bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choreography’s Photographic Skin
Authors: Osterweis Ariel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter questions the relationship between the moving body and the supposed stillness of photographic imagery. Through a reading of surface and stasis, it explores the status of labor as manifested in the particular photo-choreographic context of an Alvin Ailey poster. Placing dance studies into conversation with critical race studies and visual studies, this chapter asks how skin, flesh, mutability, and labor coalesce to present or undermine a multicultural ideology. It focuses on a poster image for Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater’s (AAADT) City Center season in New York City in 1989, depicting an airborne Desmond Richardson with dancer Elizabeth Roxas in choreographer Donald McKayle’s 1959 Rainbow ’Round My Shoulder, a modern dance piece about a chain gang in the American South. The chapter places movement theory and sociohistorical discourses from AfroAsian studies in conversation with visual race studies’ preoccupation with the photographic. In doing so, it destabilizes assumptions that modern dance (in its focus on the body’s movements over a strict adherence to character) is “postracial,” on the one hand, and best theorized through concepts of kinesthesia and motion, on the other. The chapter questions the relationship between the visuality of skin and the commodified value of black and Asian bodies. It suggests that this poster image fits into a history of the consumption of racialized bodies. Ultimately, this poster urges us to consider how the raced body labors in the service of a multicultural ideology.
Introduction
Authors: Eghigian Greg 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since 2017, UFOs (or UAP, as they are now being called) have become a focus of interest for the media, American intelligence agencies, and some prominent scientists. But public interest in UFOs has been around since the Cold War, and it has been a global phenomenon. The history of UFOs is as much about the way UFOs have been investigated and discussed as it is about sightings and encounters. This book chronicles the rise and spread of the world’s preoccupation with UFOs. It begins with a series of unsettling reports of unusual flying objects spotted soon after World War II that first captivated the world’s attention about the prospect that aliens might be visiting earth. It then follows how UFO reports were transformed into mysterious stories that traveled the globe to become the subject of debate and controversy.
From Mystery to Movement, 1947–1960
Authors: Eghigian Greg 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Over the course of the 1950s, flying saucers and speculation about them traveled the globe and stirred a generation of enthusiasts. UFO groups and clubs emerged at this time in Latin America, Europe, Great Britain, and elsewhere. And in the United States, two of the largest and most influential groups were founded: APRO and NICAP. Most all these organizations took it upon themselves to investigate local sightings and publish news bulletins for subscribers. And as they did, new and even more bizarre stories about UFOs took shape, such as tales about Hitler and the Nazis being behind the phenomenon. None of the developments were centrally directed nor even particularly coordinated. But the early pioneers in ufology succeeded in transforming their shared curiosity into an organized, worldwide movement.
Late Modernism and Its Discontents
Authors: Williamson Ella , Patell Cyrus R. K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the later work of these two canonical US modernist writers, who are treated as major figures in the sixth volume of this literary history, and the role that the Nobel and Pulitzer Prizes played in the formation of their literary reputations as the pillars of “high modernism” in the United States. Canonizing Faulkner and Hemingway aligned well with the masculinist perspective that was implicit in this high modernist view, because both writers tended to focus on male protagonists struggling to assert both their individuality and their masculinity against hostile natural, social, and political environments. The chapter concludes by examining the work of Beat writers like Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs, and Jack Kerouac, who were both inspired and antagonized by the high modernism of Faulkner and Hemingway and who would, at least for a while, replace these writers on the center stage of the US literary scene.
The Wright Era
Authors: Sollors Werner 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the ways in which African American literature after the Second World War can be read as a form of “protest fiction” profoundly influenced by the work of Richard Wright. Understanding the study of African American literature as a child of the Enlightenment and of Quaker-inspired agitation against the slave trade and slavery, the chapter argues that what was once called “Negro literature” was from the start understood to be global and to have deep historical roots, because its discussions included writing and artistic expression of all times, in many languages, and from many known places around the globe. The postwar African American novel continues a tradition of creativity that served as a vindication against racial prejudice. The chapter demonstrates that Wright bequeathed to later African American writers a double legacy of modernism and social urgency.
Science Fiction
Authors: James Edward 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Arising from the Gothic (with Mary Shelley), from tales of exploration (with Jules Verne), and from stories of the wondrous or horrific potentials of science (with H. G. Wells), science fiction was not a US invention, though the label “science fiction” was first used by the US magazine editor Hugo Gernsback in 1929 and became current in the United States much earlier than in Britain or elsewhere. Aided by the cultural power of Hollywood, US writers in the second half of the century created a new kind of science fiction, which readily translated into other languages. The active creation of a canon, in which US authors predominated, was aided by the growth in the US (and later in the rest of the world) of a community of science fiction fans, as well as international networks kept alive by amateur publications (fanzines) and conventions, and then by email and social media.
The Graphic Novel
Authors: Borenstein Eliot 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Asking whether a “novel” must be written in prose, this chapter argues that the term “graphic” novel emerged in order to confer prestige on a genre that struggled with an equally inaccurate, but more embarrassing, label: “comics.” Although most of what are called “graphic novels” are simply collections of comics collected and published in hardcover or trade paperback form, the chapter argues that the term “graphic novel” can be usefully applied to the subset of comics that resemble novels by being largely self-contained works of some length that does not seem small, and that usually (but not always) has a beginning, middle, and end. The chapter suggests that we might adapt the idea of the novel in verse to reconceive the graphic novel as a “novel in comics.” The chapter considers the impact of the comics publishing industry and concludes with a consideration of the rise of independent comic publishers.
The Anthropocene Novel
Authors: LeMenager Stephanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates US fiction that engages with the implications of the idea of the Anthropocene, the conception of the current geological age as the first during which human civilization has been the predominant force shaping the earth’s environment. The chapter glosses the genre of “cli fi,” which focuses on climate change as its primary subject and develops the concept of “Anthropocene social fiction,” in which the drama of consciousness becomes entangled in the historical contexts and ecological losses of the period that begins with the Great Acceleration of the 1950s. Examining the ways in which the Anthropocene novel dramatizes the phenomenon of living with a global-scale phenomenon that exceeds individual imagination, the chapter argues that Anthropocene social fictions mark the loss of global capitalist hegemonies which were naturalized by the temperate Holocene climate and attempt to improvise alternative social modes.
Coda
Authors: Patell Cyrus R. K. , Williams Deborah Lindsay 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The coda to the volume speculates about future developments in the literary history of the US novel. It argues that the move away from the idea of “Americanness” charted in the volume as a whole is likely to continue, whether the novels adopt an epic engagement with the climate emergency or the small-scale intimate approach associated with autofiction. The coda notes a growing sense that “American Literature” is becoming less relevant as an organizing category than the idea of “World Literature,” which is built on the permeability of national boundaries. Noting that the volume’s chapters were written during a time of upheaval in the US, the coda argues that the novel has a continuing role to play in the transformation of thinking that will be necessary if the human race is to survive.
Evolutionary Tax Reform in Emerging Economies
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
One approach to tax reform in emerging economies is developed in this text. The approach, labelled ‘Collection-Driven Taxation’ is based on three elements: the taxpayer is always the individual; compliance is enhanced by the extensive use of advanced payments; and suppliers of goods and services, other than the primary inputs of capital and labour, serve as advanced payment agents who withhold or collect advanced tax from individual taxpayers. Income taxation, valued added taxation, excise taxation, and tariffs are supplemented by small business taxation and natural resource contracts, where relevant, and are coordinated to develop an initial framework that can evolve through time based on experience, the economy’s level of development, administrative capacity, and public understanding. The intent is to enable the system to evolve through time via a series of piecemeal changes until the primary revenue source is the income tax.
The Making of Lay Religion in Southern France, c. 1000-1350
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What was Christianity like for ordinary people between the turn of the millennium and the coming of the Black Death? What changed and what continued in their experience of being Christian across this period? This book answers those questions, through a focus on one specific region—southern France—across a particularly fraught period of history, beset by the changes wrought by the Gregorian reforms (late eleventh‒twelfth century), the growing spectre of heresy (Cathars, Waldensians), the violence of the Albigensian crusade (1209‒29), and the coming of inquisition (1231 onwards). The book uses an array of different historical documents and some archaeological evidence to explore the material contexts of Christian worship from the eleventh through to the fourteenth centuries, the shifting episcopal expectations of the ordinary laity, the changes wrought through wider socioeconomic developments, and periods of sharp inflection brought by the Albigensian crusade and its aftermath. Throughout, the book explores the complex spectrum of lay piety, finding enthusiasms and doubts, faith and scepticism, agency and negotiation. The book tracks change over time, but also explores various key topics thematically: the spaces of Christian worship, the ways in which lay people were instructed in their faith, the particularly ‘disciplinary’ dynamics to sin, confession, and penance, modes of lay negotiation and agency, and in the lived experience of ‘being Christian’ in the late thirteenth/early fourteenth century. The book argues that across these key centuries Christianity became a more interiorized and affective faith; and, it is argued, can be said to have become truly a ‘religion’—a structured and demanding faith, as understood from an anthropological perspective—for the vast mass of Christian believers.
The Opioid Crisis
Authors: Ukockis Gail 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As society confronts the opioid crisis, harm reduction is one approach to help persons with opioid use disorder. The political spectrum affects the respo*nses to interrelated policy issues such as poverty, child welfare, and the War on Drugs. Stigma is one barrier to advocacy for improving the well-being of both individuals and communities impacted by the opioid crisis.
Balgonie to Balgonie
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Frankie Oldham grew up on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, an outpost of ex-British imperial officers like her father Frank, who, with her Scottish mother, Kitty Stuart, ran a gentleperson’s farm. Oldham led a tomboy’s lifestyle with an early love of animals and was educated in local private schools run by other ex-pats, while learning genteel skills like golf, tennis, elocution, and dance. She boarded at St. George’s and St. Margaret’s boarding schools for girls in Victoria, British Columbia, the provincial capital twenty miles away, to complete high school. When Oldham displayed an aptitude for science and a desire to attend university after graduating from the three-year program at fifteen, Kitty arranged an additional senior matriculation year to prepare Oldham for university. In 1930, biology was not part of the curriculum for girls’ education.
Marriage, Motherhood, and Medical School
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1943, Frances Oldham married Ellis Kelsey, a pharmacologist and co-worker, and they became an excellent working team. Frances faced the fate of many working women who were displaced by returning veterans as the university refused to hire them both. She enrolled in medical school, joining the first post-war cohort. She gave birth to Susan and Christine while in medical school, taking only a quarter-year leave. Frances, Ellis, and Geiling co-wrote Essentials of Pharmacology. She was hired as a medical editor on the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), an ideal job for a physician with young children, and reviewed studies by writers who later would be part of FDA applications. She also developed a deep and broad knowledge of medical advancements. Ellis’s position as Associate Professor was un-tenured, and he could not get a mortgage. He worked in a commercial nuclear medicine operation until he found a permanent position in South Dakota.
Thalidomide Babies
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Kelsey sent questionnaires to state health boards to determine the extent of birth defects. Merrell had not followed up with physicians, nor had many physicians kept records on patients; “clinical trials” were simply free samples. Some soldiers’ wives in Germany were affected. FDA inspectors contacted some uncooperative physicians. Most thalidomide baby lawsuits were settled by Richardson-Merrell, although the company put up a strong defence. Lawyers strongly pressured the working-class single mother of Peggy McCarrick to give up her suit. Kelsey was deposed by Richardson-Merrell counsel. When Sherri Chessen, an Arizona children’s TV personality, tried to get an abortion for her thalidomide baby, it made national news, and she became the flashpoint for anti-choice and pro-choice debates. Forced to go to Sweden to have the procedure, Chessen was vilified by male reporters as flighty while she went public to warn other women. Her experience laid the groundwork for the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision.
The Canadian Connection
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Canada’s health department was slow to remove thalidomide, even after American reports. Canada was part of Merrell’s free drug distribution, with national penetration. Media reports forced the federal government to act. Politicians denied responsibility because health care was a provincial jurisdiction, although drug approval was a federal responsibility. Drug legislation was weak, and the department was understaffed. Merrell took months to inform Canadians that thalidomide was withdrawn in Germany, and gave tepid notice of birth defect risks. Thalidomide was found in pharmacies a year after banned. Defensive health officials claimed drug withdrawal was unnecessary without Canadian cases. The public contrasted Kelsey’s quick actions with inaction by government officials. Press reports demonstrated the medical power structure when parents were threatened with no rehabilitation if they were interviewed. Drug researchers characterized the opposition as frenzied and hysterical—female emotional descriptors. The press lauded Kelsey, who received many Canadian awards, although gendered portrayals abounded.
The Living Myth, 1963–1966
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The thalidomide tragedy galvanized the FDA into restructuring, including adopting the requirement that drug companies prove safety and efficacy. The Bureau of Medicine was reorganized with Kelsey becoming director of the Investigational Drug Branch, ensuring safety and the consent of trials participants. Kelsey was publicly acclaimed yet faced political pressures and department jealousies. Drug companies noisily opposed the new policies, which resulted in an explosion of new and revised large applications. Kelsey was attacked for moving too slowly through the applications with her small staff. Dornwal was a tranquilizer whose reports omitted deaths, and it was banned. Kelsey received many awards, including selection for the Women’s Hall of Fame, and she spoke on drug regulation and women in science in public venues. She attended European conferences where she learned more about Grünenthal’s licensing practices.
Peaches, Oyster Breath, and Diet Cola
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Public pressures began to complicate the approval process. Laetrile was promoted as miracle cancer cure, and Canadian Andrew McNaughton mobilized support for its rapid approval without proper studies. The industrial solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a home remedy for arthritis. Stanley Jacob promoted DMSO without proper studies and encouraged followers to lobby Congress. Kelsey’s superiors tried unsuccessfully to get her to shortcut the approval. The FDA’s Kaniambakam Pani was caught taking bribes from Jacob. Demand for artificial sweeteners led to interference in research on saccharin and Aspartame. The DSI investigated Aspartame’s parent company, G. D. Searle, whose studies were falsified. Kelsey’s comprehensive audit was obstructed by other FDA departments. Despite serious shortcomings, Aspartame was approved, and no charges were laid against Searle, as the Republican government of the time was friendlier to corporations.
The Neighbors
Authors: Paul T.V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the status competition of India with its neighboring countries. It argues that one of the key sources of the persistence of the rivalry between India and Pakistan is their status competition. Over time, as regional hegemony became difficult, India attempted intermittent coercive strategies and positive non-reciprocal concessions toward the smaller neighbors. However, with China’s increasing presence in its immediate neighborhood, India has realized that its great power ambitions lie with the regions beyond South Asia and that it has to obtain higher status through peaceful strategies. Both China and India have increased their impressions abroad in regions of Southeast Asia, the Persian Gulf, and Africa without military conquests or excessive unilateral gains. The chapter notes the potential of the Indian economy to become a central part of trading and investor relations in the larger Indo-Pacific region.
The Global Politics of Sexual and Reproductive Health
Authors: Tanyag Maria 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Global Politics of Sexual and Reproductive Health examines everyday inequalities in sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and the failure to address them in crisis settings from a feminist International Relations (IR) perspective. Drawing on a richer definition of bodily autonomy, it employs a nested and multi-scalar approach to trace the compounding of restrictions to SRHR with crisis-specific risks and violence from the household, community, state, and global levels. Its central argument is that restrictions to SRHR are not incidental but rather integral to the reproduction of a neoliberal logic of depletion. Bodily autonomy is recognized not as a collateral issue where patriarchal bargains need to be made in order to advance feminism in global agendas but rather as its cornerstone, which ties together all sites, forms, and temporalities of gender equality. This book includes new empirical evidence drawn from primary field research in the Philippines and analysis of wide-ranging secondary sources across conflict and disaster settings.
Hierarchy
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter delineates the hierarchy within the Chinese regulatory process by introducing its principal actors: the top leadership, the regulators, the firms, and the platform participants. Each of these actors possesses a complex utility function. The top leadership displays considerable adaptability, skillfully balancing conflicting interests and objectives to sustain its legitimacy. Chinese regulators, on the other hand, vie relentlessly for expanded influence while simultaneously striving to sidestep political risks linked with contradicting Beijing’s initiatives. This dichotomy often results in agencies either taking minimal action or overextending their reach. Chinese firms, meanwhile, demonstrate remarkable flexibility and acumen to thrive within China’s unique institutional landscape. As for the platform participants, their grievances often remain unexpressed, or when articulated, are often muted due to censorship and suppression.
Data Regulation
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the regulatory landscape of Chinese data protection, identifying three key challenges: the thriving black market for personal data, government negligence resulting in significant data leaks, and tech firms operating in legal gray areas regarding data collection and sharing. In line with the regulatory dynamics in antitrust enforcement, China’s data protection was initially lax but experienced significant strengthening after the tech crackdown initiated in late 2020. The campaign led to the introduction of rigorous data laws and regulations, particularly regarding cross-border transfers, and increased enforcement actions by administrative agencies and the judiciary. Despite enforcement intensity subsiding in 2022, the newly implemented laws, precedents, and practices are expected to continue shaping China’s data-regulation landscape in the future.