bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MORPHOLOGY OF THE FEMALE TERMINALIA IN LEPIDOPTERA, AND ITS TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Mutuura Akira 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the phylogenetic classification of the Lepidoptera, the position of the genital opening and its modifications help to clarify the relationship of the Zeugloptera to the lepidopterous suborders. Three different systems of the suborder classification of the Lepidoptera, into Homoneura and Heteroneura (Tillyard, Imms, etc.), Monotrysia and Ditrysia (Borner), and Dacnonypha, Monotrysia, and Ditrysia (Hinton), are not supported by evidence obtained in the study of the female genitalia.The development of the female terminalia is closely associated with the mode of oviposition. Several types of female terminalia are found in the primitive Lepidoptera (Hepialidae, Neopseustidae, Tischeriidae, Lyonetiidae, Agathiphagidae, Tineidae, Nepticulidae, and Eriocraniidae). They are divided into four categories: hepialid type — the eggs are dropped randomly; typical lepidopterous type — the eggs are laid on the surface of food plants; eriocraniid type — the eggs are laid inside the food plants; tineid type — the eggs are laid in crevices of food. Each of the types is derivable from the types occurring in Neopseustidae, Tischeriidae, Agathiphagidae, and Eriocraniidae, respectively. These types are still far removed from the type of female terminalia in Micropterygidae of the Zeugloptera.The modes of egg-laying as well as the morphological characters of the female genitalia must be taken into consideration in suborder classification of the Lepidoptera.A genealogical tree based on the female terminalia suggests four main branches: hepialid branch — includes Neopseustidae and Prototheoridae; typical lepidopterous branch — includes all Ditrysia and Nepticulidae; tineid branch — includes only Tineidae; eriocraniid branch — includes Incurvariidae, Prodoxidae, Adelidae, and Heliozelidae.
THE INTERTIDAL CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: I. KEYS TO THEIR LIFE STAGES
Authors: Morley Richard L. , Ring Richard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntertidal Chironomidae (Diptera) are represented on the coast of British Columbia by Paraclunio alaskensis Coquillett and Saunderia pacificus Saunders, S. marinus Saunders, and S. clavicornis Saunders. The larvae, pupae, and adult males can now be easily identified with the aid of the new keys. The mentum of the labium was found to be an especially useful taxonomic character for the separation of the larvae of these four species.
THE INHABITANTS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE, CHALCIDOIDEA) OF THE CYNIPIDOUS GALLS OFQUERCUS BOREALISIN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Brookfield J. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAlthough heterogony has yet to be proved for the oak gall producing species of Cynipidae,Plagiotrochus tumificusO.S. andP.scitulaBass., the laboratory rearing of the male and female individuals from the vernal galls of these two species indicates that the mother insects in the former species are mostly amphitokous, while those inP.scitulaare arrhenotokous and thelytokous. Amphitoky is shown forCallirliytis operatorO.S. which is known to be heterogenous.Cynipid inquilines and chalcid parasites were reared from several cynipidous oak galls in the area. The inquiline and parasite fauna of any particular gall depend on the form of the gall and not on the species of the gall producing cynipid. None of the inquilines and parasites reared in this study is identical with known palearctic species. Most individual inquilines and parasites emerging from the vernal galls emerge in the summer, but a few overwinter in these galls and do not emerge until the following spring.
SENSIBILITÉ DE ARCHIPS CERASIVORANUS (LEPIDOPTERA-TORTRICIDAE) À L’INFECTION PAR BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInfectivity tests revealed that sensitivity of larvae of Archips cerasivoranus Fitch to infection by a commercial preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner depends on the physiological condition of the insects (determined by age and nutrition), and temperature, but mostly on the presence or absence of infection by the microsporidia Plisliphora sp. and Nosema cerasivoranus Thomson.Mortality attributable to the bacillus was 90, 40, and 30% for healthy third-, fifth-, and seventh-instar larvae after 20 days, mortality reached 90% after 3, 9, and 19 days for larvae of the same ages naturally infected by microsporidia. Also, low temperatures decreased the effect of the pathogen and starvation reduced the resistance of larvae to infection.The results obtained suggest the action of B. thuringiensis in this tortricid is to provoke generalized septicemia rather than toxemia.Other infectivity tests made with cultures of B. thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland confirmed these results. The action of the two bacteria was similar, both provoking septicemia in the insect. This effect was considerably increased by the presence of protozoan diseases.Analyses of unsaturated lipids by the iodine number method showed that infection by a microsporidian or B. thuringiensis lowered considerably the energy value index. The index reached 13.0, 25.5, and 27.0 in healthy larvae of third-, fifth-, and seventh-instar, was reduced to 5.2, 17.0, and 15.0 by a microsporidian infection, and to 7.5, 18.0, and 22.5 by a B. thuringiensis infection. When an infection with both pathogens was induced, the value decreased to 4.0, 8.0, and 7.5.
A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE GENUSCORDYLOSPASTA(COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE) WITH AN ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION INC.OPACA
Authors: Pinto John D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDistributional and anatomical characteristics of the species of the western North American genusCordylospastaare analyzed. The current concept of this genus is a considerable modification from that of earlier classifications.Of the two species belonging toCordylospasta,C.fulleriHorn is unique among North American blister beetles in having antennae with 8 to 10 antennal segments. This species is strictly allopatric to the second species,C.opaca(Horn), in which the antennae are 11-segmented.Step-clinal geographic variation in seven anatomical characters is recorded forC.opaca. On this basis six biological races are recognized as occurring in central and southern California. These are considered the equivalent of subspecies. An informal approach to the recognition of these infraspecific taxa is followed since, due to limited material, interracial reproductive relationships cannot be inferred confidently at the present time.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND HOST VIGOR ON FECUNDITY OF THE PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)
Authors: McMullen R. D. , Jong C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAverage fecundity of free-living and caged female Psylla pyricola Foerster on pear trees was reduced by high summer temperatures and low host vigor. Implications of these observations in the planning of control programs is discussed.
A NEW GENUS OF SCELIONIDAE FROM TRINIDAD, W.I. (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA)
Authors: Masner Lubomir 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTanaoscelio cornopis n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelionidae: Scelioninae) is described from Trinidad, W.I. Specimens were reared from eggs of a grasshopper, Cornops longicorne (Bruner) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), found in leaf petioles of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. (Monocotyledones: Pontederiaceae). The new genus is compared with the related genus Scelio Latreille.
A STUDY OF hALLOMETRIC GROWTH IN FIVE SPECIES OF MIRIDS (MIRIDAE: HEMIPTERA)
Authors: Mukerji M. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAllometric growth of antennal and leg segments was studied in five species of mirids, namely, Adelphocoris lineolalus (Goeze), A. rapidus (Say), Lygus lineolaris (Beauv.), Polymerus basalts Reuter, and Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff). The study revealed that growth ratios of both A. lineolatus and A. rapidus varied in parallel fashion in homologous segments of L. lineolaris and, that those of P. chrysanthemi varied similarly with L. lineolaris and P. basalis. It was also found that segments with relatively high growth ratios were less different in magnitude than slowly growing segments when both A. lineolatus and A. rapidus were compared with L. lineolaris and P. basalis. Growth ratios of head width were similar for the five species. The probable evolution of relative growth was discussed.
HOST FINDING BEHAVIOR OF COELOIDES BRUNNERI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Richerson J. V. , Borden John H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe host-finding search patterns of Coeloides brunneri Viereck, a braconid parasite of Douglas-fir beetle larvae, were studied by visual observations and from tracings of the parasite’s path on a plastic cylinder wrapped around a beetle-infested log on which the parasite was searching. The female parasite locates its host, lying under approximately.6 cm of bark, through four distinct phases of host finding: random search, nonrandom search, oviposition, and nonsearch (resting and cleaning). Random search is characterized by large areas of bark being examined in a relatively straight path. Nonrandom search is a highly intensified examination of a small bark area and numerous turns of greater than 70°. Nonrandom search is initiated only at the end of a bark beetle gallery. Ovipositional probes are the culmination of successful host finding, in which the parasite paralyzes the host and deposits an egg. C. brunneri searched effectively on both Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins in Douglas-fir and D. ponderosae Hopkins in ponderosa pine, although there was a slightly more efficient search on D. pseudotsugae. The percentage of time spent in each search pattern was identical in 90-minute and 24-hour tests. A stimulus associated with the end of a larval gallery was concluded to be the key stimulus by which the parasite recognizes its host. Amputation experiments showed that the antennae are the principal receptor organs used in host finding. Various experiments and observations produced no evidence that sound or vibrations produced by the host, sound produced by the parasite (sonar), magnetism or odor of the host, or its host tree are used in host finding.
FEMALE GENITALIA OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE CICINDELA MARITIMA GROUP (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)
Authors: Freitag Richard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe external and internal female genitalia of the North American species comprising the Cicindela maritima group are described and figured. An identification key based on these structures is provided. A phylogeny based on the female genitalia is postulated for the group.
NEW SPECIES OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM MEXICO, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES: I. TRIBES XYLEBORINI AND CORTHYLINI
Authors: Bright Donald E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeventeen new species of Scolytidae from Mexico are described. The new species represent the genera Sampsonius (1) of the Xyleborini and Corthylus (9), Corthylocurus (1), Tricolus (2), Monarthrum (3), and Amphicranus (1) of the Corthylini.New locality records are given for eight previously described species.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: II. ARTHROPOD–FUNGUS ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Wheeler A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObservations were made during 1967 to 1969 at Ithaca, N.Y., supplemented by collections at New Cumberland and Carlisle, Pa., on arthropods associated with fungi occurring on alfalfa, Medicago saliva L. Five species of Coleoptera, two species of Diptera, one species each of Collembola and Psocoptera, and nine species of Acari were reared or collected consistently from fungus-covered alfalfa leaves, stems, and seed pods. Attraction to fungi on the plants, principally Alternaria sp., accounted for the presence on alfalfa of arthropod species that normally might be considered as accidentals or visitors. The mycetophagous species thus contributed to the richness of the alfalfa fauna. Immature stages of several species were collected only in late fall or on 3- or 4-year-old plants. The possible role of the fungus-feeding species in seasonal changes in the alfalfa fauna and changes in the fauna in successive years is discussed.
THE TEMPORARY ABATEMENT OF NUISANCE SPECIES OF TRICHOPTERA WITH DDD (TDE) LARVICIDE
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNuisance species of riverine insects were temporarily eliminated from the Expo 67 site at Montreal in 1967 by four applications of an emulsifiable formulation of DDD (TDE) to the St. Lawrence River, one in each of the months of May, June, July, and August of 1967. In each treatment sufficient DDD was applied 1.5 miles above the infested rapids to provide a concentration of about 0.4 p.p.m. of DDD in the water, throughout a period of about 15 minutes. Each treatment caused the immediate detachment of about 98% of the Trichoptera larvae (mainly Hydropsychidae), and lesser percentages of other aquatic arthropods. No observable effects on fish were detected. Populations of arthropods, especially amphipods, rapidly restored themselves after each treatment. During August 1967, both amphipods and gastropods were more abundant in treated than in untreated rapids. Residues of DDD were negligible and were expected to be relatively non-persistent. Occasional swarms of Trichoptera of relatively minor proportions, detected at the Expo 67 site by light traps, presumably arrived on steady southerly winds from the untreated Lachine Rapids more than 7 miles upriver. Information about the decomposition of DDD and related chlorinated hydrocarbons in nature is reviewed.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NINE NEW SPECIES OF DICHROOSCYTUS FROM NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNine new species of Dichrooscytus Fieber are described from North America: aztecus and toltecus from Puebla, and mexicanus from Durango and Coahuila, Mexico; longirostris, ochreus, and rubromaculatus from California, brevirostris and dentatus from Arizona, and alpinus from Colorado. Male genitalia are illustrated, host plants are given, and relationships to other species in the genus are discussed.
A NEW SPECIES OF ACHRYSOCHARIS (EULOPHIDAE: CHALCIDOIDEA) FROM PINE NEEDLE SCALE (DIASPIDIDAE: HOMOPTERA)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAchrysocharis phenacapsia n. sp. (Eulophidae: Chalcidoidea) reared from Phenacapsis pinifolia (Diaspididae: Homoptera) collected at Riverside, Calif., is described and illustrated.
AN ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN THE DAMSELFLY, ARGIA APICALIS (ZYGOPTERA: COENAGRIONIDAE)
Authors: Johnson Clifford 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe paper describes and maps stripe pattern variability in the damselfly Argia apicalis (Say) along the periphery of its southeastern distribution. Two major variations exist. One, the broad-striped form, has a wide, full-length humeral stripe and, in females, a well-developed middorsal thoracic stripe. Broad-striped specimens also possess larger areas of black pattern on the dorsum of the head and, in males, on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments. The second, typical form, has a reduced pattern characterizing populations west and north of southeast Georgia and northern Florida. The southeastern margin of distribution consists of broad-striped populations representing four groups of isolated populations. Isolation results from low interchange between colonies of different river systems and, within the southeast, lack of colonies on lakes, ponds, smaller streams, and river headwaters. One intergradation area between typical and broad-striped populations is known. A discussion follows relating origin of the variability to Pleistocene habitat changes.
A NEW NEARCTIC GENUS OF MYCETOPHILIDAE (DIPTERA) WITH A STENOPTEROUS FEMALE
Authors: Vockeroth J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBaeopterogyna nudipes n. gen., n. sp., family Mycetophilidae, tribe Sciophilini, from Yukon Territory and Alaska, is described and illustrated. The male has normal wings; the female has wings greatly reduced in size, a condition not previously known in the family.
GAMMA RADIATION SENSITIVITY OF THE SPIDER BEETLE, GIBBIUM PSYLLOIDES (COLEOPTERA: PTINIDAE)
Authors: Brower John H. , Scott Hilda C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects of seven gamma radiation dosages from 5 to 100 krad on all metamorphic stages of the spider beetle, Gibbium psylloides (Czenpinski), were studied. Five kilorads prevented development of adults from treated eggs and larvae. Some adults emerged from the pupal cocoon at all treatment levels except 50 and 100 krad, but their longevity was greatly reduced. Adults were fairly resistant to sterilizing effects of the radiation. Twenty kilokrads was not completely sterilizing to either males or females, but fecundity was greatly reduced. The longevity of treated adults was significantly reduced, but some survived for 20 weeks after a 20-krad exposure. Adults and pupae of this species were more radiation resistant than were most other stored-product Coleoptera.
INVERSION IN THE ORDER OF FOOD SUPERIORITY BETWEEN TEMPERATURES EFFECTED BY NUTRIENT BALANCE IN THE FLY LARVA AGRIA HOUSEI (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: House H. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe food value of two synthetic diets for the fly larva Agria housei inverted between two temperatures, 15 °C and 30 °C. The balance of nutrients, particularly effected by the amino acid and lipid mixtures, glucose, thiamine HCl, and calcium pantothenate, was varied in the design of the two diets so that the rate of larval development axenically on one diet was superior to that on the other diet at 30 °C, but inferior to that on the other diet at 15 °C, relatively; for in any case the rate was slower at 15 °C. Differences between the rates on the diets within each given temperature were statistically significant.
INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PEACH WOOD IN EASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Dolphin R. E. , Mouzin T. E. , Cleveland M. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLesser peachtree borers, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson), were the principal insect species collected from caged peach wood, and American plum borers, Euzophera semifuneralis (Walker), were the second most common species. However, the population was diverse: 8 orders, 99 families, 222 genera, and 239 species were represented. Wood-boring insects were represented by 3 orders and 11 families. Many insects were apparently transients and were on the peach wood for protection during the dormant season when the peach wood was cut.
A SYNONYM PROPOSED IN PERIMONES, A SYNONYM REJECTED IN WALCKENAERA, AND A NEW SPECIES DESCRIBED IN COCHLEMBOLUS (ARANEIDA: ERIGONIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPerimones britteni (Jackson, 1913) is regarded as conspecific with, and therefore a junior synonym of, Minyriolus arenarius (Emerton, 1911). Hence, Perimones arenarius (Emerton) is Holarctic. Contrary to common usage, Walckenaera spiralis (Emerton, 1882) is not a synonym of W. vigilax (Blackwall, 1853), the former applying to a North American species and the latter to a European. Cochlembolus formicarius sp. n. is described from nests of the western thatching ant, Formica obscuripes Forel, in Washington State.
EFFECTS OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SECOND DIAPAUSE IN LABORATORY-REARED CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: McMorran Arlene 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEnvironmental factors can significantly affect the occurrence of a second diapause in laboratory-reared Choristoneura fumiferana. Each of the following conditions resulted in significantly fewer larvae entering second diapause: incubating the eggs at a high relative humidity (95%); a pre-diapause period at 20 °C rather than 28 °C; a diapause period of 7 or 8 months rather than 4 months; and holding the feeding larvae at higher temperatures (24 °C and 28 °C as opposed to 20 °C). Late-emerging larvae had a greater tendency to enter second diapause.
WANDERING OF LARVAE OF CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE) AMONG WHEAT KERNELS
Authors: Smith L. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWandering of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) larvae was demonstrated in the laboratory among wheat kernels at 30 °C and 15.5% moisture content, initially infested at an adult density of 0.4 adult per gram of wheat. The majority of the wandering larvae were first (37.3%) and fourth (56.0%) instars.
SEASONAL AND DAILY ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF CARPENTER ANTS (CAMPONOTUSSPP.) IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeasonal and daily activity of three carpenter ants,Camponotus herculeanus,C.noveboracensisandC.pennsylvanicusin northwestern Ontario, was measured by counting the ants moving along underground trails. The start of seasonal activity was temperature dependent. Activity peaked in June and early July, corresponding to the period of rapid larval growth, and thereafter declined independently of temperature, ceasing in early October. Few ants (between 4 and 6%) carried visible objects. Daily activity was correlated with temperatures in early June, with the peak in mid-afternoon. However, as the season progressed activity extended further into the night,C.pennsylvanicusbecoming virtually nocturnal. Temperatures inside the nest during larval development were raised as much as 16 °C above normal, presumably by metabolic heat from the ants.
BEHAVIOR OF IPS PINI DURING MATING, OVIPOSITION, AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Schmitz Richard F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBehavior of the pine engraver Ips pini (Say) was observed through plexiglass rearing chambers containing ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson) phloem. Periods of jostling in each entrance tunnel between the resident male and entering female preceded a female’s admission to the nuptial chamber. On the average, mating was completed in 25 seconds. In the gallery, beetles walked on protibial spines, keeping their tarsi folded against their tibiae. Eggs were deposited in niches on either side of the egg gallery and covered by phloem fragments. Larvae mined at right angles to the egg gallery and formed their molting chambers by doubling back and packing frass tightly against that already in the gallery. Larvae consumed their exuviae shortly after molting. Feeding by callow adults on prepupae and pupae may be an important natural control.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SEPEDON FUSCIPENNIS (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE)
Authors: Eckblad James W. , Berg Clifford O. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdults of Sepedon fuscipennis Loew were sampled periodically throughout the summers of 1969 and 1970 in a backwater habitat. Several overlapping generations of this common marsh fly were present during both summers, and its population density reached a unimodal peak both years. Population estimates based on mean number per sweep agreed well with mark–release–recapture data. These estimates showed a reasonably good fit to the negative binomial distribution and indicated that aggregation of the flies probably is due to some heterogeneity in the environment. Flies lived more than 3 months in laboratory cages, and each female laid an average of 191 eggs.Estimates were made of larval survival and net production for discrete cohorts followed in the field. The survival and production rates of larvae were greater when small snails were abundant in the habitat and much greater when the larvae were fed once before being released. Survival was not decreased perceptibly by the degree of larval crowding tested (50 larvae compared with 25 in an area of 254.34 cm2).