bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What bacteria are living in my food?: An open‐ended practical series involving identification of unknown foodborne bacteria using molecular techniques
Authors: Prasad Prascilla , Turner Mark S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis open‐ended practical series titled “Molecular Identification of Unknown Food Bacteria” which extended over a 6‐week period was designed with the aims of giving students an opportunity to gain an understanding of naturally occurring food bacteria and skills in contemporary molecular methods using real food samples. The students first isolated two unknown bacterial strains from two food sources from which they extracted DNA and performed PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Gel electrophoresis was used to analyze both genomic DNA preparations and PCR products. Following purification of PCR products, DNA sequencing was carried out and sequence trace quality was analyzed. The students successfully identified the two unknown bacteria using the BLAST search engine and a wide variety of different organisms were found. Assessment of their understanding of the procedure and ability to explain their findings using supporting primary research literature was via an individually prepared written report. Feedback from students over 2 years (n = 52) in a questionnaire revealed that the practical series was an engaging learning experience and lead to perceived improvements in knowledge of molecular techniques and bioinformatics and also about commonly occurring bacteria in foods. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 384–390, 2011
Chromatin structure and expression of the AMPA receptor subunit Glur2 in human glioma cells: Major regulatory role of REST and Sp1
Authors: Ekici Myriam , Keim Anja , Rössler Oliver G. , Hohl Mathias , Thiel Gerald 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIt has been suggested that reduced glutamate receptor expression protects glioma cells from glutamate toxicity. GluR2 is the critical subunit of the GluR2 subtype of AMPA glutamate receptors as this subunit determines the Ca2+ permeability of the receptor. The gene encoding the GluR2 subtype of AMPA receptors has been described as a target gene for the transcription repressor REST. However, we recently showed that the GluR2 gene is not regulated by REST in several neuronal and neuroendocrine cell lines, due to a repressive chromatin environment. Here, we show that the GluR2 gene has an open chromatin configuration in human glioma cells. Overexpression of REST reduced GluR2 mRNA levels while shRNA‐mediated depletion of REST or expression of a REST mutant, that contained a transcriptional activation domain, enhanced GluR2 expression. Incubation with trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induced acetylation of histone 4 of the GluR2 locus in glioma cells, leading to an upregulation of GluR2 expression. Together, these data suggest that REST is responsible for the reduced expression of GluR2 in glioma cells. The transcription factor Sp1 additionally binds under physiological conditions to the GluR2 gene in human glioma cells and expression of a dominant‐negative mutant of Sp1 reduced expression of GluR2. Thus, the regulation via Sp1 represents a further control point for GluR2 expression in glioma cells. Together, we show that the GluR2 gene is embedded into an open chromatin configuration in glioma cells and expression of GluR2 is controlled by REST and Sp1. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 528–543, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous stabilization for uncertain descriptor systems with input saturation
Authors: Chen Yuepeng , Xu Tianhe , Zeng Chunnian , Zhou Zude , Zhang Qingling 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, the simultaneous stabilization problem for r uncertain descriptor systems is investigated. First, r uncertain closed‐loop descriptor systems with an input saturation controller are introduced and a sufficient condition for these systems to be simultaneously stabilized is derived by a common generalized Lyapunov function. Meanwhile, an input saturation controller for these uncertain descriptor systems is designed via using linear matrix inequalities. Second, a simultaneous stability region for the r uncertain stabilized descriptor systems is investigated and described via system parameters. Furthermore, for the r different uncertain descriptor systems, the r different generalized Lyapunov functions are used to discuss the simultaneous stabilization problem with the advantage of relatively small conservativeness compared with the common generalized Lyapunov function. Of course, the advantages of the proposed method still include the numerical reliability of algorithm. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caudate lobectomy (segmentectomy 1) (with video)
Authors: Midorikawa Yutaka , Takayama Tadatoshi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe caudate lobe of the liver is located behind both major lobes and is surrounded by the inferior vena cava, three main hepatic veins, and the hepatic hilum. Despite a hard‐to‐approach anatomic location, isolated complete removal of the caudate lobe is recommended to improve curability in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This is because most patients with HCC cannot undergo caudate lobectomy (segmentectomy 1) with resection of adjacent liver regions due to their poor liver function.MethodsWe performed an anatomic isolated caudate lobectomy using a high dorsal resection technique in patients with HCC involving the paracaval portion of the liver. In this procedure, the caudate lobe is dissected, the boundary of the caudate lobe is identified using counterstaining and tattooing techniques, and the liver is transected along landmarks. The caudate lobe can be removed completely, without loss of the parenchyma of the major lobes, thereby preserving liver function.ConclusionsGiven that most patients with HCC concurrently have chronic liver disease, those with HCC in the caudate lobe are good candidates for high dorsal resection of the liver, which is safe, potentially curative procedure.
Branched‐chain amino acid‐enriched nutrients improve nutritional and metabolic abnormalities in the early post‐transplant period after living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Yoshida Ryuichi , Yagi Takahito , Sadamori Hiroshi , Matsuda Hiroaki , Shinoura Susumu , Umeda Yuzo , Sato Daisuke , Utsumi Masashi , Nagasaka Takeshi , Okazaki Nami , Date Ai , Noguchi Ayako , Tanaka Akemi , Hasegawa Yuko , Sakamoto Yachiyo , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground/purposeMalnutrition and metabolic disorder of patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) can affect post‐transplant prognosis. The aim of this study was to establish whether perioperative usage of branched‐chain amino‐acid (BCAA)‐enriched nutrients improve metabolic abnormalities of patients undergoing LDLT.MethodsWe designed a randomized pilot study (UMIN registration number; 000004323). Twenty‐five consecutive adult elective LDLT recipients were enroled and divided into two groups: the BCAA group (BCAA‐enriched nutrients, n = 12) and the control group (standard diet, n = 13). Metabolic and nutritional parameters, including BCAA‐to‐tyrosine ratio (BTR), retinol binding protein (RBP), and prealbumin were regularly measured from 1 week before to 4 weeks after LDLT. Non‐protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) was measured before and 4 weeks after LDLT.ResultsBTR and RBP improved considerably in the BCAA group compared with the controls. npRQ significantly increased from 1 week before LDLT to 4 weeks after LDLT in the BCAA group (0.77 ± 0.05 to 0.84 ± 0.06, P = 0.002), but not in the control group (0.78 ± 0.04 to 0.81 ± 0.05).ConclusionsSupplementation with BCAA‐enriched nutrients might improve persistent nutritional and metabolic disorders associated with end‐stage liver disease in the early post‐transplant period, and consequently shorten the post‐transplant catabolic phase after LDLT. A larger multicenter trial is needed to confirm these findings.
Placement of applications in computing clouds using Voronoi diagrams
Authors: Shouraboura Caroline , Bleher Pavel 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The vision of millions of users launching tens of millions of applications running on millions of globally scattered servers presents a new challenge for Cloud Providers: how to assign so many virtual applications to physical servers, while meeting latency needs, improving network utilization, and satisfying availability constraints. Today’s application placement puts too much burden on the cloud user, lacks scalability and inhibits the global reach of Public Clouds.
The size, breadth, and dynamic nature of Public Clouds present a special challenge to the task of placement. Cloud Providers able to provide rapid decisions and frequent optimizations for placement will have significant competitive advantage. Not only will they provide the best customer experience, their costs will be lower as they make more efficient use of their network resources. However, given the calculations required, data structures and the algorithms used to process location-based decisions must be as globally scalable as the Public Clouds themselves.
In our study, we define a novel data structure, the Virtual Cloud Model, for modeling global cloud resources. We adapt a well-known geometric device, Voronoi Diagrams, and combine it with near-real-time network latency information. We then solve the application placement problem and suggest an API for Cloud Providers to support both “low-latency” and “high-availability” applications. The algorithms are scalable, parallelizable and distributable.
The peripheral olfactory system of vertebrates: molecular, structural and functional basics of the sense of smell
Authors: Manzini I. , Korsching S. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The sense of smell provides people and animals with an abundance of information about their environment, helping them to navigate, detect potential threats, control food intake, choose sexual partners and significantly influence intraspecies social behav­ior. The perception of odors begins with the binding of odor molecules to specialized olfactory receptor proteins, which nearly all be­long to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Altogether, five different olfactory receptor gene families have been described to date, among them the largest gene family in the genome with over 1000 genes in rodents. The signal transduction cascade coupled to the receptors has already been well characterized for this family. Three different classes of receptor neurons-ciliated, microvillous and crypt receptor neurons-can be distinguished by their anatomical and molecular characteristics. Generally, an individual receptor neuron expresses only a single olfactory receptor gene, and olfactory receptor neurons that express the same receptor converge into a common target structure, a glomerulus, which generates a receptotop­ic map in the first olfactory brain region, the olfactory bulb. This review article provides a general overview of the peripheral detection of odorants on the one hand, while on the other it focuses on recent advances in the field, including new findings on the peripher­al modulation of olfactory signals.
Moral Conflicts and Moral Awareness
Authors: Bessemans Chris 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBy making use of Aurel Kolnai's ethical writings I want to offer a more adequate understanding of moral conflicts and moral dilemmas. Insisting on Kolnai's phenomenological method, in particular, focussing on the agent's moral awareness (or conscience) and his deliberation, results in an understanding of moral conflicts as moments of moral choice rather than anomalies of moral theory. In this way, I argue that one can account for Bernard Williams's phenomenological description of moral conflicts without having to accept his anti-realist conclusions. Moreover, this approach indicates the adequacy of ordinary moral reasoning for decision-making and action guidance. Lastly and importantly, the essay illustrates the relevance of Kolnai's writings to contemporary moral philosophy.
SINGULARITIES OF HOROSPHERICAL HYPERSURFACES OF CURVES IN HYPERBOLIC 4-SPACE
Authors: PEI DONGHE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe consider the contact between curves and hyperhorospheres in hyperbolic 4-space as an application of the theory of singularities of functions. We define the osculating hyperhorosphere and the horospherical hypersurface of the curve whose singular points correspond to the locus of polar vectors of osculating hyperhorospheres of the curve. One of the main results is a generic classification of singularities of horospherical hypersurfaces of curves.
Singlet-triplet excitation energies of substituted benzenes: A G4 theoretical study
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSinglet-triplet adiabatic (AE~S-T~) and well-to-well (WWE~S-T~) excitation energies of variously substituted phenyl cations were calculated at the G4 level of theory. The G4 E~S-T~ estimates range from 19 to 40 kJ/mol higher than prior density functional theory based predictions for these cations, and suggest that E~S-T~ and ground state multiplicity structure-property trends for phenyl cations previously proposed in the literature may be incorrect. Among the substituents considered, meta-substituted phenyl cations with electron donating groups have singlet ground states, and are not isoenergetic with the corresponding triplet states as previously claimed. Depending on the functional group, ortho- or para- substituted phenyl cations may also be ground state singlets despite the presence of an electron donating moiety.
Kasravi's Views on Writers and Journalists: A study in the Sociology of Modernization
Authors: Fathi Asghar 
Published: September 2011

The colonization of the Muslim lands and the increasing political and commercial influence of the Christian West during the last 200 years shocked Muslim leaders. In response to the agonizing problems that increasing incursion by the West brought to the Muslim lands, there arose three groups of intellectuals. The traditionalists believed that the situation was transitory and that traditional Islam would eventually triumph. The ultramodernists sought salvation through uncritical and wholesale imitation of the West.Among the prominent advocates of this last approach one can count Afghani, Abduh, Gokalp, Iqbal, and probably Kasravi, the Iranian social reformist. Kasravi seems to stand out among them in two important respects. First, unlike his predecessors, he formulated his ideas in a systematic way, tracing “problems” to their roots and advocating explicit “remedies.” Second, Kasravi never shifted strategy to suit the occasion as did his predecessors who, by so doing, confused their followers.
The Republics as International Actors
Authors: Clemens Walter 
Published: September 2011

To some extent I feel as Robert Lewis does, that the process leading from “national awakening” to “national liberation” is a worldwide tendency, and that the Soviet Union is part of a global Zeitgeist in this respect.Byway of illustrating this fifteen-stage process, I would like to just report on a couple of examples I came across in reading about the republics as independent actors. One such issue has to do with the attempts of the different republics, and the nations within them, to form transnational coalitions across borders. In a way, these attempts get around the problem of establishing formal diplomatic relations with other countries: maybe you do not need de jure recognition if in fact you can do things with other people. For instance, consider the anti-nuclear congress, organized in Kazakhstan by something called the Nevada-Semipalatinsk Movement, led by the poet Olzhas Suleimenov. In early 1989, a Soviet nuclear test in Kazakhstan was followed by a public protest, and Suleimenov became the leader of the movement. He and his people quickly decided to call it not the “Semipalatinsk Movement” but the “Nevada-Semipalatinsk Movement.” And they immediately brought in American Indians, Maoris, and other people from around the world, who are all being subjected to nuclear testing. He also established personal liaison with Dr. Bernard Lawn of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War in Cambridge, Massachusetts; last summer three hundred doctors and scientists in Semipalatinsk talked to people who were immediately affected by military nuclear testing.
Attitudes Towards Gypsies in Ukraine (1989)
Authors: Sazhin Valentin 
Published: September 2011

Gypsies are one of the most famous though least known national minorities, representatives of which can be found in many countries. Several works have been written about them but no analysis has yet been made of the interrelationship between Gypsies and the nationalities among whom they live. An analysis of this kind is timely in that it would give governments a means with which to alleviate ethnic tensions by amending their present faulty nationality minority policies.The author of this article has recently made a detailed sociological study by means of a lengthy questionnaire of the attitudes of various nationality groups towards each other in Ukraine. Included in it are questions either directly or indirectly relating to the Gypsies. This ethnic group, despite its relatively small size, is well known throughout Ukraine. Gypsies stand out from the rest of the population by their way of life and by their appearance; as a rule, they speak their own language, even though they know the languages of other nationalities. Most of the population of Ukraine comes in contact with Gypsies, though most often with their worst representatives (swindlers, extortionists, etc.). They meet these Gypsies in the most populous places—at railroad stations, outside large stores, and in marketplaces.
The Economy at a Turning-Point
Authors: Rajasalu Teet 
Published: September 2011

General Features of Economic Development.There are two parallel processes taking place in the Estonian economy. First, the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. Secondly, the shift from external relations that are Eastern oriented to relations that are Western oriented. Both processes accelerated after the introduction of the national currency—the kroon (abbreviation EEK)—on June 20, 1992.
National Reconstruction and Social Re-stratification
Authors: Helemäe Yelena , Saar Ellu 
Published: September 2011

IntroductionIn the 1940–50s a totalitarian regime was established and consolidated in Estonia. Socialist society led to a new kind of social stratification and inequality. Stratification under totalitarian, socialist regimes differs from that in Western, capitalist countries. The utopian idea to create an egalitarian society turned into the creation of a hierarchically organized and heavily institutionalized society. Access to political power became the basis for social stratification. Reforms in the early 1990s have led to fundamental changes in the social stratification of Estonian society. The present social situation in Estonia (as in other former socialist countries of Eastern Europe) is characterized by the co-existence of elements of socialist and post-socialist societies, the expected marks of transition. Privatization brings about the emergence of new social strata. Therefore, the new social stratification in Estonia is now in the formation phase, and further changes are still forthcoming.
Disconfirmation and Dual Hypotheses on a more Difficult version of Wason's 2–4–6 Task
Authors: Gorman Michael E. , Stafford Ann , Gorman Margaret E. 
Published: September 2011

This paper reports two experiments in which subjects worked to solve a more difficult version of Wason's 2–4–6 task: instead of the usual “numbers must ascend in order of magnitude” rule, a more general rule, “the three numbers must be different”, was used. The first experiment established that instructing subjects to disconfirm on the “three different numbers” did not significantly improve their performance, as compared with confirmatory and control groups. Disconfirmatory subjects did try to propose more triples at variance with their hypotheses but were unable to obtain the necessary disconfirmatory information. To help subjects represent the task in a way that facilitated disconfirmation, the second experiment utilized a procedure in which subjects were told that they were looking for two rules, Dax and Med–the Dax rule corresponding to “three different numbers” and the Med rule to its complement, i.e. two or more numbers the same. Of subjects in the Dax–Med condition, 88% solve the rule, as opposed to 21% of subjects in a control condition. Dax–Med subjects tended to search for positive instances of the Med rule, which, in turn, forced them to test the limits of the Dax rule. It was concluded that the Dax–Med manipulation did facilitate a different mental representation of the task than the normal procedure.
TheQuadro da Portegoin Sixteenth-Century Venetian Art*
Authors: Schmitter Monika 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDuring the sixteenth century a symbiotic relationship developed between the form, use, and symbolic associations of the Venetian portego, the central reception and entertainment hall of Venetian palaces, and the paintings that were increasingly commissioned to ornament these spaces. The intended placement of the paintings affected their size, format, composition, subject matter, and contemporary interpretation. At the same time, the works of art themselves reflected upon and helped to define the social meanings of the space and the activities taking place there. Analyzing documentary sources and surviving paintings reveals the degree to which we can speak of thequadro da portegoas a distinctive type of Venetian painting.
Dead Infants, Cruel Mothers, and Heroic Popes: The Visual Rhetoric of Foundling Care at the Hospital of Santo Spirito, Rome*
Authors: Presciutti Diana Bullen 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe fresco cycle painted at the behest of Pope Sixtus IV in the late 1470s in the main ward of the hospital of Santo Spirito in Rome comprises an extended pictorial biography of Sixtus, prefaced by scenes representing the legendary foundation of the hospital by his predecessor Innocent III. The legend, which tells how Innocent established Santo Spirito as a foundling hospital in response to the discovery of victims of infanticide in the Tiber River, positions the pope as the savior of the city's unwanted children. This article elucidates how the construction andrenovatioof the hospital is presented in the cycle as a generative product of papal will, with the care of foundlings situated as an integral part of the image of the pope as both Father of the Church and restorer of past glory to the city of Rome. While the frescoes engage with both widespread conventions for representing infanticide and commonplace notions of the social value of caring for abandoned children, I demonstrate that the ideologically potent visual rhetoric of foundling care was also flexible, and could be adapted to meet the specific needs of a particular institutional and patronal context.