bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The plant pathogen Pseudomonas fuscovaginae contains two conserved quorum sensing systems involved in virulence and negatively regulated by RsaL and the novel regulator RsaM
Authors: Mattiuzzo Maura , Bertani Iris , Ferluga Sara , Cabrio Laura , Bigirimana Joseph , Guarnaccia Corrado , Pongor Sandor , Maraite Henri , Venturi Vittorio 
Published: August 2010

Summary Pseudomonas fuscovaginae is a Gram‐negative fluorescent pseudomonad pathogenic towards several plant species. Despite its importance as a plant pathogen, no molecular studies of virulence have thus far been reported. In this study we show that P. fuscovaginae possesses two conserved N‐acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing (QS) systems which we designated PfsI/R and PfvI/R. The PfsI/R system is homologous to the BviI/R system of Burkholderia vietnamiensis and produces and responds to C10‐HSL and C12‐HSL whereas PfvI/R is homologous to the LasI/R system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and produces several long‐chain 3‐oxo‐HSLs and responds to 3‐oxo‐C10‐HSL and 3‐oxo‐C12‐HSL and at high AHL concentrations can also respond to structurally different long‐chain AHLs. Both systems were found to be negatively regulated by a repressor protein which was encoded by a gene located intergenically between the AHL synthase and LuxR‐family response regulator. The pfsI/R system was regulated by a novel repressor designated RsaM while the pfvI/R system was regulated by both the RsaL repressor and by RsaM. The two systems are not transcriptionally hierarchically organized but share a common AHL response and both are required for plant virulence. Pseudomonas fuscovaginae has therefore a unique complex regulatory network composed of at least two different repressors which directly regulate the AHL QS systems and pathogenicity.
Outpatient hand held manometry: comparison of techniques
Authors: Bollard Ruth C. , Gardiner AngiE. , Duthie Graeme S. 
Published: August 2010

ObjectiveAnorectal manometry is an established important investigation in a number of disorders. The specialist ano‐rectal laboratory is not always available, and a hand held manometer may be a useful tool in the outpatient setting to avoid an unnecessary visit to the anorectal physiology laboratory. Our aims were to determine whether the hand held manometer was as reliable as the standard system used in the anorectal laboratory, and to correctly compare the results from these two different techniques.Patients and methods24 patients visiting the Anorectal physiology laboratory were studies. Resting pressure, squeeze and cough pressures were recorded using the single channel hand held solid pressure transducer and with the dual channel pressure transducer MRP2 recorder. The first measurement by each method is used to illustrate the comparison of methods, the second measurement being used to study repeatability.ResultsThe two methods correlate well for resting and squeeze pressures (Spearman coefficient with P < 0.01 for both) The level of agreement between the two methods was good for resting pressure recordings with a mean difference of 15 cm H2O. The same cannot be said for squeeze and cough pressures. Repeatability of both methods was good with mean differences on repeated recordings near zero.ConclusionsThe hand held manometer is as repeatable as the laboratory but as some discrepancy occurs between the two methods they are not interchangeable. Thus the hand held manometer used alone in the outpatients Department is a useful screening and research tool.
Women with alcohol problems: The possible significance of personality clustering for treatment planning
Authors: SCHEFFEL BIRATH CHRISTINA , DEMARINIS VALERIE , STENBACKA MARLENE , AF KLINTEBERG BRITT 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Establishing subgroups in clinical practice is important for treatment planning. The aim of the study was to cluster the study group subjects according to personality traits and psychological health variables and to establish possible differences in treatment outcome in terms of: (i) drinking outcomes (gram and number of drinking days); (ii) perceived physiological health; and (iii) use of treatment resources (length of time in treatment and number of visits) among 134 treatment‐seeking women with alcohol problems in a clinical context, between the two clusters obtained. Design and Methods. Data were collected from 134 consecutive women at a Swedish clinic specialised in treating women with alcohol problems. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the basis of self‐rated personality scale scores and psychological health variables. Results. Two clusters were identified: one in which the women displayed personality and psychological health scores indicating problems (Cluster 1); and another where the women showed personality and psychological health scores within the norm range (Cluster 2). Alcohol consumption rates at the start of treatment were the same in both clusters. The consumption rates were also the same at the end of treatment for the cluster, showing a significant decrease in alcohol consumption in each. The Cluster 1 women, however, had a significantly higher number of visits at the clinic, and rated the consequences of their alcohol drinking as being significantly worse than Cluster 2 women. Discussion and Conclusions. The importance of individual differences according to personality traits for treatment planning is discussed in terms of the need for variation in treatment time and methods.[Scheffel Birath C, DeMarinis V, Stenbacka M, af Klinteberg B. Women with alcohol problems: The possible significance of personality clustering for treatment planning. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Institutional adaptation as a governability problem in fisheries: patron–client relations in the Junagadh fishery, India
Authors: Johnson Derek S 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInteractive governance theory proposes that fisheries can be compared according to their governability, or their overall capacity for governance. Central to governance capacity in fisheries is institutional adaptability, the ability of humans to modify their organizations and reflect on the rules and values that guide them in response to change. In this paper, I suggest a preliminary synthesis of interactive governance theory, resilience thinking and adaptive co‐management in order to refine the understanding of institutional adaptation as a key component of fisheries governability. I use the case of patron–client relationships in the Junagadh fishery to show how governability analysis is a valuable perspective from which to understand institutional characteristics that have contradictory implications for adaptation in fisheries.
Regulating the European Labour Market: Prospects and Limitations of a Reflexive Governance Approach
Authors: Hobbs Richard , Njoya Wanjiru 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article reviews developments in European Union employment policy from the perspective of reflexive governance. Reflexive governance instruments have a procedural orientation and provide a structural framework or steering mechanism to facilitate a process of self‐regulation. Recent developments in relation to the Employment Framework Directive, the European Employment Strategy and the Working Time Directive highlight some of the prospects and limitations of this reflexive approach to regulating employment relations and the potential impact on the UK labour market. These developments indicate that the hopes invested in the reflexive approach remain to be fulfilled.
Inverse association between dopaminergic neurotransmission and Iowa Gambling Task performance in pathological gamblers and healthy controls
Authors: LINNET JAKOB , MØLLER ARNE , PETERSON ERICKA , GJEDDE ALBERT , DOUDET DORIS 
Published: August 2010

Linnet, J., Møller, A., Peterson, E., Gjedde, A. & Doudet, D. (2011). Inverse association between dopaminergic neurotransmission and Iowa Gambling Task performance in pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 28–34.The dopamine system is believed to affect gambling behavior in pathological gambling. Particularly, dopamine release in the ventral striatum appears to affect decision‐making in the disorder. This study investigated dopamine release in the ventral striatum in relation to gambling performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in 16 Pathological Gamblers (PG) and 14 Healthy Controls (HC). We used Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to measure the binding potential of [11C] raclopride to dopamine D2/3 receptors during a baseline and gambling condition. We hypothesized that decreased raclopride binding potentials in the ventral striatum during gambling (indicating dopamine release) would be associated with higher IGT performance in Healthy Controls, but lower IGT performance in Pathological Gamblers. The results showed that Pathological Gamblers with dopamine release in the ventral striatum had significantly lower IGT performance than Healthy Controls. Furthermore, dopamine release was associated with significantly higher IGT performance in Healthy Controls and significantly lower IGT performance in Pathological Gamblers. The results suggest that dopamine release is involved both in adaptive and maladaptive decision‐making. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of dopaminergic dysfunctions in pathological gambling and substance related addictions.
An Interim Assessment of the US Trade Policy of ‘Competitive Liberalization’
Authors: Evenett Simon J. , Meier Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSince 2001, the Administration of George W. Bush has pursued a trade policy known as Competitive Liberalization. This policy envisages a series of mutually‐reinforcing and sequential steps to open markets abroad to US companies, to strengthen market‐oriented laws and regulations overseas, and to place the United States at the centre of the world trading system. Foreign and security policy considerations have influenced US trade policy making, perhaps more so than in the 1990s. To date the principal outcome of this policy has been the negotiation by the United States of numerous free trade agreements, mainly with developing countries, individually or in sub‐regional groupings. In addition to characterising this policy in detail, the principal purpose of this paper is to assess the logic underlying this approach to trade policy making and whether Competitive Liberalization has begun to fulfil the promise spelled out for it at the beginning of this decade.
The Black Criminal Justice System in West Belfast
Authors: Morrissey Michael , Pease Ken 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA parallel is drawn between the black economy, which mirrors conventional economic activity, and the black criminal justice system, which is an unofficial system of punishments mirroring the official system. The system under investigation in this exploratory paper is that administered by the Provisional I.R.A. in Catholic West Belfast. Many parallels between the system administered by the I.R.A. and the State system are identified, including the determinants of sentence and recognised mitigating factors. The crucial difference of due process in the State system is identified, together with the riposte of Sinn Fein that due process is effectively preempted in the State system by the pre‐trial actions of the security forces.
Use of Restitution as a Penal Measure in the United States
Authors: Way Burt Gala 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRequiring offenders to restore victim losses through money payment, or occasionally through service, has been increasingly practised in the United States; this practice, referred to as restitution, has been implemented both through special penal projects and by incorporating restitution requirements into pretrial diversion or probation requirements. Renewed interest in restitution has occurred because of dissatisfaction with prevailing treatment approaches for offenders, a need for intermediate punishments which are more severe than probation but not as severe as imprisonment, the need for increasing public support of criminal justice programmes, and a renewed interest in crime victims. Restitution provides a useful mechanism for integrating crime victims into the criminal justice system but may require reorientation of probation work towards conflict resolution and peacemaking between victims and offenders.
Comparison and evaluation of volatile oils from three different extraction methods for some Thai fragrant flowers
Authors: Paibon W. , Yimnoi C.‐A. , Tembab N. , Boonlue W. , Jampachaisri K. , Nuengchamnong N. , Waranuch N. , Ingkaninan K. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisSeveral tropical flowers have distinctive fragrances which are very appealing to use in perfumery, cosmetics and spa. However, to obtain a ‘natural fragrance’ from the flower is a challenge as the scent could change during the extraction process. The aim of the study is to find the suitable procedure for extraction of volatile oils from some Thai fragrant flowers. Three different methods: hydrodistillation, solvent extraction and enfleurage methods have been applied for the extraction of volatile oil from Jasminum sambac L. Aiton; Oleaceae (jasmine). The quantities and quality of jasmine volatile oils obtained from the different tested methods were compared. The solvent extraction method using 95% ethanol provided the greatest level of oil yield. However, sensory evaluation using preference test showed that the scents of the volatile oils from solvent extraction using diethyl ether and from enfleurage method were the closest to the fresh flowers compared with the volatile oils obtained from other methods. Their chemical constituents were analysed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. Both volatile oils were then evaluated using a triangle discrimination test. From the triangle test, we found that 14 panellists from the total of 36 could not distinguish between the scents of jasmine oil from enfleurage and fresh jasmine flowers whereas only one panellist could not distinguish between the scent of jasmine oil from the solvent extraction and fresh jasmine flowers. These results suggest that the scent of the volatile oil obtained from the enfleurage method was the closest to fresh flowers compared with that obtained from other methods. This method was then successfully applied for extraction of volatile oils from three other Thai fragrant flowers, Michelia alba DC.; Magnoliaceae, Millingtonia hortensis L.; Bignoniaceae and Hedychium coronarium J. Konig; Zingiberaceae.
Comprehending how visual context influences incremental sentence processing: Insights from ERPs and picture‐sentence verification
Authors: Knoeferle Pia , Urbach Thomas P. , Kutas Marta 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTo re‐establish picture‐sentence verification—discredited possibly for its over‐reliance on post‐sentence response time (RT) measures—as a task for situated comprehension, we collected event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) as participants read a subject‐verb‐object sentence, and RTs indicating whether or not the verb matched a previously depicted action. For mismatches (vs. matches), speeded RTs were longer, verb N400s over centro‐parietal scalp larger, and ERPs to the object noun more negative. RTs (congruence effect) correlated inversely with the centro‐parietal verb N400s, and positively with the object ERP congruence effects. Verb N400s, object ERPs, and verbal working memory scores predicted more variance in RT effects (50%) than N400s alone. Thus, (1) verification processing is not all post‐sentence; (2) simple priming cannot account for these results; and (3) verification tasks can inform studies of situated comprehension.
Human Y‐79 Retinoblastoma Cells Exhibit Specific Insulin Receptors
Authors: Saviolakis George A. , Kyritsis Athanassios P. , Chader Gerald J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe presence of insulin receptors was investigated in human Y‐79 retinobastoma cells grown in suspension culture. The binding of [125I] insulin to these cells was time, temperature, and pH dependent, was competed for by insulin and proinsulin but not other peptides, and was inhibited by antibodies against the insulin receptor. The Scatchard plot of insulin competition data was curvilinear and was resolved into a high‐affinity (KD∼0.5 × 10‐‐9 M)/low‐capacity (∼3,000 sites/cell) and a low‐affinity (KD∼ 1 × 10‐‐7M)/high‐capacity (∼155,000 sites/cell) component. Negative cooperativity was not found, in agreement with other studies in rodent neural cells. However, in contrast to studies with rodent cells, insulin specifically down‐regulated its receptor on human Y‐79 cells after prolonged exposure. In conclusion, these data show for the first time the presence of specific insulin receptors in human Y‐79 retinoblastoma cells. Because these cells were previously shown to have several characteristics typical of neural cells, we propose their use as a model to study the effects of insulin on neural and retinal tissues of human origin.
The biphasic NAD(P)H fluorescence response of astrocytes to dopamine reflects the metabolic actions of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis
Authors: Requardt Robert P. , Wilhelm Franziska , Rillich Jan , Winkler Ulrike , Hirrlinger Johannes 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 483–492.AbstractThe NAD+/NADH redox pair constitutes an important metabolic node connecting catabolic pathways to energy production. We took advantage of the fluorescence of NADH to monitor changes in NADH levels by 2‐photon laser scanning microscopy in cultured cortical astrocytes and acutely isolated brain slices in response to dopamine (DA), a major neurotransmitter involved in modulation of attention, motivation, and learning. DA induced a dose‐dependent biphasic response of the NAD(P)H fluorescence signal, consisting of an initial decrease followed by a subsequent increase. This response was mediated by D1‐receptors, protein kinase A, and 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase signaling. While the initial decrease could be inhibited by blocking mitochondrial respiratory chain, the increase was inhibited by blocking glycolysis. Finally, activation of DA receptors on astrocytes in acutely isolated mouse cortical brain slices also induced an increase in the NAD(P)H fluorescence signal. We conclude that DA activates two opposing components of astrocytic metabolism with different kinetics. This response of the astroglial metabolism might contribute to fine‐tuned participation of astrocytes to neuronal activity and functional states of the brain.
Differential regulation of NMDA receptor function by DJ‐1 and PINK1
Authors: Chang Ning , Li Lijun , Hu Rong , Shan Yuexin , Liu Baosong , Li Lei , Wang Hanbin , Feng Hua , Wang Dianshi , Cheung Carol , Liao Mingxia , Wan Qi 
Published: August 2010

SummaryDysfunction of PTEN‐induced kinase 1 (PINK1) or DJ‐1 promotes neuronal death and is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Given the roles ofN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAr)‐mediated neurotoxicity in various brain disorders including cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases, we investigated the effects of PINK1 and DJ‐1 on NMDAr function. Using protein overexpression and knockdown approaches, we showed that PINK1 increased NMDAr‐mediated whole‐cell currents by enhancing the function of NR2A‐containing NMDAr subtype (NR2ACNR). However, DJ‐1 decreased NMDAr‐mediated currents, which was mediated through the inhibition of both NR2ACNR and NR2B‐containing NMDAr subtype (NR2BCNR). We revealed that the knockdown of DJ‐1 enhanced PTEN expression, which not only potentiated NR2BCNR function but also increased PINK1 expression that led to NR2ACNR potentiation. These results indicate that NMDAr function is differentially regulated by DJ‐1‐dependent signal pathways DJ‐1/PTEN/NR2BCNR and DJ‐1/PTEN/PINK1/NR2ACNR. Our results further showed that the suppression of DJ‐1, while promoted NMDA‐induced neuronal death through the overactivation of PTEN/NR2BCNR‐dependent cell death pathway, induced a neuroprotective effect to counteract DJ‐1 dysfunction‐mediated neuronal death signaling through activating PTEN/PINK1/NR2ACNR cell survival–promoting pathway. Thus, PINK1 acts with DJ‐1 in a common pathway to regulate NMDAr‐mediated neuronal death. This study suggests that the DJ‐1/PTEN/NR2BCNR and DJ‐1/PTEN/PINK1/NR2ACNR pathways may represent potential therapeutic targets for the development of neuroprotection strategy in the treatment of brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease.
Twenty‐five years of monitoring pH and nutrient status of soils in England and Wales
Authors: Skinner R.J. , Todd A.D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales was started in 1969. During the 25 year period 1969–1993 mean soil pH values under arable and ley‐arable cropping changed little, but under grassland they fell by 0.3 units. Under arable cropping, mean available phosphorus declined whilst available potassium increased fairly steeply for the first eight years then declined again to near the start value by 1993. No significant changes in soil phosphorus and potassium levels were found under ley‐arable cropping, but the percentage of fields under ley‐arable rotations declined from 33% to 14%. Under grassland, phosphorus and potassium levels both declined, although potassium levels rose initially before falling.For this report England and Wales were also divided into five regions. Wales and the West Country had the lowest pH values; these regions together with the Northern region were also found to have declining pH values. Phosphorus and potassium concentrations have been falling in the Northern region which stands out as having the lowest current potassium status with 20% of all fields deficient at index 0.Changes in pH and nutrients are discussed for soils sampled following the main arable crops. The largest changes found were the reductions in phosphorus and potassium in soils after potatoes. In 1993 almost one in ten sugarbeet crop soils had an excessive phosphorus level (index 5+) giving an increased risk of water pollution by this element.Under arable cropping the proportion of soils with low (< 1.8%) organic matter declined. Average soil organic matter levels for all crops and grass have remained static during the period. It is concluded that agricultural soils in England and Wales have not contributed to an increase in the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.