bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different evolutionary histories underlie congruent species richness gradients of birds and mammals
Authors: Hawkins Bradford A. , McCain Christy M. , Davies T. Jonathan , Buckley Lauren B. , Anacker Brian L. , Cornell Howard V. , Damschen Ellen I. , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Harrison Susan , Holt Robert D. , Kraft Nathan J. B. , Stephens Patrick R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim  The global species richness patterns of birds and mammals are strongly congruent. This could reflect similar evolutionary responses to the Earth’s history, shared responses to current climatic conditions, or both. We compare the geographical and phylogenetic structures of both richness gradients to evaluate these possibilities.Location  Global.Methods  Gridded bird and mammal distribution databases were used to compare their species richness gradients with the current environment. Phylogenetic trees (resolved to family for birds and to species for mammals) were used to examine underlying phylogenetic structures. Our first prediction is that both groups have responded to the same climatic gradients. Our phylogenetic predictions include: (1) that both groups have similar geographical patterns of mean root distance, a measure of the level of the evolutionary development of faunas, and, more directly, (2) that richness patterns of basal and derived clades will differ, with richness peaking in the tropics for basal clades and in the extra‐tropics for derived clades, and that this difference will hold for both birds and mammals. We also explore whether alternative taxonomic treatments for mammals can generate patterns matching those of birds.Results  Both richness gradients are associated with the same current environmental gradients. In contrast, neither of our evolutionary predictions is met: the gradients have different phylogenetic structures, and the richness of birds in the lowland tropics is dominated by many basal species from many basal groups, whereas mammal richness is attributable to many species from both few basal groups and many derived groups. Phylogenetic incongruence is robust to taxonomic delineations for mammals.Main conclusions  Contemporary climate can force multiple groups into similar diversity patterns even when evolutionary trajectories differ. Thus, as widely appreciated, our understanding of biodiversity must consider responses to both past and present climates, and our results are consistent with predictions that future climate change will cause major, correlated changes in patterns of diversity across multiple groups irrespective of their evolutionary histories.
Dispersal limitation is stronger in communities of microorganisms than macroorganisms across Central European cities
Authors: Chytrý Milan , Lososová Zdeňka , Horsák Michal , Uher Bohuslav , Čejka Tomáš , Danihelka Jiří , Fajmon Karel , Hájek Ondřej , Juřičková Lucie , Kintrová Kateřina , Láníková Deana , Otýpková Zdenka , Řehořek Vladimír , Tichý Lubomír 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim  It is generally believed that communities of small organisms, or those with small propagules, are structured mainly by local niche‐based processes, and less by dispersal limitation. Conversely, weaker environmental and stronger spatial structure, indicating dispersal limitation, are expected to occur more frequently in communities of large organisms. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested by comparing spatial and environmental effects across groups of organisms of different size (or with different size of propagules) sampled at the same set of sites. Here, we test it in urban environments.Location  Thirty‐two cities in 10 countries of Central Europe and Benelux.Methods  We compared effects of spatial location and climate on species composition of different groups of organisms sampled in corresponding types of urban habitats. The studied groups were: (1) subaerial cyanobacteria and algae, (2) vascular plants, (3) land snails; and subgroups of vascular plants with different life form and dispersal mode, namely: (4) herbs, (5) animal‐dispersed trees and shrubs, and (6) wind‐dispersed trees and shrubs. Data were analysed by variation partitioning based on redundancy analysis (RDA) with principal coordinates of neighbour matrices (PCNM). Eighteen PCNM eigenvectors (expressing spatial effects) and mean annual temperature, July–January temperature difference and annual precipitation sum (expressing environmental effects) were used as explanatory variables.Results  Pure effects of climate on species composition, indicating niche‐based processes, were not significant for any group or subgroup of the studied organisms. In contrast, pure effects of space, indicating dispersal limitation, were significant for all groups and subgroups except herbs. Surprisingly, the community of cyanobacteria/algae possessed much stronger spatial structure independent of climate than communities of larger organisms, although cyanobacteria/algae had the lowest beta diversity among the studied cities.Main conclusions  We hypothesize that the community of subaerial cyanobacteria/algae is structured by natural processes which involve dispersal limitation, whereas communities of urban plants and snails are influenced by human‐assisted dispersal of their propagules between cities, which results in weaker dispersal limitation. Our study indicates that dispersal vectors can be more important for community structure than size of organisms or of their propagules.
Rehabilitation between institutional and non‐institutional forensic psychiatric care: important influences on the transition process
Authors: GUSTAFSSON E. , HOLM M. , FLENSNER G. 
Published: December 2011

Accessible summary
All patients cared for in Forensic Psychiatric Care (FPC) have some kind of psychiatric disorder and most of them have committed one or more criminal acts. In addition, several of the patients have alcohol and drug problems.
During the stay in institutional FPC, one part of the rehabilitation program is to prepare the patient for non‐institutional FPC. However, several patients fail with the rehabilitation.
This study focuses important aspects that influence the patients' ability to manage their rehabilitation through admission to non‐institutional FPC, viewed from different caregivers' perspective.
The transition is influenced by a well‐planned care plan, together with a suitable non‐institutional dwelling and a tailored occupation. A major barrier for successful admission was whether the patients managed their own finances or not. Other important areas were having a well‐functioning and trusting social network and a good relationship with a contact person.
AbstractAll patients cared for in forensic psychiatric care (FPC) have some kind of psychiatric disorder and most of them have committed one or more criminal acts. One part of the patient's rehabilitation is the transition from institutional to non‐institutional FPC, but a number of patients do not succeed. The aim of this study was to elucidate different caregivers' experiences of aspects that influence the patients' ability to manage this rehabilitation. A qualitative approach was chosen. Data were collected by interviews in two focus groups, each group comprising of six caregivers representing both institutional and non‐institutional FPC. The transcribed interviews were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. Important aspects influencing the patients' transition described were a well‐planned care plan, together with a suitable non‐institutional dwelling and a tailored occupation. Other important areas were having a well‐functioning and trusting social network and a good relationship with a contact person/advocate. A major barrier to a successful transition was whether the patients managed their own finances or not. It was stated that it is important that the patients participate in the care and that different authorities create individual conditions and flexible solutions. All of these factors are important to focus on when caring for patients during their stay in the institutional FPC.
Outcomes in 11 patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treated with Mohs micrographic surgery
Authors: Galimberti Gastón , Montaño Anahí Pontón , Kowalczuk Alicia , Ferrario Damian , Galimberti Ricardo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground  Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon intermediate‐grade fibrohistiocytic sarcoma. It occurs most often in adults aged 20–50 years and is associated with local invasion and a high recurrence rate. Uncontrolled local disease or metastases may result in death. Treatment has involved wide excision, Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and other approaches. The purpose of the current study was to review our experience with MMS in the treatment of patients with DFSP over the past six years.Methods  We carried out a retrospective chart review for all patients treated with MMS at the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires during a six‐year period to October 2009. Patient data included age and sex, site, and prior surgical treatment (if any) of the tumor and details of the Mohs procedure.Results  Eleven patients were treated for DFSP. Four (36.4%) patients had been previously treated with a standard wide excision. Three (27.3%) of the 11 tumors were located on the back, four (36.4%) on the upper extremity, one (9.1%) on the lower extremity, and three (27.3%) on the trunk. Mean lesion size at presentation was 5.16 cm2, and mean defect size was 12.65 cm2, yielding a difference of 7.49 cm2 and a ratio (defect size/lesion size) of 2.45. No tumors recurred after MMS.Conclusions  The recurrence potential of DFSP is directly related to the extent of resection. Mohs micrographic surgery with continuous histological margin control allows for maximum tissue preservation and low recurrence rates and is rapidly emerging as a first‐line treatment modality for this condition.
Spectrum of autoimmune bullous diseases in Iran: a 10‐year review
Authors: Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Chams‐Davatchi Cheyda , Payandemehr Pooya , Nassiri Saman , Valikhani Mahin , Safai‐Naraghi Zahra 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground  Autoimmune bullous diseases (ABDs) are potentially devastating bullous dermatoses of the skin and mucosae characterized by the presence of tissue‐bound and circulating antibodies directed against disease‐specific target antigens. These diseases comprise two major subgroups of subepidermal autoimmune bullous disorders and pemphigus, based on the level of blister formation. Although they occur worldwide, the relative frequencies of different ABDs show wide geographical variation. Most epidemiological studies on ABDs have focused on single diseases or a group of diseases; published surveys studying the whole spectrum of diseases are scarce.Objectives  This study aimed to assess the relative frequencies of different ABDs in patients presenting to the Bullous Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran.Methods  Medical files for all newly diagnosed patients with ABD presenting to the Center between March 1997 and February 2006 were examined. Patients with dermatitis herpetiformis were not included.Results  A total of 1402 patients were diagnosed with ABD during the study period. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) was the most common ABD (81.2%), followed by bullous pemphigoid (BP) (11.6%), pemphigus foliaceus (PF) (4.4%), pemphigoid gestationis (0.7%), mucous membrane pemphigoid (0.7%), epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (0.5%), linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) disease (0.4%), paraneoplastic pemphigus (0.2%), IgA pemphigus (0.2%), and pemphigus erythematosus (0.1%). The mean age at diagnosis and male : female ratio were 43.4 years and 1 : 1.39, 42.2 years and 1 : 1.34, and 59.4 years and 1 : 1.36 for PV, BP, and PF, respectively.Conclusions  Pemphigus vulgaris was the most frequent ABD according to our study; cases of PV outnumbered those of BP by a ratio of almost 8 : 1. This finding contrasts with those of studies conducted in Western European countries, in which BP predominates. There was a female predominance in most subtypes of ABD. Mean age at onset of PV and BP was lower than in Europe. In view of its large population of PV patients, Iran should be considered a suitable field for future clinical trials.
Abnormal pre‐operative tests, pathologic findings of medical history, and their predictive value for perioperative complications
Authors: FRITSCH G. , FLAMM M. , HEPNER D. L. , PANISCH S. , SEER J. , SOENNICHSEN A. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundLaboratory tests, electrocardiogram (ECG) and chest X‐rays still serve as part of the routine assessment before elective surgery in many institutions, even though there is little evidence of their predictive value relating to perioperative complications. This study investigates the correlation of abnormal findings in pre‐operative tests and pathologic findings in the medical history with perioperative complications.MethodsPatients scheduled for elective surgery in a secondary care hospital were included in this prospective cohort study. Abnormal pre‐operative tests, significant findings from the medical history and perioperative complications were recorded. Regression analysis was performed in order to identify the strongest predictors for perioperative complications.ResultsA total of 1363 (56.1% female) patients were consecutively included in this study. The percentage of abnormalities in pre‐operative tests ranged from 1.6% (electrolytes) and 29.7% (echocardiography). Eighty‐six (6.3%) patients had at least one perioperative complication. The most frequent complications were hypo‐ or hypertension in 55 cases (4.0%), followed by 20 patients (1.5%) who suffered from hemodynamically relevant cardiac dysrhythmias such as supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, bradycardia and ventricular extrasystoles. The binary logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of perioperative complications showed significant results for age, invasiveness of the procedure, history of renal disease or anemia and abnormal ECG.ConclusionOur results indicate that age, type of surgery and medical history are appropriate predictors of perioperative complications, whereas abnormalities in laboratory tests seem to have restricted ability in predicting adverse perioperative outcome.
Overexpression of arginase in Arabidopsis thaliana influences defence responses against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Brauc S. , De Vooght E. , Claeys M. , Geuns J. M. C. , Höfte M. , Angenon G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractArabidopsis possesses two arginase‐encoding genes, ARGAH1 and ARGAH2, catalysing the catabolism of arginine into ornithine and urea. Arginine and ornithine are both precursors for polyamine biosynthetic pathways. We observed an accumulation of ARGAH2 mRNA in Arabidopsis upon inoculation with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Transgenic lines displaying either overexpression of ARGAH2 or simultaneous silencing of both Arabidopsis arginase‐encoding genes were created and their resistance to B. cinerea infection evaluated. Overexpression of arginase resulted in changes in amino acid accumulation, while polyamine levels remained largely unaffected. Silencing lines were affected in both amino acid and putrescine accumulation. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the arginase gene were less susceptible to B. cinerea, whereas silencing lines remained as susceptible as the wild type. We discuss how arginase might interact with plant defence mechanisms. These results provide new insights into amino acid metabolic changes under stress.
Pollinator attraction of the wasp‐flower Scrophularia umbrosa (Scrophulariaceae)
Authors: Brodmann J. , Emer D. , Ayasse M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCertain species of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae), such as S. nodosa and S. umbrosa, are mainly pollinated by social wasps and are consequently described as wasp‐flowers. Because plants attract their pollinators with the help of various floral cues, such as floral odour and/or optical cues, we have investigated the role of olfactory and visual floral signals responsible for wasp attraction in S. umbrosa. Using a combination of chemical (GC, GC‐MS) and electrophysiological analyses (GC‐EAD), we identified ten compounds in the complex floral odour bouquet that are detectable by the wasps’ antennae. As in the wasp‐flower Epipactis helleborine, we found so‐called ‘green leaf volatiles’ (GLVs) in the floral odour; these GLVs are highly attractive to the wasps. GLVs, mostly six‐carbon aldehydes, alcohols and acetates, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are emitted by many plants infested with herbivores, e.g. caterpillars. In contrast to other investigated wasp‐flowers, behavioural experiments have demonstrated that, in addition to the floral odour of S. umbrosa, visual cues are involved in pollinator attraction.
Genetic analyses of new movement traits using detailed evaluations of warmblood foals and mares
Authors: Becker A.‐C. , Stock K.F. , Distl O. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryDetailed movement evaluations of warmblood foals and mares were performed in connection with regular breeding events of the Oldenburg horse breeding societies in 2009 and 2010. Unfavourable movement characteristics considered indicative for impaired balance were noted by a special judge (SJ) and the regular judges of the breeding events (RJ) and served as the basis for definition of new movement traits. Detailed movement information on 3374 foals and 2844 mares showed that more severe findings like irregular motion pattern in hind legs or irregularity in general motion pattern occurred only sporadically (prevalences of 1–2%). Irregular tail tone or posture was documented for 4% of the foals and 5% of the mares, resulting in prevalences of the comprehensive trait indications of imbalance (IMB) of 6.2% (foals) and 5.5% (mares). Binary coding was used for all traits, and genetic parameters were estimated bivariately in linear animal models with residual maximum likelihood. Comparative analyses between judges revealed that differences between trait definitions of SJ and RJ were larger in the mares than in the foals, but justified combined use of SJ and RJ information in both age groups. Heritability estimates for the movement traits ranged on the original scale from 0.02 to 0.26 in the foals and from 0.03 to 0.12 in the mares, with heritabilities for IMB on the underlying liability scale of 0.46 (foals) and 0.22 (mares). Comparative analyses between age groups indicated that common genetic factors may be responsible for findings of impaired balance in foals and mares. The results implied that horse breeding may benefit from using the early available information on the movement of foals obtained by detailed movement evaluations, although favourable combination of foal and mare data in future genetic evaluations may require refined recording of unfavourable movement characteristics in the adult horses.
The anterior superior parietal lobule and its interactions with language and motor areas during writing
Authors: Segal Emily , Petrides Michael 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPast neuroimaging studies of writing demonstrate activation foci in several regions of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The present study aimed to dissociate the role of the superior parietal lobule (SPL) from the other PPC regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional connectivity. First, parametric event‐related fMRI permitted the categorical comparison of experimental writing conditions with control conditions that were carefully chosen to match the experimental conditions in terms of variables extraneous to the motor act of writing, such as visual stimulus characteristics, and generating and retrieving verbal information. A selective focus of increased activation in the PPC restricted to the rostral part of the SPL (area PE) in the left hemisphere was demonstrated. Subsequently, functional connectivity analysis showed that area PE flexibly interacts with different language areas depending on the linguistic demands of the writing task. Activity in area PE correlates with the left angular gyrus, a region implicated in reading, when the writing is in response to words that are read; in sharp contrast, when the writing is in response to pictured objects, then area PE correlates with the supramarginal gyrus, a region involved in the articulatory and phonological loop, as well as with prefrontal regions that are involved in the retrieval and selection of semantic information. The results suggest that area PE serves as a critical interface between posterior cortical regions in the left hemisphere involved in language processing and the central motor and sensory regions that are directly involved in the control of movement.
Aphids in a changing world: testing the plant stress, plant vigour and pulsed stress hypotheses
Authors: Tariq Muhammad , Wright Denis J. , Rossiter John T. , Staley Joanna T. 
Published: December 2011

The plant stress, plant vigour and pulsed stress hypotheses describe the relationships between drought stress, plant quality and herbivore performance. We used an aphid‐Brassica system to test these hypotheses under different drought treatments.
The quantity of water added per plant/week was 75%, 50% and 25% of the control (unstressed) water regime for low, medium and high drought stress, respectively, and 50% applied fortnightly for pulsed drought stress. The performance of a ‘senescence’ (generalist) and a ‘flush’ feeder (specialist) aphid species and host plant quality were assessed.
Drought treatments had a similar effect on the fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase of both aphid species. Aphid performance on unstressed and highly drought‐stressed plants was significantly lower compared with medium drought stress. On average, 20% greater fecundity and 40% greater intrinsic rates of increase were recorded for both aphid species at medium drought stress compared with unstressed plants.
Plant biomass and relative water contents were significantly greater for unstressed plants compared with high and pulsed drought treatments. Foliar nitrogen concentration was significantly greater in the high drought stress and pulsed treatments, and the dominant glucosinolate (glucobrassicin) concentration was significantly greater in drought stress treatments.
The present study supports the plant stress hypothesis, although the plant vigour and pulsed stress hypotheses are not supported by our data. The implications of these findings for plant–herbivore interactions under changing environmental conditions are discussed.