bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Use of Passive Inflow Control Devices to Improve the Field Development Plan
Authors: Abdelfattah Tarik A. , Banerjee Sudiptya , Garcia Gonzalo A. , Nguyen Hang 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The concept of one completion tool affecting overall recovery from a field may seem unlikely at first thought. This is due to the fact that standard procedures in the oil industry have long designed completions on a well to well basis rather than analyzing the effect that said completions would have on field-wide hydrocarbon recovery. When the deliverability of a reservoir is evaluated, the well is usually thought of as a pressure point, a simplification used to make predictive modeling easier. However, when multiple wells are drilled and completed with maximized reservoir contact, the completions used within these wells have significant impact on the overall recovery from their associated drainage areas. As such, wells should no longer be treated merely as pressure points if one desires a realistic premise from which to predict field performance. This paper revolves around simulations carried out comparing cases with different completion installations. The completion designs were as follows:
1- Standard Screen 2- Passive Inflow Control Devices (PICD) with Open-Hole Isolation Packers
The use of PICDs is not widely understood by the industry as the operational criteria that determine the technology’s effectiveness have not made it universally necessary. These essential screening criteria have been largely explored in published literature, particularly the works of Martin P. Coronado, et al. Yet once a positive assessment has been made and PICD is seen as a viable option, an execution of a time-dependent simulation for describing completion performance over time should be the next step in the process. Evaluating the performance of a completion over time is extremely important as conditions are always changing throughout the life of the well. Examples of conditions that need to be factored into the performance of the completion include the following:
1- Fluid Saturations 2- Changing fluid properties (Pressure and temperature dependent) 3- Reservoir Pressure 4- Production Drawdown (Pressure difference between the drainage region pressure and flowing bottom hole pressure) a. Associated flow rates at the sand face and into the completion
In all modeled scenarios, the criteria to justify the use of PICD were met. Establishing a link between the completion design and a numerical reservoir simulator was achieved, with the resulting output evaluated by researchers. When comparing the simulated completion types, the effectiveness of installing PICDs was made apparent with results that showed a significant increase in recovery factor of up to 4% when compared to the Standard Screen case.
Nano-Enhancement of Elastomers for Improved Downhole Barrier Performance
Authors: Welch John C. , Newman Caleb R. , Gerrard David P. , Mazyar Oleg A. , Mathur Vipul , Thieu Vu 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The oil and gas industry is continuously looking for material and tool designs with more robustness that provides greater operational flexibility in aggressive environments. New elastomeric systems that have been enhanced at the nanometer scale have been engineered to address these needs.
Nano-enhanced EPDM showed 95-percent lower swelling rate in oil at ambient temperature. Nano-enhanced HNBR compound exhibited 15 times lower absorption in 300°F hydrocarbon fluid. Nano-enhanced FEPM compound showed 20 times lower absorption. Nano-enhanced FEPM bladder material submersed in oil at 300°F yielded a three-fold reduction in the gas transmission rate of a hydrocarbon blend containing both CO2 and of H2S. The same nano-enhanced material showed a 50-percent reduction in the degradation effects of H2S on the NBR physical properties. All of the above are lab results, and the comparisons were made to baseline commercially available rubber compounds without nano-enhancement.
Our results demonstrated that nanotechnology can be very effectively used to significantly modify properties of commonly used rubber compounds in the oil and gas industry. The oil swelling rate can be drastically reduced to give operators a greater flexibility in setting the packers and reducing intervention. Sour gas-based slowdown of material retardation translates to higher tool life. These findings can be used to design new packers, sealing elements and other elastomeric components used in downhole environment. This paper will present our recent lab results along with postulated mechanism on how nanotechnologies can impact material performance in downhole applications.
The Effect of Drilling Fluid Content on Magnetic Shielding of Downhole Compasses in MWDs
Authors: Tellefsen K.. , Ding S.. , Saasen A.. , Amundsen P. A. , Fjogstad A.. , Torkildsen T.. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The magnetic property of the drilling fluid is one of the substantial error sources for the determination of azimuth while drilling deviated wells. These errors may be in the range of 1-200m if drilling long, deviated intermediate sections. Therefore, these effects represent a significant cost to be mitigated. The error becomes even more pronounced if drilling occurs in arctic regions close to the magnetic North pole. Added clays, weight materials and the tubular wear are anticipated to distort the geomagnetic field at the location of the magnetometers. The effect on the magnetometer readings is obviously linked to the amount of magnetic material in the drilling fluid. The problem has been studied both by laboratory experiments and analyses of downhole survey data. However, there are several inconsistencies in the results, and the phenomenon is not fully understood.
In the following it is shown how the magnetic distortion relates to some drilling fluid additives. A series of experiments have been conducted to increase the understanding of the effects. First, a series of experiments showed that presence of free iron ions do not contribute to magnetic distortion. Next, a series of experiments with bentonite-based fluids were conducted, showing the effect of bentonite on magnetic shielding. Measurements on a series of clean, laboratory made oil-based drilling fluids showed that the magnetic shielding did not increase by the addition of organophilic hectorite clays. Finally, eroded steel from an offshore drilling location was added into the oil-based drilling fluid. These swarf and steel fines significantly increased the magnetic shielding of the drilling fluid. This paper also outlines how much the drilling direction may be distorted by the presence of these additives and contaminants.
Resin-Based Cement Alternatives for Deepwater Well Construction
Authors: Morris Kay A. , Deville Jay P. , Jones Paul 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Well construction in deepwater environments poses many challenges from a cementing perspective. Limited options for controlling cement density and rheological profile can present significant risks to wellbore stability, especially in narrow fracture gradient wells. In addition, poor compatibility between traditional aqueous-based cement and synthetic-based drilling fluids (SBFs) commonly used in deepwater drilling can lead to issues with cement-to-casing and cement-to-formation bond integrity. To address these issues, a new epoxy-resin based cement alternative has been developed with highly tunable specific gravity and drilling fluid-like rheology.
The combination of a highly tunable specific gravity and maintenance of drilling fluid-like rheology yields minimal equivalent circulating density (ECD) increases upon placement of the resin in the wellbore and enhanced management of narrow fracture-gradients. Furthermore, the new resin formulations have been shown to provide excellent compatibility with SBFs used in deepwater applications. The resin shows applicability over the broad temperature range of 90 to 225°F, with resin densities of 7.0 to 18.0 lb/gal. In addition, elevated shear bond strengths with minimal shrinkage upon cure were observed for the resins.
The paper presents detailed studies of the new resin systems at 90°F, 160°F, and 225°F with 9.0 to 14.0 lb/gal densities. It also discusses set time/pump time issues and the control of resin rheological properties and density by means of a judicious choice of added particle types and particle sizes. The resin systems tolerated a high volume percentage of SBF contamination, and excellent compressive strengths were observed with and without SBF contamination. Combined, the data indicates that the new resin potentially provides substantial advantages over traditional cement and mitigates many of the challenges associated with the application of cement in deepwater well construction.
Identifying and Mitigating the Risks of Shallow Flow in Deepwater Cementing Operations
Authors: Bogaerts M.. , DeBruijn G. G. , Moretti F.. , Voon E.. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Deepwater cementing poses many challenges across the world as drilling operations move towards greater water depths. The Deepwater Cementing Review Team (SPE WVS 035), gathered to provide oversight to the deepwater cementing job programs within the corporation and to insure they meet the industry standards, has reviewed so far more than 1200 jobs spread over 30 countries worldwide. About 10% of the reviewed jobs are riser-less surface casing cement jobs.
When present, shallow flow is one of the biggest risks in cementing surface casings. Not achieving zonal isolation can result in the loss of the well or expensive remedial work. Early identification of potential shallow flow is crucial as it gives time to optimize the cement job following industry best practices, such as API RP 65 and API ST 65 – Part 2.
Three important factors for a successful cement job in case of shallow flow are proper centralization, good mud removal and slurry selection. If shallow flow is present, the surface casing must be properly centralized to achieve flow around the entire casing. Conventional cement systems are widely and successfully used for surface casings. However, if shallow flow is identified, more advanced cement systems, such as foam cement or optimized particle-size distribution cement, are used.
Zonal isolation of shallow flow zones can be obtained through cementation when the engineering guidelines are followed and focus is placed on proper design and execution. A statistical analysis of the surface casing designs reviewed shows the risk of shallow gas and demonstrates that shallow flow can be prevented, after the flow potential is identified. The key is early identification of shallow flow and open discussion between the operator and the service company.
Audit Quality and the Trade-Off between Accretive Stock Repurchases and Accrual-Based Earnings Management
Authors: Burnett Brian M. , Cripe Bradrick M. , Martin Gregory W. , McAllister Brian P. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
We examine whether audit quality affects the trade-off between accrual-based and real earnings management. We hypothesize that firms motivated to manage earnings per share (EPS) to meet or beat consensus analysts' forecasts are more likely to engage in accretive stock repurchases (a form of real earnings management) when their ability to manage earnings through accruals is constrained by high audit quality. We find that firms with high audit quality are more likely to use accretive stock repurchases and less likely to use accrual-based earnings management to meet or beat consensus analysts' forecasts. Our results are robust to various controls for endogeneity concerns.
Effect of oral administration of pimobendan in cats with heart failure
Authors: Gordon Sonya G. , Saunders Ashley B. , Roland Risa M. , Winter Randolph L. , Drourr Lori , Achen Sarah E. , Hariu Crystal D. , Fries Ryan C. , Boggess May M. , Miller Matthew W. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of PO administration of pimobendan on clinical and echocardiographic variables and survival time in cats with heart failure characterized by ventricular systolic dysfunction.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—27 client-owned cats (16 male and 11 female) with heart failure, treated with pimobendan (mean ± SD dosage, 0.26 ± 0.08 mg/kg [0.118 ± 0.036 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h).
Procedures—Information on medical history, laboratory results, diagnostic imaging findings, treatments received, and survival time were obtained from medical records of cats that received pimobendan because of cardiac disease. When possible, additional follow-up information was obtained through telephone interviews with referring veterinarians and owners.
Results—The mean ± SD age of all 27 cats was 8.9 ± 5.2 years. All cats had received several cardiac medications. Types of heart disease represented included unclassified cardiomyopathy (CM; n = 11 [41%]), dilated CM (8 [30%]), arrhythmogenic right ventricular CM (4 [15%]), congenital heart disease (3 [11 %]), and hypertrophic CM with regional hypokinesis (1 [4%]). All cats had ventricular systolic dysfunction. One cat with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve became severely hypotensive after initial administration of pimobendan and was excluded from the survival analysis. Median survival time was 167 days (95% confidence interval, 32 to 339 days).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pimobendan appeared to be well tolerated in cats with heart failure characterized by ventricular systolic dysfunction of various etiologies. Cats with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve may develop systemic hypotension when treated with pimobendan. Additional studies are needed to establish dosages for pimobendan and its effects before it can be recommended for treatment of cats with CHF.
Increase of biogas production from pretreated hay and leaves using wood-rotting fungi
Authors: Mackuľak Tomáš , Prousek Josef , Švorc Ľubomír , Drtil Miloslav 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWood-decaying mushrooms can be applied for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates such as leaves, hay and straw. The use of wood-decaying fungus Auricularia auricula-judae for the decomposition of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) leaves and hay is discussed in the proposed paper. Such pretreated substrate was employed in the anaerobic processes for biogas production. Comparison of pretreated and non-pretreated substrate revealed that an increase of 15 % in the biogas production can be achieved using the pretreated substrate. Composition of organic compounds in the sludge during the anaerobic process was identified by HPLC. The obtained results show that the utilization of pretreated leaves and hay leads to a gradual increase of the concentration of formic, acetic, and volatile fatty acids as well as to the formation of some aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols.
Analysis of prescription and consumption of medicines in children and adolescents
Authors: Lehocká Ľ. , Fulmeková M. , Masaryková L. 
Published: June 2012

Analysis of prescription and consumption of medicines in children and adolescents
In our study we analysed the prescription and consumption of medicines in children and adolescents. A total of 5200 medical prescriptions realized by a community pharmacy were evaluated. By selection of medical prescriptions prescribed to patients in the age group of up to 18 years of age a study group of 233 prescriptions was made. The group was identified by age and sex of the patients. In the group of prescriptions we analysed the incidence of individual diagnoses and consumption of medicines from different points of view, according to age, sex and rate of individual diagnoses according to the ATC system. Based on our analysis it was concluded, that the most frequent diseases affecting children and adolescents are diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the ear and mastoid process, digestive system and skin diseases. With the exception of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, the incidence of all diseases is quite similar in both sexes. In the present, the consumption of prescription medicines used by children and adolescents is still very high mainly in the age group from 7 to 15 years of age.
Clinicohistopathological Correlation in Leprosy
Authors: Mathur M C , Ghimire R B K , Shrestha P , Kedia S K 
Published: June 2012

Background Leprosy is a chronic, infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It is classified into five groups based on clinical, histological, microbiological and immunological criteria (Ridley & Jopling Classification). However, a great variation has been observed in the interpretation of histopathological examination ok skin biopsies and clinical presentation of the disease. Objective To correlate clinical diagnosis with histopathological diagnosis of leprosy patients in Nepal. Methods A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted among patients with all clinical types of leprosy, classified as per the Ridley-Jopling classification. Skin biopsies were taken from active lesions in all patients and were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin stain and modified Fite-Ferraco stain for identification of Mycobacterium leprae. The histopathological findings were compared with clinical diagnoses. Results A total 156 patients were studied, out of which 84 (53.8%) males and 72 (46.1%) females between 8 and 86 years of age. The majority of patients 33 (23.57%) were in the age group of 21-30 years and least affected was children below 10 years 1(0.007%).Overall coincidence of clinical and histopathological diagnoses of classification was seen in 115 cases (80.4%). The maximum correlation (95.2%) was noted in LL patients (p value 0.000049) followed by BT(89.74%), TT (73.2%), BL(72.4%), BB(64.7%). Conclusion Leprosy still continues to be one of the common infectious disease in Nepal and skin biopsy is a useful tool in confirming the clinical diagnosis of leprosy as well as for the therapeutic guide. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i4.6338 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(4):248-51
Prevalance of Noise Induced Hearing Loss among Traffic Police Personnel of Kathmandu Metropolitan City
Authors: Shrestha I , Shrestha B L , Pokharel M , Amatya R C M , Karki D R 
Published: June 2012

Background Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a major preventable occupational health hazard. Objective To measure permanent threshold shift in traffic police personnel due to noise exposure and to examine whether it was associated with duration of noise exposure, years of work and risk factors. Methods Cross sectional, descriptive study conducted at Dhulikhel hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital in 110 responding traffic police personnel. Detailed history and clinical examination of ear, impedence audiometry and pure tone audiometry was performed. Results Mean age group was 29.82 years; 82(74.5%) were males and 28 (25.5%) were females. Mean duration of service is 11.86 years. Twenty six (23.6%) had tinnitus and 39(35.5%) had blocked sensation in ear. Sixty five (59.1%) worked between 10-19 years. Alcohol and smoking shows positive impact on NIHL (p value =0.00). Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were 4.481 (1.925-10.432) and 6.578 (2.306-18.764) respectively. Among 73(66.4%) noise induced hearing loss positive cases, bilateral involvement was seen in 45 (40.9%) and unilateral in 28(25.4 %) cases. Among unilateral cases most were left sided. Hearing threshold at 4 kHz increased according to age and duration of service. Conclusion Traffic police personnel are in constant risk of noise induced hearing loss. Screening for hearing loss is recommended for people exposed to noise.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i4.6343 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(4):274-8
Outcome of Head Injury Patients Undergoing Surgical Management: A Tertiary Level Experience
Authors: Shrestha A , Joshi R M , Thapa A , Devkota U P , Gongal D N 
Published: June 2012

Background Head injury is the major cause of death in a neurosurgical patient. Objective To find the outcome, and treatment modality affecting the outcome in patients with head injury. Methods Nine hundred eighty seven patients presenting to National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, with head injury from September 2009 to October 2010 were included in the study. Patients were categorized according to post resuscitation Glasgow Coma Score. Outcome was assessed at discharge using Glasgow Outcome Score and analyzed for any correlation with modality of treatment and severity of injury. Results Among 987 patients with head injury,152 (15.4%) had severe, 126 (12.8%) had moderate and 709 (71.8%) had mild head injuries. Three hundred twelve (31.6%) patients required definitive and supportive surgical intervention. One hundred eighty two required cranial surgical intervention. Overall mortality was 10% (99), 137 patients (13.9%) had unfavorable outcome and 850 (86.1%) had favorable Glasgow Outcome Score of 4 and 5. Mortality was 53.2%, 9.5% and 0.8% in severe, moderate and mild head injury group respectively. Mortality rate was significantly higher (64.6%) in severe head injury group managed conservatively than those in same group treated with supportive and definite surgical intervention (44.8%) (p=0.016). Conclusion Mortality in head injury patients depend upon severity of injury. Mortality in severe head injury group can be reduced by supportive and definite surgical intervention.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i4.6345 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(4):283-5
Operative Fixation of Displaced Middle Third Clavicle (Edinburg Type 2) Fracture with Superior Reconstruction Plate Osteosynthesis
Authors: Dhoju D , Shrestha D , Parajuli N P , Shrestha R , Sharma V 
Published: June 2012

Background Conservative management of middle third clavicle fracture has been recently reported with suboptimal outcomes. Despite higher nonunion rates in initial open reduction and internal fixation, understanding the problem better and taking in accounts of previous shortcomings, such fractures can be optimally treated by open reduction and internal fixation with reconstruction plate. Objective To study the outcome of middle third clavicle fracture treated with superior reconstruction plating in terms of function using Constant shoulder score, union time and rate, complications and patient satisfaction. Methods Twenty patients with displaced middle third clavicle fracture (Edinburg type 2) treated with open reduction and internal fixation with reconstruction plate implanted in superior surface were prospectively followed for at least one year after surgery. Results There were 20 patients, 16 males and 4 females. The mean age of the patients was 31.5 years with SD 11.5 years (range 15-60 years) and 5 patients (25%) had associated injuries. All fractures united in 16 weeks or less in near anatomic position with complication in 2 (5%) patients, one deep infection and one frozen shoulder which on subsequent management recovered well. There was no nonunion or implant failure. The average Constant score was 97.45 in one year follow up and the patients were relatively satisfied with the treatment.The most common indication (25%) for hardware removal was young age of the patient, hardware prominence and occasional discomfort Conclusion This small series shows that displaced midshaft clavicle fracture can be optimally treated with operative fixation implanting the reonstruction plate in superior surface with six cortical purchases on either side and supervised physiotherapy, although subsequent surgery for implant removal might be necessary.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i4.6346 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(4):286-90