bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymorphisms in monolignol biosynthetic genes are associated with biomass yield and agronomic traits in European maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Chen Yongsheng , Zein Imad , Brenner Everton Alen , Andersen Jeppe Reitan , Landbeck Mathias , Ouzunova Milena , Lübberstedt Thomas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundReduced lignin content leads to higher cell wall digestibility and, therefore, better forage quality and increased conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol. However, reduced lignin content might lead to weaker stalks, lodging, and reduced biomass yield. Genes encoding enzymes involved in cell wall lignification have been shown to influence both cell wall digestibility and yield traits.ResultsIn this study, associations between monolignol biosynthetic genes and plant height (PHT), days to silking (DTS), dry matter content (DMC), and dry matter yield (DMY) were identified by using a panel of 39 European elite maize lines. In total, 10 associations were detected between polymorphisms or tight linkage disequilibrium (LD) groups within theCOMT,CCoAOMT2,4CL1,4CL2,F5H, andPALgenomic fragments, respectively, and the above mentioned traits. The phenotypic variation explained by these polymorphisms or tight LD groups ranged from 6% to 25.8% in our line collection. Only4CL1andF5Hwere found to have polymorphisms associated with both yield and forage quality related characters. However, no pleiotropic polymorphisms affecting both digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (DNDF), and PHT or DMY were discovered, even under less stringent statistical conditions.ConclusionDue to absence of pleiotropic polymorphisms affecting both forage yield and quality traits, identification of optimal monolignol biosynthetic gene haplotype(s) combining beneficial quantitative trait polymorphism (QTP) alleles for both quality and yield traits appears possible within monolignol biosynthetic genes. This is beneficial to maximize forage and bioethanol yield per unit land area.
Numbers of Alkanes and Monosubstituted Alkanes. A Long-Standing Interdisciplinary Problem over 130 Years
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Enumeration of alkanes and monosubstituted alkanes with given carbon contents has been investigated by chemists and mathematicians over 130 years and solved recently by the present author in agreement with stereochemical and mathematical requirements. In the present account, the advances of the methodologies for solving the problem are discussed from an interdisciplinary point of view between chemistry and mathematics. Historical backgrounds of the interdisciplinary problem are introduced by emphasizing three epochs, i.e., the first epoch marked by Cayley, a mathematician (the 1870s), the second epoch by Pólya, a mathematician (the 1930s), and the third epoch by Fujita, an organic chemist (the first decade of this century). Among them, the accomplishments of the second epoch and those of the third epoch are compared in detail, where graphs (trees, rooted trees, or planted trees) and three-dimensional (3D) objects as mathematical terms are correlated to constitutions (two-dimensional structures) and 3D structures as chemical terms. After an introduction to terminology on isomerism and stereoisomerism, alkanes and monosubstituted alkanes are enumerated as graphs or constitutional isomers by Pólya’s theorem, while they are alternatively enumerated as 3D objects or 3D-structural isomers by Fujita’s proligand method. The present account of the long-standing problem would provide readers with a hint or a motivation for pursuing a concrete route to “the Heavens of Fujita,” which have caricatured stereochemical and mathematical barriers lying in wait for them.
Shape Changes from Polygonal Gold Nanocrystals to Spherical Nanoparticles Induced by Bubbling N2 or O2 Gas in Polyol Synthesis of Gold Nanostructures
Authors: Alam Md Jahangir , Tsuji Masaharu , Matsunaga Mika 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Effects of gas bubbling in the polyol synthesis of Au nanostructures through reducing HAuCl4 have been studied in an oil-bath heating at 150 °C. Under bubbling N2, mixtures of polyhedral particles such as octahedra, triangular or hexagonal plates, and decahedra were major products (99%), besides a small amount of spherical nanoparticles (1%). Polyhedral particles were slowly transformed to monodispersed spherical particles with an average diameter of 245 ± 21 nm with increasing the heating time and the yield of spherical particles increased to 40% after heating for 60 min. When the bubbling gas was switched from N2 to O2, polygonal particles prepared under bubbling N2 were rapidly etched and converted efficiently to spherical particles (96%) with an average size of 119 ± 40 nm. It was found that not only O2 dissolved in ethylene glycol but also by-products like Cl− anions produced in the supernatant participate in the shape changes of Au nanocrystals. The transformation of Au nanostructures under bubbling N2 or O2 was discussed in terms of gas bubbling induced Ostwald ripening, shape-selective oxidative etching by O2/Cl−, and grain-rotation-induced grain coalescence (GRIGC) and fusion mechanisms.
Gas-Phase Acidities of Acetophenone Oximes. Substituent Effect and Solvent Effects
Authors: Badal Md Mizanur Rahman , Mishima Masaaki 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gas-phase acidities (GA) of ring-substituted (E)-acetophenone oximes, XC6H4C(CH3)=NOH, were determined by measuring proton-transfer equilibria using an FT-ICR mass spectrometer. The magnitude of the substituent effect on the acidity was found to be smaller than that of corresponding phenols by a factor of 0.70. The effects of strong para π-acceptors such as p-NO2 and p-CN are somewhat enhanced compared with those of phenols, indicating that the negative charge on oxygen atom of the conjugate anion of the oxime is significantly delocalized into the aromatic π-system. In addition, it was found that there is a good linear relationship between acidities in gas phase and in DMSO with a slope of 0.26, indicating that the solvation stabilization reduces consistently the effects of substituents without any significant specific solvent effect on a particular substituent. This is in contrast to the phenol acidities in which the effects of electron-rich para +R substituents in DMSO and water were enhanced significantly due to the substituent solvation-assisted resonance (SSAR) effects. These results were consistent with computational studies at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory.
Electroabsorption and Electrophotoluminescence Spectra of Porphyrin Supramolecules in a Polymer Film
Authors: Nakabayashi Takakazu , Yotsutsuji Takefumi , Ogawa Kazuya , Kobuke Yoshiaki , Ohta Nobuhiro 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Electroabsorption and electrophotoluminescence spectra of supramolecular porphyrin dimers in a solid film of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, have been examined. The electroabsorption spectra in the Soret band region are fitted by the deconvolution of the corresponding absorption spectrum into four components, indicating that electroabsorption measurements are useful to identify bands that are hard to distinguish in absorption spectra. The values of the changes in molecular polarizability and dipole moment following photoexcitation are evaluated at each absorption band.
Wind Shear and Uncertainties in Power Curve Measurement and Wind Resources
Authors: Antoniou Ioannis , Pedersen Søren Markilde , Enevoldsen Peder Bay 
Published: January 2010

Power curve measurements are encumbered with large uncertainty as wind measurements take place only at hub height. The wind profile over the turbine rotor is an expression of the kinetic energy available to the wind turbine and the evolution of large rotors prohibits the assumption that the hub height wind speed is representative of the wind speed over the whole rotor. Even in the case where measurements cover the lower half of the turbine rotor and extrapolations are attempted, the uncertainties remain considerable. We argue for that the measurement of the wind speed over the whole rotor height should be the future preferred approach. Such a measurement will minimize the uncertainty in estimating the wind potential of a site and the uncertainty in the power curve measurement method and the AEP calculation of wind turbines. To document this, we present wind speed and power curve results from wind and power measurement campaigns, one in flat terrain suffering an energy deficit and one in complex terrain presenting a surplus. Common for both is the inadequacy of the hub height wind speed measurement to describe the energy contents of the flow. In the flat terrain campaign we use one-year period of data in order to study the wind shear profiles at heights which correspond to an assumed rotor area of a modern multi-MW turbine. The energy flux through the “turbine rotor” is seen to be subject to seasonal variations caused by differences in atmospheric stability which influence the shear profile shape. Considerable deviations occur relative to the flux measured when only the cup anemometer at hub height is used. In the complex terrain campaign, a wind turbine power curve has been measured for a period of eight months in a Midwest (US) site following a site calibration. Wind shear measurements over the lower rotor part were taken throughout this period at three heights (hub, lower tip and midway between the two). Considerable wind shear during nights and well-mixed profiles during days were observed. Large differences in the power curve and the AEP between day and night periods were observed, the power curve and the AEP being better during the night. The data analysis was combined with in-house aeroelastic simulations, over a wide range of wind shear and turbulence intensities values, in order to verify the analysis findings. The combined simulations and data analysis results made it clear that the upper turbine rotor part was influenced by the presence of a low level jet during nighttime. This caused considerable deviations from the expected power curve and AEP, which were not detected either by the site calibration or the lower rotor part rotor speed measurements. We conclude the paper by presenting results from combined cup and LIDAR power curve measurements, and suggest a method which compensates for the wind shear influence on the power curve.
The Tales of Two Cultures: Ecclesiastical Texts and Nahua and Maya Catholicisms
Authors: Christensen Mark Z. 
Published: January 2010

[Priests should use] … an abbreviated catechism, scrupulously extracted from the Roman one so that the faithful receive the pure and sound Doctrine of the Church with uniformity and with the authority accordant to the Provincial Council … therefore, with luck, random works destitute of legitimate authority and revision in matters so grave will not circulate such important material.When in the late eighteenth century the prelates of the Fourth Mexican Provincial Council ordered all clergy to stricdy employ their newly printed catechism, they provided a valuable description of the colonial Church and its relationship to unofficial ecclesiastical texts. The Fourth Provincial Council's call for the faithful to receive the doctrines of the Church in a sanctioned and uniform manner acknowledged the presence of a variety of Catholic discourses that stemmed from colonial religious works deemed to be “destitute of legitimate authority and revision.” Such unofficial ecclesiastical texts avoided the editing process that both the clergy and Crown established to ensure the orthodoxy of all printed religious material. In so doing, the texts could convey diverse, unorthodox interpretations of Catholicism. These unofficial ecclesiastical texts, and the role they played in producing multiple versions of Catholicism, constitute the focus of this study.
Protein Microarrays for Personalized Medicine
Authors: Yu Xiaobo , Schneiderhan-Marra Nicole , Joos Thomas O 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Background: Over the last 10 years, DNA microarrays have achieved a robust analytical performance, enabling their use for analyzing the whole transcriptome or for screening thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a single experiment. DNA microarrays allow scientists to correlate gene expression signatures with disease progression, to screen for disease-specific mutations, and to treat patients according to their individual genetic profiles; however, the real key is proteins and their manifold functions. It is necessary to achieve a greater understanding of not only protein function and abundance but also their role in the development of diseases. Protein concentrations have been shown to reflect the physiological and pathologic state of an organ, tissue, or cells far more directly than DNA, and proteins can be profiled effectively with protein microarrays, which require only a small amount of sample material.
Content: Protein microarrays have become well-established tools in basic and applied research, and the first products have already entered the in vitro diagnostics market. This review focuses on protein microarray applications for biomarker discovery and validation, disease diagnosis, and use within the area of personalized medicine.
Summary: Protein microarrays have proved to be reliable research tools in screening for a multitude of parameters with only a minimal quantity of sample and have enormous potential in applications for diagnostic and personalized medicine.
Garda World
Authors: Rakoto Philémon 
Published: January 2010

RésuméCorporation de Sécurité Garda World est une des rares grandes entreprises québécoises qui connaissent actuellement une expansion mondiale par acquisitions. Le cas traite de la plus grosse acquisition de garda: l'achat de l'entreprise américaine de transport de valeurs ATI Systems International our 342 millions de dollars US en février 2007.Le cas traite d'une situation complexe réelle ayant comme cadre l'acquisition d'une grande entreprise étrangère par une entreprise qui a son siège social au Canada et qui tientses livres comptables en dollars canadiens. l'étudiant aura à traiter les différentes facettes des deux notions comptables suivantes:

La conversion en dollars canadiens des états financiers de l'entreprise acquise;
La consolidation des états financiers.

ABSTRACTGarda World Security Corporation is one of the few Quebec large companies currently expanding globally by way of acquisitions. the case is about Garda's biggest acquisition — namely, the purchase of american cash logistics company ATI Systems International for US $342 million in February 2007.The case deals with a real‐life complex situation whereby a Canadian‐based company keeping its accounting books in Canadian dollars acquires a large foreign company. Students will explore different aspects of the following two accounting concepts:

Converting the financial statements of the acquired company to Canadian dollars; and
financial statement consolidation.
Recombinant manganese peroxidase (rMnP) from Pichia pastoris. Part 2: Application in TCF and ECF bleaching
Authors: Xu Haowen , Scott Gary M. , Jiang Fei , Kelly Christine 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe recombinant manganese peroxidase (rMnP) produced from the yeastPichia pastorishas been investigated in totally chlorine free (TCF) and elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching sequences for improving the bleachability of kraft pulps. In TCF bleaching, oxygen delignified hardwood kraft pulp was treated with rMnP, followed by a sequence combining a chelating and alkaline peroxide bleaching stage. The inclusion of the enzymatic treatment significantly improved the pulp brightness to a level that is difficult to obtain by chemical bleaching alone. Furthermore, the treatment with rMnP resulted in energy savings during pulp refining with PFI mill with a slight improvement in pulp strength properties such as tensile index and burst index. In ECF bleaching, a significant reduction in chlorine dioxide consumption was obtained. A three-stage rMnP treatment combined with alkaline extraction, followed by DED bleaching sequence for hardwood kraft pulp (HWKP) or DEDED bleaching sequence for softwood kraft pulp (SWKP), reduced the total effective chlorine by 41% and 32% for HWKP and SWKP, respectively, compared with the conventional bleaching sequences without enzymatic treatment. The strength properties of the enzyme-treated pulp were also slightly better than that of the control pulp. Further reductions in the consumption of total effective chlorine were obtained when a xylanase pretreatment was incorporated into the bleaching sequence before the repeated rMnP treatment.
Synchrotron X-ray fiber diffraction study on the thermal expansion behavior of cellulose crystals in tension wood of Japanese poplar in the low-temperature region
Authors: Hidaka Hitomi , Kim Ung-Jin , Wada Masahisa 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The thermal expansion behavior of tension wood cellulose obtained from Populus maximowiczii A. Henry was investigated by synchrotron X-ray fiber diffraction at temperatures ranging from 100 to 300 K. Three equatorial and one meridional d-spacings indexed as , 110, 200, and 004 showed a gradual linear increase with increasing temperature. Unit-cell parameters calculated from the changes in these d-spacings showed anisotropic thermal expansion behavior in the three axial directions related to the crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system of cellulose Iβ. The linear thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of the a-, b-, and c-axes were: α
a=5.2×10-5 K-1, α
b=2.1×10-5 K-1, and α
c=0.4×10-5 K-1, respectively. The volume TEC was β=7.8×10-5 K-1, which was approximately 70% of previously reported values in the high-temperature region from room temperature to 250°C.
Garveyism and the Eschatology of African Redemption in the Rural South, 1920–1936
Authors: Roll Jarod 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article explores the ways rural followers of Marcus Garvey crafted and adapted a theological understanding of African redemption in the South during the 1920s and early 1930s. Members of the Universal Negro Improvement Association rarely spoke in concrete terms about the process of redemption or African state-building. Rather, when rural members talked of African redemption, they did so in eschatological terms, that is, as a theory of the end of the world. Above all else, they understood “redemption” to mean both their own individual salvation and the collective deliverance of black people. Their interpretations ranged from postmillennial visions of a climax of the history of the race bringing earthly peace and prosperity to a premillennial interpretation that plotted sudden, often violent, deliverance of the most race-conscious. These variant and seemingly contradictory readings of African redemption reveal an ontological shift among black Christians in the rural South during these years. African redemption provided rural Garveyites an existential language for reappraising notions of redemption, retribution, and the fate of the race in this world and the next that had profound implications for ongoing efforts to seek political and economic justice. This struggle over meaning and purpose lay at the very heart of rural black politics in this period as both an ideological constraint and a vehicle for innovation.
Postmenopausal sexual dysfunction
Authors: Cumming Grant P , Mauelshagen Annamarie E , Parrish Mary H 
Published: January 2010

Sexuality, sexual interaction and sexual activity do not end when a woman reaches a certain age.Sexual interaction does not necessarily mean intercourse and absence of orgasm does not necessarily mean dysfunction.Postmenopausal sexual dysfunction describes a wide range of symptoms which are multifactorial in origin.Learning objectives:To raise awareness that postmenopausal sexual activity is important and that a woman's sexual response is not the same as that of a man.To provide a framework for managing postmenopausal sexual dysfunction.Ethical issues:How to explore sensitively sexual interaction in the UK's increasingly culturally and spiritually diverse postmenopausal population.Please cite this article as: Cumming GP, Mauelshagen AE, Parrish MH. Postmenopausal sexual dysfunction.The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist2010;12:1–6.
The threshold for laparoscopy for pelvic pain
Authors: Laborda Elisenda , Clarke Andrew , Carpenter Tyrone 
Published: January 2010

Detailed history and examination are crucial.
Laparoscopy is readily justifiable in acute pain.
In chronic pelvic pain, the possible benefits and risks associated with laparoscopy need to be assessed for each woman individually.

Learning objectives:

To outline gynaecological and non‐gynaecological reasons for pelvic pain.
To evaluate methods of diagnosis.
To determine the likelihood of laparoscopy being effective in diagnosis and treatment, and the associated risks in each individual case.

Ethical issues:

The risks of unnecessary and unhelpful surgery should be balanced against the risks associated with delay and possible misdiagnosis.

Please cite this article as: Laborda E, Clarke A, Carpenter T. The threshold for laparoscopy for pelvic pain. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:7–12.
Sperm donor recruitment in the UK
Authors: Pacey Allan 
Published: January 2010

The use of donor sperm in assisted conception is an important treatment option in cases of male factor infertility.
In the absence of a male partner, single and lesbian women can use donor sperm to achieve a pregnancy.
Assisted conception using donor sperm is highly regulated under UK law and the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority keeps a register of donors and donor‐conceived people.

Learning objectives:

To understand the current UK framework of conception assisted by donor sperm.
To understand the complexity of sperm donor recruitment and screening.
To appreciate the current shortfall in the number of donors and the impact this is having on treatment in the UK.

Ethical issues:

How can we increase the number of sperm donors in the UK?
Is it ethical to pay sperm donors?
Is it ethical to import sperm from overseas in cases if not enough donors can be recruited in the UK?

Please cite this article as: Pacey A. Sperm donor recruitment in the UK. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:43–48.