bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheumatic fever in Indigenous Australian children
Authors: Parnaby Matthew G , Carapetis Jonathan R 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRheumatic heart disease (RHD) caused by acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a disease of poverty, poor hygiene and poor living standards. RHD remains one of the major causes of childhood cardiac disease in developing nations. Within developed nations, there has been a dramatic drop in the prevalence of RHD because of the improvement of living standards, access to health care and the widespread availability of penicillin‐based drugs. Despite a dramatic reduction of RHD in Australia overall, it continues to be a major contributor to childhood and adult cardiac disease in Indigenous communities throughout northern and central Australia. Currently, Australia has among the highest recorded rates of ARF and RHD in the world. The most accurate epidemiological data in Australia come from the Northern Territory's RHD control programme. In the Northern Territory, 92% of people with RHD are Indigenous, of whom 85% live in remote communities and towns. The incidence of ARF is highest in 5–14‐year‐olds, ranging from 150 to 380 per 100 000. Prevalence rates of RHD since 2000 have steadily increased to almost 2% of the Indigenous population in the Northern Territory, 3.2% in those aged 35–44 years. Living in remote communities is a contributing factor to ARF/RHD as well as a major barrier for adequate follow‐up and care. Impediments to ARF/RHD control include the paucity of specialist services, rapid turnover of health staff, lack of knowledge of ARF/RHD by health staff, patients and communities, and the high mobility of the Indigenous population. Fortunately, the recently announced National Rheumatic Fever Strategy, comprising recurrent funding to the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia for control programmes, as well as the creation of a National Coordination Unit suggest that RHD control in Australia is now a tangible prospect. For the disease to be eradicated, Australia will have to address the underpinning determinants of poverty, social and living conditions.
Respiratory infections in Tamariki (children) and Taitamariki (young people) Māori, New Zealand
Authors: Byrnes Catherine A , Trenholme Adrian 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Māori population is young, with 53% aged less than 25 years and with a higher prevalence of both acute (bronchiolitis, pneumonia, pertussis, tuberculosis) and chronic (bronchiectasis) respiratory tract infections than non‐Māori. Environmental, economic and poorer access to health promotion programmes and health care rather than specific or genetic underlying disorders appear to contribute to this burden. While new initiatives are needed, we can do better with current public health programmes and building on regional initiatives that have already proven successful.
Influence de la formulation d'une emulsion multiple cosmétique sur la libération des actifs encapsulés
Authors: DENINE R. , JAGER‐LEZER N. , GROSSIORD J.‐L. , PUISIEUX F. , SEILLER Et M. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisStable multiple emulsions, which contain skin moisturizing factors, including glycolic acid in the internal aqueous phase, have been formulated. Drug incorporation and storage at 4 °C and 50 °C for 30 days do not modify macroscopic and microscopic aspects. The nature of the release mechanism for the active ingredients has been studied in different dilution conditions. Rheological and conductimetric analyses, successively realized in isoosmotic and hypoosmotic conditions, show that the active release appears after dilution by a swelling‐breakdown phenomenon. The release velocity of the water soluble active ingredients can be modulated by a modification of some formulation parameters: it can be decreased by an increase of the lipophilic surfactant concentration, it can also be increased by a hydrophilic surfactant concentration, by osmotic pressure and by a decrease of the internal globule size.
3,3,5‐Trimethylcyclohexanols and derived esters: green synthetic procedures, odour evaluation and in vitro skin cytotoxicity assays1
Authors: Gambaro R. , Villa C. , Baldassari S. , Mariani E. , Parodi A. , Bassi A. M. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisThe alcohols 3,3,5‐trimethylcyclohexanols (cis, trans epimers, cosmetic fragrance) and some derived esters, potential and well‐known actives in the cosmetic field, such as Homosalate, were synthesized using fast solvent‐free methodologies with the aim of renewing and simplifying the conventional procedures. The alcohols were prepared by reduction of 3,3,5‐trimethylcyclohexanone (dihydroisophorone) with sodium borohydride/alumina in solid state. The esters from propanoic, butanoic, octanoic, 10‐undecenoic, cyclopropanecarboxylic, mandelic and salicylic acids were synthesized with microwave‐mediated solvent‐free procedures under acidic and basic catalysis. Several experiments were carried out to study advantages and limits of the selected methodologies and the results are reported. Microwave irradiation was carried out using a scientific monomode reactor. In order to evaluate the cosmetic interest of the studied compounds, the sweet‐scented substances were submitted to an odour evaluation test; the most promising fragrances and the ester from 10‐undecenoic acid, as an example of lipophilic derivatives, were tested to assess their in vitro skin toxicity.
Evaluation of anti‐wrinkle efficacy of adenosine‐containing products using the FOITS technique
Authors: Abella M.L. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisThe objective of this study was to evaluate formulations containing adenosine to reduce periorbital lines and glabellar frowns in a blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled study. One hundred twenty‐six female volunteers between 45 and 65 years of age fulfilled inclusion criteria for periorbital lines. They were provided with two of three products (cream with adenosine, dissolvable film with adenosine or placebo), to be applied to the periorbital area on each side of the face (84 subjects per product). Eighty‐four of these subjects also fulfilled the inclusion criteria for glabellar frowns, and received placebo or cream with adenosine to be applied to the glabellar area. Products were applied twice daily for 2 months, and evaluation was performed under dermatological supervision at 0, 3 and 8 weeks using Fast Optical in vivo Topometry of human Skin (FOITS) analysis to describe skin profile. Both adenosine‐containing products led to significant improvements in skin smoothness in the periorbital area. Improvements were evidenced after 3 weeks of product application as measured by Ra and Rz parameters using the FOITS technique, and were steadily confirmed after 2 months, despite severe climatic conditions and independently of the analysis technique that was used with the FOITS data. Adenosine‐containing cream also significantly improved glabellar frowns. This study demonstrates the potential beneficial effects of adenosine‐containing products on crow's feet and glabellar facial wrinkles.
Investigating the ‘northern Humboldt paradox’ from model comparisons of small pelagic fish reproductive strategies in eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems
Authors: Brochier Timothée , Lett Christophe , Fréon Pierre 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEastern boundary upwelling ecosystems are highly productive and sustain the world’s largest fisheries, usually dominated by sardine and anchovy species. Stock size is highly variable from year to year due to the impact of the unstable physical environment on fish early stages. Biophysical models of early life‐stage dispersal of marine organisms have been built by coupling (i) hydrodynamic models and (ii) life history models (i.e. egg and larva stages), and are therefore useful tools to investigate physical–biological interactions. Here, we review biophysical models of anchovy and sardine ichthyoplankton dispersals developed in the Benguela, Humboldt and Canary Current upwelling ecosystems. We also include a similar study conducted in the California Current upwelling on zooplankton. We then integrate this information into a comparative analysis of sardine and anchovy reproductive strategies in the different systems. We found that the main spawning periods match the season of (i) maximal simulated ichthyoplankton retention over the continental shelf in the northern Benguela, southern Humboldt and Canary (for sardine); (ii) maximal food concentration in the southern Benguela, California and Canary (for anchovy); and (iii) maximal shelf retention of ichthyoplankton and food concentration in the northern Humboldt (for both anchovy and sardine). This specificity of the northern Humboldt ecosystem could explain why it sustains the largest small pelagic fish stock. Finally, the possible effects of climate change on these patterns are discussed.
Refatting rate of human hair lipids after exposure to selenium disulphide detergents
Authors: BJÖRNBERG A. , HELLGREN L. , NORÉN B. , VINCENT J. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisThe effects of two different types of detergents, one with a hard base (tetrapropylene benzene sulphonate), the other with the corresponding soft detergent (dodecyl benzene sulphonate) and both containing selenium disulphide were studied with regard to the refatting rate of human hair. Quantitative determinations of the hair lipids were performed by TLC/densitometry. The exposure to both topicals resulted in a significant rise of the triglyceride levels (∼ 160%); wax esters increased about 30% and squalene 20%. On the other hand a decrease of fatty acids (∼ 20%) was recorded. The levels of cholesterol and polar lipids remained unchanged. These findings thus indicate an increased sebum production associated with a diminished lipolytic activity in the scalp. No significant differences between the effects of the two selenium disulphide detergents were recorded.Taux de regraissage des lipides du cheveux human traites par des detergents à base de di‐sulfure de seleniumRésuméDeux types de détergents, l'un à base agressive (tétrapropyléne benzène sulfonate), l'autre formulé avec un base analogue plus douce (dodecyl benzène sulfonate) et contenant tous les deux du di‐sulfure de selenium ont été utilisés pour étudier le taux de regraissage du cheveu chez l'homme. La détermination quantitative des lipides a été effectuée par CCM et densitométrie. L'exposition aux deux produits a eu pour résultat une augmentation significative des triglycerides (160%), des cires cstérifiées (30%) et du squaléne (20%). On a noté par ailleurs une diminution de 20% des acides gras. Les quantités de cholesterol et de lipides polaircs sont demeuréos inchangées.Ces résultats indiquent qu'on peut associer la production de sebum à une diminution de l'activité lipolitique du cheveu. On n'a pas noté de différence significative entre l'cffet des deux détergents à base de disulfure de selenium.
A review of the European Directive for prescribing systemic isotretinoin for acne vulgaris
Authors: Layton AM , Dreno B , Gollnick HPM , Zouboulis CC 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSince the introduction of generic oral isotretinoin there have been discussions around harmonizing the summary of product characteristics of each formulation. As a result of these discussions, a European Directive concerned with the prescribing of oral isotretinoin has been introduced and the FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) has recently implemented new regulations. The aims of this article are to summarize the history of the processes involved, outline the new recommendations and discuss the impact of these changes in clinical practice.
Scalp psoriasis: a review of current topical treatment options
Authors: Papp K , Berth‐Jones J , Kragballe K , Wozel G , De La Brassinne M 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe scalp is the most common site of disease involvement at the onset and throughout the course of psoriasis. For many patients, psoriasis of the scalp is the most difficult aspect of their disease; yet, despite a wide range of therapy options and an extensive literature base, scalp psoriasis remains difficult to treat, highlighting a long‐standing unmet need for the effective treatment of scalp psoriasis. A review of past and current medical literature reveals that a number of interesting therapeutic approaches have been used in the treatment of scalp psoriasis. The diverse and sometimes extreme therapeutic approaches, the marginal benefit of many topical agents, the paucity of controlled studies evaluating the efficacy of topical agents in the treatment of scalp psoriasis and the high level of patient dissatisfaction with currently available treatments for psoriasis all support the need for new, effective and well‐tolerated treatment options for scalp psoriasis.
Longitudinal links between impulsivity, gambling problems and depressive symptoms: a transactional model from adolescence to early adulthood
Authors: Dussault Frédéric , Brendgen Mara , Vitaro Frank , Wanner Brigitte , Tremblay Richard E. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Research shows high co‐morbidity between gambling problems and depressive symptoms, but the directionality of this link is unclear. Moreover, the co‐occurrence of gambling problems and depressive symptoms could be spurious and explained by common underlying risk factors such as impulsivity and socio‐family risk. The goals of the present study were to examine 1) whether common antecedent factors explain the concurrent links between depressive symptoms and gambling problems, and 2) whether possible transactional links between depressive symptoms and gambling problems exist from late adolescence to early adulthood.Methods:  A total of 1004 males from low SES areas participated in the study.Results:  Analyses revealed a positive predictive link between impulsivity at age 14 and depressive symptoms and gambling problems at age 17. In turn, gambling problems at age 17 predicted an increase in depressive symptoms from age 17 to age 23, and depressive symptoms at age 17 predicted an increase in gambling problems from age 17 to age 23.Conclusions:  Common antecedent factors may explain the initial emergence of an association between depressive symptoms and gambling problems in adolescence. However, once emerged, their escalation seems to be better explained by a mutual direct influence between the two sets of disorders.
Regulation of chloride secretion across porcine endometrial epithelial cells by prostaglandin E2
Authors: Deachapunya C. , O'Grady S. M. 
Published: September 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of PGE2regulation of Cl−transport across glandular endometrial cells grown in primary culture.Most of the basal short circuit current (Isc) was inhibited by luminal addition of 5‐nitro‐2‐(3‐phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB) or glibenclamide, suggesting the presence of a basally active Cl−conductance in the apical membrane.Basolateral addition of 10 μM PGE2increasedIscby 41 ± 3 μA. A similar response was observed when cells were treated with 8‐(4‐chlorophenylthio) adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (CPT‐cAMP). Pretreatment of monolayers with NPPB and glibenclamide blocked the PGE2and cAMP‐mediated increase inIsc, suggesting that the effects of PGE2and cAMP were dependent on the activity of an apical NPPB‐ and glibenclamide‐sensitive conductance.Addition of 50 nM antiPGE2antibody to the basolateral bathing solution decreased basalIscby 20 % and shifted the threshold response to exogenous PGE2. This result suggests autocrine regulation of electrogenic Cl−transport by PGE2.Experiments with amphotericin B‐permeabilized monolayers revealed that the apical PGE2‐activated, NPPB‐ and glibenclamide‐sensitive conductance was Cl−dependent and that the current‐voltage relationship and anion permeation properties (SCN−>Br−> Cl−> I−) were characteristic of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).Cultured porcine endometrial epithelial cells were specifically labelled with an antibody to a peptide sequence within the regulatory domain of CFTR.The effect of PGE2was blocked by basolateral addition of bumetanide and furosemide at concentrations that are selective for inhibition of Na+‐K+‐2Cl−cotransport activity. The effect of bumetanide onIscwas Cl−dependent, suggesting a role for the bumetanide‐sensitive transport pathway in Cl−secretion.PGE2and cAMP also activated an outwardly rectifying basolateral K+channel which presumably sustains the driving force for electrogenic Cl−efflux across the apical membrane.The concentration‐conductance and concentration‐Iscresponse relationships for PGE2showed that basolateral K+permeability was rate limiting with respect to transepithelial anion secretion and that activation of a basolateral K+channel by PGE2was necessary to achieve maximum rates of Cl−secretion.
Characterization of an eag‐like potassium channel in human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Meyer Roman , Heinemann Stefan H. 
Published: September 2010

SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were investigated with whole‐cell and perforated patch recording methods.
Besides a quickly activating delayed rectifier channel and a HERG‐like channel, a slowly activating potassium channel with biophysical properties identical to those of rat eag (r‐eag) channels was detected, here referred to as h‐eag.
h‐eag shows a marked Cole‐Moore shift, i.e. the activation kinetics become very slow when the depolarization starts from a very negative holding potential. In addition, extracellular Mg2+ and Ni2+ strongly slow down activation.
Application of acetylcholine induces a fast block of the current when recorded in the perforated patch mode. This block is presumably mediated by Ca2+, as about 1 μM intracellular Ca2+ completely abolished h‐eag outward current.
When cells were grown in the presence of 10 μM retinoic acid in order to synchronize the cell line in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, h‐eag current was reduced to less than 5 % of the control value, while the delayed rectifier channel was expressed more abundantly. Down‐regulation of h‐eag by long‐term exposure to retinoic acid was paralleled by a right shift in the activation potential of HERG‐like channels.
Acute application of 10 μM retinoic acid blocked the delayed rectifier channel but enhanced the h‐eag current.
Thus, our results show that human neuroblastoma cells express in a cell cycle‐dependent manner an [Mg2+]o‐dependent potassium channel (h‐eag) which is blocked by submicromolar concentrations of intracellular Ca2+.
Muscarinic facilitation of GABA release in substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal dorsal horn
Authors: Baba H. , Kohno T. , Okamoto M. , Goldstein P. A. , Shimoji K. , Yoshimura M. 
Published: September 2010

Blind patch clamp recordings were made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurones in the adult rat spinal cord slice to study the mechanisms of cholinergic modulation of GABAergic inhibition.In the majority of SG neurones tested, carbachol (10 μM) increased the frequency (677 % of control) of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). A portion of these events appeared to result from the generation of spikes by GABAergic interneurones, since large amplitude IPSCs were eliminated by tetrodotoxin (1 μM).The effect of carbachol on spontaneous IPSCs was mimicked by neostigmine, suggesting that GABAergic interneurones are under tonic regulation by cholinergic systems.The frequency of GABAergic miniature IPSCs in the presence of tetrodotoxin (1 μM) was also increased by carbachol without affecting amplitude distribution, indicating that acetylcholine facilitates quantal release of GABA through presynaptic mechanisms.Neither the M1receptor agonist McN‐A‐343 (10‐300 μM) nor the M2receptor agonist, arecaidine (10‐100 μM), mimicked the effects of carbachol. All effects of carbachol and neostigmine were antagonized by atropine (1 μM), while pirenzepine (100 nM), methoctramine (1 μM) and hexahydrosiladifenidol hydrochloride,p‐fluoro‐analog (100 nM) had no effect.Focal stimulation of deep dorsal horn, but not dorsolateral funiculus, evoked a similar increase in IPSC frequency to that evoked by carbachol and neostigmine. The stimulation‐induced facilitation of GABAergic transmission lasted for 2‐3 min post stimulation, and the effect was antagonized by atropine (100 nM).Our observations suggest that GABAergic interneurones possess muscarinic receptors on both axon terminals and somatodendritic sites, that the activation of these receptors increases the excitability of inhibitory interneurones and enhances GABA release in SG and that the GABAergic inhibitory system is further controlled by cholinergic neurones located in the deep dorsal horn. Those effects may be responsible for the antinociceptive action produced by the intrathecal administration of muscarinic agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Adenosine modulates hypoxia‐induced responses in rat PC12 cells via the A2Areceptor
Authors: Kobayashi Shuichi , Conforti Laura , Pun Raymund Y. K. , Millhorn David E. 
Published: September 2010

The present study was undertaken to determine the role of adenosine in mediating the cellular responses to hypoxia in rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells, an oxygen‐sensitive clonal cell line.Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction studies revealed that PC12 cells express adenosine deaminase (the first catalysing enzyme of adenosine degradation) and the A2Aand A2Badenosine receptors, but not the A1or A3adenosine receptors.Whole‐cell current‐ and voltage‐clamp experiments showed that adenosine attenuated the hypoxia‐induced membrane depolarization. The hypoxia‐induced suppression of the voltage‐sensitive potassium current (IK(V)) was markedly reduced by adenosine. Furthermore, extracellularly applied adenosine increased the peak amplitudes of IK(V)in a concentration‐dependent manner. This increase was blocked by pretreatment not only with a non‐specific adenosine receptor antagonist, 8‐phenyltheophylline (8‐PT), but also with a selective A2Areceptor antagonist, ZM241385.Ca2+imaging studies using fura‐2 acetoxymethyl ester (fura‐2 AM) revealed that the increase in intracellular free Ca2+during hypoxic exposure was attenuated significantly by adenosine. Voltage‐clamp studies showed that adenosine inhibited the voltage‐dependent Ca2+currents (ICa) in a concentration‐dependent fashion. This inhibition was also abolished by both 8‐PT and ZM241385.The modulation of bothIK(V)andICaby adenosine was prevented by intracellular application of an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), PKA inhibitor fragment (6‐22) amide. In addition, the effect of adenosine on eitherIK(V)orICawas absent in PKA‐deficient PC12 cells.These results indicate that the modulatory effects of adenosine on the hypoxia‐induced membrane responses of PC12 cells are likely to be mediated via activation of the A2Areceptor, and that the PKA pathway is required for these modulatory actions. We propose that this modulation serves to regulate membrane excitability in PC12 cells and possibly other oxygen‐sensitive cells during hypoxia.