bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human β-Defensin 2 and 3 and Their Mouse Orthologs Induce Chemotaxis through Interaction with CCR2
Authors: Röhrl Johann , Yang De , Oppenheim Joost J. , Hehlgans Thomas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
β-defensins play a dual role during immune response. Their direct antimicrobial properties contribute to the local innate immune response by combating microbial invasions. Furthermore, previous studies revealed the capacity of certain β-defensin family members to chemoattract immature dendritic cells and CD45RO+ CD4+ T cells through chemokine receptor CCR6. However, because β-defensins also chemoattract macrophages and monocytes, which do not express CCR6, efforts have been made to identify other receptors for these polypeptides. In this study, we demonstrate the capacity of human β-defensin (hBD)2 and 3 and their mouse orthologs, β-defensin 4 and 14, to interact with CCR2, a chemokine receptor expressed on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. These β-defensins, fused to the Fc region of human IgG1, showed binding to CCR2-transfected HEK293 cells, as revealed by flow cytometry. The β-defensin fusion proteins also induced CCR2-specific chemotaxis of transfected HEK293 cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and mouse peritoneal exudate cells in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation of human monocytes with CCL2/MCP-1, the chemokine ligand for CCR2, abolished migration induced by β-defensins. Conversely, preincubation with hBD2:Ig or hBD3:Ig inhibited MCP-1 induced migration. Peritoneal exudate cells from CCR2-deficient mice failed to migrate toward these fusion proteins. In conclusion, the β-defensins used in this study contribute to the innate and adaptive immune response in their role as chemoattractants. Our data indicate that hBD2 and hBD3, together with their mouse orthologs (β-defensin 4 and 14), are chemotactic for a broad spectrum of leukocytes in a CCR6- and CCR2-dependent manner.
Phagocytosis and Phagosome Acidification Are Required for Pathogen Processing and MyD88-Dependent Responses to Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Ip W. K. Eddie , Sokolovska Anna , Charriere Guillaume M. , Boyer Laurent , Dejardin Stephanie , Cappillino Michael P. , Yantosca L. Michael , Takahashi Kazue , Moore Kathryn J. , Lacy-Hulbert Adam , Stuart Lynda M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Innate immunity is vital for protection from microbes and is mediated by humoral effectors, such as cytokines, and cellular immune defenses, including phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages). After internalization by phagocytes, microbes are delivered into a phagosome, a complex intracellular organelle with a well-established and important role in microbial killing. However, the role of this organelle in cytokine responses and microbial sensing is less well defined. In this study, we assess the role of the phagosome in innate immune sensing and demonstrate the critical interdependence of phagocytosis and pattern recognition receptor signaling during response to the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. We show that phagocytosis is essential to initiate an optimal MyD88-dependent response to Staphylococcus aureus. Prior to TLR-dependent cytokine production, bacteria must be engulfed and delivered into acidic phagosomes where acid-activated host enzymes digest the internalized bacteria to liberate otherwise cryptic bacterial-derived ligands that initiate responses from the vacuole. Importantly, in macrophages in which phagosome acidification is perturbed, the impaired response to S. aureus can be rescued by the addition of lysostaphin, a bacterial endopeptidase active at neutral pH that can substitute for the acid-activated host enzymes. Together, these observations delineate the interdependence of phagocytosis with pattern recognition receptor signaling and suggest that therapeutics to augment functions and signaling from the vacuole may be useful strategies to increase host responses to S. aureus.
Differential Roles of IL-2–Inducible T Cell Kinase-Mediated TCR Signals in Tissue-Specific Localization and Maintenance of Skin Intraepithelial T Cells
Authors: Xia Mingcan , Qi Qian , Jin Yan , Wiest David L. , August Avery , Xiong Na 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Tissue-specific innate-like γδ T cells are important components of the immune system critical for the first line of defense, but mechanisms underlying their tissue-specific development are poorly understood. Our study with prototypical skin-specific intraepithelial γδT lymphocytes (sIELs) found that among different thymic γδ T cell subsets fetal thymic precursors of sIELs specifically acquire a unique skin-homing property after positive selection, suggesting an important role of the TCR selection signaling in “programming” them for tissue-specific development. In this study, we identified IL-2–inducible T cell kinase (ITK) as a critical signal molecule regulating the acquirement of the skin-homing property by the fetal thymic sIEL precursors. In ITK knockout mice, the sIEL precursors could not undergo positive selection-associated upregulation of thymus-exiting and skin-homing molecules sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 and CCR10 and accumulated in the thymus. However, the survival and expansion of sIELs in the skin did not require ITK-transduced TCR signaling, whereas its persistent activation impaired sIEL development by inducing apoptosis. These findings provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying differential requirements of TCR signaling in peripheral localization and maintenance of the tissue-specific T cells.
Cystic hemangioblastoma of the brainstem
Authors: Agrawal Amit , Kakani Anand , Vagh Sunita J , Hiwale Kishore M , Kolte Gaurav 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTHemangioblastomas are very highly vascular neoplasm with benign characteristics and; in comparison to cerebellar hemangioblastoma; cases of cystic hemangioblastoma of the brain stem are rare with only a few case reports available in the literature. We report the case of a 43-year-old-female with cystic hemagioblastoma of the brainstem managed successfully and review the relevant literature.
Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage as initial presentation of dural sinus thrombosis
Authors: Sharma Shriram , sharma Nalini , Yeolekar M. E. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the older is most often due to aneurismal rupture. Other vascular lesions are known to rarely cause SAH. Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) can be diffi cult to diagnose because of its wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Its diagnosis can be further complicated when patients initially present with acute SAH. We report a case of dural venous sinus thrombosis with SAH, most probably, due to raised venous pressure draining venous tributaries. A 59-year-old man presented with severe headache. Computerized tomography (CT) scan head was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested right parasagittal fronto-parietal hemorrhage. No aneurysm was detected on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). MRV revealed superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and lateral sinus thrombosis. DSA showed occlusion of intracranial SSS and lateral venous sinus. The patient improved with anticoagulant therapy. This case highlights the fact that SAH may reveal a CVT, and emphasizes on the inclusion of MRV in the diagnostic workup of SAH, particularly in cases in which aneurysm is not detected.
Management of pregnant female with meningioma for craniotomy
Authors: Sahu Sandeep , Lata Indu , Gupta Devendra 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTIntracranial meningioma during pregnancy challenges the skill of obstetricians, neurosurgeons and neuroanesthesiologists in resection of the tumor and to secure delivery of the baby. Advances in fetal and maternal monitoring, neuroanesthesia, and microsurgical techniques allow safe neurosurgical management of these patients. Urgent neurosurgical intervention is reserved for the management of malignancies, active hydrocephalus, and benign brain tumors associated with signs of impending herniation or progressive neurological defi cit. Particular attention is given to maintain stable maternal hemodynamics to avoid uterine hypo perfusion and fetal hypoxia intraoperatively. Therefore, the major challenge of neuroanesthesia during pregnancy is to provide an appropriate balance between competing, and even contradictory, clinical goals of neuroanesthesiology and obstetric practice.
Drug interaction as cause of spontaneously resolving epidural spinal hematoma on warfarin therapy
Authors: Sagar Amitabh , Hassan KM 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTWe present a case of a 42-year-old male, an old case of deep vein thrombosis on warfarin and other drugs like quetiapine, aspirin, diclofenac sodium, fenofi brate, atorvastatin, propanolol and citalopram for concurrent illnesses, who presented with widespread mucocutaneous bleeding and epidural spinal hematoma. The epidural bleed presented clinically as a nontraumatic, rapidly improving myeloradiculopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine revealed an epidural hematoma at D12-L1 level. The case was managed conservatively due lack of neurosurgical facilities. The patient gained full neurological recovery on conservative management alone. This case highlights the problem of drug interaction on warfarin therapy and also an unusual spontaneous recovery of spinal hematoma. Our case was anticoagulated in the recommended therapeutic INR range of 2.2 to 2.4. Most of the similar cases reported in literature were also anticoagulated in the therapeutic range. Thus intraspinal hemorrhage is a rare but dangerous complication of anticoagulant therapy. It must be suspected in any patient on anticoagulant agents who complains of local or referred spinal pain associated with neurological defi cits. Drug interactions with warfarin are common. High suspicion and immediate intervention are essential to prevent complications from intraspinal hemorrhage.
Communication between radial nerve and medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
Authors: Yogesh S. , Marathe RR , Mankar SR , Joshi M , Sontakke YA 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTRadial nerve is usually a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. It innervates triceps, anconeous, brachialis, brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus muscles and gives the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm, lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm; without exhibiting any communication with the medial cutaneous nerve of forearm or any other nerve. We report communication between the radial nerve and medial cutaneous nerve of forearm on the left side in a 58-year-old male cadaver. The right sided structures were found to be normal. Neurosurgeons should keep such variations in mind while performing the surgeries of axilla and upper arm.
Unilateral variant motor innervations of flexure muscles of arm
Authors: Yogesh A S , Joshi M , Chimurkar V K , Marathe R R 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThe musculocutaneous nerve usually branches out from the lateral cord of brachial plexus. It innervates the corcobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis muscles and continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm without exhibiting any communication with the median nerve or any other nerve. We report unilateral variation in motor innervations of the left arm in a 58-year-old male cadaver. The musculocutaneous nerve was found to be absent. A muscular branch of the median nerve was supplying the coracobrachialis muscle. In the middle of arm, the median nerve was found to be branching out, bifurcating and supplying the long and short head of biceps. The median nerve was found to be giving a separate branch, which supplied the brachialis muscle and continued as the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. The right sided structures were found to be normal. Surgeons should keep such variations in mind while performing arm surgeries.
Competition between crustacean zooplankton in continuous cultures
Authors: Schulze Peter C. , Zagarese Horacio E. , Williamson Craig E. 
Published: May 2010

It has been proposed that cases of diaptomid dominance in oligotrophic lakes are due to lower food requirements for Diaptomus species than Daphnia species. We test this hypothesis by competing Daphnia pulicaria and Diaptomus oregonensis populations in continuous and semicontinuous cultures.The threshold food concentrations for population growth of D. pulicaria and D. oregonensis were statistically indistinguishable. The thresholds of both species were within the range of concentrations characteristic of ultraoligotrophic lakes. The dominant species varied across experiments in a pattern consistent with an effect of temporal variation in food concentration. Neither our data nor previously published studies provide support for the hypothesis that cases of Diaptomus dominance in oligotrophic lakes are due to a simple difference in threshold food concentrations.
Diel vertical migration by Daphnia longispina in a Spanish lake: Genetic sources of distributional variation
Authors: King Charles E. , Miracle Maria R. 
Published: May 2010

Individuals of many zooplankton species undergo diel vertical migration in which they move toward the surface after sunset and return to deeper waters at dawn. However, even when vertical migration can be clearly demonstrated by mapping the distributions of individuals at noon and midnight, at any given time the population is usually scattered over a broad range of depths. This paper focuses on a major potential source of the variance associated with depth distributions.We have used electrophoretic analysis of isozymes to identify “clones” of Daphnia longispina in a Spanish lake. In September 1991, two clones constituted 55% of the individuals collected at noon and midnight on each of two successive days. While both displayed significant diel vertical migration, one clone was consistently located deeper in the water column than the other clone. Our results constitute the first demonstration from a field study of Daphnia that a single population is genetically subdivided into groups having different patterns of diel vertical migration. Intrapopulational genetic variation for vertical migration patterns may explain a significant portion of the variability in the depth distributions of zooplankton populations.
Estimation of phosphorus release rates from natural zooplankton communities feeding on planktonic algae and bacteria
Authors: Vadstein Olav , Brekke Oddmund , Andersen Tom , Olsen Yngvar 
Published: May 2010

Phosphorus release rates from Daphnia galeata, the dominant metazoan, were estimated in eutrophic Lake Nesjøvatn during summer by applying our previously published mass balance model. For both juveniles (2.0 µg C ind.−1) and adults (6.6 µg C ind.−1), three different estimates of P release were made by two different parametrizations and by considering the importance of ingestion of detrital particles. As a basis for estimates of P release, clearance rates of algae and bacteria were determined as well as a thorough characterization of the food compartments.The specific release rate of P varied between 0.16 and 1.18 µg P mg C h−1 for juveniles and between 0.06 and 0.96 for adults, independent of estimate. These release rates are considerably lower than those obtained by previously published models. Most of the observed variation was due to variation in the P content of the food, thus emphasizing the importance of including this variable in studies of P release from zooplankton. Calculations of rates of population P release suggest that D. galeata contributed <⅓ of the P requirements of algae and bacteria.
Concentration of mercury species in relationship to other site‐specific factors in the surface waters of northern Wisconsin lakes
Authors: Watras Carl J. , Morrison Kenneth A. , Host Jodi S. , Bloom Nicolas S. 
Published: May 2010

To investigate relationships between mercury speciation and site‐specific factors in temperate freshwaters, we measured the concentration of seven Hg species along with 18 environmental variables in the surface waters of 23 northern Wisconsin lakes during spring and fall. The lakes spanned relatively wide gradients in Hg (0.15–4.8 ng liter −1) and methylmercury (MeHg: 0.04–2.2 ng liter− 1). Over the range of measured variables, Hg and McHg were most strongly correlated with each other (r2 = 0.83–0.88) and with dissolved organic C (DOC) (r2 = 0.64–0.92). Multiple regression models containing DOC and a (DOC × pH) interaction term accounted for 85–90% of the variability in Hg and MeHg between lakes.Observed differences between lakes reflected internal cycling processes and external transport pathways. Internally, high DOC and low pH favored Hg methylation and retention over Hg evasion across the air‐water interface. Externally, watershed mapping suggested that the cotransport of DOC, Hg, and MeHg from riparian wetland was also a potentially important process. Observed seasonal differences indicated a 30% increase in MeHg across lakes during summer due to internal or external processes.The effects of DOC on bioaccumulation may be twofold and antagonistic. Although waterborne Hg and MeHg increased with DOC, seston‐water partition coefficients tended to decrease, indicating disproportionately more Hg in the dissolved phase. These observations are consistent with previous data on bioaccumulation factors for zooplankton and fish.
Modeling and interpreting element ratios in water and sediments: A sensitivity analysis of post‐Chernobyl Ru : Cs ratios
Authors: Hilton J. , Rigg E. , Davison W. , Hamilton‐Taylor J. , Kelly M. , Livens F. R. , Singleton D. L. 
Published: May 2010

When elements are simultaneously added to lakes, experimentally or by accident, their ratios in the water phase and in bottom sediments can change with time due to differential partitioning between solution and suspended particles or sediments. A number of equations are developed to show the change of ratio with time in water and sediments assuming simultaneous pulse inputs followed by a range of combinations of loss processes from solution (i.e. hydraulic losses, sorption to particles followed by settling, and diffusion into the sediments). The pattern of events is discussed both for pulse events with specific limiting assumptions and for combined continuous and pulse inputs. The models show that elemental ratios in sediments are generally less sensitive indicators of differential partitioning than are elemental ratios in water. For lakes with long residence times, the long‐term elemental ratio in the sediments does not differ from that in the initial spike to the water column, but for short residence times, it is directly dependent on the ratio of either partition or diffusion coefficients.The models are used to interpret Ru : Cs ratios measured in the water and sediments of Esthwaite Water subsequent to the pulse input of Chernobyl fallout. The ratios can be explained by assuming nuclides were lost either by flushing and sorption or by flushing, sorption, and diffusion. The process combination of flushing and diffusion is incompatible with the observed constant ratios.
Diagrammatic Separation of Different Crystal Structures of A2BX4 Compounds Without Energy Minimization: A Pseudopotential Orbital Radii Approach
Authors: Zhang Xiuwen , Zunger Alex 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe A2BX4 family of compounds manifest a wide range of physical properties, including transparent conductivity, ferromagnetism, and superconductivity. A 98% successful diagrammatic separation of the 44 different crystal structures of 688 oxide A2BX4 compounds (96% for 266 oxide‐only) is described by plotting the total radius of the A atom RA versus the radius of the B atom RB for many A2BX4 compounds of known structure types and seeking heuristically simple, straight boundaries in the RA versus RB plane that best separate the domains of different structure types. The radii are sums RA = Rs(A) + Rp(A) of the quantum‐mechanically calculated “orbital radii” Rs(Rp), rather than empirical radii or phenomenological electronegativity scales. These success rates using first‐principles orbital radii uniformly exceed the success rates using classic radii. Such maps afford a quick guess of the crystal structure of a yet unmade A2BX4 compound by placing its atomic orbital radii on such maps and reading off its structure type.
Solar Cells by Design: Photoelectrochemistry of TiO2 Nanorod Arrays Decorated with CdSe
Authors: Bang Jin Ho , Kamat Prashant V. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOne‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures of TiO2 are grown directly on transparent, conductive glass substrate using hydrothermal/solvothermal methods. When employed as a photoanode in photoelectrochemical cells, the vertically aligned TiO2 nanorod array exhibits slower charge recombination at electrolyte interface as compared to mesoscopic TiO2 particulate film. Electrochemical deposition of CdSe onto TiO2 nanorod array is carried out to extend absorption into visible light region. The role of CdSe‐sensitized, 1D rutile TiO2 architecture in the solar cell design is discussed.
A general framework for process scheduling
Authors: Sundaramoorthy Arul , Maravelias Christos T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractExisting methods for process scheduling can be broadly classified as network‐based or sequential. The former are used to address problems where different batches of the same or different tasks are freely mixed or split, whereas the latter are used to address problems where batch mixing/splitting is not allowed. A framework is proposed that allows us to: (1) express scheduling problems in facilities that consist of network and sequential, as well as continuous subsystems, (2) formulate mixed‐integer programming (MIP) scheduling models for such problems, and (3) solve the resulting MIP formulations effectively. The proposed framework bridges the gap between network and sequential approaches, thereby addressing the major formulation challenge in the area of process scheduling, namely, the development of a framework that can be used to address a wide spectrum of problems. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 57: 695–710, 2011
Metabolism of hydrogen peroxide between diapause and non‐diapause eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx Mori during chilling at 5°C
Authors: Zhao L.C. , Shi L.G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWhen diapause and non‐diapause eggs of the same bivoltine strain of Bombyx mori were chilled at 5°C for more than 30 days, the hatchability of diapause eggs increased while that of non‐diapause eggs decreased, respectively. To investigate the relationship between effects of chilling on the hatchability and the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), content of H2O2 and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), xanthine oxidase (XO), and catalase (CAT) between diapause and non‐diapause eggs were determined during the chilling at 5°C. The significant enhancement of H2O2 occurred prior to the quick increase of the hatchability in diapause eggs and coincided with the quick decline of the hatchability in non‐diapause eggs, respectively. Diapause eggs contained significantly higher H2O2 and XO activity and lower CAT activity compared to non‐diapause eggs. Our results showed that there were significant differences in the metabolism of H2O2 between diapause and non‐diapause eggs during chilling and that significant enhancement of H2O2 may be involved in the diapause termination of diapause eggs and the cell damage of non‐diapause eggs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Total Synthesis of (S)‐14‐Azacamptothecin
Authors: Liu Guan‐Sai , Yao Yuan‐Shan , Xu Peng , Wang Shaozhong , Yao Zhu‐Jun 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn efficient total synthesis of (S)‐14‐azacamptothecin has been accomplished in 10 steps and 56 % overall yield from 5H‐pyrano[4,3‐d]pyrimidine 8. A mild Hendrickson reagent‐triggered intramolecular cascade cyclization, a highly enantioselective dihydroxylation, and an efficient palladium‐catalyzed transformation of an O‐allyl into N‐allyl group are the key steps in the synthesis. This work provides a much higher overall yield than the previous achievement and shows sound flexibility for the further applications that will lead to new bioactive analogues.