bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of sources of variability on sample sizes required for RCTs, applied to trials of lipid-altering therapies on carotid artery intima-media thickness
Authors: Gould A Lawrence , Koglin Joerg , Bain Raymond P , Pinto Cathy-Anne , Mitchel Yale B , Pasternak Richard C , Sapre Aditi 
Published: August 2009

Objective Studies measuring progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) have been used to estimate the effect of lipid-modifying therapies cardiovascular event risk. The likelihood that future cIMT clinical trials will detect a true treatment effect is estimated by leveraging results from prior studies. The present analyses assess the impact of between- and within-study variability based on currently published data from prior clinical studies on the likelihood that ongoing or future cIMT trials will detect the true treatment effect of lipid-modifying therapies. Methods Published data from six contemporary cIMT studies (ASAP, ARBITER 2, RADIANCE 1, RADIANCE 2, ENHANCE, and METEOR) including data from a total of 3563 patients were examined. Bayesian and frequentist methods were used to assess the impact of between study variability on the likelihood of detecting true treatment effects on 1-year cIMT progression/regression and to provide a sample size estimate that would specifically compensate for the effect of between-study variability. Results In addition to the well-described within-study variability, there is considerable between-study variability associated with the measurement of annualized change in cIMT. Accounting for the additional between-study variability decreases the power for existing study designs. In order to account for the added between-study variability, it is likely that future cIMT studies would require a large increase in sample size in order to provide substantial probability (≥90%) to have 90% power of detecting a true treatment effect. Limitation Analyses are based on study level data. Future meta-analyses incorporating patient-level data would be useful for confirmation. Conclusion Due to substantial within- and between-study variability in the measure of 1-year change of cIMT, as well as uncertainty about progression rates in contemporary populations, future study designs evaluating the effect of new lipid-modifying therapies on atherosclerotic disease progression are likely to be challenged by large sample sizes in order to demonstrate a true treatment effect.
One-dimensional Stacks of Triphenylenes Stabilized by a Peripheral Hydrogen-bonding Network
Authors: Tatewaki Yoko , Hatanaka Tatsuya , Kimura Mutsumi , Shirai Hirofusa 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Triphenylenes bearing chiral amide termini were found to form self-assembled nanofibers by the combination of π–π stacking of triphenylene moieties with a hydrogen-bond network of amide terminates.
Revisiting das gupta: Refinement and extension of standardization and decomposition
Authors: Chevan Albert , Sutherland Michael 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Standardization and decomposition are established and widely used demographic techniques for comparing rates and means between groups with differences in composition. The difference in rates and means has heretofore been resolved in terms of the contribution of variables to compositional effects for each variable and an overall rate effect. This study demonstrates that the resolution of differences is attainable at the categorical level for both compositional effects and rate effects. Refinements to Das Gupta’s equations yield a complete decomposition because of the additivity of categorical compositional and rate effects. Other refinements allow the decomposition of polytomous variables. Extensions to the method provide for the decomposition of the standard deviation and the multivariate index of dissimilarity.
Job opportunities, economic resources, and the postsecondary destinations of American youth
Authors: Bozick Robert 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Using a nationally representative sample of graduates from the high school class of 2003-2004, I test the warehouse hypothesis, which contends that youth are more likely to leave school and enter the labor force when there are available job opportunities (and vice versa). Using two measures of job opportunities—local unemployment rates and the percentage of local workers employed in jobs that require a bachelor’s degree—I find support for the warehouse hypothesis. In areas where unemployment is low, with ample jobs that do not require a bachelor’s degree, youth have higher odds of entering the labor force. In areas where unemployment is high, with few jobs that require only a high school diploma, youth have higher odds of entering college. The effect of unemployment on enrollment is more pronounced for low-income youth than for high-income youth, with both low- and high-income youth turning to four-year schools rather than two-year schools when job opportunities are limited.
Irreversible inhibition of human cathepsins B, L, S and K by hypervalent tellurium compounds
Authors: Cunha Rodrigo L.O.R. , Gouvêa Iuri E. , Feitosa Geovana P.V. , Alves Márcio F.M. , Brömme Dieter , Comasseto João V. , Tersariol Ivarne L.S. , Juliano Luiz 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The inhibition of human cysteine cathepsins B, L, S and K was evaluated by a set of hypervalent tellurium compounds (telluranes) comprising both organic and inorganic derivatives. All telluranes studied showed a time- and concentration-dependent irreversible inhibition of the cathepsins, and their second-order inactivation rate constants were determined. The organic derivatives were potent inhibitors of the cathepsins and clear specificities were detected, which were parallel to their known substrate specificities. In all cases, the activity of the tellurane-inhibited cathepsins was recovered by treatment of the inactivated enzymes with reducing agents. The maximum stoichiometry of the reaction between cysteine residues and telluranes were also determined. The presented data indicate that it is possible to design organic compounds with a tellurium(IV) moiety as a novel warhead that covalently modifies the catalytic cysteine, and which also form strong interactions with subsites of cathepsins B, L, S and K, resulting in more specific inhibition.
Ductile Damage Analysis for Small Punch Specimens of Type 304 Stainless Steel Based on GTN Model
Authors: Zhou Zhixiang , Ling Xiang 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Based on small punch (SP) tests on Type 304 stainless steel at room temperature, a finite element (FE) model with Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) constitutive equations was established to analyze the ductile damage in SP specimens. Influences of the friction coefficient between SP specimen and steel ball and element size to the FE results were discussed. The evolution of void volume fraction (VVF) with time along different paths and the relation between VVF and equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) under constant punching velocity were analyzed further by using the FE model. Good agreements between experimental results and simulation data were proved by load-displacement curves and failure locations. The numerical results show that initial crack occurs at the bottom surface about 0.86 mm away from the centre and damage localization phenomenon is extraordinarily severe in the SP specimen, and PEEQ has great effect on the evolutional rate of VVF.
Suchbasierte Interaktion mit FahrerinformationssystemenSearch-Based User Interfaces for In-Car Interaction
Authors: Spießl Wolfgang , Graf Stefan , Schmidt Albrecht 
Published: August 2009

Zusammenfassung
Immer neue Funktionsangebote und eine stark wachsende Menge an dynamischen Daten und Medien stellen zunehmend eine Herausforderung für das Interaktionsdesign bei heutigen Fahrerinformationssystemen dar. Klassische hierarchische und menübasierte Interaktion funktioniert nur bis zu einem bestimmten Grad, während neue suchbasierte Ansätze vielversprechend erscheinen. In diesem Beitrag werden unterschiedliche textbasierte Suchtechniken und Suchinterfaces untersucht. Wir widmen uns im Besonderen dem Vergleich einer freien Schlagwortsuche über alle verfügbaren Dateneinheiten mit einer kategorienbasierten Suche. In unseren Experimenten mit funktional implementierten Prototypen stellte sich heraus, dass eine freie Suchinteraktion effizienter und einfacher zu benutzen ist als über Kategorien eingeschränkte Daten zu suchen. Untersuchungen im Fahrsimulator haben vielversprechende Ergebnisse in Bezug auf Sicherheit und mentale Belastung gezeigt. Eine Möglichkeit zur alphanumerischen Eingabe erscheint als absolut notwendig, um eine sichere und effiziente Suchinteraktion im Fahrzeug anbieten zu können.
Ortsbasierte Websuche – Herausforderung einer FahrzeugintegrationRequirements for Automotive Local Web Search
Authors: Ahlers Dirk , Boll Susanne 
Published: August 2009

Zusammenfassung
Ein zukünftiges Fahrzeuginformationssystem mit Zugang zum Internet wird den Reisenden neue Dienste und Informationsangebote zur Verfügung stellen können. Im Gegensatz zur üblichen mobilen Nutzung des Internet stellt die Fahrzeugumgebung deutlich andere Anforderungen, bietet jedoch auch interessante Möglichkeiten, beispielsweise die Verwendung aktueller Kontextinformationen des Fahrzeuges und der Nutzer in den Diensten. Als wichtiger Anwendungsfall wird die Suche nach ortsbasierten Informationen diskutiert, die neue Interaktionsformen im Fahrzeug möglich macht. So wird es beispielsweise während der Fahrt möglich sein, aktuelle Informationen aus dem Web abzurufen, wie etwa zu Sehenswürdigkeiten der Umgebung, dem Theaterprogramm am Zielort oder einer Raststätte passend zum Füllstand des Tanks und der eigenen Vorlieben. Diese Informationen müssen aus dem WWW erfasst, verarbeitet und für den individuellen Kontext der Reisenden aufbereitet werden. Dieser Artikel diskutiert die daraus erwachsenden Herausforderungen und Lösungsmöglichkeiten. Im Sinne einer innovativen Infotainment-Lösung soll eine ortsbasierte Websuche als Mittler zwischen WWW und Reisenden dienen.
Abstrakte Beschreibung automobiler HMI-SystemeAbstract Description of Automobile HMI systems
Authors: Weber Michael , Berton André , Reich Björn 
Published: August 2009

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Artikel wird eine Beschreibungssprache für automobile HMI-Systeme definiert, die es er-möglicht ein solches System unabhängig von einem zur Modellierung eingesetzten Programm zu beschreiben. Vor der Definition dieser eigenen Beschreibungssprache werden vorhandene Sprachen auf ihre Tauglichkeit hin untersucht. Anschließend wird am Beispiel von Web-Services gezeigt, wie mit einer solchen Beschreibungssprache auch die Anbindung neuer Dienste an ein HMI-Modell beschrieben werden kann.
Die Evaluation von Fahrerinformationssystemen mit dem ”Lane Change Test“: Ergänzungen zum Normenentwurf ISO/DIS 26022Evaluating Driver Information Systems Using the “Lane Change Test”: Extensions to the Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 26022
Authors: Vöhringer-Kuhnt Thomas 
Published: August 2009

Zusammenfassung
In der öffentlichen Diskussion rücken Einflüsse der Bedienung von Fahrerinformationssystemen auf die Verkehrssicherheit mehr und mehr in den Fokus. Um diese Einflüsse zu überprüfen, sind allgemein anerkannte und standardisierte Methoden nötig, die auch früh im Entwicklungszyklus eingesetzt werden können. Der Lane Change Test ist eine normierte Fahraufgabe zur Ermittlung der Ablenkungswirkung von Zweitaufgaben im Fahrzeug. In einem Normenentwurf sind konkrete Maße zur Beurteilung der Ablenkungswirkung definiert. Im Artikel werden ergänzende Maße vorgeschlagen, die eine absolute Vergleichbarkeit verschiedener Systeme ermöglichen und eine Zertifizierungsgrundlage für sichere Fahrerinformationssysteme liefern können.
CARS – Configurable Automotive Research SimulatorCARS – Konfigurierbarer Fahrsimulator zur Bewertung der Fahrerablenkung
Authors: Kern Dagmar , Stefan Schneegaß 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The complexity of automotive user interfaces increased rapidly in the last decades, drivers are now confronted with many new functions. Infotainment, entertainment and comfort systems as well as driver assistance systems contribute to this trend. The use of new functionalities inevitably increases the driver′s interaction with the user interface and decreases the driver′s focus on driving. Before introducing new functionalities in the car it is essential to evaluate their effect on driver distraction. We present CARS, an open source driving simulator tool for evaluating automotive user interfaces. We give an overview of CARS′ characteristics and present the map editor, the driving simulation tool, and the analysis tool included in CARS. Based on results from initial user studies we illustrate the effectiveness of CARS in evaluating different secondary tasks with regard to driver distraction.
Influence of Age and Gender on the Reaction Performance in Human-Vehicle InteractionEinfluss von Alter und Geschlecht auf die Reaktionszeit bei Fahrer-Autor Interaktion
Authors: Riener Andreas 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Excess workload in vehicle control and inappropriateness of the common two interaction modalities seeing and hearing requires to consider ways and means for new interaction capabilities in vehicles. We have investigated haptic force displays for transmitting feedback from vehicular services to the driving person by using vibro-tactile elements integrated into the car seat and backrest. A haptic display would be implicit perceivable and passive in its attentiveness, and would furthermore display only private messages. Empirical studies regarding reaction times for the different modalities vision, sound, and touch, as well as age- and genderdependent evaluations have been conducted, with the aim to identify general conditions for an all-purpose vehicle interaction system and to justify the usage of haptic feedback. Experimental data have been acquired in a simulated driving environment in order to guarantee safety for test persons, repeatability of the experiment itself, and similar conditions for each test run.
Modulation of Viscoelasticity and HIV Transport as a Function of pH in a Reversibly Crosslinked Hydrogel
Authors: Jay Julie I. , Shukair Shetha , Langheinrich Kristofer , Hanson Melissa C. , Cianci Gianguido C. , Johnson Todd J. , Clark Meredith R. , Hope Thomas J. , Kiser Patrick F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMaterials that respond to physiological stimuli are important in developing advanced biomaterials for modern therapies. The reversibility of covalent crosslinks formed by phenylboronate (PBA) and salicylhydroxamate (SHA) has been exploited to provide a pH‐responsive gel for application to the vaginal tract. Dynamic rheology reveals that the gel frequency‐dependent viscoelastic properties are modulated by pH. At pH 4.8 the viscous component dominates throughout most of the frequency range. As the pH increases, the characteristic relaxation time continues to increase while the G′Plateau levels off above pH 6. At pH 7.5, the elastic component dominates throughout the frequency sweep and is predominately independent of frequency. Particle tracking assesses the transport of both fluorescently labeled HIV‐1 and 100‐nm latex particles in the PBA–SHA crosslinked gel as a function of pH. At pH 4.8 the ensemble‐averaged mean squared displacement at lag times greater than three seconds reveals that transport of the HIV‐1 and 100‐nm particles becomes significantly impeded by the matrix, exhibiting diffusion coefficients less than 0.0002 µm2 s−1. This pH‐responsive gel thus displays properties that have the potential to significantly reduce the transport of HIV‐1 to susceptible tissues and thus prevent the first stage of male‐to‐female transmission of HIV‐1.
Affinity‐Based Protein Surface Pattern Formation by Ligand Self‐Selection from Mixed Protein Solutions
Authors: Dubey Manish , Emoto Kazunori , Takahashi Hironobu , Castner David G. , Grainger David W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPhotolithographically prepared surface patterns of two affinity ligands (biotin and chloroalkane) specific for two proteins (streptavidin and HaloTag, respectively) are used to spontaneously form high‐fidelity surface patterns of the two proteins from their mixed solution. High affinity protein‐surface self‐selection onto patterned ligands on surfaces exhibiting low non‐specific adsorption rapidly yields the patterned protein surfaces. Fluorescence images after protein immobilization show high specificity of the target proteins to their respective surface patterned ligands. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) imaging further supports the chemical specificity of streptavidin and HaloTag for their surface patterned ligands from mixed protein solutions. However, ToF‐SIMS did detect some non‐specific adsorption of bovine serum albumin, a masking protein present in excess in the adsorbing solutions, on the patterned surfaces. Protein amino acid composition, surface coverage, density, and orientation are important parameters that determine the relative ToF‐SIMS fragmentation pattern yields. ToF‐SIMS amino acid‐derived ion fragment yields summed to produce surface images can reliably determine which patterned surface regions contain bound proteins, but do not readily discriminate between different co‐planar protein regions. Principal component analysis (PCA) of these ToF‐SIMS data, however, improves discrimination of ions specific to each protein, facilitating surface protein pattern identification and image contrast.
Birthweight and paternal involvement predict early reproduction in British women: Evidence from the National Child Development Study
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Coall David A. , Dickins Thomas E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThere is considerable interest in the mechanisms maintaining early reproduction in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in developed countries. Previous research has suggested that differential exposure to early‐life factors such as low birthweight and lack of paternal involvement during childhood may be relevant. Here, we used longitudinal data on the female cohort members from the UK National Child Development Study (n = 3,014–4,482 depending upon variables analyzed) to investigate predictors of early reproduction. Our main outcome measures were having a child by age 20, and stating at age 16 an intended age of reproduction of 20 years or lower. Low paternal involvement during childhood was associated with increased likelihood of early reproduction (O.R. 1.79–2.25) and increased likelihood of early intended reproduction (O.R. 1.38–2.50). Low birthweight for gestational age also increased the odds of early reproduction (O.R. for each additional s.d. 0.88) and early intended reproduction (O.R. for each additional s.d. 0.81). Intended early reproduction strongly predicted actual early reproduction (O.R. 5.39, 95% CI 3.71–7.83). The results suggest that early‐life factors such as low birthweight for gestational age, and low paternal involvement during childhood, may affect women's reproductive development, leading to earlier target and achieved ages for reproduction. Differential exposure to these factors may be part of the reason that early fertility persists in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. We discuss our results with respect to the kinds of interventions likely to affect the rate of teen pregnancy. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Untersuchung des Jahn‐Teller‐Effekts in molekularen Kationen mithilfe von Photoelektronenspektroskopie und Gruppentheorie
Authors: Wörner Hans Jakob , Merkt Frédéric 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDas klassische Kugel‐Stab‐Modell molekularer Strukturen verliert seine Gültigkeit, sobald die Bewegung der Elektronen an die Bewegung der Kerne gekoppelt ist. Diese Situation tritt beim Jahn‐Teller(JT)‐Effekt auf, der bei offenschaligen molekularen Systemen, insbesondere Radikalen und Ionen, häufig ist. Der JT‐Effekt ist jedem Chemiker als ein Mechanismus zur Verzerrung symmetrischer Systeme bekannt. Seine Auswirkung auf die Dynamik von Molekülen stellt jedoch in vielen Fällen ein ungelöstes Problem dar. Dieser Aufsatz gibt eine Übersicht über neue Erkenntnisse zur dynamischen Struktur molekularer Kationen von hoher Permutationssymmetrie, die durch rotationsauflösende Photoelektronenspektroskopie und Gruppentheorie gewonnen wurden. Unser besonderes Augenmerk gilt dem Cyclopentadienylkation, bei dem der Pseudo‐Jahn‐Teller‐Effekt eine Lokalisierung der elektronischen und eine Delokalisierung der Kernwellenfunktion hervorruft. Dabei werden auch die grundlegenden Mechanismen erörtert, die hinter dem vage definierten Konzept der “Antiaromatizität” stecken. Unsere Untersuchung des Methankations stellt die erste experimentelle Charakterisierung des JT‐Effekts in einem dreifach entarteten elektronischen Zustand dar. Eine besondere Form von JT‐induzierter Isomerie wurde entdeckt, deren Existenz in allen JT‐Systemen, in denen die Minima der Potentialfläche durch hohe Barrieren getrennt sind, vorausgesagt wird.
A modified dissection method to preserve neck structures
Authors: Hankin Mark H. , Stoller Jeremy L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe neck is not only one of the more challenging anatomical regions to dissect but also has important application to clinical conditions, diseases, and procedures. In this study, we describe two simple modifications for dissection of the neck that (1) aid in the identification and preservation of the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus and the accessory nerve, and (2) provide wide exposure of the root of the neck. The cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus can be identified with relative ease at the nerve point of the neck, where they are largest. To accomplish this, the skin and platysma are reflected beginning from the anterior border of trapezius and proceeding anteriorly to the midline of the neck, rather than the conventional approach of reflecting the skin from the anterior midline. The accessory nerve is identified by its relationship to the nerve point and its course to the trapezius muscle. To achieve wide exposure of the root of the neck and its contents, the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints are disarticulated, and then the clavicle removed completely, rather than the more common approach of removing only the middle section of the clavicle. These modified procedures can be readily performed by first‐year medical students and integrate well with methods described in widely used anatomy dissection manuals. Anat Sci Educ 2:186–192, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Experimental Investigation of a Minihydrocyclone
Authors: Zhang Y. , Liu Y. , Qian P. , Wang H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA phase doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) was used to measure the liquid/solid two‐phase flow pattern in a 25 mm minihydrocyclone. The distributions of velocity, concentration, root mean square (RMS) velocities, and especially the average diameter of the particles were evaluated in this work. The measurements showed that in the upper section of the minihydrocyclone the particles accumulated in the outer helical flow near the line of zero velocity value (LZVV), which probably means that the inner helical flow has a more important influence on the separation. Strong turbulence occurred around the air‐core as well as around the zone near the wall. The RMS value indicated that the transformation of the axial flow direction takes place in the lower section of the conical length.