bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possessive expressions in Oscan and Umbrian
Authors: Baldi Philip 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper investigates the status of possessive expressions in Oscan and Umbrian in an attempt to determine whether these languages are “be-languages” like the conservative Hittite or Latvian, or “have-languages” like the innovating Latin or German. The inquiry is carried out by examining approximately thirty tokens of the “have” verb from the Oscan Tabula Bantina and the Umbrian Iguvine Tables. Based entirely on this evidence, the conclusion is that Umbrian has changed from the inherited mihi est type with be to the have type, while Oscan remains a be-language without a fully developed verb of possession.
The use of the dative with Latin compounds
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article is about compound verbs in Latin that govern a dative case for their second or third argument, although the simple verbs they are related to do not govern a dative themselves. With most compounds the use of the dative can be explained by referring to one or more (classes of) verbs with a similar meaning, or – especially in creative texts – by assuming a more complicated bridge, which is none the less semantic. One semantic feature that seems to be important is the degree of control of the subject over the state of affairs.
Zeroing in on Latin asyndesis
Authors: Rosén Hannah 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The manifestations of Latin asyndesis, traditionally discussed in the framework of stylistics, are here grouped into three major classes: (a) occasional absence of connectors, testifying to personal-style preferences or belonging to specific registers and genres and characterizing stages of the language; (b) invariable lack of connectors in well-defined syntactic environments which consistently exclude the use of intersentential connectors; and (c) linguistically pertinent non-connection, which is hereunder exemplified in two Latin syntactic patterns; such absence of connector is shown to participate in paradigms of connectors (established by means of collocability and exclusion): zero constitutes a legitimate member of the paradigm of Latin apodotic superordinators and the paradigm of Latin epitaxis-introductory elements.
Fourier Transform Raman and DFT Study of Blue Shift C–H Stretching Vibration of Diazines on Hydrogen Bond Formation
Authors: Singh Deepa , Popp Jürgen , Singh Ranjan K. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Diazines form various types of hydrogen bonds with water, wherein C–H groups are sometimes involved directly and sometimes indirectly. On hydrogen bond formation, the wavenumber of C–H stretching vibration are usually red shifted (normal hydrogen bond) but blue shift of C–H modes (anomalous hydrogen bond) is also possible in some cases. The Raman spectra of the C–H stretching bands of three diazines; pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyrazine in pure form and at many concentrations in mole fractions of diazines in the mixture of diazines + water have been measured to analyze the wavenumber shifts experimentally. Theoretical wavenumber shifts have been calculated and NBO analysis has been performed using DFT methods to understand the cause of the shifts. All the four C–H stretching bands of diazines are blue shifted on dilution with water both experimentally and theoretically. The NBO calculations reveal that the cause of the shift is decrease in the charge density in the antibonding orbital of C–H bond on complex formation.
The Magidor function and diamond
Authors: Matet Pierre 
Published: May 2011

AbstractLet κ be a regular uncountable cardinal and λ be a cardinal greater than κ. We show that if 2<κ ≤ M(κ, λ), then ◇κ,λ holds, where M(κ, λ) equals λℵ0 if cf(λ) ≥ κ, and (λ+)ℵ0 otherwise.
Weak systems of determinacy and arithmetical quasi-inductive definitions
Authors: P. D. Welch  
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe locate winning strategies for various -games in the L-hierarchy in order to prove the following:Theorem 1. KP + Σ2-Comprehension -Determinacy.”Alternatively: “there is a β-model of -Determinacy.” The implication is not reversible. (The antecedent here may be replaced with instances of Comprehension with only -lightface definable parameters—or even weaker theories.)Theorem 2. KP + Δ2-Comprehension + Σ2-Replacement + -Determinacy.(Here AQI is the assertion that every arithmetical quasi-inductive definition converges.) Alternatively: -Determinacy.Hence the theories: , and are in strictly descending order of strength.
On Polish groups admitting a compatible complete left-invariant metric
Authors: Malicki Maciej 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe prove that the set of all Polish groups admitting a compatible complete left-invariant metric (called CLI) is coanalytic non-Borel as a subset of a standard Borel space of all Polish groups. As an application of this result, we show that there does not exist a weakly universal CLI group. This, in particular, answers in the negative a question of H.Becker.
Jump inversions inside effectively closed sets and applications to randomness
Authors: Barmpalias George , Downey Rod , Ng Keng Meng 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe study inversions of the jump operator on classes, combined with certain basis theorems. These jump inversions have implications for the study of the jump operator on the random degrees—for various notions of randomness. For example, we characterize the jumps of the weakly 2-random sets which are not 2-random, and the jumps of the weakly 1-random relative to 0′ sets which are not 2-random. Both of the classes coincide with the degrees above 0′ which are not 0′-dominated. A further application is the complete solution of [24, Problem 3.6.9]: one direction of van Lambalgen's theorem holds for weak 2-randomness, while the other fails.Finally we discuss various techniques for coding information into incomplete randoms. Using these techniques we give a negative answer to [24, Problem 8.2.14]: not all weakly 2-random sets are array computable. In fact, given any oracle X, there is a weakly 2-random which is not array computable relative to X. This contrasts with the fact that all 2-random sets are array computable.
Ramsey-like cardinals II
Authors: Gitman Victoria , Welch P. D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper continues the study of the Ramsey-like large cardinals introduced in [5] and [14]. Ramsey-like cardinals are defined by generalizing the characterization of Ramsey cardinals via the existence of elementary embeddings. Ultrafilters derived from such embeddings are fully iterable and so it is natural to ask about large cardinal notions asserting the existence of ultrafilters allowing only α-many iterations for some countable ordinal α. Here we study such α-iterable cardinals. We show that the α-iterable cardinals form a strict hierarchy for α ≤ ω1, that they are downward absolute to L for , and that the consistency strength of Schindler's remarkable cardinals is strictly between 1-iterable and 2-iterable cardinals.We show that the strongly Ramsey and super Ramsey cardinals from [5] are downward absolute to the core model K. Finally, we use a forcing argument from a strongly Ramsey cardinal to separate the notions of Ramsey and virtually Ramsey cardinals. These were introduced in [14] as an upper bound on the consistency strength of the Intermediate Chang's Conjecture.
The Veblen functions for computability theorists
Authors: Marcone Alberto , Montalbán Antonio 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe study the computability-theoretic complexity and proof-theoretic strength of the following statements: (1) “If is a well-ordering, then so is ”, and (2) “If is a well-ordering, then so is φ(α, )”, where ∝ is a fixed computable ordinal and φ represents the two-placed Veblen function. For the former statement, we show that ω iterations of the Turing jump are necessary in the proof and that the statement is equivalent to over RCA0. To prove the latter statement we need to use ωα iterations of the Turing jump, and we show that the statement is equivalent to . Our proofs are purely computability-theoretic. We also give a new proof of a result of Friedman: the statement “if is a well-ordering, then so is φ(, 0)” is equivalent to ATR0 over RCA0.
ERNA and Friedman's Reverse Mathematics
Authors: Sanders Sam 
Published: May 2011

AbstractElementary Recursive Nonstandard Analysis, in short ERNA, is a constructive system of nonstandard analysis with a PRA consistency proof, proposed around 1995 by Patrick Suppes and Richard Sommer. Recently, the author showed the consistency of ERNA with several transfer principles and proved results of nonstandard analysis in the resulting theories (see [12] and [13]). Here, we show that Weak König's lemma (WKL) and many of its equivalent formulations over RCA0 from Reverse Mathematics (see [21] and [22]) can be ‘pushed down’ into the weak theory ERNA, while preserving the equivalences, but at the price of replacing equality with equality ‘up to infinitesimals’. It turns out that ERNA plays the role of RCA0 and that transfer for universal formulas corresponds to WKL.
Determinacy in strong cardinal models
Authors: Welch P. D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe give limits defined in terms of abstract pointclasses of the amount of determinacy available in certain canonical inner models involving strong cardinals. We show for example:Theorem A. Det(-IND) ⇒ there exists an inner model with a strong cardinal.Theorem B. Det(AQI) ⇒ there exist type-l mice and hence inner models with proper classes of strong cardinals.where -IND(AQI) is the pointclass of boldface -inductive (respectively arithmetically quasi-inductive) sets of reals.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Is a Novel Adipokine Potentially Linking Obesity to the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Lamers Daniela , Famulla Susanne , Wronkowitz Nina , Hartwig Sonja , Lehr Stefan , Ouwens D. Margriet , Eckardt Kristin , Kaufman Jean M. , Ryden Mikael , Müller Stefan , Hanisch Franz-Georg , Ruige Johannes , Arner Peter , Sell Henrike , Eckel Juergen 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Comprehensive proteomic profiling of the human adipocyte secretome identified dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) as a novel adipokine. This study assessed the functional implications of the adipokine DPP4 and its association to the metabolic syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Human adipocytes and skeletal and smooth muscle cells were used to monitor DPP4 release and assess the effects of soluble DPP4 on insulin signaling. In lean and obese subjects, depot-specific expression of DPP4 and its release from adipose tissue explants were determined and correlated to parameters of the metabolic syndrome.

RESULTS
Fully differentiated adipocytes exhibit a substantially higher release of DPP4 compared with preadipocytes or macrophages. Direct addition of DPP4 to fat and skeletal and smooth muscle cells impairs insulin signaling. A fivefold higher level of DPP4 protein expression was seen in visceral compared with subcutaneous fat of obese patients, with no regional difference in lean subjects. DPP4 serum concentrations significantly correlated with adipocyte size. By using adipose tissue explants from lean and obese subjects, we observed a twofold increase in DPP4 release that strongly correlated with adipocyte volume and parameters of the metabolic syndrome and was decreased to the lean level after weight reduction. DPP4 released from adipose tissue correlated positively with an increasing risk score for the metabolic syndrome.

CONCLUSIONS
DPP4 is a novel adipokine that may impair insulin sensitivity in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Furthermore, DPP4 release strongly correlates with adipocyte size, potentially representing an important source of DPP4 in obesity. Therefore, we suggest that DPP4 may be involved in linking adipose tissue and the metabolic syndrome.
Farnesoid X Receptor Deficiency Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Mouse Models of Obesity
Authors: Prawitt Janne , Abdelkarim Mouaadh , Stroeve Johanna H.M. , Popescu Iuliana , Duez Helene , Velagapudi Vidya R. , Dumont Julie , Bouchaert Emmanuel , van Dijk Theo H. , Lucas Anthony , Dorchies Emilie , Daoudi Mehdi , Lestavel Sophie , Gonzalez Frank J. , Oresic Matej , Cariou Bertrand , Kuipers Folkert , Caron Sandrine , Staels Bart 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Bile acids (BA) participate in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis acting through different signaling pathways. The nuclear BA receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates pathways in BA, lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, which become dysregulated in obesity. However, the role of FXR in obesity and associated complications, such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, has not been directly assessed.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Here, we evaluate the consequences of FXR deficiency on body weight development, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance in murine models of genetic and diet-induced obesity.

RESULTS
FXR deficiency attenuated body weight gain and reduced adipose tissue mass in both models. Surprisingly, glucose homeostasis improved as a result of an enhanced glucose clearance and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. In contrast, hepatic insulin sensitivity did not change, and liver steatosis aggravated as a result of the repression of β-oxidation genes. In agreement, liver-specific FXR deficiency did not protect from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, indicating a role for nonhepatic FXR in the control of glucose homeostasis in obesity. Decreasing elevated plasma BA concentrations in obese FXR-deficient mice by administration of the BA sequestrant colesevelam improved glucose homeostasis in a FXR-dependent manner, indicating that the observed improvements by FXR deficiency are not a result of indirect effects of altered BA metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS
Overall, FXR deficiency in obesity beneficially affects body weight development and glucose homeostasis.
Peripheral Vascular Disease and Peripheral Neuropathy in Individuals With Cardiometabolic Clustering and Obesity
Authors: Ylitalo Kelly R. , Sowers MaryFran , Heeringa Steven 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Two lower-extremity diseases (LEDs), including peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease (PVD), are leading causes of disability in the U.S. Although LEDs can be complications of diabetes, their prevelances and risk factors apart from diabetes are poorly described. This study describes the prevalence of LEDs and examines the association of obesity and cardiometabolic clustering in a population-based sample.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Adults aged ≥40 years (n = 2,514) were evaluated in the 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for clustering of two or more cardiometabolic characteristics, including elevated triglycerides or plasma glucose, low HDL cholesterol levels, increased waist circumference, or hypertension. Clustering was combined with BMI (dichotomized at ≥30 kg/m2) to generate three groups: obese (with or without clustering); nonobese with clustering; and nonobese without clustering. Multivariate logistic regression procedures incorporated the complex survey sampling design.

RESULTS
Overall, 9.0% of individuals had peripheral neuropathy alone, 8.5% had PVD alone, and 2.4% had both LEDs. The obese group was more likely to have peripheral neuropathy (odds ratio 2.20 [95% CI 1.43–3.39]), PVD (3.10 [1.84–5.22]), and both LEDs (6.91 [2.64–18.06]) compared with nonobese subjects without clustering. Within the nonobese group, clustering increased the odds of peripheral neuropathy (1.50 [1.00–2.25]) and PVD (2.48 [1.38–4.44]) compared with no clustering.

CONCLUSIONS
Obesity and clustering markedly increased the likelihood of LEDs in this sample and identified a group for whom preventive activities may reduce the risk of future disability.
Risk Factors for Hearing Impairment Among U.S. Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Bainbridge Kathleen E. , Hoffman Howard J. , Cowie Catherine C. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to examine the risk factors of low/mid-frequency and high-frequency hearing impairment among a nationally representative sample of diabetic adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data came from 536 participants, aged 20–69 years, with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes who completed audiometric testing during 1999–2004 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We defined hearing impairment as the pure-tone average &gt;25 dB hearing level of pure-tone thresholds at low/mid-frequencies (500; 1,000; and 2,000 Hz) and high frequencies (3,000; 4,000; 6,000; and 8,000 Hz) and identified independent risk factors using logistic regression.

RESULTS
Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and marital status, odds ratios for associations with low/mid-frequency hearing impairment were 2.20 (95% CI 1.28–3.79) for HDL &lt;40 mg/dL and 3.55 (1.57–8.03) for poor health. Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, sex, and income-to-poverty ratio, odds ratios for associations with high-frequency hearing impairment were 4.39 (1.26–15.26) for history of coronary heart disease and 4.42 (1.26–15.45) for peripheral neuropathy.

CONCLUSIONS
Low HDL, coronary heart disease, peripheral neuropathy, and having poor health are potentially preventable correlates of hearing impairment for people with diabetes. Glycemic control, years since diagnosis, and type of glycemic medication were not associated with hearing impairment.
Loss of RAGE Defense: A Cause of Charcot Neuroarthropathy?
Authors: Witzke Kara A. , Vinik Aaron I. , Grant Lisa M. , Grant William P. , Parson Henri K. , Pittenger Gary L. , Burcus Niculina 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the relationship between circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and parameters of bone health in patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy (CNA).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Eighty men (aged 55.3 ± 9.0 years), including 30 healthy control subjects, 30 type 2 diabetic patients without Charcot, and 20 type 2 diabetic patients with stage 2 (nonacute) CNA, underwent evaluations of peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, nerve conduction, markers of bone turnover, bone mineral density, and bone stiffness of the calcaneus.

RESULTS
CNA patients had worse peripheral and autonomic neuropathy and a lower bone stiffness index than diabetic or control individuals (77.1, 103.3, and 105.1, respectively; P &lt; 0.05), but no difference in bone mineral density (P &gt; 0.05). CNA subjects also had lower sRAGE levels than control (162 vs. 1,140 pg/mL; P &lt; 0.01) and diabetic (162 vs. 522 pg/mL; P &lt; 0.05) subjects, and higher circulating osteocalcin levels.

CONCLUSIONS
CNA patients had significantly lower circulating sRAGE, with an accompanying increase in serum markers of bone turnover, and reduced bone stiffness in the calcaneus not accompanied by reductions in bone mineral density. These data suggest a failure of RAGE defense mechanisms against oxidative stress in diabetes. Future studies should determine if medications that increase sRAGE activity could be useful in mitigating progression to CNA.
Post Hoc Subgroup Analysis of the HEART2D Trial Demonstrates Lower Cardiovascular Risk in Older Patients Targeting Postprandial Versus Fasting/Premeal Glycemia
Authors: Raz Itamar , Ceriello Antonio , Wilson Peter W. , Battioui Chakib , Su Eric W. , Kerr Lisa , Jones Cate A. , Milicevic Zvonko , Jacober Scott J. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
To identify the Hyperglycemia and Its Effect After Acute Myocardial Infarction on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (HEART2D) trial subgroups with treatment difference.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 1,115 type 2 diabetic patients who had suffered from an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the HEART2D trial compared two insulin strategies targeting postprandial or fasting/premeal glycemia on time until first cardiovascular event (cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome). The HEART2D trial ended prematurely for futility. We used the classification and regression tree (CART) to identify baseline subgroups with potential treatment differences.

RESULTS
CART estimated the age of &gt;65.7 years to best predict the difference in time to first event. In the subgroup aged &gt;65.7 years (prandial, n = 189; basal, n = 210), prandial patients had a significantly longer time to first event and a lower proportion experienced a first event (n = 56 [29.6%] vs. n = 85 [40.5%]; hazard ratio 0.69 [95% CI 0.49–0.96]; P = 0.029), despite similar A1C levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Older type 2 diabetic AMI survivors may have a lower risk for a subsequent cardiovascular event with insulin targeting postprandial versus fasting/premeal glycemia.
Benefits of Modest Weight Loss in Improving Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Wing Rena R. , Lang Wei , Wadden Thomas A. , Safford Monika , Knowler William C. , Bertoni Alain G. , Hill James O. , Brancati Frederick L. , Peters Anne , Wagenknecht Lynne ,   the Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Overweight and obese individuals are encouraged to lose 5–10% of their body weight to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but data supporting this recommendation are limited, particularly for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted an observational analysis of participants in the Look AHEAD (Action For Health in Diabetes) study (n = 5,145, 40.5% male, 37% from ethnic/racial minorities) and examined the association between the magnitude of weight loss and changes in CVD risk factors at 1 year and the odds of meeting predefined criteria for clinically significant improvements in risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

RESULTS
The magnitude of weight loss at 1 year was strongly (P &lt; 0.0001) associated with improvements in glycemia, blood pressure, tryiglycerides, and HDL cholesterol but not with LDL cholesterol (P = 0.79). Compared with weight-stable participants, those who lost 5 to &lt;10% ([means ± SD] 7.25 ± 2.1 kg) of their body weight had increased odds of achieving a 0.5% point reduction in HbA1c (odds ratio 3.52 [95% CI 2.81–4.40]), a 5-mmHg decrease in diastolic blood pressure (1.48 [1.20–1.82]), a 5-mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure (1.56 [1.27–1.91]), a 5 mg/dL increase in HDL cholesterol (1.69 [1.37–2.07]), and a 40 mg/dL decrease in triglycerides (2.20 [1.71–2.83]). The odds of clinically significant improvements in most risk factors were even greater in those who lost 10–15% of their body weight.

CONCLUSIONS
Modest weight losses of 5 to &lt;10% were associated with significant improvements in CVD risk factors at 1 year, but larger weight losses had greater benefits.