bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Comic Book World of Ralph Ellison'sInvisible Man
Authors: Cloutier Jean-Christophe 
Published: July 2010

This article considers the impact of the comic book on Ralph Ellison's concept of the novel form, tracing the comic book allusions scattered within Invisible Man as well as Ellison's work and association with Dr. Fredric Wertham, founder of the Lafargue Psychiatric Clinic in Harlem and instigator of a major crusade against comic books throughout the 1950s. Ellison's published writings and those stored at the Library of Congress make apparent that issues surrounding the comic book culture of the Cold War directly link up with many of Invisible Man's bigger themes: the rapport between violence and heroism, youth culture and leadership, Harlem and urban life.Harlem and comics—in content as well as in their lurid and colorful vividness—seem to be intrinsically linked in Ellison's mind. This correspondence is explored through a reading of the Harlem riot episode in Invisible Man alongside Ellison's sociological writings on Harlem, most notably “Harlem's America” and “Harlem Is Nowhere,” Ellison's piece on Wertham's Lafargue Clinic. While Ellison does not unreservedly endorse the influence of comics on American youth, he does underscore the productive, imaginative dynamism comics possess as models of urban nimbleness and adaptability, qualities he regards as necessary for the promise of future leadership.
Compatibilism About Coincidence
Authors: Sattig Thomas 
Published: July 2010

It seems to be a platitude of common sense that distinct ordinary objects cannot coincide, that they cannot fit into the same place or be composed of the same parts at the same time. The paradoxes of coincidence are instances of a breakdown of this platitude in light of counterexamples that are licensed by innocuous assumptions about particular kinds of ordinary object. Since both the anticoincidence principle and the assumptions driving the counterexamples flow from the folk conception of ordinary objects, the paradoxes threaten this conception with inconsistency.Typical approaches to the paradoxes reject the anticoincidence principle or some portion of the assumptions driving the counterexamples, thereby partially revising our common conception of the world around us. This essay offers a compatibilist solution to the paradoxes that sustains the folk conception of ordinary objects in its entirety. According to this solution, the various cases of distinct coincidents do not clash with the anticoincidence principle since the cases and the principle manifest different yet compatible perspectives on the world.
A new ice sheet model validated by remote sensing of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Ren Diandong , Fu Rong , Karoly David , Leslie Lance , Chen Jianli , Wilson Clark 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccurate prediction of future sea level rise requires models that accurately reproduce and explain the recent observed dramatic ice sheet behaviours. This study presents a new multi-phase, multiple-rheology, scalable and extensible geofluid model of the Greenland ice sheet that shows the credential of successfully reproducing the mass loss rate derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and the microwave remote sensed surface melt area over the past decade. Model simulated early 21st century surface ice flow compares satisfactorily with InSAR measurements. Accurate simulation of the three metrics simultaneously cannot be explained by fortunate model tuning and give us confidence in using this modelling system for projection of the future fate of Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Based on this fully adaptable three dimensional, thermo-mechanically coupled prognostic ice model, we examined the flow sensitivity to granular basal sliding, and further identified that this leads to a positive feedback contributing to enhanced mass loss in a future warming climate. The rheological properties of ice depend sensitively on its temperature, thus we further verified modelâŹs temperature solver against in situ observations. Driven by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis atmospheric parameters, the ice model simulated GrIS mass loss rate compares favourably with that derived from the GRACE measurements, or about −147 km3/yr over the 2002–2008 period. Increase of the summer maximum melt area extent (SME) is indicative of expansion of the ablation zone. The modeled SME from year 1979 to 2006 compares well with the cross-polarized gradient ratio method (XPGR) observed melt area in terms of annual variabilities. A high correlation of 0.88 is found between the two time series. In the 30-year model simulation series, the surface melt exhibited large inter-annual and decadal variability, years 2002, 2005 and 2007 being three significant recent melt episodes.
Clinical outcome following stimulation with highly purified hMG or recombinant FSH in patients undergoing their first treatment cycle of IVF or ICSI
Authors: BJERCKE SVERRE , TANBO TOM , ÅBYHOLM THOMAS , OMLAND ANNE , OPØIEN HANS KRISTIAN , FEDORCSAK PETER 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective. To test whether the clinical efficiency of recombinant FSH (rFSH) and highly purified human menotrophin (hMG) differs in terms of pregnancy and live birth rates during the first treatment cycle of IVF or ICSI. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital. Study population. Records of 1,136 infertile couples undergoing their first IVF (n = 682) or ICSI (n = 454) treatments were reviewed. The effect of hMG and rFSH was analyzed for the IVF and ICSI groups separately. Methods. Patients received long term down‐regulation with GnRH agonist and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with hMG or rFSH. Oocytes were fertilized by IVF or ICSI. Embryos were transferred on Day 2. Main outcome measures. Primary outcome measures were pregnancy and live birth rates, secondary outcome measures were duration of treatment, doses of hMG or rFSH applied, number of oocytes retrieved and the number and quality of embryos obtained. Results. Similar pregnancy and live birth rates were observed with hMG and rFSH. Compared to hMG, treatment cycles with rFSH were characterized by significantly shorter stimulation, lower gonadotrophin consumption, and increased number of oocytes and embryos. Conclusion. We conclude that rFSH and hMG are equivalent in terms of clinical efficacy.
John Locke on species
Authors: CAIN A.J. 
Published: July 2010

The philosopher and natural scientist John Locke argued in his Essay concerning human understanding (1690) that there are no natural clear limits to species even of living things, only man-made arbitrary limits. He was convinced that the properties of so distinctive a substance as gold were at least in part variable; that ice and water were rightly separate species to those who had different names for them; that all sorts of living things produce on occasion monsters which are new species; and that a cat and a rat can miscegenate, producing something that is neither. For Locke and nearly all his contemporaries these difficulties were found in defining both inorganic and organic species, all natural (and indeed artificial) species being of the same sort. For Locke, the essences (inmost constitutions) of natural things were unknowable except by special revelation; and their taxonomy was necessarily of unanalysed entities, called in this paper a phenotaxonomy; whereas in such entities as geometrical figures, the definition did express the essence, giving the basis for a lysotaxonomy of analysed entities. The difficulties of reference in a phenotaxonomy pushed Locke towards the modern type-system. Give the accepted factual knowledge of the time, in assessing which Locke was not very critical, the wonder is not that he rejected the criterion of common parentage for members of the same living species, but that the naturalist John Ray accepted it.
The Fundamental Group ofS1-manifolds
Authors: Godinho Leonor , Sousa-Dias M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe address the problem of computing the fundamental group of a symplecticS1-manifold for non-Hamiltonian actions on compact manifolds, and for Hamiltonian actions on non-compact manifolds with a proper moment map. We generalize known results for compact manifolds equipped with a HamiltonianS1-action. Several examples are presented to illustrate our main results.
Curvature Bounds for Surfaces in Hyperbolic 3-Manifolds
Authors: Breslin William 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA triangulation of a hyperbolic 3-manifold is L-thick if each tetrahedron having all vertices in the thick part of M is L-bilipschitz diffeomorphic to the standard Euclidean tetrahedron. We show that there exists a fixed constant L such that every complete hyperbolic 3-manifold has an L-thick geodesic triangulation. We use this to prove the existence of universal bounds on the principal curvatures of π1-injective surfaces and strongly irreducible Heegaard surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds.
Riemann Extensions of Torsion-Free Connections with Degenerate Ricci Tensor
Authors: Calviño-Louzao E. , García-Río E. , Vázquez-Lorenzo R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorrespondence between torsion-free connections with nilpotent skew-symmetric curvature operator and IP Riemann extensions is shown. Some consequences are derived in the study of four-dimensional IP metrics and locally homogeneous affine surfaces.
A probabilistic measure of air traffic complexity in 3‐D airspace
Authors: Prandini Maria , Putta Vamsi , Hu Jianghai 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new method to evaluate air traffic complexity in 3‐D airspace through a probabilistic measure of the airspace occupancy. The key novelty of the approach is that uncertainty in the future aircraft positions is explicitly accounted for when evaluating complexity. Analytic—though approximate—expressions of the complexity measure are derived.Prospective applications for the proposed complexity metric include the timely identification of those multi‐aircraft conflict situations that would be difficult to solve because of limited maneuverability space, and the design of trajectories so as to avoid congested regions that would require many tactical maneuvers to pass them through. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Cyclic 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds to β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Keto Esters
Authors: Chen Xing‐Kuan , Zheng Chang‐Wu , Zhao Sheng‐Li , Chai Zhuo , Yang Ying‐Quan , Zhao Gang , Cao Wei‐Guo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA highly enantioselective Michael addition of cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds to β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters catalyzed by amino acid‐derived thiourea‐tertiary‐amine catalysts is presented. Using 5 mol% of a novel tyrosine‐derived thiourea catalyst, a series of chiral coumarin derivatives were obtained in excellent yields (up to 99%) and with up to 96% ee under very mild conditions within a short reaction time.
The First Example of Saccharin‐Lithium Bromide Catalysis: Direct Synthesis of N‐Tosylimines from Alcohols
Authors: Patel Rajesh , Srivastava Vishnu P. , Yadav Lal Dhar S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe first procedure to access N‐tosylimines directly from alcohols under mild and neutral conditions is reported. The protocol involves saccharin‐lithium bromide‐catalyzed oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes/ketones with chloramine‐T followed by their condensation with the in situ generated oxidation by‐product p‐toluenesulfonamide in the same reaction vessel to afford N‐tosylimines in 40–90% overall yields. The present work opens up a new and efficient synthetic route to N‐tosyimines directly from alcohols in a one‐pot procedure.
Magnetic resonance imaging study of complex flow of viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Maddinelli Giuseppe , Guarneri Alberto , Carminati Stefano 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNMR imaging techniques have been applied to investigate complex fluid dynamics in pipes and in annular flow conditions. In this application, aimed to simulate drilling and production operations, two lines have been set up to reproduce, at small laboratory scale, respectively, a pipe flow and an annular flow that are typical flow geometries in oilfield wells during drilling. NMR imaging measurements have been performed inside a horizontal‐bore magnet with a fluid flow assured in a velocity range of 10–100 cm s−1. The studies were dedicated to investigate the different flow regimes associated to circulating viscous polymer solutions applied in drilling mud formulations. Early transitions from laminar to turbulent regime were observed at very low Reynolds number (in a range between 300 and 500, to be compared with the theoretical transition value greater than 2100). © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Study on degradation reactions in polyethylene terephthalate containing 5‐sulpho isophthalyl moieties
Authors: Nayak Shilpa , Labde Jayprakash , Geedh Santosh , Jaisingh Sanjiv K. , Rao Krishna , Venkatachalam S. , Kelkar Anil K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKinetics of thermal degradation occurring on polyester containing cationic dyeable comonomer units viz. 5‐sulphoisophthalate moieties are studied by measurement of changes in intrinsic viscosity and carboxyl values on the polymer after subjecting the polymer chips to temperatures in the range 275–285°C for different residence times ranging from 5 to 60 min and comparing with the homopolymer. The activation energy values for degradation are estimated from the kinetic data. Mechanical properties of the textured yarns produced from the partially oriented yarns (POY) spun under different residence times are measured. Yarn produced with higher residence time has poor mechanical properties. The SEM images of the POY show presence of particles at the surface of the yarn due to polymer degradation. The size of the particles as seen on the surface increase with increase of retention time. Addition of thermal stabilizer helps in controlling the thermal degradation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Acid‐synergized grafting of sodium styrene sulfonate onto electron beam irradiated‐poly(vinylidene fluoride) films for preparation of fuel cell membrane
Authors: Nasef Mohamed Mahmoud , Saidi Hamdani , Dahlan Khairul Zaman Mohd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe role of acid addition in synergizing radiation induced grafting of sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) onto electron beam‐irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films as a single‐step route for preparation of proton exchange membranes containing sulfonic acid groups was systematically investigated. The grafting reaction, known for its poor kinetics, was studied using SSS diluted in various solvents and solvent/acid solutions of different concentrations and volumes. The addition of acid solution was found to marvelously synergize the grafting reaction from very low values (e.g., 0.5%) to achieve high degrees (e.g., 65%) of grafting and such synergetic effect depends on the type, concentration and volume of the added acid. The degree of grafting was also found to be function of the monomer concentration and the irradiation dose at constant acid concentration and volume. The obtained membranes were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD). The results of present study reveal that grafting of SSS to levels suitable for fuel cell application onto PVDF film is only possible by adding aqueous acids solution. Moreover, the addition of acid makes this shorter single‐step method more economical route for preparation of proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The effect of different modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes on tribological behaviors of poly(furfuryl alcohol) composite coatings
Authors: Men Xue Hu , Zhang Zhao Zhu , Yang Jin , Wang Kun , Jiang Wei 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree kinds of modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with different length were obtained by grafting carboxylic groups on long MWNTs or copolymer groups on short and long MWNTs. The modified MWNTs were examined by infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Afterward, the modified MWNTs were introduced into poly (furfuryl alcohol) (PFA), and the tribological behaviors of the resultant PFA composite coatings were investigated using a ring‐on‐block wear tester under dry friction condition. The dispersion of MWNTs in PFA composites and the worn surfaces were investigated by FESEM. The results indicated that the MWNTs dispersion and the tribological behaviors of PFA composite coatings could be obviously improved by modification with the copolymer. More significantly, under similarly uniform dispersion of MWNTs, the tribological properties of PFA composite coatings with short nanotubes presented better results when compared with those with long nanotubes because of the influence of nanotube length on the degree of modification of the MWNTs surfaces. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of the recycled glass fibers from nonmetals of waste printed circuit boards on properties and reinforcing mechanism of polypropylene composites
Authors: Zheng Yanhong , Shen Zhigang , Ma Shulin , Cai Chujiang , Zhao Xiaohu , Xing Yushan , Guo Baohua , Zeng Xinmiao , Wang Liancai 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe feasibility of reusing the recycled glass fibers (RGF) from nonmetals of waste printed circuit boards in polypropylene (PP) composites is studied by mechanical properties, vicat softening temperature and heat distortion temperature. The influence of RGF on reinforcing mechanism of the composites is watched under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in situ tensile test. The results show that the mechanical and thermal properties of the RGF/PP composites can be significantly improved by adding the RGF into PP. In situ SEM observation results show that the RGF are the excellent supporting bodies and can effectively lead to mass microcracks. Crack initiation, propagation, and fiber breakage dissipate tremendous energy. Therefore, the mechanical properties are reinforced. All the above results indicate that the reuse of RGF in the PP composites represents a promising way for closing the recycling loop and realizing the high added value utilization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Cellulose as a renewable resource for the synthesis of wood consolidants
Authors: Cipriani Giacomo , Salvini Antonella , Baglioni Piero , Bucciarelli Erica 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrosslinkable cellulose ethers as allyl cellulose, allyl carboxymethyl cellulose, and allyl n‐hydroxypropyl cellulose were synthesized and characterized, and their use as consolidating agents for waterlogged wood was studied. For this kind of application, structural properties similar to those of wood's polysaccharide components are desired in the design stage of new consolidants. The choice to synthesize cellulose ethers was determined from the possibility of using cellulose as the starting material because of its large availability in nature, biocompatibility, and low cost. In addition, cellulose ethers are quite easy to obtain, and they can have different properties, depending on the nature and the amount of the functional groups introduced. For this purpose, a cellulose with a lower degree of polymerization was also used for the synthesis of related cellulose ethers. By means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the affinity of the cellulose derivatives for degraded lignin flours was detected. The preliminary results of this study show that these polysaccharide compounds may be proposed as wood consolidating agents. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and solution properties of amphiphilic cyclopolymers and terpolymers of 4‐methoxycarbonyl‐1,1‐diallylpiperidinium chloride, diallyloctadecylammonium chloride, and sulfur dioxide
Authors: Ali Shaikh A. , Al‐Muallem Hasan A. , Abu‐Thabit N. Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cycloterpolymerization of a hydrophilic monomer, 4‐methoxycarbonyl‐1,1‐diallylpiperidinium chloride, with a hydrophobic monomer, diallyloctadecylammonium chloride (3–7 mol %), and sulfur dioxide in dimethyl sulfoxide with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator afforded a series of water‐soluble cationic polyelectrolytes (CPEs) at well over 90% yields. Acidic (HCl) hydrolysis of the ester groups in CPEs to CO2H groups gave the cationic acid salts (CASs), which on treatment with 1 equiv of NaOH, furnished polyzwitterions (PZs). Contrary to the well‐known behavior that the normal PZs are only soluble in brine, PZ in the absence of the hydrophobe was found to be soluble in salt‐free water. The solution properties of the resulting series of interconvertible polymers (CPE → CAS ⇋ PZ) were investigated by viscometric techniques. At a shear rate of 0.36 s−1, 2 g/dL solutions of CPE having 0, 3, 5, and 7 mol % hydrophobe in salt‐free water at 30°C were found to have apparent viscosity values of 4000, 164,000, 670,000, and 1,430,000 cps, respectively. Polymer–surfactant interactions were investigated with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Tremendous increases in the viscosity values of the CPE having 7 mol % of the hydrophobe were observed in the presence of the surfactant at a shear rate of 0.36 s−1; a 0.75 g/dL solution of the polymer in salt‐free water was found to have apparent viscosity values of 18,000 and 235,000 cps in the absence and presence, respectively, of 3 mM CTAB. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Improved surface wettability of polyurethane films by ultraviolet ozone treatment
Authors: Kuang Ping , Lee Jae‐Hwang , Kim Chang‐Hwang , Ho Kai‐Ming , Constant Kristen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe wettability of polyurethane (PU) was altered using ultraviolet ozone (UVO) treatment. The effect of UVO treatment on PU surface chemistry was investigated with various experiments. The direct measurement of sessile drops was employed to quantify the static contact angle of different wetting liquids on homogeneous PU films with various UVO treatment times. The contact angle of DI water droplets was decreased to 17.2° from 70.04° after 5 min UVO treatment. The surface free energy of PU films was 51.46 mN m−1 before treatment and was increased to 71.5 mN m−1 after being fully treated. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows a significant amount of polar functional species (CO and CO bonding) were formed on the PU surface by UVO treatment. atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization shows the PU surface morphology was different before and after UVO treatment. The effect of water washing on UVO treated surface was also investigated. An aging effect study indicates the UVO modification can sustain the improved wettability with limited hydrophobic recovery, where the DI water contact angle remains constant at around 22° after the UVO treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010