bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of subthalamic deep brain stimulation versus levodopa on motor perseverations in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Herzog Jan , Möller Bettina , Witt Karsten , Pinsker Marcus O. , Deuschl Günther , Volkmann Jens 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPatients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show impairment in generating random motor sequences reflecting a higher order motor deficit in set‐shifting and suppression of perseverative behavior. The impact of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) on motor perseverations has not yet been elucidated. In 35 patients with PD, we evaluated the effect of STN‐DBS and levodopa on motor perseverations using the Vienna perseveration task. The task was performed 6 months after implantation of stimulation electrodes in the following three conditions: Stimulation off/medication off (Stim OFF/Med OFF), Stim ON/Med OFF, and Stim OFF/Med ON. Perseverations were measured by redundancy of second order (R2) with higher values indicating more severe perseverations. ANCOVA analysis revealed that influence of STN‐DBS on R2 significantly depended on R2 severity during Stim OFF/Med OFF (F = 4.69, P = 0.035). Accordingly, we classified patients with PD into two groups based on the R2 value during off treatment. In patients with mild perseveration (R2 < 35) neither STN‐DBS nor levodopa changed perseverations. By contrast, in patients with severe perseveration (R2 > 35), STN‐DBS significantly reduced R2 by 9.7 ± 2.6 (P < 0.001) whereas levodopa had no impact (R2 reduction 3.7 ± 1.6, P = 0.081). This demonstrates that STN‐DBS, by reducing motor perseveration, influences higher order aspects of motor behavior of patients with PD. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Force variability during isometric biceps contraction in children with secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy
Authors: Chu Way Tong Virginia , Sanger Terence D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChildren with secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy (CP) often exhibit excess variability in their movements. To investigate the relationship between excess variability and single‐joint control in these children, we compared their force variations during single‐joint isometric tasks to age‐matched controls. Subjects performed isometric biceps contractions at six target force levels scaled to their maximum voluntary contraction. Similar studies in healthy adults have shown that movement variability exhibits characteristics of signal‐dependent noise (SDN). We look for the first time at whether variability in single‐joint force contractions in healthy children and children with CP exhibit similar characteristics of SDN. Results showed that compared to controls, patients exhibited increased variability (standard deviation about the mean), increased force error bias (difference between the mean and target), and increased dependence of force error bias on target force level. Signal‐dependence of the noise was significant only in healthy subjects due to the higher overall variability in the patients. A control experiment using filtered visual feedback confirmed that overcorrection for perceived error was not the cause of the observed variability. These results contribute to a better understanding of movement variability in childhood dystonia and have potential use in therapeutic interventions designed to increase force production reliability. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Upper limb nerve injuries in developmental age
Authors: Senes Filippo M. , Campus Riccardo , Becchetti Flavio , Catena Nunzio 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOur series includes 105 children with peripheral nerve injuries of the upper limb due to trauma. The aim of this study is to validate our therapeutic approach to peripheral nerve injuries of the upper limb in children and to identify the suitable waiting time before surgical exploration. Case series examination included evaluation of (1) type of lesion; (2) topographical site of nerve injury; (3) motor and sensory outcome; (4) recovery time; (5) results after surgery. Open injuries (Sunderland V) received immediate treatment with direct suturing or nerve grafts or biological tubules in case of loss of nerve substance. After closed nerve injury, a waiting period of variable duration should precede surgery. Most of the cases had peripheral nerve injuries associated to fracture and cutting lesions followed by injuries due to other causes. Open or closed injuries of the median and radial nerves had a generally favorable prognosis, whereas ulnar nerve injuries (both isolated and associated) had a poor prognosis. Stable skeletal fixation is essential in fractures at risk of nerve involvement. During nerve exploration, secondary surgery interventions were never associated. In the absence of adequate clinical and instrumental response, the authors suggest to resort to nerve surgery at 6 months from injury to accelerate recovery time. Secondary surgery should be delayed as patient's recovery time can be very long. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Maternal plasma inhibin A at 11–13 weeks of gestation in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Authors: Akolekar Ranjit , Minekawa Ryoko , Veduta Alina , Romero Ximena C. , Nicolaides Kypros H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the potential value of maternal plasma inhibin A in first‐trimester screening for preeclampsia (PE).MethodThe concentration of inhibin A at 11–13 weeks was measured in samples from 121 pregnancies that developed PE, 87 cases of gestational hypertension (GH) and 208 normal controls. The distributions of inhibin A multiple of median (MoM) in the control and hypertensive groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to derive algorithms for the prediction of hypertensive disorders.ResultsThe maternal plasma inhibin A MoM was significantly higher in the early and late PE groups (1.55 MoM and 1.24 MoM, respectively; p < 0.0083), compared to the controls (0.98 MoM), but not in GH. Significant contributions for the prediction of PE were provided by maternal factors, plasma inhibin A and uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) and with combined screening the detection rates for early and late PE were 88% and 42%, respectively, for a false positive rate of 10%.ConclusionThe proposed combined screening test could be used to identify women at high risk for PE and intensive monitoring in such patients would lead to earlier identification of the disease which could potentially improve pregnancy outcome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid identification of gallotannins from Chinese galls by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Fan , Cai Yi‐Zhong , Xing Jie , Ke Jinxia , Zhan Zhaoqi , Corke Harold 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChinese gall, a conventional traditional Chinese medicine, contains high levels of gallotannins. A rapid method for direct analysis of the gallotannins without using any troublesome sample pretreatments was developed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry (MALDI‐QIT‐TOF MS) to successfully identify the gallotannin components in the crude extract of Chinese galls within several minutes. The high quality of the MS and MS2 spectra acquired clearly showed that hydrolysable tannins in Chinese galls were identified as a series of the gallotannins with degrees of polymerization (DP) of 4–11 galloyl units. The MS2 data indicated that the identified gallotannins with DP of 4–7 galloyl units had clear fragmentation with loss of 1–5 galloyl units which were further deprived of 1–3 water moieties. This technique may be used for rapid evaluation and screening of hydrolysable tannins in medicinal plants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of biotin‐tagged chemical cross‐linkers and their applications for mass spectrometry
Authors: Kang Sebyung , Mou Liyuan , Lanman Jason , Velu Sadanandan , Brouillette Wayne J. , Prevelige Peter E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChemical cross‐linking combined with mass spectrometry (MS) has been used to elucidate protein structures and protein‐protein interactions. However, heterogeneity of the samples and the relatively low abundance of cross‐linked peptides make this approach challenging. As an effort to overcome this hurdle, we have synthesized lysine‐reactive homobifunctional cross‐linkers with the biotin in the middle of the linker and used them to enrich cross‐linked peptides. The reaction of biotin‐tagged cross‐linkers with purified HIV‐1 CA resulted in the formation of hanging and intramolecular cross‐links. The peptides modified with biotinylated cross‐linkers were effectively enriched and recovered using a streptavidin‐coated plate and MS‐friendly buffers. The enrichment of modified peptides and removal of the dominantly unmodified peptides simplify mass spectra and their analyses. The combination of the high mass accuracy of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) MS and the tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) capability of the linear ion trap allows us to unambiguously identify the cross‐linking sites and additional modification, such as oxidation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal Melting of Shales
Authors: Wyllie P. J. , Tuttle O. F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPT curves for the beginning of melting of five analysed shales in the presence of water vapour under pressure are 20° C. to 40° C. higher than the corresponding curve for granite. About 150° C. above the beginning of melting, the shales are half-melted; this is higher than the liquidus curve of most granites. Refractive indices of the quenched liquids (1·495–1·505) indicate a granitic or granodioritic composition. Quartz, cordierite, mullite, hypersthene, anorthite, etc., are developed in the partially fused shales. Partial fusion of shales by a granitic magma, even if superheated, would produce a liquid no more basic than granodiorite. The chemical characteristics of the shales are compared with average igneous rocks, and there appears to be no possibility that fusion of shales could produce a basaltic magma. Complete fusion would produce a melt with composition distinct from normal igneous magmas.
Petrographic Sub-provinces in the Tertiary to Recent Volcanics of Kenya
Authors: Wright J. B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThree sub-provinces are recognized in the volcanics of the southern half of Kenya as follows:—(a) the Miocene phonolite sub-province, (b) the Mount Kenya phonolite/basanite sub-province, and (c) the Rift Valley trachyte/olivine basalt sub-province. Mela-nephelinitic lavas in the two phonolitic sub-provinces are shown to differ significantly in mineralogy, chemistry, and associated volcanics. The type of volcanic association likely to be related to carbonatite occurrences is briefly discussed.Areas of exposed Miocene phonolite and Plio-Pleistocene trachyte are much greater than those of associated basic lavas, while intermediate types are almost lacking. Calculations show that assimilation of gneissic basement rocks by basanite (or olivine mela-nephelinite) and by olivine basalt may contribute to the development of phonolite and trachyte respectively. Available supporting evidence is discussed, both from Kenya and from similar volcanic provinces elsewhere. The additional amount of salic derivatives “which can be produced in this way is small, however, relative to the volume of basic parent involved.
Sedimentary structures and palaeocurrents of the Siwaliks exposed between the Yamuna and Gola Rivers, U.P. (India)
Authors: Parkash B. , Bajpai I. P. , Saxena H. P. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe present paper deals with sedimentary structures and palaeocurrents of the Siwaliks exposed between the Yamuna and Gola rivers, U.P., India. Typical sedimentary structures observed in the Lower and Middle Siwalik formations are: cross-bedding, rib-and-furrow structure, parting lineation, plane-laminations and worm burrows. Also the Lower and Middle Siwaliks exhibit a typical, cyclic development of sedimentary bed forms and structures characteristic of flood plain deposits. A study of cross-bedding foreset azimuths indicates south-westerly and southerly paleocurrent directions for the Lower and Middle Siwaliks respectively. Distributions of pebble orientations from the Upper Siwalik have significant preferred orientations along both N–S and E–W directions.
Trace elements and tectonic relationships of basaltic rocks in the Ballantrae igneous complex, Ayrshire
Authors: Wilkinson J. M. , Cann J. R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryIn order to obtain further evidence for the tectonic environment of generation of the basaltic rocks of the Ballantrae igneous complex, specimens of pillow lavas, dolerites, glaucophane schists and amphibolites were analysed for Ti, Zr, Y and Nb. Using Ti–Zr–Y, Ti–Zr and Y/Nb diagrams, three different genetic groups have been distinguished – (i) hot-spot basalts round Downan Point, round Bennane Head as far N as Balcreuchan Port, and also within serpentinite around Lendalfoot, (ii) island arc low-potassium tholeiites between Balcreuchan Port and Gamesloup, and (iii) possible ocean floor basalts at Knockormal and Knocklaugh. The interrelationships of these groups are in doubt. The hot-spot basalts may have been erupted through oceanic crust, but they could have formed prior to, or subsequent to, the island arc activity. More likely, the hot-spot basalts formed (possibly on oceanic crust) at a considerable distance from the island arc, and the two were later brought together tectonically, probably at the subduction zone associated with the arc.
The Iapetus suture in the British Isles
Authors: McKerrow W. S. , Soper N. J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe position of the Iapetus Ocean suture can be traced between Ordovician fossil localities in the Southern Uplands and the Lake District which contain, respectively, distinct North American and European faunas. The Southern Uplands contains North American Caradoc faunas in the Northern Belt, and is considered to have been accreted onto the Laurentian (North American) margin between the Llandeilo and the end of the Wenlock. Deep seismic reflection profiling shows that a surface, probably parallel to the suture zone, dips down to the northwest from the Solway Line. In eastern Ireland, the surface trace of the suture coincides with the Navan Fault, which separates the Longford-Down massif from Ordovician sediments containing European faunas. The Navan–Silvermines Fault may represent the surface expression of the suture, but it is masked by Wenlock turbidites, which appear to have crossed over the plate boundary. Northward subduction of continental crust below the margin of Laurentia during the late Silurian may explain the influx of turbidite fans from the north or north west onto depressed crust to the south of the suture. Termination of subduction coincides with the widespread Acadian Orogeny in the Emsian (at 395±5 Ma).
Emplacement features of lamprophyre and carbonatitic lamprophyre dykes at Aillik Bay, Labrador
Authors: Foley S. F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlkaline and ultramafic lamprophyre dykes at Aillik Bay on the coast of central Labrador exhibit features indicative of volatile-rich conditions at the time of emplacement. Aillikites (ultramafic lamprophyres) are flanked by closely spaced fracture systems whose formation was promoted by a carbonate-rich fluid moving ahead of the intruding magma. Sannaites (alkaline lamprophyres) frequently have horned termination structures which are interpreted to be partial reconnections between dyke segments which had separated at an earlier stage of intrusion.The lamprophyre dykes comprise three sets which are interpreted as cone sheets and radial dykes related to an intrusive centre located beneath the Labrador Sea to the northeast of the coastal exposures. This complex is one of several on the margins of the Labrador Sea, and its position may be influenced by the Archean/Aphebian boundary and by a major oceanic structural feature represented by offsets in seafloor magnetic anomalies.
Discontinuities between picritic and crinanitic units in the Shiant Isles sill: evidence of multiple intrusion
Authors: Gibb F. G. F. , Henderson C. M. B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTwo internal discontinuities are described from the Tertiary, Shiant Isles sill (northwest Scotland). The lower discontinuity separates picrite from overlying picrodolerite and the recently discovered upper discontinuity separates picrite from underlying crinanite. The sill is thus divided into an inner, strongly differentiated, picrodolerite–crinanite unit and outer picritic units. The lower discontinuity is slightly transgressive with respect to the picrite. The discontinuities are interpreted as the contacts between an earlier-intruded picritic sill (about 30 m thick) and a slightly later-intruded, much thicker, crinanitic sill. The Shiant Isles main sill is therefore a multiple intrusion.
Trace fossils from the type ‘Etcheminian Series’ (Lower Cambrian Ratcliffe Brook Formation), Saint John area, New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Hofmann H. J. , Patel I. M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSelected trace fossils from the type section of the ‘Etcheminian Series’ at Hanford Brook are described and illustrated:Helmithoidichnites tenuisFitch,Monocraterionsp.,Palaeophycus tubularisHall,Planolitessp.,Psammichnites gigasMatthew,Subphyllochordra?sp.,Taphrhelminthoida dailyin. sp., andTaphrhelminthopsiscf.T. circularisCrimes et al. The assemblage has elements comparable to those in other Lower Cambrian sequences. It formed in shallow water settings, is mainly endichnial, and contains systematic, guided meander traces that are generally characteristic of deep-water environments in younger sequences; this may be related to global environmental changes early in the Palaeozoic. The guided meander traces are characterized morphometrically, using an image analyser: the meander systems exhibit a strongly bimodal distribution of morphologic elements, reflecting a well developed taxis (sense for position, direction, and distance) during trace production. The method of morphometric analysis has potential for characterizing trace fossils generally, somewhat like X-ray diffractograms characterize minerals.
Fracture spacing and its relation to bed thickness
Authors: Huang Qin , Angelier J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUsing examples from the Gulf of Suez and southeastern France, the distribution of tension tectonic joints as well as shear tectonic joints in continuous profiles is shown to fit a Gamma distribution. The parameters of this distribution are determined using the maximum likelihood method. Apparent fit with negative exponential distribution in photointerpretation analysis results from lack of resolution. The average joint spacing is directly proportional to bed thickness; it decreases when the degree of rock consolidation increases.
Basement–cover relationships around Aberdaron, Wales, U.K.: the fault-reactivated northwestern margin of the Welsh Basin
Authors: Gibbons Wes 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOn mainland North Wales basement rocks emerge from beneath a Lower Ordovician cover along the west side of the Llyn peninsula. The basement contains steeply dipping mylonites (Llŷn shear zone) that separate plutonic and gneissic rocks (Sarn Complex) from a melange (Gwna mélange). The western edge of the Ordovician outcrop follows the basement shear zone, and new trenching data confirm that only a faulted relationship exists between cover and basement along this northwestern extremity of the Welsh Basin. Deformation along this margin has propagated into the Arenig cover to produce southeasterly verging thrusts, asymmetric folds and northwesterly dipping cleavage. A prominent steep fault (Daron Fault) cutting the Ordovician succession follows an eastern splay of the Llŷn shear zone and again therefore records brittle reactivation of an underlying mylonite belt. The likelihood of syn-Arenig fault movements is provided by the presence of a prominent late Arenig coarse clastic unit, containing boulders of the basement mylonites, that is found only to the west of the Daron Fault. Steep basement structures such as the Llŷn shear zone, initially generated as major transcurrent faults, are interpreted as having exerted a strong control over the deposition and subsequent deformation of the Ordovician cover sequence.
Compositional variation in Lower Old Red Sandstone detrital garnets from the Midland Valley of Scotland and the Anglo-Welsh Basin
Authors: Haughton P. D. W. , Farrow C. M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCompositional variation in Lower Old Red Sandstone (ORS) detrital garnets can be used to evaluate potential source areas and to trace the pattern of early Devonian sediment dispersal. Garnets in northwesterly derived fans along the northern flank of the Midland Valley appear to duplicate spatial variation in the compositions of garnets in the adjacent Dalradian block. Whilst metamorphic clasts ‘resembling’ Dalradian lithologies occur in these fanglomerates, the strike-extent of Dalradian-type crust (c. 1000 km) makes simply matching the clasts a rather imprecise way of constraining source–basin displacement. The garnet data imply that the Ordovician separation inferred for crustal blocks juxtaposed along the Highland Boundary was removed by early Devonian times. Major Silurian displacements are thus invoked along the Highland Boundary with amalgamation largely achieved prior to the ‘Acadian’ transcurrent deformation seen in the slate belts to the south. Vertical changes in the composition of garnets in the thick Lower ORS sequence in the northeast Midland Valley are slight and it is not known to what extent these reflect migration of a differentiated source block or the involvement of recycled additions which become increasingly important towards the base of the ORS succession. The axially dispersed sandstones which interdigitate with the northwesterly derived fans are dominated by spessartine-rich almandines which resemble garnets fed laterally to the basin in the northwest Midland Valley. Although the large scale inferred for the axial fluvial system suggests that its drainage basin extended outside Scotland, almandine-pyropes which might have come from exhumed eclogites in western Norway are absent. Such compositions are widespread in Mesozoic sandstones in the northern North Sea and it is evident that these sediments do not represent the final repository for the 'lost' sediment stripped from Caledonian metamorphic terranes in Scotland. Garnet populations from the Anglo-Welsh Basin do not resemble those in the coeval axial sandstones of the Midland Valley, suggesting that the two basins were not linked at this time. The scale of the Midland Valley axial sandbodies are inconsistent with internal drainage of central Scotland and a route to the early Devonian shoreline must be sought. It may be that 'Acadian' strike-slip motions have displaced the Scottish basins from the coastal alluvial plains they originally fed.