bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Islam and Reform in the Late Ottoman Empire
Authors: Gunasti Susan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a selective survey of Islam in the late Ottoman Empire with a particular focus on Islamic modernism in Istanbul. It covers a couple of views of reform, the new Muslim press, and reforms of the Meșîhat (the office of the şeyhülislam) and medreses (institutions of Islamic learning). Some of the contours of modern Islam emerge, such as the emphasis on institutions, the engagement with the public, and the impact of the West. Islam provided an important source of legitimization in the earlier and later periods of the empire, but changing global and domestic politics changed the state’s relationship to Islamic institutions. In order to examine some of the changes related to Islam in the late Ottoman period, this chapter focuses on Istanbul because of the central role it played in the religious landscape. In addition to its limited geographic focus, this chapter only looks at modernism—just one of several facets of modern Islam.
Between Science and Supernatural Power
Authors: Shmushko Kai 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores tea and its role in the lives and practices of Chinese Buddhist practitioners within Taiwan. The general framework of inquiry treats materials as essential actors in lived Buddhism, inquiring into the ways that Buddhist actors interact, affect, and are affected by materials, taking tea as an example. The chapter begins by discussing the genealogy of tea and its intrinsic historical relationship with Buddhism in China. The following sections present several contemporary case studies of Buddhist communities engaging with tea in Taiwan. Analyzing these examples in light of the specific sociopolitical context of Buddhism in Taiwan, the chapter concludes by situating tea-related practices in Buddhism on a scale with two poles: a scientific approach to tea and a supernatural one.
Buddhist “Magic” and Buddhist Modernism
Authors: Mahadev Neena 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Based on comparative anthropological fieldwork observations in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and the United States, this chapter examines the lived experience of prēta or “hungry ghosts” in Asian Buddhist lifeworlds. The chapter parses out and defines the spectrum of “modernist” and “vernacular” orientations to Buddhism, and it suggests how these concepts can be useful for a nuanced study of religion, specifically for how Buddhists conceive of, experience, and live with, ghosts. The ethnographic case studies illuminate how prēta relate to Buddhist concepts like karma, craving (taṇhā), compassion (karuna), and enlightenment (nirvāṇa). These ideas play out in ritual practices that involve symbolically and substantively feeding and sharing karmic merit with known ancestral ghosts and unknown orphaned ghosts. The ethnographic case studies illustrate how a variety of social actors—from monks, to Buddhist laity, to ritual adepts and divining spirit mediums, to deities, and to prēta—are all intricately linked under the authority of the Buddha, the Buddha’s teachings, and the Dharmic cosmos. Spirit possession—whereby a person is “porous,” permeable and vulnerable to spirits—is a vernacular Buddhist phenomenon. Ethnography in urban Singapore, and in rural Sri Lanka, demonstrates how ancestral prēta, deities, and female deity mediums reinforce filiality and relatedness between the living and the dead. Rather that requiring “exorcism,” ancestral prēta can create intricate healing links that connect laypeople, deities, mediums, to the sacred power of the Buddha—a meritorious relationality that in turn allows the prēta to gain good karma and become reincarnated in better future lifetimes.
Stories of Lived Buddhism in Sanskrit Literature
Authors: Muldoon-Hules Karen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Scholars of South Asian Buddhism have traditionally depended on archaeology, art history, epigraphy, and textual studies, with a heavy reliance on canonical texts. In recent years, narrative literature, once considered relatively insignificant, has become an important focus of study because it offers important evidence for Buddhism for the first millennium ce. A long-overlooked collection of Buddhist narratives, the Avadānaśataka, yields some significant information on Buddhist practices and gender ratios. Fully a third of this collection is devoted to monks and nuns who become arhats. The seventh chapter, in particular, displays an unusual focus on lay donations made to a stūpa dedicated to the Buddha Vipaśyīn, suggesting such a stūpa may have been located at or near the redaction site for this collection.
Bounded Rationality
Authors: Chen Shu-Heng 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter follows the introductory chapter and serves as a fundamental step in agent-based modelling (ABM), focusing on the concept of bounded rationality (BR). As a nonstandard review of this otherwise hoary subject, this chapter argues that bounded rationality is a natural and inherent aspect of ABM, making ABM a sufficient framework to justify the concept. To do so, we distinguish ABM from the conventional equation-based modelling (EBM) and use the mirroring principle to argue that it is easier to have perfect rationality in a bounded model like EBM but not an unbounded model like ABM. The connection between ABM and bounded rationality is illustrated using two canonical kinds of ABM, namely, evolutionary computation and cellular automata. Apart from the mirroring principle, through the introduction of several other key principles, including the modularity principle and the entropy maximization principle, we advocate the idea that bounded rationality, while motivated from multiple perspectives such as behavioural economics, biology, psychology, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and physics, can be further advanced through ABM. ABM provides a cohesive framework for interdisciplinary discourse among these fields.
Exploring the Integration of Agent-Based Modelling, Process Mining, and Business Process Management through a Text Analytics–Based Literature Review
Authors: Bukhsh Faiza , Govers Ruben , Bemthuis Rob , Iacob Maria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Agent-based modelling and business process management are two interrelated yet distinct concepts. To explore the relationship between these two fields, we conducted a systematic literature review to investigate existing methods and identify research gaps in the integration of agent-based modelling, process mining, and business process management. Our search yielded 359 research papers, which were evaluated using predefined criteria and quality measures. This resulted in a final selection of forty-two papers. Our findings reveal several research gaps, including the need for enhanced validation methods, the modelling of complex agents and environments, and the integration of process mining and business process management with emerging technologies. Existing agent-based approaches within process mining and business process management have paved the way for identifying the validation methods for performance evaluation. The addressed research gaps primarily concern validation before delving deeper into specific research topics. These include improved validation methods, modelling of complex agents and environments, and a preliminary exploration of integrating process mining and business process management with emerging technologies.
Argentina and Brazil Face Polarity
Authors: de Santibañes Francisco 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes some of the challenges Argentina and Brazil face as a result of the strategic competition that is taking place between the United States and China. A one-hundred-year period defined by hegemonic stability, with Latin America under Washington’s influence, is now being followed by a conflict between these two great powers in South America. Indeed, Beijing needs to protect its growing interests in the region, interests that in some cases collide with those of Washington. The chapter also provides a description of the strategic communities in Brazil and Argentina, as well as a literature review of the works produced in these countries about geoeconomics, which help in understanding both the current geopolitical situation and its implications for geoeconomics. The main conclusion is that to avoid a return of major conflicts to the region, as a result of bipolarity, Argentina and Brazil, the most influential states in South America, will need to forge a closer collaboration.
Defining Geoeconomics, Economic Statecraft, and the Political Economy of National Security
Authors: Lee James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The concept of geoeconomics has gained wide currency in the policy community, but existing definitions overlap considerably with the established scholarly fields of economic statecraft and the political economy of national security. To show how geoeconomics can be distinguished from existing terms in a way that is grounded in international relations theory, which anchors the study of geoeconomics in the social sciences, this chapter defines geoeconomics as a concept based in the study of the system, economic statecraft as a concept based in the study of foreign policy, and political economy of national security as a concept based in the study of domestic institutions and resources. These distinctions draw on Waltz’s levels of analysis and his distinction between systemic and unit-level theories, as well as Putnam’s concept of two-level games. They create a conceptual division of labor for the broad range of issues at the intersection of international political economy and international security.
How Not to Let a Good Crisis Go to Waste
Authors: Ferchen Matt 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Academics and policymakers have today become keenly interested in the relationship between economics and international politics. Despite this, and especially given interest in the security implications of the way states use economic instruments to pursue foreign policy objectives, researchers have too often failed to engage with the scholarship and policy lessons of previous eras like the 1970s when the academic field of International Political Economy (IPE) experienced a renaissance. This chapter argues that contemporary studies of economic statecraft and geoeconomics would benefit from three analytical insights and debates that emerged from real-world changes and crises in the 1960s and 1970s: (1) the need to acknowledge and bridge gaps in the study of international economics and politics, (2) the continued, if changing, relevance of economic interdependence on international security and power relations, and (3) the importance of state-firm relations for understanding the nexus of international economics and state power.
Bringing Domestic Politics Back into Economic Statecraft
Authors: Wong Audrye 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
While economic statecraft is often conceived of as a tool of geopolitical competition, its implementation and outcomes are very much intertwined with and complicated by domestic politics. This chapter examines how different patterns of domestic institutions, actors, and political economy incentives affect how sender countries use and implement economic statecraft, as well as how target countries respond to such coercion and inducement, which has corresponding implications for the success of economic statecraft. Additionally, this chapter highlights how different characteristics of new and emerging players have potentially reshaped our notions of economic statecraft and how it works. While much of the traditional literature on economic statecraft has drawn on Western and US-dominant experiences, the rise of China as a major player with a different economic and political system can shed further light on distinct approaches to economic statecraft. The chapter concludes with suggestions on future work to be done in this area, such as unpacking the microfoundations of economic statecraft within specific target countries.
Tahrir Square
Authors: El-Mahdi Rabab 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As one of the landmark events of the ‘Arab Spring’, various myths have taken hold about the nature of the 2011 assembly in Tahrir Square. This chapter problematizes some of these flattened accounts, underscoring the use of violence in the making of this peaceful assembly. It questions the binary labels of ‘peaceful’ versus ‘violent’ in understanding resistance and shows a more complex relationship between the two. In addition, the chapter highlights how the assembly’s main strengths proved to be a double-edged sword, sometimes hampering the political process that ensued. In doing so, the chapter brings to the fore some of the limitations of public assemblies.
Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Langford Malcolm , Rosevear Evan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Economic and social rights (ESRs) have steadily found a place in constitutions and jurisprudence across the world. Yet, while South Asia was the site of many early social rights adjudication experiments, East and Southeast Asia are only outmatched by Arab states in their reluctance to recognize and judicialize ESRs. With its embedded mercantilist model of capitalism, East and Southeast Asia is the most conservative region in the world when it comes to core rights in the workplace. There is some variation among the states and apex courts of East and Southeast Asia regarding recognition or enforcement of ESRs, while some features are consistent across the entire region, such as hostility to international oversight of ESRs. This chapter first analyzes the macro patterns of constitutional recognition and judicial posture across East and Southeast region. It then examines variation within Asia and explanations for such heterogeneity and concludes with some thoughts on the impact of the constitutionalization and judicialization of ESR rights in Asia.
Magazines
Authors: Cronin Richard 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
From 1815, for a period of more than 20 years, magazines became a dominant, perhaps the dominant, literary form in Britain, although it was an achievement that even those who wrote for them regarded ambivalently. It was Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, followed by the London Magazine, the New Monthly and Fraser’s, that established the character of the modern magazine. Its content was various, the transitions between different items abrupt and startling, and it was written in a prose that was easy, idiosyncratic, and intimate. These are qualities that were almost at once taken up and reproduced by novelists and poets: by Byron, for example, in Don Juan, and by Pierce Egan in Life in London. Magazine writers may have aspired, as William Hazlitt confesses, to have their magazine papers collected and published between hard covers, but it was a period when even the most celebrated literary figures began to write books that closely resembled magazines.
Asia
Authors: Roberts Daniel Sanjiv 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines imperial and ethnographic constructions of ‘Asia’ by the orientalists of British India. The foundation of the Asiatick Society of Bengal in 1784, accompanied by publications including literary translations of Indian texts and periodicals such as the Asiatick Researches, inaugurated a profound reimagining of Asia viewed from an Indocentric perspective during the Romantic period. Focusing on selected works of literary orientalism including William Jones’s Presidential discourses to the Asiatick Society, this chapter analyses the considerable cultural, ideological, and epistemological work involved in such a reframing of geographical understanding. The anxious and fractured nature of Romantic apprehensions of Asia, beset by spurious notions of sinology and troubled by China’s resistance to British imperial interests, is shown to impact on metropolitan prose writers, who distanced themselves from what they perceived as the Asiatic style, even as Asian ideas and motifs suffused and haunted their writings.
Regionalism
Authors: Jarrells Anthony 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Starting with an account of the formal features of the regional novel as exhibited in the work of Maria Edgeworth and Walter Scott, this chapter goes on to consider two key aspects of regional writing in the period: first, how Scotland, with its own geographical divisions—between Highlands and Lowlands, for instance—and its peculiar status as both region and nation, became nearly synonymous with the category of region itself in these years; and, second, how other forms of writing that proliferated alongside the regional novel (the tour, the diary, the tale) articulated new kinds of regional identity and alternative ways of conceiving of the relation between a present moment caught in the midst of massive commercial change and a past that could be romanticized precisely to the extent that it could be imagined as cut off from such a present.
Children’s Literature
Authors: Ruwe Donelle 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key authors, concepts, and genres of Romantic-era children’s literature. Romantic authors pioneered many of today’s common features of children’s books, such as motherese, conversational modes, large font, and active learning. The chapter presents these innovations and explains the scholarly lingo of children’s literature studies, such as cross-writing, cross-reading, and rational pedagogy. The chapter is organized around important prose genres for children. As the author introduces each genre—easy readers, mixed-genre anthologies, books of scenes, London cries, geographies, biographies, exemplary histories, and juvenilia—she highlights how books for children engage larger sociocultural phenomena such as anti-Semitism, commercial publishing, colonialism, gender, and poetics.
When Humanitarians Go to War
Authors: Dienelt Anne 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
International humanitarian law (IHL) regulates the conduct of hostilities. The oxymoron of describing warfare regulation as humanitarian has been criticized in the past. However, the label refers to the original motives when creating the laws of war in the 19th century. It also accounts for today’s purpose and objective of the four Geneva Conventions and the two Additional Protocols. This chapter delves into the history of IHL, and its European influences and origins. At the same time, it contextualizes today’s challenges in armed conflicts as well as IHL’s claim for universality despite initially being an exclusive European project for ‘civilized nations’. The pacifist and humanitarian motives of a range of actors in the creation process of the laws of war are considered, and specific documents drafted by Europeans are analysed in terms of their contribution to a more humanitarian warfare. Are they still impacting today’s conduct of hostilities?
The Council of Europe
Authors: Yudkivska Ganna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a concise overview of the Council of Europe, emphasizing its historical roots and its mission to foster unity and progress among member States. It introduces the three pillars of the Council—Democracy, Human Rights, and the Rule of Law—and highlights key institutions and structures, including the PACE, European Court of Human Rights, Venice Commission, Committee of Ministers, European Social Charter, CPT, and the Commissioner for Human Rights. The chapter explores the Council’s transformative journey from destructive conflicts to constructive dialogues and collective efforts, underscoring its role as a platform for sharing best practices and its global influence in promoting democracy and human rights. Additionally, it acknowledges the organization’s limitations and challenges, exemplified by the recent expulsion of the Russian Federation, emphasizing the need for collective action to strengthen the Council and safeguard the rule of law and democratic values.
Quantitative Approaches to Study Authoritarianism
Authors: Meng Anne 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys quantitative empirical studies in the field of comparative authoritarianism, noting significant advances made over the last two decades. The chapter focuses on three major thematic developments and summarizes major global datasets used to study dictatorships. First, studies of leaders and regimes examine different ways in which elites share power as well as different regime types. Second, a large body of literature on authoritarian institutions focuses on the role of parties, legislatures, and elections in maintaining regime stability. Third, studies on conflict in autocracies center on the twin problems of power sharing and control. Methodological debates around the trade-offs of different measurement approaches are also highlighted, addressing the difference between regime typologies and authoritarian institutions, and the challenges of objective and subjective measurement. The chapter concludes with some recommendations for future research.
Contentious Politics under Authoritarianism
Authors: Perry Elizabeth J. , Wolf Anne 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Classic theories of authoritarianism assume limited popular contention due to weak associational ties within society and harsh repression of incipient unrest. If ordinary people take to the streets, they are typically said to do so in the form of carefully scripted and controlled displays of state mobilization. Societal contention that takes place beyond these parameters is treated either as epiphenomenal to regime change or, if widespread and persistent, as a harbinger of regime-challenging revolution. This chapter, by contrast, draws attention to an important but understudied variety of contentious politics: state-mobilized movements, that is, movements that are actively promoted, overtly or covertly, by elements of the state itself. Specifically, it focuses on pro-regime contention in contemporary China and the Arab world. Though relatively unexplored and unexplained in the existing secondary literature, state-mobilized movements are arguably the most common form of contentious politics in contemporary authoritarian contexts, and critical to understanding authoritarian inception, regeneration, decay, and collapse.
Dictatorship in Europe
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The end of World War I brought a wave of democratization to Europe, toppling longstanding dictatorships. Yet by the 1930s, many of these democracies were gone, some collapsing into a new and more dangerous form of dictatorship: fascism. Precisely because fascist dictatorships were so dangerous—causing millions of deaths and the deadliest war ever—trying to understand the dynamics of the interwar period, and in particular how and why fascist regimes arose, became the foundation of postwar studies of political development. This chapter will, accordingly, discuss what we know about why some democracies survived and others failed during the interwar years and why some of these failures generated traditional authoritarian regimes and others fascist, or totalitarian, ones. It will relatedly discuss the differences between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, a theme that is once again topical as use of the term “fascism” has become almost commonplace in discussions of contemporary democratic backsliding.