bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is smiling is beautiful and good
Authors: Reis Harry T. , Wilson Ilona Mcdougal , Monestere Carla , Bernstein Stuart , Clark Kelly , Seidl Edward , Franco Michelle , Gioioso Ezia , Freeman Lori , Radoane Kimberly 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAlthough folk wisdom suggests that a smile may enhance physical attractiveness, most studies in the area have failed to consider or control this factor. The present study was intended to examine the impact of smiling on judgements of physical attractiveness and other characteristics stereotypically ascribed to attractive persons. Consistent with predictions, it was found that smiling increased rated attractiveness when compared to a non‐smiling neutral expression. The necessity for controlling this factor in studies of attractiveness is therefore indicated. It was also demonstrated that smiling subjects were attributed greater degrees of sincerity, sociability, and competence, but lesser levels of independence and masculinity. Mediation analysis revealed that the effects of smiling on trait attribution were not due to increases in perceived attractiveness, suggesting that the impact of smiling on ratings of beauty and goodness occurs through independent processes. Potential explanations and implications of these processes were discussed.
Perceptions of relative group size and group homogeneity: We are the majority and they are all the same
Authors: Simon Bernd , Mummendey Amélie 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOn the basis of prior research on the false consensus effect and on the perception of group homogeneity in minority‐majority contexts, it was hypothesized that (1) with no information regarding group size available, group members would see their own group in the majority position and perceive more outgroup than ingroup homogeneity and (2) this outgroup homogeneity effect would not occur, when there is no doubt about the numerical equality of ingroup and outgroup. Both hypotheses were confirmed in a laboratory study (n = 88).
What determines a ‘perspective’? Contrast effects as a function of the dimension tapped by preceding questions
Authors: Schwarz Norbert , Münkel Thomas , Hippler Hans‐J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSubjects estimated how many Germans drink vodka or beer, or estimated the caloric content of these drinks. The former judgment, but not the latter, produced contrast effects on subsequent ratings of how ‘typically German’ various drinks are. Thus, highly accessible extreme stimuli did only affect ratings if the first judgment pertained to the same underlying dimension.
The protestant work ethic as a cultural phenomenon
Authors: Giorgi Liana , Marsh Catherine 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA central contention of much of the literature about the nature of work values and the meaning of work is that there is (or at least has been) a consensual work ethic operating in modern industrial societies. This premise has surprisingly, rarely been put to the test. In this paper, evidence for a modern work ethic is obtained from the European Values Survey. The link between this work ethic and religion is then explored. While one conclusion of the analysis is that it is still an identifiably Protestant ethic, contextual analysis demonstrates that the effect of a country's religious culture is more potent than the religious beliefs of the individual.
The effects of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity on ingroup favouritism, stereotyping and overestimation of relative ingroup size
Authors: Simon Bernd , Mlicki Pawel , Johnston Lucy , Caetano Antonio , Warowicki Miroslaw , Van Knippenberg Ad , Deridder Richard 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAn experiment (n = 61) investigated the effects of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity on ingroup favouritism, stereotyping and the overestimation of relative ingroup size. As predicted, outgroup homogeneity was conducive to ingroup favouritism. Ingroup homogeneity, however, failed to influence ingroup favouritism. Also unexpectedly, asymmetry in group homogeneity — irrespective of whether the ingroup or the outgroup was the more homogeneous group — led to pronounced stereotyping of both groups and to the overestimation of relative ingroup size.
Evaluation of criteria for bioreactor comparison and operation standardization for mammalian cell culture
Authors: Platas Barradas Oscar , Jandt Uwe , Minh Phan Linh Da , Villanueva Mario E. , Schaletzky Martin , Rath Alexander , Freund Susann , Reichl Udo , Skerhutt Eva , Scholz Sebastian , Noll Thomas , Sandig Volker , Pörtner Ralf , Zeng An‐Ping 
Published: July 2012

Development of bioprocesses with mammalian cell culture deals with different bioreactor types and scales. The bioreactors might be intended for generation of cell inoculum and production, research, process development, validation, or transfer purposes. During these activities, not only the difficulty of up and downscaling might lead to failure of consistency in cell growth, but also the use of different bioreactor geometries and operation conditions. In such cases, criteria for bioreactor design and process transfer should be carefully evaluated in order to select appropriate cultivation parameters.In this work, power input, mixing time, impeller tip speed, and Reynolds number have been compared systematically for the cultivation of the human cell line AGE1.HN within three partner laboratories using five different bioreactor systems. Proper operation ranges for the bioreactors were identified using the maximal cell‐specific growth rate (μmax) as indicator. Common optimum values for process transfer criteria were found in these geometrically different bioreactors, in which deviations of μmax between cultivation systems can be importantly reduced. The data obtained in this work are used for process standardization and comparability of results obtained in different bioreactor systems, i.e. to guarantee lab‐to‐lab consistency for systems biology approaches using mammalian cells.
AC machine dynamics described by space vectors using state‐space notation
Authors: Staudt V. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAsynchronous machines represent by now the majority of applications in the sector of variable speed drives. The demands on the performance of their control have risen as they by now replace DC machines with sophisticated control. Therefore it is necessary to describe the dynamic behaviour of an AC machine correctly and at the same time as simply and graphically as possible, because efficient control schemes can be designed best based on a complete understanding of the AC machine dynamics. Such a simple and graphical description can be achieved by combining the space‐vector theory introduced by Kovacs and Racz with the state‐space notation. Additionally it is advantageous to introduce a rotating reference frame which can be selected according to the problem at hand. Combining space vectors and state‐space notation leads to single complex eigenvalues instead of the usual pair of an eigenvalue and its conjugate. Changing the velocity of the reference frame naturally changes the eigenfrequencies, as can be seen from the eigenvalues in their analytic form calculated and discussed in this paper. It is shown that the effects caused by introducing a rotating reference frame in general have not necessarily to do with induced voltages and Faraday's law.
Genetic, simulated annealing and tabu search algorithms: Three heuristic methods for optimal reconfiguration and compensation of distribution networks
Authors: Augugliaro A. , Dusonchet L. , Sanseverino E. Riva 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this paper three heuristic methods for radial distribution networks reconfiguration and capacitor control are presented. A Simulated Annealing algorithm (SA), a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and a Tabu Search algorithm (TS) with some adaptations have been applied and compared. Basic GA, SA and TS procedures, with particular reference to the combinatorial optimization problems, are presented and adaptations are described in detail. Three demonstration software have been developed to implement the three algorithms and the performances of the three methods are then compared in terms of computation time and statistical quality of obtained solutions. Test results demonstrate that the TS algorithm type outperform the other heuristics.
Power system fault detection and classification using probabilistic approach
Authors: Rebizant W. , Szafran J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFinal decision of any digital power system protection is made in several steps including: fault recognition, estimation of criterion values and decision making concerning the state of protected plant. Whatever methods (deterministic or probabilistic) are used by digital signal processing, the protection system must identify fault instant and type at first, which starts all further required procedures. Since fault appearance and parameters are of probabilistic nature, some of the decision tasks may be solved on this basis. In the paper an extension of sequential decision method (first proposed by Sakaguchi) for fault detection and classification is presented. The algorithm is based on probabilistic characteristics of criterion values and hypothesis testing. Proposed method is optimized in sense of speed and accuracy together with measurement algorithm. Some indications for proper choice of criterion values based on probabilistic concept are also given. Intensive electromagnetic/alternative transients program (EMTP/ATP) simulations have been made to obtain required data and to test the developed algorithm. Results of its implementation on a 400‐kV transmission line EMTP model are presented in comparison with an artificial‐neural‐network‐(ANN‐)based fault detection and classification method.
Voltage drop and power losses fast evaluation through equivalent models of feeders for optimal operation of automated distribution networks
Authors: Augugliaro A. , Dusonchet L. , Sanseverino E. Riva 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn the paper, a generalised distribution‐feeder equivalent model is developed and presented. The model has been specifically developed aiming at applications in the field of optimal operation of automated distribution networks. It allows to easily and rapidly perform calculations for optimal reconfiguration and/or compensation. These kind of difficult combinatorial problems have indeed been extensively solved in literature by means of heuristic strategies and non‐deterministic algorithms. These methodologies are intrinsically iterative, requiring many evaluations of the objective function, which is often computationally time‐consuming. The studied elementary system is a distribution feeder with lumped loads and capacitor banks. The proposed model is bi‐directional, because this condition is required when simulating reconfiguration. The paper first shows the derivation of the equivalent models parameters when considering a single branch element, then, a calculation methodology for radial networks is presented. In this case, the reduction strategy requires a preliminary visit of all the nodes from the terminal ones up to the root of the tree‐network and in turn considering the summed up loads below, as terminal loads. The proposed networks reduction can be applied for fast implementation of power losses and voltage drops calculations when using advanced dynamic data structure for the networks representation. The proposed methodology has then been implemented by means of these information tools and tested on different distribution systems. so as to evaluate the errors due to the feeders and networks reduction.
Methyl 3‐substituted‐isoxazole‐5‐ carboxylates syntheses on solid supports via wang resin‐bound 2,3‐dibromopropionate
Authors: Sheng Shou‐Ri , He Ai‐Ying , Wei Mei‐Hong , Zhu Ai‐Li , Cai Ming‐Zhong 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA novel Wang resin‐bound 2,3‐dibromopropionate reagent has been developed and used as a potential dipolarophile for the facile preparation of methyl 3‐substituted‐isoxazole‐5‐carboxylates through triethylamine, promoting a sequence of reactions involving the in situ generation of 2‐bromoacrylate resin and nitrile oxide, regioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition, and loss of hydrogen bromide in one pot, and then cleavage from the resin with sodium methoxide. The advantages of this method include simple operation and mild conditions with good yield and high purity of the products. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:444–448, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21035
Effects of managed burning in comparison with vegetation cutting on dissolved organic carbon concentrations in peat soils
Authors: Worrall Fred , Rowson James , Dixon Simon 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGiven the continuing concern about rising concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in stream water leaving peat‐covered catchments, this study has considered the impact of managed burning or cutting of Calluna vulgaris, a dominant vegetation cover in many UK peatlands. Pristine mature Calluna stands were compared with those that had been subject to cutting and or managed burning up to 5 years after intervention. The study measured the DOC concentration of both soil and surface runoff water over a period of 12 months in comparison with water table depth, conductivity, and pH. The results show the following:

The depth to the water table decreases upon both burnt and cut sites relative to controls in line with a change in evapotranspiration due to loss of vegetation.
The DOC concentration of surface runoff water was not significantly different (P < 0.05) between any of the treatments and the control.
The DOC concentration in soil water significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with both burning and cutting, but these differences could be explained by differences in water table and changes in flowpath through the soil profile.The study suggests that declines in soil water DOC concentration are brought about as different levels in the peat profile become the dominant source of water due to changes in the depth to water table. Changes in the depth to water table were brought about by changes in evapotranspiration that result from the loss of vegetation. The changes in water table mean that this mechanism may explain other observations of DOC concentration change with management. Cutting and burning may represent a management intervention that could be effective at reversing the current trends in DOC transfers from peat‐covered catchments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological processes of a closed catchment‐lake system in a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment
Authors: Niedda Marcello , Pirastru Mario 
Published: July 2012

AbstractData collected in 4 years of field observations were used in conjunction with continuous simulation models to study, at the small‐basin scale, the water balance of a closed catchment‐lake system in a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment. The open water evaporation was computed with the Penman equation, using the data set collected in the middle of the lake. The surface runoff was partly measured at the main tributary and partly simulated using a distributed, catchment, hydrological model, calibrated with the observed discharge. The simplified structure of the developed modelling mainly concerns soil moisture dynamics and bedrock hydraulics, whereas the flow components are physically based. The calibration produced high efficiency coefficients and showed that surface runoff is greatly affected by soil water percolation into fractured bedrock. The bedrock reduces the storm‐flow peaks and the interflow and has important multi‐year effects on the annual runoff coefficients. The net subsurface outflow from the lake was calculated as the residual of the lake water balance. It was almost constant in the dry seasons and increased in the wet seasons, because of the moistening of the unsaturated soil. During the years of observation, rainfall 30% higher than average caused abundant runoff and a continuous rise in the lake water levels. The analysis allows to predict that, in years with lower than the average rainfall, runoff will be drastically reduced and will not be able to compensate for negative balance between precipitation and lake evaporation. Such highly unsteady situations, with great fluctuations in lake levels, are typical of closed catchment‐lake systems in the semi‐arid Mediterranean environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate change impact on river flows and catchment hydrology: a comparison of two spatially distributed models
Authors: Vansteenkiste Thomas , Tavakoli Mohsen , Ntegeka Victor , Willems Patrick , De Smedt Florimond , Batelaan Okke 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHydrological models have been widely used to assess changes in stream discharges by climate change; however, concern might arise on the accurateness of the model predictions under the changed conditions particularly during low flow periods. In this study, two spatially distributed hydrological models MIKE SHE and WetSpa, each representing a different model complexity in terms of process description, data needs, parameter space, degree of calibration, were compared in their estimation of the climate change impact on the flow regimes in a medium‐sized catchment in Belgium. The fully integrated, physically based MIKE SHE model, comprising a three‐dimensional groundwater flow and river model, was applied to better understand the groundwater flow and groundwater–river interactions under changed climate conditions. Both models were able to capture the flow dynamics very well with high efficiencies and simulated the flow extremes very accurately. The groundwater heads in MIKE SHE and their seasonal variation had a high model performance. The two models simulated similar changes to future flows because of climatic changes. Peak flows were expected to increase or decrease depending, taking the large uncertainty in future climate trends into account. The model structural uncertainties on these high flow predictions were rather limited. Low flows were expected to reduce because of drier conditions by future climate change, indicating elevated low flow risks for Belgium. However, the projected low flow changes differed significantly over the models and even exceeded the uncertainty by the expected climate trends. Smaller impact was predicted by considering the groundwater physics and river interaction in the MIKE SHE model. These changes to the surface water regimes were verified by the changes in groundwater heads. Future groundwater conditions also point towards drier conditions with a small decrease in heads for future summer and autumn periods. Projected variations in winter heads depend on the climate scenario. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of store‐release covers to minimize deep drainage in the mining and waste‐disposal industries: results from a modelling analyses based on ecophysiological principles
Authors: Eamus Derek , Yunusa Isa , Taylor Daniel , Whitley Rhys 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSustainable long‐term storage of municipal waste and waste rock from mining activities in waste dumps (either above or below the land surface) requires minimization of percolation of rainwater into and then through stored waste material. There has been increasing attention given to the use of store‐release covers (transpirational covers) to achieve this. However, the design of such covers remains problematic because of the unique combinations of weather, vegetation composition, soils and their interactions that determine the efficacy of each design that could be available for the construction of the covers. The aim of the work described here was to use ecophysiological knowledge of soil‐plant‐atmosphere (SPA) interactions through the application of a detailed mechanistic model of the SPA continuum. We examined the relative influence of soil depth, soil texture, leaf area index and rainfall as determinants of rates of evapotranspiration and water budget for several different theoretical cover designs. We show that minimizing deep drainage requires a cover that has the following attributes: (i) a water storage capacity that is large enough to store the volume of water that is received as rainfall in above‐average wet months/seasons; (ii) a root distribution that explores the entire depth of the cover; (iii) a leaf area index that is present all year sufficient to evapotranspire monthly rainfall; and (iv) takes into account the intra‐annual and inter‐annual variability in rainfall and other climatic variables that drive ET. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistent activation of pancreatic stellate cells creates a microenvironment favorable for the malignant behavior of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tang Dong , Wang Daorong , Yuan Zhongxu , Xue Xiaofeng , Zhang Ye , An Yong , Chen Jianmin , Tu Min , Lu Zipeng , Wei Jishu , Jiang Kuirong , Miao Yi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with poor prognosis due to extremely high malignancy, low rate of eligibility for surgical resection and chemoradiation resistance. Increasing evidence indicate that the interaction between activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and PDAC cells plays an important role in the development of PDAC. By producing high levels of cytokines, chemotactic factors, growth factors and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), PSCs create desmoplasia and a hypoxic microenvironment that promote the initiation, development, evasion of immune surveillance, invasion, metastasis and resistance to chemoradiation of PDAC. Therefore, targeting the interaction between PSCs and PDAC cells may represent a novel therapeutic approach to advanced PDAC, especially therapies that target PSCs of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment.
Inhibitory effects of antagonists of growth hormone‐releasing hormone on growth and invasiveness of PC3 human prostate cancer
Authors: Muñoz‐Moreno Laura , Arenas M. Isabel , Schally Andrew V. , Fernández‐Martínez Ana B. , Zarka Elías , González‐Santander Marta , Carmena María J. , Vacas Eva , Prieto Juan C. , Bajo Ana M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNew approaches are needed to the therapy of advanced prostate cancer. This study determined the effect of growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists, JMR‐132 and JV‐1‐38 on growth of PC3 tumors as well as on angiogenesis and metastasis through the evaluation of various factors that contribute largely to the progression of prostate cancer. Human PC3 androgen‐independent prostate cancer cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. The treatment with JMR‐132 (10 μg/day) or JV‐1‐38 (20 μg/day) lasted 41 days. We also evaluated the effects of JMR‐132 and JV‐1‐38 on proliferation, cell adhesion and migration in PC‐3 cells in vitro. Several techniques (Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and zymography) were used to evaluate the expression levels of GHRH receptors and its splice variants, GHRH, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)‐1α, metalloproteinases (MMPs) −2 and −9, β‐catenin and E‐cadherin. GHRH antagonists suppressed the proliferation of PC‐3 cells in vitro and significantly inhibited growth of PC3 tumors. After treatment with these analogues, we found an increase in expression of GHRH receptor accompanied by a decrease of GHRH levels, a reduction in both VEGF and HIF‐1α expression and in active forms of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, a significant increase in levels of membrane‐associated β‐catenin and a significant decline in E‐cadherin. These results support that the blockade of GHRH receptors can modulate elements involved in angiogenesis and metastasis. Consequently, GHRH antagonists could be considered as suitable candidates for therapeutic trials in the management of androgen‐independent prostate cancer.