bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confocal microscopy using oblique sections for measurement of corneal epithelial thickness in conscious humans
Authors: Prydal J. I. , Muir M. G. Kerr , Dilly P. N. , Corbett M. C. , Verma S. , Marshall J. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: Thickness measurements by confocal microscopy in conscious human subjects may be liable to error as a result of instability of the eye or instrument. Our aim was to evaluate a technique which was expected to be less sensitive to such problems.Method: Thickness of corneal epithelium was determined from oblique confocal sections through cornea. A contact lens of known thickness worn by subjects was used to calibrate images.Results: There were two layers in images which could have corresponded to the stromal/epithelial interface. The mean result in each subject ranged from 38 to 53 μm using the more superficial layer and 46 to 60 μm using the deeper one. The smaller values gave the distance between the epithelial surface and the subepithelial nerve plexus and thus seemed to correspond to epithelial thickness.Conclusions: Measurements of epithelial thickness by our new method are comparable with results of earlier studies.
Comparison of objective methods for quantifying the refractive effect of photo‐astigmatic refractive keratectomy using the MEL‐60 excimer laser
Authors: Olsen Hanne , Hjortdal Jesper Ø. , Ehlers Niels 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To investigate the accuracy and precision of automated keratometry, automated refractometry, and computerized corneal topography in estimating the subjective refractive outcome of photo‐astigmatic refractive keratectomy six months postoperatively.Methods: Photo‐astigmatic refractive keratectomy (Aesculap‐Meditec, MEL‐60 Excimer Laser) was performed on 26 eyes with a preoperative myopia ranging from − 4.0 to 7.6 dioptres, and a naturally occurring astigmatism from 0.75 to 5.0 dioptres, Six months postoperatively refractive outcome was evaluated by automated keratometry, automated refractometry (Nikon NRK‐8000), computerized topography (TMS‐1), and subjective refraction. Estimate errors were computed as the difference between the change in subjective refraction and the change in automated keratometry, automated refractometry, and surface topography, respectively. Astigmatic changes were evaluated by the second harmonic component in the Fourier series analysis.Results: Subjective spherical as well as cylindrical values were reduced significantly six months postoperatively. The estimate error (mean ± one standard deviation) for automated keratometry was −1.26 ± 0.72 dioptres for the spherical equivalent and −1.36 ± 1.02 dioptres for the cylinder; for automated refractometry it was −0.78 ± 0.91 dioptres for the spherical equivalent and − 0.66 ± 0.92 dioptres for the cylinder. The best estimates of subjective changes were obtained when the average of ring 2 and 3 of the topographic data was used: − 0.15 ± 0.82 dioptres for the spherical equivalent and − 0.78 ± 0.80 dioptres for the cylinder.Conclusions: The computerized topographer with the Fourier analysis was superior to automated keratometry and automated refractometry in estimating the subjective spherical refractive outcome and comparable to automated refractometry in estimating the subjective cylinder refractive outcome after photo‐astigmatic refractive keratectomy.
Long‐term supplementation with alpha‐tocopherol and beta‐carotene and age‐related cataract
Authors: Teikari J. M. , Virtamo J. , Rautalahti M. , Palmgren J. , Liesto K. , Heinonen O. P. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To study if long‐term supplementation with alpha‐tocopherol or beta‐carotene is associated with cataract prevalence and severity.Methods: An end‐of‐trial random sample of 1828 participants from the randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial the alpha‐tocopherol, beta‐carotene cancer prevention study. The alpha‐tocopherol, beta‐carotene cancer prevention study was originally designed to examine whether supplementation with alpha‐tocopherol or beta‐carotene would reduce the incidence of lung cancer in male smokers. The participants for this study lived in Helsinki City or Uusimaa province and were at entry to the alpha‐tocopherol, beta‐carotene cancer prevention study 50 to 69 years old and smoked at least 5 cigarettes per day. They received alpha‐tocopherol 50 mg/day, beta‐carotene 20 mg/day, a combination of the two, or placebo supplements for 5 to 8 years (median 6.6 years). Outcome measures were: cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataract, differentiated and quantified with lens opacity classification system (LOCS II). Lens opacity meter provided a continuous measure of cataract density.Results: Supplementation with alpha‐tocopherol or beta‐carotene was not associated with the end‐of‐trial prevalence of nuclear (odds ratio 1.1 and 1.2, respectively), cortical (odds ratio 1.0 and 1.3, respectively), or posterior subcapsular cataract (odds ratio 1.1 and 1.0, respectively) when adjusted for possible confounders in logistic model. Neither did the median lens opacity meter values differ between the supplementation groups, indicating no effect of alpha‐tocopherol or beta‐carotene on cataract severity.Conclusion: Supplementation with alpha‐tocopherol or beta‐carotene for 5 to 8 years does not influence the cataract prevalence among middle‐aged, smoking men.
Indocyanine green videoangiography of angioid streaks
Authors: Atmaca Leyla S. , Batioǧlu Figen , Atmaca Pelin 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: This study was performed to define the indocyanine green angiographic features of angioid streaks and associated posterior pole lesions and to compare them with fluorescein angiography.Methods: Digital fluorescein and indocyanine green videoangiography was performed on 16 eyes of 8 patients with angioid streaks.Results: Streaks were hyperfluorescent in 15, hypo‐ and hyperfluorescent in 1 of the 16 eyes with fluorescein angiography. Indocyanine green angiography showed hyperfluorescent streaks in 10 and hypofluorescent streaks in 6 eyes. Of the hyperfluorescent streaks, 6 had a hypofluorescent line between fluorescent edges and 4 were made up of numerous hyperfluorescent spots. Peau d'orange appearance was more evident in indocyanine green angiography as dark, round spots throughout the posterior pole. Fluorescein angiography confirmed the presence of well‐defined choroidal neovascularization in 5 eyes. In one eye, occult choroidal neovascularization which was not evident on fluorescein angiography, became well‐demarcated on indocyanine green angiography.Conclusion: Indocyanine green angiographic features of angioid streaks are different from fluorescein angiography. Angioid streaks and peau d'orange are more evident with indocyanine green angiography.
Induced astigmatism after 4 and 6 mm scleral tunnel incision
Authors: Dam‐Johansen Mikael , Olsen Thomas 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To study the surgically induced astigmatism after phacoemulsification through either a 4 or a 6 mm scleral tunnel incision by using multiple analyses of astigmatism.Methods: 197 eyes from 186 patients scheduled for phacoemulsification between October 1992 and March 1994 were randomly assigned two different‐sized incisions with follow‐ups at 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month and 4 months after surgery. The surgically induced astigmatism was evaluated using at each follow‐up: 1) The subtraction method, 2) vector analysis, 3) vector decomposition, 4) Cravy's vertical vector, 5) Naeser's polar values, and 6) the algebraic method.Results: By subtraction, without regard to axis, the induced astigmatism 4 months after surgery was + 0.04 D and + 0.18 D in the 4 mm and the 6 mm incision group, respectively. By vector analysis, the numerical value of the induced cylinder was stable one month after surgery at 0.61 D and 0.77 D in the 4 mm and in the 6 mm group, respectively. However, cylinder orientation was not found stable until 4 months after surgery, where 94% and 96% of the surgically induced astigmatism (vector decomposition) was against‐the‐wound in the two groups, respectively. By Cravy's method, the mean induced astigmatism changed from − 0.08 D to − 0.32 D and from − 0.42 D to − 0.60 D between 1 and 4 months in the 4 mm and the 6 mm group, respectively. Similar values were found with Naeser's method and with the algebraic method.Conclusion: We conclude the mean cylinder of the surgically induced astigmatism (vector analysis) to be stable 1 month after phacoemulsification with both the 4 mm and 6 mm scleral tunnel incision. However, the direction of the induced axis (vector decomposition) was still drifting between 1 and 4 months in both groups. These astigmatic changes were adequately described using vector analysis and vector decomposition.
Video fluorescein angiography of the anterior eye segment in severe eye burns
Authors: Kuckelkorn Ralf , Remky Andreas , Wolf Sebastian , Reim Martin , Redbrake Claudia 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: Severe eye burns often result in extensive necrosis of the conjunctiva and episcleral tissue. Video fluorescein angiography was performed to reveal the perfusion of the anterior eye segment after severe eye burns.Methods: A scanning laser ophthalmoscope was used for anterior segment fluorescein angiography in 12 patients (14 eyes) with severe burns grade III‐IV and in 7 healthy volunteers.Results: Necrotic tissues occurred as non perfused areas and remained dark throughout the whole angiogram. In general, the borders from healthy to necrotic conjunctival tissue were sharply demarcated. Thus, the extent of scleral and lim‐bal ischemia could be determined exactly. Injured vessels showed hyperfluores‐cence with late leakage. Damage of the subconjunctival tissue appeared as a deep weak fluorescence in the early angiography and exhibited patchy leakage in the late angiogram.Conclusions: Anterior segment angiography provides a basis for deciding the extent of surgical debridement of necrotic tissue in the acute phase of the burn. The determination of the extent of limbal and scleral ischemia may give useful information for early plastic‐reconstructive procedures.
Visual impairment in Swedish children
Authors: Blohmé Jonas , Tornqvist Kristina 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To gain an overview of the spectrum of diagnoses among Swedish visually impaired children.Methods: An epidemiological study of all known visually impaired children was made by review of medical records.Results and conclusion: In all we found 2373 children, 0–19 years of age, with an age‐specific prevalence of 10.9/10 000. The two largest diagnostic groups included neuro‐ophthalmological and retinal diseases. The most frequent disorders were cerebral visual impairment, non‐hereditary optic atrophy, retinal dystrophy (when regarded as a general entity), congenital hypoplasia of the optic nerve and congenital cataract. Nystagmus secondary to brain disorder, albinism, congenital nystagmus, retinopathy of prematurity and high myopia were also found in a considerable number of patients. The leading diagnoses in children with WHO‐defined childhood blindness were non‐hereditary optic atrophy, cerebral visual impairment and retinopathy of prematurity. A large proportion of the children, especially in the groups with neuro‐ophthalmological disorders and malformations of the posterior segment had additional impairments, emphasizing the importance of a multi‐disciplinary approach when assessing multi‐handicapped children.
An outcome study of cataract surgery based on a national register
Authors: Steneviy Ulf , Lundström Mats , Thorburn William 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To test the viability of performing a national cataract outcome study with a national cataract register as a reference base.Methods: Seven Swedish eye clinics participated. All patients operated during the month of January 1994 were included. The total number of patients was 605.Results: This outcome study is based on few, but well defined parameters. On the basis of these measurements quality indicators are suggested that makes comparison between surgeons/clinics possible.Conclusion: Outcome studies are different from controlled clinical trials. They are less time consuming and designed to describe the outcome of surgery in daily practise. An outcome study of cataract surgery does not replace the careful monitoring of each patient at the clinical level, which is necessary for the development of new surgical technics and medical treatments. However, an outcome study can provide an overall quality description of cataract surgery in the daily practise of any given surgical unit.
Evaluation of glaucoma patients referred to a university clinic during one year
Authors: Vuori Marja‐Liisa , Nikoskelainen Eeva 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: In the spring of 1994, the post‐referral waiting time for glaucoma patients at our institution was approximately 7 months. In an attempt to evaluate and possibly reduce this waiting time we compared the referral criteria to the actual treatment requirements of 472 patients admitted for glaucoma in 1995.Results: 175 patients were referred as glaucoma suspects, 134 as chronic simple glaucoma, and 123 as capsular glaucoma. In addition, 40 patients were referred as other types of glaucoma. Elevated IOP was the main criterion for referral in 133 (76%) of glaucoma suspects. The diagnosis of glaucoma could not, however, be confirmed in 54 (31%) glaucoma suspects. 93 (69%) patients with simple open angle glaucoma and 103 (84%) patients with capsular glaucoma were also referred because of IOP ≥ 22 mmHg. Maximally tolerated medication was not used by 44% of open angle glaucoma patients at time of referral.Conclusion: The clinical follow‐up of glaucoma patients and glaucoma suspects should primarily take place at an ophthalmologist's office and the new effective glaucoma drugs and laser treatments should also be more actively in use. The cooperation between the referring ophthalmologists and the university clinic should be improved. Hospitalisation turned out to be unnecessary because, with a few exceptions, all procedures could have been performed on an out‐patient basis, which is a general practice in most glaucoma clinics today. The university clinic should focus only on those patients who need special evaluation or surgical treatment.
Nd:YAG laser removal of pupillary membranes developed after ECCE with PC‐IOL implantation
Authors: Kozobolis Vassilios P. , Pallikaris Ioannis G. , Tsambarlakis Ioannis G. , Vlachonikolis Ioannis G. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To define the frequency of development of pupillary membranes after ECCE with PC‐IOL implantation, and to remove the pupillary membranes using the Nd:YAG laser.Methods: From 400 patients who had undergone ECCE and were free from local or systemic illness affecting the blood‐ocular barrier, 20 eyes developed pupillary membranes Nd:YAG laser was used to remove these pupillary membranes.Results: The frequency of pupillary membranes was found to be 5% (9.8% in pex eyes and 3.3% to the non‐pex eyes). Visual acuity improved in 17 eyes by 2 to 5 Snellen lines. No serious complications were observed, endothelium inclusive.Conclusion: Pseudoexfoliation might play a significant role in the development of postoperative pupillary membranes which could be successfully treated with the use of Nd:YAG laser. The safety of the procedure has to be evaluated in relation to the corneal endothelium damage in long‐term.
The etiology of uveitis: The role of infections with special reference to Lyme borreliosis
Authors: Mikkilä Helena , Seppälä Ilkka , Leirisalo‐Repo Marjatta , Immonen Ilkka , Karma Anni 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To assess the distribution of different uveitis entities and to evaluate their associations with infections, especially Lyme borreliosis.Methods: During a one‐year period 160 consecutive uveitis patients were evaluated in a university clinic. Selected tests were performed depending on the medical history of the patient and the clinical picture of the ocular inflammation.Results: Uveitis was classified into selected entities for 74.4% of the patients. A direct infection was suggested to be linked with uveitis in 23 patients (14.4%). Lyme borreliosis, toxoplasmosis, and herpetic infections were the most frequently seen, in seven patients (4.3%) each. All patients with Lyme uveitis had manifestations of the posterior segment of the eye, such as vitritis, retinal vasculitis, neuro‐retinitis, chorioretinitis, or optic neuropathy.Conclusion: Infections are an important cause of uveitis in a university clinic. Lyme borreliosis is a newly recognised uveitis entity which should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of intermediate or posterior uveitis in areas endemic for Lyme borreliosis.
Epidemiology of pseudoexfoliation in the island of Crete (Greece)
Authors: Kozobolis Vassilios P. , Papatzanaki Maria , Vlachonikolis Ioannis G. , Pallikaris Ioannis G. , Tsambarlakis Ioannis G. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To evaluate the pseudoexfoliation (PEX) prevalence in the island of Crete (Greece).Method: Organized visits to various villages, to examine a predetermined number of people born and living in these villages, in collaboration with the local birth register offices.Results: PEX prevalence in Crete, in people aged 40 years and more, was found to be 16.1% (men: 21.3%, women: 12.6% ‐ Prefecture of: Heraklion 11.5%, Chania 13.4%, Lasithi 16.9%, Rethymnon 27%). 28.8% of PEX‐patients presented IOP >21 mmHg. In unilateral PEX‐patients, mean IOP of PEX‐eyes was found to be 17.82 mmHg versus 15.6 mmHg in fellow eyes.Conclusion: PEX prevalence was higher in men than in women and increases with age, as does bilaterality. A correlation between increased PEX prevalence and high altitude may exist. PEX is a risk factor for the development of IOP disturbances which seem to appear earlier in women.
Acute glaucoma and acute corneal oedema in association with tularemia
Authors: Pärssinen Olavi , Rummukainen Maija 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To describe the clinical course of oculoglandular tularemia with acute glaucoma and corneal oedema.Methods: Clinical course, results of laboratory assays and treatment of oculoglandular tularemia in a 58‐year‐old woman.Results: The patient had acute glaucoma and corneal oedema in connection with acute tularemia. At the onset of the disease she had a fever (39°C), pains in her muscles and in her right eye. The intraocular pressure, which was 68 mmHg at the beginning was lowered with intravenous and per oral acetatcolamide together with timolol and pilocarpine eyedrops, and because of a narrow anterior chamber, with subsequent laser iridotomies. The tularemia was treated with ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for ten days. Vision was finger counting at the beginning of the disease. The corneal oedema gradually subsided and vision normalized during the two‐month follow‐up.Conclusion: Oculoglandular tularemia was connected with acute glaucoma and corneal oedema.
Effects of dorzolamide hydrochloride 2% on the retinal circulation
Authors: Grunwald Juan E. , Mathur Sameer , DuPont Joan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: To study the effect of a single dose of topical dorzolamide hydrochloride 2%, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, on the retinal circulation of normal subjects.Methods: Measurements of the effect of dorzolamide hydrochloride were performed in 20 normal subjects using bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry and monochromatic fundus photography. In a double‐masked randomized design, one eye received one drop of dorzolamide hydrochloride 2% and the other eye one drop of placebo. Vessel diameter, maximum erythrocyte velocity and volumetric blood flow rate were measured in a main temporal vein of each eye before the drops, and then, 2h later.Results: Following treatment, intraocular pressure decreased by 12% in the dorzolamide‐treated eye (p = 0.0004, paired Student's t‐test) and by 4% in the placebo‐treated eye, p = 0.04). No significant changes in venous diameter, maximum erythrocyte velocity, and volumetric blood flow rate were observed in the dorzolamide‐treated eyes (0.6%, 2.6% and 1.4%, respectively) or the placebo‐treated eyes (1%, 3.7% and 1.6%, respectively).Conclusions: A single drop of dorzolamide hydrochloride does not cause any significant change in any of the hemodynamic parameters measured. With the variability of our measurements, we have about 89% power to detect average 10% change in volumetric blood flow rate if significance testing is performed at p = 0.05 level.
Intraocular lens thickness and ocular growth in newborn rabbits
Authors: Kugelberg Ulla , Zetterström Charlotta , Lundgren Björn , Syrén‐Nordqvist Sinikka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: To examine ocular growth in newborn rabbits with a thick or a thin silicone intraocular lens implanted.Methods: Bilateral lensectomy was performed in twelve 23‐day‐old rabbits. All eyes were implanted with a silicone intraocular lens (IOL) with polypropylene haptics (Allergan Medical Optics SI 26 NB). In each rabbit, one eye was selected at random and a + 12 diopter IOL with a centre thickness of 1.10 mm was implanted in the capsular bag. In the other eye a + 24 diopter IOL with a centre thickness of 1.83 mm was implanted. Axial length, corneal diameter, corneal thickness and intraocular pressure were measured in all eyes preoperatively, and then 1, 2 and 3 months after surgery. The wet mass of the after‐cataract was measured 3 months after surgery.Results: Both the axial length and the corneal diameter were significantly increased in eyes implanted with the thicker silicone IOL. No significant difference in corneal thickness or intraocular pressure was found between the eyes. No correlation was found between the IOL‐thickness and the wet mass of the after‐cataract.Conclusion: The results suggest that in the young rabbit eye the thickness of an implanted IOL influences eye growth.
CHARGE association with congenital glaucoma due to maldevelopment of the anterior chamber angle
Authors: Katai Naomichi , Urakawa Yoshio , Sato Yukio , Miyanaga Kazuto , Segawa Katsuzo , Yoshimura Nagahisa 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: We examined the clinicopathologic features of a male infant with the CHARGE association and bilateral congenital glaucoma.Methods: Trabeculectomy specimens were obtained from the anterior chamber angle and examined by light and electron microscopy.Results: Histopathologic examination of the trabeculectomy specimens showed immature development of the trabecular meshwork that was covered by the ciliary muscles. There were few intertrabecular spaces because the meshwork was almost completely filled with cells and extracellular substances. Deposition of a granular and/or homogeneous substance was observed in the subendothelial area of Schlemm's canal.Conclusions: Our patient exhibited features typical of the CHARGE association, but also had congenital glaucoma. We hypothesize that these clinical findings are all mediated by a neurocristopathic mechanism. Our findings suggest that the CHARGE association may predispose to anterior chamber angle maldevelopment, which can lead to congenital glaucoma.