bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochip applications of DLC films on a resin material
Authors: Murata Satoshi , Ito Shin , Mizuno Jun , Hirakuri Kenji , Sakamoto Hitoshi , Masuko Sadaaki , Sato Keisuke , Fukata Naoki , Shizuku Fukuo , Shoji Shuichi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRecent studies of diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coated medical devices have indicated possibility for developing biochip applications. We have deposited DLC film on cyclo‐olefin polymer (COP) sheet by using radio frequency plasma chemical vapor deposition technique. To enhance the adhesion strength between the COP sheet and the DLC films, the COP surface was modified by oxygen (O2) or nitrogen (N2) plasma treatment before the film coating. The critical load of samples was measured by using a scratch test. The result showed the adhesion strength of films was improved by the plasma treatment. After the DLC film coating, we performed the plasma post‐treatment of O2, N2 or hexafluoroethane (C2F6) gases to control the wettability of the material surface. The wettability, structure, roughness, and chemical composition of the samples have been investigated by a contact angle measurement, Raman spectroscopy (Raman), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These measurements indicated that wettability on the surface condition of DLC films was easily controlled by plasma post‐treatment of O2, N2 and C2F6. Furthermore, results of XPS showed that wettability of the surface condition is strongly dependent on chemical components with existemce of oxygen, nitrogen and flourine. We have estimated the wettability of hydorphilicity and hydrophobicity on DLC coating under plasma post‐treatment for biochip applications (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sol‐gel ZnO films crystallized under an electric field and the ZnO/Si heterojunction characteristic
Authors: Abe Kazunori , Komiyama Takao , Chonan Yasunori , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Aoyama Takashi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSol‐gel ZnO films were spin‐coated on either quartz substrates or silicon (100) wafers, and they were crystallized under an electric field between 0 and 2.0 kV/cm at 800 °C in air for 10 min. Finally, hydrogen annealing was done at 400 °C for 1 h. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements indicated that the films crystallized under electric fields of more than 1.0 kV/cm had increased ZnO (002) peak intensity. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements showed that the near band edge (NBE) emission was increased and the deep level emission (DLE) was decreased for the films crystallized under the 1.7 kV/cm electric field. All the I‐V curves for the n‐ZnO/p‐Si heterojunctions showed typical rectifying behaviours. By applying an electric field (1.7 kV/cm) during the crystallization of the film, the forward current was apparently increased while the reverse current was decreased (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy as a tool to analyze mechanical stress in nano‐structured diamond‐like carbon films
Authors: Mansano Ronaldo Domingues , Mousinho Ana Paula 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this work, we deposited nano‐structured diamond‐like carbon (DLC) films by high density plasma chemical vapour deposition system (HDPCVD) and the study of mechanical stress of these films has been made using micro‐Raman spectroscopy. Recently developed high‐density plasma chemical vapour deposition techniques have made it possible to produce nano‐structured DLC films with low surface roughness and high sp3/sp2 hybridization ratio. Thus, these parameters have been studied in this work. Nano‐structured DLC films were obtained using four methods for the surface modification of the silicon wafers: diamond powder, surface roughness generated by plasma etching, surface roughness generated by wet chemical etching solution and reference sample (silicon wafer only submitted to a chemical clean). The samples were analysed by AFM and SEM, too. We related the mechanical stress with the position of G and D bands, creating a new method to analyze these films (analyzing the displacement of central position G band). Thus, the results obtained in this work, related the Raman spectroscopy bands with the mechanical stress in DLC films obtained with different surface topographies (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Graphene and graphane functionalization with hydrogen: electronic and optical signatures
Authors: Shkrebtii A. I. , Heritage E. , McNelles P. , Cabellos J. L. , Mendoza B. S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe proved the possibility of electron gap tuning of graphene‐based materials, using extensive first principles modelling of the structural, electronic and optical properties of partially hydrogenated graphene. Optical tools were proposed to characterize the hydrogenation process. Sub‐monolayer hydrogen passivated graphene and various hydrogen induced superstructures were considered. Electron and optical DFT LDA gaps between 0.2 and 1.8 eV, suitable for microelectronic application, were obtained for low hydrogen coverage structures. For such systems, hydrogen clustering (by saturating neighbouring C dangling bonds at opposite sides of the graphene sheet) is energetically most favourable and generally produces a larger gap. A more homogeneous H distribution with one‐side bonding to C‐host atoms is, in contrast, less energetically favourable and even structurally unstable. In addition, such H configurations generally produce lower electron band gap. Hydrogen at low coverage not only locally buckles six‐fold carbon rings, it leads to dimerization and subsequent electron localization for neighbouring carbon atoms, which are not H bonded. Such structural and electronic processes are responsible for gap opening and its magnitude. Calculated linear optical response indicates that the optics is not only gap sensitive, but, combined with experimental spectra, can also provide access to microscopic properties of 2D nano‐sheets such as symmetry, hydrogen induced structure, degree of hydrogenation, chemical bonding, and others (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study on spin and charge fluctuations in τ ‐type organic conductor
Authors: Aizawa Hirohito , Kuroki Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe theoretically study the possibility of the ferromagnetic behavior in a quasi‐two‐dimensional organic conductor, τ ‐(EDO‐S,S ‐DMEDT‐TTF)2(AuBr2)1+y with y ≈ 0.875. We adopt a two‐band extended Hubbard model, whose band dispersion nicely reproduces the ab initio band structure. We consider both on‐site and nearest neighbor off‐site repulsive interactions.By applying the random phase approximation, we find that both spin and charge susceptibilities are maximized at Q = (0, 0). Although this can be an indication of pure antiferromagnetism since two sites are present in a unit cell, the divergence of the susceptibilities at the origin of the k ‐space can also be related to the ferromagnetic behavior observed in this organic conductor. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic resonance chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging and nanotechnology
Authors: Winter Patrick M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractChemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agents and paramagnetic CEST (PARACEST) agents display bound water signals that exchange protons with the bulk water. CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relies on exchangeable protons that resonate at a chemical shift that is distinguishable from the bulk water signal. In some cases, paramagnetic chelates are utilized to shift the bound water frequency further away from the bulk water. Radiofrequency prepulses applied at the appropriate frequency can saturate the exchangeable protons, which transfer into the bulk water pool and lead to reduced equilibrium magnetization. Therefore, CEST and PARACEST agents allow the image contrast to be switched ‘on’ and ‘off’ by simply changing the pulse sequence parameters. One of the main limitations with this approach is the inherent insensitivity of MRI to CEST and PARACEST agents. Nanoscale carriers have been developed to improve the limit of detection for these agents, demonstrating the feasibility ofin vivomolecular or cellular MRI based on CEST or PARACEST contrast. These carriers have been based on a number of different nanoparticle constructs, such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, adenovirus particles, and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. The unique MRI properties of CEST and PARACEST nanoparticle systems have spawned research into an array of potential medical applications.WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol2012, 4:389–398. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1167This article is categorized under:Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic NanodevicesTherapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging TechnologiesDiagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Mapping of Shear Zones in the Western Ghats, Southwestern Part of Dharwar Craton
Authors: Chetty T. R. K. , Mohanty D. P. , Yellappa T. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A new map of structural architecture has been compiled involving modern mapping techniques at the cratonmobile belt interface in the Western Ghats around the Coorg granulite massif revealing the occurrence of important shear zones. The shear zones are linked to the Moyar-Bhavani Shear Zone in Southern India. The nature, geometry and kinematics of the shear zones in the granulitic crust and the cratonic part are distinctly different.
Clay Mineralogical Studies on Bijawars of the Sonrai Basin: Palaeoenvironmental Implications and Inferences on the Uranium Mineralization
Authors: Jha Surendra Kumar , Shrivastava J. P. , Bhairam C. L. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Clays associated with the Precambrian unconformity-related (sensu lato) uranium mineralization that occur along fractures of Rohini carbonate, Bandai sandstone and clay-organic rich black carbonaceous Gorakalan shale of the Sonrai Formation from Bijawar Group is significant. Nature and structural complexity of these clays have been studied to understand depositional mechanism and palaeoenvironmental conditions responsible for the restricted enrichment of uranium in the Sonrai basin. Clays (&lt;2 μm fraction) separated from indurate sedimentary rocks by disaggregation, chemical treatment and centrifugation were examined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Presence of tv-1M type illite is inferred from the Rohini and Bandai Members of the Sonrai Formation, indicative of high fluid/rock interaction and super-saturation state of the fluids available in proximity with the uranium mineralization. It is observed that the Sonrai Formation is characterized by kaolinite &gt; chlorite &gt; illite &gt; smectite mineral assemblages, whereas, Solda Formation contains kaolinite &gt; illite &gt; chlorite clays. It has been found that the former mineral assemblage resulted from the alteration process is associated with the uranium mineralization and follow progressive reaction series, indicating palaeoenvironmental (cycles of tropical humid to semi-arid/arid) changes prevailed during maturation of the Sonrai basin. The hydrothermal activity possibly associated with Kurrat volcanics is accountable for the clay mineral alterations.
Geothermal Modeling for the Base of Gas Hydrate Stability Zone and Saturation of Gas Hydrate in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, Eastern Indian Margin
Authors: Shankar Uma , Sain Kalachand , Riedel Michael 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The passive eastern Indian margin is rich in gas hydrates, as inferred from the wide-spread occurrences of bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRs) and recovery of gas hydrate samples from various sites in the Krishna Godavari (KG) and Mahanadi (MN) basins drilled by the Expedition 01 of the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program (NGHP). The BSRs are often interpreted to mark the thermally controlled base of gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ). Most of the BSRs exhibit moderate to typically higher amplitudes than those from other seismic reflectors. We estimate the average geothermal gradient of ∼40°C/km and heat flow varying from 23 to 62 mW/m2 in the study area utilizing the BSR’s observed on seismic sections. Further we provide the BGHSZ where the BSR is not continuous or disturbed by local tectonics or hidden by sedimentation patterns parallel to the seafloor with a view to understand the nature of BSR.
Since, gas hydrate bearing sediment has higher electrical resistivities than that of the host sediment, we estimate two levels of gas hydrates saturations up to 25% in the depth interval between 70 to 82, and less than 20% in the depth interval between 90 to 104 meter below the seafloor using the resistivity log data at site 15 of NGHP-01.
Migrant Selection and the Health of U.S. Immigrants From the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Mehta Neil K. , Elo Irma T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFew prior studies have investigated the health of U.S. immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU). Utilizing data from the 2000 U.S. census and the 2000–2007 National Health Interview Survey (NIHS), we compare levels of disability of FSU immigrants with U.S.-born whites (ages 50–84). Our findings suggest an “epidemiologic paradox” in that FSU immigrants possess higher levels of education compared with U.S.-born whites, but report considerably higher disability with and without adjustment for education. Nonetheless, FSU immigrants report lower levels of smoking and heavy alcohol use compared with U.S.-born whites. We further investigate disability by period of arrival among FSU immigrants. Changes in Soviet emigration policies conceivably altered the level of health selectivity among émigrés. We find evidence that FSU immigrants who emigrated during a period when a permission to emigrate was hard to obtain (1970–1986) displayed less disability compared with those who emigrated when these restrictions were less stringent (1987–2000). Finally, we compare disability among Russian-born U.S. immigrants with that of those residing in Russia as a direct test of health selectivity. We find that Russian immigrants report lower levels of disability compared with Russians in Russia, suggesting that they are positively selected for health despite their poor health relative to U.S.-born whites.
ON THE TOPOLOGICAL CENTRE OF L1(G/H)**
Authors: RAISI TOUSI R. , KAMYABI-GOL R. A. , EBRAHIMI VISHKI H. R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractLet G be a locally compact group and H be a compact subgroup of G. Using a general criterion established by Neufang [‘A unified approach to the topological centre problem for certain Banach algebras arising in abstract harmonic analysis’, Arch. Math.82(2) (2004), 164–171], we show that the Banach algebra L1(G/H) is strongly Arens irregular for a large class of locally compact groups.
V.I. Vernadskii and the development of biogeochemical understandings of the biosphere,c.1880s–1968
Authors: OLDFIELD JONATHAN D. , SHAW DENIS J.B. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGeneral notions of the biosphere are widely recognized and form important elements of contemporary debate concerning global environmental change, helping to focus attention on the complex interactions that characterize the Earth's natural systems. At the same time, there is continued uncertainty over the precise definition of the concept allied to a relatively limited critique of its early development, which was linked closely to advances in the natural sciences during the late nineteenth century and particularly, it is argued here, to the emergence of biogeochemistry. In the light of this, the principal aim of the paper is to explore the development and subsequent dissemination of biogeochemical renderings of the biosphere concept, focusing primarily on the work of the Russian biogeochemist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadskii (1863–1945). The paper identifies four key moments which, it is argued, help to explain the development and subsequent dissemination of a biogeochemical understanding of the biosphere. First, we draw attention to the particularities of St Petersburg's natural-science community during the late nineteenth century, arguing that this was instrumental in providing the basis for Vernadskii's future work related to the biosphere. Second, we consider the ways in which Vernadskii's ideas concerning the biosphere were able to move to the West during the first half of the twentieth century with specific reference to his links with the French scientists Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Edouard Le Roy, and the US-based ecologist George Evelyn Hutchinson. Third, we reflect more purposefully on matters of reception and, in particular, the emergence of a set of circumstances within Western ecological science after 1945, which encouraged a positive engagement with biogeochemical understandings of the biosphere. Finally, we examine the 1968 UNESCO-sponsored Biosphere Conference, which represented the first time the biosphere concept was employed at the international level. Furthermore, this event was in many ways a high point for a specifically biogeochemical approach, with the subsequent popularization of the biosphere concept during the course of the 1970s helping to broaden the discourse markedly.
Determination of the influence of dispersion pattern of pesticide-resistant individuals on the reliability of resistance estimates using different sampling plans
Authors: Shah R. , Worner S.P. , Chapman R.B. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPesticide resistance monitoring includes resistance detection and subsequent documentation/ measurement. Resistance detection would require at least one (≥1) resistant individual(s) to be present in a sample to initiate management strategies. Resistance documentation, on the other hand, would attempt to get an estimate of the entire population (≥90%) of the resistant individuals. A computer simulation model was used to compare the efficiency of simple random and systematic sampling plans to detect resistant individuals and to document their frequencies when the resistant individuals were randomly or patchily distributed. A patchy dispersion pattern of resistant individuals influenced the sampling efficiency of systematic sampling plans while the efficiency of random sampling was independent of such patchiness. When resistant individuals were randomly distributed, sample sizes required to detect at least one resistant individual (resistance detection) with a probability of 0.95 were 300 (1%) and 50 (10% and 20%); whereas, when resistant individuals were patchily distributed, using systematic sampling, sample sizes required for such detection were 6000 (1%), 600 (10%) and 300 (20%). Sample sizes of 900 and 400 would be required to detect ≥90% of resistant individuals (resistance documentation) with a probability of 0.95 when resistant individuals were randomly dispersed and present at a frequency of 10% and 20%, respectively; whereas, when resistant individuals were patchily distributed, using systematic sampling, a sample size of 3000 and 1500, respectively, was necessary. Small sample sizes either underestimated or overestimated the resistance frequency. A simple random sampling plan is, therefore, recommended for insecticide resistance detection and subsequent documentation.
EFFECTS OF SAGE LEAFHOPPER FEEDING DAMAGE ON HERBAGE COLOUR, ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT AND COMPOSITIONS OF TURKISH AND GREEK OREGANO
Authors: ARSLAN M. , UREMIS I. , DEMIREL N. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYTurkish (Origanum onites L.) and Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare L., ssp. hirtum (Link.) Ietswaart) species were investigated to determine herbage colour, essential oil content and composition changes due to sage leafhopper (Eupteryx melissae) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) infestation. Sage leafhopper population on both Turkish and Greek oregano did not significantly vary. The sage leafhopper damage was more severe in the lower part of the canopy than the middle and upper parts. Extensive sage leafhopper feeding dramatically reduced essential oil contents, resulting in 28.8 and 34.8% reductions for Greek and Turkish oregano, respectively. Carvacrol, the major essential oil component of both oregano species, did not remarkably vary between leafhopper infested and non-infested plants. With respect to herbage colour, the brightness, redness and yellowness values were significantly different between infested and non-infested plants. Sage leafhopper damage increased brightness and yellowness but decreased greenness of the oregano herbage. To avoid the feeding damage, it is essential to detect the sage leafhopper problem as early as possible and certain control practices are necessary when the infestation is high.
The role of horses in the transmission of leptospirosis in an urban tropical area
Authors: HAMOND C. , MARTINS G. , LAWSON-FERREIRA R. , MEDEIROS M. A. , LILENBAUM W. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to demonstrate the presence of leptospires in equine urine, as evidence for a potential role of horses in transmission of this organism. Thoroughbred horses (aged 2–5 years, n = 276) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were studied. After a severe storm, the premises of the animals remained flooded for 72 h. Blood samples for serology were collected on days 20 and 35 (day of storm = day 0). On day 20, 132 (47·8%) horses were seroreactive (titre ⩾200) and, of these, 23 (31·0%) had increased antibody titres on day 35. Furthermore, 34 urine samples (for PCR and culture) were collected from seroreactive horses on day 35. Copenhageni was the most frequent serovar (88·8% of reactive titres). Although none of the urine samples were culture positive, 12 (35·2%) were PCR positive. This is apparently the first report of evidence of leptospires in urban horses. Furthermore, we suggest that these animals can play a role in the transmission of leptospirosis in urban areas.
Water absorption and dormancy-breaking requirements of physically dormant seeds of Schizolobium parahyba (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae)
Authors: de Souza Thaysi Ventura , Voltolini Caroline Heinig , Santos Marisa , Silveira Paulilo Maria Terezinha 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPhysical dormancy refers to seeds that are water impermeable. Within the Fabaceae, the structure associated with the breaking of dormancy is usually the lens. This study verified the role of the lens in physical dormancy of seeds of Schizolobium parahyba, a gap species of Fabaceae from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The lens in S. parahyba seeds appeared as a subtle depression near the hilum and opposite the micropyle. After treatment of the seeds with hot water, the lens detached from the coat. Blocking water from contacting the lens inhibited water absorption in hot-water-treated seeds. High constant (30°C) and alternating (20/30°C) temperatures promoted the breaking of physical dormancy and germination in non-scarified seeds. Maximum percentage of germination occurred earlier for seeds incubated at 20/30°C than for those incubated at 30°C. Seeds with a blocked lens did not germinate at alternating or high temperatures. This study suggests that alternating temperatures are probably the cause of physical dormancy break of seeds of S. parahyba in gaps in the forest.