bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sedimentology and palaeogeographic significance of certain red limestones and associated beds in the Lias of the Alpine region
Authors: Hallam A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A stratigraphical and petrological description is given of a selected number of red limestones and associated grey limestones and red and grey-green marls, in several classic localities in the Lias of the Alpine region. These include the Ammonitico Rosso of southern Switzerland and northern Italy and the Adnet Limestone and Fleckenmergel, etc. of the Salzburg Province of Austria.
There are a number of characteristics of these rocks which contrast with those of equivalent age in north-west Europe. Detrital quartz, organic carbon, pyrite, kaolinite, chamosite and siderite are all rare or absent, whereas they are common in the latter region. Chert nodules are, in contrast quite common in the Alpine beds but rare further north. Red limestones and marls are stratigraphically more condensed and more nodular than their grey equivalents; in cases of extreme condensation manganese oxide-coated nodules and corrosion surfaces occur. Stratigraphical evidence favours deposition in quite shallow water. The fauna of the Mediterranean region is the more diverse, but individual abundance, for beds of a given rate of deposition, is greater in north-west Europe, most notably in the case of bivalves.
These facies differences can best be accounted for by interpreting north-west Europe as an area of coastal and inshore waters, whose salinity was lowered slightly by the influx of fresh water from rivers, which brought large quantities of terrigenous detritals, organic matter and iron to the sea. The Mediterranean region was in contrast an area of open but quite shallow sea, of normal marine salinity but deficient in particulate organic matter and hence benthonic fauna. The relevance of this interpretation to other Mesozoic formations is briefly discussed.
Sediments of the Flandrian transgression in south-west Scotland: terminology and criteria for fades distinction
Authors: Jardine W. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Coastal sediments occurring in central and south-west Scotland at 2 to 10 m above British Ordnance Datum, and hitherto designated the ‘25-ft’ or ‘Post-glacial raised beach’ are shown on theoretical grounds and on the basis of field study in south-west Scotland to comprise at least four distinct fades. Beach, open-bay, estuarine and lagoonal deposits are distinguished, primarily on consideration of shape of the sedimentary body concerned and location of the deposits in relation to the contemporary shore-line, to a lesser degree on consideration of texture, degree of sorting, degree of stratification and organic content. It is suggested that the collective term ‘raised coastal sediments’ rather than ‘raised beach sediments’ be used in reference to this assemblage of deposits.
The sedimentology of sandstone formations within the Upper Old Red Sandstone and lowest Calciferous Sandstone Measures west of Stirling, Scotland
Authors: Read W. A. , Johnson S. R. H. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Between Stirling and Fintry the beds between the Lower Old Red Sandstone and the Clyde Plateau Lavas fall naturally into four lithological formations named, from below upwards, the Gargunnock Sandstones, the Cornstone Beds, the Ballagan Beds and the Downie’s Loup Sandstones. All of these formations except the Ballagan Beds consist dominantly of sandstone and are thought to be fluvial deposits. The Ballagan Beds are alternating thin dolomites and mud-stones and are not dealt with in this paper.
The Gargunnock Sandstones rest unconformably upon the Lower Old Red Sandstone. Apart from the basal conglomerates they are uniform, brick-red sandstones with few argillaceous beds and may possibly be the deposits of braided streams which carried detritus from a source area of wind blown sand. The Cornstone Beds and Downie’s Loup Sandstones closely resemble each other despite their being separated by a considerable thickness of Ballagan Beds. Both formations comprise a series of ‘fining-upwards’ cycles, each with a lower sandstone member which is commonly white and an upper siltstone or mudstone member which is commonly red and contains caliche-like cornstones. It is thought that these formations were deposited by meandering streams. Cross-strata dip samples from each formation show that all three were laid down by currents flowing dominantly from the north and west. Statistical tests—chi-squared and Steinmetz’s (1962) method—show that only the sample s from the lower two formations are likely to belong to a single population.
A preliminary study of sandstone sedimentation in the Lower Carboniferous of the Tweed Basin
Authors: Smith T. E. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The sedimentology of the sandstones is used, together with the available stratigraphic information, to demonstrate the changes in depositional environment which take place in the Tweed Basin during Lower Carboniferous times.
The characters of the sandstones of the Cementstone Group indicate deposition in a dominantly fluvial environment, the Fell Sandstone is interpreted as a thick widespread shallow marine deposit and the sandstones of the Scremerston Coal Group are mainly of fluvial origin.
An attempt is made to fit these observations into a regional palaeogeographic pattern.
Palaeoecological studies on shell-beds and associated sediments in the Solway Firth
Authors: Wilson John B. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The sediments, living fauna, dead shells and valves of the Solway Firth tidal flats at the mouth of the River Nith were sampled along transects. The sediments, which range from inshore silts to fine sands at the mouth of the Nith, are largely derived from the Irish Sea.

The inshore living fauna includes
Cardium edule, Macoma balthica
(the dominant species),
Scrobicularia plana
and
Mya arenaria. Tellina tenuis
is restricted to the fine sands.
Cardium, Macoma, Mya
and
Mytilus edulis
valves are common in the inshore flats.
Cardium
valves are widespread. Shell fragments produced by predation and not by mechanical breakage are common.

The living fauna, shells and valves are reworked and concentrated into channel-floor shell-beds by laterally migrating ebb channels. Surface shell-beds are formed by tidal currents reworking surface sediments. The detailed differences between these two types of shell-bed are used to show that a buried shell-bed formed on a channel floor. The dominant living species suggested by the shell-bed compositions would be
C. edule.
The presence of T.
tenuis
would not be detected.
Landform and structure in Ulster
Authors: George T. Neville 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Eocene basalts of Ulster, transgressing all older rocks in a tectonic context ranging from the Highlands across the Midland Valley to the Southern Uplands, were repeatedly deformed and eroded both before and after the deposition of the Oligocene Lough Neagh Clays, without sign of a rift to accommodate them.
The Neogene landform, established after the mid-Tertiary movements ceased, was a wave-planed benched plateau, little warped, superimposed on all the Ulster rocks and structures. It may be followed from Antrim westwards into terrain where pre-Mesozoic formations alone occur, and southwards across the large unroofed Eocene intrusive complexes of Down. It everywhere truncates the Tertiary dykes. As the primary element of the landscape it continues into Connaught, Munster, and Leinster.
The river system is marked by superimposition and by ‘subsequent’ adjustment to structure. It complements the plateau, which it has dissected, in its evidence that the Irish landscape is mainly Neogene in origin.
On the age of the sediments and contemporaneous volcanic rocks of western Shetland
Authors: Flinn Derek , Miller J. A. , Evans A. L. , Pringle I. R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The ages of sandstones and interbanded andesitic and basaltic lavas, rhyolites and tuff are considered. It is argued that because the sandstones are of two different facies, they are unlikely to be of the same age. One facies is of typical Old Red continental type and contains fish of Middle Devonian age. Isotopic age determinations on a series of volcanic rocks associated with these sandstones indicate a recrystallisation at 300 m.y. ago and a possible origin age at 370 m.y. ago. In the case of the second facies of sandstone neither isotopic ages nor geological evidence from associated lavas indicate whether it is older or younger than the first. An isotopic age from a granite which cuts the second facies of sandstone indicates that the sandstone must be older than 330 m.y., whilst ages determined from interbedded lavas indicate a local recrystallisation or alteration at about 230 m.y. ago.
Post-Scourian metadolerites in relation to Laxfordian deformation in Great Bernera, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Watson Janet 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
In Great Bernera, Lewis, many small basic bodies intruded after the formation of the Scourian gneiss complex were deformed and metamorphosed as a result of Laxfordian orogenic activity. These bodies, now represented by meta-dolerites, appear as contorted bands and lenticles whose outcrop-pattern is determined by the effects of two principal phases of folding. An attempt is made to deduce the initial forms of the intrusions and it is suggested that they were emplaced as members of a dyke-swarm trending roughly east and west. The structures produced by Laxfordian deformation of the metadolerites are compared with those exhibited by deformed metadolerites of the same generation in the Loch Laxford region of the Scottish mainland, and it is suggested that the apparent contrast may have a bearing on the orientation of the direction of Laxfordian compression.
The physical and structural features of the Cairnsmore of Fleet granite and its aureole
Authors: Parslow G. R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Cairnsmore of Fleet granite is emplaced into Lower Palaeozoic sediments the structure of which is not completely known. The granite exhibits a decrease in biotite content towards the centre, and passes into a biotite-muscovite granite. The outer contact is everywhere sharp and the aureole restricted in width except in the N.E. and S.W. Field evidence indicates steep contacts, but gravity results suggest that at depth they are less steep and that the present outcrop is near the roof of a batholith. The foliation (flow and shear) is generally concordant with the contact except in the S. and S.W. and has the form of a dome structure slightly offset to the S.W. relative to the outcrop. There appears to be no relation between the foliation and the joints and veins in the granite.
Structural analysis of complex fold belts in the Lewisian north of Kylesku, Sutherland, Scotland
Authors: Khoury S. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Complex patterns, of folds with horizontal axes perpendicular to the foliation in gneiss, occur on vertical foliation surfaces. Similar complex patterns, of corresponding folds with vertically disposed axes, occur on horizontal surfaces. The vertical and horizontal surfaces represent cross-sections near to or within the steep limb of N.W.-S.E. monoclinal fold belts which cut rocks of a crystalline basement. Heterogeneous flow appears to have been operative in the formation of the complex folds. Local intensely developed small-scale folding along narrow N.W.-S.E. fold belts possibly resulted from their coincidence with pre-existing N.W.-S.E. master joints in the basement.
The stratigraphy and structure of the Glen Orchy area, Argyllshire, Scotland
Authors: Thomas P. R. , Treagus J. E. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The interpretation of Bailey and Macgregor (1912) and Bailey (1922) is revised. The presence of three major, isoclinal and recumbent folds is demonstrated. Their geometry and facing is described by reference to minor structures, sedimentary structures and the overall stratigraphy. The Glen Orchy Antiform, around which the primary structures are folded, possibly developed together with the primary folds. It is not associated with any minor secondary structures. The structure of the Glen Orchy area raises important questions in the interpretation of the overall structure of the Moine and Dalradian.
Torridonian weathering, and its bearing on Torridonian palaeoclimate and source
Authors: Williams George E. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The late-Precambrian Torridonian sediments of the Cape Wrath district, extreme north-west Scotland, unconformably overlie a planar, weathered Lewisian surface. The weathered profile present beneath the unconformity is regarded as Torridonian in age, and hence must rank with the oldest palaeosols in the world. This planar surface was partly stripped of its mantle of altered rock prior to burial beneath Torridonian alluvial fan deposits. Where developed on biotite-gneiss, the weathered profile has the chemical characteristics of a modern pedalfer. A pedocal-type soil developed on amphibolite. The chemical and mineralogical changes are suggestive of a warm, moderately humid climate, possibly with dry periods or a dry season. A similarly weathered Lewisian terrain could, in principle, have supplied the bulk of the overlying Torridonian sediments.
Aspects of the depositional environment and palaeoecology of crinoidal limestones
Authors: Blyth Cain J. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The paper summarises the limited literature on crinoid ecology and palaeoecology and attempts to interpret the depositional environment of certain British crinoidal sediments in the light of experimental observations. Three types of crinoidal limestone are recognised: muddy limestones deposited in shallow, sheltered waters; poorly washed limestones formed in deeper, open conditions; and clean-washed limestones which may derive in part from the reworking of one or other of the first two types.
Volcanic breccia and the Lower Old Red Sandstone unconformity, Glen Coe, Argyll
Authors: Hardie W. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
According to existing accounts Lower Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks, together with basal pockets of sediments, rest unconformably upon the quartzitic Moinian and Dalradian inside the north-eastern part of the cauldron-subsidence. Remapping of the ground has shown that although an unconformity is almost certainly present in the north, this does not apply to the southern part, where exposed contacts are vertical and strongly transgressive to the sheet-dip of the volcanic rocks. Here the junction is believed to mark the north-eastern margin of a linear vent, the south-western margin of which is covered by volcanic rocks.

Most of the rocks previously regarded as sedimentary are now known to be volcanic. They consist of dykes of quartzitic explosion-breccia (formed underground) together with larger amounts of extruded explosion-breccia (vent-breccia) occupying the postulated linear vent, as well as a minor volcanic neck. The little undoubted sediment that exists is not
in situ,
but is present as inclusions, up to 100 ft across, in the volcanic rocks.
Cryptovents and allied structures in Carboniferous strata between Port Seton and Aberlady, East Lothian
Authors: Howells M. F. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Cryptovolcanic and allied structures cut strata of Passage Group, Upper Limestone Group, and Lower Limestone Group age on the coast between Port Seton and Aberlady. Two structures in Gosford Bay and one on Port Seton beach are oval in form; others at Kilspindie and Port Seton reef are linear in character. One of the structures at Gosford Bay, together with those at Port Seton reef and Kilspindie are breccias with tuff matrices containing basaltic glass. No brecciation or tuff occurs in the structures on Port Seton beach and the other Gosford Bay occurrence; for these a volcanic genesis is inferred by association and by comparison with records elsewhere; they are assumed to occur at a stratigraphic level above the upper limit of tuff penetration.
These structures provide the first evidence of volcanic acitivity younger than the Calciferous Sandstone Measures to the east of the Pentland Fault on the south side of the Firth of Forth.
The coastal features of the Island of Rhum in the Inner Hebrides
Authors: McCann S. B. , Richards Anthony 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The coast of Rhum is essentially one of cliffs and steep rock and debris slopes of great height, which are in part fossil forms undergoing modification due to present marine erosion at base. The presence, especially along the south-west facing coast of the island which is developed in Tertiary igneous rocks, of elevated marine platforms and raised beach deposits makes it possible to define at least five phases of marine activity which have contributed to the evolution of the coastline. A high-level marine rock platform, probably composite in origin, represents the first recognisable phase of marine erosion and may be correlated with the ‘pre-glacial’ shoreline of the Western Isles defined by W. B. Wright (1911).
Variation in glacial deposition in a sub-glacial environment: an example from Midlothian
Authors: Kirby R. P. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A drift section located on the coastal plain of Midlothian shows basal till overlain by an alternating succession of sand and till, the lower layers of sediment grading vertically into each other. Till fabric analyses from four different layers of till show close agreement in orientation direction, dip and strength. It is concluded that the section illustrates a single depositional unit with glacio-fluvial and glacial processes alternating in a sub-glacial environment.
Metamorphic history of Dalradian rocks in Glens Clova, Esk and Lethnot, Angus, Scotland
Authors: Harte B. , Johnson M. R. W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A resumé of structural data showing several periods of deformation is given for the areas considered, followed by an account of the textural evidence for the periods of mineral development in the psammitic-pelitic rocks. The evidence suggests the synchronous growth of garnet, staurolite and kyanite, essentially between the second and third periods of folding. This metamorphic episode was followed by a period of ‘general matrix coarsening’, probably representing an ‘annealing’ process subsequent to the third deformation. Sillimanite (together with some muscovite) is considered to have grown after these events. The results are compared with those of other investigations in the Dalradian. Temperature variation with time during a regional metamorphic ‘event’ is suggested to approximate to a smooth curve with a single ‘peak’ of higher temperature.
A gibbsitic soil derived from the weathering of an ultrabasic rock on the island of Rhum
Authors: Wilson M. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The mineralogy of a soil derived from the weathering of an ultrabasic rock near the summit area of Askival on the Island of Rhum was investigated by optical, X-ray diffraction and differential thermal techniques. The fine sand fraction is dominated by olivine and anorthitic plagioclase felspar whilst the clay fraction contains gibbsite and chlorite. General weathering reactions in the soil are discussed and the origin of the gibbsite is considered in detail.
Alkaline basic igneous rocks in the Orkneys
Authors: Kellock E. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A group of alkaline basic igneous rocks in the eastern part of the Orkney Islands is described as seen in the field and petrographically. The rocks differ from the andesitic and calc-alkaline Old Red Sandstone igneous rocks of Shetland and the Scottish mainland. They show marked similarity to the Carboniferous teschenites and basanites of the Midland Valley of Scotland, but the Middle Old Red Sandstone age assigned to them in previous accounts is upheld.
Evidence for the age of deposition of the Torridonian sediments of north-west Scotland
Authors: Moorbath S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Rb-Sr whole-rock measurements are reported for shales and siltstones from the Torridonian sediments of north-west Scotland. Excellent isochrons are obtained whose slope is interpreted as being proportional to the time of diagenesis of the sediments, closely following deposition and compaction. The Lower Torridonian of Stoer, below the recently discovered stratigraphical unconformity, gives an isochron age of 935±24 m.y. The Upper Torridonian Applecross Formation near Gairloch, above the unconformity, gives an isochron age of 761±17 m.y. The latter isochron, when combined with several points from the Cailleach Head Formation, near the top of the Torridonian succession, yields a composite value of 751±24 m.y.
From these age data it appears that the unconformity between the rapidly deposited Lower and Upper Torridonian sediments may reflect a time interval of about 170 m.y. This is in general accord with the very different palaeomagnetic pole positions which have been reported for the Lower and Upper Torridonian.
The relationships of the Leny Limestone to the Dalradian
Authors: Harris A. L. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Lower Cambrian Leny Limestone shows evidence of a structural history similar to that recorded in undoubted Dalradian rocks. This similarity confirms the view that the Leny Limestone forms part of the Dalradian and that the first folding of the latter into the Tay Nappe occurred at the Highland Border during or after the Lower Cambrian.
The Sandy’s Creek Beds (Devonian) of Farland Head, Ayrshire
Authors: Downie C. , Lister T. R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The rocks of controversial age occurring at Sandy’s Creek near Farland Head, Ayrshire, consist of red lithic sandstones and grey quartz siltstones. The latter contain miospores indicating terrestrial deposition in the Lower Devonian.
These distinctive rocks are named the Sandy’s Creek Beds. They are older than the adjacent Portencross Beds also of Lower Old Red Sandstone age. Resemblances between these rocks and parts of the Lower Old Red Sandstone in Arran are indicated.
The structure is explained by the presence of a shear belt of Armorican age.
The Precambrian gneiss complex of Ness, Lewis, in relation to the effects of Laxfordian regeneration
Authors: Watson Janet 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Lewisian gneisses of Ness, at the northern tip of the Outer Hebrides, contain abundant metasedimentary relics including calc-gneisses, quartzites, pelites and semi-pelites. These rocks were partially migmatised during the earliest recognisable metamorphic episode and subsequently developed a characteristic flaggy structure and fine-grained texture during two later episodes of deformation associated with incomplete recrystallisation. An irregular belt of anorthosite, at least five kilometres in length, was probably emplaced before migmatisation. It is inferred, from the age-relationships of Late Laxfordian pegmatites and of metadolerites comparable with the post-Scourian basic suite of the Outer Hebrides, that the early migmatisation was Scourian and that the two later tectonic episodes were Laxfordian. The style of Laxfordian regeneration contrasts with that of the ‘grey gneisses’ in adjacent parts of Lewis and it is suggested that this difference depended partly on the operation of temperatures and pressures rather lower than those of most other regions and partly on the inherited effects of lithological and structural contrasts established in Scourian times.