bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambiguous symbolisms: recognising customary marriage and same-sex marriage in South Africa
Authors: Barker Nicola 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this article I draw on the South African legal context to critique the argument that same-sex marriage would provide ‘equal recognition’ for same-sex relationships. I highlight the ways in which, despite strong equality provisions in the South African Constitution and an apparent commitment to substantive rather than merely formal equality, both customary marriage and same-sex marriage continue to be subordinate to heterosexual civil marriage. I then broaden my analysis to consider the extent to which this would also be the case in other jurisdictions, particularly the UK. Drawing on the Butler/Fraser debate on recognition and redistribution, I argue that there is a connection between misrecognition and material disadvantage that goes unacknowledged in ‘symbolic recognition’ claims for same-sex marriage. The critiques of ‘marriage equality’ should sound a warning not only to same-sex marriage advocates but also more generally to those who would seek ‘equal recognition’ through law reform.
Resultant muscle torque and electromyographic activity during high intensity elastic resistance and free weight exercises
Authors: Aboodarda Saied Jalal , Hamid Mohamad Shariff A. , Che Muhamed Ahmad Munir , Ibrahim Fatimah , Thompson Martin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to quantify and compare Resultant Muscle Torque (RMT) and muscle activation (EMG) pattern, during resistance exercise comprising eight repetitions maximum (8 RM) biceps curl with elastic resistance and free weight exercise. Sixteen male and female recreationally active subjects completed 8 RM biceps curl by each of three modalities of resistance exercise: (i) dumbbell (DB), (ii) elastic tubing with original un‐stretched length at the commencement of contraction (E0), and (iii) elastic tubing with 30% decrement of original length (E30) at the commencement of contraction. The magnitude of muscle activation, external force, acceleration as well as range of motion (ROM) were quantified and synchronised by specific software. The data were collected from all eight repetitions but the first (initial), the fifth (middle) and the eighth (last) repetitions were selected for further data analysis. Each selected repetition was partitioned into a concentric and eccentric phase and then each phase was further divided into three equal segments (3 concentric and 3 eccentric = 6 segments per repetition). The EMG and RMT data demonstrated a bell‐shaped muscle activation and muscle torque production pattern for the three modes of exercise. The E30 resulted in 15.40% and 14.89% higher total EMG (µV) as well as 36.85% and 17.71% higher RMT (N · m) than E0 and DB, respectively (all P <0.05). These findings support the contention that an elastic resistance device (E30) has the capacity to provide an appropriate high resistance stimulus to meet the training requirement of elite athletes.
Transmission of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus among Healthcare Personnel—Southern California, 2009
Authors: Jaeger Jenifer L. , Patel Minal , Dharan Nila , Hancock Kathy , Meites Elissa , Mattson Christine , Gladden Matt , Sugerman David , Doshi Saumil , Blau Dianna , Harriman Kathleen , Whaley Melissa , Sun Hong , Ginsberg Michele , Kao Annie S. , Kriner Paula , Lindstrom Stephen , Jain Seema , Katz Jacqueline , Finelli Lyn , Olsen Sonja J. , Kallen Alexander J. 
Published: November 2011

Objective.In April 2009, 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (hereafter, pH1N1) virus was identified in California, which caused widespread illness throughout the United States. We evaluated pH1N1 transmission among exposed healthcare personnel (HCP) and assessed the use and effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) early in the outbreak.Design.Cohort study.Setting.Two hospitals and 1 outpatient clinic in Southern California during March 28-April 24, 2009.Participants.Sixty-three HCP exposed to 6 of the first 8 cases of laboratory-confirmed pH1N1 in the United States.Methods.Baseline and follow-up questionnaires were used to collect demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical data. Paired serum samples were obtained to test for pH1N1-specific antibodies by microneutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition assays. Serology results were compared with HCP work setting, role, and self-reported PPE use.Results.Possible healthcare-associated pH1N1 transmission was identified in 9 (14%) of 63 exposed HCP; 6 (67%) of 9 seropositive HCP had asymptomatic infection. The highest attack rates occurred among outpatient HCP (6/19 [32%]) and among allied health staff (eg, technicians; 8/33 [24%]). Use of mask or N95 respirator was associated with remaining seronegative (P = .047). Adherence to PPE recommendations for preventing transmission of influenza virus and other respiratory pathogens was inadequate, particularly in outpatient settings.Conclusions.pH1N1 transmission likely occurred in healthcare settings early in the pandemic associated with inadequate PPE use. Organizational support for a comprehensive approach to infectious hazards, including infection prevention training for inpatient- and outpatient-based HCP, is essential to improve HCP and patient safety.
Effect of pulse width on the production of radicals and excited species in a pulsed positive corona discharge
Authors: Ono Ryo , Nakagawa Yusuke , Oda Tetsuji 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The effect of pulse width on the production of various radicals and excited species (OH, O, O3,

,

, OH(A 2Σ), O2(v)) in a pulsed positive corona discharge is measured. The densities of these species are measured using laser-induced fluorescence, light absorption and optical emission spectroscopy. It is shown that the pulsed corona discharge can be divided into three phases related to the production of radicals and excited species: (i) primary streamer, (ii) earlier part of secondary streamer and (iii) later part of secondary streamer. It is shown that phase (iii) is inefficient for the production of most of the radicals and excited species. Therefore, a short pulse is desirable for efficient production of radicals and excited species to cut off the inefficient later part of the secondary streamer.
Expression of chemosensory proteins in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans is related to female host‐seeking behaviour
Authors: Liu R. , He X. , Lehane S. , Lehane M. , Hertz‐Fowler C. , Berriman M. , Field L. M. , Zhou J.‐J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a class of soluble proteins present in high concentrations in the sensilla of insect antennae. It has been proposed that they play an important role in insect olfaction by mediating interactions between odorants and odorant receptors. Here we report, for the first time, the presence of five CSP genes in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans, a major vector transmitting nagana in livestock. Real‐time quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that three of the CSPs are expressed in antennae. One of them, GmmCSP2, is transcribed at a very high level and could be involved in olfaction. We also determined expression in the antennae of both males and females at different life stages and with different blood feeding regimes. The transcription of GmmCSP2 was lower in male antennae than in females, with a sharp increase in 10‐week‐old flies, 48 h after a bloodmeal. Thus there is a clear relationship between CSP gene transcription and host searching behaviour. Genome annotation and phylogenetic analyses comparing G. morsitans morsitans CSPs with those of other Diptera showed rapid evolution after speciation of mosquitoes.
The heat transfer between a heated tip and a substrate: Fast thermal microscopy
Authors: Dransfeld K. , Xu J. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYHere we describe a new mechanism of heat transfer between two solids separated by a distance. This mechanism does not involve the ambient air or adsorbed vapour films, and is therefore expected to remain active under perfect vacuum conditions. As will be described in detail, thermal charge fluctuations of one solid substrate kept at finite temperatures create an electromagnetic field—at infrared frequencies and of a short coherence length—which extends across the gap and effectively transports heat to the other solid. In our view this mechanism is responsible for the effective heat transfer observed recently by C. C. Williams and H. K. Wickramasinghe between a heated tip and a substrate.
Lateral resolution of the scanning tunnelling microscope
Authors: Laloyaux Th. , Lucas A. A. , Vigneron J.‐P. , Lambin Ph. , Morawitz H. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYA theoretical study of the current distribution in a model which extracts the prominent characteristics of a tip‐surface geometry in a scanning tunnelling microscope is presented. The sample is a Sommerfeld metal with a planar surface while the tip, also made of a Sommerfeld metal with a planar surface, presents a hemispherical protrusion. Schrödinger's equation is solved by using a form of the finite element method suitable to treat the three‐dimensional tunnelling problem.We have derived the current distribution for several values of the protrusion radius and for various gaps between the electrodes. From these results, we investigate the ideal resolution of the scanning tunnelling microscope for realistic values of these geometrical parameters.Though applied to a rather simple model, at this stage, our method appears to be a suitable scheme for further, more refined computations, accounting for the detailed atomic structure of the electrodes.
Tunnelling accelerometer
Authors: Baski A. A. , Albrecht T. R. , Quate C. F. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYDue to the strong distance dependence of tunnelling current on electrode spacing, tunnelling can be used to measure sub‐ångström‐scale displacements. The sensitivity and relative simplicity of this technique make it well suited for applications in highly sensitive accelerometers. We have constructed a cantilever‐type accelerometer in which a mass‐loaded lever deflects freely in response to accelerations. Deflection is measured by tunnelling in the constant current mode between an electrode on the lever and a tunnelling tip positioned by a piezoelectric transducer. Using a lever/mass system with a force constant of 2·3 × 104N/m and an effective mass of 2·4g, we obtained a sensitivity of 79 V/g with a bandwidth greater than 200 Hz. Accelerations smaller than 10−4g could be detected using this device.
VI.—EXTRA‐FRUSTULAR DIATOMS
Authors: Hendey N. Ingram 
Published: November 2011

Synopsis.FRESHLY gathered marine diatoms when placed upon an agar medium ejected their protoplasmic masses from the siliceous frustules. The naked cells, enclosed within an intact perizonium, continued to live upon a solid medium for more than nine months, during which they lost their normal shape and power of locomotion. When the cells were returned to an aqueous medium, either static or flowing, they became rehabilitated, re‐establishing their naviculoid form and regaining their power of movement.This work was undertaken at the Admiralty Central Metallurgical Laboratory, Emsworth, and forms part of a general investigation into the r81e of “first colonist” organisms on surfaces immersed in seawater, in connection with the antifouling problem of ships' hulls.
OBSEEVATIONS ON PRIMARY LIVER CARCINOMA IN WEST AFRICAN SOLDIERS
Authors: Findlay G. M. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.Of 60 malignant tumours occurring among 227,000 West African soldiers, from 1940 to 1945, 37 were primary liver carcinomata. *The cause of this high incidence of liver cancer is considered to be a diet deficient in sulphur‐containing amino acids, associated with infective hepatitis, malaria, alcohol, and other toxins.
THE STRUCTURE AND PROGRESSION OP VESICAL TUMOURS INDUCED IN MICE BY 2‐ACETYLAMINOPLUORENE
Authors: Foulds L. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.Nine vesical tumours induced in mice by 2‐acetylaminofluorene were studied histologically and three were transplanted in series. Four tumours were invasive and two of them had disseminated in the peritoneal cavity. Histologically the tumours ranged from squamous‐ or transitional‐celled papillomata to spindle‐ or pleomorphic‐celled tumours without distinctively epithelial characters.For reasons which are discussed, the origin of all the varied tumour cells is traced to the transitional epithelium of the bladder. Different tumours represent different stages in one neoplastic process leading, as a result of irreversible qualitative changes or “progression” in the tumour cells, from localized papilloma to disseminating undifferentiated carcinoma, a sequence observed during serial transplantation of one tumour. Progression does not always reach its end‐point in a primary tumour. It continues in transplanted tumours in normal mice and independently of the inciting carcinogen. Progression is focal in occurrence. Alternative paths of progression lead to different end‐points.
CYTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBROBLASTS AND SARCOMA CELLS DEMONSTRABLE BY PHASE‐CONTRAST MICROSCOPY
Authors: Ludford R. J. , Smiles J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.Fibroblasts from subcutaneous connective‐tissue and from the stroma of tumours, and also sarcoma cells of a rapidly growing transplantable tumour have been studied by phase‐contrast microscopy. This technique demonstrates very clearly the increased mitochondrial content of the cytoplasm of the malignant cells and the more hyperchromatinic character of their nuclei. The cells comprising a small fragment taken from the periphery of a rapidly growing tumour exhibit a wide range of structure which deviates considerably from the cellular organization which is regarded as the morphological expression of most active malignant growth. Both the large nucleolar content of the nuclei (oxyribose nucleotides) as well as the considerable amount of chromatin (desoxyribose nucleotides) appear to be used up in the formation of the chromosomes at the prophase. Either the oxyribose nucleotides must be converted to the desoxyribose type during chromosome formation, or else the chromosomes must contain a considerable proportion of oxyribose nucleotides. During the reconstruction phase of mitosis the cytoplasm grows and the mitochondria increase in numbers before the nuclei have returned to the “resting” condition and reconstituted their nucleoli. The sarcoma cells readily undergo cytoplasmic budding (potocytosis). The intensity of this process seems to be correlated with the fluidity of the cytoplasm.
RECENT PENEROPLIDÆ. PART I
Authors: Hofker J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.Here, and in future parts of this paper, an attempt has been made to re‐group genera and species of recent Peneroplidœ and associated forms by a careful study of external ornamentation, form of the aperture, mode of coiling, and other characters, after a large number of specimens had been examined. The origin, phylogeny, and geological history of the group are also outlined. Two new genera and six new species are described. Observations are made on the reproduction and geographical distribution of species in the last part with an outline of the systematics.
VII.—SLIDES AND COVER‐GLASSES FOR DARK‐GROUND MICROSCOPY
Authors: Pijper A. , Kistner A. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe suitability of slides and cover‐glasses for dark‐ground microscopy is discussed.Slides and cover‐glasses to be used for dark‐ground microscopy have to be particularly clean and free from scratches. Dirt and scratches interfere with the dark‐ground effect. The stronger the source of light that is used, the more numerous and the more troublesome such blemishes become.
IX—MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF LIVING CELLS DURING FREEZING AND THAWING
Authors: Smith A. U. , Polge C. , Smiles J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA freezing slide has been constructed for obtaining very low temperatures on the microscope stage, and an optical system evolved for studying the process of freezing and thawing by direct visual observation, micro‐projection, or photomicrography.The behaviour of suspensions of fowl spermatozoa, rabbit red blood corpuscles, and amœbae, when frozen and thawed, has been studied. In presence of glycerol the processes of crystallization and dissolution are modified, spermatozoa resume full motility, and blood corpuscles are preserved from haemolysis. Intracellular crystallization has so far been observed only in amoebae, which fail to revive on thawing.The mode of action of glycerol in preserving some cells from death at low temperatures is discussed.
X.—CORRELATION BETWEEN ELECTRON AND OPTICAL MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF METAL SURFACES
Authors: Perryman E. C. W. , Vernon‐Smith Sheila 
Published: November 2011

SynopsisExamples are given of the correlation between the images of metallurgical preparations as observed in the light microscope, with and without phase contrast, and (via the intermediary of a plastic replica) in the electron microscope. These illustrate the difficulties of unambiguous interpretation and show the need for a more critical, preferably comparative, approach in metallurgical microscopy.
XVIII.—POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS AS HISTOLOGICAL EMBEDDING MEDIA: WITH A NOTE ON THE DIMENSIONAL CHANGE OF TISSUE DURING EMBEDDING IN VARIOUS MEDIA
Authors: Miles A. E. W. , Linder J. E. 
Published: November 2011

SynopsisThe literature is reviewed. A technique for embedding tissues in polyethylene glycol 1,000 mono‐stearate (Nonex 63B) after preliminary infiltration with polyethylene glycol 900 is described. Preliminary dehydration in alcohol is not required and at no stage is the temperature of the tissue raised above 40° C. Measurement of tissue before and after embedding in Nonex, paraffin and celloidin shows that there is significantly less shrinkage in Nonex. It is shown that the celloidin in celloidin‐Nonex mixtures used experimentally for embedding penetrates tissue. The difficulty of mounting Nonex sections is discussed. Nonex sections stain well, phosphatase activity is well preserved and at least part of the lipid is preserved. It is concluded that the use of Nonex is specially indicated for tissues liable to shrinkage artefacts and may have some advantage for histo‐chemistry.
III.—A VECTOR THEORY OF PHASE CONTRAST AND INTERFERENCE CONTRAST. III. NEGATIVE PHASE CONTRAST
Authors: Barer R. 
Published: November 2011

SynopsisThe vector method developed in previous papers of this series has been applied to certain problems in negative phase contrast. Unlike positive phase contrast, increasing the absorption of the phase plate increases the range of phase change in the object over which contrast remains unreversed (i.e. bright). As absorption approaches 100 p.c., conditions change over smoothly to central dark‐ground illumination, in which all object details appear brighter than the background. In negative phase contrast it is preferable to have the retardation ψ produced by a phase plate greater than 90°, whereas in positive phase contrast ψ should be less than 90°. Maximum sensitivity occurs when ψ = 90°, in each case. The characteristic of the phase plate needed to give maximum contrast for a given phase detail are discussed.
A NEW MICROSCOPE‐LAMP
Authors: Baker John R. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISIn this new lamp, the source of light is an ordinary domestic pearl bulb. In front of this is placed a bull's‐eye, which prevents the formation of an image of the pearl surface in the plane of the object and produces even illumination over the whole field of view. Since the illuminated surface of pearl glass is large, the whole of the aperture of any condenser is filled with light. The illumination is suitable for all objectives from 16 mm. (and more, if a low‐power substage condenser is used) to 2 mm., without change of bull's‐eye. Very exact setting of the direction of the beam of light is not necessary. It is claimed that this simple lamp gives the best possible illumination in all cases in which intensity of light is not the main consideration.
AN IMPROVED SINGLE‐AXIS ROTATION APPARATUS FOR THE STUDY OF CRYSTALS UNDER THE POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
Authors: Hartshorne N. H. , Swift P. McL. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe paper describes an apparatus for rotating a small crystal about a single axis while it is immersed in a liquid of known refractive index, for use with the polarizing microscope. An auxiliary apparatus for mounting the crystal in a desired orientation with reference to the axis of rotation is also described.
ON A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF THE SUDDEN DOUSING OF THE LIGHT BY THE NEW ZEALAND GLOW‐WORM (ARACHNOCAMPA LUMINOSA)
Authors: Gatenby J. Brontë , Ganguly Gouri 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe New Zealand Glow‐worm (Arachnocampa luminosa) is able suddenly to douse its light when alarmed. A suggestion is made as to how this could take place.
IV.—ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON HUMAN DENTAL ENAMEL
Authors: Little K. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISDeveloping and mature dental enamel, together with early carious lesions, have been examined, using both the electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction. The most abundant component in enamel is calcium phosphate, the crystallites of which are embedded in an organic matrix. This matrix has two main components, one of which, β‐keratin, has a greater density than the second, a protein. It is this less dense protein which is first attacked and removed during the onset of dental caries—without this initial solution the remainder of the carious process would not take place.It is suggested that the results of this investigation, together with reported facts, are consistent with there being a vitamin required for the correct formation of the protein matrix, analogous to the need of vitamin A for the formation of bone matrix. If this is so, then caries could be regarded as a vitamindeficiency disease, complicated by a secondary bacterial invasion.
HETEROTOPIC GRAFTING OF THE SPINAL CORD IN XENOPUS LÆVIS (DAUDIN)
Authors: Hughes A. , Tschumi P. A. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISLengths of the spinal cord of young larvæ of Xenopus were grafted into the ventral body wall of host tadpoles of the same age, together with the adjacent somites and notochord. The experimental animals were fixed at various times after the operation, and the grafts were studied in serial sections.The dorsal root ganglia of the grafts underwent little development. Some were suppressed, and there were instances of the fusion of neighbouring ganglia. The greater part of each ganglion was occupied by a mass of undifferentiated neuroblasts, sometimes present in greater numbers than the total of cells in a normal ganglion. In most specimens it was possible to identify the individual ganglia and hence to determine the levels to which the grafted cord belonged.Within the cord the only differentiated neurones were the primary motor cells from which arose ventral roots, dendritic processes, and ventral commissural fibres as in a normal early larva. Dorsal roots enter the cord in a normal fashion, and give off ascending and descending branches. At the caudal pole of the graft the cord regenerated, and some new irregular myotomes were formed.The mantle layer of the cord expanded laterally and underwent a hyperplasia of about twofold in terms of number of cells per spinal segment. The large neuroblastic dorsal horn is prominent, even in instances where there are no dorsal root ganglia. As in previous experiments where the cord is deprived of any influence of the limb buds, there are no differentiated ventral horn cells. The absence of all mature neurones within the mantle layer is a further feature which suggests that the stimuli for their differentiation in normal development proceed not only from the limb but also from the spinal axis.In contrast to the normal cord of late larval stages, no pycnotic nuclei can be seen within the mantle layer of the grafts. It is possible that its cellular hyperplasia is in part due to the absence of histogenetic degeneration.