bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OVINE MODEL OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Rabbani Shahram , Ahmadi Hossein , Fayazzadeh Ehsan , Sahebjam Mohammad , Boroumand Mohammad A. , Sotudeh Maryam , Nassiri Seyed Mahdi 
Published: August 2010

Background:  We report experimental myocardial infarction by occluding coronary arteries in ovine models.Methods:  Twelve ewes were included in the study. After the chest was opened by left lateral thoracotomy incision, the second diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated at a point approximately 40% distant from its base. Prophylactic anti‐arrhythmics were given. Animals were mechanically ventilated during surgery and stayed in intensive care unit for 24 h postoperation. Experiments were then evaluated by echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, haemodynamic, serological and morphological investigations. Echocardiographic measurements were repeated after 2 months and animals were then killed for post‐mortem cardiac examinations.Results:  All animals survived the surgical procedure. Cyanotic discoloration and hypokinesia in the cardiac tissue in an area of (30 ± 2) × (4 ± 2) mm plus ST‐segment elevations was detected immediately after vessel ligation. Moreover, there were pathological Q‐waves 2 months later. Echocardiographic evaluations showed an average of 30% relative decrease in cardiac ejection fraction. Wall motion analysis showed anteroseptal hypokinesia and akinesia in all animals 1 day and 2 months after operation, respectively. Thin‐walled infarcted areas with tissue fibrosis were evident in pathological investigations 2 months after surgery.Conclusion:  In conclusion, we developed a practical and safe method for producing myocardial infarction in large animal models.
RISK FACTORS FOR TYPE II ENDOLEAKS AFTER ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS
Authors: Warrier Ranjana , Miller Robert , Bond Rick , Robertson Ian K. , Hewitt Peter , Scott Alan 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Endovascular repair has been shown to be superior to open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in terms of aneurysm‐related survival. However, endovascular repair has its own unique complications such as endoleak. Type II endoleaks may be associated with aortic rupture. We attempt to identify patient variables associated with the development of endoleaks and hence facilitate their early identification.Methods:  Endovascular repair was carried out for non‐ruptured, infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. Patients underwent preoperative computed tomography and angiography and were followed up with computed tomography and/or ultrasound scan at 1, 3 and 6 months and yearly thereafter. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify any patient factors associated with the risk for developing an endoleak.Results:  One hundred and one patients were included in the study (12 female : 89 male). Age 59–93 years. Mean follow up was 20.2 months. Type II endoleaks developed in 26 (25.7%) patients. Fifteen cases resolved during follow up, three of which required secondary intervention. Nine cases persist. No aneurysms ruptured. The presence of patent inferior mesenteric artery (P < 0.001) and sac enlargement (P = 0.001) were associated with development of endoleak as was diabetes in a multivariate model (P = 0.005). History of smoking (P = 0.01) was a protective factor. The presence of four or more lumbar arteries (P = 0.55) was not associated with increased risk.Conclusions:  It is possible to identify individual patient risk factors associated with risk for developing type II endoleaks and it may be possible to modify screening practice as a result. The association between patent inferior mesenteric artery preoperatively and endoleak is further confirmed. Spontaneous sealing of endoleaks is common and rupture is rare. Early intervention is not mandatory.
COMPARISON BETWEEN TONSILLECTOMY WITH THERMAL WELDING AND THE CONVENTIONAL ‘COLD’ TONSILLECTOMY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Sezen Ozan S. , Kaytanci Hande , Kubilay Utku , Coskuner Temel , ÜNver ŞEref 
Published: August 2010

Background:  The aim of this study was the evaluation of length of the procedure, anaesthesia, the amount of the intraoperative fluid required, total blood loss and postoperative pain of the ‘thermal welding system tonsillectomy (TWS)’ compared with the conventional ‘cold dissection tonsillectomy’.Methods:  Fifty patients aged between 3 and 28 years were included in this prospective controlled study. Extracapsular tonsillectomy with TWS was carried out on 25 patients and conventional ‘cold’ extracapsular dissection complete tonsillectomy was carried out on the other 25 patients. Haemostasis was achieved with packing and 3/0 chromic catgut suture is used to treat the persistently bleeding sites in the ‘cold’ tonsillectomy group. Intraoperatively, the duration of the procedure, anaesthesia, the amount of the required intraoperative fluid, the total blood loss and the number of sutures were documented for each patient. In the hospital, the postoperative amount of intravenous fluids, oral intake (timing of onset and amount), the duration and the total dose of analgesics were recorded. Daily assessment included the type of diet, the level of appetite, the total number of analgesics, the presence of fever, the time required to return to normal activity and the pain score (twice daily). Pain was measured by means of Faces Pain Scale and Visual Analogue Scale.Results:  There was a statistically and clinically significant difference in the operating time in the intraoperative blood loss in favour of the conventional tonsillectomy group (P > 0.05). Although there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for the postoperative evening pain scores (P > 0.05), there was a statistically significant difference for the morning pain scores (P < 0.05) in the first 2 days postoperatively (P > 0.05) and in the level of appetite in the first postoperative day (P > 0.05). The other outcome measures did not show any statistically significant difference.Conclusion:  When we compared TWS with the conventional ‘cold’ dissection tonsillectomy, we found that TWS tonsillectomy offered an innovative new tonsillectomy method with significantly reduced blood loss and reduced surgical time and without any increase in the postoperative pain. It was a useful method for tonsillectomy.
Comparison of equipment management and cleaning protocols for rigid sigmoidoscopy
Authors: Simpson Paul J. B. , McMurrick Paul J. , Polglase Adrian L. , Koh Cherry E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground:  To provide outcome data relating to cleaning of rigid sigmoidoscopy equipment comparing commonly used techniques, allowing a framework for general guidelines for use in clinical practice.Methods:  A total of 104 rigid sigmoidoscopies were performed in the rooms of two colorectal surgeons using standard techniques. A three‐way randomization was performed adopting the following variables: enzymatic washing versus steam sterilization of the light head, disposable versus reusable bellows and use with versus without an air filter. Aerosol from each system was collected on agar plates, and review of colony count numbers was performed.Results:  Gross faecal contamination of the rigid sigmoidoscope light head did not occur during any of the procedures. One plate grew a single‐gram negative colony; all other contaminated plates showed environmental flora only. Reusable bellows in combination with an air filter showed lower mean colony counts (environmental flora) from the pre‐procedure cultures as well as from the bellows' cultures.Conclusion:  Enteric flora in this study was rarely aerosolized, and the use of an air filter may decrease this likelihood even further. There is no advantage in using disposable insufflation bellows when compared with the reusable type, allowing considerable cost saving. Washing the light head between procedures with enzymatic solution is a safe cheap and effective method of decontamination.
Injury induced c‐Jun expression and phosphorylation in the dopaminergic nigral neurons of the rat: correlation with neuronal death and modulation by glial‐cell‐line‐derived neurotrophic factor
Authors: Vaudano Elisabetta , Rosenblad Carl , Björklund Anders 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study was designed to determine whether induction and phosphorylation of the transcription factor c‐Jun is associated with lesion‐induced death of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, and if this cellular response is modulated by glial‐cell‐line‐derived neurotrophic factor. In adult rats, delayed dopaminergic neuron cell death induced by intrastriatal 6‐hydroxydopamine injection led to a marked increase in the number of both c‐Jun‐ and phosphorylated c‐Jun‐immunoreactive nuclei in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The response was maximal before any significant loss of nigral neurons could be detected (on day 7 post lesion) and was confined to the dopaminergic neurons. Similarly, 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion of the striatal dopaminergic terminals or excitotoxic lesion of the striatal target neurons in neonatal rats resulted in an increased number of c‐Jun‐ and phosphorylated c‐Jun‐immunoreactive nigral nuclei that preceded the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. By contrast, after an excitotoxic lesion of the striatal target neurons in the adult rat, resulting in atrophy but not cell death of the nigral dopaminergic neurons, no upregulation of either c‐Jun or phosphorylated c‐Jun was found. A single injection of 10 µg of glial‐cell‐line‐derived‐neurotrophic factor given at day 3 after the intrastriatal 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion reduced the number of c‐Jun‐ and phosphorylated c‐Jun‐immunoreactive nuclei in the substantia nigra and protected the dopaminergic neurons from the ensuing cell death. We conclude that c‐Jun induction and phosphorylation may be involved in the cellular events leading to death of nigral dopaminergic neuronsin vivoand that this response can be modulated by glial‐cell‐line‐derived‐neurotrophic factor.
Heterogeneous distribution of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits at the photoreceptor synapses of rodent retina
Authors: Hack Iris , Frech Moritz , Dick Oliver , Peichl Leo , Brandstätter Johann Helmut 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn the retina the segregation of different aspects of visual information starts at the first synapse in signal transfer from the photoreceptors to the second‐order neurons, via the neurotransmitter glutamate. We examined the distribution of the four AMPA glutamate receptor subunits GluR1–GluR4 at the photoreceptor synapses in mouse and rat retinae by light and immunoelectron microscopy and serial section reconstructions. On the dendrites of OFF‐cone bipolar cells, which make flat, noninvaginating contacts postsynaptic at cone synaptic terminals, the subunits GluR1 and GluR2 were predominantly found. Horizontal cell processes postsynaptic at both rod and cone synaptic terminals preferentially expressed the subunits GluR2, GluR2/3 and GluR4. An intriguing finding was the presence of GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits on dendrites of putative rod bipolar cells, which are thought to signal through the sign‐inverting metabotropic glutamate receptor 6, mGluR6. Furthermore, at the rod terminals, horizontal cell processes and rod bipolar cell dendrites showed labelling for the AMPA receptor subunits at the ribbon synaptic site or perisynaptically at their site of invagination into the rod terminal. The wide distribution of AMPA receptor subunits at the photoreceptor synapses suggests that AMPA receptors play an important role in visual signal transfer from the photoreceptors to their postsynaptic partners.
Effect of nicotine on cerebellar granule neuron development
Authors: Opanashuk Lisa A. , Pauly James R. , Hauser Kurt F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTo assess the role of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR) on neuronal maturation, nAChR expression and the direct effects of nAChR activation were examined in cerebellar external granular layer (EGL) precursors isolatedin vitro. Treatment of EGL neuroblasts with nicotine elicited a concentration‐dependent increase in DNA content and synthesis, implying an increase in cell numbers. Pretreatment of cultures with the nAChR antagonist dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DHBE) attenuated nicotine‐induced changes in DNA abundance and synthesis. Furthermore, chronic nicotine treatment for 4–7 days promoted EGL cell survival. Epibatidine but not cytisine stimulated granule neuroblast DNA synthesis and survival. Survival effects mediated by nicotine and epibatidine were attenuated by pretreating cultures with DHBE. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that EGL neurons possessed α3, but not α4, nAChR immunoreactivity. Quantitative autoradiography was used to determine which nAChRs are present during the period of granule cell neurogenesisin vivo. On postnatal day 5, the EGL was intensely labelled by [3H]‐epibatidine but virtually devoid of [3H]‐A85380 binding, suggesting that a high concentration of α3 AChRs is present in granule neuroblasts. The pharmacology of [3H]‐epibatidine displacement from EGL neurons also suggested an interaction with the α3‐nAChR subunits. Together these data provide novel evidence that the activation of nAChRs directly affect the development of primary cerebellar neuroblasts and further suggest that the effects are mediated through the α3‐nAChR subtype.
Visual interhemispheric transfer to areas 17 and 18 in cats with convergent strabismus
Authors: Milleret Chantal , Houzel Jean‐Christophe 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCommissural connections between primary visual cortical maps of the two hemispheres are essential to unify the split representation of the visual field. In normal adult cats, callosal connections are essentially restricted to the border between areas A17 and A18, where the central vertical meridian is projected. In contrast, early convergent strabismus leads to an expanded callosal‐receiving zone, as repeatedly indicated by anatomical experiments. We investigated here the functional correlates of this widespread distribution of callosal terminals by analysing transcallosal visual responses in five anaesthetized and paralysed 4–10‐month‐old cats whose right eye had been surgically deviated on postnatal day 6. After acute section of the optic chiasm, single‐unit activity was recorded from A17 and A18 of the right hemisphere while the left eye was visually stimulated. A total of 108/406 units were transcallosally activated. While they were more frequent at the 17/18 border (46% of the units recorded within this region), numerous transcallosally activated units were located throughout A17 (16%), A18 (27%) or within the white matter (17%). In all regions, transcallosally driven units displayed functional deficits usually associated with strabismus, such as decreased binocularity and ability to respond to fast‐moving stimuli, and increased receptive field size. Many units also displayed reduced orientation selectivity and increased position disparity. In addition, transcallosal receptive fields were manifestly located within the hemifield ipsilateral to the explored cortex, with almost no contact with the central vertical meridian. Comparison with data from normal adults revealed that strabismus induced a considerable expansion of the callosal receiving zone, both in terms of the cortical region and of the extent of the visual field involved in interhemispheric transfer, with implications in the integration of visual information across the hemispheres.
Lack of dependence and rewarding effects of deltorphin II in mu‐opioid receptor‐deficient mice
Authors: Hutcheson Daniel M. , Matthes Hans W. D. , Valjent Emmanuel , Sánchez‐Blázquez Pilar , Rodríguez‐Díaz Marta , Garzón Javier , Kieffer Brigitte L. , Maldonado Rafael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe have previously shown that the antinociceptive effects produced by the delta opioid‐selective agonist deltorphin II are preserved in mu‐opioid receptor (MOR)‐deficient mice. We have now investigated rewarding effects and physical dependence produced by deltorphin II in these animals. Wild‐type and MOR‐deficient mice were implanted with a cannula into the third ventricle and deltorphin II was administered centrally. The rewarding effects induced by deltorphin II were then investigated using the place preference paradigm. Wild‐type mice showed place preference for the compartment previously associated with deltorphin II and this effect was not observed in MOR‐deficient mice. In a second experiment, mice received a chronic perfusion of deltorphin II over 6 days, via an Alzet minipump connected to the intraventricular cannula, and withdrawal was precipitated by naloxone administration. Wild‐type animals showed a moderate but significant incidence of several somatic signs of withdrawal. This withdrawal response was suppressed in MOR‐deficient mice. Analysis of the immunoreactivity levels of PKC‐alpha, PKC‐beta (I and II) and PKC‐gamma isozymes in the cerebral cortex of mice infused chronically with deltorphin II showed a significant up‐regulation of all these isozymes in the soluble fraction in wild‐type but not in MOR‐deficient mice. In conclusion, mu‐opioid receptors, which are not involved in deltorphin II antinociception, appear to mediate the effects of chronic deltorphin II on rewarding responses, physical dependence and adaptive changes to PKC.
Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and GAD65 mRNA in mesostriatal neurons
Authors: González‐Hernández Tomás , Barroso‐Chinea Pedro , Acevedo Abraham , Salido Eduardo , Rodríguez Manuel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough dopamine has been considered as the only neurotransmitter in the nigrostriatal pathway, studies carried out in the last two decades have suggested the existence of a nondopaminergic nigrostriatal projection, and more recently, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been identified as its neurotransmitter. In this study, we used the combination of immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; a marker of dopaminergic neurons),in situhybridization (ISH) for two different isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67, the rate‐limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis) and retrograde tracing techniques to investigate the possible existence of nigrostriatal neurons containing both neurotransmitters (dopamine and GABA) in the rat. Our results revealed that approximately 10% of mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons, most of them lying in the medial region of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and neighbouring A10 region, contain GAD65 mRNA. These findings reveal a third nigrostriatal pathway formed by dopaminergic/GABAergic neurons. Contrasting with the idea that in the basal ganglia, dopamine and GABA are released from different cell populations, the results suggest a more complex dopamine/GABA interaction than previously assumed, probably including cotransmission.
Developmental pharmacology of tramadol during infancy: ontogeny, pharmacogenetics and elimination clearance
Authors: Allegaert Karel , Rochette Alain , Veyckemans Francis 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAims and objectives:  To illustrate the complex interaction between ontogeny, i.e., age‐dependent maturation, genetic polymorphisms and renal elimination clearance during infancy, based on developmental disposition of intravenous tramadol during infancy.Background:  Tramadol (M) is metabolized by O‐demethylation (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 2D6) to the pharmacodynamic active metabolite O‐demethyl tramadol (M1). This metabolite is subsequently eliminated by renal route while M1 formation will in part depend on ontogeny, i.e., age‐dependent activity and CYP2D6 polymorphisms. However, these pathways do not mature simultaneously.Methods:  A pooled pharmacokinetic analysis of earlier reported time–concentration profiles in neonates and infants was performed with subsequent simulation of the impact of ontogeny, polymorphisms and renal elimination clearance during infancy.Results:  Tramadol plasma time–concentration profile changes with postmenstrual age. The highest metabolite concentrations occur in the 52‐week infant, where M1 formation clearance (hepatic, CYP2D6) is already mature but metabolite elimination clearance (through glomerular filtration rate) is immature.Discussion:  The phenotypic observations might in part explain unanticipated (side‐)effects of tramadol. In addition to the compound‐specific clinical implications, it is important to stress that the maturational trends in the elimination processes described can be considered for other compounds (e.g., codeine) that undergo similar elimination routes.
SOLITARY CROSSED ECTOPIC KIDNEY
Authors: MAGRI J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA case of crossed ectopia of a solitary kidney is described. Some diagnostic and embryological aspects of the anomaly are discussed.I am grateful to Mr Harland Rees for permission to report this case and for his helpful criticisms. I am also indebted to Miss F. Wadsworth for the drawings and to Mr R. Bartholomew for the photographs.
PRIMARY TUMOURS OF THE URETER
Authors: MACDOUGALL J. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYTwenty patients with primary tumours of the ureter are recorded. Difficulties in diagnosis and the importance of ureterograms are discussed. The poor prognosis of malignant tumours is confirmed.I should like to thank Mr R. H. O. B. Robinson and Mr T. W. Mimpriss for permission to publish these cases.
BILATERAL “HEREDITARY” POLYCYSTIC DISEASE OF THE KIDNEYS ASSOCIATED WITH BILATERAL TERATODACTYLY OF THE FEET (“Pied en pince de Homard”)1
Authors: CAMERON J. R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Concurrent congenital abnormalities of the kidneys and of the extremities occur, and perhaps more often than at random.
When they occur they may act as readily visible signposts, aiding the urological diagnosis and thereby assisting in therapy.
They are of embryological, teratological, and eugenic interest, and a clinical study of such patients can be of value to those engaged in the rapidly advancing study of genetics.
THE ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE INTACT HUMAN URETER1
Authors: Ross J. A. , Edmond P. , Griffiths J. M. T. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYDirect measurement of pelvic and ureteral activity has been used to observe the effect of atropine and buscopan given intravenously. In the majority of cases both had an appreciable effect but individual variation occurs.The technique employed avoids the pitfalls associated with studies on isolated organs and on other species.Observations must be prolonged or erroneous conclusions may be reached.We are grateful to Sir John Bruce, Regius Professor of Surgery, University of Edinburgh for his interest and support. We also wish to thank Dr D. A. Middleton, Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd., for providing funds for part of the equipment used, Dr J. Straton, Consultant Anæsthetist, for many helpful suggestions, and Mr F. Robbie, Superintendent Radiographer, for the reproduction of the tracings.
RECOVERY OF RENAL FUNCTION AFTER PROLONGED URETERIC OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Earlam R. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYTwo patients are discussed who presented with anuria. The azotremia returned to normal after a unilateral nephrostomy and the patients went home. At a later date (86 and 348 days) the obstruction in the other kidney was relieved and the normal secretion of urine was resumed.The dangers of prolonged ureteric obstruction and the necessity of re‐establishing drainage of urine even at a late stage are discussed in relation to experiments with animals and in clinical practice.I would like to thank the staff of the Regional Urological Centre at Sefton General Hospital, Liverpool, for their help in carrying out the renograms; the Liverpool Radium Institute Isotope Department for assistance in the supply of radioactive hippuran; also Mr E. C. Edwards for permission to publish details about his patient (G. W.). I am especially grateful to Mr Cosbie Ross for assistance in preparing this paper and permission to describe his patient (R. L.).