bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ polymerization of 3‐hexylthiophene with double‐walled carbon nanotubes: Studies on the conductive nanocomposite
Authors: Koizhaiganova Raushan , Kim Hee Jin , Vasudevan T. , Kudaibergenov Sarkyt , Lee Mu Sang 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPoly(3‐alkylthiophene)s represent a family of conjugated polymers that are soluble and processable, but still retaining the good electrical conductivity of the insoluble parent polymer thiophene ring backbone. Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is reported to be a best candidate in the family for solar cell applications. In situ polymerization of 3‐hexylthiophene monomer with double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) has been attempted with the aim of addressing two main issues, namely, the interfacial bonding and proper dispersion of the carbon nanotubes in the polymer matrix to get a high‐performing polymer/nanocomposite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman, and X‐ray diffraction studies indicate the physical wrapping of the polymer on the nanotubes in the absence of any ground‐state interaction between them. The ultraviolet–visible measurements also support this view. The photoluminescence quenching indicates the effectiveness of the interface in the formation of the donor–acceptor‐type composite. The impressive conductivity values encourage the utility of the composites as photovoltaic material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of perturbation on the whipping motion in electrospinning
Authors: Yang J. P. , Zeng Y. C. , Pei Z. G. , Wang X. H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that the essential electrospinning mechanism is a rapidly whipping jet in an electric field. Perturbation growth is responsible for the observed whipping motion in electrospinning. In this study, we focused on the effect of perturbation on the whipping motion in electrospinning. Experimental and modeling studies were performed. Experimental observations by electrospinning under normal and vacuum conditions showed that perturbations caused by the ambient air influenced the whipping motion and fiber diameter. Modeling predictions also showed the effect of the initial perturbation on the whipping instability, and qualitative trends in the model predictions were in accordance with the experimental investigation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of an oxygen‐ion beam (O+7, 100 MeV) and γ irradiation on polypyrrole films
Authors: Chandra Subhash , Annapoorni S. , Singh Fouran , Sonkawade R. G. , Rana J. M. S. , Ramola R. C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNanostructured polypyrrole films doped with para‐toluene sulfonic acid were prepared by an electrochemical process, and a comparative study of the effects of swift heavy ions and γ‐ray irradiation on the structural and optical properties of the polypyrrole was carried out. Oxygen‐ion (energy = 100 MeV, charge state = +7) fluence varied from 1 × 1010 to 3 × 1012 ions/cm2, and the γ dose varied from 6.8 to 67 Gy. The polymer films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The X‐ray diffraction pattern showed that after irradiation, the crystallinity improved with increasing fluence because of an increase in the crystalline regions dispersed in an amorphous phase. The ultraviolet–visible spectra showed a shift in the absorbance edge toward higher wavelengths, which indicated a significant decrease in the band gap of the polypyrrole film after irradiation. The scanning electron microscopy study showed a systematic change in the surface of the polymer. A similar pattern was observed with the γ irradiation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Catalytic performance of PVC‐triethylene‐tetramine supported palladium complex for Heck reaction
Authors: Zhang Lei , Xue Man , Cui Yuanchen 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPolyvinyl chloride‐triethylene‐tetramine supported palladium complex (PVC‐TETA‐Pd) was prepared from polyvinyl chloride via simple method and the production cost of the complex was remarkably low. The complex was an efficient catalyst for Heck reaction. It was active for low activity substrates such as aryl bromides and aryl chlorides. The coupling of bromobeneze with styrene catalyzed by PVC‐TETA‐Pd afforded 99.8% yield of stilbene under the optimized reaction conditions. PVC‐TETA‐Pd could catalyze the Heck reactions in the presence of several different kinds of acid‐binding agents. Furthermore, the good reusability of PVC‐DTA‐Pd was also found for Heck reaction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Investigation of flame retardancy and physical–mechanical properties of zinc borate/boric acid polyester composites
Authors: Demirel Miyaser , Pamuk Vecihi , Dilsiz Nursel 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe glass fiber reinforced polyester composite materials were prepared with varying contents of boric acid, zinc borate, and magnesium hydroxide as flame retardants to improve the flame retardancy of the composites. Experimental results showed that boric acid exhibited a good flame retardant effect on the polyester composite. When boric acid content is used as 15 wt %, the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value of the composite reached upto 25.3. The increase in boric acid content from 15 to 30 wt %, the LOI values of composite were enhanced from 25.3 to 34.5 by 9.2 units. The LOI values of the composite samples increased with increasing boric acid content. The smoke density results showed that the addition of glass fiber and flame retardants decreased the smoke density of the unreinforced polyester resin. The mechanical properties of the composites have decreased by the addition of flame retardants. The scanning electron micrographs taken from fracture surfaces were examined. The flame retardants, such as boric acid, were well dispersed in the glass fiber reinforced polyester composites and obviously improved the interfacial interaction between glass fibers and polyester composites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of addition of acrylic compatibilizer on the morphology and mechanical behavior of amorphous polyamide/SAN blends
Authors: Becker D. , Hage E. , Pessan L. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAmorphous polyamide (aPA)/acrylonitrile‐styrene copolymer (SAN) blends were prepared using methyl methacrylate‐maleic anhydride copolymer MMA‐MA as compatibilizer. The aPA/SAN blends can be considered as a less complex version of the aPA/ABS (acrylonitrilebutadiene‐styrene) blends, due to the absence of the ABS rubber phase in the SAN material. It is known that acrylic copolymer might be miscible with SAN, whereas the maleic anhydride groups from MMA‐MA can react in situ with the amine end groups of aPA during melt blending. As a result, it is possible the in situ formation of aPA‐g‐MMA‐MA grafted copolymers at the aPA/SAN interface during the melt processing of the blends. In this study, the MA content in the MMA‐MA copolymer and its molecular weight was varied independently and their effects on the blend morphology and stress–strain behavior were evaluated. The morphology of the blends aPA/SAN showed a minimum in the SAN particle size at low amounts of MA in the compatibilizer, however, as the MA content in the MMA‐MA copolymer was increased larger SAN particle sizes were observed in the systems. In addition, higher MA content in the compatibilizer lead to less ductile aPA/SAN blends under tensile testing. The results shown the viscosity ratio also plays a very important role in the morphology formation and consequently on the properties of the aPA/SAN blends studied. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Structure characterization of films from drying oils cured under infrared light
Authors: Wang Yi , Padua Graciela W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDrying oils have been considered as water resistant coatings for bio‐based packaging materials; however, their curing rates are slow for industrial applications. Infrared radiation was investigated in this study as a means to increase the curing rate of linseed and tung oils. The effect of oil pretreatment with gamma radiation was also investigated. FTIR spectroscopy was used to monitor chemical changes during oil oxidation. Results indicated that infrared radiation increased the curing rate of linseed and tung oils. The oxidation rate of both oils, as monitored by the decrease of the 3010 cm−1 FTIR peak, followed an exponential decay. The structure of cured films was examined by SEM. Images of films cross section were used to develop a qualitative model of the curing process. Linseed and tung oil showed differences in structural development during drying. In the case of linseed oil, the formation of a tough skin layer slowed down oxygen diffusion to the oil underneath, resulting in slow curing. For the case of tung oil, the skin layer shrank as it formed allowing oxygen diffusion and fast curing of tung oil. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Micromechanical processes and failure phenomena in reactively compatibilized blends of polyamide 6 and styrenic polymers. II. Polyamide 6/styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer blends
Authors: Handge U. A. , Sailer C. , Steininger H. , Weber M. , Scholtyssek St. , Seydewitz V. , Michler G. H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis work reports on morphological, mechanical, and micromechanical properties of polyamide 6 (PA 6), a styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), and their blends, which were reactively compatibilized using a styrene‐acrylonitrile maleic anhydride (SANMA) terpolymer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations revealed the phase morphology of the blends, which is characterized by inclusions of the minor component in the matrix of the major phase. The blend with 50% PA 6 and 50% SAN depicted a cocontinuous morphology. Using a microtensile device for TEM, the samples were deformed under uniaxial loading in the “dry” state (characterized by a zero water content in the PA 6 phase) and in a “wet” state (with water in the PA 6 phase). Whereas the dry blends behaved brittle, the wet blends showed a larger ductility with the formation of deformation bands in the matrix (PA 6 or SAN), which were initiated by stress concentration at the SAN and PA 6 particles, respectively. In the interface of blends with a PA 6 matrix and SAN inclusions, two phenomena were observed: partial cavitation and debonding on the one hand and partial fibrillation on the other hand. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
‘Post‐financial meltdown: What do the services industries need from us now?’ by Roger W. Hoerl and Ronald D. Snee: Discussion 1
Authors: Parr William C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRoger Hoerl and Ron Snee have done the statistical profession a major favor in providing their vision of what statisticians need to do to help service industries in the post‐meltdown environment. In this discussion, I briefly flesh out my understanding of the actions that statisticians must take to help service industries in the current and future environment. I then turn to a consideration of what I see as some of the significant weaknesses in current statistical curricula in preparing graduates to fulfill these new emerging needs. I conclude by making concrete proposals for some elements of a process for curricular reform. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Post‐financial meltdown: What do the services industries need from us now?’ by Roger W. Hoerl and Ronald D. Snee: Discussion 2
Authors: Kenett Ron S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHoerl and Snee have done three important things in their excellent paper. First of all, they address the current work environment conditions head‐on, describing the facts about the 2008 economic meltdown. Secondly, they provide a retrospective about the role of Statistics and Statisticians in service industries, thus providing a context for their third contribution, which is to lay out a clear road map with specific recommendations.This discussion paper expands their comments addressing the question they posed, namely ‘what do the service industries need from us now?’ It will discuss some aspects of the causes of the economic meltdown and present some methodological implications. It will then take a wide‐angle view of the role of Statistics and Statisticians in business and industry and finally, revisit the recommendations of Hoerl and Snee with some add‐ons and emphasis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hospital use and associated costs of children aged zero‐to‐two years with craniofacial malformations in Massachusetts
Authors: Weiss Judith , Kotelchuck Milton , Grosse Scott D. , Manning Susan E. , Anderka Marlene , Wyszynski Diego F. , Cabral Howard , Barfield Wanda , Garcia Raul , Lu Emily , Higgins Cathy 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Craniofacial malformations (CFMs) are among the most common and correctable birth defects in the United States, often requiring multiple medical and surgical treatments. However, population‐based data on hospital utilization and costs are sparse.METHODS:This retrospective cohort study used linked data from the Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal Data System. Cases were children born during 1998–2002 in Massachusetts hospitals to Massachusetts residents, alive at age two years, and ascertained by the Massachusetts Birth Defects Monitoring Program as having a CFM (orofacial cleft, craniosynostosis, microtia/anotia). Mean and median number of inpatient days and hospital facility costs (excluding professional fees) during birth and postbirth hospitalizations to age two years are presented by defect type and pattern for cases and compared to Massachusetts children without CFMs.RESULTS:Children with CFMs (N = 649) mostly had orofacial clefts (73%), and 73% had no other major birth defect. Both mean (12.0) and median (6) number of inpatient days from birth to age two years among children with CFMs were three times higher than among all other children. Mean incremental hospital cost of children who survived to age two years with CFMs compared to those with no CFM was $4,901 more during the birth hospitalization and $12,858 more for postbirth hospitalizations, or $17,760 overall.CONCLUSION:In the first two years of life, children with CFMs incur increased hospital costs compared to other children without such conditions, with substantial heterogeneity by defect and pattern type. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods for developing useful estimates of the costs associated with birth defects
Authors: Case Amy P. , Canfield Mark A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Cost estimates for birth defects are useful to policy makers in deciding the best use of resources to prevent these conditions. Much of the effort in this area has focused on spina bifida, in part because cost savings can be estimated from folic acid–preventable cases. However, comprehensive cost‐of‐illness estimates for this condition may be too outdated, too general, or not applicable to individual states' environments.METHODS:Using the live birth prevalence for spina bifida in Texas, we applied recent spina bifida cost estimates to approximate total lifetime medical and other costs for an average live birth cohort of spina bifida cases in Texas. In addition, we queried various government programs that provide services for persons with spina bifida to provide program‐specific annual costs for this condition.RESULTS:Applying a recently published average lifetime medical cost of $635,000 per case of spina bifida to the average annual birth cohort of 120 Texas cases, an estimated $76 million in direct and indirect medical and other costs will be incurred in Texas over the life span of that cohort. Examples of estimated medical costs for one year are $5 million for infants using actual employer‐paid insurance claims data and $6 million combined for children in two public sector programs.DISCUSSION:Stakeholders and state policy makers may look to state birth defects registries for useful cost data. Although comprehensive state‐specific figures are not available, applying prevalence data to existing estimates and obtaining actual claims and program expenditures may help close this information gap. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Die facettenreiche Welt der Apocarotinoide. Farben, Düfte, Aromen und Hormone
Authors: Walter Michael H. , Floß Daniela S. , Strack Dieter 
Published: October 2009

AbstractApocarotinoide werden durch hochspezifische Spaltungsreaktionen oxidativer Enzyme an den Doppelbindungen von Carotinoiden maßgeschneidert. Es können neue Chromophore entstehen, die zusätzliche Nuancen des gelb‐roten Farbspektrums eröffnen. Farblose C13‐Apocarotinoide können potente Duft‐ und Aromastoffe sein. Viele Apocarotinoidfunktionen mit Hormoncharakter sind lange bekannt (Abszisinsäure in Pflanzen, Trisporsäure in Pilzen, Retinsäure in Säugern). Eine neue Klasse von Apocarotinoid‐Pflanzenhormonen, die die Sprossverzweigung der Pflanzen mitbestimmen, wurde kürzlich als Strigolactone identifiziert. In ihrer Biosynthese wie auch in der von mykorrhizainduzierten C13/C14‐Apocarotinoiden treten mehrstufige aufeinanderfolgende Carotinoidspaltungsreaktionen auf. Das Wissen über Synthesewege und Funktionen von Apocarotinoiden eröffnet neue Perspektiven für Anwendungen im Zierpflanzenbau, bei der Bekämpfung parasitischer Unkräuter und in der Beeinflussung von Blütendüften und Fruchtaromen.
Klimawandel im Unterricht
Authors: Hößle Corinna 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBei jungen Menschen Bewusstsein und Verständnis für die Zusammenhänge des Klimawandels entwickeln: Das ist das Ziel eines Kooperationsprojekts der Universitäten Oldenburg und Bremen, das von der Deutschen Bundesumweltstiftung (DBU) gefördert wird und gerade als offizielles UN‐Weltdekade‐Projekt 2009/10 ausgezeichnet wurde.
Kryokonservierung von eukaryotischen Zellkulturzellen
Authors: Schrödel Andrea 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDurch die andauernde Kultivierung einer Zelllinie können sich Zellen im Laufe der Zeit verändern. Die Zellen verändern hierbei nicht nur ihren Phänotyp, sondern auch ihre Proliferationsrate und das Expressionsmuster der gebildeten Proteine. Das liegt daran, dass die Zellen bei jeder Passage der Zellkultur (das Ausdünnen der Zellen auf mehrere Kulturgefäße) einem Selektionsdruck ausgesetzt sind, den die stärksten Zellen der Kultur gewinnen. Empfehlenswert ist daher das Anlegen von Gefrierkonserven der Zellen einer relativ frühen Passagenzahl, auf die nach Bedarf zurückgegriffen werden kann.
Jakob von Uexküll legte die Grundlagen zu seiner “Umweltlehre”
Authors: Penzlin Heinz 
Published: October 2009

AbstractVor hundert Jahren (1909) erschien das Buch “Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere” von Jakob von Uexküll beim Julius Springer Verlag in Berlin. Mit diesem Buch, das 1921 eine zweite Auflage erfuhr, legte er die Grundlagen zu seiner “Umweltlehre”, die das Denken der Biologen bis in unsere Tage hinein beschäftigen sollte. Er gilt nicht nur als einer der Begründer einer Vergleichenden Tierphysiologie, sondern auch als ein Vordenker der Verhaltensbiologie (Ethologie) und Biokybernetik. Neuerdings finden seine Gedanken im Rahmen der “Biosemiotik” erneut stärkere Beachtung.
Modeling kinetics of a large‐scale fed‐batch CHO cell culture by Markov chain Monte Carlo method
Authors: Xing Zizhuo , Bishop Nikki , Leister Kirk , Li Zheng Jian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMarkov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method was applied to model kinetics of a fed‐batch Chinese hamster ovary cell culture process in 5,000‐L bioreactors. The kinetic model consists of six differential equations, which describe dynamics of viable cell density and concentrations of glucose, glutamine, ammonia, lactate, and the antibody fusion protein B1 (B1). The kinetic model has 18 parameters, six of which were calculated from the cell culture data, whereas the other 12 were estimated from a training data set that comprised of seven cell culture runs using a MCMC method. The model was confirmed in two validation data sets that represented a perturbation of the cell culture condition. The agreement between the predicted and measured values of both validation data sets may indicate high reliability of the model estimates. The kinetic model uniquely incorporated the ammonia removal and the exponential function of B1 protein concentration. The model indicated that ammonia and lactate play critical roles in cell growth and that low concentrations of glucose (0.17 mM) and glutamine (0.09 mM) in the cell culture medium may help reduce ammonia and lactate production. The model demonstrated that 83% of the glucose consumed was used for cell maintenance during the late phase of the cell cultures, whereas the maintenance coefficient for glutamine was negligible. Finally, the kinetic model suggests that it is critical for B1 production to sustain a high number of viable cells. The MCMC methodology may be a useful tool for modeling kinetics of a fed‐batch mammalian cell culture process. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Purification of human antibodies from transgenic corn using aqueous two‐phase systems
Authors: Lee J.‐W. , Forciniti D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA recombinant human antibody expressed in corn was purified using aqueous two‐phase extraction. The antibody was an immunoglobulin G fully unglycosylated. Using systems of different compositions and/or pHs in each of one or two partitioning stages followed by one more stage in which the antibody was precipitated at the liquid/liquid interface facilitated the removal of different impurities in each stage. The best system yields a product 72% pure (22‐fold purification) with a yield of 49%. The optimum extraction was done in two partitioning stages followed by an interfacial precipitation stage using poly(ethylene)glycol/potassium phosphate systems. NaCl was added to the first stage to eliminate large molecular weight impurities. The pH in the first stage was kept at 6 but a pH of 8 was used in the second stage and in the precipitation stage. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010