bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autochthonous primary and metastatic melanomas in Hgf‐Cdk4R24C mice evade T‐cell‐mediated immune surveillance
Authors: Landsberg Jennifer , Gaffal Evelyn , Cron Mira , Kohlmeyer Judith , Renn Marcel , Tüting Thomas 
Published: July 2010

SummaryGenetically engineered mouse models offer new opportunities to investigate the role of cell‐mediated immunity in the natural progression of melanoma in an immunocompetent host. Here we report that Hgf‐Cdk4R24C mice spontaneously develop a spectrum of primary melanomas with high penetrance during their first year of life. Malignant transformation proceeds in a stepwise manner from multiple melanocytic nevi to single nodular melanomas and disseminated metastases in most mice. Migrating melanoma cells invade the draining lymph nodes without activating the immune system. Autochthonous primary tumors are destroyed following experimental introduction of immune surveillance using an adoptive lymphocyte transfer approach. However, some tumor cells are able to survive, evade immune cell control, and recur both locally and systemically. Immune tolerance in recurring tumors may be supported by immunosuppressive Gr1+ myeloid cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that primary and metastatic melanomas developing spontaneously in Hgf‐Cdk4R24C mice effectively evade cellular immune surveillance.
Stenius' approach to disjunctive permission
Authors: MAKINSON DAVID 
Published: July 2010

SummaryTHIS PAPER has two main purposes. First, to give an exposition of Stenius' approach to the logic of statements of disjunctive permission in such a way as to make manifest its differences with other main lines of attack in the literature. Second, to draw attention to some linguistic phenomena extending beyond the confines of deon‐tic discourse, that appear to reveal the inappropriateness of the other lines described, and to provide some confirmation of an approach, which we shall call the “checklist conception”, that can be seen as a development of that of Stenius. This “checklist conception” also throws light on the behaviour of counterfactual conditionals with disjunctive antecedents.
NATIONALITY AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY CORRELATES AMONG SOCIAL SCIENTISTS: DATA BEARING ON CONVENTIONAL WISDOMS*
Authors: LAMBERT RONALD D. , CURTIS JAMES 
Published: July 2010

L'analyse de données provenant d'une enquête récente de la SCSA sur les sociologues et anthropologics canadiens sert d'arrière plan pour examiner les affirmations qui surgissent à l'occasion de discussions sur la nature de l'américanisation du corps professoral dans les universités canadiennes. On étudie les similaritcs et les differences entre les sociologues américains et les sociologues canadiens d'expression anglaise dans le but d'établir l'éventail des formations professionnelles et les caractéristiques de l'activité professionnelle. Le concept de «nationalité» est opérationalisé en utilisant les dimensions de lieu de naissance, citoyenneté, et milieux scolaires où le baccalauréat et le grade le plus élevé ont été obtenus. On dresse plusieurs comparaisons entre ceux qui peuvent être définis comme étant « purs » américains à partir de trois ou quatre critères reliès à la nationalité.Analysis of data from a recent CSAA survey of sociologists and anthropologists is offered to provide perspective on propositions raised in current debates on the nature of Americanization of academe in this country. Similarities and differences between American and English‐Canadian sociologists are explored for a range of professional background and professional activity characteristics. Nationality is operationalized in terms of birthplace, citizenship, and places of BA and highest degrees. Comparisons are also made for “pure” Canadians and “pure” Americans defined in terms of three and four criteria of nationality and for Canadian‐ and American‐born sociologists controlling for highest degree.
The cultural division of labour in the Canadian North: a statistical study of the Inuit
Authors: Prattis J. Ian , Chartrand Jean‐Philippe 
Published: July 2010

Les développements sur l'identité ethnique des Inuit et sur les origines historiques de la dépendance dans le Nord canadien ne fournissent pas de théorie capable de rendre compte des différences dans l'intégration des Inuit au Labrador, dans la partie artique du Québec. Nous y sommes parvenus à la suite de notre analyse, en évaluant la validité d'un type de colonialisme interne pour le Nord canadien, qui poserait a priori l'existence d'une division ethnique du travail. Cette théorie s'appuie sur des données fournies surtout par le recensement. Celles‐ci se regroupent autour des modes de participation de la population active Inuit, le maintien de l'identité et la survie de la langue.Discussions of Inuit ethnic identity and of the historical origins of dependency in the Canadian North often fall short of an adequate theory capable of explaining the varying patterns of Inuit integration in Labrador, Arctic Quebec, and the eastern and western Northwest Territories. Our analysis does this by evaluating the validity of an internal colonialism model for the Canadian North, which posits the existence of a cultural division of labour. Data to support this contention are drawn largely from census material. The data focus is on patterns of Inuit labour force participation, identity maintenance and language retention.
The impact of biomass crop cultivation on temperate biodiversity
Authors: DAUBER JENS , JONES MICHAEL B. , STOUT JANE C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe urgency for mitigation actions in response to climate change has stimulated policy makers to encourage the rapid expansion of bioenergy, resulting in major land‐use changes over short timescales. Despite the potential impacts on biodiversity and the environment, scientific concerns about large‐scale bioenergy production have only recently been given adequate attention. Environmental standards or legislative provisions in the majority of countries are still lagging behind the rapid development of energy crops. Ranging from the field to the regional scale, this review (i) summarizes the current knowledge about the impact of biomass crops on biodiversity in temperate regions, (ii) identifies knowledge gaps and (iii) drafts guidelines for a sustainable biomass crop production with respect to biodiversity conservation. The majority of studies report positive effects on biodiversity at the field scale but impacts strongly depend on the management, age, size and heterogeneity of the biomass plantations. At the regional scale, significant uncertainties exist and there is a major concern that extensive commercial production could have negative effects on biodiversity, in particular in areas of high nature‐conservation value. However, integration of biomass crops into agricultural landscapes could stimulate rural economy, thus counteracting negative impacts of farm abandonment or supporting restoration of degraded land, resulting in improved biodiversity values. Given the extent of landconversion necessary to reach the bioenergy targets, the spatial layout and distribution of biomass plantations will determine impacts. To ensure sustainable biomass crop production, biodiversity would therefore have to become an essential part of risk assessment measures in all those countries which have not yet committed to making it an obligatory part of strategic landscape planning. Integrated environmental and economic research is necessary to formulate standards that help support long‐term economic and ecological sustainability of biomass production and avoid costly mistakes in our attempts to mitigate climate change.
Quantitative analysis of miRNA expression in several developmental stages of human livers
Authors: Liu Dong , Fan Jing , Zeng Wanjiang , Zhou Yiwu , Ingvarsson Sigurdur , Chen Huiping 
Published: July 2010

Aim:  miRNAs have been found to regulate gene expression at a posttranscriptional level in cells. Studies have shown that expression of miRNAs is tissue‐specific and developmental stage‐specific. The mechanism behind this could be explained by miRNA pathways.Methods:  We introduce the identification of miRNAs from two human fetal liver cDNA libraries by a cloning protocol. The miRNAs detected were then analyzed in a chorionic villus tissue and four liver tissues using real‐time polymerase chain reaction.Results:  After sequencing and database searching, a total of 42 miRNAs in two fetal livers were detected. Quantitative analysis showed that they have higher general expression in the livers of the fetal period than the adult period, and furthermore the expression levels of the miRNAs during the fetal period were dynamically changed.Conclusion:  Our results indicate that a special group of miRNAs may play an important role in human fetal liver development, while their roles in the adult livers are limited.
A multipathogen selective enrichment broth for simultaneous growth ofSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis,Staphylococcus aureus, andListeria monocytogenes
Authors: Yu Yi-Gang , Wu Hui , Liu Yuan-Yuan , Li Su-Long , Yang Xiao-Quan , Xiao Xing-Long 
Published: July 2010

A selective enrichment broth (SSL) was formulated to allow concurrent growth of 3 prominent food-borne pathogens: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus , and Listeria monocytogenes . Nalidixic acid, lithium chloride, and potassium tellurite were added as the selective agents, while sodium pyruvate and mannitol were employed as the supplemented elements. In the individual growth trial, the target pathogens were capable of growing in SSL to as high as 7–8 log10colony-forming units (CFU)/mL after 24 h incubation at 37 °C when being inoculated at 50–100 CFU/mL. In the simultaneous growth trial, the 3 combined target pathogens showed similar growth rates. The results show that SSL could support the successful simultaneous enrichment of 3 pathogens; however, SSL inhibited the growth of nontarget bacteria. In the artificial contaminated raw beef and ready-to-eat chicken, a high recovery of these 3 target pathogens was obtained in SSL. Finally, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and L. monocytogenes were detected from 710 suspicious food samples by SSL with real-time PCR, and no false-positive or -negative results were reported. In summary, SSL has been shown to be a suitable broth for the simultaneous detection of the 3 prominent food-borne pathogens by multipathogen detection on a single-assay platform.
Inactivation of human adenovirus by sequential disinfection with an alternative ultraviolet technology and monochloramine
Authors: Shin Gwy-Am , Lee Jung-Keun 
Published: July 2010

In an effort to reduce human exposure to adenoviruses through drinking water, we determined the effectiveness of sequential disinfection with an alternative ultraviolet (UV) technology (medium-pressure (MP) UV) and monochloramine. The results of this study showed that MP UV was much more effective than traditional UV technology (low-pressure (LP) UV) against human adenovirus 2 (Ad2). Specifically, an inactivation of ~3 log10 was achieved by a dose of 40 mJ/cm2 of MP UV compared to ~1 log10 by the same dose of LP UV. However, because of the ineffective inactivation of Ad2 by monochloramine, a very high dose (40 mJ/cm2) of MP UV and a very large Ct99 value (~1200 mg/L·min) was still needed to achieve a significant inactivation (e.g., 4 log10) of Ad2. Also, it appears that the inactivation of Ad2 by monochloramine is not enhanced by prior exposure to MP UV. Overall, the results of this study indicated that, in spite of the enhanced effectiveness of alternative UV technologies on human adenoviruses, sequential disinfection with an alternative UV technology (MP UV) and monochloramine still may not provide adequate inactivation of human adenoviruses — especially at high pH and low temperature — in drinking water treatment processes.
Immunoliposomal Delivery of 213Bi for α-Emitter Targeting of Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Lingappa Mohanambe , Song Hong , Thompson Sarah , Bruchertseifer Frank , Morgenstern Alfred , Sgouros George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCurrent treatment for late-stage metastatic breast cancer is largely palliative. α-Particles are highly potent, short-range radiation emissions capable of sterilizing individual cells with one to three traversals of the cell nucleus. The α-emitter, 213Bi (T1/2 = 45.6 min), was conjugated to a 100-nm diameter liposomal-CHX-A″-DTPA construct, upon which the rat HER2/neu reactive antibody, 7.16.4, was grafted. A conjugation time of 10 minutes was achieved giving a specific activity corresponding to 0.1 213Bi atom per liposome; stability in vitro and in vivo was confirmed. Efficacy in a rat/neu transgenic mouse model of metastatic mammary carcinoma was investigated. Three days after left cardiac ventricular injection of 105 rat HER-2/neu–expressing syngeneic tumor cells, macrophage-depleted Neu-N mice were treated by i.v. injection with (a) 19.2 MBq (520 μCi) of liposome-CHX-A″-DTPA-213Bi, (b) 19.2 MBq of liposome-CHX-A″-DTPA-213Bi-7.16.4, (c) 4.44 MBq (120 μCi) of 213Bi-7.16.4, and (d) cold (nonradioactive) liposome-CHX-A″-DTPA-7.16.4 as control. Treatment with (a) increased median survival time to 34 days compared with 29 days for the untreated controls (P = 0.013) and 27 days for treated cold controls. Treatment with the radiolabeled antibody–conjugated liposome (b) increased median survival time to 38 days (P = 0.0002 relative to untreated controls). The radiolabeled antibody–treated group (c) gave a median survival of 39 days, which was similar to that for the radiolabeled antibody–conjugated liposome-treated group (P = 0.5). We have shown that the 213Bi radiolabeled immunoliposomes are effective in treating early-stage micrometastases, giving median survival times similar to those obtained with antibody-mediated delivery of 213Bi in this animal model. Cancer Res; 70(17); 6815–23. ©2010 AACR.
Biomarkers Predicting Outcome in Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results from Sorafenib Phase III Treatment Approaches in Renal Cancer Global Evaluation Trial
Authors: Peña Carol , Lathia Chetan , Shan Minghua , Escudier Bernard , Bukowski Ronald M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Plasma proteins [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptor 2 (sVEGFR-2), carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and Ras p21] and one tumor gene (VHL) were analyzed to identify prognostic biomarkers or indicators of response to sorafenib in a subset of patients enrolled in the Treatment Approaches in Renal Cancer Global Evaluation Trial.
Experimental Design: Nine hundred three patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were randomized to 400 mg sorafenib twice a day or placebo. Samples collected at baseline and after 3 and 12 weeks were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. VHL exons were sequenced from tumor biopsies.
Results: Baseline biomarker data were available for VEGF (n = 712), sVEGFR-2 (n = 713), CAIX (n = 128), TIMP-1 (n = 123), Ras p21 (n = 125), and VHL mutational status (n = 134). Higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) score correlated with elevated baseline VEGF (P &lt; 0.0001) and a higher incidence of VHL mutations (P = 0.008), whereas higher Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) score correlated with elevated VEGF (P &lt; 0.0001), CAIX (P = 0.027), and TIMP-1 (P = 0.0001).
Univariable analyses of baseline levels in the placebo cohort identified VEGF (P = 0.0024), CAIX (P = 0.034), TIMP-1 (P = 0.001), and Ras p21 (P = 0.016) as prognostic biomarkers for survival. TIMP-1 remained prognostic for survival in a multivariable analysis model (P = 0.002) that also included ECOG PS, MSKCC score, and the other biomarkers assayed. In the placebo cohort, TIMP-1 (P &lt; 0.001) and Ras p21 (P = 0.048) levels increased at 12 weeks. In the sorafenib cohort, VEGF levels increased at 3 and 12 weeks of treatment (both weeks P &lt; 0.0001), whereas sVEGFR-2 (both weeks P &lt; 0.0001) and TIMP-1 levels (P = 0.002, week 3; P = 0.006, week 12) decreased.
Conclusions: VEGF, CAIX, TIMP-1, and Ras p21 levels were prognostic for survival in RCC patients. Of these, TIMP-1 has emerged as being independently prognostic. Clin Cancer Res; 16(19); 4853–63. ©2010 AACR.
The Effectiveness of Off-Protocol Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Svatek Robert S. , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Lasky Robert E. , Skinner Eila C. , Novara Giacomo , Lerner Seth P. , Fradet Yves , Bastian Patrick J. , Kassouf Wassim , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Fritsche Hans-Martin , Müller Stefan C. , Izawa Jonathan I. , Ficarra Vincenzo , Sagalowsky Arthur I. , Schoenberg Mark P. , Siefker-Radtke Arlene O. , Millikan Randall E. , Dinney Colin P.N. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Purpose: The role of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high-risk urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is not well defined. Here we address the value of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for UCB in an off-protocol routine clinical setting.
Experimental Design: We collected and analyzed data from 11 centers contributing retrospective cohorts of patients with UCB treated with radical cystectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients were grouped into quintiles based on their risk of disease progression using estimates from a fitted multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. The association of adjuvant chemotherapy with survival was explored across separate quintiles.
Results: The cohort consisted of 3,947 patients, 932 (23.6%) of whom received adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was independently associated with improved survival (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.97%, P = 0.017). However, the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly modified by the individual's risk of disease progression such that an increasing benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy was seen across higher-risk subgroups (P &lt; 0.001). There was a significant improvement in survival between the treated and nontreated patients in the highest-risk quintile (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-0.90; P = 0.002). This group was characterized by an estimated 32.8% 5-year probability of cancer-specific survival, with 86.6% of patients having both advanced pathologic stage (≥T3) and nodal involvement.
Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with a significant improvement in survival for patients treated in an off-protocol clinical setting. Selective administration in patients at the highest risk for disease progression, such as those with advanced pathologic stage and nodal involvement, may optimize the therapeutic benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 16(17); 4461–7. ©2010 AACR.
Genome-Wide Catalogue of Chromosomal Aberrations in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: A High-Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array Analysis
Authors: Gu Jian , Ajani Jaffer A. , Hawk Ernest T. , Ye Yuanqing , Lee Jeffrey H. , Bhutani Manoop S. , Hofstetter Wayne L. , Swisher Stephen G. , Wang Kenneth K. , Wu Xifeng 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
To better understand the molecular mechanisms behind esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) tumorigenesis, we used high-density single nucleotide polymorphism arrays to profile chromosomal aberrations at each of the four sequential progression stages, Barrett's metaplasia (BM), low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and EAC, in 101 patients. We observed a significant trend toward increasing loss of chromosomes with higher progression stage. For BM, LGD, HGD, and EAC, respectively, the average numbers of chromosome arms with loss per sample were 0.30, 3.21, 7.70, and 11.90 (P for trend = 4.82 × 10−7), and the mean percentages of single nucleotide polymorphisms with allele loss were 0.1%, 1.8%, 6.6%, and 17.2% (P for trend = 2.64 × 10−6). In LGD, loss of 3p14.2 (68.4%) and 16q23.1 (47.4%) was limited to narrow regions within the FHIT (3p14.2) and WWOX (16q23.1) genes, whereas loss of 9p21 (68.4%) occurred in larger regions. A significant increase in the loss of other chromosomal regions was seen in HGD and EAC. Loss of 17p (47.6%) was one of the most frequent events in EAC. Many recurrent small regions of chromosomal loss disrupted single genes, including FHIT, WWOX, RUNX1, KIF26B, MGC48628, PDE4D, C20orf133, GMDS, DMD, and PARK2, most of which are common fragile site regions in the human genome. However, RUNX1 at 21q22 seemed to be a potential tumor suppressor gene in EAC. Amplifications were less frequent than losses and mostly occurred in EAC. 8q24 (containing Myc) and 8p23.1 (containing CTSB) were the two most frequently amplified regions. In addition, a significant trend toward increasing amplification was associated with higher progression stage. Cancer Prev Res; 3(9); 1176–86. ©2010 AACR.
Responding to Norm Indeterminacy outside the Nation-State Frame
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractI examine responses to norm indeterminacy in the transnational context, focusing on regional integration in post-War Europe. I argue that the development of the European Union has been facilitated by the use of a legitimizing device whereby policy decisions at a European level are cast as beyond the scope of reasonable political disagreement and therefore distinct from the conditions which make democracy a desirable political form at the national level. This rejection of the political significance of norm indeterminacy has led to a widely diagnosed trend of “depoliticization” in European politics. The paper examines how best to understand this trend, and explores how an adapted account of “enlightened localism” might offer better ways of coping with indeterminate norms.
“Virtuous Citizenship”:Ethnicity and Encapsulation among Akan-Speaking Ghanaian Methodists in London
Authors: Fumanti Mattia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAkan-speaking Methodists in London make sense of their diasporic experience by claiming ‘virtuous’ citizenship. Regardless of their legal and formal status, they feel themselves to be citizens of Britain as Methodists, workers and law-abiding subjects. Active membership in the British Methodist church, conceived as an English transnational polity extending to Ghana, allows for this alternative construction, rooted in Methodist Christian ideology of universal and selfless love, and the Akan concept of tema ‐ empathy for the pain of others, expressed in moral and material obligations to humanity at large, and family or fellowship members. Encapsulation in ethnically exclusive fellowships has become, however, highly problematic for the British Methodist Church whose internal conversation mirrors wider debates in Britain on multiculturalism and immigrant citizenship. Ghanaians themselves are increasingly aware of this critique, but for them ethnic fellowships do not imply exclusion or exclusiveness: they are the loci where people’s agency is experienced, and where they gain recognition and distinction.
Identity Politics, Social Movement and the State: ‘Pan-African’ Associations and the Making of an ‘African community’ in Belgium
Authors: Grégoire Nicole 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDrawing on a social movement theoretical framework, the paper explores the collective action desires and attempts expressed within the African associational milieu in Belgium to improve the social, economic and political being of the African-rooted people in Belgium. It thus focuses on the emergence of non-profit organisations aiming at mobilising people of sub-Saharan African descent under a common ‘Pan-African’ banner. It analyses the link between the context for the emergence of these associations ‐ in which the state played an important role ‐ their working modes and their members’ affiliation strategies, as a way to address a ‘lack of mobilisation’ frequently deplored by many African associational leaders. Secondly, it shows how a certain African elite tries to go beyond old rivalries and previous failures, by shaping a Pan-African community, symbolically located both in the African life ‘here’ (in Belgium and by extension Europe) and ‘there’ (in Africa).