bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with triple negative breast cancer.
Authors: Abe E , Hayashi N , Yoshida A , Hamaoka T , Yagata H , Tsugawa K , Tsunoda-Shimizu H , Suzuki K , Nakamura S 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Abstract #6069
Background:&#x2028; Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the lack of estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER-2) expression. TNBC has poor outcome due to no specific therapeutic agents. But TNBC includes two major phenotypes, basal-like and non basal-like phenotypes. Basal-like phenotype has poor prognosis and is associated with positive expression of basal markers. We compared response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy between patients with TNBC and non-TNBC, in addition, basal-like and non basal-like phenotype.&#x2028; Material and Methods:&#x2028; We retrospectively reviewed a total of 1948 operated patients with a diagnosis of primary breast cancer from November 2002 to December 2006 at St. Luke's International Hospital. 369 (18.9%) patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clinical and pathological response rates, survival measurements and relapse rates were compared between patients with TNBC and non-TNBC. Clinical response was determined by MRI or CT which was performed before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Histopathological parameter(ER, PGR, HER-2, nuclear grade, mitosis) were confirmed from the specimens of needle biopsy performed before treatment. The specimens were also stained with basal markers (cytokeratin 5/6 and EGFR) to identify basal-like phenotype in TNBC. Basal-like phenotype was defined by the expression of CK5/6 and/or EGFR in &gt;10% of tumor cells.&#x2028; Results:&#x2028; Fifty-four of 369 patients (14.6%) had TNBC. Progressive disease (PD) rate was significantly higher in patients with TNBC than those patients with non-TNBC (20.7% v 2.3%).And pathologic complete response rate (pCR) was also higher in patients with TNBC than those patients with non-TNBC (17% v 9.6%).14of 48 patients (29.1%) was diagnosed as Basal-like phenotype in TNBC. Clinical response rate for basal-like phenotype was worse than non basal-like phenotype (42.9% v 67.6%). Furthermore, both disease free survival and overall survival for basal-like subtype were significantly worse than non basal-like phenotype (p&lt;0.05).Other parameters including age, histological grade, and tumor size were not significant for response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.&#x2028; Conclusions:&#x2028; Patients with TNBC have higher PD rate but also pCR rate to treatment compared with non TNBC. Furthermore, basal-like phenotype could predict poor prognosis.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6069.
Breast cancer molecular classification using immunohistochemical surrogate markers predicts response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Authors: Bhargava R , Goldman F , Beriwal S , Dabbs DJ , Johnson R , Brufsky AM , Lembersky BC , Ahrendt GM 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Abstract #6071
Complete pathologic response (pCR) to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is seen in 45% of "ERBB2" and "basal-like" group of tumors using gene expression profiling (Rouzier et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:5678-5685).&#x2028; We hypothesized that a similar response could be predicted using the immunohistochemical (IHC) surrogate markers estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR) and HER2. ER and PR were scored using a semi-quantitative scoring method (modified "H-score") with a dynamic range of 0-300. HER2 was considered positive only if 3+ by IHC or amplified (HER2 to chromosome 17 ratio of &gt;2.2) by FISH. These markers were used to classify 358 tumors treated with NACT into the following 6 groups: luminal A (LUMA; ER score 200 or higher, HER2 negative); ERBB2 (ER and PR score 10 or less, HER2+); triple negative (TN; ER and PR score 10 or less, HER2 negative); luminal A-HER2 hybrid (LAHH; ER score 200 or higher, HER2+); luminal unclassified HER2 negative (LUHN; ER or PR score 11-199, HER2 negative); luminal unclassified HER2 positive (LUHP; ER or PR score 11-199, HER2+). pCR was defined as absence of invasive carcinoma in the post therapy resection specimen along with lack of carcinoma within regional lymph nodes.&#x2028; pCR and average tumor size reduction was much higher in ERBB2 and TN group of tumors compared to the other classes (p&lt;0.05).&#x2028; &#x2028; Trastuzumab was part of NACT regimen in 6 ERBB2 tumors of which 5 (83%) showed pCR. In contrast, 10 patients with LUHP and LAHH tumors (ER/PR+ and HER2+ tumors) received trastuzumab, of which none showed pCR.&#x2028; Conclusions: pCR to NACT is generally limited to "ERBB2" and "TN" tumors. This response can be predicted with similar (to expression profiling) accuracy using IHC surrogate markers. Sub-division of ER+ tumors into LUMA, LUHN, LAHH, and LUHP demonstrates subtle differences between these groups with respect to pCR and tumor size reduction and confirms that NACT is less effective in all ER+ tumors. Among all HER2+ tumors, trastuzumab treatment is much more effective in ERBB2 tumors.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6071.
TIMP-1 and responsiveness of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer to preoperative epirubicin and cyclophosphamide with or without gefitinib.
Authors: Hertel PB , Brünner N , Jørgensen LA , Petersen MB , Ingvar C , Jacobsen EH , Sætersdal AB , Tuxen MK , Nielsen BS , Mouridsen HT , Ejlertsen B 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Abstract #6072
Background: Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is a naturally occuring proteinase inhibitor, which inhibits most matrix metalloproteinases. It has previously been reported that high levels of tumor TIMP-1 is associated with lack of clinical benefit from anthracycline based chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer and preliminary data suggest that this is also true for adjuvant treatment. Plasma TIMP-1 has also been shown to predict response to endocrine therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. No data regarding TIMP-1 response to neo-adjuvant treatment exists.&#x2028; Material and Methods: NICE (1839IL/0712) is a randomized phase II trial, assigning 144 patients per protocol with primary operable estrogen receptor negative breast cancer and tumor ≥ 2 cm to either four cycles of EC (epirubicin 90 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2) plus placebo or EC plus gefitinib 250 mg daily. The primary endpoint was pCR (no invasive residual) at surgery and secondary endpoints were complete (CR) and overall objective (OR) tumor response rates (CR+PR) assessed by palpation, mammography and ultrasonography (the last prevailed in case of disagreements). Plasma TIMP-1 levels were measured (blinded and in duplicates) before and after preoperative EC using a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.&#x2028; Results: 'pCR was attained by 8/71 patients in the EC + gefitinib group and 8/73 patients in the EC + placebo group, and OR by 50 patients in each treatment group. The addition of gefitinib to pre-operative EC was not associated with any significant benefit, thereby justifying pooling of the 2 groups of patients. TIMP-1 ranged from 55.1 to 519 ng/ml, median 126.8 ng/ml at baseline. Patients who obtained pCR had numeric higher plasma TIMP-1 values than non-responders (155.2ng/ml against 139.9 ng/ml, p=0.35). Dichotomizing patients by the plasma TIMP-1 median showed, that patients with elevated TIMP-1 had a numeric increased likelihood of obtaining pCR and OR: Patients with plasma TIMP-1 above the median had a numeric higher pCR rate (6.6% against 4.4%; odds ratio 1.60, p=0.39), and OR (51.0% against 49.0%; odds ratio 1.20, p=0.61). A small decline in TIMP-1 was observed after four cycles of EC (median difference 4.5, 25% and 75% quartile of -28.6 and 27.9, p=0.85) and the change was nearly the same in responders as in non-responders.&#x2028; Conclusion: This study could not demonstrate a predictive role of pre-treatment plasma TIMP-1 in neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer. A change in plasma levels of TIMP-1 during 4 cycles of EC was not associated with response to the treatment.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6072.
Serum biomarker analysis in a phase II study of irinotecan in refractory metastatic breast cancer (MBC).
Authors: Moreno-Aspitia A , Anderson KS , Reinholz MM , Lipton A , Carney W , Dueck AC , Lafky JM , Fitch TR , Hillman DW , Perez EA 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Abstract #6074
Objective: To analyze blood-serum biomarkers (HER2, EGFR, uPA, and TIMP-1) for prediction of response to treatment in conjunction with Study 96-32-55, a multicenter phase II trial assessing the efficacy and tolerability of two irinotecan schedules in anthracycline- or taxane-refractory MBC patients.&#x2028; Methods: MBC patients who experienced disease progression after one to three chemotherapy regimens, including at least one anthracycline- or taxane-based regimen, were randomly assigned to irinotecan in 6-week cycles comprising 100 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks, then a 2-week rest or 240 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. During this study the serum samples from each patient were collected at a possibility of three time points; prior to treatment, at the first occurrence of response, and at completion of or withdrawal from treatment. Response prediction was analyzed using predetermined elevated/non-elevated serum biomarker cutoffs. Percentage changes from baseline to first response and disease progression were analyzed.&#x2028; Results: In the weekly arm, the objective response (CR+PR) rate was 23% (95% CI, 13% to 37%), and in the every-3-weeks arm, the objective response rate was 14% (95% CI, 6% to 26%). Serum biomarker levels were determined for HER2, EGFR, uPA, and TIMP-1 prior to treatment for 91 patients. Of these 91 patients, 17 had serum measurements at first response, and 38 had serum measurements at their completion of study due to disease progression. Only 7 patients had serum-levels collected at all three event-points. The baseline levels of sHER2, EGFR, uPA, and TIMP-1 were not different among responders and non-responders (Fisher's Exact p=0.41, 0.26, 0.68, 0.75). sHER2 level increased by 20.6% from baseline to disease progression (p=0.01). TIMP-1 level was 15.2% lower than baseline at first response (p=0.03), 16.5% higher than baseline at disease progression (p=0.01), and for 7 patients with all three event-point measures, TIMP-1 was 21.8% lower than baseline at first response and was 22.3% higher than baseline at disease progression (p=0.02, 0.04).&#x2028; Conclusions: In this study, serum levels of HER2, EGFR, uPA, and TIMP-1 do not appear to be predictive of response. However, interpretation of the data is compromised due to limited availability of serum at all 3 points. Serum HER2 appears higher at disease progression than at baseline. Serum TIMP-1 appears to decrease from baseline to first response, and then appears to increase at disease progression.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6074.
Lifestyle, weight history, nutrition and breast cancer among non-gene carriers: a case-control study.
Authors: Ghadirian P , Bissonauth V , Maugard C , Robidoux A , Narod SA 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Abstract #6084
We conducted a nested case-control study of 280 French-Canadian women with breast cancer who were non-gene carriers (BRCA) and 280 women without cancer who were also non-gene carriers. A validated lifestyle questionnaire and a food frequency questionnaire were administered to obtain relevant information. It was found that age at the time the subjects reached maximum body mass index (BMI) was significantly associated with breast cancer risk [OR=2.83; 95% CI: (2.34-2.81)]. In addition, a significant association was noted between maximum weight gain at age 20 years [OR=1.68; 95% CI: (1.10-2.58)], 30 years [OR=1.96; 95% CI: (1.46-3.06)], and 40 years [OR=2.50; 95% CI: (1.72-3.97)] and breast cancer risk. Women who smoked more than 9 pack-years of cigarettes had a higher risk of breast cancer [OR=1.59; 95% CI: (1.57-2.87)]. Subjects who engaged in moderate physical activity had a 52% decreased risk of breast cancer [OR=0.48; 95% CI: (0.31-0.74)], but this was not evident for vigorous physical activity. It was observed that total energy intake was significantly associated with breast cancer risk [OR=2.54; 95% CI: (1.67-3.84)]. Women who drank more than 8 cups of coffee per day had 40% more chance of developing breast cancer [OR=1.40 (95% CI: (1.09-2.24)]. Subjects who consumed more than 9 grams of alcohol (ethanol) per day had the highest risk of breast cancer [OR=1.55 (95% CI: (1.02-2.37)]. None of the other nutrients and dietary components was significantly associated with non-gene carrier breast cancer risk. This study suggests that BMI, maximum weight gain during the second, third and fourth decades, smoking, total energy intake, and high intake of both alcohol and coffee may increase the risk of breast cancer among non-gene carrier French-Canadian women, while moderate physical activities may reduce the risk.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6084.
Breast brachytherapy in the United States: how is this emerging modality being incorporated into the care of older breast cancer patients?.
Authors: Smith GL , Shih YT , Xu Y , Giordano SH , Smith BD , Buchholz TA 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Abstract #6087
Introduction: Several studies have demonstrated the potential value of brachytherapy in the treatment of breast cancer, either as local boost irradiation, or alone as accelerated partial breast irradiation, after breast conserving surgery (BCS). In 2002, the Food and Drug Administration approved the first balloon-based brachytherapy delivery system, signaling the beginning of broader incorporation of partial breast irradiation into breast cancer treatment. While subsequent studies have been seeking to define the patient population that will derive optimal clinical benefit from breast brachytherapy, this treatment option has remained widely available for use in a variety of settings. However, no prior study has described the frequency of breast brachytherapy use in the US. In a population-based cohort of older breast cancer patients, we characterized utilization of breast brachytherapy across the nation at the inception of this era.&#x2028; Methods: A cross-sectional sample from a national Medicare database identified 37,323 beneficiaries (age≥65) with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer treated with BCS in 2003. ICD-9 and CPT codes indicated receipt of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy. Percent use by state, region, age, and race was compared using Pearson χ2.&#x2028; Results: Across the nation, 73% of older patients were treated with any radiotherapy after BCS. Of these patients, 97% were treated with EBRT alone, 3% with brachytherapy alone, and &lt;1% with EBRT plus brachytherapy boost. For patients treated with brachytherapy, 98% received interstitial therapy and 2% intracavitary therapy. Though percent utilization of brachytherapy modalities ranged from 1% to 4% across different locations in the US, no statistically significant variation was detected by state (P=0.62) or by region (P=0.32). In addition, brachytherapy use did not differ by race (P=0.63) or age (P=0.59).&#x2028; Conclusions: At the inception of the era in which partial breast irradiation was becoming incorporated into the care of breast cancer patients, only a small percentage of all patients received breast brachytherapy across the US. As contemporary data become available, future studies may seek to trace how this new treatment strategy is becoming more widely integrated into routine breast cancer treatment.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6087.
Increased incidence of breast cancer among young women: reality or overestimation?.
Authors: Freitas-Júnior R , Freitas NM , Curado M , Martins E , Queiroz GS , Rahal RS 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Abstract #6088
Background: a story is going around that there has been a large increase in the incidence of breast cancer among young women, but there is very little scientific information regarding such an occurrence in developing countries. This study had the aim of investigating the incidence of breast cancer among young women (up to 39 years), and comparing this with other age groups. Patients and methods: this was a retrospective study using the database of the Population-based Cancer Registry of Goiania, State of Goias, Brazil, covering the years 1988-2003. Cases of breast cancer that occurred in Goiania were analyzed. The incidence was calculated according to age groups: up to 39 years, 40 to 59 years and 60 years and over. The values were adjusted for sex and age, in accordance with Segi's worldwide population (1960). Results: Over this period, 3,310 new cases were recorded. The standardized incidence was 2.89/100,000 in 1988 and increased to 6.37/100,000 in 2003 (R2 = 0.72) for the group aged up to 39 years (p&lt;0.001). For the group from 40 to 59 years, the incidence was 14.39/100,000 in 1988 and 41.70/100,000 in 2003 (R2 = 0.87; p&lt;0.001). For the group aged 60 years and over, it was 17.62/100,000 and 28.49/100,000, respectively (R2 = 0.75; p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of breast cancer among young women in the city of Goiania has been increasing significantly, although this increase is less pronounced than in the other age groups.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6088.
A clinico-pathological analysis of breast cancer patients with a family history.
Authors: Hojo T , Kinoshita T , Kikuyama M , Nakano E , Akashi S , Khono T , Ando M , Katsumata N , Fujiwara Y 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Abstract #6090
Background: It has been said that the high incidence of breast cancer within family lines could be investigated efficiently from genetic and environmental aspects. There could be a strong enough relationship between various carcinogenic factors and these family members. In this study, we examined the clinical and pathological characteristics of breast cancer among patients with a family history.&#x2028; Patients and Methods: We put the definition of 'Positive for a family history (FH+)' for patients who had one or more members within three generations apart from the proband. Patients with family history of breast cancer were selected out of 10506 patients who were treated in our hospital between 1962 and 2007.&#x2028; Results: There were 1272 cases in FH+ and 9234 cases in 'Negative for a family history (FH-)' group. Distribution within the family line showed the highest percentage for sisters at 37%, aunts at 25% and a mother at 25%. The family history positive breast cancer patients were around 5% in 1960-1970 although the number increased up to 18% in 2007. There was similar increasing pattern in Europe and America. The survival rate had no significant difference between FH+ and FH- statistically, but the trend was toward a better prognosis in FH+ cases. There was no relationship between family history and body mass index (BMI). The outbreak of contralateral breast cancer of FH+ was significantly higher than FH-. FH+ patients had significantly higher prevalence of a mastopathy compare to FH- patients. As for the history of other cancer species, the FH+ breast cancer patients within first generation apart from the proband had significantly higher chances compared to FH- patients.Conclusion: The breast cancer patients with family history require more detail examinations especially for the development of contralateral breast cancer. Also carcinomatous examinations are important other than breast cancer to those patients who are in the first generation apart from the proband.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6090.
Survival outcome is similar for first-line chemotherapy with capecitabine or taxane for metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Kimmick GG , Camacho F , Wei W , Balkrishnan R , Anderson R 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Abstract #6091
Background: Capecitabine is often offered as first-line treatment option for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). In this study, we compare characteristics of and survival among women prescribed capecitabine or taxane monotherapy as first-line chemotherapy for MBC.&#x2028; Methods: Women receiving first-line chemotherapy for MBC from 1998 to 2005 were identified from the North Carolina tumor registry linked with Medicaid and Medicare claims records, and were followed through the end of 2005 with survival data from the National Death Index. T-tests and Chi-square tests were used to compare baseline charactistics between patients who received first-line chemotherapy with capecitabine versus taxane (paclitaxel or docetaxel). Overall survival was examined as average months survived post-diagnosis of metastases using Cox proportional hazard modeling. The following variables were included in the models: age, race, comorbidity, insurance coverage, hormone receptor (HR) status, time from diagnosis of metastases to first-line chemotherapy, trastuzumab use, time from initial diagnosis to metastasis, receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy, and year of first-line chemotherapy.&#x2028; Results: There were 257 patients with MBC starting first-line chemotherapy with capecitabine (n=71) or a taxane (n=186). Statistically significant differences between patients treated with capecitabine versus taxane were seen for the following baseline characteristics: insurance coverage, such that women in the taxane group were more likely insured by Medicare only; time from initial diagnosis to recurrence was longer in the capecitabine group; time from metastases to first-line chemotherapy was longer in the capecitabine group. The unadjusted 1-year overall and cancer-specific survival rates were longer for the taxane treated group than for the capecitabine treated group: 72% vs 59%, p=0.002, and 75% and 63%, p=0.01. In multivariate analysis, treatment received was not associated with overall or cancer-specific survival after adjustment for baseline differences in the populations. Factors significantly associated with increased overall and cancer-specific survival were positive HR status (HR 0.65, p=0.01; HR 0.60, p=0.005), greater time from metastases until 1st line chemotherapy (for each additional month: HR 0.95, p 0.0001; HR 0.96, p=0.0004), and earlier year of 1st line chemotherapy (for each previous year compared to successive year 2005-1998: HR 0.86, p=0.022; HR 0.86, p=0.03).&#x2028; Conclusions: In this population-based study, women who received capecitabine as first-line treatment for MBC were more often insured by Medicaid, had a longer disease free interval and time to first-line chemotherapy from diagnosis of metastases. In multivariate analysis, however, first-line capecitabine and taxane for MBC yielded similar survival outcomes.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6091.