bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental psychiatric disorder: effects on children
Authors: Rutter Michael , Quinton David 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA 4-year prospective study was undertaken of the families of 137 newly referred English speaking psychiatric patients with children at home aged under 15 years. The group comprised a representative sample of such patients living in one inner London borough. Teacher questionnaires were obtained yearly for all children of school age in the families, and for age-, sex- and classroom-matched controls. Detailed standardized interviews were undertaken yearly with parent-patients and with their spouses. A comparison was also made with a control group of families in the general population with 10-year-old children. Patients' families differed in terms of a higher rate of psychiatric disorder in spouses and a much higher level of family discord. Both parental mental disorder and marital discord tended to persist over the 4-year period, but persistence of both was much more marked when the parent had a personality disorder. The children of psychiatric patients had an increased rate of persistent emotional/behavioural disturbance, which tended to involve disorders of conduct. The psychiatric risk to the children was greatest in the case of personality disorders associated with high levels of exposure to hostile behaviour. Boys showing temperamental risk features were most vulnerable to the ill-effects associated with parental mental disorder.
Life events and depression in women: a structural equation model
Authors: Fergusson D. M. , Horwood L. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA non-recursive structural equation model designed to examine the reciprocal relationship between life event reports and depressive symptoms in women is presented. The model was fitted to data from a 2-year longitudinal study of life events and depression in a sample of women with 5-year-old children. The findings suggest that life event reports may be influenced by mental state; however, even when this tendency is taken into account, there is still a substantial relationship between life events and depressive symptoms in women. This indicates that it is unlikely that the life events/depression correlation can be explained simply by a tendency for depressed women to over-report life events.
Centrum semiovale white matter CT changes associated with normal ageing, Alzheimer's disease and late life depression with and without reversible dementia
Authors: Pearlson Godfrey D. , Rabins Peter V. , Burns Alistair 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA standardized, reliable means of assessing CT attenuation numbers in the centrum semiovale and surrounding grey matter was developed. This was applied to cranial CT scans of 60 normal controls (36 aged > 60 years), 25 elderly patients with major depression (14 of whom had the dementia syndrome of depression), and 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Subjects received neuropsychological evaluation.Centrum semiovale (CSO) CT attenuation numbers decreased with increasing age for both white and grey matter. White matter attenuation values best discriminated elderly controls from the three patient groups. Both white and grey matter CSO attenuation values correlated with performance on a number of cognitive tasks.
Season of birth for Alzheimer's disease in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Henderson A. S. , Korten A. E. , Jorm A. F. , McCusker E. , Creasey H. , Broe G. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSeason of birth was compared in 170 clinically diagnosed cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Australia and 170 matched controls. A further comparison was made with a large population sample of the elderly. No evidence for seasonality of birth was found. This finding held not only for the total series of 170 cases, but also for the 143 born in the Southern Hemisphere, for sporadic cases, and for those with earlier onset. These negative findings in Australia contrast with the positive finding in London by Philpot et al. (1989).
Perceived interpersonal risk factors of non-endogenous depression
Authors: Hickie I. , Parker G. , Wilhelm K. , Tennant C. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn a case-control study, two potential interpersonal risk factors of non-endogenous depression, namely a patient's perception of their current intimate partner as dysfunctional and a patient's recall of exposure to previous deprivational parenting, were quantified. The interpersonal characteristics of the partner were assessed principally by a brief self-report questionnaire, the Intimate Bond Measure (IBM). By cross-sectional and longitudinal comparison of this instrument with other interview-derived and self-report measures, the convergent, discriminant and predictive validity of the IBM in depressed patients was established. Further, little evidence of any distorting effect of depressed mood or neuroticism was detected. The perception of the current intimate partner as dysfunctional imparted a risk to non-endogenous depression of at least five times, while reported exposure to parental ‘affectionless control’ was quantified as a four times' risk. Importantly, IBM care scores predicted the course of the depressive disorder over a six-month period.
Heartbeat and arrhythmia perception in diabetic autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Pauli Paul , Hartl Lydia , Marquardt Christian , Stalmann Henrica , Strian Friedrich 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA comparative study of diabetics with autonomic neuropathy (N = 13) as against non-neuropathic diabetics (N = 16) and healthy control persons (N = 20) was carried out with respect to heart rate both at rest and under stress, frequency of cardiac arrhythmias in a 24-h ECG and accuracy of heartbeat and arrhythmia perception. In the subjects with diabetic autonomic neuropathy, the spontaneous variability and stress-induced reactivity of the heart rate as well as the number of tachycardic episodes were reduced, whereas the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles was somewhat increased. Impaired heartbeat perception and a complete loss of perception of arrhythmias as a consequence of neuropathic deafferentation could be demonstrated. Cardiac perception disorders also play a vital role in other clinical problems, e.g. silent myocardial infarction and lack of awareness of hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus.
Follow-up studies of anorexia nervosa: a review of four decades of outcome research
Authors: Steinhausen H.-Ch. , Rauss-Mason C. , Seidel R. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn 1983 we presented a systematic analysis of the available literature on the course of anorexia nervosa (Steinhausen & Glanville, 1983a). The survey was based on 45 English and German language studies published between 1953 and 1981. During the past decade there has been a striking increase of publications related to eating disorders in general. This pertains as well to follow-up studies on anorexia nervosa. In addition to studies compiled in our previous report, we were able to locate another 22 follow-up studies published in major English and German language journals between 1981 and 1989.
The incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in primary care
Authors: Hoek Hans W. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISGeneral practitioners using DSM-III criteria have studied the incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in a large (N = 151781) representative sample of the Dutch population. The incidence rate for anorexia nervosa is 6·3 and for bulimia nervosa 9·9 per year per 100000 population. The prevalence of bulimia nervosa is three times higher in larger cities than in smaller urbanized or rural areas, while anorexia nervosa is found with almost equal frequency in areas with a different degree of urbanization.
In sickness and in health: associations between physical and mental well-being, employment and parental status in a British nationwide sample of married women
Authors: Elliott B. Jane , Huppert Felicia A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISMany studies have been published which have examined the relationship between paid employment and women's health. As employment outside the home is likely to have differential effects for women with different family commitments, further analysis taking account of the association between paid employment and household circumstances is necessary.Using data from a large, representative British sample, this paper examines the effects of interactions between paid employment, social class, and parental status on women's health. The results show differential effects of these variables on physical and mental health. The most important influence on women's mental health (as measured by the 30-item General Health Questionnaire) is the age of their youngest child; women with children under five are most likely to show signs of psychological disturbance. With respect to physical health, age of the youngest child has no significant effect, but there is an interaction between employment status and social class. Paid employment, particularly full-time work, is associated with good physical health for middle-class women but not for working-class women.
The use of the Clinical Interview Schedule for the evaluation of mental health in the aged community
Authors: Blay S. L. , Mari J. De J. , Ramos L. R. , Ferraz M. P. T. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISAs a part of a survey to study the health and living conditions of the elderly population, a random sample of residents aged 65 and over are examined using the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS) in order to evaluate their psychiatric status. The aim of this study is to evaluate this standard method of assessment as a case-identification instrument in our country. The schedule was completed by 91 subjects. It is easily administered, easily scored, and economical on time. Its completion rate is high. The weighted total scores (WTS) range from 0 to 48. Using the case criteria defined by Cooper & Schwarz (1982), 27 subjects (30%) are considered cases and 64 (70%) are regarded as non-cases. The sensitivity coefficients for the WTS are examined against the overall severity rating at different cut-off points. The optimum cut-off can be anywhere between 16 and 20 points. The WTS has higher validity coefficients to detect the following diagnostic categories (sensitivity, specificity): normals (100%, −); personality (100%, 92%) and affective disorders (100%, 75%). In general the CIS items are given low ratings. Psychotic symptoms are rarely found in this sample. One main problem arose: the item depersonalization is misunderstood by some patients probably because of interpreting it as an upsetting memory disturbance.
A prospective study of the effects of lithium on thyroid function and on the prevalence of antithyroid antibodies
Authors: Myers D. H. , Carter R. A. , Burns B. H. , Armond A. , Hussain S. B. , Chengapa Vinnie K. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTests of thyroid function and pathology were carried out on 133 patients before they were treated with lithium (Li+). Of the 12 patients who subsequently became hypothyroid during treatment with lithium 9 had, before the commencement of treatment, thyroid autoantibodies and/or an exaggerated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), whereas 3 patients had neither of these indicators. Lithium administration was accompanied by a rise in thyroid antibody titre in 20 patients but a fall in only 5, a statistically significant difference. Evidence that it may be an immunostimulant is discussed. Li+-induced thyroid failure cannot be accurately predicted, and may occur suddenly. The best minimum safeguard, therefore, is serial thyroxine (T4) (or free T4) estimation, supplemented if equivocal by a free thyroxine index (FTI), a basal TSH and, if doubt remains, by a TRH test.
Genetic factors in the sex ratio of major depression
Authors: Merikangas Kathleen R. , Weissman Myrna M. , Pauls David L. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA twofold increase in the prevalence of depression among women has been consistently observed. Several possible explanations, including methodological, endocrine, psychosocial, and genetic factors, have been proposed for the increased rates of depression among women. This paper describes the analysis of data from a family-genetic study of depressed probands to examine whether genetic factors can explain the preponderance of depressed females. Our data indicate that the excess of females with major depression cannot be attributed to increased genetic loading for depression in women. Other factors which may explain increased rates of major depression in women are discussed.
Parasuicide and unemployment among men in Edinburgh 1968–82
Authors: Platt S. , Kreitman N. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe ecological association between unemployment and parasuicide rates among males in Edinburgh over the period 1968–82 was positive and highly significant (r = 0·77). Similarly, the two rates were found to be correlated across the city wards in 1971 (r = 0·76) and even more strongly in 1981 (r = 0·95). Throughout the period the parasuicide rate among the unemployed was nearly always more than 10 times higher than that among the employed. The long-term unemployed were at much higher risk than those out of work for lesser periods, although the impact of recent job loss was marked. Population attributable risk has shown a tendency to rise in line with the upward trend in the unemployment rate, despite the decline in relative risk over the period. The findings were considered consistent with the view that unemployment increases the parasuicide rate.
The Chinese version of the General Health Questionnaire: does language make a difference?
Authors: Chan David W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe English and Chinese versions of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were administered to a sample of 72 bilingual respondents for the evaluation of version equivalence by a series of item analyses, reliability analyses and factor analyses. Although certain notable discrepancies were observed at the item level, the two versions were found to be comparable at the scale level. In addition, cogent evidence was provided for the relative robustness of the symptom dimensions as assessed by the two versions of the GHQ.
Psychological enquiry: a contribution to cancer research
Authors: Greer S. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA review of psychological contributions to cancer research is presented and a theoretical framework of heuristic value for such investigations is suggested. The author's study of women with breast cancer is described and methodological limitations are considered. There is evidence that psychological and psychobiological studies can make a useful contribution to cancer research, providing they are based on rigorous scientific methods.
Left-sided Parkinson's disease is associated with greater anxiety and depression
Authors: Fleminger S. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSeventeen patients with Parkinson's disease which was markedly asymmetric and worse on the right side of the body (RHP) were compared with 13 patients whose signs were worse on the left (LHP). The two groups of patients were well matched for age, duration of symptoms, disability, overall severity of signs, and medication.The mean scores on ratings of depression, using both a self-rating scale and semi-structured interview rating, were almost twice as great in the LHP group. The LHP group also had significantly more symptoms of anxiety. The prevalence of clinically significant psychopathology was increased about five fold in the LHP group compared with the RHP group.There was a close correlation between anxiety and depressive symptoms. The depression experienced by the patients was ‘atypical’, with relatively little anhedonia and evidence of a negative view of self, and prominent symptoms of anxiety. The best predictor of symptoms of depression and anxiety was a measure of social support and stress. They also correlated with the overall severity of Parkinson's disease.
The development of the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ), a new measure of women's attitudes towards their own bodies
Authors: Ben-Tovim David I. , Walker M. Kay 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA measure has been developed which assesses a broad range of attitudes which women hold towards their bodies. The Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) is a 44-item self-report questionnaire whose subscales encompass six distinct aspects of body experience (feelings of overall fatness, self-disparagement, strength, salience of weight, feelings of attractiveness and consciousness of lower body fat). The development of the BAQ involved administering increasingly refined versions to a wide range of female respondents. The final version appears to have satisfactory psychometric properties. When the BAQ scores of 29 patients with anorexia nervosa were compared with those of a large community sample, a more complex pattern of deviant attitudes appeared than would previously have been suspected. The BAQ appears to have potential as a research instrument in this and other fields in which the measurement of attitudes towards the body is important.
Performance of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) as a screening test for dementia
Authors: Jorm A. F. , Scott R. , Cullen J. S. , MacKinnon A. J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA 26-item informant questionnaire (IQCODE) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were compared as screening tests for dementia in a sample of 69 patients. Dementia diagnoses were made by both a clinician and a research interview using a computer algorithm to meet DSM-III-R and ICD-10 (Draft) criteria. The IQCODE was found to perform at least as well as the MMSE against all diagnoses and significantly better when judged against the algorithmic ICD-10 diagnoses. Also, the IQCODE was found to be uncontaminated by pre-morbid ability as estimated from the National Adult Reading Test and to have very high test–retest reliability after a delay of a day or more.
Noise, discomfort and mental health:A review of the socio-medical implications of disturbance by noise
Authors: McLean E. K. , Tarnopolsky A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe published work relating to the effects of noise on man and animals is reviewed from the standpoint of mental health. Evidence from a number of different disciplines shows that the presence of meaning in the noise is of critical importance in determining the persistence of physical reactions to the noise. The existing evidence linking noise with mental illness is found to be unsatisfactory. The concept of annoyance and the relevance of noise annoyance to mental illness are discussed. Some specific suggestions for further work are put forward.
Measuring gesture: its cultural and clinical correlates
Authors: Sainsbury Peter , Wood Elizabeth 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAn ultrasonic system for measuring psychomotor behaviour is described, and then applied to compare the extent to which English and French students gesticulate.The findings supported the hypotheses that: (1) French students gesticulate more than the English both when using descriptive speech and when discussing their feelings; (2) descriptive speech elicits more gesture then affectively-toned speech; (3) when verbal expression is more difficult the use of gesture increases; (4) individuals tend to maintain a characteristic level of gesturing.We concluded the ultrasonic system provides a reliable and sensitive method for measuring gesture activity and can be applied clinically to the study of psychomotor behaviour.
A study of agoraphobic housewives
Authors: Buglass Dorothy , Clarke J. , Henderson A. S. , Kreitman N. , Presley A. S. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisThirty married agoraphobic women referred to out-patient clinics in Edinburgh were compared with ‘normal’ controls (selected from GP records and screened for the absence of psychiatric symptoms) matched on age, sex, social class and marital status. The agoraphobics' husbands were similarly compared with the husbands of the controls. On most measures of attitudes, behaviour, domestic organization and marital interaction, the 2 groups were strikingly similar.
Adenosine 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate metabolism in patients with severe depressive illness
Authors: Jarrett David B. , Newell Barbara , Davies Brian , Coghlan John P. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisThe daily excretion of adenosine 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate (c-AMP) in a group of 19 patients with a severe depressive illness was found to be significantly decreased when compared with that from a group of euthymic patients being treated for other disorders in the same ward. The daily excretion of the depressed patients increased during the period of treatment and recovery from the illness. Treatment with a tricyclic antidepressant caused a greater increase than electroconvulsive treatment (ECT). There was no difference between the mean plasma c-AMP concentration of the depressed and euthymic groups. The mean CSF c-AMP concentration was not different from the mean plasma c-AMP concentration in 12 patients with severe depression. There was no direct correlation between the CSF and plasma concentrations within patients. It was concluded that there may be a reversible disturbance in the renal metabolism of c-AMP in patients with severe depression.
A survey of a long-stay psychiatric population: implications for community services
Authors: Brown J. R. W. Christie , Ebringer Lorna , Freedman L. S. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisTwo hundred and twenty long-stay psychiatric patients were surveyed by means of semi-standardized interviews and by obtaining information from nursing staff and case records. Each patient's needs for accommodation and employment were assessed as if immediate discharge from hospital were being contemplated. The results of the exercise emphasize the need for long-stay to permanent accommodation. The validity of this method of assessing community care requirements is discussed.
Suicides by opium and its derivatives, in England and Wales, 1850—1950
Authors: Clarke Michael J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn the mid-nineteenth century opium and its derivatives, such as laudanum and morphine, were the most common poisons in suicides in England and Wales. With legislative restrictions on these ‘dangerous drugs’ such a use declined. This study attempts to show this trend and indicates the large variety of these opium-related suicides.
Sensitivity to noise in a community sample: I. Measurement of psychiatric disorder and personality
Authors: Stansfeld S. A. , Clark C. R. , Jenkins L. M. , Tarnopolsky A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA sample of 77 women of high and low noise sensitivity, living in areas of high and low exposure to aircraft noise drawn from the 1977 West London Survey, were interviewed in the community in 1980. Women of high, intermediate and low noise sensitivity in 1980 were compared for measures of psychiatric disorder, personality and reactivity to the other sensory stimuli. In addition, the noise sensitivity measures defining the three groups in 1980 were compared with further measures of noise sensitivity. High noise sensitive women exhibited significantly more psychiatric symptoms, higher neuroticism scores, and greater reactivity to other sensory stimuli than intermediate and low noise sensitive women.
Cognitive performance of medicated schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Collerton Daniel , Fairbairn Andrew , Britton Peter 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwenty schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia and an equal number of matched controls were tested on a novel cognitive task. The task had two components: cued response and spatial memory. Relative to controls, the dyskinetic subjects showed a superior cued response performance but an equal spatial memory ability. We speculate that this selective facilitation may reflect dopaminergic hyperactivity in the dyskinetic group.