bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of sediment organic carbon on survival of hyalella azteca exposed to DDT and endrin
Authors: Nebeker Alan V. , Schuytema Gerald S. , Griffis William L. , Barbitta Janet A. , Carey Lori A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sediment toxicity tests were conducted with the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca using sediments ranging in total organic carbon (TOC) concentration from 3 to 11 % and spiked with either DDT or endrin. While the toxicity in the DDT-spiked sediment decreased with increasing TOC content, the TOC content of the endrin-spiked sediment had little apparent effect on toxicity. The 10-d sediment dry-weight LC50 for DDT was 11.0 μg/g at 3.0% TOC and 49.7 μg/g at 10.5% TOC. The sediment dry weight LC50s for endrin at 3.0 and 11.2% TOC were 4.4 and 6.0 μg/L, respectively. These results are important in evaluating the carbon normalization theory, which assumes that the availability of nonpolar organic compounds is reduced in the presence of higher concentrations of TOC. The differences in adsorption and toxicity between DDT and endrin are presumably related to the smaller carbon (Koc) and octanol/water (Kow) partition coefficients of endrin.
Experimental evaluation of the mysid Holmesimysis costata as a test organism for effluent toxicity testing
Authors: Martin Michael , Hunt John W. , Anderson Brian S. , Turpen Sheila L. , Palmer Francis H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the mysid crustacean Holmesimysis costata as a test organism for routine complex effluent toxicity testing. Three-day-old juvenile mysids, hatched in the laboratory from field-collected gravid females, were used in repetitive 48-h and 96-h mortality tests. With zinc sulfate as a reference toxicant, mean 96-h LC50 and no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values for Holmesimysis were 97 and 56 μg/L, respectively, lower than previously reported values for other crustacea. Different laboratories conducting the 96-h mortality test with Holmesimysis produced significantly different results in one trial, but results from different laboratories were not significantly different in the second trial. Coefficients of variation between laboratories for LC50s and NOECs were 24 and 33%, respectively, in the first trial, and 25 and 1%, respectively, in the second trial. Juvenile mysids aged 3, 5, 7 and 9 d old responded similarly to zinc exposure, though control mortality differed among these groups. Gravid female mysids were less sensitive, and 1-d-old mysids had high control mortality; neither group was suitable for toxicity testing. The NOEC for zinc effects on growth was 18 μg/L in a 7-d experiment. LC50 and NOEC values for copper were 27 and &lt;11 μg/L (the lowest concentration tested), respectively. Effluents from four municipal sewage treatment plants (primary through secondary) produced LC50s ranging from 4.5 to 64.0% effluent, and NOECs ranging from 1.0 to 32% effluent, depending on the level of effluent treatment.
Rapid detection of sublethal toxicity using fish ventilatory behavior
Authors: Diamond Jerome M. , Parson Marolyn J. , Gruber David 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Significant changes in bluegill sunfish ventilation were observed at chronically toxic levels of various substances in under 1 h of exposure and usually within 15 min of exposure. A different ventilation response was observed between the heavy metal compounds and the chlorinated hydrocarbon substances. The response to metals zinc and cadmium was characterized by: (a) decrease in signal amplitude and (b) increase in Type I (large volume) coughs or gill purges. The response to chlorinated hydrocarbons was characterized by: (a) increase in erratic movement, (b) increase in gill purges and (c) increase in ventilatory frequency. Our results suggest that fish ventilatory monitoring can provide a powerful tool for rapidly assessing sublethal as well as acute toxicity on a real-time basis. Furthermore, the type of response generated may be indicative of the type of toxicant in the environment.
Effects of municipal sludge on locomotor activity and exploratory behavior of meadow voles, Microtus Pennsylvanicus
Authors: Hall A. Tilghman , Taylor Douglas H. , Woods Paul E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Behavioral responses of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), inhabiting sludge-treated outdoor enclosures, were studied during the 1987 growing season. Significant accumulations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in the soils of the sludge-treated enclosures. Significant uptake of Zn and Cd were observed in Poa spp., while Bromus japonicum significantly accumulated Zn. Additionally, Bromus from the sludge-treated enclosures showed a strong trend of increased Cd. Both of these plant species are potentially eaten by voles. Both male and female sludge-exposed voles significantly bioaccumulated Cd in their livers and brains. Alterations in locomotor activity and exploratory behavior were found in sludge-exposed females that appeared either not to habituate to the novel environment of the activity chamber; or were hyperactive as a consequence of Cd exposure; or possibly an interaction between the two. No changes in behavior of males exposed to sludge was observed. We believe that the observed differences between the male and female voles were due to sex-related differential responses to Cd toxicity.
Fish behavior and environmental assessment
Authors: Gray Robert H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Studies at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory have evaluated fish behavior and migration in response to gas-supersaturated water, thermal discharge, water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of coal liquids and other environmental stresses. Approaches have included biotelemetry in the field, and avoidance/attraction and predator/prey studies in the laboratory. This article specifically addresses three study examples and integrates the results with those of related studies. Overall, major findings included the following: Thermal discharges (surface water Δts 0-&gt;17°C) did not block upstream migration of sonic-tagged adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri) in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. Juvenile chinook salmon avoided thermal discharges in the laboratory when Δts exceeded 9 to 11°C above ambient. However, juvenile salmon were more susceptible to predation at 10 to 20% of the thermal dose causing loss of equilibrium. Radio-tagged adult chinook salmon swam deeper in supersaturated water than in normally saturated water in the Snake River and, thereby, avoided the upper, critical zone. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and black bullhead (Ictalurus melas) did not always avoid lethal gas levels in the laboratory and some fish died in the test apparatus. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) avoided the WSF of a coal liquid at concentrations causing acute effects but not at those causing chronic effects. Rainbow trout did not avoid coal liquid WSFs although they reportedly avoid the major constituent, phenol, tested as a pure compound. Susceptibility to predation of juvenile rainbow trout did not increase until phenol concentrations reached the acute LC50. A conceptual model to link avoidance and toxicological data for environmental assessment is presented.
Feed aversion in small mammals as a potential source of hazard reduction for environmental chemicals: Agrichemical case studies
Authors: Linder Greg , Richmond M. E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Behavioral responses to environmental chemicals take various forms that may influence the hazard associated with chemical exposures in the field. From integrated laboratory-field studies that addressed the wildlife hazard associated with two chemicals—paraquat and carbofuran—commonly applied in various agricultural practices, the role of behavioral responses to environmental toxicants may be illustrated. For small mammals, and in particular the cricetid and murid rodents, olfactory and gustatory cues are prominent in influencing the perception of environmental chemicals and eliciting direct or indirect responses to chemical cues. In laboratory studies, subacute dietary exposures were evaluated using microtine rodents; feed aversion and toxicant avoidance appeared the most significant behaviors elicited by feed tainted with either paraquat or carbofuran. Feed aversion was associated with delays in the time-to-first-breeding in carbofuran-exposed females, while a female-biased sex ratio in offspring of paraquat-exposed breeding pairs was not uncommon in these laboratory feeding exposures. Preliminary field investigations that estimated population-level effects (population size and structure), however, suggested that toxicant avoidance, perhaps mediated through responses like feed aversion, may have ameliorated these indirect toxicant effects. While reproductive function and population-level effects in small mammals were not apparent in these preliminary field studies, the laboratory studies suggested that various subtle responses related to altered reproductive function may become apparent in long-term field studies, especially if routes of exposure and chemical bioavailability were altered and different chemical formulations and chemical mixtures were used.
Effects of boron on growth and physiology in mallard ducklings
Authors: Hoffman David J. , Camardese Michael B. , Lecaptain Leonard J. , Pendleton Grey W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
High concentrations of boron (B) have been associated with irrigation drainwater and aquatic plants consumed by waterfowl. Day-old mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings received an untreated diet (controls) or diets containing 100, 400 or 1,600 ppm B as boric acid. Survival, growth and food consumption were measured for 10 weeks. At termination, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical assays and histological examination. The highest dietary concentration of B caused 10% mortality, decreased overall growth and the rate of growth (sexes combined), whereas lower concentrations of B altered growth only in females. Food consumption was lower during the first 3 weeks in the 1,600-ppm group and during the second week in all B-treated groups compared to controls. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were lower and plasma calcium concentration higher in the 1,600-ppm group compared to controls. Plasma triglyceride concentration was elevated in all B-treated groups. Brain B concentration increased to 25 times that of controls in the 1,600-ppm group. Brain ATP decreased with increasing dietary B. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity and total ATPase activity (in males) were elevated and protein concentration lowered in the 1,600-ppm group. Boron accumulated less in the liver than in the brain but resulted in an initial elevation of hepatic glutathione. These findings, in combination with altered duckling behavior, suggest that concentrations of B occurring in aquatic plants could adversely affect normal duckling development.
Chronic tributyltin toxicity experiments with the chesapeake bay copepod, Acartia tonsa
Authors: Bushong Steven J. , Ziegenfuss Michael C. , Unger Michael A. , Hall Lenwood W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Repeated chronic toxicity experiments were conducted with the Chesapeake Bay zooplankter Acartia tonsa to evaluate its sensitivity to tributyltin (TBT). Experiments were initiated with A. tonsa nauplii &lt;48 h old. All tests were conducted with continuous-flow conditions and measured TBT concentrations. Results from a 9-d range finding experiment and two 6-d chronic experiments are presented.
TBT test concentrations were maintained with minimal fluctuations over time and toxicity results were similar in the repeated chronic experiments. The range-finding experiment demonstrated severe reductions in survival of A. tonsa at the lowest measured concentration (0.029 μg TBT/L). In the 6-d experiments, 0.023 and 0.024 μg TBT/L were the lowest measured TBT concentrations to significantly reduce survival relative to the controls (i.e., lowest observed effect concentration [LOEC]). No observed effect concentrations (NOEC) measured at 0.012 and 0.010 μg TBT/L were used to calculate chronic values of 0.016 and 0.017 μg TBT/L for these two experiments. A. tonsa nauplii are very sensitive to TBT relative to other estuarine organisms. These toxicity data are environmentally relevant since TBT concentrations exceeding the chronic value for A. tonsa have been reported from numerous locations in Chesapeake Bay.
Bacterial mutagenicity of leachate water from municipal sewage sludge-amended soils
Authors: Donnelly K.C. , Brown K.W. , Thomas J.C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The objective of this study was to monitor the mutagenic potential of leachate from soils amended with municipal sewage sludge. The Salmonella/microsome assay was employed to monitor the mutagenicity of the organic extract of leachate collected from sludge-amended lysimeters containing undisturbed monoliths of Weswood silty clay (Fluventic Ustochrept) and Padina loamy sand (Grossarenic Paleustalf) soils. The sludge was applied to 18 barrel-sized lysimeters, while 6 unamended lysimeters served as controls. The leachate was concentrated on a combined XAD-2/XAD-7 resin, and the adsorbed organics were eluted with acetone. The leachate extracts were tested in the standard plate incorporation assay using strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation. Nine of 26 leachate extracts induced a positive response in the bioassay. The maximum specific activity was 207 net revertants per 10 mg induced without metabolic activation in the Weswood soil at the highest application rate (150 Mg/ha). The results suggest that land application of municipal sewage should be carefully managed to prevent leaching of mutagens into ground water.
Extraction and concentration of nonpolar organic toxicants from effluents using solid phase extraction
Authors: Durhan Elizabeth J. , Lukasewycz Marta T. , Amato Joseph R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
To control toxic pollutants in effluents, it is necessary first to identify the toxicants. To make identification possible it is desirable to isolate the toxicants from their effluent matrices and concentrate them. This article describes a simple method in which the nonpolar organic fraction of an effluent is concentrated into methanol. The methanol solution can be directly analyzed by GC-MS and can also be diluted and tested for toxicity. Results from the laboratory where this method is being used show that in cases where the effluent toxicants were nonpolar organic compounds 60% of the effluent's toxicity was recovered in the methanol concentrate and the toxicants were identified by GC-MS.
Development of quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting biodegradation kinetics
Authors: Desai Sanjay M. , Govind Rakesh , Tabak Henry H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractResults have been presented on the development of a structure-activity relationship for biodegradation using a group contribution approach. Using this approach, reported results of the kinetic rate constant agree within 20% with the predicted values. Additional compound studies are essential to further extend the methodology.
Conditioned aversion of aluminum sulfate in black ducks
Authors: Sparling Donald W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine if reduced consumption of foods with elevated Al levels by black ducks (Anas rubripes) was due to taste aversion, conditioned taste aversion or malaise. Black ducks preferred a diet with 1,000 ppm Al over a control diet but ate less of a diet with 5,000 ppm Al. Prior experience with the high Al diet enhanced preference for the control diet. Changes in body weight and food consumption through time suggested that aversion to the high Al diet was a conditioned response to mild malaise.
Relationship between aquatic toxicity and oxidative degradation of unsubstituted phenylenediamines
Authors: Stahl Ralph G. , Lieder Paul H. , Hutton David G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The static acute toxicities and degradative rates of the unsubstituted phenylenediamines (pdas) varied significantly among the ortho, para and meta isomers. With fathead minnows, the nominal 96-h LC50s were 0.06, 44 and 1,600 mg/L for p-pda, o-pda and m-pda, respectively. In daphnid tests, the nominal 48-h EC50s were 0.28, 0.87 and 5.9 mg/L for p-pda, o-pda and m-pda, respectively. The nominal 96-h EC50s in algae were 0.28, 0.16 and 2.4 mg/L forp-pda, o-pda and m-pda, respectively. With oxygenation, the times to reach 1/2 initial concentrations were 4 to 9 h for p-pda, 650 to 1,100 h for o-pda and 3,200 to 8,100 h for m-pda. Results suggest acute toxicities of pdas are related to their chemical reactivities (degradative rates) and that pdas may degrade rapidly under environmental conditions.
Effect of dissolved oxygen and the molt stage on the acute toxicity of ammonia to juvenile green tiger prawn Penaeus semisulcatus
Authors: Wajsbrot Natan , Krom Michael D. , Samocha Tzachi M. , Gasith Avital 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The mean 96-h LC50 value of ammonia for juvenile Penaeus semisulcatus (0.35–2.4 g) was found to be 23.7 mg TAN/L (19.3–28.7, 95% C.L.). There was no significant effect of size on the sensitivity of juvenile shrimp to ammonia. Increased toxicity of ammonia to juvenile P. semisulcatus was observed at dissolved oxygen (DO) levels below 55% saturation (3.7 ppm). At 27% DO saturation, the ammonia toxicity (96-h LC50) was doubled. In addition, the time of exposure to ammonia required for a given lethal effect decreased with reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations. Before and immediately after molt, the shrimps were more sensitive to ammonia.
Due to the effect of the molt stage on the apparent ammonia toxicity, we recommend a minimum of 96-h bioassay for determining toxicity levels in shrimps. In a shorter period, the physiological changes occurring at the time of molting can confound the results of the experiment.
Trace elements in migrating blue-winged teal: Seasonal-, sex- and age-class variations
Authors: Warren Robert J. , Wallace Billy M. , Bush Parshall B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Migrating blue-winged teal (Anas discors) were collected in April (n = 48) and September (n = 53) 1983 on the Southern High Plains Region of Texas. Liver and breast muscle were analyzed for 14 trace elements, and tibias were analyzed for Pb content. Data were analyzed statistically to determine differences in concentrations between seasons, sexes and age classes. Concentrations of B, Cr, Mo, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu and Se in livers, and of B, Cu, Mo, Pb and Se in muscle, were greater in autumn- than in spring-migrating blue-winged teal. Lead concentrations in livers, muscles and tibias reflected apparently low-level, chronic, oral exposure to this metal. Concentrations of Cr, Ni, Pb and Cu in livers, and of Cr and Zn in muscle, were greater in males than females. Greater Cd concentrations in livers of adults than in juveniles were attributed to the persistence of Cd in tissues. The trace metal concentrations we observed in our blue-winged teal samples generally were not sufficiently high to produce adverse physiological or reproductive effects.
Response of a winter plankton food web to simazine
Authors: Jenkins David G , Buikema Arthur L 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In situ microcosms of a winter plankton community were exposed for 21 d to 0 0, 0 1, 0 5 and 1 0 mg/L of the herbicide simazine, approximating persistent levels found after application in other systems Physical-chemical parameters, phytoplankton, bacteria and zooplankton were quantified
Simazine induced decreases in dissolved oxygen and pH, but induced increases in nitrate and am monia levels compared to control microcosms Phytoplankton were differentially affected by simazine Sensitive taxa included Trachelomonas, Glenodinium and diatoms Others, such as Dinobryon and small coccoids, were not significantly affected Bacteria data were variable and did not exhibit changes related to phytoplankton densities or simazine
Rotifers dominated the zooplankton and were also differentially affected by simazine The dominant species, Kellicottia bostomensis, exhibited a positive response to simazine, as did Keratella cochlearis, due to lesser mortality in higher concentrations of simazine Polyarthra vulgaris was unaffected, but Synchaeta pectinata was impaired by simazine at day 21 Zooplankton (primarily rotifers) may have fed on heterotrophic cells more than on autotrophic cells, and may have been more closely associated with the detrital food chain than the autotrophic food chain
Influence of greenhouse versus field testing and taxonomic differences on plant sensitivity to chemical treatment
Authors: Fletcher John S. , Johnson Forrest L. , McFarlane James C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Data present in the PHYTOTOX data base were analyzed to determine the influence of greenhouse vs. field conditions, and of taxonomic differences on the response of terrestrial plants to a wide range of herbicides. In the greenhouse vs. field analysis, consideration was given to the response of 13 plant species to 1 or more of 17 chemicals. The influence of taxonomic differences was examined by comparing the response of 151 plant species (43 families) to 1 or more of 16 chemicals representing 11 different classes of herbicides. Analysis of this large body of comparative data drawn from approximately 230 published papers would not have been feasible without the use of computerized data assembled in PHYTOTOX.
These analyses showed that the magnitude of variability between laboratory and field data was 1.8 with a confidence interval of ±0.4. In comparison to this a similar analysis of data pertaining to a broad spectrum of taxonomically different plants showed that the mean sensitivity ratio was 10.5 with a confidence interval of 3.5. Thus, this study indicates that taxonomic differences among plants have a much greater influence on plant response to chemical treatment than does testing condition (greenhouse vs. field).
Short Communications: Use of linear orthogonal contrasts in analysis of environmental data
Authors: Hoke Robert A. , Giesy John P. , Adams John R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Environmental studies often involve the analysis of many samples from a limited geographic region. The goal of these studies frequently is to compare samples from different areas within the region to determine relative levels of contamination or adverse effects. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple comparison tests is an often-used data analysis technique in these situations. However, ANOVA followed by the use of linear orthogonal contrasts is a more appropriate method of data analysis if obvious groups of samples for comparison can be identified a priori. The utility of the technique is demonstrated in an analysis of the growth (dry weight) of Chironomus tentans larvae during 10-d sediment toxicity assays of sediments from western Lake Erie and the Maumee River at Toledo, Ohio. The use of linear orthogonal contrasts revealed several pertinent aspects of the data set which were not apparent after ANOVA followed by multiple range tests.
Methylmercury in some swedish surface waters
Authors: Lee Ying-Hua , Hultberg Hans 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Three lakes and catchment runoff in the Lake Gårdsjön watershed on the Swedish west coast have been sampled for methylmercury during one year. The analyses indicated that high outputs of methylmercury were present during autumn in flushing water systems with short retention time, whereas smaller outputs and variations occurred in lake waters with longer retention time.
Thus, methylmercury concentration were measured as 0.16 to 0.41 ng/L (humic rich lake), 0.12 to 0.26 ng/L (limed lake), &lt;0.1 ng/L (acid clearwater lake with long retention time) and 0.13 to 0.28 ng/L (acid runoff from a forest).
A flux estimate from one forested catchment (3.6 ha) gave a yearly output of 5.2 mg and the specific output was estimated as 144 ± 70 mg/km2/y.
The measured methylmercury concentration in this study accounted for only 6 to 13% of the total dissolved organic bound mercury in the water samples.