bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ICRC GUIDANCE ON DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES
Authors: Fenrick William J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe ICRC, following extended discussions with a large group of experts, has adopted and issued a non-legally binding document entitled ‘Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law’ consisting of ten recommendations and about fifty pages of related commentary. The discussion process which preceded production of the Interpretive Guidance was contentious and no consensus was reached on the issue of Direct Participation in Hostilities. As the result, the ICRC, as it was entitled to do, issued its own interpretation of the applicable law. The author of this article, who was involved in all of the expert meetings, reviews and comments on the Interpretive Guidance and attempts to make an assessment of its general viability and of its acceptability to the wider IHL community.
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW: CONFERENCE REPORT
Authors: Droege Cordula , Arimatsu Louise 
Published: November 2010

On 24–25 September 2009, the Faculty of Laws, University College London and the International Humanitarian Law Project, London School of Economics held a conference in cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross entitled ‘The European Convention on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law’.Armed conflict situations (including belligerent occupations) have increasingly become the subject of litigation before national courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). As a result, there is now a substantial body of case-law on the application of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in armed conflict situations. The ECtHR has had to engage with questions involving situations of armed conflict and occupation since the Turkish intervention in Northern Cyprus in the 1970s. The increasing resort to the ECHR by claimants whose rights have allegedly been violated in contemporary armed conflicts and occupations, raise new and complex questions of law. To what extent does the ECHR, as a human rights legal regime, apply in such situations, especially when alleged violations have been perpetrated abroad? How does the ECHR interact with international humanitarian law (IHL)?
Avian egg size: variation within species and inflexibility within individuals
Authors: CHRISTIANS JULIAN K. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTEgg size is a widely‐studied trait and yet the causes and consequences of variation in this trait remain poorly understood. Egg size varies greatly within many avian species, with the largest egg in a population generally being at least 50% bigger, and sometimes twice as large, as the smallest. Generally, approximately 70% of the variation in egg mass is due to variation between rather than within clutches, although there are some cases of extreme intra‐clutch egg‐size variation. Despite the large amount of variation in egg size between females, this trait is highly consistent within individuals between breeding attempts; the repeatability of egg size is generally above 0.6 and tends to be higher than that of clutch size or laying date. Heritability estimates also tend to be much higher for egg size (> 0.5) than for clutch size or laying date (< 0.5). As expected, given the high repeatability and heritability of egg size, supplemental food had no statistically significant effect on this trait in 18 out of 28 (64%) studies. Where dietary supplements do increase egg size, the effect is never more than 13% of the control values and is generally much less. Similarly, ambient temperature during egg formation generally explains less than 15% of the variation in egg size. In short, egg size appears to be a characteristic of individual females, and yet the traits of a female that determine egg size are not clear. Although egg size often increases with female age (17 out of 37 studies), the change in egg size is generally less than 10%. Female mass and size rarely explain more than 20% of the variation in egg size within species. A female's egg size is not consistently related to other aspects of reproductive performance such as clutch size, laying date, or the pair's ability to rear young. Physiological characteristics of the female (e.g. endogenous protein stores, oviduct mass, rate of protein uptake by ovarian follicles) show more promise as potential determinants of egg size. With regards to the consequences of egg‐size variation for offspring fitness, egg size is often correlated with offspring mass and size within the first week after hatching, but the evidence for more long‐lasting effects on chick growth and survival is equivocal. In other oviparous vertebrates, the magnitude of egg‐size variation within populations is often as great or greater than that observed within avian populations. Although there are much fewer estimates of the repeatability of egg size in other taxa, the available evidence suggests that egg size may be more flexible within individuals. Furthermore, in non‐avian species (particularly fish and turtles), it is more common for female mass or size to explain a substantial proportion of the variation in egg size. Further research into the physiological basis of egg‐size variation is needed to shed light on both the proximate and ultimate causes of intraspecific variation in this trait in birds.
Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of fitness: can we bridge the gap between studies?
Authors: LENS LUC , VAN DONGEN STEFAN , KARK SALIT , MATTHYSEN ERIK 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThere is growing evidence from both experimental and non‐experimental studies that fluctuating asymmetry does not consistently index stress or fitness. The widely held – yet poorly substantiated ‐ belief that fluctuating asymmetry can act as a universal measure of developmental stability and predictor of stress‐mediated changes in fitness, therefore staggers. Yet attempts to understand why the reported relationships between fluctuating asymmetry, stress and fitness are so heterogeneous – i.e. whether the associations are truly weak or non‐existent or whether they become confounded during different stages of the analytical pathways – remain surprisingly scarce. Hence, we attempt to disentangle these causes, by reviewing the various statistical and conceptual factors that are suspected to confound potential relationships between fluctuating asymmetry, stress and fitness. Two main categories of factors are discerned: those associated with the estimation of developmental stability through fluctuating asymmetry, and those associated with the effects of genotype and environment on developmental stability. Next, we describe a series of statistical tools that have recently been developed to help reduce this noise. We argue that the current lack of a theoretical framework that predicts if and when relationships with developmental stability can be expected, urges for further theoretical and empirical research, such as on the genetic architecture of developmental stability in stressed populations. If the underlying developmental mechanisms are better understood, statistical patterns of asymmetry variation may become a biologically meaningful tool.
A review of criticisms of phylogenetic nomenclature: is taxonomic freedom the fundamental issue?
Authors: BRYANT HAROLD N. , GANTINO PHILIP D. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe proposal to implement a phylogenetic nomenclatural system (governed by the PhyloCode), in which taxon names are defined by explicit reference to common descent, has met with strong criticism from some proponents of phylogenetic taxonomy (taxonomy based on the principle of common descent in which only clades and species are recognized). We examine these criticisms and find that some of the perceived problems with phylogenetic nomenclature are based on misconceptions, some are equally true of the current rank‐based nomenclatural system, and some will be eliminated by implementation of the PhyloCode. Most of the criticisms are related to an overriding concern that, because the meanings of names are associated with phylogenetic pattern which is subject to change, the adoption of phylogenetic nomenclature will lead to increased instability in the content of taxa. This concern is associated with the fact that, despite the widespread adoption of the view that taxa are historical entities that are conceptualized based on ancestry, many taxonomists also conceptualize taxa based on their content. As a result, critics of phylogenetic nomenclature have argued that taxonomists should be free to emend the content of taxa without constraints imposed by nomenclatural decisions. However, in phylogenetic nomenclature the contents of taxa are determined, not by the taxonomist, but by the combination of the phylogenetic definition of the name and a phylogenetic hypothesis. Because the contents of taxa, once their names are defined, can no longer be freely modified by taxonomists, phylogenetic nomenclature is perceived as limiting taxonomic freedom. We argue that the form of taxonomic freedom inherent to phylogenetic nomenclature is appropriate to phylogenetic taxonomy, in which taxa are considered historical entities that are discovered through phylogenetic analysis and are not human constructs.
Duet‐splitting and the evolution of gibbon songs
Authors: GEISSMANN THOMAS 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTUnlike the great apes and most other primates, all species of gibbons are known to produce elaborate, species‐specific and sex‐specific patterns of vocalisation usually referred to as ‘'songs”. In most, but not all, species, mated pairs may characteristically combine their songs in a relatively rigid pattern to produce coordinated duet songs. Previous studies disagree on whether duetting or the absence of duetting represented the primitive condition in gibbons. The present study compares singing behaviour in all gibbon species. Various vocal characteristics were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis using previously published phylogenetic trees of the gibbon radiation as a framework. Variables included the degree of sex‐specificity of the vocal repertoire, the occurrence of solo songs, and the preference for a specific time of day for song‐production. The results suggest the following scenario for the evolution of gibbon songs: (1) The last common ancestor of recent gibbons produced duet songs. (2) Gibbon duets probably evolved from a song which was common to both sexes and which only later became separated into male‐specific and female‐specific parts (song‐splitting theory). (3) A process tentatively called “duet‐splitting” is suggested to have led secondarily from a duetting species to a non‐duetting species, in that the contributions of the pair‐partners split into temporally segregated solo songs. This appears to be the first time that a non‐duetting animal can be shown to be derived from a duetting form. (4) The return to exclusive solo singing may be related to the isolated island distribution of the non‐duetting species.
Depression in der frühen Mutterschaft
Authors: Mikoteit Thorsten , Riecher-Rössler Anita 
Published: November 2010

Bei den postpartalen depressiven Störungen handelt es sich – abgesehen von der kurzfristigen Verstimmung des sogenannten Blues – um ernst zu nehmende Erkrankungen mit potentiell schweren Folgen für die Mutter, das Kind und die ganze Familie. Aufklärung und Vorbeugung bezüglich dieser Störungen sollte ein vorrangiges Ziel sein. Ambulant wie stationär sollte den betroffenen Müttern mit ihren Familien ein integriertes psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutisches Angebot gemacht werden mit Beratung, Einzelpsychotherapie, Mutter-Kind-, Paar- oder Familientherapie sowie sozialarbeiterischen Interventionen. In schweren Fällen sollte selbst bei stillenden Müttern nach sorgfältiger Risiko-Nutzen-Analyse immer eine Psychopharmakotherapie in Betracht gezogen werden.
Manual Curation of Vertebrate Proteins in the UniProt Knowledgebase.
Authors: Gardner Michael , Breuza Lionel , Consortium The UniProt 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) aims to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive, consistent and authoritative resource for protein sequence and functional information. Given the importance of human and vertebrate model data in biomedical research, a major focus is the high-quality manual curation of human proteins and their vertebrate orthologues. Manual curation involves (1) the extraction of experimental results from scientific literature to enrich protein records with a wide range of information including function, structure, interactions and subcellular location, (2) the manual verification of each sequence and clarification of discrepancies between sequence reports, and (3) the assessment of the output of a range of analysis programmes to ensure that sequence features are correctly reported. Manual curation also facilitates the standardization of experimental data – a step necessary for development of methods that enable the semi-automated transfer of manual annotation to uncharacterised or related proteins. Consequently, manual curation of vertebrate proteins plays a vital role in providing users with a complete overview of available data while ensuring its accuracy, reliability and accessibility. UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot currently contains the complete manually reviewed human proteome, comprising approximately 20’300 proteins, and an additional 61’000 reviewed entries from model vertebrates such as mouse, rat, apes, cow, chicken, zebrafish and Xenopus. Ongoing efforts continue to improve the quality of vertebrate sequences in collaboration with HAVANA, Ensembl, HGNC and RefSeq, to include new functional information as it becomes available, and to extend the coverage of curated proteins in vertebrate species. All data are freely available from "http://www.uniprot.org":www.uniprot.org.
Historical Perspectives on Literacy in Early Childhood
Authors: van Kleeck Anne , Schuele C. Melanie 
Published: November 2010

PurposeTo more fully understand current trends in preliteracy research, as well as controversies that continue to surround best teaching practices, it is essential to have an understanding of the historical evolution of ideas and practices relevant to preparing young children for learning to read.MethodSeveral interrelated historical movements relevant to placing current research and practices related to preliteracy development in context are reviewed. These ideas play out in the interrelated and changing ideas regarding the role of the family in children’s literacy development, as well as in the appropriate curriculum for preschoolers. Both historical reviews and original documents pertinent to the various historical trends are used to provide the current synthesis.ConclusionsThe roots of most current practices during, and controversies regarding, the preliteracy period of development can be traced to a variety of different historical events, as well as to prominent philosophers and educators. Familiarity with these events, philosophers, and educators provides the perspective needed to effectively evaluate new information and approaches that come to the forefront, or that are currently being practiced by different groups or in different settings.
Guidelines for Selecting Microphones for Human Voice Production Research
Authors: Švec Jan G. , Granqvist Svante 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThis tutorial addresses fundamental characteristics of microphones (frequency response, frequency range, dynamic range, and directionality), which are important for accurate measurements of voice and speech.MethodTechnical and voice literature was reviewed and analyzed. The following recommendations on desirable microphone characteristics were formulated: The frequency response of microphones should be flat (i.e., variation of less than 2 dB) within the frequency range between the lowest expected fundamental frequency of voice and the highest spectral component of interest. The equivalent noise level of the microphones is recommended to be at least 15 dB lower than the sound level of the softest phonations. The upper limit of the dynamic range of the microphone should be above the sound level of the loudest phonations. Directional microphones should be placed at the distance that corresponds to their maximally flat frequency response, to avoid the proximity effect; otherwise, they will be unsuitable for spectral and level measurements. Numerical values for these recommendations were derived for the microphone distances of 30 cm and 5 cm.ConclusionsThe recommendations, while preliminary and in need of further numerical justification, should provide the basis for better accuracy and repeatability of studies on voice and speech production in the future.
Progressive changes in ophthalmic blood velocities in Beagles with primary open angle glaucoma
Authors: Gelatt K. N. , Miyabayashi T. , Gelatt‐Nicholson K. J. , MacKay E. O. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo measure changes in the ocular and orbital blood flow velocities by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in beagles with primary open angle glaucoma as the disease progressed from early to advanced stages.MethodsCDI measurements were performed periodically on 13 glaucomatous Beagles during the nontreated mild, moderate and advanced stages of POAG over the course of 4 years. CDI was performed with the dogs lightly anesthetized (butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, acepromazine maleate 0.02 mg/kg IV, and atropine sulfate 0.05 mg/kg) while the CD transducer was placed directly on the cornea anesthetized with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride. Intraocular pressure (IOP) by pneumatonography or TonoPen XL, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were measured at the beginning, middle and end of each study. The ophthalmic vessels examined included: external ophthalmic arteries and veins, long and short posterior ciliary arteries, anterior ciliary arteries and veins, primary retinal arteries, and vortex veins. Recordings of each vessel included peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and time averaged velocity (TAV), and when possible the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were computed.ResultsCDI abnormalities were present before intraocular pressure exceeded the normal range. As the animals aged, and the glaucoma progressed with higher levels of IOP, significant changes occurred in nearly all vessels, and generally included a major increase in RI (P < 0.001) and an increase in the PI (P < 0.001). Mean arterial blood pressure (105 ± 18 mmHg) and heart rate (118 ± 33/min) remained reasonably constant. The IOP gradually increased as the disease progressed (early and normotensive: 19.4 ± 3.9 mmHg; moderate: 29.7 ± 2 mmHg; and advanced: 44.5 ± 6 mmHg). The ocular veins seemed most influenced early on in the disease. Late in the disease, ocular venous blood flow could not be consistently demonstrated. An increase in the PI of ocular veins occurred in the moderately and severely affected glaucomatous Beagles. As the IOP increased, there were trends of increasing resistive index and pulsatility index in most arteries, and periods of marked decreased velocities of the vortex and external ophthalmic veins in severe cases.ConclusionCDI measurements in Beagles with primary open angle glaucoma during the course of 4 years indicate easily measurable and repeatable progressive blood flow abnormalities before the elevation of IOP and, thereafter, with gradually increased levels of IOP.
Use of siblings as controls in case‐control association studies
Authors: CURTIS D. 
Published: November 2010

Ann. Hum. Genet. (1997), 61, 319–333 Correction and additional citation The author has noticed two errors he failed to correct in this paper, as follows:(i) Page 329: ‘Thus if the case has genotype AA and the control is BC one adds 0.5 to TAB and 0.5 to TAC’should read‘Thus if the case has genotype AD and the control is BC one adds 0.5 to each of TAB, TAC, TDB and TDC.’(ii) Table 3, first ‘Score’ line: ‘0.25tAB, 0.5tAC, 0.5tCB’should read‘0.5tAB, 0.5tAC, 0.5tCB.’Since the paper was published the author has learned that the use of siblings as controls was proposed by L. S. Penrose, and a method of analysis devised by C. A. B. Smith, for application to studies of blood groups and duodenal ulcer (Clarke et al. 1956). The author is grateful to C. A. Clarke for making him aware of this previous work.Clarke, C. A., Wyn Edwards, J., Haddock, D. R. W., Howel‐Evans, A. W., McConnell, R. B. & Sheppard, P. M. ABO blood groups and secretor character in duodenal ulcer. Br. Med. J. (1956), 725–731.
Metal-organic charge transfer can produce biradical states and is mediated by conical intersections
Authors: Tishchenko Oksana , Li Ruifang , Truhlar Donald G. 
Published: October 2010

The present paper illustrates key features of charge transfer between calcium atoms and prototype conjugated hydrocarbons (ethylene, benzene, and coronene) as elucidated by electronic structure calculations. One- and two-electron charge transfer is controlled by two sequential conical intersections. The two lowest electronic states that undergo a conical intersection have closed-shell and open-shell dominant configurations correlating with the 4
s
2
and 4
s
1
3
d
1
states of Ca, respectively. Unlike the neutral-ionic state crossing in, for example, hydrogen halides or alkali halides, the path from separated reactants to the conical intersection region is uphill and the charge-transferred state is a biradical. The lowest-energy adiabatic singlet state shows at least two minima along a single approach path of Ca to the π system: (
i
) a van der Waals complex with a doubly occupied highest molecular orbital, denoted

, and a small negative charge on Ca and (
ii
) an open-shell singlet (biradical) at intermediate approach (Ca⋯C distance ≈2.5–2.7
Å
) with molecular orbital structure
ϕ
1
ϕ
2
, where
ϕ
2
is an orbital showing significant charge transfer form Ca to the π-system, leading to a one-electron multicentered bond. A third minimum (
iii
) at shorter distances along the same path corresponding to a closed-shell state with molecular orbital structure

has also been found; however, it does not necessarily represent the ground state at a given Ca⋯C distance in all three systems. The topography of the lowest adiabatic singlet potential energy surface is due to the one- and two-electron bonding patterns in Ca-π complexes.