bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE YORKSHIRE CORALLIAN
Authors: Wright J. K. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

A comprehensive review of the stratigraphy of the Yorkshire Corallian is given, based on the modern system of ammonite zones and subzones. All major exposures of the Corallian beds are described, many for the first time. A definitive set of stratal terms is set out: the term Coralline Oolite is elevated to formation rank, and re-defined according to William Smith’s original concept; the new terms are Birdsall Calcareous Grit and Malton Oolite, proposed for part of the lower Corallian of the Malton district, and beds formerly allocated to the Osmington Oolite respectively. The Upper Calcareous Grit is divided into three members, and its prolific ammonite fauna reviewed. A history of sedimentation is given, and a new species of
Amoeboceras
described.
THE BAJOCIAN AMMONITE
HYPERLIOCERAS RUDIDISCITES
S. BUCKMAN IN EASTERN ENGLAND AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Senior J. R. , Earland-Bennett P. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

In 1968 three specimens of
Hyperlioceras rudidiscites
S. Buckman were found in the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian) of eastern England, two from Rutland and one unique example from Yorkshire. The stratigraphical implications of these finds are discussed.
THE STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE OF THE UPPER COAL MEASURES IN THE EXPOSED YORKSHIRE COALFIELD BETWEEN PONTEFRACT AND SOUTH KIRKBY
Authors: Goossens R. F. , Smith E. G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The stratigraphy and structure of the Yorkshire Upper Coal Measures in the northern part of their exposed field are described in detail for the first time. Knowledge has been gained from 1:10,560 geological mapping of the outcrop, some 80 sq km in extent, and from a study of relevant underground information, including that provided by over sixty boreholes.
These measures, largely grey, but including red beds at the top, are composed of sixty or so cycles with a total thickness of more than 300 metres. Several marker horizons are defined and described and, on the basis of these, the succession is divided in ascending order into the Ackworth, Brierley, Hemsworth and Badsworth divisions, a classification which, it is believed, will be applicable throughout the Yorkshire Coalfield.
The Upper Coal Measures are disposed in a number of broad northerly or north-westerly trending folds, including the previously unrecognized Thorpe Audlin Anticline. There is a network of faults, but the dominant features are the well known Pontefract Trough, and a similar but more complex structure farther south, here named the Badsworth Trough. A wrench fault, the Holgate Hospital Fault, is an unusual feature of the structure.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE URE VALLEY WATER MAIN TRENCHES 1969–71
Authors: Godwin C. G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Rocks of Namurian age, exposed in 11 miles (18km) of pipeline trenches, are described, and details of new localities for several marine horizons are given. The Marsdenian Stage has been proved, for the first time in the area, at an exposure near Winksley.
DEEP WEATHERING IN THE GREAT WHIN SILL, NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Hornung M. , Hatton Aldyth A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The occurrence of a number of sites of deeply weathered Whin Sill dolerite is reported. The most intensely altered section found to date is at Holwick Scars, Yorkshire, and consists of up to fifteen metres of an incoherent grus showing a zonation which reflects the original joint system of the rock. The alteration shows strong similarities to that produced by weathering of igneous rocks in tropical or sub-tropical climates. Weathering of this type occurred in Britain in late tertiary times.
SILICA IN THE VISÉAN LIMESTONES OF DERBYSHIRE, ENGLAND
Authors: Orme G. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Chert, quartz-rock and quartzose limestones, and a variety of discriminate and indiscriminate small-scale replacements of limestone components, are the forms taken by silica in the Visian limestones of Derbyshire. Quartz is dominant but where this is associated with spherulitic chalcedony and lutecite a transition from chalcedony through lutecite to quartz can often be demon strated. The periods and modes of emplacement of the various silica bodies are elucidated by the recognition of void-infilling, simple and complex replacement, and recrystallization silica fabrics. Further, a sequence of biogenic allochem replacements is suggested which appears to bear a relationship to the coarseness of the grain fabric. The mechanism of silica replacement of both allochems and prthochems is partly controlled by fabric orientation.
While it is possible that some cherts formed by direct precipitation, and others by replacement of lithified limestone, the majority of Derbyshire cherts formed by partial or complete replacement of the carbonate host prior to its complete consolidation. In many cases segregation of inorganic silica may have been penecontemporaneous with sedimentation.
There is a distinctive and complex association of fabrics in the quartz-rock which reveals a sequence of replacement and recrystallization processes. Quartz-rock and quartzose limestone are the products of low temperature metasomatism by hydrothermal fluids associated with faulting; their formation postdates chert emplacement and precedes fluoritization. Further, quartz-rock formation might have been coincident with the chalcedonic veining of some cherts, and might also be of similar age to the mineralization of the Derbyshire “Massif” which is considered by some to be probably Triassic and by others to be Jurassic. It is dear that silicification occurred several times during the diagenetic evolution of the Visean limestones of Derbyshire.
THE CLAY MINERALOGY AND SOME TRACE ELEMENT CONTENTS OF THE SPEETON CLAY
Authors: Parker A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Pronounced time-related trends are evident in the clay mineralogy of the Speeton Clay (Lower Cretaceous): the kaolinite/illite ratio decreases consistently as the sediments get younger, and the other main mineral, probably an illitesmectite, becomes progressively more illitic. It is suggested that these changes reflect weathering conditions at the source rather than differences in actual source-rock type or weathering of the Speeton Clay itself. This conclusion is supported by the relative consistency in trace element contents, which might be expected to reflect major changes in source material.
MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME QUATERNARY DEPOSITS IN THE VALE OF YORK
Authors: Spears D. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
An account is given of the mineralogy and geochemistry of twenty-six samples obtained from boreholes in one area of the Vale of York. The lithologies sampled include boulder clay and overlying lacustrine and fluviatile sands and clays. The results suggest that the boulder clay was derived mainly from sedimentary rocks and that the overlying deposits contain a high proportion of reworked glacial materials, confirming previous impressions based largely on erratics. The influence of current sorting and weathering on the mineralogy and geochemistry is discussed.
THE HASLINGDEN FLAGS (NAMURIAN G
1
) OF SOUTH-EAST LANCASHIRE: BAR FINGER SANDS IN THE PENNINE BASIN
Authors: Collinson J. D. , Banks N. L. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The sedimentary sequence between the
Gastrioceras cancellatum
Marine Band and the Rough Rock in south-east Lancashire comprises a wide range of lithologies ranging from mudstone through siltstone to ripple cross-laminated and cross-bedded medium-grained sandstones. The sequence consists broadly of two coarsening upwards sequences, each dominantly of mudstone and siltstone in its lower part and each capped by a sandstone member, the Lower and Upper Haslingden Flags respectively. Isopachytes on these sandstones show them to form elongate lobes thinning eastwards from a maximum exposed development around Blackburn. Palaeocurrent directions are dominantly towards the east. Both sandstones are cross-bedded in their central upstream regions and, in the Upper Haslingden Flags, a complex internal geometry involves large scale, low-angle cross-bedding up to 27 metres thick.

The overall geometry and lithofacies assemblage is compared with that of a modern bar-finger sand and, in the Upper Haslingden Flags, the internal structure of the actual distributary mouth bar is shown.
These deltas differ in type from the usual Millstone Grit delta in their finer grain size, their body geometry and in their palaeocurrent pattern. These points of difference raise the possibility of a western source area for at least some of the Millstone Grit and also imply that a different hydrological regime may have operated there.
FAUNAS AND TIME IN THE MARINE DEVONIAN
Authors: House M. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Middle Devonian was a period of peak Palaeozoic faunal diversity (if numbers of known marine genera and families are taken as a guide), yet by the middle of the Upper Devonian large numbers of formerly abundant groups had become extinct. It was an extremely impoverished fauna which survived to give rise to Carboniferous stocks.
The pattern and timing of these extinctions is examined, as far as published data allow, for the major ecological regimes, in the light of the analysis and dating of facies movements which formed the subject of a previous Address (House, 1975). Near-shore vagrant groups seem less affected by these changes than faunas of shelf and basinal environments.
Transgressions near the Lower/Middle Devonian boundary led to the widespread establishment of equable carbonate regimes in tropical regions which allowed substantial faunal diversification. Transgressions in the early Upper Devonian led to the progressive attenuation of reef complexes and to their near global termination before the close of the Frasnian. Many specialised reef and associated organisms became extinct as a result. It is argued that once the protecting influence of platform edge carbonates was lost, the effect on organisms living in the shelf environments was considerable, especially among suspension feeders. This may be an explanation for the extinction of several major brachiopod groups near the Frasnian/Famennian boundary. Changes near the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary led to the extinction of the clymenid ammonoids and the phacopid trilobites.
The need for future multidisciplinary and international cooperation in the study of these problems is stressed.
THE EFFECTS OF DIAGENESIS ON SOME HEAVY MINERALS FROM THE SANDSTONES OF THE MIDDLE LIMESTONE GROUP IN NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Hemingway J. E. , Tamar-Agha M. Y. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The heavy minerals in the sandstones of the Middle Limestone Group in Northumberland include four ubiquitous species, namely garnet, rutile, tourmaline and zircon. With the aid of a scanning electron microscope, evidence of abrasion, corrosion and secondary growth on these grains was recognised. Garnet shows corrosion features only. Rutile is of both detrital and authigenic origin. Tourmaline displays abrasion and growth features, whilst zircon is a very stable constituent both mechanically and chemically. The form and surface textures of authigenic pyrite are also recorded.
VISÉAN LOWER YOREDALE LIMESTONES ON THE ALSTON AND ASKRIGG BLOCKS, AND THE BASE OF THE D
2
ZONE IN NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Burgess I. C. , Mitchell M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Re-examination of sections in the Viséan (Lower Carboniferous) lower Yoredale limestones and their equivalent in the Great Scar Limestone (the beds spanning the D
1
-D
2
zonal boundary) on the Alston Block, along the Dent Line and on the Askrigg Block, has shown that individual cyclothems can be traced throughout this area, and a detailed correlation is established. The strata thicken rapidly southwards from the Alston Block to the Stainmore Trough and then thin progressively on to the Askrigg Block. The absence of any obvious southern margin to the trough is interpreted as indicating that the Askrigg Block and Stainmore Trough are not distinct structural units and that the thicker sequence in the latter area is due to tilting of the Askrigg Block during sedimentation, with more rapid subsidence in the north than in the south.

The base of the D
2
Zone is taken at the base of the Hawes/Peghorn Limestone, in preference to the previously accepted, somewhat higher, horizon at the base of the
Girvanella
Nodular Bed, and the correlation of this zone with the Bristol area is discussed.
THE UPPER PERMIAN SABKHA SEQUENCE AT QUARRY MOOR, RIPON, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Smith D. B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Upper Permian rocks exposed at Quarry Moor, Ripon, Yorkshire, comprise about 7.2 metres of thick-bedded porous oolitic dolomite overlain by about 5.5 metres of varied, mainly thin-bedded, limestones and dolomites with thin argillaceous and earthy beds. They lie at the top of the Lower Magnesian Limestone, and may include the lowest beds of the Permian Middle Marls. Algal lamination is present in the uppermost 9 metres, where textural evidence suggests that the limestones originated by calcitization of earlier dolomite rock (dedolomitization). Most of the rocks exposed were deposited at or near sea level and it is suggested that the contortion and brecciation in some of the higher beds took place during the formation, diagenesis and subsequent dissolution of displacive evaporites. The calcitization is thought to have taken place when intergranular gypsum or anhydrite was dissolved, probably near the ground surface during the current cycle of uplift and erosion.
A CARBONIFEROUS PEDUNCULATE BARNACLE
Authors: Whyte Martin A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A new genus and species of pedunculate cirripede,
Pabulum spathiforme
, is described from the Carboniferous (Upper Viséan) of Yorkshire, England, and Fife, Scotland. This is the first species of scalpellid type to be recorded from the Palaeozoic and is unusual in possessing paired elliptical sockets on the peduncle scales.
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHICAL CONTROL OF MINERALIZATION IN THE BLENDE VEIN, MAGPIE MINE, SHELDON NEAR BAKEWELL, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Worley N. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Detailed mapping in the Magpie sough has shown that the Blende Vein lies in reef facies and bedded stylolitic facies limestones of upper D
1
Viséan age.

Mineralization consists of a series of solution cavities lined with fluorite, calcite, sphalerite, and a little galena with pyrite; collectively they form a pipe deposit. Lithofacies control is evident in that the cavities favour the reef facies limestones. In the bedded stylolitic facies, cavities are restricted to areas adjacent to fractures and stylolite seams. It is postulated that the primary porosity of the reef limestone provided access for corrosive solutions which produced the cavities. The origin of the deposit is discussed from the standpoint of the Mississippi Valley type deposits.
THE EARTH’S CRUST IN PRECAMBRIAN TIMES
Authors: Watson J. V. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Primitive continental crustal masses rich in granitic material, land-areas subject to erosion, and primitive oceans in which sedimentation took place were already in existence when the oldest known rocks were formed about 3800 Ma ago. The initial development of a concentrically zoned earth (which overlapped with the main phases of activity on the moon) had taken place before the beginning of the geological record as we know it. The extent, distribution and thickness of the early continental masses have still to be established. The continental crust appears to have received large intermittent accessions of granitic material from the mantle over a very long time but it is not clear whether the crust was continually enlarged or whether some process of recycling kept its volume roughly constant. Certain crust-forming magmatic processes originating in the mantle appear to have been peculiar to the period prior to 2500 Ma. Surface processes associated with organic activities began at least as early as 3000 Ma and changed markedly with time.
Considered in broad terms, the structural patterns characteristic of Archaean domains formed before about 2500 Ma differ from those of younger domains which are known to have been produced in response to the motions of large and effectively rigid lithospheric plates. Large-scale variations in structural style and in metamorphic grade suggest regional variations either in the composition of the crust and upper mantle or in geothermal gradients. The forms and distribution of layered gabbro-anorthositc complexes have a bearing on this question. The large volumes of material of granitic composition which characterise Archaean provinces show distinctive relationships with other rock units which may record the effects of substantial enlargement of the continental crust. Profound changes in the style of sedimentation, tectonic activity and magmatism beginning at about 2700 Ma ushered in the Proterozoic stage of crustal development.
THE SPEEDWELL VENT, CASTLETON, DERBYSHIRE: A CARBONIFEROUS LITTORAL CONE
Authors: Cheshire S. G. , Bell J.D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The so-called Speedwell Vent is composed of a complex mixture of carbonated massive basalt, petrographically similar to the nearby Cave Dale Lava (of D
1
age), and palagonitised hyaloclastite. It is proposed that this ‘vent’ is in reality a littoral cone formed when a tongue of the subacrial Cave Dale Lava entered shallow sea-water, undergoing a certain amount of fragmentation and chilling to glass in the process.
LATE DEVENSIAN DEPOSITS FROM KILDALE, NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Jones R. L. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A Late Devensian deposit containing abundant moss remains is described. One species assumes significance because of its first recorded occurrence in British late-glacial sediments. A radiocarbon date of
c
. 16,000 BP obtained from an accumulation of the earliest deposited moss fragments assists in the interpretation of the Devensian deglaciation sequence in the region. This is considered to have been accomplished between about 18,000 and 16,000 BP probably initially by the separation and stagnation of ice lobes in valleys.
A STRATIGRAPHIC REVISION OF THE SCARBOROUGH FORMATION (MIDDLE JURASSIC) OF NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Parsons C. F. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The lithostratigraphy of the Scarborough Formation is described and 3 new formal lithostratigraphic units are named (the Hundale Shale, Ravenscar Shale and White Nab ‘Ironstone’ Members). Six ammonite horizons occur in the upper part of the Formation and indicate that all 3 Subzones (
romani, humphriesianum
and
blagdeni
) of the Lower Bajocian
humphriesianum
Zone are represented. The ammonite and ostracod faunas show that although some of the lithostratigraphic units are very variable the Crinoid Grit, Ravenscar Shale and White Nab ‘Ironstone’ Members are isochronous.
LITTORAL AND FLUVIATILE FACIES IN THE ‘KELLAWAYS BEDS’ ON THE MARKET WEIGHTON SWELL
Authors: BRASIER M. D. , BRASIER C. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The sequence of Jurassic sands in the South Cave area is described. The White Sands (probably Bathonian) are fluviatile sands and clays with a rootlet horizon and burrows near the top. These sediments were partly reworked by the Callovian transgression bringing in the Kellaway Sands and Rock, here informally subdivided into units A/B to K. These are tabular cross bedded sands with intertidal to shallow subtidal trace fossils, infaunal bivalves and disarticulated shells of epifauna, the latter especially occurring in distinct shell bands. The facial evidence indicates tidal to subtidal channels for the most part, with channel lag shell bands.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY AND GROWTH OF THE CARBONIFEROUS GIGANTOPRODUCTIDS
Authors: FERGUSON J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The hinge width and degree of curvature of the valves of gigantoproductid brachiopods are shown to be related to the population density and to the nature of the substrate on which the animal lived. Statistical studies of their growth are discussed and two models of growth, leading to either an alate or a globose form, are proposed. Preferred orientation of these brachiopods has been noted and followed up with experimental work on models, involving the use of a flume. It is suggested that the shape of the shell may also reflect certain hydrodynamic requirements.
A JURASSIC CTENOSTOME BRYOZOAN FROM YORKSHIRE
Authors: TAYLOR PAUL D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Cellaria smithii
Phillips 1829, which has usually been placed in the cyclostome bryozoan genus
Stomatopora,
is redescribed and shown to belong to the ctenostome bryozoan genus
Arachnidium.
The type specimens of
Arachnidium smithii
(Phillips) and its junior synonym
Stomatopora phillipsii
Vine, from the Cornbrash of Scarborough and Northamptonshire respectively, represent only the second and third records of Jurassic adnate ctenostomes. Although they lack a mineralised skeleton these Jurassic forms have been preserved as external casts by the process of bioimmuration.
QUARTZ OVERGROWTHS FROM THE MILLSTONE GRIT SANDSTONES (NAMURIAN) OF THE SOUTHERN PENNINES AS REVEALED BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: WILSON PETER 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Examination of detrital quartz grains from the Millstone Grit sandstones (Namurian) of the southern Pennines reveals the existence of euhedral quartz overgrowths. Distinct growth stages are visible and correspond to those described by previous workers. Overgrowths in these sandstones have been observed on a number of previous occasions but this is the first study in which they are examined by scanning electron microscopy.
A Rb-Sr ISOCHRON FOR THE SHAP GRANITE
Authors: WADGE A. J. , GALE N. H. , BECKINSALE R. D. , RUNDLE C. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A Rb-Sr age of 394 ± 3 Ma has been determined from a 21–point isochron for the Shap Granite, which was probably emplaced in lower Devonian times. The determination provides a minimum age for the base of the Gedinnian Stage. K-Ar measurements on biotites and U-Pb measurements on zircons from the granite give similar ages.
CONODONT EVIDENCE FOR THE AGE OF THE PINSKEY GILL BEDS OF RAVENSTONEDALE, NORTH-WEST ENGLAND
Authors: VARKER W. J. , HIGGINS A. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The Pinskey Gill beds occur at the base of the Carboniferous succession in Ravenstonedale, Cumbria and rest unconformably on Silurian Bannisdale Slates. Their precise age has been uncertain. Five of the calcareous horizons exposed in Pinskey Gill have been examined for conodonts and a stratigraphically useful collection of 97 specimens has been extracted from one of these. The impoverished fauna of only five specifically identifiable forms is dominated by
Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus, B. stabilis
and
Clydagnathus unicornis
, which suggest an age of upper K or lower Z on the coral/brachiopod scheme, i.e. around the middle of the Courceyan Stage. An almost identical fauna has also been extracted from between 33.55 and 36.58 metres depth in the Pinskey Gill borehole (see Holliday, Neves and Owens 1979) thus allowing a correlation between borehole and exposed succession.
A SEDIMENTARY CYCLICITY IN EARLY ASBIAN (LOWER D1) LIMESTONES IN THE LLANGOLLEN DISTRICT OF NORTH WALES
Authors: SOMERVILLE I. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Sedimentary cyclicity is recognised in the early Asbian (lower D1) limestones of the Llangollen district, North Wales. 14 to 15 cycles have been identified, each characterised by the alternation of two distinct lithologies. The lower phase, muddy bioclastic limestone rich in
Daviesiella llangollensis,
is succeeded by an upper phase of porcellanous limestone. The porcellanous limestones occasionally show subaerial features. Comparison with other areas suggests that this kind of cyclicity is commonly developed in early Asbian limestones.