bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid management of hypernatraemic dehydration to prevent cerebral oedema: A retrospective case control study of 97 children in China
Authors: Fang Chengqing , Mao Jianhua , Dai Yuwen , Xia Yonghui , Fu Haidong , Chen Yifang , Wang Yaping , Liu Aimin 
Published: April 2010

Aim:  To compare the fluid management of hypernatraemic dehydration in acute gastroenteritis in those who developed cerebral oedema (cases) versus those who did not (controls).Methods:  A retrospective study of 97 cases of hypernatraemic dehydration at a tertiary children's hospital in China over five years, in which rehydration regimes of 49 children who developed cerebral oedema were compared with 48 children who made an uneventful recovery.Results:  Risk factors for cerebral oedema (vs. no cerebral oedema) were an initial fluid bolus (29/49 vs. 15/48, P = 0.006), the mean rate of bolus infusion (14.7 ± 2.2 vs. 10.8 ± 1.4 mL/kg/hr, P < 0.001), the severity of hypernatraemia (serum sodium 167.7 ± 7.8 vs. 161.3 ± 7.9 mmol/L, P < 0.001) and the overall rehydration rate (8.2 ± 1.1 vs. 6.4 ± 0.6 mL/kg/hr, P < 0.001). On logistic regression, a rapid rehydration rate was the most significant contributor to cerebral oedema. From receive operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the safe rate of rehydration was <6.8 mL/kg/hr.Conclusion:  The key risk factors for the development of cerebral oedema during recovery from hypernatraemic dehydration were too rapid a rate of rehydration, an initial fluid bolus to rapidly expand plasma volume and the severity of the hypernatraemia. Thus, we conclude that a uniformly slow rate of rehydration is the best way of preventing cerebral oedema.
Assessing quality of life in paediatric clinical practice
Authors: Morrow Angela M , Quine Susan , Heaton Maria D , Craig Jonathan C 
Published: April 2010

The rising prevalence of children with chronic conditions has made quality of life an increasingly important outcome measure in paediatric practice. The discrepancy between doctors’ and patients’ perceptions of quality of life makes formal assessment necessary.In this paper we use a case scenario to answer commonly asked questions. What is quality of life and who can assess it? Why assess quality of life in the clinical setting? Is it feasible to measure in routine clinical practice? How is quality of life formally assessed? We provide a basic outline of the language and methods of quality of life assessment and use the case scenario to discuss the process of choosing an appropriate instrument.We conclude that quality of life assessment in clinical practice is feasible and provides benefits for both patients and doctors. The benefits include better informed doctors, improved patient doctor communication and a means to effectively monitor quality of life as a treatment outcome.
Appraising the roles of nutrient availability, global change, and functional traits during the angiosperm rise to dominance
Authors: Mueller Kevin E. , Diefendorf Aaron F. , Freeman Katherine H. , Eissenstat David M. 
Published: April 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: E1–E6AbstractTo explain the rise of angiosperms during the Cretaceous, Berendse & Scheffer (Ecol. Lett., 12, 2009, 865) invoke feedbacks between leaf litter, soil nutrients, and growth, overlooking other factors affecting resource acquisition by Cretaceous plants. We evaluate their hypothesis, highlight alternative explanations, and emphasize use of a broader framework for understanding the angiosperm radiation.
Detecting interspecific macroparasite interactions from ecological data: patterns and process
Authors: Fenton Andy , Viney Mark E. , Lello Jo 
Published: April 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 606–615AbstractThere is great interest in the occurrence and consequences of interspecific interactions among co‐infecting parasites. However, the extent to which interactions occur is unknown, because there are no validated methods for their detection. We developed a model that generated abundance data for two interacting macroparasite (e.g., helminth) species, and challenged the data with various approaches to determine whether they could detect the underlying interactions. Current approaches performed poorly – either suggesting there was no interaction when, in reality, there was a strong interaction occurring, or inferring the presence of an interaction when there was none. We suggest the novel application of a generalized linear mixed modelling (GLMM)‐based approach, which we show to be more reliable than current approaches, even when infection rates of both parasites are correlated (e.g., via a shared transmission route). We suggest that the lack of clarity regarding the presence or absence of interactions in natural systems may be largely attributed to the unreliable nature of existing methods for detecting them. However, application of the GLMM approach may provide a more robust method of detection for these potentially important interspecific interactions from ecological data.
Alternative regression methods are not considered in Murtaugh (2009) or by ecologists in general
Authors: Dahlgren Johan P. 
Published: April 2010

Ecology Letters(2010) 13: E7–E9AbstractMurtaugh (2009) recently illustrated that all subsets variable selection is very similar to stepwise regression. This, however, does not necessarily mean both methods are useful. On the contrary, the same problems with overfitting should apply. Ecologists should, if model building is indeed necessary, consider more reliable regression methods now available.
The environmental limits to geographic range expansion in birds
Authors: Pigot Alex L. , Owens Ian P. F. , Orme C. David L. 
Published: April 2010

Ecology Letters(2010) 13: 705–715AbstractThe environmental factors limiting species’ ranges across broad geographic and taxonomic scales are central to questions regarding the geographic variation in biodiversity and impacts of environmental change. However, our understanding remains relatively limited owing to the small‐scale, correlative nature of most previous analyses. In this study, we provide a global test of the environmental determinants of range limits in birds, using both stochastic and environmentally deterministic models of range expansion to simulate spatial patterns in the shape of species’ distributions. We show that spatial variation in range shape can be well explained by the action of a few key climatic variables in limiting range expansion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these patterns cannot be explained by random processes alone. In addition, our study also identifies important differences in the factors constraining range expansion between biogeographic realms and between widespread and rare species. Although temperature was the principal climatic determinant of range shape at a global scale, its effects were driven primarily by widespread species, with the ranges of rare taxa better predicted by gradients in precipitation or topography. These key results were robust with respect to the index used to quantify range shape. Our analysis helps resolve long running debates regarding the role of environmentally deterministic and stochastic processes in structuring biodiversity and extends our understanding of the factors limiting species’ ranges and the response of broad scale biodiversity patterns to environmental change.
Biofilm formation in environmental bacteria is influenced by different macromolecules depending on genus and species
Authors: Andrews Johanna S. , Rolfe Stephen A. , Huang Wei E. , Scholes Julie D. , Banwart Steven A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe formation of biofilms by diverse bacteria isolated from contaminated soil and groundwater on model substrata with different surface properties was assessed in a multifactorial screen. Diverse attachment phenotypes were observed as measured by crystal violet dye retention and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Bulk measurements of cell hydrophobicity had little predictive ability in determining whether biofilms would develop on hydrophobic or hydrophilic substrata. Therefore selected pairs of bacteria from the genera Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas that exhibited different attachment phenotypes were examined in more detail using CLSM and the lipophilic dye, Nile Red. The association of Rhodococcus sp. cell membranes with lipids was shown to influence the attachment properties of these cells, but this approach was not informative for Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas sp. Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy of Rhodococcus biofilms confirmed the importance of lipids in their formation and indicated that in Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas biofilms, nucleic acids and proteins, respectively, were important in identifying the differences in attachment phenotypes of the selected strains. Treatment of biofilms with DNase I confirmed a determining role for nucleic acids as predicted for Pseudomonas. This work demonstrates that the attachment phenotypes of microbes from environmental samples to different substrata varies markedly, a diverse range of macromolecules may be involved and that these differ significantly between genera. A combination of CLSM and Raman spectroscopy distinguished between phenotypes and could be used to identify the key macromolecules involved in cell attachment to surfaces for the specific cases studied.
Global analysis of reptile elevational diversity
Authors: McCain Christy M. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTAim  Latitudinal‐ and regional‐scale studies of reptile diversity suggest a predominant temperature effect, unlike many other vertebrate richness patterns which tend to be highly correlated with both temperature and water variables. Here I examine montane gradients in reptile species richness with separate analyses of snakes and lizards from mountains around the world to assess a predominant temperature effect and three additional theories of diversity, including a temperature–water effect, the species–area effect and the mid‐domain effect (MDE).Location  Twenty‐five elevational gradients of reptile diversity from temperate, tropical and desert mountains in both hemispheres, spanning 10.3° N to 46.1° N.Methods  Elevational gradients in reptile diversity are based on data from the literature. Of the 63 data sets found or compiled, only those with a high, unbiased sampling effort were used in analyses. Twelve predictions and three interactions of diversity theory were tested using nonparametric statistics, linear regressions and multiple regression with the Akaike information criterion (AIC).Results  Reptile richness and, individually, snake and lizard richness on mountains followed four distinct patterns: decreasing, low‐elevation plateaus, low‐elevation plateaus with mid‐elevation peaks, and mid‐elevation peaks. Elevational reptile richness was most strongly correlated with temperature. The temperature effect was mediated by precipitation; reptile richness was more strongly tied to temperature on wet gradients than on arid gradients. Area was a secondary factor of importance, whereas the MDE was not strongly associated with reptile diversity on mountains.Main conclusions  Reptile diversity patterns on mountains did not follow the predicted temperature–water effect, as all diversity patterns were found on both wet and dry mountains. But the influence of precipitation on the temperature effect most likely reflects reptiles' use of radiant heat sources (sunning opportunities) that are more widespread on arid mountains than wet mountains due to lower humidity, sparser vegetation and less cloud cover across low and intermediate elevations.
The range implications of lizard traits in changing environments
Authors: Buckley Lauren B. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTAim  Most predictions of species ranges are based on correlating current species localities to environmental conditions. These correlative models do not explicitly include a species' biology. In contrast, some mechanistic models link traits to energetics and population dynamics to predict species distributions. These models enable one to ask whether considering a species' biology is important for predicting its range. I implement mechanistic models to investigate how a species' morphology, physiology and life history influence its range.Location  North America.Methods  I compare the mechanistic model predictions with those of correlative models for eight species of North American lizards in both current environments and following a uniform 3 °C temperature warming. I then examine the implications of superimposing habitat and elevation requirements on constraints associated with environmental tolerances.Results  In the mechanistic model, species with a narrower thermal range for activity are both predicted and observed to have more restricted distributions. Incorporating constraints on habitat and elevation further restricts species distributions beyond areas that are thermally suitable. While correlative models generally outperform mechanistic models at predicting current distributions, the performance of mechanistic models improves when incorporating additional factors. In response to a 3 °C temperature warming, the northward range shifts predicted by the mechanistic model vary between species according to trait differences and are of a greater extent than those predicted by correlative models.Main conclusions  These findings highlight the importance of species traits for understanding the dynamics of species ranges in changing environments. The analysis demonstrates that mechanistic models may provide an important complement to correlative models for predicting range dynamics, which may underpredict climate‐induced range shifts.
Functional homogenization of bird communities along habitat gradients: accounting for niche multidimensionality
Authors: Clavero Miguel , Brotons Lluís 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTAim  To test whether functional homogenization of bird communities is promoted by anthropogenic landscape transformation, using specialization and habitat preference indices that account for the multidimensionality of niches.Location  Catalonia, north‐east Iberian Peninsula.Methods  We used data on bird species occurrences and landscape features in 2834 1‐km2 squares. Three orthogonal landscape gradients, which were taken as niche dimensions, were defined by means of principal components analysis (PCA). Specialization and habitat preference indices were created for 103 terrestrial bird species on the basis of their frequency of occurrence variation along the landscape gradients. These indices, together with species rarity, were then averaged for bird communities. We then analysed the patterns of variation of communities’ mean specialization, mean rarity and mean habitat preference values along a gradient of agricultural–forest habitat mosaics.Results  Wherever we found a significant variation in the degree of specialization along the agricultural–forest gradient, agricultural habitats held more specialized bird communities than did forest ones and bore, on average, rarer species. Thus, results contradicted our initial hypothesis that humanized areas would bear more functionally homogenized bird communities. Higher α‐diversity values tended to be associated with generalist communities and with those having rarer species.Main conclusions  Estimations of bird community specialization for different niche dimensions can behave differently along certain landscape gradients, and some of these differences can be explained by the variation of mean habitat preferences. Thus, we argue that a multidimensional approach to assess average niche breadth of communities can be more informative than a unidimensional measure. Our results suggest that widespread land abandonment and current secondary forest expansion throughout the Mediterranean area are promoting functional homogenization of bird communities. It would be desirable to construct larger‐scale indicators of functional homogenization in order to monitor communities’ responses to widespread landscape changes.
Biogeography of the Amazon molly: ecological niche and range limits of an asexual hybrid species
Authors: Costa Gabriel C. , Schlupp Ingo 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTAim  To understand the relative contributions of environmental factors, dispersal limitations and the presence of sperm donors in determining the distribution of the Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa), a sperm‐dependent unisexual fish species of hybrid origin. To explore niche similarities and/or differences between the hybrid and parental species. To evaluate whether large‐scale abiotic factors can explain a successful introduction of both P. formosa and Poecilia latipinna.Location  South‐east United States, Mexico and Central America.Methods  We used abiotic variables in ecological niche modelling (ENM) to identify regions with suitable conditions for the presence of the Amazon molly and its two parental species (P. latipinna and Poecilia mexicana). We also used a recently developed metric to calculate the degree of niche overlap between the hybrid and its parental species.Results  ENM produced highly significant models [all area under the curve (AUC) > 0.99 for the three species]. Annual mean temperature and minimum temperature of the coldest month were the variables that best explained the distribution of the Amazon molly. With the exception of south Florida, few areas beyond the known distribution of the species were predicted to have suitable environmental conditions. The hybrid species niche overlaps partially with the parental species. However, given the available data, it is neither more similar nor more different than expected by chance.Main conclusions  Two different processes are acting to limit the distribution of P. formosa. At the northern limit, although a sperm donor species is present further north, suitable environmental conditions are absent from nearby locations. At the southern limit, a sperm donor species is present and areas with good environmental conditions are present at nearby locations, suggesting that dispersal ability is the limiting factor. We found that the hybrid species overlaps in a similar way with both parental species while still having its own niche identity. This result may be explained by the fact that hybrid species inherit characteristics of two ecologically divergent species, which can result in intermediate or even transgressive phenotypes. These results support recent work on the role of hybridization in diversification.
The potential of asset‐based development strategies for poverty alleviation in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Ssewamala Fred M. , Sperber Elizabeth , Zimmerman Jamie M. , Karimli Leyla 
Published: April 2010

Ssewamala FM, Sperber, ES, Zimmerman JM, Karimli L. The potential of asset‐based development strategies for poverty alleviation in Sub‐Saharan AfricaInt J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 433–443 © 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare.This article explores the potential of a relatively new approach to social development as a poverty alleviation strategy in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA): asset‐based development, an integrated approach to human, social, and economic capital formation. It considers the theoretical framework guiding asset‐based development and the accompanying set of programmatic and policy‐level tools for poverty alleviation in SSA. After considering the recent historical and theoretical contexts of the approach, the authors examine the potential of asset‐based development programs, specifically savings‐led microfinance programs for the poor, to engender development and, more specifically, poverty alleviation in the region. Major challenges and directions for future research are presented.
Hurting No‐One Else’s Body but Your Own: People with Intellectual Disability Who Self Injure in a Forensic Service
Authors: Duperouzel Helen , Fish Rebecca 
Published: April 2010

Background  This paper details the experiences of nine people with mild/moderate intellectual disability who self injure; looking beyond the clinical presentations in an attempt to capture the perceptions these people have of their care in a medium secure unit.Methods  A phenomenological approach was used, and during in‐depth interviews, the participants gave rich descriptions of their experiences of self‐injury.Results  The analysis of the interviews revealed four main themes; coping strategies, staff and the organizational response – therapeutic communication, close observation and looking to the future. As a coping strategy, self‐injury was seen as an effective means of reducing distress – there were unique and common reasons for this distress. Common themes relating to the actions and reactions of health professionals and the organizational response were evident within all accounts.Conclusions  The theoretical and clinical implications for service users are discussed.
APOE is not Associated with Alzheimer Disease: a Cautionary tale of Genotype Imputation
Authors: Beecham Gary W. , Martin Eden R. , Gilbert John R. , Haines Jonathan L. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWith the advent of publicly available genome‐wide genotyping data, the use of genotype imputation methods is becoming increasingly common. These methods are of particular use in joint analyses, where data from different genotyping platforms are imputed to a reference set and combined in a single analysis. We show here that such an analysis can miss strong genetic association signals, such as that of the apolipoprotein‐e gene in late‐onset Alzheimer disease. This can occur in regions of weak to moderate LD; unobserved SNPs are not imputed with confidence so there is no consensus SNP set on which to perform association tests. Both IMPUTE and Mach software are tested, with similar results. Additionally, we show that a meta‐analysis that properly accounts for the genotype uncertainty can recover association signals that were lost under a joint analysis. This shows that joint analyses of imputed genotypes, particularly failure to replicate strong signals, should be considered critically and examined on a case‐by‐case basis.
Efficient Calculation of P‐value and Power for Quadratic Form Statistics in Multilocus Association Testing
Authors: Tong Liping , Yang Jie , Cooper Richard S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWe address the asymptotic and approximate distributions of a large class of test statistics with quadratic forms used in association studies. The statistics of interest take the general form D=XTA X, where A is a general similarity matrix which may or may not be positive semi‐definite, and X follows the multivariate normal distribution with mean μ and variance matrix Σ, where Σ may or may not be singular. We show that D can be written as a linear combination of independent χ2 random variables with a shift. Furthermore, its distribution can be approximated by a χ2 or the difference of two χ2 distributions. In the setting of association testing, our methods are especially useful in two situations. First, when the required significance level is much smaller than 0.05 such as in a genome scan, the estimation of p‐values using permutation procedures can be challenging. Second, when an EM algorithm is required to infer haplotype frequencies from un‐phased genotype data, the computation can be intensive for a permutation procedure. In either situation, an efficient and accurate estimation procedure would be useful. Our method can be applied to any quadratic form statistic and therefore should be of general interest.