bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE METACHROMATIC STAINING REACTION
Authors: KRAMER H. , WINDRUM G. M. 
Published: April 2011

I. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric studiés have been carried out on thionine, toluidine blue and azure A. Thionine contains blue and red components, in the ratio of approximately two parts of blue to one part of red. The blue fraction has strong metachromatic properties; the red component stains all tissues, particularly those which are basophilic, in a bright red colour. Toluidine blue and azure A both contain metachromatic and non-metachromatic fractions but there is no question of the metachromatic colours which they produce being due to differential staining as, unlike thionine, they contain no red fractions. II. The dye concentrations and staining times necessary for optimum results have been studied and discussed. III. The treatment of sections after staining, particularly the vexed question of alcoholic dehydration as opposed to the examination of wet sections, has been the subject of particular attention. It follows from our findings that when the metachromatic staining reaction is used for histochemical purposes it is essential that steps be taken to differentiate histochemically significant irreversible metachromasia from the non-specific reversible metachromasia which can be exhibited under certain conditions by an extremely wide range of tissue elements. This can be done either by mounting the sections after staining in Apáthy's medium or syrup of laevulose, as recommended by Lison (1935, 1936), but far more effectively by alcoholic dehydration. IV. The findings of test tube experiments are not directly applicable to histological material in that although the metachromasia obtained on mixing solutions of metachromatic dyes and chromatrope substances is readily reversed by alcohol, the metachromasia seen histologically in sections of cartilage, mast cells etc., is never changed back to the orthochromatic colour by alcohol or drying. V. In the light of the experimental findings a technique for carrying out the metachromatic staining reaction for histochemical purposes is suggested.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE HARDERIAN GLAND OF THE ALBINO MOUSE
Authors: COHN SIDNEY A. 
Published: April 2011

The Harderian gland is a compound tubulo-alveolar organ, apocrine in nature. In addition to its lipoidal secretion it usually contains a characteristic reddish-brown, porphyrin pigment. The glandular cells and alveolar lumina contain phospholipids, triglycerides, and possibly cholesterol or cholesterol esters. Alkaline phosphatase activity is present in the vicinity of the basement membrane and basal portion of the glandular cells. The cytoplasm and nuclei of the cells are weakly basophilic. No demonstrable glycogen, acid mucopolysaccharides or iron are present. The pigment is moderately to intensely sudanophilic and acid-haematein positive, is bleached by pyridine and mineral acids, contains no iron, is not dissolved by lipid solvents and is negative to the biuret test, xanthoproteic reaction, Millon reaction and the ninhydrin-Schiff reaction. It darkens with osmic acid and iron hematoxylin, reduces potassium ferricyanide, synthesizes indophenol and fluoresces with a bright red fluorescence. The presence of a saliva-resistant, PAS-reactive material or a peracetic acid-Schiff reactive material within the glandular lumina may have resulted from the oxidation of unsaturated fats. It is concluded that part of the lipid which the gland elaborates may be actually transformed into pigment or may be attached to the pigment as a lipoprotein complex. Evidence obtained is interpreted as supporting the concept that the gland, instead of being a passive storage organ for pigment formed elsewhere in the body, is actively engaged in the production of this pigment.
DISTRIBUTION OF AMYLOPHOSPHORYLASE IN VARIOUS TISSUES OF HUMAN AND MAMMALIAN ORGANS
Authors: TAKEUCHI TADAO , HIGASHI KUNIHIRO , WATANUKI SHENJIRO 
Published: April 2011

Phosphorylase forms from glucose-1-phosphate in tissue sections a polysaccharide which agrees best with amylose, amylopectin and a lightly branched glycogen, judging from the reactions with iodine, the periodic acid Schiff method and Best's carmine stain. Phosphorylase is demonstrated most intensely in striated skeletal, glossal and cardiac muscle, in tracheal and skeletal cartilage, in the smooth muscle of large and medium arteries, uterus, tubes, vagina, bladder etc., in liver cells and renal collecting tubules, sweat glands and their ducts, hair sheath cells, stratified squamous epithelia of epidermis, tongue, esophagus, cervix uteri and vagina, in some adrenal cortical cells and in nervous tissue. The iodine reaction technique with activator and primer, is the most suitable for the histochemical demonstration of phosphorylase in animal tissues.
PITFALLS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY: AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO DEMONSTRATE MUCOID SULFATASE ACTIVITY IN MAMMALIAN TISSUE
Authors: DOHLMAN CLAES-HENRIK , FRIEDENWALD JONAS S. 
Published: April 2011

Attempts to demonstrate a sulfatase in mammalian tissues attacking sulfated mucopolysaccharides were unsuccessful. Both chemical and histochemical methods were employed. Some risks involved in the use of the lead salt technique in enzyme histochemistry are pointed out.
PHOSPHORYLATION AS A HISTOCHEMICAL PROCEDURE
Authors: LANDING BENJAMIN H. , HALL HAZEL E. 
Published: April 2011

(1) The use of phosphoryl chloride (phosphorus oxychloride) in pyridine as a reagent for phosphorylation of tissue components is described. (2) Phosphorylation of many carbohydrate-containing substances is obtained by this method, including mucins, connective tissue (elastic tissue, reticulum, collagen, bone matrix), some glycolipids, glycogen and other tissue components. (3) Certain chemical entities that can be phosphorylated probably do not contain carbohydrate, but are lipids (either unsaturated or incompletely esterified), or proteins with free sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, or amino groups. (4) Phosphorylation reduces metachromasia of some tissue components (e.g. cartilage matrix), but enhances that of many others. The basophilia and metachromasia of phosphorylated components persist when staining is done in strongly acid solutions. (5) The significance of direct leukofuchsin positivity of many phosphorylated substances, and of relatively red staining of such substances with alum hematoxylin, and aldehyde-fuchsin, is not certain.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DETERMINATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF ISOCITRIC DEHYDROGENASE IN RABBIT CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: SHEPHERD JAMES A. 
Published: April 2011

Washing the sediment or the mitochondrial fraction of rabbit cerebral cortex homogenates in the process of tissue fractionation increases its isocitric dehydrogenase activity thus giving anomalous recovery results. This increase on washing is not due to the removal of a soluble inhibitor of the dehydrogenase itself. Isocitric dehydrogenase activity is associated with the mitochondrial fraction and soluble fraction of rabbit cerebral cortex homogenates. It is unlikely that the mitochondrial or soluble activities have been derived from one another, or are due entirely to contamination of one fraction with another. The enzymes themselves from these sources have not been shown to be either the same or different enzymes. The activation of the particulate activity by freezing and thawing has been used as a roughly quantitative test for particulate bound activity. Mitochondrial bound enzyme may be activated by freezing and thawing, exposure to sonic vibrations, the shearing effect of Waring Blendor blades, and partially by washing. The latter may be explained on the basis of permeability factors aggravated by removal of isocitrate within the mitochondria by aconitase. Rabbit cerebral cortex mitochondria are not easily ruptured by homogenization in the Potter and Elvehjem homogenizer in sucrose suspension. The increase in specific activity of the nuclear fraction due to freezing and thawing is larger than that of the mitochondrial fraction, though the actual increase in activity is much smaller. The presence of a nuclear isocitric dehydrogenase has not been ruled out. A highly active isocitric dehydrogenase in soluble form has been prepared from rabbit cerebral cortex mitochondria.
STUDIES ON ARTHOROPOD CUTICLE. XII. ASH ANALYSES AND MICROINCINERATION
Authors: RICHARDS A. GLENN 
Published: April 2011

1. The ash amounts to only 0.365% of the dry weight of cleaned, water-washed cuticles of Sarcophaga (fly) larvae, to only 0.095% of cuticles of Limulus (Horseshoe crab). These values are considerably lower than ash values for whole insects or for cellular structures in general. 2. Elemental analyses show at least 25 elements in the ash of these cuticles. Ten are present in amounts > 1% of the ash. Magnesium is the predominant cation. 3. The percentage values for the elements do not agree well with the per cent composition of the solids of sea water or arthropod blood or calcified cuticles. 4. The cations are closely balanced by the anions. This implies that the ash components are largely present as salts which are either insoluble or sorbed. 5. Chitin carefully purified and washed in polyethylene vessels is ash-free. 6. The cuticulin sublayer of the epicuticle (thin surface layer, Fig. 3) leaves a relatively large amount of ash which is qualitatively different from that of the thick underlying procuticle. The iron of the cuticle is concentrated here. 7. The procuticle (Fig. 3) leaves relatively little ash. This ash residue shows a laminar organization similar to that of normal cuticle. 8. After sclerotization (hardening and darkening) the ash residue of the epicuticle seems unchanged but that of the procuticle is greatly reduced except in the tonofibrillae (muscle attachment points). Sclerotization, then, is accompanied not only by partial dehydration as reported by previous workers but also by extrusion of most of the ash components from the exocuticle.
STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF MARINE SPONGES
Authors: GROSS JEROME , SOKAL ZELDA , ROUGVIE MALCOLM 
Published: April 2011

1. The mesoglea of the marine sponge, S. graminea, resembles in its organization and composition the connective tissue of vertebrates in that it is composed of collagen fibers and fibrils embedded in an amorphous matrix containing carbohydrates. 2. Two morphologically distinct forms of spongin fibers, designated spongin "A" and spongin "B", were demonstrated to be members of the collagen class, structurally by x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy, and chemically by their hydroxyproline and glycine content as well as by the general amino acid pattern. Ratios of glycine to hydroxyproline were 1.6 and 1.8 for spongin "A" and "B" respectively. Spongin "A" is a long unbranched fibril of uniform width, of the order of 200 A revealing an axial period of 625 A by small-angle x-ray diffraction and of about 650 A by electron microscopy. Spongin "B" is a large branched fiber 10-50 µ in width composed primarily of bundles of thin unbranched filaments less than 100 A wide. "B" fiber fragments occasionally showed an axial period in the collagen range although x-ray preparations did not yield a low-angle pattern. 3. Content of hexosamine, hexose, pentose and uronic acid was determined in both fiber types and in the amorphous matrix. Glucosamine, galactosamine, glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, arabinose and uronic acid were identified chromatographically in both spongin "A" and in the amorphous substance. A very small amount of amino sugar plus glucose and galactose were identified in spongin "B". All sugars with the exception of arabinose are found in mammalian skin connective tissue. 4. Spongins "A", "B" and the amorphous matrix were readily separated by tryptic digestion and water extraction.
STUDIES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY: XLII FURTHER STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE IN MICROGRAM AMOUNTS OF TISSUE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ACTIVITY IN THE BOVINE ADRENAL
Authors: GLICK DAVID , NAYYAR SOM N. 
Published: April 2011

Optimal conditions for the determination of succinic dehydrogenase activity in microgram quantities of intact tissue by the method of Defendi and Pearson were studied, and as a consequence certain modifications were found to be advantageous. The improved procedure was compared with that of Jardetzky and Glick which was designed for use on comparable quantities of disrupted tissue. Both procedures gave results in relative agreement with one another, but the former was somewhat simpler, technically, and more sensitive. The methods were applied to the quantitative histological distribution of the enzyme in the adrenal gland of the steer, and a maximum concentration was observed in the fasciculata with a symmetrical falling off through the zones on both sides to minima in the medulla and capsule. Thus a species difference was noted since earlier work on the rat adrenal showed a maximum in the reticulanis.
THE MOBILIZATION AND TURNOVER TIMES OF CELL POPULATIONS IN BLOOD AND BLOOD-FORMING TISSUE
Authors: YOFFEY J. M. 
Published: April 2011

1. A description is given of a technique for performing absolute and differential counts of the nucleated cells of guinea-pig bone marrow. Emphasis is placed on the importance of using animals of uniform age in marrow studies. 2. In a 400 gm. male guinea-pig of the Dunklin-Hartley strain, the total marrow volume is 7.0 cc., the total blood volume 28.8 cc., and exchanges of cell population between marrow and blood can be readily calculated on the basis of these figures. 3. Thoracic duct lymphocyte production per day is about 4 times the total lymphocytes normally present in the blood and about one sixth to one eighth of the total marrow lymphocyte population. 4. Lymphocytes in bone marrow are practically all small, and are not formed in the marrow, but come to it from the blood stream. 5. In respect to granulocytes, the marrow possesses about 150 times the number normally present in the blood, and two thirds of this myeloid reserve consists of mature or almost mature cells which can be rapidly discharged into the blood stream. 6. Leucocytosis Promoting Factor (Menkin) evokes in 4 hours a dual response by the marrow, namely a discharge of granulocytes into the blood and an uptake of lymphocytes from the blood. But most of the granulocytes thus entering the blood rapidly leave it. 7. Unlike the granulocytes, there is no large erythroid reserve in the bone marrow, and the quantitative data indicate that under normal conditions erythrocyte production just about keeps pace with requirements. 8. In animals subjected to hypoxia at the Jungfraujoch, about 3 days elapse before there is an appreciable discharge of additional erythrocytes into the blood. The nucleated erythroid cells of the marrow begin to increase on the second day, and reach a peak on the fourth day. 9. Morphological evidence indicates the existence of "Transitional" lymphocytes, intermediate between the small lymphocyte and the blast cell.
CELL TURNOVER IN EPITHELIAL POPULATIONS
Authors: HOOPER C. E. STEVENS 
Published: April 2011

In its simplest terms, cell turnover in a tissue is the process whereby cell formation is balanced by cell loss. Close examination of the turnover systems in epithelia, such as the epidermis and intestinal epithelium, reveals that the mechanism of the process is, in fact, very complex and may differ widely between epithelia of different morphology and function. The existence of cell turnover in an epithe1ium may be shown morphologically. Cell formation is indicated by the presence of mitotic activity. This may be restricted to one region of the epithelium, as in the deeper layers of the epidermis and the crypts of the intestinal epithelium. Regions of cell loss are indicated in the epidermis by cornification and death of the surface cells, and in the intestinal epithelium, by the presence of extrusion zones at the tips of the villi. Cell turnover in an epithelium is probably an inherent property rather than a repair process induced by trauma. However, the rate of cell turnover may be altered by a number of internal influences (e.g., hormones) as well as by factors in the external environment (e.g., temperature, feeding). Alteration of the turnover rate may be shown by changes in mitotic activity, or in size of the cell population of the epithelium. Thus, in contrast with non-renewing tissues, whose architecture is always constant, the histologic picture of an epithelium undergoing renewal may vary with the interplay of factors controlling its cell turnover.
CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF β-GLUCURONIDASE IN RAT TISSUES
Authors: FISHMAN WILLIAM H. , BAKER JOHN R. 
Published: April 2011

1. A detailed study has been made of the use of the substrate, 8-hydroxyquinoline glucosiduronic acid as a means of localizing the enzyme, β-glucuronidase in cells and tissues of the rat. 2. Conditions for preparing the substrate solution have been developed which yield a stable mixture capable of giving satisfactory service for a period of months. 3. The introduction of chloral hydrate into the formalin fixative solution contributes greatly to the preservation of the enzyme and the successful demonstration of its cellular sites. 4. Certain refinements in technique, e.g., removal of precipitate artifact, prerefrigeration in substrate solution have greatly improved the convenience, reproducibility and uniformity of the cytochemical result. 5. Success in dealing with friable tissues in these histochemical studies has been achieved by employing a gelatin-embedding technique, sections being cut from the frozen block. 6. A systematic study of over 30 tissues and organs of the adult rat reveals striking localizations in specialized cells and tissues, e.g., Purkinje cells, pancreatic islet cells, uterine endometrium, as well as more uniform intense staining in organs such as liver and renal cortex. In most instances, the results agree with the findings of Seligman who employed a different technique. 7. The finished preparations do not deteriorate and are suitable for the observation of fine histological detail.
OBSERVATIONS ON NAPHTHOL STAINING AND THE HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ENZYMES BY NAPHTHOL-AZO DYE TECHNIQUE
Authors: DEFENDI V. 
Published: April 2011

A group of naphthols—1- and 2-naphthol, 6-benzoyl-2-naphthol and 6-bromo-2-naphthol—have been investigated in relation to their tissue affinity. It has been found that naphthol binding is mainly dependent on the solubility of the naphthols and on the type of tissue considered. Time of incubation, naphthol concentration and pH also play in important role in the intensity of the resulting stain. 1- and 2-naphthol have very little affinity for cell constituents, while 6-bromo-2-naphthol and 6-benzoyl-2-naphthol are strongly bound by cellular structures. The affinity of the latter two naphthols is specific for cell parts and tissue type: the cytoplasm of epithelial cells is strongly stained, while connective tissue, kidney glomeruli and inner medulla and cell nuclei at the concentration used devoid of any naphthol binding. Correlated experiments have been carried on the histochemical demonstration of enzymes utilizing the esters of these naphthols, by simultaneous and post-incubation coupling methods. Considerations have been offered on the importance of specific tissue and cellular affinity of insoluble naphthols in relation to the reliability of histochemical localization of enzymes by the post-incubation coupling technique.
CYTOCHEMICAL STUIDIES OF KERATIN FORMATION AND OF EPITHELIAL METAPLASIA IN THE RODENT VAGINA AND PROSTATE
Authors: BERN HOWARD A. , ALFERT MAN , BLAIR SIDNEY M. 
Published: April 2011

Quantitative and qualitative cytochemical studies were made of keratinized epithelia from the estrogen-stimulated vagina and metaplastic prostatic lesions of the mouse, and from the estrogen-stimulated and avitaminotic-A vagina of the rat. Karyometric and general cytochemical observations indicate a certain minimal testoid stimulation of the anterior prostate in the castrate mouse. Nuclear changes during keratinization represent a degenerative process different from that seen in pycnosis. In keratinizing epithelia the nuclei first swell and then shrink, and both of these changes are accompanied by loss of DNA and protein from the nuclei. Metaplastic epithelium in prostatic lesions developing as a result of estrogen treatment can be distinguished from the original epithelium not only by its alkaline phosphatase activity, but also by its increased cytoplasmic RNA and protein accumulations. Definite histologic and cytochemical differences exist in the rat between the keratinized vagina seen in vitamin A deficiency and that seen after estrogen administration. In addition to such features as the presence of longitudinal epithelial folds and of leukocytic infiltration in the former, the estrogen-stimulated epithelium shows intense alkaline phosphatase activity and distinctive distribution of RNA, protein, and protein-bound SH groups. These differences are possibly explicable on the basis of a greater rate of proliferation of the estrogen-treated epithelium.
A TRYPTOPHAN HISTOCHEMICAL METHOD
Authors: BRUEMMER NANCY C. , CARVER MICHAEL J. , THOMAS LLOYD E. 
Published: April 2011

1. A new tryptophan histochemical procedure is described. 2. The results of tests on the specificity of the reaction are reported. 3. The results of measurements of the infra-red absorption of the colored reaction product (using free tryptophan) and other similar compounds are reported and a possible structure of the reaction product is proposed.
THE INFLUENCE OF ALLOXAN AND DIETARY RESTRICTION ON RAT LIVER DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
Authors: CONRAD EUGENE A. , BASS ALLAN D. 
Published: April 2011

Rats fasted for 48 hours showed a decrease in liver mass and total number of nuclei. Although the liver content of DNA remains unchanged, an increase was noted in the amount of DNA per average nucleus, associated with an increase in the percentage of nuclei of higher ploidy. Alloxan treatment results in an elevation of 10-20 per cent in the DNA content per average nucleus when compared to ad libitum fed control rats. A comparison of alloxan treated rats with pair fed control animals showed no significant difference when the following were compared: liver and body weights, total number of nuclei and DNA content per liver, the average amount of DNA per nucleus, and ploidy distributions. These data suggest that the effect of alloxan on rat liver nuclei is the result of associated dietary factors rather than an effect of the chemical on the liver nucleoprotein.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF INDOLE DERIVATIVES BY THE POST-COUPLED P-DIMETHYLAMINOBENZYLIDENE REACTION
Authors: GLENNER G. G. , LILLIE R. D. 
Published: April 2011

1. A highly specific, chromogenic, localizable and permanent histochemical method for the demonstration of indole derivatives by use of a post-coupled benzylidene reaction is described. 2. The mechanism of the reaction as well as its tissue specificity is discussed. 3. The localization of indole derivatives to such sites as the β-cells of the pituitary, the granules of blood and tissue eosinophiles, the granules of the Paneth cells in the small intestine, chief cell granules of the gastric fundus, zymogen granules of the pancreatic acinar cells, α-cells of the islets of Langerhans, fibrin, [See figures in the PDF file] fibers and cement substance of the lens, neurokeratin and thyroid colloid has been demonstrated. 4. The relationship between the known tryptophan content of proteins and the sites of a strongly positive benzylidene reaction is discussed as well as a similar correlation with sites of negative reaction. 5. There is a tryptamine-formaldehyde condensation product, that is not a tetrahydronorharman, and is benzylidene reactive. 6. The significance of the lack of staining of melanin and enterochromaffin substance by the post-coupled benzylidine reaction is discussed.