bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsidies for New Technologies and Knowledge Spillovers from Learning by Doing
Authors: Nemet Gregory F. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis study empirically examines a prominent justification for public subsidies of emerging technologies: that stimulating demand for them provides opportunities for learning by doing. Even if firms learn from their experience, subsidies are still second best to pricing negative externalities if firms can appropriate the benefits of learning.Iconstruct a panel of electricity output from wind power projects, for a case involving $1 billion in public funds, to assess whether firms’ performance benefited from the experience of other firms.Ifind evidence of learning by doing and knowledge spillovers. However, knowledge gained from experience shows both diminishing returns and depreciating effectiveness.
Fabrication and characterization of silk fibroin powder/polyurethane fibrous membrane
Authors: Bai Zikui , Xu Weilin , Xu Jie , Yang Hongjun , Xiao Shili , Liu Xin , Liang Guijie , Chen Libo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe blend fibrous membranes with the different mass ratio of silk fibroin (SF) powder to polyurethane (PU) were fabricated by electrospinning. The structure, morphology, mechanical properties, and surface wettabilities of the blend fibrous membrane are characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, tensile testing, and contact angle measurements. The results show that the SF was uniformly distributed in the blend fibers. The mass ratio of SF to PU played an important role in influencing the structure and morphology of the blend fibers, and the optimum mass ratio was 5/5. With the increase in SF content in fibers, the fraction of SF in the surface of the SF/PU blend fibers and the crystallinity degree of PU increased, and the molecular orientation of PU along the fiber axis took place. The SF content regulated the hydrophilicity property of the membrane. The thermal stability and the dynamic storage modulus of the fibrous membrane decreased, and the phase separation between soft and hard segments of PU increased. Similarly, the stress at peak and Young's modulus of the fibrous membrane decreased gradually; the strain at peak first increased and then decreased. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:2025–2032, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Damage of unfilled crosslinked rubbers as the scission of polymer chains: Modeling and tensile experiments
Authors: Melnikov Alexei Y. , Leonov Arkady I. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article develops a damage model for unfilled crosslinked rubbers based on the concept of scission of polymer chains. The model is built up on the well‐known Gent elastic potential complemented by a kinetic equation describing effects of polymer chain scission. The macroscopic parameters in the damage model are evaluated through the parameters for undamaged elastomer. Qualitative analysis of changing molecular parameters of rubbers under scission of polymer chains resulted in easy scaling modeling the dependences of these parameters on the damage factor. It makes possible to predict the rubber failure in molecular terms as mechanical devulcanization. The model was tested in tensile quasistatic experiments with both the monotonous loading and repeated loading–unloading. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
The influence of processing route on the structuring and properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Abu‐Zurayk Rund , Harkin‐Jones Eileen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effect of different processing routes on structure and properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)‐clay nanocomposites was assessed. Different compatibilizer/clay ratios (α) were also studied to determine if interactions exist between processing route and polymer‐clay compatibility. HDPE/HDPE‐g‐MA/clay with α values of 1 to 4 were melt compounded (twin screw extrusion), and then processed via three routes: compression moulding, compression moulding followed by biaxial stretching or blown film extrusion. The structure was examined using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tensile and oxygen barrier properties were determined. It was found that biaxial extensional forming produced the best enhancement in properties. An interaction between processing route and polymer‐clay compatibility is evident. Halpin‐Tsai (H‐T) model was employed to predict relative modulus values. It showed good agreement with the experimental data. For biaxial extension at α = 4.0, the experimental relative modulus is greater than the predicted value. This may indicate the existence of a “nano” effect at the polymer‐clay interface. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Morphology, wettability, and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds with interconnected pore structures fabricated by a mini‐deposition system
Authors: Jiang Wenbo , Shi Jun , Li Wei , Sun Kang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA new mini‐deposition system (MDS) was developed to fabricate scaffolds with interconnected pore structures and anatomical geometry for bone tissue engineering. Polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composites with varying hydroxyapatite (HA) content were adopted to manufacture scaffolds by using MDS with a porosity of 54.6%, a pore size of 716 μm in the x‐y plane, and 116 μm in the z direction. The water uptake ratio and compressive modulus of PCL/HA composite scaffold increase from 8 to 39% and from 26.5 to 49.8 MPa, respectively, as the HA content increases from 0 to 40%. PCL/HA composite scaffolds have better wettability and mechanical properties than pure PCL scaffold. A PCL/HA composite scaffold for mandible bone repair was successfully fabricated with both interconnected pore structures and anatomical shape to demonstrate the versatility of MDS. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Injection molding without prior drying process by the gas counter pressure
Authors: Yoo Yeong‐Eun , Woo Sang‐Won , Kim Sun Kyoung 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA processing technology that facilitates quality injection molding without prior drying of polymer pellets has been proposed. The main idea is not to let the water evaporate to bubbles inside the mold. The polymer will be maintained hydrated as it was in the hopper of the injection molding machine throughout the entire molding processes by controlling the cavity pressure above the saturation pressure of water until solidified. In this work, the gas counter pressure (GCP) system has been designed and built to maintain the cavity pressure above the saturation pressure. The performance of the proposed method has been examined by checking the visual quality and the mechanical properties of the molded parts. The method has been tested with pellets of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and polyamide 66. The results show that the GCP prevents surface impairment incurred by the vapors without or with minor effects on the mechanical properties. Finally, the effects of energy saving has been examined by conducting the actual process for 1 day. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of strong acid resins from macroporous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers: Is diluent extraction step necessary?
Authors: Ali Syed Wasim , Malik Muhammad Arif , Ahmed Imtiaz 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStrong acidic cation‐exchange resins derived from the same batch of styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers with and without acetone washing are compared with respect to ion‐exchange capacity and leachable organics. The capacity was the same throughout 10 cycles of resin exhaustion and regeneration. Ultraviolet spectra showed the same level of leachable organics in the two cases compared. Fourier transform infrared spectra were also similar. The results are explained on the basis of the fact that n‐heptane and toluene used as diluents were removed through a steam distillation phenomenon during the copolymer curing step. Residual homopolymers were washed away with water after the sulfonation of the copolymers just like acetone washing of them from the copolymer. Acetone washing, which accounts for about 80% of the cost of the chemicals in the copolymer synthesis, can be eliminated in the case of diluents such as n‐heptane and toluene, making the process simple, economical, and environment friendly. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nonlinear determination of the equilibrium melting temperature from initial nonreorganized crystals of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)
Authors: Righetti Maria Cristina , Lorenzo Maria Laura Di 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this article a procedure for the determination of the equilibrium melting temperature (T) of polymers whose crystals reorganize during heating with a melting/recrystallization mechanism is presented and discussed. The procedure is completely based on data obtained by calorimetry and does not require measurements with nonroutine techniques. From the extrapolated melting temperatures of initial nonreorganized crystals, the T of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) is calculated through the Thomson‐Gibbs equation via a nonlinear regression method. The value of T here determined (511 K) is higher than previous data obtained with the commonly used Hoffman‐Weeks procedure, which confirms that the latter method provides an underestimation of the equilibrium melting point, similar to the data reported for a number of other semicrystalline polymers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cathodoluminescence of ZnSe‐based II‐VI green laser heterostructures
Authors: Shakhmin Alexey A. , Sedova Irina V. , Sorokin Sergey V. , Zamoryanskaya Maria V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe cathodoluminescence technique to study the ZnSe‐based laser heterostructures is described. The heterostructures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001) substrates and consist of bottom and top ZnMgSSe cladding layers and ZnCdSe/ZnSe quantum well or CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots sheets placed inside Zn(Mg)SSe/ZnSe graded index waveguide. The transport of charge carriers generated by electron beam in heterostructure was investigated using depth resolved cathodoluminescence. For that the dependence of cathodoluminescence intensity of active region on electron beam energy has been simulated using Monte‐Carlo calculation of carrier distribution on depth. It made possible the nondestructive characterization of multilayer heterostructure quality, to estimate both deficiency and carrier transport. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of diffusion in the violation of the long‐wave approximation in line wings
Authors: Bogdanova Julia , Rodimova Olga B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe asymptotic line wing theory assumes the presence of two intermolecular interaction characteristics–quantum and classical intermolecular interaction potentials–in the expression of the absorption coefficient. The same classical potential enters into the expression for the second virial coefficient. The classical potential found from the second virial coefficient data is used for calculating of the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient of water vapor line wings in the 8–12 μm transparency window. To obtain agreement between the calculated and experimental absorption coefficients at this point, it is necessary to refine the expression for the absorption coefficient by abandoning the longwave approximation in line wings. The calculation that meets this condition is performed in the framework of a diffusion model. The time between collisions of certain type giving rise to line wing absorption is estimated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms and rate constants in the atmospheric oxidation of saturated esters by hydroxyl radicals: A theoretical study
Authors: Cordova‐Gomez Moises , Iuga Cristina , Alvarez‐Idaboy Juan Raúl 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this work, we have performed quantum chemistry and computational kinetics calculations to study the OH radical initiated oxidation of four saturated esters: methyl formate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, and n‐propyl acetate. All possible mechanisms have been considered, and rate constants have been calculated using Conventional Transition State Theory. Systematic branching ratios for the different paths contributing to the overall reaction, at 298 K, are reported. In all cases, the calculated overall rate coefficients are in excellent agreement with reported experimental data, thus supporting the proposed mechanisms. The different site reactivity is rationalized in terms of the activation by different groups present in each molecule. The order of site reactivities for H abstraction was found to be OCH2 > CCH2 > HC(O)O > OCH3 > CH3C(O)O. This order explains the observed rate constants in the studied esters and can be extrapolated to similar compounds. The role of hydrogen bond‐like interactions in the transition states and their influence on the observed site reactivities is discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of a real‐time luciferase assay to quantify gene expression dynamics in the living yeast cell
Authors: Rienzo Alessandro , Pascual‐Ahuir Amparo , Proft Markus 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA destabilized version of firefly luciferase was used in living yeast cells as a real‐time reporter for gene expression. This highly sensitive and non‐invasive system can be simultaneously used upon many different experimental conditions in small culture aliquots. This allows the dose–response behaviour of gene expression driven by any yeast promoter to be reported and can be used to quantify important parameters, such as the threshold, sensitivity, response time, maximal activity and synthesis rate for a given stimulus. We applied the luciferase assay to the nutrient‐regulated GAL1 promoter and the stress‐responsive GRE2 promoter. We find that luciferase expression driven by the GAL1 promoter responds dynamically to growing galactose concentrations, with increasing synthesis rates determined by the light increment in the initial linear phase of activation. In the case of the GRE2 promoter, we demonstrate that the very short‐lived version of luciferase used here is an excellent tool to quantitatively describe transient transcriptional activation. The luciferase expression controlled by the GRE2 promoter responds dynamically to a gradual increase of osmotic or oxidative stress stimuli, which is mainly based on the progressive increase of the time the promoter remains active. Finally, we determined the dose–response behaviour of a single transcription factor binding site in a synthetic promoter context, using the stress response element (STRE) as an example. Taken together, the luciferase assay described here is an attractive tool to rapidly and precisely determine and compare kinetic parameters of gene expression. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile synthesis of budding yeast a‐factor and its use to synchronize cells of α mating type
Authors: O'Reilly Nicola , Charbin Adrian , Lopez‐Serra Lidia , Uhlmann Frank 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe ease with which populations of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be synchronized using the mating pheromone α‐factor has been invaluable for studies of the cell cycle. The α‐factor response pathway has also remained an important model to study the molecular mechanism of G‐protein coupled receptor signalling. α‐Factor is a 13 amino acids long peptide that is readily available by automated peptide synthesis. However, only cells of the a mating type respond to α‐factor. Cells of the opposite α mating type respond to a‐factor, a farnesylated and C‐terminally methylated 12 amino acids peptide. Because of its more difficult chemical synthesis, a‐factor is not readily available and consequently the a‐factor response is less well understood. Here we describe an improved strategy for producing a‐factor, based on solid‐phase peptide synthesis, followed by two simple steps in solution that show favourable characteristics and good yield. We demonstrate the successful use of the resulting a‐factor to synchronize cell cycle progression of α cells. Notably, the a‐factor concentrations required for cell synchronization are an order of magnitude lower than typically used α‐factor concentrations. Despite a similar cell cycle response, shmoo formation was less pronounced compared to α‐factor‐treated a cells. Our protocol makes a‐factor widely accessible, extending the ease of cell cycle synchronization to budding yeast cells of both mating types and facilitating the study of a‐factor signalling. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of an insertion marker collection of Sz. japonicus (IMACS) for genetic mapping and a fosmid library covering its genome
Authors: Furuya Kanji , Aoki Keita , Niki Hironori 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMeasuring relative genetic distances is one of the best ways to locate genetic loci. Here we report the construction of a strains set for genetic mapping in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, which belongs to the genus Schizosaccharomyces together with the well‐studied fission yeast Sz. pombe. We constructed 29 strains that bear a positive‐negative selection marker at different loci. The marker was inserted every 500 kb in the genome of Sz. japonicus. Each marker thus becomes a ‘scale mark’ of a chromosome that behaves like a yardstick. By determining the genetic distances from the inserted markers, the relative location of a genomic mutation can be determined. We also constructed a fosmid library that covers an entire genome of Sz. japonicus. These tools together would facilitate identification and cloning of the gene. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bridging the gap between joint and individual decisions: Deconstructing preferences in relationships
Authors: Gorlin Margarita , Dhar Ravi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMost choice research has studied how people make decisions within a narrowly defined choice context and has not paid sufficient attention to the role of social context. We commend Simpson, Griskevicius, and Rothman for directing the attention of choice researchers to the study of joint decision making and current theories on relationships. Building on SGR, we propose that a relationship partner's influence varies with the type of decision at hand and with situational factors. We propose four possible types of decision episodes, defined by whether the decision stage and the consumption stage each occur singly or jointly, and explore how the decision type impacts the extent to which a decision maker will take a partner's preferences into account. We further discuss how situational factors, such as the environment in which the decision is made, as well as the mindset and cognitive resources of the decision maker, are likely to influence decision outcomes.
Bringing relationships into consumer decision‐making
Authors: Simpson Jeffry A. , Griskevicius Vladas , Rothman Alexander J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe primary purpose of our target article was to stimulate further interest in and research on consumer decision‐making in close relationships. In this response, we discuss some of the major comments provided by each set of commentators by highlighting their main points, clarifying some misconceptions, and explaining why our dyadic framework is a logical starting‐point for research on how relationships affect consumer decisions.
Knowledge, local actors and public action
Authors: Delvaux Bernard , Schoenaers Frédéric 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
What is the status and role in public action of the knowledge possessed by ‘simple’ citizens, users and professionals? That is the question broached in both this article and the entire special issue for which it serves as the introduction. To this end, we explore the abundant scientific literature pertaining to the topic and try to situate our own position within the broader setting. After discussing the gradual questioning of the social representations that have made scientific knowledge the ideal and standard by which we measure all knowledge, we argue that many authors with an essentialist approach to knowledge have stressed the differences between scientific knowledge and non-scientific knowledge, often leaving us at an impasse. We argue therefore that it is preferable to advance an approach in which knowledge is as at once relational and in a constant process of hybridization. Having opted for and justified this position, we then focus on the – hybrid – knowledge possessed by citizens, users and professionals, by first probing the reasons for the growing involvement of these actors in the production of knowledge and policies. We then ponder the nature and foundations of the complaints and criticisms frequently levelled at participatory mechanisms as to the actual role played in these areas by the knowledge held by ‘local’ actors. In the end, we identify proposals defended by certain authors to make the interactions of actors from different social worlds more symmetrical.
Tooth Profile Modification and its Effect on Spur Gear Pair Vibration in Presence of Localized Tooth Defect
Authors: Divandari M. , Aghdam B. H. , Barzamini R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractVibration induced by gears includes important data about gearbox condition. We can use dynamic modeling of gear vibration for increasing our information about vibration generating mechanisms in gearboxes and dynamic behavior of gearbox in the presence of some kind of gear defects. In this paper a six degree-of-freedom nonlinear dynamic model including different gear errors and defects is developed for investigation of effects of tooth localized defect and profile modifications on overall gear dynamics. Interactions between tooth modifications and profile error are studied and the role of profile modification in dynamic response when a localized defect is incurred by a tooth is shown. It is indicated that although profile modifications and profile errors are micro-geometrical, they have considerable effects on vibrations of gear pair. Especially for the case of root relieved teeth that is shown to be more effective in reduction of vibration in the presence of tooth localized defect. Finally, the simulation results are compared with results from literature and the model is verified.
Static analysis of Biological Regulatory Networks dynamics using abstract interpretation
Authors: PAULEVÉ LOÏC , MAGNIN MORGAN , ROUX OLIVIER 
Published: May 2012

The analysis of the dynamics of Biological Regulatory Networks (BRNs) requires innovative methods to cope with the state-space explosion. This paper settles an original approach for deciding reachability properties based onProcess Hitting, which is a framework suitable for modelling dynamical complex systems. In particular, Process Hitting has been shown to be of interest in providing compact models of the dynamics of BRNs with discrete values. Process Hitting splits a finite number of processes into so-called sorts and describes the way each process is able to act upon (that is, to ‘hit’) another one (or itself) in order to ‘bounce’ it as another process of the same sort with further actions.By using complementary abstract interpretations of the succession of actions in Process Hitting, we build a very efficient static analysis to over- and under-approximate reachability properties, which avoids the need to build the underlying states graph. The analysis is proved to have a low theoretical complexity, in particular when the number of processes per sorts is limited, while a very large number of sorts can be managed.This makes such an approach very promising for the scalable analysis of abstract complex systems. We illustrate this through the analysis of a large BRN of 94 components. Our method replies quasi-instantaneously to reachability questions, while standard model-checking techniques regularly fail because of the combinatoric explosion of behaviours.