bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular medication and falls
Authors: Darowski Adam , Whiting Robert 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThere are inadequate data to formulate evidence-based guidelines on cardiovascular medication and falls. A critical systematic review of medication as a risk factor for falls concluded that there was a weak association between drugs that reduce blood pressure and falls. The population studies reviewed, looking for an association between cardiovascular drug usage and falls, consisted of subjects who were much younger and who had a much lower drug burden when compared with the older clinic population. The magnitude of the effect of cardiovascular medications on falls may therefore have been underestimated in these studies.Two observational studies in falls clinics showed significant reductions in falls and syncope following withdrawal of cardiovascular medication, with improvements in symptoms, in tilt-table parameters predictive of syncope, and in measures of gait and balance.There are no randomized controlled trials of the effect of cardiovascular drug withdrawal on falls. An expert audience of 200 members attending the 2009 British Geriatrics Society Falls Section Conference held the unanimous opinion that cardiovascular medications were a significant cause of falls in older people.
Conclusion
Authors: Phillips-Griffiths A. 
Published: November 2010

A rough and tumble, we have had; though one quite lacking in impoliteness. I hope I do not go too far in supplying that deficiency.Disagreement is endemic on political questions, both between and within ourselves. We do however come to conclusions, often strongly held. It may often be in doing so we are wholly irrational; but in so far as we are not, the philosopher should surely have something to contribute?Our conclusions, so far as they are at all rational conclusions, will be based on some considerations or other: our premises. So, it may be thought, so far as we are rational we should be clear about what our premises are, how if at all they may be justified, and that our conclusions logically follow from them. Only if this is so are our conclusions justified.
Pluralism, Realism and Truth
Authors: McKnight C. J. 
Published: November 2010

Recent interest in ethical pluralism derives from Isaiah Berlin's reflections on the writings of Vico and Herder and their opposition to the views of the Enlightenment. I begin with two quotations from Berlin:It (pluralism) is not relativism. Members of one culture can, by the force of imaginative insight, understand … the values, the ideals, the forms of life of another culture or society, even those remote in time or space. They may find these values unacceptable, but if they open their minds sufficiently they can grasp how one might be a full human being, with whom one could communicate, and at the same time live in the light of values widely different from one's own, but which nevertheless one can see to be values, ends of life, by the realisation of which men could be fulfilled. (Berlin, 1991, p. 10)
Coping with the Many-Coloured Dome: Pluralism and Practical Reason
Authors: Graham Keith 
Published: November 2010

The One remains, the many change and pass;Heaven's light forever shines, Earth's shadows fly;Life, like a dome of many-coloured glass,Stains the white radiance of Eternity,Until Death tramples it to fragments.(Shelley)At its widest, ‘pluralism’ signifies simply the variety of life, the teeming multitude of forms and entities, the many different properties that living beings manifest. Life is not everywhere the same but impressively differentiated, and without it eternity would be all of a piece, uniform. That is enough for life to stain the white radiance of eternity. But within the multiplicity of specifically human life there are not merely differences. There are tensions, oppositions, conflicts. In contemporary philosophical debate ‘pluralism’ then comes to signify one problematic aspect of this. Groups of people have perhaps always subscribed to very different values, and in consequence favoured very different forms of behaviour from one another, at least on a global scale. But the groups are no longer geographically separated: we live in distinct but overlapping cultures, and get in one another's way to a far greater extent than previously. Shelley's ordered image of the dome may then seem inappropriate, and it may seem unnecessary for death to trample it to fragments. Life is already fragmented, and the practical problem facing us as living creatures is to go beyond the fragments, to achieve at least a modus vivendi in the light of all our differences and incompatibilities even if not the orderliness and cohesion of a dome. Somehow, we have to live together. That is a practical problem which confronts us at every level, as members of families, neighbourhoods, departments, countries and increasingly simply as members of a world-wide human race.
Anti-Meaning as Ideology: The Case of Deconstruction
Authors: Grant Robert 
Published: November 2010

Don't look for the meaning; look for the use. (Wittgenstein)A few years back the Yale deconstructionist Paul de Man wasposthumously discovered to have written repeatedly for a Belgiancollaborationist journal during the Nazi occupation. So far as I amaware, de Man in his American period espoused no particular politics. Indeed, the Left frequently regarded this as a cause for complaint, since most of them (to some extent rightly, as we shall see) thought of de Man and deconstruction as being their natural allies.
What logic should we think with?
Authors: Sainsbury R. M. 
Published: November 2010

Logic ought to guide our thinking. It is better, more rational, more intelligent to think logically than to think illogically. Illogical thought leads to bad judgment and error. In any case, if logic had no role to play as a guide to thought, why should we bother with it?The somewhat naïve opinions of the previous paragraph are subject to attack from many sides. It may be objected that an activity does not count as thinking at all unless it is at least minimally logical, so logic is constitutive of thought rather than a guide to it. Or it may be objected that whereas logic describes a system of timeless relations between propositions, thinking is a dynamic process involving revisions, and so could not use a merely static guide. Or again the objection may be that there is no such thing as logic, only a whole variety of different logics, not all of which could possibly be good guides.
The Normativity of Meaning
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: November 2010

In a discussion of rule-following inspired by Wittgenstein, Kripke asks us to consider the relation which holds between meaning plus by ‘+’ and answering questions like, ‘What is the sum of 68 and 57?’. A dispositional theory has it that if you mean plus by ‘+’ then you will probably answer, ‘125’. That is because, according to such a theory, to mean plus by ‘+’is, roughly speaking, to be disposed, by and large, and among other things, to answer such questions with the correct sum. Kripke wants to emphasize, by contrast, that if you mean plus by ‘+’ then, faced with the question, ‘What is 68 + 57?’ yououghtto answer, ‘125’. One could sum up the assumption about meaning which appears to underpin this criticism of dispositional theories in terms of the slogan that meaning is normative. Allan Gibbard gives us a way of reading that slogan which is suggested by Kripke's brief remarks:The crux of the slogan that meaning is normative … might be another slogan: thatmeansimpliesought. To use roughly Kripke's example, from statements saying what I mean by the plus sign and other arithmetic terms and constructions, it will follow that Ioughtto answer ‘7’ when asked ‘What's 5 + 2?’.
Relativism and Classical Logic
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2010

Let me begin with a reminder of the crude but intuitive distinction from which the relativistic impulse springs. Any of the following claims would be likely to find both supporters and dissenters:That snails are deliciousThat cockroaches are disgustingThat marital infidelity is alright provided nobody gets hurtThat a Pacific sunset trumps any Impressionist canvasand perhapsThat Philosophy is pointless if it is not widely intelligibleThat the belief that there is life elsewhere in the universe is justifiedThat death is nothing to fearDisputes about such claims may or may not involve quite strongly held convictions and attitudes. Sometimes they may be tractable disputes: there may be some other matter about which one of the disputing parties is mistaken or ignorant, where such a mistake or ignorance can perhaps be easily remedied, with the result of a change of heart about the original claim; or there may be a type of experience of which one of the disputing parties is innocent, and such that the effect of initiation into that experience is, once again, a change of view.
Principles for Possibilia
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: November 2010

It seems to be an obvious truth that(1) There could be something that doesn't actually exist.That is, it seems to be obiously true that(1a) ◊∃×(Actually ∼ (× exists)).It is sufficient for the truth of (1) that there could be more people, or trees, or cars, than there actually are. It is also sufficient for the truth of (1) that there could be some pepole, or trees, or cars that are distinct from all those that actually exist. Do (1) and suchlike statements involve a commitment to possibilia, to things that possibly exist, but do not actually exist? If not, why not? And if so, what is the nature of the possibilia to which (1) and its ilk commit us? These simple little questions are at the tip of an iceberg.
Free Will and the Burden of Proof
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: November 2010

Here are some things that are widely believed about free will and determinism.(1) Free will is prima facie incompatible with determinism.(2) The incompatibility is logical or at least conceptual or a priori.(3) A compatibilist needs to explain how free will can co-exist with determinism, paradigmatically by offering an analysis of ‘free’ action that is demonstrably compatible with determinism. (Here is the late Roderick Chisholm, in defence of irreducible or libertarian agent-causation: ‘Now if you can analyse such statements as “Jones killed his uncle” into eventcausation statements, then you may have earned the right to make jokes about the agent as cause. But if you haven't done this, and if all the same you do believe such things as that I raised my arm and that Jolns [sic] killed his uncle, and if moreover you still think it's a joke to talk about the agent as cause, then, I'm afraid, the joke is entirely on you.’)(4) Free will is not impugned by quantum indeterminism, at least not in the same decisive way that it is impugned by determinism. To reconcile free will with quantum indeterminism takes work, but the work comes under the heading of metaphysical business-as-usual; to reconcile free will with determinism requires a conceptual breakthrough.And listen to Laura Waddell Ekstrom on the burden of proof.
Mental Substances
Authors: Crane Tim 
Published: November 2010

Philosophers of mind typically conduct their discussions in terms of mental events, mental processes, mental properties, mental states—but rarely in terms of minds themselves. Sometimes this neglect is explicity acknowledged. Donald Davidson, for example, writes that ‘there are no such things as minds, but people have mental properties, which is to say that certain psychological predicates are true of them. These properties are constantly changing, and such changes are mental events’. Hilary Putnam agrees, though for somewhat different reasons:The view I have long defended is that the mind is not a thing, talk of our minds is talk of World-involving capabilities that we have and activities that we engage in. As Dewey succinctly put it, ‘Mind is primarily a verb. It denotes all the ways in which we deal consciously and expressly with the situation in which we find ourseleves. Unfortunately, an influential manner of thinking has changed modes of action into an underlying substance that performs the activities in question. It has treated mind as an independent entity which attends, purposes, cares and remembers’. But the traditional view, by treating mental states as states of the ‘underlying substance’, makes them properties of something ‘inside’, and, if one is a materialist philosopher, that means properties of our brains. So the next problem naturally seems to be: ‘Which neurological properties of our brains do these mental properties “reduce” to?’ For how could our brains have properties that aren't neurological? And this is how materialist philosphers saw the problem until the advent of such new alternatives in the philosophy of mind and philosophy of language as Functionalism and Semantic Externalism.
Critical Consideration of Precipitate Analysis of Fe–1 at.% Cu Using Atom Probe and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Schober M. , Eidenberger E. , Staron P. , Leitner H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn Fe–1 at.% Cu model alloy was examined by atom probe (3DAP) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to verify the accordance of the gained results. The Fe-Cu alloy was heat-treated for various times at 500°C, forming Cu-rich precipitates within the Fe matrix. The chemical compositions of the precipitates and matrix found by 3DAP were used to calculate the magnetic scattering contrast. Additionally, a magnetic moment of the precipitates that contain a significant amount of Fe was taken into account for the calculation of magnetic scattering contrast. This in turn is used for the evaluation of the magnetic scattering curves gained by SANS. Both the 3DAP data as well as the scattering curves were analyzed with regard to radius, number density, and volume fraction of the precipitates as a function of aging time. The results yielded by both techniques are in good agreement and correspond to the development of the hardness of the alloy. Minor differences can be related to the cluster search algorithm used for the analysis of the 3DAP data as well as Fe overestimation based on different field phases.
Denitrification Hotspots and N20 Flux in Fluvial Systems
Authors: Hyman Julia , Gold Arthur , Addy Kelly , Forshay Ken , Mayer Paul , Groffman Peter 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Watersheds have a profound capacity to retain and remove nitrogen (N) inputs before entering coastal waters thereby minimizing eutrophication and hypoxia in estuarine waters. Research suggests that much of this N cycling occurs within aquatic ecosystems, e.g., lakes, streams and wetlands, which may become “hotspots” of nitrous oxide (N2O) production. We examined the effects of woody debris on nitrate removal and denitrification rates in streams of different N enrichment levels. Three different standardized substrates (fresh wood blocks, bundles of naturally occurring streambed wood, and clay‐fired blocks) that were expected to vary in their pool of labile carbon were incubated for 8‐10 weeks in each stream - a high nitrate agricultural stream in Pennsylvania and a low nitrate forested stream in Rhode Island. Substrates were collected and subjected to a series of lab‐based mesocosm assays in stream water amended with 15N-labeled nitrate-N. Nitrate removal rates were determined by mass balance techniques and denitrification rates were estimated by 15N gas generation over 18 hours. The 15N2:15N2O ratios were calculated and the mass of biofilm growth during in-situ incubation was obtained for all substrates.b)

Results/Conclusions
Wood block mesocosms had mean N removal and denitrification potential rates of 0.14 and 0.038 ug N/cm2 hr, respectively, for RI and 0.48 and 0.011 ug N/cm2 hr, respectively, for PA. Natural wood mesocosms from RI had 76% higher N removal (0.039 ug N/cm2 hr) than denitrification. The PA natural wood mesocosms had mean N removal (0.169 ug N/cm2 hr) an order of magnitude above the mean denitrification potential. Clay block mesocosms had negligible N removal and denitrification in RI. PA clay mesocosms had N removal rates of 0.2 ug N/cm2 hr and denitrification potential rates of 0.01 ug N/cm2 hr, likely due to the biofilms that had developed while incubating in the high nitrate stream. These results suggest that fresh inputs of natural woody debris may be an important nitrate sink in streams. High variability was observed and there were numerous cases of negligible N2O production at both sites. As a result, the differences in N removal and denitrification potential rates between sites were not significant. The mesocosms from the high nitrate PA stream generally released more N2O. The wood substrates in these mesocosms acted as significant N sinks, but are not necessarily hotspots for N2O generation.
The data analysis and the knowledge of climate and water resources in South Dakota
Authors: Shmagin Boris , Johnston Carol 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe general principles in climate research and relations of deployed models and obtained knowledge for territory like state or river basin presented on the base of results of data analysis of air temperature (Shmagin and Todey, 2008), precipitation (Shmagin, 2010), and stream flow (Chen and Shmagin 2006). The term of data analysis means sequence of activities and procedures to deal with empirical data: composition the observations as initial matrixes (1), primary analysis with simple statistical characteristics and visualization of data with simple graphs to determine general variability and presents of errors (2), and then analysis of time spatial data variability and interconnections in the matrix (3). The cyber model of landscape (Shmagin, 1997) allows formulate the research tacks for the data analysis, present results as quantities models and fuzzy maps and interpret obtained result in specific field of natural sciences (hydrology, climatology, ecology and others). Data analysis on the base of cyber model provides description of time spatial variability of climate characteristics and water cycle for diversity of regional landscapes as multidimensional structure. Multidimensional structure of regional landscape diversity create the best possible base for longtime forecast (seasonal and interannual) of climate characteristics and development of professional applications to deal with natural variability. The uncertainties of models used for forecast placed in contest of education of art and science.
Analysis of binding properties of VP2 protein of Human parvovirus B19 through in silico molecular docking
Authors: Amburu Praneetha , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Priyadarshini Vani , Manne Munikumar , Amineni Umamaheswari 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHuman parvovirus B19, a member of the Parvoviridae family, is a pathogen associated with a wide variety of diseases. Most commonly, it causes childhood rash erythema infectiosum, but in some cases more serious symptoms such as persistent arthropathy, critical failures of red cell production causing transient aplastic crisis, this infection in pregnancy causes hydrops fetalis and myocarditis. Traditional immunosuppressive therapy being unsuccessful, anti-viral therapy might be worthy of consideration. Functional annotation would provide role of viral proteome in its survival and pathogenic mechanisms. SVMProt functional family annotations of VP2 protein had deciphered its zinc-binding, coat protein, outer membrane, chlorophyll biosynthesis, DNA repair and calcium-binding nature. VP2 protein is having a key role in viral assembly of B19 virus and being non-homologous to human proteome, it was identified as an attractive molecular target for structure based drug discovery. The VP2 protein crystal structure was energy minimized using CHARMM. A structure based virtual screening method was applied using LigandFit to identify potential inhibitors of VP2 protein from ChemBank database and ten potential Human parvovirus B19 VP2 inhibitors were proposed.
Polyisotypic antipeanut‐specific humoral responses in peanut‐allergic individuals
Authors: Kolopp‐Sarda M. N. , Moneret‐Vautrin D. A. , Gobert B. , Kanny G. , Guerin L. , Faure G. C. , Béné M. C. 
Published: November 2010

BackgroundPeanut‐containing food products may induce severe clinical reactions in sensitized subjects, and high levels of antipeanut IgE have been reported in the literature. Immunotherapy, proposed for the prevention of severe accidents, is often ill‐tolerated and only partly efficient. This could be due to the spontaneous development of polyisotypic antipeanut antibodies.ObjectiveTo appreciate the presence and reactivity of other isotypes other than IgE of peanut‐specific antibodies in serum samples from peanut‐sensitized subjects.MethodsSerum samples were obtained from 20 non‐sensitized subjects and 23 sensitized patients divided in three groups according to their response to peanut oral challenge (no response or response to high or low doses, respectively). Peanut‐specific IgG, IgG subclasses, IgA and IgM were assayed using an ELISA, and their reactivity against peanut proteins tested using Western Blot.ResultsA large dispersion of antipeanut antibody levels was observed in the three groups of patients, high levels of IgG, IgG1, IgG4 and IgA usually correlating with highly positive radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Such high levels were observed at onset in four patients who underwent peanut immunotherapy who had side effects and poor efficiency. Western blotting demonstrated that the polyisotypic response observed was directed to several peanut antigens, including the major allergens, Ara h1 and Ara h2.ConclusionPeanut‐sensitized patients who spontaneously develop specific IgE, display polyisotypic‐specific antibody responses, whatever their response to oral challenge. This might explain the poor efficiency of peanut rush immunotherapy attempts.
An investigation into the association among preterm birth, cytokine gene polymorphisms and periodontal disease
Authors: Moore S. , Ide M. , Randhawa M. , Walker J.J. , Reid J.G. , Simpson N.A.B. 
Published: November 2010

Objective  To investigate a putative relationship between preterm delivery and the carriage of polymorphic genes that code for the cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) at codon +3953 and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) at codon −308 in a group of postpartum women and to elucidate if the concurrent presence of periodontal disease increased the risk of preterm delivery in this group.Design  Case–control studySetting  Postnatal wards at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Trust.Population  Postpartum women from southeast London, UK.Methods  Case subjects were defined as those who experienced a birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation. Control subjects gave birth at term. Demographic data were collected and a periodontal examination was performed. Blood samples were collected and analysed by restriction fragment length polymerase techniques for the presence of each of the allelic variants.Main outcome measures  The level of periodontal disease and the carriage of allelic variants of IL‐1β+3953 and TNF‐α−308 genes.Results  Forty‐eight case subjects and 82 control subjects were assessed. There was no statistically significant difference in the carriage of the IL‐1β+3953 allelic variant between cases and controls (29%versus 18%, P= 0.112). However, 23 (48%) of the case subjects and 24 (29%) of controls were heterozygous or homozygous for the variant TNF‐α−308 gene (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–5.0, P= 0.026). There was no association between the carriage of either the polymorphic IL‐1β+3953 or TNF‐α−308 variant and the severity of periodontal disease. The combination of periodontal disease and the allelic variant did not increase the risk of preterm delivery.Conclusions  In this study, a higher proportion of women who delivered preterm carried the polymorphic TNF‐α−308 gene. There did not appear to be any interaction between either of the genotypes and periodontal disease with preterm delivery as has been reported for bacterial vaginosis and the TNF‐α−308 polymorphic gene.