bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A phylogenetic analysis of sex‐specific evolution of ecological morphology inLiolaemuslizards
Authors: Pincheira‐Donoso Daniel , Hodgson David J. , Stipala Jan , Tregenza Tom 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAdaptive radiation theory predicts that phenotypic traits involved in ecological performance evolve in different directions in populations subjected to divergent natural selection, resulting in the evolution of ecological diversity. This idea has largely been supported through comparative studies exploring relationships between ecological preferences and quantitative traits among different species. However, intersexual perspectives are often ignored. Indeed, although it is well established that intersexual competition and sex‐specific parental and reproductive roles may often subject sex‐linked phenotypes to antagonistic selection effects, most ecomorphological research has explored adaptive evolution on a single sex, or on means obtained from both sexes together. The few studies taking sexual differences into account reveal the occurrence of sex‐specific ecomorphs in some clades of lizards, and conclude that the independent contribution of the sexes to the morphological diversity produced by adaptive radiation can be substantial. Here, we investigate whether microhabitat use results in the evolution of sex‐specific ecomorphs across 44Liolaemuslizard species. We found that microhabitat structure does not predict variation in body size and shape in either of the sexes. Yet, we found that males and females tend to occupy significantly different positions in multivariate morphological spaces, indicating that treating males and females as ecologically and phenotypically equivalent units may lead to incomplete or mistaken estimations of the diversity produced by adaptive evolution.
Mechanical Deformation Behavior of Nonpolar GaN Thick Films by Berkovich Nanoindentation
Authors: Wei Tongbo , Hu Qiang , Duan Ruifei , Wang Junxi , Zeng Yiping , Li Jinmin , Yang Yang , Liu Yulong 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In this study, the deformation mechanisms of nonpolar GaN thick films grown on m-sapphire by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) are investigated using nanoindentation with a Berkovich indenter, cathodoluminescence (CL), and Raman microscopy. Results show that nonpolar GaN is more susceptible to plastic deformation and has lower hardness thanc-plane GaN. After indentation, lateral cracks emerge on the nonpolar GaN surface and preferentially propagate parallel to the "Equation missing" orientation due to anisotropic defect-related stresses. Moreover, the quenching of CL luminescence can be observed to extend exclusively out from the center of the indentations along the "Equation missing" orientation, a trend which is consistent with the evolution of cracks. The recrystallization process happens in the indented regions for the load of 500 mN. Raman area mapping indicates that the distribution of strain field coincides well with the profile of defect-expanded dark regions, while the enhanced compressive stress mainly concentrates in the facets of the indentation.
Vegetable Oil-Based Hyperbranched Thermosetting Polyurethane/Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Deka Harekrishna , Karak Niranjan 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The highly branched polyurethanes and vegetable oil-based polymer nanocomposites have been showing fruitful advantages across a spectrum of potential field of applications.Mesua ferrea L. seed oil-based hyperbranched polyurethane (HBPU)/clay nanocomposites were prepared at different dose levels by in situ polymerization technique. The performances of epoxy-cured thermosetting nanocomposites are reported for the first time. The partially exfoliated structure of clay layers was confirmed by XRD and TEM. FTIR spectra indicate the presence of H bonding between nanoclay and the polymer matrix. The present investigation outlines the significant improvement of tensile strength, scratch hardness, thermostability, water vapor permeability, and adhesive strength without much influencing impact resistance, bending, and elongation at break of the nanocomposites compared to pristine HBPU thermoset. An increment of two times the tensile strength, 6 °C of melting point, and 111 °C of thermo-stability were achieved by the formation of nanocomposites. An excellent shape recovery of about 96–99% was observed for the nanocomposites. Thus, the formation of partially exfoliated clay/vegetable oil-based hyperbranched polyurethane nanocomposites significantly improved the performance.
Structural Modification in Carbon Nanotubes by Boron Incorporation
Authors: Handuja Sangeeta , Srivastava P , Vankar VD 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
We have synthesized boron-incorporated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by decomposition of ferrocene and xylene in a thermal chemical vapor deposition set up using boric acid as the boron source. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies of the synthesized CNT samples showed that there was deterioration in crystallinity and improvement in alignment of the CNTs as the boron content in precursor solution increased from 0% to 15%. Raman analysis of these samples showed a shift of ~7 cm−1in wave number to higher side and broadening of the G band with increasing boron concentration along with an increase in intensity of the G band. Furthermore, there was an increase in the intensity of the D band along with a decrease in its wave number position with increase in boron content. We speculate that these structural modifications in the morphology and microstructure of CNTs might be due to the charge transfer from boron to the graphite matrix, resulting in shortening of the carbon–carbon bonds.
Characterization of Microemulsion Systems Formed by a Mixed 1,3‐Dioxolane Ethoxylate/Octyl Glucoside Surfactant System
Authors: Alkhatib Mayson H. , Hayes Douglas G. , Urban Volker S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe phase behavior of microemulsion systems containing water (or 1.0 wt% NaClaq), isooctane, and the binary surfactant system consisting ofn‐octyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside, C8βG1, and the acid‐cleavable alkyl ethoxylate, 4‐CH3O (CH2CH2O)7.2, 2‐(CH2)12CH3, 2‐(CH2)CH3, 1,3‐dioxolane, or “cyclic ketal” (“CK‐2,13”), was determined. Large temperature‐insensitive one, two, and three‐phase microemulsion‐phase regions were obtained when equal masses of the two surfactants were employed, suggesting that C8βG1reduces the temperature sensitivity of CK‐2,13's ethoxylate group. Addition of C8βG1to CK‐2,13 greatly improves the latter's low efficiency, evidenced by the formation of a three‐phase microemulsion system for surfactant concentrations at low fractions of total surfactants for systems with equal mass ratios of water to oil and CK‐2,13 to C8βG1. Analysis of the phase diagrams also suggests that CK‐2,13 and C8βG1impart hydrophobic and hydrophilic character, respectively, to the surfactant mixture, and that addition of salt further increases the hydrophilicity of C8βG1, presumably because of the salting‐in of the latter. Analysis of small‐angle neutron scattering data revealed that the mixed surfactant system formed spherical oil‐in‐water microemulsions, and that increasing the CK‐2,13 fraction among the surfactants reduced the critical microemulsion concentration but slightly increased the nanodroplet size.
Designs of Bioreactor Systems for Solvent‐Free Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Fructose–Oleic Acid Esters
Authors: Pyo Sang‐Hyun , Hayes Douglas G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFructose–oleic acid esters, biodegradable, biocompatible and biobased surfactants and value‐added products were synthesized under solvent‐free conditions at 65 °C in stirred‐batch mode and using several different bioreactor systems. For a stirred‐tank bioreactor (STBR) using fed‐batch fructose addition and 5.0 wt.% immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme® IM, Novozymes, Franklinton, NC), the conversion yield was over 80%, and the initial rate of the reaction was comparable to previously obtained results using tert‐butanol during the initial phase. The bioreactor systems contained a packed “desorption” column (DC) containing fructose crystals and silica gel for delivery of saccharide, and either a STBR or packed‐bed bioreactor (PBBR). The liquid stream, initially containing oleic acid and a mixture of fructose–oleic acid esters at a ratio of 75/25 w/w, was continuously recirculated throughout the system. The PBBR system yielded the highest conversion (84.4%) and rate of reaction subsequent to the addition of 10 wt.% molecular sieves during the latter stage of reaction; however, the reaction rate was several‐fold lower than the batch mode reactions due to the lower fructose concentrations provided by the DC.
Adduction contracture of the shoulder due to fibrous long head of the triceps in children
Authors: Hung Nguyen Ngoc 
Published: April 2009

Objective To evaluate the clinical and functional results of surgical treatment for fibrous long head of the triceps in children. Materials and methods Data were analyzed from 32 patients (38 shoulders) aged over 5 years of age from August 1995 to December 2004. The adduction contracture, elbow flexed angles when the scapula was held in the chest wall, and scapulo-humeral angles in radiographs were measured. Surgical release of the long head of the triceps was performed. Results There were 22 females and 10 males in this study. Bilateral shoulder involvement was found in six patients. Only the right shoulder was involved in 5 patients, and only the left in 21 patients. All 32 patients (38 shoulders) developed adduction contracture of the shoulder after repeated intramuscular injection of antibiotic(s) into the long head of the triceps. Thirty-four shoulders (29 patients) were classified as severe, and four shoulders (3 patients) were classified as moderate. In all, we attained excellent results in 36 shoulders (94.7%) and good results in two shoulders (5.3%). There have been no fair or poor results or complications so far. Conclusion Generally, surgical treatment of adduction contracture of the shoulder has achieved good results, with improved shoulder function. Releasing the long head of the triceps is a simple and safe surgical technique.
Where the education system and women's bodies collide: The social and health impact of girls' experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania
Authors: Sommer Marni 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThe global development community has focused in recent decades on closing the gender gap in education, but has given insufficient attention to the specific needs of pre‐ and post‐pubescent girls as they transition to young womanhood within the educational institution. This study explored the social context of girls' experiences of menses and schooling in northern Tanzania, with data collection focused on capturing girls' voiced concerns and recommendations. Results indicated that pubescent girls are confronted with numerous challenges to managing menses within the school environment. Many are transitioning through puberty without adequate guidance on puberty and menses management, and pursuing education in environments that lack adequate facilities, supplies, and gender sensitivity. Girls have pragmatic and realistic recommendations for how to improve school environments, ideas that should be incorporated as effective methods for improving girls' academic experiences and their healthy transitions to womanhood.
A pea mutant (costata) expressing higher activity in thylakoid membrane‐bound carbonic anhydrase altersPSII downregulation mechanisms
Authors: Lazova G. , Naidenova N. , Ignatova L. , Stefanov D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe interaction between photosynthetic electron transport and the activities of the thylakoid associated carbonic anhydrase (tCA), estimated as combined tCA activity in pea plants (Pisum sativumL. Borek cv., WT) and mutant form (costata2/125) that differ in chlorophyll content have been compared. Chlorophyllafluorescence changes after the inhibition of tCA by ethoxyzolamide (EZ), estimating possible role of tCA in PSII downregulation were investigated.Costataexpresses higher tCA activity and higher O2evolution in comparison to WT. Inhibition of tCA by EZ decreased effective PSII photochemistry that coincided with an enhancement in thermal dissipation, while maximal PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) did not significantly change. Ethoxyzolamide induced changes in fluorescence parameters that were more strongly expressed incostata2/125. The results show that tCA is involved in the regulation of the proton gradient across thylakoid membranes and thus limits PSII downregulation.
Light‐induced and apoptosis‐like cell death in the unicellular eukaryote, Blepharisma japonicum
Authors: Takada Yuichi , Matsuoka Tatsuomi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe unicellular eukaryote, Blepharisma japonicum, is a light‐sensitive ciliated protozoa. It possesses a photoreceptor pigment called blepharismin that plays critical roles in defensive behavior against predators and step‐up photophobic response. In addition, the pigment generates reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals which contribute to photodynamic action. Previous studies reported that intense light (>300 W m−2) induced rapid photodynamic killing (necrosis) characterized by cell swelling and plasma efflux, while moderate light (3–30 W m−2) only induced pigment extrusion and photooxidation. We have found that moderate light (5 W m−2) induced apoptosis‐like cell death. Microscopically it was found that >3 h of moderate light irradiation induced macronuclear condensation and plasma efflux without cell swelling. Single cell gel electrophoresis assay showed that DNA fragmentation occurred between 1 and 3 h of irradiation, and the condensed macronuclei contained quite fragmented DNA. Macronuclear DNA extracted from light‐irradiated cells contained DNA fragments of 180–200 and 360–400 bp, which were seen as apoptosis ladders.
How much was your shopping basket? Working memory processes in total basket price estimation
Authors: Luna David , Kim Hyeong‐Min (Christian) 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlthough much attention has been paid to recall of a single price, research is lacking in understanding the process of how consumers estimate the total price of a shopping basket. Drawing on research on numeric cognition, memory processes, and mental accounting, we show in five studies that the accuracy of total price estimation as well as the timing of such estimation is systematically influenced by several factors. We find that the length (in syllables) of the prices in the basket and the attention that consumers pay to the prices influence the accuracy of the calculation of the total basket price. Furthermore, our studies also show that the timing of the calculation is influenced by the nature of the items in the basket (i.e., unrelated vs. complementary items).
The effect of computer‐mediated communication on conformity vs. nonconformity: An impression management perspective
Authors: Schlosser Ann E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThere is disagreement in the literature regarding whether those communicating in computer‐mediated (CM) groups are attentive or oblivious to the social situation. There is evidence on both sides, with those in CM groups sometimes modifying their public responses and other times not. This apparent contradiction may be due in part to the impression that those in CM groups wish to convey and whether modifying their responses would help convey this impression. Specifically, whereas those in face‐to‐face (FTF) groups may strategically alter their public responses to present themselves as part of the group, those in CM groups may strategically alter their public responses to present themselves as separate from the group and unique on a positive dimension. The results of three experiments support this impression‐management account: those in CM groups strategically altered their responses when doing so produced a desirable impression. The results further suggest that visual information about the group and social distance play important roles in affecting whether those in CM groups conform or not.
Unplanned tracheostomy following pediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Wynne David McGregor , Kong Kelvin , Berkowitz Robert G. 
Published: April 2009

ObjectiveTo identify factors contributing to unplanned tracheostomy following cardiac surgery in children under 12 months without prior airway support.MethodsCase series with chart review.ResultsEleven patients were identified (eight male, three female). Eight were term, three preterm. Four had syndromes associated with cardiac disease. Age at cardiac surgery was 2.2 (0.1‐5.2) months. Time between surgery and tracheostomy was 1.2 (0‐3) months. Two groups were identified. The first had tracheobronchomalacia as the primary diagnosis (n = 9). Time post‐surgery for tracheostomy was 1.2 (0.5‐3) months. The second had bilateral vocal fold paralysis (n = 2). Both children had cardiac procedures that have recognized risk to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Both had cannulation of the right internal jugular vein at the time of surgery. Tracheostomy occurred within three days of the cardiac procedure.ConclusionInvestigations for tracheobronchomalacia should occur if a child continues to fail ventilator weaning or extubation following cardiac surgery. Risk of right RLN injury due to right vascular instrumentation should be minimized in left RLN prone procedures.
Gefährdung der Masernelimination bis 2010 in Deutschland
Authors: Mankertz Annette , Siedler Anette 
Published: April 2009

Einleitung
Die WHO Vorgaben zur Masernelimination werden in Deutschland nicht erreicht, denn die Durchimpfungsrate liegt für die zweite Masern-Impfung noch unter 95% und die Inzidenz überschreitet den angesetzten Höchstwert von 1 Fall pro 1 Mio. Einwohner. Deutschland ist somit eines der Länder, die die Masernelimination in Europa gefährden. In gemeinsamem Vorgehen müssen Impflücken geschlossen, konsequentes Ausbruchsmanagement betrieben und möglichst alle Verdachtsfälle labordiagnostisch bestätigt werden.
ON THE LINEAR COMBINANTS OF A BINARY PENCIL
Authors: ABDESSELAM ABDELMALEK , CHIPALKATTI JAYDEEP 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLet A, B denote binary forms of order d, and let 2r−1 = (A, B)2r−1 be the sequence of their linear combinants for $1 \le r \le \lfloor\frac{d+1}{2}\rfloor$. It is known that 1, 3 together determine the pencil {A + λ B}λ∈P1 and hence indirectly the higher combinants 2r−1. In this paper we exhibit explicit formulae for all r ≥ 3, which allow us to recover 2r−1 from the knowledge of 1 and 3. The calculations make use of the symbolic method in classical invariant theory, as well as the quantum theory of angular momentum. Our theorem pertains to the plethysm representation ∧2Sd for the group SL2. We give an example for the group SL3 to show that such a result may hold for other categories of representations.
A MULTIPLICITY RESULT FOR A CLASS OF EQUATIONS OFp-LAPLACIAN TYPE WITH SIGN-CHANGING NONLINEARITIES
Authors: CHUNG NGUYEN THANH , NGÔ QUỐC ANH 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUsing variational arguments we study the non-existence and multiplicity of non-negative solutions for a class equations of the formwhere Ω is a bounded domain inN,N≧ 3,fis a sign-changing Carathéodory function on Ω × [0, +∞) and λ is a positive parameter.
ORE EXTENSIONS OF WEAK ZIP RINGS
Authors: OUYANG LUNQUN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper we introduce the notion of weak zip rings and investigate their properties. We mainly prove that a ringRis right (left) weak zip if and only if for anyn, then-by-nupper triangular matrix ringTn(R) is right (left) weak zip. Let α be an endomorphism and δ an α-derivation of a ringR. ThenRis a right (left) weak zip ring if and only if the skew polynomial ringR[x; α, δ] is a right (left) weak zip ring whenRis (α, δ)-compatible and reversible.
POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR A CLASS OF p(x)-LAPLACIAN PROBLEMS
Authors: AFROUZI G. A. , GHORBANI H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe consider the system

where p(x), q(x) ∈ C1(RN) are radial symmetric functions such that sup|∇ p(x)| < ∞, sup|∇ q(x)| < ∞ and 1 < inf p(x) ≤ sup p(x) < ∞, 1 < inf q(x) ≤ sup q(x) < ∞, where −Δp(x)u = −div(|∇u|p(x)−2∇u), −Δq(x)v = −div(|∇v|q(x)−2∇v), respectively are called p(x)-Laplacian and q(x)-Laplacian, λ1, λ2, μ1 and μ2 are positive parameters and Ω = B(0, R) ⊂ RN is a bounded radial symmetric domain, where R is sufficiently large. We prove the existence of a positive solution when

for every M > 0, $\lim_{u \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{h(u)}{u^{p^--1}} = 0$ and $\lim_{u \rightarrow +\infty} \frac{\gamma(u)}{u^{q^--1}} = 0$. In particular, we do not assume any sign conditions on f(0), g(0), h(0) or γ(0).
THE WTO CONTINGENT TRADE INSTRUMENTS AGAINST CHINA: WHAT DOES ACCESSION BRING?
Authors: Zang Michelle Q 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAs part of the conditions for WTO accession, China is committed to a number of additional obligations stipulated in the accession documents. This article will mainly focus on the contingent trade instruments in this context, which WTO Members are entitled to take against products of Chinese origin. In this regard, the WTO rules to be examined include the buffering mechanism under Sections 15 and 16 of the Accession Protocol and the textile-specific safeguard mechanism under paragraph 242 of the Working Party Report. The discriminatory and non-beneficial nature of the latter makes it the most unfair component in China's accession. In some cases, these China-only instruments also go against some fundamental WTO principles. For example, revivals of grey-area measures and the bilateral approach are fairly evident therein, which are no longer advocatedandeven prohibited under the WTO system.
AS BAD AS IT GETS: THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS'S BEHRAMI AND SARAMATI DECISION AND GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Milanović Marko , Papić Tatjana 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article examines the European Court of Human Rights's encounter with general international law in its Behrami and Saramati admissibility decision, where it held that the actions of the armed forces of States acting pursuant to UN Security Council authorizations are attributable not to the States themselves, but to the United Nations. The article will try to demonstrate that the Court's analysis is entirely at odds with the established rules of responsibility in international law, and is equally dubious as a matter of policy. Indeed, the article will show that the Court's decision can be only be explained by its reluctance to decide on questions of State jurisdiction and norm conflict, the latter issue becoming the clearest when Behrami is compared to the Al-Jedda judgment of the House of Lords.
INTRA-EU INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS AND ARBITRATION: IS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW AN OBSTACLE?
Authors: Wehland Hanno 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between Member States of the EU have long been all but non-existent. However, with the two most recent rounds of EU enlargement about 190 BITs have become intra-EU. This has not only raised doubts about the conformity of these BITs with EC law, but has also prompted some (including the European Commission) to question the admissibility of arbitral proceedings brought under these Treaties. The article assesses the mechanisms through which a conflict between intra-EU BITs and EC law can become relevant from an arbitration perspective. It then analyses the principal alleged inconsistencies between BIT provisions and EC law: differing substantive standards of investment protection, unequal treatment of investors from different Member States and the lack of control by the ECJ. The discussion of these issues in the light of the relevant EC Treaty provisions shows that EC law should not, in fact, be regarded as an obstacle to intra-EU investment arbitration.