bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Least Limiting Water Range: Traffic and Long‐term Tillage Influences in a Webster Soil
Authors: Betz C. L. , Allmaras R. R. , Copeland S. M. , Randall G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRooting is a continuous response to the soil physical environment, but root responses in the field are sufficiently complex to require a least limiting approach. Rooting limitations of available water, soil aeration, and penetration resistance are linked into a least limiting water range (LLWR) as a function of bulk density (ρb). The LLWR concept and associated measurements were used to evaluate the impact of tillage and tracking on root and hydrologic environment at two depths in a poorly drained clay loam: (i) the 5‐ to 10‐cm depth in nontracked and tracked interrows of three long‐term tillage treatments (chisel plow, CH; moldboard plow, MB; and no tillage, NT); and (ii) a plow pan at 25‐ to 30‐cm depth. Soil shrinkage, ρb, saturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention characteristic (WRC), and penetration resistance characteristic (PRC) were all measured in undisturbed soil cores (5 cm long by 5 cm in diameter). Both the WRC and PRC included ρb as an independent variable. Linearized fits of the WRC and PRC, with R2 > 0.70, were sensitive to tracking and to CH vs. MB tillage; compaction in the plow pan and tracking in the NT reduced by 75% the impact of ρb on the PRC. Tracking reduced the LLWR as much as 0.04 to 0.06 m3 m‐3 in CH and NT treatments, but the reduction in the MB treatment was <0.02 m3 m‐3. Penetration resistance was more limiting than the wilting point in the NT treatment and the plow pan, but not in treatments receiving annual tillage. Aeration was more limiting than available water in the NT and plow pan than in the MB and CH. The LLWR portrayed a major soil structural impact on physical control of rooting. Soil hydraulic properties associated with the LLWR explained a compaction and drainage problem with conservation tillage that can be linked to shallow penetration of tillage tools in this poorly drained soil.
Hydraulic Gradient, Aging, and Water Quality Effects on Hydraulic Conductivity of a Vertisol
Authors: Moutier M. , Shainberg I. , Levy G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAging, manifested by an increase with time of the aggregate mechanical strength, has been reported recently to affect the response of a soil to water quality. However, experimental evidence demonstrating its effect on the hydraulic conductivity is lacking. We present the results of aging, hydraulic gradient, and water quality effects on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of disturbed smectitic soil samples (A horizon, Chromic Haploxerert). The effects of two hydraulic gradients (2.9 and 12) and two leaching durations (3–4 and 20 h) were tested. Soil consecutively leached with 0.5, 0.05, 0.01, and 0.003 M Cl‐ solutions (Na adsorption ratio, SAR = 10) or 0.5, 0.01 M Cl‐ solutions and deionized water (SAR = 0). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil decreased with an increase in soil exchangeable Na percentage and a decrease in total electrolyte concentration. Also, the relative hydraulic conductivity of the soil decreased from 1.1 to 0.94 when subjected to a high‐hydraulic gradient treatment, and subsequently increased to 2.32 under prolonged leaching with 0.01 M Cl‐ solution of SAR = 0. This decrease was attributed to the compression of clay particles at the column outlet. The subsequent increase in hydraulic conductivity was ascribed to thixotropic stabilization of the clay fabric and cohesive bond development. The effects of hydraulic gradient and aging were less pronounced in soil in equilibrium with solution of SAR = 10 because the higher sodicity increased the repulsion forces between clay particles, thus reducing clay‐to‐clay contact. Some practical consequences were postulated concerning aging effect under field conditions.
Eolian and Associated Pedogenic Features of the Jornada Basin Floor, Southern New Mexico
Authors: Gile Leland H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the Jornada Basin floor of southern New Mexico, some eolian deposits are distinct whereas others are not readily identifiable, because slopes grade smoothly into adjacent deposits that differ greatly in age and morphology, with little or no landscape evidence to suggest such differences. This study was conducted to determine if soil characteristics would be helpful in establishing a chronology for eolian deposits in this setting. Totals of pedogenic carbonate at three sites and observations at other sites indicate at least six episodes of substantial erosion and deposition since downcutting of the Rio Grande Valley began in middle to early Pleistocene time. The first episode is recorded by ancient longitudinal dunes that occur just east of the Rio Grande Valley. Prominent stage V carbonate horizons in the dunes indicate that they probably started to form soon after valley entrenchment began. The second episode is marked by a late Pleistocene deposit with a stage III horizon and 289 kg m‐2 of carbonate. The third episode is recorded by a younger late Pleistocene deposit with a weaker stage III horizon and 137 kg m‐2 of carbonate. For the fourth episode, stage I carbonate associated with a late Holocene deposit totals 7 kg m‐2. One historical deposit accumulated during the fifth episode, soon after the 1880s and the introduction of large numbers of cattle. The final episode occurred after the great drought of 1951–1956. Both historical deposits consist of fresh‐appearing, stratified sediments. The late Holocene and late Pleistocene deposits may be eolian correlatives of drought‐caused alluviums. Pedogenic carbonate is a major morphological and analytical tool for estimating soil and landscape age, for determining possible eolian‐alluvial correlatives, and for estimating the timing of climatic changes and eolian events. Subtle erosion and deposition can profoundly alter the evolutionary progression from stage III to stage IV carbonate.
Calcified Fungal Filaments in the Petrocalcic Horizon of Eutrochrepts in Beauce, France
Authors: Bruand Ary , Duval Odile 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcified filaments could be responsible for the induration of petrocalcic horizons, although they are absent or very rare in petrocalcic horizons with a porosity filled by needle‐fiber and micro‐rod calcite. The aim of this study was to show that calcified filaments were also numerous in these petrocalcic horizons, thus ensuring their high cohesion. Samples were collected in petrocalcic horizons of Eutrochrepts in Beauce, France. They were studied by scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analyses were performed using an energy dispersion spectrometer microprobe. Observations of fragments in the secondary electron mode showed a close packing of needle‐fiber calcite with micro‐rod calcite without any visible calcified filament. In the backscattered electron mode, observations showed numerous rounded voids, 0.5 to 1.0 µm in diameter within the packing of microrods. These voids and their walls exhibited similar morphological characteristics to those of the calcified filaments described earlier and interpreted as the remains of fungal hyphae. Chemical analysis of the rounded voids' walls, needle‐fiber calcite, and micro‐rod calcite revealed the presence of C and Ca as main elements and secondarily of Al and Si, but their respective compositions were not significantly different (P = 0.05). The C/Ca atomic ratio indicated that the analyses did not avoid resin, and that they cannot be used for discussion of calcite or calcium oxalate presence.
Depth‐Incremental Soil Properties under No‐Till or Chisel Management
Authors: Logsdon S. D. , Kaspar T. C. , Cambardella C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComparisons of bulk density between no‐till and chisel management systems have produced conflicting results in different studies. These conflicting results have been due to averaging across large depth increments (up to 30 cm) and by ignoring traffic patterns when sampling. A few studies have measured 2‐cm depth increments for soil from tilled plots, but few, if any, have measured 2‐cm incremental soil properties from no‐till and compared them with similar measurements from tilled management systems. The objective of this study was to compare no‐till and chisel management system effects on 2‐cm increments of the vertical soil properties both for sites with and without controlled wheel traffic in corn (Zea mays L.)‐soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. The controlled traffic site consisted of Muscatine (Fine‐silty, mixed, mesic, Aquic Hapludoll) and Tama (Fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll) soils, and the site without controlled traffic had Downs soil (Fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalf). We collected soil samples in 2‐cm increments to the 30‐cm depth. On controlled traffic plots for the 0‐ to 2‐cm increment, soil bulk density from no‐till plots was less than from chisel plots for half of the cases, but for the 6‐ to 18‐cm depths, soil from no‐till was more dense than soil from chisel plots 61% of the time. There was no significant soil bulk density difference between tillage treatments for plots without controlled traffic. Results of tillage on residue, organic C, and crop yield were inconsistent. Chisel management did not result in less dense soil than no‐till unless traffic was carefully controlled.
Solute Movement in Uncropped Ridge‐Tilled Soil under Natural Rainfall
Authors: Jaynes Dan B. , Swan J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoint injection of N fertilizers within the ridge of ridge‐tilled soils has shown promise in reducing nitrate leaching in short‐term rainfall simulation studies, but it has not been studied under natural rainfall throughout the growing season. At two uncropped locations, we measured the leaching of tracers injected into different ridge positions in established ridge‐tilled plots that were leached by natural rainfall. A point injector was used to inject conservative anionic tracers 100 mm below the soil surface every 38.1 mm along ridge‐top, ridge‐shoulder, and furrow positions. Movement of tracers was measured four times after tracer application by triplicate soil sampling with a 38.1‐mm‐diam. soil probe to a maximum depth of 1.22 m. Sample collection spanned a period of 102 d with 282 mm of cumulative precipitation after tracer application at the Boone site and 97 d with 314 mm of precipitation at the Treynor site. Mass recoveries of furrow‐applied tracer was significantly lower (P = 0.05) than ridge‐applied tracer on the last two sampling dates at both sites. There was no consistent difference in mass recoveries between tracers applied at ridge top compared with shoulder positions. Furrow‐applied tracer had lower concentrations in the soil profile than tracers applied to ridge‐top and shoulder positions after 40 d and 76 to 129 mm of precipitation. Tracer movement was essentially vertical below the ridges, with ≥96% of the recovered ridge‐applied tracer found below the ridges. Lateral spreading was more pronounced under the furrows, with ≥49% of the recovered furrow‐placed tracer found below the furrows. Fertilizer injection within the ridge shows promise for reducing leaching and potentially increasing nutrient availability to plants.
Asymptotic Dimension of Proper CAT(0) Spaces that are Homeomorphic to the Plane
Authors: Chinen Naotsugu , Hosaka Tetsuya 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate a proper CAT(0) space (X, d) that is homeomorphic to ℝ2 and we show that the asymptotic dimension asdim(X, d) is equal to 2.
Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Damages Calculations: Transatlantic Dialogue
Authors: Slesnick Frank 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This article carefully reviews the book titled Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Damages Calculations: Transatlantic Dialogue edited by John O. Ward and Robert J. Thornton, published by Emerald Books (2009). The book is a compendium of papers arising from several international meetings sponsored by the National Association of Forensic Economics, which contrasts and compares the methodology utilized in several European countries in comparison with practice in the United States. What is clear from reading the chapters is that European courts depend heavily upon standardized tables when calculating economic loss, with judges adjusting the tables based upon case precedent and individual discretion. U.S. courts, on the other hand, do not depend upon standardized tables and rely more on testimony from experts. The pros and cons of both systems are presented in the book. The article concludes with suggestions for further research.
Preferential macrovasculopathy in systemic sclerosis detected by regional pulse wave velocity from wave intensity analysis: Comparisons of local and regional arterial stiffness parameters in cases and controls
Authors: Liu Jie , Zhang Yan , Cao Tie‐Sheng , Duan Yun‐You , Yuan Li‐Jun , Yang Yi‐Lin , Li Yu , Yao Li 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo study the extent and severity of macrovasculopathy in systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) patients by comparing both local and regional arterial stiffness parameters.MethodsThe local arterial stiffness indices of the right common carotid artery, right brachial artery, right radial artery, right superficial femoral artery, and right posterior tibial artery were measured in 25 SSc patients and strictly matched healthy controls. The regional pulse wave velocity (PWV) of each arterial segment was also calculated from wave intensity analysis.ResultsThere were no differences between the two groups in the stiffness index (β), Peterson's pressure modulus, arterial compliance, and local PWV derived from β (PWVβ) of all vessels except the right brachial artery, of which β, Peterson's pressure modulus, and PWVβ were markedly lower and arterial compliance was higher in SSc patients compared with controls (P < 0.05). The forearm (brachial–radial) and arm (carotid–radial) PWVs were significantly higher in SSc patients than in controls (mean ± SD 12.1 ± 7.1 meters/second versus 8.3 ± 3.5 meters/second and mean ± SD 7.9 ± 1.9 meters/second versus 6.9 ± 1.5 meters/second, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas the upper arm (carotid–brachial), aortic (carotid–femoral), and leg (femoral–ankle) PWVs were not different between groups. The aortic PWV was also higher in the diffuse cutaneous SSc subgroup than in controls (mean 6.2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 5.4–6.9 meters/second versus mean 5.1, 95% CI 4.7–5.6 meters/second; P < 0.05) after adjusting for potentially influential variables.ConclusionThe macrovasculopathy occurs preferentially at the forearm and aorta in SSc, which can be sensitively and reliably detected by regional PWVs rather than commonly used local arterial stiffness indices.
NbCl5: an efficient catalyst for one‐pot synthesis of α‐aminophosphonates under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Hou Jun‐Tao , Gao Jian‐Wu , Zhang Zhan‐Hui 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNbCl5 has been found to be a very effective catalyst for the synthesis of a variety of α‐aminophosphonates through the Kabachnik–Fields reaction of carbonyl compound, amine and diethyl phosphite under solvent‐free conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple receiver experiments for NMR spectroscopy of organosilicon compounds
Authors: Kupče Ēriks , Wrackmeyer Bernd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new pulse sequence, 2D INEPT‐PANACEA, that allows parallel acquisition of 2D29Si29Si INADEQUATE and 2D29Si1H HMBC spectra and also provides the 1D29Si NMR spectrum has been designed for use with organosilicon compounds and tested using a mixture of OH‐terminated polydimethylsiloxanes. The spectra provide29SiO29Si connectivities and multiple bond29Si1H correlation spectra in a single measurement that can be recorded in as little time as 8 min. In addition, the 1D29Si NMR spectrum provides accurate measurement of29Si chemical shifts with a signal‐to‐noise ratio allowing for determination of29Si13C spin–spin coupling constants, and also serves as a frequency lock. The latter feature allows for recording of NMR spectra of neat liquid samples or of samples without a deuterated solvent. The second example of using multiple receivers involves PANSY‐COSY and PANSY‐TOCSY experiments, using silatrane glycol as a test sample. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of Ag(I)‐N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes derived from benzimidazol‐2‐ylidene
Authors: Özdemir İlknur , Gürbüz Nevin , Doğan Öznur , Günal Selami , Özdemir İsmail 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNovel benzimidazol‐2‐ylidene carbene complexes of Ag(I) were prepared by interaction of the corresponding benzimidazolium salt with Ag2O in dichloromethane. Their structures were characterized by elemental analyses, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and IR spectroscopy techniques. All compounds studied in this work were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against the standard strains: Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and the fungi Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The new complexes were found to be effective antimicrobial activity against a series of bacteria and fungi. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colloidal properties of copolymer‐encapsulated and surface‐modified pigment dispersion and its application in inkjet printing inks
Authors: Fu Shaohai , Du Changsen , Zhang Kai , Wang Chunxia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA styrene–maleic acid copolymer (PSMA)‐encapsulated 2‐[(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) azo]‐N‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐oxobutyramide (PY74) dispersion was prepared by the phase‐separation technique. A surface‐modified PY74 dispersion was prepared with PSMA sodium as a dispersant by the milling method. Furthermore, the two dispersions were applied to formulate pigment inks. The colloidal properties of these two dispersions were compared. The printing and color performance of the prepared inks were also investigated. The results show that the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion with a small particle size had higher stabilities of NaCl concentration, pH value, and temperature than the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion. The apparent viscosity of the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion changed little, while it changed greatly in the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion with an increase of the shear rate from 10 to 100 s−1. The ink printing and color performance of printed Fabrics indicated that the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion was more suitable for the preparation of inkjet printing ink than the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Online monitoring of the influence of the chemical structure of hindered amines on the hydrolysis of polycarbonate in a polycarbonate/poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) blend by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
Authors: Rajan Vipin V. , Steinhoff Bernd , Alig Ingo , Wäber Roy , Wieser Jürgen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWithout stabilization, polycarbonate (PC)/poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (ABS) blends are susceptible to a loss of mechanical properties after a few days of exposure to weathering conditions. ABS can be stabilized against terrestrial light by the use of hindered amines in combination with a UV absorber; such hindered amines cannot be used when PC is present in the polymer blend. The hydrolysis of PC is accelerated when a small amount of a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) is incorporated into the resin and is exposed to elevated temperatures. In this study, three different HALSs (Tinuvin 123, Tinuvin 770, and Tinuvin 765, Ciba, Basel, Switzerland) were used as UV stabilizers for PC/ABS blends, and their effects on the PC phase were observed with online ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy on extruded flat films. These stabilizers were compounded with the blends in a corotating twin‐screw extruder at 240°C. The molecular weight of the compounded samples was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The extent of degradation induced by the HALSs on the PC phase was found to be a function of its chemical structure. Tinuvin 123 with an amino ether functional group enhanced degradation in comparison with Tinuvin 770 and Tinuvin 765. Tinuvin 770, a secondary amine, was apt to be more reactive than Tinuvin 765, a tertiary amine, because less steric hindrance was experienced by the former. Accelerated aging of the compounded samples was performed. Decreased degradation was observed for the samples containing hindered amines; however, the HALSs alone were not effective in protecting the PC/ABS blends against harmful UV light. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Comparative studies on corrosion protection properties of polyimide‐silica and polyimide‐clay composite materials
Authors: Huang Tsao‐Cheng , Hsieh Chi‐Fa , Yeh Tzu‐Chun , Lai Cheug‐Ling , Tsai Mei‐Hui , Yeh Jui‐Ming 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComparative studies on corrosion protection properties of polyimide‐silica‐clay composites were studied in this article. A series of polyimide‐silica (PIS), polyimide‐clay (PIC), and polyimide‐silica‐clay composites (PISC) materials, consisting of an organo‐soluble polyimide (ODA‐BSAA) matrix, inorganic silica particles prepared through the sol–gel reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and dispersed nanolayers of inorganic montmorillonite clay, were successfully prepared by solution dispersion technique. Then, all samples were characterized by FTIR, powder X‐ray diffraction patterns, transmission electron microscopy, and29Si solid‐state NMR. The main focus of this article is the comparison of the corrosion protection properties of PIS, PIC, and PISC composite materials. Normally, the aspect ratio of clay is higher than silica. Superior dispersion of clay platelets into a polymer matrix may effectively increase the length of diffusion pathways for oxygen and water. The effects of the materials composition on the corrosion protection performance, gas barrier, and optical properties, in the form of both coating and film, were also studied by electrochemical corrosion measurements (e.g., corrosion potential, polarization resistance, corrosion current, and impedance spectroscopy), gas permeability analysis, and UV‐visible transmission spectroscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Photografting of methacrylic acid onto HDPE initiated by acetaldehyde in aqueous solutions
Authors: Song Anqi , Zhao Di , Rong Rong , Zhang Lin , Wang Huiliang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcetaldehyde could act as a very effective photoinitiator for water‐borne photografting. The photografting of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto polyethylene initiated by acetaldehyde in aqueous solutions was reported. Acetaldehyde had higher photoinitiation efficiency than acetone and formaldehyde. The extent of grafting varied with the acetaldehyde content in the solution and it showed the maximum when the content of acetaldehyde was about 10 w/w %. The extent of grafting firstly increased with the increase of monomer concentration till 2 mol/L and then kept constant or slightly decreased. ATR‐FTIR characterizations of the grafted samples proved the successful grafting of MAA onto PE, and the calculated carbonyl indexes were in accord with the results obtained by the gravimetric method. The water absorbency of the grafted samples increased almost linearly with the extent of grafting. The difference in the photoinitiation efficiencies of acetaldehyde, acetone and formaldehyde was discussed through their differences in the n‐π* transitions in water and the photoinitiation process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011