bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symptom experience and regaining normality in the first year following a diagnosis of head and neck cancer: A qualitative longitudinal study
Authors: Molassiotis Alex , Rogers Margaret 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntroduction:Symptom experiences and their interference with life are not well-researched in head and neck cancer patients. The aim of the study was to explore and understand the experience of receiving treatment for head and neck cancer with particular focus on symptom experiences over a one year period from diagnosis.Methods:A qualitative study design was used with a heterogeneous sample of 16 patients with head and neck cancer. Interviews, conducted at four time points over 12 months, provided a total of 50 interview datasets.Results:Key themes derived include nutritional concerns, tiredness, and experiences related to the radiotherapy mask and regaining normality. These data highlight issues of importance in the first year of living with head and neck cancer: impact of nutritional changes on the lives of patients, including weight loss, dysphagia, xerostomia and taste changes; debilitation from ongoing fatigue; unpreparedness for and distress from the radiotherapy mask; and attempts to maintain a normal life amidst the interference of symptoms.Conclusion:Multitude of symptoms impact the patients' life, particularly nutritional symptoms and fatigue, and interfere with the patients' survivorship and quality of life. The changing nature of symptoms over the first year from diagnosis in head and neck cancer patients and the identified issues in the attempt to normalize their lives need to be incorporated more fully into the supportive care of head and neck cancer patients in order to improve their experience and enhance their survivorship.
Property Rights and Participation in REDD+: The Case of Mozambique
Authors: Ludwig Grit 
Published: May 2012

AbstractReducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation with the help of the emerging REDD+ mechanism provides an opportunity to combine climate protection with biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. However, one of the crucial questions is how the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities will be protected in REDD+ implementation. This article depicts the challenges involved in protecting the rights of local communities in the case of Mozambique. The study finds that constraints regarding property and participation rights arise, in particular, from incomplete procedures of delimitation and titling, corruption, lack of rights awareness, lack of democratic structures within the community or poor infrastructure. Because many states with a REDD+ potential are not able to guarantee sufficient rights protection, the REDD+ mechanism itself needs to be endowed with strong safeguards for the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.
Bayesian analysis of the modified Omori law
Authors: Holschneider M. , Narteau C. , Shebalin P. , Peng Z. , Schorlemmer D. 
Published: May 2012

In order to examine variations in aftershock decay rate, we propose a Bayesian framework to estimate the {K, c, p}‐values of the modified Omori law (MOL), λ(t) = K(c + t)−p. The Bayesian setting allows not only to produce a point estimator of these three parameters but also to assess their uncertainties and posterior dependencies with respect to the observed aftershock sequences. Using a new parametrization of the MOL, we identify the trade‐off between the c and p‐value estimates and discuss its dependence on the number of aftershocks. Then, we analyze the influence of the catalog completeness interval [tstart, tstop] on the various estimates. To test this Bayesian approach on natural aftershock sequences, we use two independent and non‐overlapping aftershock catalogs of the same earthquakes in Japan. Taking into account the posterior uncertainties, we show that both the handpicked (short times) and the instrumental (long times) catalogs predict the same ranges of parameter values. We therefore conclude that the same MOL may be valid over short and long times.
Geodetic imaging of coseismic slip and postseismic afterslip: Sparsity promoting methods applied to the great Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Evans Eileen L. , Meade Brendan J. 
Published: May 2012

Geodetic observations of surface displacements during and following earthquakes such as the March 11, 2011 great Tohoku earthquake can be used to constrain the spatial extent of coseismic slip and postseismic afterslip, and characterize the spectrum of earthquake cycle behaviors. Slip models are often regularized by assuming that slip on the fault varies smoothly in space, which may result in the artificial smearing of fault slip beyond physical boundaries. Alternatively, it may be desirable to estimate a slip distribution that is spatially compact and varies sharply. Here we show that sparsity promoting state vector regularization methods can be used to recover slip distributions with sharp boundaries, representing an alternative end‐member result to very smooth slip distributions. Using onshore GPS observations at 298 stations during and in the ∼2 weeks following the Tohoku earthquake, we estimate a band of coseismic slip between 30 and 50 km depth extending 500 km along strike with a maximum slip of 64 m, corresponding to a minimum magnitude estimate of MW = 8.8. Our estimate of afterslip is located almost exclusively down‐dip of the coseismic rupture, with a transition between 40 and 50 km depth and an equivalent moment magnitude MW = 8.2. This depth may be interpreted as coincident with the transition from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening frictional behavior, consistent with the upper limit of cold subduction estimates of the thermal structure of the Japan trench.
Statistical analysis of global variations of atmospheric relative humidity as observed by AIRS
Authors: Du J. , Cooper F. , Fueglistaler S. 
Published: May 2012

Atmospheric water vapor plays a key role in the climate. Numerical model calculations suggest that global mean relative humidity (RH) stays approximately constant in global warming scenarios. Here, we analyze the September 2002 to April 2011 daily mean free tropospheric relative humidity (RH) data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), version 5 level 3 data at a spatial resolution of 1°/1° longitude/latitude. We perform a multiple linear regression analysis with annual harmonics, trend and an El‐Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index. For the mean annual cycle, we find strong compensation of local variability upon global averaging, leaving an amplitude for the global mean of about 4% RH (peak to peak) at 300 hPa, with the minimum in February. The amplitude decreases to about 2.5%RH at 500 hPa (with minimum shifted to boreal summer/early fall) and less than 2%RH further below. For ENSO, the local changes compensate strongly upon global averaging. Computational limitations restrict detailed analysis of the residual to the zonal mean residual, which we interpret with a stochastic model that takes the latitudinal covariance into account. We find that the relation between zonal mean residual RH variations (understood as the consequence of ‘weather’ and subseasonal variability) and their global mean is equivalent to that of about 9 independent random time series with appropriate variances. The residual contributes more to the variance of the global mean than the harmonics and ENSO on all free tropospheric levels except 400 hPa. Our results apply to the AIRS version 5 data as reported, and possible problems in that data are discussed.
Cell‐selective gene silencing in prostate cancer LNCap cells using prostate‐specific membrane antigen promoter and enhancer in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Liu Ranlu , Sun Jiantao , Zhang Zhihong , Xu Yong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRNAi (RNA interference) has been widely used to silence specific genes. However, RNAi may also cause off‐target silencing and elicit non‐specific side effects. To achieve cell‐specific gene silencing, a cell‐selective promoter has to be used to drive RNAi expression. Furthermore, different terminators of cell‐selective promoters may cause different silencing efficacies. In order to explore the best promoter and terminator combination and prove the cell‐selective gene silencing effect of PSMAe/p (prostate‐specific membrane antigen enhancer/promoter), we first constructed three plasmids by using PSMAe/p and three different terminators [poly(A), minipoly(A) and poly(U)] to explore the cell‐selective driving ability of PSMAe/p by targeting EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) in LNCaP, PC‐3, EJ and HEK‐293 (human embryonic kidney) cells. Then we chose NS (nucleostemin), an important endogenous gene of prostate cancer, and constructed the NS‐targeting shRNA (small‐hairpin RNA) expression plasmid by using PSMAe/p—poly(A) combination. Cell proliferation, cell cycle and early apoptosis in vitro and xenograft tumour growth in BALB/c nude mice in vivo were detected after NS knockdown. Results showed that PSMAe/p can drive EGFP silencing in LNCaP, not in PC‐3, EJ and HEK‐293 cells and PSMAe/p—poly(A) combination achieved the best silencing efficacy. Then PSMAe/p‐shNS‐poly(A) drives NS knockdown in LNCaP cells, not in PC‐3, EJ and HEK‐293 cells. Furthermore, RNAi‐mediated NS knockdown not only reduces cell proliferation rate, reduces the percentage of S‐stage cells and increases the percentage of G1‐stage cells and increases the early apoptosis ratio in LNCaP cells in vitro, but also inhibited the LNCaP xenograft tumour growth in BALB/c nude mice in vivo by intratumoural injection. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that PSMAe/p—poly(A) combination is a promising delivery system for targeted RNAi gene therapy of prostate cancer. We showed one effective antitumour strategy by targeting NS protein, an important target in prostate cancer, with PSMAe/p‐shNS‐poly(A). These results serve as an important step for developing novel strategies to treat prostate cancer.
Pulse-induced nonequilibrium dynamics of acetylene inside carbon nanotube studied by an ab initio approach
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshiyuki , Zhang Hong , Rubio Angel 
Published: May 2012

Nanoscale molecular confinement substantially modifies the functionality and electronic properties of encapsulated molecules. Many works have approached this problem from the perspective of quantifying ground-state molecular changes, but little is known about the nonequilibrium dynamics of encapsulated molecular system. In this letter, we report an analysis of the nonequilibrium dynamics of acetylene (C
2
H
2
) inside a semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT). An ultrashort high-intense laser pulse (2 fs width and 10
15
W/cm
2
intensity) brings the systems out of equilibrium. This process is modeled by comprehensive first-principles time-dependent density-functional simulations. When encapsulated, acetylene dimer, unlike a single acetylene molecule, exhibits correlated vibrational dynamics (C–C bond rotation and H–C–C bending) that is markedly different from the dynamics observed in the gas phase. This result highlights the role of CNT in modulating the optical electric field within the tube. At longer simulation timescales (> 20 fs) in the largest-diameter tube studied here [CNT(14,0)], we observe synchronized rotation about the C–C axes in the dimer and ultimately ejection of one of the four hydrogen atoms. Our results illustrate the richness of photochemical phenomena in confined geometries.
A Study of the Spawning Ecology and Early Life History Survival of Bonneville Cutthroat Trout
Authors: Budy Phaedra , Wood Sara , Roper Brett 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
We completed a large-scale field experiment in four tributaries of the Logan River, Utah, where the largest metapopulation of imperiled Bonneville cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii utah persists. We documented the spatial and temporal distributions of spawners, quantified substrate use versus substrate availability, and evaluated differences in hatch and emergence fry success between and among sites in relation to habitat characteristics. We observed considerable variability in the timing, magnitude, and duration of spawning among study areas (streams), in part as a function of a variable, multipeaked hydrograph. Nevertheless, across study areas, &gt;70% of redds were constructed on the final descending limb of the hydrograph. Despite large differences in the amount of spawning substrate available, Bonneville cutthroat trout utilized a narrow range of substrate and sizes (3–80 mm) similar to that utilized by other subspecies of cutthroat trout, albeit biased towards larger sizes. Water temperatures generally remained below the recommended range (6–17°C) for spawning; however, the viability of this metapopulation of cutthroat trout suggests that the recommended temperature range for spawning is overestimated for this subspecies and (or) does not account for local thermal adaptation. Hatch varied from 43% to 77% and emergence survival from 39% to 65% among streams, and within-stream variability was substantial; both survival rates declined significantly as a function of increased fine sediment concentrations. Egg development rates were nearly 50% greater in a high-elevation tributary where redd counts were also lowest. In high, mountain systems with short growing seasons, this incubation delay likely presents a significant growth disadvantage for age-0 trout. Our research enhances our understanding of Bonneville cutthroat trout spawning ecology and early survival and provides critical information for aiding in the development of benchmarks for their recovery. Effective conservation efforts should be directed towards minimizing anthropogenic activities that result in excess sedimentation in their critical spawning tributaries.
Received April 15, 2011; accepted February 7, 2012
An Expert Panel Approach to Assessing Potential Effects of Bull Trout Reintroduction on Federally Listed Salmonids in the Clackamas River, Oregon
Authors: Marcot Bruce G. , Allen Chris S. , Morey Steve , Shively Dan , White Rollie 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The bull trout Salvelinus confluentus is an apex predator in native fish communities in the western USA and is listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Restoration of this species has raised concerns over its potential predatory impacts on native fish fauna. We held a five-person expert panel to help determine potential impacts of reintroducing bull trout into the Clackamas River, northwest Oregon, on the viability of four anadromous salmonid populations that are listed as threatened under the ESA: spring and fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon O. kisutch, and winter steelhead O. mykiss. The panel session was rigorously structured and used a modified Delphi process with structured expert elicitation, disclosure, discussion, and brainstorming. Each panelist distributed 100 score points among seven categories of potential bull trout impact (from no impact to very high impact) on extinction probabilities for the anadromous salmonids. Results were provided by individual panelists rather than as a group consensus and were summarized as means and variations in scores to express the panelists’ individual uncertainty, variability among the panelists, and expected differences among the affected salmonids. Score results suggested that panelists viewed the potential impact of bull trout as very low or moderately low for spring Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and winter steelhead and mostly none to very low for fall Chinook salmon. Panelists also provided 19 possible monitoring activities and 21 possible management actions for assessing potential impacts and taking remedial action if bull trout are found to have unacceptable adverse effects. Results of the panel were used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to help craft and execute a plan to reintroduce bull trout into the Clackamas River system under the ESA. This rigorous expert panel process can be used for a wide range of evaluations in situations where empirical data are sparse or ecological interactions are too complex for explicit analytic solution.
Received September 5, 2011; revised December 12, 2011; accepted January 3, 2012
Preparation and investigation of Ce : YIG thin films with a high magneto-optical figure of merit
Authors: Shahrokhvand S M , Rozatian A S H , Mozaffari M , Hamidi S M , Tehranchi M M 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce
x
Y3−x
Fe5O12 or Ce : YIG) thin films with a high Ce content are very hard to achieve because of the solubility limit of Ce in the yttrium iron garnet (YIG) structure. In this work a Ce : YIG target with nominal formula of CeY2Fe5O12 was fabricated by the conventional ceramic method. Phase formation and crystal structure of the samples were investigated by the x-ray diffraction (XRD) method and the results showed that the minimum temperature to get a single phase CeY2Fe5O12 is 1400 °C. CeY2Fe5O12 thin film was deposited on a GGG (4 4 4) single crystal substrate, using the pulsed laser deposition method and its microstructure and magneto-optical (MO) properties were studied. Trying different conditions, a preferred (4 4 4) oriented CeY2Fe5O12 thin film was fabricated under an optimum condition. The results showed that a crystalline CeY2Fe5O12/GGG thin film can be obtained by annealing of the as-deposited film at 600 °C. XRD measurements on the annealed thin film showed that the mean grain size was 38 nm, using Scherrer's formula. Scanning electron microscopy image of the annealed thin film showed that the mean grain size was 35 nm, which is in good agreement with XRD measurements. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of the annealed sample showed that the thin film had a smooth surface. Faraday rotation provided by the thin film at wavelength λ = 635 nm was measured to be 2.4° µm−1 in a magnetic field of 600 mT. Transmission spectrum of the thin film was recorded in the visible and near-infrared regions, from 400 to 1000 nm, and it showed good transparency, more than 78%, in the near-infrared region. These measurements resulted in an MO figure of merit of 0.146, which is one of the highest values reported up to now. It is expected that CeY2Fe5O12 thin films could be used as new Faraday rotator materials, applicable in optical isolators and circulators.
2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infectionsa
Authors: Lipsky Benjamin A. , Berendt Anthony R. , Cornia Paul B. , Pile James C. , Peters Edgar J. G. , Armstrong David G. , Deery H. Gunner , Embil John M. , Joseph Warren S. , Karchmer Adolf W. , Pinzur Michael S. , Senneville Eric 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFoot infections are a common and serious problem in persons with diabetes. Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) typically begin in a wound, most often a neuropathic ulceration. While all wounds are colonized with microorganisms, the presence of infection is defined by ≥2 classic findings of inflammation or purulence. Infections are then classified into mild (superficial and limited in size and depth), moderate (deeper or more extensive), or severe (accompanied by systemic signs or metabolic perturbations). This classification system, along with a vascular assessment, helps determine which patients should be hospitalized, which may require special imaging procedures or surgical interventions, and which will require amputation. Most DFIs are polymicrobial, with aerobic gram-positive cocci (GPC), and especially staphylococci, the most common causative organisms. Aerobic gram-negative bacilli are frequently copathogens in infections that are chronic or follow antibiotic treatment, and obligate anaerobes may be copathogens in ischemic or necrotic wounds.Wounds without evidence of soft tissue or bone infection do not require antibiotic therapy. For infected wounds, obtain a post-debridement specimen (preferably of tissue) for aerobic and anaerobic culture. Empiric antibiotic therapy can be narrowly targeted at GPC in many acutely infected patients, but those at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms or with chronic, previously treated, or severe infections usually require broader spectrum regimens. Imaging is helpful in most DFIs; plain radiographs may be sufficient, but magnetic resonance imaging is far more sensitive and specific. Osteomyelitis occurs in many diabetic patients with a foot wound and can be difficult to diagnose (optimally defined by bone culture and histology) and treat (often requiring surgical debridement or resection, and/or prolonged antibiotic therapy). Most DFIs require some surgical intervention, ranging from minor (debridement) to major (resection, amputation). Wounds must also be properly dressed and off-loaded of pressure, and patients need regular follow-up. An ischemic foot may require revascularization, and some nonresponding patients may benefit from selected adjunctive measures. Employing multidisciplinary foot teams improves outcomes. Clinicians and healthcare organizations should attempt to monitor, and thereby improve, their outcomes and processes in caring for DFIs.
Impact of allergy treatment on the association between allergies and mood and anxiety in a population sample
Authors: Goodwin R. D. , Galea S. , Perzanowski M. , Jacobi F. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have suggested an association between allergy and mood and anxiety disorders. Yet, extant work suffers from methodological limitations.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between physician‐diagnosed allergy and DSM‐IV mood and anxiety disorders in the general population, and to examine the role of allergy treatment in this relationship.MethodsData were drawn from the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey, a population‐based, representative sample of 4,181 adults aged 18‐65 in Germany. Allergy was diagnosed by physicians during medical examination and mental disorders were diagnosed using the CIDI.ResultsAllergy was associated with an increased prevalence of any anxiety disorder [OR = 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)], panic attacks [OR = 1.6 (1.1, 2.1)], panic disorder [OR = 1.6 (1.01, 2.3)], GAD [OR = 1.8 (1.1, 3.0)], any mood disorder [OR = 1.4 (1.1, 1.7)], depression [OR = 1.4 (1.1, 1.7)] and bipolar disorder [OR = 2.0, (1.0, 3.8)]. After adjusting for desensitization treatment status, these relationships were no longer significant. Those treated for allergy were significantly less likely to have any mood or anxiety disorder [OR = 0.65 (0.4, 0.96)], compared to those untreated. All relationships were adjusted for age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES).Conclusions & Clinical RelevanceThese findings provide the first evidence of a link between physician‐diagnosed allergy and DSM‐IV mood and anxiety disorders in a representative sample. Treatment for allergy may mitigate much of this relationship.