bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Space‐time analysis of hospitalised dengue patients in rural Thailand reveals important temporal intervals in the pattern of dengue virus transmission
Authors: Aldstadt Jared , Yoon In‐Kyu , Tannitisupawong Darunee , Jarman Richard G. , Thomas Stephen J. , Gibbons Robert V. , Uppapong Angkana , Iamsirithaworn Sopon , Rothman Alan L. , Scott Thomas W. , Endy Timothy 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective  To determine the temporal intervals at which spatial clustering of dengue hospitalisations occurs.Methods  Space‐time analysis of 262 people hospitalised and serologically confirmed with dengue virus infections in Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand was performed. The cases were observed between 1 January 2009 and 6 May 2011. Spatial coordinates of each patient’s home were captured using the Global Positioning System. A novel method based on the Knox test was used to determine the temporal intervals between cases at which spatial clustering occurred. These intervals are indicative of the length of time between successive illnesses in the chain of dengue virus transmission.Results  The strongest spatial clustering occurred at the 15–17‐day interval. There was also significant spatial clustering over short intervals (2–5 days). The highest excess risk was observed within 200 m of a previous hospitalised case and significantly elevated risk persisted within this distance for 32–34 days.Conclusions  Fifteen to seventeen days are the most likely serial interval between successive dengue illnesses. This novel method relies only on passively detected, hospitalised case data with household locations and provides a useful tool for understanding region‐specific and outbreak‐specific dengue virus transmission dynamics.
Expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the liver of dairy cows in the transition period and during lactation
Authors: Schlegel G. , Ringseis R. , Keller J. , Schwarz F. J. , Windisch W. , Eder K. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a novel hormonal factor involved in the regulation of metabolic adaptations during energy deprivation. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of the FGF21 gene in the liver of dairy cows during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Therefore, the relative mRNA abundance of FGF21 in liver biopsy samples of 20 dairy cows in late pregnancy (3 weeks pre‐partum) and early lactation (1, 5, 14 weeks post‐partum) was determined. It was observed that hepatic mRNA abundance of FGF21 at 1 week post‐partum was dramatically increased (110‐fold) compared to 3 weeks pre‐partum (p < 0.001). With progress of lactation, mRNA concentration of FGF21 was declining; nevertheless, mRNA abundance at 5 and 14 weeks post‐partum remained 25‐ and 10‐fold increased compared to 3 weeks pre‐partum (p < 0.001). Using a gene array technique, it was found that many genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis were up‐regulated during early lactation compared to late pregnancy. Moreover, there were positive linear correlations between hepatic mRNA concentration of FGF21 and mRNA concentrations of genes involved in ketogenesis as well as carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake at various time‐points during lactation, indicating that FGF21 could play a role in ketogenesis and carnitine metabolism in the liver of dairy cows (p < 0.05). In overall, the present study shows that expression of the FGF21 gene is strongly up‐regulated during the transition period. It is assumed that the up‐regulation of FGF21 might play an important role in the adaptation of liver metabolism during early lactation in dairy cows such as in other species.
Common peroneal neuropathy and cancer
Authors: Simon N. G. , Kiernan M. C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCommon peroneal neuropathy (CPN) may develop unexpectedly in patients with underlying cancer. To clarify the underlying pathophysiology, clinical and neurophysiological data were prospectively collected from 10 oncology clinic patients referred for neurological assessment after the onset of foot weakness. In all patients, the CPN occurred in the setting of advanced systemic malignancy frequently associated with marked weight loss at the time of foot weakness. Neurophysiological studies localised the CPN to the fibular head in 80% of cases. Findings from this study, combined with recent experimental evidence, support the hypothesis that clinically evident CPN develops after rapid weight loss, perhaps reflecting a relative metabolic deficiency within the nerve, which exposes anatomical susceptibility and possible subclinical pre‐existing nerve injury.
Too little, too late: Mental health nursing education in Western Australia, 1958–1994
Authors: Henderson Anthony R. , Martyr Philippa 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTMental health nursing education in Australia has undergone a significant transition in the last 50 years, influenced by national inquiries, national decisions, and international trends in nursing education. But mental health nursing education had also accumulated decades of history in each state, including sometimes unequal relations with general nursing. Complex inter‐ and intra‐professional relationships at state level influenced this educational transition in each state, and Western Australia provides an example of this influence. Using a range of published and unpublished sources, including oral histories, this paper describes the revision of the mental health nursing curriculum in Western Australia from 1958, responses to the call for transition to the tertiary sector between 1976 and 1984, and the final transition of mental health nursing education to university level in Western Australia in 1994. Mental health nursing's educational standards improved only gradually in Western Australia from 1958 onwards, compared with professional advances in general nursing in the same period. Factors which may have held back these improvements include mental health nursing's professional conservatism, which was outpaced by general nursing's growing radicalization at the national level. A lack of professional confidence and cohesion left mental health nursing unable to respond effectively to rapid external changes in the 1960s and 1970s, and vulnerable to absorption and dominance by general nursing education programs.
Narrative abilities, memory and attention in children with a specific language impairment
Authors: Duinmeijer Iris , de Jong Jan , Scheper Annette 
Published: July 2012

Abstract Background: While narrative tasks have proven to be valid measures for detecting language disorders, measuring communicative skills and predicting future academic performance, research into the comparability of different narrative tasks has shown that outcomes are dependent on the type of task used. Although many of the studies detecting task differences touch upon the fact that tasks place differential demands on cognitive abilities like auditory attention and memory, few studies have related specific narrative tasks to these cognitive abilities. Examining this relation is especially warranted for children with specific language impairment (SLI), who are characterized by language problems, but often have problems in other cognitive domains as well.Methods & Procedures: In the current research, a comparison was made between a story retelling task (The Bus Story) and a story generation task (The Frog Story) in a group of children with SLI (n= 34) and a typically developing group (n= 38) from the same age range. In addition to the two narrative tasks, sustained auditory attention (TEA‐Ch) and verbal working memory (WISC digit span and the Dutch version of the CVLT‐C word list recall) were measured. Correlations were computed between the narrative, the memory and the attention scores.Outcomes & Results: A group comparison showed that the children with SLI scored significantly worse than the typically developing children on several narrative measures as well as on sustained auditory attention and verbal working memory. A within‐subjects comparison of the scores on the two narrative tasks showed a contrast between the tasks on several narrative measures. Furthermore, correlational analyses showed that, on the level of plot structure, the story generation task correlated with sustained auditory attention, while the story retelling task correlated with word list recall. Mean length of utterance (MLU) on the other hand correlated with digit span but not with sustained auditory attention.Conclusions: While children with SLI have problems with narratives in general, their performance is also dependent on the specific elicitation task used for research or diagnostics. Various narrative tasks generate different scores and are differentially correlated to cognitive skills like attention and memory, making the selection of a given task crucial in the clinical setting.
Treating verbs in aphasia: exploring the impact of therapy at the single word and sentence levels
Authors: Webster Janet , Whitworth Anne 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground: In recent years there has been significant interest in the differential processing of nouns and verbs in people with aphasia, but more limited consideration about whether the differences have implications for therapy. It remains unclear whether verbs can be treated in a similar way to nouns or should be treated using approaches that recognize the relationship between verb retrieval and sentence production.Aims: This paper reviews studies focusing on therapy for spoken verb retrieval, considering the impact of therapy on treated and untreated verbs, sentence production and connected speech. It explores whether there are differential gains across therapy paradigms and whether verbs respond to therapy in the same way as nouns.Method & Procedures: Studies were identified using a systematic search. A total of 26 studies were reviewed and classified under four headings: (1) studies that treated verbs in a single‐word context, (2) studies that compared treatment for nouns and verbs, (3) studies that treated verbs in a sentence context, and (4) studies that treated verb retrieval and argument structure.Main Contribution: Findings from the review demonstrate that verb therapy, irrespective of whether verbs are treated within a single‐word or sentence context, is effective in improving the retrieval of treated verbs, but with limited generalization to untreated verbs. Verbs respond very similarly to nouns when treated using the same techniques, but improving verb retrieval may be harder to achieve than improving noun retrieval. The impact on sentence production is more varied. The gains in sentence production are discussed in relation to the different therapy types, the rationale for therapy and the presence of co‐occurring sentence difficulties.Conclusions: The review highlights the need for more systematic evaluation of different types of verb therapy, measuring the impact of therapy on verb retrieval, sentence production and connected speech. Only through the judicious assessment and monitoring of change across different contexts will an understanding of how verbs respond to therapy be developed and what generalization patterns can be predicted. This will lead to increased confidence in the selection of therapy approaches for people with verb difficulties in aphasia.
Assessing the communication skills of carers working with multiple learning disabilities: a case study
Authors: Koski Katja , Launonen Kaisa 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground: Speech and language therapists (SLTs) working with adults who have multiple learning disabilities and complex communication needs often deliver their care via indirect therapy where SLTs train carers to communicate with their clients. Yet, very little is known about how SLTs assess the carers’ communication skills prior to the training even though the assessment should be the basis of this indirect therapy.Aims: To explore the level of agreement between Finnish SLTs’ assessments of carers as skilful communication partners for adults who have multiple learning disabilities and complex communication needs. To investigate which interaction strategies affect the SLTs’ assessments.Methods & Procedures: Six SLTs with more than 15 years of experience in working with individuals with complex communication needs saw together ten video clips of interaction situations between a carer and an adult who had multiple learning disabilities (aged 17–50 years). The SLTs assessed the carers on a scale from one to ten. The SLTs discussed their selections before giving their final ratings. The data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The unanimity of SLTs’ assessment was analysed with a test of Kendall's W. Furthermore, the frequencies of the carers’ different communication acts were counted and these counts were compared with the mean of the carers’ assessments. These results were further explored with the SLTs’ justifications about their assessments.Outcomes & Results: SLTs did not fully agree on which of the carers were the most skilful interaction partners. Furthermore, the six SLTs were not unanimous about which carers’ interaction strategies resulted in skilful communication. However, SLTs assessed those carers higher who used facilitative verbal acts. The carers used these verbal acts to involve themselves in the interests of the client.Conclusions & Implications: This case study showed that Finnish SLTs seem to have different criteria about what is considered skilful communication between carers and clients who have multiple learning disabilities. Even though there might not be a single way of being a skilful interaction partner, this variable can be confusing to carers if they work with several SLTs and each of them offers different professional advice. Therefore, the results suggest a need for an assessment tool for evaluating the carers’ interaction skills. In addition to this tool, it appears that SLTs also need further training to be able to perform this multifaceted task.
Interictal spikes, fast ripples and seizures in partial epilepsies – combining multi‐level computational models with experimental data
Authors: Wendling Fabrice , Bartolomei Fabrice , Mina Faten , Huneau Clémént , Benquet Pascal 
Published: July 2012

AbstractEpileptic seizures, epileptic spikes and high‐frequency oscillations (HFOs) are recognized as three electrophysiological markers of epileptogenic neuronal systems. It can be reasonably hypothesized that distinct (hyper)excitability mechanisms underlie these electrophysiological signatures. The question is ‘What are these mechanisms?’. Solving this difficult question would considerably help our understanding of epileptogenic processes and would also advance our interpretation of electrophysiological signals. In this paper, we show how computational models of brain epileptic activity can be used to address this issue. With a special emphasis on the hippocampal activity recorded in various experimental models (in vivo and in vitro) as well as in epileptic patients, we confront results and insights we can get from computational models lying at two different levels of description, namely macroscopic (neural mass) and microscopic (detailed network of neurons). At each level, we show how spikes, seizures and HFOs can (or cannot) be generated depending on the model features. The replication of observed signals, the prediction of possible mechanisms as well as their experimental validation are described and discussed; as are the advantages and limitations of the two modelling approaches.
The role of voltage dependence of the NMDA receptor in cellular and network oscillation
Authors: Martell Amber L. , Ramirez Jan‐Marino , Lasky Robert E. , Dwyer Jennifer E. , Kohrman Michael , van Drongelen Wim 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUnraveling the mechanisms underlying oscillatory behavior is critical for understanding normal and pathological brain processes. Here we used electrophysiology in mouse neocortical slices and principles of nonlinear dynamics to demonstrate how an increase in the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) conductance can create a nonlinear whole‐cell current–voltage (I–V) relationship which leads to changes in cellular stability. We discovered two behaviorally and morphologically distinct pyramidal cell populations. Under control conditions, both cell types responded to depolarizing current injection with regular spiking patterns. However, upon NMDAR activation, an intrinsic oscillatory (IO) cell type (n = 44) showed a nonlinear whole‐cell I–V relationship, intrinsic voltage‐dependent oscillations plus amplification of alternating input current, and these properties persisted after disabling action potential generation with tetrodotoxin (TTX). The other non‐oscillatory (NO) neuronal population (n = 24) demonstrated none of these behaviors. Simultaneous intra‐ and extracellular recordings demonstrated the NMDAR’s capacity to promote low‐frequency seizure‐like network oscillations via its effects on intrinsic neuronal properties. The two pyramidal cell types demonstrated different relationships with network oscillation – the IO cells were leaders that were activated early in the population activity cycle while the activation of the NO cell type was distributed across network bursts. The properties of IO neurons disappeared in a low‐magnesium environment where the voltage dependence of the receptor is abolished; concurrently, the cellular contribution to network oscillation switched to synchronous firing. Thus, depending upon the efficacy of NMDAR in altering the linearity of the whole‐cell I–V relationship, the two cell populations played different roles in sustaining network oscillation.
Modelling the role of tissue heterogeneity in epileptic rhythms
Authors: Goodfellow Marc , Taylor Peter Neal , Wang Yujiang , Garry Daniel James , Baier Gerold 
Published: July 2012

AbstractEpileptic seizure activity manifests as complex spatio‐temporal dynamics on the clinically relevant macroscopic scale. These dynamics are known to arise from spatially heterogeneous tissue, but the relationship between specific spatial abnormalities and epileptic rhythm generation is not well understood. We formulate a simplified macroscopic modelling framework with which to study the role of spatial heterogeneity in the generation of epileptiform spatio‐temporal rhythms. We characterize the overall model dynamics in terms of spontaneous activity and excitability and demonstrate normal and abnormal spreading of activity. We introduce a means to systematically investigate the topology of abnormal sub‐networks and explore its impact on spontaneous and stimulus‐evoked rhythmic dynamics. This computationally efficient framework complements results from detailed biophysical models, and allows the testing of specific hypotheses about epileptic dynamics on the macroscopic scale.
Monotherapy with the once‐weekly GLP‐1 analogue dulaglutide for 12 weeks in patients with Type 2 diabetes: dose‐dependent effects on glycaemic control in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Grunberger G. , Chang A. , Garcia Soria G. , Botros F. T. , Bsharat R. , Milicevic Z. 
Published: July 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1260–1267 (2012)AbstractAims  Evaluate dose‐dependent effects of once‐weekly dulaglutide, a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogue, on glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes treated with lifestyle measures with or without previous metformin.Methods  This 12‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose–response trial randomized 167 patients who were anti‐hyperglycaemic medication‐naïve or had discontinued metformin monotherapy [mean baseline HbA1c 59 ± 8 to 61 ± 8 mmol/mol (7.6 ± 0.7 to 7.8 ± 0.8%)] to once‐weekly injections of placebo or dulaglutide (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg).Results  A significant dose‐dependent reduction in HbA1c (least squares mean ± se) was observed across doses (P < 0.001). HbA1c reductions in the 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg dulaglutide groups were greater than in the placebo group [−10 ± 1, −11 ± 1 and −11 ± 1 vs. 0 ± 1 mmol/mol (−0.9 ± 0.1, −1.0 ± 0.1 and −1.0 ± 0.1 vs. 0.0 ± 0.1%), respectively, all P < 0.001]. Dose‐dependent reductions in fasting plasma glucose were also observed [least squares mean difference (95% CI) ranging from −0.43 (−1.06 to 0.19) mmol/l for dulaglutide 0.1 mg to −1.87 (−2.56 to −1.19) mmol/l for dulaglutide 1.5 mg, P < 0.001]. Dose‐dependent weight loss was demonstrated across doses (P = 0.009), but none of the groups were different from placebo. The most common adverse events were nausea and diarrhoea.Conclusions  The observed dulaglutide dose‐dependent reduction in HbA1c and its acceptable safety profile support further clinical development for treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
Virus‐induced gene silencing for Asteraceae—a reverse genetics approach for functional genomics inGerbera hybrida
Authors: Deng Xianbao , Elomaa Paula , Nguyen Cuong X. , Hytönen Timo , Valkonen Jari P. T. , Teeri Teemu H. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryVirus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a natural defence mechanism in plants which leads to sequence‐specific degradation of viral RNA. For identifying gene functions,Tobacco rattle virus(TRV)‐based VIGS has been applied for silencing of endogenous genes in many plant species.Gerbera hybrida(Asteraceae) has emerged as a novel model for studies in flower development and secondary metabolism. For this highly heterozygous species, functional studies have been conducted through reverse genetic methods by producing stable transgenic lines, which, however, is labour‐intensive and time‐consuming. For the development of TRV‐based VIGS system for gerbera, and for the first time for an Asteraceaeous species, we screened several gerbera cultivars and optimized the agroinfiltration methods for efficient silencing. Gene fragments for gerbera phytoene desaturase (GPDS) and Mg‐chelatase subunits (GChl‐H and GChl‐I), expressed from a TRV vector, induced silencing phenotypes in leaves, scapes, and involucral bracts indicating their feasibility as markers for green tissues. In addition, robust silencing symptoms were achieved in gerbera floral tissues by silencing the anthocyanin pathway gene for chalcone synthase (GCHS1) and a gerbera B‐type MADS‐box geneglobosa(GGLO1), confirming the phenotypes previously observed in stable transgenic lines. Unexpectedly, photobleaching induced byGPDSandGChl‐HorGChl‐Isilencing, or by the herbicide norflurazon, resulted in silencing of the polyketide synthase geneG2PS1, which has no apparent connections to carotenoid or chlorophyll biosynthesis. We have shown feasibility of VIGS for functional studies in gerbera, but our results also show that selection of the marker gene for silencing must be critically evaluated.
The Impact of Unilateral Climate Policy with Endogenous Plant Location and Market Size Asymmetry
Authors: Sanna‐Randaccio Francesca , Sestini Roberta 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper analyses the impact of unilateral climate policy on firms' international location strategies in emission‐intensive sectors, when countries differ in terms of market size. The cases of both partial and total relocation via foreign direct investment are separately considered. A simple international duopoly model highlights the differences between short‐term and long‐term effects. In the short‐term no change in location is a likely outcome in very capital‐intensive sectors and, when there is a strategy shift, this takes the form of partial rather than total relocation. In the long‐run total relocation becomes a feasible outcome. However, when tighter mitigation measures are introduced by the larger country and unit transport cost is high, with a pronounced market asymmetry, the probability of firms not relocating abroad is high even in the long‐term. The welfare implications of unilateral environmental measures are assessed considering global industrial pollution and accounting for shifts in location strategy.