bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cause‐specific mortality of people with intellectual disability in a population‐based, 35‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Patja K. , Mölsä P. , Iivanainen M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate cause‐specific mortality in people with intellectual disability (ID). It was based on a 35‐year follow‐up study of a nation‐wide population of 2369 subjects aged between 2 and 97 years. The 1095 deceased people had accumulated 64 539 person‐years. The research took the form of a prospective cohort study with mortality follow‐up. Observed and expected deaths were calculated as standardized mortality ratios using the Finnish general population as the reference. Cause‐specific mortality ratios were calculated by the level of ID, sex and age. The three most common causes of death were cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and neoplasms. Disease mortality was high up to 40 years of age, but did not increase thereafter. The difference between sexes in cause‐specific mortality was smaller than in the general population. Cause‐specific mortality differed significantly from the general population, with reduced mortality from neoplasms and external causes, but ageing individuals with mild ID had similar mortality patterns to the general population. The disparities in the cause‐specific mortality between younger people with ID and the general population fade with advancing age, producing similar health risks. In preventative work, special attention should focus on common diseases and accidents in the community.
Molecular identification of weedy Sporobolus species by PCR‐RFLP
Authors: SHRESTHA S , GRAHAM G C , LOCH D S , ADKINS S W 
Published: July 2010

Shrestha S, Graham GC, Loch DS & Adkins SW (2010). Molecular identification of weedy Sporobolus species by PCR‐RFLP. Weed Research.50, 383–387.SummaryIdentification of the five noxious weedy Sporobolus species from non‐weedy and native species in Australia is extremely difficult. Furthermore, seeds of these species, which are found in commercial seed lots, are morphologically indistinguishable. The lack of a reliable identification protocol is contributing to the rapid spread of these noxious weedy species within Australia. A polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism approach carried out on nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences was used to create a molecular diagnostic tool. To develop this tool, 40 ITS sequences generated from 14 Sporobolus species were used. A restriction enzyme (MvnI) was identified which could cut the ITS sequences from the noxious weedy species into two approximately equal fragments, while not cutting those from all other species. When tested on 23 randomly selected seed samples, identification was accomplished with 100% accuracy, suggesting a possible application in seed certification programmes.
The Influence of Histocompatibility upon the Corneal Immune Reaction after Interlamellar Allótransplantation in Rabbits
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , AHRONS STEEN 
Published: July 2010

The influence of the RL‐A (R abbit L eukocyte — locus A) histocompatibility system upon the corneal immune response to interlamellar allotransplantation was studied in 75 rabbits. The evaluation of histocompatibility was based upon reactions with 18 different lymphocytotoxic rabbit isoantisera obtained by pairwise immunization of outbred rabbits. These sera were tested against pure lymphocyte suspensions from the potential corneal donors and recipients.The evaluation of the immune reaction was performed by clinical observation, by photographs, and histologically in sections of the eyes and in conjunctival scrapings.The immune reaction to allotransplantation was weak and consisted of lymphocyte infiltration around the graft. Immune reaction was seen only in histoincompatible transplantations, compatible ones showed no reaction. The lymphocyte infiltrations were more pronounced when the noncompatible animals were presensitized by donor skin grafts. In contrast to this no reaction could be produced in compatible animals presensitized by donor skin grafts. Histocompatibility evaluation may be of clinical importance in corneal transplantations if the recipients have been presensitized to histocompatibility antigens by previous transplantations, transfusions, or pregnancies, especially if the recipient cornea is vascularized.
HL‐A Antibodies: Influence on the Human Foetus
Authors: AHRONS S. 
Published: July 2010

Sera from 1,726 pregnant women were investigated for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The incidence of antibodies was found to increase significantly with parity. No deleterious effect of maternal HL—A antibodies upon the foetus were found.A total of 113 Rh‐immunized women delivering Rh‐positive children were investigated for the presence of HL‐A antibodies. The incidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies was significantly higher than among non‐Rh‐immunized women. No correlation were found between demonstrable maternal HL—A immunization and the degree of the haemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh antibodies.
Identification of Two Determinants Included in “Antigen” HL‐A‐10 (TO 31 and TO 40) and of a New Family of Cross‐reacting Specificities (HL‐A1,11, TO 30,31,40)
Authors: RICHIARDI P. , CURTONI E. S. , PIAZZA A. , MATTIUZ L. 
Published: July 2010

A new family of cross‐reacting HL—A specificities is described. Sera obtained from a multiparous woman and four polytransfused individuals identify three antigenic determinants belonging to the first HL—A segregant series: TO 30 (gene frequency .0446), TO 31 (gene frequency .0150), and TO 40.Serological, familial, and population analysis shows that (A) the specificities TO 31 and TO 40 are included in HL—A10; (B) TO 30 is probably identical to Ao 28 (from Amos); (C) TO 30, TO 31, TO 40, HL—A1, and HL—A11 are a group of cross‐reacting specificities of the first HL—A series.
The Immune Reactivity of Heterologous Antisera Against a Solubilized Human Lymphoid Membrane Component
Authors: EINSTEIN A. B. , MANN D. L. , GORDON H. G. , FAHEY J. L. 
Published: July 2010

Purified HL‐A antigen bearing cell membrane components were prepared from human lymphoid cells by papain digestion and physicochemical fractionation. Rabbits immunized with these components produced antisera which had high cytotoxic titers against human lymphoid cells and other human tissue culture cells. The cytotoxicity was inhibited only by those membrane fractions which contained HL‐A activity. Absorption and cytotoxicity inhibition studies showed that the antisera possessed antibodies against antigens shared by humans and monkeys, antigens common to different human tissues, lymphoid antigens and allotypic antigens.To determine if the heterologous antisera reacted with immunoglobulin‐like receptor sites on the lymphoid cell surface, purified human immunoglobulins were tested for their ability to inhibit the cytotoxic antisera. The evidence obtained from complement and noncomplement dependent systems indicated that the surface components recognized by the antisera did not include immunoglobulins. Addition of IgM to the complement dependent cytotoxicity assay, however, did interfere with the reaction by binding complement.
Leukocyte Antigens of Rhesus Monkeys (RhL‐A) and Chimpanzees (ChL‐A): Similarities with the Human HL‐A System
Authors: BALNER H. , VAN LEEUWEN A. , VREESWIJK W. v. , DERSJANT H. , VAN ROOD J. J. 
Published: July 2010

The current state of tissue typing in Rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees is described. Data are presented, suggesting that the antigens of the Rhesus monkey's major histocompatibility system (RhL‐A) may well be controlled by two closely linked series of allelic genes, as is also the case for the human HL‐A system. Furthermore, methods for the production of typing reagents of high specificity by planned inter‐sib immunizations are described.For chimpanzees, advantages in the use of the complement‐fixation test are emphasized. Specificities previously established with a microcytotoxicity method seem to be better defined if the complement‐fixation test is used. The currently known specificities of the chimpanzee's major histocompatibility system (ChL‐A) were once again compared with the human HL‐A system. Several new similarities between both systems are reported. These similarities confirm the phylogenetic closeness between chimpanzee and man and reflect on the evolution of the human HL‐A system.
HL‐A Antigens and Antibodies in South African Indians
Authors: HAMMOND M. G. , APPADOO B. , BRAIN P. 
Published: July 2010

The Indian population of South Africa has been found to have a higher frequency of the antigens HL‐A5 and W5 than do either Caucasians or Bantu. Some antisera that appeared to be good anti‐HL‐A5 or anti‐W5 in South African Caucasians gave anomalous results when tested in Indians. The sera of 1,000 Indian women were tested for lymphocytotoxic antibodies and those sera found to contain antibodies were tested in parallel with known antisera against the cells of 150 Indians.We tested for 10 antigens at the first locus, HL‐A1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, W28, W19, Te63 (= W19–1) and Te66 (= W19–4) and at the second locus for 12 antigens, HL‐A5, 7, 8, 12, 13, W5, W14, W15, W17, W22, W27 and W10.The frequency of HL‐A1 is 22%, which agrees with the Caucasian origin of the Indian population. There apparently are subdivisions of HL‐A5 and W5, and one serum was found to be a “short” W10. HL‐A11 has a relatively high frequency in Indians and may also be subdivided.
A Serological, Clinical and Morphological Study of Eight Kidney Grafts in Three Patients
Authors: JOYSEY V. C. , EVANS D. B. , MILLARD P. R. , HERBERTSON B. M. 
Published: July 2010

Three patients with end stage renal failure are presented; the first received 2 and the second and third patients each received 3 kidney grafts. All three patients were given multiple blood transfusions and after the first graft all produced demonstrable cytotoxic antibody. A serological analysis is presented showing that Patient 1 produced antibody of additional HL—A specificity to the incompatibilities present in his two grafts, suggesting that multiple blood transfusions had formed a significant stimulus.In Patient 1 a strongly positive cross match was present with lymphocytes of the second donor and the second kidney was hyperacutely rejected. With the second and third kidneys of Patient 2 and the second kidney of Patient 3 the cross match was weakly positive and the kidneys did not achieve significant function and had to be removed at 10, 7 and 3 weeks respectively because of rejection. The third allograft kidney of Patient 3 appeared to have 4 antigens in common with the recipient and was serologically HL—A identical on all sera tested. The cross match was unequivocally negative and 61/2 months after transplantation the kidney continues to function well with standard immunosuppressive therapy.
The Use of Computer Programs for Tissue Typing and Immunogenetic Research
Authors: ALBERT E. , MICKEY M. R. , TERASAKI P. I. 
Published: July 2010

Experience in the use of electronic data processing for tissue typing and immunogenetic research is presented and some of the important features of typing programs are discussed. The cell typing program is set up for the use of updated serum information. It forms the basis for a summary analysis of the 2 × 2 tables which includes correlation coefficients, phenotype frequencies, gene frequencies, haplotype frequencies, and the linkage disequilibrium parameter (delta). A minimumX2program is described for the test of the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium and for the estimate of gene frequencies. The family analysis lists the sera according to the different backcrosses and according to the specificities, and assigns the paternal chromosomes to the offspring.The sera typing program gives criteria for sera selection: strength of reaction, frequency and false positive and negative reactions in relation to the typed specificity. The detection of new antigens is described in a few theoretical examples.
Identification of Four MLC‐Specificities in the Dog
Authors: Grosse‐wilde H. , Vriesendorp H. M. , Wank R. , Mempel W. , Dechamps B. , Honauer U. , Baumann P. , Netzel B. , Kolb H. J. , Albert E. D. 
Published: July 2010

Typing for MLC determinants was done in 82 beagles of five different colonies using reference cells which could be shown by family analysis to be homozygous for both the serologically defined (SD) antigens and for the lymphocyte defined (LD) MLC determinants. One‐way nonstimulation with the homozygous reference cells was taken as evidence for the presence of the respective MLC determinant on the tested cells.Four LD specificities (DL—50, 51, 52, 53) are defined by homozygous cells and at least three additional LD types can be recognised by their nonidentity with the known types. In this way 154 of 164 haplotypes in 82 beagles could be accounted for by seven MLC determinants. A strong association between the determinants of the LD and SD system was observed in the tested beagle population.
Comparative Studies on the Rates of Re‐Expression of Human Histocompatibility Antigens after Papain Treatment
Authors: Bright SUSAN 
Published: July 2010

Papain treatment was used to remove surface human histocompatibility antigens from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of one individual. The rates of re‐expression of two antigens, 4a and HL‐A12, were measured and compared to ascertain whether this might throw some light on the relationship between the two antigens. Possible implications are discussed.Lymphocytes, which had been previously stored in liquid nitrogen, were also shown to be capable of resynthesising antigen after papain treatment.
Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Technique: Standardization of a Test‐System with 105 Responding and 105 Stimulating Lymphocytes per 1 ml
Authors: Thomsen MOGENS , Hansen GRETE S. , Svejgaard ARNE , Jersild CASPER , Hansen JOHN A. , Good R. A. , Dupont BO 
Published: July 2010

An MLC test system is described utilizing 105 responding and 105 stimulating lymphocytes in a total of 1 ml of culture medium. Some of the variables of the test have been evaluated and the reproducibility of the test within a given day and between days investigated according to a Workshop protocol. This system was first applied to three groups: HL‐A identical siblings, one haplotype different family members and two haplotype different individuals. Within each group, the log converted stimulation ratios are normally distributed, allowing the use of simple statistical analysis in repeated testings. In addition, a group of weakly positive MLC reactions can be detected. This group includes the LD identical but SD different sibling combinations. Within the same group we find some unrelated HL‐A sero‐identical combinations and the so‐called LD typing response, used to identify LD determinants by means of LD and SD homozygous stimulating test cells.It is concluded that this MLC test system allows identification of identical combinations, weakly positive combinations and one and two haplotype responses even within unrelated combinations. This test system may have advantages over the microtiter test system because the large culture volume gives a low concentration of blastogenic factors in typing responses.
Maternal Cell Mediated Immunity to Foetal Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Tait B. D. , 'Apice A. J. F. , Morris P. J. 
Published: July 2010

The leukocyte migration test was used to study maternal cell mediated immunity to foetal transplantation antigens present on cord lymphocytes at the time of birth. Four out of 26 primigravida patients and three out of 16 multigravida patients gave positive results with this technique. The inhibition of migration achieved with these patients was less than that obtained with a positive control group of polytransfused cardiac surgical patients.Positive results in the leukocyte migration test were correlated with a smaller placental weight and a reduced placental‐foetal weight ratio. There was no significant reduction in birth weights. There appeared to be no correlation in the present study between the presence of cytotoxic antibody as detected by the microlymphocytotoxicity test and a positive leukocyte migration test.
Production of Anti‐W24 Xenoantisera in Rabbits1
Authors: FERRONE S. , PELLEGRINO M. A. , BILLING R. , TERASAKI P. I. , REISFELD R. A. 
Published: July 2010

One out of four rabbits injected with partially purified soluble HL–A antigen from serum produced cytotoxic antibodies to human lymphocytes. These antibodies appear to be directed tc the specificity W24 as determined by correlation studies with HL–A alloantisera and by absorption‐inhibition experiments with human platelets and with serum soluble HL–A antigens.In the sera from the other three immunized rabbits, no antibodies to human lymphoid cells could be detected by the cytotoxic test, blocking of T cell rosette formation, stimulation of DNA synthesis and inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reaction.
Cell Mediated Lympholysis in Man. Patterns of Killing Power in Relation to the HL‐A System
Authors: GRUNNET NIELS , KRISTENSEN TOM , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN FLEMMINC 
Published: July 2010

In general it can be said that the HL‐A (LAand FOUR) antigens seem to be of major qualitative and partly quantitative importance for the degree of destruction in Cell Mediated Lymphoiysis (CML).This has been established by analyses of 1299 effector/target combinations involving 97 different healthy individuals.The main observation is that the cytolytic capacity of MLC effectors is positively ranked with the number of HL‐A (LAand FOUR) antigens introduced by the incompatibility between stimulator, effector and target lymphocytes. However, the fact that not all cytolytic situations can be explained by the HL‐A system stresses that other specific antigens (Target Determinants) may interfere with the Cell Mediated Lympholysis.
A Prospective Study of HL‐A Antigen Phenotypes and Lymphocyte Abnormalities in Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: BJORKHOLM MAGNUS , HOLM GORAN , JOHANSSON Bo , MELLSTEDT HKKAN , MOLLER ERNA 
Published: July 2010

In a prospective study, sixty‐five histologically verified Swedish cases of Hodgkin's disease were HL‐A typed. The antigen frequencies in the patient group did not deviate from a group of normal controls. The frequency of HL‐A8 was slightly increased in patients over 40 years (P < 0.05). HL‐A12 was markedly increased in patients below 40 years with a favourable histopathology (P < 0.001). No association between sex or clinical stage and distribution of HL‐A phenotypes was observed.The number of T‐lymphocytes in blood and the spontaneous DNA synthesis and DNA synthesis induced by concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, phytohemagglutinin and PPD antigen in blood lymphocytes in vitro were determined in 60 patients. A significant increase of HL‐A28 was noted in patients with advanced disease (P < 0.01) and in patients responding poorly to PPD (P < 0.001) and PWM (P < 0.01). No correlation between HL‐A antigen distribution and T‐lymphocyte counts was observed.
HLA Antibodies and Period of Gestation: Decline in Frequency of Positive Sera during Last Trimester
Authors: Vives J. , Gelabert A. , Castillo R. 
Published: July 2010

The incidence of cytotoxic antibodies in relation to the number of pregnancies and the different periods of gestation was analysed in sera from 2,686 pregnant women.In all groups, except among women pregnant more than five times, a significant decline in the incidence of active sera occurred during the last trimester of gestation.
HLA CW3 in Thyrotoxicosis Patients with and without Endocrine Ophthalmopathy
Authors: Mayr W. R. , Ludwig H. , Schernthaner G. , Höfer R. 
Published: July 2010

Fifty‐four thyrotoxic patients (23 with and 31 without endocrine ophthalmopathy EOP) were HLA typed for A, B and C locus antigens.The frequency of the third locus antigen CW3 was found to be significantly increased in patients with EOP compared with those thyrotoxic patients without EOP. These findings point to a possible genetic heterogeneity in thyrotoxic patients with or without EOP.HLA B8 was observed in only 10 of the 54 patients studied, which is not in accordance with the previously reported statistically significant increased frequency of this B locus antigen in thyrotoxic patients.
Cell Mediated Lympholysis in Man. The Impact of HLA‐C Antigens
Authors: Grunnet Niels , Kristensen Tom , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen Flemming 
Published: July 2010

From a population of individuals, all HLA‐A, B, and C tissue typed in relation to the Sixth International Histocompatibility Workshop, an experimental investigation has been performed to study the influence of the HLA‐Cw1, w2, w3, w4, and w5 antigens in the Cell Mediated Lympholysis (CML) test.The average cytolysis obtained due to allogenic attack of one HLA‐C antigen equals 12.6%, but like the HLA‐A and B antigens, HLA‐C antigens exhibit differences with regard to sensitizing and target potential. This indicates either a heterogeneity of these antigens or the existence of separate CML determinants.It is concluded that the HLA‐C antigens may account for the cytolysis observed in some of the combinations exhibiting cytolysis which cannot be explained by the HLA‐A and B antigens.
Histocompatibility Determinants in Israeli Jewish Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Brautbar Chaim , Cohen Isac , Kahana Esther , Alter Milton , Jørgensen Fritz , Lamm Lars 
Published: July 2010

The distribution of 24 HLA antigens of the A and B loci was investigated in 197 Israeli Jewish patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) from various Jewish ethnic origins including central and eastern Europe, countries bordering the Mediterranean, the Middle East and from native‐born Israelis. The results were compared with the HLA antigen frequencies in a control sample of 455 unrelated individuals representing the general Jewish population.The frequency of HLA—Bw40 among all MS patients (15%) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than among the controls (7%). In contrast to the findings in MS patients from other populations, there was no increased frequency of A3 and B7 and Dw2 was present in only one out of 28 patients. The study showed a similar distribution of HLA‐A and ‐B locus antigens, especially of Bw40, in Jews of diverse ethnic origins represented in the control group.
DR Typing in Australian Aborigines. An Indication for a Second Locus in the HLA—D Region Defined by Serology
Authors: Termijtelen A. , Boettcher B. , Bradley B.A. , D'Amaro J. , van Leeuwen A. , van Rood J.J. 
Published: July 2010

A group of 43 Australian Aborigines was typed for HLA–DR determinants and other antigens on B cells, using pregnancy sera from Caucasoid women. The group could not be considered as random, since a selection was made for an equal number of Au antigen positive and Au antigen negative individualsThe typing results showed that the specificities DRw2, 4 and 8 were as well defined in this population as in Caucasoids, whereas the specificities DRw1, 3, 5 and 7 could not be defined. Even more interesting was the finding that a cluster of six sera, defining the local B cell specificity LB12, gave positive reactions in 41 out of 43 Aborigines.Although LB12 is found to be highly associated with DRw1, 2 and 6 in the Caucasoid population, in 36 cases the LB12 positive Aborigines could not be demonstrated to carry the specificities DRw1 or 2. The recognition of DRw6 is difficult at the moment and for that reason its presence or absence in this material is uncertain. However, three individuals typed positive for DRw4 and 8 and for LB12 as well. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that the genes coding for LB12 and its postulated allele LB13 are separate from the genes coding for the known DR determinants. LB12 is very likely identical to the recently described determinants DC1 (Tosi & Tanigaki 1979) and MB1 (Duquesnoy et al. 1979a).