bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corn and Wheat Response to Topsoil Thickness and Phosphorus on Reclaimed Land
Authors: Halvorson G. A. , Bauer A. , Schroeder S. A. , Melsted S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStripmining of coal drastically disturbs agricultural land and may alter many of the plant‐soil‐water relationships of undisturbed land. Plots were established on leveled moderately sodic clay loam mine spoil to evaluate topsoil thickness and P on crop production and soil moisture in a semiarid environment. A nonsodic sandy loam topsoil was replaced on the spoil at thicknesses of 0.05, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 m. Prior to topsoil placement, P was broadcast on the leveled spoil at rates of 0, 34, and 100 kg P ha−1. Phosphorus at rates of 0, 11, and 34 kg ha−1 was applied annually for 4 yr to plots seeded to hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using a drill attachment and by banding to corn (Zea mays L.). In the last 2 yr, P broadcast rates of 0, 12, and 12 kg P ha−1 on wheat and 0, 18, and 18 kg P ha−1 on corn were substituted for the drilled and banded P treatments. Corn silage and wheat grain yields in most years were significantly higher on 0.15‐, 0.30‐, and 0.60‐m topsoil compared to 0.05 m. The clay loam spoil was not as drought prone as the sandy loam topsoil and therefore, as the thickness of topsoil increased, the ability of the profile to continuously supply water to the growing crop decreased. The relationship between wheat yield and total water use was similar to undisturbed soils in the Northern Great Plains. Responses of wheat and corn to the one time broadcast application of P to the topsoil‐spoil interface or annual applications were generally small and occurred at the low rate of P.
Selenate and Selenite Mobility in Overburden by Saturated Flow
Authors: Ahlrichs J. S. , Hossner L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe elution and sorption characteristics of selenate and selenite were measured in column studies. A composite of sandy loam textured strip‐mine overburden was adjusted to pH 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 and packed into glass columns. Selenium was added to the surface as the Na salt of selenate (SeO2−4) or selenite (SeO2−3). Individual columns were leached with 1.5, 10, or 50 pore volumes of 0.01 M CaCl2. Selenate was mobile at all pH values and was completely leached from columns with <3 pore volumes of solution. Selenite was rapidly sorbed at all pH values. Very slight selenite movement was observed when high pH overburden was leached with 50 pore volumes of solution. The least movement was recorded when pH values were <7.
Residual Effects of Sewage Sludge on Soybean: II. Accumulation of Soil and Symbiotically Fixed Nitrogen
Authors: Heckman J. R. , Angle J. S. , Chaney R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen and heavy metals derived from sewage sludge may potentially affect N2 fixation and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth. Field studies were conducted at two locations in 1983 and 1984 to examine the residual effects of sewage sludge on N2 fixation in soybean. The Fairland plots (Typic Hapludults) were amended with two rates of anaerobically digested sludge in 1975. The Beltsville plots (Typic Paleudults) were established in 1976 with limed‐anaerobically digested, limed‐raw, limed‐compost, or heat‐treated sludge, and in 1978 with Nu‐Earth (Chicago, IL) anaerobically digested sludge. Nonnodulating and nodulating isolines of ‘Clark’ soybean were grown on the sludge‐treated plots, which consisted of various sludge rates and pH regimes. Dry matter and total N accumulation were determined in the shoots at the R4 stage of maturity. Dry matter and N accumulation by nonnodulating soybean generally increased due to greater availability of soil N on the sludge plots. In nodulating soybean, dry matter production and N2 fixation were enhanced by most sludges with the greatest increase occurring under moisture stress. In 1983, a dry year, dry matter of nodulating soybean and N2 fixation (estimated by the difference method) were increased by all sludges at Beltsville. During this year, dry matter and amount of N fixed increased from 16.5 g plant−1 and 285 mg N plant−1 (control) to 31.1 g plant−1 and 706 mg N plant−1 at the 672 Mg ha−1 limed‐compost sludge rate, respectively. In 1984, a normal rainfall year, dry matter and N2 fixation was moderately higher on sludge plots compared to control levels. Dry matter and N2 fixation showed a quadratic response due to overliming by high applications of limed‐digested and limed‐raw sludges. Evidence for toxicity of sludge metals on N2 fixation was not found at Beltsville sludge plots. However, a toxic effect may be suggested by high metal sludge at Fairland sludge plots. In addition to a decrease in the amount of N2 fixed, nonnodulating plant dry matter increased with sludge, whereas nodulating plant dry matter decreased. Results suggest that while sludge amended soil may enhance soybean growth, such beneficial results may be limited to sludges low in heavy metals.
Ammonium Bicarbonate‐DTPA and DTPA Extractions of Sludge‐amended Soils
Authors: Barbarick K. A. , Workman S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) solution is typically used to extract sludge‐amended soils to determine the relationship between soil concentration and plant levels of certain trace elements. The objective of this study was to compare the standard DTPA soil test method with the ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3)‐DTPA (AB‐DTPA) procedure for extraction of trace elements, and to correlate extractable levels with elemental concentration in leaf of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L., cv. Fordhook Giant) grown in the greenhouse and in the grain and straw of hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Vona) grown in the field. For the greenhouse study, sewage sludges containing low (Fort Collins, CO) and high (Chicago, IL) metal conent were added to Nunn clay loam (Aridic Argiustolls, pH = 8.0) and Redfeather loamy sand (Lithic Cryoboralfs, pH = 5.3) at rates ranging from 0 to 120 Mg dry sludge ha−1 in 15 Mg ha−1 increments. For the greenhouse study, coefficients of correlation (r) for the greenhouse study between AB‐DTPA and plant concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in Swiss chard were > 0.90 for the calcareous soil (Nunn) and > 0.93 (except for Cu) for the acidic soil (Redfeather). Even though DTPA extracted less Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn than AB‐DTPA, the r values between these two extractants were > 0.98 for each metal. For the field studies involving addition of a low metal sludge from Littleton/Englewood, CO, to four sets of plots from 1982 to 1985, only the DTPA levels of Zn correlated significantly (r = 0.84) with the associated grain concentration. In contrast, AB‐DTPA provided significant correlations between soil levels and concentrations of Cd (r = 0.57) and P (r = 0.43) in straw and the Ni (r = 0.42), Pb (r = 0.83), Zn (r = 0.82), and P (r = 0.39) in the grain. The field studies indicate that when a low metal sludge is applied at rates consistent with N needs of the crop, levels of AB‐DTPA extractable Zn and possibly Pb should indicate the potential for Zn and Pb uptake into wheat. Because the concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the sludge applied did not result in plant uptake at levels that were significantly different from those in the untreated control, nonsignificant correlations were found. Also, AB‐DTPA extraction of soils showed that adequate P was present so that no response to the P added with the sludge was expected. For the field study, the r values between AB‐DTPA and DTPA were > 0.95 for each metal. The results indicate that AB‐DTPA is as valid as, if not superior to, DTPA for metal extraction and offers the additional advantage in allowing nutrient analysis if one wants to assess both plant nutrients and trace metals.
Transport of Solids in Streamflow from Coastal Plain Watersheds
Authors: Sheridan J. M. , Hubbard R. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations and loads of solids transported in runoff from seven southeastern Coastal Plain watersheds with low‐gradient drainage systems were related to hydrologic patterns. Total solids (TS) concentrations in streamflow averaged 96 ± 81 mg L−1. Concentrations were significantly lower during the December through May high runoff period. Higher TS concentrations (> 250 mg L−1) primarily occurred following prolonged no‐flow periods, which typically occur in the late summer and fall. Monthly TS loads (avg, 26.7 kg ha−1) were largely a function of monthly runoff volume. Suspended sediment (SS) concentrations in streamflow averaged 15 ± 20 mg L−1. Suspended sediment concentrations were significantly higher from March through August, when agricultural activity was greatest. Monthly SS loads (avg, 4.60 kg ha−1) were also largely a function of monthly runoff volume. The dissolved component is the predominant portion of TS transported in runoff from Coastal Plain watersheds. The low sediment loads are attributed to deposition occurring within the low‐gradient, heavily vegetated drainage systems.
Mobility of Sludge‐borne 3,3′‐Dichlorobenzidine in Soil Columns
Authors: Chung Duck Young , Boyd Stephen A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFate of the carcinogen 3,3′‐dichlorobenzidine (DCB) in sludge‐amended soil was evaluated. Carbon‐14‐1abeled DCB was used as a tracer to examine mineralization and mobility of DCB present in sludge. Dichlorobenzidine was shown to be very persistent in soil and sludge‐amended soil with < 2% of the added [14C]DCB evolved as 14CO2 during a 182‐d incubation. Mobility of DCB was evaluated by using soil columns (5 by 45 cm) that were irrigated with 2.54 cm water d−1 for 84 d. The total 14C recovered in leachate water was from 0.16 to 0.063% of the total 14C added to the top 15 cm of the soil column at time zero. The strong binding of DCB to soil constituents rendered it highly immobile despite being placed in a sandy soil that was irrigated with large amounts of water. However, some finite, albeit small, quantity was apparently leached through the soil profile at a relatively constant rate. The immobilization of DCB presumably results from tbe formation of humus bound DCB residues and from its low water solubility.
Soybean Growth and Boron Distribution in a Sandy Soil Amended with Scrubber Sludge
Authors: Ransome L. S. , Dowdy R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using scrubber sludge residues from coal‐fired generation of electricity as an agricultural soil amendment. Boron distribution between plant, soil, and soil water was monitored to determine whether scrubber sludge application would enhance crop growth by alleviation of the B‐deficient status of an irrigated Hubbard loamy sand (Udorthentic Haploborolls) without elevation of soil or soil‐water B to phytotoxic levels. Soybean (Glycine max L.) plants were grown on plots amended with 0, 10, 20, and 40 Mg scrubber sludge ha−1. Effects on plant populations, bean yield and nutrient content, B availability, soil‐water B concentration, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured for three growing seasons. Hot‐water extractable soil B was elevated from low (0.40 mg kg−1) to sufficiency levels (> 1.0 mg kg−1) by application of at least 20 Mg scrubber sludge ha−1; such levels were maintained for two to three growing seasons. Soil‐water EC and B concentrations reached levels potentially detrimental to soybean production during the application year at the 40 Mg ha−1 rate. Elevated soil‐water EC and B levels were mediated after the first growing season as leaching removed excess soluble components from the root zone. Soybean populations decreased linearly with increasing rates of application the first two growing seasons following application. Yield was significantly reduced the first year but was enhanced in response to scrubber sludge application the third growing season. Leaf B content was significantly increased all 3 yr; symptoms of B toxicity were visible only during the year of application. Seed B, although significantly affected by treatment, did not parallel leaf B or yield.
Transfer of Toxic Trace Substances by Way of Food Animals: Selected Examples
Authors: Hansen Larry G. , Lambert Richard J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractToxic substances enter the food chain by various routes. Extrapolation of potential adverse effects from basic toxicity studies is difficult, but practical considerations also limit the utility of food chain studies. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) appears to be more readily absorbed by cats (Felis catus) from contaminated pork than as a pure compound, but it is difficult to generate a frankly toxic product by feeding pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) HCB. Polychlorimated biphenyls (PCB's) should not accumulate readily in soil‐plant‐animal chains, but PCB congeners exhibit a wide range of bioavailability and toxicity, cautioning against excessive extrapolation. Cadmium levels in food chains are greatly influenced by agronomical practices. Cadmium bound to metallothionein (MTN) is less bioavailable in short‐term feeding studies, although it is reportedly more acutely toxic than CdCl2 to some species. Long‐term feeding of liver and kidney from high‐Cd sewage‐sludge‐exposed sows, however, had no adverse effect on male or female rats (Rattus norvegicus). Male rats first accumulated organic Cd at a greater rate, but CdCl2 ultimately produced higher kidney residues after 6 to 8 weeks. The CdCl2 was more toxic to rat duodenal muscosa than was Cd‐MTN purified from swine liver. These studies tend to support the concept of food‐chain attenuation as well as enhancement of trace substance toxicity.
Changes in Forest Floor and Water Quality Following Thinning and Clearcutting of 20‐Year‐Old Pine
Authors: McClurkin D. C. , Duffy P. D. , Nelson N. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of timber cutting on forest floor, sediment movement, and chemical quality of percolating water and of plot runoff are reported for pole‐size loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations on fragile soils of the upper Coastal Plain. Treatments were clearcut, thin, and nocut. Water quality measurements were derived for runoff samples from 0.002‐ha plots and for percolating water from zero‐tension lysimeters at a 15‐cm depth. Forest floor on clearcut plots was reduced to near the minimum regarded as necessary for site protection within two years. Regardless of cutting treatment, more N and P were coming into the plots via precipitation than were leaving via plot runoff and percolation combined. More K appeared to be leaving the sites than was coming in via rainfall, regardless of cutting treatment. Sediment concentrations in plot runoff tended to be proportional to cutting intensity. Nutrient content in percolation waters was unrelated to cutting intensity. Nutrient concentrations in plot runoff were high compared to concentrations reported in stormflows from local, small catchments with similar characteristics, but plot runoff was <3% of annual rainfall.
Minespoil Acidity and Rowcrop Productivity
Authors: Dancer W. S. , Jansen I. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe development of extremely to strongly acid (pH 3.5–5.5) minespoil at a surface coal mine in Illinois resulted in unusually low field corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain yields, particularly in years of severe drought stress. Spoil acidity, measured in terms of pH, was evaluated as a factor contributing to or interacting with drought stress. Drought stress was most clearly expressed in corn by increasing numbers of barren plants. Very strongly acid spoil confounded drought stress and resulted in barren plants, even in wet years. In 1980, the driest year, variation in spoil pH accounted for 58% of the variation in both barrenness and corn grain yield without topsoil replacement. Where 20 cm of topsoil had been replaced, variation in spoil pH immediately underlying the topsoil accounted for 40 and 34% of the barrenness and grain yield, respectively, in 1980. Soybean grain yield correlated most strongly (r = 0.969) with spoil pH in a year of adequate precipitation, suggesting a different physiological response than that for corn. Depressed soybean grain yield occurred, and plants were characterized by potentially phytotoxic leaf concentrations of Al (>70 mg/kg) and Mn (>300 mg/kg), where the pH was less than 5.5. Results indicate that newly reclaimed minespoils having a pH ≤4.5 are unacceptable for row crop production in Illinois. Spoils having a pH between 4.5 and 5.5 should also be avoided or limed.
Response of Cotton, Alfalfa, and Cantaloupe to Foliar‐deposited Salt in an Arid Environment
Authors: Hofmann W. C. , Karpiscak M. M. , Bartels P. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cooling towers at the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station (PVNGS), located 80 km west of Phoenix, AZ, will release an estimated 2.1 Mg/d of particulates (primarily salts) into the atmosphere when the station is in full operation. The saline drift will disperse and settle onto agricultural fields surrounding the station. Field studies were conducted in 1953 to investigate the influence of foliar‐applied saline aerosol on crop growth, foliar injury, and tissue elemental concentration on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) in an arid environment. The treatment aerosol solutions simulated treated wastewater effluent and included all essential plant nutrients and other elements, including trace concentrations of heavy metals. The treatments included unsprayed plots, and plots sprayed with salt solutions at 0 (distilled water), 8, 83, and 415 kg/(ha yr). The alfalfa received an additional 829 kg/(ha yr) treatment. The species were evaluated in separate experiments on Mohave clay loam and Sonoita sandy loam soils (Typic Haplargid) near Marana, AZ. Cotton treated with 415 kg/(ha yr) had significantly less chlorosis and tended to be slightly taller than the cotton in the unsprayed plots. The alfalfa treated at a rate of 829 kg/(ha yr) showed significantly more leaf margin necrosis than did the unsprayed alfalfa. In the cantaloupe, there were no visually apparent differences among salt treatments. Hand‐harvested cotton plots had a significant reduction in seed cotton yield at the 415 kg/(ha yr) treatment (P ≤0.05). A similar though nonsignificant, trend towards reduced yield with increased salt treatment was observed in machine‐harvested cotton plots. No significant yield differences were detected in the alfalfa or cantaloupe.
Effects of Emissions from a Coal‐fired Power Plant on Soybean Production
Authors: Jones Herbert C. , Noggle J. C. , McDuffie Charlie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn air pollution exclusion system was designed, tested, and operated at four field sites during four growing seasons near the Tennessee Valley Authority Widows Creek Steam Plant to measure the effect of emissions from the coal‐fired power plant on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Essex] production. Soybean plants were exposed to background levels of ambient air pollutants. When the plume from the power plant was at ground level the air pollution exclusion system was activated and passed charcoal‐filtered air through the plant canopy of the control plots, thereby reducing SO2 concentration to 10 to 20% of ambient level. The maximum 3‐h average SO2 concentration ranged from 1935 to 9944 µg/m3 (from 1972–1975) and from 502 to 1478 µg/m3 (from 1977–1979). Soybean plants were also grown in charcoal‐filtered and unfiltered air in greenhouse chambers for 4 yr (1972–1975) near the Widows Creek Steam Plant and for 3 yr (1977–1979) at a remote site 70 km from the power plant. Soybean yield was significantly reduced by 27% in greenhouse chambers with unfiltered air compared with chambers with charcoal‐filtered air near the power plant. Emissions from the power plant significantly reduced soybean yield by 12% for only 1 out of 4 yr in the field tests. An estimated 6.4% of the total leaf area in the ambient air + SO2 plots showed chlorosis after an exposure to a maximum 1‐h average SO2 concentration of 1663 µg/m3. At the remote location, soybean yield averaged 25% less in unfiltered air than in filtered air, indicating that air pollutants other than power plant emissions were affecting soybean yield at both sites.
Lead and Molybdenum in Soils and Forage near an Atmospheric Source
Authors: Schalscha E. B. , Morales M. , Pratt P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil samples collected in 1982 and 1983 from locations near an industrial park consisting of a Mo ore processing plant and a car battery manufacturing industry were analyzed for total and extractable Mo and Pb. Grass samples collected from the same locations were analyzed for total Mo and Pb and three samples were analyzed for total Cu. The objectives were to assess the potential toxicity of Mo and Pb to horses (Equus caballus) and cattle (Bos taurus) and to verify earlier research done in the same general area. Total and extractable Mo and Pb in soils and total Mo and Pb in grasses decreased with increase in distance downwind from the industrial site. The car battery plant ceased operation soon after the 1982 sampling and the extractable Pb in 1983 was much lower than in 1982, indicating a rapid reaction of Pb with soils. The total and extractable Mo in soils were about the same in 1983 as in 1982 even though the Mo industry installed electrostatic precipitators in late 1982 with a claimed 90% reduction of Mo emissions. The Pb, Mo, and Cu contents of grass samples indicated no potential problems of Pb toxicity to livestock, but the Mo concentrations and Cu/Mo ratios showed that cattle in the area would suffer from Mo‐induced Cu deficiency (hypocuprosis).
Transpiration Effect on the Uptake and Distribution of Bromacil, Nitrobenzene, and Phenol in Soybean Plants
Authors: McFarlane J. Craig , Pfleeger Thomas , Fletcher John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of transpiration rate on the uptake and translocation of two industrial waste compounds, phenol and nitrobenzene, and one pesticide, 5‐bromo‐3‐sec‐butyl‐6‐methyluracil (bromacil), was examined. Carbon‐14 moieties of each compound were provided separately in hydroponic solution to mature soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr. dwarf cultivar Fiskeby v] maintained under three humidity conditions. The uptake of each compound was determined by monitoring the removal of 14C from the hydroponic solution. The extent to which 14C was adsorbed to roots and translocated to plant shoots and leaves was examined by assaying root and shoot parts for 14C. Bromacil was taken up slower than the other chemicals, had the most 14C translocated to the shoot, and the amount translocated to the shoot responded directly to the rate of transpiration. In contrast, both phenol and nitrobenzene were rapidly lost from solution and bound to the roots. Less than 1.5% of the 14C from phenol or nitrobenzene was translocated to the plant shoots. Increased transpiration rates had little influence on root binding of 14C; however, increasing transpiration rate from low to medium was associated with an increased uptake of nitrobenzene. The three chemicals studied have similar Log Kow values, but their interactions with soybean were not the same. Thus, despite the usefulness of the octanol/water partitioning coefficient in predicting the fate of organic chemicals in animals and in correlating with root binding and plant uptake for many pesticides, log Kow may not be equally useful in describing uptake and binding of nonpesticide chemicals in plants.