bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft poly(n‐butyl acrylate) networks with tailored mechanical properties designed as substrates for in vitro models
Authors: Cui J. , Kratz K. , Hiebl B. , Jung F. , Lendlein A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMechanical conditioning can serve as a potent tool to influence mechano‐responsive cells, which plays a prominent role during formation and regeneration of functional tissue. Recently, the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells could be influenced by the local stiffness of hydrogels used as 2D substrates. However, the mechanical properties and the swellability of hydrogels in physiological liquids are difficult to control precisely as their properties strongly depend on physical parameters like ionic strength or pH value. Here, we explored amorphous, hydrophobic poly(n‐butyl acrylate) networks (cPnBA) as soft substrates for cell culture system with adjustable mechanical properties. cPnBAs were synthesized via bulk radical polymerization from n‐butyl acrylate (nBA) and poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PPGDMA) as crosslinker. The Young's modulus for cPnBAs determined by tensile tests could be systematically adjusted from 100 kPa to 10 MPa by increasing the PPGDMA‐content at ambient temperature, while the glass transition temperature (Tg) was found to increase from −46 to −22°C. All cPnBAs exhibited similar surface properties with a surface roughness (Rq) in the range from 1.4 to 0.4 µm and advancing contact angles from 115° to 100°, which remained constant after ethylene oxide sterilization. The extracts of sterilized materials were tested for cytotoxic effects with L929 cells. All tested samples were non‐cytotoxic. The functional integrity of cell membranes and mitochondrial activity stayed unaffected. The investigated polymer networks are promising candidates as soft substrates for passive mechanical stimulation of cells in vitro in cell culture devices or in vivo as implant coatings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization of polypropylene near the surface in injection‐molded plaques: A comparison of morphology and a numerical analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Yutaka , Otsuki Yasuhiko , Kanno Hiroaki , Sasakawa Tomoyoshi , Hanamoto Yasuhiro , Kanai Toshitaka 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSkin morphology formation on injection‐molded isotactic polypropylene (PP) was investigated using micro‐beam synchrotron wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and numerical simulation. The 1–20 μm depth range was characterized with an X‐ray beam of 0.273 μm χ 0.389 μm in size. From an evaluation of doping nucleating agents (NA) in PP, the NAs did not work at a depth of 1 μm. α‐specified NA affected crystallization within a 5‐μm depth. β‐specified PP showed α‐form crystallinity at the 5–20 μm depth. The mesomorphic crystal near the surface showed extremely high orientation. From viscoelastic flow simulation, PP molecules near the surface were oriented in the flow direction by extensional flow in the flow front, but freezing occurred faster than flow‐induced crystallization. It was estimated that the delay of crystallization occurred during the transient temperature. The deformation rate did not cause a difference in crystal morphology near the surface, but the cooling rate did. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Electrical properties of polyaniline‐manganese chloride composites
Authors: Ozkazanc Ersel , Zor Sibel , Ozkazanc Hatice , Abaci Ufuk 
Published: November 2010

AbstractElectrical and morphological properties of Polyaniline (PANI) filled with various mass fractions of manganese chloride (MnCl2) synthesized in aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl) medium using ammonium persulphate as an oxidant were investigated. The sample morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Significant changes were observed in the morphology of the samples depending on the filler level. The direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) electrical properties were investigated as a function of temperature. The dc conductivity decreased 72% with 10% filler level whereas ac conductivity has shown a 120% increase with 6% filler level at room temperature. It is shown that the alternating charge transport mechanism of the unfilled and filled polyaniline samples is consistent with correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model. Imaginary (M″) parts of electric modulus exhibited temperature‐dependent dielectric relaxation behavior for both filled and unfilled PANI samples. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Developing image‐contrast theory and analysis methods in high‐resolution electron microscopy
Authors: Li F. H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIt is reviewed that the structural information obtained from high‐resolution electron microscope images can be greatly improved by utilizing a group of analysis methods developed based on an image‐contrast theory derived particularly to show the image‐intensity change with the sample thickness. It is introduced that the experimental images that do not represent the structures of examined samples can be transformed into the structure maps by deconvolution processing with the structure resolution enhanced up to the information limit of the microscope, or further, for perfect crystals, to the electron diffraction limit by subsequently combining the corrected electron‐diffraction data and utilizing the structure analysis methods developed in X‐ray crystallography, and it becomes possible to recognize atoms with different atomic weights by analyzing the image‐contrast change with the sample thickness, etc. The derivation of the image‐contrast theory, the principle and functions of the developed image‐analysis methods are demonstrated. Typical examples of applications to the ab initio crystal‐structure determination and studies of crystal defects at atomic level are given.
The relationship between networks, institutional development, and performance in foreign investments
Authors: Shaner Janet , Maznevski Martha 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper empirically examines the relationship between the external business network of a country business unit (CBU) of a multinational firm, its performance, and the unique institutional characteristics of the foreign market in which it operates. We develop hypotheses about the CBU network structure associated with operating margin given different levels of institutional development, and the categories of network contacts associated with CBU operating margin. We test the hypotheses using social network analysis in 54 CBUs in two different business segments within one multinational company. Results show that the CBU network structure associated with higher operating margin depended partially on the level of the country's institutional development, and that network composition related strongly to CBU operating margin. We identify implications for research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorographene: A Two‐Dimensional Counterpart of Teflon
Authors: Nair Rahul R. , Ren Wencai , Jalil Rashid , Riaz Ibtsam , Kravets Vasyl G. , Britnell Liam , Blake Peter , Schedin Fredrik , Mayorov Alexander S. , Yuan Shengjun , Katsnelson Mikhail I. , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Strupinski Wlodek , Bulusheva Lyubov G. , Okotrub Alexander V. , Grigorieva Irina V. , Grigorenko Alexander N. , Novoselov Kostya S. , Geim Andre K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA stoichiometric derivative of graphene with a fluorine atom attached to each carbon is reported. Raman, optical, structural, micromechanical, and transport studies show that the material is qualitatively different from the known graphene‐based nonstoichiometric derivatives. Fluorographene is a high‐quality insulator (resistivity >1012 Ω) with an optical gap of 3 eV. It inherits the mechanical strength of graphene, exhibiting a Young’s modulus of 100 N m−1 and sustaining strains of 15%. Fluorographene is inert and stable up to 400 °C even in air, similar to Teflon.
Climate catastrophes and fear
Authors: Dörries Matthias 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDescribing a topic of recent significance, the terms ‘climate catastrophe’ and ‘fear’ have made their way into common speech. ‘Climate catastrophe’ (Klimakatastrophe) was chosen by the German Language Society as word of the year in 2007, while ‘fear’ has gained new presence since 9/11, associated with terrorism, on‐going human destruction of the environment, and more generally with rather vague fears of the future: a state of heightened anxiety. I look at this issue from a historical perspective, asking how our current society has come to conceive of climate change in terms of catastrophe and fear, in line with historians' demands for a more subtle cultural and historical understanding of climate and fear in human society. The current discourses of fear over climate change reflect the attempts to come to grips with the long‐term issue of anthropogenic climate change; they are appeals for action (or calls to inaction) and imply claims to power, while stressing that the issue is political and cultural, not merely a matter of science and reason alone. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 885–890 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.79This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge
Climate change knowledge and social movement theory
Authors: Jamison Andrew 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article discusses climate change knowledge from the perspective of social movement theory, a relatively neglected topic in the literature on climate change knowledge. This article reviews relevant studies and theories of social movements with special attention to the role of knowledge‐making in social movements, before tracing the relations between social movements and climate change knowledge from the 1970s to the present. Climate change first emerged as an issue of public concern within the context of the environmental movements of the 1970s and 1980s, while skepticism was shaped, in significant ways, by the neo‐conservative and neo‐nationalist movements that grew to political significance in the 1980s and 1990s. The neo‐liberal movements of the 1990s and 2000s have helped shape the recent rise to public attention of climate change as an overarching political problem. Finally, this article discusses how concerns with ‘climate justice’ have emerged as part of a social movement for global justice, and concludes by contrasting the different social movements that have affected and influenced the making of climate change knowledge.WIREs Clim Change2010 1 811–823 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.88This article is categorized under:Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Social Movements
SHIFTING INEQUALITIES
Authors: Stolle Dietlind , Hooghe Marc 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
Participation patterns in industrialized democracies have changed considerably in the last couple of decades. While institutionalized forms of participation (e.g., party membership) are declining, we can observe a rise in the occurrence of non-institutionalized forms of political participation. In this article we pose the question of what the effect of this trend has been for patterns of political stratification during the period 1974–2002 using the Political Action Survey as well as the European Social Survey. It can be observed that gender differences have been substantially reduced and in some cases even reversed for non-institutionalized participation and women tend to be more active in these forms than men. Younger age groups also clearly have a preference for non-institutionalized forms. Stratification based on education, however, remains the same compared to the 1970s. These findings are confirmed by a longitudinal analysis of Dutch Election Studies data for the period 1971–1998. We conclude that the emergence of new forms of political participation might have reduced age and gender based inequalities; however, it does not offer a solution for inequalities based on education.
Initial evidence for the criterion‐related and structural validity of the long versions of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire
Authors: Rhind Daniel J. A. , Jowett Sophia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to develop and initially validate a longer version of the direct (Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) and meta‐perspectives (Jowett, 2009a, 2009b) of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART‐Q). In Study 1, instruments (e.g. questionnaires, scales, and inventories) that have been used to assess relationship quality in the broader psychological literature were examined and items potentially relevant to the coach–athlete relationship were identified. The content validity of the identified items was then assessed using expert panels. A final questionnaire was subsequently prepared and administered to 693 participants (310 coaches and 383 athletes). Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess the multidimensional nature of the questionnaire based on the 3Cs (i.e. closeness, commitment, and complementarity) model of the coach–athlete relationship. The findings indicated that the direct and meta‐perspective items of the long versions of the CART‐Q approached an adequate data fit. Moreover, evidence for the internal consistency and criterion validity of the new instruments was also obtained. In Study 2, the newly developed measure was administered to an independent sample of 251 individuals (145 athletes and 106 coaches). Further statistical support was gained for the factorial validity and reliability of the longer version of the CART‐Q.
Xyloglucanendo-Transglycosylase-Mediated Xyloglucan Rearrangements in Developing Wood of Hybrid Aspen
Authors: Nishikubo Nobuyuki , Takahashi Junko , Roos Alexandra A. , Derba-Maceluch Marta , Piens Kathleen , Brumer Harry , Teeri Tuula T. , Stålbrand Henrik , Mellerowicz Ewa J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractXyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XETs) encoded by xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases/hydrolase (XTH) genes modify the xyloglucan-cellulose framework of plant cell walls, thereby regulating their expansion and strength. To evaluate the importance of XET in wood development, we studied xyloglucan dynamics and XTH gene expression in developing wood and modified XET activity in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) by overexpressing PtxtXET16-34. We show that developmental modifications during xylem differentiation include changes from loosely to tightly bound forms of xyloglucan and increases in the abundance of fucosylated xyloglucan epitope recognized by the CCRC-M1 antibody. We found that at least 16 Populus XTH genes, all likely encoding XETs, are expressed in developing wood. Five genes were highly and ubiquitously expressed, whereas PtxtXET16-34 was expressed more weakly but specifically in developing wood. Transgenic up-regulation of XET activity induced changes in cell wall xyloglucan, but its effects were dependent on developmental stage. For instance, XET overexpression increased abundance of the CCRC-M1 epitope in cambial cells and xylem cells in early stages of differentiation but not in mature xylem. Correspondingly, an increase in tightly bound xyloglucan content was observed in primary-walled xylem but a decrease was seen in secondary-walled xylem. Thus, in young xylem cells, XET activity limits xyloglucan incorporation into the tightly bound wall network but removes it from cell walls in older cells. XET overexpression promoted vessel element growth but not fiber expansion. We suggest that the amount of nascent xyloglucan relative to XET is an important determinant of whether XET strengthens or loosens the cell wall.
Microbial hazards and critical control points of locally processed soy‐cheese in Nigeria
Authors: Bosede Fasoyiro Subuola , Adeoti Obatolu Veronica , Bosede Fasoyiro Subuola , Adebayo Ashaye Olukayode , Olaniran Adegoke Gabriel , Oluremi Farinde Elizabeth 
Published: November 2010

PurposeIn Nigeria, soymilk and fried soy‐cheese are common street‐vended foods sold in market places, motor‐parks, streets and schools. Many processors of these soy‐foods are women using the soy‐food business to generate income in supporting their families. They have little or no knowledge about good manufacturing practices and good hygiene practices. Careless exposure of prepared foods to environmental contamination is quiet noticeable. The purpose of this paper is to assess microbial hazards and critical control points (CCPs) in the processing of locally processed fried soy‐cheese from different areas in Oyo State, South‐West Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachSoy‐cheese processors were visited. Samples of water used for processing, fermented maize liquor used as coagulant and fried soy‐cheese were collected for microbial analysis. CCPs were analyzed.FindingsHigher microbial load was recorded in the coagulant samples (≤106 Cfu/ml) and in the fried soy‐cheese displayed for sale (≤103 Cfu/ml). Pathogenic micro‐organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were characterized from the collected samples. Coliforms were present in samples collected.Originality/valueThe paper shows that these processors need to be trained in food safety practices to reduce health risks associated with consumption of these locally processed foods.
The role of simulation case studies in enterprise education
Authors: Tunstall Richard , Lynch Martin 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the role of electronic simulation case studies in enterprise education, their effectiveness, and their relationship to traditional forms of classroom‐based approaches to experiential learning. The paper seeks to build on previous work within the field of enterprise and management education, specifically in relation to the role of simulations and case studies in higher‐education pedagogy, which have previously been considered as distinct techniques.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the use of a specifically designed simulation case study of a small and large business, 57 undergraduate students in a UK university were surveyed using an electronic voting tool and their responses used as the basis for two focus groups, which were conducted with the same students.FindingsStudents saw a link between using the application and learning, found the environment to be immersive and more engaging than a text‐based case study, though opinion was divided over its entertainment value. Focus group results highlighted that students believed the environment felt “real” and that students were encouraged to engage in deep and double‐loop learning. Students preferred the option of a mixed range of classroom learning experiences, though experienced gameplayers were less likely to find the simulation case entertaining than non‐gameplayers.Research limitations/implicationsThis article builds on existing research on simulations and case studies, while going some way to show the common issues that these “models of reality” share, in terms of both design and utilisation in the special context of higher education. This paper highlights the value and need for further work appraising emerging educational media and the importance students place on these experiences in their study programmes.Originality/valueGiven the increasing interest in e‐learning within higher education, and subsequent attempts to improve the student experience through electronic media, this paper highlights the importance of focusing on effective learning opportunities in developing experiential enterprise education tools.
Creativity‐based assessment and neural understandings
Authors: Penaluna Andrew , Coates Jackie , Penaluna Kathryn 
Published: November 2010

PurposeEnabling entrepreneurial creativity is a key aim of UK Government; however, there is a dearth of constructively aligned models of teaching and assessment. This paper aims to introduce design‐based pedagogies and to highlight cognitive approaches that develop innovative mindsets; it seeks to indicate their propensity for adoption in entrepreneurship education.Design/methodology/approachA literature review plus empirical evidence from pedagogical approaches developed through the extended collaboration of specialists in creative design, financial management and brain‐related occupational therapy inform this paper.FindingsNeuroimaging studies challenge the thesis that learning for creative output is entirely algorithmic; diverse ideas occur when the brain's right cortex has opportunity to bring its findings to the fore, usually via “relaxed cognition”. Design‐based entrepreneurship pedagogies embed these concepts.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper offers initial insights into how these understandings can be applied in transdisciplinary entrepreneurship‐education contexts.Practical implicationsPredicable assessment outcomes equal predictable students; which needs more working practices, behaviours and cultural environments that encourage innovation. Any educational environment that excludes these understandings is inherently flawed.Social implicationsThe case study/project “Free time is thinking time” implies that traditional 9‐5 working practices are inappropriate for creative mindsets.Originality/valueThis paper links emerging bodies of evidence; it provides a first response to calls for a more creative enterprise curriculum and offers constructively aligned assessment.
Creative disciplines education: a model for assessing ideas in entrepreneurship education?
Authors: Carey Charlotte , Matlay Harry 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to explore how creative disciplines education is taught, delivered, and assessed, and how this might inform the development of enterprise education UK.Design/methodology/approachThe paper makes use of empirical data from three main sources across creative disciplines: interviews with entrepreneurs; job adverts for lecturing staff; and a survey of educators. This approach offers multiple perspectives on hypothesis development as well as the validation of emergent result.FindingsThe analysis of the three strands of data highlights the benefits of contextualized enterprise education. It confirms that ideas assessment techniques within creative disciplines are well embedded in practice and applied consistently within the context of an academic framework.Practical implicationsAn exploration of delivery styles and ideas assessment in the creative sector has highlighted a potential model which could be adopted by generic enterprise education in business schools and other faculties. Potentially, it offers educators a template for assessment of entrepreneurial ideas.Originality/valueThis paper highlights characteristics of creative discipline education and ideas assessment, which might potentially be a model for teaching enterprise within an academic framework, which could be adopted by enterprise educators.