bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate Tax Consolidation and Enhanced Cooperation in the European Union*
Authors: Bettendorf Leon , Van Der Horst Albert , De Mooij Ruud A. , Vrijburg Hendrik 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe assess the economic impact of introducing consolidation with formula apportionment in the European Union and consider alternative enhanced cooperation agreements. We find that the consolidation is likely to yield a small aggregate welfare gain in Europe. However, not all countries benefit. A coalition of winning countries reduces the welfare gain and may induce a process of adverse selection which destroys the possibility of cooperation. We find that a coalition of similar countries (in terms of the size of their multinational sector) is more feasible in achieving agreement and is actually preferred by those countries over a Europe‐wide reform.
Revenue Elasticities in Complex Income Tax Structures: An Application to Spain*
Authors: Creedy John , Sanz‐Sanz José Félix 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper derives analytical expressions for the revenue elasticity of complex income tax systems, as applied to tax units and in aggregate. Among the complexities considered are the schedular nature of income tax systems and the role of central and regional governments, along with the existence of a range of intricate tax credits and eligible expenditures and deductions. Empirical estimates are obtained for the case of Spain using a cross‐sectional data set, which enables a number of important ancillary elasticities (relating to allowances and tax credits, and different income sources) to be estimated. It is found that there is considerable variation among tax units in the revenue elasticity, with highly positively skewed distributions. The nature of the distributions varies among regions of Spain, and the aggregate elasticities for each region were found to display some variation associated with income distribution differences. The national aggregate is found to be around 1.3.
Anti‐angiogenic effects of two cystine‐knot miniproteins from tomato fruit
Authors: Cavallini C , Trettene M , Degan M , Delva P , Molesini B , Minuz P , Pandolfini T 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cystine‐knot miniproteins are characterized by a similar molecular structure. Some cystine‐knot miniproteins display therapeutically useful biological activities, as antithrombotic agents or tumour growth inhibitors. A critical event in the progression of tumours is the formation of new blood vessels. The aim of this work was to test two tomato cystine‐knot miniproteins for their effects on endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Two tomato cystine‐knot miniproteins (TCMPs) were expressed and purified either as recombinant or as native proteins from tomato fruits. The Matrigel assay was used to investigate the effects of TCMPs on in vitro angiogenesis. Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells were tested. Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation was assayed in either HUVEC or A431 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐overexpressing cells treated with TCMPs. EGFR phosphorylation was tested in A431 cells.KEY RESULTS Both recombinant and native TCMPs inhibited in vitro angiogenesis of HUVEC cells at concentrations of 15–100 nM. The anti‐angiogenic effect of TCMPs was associated with the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. The two miniproteins did not alter the viability and proliferation of the endothelial cells.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The anti‐angiogenetic properties of TCMPs are of potential pharmacological interest because they are common and natural components of the human diet, they possess low toxicity, they are active at submicromolar concentrations, they share a common molecular structure that can be used as a molecular platform for the design of molecules with enhanced biological activity.
Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase unmasks CB1receptor and TRPV1 channel‐mediated modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in midbrain periaqueductal grey
Authors: Kawahara H , Drew GM , Christie MJ , Vaughan CW 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEWhile arachidonyl ethanolamine (anandamide) produces pharmacological effects mediated by cannabinoid CB1 receptors, it is also an agonist at the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) ion channel. This study examined the cellular actions of anandamide in the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG), a region implicated in the analgesic actions of cannabinoids, and which expresses both CB1 receptors and TRPV1.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHIn vitrowhole cell patch clamp recordings of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were made from rat and mouse PAG slices.KEY RESULTSCapsaicin (1 µM) increased the rate, but not the amplitude of miniature EPSCs in subpopulations of neurons throughout the rat and mouse PAG. Capsaicin had no effect on miniature EPSCs in PAG neurons from TRPV1 knock‐out mice. In mouse PAG neurons, anandamide (30 µM) had no effect on the rate of miniature EPSCs alone, or in the presence of either the CB1 antagonist AM251 (3 µM) or the TRPV1 antagonist iodoresiniferatoxin (300 nM). Anandamide produced a decrease in miniature EPSC rate in the presence of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 (1 µM). By contrast, anandamide produced an increase in miniature EPSC rate in the presence of both URB597 and AM251, which was absent in TRPV1 knock‐out mice.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese results suggest that the actions of anandamide within PAG are limited by enzymatic degradation by FAAH. FAAH blockade unmasks both presynaptic inhibition and excitation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission which are mediated via CB1 receptors and TRPV1 respectively.
Development of radiotracers for oncology – the interface with pharmacology
Authors: Sharma Rohini , Aboagye Eric 
Published: December 2010

There is an increasing role for positron emission tomography (PET) in oncology, particularly as a component of early phase clinical trials. As a non‐invasive functional imaging modality, PET can be used to assess both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of novel therapeutics by utilizing radiolabelled compounds. These studies can provide crucial information early in the drug development process that may influence the further development of novel therapeutics. PET imaging probes can also be used as early biomarkers of clinical response and to predict clinical outcome prior to the administration of therapeutic agents. We discuss the role of PET imaging particularly as applied to phase 0 studies and discuss the regulations involved in the development and synthesis of novel radioligands. The review also discusses currently available tracers and their role in the assessment of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as applied to oncology.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Imaging. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐8BJP has previously published an Imaging in Pharmacology themed section, edited by A Davenport and C Daly. To view this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2010.159.issue‐4
Effects on resting cerebral blood flow and functional connectivity induced by metoclopramide: a perfusion MRI study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Fernández‐Seara María A , Aznárez‐Sanado Maite , Mengual Elisa , Irigoyen Jaione , Heukamp Franz , Pastor María A 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The substituted benzamide, metoclopramide, is a dopamine receptor antagonist and is widely prescribed in the symptomatic treatment of nausea and vomiting, although it can cause adverse motor and non‐motor side effects. The effects of metoclopramide on brain metabolism have not been investigated to date.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To determine the effects of metoclopramide on brain function, cerebral perfusion changes after a single oral dose were assessed in healthy volunteers using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Arterial spin labelling (ASL) perfusion MRI was used to measure cerebral blood flow before and after metoclopramide. Blood haemodynamics in the vertebral and internal carotid arteries were evaluated using phase‐contrast MRI.KEY RESULTS Metoclopramide altered haemodynamics in the carotid arteries and the cerebral perfusion. Perfusion increased bilaterally in the putamen, consistent with antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors by metoclopramide and possibly related to its motor side effects. In contrast, reduced perfusion was observed in the insular cortices and anterior temporal lobes. In addition, functional connectivity between the insular cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was decreased. These cortical changes affecting neural circuits between high‐order association areas may underlie certain neuropsychiatric conditions occasionally reported after metoclopramide administration.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The present results show the sensitivity of ASL to detect small changes in regional blood flow, closely related to brain function, after a single pharmacological challenge, highlighting the potential of this technique for human pharmacological studies.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Imaging. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐8BJP has previously published an Imaging in Pharmacology themed section, edited by A Davenport and C Daly. To view this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2010.159.issue‐4
Does airway smooth muscle express an inflammatory phenotype in asthma?
Authors: Damera Gautam , Panettieri, Jr Reynold A 
Published: December 2010

In addition to hyperresponsiveness in asthma, airway smooth muscle (ASM) also manifests an inflammatory phenotype characterized by augmented expression of mediators that enhance inflammation, contribute to tissue remodelling and augment leucocyte trafficking and activity. Our present review summarizes contemporary understanding of ASM‐derived mediators and their paracrine and autocrine actions in airway diseases.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Respiratory Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐1
Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid‐enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes
Authors: De Petrocellis Luciano , Ligresti Alessia , Moriello Aniello Schiano , Allarà Marco , Bisogno Tiziana , Petrosino Stefania , Stott Colin G , Di Marzo Vincenzo 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) interact with transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and enzymes of the endocannabinoid system.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of 11 pure cannabinoids and botanical extracts [botanical drug substance (BDS)] from Cannabis varieties selected to contain a more abundant cannabinoid, on TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPM8, TRPA1, human recombinant diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), rat brain fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), COS cell monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), human recombinant N‐acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase (NAAA) and anandamide cellular uptake (ACU) by RBL‐2H3 cells, were studied using fluorescence‐based calcium assays in transfected cells and radiolabelled substrate‐based enzymatic assays. Cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), the acids (CBDA, CBGA, THCA) and propyl homologues (CBDV, CBGV, THCV) of CBD, cannabigerol (CBG) and THC, and tetrahydrocannabivarin acid (THCVA) were also tested.KEY RESULTS CBD, CBG, CBGV and THCV stimulated and desensitized human TRPV1. CBC, CBD and CBN were potent rat TRPA1 agonists and desensitizers, but THCV‐BDS was the most potent compound at this target. CBG‐BDS and THCV‐BDS were the most potent rat TRPM8 antagonists. All non‐acid cannabinoids, except CBC and CBN, potently activated and desensitized rat TRPV2. CBDV and all the acids inhibited DAGLα. Some BDS, but not the pure compounds, inhibited MAGL. CBD was the only compound to inhibit FAAH, whereas the BDS of CBC > CBG > CBGV inhibited NAAA. CBC = CBG > CBD inhibited ACU, as did the BDS of THCVA, CBGV, CBDA and THCA, but the latter extracts were more potent inhibitors.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results are relevant to the analgesic, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer effects of cannabinoids and Cannabis extracts.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Low dose of the liver X receptor agonist, AZ876, reduces atherosclerosis in APOE*3Leiden mice without affecting liver or plasma triglyceride levels
Authors: van der Hoorn JWA , Lindén D , Lindahl U , Bekkers MEA , Voskuilen M , Nilsson R , Oscarsson J , Lindstedt EL , Princen HMG 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists are atheroprotective but often induce hypertriglyceridaemia and liver steatosis. We investigated the effect of a novel high‐affinity LXR activator, AZ876, on plasma lipids, inflammation and atherosclerosis, and compared the effects with another LXR agonist, GW3965.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH APOE*3Leiden mice were fed an atherogenic diet alone or supplemented with either AZ876 (5 or 20 µmol·kg−1·day−1) or GW3965 (17 µmol·kg−1·day−1) for 20 weeks. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured using commercial kits. Plasma cytokines were determined by using bead‐based multiplex suspension array kits with the Luminex technology. Atherosclerosis was assessed histochemically and lesion composition was assessed by immunohistochemical methods.KEY RESULTS Low‐dose AZ876 had no effect on plasma or liver lipids, whereas high‐dose AZ876 increased plasma triglycerides (+110%) and reduced cholesterol (−16%) compared with controls. GW3965 increased plasma triglycerides (+70%). Low‐dose AZ876 reduced lesion area (−47%); and high‐dose AZ876 strongly decreased lesion area (−91%), lesion number (−59%) and severity. In either dose, AZ876 did not affect lesion composition. GW3965 reduced atherosclerosis and collagen content of lesions (−23%; P < 0.01). High‐dose AZ876 and GW3965, but not low‐dose AZ876, reduced inflammation as reflected by lower cytokine levels and vessel wall activation.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have identified a novel LXR agonist that when given in a low dose inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis without inducing anti‐inflammatory effects, liver steatosis or hypertriglyceridaemia. Therefore, the primary protective action of a low‐dose AZ876 is likely to be an increased reverse cholesterol transport.
Arrestins differentially regulate histamine‐ and oxytocin‐evoked phospholipase C and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling in myometrial cells
Authors: Brighton Paul J , Rana Shashi , Challiss RA John , Konje Justin C , Willets Jonathon M 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe uterotonins oxytocin and histamine, mediate contractile signals through specific G protein‐coupled receptors, a process which is tightly controlled during gestation to prevent preterm labour. We previously identified G protein‐coupled receptor kinase (GRK)2 and GRK6 as respective cardinal negative regulators of histamine H1 and oxytocin receptor signalling. GRK‐mediated phosphorylation promotes arrestin recruitment, not only desensitizing receptors but activating an increasing number of diverse signalling pathways. Here we investigate potential roles that arrestins play in the regulation of myometrial oxytocin/histamine H1 receptor signalling.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHEndogenous arrestins2 and 3 were specifically depleted using RNA‐interference in a human myometrial cell line and the consequences of this for G protein‐coupled receptor‐mediated signalling were assessed using Ca2+/inositol 1,4,5‐trisphophate imaging and standard mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) assays.KEY RESULTSDepletion of arrestin3, but not arrestin2 enhanced and prolonged H1 receptor‐stimulated Ca2+ responses, whilst depletion of either arrestin increased oxytocin receptor responses. Arrestin3 depletion decreased H1 receptor desensitization, whilst removal of either arrestin isoform was equally effective in preventing oxytocin receptor desensitization. Following arrestin3 depletion oxytocin‐induced phospho‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 signals were diminished and histamine‐stimulated signals virtually absent, whereas depletion of arrestin2 augmented extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 responses to each agonist. Conversely, depletion of arrestin3 enhanced p38 signals to each agonist, whilst arrestin2 suppression increased oxytocin‐, but not histamine‐induced p38 MAPK responses.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSArrestin proteins are key regulators of H1 and oxytocin receptor desensitization, and play integral roles mediating uterotonin‐stimulated MAPK‐signalling. These data provide insights into the in situ regulation of these receptor subtypes and may inform pathophysiological functioning in preterm labour.
Orientation and 3D modelling from markerless terrestrial images: combining accuracy with automation
Authors: Barazzetti Luigi , Scaioni Marco , Remondino Fabio 
Published: December 2010

Abstract In this paper an automated methodology is presented (i) to orient a set of close‐range images captured with a calibrated camera, and (ii) to extract dense and accurate point clouds starting from the estimated orientation parameters. The whole procedure combines different algorithms and techniques in order to obtain accurate 3D reconstructions in an automatic way. The exterior orientation parameters are estimated using a photogrammetric bundle adjustment with the image correspondences detected using area‐ and feature‐based matching algorithms. Surface measurements are then performed using advanced multi‐image matching techniques based on multiple image primitives. To demonstrate the reliability, precision and robustness of the procedure, several tests on different kinds of free‐form objects are illustrated and discussed in the paper. Three‐dimensional comparisons with range‐based data are also carried out.
High resolution topographic model of Panarea Island by fusion of photogrammetric, lidar and bathymetric digital terrain models
Authors: Fabris Massimo , Baldi Paolo , Anzidei Marco , Pesci Arianna , Bortoluzzi Giovanni , Aliani Stefano 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Aerial digital photogrammetry and laser scanning (lidar) and marine multibeam bathymetry can play a fundamental role in the generation of digital terrain models (DTMs) of land and submarine areas, respectively. Integrating these survey techniques is crucial for providing accurate and homogeneous DTMs along narrow coastal zones that often cannot be adequately surveyed owing to logistical limitations on collecting bathymetric data in shallow water. In this project, three aerial photogrammetric surveys, two multibeam bathymetric surveys and a lidar survey were analysed and integrated in the same reference system in order to generate the first 3D high resolution “digital terrain and marine model” (DTMM) of the volcanic island of Panarea (Aeolian Islands, Italy). This is a volcanically active area that underwent a submarine gas eruption in November 2002, and produced impacts on the environment as well as potential hazards for the local population. The DTMM shows the morphological features of this volcanic area with an average grid resolution of 1 m and a maximum elevation error of 1 m. This model will significantly improve geophysical and geomorphological studies of this volcanic island and assist in reducing future hazards.
The IGN CAMv2 System
Authors: Souchon Jean‐Philippe , Thom Christian , Meynard Christophe , Martin Olivier , Pierrot‐Deseilligny Marc 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAfter 10 years of pioneering aerial digital camera development, IGN’s CAMv2 project began in 2006 with the main goal of upgrading the then current system. This had been used for research applications since 1996 in more than six different configurations and in production since 2003 configured with four coloured channels. The new system is still highly modular, enabling combinations of several “basic components”, each consisting of one digital camera head with its storage and control unit. The new camera head was developed around the Kodak KAF‐39 000, 39‐megapixel array sensor (7216 × 5412 pixels). The system is also very versatile thanks to the possible choice of more than 10 different lenses (from 35 mm up to 180 mm focal length) and interchangeable spectral filters. The mechanical and electronic designs have been reduced in size so as to permit many different configurations including multiple camera heads on the same gyro‐stabilised mount. The combination of the performance of camera heads and control and storage units allows a frame rate of one image per 2 s with storage redundancy and 1 s without, leading to a minimum ground sample distance (GSD) of about 9 cm with 60% overlap at an airspeed of 100 m/s. In order to use the new system to best advantage, the adjustment and calibration processes had to be improved. During the summer of 2009, three systems configured for colour imagery, each using four nadir‐viewing camera heads (RGB and NIR), were used to acquire images for IGN production work. In January 2009, an eight‐camera‐head configuration was tested in order to achieve 155‐megapixel pan‐sharpened images with a pan‐sharpening ratio of 2 × 2, and a final swath width of about 14 400 pixels. At that time this configuration needed two windows in the aircraft, but it is now installed on a single, bigger mount.
Epipolar arrangement of satellite imagery by projection trajectory simplification
Authors: Wang Mi , Hu Fen , Li Jonathan 
Published: December 2010

Abstract This paper presents an efficient algorithm for approximate epipolar image generation from stereoscopic satellite images by projection trajectory simplification. In this algorithm, the original non‐linear projection trajectory is simplified to a linear one by the least squares line fitting of sample points selected from the projection trajectory. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using IRS‐P5, SPOT5‐HRG and IKONOS stereo‐images acquired in different stereoscopic imaging modes over different terrain types. The results obtained indicate that the vertical parallax of each pair of conjugate image points on the epipolar images thus generated achieves accuracy at the sub‐pixel level.
Multiple close‐range image matching based on a self‐adaptive triangle constraint
Authors: Zhu Qing , Zhang Yunsheng , Wu Bo , Zhang Yeting 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Reliable image matching is an essential and difficult task in digital photogrammetry and computer vision. Possible problems from geometric distortions, illumination changes, scale changes and difficult texture conditions will result in matching ambiguity, especially for close‐range image matching. This paper presents a multiple close‐range image matching method for surface reconstruction based on a self‐adaptive triangle constraint. This method features two aspects. First, the triangles constructed from the previously matched interest points provide strong geometric constraints for the subsequent point matching combined with gradient orientation and disparity constraints. The dynamic update of the triangulation adapts automatically to the changes of image textures. Secondly, a consistency check in object space is performed to remove possible mismatches. Using three sets of actual triple overlapped close‐range images for the experiment, the results revealed that the proposed method provides improved matching reliability.