bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Hydrocarbon Electron‐Impact Ionization Cross Section Measurements for Magnetic Fusion
Authors: Huber S. E. , Seebacher J. , Kendl A. , Reiter D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPartial ionization cross section experiments have been carried out recently at the University of Innsbruck for three types of hydrocarbons, i.e. acetylene, ethylene and propene. Cross section data fits are generated and compared to the compilation of earlier experimental data summarized in the online database HYDKIN [www.hydkin.de]. New data fits are brought into a suitable form to be incorporated into the database. In order to illuminate underlying dissociation mechanisms the energy dependence of branching ratios above energies of 20 –30 eV is reviewed in light of the present results (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrochemical Patterning of Palladium Nanoparticles on a Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Platform and Its Application to Glucose Detection
Authors: Pham Xuan‐Hung , Ngoc Bui Minh‐Phuong , Li Cheng Ai , Han Kwi Nam , Seong Gi Hun 
Published: July 2011

AbstractArrays of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were fabricated on flexible single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films, and the fabricated Pd NPs/SWCNT films were employed as electrodes for electrochemical glucose detection. Palladium particles with an average diameter of 20–40 nm were distributed homogeneously on the SWCNT film. The Pd NPs/SWCNT electrode displayed a good detection limit of 3.4 µM and two linear ranges for glucose concentration. Sensitivities were 313.9±4.8 µA mM−1 cm−2 and 155.2±2.6 µA mM−1 cm−2 respectively. Moreover, the Pd NPs/SWCNT showed high selectivity for glucose in the presence of L‐ascorbic acid as an interfering compound.
Quantification of Tin and Lead in Binary Alloys Using Voltammetry of Immobilized Microparticles
Authors: Arjmand Farzin , Adriaens Annemie 
Published: July 2011

AbstractVoltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VMP) has been used in this work for the quantitative determination of tin and lead particles in their binary alloys. Carbon paste electrodes, which contained small amounts of tin and lead or their mixtures, were used as working electrodes and square wave voltammograms of each electrode were recorded. Quantification was performed using optimum experimental conditions, obtained by an experimental design technique. The calibration was made by measuring the percentage peak height of each metal taking the sum of peak currents of the both metals as 100 %. The results were compared with quantitative results of X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) technique to evaluate the capability of VMP method in its quantitative determination of solid samples.
Application of a Carbon‐Paste Electrode Modified with 2,7‐Bis(ferrocenyl ethyl)fluoren‐9‐one and Carbon Nanotubes for Voltammetric Determination of Levodopa in the Presence of Uric Acid and Folic Acid
Authors: Beitollahi Hadi , Raoof Jahan‐Bakhsh , Hosseinzadeh Rahman 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA carbon‐paste electrode modified with 2,7‐bis(ferrocenyl ethyl)fluoren‐9‐one and carbon nanotubes was used for the sensitive voltammetric determination of levodopa (LD). The electrochemical response characteristics of the modified electrode toward LD, uric acid (UA) and folic acid (FA) were investigated. The results showed an efficient catalytic activity of the electrode for the electrooxidation of LD, which leads to lowering its overpotential by more than 320 mV. The modified electrode exhibits an efficient electron mediating behavior together with well‐separated oxidation peaks for LD, UA and FA. Also, the modified electrode was used for determination of LD in some real samples.
Predictors of Treatment Acceptance and of Participation in a Randomized Controlled Trial Among Women with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Tasca Giorgio A. , Keating Leah , Maxwell Hilary , Hares Sharmin , Trinneer Anne , Barber Ann Marie , Bradwejn Jacques , Bissada Hany 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to identify predictors of acceptance of intensive treatment and of participation in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) among women with anorexia nervosa (AN).MethodParticipant data were drawn from a tertiary care intensive treatment programme including a previously published RCT. Women with AN (N = 106) were offered intensive treatment, and 69 were approached to participate in an RCT of olanzapine's efficacy as an adjunctive treatment for AN. AN subtype and pretreatment psychological variables were used to predict acceptance of intensive treatment and RCT participation.ResultsAN binge purge subtype and higher depression and body dissatisfaction predicted intensive treatment acceptance. No variable predicted RCT participation among treatment acceptors.DiscussionClinicians may focus on enhancing motivation or use a stepped care approach to increase intensive treatment acceptance especially among women with AN‐restricting type and among all those with AN who have lower levels of distress. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Future and advances in endoscopy
Authors: Elahi Sakib F. , Wang Thomas D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe future of endoscopy will be dictated by rapid technological advances in the development of light sources, optical fibers, and miniature scanners that will allow for images to be collected in multiple spectral regimes, with greater tissue penetration, and in three dimensions. These engineering breakthroughs will be integrated with novel molecular probes that are highly specific for unique proteins to target diseased tissues. Applications include early cancer detection by imaging molecular changes that occur before gross morphological abnormalities, personalized medicine by visualizing molecular targets specific to individual patients, and image guided therapy by localizing tumor margins and monitoring for recurrence. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical studies of the capacitance‐voltage characteristics of metal‐ferroelectric‐GaN structures
Authors: Ran Jinzhi , Yang Jianhong , Cai Xueyuan 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYWe have simulated the capacitance versus voltage characteristics (C‐V) of metal‐ferroelectric‐gallium nitride (GaN metal‐ferroelectric‐semiconductor) structures and found useful design rules for improving the devices' performance. The thickness effects of ferroelectric film on the C‐V are studied. When the ferroelectric Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 thickness is no more than 100 nm, the GaN metal‐ferroelectric‐semiconductor structures can approach inversion just under 5 V, which is the generally applied voltage used in semiconductor‐based integrated circuits. This marked improvement of C‐V behaviors is mainly due to the high dielectric constant and large polarization of the ferroelectric gate oxide. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlates of survival in Swainson's hawks breeding in northern California
Authors: Briggs Christopher W. , Woodbridge Brian , Collopy Michael W. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe used a 30‐year study of breeding Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni) in northern California to examine correlates of adult apparent survival using multistate models in Program MARK. Specifically, we examined age‐related patterns in adult apparent survival and how adult survival was correlated with average annual nest productivity, annual reproductive output, western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) density around nest sites, distance to agriculture, and amount of agriculture within a territory. Annual estimates of adult survival varied from 0.85 to 0.9 (SE = 0.02). There were no indications of senescence or other patterns of age‐related changes in adult apparent survival. Adult survival was inversely correlated with average reproductive output, with individuals producing >2 offspring having decreased survival, reflecting a possible trade‐off between reproduction and survival. Conversely, reproduction in any year was positively correlated with survival, providing evidence of individual quality influencing adult survival. The distance an individual had to travel to agriculture, where most individuals forage, was negatively related to survival. Primary productivity within the average Swainson's hawk territory was positively correlated with adult survival. Our results indicate that individuals may have higher survival and fitness in areas with high proportions of irrigated agriculture that provides high prey densities, particularly alfalfa. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Ethylene/1‐Hexene Copolymers Produced with MAO/(nBuCp)2ZrCl2 Supported on SBA‐15 Materials with Different Pore Sizes
Authors: Paredes Beatriz , Grieken Rafael van , Carrero Alicia , Suarez Inmaculada , Soares Joao B. P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe influence of the support architecture (structure and pore size) on the activity of MAO/(nBuCp)2ZrCl2 heterogeneous catalysts in the polymerization of ethylene and 1‐hexene is studied through the characterization of the polymers' microstructure. SBA‐15 silica‐based mesostructured materials are synthesized with different pore sizes and compared with commercial silica. All SBA‐15 supported catalysts lead to higher catalytic activities than amorphous silica and give rise to ethylene/1‐hexene copolymers with bimodal CCD, which suggests that the carrier structure plays an important role not only in the global rate of the process but also in the copolymer composition. The structures and pore sizes of the support show a marked influence on the polymer CCD shape.
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Single Macromolecule Diffusion in Confined Environments
Authors: Mears Matthew , Tarmey Drew S. , Geoghegan Mark 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe consider the behaviour of single molecules on surfaces and, more generally, in confined environments. These are loosely split into three sections: single molecules in biology, the physics of single molecules on surfaces and controlled (directed) diffusion. With recent advances in single molecule detection techniques, the importance and mechanisms of single molecule processes such as localised enzyme production and intracellular diffusion across membranes has been highlighted, emphasising the extra information that cannot be obtained with techniques that present average behaviour. Progress has also been made in producing artificial systems that can control the rate and direction of diffusion, and because these are still in their infancy (especially in comparison to complex biological systems), we discuss the new physics revealed by these phenomena.magnified image
The effect of anodic oxide coating on the fatigue behaviour of AA6082 with an ultrafine‐grained microstructure
Authors: Hockauf K. , Köhler L. , Händel M. , Halle T. , Nickel D. , Alisch G. , Lampke T. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this work, the high‐cycle fatigue behaviour of the precipitation hardening aluminium wrought alloy AA6082 was investigated for a conventionally‐grained and an ultrafine‐grained substrate condition, with each a hard and a soft electrolytic anodic oxide (EAO) coating. The investigations were focused on the susceptibility of the coatings to anodising‐ and fatigue‐induced cracking of the coatings and its impact on the fatigue life. For both substrate materials, the fatigue strength of the coated specimens was significantly reduced compared to the uncoated materials. Considering the resistance to crack initiation in the coating, the soft‐anodised coatings were found to be superior compared to the hard‐anodised ones. Moreover, the coatings on the ultrafine‐grained substrate showed an enhanced resistance to anodising‐induced as well as fatigue‐induced cracking. However, it is supposed that the lower resistance to crack transition from the coating into the substrate is one of the most important factors which strongly limits the fatigue life of the EAO‐coated specimens. This might be the reason why the fatigue strength of the ultrafine‐grained substrates is relatively low, despite their higher resistance to crack initiation.
Long‐term outcome of 32 patients with chorea and systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid antibodies
Authors: Reiner Peggy , Galanaud Damien , Leroux Gaëlle , Vidailhet Marie , Haroche Julien , Huong Du Le Thi , Francès Camille , Papo Thomas , de Gennes Christian , Musset Lucile , Wechsler Bertrand , Amoura Zahir , Piette Jean‐Charles , Costedoat‐Chalumeau Nathalie 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjective:The aim of this work was to describe chorea during systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid antibodies and its long‐term outcome.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed clinical features, laboratory findings, imaging characteristics, and outcome in a series of 32 patients.Results:Most patients were women (28 of 32), and mean age at onset of chorea was 20.6 (9–62) years. Chorea was inaugural for 28 patients. Improvement was observed with various treatments. During follow‐up (12.2 ± 11.3 years), severe manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus were rare. Antiphospholipid antibodies were repeatedly positive for 90% of the patients. Twelve patients developed arterial thrombosis. Prophylactic treatment with antithrombotic therapy might reduce the risk of further thrombosis (8% versus 57%; P = 0.01). Cardiac valvulopathy occurred in 22 patients during follow‐up. Chorea relapsed in 8 cases.Conclusions:Chorea had a good outcome in itself. This long‐term follow‐up shows, for the first time, that these patients have substantial risk for further arterial thrombosis. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Continuous reporting of new cases in Spain supports the relationship between Herbalife® products and liver injury
Authors: Manso Gloria , López‐Rivas Laureano , Salgueiro M. Esther , Duque Jose M. , Jimeno Francisco J. , Andrade Raúl J. , Lucena M. Isabel 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTPurposePrevious publications have linked Herbalife® products to hepatotoxicity. The identification of earlier cases in which the culprit agent could not be established raised the hypothesis of a possible contamination of some specific batches of Herbalife products.MethodsWe searched the Spanish Pharmacovigilance Centres' database of adverse reactions for reports of liver injury associated with the use of Herbalife products from 2003, when the first case was submitted, through September 2010.ResultsThe search resulted in 20 reports of liver damage (mean age, 49 years; 16 women), with 12 patients (60%) requiring hospitalization. Hepatocellular damage predominated, and nine (53%) of the hepatocellular cases with bilirubin values were jaundiced, fulfilling the Hy's law criteria, which increases the risk for serious outcomes. Two patients experienced a positive rechallenge. One patient developed cirrhosis, whereas all the others recovered. Causality assessment by the Karch and Lasagna modified algorithm showed a category of definite in 1 case, probable in 14, and possible in 5. Analysis of the different Herbalife products that each patient had taken did not enable us to identify any commonly known hepatotoxic ingredient.ConclusionsOur results support the relationship between the consumption of Herbalife products and hepatotoxicity, underscore the concern regarding the liver‐related safety of this dietary supplement, and emphasize the need to establish further regulatory measures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of Fuels from Wood Sources
Authors: Ghose Mrinal K. 
Published: July 2011

Wood has been and continues to be a dominant source of energy, particularly in households in developing countries. Wood fuels consist of four main commodities: fuel wood, charcoal, black liquor and other. While fuel wood and charcoal are traditional forest products derived from the forest, wood-processing industries and recycled wooden products from society, black liquors are byproducts of the pulp and paper industry.
Woody biomass in the form of wood chips, “hog” fuel, wood pellets, and sawdust and planer shavings may be burnt to produce hot water or steam in a boiler or hot air in a furnace for distribution throughout a building or collection of buildings. Woody biomass may be distilled into biofuels such as ethanol and used as a heating and transportation fuel. Ethanol is more commonly produced from corn and other plant materials with high levels of starch that can be distilled more easily than woody biomass. Woody biomass can also be “gasified,” or heated in a controlled oxygen environment to produce a low btu-value gas (168 Btu/ft3 versus approximately 1000 Btu/ft3 for natural gas).
Forest biomass inventory is substantial and significant amounts of wood residue are generated from processing, construction, demolition, and municipal solid waste. Prospects for expanding the use of wood biomass for producing electrical power or ethanol will be enhanced by environmental needs and improvements in technology.
Technology needs include improvement of short-rotation intensive culture techniques for plantations and improvement of electrical power and ethanol production processes. These efforts can help to improve the comparative advantage of wood biomass feedstocks relative to fossil-fuel feedstocks. Key environmental concerns will constrain the supply of wood biomass from forests and plantations; particularly concern for the effects of management for wood fuel on the diversity of plants and animals and on the depletion of soil and water resources.
Uses of Landfill Gas
Authors: Kelly Solange 
Published: July 2011

Fischer–Tropsch technology has found industrial application since 1938 in Germany where a total of nine plants were constructed and produced a combined total 660 000 tons/yr of synthetic hydrocarbons. However the history of the Fischer–Tropsch technology dates back to over a century.
The process for producing synthesis gas can be described as comprising three components (1) synthesis gas generation, (2) waste heat recovery, and (3) gas processing. Within each of the above three listed systems are several options. For example, synthesis gas can be generated to yield a range of compositions ranging from high-purity hydrogen to high-purity carbon monoxide. Two major routes can be utilized for high purity gas production: (1) pressure swing adsorption and (2) utilization of a cold box, where separation is achieved by distillation at low temperatures. In fact, both processes can also be used in combination as well. Unfortunately, both processes require high capital expenditure.
This chapter discusses the manner in which these concerns have been and are being addressed and how research and development is ongoing with successes being measured by the demonstration and commercialization of technologies such as permeable membrane for the generation of high-purity hydrogen, which in itself can be used to adjust the H2/CO ratio of the synthesis gas produced.
The impact of the site of origin and rate of tumour growth on clinical outcome in children with craniopharyngiomas
Authors: Qi Songtao , Pan Jun , Lu Yuntao , Gao Fang , Cao Ying , Peng Junxiang , Zhang Xi’an 
Published: July 2011

SummaryObjectives  Data on many predictors of hypothalamic–pituitary axis dysfunction associated with childhood craniopharyngioma (CP) are rather inconsistent, probably reflecting the variable but as yet unclarified growth pattern of these tumours. The aim of this study was to define the determinative role of tumour growth pattern on hypothalamic–pituitary axis function and outcomes for childhood CPs.Patients and methods  The authors retrospectively analysed the records of 81 consecutive children with primary CP who underwent a uniform treatment paradigm of attempted radical resection performed by a single surgeon. The patients were divided into two subgroups based on tumour location and growth patterns: group A (infra‐diaphragmatic sellar tumours: 34 cases) and group B [third ventricular floor (3rd VF) tumours: 47 cases]. The children’s pre‐ and postsurgical endocrinological and hypothalamic disturbances were compared. Pituitary function and hypothalamic statues were quantitatively assessed using classification systems proposed in the previous studies.Results  Preoperative pituitary function was more severely compromised in patients in group A than those in group B and deteriorated significantly following resection in both groups. (Average pituitary function scores increased from 2·19 ± 0·83 to 3·31 ± 0·74, P < 0·001). At the last follow‐up, children with 3rd VF tumours had more prevalent weight gain (median body mass index: 23·1 kg/m2 in group B vs 19·7 kg/m2 in group A, P < 0·001) and increased hypothalamic dysfunction (average hypothalamic status scores: 2·04 ± 0·97 in group B vs 1·29 ± 0·57 in group A, P < 0·001). Children with 3rd VF tumours had a significantly lower probability of recurrence‐free survival than those with sellar tumours (at 5 years: 74%vs 49%, respectively; at 10 years: 66%vs 32%, respectively; P = 0·02).Conclusions  Substantial differences in the outcome of childhood CP with different tumour growth patterns and locations were found, which suggested that diverse therapeutic considerations, especially endocrinological substitution, might be emphasized.
Use of clopidogrel and calcium channel blockers and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events
Authors: Schmidt Morten , Johansen Martin B. , Robertson Douglas J. , Maeng Michael , Kaltoft Anne , Jensen Lisette O. , Tilsted Hans‐Henrik , Bøtker Hans E. , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Baron John A. 
Published: July 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (3): 266–274AbstractBackground  The CYP3A4 inhibition by calcium channel blockers (CCBs) may attenuate the effectiveness of clopidogrel. Using time‐varying drug exposure ascertainment, we examined whether CCB use modified the association between clopidogrel use and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after coronary stent implantation.Design  We conducted this population‐based cohort study in western Denmark (population 3 million) using medical databases. We identified all 13 001 patients with coronary stent implantation between 2002 and 2005 and their comorbidities. During 12‐month follow‐up, we tracked the use of clopidogrel and CCBs and the rate of MACE (composite of myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, stent thrombosis, target lesion revascularization, or cardiac death). We used Cox regression to compute hazard ratios, controlling for potential confounders.Results  Overall, the 12‐month risk for MACE was 14·5%. The rate was 130 per 1000 person years for concomitant clopidogrel and CCB use, 106 for clopidogrel without CCB use, 213 for CCB without clopidogrel use, and 248 for no use of either drug. The adjusted hazard ratio for MACE comparing clopidogrel use with nonuse was 0·52 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0·42–0·64] for CCB users and 0·48 (95% CI: 0·42–0·54) for nonusers, yielding an interaction effect, i.e. relative rate increase, of 1·09 (95% CI: 0·86–1·38). The adjusted hazard ratio for MACE comparing CCB use with nonuse was 1·06 (95% CI: 0·89–1·25) among clopidogrel users.Conclusions  Concomitant use of CCBs as a class did not modify the protective effect of clopidogrel and was not associated with increased cardiovascular risk among patients using clopidogrel after coronary stent implantation.