bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Data from Existing Wells to Plan New Wells in Unconventional Gas Field Development
Authors: Bhattacharya Srimoyee , Nikolaou Michael 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Using available data from existing wells to plan new wells is standard practice in development of unconventional natural gas resources. However, available data may frequently contain hidden patterns that are not easily spotted. Uncovering such patterns could help provide guidance for new wells by answering questions such as the following: Which wells, for which data are available, behave similarly? What do similarly behaving wells have in common? How can this information be used for new wells? If some existing wells are known not to perform satisfactorily, what are the underlying reasons? How can poor performance be avoided in new wells?
In this work, we are proposing an approach addressing these questions. Production data from multiple wells are supplied to principal component analysis (PCA) data pool. The so-called scores and loadings associated with principal components (PCs) are computed, and subsequent comparison of PCs can be used to reveal clusters of similarly behaving wells and their underlying distinguishing features. The data is further explored by estimating decline curve parameters using power-law exponential decline curve q(t)=Qiexp(−D^itn). Once production data from multiple wells are available, values of the parameters q^i,D^i,n are estimated for each well and then correlations between available well and formation parameters such as permeability, fracture conductivity, fracture half-length, aspect ratio, drainage area, zone thickness and cumulative gas in place in drainage area; and decline curve parameters are obtained using partial least square regression (PLSR). These correlations can be used to predict production behavior of new wells if well parameters are known. Moreover, they can guide the location, geometry, and stimulation of new wells.
The proposed analysis was performed on twelve wells from the Holly Branch gas field, for which data were available. The analysis identified one cluster of nine wells behaving similarly, and three distinct wells. The difference between these wells was ascribed mainly to high fracture conductivity, permeability, and small fracture half length. Correlations for decline curve parameters were obtained with reasonable R-squared value.
The proposed methodology can be used as a decision making tool that employs various data from existing wells to guide decisions on the geometry and stimulation of new wells in unconventional gas field development.
Evaluation of Wellbore Effects on SAGD Startup
Authors: Shen Chonghui 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In SAGD operation the start-up phase is intended to establish inter-well communication in an initial low mobility or immobile fluid reservoir. Establishing the communication early and uniformly along a SAGD well pair allows one to achieve a quick ramp up to the targeted peak production. In an ideal case a uniform start-up of inter-well communication and steam chamber should occur with parallel wellbores in a homogeneous reservoir. In reality the wellbore undulation and reservoir heterogeneity will lead to non-uniform start-up of inter-well communication along the well pair, localized growth of steam chamber, and delayed production ramp-up. In addition the wellbore hydraulics may also affect well flow behavior and the start-up operation.
This paper evaluates the effects of wellbore undulation on the start-up of SAGD process. The STARS' FlexWell model was used to assess the effects of wellbore undulation, wellbore fluid heating and wellbore/grid alignment. The simulation reveals localized steam chamber initiation due to wellbore undulation and delayed production ramp-up.
Production Data and Pressure Transient Analysis of Horsehoe Canyon CBM Wells, Part II: Accounting for Dynamic Skin
Authors: Clarkson C. R. , Behmanesh H. , Chorney L. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In a previous study (Clarkson 2009), advanced production analysis techniques, including production type-curves and flowing material balance (FMB) were applied to Horseshoe Canyon (HSC) coal wells to establish the applicability of these techniques and to resolve the importance of multi-layer behavior for production analysis. The field examples chosen for analysis included single wells that exhibited production declines analogous to shallow gas wells, with decline in production occurring from day one, and in one case exhibiting transient flow characteristics. There are many more HSC wells that exhibit less straight-forward production characteristics, including flat or even inclining production. These wells have production profiles qualitatively similar to 2-phase CBM wells, yet lack water production. There are several possible explanations for the flat or inclining production behavior, including changing skin associated with near-wellbore cleanup of drilling fluids over time, and increase in absolute permeability associated with matrix shrinkage. Regardless of the cause, these effects need to be accounted for in quantitative production analysis.
In this follow-up paper, we continue to perform comparisons between multi-layer and single-layer-equivalent production analysis of HSC wells, but focus on wells that exhibit inclining gas production. We develop a methodology to correct for changing skin in both type-curve and FMB analysis that allows this more complex well behavior to be analyzed. We validate the new methodology using a simulated example, and then apply it to actual field cases. Changing skin and absolute permeability by layer/coal zone was quantified through periodic shut-in/buildup testing of isolated coals throughout the life of the wells, and these dynamic properties were used in production data analysis and analytical simulation. Comparing single-layer-equivalent and multi-layer analysis, we have found differences in EUR estimates of &lt; 15 %, due to the existence of one or two dominant (high kh) coal zones. Additionally, we investigated the impact of free gas storage on the results of production data analysis of HSC wells.
The production analysis methodology introduced in this work, while useful for analyzing HSC coal wells with dynamic skin/permeability, is believed to be applicable to a broader range of reservoir types that exhibit this complex behavior.
Estimation of Contacted and Original Gas-in-Place for Low Permeability Reservoirs Exhibiting Linear Flow
Authors: Nobakht M.. , Clarkson C. R. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Recent advances in drilling and completion technology have allowed commercial exploitation of ultra-low permeability gas reservoirs. Horizontal wells that have been stimulated through multiple hydraulic-fracturing stages are the most popular method for exploitation. Due to the extremely low permeability of these reservoirs, boundary-dominated flow may not be reached for a significant period of time making estimation of original gas-in-place (OGIP) difficult. In these reservoirs, it is important to estimate contacted gas-in-place (CGIP), which is some fraction of OGIP, at any point in time.
One of the most popular methods for estimating OGIP in conventional reservoirs is flowing material balance (FMB), which is based on the assumption of boundary-dominated flow. However, this method has been used in the literature to estimate CGIP when dealing with transient data.
In this paper, we test the applicability of the traditional FMB plot for calculating CGIP in low-permeability systems. It is found that even when dealing with a gas reservoir that is depleted significantly, FMB underestimates the total OGIP. It is also found that using FMB alone can result in misleading interpretations. For example, the FMB plotting method makes the data look like boundary-dominated flow, whereas other diagnostic tools do not indicate boundary-dominated flow. This means that one can misinterpret the gas-in-place from FMB as total OGIP, which consequently affects the reservoir characterization and reserves evaluation. Finally, we investigated whether using a material balance pseudo-time calculated using the average pressure in the region of investigation, as oppose to average reservoir pressure, will correct underestimating OGIP for the case that the reservoir is significantly depleted. This study is of practical interest for determining how much of the reservoir is contacted at each stage of flow of a multi-fractured horizontal well.
Application of 2-(octylsulphanyl)benzoic acid as Pb2+ selective ionophore in hybrid membrane system
Authors: Oberta Andrzej , Wasilewski Janusz , Świątkowski Marek , Wódzki Romuald 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA solution of 2-(octylsulphanyl)benzoic acid in 1,2-dichloroethane was used as a liquid membrane for selective pertraction of Pb2+ cations. Transport processes were carried out in a multi-membrane hybrid system (MHS) consisting of two cation-exchange membranes (CEM) and a flowing liquid membrane (FLM) in the following order: CEM | FLM | CEM. The liquid membrane phase was dehydrated continuously using a pervaporation method (PV). The system was capable of transporting Pb2+ ions selectively from a multi-cation aqueous solution composed of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Pb2+ nitrates. A comparative study of the carrier efficiency under various feed pH conditions was performed. It was found that the carrier exhibited sufficient selectivity and transport efficiency under a broad range of operational conditions, with a maximum transport rate of Pb2+ ions attaining the value of (1.09 ± 0.03) × 10−10 mol cm−2 s−1 and the selectivity coefficient of up to 40.
Mixed-ligand complexes of boric acid with organic biomolecules
Authors: Köse Dursun , Zümreoglu-Karan Birgül 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBoric acid forms meta-stable complexes with biomolecules like amino and hydroxy acids and stable complexes with the diol group containing carbohydrates, vitamins, and nucleotides, yielding mono-chelate (1: 1 complex) or bis-chelate (1: 2 complex) structures with negatively charged tetrahedral borate anions. Here we report water-soluble, bio-available mixed-ligand boron adducts for potential nutritional and/or pharmaceutical applications. The complexes were prepared by complete esterification of boric acid with a number of acyclic- and cyclic hydroxy-functionalized biomolecules employing sodium as the counter ion. Structural and thermal properties of the complexes were investigated using chemical analysis, 11B NMR, FTIR, and TGA-DTA techniques. Complexes containing salicylic acid as one of the ligands displayed higher thermal and hydrolytic stabilities.
Historical and recent occurrence of epixylous moss Buxbaumia viridis in the Javorníky Mts. and the Vsetínské vrchy hills (Western Carpathians)
Authors: Plášek Vítězslav , Novozámská Eva 
Published: November 2011

Historical and recent occurrence of epixylous moss Buxbaumia viridis in the Javorníky Mts. and the Vsetínské vrchy hills (Western Carpathians)
The epixylous moss Buxbaumia viridis (Moug. ex Lam. & DC.) Brid. ex Moug. & Nestl. is considered an endangered or vulnerable species in all countries in the Central Europe. In the Czech part of the Western Carpathians the species was recorded very occasionally in the twentieth century. In 2011 field monitoring of the species on historically known localities in Javorníky Mts. and the Vsetínské vrchy hills was carried out. As a result, six localities of B. viridis have been recorded in this region. Precise localization, number of and ecological data are given.
Synovial sarcoma of the cauda equina
Authors: Yonezawa Ikuho , Saito Tsuyoshi , Nakahara Daishi , Won JongHwa , Wada Takuro , Kaneko Kazuo 
Published: November 2011

Primary synovial sarcoma originating from the cauda equina is extremely rare. Only one case, involving an 11-year-old girl, has been reported. The authors describe the case of a 23-year-old woman with a primary synovial sarcoma of the cauda equina.The patient visited a local hospital and described a 2-month history of low-back pain. She was referred to the authors' hospital for further evaluation. On physical examination, she had a straight–leg raising result of 70° bilaterally. Motor examination revealed Grade 4/5 strength in the bilateral extensor hallux longus muscles. There was normal sensation to light touch and vibration in the lower extremities. Sagittal Gd-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging demonstrated an intradural, extramedullary, and uniformly enhancing mass that extended from L-3 to L-4. The mass was totally resected and adjuvant local radiation therapy was administered. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of a paraffin-embedded tissue sample revealedSYT-SSXfusion transcripts, and the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma was confirmed. Five and a half years after surgery, the patient is free of local recurrence and metastatic disease. The RT-PCR detection ofSYT-SSXfusion transcripts played a key role in establishing the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma of the cauda equina. Complete resection of the mass with adjuvant local radiation therapy proved to be effective.
Cutting Edge: MicroRNA-181 Promotes Human NK Cell Development by Regulating Notch Signaling
Authors: Cichocki Frank , Felices Martin , McCullar Valarie , Presnell Steven R. , Al-Attar Ahmad , Lutz Charles T. , Miller Jeffrey S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) have recently been identified as important regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Although it has clearly been established that miRs influence the ontogeny of several immune cell lineages, the role of individual miRs during NK cell development has not been described. In this study, we show that miR-181 expression levels have a profound impact on the development of human NK cells from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and IFN-γ production in primary CD56+ NK cells. We also demonstrate that nemo-like kinase (NLK), an inhibitor of Notch signaling, is a target of miR-181 in NK cells, and knockdown of NLK mirrors the developmental effect of miR-181 overexpression. We conclude that miR-181 promotes NK cell development, at least in part, through the suppression of NLK, providing an important link between miRs and Notch signaling.
Transfer of Regulatory Properties from Tolerogenic to Proinflammatory Dendritic Cells via Induced Autoreactive Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Kleijwegt Fleur S. , Laban Sandra , Duinkerken Gaby , Joosten Antoinette M. , Koeleman Bobby P. C. , Nikolic Tatjana , Roep Bart O. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Infectious tolerance is a term generally assigned to the process through which regulatory T cells (Tregs) transfer immunoregulatory properties to other T cells. In this study, we demonstrated that a similar process applies to human dendritic cells (DCs), albeit through a different mechanism. We induced and cloned proinsulin-specific Tregs using tolerogenic DCs and investigated mechanisms by which induced Ag-specific regulatory T cells (iaTregs) endorse the suppressive effects. iaTregs expressed FOXP3, programmed death-1, and membrane-bound TGF-β and upregulated IL-10 and CTLA-4 after stimulation with the cognate Ag. The iaTregs suppressed effector T cells only when both encountered the cognate Ags on the same APCs (linked suppression). This occurred independently of IL-10, TGF-β, programmed death-1, or CTLA-4. Instead, iaTregs used a granzyme B-mediated mechanism to kill B cells and monocytes, whereas proinflammatory DCs that resisted being killed were induced to upregulate the inhibitory receptors B7 (family) homolog 3 and ICOS ligand. These re-educated mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDCs) suppressed effector T cells and induced IL-10–producing cells from the naive T cell pool. Our data indicated that human tolerogenic DCs confer infectious tolerance by inducing Ag-specific Tregs, which, in turn, re-educate proinflammatory mature DCs into DCs with regulatory properties.
The Possible Impact of Obesity on Androgen, Progesterone and Estrogen Receptors (ERα and ERβ) Gene Expression in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Esfahlan R. Jahanban , Zarghami N. , Esfahlan A. Jahanban , Mollazadeh M. , Nejati K. , Nasiri M. 
Published: November 2011

Background Obesity has been associated with increased mortality from hormone dependant cancers such as breast cancer which is the most prevalent cancer in women. The link between obesity and breast cancer can be attributed to excess estrogen produced through aromatization in adipose tissue. The role of steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer development is well studied but how obesity can affect the expression pattern of steroid hormones in patients with different grades of breast cancer was the aim of this study. Methods In this case-control study, 70 women with breast cancer participated with different grades of obesity (36 none obese, BMI < 25 kg/m2 and 34 obese, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). The mean age of participants was 44.53 ± 1.79 yr (21–70 yr). The serum level of estrogen, progesterone and androgen determined by ELISA. Following quantitative expression of steroid hormone receptors mRNA in tumor tissues evaluated by Real-time PCR. Patients with previous history of radiotherapy or chemotherapy were excluded. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis and P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results The difference in ERα, ERβ and PR mRNA level between normal and obese patients was significant ( P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of AR mRNA was found to be higher than other steroid receptors. There was no significant relation between ERβ gene expression in two groups ( P = 0.68). We observed a significant relationship between ERα and AR mRNA with tumor stage and tumor grade, respectively ( P = 0.023, P = 0.015). Conclusion According to the obtained results, it is speculated that obesity could paly a significant role in estrogen receptors gene expression and also could affect progression and proliferation of breast cancer cells.
The California Wellness Foundation's Health Improvement Initiative: Evaluation Findings and Lessons Learned
Authors: Cheadle Allen , Senter Sandra , Procello Alicia , Pearson David , Nelson Gary D. , Greenwald Howard P. , Beery William L. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To evaluate the effect of the Health Improvement Initiative (HII), a 5-year grantmaking initiative funded by The California Wellness Foundation designed to identify the critical factors needed to bring about population health improvements through community-level systems change. Design. The evaluation of the HII used a case-study, logic-model approach to make inferences about the effect of each community coalition (Health Partnership) on its target community. The primary outcome measure was the creation of significant and sustainable community-level systems change. Setting. The HII included nine communities in California that received funding to create broad-based Health Partnerships. Subjects. Primary data were collected from a variety of Initiative stakeholders by key informant interviews, closed-ended surveys, and participant observation. Intervention. The HII provided funding over 5 years to nine Health Partnerships that were intended to be a driving force in implementing community-level systems change. The ultimate objective of the systems change process was to improve “population health,” broadly defined to include social, economic, and cultural determinants of health, in addition to traditional health status indicators. Measures. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to assess the effect of the HII on key community systems. The primary outcomes were qualitative descriptions of community-level changes. Results. At the end of the 5 years of HII funding, six of the nine Partnerships had played a critical role in implementing sustainable systems changes that would likely have a significant effect in their target communities. Conclusion. The HII was successful in promoting community-level systems change in the majority of funded communities, although the evidence was mixed regarding the role of the Partnerships in bringing about these changes.
The Association of Neighborhood Design and Recreational Environments with Physical Activity
Authors: Atkinson Jennifer L. , Sallis James F. , Saelens Brian E. , Cain Kelli L. , Black Jennifer B. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To determine the association of neighborhood design factors and recreational environments with physical activity. Methods. Randomly selected adults (n = 102, 52% female, 81% white, mean age = 48 years) completed a survey of eight neighborhood design variables, convenient recreational facilities, and availability of home equipment. Physical activity was measured by self-report and 7 days of accelerometer monitoring. Results. Residential density and an overall environment index were significantly related to both vigorous-intensity self-reported (r = .35 and .28, respectively) and objectively measured physical activity (r = .39 and .23, respectively). Home equipment was correlated with self-reported total (r = .34) and vigorous leisure-time physical activity (r = .27). The vigorous and total activity accelerometer measures were correlated with street connectivity (r = .25 and .21, respectively). Discussion. Few self-reported neighborhood design factors and recreational environment variables were correlated with physical activity, and some findings were unexpected.
Air, 1. Emissions and Atmosphere
Authors: Wolf John , Manier Gerhard 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction: Emissions due to the Chemical Industry

1.1.

Greenhouse Gases

1.2.

Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides

1.3.

Volatile Organic Compounds

1.4.

Emission Inventories

2.

Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere

2.1.

Chemistry of the Atmosphere

2.1.1.

Formation of the Primeval Atmosphere

2.1.2.

Formation of the Present Atmosphere

2.1.3.

Composition of the Present Atmosphere

2.1.4.

Trace Gas Cycles

2.1.5.

The Aerosol

2.2.

Energetics of the Atmosphere

2.2.1.

Solar Radiation

2.2.2.

Infrared Radiation

2.2.3.

Radiation Equilibrium

2.2.4.

Energy Balance

2.3.

Dynamics of the Atmosphere

2.3.1.

Forces

2.3.2.

Motions

2.3.3.

Stability

2.4.

Air‐Pollution Control

2.4.1.

Methods of Calculating the Dispersion of Pollution

2.4.1.1.

Empirical Formulas

2.4.1.2.

Gauss Formulas

2.4.1.3.

Diffusion Equation

2.4.1.4.

Stationary Solution of the Diffusion Equation

2.4.1.5.

Particle Models

2.4.2.

Use of the Diffusion Calculation

2.4.3.

Environmental Compatibility and Simulation of the Environment
Soil, 1. Definition, Function, and Utilization of Soil
Authors: Nortcliff Stephen , Hulpke Herwig , Bannick Claus G. , Terytze Konstantin , Knoop Gerhard , Bredemeier Michael , Schulte‐Bisping Hubert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Definition2.Ecological and Political Aspects of Soil Protection3.Function and Utilization of Soil3.1.Soil Ecosystems3.1.1.Introduction3.1.2.Ecological Soil Functions3.1.2.1.Regulating Functions3.1.2.2.Habitat Function for Organisms in and upon the Soil3.1.3.Productive Function3.1.3.1.Agriculture3.1.3.2.Forestry3.1.4.Other Soil Functions3.1.4.1.Utilization of Wastes3.1.4.2.Raw Material Deposits3.2.Land Utilization and Soil Destruction (Statistics)3.2.1.Introduction3.2.2.Land Utilization3.2.3.Soil Destruction3.2.4.Forecast