bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics: Social security, markets, and families
Authors: Mason Andrew , Lee Ronald , Lee Sang‐Hyop 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUpward intergenerational flows — from the working ages to old age — are increasing substantially in the advanced industrialized countries and are much larger than in developing countries. Population ageing is the most important factor leading to this change. Thus, in the absence of a major demographic shift (e.g. a return to high fertility), an increase in upward flows is inevitable. Even so, three other important factors will influence the magnitudes of upward flows. First, labour income varies at older ages due to differences in average age at retirement, productivity, unemployment, and hours worked. Second, the age patterns of consumption at older ages vary primarily due to differences in spending on health. Third, spending on human capital (i.e. spending on child health and education) varies. Human capital spending competes with spending on the elderly, but it also increases the productivity of subsequent generations of workers and the resources available to support consumption in old age. All contemporary societies rely on a variety of institutions and economic mechanisms to shift economic resources from the working ages to the dependent ages — the young and the old. Three institutions dominate intergenerational flows: governments which implement social security, education, and other public transfer programmes; markets which are key to the accumulation of assets (e.g. funded pensions and housing); and families which provide economic support to children in all societies and to the elderly in many. The objectives of this article are, first, to describe how population ageing and other changes influence the direction and magnitude of intergenerational flows; and, second, to contrast the institutional approaches to intergenerational flows as they are practiced around the world. The article relies extensively on National Transfer Accounts (NTA), a system for measuring economic flows across age in a manner consistent with the United Nations' System of National Accounts. These accounts are currently being constructed by research teams located in 33 countries on six continents representing wide variations in the level of development, demographics, and policies regarding intergenerational transfers.
Exploring steady‐state visual evoked potentials as an index for intermodal and crossmodal spatial attention
Authors: Zhang Dan , Hong Bo , Gao Xiaorong , Gao Shangkai , Röder Brigitte 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe present study used steady‐state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) recorded in parallel to a task‐relevant auditory/visual stimulation to study the process of intermodal and crossmodal spatial attention on visual processing. SSVEPs were elicited by task‐irrelevant 10/15Hz pattern‐reversing checkerboards. The participants were asked to respond to deviant transient stimuli of the attended side in the attended modality only. A phase‐locking index (PLI) method was employed to characterize SSVEPs. Both unimodal and crossmodal spatial attention resulted in an increase of PLI values over contralateral occipital brain regions. Intermodal attention effects were observed as an increase of the PLI over the same brain areas when the auditory rather than the visual modality was attended. These findings support recent hypotheses that the phase resetting of the brain activity in early sensory cortices is an essential mechanism of multisensory interaction.
Object‐substitution masking modulates spatial attention deployment and the encoding of information in visual short‐term memory: Insights from occipito‐parietal ERP components
Authors: Prime David J. , Pluchino Patrik , Eimer Martin , Dell'acqua Roberto , Jolicœur Pierre 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIf object‐substitution masking (OSM) arises from mask representations replacing target representations, OSM should impede the formation of representations in visual short‐term memory (VSTM). We utilized event‐related potentials to examine the effect of OSM on target processing. An N2pc was observed on trials with delayed‐offset masks, indicating that focused attention was directed to the target. The sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN), an index of VSTM storage, was observed in delayed‐offset trials only on trials with correct responses. This supports the hypothesis that inaccurate performance on delayed‐offset trials arises from a failure to encode the target in VSTM. On co‐termination trials, accuracy was high and neither the N2pc nor SPCN was observed. This indicates that, in the absence of masking, the task was accomplished by maintaining a diffuse attentional state that enabled the joint encoding of the potential target items.
Synthesis, accumulation, and release of d‐aspartate in the Aplysia californica CNS
Authors: Scanlan Cory , Shi Ting , Hatcher Nathan G. , Rubakhin Stanislav S. , Sweedler Jonathan V. 
Published: September 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1234–1244.Abstract d‐Aspartate (d‐Asp) is an endogenous molecule that is often detected in CNS and endocrine tissues. Using capillary electrophoresis and a variety of radionuclide detection techniques, we examine the synthesis, release, and uptake/accumulation of d‐Asp in the CNS of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. We observe the preferential synthesis and accumulation of d‐Asp over l‐aspartate (l‐Asp) in neuron‐containing ganglia compared to surrounding sheath tissues. Little conversion of d‐Asp to l‐Asp is detected. The Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin and elevated extracellular potassium stimulates release of d‐Asp from the cerebral ganglia. Lastly, radioactive d‐Asp in the extracellular media is efficiently taken up and accumulated by individual F‐cluster neurons. These observations point to a role for d‐Asp in cell‐to‐cell signaling with many characteristics similar to classical transmitters.
Expression of Ttyh1, a member of the Tweety family in neurons in vitro and in vivo and its potential role in brain pathology
Authors: Stefaniuk Marzena , Swiech Lukasz , Dzwonek Joanna , Lukasiuk Katarzyna 
Published: September 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1183–1194.AbstractWe have previously shown that Ttyh1 mRNA is expressed in neurons and its expression is up‐regulated in the brain during epileptogenesis and epilepsy. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of Ttyh1 in neurons. We found widespread expression of Ttyh1 protein in neurons in vivo and in vitro. Ttyh1 immunoreactivity in vitro was frequently found in invaginations of dendritic spines; however, Ttyh1, seldom co‐localized with synaptic markers in vivo. Silencing Ttyh1 expression with siRNA in hippocampal cultures resulted in alterations of MAP2 distribution along neurites causing it to appear in the form of chains of beads. Over‐expression of Ttyh1 caused intense neuritogenesis and the formation of numerous filopodia‐like protrusions. Similar protrusions were also produced in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells over‐expressing Ttyh1. Using a biotin‐streptavidin pull‐down assay and mass spectrometry, we identified proteins that can form complexes with Ttyh1 in the brain. Ttyh1 binding proteins are often expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus or are localized at synapses. Finally, we found increased expression of Ttyh1 in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in an animal model of epilepsy. On the basis of our findings, we propose Ttyh1 involvement in brain pathology.
Estimation of minimum area requirement of river‐connected lakes for fish diversity conservation in the Yangtze River floodplain
Authors: Liu Xueqin , Wang Hongzhu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  Hydrological disconnection of floodplains from rivers is among the top factors threatening river‐floodplain ecosystems. To keep enough floodplain area is of great importance to biodiversity conservation. In the Yangtze River floodplain, most lakes were disconnected from the mainstream by dams in 1950–1970s. By analysing fish diversity data, we aim at determining the effects of river‐lake disconnection on fish diversity, at estimating the minimum protected area of river‐connected lakes and at proposing a holistic strategy for fish conservation in the mid‐lower reaches of the river.Location  The Yangtze River floodplain, China.Methods  We collected recorded data of fish diversity of 30 Yangtze floodplain lakes. Species–area relationships were analysed and compared between river‐connected and river‐disconnected lakes. Cumulative species–area models were constructed to estimate the minimum protected area of river‐connected lakes.Results  River‐lake disconnection reduced fish diversity of Yangtze lakes by 38.1%, so that the river‐connected lakes play an important role in maintaining the floodplain biodiversity. The minimum protected area of river‐connected lakes was estimated to be 14,400 km2. Therefore, we should not only protect the existent connected lakes of 5500 km2, but also reconnect disconnected lakes of at least 8900 km2 in the Yangtze basin.Main conclusions  Species–area relationships are of importance in reserve design. We suggest that cumulative species–area model might be more suitable for ecosystems with high connectivity among regions such as floodplains. As the Yangtze River floodplain is an integrative ecosystem, we suggest establishing a holistic nature reserve in the mid‐lower basin for effective conservation of biodiversity.
Monitoring marine macroalgae: the influence of spatial scale on the usefulness of biodiversity surrogates
Authors: Smale Dan A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  To examine the influence of spatial scale on the usefulness of commonly employed biodiversity surrogates in subtidal macroalgae assemblages.Location  South‐west Australia.Methods  The relationship between biodiversity surrogates and univariate and multivariate species‐level patterns was tested at multiple spatial scales, ranging from metres (between quadrats) to hundreds of kilometres (between regions), using samples collected from almost 2000 km of temperate coastline that represented almost 300 species. Biodiversity surrogates included commonly used cost‐effective alternatives to species‐level sampling, such as those derived from functional groups and from taxonomic aggregation.Results  Overall, surrogates derived from taxonomic aggregation to genus or family level correlated strongly with species‐level patterns, although the family‐level surrogate was a less effective predictor of species richness at large spatial scales. Surrogates derived from aggregation to coarser taxonomic levels and functional groups performed poorly, while the effectiveness of a surrogate measure derived from canopy‐forming species improved with increasing spatial scale.Main conclusions  A critical, but rarely examined, assumption of biodiversity surrogates is that the relationship between surrogate and species‐level patterns is consistent in both space and time, and across a range of spatial and temporal scales. As the performance of all surrogates was, to some degree, scale‐dependent, this work empirically demonstrated the need to consider the spatial extent and design of any biodiversity monitoring programme when choosing cost‐effective alternatives to species‐level data collection.
Decrease in the osteocyte lacunar density accompanied by hypermineralized lacunar occlusion reveals failure and delay of remodeling in aged human bone
Authors: Busse Björn , Djonic Danijela , Milovanovic Petar , Hahn Michael , Püschel Klaus , Ritchie Robert O. , Djuric Marija , Amling Michael 
Published: September 2010

SummaryAging decreases the human femur’s fatigue resistance, impact energy absorption, and the ability to withstand load. Changes in the osteocyte distribution and in their elemental composition might be involved in age‐related bone impairment. To address this question, we carried out a histomorphometric assessment of the osteocyte lacunar distribution in the periosteal and endosteal human femoral cortexes of 16 female and 16 male donors with regard to age‐ and sex‐related bone remodeling. Measurements of the bone mineral density distribution by quantitative backscattered electron imaging and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis were taken to evaluate the osteocyte lacunar mineral composition and characteristics. Age‐dependent decreases in the total osteocyte lacunar number were measured in all of the cases. This change signifies a risk for the bone’s safety. Cortical subdivision into periosteal and endosteal regions of interest emphasized that, in both sexes, primarily the endosteal cortex is affected by age‐dependent reduction in number of osteocyte lacunae, whereas the periosteal compartment showed a less pronounced osteocyte lacunar deficiency. In aged bone, osteocyte lacunae showed an increased amount of hypermineralized calcium phosphate occlusions in comparison with younger cases. With respect to Frost’s early delineation of micropetrosis, our microanalyses revealed that the osteocyte lacunae are subject to hypermineralization. Intralacunar hypermineralization accompanied by a decrease in total osteocyte lacunar density may contribute to failure or delayed bone repair in aging bone. A decreased osteocyte lacunar density may cause deteriorations in the canalicular fluid flow and reduce the detection of microdamage, which counteracts the bone’s structural integrity, while hypermineralized osteocyte lacunae may increase bone brittleness and render the bone fragile.
Clinical and molecular insights into the hepatocellular carcinoma tumour marker des‐γ‐carboxyprothrombin
Authors: Inagaki Yoshinori , Tang Wei , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Kokudo Norihiro 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDes‐γ‐carboxyprothrombin (DCP) is known as a tumour marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Various tumour markers have been developed for serological diagnosis of cancers, including HCC, in order to increase the survival rate of cancer patients. The currently recommended combined testing of DCP and α‐fetoprotein (AFP) or Lens culinaris agglutinin‐reactive fraction of α‐fetoprotein has been established to diagnose HCC. This combined testing using several tumour markers helps to increase the sensitivity of diagnosis of HCC, thus significantly increasing the clinical usefulness of DCP. The excessive production of DCP may be related to worse tumour behaviour, such as the presence of vascular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis of HCC cells. A high level of DCP was suggested to be useful as one of the factors in new recipient selection criteria of liver transplantation. The clinical use of DCP, therefore, might play a vital role in predicting tumour behaviour in patients with HCC. That said, the basic mechanism of DCP production has not been fully clarified. Various factors such as vitamin K2 and γ‐glutamyl carboxylase may contribute to the production of DCP and have a complex relationship. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that DCP functions as a growth factor and might play significant roles in cancer progression. Thus, DCP represents a potential target of drug discovery to establish new chemotherapeutic strategy for HCC. However, various issues have to be resolved to construct a novel therapy for HCC‐targeting DCP. Innovation is required to make further progress in examining DCP.
The army ant Aenictus silvestrii and its related species in Southeast Asia, with a description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Aenictinae)
Authors: JAITRONG Weeyawat , YAMANE Seiki 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThree species of Aenictus with reduced numbers of antennal segments (8–9) occur in Southeast Asia: A. jarujini sp. nov., A. latifemoratus and A. silvestrii. Aenictus latifemoratus is new to Java and Borneo, while A. silvestrii is recorded for the first time from Borneo.
Seasonal occurrence and diapause induction of a predatory bug Andrallus spinidens (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: SHINTANI Yoshinori , MASUZAWA Yuka , HIROSE Yuzuru , MIYAHARA Ryôhei , WATANABE Fumiya , TAJIMA Jun‐ya 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe bug Andrallus spinidens (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is a polyphagous predator of insect larvae, which is distributed in tropical and warm temperate zones worldwide. Seasonal occurrence and diapause induction of this bug were studied in a population in Miyazaki, southern Kyushu, Japan. The field research showed that A. spinidens produces three or four generations a year and is most abundant from mid‐summer to autumn. Reproductive activity of field‐collected adults decreased from late summer to autumn, indicating that this bug enters adult diapause in autumn. Only adults were found in early spring and these were reproductive. Laboratory experiments showed that, irrespective of photoperiod, adult diapause is induced at lower temperatures (≤22.5°C), whereas it is avoided at higher temperatures (≥25°C). Ambient temperature falls across the critical range from late summer to autumn. Thus, the bug clearly overwinters in adult diapause induced by low temperatures and this diapause is terminated during the course of winter.
Rearing the pale grass blue Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae): Toward the establishment of a lycaenid model system for butterfly physiology and genetics
Authors: HIYAMA Atsuki , IWATA Masaki , OTAKI Joji M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAlthough some nymphalid butterflies have been intensively used to study mechanisms of the colour pattern formation on butterfly wings, lycaenid butterflies are equally attractive, having easily identifiable distinct spot patterns and highly diverse colour patterns among species. To establish a lycaenid model system for physiological and genetic experiments, we here describe a series of methods for rearing the Japanese pale grass blue Zizeeria maha (Kollar) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) in a small laboratory space with an artificial diet for generations. Adult individuals readily mated and oviposited in a small cage with sufficient light, flowers, and host plants. Eggs were harvested in the cage, and larvae were successfully reared to normal adults with an artificial diet made from fresh leaves (AD‐F), although they were smaller than those reared with a natural diet. Feeding an artificial diet made from dried leaves (AD‐D) frequently produced adult individuals with aberrant wing colour patterns. Using our rearing methods, it is now possible to rear this species in a laboratory and to establish specific strains for physiological and genetic experiments on the wing colour pattern development, diversity, and evolution.
Laboratory studies on the larval food habits of the ground beetleAmara(Curtonotus)gigantea(Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Zabrini)
Authors: SASAKAWA Kôji 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGround beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are important components of soil ecosystems in temperate zones, but our knowledge regarding the ecology of many species is limited. This study examined larval food habits in the ground beetleAmara(Curtonotus)gigantea(Motschulsky) using laboratory‐rearing experiments. Because this beetle is a member of the tribe Zabrini, which includes several species that exhibit granivory during larval and/or adult stages, three diet types were tested, with starvation as a control:Tenebriolarvae, mixed seeds (Bidens pilosa(Asteraceae),Setariaspp.,Digitaria ciliaris(both Poaceae), andHumulus scandens(Moraceae)), andTenebriolarvae + mixed seeds. Because of high larval mortality during overwintering under laboratory‐rearing conditions, survival and the duration of development through pre‐overwintering stages (first and second instars) were compared. Larvae fed the diet ofTenebriolarvae + mixed seeds showed the highest survival (89%), followed by the diet ofTenebriolarvae (83%), but the difference between the two treatments was not significant; similarly, developmental durations did not differ between these two diets. Larvae fed the mixed‐seeds diet showed markedly lower survival, and no larvae reached the second instar. Therefore, forA. gigantealarvae, animal food results in high larval performance, whereas seeds provide a low value diet; animal food is essential for larval development, but seeds provide no benefit, even as a dietary supplement. Overall, the present results suggest thatA. gigantealarvae are omnivorous but with a mainly carnivorous food habit.
Effects of genotype variation in the cultivated rice species on the biology and galling characteristics of the African rice gall midge,Orseolia oryzivora(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: OMOLOYE Adebayo A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study assessed the effects of genotype variations in two cultivated rice species:Oryza glaberrimaandOryza sativaon the biology and galling characteristics of the African rice gall midge (AfRGM),Orseolia oryzivoraHarris and Gagné. The study was conducted in the screen house at ambient temperature (27 ± 3°C), 70 ± 5% relative humidity and 12:12 h photoperiod. Shoot galling, the most visible response of rice genotypes to attack by the insect, was greatly suppressed, being only 0.7 cm long in theO. glaberrimagenotypes compared to 34 cm in theO. sativaspecies. Larval mortality (70–88%) in theO. glaberrimagenotypes was significantly higher at the first instar compared toO. sativa. Gall setting was confirmed to be an irredeemable tiller loss. Even in the susceptibleO. sativagenotypes, where many larvae may colonize a tiller, only one survived to the second instar. Resistant and susceptible rice genotypes had significantly different effects on the development and reproductive anatomy of the AfRGM. The female reproductive anatomy which consists of two ovaries, each with a potential complement of 192 eggs was affected by interspecific variation in rice genotypes causing reduced potential fecundity (32); morphological distortion, 60% reduction of egg size of F1 emergent inO. glaberrimacompared to emergent from the susceptibleO. sativagenotypes.
An alien Sennertia mite (Acari: Chaetodactylidae) associated with an introduced Oriental bamboo‐nesting large carpenter bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopa) invading the central Honshu Island, Japan
Authors: KAWAZOE Kazuhide , OKABE Kimiko , KAWAKITA Atsushi , KATO Makoto 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSince 2006, an introduced Oriental bamboo‐nesting large carpenter bee, Xylocopa tranquebarorum, has been recorded from the central Honshu Island, Japan, which is inhabited only by the endemic subspecies, Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans. Carpenter bees (tribes Xylocopini and Ceratinini) have ecological associations with specific Sennertia spp. in all geographic regions of their distribution, thus it is worried that the introduced carpenter bee has brought non‐indigenous mites into Japan. In their native ranges, X. a. circumvolans and X. tranquebarorum each has specific Sennertia mite faunas: the four Japanese Alloxylocopa bees including X. a. circumvolans have associations with S. alfkeni, while X. tranquebarorum has association with S. potanini in China (except Taiwan) and with S. horrida in South to East Asia including Taiwan. In the present study, we examined phoretic mite fauna on the introduced X. tranquebarorum, and determined whether the mites are indigenous or not based on morphological character and two gene sequences (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer). It was found from the result of this study that the non‐indigenous Sennertia mite has invaded Japan with the introduced X. tranquebarorum. We discuss geographic origin of the introduced X. tranquebarorum based on associated mite fauna and potential ecological risk caused by the introduced Xylocopa‐Sennertia association.