bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Occupational Form and Occupational Performance: A Kinematic Perspective
Authors: Wu Ching-yi , Trombly Catherine A. , Lin Keh-chung 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. This study examined, through kinematic analysis, the effect of occupational form on reaching performance. The hypothesis was that reaching performance would show an enhanced quality of movement in materials-based occupation (i.e., pick up a pencil and prepare to write one’s own name) than in imagery-based occupation (i.e., pretend to pick up a pencil and prepare to sign one’s own name) and in exercise (i.e., move the arm forward). It was further hypothesized that imagery-based occupation would elicit better performance than exercise.
Method. The reaching performance was measured, using WATSMART™ (Waterloo Spatial Motion Analysis & Recording Technique), by the variables including reaction time, movement time, number of movement units, total displacement, the amplitude of peak velocity, and percentage of reach in which peak velocity occurred. A repeated-measures counterbalanced research design was used with 37 female college students. Contrast analysis was used to test the hypotheses.
Results. Materials-based occupation elicited enhanced quality of movement performance, as compared with imagery-based occupation and exercise. However, exercise seemed to elicit better performance than imagery-based occupation.
Conclusion. The practical implication is that materials-based occupation might be used to elicit enhanced quality of reaching movement in occupational therapy intervention.
Using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills to Compare Occupational Performance Between Clinic and Home Settings
Authors: Park Steve , Fisher Anne G. , Velozo Craig A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The study described in this article examined the effect of home versus clinic settings on the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) performance of older adults.
Method. Twenty older adults living in the community were evaluated in their homes and in an occupational therapy clinic with the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS). The motor and process ability measures were compared between the two settings with many-faceted Rasch analysis.
Results. The subjects’ motor ability measures tended to remain stable from clinic to home settings. The process ability measures tended not to remain stable from Clinic to home settings, because 10 of the 20 subjects performed significantly better in their homes.
Conclusion. These findings support the idea that process skill abilities are affected by the environment to a greater degree than are motor skill abilities and that for persons living in the community, the familiar home environment tends to support IADL performance. If an occupational therapist wants to know how a person performs IADLs, the therapist should evaluate that person’s performance in the environment in which the client will be functioning.
Motor Behavior Research: Implications for Therapeutic Approaches to Central Nervous System Dysfunction
Authors: Mathiowetz Virgil , Haugen Julie Bass 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article reviews the models and theories of motor behavior that are the foundation for the traditional approaches to central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction and presents a new theoretical model and approach that are beginning to influence practice. Reflex, hierarchical, and systems models of motor control and developmental and motor learning theories are discussed. The relationships of these models and theories to past, present, and future treatment approaches to CNS dysfunction are explored. The assumptions and limitations of the muscle reeducation, neurodevelopmental, and motor relearning approaches are discussed. A contemporary task-oriented approach based on the systems model is proposed and contrasted with traditional neurodevelopmental approaches.
Measuring Perceived Self-Efficacy in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Gage Marie , Noh Samuel , Polatajko Helene J. , Kaspar Violet 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. Occupational therapists sometimes observe an alarming discrepancy between the occupational performance skills developed in the clinical setting and the degree to which the client willingly puts these skills to use outside the clinical environment. The literature strongly suggests that perceived self-efficacy partially explains’ this discrepancy; however, an understanding of perceived self-efficacy has not yet been integrated into the practice of occupational therapy. Both a lack of awareness of the construct and a lack of ability to assess perceived self-efficacy within the occupational performance domain are responsible for this lack of integration into practice. This article presents the development, reliability, and validity testing of a measure of perceived self-efficacy developed particularly for use by occupational therapists, the Self-Efficacy Gauge.
Method. Reliability and validity testing was performed through use of a mailed survey( n = 126). Test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and alternate form reliability were examined. In addition, the subjects’ scores on the Gauge were compared to actual performance and a hopelessness scale.
Results. The Self-Efficacy Gauge has a reasonable degree of reliability when used on a clinical sample whose perceived self-efficacy for occupational performance activities is unlikely to change. The results also provide preliminary support for the validity of the instrument.
Conclusion. It is recognized that without a gold standard for comparison, validity testing will be an ongoing need.
The Successful Fieldwork Student: Supervisor Perceptions
Authors: Herzberg Georgiana L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Qualitative research methodology was used to explore supervisor perceptions of learning style characteristics required for student success in fieldwork. A focus discussion group was used to elicil success themes identified by clinicians. These themes were compared to learning style themes previously identified in quantitative studies. Techniques of conversation analysis were used to assess congruence of verbalized themes with participant interactions during the discussion group. Themes that emerged were the importance of teamwork, active experimentation, flexibility, adaptability, and doing. Discussion participants actively modeled teamwork.
Performance of Israeli Versus U.S. Preschool Children on the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers
Authors: Schneider Eleanor , Parush Shula , Katz Noomi , Miller Lucy J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) is a scale that can be used to evaluate preschool children with suspected preacademic problems. Before implementing the MAP in Israel, it was necessary to determine whether the U.S. norms were applicable to the Israeli preschool population.
Method. In a pilot study carried out in Israel, the Hebrew version of the MAP was administered to 2 age groups of 30 children each. The scores of Israeli children were compared with the U.S. norms on each of the MAP’s 27 subtests, the five performance indices, and the total score.
Results. There were no significant differences between the Israeli sample and the U.S. standardization sample in either age group on the MAP total score; significant differences were found in both age groups on the Foundations Index and on some specific subtests. Israeli children performed below U.S. norms on the Foundation Index.
Conclusion. These findings indicate that the performance of Israeli children of overall in these two age groups is not significantly different from the performance of U.S. children. If future research demonstrates that these findings are stable across all age groups and for larger samples, the implication is that the MAP can be administered and scored in Israel with the scoring methodology and normative information developed in the United States. However, because of the poorer performance of Israeli children on the Foundations Index, we recommend that specific Israeli norms be developed.
Socialization to the Culture of a Rehabilitation Hospital: An Ethnographic Study
Authors: Spencer Jean , Young Mary Ellen , Rintala Diana , Bates Sarah 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. Most previous research on rehabilitation of patients after spinal cord injuries has dealt with the attainment of outcomes valued by staff members or with the prediction of successful outcomes based on sociodemographic characteristics of patients. This study examined the rehabilitation process from the insider’s perspective of an individual patient to determine his view of important adaptive problems and to examine how these problems were addressed.
Methods. Ethnographic methods were used for fine-grained documentation of the experiences of one 30-year-old man with spinal cord injury. Daily interviews were conducted with this patient during his 116 days of inpatient rehabilitation. An interdisciplinary research team analyzed the data with the constant comparative method to identify a number of recurring themes.
Results. Findings indicate that in addition to learning how to function in the local world of the rehabilitation hospital, the patient also learned a new identity as a person with a long-term disability.
Discussion. A central theme was the patient’s ongoing attempt to figure out how his future was related to his life before the injury and how he could use previous competencies in adapting to disability. Staff members seemed so intent on teaching the patients new skills that they often discounted the significance of his past experience and failed to engage in helping the patient connect his future life story to his past.
Exploring the Costs and Benefits Drivers of Clinical Education
Authors: Meyers Susan K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This study was designed to identify monetary and nonmonetary costs and benefits, as well as their drivers, to assist persons in clinical sites who are implementing clinical education to minimize costs and maximize benefits.
Method. Qualitative research methodology involved students, student supervisors, administrators, and patients in a hermeneutic dialectic process of identifying costs and benefits of Level II fieldwork in three clinical sites.
Results. Different costs and benefits were identified by the different groups of respondents. Drivers, or causes, of these costs and benefits reflected unique environmental factors in each site of data collection as well as common factors across the sites.
Conclusion. Clinical education may be enhanced and stress reduced for all persons involved in clinical education through improved communication, structure, education, and support.
Preliminary Assessment of a Fieldwork Education Alternative: The Fieldwork Centers Approach
Authors: Avi-Itzhak Tamara E. , Kellner Hanna 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. In response to an acute shortage of clinical fieldwork placement opportunities, faculty members of the Department of Occupational Therapy at Tel Aviv University in Israel formulated the Fieldwork Centers Approach (FCA) as an alternative approach to fieldwork education. Under the FCA, groups of two to eight students were assigned to one facility. The number of participating supervisors, who shared all supervision activities, ranged from two to six. Supervision approaches included both one-to-one and group supervision. This article presents the results of an evaluation of the FCA by the first group of students who participated in it.
Method. Twenty-five students were surveyed twice, once after they completed their Level I fieldwork and again after they completed their Level II fieldwork.
Results. Upon completion of Level I fieldwork, 26% of the students indicated that they perceived advantages in the FCA: this percentage rose to 74% upon their completion of Level II fieldwork. No significant differences were found between the students’ fieldwork level and their preference for the FCA vs. a strictly one-to-one, supervisor–student approach. Of the five learning experiences unique to the FCA, four, which received high ratings, represented specific learning experiences and one, which received low ratings, represented a psychological learning experience.
Conclusion. Results indicate that the FCA is a promising approach to fieldwork education. Overall, student evaluations made upon completion of Level II fieldwork were more positive than those made upon completion of Level I fieldwork. Additional research is needed to determine the reasons for this shift in students’ evaluations.
Physical Abuse of Preschoolers: Identification and Intervention Through Occupational Therapy
Authors: Davidson Debora A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Child abuse is a major public health concern in the United States, one that has negative consequences on abused persons’ productivity and mental health throughout their lives. Occupational therapists who work with preschool-aged children are in a strategic position to screen for physical abuse and aid in the rehabilitation of children and families engaged in abuse. This article provides a review of the literature and accounts of clinical experience with children and families in a variety of settings. It offers an overview of behavioral risk factors that have been shown to correlate with physical abuse, including how these factors can be observed within the context of an occupational therapy evaluation. Guidelines for interacting with child protective services via reporting suspected cases of child abuse and working collaboratively with such agencies are provided. Strategies for occupational therapy intervention with abused children and their parents are described. These strategies include using activities to facilitate positive parent–child interaction, educating parents regarding child development and management techniques, and facilitating children’s psychosocial development.
Reasoning and the Art of Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Creighton Cynthia , Dijkers Marcel , Bennett Normajean , Brown Karmen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this pilot study, qualitative methodology was used to examine the clinical reasoning of four experienced occupational therapists as they presented and modified therapeutic activities to treat patients with spinal cord injuries. The therapists demonstrated the multi-layered thinking discovered in previous research, but hierarchical structuring of knowledge emerged as an unexpectedly dominant theme in their reasoning. Examples of hierarchical thinking about therapeutic activity included creating mental files of therapy tasks and materials sequenced from elementary to advanced and determining the level of difficulty at which to present an activity in order to build the patient’s skills in a stepwise manner The therapists reported that they learned to make decisions about the use of activities in treatment by observing skilled clinicians and by treating patients.
Using the Case Method to Develop Clinical Reasoning Skills in Problem-Based Learning
Authors: VanLeit Betsy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Clinical reasoning is increasingly recognized as a crucial component of the occupational therapy process. Different types of clinical reasoning used by occupational therapists have been identified, including scientific, procedural, interactive, narrative, conditional, and pragmatic reasoning. This article describes the use of the case method in the University of New Mexico undergraduate occupational therapy curriculum to facilitate development of occupational therapy students’ problem-solving and reasoning abilities. The case method is a component of problem-based learning that emphasizes small group work to solve clinical problems that are presented as case studies. Students are presented with a variety of case formulas including paper or written cases, videotape cases, simulated client cases, and real client cases to promote the development of specific types of clinical reasoning. Problem-based learning may also hold promise as an educational strategy for fieldwork students and clinicians.
Methods of Assessing Clients’ Priorities: A Survey of Adult Physical Dysfunction Settings
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. Recent clinical reasoning literature has identified a collaborative model of treatment – one that responds to clients’ perceptions of their illness and disability experiences – as central to occupational therapy practice. Assessing clients’ priorities on admission is essential to that model.
Method. Surveys from of a convenience sample of 269 occupational therapy directors in adult physical rehabilitation facilities throughout the United States (70.2% response rate) were analyzed to see whether occupational therapists in those settings are assessing clients’ priorities on admission, and if so, how.
Results. The majority of occupational therapists are using informal interview to determine clients’ priorities on admission. Client goals obtained from these interviews are vague and do not specify meaningful occupations; this finding suggests that therapists are setting treatment goals without specific input from clients about their valued activities.
Conclusion. Occupational therapists have not yet successfully translated their values about client–therapist collaboration into a formal set of procedures for practice.
Treatment Activity Preferences of Occupational Therapists in Adult Physical Dysfunction Settings
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. , Seymour Susanne G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. Research has suggested that using an adaptive approach to provide direct training in occupational behaviors is more effective than using a remedial approach to retrain component skills. This survey was done to see whether occupational therapy practice in physical dysfunction reflects that research.
Method. Surveys from a convenience sample of 269 (70.2% response rate) occupational therapy directors in adult physical rehabilitation facilities throughout the United States were analyzed to determine the relative rankings of remedial and adaptive activities by therapists in those settings.
Results. For all facilities combined, the four most frequently used types of activities, in order of frequency, were self-care, upper extremity exercise, functional mobility, and neuromuscular training. Facilities using multiple formal methods to assess client priorities used functional activities more frequently than other facilities.
Conclusion. Occupational therapists in adult physical dysfunction settings are not routinely providing client training in the full spectrum of occupational behaviors.
A Phenomenological Study of Sensory Defensiveness in Adults
Authors: Kinnealey Moya , Oliver Barbara , Wilbarger Patricia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article describes the experiences of five adults who are defensive toward sensations of touch, movement, vision, smell, sound, and taste that most people consider harmless. It also describes the strategies that they use when they perceive environmental stimuli to be aversive. These coping strategies are avoidance, predictability, mental preparation, talking through, counteraction, and confrontation. A conceptual framework is presented to enhance understanding and guide further study of sensory defensiveness in adults.
Performance of Older Adults With and Without Cerebrovascular Accident on the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills
Authors: Su Chwen-Yng , Chien Tsui-Hsien , Cheng Kuang-Fang , Lin Young-Tso 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The purposes of this study were to (a) investigate whether older subjects with brain damage score lower on the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills (TVPS) than control subjects without brain damage matched for age and education, (b) determine the demographic effects on test performance in both groups, and (c) determine the capacity of TVPS in identifying visual-perceptual deficits in adults with brain damage.
Method. The study sample consisted of 22 subjects with cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and 155 subjects who were neurologically intact (control group). The TVPS was administered individually to each subject. Raw scores (total response time and accuracy) were analyzed to generate descriptive statistics. Other statistical analyses included analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, discriminant analysis, and Pearson product–moment correlations.
Results. There were significant between-group differences on all TVPS measures, with control subjects performing better than subjects with CVA. Age was shown to affect performance on most subtests of the TVPS in the control group. Education had significant influence over each measure, whereas gender differences were significant only in two subtests. No demographic effects were found in the group with CVA. The total TVPS accuracy score was the most powerful discriminator between the two groups, correctly classifying 74.4% of the subjects. Finally, the total accuracy score inversely correlated with total time score.
Conclusion. The TVPS may be useful in screening for visual-perceptual impairments in adults with CVA. Age, gender, and educational level have no significant impact on the magnitude of visual-perceptual dysfunctions.
Validity of Clinical Measures of Shoulder Subluxation in Adults With Poststroke Hemiplegia
Authors: Hall Jacqueline , Dudgeon Brian , Guthrie Mark 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. Shoulder subluxation after cerebrovascular accident has been associated with chronic pain, orthopedic complications, peripheral nerve damage, and autonomic dysfunction. Clinical diagnosis and gradation of subluxation is problematic due to the lack of precision in frequently used measures. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of clinical techniques used to assess inferior subluxation of the hemiplegic shoulder by comparing these techniques with radiographic measurement.
Method. In 20 male subjects with hemiplegia, the presence, type, and degree of subluxation was assessed with three clinical measures: palpation, arm length discrepancy, and thermoplastic jig measurement. Anterior-posterior X rays of the hemiplegic shoulder were taken after clinical examination.
Results. Spearman rank correlation coefficients between the X rays and the three clinical measures were relatively low. Palpation had the highest correlation ( rs= .76), followed by arm length discrepancy ( rs = .46), and thermoplastic jig measurement ( rs = .42).
Conclusion. These findings provide cautious optimism about using these clinical measures to identify subluxation. Although detection was best with palpation, the likely inability to determine clinical overcorrecting of subluxation makes use of palpation alone suspect. Improved techniques of arm length measurement may provide a solution to this problem. These findings further necessitate that improved procedures for clinical assessment of subluxation be developed.
Relation of Perceptual and Body Image Dysfunction to Activities of Daily Living of Persons After Stroke
Authors: Rubio Kerry Brockmann , Van Deusen Julia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Perceptual and body image disturbances are common sequelae in persons who have had stroke. There is much evidence to substantiate a relationship between impaired perceptual functioning and impaired functioning in activities of daily living (ADL). In regard to body image dysfunction, the linking of unilateral neglect and poor ADL functioning has been widely examined; however, the relationship of other body image disturbances, such as somatoagnosia, to ADL has received little examination. Research on the above relationships are reviewed in this article. The Behavioural Inattention Test and Arnadoltir OT-ADL Neurobehavioral Evaluation are discussed as two assessments that determine perceptual and body image dysfunction through ADL. The literature on intervention for perceptual and body image dysfunction in relation to ADL primarily concerns the difference between the restorative and functional retraining approaches and treatment suggestions. Because specific gaps are noted in this area of study, future research ideas are suggested.