bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why are crime rates higher in urban than in rural areas? — Evidence from Japan
Authors: Ladbrook Denis A 
Published: January 2011

Three sociological explanations for why rates of conventional crime are higher in urban than in rural areas are tested with cross-sectional Japanese data for 1970. The three explanations ascribe the higher rates of urban crime to (1) the degree of urbanisation and populated density, (2) the greater rates of migration and population growth in urban populations, and (3) the differences in demographic structures between urban and rural areas, urban areas having greater proportions of young people. Eight indicators are used to test six hypotheses for six crimes against persons and property, with the 46 Japanese perfectures as units of analysis. Measures are taken to constrain the degree of multicollinearity that exists among the independent variables. While the structural indicators measured at an ecological level are not powerful in explaining inter-perfectural variations in rates of homicide, rape and arson, they are significantly associated with larceny, robbery and assault rates. Multiple regression analysis ascribes greatest weight in explaining the variation in rates of property crime to the higher proportion of young adults in urban populations, and to the higher rates of migration in these populations. The differences between Japanese and Western levels and patterns of crime are attributable to the operation of powerful mechanisms of family and community social control and to methods of policing. Trends comparable with those in the West are emerging through youth crime in the context of urban conditions.
Victoria's “Day in Prison Program”: An Evaluation and Critique
Authors: O'Malley Pat , Coventry Garry , Walters Reece 
Published: January 2011

The use of “Day in Prison” programs to deter young adult offenders is a concept which originated in the United States and was replicated in Australia during the late 1970s. After almost a decade of uncertainty this model of ‘crime prevention’ re-emerged in Victoria with the introduction of a pilot “Day in Prison” program. This article traces the development and operation of the Victorian experience and provides evaluation research findings which conclude that coercive, intimidatory and degrading aversion techniques should not be utilised by the criminal justice system for the purposes of individual deterrence.
Anticipating the Future: The Early Experiences and Career Expectations of Women Police Recruits in Post-Fitzgerald Queensland*
Authors: Wimshurst Kerry 
Published: January 2011

This study investigates the recent large-scale entry of women into policing in one Australian state following a period of supposed major organisational and philosophical reform in the Queensland Police Service It focuses upon the early experiences of women recruits and their thoughts about their futures The research literature shows that women have usually encountered considerable resistance when trying to establish themselves in police organisations both locally and overseas In view of this, an important aim of the study is to try to determine whether there are any signs of fundamental change for women entering policing in the 1990s The evidence suggests that while men and women entrants have much in common, there are some significant biographical and anticipatory differences The study concludes that continuity rather than change is likely to charactense the experiences of women entering policing, obstacles to full integration persist The situations of women recruits are discussed under five themes which encompass continuity of experiences, physicality, exclusion, ambivalence and coping strategies.
The Fear of Crime and Self-governance: Towards A Genealogy
Authors: Lee Murray 
Published: January 2011

Since the 1970s the fear of crime has become an increasingly popular subject of inquiry for criminology, victimology and other academic disciplines. Scholars have offered an array of explanations from a widely varied assortment of theoretical positions, for the supposed rise of the crime fearing individual, whom I refer to as the fearing subject Much of this scholarship has focused on the rationality or irrationality of these fears in particular population demographics. This article is somewhat critical of this approach, although, it does not necessarily call for an end to the study of fear of crime as such. Rather, coming from a genealogical perspective, I attempt to briefly plot the proliferation of disciplinary and governmental interest in the fear of crime in the West and explain how this interest has effected both the subject of inquiry and the modes of inquiry themselves. I conclude by suggesting that the power effects of the knowledge being amassed on this subject may actually be implicated in the production of fearing subjects. At one extreme, individuals may be “prisoners of fear”, locking themselves away behind steel doors and barred windows. At the other they may become activists, banding together with neighbours to prevent crime by taking aggressive steps to challenge strangers, intervene when they observe suspicious circumstances, and act to reduce the opportunities for crime. … [A] great deal of money has been spent by the government in an effort to encourage the latter…(Skogan, 1986; 177).
Pre-trial withdrawals: Trial, bargain, or pseudo-bargain?
Authors: Douglas Roger 
Published: January 2011

An analysis of the correlates of pre-trial withdrawals in Melbourne magistrates' court cases suggests that withdrawals are largely a reponse to plea and to whether defendants were legally represented. Where defendants were willing to plead guilty to remaining charges, withdrawals appear to have been more likely where the prosecution case was weak. Although pre-trial withdrawals appear to be the outcome of a bargaining process, the value of withdrawals appears to be limited, especially in their impact on sentence. In many US jurisdictions, cases are frequently disposed of by a decision by the prosecutor to withdraw the charges against the defendant. In other cases, some charges are withdrawn and others reduced. In some cases withdrawals reflect no more than an assessment by the prosecutor that the case should not proceed. The complainant may want the charges withdrawn. Key witnesses may be unavailable. However, withdrawals are frequently a response to some type of negotiation. Sometimes the negotiation may involve a process analogous to trial and the defence may succeed in persuading the prosecutor that the prosecution case is so weak that it would be a waste of time to take it to trial. Often the bargain involves an agreement whereby the defendant pleads guilty to some charges in exchange for the withdrawal of others. In some cases the bargain may be a genuine one, but in others, bargaining may represent “pseudo-bargaining”: charges may be withdrawn, but the sentence the defendant receives may in fact be identical to what he would have received had no charges been withdrawn. In Australia, charge withdrawal is far less widespread than is the case in many American jurisdictions, but it nonetheless takes place. This study represents an examination of the correlates of charge withdrawal in six Melbourne magistrates' courts. For methodological reason it has not been possible to examine the determinants of charge withdrawals in cases where all charges were withdrawn. However, these are the exceptions. Charge withdrawal usually involves withdrawal of only some of the charges which make up magistrates' court cases, and it is possible to explore the correlates of withdrawals in these cases. I shall be arguing that charge withdrawal bears a rather complex relationship to the strength of the prosecution case, but is strongly related to plea and representation and in such a way as to suggest that withdrawals are the result of a bargaining process. However, the benefits of pre-trial withdrawals appear to be largely illusory. Defendants who fail to benefit from pre-trial withdrawals sometimes benefit from post-conviction withdrawals. Sentence appears to be unaffected by whether or not charges have been withdrawn.
Comprehensive Airway Management of Neonatal Head and Neck Teratomas
Authors: Neidich Marci J. , Prager Jeremy D. , Clark Stacey L. , Elluru Ravindhra G. 
Published: January 2011

ObjectivesTo determine the success of initial airway management and to characterize late airway‐related complications in patients with airway obstruction due to congenital head and neck teratomasStudy DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary airway referral institution.Subjects and MethodsReview of consecutive patients with congenital head and neck teratomas from 1988 to 2010. Variables examined include initial airway stabilization at time of birth and perinatal airway management. Outcomes include short‐ and long‐term complications.ResultsFourteen cases were reviewed. In 12 patients, initial airway management was accomplished on placental support with either intubation or tracheotomy. Two vaginal births required subsequent uncomplicated oral intubation within 24 hours. Nine patients required tracheotomy (3 within the delivery suite, 2 during mass excision on day of life 6 and 24, and the remaining 4 occurred at days 29, 32, 92, and 100). Five deaths occurred, 4 within several days of birth due to complications related to the cervical teratomas and 1 on day of life 32 due to an airway‐related complication. Follow‐up for surviving patients ranged from 1 month to 18 years. Long‐term airway complications ranged from vocal cord paralysis to stenosis requiring laryngotracheoplasty.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that a multidisciplinary team and a standardized approach in the operating suite have led to successful initial airway stabilization. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the need for continued airway management after delivery. Reassessment of the airway after delivery and an airway management planning meeting with the multidisciplinary team may help decrease morbidity and mortality.
Comparison of Applicant Criteria and Program Expectations for Choosing Residency Programs in the Otolaryngology Match
Authors: Sharp Scott , Puscas Liana , Schwab Brian , Lee Walter T. 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate criteria used by residency applicants in ranking otolaryngology residency programs and to compare applicant criteria with program expectations of ranking otolaryngology residency programs.Study DesignCross‐sectional survey.Setting2009 and 2010 match cycles.Subjects and MethodsProgram applicants and otolaryngology program directors.Main Outcome MeasuresApplicants were asked to rank the importance of 10 criteria in choosing a residency program (1 = criterion was of the utmost importance and 20 = not important at all). Program directors were asked to express expectations of how applicants should rank programs using those same criteria. The Mann‐Whitney U test was used to analyze responses between groups.ResultsComprehensiveness of subspecialties and resident satisfaction were the most important criteria for both groups; salary, call schedule, and likelihood to rank the resident highly were least valued. Four criteria were significantly different between groups. Applicants significantly valued location (4.36 vs 8.9, P <. 0001) and call schedule (9.85 vs 12.73, P =. 002) more than program directors did. Program directors valued didactic schedule (6.1 vs 9.18, P <. 0001) and comprehensiveness of subspecialties (2.53 vs 3.02, P =. 007) more than applicants did. Forty‐one of 105 (39%) program directors completed the survey.ConclusionWhile applicants and program directors agree on the most and least important criteria for ranking residency programs, there are several significant differences in these criteria. This study provides insight on ranking criteria that may improve the resident match process and subsequent training experience. However, the ability to generalize the results is limited by the low response rate.
Analysis of Flap Tension in Surgical Rejuvenation of the Midface
Authors: Herrero Nicholas A. , Sherman Ethan G. , Adelson Robert T. 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveTo determine the flap tension present for 2 different surgical approaches for midface lifts and whether a gingivobuccal incision for release of the midface periosteum will diminish the resultant load on the midface flap.Study DesignCadaver study.SettingAnatomy laboratory at the University of Florida.Subjects and MethodsTwelve fresh‐frozen cadaver heads are subjected to a transblepharoplasty (TB) approach on one side of the cadaver head while a transtemporal (TT) approach is performed on the contralateral side. The tension (grams) generated by moving the midface flap a distance of 1.03 cm is recorded by a digital load cell. A gingivobuccal incision is made on each side to allow transoral periosteal release (TOPR) of the midface flap, and the experiment is repeated. Three trials are performed for each operation, and the average load is calculated. A paired t test is applied.ResultsThe tension resulting from the TT approach (172 g) was not found to be significantly different from that of the TB approach (179 g; P =. 75). Significant differences in the resultant tension were not appreciated when comparing standard techniques to TT with TOPR (141.5 g; P =. 27) or for TB with TOPR (164.1 g; P =. 45).DiscussionAn experimental method is described for determining flap tension in facial rejuvenation surgery. No significant difference is found between flap tensions generated in the TB and TT approaches to the midface.
Adaptive immunity to rhinoviruses: sex and age matter
Authors: Carroll Melanie L , Yerkovich Stephanie T , Pritchard Antonia L , Davies Janet M , Upham John W 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Rhinoviruses (RV) are key triggers in acute asthma exacerbations. Previous studies suggest that men suffer from infectious diseases more frequently and with greater severity than women. Additionally, the immune response to most infections and vaccinations decreases with age. Most immune function studies do not account for such differences, therefore the aim of this study was to determine if the immune response to rhinovirus varies with sex or age.

Methods
Blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 63 healthy individuals and grouped by sex and age (≤50 years old and ≥52 years old). Cells were cultured with rhinovirus 16 at a multiplicity of infection of 1. The chemokine IP-10 was measured at 24 h as an index of innate immunity while IFNγ and IL-13 were measured at 5 days as an index of adaptive immunity.

Results
Rhinovirus induced IFNγ and IL-13 was significantly higher in ≤50 year old women than in age matched men (p < 0.02 and p < 0.05) and ≥52 year old women (p < 0.02 and p > 0.005). There was no sex or age based difference in rhinovirus induced IP-10 expression. Both IFNγ and IL-13 were negatively correlated with age in women but not in men.

Conclusions
This study suggests that pre-menopausal women have a stronger adaptive immune response to rhinovirus infection than men and older people, though the mechanisms responsible for these differences remain to be determined. Our findings highlight the importance of gender and age balance in clinical studies and in the development of new treatments and vaccines.
Streptavidin-Binding Peptide (SBP)-tagged SMC2 allows single-step affinity fluorescence, blotting or purification of the condensin complex
Authors: Kim Ji Hun , Chang Tsz M , Graham Alison N , Andy Choo K H , Kalitsis Paul , Hudson Damien F 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Cell biologists face the need to rapidly analyse their proteins of interest in order to gain insight into their function. Often protein purification, cellular localisation and Western blot analyses can be multi-step processes, where protein is lost, activity is destroyed or effective antibodies have not yet been generated.

Aim
To develop a method that simplifies the critical protein analytical steps of the laboratory researcher, leading to easy, efficient and rapid protein purification, cellular localisation and quantification.

Results
We have tagged the SMC2 subunit of the condensin complex with the Streptavidin-Binding Peptide (SBP), optimising and demonstrating the efficacious use of this tag for performing these protein analytical steps. Based on silver staining, and Western analysis, SBP delivered an outstanding specificity and purity of the condensin complex. We also developed a rapid and highly specific procedure to localise SBP-tagged proteins in cells in a single step procedure thus bypassing the need for using antibodies. Furthermore we have shown that the SBP tag can be used for isolating tagged proteins from chemically cross-linked cell populations for capturing DNA-protein interactions.

Conclusions
The small 38-amino acid synthetic SBP offers the potential to successfully perform all four critical analytical procedures as a single step and should have a general utility for the study of many proteins and protein complexes.
SNPexp - A web tool for calculating and visualizing correlation between HapMap genotypes and gene expression levels
Authors: Holm Kristian , Melum Espen , Franke Andre , Karlsen Tom H 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Expression levels for 47294 transcripts in lymphoblastoid cell lines from all 270 HapMap phase II individuals, and genotypes (both HapMap phase II and III) of 3.96 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the same individuals are publicly available. We aimed to generate a user-friendly web based tool for visualization of the correlation between SNP genotypes within a specified genomic region and a gene of interest, which is also well-known as an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis.

Results
SNPexp is implemented as a server-side script, and publicly available on this website: http://tinyurl.com/snpexp. Correlation between genotype and transcript expression levels are calculated by performing linear regression and the Wald test as implemented in PLINK and visualized using the UCSC Genome Browser. Validation of SNPexp using previously published eQTLs yielded comparable results.

Conclusions
SNPexp provides a convenient and platform-independent way to calculate and visualize the correlation between HapMap genotypes within a specified genetic region anywhere in the genome and gene expression levels. This allows for investigation of both cis and trans effects. The web interface and utilization of publicly available and widely used software resources makes it an attractive supplement to more advanced bioinformatic tools. For the advanced user the program can be used on a local computer on custom datasets.
Lack of α8 integrin leads to morphological changes in renal mesangial cells, but not in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Marek Ines , Volkert Gudrun , Jahn Angelika , Fahlbusch Fabian , Zürn Christina , Özcan Zehra , Goppelt-Struebe Margarete , Hilgers Karl F , Rascher Wolfgang , Hartner Andrea 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Extracellular matrix receptors of the integrin family are known to regulate cell adhesion, shape and functions. The α8 integrin chain is expressed in glomerular mesangial cells and in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mice deficient for α8 integrin have structural alterations in glomeruli but not in renal arteries. For this reason we hypothesized that mesangial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells differ in their respective capacity to compensate for the lack of α8 integrin.

Results
Wild type and α8 integrin-deficient mesangial cells varied markedly in cell morphology and expression or localization of cytoskeletal molecules. In α8 integrin-deficient mesangial cells α-smooth muscle actin and CTGF were downregulated. In contrast, there were no comparable differences between α8 integrin-deficient and wild type vascular smooth muscle cells. Expression patterns of integrins were altered in α8 integrin-deficient mesangial cells compared to wild type mesangial cells, displaying a prominent overexpression of α2 and α6 integrins, while expression patterns of the these integrins were not different between wild type and α8 integrin-deficient vascular smooth muscle cells, respectively. Cell proliferation was augmented in α8 integrin-deficient mesangial cells, but not in vascular smooth muscle cells, compared to wild type cells.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that α8 integrin deficiency has differential effects in mesangial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. While the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells lacking α8 integrin is not altered, mesangial cells lacking α8 integrin differ considerably from wild type mesangial cells which might be a consequence of compensatory changes in the expression patterns of other integrins. This could result in glomerular changes in α8 integrin-deficient mice, while the vasculature is not affected in these mice.
Gene structure, transcripts and calciotropic effects of the PTH family of peptides in Xenopus and chicken
Authors: Pinheiro Pedro LC , Cardoso João CR , Gomes Ana S , Fuentes Juan , Power Deborah M , Canário Adelino VM 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) belong to a family of endocrine factors that share a highly conserved N-terminal region (amino acids 1-34) and play key roles in calcium homeostasis, bone formation and skeletal development. Recently, PTH-like peptide (PTH-L) was identified in teleost fish raising questions about the evolution of these proteins. Although PTH and PTHrP have been intensively studied in mammals their function in other vertebrates is poorly documented. Amphibians and birds occupy unique phylogenetic positions, the former at the transition of aquatic to terrestrial life and the latter at the transition to homeothermy. Moreover, both organisms have characteristics indicative of a complex system in calcium regulation. This study investigated PTH family evolution in vertebrates with special emphasis on Xenopus and chicken.

Results
The PTH-L gene is present throughout the vertebrates with the exception of placental mammals. Gene structure of PTH and PTH-L seems to be conserved in vertebrates while PTHrP gene structure is divergent and has acquired new exons and alternative promoters. Splice variants of PTHrP and PTH-L are common in Xenopus and chicken and transcripts of the former have a widespread tissue distribution, although PTH-L is more restricted. PTH is widely expressed in fish tissue but from Xenopus to mammals becomes largely restricted to the parathyroid gland. The N-terminal (1-34) region of PTH, PTHrP and PTH-L in Xenopus and chicken share high sequence conservation and the capacity to modify calcium fluxes across epithelia suggesting a conserved role in calcium metabolism possibly via similar receptors.

Conclusions
The parathyroid hormone family contains 3 principal members, PTH, PTHrP and the recently identified PTH-L. In teleosts there are 5 genes which encode PTHrP (2), PTH (2) and PTH-L and in tetrapods there are 3 genes (PTHrP, PTH and PTH-L), the exception is placental mammals which have 2 genes and lack PTH-L. It is hypothesized that genes of the PTH family appeared at approximately the same time during the vertebrate radiation and evolved via gene duplication/deletion events. PTH-L was lost from the genome of eutherian mammals and PTH, which has a paracrine distribution in lower vertebrates, became the product of a specific endocrine tissue in Amphibia, the parathyroid gland. The PTHrP gene organisation diverged and became more complex in vertebrates and retained its widespread tissue distribution which is congruent with its paracrine nature.