bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights from the Cocoa Regions in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana: Rethinking the Migration–Conflict Nexus
Authors: Mitchell Matthew I. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:Although many scholars have noted the salience of mobility throughout the African continent, there has been little systematic investigation into the link between migration and conflict. Most scholarship has tended to see migration as primarily a by-product of conflict and not as a security issue in its own right. In analyzing and contrasting the different migration–conflict trajectories across two similar case studies—Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana—this article attempts to develop an empirically informed theoretical framework for understanding the nexus between migration and conflict in Africa and to shed light on key intervening variables linking migration processes with violent outcomes.
The History and Legacy of the Asaba, Nigeria, Massacres
Authors: Bird S. Elizabeth , Ottanelli Fraser 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:In early October 1967, four months into the Nigerian Civil War, federal troops massacred hundreds in Asaba, a town in southeast Nigeria on the west bank of the Niger. While ethnically Igbo, Asaba was not part of Igbo-dominated Biafra. Through the reconstruction of this event, the article fills a significant gap in the historical record and contributes to the discussion on the impact of traumatic memory at the local and national levels. It also suggests that the Asaba massacres speak to larger issues of potential reconciliation that extend beyond Asaba and Nigeria.
The Radical Press and Security Agencies in Nigeria: Beyond Hegemonic Polarities
Authors: Adebanwi Wale 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:The dominant trend in the literature on civil society in Africa, particularly in the context of undemocratic regimes, assumes that civil society activists (including progressive, radical, or guerrilla journalists) are committed only to counteracting the preeminence of a repressive state. Within such a paradigm, evidence of collaborations between agents of the state and elements within civil society—particularly in the interest of advancing political liberation, democracy, justice, and equity—tend to be understated, if not erased altogether. Based on ethnographic details of secret collaborations between the Nigerian security agencies and radical journalists in the fight against military fascism, this article argues that the commonly assumed division between the state and the media is in fact breached regularly in practice. Such evidence should draw scholarly attention to a largely neglected area of research on state–media relations in Africa: the penetration of the apparatuses of power and repression by their targets and victims.
Autochtonie, Libéralisation Politique, et Construction d'une Sphère Publique Locale au Cameroun
Authors: Mouiche Ibrahim 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:This study focuses on the hegemonic struggles between two ethnic communities, the Mbo and the Bamiléké, in Santchou, West Cameroon. At issue is the sharing of political roles in this locality, which point to issues of political representation. In this district, these roles (mayor, representative, etc.) were under the single party rule of the ethnic minority Mbo, who are a majority in this area but a minority in the rest of the district, where the Bamileke are the majority. In this monolithic context, where all protests were banned, the Bamileke had given up and accepted this arrangement. With the advent of the multiparty system and democracy, in which mayors are now elected and no longer simply nominated, uncertainty has been hovering over this political stronghold of the Mbo. Nevertheless, the Mbo have been able to hold onto the post of mayor and acquire other political posts as well. However, unlike during the single party era, the situation created by the political liberalization has offered to the Bamileke a public space where they can discuss the allocation of local political positions, and manifest their disagreement with the hegemonic trend. In the footsteps of Habermas and many other authors such as Cottereau, this study underlines the need to talk about public spaces in a plural form, instead of a single public space, in order to put in context the internal dynamics of popular cultures engendering subcultural public spheres or places of emerging democracy.
אפשר קפה 'May I Some Coffee?' Non-Sentential Utterances in Colloquial Hebrew
Authors: Bar-Aba Esther Borochovsky 
Published: February 2012

Abbreviated utterances of different types are widely integrated into the spoken language, and must therefore form an integral part of its description. Four aspects of abbreviated utterances are examined in this article: 1. Modes of Construction—whether the utterance is a result of omission or of compression 2. Discourse function of the abbreviated utterance 3. Context—does it depend on the linguistic or circumstantial context, or is it context-independent 4. Degree of conventionalization—is it one-of-a-kind, a production phenomenon, does it belong to the domain between production and grammar, is it composed in a fixed pattern of the spoken language and classified as "grammatical," or is it an idiomatic expression, a part of the lexicon of spoken Hebrew. The initial study presented in this paper suggests that there exists regularity, at least partial, in the combinations and cross-combinations of the four aspects.
Functional Nanostructured Porous Si/Hydrogel Hybrids: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications
Authors: Segal Ester , Massad-Ivanir Naama , Shtenberg Giorgi , Krepker Maksym 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTPorous Si/hydrogel thin films combine a porous Si optical nanostructure and a functional hydrogel. These hybrids show great promise as versatile platforms for the fabrication of miniaturized sensors with various transduction mechanisms, cell culture supports, autonomous drug delivery systems, and many other functional systems. The basic considerations in designing functional PSi/hydrogel hybrids, synthesis routes, and novel characterization methods are discussed. New exciting applications of these nanomaterials as label-free optical biosensing platforms for bacteria and organophosphates detection are described.
A New Approach to Project Measurement
Authors: Dallimer David S. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Project Management throughout the Petrochemical and Offshore industries have been striving to introduce more stringent control over their projects in recent years. Conceptually their objective is very simple. To set a realistic project plan to execute the project in the shortest possible time at the optimum cost, producing a resultant facility high integrity.
All too often Project measurement systems are biased toward justification of past project performance. The need for good measurement systems during Project execution arises from the fact that in order to control the outstanding work it is essential to define completed work accurately.
This paper sets out to discuss our approach to project measurement. The main advantages of accurate progress measurement lie in helping the Project Manager to manage, by defined exception.
Having identified work outstanding the Project Manager is able to set clear objectives for the completion of his project.
Simultaneous Comparison of Many Triphasic Defibrillation Waveforms
Authors: Davis Ron , Malkin Robert 
Published: February 2012

Biphasic defibrillation waveforms are now accepted as being more effective at terminating ventricular fibrillation (VF) than monophasic waveforms. If two phases are better than one, this naturally leads to the hypothesis that additional phases improve efficacy. This study tests the hypothesis by adding one additional phase. We examined the efficacy of 18 different triphasic waveforms simultaneously.
We tested the rate of recovery, i.e., successful defibrillation, of 21 guinea pigs (820-1,050 g) using triphasic, monophasic and biphasic defibrillation waveforms. The biphasic and monophasic were control waveforms. VF was electrically induced twenty times per animal and a single defibrillation attempt was made using a test waveform VF episode. Every waveform was adjusted to the energy required to defibrillate that animal 50% of the time, using a biphasic waveform as a control. The success rate of each triphasic waveform was pair-wise compared to the biphasic and monophasic control using the adjusted McNemar statistical test.
Of the 18 triphasic waveforms tested, two were significantly poorer than the monophasic control (p<0.05). One was superior to the biphasic waveform (p<0.1), but not statistically so. We concluded that, while adding a phase to a monophasic waveform does improve efficacy, adding an additional phase to a biphasic waveform does not necessarily improve efficacy.
The Case of the Missing Lower Trapezius Muscle
Authors: Bergin Michael , Elliott James , Jull Gwendolen 
Published: February 2012

The patient was a 22-year-old male physical therapy student whose tutor suspected the absence of the lower portion of the left trapezius muscle. During left lower trapezius manual muscle testing, it was noted that he was unable to achieve satisfactory control of the left scapula and the left lower trapezius was visibly and palpably absent compared to the right side. Because absence of the lower trapezius muscle was suspected, magnetic resonance imaging was completed to confirm its absence. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(8):614. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0416
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Authors: Sum Jonathan C. , Hatch George F. 
Published: February 2012

The patient was a 21-year-old man who sustained a noncontact twisting injury of his left knee while playing basketball. He was evaluated by a physical therapist 2 hours after the injury. Based on the patient's history and physical examination findings, a meniscal injury was suspected. Therefore, the patient was referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for immediate evaluation and diagnostic imaging. Knee radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an appearance consistent with the sequela of osteochondritis dissecans. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(10):796. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0421
The Pearls and Pitfalls of Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lower Extremity
Authors: Tall Michael A. , Thompson Adrianne K. , Greer Barry , Campbell Scot 
Published: February 2012

Synopsis This article is intended for the clinician charged with either diagnosing or treating patients with lower extremity symptoms thought to be of musculoskeletal etiology. It gives a brief overview of the imaging techniques that can be utilized, common pathology, and certain pearls and pitfalls that may be encountered in both ordering and interpreting lower extremity magnetic resonance imaging. While we cannot present a comprehensive discussion of all of the known disorders in the lower extremity, we will choose common disorders to illustrate the diagnostic benefits and limitations of magnetic resonance imaging and provide reasons for choosing certain magnetic resonance imaging techniques. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(11):873–886. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3713
Unicameral Bone Cyst of the Calcaneus
Authors: O'Laughlin Shaun J. 
Published: February 2012

The patient was a 21-year-old man, currently serving in the military, who was referred to a physical therapist for a chief complaint of left lateral ankle pain of 2 months in duration, after an inversion ankle injury sustained while hiking. At the time of the initial evaluation, the physical therapist reviewed computed tomography images and the radiologist#x0027;s report, which noted a cystic lesion in the anterior calcaneus, with a small area of communication with the subtalar joint, which was concerning for a pathologic fracture. The patient was diagnosed with a unicameral bone cyst of the calcaneus and subsequently underwent curettage and packing with a multipotential cellular bone matrix containing adult stem cells. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(1):43. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.0401
Validity and Reliability of Hallux Valgus Angle Measured on Digital Photographs
Authors: Nix Sheree , Russell Trevor , Vicenzino Bill , Smith Michelle 
Published: February 2012

Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Objectives To investigate the reliability and concurrent validity of photographic measurements of hallux valgus angle compared to radiographs as the criterion standard. Background Clinical assessment of hallux valgus involves measuring alignment between the first toe and metatarsal on weight-bearing radiographs or visually grading the severity of deformity with categorical scales. Digital photographs offer a noninvasive method of measuring deformity on an exact scale; however, the validity of this technique has not previously been established. Methods Thirty-eight subjects (30 female, 8 male) were examined (76 feet, 54 with hallux valgus). Computer software was used to measure hallux valgus angle from digital records of bilateral weight-bearing dorsoplantar foot radiographs and photographs. One examiner measured 76 feet on 2 occasions 2 weeks apart, and a second examiner measured 40 feet on a single occasion. Reliability was investigated by intraclass correlation coefficients and validity by 95% limits of agreement. The Pearson correlation coefficient was also calculated. Results Intrarater and interrater reliability were very high (intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.96) and 95% limits of agreement between photographic and radiographic measurements were acceptable. Measurements from photographs and radiographs were also highly correlated (Pearson r = 0.96). Conclusion Digital photographic measurements of hallux valgus angle are reliable and have acceptable validity compared to weight-bearing radiographs. This method provides a convenient and precise tool in assessment of hallux valgus, while avoiding the cost and radiation exposure associated with radiographs. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(7):642–648, Epub 25 January 2012. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3841
Gecko‐Inspired Nanomaterials
Authors: Greiner Christian 
Published: February 2012

Abstract“Gecko‐inspired” – or perhaps more aptly named “bioinspired” – adhesives have attracted great interest during recent years that has not been limited to adhesion experts or biologists working in the field, but has also affected the general public. Whilst initially this might relate to the attraction of the gecko as an animal, a more convincing argument is that these adhesives hold great promise for general use. In the near future, they might be used on the desk, in the kitchen, or a robot might even explore other planets using a gecko‐inspired adhesive to enable it to climb over rocks and gravel. These admittedly futuristic examples will not serve as the content of this chapter, however; rather, attention will be focused (after having discussed the physical origin of gecko adhesion and how to mimic its abilities) on applications in the life sciences, despite this field being in its very early stages and very few studies having been reported to date. This is also the reason why previous reviews have not focused on potential biomedical applications. Yet, this vibrant field of research continues to progress so rapidly that new reports are made weekly, and current reviews are most likely already out of date. In this chapter, the physical principles behind gecko adhesion will first be established, since a profound knowledge is required to understand the peculiarities of this animal's climbing abilities, and how these may be mimicked by man‐made adhesives. The fabrication approaches selected to achieve this will form another major part of the text, and the different techniques used to quantify adhesion, its most common descriptors, and the main conclusions drawn to date will also be discussed. Finally, a brief summary will be provided, and some future perspectives proposed.
Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Loeffler Andrew P. , Ma Peter X. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBioinspired nanomaterials play a crucial role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. For example, nanofibrous scaffolds provide a three‐dimensional (3‐D) template to guide new tissue formation and organization. The scaffold materials are intended to provide the characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM), both structurally and functionally, for tissue regeneration. It is beneficial for the scaffolds to mimic certain material characteristics of the natural ECM that cause cells to accelerate natural developmental and wound‐healing processes. In this chapter, the three fabrication techniques for nanofibrous scaffolds (electrospinning, self‐assembly, and phase separation), and their applications to tissue engineering, are briefly reviewed. Details are also included of many modification technologies for nanofibrous, nanocomposite, and nanostructured scaffolds. The characteristics of ECM‐mimicking nanostructured biomaterials, which actively regulate many biological effects and cellular responses such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, which also be discussed. Examples of enhanced cellular functions, tissue functions, and regenerative outcomes are provided throughout the chapter, demonstrating the significance of biomimetic nanomaterials for tissue engineering and regeneration.
Bioinspired Layered Nanomaterials in Medical Therapy
Authors: Choy Jin‐Ho , Oh Jae‐Min , Choi Soo‐Jin , Jung Hyun 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFeatures of Layered NanomaterialsAnionic Layered Nanomaterials: Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)Cationic Layered Nanomaterials: ClaysLayered Nanomaterials in Medical ApplicationsLDHsBiomolecule StabilizationDrug‐Delivery SystemsEnhanced Cellular UptakeTargeted Cellular DeliveryApplications of Layered Aluminosilicate and ClayToxicityEffects ofLDHChemical Composition on CytotoxicityEffects ofLDHParticle Size on CytotoxicityConclusions
Biological and Biomimetic Synthesis of Metal Nanomaterials
Authors: Xie Jianping , Tan Yen Nee , Lee Jim Yang 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
In recent years, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the development of cleaner methods to prepare nanomaterials in the pursuit of nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanoparticles by organisms or biomolecules is ideal from the point of a reduced environmental footprint. It is also particularly suitable for end uses in medicine and related fields, where biocompatibility is a major requirement. In this chapter, the current progress in biological and biomimetic synthesis of metal nanoparticles is summarized (using nanogold and nanosilver as examples). In particular, the differences between biological/biomimetic syntheses and conventional chemical syntheses are highlighted, and the fundamental principles involved are discussed.
Gold Nanocomposite Biosensors
Authors: Pividori María Isabel , Alegret Salvador 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionElectrochemical Biosensing and Transducing FeaturesModification Strategies of Gold Surfaces and Gold Nanoparticles with BiomoleculesPhysisorptionPhysisorption of ProteinsPhysisorption of Oligonucleotides andDNAChemisorption Based on Self‐Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)Chemisorption of ProteinsChemisorption ofDNAProbesCovalent Immobilization of Self‐Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)Spacer ArmsSynthesis and Properties of Gold NanoparticlesComposites and Nanocomposite Materials in BiosensorsBiological and Engineering CompositesNanostructured Composite and NanocompositesConducting CompositesPolymer CompositesConducting Composites Based on Conducting PolymersConducting Composites Based on Nonconducting PolymersCarbon Conducting Composites Based on Nonconducting PolymersRigid Conducting nanoAu‐GECsfor Improved Immobilization of the Bioreceptor in Genosensing DevicesOther Approaches Based on Gold Nanocomposites for Electrochemical BiosensingFinal Remarks
Quantum Dot Nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Jianxiu , Long Yunfei , Zhou Feimeng 
Published: February 2012

AbstractQuantum dots (QDs), with dimensions ranging from 0.2 to 100 nm, exhibit unique electronic, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Due to the broad excitation spectra, narrow size‐tunable emission spectra, high quantum yield, excellent photostability, and chemical stability, QDs have proven to be the ideal candidate for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based biosensors. In this chapter, attention is focused on recent developments in the construction, characterization, and representative applications of QD nanocomposites, with emphasis placed on the use of these nanocomposites as FRET‐based biosensors for investigations of donor–acceptor distance distribution, macromolecule conformation, receptor–ligand binding, DNA hybridization, antigen–antibody recognition, and DNA–protein interaction.
Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery
Authors: Shen Shoucang , Dong Yuan‐Cai , Ng Wai Kiong , Chia Leonard , Tan Reginald Beng Hee 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionNanoparticle Composites for Drug DeliveryPolymeric Nanoparticle CompositesPLGANanoparticle CompositesChitosan Nanoparticle CompositesLiposomesSolid Lipid Nanoparticle CompositesMicellesIron Oxide Nanoparticle Composites for Drug DeliverySilica Nanoparticle CompositesNanofiber Composites for Drug DeliveryDelivery of AntibioticsDelivery of Anticancer Drugs“Smart” Nanofiber Drug CarriersMultifunctional NanofibersTwo‐Dimensional Mesoporous Material‐Incorporated NanocompositesInorganic 2‐DNanoporous CompositesOxide‐Modified Nanoporous CompositesMesoporous Bioactive GlassesMagnetic Functionalized Mesoporous CompositesLuminescent Mesoporous CompositesPolymer–Silica NanocompositesStimuli‐Responsive NanocompositesThree‐Dimensional Nanostructured NanocompositesHydrogel Nanocomposite Drug CarriersSummary and Outlook
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications of Graphene
Authors: Dato Albert , Radmilovic Velimir , Frenklach Michael 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSynthesis of GrapheneChemical ExfoliationEpitaxial GrowthSubstrate‐Free Gas‐Phase SynthesisChemical Vapor DepositionArc Discharge of Graphite ElectrodesLiquid‐Phase ProductionCharacterization of GrapheneRaman SpectroscopyTransmission Electron MicroscopyElectron DiffractionElectron Energy Loss SpectroscopyElemental AnalysisBiomedical Applications of GrapheneBiocompatible Graphene PaperDrug DeliveryBiodevicesImaging of Soft MaterialsConclusions
Carbon Nanohorns and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhu Shuyun , Xu Guobao 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Structure and Properties

Functionalization

Covalent Functionalization

Noncovalent Functionalization

Biomedical Applications

Toxicity Assessment of
SWCNHs

SWCNHs
Used in Drug‐Delivery Systems

SWCNHs
Used in Magnetic Resonance Analysis

Biosensing Applications of
SWCNHs

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Bio‐Inspired Magnetic Carbon Materials
Authors: Titus Elby , Gracio José , Fagg Duncan P. , Singh Manjo K. , Sousa Antonio C. M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionAllotropic Forms of CarbonMagnetism in DiamondBiomedical Applications of Magnetic DiamondMagnetism in GraphiteBiomedical Applications of Magnetic GraphiteMagnetism in Carbon Nanotubes/FullerenesBiomedical Applications of Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes/FullerenesMagnetism in GrapheneBiomedical Applications of Magnetic GrapheneConclusion
Carbon Nanotube‐Based Three‐Dimensional Matrices for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Firkowska Izabela , Giersig Michael 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCarbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes for Matrix EnhancementCellular Responses toCNT‐Based MatricesCNTEngineering into Three‐Dimensional MatricesVertically AlignedCNT‐Based MatricesThree‐Dimensional Cavity Network of Interconnected NanotubesFreestandingMWNT‐Based MatrixModification of theMWNT‐Based Matrix Surface with Bioactive Calcium Phosphate NanoparticlesSummary