bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cherty Rock, Elgin: A petrographic and isotopic study of a Permo‐Triassic calcrete
Authors: Naylor H. , Turner P. , Vaughan D. J. , Fallick A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Cherty Rock is a laterally persistent horizon that extends across the Inner Moray Firth Basin, northeastern Scotland. The southern exposures of the Cherty Rock near Elgin reveal an indurated carbonate and silica‐rich horizon (0·75‐10m thick) developed in the uppermost part of the largely aeolian Lossiemouth Sandstone Formation. Laminated, pisolitic, and brecciated textures within the Cherty Rock confirm that the horizon represents an analogue to Recent calcretes of semiarid areas. Textures characteristic of silcretes are widespread in the Cherty Rock but these originate from silica replacement of calcite. The carbon and oxygen stable isotopic composition of micrite in the Cherty Rock (mean σ 13C = ‐6·9%°, mean σ 18O = ‐5·7%°, both relative to PDB) is comparable to that of other Permo‐Triassic calcretes and modern soil carbonate, suggesting that similar processes were responsible for their formation. The σ 13C and σ 18O values for calcite in the Cherty Rock may indicate that evaporative processes contributed to its development. σ 18O data from spar (mean σ 18O = ‐9·8%° PDB) and macroquartz (mean σ 18O = 19·7% SMOW) indicate that these are later (burial) cements.The Cherty Rock is a useful stratigraphical and palaeoclimatic indicator, and its presence in the Inner Moray Firth basin suggests a period of tectonic stability in the basin during late Triassic times.
Deposition and palaeoecology of an Upper Silurian stromatoporoid reef on southernmost Gotland, Sweden
Authors: Kano Akihiro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA stromatoporoid reef in the Ludlovian Sundre Beds at the sea stack field of Holmhällar I on southernmost Gotland was subjected to subaerial exposure during its period of deposition. The sea stack field shows a subcircular belt 500 m in diameter and 50 m wide which exposes part of a reef complex. One distinct erosional surface can be traced through all the localities. The surface cuts the stromatoporoid framework of a lower unit and undulates with a general dip 0–15° away from the centre of the subcircle. On the low‐lying parts of the undulating surface, limestone boulders and sediments containing a number of subordinate erosional surfaces occur. The geometry of the platform results in a complicated facies mosaic of the upper unit composed of stromatoporoid boundstone and its lateral facies, crinoidal debris. The boundstone generally rests on the topographic rises of the inner part of the platform. The crinoidal debris largely occurs on the outer part. Stromatoporoid skeletons occupy 50–65 per cent of volume of the boundstone. This value far exceeds the proportion of framebuilders in Quaternary reefs. The stromatoporoid assemblages are recognized. The assemblage of the boundstone is strongly dominated by Plectostroma scaniense which is laminar‐domical and mostly larger than 50 cm in basal diameter. In the other facies, the commonest species is Parallelostroma typicum which often exhibits a certain growth form as a result of growth on soft bottom and periodical sedimentation.
A palaeomagnetic study of the Charnian, Caldecote, and Uriconian volcanics and plutons, central England
Authors: Piper J. D. A. , Strange Theresa M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis palaeomagnetic study has investigated intrusive and extrusive calc‐alkaline igneous rocks comprising the pre‐Ordovician basement of central England and the Welsh Borderlands and dated ca. 560–530 Ma. Demagnetization studies resolve a range of magnetic components in both the older volcanic successions comprising the eastern Uriconian volcanics, and in the younger intrusive episodes comprising the Charnwood and South Leicestershire outcrops. Post‐Ordovician overprinting is largely absent and the remanence record dates from ca. 560–420 Ma. Within this time interval field tests are inadequate to confirm a primary origin and some components may be overprints acquired in immediate post‐Uriconian (Cadomian) or during late Ordovician (early Caledonian) thermotectonic events. A first order continuity is recognized on a palaeomagnetic scale between the data from the Midlands‐Welsh Borderlands and the terranes exposed in Anglesey and Southwest Wales. The British terranes moved through low latitudes during the interval represented by the Uriconian episode; they crossed the palaeoequator during the folding of these rocks and prior to emplacement of the later intrusive suite. Collectively they had rotated through ca. 170° and moved into intermediate latitudes by mid‐Lower Cambrian times. Post‐Lower Cambrian movements on the Malvernian lineament are a possible explanation for second order differences between the palaeomagnetic records of the English Midlands and the Welsh Borderlands; the largest possible regional rotation here is a ca. 90° movement of the Charnwood block with respect to the other outcrops. Correlation with the Gondwana APW path places the Anglo‐Welsh basement in the vicinity of a comparable calc‐alkaline volcanic province linked to a subducting plate margin in the Afro‐Arabian area. Subsequent continental breakup led to termination of this volcanic activity and establishment of a passive marine shelf environment later in Lower Cambrian times.
The Cowms Rocks Landslide
Authors: Johnson Richard H. , Vaughan Richard D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Cowms Rocks landslide was the result of a translational movement which occurred downslope of a stream junction but involved part of the tributary valley side. Its morphology is described and a Gradient Index has been used to identify the component slide units. Slippage occurred on a 7° planar surface at about 40 m below the original ground surface, and consequent upon slope failure the main slump moveden masse. The tensional stresses controlling the slide were not uniform and a series of upslope‐facing escarpments developed within the main slump with some toppling and flexuring taking place at the slump's inner edge. At its margins, the slump broke into several blocks, some of which were tilted or deformed during the slip movement. The dominant factor leading to slope failure was rock (mass) creep which developed when periglacial climates prevailed in Pleistocene times. This led to differential weakening of the rocks within the slope but the exact timing for this deterioration is not known. The ultimate failure was delayed until some time in the Flandrian when stream undercutting was the ‘trigger’ mechanism.
Controls on the evolution and demise of Lower Carboniferous carbonate platforms, northern margin of the Dublin Basin, Ireland
Authors: Pickard Neil A. H. , Rees John G. , Strogen Peter , Somerville Ian D. , Jones Gareth L. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShallow water platform limestones of the Chadian–Asbian Milverton Group are restricted to the north‐eastern part of the Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) Dublin Basin. Here, they are confined to two granite‐cored fault blocks, the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks, known to have been active during the late Dinantian. Three areas of platform sedimentation are delimited (the Kentstown, Drogheda and Milverton areas), although in reality they probably formed part of a single carbonate platform. Resedimented submarine breccias and calciturbidites (Fingal Group) composed of shallow water allochems and intraclasts sourced from the platform accumulated, along with terrigenous muds, in the surrounding basinal areas.Sedimentological evidence suggests that the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks possessed tilt‐block geometries and developed during an episode of basin‐wide extensional faulting in late Chadian time. Rotation of the blocks during extension resulted in the erosion of previously deposited sequences in footwall areas and concomitant drowning of distal hangingwall sequences. Antithetic faults on the northern part of the Balbriggan Block aided the preferential subsidence of the Drogheda area and accounts for the anomously thick sequence of late Chadian platform sediments present there.Continued subsidence and/or sea‐level rise in the late Chadian–early Arundian resulted in transgression of the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks; carbonate ramps developed on the hangingwall dip slopes and transgressed southward with time. Subsequent progradation and aggradation of shallow water sediments throughout the Arundian to Asbian led to the development of carbonate shelves. Several coarse conglomeratic intervals within the contemporaneous basinal sequences of the Fingal Group attest to periodic increases of sediment influx associated with the development of the shelves.Sedimentological processes controlled the development of the carbonate platforms on the hangingwall dip slopes of the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks, though periodic increases of sediment flux into the basinal areas may have been triggered by eustatic falls in sea level. In contrast, differential subsidence along the bounding faults of these blocks exerted a strong control on the margins of the late Dinantian shelves, maintaining relatively steep slopes and inhibiting the progradation of the shelves into the adjacent basins.Tectonically induced collapse and retreat of the platform margins occurred in the late Asbian–early Brigantian. Platform sediments are overlain by coarse‐grained proximal basinal facies which fine upwards before passing into a thick shale sequence, indicating that by the late Brigantian carbonate production had almost stopped as the platforms were drowned.
Graptolite biostratigraphy of the Lower Silurian (Llandovery and Wenlock) of Bohemia
Authors: Štorch Petr 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNearly 50 sections through the Llandovery and Wenlock black shales of the Barrandian area (Bohemia) have been examined bed by bed. This has made possible the compilation of an improved and well defined graptolite zonal scheme with much new biostratigraphic data included. A total of 268 graptolite species and subspecies have been found. Their stratigraphic distribution allows the recognition of 27 graptolite zones: ascensus–acuminatus, vesiculosus, cyphus, triangulatus–pectinatus, simulans, convolutus, sedgwickii, linnaei, turriculatus, crispus, griestoniensis, tullbergi, spiralis, grandis, insectus, centrifugus, murchisoni, riccartonensis, dubius, belophorus, rigidus, ramosus–perneri, lundgreni, parvus, nassa–frequens, praedeubeli–deubeli, ludensis, and several subzones. The biozones are defined by the vertical ranges of their ‘index’ species and are characterized by rich accompanying associations. The zonal scheme is correlated with graptolite sequences elsewhere.
Storm‐dominated sedimentation along a rocky transgressive shoreline in the Silurian (Llandovery) of Western Ireland
Authors: Doyle Eamon N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSedimentation patterns are described from the Kilbride Formation west of the Maam Fault zone, north Galway, Ireland. Seven distinct facies are described using faunal and lithological parameters. Environments of deposition range from marginal marine to deep shelf conditions. Lateral facies distributions were largely controlled by a rocky topographic high which influenced sedimentation until being buried by outer shelf sediments in middle‐upper Kilbride Formation times. Four distinct sequences are described: in the lower Kilbride Formation, sequences I and IV are dominated by proximal storm deposits; sequence II was deposited in the lee of the topographic high and is interpreted as barred estuarine deposits; and in sequence III, at the topographic high, no deposition took place. In the upper Kilbride Formation the barrier was buried and uniform outer shelf conditions prevailed throughout the area. Faunal assemblages were strongly controlled by local environmental conditions and do not conform directly with the expected pattern of depth‐related brachiopod communities. The Lingula and Eocoelia communities are amalgamated and alloch‐thonous, the Pentameroides and Costistricklandia communities are absent, and only the Clorinda community is well represented, though parautochthonous.
Lithostratigraphy of the Windermere Supergroup, Northern England
Authors: Kneller B. C. , Scott R. W. , Soper N. J. , Johnson E. W. , Allen P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA formal lithostratigraphy is erected for the Late Ordovician and Silurian rocks of northern England. The scheme presented herein emphasizes natural depositional sequences within the supergroup and defines new type sections or cites existing definitions where appropriate. It is intended to be sufficiently flexible and comprehensive to apply to all the inliers, and to bear some rational relationship to lithostratigraphical usage in other British Lower Palaeozoic inliers.
Structure and tectonic evolution of the Pirin‐Pangaion Structural Zone (Rhodope Massif, southern Bulgaria and northern Greece)
Authors: Zagorčev Ivan S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Pirin‐Pangaion Structural Zone occupies the south‐western part of the Rhodope Massif. It consists of Proterozoic amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks of the Rhodopian Supergroup, and granitoids of Hercynian, Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene age.The pre‐Hercynian structure of the zone is dominated by an interference pattern of three superimposed fold generations of NE‐SW and NW‐SE trends. These structures are cut by Hercynian granitoids, and the entire complex is affected by late Hercynian or early Alpine conical folds. The zone was overthrusted by the Ogražden and Kroussia Units (Serbo‐Macedonian ‘Massif’) along the north‐east vergent Mid‐Cretaceous Strimon overthrust, and by the Central Rhodope Zone of the Rhodope Massif, along the south‐west vergent Meso‐Rhodopean Overthrust. With this thrusting event, the Pirin‐Pangaion Structural Zone was brought together with the Serbo‐Macedonian ‘Massif’ and the Central Rhodope Zone to form the Late Cretaceous Morava‐Rhodope Zone, which acted as a ‘plateau’ along the southern edge of the Eurasian plate. Late Cretaceous granitoid magma of crustal origin intruded this zone, whereas north of it the Srednogorie volcanic island arc was the site of igneous activity with magmas originating in the upper mantle.The West Thrace Zone developed as a Palaeocene to Oligocene depression superimposed over the older basement obliquely to the southern periphery of the Rhodope Massif. In the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene, this depression represented a volcanic island arc with mantle‐derived basic to intermediate magmas; contemporaneous granitoid magmas formed through crustal melting in the thickened crust of the Rhodope Massif (Pirin and Pangaion Units included). Early Miocene thrusting was most intense in the Pangaion Unit, and was followed by Late Miocene to Quaternary extension.
Early Telychian changes in graptoloid diversity and sea level
Authors: Loydell David K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is suggested that a decrease in graptoloid diversity in theutilisSubzone (early Telychian) resulted from a eustatic fall in sea level induced by the spread of ice sheets from the highlands of central Gondwanaland. Major extinctions occurred within the retiolites and the generaGlyptograptus, Petalolithus, StimulograptusandRastrites. The selectivity of the extinction may reflect the degree of environmental tolerance of the various graptoloid taxa, with those exhibiting water mass specificity most seriously affected. Lithological changes, here correlated with the glacial interval, are recognized from the Yangtze Platform of China and from Europe.
Brackish water faunas from the St Maughans Formation: The Old Red Sandstone section at Ammons Hill, Hereford and Worcester, UK, re‐examined
Authors: Barclay W. J. , Rathbone P. A. , White D. E. , Richardson J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe disused railway cutting at Ammons Hill, Hereford and Worcester, exposes a sequence of beds belonging to the Devonian St Maughans Formation of Lochkovian (Gedinnian) age. The beds are of Old Red Sandstone facies, but contain brackish water faunas. These faunas occur at a level generally considered to be above the level of marine influence that affected the older Raglan Mudstone Formation of mainly Přídolí Series age. The section, described by King in 1934, is now overgrown, but was excavated in 1986 by the British Geological Survey during its survey of the Worcester 1:50000 sheet. The evidence of the section calls for slight amendment of Allen's (1985) model of an interrupted transition from marine deposition in Ludlow time to freshwater deposition in Gedinnian time that was complete by the time of the formation of a regionally extensive calcrete palaeosol, the Psammosteus Limestone. Subsequent transgressive events took place before the establishment of apparently wholly fluvial and floodplain environments.
Gamma‐tocotrienol as an effective agent in targeting prostate cancer stem cell‐like population
Authors: Luk Sze Ue , Yap Wei Ney , Chiu Yung‐Tuen , Lee Davy TW , Ma Stephanie , Lee Terence Kin Wah , Vasireddy Raja S , Wong Yong‐Chuan , Ching Yick Pang , Nelson Colleen , Yap Yee Leng , Ling Ming‐Tat 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEmerging evidence supports that prostate cancer originates from a rare subpopulation of cells, namely prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs). Conventional therapies for prostate cancer are believed to mainly target the majority of differentiated tumor cells but spare CSCs, which may account for the subsequent disease relapse after treatment. Therefore, successful elimination of CSCs may be an effective strategy to achieve complete remission from this disease. Gamma‐tocotrienols (γ‐T3) is one of the vitamin‐E constituents, which have been shown to have anticancer effects against a wide range of human cancers. Recently, we have reported that γ‐T3 treatment not only inhibits prostate cancer cell invasion but also sensitizes the cells to docetaxel‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that γ‐T3 may be an effective therapeutic agent against advanced stage prostate cancer. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that γ‐T3 can downregulate the expression of prostate CSC markers (CD133/CD44) in androgen‐independent prostate cancer cell lines (PC‐3 and DU145), as evident from Western blotting analysis. Meanwhile, the spheroid formation ability of the prostate cancer cells was significantly hampered by γ‐T3 treatment. In addition, pretreatment of PC‐3 cells with γ‐T3 was found to suppress tumor initiation ability of the cells. More importantly, although CD133‐enriched PC‐3 cells were highly resistant to docetaxel treatment, these cells were as sensitive to γ‐T3 treatment as the CD133‐depleted population. Our data suggest that γ‐T3 may be an effective agent in targeting prostate CSCs, which may account for its anticancer and chemosensitizing effects reported in previous studies.
Inhibition of titanium particle‐induced inflammatory osteolysis through inactivation of cannabinoid receptor 2 by AM630
Authors: Geng D. C. , Xu Y. Z. , Yang H. L. , Zhu X. S. , Zhu G. M. , Wang X. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWear particle could induce inflammatory osteolysis and is the primary pathological factor for aseptic loosening. Although it is known that cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) inhibits osteoclast differentiation, the effect on inflammatory osteolysis induced by wear particles remains unclear. This study examined the effect of CB2 in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7), which has been shown to be stimulated by titanium (Ti) particles and receptor activator of the NF‐κB ligand (RANKL). Results showed that CB2 expression in RAW cells cultured with Ti particles and RANKL. CB2 inactivation by AM630, a CB2 selective antagonist, effectively inhibited osteoclastogenesis in the differentiation medium system. AM630 treatment (≥100 nM) significantly reduced the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase‐positive cells when compared with the control. Real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that AM630 (100 nM) inhibited mRNA expression of RANK and cathepsin K in RAW cells stimulated by Ti particles and RANKL. Moreover, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay showed that AM630 (100 nM) reduced protein expression of interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α in RAW cells cultured with Ti particles. In addition, 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazoliumbromide revealed that AM630 had no toxic effect on RAW cells. These results suggested that CB2 inactivation by AM630 could provide a promising therapeutic target for treating or preventing aseptic loosening. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
The regioselectivity of the ring opening of 1‐activated or nonactivated 2‐alkoxycarbonyl or 2‐cyanoaziridines by carbanions of the dicarbonyl compounds
Authors: Bouayad Zoheir , Chanet‐Ray Josette , Ducher S. , Vessière Roger 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRing opening of title compounds with alkyl malonates, acetylacetone, methyl acetylacetate, and malononitrile was studied. The regioselectivity of the opening depends on several factors. A phenyl group on C3 favours C3N bond cleavage, whereas C2N bond cleavage is predominant with C3‐substituted or C2H aziridines. Cyanoaziridines are predominantly cleaved at C3N. The aziridine configuration at C2 and C3 is maintained during the cyclisation in pyrrolidones.
Spectroscopic study of inhibition of calcium oxalate calculi growth by Larrea tridentata
Authors: Pinales L. A. , Chianelli R. R. , Durrer W. G. , Pal R. , Narayan M. , Manciu F. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUrolithiasis, the category of diseases associated with the formation of kidney stones, has many causes. However, only a few have been documented as aggravating calculi depositions and aggregations. This amply justifies continued work in developing effective and efficient inhibition and treatment techniques. The recent resurgence in reviews on plant antiurolithiatic activity has given credence to the application of modern spectroscopic analysis, and has led us to this study. Results obtained from Raman and infrared (IR) absorption analysis of inhibited calculi growth resulting from laboratory synthesis of calcium oxalate crystals accompanied by the natural infusion of Larrea tridentata are reported. A visible decrease in calcium oxalate crystal growth with increasing amounts of L. tridentata herbal infusion was observed in photomicrographs, as well as a color change from white‐transparent for pure crystals to light orange‐brown for crystals with inhibitor. Both Raman and IR absorption spectra reveal a monohydrate structure for the crystals grown alone, which transform to a dihydrate morphology with the addition of the L. tridentata inhibitor. Furthermore, the resulting data support the possibilities of the influences, in this complex process, of the nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and its derivative compounds from L. tridentata and the bonding of the magnesium of the inhibitor with the oxalate ion on the surface of the calculi crystals. This assumption corroborates well with the micrographs obtained under higher magnification, which show that the separated small crystallites consist of a darker brownish core, which we attribute to the dominance of growth inhibition by NDGA, surrounded by light transparent thin shells, which possibly correspond to passivation of the crystals by magnesium oxalate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.