bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Termite (Isoptera) control in agriculture and forestry by non-chemical methods: a review
Authors: Logan James W.M. , Cowie Robert H. , Wood T.G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNon-chemical control of termites in agriculture and forestry is attracting renewed interest following increasing restrictions on the use of persistent organochlorine (cyclodiene) insecticides. Non-chemical control involves methods which attempt, without using commercial pesticides, to (i) prevent termite access to the plants, (ii) reduce termite numbers in the vicinity of the plants or (iii) reduce susceptibility/increase resistance of the plants themselves. There have been few adequate trials of any of these methods. Numerous cultural procedures have been suggested, including measures to enhance plant vigour, to manipulate termite numbers and behaviour, and others whose mode of action is unclear. Many are simply part of good agricultural/silvicultural practice and to be recommended. Biological control by predators or pathogens is unlikely to be successful due to the termites' social structure and behavioural responses to infected individuals and to loss of individuals to predators. The use of ‘natural’ insecticides from locally available plant products may be effective in some cases but, as they are not subject to the same rigorous safety and environmental evaluation as commercial pesticides, their use cannot be sanctioned unconditionally. Other locally available products, e.g. wood ash, have not been adequately evaluated. Removal of reproductives from the nest and construction of physical barriers may have limited applications, but resistant species and varieties, combined with appropriate cultural methods and, perhaps, minimal use of modern pesticides in an integrated approach, offer the greatest potential for a long term solution. The lack of critical scientific evaluation of non-chemical control makes it a field wide open for research.
The effect of temperature and relative humidity on population growth of three Liposcelis species (Psocoptera: Liposcelidae) infesting stored products in tropical countries
Authors: Rees D.P. , Walker A.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of a range of temperatures (15–42°C) and relative humidities (40–80%) on growth of populations of Liposcelis entomophilus (Enderlein), Liposcelis bostrychophilus Badonnel and Liposcelis paetus Pearman infesting a rice-based medium was investigated. These species are often found infesting stored cereal grains in the tropics. Both L. entomophilus and L. bostrychophilus bred most rapidly at 30°C, 70–80% r.h. Neither survived at temperatures of 36°C and above. In contrast, L. paetus bred most rapidly at 33–36°C, 70% r.h., and was able to breed at 42°C, 80% r.h. No species survived humidities below 60%. As well as consuming mould growth, Liposcelis spp. also caused visible damage in rice grains. Implications of these findings in the understanding of pest status and geographical distribution of severe outbreaks of Liposcelis spp. are discussed.
Biology of Bucculatrix parthenica Bradley sp. n. (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae) and its establishment in Australia as a biological control agent for Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae)
Authors: McClay A. S. , McFadyen R. E. , Bradley J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBucculatrix parthenica Bradley sp. n., a moth native to Mexico, is described. It has been released and established in Queensland, Australia, as a biological control agent for its host plant, Parthenium hysterophorus. The moth oviposits on leaves of its host. First and second instar larvae are leaf miners, and later instars feed externally on the leaves. The life cycle occupies about 25 days under field conditions. B. parthenica was narrowly oligophagous in host-specificity tests. In Mexico the insect is scarce but in Queensland it has become abundant enough to cause extensive defoliation of its host plant at some sites. Its rapid increase in Queensland is attributed to the absence of parasitism.
‘Rhyzobius ventrails’ (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), its constituent species, and their taxonomy and historical roles in biological control
Authors: Pope R. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTheRhyzobius(orLindorus)ventralisfrequently referred to in the literature of biological control is shown to be a mixture of two distinct, though similar, species. The origin of the confusion is traced to the nineteenth century searches in Australia for insects to control scale insect infestations on citrus and other crops in California. Adults of the two species are defined and illustrated, and a key is provided for their separation. Lectotypes are designated forR. ventralis(Erichs.), its synonymScymnus restitutorSharp and forS. halliBroun, newly synonymised withR. ventralis. A lectotype is designated forPlatyomus forestieriMuls., the second species of the complex, here transferred toRhyzobius, and forS. circularisSharp, newly synonymised withR. forestieri. Distribution data for both species, based on actual specimens examined, are listed, and their Australian distribution is summarised in a map. Past usages of ‘R. ventralis’ as a biological control agent are reviewed in the light of the revised taxonomy. The taxonomy and nomenclature ofRhyzobiusStephens is discussed in order to establish the correct generic placement of and binomina forR. ventralisandR. forestieri.
Organophosphate resistance in vector Populations of the complex of Culex Pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Curtis C. F. , Pasteur N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResistance to chlorpyrifos and other commonly used organophosphate larvicides was found in Culex quinquefasciatus Say from several urban areas in Tanzania. Lower levels of resistance were found in laboratory strains of the complex of C. pipiens L. collected in Sri Lanka, Egypt, Liberia and Brazil. Crosses of the Tanzanian strains to a more susceptible strain gave results consistent with causation of the resistance by a single gene or closely linked group of genes. Electrophoresis of one of the Tanzanian stocks indicated two esterase bands of high activity. The resistance in Tanzania did not prevent larval killing by freshly sprayed chlorpyrifos, but it is suggested that a spraying would probably no longer remain effective for three months as reported in earlier field studies.
Hyperparasitism in two newly introduced parasitoids,Epidinocarsis lopeziandGyranusoidea tebygi(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) after their establishment in Togo
Authors: Agricola U. , Fischer H.U. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn 1988/89 the nature and degree of hyperparasitism in two newly introduced parasitoids of exotic mealybug plant pests were examined in Togo. Associated withPhenacoccus manihotiMatile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (cassava mealybug) five indigenous hymenopterous hyperparasitoids were found adapted to the primary parasitoidEpidinocarsis lopezi(De Santis):Chartocerussp. A (Signiphoridae),Prochiloneurus insolitus(Alam),P. aegyptiacus(Mercet) (Encyrtidae),Tetrastichussp. (Eulophidae), andMarietta leopardinaMotschulsky (Aphelinidae). The rate of hyperparasitism varied considerably (20–90%). At one sampling siteChartocerussp. A was most frequent (52%), at the other siteP. insolituswas found to dominate (55%). The same hyperparasitoids were associated withRastrococcus invadensWilliams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), but with an additionalChartocerus(sp. B). Hyperparasitism ranged from 56 to 86%, withChartocerussp. A being the most important species. Multiple parasitism was observed on several occasions. In spite of generally high hyperparasitism, no detrimental effect on the control efficiency of either primary parasitoid was noticed.
A method for determining the age of very young tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and an investigation of the factors determining head fluorescent levels in newly emerged adults
Authors: Msangi Atway , Lehane M.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe new age determination technique for tsetse flies based on the accumulation of fluorescent pigments in the head capsule has the minor problem that it is not possible to accurately identify very young flies. In this paper we describe a technique for the identification of very young Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood based on their high levels of abdominal fluorescence. Under our holding conditions these fall back in a linear fashion to a minimum at five days post-emergence. The variability in the levels of head fluorescence at eclosion is mainly influenced by the size of the emerging fly, with the number of blood meals taken by the female parent, and intra-uterine larval and puparial periods of the emerging flies also playing a part.
Evaluation of insecticides in field-control simulators and standard laboratory bioassays against resistant and susceptible Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Sudan
Authors: Rowland Mark , Hackett Barbara , Stribley Mary 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCypermethrin, profenofos, and a mixture of these insecticides were evaluated against resistant and susceptible whitefly, Bemisa tabaci Gennadius, from Sudan using (a) laboratory technology which simulates the aerial spraying of whitefly infestations on cotton crops, and (b) standard residue-bioassays. Simulator tests in which adult cohorts were given a single insecticide treatment produced results that were unexpected on the basis of standard bioassay data. Resistance to cypermethrin, for example, was expressed in the bioassays but not in the simulator, resistance to profenofos was expressed both in bioassays and in the simulator, resistance to the mixture was expressed in the simulator but in the bioassay the chemicals acted synergistically and there was no resistance. Repeated treatment of resistant populations, comprised of all life stages, over three generations gave further unpredicted results: cypermethrin failed to contact larvae on the under surfaces of leaves and hence did not prevent population growth; profenofos sprayed at field rates controlled all life-stages (despite the expression of resistance) provided the insecticide vapour was not dissipated. An alternation of cypermethrin and profenofos – cypermethrin timed against maximum adult emergence and profenofos timed to coincide with high larval densities – gave the best control. The disparities between the simulator experiments and standard bioassays suggest that techniques simulating the field treatment of all life-stages are better suited for evaluating the practical significance of resistance and potential curative strategies.
The Palaearctic species of Eurytoma (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) developing in stone fruits (Rosaceae: Prunoideae)
Authors: Zerova M.D. , Fursov V.N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpecies of the chalcidoid genus Eurytoma associated with stone fruits are studied for the Palaearctic region. The eight species known to have such an association are: E. amygdali Enderlein, E. maslovskii Nikol'skaya, E. padi Veresh-chagin, E. samsonowi Vasiljev, E. schreineri Schreiner, E. turkestanica sp. n., E. paramygdali sp. n. and E. armenica sp. n. The first six species are phytophagous, developing in the stones, and the last two are entomophytophages, starting their development as parasitoids of a phytophagous species and completing development feeding on plant tissue. Four species, E. amygdali, E. schreineri, E. samsonowi, and E. maslovskii are of economic importance. Information is given on the economic importance, biology, distribution and taxonomy of these species, and includes several new records for hosts and distribution. A key is given to distinguish the species.
Field studies on the biology and economic importance of Pachnoda interrupta (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Mali, west africa
Authors: Grunshaw J.P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA description is given of the life history, biology and feeding habits of the cetoniine beetle Pachnoda interrupta (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) studied in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) fields in north-west Mali. The third instar larva of this beetle, reared from the progeny of field captured adults, is also described and figured. Yield losses to a range of beetle densities (1–5 and 10 beetles/head) on millet heads have been estimated to range from 9 to 48% in caged trial experiments. The regression equation generated from these data may be used to establish economic injury thresholds and predict losses resulting from varying beetle densities.
Control of termites and other soil pests of groundnuts with special reference to controlled release formulations of non-persistent insecticides in India and Sudan
Authors: Logan J.W.M. , Rajagopal D. , Wightman J.A. , Pearce M.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTrials for the control of soil pests, particularly of termites (Isoptera: Termiti-dae), in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) in India and Sudan used chlorpyrifos and isofenphos granules, chlorpyrifos, phorate, carbosulfan and carbofuran in controlled release formulations, and chlorpyrifos seed dressing. Their effects on foliar pests were also noted. Chlorpyrifos controlled release pellets were as effective as aldrin, used as a standard, in reducing root and pod attack and, like aldrin, doubled yields. Isofenphos and chlorpyrifos granules increased yields and reduced pod damage, but to a lesser extent. Other treatments were less effective. Carbosulfan and phorate controlled release and isofenphos granules reduced leaf miner attack. These trials establish the efficacy of controlling termites and other soil pests with controlled release formulations of otherwise non-persistent insecticides. However, the expensive formulation is unlikely to be cost-effective for rural farmers in developing countries and, in the case of chlorpyrifos, residue levels in kernels may be unacceptable. Future work should investigate other insecticides in the formulation and development of cheaper controlled release matrices.
Factors affecting the emergence of Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from coffee berries
Authors: Baker P.S. , Ley C. , Balbuena R. , Barrera J.F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEmergence of coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), from infested coffee berries (Coffea arabica) was studied in the laboratory under controlled temperature and relative humidity (RH) regimes. Low humidities (<60% RH, 25°C) provoked rapid evacuation of adults. Emergence was at a minimum at 90% RH. A steady increase in emergence occurred at values from 90 to 100% RH. Emergence was low below 20°C (90 and 100% RH) and increased markedly between 20 and 25°C. There was no significant increase in emergence above 25°C. Using a simple flight event recorder, emergence flight times were found to peak at the time of maximum daily ambient temperatures on successive days. Under constant temperature conditions successive peaks of emergence were not seen. Results are discussed in relation to control and sampling procedures.
Ivermectin excreted in cattle dung after subcutaneous injection or pour-on treatment: concentrations and impact on dung fauna
Authors: Sommer C. , Steffansen B. , Nielsen B. Overgaard , Grønvold J. , Vagn Jensen K.-M. , Brøchner Jespersen J. , Springborg J. , Nansen P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHeifers were treated with the recommended doses of ivermectin: 0.2 mg/ kg bw by subcutaneous injection or 0.5 mg/kg bw by pour-on. An analytic procedure is described and used for the detection of ivermectin residues excreted in dung. A large amount of the higher pour-on dose was excreted during the first five days after dosing due to a more rapid distribution to intestinal contents. Later faecal concentrations after the pour-on treatment were lower than those found after subcutaneous injection. No degradation of ivermectin was detected in pats exposed in the field for up to 45 days. Ivermectin excreted in dung voided 1–2 days after both treatments significantly reduced the number of dung inhabiting larvae ofAphodiusspp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), but no effect was seen in dung deposited 13–14 days after treatments. Development of cyclorrhaphan larvae was inhibited in dung deposited up to 28–29 days after subcutaneous injection treatment, but only inhibited in dung deposited up to 13–14 days after pour-on treatment. The numbers of Nematocera larvae were not affected. In a laboratory bioassay the DipteraMusca autumnalisDeGeer andHaematobia irritans(Linnaeus) suffered higher mortality in dung from heifers treated by the subcutaneous injection 13–14 days earlier than in dung from heifers treated by pour-on at the same time. After subcutaneous injection, a significant reduction in the rate of decomposition was found in dung from heifers treated 1–2 days earlier, whereas pour-on led to a delayed decomposition in dung collected up to 13–14 days after treatment.
Avermectins: a review of their impact on insects of cattle dung
Authors: Strong L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAvermectins administered to cattle for control of parasitic infections by injection or slow-release bolus are excreted in the faeces and have a variety of harmful effects upon Diptera and Coleoptera that develop in cow-pats: these effects are reviewed. Diptera Cyclorrhapha are severely affected, the extent of the response depending on the drug concentration in the dung. At high levels, larvae are killed or paralysed while at lower levels their metamorphosis is inhibited. At very low levels, adult emergence is reduced and a significant number of imagines show morphological abnormalities. These responses are induced by concentrations of avermectins well below levels occurring in faeces after routine treatment. Diptera Nematocera are less sensitive than Cyclorrhapha but larval and pupal development are affected at higher dose levels. Larval dung beetles and some immature adults cannot survive in the pats of recently dosed livestock. Mature adult beetles are more resistant, but contact with treated dung leads to impaired reproduction. Dung eliminated up to 5 weeks after cattle have been treated with a single injection or up to 14 days after topical dosing shows harmful activity against dung insects, and ivermectin-containing pats retain much of their toxicity after several weeks exposure on pastureland. The impact on dung insects is more pronounced and of longer duration when ivermectin is delivered daily at 40 μg per kg cow by sustained-release bolus. Following topical or injection treatments, the rate of cow-pat degradation (measured by actual loss of biomass) is significantly delayed. When cattle are treated with a bolus delivering 40 mg ivermectin per kg cow per day, their dung remains intact on grassland for at least three months. The conclusions drawn from the various papers on these effects are compared and contrasted. In particular, attention is drawn to the general failure to recognize the importance of delayed reactions to non-lethal doses of avermectins, and to our lack of consideration of long-term consequences for cow-pat insects and the wider implications for ecology.
Analysing host location inUscana lariophaga(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an egg parasitoid of bruchids (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), using Cox's proportional hazards model
Authors: Ormel G.J. , Gort G. , van Alebeek F.A.N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUscana lariophagaSteffan is an egg parasitoid of the bruchid speciesCallosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius) andBruchidius atrolineatusPic in West Africa, which cause damage in stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(Leguminosae)). In a no-choice situation, the attractiveness of some odour sources to the parasitoid was studied in a simple diffusion olfactometer. Cox's proportional hazards model was used for data analysis. The results showed that cowpea beans were more attractive to naiveU. lariophagafemales than glass beads. Baits with host eggs were more attractive than baits without eggs. Experienced females did not perform any better than naive ones. The relationship between the inclination to fly of the parasitoids, and the baits used, was difficult to interpret. Changes in searching activity between the different weeks of experimentation were observed. Only a small part of this variation could be explained by (absolute) changes in barometric pressure.
Ovipositional behaviour of Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae) on tobacco leaves
Authors: Ferran A. , Rortais A. , Malausa J.C. , Gambier J. , Lambin M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ovipositional behaviour of the mirid predator Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner, a potential biological control agent of glasshouse pests, was studied in detail using a modified video camera technique. In the laboratory, females laid their eggs in the leaves of tobacco plants. They remained generally motionless on the main veins of the leaves, raised their body, folded the rostrum towards the thorax and extended their ovipositor when selecting a site in which to oviposit. The ovipositor was inserted into the plant tissue by a downward and forward thrust of the body and contractions of the abdominal muscles. After a period of immobility, the ovipositor was retracted and the insect's body and organs returned to their initial positions. This behaviour was preceded and followed by extensive rostral exploration of the oviposition site. In most females the same area was explored before and after egg-laying and the ovipositor was inserted approximately in the middle of the selected area. The sequence and pattern of ovipositional behaviour varied between females.
Comparative developmental biology of populations of three European and one North American Eubazus spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of Pissodes spp. weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Kenis M. , Hulme M.A. , Mills N.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObservations were made on the developmental responses of the North American braconid species, Eubazus crassigaster, a parasitoid of the white pine weevil, Pissoles strobi, and three European congeneric species, E. semirugosus, E. robustus, and Eubazus sp. Several populations of Eubazus spp. were compared in their phenology in the laboratory and under natural conditions. When reared in the laboratory on non-diapausing Pissodes castaneus, mountain populations of E. semirugosus and E. robustus entered into an obligatory diapause in the host larva, whereas all the other populations tested developed continuously. Diapausing larvae continued their development only after having experienced at least three months at 2°C. Non-diapausing populations of Eubazus spp. significantly differed in the duration of pre-imaginal development, with E. semirugosus being the fastest developing species and E. robustus the slowest. Outdoor rearings of Eubazus spp. on P. castaneus showed that E. crassigaster, Eubazus sp. and the lowland biotype of E. semirugosus emerged in the year of oviposition if this occurred early enough to allow parasitoid development. In contrast, a majority of E. robustus individuals overwintered in the host larvae, regardless of the oviposition date. The diapausing, mountain biotype of E. semirugosus is considered as the most promising candidate for control of P. strobi in Canada, because it is likely to be better adapted to the life cycle of the target host than the other Eubazus spp., including the native E. crassigaster.