bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thebaid 2.239, 2.729 and the Problem of Aracynthus
Authors: McClure Jason 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe first section of this paper examines an allusion to Propertius 3.15 at 2.239 of Statius’ Thebaid. Here Statius refers to a certain Mount Aracynthus in the context of the double marriage of Argia and Deipyle to Polynices and Tydeus. Invoked in Latin poetry as we have it a scant three times, Statius’ Aracynthus recalls Propertius 3.15.42, where the mountain is the site of Amphion’s paean celebrating the victory over Dirce, whose jealous pursuit of Antiope wrought her own destruction. Invoked in the midst of the wedding of Polynices, whose own jealousy over Eteocles will bring about his downfall, Aracynthus casts a pall over the otherwise idyllic description of the two brides and further hints at the doomed nature of their union to the two exiles, Polynices and Tydeus.The second section of this paper examines an implied reference to another Aracynthus at 2.729. This second Aracynthus, however, is Aetolian and not the Boeotian mountain of Propertius. Statius’ two Aracynthi draw us in to an obscure debate, ancient and modern, concerning the location(s) of this (or these) mountain(s) and may suggest something about his engagement with his literary models.
The Beginning of the Iliad: The ‘Contradictions’ of the Proem and the Burial of Hektor
Authors: Satterfield Brian 
Published: March 2011

Abstract“The Beginning and End of the Iliad: The ‘Contradictions’ of the Proem and the Burial of Hektor” treats three ‘discrepancies’ between the story apparently promised in the proem of the Iliad and the story that the poem goes on to tell. Discussed extensively by the Analysts of the past century, these discrepancies were construed as evidence of the Iliad’s origins in multiple sources. More recently, oral theorists have seen them as signs of a singer composing rapidly and relatively unreflectively in performance, indifferent to self-contradiction. The present article argues instead that we can approach the proem as a prayer, addressed by Homer to the Muse—and the main story of the poem as her answer. On such a reading, we can construe the contradictions as evidence for the view that while Homer has asked for one story, the Muse has given him another slightly different story. While this suggestion has had advocates in the literature, none has attempted to work it out with reference to the discrepancies between the Iliad’s proem and main story. The article argues that once we examine the discrepancies, we find that they point us toward a new interpretation of the significance of Hektor’s burial.
Money and the Poet: The First Stasimon of Pindar Isthmian 2
Authors: Cairns Francis 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe first stasimon of Pindar Isthmian 2 has long been problematic: it appears to privilege past over present poetry and to stigmatise contemporary poets, including Pindar himself, as mercenary. This paper summarises previous solutions to this problem, none fully satisfactory, and, after modifying the logic of the first stasimon, proposes the following new solution. Pindar’s ‘past poetry’ (contrary to the view of earlier scholarship) does not consist of monodic love songs but of choric paidikal enkômia performed at low cost by amateur choruses of fellow paides, whereas his ‘present poetry’ is performed by professional choruses and musicians who were expensively costumed and trained and highly paid. The issue, then, is not the poets’ fees (for poets were always remunerated) but the high costs of contemporary choric performance. Those costs do not stigmatise Pindar as greedy, but they do further emphasise the patron’s generosity in funding Isthmian 2 and its performances.
Perspectives on Violence in Euripides’ Bacchae
Authors: Perris Simon 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the treatment of violence in Euripides’Bacchae, particularly in spoken narrative.Bacchaeis essentially a drama about violence, and the messenger-speeches establish a dialectic between spectacle and suffering as different conceptions of, and reactions to, violence. The ironic deployment of imagery and allusion, particularly concerning Pentheus’ body and head, presents violence as ambiguous. Theexodosthen provides a model of compassion, in which knowledge of guilt does not preclude sympathy, nor does ambivalence towards violence. Finally, it is concluded that the paradoxicalhumanitasof this Dionysiac tragedy is grounded in its presentation of violence as a source first of pleasure, then of pain, allowing spectators to be both entertained and shocked.
La zoogonie de la Haine selon Empédocle: retour sur l’ensemble ‘d’ du papyrus d’Akhmim*
Authors: Rashed Marwan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article aims at reconstructing the most damaged part of the Strasbourg papyrus of Empedocles (fragment f-d), by taking into account all the parameters at our disposal: palaeography, metre and, of course, content. According to this attempt, Empedocles would be describing the very moment in the phase of increasing Strife when the whole-natured creatures (the ολοφυ) were split into male and female beings. Thus, the first part of the fragment becomes very similar, in its content, to fr. 62 D.-K. and to Plato’s parody of Empedocles in Aristophanes’ myth in the Symposium, while its second part emerges as containing new details of the process by which double creatures were split into two. If this reconstruction is accepted, its implication will be that Aetius’ presentation of Empedocles’ cosmic cycle as a fourfold continuous process is deeply inadequate.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Longidorus pius (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Barsi László , De Luca Francesca 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTopotypes of Longidorus pius from the Republic of Macedonia are briefly described and illustrated. PCR-RFLP and sequencing analyses of the ITS region were carried out to molecularly characterise L. pius. The sequence of the analysed ITS region is the shortest ITS region described so far for Longidorus species. Pairwise comparisons of the ITS sequence of L. pius along with those of L. arthensis, L. raskii, L. elongatus, L. macrosoma, L. helveticus and L. profundorum from the GenBank database displayed a high nucleotide dissimilarity ranging from 17.8 to 33.8%.
Hatching of the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, under the influence of temperature and host
Authors: Pudasaini Mahesh P. , Viaene Nicole , Moens Maurice 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The influence of temperature and root diffusates from different plants on the
hatching behaviour of Pratylenchus penetrans was studied. Diffusates were
obtained from maize (cv. Husar), carrot (cv. Masei), black salsify (cv.
Omega), pea (cv. Alouette), bean (cv. Polder) and marigold (cv. Single Gold)
at different plant ages. Soil leachate was used as a control treatment.
Hatching was also examined in 10% dilutions of the root diffusates and the
soil leachate. Hatching was monitored at 5-day intervals until 60 days at
most. Test solutions were refreshed at the same intervals. Pratylenchus
penetrans hatched more at 20°C than at 10, 15 or 25°C. Hatching was
stimulated by all host diffusates, as well as marigold; it was highest in
maize and bean diffusates (ca 50%). Except for carrot diffusate and soil
leachate, hatching activity decreased with increasing plant age. It also
decreased in 10% diluted root diffusates, except for pea, black salsify and
soil leachate. There was no evidence for the presence of hatching inhibitors
in the diffusate of any host.
Incidence and control of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, in the north of Iran
Authors: Tanha Maafi Zahra , Damadzadeh Mahmoud 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A survey of citrus orchards of northern Iran revealed that the citrus
nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, was present in 89% of soil and root
samples collected. The number of juveniles and females averaged 6490/250 ml
soil and 214/g root, respectively, in infested samples, and the mean numbers
of juveniles and females in soil and root samples of sweet orange and sour
orange rootstocks were greater than the damage threshold level in most
regions. Population patterns of citrus nematode on sour orange Citrus
aurantium and Poncirus, Poncirus trifoliata, rootstocks were monitored for 2
successive years. Nematode population densities peaked once a year during
July-August and declined to lower levels during autumn and winter on both
rootstocks. The duration of the life cycle of T. semipenetrans was 8 and 9
weeks on sour orange C. aurantium and Troyer citrange, C. sinensis × P.
trifoliata, seedlings, respectively, at 24 ± 2°C. In glasshouse experiments,
T. semipenetrans was controlled on sour orange seedlings by the granular
nematicides, fenamiphos and cadusafos, the doses 4 and 8 ppm having the
greatest effect when applied simultaneously with nematodes, whereas the
nematicides Vydate and fenamiphos at 8 ppm showed greatest effects on
nematodes in roots when applied 6 weeks after nematodes had been added to
the soil. The effects of granular fenamiphos and cadusafos (10G) on T.
semipenetrans population densities were also investigated in infested citrus
orchard with rates 1.0 and 2.0 g a. s. of nematicides/m2 for 1 year.
Although the nematicide treatments reduced nematode population densities in
soil and roots, fruit weight and size was not affected by these
treatments.
Description and molecular characterisation of Paralongidorus litoralis sp. n. and P. paramaximus Heyns, 1965 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Spain
Authors: Palomares-Rius Juan E. , Subbotin Sergei A. , Landa Blanca B. , Vovlas Nicola , Castillo Pablo 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Paralongidorus litoralis sp. n., a new bisexual species of the genus, is
described and illustrated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy
and molecular studies from specimens collected in a coastal sand dune soil
around roots of lentisc (Pistacia lentiscus L.) from Zahara de los Atunes
(Cadiz), southern Spain. Paralongidorus litoralis sp. n. is characterised by
the large body size (7.5-10.0 mm), a rounded lip region, clearly offset from
the body by a collar-like constriction, and bearing a very large
stirrup-shaped, amphidial fovea, with conspicuous slit-like aperture, a very
long and flexible odontostyle ca 190 μm long, guiding ring located at 35 μm
from anterior end, and males with spicules ca 70 μm long. In addition,
identification data of a Spanish population of P. paramaximus Heyns, 1965
recovered from sandy soil of a commercial citrus orchard at Alcala de
Guadaira (Seville), southern Spain, agree very well with the original
description of the species from South Africa. The 18S rRNA and D2 and D3
expansion regions of 28S rRNA gene sequences were obtained for P. litoralis
sp. n. and P. paramaximus. Phylogenetic analyses of P. litoralis sp. n. and
P. paramaximus rRNA gene sequences and of Longidoridae sequences published
in GenBank were done using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. In
trees generated from the 18S data set Paralongidorus clustered as an
external clade from Longidorus, and in trees generated from D2-D3 of 28S
dataset Paralongidorus was monophyletic and nested within Longidorus.
Maximum likelihood test supported the hypothesis of validity of the
Paralongidorus genus.
Predator-prey relationship between the cyclopoid copepod Diacyclops bicuspidatus and a free-living bacterivorous nematode
Authors: Muschiol Daniel , Marković Mirjana , Threis Ilka , Traunspurger Walter 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The potential of copepods as predators of free-living nematodes was tested by
presenting Diacyclops bicuspidatus, a common holarctic cyclopoid copepod,
with Panagrolaimus sp. as prey in the laboratory. Diacyclops bicuspidatus
readily fed on nematodes of all size classes, including prey longer than
itself. No size preference was observed. Handling times varied between a few
seconds and several minutes, depending on the size of the prey. At different
prey densities, the feeding rates of D. bicuspidatus followed a type II
functional response. Starved D. bicuspidatus consumed up to 45.1 nematodes
in 2 h, equivalent to 43.5% of the copepod's body mass. Indications that
nematophagous nutrition is common among freshwater copepods are
discussed.
Fecundity and lifespan manipulations in Caenorhabditis elegans using exogenous peptides
Authors: Davies Keith G. , Hart John E. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In this study using Caenorhabditis elegans, we have been able to suppress
(>60%) and enhance (>40%) fecundity (number of offspring) while
extending lifespan by a fifth, by administering synthetic peptides to the
aqueous medium in which the nematodes were maintained. Untreated control
adults fed live bacteria had significantly more offspring (17 vs 10 larvae
each) than those fed dead bacteria. Average lifespan and time for 50% of the
worms to die were the same at approximately 10 days, but there was a
significant difference in terms of 100% mortality (28 vs 19 days). A
reduction in fecundity of 30-40% occurred when a 14-mer peptide, EPL030, was
administered to the worms' aqueous medium. The effect was dose-dependent
across the range 0.1-10 μM day–1 of medium, but since the worms were fed
live bacteria interpretation was problematic: was the effect direct or
indirect? However, the anti-fecundity effect was reproduced in worms fed
dead bacteria, when the test compound was administered at 1 μM day–1 of
aqueous medium. The mean number of larvae produced in three groups:
untreated controls, EPL030 and EPL001 (an anagrammatical version of EPL030
used as a comparator), were, respectively, 17, 6 (−64%) and 24 (+43%).
Average lifespans were 8.7, 10.7 (+23%) and 10.3 days (+18%). Fluorescence
localisation studies using a close analogue of the fecundity-suppressing
EPL030 revealed a distribution that was generalised and uninformative. The
fecundity-enhancing EPL001 concentrated in the genital tract. Caenorhabditis
elegans is a potentially useful testbed for fecundity and lifespan studies
using exogenous agents. The use of an aqueous medium and dead bacteria as
food simplifies both the protocol and interpretation of results.
Al-Hakīm's Equilibrium under the Microscope. A Study in al-Hakīm's Philosophy through his plays
Authors: Khoury Jeries 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Egyptian playwright Tawfīq al-Hakīm assumes the philosophy of Equilibrium/equivalency (al-Ta'āduliyya) as a lifestyle and center of art. He looks at the phenomena of nature and life through this philosophy in an attempt to point out its importance and intervention in the details of people's life, behavior, primary needs, and the essence of their existence. From al-Hakīm's writing about this philosophy, we see that he is fully persuaded that this philosophy is the best logical explanation of all the existing pheno-mena. In his view, it controls the aspects of this universe and imposes itself as the best integrated theory that introduces an interpretation to all phenomena of human life. However, this apparent conviction is discovered to be not fully established and its foundations collapse if we investigate al-Hakīm's theatrical works and compare them with his theorizations in this field. Researcher Mahmūd Amīn al-'Ālim hints at the existence of a flaw and contradiction in al-Hakīm's concepts of equilibrium, but he does not elaborate or discuss his argument profoundly or analyze this aspect thoroughly in al-Hakīm's plays.This modest study attempts to trace al-Hakīm's theory as he introduces it. It surveys some of his major plays in an attempt to reveal the flaws in this equilibrium, and discusses their reasons and results. Finally, I will point out the paradoxical aspects between al-Hakīm's art and his theorization. The study deals with and refers to the plays that are most representative of al-Hakīm's theory of equilibrium with a specific focus on his play Pygmalion.
L’héritage ésotérique du chiisme: un livre sur l’exégèse de la sourate 97
Authors: Ansari Hassan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLe livre d'Ibn al-Harīš sur «la Nuit de la Destinée» (laylat al-qadr) est un des textes fondamentaux du «chiisme ésotérique» (bātinī). Cet ouvrage, aujourd'hui perdu mais dont de larges extraits ont été transmis par la littérature duodécimaine ultérieure, a été écrit dans la première moitié du IIIe/IXe siècle sous l'imamat du neuvième imam de chiisme duodécimain. À cette époque, le chiisme imamite se formait progressivement tandis que, pour des raisons politico-historiques, des courants ésotériques (ġulāt) se développaient en son sein. En effet, pendant cette période qui dura jusqu'à l'Occultation du douzième imam en 260/873-4 et se prolongea peu après, plusieurs courants chiites ésotériques apparurent parmi les imamites, dont un des plus importants fut celui des Nusayriyya. Le livre d'Ibn al-Harīš que nous allons présenter dans cet article, montre une proximité incontestable avec les idées des nusayris concernant «la Nuit de la Destinée».
La diffusion de la doctrine nusayrie au IVe/Xe siècle d’après le Kitāb Khayr al-Sanī‘a du cheikh Husayn Mayhūb Harfūš
Authors: Paoli Bruno 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLe Kitāb Khayr al-Sanī‘a fī mukhtasar tārīkh ġulāt al-šī‘a du šaykh Husayn Mayhūb Harfūš (1890-1959) consacre aux disciples d'al-Husayn b. Hamdān al-Hasībī (m. 358/969) et de Muhammad b. Alī l-Ğillī (m. 399/1009) de courtes notices biographiques qui nous fournissent de précieuses informations sur la diffusion de la doctrine nusayrie au IVe/Xe siècle: une diffusion à grande échelle, sur toute l'étendue de l'Orient musulman et dans toutes les couches de la société, y compris parmi les élites de l'époque, au prix d'un prosélytisme dont les nombreuses conversions de chrétiens et de juifs illustrent l'efficacité. Ces notices témoignent aussi de l'implantation précoce des «Nusayris» dans la montagne côtière de Syrie, prélude à une phase de repli et de regroupement de clans et de tribus d'origines diverses qui dura jusqu'au milieu du VIIe/XIIIe siècle et fut aussi une période d'intense activité de préservation du patrimoine: contrairement aux disciples d'al-Hasībī, qui s'attachèrent d'abord à diffuser la doctrine, ceux d'al-Ğillī firent surtout œuvre de transmetteurs et de copistes, mémorisant et recopiant les œuvres de leurs maîtres, comme celles des ġulāt des générations précédentes, au premier rang desquels figurait Muhammad b. Nusayr.
La Loi Spirituelle (al-šar'īa l-rūhāniyya) druze selon Hamza b. 'Alī: textes canoniques et apocryphes
Authors: De Smet Daniel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDans ses épîtres appartenant aux Rasāil al-hikma, le corpus des écrits canoniques qui forment la base de la religion druze, Hamza b. ‘Alī ébauche assez sommairement les principes d'une « loi spirituelle » censée remplacer la šarī‘a musulmane abrogée par al-Hākim, et il y préconise une juridiction spécifiquement druze. Il dit avoir traité de cette loi dans un écrit intitulé al-Šarī‘a l-rūhāniyya fī ‘ilm al-latīf wa-l-basīt wa-l-kathīf, qui toutefois ne figure pas dans le Canon, bien que les Druzes actuels en possèdent des manuscrits. Or, il s'agit à coup sûr d'un texte apocryphe, de date incertaine mais de loin postérieure à Hamza. En contradiction avec la doctrine développée dans les écrits canoniques, le druzisme y est présenté comme une religion révélée et scripturaire, à forte teneur « hermétique ».
Le Kitāb Durrat al-tāğ wa-sullam al-mi'rāğ d’Ibn Nasr: un éloge de Ğamāl al-Dīn 'Abd Allāh al-Tanūkhī (820/1417-884/1479)
Authors: Halabi-Halawi Wissam 
Published: March 2011

AbstractL'œuvre de Abd Allāh al-Tanūkhī (m. 884/1479) est considérée comme une rupture avec la ğāhiliyya (antéislam) druze dans laquelle sa communauté vivait depuis la fin de la da‘wa (prédication) en 435/1043. Dans l'imaginaire de ses coreligionnaires, il est le « grand réformateur » et l'instaurateur de valeurs doctrinales et juridiques aussi pures et justes que celles établies par les hudūd (dignitaires) durant la période initiatique. Repenser la construction identitaire druze et la formation communautaire du druzisme, nécessite de replacer al-Tanūkhī au sein de cette double évolution: serait-il le continuateur d'un courant réformateur, ou l'initiateur d'enseignements, rejetés de son vivant, ayant réussi à s'imposer ultérieurement? Dans cet article, nous proposons une traduction annotée du récit de son disciple-biographe, Ibn Nasr (m. 898/1492), qui dévoile et dissimule simultanément des éléments clés dans la vie de son maître.
News & Views Ethical Standards For Clinical Trials Conducted In Third Countries: The New Strategy of the European Medicines Agency
Authors: Altavilla Annagrazia 
Published: March 2011

AbstractClinical trials increasingly occur on a global scale as industry and government sponsors in wealthy countries move trials to low- and middle-income countries. The globalization of clinical research raises important questions about the economical and ethical aspects of clinical research and the translation of trial results to clinical practice: which ethical standards are applied? Are trials results accurate and valid, and can they be extrapolated to other settings? This article provides an overview of the strategy approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to clarify ethical standards for clinical research conducted outside the European Economic Area (EEA) and included in Marketing Authorization Applications. Reference to the EMA Reflection paper is made.
News & Views Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and Some Reflections on the “Solidarity” of the Human Cadaver in Portugal
Authors: Pereira André 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe article presents the legal situation of transplantation medicine in Portugal and presents some interesting statistical data. The author defends the opting-out system and presents an argument in favour of such solution, taking into account the mandatory nature of forensic autopsies.
Provision of Health Services to Irregular Migrants with a Special Focus on Children
Authors: Søvig Karl Harald 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAll European countries are now facing a situation where a part of the population consists of migrants without a permit to stay or reside. These persons may have health problems, and the question then rises regarding health services to irregular migrants. Normally, welfare benefits are offered those with a relationship to the country concerned, as citizen, asylum seeker, tourist, etc. Irregular migrants are outside the society, and it could be suggested that they therefore should be denied health services. On the other hand, common European standards of humanity lay obligations on the States, for example, where situations are life-threatening. This contribution gives an overview of relevant legal instruments, both from the UN, Council of Europe and the European Union. Although there are many similarities, the instruments have their differences, and there may even be some tensions regarding the underlying values.
Staying the Return of Aliens from Europe through Interim Measures: The Case-law of the European Commission and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Haeck Yves , Herrera Clara Burbano 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Strasbourg case-law demonstrates a clear tendency to protect aliens through interim measures in case of imminent deportation. Usually but not uniquely those persons claim(ed) before the supervisory organs to be in a situation of extreme gravity in case of forcible return to their country of origin because they can be subject to the death penalty, life imprisonment, persecution for their political activities, deprived of medicine/adequate medical treatment. This contribution explores which typologies of cases have led the European Commission and Court to apply interim measures in those situations, as well as which rights and freedoms have been protected thereby.