bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materials-Based, Imagery-Based, and Rote Exercise Occupational Forms: Effect on Repetitions, Heart Rate, Duration of Performance, and Self-Perceived Rest Period in Well Elderly Women
Authors: Thomas Julie Jepsen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. This study extends previous research that contrasted occupational forms with elderly persons living in institutions to include elderly women living independently. In addition to differences in number of repetitions elicited, the current study measured heart rate response and perceived rest period duration.
Method. Forty-five women over the age of 65 years were randomly assigned to one of three occupational forms: materials based (kicking a balloon), imagery based (kicking an imaginary balloon), and rote exercise (performing a kicking movement without a balloon or imagery prompt). Subjects were instructed to perform the assigned lower-extremity movement until they fatigued and after a self-determined period of rest indicated when they felt able to do another set of movements. Dependent variables included number of repetitions of movement, heart rate (at baseline, at completion of movements, at end of rest period), duration of movement, and self-perceived rest period. Group means for each variable were compared using analyses of variance.
Results. Groups showed no significant difference in baseline and demographic data. Subjects in the materials-based occupational form performed significantly more repetitions and required a significantly longer self-perceived rest period than subjects in the imagery-based and rote exercise forms. There were no significant differences among the groups for heart rate response. Duration of movement and number of repetitions variables were strongly correlated (r = .95), indicating lack of independence.
Conclusions. The materials-based occupational form elicited a quantitatively different performance than the other forms. Given the relatively fuller experience (i.e., interaction with an object, clear objective) of the materials-based form, an occupational form that has added meaning for the person appears to result in enhanced performance when compared with forms that lack strong meaning and suggest more limited purposes.
A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy for Older Persons
Authors: Carlson Mike , Fanchiang Shan-Pin , Zemke Ruth , Clark Florence 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Given the current health care debate, it is imperative to document the usefulness of various health services for older persons, a rapidly growing population at increased risk for a wide variety of physical and functional impairments. A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the degree of effectiveness of occupational therapy for older persons. For a sample of 15 distinct tests of occupational therapy, a positive unweighted mean effect size of .51 (.54 when corrected for instrument unreliability) was obtained, along with a highly significant cumulative result for treatment success (p &lt; .001). Beneficial treatment effects extended to activities of daily living–functional and psychosocial outcomes. The results for physical outcomes suggested a beneficial effect, although not every meta-analytic test yielded significant results. It was concluded that factors such as publication bias or poor study design are incapable of accounting for the positive meta-analytic result and that occupational therapy represents a worthwhile treatment option for older persons.
Life Domains and Adaptive Strategies of a Group of Low-Income, Well Older Adults
Authors: Clark Florence , Carlson Mike , Zemke Ruth , Frank Gelya , Patterson Karen , Ennevor Bridget Larson , Rankin-Martinez Allyn , Hobson LuAn , Crandall Jennifer , Mandel Deborah , Lipson Loren 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Older adults are at increased risk for a variety of physical and functional limitations that threaten their ability to lead independent and fulfilling lives. Consequently, they stand to benefit from personalized strategies of adaptation that enable them to achieve successful outcomes in their daily activities and desired goals. In the current investigation, a qualitative descriptive methodology was used to document the perceived life domain of importance and associated strategies of adaptation of 29 residents of Angelus Plaza, a federally subsidized apartment complex in downtown Los Angeles for low-income, well older adults. On the basis of interview data, 10 life domains were identified, and within each domain, a typology of adaptive strategies was derived. The domains were activities of daily living (ADL), adaptation to a multicultural environment, free time usage, grave illness and death–spirituality, health maintenance, mobility maintenance, personal finances, personal safety, psychological well-being and happiness, and relationships with others. Although the typology should not be generalized to a geriatric population, therapists may wish to refer to it to gain a sense of the extent to which certain adaptive strategies may be applicable to the lives of particular older adults to whom they deliver services. The teaching of these adaptive strategies could then be incorporated into an individualized treatment plan.
The typology also provides a broad picture of the kinds of adaptive strategies used by the older adults as a way of coping and adapting to their setting. Although some of the domains do not differ from those typically addressed in occupational therapy textbooks on geriatric care (e.g., ADL, health maintenance), others seem uniquely tailored to the specifics of the Angelus Plaza context (e.g., personal safety). Finally, certain domains emerged that may be highly relevant to older adults in most settings but are not typically the focus of occupational therapy programs (e.g., grave illness and death–spirituality, relationships with others). The emergence of these domains from our data suggests that therapists may wish to consider them more in treatment if they are convinced that they possess local relevance.
Shoulder Pain and Subluxation After Stroke: Correlation or Coincidence?
Authors: Zorowitz Richard D. , Hughes Mary B. , Idank David , Ikai Tetsuo , Johnston Mark V. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. Few studies have concomitantly examined shoulder subluxation and other potential causes of shoulder pain in persons who have had a stroke. This study explores whether shoulder pain after stroke is related to shoulder subluxation, age, limitations in shoulder range of motion, and upper extremity motor impairment.
Method. Shoulder pain was measured with a visual analog scale in 20 subjects admitted to a rehabilitation hospital within 6 weeks of onset of their first stroke. Degree of shoulder pain was correlated with vertical, horizontal, and total asymmetries of glenohumeral subluxation; age; shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation; and the upper extremity subscore of the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment.
Results. Shoulder pain after stroke was not correlated with age (rk = .019, P = .916); vertical (rk = .081, P = .324), horizontal (rk = .126, P = .241), or total asymmetry (rk = −.098, p =.288); shoulder flexion (rk = .049, p = .390) or abduction (rk = −.074, p = .337); or Fugl-Meyer scores (rk= −.123, P = .257). In contrast, shoulder pain was strongly correlated with degree of shoulder external rotation (rk = −.457, P = .006).
Conclusion. These results do not support a strong relationship between shoulder subluxation and pain after stroke. Appropriate precautions should be taken to prevent range of motion limitations that may result in shoulder pain.
An Analysis of Score Patterns of Children With Attention Disorders on the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests
Authors: Mulligan Shelley 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the score patterns of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) and to determine whether their score patterns differ significantly from those of children without ADHD.
Method. In this retrospective study, the score patterns of 309 children with ADHD were compared with a group of 309 children without ADHD. The children were matched by norm group (reflecting age), gender, and the presence or absence of a learning disability. Both descriptive statistics and multivariate techniques were used.
Results. Subjects with ADHD demonstrated relative strengths in the areas of nonmotor visual perception and localization of tactile input and weaknesses with vestibular processing and in most areas of praxis or motor planning. Certain SIPT scores of subjects with ADHD were found to differ significantly from those of subjects without ADHD. The SIPT test that best discriminated the two groups was Space Visualization.
Conclusions. The results suggest that it may be helpful for therapists to consider the areas of praxis and vestibular processing in the evaluation and treatment of children with ADHD and that in clinical practice, it would be difficult to distinguish children with ADHD from those without on the basis of their SIPT scores. However, the ways in which the SIPT score patterns of children with ADHD differed from those without assist our understanding of the brain areas and neurological systems involved in children with ADHD.
Teaching Strategies for the Development of Clinical Reasoning
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A primary aim of occupational therapy education is to teach students how to think like practitioners, that is, how to engage in clinical reasoning. Since the early 1980s, occupational therapy clinical reasoning research has elucidated a language that describes the various types of thinking therapists use in clinical practice, a language that has the potential to make previously tacit thought processes accessible to conscious examination and improvement. Occupational therapy educators can use that language to make their teaching of clinical reasoning more explicit to students. The article examines occupational therapy teaching methods using the language of clinical reasoning, categorizing them by the types of clinical reasoning they promote. Current clinical reasoning language is reviewed, and teaching strategies to facilitate the various types of clinical reasoning are described.
Providing Effective Occupational Therapy Services: Data-Based Decision Making in School-Based Practice
Authors: Clark Gloria Frolek , Miller Linda E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Educational practice is moving away from an “eligibility-oriented” student–problem approach toward a problem-solving approach that connects evaluation and interventions. This approach involves the identification of variables used to frame interventions, and, ultimately, it permits evaluation of intervention effectiveness. This article describes a problem-solving model developed and used within the Heartland Area Education Agency. This model relies on collecting baseline data and ongoing data, producing a basis not only for decision making, but also for evaluating the chosen intervention. This systematic and collaborative approach is used by the educational team to identify concerns about students’ academic and nonacademic performance, to plan interventions, and to establish measurable outcomes.
The Role of Play in Pediatric Occupational Therapy
Authors: Couch Kari J. , Deitz Jean C. , Kanny Elizabeth M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the roles that play occupies within current occupational therapy practice with preschoolers.
Method. Two hundred twenty-four pediatric occupational therapists completed mail questionnaires designed to ascertain how they use play in their practice, their knowledge and use of play assessments, and potential constraints on their use of play.
Results. Although respondents indicated that play was important in motivating children and frequently used play as a treatment modality or reinforcer, they Less frequently assessed play behaviors or wrote treatment goals and objectives related to play. Differences were found between school-based and non-school-based respondents regarding the discipline or model that addresses play in the work setting, the use of play assessments, and constraints that Limit the use of play in the work setting.
Conclusion. The results suggest a need for increasing the emphasis on play in entry-Level curricula and continuing education, improving clinician access to valid and reliable play assessments, and completing studies designed to examine the use and efficacy of play in occupational therapy intervention.
Teaching Clinical Reasoning as a Thinking Frame
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. Clinical reasoning concepts can be viewed as descriptions of mental operations or as a thinking frame—a structure to organize and support clinical thinking. This study examined an approach for teaching clinical reasoning as a thinking frame to occupational therapy students.
Method. A quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design was used with a convenience sample of 10 undergraduate occupational therapy seniors. All participants (a) acquired the thinking frame of clinical reasoning concepts through explicit instruction and (b) practiced that thinking frame with an external aid—the Clinical Reasoning Case Study Format. The accuracy of participants' definitions of clinical reasoning concepts before and after this learning experience were examined to assess their acquisition of the thinking frame. The content of clinical reasoning case studies were examined to assess students' application of the thinking frame to clinical situations.
Results. Wilcoxon signed rank tests done on presemester and postsemester definitions ratings indicated that the latter were rated significantly higher than the former for (a) narrative reasoning (p = .008), (b) procedural reasoning (p =.005), (c) interactive reasoning (p =.006), (d) pragmatic reasoning (p = .008), and (e) conditional reasoning (p =. 01). The content of participants' clinical reasoning case studies indicated that they were able to apply clinical reasoning concepts.
Conclusion. The results suggest that using a clinical reasoning thinking frame to organize clinical observations is an effective way to help entry-level occupational therapy students learn and apply clinical reasoning concepts.
Estimates of Driving Abilities and Skills in Different Conditions
Authors: Galski Thomas , Ehle Holly T. , Williams J. Bradley 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. This research was a preliminary effort to determine whether various driving situations seemed to require different driving skills and abilities and to identify the relative demands of specific physical, perceptual, cognitive, behavioral, and operational skills and abilities in different driving situations.
Method. Experienced driver evaluators and trainers estimated the magnitude of driving abilities and skills for different photographed driving situations. Pictures of driving scenarios were counter balanced for road type, traffic condition, and weather condition.
Results. A multifactorial analysis of variance of the total score for each scenario revealed significant main effects for road type and traffic condition but not for weather condition. Highway and city driving were rated as significantly more demanding overall than residential driving, but no difference was found between city and highway driving. Estimates of the overall demands for driving in heavy traffic were significantly greater than in light traffic. However, driving in inclement weather was not regarded as significantly more demanding than driving in sunny weather. Additionally, significant interaction effects were found for road type by weather condition and traffic by weather condition but not for road type by traffic condition.
Through multivariate methods to evaluate the significance of individual abilities and skills across conditions, significant main and interactive effects were found for road type, traffic condition, and weather condition. Post hoc analyses showed the impact of these effects on such abilities and skills as scanning, attention and concentration, information-processing speed, and others.
Conclusion. Evaluators’ quantified estimates of driving demands showed driving as a complex task that (a) requires high levels of abilities and skills in all situations; (b) demands greater abilities in some situations than in others; and (c) involves different kinds and various degrees of abilities and skills, depending on the demand characteristics of the situation.
Putting Occupation Into Practice: Occupation as Ends, Occupation as Means
Authors: Gray Julie McLaughlin 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article addresses a difficulty that many occupational therapists experience: maintaining occupation as the core of their therapeutic intervention. This difficulty not only results from but also contributes to occupational therapy’s struggle with professional identity. Current manifestations of the problem are described as component-driven practice and the narrowing of occupation to basic activities of daily living. The concepts of occupation as ends and occupation as means are proposed as a practical solution to guide treatment planning and merge remediation and adaptation within a single occupational session. Each concept is investigated in terms of its history within the profession and its usefulness for analyzing and solving therapeutic problems. These concepts are discussed as useful guidelines to help occupational therapists not only in their clinical decision making but also in their understanding and expression of the field’s unique expertise. A case example, applying occupation as ends and occupation as means to evaluation and treatment, is presented.
Competence and the Occupational Therapy Entrepreneur
Authors: Foto Mary 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
That which constitutes competence in an occupational therapy entrepreneur is not well delineated, even though the role of entrepreneur requires that such a person possess a particular set of knowledge and skills in order to be competent. The question of competence in an occupational therapy entrepreneur is increasingly important because the number of practitioners assuming this role has grown in recent times. Indeed, a connection exists between the competence of occupational therapy entrepreneurs and the future stature of the profession. Still, the issue remains: How will occupational therapy entrepreneurs be judged competent? Peer evaluation is one possibility, but the ultimate measure will be marketplace success.
Career Transition From Clinician to Academician: Responsibilities and Reflections
Authors: Crist Patricia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Being an educator is just as much an art and a science as is being a clinician. This article describes the faculty role and its basic responsibilities for occupational therapy practitioners who are considering the transition to academic educator positions. The faculty role has unique characteristics. Differentiating therapy activities from academic activities is an essential part of a career transition from clinician to academician. This article also describes the various features of the academic context and its impact on individual performance, how to assess readiness for the faculty role, and the typical application process.
Sensory Integrative–Based Occupational Therapy and Functional Outcomes in Young Children With Pervasive Developmental Disorders: A Single-Subject Study
Authors: Linderman Tami M. , Stewart Katherine B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This single-subject study explored the effects of sensory integrative–based occupational therapy provided in an outpatient clinic on the functional behaviors of two young children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) at home.
Method. The participants were two 3-year-old boys with PDD. Before the study, the participants had not received a consistent program of sensory integrative–based occupational therapy. Before the baseline phase, three target behaviors were identified for each child, using an adapted version of Cook’s revised Functional Behavior Assessment for Children with Sensory Integrative Dysfunction. These target behaviors were operationalized and used as repeated measures taken in the home during both the 2-week baseline and treatment phases. The treatment phase was 11 weeks for Participant 1 and 7 weeks for Participant 2.
Results. Both participants displayed significant improvements in the areas of social interaction, approach to new activities, response to holding or hugging, and response to movement. Decreases were noted in the frequency and duration of disruptive behaviors (e.g., high activity levels, aggressive behaviors), with an increase in functional behaviors, such as spontaneous speech, purposeful play, and attention to activities and conversation. Concurrent interventions that were not part of this study (e.g., initiation of speech therapy, preschool, vitamins) may have confounded these results.
Conclusions. These findings support the application of sensory integrative–based occupational therapy as a part of the services provided to some children with PDD. Further research is needed to replicate these findings and to isolate the effects of sensory integrative–based occupational therapy because both participants were receiving other interventions at the time of this study.
Construct Validity of the In-Hand Manipulation Test: A Discriminant Analysis With Children Without Disability and Children With Spastic Diplegia
Authors: Miles Breslin Dina M. , Exner Charlotte E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the construct validity of the In-Hand Manipulation Test (IMT) by assessing the test’s ability to discriminate between samples of children with and without known fine motor problems.
Method. The IMT was administered to 55 children without known fine motor problems and 24 children with spastic diplegia who had mild to moderate fine motor problems. Construct validity was estimated by evaluating how accurately the IMT classified the children as having or not having fine motor problems on the basis of total score.
Results. A discriminant analysis indicated that IMT total score correctly classified 83.33% of the participants as having or not having fine motor problems.
Conclusion. The IMT has adequate construct validity to classify the participants of this study and for continued use as a research instrument to assess children’s in-hand manipulation skills. Additional validity studies of the IMT are needed with other samples of children before its use for clinical purposes.
Regression Modeling Strategies: An Illustrative Case Study From Medical Rehabilitation Outcomes Research
Authors: Nick Todd G. , Hardin J. Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The practice of outcomes research is growing in all segments of the health care industry, yet few practitioners and researchers are prepared to deal with the completion of statistical analyses that characterize the new focus on results. This article discusses basic model formulation and interpretation. It also encourages the use of statistical models that study the simultaneous effects of many variables on an outcome and gives examples of relationships among variables that are not simple and linear. The methods are illustrated with a dataset consisting of stroke rehabilitation inpatients discharged during a 3-year period with an admission date that is within 1 year after stroke.