bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐Term Response of Land Birds to Ponderosa Pine Restoration
Authors: Gaines William L. , Haggard Maryellen , Lehmkuhl John F. , Lyons Andrea L. , Harrod Richy J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe monitored the short‐term (>3 years) response of land birds to forest restoration treatments in Ponderosa pine forests located on the east slope of the North Cascade Range. Restoration treatments were designed to create stand structure and composition similar to pre‐settlement forests, which were influenced by a frequent fire regime. Overall, avian community composition was changed as a result of the treatments. Cassin’s Finch, Chipping Sparrow, and Yellow‐rumped Warbler were found at higher densities in treated stands, whereas Mountain Chickadee, Western Tanager, and Red‐breasted Nuthatch had higher densities in untreated stands. White‐headed Woodpecker and Western Bluebird were only detected in the treated stands. Brown‐headed Cowbird showed no response to treatments. We detected changes in the density of four of five foraging guilds in response to restoration treatments. Tree seedeaters, low understory and ground insectivores, and aerial insectivores all increased in density in treated stands. Overall, bark insectivores showed no density response to treatments. Tree foliage insectivore density was lower in treated than in untreated stands. Overall avian density, density of neotropical migrants, and density of some focal species were higher in treated stands. Monitoring should be continued to understand the longer‐term (5–10 year) responses of land birds and to guide future forest restoration efforts.
Vegetation Control Treatments to Favor Naturally RegeneratedBetula alleghaniensisSaplings Following Seed‐Tree Cut: Sapling Monitoring Two Years after Treatment
Authors: Bouffard Daniel , Nolet Philippe , Delagrange Sylvain , Lorenzetti François , Yamasaki Stephen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractControl of competing vegetation is recommended to ensure successful Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensisBritton) regeneration within juvenile stands that do not sustain high enough sapling densities of this species. Four contrasting vegetation control treatments were tested to determine their effect on the growth and vigor of eight‐year‐oldB. alleghaniensissaplings regenerating after final cutting of a shelterwood seed cut. Vegetation control treatments were TC (total circular removal), PC (circular removal of codominant competing vegetation), TS (total semicircular removal on 180° section), and NC (no vegetation control). Two years after treatment application, diameter growth significantly improved in response to vegetation control treatments, whereas sapling height growth did not. This pattern of biomass allocation was directly related to sapling etiolation, which increased with decreasing severity of vegetation removal. As a result, application of vegetation control, especially TC and PC treatments, was valuable in reducing signs of stress in saplings. However, increasing the severity of vegetation removal also made saplings more conspicuous to herbivores, which increased browsing, especially in the TC and PC treatments. Browsing was sufficient in some plots of the TC and PC treatments to overcome the vigor and diameter growth enhancements observed when browsing was negligible. In contrast to the TC and PC treatments, the TS treatment kept browsing very low while largely removing competition. The results suggest thatB. alleghaniensissaplings established after final cutting of a shelterwood seed cut do take advantage of vegetation control treatments, but the decision to apply these treatments must include consideration of local herbivore population densities.
Polytrichum strictum as a Nurse‐Plant in Peatland Restoration
Authors: Groeneveld Elisabeth V. G. , Massé Ariane , Rochefort Line 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Polytrichum strictum is a pioneer plant frequently found on bare peat substrate after perturbations (fire, peat extraction). Can this moss facilitate the return of Sphagnum species or other boreal plants after disturbances? Field surveys of abandoned peatlands after peat extraction revealed that Sphagnum was always found in association with P. strictum carpets. We conducted field experiments in abandoned peatlands and showed that P. strictum carpets were able to keep Sphagnum fragments more humid than bare peat but only when the P. strictum carpets were not totally bone dry. In general, daytime temperatures beneath P. strictum carpets and fragments were reduced during the day and increased during the night compared to bare peat. Polytrichum strictum carpets acted as a seed trap, retaining more artificial seeds than bare peat. Polytrichum strictum can be a nurse‐plant: after 16 months, vascular plants transplanted in the P. strictum carpet were healthier than the ones planted on bare peat. The use of P. strictum as a nurse‐plant in boreal forest or peatland restoration is recommended for sites prone to frost heaving and with harsh microclimatic conditions.
Alcoa’s Mining and Restoration Process in South Western Australia
Authors: Koch John M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper describes the sequence of Alcoa’s bauxite mining and restoration operations in Western Australia, commencing with pre‐mining surveys and geological exploration through to the preparation and extraction of the bauxite ore, the restoration process, and then monitoring. These methods have changed continually since operations commenced in 1963 as knowledge improved; however, this paper only describes the current procedures.
Restoring Jarrah Forest Trees after Bauxite Mining in Western Australia
Authors: Koch John M. , Samsa Glen P. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The overstory of the jarrah forest is dominated by Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) with a smaller proportion of Marri (Corymbia calophylla). There are also several smaller tree species in the areas where Alcoa mines. Alcoa’s restoration aims to restore all these species at densities similar to the unmined forest. This paper describes the establishment, survival, and growth of these trees with particular focus on Jarrah. Factors affecting the growth and form of Jarrah are also discussed. Establishment of Jarrah from seed in restored sites is variable (mean 10%), and once established, survival is high over two summer droughts (96%) and still high (mean 83%) after about a decade regardless of the presence of the Jarrah dieback disease Phytophthora cinnamomi. High establishment densities (10,000 stems/ha) show mortality rates of 22% after a decade. Growth rates of Jarrah trees are high (1.5–2.7 m2·ha−1·yr−1 basal area), similar to tree growth in unmined forest following clear‐fell operations. Jarrah responds to both N and P fertilizers when very young but the response to early N application is not significant after approximately one decade. Between one‐ and two‐thirds of Jarrahs established from seed grow into saplings, but this proportion decreases with increasing tree density. Closer tree spacing results in more single‐stemmed Jarrah trees at the expense of growth. Tree seed used for restoration should be sourced from northern Jarrah forest areas with similar soil type and rainfall. Seed from outlier populations and coastal plain vegetation types should not be used.
Development of a Winged Tine to Relieve Mining‐Related Soil Compaction after Bauxite Mining in Western Australia
Authors: Croton James T. , Ainsworth Glen L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Deep ripping, using a conventional chisel‐tine to a nominal depth of 1.4 m, was introduced to Alcoa’s operations on the Darling Plateau in 1969 following windthrow of a number of trees. Although research into mine floor compaction showed that this ripping depth was sufficient to remove the mining compaction, tillage studies showed that plastic failure around the point of a conventional tine ripping to this depth was actually adding to deep compaction rather than removing it. To improve tillage at depth, wing‐like structures were attached to the shank of a conventional chisel‐tine directly behind the point. These wings lift and till the soil across a broad front. Wingspans between 0.75 and 1.8 m were tested, and a final design of 1.8‐m wingspan adopted for ripping during the 1980s and 1990s. Availability of suitable steels in the late 1990s allowed the winged tines to be fabricated from scratch, enabling the fitting of wear plates to almost completely eliminate shank wear and breakage problems, though these additions have resulted in some loss of tillage efficiency. Modification of the bulldozer ripping box is highly desirable for ripper design to be improved further, particularly to overcome lateral sliding when contour ripping is undertaken on steep slopes. An alternative is to divide the ripping process in two: a pre‐rip up and down the slope followed by shallow ripping on contour. A two‐step ripping process is now being used at Alcoa’s Western Australian bauxite mines.
Root Architecture of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) Trees in Relation to Post‐Mining Deep Ripping in Western Australia
Authors: Szota Christopher , Veneklaas Erik J. , Koch John M. , Lambers Hans 
Published: August 2010

Abstract This research aimed to investigate coarse root systems of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) trees at a 13‐year‐old restored bauxite mine site in south‐western Australia. Excavations in an area with small trees (low‐quality site) revealed that deep ripping equipment failed to penetrate the cemented lateritic subsoil, restricting coarse roots (roots >5 mm in diameter) to the top 0.5 m of the soil profile, resulting in fewer (1,344 stems/ha) and smaller (mean height 4.5 m) Jarrah trees. An adjacent area within the same pit (high‐quality site), with a stand density of 3,256 stems/ha and a mean height of 8.0 m, had a kaolinitic clay subsoil which coarse roots penetrated to the average ripping depth (1.5 m). Trees at the low‐quality site did not penetrate the subsoil with their taproot, relying instead on a large number of lateral (5.3–8.0/tree) and sinker (12.0–16.5/tree) roots. Taproots of trees on crests at the high‐quality site also did not penetrate the subsoil, and in contrast to trees at the low‐quality site, they produced fewer lateral and sinker roots (2.3 and 2.0/tree, respectively). Taproots of trees in riplines at the high‐quality site directly penetrated the ripline and these trees also produced fewer lateral and sinker roots (5.0 and 3.7/tree, respectively) than those at the low‐quality site. Jarrah trees appear to have opportunistic root systems capable of responding to a variety of soil conditions encountered in the post‐mining landscape.
Beneficial Soil Microorganisms of the Jarrah Forest and Their Recovery in Bauxite Mine Restoration in Southwestern Australia
Authors: Jasper David A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Beneficial soil microorganisms are integral to nutrient availability and uptake for plants in restoration. They include mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen‐fixing bacteria, together with the soil microbial populations which contribute to nutrient availability. Around 70% of jarrah forest plant species form arbuscular mycorrhizas, and approximately a quarter also form ectomycorrhizas. Many are also legumes. In addition, around 70 orchid species depend on mycorrhizal symbioses. Therefore, symbiotic soil microorganisms are important in the ecosystem. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi recover to pre‐mining levels in bauxite restoration in five years. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are poorly adapted to disturbance; however, they are able to reinvade through wind‐blown spores. The density of ectomycorrhizal fungi has been found to be equivalent in seven‐year‐old restoration and adjacent forest, but both abundance and diversity are correlated with development of a litter layer. Fortunately, rhizobia are known to be tolerant of soil disturbance, and failure of N‐fixation by legumes has not been reported in restoration. Other N‐fixing symbioses, such as between Allocasuarina and Frankia or Macrozamia and Nostoc, have not been investigated in restored mines. Soil microbial biomass C achieves near equivalence after about eight years and appears to be driven by vegetation productivity and related inputs of C into the soil. There is little field evidence that the absence, or very low levels, of soil microbial symbionts will have a substantial impact on plant growth in restoration. Therefore, deliberate reintroduction of these microorganisms does not appear justified. However, soil management to enhance the survival of soil biological components is recommended.
Cryoablation versus Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia: Patient Pain Perception and Operator Stress
Authors: CHAN NGAI YIN , CHOY CHI CHUNG , LAU CHUN LEUNG , LO YING KEUNG , CHU PUI SHAN , YUEN HO CHUEN , CHOI YUEN CHOI , LAU SUET TING 
Published: August 2010

Background: Cryoablation (CRYO) is an alternative to radiofrequency (RF) ablation in the treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). This study aims to evaluate the differences in patient pain perception and operator stress between CRYO and RF ablation in the treatment of AVNRT.
Methods: Patients with supraventricular tachycardia underwent electrophysiology study. Twenty patients (eight males, age 46.5 ± 12.5 years) diagnosed with AVNRT were randomized to receive CRYO (11) with a 6‐mm‐tip catheter or RF (nine) with a 4‐mm‐tip catheter. Patients’ pain perception and operator stress were assessed with a visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 to 10 at the end of procedure.
Results: There was no significant difference in acute procedural success (CRYO 100% vs RF 89%, P = 0.257). There was no complication of permanent atrioventricular block in either group. The number of energy applications was significantly higher in the CRYO group (2.8 ± 1.2 vs 1.6 ± 0.9, P = 0.02). The fluoroscopic time was significantly reduced in the CRYO group (6.0 ± 4.9 vs 10.9 ± 5.4 minutes, P = 0.049) with no difference in procedure time (CRYO 49.3 ± 12.5 vs RF 54.5 ± 17.0 minutes, P = 0.462). Patients in the CRYO group experienced significantly less pain than patients in the RF group (VAS 2.3 ± 2.8 vs 5.4 ± 3.4, P = 0.024). The operator also experienced significantly less stress during CRYO than RF (VAS 1.9 ± 0.8 vs 6.2 ± 1.6, P < 0.001). There was no recurrence in both groups at 6‐month follow‐up.
Conclusions: CRYO, as compared with RF, produces less pain in patients and less stress in operator in the treatment of AVNRT. (PACE 2011; 2–7)
Gender differences in marketing styles
Authors: Cunningham Lewis T. , Brorsen B. Wade , Anderson Kim B. , Tostão Emílio 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRecent research has found that men trade stocks more frequently than women and receive a lower price as a result. The behavioral finance literature attributes this greater trading activity to men's overconfidence. Women's lack of overconfidence and past agricultural economics research suggest the possibility that women may be better at marketing grain than men. This article uses actual transactions of farmers marketing wheat and also finds that men trade more often than women. Women also sell two weeks later in the marketing year. There is no direct effect of gender on price received, but by storing longer women receive 1.4 cents/bushel less than men, on average. In contrast to the arguments in previous research, we argue that men's greater number of trades can be better explained by men enjoying trading rather than by overconfidence.
The impact of droughts and floods on food security and policy options to alleviate negative effects
Authors: Devereux Stephen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article introduces an analytical framework for understanding the impacts of droughts and floods on rural livelihoods, based on Sen's “entitlement approach,” and applies the framework to the recent food crises in Malawi. Weather shocks trigger a sequence of “entitlement failures,” which can result in a famine unless public action intervenes to mitigate these impacts. Policy responses can compensate for failures of production‐based entitlement (free or subsidized input distribution); labor‐based entitlement (public works programs or “employment‐based safety nets”); trade‐based entitlement (grain reserve management or food pricing policies); and transfer‐based entitlement (food aid or cash transfers).
The Doha agenda and agricultural trade reform: the role of economic analysis
Authors: Martin Will , Anderson Kym 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article shows that research on international agricultural trade reform can make much greater contributions to understanding than was feasible in earlier trade negotiations. While current models typically estimate gains of less than 1% of GDP, new developments in theory and methodology provide the potential for quantitative analysis to be improved in at least six areas: measurement of protection for goods; incorporation of barriers to foreign trade and investment in services; representation of the counterfactual; disaggregation of products and regions; incorporation of new products; and inclusion of the productivity enhancement associated with trade reform.
Food safety in a globalizing world: opportunities and challenges for India
Authors: Umali‐Deininger Dina , Sur Mona 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRising incomes and urbanization, increasing consumer awareness prompted by widely publicized food safety crises, and an expansion in agricultural exports have been important drivers for the increased attention to food safety in India. But the development of effective food safety systems is hampered by a number of factors: restrictive government marketing regulations, a weak policy and regulatory framework for food safety, inadequate enforcement of existing standards, poor market infrastructure and agricultural support services, and the predominance of small farms. Addressing food safety concerns in India is likely to require adoption of appropriate legislation; strengthening capacity to enforce rules; promoting adoption of good agricultural, manufacturing, and hygiene practices; greater collective action; and some targeted investments. Joint efforts by the government and the private sector are needed to implement these actions.
Rural nonfarm employment in developing countries in an era of globalization
Authors: Reardon Thomas , Stamoulis Kostas , Pingali Prabhu 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRural nonfarm employment (RNFE) has become a topic of major importance in rural development, as by the mid 2000s, RNFE constituted 35% of rural incomes in Africa and 50% in both Asia and Latin America. The traditional view of RNFE was a sleepy hinterland activity cut off from changes in the national, let alone the global economy. That view was assailed by sweeping changes in rural areas starting with the Green Revolution, then rur‐urbanization, and lately, by globalization intervening via both trade and modernization of the national economy including the rise of modern retail and processing. In this article, we hypothesize and offer emerging evidence that the strongest and most positive effects on RNFE of globalization come in the zones that are rur‐urbanized, with a tradeables growth‐motor induced RNFE sector with clusters of small/medium enterprises for manufactures, and a preponderance of services. Surprisingly, the trade effects are least and the domestic market transformation effects are the strongest. The most challenges are posed for zones that are rur‐urbanized and dense zone RNFE with low‐moderate local growth motors. The least effects are on hinterland zones. The policy implications are to promote tradeables growth motors (key to creating RNFE in services, the major component of RNFE), and to incorporate “competitiveness”—in a changing urban and global economy—into RNFE promotion.
The nutrition transition in high‐ and low‐income countries: what are the policy lessons?
Authors: Popkin Barry , Ng Shu Wen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article examines the speed of changes in diets, activity patterns, and body composition, summarizes major dietary changes, and provides some sense of the way the burden of obesity is shifting from the rich to the poor globally. The focus is on the lower‐ and middle‐income world with some examples from higher‐income countries. Then macro policy options are examined. A case study of edible oil pricing in China is presented. The challenge is for the agricultural economics profession to focus on this major global issue—one which challenges some of the earlier paradigms of food policy and agricultural development.
Productivity in Malagasy rice systems: wealth‐differentiated constraints and priorities
Authors: Minten Bart , Randrianarisoa Jean‐Claude , Barrett Christopher B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study explores the constraints on agricultural productivity and priorities in boosting productivity in rice, the main staple in Madagascar, using a range of different data sets and analytical methods, integrating qualitative assessments by farmers and quantitative evidence from panel data production function analysis and willingness‐to‐pay estimates for chemical fertilizer. Nationwide, farmers seek primarily labor productivity enhancing interventions, e.g., improved access to agricultural equipment, cattle, and irrigation. Shock mitigation measures, land productivity increasing technologies, and improved land tenure are reported to be much less important. Research and interventions aimed at reducing costs and price volatility within the fertilizer supply chain might help at least the more accessible regions to more readily adopt chemical fertilizer.
Economic statistics and U.S. agricultural policy
Authors: Gardner Bruce , Goodwin Barry , Ahearn Mary 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEconomic statistics can be used to inform policy as it is being designed, avoid policy design mistakes, or implement government programs once they are established into law. Oftentimes, statistics are used for all three purposes. This article considers the relationships between statistics and agricultural policy in the case of the United States. We address first the broad historical picture of U.S. official economic statistics concerning agriculture, and then turn to selected examples that relate policies to economic statistics in more detail. The examples show diversity in the interplay between statistics and policy. Over time, policymakers have asked for more detailed information about the financial situation of individual farm businesses and households, sources of risk in farm returns, and production practices that affect the environment.
Income distributional effects of using market‐based instruments for managing common property resources
Authors: Msangi Siwa , Howitt Richard E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this article, the authors show the trade‐offs between efficiency and equity that arise from the application of market‐based instruments to a heterogenous population of agents drawing from a natural resource pool. Using the example of groundwater, they find that there are overall losses in allocative efficiency when the centralized planner is constrained by equity considerations, and that the distribution of gains or losses to management becomes skewed asymmetrically across agents. These results demonstrate the importance of considering both efficiency gains and disparities in distributional inequity, when designing policy instruments that create winners and losers with potentially serious sociopolitical ramifications.