bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of behavior, physical condition and performance of laying hens in four molting methods
Authors: SHIMMURA Tsuyoshi , EGUCHI Yusuke , UETAKE Katsuji , TANAKA Toshio 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the welfare level of hens in four molting methods by comparing their behavior, physical condition and performance. In total, 96 White Leghorn layers (72 weeks of age) were used. The four molting methods consisted of 10 days of feeding and the first 3 days of water withdrawal WFW); 10 day feed withdrawal (WF) followed by ad libitum access to a layer diet from day 11, 28 days of restricted feeding (RF) and 28 days without withdrawing their feed (NW). The RF and NW hens were fed a low energy diet. The WFW and WF hens showed two clear phases of behavior during the 10‐day fasting period. Explorative and stereotyped behavior increased for WFW and WF hens just after their fast. Standing‐resting then increased for WFW and WF hens while lying‐resting decreased. In contrast, RF and NW hens did not show clear behavioral changes during the 28‐day molt period. The weight loss of the NW hens was more gradual compared with the other three methods. No significant differences were seen in any productive trait among the four methods during the postmolt period. In conclusion, the welfare level of RF and NW, especially NW, was higher compared with WFW and WF.
Hybrid Commodities, Gendered Aesthetics, and the Challenge of Cross‐Cultural Comparison: A Response to Moretti’s ‘The Novel: History and Theory’
Authors: Lam Ling Hon , Porter Dahlia 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn his provocative article, Franco Moretti raises issues central to the criticism of the novel, and his insights generated a vibrant cross‐disciplinary conversation between the authors of this response. In this essay, we introduce several alternative approaches that redirect and extend Moretti’s argument. Instead of reifying the opposition between Chinese novels (as aesthetic objects) and English novels (as commodities), we see the chiasmus of aestheticization and commodification in both novel traditions. Further, the quantitative approach to the novel field and the focus on prose excludes hybrid forms produced and consumed by women readers. The opposition of extensive, desultory reading to aesthetic concentration, we propose, came into being in the critical enterprise contemporaneous with the ‘rise’ of the novel – an enterprise grounded in the gendered economy of popular reading.
Global Joyce
Authors: Freedman Ariela 
Published: September 2010

AbstractJames Joyce’s interest in accessing the globalthroughthe core of the local makes him a particularly suggestive example for writers interested in a cosmopolitan vernacular, particularly for those writing, as Joyce did, from the margins of Europe. Postcolonial studies have extended Joyce criticism through new readings of the global multiplicity of his work and through study of the translations that brought Joyce to new readerships, but have only recently begun to examine writers outside of Europe and North America who both followed and challenged Joyce’s example. This article discusses Joyce’s global influence in the accounts of critics and novelists, including Mulk Raj Anand, Salman Rushdie, Derek Walcott and Orhan Pamuk. Attention to Joyce as a postcolonial writer should serve to call attention to other international writers, rather than to overwrite them; the effect should be centripetal and should expand and dislocate our ideas of influence rather than situate them in a stable centre. Joyce’s global circulation, reception, imitation and adaptation comprises an odyssey of reading engaged both with the revisioning of the literary past and the future of literary studies.
Modernist Literature and the Everyday
Authors: Randall Bryony 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article begins by considering modernist literary criticism's engagement with the everyday. It surveys a wide range of critical works which have in some way addressed the everyday in modernist literature, including work on the city, transport, the cinema, technology, and advertising, and concludes this opening section with an invitation to consider in more depth the paradoxes of the term ‘everyay’. The next section observes the connection between the emergence of what we now call modernism in the late nineteenth century and early everyday life studies, namely in the work of Georg Simmel, Walter Benjamin and Siegfried Kracauer. The final section offers some further readings of the everyday in modernist literature, specifically in the work of Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson, William Carlos Williams, Marianne Moore and Wallace Stevens. Observing that some recent work on modernism and the everyday has refocused attention on temporality and formal considerations, this section insists on the significance of attending to the everyday not only as content, where those things written about are identified as everyday, but also as a formal and temporal quality which informs the style and structure of modernist texts in their attempts to defamiliarise and make new the everyday in modernity.
Shakespeare’s Plays and Broadside Ballads
Authors: Chess Simone 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAs projects in the digital humanities make early modern broadside ballads more accessible to modern readers, these cheap print songs and poems are becoming an increasingly important tool for literary and cultural criticism. How might our attention to “low” texts, like ballads, change the way that we read and think about Shakespeare’s plays? First, Shakespeare’s references to ballads inAs You Like ItandA Winter’s Taleshow the author’s engagement with the growing sixteenth and seventeenth century ballad market. Second, ballad adaptations of Shakespeare plays like theThe Taming of the ShrewandTitus Andronicusshow the ways that ballad writers and sellers responded to and adapted the plays. In each of these cases, the street and the theater are closer than they might otherwise seem; Shakespeare’s plays respond to the growth of the Renaissance print market by making ballads a part of performance and script, while ballad street literature interprets theatrical plots through the genre of popular song.
Developmental Immunotoxicity of Atrazine in Rodents
Authors: Rowe Alexander M. , Brundage Kathleen M. , Barnett John B. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  There is a substantial literature reporting that the developing immune system is more sensitive to toxic insult and that the measurable phenotype resulting from prenatal/neonatal exposure often differs from that seen in adult exposure models (reviewed in Holladay and Steven, and Smialowicz et al.). Atrazine is a common herbicidal contaminant of groundwater in agricultural areas in the USA. The potential immunotoxicity of atrazine has been extensively studied using adult‐exposure models; however, few studies have explored its immunotoxicity in a prenatal and/or lactational exposure model. Prenatal/lactational atrazine exposure affects the function of young adult rodent immune systems in both sex‐ and age‐dependant manners. In our studies, the humoural and cell‐mediated immune responses of offspring from atrazine‐exposed dams were assessed at two ages, 3 and 6 months of age to test the hypothesis that prenatal/lactational atrazine exposure would cause greater health complications as the mice aged. Male offspring showed a significant immunopotentiation at three moa that was not apparent at 6 months. Three‐month‐old female offspring showed no significant difference in immune response from controls. However, at 6 months, female litter mates showed a significant depression in their immune function. These results indicate a decreasing trend in immune capacity. Rooney et al. showed a significant depression of the immune function of young male rat exposure prenatally and lactationally to atrazine. These results demonstrate a sex‐ and age‐dependant effect of prenatal exposure to atrazine on the immune system of the adult offspring using two rodent strains.
Consequences of Exposure to Carcinogens Beginning During Developmental Life
Authors: Soffritti Morando , Belpoggi Fiorella , Esposti Davide Degli , Falcioni Laura , Bua Luciano 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The increased incidence of cancer over the last 50–60 years may be largely attributed to two factors: the ageing of the population and the diffusion of agents and situations presenting carcinogenic risks. Today, we have entered into a new era in which populations are ever‐increasingly exposed to diffuse carcinogenic risks, present not only in the occupational, but also in the general environment. We must now also consider an additional factor in the carcinogenic process, that is, the age in which exposure to carcinogenic risks begins. Apart from the paradigmatic cases of diethylstilboestrol and ionizing radiation, the available epidemiological data concerning the adult consequences of developmental exposure to carcinogens is very limited. However, important data have been provided by long‐term experimental carcinogenicity bioassays conducted using rodents. This paper reports a selection of studies conducted in the laboratories of the Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center of the European Ramazzini Foundation in which exposure to the chemical agents vinyl acetate monomer, ethyl alcohol and aspartame was started during developmental life and continued into adulthood. The results of these studies provide supporting evidence that lifespan exposure to carcinogenic agents beginning during developmental life produces an overall increase in the carcinogenic effects observed. Moreover, when comparing prenatal and postnatal exposure, the data demonstrate that the development of cancers may appear earlier in life.
INSECT INFESTATION OF STORED PRODUCTS
Authors: HAYHURST H. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA list of insects found infesting stored products is given, with details of the commodities upon which they have been found.The author is indebted to H. Britten, Esq., F.R.E.S., for the identification of many insects and for much helpful advice and encouragement; also to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company for permission to publish this paper.
Studies in Plant Nutrition
Authors: Chesters C. G. C. , Street H. E. 
Published: September 2010

The effect on growth and development of lettuce (May King Improved) resulting from the addition of organic supplements to a full inorganic culture solution has been investigated by means of sand cultures.The addition of an aqueous extract of leaf mould resulted in enhanced growth on both a fresh and dry‐weight basis. Shoot and particularly leaf growth were most markedly stimulated so that a higher shoot/root ratio was obtained. The plants receiving leaf‐mould extract were also characterized by a slightly higher moisture content.The addition of either yeast extract or hydrolysed casein did not result in any significant difference in growth as compared with plants receiving only inorganic nutrients.The results are briefly discussed against the background of a review of the present status of our knowledge of the role of organic materials in the nutrition of higher green plants.
Cattle Grazing, Forest Loss, and Fuel Loading in a Dry Forest Ecosystem at Pu'u Wa'aWa'a Ranch, Hawai'i1
Authors: Blackmore Murray , Vitousek Peter M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWe used aerial photographs to measure long‐term loss of forest cover in dry to mesic forests at Pu'u Wa'aWa'a on the island of Hawai'i. The aerial extent of dense forest decreased 62 percent between 1954 and 1994, and the area covered by grassland increased by 237 percent. We then used field data and modeling to evaluate the consequences of removing cattle to the composition, biomass, and flammability of the grass community. Field studies of exclosures demonstrated that grazing reduced biomass of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) from 770 to 229 g/m2, and canopy height from 26.8 to 6.1 cm. Grazed kikuyu was unable to carry fast‐spreading or intense fires (maximum flame length 70 cm, covering 1.4 ha after one hour), while ungrazed kikuyu could carry catastrophic fires (flame lengths 3.0 m, covering >75 ha after one hour). In addition, removing cattle from drier areas allowed the spread of fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), which created a higher risk of fire due to its architecture and low fuel moistures.
Do Forest Gaps Influence the Population Structure and Species Composition of Mangrove Stands in Northern Australia?1
Authors: Clarke Peter J. , Kerrigan Raelee A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTGap‐phase regeneration of tropical mangroves was studied to test if there were significant environmental, structural, and floristic differences between canopy gaps and adjacent forests with intact canopies. Twenty‐five canopy gaps in the low to mid intertidal zone were sampled at two study areas in northern Australia. Canopy gaps at the more equatorial study area were larger and had a higher surrounding canopy. Soil analyses showed that sediment texture exerts strong control on conductivity, pH, organic matter, total P, total N and total S. Some soil factors differed between gaps and intact forest, and PAR was significantly higher in gaps. Despite this, propagule and young seedling abundances did not differ between gaps and adjacent forests due to the dominance of viviparous species. Enhanced recruitment of seedlings to the sapling stage was detected in many canopy gaps, although saplings were also present under mangrove forest canopies. Nevertheless, the overall floristic composition, species richness, and species rank abundance were similar between canopy gaps and forests with intact canopies. There appears to be little evidence for specialized gap colonists in tropical mangrove forest as distinct from other tropical forests. Instead, gap‐phase regeneration of mangroves appears to follow a simple “direct replacement” model in which a species population is replaced by members of the same species in forest gaps. The scope for gap‐dependent specialization in mangroves via seed dormancy and fast growth rates, common in rain forest pioneers, may be constrained by the intertidal environment in which mangroves occur.
The Relationship between Canopy Gaps and Topography in a Western Ecuadorian Rain Forest1
Authors: Gale Neil 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe relationship between canopy gaps and topography was examined in 12 ha of wet rain forest in lowland western Ecuador. Canopy gap and topographical data were recorded on a 10‐ X 5‐m grid system. Each grid point was categorized as belonging to a low canopy gap (5 m height), a high canopy gap (5–10 m height), or the non‐gap forest (>10 m height). Slope position, altitude, slope, and surface rock all influenced proportional gap area. The gap relationship with slope position and slope angle varied with altitude. Proportional gap area was not related to drainage. Irrespective of altitude, the plateaus had the greatest proportion of low canopy gap followed by the valleys and upper slopes. The mid‐slopes and ridges had the lowest proportion of low canopy gap. The proportions of high canopy gap had an almost converse relationship. As altitude decreased, the proportion of low canopy gap increased in the valleys and on the plateaus, but decreased on the ridges and upper slopes. The relationship of slope to the two gap types also varied with altitude, although no clear trend was evident. The processes controlling the observed topographical relationship of gaps are complex, and among other factors, may be linked to the distribution of live and dead treefalls. Topographic differences in the incidence of canopy gaps can potentially influence local species' distributions.
Allometric Models for Tree Volume and Total Aboveground Biomass in a Tropical Humid Forest in Costa Rica1
Authors: Segura Milena , Kanninen Markku 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAllometric equations for the estimation of tree volume and aboveground biomass in a tropical humid forest were developed based on direct measurements of 19 individuals of seven tree species in Northern Costa Rica. The volume and the biomass of the stems represented about two‐thirds of the total volume and total aboveground biomass, respectively. The average stem volume varied between 4 and 11 Mg/tree and the average total aboveground biomass ranged from 4 to 10 mg/tree. The mean specific gravity of the sampled trees was 0.62 ± 0.06 (g/cm3). The average biomass expansion factor was 1.6 ± 0.2. The best‐fit equations for stem and total volume were of logarithmic form, with diameter at breast height (R2= 0.66 − 0.81) as an independent variable. The best‐fit equations for total aboveground biomass that were based on combinations of diameter at breast height, and total and commercial height as independent variables had R2 values between 0.77 and 0.87. Models recommended for estimating total aboveground biomass are based on diameter at breast height, because the simplicity of these models is advantageous. This variable is easy to measure accurately in the field and is the most common variable recorded in forest inventories. Two widely used models in literature tend to underestimate aboveground biomass in large trees. In contrast, the models developed in this study accurately estimate the total aboveground biomass in these trees.
Effects of Canopy Cover and Ground Disturbance on Establishment of an Invasive Grass in an Australia Savanna1
Authors: Setterfield S. A. , Douglas M. M. , Hutley L. B. , Welch M. A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAndropogon gayanus(gamba grass) is an introduced pasture grass that threatens Australia's tropical savannas by modifying fire regimes and species composition. To understand the establishment requirements ofA. gayanus, we undertook a field experiment to determine the effect of canopy cover and ground layer disturbance on seedling emergence and survival. Seed was sown under three canopy treatments (undisturbed, artificial canopy gap, and natural canopy gap) and under three ground layer treatments (Control, Vegetation disturbed, and Soil disturbed). Results have shown thatA. gayanuscan establish and survive regardless of canopy cover or ground disturbance, although such site disturbances will increase establishment success. Disturbance of both the overstorey canopy and the ground layer increasedA. gayanusemergence, whereas seedling survival to 12 mo after seed sowing was affected by ground layer disturbance alone. Disturbance of the canopy increased light transmission, which may have promoted germination. Ground layer disturbance may also have increased light transmission and suitable sites for establishment, and reduced competition for resources, such as water and nutrients. The ability ofA. gayanusto spread along disturbed areas, establish in relatively undisturbed savannas, and resprout after fire within 6 mo after seedling emergence suggests that this species will become increasingly widespread in Australia's tropical savannas. Its control is urgently required.
Seed Dispersal Modes of the Sandstone Plateau Vegetation of the Middle Caquetá River Region, Colombian Amazonia1
Authors: Arbeláez María Victoria , Parrado‐Rosselli Angela 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWe characterized the dispersal spectra and phenology of 298 vascular plant species of the sandstone plateaus of Colombian Amazonia. Dispersal modes were determined by the morphology of dispersion units, personal observations on fruit consumption, and an extensive literature review. We obtained the number of species per dispersal mode for the sandstone plateaus and for two recognized vegetation types: open‐herbaceous vegetation and low forest‐shrub vegetation. Dispersal modes were assigned to 295 plant species. Animals dispersed the highest percentage of species (46.6%), while the percentage of autochorous and anemochorous species was 29.4 and 23 percent, respectively. The dispersal spectrum of the low forest‐shrub vegetation type, based on the coverage of every species, showed that percentages of anemochorous (40.2%) and zoochorous species (37.8%) were similar. Autochory was the most important seed dispersal mode of the open‐herbaceous vegetation (60%). Birds were the principal group of potential dispersers (58.9%) of zoochorous species and reptiles the least important. We found two marked fruiting peaks, one from the end of the dry season to the beginning of the wet season and the second one from the beginning to the middle of the dry season. Our results showed that besides the differences in the vegetation structure and floristic composition between the sandstone plateaus and the adjacent tall forest, there also exist differences in the dispersal spectra and the fruiting rhythms.
Cloud Forest Bird Responses to Unusually Severe Storm Damage1
Authors: Tejeda‐Cruz César , Sutherland William J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1998, storms related to Hurricane Isis caused extensive gaps in the cloud forest of El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico, where severe storms are infrequent. We examined how this disturbance affected bird species composition. Species richness and composition were similar both between pre‐ and post‐disturbance forest and between newly created gaps and plots that remained forested after the hurricane. However, differences in response guilds were greater between pre‐ and post‐disturbance plots than between forest plots with gaps after disturbance. Granivorous, omnivorous, and terrestrial species were more abundant before the hurricane, whereas insectivorous, midstory, and generalist foragers were more abundant after the hurricane. In addition, species with high sensitivity to disturbance were more abundant in the pre‐disturbance forest, while low sensitivity species were more abundant after disturbance. In the post‐disturbance forest, insectivorous species were most abundant in gaps and terrestrial‐canopy foragers were most abundant in forest plots. Permanently open areas had significantly lower species richness, but had lowland generalist and second‐growth species not present in the cloud forest. Results suggest that changes in species composition were not limited to the newly created gaps, but also affected the whole forest. The decline of high sensitivity species after disturbance supports the hypothesis that disturbance negatively affects specialists and benefits generalist species. Although there is evidence that natural communities tend to return to pre‐disturbance conditions, changes in community structure could be aggravated if recurrent hurricanes occur before succession takes place.
A NarrowHeliconius cydno(Nymphalidae; Heliconiini) Hybrid Zone With Differences in Morph Sex Ratios1
Authors: Merchán H. Alejandro , Jiggins Chris D. , Linares Mauricio 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn the western cordillera of the Cauca valley, Colombia, there is a narrow hybrid zone between two races ofHeliconius cydno, one of which is polymorphic. Three large broods show that most of the phenotypic variation observed can be explained by four loci of major effect, namedSb,Yb,L,andK. Two further loci,GandWo, were identified that control more minor phenotypic variation.Sb, Yb,andWoare linked and the latter is differentially expressed between the sexes. The transition betweenH. c. cydnidesin the north andH. c. weymerito the south occurs over approximately 15 km. Collections from a single site near the center of the hybrid zone show that gene frequencies have been stable over the 10 yr from 1991 to 2001 and that color‐pattern genes are in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, with little evidence for linkage disequilibrium. This suggests that mating is random between color‐pattern forms. Nonetheless, there is evidence for variation in the sex ratio, with parental phenotypes and the most melanic hybrid phenotypes showing a fairly even sex ratio compared to a strong male bias observed in the remaining hybrids. We hypothesize that this might be explained by differential selection between sexes and phenotypes, phenomena that could have important implications for hybrid zone analysis and the evolution of Müllerian mimicry.