bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons from understanding the role of community hospital director in Thailand: clinician versus manager
Authors: Taytiwat Prawit , Briggs David , Fraser John , Minichiello Victor , Cruickshank Mary 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn 2001, Thailand adopted the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) policy. This policy focuses on primary health care (PHC), with the aim of reforming the Thai health system to provide health services to all, regardless of a person's ability to pay. The community hospital director (CHD) is the middle manager of the provincial health system and the leader of the district health system of Thailand. In recent reforms the emphasis for improving efficiency lies with changes in the provision of primary health services at the community level and this entails understanding the role of the CHD. A qualitative study, utilizing individual interviews and a focus group discussion, was undertaken in order to understand the factors affecting the implementation of rural health care in Thailand. Findings identified several barriers that limit the role of the CHD and a major result of the study was recognition of the dual role of the CHD as both clinician and manager. This study concluded that the goal of the UHC policy in providing equity of access to PHC to all citizens may not be achieved unless the role of CHDs is supported with training in health management and PHC and is supported by the government. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slip and micro flow characteristics near a wall of evaporating thin films in a micro channel
Authors: Zhao Jun‐Jie , Peng Xiao‐Feng , Duan Yuan‐Yuan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe microscopic liquid flow and heat transfer characteristics near the solid–liquid interface in the evaporating thin film region of a mini channel were investigated based on the augmented Young–Laplace equation and kinetic theory. A physical model using the boundary layer approximation and a constant slip length was developed to obtain the solid–liquid interfacial thermal resistances and interfacial temperatures. The results show that the ordered micro layer and micro flow near the wall reduce the effective liquid superheat and the liquid pressure difference mainly due to the reduced capillary pressure gradient. The solid–liquid interfacial thermal resistances and U‐shaped temperature drops tend to reduce the thin film spreading and heat transfer. The effects of the solid–liquid interfacial thermal resistances on the thin film evaporation outweigh the effects of the thermal conductivity enhancement due to the liquid ordering. The concepts of the micro flow and ordered adsorbed flowing micro layer are clarified to express the Kapitza resistance analytically in terms of the slip length and micro layer thickness. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; 39(7): 460–474, 2010; Published online 3 June 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20310
Crucial role of mechanisms and modes of toxic action for understanding tissue residue toxicity and internal effect concentrations of organic chemicals
Authors: Escher Beate I , Ashauer Roman , Dyer Scott , Hermens Joop LM , Lee Jong-Hyeon , Leslie Heather A , Mayer Philipp , Meador James P , Warne Michael SJ 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This article reviews the mechanistic basis of the tissue residue approach for toxicity assessment (TRA). The tissue residue approach implies that whole-body or organ concentrations (residues) are a better dose metric for describing toxicity to aquatic organisms than is the aqueous concentration typically used in the external medium. Although the benefit of internal concentrations as dose metrics in ecotoxicology has long been recognized, the application of the tissue residue approach remains limited. The main factor responsible for this is the difficulty of measuring internal concentrations. We propose that environmental toxicology can advance if mechanistic considerations are implemented and toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics are explicitly addressed. The variability in ecotoxicological outcomes and species sensitivity is due in part to differences in toxicokinetics, which consist of several processes, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), that influence internal concentrations. Using internal concentrations or tissue residues as the dose metric substantially reduces the variability in toxicity metrics among species and individuals exposed under varying conditions. Total internal concentrations are useful as dose metrics only if they represent a surrogate of the biologically effective dose, the concentration or dose at the target site. If there is no direct proportionality, we advise the implementation of comprehensive toxicokinetic models that include deriving the target dose. Depending on the mechanism of toxicity, the concentration at the target site may or may not be a sufficient descriptor of toxicity. The steady-state concentration of a baseline toxicant associated with the biological membrane is a good descriptor of the toxicodynamics of baseline toxicity. When assessing specific-acting and reactive mechanisms, additional parameters (e.g., reaction rate with the target site and regeneration of the target site) are needed for characterization. For specifically acting compounds, intrinsic potency depends on 1) affinity for, and 2) type of interaction with, a receptor or a target enzyme. These 2 parameters determine the selectivity for the toxic mechanism and the sensitivity, respectively. Implementation of mechanistic information in toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TK–TD) models may help explain time-delayed effects, toxicity after pulsed or fluctuating exposure, carryover toxicity after sequential pulses, and mixture toxicity. We believe that this mechanistic understanding of tissue residue toxicity will lead to improved environmental risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:28–49. © 2010 SETAC
Adiponectin activation of AMPK disrupts leptin‐mediated hepatic fibrosis via suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS‐3)
Authors: Handy Jeffrey A. , Saxena Neeraj K. , Fu Pingping , Lin Songbai , Mells Jamie E. , Gupta Nitika A. , Anania Frank A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAdiponectin is an adipocytokine that was recently shown to be anti‐fibrogenic in hepatic fibrosis. Leptin, on the other hand, promotes hepatic fibrosis. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate a mechanism (or mechanisms) whereby adiponectin dampens leptin signaling in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and prevents excess extracellular matrix production. Activated HSCs, between passages 2 and 5, were cultured and exposed to recombinant human adiponectin and recombinant leptin. Immunoblot analysis for SOCS‐3, TIMP‐1, and the phosphorylated species of Stat3 and adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) were conducted. We also examined MMP‐1 activity by immunosorbant fluorimetric analysis. In HSCs, adiponectin‐induced phosphorylation of AMPK, and subsequently suppressed leptin‐mediated Stat3 phosphorylation and SOCS‐3 induction. Adiponectin also blocked leptin‐stimulated secretion of TIMP‐1, and significantly increased MMP‐1 activity, in vitro. To extend this study, we treated adiponectin knockout mice (Ad−/−) daily with 5 mg/kg recombinant leptin and/or carbon tetrachloride (2 ml/kg) for 6 weeks. Post‐necropsy analysis was performed to examine for inflammation, and histological changes in the Ad−/− and wild‐type mice. There was no significant difference in inflammation, or aminotransferases, between mice receiving carbon tetrachloride and leptin versus carbon tetrachloride alone. As anticipated, the combination of leptin and CCl4 enhanced hepatic fibrosis in both wild‐type and Ad−/− mice, as estimated by amount of collagen in injured livers, but wild‐type mice had significantly higher levels of SOCS‐3 and significantly lower levels of TIMP‐1 mRNA and protein than did adiponectin KO mice exposed to both CCl4 and leptin. We therefore conclude that the protective effects of adiponectin against liver fibrosis require AMPK activation, and may occur through inhibition of the Jak‐Stat signal transduction pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1195–1207, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteomic profiling of proteins associated with lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Ma Yiming , Zhao Mei , Zhong Jialing , Shi Lan , Luo Qing , Liu Jian , Wang Jia , Yuan Xinghua , Huang Changzhi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLymph node metastasis (LNM) is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). The presence or absence of lymph node metastases is a strong independent prognostic factor for CRC survival. Investigation of proteins associated with the process of lymph node metastasis (LNM) is crucial for understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the LNM process and for predicting the CRC prognosis. In the present study, proteins from CRC tissues and adjacent normal mucosa (NMC) were examined using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI‐TOF‐MS. The expression levels of Ferritin Heavy Chain (FHC) were decreased in LNM CRC as compared to those in non‐LNM CRC, while the expression of Cathepsin D and Ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase‐L1 (UCH‐L1) were increased in LNM CRC. The results were confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, in vitro cell invasion assay showed that the overexpression of UCH‐L1 through gene transfection increased the invasive ability of HCT8 cells, suggesting that UCH‐L1 is not only a biomarker for LNM in CRC, but also a functional protein that may play a significant role in cell migration. The proteins identified in the present study should further our understanding of the LNM process of CRC and may become useful markers for diagnosis and targets for therapeutic interventions. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1512–1519, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of decortication and protease treatment on the kinetics of liquefaction, saccharification, and ethanol production from sorghum
Authors: Alvarez Mario M. , Pérez‐Carrillo Esther , Serna‐Saldívar Sergio O. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: This study analyzes the effect of decortication and protease treatment on the kinetics of liquefaction, saccharification and ethanol production from sorghum kernels. In general, bioethanol yields from sorghum are lower than those from maize. This has been attributed to reduced access of starch‐degrading enzymes due to the crosslinked protein net in the sorghum kernels.RESULTS: Liquefaction is described as a zero order kinetics process, with reaction rates enhanced by protease treatment. The use of protease almost doubled the liquefaction rate in both whole and decorticated sorghum, compared with untreated kernels. During saccharification of decorticated sorghum, protease treatment significantly affected the glucose/starch yield and the glucose concentration profile over time. When compared with maize, protease treatment of decorticated sorghum resulted in superior ethanol production rates. Specific ethanol yields during fermentation were statistically comparable with those for maize.CONCLUSION: Protease treatment of decorticated sorghum kernels can impart substantial economic benefits in terms of improvement of bioethanol yield (13% over whole sorghum) and in reduced fermentation time (approximately 50% with respect to maize). Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Coupled multi‐scale cohesive modeling of failure in heterogeneous adhesives
Authors: Kulkarni M. G. , Matouš K. , Geubelle P. H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA multi‐scale cohesive numerical framework is proposed to simulate the failure of heterogeneous adhesively bonded systems. This multi‐scale scheme is based on Hill's variational principle of energy equivalence between the higher and lower level scales. It provides an easy way to obtain accurate homogenized macroscopic properties while capturing the physics of failure processes at the micro‐scale in sufficient detail. We use an isotropic rate‐dependent damage model to mimic the failure response of the constituents of heterogeneous adhesives. The finite element method is used to solve the equilibrium equation at each scale. A nested iterative scheme inspired by the return mapping algorithm used in computational inelasticity is implemented. We propose a computationally attractive technique to couple the macro‐ and micro‐scales for rate‐dependent constitutive laws. We introduce an adhesive patch test to study the numerical performance, including spatial and temporal convergence of the multi‐scale scheme. We compare the solution of the multi‐scale cohesive scheme with a direct numerical simulation. Finally, we solve mode I and mode II fracture problems to demonstrate failure at the macro‐scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employee experiences with volunteers
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G. , Allen Joseph A. , Conway James M. , Goh Adrian , Currie Lamarra , McFarland Betsy 
Published: June 2010

AbstractVolunteers frequently serve public and nonprofit organizations, among them libraries, parks and recreation departments, social service groups, and religious organizations. Research on volunteers and volunteerism traditionally focuses on antecedents to volunteering and outcomes for volunteers. In this study, we attempt to build on the existing literature by examining the volunteer experience from the paid employee's vantage point. Using a sample of employees who work alongside volunteers in animal care organizations (N = 270), we examine how employees described the volunteers with whom they interact. Although these assessments were generally positive, there was considerable variability. This appears to be explained, in part, by each organization's volunteer resources management practices. Results also indicate that employees who reported less satisfactory experiences with volunteers also reported being more stressed, overworked, and less committed to the organization, and having a greater intention to quit. Importantly, these results held up even after controlling for general job satisfaction. Implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.
Leadership in faith‐based nonprofits
Authors: Yip Jeffrey , Twohill Edmund , Ernst Chris , Munusamy Vijayan P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis case study illustrates the unique challenges of leading a faith‐based nonprofit organization within a multifaith constituency in Asia. The core themes of the case are based on research conducted with the staff, executive team, and board members of an international faith‐based nonprofit organization in Asia. Specifically, the case focuses on three identity‐based leadership dilemmas in relation to (1) creating a shared sense of organizational identity, (2) talent management, and (3) board governance. By describing the challenges faced by the CEO, the case shows how a strong faith‐based identification can positively bind an organization together, but also result in organizational blind spots with unintended consequences.
Cooperative, bottom‐up generation of rigid‐rod nanostructures through dynamic polymer chemistry
Authors: Folmer‐Andersen J Frantz , Buhler Eric , Candau Sauveur‐Jean , Joulie Sebastien , Schmutz Marc , Lehn Jean‐Marie 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA set of carbazole‐ and benzene‐derived di(aldehyde) and di(acylhydrazine) monomers containing hexaglyme groups to impart water solubility has been synthesized. Mixing a given di(aldehyde) and di(acylhydrazine) pair in acidic aqueous solution causes polymerization through reversible acylhydrazone condensation. The structures of the resultant amphiphilic polyacylhydrazones have been studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy, matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, small‐angle neutron scattering, transmission electron microscopy, size exclusion chromatography/multi‐angle laser light scattering (SEC‐MALLS) and UV‐visible and fluorescence spectrophotometries. All the available data support the existence of structurally related rod‐like nanostructures of variable lengths and constant diameters of approximately 5 nm in all cases, which are interpreted as corresponding to individually folded polymer chains. On the basis of these studies, molecular models are proposed in which the hydrophobic, aromatic polymer backbones assume helical conformations allowing for hydrophobically driven π‐stacking, while exposing the hydrophilic hexaglyme groups to the solvent. The molecular models are in agreement with the observed physical dimensions of the nanostructures, and are further supported by the observation of strong hypochromic effects on changing the solvent from dimethylformamide to water. Additionally, the reversible polymerization process is found to be cooperative. 1H NMR and SEC‐MALLS studies reveal severe deviations from statistically predicted product distributions under imbalanced stoichiometry, which are characteristic of nucleation–elongation behaviour. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Inhibitory effect of panduratin A isolated from Kaempferia panduarata Roxb. on melanin biosynthesis
Authors: Lee Chan Woo , Kim Han Sung , Kim Han Kon , Kim Jin‐Woong , Yoon Ji Hoon , Cho Yumi , Hwang Jae Kwan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHyperpigmentation disorders are associated with abnormal accumulation of melanin pigments, thus melanin synthesis inhibitors have been of great interest as target molecules for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effect of panduratin A, isolated from Kaempferia pandurata Roxb., on melanogenesis and its related enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein‐1 (TRP‐1) and tyrosinase related protein‐2 (TRP‐2) in melan‐a murine melanocytes. The IC50 values of panduratin A for melanogenesis and tyrosinase were 9.6 μm and 8.2 μm, respectively, while those of arbutin as a positive control were 990 μm and 660 μm, respectively. In western blot analysis, panduratin A also significantly decreased tyrosinase, TRP‐1 and TRP‐2 protein levels. These results indicate that panduratin A effectively inhibits melanin biosynthesis, thus creating the possibility of developing a new skin‐whitening agent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful ISCR‐enhanced bioremediation of a TCE DNAPL source utilizing EHC® and KB‐1®
Authors: Peale James G. D. , Mueller James , Molin Josephine 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRemediation of chlorinated solvent DNAPL sites often meets with mixed results. This can be attributed to the diametrically opposed nature of the impacts, where the disparate dissolved‐phase plume is more manageable than the localized, high‐concentration source area. A wide range of technologies are available for downgradient plume management, but the relative mass of contaminants in a DNAPL source area generally requires treatment for such technologies to be effective over the long term. In many cases, the characteristics of DNAPL source zones (e.g., depth, soil heterogeneity, structural limitations) limit the available options. The following describes the successful full‐scale implementation of in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) enhanced bioremediation of a TCE DNAPL source zone. In this demonstration, concentrations of TCE were rapidly reduced to below the maximum contaminant level (MCL) in less than six months following implementation. The results described herein suggest that ISCR‐enhanced bioremediation is a viable remedial alternative for chlorinated solvent source zones. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of in situ steam‐injection processes for reduction of petroleum compounds within an abandoned canal
Authors: Barth Edwin , Weinkam Grant , Clark Patrick 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA conceptual approach of a novel application of in‐situ thermal processes that would either use a steam injection process or a steam/surfactant injection process was considered to remediate petroleum contaminated sediment residing in an abandoned canal. Laboratory tests were conducted in an attempt to volatilize or mobilize contaminants of concern (selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) from the contaminated sediment into a phase that could be physically removed. The processes were operated above ambient temperature and pressure in an attempt to increase the removal of the contaminants of concern from the sediment. The ability of both the steam injection process and the steam/surfactant process to remove PAHs from the sediment was considered ineffective; as only two of the seventeen selected PAHs (naphthalene and C1 naphthalene) were associated with a percentage mass reduction greater than 34% for both treatments (four trials). The steam/surfactant injection process generally resulted in higher reductions than the steam injection process, but had larger variances within the two trials using the treatment type. This preliminary evaluation suggests that steam‐based injection processes for removing petroleum contamination from this canal sediment, using the surfactants selected, equipment set‐up, and operating conditions studied, would be considered ineffective. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain of the United States of America.
Remediation, land use, and risk at Hanford
Authors: Abbotts John , Weems Charles 
Published: June 2010

AbstractU.S. Department of Energy (US DOE) remediation responsibilities include the Hanford site in Washington State. Cleanup is governed by the Tri‐Party Agreement (TPA) between the US DOE as the responsible party and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Washington State Department of Ecology as joint regulators. In 2003, the US DOE desired to implement a “Risk‐Based End State” (RBES) policy at Hanford, with remediation measures driven by acceptable risk standards using exposure scenarios based on the 1999 Hanford Comprehensive Land‐Use Plan. Facing resistance from regulators and stakeholders, the US DOE solicited public input on its policy. This led to a Hanford Site End State Vision in 2005 and a commitment that the TPA would continue to control remediation. This article describes how regulator and public participation modified RBES to an end‐state vision. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution, movements and habitat use of channel catfish in a river with multiple low‐head dams
Authors: Butler S. E. , Wahl D. H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChannel catfish Ictalurus punctatus is a highly mobile species and is known to make extensive seasonal movements in lotic systems. Dams have been suggested to detrimentally affect this species, although abundant channel catfish populations are known to occur in many fragmented rivers. To examine factors that allow channel catfish to persist in impounded rivers, we assessed relative abundance of channel catfish in three impounded and three flowing sites of the Fox River, Illinois, USA. Radiotelemetry was used to determine movement and habitat use patterns of channel catfish among flowing and impounded areas. Relative abundance of channel catfish was consistently higher at flowing sites than at impounded sites during summer. Several radio‐tagged channel catfish moved downstream into impounded areas in fall, and all tagged individuals were found in impounded areas during winter. The majority of tagged channel catfish moved upstream into flowing areas during spring. Channel catfish used a wide range of depths (0.28–2.60 m), and were always found in current velocities less than 0.50 m s−1. They selected most strongly for coarse substrates, but were infrequently found near cover. Although low‐head dams restrict the movements of channel catfish, impounded areas appear to provide overwintering habitats that may eliminate the need for seasonal long‐distance movements. Small run‐of‐river impoundments, however, may contain unsuitable conditions for channel catfish during other seasons. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.