bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF PROTEASE PRETREATMENT ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FROM DEFATTED PEANUT FLOUR
Authors: ZHAO GUANLI , LIU YAN , REN JIAOYAN , ZHAO MOUMING , YANG BAO 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTPeanut protein concentrate (PPC) was extracted from commercial defatted peanut flour (DPF) after protease pretreatment. The effect of proteolysis by Alcalase 2.4 L, papain and Protamex at various degrees of hydrolysis (DHs; 1–8%) on the yield and functional properties of PPC were investigated. Proteolysis remarkably increased the nitrogen solubility of DPF in acidic and basic conditions. Enzymatic degradation of denatured and insoluble proteins in DPF was mainly responsible for the increase of nitrogen solubility index. Compared with the control, the yield of PPC was significantly increased by enzymatic pretreatment. In terms of the functional properties, PPCs prepared by papain and Protamex at 4% or 8% DH had high emulsifying activity index. For all three enzymatic treatments, foaming capacity and foaming stability were significantly improved at various DH (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that protease pretreatment was a highly effective way to extract PPC with good functional properties from DPF.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSPeanut is an important oilseed crop and a well‐accepted food. After oil production through thermal treatment, the defatted peanut flour is the main by‐product, which possesses large amount of proteins. However, due to the low extraction yield and poor functional properties of these proteins, they are not well utilised in industry till now. In this work, protease was used to pretreat defatted peanut flour. The results indicated that this pretreatment could improve the yield and functional properties of peanut proteins. Functional properties of food proteins are important in food processing and food product formulation. Peanut protein with good emulsifying and foaming properties would have a potential application in some food system, such as salad dressing, sausages, bologna, soups, confectionery, frozen desserts and cakes and so on. Therefore, this work is helpful for extensive utilisation of peanut proteins.
EMRs and Clinical IS Implementation in Hospitals: A Statewide Survey
Authors: Jaana Mirou , Ward Marcia M. , Bahensky James A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPurpose: Present an overview of clinical information systems (IS) in hospitals and analyze the level of electronic medical records (EMR) implementation in relation to clinical IS capabilities and organizational characteristics.Methods: We developed a survey instrument measuring clinical IS implementation and classified clinical IS across 5 EMR levels. The survey was administered to hospitals in a state with a large number of rural hospitals (84% response rate).Findings: Clinical IS were classified across 5 EMR levels, a useful approach for understanding the gaps in clinical IS in hospitals. Almost half (43%) of hospitals in Iowa were at EMR Level 0, with at least 1 of the ancillary systems still absent; 12% were at Level 1 with all 3 ancillary systems in place; 16% were at Level 2 corresponding to an early EMR system; 18% were at Level 3 corresponding to an intermediate EMR system; and 10% were at Level 4 corresponding to an advanced EMR system. In contrast, 22% had no plans for EMR implementation at all. EMR level was lower in critical access hospitals and positively associated with more slack resources and staffed beds. Over a 3‐year period, there were increases in ancillary systems and clinical documentation implementation.Conclusions: The survey performed well. There was agreement with published estimates of EMR penetration, sensitivity to change over time, and association with known organizational factors. It is well designed and can be used to map onto a comprehensive classification scheme capturing the EMR level and evaluating progress toward meaningful use.
Slaframine toxicosis in Brazilian horses causing excessive salivation
Authors: Borges A. S. , Oliveira‐Filho J. P. , Simon J. J. , Palumbo M. I. P. , Imerman P. M. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryIngestion of food contaminated with slaframine, an alkaloid produced by Rhizoctonia leguminicola, causes a mycotoxicosis, characterised by excessive salivation. Twenty‐eight horses demonstrated this clinical sign after the consumption of alfalfa hay which on inspection showed dark patches on many of the stems. The presence of slaframine (1.5 ppm) in this hay was confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. This is the first equine slaframine toxicosis case reported in Brazil.
AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS
Authors: Hamilton Max 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThe primary object of this paper is to urge the value of factor analysis as a means of investigating psychiatric problems and to illustrate its use by an experimental study of the efficacy of a particular drug (benactyzine) in the treatment of anxiety‐neuroses. At the same time it is argued that the details of the technique employed indicate a method whereby factors whose interpretation would otherwise remain obscure may be identified experimentally.
REACTION‐TIME STUDIES: THE ANTICIPATION AND INTERACTION OF RESPONSES
Authors: Thomas E. A. C. 
Published: August 2011

The present study is largely concerned with the relation between reaction time and the temporal uncertainty of the signal. It is suggested that the appropriate measure of signal uncertainty is the conditional probability that the signal would be presented given that it has not been presented before. This conditional probability is called the expectancy function. It is assumed that the expectancy function influences the subject's state of readiness and this in turn influences reaction time; and ways of expressing these relations mathematically are discussed. It is shown that, with a suitable representation of subjective errors in time and probability estimation, a theory can be stated which accounts for the qualitative features of a variety of experimental data.The relevance of this theory to studies concerned with central intermittency is then discussed. It is argued that temporal uncertainty alone is insufficient to account for the increase in reaction time to the second of two closely spaced signals, both of which require a response. On the other hand, a model for the interaction of two responses is stated in which refractoriness in the central processes is not inevitable.
On the relative power of the U and t tests
Authors: Blair R. Clifford , Higgins J. J. , Smitley William D. S. 
Published: August 2011

Boneau (1962) concluded that there is little difference between the power of the Mann–Whitney U test and the t test when samples are drawn from non‐normal populations. He further concluded that, in the long run, the t statistic does hold a slight power advantage over the Mann–Whitney statistic in the non‐normal population situation. These conclusions are not supported by the asymptotic results obtained by Hodges & Lehmann (1956).In this study, computer simulation techniques were used to re‐examine a portion of Boneau's work. As a result of this re‐examination, it was demonstrated that Boneau erred in his conclusions and that the Mann–Whitney test may indeed show large power advantages over the t test.
Differential coupling of sensory discriminations inferred from a survey of stable decision models for Weber's Law
Authors: Laming Donald 
Published: August 2011

Differential coupling of sensory discriminations to the physical stimuli is here established by showing that the contrary supposition, direct coupling, leads to empirical predictions which are at variance with well‐established experimental findings.Certain plausible assumptions about the initial stages of sensory processing suggest that the distributions to be combined in a statistical model for sensory discrimination should be stable; these assumptions are first set out together with the experimental evidence which gives them plausibility. The notion of direct coupling to the physical stimuli suggests, in addition, that the stable distributions should be unidimensional. A survey of stable decision models shows that, to accommodate Weber's Law, the distributions must be either Cauchy distributions or strictly stable. The unidimensional Cauchy model is shown to be incompatible with the typical shape of the psychometric function for a discrimination between two separate stimuli; and unidimensional, strictly stable, decision models are shown to have inadequate resolving power in relation to the discriminative sensitivity of human subjects. The suggestion that the decision variables should be unidimensional is thereby shown to be untenable.Sensory discriminations can be satisfactorily represented by a strictly stable model with an unspecified, possibly large, number of independent components, and an example (the normal model) is given to show what such a model might look like. Estimates are given with respect to this model of the numbers of independent components required to support the accuracy of discrimination typically achieved with different stimulus attributes.
Thurstonian models for variants of the method of tetrads
Authors: Ennis John M. , Ennis Daniel M. , Yip Dorene , O'Mahony Michael 
Published: August 2011

Variants of the method of tetrads are discussed and their psychometric functions are both derived and presented in table form. For the first variant, the Unspecified method, subject response is correct provided that the subject, when presented with two stimuli from one set and two stimuli from a second set, correctly segregates the four stimuli into their two appropriate groups. In the second variant, the Specified method, subject response is correct provided that the subject, when presented with two stimuli from one set and two stimuli from a second set, correctly discerns the two strongest stimuli. For the Unspecified method,where Pc is the probability of correct response, and ø (x) and Φ (x) are the density and distribution functions respectively, for the standard normal distribution. The parameter δ is the perceptual difference between stimulus means and corresponds to the signal detection measure of sensitivity d. For the Specified method,For each of the two variants, tables connect the probability of correct response to δ.
Detection of Antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Melanin inIn VitroandIn VivoStudies during Infection
Authors: Urán Martha E. , Nosanchuk Joshua D. , Restrepo Angela , Hamilton Andrew J. , Gómez Beatriz L. , Cano Luz E. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTSeveral cell wall constituents, including melanins or melanin-like compounds, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of microbial diseases caused by diverse species of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and helminthes. Among these microorganisms, the dimorphic fungal pathogenParacoccidioides brasiliensisproduces melanin in its conidial and yeast forms. In the present study, melanin particles fromP. brasiliensiswere injected into BALB/c mice in order to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We identified five immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) κ-chain and four IgM melanin-binding MAbs. The five IgG1 κ-chain isotypes are the first melanin-binding IgG MAbs ever reported. The nine MAbs labeledP. brasiliensisconidia and yeast cells bothin vitroand in pulmonary tissues. The MAbs cross-reacted with melanin-like purified particles from other fungi and also with commercial melanins, such as synthetic andSepia officinalismelanin. Melanization during paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) was also further supported by the detection of IgG antibodies reactive to melanin fromP. brasiliensisconidia and yeast in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids fromP. brasiliensis-infected mice, as well as in sera from human patients with PCM. Serum specimens from patients with other mycoses were also tested for melanin-binding antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and cross-reactivities were detected for melanin particles from different fungal sources. These results suggest that melanin fromP. brasiliensisis an immunologically active fungal structure that activates a strong IgG humoral response in humans and mice.
A Tripartite Fusion, FaeG-FedF-LT192A2:B, of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Elicits Antibodies That Neutralize Cholera Toxin, Inhibit Adherence of K88 (F4) and F18 Fimbriae, and Protect Pigs against K88ac/Heat-Labile Toxin Infection
Authors: Ruan Xiaosai , Liu Mei , Casey Thomas A. , Zhang Weiping 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTEnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) strains expressing K88 (F4) or F18 fimbriae and heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) toxins are the major cause of diarrhea in young pigs. Effective vaccines inducing antiadhesin (anti-K88 and anti-F18) and antitoxin (anti-LT and anti-ST) immunity would provide broad protection to young pigs against ETEC. In this study, we genetically fused nucleotides coding for peptides from K88ac major subunit FaeG, F18 minor subunit FedF, and LT toxoid (LT192) A2 and B subunits for a tripartite adhesin-adhesin-toxoid fusion (FaeG-FedF-LT192A2:B). This fusion was used for immunizations in mice and pigs to assess the induction of antiadhesin and antitoxin antibodies. In addition, protection by the elicited antiadhesin and antitoxin antibodies against a porcine ETEC strain was evaluated in a gnotobiotic piglet challenge model. The data showed that this FaeG-FedF-LT192A2:B fusion elicited anti-K88, anti-F18, and anti-LT antibodies in immunized mice and pigs. In addition, the anti-porcine antibodies elicited neutralized cholera toxin and inhibited adherence against both K88 and F18 fimbriae. Moreover, immunized piglets were protected when challenged with ETEC strain 30302 (K88ac/LT/STb) and did not develop clinical disease. In contrast, all control nonvaccinated piglets developed severe diarrhea and dehydration after being challenged with the same ETEC strain. This study clearly demonstrated that this FaeG-FedF-LT192A2:B fusion antigen elicited antibodies that neutralized LT toxin and inhibited the adherence of K88 and F18 fimbrialE. colistrains and that this fusion could serve as an antigen for vaccines against porcine ETEC diarrhea. In addition, the adhesin-toxoid fusion approach used in this study may provide important information for developing effective vaccines against human ETEC diarrhea.
Gag Induces the Coalescence of Clustered Lipid Rafts and Tetraspanin-Enriched Microdomains at HIV-1 Assembly Sites on the Plasma Membrane
Authors: Hogue Ian B. , Grover Jonathan R. , Soheilian Ferri , Nagashima Kunio , Ono Akira 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT
The HIV-1 structural protein Gag associates with two types of plasma membrane microdomains, lipid rafts and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs), both of which have been proposed to be platforms for HIV-1 assembly. However, a variety of studies have demonstrated that lipid rafts and TEMs are distinct microdomains in the absence of HIV-1 infection. To measure the impact of Gag on microdomain behaviors, we took advantage of two assays: an antibody-mediated copatching assay and a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that measures the clustering of microdomain markers in live cells without antibody-mediated patching. We found that lipid rafts and TEMs copatched and clustered to a greater extent in the presence of membrane-bound Gag in both assays, suggesting that Gag induces the coalescence of lipid rafts and TEMs. Substitutions in membrane binding motifs of Gag revealed that, while Gag membrane binding is necessary to induce coalescence of lipid rafts and TEMs, either acylation of Gag or binding of phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate is sufficient. Finally, a Gag derivative that is defective in inducing membrane curvature appeared less able to induce lipid raft and TEM coalescence. A higher-resolution analysis of assembly sites by correlative fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy showed that coalescence of clustered lipid rafts and TEMs occurs predominately at completed cell surface virus-like particles, whereas a transmembrane raft marker protein appeared to associate with punctate Gag fluorescence even in the absence of cell surface particles. Together, these results suggest that different membrane microdomain components are recruited in a stepwise manner during assembly.
Immunization with a Vaccine Combining Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Glycoprotein C (gC) and gD Subunits Improves the Protection of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Mice and Reduces the Frequency of Recurrent Vaginal Shedding of HSV-2 DNA in Guinea Pigs Compared to Immunization with gD Alone
Authors: Awasthi Sita , Lubinski John M. , Shaw Carolyn E. , Barrett Shana M. , Cai Michael , Wang Fushan , Betts Michael , Kingsley Susan , DiStefano Daniel J. , Balliet John W. , Flynn Jessica A. , Casimiro Danilo R. , Bryan Janine T. , Friedman Harvey M. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

Attempts to develop a vaccine to prevent genital herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) disease have been only marginally successful, suggesting that novel strategies are needed. Immunization with HSV-2 glycoprotein C (gC-2) and gD-2 was evaluated in mice and guinea pigs to determine whether adding gC-2 to a gD-2 subunit vaccine would improve protection by producing antibodies that block gC-2 immune evasion from complement. Antibodies produced by gC-2 immunization blocked the interaction between gC-2 and complement C3b, and passive transfer of gC-2 antibody protected complement-intact mice but not C3 knockout mice against HSV-2 challenge, indicating that gC-2 antibody is effective, at least in part, because it prevents HSV-2 evasion from complement. Immunization with gC-2 also produced neutralizing antibodies that were active in the absence of complement; however, the neutralizing titers were higher when complement was present, with the highest titers in animals immunized with both antigens. Animals immunized with the gC-2-plus-gD-2 combination had robust CD4
+
T-cell responses to each immunogen. Multiple disease parameters were evaluated in mice and guinea pigs immunized with gC-2 alone, gD-2 alone, or both antigens. In general, gD-2 outperformed gC-2; however, the gC-2-plus-gD-2 combination outperformed gD-2 alone, particularly in protecting dorsal root ganglia in mice and reducing recurrent vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA in guinea pigs. Therefore, the gC-2 subunit antigen enhances a gD-2 subunit vaccine by stimulating a CD4
+
T-cell response, by producing neutralizing antibodies that are effective in the absence and presence of complement, and by blocking immune evasion domains that inhibit complement activation.
HLA-DR+CD38+CD4+T Lymphocytes Have Elevated CCR5 Expression and Produce the Majority of R5-Tropic HIV-1 RNAInVivo
Authors: Meditz Amie L. , Haas Michelle K. , Folkvord Joy M. , Melander Kelsey , Young Russ , McCarter Martin , MaWhinney Samantha , Campbell Thomas B. , Lie Yolanda , Coakley Eoin , Levy David N. , Connick Elizabeth 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTPercentages of activated T cells correlate with HIV-1 disease progression, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We hypothesized that HLA-DR+CD38+(DR+38+) CD4+T cells produce the majority of HIV-1 due to elevated expression of CCR5 and CXCR4. In phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated CD8-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infected with HIV-1 green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter viruses, DR−38+T cells constituted the majority of CCR5 (R5)-tropic (median, 62%) and CXCR4 (X4)-tropic HIV-1-producing cells (median, 61%), although cell surface CCR5 and CXCR4 were not elevated in this subset of cells. In lymph nodes from untreated individuals infected with R5-tropic HIV-1, percentages of CCR5+cells were elevated in DR+38+CD4+T cells (median, 36.4%) compared to other CD4+T-cell subsets (median values of 5.7% for DR−38−cells, 19.4% for DR+38−cells, and 7.6% for DR−38+cells;n= 18;P< 0.001). In sorted CD8−lymph node T cells, median HIV-1 RNA copies/105cells was higher for DR+38+cells (1.8 × 106) than for DR−38−(0.007 × 106), DR−38+(0.064 × 106), and DR+38−(0.18 × 106) subsets (n= 8;P< 0.001 for all). After adjusting for percentages of subsets, a median of 87% of viral RNA was harbored by DR+38+cells. Percentages of CCR5+CD4+T cells and concentrations of CCR5 molecules among subsets predicted HIV-1 RNA levels among CD8−DR/38 subsets (P< 0.001 for both). Median HIV-1 DNA copies/105cells was higher in DR+38+cells (5,360) than in the DR−38−(906), DR−38+(814), and DR+38−(1,984) subsets (n= 7;P≤ 0.031). Thus, DR+38+CD4+T cells in lymph nodes have elevated CCR5 expression, are highly susceptible to infection with R5-tropic virus, and produce the majority of R5-tropic HIV-1. PBMC assays failed to recapitulatein vivofindings, suggesting limited utility. Strategies to reduce numbers of DR+38+CD4+T cells may substantially inhibit HIV-1 replication.
Crystal Structures of Enterovirus 71 3C Protease Complexed with Rupintrivir Reveal the Roles of Catalytically Important Residues
Authors: Wang Jing , Fan Tingting , Yao Xue , Wu Zhiqiang , Guo Li , Lei Xiaobo , Wang Jianwei , Wang Meitian , Jin Qi , Cui Sheng 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

EV71 is the primary pathogenic cause of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), but an effective antiviral drug currently is unavailable. Rupintrivir, an inhibitor against human rhinovirus (HRV), has potent antiviral activities against EV71. We determined the high-resolution crystal structures of the EV71 3C
pro
/rupintrivir complex, showing that although rupintrivir interacts with EV71 3C
pro
similarly to HRV 3C
pro
, the C terminus of the inhibitor cannot accommodate the leaving-group pockets of EV71 3C
pro
. Our structures reveal that EV71 3C
pro
possesses a surface-recessive S2′ pocket that is not present in HRV 3C
pro
that contributes to the additional substrate binding affinity. Combined with mutagenic studies, we demonstrated that catalytic Glu71 is irreplaceable for maintaining the overall architecture of the active site and, most importantly, the productive conformation of catalytic His40. We discovered the role of a previously uncharacterized residue, Arg39 of EV71 3C
pro
, that can neutralize the negative charge of Glu71, which may subsequently assist deprotonation of His40 during proteolysis.