bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for
amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised controlled
trial
Authors: Forlenza Orestes V. , Diniz Breno S. , Radanovic Márcia , Santos Franklin S. , Talib Leda L. , Gattaz Wagner F. 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundTwo recent clinical studies support the feasibility of trials to evaluate
the disease-modifying properties of lithium in Alzheimer's disease,
although no benefits were obtained from short-term treatment.AimsTo evaluate the effect of long-term lithium treatment on cognitive and
biological outcomes in people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment
(aMCI).MethodForty-five participants with aMCI were randomised to receive lithium
(0.25–0.5 mmol/l) (n = 24) or placebo
(n = 21) in a 12-month, double-blind trial. Primary
outcome measures were the modification of cognitive and functional test
scores, and concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers
(amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ42), total tau (T-tau),
phosphorylated-tau) (P-tau). Trial registration: NCT01055392.ResultsLithium treatment was associated with a significant decrease in CSF
concentrations of P-tau (P = 0.03) and better
perform-ance on the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease
Assessment Scale and in attention tasks. Overall tolerability of lithium
was good and the adherence rate was 91%.ConclusionsThe present data support the notion that lithium has disease-modifying
properties with potential clinical implications in the prevention of
Alzheimer's disease.
Impact of screening for risk of suicide: randomised controlled
trial
Authors: Crawford Mike J. , Thana Lavanya , Methuen Caroline , Ghosh Pradip , Stanley Sian V. , Ross Juliette , Gordon Fabiana , Blair Grant , Bajaj Priya 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundConcerns have been expressed about the impact that screening for risk of
suicide may have on a person's mental health.AimsTo examine whether screening for suicidal ideation among people who
attend primary care services and have signs of depression increases the
short-term incidence of feeling that life is not worth living.MethodIn a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial, 443 patients
in four general practices were randomised to screening for suicidal
ideation or control questions on health and lifestyle (trial
registration: ISRCTN84692657). The primary outcome was thinking that life
is not worth living measured 10–14 days after randomisation. Secondary
outcome measures comprised other aspects of suicidal ideation and
behaviour.ResultsA total of 443 participants were randomised to early (n
= 230) or delayed screening (n = 213). Their mean age
was 48.5 years (s.d. = 18.4, range 16–92) and 137 (30.9%) were male. The
adjusted odds of experiencing thoughts that life was not worth living at
follow-up among those randomised to early compared with delayed screening
was 0.88 (95% CI 0.66–1.18). Differences in secondary outcomes between
the two groups were not seen. Among those randomised to early screening,
37 people (22.3%) reported thinking about taking their life at baseline
and 24 (14.6%) that they had this thought 2 weeks later.ConclusionsScreening for suicidal ideation in primary care among people who have
signs of depression does not appear to induce feelings that life is not
worth living.
Annual high-dose vitamin D3and mental well-being: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sanders Kerrie M. , Stuart Amanda L. , Williamson Elizabeth J. , Jacka Felice N. , Dodd Seetal , Nicholson Geoff , Berk Michael 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence supports a relationship between vitamin D and mental well-being, although evidence from large-scale placebo-controlled intervention trials is lacking.AimsTo examine if vitamin D supplementation has a beneficial effect on mood in community-dwelling older women; if a single annual large dose of vitamin D has a role in the prevention of depressive symptoms; and if there is an association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and mental health.MethodA double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of women aged 70 or older (the Vital D Study: ISRCTN83409867 and ACTR12605000658617). Participants were randomly assigned to receive 500 000 IU vitamin D3(cholecalciferol) orally or placebo every autumn/winter for 3–5 consecutive years. The tools utilised at various time points were the General Health Questionnaire, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey, the Patient Global Impression–Improvement scale and the WHO Well-Being Index. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured in a subset of 102 participants.ResultsIn this non-clinical population, no significant differences between the vitamin D and placebo groups were detected in any of the measured outcomes of mental health. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the vitamin D group were 41% higher than the placebo group 12 months following their annual dose. Despite this difference, scores from the questionnaires did not differ. Furthermore, there was no interaction between those on antidepressant/anxiety medication at baseline and the treatment groups.ConclusionsThe lack of improvement in indices of mental well-being in the vitamin D group does not support the hypothesis that an annual high dose of vitamin D3is a practical intervention to prevent depressive symptoms in older community-dwelling women.
Lithium in drinking water and suicide mortality
Authors: Kapusta Nestor D. , Mossaheb Nilufar , Etzersdorfer Elmar , Hlavin Gerald , Thau Kenneth , Willeit Matthäus , Praschak-Rieder Nicole , Sonneck Gernot , Leithner-Dziubas Katharina 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundThere is some evidence that natural levels of lithium in drinking water may have a protective effect on suicide mortality.AimsTo evaluate the association between local lithium levels in drinking water and suicide mortality at district level in Austria.MethodA nationwide sample of 6460 lithium measurements was examined for association with suicide rates per 100 000 population and suicide standardised mortality ratios across all 99 Austrian districts. Multivariate regression models were adjusted for well-known socioeconomic factors known to influence suicide mortality in Austria (population density, per capita income, proportion of Roman Catholics, as well as the availability of mental health service providers). Sensitivity analyses and weighted least squares regression were used to challenge the robustness of the results.ResultsThe overall suicide rate (R2= 0.15, β =–0.39,t=–4.14,P= 0.000073) as well as the suicide mortality ratio (R2= 0.17, β =–0.41,t=–4.38,P= 0.000030) were inversely associated with lithium levels in drinking water and remained significant after sensitivity analyses and adjustment for socioeconomic factors.ConclusionsIn replicating and extending previous results, this study provides strong evidence that geographic regions with higher natural lithium concentrations in drinking water are associated with lower suicide mortality rates.
Tardive dyskinesia: psychiatrists' knowledge and practice
Authors: Joseph Chennattucherry John , Currie Alan , Piracha Imran 
Published: April 2011

Aims and methodWe surveyed 180 experienced psychiatrists on their training and practice in diagnosing and managing tardive dyskinesia in the current atypical antipsychotic era.ResultsAbout two-thirds of psychiatrists (n = 124, 69%) responded to the survey. A significant minority had no training in tardive dyskinesia, yet almost everyone recognised the need for formal training in this area. We noted a discrepancy between what respondents believed should be their ideal practice and their reported actual clinical practice. As many as 58% considered that tardive dyskinesia could be a reason for patients to pursue litigation. Many had concerns about prescribing antipsychotics for unlicensed indications, especially for incapacitous patients.Clinical implicationsIt is important to recognise current practice and gaps in training, not only to enhance training and patient care but also to mitigate against the risk of litigation.
Teaching, learning and assessing evidence-based psychiatry
Authors: Carney Stuart , Warner James , Ahmad Sheraz , Rands Gianetta , Suleman Sajid ,   On behalf of the MRCPsych Critical Review Paper Panel
Published: April 2011

SummaryThis paper sets out the rationale, process for development and the content of the new evidence-based practice syllabus, which is examined as part of the Membership of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Paper 3. The syllabus was developed by the Critical Review Paper Panel of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Suggestions for learning and teaching evidence-based practice are also put forward.
Fibromyalgia: psychiatrists should now be picking up the baton
Authors: Neal Leigh A. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryRecent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scan studies have demonstrated the importance of the modulation of pain perception by the emotional regions of the brain in fibromyalgia. In the absence of any other objective biological abnormality, is it time to review the respective roles of primary care, psychiatry and rheumatology in the classification, diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia?
Usefulness of reader feedback on the Royal College of Psychiatrists' public information leaflets
Authors: Briscoe Martin , Briscoe Simon , Timms Philip , Ramsay Ros 
Published: April 2011

Aims and methodTo describe the process for reader feedback on the Royal College of Psychiatrists' online public information leaflets, to report the findings of a retrospective analysis of feedback received over a 14-month period, and to discuss the value of feedback, particularly in relation to the Information Standard quality mark introduced by the Department of Health.ResultsWe received 38 700 completed feedback forms during the period under analysis. We derived scores from the feedback forms, which enabled us to identify those that should be prioritised for review. Written comments from readers highlighted specific areas of the leaflets that required further work.Clinical implicationsThe development of our public mental health information can be guided using feedback from our readers.
Scottish place of safety legislation: local audit of Section 297 Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
Authors: Macaskill Amy M. , Brodie Barbara A. , Keil Brian 
Published: April 2011

Aims and methodFollowing recommendations made by our 2004–2005 audit, we carried out a re-audit of the local Section 297 protocol in 2007–2008. Our aim was to establish the quality of documented information provided by the police; adherence to the protocol; completion rates of documentation; and rates of notification to the Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland, in keeping with the standards set in the Code of Practice of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003.ResultsWe reliably traced 84 POS1 forms completed in accordance with the protocol. The audit identified a rate of 74–89% notification to the Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland. By comparison, there is a surprisingly wide variation in notification rates across Scotland. Good-quality information was given by the police, despite receiving no additional training.Clinical implicationsThis audit highlights a serious lack of information about place-of-safety legislation in Scotland. For patients in the catchment area, the joint protocol and use of standard documentation has significantly standardised patient care. Other health boards and police forces should consider this as they implement legislation.
The myth of mental illness: 50 years later
Authors: Szasz Thomas 
Published: April 2011

SummaryFifty years ago I noted that modern psychiatry rests on a basic conceptual error – the systematic misinterpretation of unwanted behaviours as the diagnoses of mental illnesses pointing to underlying neurological diseases susceptible to pharmacological treatments. I proposed instead that we view persons called ‘mental patients' as active players in real life dramas, not passive victims of pathophysiological processes outside their control. In this essay, I briefly review the recent history of this culturally validated medicalisation of (mis)behaviours and its social consequences.
Odometry and insect navigation
Authors: Wolf Harald 
Published: April 2011

SummaryAnimals have needed to find their way about almost since a free-living life style evolved. Particularly, if an animal has a home – shelter or nesting site – true navigation becomes necessary to shuttle between this home and areas of other activities, such as feeding. As old as navigation is in the animal kingdom, as diverse are its mechanisms and implementations, depending on an organism's ecology and its endowment with sensors and actuators. The use of landmarks for piloting or the use of trail pheromones for route following have been examined in great detail and in a variety of animal species. The same is true for senses of direction – the compasses for navigation – and the construction of vectors for navigation from compass and distance cues. The measurement of distance itself – odometry – has received much less attention. The present review addresses some recent progress in the understanding of odometers in invertebrates, after outlining general principles of navigation to put odometry in its proper context. Finally, a number of refinements that increase navigation accuracy and safety are addressed.
Growth and the regulation of myotomal muscle mass in teleost fish
Authors: Johnston Ian A. , Bower Neil I. , Macqueen Daniel J. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryTeleost muscle first arises in early embryonic life and its development is driven by molecules present in the egg yolk and modulated by environmental stimuli including temperature and oxygen. Several populations of myogenic precursor cells reside in the embryonic somite and external cell layer and contribute to muscle fibres in embryo, larval, juvenile and adult stages. Many signalling proteins and transcription factors essential for these events are known. In all cases, myogenesis involves myoblast proliferation, migration, fusion and terminal differentiation. Maturation of the embryonic muscle is associated with motor innervation and the development of a scaffold of connective tissue and complex myotomal architecture needed to generate swimming behaviour. Adult muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of several cell types that interact to affect growth patterns. The development of capillary and lymphatic circulations and extramuscular organs – notably the gastrointestinal, endocrine, neuroendocrine and immune systems – serves to increase information exchange between tissues and with the external environment, adding to the complexity of growth regulation. Teleosts often exhibit an indeterminate growth pattern, with body size and muscle mass increasing until mortality or senescence occurs. The dramatic increase in myotomal muscle mass between embryo and adult requires the continuous production of muscle fibres until 40–50% of the maximum body length is reached. Sarcomeric proteins can be mobilised as a source of amino acids for energy metabolism by other tissues and for gonad generation, requiring the dynamic regulation of muscle mass throughout the life cycle. The metabolic and contractile phenotypes of muscle fibres also show significant plasticity with respect to environmental conditions, migration and spawning. Many genes regulating muscle growth are found as multiple copies as a result of paralogue retention following whole-genome duplication events in teleost lineages. The extent to which indeterminate growth, ectothermy and paralogue preservation have resulted in modifications of the genetic pathways regulating muscle growth in teleosts compared to mammals largely remains unknown. This review describes the use of compensatory growth models, transgenesis and tissue culture to explore the mechanisms of muscle growth in teleosts and provides some perspectives on future research directions.
Ontogenetic changes in jaw-muscle architecture facilitate durophagy in the turtleSternotherus minor
Authors: Pfaller Joseph B. , Gignac Paul M. , Erickson Gregory M. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYDifferential scaling of musculoskeletal traits leads to differences in performance across ontogeny and ultimately determines patterns of resource use during development. Because musculoskeletal growth of the feeding system facilitates high bite-force generation necessary to overcome the physical constraints of consuming more durable prey, durophagous taxa are well suited for investigations of the scaling relationships between musculoskeletal growth, bite-force generation and dietary ontogeny. To elucidate which biomechanical factors are responsible for allometric changes in bite force and durophagy, we developed and experimentally tested a static model of bite-force generation throughout development in the durophagous turtle Sternotherus minor. Moreover, we quantified the fracture properties of snails found in the diet to evaluate the relationship between bite force and the forces required to process durable prey. We found that (1) the static bite-force model accurately predicts the ontogenetic scaling of bite forces, (2) bite-force positive allometry is accomplished by augmenting muscle size and muscle pennation, and (3) the rupture forces of snails found in the diet show a similar scaling pattern to bite force across ontogeny. These results indicate the importance of muscle pennation for generating high bite forces while maintaining muscle size and provide empirical evidence that the allometric patterns of musculoskeletal growth in S. minor are strongly linked to the structural properties of their primary prey.
Bottles as models: predicting the effects of varying swimming speed and morphology on size selectivity and filtering efficiency in fishes
Authors: Paig-Tran E. W. Misty , Bizzarro Joseph J. , Strother James A. , Summers Adam P. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARY
We created physical models based on the morphology of ram suspension-feeding fishes to better understand the roles morphology and swimming speed play in particle retention, size selectivity and filtration efficiency during feeding events. We varied the buccal length, flow speed and architecture of the gills slits, including the number, size, orientation and pore size/permeability, in our models. Models were placed in a recirculating flow tank with slightly negatively buoyant plankton-like particles (∼20–2000 μm) collected at the simulated esophagus and gill rakers to locate the highest density of particle accumulation. Particles were captured through sieve filtration, direct interception and inertial impaction. Changing the number of gill slits resulted in a change in the filtration mechanism of particles from a bimodal filter, with very small (≤50 μm) and very large (&gt;1000 μm) particles collected, to a filter that captured medium-sized particles (101–1000 μm). The number of particles collected on the gill rakers increased with flow speed and skewed the size distribution towards smaller particles (51–500 μm). Small pore sizes (105 and 200 μm mesh size) had the highest filtration efficiencies, presumably because sieve filtration played a significant role. We used our model to make predictions about the filtering capacity and efficiency of neonatal whale sharks. These results suggest that the filtration mechanics of suspension feeding are closely linked to an animal's swimming speed and the structural design of the buccal cavity and gill slits.
The contractile sponge epitheliumsensu lato– body contraction of the demospongeTethya wilhelmais mediated by the pinacoderm
Authors: Nickel Michael , Scheer Corina , Hammel Jörg U. , Herzen Julia , Beckmann Felix 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYSponges constitute one of the two metazoan phyla that are able to contract their bodies despite a complete lack of muscle cells. Two competing hypotheses on the mechanisms behind this have been postulated to date: (1) mesohyl-mediated contraction originating from fusiform smooth muscle-like actinocytes (‘myocytes’) and (2) epidermal contraction originating in pinacocytes. No direct support exists for either hypothesis. The question of agonist–antagonist interaction in sponge contraction seems to have been completely neglected so far. In the present study we addressed this by studying sponge contraction kinetics. We also tested both hypotheses by carrying out volumetric studies of 3D synchrotron radiation-based x-ray microtomography data obtained from contracted and expanded specimens of Tethya wilhelma. Our results support the pinacoderm contraction hypothesis. Should mesohyl contraction be present, it is likely to be part of the antagonist system. We conclude that epithelial contraction plays a major role in sponges. Contractile epithelia sensu lato may be regarded as part of the ground pattern of the Metazoa.
How muscles define maximum running performance in lizards: an analysis using swing- and stance-phase muscles
Authors: Higham Timothy E. , Korchari Paul G. , McBrayer Lance D. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYMaximum locomotor performance is crucial for capturing prey, escaping predators and many other behaviors. However, we know little about what defines maximum performance in vertebrates. Muscles drive the movement of the limbs during locomotion, and thus likely play a major role in defining locomotor capacity. For lizards, the iliofibularis, a swing-phase muscle, is often linked to ecology and/or performance. However, stance-phase muscles likely limit performance given that they propel the animal. Using a small semi-arboreal lizard (Sceloporus woodi), we compared how swing- and stance-phase muscles relate to maximum running speed and acceleration. We employed both a level and vertical trackway to elicit ecologically relevant locomotor performance. Six individuals were filmed at 250 frames s–1 in lateral view. Following performance trials, upper and lower hindlimbs were sectioned and assessed using histochemistry. Fast glycolytic, fast oxidative and slow oxidative fibers were detected and counted in the gastrocnemius (GA; stance phase) and iliofibularis (IF; swing phase) muscles. In addition, the mean fiber diameter for each fiber type in each muscle was determined, as was the fiber cross-sectional area. We found that properties of the GA, but not the IF, were positively correlated with performance. Interestingly, certain attributes of the GA were correlated with maximum vertical locomotion whereas others were correlated with maximum level locomotion. We conclude that stance phase, not swing phase, limits maximum performance in this species of lizard. In addition, we highlight the need to include properties of stance-phase muscles and a spectrum of ecologically relevant behaviors when attempting to correlate locomotor physiology with ecology and/or performance.