bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic Spectroscopy, 1. General
Authors: Broekaert José A. C. , Hywel Evans E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Basic Principles2.1.Atomic Structure2.2.Plasmas2.3.Emission and Absorption of Radiation2.4.Ionization2.5.Dissociation2.6.Sources and Atom Cells2.7.Analytical Atomic Spectrometry3.Spectrometric Instrumentation3.1.Figures of Merit of an Analytical Method3.2.Optical Spectrometers3.2.1.Optical Systems3.2.2.Detectors3.2.3.Nondispersive Spectrometers3.3.Mass Spectrometers3.3.1.Types of Mass Spectrometer3.3.2.Ion Detection3.3.3.Ion Extraction3.4.Data Acquisition and Processing4.Sample Introduction Devices4.1.Pneumatic Nebulization4.2.Ultrasonic Nebulization4.3.Hydride Generation4.4.Electrothermal Evaporation4.4.1.The Volatilization Process4.4.2.Types of Electrothermal Device4.4.3.Temperature Programming4.4.4.Analytical Performance4.5.Direct Solid Sampling4.5.1.Thermal Methods4.5.2.Slurry Atomization4.5.3.Arc and Spark Ablation4.5.4.Laser Ablation4.6.Cathodic Sputtering5.Comparison With Other Methods5.1.Power of Detection5.2.Analytical Accuracy5.3.Cost
Fibers, 7. Polyolefin Fibers
Authors: Pellegrini Antonio , Olivieri Paolo , Schoene Werner , Schweizer Michael 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Polypropylene Fiber

1.1.

Chemical and Physical Properties

1.2.

Production

1.2.1.

Raw Materials

1.2.2.

Staple Fiber Production Process

1.2.3.

Continuous Filament Yarn Production Process

1.2.4.

Stabilization

1.2.5.

Pigmentation

1.3.

Uses

1.4.

Economic Aspects

2.

Polyolefin Film Yarns and Split Yarns

2.1.

Raw Materials

2.2.

Production of Tapes and Split Yarns

2.3.

Uses

3.

Monofilaments

3.1.

Production

3.2.

Uses

4.

High‐Modulus Polyolefin Yarns

4.1.

Production

4.2.

Properties and Uses
Lubricants, 5. Gear Lubrication Oils
Authors: Bartels Thorsten 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Requirements of Gear Lubrication Oils

3.

Tribology of Gears

3.1.

Friction Conditions of Gear Types

3.2.

Specific Gear and Transmission Failure

4.

Gear Lubrication Oils for Motor Vehicles

4.1.

Lubricants for Gear Drives in Commercial Vehicles

4.2.

Lubricants for Gear Drives in Passenger Cars

4.3.

Lubricants for Automatic Transmissions and CVTs

5.

Multipurpose Lubricants in Vehicle Gears

6.

Gear Lubricants for Industrial Gears
Lubricants, 9. Solid Lubricants
Authors: Busch Christian 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Classification

2.1.

Class 1: Structural Lubricants

2.2.

Class 2: Mechanical Lubricants

2.3.

Class 3: Soaps

2.4.

Class 4: Chemically Active Lubricants

3.

Characteristics

3.1.

Crystal Structures of Lamellar Solid Lubricants

3.2.

Heat Stability

3.3.

Thermal Conductivity

3.4.

Adsorbed Films

3.5.

Chemical Stability

3.6.

Particle Size

4.

Products Containing Solid Lubricants

4.1.

Powders

4.2.

Dispersions and Suspensions

4.3.

Greases and Grease Pastes

4.4.

Pastes

4.5.

Dry‐Film Lubricants

5.

Industrial Uses of Products Containing Solid Lubricants

5.1.

Screw Lubrication

5.2.

Roller‐Bearing Lubrication

5.3.

Slide Bearing, Slide Guideway, and Slide Surface Lubrication

5.4.

Chain Lubrication

5.5.

Plastic and Elastomer Lubrication
Plastics, Processing, 2. Processing of Thermosets
Authors: Burkhardt Gert , Hüsgen Ulrich , Kalwa Matthias , Pötsch Gerhard , Schwenzer Claus 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Vinyl Ester Resins, and Phenol – Formaldehyde Resins

1.1.

Raw Materials

1.2.

Mold Materials

1.3.

Preparation of Resins

1.4.

Pressureless Processing without Fiber Reinforcement

1.5.

Pressureless Processing with Glass‐Fiber Reinforcement

1.6.

Low‐Pressure Processes

1.7.

Press Molding

1.8.

Semicontinuous Processing Techniques

1.9.

Continuous Processes

2.

Curable Molding Compounds and Laminates

2.1.

Processing Techniques

2.1.1.

Processing Curable Molding Compounds

2.1.2.

Manufacture of Laminated Plates

2.2.

Processing Properties

2.3.

Processing Conditions

2.4.

Influence of Processing on Molding Properties

2.5.

Molds

2.6.

Machines
Steel, 7. Environmental Protection
Authors: Winkelgrund Reinhard 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Environmental Aspects of Steel Production and Processing

1.1.

Production of Steel and Steel Products

1.2.

Steel Processing and Steel in Use

2.

Steel Recycling

2.1.

The Tradition of Steel Recycling

2.2.

Types of Scrap

2.3.

Scrap Processing

2.3.1.

Separation

2.3.2.

Shearing Machines

2.3.3.

Presses

2.3.4.

Shredders

2.4.

Factors Influencing Recycling

2.4.1.

Alloy Steels

2.4.2.

Surface Coatings

2.4.3.

Pretreatment of Used Steel Products

2.5.

Economic and Logistic Aspects

2.5.1.

Scrap Consumption

2.5.2.

World Market for Scrap

2.5.3.

Infrastructure and Logistics
Efficient Light Emitters in the Solid State: Synthesis, Aggregation‐Induced Emission, Electroluminescence, and Sensory Properties of Luminogens with Benzene Cores and Multiple Triarylvinyl Peripherals
Authors: Chan Carrie Y. K. , Zhao Zujin , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Liu Jianzhao , Chen Shuming , Lu Ping , Mahtab Faisal , Chen Xiaojun , Sung Herman H. Y. , Kwok Hoi Sing , Ma Yuguang , Williams Ian D. , Wong Kam Sing , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBenzene‐cored luminogens with multiple triarylvinyl units are designed and synthesized. These propeller‐shaped molecules are nonemissive when dissolved in good solvents, but become highly emissive when aggregated in poor solvents or in the solid state, showing the novel phenomenon of aggregation‐induced emission. Restriction of intramolecular motion is identified as the main cause for this effect. Thanks to their high solid‐state fluorescence quantum yields (up to unity) and high thermal and morphological stabilities, light‐emitting diodes with the luminogens as emitters give sky‐blue to greenish‐blue light in high luminance and efficiencies of 10800 cd m−2, 5.8 cd A−1, and 2.7%, respectively. The emissions of the nanoaggregates of the luminogens can be quenched exponentially by picric acid, or selectively by Ru3+, with quenching constants up to 105 and ∼2.0 × 105 L mol−1, respectively, making them highly sensitive (and selective) chemosensors for explosives and metal ions.
Developing a provisional definition of flare in patients with established gout
Authors: Gaffo Angelo L. , Schumacher H. Ralph , Saag Kenneth G. , Taylor William J. , Dinnella Janet , Outman Ryan , Chen Lang , Dalbeth Nicola , Sivera Francisca , Vázquez‐Mellado Janitzia , Chou Chung‐Tei , Zeng Xuejun , Perez‐Ruiz Fernando , Kowalski Sergio C. , Goldenstein‐Schainberg Claudia , Chen Lan , Bardin Thomas , Singh Jasvinder A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveVarious nonvalidated criteria for disease flare have been used in studies of gout. Our objective was to develop empirical definitions for a gout flare from patient‐reported features.MethodsPossible elements for flare criteria were previously reported. Data were collected from 210 gout patients at 8 international sites to evaluate potential gout flare criteria against the gold standard of an expert rheumatologist definition. Flare definitions based on the presence of the number of criteria independently associated with the flare and classification and regression tree approaches were developed.ResultsThe mean ± SD age of the study participants was 56.2 ± 15 years, 207 of them (98%) were men, and 54 of them (26%) had flares of gout. The presence of any patient‐reported warm joint, any patient‐reported swollen joint, patient‐reported pain at rest score of >3 (0–10 scale), and patient‐reported flare were independently associated with the study gold standard. The greatest discriminating power was noted for the presence of 3 or more of the above 4 criteria (sensitivity 91% and specificity 82%). Requiring all 4 criteria provided the highest specificity (96%) and positive predictive value (85%). A classification tree identified pain at rest with a score of >3, followed by patient self‐reported flare, as the rule associated with the gold standard (sensitivity 83% and specificity 90%).ConclusionWe propose definitions for a disease flare based on self‐reported items in patients previously diagnosed as having gout. Patient‐reported flare, joint pain at rest, warm joints, and swollen joints were most strongly associated with presence of a gout flare. These provisional definitions will next be validated in clinical trials.
Loss of matrilin 1 does not exacerbate the skeletal phenotype in a mouse model of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia caused by a Matn3 V194D mutation
Authors: Bell Peter A. , Piróg Katarzyna A. , Fresquet Maryline , Thornton David J. , Boot‐Handford Raymond P. , Briggs Michael D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveMutations in matrilin 3 can result in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), a disease characterized by delayed and irregular bone growth and early‐onset osteoarthritis. Although intracellular retention of the majority of mutant matrilin 3 was previously observed in a murine model of MED caused by a Matn3 V194D mutation, some mutant protein was secreted into the extracellular matrix. Thus, it was proposed that secretion of mutant matrilin 3 may be dependent on the formation of hetero‐oligomers with matrilin 1. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that deletion of matrilin 1 would abolish the formation of matrilin 1/matrilin 3 hetero‐oligomers, eliminate the secretion of mutant matrilin 3, and influence disease severity.MethodsMice with a Matn3 V194D mutation were crossed with Matn1‐null mice, generating mice that were homozygous for V194D and null for matrilin 1. This novel mouse was used for in‐depth phenotyping, while cartilage and chondrocytes were studied both histochemically and biochemically.ResultsEndochondral ossification was not disrupted any further in mice with a double V194D mutation compared with mice with a single mutation. A similar proportion of mutant matrilin 3 was present in the extracellular matrix, and the amount of retained mutant matrilin 3 was not noticeably increased. Retained mutant matrilin 3 formed disulfide‐bonded aggregates and caused the co‐retention of matrilin 1.ConclusionWe showed that secretion of matrilin 3 V194D mutant protein is not dependent on hetero‐oligomerization with matrilin 1, and that the total ablation of matrilin 1 expression has no impact on disease severity in mice with MED. Mutant matrilin 3 oligomers form non‐native disulfide‐bonded aggregates through the misfolded A domain.
Industrial microalgae: do not shoot ahead!
Authors: Vaca‐Garcia Carlos 
Published: November 2011

AbstractConvincing the public that the ‘microalgae miracle’ is right here can ultimately be detrimental to this extraordinarily promising industry. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, LtdThis communication is co‐signed by Jean JENCK, Olivier LEPINE, Claude GUDIN (AlgoSource Technologies), Jean‐Jacques CABOCHE (F&M, Italie), Jack LEGRAND, Jérémy PRUVOST (GEPEA St‐Nazaire), Gilles PELTIER, Laurent COURNAC (CEA), Jean‐François CORNET, Gilles DUSSAP (LGCB Clermont‐Ferrand).
Phenolic Compounds from the Rhizomes of Dioscorea bulbifera
Authors: Liu Hai , Tsim Karl W. K. , Chou Gui‐Xin , Wang Jun‐Ming , Ji Li‐Li , Wang Zheng‐Tao 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOne new bibenzyl, 7, and one new diarylheptanone, diobulbinone A (18), together with sixteen known compounds, 1–6 and 8–17, have been isolated form the rhizomes of Dioscorea bulbifera. Their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS analyses. Compound 7 showed high antioxidant capacity in FRAP assay and DPPH radical‐scavenging activity.
Four New Doramectin Congeners with Acaricidal and Insecticidal Activity from Streptomyces avermitilis NEAU1069
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Jing , Zhang Ji , Wang Ji‐Dong , Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Chen Yi‐Hua , Liu Chong‐Xi , Xiang Wen‐Sheng 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFour new doramectin congeners, 1–4, were isolated from Streptomyces avermitilis NEAU1069. The structures of 1–4 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR as well as HR‐ESI‐MS, ESI‐MS, UV, and IR, and comparison with literature data. All compounds exhibited noticeable acaricidal and insecticidal activities. Especially compound 2 was found to be the most potent pesticide of the compounds evaluated with the IC50 values of 10.2, 65.1 and 124.4 μg/ml against adult two‐spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch), two‐spotted spider mite eggs, and Mythimna separata, respectively, which are comparable to those of commercial pesticide milbemycin A3/A4 as positive reference.
New Flavanones from the Leaves of Cryptocarya chinensis and Their Antituberculosis Activity
Authors: Chou Tsung‐Hsien , Chen Jih‐Jung , Peng Chien‐Fang , Cheng Ming‐Jen , Chen Ih‐Sheng 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFour new flavanones, cryptoflavanones A–D (1–4, resp.), together with eight known compounds, were isolated from the leaves of Cryptocarya chinensis. The structures of these new compounds were determined by spectral analyses. Among the isolated compounds, pinocembrin (5) and cryptocaryone (6) exhibited antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain in vitro with MIC values of 3.5 and 25.0 μg/ml, respectively.
Sea Sand Disruption Method (SSDM) as a Valuable Tool for Isolating Essential Oil Components from Conifers
Authors: Dawidowicz Andrzej L. , Czapczyńska Natalia B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEssential oils are one of nature's most precious gifts with surprisingly potent and outstanding properties. Coniferous oils, for instance, are nowadays being used extensively to treat or prevent many types of infections, modify immune responses, soothe inflammations, stabilize moods, and to help ease all forms of non‐acute pain. Given the broad spectrum of usage of coniferous essential oils, a fast, safe, simple, and efficient sample‐preparation method is needed in the estimation procedure of essential oil components in fresh plant material. Generally, the time‐ and energy‐consuming steam distillation (SD) is applied for this purpose. This paper will compare SD, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD), and the sea sand disruption method (SSDM) as isolation techniques to obtain aroma components from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea abies), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). According to the obtained data, SSDM is the most efficient sample preparation method in determining the essential oil composition of conifers. Moreover, SSDM requires small organic solvent amounts and a short extraction time, which makes it an advantageous alternative procedure for the routine analysis of coniferous oils. The superiority of SSDM over MSPD efficiency is ascertained, as there are no chemical interactions between the plant cell components and the sand. This fact confirms the reliability and efficacy of SSDM for the analysis of volatile oil components.
Glucosinolate Distribution in Aerial Parts of Degenia velebitica
Authors: De Nicola Gina R. , Blažević Ivica , Montaut Sabine , Rollin Patrick , Mastelić Josip , Iori Renato , Tatibouët Arnaud 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe glucosinolates present in the leaf, stem, and seed extracts of Degenia velebitica (Degen) Hayek were characterized and quantified according to the ISO 9167–1 method, which is based on the HPLC analysis of desulfoglucosinolates. The stems contained glucoalyssin (3a) as the major compound as well as glucoberteroin (1a) and glucoaubrietin (4a). The leaves contained three glucosinolates, the major one being 3a, followed by glucobrassicanapin (2a) and 1a. Glucoberteroin (1a) was the major glucosinolate in the seeds, along with the two minor glucosinolates 3a and glucoerucin (5a). The content of 1a in the whole, non‐defatted seeds amounted to 4% (w/w). The compound was characterized as its desulfo counterpart by spectroscopic techniques.
Historical Variation of Structural Novelty in a Natural Product Library
Authors: Kong De‐Xin , Guo Ming‐Yue , Xiao Zhi‐Hong , Chen Ling‐Ling , Zhang Hong‐Yu 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTo evaluate the potential of natural products as novel structure suppliers, a historical analysis was performed on the structural novelty of a natural product library, viz., the Chapman & Hall/CRC Dictionary of Natural Products. The results show that although the unexplored natural product universe is still ample, it is more and more difficult to find novel agents from nature, with the discovery probability of novel structures and scaffolds being lower than 50% in the near future, which mainly results from the intrinsic redundancy of natural products and, thus, is unlikely to be reversed merely through technical progresses.
Microwave‐Assisted Organocatalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular aza‐Michael Reaction with α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Fustero Santos , del Pozo Carlos , Mulet Cristina , Lazaro Rubén , Sánchez‐Roselló María 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn organocatalytic enantioselective intramolecular aza‐Michael reaction of carbamates bearing conjugated ketones as Michael acceptors is described. By using 9‐amino‐9‐deoxy‐epi‐hydroquinine as the catalyst and pentafluoropropionic acid as a co‐catalyst, a series of piperidines, pyrrolidines, and the corresponding benzo‐fused derivatives (indolines, isoindolines, tetrahydroquinolines, and tetrahydroisoquinolines) can be obtained in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. In addition, the use of microwave irradiation at 60 °C improves the efficiency of the process giving rise to the final products with comparable yields and enantiomeric excesses. Some mechanistic insights are also considered.
Chemical Control of Spin Propagation between Heterometallic Rings
Authors: Faust Thomas B. , Bellini Valerio , Candini Andrea , Carretta Stefano , Lorusso Giulia , Allan David R. , Carthy Laura , Collison David , Docherty Rebecca J. , Kenyon Jasbinder , Machin John , McInnes Eric J. L. , Muryn Christopher A. , Nowell Harriott , Pritchard Robin G. , Teat Simon J. , Timco Grigore A. , Tuna Floriana , Whitehead George F. S. , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Affronte Marco , Winpenny Richard E. P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe present a synthetic, structural, theoretical, and spectroscopic study of a family of heterometallic ring dimers which have the formula [{Cr7NiF3(Etglu)(O2CtBu)15}2(NLN)], in which Etglu is the pentadeprotonated form of the sugar N‐ethyl‐D‐glucamine, and NLN is an aromatic bridging diimine ligand. By varying NLN we are able to adjust the strength of the interaction between rings with the aim of understanding how to tune our system to achieve weak magnetic communication between the spins, a prerequisite for quantum entanglement. Micro‐SQUID and EPR data reveal that the magnetic coupling between rings is partly related to the through‐bond distance between the spin centers, but also depends on spin‐polarization mechanisms and torsion angles between aromatic rings. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations allow us to make predictions of how such chemically variable parameters could be used to tune very precisely the interaction in such systems. For possible applications in quantum information processing and molecular spintronics, such precise control is essential.
Lateral Extension of π Conjugation along the Bay Regions of Bisanthene through a Diels–Alder Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Li Jinling , Jiao Chongjun , Huang Kuo‐Wei , Wu Jishan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDiels–Alder cycloaddition reactions at the bay regions of bisanthene (1) with dienophiles such as 1,4‐naphthoquinone have been investigated. The products were submitted to nucleophilic addition followed by reductive aromatization reactions to afford the laterally extended bisanthene derivatives 2 and 3. Attempted synthesis of a larger expanded bisanthene 4 revealed an unexpected hydrogenation reaction at the last reductive aromatization step. Unusual Michael addition was observed on quinone 14, which was obtained by Diels–Alder reaction between 1 and 1,4‐anthraquinone. Compounds 1–3 exhibited near‐infrared (NIR) absorption and emission with high‐to‐moderate fluorescent quantum yields. Their structures and absorption spectra were studied by density function theory and non‐planar twisted structures were calculated for 2 and 3. All compounds showed amphoteric redox behavior with multiple oxidation/reduction waves. Oxidative titration with SbCl5 gave stable radical cations, and the process was followed by UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopic measurements. Their photostability was measured and correlated to their different geometries and electronic structures.
Conformational and Electronic Consequences in Crafting Extended, π‐Conjugated, Light‐Harvesting Macrocycles
Authors: Boerner Leigh J. K. , Mazumder Shivnath , Pink Maren , Baik Mu‐Hyun , Zaleski Jeffrey M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of a new series of free‐base, NiII and ZnII 2,3,12,13‐tetra(ethynyl)‐5,10,15,20‐tetraphenyl porphyrins is described. Upon heating, two of the four ethynyl moieties undergo Bergman cyclization to afford the monocyclized 2,3‐diethynyl‐5,20‐diphenylpiceno[10,11,12,13,14,15‐jklmn]porphyrin in 30 %, 10 %, and trace yields, respectively. The structures of all products were investigated by using quantum chemical calculations and the free‐base analogue was isolated and crystallized; all compounds show significant deviation from the idealized planar structure. No fully‐cyclized bispiceno[20,1,2,3,4,5,10,11,12,13,14,15‐fghij]porphyrin was isolated from the reaction mixture. To understand why only two of the four enthynyl groups undergo Bergman cyclization, the reaction coordinates were examined by using DFT at the PWPW91/cc‐pVTZ(‐f) level coupled to a continuum solvation model. The barrier to cyclization of the second pair of ethynyl groups was found to be 5.5 kcal mol−1 higher than the first, suggesting a negative cooperative effect and significantly slower rate for the second cyclization. Cyclization reactions for model porphyrin–enediynes with ethene‐ and H‐functionality substitutions at the meso‐phenyl rings were also examined, and found to have a similar barrier to diradical formation for the second cyclization event as for the first in these highly planar molecules. By enforcing an artificial 30° cant in two of the pyrrole rings of the porphyrin, the second barrier was increased by 2 kcal mol−1 in the ethene model system; this suggests that the disruption of the π conjugation of the extended porphyrin structure is the cause of the increased barrier to the second cyclization event.