bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VIII.—Electron Microscopic Study and Amino Acid Analysis on Human Aortic Elastin
Authors: Serafini-Fracassini A. , Tristram G. R. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisHuman aortic elastin, purified by autoclaving and alkaline extraction, has been resolved by ultrasonic treatment into individual filaments, which appear, in the electron microscope, to be of constant diameter (25 Å) with junction points at fairly regular intervals (1300)Å.Amino acid analyses on fœtal, normal and old adult elastin showed that the desmosine(s) content remains constant at 3 residues per 105g. of protein which is equivalent to 1100 Å intervals between successive residues, assuming that these are evenly spaced along the polypeptide chain(s). On the other hand the amino acid composition was found to change with age. Thus the aspartic acid and glutamic acid contents increase from 3 and 19 to 11 and 27 residues respectively; histidine and methionine, which are both absent from fœtal elastin are present in small but definite amounts (2 and 3 residues respectively) in older elastins. The lysine content is 9 residues in fœtal elastin and 6 residues in older elastin. Probably the most remarkable feature of this protein is the high content of non-polar amino acids; of 1100 residues in 105g. protein about 1000 (including glycine and proline) have hydrophobic side chains.
XV.—The metabolism of DNA in the liver during precocious induction of metamorphosis inRana catesbeiana
Authors: Campbell Ailsa M. , Corrance Martita H. , Davidson J. N. , Keir H. M. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisStudies have been made on the incorporation of [8H]-deoxythymidine into the DNA of the livers ofRana catesbeianatadpoles. When metamorphosis was induced with tri-iodothyronine, the specific activity of the nuclear DNA rose 5 days after administration of the hormone. In contrast, the specific activity of the DNA from the mitochondrial fraction rose grave–2 days after hormone administration.In order to determine whether thein vivochange was due to alterations in the pool sizes of the DNA precursors,in vitrostudies on DNA polymerase were carried out. It was found that under conditions where the enzyme activity was not limited by availability of template or substrates, there was a rise in the DNA polymerase activity in crude cell extracts from the tadpole liver. Fractionation of the cell components showed that little of this increment in activity appeared to be located in the nucleus, but that a large percentage alteration in activity occurred in the mitochondrial and cell sap fractions.A possible interpretation of these results is that an increase in the mitochondrial DNA polymerase is one of the early effects of thyroid hormone. This possibility is discussed in relation to the other known effects of thyroid hormones in tadpoles, with particular reference to nucleic acid metabolism and also to mitochondrial hyperplasia.
XVII.—Quantitative Evolution. VII. The Diatoms
Authors: Small James 
Published: June 2012

A Summary of the facts with numerical details omitted can be given as follows. In the diatoms—1. Species-lifetimes have been alternatively short or long.2. The main ratios of shorts to longs, or evanescents to permanents, e/p, are 3:1 for Centrales, 10:6 for Fragilariaceæ, 7:9 for allogamous Pennales. These ratios or nearest approaches to these ratios occur in the above three groups, (a) in each group as a whole; (b) in species-arising in each group per geological subperiod; and (c) in heterogeneous genera in each genus as a whole and in each genus per subperiod. A derivative 1:3 ratio also occurs in some pennate genera. There are some significant and understandable exceptions.
XXI.—Degenerative and Regenerative Changes at the Site of Trauma after Experimental Crush Injury of Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Bacsich P. , Wyburn G. M. 
Published: June 2012

The main interest in the healing of an injured nerve centres, naturally, on the regeneration of the axon. As the birthplace of the new fibres the central stump has attracted and received considerable attention, and the histology of the peripheral stump has been very fully investigated, particularly by Cajal (1928), and more recently by Young (1942), Weddell and Glees (1941), and Holmes and Young (1942). In contrast to our accurate knowledge of conditions in the central and peripheral stumps, there are scant records of the progress of repair at the injured region when the lesion results in the total destruction of the nerve fibres.In the course of experiments on rabbit sciatic nerves designed to test the effect of interference with the blood supply on the regeneration of injured nerve (Bacsich and Wyburn, 1945aand 1945b) total degeneration was accomplished by a severe crush with artery forceps. This gave us an opportunity to study the early histological changes in the crushed areas of these nerves.
XXV.—Observations on the Birthcoats and Skins of Several Breeds and Crosses of British Sheep
Authors: Fraser A. S. , Hamada M. K. O. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe birthcoats of both coarse and fine-fleeced sheep can be separated into different types of fibres. Each type of fibre is formed by a particular type of follicle. The ratios of the different types of follicles are the same in all the breeds of British sheep studied, and therefore variation of the follicle population can be excluded as a factor in the evolution of the British types of fleeces. Some birthcoats are coarse, others are fine, and some birthcoats are short, others long. The two differences are independent both developmentally and genetically. In the few lambs studied, the coarse type is dominant over the fine type, and the short type is dominant over the long type. It is suggested that the Down shortwool fleece evolved along a different route from that which gave rise to the Merino shortwool fleece.
XII.—On the Pollen and Diatom Flora contained in the Surtarbrandur of East Iceland
Authors: Meyer Bernard L. , Pirrit John 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe exact age of the basalts and intercalated tuff-beds of Iceland is still uncertain. Palæontological dating relies almost solely on plant fossils the occurrence of which is known from many different localities in western Iceland. No plant fossils have hitherto been found in eastern Iceland. In summer 1952 an expedition set out from Scotland to search for plant fossils and lignite deposits intercalated in the East Icelandic Volcanic Series. Such deposits were found on the northern flank of the mountain Tungufell.Macroscopical remains of plants were rare and badly preserved as compared with the finds in western Iceland, but a microscopical investigation of the lignite yielded 22 types of pollen and spores and 19 species and varieties of diatoms. The flora differs from that known of western Iceland; macroscopical remains and pollen of Abietineæ are abundant in western Icelandic sediments but are entirely absent in the Tungufell flora. The Tungufell flora appears to be younger than the fossil flora of western Iceland; however, the possibility that the difference between the Tungufell flora in East Iceland and the flora found in West Icelandic deposits is due to different ecological factors cannot be excluded. Many further investigations are required before this question may be satisfactorily answered.
XIV.—Cytological Analysis of Formaldehyde Induced Chromosomal Changes in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Slizynska H. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisStructural changes induced in male auxocytes after formaldehyde feeding were analysed cytologically. In comparison with the effects of X-rays (on mature sperm) there is: (1) a high proportion of mosaics; (2) an excess of repeats and deficiencies; (3) a shortage of translocations, and (4) fewer breaks in the heterochromatic regions.The very high frequency of mosaics and the low ratio of inter- to intrachromosomal changes may be explained by the delayed opening of potential breaks which tend to open simultaneously in the same chromosome but at different times in different chromosomes. The high number of “isochromatid” breaks (repeats) points to some connection with the reduplication cycle.The shortage of “eu-heterochromatic” changes in which “heterochromatic” breaks in salivary gland analysis are scored, can be similarly explained by a difference in the time of opening of potential breaks in the two types of chromatin.Initial non random distribution of breaks as well as the conditions of rejoining in premeiotic cells may also play some role.
The Spirit of Science
Authors: Bragg Lawrence 
Published: June 2012

I thank you very much indeed for the compliment you are paying me in inviting me to give the James Scott Lecture. It is always an honour to be asked to give a lecture which is, as the nursery-man would say, a “named variety”, and in addition I welcome this invitation from a Society of which I am proud to be an Honorary Fellow.Your lecturer is invited to talk about “fundamental concepts of Natural Philosophy” and I confess that this set me quite a task. It is one thing to talk about some special branch of research in which one is interested; it is quite another to review in a broad way some general feature of science. It asks for a philosophical approach, and I am not only a poor philosopher but also in a country where philosophy seems to flourish on the native soil. I hope therefore that you will receive what I have to say indulgently.
XXX.—Study of an Introduced North American Freshwater Mollusc, Stagnicola catascopium (Say)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE. 
Published: June 2012

In July and August 1929 the writer's father, Mr D. K. Kevan, found large numbers of a species of Lymnœa, cleaned out of a warm engine-pond in a timber yard in Leith. These snails showed much variation in the form of the shell, and this made identification difficult.In July and August 1940 the writer revisited the locality, collected a considerable number of living snails from the pond in question, and eventually established that they belonged to the common North American species, Lymnœa (Stagnicola) catascopium, Say.
III.—Genotypic Asymmetries
Authors: Dahlberg Gunnar 
Published: June 2012

In two earlier publications the author has suggested a theory of genetically determined asymmetries. Inherited asymmetry may be of two types. Many characters are unilateral (e.g. the aortic arch or the tricuspid valve of the human heart) or in some other way placed asymmetrically (e.g. the differentiation of organs along the cephalad-caudad axis of the body). The orientation of such gross asymmetries is in general irreversible. The author has pointed out that the study of uniovular twins which exhibit mirror-image similarities draws attention to a smaller class of reversible asymmetries. While an asymmetrical disposition of such a character is transmitted, its orientation is not fixed in the process of transmission. Thus a character may show itself on the left side in one generation or in one individual of a litter, and on the right side in another generation or in a litter mate. The extreme types of variation between which many transitional forms may be found are:(a) From left to right, or vice versa.(b) From caudad to cephalad extremity, or vice versa.(c) From dorsal to ventral surface, or vice versa.
III.—A Fish Cultivation Experiment in an Arm of a Sea-loch. III. The Plankton of Kyle Scotnish
Authors: Gauld D. T. 
Published: June 2012

Summary1. The phytoplankton in Kyle Scotnish and Sailean More, two parallel arms of Loch Sween, was studied and the seasonal variations described.2. Artificial fertilizers were distributed in Kyle Scotnish and their effects on the phytoplankton were followed up. It was found that on some occasions the phytoplankton increased rapidly after the distribution of fertilizers, but that on other occasions there was no apparent response.3. The zooplankton populations in Kyle Scotnish and Sailean More were studied and the seasonal variations described.4. It was found that after fertilizers had been distributed the zooplankton in Kyle Scotnish became considerably richer than that in Sailean More, and its density remained higher until it was reduced in September 1945 by the feeding of young herring. Even so, the average density in Kyle Scotnish was twice that in Sailean More.5. Experiments were done to determine the effect upon the phytoplankton of the grazing of the zooplankton. It appears that the zooplankton removed a large portion of the phytoplankton by grazing, and that the apparent lack of response of the phytoplankton to the distribution fertilizers was at least on some occasions due to the effects of grazing.6. It was shown that the productivity of Kyle Scotnish, in terms of plankton, has been doubled by the distribution of fertilizers.This paper was assisted in publication by a grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
XII.—Notes on the Genus Corvaspis
Authors: Dineley D. L. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisRecently discovered fragments of the armour of the ostracoderm Corvaspis are described, together with similar material from Vestspitsbergen and Podolia. The fossils have been obtained from Lower Old Red Sandstone deposits of Upper Downtonian–Lower Dittonian age. Large, thick, median plates, small irregular plates, orbital and ridge plates, and small, thick polygonal scales are present amongst the material. The characteristic external ornamentation of smooth, narrow ribs of dentine and a marginal band of small, smooth irregular tubercles is present on all plates. Two species are distinguished by their slightly differing ornamentation: Corvaspis kingi is known from the three regions named, C. graticulata sp. nov. comes from somewhat higher in the Vestspitsbergen sequence, and bears a finer ornamentation. A new family of heterostracans is erected to contain the genus, which in general structure may have been somewhat akin to the Drepanaspidæ, although no complete reconstruction can yet be attempted.
XVII.—The Reproductive Organs in Hapalemur and Lepilemur
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman , Davies D. V. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisAn account of the morphology of the external and internal reproductive organs of the females of Hapalemur and Lepilemur and of the male of Hapalemur, including some histological details in both sexes of Hapalemur, is presented. The female apparatus in Hapalemur is described here for the first time, while new concepts emerge in connection with the male genitalia of Hapalemur and the female organs of Lepilemur, both of which have been imperfectly known. The tunnelling of the large clitoris by the urethra in Hapalemur is unique among the Madagascar lemurs and parallels the condition in the suborder Lorisoidea. The female Lepilemur exhibits typically lemurine external and internal genitalia, but lacks the glandular specialisations met with in Lemur. Details of the relative positions and peritoneal relations of the uterine cornua and ovaries in different lemurine genera are discussed. In the male Hapalemur the penis agrees with that of other Lemurinæ; internally some observations of Beddard and Oudemans are confirmed and supplemented. The necessity for the taxoaomic separation of Hapalemur is considered.
XXIII.—Chromosome Number in the Blue, Fin and Sperm Whales
Authors: Nowosielski-Slepowron B. J. A. , Peacock A. D. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisTesticular material from a Blue Whale (Balœnoptera musculus Rafinesque), a Fin Whale (Balœnoptera physalus Lacepède) and a Sperm Whale (Physeter catodon L.), obtained 6–24 hours after death in the Antarctic during the whaling season 1946–47, showed that the testes of the first two animals were in the resting state and those of the third animal were active. Despite being collected some hours after death, the material has allowed estimation to be made for the first time of chromosome numbers from spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the prophase stage. The diploid and haploid numbers approximate to 48 and 24 respectively. These results are discussed along with those obtained by Makino (1948), the first worker to record counts of cetacean chromosomes, in his study of freshly fixed material from Dall's Porpoise, Phocœnoides dallii (True). They support this worker in his view that the cytological evidence indicates that Cetacea and Ungulata derive from a common source.Some observations on spermateleosis and cell inclusions in the Sperm Whale are given.Regarding the breeding season, the findings of previous workers are supported for the Blue and Fin Whales. That the Sperm Whale dealt with in this paper was found to be sexually active in December is support of Harrison-Matthews' view that the species has no definite sexual season or cycle.
I.—A Note on the Leaf Cushions of a Species of Palæozoic Arborescent Lycopod (Sublepidophloios ventricosus sp. nov.)
Authors: Hopping C. A. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe fossil plant described is a mould formed in a Clayband Ironstone nodule by the leaf cushions of a palæozoic arborescent Lycopod. It exhibits the unaltered three-dimensional shape of the surface of the tree-trunk. The description adds to the known facts about the leaf cushions and their diagnostic features. The specimen has been placed in a new species of the genus Sublepidophloios, Sublepidophloios ventricosus.A new method of making casts from such fossil moulds is described which involves the use of an elastic, re-meltable plastic compound. An examination of casts made by this method indicates that the plant fragment described was fossilized with the minimum amount of compression and distortion.
Competition and complementarity: civil society networks and the question of decentralizing the League of Nations
Authors: Richard Anne-Isabelle 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article examines debates on the decentralization of the League of Nations that took place in the civil society networks surrounding it. Set in the wider framework of regionalist debates, particularly in Latin America, it focuses on two organizations, the International Federation of League of Nations Societies, which promoted the League, and the Comité Fédéral de Coopération Européenne, which focused on European cooperation. The analysis of the debate on regionalism and universalism highlights the role that Europe played in the League, and points to the use of universalist arguments to further British imperial ends. It shows that interwar internationalism was a multifaceted phenomenon, in which national, imperial, regional, and universal projects and concerns were profoundly entangled. Finally, the article stresses the overlap between official and civil society networks, which complemented each other's activities.
Bringing Asia to the world: Indian trade unionism and the long road towards the Asiatic Labour Congress, 1919–37
Authors: Stolte Carolien 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article considers Asianism in the Indian trade union movement, against the backdrop of increasing international cooperation between Asian trade union movements in the interwar period, which culminated in the short-lived Asiatic Labour Congress (1934–37). It demonstrates how Asianist enthusiasm both propelled and hampered Indian workers’ representation at the International Labour Organization and other international bodies. Finally, it considers Asianism as a crucial characteristic of Indian trade unionism in the interwar period, by showing how the All-India Trade Union Congress, once the hope of Indian labour as an organized force, split into rival federations over the issue of its Asian affiliations.
‘Our common humanity’: print, power, and the colonial press in interwar Tanganyika and French Cameroun
Authors: Hunter Emma 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIf the concept of global civil society offers a way of thinking about the interwar period that does justice to the new linkages that were developing at the time, it also offers an opportunity to reflect on ‘the varied, contingent meanings of the global – and the limits to such globalist visions’, as this special issue makes clear. This article explores these themes in an African context in relation to two government periodicals,Mambo Leoand theGazette du Cameroun, both of which first appeared in the early 1920s, and a settler-edited newspaper aimed at an African audience,L’Éveil des Camerouniens, published 1934–35. It argues that such official and semi-official publications serve to illustrate both the unexpected ways in which this period witnessed the birth of new forms of global connection and the limits of such connection.
Interstate Wine Shipments and E-Commerce
Authors: McFadden Daniel L. 
Published: June 2012

I am an economist, appearing on this panel as an individual at the request of FTC staff. I own a small vineyard in Napa Valley, California, have sold grapes to large and small wineries, and am familiar with the positions taken by many of the people in the wine industry regarding the opportunities and limitations surrounding direct sales of wine to consumers. My intention, however, is to speak here as an advocate for consumers rather than as an advocate for the wine business. My work as a professional economist concentrates primarily on consumer behavior, with applications in marketing, health, and the environment. I do not have a specialty in the economics of the wine industry. I am the E. Morris Cox Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, and have served as President of the Econometrics Society and as vice-president of the American Economics Association. In 2000, I won the Nobel Prize in Economics for my work on consumer choice behavior.In common with most economists, I believe that consumers benefit from free markets operated with the minimum government regulation required for consumer protection. The history of government regulation of markets is littered with examples of restrictions, ostensibly adopted on behalf of consumers, that instead protect concentrated economic interests at the consumers' expense. The restrictions on direct purchase of premium wines and their interstate shipment that have been adopted by a number of States are, I believe, another example of abuse of the regulatory process to protect concentrated economic interests, going far beyond the minimum regulations needed to maintain the integrity of State taxation and to protect minor consumers.
Analysis of a Wine Tasting
Authors: Lindley Dennis V. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAnalyses are made of two wine tastings, one of red and one of white wines, to compare French and American styles. It is concluded that there are differences between the wines and, in the case of the reds, national differences. It is shown that even skilled tasters can often be out by as much as 3 when judging on a scale from 0 to 20. For the statistician, Bayes factors are contrasted with F-values. (JEL classification: C11)
Spatial Variations in Weather Conditions and Wine Prices in Bordeaux
Authors: Lecocq Sébastien , Visser Michael 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to study the impact of weather conditions on prices of Bordeaux wines. Unlike previous studies (based on data from the main weather station in Mérignac), we use climatological variables from many local stations. Two models are compared: one where prices are related to Mérignac weather conditions, and one where prices are related to local conditions (weather variables measured in the station the nearest to the château). Although a (non-nested) test suggests that the model based on local data is better, the two specifi cations lead to very similar results. This is reassuring news for researchers interested in the relationship between weather and prices, but who do not have access to spatial variations in climate. (JEL Classification: Q19)