bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On three Braconid Parasites of the Gelechiid Moth, Platyedra erebodoxa, Meyr.
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

Microbracon hancocki, sp. n.♂♀. Black; the front legs completely, the middle legs except the coxae, hind trochantines, hind femora, basal third of hind tibiae, mouth-parts largely, all ventrites, the lateral membranous margins of the 1st tergite, about each lateral quarter of the 2nd and succeeding tergites, bright red testaceous.
Observations on the Thermal Death Points of the Blow-fly at different relative Humidities
Authors: Beattie Mary V. F. 
Published: July 2009

In summarising, the following points are to be noted:—1. The thermal death point of the blow-fly was definitely influenced by the factor of humidity.2. Saturated and dry air had the effect of lowering the thermal death point.3. Relative humidities from 60 per cent. to 80 per cent. were more favourable, while relative humidity of 70 per cent. actually was found to be an optimum point.4. From the weighings it may be concluded that death in saturated air was due to the inability of the flies to regulate their heat by evaporation.
Hieroxestis subcervinella, Wlk., an Enemy of the Banana in the Canary Islands
Authors: Oldham J. N. 
Published: July 2009

The moth,Hieroxestis subcervinella, Wlk., has recently become a pest of economic importance to the banana cultivators in the Canary Islands.Notes on the genusHieroxestisand on the synonymy and distribution of the moth are included, and descriptions of the various stages of the insect are given. Details regarding the external morphology and chaetotaxy of the full-grown larva are enumerated, and setal maps showing the distribution of the setae have been added.The pupa is described in detail, and sex characters are noted.The economic importance of the pest is considered in its relation to its host-plants, while its method of attack and resulting injuries caused are discussed.The insect is considered as apodemic in the Canary Islands, and no parasitic natural enemies were encountered.
Surra in Mauritius and its Principal Vector, Stomoxys nigra
Authors: Moutia A. 
Published: July 2009

1. The only biting fly of common occurrence in Mauritius is Stomoxys nigra.2. The method of transmission of surra by Stomoxys nigra is direct, i.e., it occurs when flies take a meal on a surra-infected animal, with trypanosomes in the peripheral blood, and immediately afterwards feed on a healthy animal.3. Trypanosomes are found active in the proboscis of Stomoxys from one to ten minutes after a meal, when the temperature of the room is between 25 and 27° C.4. No active form of trypanosomes can be found in the gut, Malphigian tubes or salivary glands of the fly 24 hours or longer after a meal on an infected animal.5. For successful transmission the interval between the feeding on the infected and on the healthy animal must not be more than ten minutes.6. Trypanosomes in the gut of Stomoxys are active from one minute to one hour after a meal on a surra-infected animal.7. Trypanosomes are partially disintegrated, the cytoplasm becoming more granular and the flagellum disappearing, 24 hours after an infected meal.8. No developmental forms of trypanosomes have been found in the salivary glands, gut or Malphigian tubes of Stomoxys nigra 24 hours or more after an infected meal.9. When trypanosomes could not be found in the peripheral blood of a surrainfected animal, transmission could not be effected.
Notes on the Feeding Habits of Habrosyne derasa, L. (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Davies W. Maldwyn 
Published: July 2009

1. Insect pests of the blackberry (Rubus fruticosus, L.) are being studied with a view to discovering insects likely to assist in the biological control of this noxious plant in New Zealand. Habrosyne derasa, L., was the first species brought under observation.2. Investigations revealed an apparently unique method of oviposition, the eggs of H. derasa being deposited on the points of the serrated leaf-edges of the blackberry.3. Newly hatched larvae of this moth have been simultaneously tested as to their ability to feed and thrive on the following plants:—Blackberry (normal host), loganberry, raspberry, rose, apple, cherry, plum, pear, and currant. They thrived equally well on the first three plants. Ten-day-old, blackberry-fed larvae, when transferred to rose and apple, fed and some ultimately pupated. Similar larvae transferred to cherry, plum and pear fed sparingly but did not succeed in pupating.4. When a choice of food-plants was given, feeding was concentrated on blackberry, loganberry and raspberry.
Tsetse-fly (Glossina morsitans) in the Koalib Hills, Nuba Mountains Province, Sudan
Authors: Ruttledge W. 
Published: July 2009

The paper is an accouunt of a year's work on the bionomics of Glossina morsitans in the Koalib Hills, Nuba Mountains Province, Sudan, a small area which lies 200 to 300 miles north of any other locality where G. morsitans occurs.The fly is restricted at all times of the year to the hills, where it was found to breed in rock-shade, and is always closely associated with the Nuba inhabitants and their animals, even frequenting villages and their environs. The cattle, goats and sheep are resistant to trypanosomiasis, but all have been proved to be carriers of the disease.Wild fauna is scarce in and near the area, and the fly is probably entirely dependent for food on the Nubas and their animals.An experiment in direct control in a small group of hills is described. It was found impossible to reduce the fly beyond a very low minimum, but the method would be of use as a routine control in small hills.Experiment with fly lime indicated that the shiny appearance of the lime deterred the majority of flies from alighting upon it.Marked flies remained in the bush for ten to fifteen days during the rains, but eventually returned to the hills. Given a constant food supply there seems no reason why many parts of the bush, otherwise suitable, should not harbour fly during the rains and early dry season.The author is indebted to Major R. G. Archibald, C.M.G., D.S.O., M.D., Director of Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, and to Mr. H. H. King, Government Entomologist, for much assistance and advice, also to the Provincial and District Officials for help in many ways.
The early Stages of some West African Mosquitos
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: July 2009

Descriptions are given of the larvae and pupae of Uranotaenia nigripes, Theo., Hodgesia sanguinis, Theo., H. malayi, Leic. (larva only), Aëdes (Banksinella) punctocostalis, Theo., A. (Aëdimorphus) abnormalis, Theo., A. (A.) tarsalis, Newst., and Ficalbia malfeyti, Newst.H. sanguinis is remarkable chiefly for the structure of the respiratory trumpets of the pupa, each of which is cleft almost to the base in the form of two leaflets.
On some new and interesting Thysanoptera of economic Importance
Authors: Bagnall Richard S. 
Published: July 2009

Brachyurothrips hargreavesi is of interest as the material has enabled me to characterise clearly the genus Brachyurothrips ; Zeugmatothripoides is a new genus related to the recently described neotropical Hystrichothripid genus Zeugmatothrips ; and Hoplandrothrips coffeae is a new coffee thrips causing curled-leaf galls.I am further able to show that Dolichothrips varipes is in no sense related to Neoheegeria indica, though treated by Karny as a synonym of that species, and to characterise more clearly Gigantothrips gracilis and elegans.I am indebted to Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, F.R.S., of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and to the Authorities of the British Museum of Natural History for the bulk of this material, types of which are deposited in the British Museum collections.
A new Species of Bryocoropsis (Hem. Capsid.) on Cacao in Fernando Póo
Authors: China W. E. 
Published: July 2009

Bryocoropsis cotterelli, sp. n.Colour.—Blackish-brown, with the head, anterior lateral margins of pronotum, sides of the scutellum, sternum, venter, and legs, ferruginous brown. Hemielytra blackish-brown, with a large irregular area at apex of corium, pale yellowish-hyaline, and a small round spot below the middle of the embolium, another at base of corium, one on disc of corium, and some obscure markings on clavus, ochreous; membrane semi-opaque, blackish-grey with a dirty whitish bilobed spot below apex of cuneus between basal cell and the costal margin. Antennae black, the basal segment tinted with ferruginous brown. Rostrum brown with apex brownish-black. Hind tibiae tinted with black along outer side.
The Bionomics of Glossina morsitans in the Umniati Fly Belt, Southern Rhodesia, 1922–23
Authors: Chorley J. K. 
Published: July 2009

The pupal period has been shown to be between three and four times as long during the winter months as it is in the summer months.Breeding continues the whole year round, but the period of greatest density and activity is in September, i.e., towards the end of the dry season. During a period of heavy rains, long grass and full forest foliage, puparia were fairly abundant, while density counts did not indicate any lack of nourishment. The grass in these mopane belts, however, never grows very long.All types of forest were used for breeding except the heavy river forest. In the mopane a heavy reduction in density occurred after leaf-fall. At the end of the dry season the dry bed of a small well-shaded stream was used extensively as a breeding place. Heavy thorn thickets (Isinanga) and overgrown dongas were only used as breeding places after most of the leaves had fallen.The puparia are attacked by at least seven species of insect parasites. Of these Mutilla glossinae and possibly two species of Bombyliids are the most important. These parasites show definite seasonal activity. At the end of the dry season, 84 per cent. of all emergences were parasites.The percentage of collected puparia which failed to yield either flies or parasites increased from 23 per cent. in March to 60 per cent. in November. Experiments showed that half an hour's exposure to the sun (118° F.), even when covered with about one inch of sand, was sufficient to kill the puparia.The combined effect of parasitism and the hot summer sun on deposited puparia is no doubt a contributary cause of the great fall in density that occurs throughout mopane forest at the end of the late dry season after leaf-fall is complete. This statement does not necessarily apply to other areas not examined.This fly belt has continued to spread and game has increased, although the area has been thrown open to free shooting since 1905. Between 1924 and 1925 the spread eastward has been rapid, and new settlement areas have been endangered.
Observations on the Coccidae of Southern Rhodesia.—III
Authors: Hall W. J. 
Published: July 2009

Pseudaonidia tesserata, de Charm.Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) tesseratus, de Charm., Pr. Soc. Amic. Scien., 1899, p. 23.Pseudaonidia tesserata, Brain, Bull. Ent. Res., ix, 1919, p. 206.On Monotes glaber (Dipterocarpaceae), Trelawney, 29.iii.1928. The specimens were found on the larger branches (1½ inches in diameter) underneath the superficial tissues of the bark.
Observations on the “ Furau ” (Cicindelidae) of Northern Nigeria
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: July 2009

In the “ Furau,” or Tiger-beetle larva of Nigeria, the digestion of the prey is mainly extra-intestinal. A dark brown slightly acid fluid, which is actively proteolytic and causes blackening of the tissues, is ejected from the intestine of the larva and dissolves the tissues of the prey. The resulting fluid is swept towards the mouth by the labium and re-ingested.The bites of the larvae had no effect upon the skin of a monkey or of man, and there is little doubt that the larvae have no relation to the inflammatory lesion of the foot of man, which also is called “ Furau ” in Northern Nigeria.
A new Species of Microstigmus (Hym. Sphegid.)
Authors: Turner Rowland E. 
Published: July 2009

Microstigmus myersi, sp. n. (fig. 1).♀. Nigro-aenea, nitida ; mandibulis, antennis (articulo apicali excepto), tegulis pedibusque, luteis ; alis hyalinis, iridescentibus ; venis fuscis, basi luteis. Long. 3·5 mm.
A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Bionomics of Glossina morsitans
Authors: Nash T. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

1. Only large game movements produce noticeable effects upon the fly community.2. The fauna of the hills is not subjected to game concentration.3. The country included in the N.E. Kikori round is not subjected to large game movements, as is the S.E. round.4. A concentration of game appears to cause a considerable increase in fly density the surrounding country; when the game have dispersed the density drops.5. In the small area of country forming the core of the concentration fly appear to be very scarce while the game are present. When the game have left the density greatly increases.6. The arrival of much game in an area causes an increase in the activity of the females.
Carabunia myersi, Watrst. (Hym., Encyrtidae), a Parasite of nymphal Froghoppers (Hom., Cercopidae)
Authors: Myers J. G. 
Published: July 2009

1. Carabunia myersi is an extraordinarily efficient internal parasite of the nymphs of Clastoptera undulata and Clastoptera sp. in Cuba, and of a third species in the mountains of Haiti.2. The rate of parasitism is from 65 to nearly 100 per cent.3. The egg is laid in nymphs of about the second instar, the female wasp negotiating the covering spittle-mass with great ease.4. There are three larval stadia, and pupation takes place within the indurated larval skin of the last larval instar, inside the abdomen of the still active host.5. The spiracles of this Hymenopterous puparium achieve connections with certain of the abdominal tracheae of the host and by this means supply air to the pupa.6. Dissection and experiment showed that Carabunia is not actually, nor is it likely to become, a parasite of froghoppers of the genus Tomaspis (Monecphora) to which the Trinidad cane pest belongs.I desire especially to thank my wife for assistance in every part of the investigation.
Effects of bush Clearance on Flighting of West African Anophelines
Authors: Ribbands C. R. 
Published: July 2009

1. Two huts were selected which were surrounded by dense bush, which varied in height from 4 to 15 feet. After elimination of this bush within a radius of 140 yards from these huts, the proportion of the population of ♀ A. funestus and ♀ A. gambiae attracted to them was at least 90 per cent. of the proportion which reached them before the bush clearance. This result indicates that bush clearance is not a justifiable measure for reducing Anopheline infestation. Even the male Anophelines entered the cleared area in the same proportion as they did before clearance.2. While bush clearance was in progress there was a temporary sharp reduction in the infestation, and the proportion of the female Anopheline population attracted declined to between one-third and one-quarter of the proportion attracted before clearance. The proportion of males dropped by one-half. At the same time the ♀ Anophelines were apparently much less able to discriminate between quantitative olfactory stimuli. Both effects are attributed to masking by an obscuring odour from the cut and withering bush.3. There was no difference between the numbers of A. melas attracted to a hut screened by a 10 yard thick belt of dense high bush and the numbers attracted to an identical hut in the adjacent clearing 25 yards away.
Mercury as a Preventive against Stored Grain Pests
Authors: Rahman Khan A. , Sohi Gurcharn Singh 
Published: July 2009

Mercury and tin amalgam were tried in mud bins, metallic bins and bamboo bins at different places in the Punjab. Mercury distributed throughout the bin at the rate of 3–4 tolas per maund of wheat proved effective in completely checking the increase of various stored grain pests. Mercury used at the bottom and top 10–12 in. layer of grains in the bin also proved fairly effective. Tin amalgam even with as high a dose as 13½ tolas per maund of wheat did not prove effective. Loss of mercury during use is very slight. Mercury has no deleterious effect on the germination or eating quality of wheat.Mercury kills the fresh eggs of stored grain pests, but the eggs in an advanced stageof development are not adversely affected. It retards the growth but does not kill the larvae of T. granarium and Bruchus sp. It has no effect on the pupae, but affects the egg laying capacity of adults very slightly.
Observations on the Yellow Tea-mite Hemitarsonemus latus (Banks) Ewing
Authors: Gadd C. H. 
Published: July 2009

The yellow tea-mite should in future be known as Hemitarsonemus latus (Banks) Ewing.The males have a curious habit of carrying female pupae to younger leaves. The pupa is held above the male's body by means of a sucker-like organ near the tip of his tail-like, posterior terminus. Thus the male plays an active part in distributing the pest.Mating has not been observed, but normally it occurs as soon as the female becomes adult. It may also occur later in her life.Unfertilised females give rise to male offspring only, but mated females have mixed families.
Notes on the Bionomics of Anopheles sacharovi in Persia and Iraq
Authors: Etherington D. , Sellick G. 
Published: July 2009

An increased indoor population of Anopheles sacharovi at the start of hibernation is recorded.Figures are given for dissections of A. sacharovi during the winter months, showing an infectivity rate (sporozoites) of 0·41 per cent.Eggs of A. sacharovi laid at the end of hibernation are described.An account is given of an area in Northern Persia where A. sacharovi is present in association with a lower endemicity of malaria than is usual.We are indebted to Lt.-Col. D. N. Keys, R.A.M.C., Major J. Yofe, R.A.M.C., and Major R. Hillman, R.A.M.C., for their interest and help in these observations.
An artificially isolated Generation of Tsetse Flies (Diptera)
Authors: Jackson C. H. N. 
Published: July 2009

A generation ofGlossina morsitanswas artificially isolated by allowing emergence for three days in the habitat ofG. swynnertoniandG. pallidipes.Most teneral flies (with chitin unhardened before their first meal) were active on day 2 to 4 from emergence. The non-teneral flies first appeared in numbers when a week old. It is possible that they were somewhat inactive while still fairly young, that is, up to two or three weeks, but this was not proved. They are definitely inactive between the first and second meals. The females, on the other hand, are much more active in the first three weeks of life than later on.The teneral males contained about 12 mg. water, which was increased after several meals to a maximum of about 18 mg. by day 17. Fat started at a mean of 1 1/2 mg., declining to 1 mg. at the first meal, then rising to about 3 mg. at day 17, after which there was no further increase. Residual weight behaved like the water, except that it was relatively very low in teneral flies. The hungry flies which reappear after the first meal have also a relatively low residual weight.In this experiment there was no evidence that smaller flies were at a disadvantage, as has been suspected from other work.With reservations concerned with differences in place and time, the mean age of samples of male flies can be accurately deduced from the wear on the trailing margin of the wing. The females do not wear out their wings so quickly.Males dispersed, in any one direction, to a mean perpendicular distance of 365 yards in a week, 484 yards in two weeks, 772 yards in three weeks, and 941 yards in four weeks.In spite of undoubted interference byG. swynnertoni, a considerable second generation appeared.The females and pupae in nature experienced temperatures approximating to those obtained in a screen at a standard meteorological station: they did not live in specially cool eeoclimates.
The Extermination of Glossina palpalis fuscipes, Newstead, by Hand Catching
Authors: Glasgow J. P. , Duffy B. J. 
Published: July 2009

Two blocks were isolated by 3– or 4–mile clearings on a small river with a narrow strip of riverine bush and a low density of Glossina palpalis fuscipes.Catchers at the rate of 6 per 1,000 yards of stream caught almost all the G. palpalis in one block in 3 months and all in 6 months.Eight months later there was ho reinfestation.All this time G. palpalis persisted in the Control Block.An area from which G. palpalis was removed by hand catching 10 years ago was examined. It is concluded that it is possible not only to hand catch all the G. palpalis but also to avoid reinfestation.Hand catching is the quickest and cheapest known method of reclaiming streams of this type from G. palpalis.Vegetational descriptions are given.
Some Aspects of the Ecology of the Tick, Ixodes ricinus, L., in Wales
Authors: Arthur Don R. 
Published: July 2009

The results presented in this paper apply to conditions in Wales. Although admittedly based on limited data, they show that of the nine species of ticks found in the Principality, only Ixodes ricinus, L. is found on sheep, cattle and horses.It has been observed that the distribution of ticks throughout Wales is influenced by superficial soil deposits: studies in north, central and south Wales have shown, however, that the vegetation index from which ticks are recovered is variable. Analysis of soils from which ticks are recovered, gave a pH range of from 4·4 to 5·2, and the relationship between “mat” and soil acidity is discussed.An investigation of four adjoining tracts of vegetationally different land—rush, bracken, heather-winberry and ley—showed that greater populations and a greater rate of activity were apparent in rush land. The significance of topographical location in relation to tick infestation even on land with the same vegetation index is indicated. A salt marsh adjoining an infested non-salt marsh was found to be free of ticks.The occurrence of a unimodal activity curve is described for central and north Wales. Within a recognized bimodal activity belt irregularities of tick periodicity on cattle have been observed at some farms. This appears to be related to the nature of the sward, and, where good pasture occurs alongside “islands” of damp ground, such discrepancies are noted.Such “islands” may harbour ticks, while the rest of the pasture is free. When, as the result of certain influences, cattle move to these “islands” they become infested. A meteorological condition is described which leads indirectly to such movement through the agency of the warble fly.