bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histological Evaluation of Human Intraosseous Healing Responses to the Placement of Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramic Implants
Authors: Stahl S. S. , Froum S. 
Published: March 2012

Eight intrabony lesions in four patients were removed en bloc 3 to 8 months after periodontal flap debridement. At the time of debridement, the position of the gingival margin and the most apically located calculus were notched to serve as reference points. All lesions received “Synthograft®” implants and lesions healed uneventfully. Even though these were severely involved periodontal sites, clinical measurements at time of block removal demonstrated gingival recession (average = 2.9 mm) and a gain in clinical closure (average = 2.6 mm).Histologically, graft particles were present in each specimen. They were walled off by collagen and did not appear to enhance new attachment nor did they induce an inflammatory infiltrate. Thus, they seemed to act as nonirritating fillers. Microscopically, closure of the lesions demonstrated repair with limited evidence of new connective tissue attachment. Histologic expression of the clinical gain in closure was the result of closure by long epithelial adhesion (long junctional epithelium) and possible linkage of dentinal collagen with gingival fibers at areas of dentinal resorption. These variations in closure were often seen within the same clinical site.
Juvenile Periodontitis: I. Demonstration of Local Immunoglobulin Synthesis
Authors: Spindler Steven J. , Thompson James J. , Yukna Raymond A. , Costales Aymee D. 
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the presence and quantity of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin (ALB) in specified periodontal tissues and serum from patients diagnosed as having juvenile periodontitis (JP), using an immunoelectrophoresis technique and to determine which portion of the lesion generated the greatest local Immunoglobulin production.Serum and tissue samples were obtained from 19 patients (ages 13–21 years) who were diagnosed as having JP; 18 were female; 16 were black. Normal, diseased, and granulomatous gingival/periodontal tissues were collected during full thickness flap surgery, then minced, homogenized, and centrifuged.Supernatants containing the gingival/periodontal protein and the serum were electrophoresed against rabbit antihuman IgG and ALB. The relative IgG/ALB ratios in each specimen were plotted against known concentrations of IgG using a least squares analysis to provide evidence for local synthesis.In comparing mean IgG/ALB ratios for all tissue types, it was noted that normal gingiva did not differ significantly from serum. Diseased and granulomatous tissues, taken together or separately, had significantly higher IgG/ALB ratios than normal gingiva or serum, demonstrating that 73.6% of the IgG present was due to local synthesis. However, the greatest amounts of locally produced IgG were found in the granulomatous tissue from the deepest areas of the defects.
Effects of Subgingival Chlorhexidine Irrigation in Chronic Moderate Periodontitis
Authors: Haskel Elias , Esquenasi Judith , Yussim Leonel 
Published: March 2012

The clinical and microbiological effects of once daily subgingival irrigations with 1 ml of 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate (CH) during 14 days were evaluated in 23 patients with 4 to 6 mm contralateral pockets. On Days 0, 14 and 28, evaluations were made of the plaque index, the gingival index, gingival bleeding on probing pocket depth and of microbiological variables (phase‐contrast microscopy). Supragingival scaling was carried out but no oral hygiene instructions were given to patients at the start of the trial. Twenty‐three test sites (subgingival CH) and 23 control sites (subgingival distilled water + supragingival CH) were studied.The clinical results showed a significant reduction of the gingival index (P < 0.05) in the test group with respect to the control group on Day 14. No other clinically significant differences could be observed in the test group with respect to the control group. A significant reduction in the proportions of spirochetes (P < 0.05) and a significant increase in the proportions of cocci (P< 0.005) were observed in the test group on Day 14.CH irrigation as a subgingival monotherapy yielded transient microbiological and limited clinical effects.
Bone Loss Following Periodontal Therapy in Subjects without Frequent Periodontal Maintenance
Authors: DeVore C. H. , Duckworth J. E. , Beck F. M. , Hicks M. J. , Brumfield F. W. , Horton J. E. 
Published: March 2012

The longitudinal effects of periodontal therapy in patients without a frequent periodontal maintenance program have been minimally documented. In this study we used Duckworth's modification of the Schei Ruler Technique to assess the difference in bone level around individual teeth treated for periodontal disease in subjects receiving infrequent posttherapy maintenance (≤1 time/year). Crestal bone height differences were evaluated using the initial presenting series of long cone parallel radiographs of 23 subjects with their subsequent posttherapy analogous radiographic series taken 5.4 ± 2.9 years later. Bone loss was defined as a reduction in the alveolar crest of greater than 50% of the radiographic crown height which corresponds to approximately 4 mm in posterior and 5 mm in anterior teeth. The loss for each tooth was expressed as a per cent of the measured height of the crown after conversion from millimeters using the mean crown‐root ratio for each tooth.We found increased alveolar bone loss and tooth loss in subjects examined posttherapy when compared with conditions present when each subject initially presented for periodontal treatment. Our data suggest that molar teeth are more at risk than incisors and cuspids and that a lack of periodontal maintenance care and inadequate plaque control contribute to progressive bone loss following treatment.
Mucosal Induction of Systemic T Cell Tolerance by Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Keys J. M. , Lupton I. M. , Gemmell E. , Bird P. S. , Seymour G. J. 
Published: March 2012

The present study was undertaken to determine if mucosal presentation of the periodontopathic bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum could induce systemic tolerance. Two separate protocols of mucosal priming were carried out. In the first, mice were gastrically intubated on 2 consecutive days; this was repeated 5 days later. In the second protocol, mice were similarly primed but received another priming dose after a further 7 days. Positive control mice were similarly primed with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) while negative control animals were sham‐primed with saline. Following mucosal priming, mice were systemically sensitized with the respective antigen and then subsequently challenged in the left hind footpad. The right footpad was challenged with saline and served as a negative control. Serum antibody levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and haemagglutination assays.Mucosal priming with F. nucleatum was found to suppress the local delayed type hypersensitivity reaction as determined by footpad measurements. Sham‐priming did not suppress the local response. On the other hand, the levels of serum antibodies were not influenced by mucosal priming. These results suggest that under the experimental conditions used, mucosal presentation of F. nucleatum can induce a degree of split tolerance in which T cell responses are suppressed while B cell responses remain intact. The implication of this finding to human periodontal disease is yet to be determined.
A Comparison of Alveolar Bone in Young and Aged Mice
Authors: Barnett Nancy A. , Rowe Dorothy J. 
Published: March 2012

To study the relationship between aging and alveolar bone lOSS, the periodontia of young (12‐week‐old) and aged (94‐week‐old) C57B1/6 Nia mice were compared, giving special attention to the alveolar bone. The tibiae were also examined to distinguish local from systemic bone changes.The mean area of interproximal bone between the first and second mandibular molars was significantly less in the aged mice than in the young mice. While there was no difference in the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest, the width of the interproximal bone was narrower in the aged animals. The cross‐sectional width of the tibia was also reduced in the aged mice, although the total bony area remained constant. In both groups of animals, the distance from the apical extent of the inflammatory infiltrate to the alveolar crest was similar suggesting that alveolar bone loss was not related to inflammation. Other histologic features observed in the teeth of the aged mice, which may have influenced the amount of alveolar bone, were mesial tilting and distal drifting, occlusal wear, and passive eruption. These findings suggest that the greater bone loss in the aged mice may be more related to the aging process and to the functional changes of tooth movement associated with aging than to periodontal disease.
Subgingival Microflora and Periodontal Conditions in Healthy Teenagers
Authors: Asikainen Sirkka , Alaluusua Satu , Kari Kirsti , Kleemola‐Kujala Eija 
Published: March 2012

The composition of subgingival flora was correlated with clinical periodontal conditions in 100 teenagers aged 12 to 17 years. The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) was used for the clinical examination. Subgingival bacterial samples were taken from the mesial surface of each first molar, two samples for dark‐field microscopy and two samples for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) cultivation.Fifty‐nine subjects had at least three healthy sextants. Score 1 was the highest CPITN recording in 61 subjects and Score 2 in 30 subjects. None had scores 3 or 4. In dark‐field microscopy, cocci predominated in most samples. Straight rods, fusiforms and motile rods correlated negatively to the number of healthy sextants per subject. Straight rods and fusiforms showed a positive correlation to gingival bleeding tendency at the sampled site. A.a. was isolated in four subjects.Motile microorganisms and A.a. were detected rarely in subjects with good periodontal conditions.
The Effects of a Dentifrice Containing Zinc Citrate and 2,4,4' Trichloro‐2'‐Hydroxydiphenyl Ether
Authors: Saxton C.A. 
Published: March 2012

The effects of a dentifrice which contained 1% zinc citrate and 0.5% of a nonionic antimicrobial agent, 2,4,4' trichloro‐2'‐hydroxydiphenyl ether on plaque and gingival health have been investigated. In a 4‐day nonbrushing study in which dentifrices were used as slurries, this dentifrice inhibited plaque accumulation significantly more than dentifrices which contained either zinc citrate or Triclosan separately.In a 28‐day double‐blind cross‐over study, a significant reduction in plaque accumulation and improvement in gingival health was demonstrated for the test dentifrice compared to the placebo. The effect was demonstrated with a group of well motivated volunteers who had a good standard of oral health. Analysis of the data suggested that the benefit might be extended to a less motivated population.
Histologic and Clinical Responses to Porous Hydroxylapatite Implants in Human Periodontal Defects
Authors: Stahl S. S. , Froum S. J. 
Published: March 2012

Twelve intrabony periodontal lesions in three volunteers received surgical debridement followed by site implantation of porous hydroxylapatite implants. These patients were followed over a total of a 1‐year observation period. Blocks of treated sites were surgically removed at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after implantation.Clinical observation indicated a reduction in pocket depth consisting of both recession and clinical gain of attachment. No ill effects were observed. Histologic examination of the treated sites showed ossification of the implant pores and the implant periphery as early as 3 months after implantation, which became pronounced 12 months after placement. At times, peripheral ossification linked with eresiai osseous seams. This ossification occurred in the presence of an adjacent root covering, long junctional epithelium, and thus there was no new attachment. On the other hand, this graft material offers the potential of increasing new bone mass within a human intrabony lesion.
Significance of the Width of Keratinized Gingiva on the Periodontal Status of Teeth with Submarginal Restorations
Authors: Stetler Kathy J. , Bissada Nabil F. 
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the periodontal condition of teeth having submarginal restorations associated with either narrow or wide zones of keratinized gingiva.Fifty‐eight teeth in 26 individuals were selected and then divided into two groups according to the width of the keratinized gingiva at the midfacial aspect of the tested tooth. Group I consisted of 30 teeth with ≥2.0 mm, and Group II consisted of 28 teeth with <2.0 mm of keratinized gingiva. Each group was equally subdivided into subgroup “A” having teeth with a full coverage, subgingival type of restoration for at least 2 years, and subgroup “B” representing contralateral homologous teeth, in the same individual, with no subgingival restoration. Clinical examination of individual teeth included determination of plaque and gingival indices, gingival fluid, probing depth, bleeding tendency and bone level. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Student t test and a two‐way analysis of variance to determine any significant differences in variables between teeth with and without subgingival restorations, in narrow and wide zones of keratinized gingiva. The findings were: (1) teeth with subgingival restorations and narrow zones of keratinized gingiva showed statistically significant higher gingival scores than teeth having submarginal restorations with wide zones of keratinized gingiva. (2) Teeth without subgingival restorations showed no statistical difference between narrow and wide zones of keratinized gingiva (P > 0.05).
Human Intraosseous Healing Responses to the Placement of Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramic Implants
Authors: Froum S. , Stahl S.S. 
Published: March 2012

Five intrabony lesions in a 40‐year‐old healthy, white female patient suffering with severe periodontitis were removed en bloc, 13 to 18 months after flap debridement and graft placement. At the time of debridement, the position of the gingival margin and the most apically located calculus were notched in the root to serve as reference points. All lesions received tricalcium phosphate ceramic implants, and the lesions healed uneventfully. The sites were professionally cleaned frequently during the experimental period. At the time of block removal, clinical measurements demonstrated gingival recession (average = 2.6 mm) and a gain in clinical closure (average = 2.3 mm).Histologic evaluation of step serial sections of these blocks showed limited presence of graft particles. The particles were surrounded by dense connective tissue. They did not induce inflammation, nor did they appear to enhance osteogenesis or cementogenesis. Closure of lesions was essentially done by a long junctional epithelium adhesion and limited evidence of new connective tissue—root attachment. In the 18‐month specimen, active root resorption was seen immediately apical to the junctional epithelium at a site demonstrating significant inflammation in some sections. Fibrils apparently arising from the resorbing dentinal wall were seen in these sections. Serial sections of this site showed cellular cementum and functional fiber attachment at the resorption sites. These variations in resorption/repair/ regeneration within the same surgical site were seen 18 months postsurgery and thus may reflect local tissue responses to inflammatory fluctuations rather than surgical sequellae.
Mucoperiosteal Flaps with and without Removal of the Pocket Epithelium
Authors: Smith Billy A. , Echeverri Mauricio , Caffesse Raul G. 
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the need for elimination of the pocket epithelium during mucoperiosteal flap surgery aimed at reattachment or readaptation. A split mouth design was used in 13 patients with two bicuspids and two molars included in each quadrant. Two surgical techniques were compared. One of the quadrants received a modified Widman flap with removal of the pocket epithelium, while the contralateral side received a crevicular flap without removing the pocket epithelium.One month after the hygienic phase was completed, the following measurements were taken: Gingival Index, Plaque Index, gingival crevicular fluid flow, mobility, furcation involvement, level of attachment, pocket depth and gingival recession. In addition to these measurements, which were taken immediately prior to the surgery (baseline), 1‐ and 3‐month postsurgical measurements were also taken. Gingival recession was recorded immediately after the flaps were replaced and sutured. All data were analyzed statistically using paired t test and sign test.The biometrie results showed that without the removal of the pocket epithelium, good clinical results relative to gain in clinical attachment levels and reduction in probing depth were achieved. Greater gingival recession occurred on the crevicular flap side postsurgically when compared to the modified Widman flap. The other clinical parameters remained the same at the three time intervals. This was true within each technique and when both techniques were compared.
A Longitudinal Study of Untreated Mucogingival Defects
Authors: Salkin Leslie M. , Freedman Arnold L. , Stein Marc D. , Bassiouny Mohammed A. 
Published: March 2012

A study was conducted to observe the changes in areas with untreated mucogingival defects over a 4‐year period. Upon entering dental school, a group of freshman students were assessed for Plaque Index, Gingival Index, probing depth, and width of keratinized gingiva. These same students were reassessed for the same parameters at the end of their senior year.Of the 112 sites in 39 individuals, 33 sites revealed a slight increase in keratinized gingiva, 69 sites were unchanged, and 10 sites showed a slight decrease. These changes were minimal and not statistically significant. The Plaque Index, Gingival Index, and probing depth mean values showed a small but statistically significant improvement.In this group of students with a high degree of oral hygiene, areas with inadequate zones of attached gingiva were able to be maintained without further recession and without surgery.
Periodontal Status and Bruxism
Authors: Hanamura Hiroyuki , Houston Frank , Rylander Harald , Carlsson Gunnar E. , Haraldson Torgny , Nyman Sture 
Published: March 2012

This study investigated a possible association between bruxism and severity of periodontal disease. Subjects consisted of 51 patients (mean age 47.3 years) referred to the Department of Periodontology for treatment of moderate to severe periodontal disease (Perio‐group) and 40 patients (mean age 48.9 years) referred to the Department of Stomatognathic Physiology for treatment of symptoms related to bruxism (Bruxism‐group). Examination of the two groups included measurements of the alveolar bone height, probing attachment level, tooth mobility, and attrition of teeth. A questionnaire was also used to gain information on the patient's awareness of bruxism and tooth mobility.Awareness of clenching and/or grinding was reported by 57% of patients in the Bruxismgroup and 24% of patients in the Perio‐group. The perio‐patients reported significantly higher frequency of tooth mobility than did the bruxism‐patients. Alveolar bone loss, attachment loss, and tooth mobility were significantly more pronounced in the Perio‐group than in the Bruxism‐group. The Bruxism‐group showed a higher frequency of tooth attrition than the Perio‐group. Periodontal disease and bruxism seldom occurred in the same individual, and the results indicate that the two phenomena are in general not closely associated.
Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of T Cells Extracted from Chronically Inflamed Human Periodontal Tissues
Authors: Cole Karen L. , Seymour G. J. , Powell R. N. 
Published: March 2012

T‐cell subsets extracted from chronically inflamed periodontal tissues were identified using monoclonal antibodies, and their functional activity was analysed using the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR). Tissue was obtained from a total of 33 adult periodontitis (AP) patients and 6 normal/marginal gingivitis (N/MG) patients. All AP patients had received repeated oral hygiene instruction and root planing prior to the surgery, and the majority (30 out of 33) had at least one site with >6 mm loss of attachment from the cementoenamel junction within the surgical field. The N/MG patients had no loss of attachment, and probing depths were less than 3 mm. Single cell suspensions were obtained following collagenase digestion (90 minutes at 37°C) and mechanical disruption of the tissue. T‐cell subsets were identified using an indirect immunofluorescence assay on cells obtained from 19 AP patients and the 6 N/MG patients. The mean (±standard error) helpensuppressor (T4:T8) ratio for the AP patients was found to be 0.94 ± 0.48 compared with 1.65 ± 0.16 for the N/MG group and 1.51 ± 0.12 for peripheral blood controls. HLA‐DR positive macrophages were identified and were found to include both acid Phosphatase (AcP) positive and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) positive populations.Functional analysis was carried out using cells extracted from the remaining 14 AP patients. Cells from six of these 14 patients were found to be capable of spontaneous proliferation. Co‐culture experiments using autologous T and non‐T populations revealed that cells from only four patients were able to respond in an AMLR while those from only one of the 14 patients were able to stimulate the AMLR. This inability to undergo spontaneous proliferation or to respond in an AMLR may be a functional reflection of the depressed T4:T8 ratio. The inability to stimulate peripheral blood T cells may reflect either a local antigen‐presenting defect or an abnormality of peripheral blood T cells. Nevertheless, these results illustrate a possible immunoregulatory defect in adult periodontitis.
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) DR4
Authors: Katz Joseph , Goultschin Josef , Benoliel Rafael , Brautban Chaim 
Published: March 2012

The relationship between human leukocyte antigens (HLA) determinants and periodontitis has been examined by several authors without showing any particular pattern. However, no study has investigated the HLA‐D determinants, which are generally associated with immune disorders, and rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP).The HLA profile of 10 RPP patients was compared with that of a healthy control population (n = 120). Although no significant difference was found for HLA‐A, HLA‐B, and HLA‐C, HLA‐DR4 of the HLA‐D group was found in 80% of patients but only in 38.3% of controls. A high frequency of HLA‐DR4 has been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. This finding may be significant in light of previous reports highlighting similarities between RA and periodontal disease.
Calcium Concentrations in Dental Plaque of Patients with Juvenile and Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Sewȯn Liisi A. , Söderling Eva 
Published: March 2012

Calcium concentrations in plaque of patients with juvenile (JP) and adult (AP) periodontitis were compared. These calcium concentrations in JP patients were significantly (P < 0.01) lower than in AP patients. Because JP patients are not intense calculus‐formers, the finding that they have low calcium concentrations in plaque agrees with the authors' previous suggestion that calculus formation is a marker of high calcium concentrations in plaque.JP patients have good caries resistance in general, as was the case in this study. The finding that they have low calcium concentrations in plaque conflicts with the view that caries‐resistant dentitions are usually associated with high concentrations of calcium in plaque.