bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversification in Indian Agriculture toward High‐Value Crops: The Role of Small Farmers
Authors: Birthal Pratap Singh , Joshi Pramod Kumar , Roy Devesh , Thorat Amit 
Published: June 2012

Diversification by small farmers toward high‐value crops (fruits and vegetables [F & V]) that can raise farm incomes significantly has always been in question because of several reasons such as diseconomies of scale and lack of access to inputs such as capital and information. We present evidence that in India diversification toward high‐value crops exhibits a pro‐smallholder (rather than anti‐smallholder) bias. The smallholders however play a proportionally larger role in vegetables than in fruits cultivation. These patterns are consistent with simple comparative advantage‐based production choices. Even with small landholdings if labor endowments are high, such farmers diversify toward F & V. Though fruits cultivation is also labor intensive relative to cereals, it is less so relative to vegetables. Greater capital intensity implies a comparatively important role of credit in fruits. The results are robust to several tests on specification including those related to self‐selection.Chez les petits exploitants agricoles, la diversification en faveur de cultures à valeur élevée (fruits et légumes) permettant d’accroître considérablement le revenu agricole a toujours été remise en question pour diverses raisons, notamment les déséconomies d’échelle et le manque d’accès aux intrants comme le capital et l’information. Dans le présent article, nous montrons qu’en Inde, la diversification en faveur de cultures à valeur élevée semble plutôt favorable que défavorable aux petits exploitants agricoles. Toutefois, les petits exploitants sont proportionnellement plus présents dans la culture maraîchère que dans la culture fruitière. Ces observations concordent avec les choix d’une production fondée sur les avantages comparatifs. Même dans le cas des petites exploitations, lorsque les besoins de main‐d’œuvre sont élevés, elles se tournent vers les cultures fruitière et maraîchère. Bien que la culture fruitière soit une activitéà forte intensité de main‐d’œuvre comparativement à la culture céréalière, elle l’est moins que la culture maraîchère. L’intensité de capital élevée de la culture fruitière signifie que le crédit joue aussi un rôle important. Les résultats de plusieurs tests de spécification sont robustes, y compris ceux liés à l’auto‐sélection.
Erratum: Herschel/SPIRE observations of the TWA brown dwarf disc 2MASSW J1207334–393254
Authors: Riaz B. , Lodato G. , Stamatellos D. , Gizis J. E. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
We have revised our analysis of the SPIRE observations of 2MASSW J1207334–393254 (2M1207). Recent PACS observations show a bright source located ∼25 arcsec east of 2M1207. There are issues in terms of the detection/non-detection of the bright source when comparing the Spitzer, WISE and PACS observations. The object's detection/non-detection is apparently inconsistent, perhaps due to variability or low signal-to-noise ratio of the data. We have looked into the possible misidentification of the target, and have revised the measured SPIRE fluxes and the disc parameters for 2M1207. We have also reviewed which among the various formation mechanisms of this system would still be valid.
Highly ionized collimated outflow from HE 0238–1904
Authors: Muzahid S. , Srianand R. , Savage B. D. , Narayanan A. , Mohan V. , Dewangan G. C. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
We present a detailed analysis of a highly ionized, multiphased and collimated outflowing gas detected through O v, O vi, Ne viii and Mg x absorption associated with the QSO HE 0238–1904 (zem≃ 0.629). Based on the similarities in the absorption-line profiles and estimated covering fractions, we find that the O vi and Ne viii absorption trace the same phase of the absorbing gas. Simple photoionization models can reproduce the observed N(Ne viii), N(O vi) and N(Mg x) from a single phase whereas the low-ionization species (e.g. N iii, N iv and O iv) originate from a different phase. The measured N(Ne viii)/N(O vi) ratio is found to be remarkably similar (within a factor of ∼2) in several individual absorption components kinematically spread over ∼1800 km s−1. Under photoionization this requires a fine-tuning between hydrogen density (nH) and the distance of the absorbing gas from the Quasi Stellar Object (QSO). Alternatively, this can also be explained by collisional ionization in hot gas with T≥ 105.7 K. Long-term stability favours the absorbing gas being located outside the broad-line region. We speculate that the collimated flow of such a hot gas could possibly be triggered by the radio jet interaction.
The Doctrine of Doing and Allowing I: Analysis of the Doing/Allowing Distinction
Authors: Woollard Fiona 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAccording to the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing, the distinction between doing and allowing harm is morally significant. Doing harm is harder to justify than merely allowing harm. This paper is the first of a two paper critical overview of the literature on the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing. In this paper, I consider the analysis of the distinction between doing and allowing harm. I explore some of the most prominent attempts to analyse this distinction: Philippa Foot’s sequence account, Warren Quinn’s action/inaction account, and counterfactual test accounts put forward by Shelly Kagan and Jonathan Bennett. I also discuss Jeff McMahan’s account of the removal of barriers to harm. I argue that analysis of the distinction has often been made more difficult by two mistaken assumption: (a) the assumption that when an agent does or allows harm his behaviour makes the difference to whether or not the harm occurs; (b) the assumption that the distinction between doing and allowing and the distinction between action and inaction are interchangeable. I suggest that Foot’s account is the most promising account of the doing/allowing distinction, but that it requires further development.
The Doctrine of Doing and Allowing II: The Moral Relevance of the Doing/Allowing Distinction
Authors: Woollard Fiona 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAccording to the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing, the distinction between doing and allowing harm is morally significant. Doing harm is harder to justify than merely allowing harm. This paper is the second of a two paper critical overview of the literature on the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing. In this paper, I consider the moral status of the distinction between doing and allowing harm. I look at objections to the doctrine such as James Rachels’ Wicked Uncle Case and Jonathan Bennett’s argument that any acceptable analysis of the distinction leaves it implausible that the distinction is morally relevant. I consider defences of the Doctrine from Philippa Foot and Warren Quinn. I argue that neither Foot not Quinn provides a satisfactory justification of the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing, but that the idea of self‐ownership discussed by Quinn can be developed to provide a justification of the doctrine.
Roman Ingarden’s Aesthetics
Authors: Mitscherling Jeff 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWhile Roman Ingarden remains best known among English‐speaking philosophers and literary theorists for his work in aesthetics, and primarily for his study of the literary work of art, his studies in aesthetics and art belong in fact to the comprehensive program of phenomenological research in ontology and metaphysics that occupied him for his entire career. In this article I briefly describe this program of phenomenological research, then I discuss some of the major features of Ingarden’s analyses of works of art and the aesthetic experience.
Relevant Logic and the Philosophy of Mathematics
Authors: Mares Edwin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper sets out three programmes that attempt to use relevant logic as the basis for a philosophy of mathematics. Although these three programmes do not exhaust the possible approaches to mathematics through relevant logic, they are fairly representative of the current state of the field. The three programmes are compared and their relative strengths and weaknesses set out. At the end of the paper I examine the consequences of adopting each programme for the realist debate about mathematical objects.
Photosynthetic Activity in Marine and Brackish Water Strains of Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus radicans (Phaeophyceae) at Different Light Qualities
Authors: Svahn Carina , Maria Gylle A. , Ekelund Nils G.A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of different light qualities on the photosynthetic capacity of the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus, from the Norwegian Sea, and Fucus radicans and F. vesiculosus, from the Bothnian Sea. The electron transport rates (ETR) obtained for F. vesiculosus from the Norwegian Sea showed significantly higher levels of light saturation compared with both species of algae from the Bothnian Sea. The maximum of ETR values for the Norwegian Sea strain showed no significant changes due to varying light quality compared with the initial values. For F. vesiculosus, from the Bothnian Sea, treatment with blue light showed an effect after 1 week of 30 and 90 μmol photons m−2 s−1 (P < 0.01), and for F. radicans from the Bothnian Sea, at the irradiance of 90 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 1 week (P < 0.01). After 1 week in the Bothnian Sea species and after 2 weeks in F. vesiculosus from the Norwegian Sea, the photosynthetic efficiency (α) was significantly higher regardless of light quality and irradiance compared with the initial values. Variation in light quality and irradiance had minor effects on the Fv:Fm values of the three algal strains studied.
Fragmented red blood cells automated measurement is a useful parameter to exclude schistocytes on the blood film
Authors: Lesesve J.‐F. , Asnafi V. , Braun F. , Zini G. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryIntroduction: The diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) or disorders that may mimic their features remains difficult. Mechanical hemolytic anemia with the detection of shistocytes on the blood smear is a cornerstone finding to assess the diagnosis, but microscopic evaluation of shistocytes is still problematic with wide interobserver variations. Some of the latest generation automated blood cell counters (ABCC) propose an original quantitative approach of fragmented red cells (FRC), aiming to be equivalent to the microscopic count. This parameter has been poorly evaluated.Methods: To assess the predictive value (PV) of this test, we conducted studies comparing automated and microscopic counts of FRC/schistocytes, based on the analysis of thousands samples in four university hospitals and using the 2 ABCC currently available (Siemens ADVIA series, Sysmex XE‐2100).Results:  Reference range for FRC was <0.3% for the ADVIA and <0.5% for the XE‐2100. The presence of FRC below a threshold determined at 1% (ADVIA and XE‐2100) had a negative PV close to 100% to exclude the presence of schistocyte on the blood smear, but in relationship with a poor PV value.Conclusions:  Our study validated the utility of the immediately available FRC parameter on ABCC to exclude schistocytes and the diagnosis of TMA.
Hematologic and IgG responses of heifers experimentally infected with the agent of epizootic bovine abortion
Authors: Coker Michelle R. , Rauw Wendy M. , Nieto Nathan C. , Thain David , Teglas Mike B. 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundEpizootic bovine abortion (EBA) is a tick‐transmitted abortive disease of beef cattle in the westernUnitedStates. Infected cattle do not have clinical signs until abortion occurs, usually within the last trimester of gestation. There is little information on the hematologic response of the dam following infection.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine if changes in blood leukocytes and serum IgG concentrations could be detected following experimental infection of pregnant heifers with the etiologic agent of EBA (aoEBA).MethodsTwelve Angus heifers were infected during gestation with the aoEBAusing an inoculum prepared from the thymus of an infected fetus. Five pregnant heifer controls were given an inoculum prepared from the thymus of an aoEBA‐negative calf.PCVs, total and differential leukocyte counts, and serum IgG concentrations were measured weekly following administration of the inocula until abortion or calving. Gross and microscopic examinations were performed on all aborted fetuses to confirm infection.ResultsEleven of 12 heifers in the treatment group aborted, and significant findings were decreased lymphocyte counts at weeks 1 and 14 postinoculation and increased monocyte counts at week 4 compared with control animals. Serum IgG concentrations were significantly increased at weeks 6–8 and 11 in the treatment group.ConclusionsLeukogram changes are subtle in infected cattle. Future research efforts should be aimed at development of an antibody test specific for detection of previously infected animals, which could graze safely onEBA‐endemic pastures.
Fixed Point Analytical Method for Nonlinear Differential Equations
Authors: Xu Ding , Guo Xin 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In this paper, a new analytical method, which is based on the fixed point concept in functional analysis (namely, the fixed point analytical method (FPM)), is proposed to acquire the explicit analytical solutions of nonlinear differential equations. The key idea of this approach is to construct a contractive map which replaces the nonlinear differential equation into a series of linear differential equations. Usually, the series of linear equations can be solved relatively easily and have explicit analytical solutions. The FPM is different from all existing analytical methods, such as the well-known perturbation technique applied in weakly nonlinear problems, because it is independent of any small physical or artificial parameters at all; thus, it can handle more nonlinear problems, including strongly nonlinear ones. Two typical cases are investigated by FPM in detail and the comparison with the numerical results shows that the present method is one of high accuracy and efficiency.
Comparison of Mother and Child Antibodies That Target High-Molecular-Mass Toxoplasma gondii Antigens by Immunoblotting Improves Neonatal Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Authors: L'Ollivier Coralie , Wallon Martine , Faucher Benoit , Piarroux Renaud , Peyron François , Franck Jacqueline 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis retrospective study proposes a new reading of immunoblotting (IB) in the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Our findings demonstrate that a three-IgM-band association at 75, 90, and 100 kDa called the IgM triplet increases the sensitivity to 95.8% when combined with prenatal and serological neonatal tests.
A Recombinant Attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis Vaccine Strain Is Safe in Immunosuppressed Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infant Macaques
Authors: Jensen Kara , Ranganathan Uma Devi K. , Van Rompay Koen K. A. , Canfield Don R. , Khan Imran , Ravindran Resmi , Luciw Paul A. , Jacobs William R. , Fennelly Glenn , Larsen Michelle H. , Abel Kristina 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTMany resource-poor countries are faced with concurrent epidemics of AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) andMycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively. Dual infections with HIV andM. tuberculosisare especially severe in infants. There is, however, no effective HIV vaccine, and the only licensed TB vaccine, theMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, can cause disseminated mycobacterial disease in HIV-infected children. Thus, a pediatric vaccine to prevent HIV andM. tuberculosisinfections is urgently needed. We hypothesized that a highly attenuatedM. tuberculosisstrain containing HIV antigens could be safely administered at birth and induce mucosal and systemic immune responses to protect against HIV and TB infections, and we rationalized that vaccine safety could be most rigorously assessed in immunocompromised hosts. Of three vaccine candidates tested, the recombinant attenuatedM. tuberculosisstrain mc26435 carrying a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag expression plasmid and harboring attenuations of genes critical for replication (panCDandleuCD) and immune evasion (secA2), was found to be safe for oral or intradermal administration to non-SIV-infected and SIV-infected infant macaques. Safety was defined as the absence of clinical symptoms, a lack of histopathological changes indicative ofM. tuberculosisinfection, and a lack of mycobacterial dissemination. These data represent an important step in the development of novel TB vaccines and suggest that a combination recombinant attenuatedM. tuberculosis-HIV vaccine could be a safe alternative to BCG for the pediatric population as a whole and, more importantly, for the extreme at-risk group of HIV-infected infants.
Prevalence of Chronic Q Fever in Patients with a History of Cardiac Valve Surgery in an Area Where Coxiella burnetii Is Epidemic
Authors: Kampschreur Linda M. , Oosterheert Jan Jelrik , Hoepelman Andy I. M. , Lestrade Peter J. , Renders Nicole H. M. , Elsman Peter , Wever Peter C. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTChronic Q fever develops in 1 to 5% of patients infected withCoxiella burnetii. The risk for chronic Q fever endocarditis has been estimated to be ∼39% in case of preexisting valvulopathy and is potentially even higher for valvular prostheses. Since 2007, The Netherlands has faced the largest Q fever outbreak ever reported, allowing a more precise risk estimate of chronic Q fever in high-risk groups. Patients with a history of cardiac valve surgery were selected for microbiological screening through a cardiology outpatient clinic in the area where Q fever is epidemic. Blood samples were analyzed for phase I and II IgG againstC. burnetii, and if titers were above a defined cutoff level,C. burnetiiPCR was performed. Chronic Q fever was considered proven ifC. burnetiiPCR was positive and probable if the phase I IgG titer was ≥1:1,024. Among 568 patients, the seroprevalence ofC. burnetiiantibodies (IgG titer greater than or equal to 1:32) was 20.4% (n= 116). Proven or probable chronic Q fever was identified among 7.8% of seropositive patients (n= 9). Valve characteristics did not influence the risk for chronic Q fever. Patients with chronic Q fever were significantly older than patients with past Q fever. In conclusion, screening of high-risk groups is a proper instrument for early detection of chronic Q fever cases. The estimated prevalence of chronic Q fever is 7.8% among seropositive patients with a history of cardiac valve surgery, which is substantially higher than that in nonselected populations but lower than that previously reported. Older age seems to increase vulnerability to chronic Q fever in this population.
Biochemical Analysis of the Complex between the Tetrameric Export Adapter Protein Rec of HERV-K/HML-2 and the Responsive RNA Element RcRE pck30
Authors: Langner Janina S. , Fuchs Nina V. , Hoffmann Jan , Wittmann Alexander , Brutschy Bernhard , Löwer Roswitha , Suess Beatrix 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
The RNA export adaptor protein Rec, encoded for by the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K/HML-2 elements, binds to the Rec responsive element (RcRE) located in the 3′ untranslated region of HERV-K/HML-2 transcripts. Binding allows the nucleocytoplasmic export of unspliced viral RNA, thereby overcoming host restriction. Chemical probing of the secondary structure of the RcRE corroborated the theory that the RcRE forms a complex folded structure with seven stem-loop regions. Laser-induced liquid beam ion desorption mass spectrometry revealed that Rec forms stable tetramers, which are further stabilized upon RNA binding. The RNA protein complex consists of three Rec tetramers, which bind to multiple sites on the RcRE—preferentially to purine-rich motifs—which represent several low-affinity binding sites. Mutated RcREs, with one to three purine-rich motifs deleted, were still bound and exported by Rec, indicating that the complex folded structure of the RcRE is important for Rec binding. This suggests a binding model where up to three Rec tetramers bind to the complex folded structure of the RcRE and the binding seems to be tightened by recognition of the purine-rich motifs.
Evolution of Novel Reassortant A/H3N2 Influenza Viruses in North American Swine and Humans, 2009–2011
Authors: Nelson Martha I. , Vincent Amy L. , Kitikoon Pravina , Holmes Edward C. , Gramer Marie R. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
Novel H3N2 influenza viruses (H3N2v) containing seven genome segments from swine lineage triple-reassortant H3N2 viruses and a 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) matrix protein segment (pM) were isolated from 12 humans in the United States between August and December 2011. To understand the evolution of these novel H3N2 viruses in swine and humans, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of 674 M sequences and 388 HA and NA sequences from influenza viruses isolated from North American swine during 2009–2011, as well as HA, NA, and M sequences from eight H3N2v viruses isolated from humans. We identified 34 swine influenza viruses (termed rH3N2p) with the same combination of H3, N2, and pM segments as the H3N2v viruses isolated from humans. Notably, these rH3N2p viruses were generated in swine via reassortment events between H3N2 viruses and the pM segment approximately 4 to 10 times since 2009. The pM segment has also reassorted with multiple distinct lineages of H1 virus, especially H1δ viruses. Importantly, the N2 segment of all H3N2v viruses isolated from humans is derived from a genetically distinct N2 lineage that has circulated in swine since being acquired by reassortment with seasonal human H3N2 viruses in 2001–2002, rather than from the N2 that is associated with the 1998 H3N2 swine lineage. The identification of this N2 variant may have implications for influenza vaccine design and the potential pandemic threat of H3N2v to human age groups with differing levels of prior exposure and immunity.
Proteomic Analysis of Frankliniella occidentalis and Differentially Expressed Proteins in Response toTomato Spotted Wilt VirusInfection
Authors: Badillo-Vargas I. E. , Rotenberg D. , Schneweis D. J. , Hiromasa Y. , Tomich J. M. , Whitfield A. E. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTTomato spotted wilt virus(TSWV) is transmitted byFrankliniella occidentalisin a persistent propagative manner. Despite the extensive replication of TSWV in midgut and salivary glands, there is little to no pathogenic effect onF. occidentalis. We hypothesize that the first-instar larva (L1) ofF. occidentalismounts a response to TSWV that protects it from pathogenic effects caused by virus infection and replication in various insect tissues. A partial thrips transcriptome was generated using 454-Titanium sequencing of cDNA generated fromF. occidentalisexposed to TSWV. Using these sequences, the L1 thrips proteome that resolved on a two-dimensional gel was characterized. Forty-seven percent of the resolved protein spots were identified using the thrips transcriptome. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of virus titer in L1 thrips revealed a significant increase in the normalized abundance of TSWV nucleocapsid RNA from 2 to 21 h after a 3-h acquisition access period on virus-infected plant tissue, indicative of infection and accumulation of virus. We compared the proteomes of infected and noninfected L1s to identify proteins that display differential abundances in response to virus. Using four biological replicates, 26 spots containing 37 proteins were significantly altered in response to TSWV. Gene ontology assignments for 32 of these proteins revealed biological roles associated with the infection cycle of other plant- and animal-infecting viruses and antiviral defense responses. Our findings support the hypothesis that L1 thrips display a complex reaction to TSWV infection and provide new insights toward unraveling the molecular basis of this interaction.