bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROGRESS IN UREMIC TOXIN RESEARCH: Cytokines, Atherogenesis, and Hypercatabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Dreadful Triad
Authors: Carrero Juan Jesus , Park Sun‐Hee , Axelsson Jonas , Lindholm Bengt , Stenvinkel Peter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe term cytokine clusters denotes a copious family of molecules and correspondent receptors implicated in numerous processes mediating health and disease. In the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD), generation and metabolism of most of these cytokines are disturbed. Available evidence suggests that cytokine imbalances contribute to the progression of common CKD complications, such as atherosclerosis, mineral‐bone disease, and protein‐energy wasting via pleiotropic effects. The belief that cytokine CKD research is solely represented by interleukins (IL) and tumor‐necrosis factors (TNF) (mainly IL‐6 and TNF‐α) is a common misconception among nephrologists. We here explore recent findings concerning the pathophysiological role of various cytokines in uremic complications, and discuss how cytokines could be used as novel potential therapeutic targets in CKD. At the same time, we provide a brief overview of current discoveries in the main transforming growth factors and chemokines.
PROGRESS IN UREMIC TAXIN RESEARCH: Leptin and Uremic Protein‐Energy Wasting—The Axis of Eating
Authors: Yamamoto Tae , Carrero Juan Jesús , Lindholm Bengt , Stenvinkel Peter , Axelsson Jonas 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLeptin, a regulator of eating behavior, is secreted by adipocytes and affects energy homeostasis in health and disease. Specifically, leptin is implicated in modulating multiple pathways controlling energy intake, energy expenditure and the allocation of precious nutrients between conversion, storage, and consumption. Whereas leptin has been shown to be a major determinant of anorexia in uremic animals, human data are so far unclear. Regardless, multiple studies have demonstrated that patients with chronic kidney function impairment have elevated leptin levels, although these levels still correlate strongly with body fat mass. In the present publication, we will review the current evidence for the pathophysiological role of leptin, focusing on chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.
PROGRESS IN UREMIC TOXIN RESEARCH: Endothelium and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in the Context of Uremia
Authors: Günthner Thomas , Jankowski Vera , Kretschmer Axel , Nierhaus Marc , Van Der Giet Markus , Zidek Walter , Jankowski Joachim 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIt is obvious that retention of uremic toxins leads to endothelial dysfunction, which in turn initiates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Yet, the entity of the cascade of pathomechanisms has not sufficiently been elucidated. Endothelial dysfunction inevitably and irreversibly leads to progressive cardiovascular dysfunction and thereby represents the beginning of a life‐limiting cascade. This review highlights important findings in this field.
Progress in Uremic Toxin Research: Effects of Uremic Toxins on Vascular and Bone Remodeling
Authors: Barreto Fellype C. , Barreto Daniela V. , Liabeuf Sophie , Drüeke Tilman B. , Massy Ziad A. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTChronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with both extensive vascular calcification and abnormal bone remodeling, namely renal osteodystrophy. Moreover, there is increasing evidence for a close relationship between bone and vessel function. Pathological vascular calcification has been recently recognized as an active, cell‐mediated process with similarities to physiological skeletal mineralization. Accordingly, we described the concept of vascular remodeling, in analogy to bone remodeling. In this review, we discuss the role of uremic toxins in the cross‐talk between bone and vessel, and emphasize their potential contribution to the development of both vascular and bone remodeling disorders in patients with CKD.
PROGRESS IN UREMIC TOXIN RESEARCH: C‐Reactive Protein and Uremia
Authors: Wanner Christoph , Drechsler Christiane , Krane Vera 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSince the first report of elevated serum levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) predicting all cause and cardiovascular mortality more than 10 years ago, many other studies have recognized that the uremic milieu is associated with a state of chronic inflammation. The causes for inflammation are multiple and have been well studied in the past 10 years. Nondialysis, uremia related and endogenous factors as well as the dialysis procedure itself may be responsible for the high prevalence of inflammation in dialysis patients. Today, CRP serves to improve overall vascular risk stratification and, in the individual, to detect sources of specific infections. Because multiple factors contribute to the milieu of inflammation, the predictive value of CRP is rather nonspecific in dissecting a cause, with respect to the subcomponents of cardiac, vascular, and even noncardiovascular causes of mortality. So far, no specific pharmacologic treatment, including atorvastatin, has been identified that can substantially reduce CRP and accompanying inflammation.
PROGRESS IN UREMIC TOXIN RESEARCH: Uremic Toxins in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Herget‐Rosenthal Stefan , Glorieux Griet , Jankowski Joachim , Jankowski Vera 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious and frequent condition which may fully resolve but is associated with markedly increased mortality. Mortality in AKI is caused by nonrenal, distant organ failure. Renal recovery from AKI is often not achieved on account of new injuries in the repair phase. Uremic toxins may be the missing link between AKI and nonrenal organ failure, tubular and endothelial injury. Compared with chronic kidney disease (CKD), research of uremic toxins in AKI is in its infancy. This review presents the current knowledge on uremic toxins in AKI which is predominately derived from experimental studies. Most uremic toxins investigated have previously been identified in CKD. The review focuses on those uremic toxins with biologic effect on the respective nonrenal organs failing in AKI and on the renal tubule and the endothelium. These uremic toxins may insofar be specific mediators of pathophysiological processes in AKI.
Community/Public Health Nursing Practice Leaders' Views of the Doctorate of Nursing Practice
Authors: Swider Susan M. , Levin Pamela , Cowell Julia , Breakwell Susan , Holland Pearl , Wallinder Janet 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
Objectives: This paper presents thoughts of practice leaders in the community/public health nursing (C/PHN) specialty on advanced nursing practice (ANP) and the necessary educational preparation for such practice.Design and Sample: Practice leaders were engaged in conversations specifically focused on the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) as preparation for ANP in their specialties, and asked to consider the benefits of, and challenges to, this educational program.Measures and Results: The resulting remarks were then assessed for themes by the interviewers and these are presented along with thoughts on the future of education for ANP.Conclusion: Overall, there was much agreement among the practice leaders interviewed about the importance of a broad skill set for ANP in the specialty. However, the practice leaders interviewed here also identified the practical challenges involved in educating nurses at the DNP level in the C/PHN specialty, as well as some concerns about the definitions of ANP for the future.
Perceptions of Public Health Nursing Practice by Municipal Health Officials in Norway
Authors: Clancy Anne , Svensson Tommy 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe and analyze municipal decision‐maker's views on public health nursing and to reflect upon and discuss the relevance of those views to the future of public health nursing in Norway.Design: This explorative qualitative study using face‐to‐face interviews is part of a larger project, comprising 5 studies, that explores perceptions of public health nursing.Sample: A purposeful sample of 11 municipal decision‐makers was selected for interview during 2006–2007 to reflect variation in community size and perspective.Results: Thematic content analysis of the transcribed interviews revealed 4 content categories: contribution, collaboration, challenges, and visibility. The decision‐makers expressed satisfaction with the public health nursing services, showed concern about lack of visibility and clear boundaries, and some expressed irritation over lacking collaboration. The interviewees elaborated on their past experiences as the public health nurses coworkers, leaders, collaborators, and service users.Conclusions: The respondents recognized public health nursing's contribution to public health but they lack sufficient knowledge of its content and tend to take services at local health clinics for granted. Dialogue between nurses and decision‐makers is necessary in order to ensure updated evaluation and continued development of public health nursing services.
Observed Use of Standard Precautions in Chilean Community Clinics
Authors: Ferrer Lilian Marcela , Cianelli Rosina , Norr Kathleen F. , Cabieses Baltica , Araya Alejandra , Irarrázabal Lisette , Bernales Margarita 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT
Objectives: In Chile, little information about the use of standard precautions (SP) among health care workers (HCWs) exists. As part of a larger study to tailor and test an HIV prevention intervention for community HCWs, this study describes the observed frequency with which appropriate SP were used by HCWs in low‐income community clinics of Santiago. Also, the availability of supplies is described.Sample: A total of 52 structured observations with potential contamination with body fluids were done.Results: HCWs used SP inconsistently, especially neglecting hand washing, surface cleaning, and cleaning of shared materials. Lack of materials contributed in some instances of failure to use SPs, especially wiping surfaces and safe disposal of sharp instruments, as shown by a positive correlation between use of SP and availability of materials. Essential materials were usually available. Although more education should relate to a better understanding of the importance of SP, no difference was found between professionals and paraprofessionals in the use of SP.Conclusions: It is clear that the initial training, continuing education, and ongoing support for practicing SP are not adequate. Training should be offered to HCWs involved in caring for clients at community clinics to stop the spread of HIV or other infectious diseases in health care settings.
Antioxidants and periodontitis in 60–70‐year‐old men
Authors: Linden Gerard J. , McClean Kathy M. , Woodside Jayne V. , Patterson Chris C. , Evans Alun , Young Ian S. , Kee Frank 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjective: The aim was to investigate the association between periodontal health and the serum levels of various antioxidants including carotenoids, retinol and vitamin E in a homogenous group of Western European men.Materials and Methods: A representative sample of 1258 men aged 60–70 years, drawn from the population of Northern Ireland, was examined between 2001 and 2003. Each participant had six or more teeth, completed a questionnaire and underwent a clinical periodontal examination. Serum lipid‐soluble antioxidant levels were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Multivariable analysis was carried out using logistic regression with adjustment for possible confounders. Models were constructed using two measures of periodontal status (low‐ and high‐threshold periodontitis) as dependent variables and the fifths of each antioxidant as a predictor variable.Results: The levels of α‐ and β‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin were highly significantly lower in the men with low‐threshold periodontitis (p<0.001). These carotenoids were also significantly lower in high‐threshold periodontitis. There were no significant differences in the levels of lutein, lycopene, α‐ and γ‐tocopherol or retinol in relation to periodontitis. In fully adjusted models, there was an inverse relationship between a number of carotenoids (α‐ and β‐carotene and β‐cryptoxanthin) and low‐threshold periodontitis. β‐Carotene and β‐cryptoxanthin were the only antioxidants that were associated with an increased risk of high‐threshold severe periodontitis. The adjusted odds ratio for high‐threshold periodontitis in the lowest fifth relative to the highest fifth of β‐cryptoxanthin was 4.02 (p=0.003).Conclusion: It is concluded that low serum levels of a number of carotenoids, in particular β‐cryptoxanthin and β‐carotene, were associated with an increased prevalence of periodontitis in this homogenous group of 60–70‐year‐old Western European men.
Clinical and microbiological benefits of strict supragingival plaque control as part of the active phase of periodontal therapy
Authors: Feres Magda , Gursky Lauren Christine , Faveri Marcelo , Tsuzuki Claudia Ota , Figueiredo Luciene Cristina 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim: To compare the clinical and microbiological effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) alone or combined with mechanical [professional plaque control (PPC)] or chemical [chlorhexidine rinsing (CHX)] control of supragingival plaque in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.Material and Methods: Sixty subjects were randomly assigned to receive SRP alone or combined with PPC (twice a week) or with CHX rinsing (twice a day). The adjunctive treatments began with SRP and were continued for 42 days. Clinical and microbiological examinations were performed at baseline, 2 and 6 months post‐therapy. Subgingival plaque samples were analysed for 38 bacterial species by checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization.Results: The two test treatments were more effective in improving probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) than SRP alone, even in intermediate and deep sites. CAL gain was better maintained in the CHX group. The most beneficial microbiological changes were observed in CHX‐treated subjects, who showed a significant reduction in the proportions of red and orange complexes, as well as an increase in the proportions of the host‐compatible bacterial species.Conclusion: Strict plaque control performed during and after SRP improves periodontal treatment outcomes. The greatest microbiological and clinical benefits were observed with the use of CHX rinsing.
Photocarcinogenesis and toxicity of benzoyl peroxide in hairless mice after simulated solar radiation
Authors: Lerche Catharina M. , Philipsen Peter A. , Poulsen Thomas , Wulf Hans Christian 
Published: August 2009

Please cite this paper as: Photocarcinogenesis and toxicity of benzoyl peroxide in hairless mice after simulated solar radiation. Experimental Dermatology 2009;Abstract:  Topical benzoyl peroxide (BPO) gel has long been used to treat acne vulgaris and has recently been combined with clindamycin (BPO‐clin). No skin malignancies have been reported after clinical use of BPO, but there has been concern about the possible carcinogenicity of BPO alone and in combination with UV radiation. BPO can promote skin tumorigenesis in a mouse skin chemical carcinogenesis model. As acne vulgaris is frequently localized on sun‐exposed areas, we investigated whether BPO or BPO‐clin accelerates photocarcinogenesis in combination with simulated solar radiation (SSR) in 12 groups of 25 hairless female C3.Cg/TifBomTac‐immunocompetent mice. BPO or BPO‐clin was applied topically to the back five times each week, followed by SSR three times each week (2, 3, or 4 standard erythema doses) 3–4 h later, for 365 days or until death. Generally BPO and BPO‐clin did not accelerate the time to first, second or third tumor. Therefore, there is no evidence suggesting that BPO or BPO‐clin is photocarcinogenic. However, we found significantly higher mortality in the SSR exposed groups receiving BPO and BPO‐clin compared with groups receiving only BPO or BPO‐clin. Our results show that BPO and the combination of BPO and clindamycin do not accelerate photocarcinogenesis, but are toxic in hairless mice. Based on the current data, the cancer risk associated with the use of BPO and BPO‐clin in sun‐exposed areas is minimal. Thus, while the carcinogenic potential of BPO is not fully understood, at the present time, evidence suggests that this compound is safe to use.
Colorimetry provides a rapid objective measurement of de novo hair growth rate in mice
Authors: Tzung Tien‐Yi , Yang Chia‐Yi , Huang Yung‐Chang , Kao Fu‐Jen 
Published: August 2009

Background: Depilated mice have been used as a test platform for hair growth‐regulating agents. However, currently available assessment tools for hair growth in mice are less than ideal.Methods: Tristimulus colorimetry of the fur color of depilated agouti, albino, and black mice with L*, a*, and b* values were performed daily until the full growth of pelage. Using light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation (650 and 890 nm) with a daily dose of 3.5 J/cm2 as hair growth regulators, the hair growth rates observed by the global assessment were compared with those derived from colorimetry.Results: In contrast to a* and b* values, L* values changed more drastically over time in the anagen phase regardless of fur color. Unlike the inhibitory effect of 650 nm irradiation, LED of 890 nm promoted de novo hair regrowth in mice. The difference in hair growth rates detected by colorimetry paralleled the observation made by the global assessment.Conclusion:
The L* value of fur color obtained by tristimulus colorimetry was a sensitive yet quantitative indicator of de novo hair growth, and could be used to project the hair growth rate in mice.
Cousins: Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galton and the Birth of Eugenics
Authors: Gillham Nicholas W. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Sir Francis Galton, scientist, African Explorer and statistician, was a key figure in statistical history. He was the man who devised the statistical concepts of regression and correlation. He was also Charles Darwin's cousin. And, inspired by his reading of Darwin, he was the founder of eugenics: the “science” of improving the human race through selective breeding. Nicholas Gillham tells of a darker side to statistics and heredity.
Toward a Blue Cultural Studies: The Sea, Maritime Culture, and Early Modern English Literature
Authors: Mentz Steven 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article explores the cultural meanings of the maritime world in early modern English literature. Placing English literary culture in the context of the massive ocean‐bound expansion of European culture that began in the 15th century, it suggests that the sea’s ancient meanings shifted in the early modern period as geographic experience and knowledge increased. The article examines some recent developments in maritime studies, sometimes called a ‘new thalassology’ (from the Greek thalassos, the sea); distinguishes these trends from now‐traditional New Historicist and Atlantic studies; and suggests how these methods can contribute to a ‘blue cultural studies’. The new maritime humanities speaks to a series of modern discourses, including globalization, postcolonialism, environmentalism, ecocriticism, and the history of science and technology. The article provides two examples of how these maritime discourses can change our interpretations of early modern English literature, first by examining a canonical poem – Milton’s ‘Lycidas’– and second through reconsidering a historical context, the ‘Bermuda pamphlets’ on which Shakespeare seems to have drawn in The Tempest.
Sediment Hosted Primary Tin Deposit Associated with Biotite Granite and Fault Zone at Gunung Paku, Klian Intan, Upper Perak, Malaysia
Authors: Ariffin Kamar Shah 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGunung Paku near Klian Intan, Perak, is a primary tin deposit in Malaysia mined since 200 years ago, contributing 3–5% of tin ore concentrates previously, and recently over 70% of the Malaysian tin. Gunung Paku is located within the western Tin belt of Peninsular Malaysia associated with biotite granite (184–230 Ma) of the Main Range Granitoid which extends up to the southern part of Peninsular and Central Thailand. The primary tin mineralization style at the Gunung Paku is mainly associated with widespread occurrence of sheet‐like quartz veining systems parallel to the strike of the host rocks and confined within a narrow N–S trending fault zone. The mineralization formed within a thick sequence of metasedimentry rock that belongs to the Baling Formation of Palaeozoic age. The host rock of weakly metamorphosed argillite generally experienced strong tropical weathering that resulted in a thick sequence of light grey to light brown oxidized profile. The mineralized veins range from simple quartz‐cassiterite, quartz‐tourmaline‐cassiterite to complex quartz‐cassiterite‐polymetallic sulfide veins. Wall rock alterations at Gunung Paku are mainly characterized by the hypogene type alteration consisting of silicification, tourmalinization, chloritization, sericitization and kaolinization normally adjacent to mineralized quartz veins and brecciated‐fault gouge zones. Pyrite, arsenopyrite, cassiterite, rutile, chalcopyrite, trippkeite (CuAsO4), scorodite, covellite and other secondary iron‐oxyhydroxide are the common metallic minerals that accompanied the tin mineralization. Other minor occurrences include trace amounts of complex lead‐bismuth‐antimony‐molybdenum bearing minerals.
Origin of Bornite Pods in Intrusive Rocks at the Kingking Porphyry Copper‐gold Deposit, Southeastern Mindanao, Philippines
Authors: Imai Akira , Suerte Leilanie Osano , Nishihara Sho 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAt the Kingking porphyry copper‐gold deposit, Compostela Valley, south‐eastern Mindanao, Philippines, bornite pods occur in the brecciated parts in the biotite diorite porphyry, together with the volcanic rock and diorite fragments without associated stockworks of quartz veinlets. These pods are generally elongated in shape and measure several centimeters across their longest axes. They are composed of bornite and chalcopyrite with traces of calaverite. The δ34S of bornite and subordinate chalcopyrite of bornite pods ranging from −2.2‰ to +0.1‰ are similar to the δ34S of sulfides associated with quartz veinlets such as bornite and chalcopyrite ranging from −4.7‰ to ±0.0‰. This suggests that the ultimate source of sulfur is identical for bornite pods and sulfides associated with quartz veinlets. Bornite pods are associated with volcanic rock and dioritic fragments in the brecciated portion of the biotite diorite porphyry. It was observed that some dioritic fragments contain quartz veinlets, which may indicate an earlier episode of mineralization. Fragments of the earlier dioritic intrusive rocks and the volcanic rocks, together with the sulfides were incorporated into the biotite diorite porphyry magma. A molten sulfide is possible for the composition between bornite and intermediate solid solution at ∼800°C. The sulfides from the earlier dioritic intrusive rocks in the molten state were segregated and then eventually coalesce to form the bornite pods in the brecciated section of the biotite diorite porphyry.