bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 7: Properties of Synovial Fluid
Authors: Davies D. V. 
Published: June 2010

Synovial fluid functions both as a lubricant and as a nutritive medium in joints. Its chemical composition suggests that it is a dialysate of blood plasma with the addition of the mucosubstance, hyaluronic acid. In addition the fluid contains a small cellular component. The quantities of some of the chemical components are apparently anomalous and need explanation. The hyaluronic acid, probably combined with a small amount of protein, is believed to be secreted by the cells lining the joint cavity, the synovial cells. The volume and naked eye appearance of the fluid vary from joint to joint in the same species and in the same joint from species to species. The volume of fluid that can be aspirated from normal human joints is too small for most chemical and physical investigations and recourse must be made to fluids from the larger domestic animals and to pathological human fluids. The most characteristic property of the fluid is its viscosity. This has been investigated using the Weissenberg rheogoniometer. This allows of a study of the viscosity and elasticity of the fluids at different shear rates. Results on fluid from both normal animal joints and pathological human joints will be presented. Their relevance in joint lubrication will be discussed.
Paper 3: Materials and the Design of Artificial Weight-Bearing Joints
Authors: Neale M. J. 
Published: June 2010

In this paper the choice of design and materials for artificial human joints is considered as an engineering design problem, and some possible solutions which result from this approach are discussed. Various types of plain bearing design are examined and the use of flexible connecting members is suggested as an alternative possibility. It is considered that the plain bearing designs must be based on the requirement that they should operate with a full fluid film of synovial fluid, and possible designs and materials are discussed from this point of view. The effect of fixation problems on the total design is also examined, and designs which appear to offer a rational solution are proposed. It is concluded that for bearing engineers to make any major contribution to the design problem requires more information on the variation of joint load in both magnitude and direction in relation to the timing of joint movement. Research into the performance of plastic on plastic bearings is also desirable with more information on which plastic materials are biologically acceptable.
Paper 12: Modes of Lubrication in Human Joints
Authors: Dowson D. 
Published: June 2010

The various lubrication regimes encountered in engineering are listed and the basic characteristics of each regime described. This survey covers hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, mixed, and boundary lubrication conditions. The geometric, kinematic, and loading conditions in human joints are examined, and the basic properties of synovial fluid and articular cartilage, as the lubricant and bearing material respectively, noted. An assessment of the hydrodynamic, boundary, weeping, and elastohydrodynamic modes of operation which have been proposed as explanations of the performance of human joints is presented.
Research Report 7: A Laboratory Experiment on Total Hip Prosthesis
Authors: Poli A. 
Published: June 2010

A simple mechanical device for testing weight-bearing resistance of total hip prosthesis has been developed. Head and cotyle are submitted to movement very close to that of natural hips of a man walking at 6 km/h. Stainless steel femoral heads have been tested against artificial cotyles made of three different materials: Nylonplast A, Teflon and Delrin. Among the three, Delrin proved the most resistant and safest material for building the cotyle when a steel femoral head is used.
Paper 4: Opening, Carding and Spinning Preparation Machines
Authors: Catling H. 
Published: June 2010

There are no serious bearing problems in opening and carding machines. Except for the high-speed beaters and cylinders, occasionally-oiled plain journals were long regarded as adequate despite the fact that many of them operated under boundary lubrication conditions. Stable hydrodynamic film conditions were maintained in beater and cylinder bearings and some simple form of lubricant reservoir was usually provided. In recent years the introduction of shift working and high machine utilization factors have led to a demand for machines requiring a minimum of attention. This demand is being met by the use of prepacked, sealed ball or roller bearings at all points. Perhaps the most serious and intractable bearing problem in the whole field of textile machinery manufacture is encountered in drawframes and speedframes. For uniformity of the drawing action by which the fibres are straightened and finally attenuated to form a roving, it is necessary for all the drafting rollers to rotate perfectly smoothly. Unfortunately the loading conditions and the rotational speeds of some of the rollers are such that there is often a high liability to the occurrence of spontaneous stick–slip torsional vibrations. In other cases there is an incipient liability to stick–slip vibration and quite small gearing faults, of the appropriate frequency, are sufficient to precipitate high amplitude oscillations. At the frequencies commonly observed the non-uniformity of the drawing action introduces into the sliver or roving a periodic disturbance of a wavelength so short that it is not readily apparent in the delivery from the affected machine. Subsequent drafting, however, increases the wavelength and the ultimate yarn exhibits appreciable variations in mass per unit length and in twist distribution. As these variations are strictly periodic they form objectionable interference patterns when used as weft in either woven or knitted cloths. New machine designs and the use of new types of bearings have largely solved these problems and at the same time greatly increased operating speeds. The comber, too, has been intensively developed during the past ten years and a number of lubrication and wear problems have required attention.
Paper 8: The Fundamentals of Lubrication Processes
Authors: Dowson D. , Robertson J. A. 
Published: June 2010

The authors outline the fundamental aspects of lubrication conditions and distinguish between hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, and boundary lubrication. The discussion is concerned with the physics rather than the mathematics. The important lubricant properties and the role of bearing geometry are considered. This discussion of modern views on lubrication is perfectly general but operating conditions encountered in textile machinery are considered so that the various types of lubrication in practice can be identified.
Paper 1: The Chartered Engineer in the Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Stuchbery A. L. 
Published: June 2010

This paper sets out the increasing need for broadly based training and engineering practice in the whole spectrum of modern industry. It indicates the breadth of requirements required: first, in the design of the product itself, both for functional and production suitability; secondly, that needed for the physical arrangements for manufacture; thirdly, that required in the complex business of administration and control of production, and finally, that required for the effective sale and distribution of the product. It underlines the need that the basic training will ensure adequate sympathy and interplay in these fields and that specialization should be in ultimate practices rather than basic training. It deals with the dual responsibilities of the academic and industrial sides of education and the necessity for the effective means by which the industrial part of training can be validated with the same authority as can be achieved in the academic field. It concludes with the plea that every effort must be made during the period of training to encourage those who may be gifted in the fields of innovation and change, whether these be inventions of mechanical contrivances, or the development of new methods and means in production or management.
Paper 5: The Chartered Engineer of the Future
Authors: Thring M. W. 
Published: June 2010

Since the Chartered Engineer can make a major contribution to all the most important problems of the regulation of civilization, it follows that he has a tremendous responsibility to society to study these problems and devote as much as possible of his skill in original engineering to their solution. It is suggested that in the future every engineer will take a Hippocratic oath on becoming chartered. It also follows that the C.E.I. must have, in the future, a very great responsibility for working out national and international policy on engineering developments. There are a number of major problems which urgently need consideration by qualified engineers on a national basis. The Chartered Engineer of the future will be trained for this responsibility by developing his natural inventiveness and showing him how to make the inventive leap by teaching him the application of the laws of science to inventive problems and by teaching the knowledge of reality through the hands (creative design). The engineer will be trained on how to think about and understand his social responsibility. The C.E.I. will take a number of active steps to upgrade the status of engineering in the schools, including the setting up of a special grade of Fellowship. The Chartered Engineer of the future will decide what to invent and develop by his understanding both of the needs of humanity and their economic solution.
Paper 2: Training in Engineering Practice in an Engineering Firm of Medium Size
Authors: Finnigan J. , Woodward R. A. C. 
Published: June 2010

The authors describe their approach to the training of potential professional engineers in an engineering firm of medium size manufacturing power plant, gearing, and hydraulic machinery. Facilities of design, manufacturing, research, installation and service, and marketing and selling departments are available. The training is controlled by a full-time Training Supervisor who is a professional engineer and a member of the company's training staff. After briefly referring to the recruiting and selection activities, the different training paths are described, which include two-year graduate courses and ‘thick’ and ‘thin’ sandwich courses. The training programme has three phases. The first covers basic workshop and manufacturing technology, the second covers general mechanical and organization training; and the third caters for specialist departments or directed objective training. Training Department activities, together with projects, industrial log books, and departmental reports, are described and discussed. Ideas about examination of industrial training and relationships with college or university tutors are constructively criticized. The need for adequate supervision, assistance of professional engineers, flexibility of approach, and a desire to try experiments are emphasized.
Paper 3: Training in Engineering Practice: The View of the Engineering Industry Training Board
Authors: Metcalfe F. 
Published: June 2010

The Engineering Industry Training Board is concerned with training at all levels in the engineering industry, and expects to make its recommendations for the training of professional mechanical engineers in 1967. The paper will indicate the lines upon which the Technologist Training Policy Committee of the Board has been thinking. It is not intended to lay down a rigid set of recommendations, but rather to establish a framework within which a variety of approaches can be made to meet the needs of different individuals and different sections of the industry. Reference is made to the need for induction courses, training in engineering practice, design appreciation, objective training, and an understanding of works organization and systems. A number of techniques of training, such as project work, group studies, student log books, and the use of industrial tutors, are discussed.
Paper 6: Engineering Science Courses
Authors: Shercliff J. A. 
Published: June 2010

Courses of an Engineering Science type available in the U.K. are surveyed and classified, including those which run alongside specialized engineering courses. Some of the courses enable even the decision between engineering and mathematics or physics to be postponed by students. The arguments for Engineering Science courses are reviewed, considering the needs of both the individual and industry. Some of the problems of organizing Engineering Science courses are explored.
Paper 12: Post-Graduate Technological Block Courses in a University Environment
Authors: Tuplin W. A. , Meyer M. L. 
Published: June 2010

Recent Government-sponsored reports have criticized the majority of existing post-graduate courses because they do not sufficiently serve the needs of industry, and have suggested encouragement for new trends in these courses. Differences in academic and industrial understanding of proper post-graduate standing and activities may have contributed to existing difficulties, and classification of the courses in accordance with the stages in the careers of technologists to be enrolled and with intended changes in such careers may help to clarify the position. Educational differences between ‘fundamentals-centred’ and ‘job-centred’ courses are pointed out and the less familiar pattern of job-centred courses is described and exemplified by the courses run by the Postgraduate Department of Applied Mechanics at Sheffield University for the last 15 years. Over these years the number of students enrolled in each session to the courses of the department has risen from 10 to more than 250, the number of sponsoring employers from 10 to a total of 380, the number of visiting lecturers from industry and research establishments to about 80 in each session, and 40 per cent of the research work done in the department has been on problems suggested by industrial students and their sponsors. The courses of the department, therefore, are clearly accepted as meeting some of the requirements of the mechanical engineering industry. Arrangement and organization of the courses are described, and the results of a survey of past students' opinion and of their use of the instruction are presented.
Paper 4: Development of High-Pressure Boiler Feed Pumps in Britain during the Last Decade
Authors: Arkless G. F. 
Published: June 2010

This paper traces the evolution of the high-pressure feed pump in this country over the last decade, concentrating on its application in land-based, steam power plant. The influence of the choice of feed system and the effect of mounting feed water flow rates, pressure, and temperature on the design of the feed pump is discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of driving a feed pump are enumerated and attention given to the reasons for the adoption of higher running speeds, and the means whereby high-speed pumps have been accommodated in view of their higher net positive suction head requirements. Material selection and component design is also considered in the light of the changing requirements brought about by larger size, more onerous operating conditions, and higher running speed. Glands, axial thrust balancing devices, impeller mountings, controls, and high-pressure joints, are each briefly discussed.
Paper 6: Water Treatment for Modern Boiler Plant in the Paper Industry
Authors: Bonner E. J. 
Published: June 2010

The problems confronting the chemist in control of water treatment for an industrial boiler plant are very complex and dictated to a great extent by the pattern of plant operation. An interesting field of study is presented, particularly where the plant is modern in design and very extensive in the service it provides. The author has concerned himself principally with the problems of water supply and treatment at Aylesford Mills, as these are very typical of those which occur in other large industrial undertakings. Details are given of the feed water treatment plant for the medium- and high-pressure boilers, consisting of primary sedimentation units using lime, ferrous sulphate, and alum as chemical additives, followed by a filtration stage. This section of the plant is followed by a dual system comprising three base-exchange softener units and a fully automatic demineralization plant. The interesting features of fully automatic regeneration of the demineralization plant are discussed, together with the author's experience in operating this plant. Emphasis is placed on high standards of feed water treatment and the principles of the system adopted. Sodium sulphite and tannin are added as chemical deoxidants on medium-pressure plant. Hydrazine, together with a neutralizing amine, are used on the high-pressure boiler installation. The author concludes the paper with comments on the subject of boiler corrosion.
Paper 9: Operational Experience with Steam Evaporators and De-Aerators
Authors: Signer J. U. , Pache J. J. 
Published: June 2010

The authors review the operating experience of evaporators and de-aerators used in power stations of the South of Scotland Electricity Board over the last 45 years. Water sources used and their effect on evaporators are covered, together with the purity of the water achieved and the requirements for the various generating cycles. The type of evaporators available) their steam heating supply and delivery of the purified water to the system is discussed, together with some of the problems. A review of the de-aerators, their integration into the various feed cycles and heating supply arrangements is made. The level of de-aeration obtainable is considered. Operating problems, both on base load and on two shifting, are discussed especially in connection with oxygen content and metal pick-up in feed systems related to boiler corrosion. Future possible operational requirements are outlined.
Paper 7: Field Experiences with Combustion Equipment for Boilers, with Particular Reference to Safety Measures
Authors: Grant W. 
Published: June 2010

The paper is set in a background of boiler commissioning for customers in power generating, industrial, marine, petro-chemical and oil-refining companies in Britain and overseas. Some of the problems encountered during the commissioning of a diversity of units employing solid fuel, oil fuels, naphtha, gas fuel firing, either singly or in combination, are discussed, and actual case histories detailed. The paper embraces difficulties experienced with the ignition of fuels, the control of flame shape, air distribution to burners, layout of fuel supply lines, safety circuits, and the necessity for close collaboration between the customer and the designer during the tender and contract stages, in order to avoid loss of availability, resulting from delays in commissioning or subsequent damage to equipment.
Paper 23: Vapour Lubrication in Friction and Low-Speed Metal Cutting
Authors: Rowe G. W. , Smart E. F. 
Published: June 2010

An experimental study of metal cutting in a vacuum and of the influence of atmospheric gases and lubricating vapours is described. A lathe equipped with a vacuum chamber is used with a calibrated tool-bar. Experiments have been conducted with mild steel, copper, and aluminium. Oxygen is shown to have a strong influence on the cutting of mild steel, and it is suggested that this is attributable to the reduction of adhesion between tool and chip, especially to the limitation of the size of the built-up edge. The cutting force is thereby greatly diminished. Copper and aluminium do not show built-up edge formation, and it is found that the cutting force in vacuum does not differ greatly from that in air. This is explained on the supposition that a relatively strong adsorbed oxygen layer on the free chip surface impedes dislocation movement at the shear plane, and counteracts the effect of reduced adhesion at the tool face. The results suggest that the cutting force for aluminium at low speeds with 18° rake tool is actually slightly higher in air than in vacuum. This explanation is supported by high-temperature cutting results on copper and a test with degassed and oxygen-saturated cutting fluid.
Paper 6: A Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of Journal Bearings
Authors: Dowson D. , March C. N. 
Published: June 2010

A thermohydrodynamic analysis is discussed which takes account of the general nature of the experimental observations in work which forms part of a programme of research designed to develop an improved understanding of better design procedures for journal bearings. The analysis considers compatible solutions of the Reynolds, energy, and heat conduction equations for two-dimensional conditions. It is shown that the solutions are in reasonable agreement with experimental findings. The two-dimensional solutions of the Reynolds and energy equations take full account of the variation of lubricant properties along and across the film. A very simple and approximate representation is used to estimate the temperature distribution in the bush, but the solutions present a reasonable estimate of bush and shaft temperatures. The ‘thermohydrodynamic’ or ‘heat conduction’ solution to journal bearing problems will provide intermediate, and it is hoped more realistic, results between the extreme ‘isothermal’ and ‘adiabatic’ conditions.
Paper 1: The Conference: Its Plan and Purpose
Authors: Barwell F. T. 
Published: June 2010

The rate of development of the subject has been so rapid that it has become difficult for any individual to be conversant with all its implications. Nevertheless, if the benefits of current research are to be realized in practice, some means must be found for presenting the essential data in an assimilable form. The history of the subject is briefly commented on and doubt is expressed regarding the adequacy of the rate of application of new knowledge to industrial problems. Full appreciation of even the simplest bearing situation requires knowledge of hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, material science and metrology and the multi-disciplinary aspects of tribology are emphasized. The introduction of tribology into engineering courses should not therefore impose too great a burden on the student because it depends on fundamentals already understood. The main emphasis of the paper, as indeed of the Conference, is on the application of research results to design. An attempt is made to classify the duty to be performed by a bearing and then to show that the form taken by the solution flows logically therefrom. Protection from hostile environments is emphasized as being probably the most important requirement for satisfactory performance. The paper concludes with the prediction that the general advance in technology will continue to make demands for an advance in knowledge in the field of tribology.