bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling of Heat Transfer, Dendrite Microstructure and Grain Size in Continuous Casting of Steels
Authors: Karlinski de Barcellos V. , Lopes da Silva Gschwenter V. , Kytönen H. , Alexandre dos Santos C. , Alvares Spim J. , Louhenkilpi S. , Miettinen J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe dendrite arm spacing and grain size in continuous casting has been studied by mathematical modelling and experimental measurements. Two in‐house tools have been used in the study. The heat transfer is calculated by the model called TEMPSIMU and the solidification as well as the microstructural phenomena by the thermodynamic‐kinetic software called IDS. The models are validated by comparison the calculated results with experiments from steel plants. In continuous casting, the solidification structure is also influenced by process parameters. In this study the effect casting speed, superheat and secondary cooling on arm spacings and grain size is also studied. The in‐house models and the obtained results are presented in this paper. Using the developed models, the heat transfer and microstructure can be controlled more accurately.
Thermodynamical Simulation of Carbon Profiles and Precipitation Evolution during High Temperature Case Hardening
Authors: Rudnizki J. , Zeislmair B. , Prahl U. , Bleck W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractModern material and process design aim at cost reduction and property improvement simultaneously. As for carburized engineering components the carburisation is a time consuming process, the idea is to shorten the carburising time by increasing the carburising temperature. To avoid any deterioration in steel properties, the ambition is to hinder austenite grain growth by microalloying case hardening steels. Until now, the results revealed in the literature mainly rely on experimental investigations. However, a recent tendency is to model such processes tied to rigorous numerical approaches. In this paper, modelling of the carburising process of microalloyed steels is presented. The simulation focuses on the formation of carbon profiles in heat treated work pieces considering the influence of precipitates.
Predictive Value of Tumor Proliferative Indices in Periampullary Cancers: Ki‐67, Mitotic Activity Index (MI) and Volume Corrected Mitotic Index (M/V) Using Tissue Microarrays
Authors: Aloysius Mark M. , De Silva Hewavisenthi Shivanthi J. , Bates Timothy E. , Rowlands Brian J. , Lobo Dileep N. , Zaitoun Abed M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundMorphometry [nuclear Ki‐67 labelling, mitotic activity index (MI), and volume‐corrected mitotic index (M/V)] for periampullary cancers using tissue microarrays has not been performed previously. The purpose of the study was to assess these indices on tissue microarray (TMA) sections constructed from patients with periampullary cancers and study their association with clinicopathological variables.MethodsImmunohistochemical staining for Ki‐67 was performed on formalin‐fixed pancreatic TMA sections. Expression of Ki‐67 was assessed as the percentage of cancer cell nuclei expressing MIB1, MI as the mean percentage of Ki‐67 from 10 random high‐power fields, and M/V was calculated after standardizing MI for connective tissue volume and microscope parameters in the tumor using established protocols.ResultsPatients ≥70 years with periampullary cancers had higher Ki‐67 expression (>15) compared with patients <70 years of age (χ2 = 3.9, P = 0.047). Ki‐67 expression was higher in tumors ≥2 cm (χ2 = 4.9, P = 0.028) compared with smaller tumors. Higher MI (>15) was clearly associated with worsening histological grade (χ2 = 9.2, P = 0.010). The median survival for tumors of the pancreaticobiliary subtype (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma) was 43 months in the group with an M/V score of <20, compared with 18 months for the group with a score ≥20 (P = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in survival, based on M/V score, for tumors of the intestinal subtype (ampullary and duodenal adenocarcinoma).ConclusionsIn periampullary cancers, Ki‐67 and MI are proliferative indices predictive of tumor behavior. M/V was predictive of survival in tumors of the pancreaticobiliary subtype.
POSSUM and Its Related Models as Predictors of Postoperative Mortality and Morbidity in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Gastro‐oesophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dutta Sumanta , Horgan Paul G. , McMillan Donald C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundGastro‐oesophageal surgery is associated with appreciable postoperative morbidity and mortality. POSSUM (Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity) and its related models P‐POSSUM and O‐POSSUM have been developed to predict such events in general surgery. The aim was to undertake the first systematic review of the use of these models in gastro‐oesophageal surgery patients.MethodsAn online database search was carried out from 1991 to December 2008.ResultsTwenty‐two published studies in gastro‐oesophageal cancer surgery were identified. Twelve studies were found not to address the above aim, leaving ten relevant publications for analysis. Pooled data from these studies showed the weighted observed‐to‐expected ratio (O/E) for postoperative mortality using POSSUM (n = 1189), P‐POSSUM (n = 2314), and O‐POSSUM (n = 1755) was 0.37, 0.83, and 0.51, respectively. The weighted O/E for morbidity using POSSUM (n = 1038) was 0.86.ConclusionPOSSUM and O‐POSSUM most significantly overestimated postoperative mortality in gastro‐oesophageal cancer patients. In contrast, P‐POSSUM had the least overestimation and may be the most useful predictor of likely postoperative mortality in these patients.
The Rod and the Serpent: History’s Ultimate Healing Symbol
Authors: Antoniou Stavros A. , Antoniou George A. , Learney Robert , Granderath Frank A. , Antoniou Athanasios I. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe snake has served as a medical emblem for more than 2400 years, since its association with the ancient Greek god of medicine and healing, Asclepius, in the 4th century BC. Its symbolic background can be traced further back to the worship of gods of earth’s blossom in ancient Egypt and earth‐related deities of the archaic period of Greek antiquity. It is featured entwined around a staff of knowledge and wisdom in most anaglyphs depicting Asclepius. The snake was impressed in the Old and the New Testament as well as in the Christian tradition as a symbol of sin, rejuvenation, death, resurrection, asthenia, and therapy. It is postulated that the double‐snake motif was reintroduced by Renaissance philosophers as a medical emblem due to the symbolic connections of Hermes with deliverance and redemption. However, its use during the last two centuries seems to lack substantial historical background. The historical, mythological, and traditional retrospection of the snake’s symbolism validates its appropriateness in the health‐care field.
Endoscopic transgastric pure NOTES cholecystectomy with naso‐gallbladder drainage tube placement and injection of a hyaluronic acid mixture (with Video)
Authors: Isayama Hiroyuki , Kogure Hirofumi , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundEndoscopic transgastric pure natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) cholecystectomy is a difficult procedure, and most human female cases are performed as hybrid NOTES, using a transvaginal route. We tried a transgastric pure NOTES procedure without laparoscopic procedure in an animal study after placing an endoscopic naso‐gallbladder drainage (ENGBD) tube and injecting a hyaluronic acid (HA) mixture.MethodsWe performed the method in four pigs, using a standard single‐channel endoscope. The ENGBD tube was placed first and the HA mixture was injected between the gallbladder (GB) serosa and liver bed.ResultsWe determined the gastrotomy site using an ENGBD tube, which made the GB approach easy under fluoroscopic guidance. The scope was not retroflexed, but was rotated at the stomach fornix. The connecting tissues between the GB serosa and liver bed expanded following the injection of the HA mixture, facilitating GB removal with a Hook knife. The GB wall, liver, and vessels were observed clearly during the procedure, and there were no incorrect cuts.ConclusionWe successfully performed a transgastric pure NOTES cholecystectomy in pigs. An ENGBD tube was useful as a guide to the GB, and for recognizing the cystic duct, and injecting the HA mixture facilitated the GB dissection.
Cognitive performance among the elderly in relation to the intake of plant foods. The Hordaland Health Study
Authors: Nurk Eha , Refsum Helga , Drevon Christian A. , Tell Grethe S. , Nygaard Harald A. , Engedal Knut , Smith A. David 
Published: June 2010

Fruits and vegetables are among the most nutritious and healthy of foods, and are related to the prevention of many chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between intake of different plant foods and cognitive performance in elderly individuals in a cross-sectional study. Two thousand and thirty-one elderly subjects (aged 70–74 years; 55 % women) recruited from the general population in Western Norway underwent extensive cognitive testing and completed a comprehensive FFQ. The cognitive test battery covered several domains (Kendrick Object Learning Test, Trail Making Test – part A, modified versions of the Digit Symbol Test, Block Design, Mini-Mental State Examination and Controlled Oral Word Association Test). A validated and self-reported FFQ was used to assess habitual food intake. Subjects with intakes of>10th percentile of fruits, vegetables, grain products and mushrooms performed significantly better in cognitive tests than those with very low or no intake. The associations were strongest between cognition and the combined intake of fruits and vegetables, with a marked dose-dependent relationship up to about 500 g/d. The dose-related increase of intakes of grain products and potatoes reached a plateau at about 100–150 g/d, levelling off or decreasing thereafter, whereas the associations were linear for mushrooms. For individual plant foods, the positive cognitive associations of carrots, cruciferous vegetables, citrus fruits and high-fibre bread were most pronounced. The only negative cognitive association was with increased intake of white bread. In the elderly, a diet rich in plant foods is associated with better performance in several cognitive abilities in a dose-dependent manner.
Early Neoproterozoic limestones from the Gwna Group, Anglesey
Authors: HORÁK JANA M. , EVANS JANE A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLimestone megaclasts up to hundreds of metres in size are present within the Gwna Group mélange, North Wales, UK. The mélange has been interpreted as part of a Peri-Gondwanan fore-arc accretionary complex although the age of deposition remains contentious, proposals ranging from Neoproterozoic to Early Ordovician. This paper uses strontium isotope chemostratigraphy to establish the age of the limestone blocks and thus provide a maximum age constraint on mélange formation. Results show that, although the carbonates are locally dolomitized, primary87Sr/86Sr ratios can be identified and indicate deposition sometime between the late Tonian and earliest Cryogenian. This age is older than that suggested by stromatolites within the limestone and indicates that the limestone did not form as cap carbonate deposits.
Vital exhaustion and cardiovascular prognosis in myocardial infarction and heart failure: predictive power of different trajectories
Authors: Smith O. R. F. , Kupper N. , Denollet J. , de Jonge P. 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundWe examined the different trajectories of vital exhaustion (VE) over a 12-month period and their impact on prognosis in a sample of myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic heart failure (CHF) patients.MethodConsecutive MI (n=407) and CHF patients (n=297) were assessed at baseline, and at 3- and 12-month follow-up for symptoms of VE. Latent growth mixture modelling was used to examine the course of VE over time. The combined clinical endpoint was defined as cardiac hospital readmission or death.ResultsFour distinct trajectories for VE were found: low VE, decreasing VE, increasing VE, and severe VE. Sex, marital status, left ventricular ejection fraction, psychotropic medication, sample group (CHF v. MI) and depressive symptoms were associated with VE, varying according to classes. The mean follow-up period was 25.3 months in which 34.7% of the patients experienced an event. Multivariate Cox regression showed that, compared with patients in the low VE class, patients in the increasing VE class [hazard ratio (HR)=1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.58–3.61, p=0.01], and the severe VE class (HR=1.69, 95% CI 1.31–2.64, p=0.02) had an increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events (i.e. cardiovascular hospital readmission or cardiovascular death). Decreasing VE was not related to adverse cardiovascular events (HR=0.97, 95% CI 0.66–1.69, p=0.81).ConclusionsVE trajectories varied across cardiac patients, and had a differential effect on cardiovascular outcome. Increasing VE and severe VE classes were predictors of poor cardiovascular prognosis. These results suggest that identification of cardiac patients with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes should be based on multiple assessments of VE.
Including information about co-morbidity in estimates of disease burden: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Authors: Alonso J. , Vilagut G. , Chatterji S. , Heeringa S. , Schoenbaum M. , Bedirhan Üstün T. , Rojas-Farreras S. , Angermeyer M. , Bromet E. , Bruffaerts R. , de Girolamo G. , Gureje O. , Haro J. M. , Karam A. N. , Kovess V. , Levinson D. , Liu Z. , Medina-Mora M. E. , Ormel J. , Posada-Villa J. , Uda H. , Kessler R. C. 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundThe methodology commonly used to estimate disease burden, featuring ratings of severity of individual conditions, has been criticized for ignoring co-morbidity. A methodology that addresses this problem is proposed and illustrated here with data from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Although the analysis is based on self-reports about one's own conditions in a community survey, the logic applies equally well to analysis of hypothetical vignettes describing co-morbid condition profiles.MethodFace-to-face interviews in 13 countries (six developing, nine developed;n=31 067; response rate=69.6%) assessed 10 classes of chronic physical and nine of mental conditions. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess overall perceived health. Multiple regression analysis with interactions for co-morbidity was used to estimate associations of conditions with VAS. Simulation was used to estimate condition-specific effects.ResultsThe best-fitting model included condition main effects and interactions of types by numbers of conditions. Neurological conditions, insomnia and major depression were rated most severe. Adjustment for co-morbidity reduced condition-specific estimates with substantial between-condition variation (0.24–0.70 ratios of condition-specific estimates with and without adjustment for co-morbidity). The societal-level burden rankings were quite different from the individual-level rankings, with the highest societal-level rankings associated with conditions having high prevalence rather than high individual-level severity.ConclusionsPlausible estimates of disorder-specific effects on VAS can be obtained using methods that adjust for co-morbidity. These adjustments substantially influence condition-specific ratings.
Neural correlates of trait anxiety in fear extinction
Authors: Sehlmeyer C. , Dannlowski U. , Schöning S. , Kugel H. , Pyka M. , Pfleiderer B. , Zwitserlood P. , Schiffbauer H. , Heindel W. , Arolt V. , Konrad C. 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundFear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction.MethodThirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety.ResultsAnalysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses.ConclusionsThis study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsitivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders.
Psycho-educational interventions designed to prevent deployment-related psychological ill-health in Armed Forces personnel: a review
Authors: Mulligan K. , Fear N. T. , Jones N. , Wessely S. , Greenberg N. 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundEmployers such as the Armed Forces (AF) and emergency services, who predictably expose their staff to potentially traumatic events (PTEs), often provide psycho-educational briefings in an attempt to mitigate possible adverse psychological sequelae. Within the military, psycho-educational briefings are widely used, particularly following exposure to PTEs on operations. The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions and make appropriate recommendations.MethodA search of Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE was conducted, bibliographies of retrieved articles were searched and experts in the field were consulted.ResultsTwo surveys and seven intervention studies were identified for inclusion in the review. Only three studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Overall, the review found some evidence of benefit of psycho-educational interventions but it was not consistent across studies or outcomes and effects were small. However, there was also little evidence to suggest that they caused harm. There was some evidence that the beneficial effects may be greater for those who have been exposed to a higher number of PTEs.ConclusionsGiven the high operational tempo currently faced by coalition forces personnel, there remains a pressing need to identify the most effective way of minimizing the impact of exposure to potentially traumatic deployment incidents. To date, few psycho-educational interventions designed to prevent deployment-related psychological ill-health have been evaluated systematically in methodologically robust studies. The review recommends that future interventions are theoretically based and evaluated in cluster RCTs that examine both process and outcome variables.
BIZARRE chimpanzees do not represent “the chimpanzee”
Authors: Leavens David A. , Bard Kim A. , Hopkins William D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHenrich et al. convincingly caution against the overgeneralization of findings from particular human populations, but fail to apply their own compelling reasoning to our nearest living relatives, the great apes. Here we argue that rearing history is every bit as important for understanding cognition in other species as it is in humans.
Fixed points of symplectic periodic flows
Authors: PELAYO ALVARO , TOLMAN SUSAN 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe study of fixed points is a classical subject in geometry and dynamics. If the circle acts in a Hamiltonian fashion on a compact symplectic manifold M, then it is classically known that there are at least $\frac {1}{2}\,{\dim M}+1$ fixed points; this follows from Morse theory for the momentum map of the action. In this paper we use Atiyah–Bott–Berline–Vergne (ABBV) localization in equivariant cohomology to prove that this conclusion also holds for symplectic circle actions with non-empty fixed sets, as long as the Chern class map is somewhere injective—the Chern class map assigns to a fixed point the sum of the action weights at the point. We complement this result with less sharp lower bounds on the number of fixed points, under no assumptions; from a dynamical systems viewpoint, our results imply that there is no symplectic periodic flow with exactly one or two equilibrium points on a compact manifold of dimension at least eight.
Configuring the sound-box 1965–1972
Authors: Dockwray Ruth , Moore Allan F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWhen a stereophonic track is heard through headphones or over loudspeakers, the image of a virtual performance is created in the mind. This virtual performance, which exists exclusively on the record, can be conceptualised in terms of the ‘sound-box’ (Moore 1993), a four-dimensional virtual space within which sounds can be located through: lateral placement within the stereo field; foreground and background placement due to volume and distortion; height according to sound vibration frequency; and time. From the mid-1960s, the increasing shift from mono to stereo meant that producers and engineers had to contend with the notion and potential of a song's sonic arrangement or mix, resulting in a disparity of sonic placement and a diverse range of sound-box configurations. By 1972, a normative positioning of sound sources within the sound-box was established, which we term the ‘diagonal mix’. This article focuses on the consolidation of this norm by means of a ‘taxonomy of mixes’ and the utilisation of visual representations which detail the sound-box configurations of a variety of pop/rock, easy listening and psychedelic tracks from 1966 to 1972.
Shaping sounds, shaping spaces
Authors: Camilleri Lelio 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe recorded format is the medium through which popular music is diffused. Since the advent of multi-track recording, the studio has become a compositional tool in which musical ideas are formed into sounding matter. Direct access to the manipulation of sound layers and the possibility of mixing different sources and moving them in the stereo window become not only technical options but musical and compositional properties. In fact, the organization of the recording space reflects more and more the structural organization of the music itself; the sound of the record is a sort of sonicprint (sounding fingerprint) of the music of an artist in a particular period. This paper develops the idea of sonic space, a multi-dimensional representation of the recording space in which spatial, morphological and spectral spaces interact in order to form the structure on which the sounding matter of the piece is developed. Through the analysis of the properties of each space and their relationships, it is possible to point out normative behaviours, well defined associations between more musical aspects like motives, harmony, melodies and their organization in the sounding structure.