bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Models in Reservoir Engineering Studies - An Appraisal
Authors: Rose Walter , Gilchrist Ralph E. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
An examination is made of the subject matter of the science of reservoir engineering. It is seen that of the several remaining unsolved aspects, the estimation of reserves and recovery presents a problem of practical importance. This problem, as well as many others encountered in the study of reservoir engineering, is of such complexity that rigorous analytical solution is not possible. In special cases approximate solutions are possible but these usually give information of only qualitative significance. The conclusion is thus made that study of these complex reservoir engineering problems by models might be an acceptable substitute procedure.
Therefore, the basic postulates of dimensional analysis are reviewed, and the theory of model construction is described. Model types are classified as physical and analog models, scaled and unscaled models, and exact and verification models. Examples of these types are given, followed by a general discussion of the application of models for the solution of reservoir problems. Reference is also made to the limitations of model work and to the practical difficulties encountered in the laboratory construction of models. Finally, a new type of model called the fluid mapper, which heretofore has not been described in the literature of reservoir engineering, is discussed both with regard to the underlying theory and with regard to possible specific applications.
The general conclusion is drawn that some of the advantages of model study have been largely overlooked by reservoir engineers. Specifically, it is concluded that model study provides the most suitable procedure for evaluation of reserve and recovery factors. It is also concluded that the fluid mapper model technique offers promise of solving certain reservoir engineering problems which heretofore have defied analytical description.
Statistical, noise-related non-classicality’s indicator
Authors: Pennini Flavia , Plastino Angelo , Ferri Gustavo 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Finding signs of the classical-quantum border is a very important task of perennial interest. We show, using semiclassical arguments, that the frontier between the classical and quantum domains can be characterized by recourse to idiosyncratic features of a delimiter parameter associated with the concepts of i) noise) ii) Husimi distribution functions, iii) Wherl’s entropy, and iv) escort distributions.
Clinical outcome after 450 revascularization procedures for moyamoya disease
Authors: Guzman Raphael , Lee Marco , Achrol Achal , Bell-Stephens Teresa , Kelly Michael , Do Huy M. , Marks Michael P. , Steinberg Gary K. 
Published: May 2009

Object
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disease mainly described in the Asian literature. To address a lack of data on clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes in the treatment of MMD in North America, the authors analyzed their experience at Stanford University Medical Center. They report on a consecutive series of patients treated for MMD and detail their demographics, clinical characteristics, and long-term surgical outcomes.

Methods
Data obtained in consecutive series of 329 patients with MMD treated microsurgically by the senior author (G.K.S.) between 1991 and 2008 were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and surgical data were prospectively gathered and neurological outcomes assessed in postoperative follow-up using the modified Rankin Scale. Association of demographic, clinical, and surgical data with postoperative outcome was assessed by chi-square, uni- and multivariate logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses.

Results
The authors treated a total of 233 adult patients undergoing 389 procedures (mean age 39.5 years) and 96 pediatric patients undergoing 168 procedures (mean age 10.1 years). Direct revascularization technique was used in 95.1% of adults and 76.2% of pediatric patients. In 264 patients undergoing 450 procedures (mean follow-up 4.9 years), the surgical morbidity rate was 3.5% and the mortality rate was 0.7% per treated hemisphere. The cumulative 5-year risk of perioperative or subsequent stroke or death was 5.5%. Of the 171 patients presenting with a transient ischemic attack, 91.8% were free of transient ischemic attacks at 1 year or later. Overall, there was a significant improvement in quality of life in the cohort as measured using the modified Rankin Scale (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Revascularization surgery in patients with MMD carries a low risk, is effective at preventing future ischemic events, and improves quality of life. Patients in whom symptomatic MMD is diagnosed should be offered revascularization surgery.
Aerobic, Copper‐Mediated Oxidation of Alkaline Formaldehyde to Fuel‐Cell Grade Hydrogen and Formate: Mechanism and Applications
Authors: Preti Debora , Squarcialupi Sergio , Fachinetti Giuseppe 
Published: May 2009

AbstractJenseits von Nanopulvern: Wasserstoff und Formiat entstehen bei der Oxidation von alkalischem HCHO durch CuO‐Mikropartikel. Die durch rein elektrochemische Reduktion von CuO gebildeten Cu‐Mikropartikel behalten die Morphologie von CuO bei (linkes Bild: CuO; rechtes Bild: durch Reduktion von CuO durch alkalisches HCHO gebildetes Cu) und sind gasdurchlässig. Sie reagieren effizienter als Cu‐Nanopartikel mit Luft zu CuO zurück.magnified image
Lithium‐Doped 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks: High‐Capacity Hydrogen Storage Materials
Authors: Cao Dapeng , Lan Jianhui , Wang Wenchuan , Smit Berend 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEine mehrskalige theoretische Methode sagt voraus, dass die gravimetrischen Adsorptionskapazitäten von H2 in lithiumdotierten kovalenten organischen Gerüsten auf Basis der gezeigten Bausteine (Li violett, H weiß, B pink, C grün, O rot, Si gelb) bei T=298 K und p=100 bar fast 7 % erreichen können; damit sind diese lithiumdotierten Materialien vielversprechende Adsorbentien zur Wasserstoffspeicherung.magnified image
Aerobic, Copper‐Mediated Oxidation of Alkaline Formaldehyde to Fuel‐Cell Grade Hydrogen and Formate: Mechanism and Applications
Authors: Preti Debora , Squarcialupi Sergio , Fachinetti Giuseppe 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBeyond nanopowders: Hydrogen and formate are produced through the oxidation of alkaline HCHO by CuO microparticles. The Cu microparticles formed in the purely electrochemical reduction of CuO preserve the morphology of CuO (left‐hand image: CuO; right‐hand image: Cu formed in the reduction of CuO by alkaline HCHO) and can be permeated by a gas. They react more efficiently than Cu nanoparticles with air to restore CuO.magnified image
Lithium‐Doped 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks: High‐Capacity Hydrogen Storage Materials
Authors: Cao Dapeng , Lan Jianhui , Wang Wenchuan , Smit Berend 
Published: May 2009

AbstractQuick on the uptake: A multiscale theoretical method predicts that the gravimetric adsorption capacities of H2 in Li‐doped covalent organic frameworks based on the building blocks shown (Li violet, H white, B pink, C green, O red, Si yellow) can reach nearly 7 % at T=298 K and p=100 bar, suggesting that these Li‐doped materials are promising adsorbents for hydrogen storage.magnified image
Leucine Side‐Chain Conformation and Dynamics in Proteins from 13C NMR Chemical Shifts
Authors: Mulder Frans A. A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractLook to the left: The carbon nucleus of a substituent in the gauche position about a subtending dihedral angle experiences an NMR chemical shift of about 5 ppm relative to the same chemical group present in the trans position. We demonstrate that this “γ‐gauche effect” can be utilized to determine the conformation and extent of rotameric averaging for leucine amino acid side chains in the protein calbindin D9k. The success of this approach suggests that rules can be established to define the orientation of other side chains in proteins as well, offering an easy gauge of protein side‐chain flexibility, as well as avenues to advance protein structure determination by using side‐chain chemical shifts.magnified image
Fast Ruthenium‐Catalysed Allylation of Thiols by Using Allyl Alcohols as Substrates
Authors: Zaitsev Alexey B. , Caldwell Helen F. , Pregosin Paul S. , Veiros Luis F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGreen and fast: Allylation of aromatic and aliphatic thiols, by using allyl alcohols as substrates, requires only minutes at ambient temperature with a Ru catalyst (see scheme). Quantitative conversion is normal and the catalyst possesses high functional‐group tolerance.magnified imageThe allylation of aromatic and aliphatic thiols, by using allyl alcohols as substrates, requires only minutes at ambient temperature with either a RuIV catalyst, [Ru(Cp*)(η3‐C3H5)(CH3CN)2](PF6)2 (2; Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) or a combination of [Ru(Cp*)(CH3CN)3](PF6) and camphor sulfonic acid. Quantitative conversion is normal and the catalyst possesses high functional‐group tolerance. The use of [Ru(Cp*)(CH3CN)3](PF6) alone affords poor results. A comparison is made to the results from catalytic runs based on the use of carbonates rather than alcohols, by using 2 as the catalyst, and it is shown that the products from the alcohols are formed faster, so there is no advantage in using a carbonate substrate. The observed branched‐to‐linear (b/l) ratios when using substituted alcohols decrease with time suggesting that the catalysts isomerise the products. A new methodology from which one can select the desired isomeric product is proposed. DFT calculations and NMR spectroscopic measurements, by using an arene sulfonic acid as co‐catalyst, suggest that η6‐complexes are not relevant for the catalytic system. Moreover, the DFT results indicate that 1) any η6‐complexes from the acids RC6H4SO3H result from deprotonation of the acid, 2) complexation of the thiol, via the deprotonated sulfur atom, is preferred over complexation of the O atom of the sulfonate, RC6H4SO3− and 3) a sulfonate O‐atom complex will be difficult to detect.
Synthesis of 2‐(Selenophen‐2‐yl)pyrroles and Their Electropolymerization to Electrochromic Nanofilms
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Mikhaleva Albina I. , Pozo‐Gonzalo Cristina , Pomposo Jose A. , Salsamendi Maitane , Protzuk Nadezhda I. , Zorina Nadezhda V. , Afonin Andrey V. , Vashchenko Alexander V. , Levanova Ekaterina P. , Levkovskaya Galina G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBridging pyrrole and selenophene chemistries: Molecular assemblies have been developed that allow scrutiny of the electronic communication between pyrrole and selenophene nuclei. Divergent syntheses of 2‐(selenophen‐2‐yl)pyrroles and their N‐vinyl derivatives from available 2‐acylselenophenes and acetylenes in a one‐pot procedure have been devised (see scheme), which provide access to these exotic heterocyclic ensembles.magnified imageThe divergent syntheses of 2‐(selenophen‐2‐yl)pyrroles and their N‐vinyl derivatives from available 2‐acylselenophenes and acetylenes in a one‐pot procedure make these exotic heterocyclic ensembles accessible. Now we face a potentially vast area for exploration with a great diversity of far‐reaching consequences including conducting electrochromic polymers with repeating of pyrrole and selenophene units (emerging rivalry for polypyrroles and polyselenophenes), the synthesis of functionalized pyrrole–selenophene assembles for advanced materials, biochemistry and medicine, exciting models for theory of polymer conductivity.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Isomerization and Hydroformylation of Olefins
Authors: Jennerjahn Reiko , Piras Irene , Jackstell Ralf , Franke Robert , Wiese Klaus‐Diether , Beller Matthias 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA novel selective palladium catalyst system based on bidentate 2,2′‐heteroarylarylphosphines and p‐TsOH has been developed for hydroformylation reactions (see scheme). By applying optimal conditions good to excellent regioselectivity is obtained for the hydroformylation of aliphatic and aromatic olefins. It is shown that a low acid concentration is crucial for obtaining high degrees of the linear isomer.magnified imageThe palladium‐catalyzed hydroformylation of 1‐octene has been studied in the presence of different phosphines and acid cocatalysts. The best results are achieved in the presence of in situ‐generated palladium complexes with bidentate phosphines. It is demonstrated that the acid concentration is a crucial factor for obtaining high linear selectivity. A novel optimized catalyst based on an arylheteroarylphosphine has been applied for hydroformylation of different aliphatic and aromatic olefins. Good activity and excellent selectivity towards the linear aldehydes is achieved.
Detecting Sequential Bond Formation Using Three‐Dimensional Thermal Fluctuation Analysis
Authors: Bartsch Tobias F. , Fišinger Samo , Kochanczyk Martin D. , Huang Rongxin , Jonáš Alexandr , Florin Ernst‐Ludwig 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDetecting specific bond formation: The formation of specific bonds between a particle and a substrate results in an immobilization of the particle that occurs in discrete steps, even for nanometer‐sized complexes. Each configuration of bonds corresponds to a characteristic distribution of the particle's thermal position fluctuations (see picture).magnified imageWe present a novel experimental method that solves two key problems in nondestructive mechanical studies of small biomolecules at the single‐molecule level, namely the confirmation of single‐molecule conditions and the discrimination against nonspecific binding. A biotin–avidin ligand–receptor couple is spanned between a glass slide and a 1 μm latex particle using short linker molecules. Optical tweezers are used to initiate bond formation and to follow the particle’s thermal position fluctuations with nanometer spatial and microsecond temporal resolution. Here we show that each step in the specific binding process leads to an abrupt change in the magnitude of the particle’s thermal position fluctuations, allowing us to count the number of bonds formed one by one. Moreover, three‐dimensional position histograms calculated from the particle’s fluctuations can be separated into well‐defined categories reflecting different binding conditions (single specific, multiple specific, nonspecific). Our method brings quantitative mechanical single‐molecule studies to the majority of proteins, paving the way for the investigation of a wide range of phenomena at the single‐molecule level.
The impact of coniferous forest temperature on incoming longwave radiation to melting snow
Authors: Pomeroy John W. , Marks Danny , Link Tim , Ellis Chad , Hardy Janet , Rowlands Aled , Granger Raoul 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMeasurements were conducted in coniferous forests of differing density, insolation and latitude to test whether air temperatures are suitable surrogates for canopy temperature in estimating sub‐canopy longwave irradiance to snow. Air temperature generally was a good representation of canopy radiative temperature under conditions of low insolation. However during high insolation, needle and branch temperatures were well estimated by air temperature only in relatively dense canopies and exceeded air temperatures elsewhere. Tree trunks exceeded air temperatures in all canopies during high insolation, with the relatively hottest trunks associated with direct interception of sunlight, sparse canopy cover and dead trees. The exitance of longwave radiation from these relatively warm canopies exceeded that calculated assuming canopy temperature was equal to air temperature. This enhancement was strongly related to the extinction of shortwave radiation by the canopy. Estimates of sub‐canopy longwave irradiance using either two‐energy source or two thermal regime approaches to evaluate the contribution of canopy longwave exitance performed better than did estimates that used only air temperature and sky view. However, there was little evidence that such corrections are necessary under cloudy or low solar insolation conditions. The longwave enhancement effect due to shortwave extinction was important to sub‐canopy longwave irradiance to snow during clear, sunlit conditions. Longwave enhancement increased with increasing solar elevation angle and decreasing air temperature. Its relative importance to longwave irradiance to snow was insensitive to canopy density. As errors from ignoring enhanced longwave contributions from the canopy accumulate over the winter season, it is important for snow energy balance computations to include the enhancement in order to better calculate snow internal energy and therefore the timing and magnitude of snowmelt and sublimation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of azo dye decolorization by electro‐Fenton in two common electrolytes
Authors: Ma Xiangjuan , Zhou Minghua 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: This study compared the decolorization behaviors of a model azo dye of methyl red in Na2SO4 and NaCl media by electro‐Fenton process, in which FeSO4 was added into the solution, while H2O2 was efficiently generated on a graphite–polytetrafluoroethylene cathode. Parameters such as pH, cathodic potential, electrolyte concentration, and initial dye concentration as well as the treatment time were investigated to disclose different decolorization behaviour.RESULTS: Decolorization in NaCl medium had an advantage over that in Na2SO4 medium not only in performance but also in its suitability for application, which seemed less sensitive to variations in parameters and thus broadened the optimal performance range. In NaCl medium, indirect oxidation by active chlorine contributed greatly to the decolorization, and the removal of methyl red obeyed pseudo‐first‐order kinetics.CONCLUSION: Electro‐Fenton oxidation in the present system in the presence of NaCl would is a promising procedure for azo dye waste‐water treatment. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Study on biological activities of Physalis alkekengi var. francheti polysaccharide
Authors: Ge Yu , Duan Yufeng , Fang Guozhen , Zhang Yan , Wang Shuo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Physalis alkekengi var. francheti is a well‐known edible and medicinal plant in oriental countries. Recent reports indicate that polysaccharides play an important role as a dietary free radical scavenger for the prevention of oxidative damage.RESULTS: Antioxidant studies showed that fruit polysaccharide (FP) had higher scavenging effects on 1,1‐dipheny‐l‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical assay (·OH) than vitamin C and fruit calyx polysaccharide (FCP) in vitro. The results of animal experiments showed that D‐galactose‐induced aging in mice, as evidenced by alterations in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and monoamine oxidase activities and malondialdehyde level, was ameliorated by FP treatment. Moreover, FP could distinctly prolong the loaded‐swimming time of mice, lower the content of blood urea nitrogen of post‐exercise mice, decrease the consumption of liver glycogen and increase the activity of lactic dehydrogenase. All these results suggested that FP functioned in resisting the production of fatigue and accelerating the dispelling of fatigue.CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that Physalis alkekengi var. francheti would be a valuable source of polysaccharide and FP is able to effectively scavenge free radicals, delay aging in mice and resist the production of fatigue. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Piloting a psycho‐education program for parents of pediatric cancer patients in Malaysia
Authors: Othman Azizah , Blunden Sarah , Mohamad Norsarwany , Mohd Hussin Zabidi Azhar , Jamil Osman Zubaidah 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective: To evaluate a psycho‐educational program (PeP) for parents of children with cancer (PoCwC) in Malaysia.Methods: Seventy‐nine parents were invited to be either in an intervention (n=41) or a control group (n=38). Baseline assessment took place upon agreement of participation. Short‐term effects were measured four weeks after the intervention. Control parents received standard care. Intervention parents received, in addition to standard care, 4×50 min sessions of information on childhood cancer and coping strategies.Results: Repeated measures of ANOVAs revealed increased knowledge about cancer (p=0.01) in the intervention parents compared with standard care. Intervention parents reported reduced anxiety and increased activities with children after the program; however, differences were not significant.Conclusions: This PeP, the first of its kind in Malaysia, has significantly increased levels of knowledge among parents of seriously ill children which may point towards the potential for these services to increase coping in Malaysian PoCwC. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activity of antimicrobial peptides in the presence of polysaccharides produced by pulmonary pathogens
Authors: Benincasa M. , Mattiuzzo M. , Herasimenka Y. , Cescutti P. , Rizzo R. , Gennaro R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are secreted in the airway and contribute to initial defence against inhaled pathogens. Infections of the respiratory tract are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm newborns and in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In this latter group, the state of chronic lung infection is due to the ability of bacteria to grow as mucoid biofilm, a condition characterised by overproduction and release of polysaccharides (PSs). In this study, we investigate the effect of PSs produced by lung pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex on the antibacterial activity of structurally different peptides. The AMPs tested in this study include the cathelicidin LL‐37 and the β‐defensin hBD‐3 from humans, both released at the alveolar level, as well as peptides from other mammals, i.e. SMAP‐29, PG‐1 and Bac7(1‐35). Susceptibility assays, time killing and membrane permeabilization kinetics experiments were carried out to establish whether PSs produced by lung pathogens may be involved in the poor defence reaction of infected lungs and thus explain infection persistence. All the PSs investigated inhibited, albeit to a different extent, the antibacterial activity of the peptides tested, suggesting that their presence in the lungs of patients with CF may contribute to the decreased defence response of this district upon infection by PS‐producing microorganisms. The results also show that inhibition of the antibacterial activity is not simply due to ionic interaction between the negatively charged PSs and the cationic AMPs, but it also involves other structural features of both interactors. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated antioxidant bioavailability of OPC‐3® bioflavonoids administered as isotonic solution
Authors: Cesarone Maria R. , Grossi Maria Giovanni , Renzo Andrea Di , Errichi Silvia , Schönlau Frank , Wilmer James L. , Lange Mark , Blumenfeld Julian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe degree of absorption of bioflavonoids, a diverse and complex group of plant derived phytonutrients, has been a frequent debate among scientists. Monomeric flavonoid species are known to be absorbed within 2 h. The kinetics of plasma reactive oxygen species, a reflection of bioactivity, of a commercial blend of flavonoids, OPC‐3® was investigated. OPC‐3® was selected to compare absorption of an isotonic flavonoid solution vs tablet form with the equivalent amount of fluid.In the case of isotonic OPC‐3® the reactive oxygen species of the subject's plasma decreased significantly (p < 0.05), six times greater than OPC‐3® tablets by 10 min post‐consumption. After 20 min the isotonic formulation was approximately four times more bioavailable and after 40 min twice as bioavailable as the tablet, respectively. At time points 1 h and later, both isotonic and tablet formulations lowered oxidative stress, although the isotonic formulation values remained significantly better throughout the investigation period of 4 h. These findings point to a dramatically accelerated bioavailability of flavonoids delivered in an isotonic formulation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.