bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety and Viability of Microencapsulated Human Islets Transplanted Into Diabetic Humans
Authors: Tuch Bernard E. , Keogh Gregory W. , Williams Lindy J. , Wu Wei , Foster Jayne L. , Vaithilingam Vijayganapathy , Philips Robert 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
Transplantation of insulin-producing cells placed inside microcapsules is being trialled to overcome the need for immunosuppressive therapy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Four type 1 diabetic patients with no detectable C-peptide received an intraperitoneal infusion of islets inside microcapsules of barium alginate (mean 178,200 islet equivalents on each of eight occasions).

RESULTS
C-peptide was detected on day 1 post-transplantation, and blood glucose levels and insulin requirements decreased. C-peptide was undetectable by 1–4 weeks. In a multi-islet recipient, C-peptide was detected at 6 weeks after the third infusion and remains detectable at 2.5 years. Neither insulin requirements nor glycemic control was affected. Capsules recovered at 16 months were surrounded by fibrous tissue and contained necrotic islets. No major side effects or infection occurred.

CONCLUSIONS
While allografting of encapsulated human islets is safe, efficacy of the cells needs to improve for the therapy to make an impact on the clinical scene.
Biological evaluation of 10-(diphenylmethylene)- 4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-8-ene-3,5-dione derivatives
Authors: Stefańska Joanna , Bielenica Anna , Struga Marta , Tyski Stafan , Kossakowski Jerzy , Loddo Roberta , Ibba Cristina , Collu David , Marongiu Esther , Colla Paolo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAntibacterial and antifungal activity of 10-(diphenylmethylene)-4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-8-ene-3,5-dione derivatives were examined by the disc-diffusion method (growth inhibition zone diameter in agar medium). The MIC’s for the most active agents were determined. Title compounds were also evaluated in vitro against representatives of different virus classes. Most of the tested compounds exhibit activity against CVB-2 virus.
Effects of γ-irradiation on antioxidant activity in soybean seeds
Authors: Štajner Dubravka , Popović Boris , Taški Ksenija 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThere are some reports that low doses of γ-irradiation could induce antioxidant activities in plant material, including soybean. Irradiation, required for the inactivation of some pathogens and induction of mutations, may have adverse effects on sensorial, nutritional and antioxidant qualities. The effects of different γ-irradiation doses (100–200 Gy) on antioxidant properties of soybean seeds was investigated. In this study, we report the results obtained by analysis of antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced glutathione, malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyl (HO−) radical quantities, soluble protein content, and total antioxidant activity in irradiated soybean seeds. Antioxidant enzyme activities were affected due to high irradiation intensity. Significant changes of total antioxidant activity and MDA and HO.quantities were observed only under the highest irradiation dose, with a 15.7% reduction in total antioxidant activity, MDA quantity increase of 21.6%, and HO− radical quantity increase of 79.3% compared to the non-irradiated control. The total soluble protein content increased slightly.
Sources of backscatter at 5.3 GHz from a superimposed ice and firn area revealed by multi-frequency GPR and cores
Authors: Langley Kirsty , Lacroix Pascal , Hamran Svein-Erik , Brandt Ola 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe investigate the major sources of backscatter at 5.3 GHz, within the superimposed ice and firn areas of a polythermal glacier. Two ground-penetrating radar systems, an 800 MHz impulse system and a polarimetric 5.3 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave system, are used to acquire along-glacier profiles in the accumulation area of Kongsvegen, Svalbard. The 800 MHz response is used to map reflection horizons in the glacier. Using cores from the superimposed ice and firn areas, the causes of these reflection horizons, in terms of snow, firn and ice layers, are investigated. Superimposing the reflection horizons on the co-polarized and cross-polarized 5.3 GHz profile, we are able to determine how the 5.3 GHz frequency responds to the different media. Scattering at rough interfaces and volume scattering occur in the superimposed ice area and are apparently caused by air-bubble number, size and distribution. In the firn the strongest return originates from below the previous summer surface, consistent with previous findings. At approximately the same depth, strong incoherent scattering begins. The rapid decrease in coherent reflections indicates the significance of scattering in the firn.
Evidence of past fluctuations on Stancomb-Wills Ice Tongue, Antarctica, preserved by relict flow stripes
Authors: Wuite J. , Jezek K.C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a newly derived velocity field of the Brunt Ice Shelf and Stancomb-Wills Ice Tongue in East Antarctica. Velocity is derived using automated feature-tracking techniques on RADARSAT-1 imagery from the 1997 Antarctic Mapping Mission-1 (AMM-1) and 2000 Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission (MAMM). We measure velocities up to 1350 m a−1 at the ice front. Closer investigation of the velocity field and radar images reveals an obvious divergence of contemporary flowlines from relict flow stripes along a portion of Stancomb-Wills Ice Tongue. Analysis of relict flow stripes can reveal glacial events in the past. Assuming relatively steady flow since the event occurred, we utilize the current velocity field to reconstruct former stripe configuration. We believe the flowline deviation points to a change in dynamics that occurred approximately 140 years ago, perhaps due to thinning and an associated shift in grounding-line position. This seems to be supported by historic observations and bottom topography data.
Airborne and spaceborne DEM- and laser altimetry-derived surface elevation and volume changes of the Bering Glacier system, Alaska, USA, and Yukon, Canada, 1972–2006
Authors: Muskett Reginald R. , Lingle Craig S. , Sauber Jeanne M. , Post Austin S. , Tangborn Wendell V. , Rabus Bernhard T. , Echelmeyer Keith A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUsing airborne and spaceborne high-resolution digital elevation models and laser altimetry, we present estimates of interannual and multi-decadal surface elevation changes on the Bering Glacier system, Alaska, USA, and Yukon, Canada, from 1972 to 2006. We find: (1) the rate of lowering during 1972–95 was 0.9 ± 0.1 m a−1; (2) this rate accelerated to 3.0 ± 0.7 m a−1 during 1995–2000; and (3) during 2000–03 the lowering rate was 1.5 ± 0.4 m a−1. From 1972 to 2003, 70% of the area of the system experienced a volume loss of 191 ± 17 km3, which was an area-average surface elevation lowering of 1.7 ± 0.2 m a−1. From November 2004 to November 2006, surface elevations across Bering Glacier, from McIntosh Peak on the south to Waxell Ridge on the north, rose as much as 53 m. Up-glacier on Bagley Ice Valley about 10 km east of Juniper Island nunatak, surface elevations lowered as much as 28 m from October 2003 to October 2006. NASA Terra/MODIS observations from May to September 2006 indicated muddy outburst floods from the Bering terminus into Vitus Lake. This suggests basal–englacial hydrologic storage changes were a contributing factor in the surface elevation changes in the fall of 2006.
Synchronous acceleration of ice loss and glacial erosion, Glaciar Marinelli, Chilean Tierra del Fuego
Authors: Koppes Michèle , Hallet Bernard , Anderson John 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo contribute to the understanding of the influence of climate on glacial erosion and on orogenic processes, we report contemporary glacial erosion rates from a calving glacier in the Southern Andes and elucidate the influence of ice dynamics on erosion. Using seismic profiles of sediments collected in a proglacial fjord and a documented history of retreat, we determine the time-varying sediment flux of Glaciar Marinelli as a measure of basin-wide erosion rates, and compare these rates with the annual ice budget reconstructed using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis climate data from 1950 to 2005. The rate of erosion of the largest tidewater glacier in Tierra del Fuego averaged 39 ± 16 mm a−1 during the latter half of the 20th century, with an annual maximum approaching 130 mm a−1 following a decade of rapid retreat. A strong correlation emerges between the variable rate of ice delivery to the terminus and the erosion rate, providing quantitative insight into the relationship between ice fluxes and glacial erosion rates. For Glaciar Marinelli, as for other calving glaciers for which suitable data exist, the marked retreat and thinning over the past 50 years have resulted in a period of accelerated basal sliding and unusually rapid erosion.
Assessing the transferability and robustness of an enhanced temperature-index glacier-melt model
Authors: Carenzo Marco , Pellicciotti Francesca , Rimkus Stefan , Burlando Paolo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe investigate the transferability of an enhanced temperature-index melt model that was developed and tested on Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, in the 2001 season. The model’s empirical parameters (temperature factor, TF, and shortwave radiation factor, SRF) are recalibrated for: (1) other locations on Haut Glacier d’Arolla; (2) subperiods of distinct meteorological conditions; (3) different years on Haut Glacier d’Arolla; and (4) other glaciers in different years. The model parameters are optimized against simulations of an energy-balance model validated against ablation observations. Results are compared with those obtained with the original parameters. The model works very well when applied to other sites, seasons and glaciers, with the exception of overcast conditions. Differences are due to underestimation of high melt rates. The parameter values are associated with the prevailing energy-balance conditions, showing that high SRF are obtained on clear-sky days, whereas higher TF are typical of locations where glacier winds prevail and turbulent fluxes are high. We also provide a range of parameters clearly associated with the site’s location and its meteorological characteristics that could help to assign parameter values to sites where few data are available.
Solar radiation, cloudiness and longwave radiation over low-latitude glaciers: implications for mass-balance modelling
Authors: Mölg Thomas , Cullen Nicolas J. , Kaser Georg 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBroadband radiation schemes (parameterizations) are commonly used tools in glacier mass-balance modelling, but their performance at high altitude in the tropics has not been evaluated in detail. Here we take advantage of a high-quality 2 year record of global radiation (G ) and incoming longwave radiation (L ↓) measured on Kersten Glacier, Kilimanjaro, East Africa, at 5873 m a.s.l., to optimize parameterizations of G and L ↓. We show that the two radiation terms can be related by an effective cloud-cover fraction neff , so G or L ↓ can be modelled based on neff derived from measured L ↓ or G, respectively. At neff = 1, G is reduced to 35% of clear-sky G, and L ↓ increases by 45–65% (depending on altitude) relative to clear-sky L ↓. Validation for a 1 year dataset of G and L ↓ obtained at 4850 m on Glaciar Artesonraju, Peruvian Andes, yields a satisfactory performance of the radiation scheme. Whether this performance is acceptable for mass-balance studies of tropical glaciers is explored by applying the data from Glaciar Artesonraju to a physically based mass-balance model, which requires, among others, G and L ↓ as forcing variables. Uncertainties in modelled mass balance introduced by the radiation parameterizations do not exceed those that can be caused by errors in the radiation measurements. Hence, this paper provides a tool for inclusion in spatially distributed mass-balance modelling of tropical glaciers and/or extension of radiation data when only G or L ↓ is measured.
Deformation of the Batestown till of the Lake Michigan lobe, Laurentide ice sheet
Authors: Thomason Jason F. , Iverson Neal R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDeep, pervasive shear deformation of the bed to high strains (>100) may have been primarily responsible for flow and sediment transport of the Lake Michigan lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet. To test this hypothesis, we sampled at 0.2 m increments a basal till from one advance of the lobe (Batestown till) along vertical profiles and measured fabrics due to both anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and sand-grain preferred orientation. Unlike past fabric studies, interpretations were guided by results of laboratory experiments in which this till was deformed in simple shear to high strains. Fabric strengths indicate that more than half of the till sampled has a <5% probability of having been sheared to moderate strains (7–30). Secular changes in fabric azimuth over the thickness of the till, probably due to changing ice-flow direction as the lobe receded, indicate that the bed accreted with time and that the depth of deformation of the bed did not exceed a few decimeters. Orientations of principal magnetic susceptibilities show that the state of strain was commonly complex, deviating from bed-parallel simple shear. Deformation is inferred to have been focused in shallow, temporally variable patches during till deposition from ice.
Derivation of melt factors from glacier mass-balance records in western Canada
Authors: Shea Joseph M. , Dan Moore R. , Stahl Kerstin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMelt factors for snow (ks) and ice (ki) were derived from specific mass-balance data and regionally interpolated daily air-temperature series at nine glaciers in the western Cordillera of Canada. Fitted ks and ki were relatively consistent across the region, with mean values (standard deviations) of 3.04 (0.38) and 4.59 (0.59) mm d−1 °C−1, respectively. The interannual variability of melt factors was investigated for two long-term datasets. Calculated annually, snow- and ice-melt factors were relatively stable from year to year; standard deviations for snowmelt factors were 0.48 (17%) and 0.42 (18%) at Peyto and Place Glaciers, respectively, while standard deviations of ice-melt factors were 1.17 (25%) and 0.81 (14%). While fitted values of ks are comparable to those presented in previous observational and modeling studies, fitted ki are substantially and consistently lower across the region. Fitted melt factors were sensitive to the choice of lapse rate used in the air-temperature interpolation. Melt factors fitted to mass-balance data from a single site (Place Glacier) provided reasonable summer balance predictions at most other sites representing both maritime and continental climates, although there was a tendency for under-prediction at several sites. The combination of regionally interpolated air temperatures and a degree-day model appears capable of generating first-order estimates of regional summer balance, which can provide a benchmark against which to judge the predictive ability of more complex (e.g. energy balance) models applied at a regional scale. Mass-balance sensitivity analyses indicate that a temperature increase of 1 K will increase summer ablation in the region by 0.51 m w.e. a−1 on average.
Meridianiite detected in ice
Authors: Elif Genceli F. , Horikawa Shinichirou , Iizuka Yoshinori , Sakurai Toshimitsu , Hondoh Takeo , Kawamura Toshiyuki , Witkamp Geert-Jan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInclusions affect the behavior of ice, and their characteristics help us understand the formation history of the ice. Recently, a low-temperature magnesium sulfate salt was discovered. This paper describes this naturally occurring MgSO4·11H2O mineral, meridianiite, derived from salt inclusions in sea ice of Lake Saroma, Japan and in Antarctic continental core ice. Its occurrence is confirmed by using micro-Raman spectroscopy to compare Raman spectra of synthetic MgSO4·11H2O with those of the inclusions.
Recent changes on Greenland outlet glaciers
Authors: Thomas R. , Frederick E. , Krabill W. , Manizade S. , Martin C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAircraft laser-altimeter surveys during the 1990s showed near-coastal parts of the Greenland ice sheet to be thinning; despite slow thickening at higher elevations, the ice sheet lost mass to the ocean. Many outlet glaciers thinned more rapidly than could be explained by increased melting during the recent warmer summers, indicating dynamic imbalance between glacier velocity and upstream snow accumulation. Results from more recent surveys, presented here, show that thinning rates have increased in most coastal regions. For almost half of the surveys, these increases might have resulted from increases in summer melting, but rapid thinning on others is indicative of dynamic changes that increased with time. In particular, thinning rates on the three fastest glaciers increased to tens of m a−1 after 2000, and other observations show an approximate doubling in their velocities. The deep beds of these glaciers appear to have a strong influence on rates of grounding-line retreat and thickness change, with periods of glacier acceleration and rapid thinning initiated by flotation and break-up of lightly grounded glacier snouts or break-up of floating ice tongues. Near-simultaneous thinning of these widely separated glaciers suggests that warming of deeper ocean waters might be a common cause. Nearby glaciers without deep beds are thinning far more slowly, suggesting that basal lubrication as a result of increased surface melting has only a marginal impact on Greenland outlet-glacier acceleration
Primary, secondary and tertiary creep of ice modelled as a viscoelastic fluid
Authors: Morland L. W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAs an ice sheet evolves, there are ice elements near the surface only recently subjected to stress following deposition, and others that have been subjected to stress over many ranges of time. The constant stress and constant strain-rate responses of ice in uniaxial compressive stress exhibit non-viscous behaviour, that is, the strain rate is not fixed by the stress (and conversely) but both vary with time. At constant stress the initial primary strain rate decreases with time to a minimum, described as secondary creep. It then increases and approaches an asymptotic limit, described as tertiary creep. Analogously, at constant strain rate the initial stress increases to a maximum then decreases to an asymptotic limit. These responses are used to construct a simple viscoelastic fluid constitutive law of differential type. Such a time-dependent law, with timescales changing widely with temperature, can be expected to yield a flow field in an ice sheet that is very different from that obtained from the viscous law. Only comparison solutions for both constitutive laws can determine the differences and significance of the non-viscous behaviour, and the simple law constructed would be a candidate for such comparisons.
115 year ice-core data from Akademii Nauk ice cap, Severnaya Zemlya: high-resolution record of Eurasian Arctic climate change
Authors: Opel Thomas , Fritzsche Diedrich , Meyer Hanno , Schütt Rainer , Weiler Karin , Ruth Urs , Wilhelms Frank , Fischer Hubertus 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFrom 1999 to 2001 a 724 m deep ice core was drilled on Akademii Nauk ice cap, Severnaya Zemlya, to gain high-resolution proxy data from the central Russian Arctic. Despite strong summertime meltwater percolation, this ice core provides valuable information on the regional climate and environmental history. We present data of stable water isotopes, melt-layer content and major ions from the uppermost 57 m of this core, covering the period 1883–1998. Dating was achieved by counting seasonal isotopic cycles and using reference horizons. Multi-annual δ18O values reflect Eurasian sub-Arctic and Arctic surface air-temperature variations. We found strong correlations to instrumental temperature data from some stations (e.g. r = 0.62 for Vardø, northern Norway). The δ18O values show pronounced 20th-century temperature changes, with a strong rise about 1920 and the absolute temperature maximum in the 1930s. A recent decrease in the deuterium-excess time series indicates an increasing role of the Kara Sea as a regional moisture source. From the multi-annual ion variations we deduced decreasing sea-salt aerosol trends in the 20th century, as reflected by sodium and chloride, whereas sulphate and nitrate are strongly affected by anthropogenic pollution.
The need of Uniform Islamic Constitution for the Muslim Ummah: A study of Islamic provisions on the Constitution of selected countries
Authors: Khan Md Abdul Awal 
Published: June 2009

Islam is a complete code of life as stated in the holy Quran (3:19), which is the prime source of Islamic Constitution. Al-Quran, therefore, regulates the life of a human being and Constitution for the Muslim Ummah to govern their country. Hazrat Muhammad (sm) taught the Muslims to maintain, preserve, consolidate and to strengthen fraternal relations and unity among Muslims which was extended to the Khulafa-e-Rashedin regime and then Abbasid and Osmania Khilafat. At that time Muslim states were governed according to the provisions of Al-Quran and Sunnah. But at present, the Muslim Countries have departed from the Al-Quran and Sunnah. Muslims Ummah lost its central power with the end of Osmania Khilafat. Later many Muslim territory became independent one after another but they imposed more importance on geographical position, language, culture and history rather than Islam. They included in their Constitution secular, socialist, capitalist ideology and they touched some Islamic provisions in their Constitution just to give it Islamic colour. Many Muslim states have enacted many anti-Islamic provisions in their Constitution too. This article is aimed at finding and highlighting such provisions and to make a comparison among selected Constitutions of Muslim states. This article also suggests the Muslim states to enact uniform Constitution for the Muslim Ummah. doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v3i0.2665 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 3, December 2006 (p 63-72)
Management Historians in the 1990s: A Review of Their Lives & Prime Contributions
Authors: Huda SSM Sadrul , Sobhani Farid Ahammad , Zubayer Mahmud 
Published: June 2009

The Management History Division (MHD) of the Academy of Management, NY records critical and scholarly discussion, refection and research in the arena of management history. It supports the development of historically informed analyses and explorations of management practices and of management philosophy and thought. The authors aim at focusing on three key members of MHD i.e. Charles Deck Wrege, James C. Worthy, and Alfred A Bolton who have contributed a lot in the field of management history during 1990s. Each of them has significant contribution to the area of management history and each has proved himself a teacher and intellectual leader in matters of fundamental concern to management history. Keywords: Academy of Management, Management History Division, Management Historian, Charles Deck Wrege, James C. Worthy, and Alfred A. Bolton. doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v3i0.2666 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 3, December 2006 (p 73-82)
Review of the Great Book 'AA Lamul Fuqaha Wal Muhaddeseen'
Authors: Rahman M Shafique 
Published: June 2009

The full text of this article is in Arabic - see PDF below. doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v3i0.2686 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 3, December 2006 (p 199-202)