bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A discussion of the Jahns–Burnham proposal for the formation of zoned granitic pegmatites using solid-liquid-vapour inclusions from the Tanco Pegmatite, S.E. Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Thomas Anne V. , Bray Colin J. , Spooner Edward T. C. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTJahns and Burnham (1969) proposed that the internal evolution of zoned granitic pegmatites could be explained by crystallisation from water-saturated melts which evolved to produce systems with a melt plus a separate aqueous fluid. Examination of microthermometric properties, chemical compositions and gas contents of solid-liquid-vapour inclusions from a number of the zones of the Tanco rare element granitic pegmatite places constraints on fluid evolution within the framework of the crystallisation history of the pegmatite, and contributes to an examination of the Jahns–Burnham proposal.Initial crystallisation at Tanco was from the wall rock inwards, producing the relatively unfractionated wall zone (potassium feldspar–quartz-albite-muscovite). Textural evidence, and an upward increase in the level of geochemical fractionation, indicate that much, but not all, of the subsequent crystallisation of the pegmatite was from the base upwards. Inclusions trapped by wall zone and metasomatic wall rock tourmaline indicate that the pegmatite was intruded as a 2 phase alumino-silicate melt/fluid mixture at ∼720°C, with an initial fluid composition of ∼98mol.% H2O (containing 2 equiv. mo1% NaCl) and <2mol% CO2 (containing <5 equiv. mo1% CH4). These observations indicate that both melt and fluid were present from the start of crystallisation (Jahns & Burnham 1969), but show that CO2 and dissolved salts were important additional components of the fluid phase. The bulk of the pegmatite then crystallised in the range 600-470°C from melts and fluids with continued low levels of CO2 (2-3mol.%) and approximately constant salinity (∼7 equiv. wt.% NaCl dissolved in the aqueous phase). Crystal-rich inclusions, which may represent trapped alumino-silicate melts, are present throughout pegmatite crystallisation down to temperatures as low as ∼262°C. The final stages of crystallisation resulted in the formation of the beryl fringe at 291 ± 33°C and the lower part of the quartz zone at 262 ± 29°C. By the later stages the fluid had cooled through an H2O-CO2– dissolved salt solvus resulting in H2O-CO2 phase separation. Gas chromatographic analysis of the fluid components in the vug quartz, beryl fringe and lower part of the quartz zone shows that the inclusions contain H2O, CO2, CH4, N2, CO, Ar, and trace C2H6 in the beryl fringe. Measured CH4:CO2 ratios of 0·0060 (±0·0015) for the beryl fringe (twenty crushes on five samples) and 0·0042 (±0.0021) for the quartz zone (thirty crushes on six samples) yield fO2 estimates of 1×10−36 and 2 × 10−38, respectively, which are just above QFM at these temperatures.
Granites and a wet convecting ultramafic planenet
Authors: Fyfe W. S. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTGranites and their associated extrusive rocks are formed in large volumes whenever the continental crust is heated by rising hot mantle, or thickened by collision processes. The complexity of rocks of the granite family is related to the complexity of the continental crust itself and the complexity of processes which lead to thermal perturbations. The light continental crust acts as a density filter which screens out heavy mantle magmas and leads to complex underplating and magma mixing processes. Perhaps the primary cause of crustal melting is the deep recycling of volatiles which are fixed in the oceanic crust before subduction. Modern studies of subduction and collision processes show the large scale and complexity of processes which modify old continental crust.
A 350 ka history of the Indian Southwest Monsoon—evidence from deep-sea cores, northwest Arabian Sea
Authors: Shimmield Graham B. , Mowbray Stephen R. , Weedon Graham P. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe Indian summer Southwest Monsoon plays an important part in influencing, and regulating, the productivity and sedimentation in the northwest Arabian Sea at the present day, by driving coastal upwelling. This leaves permanent sedimentological and geochemical records in the accumulating deep-sea sediments. Cores 722B and 724C were raised from the Owen Ridge and Oman Margin, respectively, during Leg 117 of the Ocean Drilling Program and have been subjected to geochemical analyses and α-spectrometry. A comparative core, CD17–30, situated on the adjacent Indus Fan abyssal plain, has also been studied. The chronostratigraphy of the cores has been established with δ18O stratigraphy, giving a 350 ka climate record. Changes in the total sediment mass accumulation rates occur on glacial/interglacial time scales, with maximum fluxes occurring during glacial episodes. The high fluxes are predominantly due to wind-transported dust at the ridge and margin sites. Compositional parameters (e.g. the Ti/Al ratio) indicating the proportion of heavy minerals present within the dust, suggests that strong winds associated with the Southwest Monsoon, occur with Milankovitch periodicities, and are dominated by the precession (23 ka) frequency. The wind strength controls the proportion of heavy minerals transported to the Arabian Sea, whilst continental aridity influences the timing of deflation from the Arabian and Somalian peninsulas. Tracers of palaeoproductivity (Ba/Al) indicate strong coherence and phase with the proxy ice volume (foraminiferal δ18O) signal, suggesting global climate parameters (ice volume, continental aridity) determine coastal productivity by influencing nutrient supply. In relation to productivity, the roles of oceanic circulation/stratification and nutrient supply through continental runoff are discussed. This study shows that the Southwest Monsoon appears to only affect the shorter period (precession cycle, 23 ka band) productivity signal. Evidence from excess230Th suggests deep oceanic circulation (at about 2000 m depth) was more intense 110 ka BP decreasing toward 40 ka BP. By the use of these various geochemical tracers a new, and comprehensive, view of the interaction of the Monsoon and global climate with marine productivity through the late Pleistocene has been obtained.
Southern ocean–sea-ice interaction: implications for climate and modelling
Authors: Martinson Douglas G. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe ocean/sea-ice interaction of the Antarctic open ocean region is described through a one-dimensional model. The model includes processes responsible for maintaining stability in this marginally stable region and reveals the importance of the various processes controlling deep water formation/ventilation and sea-ice thickness and their sensitivity to climate change. This information is used to estimate changes, as they impact water column stability, induced by glacial conditions. Increased stability is conducive to greater ice cover and less deep water formation/ventilation; decreased stability conducive to the opposite.Sensitivity studies show that the system is destabilised given: (1) shallowing of the pycnocline (induced by increased gyre vigor); (2) decrease in the ratio of heat to salt through the pycnocline (induced by introducing a colder and/or saltier deep water or by increasing the salinity of the surface water); (3) decreased pycnocline strength (induced by a fresher deep water or saltier surface water) and (4) increased atmospheric heat loss. Most of the assumed glacial conditions drive the system toward destabilisation, but the critical effect of changes in NADW characteristics depends strongly on the temperature and salinity of the replacement water. The importance of this deep water influence is evident today—as little as 3Wm−2 in the upper ocean heat balance or an additional 15 cm of ice growth is sufficient to overturn the water column in some regions.
The isotopic geochemistry of ocean waters through time
Authors: Fallick A. E. , Hamilton P. J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThere is a general consensus that the global chemistry of ocean water has not changed markedly during the Phanerozoic. Nevertheless, significant changes have occurred in the geochemical cycles of some elements and patterns of change have been reconstructed, in various forms, through consideration of the isotope ratios 13C/12C, 34S/32S, 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd. There have also been attempts to constrain variations in the isotopic composition of sea water itself through measurements of D/H and 18O/16O, the latter both directly and indirectly. Dissolved constituents in seawater display secular changes in isotopic composition as a consequence of quite different driving mechanisms. δ13C and δ34S variations are broadly correlated and linked by carbon and sulphur exogenic cycle interaction through redox reactions (the “free oxygen cycle”). The 87Sr/86Sr trend is determined by the balance among different Sr inputs to the oceanic pool, which vary in their isotopic composition (limestones, old granitic material and young basaltic material). Neodymium isotope variations are not globally synchronous. Changes in 143Nd/144Nd are influenced by local erosion products from continental landmasses and can therefore be different for coexisting palaeocean basins.
Biomineralisation in the context of geological time
Authors: Simkiss K. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe basic properties of living systems are remarkably consistent and involve energy interactions between intracellular and extracellular environments. These interactions predispose living systems to deposit minerals from many solutions. The evolution of biomineralisation was not a single cellular invention but rather the association and perfection of a few of these fundamental properties of cell biology. The components of biomineralisation systems involve some mechanism for modifying the activity of at least one ion, an interface for initiating and possibly controlling crystal growth, a diffusion limited size and a mechanism for manipulating the growth of the crystal lattice. The evolution of these components of biomineralisation in the context of geological time inevitably concentrates on the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary. Over a time scale of less than 50 × 106 years there was a proliferation of metazoan phyla, the mineralisation in a large number of taxa and the exploitation of a diverse set of processes involving agglutinated sediments, silica, phosphates and carbonates. A large number of theories have been proposed to explain why biomineralisation occurred at this particular time. Such theories should recognise the importance of the incorporation of the citric acid cycle into the cellular metabolism of many organisms and its exploitation in an aerobic environment, the development of multicellularity which enormously increased the opportunities for modifying ion activities in diffusion-limited sites, and the exploitation of browsing and carnivorous feeding habits. These influences had major effects on ecosystems and population structures and put considerable selective pressure on the advantages that could be gained from a skeleton.
On smooth time functions
Authors: FATHI ALBERT , SICONOLFI ANTONIO 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe are concerned with the existence of smooth time functions on connected time-oriented Lorentzian manifolds. The problem is tackled in a more general abstract setting, namely in a manifold M where is just defined a field of tangent convex cones (Cx)x ∈ M enjoying mild continuity properties. Under some conditions on its integral curves, we will construct a time function.Our approach is based on the definition of an intrinsic length for curves indicating how a curve is far from being an integral trajectory of Cx. We find connections with topics pertaining to Hamilton–Jacobi equations, and make use of tools and results issued from weak KAM theory.
Compensation for ecosystem services: an evaluation of efforts to achieve conservation and development in Ecuadorian páramo grasslands
Authors: FARLEY KATHLEEN A. , ANDERSON WILLIAM G. , BREMER LEAH L. , HARDEN CAROL P. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYEcosystem services programmes have been advocated for their potential to join conservation and poverty alleviation efforts, integrate working landscapes, and provide a flow of ecosystem services upon which populations rely. Ecuadorian páramo grasslands have rapidly become the focus of compensation for ecosystem services (CES) programmes intended to conserve hydrologic services, carbon sequestration and biodiversity. This paper reviews CES programmes in Ecuadorian páramos using a combination of semi-structured interviews with project personnel, policy makers and community leaders involved in CES programme development, document analysis, and archival research. Findings indicate that, in some cases, CES schemes can support local development, with potential to contribute to poverty alleviation; however, measures of programme effects on poverty were lacking. The programmes fell across the spectrum of activity-reducing to activity-enhancing, with some functioning as protected areas and others integrating working landscapes; however, designation of land as protected did not necessarily imply more restrictive use. Finally, these cases all reflect scenarios in which limited information is available linking land use with ecosystem services production and underscore the idea that adequate understanding of ecosystem production functions continues to be a barrier to development of effective programmes, particularly where the provision of multiple ecosystem services is anticipated.
Meta-analysis of institutional-economic factors explaining the environmental performance of payments for watershed services
Authors: BROUWER ROY , TESFAYE ABONESH , PAUW PIETER 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYPayments for ecosystem services (PES) are a relatively new economic policy instrument, and the factors that drive and explain their environmental performance are poorly understood. Here a meta-analysis of causal relationships between the institutional design and environmental performance of 47 payments for watershed services (PWS) schemes worldwide showed a significant effect on environmental achievement of the terms and conditions of scheme participation, including the selection of service providers, community participation, the existence and monitoring of quantifiable objectives, and the number of intermediaries between service providers and buyers. Direct payments by downstream hydropower companies to upstream land owners for reduced sediment loads were identified as a successful PWS example. No other significant explanatory factors, such as specific type of watershed service, age or scale of implementation of the PWS scheme were detected. The results are highly dependent on the reliability of the input variables, in particular the measurement of the environmental performance variable. Despite efforts to find quantitative information on the environmental performance of existing PWS schemes, such empirical evidence is lacking in many of the schemes studied. International monitoring guidelines are needed to facilitate comparisons, identify success factors and support the future design of cost-effective PWS schemes.
Impact of Age, and Cognitive and Coping Resources on Coping
Authors: Trouillet Raphaël , Doan-Van-Hay Loane-Martine , Launay Michel , Martin Sophie 
Published: November 2011

RÉSUMÉAfin d’explorer la valeur prédictive des ressources congnitives et de coping pour le coping centré sur le problème et sur 1’émotion en prenant en compte 1’âge, nous avons recueilli des données auprès d’adultes vivant à domicile et âgés de 20 à 90 ans. Nous avons fait 1’hypothèse que 1’âge, le stress perçu, 1’auto-efficacité, la capacité de mémoire de travail, et la flexibilité mentale sont des facteurs prédisant le coping. Nous avons recueilli des données en utilisant des versions françaises de 1’échelle de stress percu (PSS), d’autoefficacité (GSE) et un questionnaire de coping (WCC). Les évaluations cognitives ont inclus le subtest des empans envers-endroit (WAIS), et les parties A et B du Trail-Making Test (TMT). Dans les analyses multivariées, ni le déficit de mémoire de travail, ni le deficit de la flexibilité mentale ne prédisent significativement le coping centré sur le probleme. L’âge ne prédit que le coping centré sur le problème. L’auto-efficacité prédit le coping centré sur le problème alors que le stress perçu prédit le coping centré sur 1’émotion. Nos resultats ont confirmé que le coping centré sur 1’émotion resterait stable avec 1’âge. Le Coping centré sur le problème augmente avec 1’âge et depend essentiellement de la confiance des participants concernant leur capacité à résoudre des problèmes (i.e., 1’auto-effi cacité).
Moving towards Complicity as a Criterion of Attribution of Private Conducts: Imputation to States of Corporate Abuses in the US Case Law
Authors: AMOROSO DANIELE 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAccording to the agency paradigm enshrined by the 2001 ILC Articles on State Responsibility, private conducts are attributed to a state when they are carried out on the state's behalf or under its tight control. On closer look, this legal framework proves to be unable to deal with state involvement in human-rights violations perpetrated by powerful non-state actors, such as terrorist groups or transnational corporations. These wrongs, indeed, are often put in place with the fundamental contribution of – but not on behalf of (or under the control of) – a state, with the consequence that, under the traditional paradigm, they could not be attributed to the latter. Against this backdrop, the present paper argues that a new secondary norm has been developing that provides that private wrongs are to be imputed to a state if the latter knowingly facilitated (or otherwise co-operated in) their commission. Although international practice will be duly taken into account, the analysis will be focused mainly on US case law concerning corporate liability for international human-rights violations.
Mortality due to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in England: a comparison of the first and second waves
Authors: MYTTON O. T. , RUTTER P. D. , MAK M. , STANTON E. A. I. , SACHEDINA N. , DONALDSON L. J. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYDeaths in England attributable to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 deaths were investigated through a mandatory reporting system. The pandemic came in two waves. The second caused greater population mortality than the first (5·4vs. 1·6 deaths per million,P<0·001). Mortality was particularly high in those with chronic neurological disease, chronic heart disease and immune suppression (450, 100, and 94 deaths per million, respectively); significantly higher than in those with chronic respiratory disease (39 per million) and those with no risk factors (2·4 per million). Greater mortality in the second wave has been observed in all previous influenza pandemics. This time, the explanation appears to be behavioural. This emphasizes the importance of maintaining public and clinical awareness of risks associated with pandemic influenza beyond the initial high-profile period.
Bicycle trade organizations in modern Shanghai
Authors: TAO XU 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT:Trade associations were widely established as new industrial and commercial organizations in modern China, particularly during the Republican era. They were characterized by enormous spatial, temporal and industrial differences, and generalizing, one-sided studies are very unlikely to lead to a truthful, precise historical understanding of these associations. Case-studies that are more fully multidimensional are urgently needed to supplement our understanding. The national bicycle industry was representative of emerging industries in modern China. This article focuses on bicycle industry-related trade associations in modern Shanghai. Files housed in the Shanghai Municipal Archives are analysed to offer a concrete dissection of an individual case-study that will illuminate broader questions in trade association historical research.
A case of hybrid closure of a muscular ventricular septal defect: anatomical complexity and surgical management
Authors: Karimi Mohsen , Hulsebus Elise , Murdison Kenneth , Wiles Henry 
Published: November 2011

AbstractComplex muscular ventricular septal defect poses difficult surgical management and is associated with high morbidity and mortality despite advancements in surgical therapy. Device closure of muscular ventricular septal defect has been encouraging and has been used in hybrid approach at a few centres. However, device closure has some limitations in patients with complex muscular ventricular septal defect. We report a case of perventricular device closure of a complex muscular ventricular septal defect in a beating heart with entrapped right ventricular disc and its surgical management.
Assessment of Phonation Threshold Pressure: A Critical Review and Clinical Implications
Authors: Plexico Laura W. , Sandage Mary J. , Faver Katherine Y. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
To describe the origins of the task elicitation procedure for determining phonation threshold pressure and, through a literature review and online survey, describe published procedural, environmental, and participant variable departures from the original methodology.

Method

Literature search terms included
phonation threshold pressure,
subglottal pressure and phonation,
pressure measurement and phonation,
lung pressure and phonation,
and
vocal fold oscillation onset
. Inclusion criteria were limited to indirect assessment of phonation threshold pressure, English language publications between 1980 and 2009, and peer-reviewed journals. Studies including animals, computer or physical models, alaryngeal speakers, laryngeal airway resistance, or any airflow interruption technique were excluded. Twenty-four articles matched the inclusionary criteria. An online survey to query task elicitation procedures was then developed from the literature review.

Results
The scientific rationale for inclusion of phonation threshold pressure data was consistent across published studies; however, variations in procedural methodology for task elicitation were identified, as were environmental and participant inconsistencies that might affect phonation threshold pressure values. Findings of the online survey mirrored the inconsistencies identified in the literature review.

Conclusions
The methodological differences for task elicitation identified in this comprehensive review of the literature and the online survey, while bringing into question the reliability of phonation threshold pressure measurement, illuminate scientific questions yet to be answered to further refine and potentially standardize phonation threshold pressure as a more reliable research and clinical measurement.
Le cheveu : des cordes et de la physique
Authors: Pomeau Yves , Audoly Basile 
Published: November 2011

Cet article présente un exemple de l’effet de l’élasticité d’un solide sur la forme géométrique qu’il prend lorsqu’on lui applique des contraintes : la théorie mécanique du cheveu.
Le texte souligne, par ailleurs, le rôle de l’introduction de méthodes mathématiques, très générales, en mécanique du solide.
L’article est un exposé succinct du chapitre 8 du récent ouvrage “Elasticity and Geometry – From hair curls to the nonlinear response of shells”, dont nous présentons page13, une recension d’Étienne Guyon.
Giulio Racah (1909-1965)
Authors: Pain Jean-Christophe 
Published: November 2011

Giulio Racah est connu des physiciens pour ses techniques mathématiques fondées sur les opérateurs tensoriels et les groupes continus, appliquées principalement au groupe de symétrie par rotation. Ces méthodes ont révolutionné la spectroscopie et sont incontournables en physique atomique, nucléaire, et des particules élémentaires. Il a d’abord développé une procédure systématique pour classer les niveaux d’énergie des atomes (introduisant un nouveau nombre quantique, la « seniorité »), qui demeure la plus utilisée pour les calculs pratiques de structure atomique.
Racah a posé les fondations de la physique atomique en Israël et a formé de nombreux physiciens de talent.