fractal surface and hydrophilicity due to free hydroxyl groups. By using this material, we created a new powder technology that can encapsulate a large quantity of water stably. We also looked into how the powders encapsulated water by observation with wet‐SEM and how the encapsulated water is stabilized by measuring water mobility with 17Q‐M\IJR As a result, we developed a new technology with water and powder. By encapsulating a large amount of water, we achieved a cosmetic with many unique characteristics : the powder cosmetic can change into liquid by application of friction on skin, it gives us comfort in use and provides a watery, cool feel. It also provides excellent makeup function by spreading smoothly on skin to form a uniform makeup coating.Keywords:  water‐in‐powder, hydrorepellency, hydrophilicity, fractal, encapsulate, technology