bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigration History and Whiteness Studies: American and Australian Approaches Compared
Authors: Shiells Georgia 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe emergence of whiteness studies as a discrete field of academic enquiry has had important implications across a range of fields, including history. In particular, insights drawn from whiteness studies can be fruitfully applied to the study of immigration history. American scholars have shown that, in their country, whiteness was a crucial marker used in order to exclude certain immigrant groups and the white status of immigrants was tenuous and conditional. In Australia, historians across a range of fields have embraced whiteness studies. And yet, historical studies of the shifting racial status of continental European immigrants – particularly those from Southern and Eastern Europe, whose whiteness was most frequently questioned – have been fewer in number and less extensive than American studies. This article considers that North American and Australian scholarly work which examines the role of whiteness in the historical experience of continental European immigrants during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It suggests that whiteness studies can offer Australian immigration history a useful frame for historical analysis; however, Australian work will inevitably reflect different preoccupations to that of American scholars, and some caution should be exercised in importing American approaches wholesale.
Merovingian Immunity Revisited
Authors: Murray Alexander Callander 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough advances have been made in the study of Merovingian immunity in the last decade and a half, old misconceptions about the history and character of immunity still persist and new ones have been introduced. This article lays out in question form many of the principal issues raised by the new (and old) research and provides brief answers designed to help readers situate immunity within the historiography of Frankish Gaul in the Merovingian period.
Self–smoothing Cellulosic Fabrics*
Authors: MARSH J. T. 
Published: August 2010

I The original invention of crease–resisting textiles took place just before the formulation of the chemical constitution and molecular structure of cellulose, but subsequent developments have taken place side by side.The conception of chain–molecules in varying degrees of lateral order is now generally accepted, but there are dangers of oversimplifying the picture of a network structure as solely comprising the crystallites and amorphous regions; insufficient attention is pa, id to the probable existence of a loose network having occasional junction points within the amorphous regions, as in the general theory of gel structures.These junction points may be increased in number and variety to form a: new network which is sufficiently entangled to impart properties of technical and commercial value.In the technology of the various processes, the relative proportions of the different types of cellulose, their accessibility and reactivity, are all important and may be controlled to some extent; sensitivity to degradation and embrittlement are also influenced.II– Of the large number of new effects which may be obtained by suitable entanglements of the molecular chains of cellulose, the most outstanding are associated with crease–recovery, both wet and dry.These and other properties may be stabilised and made durable through the use of certain chemical compounds such as thermosetting resins (phenol–formaldehyde, urea–formaldehyde, or melainine–formaldehyde), reaetant resins (bifunctional derivatives of imidazolidones and triazones), and linear reactants (formaldehyde, butanedioldiurethane. opoxy compounds, and glycols).III– Self–smoothing fabrics of cotton and ra. you require different amounts of reagent for a similar result, but the quantities are almost equal when calculated on the amorphous contents of the fibres.There is some agreement between the anomalous behaviour of cotton and rayon on drying and on addition of the self–smoothing finish; in both cases the effects may be attributed to molecular entanglements, the disruption of which causes a return to the original properties.With conventional chemical treatments the reticula, tiori is accompanied by resin–formed bonds, heat–formed hydrogen bonds, and the usual hydrogen bonds; thus there is a network within a network, giving increased elastic recovery but also increased, rigidity.The mechanical properties of the treated fibres may be influenced by the amount of accessible cellulose and hence by the relative number of heat–formed hydrogen bonds; the latter may be broken after treatment by a form of caustic conditioning or mercerising, but they may be prevented from forming when the curing stage occurs in steam. Many of the characteristics of the final product may be due to the proportions of normal hydrogen bonds, heat–formed hydrogen bonds, and cellulose–resin–cellulose bonds.
pH and Its Importance in Textile Coloration
Authors: Dawson T. L. 
Published: August 2010

The use of the pH scale is commonplace throughout the textile processing industry. This paper outlines a simplified theoretical basis for the system and how pH calculations can be made in any neutralisation system (including buffer mixtures) involving weak or strong acids and bases. Methods of measuring and con trolling pH both in the laboratory and in bulk scale processing are described.The influence and relative importance of the need for control of dye–liquor pH conditions is illustrated principally for reactive dyes on cellulosic and reactive and acid dyes on polyamide fibres – i. e., those fibres where the pH greatly influences the uptake of dye. Fibres (polyester and acrylics), where the pH more particularly influences the chemical stability of the dyes in the dyebath rather than the rate of dyeing, are also discussed. Factors affecting the stability of the finished dyeings to various conditions of acidity or alkalinity are described.
Pilot study using doxycycline‐releasing stents to ameliorate postoperative healing quality after sinus surgery
Authors: Huvenne Wouter , Zhang Nan , Tijsma Edze , Hissong Britt , Huurdeman Judtih , Holtappels Gabriele , Claeys Sofie , Van Cauwenberge Paul , Nelis Hans , Coenye Tom , Bachert Claus 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPoor postoperative healing after sinus surgery is associated with high concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9). The frontal recess is especially vulnerable to restenosis, and frontal sinus stents have been used to overcome this problem. However, the long‐term success rate is still controversial and may be poor. In this perspective, we developed doxycycline (DC)‐releasing stents, delivering the MMP‐9 synthesis‐suppressing agent locally to the frontal recess area. We evaluated postoperative MMP‐9 levels, bacterial colonization, healing quality, and symptom scores in patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP) (n=10) who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery during which the DC‐releasing and placebo stents were placed. We found that MMP‐9 concentrations were significantly lower at the side of the DC‐releasing stent (3,414±582 ng/mL) compared with the contralateral placebo stent (9,172±2,564 ng/mL) (p<0.05) at month 3 postsurgery. DC stents adequately suppressed bacterial growth compared with placebo stents. Furthermore, the visual analog scale (VAS) for the frontal region was significantly better (mean value 75.1 vs. 52.8, p<0.001) compared with its placebo counterpart. We conclude that compared with placebo stents, DC‐releasing stents significantly lowered MMP‐9 concentrations and bacterial colonization locally, and improved postoperative healing quality after functional endoscopic sinus surgery, as demonstrated by visual analog scale and ostial closure.
Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia attributed to maternal immunoglobulin G antibodies against the neutrophil alloantigen HNA‐1c (SH): a report of five cases
Authors: Curtis Brian R. , Reno Corey , Aster Richard H. 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia (NAN) occurs when maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies enter fetal circulation and destroy neonatal neutrophils. Whether antibodies specific for the neutrophil antigen HNA‐1c (SH) can cause NAN is uncertain, because in three of four reported cases, other neutrophil‐specific antibodies were present. In this report, we describe five cases of NAN, in which only anti‐HNA‐1c was detected in maternal serum.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: HNA‐1c antibodies were detected with flow cytometry immunofluorescence (FCI) and the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) immobilization of granulocyte antigens (MAIGA) assay. Genotyping for HNA‐1c was performed by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA.RESULTS: All five maternal serum samples contained IgG antibodies with specificity for HNA‐1c detected in both FCI and MAIGA assay. Of CD16‐specific MoAbs evaluated, only MBC238.7 was optimal for detection of antibody by MAIGA assay. Recombinant human granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (rHuG‐CSF) was effective in raising neutrophil counts in the two infants treated in this manner.CONCLUSION: Severe NAN can be caused by maternal antibodies specific for HNA‐1c (SH) alone. Use of an appropriate MoAb is critical for detection of anti‐HNA‐1c by MAIGA assay. rHuG‐CSF is an effective therapy in infants with NAN caused by anti‐HNA‐1c.
Identification of 12 novel RHD alleles in western France by denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis
Authors: Le Maréchal Cédric , Guerry Christine , Benech Caroline , Burlot Laetitia , Cavelier Brigitte , Porra Valérie , Delamaire Maryvonne , Férec Claude , Chen Jian‐Min 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Unlike the standard RHD+ or RHD– alleles, serologic determination of weak or partial D alleles is often not clear‐cut. Most importantly, rare weak D alleles, not typed by serology, are prone to alloimmunization when transfused with D+ blood. Although more than 100 RHD variants have currently been reported, many more rare alleles probably remain to be identified.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To identify novel unusual RHD alleles, genomic DNA samples were collected from 333 blood donors or recipients in western France. All displayed ambiguity for D phenotype as determined by routinely used serologic reagents and analyzed by means of denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) analysis in parallel with direct sequencing.RESULTS: For the first time it has been established that a reliable DHPLC‐based approach potentiates the rapid screening of the entire RHD gene–coding sequence. In so doing, a total of 12 novel RHD alleles were identified. Except for the null allele that is in trans with a Weak D type 4 allele, the predicted effects of the other new alleles on gene expression correlated well with the discrepant routine D phenotype results. In particular, the carrier of the p.Leu214Phe missense mutation developed alloanti‐D antibodies after transfusion of D+ blood.CONCLUSION: The identification of 12 novel RHD alleles represents a significant addition to the known repertoire of unusual RHD variants and, at the same time, serves to deepen our understanding of the molecular basis of weak and partial D. The accurate molecular typing of RHD alleles would allow to reduce the alloimmunization risk.
Prediction of Survival in Adults with Acquired Bi‐ or Pancytopenia
Authors: Clemmesen L. , Hansen M. Mørk , Videbæk Aa. , Thiede T. , Mortensen L. 
Published: August 2010

In a retrospective study of 44 adults with acquired bi‐ or pancytopenia without evidence of any causal disorder, the survival curve suggested the existence of a subgroup of short survivors, mainly with aplastic anaemia, with death within 4 months.The initial values of 14 single clinical, blood and bone marrow variables were significantly associated with survival < 4 months. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses identified 2 combinations of variables displaying significant simultaneous associations with short survival: (i) increased % of non‐myeloid bone marrow cells and haemorrhagic manifestations initially; (ii) increased % of non‐myeloid marrow cells, circulating erythroblasts and no history of any drug exposure.The predictive capacities of a resulting estimate of the probability of short survival and of previously introduced prognostic indices were approximately equal. The frequency of a correct prediction of a survival shorter than 4 months was in the range of 0.71–0.78 and that of longer survival in the range of 0.74–0.94.
Haemolytic effect of the enzyme system acetylcholine erythrocyte‐cholinesterase.
Authors: Torp H. E. 
Published: August 2010

The enzyme ‘true’ cholinesterase is connected to the membrane of the erythrocytes and reacts selectively on acetylcholine. There is no evidence to suggest that this substrate is present in the erythrocytes, but acetylcholine is found in the spleen without the existence of true cholinesterase. Erythrocytes remain in the sinus of the spleen for several hours. Perhaps the cholinesterase connected to erythrocytes could be the enzyme for the acetylcholine in the spleen and possibly the enzyme system could have an effect on the erythrocytes during prolonged residence in the spleen.In the course of in vitro experiments it has been illustrated that acetylcholine in an environment of erythrocytes can develop haemolysis and that it is acetic acid released during the enzymatic reaction that has the haemolytic effect.The question is posed whether the increased H+‐ion activity, which has been established relating to erythrocytes from the spleen, can be connected with the enzyme system acetylcholine‐cholinesterase.
Osteoclast activation in inflammatory periodontal diseases
Authors: Wiebe SH , Hafezi M , Sandhu HS , Sims SM , Dixon SJ 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we review the mechanisms thought to be involved in the activation of osteoclasts in periodontitis.SUMMARY Osteoclasts are regulated by both microbial and host factors. Some factors act directly on cells of the osteoclast lineage, whereas others act indirectly through other cell types in the bone environment. The pro‐inflammatory cytokines (interleukins I and 6, tumor necrosis factors) have been implicated in the stimulation of osteoclastic resorption. The roles of the immunoregul‐atory cytokines (interleukins 2 and 4, interferon γ) are less clear, but decreased levels of these factors may contribute to periodontitis. A number of lipid mediators may be involved in stimulation of bone resorption. These include bacterial lipopolysaccharide and host‐derived platelet‐activating factor and prostaglandins. More recently, reactive oxygen intermediates and extracellular nucleo‐tides, both present at sites of inflammation, have been investigated as possible modulators of osteoclast activity. The potential use of antiresorptive therapies in periodontitis is reviewed.CONCLUSIONS: A wide range of host and bacterial factors contribute to the loss of alveolar bone in periodontitis. However, much remains to be understood about the complex mechanisms through which these factors regulate osteoclast activity. Further studies at the cellular and molecular level will lead to a better understanding of these processes and perhaps suggest new approaches for periodontal therapy.
Palatal changes associated with reverse smoking in Filipino women
Authors: Ortiz GM , Pierce AM , Wilson DF 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To determine baseline data for the presence or absence of reverse‐smoking and conventional smoking associated oral palatal mucosal changes in women.DESIGN: A cross‐sectional evaluation of the clinical and cytological changes associated with the condition. SETTING: Nine rural barangays in Cabanatuan City, Philippines.SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety‐one volunteer women smokers (61 reverse and 30 conventional) were examined clinically and photographically. Smears were also taken from three areas of the palate to investigate the cytology of palatal mucosal epithelium.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Variations in colour, texture and topography of the palatal mucosa; determination of epithelial cell characteristics and inflammatory cell populations present in the lesions.RESULTS: Clinical findings showed that subjects could be grouped into three categories: Group A subjects showed pigmentation and some erythema only; Group B subjects included those with ulceration, marked erythema and non‐descript mucosal roughening; Group C subjects (comprising the majority of reverse smokers) exhibited various combinations of leukoplakia, fissuring, thickening and pigmentation of the palatal mucosa. Additional features, including nodularity, erythema, prominence and reddening of minor salivary gland duct openings were also occasionally observed in this group. Cytologic analysis revealed that, within each smoking group, there was a significant site‐dependent difference in the predominant epithelial cell type present.CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the first systematic description of reverse smoking associated palatal mucosal changes in Filipino women. It also provides a basis for a classification of the palatal mucosal changes among reverse smokers.
Matrix metalloproteinases‐I, ‐3 and ‐8 and myeloperoxidase in saliva of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Mellanen L , Ingman T , Lähdevirta J , Lauhio A , Ainamo A , Konttinen YT , Sukura A , Salo T , Sorsa T 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐sero‐positive patients have frequently severe gingival inflammation andlor attachment loss. In addition many infectious diseases affect their periodontium with varying clinical manifestations. Matrix metalloproteinases seem to play a key role in physiological periodontal remodelling and pathological tissue destruction, The aim of the present study was to characterize the presence, molecular forms, cellular sources, activities, and relative amounts of fibroblast‐type (matrix metalloproteinase [MMPJ‐I) and neutrophil (MMP‐8) collagenases, as well as their potential activator stromelysin‐I (MMP‐3) and myeloperoxidase in saliva of HIV‐seropositive patients at different phases of HIV‐infection. HIV‐seronegative, healthy, age‐matched patients served as controls.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Saliva samples were characterized by Western blotting using antibodies specific for MMP‐I, MMP‐3 and MMP‐8. Interstitial collagenase activities were measured using quantitative sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/laser densitometry assay. Myeloperoxidase was analysed using quantitative dot blotting. RESULTS: Clinical and microbiological evaluation of HIV‐seropositive patients' periodontium showed the presence of putative periodontopathogens ie Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Ao), Porphyromonos gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Peptostreptococcus micros (Psm) and Campylobacter rectus (Cr) in their periodontal pockets. The amount of Candida increased with the severity of HIV‐infection. Clinical and microbiological findings of HIV‐seropositive patients suggested that they have a tendency to develop periodontal disease. Interstitial collagenase activities were found to be increased in saliva of different phases of HIV‐infected patients compared to the controls. Independent of the phase of HIV‐
Dental students' knowledge and compliance in cross infection control procedures at a UK dental hospital
Authors: Ogden GR , Bahrami M. , Sivarajasingam V. , Phillips G. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and clinical practice of dental students in infection control procedures at a UK dental hospital.DESIGN: A questionnaire concerning various aspects of infection control was completed by all clinical dental students under examination conditions. Their actual clinical practice was later observed and certain aspects recorded.SETTING: A UK dental hospital.SUBJECTS: One hundred and eleven dental students from three clinical years completed the questionnaire. Clinical practice for all 3 years was observed in a total of 280 treatment events.METHODS: The questionnaire was marked by two of the authors and observations recorded by another author. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Degree of compliance with recognised policy for infection control.RESULTS: Knowledge of infection control procedures was variable particularly concerning duties usually undertaken by the dental nurse. The suggested high compliance with masks and eye protection was not always apparent in clinical practice, although virtually all students washed their hands prior to donning gloves, which were worn by all students.CONCLUSION: There can be marked differences between what students say they would do and what they actually do in clinical practice. The topic of infection control requires a pro‐active approach throughout the course, since results for the final year were not significantly different from the other clinical yearS. Ways of improving compliance are discussed.
Role for the S‐layer of Campylobacter rectus ATCC33238 in complement mediated killing and phagocytic killing by leukocytes from guinea pig and human peripheral blood
Authors: Okuda K. , Kigure T. , Yamada S. , Kaneko T. , Ishihara K. , Miura T. , Kato T. , Takazoe I. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The role of the S‐layer of Campylobacter rectus ATCC 33238 in complement‐mediated killing and interaction with leukocytes of the intraperitoneal cavity from guinea pigs and human peripheral blood was studied in vitro.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rabbit polyclonal anti‐serum to whole C.rectus cells, a monoclonal antibody which recognizes 150KDa S‐layer protein antigen and a monoclonal antibody against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were prepared. Sensitivities of C.rectus cells against complement mediated killing and phagocytic killing by peritoneal leukocytes of guinea pig and human peripheral leukocytes were examined in the presence or absence of a specific antibody.RESULTS: C.rectus ATCC 33238 cells were moderately sensitive to complement mediated killing in the presence of rabbit polyclonal antibody against whole cells, and slightly sensitive in the presence of monoclonal antibody against S‐layer. Ingestion and phagocytic killing of C.rec‐tus cells by leukocytes were enhanced by the rabbit anti‐serum and monoclonal antibody against S‐layer, but not by the monoclonal antibody against LPS, pre‐immune rabbit serum or control asciteS. Viability of leukocytes was dependent on the number of ingested C.rectus cellS. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that S‐layer possessing C.rectus cells are resistant to complement mediated killing and phagocytic killing by leukocytes in the absence of specific antibody.
Potentially malignant epithelial oral lesions: discrepancies between clinical and histological diagnosis
Authors: Onofre MA , Sposto MR , Navarro CM , Motta MESFM , Turatti E. , Almeida RT 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the discrepancy index between the clinical and histological diagnosis and the prevalence of epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in 45 patients with potentially malignant epithelial oral lesions (PMEL).PATIENTS AND METHODS: We submitted 45 patients with PMEL to clinical examination and obtained a biopsy from each. The results of histological diagnosis were compared to the clinical diagnosis.RESULTS: Clinical diagnosis showed that the most common PMEL was leukoplakia followed by lichen planus and by actinic cheilitis associated with leukoplakia. The most common site was the buccal mucosa. Histological diagnosis revealed that 46.7% of the PMEL were lichen planus. The discrepancy index between clinical and histological diagnosis was 24.4%. The higher discrepancy index occurred among leukoplakias. The prevalence of epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma was 17.8%.CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that all PMEL should be submitted to a microscopic analysis because the discrepancy between clinical and histological diagnosis was present in a quarter of these lesionS. Otherwise, the epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma were more frequent in the leukoplakias.