bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open Disclosures: Learning, Creativity and the Passage of Mental (III) Health
Authors: Sagan Olivia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article describes an ongoing research project at the University of the Arts, London, which investigates the learning and creativity of a group of students with mental health difficulties. It discusses emerging findings on one theme, that of motivation. Employing a longitudinal biographic narrative methodology, this research, now entering its second year, has triggered questions regarding the resilience and fortitude of a group of practising, aspiring artists. This article sketches the theoretical background used to explore this resilience and motivation, and draws on the Kleinian concept of reparation as a way to understanding the narrativised yearning for learning and the urge to create.
West Nile virus testing experience in 2007: evaluation of different criteria for triggering individual‐donation nucleic acid testing
Authors: Kleinman Steven H. , Williams Joan Dunn , Robertson Gene , Caglioti Sally , Williams Robert C. , Spizman Randall , Morgan Larry , Tomasulo Peter , Busch Michael P. 
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: In 2007, clients served by Blood Systems Laboratories used variable approaches for triggering West Nile virus (WNV) RNA individual‐donation (ID) nucleic acid testing (NAT). These included two minipool (MP) NAT–reactive donations and a greater than 1:1000 rate in a 7‐day interval (primary trigger), criteria based on one MP‐NAT–reactive donation when there was WNV activity in overlapping and/or adjacent geographic areas (neighbor trigger), or zero MP‐NAT–reactive donation (self‐trigger).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The Procleix WNV assay was used in either a 16‐sample MP or an ID format. NAT‐repeat reactivity or anti‐immunoglobulin M (IgM) positivity defined true positives (TPs). TPs that were negative on 1:16 dilution testing were considered ID‐NAT yield cases.RESULTS: WNV NAT performed on 1,217,929 donations identified 162 TPs; 87 were detected by MP (rate of 0.008%) and 75 by ID (rate of 0.10%; p < 0.0001). There were 34 ID‐NAT yield cases, including 4 IgM/immunoglobulin G (IgG)‐negative and 9 IgM‐positive/IgG‐negative donations. Rates of yield cases by primary, neighbor, and self‐triggering were 0.077, 0.052, and 0.004% (p = 0.0003). None of 11 ID‐NAT yield cases detected by the neighbor trigger would have been detected if the primary trigger had been used.CONCLUSIONS: Primary triggering criteria identified 21 viremic donations that would have been missed by MP testing; however, 11 other low‐level viremic donations required more stringent criteria (e.g., neighbor trigger) for detection. It is reasonable to adopt more stringent ID‐NAT triggers, including elimination of the rate criterion and triggering on one NAT‐reactive donation for regions adjacent to centers which have already triggered.
Prospective observational study of low thresholds for platelet transfusion in adult dengue patients
Authors: Thomas Laurent , Kaidomar Stéphane , Kerob‐Bauchet Brigitte , Moravie Victor , Brouste Yannick , King Jean Philippe , Schmitt Sarah , Besnier François , Abel Sylvie , Mehdaoui Hossein , Plumelle Yves , Najioullah Fatiha , Fonteau Christiane , Richard Pascale , Césaire Raymond , Cabié André 
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: The practice of platelet (PLT) transfusions has been adopted into the standard clinical practice in many dengue‐endemic countries. Because many patients were found to have received unnecessary PLT transfusions, the development of guidelines for the management of dengue patients with thrombocytopenia has become a necessity.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An emergency department–based prospective observational study was conducted in Martinique during a dengue outbreak in adult patients presenting with an acute febrile illness. Patients with severe bleeding and/or who underwent invasive intensive care procedures or emergency surgery were given PLT transfusion to achieve PLT counts of more than 50 × 109/L. PLT transfusion was also considered for patients with PLT counts of less than 5 × 109/L and for those with associated risk factors and PLT counts of less than 20 × 109/L.RESULTS: A total of 350 patients were admitted with confirmed dengue infections. Most of them had secondary serotype‐2 infections. PLT counts of less than 50 × 109/L were recorded in 165 patients (47.1%). PLT transfusion was administered to 9 patients with thrombocytopenia. The indications included severe bleeding (5 cases), invasive procedures (3 cases), emergency surgery (1 case), and/or associated risk factors (2 cases). The median time duration from the onset of fever to PLT transfusion was 6 days (range, 4‐10 days). The median amount of PLTs transfused was 3.66 × 1011 (range, 2.8 × 1011‐13.2 × 1011). The median PLT yield was +12.4% (range, −3.9% to +67.1%). Three patients died. All other patients recovered during the second week after the onset of fever.CONCLUSION: A restrictive strategy for PLT transfusion based on clinical features and low PLT count thresholds proved to be feasible and safe for adult dengue patients.
Beyond the Weberian Trails: An Essay on the Anthropology of Southeast Asian Buddhism
Authors: Kitiarsa Pattana 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTheravada Buddhism is one of the most important fields of inquiry within a larger context of Southeast Asian studies. In this essay, I discuss an overview of anthropolo gical studies of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia since the 1960s. I argue that key intellectual and social forces, which have characterized and sustained the anthropological studies of Buddhism in the region, are the combination of the following factors: (1) an insistent and subtle applications of Weberian thoughts to understand complexity and multivalency of Buddhist practices in the region's diverse contexts; (2) some critical problematic relationships between Buddhism and the post‐Indochinese War (post‐Cold War) nation states and other turbulent politics of the social life of the Buddhists; and (3) some surging global interests in Theravada Buddhism, especially its teachings and meditational practices. Such interests have transformed the Buddhist World of Southeast Asia into a transnational religious phenomenon and instantly placed Southeast Asian Buddhism at the center of the world's theological and intellectual Buddhist landscapes. Toward the end, I suggest some critical issues that could ignite new directions in the field of study and create some vibrant and exciting generations of ethnographies on Southeast Asian Buddhism.
The Relationship of Phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) Concentrations Measured Noninvasively to Outcome of Pc 4 Photodynamic Therapy in Mice
Authors: Bai Lihua , Guo Jianxia , Bontempo III Franklin A. , Eiseman Julie L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ability to noninvasively measure photosensitizer concentration at target tissues will allow optimization of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and could improve outcome. In this study, we evaluated whether preirradiation tumor phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) concentrations, measured noninvasively by the optical pharmacokinetic system (OPS), correlated with tumor response to PDT. Mice bearing human breast cancer xenografts were treated with 2 mg kg−1 Pc 4 iv only, laser irradiation (150 J cm−2) only, Pc 4 followed by fractionated irradiation or Pc 4 followed by continuous irradiation. Laser irradiation treatment was initiated when the tumor to skin ratio of Pc 4 concentration reached a maximum of 2.1 at 48 h after administration. Pc 4 concentrations in tumor, as well as in Intralipid in vitro, decreased monoexponentially with laser fluence. Pc 4‐PDT resulted in significant tumor regression, and tumor response was similar in the groups receiving either fractionated or continuous irradiation treatment after Pc 4. Tumor growth delay following Pc 4‐PDT correlated with OPS‐measured tumor Pc 4 concentrations at 24 h prior to PDT (R2 = 0.86). In excised tumors, OPS‐measured Pc 4 concentrations were similar to the HPLC‐measured concentrations. Thus, OPS measurements of photosensitizer concentrations can be used to assist in the scheduling of Pc 4‐PDT.
Flavin‐sensitized Photo‐oxidation of Lysozyme and Serum Albumin
Authors: Zhang Yazhou , Görner Helmut 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe excited state processes of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide in argon‐saturated aqueous solution were studied in the presence of lysozyme or bovine serum albumin (BSA). UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the noncovalent flavin‐protein binding is relatively weak. Quenching of the flavin triplet state by BSA, observed by time‐resolved photolysis, is less efficient than by lysozyme. Light‐induced oxidation of the two proteins and reduction of the three flavins were studied. The quantum yields of the former and latter in the absence of oxygen are up to 0.1 and 0.04, respectively. The effects of pH and sensitizer and protein concentrations were examined in greater detail. The proposed reaction is electron transfer from the tryptophan moiety to the flavin triplet rather than excited singlet state.
Inferring weak population structure with the assistance of sample group information
Authors: HUBISZ MELISSA J. , FALUSH DANIEL , STEPHENS MATTHEW , PRITCHARD JONATHAN K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGenetic clustering algorithms require a certain amount of data to produce informative results. In the common situation that individuals are sampled at several locations, we show how sample group information can be used to achieve better results when the amount of data is limited. New models are developed for the structure program, both for the cases of admixture and no admixture. These models work by modifying the prior distribution for each individual's population assignment. The new prior distributions allow the proportion of individuals assigned to a particular cluster to vary by location. The models are tested on simulated data, and illustrated using microsatellite data from the CEPH Human Genome Diversity Panel. We demonstrate that the new models allow structure to be detected at lower levels of divergence, or with less data, than the original structure models or principal components methods, and that they are not biased towards detecting structure when it is not present. These models are implemented in a new version of structure which is freely available online at http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/structure.html.
Analytical
Characterization and Production of an Isothermal Surface for Biological and Electronic
Applications
Authors: Mahjoob Shadi , Vafai Kambiz 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Characterization and regulation of isothermal surfaces are key issues in a number of thermal management devices. The surface temperature uniformity can be controlled utilizing a variable area channel heat exchanger filled with a porous medium. A comprehensive analytical investigation of forced convection through a generic variable area channel is carried out to design a compact heat exchanger in producing an isothermal surface subject to a constant heat flux, which may be required in the biological, electronics, optical, laser, manufacturing, and solidification applications. Exact solutions for the fluid and solid phases and the wall surface temperature distributions as well as the Nusselt number correlations are established while incorporating local thermal nonequilibrium and transverse conduction contributions. The channel temperature field is adjusted utilizing either an adiabatic or a constant temperature on the inclined surface. The effects of the pertinent physical parameters, such as channel inlet/outlet thickness, inclination angle, Biot number, ratio of fluid and matrix thermal conductivities, working fluid properties, and imposed heat flux, on the fluid and solid temperature fields and the isothermal surface are thoroughly investigated. The results indicate that utilizing proper pertinent parameters, an isothermal surface is achieved. The validity of the utilization of the local thermal equilibrium model is also investigated and error maps are presented.
Visual and Semantic Processing of Living Things and Artifacts: An fMRI Study
Authors: Zannino Gian Daniele , Buccione Ivana , Perri Roberta , Macaluso Emiliano , Lo Gerfo Emanuele , Caltagirone Carlo , Carlesimo Giovanni A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We carried out an fMRI study with a twofold purpose: to investigate the relationship between networks dedicated to semantic and visual processing and to address the issue of whether semantic memory is subserved by a unique network or by different subsystems, according to semantic category or feature type. To achieve our goals, we administered a word–picture matching task, with within-category foils, to 15 healthy subjects during scanning. Semantic distance between the target and the foil and semantic domain of the target–foil pairs were varied orthogonally. Our results suggest that an amodal, undifferentiated network for the semantic processing of living things and artifacts is located in the anterolateral aspects of the temporal lobes; in fact, activity in this substrate was driven by semantic distance, not by semantic category. By contrast, activity in ventral occipito-temporal cortex was driven by category, not by semantic distance. We interpret the latter finding as the effect exerted by systematic differences between living things and artifacts at the level of their structural representations and possibly of their lower-level visual features. Finally, we attempt to reconcile contrasting data in the neuropsychological and functional imaging literature on semantic substrate and category specificity.
On the Processing of Semantic Aspects of Experience in the Anterior Medial Temporal Lobe: An Event-related fMRI Study
Authors: Meyer Patric , Mecklinger Axel , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Recognition memory based on familiarity judgments is a form of declarative memory that has been repeatedly associated with the anterior medial temporal lobe. It has been argued that this region sustains familiarity-based recognition not only by retrieving item-specific information but also by coding for those semantic aspects of an event that support later familiarity-based recognition. Here, we used event-related fMRI to directly examine whether the contribution of anterior medial temporal lobe to declarative memory indeed results from its role in processing semantic aspects of an event. For this purpose, a sentence comprehension task was employed which varied the demands of semantic and syntactic processing of the sentence-final word. By presenting those sentence-final words together with new words in a subsequent incidental recognition memory test, we were able to determine the mnemonic consequences of presenting words in different sentential contexts. Results showed that enhanced semantic processing during comprehension activates regions in medial temporal lobe cortex and leads to response suppression in partly overlapping regions when the word is successfully retrieved. Data from a behavioral follow-up study support the view that enhanced semantic processing at study enhances familiarity-based remembering in a subsequent test phase.
Neural Systems underlying Lexical Competition: An Eye Tracking and fMRI Study
Authors: Righi Giulia , Blumstein Sheila E. , Mertus John , Worden Michael S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The present study investigated the neural bases of phonological onset competition using an eye tracking paradigm coupled with fMRI. Eighteen subjects were presented with an auditory target (e.g., beaker) and a visual display containing a pictorial representation of the target (e.g., beaker), an onset competitor (e.g., beetle), and two phonologically and semantically unrelated objects (e.g., shoe, hammer). Behavioral results replicated earlier research showing increased looks to the onset competitor compared to the unrelated items. fMRI results showed that lexical competition induced by shared phonological onsets recruits both frontal structures and posterior structures. Specifically, comparison between competitor and no-competitor trials elicited activation in two nonoverlapping clusters in the left IFG, one located primarily within BA 44 and the other primarily located within BA 45, and one cluster in the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) extending into the posterior superior temporal gyrus. These results indicate that the left IFG is sensitive to competition driven by phonological similarity and not only to competition among semantic/conceptual factors. Moreover, they indicate that the SMG is not only recruited in tasks requiring access to lexical form but is also recruited in tasks that require access to the conceptual representation of a word.
Audiovisual Matching in Speech and Nonspeech Sounds: A Neurodynamical Model
Authors: Loh Marco , Schmid Gabriele , Deco Gustavo , Ziegler Wolfram 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Audiovisual speech perception provides an opportunity to investigate the mechanisms underlying multimodal processing. By using nonspeech stimuli, it is possible to investigate the degree to which audiovisual processing is specific to the speech domain. It has been shown in a match-to-sample design that matching across modalities is more difficult in the nonspeech domain as compared to the speech domain. We constructed a biophysically realistic neural network model simulating this experimental evidence. We propose that a stronger connection between modalities in speech underlies the behavioral difference between the speech and the nonspeech domain. This could be the result of more extensive experience with speech stimuli. Because the match-to-sample paradigm does not allow us to draw conclusions concerning the integration of auditory and visual information, we also simulated two further conditions based on the same paradigm, which tested the integration of auditory and visual information within a single stimulus. New experimental data for these two conditions support the simulation results and suggest that audiovisual integration of discordant stimuli is stronger in speech than in nonspeech stimuli. According to the simulations, the connection strength between auditory and visual information, on the one hand, determines how well auditory information can be assigned to visual information, and on the other hand, it influences the magnitude of multimodal integration.
Emergent Oscillations in Evolutionary Simulations: Oscillating Networks Increase Switching Efficacy
Authors: Heerebout Bram T. , Phaf R. Hans 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLeDoux [LeDoux, J. E. The emotional brain. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996] motivated the direct route in his dual-pathway model by arguing that the ability to switch rapidly between different modes of behavior is highly adaptive. This motivation was supported by evolutionary simulations [den Dulk, P., Heerebout, B. T., & Phaf, R. H. A computational study into the evolution of dual-route dynamics for affective processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 194–208, 2003], in which foraging agents, controlled by simple inheritable neural networks, navigated an artificial world while avoiding predation. After many generations, a dual-processing architecture evolved that enabled a rapid switch to avoidance behavior when a predator appeared. We added recurrent connections to a new “context” layer in the indirect pathway to provide the agents with a working memory of previous input (i.e., a “context”). Unexpectedly, agents with oscillating networks emerged that had a much higher fitness than agents without oscillations. Oscillations seemed to have similar effects on switching speed as the dual-processing architecture, but they enhanced switching efficacy to a much larger degree. There has been much neurobiological speculation on the function, if any, of neural oscillations. These findings suggest that the facilitation of switching behavior is a likely candidate. Moreover, the strongly improved adaptation in the simulations contradicts the position that neural oscillations are merely a by-product of cell firing and have no functional value [Pareti, G., & De Palma, A. Does the brain oscillate? The dispute on neuronal synchronization. Neurological Sciences, 25, 41–47, 2004].
The Contribution of Primary Motor Cortex is Essential for Probabilistic Implicit Sequence Learning: Evidence from Theta Burst Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Wilkinson Leonora , Teo James T. , Obeso Ignacio , Rothwell John C. , Jahanshahi Marjan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) is considered to produce plastic changes in human motor cortex. Here, we examined the inhibitory and excitatory effects of TBS on implicit sequence learning using a probabilistic serial reaction time paradigm. We investigated the involvement of several cortical regions associated with implicit sequence learning by examining probabilistic sequence learning in five age- and IQ-matched groups of healthy participants following continuous inhibitory TBS over primary motor cortex (M1); or the supplementary motor area (SMA) or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or following intermittent excitatory TBS of M1; or after sham TBS. Relative to sham TBS, probabilistic sequence learning was abolished by inhibitory TBS over M1, demonstrating that this region is critical for implicit motor sequence learning. Sequence learning was not significantly affected by inhibitory TBS over the SMA, DLPFC or excitatory TBS over M1. These results demonstrate that the M1 mediates implicit sequence learning.
Effective Connectivity of the Fronto-parietal Network during Attentional Control
Authors: Wang Liang , Liu Xun , Guise Kevin G. , Knight Robert T. , Ghajar Jamshid , Fan Jin 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The ACC, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the parietal cortex near/along the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) are members of a network subserving attentional control. Our recent study revealed that these regions participate in both response anticipation and conflict processing. However, little is known about the relative contribution of these regions in attentional control and how the dynamic interactions among these regions are modulated by detection of predicted versus unpredicted targets and conflict processing. Here, we examined effective connectivity using dynamic causal modeling among these three regions during a flanker task with or without a target onset cue. We compared various models in which different connections among ACC, DLPFC, and IPS were modulated by bottom–up stimulus-driven surprise and top–down conflict processing using Bayesian model selection procedures. The most optimal of these models incorporated contextual modulation that allowed processing of unexpected (surprising) targets to mediate the influence of the IPS over ACC and DLPFC and conflict processing to mediate the influence of ACC and DLPFC over the IPS. This result suggests that the IPS plays an initiative role in this network in the processing of surprise targets, whereas ACC and DLPFC interact with each other to resolve conflict through attentional modulation implemented via the IPS.