bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common primary tumours of the abdomen and pelvis and their patterns of tumour spread as seen on multi-detector computed tomography
Authors: Griffin Nyree , Burke Christopher , Grant Lee Alexander 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has become the main investigation of choice for staging of many cancers.

Aim
The purpose of this pictorial review is to discuss the imaging appearances on CT of some of the more common cancers arising within the abdomen and pelvis and to describe their typical sites of local, nodal and haematogenous tumour spread.

Methods
Cancers arising from the stomach, pancreas, colon, kidney, ovary and prostate will be reviewed.

Results
Awareness of the characteristic sites of tumour spread is important to allow accurate identification of all sites of disease.

Conclusion
This will clearly have an impact on both patient management and prognosis.
Familial Influences on Poverty Among Young Children in Black Immigrant, U.S.-born Black, and Nonblack Immigrant Families
Authors: Thomas Kevin J. A. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This study examines how familial contexts affect poverty disparities between the children of immigrant and U.S.-born blacks, and among black and nonblack children of immigrants. Despite lower gross child poverty rates in immigrant than in U.S.-born black families, accounting for differences in family structure reveals that child poverty risks among blacks are highest in single-parent black immigrant families. In addition, within two-parent immigrant families, child poverty declines associated with increasing assimilation are greater than the respective declines in single-parent families. The heads of black immigrant households have more schooling than those of native-black households. However, increased schooling has a weaker negative association with child poverty among the former than among the latter. In terms of racial disparities among the children of immigrants, poverty rates are higher among black than nonblack children. This black disadvantage is, however, driven by the outcomes of first-generation children of African and Hispanic-black immigrants. The results also show that although children in refugee families face elevated poverty risks, these risks are higher among black than among nonblack children of refugees. In addition, the poverty-reducing impact associated with having an English-proficient household head is about three times lower among black children of immigrants than among non-Hispanic white children of immigrants.
Testes of obese rats are highly responsive ton-3 long-chain fatty acids
Authors: Suh Miyoung , Merrells Krystal J. , Dick Amy , Taylor Carla G. 
Published: April 2011

The present study investigated whether fatty acid compositions of testes are affected by the obese condition and dietaryn-3 long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) intake. Male lean and obese Zucker rats were fed a 15 % (w/w, total diet) fat diet containing either 0 or 5·0 % (w/w, total fatty acids)n-3 LCFA for 8 weeks. Reproductive organ weights, sperm morphology and fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of testes were analysed. The obese rats had significantly (P < 0·0001) smaller epididymides and seminal vesicles, larger prostates and abundant underdeveloped testes compared with lean rats. Diet treatment did not affect the sex organ weights. The effect of genotype on fatty acid composition was minor in PC and PE except for DHA (22 : 6n-3). Then-3 LCFA diet significantly (P < 0·0001) elevated 22 : 6n-3 and reduced arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) and DPA (22 : 5n-6) in testicular PC and PE of lean and obese rats compared with the control diet. The acylation of dietaryn-3 LCFA into 22 : 6n-3 was 2-fold higher in obese rat testes than in lean rats fed the same diet. Underdeveloped testes had 70 % less 22 : 5n-6 in PC and PE than normal-size testes. Results indicate that testicular fatty acid composition is sensitive to dietary fat modulations and especially obese rats responded more to dietaryn-3 LCFA than their lean counterparts. The selective reduction in 22 : 5n-6 in underdeveloped testes indicates that 22 : 5n-6 is important in male reproduction in rats and requires further study to define the role of elongation and desaturation in testicular development.
Modified endotracheal tube: emergency alternative to paediatric tracheostomy tube
Authors: Kurien M , Raviraj R , Mathew J , Kaliaperumal I , Ninan S 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:In an emergency, the non-availability of a conventional paediatric tracheostomy tube is a therapeutic challenge for the attending surgeon.Objective:To describe a simple alternative to a paediatric tracheostomy tube for use in an emergency situation.Method:Case report of a 14-year-old boy who developed tracheomalacia following partial cricotracheal resection for subglottic stenosis. As a suitably sized tracheostomy tube (with a long narrow segment) was not available, an endotracheal tube was modified and used successfully. Details of the modification, and a relevant literature review, are also discussed.Conclusion:In the paediatric age group, when an appropriately sized tracheostomy tube is not available, a modified endotracheal tube is a simple temporary alternative; this may be especially useful in an emergency.
Numerical simulations to study whistler turbulence by kinetic Alfvén wave
Authors: SHARMA R. P. , BATRA K. , DWIVEDI N. K. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis work presents the model equations governing the excitation of weak whistler by a stronger Kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW) in the plasma having β value (β ≫ me/mi, where beta is the ratio of the ion sound speed to the Alfvén speed), applicable to magnetotail in Earth's magnetosphere, when the ponderomotive nonlinearity is incorporated in the KAW dynamics. Numerical solution of the model equations has been obtained when the incident pump KAW is having a small perturbation. Energy exchange between main KAW and perturbation and the resulting localized structures of the KAW have been studied. A weak whistler signal propagating in these localized structures is amplified and leads to the development of envelope solitons. Our result reveals that the amplified (excited) whistler has an electric field power spectrum that is steeper than k−8/3. This result is consistent with recent observations by the Cluster spacecraft Eastwood et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 102, 2009, 035001) in the magnetotail region of the Earth's magnetosphere.
Upper and Lower Extremity Motor Function and Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Benedict Ralph H.B. , Holtzer Roee , Motl Robert W. , Foley Frederick W. , Kaur Sukhmit , Hojnacki David , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMotor impairments and cognitive dysfunction are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to delineate the relationship between cognitive capacity and upper and lower motor function in 211 MS patients, and 120 healthy volunteers. Lower and upper motor function were assessed with the Timed 25 Foot Walk (T25FW) and the Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) as implemented in the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC). Subjects also underwent neuropsychological evaluation. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted separately for the MS and healthy groups with the T25FW and NHPT serving as the outcome measures. Cognitive performance indices served as predictors. As expected, healthy subjects performed better than the MS group on all measures. Processing speed and executive function tests were significant predictors of lower and upper motor function in both groups. Correlations were more robust in the MS group, where cognitive tests predicted variability in motor function after controlling for disease duration and physical disability. In conclusion, we find evidence of higher order cognitive control of motor function that appears to be particularly salient in this large and representative MS sample. The findings may have implications for risk assessment and treatment of mobility dysfunction in MS. (JINS, 2011, 17, 643–653)
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Latin America: a systematic review
Authors: Márquez-Sandoval F , Macedo-Ojeda G , Viramontes-Hörner D , Fernández Ballart JD , Salas Salvadó J , Vizmanos B 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the available data on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Latin-American countries.DesignSystematic review. Searches were carried out in PubMed, ISIWeb, SCielo and Redalyc, using ‘metabolic syndrome x’ and ‘prevalence’ as keywords for titles and/or abstracts. Articles selected were cross-sectional studies in Latin-American countries, whose main objective was to study MS and whose study population is described below. MS must be determined using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Twelve studies with these criteria were selected, one of which was multi-centric.SettingLatin America.SubjectsApparently healthy subjects aged 18–65 years (including young adult, mature adult and elderly populations) of both genders.ResultsThe general prevalence (weighted mean) of MS in Latin-American countries was 24·9 (range: 18·8–43·3) %. MS was slightly more frequent in women (25·3 %) than in men (23·2 %), and the age group with the highest prevalence of MS consisted of those over 50 years of age. The most frequent components of MS were low HDL cholesterol levels (62·9 %) and abdominal obesity (45·8 %). Similar outcomes were obtained from the multi-centre study on Latin-American populations analysed.ConclusionsThe present review brings us closer to an understanding of the prevalence of MS in Latin-American countries. However, it is not possible to know the full scope of the problem, partly because data from some countries are not available, and because the methodological differences among the studies published up to the present limit a joint analysis of their results.
Overweight, asthma symptoms, atopy and pulmonary function in children of 4–12 years of age: findings from the SCAALA cohort in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Matos Sheila MA , Jesus Sandra R , Saldiva Silvia RDM , Prado Matildes S , D'Innocenzo Silvana , Assis Ana MO , Rodrigues Laura C , Alcantara-Neves Neuza M , Cruz Álvaro A , Simões Silvia de Magalhães , Barreto Maurício L 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between overweight and the occurrence of asthma and atopy in a cohort of children of 4–12 years of age living in the city of Salvador in 2005.DesignCross-sectional study nested in a cohort.SettingThe metropolitan region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.SubjectsThe study included 1129 children of 4–12 years age who presented complete information on the variables used here. Skin tests for allergy, spirometry, faecal parasitology, serum IgE and anthropometric surveys were conducted. Poisson's multivariate regression was adopted.ResultsWheezing was found in 29·1% and asthma in 22·8% of children, both conditions being more common in those under 6 years of age and 34% more common in overweight children (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1·34; 95% CI 1·07, 1·67) following adjustment. The ratio between forced expiratory volume in 1s and forced vital capacity was associated with overweight (PR = 1·35; 95% CI 1·11, 1·61). No statistically significant association was found between overweight and allergen-specific IgE or with wheezing.ConclusionsThese results are in agreement with the hypothesis that overweight is associated with asthma and pulmonary function, even following adjustment for intervening variables known to be associated with the pathogeny of asthma.
Validating an FFQ for intake of episodically consumed foods: application to the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study
Authors: Midthune Douglas , Schatzkin Arthur , Subar Amy F , Thompson Frances E , Freedman Laurence S , Carroll Raymond J , Shumakovich Marina A , Kipnis Victor 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a method to validate an FFQ for reported intake of episodically consumed foods when the reference instrument measures short-term intake, and to apply the method in a large prospective cohort.DesignThe FFQ was evaluated in a sub-study of cohort participants who, in addition to the questionnaire, were asked to complete two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls (24HR). FFQ-reported intakes of twenty-nine food groups were analysed using a two-part measurement error model that allows for non-consumption on a given day, using 24HR as a reference instrument under the assumption that 24HR is unbiased for true intake at the individual level.SettingThe National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study, a cohort of 567 169 participants living in the USA and aged 50–71 years at baseline in 1995.SubjectsA sub-study of the cohort consisting of 2055 participants.ResultsEstimated correlations of true and FFQ-reported energy-adjusted intakes were 0·5 or greater for most of the twenty-nine food groups evaluated, and estimated attenuation factors (a measure of bias in estimated diet–disease associations) were 0·4 or greater for most food groups.ConclusionsThe proposed methodology extends the class of foods and nutrients for which an FFQ can be evaluated in studies with short-term reference instruments. Although violations of the assumption that the 24HR is unbiased could be inflating some of the observed correlations and attenuation factors, results suggest that the FFQ is suitable for testing many, but not all, diet–disease hypotheses in a cohort of this size.
Jazzing a Classic: Hylton and Stravinsky'sMavraat the Paris Opéra
Authors: MAWER DEBORAH 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article focuses upon an arrangement of part of Stravinsky'sMavramade for the British dance-band leader Jack Hylton (1892–1965), which, on its presentation at the Paris Opéra in 1931, marked a notable, yet ultimately unsuccessful, attempt at ‘jazzing a classic’. For the French critic Pierre Leroi the failure was a direct consequence of combining different musics (‘La confusion de genres aboutit toujours à un résultat mauvais’). But while the ‘contest’ of style and genre undoubtedly played its part in the negative critical reception of the transcription, the reasons for its failure were not entirely straightforward.Drawing on Fauconnier and Turner's models of ‘conceptual blending’ and their recent applications in theories of musical ‘multimedia’, I compare Stravinsky's source and the Hylton band's jazz translation in terms of their intrinsic musical ‘attributes’, their relationship, and their potential emergent meanings. The exercise identifies commonalities and discrepancies, revealing problems with the original, the reworkings, and the resulting performances. The main issue is, however, not so much one of mixture (‘confusion’) as of imbalance between the elements invoked: ultimately, it is argued, Hylton's reading was insufficiently ‘jazzique’.
The Comfort of Denial: Metre, Cyclic Form, and Narrative in Shostakovich's Seventh String Quartet
Authors: RIVAL ROBERT 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRecent scholarship has taken the leap from documenting cyclic form in Shostakovich's Seventh String Quartet to its interpretation. David Fanning, Judith Kuhn, and Sarah Reichardt, for instance, endorse a belief in the quartet's satisfactory closure. I propose an alternative reading that qualifies such resolution as merely apparent. I posit a musical ‘persona’ (Edward T. Cone) that achieves comfort in denial. I support my claim by analysing shifting hypermetre, metrical insertions, motif, and cyclic form, then weave my observations into a narrative interpretation. While acknowledging the limitations of the narrative analogy (following Carolyn Abbate, Lawrence Kramer, and Jean-Jacques Nattiez), I rely on its principal strength: the ability to help construct a compelling interpretation of the elusive ‘meaning’ of a piece of absolute music (Cone, Fred Maus, Anthony Newcomb, Leo Treitler). I conclude that the peculiar arrangement of shifting metrical identities and the DSCH-motto-related fragments tell a psychological story: of a musical persona's thwarted search for self.
Cultivated and wild Solanum species as potential sources for health-promoting quality traits
Authors: Wegener Christina B. , Jansen Gisela 
Published: April 2011

In this study, several genotypes of cultivated (Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena, S. phureja) and wild, tuber-bearing Solanum species (S. chacoense, S. pinnatisectum) were examined for concentrations of antioxidants, soluble phenols and proteins in their tuber tissue. The potato genotypes differed considerably in all these traits. Amounts of antioxidants ranged from 0.06 to 4.22 μg/mg fresh weight (fw) when the ascorbic acid equivalent was measured and from 0.08 to 3.98 μg/mg fw for the trolox equivalent. The wild species S. pinnatisectum exhibited on average higher levels of both types of antioxidants than the other Solanum species, and it also had the highest quantities of soluble phenols and proteins in its tuber tissue. Among the species, S. phureja ranked on the lowest level of antioxidant potential.
‘The Exile's Harp’: Tennyson's Lost World of Music
Authors: Hughes John 
Published: April 2011

From the earliest reviews, the trope of music has shaped the image of Tennyson for critics and readers. Tennyson's talent is one that joins voice and ear:Nature […] has taught Mr. Tennyson to sing as a poet should sing, – she has taught him to throw his whole soul into his harmonies.He has a fine ear for melody and harmony too – and rare and rich glimpses of imagination. He has – genius.
Race and Identity: Appraisals in France of Meyerbeer on his 1891 Centenary
Authors: Murphy Kerry 
Published: April 2011

This article examines the ways in which critics and music historians in the Third Republic wrote about Meyerbeer's national and racial identity focusing particularly on the period around the time of the centenary of his birth, the period just before the explosion of the Dreyfus affair. The centenary of Meyerbeer's birth was celebrated in November 1891, by a performance to a packed audience at the Paris Opéra. Critics marked the centenary by writing substantial articles about Meyerbeer.Although many of Meyerbeer's contemporary critics conferred honorary French citizenship on him, by 1891 a significant number saw him as lacking any national identity. This should be seen in the context of a period in which French composers were intensely debating the issue of their own national identity, and clearly since the Franco-Prussian war, they were no longer so complacent about welcoming a German as a Frenchman. Yet the perceptions of Meyerbeer's lack of national identity were also often motivated by negative associations of Meyerbeer as Jew.Derogatory stereotypes of the Jewish composer are present in Meyerbeer criticism from the July Monarchy onwards, but in the early days of the Third Republic they change slightly in focus and also, as might be expected, become more overtly stated. This article presents a brief overview of this change in focus and concentrates on a number of discrete topics: eclecticism, nationhood, originality and artistic capitulation. The examination of this last topic leads to a short discussion of the impact of Wagner on the musical world at this time, and the effect that this had on Meyerbeer reception. The centenary celebrations occurred only two months after the success ofLohengrinat the Opéra (16 September 1891) and the proximity of the two events caused many critics to ponder whether the celebrations marked the end of Meyerbeer's reign at the Opéra and the beginning of the reign of Wagner. The centenary event forced critics to take a position on Meyerbeer's current standing in the operatic world.
‘Volk von Brüdern’: The German-speaking Liedertafel in Melbourne
Authors: Murphy Kerry 
Published: April 2011

A Liedertafel concert at which the former Governor His Excellency Sir Henry Loch and Lady Loch were present was reported in theIllustrated Australian News and Musical Timesof 1889 as follows:In the course of some remarks Lord Loch made the statement that the advancement of musical culture in Melbourne is to be attributed to the influence of Germans. Now although the community includes some excellent musicians of that nationality, the opinion expressed by our late governor is by no means in accordance with facts. It is only just that honour should be given where it is due and the untiring efforts of the English musicians in the colony in educating public taste ought to be thoroughly recognised.
William Henry Fry's Leonora: The Italian Connection
Authors: Izzo Francesco 
Published: April 2011

On 7 June 1845, the New York Herald published a letter by an ‘occasional correspondent’ from Philadelphia concerning William Henry Fry's first grand opera, Leonora, which premiered three days before at the Chestnut Street Theatre. The letter contained the following remark:All were delighted with the music, it was so much like an old acquaintance in a new coat; indeed some of ‘the cognoscenti’ said that it was a warm ‘hash’ of Bellini, with a cold shoulder of ‘Rossini,’ and a handful of ‘Auber’ salt – whilst others congratulated Mr. Fry upon his opera being so much like Norma ….
FieldML – a meta-language for field interchange
Authors: Christie Richard , Nielsen Poul , Bradley Chris , Little Caton , Britten Randall , Hunter Peter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFieldML is being developed as an XML standard for communicating computational field descriptions and data. Important principles in its design include building models from as few and as fundamental a set of concepts as necessary, supporting maximum reuse, and allowing the functional derivation of fields to be of unlimited complexity.This talk introduces concepts from the FieldML data model (at version 0.3), and demonstrates how they combine to describe rich field representations.
Simplicity in melt densification in multicomponent magmatic reservoirs in Earth’s interior revealed by multinuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Lee Sung Keun 
Published: April 2011

Pressure-induced changes in properties of multicomponent silicate melts in magma oceans controlled chemical differentiation of the silicate earth and the composition of partial melts that might have formed hidden reservoirs. Although melt properties show complex pressure dependences, the melt structures at high pressure and the atomistic origins of these changes are largely unknown because of their complex pressure–composition dependence, intrinsic to multicomponent magmatic melts. Chemical constraints such as the nonbridging oxygen (NBO) content at 1 atm, rather than the structural parameters for melt polymerization, are commonly used to account for pressure-induced changes in the melt properties. Here, we show that the pressure-induced NBO fraction in diverse silicate melts show a simple and general trend where all the reported experimental NBO fractions at high pressure converge into a single decaying function. The pressure-induced changes in the NBO fraction account for and predict the silica content, nonlinear variations in entropy, and the transport properties of silicate melts in Earth’s mantle. The melt properties at high pressure are largely different from what can be predicted for silicate melts with a fixed NBO fraction at 1 atm. The current results with simplicity in melt polymerization at high pressure provide a molecular link to the chemical differentiation, possibly missing Si content in primary mantle through formation of hidden Si-rich mantle reservoirs.