bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of asymmetric length trajectories on the initial mechanical efficiency of mouse soleus muscles
Authors: Holt Natalie C. , Askew Graham N. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYAsymmetric cycles with more than half of the cycle spent shortening enhance the mechanical power output of muscle during flight and vocalisation. However, strategies that enhance muscle mechanical power output often compromise efficiency. In order to establish whether a trade-off necessarily exists between power and efficiency, we investigated the effects of asymmetric muscle length trajectories on the maximal mechanical cycle-average power output and initial mechanical efficiency (Ei). Work and heat were measured in vitro in a mouse soleus muscle undergoing contraction cycles with 25% (Saw25%), 50% (Saw50%) and 75% (Saw75%) of the cycles spent shortening. Cycle-average power output tended to increase with the proportion of the cycle spent shortening at a given frequency. Maximum cycle-average power output was 102.9±7.6 W kg–1 for Saw75% cycles at 5 Hz. Ei was very similar for Saw50% and Saw75% cycles at all frequencies (approximately 0.27 at 5 Hz). Saw25% cycles had Ei values similar to those of Saw50% and Saw75% cycles at 1 Hz (approximately 0.20), but were much less efficient at 5 Hz (0.08±0.03). The lower initial mechanical efficiency of Saw25% cycles at higher frequencies suggests that initial mechanical efficiency is reduced if the time available for force generation and relaxation during shortening is insufficient. The similar initial mechanical efficiency of Saw50% and Saw75% cycles at all frequencies shows that increasing the proportion of the contraction cycle spent shortening is a strategy that allows an animal to increase muscle mechanical power output without compromising initial mechanical efficiency.
Serious acute pyelonephritis: a predictive score for evaluation of deterioration of treatment based on clinical and radiologic findings using CT
Authors: Kim See Hyung , Kim Young Whan , Lee Hee Jung 
Published: December 2011

Background Acute pyelonephritis (APN) requires prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment. Purpose To develop a simple score to assist in diagnosing treatment deterioration in patients with serious APN. Material and Methods Using data from a retrospective cohort of 193 patients with APN, we developed scores based on multivariate logistic regression after the jackknife procedure. We validated the scores in a prospective cohort of 40 patients. Results Nine criteria were independently associated with our investigation: Abscess (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 19.8; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.5–72.1), pyonephrosis with or without stone (18.3; 4.8–70.9), pelvicalyceal air (15.5; 3.2–26.9), poor global excretion of contrast (12.3; 2.9–68.5), tachycardia or hypotension (10.1; 2.5–28.0), obliteration of the renal sinus (9.6; 2.5–45.2), persistent fever or pyuria (9.8; 1.9–25.8), diabetes (9.4; 2.0–31.8), and global renal enlargement (7.5; 2.1–35.8). The APN score was based on these nine criteria. Low-risk and high-risk groups were derived from the score (probability, 3.5% [95% CI 0–7.5] and 67% [51–83]). Application of these criteria to the prospective cohort confirmed the diagnostic accuracy of the score (probability 0% [0–15] and 71% [25–100] in the low-risk and high-risk groups, respectively). Conclusion This easy-to-calculate score may prove useful for diagnosing patients with serious APN who deteriorate with treatment.
Supramolecular aggregation patterns in mononuclear organomercury carboxylates
Authors: Basu Baul Tushar S. , Kundu Sajal , Höpfl Herbert , Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The crystal and molecular structures of three organomercury carboxylate derivatives are described, viz. PhHg[O2CC6H4{N=N(C6H3—4-OH—5-CHO)}-o] (1), (p-xylol)Hg[O2CC6H4{N=N(C6H3—4-OH—5-CHO)}-o] (2), characterised as a hemi-toluene solvate, and (p-xylol)Hg[O2CC6H4NH2-o] (3). In each case, the crystallographic data indicate that the Hg atom is linearly coordinated by an aryl-C and a carboxylate-O atom. In 1, supramolecular aggregation occurs via Hg…O and Hg…N interactions and lead to the formation of a supramolecular chain along the a-axis. The Hg…O interactions persist in the crystal structure of the p-xylol derivative 2 and the resulting supramolecular chains are connected into a two-dimensional array in the ab-plane via O–H…O hydrogen bonding. Similarly, in the crystal structure of 3, Hg…O and N–H…O hydrogen bonding combine to lead to the formation of supramolecular arrays in the ac-plane. Crystal data for (1): triclinic, P-1, a = 6.1386(7), b = 10.9066(12), c = 26.808(3) Å, α = 82.655(2), β = 86.736(2), γ = 82.484(2)°, V = 1763.3(3) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.042. Crystal data for (2): triclinic, P-1, a = 7.2322(11), b = 11.080(2), c = 15.372(3) Å, α = 95.230(19), β = 98.545(16), γ = 107.972(17)°, V = 1146.3(4) Å3, Z = 1, R = 0.029. Crystal data for (3): monoclinic, P21/c, a = 7.0450(8), b = 29.109(3), c = 7.2476(8) Å, β = 117.520(2)°, V = 1318.1(3) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.034.
Mixed-ligand coordination of the (UO2)2+ cation and apophyllite topology of uranyl chlorochromate layer in the structure of ((CH3)2CHNH3)[(UO2)(CrO4)Cl(H2O)]
Authors: Siidra Oleg I. , Nazarchuk Evgeny V. , Krivovichev Sergey V. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Addition of the Cl-0 anions to the synthesis mixture stabilizes specific structures of uranyl complexes which results in new compounds with the unprecedented structural topologies. ((CH3)2CHNH3)[(UO2)(CrO4) · Cl(H2O)]is a new member of the small family of compounds based upon the Ur(Xm
O
n
)5 (X = Cl, Br, I) bipyramids. The structure is based upon uranyl chloride chromate layers that alternate with the layers of protonated amine molecules. The layers contain UrClO4 pentagonal bipyramids that share three of its equatorial corners with CrO4 tetrahedra.

Topological analysis shows that the [(UO2)(CrO4)Cl(H2O)]-0 layer belongs to the same topology of interpolyhedral linkage as in α-UO2MoO4(H2O)2. This type of topology (linkage of 4-membered rings creating 8-membered rings) is known in silicate crystal chemistry as the topology of the [Si4O10] layers in the minerals of the apophyllite group. Their linkage via various intermediate units results in a large family of open-framework and pillared silicates.
Variations in Structure Explain the Viscometric Behavior of AOT Microemulsions at Low Water/AOT Molar Ratios
Authors: Sharifi Soheil , Kudla Petra , Oliveira Cristiano L. P. , Pedersen Jan Skov , Bergenholtz Johan 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The viscosity of AOT/water/decane water-in-oil microemulsions exhibits a well-known maximum as a function of water/AOT molar ratio, which is usually attributed to increased attractions among nearly spherical droplets. The maximum can be removed by adding salt or by changing the oil to CCl4. Systematic small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements have been used to monitor the structure of the microemulsion droplets in the composition regime where the maximum appears. On increasing the droplet concentration, the scattering intensity is found to scale with the inverse of the wavevector, a behavior which is consistent with cylindrical structures. The inverse wavevector scaling is not observed when the molar ratio is changed, moving the system away from the value corresponding to the viscosity maximum. It is also not present in the scattering from systems containing enough added salt to essentially eliminate the viscosity maximum. An asymptotic analysis of the SA XS data, complemented by some quantitative modeling, is consistent with cylindrical growth of droplets as their concentration is increased. Such elongated structures are familiar from related AOT systems in which the sodium counterion has been exchanged for a divalent one. However, the results of this study suggest that the formation of non-spherical aggregates at low molar ratios is an intrinsic property of AOT.
Mapping Giant Reed (Arundo donax) Infestations along the Texas–Mexico Portion of the Rio Grande with Aerial Photography
Authors: Yang Chenghai , Everitt James H. , Goolsby John A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGiant reed is an invasive weed throughout the southern half of the United States, with the densest stands growing along the coastal rivers of southern California and the Rio Grande in Texas. The objective of this study was to use aerial photography to map giant reed infestations and to estimate infested areas along the Texas–Mexico portion of the Rio Grande. Aerial color-infrared photographs were taken along the Rio Grande between Brownsville and El Paso, TX, in June and July 2002. Based on the aerial photographs and ground surveys, the portion of the river from San Ygnacio to Lajitas, which has a river length of 898 km (558 mi), was found to be infested with giant reed. To estimate infested areas along both sides of the river, 65 (13.5%) of the 480 aerial photographs taken between Lajitas and San Ygnacio were randomly selected. The aerial photographs were digitized, rectified to Google Earth imagery, and then classified using maximum-likelihood classification techniques. The infested areas on both sides of the river, as well as water area and river length, from each photographic image were determined. Based on the estimates from the 65 aerial photos, the ratio of giant reed area to water area and the ratio of giant reed area to river length were calculated. The total giant reed area along the Rio Grande between Lajitas and San Ygnacio was estimated to be 5,981 ha (14,779 ac) with 3,714 ha or 62% on the U.S. side and 2,267 ha or 38% on the Mexican side. This study provides the first accurate estimates of giant reed infestations along the Texas–Mexico portion of the Rio Grande and will be useful for both land owners and government agencies for the estimation of water usage and economic loss and for the management and control of giant reed.
Efficiency and Accuracy of Wildland Weed Mapping Methods
Authors: Christensen Stephanie D. , Ransom Corey V. , Edvarchuk Kimberly A. , Rasmussen V. Philip 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLand managers must set weed management priorities if limited resources are to be utilized effectively. Weed surveys and inventories assist land managers in this process by providing information regarding the identity, location, and relative abundance of weeds on their land. Although this information is vital, it can be challenging to select a method that provides the necessary data to meet management objectives while remaining accurate and cost effective. This paper critically evaluates four wildland weed mapping methods. These methods were defined as (1) paper-drawn, (2) buffered-point, (3) screen-drawn, and (4) perimeter-walked. Polygons were drawn by hand on topographic maps in the paper-drawn method. The other methods utilized handheld geographic positioning system (GPS) technology to digitally record infestations. Six experienced weed mappers independently recorded the location and size of eight sagebrush patches using each method. Time and accuracy were evaluated for each method based upon mapping time, distance walked, horizontal precision error, estimated size error, and shape error. The paper-drawn method was significantly less accurate than GPS-based methods at recording patch size and location. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of the buffered-point, screen-drawn, and perimeter-walked methods at reporting patch size and location. The need to cover land area quickly and efficiently favors the selection of the buffered-point or screen-drawn method because of time and distance factors. However, if patch shape is an important factor, the perimeter-walked or buffered-point methods may be the best choices of methods tested.
On the Use of Grounded Theory as a Basis for Research on Strategic and Emerging Technologies in Accounting
Authors: Sutton Steve G. , Reinking Jeff , Arnold Vicky 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
Research on emerging technologies in accounting has often proven difficult to conduct while maintaining the meaningfulness of a new technology-driven phenomena and the rigor expected for accounting research. Grounded theory is proposed in this paper as a method that has not been oft used in the discipline, but may be highly applicable in such an emergent domain. Grounded theory was first put forth by Glaser and Strauss (1967); but in subsequent years, each of the authors has diverged from the other in their perspectives on how “good” grounded research should be conducted. We explore and compare the two approaches to grounded theory as an introduction for researchers who may find the research method desirable in their research. We also overview a program of research in the area of B2B e-commerce risk and assurance that applies grounded theory in an emerging technology area of accounting, providing both an overview and critique of its implementation. We conclude with some perspectives on the use of grounded theory for emerging technologies research in accounting. An objective of the paper is to help researchers know when to pursue a grounded theory approach and to provide the foundations for undertaking such an endeavor.
A well-posed multiscale regularization scheme for digital image denoising
Authors: Prasath V. 
Published: December 2011

A well-posed multiscale regularization scheme for digital image denoisingWe propose an edge adaptive digital image denoising and restoration scheme based on space dependent regularization. Traditional gradient based schemes use an edge map computed from gradients alone to drive the regularization. This may lead to the oversmoothing of the input image, and noise along edges can be amplified. To avoid these drawbacks, we make use of a multiscale descriptor given by a contextual edge detector obtained from local variances. Using a smooth transition from the computed edges, the proposed scheme removes noise in flat regions and preserves edges without oscillations. By incorporating a space dependent adaptive regularization parameter, image smoothing is driven along probable edges and not across them. The well-posedness of the corresponding minimization problem is proved in the space of functions of bounded variation. The corresponding gradient descent scheme is implemented and further numerical results illustrate the advantages of using the adaptive parameter in the regularization scheme. Compared with similar edge preserving regularization schemes, the proposed adaptive weight based scheme provides a better multiscale edge map, which in turn produces better restoration.
Riskmetrics™ Methodology in Assessment of Investment Risk on Capital Markets
Authors: Mentel Grzegorz 
Published: December 2011

Riskmetrics™ Methodology in Assessment of Investment Risk on Capital Markets
In the article the author has presented the methodology of assessment of market risk connected with investing in all sorts of financial instruments such as: shares, bonds and other derivatives, e.g. RiskGrade (RG). The measure has been introduced by RiskMetrics. The article presents the application of RiskGrades methodology while choosing the optimum investment portfolio for a Polish investor who invests in shares in the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Moreover, some other risk measures have been discussed which describe the efficiency of the optimum financial portfolio.
Modern Economic Space in Polish Cities as a Symptom of Globalisation
Authors: Wdowicka Magdalena 
Published: December 2011

Modern Economic Space in Polish Cities as a Symptom of Globalisation
Globalisation primarily embraces cities, which turn into major nodes of the global economic network. It is here that huge transnational corporations locate their operations, an intensive exchange of information takes place, and the largest global flows are registered. In seeking to adjust their economic and spatial structure to the requirements of the competitive global economy, cities undertake large-scale infrastructural investments and develop new forms of organisation of their economic space, including scientific-technological parks, high-quality spaces offering services to producers and business people, and modern office districts where the headquarters of global corporations, international economic organisations and financial institutions are concentrated. The aim of the paper is to analyse the resources of modern economic space in Polish cities in the age of dynamic globalisation, in particular such elements of this space as high-quality office stock and technological parks.
The Permanence of Socio-Economically Marginal Structures Within Urban Space: The Example of Bogotá
Authors: Czerny Mirosława 
Published: December 2011

The Permanence of Socio-Economically Marginal Structures Within Urban Space: The Example of Bogotá
The subject of this paper is an analysis of marginal spatial development processes taking place in Bogotá, one of the largest cities in the Southern Hemisphere. Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, situated on a high plateau (Sabana de Bogotá) at over 2,500 metres above sea-level, has currently approximately 8 million inhabitants. In Bogotá, as in any major South American city, we find the characteristic, highly pronounced diversification of urban space in terms of quality, urban landscape features, and living conditions. Marginal areas in Bogotá, characterised by a low quality of urban space, can be divided into two types, their origin and attributes linked to the general social processes that have taken place here in the 20th century. They are distinguished as follows: (a) marginal districts on the outskirts of the city, resulting from a period of dynamic and unplanned urbanisation, from the 1970s until now; and (b) marginal districts in the centre of the city. This article aims to show the mechanisms that contribute to the formation of and changes in these two types of urban space.
Borders and the City: Intra-Urban Boundaries in Guangzhou (China)
Authors: Breitung Werner 
Published: December 2011

Borders and the City: Intra-Urban Boundaries in Guangzhou (China)
Borders are fundamental structuring elements of space. This paper uses concepts derived from the study of political boundaries to make sense of urban structures and developments. It does this in the case of Guangzhou, a mega-city in Southern China, but the suggestion is that this approach is significant beyond the Chinese case. The author introduces five different ways to see borders (political, physical, socio-spatial, psychological and functional), and holds that border analysis should combine those five aspects. In the case of Guangzhou, spatially differentiated urban governance is seen as creating strong physical, social and other boundaries. This finding is illustrated by various pieces of evidence from the author's fieldwork, including survey data and qualitative interviews.
Studying young recipient as of alcohol marketing – Two research paradigms and their possible consolidation
Authors: Hellman Matilda 
Published: December 2011

Aims The article discusses and compares two European studies that investigate young recipients of commercial messages on alcohol. The studies spring out of very different science philosophical paradigms. Their comparison therefore brings certain ontological, epistemological and methodological questions to a head. Data and Methods A large amount of existing research and theorizing has been reviewed in order to frame the studies concerning the following aspects: their goals (genesis, purposes etc.); their view on the nature of reality (ontology); their view on how knowledge is created and expanded (epistemology) and, their view on the role of values in research and theory building (axiology). Results It is suggested that although the studies work in separate paradigms and are concerned with different phenomena, they could gain from a consolidation for complementary purposes. Conclusions The task of studying alcohol marketing audiences puts the alcohol research field's methodological capacities to the test. The field needs more interactive collaboration between different research traditions in order to produce credible research in this area.
Peanut Tolerance to Pyroxasulfone
Authors: Prostko Eric P. , Grey Timothy L. , Webster Theodore M. , Kemerait Robert C. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
Due to limited hectares and production in comparison to field corn, soybean, and wheat, commercial research and development efforts by major manufacturers for potential new peanut herbicides are minimal. Therefore, new herbicides developed for large hectare crops should be evaluated for potential use in peanut. Field trials were conducted in Ty Ty and Plains Georgia in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the tolerance of peanut to PRE and POST applications of pyroxasulfone at five rates (0, 120, 240, 360, and 480 g ai/ha). Pyroxasulfone did not cause significant peanut injury at the Ty Ty location. In Plains, PRE applications of pyroxasulfone caused significant crop stunting, particularly at the 360 and 480 g/ha rates. In Ty Ty, PRE applications of pyroxasulfone also resulted in greater expression of tomato spotted wilt virus than POST applications. Peanut yields were not reduced by any rate or timing of pyroxasulfone. These results suggest that pyroxasulfone may have some potential to be utilized in peanut.
Row Pattern and Seeding Rate Effects on Agronomic, Disease, and Economic Factors in Large-Seeded Runner Peanut
Authors: Tubbs R. Scott , Beasley John P. , Culbreath Albert K. , Kemerait Robert C. , Smith Nathan B. , Smith Amanda R. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
Recent peanut cultivar releases are trending to a larger seed size, but have great resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Larger-seeded cultivars cost more to plant than smaller at an equivalent population. Reduced seeding rates could save growers on seed costs and impede the spread of southern stem rot, but can reduce plant stands which can lower yields and increase TSWV incidence. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to compare seven peanut cultivars (Georgia Green, Georgia-06G, AT 3085RO, Florida-07, Tifguard, AP-3, and Georgia-03L) in single and twin row patterns at three seeding rates (17, 20, and 23 seed/m) on a sandy loam soil at Plains, GA for disease incidence, agronomic, and economic performance. Measured variables included yield and grade, plant height and stand, TSWV and southern stem rot incidence, and adjusted net revenue in 2008 and 2009. Twin rows outperformed single rows whenever differences occurred. The only factors consistently affected by reducing seeding rate were plant height and stand, both decreased at the lowest seeding rate. There was a trend toward lower yields (approximately 6% reduction) at the 17 seed/m rate in twin row pattern, although net returns were not diminished compared to the higher seeding rates since lower seed costs offset yield reductions. The cultivars Georgia-06G and Florida-07 had the highest yield and adjusted net revenue among the seven cultivars in both years. Tifguard and Georgia Green had lowest overall yields and would not be preferred cultivars in sandy loam soils. This study demonstrates that twin rows have higher yield, plant stands, and net revenue, plus reduced TSWV incidence than single row pattern, and a reduction in seeding rate to 17 seed/m can be made without serious risk of lost revenue. However, benefits of reducing seeding rate in twin rows were not as pronounced as they were for single rows, and exhibited a greater potential for lower yield. A grower planting in single rows would likely have the most to gain from planting fewer seed, especially under heavy southern stem rot pressure, but planting in twin rows would still be a preferred option over single rows.