bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased activity of group II phospholipase A2 in plasma in rat sodium deoxycholate induced acute pancreatitis
Authors: Furue S , Hori Y , Kuwabara K , Ikeuchi J , Onoyama H , Yamamoto M , Tanaka K 
Published: June 2010

Background—Two different types of secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2), pancreatic group I (PLA2-I) and non-pancreatic group II (PLA2-II), have been identified and postulated to be associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as acute pancreatitis, septic shock, and multiple organ failure. Aims—To investigate the type of secretory PLA2 responsible for its catalytic activity found in plasma and ascites of experimental acute pancreatitis. Methods—Acute pancreatitis of differing severity was induced by the injection of different concentrations (1% or 10%) of sodium deoxycholate (DCA) into the common biliopancreatic duct in rats, and catalytic PLA2 activity in plasma and ascites were differentiated by anti-PLA2-I antibody and specific inhibitor of PLA2-II. Survival rate and plasma amylase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were also measured.Results—In 1% and 10% DCA induced acute pancreatitis, plasma amylase values as well as PLA2activity in ascites were greatly increased. PLA2 activity in plasma was also notably increased in 10% DCA induced acute pancreatitis, but not in 1% DCA induced acute pancreatitis. PLA2-I specific polyclonal antibody significantly inhibited PLA2 activity in ascites but not that in plasma. In contrast, plasma PLA2 activity was completely suppressed by PLA2-II specific inhibitor. In addition, a high mortality (93% at five hours) and a significant increase in plasma AST and ALT were noted in 10% DCA induced pancreatitis. Conclusion—Ascites PLA2 activity is mainly derived from PLA2-I, whereas plasma PLA2activity is mostly derived from PLA2-II in severe acute pancreatitis, suggesting that increased plasma PLA2-II activity might be implicated in hepatic failure arising after severe acute pancreatitis.
Treatment of enteritis in chronic granulomatous disease with granulocyte colony stimulating factor
Authors: Myrup B , Valerius N H , Mortensen P B 
Published: June 2010

Background—In several diseases there is a relation between deficiency of neutrophil granulocytes and granulomatous lesions. Recently, in glycogen storage disease type Ib, this relation has been supported by the beneficial effect of treatment of enteritis with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.Aim—To investigate whether chronic granulomatous disease could be treated according to the same principle.Patients and methods—Inflammatory lesions were monitored in two brothers with chronic granulomatous disease demonstrated by very low superoxide production in neutrophil granulocytes. The two patients were treated with recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor on three occasions when the disease was active.Results—In one patient, remission of an inflamed stenosis of the colon sigmoideum was shown by granulocyte scintigraphy after one month of treatment with granulocyte colony stimulating factor. In the other patient, remission of colon disease and later of a non-malignant tumour in the right lung hilum was shown by colonoscopy and computed tomography scans respectively.Conclusion—Remission of inflammatory lesions in two brothers with chronic granulomatous disease was induced by granulocyte colony stimulating factor on three occasions. The mechanism for this effect is not known. The result is similar to the response found in patients with leucocyte deficiency due to glycogen storage disease type Ib.
Microbiology of bacterial translocation in humans
Authors: O’Boyle C J , MacFie J , Mitchell C J , Johnstone D , Sagar P M , Sedman P C 
Published: June 2010

Background—Gut translocation of bacteria has been shown in both animal and human studies. Evidence from animal studies that links bacterial translocation to the development of postoperative sepsis and multiple organ failure has yet to be confirmed in humans.Aims—To examine the spectrum of bacteria involved in translocation in surgical patients undergoing laparotomy and to determine the relation between nodal migration of bacteria and the development of postoperative septic complications.Methods—Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), serosal scrapings, and peripheral blood from 448 surgical patients undergoing laparotomy were analysed using standard microbiological techniques.Results—Bacterial translocation was identified in 69 patients (15.4%). The most common organism identified wasEscherichia coli (54%). Both enteric bacteria, typical of indigenous intestinal flora, and non-enteric bacteria were isolated. Postoperative septic complications developed in 104 patients (23%). Enteric organisms were responsible in 74% of patients. Forty one per cent of patients who had evidence of bacterial translocation developed sepsis compared with 14% in whom no organisms were cultured (p<0.001). Septic morbidity was more frequent when a greater diversity of bacteria resided within the MLN, but this was not statistically significant.Conclusion—Bacterial translocation is associated with a significant increase in the development of postoperative sepsis in surgical patients. The organisms responsible for septic morbidity are similar in spectrum to those observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes. These data strongly support the gut origin hypothesis of sepsis in humans.
Influence of metronidazole resistance on efficacy of quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication
Authors: van der Hulst R W M , van der Ende A , Homan A , Roorda P , Dankert J , Tytgat G N J 
Published: June 2010

Background—Metronidazole-containing eradication therapies are less effective for metronidazole resistantHelicobacter pylori. Although early data suggested improvement of the efficacy of bismuth triple therapy after the addition of acid suppressives, these findings were based on studies with small numbers of patients, incomplete post-eradication follow up, or omission of pretreatment susceptibility testing.Aims—To study the efficacy of quadruple therapy in the Amsterdam area, where the efficacy of bismuth triple therapy has been proved to be affected by metronidazole resistance.Patients and methods—Eighty two consecutive dyspeptic H pylori positive patients with either metronidazole susceptible (group I) or metronidazole resistant H pylori strains (group II) received quadruple therapy for one week: omeprazole 20 mg twice daily; colloidal bismuth subcitrate 120 mg four times a day; tetracycline 500 mg four times a day; metronidazole 500 mg three times a day. Susceptibility to metronidazole was determined by the E-test.Results—Intention to treat analysis showed thatH pylori infection had been cured in 42/43 patients (98%) in group I and 32/39 patients (82%) in group II (p = 0.02).Conclusion—The efficacy of quadruple therapy is significantly impaired in patients infected with metronidazole resistant H pylori. Therefore a non-metronidazole-containing regimen should preferably be used in areas known to have a high prevalence of pretreatment metronidazole resistance.
Rapid modulation of electrolyte transport in Caco-2 cell monolayers by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection
Authors: Collington G K , Booth I W , Knutton S 
Published: June 2010

Background and aims—The pathophysiology of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) diarrhoea remains uncertain. EPEC adhere to enterocytes and transduce signals which produce a characteristic “attaching and effacing” (A/E) lesion in the brush border membrane. The present in vitro study was designed to determine whether signal transduction by EPEC also influences electrolyte transport.Methods—Caco-2 cell monolayers were rapidly infected with wild type EPEC strain E2348/69, or the signal transduction-defective mutant 14.2.1(1), and mounted in Ussing chambers.Results—Strain E2348/69 stimulated a rapid but transient increase in short circuit current (Isc) which coincided with A/E lesion formation; this Isc response was absent on infection with strain 14.2.1(1). While the initial rise inIsc induced by E2348/69 was partially (∼35%) dependent on chloride, the remainder possibly represents an influx of sodium and amino acid(s) across the apical membrane.Conclusions—The study directly shows that, after initial adhesion, EPEC induce major alterations in host cell electrolyte transport. The observed Isc responses indicate a rapid modulation of electrolyte transport in Caco-2 cells by EPEC, including stimulation of chloride secretion, for which signal transduction to host cells is a prerequisite.
Interferon γ induces differential upregulation of α and β chemokine secretion in colonic epithelial cell lines
Authors: Warhurst A C , Hopkins S J , Warhurst G 
Published: June 2010

Background—Production of chemoattractant factors by the intestinal epithelium may contribute to mucosal infiltration by inflammatory cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Secretion of the α chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), a neutrophil chemoattractant, has been widely studied, but little is known about epithelial secretion of β chemokines, which are preferentially involved in recruiting monocytes.Aims—To investigate the profiles of α and β chemokine secretion in colonic cell lines and their differential modulation by interferon γ (IFN-γ), a product of activated T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.Methods and results—HT29-19A, a model of the Cl− secretory crypt cell, exhibited a parallel secretion of the α chemokines IL-8 and GROα, which could be markedly upregulated by tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-1β. These cells showed no significant expression of the β chemokines RANTES (regulated upon activation T cell expressed and secreted), MIP-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein 1α), and MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) under these conditions, but IFN-γ in combination with TNF-α caused a dose dependent induction of RANTES and MCP-1 secretion. This was accompanied by a marked increase of RANTES mRNA. In contrast, IFN-γ had no significant effect on TNF-α stimulated IL-8 secretion. Caco-2 cells, with features more typical of villus absorptive cells, were relatively poor secretors of α chemokines but secreted high levels of MCP-1 in response to IL-1β. IFN-γ did not influence α or β chemokine secretion in these cells.Conclusions—These studies suggest that intestinal epithelial cells may produce chemokines capable of attracting both neutrophils and monocytes. The ability of IFN-γ to activate the expression of β chemokines preferentially could facilitate the development of chronic inflammatory infiltrates.
Expression of interleukin 1β and interleukin 1β converting enzyme by intestinal macrophages in health and inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: McAlindon M E , Hawkey C J , Mahida Y R 
Published: June 2010

Background—In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated peripheral blood monocyte, the precursor form of interleukin 1β (IL-1β, 31 kD) is processed by IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE) to the mature, bioactive form (17 kD). IL-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine which is likely to have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Aims—To investigate the expression and processing of IL-1β and ICE by tissue macrophages from normal and IBD colonic mucosa.Methods—Mucosal biopsy specimens and lamina propria cells from normal and IBD colons were studied by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot analysis, and ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay).Results—Normal colonic macrophages synthesised only the precursor form of IL-1β whereas in IBD the mature form was also produced. Similarly, cells from normal colonic mucosa synthesised ICE as the precursor (p45) only, whereas macrophages from IBD colons produced active (p20) ICE. Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO, a specific peptide aldehyde inhibitor of ICE, significantly reduced the amount of mature IL-1β released by isolated IBD macrophages (from a median of 1.2 (range 0.78–4.42) ng/ml to 0.43 (0.21–1.6) ng/ml; p<0.01).Conclusions—Exposure of normal colonic macrophages to LPS only induces the production of the precursor form of IL-1β, because the cells fail to activate ICE. In contrast, IBD colonic macrophages are able to activate ICE and hence release mature IL-1β in a manner similar to circulating monocytes. This is consistent with IBD macrophages being recently recruited from the circulating monocyte population. Targeted inhibition of ICE may represent a novel form of therapy in IBD.
Motor function of the proximal stomach and visceral perception in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Penagini R , Hebbard G , Horowitz M , Dent J , Bermingham H , Jones K , Holloway R H 
Published: June 2010

Background—The abnormally high postprandial rate of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations seen in patients with reflux disease may be related to altered proximal gastric motor function. Heightened visceral sensitivity may also contribute to reporting of symptoms in these patients.Aims—To assess motor function of the proximal stomach and visceral perception in reflux disease with a barostat.Methods—Fasting and postprandial proximal gastric motility, sensation, and symptoms were measured in nine patients with reflux disease and nine healthy subjects. Gastric emptying of solids and liquids was assessed in six of the patients on a different day (and compared to historical controls).Results—Minimal distending pressure and gastric compliance were similar in the two groups, whereas the patients experienced fullness at lower pressures (p<0.05) and discomfort at lower balloon volumes (p<0.005) during isobaric and isovolumetric distensions respectively. Maximal gastric relaxation induced by the meal was similar in the two groups. Late after the meal, however, proximal gastric tone was lower (p<0.01) and the score for fullness higher (p<0.01) in the reflux patients, in whom the retention of both solids and liquids in the proximal stomach was greater (p<0.05).Conclusions—Reflux disease is associated with delayed recovery of proximal gastric tone after a meal and increased visceral sensitivity. The former may contribute to the increased prevalence of reflux during transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and the delay in emptying from the proximal stomach, whereas both may contribute to symptom reporting.
The effect of flufenamic acid on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity and transit time in dogs
Authors: Farrugia G , Nitecki S , Harty G J , Camilleri M , Szurszewski J H 
Published: June 2010

Background—Flufenamic acid, a fenamate, has been shown to alter markedly the membrane potential of small intestinal smooth muscle and increase intracellular calcium in single cells.Aims—To determine the effects of flufenamic acid on myoelectrical motor activity and gastrointestinal transit in the intact animal.Methods—Myoelectrical motor activity was recorded via seromuscular platinum electrodes sutured at regular intervals in the stomach and throughout the small intestine. Fasted and fed gastrointestinal transit was assessed using technetium-99m (99mTc) as the radioactive marker linked to 1 mm amberlite pellets or added to the meal.Results—Flufenamic acid (600 mg, intravenously) induced intense spike activity in the small intestine. The mean duration of irregular spike activity was 250 (7) minutes. Spike activity was more pronounced in the lower small intestine. Flufenamic acid also accelerated initial gastric emptying and markedly shortened transit time in the small intestine. In the fasted state the 50% transit time in the small intestine was 54 (8) minutes with infusion of flufenamic acid compared with 105 (10) minutes in the control group; in the fed state 99mTc first reached the colon at 220 (10) minutes compared with 270 (12) minutes in the control group.Conclusions—Flufenamic acid had marked effects on both myoelectrical motor complex activity and small intestinal transit in the dog. The observed effects suggest that flufenamic acid may be of potential use as a prokinetic agent.
Acute effect of propranolol and isosorbide-5-mononitrate administration on renal blood flow in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Stanley A J , Bouchier I A D , Hayes P C 
Published: June 2010

Background—Propranolol and isosorbide-5-mononitrate (ISMN) are increasingly used in the prophylaxis of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhosis. However, recent studies have suggested that these drugs may compromise renal function, possibly by reducing renal blood flow.Aims—To assess the acute effects of propranolol and ISMN on renal blood flow and other haemodynamic parameters in cirrhosis.Patients and methods—Twenty six cirrhotic patients were given either 80 mg propranolol, 20 mg ISMN, or a combination of the two drugs. Unilateral renal blood flow (RBF), azygos blood flow (AZBF), hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded prior to and one hour after drug administration.Results—Propranolol caused a reduction in HR (p<0.005), AZBF (p<0.01), and HVPG (p=0.05), but no change in MAP or RBF (454.1 (77.3) versus 413.9 (60.3) ml/min). ISMN reduced MAP (p<0.005) and HVPG (p<0.01), but had no effect on HR, AZBF, or RBF (302.5 (49.4) versus 301.7 (58.8) ml/min). Combined treatment reduced MAP (p<0.005), AZBF (p<0.05), and HVPG (p=0.002), but HR and RBF (419.2 (62.6) versus 415.1 (61.1) ml/min) remained unchanged.Conclusions—Despite the anticipated changes in other haemodynamic parameters, acute propranolol and/or ISMN administration did not reduce RBF. These drugs do not seem to compromise RBF in cirrhosis.
Effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy on gall bladder bile lithogenicity and motility
Authors: Sharma B C , Agarwal D K , Baijal S S , Negi T S , Choudhuri G , Saraswat V A 
Published: June 2010

Background—Endoscopic sphincterotomy has been shown to inhibit stone formation in the gall bladder of experimental animals.Aims—To investigate the alterations in bile composition and gall bladder motility after endoscopic sphincterotomy.Patients—A study was performed of gall bladder bile composition and gall bladder motility in patients with gallstone disease ((n = 20; age 40–60 years, median age 55 years: seven men), with gall bladder calculi (n = 12) and with diseased gall bladder (chronic inflammation) without gall bladder calculi (n = 8)), who had received endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct stones. Age and sex matched disease controls comprised 20 patients with gallstone disease but without stones and an intact sphincter of Oddi (with gall bladder calculi (n = 10) and diseased gall bladder without gall bladder calculi (n = 10)).Methods—Gall bladder motility was assessed by ultrasound. Duodenal bile collected by nasoduodenal tube after stimulation of gall bladder by intravenous ceruletid infusion was analysed for cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile acid concentrations, cholesterol saturation index, and nucleation time.Results—There was a significant reduction in mean (SEM) fasting volume (12.5 (1.7) ml v 26.4 (2.5) ml; p<0.001) and mean (SEM) residual volume (4.34 (0.9) ml v14.7 (0.98) ml; p<0.001), and increase in mean (SEM) ejection fraction (65.7 (4.2)% v 43.6 (5.52)%; p<0.001) and mean (SEM) rate constant of gall bladder emptying (−0.031/min v−0.020/min; p<0.01) in patients who had been subjected to endoscopic sphincterotomy. Median nucleation time was significantly longer (17 days v 6 days; p<0.006) in treated patients. There was a reduction in total mean (SEM) lipid concentrations (6.73 (0.32) g/dlv 7.72 (0.84) g/dl; p<0.05), cholesterol (5.6 (1.5) mmol/l v 10.3 (2.23) mmol/l; p<0.001) and CSI (0.72 (0.15) v 1.32 (0.31); p<0.001). There was no significant change in mean (SEM) phospholipid (25.6 (3.5) mmol/l v23.4 (6.28) mmol/l) and bile acid (93.7 (7.31) mmol/l v105.07 (16.6) mmol/l) concentrations.Conclusions—After endoscopic sphincterotomy there was enhanced contractility of the gall bladder, accompanied by a prolongation of nucleation time and reduction in cholesterol saturation index.
Crohn’s-like reaction in diverticular disease
Authors: Gledhill A , Dixon M F 
Published: June 2010

Background—Diverticulitis and Crohn’s disease affecting the colon occur at similar sites in older individuals, and in combination are said to carry a worse prognosis than either disease in isolation. It is possible that diverticulitis may initiate inflammatory changes which resemble Crohn’s disease histologically, but do not carry the clinical implications of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.Aims—To evaluate histological features and clinical outcome in individuals initially diagnosed histologically as having both Crohn’s colitis and diverticulitis.Patients—Eleven consecutive individuals having a colonic resection showing histological features of both Crohn’s disease and diverticulitis.Methods—Retrospective review of histological specimens, case notes, and discharge letters.Results—In nine patients, the Crohn’s-like reaction was confined to the segment bearing diverticula. They had no clinical evidence of Crohn’s disease.Conclusion—A Crohn’s-like inflammatory response can be a localised reaction to diverticulitis and does not necessarily indicate chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
Secretory immunoglobulin A in pancreatic juice and pancreatic tissue of patients with chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Emmrich J , Seyfarth M , Conradi P , Plath F , Sparmann G , Löhr M , Liebe S 
Published: June 2010

Background—The predominace of secretory IgA (S-IgA) in intestinal secretions compared with blood is well established, but concentrations of this protein in pancreatic juice and its origin, especially in chronic pancreatitis, are unknown.Aims—To investigate the role of S-IgA in chronic pancreatitis.Patients—Twenty one patients with chronic pancreatitis (group I), three patients with proven malignancies (group II), and 12 patients without pancreatic disease (group III).Methods—Pure human pancreatic juice was collected endoscopically in four fractions after consecutive stimulation with secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK). Samples were analysed for S-IgA, protein, trypsinogen, and proteolytic activity.Results—The S-IgA level was significant increased in fraction 1 of pancreatic juice of group I (1210 (1411) ng/ml) compared with controls (33 (70) ng/ml). Protein concentrations and trypsinogen content were lower in group I than in the other groups. Proteolytic activity could be observed in 53% of all 133 pancreatic juice samples, but in 87% of fraction 1. In pancreatic tissue of three patients with chronic pancreatitis both IgA and secretory component were detected by immunohistology. Expression of the secretory component by human pancreatic epithelial cells was increased in patients with chronic pancreatitis compared with normal controls. The concentration of S-IgA in pancreatic juice did not correlate with the serum S-IgA level. In contrast, serum levels of S-IgA were decreased in patients with chronic pancreatitis.Conclusion—There are high levels of S-IgA in human pancreatic juice following chronic inflammation and a protective role is suggested for this immunoglobulin.