bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standards, reputation, and trade: evidence from US horticultural import refusals
Authors: JOUANJEAN MARIE-AGNÈS 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBy disentangling productivity- from quality-sorting in horticultural exports, this paper investigates the impact of food safety standards and consumers’ preference for quality on developing countries’ capacity to export high care and differentiated agricultural products (HCAs). Using a unique database on US import refusals, the empirical analysis shows that a shock to reputation has a downgrading effect, reducing the capacity to participate and benefit from trade in HCAs. The occurrence of at least one refusal in the current year reduces HS 6-digit average unit export price by over 8% and the long-run propensity suggests a 25% cut.
Ethnicity, race, and advance directives in an inpatient palliative care consultation service
Authors: Zaide Glenn B. , Pekmezaris Renee , Nouryan Christian N. , Mir Tanveer P. , Sison Cristina P. , Liberman Tara , Lesser Martin L. , Cooper Lynda.B. , Wolf-Klein Gisele P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective:Although race and ethnic background are known to be important factors in the completion of advance directives, there is a dearth of literature specifically investigating the effect of race and ethnicity on advance directive completion rate after palliative care consultation (PCC).Method:A chart review of all patients seen by the PCC service in an academic hospital over a 9-month period was performed. Data were compiled using gender, race, ethnicity, religion, and primary diagnosis. For this study, advance directives were defined as: “Do Not Resuscitate” (DNR) and/or “Do Not Intubate” (DNI).Results:Of the 400 medical records reviewed, 57% of patients were female and 71.3% documented their religion as Christian. The most common documented diagnosis was cancer (39.5%). Forty-seven percent reported their race as white. White patients completed more advance directives than did nonwhite patients both before (25.67% vs. 12.68%) and after (59.36% vs. 40.84%) PCC. There was a significantly higher proportion of whites who signed an advance directive after a PCC than of nonwhites (p = 0.021); of the 139 whites who did not have an advance directive at admission, 63 signed an advance directive after a PCC compared with 186/60 nonwhites (45% vs. 32%, respectively, p = 0.021). Further analysis revealed that African Americans differed from whites in the likelihood of advance directive execution rates pre-PCC, but not post-PCC.Significance of results:This study demonstrates the impact of a PCC on the completion of advance directives, on both whites and nonwhites. The PCC Intervention significantly reduced differences between whites and African Americans in completing advance directives, which have been consistently documented in the end-of-life literature.
Should community-based services be publicly funded or contracted out?
Authors: Lyzwinski Lynnette Nathalie 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective:The introduction of Canada's Medicare in 1966 established precedence for a universally accessible and equitable healthcare system. Although Canada has been a leader in building the foundations of socialized medicine, it has stalled short of fulfilling a vision promulgated by its architects of a system that operates on a continuum of care. The aim of this review was to examine whether the expansion of publicly funded services under the Canada Health Act would be an economically and socially viable policy option.Method:A literature review of the direct and indirect social and economic costs associated with contracting out community-based services in the form of outpatient rehabilitative care, palliative care, and home care was conducted.Results:This article concludes that the private financing of community-based services increases healthcare costs in the long term through increased density and frequency of acute care utilization. It is associated with increased indirect costs in the form of caregiver burden and reduced labor market participation of informal caregivers. The expansion of publicly funded community-based services minimizes these direct health and indirect societal costs.Significance of results:The integration of publicly funded community-based services under the Canada Health Act would ensure that the principles of Medicare in the form of equity and accessibility would be enforced while maintaining an economically sustainable healthcare system.
Analysis of glutathione S-transferase genes polymorphisms and the risk of schizophrenia in a sample of Iranian population
Authors: Kashani Farah Lotfi , Kordi-Tamandani Dor Mohammad , Sahranavard Roya , Hashemi Mohammad , Kordi-Tamandani Farzaneh , Torkamanzehi Adam 
Published: July 2012

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are major intracellular antioxidants, which, impaired in their function, are involved in the progress of schizophrenia (SCZ). The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association between the polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1), T1 (GSTT1), the glutathione S-transferase P1 gene (GSTP1) and SCZ. We isolated genomic DNA from peripheral blood of 93 individuals with SCZ and 99 healthy control subjects' genotypes analyzing them for GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 using polymerase chain reaction. The analysis of the gene–gene interaction between GSTs indicated that the magnitude of the association was greater for the combined AG/GSTT1 & GSTM1 genotypes (OR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.13–5.63, P = 0.02). The AG and combined AG + GG genotypes of GSTP1 increased the risk of SCZ (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 0.94–3.75 and OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 0.92–3.19, respectively). The genotypes of GSTT/NULL, NULL/GSTM and NULL/NULL increased the risk of SCZ (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 0.9–4.74; OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.68–2.31; and OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.57–2.46, respectively). The present study supports previous data that suggest that impairment in the function of GSTs genes may increase the risk of SCZ.
What Americans think of international humanitarian law
Authors: Gutierrez Brad A. , DeCristofaro Sarah , Woods Michael 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe United States' foreign policy in the first decade of the twenty-first century and its involvement in armed conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have given rise to a reinvigorated interest in international humanitarian law (IHL), commonly referred to in the United States as the law of armed conflict. Conversations about whether to classify detainees as prisoners of war, debates about what constitutes torture, and numerous surveys attempting to measure the public's knowledge about and views on the rules of war are offering an opportunity to examine Americans' views on IHL. This article will reflect on those views, providing numerous examples to illustrate the complexities encountered when near universally accepted legal standards of conduct are layered upon the fluid and unpredictable realities of modern warfare. The article will also highlight the impact that battlefield activities can have on domestic debates over policy choices and national conscience.
Scales of variability of black carbon plumes over the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Weigum N. M. , Stier P. , Schwarz J. P. , Fahey D. W. , Spackman J. R. 
Published: July 2012

Scales of spatial variability of black carbon (BC) aerosol plumes are quantified during the HIPPO aircraft campaign, which flew multiple missions from pole‐to‐pole over the Pacific ocean. During the first three missions of HIPPO, over 400 vertical profiles of BC concentrations were obtained using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). In this work, a total of 100 plumes are identified and analyzed. Due to the nature of the HIPPO flight track, the plume length scale is defined along the slanted flight track, having both vertical and horizontal components. These plumes comprise 57% of the total BC mass measured and have a median scale of 113 km. An analysis of BC variability based on autocorrelation functions confirms that most of BC's variability exists on scales similar to the majority of measured plume scales, with a range of 85–155 km. The plume scales are compared to an effective along‐track global circulation model (GCM) resolution, which ranges from 20 km for low altitudes and steep ascents to 230 km for high altitudes and shallower ascents. The results suggest that plumes characterized predominantly by their horizontal variation at these scales are too small to be captured by GCMs running at resolutions currently suitable for climate simulations.
Potential of GLMM in modelling invasive spread: literature analysis.
Authors: Thiele J. , Markussen B. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
This paper, Supplement A to Thiele J, Markussen B. Potential of GLMM in modelling invasive spread. CAB Reviews 2012; 7:016, describes the literature search done as part of the analysis of generalized linear mixed models in the context of invasive spread.
Communicable diseases and the human-animal relationship - Mini Review.
Authors: Webber R. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Communicable diseases continue to be a major health problem especially in developing countries, with respiratory infections causing the greatest mortality. The method of transmission is the key to grouping similar infections and the focus for investigating new diseases. Several new infections have resulted in species transfer, as has occurred recently with influenza. Although restricted to a few countries and individuals coming in close contact with poultry, avian influenza A(H5N1) remains a continuing threat in that it might mutate with an existing strain of human influenza to produce a highly lethal infection.
Vitamin D: multiple sclerosis risk and disease severity.
Authors: Geldern G. von , Mowry E. M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

This review seeks to provide a summary of the current evidence examining the relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) and vitamin D. Both the incidence and the severity of MS have been shown to be influenced by vitamin D levels. Herein, we summarize relevant epidemiological studies. We also provide an overview of the
in vitro
and animal model experiments that give biological plausibility to the relationship between vitamin D and MS. By providing an up-to-date review about this field, directions for further studies may also become clear.
Analysing the genetic basis of milk production traits.
Authors: Lopez-Villalobos N. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Genetic analyses of milk production traits have been based on a polygenic model that assumes that a trait is affected by an infinitesimal number of genes each with a very small effect. An updated review on the genetic parameters (heritabilities and genetic correlations) for milk components estimated using the polygenic model is provided in this review. There are many studies reporting estimates of genetic parameters for component yields of milk, fat and protein and concentrations of fat and protein. Few studies have considered lactose yield and percentage. A limited number of studies have reported estimates of genetic parameters for milk fat and protein composition. At the start of the new millennium, advances in DNA technology permitted the sequencing of bovine genome, the identification of large numbers of genetic markers across the genome in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and the genotyping of thousands of these SNPs on individual animals at low costs. Based on these advances, genomic selection emerged as a new methodology to perform genetic analysis and estimate breeding values for milk production traits using genome-wide dense markers. Systems biology is becoming the new method to perform genetic analysis of milk production traits integrating results from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and bioinformatics studies. A conclusion from this review is that the genetic analysis of milk production traits has been changing dramatically during recent years from a polygenic infinitesimal model towards a systems biology approach.
The intensification of agroforestry by tree domestication for enhanced social and economic impact - Mini Review.
Authors: Leakey R. R. B. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Agroforestry can be used to improve the productivity of staple food crops by improving soil fertility and promoting agroecosystem function. The domestication of agroforestry trees producing marketable products then intensifies the agroforestry system and leads to marketing, trade and business opportunities that improve farmers' livelihood. Together, these steps provide a generic and adaptable model for more sustainable agriculture in the tropics, which builds on the success of, and enhances the outputs of, the Green Revolution.
Sleep or swim? Early‐morning training severely restricts the amount of sleep obtained by elite swimmers
Authors: Sargent Charli , Halson Shona , Roach Gregory Daniel 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGood sleep is essential for optimal performance, yet few studies have examined the sleep/wake behaviour of elite athletes. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of early‐morning training on the amount of sleep obtained by world‐class swimmers. A squad of seven swimmers from the Australian Institute of Sport participated in this study during 14 days of high‐intensity training in preparation for the 2008 Olympic Games. During these 14 days, participants had 12 training days, each starting with a session at 06:00 h, and 2 rest days. For each day, the amount of sleep obtained by participants was determined using self‐report sleep diaries and wrist‐worn activity monitors. On nights that preceded training days, participants went to bed at 22:05 h (s=00:52), arose at 05:48 h (s=00:24) and obtained 5.4 h (s=1.3) of sleep. On nights that preceded rest days, participants went to bed at 00:32 h (s=01:29), arose at 09:47 h (s=01:47) and obtained 7.1 h (s=1.2) of sleep. Mixed model analyses revealed that on nights prior to training days, bedtimes and get‐up times were significantly earlier (p<0.001), time spent in bed was significantly shorter (p<0.001) and the amount of sleep obtained was significantly less (p<0.001), than on nights prior to rest days. These results indicate that early‐morning training sessions severely restrict the amount of sleep obtained by elite athletes. Given that chronic sleep restriction of <6 h per night can impair psychological and physiological functioning, it is possible that early‐morning schedules actually limit the effectiveness of training.
Survey estimates of king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) abundance off Northern Norway using GLMs within a mixed generalized gamma-binomial model and Bayesian inference
Authors: Hvingel C. , Kingsley M. C. S. , Sundet J. H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Hvingel, C., Kingsley, M.C.S., and Sundet, J.H. 2012. Survey estimates of king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) abundance off Northern Norway using GLMs within a mixed generalized gamma-binomial model and Bayesian inference. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . A trawl survey provides information on number and biomass of introduced king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) to the management of a fishery off the coast of Northern Norway; the annual catch quotas are largely set as a percentage of the survey estimate. A specially built sledge trawl was designed for the survey. It needs only small areas of trawlable bottom, performs well on a wide range of bottoms, and appears to have good catchability for benthic organisms. Many survey hauls catch no crabs and the non-zero catches have a highly skewed distribution. Data were therefore analysed with a compound model, in which separate predictors were fitted for the proportion of zero catches and for the catch size of the non-zero catches. The compound model was fitted by Bayesian methods using WinBUGS. The distribution of non-zero catches fitted well to a generalized gamma distribution, but with parameter values that made it approximate a lognormal distribution. Numbers of fishable crabs peaked in 2003, and total numbers in 2010 were about two-fifths of the 2003 maximum.
Effects of a multi‐component responsible beverage service programme on violent assaults in Sweden
Authors: Trolldal Björn , Brännström Lars , Paschall Mallie J. , Leifman Håkan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimA multi‐component Responsible Beverage Service (RBS) programme has been disseminated in Swedish municipalities. The aim of the programme is to reduce violence associated with consumption of alcohol at on‐licensed premises. This study aimed to analyse the effect of the programme on police‐recorded assaults after the dissemination of the programme in Swedish municipalities, 1996–2009.DesignThis study is a natural experiment that uses variation in the level of implementation of the RBS programme to predict change in the rate of police‐recorded assaults.SettingSwedish municipalities.ParticipantsThe municipalities included in the study initiated the RBS programme no later than 2008. On‐licensed premises open during the evenings must exist. Of 290 municipalities, 237 fulfilled these requirements.MeasurementProgramme fidelity was studied by means of several surveys. Yearly data on police‐recorded assaults, per 100 000 inhabitants aged 15 and above, committed on weekend nights, were used as dependent variable. A fixed‐effects panel data regression model was used to examine the effect of the programme.FindingsEach extension of the programme, by one component, was associated with a significant 3.1% reduction in assaults. However, this effect was seen mainly in smaller municipalities. Of the different components of the programme, the presence of a community coalition steering group had a significant effect on assaults. No significant effect was found regarding RBS training or supervision of on‐licensed premises.ConclusionMulti‐component Responsible Beverage Service programmes can have a significant effect on police‐recorded assaults even when implemented on a large scale in many communities.
Effects of independent and substance‐induced major depressive disorder on remission and relapse of alcohol, cocaine and heroin dependence
Authors: Samet Sharon , Fenton Miriam C. , Nunes Edward , Greenstein Eliana , Aharonovich Efrat , Hasin Deborah 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimsLittle is known about the differential effects of independent and substance‐induced major depression on the longitudinal course of alcohol, cocaine and heroin disorders when studied prospectively.DesignConsecutively admitted in‐patients, evaluated at baseline, 6‐, 12‐ and 18‐month follow‐ups.SettingBaseline evaluations in a short‐stay in‐patient urban community psychiatric hospital unit.ParticipantsAdults (n = 250) with current DSM‐IV cocaine, heroin and/or alcohol dependence at baseline.MeasurementsThe Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM), used to evaluate independent and substance‐induced major depression, alcohol, cocaine and heroin dependence, and other psychiatric disorders. Outcomes for each substance: (i) time (weeks) from hospital discharge to first use; (ii) time from discharge to onset of sustained (≥26 weeks) remission from dependence; (iii) time from onset of sustained remission to relapse.FindingsSubstance‐induced major depression significantly predicted post‐discharge use of alcohol, cocaine and heroin (hazard ratios 4.7, 5.3 and 6.5, respectively). Among patients achieving stable remissions from dependence, independent major depression predicted relapse to alcohol and cocaine dependence (hazard ratios 2.3 and 2.7, respectively).ConclusionsSubstance‐induced and independent major depressions were both related to post‐discharge use of alcohol, cocaine and heroin. The findings suggest the importance of clinical attention to both types of depression in substance abusing patients.
Factors associated with pathways toward concurrent sex work and injection drug use among female sex workers who inject drugs in northern Mexico
Authors: Morris Meghan D. , Lemus Hector , Wagner Karla D. , Martinez Gustavo , Lozada Remedios , Gómez Rangel María Gudelia , Strathdee Steffanie A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimsTo identify factors associated with time to initiation of (i) sex work prior to injecting drugs initiation; (ii) injection drug use prior to sex work initiation; and (iii) concurrent sex work and injection drug use (i.e. initiated at the same age) among female sex workers who currently inject drugs (FSW–IDU).DesignParametric survival analysis of baseline data for time to initiation event.SettingTijuana and Ciudad Juarez situated on the Mexico–US border.ParticipantsA total of 557 FSW–IDUs aged ≥18 years.MeasurementsInterview‐administered surveys assessing context of sex work and injection drug use initiation.FindingsNearly half (n = 258) initiated sex work prior to beginning to inject, a third (n = 163) initiated injection first and a quarter (n = 136) initiated both sex work and injection drug use concurrently. Low education and living in Ciudad Juarez accelerated time to sex work initiation. Being from a southern Mexican state and initiating drug use with inhalants delayed the time to first injection drug use. Having an intimate partner encourage entry into sex work and first injecting drugs to deal with depression accelerated time to initiating sex work and injection concurrently. Early physical abuse accelerated time to initiating sex work and injection, and substantially accelerated time to initiation of both behaviors concurrently.ConclusionsAmong female sex workers who currently inject drugs in two Mexican–US border cities, nearly half appear to initiate sex work prior to beginning to inject, nearly one‐third initiate injection drug use before beginning sex work and one‐quarter initiate both behaviors concurrently. Predictors of these three trajectories differ, and this provides possible modifiable targets for prevention.
Red blood cell hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity measured using 6‐mercaptopurine as a substrate: a population study in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: LENNARD LYNNE , HALE JULIET P. , LILLEYMAN JOHN S. 
Published: July 2012

6‐Mercaptopurine (6‐MP) is used in the continuing chemotherapy of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The formation of red blood cell (RBC) 6‐thioguanine nucleotide (6‐TGN) active metabolites, not the dose of 6‐MP, is related to cytotoxicity and prognosis. But there is an apparent sex difference in 6‐MP metabolism. Boys require more 6‐MP than girls to produce the same range of 6‐TGN concentrations. Given the same dose, they experience fewer dose reductions because of cytotoxicity, and have a higher relapse rate.
The enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) catalyses the initial activation step in the metabolism of 6‐MP to 6‐TGNs, a step that requires endogenous phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) as a cosubstrate. Both HPRT and the enzyme responsible for the formation of PRPP are X‐linked.
RBC HPRT activity was measured in two populations, 86 control children and 63 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. 6‐MP was used as the substrate and the formation of the nucleotide product, 6‐thioinosinic acid (TIA) was measured. RBC 6‐TGN concentrations were measured in the leukaemic children at a standard dose of 6‐MP.
There was a 1.3 to 1.7 fold range in HPRT activity when measured under optimal conditions. The leukaemic children had significantly higher HPRT activities than the controls (median difference 4.2 μmol TIA ml−1 RBCs h−1, 95% C.I. 3.7 to 4.7, P < 0.0001). In the leukaemic children HPRT activity (range 20.4 to 26.6 μmol TIA ml−1 RBCs h−1, median 23.6) was not related to the production of 6‐TGNs (range 60 to 1,024 pmol 8 × 10−8 RBCs, median 323). RBC HPRT was present at a high activity even in those children with low 6‐TGN concentrations.
When HPRT is measured under optimal conditions it does not appear to be the metabolic step responsible for the observed sex difference in 6‐MP metabolism. This may be because RBC HPRT activity is not representative of other tissues but it could equally be because other sex‐linked factors are influencing substrate availability.