bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fourth‐order compact scheme with local mesh refinement for option pricing in jump‐diffusion model
Authors: Lee Spike T. , Sun Hai‐Wei 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe value of a contingent claim under a jump‐diffusion process satisfies a partial integro‐differential equation. A fourth‐order compact finite difference scheme is applied to discretize the spatial variable of this equation. It is discretized in time by an implicit‐explicit method. Meanwhile, a local mesh refinement strategy is used for handling the nonsmooth payoff condition. Moreover, the numerical quadrature method is exploited to evaluate the jump integral term. It guarantees a Toeplitz‐like structure of the integral operator such that a fast algorithm is feasible. Numerical results show that this approach gives fourth‐order accuracy in space. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2011
Adolescent spirituality and resilience: Theory, research, and educational practices
Authors: Kim Sangwon , Esquivel Giselle B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSpirituality is a universal phenomenon and an inherent aspect of human nature that unfolds during adolescence as the individual searches for transcendence, meaning, and purpose in life. Recently, spirituality has received attention as a source of resilience for adolescents. Theoretical perspectives and empirical research suggest that spirituality (distinctly and in relation to religiosity) promotes healthy development in adolescents, enhances the ability to cope, and leads to positive outcomes in mental health, psychological well‐being, and academic learning. Given the value of spirituality as a source of resilience, implications for educational practices to foster adolescent spiritual development are discussed in the context of school, family, and community settings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attachment relationships as predictors of language skills for at‐risk bilingual preschool children
Authors: Oades‐Sese Geraldine V. , Li Yibling 
Published: June 2011

AbstractParental attachment and close teacher‐‐child relationships offer a protective mechanism to promote language development among bilingual preschool children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Research has shown that language skills are an integral part of resilience for young children. This is the first study to examine parental acculturation, parent‐‐child attachment, and teacher‐‐child relationships as predictors of English and Spanish oral language skills. Participants consisted of 468 Hispanic American preschool children, aged 3 to 5 years, from low‐income families of an urban public school district in the Northeast. Findings suggest that children's relationships with parents and teachers significantly contribute to their bilingual language skills. Higher quality teacher‐‐child relationships were associated with higher levels of language skills over and above quality parental attachments. The implications of the findings are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electroweak constraints on new physics
Authors: del Aguila F. , de Blas J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe briefly review the limits on new interactions implied by electroweak precision data. Special attention is payed to the bounds on the Higgs boson mass. We also comment on the required cancellation among the new contributions to precisely measured electroweak observables in any Standard Model extension, if the new particles have to evade the indirect constraints on their couplings and masses but still remain at the LHC reach.
Fumigant toxicity of lemon eucalyptus oil constituents to acaricide‐susceptible and acaricide‐resistant Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Han Jun , Kim Soon‐Il , Choi Byeoung‐Ryeol , Lee Sang‐Guei , Ahn Young‐Joon 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: This study was aimed at assessing the fumigant toxicity of 14 essential oil constituents from lemon eucalyptus, Eucalyptus citriodora Hook, and another ten known compounds to females of acaricide‐susceptible, chlorfenapyr‐resistant, fenpropathrin‐resistant, pyridaben‐resistant and abamectin‐resistant strains of Tetranychus urticae Koch.RESULTS: Menthol (LC50, 12.9 µg cm−3) was the most toxic compound, followed by citronellyl acetate (16.8 µg cm−3), against the susceptible females. High toxicity was also produced by β‐citronellol, citral, geranyl acetate and eugenol (LC50, 21.7–24.6 µg cm−3). The fumigant toxicity of these compounds was almost identical against females from either of the susceptible and resistant strains, indicating that the compounds and acaricides do not share a common mode of action or elicit cross‐resistance.CONCLUSION: Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on materials derived from lemon eucalyptus oil, particularly menthol and citronellyl acetate, as potential acaricides for the control of acaricide‐resistant T. urticae as fumigants with contact action. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Systemic resistance induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by Trichoderma asperellum SKT‐1, a microbial pesticide of seedborne diseases of rice
Authors: Yoshioka Yohei , Ichikawa Haruki , Naznin Hushna Ara , Kogure Atsushi , Hyakumachi Mitsuro 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Trichoderma asperellum SKT‐1 is a microbial pesticide of seedborne diseases of rice. To investigate the mechanisms of disease suppression in SKT‐1, the ability to induce systemic resistance by SKT‐1, or its cell‐free culture filtrate (CF), was tested using Arabidopsis thaliana Col‐0 plants.RESULTS: Both SKT‐1 and its CF elicit an induced systemic resistance against the bacterial leaf speck pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Col‐0 plants. Involvement of plant hormones in the induced resistance by SKT‐1 and CF was assessed using Arabidopsis genotypes such as the jasmonic acid (JA)‐resistant mutant jar1, the ethylene (ET)‐resistant mutant etr1, the plant impaired in salicylic acid (SA) signalling transgenic NahG and the mutant npr1 impaired in NPR1 activity. In soil experiments using SKT‐1, no significant disease suppression effect was observed in NahG transgenic plants or npr1 mutant plants. Expression levels of SA‐inducible genes such as PR‐1, PR‐2 and PR‐5 increased substantially in the leaves of Col‐0 plants. Expression levels of JA/ET‐induced genes such as PDF1.2a, PR‐3, PR‐4 and AtVsp1 were also induced, but the levels were not as high as for SA‐inducible genes. In a hydroponic experiment using CF from SKT‐1, all Arabidopsis genotypes showed an induced systemic resistance by CF and increased expression levels of JA/ET‐ and SA‐inducible genes in leaves of CF‐treated plants.CONCLUSION: The SA signalling pathway is important in inducing systemic resistance to colonisation by SKT‐1, and both SA and JA/ET signalling pathways combine in the signalling of induced resistance by CF. These results indicate that the response of A. thaliana is different from that found in root treatments with barley grain inoculum and CF from SKT‐1. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Monolitically grown dual wavelength InGaN LEDs for improved CRI
Authors: Stauss P. , Mandl M. , Rode P. , Laubsch A. , Biebersdorf A. , Windisch R. , Galler B. , Drechsel P. , Steegmüller U. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this study we have grown dual wavelength epitaxial LED layer structures by MOCVD. A secondary InGaN MQW is added to the layer structure to optically convert a certain fraction of photons which have been electrically generated in the primary InGaN‐MQW. Photoluminescence spectra are compared to electrical ThinGaN® chip operation data. The emission spectra clearly display two peaks. The height of the peak generated by the converted photons was adjusted by the number of QWs used in the secondary MQW. Additionally, the influence of the optical ThinGaN® light extraction design on the final emission spectrum has been investigated. These emission spectra are discussed in dependence of current density and temperature. Finally, dual MQW ThinGaN® devices have been assembled into phosphor converted white high‐power LED packages. The measured spectra confirm improved CRI values and are compared to simulated data. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of gallium additives on surface roughness for photoelectrochemical planarization of GaN
Authors: Sadakuni Shun , Murata Junji , Yagi Keita , Sano Yasuhisa , Arima Kenta , Okamoto Takeshi , Tachibana Kazuma , Yamauchi Kazuto 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe developed a novel planarization method for GaN (0001) surfaces. In this method, a GaN wafer surface is oxidized by illumination with ultraviolet light in an electrolyte. The oxides are chemically removed from the topmost layer by using a catalyst plate having a flat surface. Gallium oxide is soluble in an acid solution as well as stable in a neutral solution. Therefore, surface flattening was realized when a neutral solution and a solid acid catalyst were used.In this study, the composition of the neutral solution of the method was optimized. Also, the oxidized surface of GaN dissolves slightly in a neutral solution. Therefore, such dissolution of oxides must be prevented to obtain a smooth surface. Adding gallium ions to the neutral solution can suppress the dissolution of the oxides, improving the flatness of the planarized surfaces (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photovoltaic action from InxGa1‐xN p‐n junctions with x > 0.2 grown on silicon
Authors: Gherasoiu Iulian , Reichertz Lothar A. , Yu Kin Man , Ager Joel W. , Kao Vincent M. , Walukiewicz Wladek 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we report systematic investigation of the structural and electronic properties of GaN and InxGa1‐xN alloys with x up to 0.31 grown on Si (111) substrate. P‐type doping of InxGa1‐xN using Mg has been achieved consistently with magnesium concentrations up to 1021 atoms/cm3. The first results on photovoltaic action in InGaN p‐n junctions with ∼20% In fraction grown on silicon are also reported. An open circuit voltage (Voc) of almost 1 V was measured under concentrated (20 x sun) AM1.5G condition. The diode shows the onset of a photoresponse at about 2.6 eV. Relatively low shunt and high series resistance are the key factors limiting performance of the InGaN cells with larger In content (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Randomized, Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Tolerability of an Optimized Botanical Combination in the Management of Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia and Mixed Dyslipidemia
Authors: Gupta H. , Pawar D. , Riva A. , Bombardelli E. , Morazzoni P. 
Published: June 2011

This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of an optimized botanical combination containing policosanol, tomato extract, orally bioavailable grape procyanidins and Oenothera biennis oil against placebo in the management of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. Such a combination is endowed with biological properties targeted to cholesterol control and vasoprotection.This randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group trial consisted of a 6 week treatment period following 4 week baseline period, and a 2 week post‐treatment follow‐up.At baseline, both the groups were comparable to each other. Both the active treatment and the placebo group included 30 patients (active treatment: mean age 46.80 ± 7.43 years, nine males; placebo: mean age 45.50 ± 6.76 years, eight males). Significant reductions in the LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C; −17.33% from baseline, p < 0.001) and total cholesterol (TC; −13.38% from baseline, p < 0.0001) values over the treatment period were observed with the tested product. The treatment also resulted in reductions in C‐reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) values, which are indices of oxidative stress.This rational combination of different compounds is effective and safe in lowering the elevated LDL‐C and TC values. It is also effective in the modulation of the oxidation indices values; however, a further long term study in a larger population would be needed in order to confirm these preliminary findings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airborne lidar observations in the inflow region of a warm conveyor belt
Authors: Schäfler Andreas , Dörnbrack Andreas , Wernli Heini , Kiemle Christoph , Pfahl Stephan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWarm conveyor belts (WCBs) are key flow structures associated with extratropical cyclones. They transport moist air from the cyclone's warm sector poleward and upward close to the tropopause level, leading to the formation of elongated cloud bands, intense latent heating and surface precipitation. In this study a comprehensive dataset of airborne lidar observations of moisture and wind from different campaigns has been investigated with a trajectory‐based approach to identify ‘lucky encounters’ with WCBs. On 19 July 2007, an upstream flight over the Iberian Peninsula during the European THORPEX Regional Campaign (ETReC 2007) in Central Europe intersected two WCBs: one in the upper tropospheric outflow region about 3 days after starting the ascent, and the other one in the boundary layer inflow region over Spain just prior to the strong ascent. Comparison of the lidar humidity measurements with analysis fields from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reveals significant positive deviations, equivalent to an overestimation of the modelled humidity, in this low‐tropospheric WCB inflow region (of about 1 g kg−1 (14%) on average and with peak deviations up to 7 g kg−1). It is noteworthy that this substantial bias occurs in a potentially dynamically highly relevant air mass that will be subsequently lifted within a WCB to the upper troposphere. A Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic reveals that these large moisture deviations occur within air masses that, according to the ECMWF analyses, are coherently transported from the western Mediterranean towards Spain and experience intense moisture uptake over the Ebro valley. It is suggested that inaccuracies in surface evapotranspiration, horizontal moisture advection, and turbulent vertical transport of moisture in the atmospheric boundary layer potentially contribute to the erroneous low‐tropospheric humidity in the inflow region of this particular summertime WCB over Spain in the ECMWF analyses. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Snow microphysical observations in shallow mixed‐phase and deep frontal Arctic cloud systems
Authors: Morrison H. , Zuidema P. , McFarquhar G. M. , Bansemer A. , Heymsfield A. J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSnow particle size distributions (particle size >400 µm) in the western Arctic measured with in situ aircraft instrumentation during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic/First ISCCP Regional Experiment ‐ Arctic Clouds Experiment and Mixed‐Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment are analysed. Three cases of shallow, precipitating mixed‐phase boundary‐layer clouds and two cases of deep, precipitating frontal clouds are examined. Overall, the shallow cases had much lower values of particle concentration and ice water content than the deep cases, indicating large differences in ice initiation and growth between these regimes. Within a given case for both the shallow and deep frontal systems, and for the dataset as a whole, crystal concentration had little correlation with temperature (height), despite an active aggregation process that was indicated by large aggregates (>5 mm) observed in four out of the five cases. Exponential size distributions are fitted to the observations, allowing a direct comparison with the snow particle size distributions that are represented with exponential functions in many bulk microphysics schemes used in weather and climate models. Values of the fitted intercept parameter N0 are generally 2–10 times smaller for the shallow compared to the deep frontal cases as a result of differences in crystal concentration between these regimes. Values of N0 ∼ 107 m−4 specified for snow in many bulk microphysics schemes are broadly consistent with fitted N0 for the deep cases but larger than values for the shallow cases. The deep frontal cases also exhibit a relationship between N0 and temperature consistent with previous observations of midlatitude frontal systems. However, there are no consistent differences in N0 between the shallow and deep cases when partitioned by ice water content. Fitted values of slope parameter λ for the shallow and deep cases are generally consistent with previous studies of lower‐latitude cloud systems. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A relationship between the aerodynamic and physical roughness of winter sea ice
Authors: Andreas Edgar L 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA bulk flux algorithm predicts the turbulent surface fluxes of momentum and sensible and latent heat from mean measured or modelled meteorological variables. The bulk flux algorithm resulting from data collected over winter sea ice during SHEBA, the experiment to study the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean, failed, however, in its first trial to predict the turbulent momentum flux over sea ice in the Antarctic. This result suggests that the main parameter for predicting the momentum flux, the aerodynamics roughness length z0, does not respond just to the friction velocity, as in the SHEBA algorithm, but is closely related to the physical roughness of snow‐covered sea ice and may need to be site‐specific. I investigate this idea with simultaneous measurements of z0 and the physical roughness of the surface, ξ, at Ice Station Weddell. The metric ξ derives from surveys of surface elevation and is related to but always less than the standard deviation in surface elevation. On combining the z0–ξ pairs from Ice Station Weddell with similar data obtained over Arctic sea ice, I show that the Arctic and Antarctic z0–ξ data lie along a continuum such that measuring ξ could provide a means for estimating a site‐specific z0 for any global sea ice surface. Backscatter data from satellite‐borne synthetic aperture radar might provide a remotely sensed estimate of ξ. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Simulations of the London urban heat island
Authors: Bohnenstengel S. I. , Evans S. , Clark P. A. , Belcher S.E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe present simulations of London's meteorology using the Met Office Unified Model with a new, sophisticated surface energy‐balance scheme to represent the urban surfaces, called MORUSES. Simulations are performed with the urban surfaces represented and with the urban surfaces replaced with grass in order to calculate the urban increment on the local meteorology. The local urban effects were moderated to some extent by the passage of an onshore flow that propagated up the Thames estuary and across the city, cooling London slightly in the afternoon. Validations of screen‐level temperature show encouraging agreement to within 1–2 K, when the urban increment is up to 5 K. The model results are then used to examine factors shaping the spatial and temporal structure of London's atmospheric boundary layer. The simulations reconcile the differences in the temporal evolution of the urban heat island (UHI) shown in various studies and demonstrate that the variation of UHI with time depends strongly on the urban fetch. The UHI at a location downwind of the city centre shows a decrease in UHI during the night, while the UHI at the city centre stays constant. Finally, the UHI at a location upwind of the city centre increases continuously. The magnitude of the UHI by the time of the evening transition increases with urban fetch. The urban increments are largest at night, when the boundary layer is shallow. The boundary layer experiences continued warming after sunset, as the heat from the urban fabric is released, and a weakly convective boundary layer develops across the city. The urban land‐use fraction is the dominant control on the spatial structure in the sensible heat flux and the resulting urban increment, although even the weak advection present in this case study is sufficient to advect the peak temperature increments downwind of the most built‐up areas. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
The Stress (of an) Epidemic
Authors: Kelloway E. Kevin , Mullen Jane , Francis Lori 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe examined the consequences of being exposed to an outbreak of the Norwalk virus at a small university. Data from 422 undergraduates supported a model in which the experience of symptoms and perceptions of the university's response to the outbreak predicted fear of future contamination. In turn, fear predicted strain and enhanced hygiene practices. Results are consistent with a model of disease outbreak as a traumatic stressor, and implications for organizations dealing with disease outbreaks are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness on Stress Responses
Authors: Schneider Tamera R. , Rench Tara A. , Lyons Joseph B. , Riffle Rebecca R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe present research moved beyond focusing on negative dispositions to investigate the influence of positive aspects of personality, namely extraversion and openness, on stress responses including appraisals, affect and task performance. Challenge appraisals occur when stressor demands are deemed commensurate with coping resources, whereas threat appraisals occur when demands are believed to outweigh coping resources. We examined the unique influence of personality on stress responses and the mediating role of appraisals. Personality was assessed, and then participants (N = 152) were exposed to a validated math stressor. We found unique effects on stress responses for neuroticism (high threat and negative affect and low positive affect), extraversion (high positive and low negative affect) and openness (high positive and low negative effect and better performance). Mediation analyses revealed that neuroticism indirectly worsened performance, through threat appraisals, and that openness indirectly increased positive affect through lower threat. These findings highlight the importance of investigating multiple aspects of personality on stress responses and provide an avenue through which stress responses can be changed—appraisals. Only by more broad investigations can interventions be tailored appropriately for different individuals to foster stress resilience. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of conservation strategies for climate adaptation
Authors: Mawdsley Jonathan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA growing literature emphasizes the importance of managing the adverse effects of climate change on animal and plant species, biological communities, natural areas, and ecosystems. Although replete with general ‘climate adaptation’ strategies, this literature provides relatively limited guidance on translating these strategies into actionable conservation prescriptions. This review synthesizes information from the conservation planning and climate adaptation literature, including climate adaptation plans developed in Canada, England, México, South Africa, and USA, and presents elements of a general approach for developing actionable adaptation measures for wildlife species and conservation areas. Grounded in an adaptive management framework, this approach incorporates existing conservation tools for land and water protection, land and water management, species conservation, and monitoring, and also integrates new information from climate models, sensitivity analyses, and vulnerability assessments for species and ecosystems. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 498–515 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.127This article is categorized under:

Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Conservation Strategies