bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early changes in the distal intertarsal joint of Dutch Warmblood foals and the influence of exercise on bone density in the third tarsal bone
Authors: BARNEVELD A. , van WEEREN P. R. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIt was hypothesised that imposition of different exercise levels at a young age would lead to differences in bone density in the third tarsal bone and to difference in the prevalence of pathological lesions that might contribute to the development of bone spavin later in life. Furthermore, based on earlier literature, it was hypothesised that such lesions could be classified as a manifestation of osteochondrosis.Changes in bone density in the third tarsal bone and early pathological changes in the articular cartilage of the distal intertarsal joint were studied in the offspring of sires with radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis in either stifle or hock. Twenty‐four foals were studied at age 5 months after having been subjected to different exercise programmes (box‐rest, box‐rest with sprint training, pasture exercise) from age one week. Nineteen other foals that originally belonged to the same exercise groups were studied at age 11 months, after they had been weaned, housed together and subjected to an identical low level exercise regimen for an additional 6 months. Bone density was quantified using a microscopic technique. Histomorphological analysis was performed semiquantitatively and using high detail radiography techniques.At age 5 months, mean ± s.d. bone density in the compact bone of the third tarsal bone was significantly lower in the box‐rested foals (37 ± 4%) than in both the trained and pastured foals (48 ± 7% and 52 ± 11%, respectively). After 6 months of identical exercise the previously box‐rested foals showed an increase in bone density (53 ± 12%) which became similar to the value found in the formerly pastured foals (52 ± 8%). Major pathological lesions (chondrocyte necrosis, fragmentation and chondrone formation) of the articular cartilage of the third and central tarsal bones were already present at age 5 months, but were significantly more numerous at 11 months. There was no relation between the number of cartilage lesions and the osteochondrosis status of the foals. Only 2 lesions in 11‐month‐old foals had histological characteristics compatible with osteochondrosis, all other lesions were degenerative in nature.It is concluded that bone density of the compact bone of the subchondral bone plate in the third tarsal bone reacts strongly to variations in exercise at a very young age. Low bone density, caused by lack of exercise, can be compensated for when exercise is later increased. Pathological changes in the distal intertarsal joint are common at 5 months and increase to 11 months. These lesions are degenerative in nature and seem not to be related to osteochondrosis. Although the clinical relevance of these abnormalities is uncertain, they may be relevant for the development of osteoarthritic processes in this region later in life.
Postnatal muscle fibre composition of the gluteus medius muscle of Dutch Warmblood foals; maturation and the influence of exercise
Authors: DINGBOOM ELIZABETH G. , DIJKSTRA GRIETJE , ENZERINK E. , van OUDHEUSDEN H. C. , WEIJS W. A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe fibre type composition of the deep gluteus muscle was studied in biopsies of Dutch Warmblood foals from birth until age 48 weeks. Half the foals were given box‐rest, the other half received exercise consisting of an increasing number of gallop sprints. The muscle fibre types were determined using monoclonal antibodies discriminating against the following myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms: types I, IIa, IId, Cardiac‐α and Developmental. During the first 48 weeks there was a consistent increase of fibres expressing types IIa MHC, replacing fibres expressing IId MHC. This change was reflected in the presence of a quite large population of fibres co‐expressing MHC IIa and IId. The difference between the exercised (training) and nonexercised (box‐rest) groups was small but suggested that the increase of type IIa fibres was larger in the training group. It appeared that after birth a significant number of fibres coexpress either Developmental and type IIa‐MHC or Cardiac‐α and type I‐MHC. The Developmental isoform disappears during the first 10 weeks after birth and almost all the α isoform expression during the first 22 weeks. It is concluded that a fast turnover of fibre types takes place in the deep gluteus medius in the first months postpartum. Potentially, exercise could have an effect on the rate of change of these fibre types.
Effects of training on the concentration of Na+, K+‐ATPase in foal muscle
Authors: SUWANNACHOT PISIT , VERKLEIJ CYNTHIA B. , WEIJS W. A. , van WEEREN P. R. , EVERTS MARIA E. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryWe investigated the effect of training on the Na+, K+‐ATPase concentration in foal skeletal muscle by measurement of [3H]ouabain binding. From the 7th day after birth, 12 foals were divided in 3 groups: a) staying in a box stall (Box); b) staying in a box stall with a training regimen of an increasing number of sprints per day (Training); and c) staying on pasture (Pasture). Euthanasia was performed after 5 months. Insemitendinosusmuscle, the concentration of [3H]ouabain binding sites (pmol/g wet wt) was 181 ± 6 in theBox, 220 ± 15 in theTraining, and 197 ± 8 in thePasturegroup (all n = 6;Boxvs.Training, P<0.05). Ingluteus medius, the concentration of [3H]ouabain binding sites was 168 ± 9 in theBox, 219 ± 12 in theTraining, and 175 ± 4 in thePasturegroup (all n = 6;BoxorPasturevs.Training, P<0.02). Scatchard analysis of saturation curves showed that the difference in [3H]ouabain binding sites between the 3 groups could not be ascribed to differences in the Kdfor ouabain. Both forsemitendinosusandgluteus mediusmuscle, the concentration of [3H]ouabain binding sites increased in the orderBox < Pasture < Training(a total increase of around 20%). This suggests a specific effect of the amount and intensity of exercise on the Na+, K+ ‐ATPase concentration in horse skeletal muscle, and may lead to a better performance during exercise.
Prognostic indicators in a Danish hospital‐based population of colic horses
Authors: THOEFNER M. B. , ERSBØLL A. K. , HESSELHOLT M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA prospective survey of 528 colic horses, referred to the Large Animal Hospital at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University of Copenhagen, Denmark, during the period August 1994 to December 1998, was undertaken to develop a predictive model for application in the clinical assessment of prognosis. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, 357 colic cases were used in the elaboration of a simple clinical‐practical model consisting of degree of pain, packed cell volume, capillary refill time and rectal temperature. The relationship between rectal temperature and outcome (survival/death) has been regarded as linear. It has also been reported to be nonsignificant. The present study suggests a strong U‐shaped relation, which is easily transformed into a linear association and readily interpretable in the clinical situation if treated as a deviation from 38°C. Several other clinical and laboratory variables were strongly related to outcome in the bivariate analysis. The changes in sensitivity and specificity of the multivariate model, when applied as a prognostic test, were presented with changing cut‐off values. The cut‐off value is the level, of predicted probability of death, at which the clinical decision to treat or subject to euthanasia is taken. The predictive performance of the model was further illustrated using a mortality of 19%. The optimal accurate classification for both survival and death was 87%, which was attained when a cut‐off value of 86% was selected. To minimise the number of horses unnecessarily subjected to euthanasia, the cut‐off value was increased. However, this simultaneously increased the number of misclassified survivors, i.e. the number of horses that would die despite treatment. Outcome was especially poorly predicted in 4 horses, as was indicated by extreme deviance residuals. In 2 of these horses the large residuals were attributable to sudden and severe changes in the course of disease. All 4 horses had changes in variable values towards abnormality prior to death. Repeated measurements are therefore suggested in order to increase the test performance in general. The prerequisites of clinical application of prognostic models are critically discussed. The main findings of the present study indicate that degree of pain, packed cell volume, capillary refill time and temperature deviation from 38°C, used in a logistic regression model, offer a strong model for clinical assessment of prognosis.
Hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis in horses with colic and DIC
Authors: MONREAL L. , ANGLÉS A. , ESPADA Y. , MONASTERIO J. , MONREAL M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryChanges in haemostasis in horses with colic were assessed by using specific and sensitive markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis activity. Blood samples from 41 horses with severe colic and from 30 healthy control horses were tested. Diagnosis of DIC was based on the findings of at least 3 of 6 abnormalities: thrombocytopenia, prolonged clotting times (PT and APTT), increased polyclonal FDPs, decreased fibrinogen and decreased AT‐III activity. Plasma thrombin‐antithrombin III complexes (TAT), monoclonal fibrin degradation products fragment D (D‐dimer) and monoclonal fibrinogen degradation products (FgDP) were also tested by using ELISA kits.DIC was diagnosed in 16 of 41 horses with colic. Compared to control and non‐DIC colic values, TAT was significantly (P<0.000) greater in horses with colic and DIC (Control group, mean ± s.d. 2.6 ± 2; non‐DIC colic group, 7.5 ± 9, and DIC colic group, 30.9 ± 36 ng/ml). Also, D‐dimer was significantly (P<0.000) less in the DIC group when compared to control and non‐DIC colic values (mean ± s.d. 677 ± 119, 682 ± 220 and 399 ± 234 ng/ml, respectively). Compared to non‐DIC colic values, FgDP was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the DIC group (363 ± 111, 437 ± 230 and 293 ± 187 ng/ml respectively). Both PT and APTT showed a significant positive correlation with TAT. DIC was more common among nonsurvivors and horses with ischaemic bowel. We conclude that a hypercoagulative state was detected in horses with colic, which was stronger in horses with colic and DIC. Hypofibrinolysis was present only in horses with DIC. Therefore, marked hypercoagulation together with hypofibrinolysis are associated with DIC in horses.
Effect of eltenac in horses with induced endotoxaemia
Authors: MacKAY R. J. , DANIELS C. A. , BLEYAERT H. F. , BAILEY J. E. , GILLIS K. D. , MERRITT A. M. , KATZ T. L. , JOHNSON J. C. , THOMPSON K. C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTen horses were used in a crossover study to evaluate the effectiveness of eltenac against endotoxaemia. Eltenac (0.5 mg/kg bwt) or saline control was given i.v. then 15 min later, intravenous infusion of endotoxin was begun and continued for 120 min (total dose 100 ng/kg bwt). Horses were monitored for heart and respiratory rates, pulmonary and carotid arterial pressure and core body temperature. Blood was sampled at intervals for measurement of haematological variables and plasma concentrations of lactate, prostanoid metabolites, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and stress hormones.In comparison with saline‐treatment, use of eltenac significantly protected against endotoxin‐induced changes in respiratory rate, core temperature, systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP), pulmonary arterial pressure, PCV, and plasma protein, 6‐keto prostaglandin F1α, thromboxane B2, epinephrine, and cortisol concentrations. Despite statistical effect of eltenac on SAP, values in both treatment groups remained well above baseline throughout the evaluation period. Significant protective effect of eltenac was not found for heart rate, white blood cell count, plasma lactate concentration or TNF activity. On the basis of these results, it is expected that use of eltenac will provide clinical benefit in horses with naturally occurring endotoxaemia.
Short‐ and long‐term survival and prevalence of postoperative ileus after small intestinal surgery in the horse
Authors: FREEMAN D. E. , HAMMOCK P. , BAKER G. J. , GOETZ T. , FOREMAN J. H. , SCHAEFFER D. J. , RICHTER R.‐A. , INOUE O. , MAGID J. H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe records of 74 horses that recovered from anaesthesia after surgery for a small intestinal lesion from 1994 to 1999 were reviewed. Sixty‐three horses (85%) had a strangulating lesion and 43 of these (68%) had a resection and anastomosis. Four of 11 horses (36%) without a strangulating lesion had a resection and anastomosis. Sixty‐three horses (85%) survived to discharge, with a survival rate of 53/63 in horses with a strangulating lesion (84%) and 10/11 (91%) in others. For all lesions, short‐term survival for all end‐to‐end anastomoses (91%; 21/23) and for no resection (92%; 23/25) were superior (P<0.05) to survival for jejunocaecal anastomosis (76%; 19/25). Fourteen horses (19%) had a repeat abdominal surgery during hospitalisation; 9 of these (64%) survived short‐term. Postoperative ileus developed in 7/70 horses (10%) after surgery for a problem other than proximal enteritis, and all had a strangulating lesion. Postoperative ileus (POI) was more likely after a jejunocaecostomy than after other procedures, and did not develop after a jejunojejunostomy. Survival >7 months was 52/69 (75%) and for >12 months was 39/57 (68%). The estimated prevalence of adhesions was 13%.Short‐term survival was poorest in horses that had a jejunocaecostomy, but long‐term survival was less affected by the anastomosis used. The sharpest decline in survival was during the first postoperative week and postoperative mortality then declined over time after surgery. A postoperative protocol that allowed early postoperative feeding was well tolerated. The results confirm that the overall prognosis after small intestinal surgery in horses is improved over earlier findings.
The role of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in repair of ischaemic‐injured jejunal mucosa in the horse
Authors: CAMPBELL N. B. , BLIKSLAGER A. T. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryCyclooxygenase inhibitors are administered to horses to prevent endotoxin‐induced elaboration of prostaglandins. However, PGE2and PGI2stimulate repair of injured intestine. There are 2 isoforms of cyclooxygenase: COX‐1, which constitutively produces prostaglandins and COX‐2, which is induced by inflammation. We hypothesised that the nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitor flunixin meglumine would retard repair of ischaemic intestinal injury by preventing production of reparative prostaglandins, whereas the selective COX‐2 inhibitor, etodolac, would permit repair as a result of continued COX‐1 prostaglandin production. Segments of equine jejunum were subjected to ischaemia for 1 h, and recovered for 4 h in Ussing chambers. In ischaemic tissue, treated with the nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitor, flunixin meglumine (2.7 times 10−5mol/1), production of PGE2and PGI2was inhibited, and there was no evidence of recovery based on measurements of transepithelial resistance. Conversely, untreated ischaemic tissues or tissues treated with the specific COX‐2 inhibitor etodolac (2.7 times 10−5mol/1) had significant elevations in PGE2and PGI2, and significant recovery of transepithelial resistance. These studies suggest that specific COX‐2 inhibitors may provide an advantageous alternative to nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitors in horses with colic.
Muscle thickness and neuron density in the caecum of horses with chronic recurrent caecal impaction
Authors: SCHUSSER G. F. , SCHEIDEMANN W. , HUSKAMP B. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn this study, the hypothesis that caecal smooth muscle layers would be thinner and the linear neuron density of myenteric plexus greater was tested in normal horses compared to those with chronic recurrent caecal impaction. Four normal horses and 18 horses with chronic recurrent caecal impaction were subjected to euthanasia and 7 tissue samples were collected from each horse at different regions of the caecum (apex, dorsal body, cranial base, dorsal base, caudal base, caudal body, ventral body). Twelve horses with chronic recurrent caecal impaction were treated surgically. Only one tissue sample of the cranial part of the caecal base close to the caecocolic orifice was taken during surgery. The thickness of the circular muscle layer of all caecal regions measured in killed horses with chronic recurrent caecal impaction was significantly increased compared to the equivalent caecal region of normal horses. On the other hand, the longitudinal muscle layer was significantly thicker only in the cranial and caudal caecal base and in the dorsal region of the caecal body. The linear neuron densities of all caecal base areas and 2 caecal body regions, the caudal body region and of the apex, of killed horses with chronic recurrent caecal impaction were significantly lower compared with those in clinically normal horses. The circular muscle layer of all caecal regions was thickened (hypertrophied) probably as a consequence of chronic uncoordinated hypercontractility due to neuron deficit in the myenteric plexus of the caecal base.
Caecal impactions managed surgically by typhlotomy in 10 cases (1988–1998)
Authors: ROBERTS C. T. , SLONE D. E. 
Published: June 2010

SummarySurgical management of caecal impactions has included several different procedures suggested over the years. Complete bypass of the caecum through an ileocolic or jejunocolic anastomosis has become common practice for first time caecal impaction management, especially when dysfunction is suspected. In our practice, however, caecal impactions have been managed surgically by typhlotomy alone and of the 10 cases (July 1988‐June 1998), 9 underwent surgery for first time caecal impactions, received a typhlotomy, and had survived an average of 43 months at time of case review. At the time of surgery, all were considered to have a dysfunctional caecum. All horses received routine postoperative care with the addition of anthelmintics as recovery ofAnoplocephala perfoliataoccurred in several cases. Typhlotomy should be considered an acceptable technique for surgical management of first time caecal impactions. Postoperative pyrantel pamoate and larvicidal anthelmintics should also be considered.
Caecocaecal and caecocolic intussusceptions associated with larval cyathostomosis in four young horses
Authors: MAIR T. S. , SUTTON D. G. M. , LOVE S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis report describes the clinical and pathological features of 4 horses affected by caecocaecal or caecocolic intussusceptions associated with larval cyathostomiasis. In each case, there was clinical and/or pathological evidence of concurrent larval cyathostomosis. They all demonstrated variable signs including diarrhoea, pyrexia, weight loss and subcutaneous oedema and cyathostome larvae were identified in the faeces of 3 of the horses. These cases highlight the need to consider caecal intussusceptions as a possible complication in horses affected by larval cyathostomosis, especially where signs of abdominal pain are severe or persistent.
Segmental eosinophilic colitis: A review of 22 cases
Authors: EDWARDS G. B. , KELLY D. F. , PROUDMAN C. J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTwenty‐two horses with colic, referred to the University of Liverpool Equine Hospital (1992–1998), were found at laparotomy to have a partial obstruction of the large colon caused by a segmental mural lesion located in the left dorsal colon. The decision to take the horses to surgery was based on rectal examination findings of secondary impaction and mural oedema of the large colon and turbid peritoneal fluid containing large numbers of neutrophils obtained by paracentesis. The affected segment of colon showed oedema and serosal changes varying from erythema to well‐defined necrosis. These pathological changes were considered to be sufficiently severe in 16 horses to merit partial resection of the left colon. Histology revealed varying degrees of mucosal necrosis, marked submucosal oedema and infiltration with large numbers of eosinophilic leucocytes. No cause was identified for the lesions. Sixteen of the 18 horses discharged from the hospital were alive 3 months to 7 years after surgery and have returned to their previous type of work and level of performance. The remaining 2 horses were subjected to euthanasia because of a recurrence of colic but no autopsy was performed.
Nephrosplenic entrapment in the horse: A retrospective study of 174 cases
Authors: HARDY J. , MINTON M. , ROBERTSON J. T. , BEARD W. L. , BEARD L. A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe clinical findings and outcome of 161 horses diagnosed with 174 episodes of nephrosplenic entrapment (NSE) were reviewed retrospectively. The median age at presentation was 5 years (9 months to 24 years), and duration of colic was 2–92 h. Nasogastric reflux was present in 49 of 113 horses (43.4%) and was significant (≥ 21) in 32 (28.3%) horses. The recurrence rate was 13/161 (8.1%). Thirteen horses (13/174, 7.5%) had other lesions including small intestinal obstruction (4), 360° large colon torsion (5), gastric rupture (2), thromboembolic colic (1) and small colon infarction (1). Of 115 cases, in 107 horses treated by surgery alone, 2 horses required a large colon resection, and 8 (8/107, 7.5%) horses died or were subjected to euthanasia. Twenty‐six of 35 horses (74%) were successfully corrected by rolling under general anesthesia and, of the 9 horses taken to surgery after rolling, 4 had other lesions and 2 were corrected at surgery. Phenylephrine was used in 20 of 35 horses that were rolled and 2 horses required surgery after rolling with phenylephrine. Five horses were jogged after phenylephrine administration and all were successfully corrected. Eleven horses presented with the left colon located between the spleen and the body wall were treated successfully by fasting and/or i.v. fluids. One horse had a gastric rupture after rolling. The overall success rate was 92.5%. In conclusion, NSE is a condition associated with a good prognosis for medical or surgical correction. A small number of horses may have additional gastrointestinal lesions, which may affect outcome.
Celiotomy closure via permanent implantation of polyamide in horses
Authors: BEROZA G. A. , PERRY R. W. , COTTER D. M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryPermanent implantation of nonabsorbable materials is appropriate in many surgical circumstances but is not commonly used to close equine celiotomies. This paper describes a simple method of continuous nonabsorbable implantation of polyamide suture used successfully to close 48 equine celiotomies.Forty‐eight clean or clean‐contaminated celiotomies were successfully performed over 5 years using this technique. The postsurgical survival observation period ranged from 1–6 years (median 3.5 years). There were 45 long‐term survivors (93.75%). Only 2 minor implant complications (4.4%) were observed and successfully corrected. This study demonstrates that appropriately prepared nonabsorbable polyamide suture can be used for safe and cost effective closure of clean and clean‐contaminated equine celiotomies.