bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies to Improve Performance
Authors: Honig Dan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines how managers can decide if their agencies would benefit from empowerment-oriented (Route E) reforms and offers strategies for them to put Route E in practice. It first describes the factors a manager should consider when envisioning their agency’s ideal managerial approach. It suggests ways for managers to characterize the current state of management. It then recommends drafting a Performance Possibility Frontier to visualize a reform path. The chapter presents a menu of ideas for managers to put Route E to practice. These range from manager-level reforms, to team-level reforms, to agency-wide reforms. Finally, the chapter discusses what actors outside the bureaucracy, such as foreign aid donors, can do to help improve public sector management. It argues that they may be most helpful in diagnostics—aiding public agencies to assess their needs and consider how management may be influencing their employees’ motivation.
Occasionalisms
Authors: Nadler Steven 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In its most extreme version, occasionalism is the view that God is the only genuine causal agent in the cosmos. Minds and bodies serve only as “occasions” for God to exercise its causal efficacy. After examining why neither Descartes nor Clauberg can be considered occasionalists, despite some scholarly traditions, this chapter surveys the varieties of occasionalism among Cartesians in the period and the different arguments offered for the doctrine, especially by Geulincx and Cordemoy.
The World of Bodies
Authors: Nadler Steven 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
There is a good deal of scholarly debate as to whether La Forge was an occasionalist and, if so, to what degree. This chapter considers his occasionalism in the realm of bodies alone; and here it is quite clear that he was indeed an occasionalist. The chapter also examines his various arguments that bodies, as purely geometrical extension, lack any causally efficacious powers, and that God is the sole cause of motions in the world, operating in accordance with the laws of physics.
Lost Decade
Authors: Blackwill Robert , Fontaine Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
For more than two centuries, the United States was a Europe-first power. In 2011, however, the Obama administration announced a change: Asia would now serve as America’s priority region. The notion quickly won support among policymakers in both parties and across the Trump and Biden administrations. Not all went according to plan. This book tells the story of Washington’s attempted strategic reorientation during a period of rising of Chinese power and assertiveness. It examines the impulse behind the Pivot, analyzes challenges the policy has posed for America’s global commitments, and investigates where and how it faltered. The book assesses responses to the Pivot across regions and strategic trendlines in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. It details China’s growing might and aggressive actions throughout the 2010s and beyond. More than ten years after the policy’s announcement, careful examination indicates that the United States did not, in fact, pivot to Asia. This “lost decade” coincided with a massive expansion of Chinese power and assertiveness, a deepening of America’s domestic divisions, and rising doubts about US intentions, staying power, and competence. Yet even after a lost decade, the Pivot remains America’s proper strategic orientation, and one that should ground US foreign policy. Critical to the endeavor is a strategic concept that aligns American objectives—in Asia and elsewhere—with the policies, resources, and activities necessary to achieve them. In articulating such a concept, this book applies lessons from the recent past to chart a new course for the future.
We Will Build in Any Case
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes both China’s response to the Pivot and its rise through the 2010s. Beijing views the concept of the Pivot as a direct challenge to its own power and influence. Throughout the decade, China under Xi Jinping’s leadership pursued military modernization, sought to upend the balance of power in the Pacific, weakened norms that form the basis of the liberal international system, and intensified repression at home. China’s bright star began, however, to dim in the early 2020s as its economy slowed, its global image worsened, and its population declined. Overall, across more than a decade, China systematically increased its power and influence in Asia and internationally, while there was comparatively little American response.
The Marqués, the Divas, and the Castrati
Authors: Stein Louise K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In a crucial period of opera’s development as genre and business, a flamboyantly libertine Spanish aristocrat, voracious collector of books and antiquities, and famed connoisseur of visual art influenced operatic practices and productions for both Italian and Hispanic operas. This book advances our understanding of seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century opera and cultural encounter, traversing opera’s geography (Madrid, Rome, Naples, Lima, Mexico) by tracing the trajectory of Gaspar de Haro y Guzmán, Marquis de Heliche and del Carpio (1629–87), the first producer whose energetic patronage and legacy shaped opera in two worlds. Carpio’s unusual temperament and aesthetic sensibility were essential to his celebrated success as a producer of musical plays and opera. This book explains how conventions of musical dramaturgy developed within a consistent politics of production for private and public opera across the administrative centers of the Spanish territory in Spain, Italy, and the Americas (1650–1730). Fully-sung opera in Spanish was an extraordinary, epithalamic genre, while Italian operas produced in Naples in the 1680s, including those of Alessandro Scarlatti, also served specific dynastic celebrations. The final chapter illuminates a striking dual operatic legacy in the Americas with examples from the first surviving American opera. The association between opera and dynastic survival permeated the political and cultural work of opera under the Spanish crown.
Culture, Cognition, and Ritual
Authors: Xygalatas Dimitris 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Rituals are abundant in nature and ubiquitous across human cultures. At first glance, they appear wasteful because they require significant investments of time, effort, and resources but offer no directly obvious benefits. Yet, they are deeply meaningful to practitioners and tightly integrated in cultural normative systems. Although social scientific theories have argued that they play important roles, those theories have only recently been tested. This chapter discusses what ritual is and what it does, both at an individual and at a group level, drawing from an interdisciplinary research program that combines ethnographic and experimental methodologies. It argues that rituals are pervasive because they constitute useful mental and social technologies that can be employed to solve important problems for practitioners and their communities.
Brusseling language, bustling friction
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Although Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is officially bilingual, it does not provide bilingual education. This chapter explains the history behind this situation as well as the effects that the recent growing interest in Dutch-French bilingualism is having on Dutch-medium schools in that city. Since these schools have become magnets for speakers of other languages, they have become the scene where acute linguistic and pedagogical tensions play out: accepting pupils’ primary varieties, and their use of French as a lingua franca, runs counter to concerns about protecting Dutch as a minority language in Brussels, while imposing Dutch monolingualism at school raises questions about where teachers stand in relation to demands that they display a friendly rather than authoritarian persona. Such tensions have been observed in linguistic-ethnographic fieldwork in five secondary Dutch-medium schools in Brussels. The chapter provides more detail about each of these settings.
Imposing, restricting, and alluding to monolingualism
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Teachers in Brussels Dutch-medium schools at first blush seem to be mindlessly reproducing a monolingual ideology, given their severe imposition of Dutch. This chapter gradually deconstructs this image by showing that these teachers did not impose Dutch unthinkingly. Two intervening levels interfaced with that imposition: the tension between authoritarian and egalitarian pedagogies, and the interactional organization of classroom order and flow. As a result, moments of eye-catching policy imposition alternated with attenuated requests, humorous hints, and restrictions of the area for policy application. It will be suggested that, rather than revealing their reactionary nature, these teachers were demonstrating their modernity—that is, their adherence to current, egalitarian pedagogies. The argument will be that this adherence creates dilemmas when pupils massively fail to comply with the egalitarian expectation that they self-regulate their language use: this causes a punitive response from teachers but also discomfort about their use of power.
Making Punches Count
Authors: Bacchus Emily Beaulieu , Batto Nathan F. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This book seeks to explain why individual legislators engage in parliamentary brawls. In addition to extensive description of this phenomenon, the authors offer a political theory of brawling that draws on the logic of contentious politics and signaling theory to explain why individual legislators might brawl in an attempt to further their political careers. The authors argue that individuals make brawling decisions in a specific institutional context, where the strength of political parties is particularly important for determining the brawler’s audience. With research drawn from Taiwan and Ukraine, book chapters follow major implications of the authors’ theory including identifying who brawls, establishing that brawling is covered by the media, offering evidence of the audience for brawls, and finally evaluating re-election prospects of brawling legislators. While the bulk of the authors’ theory and evidence focus on instances of brawling when opposition parties disrupt legislative proceedings, they also discuss a smaller but impactful subset of brawls that they call honor brawls.
Conclusion
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we review our major findings. These include the growing numbers and diversity of fundamentals, their increasing individual and, even more, collective relationship to the vote, and their increasing alignment with each other. These findings indicate first that elections are very different in the post-1984 period than before, and, second, that these results indicate that the substantive base to public opinion and voting behavior has increased substantially. These changes often precede other important changes, such as the growing affect associated with the public’s role in politics. Finally, we turn to consider the deepening cleavage in American political life and the concern for American democracy it raises.
Training Camps and the Development of a Global Parivar (Family)
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers Hindu nationalist training camps, and shows that they are key to the development and growth of the RSS both in India and overseas. It shows that in the diaspora they perform specific functions and have developed innovative new forms. Camps reify the community, providing group unity and strength. Although often clandestine in nature, they also often include a profile-raising “public” element which introduces Hindutva to a wider audience. The chapter also reveals that the diasporic camps provide opportunities for interactions with Hindu nationalist leaders and other luminaries from India and elsewhere. In this sense, the camps provide a striking example of how transnational networks are developed. The chapter then considers, in depth, two new forms of camps developed specifically for the diaspora. First, the Sangh Internship Programme--yearly camps held in Britain, which represent a significant deviation from RSS modus operandi. They reflect a youth-oriented, modernized model, based around “citizenship.” Second, the Vishwa Sangh Shibir--spectacular, large-scale camps held in India every five years. These illustrate the movement’s growth, showcasing India to the diaspora, and the diaspora to India.
Schelling’s Innovations
Authors: Fisher Naomi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents two of Schelling’s works, his 1797 Ideas and his 1800 System, as consonant with the Neoplatonic elements of his early essays. This chapter thus advances an interpretation of these works as consistent with his earlier texts in their overarching perspective, in contrast to the view that Schelling shifts in his fundamental commitments. Schelling’s philosophy of nature and his transcendental idealism both begin with insight into a primordial unity and proceed via a unification of contrary principles, to the culminating unities of the organism or work of art. Accordingly, Schelling’s Platonism is idiosyncratic in allowing these higher entities to be sensibly material. This chapter argues that Schelling nevertheless can be called a Platonist in his commitment to absolute unity as the ground and telos of all things. Schelling thereby develops a framework that is novel both in his own era and in the tradition of Platonism.
Limit, the Unlimited, and Potency
Authors: Fisher Naomi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that Schelling in his 1799 philosophy of nature is drawing on Plato’s Philebus and the subsequent Platonic tradition. The basic concepts at work in his 1799 works, namely, productivity, limitation, nature, and cause, correspond respectively to the four principles in the Philebus: the unlimited, limit, mixture, and cause. Attending to these resonances is instructive and shows how Schelling’s notion of potency has two related meanings. First is “power,” as in mathematical exponent, indicating the level of iterative limitations on productivity. The second is potency as capacity, in which that limitation generates the characteristic capacities of natural objects. These resonances are traced in Schelling’s Platonic philosophical heritage, in Plato, Aristotle, Proclus, and Bruno. Finally, the fundamental structure of Schelling’s nature as grounded in contraries and striving toward unity is rendered intelligible in terms of the Platonic triad of immanence, procession, and return.
Mysticism in Schelling’s 1801–1802 Writings
Authors: Fisher Naomi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that Schelling’s works of 1801–1802 successfully address two worries concerning his mysticism: first, that all talk of the absolute is meaningless, and second, that absolute cognition is irrelevant to the system-building projects of philosophy. Schelling draws on the tradition of negative theology to render his mysticism compatible with certain kinds of substantive discussion about the absolute, in accord with one strand of Neoplatonism and with contemporaries such as Maimon and Jacobi. Moreover, in his notion of exhibition, Schelling presents system-building as guided by insight into absolute unity. Schelling’s notion of exhibition is based on an analogy with geometrical construction as well as a repurposing of Kant’s notion of schematism. Schelling’s description of the relation of finite things to the absolute as one of participation connects the distinctive notions of grounding unity and systematicity advanced here to Platonism.
Origins
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Richard Maltby, Jr. and David Shire meet as freshmen at Yale University, dislike each wother at first, but realize there’s nobody else for them to write musicals with. Their method of collaborating, which remains mostly unchanged for the next sixty years, evolves. They create two musicals, which are produced on campus at the Yale Dramat to great acclaim. The first, Cyrano, yields the song “Autumn,” which remains a classic, largely thanks to its recording by Barbra Streisand. The original cast of Cyrano includes such notable figures as Dick Cavett, Austin Pendleton, and A. Bartlett Giamatti (the future president of Yale). John Badham, who would achieve fame as the director of Saturday Night Fever, was stage manager of Grand Tour, Maltby and Shire’s second musical. The chapter includes a brief analysis of “Had You but Wit,” an early, notably outstanding entry in the Maltby/Shire catalogue. The quodlibet, an example of song form, is also discussed.
The Fair-Haired Boys
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Both songwriters, by coincidence, had fathers who were bandleaders, Richard Maltby, Sr. and Irving Shire. While at Yale, Maltby Jr. ushered at New Haven’s fabled Shubert Theater and had the chance to observe out-of-town tryouts for Broadway-bound shows such as My Fair Lady and Fiorello. After one semester each in graduate school and brief stints in the National Guard (“David and me in the Army is a hysterical movie all by itself”), Maltby and Shire move to New York and score an early off-Broadway success with The Sap of Life, which attracts the attention of such luminaries as Leonard Bernstein, Harold Prince, and Stephen Sondheim, who will serve as a mentor and lifelong friend of the two writers. This chapter also includes analyses of three songs from The Sap of Life that will later be adapted for the team’s 1977 hit revue, Starting Here, Starting Now.
“I Don’t Remember Christmas”
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
An emblematic number from the Maltby/Shire canon, the liar’s song “I Don’t Remember Christmas” was written specifically for the show Starting Here, Starting Now. This chapter provides a close analysis of the song, including Shire’s use of a rising stepwise melody, a recurring (and effective) device. It also includes a discussion with the writers about the song, as well as observations from George Lee Andrews, the Starting Here, Starting Now cast member who first performed the number. Maltby introduces the idea of songs having a dramatic action, which is one of the key elements that separate theater songs from pop songs.
At the End of the Song, Everyone’s Pregnant!
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A suggestion from Francis Ford Coppola leads to Maltby and Shire’s first Broadway show, Baby (1983). After considering other collaborators, the songwriters choose Sybille Pearson as their librettist and book writer. The painful decision is made to cut “The Bear, the Tiger, the Hamster and the Mole,” but the song is resurrected later for Closer Than Ever. The show is rewritten considerably during previews, and Maltby discovers that songs can gain dramatic action if important information is withheld until the end—a reminder that good songwriting is actually playwriting. Maltby and Liz Callaway recall Callaway’s unusual audition process which did not include a formal audition. Baby went on to receive seven Tony Award nominations, although it did not ultimately win in any category. Thanks to Baby, Callaway met her husband, Dan Foster, who attended the first preview of the show and continued to court her throughout the run.
Closer Than Ever
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains brief musical analyses of several of the songs from Closer Than Ever, including “If I Sing,” which is about Shire’s relationship with his father (both Maltby and Shire had fathers who were bandleaders); “Back on Base,” a specialty number written for Sally Mayes and the onstage bass player Robert Renino, who later got married in real life; “What Am I Doin’?,” a wild, galvanizing song about obsessive love; “Another Wedding Song,” written by Shire (both music and lyrics) for his marriage to actress Didi Conn, the second wedding for both of them; and “I Wouldn’t Go Back,” originally the closing number of Baby but cut from that show and repurposed to brilliant effect here as the Act I finale.
Introduction
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Compared to other policy areas like healthcare, education is a relatively empty policy area because the beneficiaries—students and families, and business—are not politically active or relevant. This emptiness allows reform opponents like teacher unions and clientelist politicians to have greater impact, as well as pro-reform groups like civil society, policy networks and technocrats. Governments that managed to overhaul teacher careers took either a bottom-up electoral route (Chile and Ecuador) or a top-down technocratic route (Peru and Colombia). In other cases, machine unions (Mexico) or clientelist politicians (state of Rio de Janeiro) overturned career reforms.
Union Blockage and Clientelist Backlash in Mexico, South Africa, and Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In three cases of blocked reforms to teacher careers, machine-type teacher unions and/or clientelist politicians managed to prevail once reformers left government. In Mexico, the incoming president in 2019, with support of the teacher unions, reversed all the sweeping reforms of his predecessor over the previous six years. In South Africa, the teacher union, Sadtu was part of the ruling ANC coalition and used that position to block multiple personnel reforms and shore up its machine control of teacher careers. Lastly, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, after successful reforms on multiple dimensions, the following government was in deep political and economic crisis and abandoned prior reforms. Crucially, clientelists in the state assembly undid measures for meritocratic recruitment, especially for school directors.
“I Cannot Pass beyond My Homeland”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This second biographical vita turns to Kelpius and the community of radical Pietists that he traveled with as they embarked from Germany to Pennsylvania in 1693–1694. This vita explores the sudden death of Johan Jacob Zimmerman in Rotterdam and the group’s subsequent trip to London. In London, the minutes of the London Quaker meeting show that the group was entirely reliant on Quaker charity during the six months they spent awaiting passage. This vita also reads the available primary material describing their journey across the Atlantic, an eventful trip through active war zones in which Kelpius made detailed journal entries. The vita ends with their arrival in Pennsylvania in 1694.
The Long Shadow of the Enlightenment
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns a corner in this book, moving from Kelpius’s life to his cultural legacy. Here I focuse entirely on what I consider to be the most robust and influential posthumous appearance of Johannes Kelpius: the Philadelphia Quaker novelist Charles Brockden Brown’s 1798 novel Wieland; Or, the Transformation: An American Tale. This chapter explores the ways in which Brown recovers and portrays Kelpius’s memory in his novel, a profound twofold critique of traditional religion and the hubristic excesses of Enlightenment rationality in the eighteenth century, in which the challenge of interpreting paranormal phenomena was placed at the center of early American life.