bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Candidal Species in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Lichen Planus: A Microbiological Study
Authors: Vikey Ashok , Pusame Astha 
Published: May 2024

Background: Candida is opportunistic microorganisms in oral cavity, causes oral candidiasis. The presence of candida and subspecies in oral premalignant lesions may intensify the infection and transform pre malignant lesions into cancer.
Objective: To isolate various types of candida species, among Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and Oral lichen Planus (OLP) patients.
Methodology: Total 60 individuals included and grouped as; OSMF (n=20) group A, Lichen Planus (n=10); group B and Controls (n=30) group C.
Results: The higher candida carriage revealed in OSMF+ OLP groups (23.3%) as compared to controls (10%). The species level findings showed 13.3% of candida albicans in OSMF+ OLP and 6.7% in controls, candida krusei 6.7% in OSMF+ OLP and 3.3% in controls and non candida albicans were 10% in OSMF+ OLP and 6.7% in control group respectively.
Conclusion: This basic understanding of candida species and their association with potentially malignant disorders will help in better interventions, so as to restrict the lesion before it transform in to malignancy.
Pattern Formation of Silver Nanoparticles in 1‐, 2‐, and 3D Microstructures Fabricated by a Photo‐ and Thermal Reduction Method
Authors: Park Jong‐Jin , Bulliard Xavier , Lee Ji Min , Hur Jaehyun , Im Kyuhyun , Kim Jong‐Min , Prabhakaran Prem , Cho Namchul , Lee Kwang‐Sup , Min Sung‐Yong , Lee Tae‐Woo , Yong Son , Yang Dong‐Yol 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOne‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional microstructures with dispersed silver nanoparticles are fabricated by a combination of photopatterning and thermal treatment from a silver salt containing photosensitive epoxy resin. Ultraviolet photo‐irradiation and subsequent thermal treatment are combined to control the rate of silver salt reduction, the size and the arrangement of nanoparticles, as well as the reticulation of the epoxy resin. This approach allows the creation of high resolution 1‐, 2‐, and 3D patterns containing silver nanoparticles, with a homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles regardless of the irradiated area.
Crossing an Interface: Ferroelectric Control of Tunnel Currents in Magnetic Complex Oxide Heterostructures
Authors: Hambe Michael , Petraru Adrian , Pertsev Nikolay A. , Munroe Paul , Nagarajan Valanoor , Kohlstedt Hermann 
Published: June 2010

AbstractExperimental results on entirely complex oxide ferromagnetic/ferroelectric/ferromagnetic tunnel junctions are presented in which the tunneling magnetoresistance is modified by applying low electric field pulses to the junctions. The experiments indicate that ionic displacements associated with the polarization reversal in the ferroelectric barrier affect the complex band structure at ferromagnetic–ferroelectric interfaces. The results are discussed in the framework of the theoretically predicted magnetoelectric interface effect and may lead to novel multistate memory devices.
Nonuniform channels in adsorbent monoliths
Authors: Crittenden B. D. , Camus O. , Perera S. P. , Mays T. J. , Sánchez‐Liarte F. , Tennison S. R. , Crezee E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA model is introduced to account for nonuniform channel geometries in monolithic adsorbents. Based on nonisothermal operation, fully developed parabolic flow and the full three‐dimensional convection‐diffusion equation, the model is applied to the adsorption of dichloromethane from an air stream flowing through a binder‐less activated carbon monolith. The equilibrium parameters and the effective diffusion coefficient for adsorption are obtained independently from gravimetric adsorption experiments. The nonuniform channel model is capable of predicting breakthrough curves as a function of feed gas flow rates up to dimensionless breakthrough concentrations of about 0.4–0.6, depending on the feed flow rate. Even though the variation of effective diffusion coefficient with both concentration and temperature has been tested, successful prediction over the whole range of concentration may require the incorporation of further aspects relating to the anisotropic nature of the carbon. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Concepts and semantic relations in information science
Authors: Stock Wolfgang G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractConcept‐based information retrieval and knowledge representation are in need of a theory of concepts and semantic relations. Guidelines for the construction and maintenance of knowledge organization systems (KOS) (such as ANSI/NISO Z39.19‐2005 in the U.S.A. or DIN 2331:1980 in Germany) do not consider results of concept theory and theory of relations to the full extent. They are not able to unify the currently different worlds of traditional controlled vocabularies, of the social web (tagging and folksonomies) and of the semantic web (ontologies). Concept definitions as well as semantic relations are based on epistemological theories (empiricism, rationalism, hermeneutics, pragmatism, and critical theory). A concept is determined via its intension and extension as well as by definition. We will meet the problem of vagueness by introducing prototypes. Some important definitions are concept explanations (after Aristotle) and the definition of family resemblances (in the sense of Wittgenstein). We will model concepts as frames (according to Barsalou). The most important paradigmatic relation in KOS is hierarchy, which must be arranged into different classes: Hyponymy consists of taxonomy and simple hyponymy, meronymy consists of many different part‐whole‐relations. For practical application purposes, the transitivity of the given relation is very important. Unspecific associative relations are of little help to our focused applications and should be replaced by generalizable and domain‐specific relations. We will discuss the reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity of paradigmatic relations as well as the appearance of specific semantic relations in the different kinds of KOS (folksonomies, nomenclatures, classification systems, thesauri, and ontologies). Finally, we will pick out KOS as a central theme of the Semantic Web.
Efficiency of scientific communication: A survey of world science
Authors: Lercher Aaron 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to measure the efficiency of the system by which scientists worldwide communicate results to each other, providing one measure of the degree to which the system, including all media, functions well. A randomly selected and representative sample of 246 active research scientists worldwide was surveyed. The main measure was the reported rate of “late finds”: scientific literature that would have been useful to scientists' projects if it had been found at the beginning of these projects. The main result was that 46% of the sample reported late finds (±6.25%, p0.05). Among respondents from European Union countries or other countries classified as “high income” by the World Bank, 42% reported late finds. Among respondents from low‐ and middle‐income countries, 56% reported late finds. The 42% rate in high‐income countries in 2009 can be compared with results of earlier surveys by Martyn (1964a, b, 1987). These earlier surveys found a rate of 22% late finds in 1963–1964 and a rate of 27% in 1985–1986. Respondents were also queried about search habits, but this study failed to support any explanations for this increase in the rate of late finds. This study also permits a crude estimate of the cost in time and money of the increase in late finds.
Center to limb variation of penumbral Stokes V profiles
Authors: Franz M. , Schlichenmaier R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe investigated the horizontal and the vertical component of the Evershed flow (EF). To this end, we computed average Stokes V profiles for various velocity classes in penumbrae at different heliocentric angles. Our results show that for blueshifted profiles an additional lobe with the same polarity as the spot is present in the blue side of the average Stokes V profile. The amplitude of the additional lobe grows with increasing blueshift and with increasing heliocentric angle. For small redshifts, the profiles show an additional lobe with the opposite polarity as the spot on the red side of the average Stokes V profile. Even at disk center, the original polarity of the average Stokes V profile is reversed for strong redshifts. The transition between the different types of Stokes V profiles is continuous and indicates that not only the vertical, but also the horizontal EF is a magnetized stream of plasma in a magnetic background field (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Probability distribution functions for the Sun's magnetic field
Authors: Stenflo J.O. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMagnetoconvection structures the Sun's magnetic field cover a vast range of scales, down to the magnetic diffusion scale that is orders of magnitude smaller than the resolution of current telescopes. The statistical properties of this structuring are governed by probability density functions (PDFs) for the flux densities and by the angular distribution functions for the orientations of the field vectors. The magnetic structuring on sub‐pixel scales greatly affects the field properties averaged over the resolution element due to the non‐linear relation between polarization and magnetic field. Here we use a Hinode SOT/SP data set for the quiet Sun disk center to explore the complex behavior of the 6301–6302 Å Stokes line profile system and identify the observables that allow us to determine the distribution functions in the most robust and least model dependent way. The angular distribution is found to be strongly peaked around the vertical direction for large flux densities but widens with decreasing flux density to become isotropic in the limit of zero flux density. The noise‐corrected PDFs for the vertical, horizontal, and total flux densities all have a narrowly peaked maximum at zero flux density that can be fitted with a stretched exponential, while the extended wings decline quadratically (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Considerations for the next generation of solar telescopes: A systems approach to solar physics
Authors: Title A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe exciting new high resolution images from the one meter Sunrise balloon telescope and the first images from the 1.6 meter Big Bear telescope together with the continuing data from the 1 meter Swedish Solar Observatory demonstrate the promise of the new generation of multimeter solar telescopes. While the promise of the new generation of telescopes is great the technical challenges to build them will require the efforts of a significant fraction of the solar community. In this talk I will emphasize the need for an integrated systems approach to the development of the telescope, its instruments, its software, and its operations and management structures. The experience of several decades of space mission has taught us a great deal about the value of planning mission development from the definition of the primary scientific objectives to the delivery of the data to the science community. Much of these lessons learned, often painfully, should provide guidance to those in developing the new telescope systems (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Advanced Technology Solar Telescope: A status report
Authors: Keil S.L. , Rimmele T.R. , Wagner J. , the ATST team  
Published: June 2010

AbstractMagnetic fields control the inconstant Sun. The key to understanding solar variability and its direct impact on the Earth rests with understanding all aspects of these magnetic fields. The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) has been design specifically for magnetic remote sensing. Its collecting area, spatial resolution, scattered light, polarization properties, and wavelength performance all insure ATST will be able to observe magnetic fields at all heights in the solar atmosphere from photosphere to corona. After several years of design efforts, ATST has been approved by the U.S. National Science Foundation to begin construction with a not to exceed cost cap of approximately $298M. Work packages for major telescope components will be released for bid over the next several months. An application for a building permit has been submitted (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Digital knowledge searching depth and individual creativity
Authors: Fei Yu‐Ming , Lin Chiuhsiang Joe 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe research studies the relation of the learner's knowledge searching depth to his/her creativity when learner comes into contact with constructed knowledge. The digitized constructed knowledge environment has changed the way that knowledge has been presented through the books. By using information technology, learners now obtain knowledge rapidly in a computer‐learning environment. When a learner facing a project, the way he/she searches information to build up his/her knowledge becomes a subject which is well worthy a discussion. This research first recorded each student viewing the mission‐related instructional materials on computer pages in limited time. Followed by analyzing the route of subject's cognitive processes to study the relation of students who with different creativity performances to their knowledge searching depth. The participants are vocational high school students from the innovated project design class and their projects in this experiment are creative poster design. Researchers recorded and analyzed participants' viewing routes among supplied poster‐design instructional materials. Researchers expect to find out the relation by discussing the knowledge searching process between different creativity performers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 230–236, 2013
Cultural and ecological contexts of violent punishment and restraint of Negev Bedouin children: from understandings to interventions
Authors: Garb Yaakov , Goren Tsofit 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOver recent decades we have become increasingly sensitised to the importance of considering the cultural and ecological contexts of child abuse. This paper illustrates the necessity for but also the complexity of doing so in practice, through reflection on some of the dilemmas faced by social work professionals encountering physical punishment and restraint of children among the Negev Bedouin. We describe several cases and reflect on two central challenges. First, we point to a significant grey area remaining between consensually unacceptable and consensually acceptable practices, and show how the evaluation of worrying incidents of this kind requires careful reading of the complex interplay of a variety of cultural and contextual factors which are sometimes not easily resolved. Second, we highlight the need for cultural competence not just in understanding but in intervening since cultural differences continue to be important—sometimes critically so—in the ways in which social work interventions are understood by and affect clients and communities. We offer a schema for intervention, distilled from decades of experience working in the Bedouin setting, which describes the kind of decision‐making processes a social worker might follow in this context. This is intended to guide practitioners, but also to be used more interactively and further evolved in discussion with parents and members of the Bedouin community on the one hand, and those shaping state child care policies and procedures on the other. Thus, our schema is a kind of boundary object—a shared instrument for assessment and dialogue in which both Bedouin and professional cultures can negotiate and renegotiate their caring for children at the interface between their different but intersecting worlds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin, Microbiology, Nutrition, and Pharmacology of D‐Amino Acids
Authors: Friedman Mendel 
Published: June 2010

AbstractExposure of food proteins to certain processing conditions induces two major chemical changes: racemization of all L‐amino acids (LAAs) to D‐amino acids (DAAs) and concurrent formation of cross‐linked amino acids such as lysinoalanine (LAL). The diet contains both processing‐induced and naturally‐formed DAA. The latter include those found in microorganisms, plants, and marine invertebrates. Racemization impairs digestibility and nutritional quality. Racemization of LAA residues to their D‐isomers in food and other proteins is pH‐, time‐, and temperature‐dependent. Although racemization rates of LAA residues in a protein vary, relative rates in different proteins are similar. The nutritional utilization of different DAAs varies widely in animals and humans. Some DAAs may exert both adverse and beneficial biological effects. Thus, although D‐Phe is utilized as a nutritional source of L‐Phe, high concentrations of D‐Tyr in such diets inhibit the growth of mice. Both D‐Ser and LAL induce histological changes in the rat kidney. The wide variation in the utilization of DAAs is illustrated by the fact that, whereas D‐Meth is largely utilized as a nutritional source of the L‐isomer, D‐Lys is not. Similarly, although L‐CysSH has a sparing effect on L‐Meth when fed to mice, D‐CysSH does not. Since DAAs are consumed as part of their normal diet, a need exists to develop a better understanding of their roles in foods, microbiology, nutrition, and medicine. To contribute to this effort, this overview surveys our present knowledge of the chemistry, nutrition, safety, microbiology, and pharmacology of DAAs. Also covered are the origin and distribution of DAAs in food and possible roles of DAAs in human physiology, aging, and the etiology and therapy of human diseases.
Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Membranous Short‐Chain Polyglutamate from Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Kamei Tohru , Yamashiro Daisuke , Horiuchii Terumi , Minouchi Yutaka , Ashiuchi Makoto 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt is generally thought that natural strains of Bacillus subtilis produce poly‐γ‐glutamate (PGA) as a large exopolymer (over 1,000 kDa) with high water solubility. However, extracellular PGA (ePGA) of B. subtilis is actually diverse in molecular size and configuration. In this study, we identified membranous PGA (mPGA) from both natural and domestic strains of B. subtilis. In contrast to ePGA, mPGA was relatively small and consistently l‐glutamate‐rich. Genetic analysis revealed that the pgs operon of B. subtilis is responsible for mPGA production as well as ePGA production. Biochemical analyses using the membranous fractions from B. subtilis ssp. chungkookjang indicated that the presence of zinc ions (Zn2+) affected both the membrane association of mPGA and in vitro synthesis (elongation) of PGA. Our observations highlighted three important factors that will affect the structural diversity of B. subtilis PGA, namely the occurrence of mPGA, the effects of Zn2+, and the configuration of glutamate substrate.
Natural Occurrence and Industrial Applications of d‐Amino Acids: An Overview
Authors: Martínez‐Rodríguez Sergio , Martínez‐Gómez Ana Isabel , Rodríguez‐Vico Felipe , Clemente‐Jiménez Josefa María , Las Heras‐Vázquez Francisco Javier 
Published: June 2010

AbstractInterest in d‐amino acids has increased in recent decades with the development of new analytical methods highlighting their presence in all kingdoms of life. Their involvement in physiological functions, and the presence of metabolic routes for their synthesis and degradation have been shown. Furthermore, d‐amino acids are gaining considerable importance in the pharmaceutical industry. The immense amount of information scattered throughout the literature makes it difficult to achieve a general overview of their applications. This review summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art on d‐amino acid applications and occurrence, providing both established and neophyte researchers with a comprehensive introduction to this topic.
Configurational Assignment of D‐ and L‐Isovalines in Intact, Natural, and Synthetic Peptides by 2D‐NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: De Zotti Marta , Schievano Elisabetta , Mammi Stefano , Kaptein Bernard , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Singh Sheo B. , Brückner Hans , Toniolo Claudio 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe investigated, by means of 2D‐NMR, the naturally occurring and chemically synthesized 16‐mer integramides A and B, which belong to a group of bioactive, fungal peptides (peptaibiotics), that are characterized by an abundance of Aib as well as D‐ and L‐Iva residues. The chemical shifts of the Cα‐alkyl groups in the Iva enantiomers depend on the α‐C‐atom configuration and on the helical screw sense of the peptides, the latter determined by CD. In the full‐length, right‐handed helical integramides, as well as in the partial sequences exploited for their total chemical syntheses, the γ‐Me H‐atoms of the Et side chain of the D‐Iva residues located near the C‐terminus are significantly more shielded (δ<0.90 ppm) than those of the L‐Iva residues (δ>0.95 ppm). The opposite behavior is observed for the left‐handed, synthetic, intermediate Z‐Aib‐L‐Hyp‐L‐Iva14‐D‐Iva15‐OtBu. Here, the γ‐Me H‐atoms of L‐Iva14 are more shielded (0.838 ppm) than those of D‐Iva15 (0.905 ppm). The chemical‐shift difference between the diastereotopic β‐CH2 H‐atoms of the Iva side chains in the right‐handed helical peptides is much larger for D‐Iva than for L‐Iva. For D‐Iva14/15, the values range from 0.38 to 0.63 ppm, whereas, for D‐Iva1, the value is in the range of 0.26–0.31 ppm. In each case, the difference is always larger for the d‐Iva than for the l‐Iva residues (which is always ≤0.19 ppm). Again, an opposite behavior is seen for the left‐handed tetrapeptide. Overall, our method enables the nondestructive assignment of the configuration of each Iva residue in peptides of known helical screw sense.
Computational Modeling of the Enolization in a Direct Mechanism of Racemization of the Aspartic Acid Residue
Authors: Takahashi Ohgi , Kobayashi Kana , Oda Akifumi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe rapid racemization of aspartic acid (Asp) residues in peptides and proteins is due mainly to the succinimide intermediate. However, there should be another mechanism for Asp racemization without intermediacy of the succinimide. The direct H‐atom abstraction from the C(α)‐atom that leads to the enol form of the Asp residue is one possibility. In another study, we have computationally predicted that the corresponding enolization in the succinimide intermediate occurs by assistance of two H2O molecules. In the present study, we, therefore, investigated the similar two‐H2O‐assisted enolization for an Asp‐containing model compound by the same computational method as before (B3LYP/6‐31+G**). Rather surprisingly, the activation barrier for the two‐H2O‐assisted enolization of the Asp residue (protonated form) was calculated to be almost equal to that for the corresponding succinimide. Therefore, an Asp residue is expected to be prone to enolization to almost the same degree as the corresponding succinimide form, and the ‘direct’ (i.e., non‐succinimide‐mediated) mechanism of Asp racemization may compete with the succinimide‐mediated mechanism.
Mammalian Peptide Isomerase: Platypus‐Type Activity Is Present in Mouse Heart
Authors: Koh Jennifer M. S. , Chow Stephanie J. P. , Crossett Ben , Kuchel Philip W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMale platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) venom has a peptidyl aminoacyl L/D‐isomerase (hereafter called peptide isomerase) that converts the second amino acid residue in from the N‐terminus from the L‐ to the D‐form, and vice versa. A reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) assay has been developed to monitor the interconversion using synthetic hexapeptides derived from defensin‐like peptide‐2 (DLP‐2) and DLP‐4 as substrates. It was hypothesised that animals other than the platypus would have peptide isomerase with the same substrate specificity. Accordingly, eight mouse tissues were tested and heart was shown to have the activity. This is notable for being the first evidence of a peptide isomerase being present in a higher mammal and heralds finding the activity in man.