bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport costs and economic growth in a backward economy: the case of Peru, 1820-1920
Authors: Zegarra Luis Felipe 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper analyses the system of transportation and discusses the effect of geography and transport infrastructure on transport costs and economic growth in Peru during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Using primary and secondary sources, I find that geography imposed difficult transport challenges on Peruvians during this period. There were no navigable rivers in coastal and highland regions, railroads were scarce and most roads were inadequate for wagons, sometimes even for horses and mules. As a result, transport costs were extremely high, which constituted a barrier to trade, reduced gains from specialisation and retarded economic growth. Therefore, high transport costs seem to be one important factor in explaining the low income levels of Peru in the early 20th century in spite of the country's large endowments of natural resources.
Citizenship in an Unequal World
Authors: Junn Jane 
Published: September 2011

We inhabit a thoroughly globalized world. People are increasingly and visibly connected by a “World Wide Web,” by a world market, and by universalist discourses of human rights and democracy. At the same time, full citizenship in a political community—and the rights conferred by such citizenship—is an exclusive status that remains, remarkably, tied to accidents of birth and historical circumstance. And what one has a right to—gainful employment, education, health care, political voice, mere presence—is largely a function of whether one has the precious status of citizenship or is, alternatively, regarded as analien.Ayelet Shachar'sThe Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequalityis a compelling account of the moral arbitrariness of this state of affairs. A study in “normative political theory,” it is a work of political science that incorporates legal theory, moral philosophy, political economy, and public policy. The author tackles issues of increasing global political importance—global disparities of wealth; unequal access to clear air, water, and a secure place to live; and the increasingly contentious politics of immigration and immigrant rights.So it seems fitting to invite a range of political science scholars who work on these topics to comment on the book. The basic editorial charge of this symposium is thus straightforward: How do you assess Shachar's arguments and the attention she focuses on the phenomenon of “birthright lottery”? How does this argument bear upon the topics and approaches that characterize your own scholarship? And how do these topics and approaches shed light on the book and its arguments? While the focus of the symposium is this provocative book, the discussion of it should also be regarded as an opportunity to address the question of whether or not the bases of citizenship need to be fundamentally reconceived, and in what ways political science can and should contribute to such a rethinking.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
AIDS – the time for changes in law and policy is now
Authors: Schüklenk Udo , Philpott Sean 
Published: September 2011

AbstractExisting policies on HIV testing were developed decades ago when HIV infection led nearly inevitably to AIDS and death. Since then rapid clinical progress has occurred. HIV infected people with access to life-preserving care and treatment no longer experience an existential threat to their life and wellbeing. HIV infection today, at least in North America and Western Europe, represents a chronic but manageable illness. Moreover, with treatment most infected people are rendered, to all intents and purposes, non-infectious. In this paper, we discuss the ethical, policy and legal implications of the changing clinical picture of HIV/AIDS. In particular, we propose significant changes to existing HIV testing policies as well as to policies pertaining to the criminalisation of infected people's sexual behaviour in North America and Western Europe.
Hydrogen production from inexhaustible supplies of fresh and salt water using microbial reverse-electrodialysis electrolysis cells
Authors: Kim Younggy , Logan Bruce E. 
Published: September 2011

There is a tremendous source of entropic energy available from the salinity difference between river water and seawater, but this energy has yet to be efficiently captured and stored. Here we demonstrate that H
2
can be produced in a single process by capturing the salinity driven energy along with organic matter degradation using exoelectrogenic bacteria. Only five pairs of seawater and river water cells were sandwiched between an anode, containing exoelectrogenic bacteria, and a cathode, forming a microbial reverse-electrodialysis electrolysis cell. Exoelectrogens added an electrical potential from acetate oxidation and reduced the anode overpotential, while the reverse electrodialysis stack contributed 0.5–0.6 V at a salinity ratio (seawater:river water) of 50. The H
2
production rate increased from 0.8 to 1.6 m
3
-H
2
/m
3
-anolyte/day for seawater and river water flow rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 mL/ min. H
2
recovery, the ratio of electrons used for H
2
evolution to electrons released by substrate oxidation, ranged from 72% to 86%. Energy efficiencies, calculated from changes in salinities and the loss of organic matter, were 58% to 64%. By using a relatively small reverse electrodialysis stack (11 membranes), only ∼1% of the produced energy was needed for pumping water. Although Pt was used on the cathode in these tests, additional tests with a nonprecious metal catalyst (MoS
2
) demonstrated H
2
production at a rate of 0.8 m
3
/m
3
/d and an energy efficiency of 51%. These results show that pure H
2
gas can efficiently be produced from virtually limitless supplies of seawater and river water, and biodegradable organic matter.
Excess mortality in Europe following a future Laki-style Icelandic eruption
Authors: Schmidt Anja , Ostro Bart , Carslaw Kenneth S. , Wilson Marjorie , Thordarson Thorvaldur , Mann Graham W. , Simmons Adrian J. 
Published: September 2011

Historical records show that the A.D. 1783–1784 Laki eruption in Iceland caused severe environmental stress and posed a health hazard far beyond the borders of Iceland. Given the reasonable likelihood of such an event recurring, it is important to assess the scale on which a future eruption could impact society. We quantify the potential health effects caused by an increase in air pollution during a future Laki-style eruption using a global aerosol model together with concentration-response functions derived from current epidemiological studies. The concentration of particulate matter with diameters smaller than 2.5 µm is predicted to double across central, western, and northern Europe during the first 3 mo of the eruption. Over land areas of Europe, the current World Health Organization 24-h air quality guideline for particulate matter with diameters smaller than 2.5 µm is exceeded an additional 36 d on average over the course of the eruption. Based on the changes in particulate air pollution, we estimate that approximately 142,000 additional cardiopulmonary fatalities (with a 95% confidence interval of 52,000–228,000) could occur in Europe. In terms of air pollution, such a volcanic eruption would therefore be a severe health hazard, increasing excess mortality in Europe on a scale that likely exceeds excess mortality due to seasonal influenza.
Remote control of regioselectivity in acyl-acyl carrier protein-desaturases
Authors: Guy Jodie E. , Whittle Edward , Moche Martin , Lengqvist Johan , Lindqvist Ylva , Shanklin John 
Published: September 2011

Regiospecific desaturation of long-chain saturated fatty acids has been described as approaching the limits of the discriminatory power of enzymes because the substrate entirely lacks distinguishing features close to the site of dehydrogenation. To identify the elusive mechanism underlying regioselectivity, we have determined two crystal structures of the archetypal Δ9 desaturase from castor in complex with acyl carrier protein (ACP), which show the bound ACP ideally situated to position C9 and C10 of the acyl chain adjacent to the diiron active site for Δ9 desaturation. Analysis of the structures and modeling of the complex between the highly homologous ivy Δ4 desaturase and ACP, identified a residue located at the entrance to the binding cavity, Asp280 in the castor desaturase (Lys275 in the ivy desaturase), which is strictly conserved within Δ9 and Δ4 enzymes but differs between them. We hypothesized that interaction between Lys275 and the phosphate of the pantetheine, seen in the ivy model, is key to positioning C4 and C5 adjacent to the diiron center for Δ4 desaturation. Mutating castor Asp280 to Lys resulted in a major shift from Δ9 to Δ4 desaturation. Thus, interaction between desaturase side-chain 280 and phospho-serine 38 of ACP, approximately 27
Å
from the site of double-bond formation, predisposes ACP binding that favors either Δ9 or Δ4 desaturation via repulsion (acidic side chain) or attraction (positively charged side chain), respectively. Understanding the mechanism underlying remote control of regioselectivity provides the foundation for reengineering desaturase enzymes to create designer chemical feedstocks that would provide alternatives to those currently obtained from petrochemicals.
The “Iranization” of Biblical Heroes in Judeo‐Persian Epics: Shahin's Ardashīr-nāmah and ᶜEzrā-nāmah
Authors: Moreen Vera B. 
Published: September 2011

Judeo-Persian literature is one of the most neglected areas of both Jewish and Iranian studies. Although Judeo-Persian texts—New Persian documents in the Hebrew alphabet—date as far back as the second half of the eighth century and constitute, in fact, the first recorded texts in New Persian, they are still largely unexplored for two major reasons. First, most Judeo- Persian texts are available only in manuscript form, and these manuscripts are located in largely uncatalogued library collections. Second, the study of Judeo- Persian manuscripts requires a thorough knowledge not only of several languages (Persian, Hebrew, and Arabic) but also of Judaism and Islam in their respective religious and secular literatures.Strides have been made in the study of Judeo-Persian texts since the latenineteenth century. Nevertheless, much remains to be done, especially in the realm of editing texts, the first and most important step toward their comprehensive study.
сAbdoIkarim Sorush and the Secularization of Islamic Thought in Iran
Authors: Matin-asgari Afshin 
Published: September 2011

…a necessary prerequisite to democratization of religious government is to make religious thought more flexible by elevating the role of ‘reason’ in it; and that is not individual but collective reason, arising from the participation of all and benefiting from humanity's experiences; and this is possible only through democratic means.The Islamic Republic of Iran is seriously challenged by a secularizing intellectual force from within. It may seem ironic for such a movement to appear in a clerical-dominated regime, initially thought by many to embody the victory of religion and tradition over secularism and modernization. But the Iranian revolution came in the wake of at least a century of exposure to secular ideas and institutions, an experience whose impact continued to be discerned during and after the revolution by observers who could see beyond the rhetoric of Islamism.
Ethnic Identity among Second-Generation Iranians in the United States
Authors: Mahdi Ali Akbar 
Published: September 2011

For Second-Generation Iranians in the Untied States the question of identity is not as easily settled as it is for their parents. Their parents claim they are genuine Iranians because they were born and raised in Iran, they relate to Iranian culture more than to American culture, they were active members of the Iranian society for decades, they might still have immediate family members in Iran, and they still hope to go back there someday. Are second-generation Iranian youths able to make these claims? Do they think of themselves as Iranians? Apart from the fact that some were born in Iran, might still know the Persian language, and are familiar with some aspects of Iranian culture, what else about these young people makes them distinctly Iranian?Sociological studies of immigrants indicate that the first generation's pattern of adaptation is quite different from that of the second and third.'
Social Institutions
Authors: Akhavi Shahrough 
Published: September 2011

According to S. N. Elsenstadt, Institutions are Those Processes and structures, together with the associated set of regulative principles, that arrange human activities in a community “into definite organizational patterns from the point of view of some of the perennial, basic problems of any society or ordered social life.” From this perspective, the social dimension of the concept of social institutions is seen in terms of its “institutional spheres,” which include family and kinship, education, economics, politics, culture, and stratification. To this list may be added those approaches in psychology in which the unit of analysis is the group, community, or society.Because the subject of “Social Institutions” covers such a vast domain, it will be necessary to focus upon only certain entries of the EIr in this domain. However, before proceeding, it is worth noting that some 150 articles in the first seven volumes may be classified under “social institutions,” including the subsections of articles.
Leroi-Gourhan and the Limits of the Human
Authors: Johnson Christopher 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Leroi-Gourhan's investigation of human prehistory in
Le Geste et la parole
questions the boundaries, or limits, that more traditional kinds of humanism have assigned to the human, pushing back the origins of the human to include hominid forms that might previously have been regarded as ‘prehuman’, and widening our definition of the human by considering the diverse ‘externalizations’ of mind and body in different forms of technical behaviour. This article examines the different models of interpretation informing the narrative of human evolution proposed in
Le Geste et la parole
— for example, the pervasive but never explicitly marked concept of equilibrium, and modes of conceptualization (e.g. control, feedback) and technical practice (e.g. electronics) drawn from cybernetics. The article argues that, while Leroi-Gourhan's theory of the technical origins of language is a compelling one, as his exposition moves from the prehistorical
homme fossile
to
l'homme actuel
and finally to the hypothetical
homme du futur
, he appears to delineate another limit to the human: a point in human/technological evolution at which humanity becomes not more but less human than its historical and prehistorical ancestors. The article concludes by asking to what extent Leroi-Gourhan's semi-indictment of modern technology is consistent with the more fundamental philosophy of technology that one finds in his work.
Examination of the correlation between the manual and automated serological testing methods for syphilis
Authors: ONOE Tomohiko , HONDA Mariko , MATSUO Koma , SASAKI Hajime , SAWAMURA Masayuki , ONOE Yasuhiko , IWAMOTO Aikichi , ONODERA Shoichi , KAWANA Takashi , TADA Yuki , NIMURA Michihito , NAKAGAWA Hidemi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe evaluated the correlation between the conventional manual serological testing method for syphilis and a novel automated serological testing method and between six different reagents used in the automated method. Twenty‐six serum samples, which were positive on non‐treponemal manual serological testing, were obtained from 19 patients with early syphilis. The samples were manually analyzed using the non‐treponemal serological test for syphilis kit and automatically analyzed using six different reagents approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan. Statistically significant correlations were observed between most of the reagents used in the automated testing (r = 0.652–0.996, P < 0.001), except for one combination of the reagents. In the simple regression analysis, the slope of the simple regression line (range, 0.014–3.040) and some of the regression coefficients were not equal to 1.0. Therefore, it is recommended that when the automated serological testing method is used to test for syphilis, the same reagent should be consistently selected to evaluate the changes in antibody titers. Statistically significant correlations were also observed between the manual method and all the reagents used in the automated method (r = 0.682–0.811, P < 0.001). In this case, the regression coefficients ranged 0.375–6.270, and the simple regression line intercept ranged −71.926 to 4.184. The regression coefficient and the intercept between the manual method and some of the reagents used in the automated method were not similar to the values described in the documentation attached to the reagents used in this study.
Multilocus sequence analysis and type III effector repertoire mining provide new insights into the evolutionary history and virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae
Authors: HAJRI AHMED , BRIN CHRYSTELLE , ZHAO SHUAI , DAVID PERRINE , FENG JIA‐XUN , KOEBNIK RALF , SZUREK BORIS , VERDIER VALÉRIE , BOUREAU TRISTAN , POUSSIER STEPHANE 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYMultilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and type III effector (T3E) repertoire mining were performed to gain new insights into the genetic relatedness of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), two major bacterial pathogens of rice. Based on a collection of 45 African and Asian strains, we first sequenced and analysed three housekeeping genes by MLSA, Bayesian clustering and a median‐joining network approach. Second, we investigated the distribution of 32 T3E genes, which are known to be major virulence factors of plant pathogenic bacteria, in all selected strains, by polymerase chain reaction and dot‐blot hybridization methods. The diversity observed within housekeeping genes, as well as within T3E repertoires, clearly showed that both pathogens belong to closely related, but distinct, phylogenetic groups. Interestingly, these evolutionary groups are differentiated according to the geographical origin of the strains, suggesting that populations of Xoo and Xoc might be endemic in Africa and Asia, and thus have evolved separately. We further revealed that T3E gene repertoires of both pathogens comprise core and variable gene suites that probably have distinct roles in pathogenicity and different evolutionary histories. In this study, we carried out a functional analysis of xopO, a differential T3E gene between Xoo and Xoc, to determine the involvement of this gene in tissue specificity. Altogether, our data contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of Xoo and Xoc in Africa and Asia, and provide clues for functional studies aiming to understand the virulence, host and tissue specificity of both rice pathogens.
Increased serum interleukin‐17 and peripheral Th17 cells in children with acute Henoch–Schönlein purpura
Authors: Jen Hsiao‐Yu , Chuang Ya‐Hui , Lin Sheng‐Chieh , Chiang Bor‐Luen , Yang Yao‐Hsu 
Published: September 2011

To cite this article: Jen H‐Y, Chuang Y‐H, Lin S‐C, Chiang B‐L, Yang Y‐H. Increased serum interleukin‐17 and peripheral Th17 cells in children with acute Henoch–Schönlein purpura. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011: 22: 862–868.AbstractBackground:  Interleukin (IL)‐17 and Th17 cells have been involved in many autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the involvement of IL‐17 and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of childhood Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP).Methods:  Serum and supernatant levels of cytokines and chemokines were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using intracellular staining, the frequency of peripheral Th17 and Th1 cells was studied by flow cytometry.Results:  Children with acute HSP had significantly higher serum levels of IL‐17, IL‐6 and transforming growth factor‐β than healthy controls. The IL‐17 levels in culture supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with anti‐CD3 and CD28 antibody stimulation were much higher in patients with HSP (281.2 ± 91.4 vs. 47.7 ± 22.6 pg/ml, p = 0.022). The patients also had more Th17 cells (1.67 ± 0.36% vs. 0.71 ± 0.15%, p = 0.033) but not Th1 cells in peripheral blood. Moreover, IL‐17 could promote human endothelial cells to produce chemoattractants IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1.Conclusion:  The increased frequency of peripheral Th17 cells and serum IL‐17 levels are shown in childhood HSP that may in part contribute to vascular inflammation, suggesting cellular immunity is likely to be involved in the process of HSP.
Genetic re‐identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Aspergillus section Nigri strains of the BCCM/IHEM collection
Authors: Hendrickx M. , Beguin H. , Detandt M. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryBlack Aspergilli are widely distributed in the environment and are frequently reported as causative agents of different types of mycoses. Many taxonomical revisions have been made, and presently 19 different species are accepted. In this study we (re‐) identified 123 strains of the Aspergillus niger group of the BCCM/IHEM collection to check for the presence of species other than A. niger in both environmental and clinical samples. The susceptibility for antifungal drugs was compared between A. niger and Aspergillus tubingensis. Strains were identified based on morphological and molecular data and neighbour joining analysis. We revealed the presence of eight different species of this group in our collection. Our results suggest that Aspergillus foetidus, previously shown to be a species closely related to A. niger should not be considered as a separate species, but rather as a variety of A. niger. Furthermore, we found A. tubingensis at the same prevalence than A. niger in clinical samples. Interestingly, A. niger was shown to have a twofold higher sensitivity to treatment with voriconazole and itraconazole than A. tubingensis. These findings underline once more the importance of correct identification up to the species level in clinical isolates.
Perioperative course of FXIII in children undergoing major surgery
Authors: Haas Thorsten , Korte Wolfgang , Spielmann Nelly , Mauch Jacqueline , Madjdpour Caveh , Schmugge Markus , Weiss Markus 
Published: September 2011

SummaryBackground:  Acquired deficiency of FXIII because of perioperative hemodilution has been described several times in adults; however, data in children are scarce. We performed a prospective observational trial to evaluate the intraoperative course of FXIII in children undergoing elective major surgery.Methods:  Blood samples were repeatedly taken from 46 children aged 0.3–16 years undergoing major surgery. Concentrations of FXIII and fibrinogen, thrombelastometry by ROTEM®, and cell count were assessed intraoperatively.Results:  A significant decrease in FXIII concentration (median 60%; IQR 49–69%) was already noted at beginning of surgical procedures, while most ROTEM® traces remain unchanged. FXIII levels further deteriorated intraoperatively to minimal levels of 33% (15–61%). Lowest intraoperative clot strength (ExTEM) was 44 mm (34–50 mm), and fibrinogen plasma levels decreased to minimal levels of 130 mg·dl−1 (95–160 mg·dl−1). In 43 of 46 children, transfusion therapy was necessary. Despite of transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (cumulative total dose 22 ml·kg−1 [11–32 ml·kg−1]) in 21 of 46 children, FXIII level remains low in all children till the end of surgery at levels of 39% (20–46%).Conclusions:  Coagulation factor XIII decreased early during major surgery owing to hemodilution. Overall intraoperative FXIII levels remain low despite of transfusion of fresh frozen plasma.