Water Block Effects In Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Gruber N.G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We assert that the effects of fluid invasion on formation permeability in reservoirs with ultra-low water saturations has been over-dramatized, perhaps because the mechanisms of permeability reduction as a result of fluid invasion are not well understood. It has been proposed that some reservoirs contain less than irreducible water, Swirr (based on capillary pressure), and as such, have additional pore volume which contributes to hydrocarbon permeability. Consequently, introduction of fluids during drilling and completion could result in more permeability loss in these reservoirs, than in reservoirs which contain water saturations controlled by capillary pressure. This paper demonstrates, with actual laboratory data and with Poiseuille's theory, that for water-wet reservoirs (which most gas reservoirs are, since gas is strongly non-wetting) areas of porosity where bound water exists (or any other wetting fluid) contribute little to the overall permeability.
Several permeability measurements performed on clastic, limestone and dolomite core samples with and without connate water saturation demonstrate that minimal permeability reduction occurs due to the presence of an irreducible water saturation. Even in extremely low permeability cores less than 0.5 md, the effect of irreducible water saturation on gas permeability was only a 20% reduction. These results suggest that permeability damage is only slightly worse in desiccated gas reservoirs than in conventional gas reservoirs. Furthermore, permeability impairment as a result of fluid invasion is more a function of effects on macroporosity than microporosity.

Introduction
With the increased activity in natural gas exploitation in Canada, much attention has been drawn to the potential for formation damage as a result of the introduction of drilling and completions fluids, particularly in low permeability gas reservoirs. A perception exists that damage may be greater in reservoirs which are initially at ultra-low water saturations; i.e., lower than what might be predicted from capillary pressure measurements. This thinking differs from the general consensus that microporosity, which is the major portion of pore volume controlling water saturation in a water-wet reservoir, contributes little to permeability. This paper reviews various literature views on the relationship of pore size and water saturation with respect to contributions to permeability. Laboratory permeability measurements on cores from four formations are presented and compared to other published data, to demonstrate the effect of water saturation on effective permeability, and how it relates to capillary pressure and pore throat size. Finally, a technique will be presented, based on Pouseille's theory, showing how to calculate the contribution to permeability as a function of pore throat size using air/mercury capillary pressure data.

Literature Review
Thomeer(1) and Swanson(2) developed empirical techniques for predicting absolute permeability from capillary pressure data. They recognized the insignificant contribution to permeability of smaller pores compared to the contribution of larger pores.
Swanson's method of characterizing capillary pressure curves uses the inflection point (point A in Figure 1) on the lower portion of the curve to predict permeability. He argued that this inflection point represents the maximum product of pore throat size times effective flow area.