bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum information I
Authors: Vedral Vlatko 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Information is often considered classical in a definite state rather than in a superposition of states. It seems rather strange to consider information in superpositions. Some people would, on the basis of this argument, conclude that quantum information can never exist and we can only have access to classical information. It turns out, however, that quantum information can be quantified in the same way as classical information using Shannon's prescription. There is a unique measure (up to a constant additive or multiplicative term) of quantum information such that S (the von Neumann entropy) is purely a function of the probabilities of outcomes of measurements made on a quantum system (that is, a function of a density operator); S is a continuous function of probability; S is additive. This chapter discusses the fidelity of pure quantum states, Helstrom's discrimination, quantum data compression, entropy of observation, conditional entropy and mutual information, relative entropy, and statistical interpretation of relative entropy.
Outlook
Authors: Vedral Vlatko 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book has discussed the foundations of quantum information science as well as the relationship between physics and information theory in general. It has considered the quantum equivalents of the Shannon coding and channel capacity theorems. The von Neumann entropy plays a role analogous to the Shannon entropy, and the Holevo bound is the analogue of Shannon's mutual information used to quantify the capacity of a classical channel. Quantum systems can process information more efficiently than classical systems in a number of different ways. Quantum teleportation and quantum dense coding can be performed using quantum entanglement. Entanglement is an excess of correlations that can exist in quantum physics and is impossible to reproduce classically (with what is termed “separable” states). The book has also demonstrated how to discriminate entangled from separable states using entanglement witnesses, as well as how to quantify entanglement, and looked at quantum computation and quantum algorithms.
Polytheism and Society at Athens
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book makes use of recently discovered archaeological and epigraphical evidence to give an account of the religious life of ancient Athens. The city's many festivals are discussed in detail, with attention to recent anthropological theory; so too, for instance, are the cults of households and of smaller groups, the role of religious practice and argumentation in public life, the authority of priests, the activities of religious professionals such as seers and priestesses, magic, and the place of theatrical representations of the gods within public attitudes to the divine. A final section considers the sphere of activity of the various gods, and takes Athens as a uniquely detailed test case for the structuralist approach to polytheism.
2 ‘Those with Whom I Sacrifice’
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at aspects of the religious role of the household that are often overlooked. The focus is on the role of cults in holding social groups together in amity or at least intimacy. The bonding created was not confined to members of the same household or to kin; the shared sacrifices of non-kin are a further central aspect of private religion. It is a fallacy to suppose that the temples of the acropolis and the festivals of the city hosted a formal and civic religion detached from the more personal and urgent religious concerns of the Athenians. Although civic festivals were important events in the life of individuals and families, the oikos itself was not a sealed unit. Sacrificing together and attending festivals together were the most important contexts for the expression of social intimacy, but one might engage in these activities with one's kin, with one's friends, or with a mixture of both.
5 Who Prays for Athens? Religion in Civic Life
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines some particular aspects of public religion in ancient Athens, focusing on religious decision-making and authority, the power and influence of priests and priestesses, magistrates, other religious specialists, and of the council and assembly. The priests and priestesses are those appointed by the city, by the gene traditionally so empowered on behalf of the city, or by the demes, to serve particular gods in particular sanctuaries. These are the priests and priestesses who served bodies that had both a civic and a religious identity. The chapter then turns to the place of religion in the main public domains of Athenian life, considering behaviour along with the role of religious practices within the procedures of the assembly, the courts, and the army. The types of religious argument and evidence that might and might not be explicitly deployed in those contexts are discussed.
11 Parthenoi in Ritual
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rituals assigned to parthenoi in ancient Athens, including rituals in which boys of the upper classes participated during their education prior to the ephebate. It was necessary for the presence of a parthenos as ‘basket-bearer’ in every sacrificial procession. In visible rituals it fell to a large extent to parthenoi to embody the feminine presence in Athens. This chapter considers a famous passage of Aristophanes's Lysistrata, in which the chorus explain why they will now offer good advice to the city. They provide rare native testimony to the idea, familiar to outside observers, that it was cultic citizenship above all that gave women a sense of belonging to that city from whose political deliberations they were excluded. They also treat their religious services not as contributions that they have made to the life of the city but as privileges that have been granted to them.
13 Women’s Festivals: Thesmophoria and Adonia
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Aside from oaths, festivals are another expression of the separateness of the female religious sphere in ancient Greece. In Athens, as in most regions of Greece, much the most important member of that class was the Thesmophoria. For a married citizen woman, participation in the festival was a defining experience. The rite was, it seems, celebrated by all the wives of Athenian citizens (with their little children), and by them only. Even if not all married women participated every year, the point remains that they had the right, and were apparently expected, to attend. The Thesmophoria must have been the most striking interruption of the year in the routine of women's lives. Another festival that women of all types were free to attend was the Adonia. During the festival, seeds of quick-growing plants (lettuce and fennel) were planted on large potsherds to create the so-called gardens of Adonis.
15 Eleusinian Festivals
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Mysteries were, and are, the most famous festival in ancient Greece. Huge throngs usually went from Athens to Eleusis for the Mysteries, raising the iakchos (mystic chant) cry on the way. Visitors came for the single, all-glorious festival, but the Mysteries need to be put in a broader context. Other festivals of Demeter and Kore were also celebrated at Eleusis, several of them with involvement of the same sacred personnel who had central roles at the Mysteries. The Eleusinia contains not only competitions but also sacrifices. Another Eleusinian festival is the Haloa, which apparently occurred at Eleusis only, with the priestess of Demeter as a possible main celebrant, and expenses met from the funds of the goddesses. Another Eleusinian festival is Proerosia, whereby a pre-ploughing sacrifice was celebrated in various demes of Attica but the rite at Eleusis was the most prestigious.
17 Gods at Work I: Protecting the City
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Greeks called on the gods and heroes who occupied their territories to lend aid in times of crisis, but never tried to list who they might be. Attempts to reveal the hidden essence of particular gods or to identify this god with that were not rare. But neither the ordinary politicians who kept the cults going nor speculative thinkers were concerned to quantify the pantheon, to list all the gods, or to explain the relations between them. If one attempts today to describe the indescribable, the best starting point is the application of structuralist ideas to the study of Greek polytheism that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. The central and defining proposition is that Greek gods need to be studied not one by one but with reference to one another, as members of a pantheon. This chapter discusses the role of Greek gods as protectors of the acropolis.
Epilogue
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Studies of religion and history of Greece have traditionally gone their own, largely independent ways. Studies of Greek social and moral values are a more recent genre, but now that they exist they too follow a third path of their own that only occasionally intersects with the other two. Specialists in Greek religion may be inclined to seek an explanation in the inadequacies of traditional approaches to Greek history. Superficial similarities between the Greeks and ourselves have created the illusion, they might urge, that their political behaviour like ours can be analysed in secular and rational terms; the omnipresent myths, rituals, and expressions of respect for the gods are ignored, whereas in reality they are the underpinning, the emotional and cognitive foundation, of the whole of communal life. Respect for the gods, respect for the fatherland, respect for ancestral tombs, respect for parents: the deep conservatism inherent in Greek religion could not be more clearly revealed.
Self-Rule and Procedural Justice
Authors: BRUDNER ALAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways in which a government's duty under egalitarian public reason to provide conditions for self-rule is concretized within the liberal constitution. In particular, it discusses the changes (from the libertarian constitution) this duty makes to the individual's procedural rights in the trial and administrative processes; and it provides a theoretical account of the right to remain silent and of the administrative duty to act fairly. The chapter distinguishes the procedural consequences of the egalitarian principle regarded as constituent of liberal justice from those of the egalitarian principle regarded as fundamental. It argues that, while constituent egalitarianism produces procedures free persons could accept, fundamentalist egalitarianism does not. It also argues that, because it systematically disenfranchises particular interests, fundamentalist egalitarianism is incapable of producing institutions of representative government adequate to its own ideal of democratic self-rule.
Sex, Family, and Self-Authorship
Authors: BRUDNER ALAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses how a constitution ordered to public reason understood as dialogic community would resolve the tension between the individual's right of self-authorship, on the one hand, and moral norms governing sex and the family, on the other. It contrasts the medieval teleological framework for regulating sexual and familial relationships with Kant's deontological reinterpretation of sexual morality. It discusses Hegel's revision of the medieval teleology of sex so as to accommodate the right of self-authorship. The chapter argues that the new constitutional paradigm can justify to liberals the regulation of pornography, prostitution, and abortion. It proposes a teleological understanding of sexual morality that can approve of same-sex marriage, while disapproving of polygamy and incest even when these relations are consensual and harmless.
Tax Evasion
Authors: GREEN STUART P 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Even compared to other white-collar crimes, tax crimes seem ambiguous in their moral character: no one likes to pay taxes, and most people take steps to minimize their liability; however, we recognize that taxes are the fuel on which a liberal society runs, and we resent it when others fail to pay their fair share. The nonpayment of taxes can be treated as a serious fraud, a minor regulatory violation, or perfectly lawful ‘tax avoidance’. Even when it is clear that a violation of law has occurred, there is great variability in whether it will be treated as criminal or civil, and the decision of how the enforcement agency will decide to pursue is different in different regions, with like cases often treated in quite divergent ways. This chapter identifies the basic issues that need to be addressed, and suggests a general and quite tentative characterization of tax evasion based, once again, on the concept of ‘cheating’.
Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book is concerned with the proper nature and scope of criminal responsibility. The book takes a philosophical rather than a doctrinal approach to this question: it is concerned with how the best understanding of criminal responsibility should shape the law, not with the law as it actually is. The general account of criminal responsibility that it provides is based on the relationship between the action performed and the character of the agent performing it. An action can be attributed to a defendant, it is argued, only if that action is connected in the proper way to the agent's character. The book then goes on to explore the philosophical foundations of a number of the most important doctrines of criminal responsibility in the light of this view. These include the role of causation, the extent to which we can be held responsible for failing to prevent harm, the significance of intentions to the definition of crimes, the proper definition of recklessness as well as a range of issues in criminal defences.
European Tort Law
Authors: van Dam Cees 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This is the first introductory text book to European tort law. It brings together national tort law, comparative law, European Union (EU) law, and human rights law, and provides insights into the differences, commonalities, and mutual influence of the different tort law systems at work in Europe. The book examines the recent attempts for the harmonisation of the various systems of tortious liability by the discovery of a new European ius commune, and looks beyond the creation of ‘common codes’ to ask whether it is possible, or desirable, to converge the national models. The first part of the book provides overviews of the state of affairs of the tort law systems of France, Germany, England, and the EU. Comparisons are made between the rules, the cultures, and the policies of the various systems. The case for a European codification of tort law is discussed. The second part analyses and compares the requirements for liability in the various tort law systems: protected interests, negligence and unlawfulness, breach of statutory duty, stricter rules of liability, causation, damage, damages, and contributory negligence. The final part also assumes a comparative and a supranational point of view and shows how the national and European rules are applied in various ways in a number of categories, such as liability of public bodies, liability for defective products, for motor vehicles, for employees, for children, and for premises and highways.
Europe
Authors: van Dam Cees 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with Europe and starts with introductions to comparative law and ius commune as well as the European Court of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. The main part of the chapter is devoted to the tort law of the European Union (EU). It provides a brief overview of the history and judiciary of the EU and then sets out the sources of liability in European Community (EC) law. Firstly, the focus is on relevant EU legislation, such as Article 288 on the liability of EC institutions and the important instrument of the EU Directive. Secondly, the case law of the European Court of Justice, particularly the development of the so-called Francovich case law on the liability of EU Member States and individuals for breach of Community law, is examined.
Intention and Negligence
Authors: van Dam Cees 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the two aspects of fault liability: intention and negligence, focusing on what these qualifications of personal conduct mean and which role they play in tort law in Europe. Sometimes, particularly in English law, someone can only be liable if he acted intentionally. In most situations, however, liability requires that someone has acted negligently and this is where the gravity of the chapter lies. Courts establish negligence by balancing the defendant's freedom to act and the claimant’s right to be protected against harm. This balancing technique, which results in so-called unwritten rules, is extensively illustrated. Intention in the legal systems of France, Germany, and England is discussed, along with the reasonable person balancing risk and care, magnitude of the risk, precautionary measures, and subjective and objective tests of negligence.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: BHAT D.N.S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of the major conclusions of the book, namely (i) using the distinction between personal pronouns and proforms for providing a satisfactory definition for the words that are traditionally included under the category of ‘pronouns’; (ii) establishing a distinction between plurality and conjunction in order to account for some of the idiosyncratic characteristics of non-singular personal pronouns; (iii) using a distinction between semantic and pragmatic identifications for resolving certain problems concerning definiteness and referentiality; and (iv) resolving the puzzle concerning the affinity between indefinite, interrogative, and relative proforms by regarding constituent questions of many languages as not containing an interrogative proform.
‘Who are we when we read?’: Keats, Klein, Cixous, and Elizabeth Cook’s Achilles
Authors: Zajko Vanda 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the part that identification plays in specifically feminist engagements with texts and how it has enabled mythical characters to provide such a potent resource for women. It uses a Kleinian model of identification to understand the trans-historical power of myth. In particular, it looks at the phenomenon of cross-gendered identification and explores its manifestation in a variety of poetic and theoretical contexts. The chapter focuses on one mythological character, the Homeric hero Achilles, and four very different texts: Elizabeth Cook's poetic novel Achilles; a letter of the poet John Keats in which he explains to his brother and sister-in-law why he hopes he will never marry; the French feminist theorist Hélène Cixous's ‘Sorties’ section of The Newly Born Woman; and Melanie Klein's extension of Freud's concept of phantasy, particularly as it relates to the unconscious.
Beyond Oedipus: Feminist Thought, Psychoanalysis, and Mythical Figurations of the Feminine
Authors: Pollock Griselda 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
If Virginia Woolf is icon of and legend for later 20th-century feminist theory, Jane Harrison transformed a phallic lack into a feminist legacy. While many intellectual women engaged with psychoanalysis soon after its initiation and many radically revised Freud's theses of the Oedipus complex, none truly challenged the fundamental premises of its ultimately defining role around the theme of castration in human subjectivity that frames our concepts of sexual difference and sexuality. This chapter examines feminist thought, modernity and femininity, and mythical configurations of the feminine. It looks beyond Freud's particular relationship with Oedipus to the figure of Antigone and discusses how Antigone's relationship to her brother Polyneices can be reconfigured as an unconditional bond to the maternal other. The model of trans-subjective suffering found in Antigone demonstrates the continuing power of classical myth to question the premises of psychoanalysis even as it has inspired them.
Antigone and the Politics of Sisterhood
Authors: Goldhill Simon 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines why Antigone has proved so irresistible to feminist political theory and in particular the political theory of the family. Feminists have wanted to claim Antigone as a sister, but this chapter uses Ismene to query the valency of the metaphor of sisterhood. While feminist readings of Antigone have been hugely and rightly influential in exploring the difficulties of Georg Hegel's dominant model of approaching the play, within the ongoing work of critical exchange between feminist writers, it is fascinating to see how Ismene can be written out of the story. From the beginning, Sophocles' staging of the sisters Antigone and Ismene recognises that in the personal conflicts of the tragic narrative to come there is a difficult and unresolved claim of sisterhood. The tragic myth of Antigone also offers a profound way of thinking about myth and feminism productively through a critical gaze at the politics of sisterhood.
Atoms, Individuals, and Myths
Authors: Kennedy Duncan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Feminism's engagement with science has been played out on a number of stages. Historians and sociologists have studied the lives of women scientists and have traced the processes by which the institutions in which science is practised have either excluded women or narrowly restricted the roles they are permitted to play. Another focus has been the role of gender in what might be called the culture of science. The practice of science is often mediated in images that are tendentiously gendered, for example, the image of science as ‘conquest’, a trope that has often taken on connotations of fierce sexual aggression directed at a personified Nature gendered as female. This chapter introduces Lucretius and ancient theories of atomism to explore the role of reductionism within feminist accounts of science. It examines the spectre of ancient myth in science's gendered formulations of the natural world.
(Xen.Mem. 3.3.12): Song-Dance and State-Pilgrimage at Athens
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with song-dance in the context of Athenian state-pilgrimage or theoria. It offers a reconstruction of the various possible types of theoric chorus before considering the kinds of choral performance that might have accompanied Athenian sacred delegations to Delphi and Delos. It argues that the extant part of Pindar's Paian 5 is a typical example of theoric song, such as would have been performed at Delos. The chapter concludes that such choruses were a means of asserting local identity and projecting an image of unity, cohesion, and civic unity beyond the boundaries of the polis.
Formal Structure and Practice
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The decision field marks out the boundaries of a legal decision-maker's mandate, creating the particular setting within which decisions are made. The field is defined by the law, the legal institution, and the legal bureaucracy in its formulations of policy. This chapter discusses those boundaries, the formal frameworks within which regulation takes place: the Robens Committee and the Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974; the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive; the European dimension in the regulation of occupational health and safety; the HSE's structures and relationships; and the legal powers of an HSE inspector.