bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic concordance in functional psychosis revisited: a study of inter-relationships between alternative concepts of psychotic disorder
Authors: McGorry Patrick D. , Singh Bruce S. , Connell Sheryl , McKenzie Dean , Van Riel Raphael J. , Copolov David L. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISMore than a decade ago, a series of retrospective studies examined the concordance between proliferating definitions of severe psychiatric disorder. The European response has been a polydiagnostic one, which has attempted to maintain interest in a broad range of psychiatric phenomena in the psychoses. In North America a more convergent approach has emerged, resulting in a series of operational definitions evolving from one another, and a correspondingly limited capacity to allow alternative perspectives to co-exist. The present study uses a prospective design as well as recent improvements in the clinical validity of psychopathology assessment to re-evaluate the relationships between competing concepts of psychotic illness in a broad sample (N= 176) of recent-onset psychotic patients. In the schizophrenic group, concordance was predictably highest among recent North American ‘cousins’, and lowest among various historical concepts. There was a moderately high concordance between selected schizoaffective and atypical psychosis definitions, indicating that this component is an important area for further studies of descriptive validity. These interrelationships may be used as a starting point to explore latent classes underlying the phenomena of functional psychosis.
Railway suicide: the psychological effects on drivers
Authors: Farmer Richard , Tranah Troy , O'Donnell Ian , Catalan Jose 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISPeople have jumped (or fallen) in front of trains on the London Underground system in increasing numbers throughout the twentieth century. During the past decade there have been about 100 such incidents each year, of which around 90 would involve the train driver witnessing his train strike the person on the track. Most are suicides or attempts at suicide. They represent major unexpected and violent events in the lives of the train drivers and it might be expected that some of them would respond by developing a post-traumatic stress reaction of the type identified by Horowitz (1976) or other adverse psychological reactions or both. The research reported in this paper was designed to characterize the range of responses of drivers to the experiences of killing or injuring members of the public during the course of their daily work. It was found that 16·3% of the drivers involved in incidents did develop post-traumatic stress disorder and that other diagnoses, e.g. depression and phobic states, were present in 39·5% of drivers when interviewed one month after the incident.
Measuring psychiatric disorder in the recent past: the use of the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule retrospectively
Authors: Kisely Stephen R. , Faragher Brian , Gask Linda , Goldberg David P. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISNinety-four patients were asked about the presence of psychiatric symptoms on admission to hospital using the revised Psychiatric Assessment Schedule. Three months later they were asked to recall their symptoms at admission using the same instrument retrospectively. The results of the initial and retrospective interviews showed good rates of agreement in terms of PAS score, ID level, psychiatric ‘caseness’ and both CATEGO and DSM-III-R diagnoses. The study demonstrates that it is possible to make reliable measurements of the mental status of three months previously, simultaneously with assessments of current mental status. The uses of such a measuring instrument are discussed.
Why people with probable minor psychiatric morbidity consult a doctor
Authors: Vázquez-Barquero J. L. , Diez-Manrique J. F. , Gaite L. , García C. Iglesias , Artal J. , Roberts Stephen E. , Wilkinson Greg 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThis epidemiological investigation examines factors determining medical consultation in people with probable minor psychiatric morbidity. About 54% of people with probable minor psychiatric morbidity and about 23% of the (numerically much greater) remainder with lower probability of psychiatric morbidity consulted a doctor, usually a primary care physician, in the two weeks prior to a research interview. Medical consultation rates were higher in females than in males.The dominant finding was that in people with probable minor psychiatric morbidity physical illness was strongly associated with medical consultation. Almost 89% of males and 97% of females with probable minor psychiatric morbidity and physical illness consulted a doctor in the two weeks prior to interview. Logistic regression modelling was used to investigate the joint effects on medical consultation of physical illness and six socio-demographic variables, and physical illness emerged as the major single determinant of medical consultation in women and, in men, it exerted its effect through an interaction with lower educational level.
Genetic and physical studies of male children with psychological gender disturbances
Authors: Rekers George A. , Crandall Barbara F. , Rosen Alexander C. , Bentler Peter M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwelve male children were diagnosed with psychological gender disturbances by 3 independent clinical psychologists using independent data sources focusing on behavioural deviance from normal comparison groups, on conventional psychological testing, and on parent report instruments which had been validated on normal comparison samples. These children received a paediatric evaluation consisting of a medical history, complete physical examination, chromosome analysis including 2 cells karyotyped and 15 counted, and sex chromatin studies. All gender disturbed boys were found to be normal genetically and physically with the exception of one subject with one undescended testicle.
Abnormal illness behaviour in young women in a primary care setting: is Briquet's Syndrome a useful category?
Authors: Deighton C. M. , Nicol A. R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a study of abnormal behaviour in women aged 16–25 in one large group practice a screening instrument and an interview were used to identify Briquet's Syndrome. The prevalence, 2·04 per 1000, was lower than that found in previous studies. The fact that many other patients showed both the high consultation rates and the other correlates of Briquet's Syndrome brings the usefulness of a discrete syndrome into doubt.
Subtypes of Alzheimer's Dementia: a conceptual analysis and critical review
Authors: Jorm A. F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisCriteria necessary for establishing the existence of qualitatively-different subtypes of a disorder are proposed. A review is made of the existing literature on Alzheimer's Dementia which proposes subtypes on the basis of either psychological or neuropathological data. It is concluded that, as yet, this research has not met the criteria for establishing qualitatively-different subtypes. However, Alzheimer's Dementia does seem to show quantitative variability in a number of respects and this appears to be related to factors of aetiological significance. The possibility that this quantitative variability could provide the basis for subtyping is discussed.
Moral treatment reconsidered: some sociological comments on an episode in the history of British psychiatry
Authors: Scull Andrew T. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA reappraisal is offered of the precise sense in which the introduction of moral treats ment at the end of the eighteenth century marked a decisive shift in our characteristic ways of responding to and coping with the mentally disturbed. Some connections are explored between this new approach to the ‘mad’ and larger social movements and processes.
An international comparison of two systems of community mental health care
Authors: Tantam Digby , Burns Barbara J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA neighbourhood health centre in the US is compared with the mental health services in an area of the UK.Patients with severe, but long-standing psychiatric illnesses, or patients with transient emotional problems are likely to be treated by a general practitioner in London and by non-medical mental health specialists in Boston. These patients receive more overall care, more specialist, non-medical care but make as many visits to a medical provider, other than a psychiatrist, in Boston as they do in London. Psychiatrists see more acutely ill patients for a shorter time than non-medical specialists in both places, and in both Boston and London there is a highly selective referral process which results in psychiatrists from both areas seeing approximately the same proportion of the population of their catchment areas.The integration of these findings with community attitudes in planning services is discussed.
Organization and interaction in psychiatric day centres
Authors: Shepherd Geoff , Richardson Anne 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOne of the major problems in the care of chronic patients is the design of suitable long-term environments. Following from the work of Tizard and his colleagues, a study is described which investigated the aspects of the organization, management practices and social interactions in 4 local authority day centres for the care of chronic patients in the community. It was found that these centres differed markedly in terms of their organization and management practices and that these differences were correlated with the nature and quality of staff-client (although not staff–staff) interactions. Client-oriented management attitudes were correlated with a more personal approach to clients' problems and a warmer quality of interaction. These differences did not seem attributable to different kinds of clients being involved in each centre. The results are discussed in terms of the possible causal mechanisms involved and their implications for designing systems of long-term care.
Pyridostigmine-induced growth hormone responses in healthy and depressed subjects: evidence for cholinergic supersensitivity in depression
Authors: O'Keane V. , O'Flynn K. , Lucey J. , Dinan T. G. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISTheorists have extrapolated the cholinergic supersensitivity theory of affective disorder from a convincing and broad spectrum of clinical observation and research. This hypothesis is tested using a neuroendocrine probe approach with the challenge drug pyridostigmine, an indirect cholinergic agent thought to release growth hormone (GH) by decreasing inhibitory somatostatin tone. The consequent increments in plasma GH were considered to reflect central acetylcholine responsivity. Fifty-four volunteers were tested: 27 DSM-III-R major depressives (18 women and 9 men) and 27 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Subjects were cannulated at 9.00 h following an overnight fast and two baseline samples were taken at 15 min intervals. Pyridostigmine 120 mg was administered orally and thereafter samples were taken at the time points +60, +90, +120 and +180 min. GH responses were significantly greater in depressives than controls and this effect was more marked for men than women. These results support the proposal that muscarinic upregulation and/or supersensitivity is associated with depression.
Orofacial dyskinesia and the alcohol dependence syndrome
Authors: Lucey James V. , Dinan Timothy G. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA total of 52 patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of alcohol dependence syndrome underwent successful detoxification. Two to three weeks later they were examined for the presence of abnormal involuntary movements and rated with the abnormal involuntary movements scale (AIMS). They were also assessed with subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAISR), namely, visual reproduction from memory, digit symbols substitution and the vocabulary test. Twenty-nine had evidence of orofacial dyskinesia and the presence of such movements was strongly associated with visuospatial deficits.
The use of hospitalizations by persistent somatizing patients
Authors: Fink Per 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISMedical records were selected from the Danish National Patient Register in order to study individuals between the ages of 17 and 49 years in the general population who, during an 8-year period, were admitted at least 10 times to a general hospital (N = 282). Fifty-six subjects (19%) were found to be persistent somatizers, i.e. they were admitted repeatedly to general hospitals for physical symptoms without an organic basis. This corresponded to a frequency of persistent somatization in the population 0·6 per 1000 men and 3·2 per 1000 women.
Patterns of denial in sex offenders
Authors: Kennedy H. G. , Grubin D. H. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISMen convicted of sex offences (N = 102) were interviewed in two prisons. Cluster analysis was used to generate three groups according to pattern of denial; a fourth group was composed of men who denied their offence altogether. The groups differed in their ethnic make-up, offence type and past history of sexual offending.
A community study of mental disorders among four aboriginal groups in Taiwan
Authors: Cheng Tai Ann , Hsu Mutsu 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn this paper background, objectives, methodology and a few preliminary findings of a comparative epidemiological study of mental disorders among four aboriginal groups in Taiwan are presented. The study includes both a cross-sectional sample survey (N= 993) and prospective cohort studies involving psychoses, minor psychiatric morbidity, alcoholism, suicide, and accidental death. The total response rate to the sample survey was 98·3%; respondents were found to be representative. A preliminary analysis found very high rates of death from suicide, accidents and chronic liver and lung disease with a previous history of alcoholism in many of these deaths. Implications of these findings and studies of risk factors of all these health problems and their relationships are discussed.
‘Under the influence’ in British India: James Esdaile's Mesmeric Hospital in Calcutta, and its critics
Authors: Ernst Waltraud 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMesmerism was for a period very popular in Victorian Britain. The special clinical approach developed by Dr J. Esdaile while on duty in British India is elaborated in detail. The controversy surrounding Esdaile's treatment of surgical, medical and psychiatric cases at the ‘mesmeric hospital’ at Calcutta is discussed, and the main arguments are set within their contemporary socio-cultural context. Some of the arguments advanced for and against mesmerism contain concerns similar to those that have been raised during later decades in regard to hypnotism and hypnotherapy.
Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Ramana R. , Cooper Z. , Hayhurst H. , Kerr J. , Barocka A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper draws attention to an important adverse outcome in depression, the occurrence of residual symptoms after partial remission. Among patients with definite major depression followed every 3 months to remission and thereafter, residual symptoms reaching 8 or more on the Hamilton Depression Scale 17-item total were present in 32% (19) of the 60 who remitted below major depression by 15 months. The pattern was of mild but typical depressive symptoms. Residual symptoms were more common in subjects with more severe initial illness, but were not related to any other predictors, including longer prior illness, dysthymia, or lower dose of drug treatment during the illness episode. There were weak associations with personality that might have been consequences of symptom presence. Residual symptoms were very strong predictors of subsequent early relapse, which occurred in 76% (13/17) of those with residual symptoms and 25% (10/40) of those without.
Psychiatric diagnoses, sexual and physical victimization, and disability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Walker E. A. , Gelfand A. N. , Gelfand M. D. , Katon W. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisWe compared 71 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 40 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using structured interviews for psychiatric, gastrointestinal and sexual/physical victimization histories, as well as self-reported measures of personality, functional disability and dissociation. IBS patients had significantly higher lifetime prevalence rates of major depression, current panic disorder, and childhood sexual abuse. Despite the absence of organic pathology, IBS patients had significantly higher numbers of medically unexplained physical symptoms and disability ratings equal to, or greater than, those of patients with severe organic gastrointestinal disease.
Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological correlates of delusions in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Migliorelli R. , Petracca G. , Tesón A. , Sabe L. , Leiguarda R. , Starkstein S. E. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISWe examined the prevalence, phenomenology, and clinical correlates of delusions in a consecutive series of 103 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients were examined with the Present State Exam and the Dementia–Psychosis Scale. Twenty-one patients (20%) met DSM-III-R criteria for a delusional disorder. The most frequent delusion type was paranoid (71%), followed by hypochondriacal (67%), the Capgras syndrome (29%), house misidentification (29%), and grandiose delusions (29%). Out of the 21 AD patients with delusions, 76% had three or more different types of delusions simultaneously. The frequency of delusions was not significantly associated with age, education, or age at dementia onset, and the type and severity of cognitive impairments was similar for AD patients with and without delusions. However, AD patients with delusions had significantly higher mania and anosognosia scores.
Life events, social support and marital relationships in the outcome of severe depression
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Cooper Z. , Ramana R. , Hayhurst H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe effects of life events, social support and marital relationships on outcome were examined in a predominantly recurrent in-patient sample of depressives studied longitudinally every 3 months to remission and up to 15 months thereafter. Outcomes examined were length of time to remission, presence of residual symptoms at remission, and subsequent relapse. There were few associations between these outcomes and the social variables. These findings add to other recent evidence that psychosocial factors are relatively unimportant in the subsequent course of severe and recurrent depressions, in contrast to their contribution to onset of such depressions and subsequent outcome of milder depressions.
Post-natal depression in an urban area of Portugal: comparison of childbearing women and matched controls
Authors: Augusto A. , Kumar R. , Calheiros J. M. , Matos E. , Figueiredo E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe point prevalence of depression measured on one occasion between 2 and 5 months after childbirth was estimated to be 13·1% in 352 mothers living in urban Portugal; the criterion was a score of 13 or more on a translated version of the Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale (EPDS). More detailed comparisons were made between a subgroup of 118 mothers and 118 matched controls who had not borne a child in the previous 2 years. Post-natal women were twice as likely as non-childbearing controls to meet the EPDS criterion for depression. In comparison with controls, they were also more severely depressed as judged by their total scores on another questionnaire, the Zung Scale. Comparisons of individual symptom scores (Zung Scale) showed that childbearing women, as a whole, reported more somatic symptoms than controls, but when only those women judged to be depressed or dysphoric by the EPDS were compared, this difference disappeared. Stepwise logistic analyses of symptoms contributing to the categorization of a ‘case’ of post-natal versus non-post-natal depression did not reveal any very clear divergences in selfreported psychopathology. In childbearing women, two factors were found significantly to contribute to higher depression scores; women with more children and those from lower socioeconomic groups were most at risk.
Season of birth and Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean/Québec (IMAGE Project)
Authors: Vézina H. , Houde L. , Charbonneau H. , Beaudry M. , Cholette A. , Daoud N. , Mathieu J. , Robitaille Y. , Veilleux F. , Gauvreau D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe birth distribution of 399 cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) identified in the region of Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (Québec) was compared with that of: (a) the population currently living in the area; and (b) the population born during the same period in the area. AD cases have been recruited since 1986 by the IMAGE Project. Cases and controls were grouped according to the month of birth and according to the day of birth using density estimation. Analyses showed a significant deficit of births in the month of May. We believe these preliminary results deserve further attention and we suggest two possible explanations that could lead to a deficit of AD births at specific periods during the year.
Psychopathological syndromes in the functional psychoses: associations with course and outcome
Authors: Van Os J. , Fahy T. A. , Jones P. , Harvey I. , Sham P. , Lewis S. , Bebbington P. , Toone B. , Williams M. , Murray R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe aim of this study was to identify underlying dimensions of psychopathology in a cohort of patients with functional psychosis of recent onset, and to examine their prognostic value. Factor analysis of the psychopathological features of 166 consecutively admitted patients with functional psychosis of recent onset revealed seven psychopathological dimensions, which explained 63% of the variance. Five of these seven syndromes bore differential associations with subsequent treatment and illness course, independent of: (i) associations with DSM-III-R diagnosis; (ii) associations with other prognostic factors; and (iii) associations with the baseline values of outcome variables. The most striking associations were shown for an early and insidious onset syndrome with affective flattening, which predicted a more disabled course of illness on three of four outcome dimensions, and which was more common in males and unmarried individuals. A second syndrome, characterized by bizarre behaviour, inappropriate affect, catatonia, and poor rapport showed similar, slightly less striking, associations with illness course, as well as with poor pre-morbid social functioning. A third syndrome, characterized by positive psychotic symptoms was to a lesser degree associated with poorer outcome, whereas a fourth syndrome distinguished by manic symptomatology predicted a more benign illness course. A fifth syndrome identified by lack of insight predicted more time in hospital and admission under a section of the Mental Health Act during the follow-up period.A further finding was that dimensional representations of psychopathological features were considerably more useful than categorical representations (DSM-III-R and ICD-10) as predictors of illness course and treatment decisions.
Depression and cancer: a follow-up study
Authors: Whitlock F. A. , Siskind M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThirty-nine male and 90 female patients aged 40 and over, who had been given a primary diagnosis of depression, were followed up for 2⅓;13–4 years. During this period 9 male and 9 female patients died. Five male patients and 1 female died from cancer that had not been diagnosed at the time of their psychiatric admissions. The male cancer deaths are significantly higher than expected. The possible relationships of malignant neoplasm to affective disorder are discussed.