bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti‐inflammatory Properties of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Hirst Suzanne M. , Karakoti Ajay S. , Tyler Ron D. , Sriranganathan Nammalwar , Seal Sudipta , Reilly Christopher M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe valence and oxygen defect properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) suggest that they may act as auto‐regenerative free radical scavengers. Overproduction of the free radical nitric oxide (NO) by the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated as a critical mediator of inflammation. NO is correlated with disease activity and contributes to tissue destruction. The ability of nanoceria to scavenge free radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibit inflammatory mediator production in J774A.1 murine macrophages is investigated. Cells internalize nanoceria, the treatment is nontoxic, and oxidative stress and pro‐inflammatory iNOS protein expression are abated with stimulation. In vivo studies show nanoceria deposition in mouse tissues with no pathogenicity. Taken together, it is suggested that cerium oxide nanoparticles are well tolerated in mice and are incorporated into cellular tissues. Furthermore, nanoceria may have the potential to reduce ROS production in states of inflammation and therefore serve as a novel therapy for chronic inflammation.
Nicotine withdrawal produces a decrease in extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens that is lower in adolescent versus adult male rats
Authors: Natividad Luis A. , Tejeda Hugo A. , Torres Oscar V. , O'dell Laura E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal are lower in adolescent versus adult rats. However, the neurochemical mechanisms that mediate these developmental differences are unknown. Previous studies have shown that extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) are reduced in adult rats experiencing withdrawal. This study compared dopamine levels in the NAcc of male adolescent and adult rats experiencing nicotine withdrawal. Animals were prepared with subcutaneous pumps that delivered an equivalent nicotine dose in these age groups. Following 13 days of nicotine exposure, rats were implanted unilaterally with microdialysis probes into the NAcc and ipsilateral ventral tegmental area (VTA). The next day, dialysate levels were collected following systemic administration of the nicotinic‐receptor antagonist mecamylamine to precipitate withdrawal. Mecamylamine produced an average % decrease in NAcc dopamine that was lower in adolescents (20%) versus adults (44%). Similar developmental differences were observed with the dopaminergic (DOPAC and HVA) but not serotonergic (5‐HIAA) metabolites. A follow‐up study compared NAcc dopamine in adolescent and adult rats receiving intra‐VTA administration of bicuculline, which reduces γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibition of dopamine transmission. The results revealed that blockade of GABAA receptors in the VTA produced a two‐fold increase in NAcc dopamine of adults but not adolescents. These results provide a potential mechanism involving dopamine that mediates developmental differences in nicotine withdrawal. Specifically, they suggest that GABA systems are underdeveloped during adolescence and this reduced inhibition of dopamine neurons in the VTA may lead to reduced decreases in NAcc dopamine of young animals experiencing withdrawal. Synapse 64:136–145, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Building the developmental oculome: systems biology in vertebrate eye development and disease
Authors: Lachke Salil A. , Maas Richard L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe vertebrate eye is a sophisticated multicomponent organ that has been actively studied for over a century, resulting in the identification of the major embryonic and molecular events involved in its complex developmental program. Data gathered so far provides sufficient information to construct a rudimentary network of the various signaling molecules, transcription factors, and their targets for several key stages of this process. With the advent of genomic technologies, there has been a rapid expansion in our ability to collect and process biological information, and the use of systems‐level approaches to study specific aspects of vertebrate eye development has already commenced. This is beginning to result in the definition of the dynamic developmental networks that operate in ocular tissues, and the interactions of such networks between coordinately developing ocular tissues. Such an integrative understanding of the eye by a comprehensive systems‐level analysis can be termed the ‘oculome’, and that of serial developmental stages of the eye as it transits from its initiation to a fully formed functional organ represents the ‘developmental oculome’. Construction of the developmental oculome will allow novel mechanistic insights that are essential for organ regeneration‐based therapeutic applications, and the generation of computational models for eye disease states to predict the effects of drugs. This review discusses our present understanding of two of the individual components of the developing vertebrate eye—the lens and retina—at both the molecular and systems levels, and outlines the directions and tools required for construction of the developmental oculome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Modeling childbirth: elucidating the mechanisms of labor
Authors: Li Xinshan , Kruger Jennifer A. , Nash Martyn P. , Nielsen Poul M.F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe process of childbirth and the mechanisms of labor have been studied for over a century, beginning with simple measurements of fetal skull and maternal pelvis dimensions. More recently, X‐rays, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging have been used to try and quantify the biomechanics of labor. With the development of computational technologies, biomechanical models have emerged as a quantitative analysis tool for modeling childbirth. These methods are well known for their capabilities to analyze function at the organ scale. This review provides an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art finite element models of the mechanics of vaginal delivery, with detailed descriptions of the data sources, modeling frameworks, and results. We also discuss the limitations and improvements required in order for the models to be more accurate and clinically useful. Some of the major challenges include: modeling the complex geometry of the maternal pelvic floor muscles and fetal head motion during the second stage of labor; the lack of experimental data on the pelvic floor structures; and development of methods for clinical validation. To date, models have had limited success in helping clinicians understand possible factors leading to birth‐induced pelvic floor muscle injuries and dysfunction. However, much more can be achieved with further development of these quantitative modeling frameworks, such as tools for birth planning and medical education. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Women's Decision Making about Risk‐Reducing Strategies in the Context of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Howard A. Fuchsia , Balneaves Lynda G. , Bottorff Joan L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWomen who have a mutation in theBRCA1orBRCA2genes have up to an 87% lifetime risk of breast cancer and up to a 40% lifetime risk of ovarian cancer. Cancer prevention and early detection strategies are often considered by these women to address this heightened risk. Risk‐reducing strategies include risk‐reducing mastectomy and oophorectomy, breast and ovarian cancer screening, and chemoprevention. This systematic literature review summarizes the factors and contexts that influence decision making related to cancer risk‐reducing strategies among women at high‐risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. In the 43 published research articles reviewed, three main types of factors are identified that influence high‐risk women's decisions about risk‐reducing strategies: a) medical and physical factors, b) psychological factors and c) social context factors. How these factors operate in women's lives over time remains unknown, and would best be elucidated through prospective, longitudinal research, as well as qualitative research.
The ligamental formations ofMargaritifera margaritifera(L.) (Bivalvia: Margaritiferidae) andMytilus edulis(L.) (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) during larval and postlarval ontogenesis
Authors: Pennec Marcel Le , Jüngbluth Jürgen H. 
Published: October 2009

The analysis under a scanning electron microscope of young larval and postlarval shells ofMytilus edulisandMargaritifera margaritiferareveals some primitive characters. Among these features, the most important are the ligamental formations which are described in detail during ontogenesis. InM. edulisa primitive ligament appears in a pit under the cardinal plateau immediately following metamorphosis. A second ligament later develops on the posterior edge of the shell, and becomes the only ligament present in the adult. InM. margaritiferaa provisional internal structure acts as a ligament in the young glochidia fish parasites. A definitive external ligament only develops following metamorphosis of the glochidia.The similar pattern of development of these ligaments in both species may represent the development of the ligament in the first bivalves.
The life-history of Tubularia indivisa (Hydrozoa: Tubulariidae) with observations on the status of T. ceratogyne
Authors: Hughes R. G. 
Published: October 2009

The life-history of hydroids from a mixed population of Tubularia indivisa and ‘T. ceratogyne’, from an intertidal site at Felixstowe, Suffolk, has been studied. Tubularia breed throughout the year, but recruitment is greatest in spring with a smaller peak in late summer. The spring-recruited hydroids are the progeny of T. indivisa, but during the summer they mature as ‘T. ceratogyne’ and breed to produce the T. indivisa that dominate the population in spring. It is concluded, on this evidence, that ‘T. ceratogyne’ is a form of T. indivisa.In this population T. indivisa suffers from predation by the nudibranch Dendronotus frondosus, and their mortality rate varies from 2% per month in winter to 70% per month in summer. The life-span of T. indivisa is approximately one year, but their mean post-larval life expectancy varies from 30 days (spring recruitment) to 160 days (autumn recruitment). There is no evidence that autotomy of the hydranth is an integral part of the life of T. indivisa.
Response to, and selection between, firm substrata by Mytilus edulis
Authors: Young G. A. 
Published: October 2009

Mytilus edulis attached more byssus threads to slate than to glass and more to glass than to p.t.f.e. in a given time period. This coincided with the order of polarity of the surfaces. On p.t.f.e., a non-polar plastic, the animals were most mobile, and were found to move off the surface in 3–5 days. Whilst on the polar surfaces, the animals clumped on glass, and remained relatively immobile on slate.When a choice of surface for byssal attachment was provided, the largest number of pads was always attached to the more polar surface. The preference was as follows: slate/glass 2·80 : 1·00; slate/ 5·38 : 1·00; glass/wax 5·97 : 1·00. Although the preference for slate and glass over wax was numerically similar, there is a clear preference for slate over glass.
The structure and composition of the teeth and grasping spines of chaetognaths
Authors: Bone Q. , Ryan K. P. , Pulsford A. L. 
Published: October 2009

The teeth and grasping spines ofSagittaare similar in structure, both having a central pulp cavity surrounded by two electron-dense chitinous layers. The cells of the pulp cavity contain microtubules arranged along the long axis. The two chitinous tubes are separated by a less-dense zone crossed by coarse fibrils linking the two. The teeth and spines insert into less electron-dense chitin (presumably flexible) and are moved by processes of anchor cells which pass into the basal chitinous zone. The inner region of the anchor cells is apposed to the connective tissue layer on to which the muscles of the teeth and spines insert. At the base of the pulp cavity, i.e. at the secretory zone where the teeth and spines are formed, the cells of the pulp cavity contain electron-dense granules in which zinc is found; zinc is also present in the inner and outer dense chitin layers at high concentration (0·5–1·0% of the dry wt).Both spines and teeth are tipped with fibrous cones containing silicon. It is suggested that the zinc associated with the chitin serves to toughen the teeth and spines and render them less liable to fracture, and that the silicon in the tips confers hardness to this vulnerable region.
Spatial frequency components influence cell activity in the inferotemporal cortex
Authors: BERMUDEZ MARIA A. , VICENTE ANA F. , ROMERO MARIA C. , PEREZ ROGELIO , GONZALEZ FRANCISCO 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe studied the correlation between the spatial frequency of complex stimuli and neuronal activity in the monkey inferotemporal (IT) cortex while performing a task that required visual recognition. Single-cell activity was recorded from the right IT cortex. The frequency components of the images used as stimuli were analyzed by using a fast Fourier transform, and a modulus was obtained for 40 spatial frequency ranges from 0.3 to 11.1 cycles/deg. We recorded 82 cells showing statistically significant responses (analysis of variance, P < 0.05) to at least one of the images used as a stimulus. Seventy-eight percent of these cells (n = 64) showed significant responses to at least three images, and in two thirds of them (n = 42), we found a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.05) between cell response and the modulus amplitude of at least one frequency range present in the images. Our results suggest that information about spatial frequency of the visual images is present in the IT cortex.
On the Public Discourse of Religion: An Analysis of Christianity in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kettell Steve 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDebates over the involvement of religion in the public sphere look set to be one of the defining themes of the 21st century. But while religious issues have attracted a large degree of scholarly attention, the public discourse of religion itself, in terms of the effort to assert and legitimize a role for faith in the public realm, has remained notably under-researched. This article marks an initial step to address this deficiency by deconstructing the public discourse of Christianity in the United Kingdom. It argues that, while appealing for representation on the grounds of liberal equality, the overall goal of this discourse is to establish a role for itself as a principal source of moral authority, and to exempt itself from the evidentially-based standards and criteria that govern public life.
Perspectives From the Field of Early Childhood Special Education
Authors: Kaderavek Joan N. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose
Positive academic outcomes for young children with special education needs can best be facilitated when a combination of professionals including speech-language pathologists (SLPs), general education teachers, occupational and physical therapists, and early childhood special educators (ECSEs) work together. However, it can be challenging to read across disciplines to maintain expertise within the domain of early childhood education because each profession has specialized intradisciplinary terminology. This clinical forum provides an up-to-date summary of the field of early childhood special education, with articles from experts from related professions describing current issues and trends in the field.

Method
This prologue introduces the concepts of universal design, differentiated instruction, and embedded learning opportunities. The prologue also outlines the roles, responsibilities, and accountability of professionals who work in early childhood special education.

Conclusion
SLPs can work toward strategic alliances with ECSEs when they understand the field from the perspective of related professions in early childhood special education.
Cohesive Adequacy in the Narrative Samples of School-Age Children Who Use African American English
Authors: Horton-Ikard RaMonda 
Published: October 2009

Purpose
This study explored the type and adequacy of cohesive devices that are produced by school-age children who use African American English (AAE).

Method
The language samples of 33 African American children, ages 7, 9, and 11 years, were transcribed, analyzed, and coded for AAE use and cohesive adequacy (e.g., personal reference, demonstrative reference, lexical, and conjunctive markers).

Results
There were 2 AAE features that child speakers used for cohesive purposes. Adequacy rates for personal reference cohesive devices were higher than for the other 3 categories. Age was a significant factor in the use and adequacy of cohesive devices.

Conclusion
Typically developing African American children use the same category types of cohesive devices that have been reported for their peers who speak Standard American English. Further examination of cohesive adequacy to identify language impairment in school-age AAE speakers is warranted.
The Utility of School-Age Narrative Microstructure Indices: INMIS and the Proportion of Restricted Utterances
Authors: Hoffman LaVae M. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose
This research investigated the applicability of the index of narrative microstructure (INMIS; L. M. Justice et al., 2006) system for narratives that were elicited through a wordless picture book context. In addition, the viability of an alternative, simpler metric was explored.

Method

Narrative transcripts using the
Frog, Where Are You?
(M. Mayer, 1969) wordless picture book with 48 school-age children with and without language impairment were analyzed using the INMIS productivity and complexity indices and a proportion of restricted utterances metric. Roy-Bargmann stepdown
F
calculations, effect sizes, confidence intervals, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were analyzed to examine the statistical and clinical significance of each narrative metric.

Results
The INMIS complexity metric and the proportion of restricted utterances metric yielded statistically significant differences between the two language ability groups and are likely to have good potential as research and clinical tools within the wordless picture book narrative elicitation context. The INMIS productivity metric did not differentiate between the language groups.

Conclusion
The results support the use of the INMIS complexity metric in a wordless picture book elicitation context and introduce an alternative microstructure analysis metric, the proportion of restricted utterances, which uses a logically transparent scale and may meet research and clinical needs without requiring the use of specialized software or complex calculations.
Making Decisions About Service Delivery in Early Childhood Programs
Authors: Case-Smith Jane , Holland Terri 
Published: October 2009

Purpose
This article presents a rationale for specialized services personnel to use fluid models of service delivery and explains how specialized services personnel make decisions about the blend of service delivery methods that will best serve a child.

Method
The literature on occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech-language pathology service delivery in early childhood programs is reviewed, synthesized, and applied to current practice. The literature explains that direct and consultative services provide unique benefits to children and should be flexibly scheduled based on each child’s current priorities. Flexible service delivery models allow therapists to meet the evolving needs of children within dynamic environments.

Conclusion
To establish fluid service delivery models, therapists need to (a) plan collaboratively with teachers so that the model selected meets the teacher’s preferences, (b) design flexible scheduling systems that emphasize inclusive practice, and (c) maintain precise documentation about when and how services are provided.
Accountability for Services for Young Children With Disabilities and the Assessment of Meaningful Outcomes: The Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist
Authors: Hebbeler Kathleen , Rooney Robin 
Published: October 2009

Purpose
This article describes the federal accountability requirements related to young children with disabilities and the contribution of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) to provide these data through the use of authentic, functional assessments.

Method
The article summarizes recent state and federal developments related to assessment for accountability and draws on the recommendations of national organizations, including the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, to underscore the importance of high-quality assessment for guiding practice and for documenting child outcomes for accountability.

Clinical Implications/Conclusion
The widespread use of recommended practices for assessment will provide children, families, and practitioners, including SLPs, with the highest quality assessment information, at the same time providing states and the federal government with much-needed valid data on child outcomes for accountability purposes.
Understanding Curriculum Modifications and Embedded Learning Opportunities in the Context of Supporting All Children’s Success
Authors: Horn Eva , Banerjee Rashida 
Published: October 2009

Purpose
The primary purpose of this article is to provide a closer look at the individualization process whereby early childhood professionals ensure that the individualized learning priorities for each child are appropriately addressed.

Method
Early childhood professionals, including speech-language pathologists (SLPs), are working to meet the federal mandate of access to and progress in the general curriculum for children with disabilities. A promising approach to achieving this mandate is a multitiered model of support that has as its foundation a high-quality, universally designed curriculum. Following a brief description of the components of this model, the discussion shifts to a focus on the individualization components. Children’s individualized needs for supports are provided through instructional individualization, including curriculum modifications and embedded learning opportunities.

Implications
Implementation of a multitiered model of support has direct implications for the SLP working in preschool settings. The decision for when and what form the supports should take is determined through assessment and by linking desired child outcomes to curriculum content and the individualized child supports. In order to be an effective team member in this process, the SLP must understand the concepts and specific strategies that form the foundation for each tier.