bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and Bowel Habits in Chinese Adolescents
Authors: Zhou Huiqing , Yao Min , Cheng Guang‐Yu , Chen Yan‐Ping , Li Ding‐Guo 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTObjectives:In the present study, we explored the prevalence rates and association factors of functional gastrointestinal disorders and the most common modes and frequencies of bowel habit among a cohort of Chinese adolescents.Patients and Methods:A stratified, randomized study based on cross‐sectional data was performed using cluster sampling, which recruited 3671 students in Shanghai, China. All of the students were requested to complete a questionnaire.Results:Overall, 88.05% ± 0.28% of students had a bowel movement frequency of between 1 of 2 times per day and once every 2 days. Female students were found to have a lower bowel frequency than boys (P < 0.01). The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional constipation, and functional diarrhea were 19.89%, 24.93%, and 5.42%, respectively. Certain factors adjusted for age and sex were significantly associated with IBS (P < 0.05), including gastrointestinal tract infection (odds ratio [OR] 2.26), abuse of analgesics (OR 1.25), air swallowing to terminate hiccups (OR 1.28), fatigue (OR 1.15), and depression (OR 1.36). Other factors that were adjusted for age and sex, such as fried food (OR 1.68), air swallowing to terminate hiccups (OR 1.21), anxiety (OR 1.12), and depression (OR 1.57), were significantly associated with the presence of functional constipation (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Our findings suggest that normal bowel frequency among Chinese urban adolescents may be defined as between 1 or 2 bowel movements per day and once every 2 days. IBS, functional constipation, and diarrhea are common disorders among this adolescent group.
ORS Containing Zinc Does Not Reduce Duration or Stool Volume of Acute Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children
Authors: Wadhwa Nitya , Natchu Uma Chandra Mouli , Sommerfelt Halvor , Strand Tor A. , Kapoor Vishal , Saini Savita , Kainth Udaypal S. , Bhatnagar Shinjini 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:The World Health Organization recommends oral zinc (tablets or syrups) as adjunct therapy with oral rehydration solution (ORS) for acute childhood diarrhea. Mixing zinc with ORS can be an attractive approach for simultaneous provision of these 2 effective interventions. This double‐masked randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of ORS containing 40 mg/L elemental zinc per liter (zinc‐ORS) in reducing stool weight and duration of diarrhea.Patients and Methods:Five hundred northern Indian children ages 1 to 35 months with diarrhea <7 days’ duration were randomized to zinc‐ORS or ORS. The primary outcomes were total stool output and time to recovery.Results:The median total stool output was 2.12 g · kg−1 · h−1 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.9–3.76) in the zinc‐ORS group compared with 1.78 g · kg−1 · h−1 (IQR 0.83–3.45) in the ORS group. The time to recovery was also similar in the 2 groups (hazard ratio 1.06 [95% confidence interval 0.88–1.27]). In subjects who received zinc‐ORS, the median (IQR) zinc intakes were 27 (16–46) mg on day 1, 15 (6–27) mg on day 2, and negligible thereafter.Conclusions:The World Health Organization–recommended daily dose of zinc for diarrhea was not achieved in most children beyond the first day of treatment. This is the likely explanation for the lack of improvement in outcomes from zinc‐ORS when compared with ORS alone. Our findings do not support a change from using zinc syrup or dispersible tablets for treatment of acute diarrhea in children.
Serum Concentrations of VEGF and TGF‐β1 During Exclusive Enteral Nutrition in IBD
Authors: Wedrychowicz Andrzej , Kowalska‐Duplaga Kinga , Jedynak‐Wasowicz Urszula , Pieczarkowski Stanislaw , Sladek Malgorzata , Tomasik Przemyslaw , Fyderek Krzysztof 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is an effective method of treatment in achieving remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, its mechanism of action is still poorly understood. The objective of our study was to assess the influence of EEN on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) in children and adolescents with IBD.Patients and Methods:Thirty‐nine children and adolescents with IBD (24 with Crohn disease [CD] and 15 with ulcerative colitis [UC]) and 25 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. VEGF and TGF‐β1 were assessed at the baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks of EEN in CD and UC groups and once in controls using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay immunoassays.Results:At the baseline, we found increased serum VEGF in the CD versus UC group and controls (P < 0.05) and serum TGF‐β1 in the UC versus CD group and controls (P < 0.05). During EEN, VEGF decreased in the UC and CD groups, whereas TGF‐β1 increased in the CD group and decreased in the UC group. The CD group achieved disease remission faster than the UC group, and the weight gain of patients with CD during EEN was higher compared with patients with UC. Additionally, TGF‐β1 concentration correlated with protein and energies daily intake in the CD group (R = 0.95; P < 0.05).Conclusions:Different effectiveness of EEN in achieving remission in CD and UC may result from a modification of growth factor production. EEN stimulated TGF‐β1 production in CD but not in UC, which possibly resulted in higher effectiveness of EEN in this group of patients.
Tolerance, Safety, and Effect on the Faecal Microbiota of an Enteral Formula Supplemented With Pre‐ and Probiotics in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Simakachorn Nipat , Bibiloni Rodrigo , Yimyaem Phisek , Tongpenyai Yothi , Varavithaya Wandee , Grathwohl Dominik , Reuteler Gloria , Maire Jean‐Claude , Blum Stephanie , Steenhout Philippe , Benyacoub Jalil , Schiffrin Eduardo J. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to demonstrate the tolerance and safety of an enteral formula containing prebiotics/probiotics, and its effect on the faecal microbiota in critically ill children.Subjects and Methods:Ninety‐four patients between 1 and 3 years old under mechanical ventilation requiring enteral feeding were randomised to receive either a test formula containing a synbiotic blend (composed of 2 probiotic strains [Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 and Bifidobacterium longum NCC 3001], fructooligosaccharides [FOS], inulin, and Acacia gum), or a control formula. Patients remained in the intensive care unit for 7 days and were examined at day 14. Tolerance was assessed by overall caloric intake and time to reach caloric goal. Safety was assessed by abdominal distention, vomiting, and stool frequency. Microbiota was analysed by culture‐ and molecular‐based methods.Results:Overall caloric intake and time to reach caloric goal were similar between groups (noninferiority was shown). Abdominal distention, vomiting, and stool frequency were not affected by the supplementation with pre‐ and probiotics. Faecal bifidobacteria were higher in the test group at the end of the study. A similar trend was observed for total lactobacilli. L paracasei NCC 2461 and B longum NCC 3001 were detected in 80.4% and 17% of the test group patients, respectively. Enterobacteria levels remained unchanged during hospitalisation in the control group but diminished in the test group.Conclusions:The enteral formula supplemented with synbiotics was well tolerated by children in intensive care units; it was safe and produced an increase in faecal bacterial groups of previously reported beneficial effects.
Safety of Pediatric Percutaneous Liver Biopsy Performed by Interventional Radiologists
Authors: Potter Carol , Hogan Mark J. , Henry‐Kendjorsky Katherine , Balint Jane , Barnard John A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTObjective:National data suggest that pediatric percutaneous liver biopsy is increasingly being performed by interventional radiologists rather than pediatric gastroenterologists. The objective of the present report is to describe the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous liver biopsy performed by interventional radiologists in a large cohort of children and to compare the results with the existing literature on biopsies performed by pediatric gastroenterologists.Patients and Methods:The medical records of 249 children undergoing ultrasound‐guided percutaneous liver biopsy by interventional radiologists were reviewed for adverse events and success of obtaining tissue. Two hundred ninety‐four biopsies were reviewed.Results:There were no deaths. There were 2 instances of a 2‐g or greater drop in hemoglobin following biopsy, neither of which was associated with clinical signs of hemorrhage. A small, asymptomatic pneumothorax quickly resolved without treatment. One patient developed Klebsiella sepsis 48 hours after biopsy. In all but 1 case, an adequate sample size was obtained. This low incidence of adverse events compares favorably with existing published reports of morbidity and mortality following percutaneous liver biopsy performed by pediatric gastroenterologists.Conclusions:Ultrasound‐guided percutaneous liver biopsy performed by experienced pediatric interventional radiologists in a children's hospital setting is as safe and effective as biopsy performed by pediatric gastroenterologists.
Neostigmine in the Treatment of Refractory Constipation in Critically Ill Children
Authors: González Rafael , López‐Herce Jesús , García Ana , Botrán Marta , Solana Maria Jose , Urbano Javier 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTConstipation is a common complication in critically ill children and it is occasionally resistant to the drugs typically used in treatment. Neostigmine has been used in some cases of refractory constipation in critically ill adults. There is no reference to its use in critically ill children. We describe 3 cases of refractory constipation in critically ill children treated with intravenous neostigmine by continuous infusion. Two patients responded well. There were no adverse effects. We conclude that continuous intravenous neostigmine can be effective in critically ill children with refractory constipation. Further studies are necessary to determine the dose and safety of the treatment.
Identification of Specific Foods Responsible for Inflammation in Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis Successfully Treated With Empiric Elimination Diet
Authors: Kagalwalla Amir F. , Shah Ameesh , Li B U.K. , Sentongo Timothy A. , Ritz Sally , Manuel‐Rubio Maria , Jacques Katie , Wang Deli , Melin‐Aldana Hector , Nelson Suzanne P. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTObjectives:Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an immune‐mediated chronic inflammatory disorder triggered by food antigen(s). A 6‐food elimination diet (SFED) excluding cow's milk, soy, wheat, egg, peanuts/tree nuts, and seafood has been shown to induce remission in a majority of children with EoE. The goal of the present study was to identify specific food antigens responsible for eosinophilic esophageal inflammation in children with EoE who had achieved histological remission with the SFED.Patients and Methods:In this analysis, we retrospectively analyzed children with EoE who completed subsequent single‐food reintroductions that led to identification of foods causing disease recurrence. Repeat upper endoscopy with biopsies was performed after single‐food introductions. Recurrence of esophageal eosinophilia following a food reintroduction identified that food antigen as a cause of EoE.Results:A total of 36/46 (25 M/11F) children who were initially successfully treated with SFED completed this trial; the mean age was 7.6 ± 4.3 years. The most common foods identified were 25 to cow's milk (74%), 8 to wheat (26%), 4 to eggs (17%), 3 to soy (10%), and 1 to peanut (6%). Milk was 8 times more likely to cause EoE compared with wheat, the next most common food (95% confidence interval 2.41–26.62, P = 0.0007).Conclusions:Serial single‐food reintroductions following induction of histological remission with the SFED can lead to the identification of specific causal food antigen(s) in EoE. Cow's milk was the most common food identified in subjects with EoE treated with SFED. A subset of children with EoE may develop tolerance to their food sensitivities while on the SFED.
A Peroxygenase Pathway Involved in the Biosynthesis of Epoxy Fatty Acids in Oat
Authors: Meesapyodsuk Dauenpen , Qiu Xiao 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
While oat (Avena sativa) has long been known to produce epoxy fatty acids in seeds, synthesized by a peroxygenase pathway, the gene encoding the peroxygenase remains to be determined. Here we report identification of a peroxygenase cDNA AsPXG1 from developing seeds of oat. AsPXG1 is a small protein with 249 amino acids in length and contains conserved heme-binding residues and a calcium-binding motif. When expressed in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli, AsPXG1 catalyzes the strictly hydroperoxide-dependent epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. It prefers hydroperoxy-trienoic acids over hydroperoxy-dienoic acids as oxygen donors to oxidize a wide range of unsaturated fatty acids with cis double bonds. Oleic acid is the most preferred substrate. The acyl carrier substrate specificity assay showed phospholipid and acyl-CoA were not effective substrate forms for AsPXG1 and it could only use free fatty acid or fatty acid methyl esters as substrates. A second gene, AsLOX2, cloned from oat codes for a 9-lipoxygenase catalyzing the synthesis of 9-hydroperoxy-dienoic and 9-hydroperoxy-trienoic acids, respectively, when linoleic (18:2-9c,12c) and linolenic (18:3-9c,12c,15c) acids were used as substrates. The peroxygenase pathway was reconstituted in vitro using a mixture of AsPXG1 and AsLOX2 extracts from E. coli. Incubation of methyl oleate and linoleic acid or linolenic acid with the enzyme mixture produced methyl 9,10-epoxy stearate. Incubation of linoleic acid alone with a mixture of AsPXG1 and AsLOX2 produced two major epoxy fatty acids, 9,10-epoxy-12-cis-octadecenoic acid and 12,13-epoxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid, and a minor epoxy fatty acid, probably 12,13-epoxy-9-hydroxy-10-transoctadecenoic acid. AsPXG1 predominately catalyzes intermolecular peroxygenation.
Variability of parvovirus B19 genotype 2 in plasma products with different compositions in the inactivation sensitivity by liquid‐heating
Authors: Tsujikawa M. , Nishigaki H. , Yoshikawa M. , Furuki R. , Takahashi K. , Adan‐Kubo J. , Shimamura Y. , Urayama T. , Hattori S. , Sakai K. , Yunoki M. , Ikuta K. 
Published: July 2011

Background and Objectives  Our previous report showed that parvovirus B19 genotype 1 in different solutions derived from plasma preparations showed different heat‐sensitivity patterns during liquid‐heating. In this study, we similarly examined B19 genotype 2.Materials and Methods  Two plasma samples one containing B19 genotype 1 and the other genotype 2 DNA were used. Four process samples collected immediately before the heat treatment step in the manufacture of albumin, immunoglobulin, haptoglobin and antithrombin preparations were spiked with B19 and subsequently treated at 60°C for 10 h. A low pH immunoglobulin solution was also spiked with B19 and treated at room temperature for 14 days. Infectivity was then measured.Results  B19 genotype 2, similar to genotype 1, showed three patterns of inactivation: (i) a rapid inactivation in the albumin and immunoglobulin preparations, (ii) a slow inactivation in the haptoglobin preparation and (iii) only limited inactivation in the antithrombin preparation. Its sensitivity in the low pH immunoglobulin solutions also resembled that of genotype 1.Conclusion  Both genotypes 1 and 2 of B19 varied in sensitivity to liquid‐heating and low pH among different plasma preparations.
The Impact of Clique Membership on Children's Social Behavior and Status Nominations
Authors: Kwon Kyongboon , Lease A. Michele , Hoffman Lesa 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe impact of children's clique membership on their peer nominations for social behaviors and status was examined in a sample of 455 third‐ through fifth‐grade children. Social identity theory (SIT) and children's peer group affiliation and context served as primary conceptual frameworks for this investigation. As suggested by SIT, results indicated that children displayed favorable views toward their own cliquemates, nominating cliquemates more often for positive characteristics (e.g., prosocial, cool) and high status indicators (like‐most, most‐popular) than for negative characteristics (e.g., aggression) and low status indicators (like‐least, least‐popular). At the same time, children's views toward their cliquemates were commensurate with the clique's normative reputations as determined by the broader peer group (i.e., grade). This suggests that children's perceptions toward their cliquemates, albeit favorable, are also regulated by the overall clique context. Meaningful gender and grade effects on children's cliquemate nomination patterns were found. Findings also were discussed regarding the impact of clique size on a peer‐based assessment of social reputations and status.
Family–School Connectedness and Children's Early Social Development
Authors: Serpell Zewelanji N. , Mashburn Andrew J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study examined the extent to which teacher ratings of the frequency of parent–teacher contacts and quality of parent–teacher relationships in prekindergarten were associated with teachers' perceptions of the quality of their relationship with children and children's social development. Participants were a diverse sample of 2966 four‐year‐olds who attended publicly funded prekindergarten programs in the USA. Results indicated that after controlling for child and family characteristics, the perceived quality of the parent–teacher relationship during prekindergarten was associated with prekindergarten teachers' ratings of children's social development during prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers' ratings at the beginning of kindergarten. Furthermore, the association between quality of the parent–teacher relationship and reductions in problem behavior was stronger among children who experienced social/economic risks.
Disentangling the Social and the Pedagogical in Infants' Learning about Tool‐Use
Authors: Sage Kara D. , Baldwin Dare 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe investigated infants' response to pedagogy in the domain of tool use. In experiment 1, infants viewed a causally relevant tool‐use demonstration presented identically in either a social/pedagogical or social/non‐pedagogical context. Infants exposed to pedagogical cues displayed superior production of the tool‐use sequence. This was so despite infants displaying equivalent attention to the demonstration across conditions. In contrast, pedagogical cues had no systematic impact on infants' discrimination between causally possible vs. impossible tool‐use sequences in a looking‐time task. Interestingly, however, older infants across both conditions displayed a preference for looking toward the causally possible display. Experiment 2 documented that social cues of any sort (regardless of pedagogy) accompanying the demonstration triggered older infants to discriminate the causally possible vs. impossible events whereas a non‐social demonstration did not. Together, the two experiments implicate ‘social gating’ as well as a pedagogical stance in infants' processing and execution of causal action.
Higher Access‐Associated Bacteremia but Less Hospitalization Among Saudi Compared with US Hemodialysis Outpatients
Authors: El‐Saed Aiman , Sayyari Abdullah , Hejaili Fayez , Sallah Mahmoud , Dagunton Nimfa , Balkhy Hanan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractComparison of Saudi patients with chronic hemodialysis to an international benchmark was not performed before. We conducted a prospective surveillance study for all end‐stage kidney disease patients served by the hemodialysis unit at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) in Riyadh, SA, between May 2008 and December 2009. US National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions were used for comparison. Among 227 patients with adverse events, 55% were women and their age was 60.2 ± 20.2 years. Events recorded included 339 all‐cause hospitalizations, 302 outpatient start of intravenous antimicrobials, and 174 access‐associated bacteremias. In comparison with NHSN, hospitalization rate per 100 patient‐months was lower (8.6 vs. 10.7, p < 0.001), rates of both antimicrobial start (7.6 vs. 3.5, p < 0.001) and access‐associated bacteremia (4.4 vs. 1.3, p < 0.001) were higher, and blood cultures were more likely to grow gram‐negative rods (47.9% vs. 21.3%, p < 0.001). Similar to NHSN, permanent catheter was associated with highest, while arterio‐venous fistula was associated with lowest event rates, irrespective of event type. KAMC had 2–4 times higher rates of access‐associated bacteremia and antimicrobial start as well as a higher catheter prevalence (42% vs. 31%). The lower hospitalization may indicate good control of comorbidities at outpatient level or underutilization of inpatient services.
Increased Plasma Chymase Concentration and Mast Cell Chymase Expression in Venous Neointimal Lesions of Patients with CKD and ESRD
Authors: Wasse Haimanot , Rivera Angel A. , Huang Rong , Martinson Deborah E. , Long Qi , McKinnon William , Naqvi Nawazish , Husain Ahsan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe underlying inflammatory component of chronic kidney disease may predispose blood vessels to intimal hyperplasia (IH), which is the primary cause of dialysis access failure. We hypothesize that vascular pathology and markers of IH formation are antecedent to arteriovenous (AV) fistula creation. Blood, cephalic, and basilic vein segments were collected from predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with no previous AV access and patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against mast cell chymase, transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), which cause IH. Plasma chymase was measured by ELISA. IH was present in 91% of CKD and 75% of ESRD vein segments. Chymase was abundant in vessels with IH, with the greatest expression in intima and medial layers, and virtually absent in the controls. Chymase colocalized with TGF‐β1 and IL‐6. Plasma chymase concentration was elevated up to 33‐fold in patients with CKD versus controls and was associated with increased chymase in vessels with IH. We show that chymase expression in vessels with IH corresponds with plasma chymase concentrations. As chymase inhibition attenuates IH in animal models, and we find chymase is highly expressed in IH lesions of patients with CKD and ESRD, we speculate that chymase inhibition could have therapeutic value in humans.
New insights into family learning for refugees: bonding, bridging and building transcultural capital
Authors: Hope Julia 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFor over 20 years, researchers and evaluators worldwide have criticised the traditional formula of family learning courses for their narrow vision, and have emphasised their potential to provide a bridge between home and school experiences, building on resources that parents already have, but which are unknown or unacknowledged. This article argues that research into family learning can usefully be linked to Bourdieu's theory of ‘symbolic capitals’ to acknowledge the stores of wealth that refugee families may possess, which can be activated in the new environment to create ‘transcultural capital’– a relatively new concept in the area of migration studies. Putnam's notions of bonding and bridging capital are also helpful in the design of family learning programmes to consider how best to stimulate social cohesion at the present time. An ethnographic study of a family learning course for refugee parents in two South London schools highlights the need for an understanding of the specific strengths and needs of refugee parents. However, this can only be achieved by taking time to find out about their existing networks, the experience that they bring with them, involving them in course design and delivery, and engaging in discussion about their plans for the future.