bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A blinded prospective trial of low-residue versus normal diet in preparation for barium enema
Authors: Kember P G , McBride K D , Tweed C S , Collins M C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether the omission of a low-residue diet in the days leading up to barium enema resulted in poorer bowel preparation. 300 patients were randomized prospectively into one of two groups. One group followed a low-residue diet for the 3 days leading up to the study, the other continued their usual diet. Both groups had two doses of “Picolax” the day before the study. 17 patients did not attend, and a further two patients were excluded, leaving 281 patients for prospective study. The subsequent investigation was assessed blind by a consultant radiologist and graded for faecal residue, mucosal coating and diagnostic quality. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups for amount of faecal residue (p&lt;0.25), mucosal coating (p&lt;0.25) or diagnostic quality (p&lt;0.5). We conclude, therefore, that a preliminary low-residue diet is unnecessary in the preparation of patients for barium enema. Patients should continue with their usual diet up to the day prior to the test and then have standard purgative preparation.
Perspex blocks for estimation of dose to a standard breast—effect of variation in block thickness
Authors: Faulkner K , Law J , Cranley K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Mean glandular dose in mammography may be deduced from measurements made using Perspex blocks. This method is almost universally used in the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme. The effect on the estimated mean glandular dose of variations in the measured thickness of Perspex from a nominal thickness of 40 mm was investigated. Results are presented from three UK Regions. Variations in measured Perspex thicknesses ranged from almost 8% below to about 2% above the 40 mm nominal, causing errors in dose estimation, if uncorrected, of about +20% to −6.5%. A means of correcting dose estimates for measured differences in block thickness is presented. An alternative method of ensuring consistent dosimetry would be to use accurately machined Perspex blocks.
Therapeutic transcatheter embolotherapy in the control of recurrent haemorrhage from lymphoma of the small bowel
Authors: Howlett D C , Farrugia M M , Irvine A T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Lymphoma is one of the commonest primary malignancies of the small bowel. Gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage is a relatively infrequent presenting feature or complication. We describe the use of repeated transcatheter embolization as the primary treatment in the control of recurrent haemorrhage from the small bowel in a patient with B-cell lymphoma. Few cases of transcatheter embolotherapy have been described in such situations. This form of treatment is a therapeutic option in those unfit for transcatheter vasoconstrictor infusion or surgery.
“…or plat du jour”
Authors: Bhattacharya J , Fraser C , Macdonald L M 
Published: July 2009

A 37-year-old man with psoriasis complained of mild neck and back stiffness at a regular visit to a dermatology outpatient clinic. His skin involvement had been wide-spread for the last 4 years, although he had never suffered from psoriatic arthropathy.
Several common therapeutic regimes had failed to procure significant improvement and 2 years prior to this visit his treatment had again been changed.
Inspiration or expiration? Reducing motion artefact in digital subtraction arch angiography of the extracranial carotid arteries
Authors: Withers D J , Ashleigh R J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
100 consecutive patients underwent digital subtraction aortic arch angiography for suspected carotid bifurcation disease. Patients were prospectively randomized to suspend respiration in inspiration or expiration during image acquisition. Images were assessed qualitatively as “excellent”, “adequate” or “poor”. 92 studies were available for review. Adequate and poor groups were combined into a non-excellent group due to the small numbers that were scored poor. There were 27 (53%) excellent, 24 (47%) non-excellent in the expiration group and 12 (29%) excellent, 29 (71%) non-excellent in the inspiration group. Analysis of angiogram scores gave χ2(1) = 4.3; p=0.038, indicating that the higher angiogram scores of the expiration group were statistically significant. Pixel shifting was used in 61 cases (66.3%). The proportion was 34.4% lower in the expiration group (95% CI; 17–52%) with χ2(l)=10.5; p=0.0012 indicating that the reduction in the use of pixel shifting for the expiration group was statistically significant. The superiority of arch angiograms obtained with the patient suspending respiration in expiration rather than inspiration has been demonstrated. This was achieved with significantly reduced use of pixel shifting, encouraging greater confidence in the validity of the angiographic findings. The technique is free of cost or time implications.
A phantom based method for deriving typical patient doses from measurements of dose–area product on populations of patients
Authors: Chapple C-L , Broadhead D A , Faulkner K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
One of the chief sources of uncertainty in the comparison of patient dosimetry data is the influence of patient size on dose. Dose has been shown to relate closely to the equivalent diameter of the patient. This concept has been used to derive a prospective, phantom based method for determining size correction factors for measurements of dose–area product. The derivation of the size correction factor has been demonstrated mathematically, and the appropriate factor determined for a number of different X-ray sets. The use of phantom measurements enables the effect of patient size to be isolated from other factors influencing patient dose. The derived factors agree well with those determined retrospectively from patient dose survey data. Size correction factors have been applied to the results of a large scale patient dose survey, and this approach has been compared with the method of selecting patients according to their weight. For large samples of data, mean dose–area product values are independent of the analysis method used. The chief advantage of using size correction factors is that it allows all patient data to be included in a survey, whereas patient selection has been shown to exclude approximately half of all patients. Reduction of the size of the data set may lead to mean dose–area product values that are less reliable indicators of typical practice. The use of size correction factors will be of particular benefit in the analysis of paediatric dosimetry data, where a wide range of sizes exist, even within accepted age bands.
Spin lock magnetic resonance imaging in the differentiation of hepatic haemangiomas and metastases
Authors: Halavaara J T , Lamminen A E , Bondestam S , Sepponen R E , Tanttu J I 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Spin lock (SL) imaging technique, generating Tiρ-weighted images, was applied to the differentiation of hepatic haemangiomas from metastatic focal liver lesions. 17 haemangiomas and 16 metastases in 32 patients were imaged at the field-strength of 0.1 T using a multiple slice SL technique and a conventional gradientecho (GRE) sequence with identical timing parametres. Spin lock effects of the hepatic lesions and different abdominal tissues were calculated. Images with adequate coverage of the liver and of good quality with few motion induced artefacts were acquired. A definite, statistically significant, difference was found between the SL-effects of hepatic haemangiomas and liver metastases. Haemangiomas showed an SL effect of 46.6 ± 3.4% and metastases of 56.2 ± 5.8% (mean ± SD, p&gt;0.0001). The multiple slice SL technique showed potential in distinguishing haemangiomas from metastatic liver lesions and should be considered as an alternative to the conventional T2 and magnetization transfer (MT) based methods.
Use of the European image quality criteria for screen–film comparison—application for asymmetric systems
Authors: Guibelalde E , Morillo A , Fernandez J M , Vaño E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study is the comparison of two different techniques of image evaluation: by phantom simulation and by patient anatomical criteria using those proposed in a European Union working document. Both methods of evaluation were applied to asymmetric and conventional screen–film systems. The European image quality criteria as a tool for comparing the use of image systems is a reasonably valid and objective method. However, a complete practical description of a system using complementary phantom images and test object is a convenient means of obtaining a comprehensive description of the system. Results show that sharpness of mobile organs and the visualization of the retrocardiac and retromammal lung, in posteroanterior projection, and vertex in lateral projection is improved with the InSight system. The phantom images suggest, however, an important loss of resolution and contrast.
Malignant haemobilia detected in the gallbladder—retrograde cholangiographic findings
Authors: Osawa H , Mori Y , Inoue F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Haemobilia caused by gallbladder cancer is a rare condition and cholangiography rarely detects gallbladder haemorrhage because cancer cells or blood clots obstruct the cystic duct. We describe a patient with haemobilia caused by gallbladder cancer, in whom retrograde cholangiography showed a cast-like filling defect in the common bile duct and, in addition, several string-like defects in the gallbladder. The string-like defects appeared to be streams of clotted blood flowing towards the common bile duct in this case of relatively minor haemorrhage.
Treatment of carcinomas of the uterine cervix which remain bulky after initial external beam radiotherapy: a pilot study using integrated cytotoxic chemotherapy prior to brachytherapy
Authors: Tan L T , Jones B , Green J A , Kingston R E , Clark P I 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The use of cytotoxic chemotherapy (CT) between external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and intracavitary brachytherapy (BT) in patients with bulky carcinomas of the uterine cervix which regress poorly after initial EBRT has been evaluated in a pilot study. The aim of CT was to limit tumour clonogen repopulation while awaiting further tumour regression in order to improve the BT dose distribution. Between 1989 and 1992, 22 patients with FIGO Stage IIA, IIB and IIIB cervical carcinomas were given two to three cycles of cisplatinbased CT between EBRT and intracavitary BT. Patients were selected for CT if there was bulky residual tumour extending beyond the range of point “A” after completion of EBRT. The median survival of patients with Stage IIA/B and Stage IIIB disease was 24 months and 13 months, respectively. The 5 year actuarial survival rate for patients with Stage IIA/B disease was 42%. There were no long-term survivors among patients with Stage IIIB disease. Survival difference between Stage IIA/B patients and Stage IIIB patients was statistically significant (p &lt;0.04) 5 year actuarial pelvic control rates were 38% and 0% for Stage IIA/B and Stage IIIB patients, respectively. There were no serious late radiation complications in the entire study group. Bulky carcinomas of the cervix which respond poorly to initial EBRT have a particularly poor prognosis. For Stage IB–IIB patients with persistent bulky disease after EBRT, published reports suggest that a 5 year actuarial survival rate of around 40% can be obtained using higher doses of radiation alone, but the risk of serious late morbidity is considerable. The results of our study suggest that in Stage IIA/B carcinomas of the cervix which remain bulky after initial EBRT, the use of integrated cytotoxic chemotherapy prior to intracavitary BT can give similar 5 year survival rates but with minimal treatment related morbidity.
Renal pseudotumours mimicking tumour recurrence after partial nephrectomy
Authors: Sy M , Van Gansbeke D , Simon J , Willemart S , Braudé Ph , Struyven J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Partial nephrectomy and tumour enucleation are increasingly accepted as an organ sparing approach for small renal cell carcinomas. Repeated computed tomography or sonography for the early detection of tumour recurrence are mandatory during the follow-up. We report two cases of renal pseudotumour mimicking a tumour recurrence: one case is related to the pseudotumoral appearance on sonography of a tumour defect filled by a fatty flap, and the other to the relative migration of an accessory spleen into the site of the cuneiform nephrectomy. The recognition of renal pseudotumours following partial nephrectomy prevents confusion with tumour recurrence on follow-up examinations.
Assessment of target recovery after TV camera saturation in X-ray fluoroscopy using a personal computer with frame-grabber
Authors: Okkalides D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
X-ray fluoroscopy images were digitized with a personal computer and frame-grabber system. This system was used to measure the recovery from saturation of the target of a TV camera by calculating the time at which contrast falls to 50% (C½). This measurement was performed on images of: (a) a rotating lead disk with a slit at its side and (b) a square hole in a thick lead sheet. These images represented the moving (MOTR) and stationary (SOTR) object target recovery. The SOTR method produced much higher C½ values in two mobile fluoroscopy systems used for cardiac catheterizations where waveforms permitted the application of both methods. The SOTR method was also applied to three additional fluoroscopy systems. It was found that, contrary to expectations, C½ increased with exposure rate in all five machines. Target recovery characteristics of the machines tested, represented by the gradient of C½ against exposure rate, were found to increase with inherent noise level measured in the vidicon camera target. The set-up used here for measuring target recovery proved to work quickly and reproducibly for both SOTR and MOTR. If initial values are calculated then the condition of any fluoroscopy system may easily be followed irrespective of the method used.
3M Mayneord Memorial Lecture: Functional brain imaging — an overview
Authors: Orrison W W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Several methods can detect or infer the disruption of basic brain physiology; these methods include the techniques of computerized axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Until recently any information on the actual function of the brain has been restricted to that deduced from the clinical examination, as most imaging methods have been limited to providing only anatomical references. In the past 10 years magnetic resonance has become a standard part of many neuroradiological practices Tremendous advances in computed tomography have resulted in dramatic improvement in both image resolution and imaging times. During the 1990s, as interest shifts toward the analysis of brain function or dysfunction, the focus on the brain's electrical activity has resurged. Functional evaluation techniques, such as magnetoencephalography, began in the 1960s and early 1970s, sophistication in the technology has led to much shorter examination and analysis times, leading to further clinical utility. Magnetoencephalography, when combined with magnetic resonance images, forms a functional image of the brain, or magnetic source image. The advent of such methods for evaluating actual functional acitvity of the brain has resulted in new clinical applications for previous methods of brain imaging and the arrival of new clinical imaging modalities.
Contrast reduction using energy dependent intensifying screens
Authors: Shah G A , Hassam G , Newman D L 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The speed of intensifying screens, in particular rare earth screens, increases with beam energy. Using such a screen, the measured contrast of an aluminium disc, with optical densities in the linear region of the characteristic curve, was found to be significantly and consistently less than that calculated from the gamma of the film–screen combination for all tube potentials from 40 to 140 kVp. This contrast reduction effect can be explained in terms of the filtering action of the disc which increases the effective energy of the beam. Hence, the film–screen combination is exposed to X-rays which have different effective energies. This results in two characteristic curves of different speed. The contrast of the disc image is not dependent on the gamma of either curve, but an effective gamma which links the two curves. This effective gamma is less than the gamma of either curve. Contrast calculated using the effective gamma gave good agreement with the measured contrast of the disc image over the tube potential range examined.
Bronchial to coronary artery anastomosis — a potential hazard in bronchial artery embolization
Authors: Van Den Berg J C , Overtoom T Th C , Valois J C De 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Bronchial artery embolization is a well-established treatment for patients with haemoptysis. Communications between coronary and bronchial vessels have been seen on coronary angiography. This report describes a case of a bronchial to coronary artery anastomosis diagnosed prior to embolization in a patient with haemoptysis.
Pregnancy after uterine artery embolization to control haemorrhage from gestational trophoblastic tumour
Authors: McIvor J , Cameron E W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic tumour (GTT) of the uterus can cause severe and even life threatening haemorrhage in patients who may be contemplating future pregnancy. Three cases of successful pregnancy after uterine artery embolization to control severe haemorrhage from uterine GTT are reported. Both uterine arteries had been selectively catheterized and embolized in these patients. The areas of pathological circulation measured on the pre- and post-embolization films had been reduced by over 80%. Embolization failed to control haemorrhage in another four patients in whom the uterine arteries had not been selectively catheterized and embolized and where the embolization procedures had reduced the areas of pathological circulation by less than 65%. The conclusions are that control of severe haemorrhage from uterine GTT is likely if both uterine arteries are selectively catheterized and embolized. Patients thus treated can become pregnant.
Fracture of central intrauterine tube following insertion of high dose rate intracavitary applicator
Authors: Tyrie L K , Hoskin P J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We present a unique complication of high dose rate afterloading intrauterine brachytherapy occurring in a patient requiring treatment for carcinoma of the uterus. A high dose rate afterloading intrauterine insertion was performed under general anaesthetic, following which routine check films revealed that the central uterine tube had fractured at the level of the cervical os.
Image quality and safety after iodixanol in intravenous urography; a comparison with iohexol
Authors: Sundgren P C , Bååth L , Törnquist C , Grynne B Hougens , Kjaersgaard P , Almén T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A double-blind, randomized phase III study compared intravenous urography in 100 adult patients receiving iodixanol 320 mgI ml−1 (VisipaqueR) with 99 patients receiving iohexol 35O mgI ml−1 (OmnipaqueR). The aim of the study was to investigate differences in image quality between a non-ionic dimeric contrast medium (CM) and a non-ionic monomer at 40 ml per patient and 60–100 ml per patient volume levels. There were no statistically significant differences between iodixanol and iohexol with respect to overall diagnostic information, which was found to be optimal in 86% and 79%, respectively. Immediately after the injection, the renal border was better delineated with iohexol than with iodixanol (p = 0.0001). Marked papillary blush occurred more often in the iodixanol group (16%) than in the iohexol group (0%), as did visualization of the collecting ducts (24% vs 5%) (p = 0.0001). The incidence of adverse events was similar and low for both contrast media. In patients who received the higher doses of CM (60–100 ml), the frequency of discomfort was significantly lower after iodixanol than after iohexol (p = 0.006). We conclude that, in intravenous urography, iodixanol provides at least as good image quality as does iohexol. Iodixanol may cause less discomfort than iohexol, in particular when larger volumes of CM are injected.
Influence of dose reduction recommendations on changes in chest radiography techniques
Authors: Warren-Forward H M , Haddaway M J , McCall I W , Temperton D H 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A previous dosimetric study on chest radiography identified ways to reduce patient entrance surface dose (ESD). This present study was designed to monitor changes that had occurred in the use of applied potential and film–screen sensitivity, after a series of recommendations were issued. The study falls into two parts: (1) an assessment of the impact of the recommendations and (2) what factors were responsible for change. Where changes had occurred, exposure factors were collected for 30 patients per tube and the mean ESD was calculated for each tube. Intercomparison (r = 0.93, p&lt;0.001) was made between calculated and measured (TLDs) values of mean ESD for 10 X-ray units, to ensure that the calculated values provided accurate estimates of the new mean ESDs. 89% of units previously monitored for patient ESD now use average applied potentials greater than 90 kVp and 51% are using film–screen sensitivities of 400. The mean ESD has been reduced on average by 47%, from 0.15 mGy to 0.08 mGy. It has been estimated that the annual collective dose from diagnostic radiology procedures in 30 hospitals in the West Midlands has been reduced by a value in excess of 40 man Sv. Reasons for change could be attributed to some of the following factors: (a) a knowledge of dose levels in comparison with other centres; (b) personal contact with departments; (c) feedback in terms of results and dose savings and (d) positive encouragement to make changes.
Is sonographic flow imaging useful in the differential diagnosis of adrenal masses?
Authors: Ghiatas A A , Chopra S , Schnitker J B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This prospective study was carried out to assess the ability of colour Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) and power flow imaging to differentiate between benign and malignant adrenal masses. We examined 56 adrenal masses, discovered at CT, in 47 patients who had undergone CT for known extraadrenal malignancy or unrelated benign conditions. The nature of the masses was confirmed by histopathology or assessed for likelihood of malignancy by CT appearance, MRI appearance, recent development or increase in size. In none of the adrenal masses was blood flow detected by colour Doppler or power imaging, despite optimizing scanning parameters for the detection of slow flow. We conclude that colour Doppler ultrasound and power imaging do not help in differentiating benign from malignant adrenal masses.