bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotype and Approved Fungicide Evaluation for Reducing Leaf Spot Diseases in Organically-Managed Peanut
Authors: Wann Dylan Q. , Tubbs R. Scott , Culbreath Albert K. 
Published: November 2011

Growers interested in organic peanut (Arachis hypogaea) production need information to identify genotypes and acceptable fungicides for control of early and late leaf spot where synthetic pesticide applications are absent. Field trials were conducted in 2008-2010 to evaluate eleven peanut genotypes for leaf spot resistance and yield potential under organic management. CRSP 983 and Georganic demonstrated the greatest resistance to early and late leaf spot (18 to 59% and 34 to 52% defoliation, respectively), but Florida-07, Georgia-06G, and Tifguard produced the largest yields (2454 to 5424 kg/ha, 3758 kg/ha, and 1760 to 4030 kg/ha, respectively). Tifguard exhibited the best combination of stand establishment, disease resistance, and yield potential of all genotypes and would be a strong option for growers pursuing organic production. Florida-07 and Georgia-06G are also formidable options. A secondary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of three approved fungicides for leaf spot control on peanut under organic management. Copper sulfate + Bacillus subtilis reduced leaf spot defoliation compared to the control. Yet, all three fungicides improved yields under heavy leaf spot pressure. Combining high-yielding, disease-resistant cultivars and organically approved fungicides can significantly improve leaf spot management and yield potential of peanut under organic management. Accepted for publication 2 September 2011. Published 27 October 2011.
A New Report for Downy Mildew [(Hyaloperonospora camelinae Gäum.) Göker, Voglmayr, Riethm., M. Weiss & Oberw. 2003] of Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] in the High Plains of the United States
Authors: Harveson Robert M. , Santra Dipak K. , Putnam Melodie L. , Curtis Marc , Pavlista Alexander D. 
Published: November 2011

Camelina is a new oilseed crop in Nebraska with good potential as a source of biodiesel. While evaluating cultivars for adaptability and yield potential, an epidemic of downy mildew was observed in research plots in Scottsbluff, NE. The pathogen was identified as Hyaloperonospora camelinae through morphological characteristics and PCR assays. This is the first substantiated report for this disease in the High Plains of the United States. Accepted for publication 20 September 2011. Published 14 October 2011.
Leaf Spot of Pinto Bean Caused by a Long-beaked Alternaria in Southeastern Arizona
Authors: Garber Nicholas P. , Olsen Mary W. 
Published: November 2011

This report identifies an Alternaria disease affecting pinto beans in incidence in Arizona. The similarity of disease symptoms and morphology of the pathogen to a recently characterized Alternaria and its disease of bean in Brazil causes concern about its potentially damaging effects on pinto bean production in Arizona. Accepted for publication 20 September 2011. Published 18 October 2011.
The Potato Corky Ringspot Pathogen, Tobacco rattle virus, Occurs in Native Habitats in Minnesota
Authors: Lockhart Benham E. , Mason Shauna L. 
Published: November 2011

When corky ringspot of potato, caused by Tobacco rattle virus, was first reported in Minnesota in 2008, it was thought that TRV did not occur naturally in Minnesota. Results reported here indicate that TRV occurs in Minnesota in areas with no known history of cultivation to potatoes or other crops, that these TRV isolates are variable, and that some are similar to virus isolated from potato with corky ringspot symptoms. These data suggest that corky ringspot incidence in Minnesota is due to the presence of endemic rather than introduced sources of TRV. Accepted for publication 10 September 2011. Published 28 October 2011.
Antagonistic Action of Strigolactone and Cytokinin in Bud Outgrowth Control
Authors: Dun Elizabeth A. , de Saint Germain Alexandre , Rameau Catherine , Beveridge Christine A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCytokinin (CK) has long been implicated as a promoter of bud outgrowth in plants, but exactly how this is achieved in coordination with other plant hormones is unclear. The recent discovery of strigolactones (SLs) as the long-sought branch-inhibiting hormone allowed us to test how CK and SL coordinately regulate bud outgrowth in pea (Pisum sativum). We found that SL-deficient plants are more sensitive to stimulation of bud growth by low concentrations of locally applied CK than wild-type plants. Furthermore, in contrast with SL mutant plants, buds of wild-type plants are almost completely resistant to stimulation by CK supplied to the vasculature. Regardless of whether the exogenous hormones were supplied locally or to the xylem stream, SL and CK acted antagonistically on bud outgrowth. These data suggest that SLs do not affect the delivery of CK to axillary buds and vice versa. Rather, these data combined with dose-response experiments suggest that SLs and CK can act directly in buds to control their outgrowth. These hormones may converge at a common point in the bud outgrowth regulatory pathway. The expression of pea BRANCHED1, a TCP transcription factor expressed strongly in buds and thought to act downstream of SLs in shoot branching, is regulated by CK and SL without a requirement for protein synthesis and in a manner that correlates with observed bud growth responses.
Anti‐inflammatory properties of intestinal Bifidobacterium strains isolated from healthy infants
Authors: Khokhlova Ekaterina V. , Smeianov Vladimir V. , Efimov Boris A. , Kafarskaia Lyudmila I. , Pavlova Svetlana I. , Shkoporov Andrei N. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTCertain Bifidobacterium strains have been shown to inhibit inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells. However, the precise mechanisms of these effects, including the chemical nature of the active compounds, remain to be elucidated. Here partial characterization of the anti‐inflammatory properties of Bifidobacterium strains isolated from feces of healthy infants is reported. It was found that conditioned media (CM) of all strains studied are capable of attenuating tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and lipopolysaccharide‐ (LPS) induced inflammatory responses in the HT‐29 cell line. In contrast, neither killed bifidobacterial cells, nor cell‐free extracts showed such activities. Further investigations resulted in attribution of this activity to heat‐stable, non‐lipophilic compound(s) resistant to protease and nuclease treatments and of molecular weight less than 3  kDa. The anti‐inflammatory effects were dose‐ and time‐dependent and associated with inhibition of IκB phosphorylation and nuclear factor‐κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB)‐dependent promoter activation. The combined treatments of cells with CMs and either LPS or TNF‐α, but not with CMs alone, resulted in upregulation of transforming growth factor‐β1, IκBζ, and p21CIP mRNAs. Our data suggest certain species‐specificities of the anti‐inflammatory properties of bifidobacteria. This observation should prompt additional validation studies using larger set of strains and employing the tools of comparative genomics.
Microbial resistance in relation to catalase activity to oxidative stress induced by photolysis of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Nakamura Keisuke , Kanno Taro , Mokudai Takayuki , Iwasawa Atsuo , Niwano Yoshimi , Kohno Masahiro 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the mechanism of microbial resistance to oxidative stress induced by photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in relation to microbial catalase activity. In microbicidal tests, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were killed and this was accompanied by production of hydroxyl radicals. C. albicans was more resistant to hydroxyl radicals generated by photolysis of H2O2 than was S. aureus. A catalase activity assay demonstrated that C. albicans had stronger catalase activity; accordingly, catalase activity could be one of the reasons for the resistance of the fungus to photolysis of H2O2. Indeed, it was demonstrated that C. albicans with strong catalase activity was more resistant to photolysis of H2O2 than that with weak catalase activity. Kinetic analysis using a modified Lineweaver‐Burk plot also demonstrated that the microorganisms reacted directly with hydroxyl radicals and that this was accompanied by decomposition of H2O2. The results of the present study suggest that the microbicidal effects of hydroxyl radicals generated by photolysis of H2O2 can be alleviated by decomposition of H2O2 by catalase in microorganisms.
Effects of ketoconazole and valproic acid on the pharmacokinetics of the next generation NNRTI, lersivirine (UK‐453,061), in healthy adult subjects
Authors: Langdon Grant , Davis John , Layton Gary , Chong Chew‐Lan , Weissgerber Georges , Vourvahis Manoli 
Published: November 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Lersivirine (UK‐453,061) is predominantly cleared by glucuronidation (UGT2B7) and oxidation via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4.• Lersivirine metabolism, and thus pharmacokinetics, may be affected by concomitant administration of drugs affecting CYP3A4 and UGT2B7.• Ketoconazole is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of UGT2B7. Valproic acid is a potent inhibitor of UGT2B7.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Combined inhibition of CYP3A4 and UGT2B7 with ketoconazole increases the exposure of lersivirine, and may warrant lersivirine dose adjustment to compensate for this interaction.• Inhibition of UGT2B7 with valproic acid does not have a substantial effect on lersivirine pharmacokinetics.AIMSTo investigate the effect of inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and glucuronidation (UGT2B7) on the pharmacokinetics of lersivirine (UK‐453,061), a next generation non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with a unique resistance profile, and to investigate the safety and tolerability of co‐administration of lersivirine with these inhibitors.METHODSTwo open‐label, randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover studies were conducted in healthy subjects. Study 1 investigated the effect of ketoconazole (400 mg once daily) on the pharmacokinetics of lersivirine (250 mg once daily). Subjects received ketoconazole 400 mg once daily or placebo on days 1–2 and received lersivirine 250 mg once daily and ketoconazole 400 mg once daily or placebo on days 3–9. Study 2 investigated the effect of valproic acid (VPA, sodium valproate, 1000 mg once daily) on the PK of lersivirine (500 mg once daily). On days 1–7, subjects received lersivirine 500 mg once daily plus either VPA 1000 mg or placebo.RESULTSCompared with lersivirine alone, co‐administration with ketoconazole increased the lersivirine mean area under the curve (AUC(0,24 h)) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) by 82% (90% CI 74%, 91%) and 61% (90% CI 41%, 83%), respectively. VPA increased the mean lersivirine AUC(0,24 h) by 25% (90% CI 16%, 35%), with little effect on Cmax (2.5%, 90% CI −9%, 16%). There were no serious adverse events and no treatment‐related discontinuations from either study.CONCLUSIONSInhibition of CYP3A4 and UGT2B7 by ketoconazole increased lersivirine exposure. Inhibition of UGT2B7‐mediated glucuronidation by VPA had a modest effect on lersivirine exposure. Co‐administration of lersivirine with either ketoconazole or VPA appeared to be well tolerated.
What helps children to be more active and less sedentary? Perceptions of mothers living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods
Authors: Veitch J. , Hume C. , Salmon J. , Crawford D. , Ball K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground Increasing children's participation in physical activity and decreasing time spent in sedentary behaviours is of great importance to public health. Despite living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods, some children manage to engage in health‐promoting physical activity and avoid high levels of screen‐based activities (i.e. watching TV, computer use and playing electronic games). Understanding how these children manage to do well and whether there are unique features of their home or neighbourhood that explain their success is important for informing strategies targeting less active and more sedentary children. The aim of this qualitative study was to gain in‐depth insights from mothers regarding their child's resilience to low physical activity and high screen‐time.Methods Semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 38 mothers of children who lived in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in urban and rural areas of Victoria, Australia. The interviews were designed to gain in‐depth insights about perceived individual, social and physical environmental factors influencing resilience to low physical activity and high screen‐time.Results Themes relating to physical activity that emerged from the interviews included: parental encouragement, support and modelling; sports culture in a rural town; the physical home and neighbourhood environment; child's individual personality; and dog ownership. Themes relating to screen‐time behaviours encompassed: parental control; and child's individual preferences.Conclusions The results offer important insights into potential avenues for developing ‘resilience’ and increasing physical activity and reducing screen‐time among children living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. In light of the negative effects of low physical activity and high levels of screen‐time on children's health, this evidence is urgently needed.
Hypochlorous acid regulates neutrophil extracellular trap release in humans
Authors: Palmer L J , Cooper P R , Ling M R , Wright H J , Huissoon A , Chapple I L C 
Published: November 2011

Summary
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) comprise extracellular chromatin and granule protein complexes that immobilize and kill bacteria. NET release represents a recently discovered, novel anti-microbial strategy regulated non-exclusively by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), particularly hydrogen peroxide. This study aimed to characterize the role of ROIs in the process of NET release and to identify the dominant ROI trigger. We employed various enzymes, inhibitors and ROIs to record their effect fluorometrically on in vitro NET release by human peripheral blood neutrophils. Treatment with exogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) supported the established link between hydrogen peroxide and NET production. However, treatment with myeloperoxidase inhibitors and direct addition of hypochlorous acid (HOCl; generated in situ from sodium hypochlorite) established that HOCl was a necessary and sufficient ROI for NET release. This was confirmed by the ability of HOCl to stimulate NET release in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patient neutrophils which, due to the lack of a functional NADPH oxidase, also lack the capacity for NET release in response to classical stimuli. Moreover, the exogenous addition of taurine, abundantly present within the neutrophil cytosol, abrogated NET production stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and HOCl, providing a novel mode of cytoprotection by taurine against oxidative stress by taurine.
Upscaling methane fluxes from closed chambers to eddy covariance based on a permafrost biogeochemistry integrated model
Authors: Zhang Yu , Sachs Torsten , Li Changsheng , Boike Julia 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNorthern peatlands are a major natural source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Permafrost conditions and spatial heterogeneity are two of the major challenges for estimating CH4 fluxes from the northern high latitudes. This study reports the development of a new model to upscale CH4 fluxes from plant communities to ecosystem scale in permafrost peatlands by integrating an existing biogeochemical model DeNitrification‐DeComposition (DNDC) with a permafrost model Northern Ecosystem Soil Temperature (NEST). A new ebullition module was developed to track the changes of bubble volumes in the soil profile based on the ideal gas law and Henry's law. The integrated model was tested against observations of CH4 fluxes measured by closed chambers and eddy covariance (EC) method in a polygonal permafrost area in the Lena River Delta, Russia. Results from the tests showed that the simulated soil temperature, summer thaw depths and CH4 fluxes were in agreement with the measurements at the five chamber observation sites; and the modeled area‐weighted average CH4 fluxes were similar to the EC observations in seasonal patterns and annual totals although discrepancy existed in shorter time scales. This study indicates that the integrated model, NEST–DNDC, is capable of upscaling CH4 fluxes from plant communities to larger spatial scales.
Vulnerability of riparian ecosystems to elevated CO2 and climate change in arid and semiarid western North America
Authors: Perry Laura G. , Andersen Douglas C. , Reynolds Lindsay V. , Nelson S. Mark , Shafroth Patrick B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRiparian ecosystems, already greatly altered by water management, land development, and biological invasion, are being further altered by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) and climate change, particularly in arid and semiarid (dryland) regions. In this literature review, we (1) summarize expected changes in [CO2], climate, hydrology, and water management in dryland western North America, (2) consider likely effects of those changes on riparian ecosystems, and (3) identify critical knowledge gaps. Temperatures in the region are rising and droughts are becoming more frequent and intense. Warmer temperatures in turn are altering river hydrology: advancing the timing of spring snow melt floods, altering flood magnitudes, and reducing summer and base flows. Direct effects of increased [CO2] and climate change on riparian ecosystems may be similar to effects in uplands, including increased heat and water stress, altered phenology and species geographic distributions, and disrupted trophic and symbiotic interactions. Indirect effects due to climate‐driven changes in streamflow, however, may exacerbate the direct effects of warming and increase the relative importance of moisture and fluvial disturbance as drivers of riparian ecosystem response to global change. Together, climate change and climate‐driven changes in streamflow are likely to reduce abundance of dominant, native, early‐successional tree species, favor herbaceous species and both drought‐tolerant and late‐successional woody species (including many introduced species), reduce habitat quality for many riparian animals, and slow litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Climate‐driven changes in human water demand and associated water management may intensify these effects. On some regulated rivers, however, reservoir releases could be managed to protect riparian ecosystem. Immediate research priorities include determining riparian species' environmental requirements and monitoring riparian ecosystems to allow rapid detection and response to undesirable ecological change.
Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition: responses of multiple plant and soil parameters across contrasting ecosystems in long‐term field experiments
Authors: Phoenix Gareth K. , Emmett Bridget A. , Britton Andrea J. , Caporn Simon J. M. , Dise Nancy B. , Helliwell Rachel , Jones Laurence , Leake Jonathan R. , Leith Ian D. , Sheppard Lucy J. , Sowerby Alwyn , Pilkington Michael G. , Rowe Edwin C. , Ashmore Mike R. , Power Sally A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAtmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is a global and increasing threat to biodiversity and ecosystem function. Much of our current understanding of N deposition impacts comes from field manipulation studies, although interpretation may need caution where simulations of N deposition (in terms of dose, application rate and N form) have limited realism. Here, we review responses to simulated N deposition from the UKREATE network, a group of nine experimental sites across the UK in a diversity of heathland, grassland, bog and dune ecosystems which include studies with a high level of realism and where many are also the longest running globally on their ecosystem type. Clear responses were seen across the sites with the greatest sensitivity shown in cover and species richness of bryophytes and lichens. Productivity was also increased at sites where N was the limiting nutrient, while flowering also showed high sensitivity, with increases and declines seen in dominant shrub and forb species, respectively. Critically, these parameters were responsive to some of the lowest additional loadings of N (7.7–10 kg ha−1 yr−1) showing potential for impacts by deposition rates seen in even remote and ‘unpolluted’ regions of Europe. Other parameters were less sensitive, but nevertheless showed response to higher doses. These included increases in soil %N and ‘plant available’ KCl extractable N, N cycling rates and acid–base status. Furthermore, an analysis of accumulated dose that quantified response against the total N input over time suggested that N impacts can ‘build up’ within an ecosystem such that even relatively low N deposition rates can result in ecological responses if continued for long enough. Given the responses have important implications for ecosystem structure, function, and recovery from N loading, the clear evidence for impacts at relatively low N deposition rates across a wide range of habitats is of considerable concern.
Optimising the dose of oral midazolam sedation for dental procedures in children: a prospective, randomised, and controlled study
Authors: SOMRI MOSTAFA , PARISINOS CONSTANTINOS A. , KHAROUBA JOHNY , CHERNI NAOMI , SMIDT AMI , ABU RAS ZACKARIYA , DARAWSHI GEITH , GAITINI LUIS A. 
Published: November 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 271–279Background.  Midazolam sedation poses a significant dilemma in paediatric dentistry, which is to find out the optimal dosing with minimal undesirable adverse events. In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of three doses of oral midazolam (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/kg) on the sedative state and cooperative behaviour of children during dental treatment. We further compared completion rates, parent satisfaction, and all adverse events.Design.  Ninety children aged 3–10 years were randomised to three equal groups. Groups A, B, and C received 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/kg of oral midazolam, respectively. Levels of sedation, cooperative behaviour, procedures completion rates, parent satisfaction, and adverse events were prospectively recorded.Results.  Sedation scores in B and C were higher (P < 0.001) than in A. Cooperation scores (CS) in B and C were higher (P < 0.001) than in A. Significant increase in completion rates was observed between A and C (P = 0.025). Parent satisfaction was greater in B and C (P < 0.001) compared to A. Adverse events were higher in C (P < 0.05) than in A or B.Conclusion.  Amount of 0.75 mg/kg oral midazolam appears to be the optimal oral dose in terms of effectiveness, acceptability, and safety for dental treatments in paediatric patients, when administered by an experienced, paediatric anaesthetist.