bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warfare, Gender, and Sacrifice in Jequetepeque, Peru
Authors: Swenson Edward 
Published: July 2012

AbstractArchaeological data from the Jequetepeque Valley suggest that Late Moche warfare and religious sacrifice were embedded in a particular cosmological and gendered construction of the world. As a consequence, the pragmatic motives implicated in violent conflict were mediated by structures of practice specific to the Moche. An analysis of the archaeological record points to the existence of this cultural schema, the identification of which better explains the ascendancy of the famed priestess cult based at San José de Moro and the general decentralization of power in the Jequetepeque region. The evidence indicates that political relations in the valley were informed by a religious ideology that structured feasting, warfare, and sacrifice as specifically gendered but complementary domains. The spatial delimitation and sequential unfolding of ritual events were likely deemed essential for both socio-cosmic renewal and legitimate political advancement. This gendering of political and religious practices is reflected archaeologically in the division of centered and rural space and in the differential distribution of architectural forms, parochial feasting arenas, and iconographically charged artifacts. Ultimately, the archaeological record demonstrates that the political machinations of rural communities amplified this gendered sacrificial system within the context of the environmental upheavals of the Late Moche Period.
Donut Stones as Thigh-Supported Spindle Whorls: Evidence of Ancient Maya Household Yarn and Cordage Production
Authors: Tomasic John J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDonut stones are a relatively common class of ground stone artifact found at archaeological sites throughout Mesoamerica and Andean South America, and a variety of functional interpretations have been proposed for these artifacts. In this article, ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and archaeological data are presented along with the results of replicative experiments in support of an argument that some donut stones from the Maya Highlands and Southern Lowlands may have functioned as whorls for a previously unrecognized type of thigh-supported spindle. Based on a functional interpretation of donut stones as thigh-supported spindle whorls, these artifacts can potentially be used to provide insight into the nature of ancient Maya household yarn and cordage production.
Electrically Programmable Bistable Capacitor for High‐Frequency Applications Based on Charge Storage at the (Ba,Sr)TiO3/Al2O3 Interface
Authors: Li Shunyi , Zheng Yuliang , Jakoby Rolf , Klein Andreas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHysteresis is induced in paraelectric (Ba,Sr)TiO3 (BST) thin‐film capacitors by inserting an Al2O3 barrier layer of a few nanometers in thickness between the BST layer and the electrode. The observed hysteresis is explained by ambipolar charge carrier injection through the Al2O3 layer and charge storage at the BST/Al2O3 interface. The magnitude of the hysteresis can be directly adjusted by manipulating the thickness ratio between BST and Al2O3. Taking into account the low loss of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 capacitors, the observed switching and retention characteristics are suitable for application as non‐volatile programmable high‐frequency devices, e.g., in radio‐frequency identification.
Extrusion Printing of Flexible Electrically Conducting Carbon Nanotube Networks
Authors: Pidcock Geoffrey C. , in het Panhuis Marc 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCarbon nanotube networks in biopolymer solutions are explored as potential ink systems for the extrusion printing of conducting structures. The biopolymer gellan gum is found to act as an excellent dispersant of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and has the appropriate flow properties to act as a thickener for the controlled dispensing of carbon nanotube networks. Absorbing substrates are found to improve the resolution and the flexibility of the printed structures. These printed conducting carbon nanotube networks exhibit interesting mechanical and electrical characteristics, which are applied to demonstrate their actuating and strain gauging capabilities.
Conformationally Rigid Chiral Pyridine N‐Oxides as Organocatalyst: Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Gnanamani Elumalai , Someshwar Nagamalla , Ramanathan Chinnasamy Ramaraj 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA pyridine unit with a conformationally rigid chiral backbone has been designed and synthesized in an enantiomerically pure form to utilize in the Lewis base‐catalyzed Sakurai–Hosomi–Denmark‐type allylation reaction. The chiral pyridine N‐oxide in 1:1 mixture of chloroform and 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane produced the homoallylic alcohols in up to 98% yield and up to 94% ee.
Efficacy of transnasal endoscopic resection for malignant anterior skull‐base tumors
Authors: Wood John W. , Eloy Jean Anderson , Vivero Richard J. , Sargi Zoukaa , Civantos Francisco J. , Weed Donald T. , Morcos Jaques J. , Castaño Johnathan , Lo MPH Kaming , Casiano Roy R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundCraniofacial resection (CFR) has been the standard of care for malignant tumors of the anterior skull base (ASB). However, during the past 2 decades, transnasal endoscopic resection (TER) has gained significant popularity. The purpose of this study is to compare CFR and TER with respect to perioperative and oncologic outcomes.MethodsRetrospective analysis at a tertiary care medical center of 82 consecutive patients undergoing resection of tumors of the ASB between 1997 and 2011.ResultsThirty‐four patients underwent TER, while 48 patients underwent CFR. There was no statistical difference in major complications between the two groups (p = 0.29). However, TER patients had shorter operating room times (284 minutes for TER, 620 minutes for CFR; p < 0.001), lower intraoperative blood loss (675 mL for TER, 1000 mL for CFR; p = 0.005), shorter intensive care unit (ICU) stays (0 days for TER, 3 days for CFR; p < 0.001), and shorter hospital stays (4.5 days for TER; 7 days for CFR; p < 0.001). There were no differences for the rates of en bloc resection, negative margins, or disease‐specific mortality. Subanalysis yielded a median follow‐up of 5 years postoperatively. There were no differences in disease‐specific mortality or recurrences in this group.ConclusionPatients undergoing TER for tumors of the ASB are more likely to leave the ICU and the hospital earlier than their CFR counterparts. Furthermore, for carefully selected patients undergoing TER, excellent oncologic outcomes with survival and recurrence rates similar to patients undergoing CFR may be achieved. Comparison of oncologic outcomes, however, may be limited by discrepancy in histologic grade and clinical stage between the two groups. Nonetheless, TER seems to be an excellent alternative to CFR in appropriately selected patients. ©2012 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Die chemische Synthese von Nanographen, Graphen‐Nanobändern und Graphen‐Schichten
Authors: Chen Long , Hernandez Yenny , Feng Xinliang , Müllen Klaus 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGraphen, eine einzelne, zweidimensionale Graphitschicht aus einem hexagonalen Netzwerk von sp2‐hybridisierten Kohlenstoffatomen, ist wegen seiner außergewöhnlichen elektronischen, thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften ein vielversprechender Kandidat für praktische Anwendungen in Elektronik, Sensorik, Katalyse sowie Energiespeicherung und ‐umwandlung. Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Eigenschaften von Graphen im Wesentlichen von dessen geometrischen Struktur abhängen. Eine zielgerichtete Graphensynthese ist daher für eine Untersuchung der grundlegenden physikalischen Eigenschaften und Implementierung in vielversprechende Anwendungen entscheidend. Dieser Kurzaufsatz präsentiert jüngste Fortschritte, die zu erfolgreichen chemischen Synthesen von Graphen in einem breiten Bereich von Größen und chemischen Zusammensetzungen geführt haben.
Energy Transfer and Concentration‐Dependent Conformational Modulation: A Porphyrin‐Containing [3]Rotaxane
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Ye , Han Ji‐Min , Pei Jian 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA zinc porphyrin‐containing [3]rotaxane A was synthesized through a copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. Energy donors and acceptor porphyrin were introduced to dibenzo[24]crown‐8 (DB24C8) and dibenzyl ammonium (DBA) units of [3]rotaxane A to understand the intramolecular energy transfer process. Investigations of the photophysical properties of [3]rotaxane A demonstrated that the intramolecular efficient energy transfer readily occurred from the donors on the wheels to the porphyrin center on the axis. The fluorescence of energy donors in the region of 400 to 450 nm was efficiently absorbed by the porphyrin acceptor under irradiation at 345 nm, and finally a red light emission at about 600 nm was achieved. Further investigation indicated that the conformation of [3]rotaxane A was self‐modulated by changing its concentration in CH2Cl2. The triazole groups on the wheel coordinated or uncoordinated to Zn2+ through intramolecular self‐coordination with the change in the concentration of [3]rotaxane A in CH2Cl2. Therefore, this conformational change was reversible in a non‐coordinating solvent such as CH2Cl2 but inhibited in a coordinating solvent such as THF. Such interesting behaviors were rarely observed in porphyrin derivatives. This self‐modulation feature opens up the possibility of controlling molecular conformation by varying concentration.
Microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Farhadi Khalil , Hatami Mehdi , Matin Amir Abbas 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTTherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), as part of clinical process of medical treatments, is commonly used to maintain ‘therapeutic’ drug concentrations. TDM is useful to identify the causes of unwanted or unexpected responses, to prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing, to improve clinical outcomes, and even to save lives. The determination of drug concentration in blood samples requires an excellent sample preparation procedure. Recent trends in sample preparation include miniaturization, automation, high‐throughput performance, on‐line coupling with analytical instruments and low‐cost operation through extremely low or no solvent consumption. Microextraction techniques, such as liquid‐ and solid‐phase microextraction, have these advantages over the traditional techniques. This paper reviews the recent developments in microextraction techniques used for drug monitoring in serum, plasma or blood samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression profiles associated with depression in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CH‐C)
Authors: Birerdinc Aybike , Afendy Arian , Stepanova Maria , Younossi Issah , Baranova Ancha , Younossi Zobair M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe standard treatment for CH‐C, pegylated interferon‐α and ribavirin (PEG‐IFN + RBV), is associated with depression. Recent studies have proposed a new role for cytokines in the pathogenesis of depression. We aimed to assess differential gene expression related to depression in CH‐C patients treated with PEG‐IFN + RBV. We included 67 CH‐C patients being treated with PEG‐IFN+RBV. Of the entire study cohort, 22% had pre‐existing depression, while another 37% developed new depression in course of the treatment. Pretreatment blood samples were collected into PAXgene™ RNA tubes, the RNAs extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used for one step RT‐PCR to profile 160 mRNAs. Differentially expressed genes were separated into up‐ and down‐regulated genes according to presence or absence of depression at baseline (pre‐existing depression) or following the initiation of treatment (treatment‐related depression). The mRNA expression profile associated with any depression and with treatment‐related depression included four and six genes, respectively. Our data demonstrate a significant down‐regulation of TGF‐β1 and the shift of Th1‐Th2 cytokine balance in the depression associated with IFN‐based treatment of HCV infection. We propose that TGF‐β1 plays an important role in the imbalance of Th1/Th2 in patients with CH‐C and depression. With further validation, TGF‐β1 and other components of Th1/Th2 regulation pathway may provide a future marker for CH‐C patients predisposed to depression.
Novel Indanone Derivatives as Potential Imaging Probes for β‐Amyloid Plaques in the Brain
Authors: Qiao Jin‐Ping , Gan Chang‐Sheng , Wang Chen‐Wei , Ge Jin‐Fang , Nan Dou‐Dou , Pan Jian , Zhou Jiang‐Ning 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMolecular imaging probes to detect senile plaques (SPs) might help the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, a novel series of indanone derivatives were synthesized and characterized. In in vitro binding studies, compound 2 e exhibited a Ki value of 16 nM with a human AD brain homogenate. Although they displayed relatively low affinities for 2 i and 2 j—with Ki values of 99 and 237 nM, respectively—the SPs in AD brain sections were positively stained by 2 j. A method for in situ micro‐autoradiography of AD brain was developed in this study and showed clear labeling of SPs by [125I]2 i and [125I]2 j. Both [125I]2 i and [125I]2 j had suitable lipophilicities and displayed high initial uptake and rapid clearance from the mouse brains. Furthermore, [125I]2 i and [125I]2 j were more stable in human brain homogenates than in mouse brain homogenates. These data suggest that such indanone derivatives might represent potential amyloid imaging agents for the detection of SPs in AD.
Induction gemcitabine and oxaliplatin therapy followed by a twice‐weekly infusion of gemcitabine and concurrent external‐beam radiation for neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer
Authors: Leone Francesco , Gatti Marco , Massucco Paolo , Colombi Federica , Sperti Elisa , Campanella Delia , Regge Daniele , Gabriele Pietro , Capussotti Lorenzo , Aglietta Massimo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) may render curative resection feasible in patients with locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC). The authors previously demonstrated the achievement of significant disease control and a median survival of 14 months by CRT in patients with LAPC. In this study, they evaluated the use of induction chemotherapy followed by a CRT neoadjuvant protocol.METHODS:Patients first received induction gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX) (gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2, oxaliplatin 100 mg/m2). Patients without disease progression then received gemcitabine twice weekly (50 mg/m2 daily) concurrent with radiotherapy (50.4 grays) and were re‐evaluated for resectability.RESULTS:Thirty‐nine patients (15 with borderline resectable disease and 24 with unresectable disease) entered the study. The treatment was well tolerated. Disease control was obtained in 29 of 39 patients. Two patients progressed after GEMOX, and 7 progressed after CRT. After a median follow‐up of 13 months, the median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 10.2 months. The median PFS of patients with borderline resectable and unresectable disease was 16.6 and 9.1 months, respectively (P = .056). For the whole group, the median overall survival (OS) was 16.7 months (27.8 months for patients with borderline resectable disease, 13.3 for patients with unresectable disease; P = .045). Eleven patients (9 with borderline resectable disease and 2 with unresectable disease at diagnosis) underwent successful resection. Patients who underwent resection had a significantly longer median PFS compared with nonresected patients (19.7 months vs 7.6 months, respectively). The median OS among resected and nonresected patients was 31.5 months and 12.3 months, respectively (P < .001).CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated that induction GEMOX followed by CRT is feasible in patients with LAPC. Both those with borderline resectable disease and those with unresectable disease received clinical benefit, a chance to obtain resectability, and improved survival. The authors concluded that this protocol warrants further evaluation. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Clock synchronization in high‐end computing environments: a strategy for minimizing clock variance at runtime
Authors: Jones Terry , Koenig Gregory A. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYWe present a new software‐based clock synchronization scheme that provides high precision time agreement among distributed memory nodes. The technique is designed to minimize variance from a reference chimer during runtime and with minimal time‐request latency. Our scheme permits initial unbounded variations in time and corrects both slow and fast chimers (clock skew). An implementation developed within the context of the message passing interface is described, and time coordination measurements are presented. Among our results, the mean time variance for a set of nodes improved from 20.0 ms under standard Network Time Protocol down to 2.29 μs under our scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance on an impulse control task is altered in adult rats exposed to amphetamine during adolescence
Authors: Hankosky Emily R. , Gulley Joshua M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRepeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs is associated with long‐lasting changes in cognition, particularly in behavioral tasks that are sensitive to prefrontal cortex function. Adolescents may be especially vulnerable to these drug‐induced cognitive changes because of the widespread adaptations in brain anatomy and function that are characteristic of normal development during this period. Here, we used a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task in rats to determine if amphetamine (AMPH) exposure during adolescence would alter behavioral inhibition in adulthood. Between postnatal days (PND) 27 and 45, rats received every other day injections of saline or AMPH (3 mg/kg). At PND 125, rats were trained progressively through a series of four reinforcement schedules (DRL 5, 10, 15, and 30 s) that required them to withhold responding for the appropriate amount of time before a lever press was reinforced. Relative to controls, AMPH‐treated rats displayed transient deficits in behavioral inhibition (i.e., decreases in efficiency ratio) that were only evident at DRL 5. In addition, they had increased responding during nonreinforced periods, which suggested increased perseveration and propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward‐paired cues. Following challenge injections with AMPH (.25–1 mg/kg, i.p.), which were given 10 min before the start of DRL 30 test sessions, both groups exhibited dose‐dependent decreases in efficiency. These results suggest that AMPH‐induced alterations in incentive‐motivation and perseveration are more robust and longer‐lasting than its effects on impulse control. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 733–744, 2013.
Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity
Authors: van der Meer M. H. , Jones G. P. , Hobbs J.‐P. A. , van Herwerden L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractEndemic species on islands are considered at risk of extinction for several reasons, including limited dispersal abilities, small population sizes, and low genetic diversity. We used mitochondrial DNA (D‐Loop) and 17 microsatellite loci to explore the evolutionary relationship between an endemic anemonefish,Amphiprion mccullochi(restricted to isolated locations in subtropical eastern Australia) and its more widespread sister species,A. akindynos. A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogram showed reciprocal monophyly was lacking for the two species, with two supported groups, each containing representatives of both species, but no shared haplotypes and up to 12 species, but not location‐specific management units (MUs). Population genetic analyses suggested evolutionary connectivity among samples of each species (mtDNA), while ecological connectivity was only evident among populations of the endemic,A. mccullochi. This suggests higher dispersal between endemic anemonefish populations at both evolutionary and ecological timeframes, despite separation by hundreds of kilometers. The complex mtDNA structure results from historical hybridization and introgression in the evolutionary past of these species, validated by msat analyses (NEWHYBRIDS, STRUCTURE, and DAPC). Both species had high genetic diversities (mtDNAh> 0.90, π= 4.0%; msat genetic diversity,gd> 0.670). While highgdand connectivity reduce extinction risk, identifying and protecting populations implicated in generating reticulate structure among these species should be a conservation priority.
Large‐scale asymmetric introgression of cytoplasmicDNAreveals Holocene range displacement in a North American boreal pine complex
Authors: Godbout Julie , Yeh Francis C. , Bousquet Jean 
Published: July 2012

AbstractJack pine (Pinus banksiana) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contortavar.latifolia) are two North American boreal hard pines that hybridize in their zone of contact in western Canada. The main objective of this study was to characterize their patterns of introgression resulting from past and recent gene flow, using cytoplasmic markers having maternal or paternal inheritance. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) diversity was assessed in allopatric populations of each species and in stands from the current zone of contact containing morphological hybrids. Cluster analyses were used to identify genetic discontinuities among groups of populations. A canonical analysis was also conducted to detect putative associations among cytoplasmicDNAvariation, tree morphology, and site ecological features. MtDNAintrogression was extensive and asymmetric: it was detected inP. banksianapopulations from the hybrid zone and from allopatric areas, but not inP. contortapopulations. Very weak cpDNAintrogression was observed, and only inP. banksianapopulations. The mtDNAintrogression pattern indicated that central Canada was first colonized by migrants from aP. contortaglacial population located west of the Rocky Mountains, before being replaced byP. banksianamigrating westward during the Holocene. In contrast, extensive pollen gene flow would have erased the cpDNAtraces of this ancient presence ofP. contorta. Additional evidence for this process was provided by the results of canonical analysis, which indicated that the current cpDNAbackground of trees reflected recent pollen gene flow from the surrounding dominant species rather than historical events that took place during the postglacial colonization.
Rarity and genetic diversity inIndo–PacificAcroporacorals
Authors: Richards Zoe T. , van Oppen Madeleine. J. H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAmong various potential consequences of rarity is genetic erosion. Neutral genetic theory predicts that rare species will have lower genetic diversity than common species. To examine the association between genetic diversity and rarity, variation at eightDNAmicrosatellite markers was documented for 14Acroporaspecies that display different patterns of distribution and abundance in theIndo–PacificOcean. Our results show that the relationship between rarity and genetic diversity is not a positive linear association because, contrary to expectations, some rare species are genetically diverse and some populations of common species are genetically depleted. Our data suggest that inbreeding is the most likely mechanism of genetic depletion in both rare and common corals, and that hybridization is the most likely explanation for higher than expected levels of genetic diversity in rare species. A significant hypothesis generated from our study with direct conservation implications is that as a group,Acroporacorals have lower genetic diversity at neutral microsatellite loci than may be expected from their taxonomic diversity, and this may suggest a heightened susceptibility to environmental change. This hypothesis requires validation based on genetic diversity estimates derived from a large portion of the genome.