bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The complexity of learning SUBSEQ(A)
Authors: Fenner Stephen , Gasarch William , Postow Brian 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHigman essentially showed that ifA is anylanguage then SUBSEQ(A) is regular, where SUBSEQ(A) is the language of all subsequences of strings inA. Lets1,s2,s3,… be the standard lexico-graphic enumeration of all strings over some finite alphabet. We consider the following inductive inference problem:A(s1),A(s2),A(s3),…, learn, in the limit, a DFA for SUBSEQ(A). We consider this model of learning and the variants of it that are usually studied in Inductive Inference: anomalies, mind-changes, teams, and combinations thereof.This paper is a significant revision and expansion of an earlier conference version [10].
Combined Maximality Principles up to large cardinals
Authors: Fuchs Gunter 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe motivation for this paper is the following: In [4] I showed that it is inconsistent with ZFC that the Maximality Principle for directed closed forcings holds at unboundedly many regular cardinals κ (even only allowing κ itself as a parameter in the Maximality Principle for <κ-closed forcings each time). So the question is whether it is consistent to have this principle at unboundedly many regular cardinals or at every regular cardinal below some large cardinal κ (instead of ∞), and if so, how strong it is. It turns out that it is consistent in many cases, but the consistency strength is quite high.
Intrinsic bounds on complexity and definability at limit levels
Authors: Chisholm John , Fokina Ekaterina B. , Goncharov Sergey S. , Harizanov Valentina S. , Knight Julia F. , Quinn Sara 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe show that for every computable limit ordinal α, there is a computable structure that is categorical, but not relatively categorical (equivalently, it does not have a formally Scott family). We also show that for every computable limit ordinal α, there is a computable structure with an additional relation R that is intrinsically on , but not relatively intrinsically on (equivalently, it is not definable by a computable Σα formula with finitely many parameters). Earlier results in [7], [10], and [8] establish the same facts for computable successor ordinals α.
In Vivo Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Attenuates Diabetes-Enhanced Degradation of GTP Cyclohydrolase I
Authors: Wang Shuangxi , Xu Jian , Song Ping , Viollet Benoit , Zou Ming-Hui 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
The activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been reported to improve endothelial function. However, the targets of AMPK in endothelial cells remain poorly defined. The aim of this study was to test whether AMPK suppresses the degradation of GTP-cyclohydrolase (GTPCH I), a key event in vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Both human umbilical vein endothelial cells and aortas isolated from streptozotocin-injected diabetic mice were assayed for phospho-AMPK (Thr172), GTPCH I, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and endothelial functions.

RESULTS
Oral administration of metformin (300 mg · kg−1 · day−1, 4 weeks) in streptozotocin-injected mice significantly blunted the diabetes-induced reduction of AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172. Metformin treatment also normalized acetylcholine-induced endothelial relaxation and increased the levels of GTPCH I and BH4. The administration of AICAR, an AMPK activator, or adenoviral overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of AMPK abolished the high-glucose–induced (30 mmol/l) reduction of GTPCH I, biopeterins, and BH4 but had no effect on GTPCH I mRNA. Furthermore, AICAR or overexpression of AMPK inhibited the high-glucose–enhanced 26S proteasome activity. Consistently, inhibition of the proteasome by MG132 abolished high-glucose–induced reduction of GTPCH I in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Further, aortas isolated from AMPKα2−/− mice, which exhibited elevated 26S proteasome activity, had reduced levels of GTPCH I and BH4. Finally, either administration of MG132 or supplementation of l-sepiapterin normalized the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortas isolated from AMPKα2−/− mice.

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that AMPK activation normalizes vascular endothelial function by suppressing 26S proteasome-mediated GTPCH I degradation in diabetes.
Effects of osteoarthritis on radiographic measures of laxity and congruence in hip joints of Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Gold Randi M. , Gregor Thomas P. , Huck Jennifer L. , McKelvie Pamela J. , Smith Gail K. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of hip joint osteoarthritis on radiographic measures of hip joint laxity and congruence.
Design—Longitudinal study.
Animals—40 Labrador Retrievers.
Procedures—Dogs were assigned to 2 groups based on radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis. Dogs in the osteoarthritis group were free of osteoarthritis at initial radiographic evaluation (t1) and developed osteoarthritis by a subsequent radiographic evaluation (t2). Dogs in the nonosteoarthritis group had no radiographic osteoarthritis at either evaluation. Hip joint laxity was quantified by use of the distraction index (DI) from a distraction radiographic view and use of the Norberg angle (NA) from a ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographic view. The compression index (CI) from a compression radiographic view was used as a measure of joint congruence (concentricity).
Results—Hip joint laxity (NA or DI) did not change over time in the nonosteoarthritis group. Mean hip joint laxity (NA and DI) for the osteoarthritis group was greater at t1 than for the nonosteoarthritis group. With the onset of osteoarthritis, mean NA decreased significantly and mean CI increased significantly, but mean DI remained unchanged.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—No radiographic evidence for compensatory hip joint tightening associated with osteoarthritis was detected. Hip-extended radiography revealed that hip joints got looser with osteoarthritis and NA decreased. Hip joint laxity (DI) on distraction radiographs was unchanged by the onset of osteoarthritis and remained constant in the osteoarthritis and nonosteoarthritis groups at both evaluations. However, the CI increased with osteoarthritis, as reflected in nonzero indices (incongruence). The CI may be a valid marker for early hip joint osteoarthritis.
Clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical characterization of wart-like lesions on the paw pads of dogs: 24 cases (2000–2007)
Authors: Balara Jason M. , McCarthy Robert J. , Kiupel Matti , Buote Melanie A. , Wise Annabel G. , Maes Roger K. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings for dogs with wart-like lesions involving the paw pads.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—24 dogs (18 Greyhounds and 6 dogs of other breeds).
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, physical examination findings, concurrent disease processes, location of all lesions, and, when available, results of histologic examination of biopsy specimens. Available biopsy specimens (n = 11) were submitted for immunohistochemical staining and a PCR assay to identify viral inclusion bodies.
Results—In Greyhounds, most lesions involved the pads of the third and fourth digits, had a consistent histologic appearance without evidence of inflammation, were negative for papillomavirus, and had an unsatisfactory response to treatment. In other breeds, lesions often involved the pads of non–weight-bearing digits, had histologic evidence of inflammation, were positive for papillomavirus, and responded to surgical treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that wart-like lesions involving the paw pads of Greyhounds were a distinct clinical entity with features resembling porokeratosis plantaris discreta in humans. In Greyhounds, these lesions were not associated with an underlying viral etiology and, therefore, should not be considered plantar warts. Alternative treatments should be investigated because current treatments were generally unsuccessful in Greyhounds. Wart-like lesions of the paw pads in other breeds were often associated with papillomavirus, and surgical excision appeared curative.
Major abdominal evisceration injuries in dogs and cats: 12 cases (1998–2008)
Authors: Gower Sara B. , Weisse Chick W. , Brown Dorothy C. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To describe the clinical characteristics, treatment, complications, and outcome of dogs and cats treated surgically for major abdominal evisceration.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—8 dogs and 4 cats.
Procedures—Medical records from January 1998 through March 2008 were reviewed to identify animals that underwent surgery for major abdominal evisceration. Data regarding cause of evisceration, signalment, physiologic variables, and hematologic variables were collected. Details of treatment, duration of hospitalization, and outcome were recorded. Linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association of signalment, physiologic variables, and hematologic variables on the number of days of hospitalization.
Results—Major abdominal evisceration was secondary to a traumatic event in 4 animals and to postsurgical dehiscence in 8 animals. All animals had evisceration of the intestines and gross contamination with dirt, leaves, or litter. Two animals eviscerated the spleen, and 1 animal had a perforated colon and was leaking feces into the peritoneal cavity. All animals underwent exploratory abdominal surgery. Surgical procedures performed included resection of compromised intestine, body wall repair, diaphragmatic hernia repair, nephrectomy, splenectomy, and primary colonic repair. All animals survived to discharge from the hospital. Median duration of hospitalization was 4 days (range, 1 to 7 days). Factors associated with an increase in duration of hospitalization included evisceration secondary to trauma, high lactate concentration at time of admission, and small body size.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Despite the dramatic appearance of major abdominal evisceration in cats and dogs, prompt and aggressive medical and surgical intervention can provide a favorable outcome.
Increase in diameters of vasospastic intracranial arteries by intraarterial papaverine administration
Authors: Milburn James M. , Moran Christopher J. , Cross DeWitte T. , Diringer Michael N. , Pilgram Thomas K. , Dacey Ralph G. 
Published: June 2009

Object. This study was conducted to determine if there is a change in intracranial arterial diameters after papaverine infusion for vasospasm and to determine whether the change occurs in proximal, intermediate, and distal arteries.
Methods. The authors measured arterial diameters retrospectively in all patients who received intraarterial papaverine for treatment of vasospasm between November 1992 and August 1995. Patients who received papaverine in the same session with or following angioplasty were excluded. Measurements were made in a blinded manner with the aid of a magnification loupe at 12 predetermined sites on each angiogram before and after papaverine infusion. Eighty-one treatments in 34 patients were included. Angiograms obtained at the time of presentation with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were examined in 26 of the 34 patients. Nine carotid territories visualized by repeated angiography on the day after infusion were examined to determine the duration of the papaverine effect.
Conclusions. In all treatment groups an increase was found in the average arterial diameters ranging from 2.8 to 73.9%, with a mean increase of 26.5%. Increases in diameter were observed in proximal, intermediate, and distal arteries. The timing of treatments ranged from Day 3 to Day 19 post-SAH, and there was no relationship between timing and arterial responsiveness (r = −0.06). There was a moderately good correlation between the degree of vasospasm in an artery and its responsiveness to papaverine (r = −0.54, −0.66, and −0.66, for proximal, intermediate, and distal arteries, respectively). The effect of papaverine did not persist until the following day in patients in whom repeated angiography was performed.
Formation of intracerebral cavernous malformations after brain radiation treatment for central nervous system neoplasia in children
Authors: Larson Jeffrey J. , Ball William S. , Bove Kevin E. , Crone Kerry R. , Tew John M. 
Published: June 2009

Object. Radiation is a common treatment modality for pediatric brain tumors. The authors present a retrospective review of six children who developed cerebral cavernous malformations after they underwent radiation treatment for central nervous system (CNS) neoplasia and propose two possible models to explain the formation of cavernous malformations.
Methods. Three boys, aged 13, 9, and 17 years, suffered intracerebral hemorrhages from cerebral cavernous malformations 87, 94, and 120 months, respectively, after they received whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) for acute lymphocytic leukemia. A 10-year-old girl and a 19-year-old man developed temporal lobe cavernous malformations 46 and 48 months, respectively, after they received radiation therapy for posterior fossa astrocytomas. A 12-year-old girl developed a temporal lobe cavernous malformation 45 months after WBRT was administered for a medulloblastoma. In all of these cases the cavernous malformation appeared in the irradiated field, was not known to be present prior to radiation therapy, and developed after a latency period following treatment. The incidence of cavernous malformations in these patients suggests that children who undergo radiation therapy of the brain may have an increased risk of hemorrhage.
Conclusions. Two possible models may explain the formation of cavernous malformations following brain radiation in these patients. First, the cavernous malformations may form de novo in response to the radiation. Second, the cavernous malformations may have been present, but radiographically occult, at the time of radiation therapy and may have hemorrhaged in response to the radiation. The authors conclude that cavernous malformations may develop after brain radiation and propose a possible mechanism for this formation.
Cell type—specific development of rodent central nervous system progenitor cells in culture
Authors: Meltzer Hal , Hatton James D. , U Hoi Sang 
Published: June 2009

Object. The aim of the study was to assess the pluripotential central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells that give rise to the many differentiated neuronal and glial cell types of the adult mammalian brain and the role of peptide growth factors such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The action of these factors is crucial to the survival and ultimate differentiation of these CNS progenitor cells. However, the precise role of EGF and bFGF in the time course of cellular development, the acquisition of cell type specificity, and possible differential mitogenic behavior has not been clearly defined.
Methods. The authors defined the time course of CNS progenitor cell development in cultured embryonic rodent cells by using immunocytochemical analysis to identify the expression of pluripotential (nestin)-, neuron (microtubuleassociated protein-2 [MAP-2])-, and glia (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP])-specific proteins in response to treatment with EGF and bFGF alone or in combination. The bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) labeling index for each treatment group was used to define the mitogenic effects of each growth factor. In this investigation, the authors observed that progenitor cells develop in a stereotypical fashion when exposed to bFGF or EGF. Marked staining for nestin was evident soon after plating. This declined over time as staining for MAP-2 and GFAP increased. When treated with EGF alone, cells maintained their nestin immunoreactivity longer than those treated with bFGF alone or in combination with EGF. Treatment with bFGF alone promoted a significant increase in MAP-2 and, to a much lesser extent, GFAP reactivity. This was observed concomitant with the decline in nestin staining. The BUdR labeling index was similar among the different treatment groups and declined similarly over time in all treatment groups.
Conclusions. The effects of EGF and/or bFGF on the expression of development- and lineage-specific markers likely reflect the specific effects of these factors on developmental processes. These data indicate that bFGF exerts a preferential effect on neuronal development and, to a lesser extent, glial development, which is not explained by selective mitogenicity. The persistence of nestin staining seen in the cells treated with EGF alone indicates that EGF may function as a stem cell survival factor. This study provides evidence that CNS cell type—specific development can be altered by the manipulation of peptide growth factors that act as differentiation agents.
Treatment of high-grade spinal cord astrocytoma of childhood with “8-in-1” chemotherapy and radiotherapy: a pilot study of CCG-945
Authors: Allen Jeffrey C. , Aviner Shraga , Yates Allan J. , Boyett James M. , Cherlow Joel M. , Turski Patrick A. , Epstein Fred , Finlay Jonathan L. , _ _ 
Published: June 2009

Object. The purpose of this study was to devise an improved method of treating high-grade gliomas of the spinal cord in children who have a dismal prognosis following conventional treatment.
Methods. Eighteen children with newly diagnosed high-grade astrocytomas arising in the spinal cord were enrolled in the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) protocol 945. Following surgery, they were all assigned to receive two cycles of “8-drugs-in-1-day” (8-in-1) chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy and eight additional cycles thereafter. A centralized neuropathology review was used to confirm the diagnosis of high-grade astrocytoma in 13 of the 18 children: anaplastic astrocytoma (eight patients), glioblastoma multiforme (four patients), and mixed malignant glioma (one patient). Diagnoses were discordant in five patients. There were eight boys and five girls in the group with confirmed diagnoses, with a median age of 7 years (range 1–15 years). The extent of resection was confirmed by computerized tomography or magnetic resonance (MR) evaluation in five of 13 patients. There were six gross-total or near-total resections (> 90%), four partial or subtotal resections (10–90%), and three biopsies. Six patients showed evidence of leptomeningeal metastases at diagnosis based on staging MR examinations. Eight of the 13 patients completed at least eight of the prescribed 10 cycles of chemotherapy; five received craniospinal radiotherapy and five spinal radiotherapy.
Conclusions. The 5-year progression-free and total survival rates for the 13 children were 46 ± 14% and 54 ± 14%, respectively. Seven patients suffered a relapse at the primary site, four of whom also had leptomeningeal metastases. Seven of the 13 patients (54%) remain alive at the time of this report at a median of 76 months (range 51–93 months) from study entry. Six patients died between 8 and 38 months after diagnosis, all with active disease. Intensification of therapy may further improve outcome in this high-risk population.
Follow-up results of using microvascular decompression for treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Authors: Kondo Akinori 
Published: June 2009

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is an uncommon disorder that is characterized by a severe lancinating pain commonly induced by swallowing. There has been some debate among various authors as to which surgical procedure should be adopted to treat cases of GPN: microvascular decompression (MVD) or partial rhizotomy. The latter necessitates the partial destruction of normal neural structures.
Object. The purpose of this paper is to present follow-up results in patients with GPN who underwent MVD.
Methods. Between 1980 and 1995, 20 patients underwent MVD for GPN. Results were studied to verify the effectiveness of MVD performed in 16 patients before 1991 who participated in follow-up evaluation for more than 5 years postoperatively. The follow-up period ranged from 5 to 16 years (mean ± standard deviation 11.6 ± 2.8 years). The method adopted for MVD was to reposition the offending vessel, such as a troublesome vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery that is commonly ectatic and arteriosclerotic, by lifting the loop of the artery and using glue to affix it to the nearby dura mater of the petrous bone.
Conclusions. Pain was relieved in all cases. Two patients complained of persistent mild hoarseness, causing the inability to speak loudly, and two patients complained of occasional coughing episodes that occurred for a couple of years after the surgery. No other complications were reported and no recurrence of pain was noted during the follow-up period.
This procedure provided satisfactory results by preserving important perforating arteries in this area and by repositioning offending arteries in a safer and surer fashion, thus reducing complications and recurrence of GPN.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine
Authors: Koyanagi Izumi , Iwasaki Yoshinobu , Hida Kazutoshi , Imamura Hiroyuki , Abe Hiroshi 
Published: June 2009

Object. Because of the lack of magnetic resonance (MR) signal from cortical bones, MR imaging is inadequate for diagnosing ossified lesions in the spinal canal. However, MR imaging provides important information on spinal cord morphology and associated soft-tissue abnormality. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of MR imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the cervical spine.
Methods. The authors reviewed MR imaging findings in 42 patients with cervical OPLL who were examined with a superconducting MR imaging system. The types of OPLL reviewed included eight cases of continuous, 21 cases of segmental, and 13 cases of the mixed type. All patients were treated surgically either by anterior (26 cases) or posterior decompression (16 cases).
Conclusions. The T1-weighted images clearly demonstrated the spinal cord deformity caused by OPLL. Associated disc protrusion was found to be present at the maximum compression level in 60% of the patients in this series. The highest incidence of disc protrusion (81%) was found in patients with segmental OPLL. Intramedullary hyperintensity on T2*-weighted imaging was noted in 18 patients (43%). The neurological deficits observed in these 18 patients were significantly more severe than those observed in the other 24 patients. Postoperative MR imaging revealed improvement in the spinal cord deformity, although the intramedullary hyperintensity was still observed in most cases. The present study demonstrates the importance of associated disc protrusion in the development of myelopathy in patients with cervical OPLL. Magnetic resonance imaging findings may be used to help determine the actual levels of spinal cord compression and to suggest the method of surgical treatment.