bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design Considerations for Offshore Wind Turbines in US Waters - The American Way
Authors: Yu Qing , Samuelsson Lars , Tan Pao-Lin 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper addresses unique design considerations for the support structure of an offshore wind turbine in US waters and how the Working Stress Design (WSD) approach can be applied. The Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) criteria specified in IEC 61400–3 are primarily developed based on the experience from offshore wind turbines installed in European coastal areas. Due to the higher variability of the wind and wave climate in hurricane-prone areas, offshore wind turbines in US waters would not achieve the same level of safety as those in European waters if the existing IEC design criteria were applied. To address this, a set of acceptance criteria, accounting for the unique design consideration related to tropical storms, has been developed and are published in the ABS Guide for Building and Classing Offshore Wind Turbine Installations. Extensive calibrations have been carried out to verify the adequacy of design load conditions and structural design requirements of the ABS WSD-based design criteria. Metocean conditions in the US Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and East Coast were used in the calibrations to calculate the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads as well as the structural responses of the typical designs of offshore wind turbines.

Introduction
The US offshore oil and gas industry has extensive experience with hydrocarbon-related offshore structures installed on the US Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). A series of Recommended Practices (RP) has been published through American Petroleum Institute (API) under its Subcommittee on Offshore Structures. The main document is API RP 2A-WSD [2], which provides a comprehensive basis for the design of offshore structures subjected to wave, wind, current and earthquake loading conditions on the US OCS. What is not included in API RP 2A-WSD, however, is the definition of environmental and load conditions that can account for unique response characteristics of offshore wind turbines.
Several design and certification guidelines have been developed primarily based on the experience from offshore wind turbines installed in European coastal areas. Of these guidelines, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400–3 Wind turbines - Part 3: Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines [12] embodies the industry's state-of-the-art knowledge for offshore wind turbines. Although a framework to define the site-specific Class S wind turbines is included in IEC 61400–1 Wind turbines - Part 1: Design Requirements [11] and further referred to by IEC 61400-3, the applicability of IEC standards to the offshore areas subject to the risk of tropical storms remains unanswered. Further validations and possible modifications are important to determine to what extent the IEC61400-3 design criteria can be adopted for the US OCS.
The Geophysics and Geology of Emerging Techniques in Subsalt Imaging
Authors: Lewis Jennifer Lyn , Blumenthal Errol 
Published: May 2011

Historically, shallow well-imaged reservoirs have supported the exploration and production programs of many regions around the world. As these " easy?? fields are depleted, industry is moving to deeper and more geologically complex areas to explore. Over the past decade, many subsalt fields have been discovered and are entering the appraisal and development phases. With the transition from exploration to appraisal and development comes the need for improved and more accurate subsurface characterization. Salt, often many thousands of meters thick, such as that found in the canopies of the Gulf of Mexico and the autochthonous salt layers of offshore Brazil and Angola, present numerous challenges ranging from drilling and reservoir management to seismic imaging.
Presalt seismic data are notorious for their low frequency content, multiple contamination, and poorly constrained velocities. These limitations make characterization of key reservoir uncertainties, such as faulting, compartmentalization and overall structural geometry, an onerous undertaking at best. Recently, industry has recognized step-change improvements in subsurface imaging in deepwater subsalt settings, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico, with advances such as wide-azimuth acquisition (Fig. 1), model-based or interactive velocity analysis, and two-way depth migration algorithms (Fig. 2).
Performing Detailed Level 1 Pipeline Inspection in Deep Water with a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)
Authors: Kros Hans 
Published: May 2011

1. Introduction
In today's world, emphasis is being placed on the importance of inspections of the subsea assests due to recent pipeline failure events in the USA. Subsea pipelines are typically monitored by the use of intelligent pigging. However many pipe sections have limited or no piggable access. An additional method of inspection is to survey, inspect and collect data externally from the pipeline. In shallower water areas this is challenging due to visibility limitations and pipeline burial below mudline. However once extended into deepwater these limitations are no longer of issue. The pipelines are not buried, and visibility is typically quite good. With the aid of ROVs, the entire pipeline can be inspected externally by tracking the vessel and ROV along the pipeline. The data acquired is of significant value to the client as external corrosion, pipeline damage, and anode wear can be detected and monitored.

2. Regulatory Requirements
Regulatory Agencies stipulate that an inspection plan needs to exist to inspect pipelines and to report on their condition. " The OCPIS Plan recognizes that the best approach to inspecting offshore pipelines is to critically examine each line individually and develop an inspection program for each based on the present condition and risk potential of the line." (BOEMRE.gov) The regulatory agencies expect that the pipeline owners be aware of the pipeline's present conditions and its inspections needs in order for the agencies to make informed decisions regarding the pipeline's operation. (BOEMRE.gov) Pipeline owners and operators must also develop risk mitigation plans for insurance purposes. The more comprehensive the risk mitigation plan, the more confident the insurer is to lower the cost of premiums.

3. Classifications
Pipeline inspections are categorized into levels of complexity and invasiveness. Level??one inspections are categorized as visual inspection and non destructive inspections such as cathodic protection. Level??two inspections require more invasive practices and specify deburial and debris removal. This document covers level??one inspections only, particularly deepwater areas where visibility on the seabed is not a concern. Shelf and shallow water areas typically have limited visibility within the Gulf of Mexico for example.
Evaluation of Worn Tubulars from DEA-42 and Small-Scale Casing Wear Testers
Authors: Doering Abbe E.R. , Danks Daniel Robert , Mahmoud Salah E. , Scott Joe Lynn 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
As part of a larger project to build a new casing wear test machine, an analysis of wear mechanisms on several down-hole hardbanding/casing components has been conducted. Specimens included casing and hardbandings from a DEA-42 casing wear tester, casing and hardbandings from a new small-scale casing wear tester and a tool joint from field service.
Similar wear mechanisms including adhesion, abrasion, checking and spalling were observed on specimens from all three sources. Additionally, significant hardworked layers developed on all wear surfaces and adhesive wear was typically dominant. The study indicates that the new small-scale casing wear tester is capable of producing wear mechanisms comparable to both historical data generated by the DEA-42 test and from commercial down-hole service.

1.0 Background
A laboratory test that attempts to simulate a revenue service application must produce comparable information to the service situation. As strict as possible adherence to operating conditions is required. A second goal of the laboratory test is the simplification of operating parameters to minimize cost and time but more importantly to minimize the variability in results that are caused by random operating conditions. The same strategy is necessary when designing test equipment intended to produce similar data as an existing laboratory test. Any attempt to simulate a particular wear situation requires duplicating both wear mechanisms and relative wear rates. The wear mechanism is especially crucial because it is of utmost importance in determining the wear rates. Additionally, unless a completely independent wear database is generated with a new machine, the relative wear rates of the old and new must have some predictable correlation.
Attempts have been made in the past to understand wear on both tool joint (hardbanded and not) and casing in downhole operations. Best described several types of wear mechanisms produced in a laboratory rig that included adhesive, abrasive, ploughing and fatigue. (1, 2) The testing was conducted in a rig very similar to the current DEA-42 standard. Williamson used a different test rig that also used full sized tooljoints and casing segments to test the effects of contact pressure and found an experimental relationship between contact pressure and casing wear and used that data to develop a predictive casing wear rate model. (4) White et al also used a test rig with full size tool joints and three casing grades (K55, N-80, P110) and related casing wear to energy dissipation as a result of friction. (3)
Telerehabilitation In South Africa – Is There A Way Forward?
Authors: Mars Maurice 
Published: May 2011

South Africa, like the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, has a disproportionate burden of disease and a shortage of health professionals. Telemedicine has been identified as a possible way of overcoming part of the problem but telemedicine has not been widely adopted. In the public sector hospitals in South Africa which serve 82% of the population there are 2.5 physiotherapists and 2 occupational therapists per 100,000 people served. The extent of telerehabilitation in South Africa is unknown. A literature review of telerehabilitation found no papers from South Africa. A survey of the heads of university departments of physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech and language pathology revealed limited knowledge of telerehabilitation. Telerehabilitation services are confined to follow-up of patients at some institutions by telephone, fax or email. There is need to raise awareness among therapists if telerehabilitation is to become a reality in South Africa. Future actions are outlined.
VOIP for Telerehabilitation: A Risk Analysis for Privacy, Security and HIPAA Compliance: Part II
Authors: Watzlaf Valerie J.M. , Moeini Sohrab , Matusow Laura , Firouzan Patti 
Published: May 2011

In a previous publication the authors developed a privacy and security checklist to evaluate Voice over the Internet Protocol (VoIP) videoconferencing software used between patients and therapists to provide telerehabilitation (TR) therapy. In this paper, the privacy and security checklist that was previously developed is used to perform a risk analysis of the top ten VoIP videoconferencing software to determine if their policies provide answers to the privacy and security checklist. Sixty percent of the companies claimed they do not listen into video-therapy calls unless maintenance is needed. Only 50% of the companies assessed use some form of encryption, and some did not specify what type of encryption was used. Seventy percent of the companies assessed did not specify any form of auditing on their servers. Statistically significant differences across company websites were found for sharing information outside of the country (p=0.010), encryption (p=0.006), and security evaluation (p=0.005). Healthcare providers considering use of VoIP software for TR services may consider using this privacy and security checklist before deciding to incorporate a VoIP software system for TR. Other videoconferencing software that is specific for TR with strong encryption, good access controls, and hardware that meets privacy and security standards should be considered for use with TR.Keywords: Voice over the Internet Protocol (VOIP), telerehabilitation, HIPAA, privacy, security, evaluation
Telerehabilitation: An Adjunct Service Delivery Model for Early Intervention Services
Authors: Cason Jana 
Published: May 2011

Early Intervention (EI) services for children birth through two years of age are mandated by Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA); however, personnel shortages, particularly in rural areas, limit access for children who qualify. Telerehabilitation has the potential to build capacity among caregivers and local providers as well as promote family-centered services through remote consultation. This article provides an overview of research related to telerehabilitation and early intervention services; discusses the feasibility of telerehabilitation within traditional EI service delivery models; examines telecommunications technology associated with telerehabilitation; and provides hypothetical case examples designed to illustrate potential applications of telerehabilitation in early intervention.
Highly Efficient Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Triphenylamine Dyes
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Karlsson Karl Martin , Gabrielsson Erik , Johansson Erik M. J. , Quintana Maria , Karlsson Martin , Sun Licheng , Boschloo Gerrit , Hagfeldt Anders 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTwo triphenylamine‐based metal‐free organic sensitizers, D35 with a single anchor group and M14 with two anchor groups, have been applied in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) with a solid hole transporting material or liquid iodide/triiodide based electrolyte. Using the molecular hole conductor 2,2',7,7'‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐amine)9,9'‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD), good overall conversion efficiencies of 4.5% for D35 and 4.4% for M14 were obtained under standard AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm−2). Although M14 has a higher molar extinction coefficient (by ∼ 60%) and a slightly broader absorption spectrum compared to D35, the latter performs slightly better due to longer lifetime of electrons in the TiO2, which can be attributed to differences in the molecular structure. In iodide/triiodide electrolyte‐based DSCs, D35 outperforms M14 to a much greater extent, due to a very large increase in electron lifetime. This can be explained by both the greater blocking capability of the D35 monolayer and the smaller degree of interaction of triiodide (iodine) with D35 compared to M14. The present work gives some insight into how the molecular structure of sensitizer affects the performance in solid‐state and iodide/triiodide‐based DSCs.
Predictions of porosity and fluid distribution through nonspherical‐packed columns
Authors: Caulkin Richard , Jia Xiaodong , Fairweather Michael , Williams Richard A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFor beds comprised randomly arranged nonspherical particles, the prediction and understanding of the packing characteristics and subsequent fluid flow through the resulting porous media is a longstanding problem for chemical and process engineers. This paper presents the application of a digital modeling approach to particle packing, in which no more than elementary physical concepts are used, with the model using collision points to predict trends in bed structures of particles of different geometry. Lattice Boltzmann modeling (LBM), coupled to the output of the packing model, is used to subsequently assess velocity distribution through the generated structures. Simulation results are compared with data available from the literature, as a means of model validation, where it is demonstrated that the combined approach of the digital packing algorithm and LBM provide a modeling capability that is of value to a range of engineering applications. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Linear−quadratic optimal control and nonzero‐sum differential game of forward−backward stochastic system
Authors: Yu Zhiyong 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAn existence and uniqueness result for one kind of forward–backward stochastic differential equations with double dimensions was obtained under some monotonicity conditions. Then this result was applied to the linear‐quadratic stochastic optimal control and nonzero‐sum differential game of forward–backward stochastic system. The explicit forms of the optimal control and the Nash equilibrium point are obtained respectively. We note that our method is effective in studying the uniqueness of Nash equilibrium point.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Green synthesis of lead sulfide nanoparticles by the lead resistant marine yeast, Rhodosporidium diobovatum
Authors: Seshadri Sachin , Saranya K. , Kowshik Meenal 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBiosynthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms has attracted a lot of attention in recent years as this route has the potential to lead to synthesis of monodisperse nanoparticles. Here, we report the intracellular synthesis of stable lead sulfide nanoparticles by a marine yeast, Rhodosporidium diobovatum. The PbS nanoparticles were characterized by UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive atomic spectroscopy (EDAX). UV‐visible absorption scan revealed a peak at 320 nm, a characteristic of the nanosize range. XRD confirmed the presence of PbS nanoparticles of cubic structure. Crystallite size as determined from transmission electron microscopy was found to be in the range of 2–5 nm. Elemental analysis by EDAX revealed the presence of particles composed of lead and sulfur in a 1:2 ratio indicating that PbS nanoparticles were capped by a sulfur‐rich peptide. A quantitative study of lead uptake through atomic absorption spectrometry revealed that 55% of lead in the medium was accumulated in the exponential phase, whereas a further 35% was accumulated in the stationary phase; thus, the overall recovery of PbS nanoparticles was 90%. The lead‐exposed yeast displayed a marked increase (280% over the control) in nonprotein thiols in the stationary phase. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Immobilization and stability of a Rhizopus oryzae lipase expressed in Pichia pastoris: Comparison between native and recombinant variants
Authors: Guillén Marina , Benaiges Maria Dolors , Valero Francisco 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe stability of a soluble extract containing a recombinant lipase from Rhizopus oryzae (Cursive) lipase (rROL) produced by Pichia pastoris (Cursive), as well as that for the commercial extract containing the lipase produced by the native organism (nROL), was investigated. The results showed higher residual activity values of the commercial protein compared with the recombinant one. Moreover, two different kinds of support, the polypropylene powder EP100 and Eupergit®C, were tested to immobilize the enzymes. The residual activity of the immobilizated derivatives was also tested to determine whether their stability was enhanced. The results showed a slight improvement in rROL using both supports but a decrease in nROL using Eupergit®C. The study of the residual activity of soluble and immobilized enzymes was performed by means of a central composite rotatable experiment design. In addition, EP100 adsorption isotherms were determined. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Multi‐Criteria Analysis for Optimization of Sodium Chromate Production from Chromic Waste
Authors: Generowicz Agnieszka , Kowalski Zygmunt , Kulczycka Joanna , Makara Agnieszka 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe proposal of application of multi‐criteria analysis and technological quality method for optimization of technological processes on the case study of sodium chromate production variants from waste was presented. The research on the use of chromic waste for the production of sodium chromate made it possible to determine the optimal process parameters. Technological quality method was used to define the value of criterions for multi‐criteria analysis while multi‐criteria analysis allowed determining the impact of criterions weights for ranking variants of technological process. Both methods in a complex way evaluate the degree of modernization of technologies, describing them qualitatively within the area of environmental, technical, and the economic effects of the proposed technological variants. Based on the proposed evaluating criteria both methods yield comparable results. The most advantageous alternatives provided realization of the sodium chromate production process with the use of in‐process recycling of chromic mud, off‐site recycling of chromic tannery waste and on‐site recycling of waste from the old chromic heaps.
Characterization of Chlorinated Tire‐Derived Mesoporous Activated Carbon for Adsorptive Removal of Toluene
Authors: Zhu Jianzhong , Liang Hao , Fang Jun , Zhu Jianguo , Shi Buchang 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA series of chlorinated mesoporous activated carbons were derived from waste tires by pyrolysis, activation, and chlorination at different temperatures. The physical and chemical properties of the samples were studied by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), point of zero charge measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, and by testing their behavior as adsorbents for toluene removal. Our results showed that the tire‐derived activated carbon samples have highly mesoporous volumes and surface areas, and chlorination treatment has a slight effect on the pore structure. Lewis acidity of the sample increases after chlorination and the chlorine content increases from 0.24 to 2.32% with chlorination temperature increasing from 50 to 400°C. The higher the chlorine content, the more is the toluene adsorption. In comparison with the commercial carbon (F‐400), all the samples have significantly higher adsorption capacity for toluene due to the presence of mesopores, inductive effect of the partial positive chemisorbed chlorine and resonance effects of CCl structures. The mesopores probably render easier diffusion of toluene molecule to inner carbon matrix and the strong π–π interaction between toluene and CCl resonance structure in the carbon significantly affects the interplay bonding process thus enhances the toluene removal.
Performance of windows multicore systems on threading and MPI
Authors: Qiu Judy , Bae Seung‐Hee 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYWe present performance results on a Windows cluster with up to 768 cores using Message Passing Interface (MPI) and two variants of threading—Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR) and Task Parallel Library (TPL). CCR presents a message‐based interface, while TPL allows for loops to be automatically parallelized. MPI is used between the cluster nodes (up to 32) and either threading or MPI for parallelism on the 24 cores of each node. We look at the performance of two significant bioinformatics applications; gene clustering and dimension reduction. We find that the two threading runtimes offer similar performance with MPI outperforming both at low levels of parallelism but threading much better when the grain size (problem size per process/thread) is small. We develop simple models for the performance of the clustering code. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.