bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecology: Fourth Annual Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Summer Workshop; Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 20–23 July 2009
Authors: Benway Heather M. , Doney Scott C. 
Published: November 2009

The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program is a coordinating body for the U.S. research community that focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology. The fourth annual Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry summer workshop convened 147 participants at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts.The workshop opened with a session on the next U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan (CCSP) that included presentations highlighting the priorities of the next CCSP and providing atmospheric, oceanic, terrestrial, social science, and decision support perspectives. An interdisciplinary panel of CCSP working group members then fielded audience questions and solicited feedback from the OCB community, which focused primarily on CCSP scope, ocean research and observing system priorities, and more effective integration with social science and decision support communities.
The GIT–PIX complexes regulate the chemotactic response of rat basophilic leukaemia cells
Authors: Gavina Manuela , Za Lorena , Molteni Raffaella , Pardi Ruggero , de Curtis Ivan 
Published: November 2009

Background information. Cell motility entails the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking for effective protrusion. The GIT–PIX protein complexes are involved in the regulation of cell motility and adhesion and in the endocytic traffic of members of the family of G‐protein‐coupled receptors. We have investigated the function of the endogenous GIT complexes in the regulation of cell motility stimulated by fMLP (formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Phe) peptide, in a rat basophilic leukaemia RBL‐2H3 cell line stably expressing an HA (haemagglutinin)‐tagged receptor for the fMLP peptide.Results. Our analysis shows that RBL cells stably transfected with the chemoattractant receptor expressed both GIT1–PIX and GIT2–PIX endogenous complexes. We have used silencing of the different members of the complex by small interfering RNAs to study the effects on a number of events linked to agonist‐induced cell migration. We found that cell adhesion was not affected by depletion of any of the proteins of the GIT complex, whereas agonist‐enhanced cell spreading was inhibited. Analysis of agonist‐stimulated haptotactic cell migration indicated a specific positive effect of GIT1 depletion on trans‐well migration. The internalization of the formyl‐peptide receptor was also inhibited by depletion of GIT1 and GIT2. The effects of the GIT complexes on trafficking of the receptors was confirmed by an antibody‐enhanced agonist‐induced internalization assay, showing that depletion of PIX, GIT1 or GIT2 protein caused decreased perinuclear accumulation of internalized receptors.Conclusions. Our results show that endogenous GIT complexes are involved in the regulation of chemoattractant‐induced cell motility and receptor trafficking, and support previous findings indicating an important function of the GIT complexes in the regulation of different G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Our results also indicate that endogenous GIT1 and GIT2 regulate distinct subsets of agonist‐induced responses and suggest a possible functional link between the control of receptor trafficking and the regulation of cell motility by GIT proteins.
Fruit ripening and fruit quality.
Authors: Saltveit M. E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the following subjects: ripeness classification of tomatoes, measurements of fruit ripeness, the respiratory and ethylene climacteric, quality characteristics (pigments, size and shape, surface appearance, firmness, composition and flavour, volatiles, vitamins, and physiological disorders), and genetic improvements (achieved by traditional breeding techniques and genetic engineering).
Greenhouse tomato production.
Authors: Peet M. M. , Welles G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Greenhouse tomato production is discussed under the following topics: importance of the industry, costs of production, greenhouse structures, cropping schedules, transplant production, plant spacing and extra stems, cultivars, crop management (training systems, side-shooting and trimming, pollination, de-leafing, fruit pruning and development, topping plants at the end of the crop), substrates and substrate systems, nutrition and irrigation (nutrition, controlling growth, recirculating systems, irrigation), environmental control (relative humidity, temperature, carbon dioxide, light intensity, air pollutants, pest and disease management - insect and disease problems, biological control, biopesticides, conventional pesticides, cultural practices to avoid insect and disease problems, diseases in the root environment, root grafting), marketing, harvest, postharvest packing and storage, and potential production.
The evolving nature of competition and sustainability.
Authors: Ritchie J. R. B. , Crouch G. I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter examines the changing nature of a destination's competitiveness and sustainability. Since these forces are in a constant state of evolution, destination managers must monitor the world around them rigorously to ensure they are anticipating tomorrow rather than reacting to yesterday. In order to do this most effectively, it is essential for them to understand the basic theoretical foundations of the complex concepts of competition and sustainability. Because of the unique nature of tourism, the true ability of a tourism destination to compete involves not only its economic strengths but also its social, cultural, political, technological and environmental strengths. Thus, what makes a tourism destination truly competitive is its ability to increase tourism expenditure, to increasingly attract visitors while providing them with satisfying, memorable experiences, and to do so in a profitable way, while enhancing the well-being of destination residents and preserving the natural capital of the destination for future generations.
Biotechnology.
Authors: Litz R. E. , Raharjo S. , Matsumoto K. , Witjaksono Witjaksono 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter reviews current research on various aspects of biotechnology applications (breeding and genetics, molecular markers, gene cloning, micropropagation, somatic cell genetics, somatic embryogenesis, haploid recovery, protoplast isolation and culture, genetic transformation, somatic hybridization, and cryopreservation) in longan and litchi (Litchi chinensis).
Cultivars and plant improvement.
Authors: Menzel C. M. , Huang XuMing Huang XuMing , Liu ChengMing Liu ChengMing 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter summarizes research on cultivar development, cultivar identification, genetic analysis and genetic improvement in litchi (Litchi chinensis) and longan, and describes litchi cultivars in China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Philippines, Indonesia, southern Africa, Israel, Australia and the USA, and longan cultivars in China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Australia and the USA.
Genetic modification of the chicken: new technologies with potential applications in poultry production.
Authors: Sang H. M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

The ability to genetically modify any organism provides a powerful tool with many applications both in contributing to basic science and with the potential for practical applications. The development of methods to genetically modify the chicken has only recently made significant advances. We have shown that gene transfer vectors derived from lentiviruses (for example HIV) can be used to introduce transgenes with high efficiency. The efficiency of the production of founder transgenic birds relates to the titre of the vector that is produced. We have efficiencies ranging from 100% to approximately 10%, with transmission through the germline from the founder transgenic cockerels ranging from 45 to 0.2%. Transgenes introduced using lentiviral vectors are stable through several generations and transgene expression is also maintained, in contrast to transgenic birds generated using retroviral vectors. A second new method for production of transgenic chickens, involving long-term in vitro culture of primordial germ cells (the precursors of the gametes), has recently been described. This approach has significant potential as the basis for sophisticated methods for genetic modification of chickens. We are using this technology in a range of applications. Transgenesis can be used to develop very useful tools for the study of development in chick embryos and to investigate the function of genes thought to regulate development. Gene function is often investigated by knocking out a gene and we are developing the use of lentiviral vectors to deliver microRNA(miRNA)-expression constructs to knockdown the expression of specific target genes. One application of this technology is to express miRNA constructs to knockdown specific mRNAs of viral genes to interfere with viral replication or investigate function of viral genes during the course of infection. The potential to utilize the protein synthetic capability of the laying hen's oviduct to synthesize human therapeutic proteins was proposed many years ago. We have shown that regulatory sequences from the ovalbumin gene can be used to direct expression of three candidate human therapeutic proteins in a tightly tissue-specific manner.
Prospects for sex determination in poultry.
Authors: Nandi S. , Clinton M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

In developmental biology terms, sex determination describes the differentiation of the gonadal primordia into testes or ovaries. In mammals, testis differentiation is initiated by expression of the male-specific Sry gene, and many of the genes that regulate the subsequent tissue remodelling have been identified. In birds, although the process of gonadal development appears morphologically similar to that in mammals and a number of differentially expressed genes have been identified, the molecular regulation of sex determination is not conserved in mammals and birds. To the poultry industry, sex determination is also of interest, although this usually equates to finding a means of altering sex ratios: layer breeders would prefer to raise only female offspring whereas broiler and turkey breeders would prefer males. This short chapter will briefly review how our basic research findings can impinge on efforts to manipulate sex ratios in the poultry industry.
Endocrinology and genetics of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Authors: Dunn I. C. , Ciccone N. A. , Joseph N. T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Hypothalamic control of the pituitary-gonadal axis in broad terms operates at two levels. The first level mediates longer-term responses to maturational signalling, to environmental and behavioural factors such as changes in photoperiod and availability of food, and to the expression of incubation behaviour. The second level of control mediates shorter-term reproductive responses. Dopamine is emerging as a potential key regulator at both levels of control, being stimulatory at the GnRH-I cell body and inhibitory at the median eminence. This article discusses the hypothalamic control; role of cGnRH-I in key events in the reproductive cycle; neurotransmitter and neuropeptide control of cGnRH-I; pituitary glands; avian GnRH receptors; avian GnRH receptor structure and function; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH); gonadotrophe common alpha subunit; gonadotrophin inhibitory hormone (GnIH); other forms of GnRH; ovarian gonadotrophin receptors; and the genetics and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in poultry.
Vaccination: theory and practice.
Authors: Cserep T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Vaccination plays an essential role in disease control in the modern poultry industry. Without vaccination productivity could not have progressed so successfully and as rapidly as it has since the late 1950s. Although there are areas where further research is needed to understand the fundamental aspects of immunology, the theoretical basis of avian immune responses to disease challenges and vaccinations is reasonably well understood and this is outlined in the first part of this chapter. Live and inactivated vaccines are used in vaccination programmes for poultry and other avian species to induce specific and long-lasting protection against infectious diseases. The efficacy of these vaccines depends on correct timing, preparation and administration. Details of various mass and individual administration techniques are discussed in the second part of the chapter. Vaccination in conjunction with biosecurity and management is an essential part of a complex disease strategy to minimize the economic impact of infectious diseases and make poultry production commercially viable.
History of cultivation and trends in China.
Authors: Huang HongWen Huang HongWen , Cheng ZhongPing Cheng ZhongPing , Zhang ZhongHui Zhang ZhongHui , Wang Ying Wang Ying 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses peach cultivation in China during the Pre-Qin Dynasty (1100-221 BC), Eastern and Western Han Dynasty (222 BC-220 AD), from Wei-Jin Dynasty to Sui-Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties period (221-960 AD), and Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing Dynasties and Republican period (961-1948 AD). Current status and trends in peach production in China (peach germplasm collection, repositories, evaluation and utilization in China; main peach cultivars, peach production and growing regions in China; rapid development of greenhouse production; peach postharvest management, processing and marketing in China; and problems faced by the Chinese peach industry) are described.
Propagation techniques.
Authors: Loreti F. , Morini S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses various peach propagation techniques, covering the following aspects: nursery seedling propagation (nursery site and soil, and propagation from seed); nursery hardwood cutting; greenhouse semi-hardwood cutting; micropropagation (preparation of the propagation material, explant disinfection and setting-up aseptic culture, shoot proliferation, rooting and preparation for in vivo growth, transfer and acclimatization of young plants, culture medium, and problems connected to in vitro propagation); embryo culture; stoolbeds and layering; scion propagation; budding and grafting; micrografting; and herbaceous grafting.
Carbon assimilation, partitioning and budget modelling.
Authors: DeJong T. M. , Moing A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

In this chapter, the uptake and metabolism of carbon by specific sink tissues of peach, and broader aspects of carbon partitioning and utilization at the whole-plant level are discussed. Topics covered consisted of: carbon assimilation, leaf photosynthetic characteristics, fruit photosynthesis, canopy carbon assimilation, carbon partitioning (carbon partitioning within source leaves, carbon transport from leaves, carbon partitioning within fruit, carbon partitioning within vegetative growing sink organs, carbon partitioning and mobilization in perennial parts, carbohydrate partitioning at the whole-plant level, and effect of biotic stress), and models of carbon economy in peach (models of fruit growth and carbon economy, and tree growth and carbon economy).
Orchard planting systems.
Authors: Corelli-Grappadelli L. , Marini R. P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

In this chapter, the evolution of training and pruning techniques for peach, as well as the scientific bases underpinning these technical achievements, are reviewed. A detailed discussion of the most widely adopted training systems and a forecast of future trends in this important part of peach cultivation are presented. Specific topics covered are: evolution of training and pruning principles (minimum pruning, summer pruning, cropping as a tool in training, and intensification of peach orchard systems); light and tree physiology (photosynthetic characteristics, light interception and distribution, fruit quality, and flower bud differentiation); modern orchard systems (open vase, palmette, central leader, Y-shaped tree, meadow orchards and protected cultivation); and effects of training system and planting density on yield (tree form effect on yield, effect of planting density on yield, and effect of tree density plus tree form on yield).
Diseases of peach caused by fungi and fungal-like organisms: biology, epidemiology and management.
Authors: Adaskaveg J. E. , Schnabel G. , Förster H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the epidemiology and management of blossom, foliage and fruit diseases (brown rot, jacket rot and green fruit rot, shot hole, scab, rust, peach leaf curl and powdery mildew), trunk and scaffold diseases (silver leaf disease, Leucostoma canker, fungal gummosis, and constriction canker), root and crown diseases (Phytophthora root and crown rots, Armillaria root rot, Verticillium wilt and peach tree short life), postharvest diseases (brown rot and grey mould, Rhizopus rot, Gilbertella and Mucor decays and sour rot), and other diseases of peach and nectarine.
Crop storage and dormancy.
Authors: Brewster J. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Most of this chapter is concerned with the dormancy and storage of onion bulbs, this being both interesting physiologically and the most economically important aspect of allium storage. Garlic dormancy and storage, which has close parallels with onion, is then considered. Finally, and as a contrast, the storage of leeks and salad onions is described.
Section I. Cassava: breeding and genetics.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the following aspects of cassava breeding and genetics: breeding objectives and selection criteria; sexual reproduction and sterility; crossing techniques and true seed production; selection methods and programmes; heritability of major traits; genotype × environment interactions; use of related species in breeding; polyploidy breeding; rapid vegetative propagation (including micropropagation); molecular markers; transgenic technologies; and germplasm conservation.
Section II. Sweet potato: breeding and genetics.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter on sweet potato breeding and genetics covers the following: breeding objectives and selection criteria; sexual reproduction, incompatibility and sterility; crossing techniques and true seed production; selection methods and programmes; heritability of major traits; genotype × environment interactions; use of related species in breeding; rapid vegetative propagation (micropropagation); use of molecular markers; transgenic technologies; and germplasm conservation.
Section III. Yams: breeding and genetics.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the following aspects of yam (Dioscorea spp.) breeding and genetics: breeding objectives and selection criteria; sexual reproduction and sterility; crossing techniques and true seed production; selection methods and programmes; heritability of major traits; genotype × environment interactions; use of related species in breeding; polyploidy breeding; rapid vegetative propagation (including micropropagation); molecular markers; transgenic technologies; and germplasm conservation.
Section IV. Aroids: taxonomy and botany.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the taxonomy, morphology, cytology (including chromosome numbers) and related species of major aroids (mainly Alocasia macrorrhiza, Amorphophallus campanulatus, Colocasia esculenta, Cyrtosperma merkusii and Xanthosoma sagittifolium).
Section IV. Aroids: breeding and genetics.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the following aspects of the breeding and genetics of major aroids (mainly Alocasia macrorrhiza, Amorphophallus campanulatus, Colocasia esculenta, Cyrtosperma merkusii and Xanthosoma sagittifolium): breeding objectives and selection criteria; sexual reproduction and sterility; crossing techniques and true seed production; selection methods and programmes; heritability of major traits; genotype × environment interactions; use of related species in breeding; polyploidy breeding; rapid vegetative propagation (including micropropagation); molecular markers; transgenic technologies; and germplasm conservation.
Section IV. Aroids: developmental physiology.
Authors: Lebot V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter covers the following aspects of the development physiology of major aroids (mainly Alocasia macrorrhiza, Amorphophallus campanulatus, Colocasia esculenta, Cyrtosperma merkusii and Xanthosoma sagittifolium): growth cycle (establishment of the plant with root formation and leaf production, rapid root and shoot development with corm initiation, maximum root and shoot growth with rapid increase in corm size, rapid dry matter accumulation in aerial parts, senescence period characterized by decreasing root and shoot growth with continuous increase in corm and cormel size, and dormancy and decreasing corm weight due to new vegetative growth); photoperiodism; response to temperature and water stress; nutrition; and yield potential.
Introduction.
Authors: Erskine W. , Muehlbauer F. J. , Sarker A. , Sharma B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview on lentil morphology, nutritive value, origin, domestication and spread, uses (as food, packing material and feed), productivity, adaptability, production constraints (biotic and abiotic stresses), and breeding. Its role in human, animal and soil health improvement (e.g. as a nitrogen-fixing crop), occupying a unique position in cereal-based cropping systems, is briefly described.
Breeding for short season environments.
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Ashutosh Sarker Ashutosh Sarker , Shiv Kumar Shiv Kumar , Asghar Ali Asghar Ali , Yadav N. K. , Rahman M. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses the current status of lentil breeding for short season environments. Also discussed are: the production base; production constraints; timing of flowering; history of improvement; breeding objectives; breeding strategy; creation of variability; breeding methods; and future concepts.
Improvement in developed countries.
Authors: Muehlbauer F. J. , Mihov M. , Vandenberg A. , Tullu A. , Materne M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

In Developing Countries particularly in the West Asia and North Africa region, the major lentil breeding goals are development of cultivars with higher yields, resistance to major diseases, suitability for mechanical harvesting and improved residue yields because of the value placed on lentil straw as animal feed. By contrast, improved disease resistance, reduced tendencies to lodge, reduced pod and seed shatter, increased seed yield and improved seed quality traits are principal breeding goals in Developed Countries. Techniques of breeding lentil are similar to those used for other self-pollinating crops with some modifications.
Advances in molecular research.
Authors: Ford R. , Mustafa B. , Baum M. , Rajesh P. N. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter discusses current advances in lentil molecular research. These include: genomics and gene identification; genetic manipulation through transformation; molecular screening of existing germplasm resources; molecular markers; genome and gene mapping; trait mapping, QTL analysis, and marker-assisted breeding; and the future of lensomics.
Breeding and management to minimize the effects of drought and improve water use efficiency.
Authors: Shrestha R. , Siddique K. H. M. , Turner D. W. , Turner N. C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This chapter reviews the effects of water deficits on growth and yield of lentil and explores the genetic and agronomic options to minimize the effects of drought on dry matter (DM) production and seed yields.