bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the mean meridional circulation in the presence of a steady state, symmetric, circumpolar vortex
Authors: Gilman Peter A. 
Published: January 2012

p>The steady state equations governing the “forced” (in the sense of Kuo, 1956) mean meridional circulation in the presence of a circular vortex are presented, and it is shown that a constraining relation must exist between the sources of heat and momentum (eddy convergences, diabatic heating, and friction) and the parameters of the zonal mean state (zonal vertical wind shear, meridional temperature gradient, absolute vorticity, and static stability).In the case of general heat and momentum forcing, solutions for vertical motion ω are obtained explicitly. These solutions involve integrals along the characteristics of the equations, which are isolines of potential temperature and absolute angular momentum. In the special case of no heat or momentum forcing present, it is shown that a necessary but not sufficient condition for the existence of a “free” mean meridional circulation is that f = Z Ri (called resonance, after Kuo 1956) where Z is the absolute vorticity and Ri is the Richardson number. Equivalently, the characteristics of angular momentum and potential temperature must coincide. It is shown by means of the characteristics that the existence of a region in which the absolute vorticity, measured on an isobaric surface, is negative, may be a sufficient condition. The necessary condition implies that the static stability is also negative in such a region. The conclusion that such free circulations in the atmosphere cannot exist in the mean state agrees with Kuo, but the criterion is somewhat different.In the general forcing case, a possible constraining relationship is derived, and its usefulness considered. Simpler formulae are presented which hold along lines on which one of the components of the meridional circulation vanishes. By considering also the ratio of the components of the meridional circulation along lines on which either the momentum or the heat source functions vanish, a consistency picture between the positioning of the mean meridional cells and the sources and sinks of momentum and heat is developed. In particular, it is shown that lines of vanishing heat or momentum source cannot, in general, be in phase. Such lines must cross at the “center” of each cell (where both components of the circulation are zero). The lines of zero momentum source must slope generally upward toward the equator, in general agreement with observation. For the constraints to be consistent with the observed counter-gradient transport of heat in the lower stratosphere, the lowest layer of cells must extend into the lower stratosphere. Equatorward counter-gradient transport of heat in the troposphere in very low and very high latitudes is also suggested.The implications for observational and numerical model studies of the general circulation are briefly discussed.
Der Mechanismus des meteorologischen Lärmes
Authors: Hinkelmann K. 
Published: January 2012

Using a simple atmospheric model, the difference between the solutions of the primitive and the quasi-hydrostatic equations is demonstrated. The results show that the quasi-hydrostatic processes are largely determined by the initial field of pressure wherever the meteorological “noise”-phenomena (in the form of short-period oscillations about a trend of the meteorological elements) depend on the initial field of the non-geostrophic windcomponents. This trend can be computed with sufficient accurracy also by a numerical integration of the primitive equations, which are mathematically simpler to handle than the quasi-hydrostatic equations.
In this case the initial wind fields can be computed from the observed pressure field by using the geostrophic approximation.
To find the trend the results have to be smoothed.
Variability of Summer Temperature in Sweden and its Connection with Changes in the General Circulation
Authors: Wallén C. C. 
Published: January 2012

A method of calculating moving standard deviations to give an idea of long-periodic fluctuations in the interannual variability of summer temperature is described and discussed from a statistical point of view. The method was applied to summer temperature records from 15 stations in Sweden and changes in the variability at those stations are treated. In addition the actual variability during the period 1920—39 is determined and compared to the interdiurnal variability of the same period.
In the second part of this investigation are studied frequency fluctuations of different circulation patterns over southern Scandinavia based upon the catalogue of daily weather situations during the period 1881—1950 published by the German Weather Service of the U.S. Zone in 1952. These fluctuations are compared with changes in the summer-temperature and its variability in South Sweden during the same period. It is found that the recent rise of summer temperature has been connected with a definite decrease in frequency of north-meridional situations over Europe and with an increase of south and warm-meridional cases as well as zonal situations. High variability seems to be connected with meridional circulation, low variability with zonal circulation. In a special chapter the fluctuations in variability of the Stockholm summer temperature since 1756 are discussed.
The Interaction between a Mean Flow and Random Disturbances
Authors: Lorenz Edward N. 
Published: January 2012

The study of the statistical properties of ensembles of hydrodynamical systems may be called statistical hydrodynamics. It is recommended that statistical hydrodynamics be applied to certain problems which have not previously been looked upon as statistical problems.
Statistical hydrodynamics is applied to the problem of the interaction between a mean flow an a superposed disturbance, in a two-dimensional homogeneous incompressible nonviscous fluid. The ensemble of all disturbances which may individually be superposed upon a given mean flow is assumed to be random, in the sense that it is unaltered if each disturbance is subjected to a change of sign, a translation in space, or a rotation. It is found that, ensemble-average-wise, kinetic energy is transferred from the disturbances to the mean flow if the mean flow is of small variance and coarse detail and the disturbances are on the average of large amplitude and fine detail, while kinetic energy is transferred in the opposite direction if the opposite situation exists.
This result is applied to the problem of the maintenance of kinetic energy in the earth’s atmosphere against the dissipative effect of friction. There is some evidence that both the total kinetic energy and the kinetic energy of the mean flow can be maintained through the addition of new disturbances which form random ensembles, but that they can be maintained more efficiently, and probably are maintained, by the addition of new disturbances with a systematic lack of randomness.
Results of Forecasting with the Barotropic Model on an Electronic Computer (BESK)
Authors: Staff Members  
Published: January 2012

A series of twenty-four 24-hour forecasts have been completed using the barotropic model of the atmosphere. The results of these forecasts are better than previous tests with this model have indicated. The average correlation coefficient between computed and observed height changes of the 500 mb surface is 0.77, the error in the forecast height changes is 89 m against an average observed change of IZI m. The errors are mainly due to the following factors:

Erroneous assumptions at the boundary of the forecast area.
Inaccurate analysis of the initial data over the Atlantic.
Inaccuracy in forecasting components of the niotion of a scale only a few times larger than the grid size.
Baroclinic developments.

The computations indicate that the present results may be improved considerably by trying to eliminate errors listed under (1)–(3).
Variations of the Cosmic Ray Intensity During Magnetic Storms
Authors: Brunberg Ernst-Åke , Dattner Adam 
Published: January 2012

A simple mechanism has been suggested by H. Alfvén to explain the main features of the variation of cosmic ray intensity during magnetic storms.
Cosmic ray particles are accelerated or retarded in the electric fields of ionized beams, which are sent out from the sun. Particle orbits hitting the earth have been calculated for different momenta and for solar magnetic fields decreasing with distance as r–3, r–2 and r–1. The influence on the particles of beams of different length and breadth has been analyzed.
A beam length of a few times the orbital radius of the earth and particles with momenta in the range 20–40 GeV Z/c give a time variation in cosmic ray intensity similar to the variation measured during a magnetic storm. This requires a solar magnetic field of 10–5 gauss at the earth’s orbit.
A Study of Oceanic Fronts
Authors: Cromwell Townsend , Reid, Jr. Joseph L. 
Published: January 2012

Oceanic fronts and frontal layers are defined. Temperature data obtained at two fronts in the equatorial Pacific are presented and a particular circulation, considered basic to the existence of a front, is proposed.
Vertically isothermal warm water overlies the stable frontal layer. This suggests that vertical mixing in the isothermal water maintains the frontal layer in the same way that wind-induced vertical mixing maintains sharp thermoclines.
The data suggest that the depth of vertical mixing is different in the warm and cool water masses adjacent to one of the fronts. It is suggested that the change in vertical mixing regimes contributes to the horizontal gradients of properties across this front.
Direction of Faulting in the Deep-Focus Spanish Earthquake of March 29, 1954
Authors: Hodgson J. H. , Cock J. Irma 
Published: January 2012

An earthquake of magnitude 7.1 occurred off the south coast of Spain on March 29, 1954. The earthquake was remarkable in that it had a focal depth of about 650 km; no earthquake with focal depth greater than normal is known to have occurred in this area previously.
Using methods already established but here reviewed, the mechanism at the focus is investigated. The method defines two planes, without determining which is the fault. There are thus two possibilities. Under the first possibility the fault is approximately vertical and strikes north-south. The movement is vertical, such that the eastern side of the fault rises with respect to the western side. Under the second possibility the fault is approximately horizontal, and the movement is also horizontal, the material above the focus moving due east (that is, in the sense of the earth's rotation) with respect to the material below the focus.
Solitary Waves in the One- and Two-Fluid Systems
Authors: Long Robert R. 
Published: January 2012

A theoretical discussion is given of the solitary wave. Part I is concerned with the wave on a water surface; Part II considers the solitary wave at the interface of two superimposed liquids of different density, bounded above and below by rigid surfaces.
In Part I higher approximations are obtained for the speed of propagation, and limits to the wave speed are derived from the momentum theorem. The results include a correction to the second approximation of Weinstein.
In Part II the first two approximations to the wave speed are derived. The equations of the second approximation yield limits on the wave amplitude.
Wind Action on a Shallow Sea: Some Generalizations of Ekman’s Theory
Authors: Welander Pierre 
Published: January 2012

In 1923 Ekman developed a theory for the sea-level changes produced in a deep sea by the action of a steady wind. In the present paper the theory has been extended to a shallow sea, for which the Ekman “depth of frictional influence” d is comparable to the actual depth h. It is pointed out that the wind-stress divergence may be of the same importance as the wind-stress curl in this case.
The theory is furthermore extended to the transient case. It is demonstrated how the velocity profile and the flow can be expressed in terms of the local time-histories of the wind-stress and the surface slope, and a single integro-differential equation is derived for the sea-level elevation. This equation could possibly be used for prediction of meteorologic tides and storm surges.
Bubble Formation and Modification in the Sea and its Meteorological Significance
Authors: Blanchard D. C. , Woodcock A. H. 
Published: January 2012

It is believed that the vast majority of the airborne salt nuclei arise from bursting bubbles at the air—sea water interface. Four natural mechanisms for the production of these bubbles have been studied. These are whitecaps, rain, snow and supersaturation of the surface waters of the sea due to spring warming. The bubble spectra from whitecaps and snowflakes have been measured and semi-quantitative and qualitative observations have been made on the bubble spectrum produced by raindrops. No evidence of bubble production by spring warming has been obtained.
All of the measurements show that a majority of the bubbles are < 200 microns diameter and, in the case of bubbles from snowflakes, < 50 microns. In the vicinity of a breaking wave the bubble production rate is about 30 cm−2 sec−1.
Due to the effects of surface tension in increasing the bubble internal pressure all bubbles < 300 microns will go into solution even at sea water air saturations of 102 percent. Bubbles < 20 microns will go into solution at saturations up to 115 percent! The solution time for small bubbles of about 10 microns is about 10 sec and is not markedly affected by the water saturation percentage.
It is concluded that the effects of the rate of solution of bubbles in sea water can, under some conditions, play a significant role in modifying the initial bubble spectrum. This, in turn, should influence the spectrum of airborne nuclei.
Approaches to Regeneration
Authors: Bishop Peter 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPlanning in the capital is at a watershed. Development has become almost entirely market‐driven and the government's localism agenda now requires that local authorities take a back seat. Does this leave a role for inclusive regeneration strategies led by the public sector? Peter Bishop thinks so. He illustrates his argument with the work of Design for London and the London Borough of Newham at the Royal Docks in East London. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NEO Bankside
Authors: Gandy Matthew 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBeyond the City's walls, Southwark was for hundreds of years one of the capital's liveliest boroughs: London's industrial backyard and entertainment district. It was the site of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre and the Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens as well as several prisons, such as the Marshalsea. However, it fell into decline in the late 20th century as print works and the London docks closed. Matthew Gandy describes a new development in Southwark, adjacent to Tate Modern, which marks its reinvention as a luxurious enclave for the internationally rich. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of the Estates: From Agriculture to Urbiculture
Authors: Farrell Terry 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLarge swathes of London's West End remain under the ownership of the Great Estates, with the Grosvenor Estate (Duke of Westminster) owning much of Mayfair and the Cadogan family (Earl of Cadogan) much of Chelsea. Terry Farrell looks at how this long‐term custodianship has impacted on the development of the fabric of the city and its strong sense of place. He explains how it is a model that he has tried to draw from in his own Earl's Court masterplan. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ti Coatings with Macropores for Improved Implant Fixation Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition of TiH2 Stabilized Emulsions
Authors: Mattheys Tina , Braem Annabel , Neirinck Bram , Van der Biest Omer , Vleugels Jozef 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCurrent implant technology focuses on enhancing the fixation between implant and surrounding tissue in order to reduce the risk of implant loosening and subsequent failing. Modifying the implant's surfaces with a macroporous metallic coating can provide a mechanical anchorage by bone ingrowth and at the same time improves the loading capacity for antibacterial drugs or bone growth stimulating agents. In this work, pure Ti coatings with spherical macropores are applied on dense Ti6Al4V substrates by electrophoretic deposition of TiH2 stabilized emulsions, followed by drying, dehydrogenation, and subsequent vacuum sintering at 850 °C. The obtained Ti coatings exhibit a porous network with an open porosity varying from 50 to 65% and a mean spherical pore size changeable from 50 to 80 µm. The morphology of the coating is easily adapted by changing the powder particle size, the emulsion droplet size, and the deposition parameters. Since the coatings are produced in the frame of optimizing implant technology, a good adhesion between the substrate and the coating is a crucial prerequisite. Measurements show that the obtained tensile adhesion strength is >29 MPa.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative CC Bond Cleavage Cyclization of Biaryl‐2‐amines with Alkenes Involving CH Olefination and Carboamination
Authors: Liu Yan‐Yun , Song Ren‐Jie , Wu Cui‐Yan , Gong Lu‐Bin , Hu Ming , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Xie Ye‐Xiang , Li Jin‐Heng 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new, general method for the synthesis of phenanthridines has been developed by palladium‐catalyzed oxidative remote CH olefination–carboamination–CC bond cleavage tandem reaction. It is noteworthy that alkenes are used as the one‐carbon resources for this tandem reaction.
Predicting the risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence
Authors: Heit John A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a chronic disease with a 30% ten‐year recurrence rate. The highest incidence of recurrence is in the first 6 months. Active cancer significantly increases the hazard of early recurrence, and the proportions of time on standard heparin with an APTT ≥ 0.2 anti‐Xa U/mL, and on warfarin with an INR ≥ 2.0, significantly reduce the hazard. The acute treatment duration does not affect recurrence risk after treatment is stopped. Independent predictors of late recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, leg paresis, active cancer and other persistent VTE risk factors, idiopathic VTE, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, antithrombin, protein C or protein S deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia and a persistently increased plasma fibrin D‐dimer. A recommendation for secondary prophylaxis should be individualized based on the risk for recurrent VTE (especially fatal pulmonary embolism) and bleeding. The appropriateness of secondary prophylaxis should be continuously reevaluated, and the prophylaxis stopped if the benefit no longer exceeds the risk. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterns of Second‐to‐Fourth Digit Length Ratios (2D:4D) in Two Species of Frogs and Two Species of Lizards at La Selva, Costa Rica
Authors: Direnzo Graziella Vittoria , Stynoski Jennifer Lynn 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIt is now well documented that androgen and estrogen signaling during early development cause a sexual dimorphism in second‐to‐fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D). It is also well documented that males of mammalian species have a smaller 2D:4D than females. Although there are discrepancies among 2D:4D studies in birds, the consensus is that birds exhibit the opposite pattern with males having a larger 2D:4D than females. The literature currently lacks substantial information regarding the phylogenetic pattern of this trait in amphibians and reptiles. In this study, we examined 2D:4D in two species of frogs (Oophaga pumilio and Craugastor bransfordii) and two species of lizards (Anolis humilis and Anolis limifrons) to determine the existence and the pattern of the sexual dimorphism. Male O. pumilio and C. bransfordii displayed larger 2D:4D than females in at least one of their two forelimbs. Male A. humilis had larger 2D:4D than females in both hindlimbs, but smaller 2D:4D than females in both forelimbs. Male A. limifrons may also have smaller 2D:4D than females in the right forelimb. Finally, digit ratios were sometimes positively related to body length, suggesting allometric growth. Overall, our results support the existence of the 2D:4D sexual dimorphism in amphibians and lizards and add to the knowledge of 2D:4D trait patterning among tetrapods. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Vivo Antihyperlipidemic Activity of a New Series of N‐(Benzoylphenyl) and N‐(Acetylphenyl)‐1‐benzofuran‐2‐carboxamides in Rats
Authors: Al‐Qirim Tariq , Shattat Ghassan , Sweidan Kamal , El‐Huneidi Waseem , Sheikha Ghassan Abu , Khalaf Reema Abu , Hikmat Suhair 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new series of N‐(benzoylphenyl) and N‐(acetylphenyl)‐1‐benzofuran‐2‐carboxamides (3a–3d and 4a′–4c′) were synthesized. Compounds (3a, 3b, and 4a′–4c′) were tested in vivo using Triton‐WR‐1339‐induced hyperlipidemic rats as an experimental model for their hypolipidemic activity. The tested animals were divided into eight groups: control, hyperlipidemic, 3a, 3b, 4a′, 4b′, 4c′, and bezafibrate. At a dose of 15 mg/kg, the elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly reduced in compounds 3b (p <0.0001) and 4c′ (p <0.05) after 12 and 24 h compared to the normal control group. Furthermore, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels were remarkably increased in compounds 3b (p <0.001) and 4c′ (p <0.05). Meanwhile, compound 4b′ slightly reduced the TG levels after 12 and 24 h. The present study demonstrated new properties of the novel series of benzofuran‐2‐carboxamides 3b and 4c′ as potent lipid‐lowering agents. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that compounds 3b and 4c′ may have a promising potential in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and coronary heart diseases.
DEM‐Simulation of the Oblique Impact of Modeled Granules
Authors: Müller Peter , Tomas Jürgen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDer schiefe Stoß eines Granulatkorns gegen eine steife Wand wurde mittels der Diskrete‐Elemente‐Methode simuliert. Das Granulatkorn besteht aus 1000 Primärpartikeln. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften wurden durch Simulation eines Druckversuchs kalibriert. Als Modellstoff dienten Zeolith 4A‐Granulate. Die numerischen Ergebnisse des Stoßvorgangs bei verschiedenen Aufprallwinkeln werden mit experimentellen Ergebnissen aus Fallversuchen der Modellgranulate verglichen.
Surface Functionalization and Characterization of TiO2 with Cibacron Blue Dye: An Affinity Column for Proteins
Authors: Subbalakshmi Chilukuri , Nag Manaswita , Manorama Sunkara V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSurface‐functionalized colloidal nanoparticles provide a versatile scaffold for protein surface recognition because of their size, the ability to tailor nanoparticle surfaces with a wide range of functionalities, and the ability to template the surface monolayer. Furthermore, the wide range of core materials such as TiO2 and Fe3O4 etc., enhance the utility of these particles. Owing to its high electron affinity for many proteins and enzymes, the dye Cibacron blue (CB) has been attached to various solid supports such as Sephadex, Sepharose, and polyacrylamide. The diversity shown by the blue dye in binding several unrelated classes of proteins makes it a potential candidate in terms of studies of the immobilized ligand. A facile method of synthesis and utility of a new, cheaper, and robust support material, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), functionalized with Cibacron blue dye for protein (lactic dehydrogenase) purification by affinity chromatography is described. The TiO2–CB nanoparticles do not lose their binding property even upon long storage, drying, and re‐suspending into buffer multiple times. Studies carried out with Fe3O4–CB nanoparticles have also shown that they bind lactic dehydrogenase similar to TiO2–CB nanoparticles.