bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IS PAYMENT A BENEFIT?
Authors: WERTHEIMER ALAN 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTWhat I call ‘the standard view’ claims that IRBs should not regard financial payment as a benefit to subjects for the purpose of risk/benefit assessment. Although the standard view is universally accepted, there is little defense of that view in the canonical documents of research ethics or the scholarly literature. This paper claims that insofar as IRBs should be concerned with the interests and autonomy of research subjects, they should reject the standard view and adopt ‘the incorporation view.’ The incorporation view is more consistent with the underlying soft‐paternalist justification for risk‐benefit assessment and demonstrates respect for the autonomy of prospective subjects. Adoption of the standard view precludes protocols that advance the interests of subjects, investigators, and society. After considering several objections to the argument, I consider several arguments for the standard view that do not appeal to the interests and autonomy of research subjects.
NARRATIVES OF ‘TERMINAL SEDATION’, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTENTION‐FORESIGHT DISTINCTION IN PALLIATIVE CARE PRACTICE
Authors: DOUGLAS CHARLES D. , KERRIDGE IAN H. , ANKENY RACHEL A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe moral importance of the ‘intention–foresight’ distinction has long been a matter of philosophical controversy, particularly in the context of end‐of‐life care. Previous empirical research in Australia has suggested that general physicians and surgeons may use analgesic or sedative infusions with ambiguous intentions, their actions sometimes approximating ‘slow euthanasia’. In this paper, we report findings from a qualitative study of 18 Australian palliative care medical specialists, using in‐depth interviews to address the use of sedation at the end of life. The majority of subjects were agnostic or atheistic. In contrast to their colleagues in acute medical practice, these Australian palliative care specialists were almost unanimously committed to distinguishing their actions from euthanasia. This commitment appeared to arise principally from the need to maintain a clear professional role, and not obviously from an ideological opposition to euthanasia. While some respondents acknowledged that there are difficult cases that require considered reflection upon one's intention, and where there may be some ‘mental gymnastics,’ the nearly unanimous view was that it is important, even in these difficult cases, to cultivate an intention that focuses exclusively on the relief of symptoms. We present four narratives of ‘terminal’ sedation – cases where sedation was administered in significant doses just before death, and may well have hastened death. Considerable ambiguities of intention were evident in some instances, but the discussion around these clearly exceptional cases illustrates the importance of intention to palliative care specialists in maintaining their professional roles.
UNCERTAIN TRANSLATION, UNCERTAIN BENEFIT AND UNCERTAIN RISK: ETHICAL CHALLENGES FACING FIRST‐IN‐HUMAN TRIALS OF INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM (IPS) CELLS
Authors: FUNG RONALD K.F. , KERRIDGE IAN H. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in 2006 was heralded as a major breakthrough in stem cell research. Since then, progress in iPS cell technology has paved the way towards clinical application, particularly cell replacement therapy, which has refueled debate on the ethics of stem cell research. However, much of the discourse has focused on questions of moral status and potentiality, overlooking the ethical issues which are introduced by the clinical testing of iPS cell replacement therapy. First‐in‐human trials, in particular, raise a number of ethical concerns including informed consent, subject recruitment and harm minimisation as well as the inherent uncertainty and risks which are involved in testing medical procedures on humans for the first time. These issues, while a feature of any human research, become more complex in the case of iPS cell therapy, given the seriousness of the potential risks, the unreliability of available animal models, the vulnerability of the target patient group, and the high stakes of such an intensely public area of science. Our paper will present a detailed case study of iPS cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease to highlight these broader ethical and epistemological concerns. If we accept that iPS cell technology is fraught with challenges which go far beyond merely refuting the potentiality of the stem cell line, we conclude that iPS cell research should not replace, but proceed alongside embryonic and adult somatic stem cell research to promote cross‐fertilisation of knowledge and better clinical outcomes.
The Application of Cognitive‐Developmental or Mediated Cognitive Learning Strategies in Online College Coursework
Authors: Pruitt Richard A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis research article explores the active use of cognitive‐developmental or mediated cognitive learning strategies in undergraduate online courses. Examples and applications are drawn from two online sessions integrating online interaction, essay and discussion assignments, as well as a variety of multimedia components conducted during the spring of 2008. While focus on the interaction among students remains an important aspect of the online discussion environment, particular attention is given to the interaction between the student and the instructor. This paper argues that while online learning environments are ultimately student‐controlled, they should be teacher‐centered. The findings of this research suggest that students are more directly influenced by an instructor's intentional effort to mediate the learning process than by the course objectives, material, or subject matter. Successful use of online technologies requires deliberate action on the part of the instructor to integrate various mediated cognitive learning strategies: (a) student participation and response is significantly increased, and (b) student motivation and morale is dramatically influenced.
Simulation Estimation of the Convergence of the Black–White Earnings Gap and Income Dynamics*
Authors: Chang Sheng‐Kai 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this article, the effect of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on the convergence of the black–white earnings gap and income dynamics is studied through the dynamic panel Tobit models implemented using the simulation estimators. It is found that the black–white earnings gap declined moderately after the implementation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act in 1965. Based on the simulation studies of wage trajectories, it is also found that the positive impact of the Civil Rights Act on the convergence of the black–white earnings gap is especially significant for the group of middle‐aged and highly educated workers. Moreover, the rich dynamic structure of the earnings process is identified from the Current Population Survey‐Social Security Administration data set. It is shown that the various sources of dynamics in the earnings process are dominated by spurious state dependence for both blacks and whites.
Spatial Price Adjustment with and without Trade*
Authors: Stephens Emma C. , Mabaya Edward , Cramon‐Taubadel Stephan von , Barrett Christopher B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe investigate the possibility that price transmission between spatially distinct markets might vary during periods with and without physical trade flows. We test for differences between trade and non‐trade regimes by using generalized reduced rank regression (GRRR) techniques suggested by Hansen (2003). We apply these techniques to semi‐weekly price and trade flow data for tomato markets in Zimbabwe and find that intermarket price adjustment occurs in both trade and non‐trade periods. Indeed, the adjustments are generally larger and more rapid in periods without physical trade flows. This finding underscores the importance of information flow for market performance.
Age and intergenerational exchange among older parents in rural China
Authors: Zuo Dongmei , Wu Zheng , Li Shuzhuo 
Published: July 2011

Zuo D, Wu Z, Li S. Age and intergenerational exchange among older parents in rural ChinaInt J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S30–S46 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.This study examined life‐course differences in the flow of intergenerational exchange in rural China. The analysis used longitudinal data and growth curve models to decompose the distinct effects of age and cohort on the receipt and provision of economic and instrumental support among elder parents and their adult children. The study highlighted the importance of examining the age trajectories of intergenerational support according to cohort‐specific experiences and family life stage. There was a net age effect on intergenerational exchange, with elder parents tending to receive more support from children over time. However, there were indeed significant cohort effects that represented socio‐historical variation in the relationship between aging and intergenerational exchange. The study also observed gender differences in the flow and growth of intergenerational exchange.
Social network and health: a comparison of Chinese older adults in Shanghai and elderly immigrants in Boston
Authors: Wu Bei , Guo Man , Chi Iris , Plassman Brenda L. 
Published: July 2011

Wu B, Guo M, Chi I, Plassman BL. Social network and health: a comparison of Chinese older adults in Shanghai and Chinese elderly immigrants in BostonInt J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S59–S71 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.The association between social network and health in older Chinese immigrants in the USA and their counterparts in China was examined using data from 177 Chinese immigrants in Boston, USA and 428 respondents in Shanghai, China. The results showed that Chinese immigrants had a significantly better self‐rated health status but also that they reported a greater number of functional limitations. Although the level of the social network differed among respondents in Shanghai and in Boston, the impact of the social network on health status was similar for the two samples. The impact of the social network diminished when covariates such as health behaviors and health problems were added to the models. The conclusion, therefore, is that much of the association between a strong social network and better self‐reported health in later life may be explained by other factors such as socio‐economic status, health behaviors, health status, and access to health care.
Parents' depressive symptoms and support from sons and daughters in rural China
Authors: Cong Zhen , Silverstein Merril 
Published: July 2011

Cong Z, Silverstein M. Parents' depressive symptoms and support from sons and daughters in rural ChinaInt J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S4–S17 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.This investigation examined how initial levels of elder parents' depressive symptoms influenced financial, instrumental, and emotional support from sons and from daughters in rural China. Data were derived from a two‐wave (2001, 2003) longitudinal survey of 1,324 parents aged 60 and over living in rural areas of Anhui Province, China. Structural equation modeling with latent difference score was used to estimate the reciprocal relationships between children's support and elder parents' depressive symptoms. Results showed that older parents who had higher levels of depressive symptoms at baseline experienced reduced financial, instrumental, and emotional support from sons, but not from daughters. In rural China where the patrilineal family system has distinguished sons and daughters with respect to their functions in elder parents' support networks, the roles of sons and daughters warrant further examination, particularly when elder parents have some depressive symptoms, that elevate the needs of the parents and puts a strain on intergenerational relationships.
Pre‐ejection period reactivity and psychiatric comorbidity prospectively predict substance use initiation among middle‐schoolers: A pilot study
Authors: Brenner Sharon L. , Beauchaine Theodore P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractYouth with conduct problems (CPs) or depression are at high risk for early initiation of substance use, and for future substance use disorders (SUDs). Comorbid CPs and depression increase risk even further, yet understanding how these conditions interact remains elusive. One hypothesis is that altered mesolimbic dopamine function contributes to symptoms of CPs, depression, and SUDs. Cardiac pre‐ejection period (PEP) reactivity to incentives is linked theoretically and functionally to central dopamine responding. We evaluated PEP reactivity to reward as a prospective biomarker of substance use in a study of 206 youth with depression, CPs, CPs and depression, or no psychiatric condition. Children were 8–12 years old at the first of three annual assessments. Reduced PEP reactivity was associated with increased likelihood of future alcohol use, and CPs interacted with anxiety and depression to double risk for marijuana and other substance use.
Arousal modulation of memory and amygdala‐parahippocampal connectivity: A PET‐psychophysiology study in specific phobia
Authors: ÅHS FREDRIK , PALMQUIST ÅSA MICHELGÅRD , Pissiota Anna , Appel Lieuwe , FRANS ÖRJAN , Liberzon Israel , Furmark Tomas , Fredrikson Mats 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPhobic fear is accompanied by intense bodily responses modulated by the amygdala. An amygdala moderated psychophysiological measure related to arousal is electrodermal activity. We evaluated the contributions of electrodermal activity to amygdala‐parahippocampal regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during phobic memory encoding in subjects with spider or snake phobia. Recognition memory was increased for phobia‐related slides and covaried with rCBF in the amygdala and the parahippocampal gyrus. The covariation between parahippocampal rCBF and recognition was related to electrodermal activity suggesting that parahippocampal memory processes were associated with sympathetic activity. Electrodermal activity further mediated the amygdala effect on parahippocampal activity. Memory encoding during phobic fear therefore seems contingent on amygdala's influence on arousal and parahippocampal activity.
Mitochondrial quality control during inheritance is associated with lifespan and mother–daughter age asymmetry in budding yeast
Authors: McFaline‐Figueroa José Ricardo , Vevea Jason , Swayne Theresa C. , Zhou Chun , Liu Christopher , Leung Galen , Boldogh Istvan R. , Pon Liza A. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryFluorescence loss in photobleaching experiments and analysis of mitochondrial function using superoxide and redox potential biosensors revealed that mitochondria within individual yeast cells are physically and functionally distinct. Mitochondria that are retained in mother cells during yeast cell division have a significantly more oxidizing redox potential and higher superoxide levels compared to mitochondria in buds. Retention of mitochondria with more oxidizing redox potential in mother cells occurs to the same extent in young and older cells and can account for the age‐associated decline in total cellular mitochondrial redox potential in yeast as they age from 0 to 5 generations. Deletion of Mmr1p, a member of the DSL1 family of tethering proteins that localizes to mitochondria at the bud tip and is required for normal mitochondrial inheritance, produces defects in mitochondrial quality control and heterogeneity in replicative lifespan (RLS). Long‐lived mmr1Δ cells exhibit prolonged RLS, reduced mean generation times, more reducing mitochondrial redox potential and lower mitochondrial superoxide levels compared to wild‐type cells. Short‐lived mmr1Δ cells exhibit the opposite phenotypes. Moreover, short‐lived cells give rise exclusively to short‐lived cells, while the majority of daughters of long‐lived cells are long lived. These findings support the model that the mitochondrial inheritance machinery promotes retention of lower‐functioning mitochondria in mother cells and that this process contributes to both mother–daughter age asymmetry and age‐associated declines in cellular fitness.
Vaccination‐induced changes in human B‐cell repertoire and pneumococcal IgM and IgA antibody at different ages
Authors: Ademokun Alexander , Wu Yu‐Chang , Martin Victoria , Mitra Rajive , Sack Ulrich , Baxendale Helen , Kipling David , Dunn‐Walters Deborah K. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryIt is well known that older people are more susceptible to morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, particularly from pulmonary diseases such as pneumococcal pneumonia where vaccines do not provide efficient protection as in younger populations. We have previously shown that the B‐cell repertoire in the old is reduced and hypothesise that this may contribute to the impaired humoral responses of the elderly. Here, we investigated the repertoire and antibody responses to winter vaccination in two age groups, aged 18–49 and 65–89. We found that the serum IgM and IgA pneumococcal responses were significantly impaired in the older group, with no difference in IgG levels. IGHM spectratype analysis seems to be the most promising in terms of its predictive ability for vaccine responses. Spectratypes showed a clear change in the repertoire at day 7 after vaccination, with a return to the baseline levels at day 28. The changes at day 7 reflected expansion of IGH sequences that have smaller, more hydrophilic, CDR3 regions, and these changes were attenuated in the older group. The older group was more likely to have spectratypes indicative of a reduced diversity at day 0 and day 28. On average, the baseline repertoire in the older group was comprised of larger CDR3 regions than in the younger group. In conclusion, IgA and IgM responses are significantly impaired in the elderly pneumococcal response and are likely key mediators of protection. Hydrophilicity and/or small size of the IGH CDR3 appear to be important in these responses.
Description of a new species of the genus Resseliella (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a pollinator of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae) in China, with comments on its flower‐visiting habit
Authors: YUKAWA Junichi , SATO Shinsuke , XU Huan‐li , TOKUDA Makoto 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA gall midge pollinating flowers of Kadsura longipedunculata is described as Resseliella kadsurae sp. nov. based on adult specimens collected in 2006 from Langshan, Xinning County, Hunan Province, China. The new species is distinguishable from other known congeners in the combination of the following characteristics: gynecoid male flagellomeres, mottled wings, simple claws on all legs; male hypoproct with a transverse bridge‐like structure ventrally connecting both sides of hypoproct. In particular, the gynecoid male flagellomeres and transverse bridge‐like structure are unique to the new species. Partial sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene indicates that R. kadsurae is grouped with the R. theobardi + R. yagoi clade, but this clade and the monophyly of the genus Resseliella are not statistically supported. The new species is nocturnal, and mating occurs at dusk. At the time of mating, males and females hang on opposite sides of non‐sticky old spider webs in a venter‐to‐venter position. Immature stages and the life history of R. kadsurae are unknown. The flower‐visiting habit of R. kadsurae is contrasted with that of other flower‐visiting gall midges and the probability that this behavior exists in other congeners is discussed.
Bees of the genera Xenorhiza Michener and Palaeorhiza Perkins (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) of Papua New Guinea collected by Dr W. J. Pulawski of the California Academy of Sciences
Authors: HIRASHIMA Yoshihiro , ABE Masaki 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBees of genera Xenorhiza and Palaeorhiza of Papua New Guinea collected by Dr Pulawski are reported on. One species of Xenorhiza and 19 species of Palaeorhiza are recognized, including five new species of Palaeorhiza. New taxa are Palaeorhiza (Palaeorhiza) labergei, P. (Anchirhiza) pulawskii, P. (Callorhiza) demeter, P. (Cercorhiza) concordiana and P. (Zarhiopalea) nike.
Xylographus globipennis Reitter, 1911 (Coleoptera: Ciidae): A barely studied species with broad distribution in the Afrotropical region
Authors: SANDOVAL‐GÓMEZ Vivian Eliana , LOPES‐ANDRADE Cristiano , ZACARO Adilson Ariza 
Published: July 2011

Abstract Xylographus globipennis Reitter, 1911, a ciid beetle known only from its type locality in Eritrea, has in fact a broad distribution in the Afrotropical region. A redescription of the species is provided, including the description of its male terminalia, based on the lectotype and three paralectotypes, here designated, and specimens from several localities in Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Kenya. The geographic distribution and similarities of external morphological characters of X. globipennis to other African Xylographus species are also discussed.
Taxonomy and phylogeny of Leptopilina species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) attacking frugivorous drosophilid flies in Japan, with description of three new species
Authors: NOVKOVIĆ Biljana , MITSUI Hideyuki , SUWITO Awit , KIMURA Masahito T. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDespite the intensive use of the Leptopilina genus and its drosophilid hosts as model systems in the study of host–parasitoid interactions, the diversity and distribution of the species occurring in the Asian region remain elusive. Here we report the phylogeny of Japanese Leptopilina species attacking frugivorous drosophilid flies, based on COI, ITS1 and ITS2 sequences. Consistent with molecular data, hybridization experiments and morphological examination, five species were recorded in Japan: Leptopilina heterotoma, L. victoriae and three new species, two occurring in the Ryukyu archipelago, L. ryukyuensis and L. pacifica, and another species, L. japonica, distributed in Honshu and Hokkaido. Leptopilina japonica is further divided into two subspecies, L. j. japonica occurring in Japan, and L. j. formosana occurring in Taiwan. According to these results, we discuss the evolution, speciation and colonization history of Japanese Leptopilina species.