bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spanish dental hygienist attitudes to dental radiological protection: assessment of a 1‐day pilot course
Authors: Martínez‐Beneyto Y , Camacho‐Alonso F , Alcaraz‐Baños M , López‐Jornet P , Perez‐Lajarin L 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Objectives:  To determine hygienists’ knowledge of and attitudes to X‐ray equipment and film processing, and to assess both after a 1‐day course.Study population:  One‐hundred and four dental hygienists from the south‐east of Spain attending a 1‐day course in oral radiology.Methodology:  A questionnaire comprising different sections related with socio‐demographic items, X‐ray equipment and the processing of dental films was answered before and after a 1‐day pilot course on radiation protection.Results:  The response rate was 89.42% (n = 93). Of the participants 94.6% were women, with a mean age of 29.52 (SD 6.861) and 7.20 years of professional experience (SD 5.089). The level of knowledge before the course was 48.28%, which increased to 85.62% after the course (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  The prescribed standard was reached by <23.65% of those attending the course at the beginning. Although attending the course led to a considerable improvement, it did not always result in a high level of knowledge of basic radiation equipment and processing.
Maxillary incisor torque with conventional and self‐ligating brackets: a prospective clinical trial
Authors: Pandis N , Strigou S , Eliades T 
Published: August 2010

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Pandis N, Strigou S, Eliades TObjectives –  To test the hypothesis that the engagement mode of wire to bracket affects the buccolingual inclination of maxillary incisors in extraction and non‐extraction treatment with self‐ligating and conventional brackets.Design –  A randomized clinical trial employing a random distribution of variables among the studied populations.Setting and Sample Population –  Private practice of one author. A total of 105 patients followed prospectively, were divided into two groups based on the inclusion of extraction in the treatment planning. These groups were further divided in two subgroups each, one receiving a self‐ligating bracket and the other treated with a conventional Edgewise appliance of the same slot size and prescription.Experimental Variable –  Difference in the buccolingual inclination of maxillary incisors before and after treatment with the two appliances across the two treatment groups (extraction and non‐extraction).Outcome Measure –  Angular measurements of the Sella‐Nasion and Nasion‐A point to maxillary incisor axis.Results –  No difference was found in the mean difference of the two angles measured for the two bracket groups studied.Conclusion –  Self‐ligating brackets seem to be equally efficient in delivering torque to maxillary incisors relative to conventional brackets in extraction and non‐extraction cases.
The Making of American Working‐Class Literature
Authors: Zandy Janet 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis essay traces a line of American literary history that emerges from the lives of workers. Starting with early ballads and songs from indentured servants and enslaved blacks and concluding with contemporary multicultural writing, it documents a process of cultural formation that is embedded in class relationships and struggles. Events in labor history and conditions of unsafe work become the subjects for cultural expression as poems, songs, stories, and novels at the time of the event and as reclaimed cultural/labor antecedents by future generations. The writing shows a reciprocal worker visibility across time and across race, gender, and ethnic differences. The continuous thread is struggle – for physical and material sustainability – and for the right of human expression. Drawing on the chronology of working‐class writing from the anthology, American Working‐Class Literature (co‐edited with Nicholas Coles, Oxford University Press), the author shows how American working‐class literature is at once a literary line, a body of work, and a labor line, the work of bodies.
Duplication of Inferior Vena Cava with Right Renal Hypoplasia
Authors: BAY Boon‐Huat , TAY Samuel Sam‐Wah , NG Yee‐Kong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCongenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC) may have clinical implications. The present case study describes a male cadaver with a duplicated IVC and a hypoplastic right kidney. The IVC is derived embryologically from the development and remodeling of the posterior cardinal, subcardinal and supracardinal veins. The definitive kidneys develop from the metanephros. Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), a positive regulator of angiogenesis and a known inhibitor of tubulogenesis of metanephric tissue in vitro, may provide the link for the concomitant occurrence of the congenital anomalies seen in this case study.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Experimental Approach
Authors: HASHIMOTO Ryozo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCongenital diaphragmatic hernia is the only relatively common congenital malformation which requires operative treatment during the neonatal period, and the incidence is reported to be one in 2,000–5,000 births. Although a diaphragmatic defect can be easily corrected by pulling out the herniated viscera of the chest and closing the diaphragma, the mortality rate of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia is high despite improvements in neonatal intensive care, because the hypoplastic lungs on the affected side can not provide life support after birth. The severity of associated pulmonary hypoplasia is the most important factor determining survival in an infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. From experimental study, it should be emphasized that retardation in the lung growth, regardless of its potential for further growth, just at the time of pleuroperitoneal canal closure, may result in congenital diaphragmatic hernia; the hypoplastic lung on the side of herniation would not result from the compression of the lung by the herniated organs, but it may be induced by the limited space for further growth.
INHIBITION OF ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS GROWTH AND TOXIN PRODUCTION BY GARLIC
Authors: GRAHAM HORACE D. , GRAHAM ERNESTO J. F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMycelial growth and toxin production by Asperigillus parasiticus were inhibited by garlic concentrations of 0.3–0.4%. When the fungus was grown in broth, aflatoxin B1 production was inhibited at a garlic concentration of 0.3% while aflatoxin G1 production was inhibited by 0.25% garlic. When growth on rice, aflatoxin B1 was detected at garlic concentrations of up to 2.5%. Aflatoxin G1 was detected at 1.25% garlic concentration but not above this level.
PROBABILITY OF GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM AS AFFECTED BY STRAIN, CELL AND SEROLOGIC TYPE, INOCULUM SIZE AND TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF INCUBATION IN A MODEL BROTH SYSTEM
Authors: JENSEN MELODY J. , GENIGEORGIS CONSTANTIN , LINDROTH SEPPO 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTUsing factorial design experiments and MPN methodology, we evaluated the probability (P) of growth initiation of 17 individual proteolytic (A,B,F) and non‐proteolytic (B,E,F) C. botulinum strains (spores and cells) in a model broth as it is affected by strain, cell and serologic type, inoculum size (100–106), temperature (4–47°C) and time of incubation (up to 28 days). Regression analyses of the P of growth of the most capable strains for all conditions tested, allowed the development of quantitative equations relating P of growth initiation by one spore or cell to the variables studied. The close agreement between observed and predicted Ps demonstrated the potential usefullness of the modeling approach in studying microbial interactions with food environments.
TOXICOLOGY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE HEAT‐STABLE ENTEROTOXIN OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA IN INFANT AND ADULT MICE
Authors: BEHLING ALISON R. , BEERY JOHN T. , TAYLOR STEVE L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTYersinia enterocolitica heat‐stable enterotoxin (YST) was partially purified by ion exchange, gel filtration and Fast Protein Liquid chromatography. Infant mice given YST orally (p.o.) exhibited diarrhea 4 h after administration; a few infants died by 6.5 h. Pups dosed intraperitoneally (i.p.) and adults dosed p.o., i.p. and intravenously showed no symptoms during the 7 days of observations. Tissues of adult mice orally challenged with YST showed no pathological changes by light microscopy. Livers of infant mice orally dosed with YST showed evidence of severe glycogen depletion. The intestinal tracts of YST‐dosed (p.o.) infant mice exhibited severe pathological changes including: epithelial cell and villous tip necrosis, villous edema, and capillary and lacteal engorgement. Kidneys of YST‐dosed (p.o.) infant mice exhibited devacuolization of the proximal convoluted tubule cells which indicates metabolic inactivity and a probable decrease in the resorption of glomerular filtrate (protein, carbohydrate, electrolytes and water).
THE EVOLVING IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ON FOOD MICROBIOLOGY1
Authors: MONTVILLE THOMAS J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe tools of modern biotechnology are being increasingly adapted by food microbiologists. Genetic probes and monoclonal antibodies have become accepted methods for detecting pathogens and toxins in food. The success of molecular genetic approaches to the problems of traditional fermentations has provided the food safety community with a model for decreased reliance on plate counts and new emphasis on the activity and products of deleterious microorganisms. As the emphasis in all biological sciences becomes increasingly molecular, all microbiologists will come to share the same toolbox‐ a toolbox in which biotechnology comprises only some of the available tools. In the future, these tools may make it possible to genetically engineer resistance to pathogenic microbes into foods.
POTENTIAL OF SMALL RIBOSOMALLY SYNTHESIZED BACTERIOCINS IN DESIGN OF NEW FOOD PRESERVATIVES
Authors: HANSEN J. NORMAN , BANERJEE SHARMILA , BUCHMAN GEORGE W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Nisin and subtilin are bacteriocins that are produced by Streptococcus lactis and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, respectively. Nisin is important as a safe and effective food preservative. Both nisin and subtilin are ribosomally‐synthesized peptides with broad spectrum activity against gram‐positive bacteria. including many pathogenic food spoilage organisms. Since the structures of these antimicrobial bacteriocins are gene‐encoded, they provide an attractive model system for developing ways to use genetic engineering for the design and synthesis of improved and novel food preservatives, and to examine the mechanism of antibacterial action by studying the relationships between structure and function. In order to exploit these possibilities, we have cloned and characterized the genes which encode the peptide precursors of nisin and subtilin. The nisin precursor is 57 amino acids long. with a 23‐residue leader region and a 34‐residue structural region. The subtilin precursor is 56 amino acids long, with a 24‐residue leader and a 32‐residue structural region. Both precursors contain serines, threonines, and cysteines at locations that are appropriate for their involvement in the post‐translational processing events that form the unusual amino acids found in these bacteriocins. The organization of the nisin and subtilin genes was explored by SI‐mapping of the transcripts. Evolutionary relationships were observed by comparing nucleic acid sequences, amino acid sequences, and hydropathic homologies. Nisin and subtilin appear to have a common ancestry, but have been evolving separately for a long time. The striking homology in the hydropathic profiles of the leader regions of the nisin and subtilin peptide precursors indicates that hydropathicity underlies the function of the leader region. which may include participation in post‐translational processing. The similarities and differences between the structures of nisin and subtilin precursors and their respective genes provide insight about ways that their structures could be mutated without destroying processing signals in the precursor peptides. We accordingly conclude that this system will useful in the exploration of ways to use genetic engineering in the design and construction of new and improved food preservatives.
POTENTIAL CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTENDED SHELF‐LIFE REFRIGERATED FOODS: A REVIEW
Authors: CONNER D. E. , SCOTT V. N. , BERNARD D. T. , KAUTTER D. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTClostridium botulinum may pose a hazard in extended shelf‐life refrigerated foods. Nonproteolytic strains ofC. botulinum, which can grow at refrigeration temperatures, may be given sufficient time to grow if the shelf‐life is extensive. Proteolytic strains may grow in these products if temperature abuse occurs. Mild heat treatments and vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging may select for C. botulinum and allow toxicity to occur in organoleptically acceptable products. Multiple barriers and multifactorial experiments to generate predictive models are advocated to ensure safety of extended shelf‐life refrigerated foods.
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF CINNAMON BARK EXTRACT ON ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7, LISTERIA INNOCUA AND FRESH‐CUT APPLE SLICES
Authors: MUTHUSWAMY S. , RUPASINGHE H.P.V. , STRATTON G.W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT The potential for natural antimicrobial compounds extracted from true cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees ) to use as a food additive to extend the shelf life of fresh‐cut apples was investigated. Several different extracts were prepared using cinnamon bark and powder to evaluate their antimicrobial activity on two marker microorganisms, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria innocua. An ethanolic extract of cinnamon bark (2% w/v) inhibited the growth of E. coli and L. innocua by 94 and 87%, respectively. When incorporated in a commercial antibrowning dipping solution, FreshExtend, the cinnamon bark extract (1% w/v) reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the microbial growth on apple slices stored for 12 days at 6C in comparison to the control. The cinnamon extract had no influence on the antibrowning properties of FreshExtend. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis showed that the major chemical constituent of this extract is cinnamic aldehyde.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe consumer demand for convenient and nutritious, minimally processed produce like fresh‐cut apples has been steadily increasing. Identification of natural antimicrobial agents that are acceptable to the consumer is a challenge to the fresh‐cut industry. In this study, we discovered antimicrobial properties of a cinnamon extract and identified the principal antimicrobial compound as cinnamic aldehyde. For the first time, we demonstrated that this generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compound could be used with a commercial post‐cut dipping solution (FreshExtend) to inhibit significantly the microbial growth on refrigerated apple slices. Therefore, this innovative study provides a new insight into the possible use of cinnamon extracts or cinnamic aldehyde as natural antimicrobial agents in the processing of sliced apples and other minimally processed fruits and vegetables to assure the microbial food safety.
DETERMINING A SERIES OF WHOLE WHEAT DIFFERENCE THRESHOLDS FOR USE IN A GRADUAL ADJUSTMENT INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE CHILDREN'S LIKING OF WHOLE‐WHEAT BREAD ROLLS
Authors: DELK JOANNE , VICKERS ZATA 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT The first objective of this research was to determine if elementary school‐aged children preferred refined bread to whole‐wheat bread. The second objective was to set a series of difference threshold steps that could be used for an intervention to gradually and undetectably increase whole‐wheat flour content in a bread roll. We conducted a taste test with 103 elementary school children in which they rated their liking of bread rolls containing various levels of whole wheat. The rolls with lower levels of whole wheat were liked better than the rolls with higher levels. We established difference thresholds for whole‐wheat flour in rolls over the range of 0–100% whole wheat using ascending forced‐choice tests. From these thresholds, we established the following series of concentrations (%): 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 26, 32, 38, 47, 59, 72 and 91. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe series of whole wheat concentrations we determined can be used in an intervention to gradually increase the whole‐wheat content of bread rolls. More broadly, they could be used by any foodservice operation, manufacturer or cook that wants to gradually increase the whole‐wheat content of bread or related products and have that increase remain undetected by consumers. This strategy of gradually increasing whole‐wheat content has the potential to markedly increase the consumption of whole grains, thus, improving health.
REPEATED TESTING AND RINSING REGIMENS FOR TOOTHPASTES WITH VARIOUS COOLING AND BURN INTENSITIES: IMPACT ON DISCRIMINATION AND REPEATABILITY
Authors: ALLISON ANN‐MARIE A. , CHAMBERS EDGAR , CHAMBERS DELORES H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Descriptive sensory studies were used to (1) determine the impact of rinsing on residual cooling from strongly mentholated toothpaste and (2) the effect of interstimulus delay on discrimination and repeatability of scores for mint‐flavored toothpastes. The panelists brushed their teeth and evaluated residual cooling and burn. In the first experiment, rinsing with crackers and water reduced the time needed to reach a negligible score compared to no rinse or a water only rinse. In the second experiment, samples were evaluated with interstimulus delays from 4 to 24 min. Discrimination of oral cooling was more consistent with longer interstimulus delays, but even with a 24‐min regimen, oral burn sometimes demonstrated slight, but significant, sensitization, a carry‐over effect. These results suggest that testing toothpaste products, and perhaps other products with high levels of cooling, requires considerable time between testing, which limits the number of samples that can be tested in a single session. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSResearchers and scientists who work with products where oral cooling is a primary effect, such as mentholated toothpastes, mouthwashes and confections must be careful that the sensory testing they conduct on these products is not jeopardized by carryover during testing. This research helps to establish guidelines for testing oral cooling products, especially toothpaste. Data suggest that testing of toothpaste products, which can be both physically irritating from brushing as well as chemically irritating from chemesthetic substances such as menthol, need considerable time (approximately 24 min based on this research) and appropriate rinsing between samples. In addition, products with high levels of cooling may need to be tested in separate tests or intentionally placed later in testing sequences in order to reduce their impact on other samples.
Review article: aspirin, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and cyclo‐oxygenase‐1 sparing agents
Authors: WEAVER A. L. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryUntil recently, cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors were one of the mainstays of therapy for patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis because of their improved gastrointestinal safety profile compared with traditional, non‐selective non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.The withdrawal of both rofecoxib and valdecoxib from the market because of concerns about cardiovascular risk has prompted a re‐evaluation of treatment choices for arthritis patients who require treatment with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, both prescription and over‐the‐counter, are widely used in the USA. Patients often take several agents concurrently which significantly increases their risk of gastrointestinal adverse events. In addition, many patients also take low‐dose aspirin because of its proven beneficial effects in the prevention of cardiovascular events. However, large clinical trials have shown that the concomitant use of aspirin negates the gastrointestinal‐sparing effects of selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors.Clinicians need to consider a patient's cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks when prescribing non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and in the case of non‐selective non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, gastroprotection with an agent such as a proton‐pump inhibitor or misoprostol should be considered, particularly in aspirin users.
Multifunctional Agriculture ‐ Real Concerns, or Just an Excuse? La multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture ‐ Une préoccupation réelle ou une simple excuse? Multifunktionale Landwirtschaft ‐ echte Belange oder nur eine Ausrede?
Authors: Johansen Terje Riis 
Published: August 2010

summaryMultifunctional Excuse? Agriculture ‐ Real Concerns, or Just an Excuse?Economic trade theories show that rational governments would not subsidize their farmers but would support free trade and ensure that comparative advantages were exploited. Despite this, governments all over the world choose to subsidize their agricultural sector. We must recognize that agricultural food production is different from other types of production. No country can afford to put an end to the environmental, cultural and national identity issues associated with domestic food production. International systems for trade and economic cooperation must take into account that conditions vary greatly between countries, and room must therefore be left for domestic adjustments that suit nationally defined goals, values and conditions. Norway has particularly challenging conditions for agricultural production with a harsh climate and low population density Still the multifunctional values of agricultural production are goals in themselves and in certain cases these values cannot be produced without agricultural production itself. Theorists must take this into account in developing useful theoretical models that will help us politicians develop good policies. This is also true for values and costs that future environmental challenges, like climate change, will offer. Economic researchers are faced with the challenge of including both non‐tradable values as well as environmental concerns when shaping future economic models.
Quantifying the Benefits of Conservation Auctions Quantifier les avantages des enchères pour sélectionner les participants à des programmes de conservation Quantitative Bestimmung des Nutzens von Versteigerungen für Umweltschutzmaßnahmen
Authors: Latacz‐Lohmann Uwe , Schilizzi Steven 
Published: August 2010

summaryQuantifying the Benefits of Conservation AuctionsMost EU conservation schemes offer a single, fixed payment for compliance with a predetermined set of management prescriptions. Alternatively, the conservation tasks could be put up for tender: landholders are invited to bid competitively for a limited number of conservation contracts. Theory suggests that bidding reduces over‐compensation and increases the cost‐effectiveness of conservation contracting. There is, to date, little evidence about the cost‐effectiveness gains of such conservation auctions vis‐à‐vis the more traditional fixed‐payment schemes, and what evidence does exist appears inconclusive. Building on available theory, this work uses controlled laboratory experiments to investigate the budgetary and the economic performance of conservation auctions. The experiments were carried out in two countries to check for robustness of results. We find that conservation auctions outperform the more traditional fixed‐price schemes in the one‐shot setting: one unit of environmental benefit paid at a fixed rate would have cost 10 to 60 per cent more than the auction, depending on the fixed‐rate benchmark chosen. With identical repetition, however, the auction quickly loses its edge, making it possible for the auction to be outperformed by an equivalent fixed‐rate programme. Our results suggest that previous estimates of conservation auction performance have been far too optimistic.