bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IgM, FcμRs, and Malarial Immune Evasion
Authors: Czajkowsky Daniel M. , Salanti Ali , Ditlev Sisse B. , Shao Zhifeng , Ghumra Ashfaq , Rowe J. Alexandra , Pleass Richard J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
IgM is an ancestral Ab class found in all jawed vertebrates, from sharks to mammals. This ancient ancestry is shared by malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) that infect all classes of terrestrial vertebrates with whom they coevolved. IgM, the least studied and most enigmatic of the vertebrate Igs, was recently shown to form an intimate relationship with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. In this article, we discuss how this association might have come about, building on the recently determined structure of the human IgM pentamer, and how this interaction could affect parasite survival, particularly in light of the just-discovered FcμR localized to B and T cell surfaces. Because this parasite may exploit an interaction with IgM to limit immune detection, as well as to manipulate the immune response when detected, a better understanding of this association may prove critical for the development of improved vaccines or vaccination strategies.
Paradigm Shift or Annoying Distraction
Authors: O’Donnell J. , Clayton M. , Anderson P. , Krueger A. , Spallek H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWeb 2.0 technologies, known as social media, social technologies or Web 2.0, have emerged into the mainstream. As they grow, these new technologies have the opportunity to influence the methods and procedures of many fields. This paper focuses on the clinical implications of the growing Web 2.0 technologies. Five developing trends are explored: information channels, augmented reality, location-based mobile social computing, virtual worlds and serious gaming, and collaborative research networks. Each trend is discussed based on their utilization and pattern of use by healthcare providers or healthcare organizations. In addition to explorative research for each trend, a vignette is presented which provides a future example of adoption. Lastly each trend lists several research challenge questions for applied clinical informatics.
Citation: Spallek H, O’Donnell J, Clayton M, Anderson P, Krueger A. Paradigm shift or annoying distraction – emerging implications of Web 2.0 for clinical practice. Appl Clin Inf 2010; 1: 96–115 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2010-01-CR-0003
Antibiotic‐Loaded PLGA Nanofibers for Wound Healing Applications
Authors: Soscia David A. , Raof Nurazhani Abdul , Xie Yubing , Cady Nathaniel C. , Gadre Anand P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIncorporating antibiotics into biocompatible nanoscale non‐woven fibrous mats could provide utility for wound healing applications and for incorporation into wound dressing materials. In this study, the antibiotic chloramphenicol (Cm) was incorporated into electrospun poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers, which were then tested for inhibition of bacterial growth for multiple bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). In addition, the cytotoxicity of Cm‐PLGA nanofibers was examined for two types of mammalian cells including mouse embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts. Electrospun PLGA nanofibers containing Cm were able to reduce bacterial growth on solid agar plates for all species except for P. aeruginosa. In liquid culture, Cm‐loaded nanofibers inhibited growth for E. coli, B. cereus and S. typhimurium by 93% or greater, while P. aeruginosa and S. aureus growth was inhibited by 42% and 56%, respectively. Cm‐loaded nanofibers showed limited cytoxicity on fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells, with viability greater than 96% for all conditions tested. These results suggest that Cm can be successfully incorporated into electrospun nanofibers and that these fibers could be used for wound healing applications with minimal cytotoxicity to the surrounding tissue.
Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent and Soluble 1,2,4‐Linking Hyperbranched Poly(arylenevinylene) Featuring Intramolecular Energy Funneling
Authors: Xie Zengqi , Yoon Seong‐Jun , Park Soo Young 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and optical properties of a highly soluble (>200 mg mL−1) and highly fluorescent (ΦF in film = 0.64) 1,2,4‐linking hyperbranched poly(arylenevinylene) (1,2,4‐hb‐PAV) prepared via Wittig reaction of A3 (biphenyl‐tricarbaldehyde) and B2 (phosphonium salt) monomers is reported. The molecular weight of 1,2,4‐hb‐PAV can be precisely controlled by the amount of the base (NaOCH3) used in the polymerization. The absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of 1,2,4‐hb‐PAV shows distinct red‐shifts compared to conventional 1,3,5‐linking hyperbranched poly(arylenevinylene) (1,3,5‐hb‐PAV), attributed to the extended π‐conjugation along ortho‐ (1,2‐) and para‐ (1,4‐) links. The inherent energy gradient from the shorter branches to the longer conjugated stem in 1,2,4‐hb‐PAV enabled a characteristic energy funneling effect, which is absent in conventional hyperbranched polymer of 1,3,5‐hb‐PAV.
Chemistry of Ferroelectric Surfaces
Authors: Garrity K. , Kolpak A. M. , Ismail‐Beigi S. , Altman E. I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt has been recognized since the 1950s that the polar and switchable nature of ferroelectric surfaces can potentially lead to polarization direction‐dependent surface chemistry. Recent theoretical studies and advances in growing high quality epitaxial ferroelectric thin films have motivated a flurry of experimental studies aimed at creating surfaces with switchable adsorption and catalytic properties, as well as films whose polarization direction switches depending on the gas phase environment. This research news article briefly reviews the key findings of these studies. These include observations that the adsorption strengths, and in certain cases the activation energies for reactions, of polar molecules on the surfaces of ferroelectric materials are sensitive to the polarization direction. For bare ferroelectric surfaces, the magnitudes of these differences are not large, but are still comparable to the energy barrier required to switch the polarization of ∼10 nm thick films. Highlights of a recent study where chemical switching of a thin film ferroelectric was demonstrated are presented. Attempts to use the ferroelectric polarization to influence the behavior of supported catalytic metals will also be described. It will be shown that the tendency of the metals to cluster into particles makes it difficult to alter the chemical properties of the metal surface, since it is separated from the ferroelectric by several layers of metal atoms. An alternate approach to increasing the reactivity of ferroelectric surfaces is suggested that involves modifying the surface with atoms that bind strongly to the surface and thus remain atomically dispersed.
Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Synthesis of 2‐Iminodihydrocoumarins and 2‐Iminocoumarins
Authors: Shen Yang , Cui Sunliang , Wang Jing , Chen Xiaopeng , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of N‐sulfonyl‐substituted 2‐imino‐3,4‐dihydrocoumarins and 2‐iminocoumarins via a copper‐catalyzed multicomponent reaction of sulfonyl azides with terminal alkynes and β‐(ortho‐hydroxyphenyl)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones or ortho‐hydroxyphenylpropiolates has been developed. The cascade process involves trapping the keteimine by a nucleophilic addition and an intramolecular Michael addition. This methodology could well be extended to the concise synthesis of the polysubstituted piperidine scaffold.
Auditory function and hearing loss in children and adults with Williams syndrome: Cochlear impairment in individuals with otherwise normal hearing
Authors: Marler Jeffrey A. , Sitcovsky Jessica L. , Mervis Carolyn B. , Kistler Doris J. , Wightman Frederic L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHearing loss is common in school‐age individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) and extensive in adults. Prior studies with relatively small sample sizes suggest that hearing loss in WS has an early onset and may be progressive, yet the auditory phenotype and the scope of the hearing loss have not been adequately characterized. We used standard audiometric tools: Otoscopy, tympanometry, air‐conduction (bone conduction when available) behavioral testing, and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) to measure hearing sensitivity and outer hair cell function. We tested 81 individuals with WS aged 5.33–59.50 years. Sixty‐three percent of the school‐age and 92% of the adult participants had mild to moderately‐severe hearing loss. The hearing loss in at least 50% was sensorineural. DPOAE testing corroborated behavioral results. Strikingly, 12 of 14 participants with hearing within normal limits bilaterally had 4,000‐Hz DPOAE input/output (DPOAE IO) functions indicative of outer hair cell damage and impaired cochlear compression. Our results indicate that hearing loss is very common in WS. Furthermore, individuals with WS who have “normal” hearing as defined by behavioral thresholds may actually have sub‐clinical impairments or undetected cochlear pathology. Our findings suggest outer hair cell dysfunction in otherwise normal hearing individuals. The DPOAE IO in this same group revealed growth functions typically seen in groups with noise‐induced damage. Given this pattern of findings, individuals with WS may be at increased risk of noise‐induced hearing loss. Recommendations regarding audiological testing for individuals with WS and accommodations for these individuals in both academic and nonacademic settings are provided. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feste Lösungen bei der Dissoziation von Iridiumoxyden
Authors: Wöhler Lothar , Wltzmann W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractZusammenfassung.1 . Die Spannungskurve des Dioxydes wurde aufgenommen und die bei der Zersetzung desselben erhaltenen niedrigeren Drucke als Erscheinung fester Lösung erkannt. Die Abhängigkeit der Drucke von der Konzentration der letzteren der Substanzbeschaffenheit wurde dargetan.2. In Uebereinstimmung mit der Druckkurve wurde 1070 ° als die geeignetste ‘Temperatur zur schnellen Oxydation metallischen Iridiums Sauerstoff’ zu Dioxyd erkannt.3. Die Unbeständigkeit des Iridiumsesquioxyds und des Oxyduls bei der Zersetzungstemperatur und dem Druck zerfallenden Dioxyds wurde gezeigt und damit der Zerfall Dioxyds in Metall und Sauerstoff nachgewiesen. Es wurde thermodynamisch die Wärmetönung dieser Reaktion in grober Annäherung berechnet zu rund 50 Kal.4. Bei fortschreitender Zersetzung des Dioxyds wurde die Bildung zweier gesättigter Lösungen konstanten Druckes festgestellt und damit die von Deville und Debray beobachtete Unabhängigkeit der Zersetzungsspannung von dem Zersetzungsgrad aufgeklärt. Interessante Ueberschreitungserscheinungen wurden hierbei beobachtet.5. Die Flüchtigkeit des Iridiums in Sauerstoff bei Temperaturen von 750 bis 1000 ° wurde quantitativ bestimmt, die Verflüchtigung mit Bildung eines endothermen Oxydes zu deuten versucht.
Polytomous logistic regression as a tool for exploring heterogeneity across birth defect subtypes: An example using anencephaly and spina bifida
Authors: Lupo Philip J. , Symanski Elaine , Waller D. Kim , Chan Wenyaw , Canfield Mark A. , Langlois Peter H. , Mitchell Laura E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn birth defect epidemiology, phenotypic subgroups are often combined into a composite phenotype in an effort to increase statistical power. Although the validity of using composite phenotypes has been questioned, formal evaluations of the underlying assumption of effect homogeneity across component phenotypes have not been conducted.METHODSPolytomous logistic regression was used to assess effect heterogeneity of several generally accepted neural tube defect (NTD) risk factors across the component phenotypes of anencephaly and spina bifida. Data for these analyses were obtained from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.RESULTSThe use of a composite phenotype has the potential to mask associations specific to a component phenotype and in some cases the effect of a variable may be misattributed to the composite phenotype. For example, an association between infant sex and anencephaly (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–1.9) was masked when data from all NTDs were analyzed (AOR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9–1.3), whereas an association with maternal body mass index that was specific to spina bifida (AOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6–2.4) was attributed to all NTDs (AOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4–2.0). Furthermore, conclusions regarding effect heterogeneity based on ad hoc comparisons, rather than some formal assessment, may be vulnerable to considerable subjectivity, as was the case for the association of maternal Hispanic ethnicity with spina bifida (AOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2–1.8) and anencephaly (AOR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5–2.8).CONCLUSIONSPolytomous logistic regression provides a useful tool for evaluating putative risk factors for which there is no a priori basis for assuming effect homogeneity across component phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of 60Co‐gamma radiosterilization on Chinese medicines with HPLC/FTIR
Authors: Huang Chiung‐Hua , Lee Shih‐Chang , Chen Yueh‐Sheng , Yao Chun‐Hsu 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of radiosterilization on 30 Chinese medicines using γ‐rays from the isotope 60Co. Two groups of Chinese medicines, non‐treated and dry samples, were treated using a 60Co irradiation source at the doses 0, 3, 6 and 9 kGy. After storage for 3 months, characterizations of chemical compounds and functional groups were performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of radiosterlization showed that nearly all of the medicines were decontaminated under the dose of 9 kGy. In most samples, chemical compounds and functional groups were not altered by the irradiation treatment. However, minor changes were found in the molecular structures of 14 medicines under the reported ‘safety dose’ (10 kGy). The drying process before irradiation could decrease the chemical changes caused by γ‐rays to 50%. The HPLC analysis of nine medicines revealed minor changes at a dose of 3 kGy. The findings in this study provide important information that may suggest the need for a re‐evaluation of the reported safety dose. Therefore, further investigation may be warranted to insure the safety of γ‐radiosterlization of Chinese medicines. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement in the Collision Intensity of Grinding Media in High Energy Impact Mills
Authors: Prasad D. V. N. , Theuerkauf J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe effect of the grinding chamber length and the grinding media diameter in a Spex 8000M mixer mill was reported earlier [1]. Now a modification of the grinding chamber shape was investigated. The results presented are based on DEM (discrete element method) simulations performed for the same mass of grinding media in all cases. It was found that the rounded end caps of the grinding chamber gave higher collisional intensities of the grinding media compared to the flat end caps. The collision intensity can be maximized by adjusting the roundness of the end caps. For end cap curvatures of R/3 and R/4 (R is the radius of the grinding chamber), along the horizontal axis results in the highest intensity collisions compared to other cases studied. The maximum increase in the grinding media collision intensity in modified end caps was observed to be about 75 % for one particular grinding media diameter.
Retarding Effect of Contaminants on the Performance of a Two‐Impinging‐Jets Liquid‐Liquid Extraction Contactor
Authors: Saien J. , Doghahe S. A. O. , Dehkordi A. M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn industrial liquid‐liquid extraction processes, the feed is not clean liquid but there are various kinds of contaminants in the feed entering the extractors. In this regard, a two‐impinging‐jets contacting device (TIJCD) was tested through the standard test system recommended by the European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE), namely toluene‐acetone‐water, in the presence and absence of various types of surface‐active agents (SAAs). The influences of anionic, cationic, and nonionic SAAs such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTMAC), and octylphenol decaethylene glycol ether (Triton X‐100), respectively, on the extraction efficiency and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient of a TIJCD were investigated. It was found that the presence of a little amount of the above named contaminants greatly decreases the performance capability of the TIJCD. On the basis of the experimental results obtained for various types of surfactants, the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients obtained have satisfactorily been correlated in terms of Weber (We) and Eötvös (Eö) numbers.
Role of Different Parameters in the Optimization of Hydrodynamic Cavitation
Authors: Braeutigam P. , Franke M. , Wu Z.‐L. , Ondruschka B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLow pressure setups (up to 150 psi) for creating hydrodynamic cavitation are investigated in this study. The decomposition of chloroform in water is used as a model reaction. The effects of upstream pressure, fluid velocity, Cavitation number, Cv, and β0 on the conversion are compared with regard to the effectiveness (conversion per pass) with changing flow conditions and scale‐up terms within three different setups. The values of Cv and β0 are seen to be significant parameters in optimizing the hydrodynamic cavitation. Moreover, the optimal values of these parameters shift to smaller values with increasing pipe diameter. The influence of a new orifice plate specific parameter, δ, on the collapse conditions, is also described.
Assessing the influence of heart rate in local hemodynamics through coupled 3D‐1D‐0D models
Authors: Blanco P. J. , Urquiza S. A. , Feijóo R. A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this study, a coupled dimensionally‐heterogeneous model of the systemic circulation is applied in order to study computationally the influence of the heart rate in the local hemodynamics. This is achieved by using a 3D‐1D‐0D model of the whole arterial tree accounting for: details of the local blood flow in the vessel of interest through 3D models, the wave propagation phenomena in the larger arteries by means of 1D models and, the peripheral microvascular beds via 0D models. Two applications are presented which aim at assessing the influence of the global setting of the vascular network on the local hemodynamics. In the first example, the hemodynamics in a patient‐specific model of the abdominal aorta is studied for two different systemic scenarios corresponding to different resting heart rates. In the second example, the blood flow in a standardized model of the carotid artery is analyzed for different heart rates including the resting state and several other exercise regimes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extreme scalability challenges in micro‐finite element simulations of human bone
Authors: Bekas C. , Curioni A. , Arbenz P. , Flaig C. , Van Lenthe G. H. , Müller R. , Wirth A. J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCoupling recent imaging capabilities with microstructural finite element (µFE) analysis offers a powerful tool to determine bone stiffness and strength. It shows high potential to improve the individual fracture risk prediction, a tool much needed in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis, that is, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), second only to cardiovascular disease as a leading health‐care problem. We adapted a multilevel preconditioned conjugate gradient method to solve the very large voxel models that arise in the µFE bone structure analysis. The intricate microstructure properties of bone lead to sparse matrices with billions of rows, thus rendering this application to be an ideal candidate for massively parallel architectures such as the BG/L Supercomputer. In this work we present our progress as well as the challenges we were able to identify in our quest to achieve scalability to thousands of BG/L cores. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
JEL: unified resource tracking for parallel and distributed applications
Authors: Drost Niels , van Nieuwpoort Rob V. , Maassen Jason , Seinstra Frank , Bal Henri E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWhen parallel applications are run in large‐scale distributed environments, such as grids, peer‐to‐peer (P2P) systems, and clouds, the set of resources used can change dynamically as machines crash, reservations end, and new resources become available. It is vital for applications to respond to these changes. Therefore, it is necessary to keep track of the available resources—a problem which is known to be notoriously difficult. In this article we argue that resource tracking must be provided as the standard functionality in the lower parts of the software stack. We propose a general solution to resource tracking: the Join–Elect–Leave (JEL) model. JEL provides unified resource tracking for parallel and distributed applications across environments. JEL is a simple yet powerful model based on notifying when resources have Joined or Left the computation. We demonstrate that JEL is suitable for resource tracking in a wide variety of programming models, ranging from the fixed resource sets traditionally used in MPI‐1 to flexible grid‐oriented programming models. We compare several JEL implementations, and show these to perform and scale well in several real‐world scenarios involving grids, clouds and P2P systems applied concurrently, and wide‐area systems with failing resources. Using JEL, we have won the first prize in a number of international distributed computing competitions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microemulsion synthesis and characterization of aluminum doped ZnO nanorods
Authors: Lim S. K. , Hwang S. H. , Kim S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAluminium doped ZnO (AZO) nanorods were synthesized by microemulsion method with different types of surfactants. Scanning electron microscopy observations show that the ZnO nanorods have diameters around about 80 nm and lengths up to several micrometers. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of AZO nanorods exhibited a sharp and strong ultraviolet bandgap at 383 nm and a relatively weaker emission associated with the defect level. AZO nanorods synthesized with sodium benzene sulfonate (SBS) surfactant showed lower resistivity than aluminum doped ZnO nanorods synthesized with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DBS) surfactant. Resistivity of AZO nanorods synthesized with SBS surfactant showed 2.8×103 Ωcm. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dehydration behaviour of hydrates
Authors: Dette S. S. , Stelzer T. , Jones M. J. , Ulrich J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractImmersing a crystalline solvate in a suitable anti‐solvent can induce phase transformation to solvent‐free solid phase. In certain cases the solvent‐mediated phase transition results in the generation of hollow, tubular structures. Both the tube dimensions of sodium‐2‐keto‐L‐gulonate anhydrate (skga) and the dehydration kinetics of sodium‐2‐keto‐L‐gulonate monohydrate (skgm) can be modified by the antisolvent employed. An explanation for the variable dehydration behaviour of skgm in the antisolvents is presented here. Furthermore, other crystalline hydrates were dehydrated in dry methanol. Providing an operational window can be found, any hydrate material could possibly find use in the production of tubes (micro‐ or nanotubes for different applications). The experimental conditions selected (dry methanol as antisolvent, dehydration temperature at 25 °C) for the dehydration did not lead to the anhydrate tube growth for all hydrates investigated. Based upon the results presented here a first hypothesis is presented to explain this effect. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)