bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cold Intolerance after Brachial Plexus Nerve Injury
Authors: Novak Christine B. , Anastakis Dimitri J. , Beaton Dorcas E. , Mackinnon Susan E. , Katz Joel 
Published: November 2011

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate cold intolerance symptoms in patients with brachial plexus nerve injury. We hypothesized that higher levels of cold intolerance would be associated with more pain, greater disability, and unemployment. Methods Following research ethics board approval and patient consent, we included English-speaking adults more than 6 months following brachial plexus nerve injury. Patient questionnaires included Cold Intolerance Severity Scale (CISS), McGill Pain Questionnaire, SF-36, DASH, pain catastrophizing scale, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. Statistical analyses evaluated the relationships among the questionnaires and the independent variables. Multivariable linear regression evaluated the factors associated with the CISS. Results There were 61 patients, 20 women and 41 men (mean age 40±17 years). The mean questionnaire scores indicated high scores in the CISS, DASH, and pain intensity. The CISS was significantly higher in women. The final regression model with CISS as the dependent variable included the following independent variables: McGill pain rating index, DASH score, and time since injury. Neither pain catastrophizing nor post-traumatic stress scores were retained in the final model. Conclusions Patients with brachial plexus nerve injury reported substantial cold intolerance which was associated with the McGill pain rating index, upper extremity disability, and time since injury.
A multimeasure approach to investigating affective appraisal of social information in Williams syndrome
Authors: Plesa Skwerer Daniela , Ammerman Emily , André Marie-Christine , Ciciolla Lucia , Fine Alex B. , Tager-Flusberg Helen 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
People with Williams syndrome (WS) have been consistently described as showing heightened sociability, gregariousness, and interest in people, in conjunction with an uneven cognitive profile and mild to moderate intellectual or learning disability. To explore the mechanisms underlying this unusual social–behavioral phenotype, we investigated whether individuals with WS show an atypical appraisal style and autonomic responsiveness to emotionally laden images with social or nonsocial content. Adolescents and adults with WS were compared to chronological age-matched and nonverbal mental age-matched groups in their responses to positive and negative images with or without social content, using measures of self-selected viewing time (SSVT), autonomic arousal reflected in pupil dilation measures, and likeability ratings. The participants with WS looked significantly longer at the social images compared to images without social content and had reduced arousal to the negative social images compared to the control groups. In contrast to the comparison groups, the explicit ratings of likeability in the WS group did not correlate with their SSVT; instead, they reflected an appraisal style of more extreme ratings. This distinctive pattern of viewing interest, likeability ratings, and autonomic arousal to images with social content in the WS group suggests that their heightened social drive may be related to atypical functioning of reward-related brain systems reflected in SSVT and autonomic reactivity measures, but not in explicit ratings.
Stochastic modeling of plasma mode forecasting in tokamak
Authors: SAADAT SH. , SALEM M. , GHORANNEVISS M. , KHORSHID P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe structure of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes has always been an interesting study in tokamaks. The mode number of tokamak plasma is the most important parameter, which plays a vital role in MHD instabilities. If it could be predicted, then the time of exerting external fields, such as feedback fields and Resonance Helical Field, could be obtained. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average are useful models to predict stochastic processes. In this paper, we suggest using ARIMA model to forecast mode number. The ARIMA model shows correct mode number (m = 4) about 0.5 ms in IR-T1 tokamak and equations of Mirnov coil fluctuations are obtained. It is found that the recursive estimates of the ARIMA model parameters change as the plasma mode changes. A discriminator function has been proposed to determine plasma mode based on the recursive estimates of model parameters.
Akt and RhoA inhibition promotes anoikis of aggregated B16F10 melanoma cells
Authors: Goundiam Oumou , Nagel Marie‐Danielle , Vayssade Muriel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn the highly metastatic B16F10 melanoma cell line, activation of the signalling molecules that promote cell proliferation and survival on conventional adhesive culture dishes may also be responsible for the growth and resistance to anoikis of aggregates on a non‐adhesive substratum. We have examined the influence of bacterial ADP‐ribosyltransferases C3‐like exoenzymes, which selectively modify RhoA, B and C proteins and inhibit signal pathways controlled by them. RNA interference [siRNA (small interfering RNA) Akt (also known as protein kinase B)] and a PI3K (phosphoinositide 3‐kinase) inhibitor were used to analyse the changes caused by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway. Inhibiting the activation of RhoA, B, C and Akt expression resulted in a decrease of the number of cells cultured in aggregates, and caspase 3 activation. RhoA activation and RhoB and RhoC expression were controlled by Akt, but not RhoA expression. Inhibiting Akt and RhoA reduced the expression of α5 integrin, and inactivated FAK (focal adhesion kinase) in B16F10 cells cultured as aggregates. Thus, inhibiting Rho subfamily proteins and Akt expression inactivates the FAK pathway and induces anoikis in anoikis‐resistant cells. The activation of RhoA in melanoma cells can depend on PI3K/Akt activation, suggesting that PI3K/Akt is a suitable target for new therapeutic approaches.
Use of Adherence Monitors as Part of a Team Approach to Control Clonal Spread of Multidrug-ResistantAcinetobacter baumanniiin a Research Hospital
Authors: Palmore Tara N. , Michelin Angela V. , Bordner MaryAnn , Odom Robin T. , Stock Frida , Sinaii Ninet , Fedorko Daniel P. , Murray Patrick R. , Henderson David K. 
Published: November 2011

Background.Multidrug-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii(MDRAB) is difficult to treat and eradicate. Several reports describe isolation and environmental cleaning strategies that controlled hospital MDRAB outbreaks. Such interventions were insufficient to interrupt MDRAB transmission in 2 intensive care unit-based outbreaks in our hospital. We describe strategies that were associated with termination of MDRAB outbreaks at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center.Methods.In response to MDRAB outbreaks in 2007 and 2009, we implemented multiple interventions, including stakeholder meetings, enhanced isolation precautions, active microbial surveillance, cohorting, and extensive environmental cleaning. We conducted a case-control study to analyze risk factors for acquiring MDRAB. In each outbreak, infection control adherence monitors were placed in MDRAB cohort areas to observe and correct staff infection control behavior.Results.Between May 2007 and December 2009, 63 patients acquired nosocomial MDRAB; 57 (90%) acquired 1 or more of 4 outbreak strains. Of 347 environmental cultures, only 2 grew outbreak strains of MDRAB from areas other than MDRAB patient rooms. Adherence monitors recorded 1,330 isolation room entries in 2007, of which 8% required interventions. In 2009, around-the-clock monitors recorded 4,892 staff observations, including 127 (2.6%) instances of nonadherence with precautions, requiring 68 interventions (1.4%). Physicians were responsible for more violations than other staff (58% of hand hygiene violations and 37% of violations relating to gown and glove use). Each outbreak terminated in temporal association with initiation of adherence monitoring.Conclusions.Although labor intensive, adherence monitoring may be useful as part of a multifaceted strategy to limit nosocomial transmission of MDRAB.
Influence of mealybug (Pseudococcus spp.)‐infested bunches on wine quality in Carmenere and Chardonnay grapes
Authors: Bordeu Edmundo , Troncoso Diego O. , Zaviezo Tania 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThis study evaluated the effects of processing grape with different proportions of mealybug‐infested bunches in wine quality in cultivars Chardonnay and Carménère. No differences in chemical composition of musts were found. Basic chemical composition for white and red wines was similar. In both cultivars total polyphenols decreased as the proportion of infested bunches increased, from 266 to 239 (mg L−1 gallic acid) in Chardonnay and 2124 to 1820 in Carménère. The same trend was observed in Carménère for anthocyanins and tannins, by spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. Dimethyl amino cinnamaldehyde index in Carménère went from 28.6 in wines 100% healthy bunches to 22.0 for the 100% infested, and tannin galoilation went from 3.85 to 0.74%. Sensory analysis showed that wines with larger proportion of infested grapes were associated with negative descriptors and lower quality. These results show that mealybugs have the potential of negatively impacting wine quality and this deserves further attention.
Synergistic effects of whey protein–polysaccharide complexes on the controlled release of lipid‐soluble and water‐soluble vitamins in W1/O/W2 double emulsion systems
Authors: Li Bin , Jiang Yanfeng , Liu Fei , Chai Zhi , Li Yanxia , Li Yuanyuan , Leng Xiaojing 
Published: November 2011

SummaryLipid‐soluble vitamin E (VE) and water‐soluble vitamin B2 (VB2) can be encapsulated together in the same water–oil–water emulsion system. The ability of whey protein isolate (WPI)–polysaccharide complexes to synergistically control the release rates in such a system was investigated. The complexes studied were WPI–low methoxyl pectin (LMP) and WPI–κ‐carrageenan (KCG). The encapsulation efficiency of VE and VB2 of the WPI system is 66% and 64% and increases by about 1.4‐ and 1.2‐fold in the WPI–LMP and WPI–KCG complexes, respectively, which serve as selective non‐pH‐dependent barriers against enzyme attack. These complexes also greatly ameliorate the controlled release rates of both vitamins. The low‐charge LMP, with its multiple protein‐ and oil‐binding abilities, exhibits greater synergistic effects than the high‐charge KCG.
LIVER TUMOURS PRODUCED BY SIX ISOMERIC AMINOAZOTOLUENES
Authors: Crabtree H. G. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.Six isomeric amino‐azotoluenes have been fed to different groups of rats and mice, to test the influence of slight changes of chemical structure on carcinogenic activity.Liver damage was produced earlier in mice than rats, but the relative potency of the six isomers was similar for both species. Only two isomers–o: o and o: p‐induced liver tumours in rats and mice, but p: m and m: m were also carcinogenic, in lesser degree, in mice alone.The sequence of histological changes seen in the liver is described and pictured. In rat livers perilobular necrosis was succeeded by regeneration in the necrotic areas with microscopic hepatoma formation at some of these sites, culminating in malignant hepatoma or, occasionally, cholangioma. In mouse livers no preliminary necrosis occurred, but irregularities in cellular pattern and size of nuclei were followed by microscopic hepatoma or pronounced proliferation of bile ducts, with the final emergence of malignant hepatoma or cholangioma, or both.
A PHASE‐CONTRAST MICROSCOPE WITH VARIABLE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE
Authors: Patne B. O. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.A phase‐contrast microscope is described in which the properties of polarized light are employed in order to vary the relative amplitudes and phases of the direct and diffracted beams over a wide range. The two beams, which are plane polarized, have their vibration directions rendered orthogonal by passage through a quartz phase plate. Phase differences are introduced by means of a Soleil‐type compensator and a rotating analyser enables the relative amplitudes to be controlled.
A NOTE ON A METHOD FOR THE RAPID FOCUSING OF ULTRA‐VIOLET REFRACTING MICROSCOPES ON LIVING MATERIAL
Authors: Davies H. G. , Wilkins M. H. F. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.The use of a suitably chosen auxiliary glass lens for focusing a quartz monochromat objective in visible light is described. Focusing is performed with this lens above the objective and on removal the objective is then in focus for one ultraviolet wavelength. The method has been applied to the ultraviolet photomicrography of living tissue culture cells which requires rapid focusing without previous ultraviolet irradiation of the specimen.
A BINOCULAR MAGNIFIER FOR THE ELECTRON‐MICROSCOPE, FOR CRITICAL VIEWING AND FOCUSING OF FINEST STRUCTURES (BACTERIOPHAGE OF B. COLI)
Authors: Merling K. B. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.In order to observe a specimen at high magnifications in the electron‐microscope whilst keeping the instrumental magnification and intensity low, an optical magnifier is used to observe the image on the fluorescent screen. The brightness of the fluorescent screen at various instrumental magnifications and in combination with several optical magnifications is given in a table. A second table shows how the latitude encountered in the electron‐microscope when determining “sharp focus” is compressed by using the optical binocular magnifier at increasing magnifications. When observing finest details at the highest magnifications and taking photographs with the electron‐microscope the findings of the “sharpest focus” with the aid of the binocular magnifier results in the highest resolution becoming both visible and recordable. So far a resolution better than 25° has been obtained.The combination of the highly efficient zinc‐cadmium‐sulphide screen with the binocular magnifier is applied to the study of bacteriophage of Bacterium coli. A number of photographs show the sharpness obtained with the help of this combination and it is possible to follow the mechanism of bacteriophage action and behaviour in finest detail: the moment of entry of one ‘phage body into the bacterial cell, beginning and end stages in the multiplication of bacteriophage, colony formation, and the reaction of bacterial protoplasm during and after lysis.
A CULTURE CHAMBER FOR THE MICROSCOPICAL STUDY OF LIVING BACTERIA WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPORE‐BEARING AEROBES
Authors: Harris Nora K. , Powell E. O. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.The culture chamber described consists essentially of a cellophane membrane on the upper surface of which micro‐organisms are grown. Their nutrient medium is supplied to the under surface of the membrane. The organisms can be studied microscopically by vertical illumination.The gaseous and liquid environment can be changed at will while a single cell or small group is kept under observation. Micromanipulative techniques can be applied.The use of the chamber is exemplified by experiments with members of the genus Bacillus.
HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOE THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Birbeck M. S. C. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.A technique for cutting thin sections for the electron microscope is described. Adequate fixation of the tissue is one of the limiting factors. The tissue is fixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Ester wax, and sectioned on a Cambridge rocking microtome. The technique has been used to examine various normal rat tissues.
XII.—DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TECHNIQUE OF PARTICLE‐SIZE ANALYSIS BY MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION
Authors: Fairs G. Lowrie 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISDevelopments are described in the technique of particle‐size analysis by microscopical examination. The original method, which consisted of matching the particles against a series of calibrated circles on a graticule was applied to the bench microscope. This method is now applied, with considerable reduction in eyestrain, to the projection microscope using a graticule of improved design incorporated in a matte gelatine projection screen. The actual counting operation is carried out on a statistical basis so that the accuracy of the counting can be predetermined and controlled at the same level throughout the size range of any given sample. The question of errors due to the shape of irregular particles is considered and it is concluded that except for extremes of particle shape the shape factor is generally unimportant for particles below 76μ. Preparation of samples for size analysis is discussed, and the use of phase‐contrast illumination and the extension of the size‐analysis technique to the size range covered by the electron microscope is also dealt with.
IV.—THE HYPODERMAL ZONE IN THE TESTA OF CERTAIN LEGUMINOUS SEEDS
Authors: Rowson J. M. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.The structure of the hypodermal “pillar”‐cell layer of the testa has been examined in 15 leguminous species and, for each, the diagnostic characters of the testa, as seen in radial section, have been tabulated and figured.In the following species the “pillar” cells formed a single hypodermal layer: Lotus corniculatus, L. ornithopodioides, L. requienii, L. uliginosus, Dorycnium rectum, Ononis arvensis, Psoralea corylifolia, Ornithopus sativus, and Mucuna urens. No evidence of an intermediate layer of parenchymatous cells lying between the epidermis and the “pillar” cells has been found in these species.The “pillar” cells form a single hypodermal layer in Voandzeia subterranea and Lotus tetragonolobus.In Physostigma venenosum 1–3 layers of thick‐walled transition cells lie between the single layer of “pillar” cells and the inner layers of thin‐walled parenchyma. In Tamarindus indica a similar arrangement is found but there are many layers of transition cells which are either cubical or stellate in shape or are much compressed.Several layers of “pillar” cells form the hypodermal zone in the testa of Anagyris fœtida and of Copaifera salikounda, the cells of the true hypodermal layer being of somewhat greater radial length than are the remaining cells of this zone. In both species the cells below the hypodermal zone are thick‐walled and much compressed dorsiventrally.
IX.—A VECTOR THEORY OF PHASE CONTRAST AND INTERFERENCE CONTRAST
Authors: Barer R. 
Published: November 2011

SynopsisThe study of positive phase contrast commenced in the first paper of this series is continued, with special reference to the optimum characteristics of the phase plate. It is shown that, although it is always possible in theory to make a given object detail appear perfectly black, the construction of special phase plates for this purpose is difficult and not necessarily desirable. The behaviour of a number of phase plates designed to fulfil special conditions is compared with that of standard 90° phase plates and it is shown that the differences are slight, especially when the absorption of the phase plate is moderate or high. The effect of absorption in various phase plates is investigated and it is shown that for plates which introduce a phase change of about 75° the maximum contrast is essentially independent of absorption. This suggests a possible method of measuring phase change in the object.
X.—MICROSCOPICAL DETERMINATIONS OF THE THICKNESS OF HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS
Authors: Brattgård Sven‐Olof 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA theoretical analysis is made of determinations of the thickness of specimens in the microscope, based on Abbe and Berek's formulae. The accuracy of focusing has been stated to amount to one‐fifth of the vertical resolving power. Making full use of the optical system in a Leitz Ortholux microscope, it is calculated to be < ± 0.1μ.The theoretical calculations are verified experimentally. The standard error of the determination of the thickness in the microscope is found experimentally to amount to ±0.16μ,. With a measured thickness of 5μ, the error is thus ±3.2 p.c.Definitions are given of the following terms: depth of focus, depth of field, vertical resolving power, depth of vision, and accuracy of focusing.
REMARKS ON THE POINTOLITE AS A LIGHT‐SOURCE IN MICROSCOPY
Authors: Baker John R. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe Pointolite is a good source of intense illumination for microscopy, provided that a sufficiently powerful bull's‐eye is used to ensure that the image of the tungsten ball covers the aperture of the substage condenser. The bull's‐eye should be of as short a focal length as the size of the glass bulb will allow. A new lamp to carry the Pointolite is described. Careful instructions are given for centring, focusing, and aiming the light.
COMFREY (SYMPHYTUM OFFICIN ALE L.) ROOT; ITS ANATOMY AND ITS DETECTION IN ADMIXTURE WITH CHICORY IN DANDELION COFFEE
Authors: Rowson J. M. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe detailed anatomy of the roots of Symphytum officinale L. is described and figured. The diagnostic microscopical characters which may be used to identify these roots when present in the crushed or powdered condition are: large cork cells, irregular in outline, up to 250μ in tangential width; abundant parenchyma of phelloderm, phloem, and xylem, including medullary rays, of sub‐rectangular cells arranged in radial files and containing mucilage, also starch granules both simple and 2‐ to 4‐ compound; xylem vessels solitary or in groups of 2 or 3 (rarely more than 3), with many rows of bordered pits; corrected vessel number per mm.2 is 40‐56‐85; absence of calcium oxalate crystals, laticiferous tissue and lignified elements other than vessels. The diagnostic features which enable the roots of dandelion and of chicory to be distinguished from that of comfrey when in admixture are tabulated. A method for the quantitative examination of dandelion coffee is described. Nine commercial samples of dandelion coffee were found to contain between 50 p.c. and 80 p.c. of roasted dandelion root: each sample contained roasted comfrey root and some also contained roasted chicory root. Such material was not considered to be of the nature, substance, and quality of dandelion coffee, which earlier workers have regarded as composed of pure roasted dandelion root.