bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ethnic Employment and Income Gap in Sweden: Is Skill or Labor Market Discrimination the Explanation?*
Authors: Nordin Martin , Rooth Dan‐Olof 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study uses a cognitive test score, the Swedish Military Enlistment test taken at age 18, to identify whether the ethnic employment and income gap in Sweden is caused by a pre‐market skill gap and/or ethnic discrimination. The employment gap and income gap are estimated for males born in Sweden with different ethnic backgrounds: their parents were born in Sweden or in southern Europe or outside Europe. Controlling for the cognitive test score does not affect the ethnic employment gap, and for incomes the ethnic income gap almost disappears.
Indirect versus Direct Constraints in Markets with Vertical Integration
Authors: Inderst Roman , Valletti Tommaso 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFor an assessment of market power on the wholesale (or merchant) market in the presence of vertically integrated firms, we analyze the interaction of direct constraints, arising from competition on the wholesale market, and of indirect constraints, arising from substitution on the retail market. A vertically integrated firm that still participates in the merchant market exerts both direct and indirect constraints. We analyze the factors that determine the importance of indirect constraints. We find that, in contrast to a common presumption, indirect constraints are sometimes more powerful than direct constraints. We furthermore analyze the incentives of integrated firms to still participate in the merchant market, provided that this is technologically feasible.
Bargaining over a Common Good with Private Information*
Authors: Lindahl Therese , Johannesson Magnus 
Published: August 2009

AbstractConsider two agents who make sequential claims on a common good, receiving their respective claims only if these are compatible. We let the first mover be privately informed about the size of the good. Conventional theory predicts multiple equilibria, and the intuitive criterion predicts that the first player claims the entire good. Our experimental results reject the intuitive criterion. Private information reduces the claim and the profit of the first mover. However, we cannot reject that the subjects play according to a perfect Bayesian equilibrium (PBE). Most subjects play according to a PBE, and almost all successful coordination occurs at the even split.
Separating the dead: the ritual transformation of affinal exchange in central Flores
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: August 2009

In central Flores, local people represent obligatory exchanges of objects at funerals as signalling a cessation of relations between affinally related groups, thus contradicting a well‐established local principle whereby affinal relationships transcend the lives of individual participants. Illuminating this contrast is a mortuary context that comprises rites emphasizing separation and a particularly negative view of the dead to the exclusion of a more positive representation of relations between the dead and the living expressed in religious ideology. However, as a purely ethnographic analysis cannot actually resolve the contradiction, consideration is given to cognitivist perspectives, and especially approaches focusing on counterintuitive features of ritual and religious representations that contradict ordinary understandings of things.RésuméLes populations du centre de l'île de Florès représentent les échanges obligatoires d'objets lors des funérailles comme le signal de cessation de relations entre des groupes liés par affinité, en contradiction avec un principe local bien établi selon lequel les relations d'affinité survivent aux personnes concernées. Cette opposition est éclairée par un contexte mortuaire comprenant des rites qui mettent l'accent sur la séparation et sur une vision singulièrement négative des morts, excluant la représentation plus positive des liens entre les morts et les vivants qu'exprimerait l'idéologie religieuse. Une analyse purement ethnographique ne suffit cependant pas à résoudre cette contradiction, et il faut donc recourir à une perspective cognitiviste, et en particulier à des approches axées sur les aspects apparemment contre‐intuitifs du rituel et sur les représentations religieuses qui contredisent l'entendement habituel des choses.
Zionist eugenics, mixed marriage, and the creation of a ‘new Jewish type’
Authors: Hirsch Dafna 
Published: August 2009

The application of racial categories to the Jews by Zionist physicians and anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century has been the focus of several recent studies. In these studies ‘nationalism’ serves as the primary explanatory framework for Zionists' embrace of racial concepts. This article focuses on the discourse of Zionist men of science, both in Europe and in Palestine, concerning the repercussions of mixed marriages on Jewish racial qualities. It argues that Zionist racial discourse, and eugenic discourse in particular, cannot be interpreted in terms of ‘nationalism’ alone. In some contexts ‘race’ was used to establish Jewish unity, whereas in others it was used to establish diversity and hierarchy among Jewish groups. This contradictory use of ‘race’ is explained as stemming from the ambiguity of racial categories and from the tension between a nation‐building project and a cultural project of Westernization which took place in the context of Zionist colonization in the Orient.RésuméL'application de catégories raciales aux Juifs par les médecins et anthropologues sionistes de la première moitié du XXesiècle a fait l'objet de plusieurs études récentes. Dans celles‐ci, le « nationalisme » est le cadre principal d'explication de l'adoption des concepts raciaux par les sionistes. L'auteure se concentre ici sur le discours des hommes de science sionistes, en Europe aussi bien qu'en Palestine, à propos des répercussions des mariages mixtes sur les qualités raciales des Juifs. Elle avance que le discours racialiste sioniste, et en particulier le discours eugénique, ne peut être interprété uniquement en termes de « nationalisme ». Dans certains contextes, la notion de « race » a été utilisée pour établir l'unité des Juifs, mais dans d'autre elle a servi à diversifier et hiérarchiser les groupes juifs. Cet usage contradictoire de la « race » s'expliquerait par l'ambiguïté des catégories raciales et la tension entre un projet de création d'une nation et un projet culturel d'occidentalisation qui s'inscrivait dans le contexte de la colonisation sioniste au Proche‐Orient.
Kibadachi in karate: pain and crossing boundaries within the ‘lived body’ and within sociality
Authors: Bar‐On Cohen Einat 
Published: August 2009

Kibadachi is a rather simple karate exercise performed during a several‐day‐long special training, in which the participants squat in a crouching position for an hour and a half without moving. Despite its simplicity, and because its main feature is the immediate and excruciating pain it induces, kibadachi stimulates a kind of permeability between the participants, and also causes changes in the relations between physical and mental parts of their lived body. Following Deleuze and Guattari, kibadachi, and its capacity to dissolve boundaries, is analysed here as a way of becoming a Body without Organs. The participants of kibadachi enter social and somatic dynamics which operate potentiality hidden in their lived bodies, alter boundaries, and reinforce connectedness.RésuméLe kibadachi est un exercice de karaté relativement simple, exécuté au cours d'un entraînement spécial de plusieurs jours, lors duquel les participants se tiennent accroupis pendant une heure et demie sans bouger. En dépit de sa simplicité, et parce que sa principale caractéristique est la douleur immédiate et cuisante qu'il provoque, le kibadachi suscite une sorte de perméabilité entre les participants et provoque aussi des changements dans les relations entre les parties physique et mentale de leur corps vécu. Dans l'esprit de Deleuze et Guattari, le kibadachi et sa capacité d'abolir les frontières sont analysés ici comme un moyen de devenir un Corps sans Organes. Les participants au kibadachi s'engagent dans des dynamiques sociales et somatiques qui opèrent sur les potentialités cachées dans leurs corps vécus, modifient les frontières, et renforcent les liens aux autres.
Psoriasis and systemic inflammation: underdiagnosed enthesopathy
Authors: Girolomoni G , Gisondi P 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOur understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis is changing rapidly and the traditional view that it is a disease limited to the skin continues to be challenged. Indeed, there is convincing evidence that psoriasis patients have a higher prevalence of comorbid disease, particularly cardio‐metabolic disorders and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The results of recent investigations into psoriasis and cardiovascular or metabolic comorbidities provide increasing evidence for a possible shared pathogenic mechanism for these disorders, linked by an underlying chronic systemic inflammatory state. This highlights the importance of investigating associated comorbidities beyond skin manifestations. Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy that can occur in association with psoriasis and most commonly affects the distal joints in the hands and feet. Skin lesions precede arthritic symptoms in approximately 75% of cases; typically, the cutaneous manifestations of the disease develop 10 years prior to the onset of joint symptoms. This disease course, therefore, provides a potential window of opportunity to initiate effective and aggressive therapies to prevent long‐term damage, if symptoms of PsA can be detected early. One of the major features of PsA is enthesitis, yet clinically asymptomatic cases of entheseal abnormalities are likely to go undiagnosed. This concept was evaluated in a prospective study in which entheseal changes in clinically asymptomatic psoriasis patients were compared with findings from a control group. Ultrasonography detected a significantly higher incidence of entheseal abnormalities in patients with psoriasis, despite the absence of clinical symptoms of arthropathy. Ongoing monitoring of these patients has also revealed that a higher baseline score for enthesitis may be associated with a more severe psoriasis outcome. These findings demonstrate that detecting early signs of PsA in asymptomatic patients with psoriasis may have the potential to positively influence disease prognosis and ultimately clinical outcome. Dermatologists can, therefore, play a key role in the early detection and management of PsA.Conflicts of interestNone declared.
Enthesitis: an autoinflammatory lesion linking nail and joint involvement in psoriatic disease
Authors: McGonagle D 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe traditional model for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is that autoimmunity directed against a common skin and joint autoantigen leads to chronic autoreactive T cell driven inflammation. However, recent imaging, histological and genetic studies have challenged this view, especially with respect to joint and nail disease, and provide a broader insight into the pathogenesis of PsA and associated nail involvement. Clinically unrecognized enthesitis (inflammation at tendon and ligament attachments) is commonly seen in early PsA at all sites of the disease. Specifically, enthesitis is associated with adjacent osteitis or bone and synovial inflammation. Even in normal joints, normal insertions are associated with microdamage and inflammatory change, strongly suggesting that local tissue specific, or what has been described as autoinflammatory factors, may dictate disease expression. Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint disease in PsA is associated with diffuse inflammation that envelops the nail root and adjacent bone. In fact, the nail is intimately linked to entheses, with the extension tendon of the DIP joint sending fibres from bone that envelop the nail root in an interdigitating fashion. Furthermore, the joint collateral ligament enthesis has fibres that merge with the lateral borders of the nail. Other anchorage mechanisms include fibres that directly tether the nail plate to the underlying periosteum, which itself is closely anchored to the extension tendon. The frequent microdamage and tissue repair at normal enthesis attachment sites in healthy joints has resulted in a proposed new model of PsA pathogenesis embracing the concept of autoinflammation, whereby tissue specific factors, including microtrauma, lead to regional innate immune activation and persistent inflammation, as an alternative to primary immunopathology driven by T and B cell abnormalities. Unlike the classical autoimmune diseases, which may attack a completely normal organ, autoimmunity in psoriatic disease is likely to involve tissues where there is intrinsic dysregulation of the target tissues. These tissue specific factors related to the enthesis appear to be key to the phenotypic expression of diseases hitherto regarded as autoimmune. The pathogenesis of PsA, nail disease and to a lesser extent psoriasis therefore appear to have an autoinflammatory (innate immune driven) rather than autoimmune basis. Taken together, these findings are important for better understanding PsA, nail disease and psoriasis, and for conceptualizing the immunopathogenic basis of these diseases and further exploring the role of enthesitis in their pathophysiology.Conflicts of interestNone declared.
Approach to managing patients with nail psoriasis
Authors: Reich K 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects approximately 2% of the population. Up to 50% of patients with psoriasis have concurrent nail psoriasis, with a lifetime incidence of 80% to 90%. Up to 30% of patients with skin psoriasis also have psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and of these, approximately 80% have nail disease. However, nail involvement is often overlooked by physicians, despite the significant burden it places on patients as a result of functional impairment of manual dexterity, pain and psychological stress. Affected nail plates often thicken and crumble, and because they are very visible, patients are usually concerned about the appearance of their nails, often causing them to avoid normal day‐to‐day activities (including work). In the longer‐term, nail involvement may be a signal of a more severe form of psoriasis or a precursor of PsA. Conventional treatment of nail psoriasis is generally considered inconvenient by patients, and it is limited by adverse effects and often a reduction in efficacy over time. There is also a lack of controlled clinical trials’ data and no consistent treatment approach has been advocated. Recently, the effects of biologic agents targeted against tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) on nail psoriasis have been investigated. The multicentre, double‐blind EXPRESS [European Infliximab for Psoriasis (Remicade) Efficacy and Safety Study] trial revealed that infliximab 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6, and then every 8 weeks significantly improved nail psoriasis, evaluated using the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) in 378 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Significant improvement was reported as early as week 10, and at week 50 full nail clearance was evident in 45% of patients receiving infliximab. There is also evidence from small studies that infliximab significantly improves nail lesions and quality of life in patients with nail psoriasis. There is a need for improving the awareness of nail psoriasis and its impact on patients’ quality of life. Moreover, the potential role for nail involvement as a link between psoriasis and PsA underlines its importance and the need for effective management. Infliximab has been shown to improve psoriatic nail lesions and quality of life, and it should be considered as one of the most appropriate available treatment options for the many patients with this distressing condition.Conflicts of interestNone declared.
A look inside: localization patterns and functions of intracellular plant aquaporins
Authors: Wudick Michael M. , Luu Doan‐Trung , Maurel Christophe 
Published: August 2009

SummaryAquaporins form a superfamily of intrinsic channel proteins in the plasma and intracellular membranes of plant cells. While a lot of research effort has substantiated the importance of plasma membrane aquaporins for the regulation of plant water homeostasis, comparably little is known about the function of intracellular aquaporins. Yet, various low‐molecular‐weight compounds, in addition to water, were recently shown to permeate some of these aquaporins. In this review, we examine the diversity of transport properties and localization patterns of intracellular aquaporins. The discussed profiles include, for example, water and ammonia transport across the tonoplast or CO2 transport through the chloroplast envelope. Furthermore, we try to assess to what extent the diverse aquaporin distribution patterns, in relation to the high degree of compartmentation of plant cells, can be linked to a wide range of cellular functions.

Contents

Summary
289

I.
Introduction
289

II.
Specific variations in aquaporin structures imply functional diversity
290

III.
The various localization patterns and functions of intracellular aquaporins
292

IV.
Concluding remarks and challenges
298

Acknowledgements
299

References
299
Clinical and biochemical abnormalities in endurance horses eliminated from competition for medical complications and requiring emergency medical treatment: 30 cases (2005–2006)
Authors: Fielding C. Langdon , Magdesian K. Gary , Rhodes Diane M. , Meier Chloe A. , Higgins Jill C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjective –To describe the clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities in endurance horses eliminated from competition and requiring emergency medical treatment.Design –Retrospective study over a 2‐year period (2005–2006). Ten horses that successfully completed the ride in 2006 were included for comparison.Setting –Temporary equine emergency field hospital.Animals –All horses (n=30) that were removed from endurance competition and treated for a metabolic abnormality were studied.Interventions –Horses were treated with IV fluids and analgesics. Monitoring included lab work (PCV, total protein, and electrolytes) and serial physical examinations. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and parametric and nonparametric comparisons (ANOVA, Friedman's test, and Kruskal‐Wallis) where appropriate.Measurements and Main Results –The clinical diagnoses identified included colic, esophageal obstruction, poor cardiovascular recovery, myopathy, and synchronous diaphragmatic flutter. As a group, these sick horses had lower plasma chloride and potassium and higher total plasma protein concentrations as compared with 10 healthy horses that successfully completed the ride (P<0.05, <0.01, and <0.05 for chloride, potassium, and total protein, respectively). Horses with colic had a lower PCV as compared with horses with poor recovery and those with synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (P<0.05). All horses, including colics, were treated medically and discharged to owners.Conclusions –Based on the results of this study, the prognosis for horses requiring emergency veterinary treatment after being removed from endurance competition (for metabolic reasons) appears to be good if horses are withdrawn from competition under the same criteria outlined in this study. Biochemical abnormalities tend to be mild and do not necessarily aid in delineating sick horses from successfully completing horses. None of the horses with gastrointestinal disease required abdominal surgery.
Lateralizing language with magnetic source imaging: Validation based on the Wada test
Authors: Doss Robert C. , Zhang Wenbo , Risse Gail L. , Dickens Deanna L. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryPurpose:  Magnetoencephalography (MEG)/magnetic source imaging (MSI) is a noninvasive functional neuroimaging procedure used to localize language‐specific regions in the brain. The Wada test, or intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP), is the gold standard in determining speech/language lateralization for presurgical planning, although it is invasive and associated with morbidity. The purpose of this study is to provide further validation on the use of MSI for presurgical language lateralization by comparing results against the IAP.Methods:  The sample consisted of 35 patients with epilepsy and/or brain tumor undergoing presurgical evaluation at the Minnesota Epilepsy Group. All patients received both an IAP and MSI to determine hemispheric language dominance. For MSI, a 148‐channel MEG system was used to record activation of language‐specific cortex by an auditory word‐recognition task.Results:  The MSI and IAP were concordant in determining language in the hemisphere to be treated in 86% of the cases with sensitivity and specificity values of 80% and 100%, respectively.Conclusions:  The results from this study are consistent with prior research findings comparing functional neuroimaging procedures to the IAP in determining language lateralization in presurgical patients. The current study provides an important replication and support for Papanicolaou et al.'s findings in 2004 using a consecutive clinical sample from a different institution. An unusually high rate of atypical IAP language cases in this sample and differences between the two procedures are believed to explain the noted discrepancies. MSI is a viable noninvasive alternative to the IAP in the presurgical determination of language lateralization.
The impact of diazepam’s discovery on the treatment and understanding of status epilepticus
Authors: Goodkin Howard P. , Kapur Jaideep 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe fortuitous discovery of the benzodiazepines and the subsequent application of these agents to the treatment of status epilepticus (SE) heralds in the modern age of treating this neurologic emergency. More than 50 years after their discovery, the benzodiazepines remain the drugs of first choice in the treatment of SE. However, the benzodiazepines can be ineffective, especially in those patients whose seizures are the most prolonged. The benzodiazepines act by increasing the affinity of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) for GABAAreceptors. A receptor’s subunit composition affects its functional and pharmacologic properties, trafficking, and cellular localization. The GABAAreceptors that mediate synaptic inhibition typically contain a γ2 subunit and are diazepam‐sensitive. Among the GABAAreceptors that mediate tonic inhibition are the benzodiazepine‐insensitive δ subunit–containing receptors. The initial studies investigating the pathogenesis of SE demonstrated that a reduction in GABA‐mediated inhibition within the hippocampus was important in maintenance of SE, and this reduction correlated with a rapid modification in the postsynaptic GABAAreceptor population expressed on the surface of the hippocampal principal neurons. Subsequent studies found that this rapid modification is, in part, mediated by an activity‐dependent, subunit‐specific trafficking of the receptors that resulted in the reduction in the surface expression of the benzodiazepine‐sensitive γ2 subunit–containing receptors and the preserved surface expression of the benzodiazepine‐insensitive δ subunit‐containing receptors. This improved understanding of the changes in the trafficking of GABAAreceptors during SE partially accounts for the development of benzodiazepine‐pharmacoresistance and has implications for the current and future treatment of benzodiazepine‐refractory SE.