bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green Management - Enabling Arctic Exploration and Reducing its Environmental Impact
Authors: Backman Anders , Hedman Ulf , Rohlen Ake 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Whilst there is, potentially, large volumes of hydrocarbons yet to find on the Arctic shelf, the exploration and production of Arctic oil and gas reserves can only be performed if operations are planned, approved and operated to the highest possible environmental standards.
Enabling offshore drilling and production will often require that the operation is protected from ice above the limits set for the operation. This is often referred to as "Ice Management".
The effectiveness of the "Ice Management" sets the limits of the offshore operation. The effectiveness of the "Ice Management" is also directly correlated to the environmental foot-print of the operation.
The ice conditions at the operation site, is provided by nature. It cannot be influenced. What can be influenced is how the operation is performed.
By timely breaking of only the required ice and by doing this in the most energy efficient way the objective of protection against dangerous ice and low environmental impact is achieved.
To do this requires software and hardware, software being people and the systems that supports their decisions and hardware being the icebreakers.
By operating "real-time" with "now-casting" of weather and ice conditions and using modern technology, it is possible to determine with reasonable accuracy which ice that need to be broken. With good communication and a good management structure the icebreaking resources can be directed to deal with the threatening ice.
By using vessels with efficient propulsion and icebreaking technology, ice can be efficiently broken and with as low environmental impact as possible.
Recent operations in the high Arctic, Greenland and the Beaufort Sea, has given valuable input on how this "Green Ice Management" can be achieved. By the use of modern simulation technology it possible to train, and illustrate, the efficiency ahead of the operation.

Environmental Impacts
When looking upon different impacts it is important to analyse from where they come.

Exhaust gas emissions
Exhaust gas emissions coming from a combustion process is a combination of different factors, the efficiency of the engine, the contents in the used fuel and the way the integrated systems are used by the operator.
3D Continuum Simulations To Determine Pipeline Strain Demand Due to Ice-Gouge Hazards
Authors: Lele S.P. , Hamilton J.M. , Panico M. , Arslan H. , Minnaar K. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Offshore Arctic pipelines must be designed to withstand unique loading conditions of seafloor gouging by drifting sea ice ridge keels and icebergs. Due to the high cost of offshore pipeline burial, determination of the required burial depth is a critical factor for economical designs. One of the components of burial depth is the distance the top-of-pipe must be placed below the design gouge depth to protect it from excessive stress/strain due to subgouge soil deformation. While industry has done much over the past two decades to understand the complex ice/soil/pipe interaction process, there remains considerable uncertainty in our ability to estimate pipe strain due to soil displacement below a gouging ice feature. This paper presents an advanced 3D continuum model for estimating strain demand as a possible alternative to the currently accepted methodology based on published empirical equations for subgouge deformation and pipe-soil spring models. Some of the important numerical simulation techniques employed include Eulerian mesh for the soil to model extreme material deformation, complex soil material models with material parameters determined from standard triaxial test data, and optimum mesh density in the pipe-soil contact region. These advanced models, which capture the ice gouging physics and coupled soil-pipe interaction more accurately, generally predict lower subgouge soil deformations and pipeline burial depths compared to the current industry methodology. Since the greater accuracy comes with a significant increase in computational intensity, guidance is provided for the practical implementation of such advanced models in the design process. The authors believe that advanced continuum models, once properly validated using centrifuge and large-scale field tests, can be used to determine reliable and potentially more economical pipeline burial depths.

Introduction
Offshore arctic regions may contain several types of ice features that are capable of scouring the sea floor, including icebergs, first year ice ridge keels, and multiyear ridge keels. The ice features are continuously moving under the action of environmental forces (e.g. wind and ocean currents) and, whenever their draft is larger than the local water depth, they scour the seabed producing the characteristic process of ice gouging. Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of the ice-gouging process.
Well Architecture and Well Operating Procedures on Kharyaga Field, Russia
Authors: Boyer Yannick , Szakolczai Cyril 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In 1995 Total signed a Production Sharing Agreement with the Russian Federation for the development and production of the Kharyaga oil field, situated 60km to the north of the Polar Circle in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and 140km away from the main base in Usinsk (Figure 1).
Kharyaga is the first project in Russia under PSA terms. It is a key operationnal project for Total in Russia to date. Total (40%) operates the project in partnership with the Norwegian Statoil (30%), the Russian Zarubezhneft (20%), and the Russian Nenets Oil Company (10%).
Total E&P Russie has developed knowledge and competences for drilling and completion activities in arctic conditions, during its operations on the onshore Kharyaga field.
The weather is particularly harsh at the rig site with a temperature far below 0°C from October to June. The average temperature is around −20°C and it can sometimes go down to −53°C in winter time, without considering the wind chill.
From the operations point of view, the Kharyaga field reservoirs are normally pressured or depleted reservoirs, at depths of up to 2850mTVD. It contains up to 1.2% H2S. Whilst the wells themselves are relatively low technology and at quite average depths, operating in such environment remains a challenge.
This paper reviews the various operational specifics such as equipment, procedures and best practices required to safely and efficiently drill onshore wells in arctic conditions.
HSE specifics for arctic
Kharyaga field working conditions
The general working conditions on the field could be summarized as follow:Low temperatures (absolute static minimum: −53°C),Strong wind, up to 38m/s,Huge temperature range from winter to summer, about 85°C amplitude,Rapid temperature changes, up to 20°C within 24 hours,Low atmospheric pressure with sudden changes,Low light level / polar night,Swampy area / mosquitoes in summer time,Outside work limitation in winter.
Global Warming and Globalisation - The North East Passage (NEP) as a Viable Shipping Alternative Between Europe and Asia
Authors: Westvik Morten H. , Kvamstad Beate , Holte Even A. , Winge Christian 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Global warming and Globalisation represents both challenges and new opportunities in the 21st Century, and the Arctic is expected to become the new frontier within petroleum and mineral exploration activities and for shipping activities. With an economic and geopolitical shift towards Asia, a significant growth in standard of living coupled with population growth, it is projected that global trade in 2050 will increase by 50% from 2010. The majority of this growth is expected to take place in Asia. Looking specifically at maritime transportation, and projections for growth from 2005 till 2050, estimates point to 93.4% for Europe (including short sea freight); while the corresponding figure outside Europe is 148.2%. Today approximately 90% of global trade is transported on ships, representing a cargo volume of 32.7 billion ton-miles. In commercial terms this represents a value of US$380billion, equal to 5% of world trade.
The main objective for this paper is therefore to highlight both possibilities and challenges that will have direct impact on developing the North East Passage (NEP) as a commercially viable shipping alternative compared to the Suez Canal route. Thus, in order to highlight the different issues related to this context, key topics that will be addressed are in this paper are: Globalisation, Arctic petroleum and mineral exploration, Infrastructure, support and Incidents, Ships and logistics, Climate change and environmental issues and International regulation and management of the NEP.

1. Introduction
In 2008 global seaborne trade stood at 8.17 billion tons of goods loaded, dry cargo accounting for 66.3% of total volume (hereof; iron ore, coal, bauxite/alumina, phosphate making up 25.7% of total volume), and oil representing 33.7%. The majority of goods loaded were in developing nations which accounted for more than 60% global volumes, and Asia alone taking up 40% of all goods loaded (UNCTAD 2009). Approximately 90% of global trade today is transported on ships, representing a cargo volume of 32.7 billion ton-miles (UNCTAD 2009). Worth noting is that the average growth in merchandised trade from 1998 till 2008 was 12% per annum. Meanwhile the growth respectively for fuels were 18.2% and 20% for natural resources during the same period, with the major growth markets being in Asia (WTO 2010). Further, the largest importers of natural resources in the world in 2008 are: USA 15.2%, Japan 9.1%, China 8.6%, Germany 6%, South Korea 4.7%, France 3.9% and India 3.5%.
Design of a Floating Platform Hull for Arctic Conditions in the Barents Sea
Authors: Le Marechal Guillaume , Anslot Philippe , Mravak Zoran , Liferov Pavel , Le Guennec Stephane 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The Shtokman Gas Condensate Field (SGCF) is located 610 km from Murmansk in the Barents Sea. The water depth at location is around 340 m. The offshore facilities of the SGCF Phase 1 development will include ice-resistant ship shape disconnectable turret moored floating platform (FP). The design of the hull has been driven to be inherently safe, to resist the environmental condition, and minimize risk of repair over the 50 years operating duration.

Introduction
The SGCF is located 610km from Murmansk in the Barents Sea, around 73º latitude North and 44º longitude East. The water depth at location is around 340 m and the reservoir is 2000 m below the mudline. The field reserves are estimated to be 3700 GSm3. The gas reservoir covers a geographical area of approximately 1 400 km2, and is approximately 48 km long by 35 km wide. The field will be developed in three phases, the expected daily production of each phase being around 70 million Sm3 per day. SDAG owned by Gazprom (51%), Total (25%) and Statoil (24%) will operate the development of the First Phase of the SGCF.
The area is a harsh Arctic environment that can be covered by sea ice and is also known for its icebergs and experiences long periods of darkness during the winter months. Facilities in this region can be exposed to very low ambient air temperatures (including wind chill), snow and icing that require winterisation measures to be taken.
The offshore development of Phase 1 of the Shtokman Gas Condensate Field development consists of the following main elements (see Fig. 1):The Floating Platform, including hull, mooring, accommodation, process (oil, gas, water as needed), gas export facilities (compression and metering) and associated control systems.The Subsea Production System (referred to as the SPS).The Umbilicals, Flowlines and Risers (UFR) to gather production from SPS and transport it to the Floating Platform and to connect the Floating Platform to pipeline to shore.The Export Trunklines.
After various conceptual initial studies, Shtokman Development AG has concluded to design the floating platform as a turret moored disconnectable and ice resistant ship shaped floating platform. The FP design operating life is 50 years. The present paper describes the main principles of design of the hull that form the frame for further optimization by contractors.
From Concept to the Clinics: Development of Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Kaur Balveen , Lesinski Gregory B. , Chaudhary Abhik Ray 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDevelopment of a therapeutic agent is a long and laborious process commencing with the discovery of a “druggable target” underlying the pathology of a disease. After rigorous testing, optimization, and modification, the candidate agent is then carefully tested for toxicity in appropriate animal models to define a dose that can be safely administered to human patients without adverse effects. Once these preclinical studies have been performed, the experiemental drug moves into the clinical trials phases. Phase I clinical trials are typically dose escalation studies meant to evaluate the safety, adverse events, and maximum tolerated dose in human patients. Agents that appear to be reasonably safe then progress to phase II and eventually phase III studies to evaluate their efficacy prior to government approval and marketing. In this chapter we will discuss three recently approved agents that have been through this process and are now being tested in combination with other therapies and one experimental agent that is actively engaged in the developmental process.
Development and Application of Conformation‐Selective Integrin Antibodies
Authors: Astrof Nathan S. , Peer Dan , Shimaoka Motomu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOf the major classes of adhesion receptors, including the immunoglobrin domain superfamily (IgSF), the cadherins, and other transmembrane adhesion receptors (e.g., claudins and occludins), integrins are unique in achieving rapid and reversible (second time scale) upregulation from a basal, inactive state to a maximally adhesive state, upon cell stimulation. In past studies, we have suggested, and subsequently demonstrated, that it is possible to selectively target persistently activated integrin in a physiological background. In this chapter, we will describe how such antibodies are derived, their mechanism of action, and their potential therapeutic application.
Antiviral Market Overview
Authors: Arora Anita , Mendoza Natalia , Tyring Stephen K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe past 15 years have seen significant progress in developing new antivirals. In 1990, there were just five drugs licensed as antiviral agents, whereas now there are approximately 40 drugs in the antiviral market repertoire, most being for the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Over the years, one of the main attributes sought in a new antiviral is the capacity to treat patients who have developed resistance to existing treatments, and numerous compounds are investigated in such advanced‐stage patients. The main need for antiviral agents, past, present, and likely in the future continues to be in the world's poorest countries. This chapter will provide a thorough overview of the antiviral market.
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Positron Emission Tomography in Human Microdosing
Authors: Cheng Zhengdong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHuman microdosing study is one type of exploratory phase I investigation supported by both U.S. and European regulatory agencies. Very small subpharmacologic doses of a drug are used in humans to obtain an early assessment of pharmacokinetic properties in humans. This has the potential of reducing the number of preclinical animal studies, essential for conducting early clinical human studies, differentiating between good and bad candidate drugs early, and speeding up the early phases of drug development. Human microdosing, as will be outlined in this chapter, is a newly established and still evolving concept, around which knowledge is beginning to accumulate.
Locoregional Chemoradiotherapy of Cancer Using Hydrogel
Authors: Yang David J. , Azhdarinia Ali , Kurihara Hiroaki , Bryant Jerry , Kim E. Edmund 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In this chapter, we will demonstrate that in situ hydrogel can be used for local‐regional delivery of chemotherapy and radiotherapy while reducing associated toxicities found with traditional delivery methods. In an attempt to incorporate well‐known slow‐release methodologies for drug delivery with radiotherapy, we highlight our own developed hydrogel that plays two roles in cancer treatment: (1) slow release of chemotherapeutic agents and (2) trapping of therapeutic radionuclides. The findings demonstrate the potential uses of image‐guided therapy in cancer treatment.
RNAi‐Mediated Therapeutics
Authors: Morral Núria , Witting Scott R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe first RNA silencing mechanisms were discovered as part of an antiviral response believed to protect organisms from viral infection. It was later discovered that cells have the capacity to synthesize small RNAs known as microRNA (miRNA), which regulate hundreds of genes, coordinating complex developmental as well as physiological responses. Based on the fact that miRNA molecules modulate gene expression in all mammalian tissues, RNAi is being exploited as a system for the treatment of human diseases as well as to study gene function. This chapter will explore the current state of the field of RNAI‐mediated therapeutics.
Crystallography
Authors: Schwalbe Carl H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This chapter will provide a general overview of what crystallography can contribute to drug discovery. A discussion of practical matters, covering the required features of the crystalline sample, the radiation source, and the detector will be given. Then the essentials of the underlying theory will be introduced so that the rationale for the steps in a crystal structure determination can be understood. Although crystallography is underpinned by mathematics, the treatment here will be as intuitive as possible with limited recourse to mathematics. The chapter will wrap up with specific examples of the use (and nonuse) of crystallography in drug discovery.
Anti‐Inflammatory Therapeutics
Authors: Chan Marion M. , Fong Dunne 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe development of anti‐inflammatory therapeutics is an active area of pharmacological research. As we look forward to future discoveries, it also pays to look to the past for potentially useful but neglected therapeutic agents. One example is thalidomide, the drug that had caused a birth defect disaster. Another is cannabinoid, the molecule that has been associated with substance abuse. More targets for anti‐inflammatory therapeutics have been and will be discovered. In this chapter, we will provide two examples: SAHA and catecholamines.
Statins in the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events
Authors: Sachdeva Rajesh , Hughes Bradley , Mehta Jawahar L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe major advances in coronary heart disease (CHD) diagnosis and treatment in the past half‐century include the detection of thrombosis or a mechanism of acute coronary syndromes that leads to heart attacks and discovery of major risk factors that leads to progression of atherosclerosis. Next was the role of aspirin in prevention. The most eradicable risk factor is smoking cessation in the prevention of CHD. Most modifiable risk factor is lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol reduction that has been shown to cause regression of atherosclerosis and reduction in cardiac events. Statins play a major role in reducing LDL‐cholesterol, hence reducing cardiac events in every study. Statins not only have their effects through LDL‐cholesterol reduction, but have LDL‐cholesterol‐independent effects. The significance of the pleitropic effects is not well defined. Statins are, nonetheless, the only class of drugs that has been shown to consistently reduce CHD risk.
Neurotrophic Factors as Novel Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Skaper Stephen D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt has long been hoped that the power of neurotrophic factors to regulate neuronal cell survival in the developing nervous system could be harnessed for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Preclinical data suggest that subcutaneous or intravenous administration of neurotrophic factors may be effective for the treatment of peripheral and central nervous system diseases. In spite of such encouraging experimental findings, clinical studies have proven largely disappointing. Not only have neurotrophic proteins failed to show a beneficial effect, but in some cases adverse side effects were noteworthy. As this chapter will discuss, therapeutic benefit may be dependent on the extent of neurodegeneration before therapy initiation, and although studies will be difficult, assessment of the effects of neurotrophic factors on the rate of progression over sufficiently long time frames may well be critical in determining their ultimate efficacy.
Oncology
Authors: Dudek Arkadiusz Z. , Powell Steven F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis chapter will provide a basic understanding of the methods of anticancer drug research. This will be achieved by giving a background of where anticancer drug discovery has come from to where it is going. From natural products research to DNA microarrays, all facets of anticancer drug research will be explored. Additionally, the current classes of anticancer agents will be explained. Significant detail will be given to the newer agents that are being developed. Future directions will also be highlighted throughout the chapter. In the end, this chapter is designed to stimulate thought among researchers interested in anticancer drug discovery. With more insight into the treatment of such a devastating disease, we can hope to improve the quality of life for millions.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Alam Muhammad Mansoor , Talpaz Moshe 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAs this chapter will discuss, the discovery of imatinib has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It is a classic example of drug development based on the identification of a common molecular target involved in a signaling pathway. It was the first medication that inhibited a particular molecular target in the cell to treat a cancer type instead of as in earlier chemotherapy drugs that nonspecifically target rapid dividing cells. However, it is not considered curative. Furthermore, issues with imatinib resistance have emerged, which has led to the development of more targeted therapies to overcome resistance.
Radiopharmaceuticals and Medical Imaging: Development of Radioimmumoconjugates for Radioimmunoimaging and Radioimmunotherapy of Malignant Diseases
Authors: Niu Gang , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRadioimmunopharmaceuticals or radioimmunoconjugates (RICs) are using antibody (Ab) or antibody derivatives as targeting carriers, taking advantage of the specific binding between antibody and antigen. In this chapter, we will discuss several aspects of RIC development and their application in radioimmunoimaging (RII) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT) for malignant diseases, including lymphoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and breast and ovarian cancers.
Targeting Chemokines and Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Szekanecz Zoltán , Koch Alisa E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this chapter, we will briefly review the role of chemokines, chemokine receptors, and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of arthritis. We will draw special attention to chemokines involved in neovascularization. Finally, we will describe studies on chemokine and angiogenesis targeting obtained in animal models of arthritis as well as in humans.