bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma – imaging a cancer‐selective, selective, systemically‐administered agent
Authors: Edward C. , Nick L. , Ghassan A. , Andreas S. , Georges V. 
Published: September 2010

Introduction.  Cancer gene therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been limited by difficulties delivering and monitoring expression of the therapeutic gene in vivo. By utilising a nanoparticle vector complexed with the sodium iodide symporter (responsible for the thyroid gland's ability to concentrate iodide) we demonstrate an agent which can be used to both monitor and treat HNSCC and its metastases.Method.  Polypropylenimine dendrimers (DAB‐16) were complexed with a plasmid encoding the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). The complex was injected intra‐tumorally (IT) or intravenously (IV) into both nude and immune competent mice bearing 1 or more subcutaneous HNSCC. 99mTechnicium was injected intra‐peritoneally and whole‐body SPECT‐CT imaging of the mice was performed. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) of biopsied tumour samples and other organs was used to confirm areas of gene expression.Results.  SPECT‐CT demonstrated cancer specific and selective expression of the NIS gene in all tumours following both IT and IV administration in nude and immune competent mice. The effective transfection of the gene was confirmed by qRT‐PCR of the tumour tissue. The tumour specificity was shown to be due to the nanoparticle vector.Conclusion.  This is the first time that cancer‐specific gene transfer has been reproducibly achieved using a systemically administered agent. This methodology allows the treatment of HNSCC with 131I or other ‘anti‐cancer’ genes, such as p53 whilst allowing in vivo monitoring of gene expression. Metastatic or occult tumours could also be targeted without prior knowledge of their site.
Development of novel radioresistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.
Authors: Murphy J.T. , Beavis A. , Watson M.B. , Cawkwell L. , Stafford N.D. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives.  Oral cancer is the most common head and neck cancer with an estimated 2 75 000 new cases in 2002.1 Currently radiotherapy plays an important role in the management of oral cancer. Rates of radioresistance reported in the literature range from 19–53%.2 This wide range of reported rates of radioresistance stems from variation in the definition of a radioresistant tumour. As all tumours in vivo posses a heterogeneous cell population, samples of tumour tissue taken for analysis cannot be guaranteed to have originated from a radioresistant subpopulation. These, and other factors, cause the discrepancy in resistance rates. This study aimed to address these issues by creating novel radioresistant cell lines.Method.  Two oral cancer cell lines were studied. They were divided into two samples and cultured in identical conditions. Initial dose response curves and survival fractions were calculated for each at the outset of the study. One sample was then exposed to a course of fractionated radiotherapy at 4 Gy increments on a fortnightly basis whilst the other was cultured without exposure. Dose response curves were then constructed for the two daughter samples.Results.  Each daughter cell line was found to survive doses of radiotherapy in excess of their parental counterpart. The LD50 (lethal dose killing 50% of cells) was 5.85 Gy for the daughter cell line and 0.91Gy for the parental cells.Conclusions.  We have created two radioresistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to allow further analysis to be performed on readily available proven radioresistant oral cancer cell lines.References  1 Parkin D.M., Bray F., Ferlay J. et al. (2005) Global Cancer Statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 55, 74–1082 Eckardt A., Barth E.L., Kokemueller H. et al. (2004) Recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck: treatment stratergies and survival analysis in a 20‐year period. Oral Oncology, 40, 427–32
How good is a chest CT scan at predicting the risk of pulmonary metastatic disease in patients with head and neck cancer? A retrospective observational study
Authors: Beech T.J. , Coulson C. , Najran P. , Olliff J. , Jennings C. 
Published: September 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 474–478Objectives:  Our objectives were to assess whether a CT chest, when performed as part of initial staging investigations, is a robust method to identify lung metastases or synchronous primary lung cancers in patients with head and neck squamous cell and whether small nodules are likely to represent metastases in this group of patients.Design:  Retrospective observational study performed between 1994 and 2005.Setting:  Head and neck cancer department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham.Participants:  All patients that were included had a new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and underwent a CT chest as part of their staging investigation.Main outcome measures:  The presence of lung masses on the initial screening CT of the chest as determined by the radiologist’s report. The development of lung metastases or primary bronchogenic carcinoma in any patient.Results:  Two hundred and thirty‐nine patients met the inclusion criteria. 38 (16%) patients had a CT chest report for a lung malignancy (either metastatic or primary bronchogenic), 33 of these 38 (87%) patients actually had a lung malignancy. 32 (13%) patients had a CT chest report for a small nodule, three of these 32 (9%) patients were later diagnosed with a lung malignancy, all at a different site to the nodule. 169 (71%) patients had normal CT chest reports, of these 3 (2%) patients were later diagnosed with a lung malignancy.Conclusions:  The CT chest is a useful screening tool but is not infallible. Small nodules should be taken seriously and monitored, but should not alter the initial decision as to the management of the patient.
The Aspectual Influence of the Noun: (A)telicity, (A)symmetry, Incrementality and Universality
Authors: MacDonald Jonathan E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSinceVerkuyl (1972), we have known that a noun phrase can affect the (a)telicity of the verbal predicate. Since then, there have been both semantic and syntactic accounts of this aspectual influence of the noun (AIN). This raises the question of whether the AIN is best accounted for in semantic or syntactic terms, that is, whether it is more appropriately treated as semantic or syntactic in nature. In this article, I outline a representative range of semantic and syntactic approaches to the AIN with an eye to which of these accounts best handles three related observations: the independence of incrementality and the AIN, an asymmetry in aspectual contribution by count and mass nouns, and the non‐universality of the AIN.
Developments in the Study of Intonational Typology
Authors: Zerbian Sabine 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe paper describes recent developments in the study of intonation as they contribute to the goal of an intonational typology. Although intonation research is a long‐established research field, investigations of cross‐linguistic variation in intonation are more recent. The availability of technological support has advanced the field tremendously, both methodologically and intellectually, facilitating cross‐linguistic comparisons. The practical demand for speech technology applications has further advanced research in the field. Cross‐dialectal variation in intonation promises to continue being a thriving research field in the coming years. The paper discusses why no typology of intonation exists as yet and shows that typologically relevant parameters are being filtered out and delineated by work currently being carried out.
Cities as Net Sources of CO2: Review of Atmospheric CO2 Exchange in Urban Environments Measured by Eddy Covariance Technique
Authors: Velasco Erik , Roth Matthias 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCities are main contributors to the CO2 rise in the atmosphere. It is clear that accurate estimates of the magnitude of anthropogenic and natural urban emissions are needed to assess their influence on the carbon balance. Increasingly the eddy covariance (EC) method is applied in urban environments to quantify CO2 fluxes. The technique has many advantages over other methods. It is a direct measure of the flux that includes all major and minor natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks, is in situ, non‐intrusive, quasi‐continuous and with proper selection of the footprint can represent a large upwind extent similar to the size of a complete urban neighborhood. This article reviews the basic principles and requirements of the EC technique, discusses its application in the urban context and summarizes observations from over 30 EC systems, primarily deployed in mid‐latitude cities. The results show that the urban surface is a net source of CO2, with vehicle exhaust and domestic heating as the major contributors while urban vegetation is not capable to completely offset the anthropogenic emissions. The largest CO2 fluxes have been observed in densely built up locations in city centers, followed by sites within urban core, while the lowest fluxes are found in suburban neighborhoods. The daily net CO2 exchange depicts a strong relationship with vegetation fraction, but not with population density.
Solid Waste Governance1 Innovations: An Appraisal of Recent Developments in the Informal Sector Niche in Urban Nigeria
Authors: Nzeadibe Thaddeus Chidi , Anyadike Raymond N. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRecent research in solid waste governance in Nigeria has paid considerable attention to the activities in the informal sector. Innovations related to social dynamics and entrepreneurship initiatives of the sector have been quite remarkable. Opinions have, however, differed on the real significance of informal sector innovations within the solid waste governance sphere. Applying the viewpoint of social innovation on recent research on the informal waste sector in Nigeria, this study appraises how social inclusion initiatives and sense of participation have driven developments in the sector. The aim is to extend the debate on the desirability of the informal sector niche and its relevance to urban development policy in Nigeria. The study argues that given its observed socially innovative initiatives in solid waste governance, the informal waste sector in Nigeria is deserving of development and policy support. Implications of informal sector solid waste governance for geographic research in Nigeria are also examined.
The effect of level of nutrition on the development of resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep
Authors: Roberts JA , Adams DB 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYMerino wether weaners, 5‐months old at the start of the experiment and fed lucerne‐based pellets at 600 g per head per day, developed resistance to Haemonchus contortus given as a continuous or “trickle” infection at the rate of 500 larvae 3 times per week over a period of 17 weeks. By contrast, the development of resistance was impaired in weaners fed pellets at 400 g per head per day. Low food intake and protein‐energy deprivation, therefore, have a major effect in impairing the development and expression of host‐protective immunity against haemonchosis. The point at which low food intake causes outbreaks of haemonchosis in sheep at pasture is critical in determining procedures for prevention and control of the disease.
Perspectives of young people on depression: awareness, experiences, attitudes and treatment preferences
Authors: Hickie Ian B. , Luscombe Georgina M. , Davenport Tracey A. , Burns Jane M. , Highet Nicole J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim: Ascertaining current knowledge and attitudes towards depression among young people is vital for developing campaigns promoting community awareness and early intervention.Methods: Cross‐sectional computer‐assisted telephone interviews of persons aged 18–90 years were conducted by beyondblue in Australia in 2002 and 2004/05. Items assessed consideration of depression as a major general health or mental health problem, knowledge about prevalence of depression, usual age of onset for depression or anxiety and treatment preferences.Results: The surveys included 2003 and 3200 persons, respectively, with 285 and 400 aged between 18 and 25 years. Depression was not recognized by young persons as a major general health problem (1–2% of responses), but was the most frequently named mental health problem (37–42%). Younger persons were more likely than older persons to see depression as the major mental health problem, placing less emphasis on alcohol and other drug problems. They preferred first to seek help from family or friends (61–65%) and try non‐pharmacological treatments. Although understanding of the helpfulness of several evidence‐based treatments was good, many younger respondents still considered non‐evidence‐based treatments to be helpful. A quarter of subjects believed antidepressant medications were harmful and that alcohol use may be helpful.Conclusions: Although knowledge about depression was good, young people do not recognize depression as a major general health problem and remain reluctant to use professional services. These attitudes represent significant barriers to seeking treatment early in the course of common mental health problems.
The promise of early intervention
Authors: Addington Jean 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe focus of this review is the research and clinical work in early psychosis and early intervention which over the past 10–15 years has had a tremendous impact on the field of schizophrenia. Unparalleled progress has been made in programme and service development with a wide range of reported research results, outcome studies, treatment approaches and new initiatives. Traditional areas are being explored in the first episode that can add to our knowledge of schizophrenia. New areas that have a specific relevance for early intervention such as the duration of untreated psychosis and pathways to care are being widely studied. Despite the criticism of the lack of randomized controlled trials, there is a wealth of positive outcome from both effectiveness studies and limited controlled trials. However, there are still many unanswered issues which are in developing stages or which require further investigation.
What are the effects of providing evidence‐based information on eating disorders and their treatments? A randomized controlled trial in a symptomatic community sample
Authors: Hay Phillipa , Mond Jonathan , Paxton Susan , Rodgers Bryan , Darby Anita , Owen Cathy 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim: We hypothesize that a reason for the infrequent uptake of treatments by people with eating disorders is poor knowledge about treatments and outcomes for eating disorders (ED‐Mental Health Literacy; ED‐MHL). Our aim was to test putative health benefits of a brief ED‐MHL intervention.Methods: In a community‐based two‐phase survey, 122 young women (mean age 28.5 SD 6.3 years) with ED symptoms meeting DSM‐IV criteria for clinical severity were randomized to receive either a brief ED‐MHL intervention (comprising information about efficacious treatments, reputable self‐help books and where to go for further information and/or services) or information about local mental health services only. All were given feedback on their scores on measures of ED symptoms and quality of life. ED‐MHL, ED symptoms and health‐related quality of life were assessed prior to the intervention and at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up.Results: One hundred and two participants (84%) completed follow‐up at 12 months. Symptomatic improvement and changes in specific aspects of ED‐MHL, namely, less pessimism about how difficult EDs are to treat and improved recognition and knowledge, as well as increased help seeking, were observed in both groups. Differences between groups were uncommon but compared with control participants, those in the intervention group had improved health‐related quality of life.Conclusions: A brief community‐based intervention aimed to improve knowledge and beliefs about EDs and their treatments may be a valuable first step in improving health‐related outcomes for people with ED, but more research is needed.
Effects on referral patterns of reducing intensive informational campaigns about first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Joa Inge , Johannessen Jan Olav , Auestad Bjørn , Friis Svein , Opjordsmoen Stein , Simonsen Erik , Vaglum Per , McGlashan Thomas , Larsen Tor K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim: The primary aim of this study was to assess referral patterns and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) following the partial dismantling of intensive, information campaigns (IC) to help detect first‐episode, non‐affective psychosis via early detection teams in the TIPS study.Methods: We compared referral patterns of potential cases from the same geographical region (Rogaland County, Norway) referred to low‐threshold, rapid‐response detection teams at three timepoints: early‐IC period (1997–1998), late‐IC period (1999–2000) and the no‐IC period (2002–2003).Results: A significant increase occurred in the total number of phone calls, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)‐interviews and referrals from families from the early‐to the late‐IC period. A comparison of the late‐IC period versus no‐IC period showed a significant decrease in the number of PANSS‐interviews administered, as well as fewer cases referred to the assessment teams. Additionally, a significant decline occurred in the number of referrals from general physicians, whereas the number of direct referrals to the hospital units increased. The DUP increased from a median of 5 to 14 weeks.Conclusion: External referrals to easy access detection teams occurred more frequently when IC were intensive, especially referrals from families and general practitioners. A shorter DUP was observed in the IC period, suggesting the importance of IC in augmenting the effectiveness of detection teams in identifying first‐episode psychosis early in the course of illness.
Deep Tectonophysical Process of the Uplift of the Northern Qinghai—Tibet Plateau
Authors: Zhiqin Xu , Mei Jiang , Jingsui Yang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe tectonic activities occurring since the Cenozoic in the northern part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (the region from the East Kunlun Mountains to the Tanggula Mountains) were probably caused by the intense intraplate deformation propagation after the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. Their main expressions include the substantial uplifting of the plateau, alternation of horizontal extension and compression under the vertical greatest principal stress α1, occurrence of rift–type volcanic activity, formation of the basin–range system, and successive eastward extrusion of blocks resulting from large–scale strike–slip faulting. Geophysical exploration and experiments have revealed that there exist closely alternating horizontal high–velocity and low–velocity layers as well as lithospheric faults of a left–lateral strike–slip sense in the lower part of the lithosphere (the lower crust and lithospheric mantle, 60–120 km deep), Based on an integrated study of the geological–geophysical data available, the authors have proposed a model of deep–seated mantle diapir and the associated tectonophysical process as the dynamic source for the uplift of the northern part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.
The Origin of the Early Proterozoic Kuandian Complex: Evidence from Geochemistry
Authors: Lifei Zhang , Min Sun , Jiahong Wu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Kuandian Complex is scarcely preserved Early Proterozoic volcanic suite, formed 2.3–2.4 Ga ago. It is located in an Early Proterozoic mobile belt bounded by the Archaean Rangrim and Ryonggang Blocks of the northeastern Sino–Korean Cratoa The Complex is mainly made up of amphibolites, gneisses, leucoleptite, leptite and layered granite. Petrological and geochemical studies show that the protoliths of the Complex are mainly associations of bimodal volcanics and anorogenic granites. The Kuandian amphibolites are depleted in Nb, Ta, P and Ti, and enriched in LILE, e.g. K, Rb and Cs, with pronounced depletion of Sr relative to Nd and Pb; La/Nb ratios are higher than 1 (1.75 to 5.18). The trace element patterns of the amphibolites are similar to continental flood basalts formed by the Gondwana break–up, such as those in South Karoo and Tasmania, which shows continental contamination. Nd values ranging from 0.70 to 1.94 of the Kuandian amphibolites and the relationships between Nb/Yb and La/Yb suggest that contamination of basaltic magma happened in the mantle, rather than along the conduit. Isotope ratios of 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/204Pb, 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr indicate that the magma was derived from a contaminated mantle source like DMM or a mixture of DMM and EM2. The Kuandian Complex has Dupal anomaly, as is the case with some continental basalts in the south hemisphere, e.g. in South Karoo and Tasmania. Petrochemical modelling proposes that the Kuandian gneiss, granite, and amphibolite came from the same parental magma, being products of strong fractional crystallization. Protoliths of the Kuandian Complex were formed in extensional tectonic setting during the transition from continental crust to oceanic crust. The formation of the Kuandian Complex indicates that 2.3 or 2.4 Ga ago tectonic evolution of the Sino–Korean craton was different from that of other well–studied Precambrian cratons, e.g. the North American shield, European platform and Australian continent in that strong volcanic eruption resulted in its accretioa Besides, the contaminated magma source with a Dupal anomaly for the Complex indicates that crust–mantle convection whose scale was similar to that of the present plate tectonics had occurred at least before the formation of the Kuandian Complex (2.3–2.4 Ga B.P.).
The Background Features and Formation of Chemical Elements of Groundwater in the Region of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Zhaohua Zeng 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe paper deals with the background features, formation and distribution of the chemical elements K, Na, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, V, Co, Ti, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, Cd, Be, Li, Sr, B, F, Cl, Br and I in the groundwater in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and their relations to the composition of the water–bearing media, properties of the overlying rocks and soils, redox environment, and groundwater flow condition, mineralization and pH of groundwater.
Mineralization Ages of the Jiapigou Gold Deposits, Jilin
Authors: Junjian Li , Baofeng Shen , Debao Mao , Shuangbao Li , Huifang Zhou , Yuming Cheng 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Jiapigou gold deposits are typical vein type deposits associated with Archaean greenstone belts in China. According to the crosscutting relationships between dykes and auriferous veins, single hydrothermal zircon U–Pb dating and quartz K–Ar, 40Ar–39Ar and Rb—Sr datings, the main mineralization stage of the Jiapigou deposit has been determined to be 2469–2475 Ma, while mineralization superimposition on the gold deposit occurred in 1800–2000 Ma and 130–272 Ma. They form a mineralization framework of one older metallogenic epoch (Late Archaean–Early Proterozoic) and one younger metallogenic epoch (Mesozoic) of gold deposits in Archaean greenstone belts in China.