bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase in adenovirus‐infected cells reduces virus titers upon treatment with ganciclovir in vitro
Authors: Ibrišimović Mirza , Nagl Ulrike , Kneidinger Doris , Rauch Margit , Lion Thomas , Klein Reinhard 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundAdenoviruses are a frequent cause of life‐threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Available therapeutics still cannot completely prevent fatal outcomes. By contrast, herpes viruses are well treatable with prodrugs such as ganciclovir (GCV), which are selectively activated in virus‐infected cells by virus‐encoded thymidine kinases. This effective group of prodrugs is not applicable to adenoviruses and other DNA viruses because they lack those kinases.MethodsTo render adenoviruses amenable to GCV treatment, we generated an adenoviral vector‐based delivery system for targeted expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV‐TK) in wild‐type adenovirus 5 (wt Ad5)‐infected cells. HSV‐TK expression was largely restricted to wt virus‐infected cells by transcription of the gene from the Ad5 E4 promoter. Its activity is dependent on the adenoviral E1A gene product which is not produced by the vector but is only provided in cells infected with wt adenovirus. The anti‐adenoviral effect of HSV‐TK expression and concomitant treatment with GCV was assessed in vitro in four different cell lines or primary cells.ResultsE4 promoter‐mediated HSV‐TK background expression was sufficiently low to prevent cytotoxicity in the presence of low‐levels GCV in cells not infected with wt Ad5. However, expression was several‐fold increased in wt Ad5‐infected cells and treatment with low levels of GCV efficiently inhibited wt Ad5 DNA replication. Genome copy numbers and output of infectious particles were reduced by up to > 99.99% and cell viability was greatly increased.ConclusionsWe extended the concept of enzyme/prodrug therapy to adenovirus infections by selectively sensitizing adenovirus‐infected cells to treatment with GCV. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nominal group technique: A brainstorming tool for identifying areas to improve pain management in hospitalized patients
Authors: Peña Adolfo , Estrada Carlos A. , Soniat Debbie , Taylor Benjamin , Burton Michael 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Pain management in hospitalized patients remains a priority area for improvement; effective strategies for consensus development are needed to prioritize interventions.OBJECTIVE:To identify challenges, barriers, and perspectives of healthcare providers in managing pain among hospitalized patients.DESIGN:Qualitative and quantitative group consensus using a brainstorming technique for quality improvement—the nominal group technique (NGT).SETTING:One medical, 1 medical‐surgical, and 1 surgical hospital unit at a large academic medical center.PARTICIPANTS:Nurses, resident physicians, patient care technicians, and unit clerks.MEASUREMENTS:Responses and ranking to the NGT question: “What causes uncontrolled pain in your unit?”RESULTS:Twenty‐seven health workers generated a total of 94 ideas. The ideas perceived contributing to a suboptimal pain control were grouped as system factors (timeliness, n = 18 ideas; communication, n = 11; pain assessment, n = 8), human factors (knowledge and experience, n = 16; provider bias, n = 8; patient factors, n = 19), and interface of system and human factors (standardization, n = 14). Knowledge, timeliness, provider bias, and patient factors were the top ranked themes.CONCLUSIONS:Knowledge and timeliness are considered main priorities to improve pain control. NGT is an efficient tool for identifying general and context‐specific priority areas for quality improvement; teams of healthcare providers should consider using NGT to address their own challenges and barriers. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Inappropriate prescribing of proton pump inhibitors in hospitalized patients
Authors: Reid Mark , Keniston Angela , Heller J. Christie , Miller Marshall , Medvedev Sofia , Albert Richard K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Proton pump inhibitors have numerous important side effects, yet they are prescribed for outpatients who do not have recognized indications. Less is known with respect to prescribing for inpatients.OBJECTIVE:To determine the rate of inappropriate prescribing of protein pump inhibitors and to assess reasons why they are prescribed.DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS:The study was a retrospective review of administrative data for adult hospital patients discharged from the Medicine service of Denver Health (DH) and from the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009.MEASUREMENTS:Valid indications for proton pump inhibitors were sought from discharge diagnoses, prescription records, and, in a randomly selected group of patients from DH, from direct review of records.RESULTS:Inclusion criteria were met by 9875 DH patients and 6,592,100 UHC patients; of patients receiving a proton pump inhibitor, 61% and 73%, respectively, did not have a valid indication. Increased rates of Clostridium difficile infection were found in both groups of patients receiving proton pump inhibitors. Chart reviews found valid indications for proton pump inhibitors in 19% of patients who did not have a valid indication on the basis of the administrative data, and “prophylaxis” was the justification for inappropriate prescribing in 56%.CONCLUSION:Proton pump inhibitors are frequently inappropriately prescribed to Medicine inpatients who do not have a valid indication and this practice is associated with an increase in C. difficile infection. Interventions are needed to curtail this inappropriate prescribing practice. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Formation and structure of scales in the Australian lungfish, neoceratodus forsteri (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi)
Authors: Kemp Anne 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe large elasmoid scales of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodusforsteri, are formed within the dermis by unpigmented scleroblasts, growing within a collagenous dermal pocket below a thick glandular epidermis. The first row of scales, on the trunk of the juvenile lungfish, appears below the lateral line of the trunk, single in this species, at around stage 53. The scales, initially circular in outline, develop anteriorly and posteriorly from the point of initiation in the mid‐trunk region, and rows are added alternately below the line, and above the line, until they reach the dorsal or ventral midline, or the margins of the fins. Scales develop later on the ventral surface of the head, from a separate centre of initiation. Scales consist of three layers, all produced by scleroblasts of dermal origin. The outermost layer of interlocking plates, or squamulae, consists of a mineralised matrix of fine collagen fibrils, covered by unmineralised collagen and a single layer of cells. Squamulae of the anterior and lateral surfaces are ornamented with short spines, and the mineralised tissue of the posterior surface is linked to the pouch by collagen fibrils. The innermost layer, known as elasmodin, consists of bundles of thick collagen fibrils and cells arranged in layers. An intermediate layer, made up of collagen fibrils, links the outer and inner layers. The elasmoid scales of N. forsteri can be compared with scale types among other osteichthyan groups, although the cellsand canaliculi in the mineralised squamulae bear littleresemblance to typical bone. J.Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pleistocene Rhine–Thames landscapes: geological background for hominin occupation of the southern North Sea region
Authors: Hijma Marc P. , Cohen Kim M. , Roebroeks Wil , Westerhoff Wim E. , Busschers Freek S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper links research questions in Quaternary geology with those in Palaeolithic archaeology. A detailed geological reconstruction of The Netherlands' south‐west offshore area provides a stratigraphical context for archaeological and palaeontological finds. Progressive environmental developments have left a strong imprint on the area's Palaeolithic record. We highlight aspects of landscape evolution and related taphonomical changes, visualized in maps for critical periods of the Pleistocene in the wider southern North Sea region. The Middle Pleistocene record is divided into two palaeogeographical stages: the pre‐Anglian/Elsterian stage, during which a wide land bridge existed between England and Belgium even during marine highstands; and the Anglian/Elsterian to Saalian interglacial, with a narrower land bridge, lowered by proglacial erosion but not yet fully eroded. The Late Pleistocene landscape was very different, with the land bridge fully dissected by an axial Rhine–Thames valley, eroded deep enough to fully connect the English Channel and the North Sea during periods of highstand. This tripartite staging implies great differences in (i) possible migration routes of herds of herbivores as well as hominins preying upon them, (ii) the erosion base of axial and tributary rivers causing an increase in the availability of flint raw materials and (iii) conditions for loess accumulation in northern France and Belgium and the resulting preservation of Middle Palaeolithic sites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinforcement Efficiency of Carbon Nanotubes – Myth and Reality
Authors: Loos Marcio R. , Manas‐Zloczower Ica 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDifferent micromechanical models for the prediction of mechanical properties of CNT/polymer composites, taking into consideration filler percolation throughout the matrix, are considered. It is demonstrated that the critical filler volume fraction, where a percolating network of CNTs is forming, marks a “turning point” in the reinforcement efficiency. Expectations for the reinforcing effect of CNTs at concentrations above a percolating threshold with the current technology are in general unrealistic.magnified image
Optimization of alternating TR‐SSFP for fat‐suppression in abdominal images at 3T
Authors: Gonçalves S. I. , Ziech M. L. W. , Lamerichs R. , Stoker J. , Nederveen A. J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging is widely used in the work‐up and monitoring of patients with Crohn's disease. Balanced steady‐state free precession sequences are an important part of the imaging protocol and until now primarily 1.5T scanners have been used in daily clinical practice. This is largely because running balanced steady‐state free precession sequences in 3T magnets has technical problems related to increased B0 inhomogeneity and specific absorption rate (SAR) deposition. A modified form of alternating repetition time steady‐state free precession sequence is presented to acquire 3D‐isotropic abdominal images with fat‐suppression at 3T within a breath‐hold. The modifications include an adjusted radiofrequency pulse shape, suitable phase‐cycling scheme and TR1/TR2 ratio. Results show that the proposed sequence is successful in obtaining high contrast 3D‐isotropic abdominal images within a breath‐hold. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is easy to implement in a clinical setting and does not require any postprocessing steps. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theranostic effect of serial manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of human embryonic stem cell derived teratoma
Authors: Chung Jaehoon , Dash Rajesh , Kee Kehkooi , Barral Joëlle K. , Kosuge Hisanori , Robbins Robert C. , Nishimura Dwight , Reijo‐Pera Renee A. , Yang Phillip C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough human embryonic stem cell (hESC) hold therapeutic potential, teratoma formation has deterred clinical translation. Manganese (Mn2+) enters metabolically active cells through voltage‐gated calcium channels and subsequently, induces T1 shortening. We hypothesized that serial manganese‐enhanced MRI would have theranostic effect to assess hESC survival, teratoma formation, and hESC‐derived teratoma reduction through intracellular accumulation of Mn2+. Firefly luciferase transduced hESCs (hESC‐Lucs) were transplanted into severe combined immunodeficient mouse hindlimbs to form teratoma. The chemotherapy group was injected with MnCl2 intraperitoneally three times a week. The control group was given MnCl2 only prior to manganese‐enhanced MRI. Longitudinal evaluation by manganese‐enhanced MRI and bioluminescence imaging was performed. The chemotherapy group showed significant reduction in the teratoma volume and luciferase activity at weeks 6 and 8. Histology revealed increased proportion of dead cells and caspase 3 positive cells in the chemotherapy group. Systemic administration of MnCl2 enabled simultaneous monitoring and elimination of hESC‐derived teratoma cells by higher intracellular accumulation of Mn2+. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of a new hyperbranched, vinyl macromonomer through the use of click chemistry: Synthesis and characterization of copolymer hydrogels with PEG diacrylate
Authors: Wang David K. , Hill David J. T. , Rasoul Firas A. , Whittaker Andrew K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new biodegradable, water‐soluble macromonomer based on the commercial hyperbranched polyester Boltorn®H20 has been synthesized through the use of click chemistry. The macromonomer was developed with the aim of being injected with a comacromonomer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diacrylate, for in situ copolymerization to form biodegradable polymer hydrogels. Copolymer hydrogels were prepared from the macromonomer and PEG diacrylate (FW 700) by free radical copolymerization. A degree of phase separation of the hydrogels was observed during polymerization and with increasing incorporation of the Boltorn macromonomer an increasing tendency for the formation of macropores was observed. The swelling ratios of the gels in water and phosphate buffered saline solution, PBS, all increase with increasing Boltorn macromonomer concentration, as did the penetrant diffusion coefficients and the degradation rate in PBS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Size‐exclusion chromatography coupled to multiangle light scattering detection of long‐chain branching in polyethylene made with phillips catalyst
Authors: Yu Youlu , Schwerdtfeger Eric , McDaniel Max 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSize‐exclusion chromatography coupled to multiangle light scattering (SEC‐MALS) has been used to detect long‐chain branching (LCB) in polyethylene (PE) from Cr/silica catalysts for the first time. The observed LCB response to several catalyst and reactor variables mostly confirms earlier conclusions drawn from rheological measurements. However, SEC‐MALS has also shed additional light on a few previously unanswered questions. Above all, SEC‐MALS shows the placement of branching within the MW distribution, which was not previously known, and which may explain some of the unique molding behavior of Cr‐derived PE. This new SEC‐MALS data also provide insight into the mechanism of LCB formation, which is discussed. Like earlier studies based on rheology, this new study demonstrates that the commonly accepted view of macromer incorporation may be overly simplistic. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Improvement of yield ratio of ohmic contact to GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure by application of SiO2 protective layer
Authors: Oe Takehiko , Matsuhiro Kenjiro , Itatani Taro , Gorwadkar Sucheta , Kiryu Syogo , Kaneko Nobu‐hisa 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAll the contact pads of a quantized Hall resistance (QHR) device should have a low contact resistance (∼1 Ω) for the application of DC resistance standard devices at cryogenic temperatures. Corrosion of a GaAs/AlGaAs substrate occurs along the edge of the photoresist before the deposition of Ni/AuGe, and we assume that this corrosion degrades the contact resistance. A SiO2 protective layer is effective in preventing the corrosion of and protecting the surface of GaAs/AlGaAs substrate. With the use of this SiO2 protective layer, the yield ratio of the contact resistance to the twodimensional electron gas (2DEG) layer at low temperature (∼0.5 K) and high magnetic field (∼9 T) improves to nearly 100%. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Expected improvements in the atmospheric humidity profile retrieval using the Megha‐Tropiques microwave payload
Authors: Brogniez Hélène , Kirstetter Pierre‐Emmanuel , Eymard Laurence 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe microwave payload of the Megha‐Tropiques mission is explored to quantify the expected improvements in the retrieval of relative humidity profiles. Estimations of the profiles are performed using a generalized additive model that uses cubic smoothing splines to address the nonlinear dependencies between the brightness temperatures (TB) in the 183.31 GHz band and the relative humidity of specified tropospheric layers. Under clear‐sky and oceanic situations, the six‐channel configuration of the SAPHIR radiometer clearly improves the retrieval and reduces by a factor of two the variance of the residuals with respect to the current space‐borne humidity sounders that have three channels in this band (AMSU‐B, MHS). Additional information from the MADRAS radiometer (at 23.8 and 157 GHz) further improves the restitution with correlation coefficient higher than 0.89 throughout the troposphere. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Experimental 1D + 4D‐Var assimilation of CloudSat observations
Authors: Janisková M. , Lopez P. , Bauer P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObservations providing three‐dimensional information on clouds from space‐borne active instruments on board CloudSat and CALIPSO are already available and new satellites, such as EarthCARE, should appear in the near future. This opens new possibilities for exploring the usefulness of this kind of observation, not only for improving model parametrizations but also for investigating their usage in data assimilation to extract information from the data so as to improve the initial atmospheric state. In this study, a 1D + 4D‐Var technique has been selected to study the impact of observations related to clouds on 4D‐Var analyses and subsequent forecasts. Using this two‐step approach, temperature and specific humidity profiles retrieved from 1D‐Var assimilation of CloudSat observations have been included in the 4D‐Var system. Several experiments have been run for a couple of selected meteorological situations. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
I-V characteristics and the synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles by glow discharge at the metal–ionic liquid interface
Authors: KAREEM T. ABDUL , KALIANI A. ANU 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA plasma chamber was constructed for the synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles in ionic liquid by glow discharge electrolysis method. Current and voltage (I-V) characteristics of the discharge at the metal–ionic liquid interface showed that the curve follows Ohm's law up to a particular voltage only so that the ZnS nanoparticle preparation was performed after the critical voltage. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectral analysis showed that the samples contain ZnS nanoparticles and also found that tungsten from the metal electrode dissolved in the BMIM[BF4] ionic liquid under plasma and formed tungstic oxide by accepting atmospheric oxygen.
Spoken word recognition in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and specific language impairment
Authors: LOUCAS TOM , RICHES NICK , BAIRD GILLIAN , PICKLES ANDREW , SIMONOFF EMILY , CHANDLER SUSIE , CHARMAN TONY 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTSpoken word recognition, during gating, appears intact in specific language impairment (SLI). This study used gating to investigate the process in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders plus language impairment (ALI). Adolescents with ALI, SLI, and typical language development (TLD), matched on nonverbal IQ listened to gated words that varied in frequency (low/high) and number of phonological onset neighbors (low/high density). Adolescents with ALI required more speech input to initially identify low-frequency words with low competitor density than those with SLI and those with TLD, who did not differ. These differences may be due to less well specified word form representations in ALI.
Weakening resistance: Progress toward the low back merger in New York State
Authors: Dinkin Aaron J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the status of the low back caught-cot merger in Upstate New York. Most of this region is subject to the Northern Cities Shift (NCS) and therefore, according to Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006), ostensibly “resists” the spread of this merger. It is found that the phonology of this region is indeed trending toward the merger in apparent time, in terms of both phonetic distance between the two phonemes and speakers' explicit judgments. It is argued that the fronting of the cot vowel in the NCS region is not sufficient to withstand the spread of the merger because fronting a low vowel is a “reversible” sound change (Labov, 2010). It is further argued that the expansion of a merger to new communities may take place indirectly, through launching a sound change in the direction of merger rather than causing merger to take place immediately in the new community.
Cognitive and social forces in dialect shift: Gradual change in London Asian speech
Authors: Sharma Devyani , Sankaran Lavanya 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study examines the retention of a non-native dialect feature by British Asians in London. We examine the use of one Punjabi feature (t-retroflexion) and one British feature (t-glottaling) across three groups: first-generation non-native immigrants and two age groups of second-generation British Asians. Cognitively oriented models predict that non-native features will either be innately blocked (Chambers, 2002) or reallocated by native generations. A socially oriented model allows for more gradual change. Contrary to the cognitive view, the older second generation neither blocks nor clearly reallocates use oft-retroflexion; they closely mirror the first generation's non-native use. However, they simultaneously control nativeliket-glottaling, reflecting a robust bidialectal ability. It is the younger second generation who exhibit focused reallocation in the form and function oft-retroflexion. This 20-year lag corresponds to major changes in demographics and race relations in the community over 5 decades. The study shows that acquisition of the local dialect and retention of exogenous features should be seen as independently constrained rather than as mutually exclusive.
Chemical Evolution of a Protoplanetary Disk
Authors: Semenov Dmitry A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this paper we review recent progress in our understanding of the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks. Current observational constraints and theoretical modeling on the chemical composition of gas and dust in these systems are presented. Strong variations of temperature, density, high-energy radiation intensities in these disks, both radially and vertically, result in a peculiar disk chemical structure, where a variety of processes are active. In hot, dilute and heavily irradiated atmosphere only the most photostable simple radicals and atoms and atomic ions exist, formed by gas-phase processes. Beneath the atmosphere a partly UV-shielded, warm molecular layer is located, where high-energy radiation drives rich ion-molecule and radical-radical chemistry, both in the gas phase and on dust surfaces. In a cold, dense, dark disk midplane many molecules are frozen out, forming thick icy mantles where surface chemistry is active and where complex polyatomic (organic) species are synthesized. Dynamical processes affect disk chemical composition by enriching it in abundances of complex species produced via slow surface processes, which will become detectable with ALMA.