bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution of GAD67‐mRNA in the adult zebrafish (teleost) forebrain reveals a prosomeric pattern and suggests previously unidentified homologies to tetrapods
Authors: Mueller Thomas , Guo Su 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe used in situ hybridization on sections to examine the distribution of GAD67‐expressing cell populations in the entire forebrain of the adult zebrafish. GAD67 is predominantly expressed in the olfactory bulb (OB), all regions of the subpallium (including the dorsal, ventral, central, and lateral nucleus of the area ventralis [Vd, Vv, Vc, and Vl, respectively]), as well as preoptic (PPa, PPp, and PM), pretectal (PPd, PPv, PCN, PSp, and PSm), ventral (= pre‐) thalamic (I, VM, and VL), hypothalamic (Hr, Hi, and Hc), preglomerular (P, PGa, PGl, PGm, and RT), and posterior tubercular (TPp and TPm) nuclei. Only scattered GAD67‐expressing cells are seen in all pallial zones (Dm, Dd, Dc, Dl, and Dp) and in the previously unidentified bed nucleus of the stria medullaris (BNSM). The BNSM appears to be the adult teleostean derivative of the larval eminentia thalami (EmT). We identify the GAD67‐positive entopeduncular nucleus proper (EN) as being homologous to the entopeduncular nucleus of nonprimate mammals. GAD67 is strongly expressed in the anterior thalamic nucleus (A). The anterior thalamic nucleus is laterally bordered by a distinct GAD67‐expressing cell population, which we interpret as the previously unidentified reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) of teleosts. Furthermore, we identified a GAD67‐positive thalamic nucleus, the intercalated nucleus (IC), which is sandwiched between the GAD67‐negative dorsal (DP) and central posterior (CP) thalamic nuclei. Overall, the distribution of GAD67‐expressing cells highly resembles the distribution of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)/GAD67‐expressing cells found in the early zebrafish (teleost) forebrain and thus allows us to propose a prosomeric fate map of GABAergic cell populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:553–568, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinal ganglion cells in the eastern newt Notophthalmus viridescens: Topography, morphology, and diversity
Authors: Pushchin Igor I. , Karetin Yuriy A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe topography and morphology of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eastern newt were studied. Cells were retrogradely labeled with tetramethylrhodamine‐conjugated dextran amines or horseradish peroxidase and examined in retinal wholemounts. Their total number was 18,025 ± 3,602 (mean ± SEM). The spatial density of RGCs varied from 2,100 cells/mm2 in the retinal periphery to 4,500 cells/mm2 in the dorsotemporal retina. No prominent retinal specializations were found. The spatial resolution estimated from the spatial density of RGCs varied from 1.4 cycles per degree in the periphery to 1.95 cycles per degree in the region of the peak RGC density. A sample of 68 cells was camera lucida drawn and subjected to quantitative analysis. A total of 21 parameters related to RGC morphology and stratification in the retina were estimated. Partitionings obtained by using different clustering algorithms combined with automatic variable weighting and dimensionality reduction techniques were compared, and an effective solution was found by using silhouette analysis. A total of seven clusters were identified and associated with potential cell types. Kruskal‐Wallis ANOVA‐on‐Ranks with post hoc Mann‐Whitney U tests showed significant pairwise between‐cluster differences in one or more of the clustering variables. The average silhouette values of the clusters were reasonably high, ranging from 0.52 to 0.79. Cells assigned to the same cluster displayed similar morphology and stratification in the retina. The advantages and limitations of the methodology adopted are discussed. The present classification is compared with known morphological and physiological RGC classifications in other salamanders. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:533–552, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empirical evidence on the dependence of credit default swaps and equity prices
Authors: Dupuis Debbie , Jacquier Eric , Papageorgiou Nicolas , Rémillard Bruno 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe investigate the common practice of estimating the dependence structure between credit default swap prices on multi‐name credit instruments from the dependence structure of the equity returns of the underlying firms. We find convincing evidence that the practice is inappropriate for high‐yield instruments and that it may even be flawed for instruments containing only firms within a sector. To do this, we model individual credit ratings by univariate continuous time Markov chains, and their joint dynamics by copulas. The use of copulas allows us to incorporate our knowledge of the modeling of univariate processes, into a multivariate framework. However, our test and results are robust to the choice of copula. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:695–712, 2009
Red wine consumption and risk of prostate cancer: The California Men's Health Study
Authors: Chao Chun , Haque Reina , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , Caan Bette J. , Poon Kwun‐Yee T. , Quinn Virginia P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRed wine contains polyphenol antioxidants that inhibit prostate cancer development in animal studies. We investigated the effect of red wine intake on the risk of prostate cancer using data prospectively collected in the California Men's Health Study (CMHS). CMHS is a multiethnic cohort of 84,170 men aged 45–69 years who were members of the Kaiser Permanente Southern and Northern California Health Plans. Information on demographic and lifestyle factors was collected using mailed questionnaires between 2002 and 2003. We used Cox models to estimate the effect of red wine on prostate cancer risk, adjusting for potential confounders. A total of 1,340 incident prostate cancer cases identified from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result‐affiliated cancer registries were included in the analyses. We did not find a clear association between red wine intake and risk of prostate cancer. Hazard ratio (HR) estimates for consuming <1 drink/week, ≥1 drink/week but <1 drink/day and ≥1 drink/day were 0.89, 95% confidence interval (0.74–1.07), 0.99 (0.83–1.17) and 0.88 (0.70–1.12), respectively. Further, we observed no linear dose response. The lack of association for red wine intake was consistently observed when we restricted the analyses to those with and without a history of PSA screening. In addition, we also did not observe any association with prostate cancer for beer, white wine, liquor or combined alcoholic beverage intake (HR for combined alcoholic beverage intake of ≥5 drinks/day = 1.16 (0.83–1.63). Neither red wine nor total alcohol consumption were associated with prostate cancer risk in this population of moderate drinkers.
Surgical management of adult inferior turbinate hypertrophy
Authors: Batra Pete S. , Seiden Allen M. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The evidence‐based medicine (EBM) schema advocates critical appraisal of the scientific literature for treatment of diseases. The objective of this review was to analyze the role of surgery for symptomatic adult inferior turbinate hypertrophy (ITH) by focusing on the following question: In adults with nasal airway obstruction (NAO) from documented ITH having failed medical therapy, does inferior turbinate surgery improve disease‐specific quality of life, symptoms, and/or objective parameters with minimum 6‐month follow‐up?.Study Design:Evidence‐based review.Methods:Articles for inclusion were identified by query of appropriate search terms in the PubMed database. The articles were reviewed independently by two authors and assigned an evidence level based on standard EBM guidelines.Results:The search yielded 514 abstracts for review, retrieved 143 abstracts for full review, and included 96 articles in the report. The majority of the articles were assigned level 4 (75) or level 5 (18) evidence. One report was assigned level 1 and two reports were assigned level 2. Median number of patients reported was 50 (range, 1–533). Subjective assessment parameters were reported in 80 studies. Objective parameters were evaluated in 36 studies, including acoustic rhinometry or rhinomanometry (26) and mucociliary function (8). Overwhelming data supported efficacy of surgery for NAO from ITH with positive results reported in 93 studies.Conclusions:The literature provides considerable level 4 and 5 evidence for efficacy of surgery for adult symptomatic ITH. Given the paucity of level 1 and 2 data, future studies should focus on prospective studies with matched control groups for comparison.
A numerical model for foundation settlements due to deformation accumulation in granular soils under repeated small amplitude dynamic loading
Authors: François S. , Karg C. , Haegeman W. , Degrande G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRepeated small amplitude dynamic loading of the soil in the vicinity of buildings, as arising from traffic or construction activities, may cause differential foundation settlements and structural damage. In this paper, a numerical model for soils under repeated dynamic loading is formulated. It is assumed that the dynamic part of the loading is small with respect to the static part, reflecting the stress conditions in the soil underneath buildings. As the plastic deformation in the soil is only observed after a considerable amount of dynamic loading cycles, only the accumulation of the average plastic deformation is considered. The model accounts for the dependency of the deformation on the stress conditions and the dynamic loading amplitude. The accumulation model is implemented in a finite element framework, using a consistent tangent approach in combination with a backward Euler integration scheme. A triaxial test is considered in a first numerical example. The available analytical solution for this problem allows to validate the numerical implementation. Second, the differential settlement of a two‐storey building founded on loose sandy soil under repeated vehicle passages is considered. The differential foundation settlement causes the stresses to increase at the bottom of the wall, which may result in damage. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheo‐optical study of nonlinear effects in an immiscible Newtonian polymer blend under large amplitude oscillatory shear flow
Authors: Deyrail Yves , Huneault Michel A. , Bousmina Mosto 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe morphology evolution of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) drops embedded in polyisobutylene (PIB) matrix blend was investigated under large amplitude oscillatory shear flow (LAOS) using rheo‐optical techniques. The oscillatory shear experiments were carried out at various frequencies and deformation amplitudes up to 800%. The drop deformation was assessed by optical microscopy, small angle light scattering (SALS), and linear‐dichroism. It was observed that when the flow is reversed, the drop returns back to its equilibrium spherical shape and then it deforms again symmetrically in the other direction, with exactly the same angle θ. However, when the deformation amplitude increases, various unusual behaviors have been observed and upon reversal of the flow in the opposite direction during oscillations, the drop does not reach the spherical equilibrium shape anymore at the flow reversal point but it rather adopts an ellipsoidal shape as was predicted by Yu et al. model.3Such a behavior was assessed by both optical microscopy observations and by optical techniques. When the deformation was further increased, the drops undergo break‐up process and the break‐up point was assessed by optical techniques. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1467–1480, 2009
Effects of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the morphologies and mechanical properties of PP/EVA blend
Authors: Liu Li , Wang Yong , Xiang Fangming , Li Yanli , Han Liang , Zhou Zuowan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe maleic anhydride‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐g‐MA) have been introduced into polypropylene/ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate (PP/EVA) blend. To clearly describe the effects of MWCNTs‐g‐MA on the morphology and mechanical properties of PP/EVA blends, the selective distribution of MWCNTs‐g‐MA in the blends is realized through different sample preparation methods, namely, MWCNTs‐g‐MA disperse in EVA phase and MWCNTs‐g‐MA disperse in PP matrix. The results show that the distribution of MWCNTs‐g‐MA has an important effect on the final morphology of EVA and the crystallization structure of PP matrix. Compared with PP/EVA binary blend, distribution of MWCNTs‐g‐MA in PP matrix induces the aggregation of EVA phase at high EVA content and the decrease of spherulite diameters of PP matrix simultaneously. However, when MWCNTs‐g‐MA are dispersed in the EVA phase, they induce more homogeneous distribution of EVA, and the crystallization behavior of PP is slightly affected by MWCNTs‐g‐MA. The corresponding mechanical properties including impact strength and tensile strength are tested and analyzed in the work. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1481–1491, 2009
Disjoint bases in a polymatroid
Authors: Călinescu Gruia , Chekuri Chandra , Vondrák Jan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLet f : 2N → $\cal {Z}$+ be a polymatroid (an integer‐valued non‐decreasing submodular set function with f(∅︁) = 0). We call S ⊆ N a base if f(S) = f(N). We consider the problem of finding a maximum number of disjoint bases; we denote by m* be this base packing number. A simple upper bound on m* is given by k* = max{k : ΣiεNfA(i) ≥ kfA(N),∀A ⊆ N} where fA(S) = f(A ∪ S) ‐ f(A). This upper bound is a natural generalization of the bound for matroids where it is known that m* = k*. For polymatroids, we prove that m* ≥ (1 − o(1))k*/lnf(N) and give a randomized polynomial time algorithm to find (1 − o(1))k*/lnf(N) disjoint bases, assuming an oracle for f. We also derandomize the algorithm using minwise independent permutations and give a deterministic algorithm that finds (1 − ε)k*/lnf(N) disjoint bases. The bound we obtain is almost tight because it is known there are polymatroids for which m* < (1 + o(1))k*/lnf(N). Moreover it is known that unless NP ⊆ DTIME(nlog log n), for any ε > 0, there is no polynomial time algorithm to obtain a (1 + ε)/lnf(N)‐approximation to m*. Our result generalizes and unifies two results in the literature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Generation of Dopamine Neurons with Improved Cell Survival and Phenotype Maintenance Using a Degradation-Resistant Nurr1 Mutant
Authors: Jo A-Young , Kim Mi-Young , Lee Hyun-Seob , Rhee Yong-Hee , Lee Jeong-Eun , Baek Kwang-Hyun , Park Chang-Hwan , Koh Hyun-Chul , Shin Incheol , Lee Yong-Sung , Lee Sang-Hun 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Nurr1 is a transcription factor specific for the development and maintenance of the midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. Exogenous Nurr1 in neural precursor (NP) cells induces the differentiation of DA neurons in vitro that are capable of reversing motor dysfunctions in a rodent model for Parkinson disease. The promise of this therapeutic approach, however, is unclear due to poor cell survival and phenotype loss of DA cells after transplantation. We herein demonstrate that Nurr1 proteins undergo ubiquitin-proteasome-system-mediated degradation in differentiating NP cells. The degradation process is activated by a direct Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Nurr1 proteins and can be prevented by abolishing the Akt-target sequence in Nurr1 (Nurr1Akt). Overexpression of Nurr1Akt in NP cells yielded DA neurons in which Nurr1 protein levels were maintained for prolonged periods. The sustained Nurr1 expression endowed the Nurr1Akt-induced DA neurons with resistance to toxic stimuli, enhanced survival, and sustained DA phenotypes in vitro and in vivo after transplantation.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Perspective: Lung Progenitor and Stem Cells—Gaps in Knowledge and Future Opportunities
Authors: Blaisdell Carol J. , Gail Dorothy B. , Nabel Elizabeth G. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Because the lung stem cell field is so new, there remain many unanswered questions that are being addressed regarding the identification, location, and role of exogenous and endogenous stem and progenitor cell populations in growth, regeneration, and repair of the lung. Advancing lung stem cell biology will require multidisciplinary teams and a long term effort to unravel the biologic processes of stem cells in the lung. While no clinical research in lung stem cell therapies are currently funded by NHLBI, the knowledge gained by understanding the basic biology of the lung stem cell populations will be needed to translate to diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the future.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Twin growth discrepancy in early pregnancy
Authors: Bora S. A. , Bourne T. , Bottomley C. , Kirk E. , Papageorghiou A. T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo assess whether early fetal growth restriction in a twin, expressed as the intertwin discrepancy in crown–rump length (CRL) between two viable twins at 7 + 0 to 9 + 6 weeks' gestation, is predictive of subsequent single fetal loss.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively over 3 years. Women attending an early pregnancy unit underwent a transvaginal ultrasound examination. In women with a viable twin pregnancy between 7 + 0 and 9 + 6 weeks of gestation, the CRL ratio between the two embryos was calculated. Women were followed up and the intertwin discrepancy in CRL at the 7 + 0 to 9 + 6‐week scan was compared between cases in which there was spontaneous reduction to a singleton and those in which both twins remained viable at the 11–14‐week scan.ResultsThere were 77 women included in the study and nine (12%) of these had a single fetal loss. Pregnancies with subsequent single fetal loss were more likely to have a larger median CRL discrepancy (42.0%; interquartile range (IQR), 23.8–64.3%) than were those which retained two viable fetuses (6.1%; IQR, 2.2–12.5%) (P < 0.0001). The median CRL discrepancy in subsequently viable monochorionic diamniotic twins (10.9%; IQR, 1.9–17.5%) was no different from that in dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies (5.9%; IQR, 2.1–12.3%) (P = 0.305). Regardless of chorionicity, there was a relationship between increasing CRL discrepancy and single fetal loss; the likelihood of a subsequently viable twin pregnancy was 97% if the discrepancy was < 20%, while if the discrepancy was > 60% there were no cases of both twins remaining viable (P < 0.0001). Receiver–operating characteristics curve analysis of CRL discrepancy in predicting single fetal loss gave an area under the curve of 0.93, with an optimum cut‐off point of 16.9% discrepancy (sensitivity, 88.9%; 95% CI, 51.8–99.7; and specificity, 86.7%; 95% CI, 76.3–93.8).ConclusionThere is a significant relationship between CRL discrepancy at 7 + 0 to 9 + 6 weeks and the likelihood of subsequent single intrauterine fetal loss. This suggests that spontaneous fetal demise of one twin may be preceded by growth restriction in the first trimester. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Social Conditions for Successful Peer Education: A Comparison of Two HIV Prevention Programs Run by Sex Workers in India and South Africa
Authors: Cornish Flora , Campbell Catherine 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPeer education is a community‐based intervention being implemented worldwide as an approach to HIV prevention. However, its results are inconsistent, with little consensus on why some projects succeed while others fail. Considering peer education as an ‘intervention‐in‐context’, we systematically compare the context and the implementation of two peer education interventions run by sex workers, one in India and one in South Africa, which produced contrasting outcomes. In so doing, we aim to identify key factors in the projects’ successes or failures that may inform future peer education efforts. The Indian project's relative success was facilitated (1) by a more stable and supportive social, material and political context, and (2) by a community development ethos which devoted significant resources to sex workers’ involvement, ownership and empowerment, as opposed to a biomedical approach which marginalised sex workers’ concerns. We conclude with lessons learned and implications for current trends in peer education.
Enhanced Field Emission from Argon Plasma-Treated Ultra-sharp α-Fe2O3Nanoflakes
Authors: Zheng Z , Liao L , Yan B , Zhang JX , Gong Hao , Shen ZX , Yu T 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Hematite nanoflakes have been synthesized by a simple heat oxide method and further treated by Argon plasmas. The effects of Argon plasma on the morphology and crystal structures of nanoflakes were investigated. Significant enhancement of field-induced electron emission from the plasma-treated nanoflakes was observed. The transmission electron microscopy investigation shows that the plasma treatment effectively removes amorphous coating and creates plenty of sub-tips at the surface of the nanoflakes, which are believed to contribute the enhancement of emission. This work suggests that plasma treatment technique could be a direct means to improve field-emission properties of nanostructures.
Localized-Surface-Plasmon Enhanced the 357 nm Forward Emission from ZnMgO Films Capped by Pt Nanoparticles
Authors: You J. B. , Zhang X. W. , Dong J. J. , Song X. M. , Yin Z. G. , Chen N. F. , Yan H. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Pt nanoparticles (NPs), which posses the wider tunable localized-surface-plasmon (LSP) energy varying from deep ultraviolet to visible region depending on their morphology, were prepared by annealing Pt thin films with different initial mass-thicknesses. A sixfold enhancement of the 357 nm forward emission of ZnMgO was observed after capping with Pt NPs, which is due to the resonance coupling between the LSP of Pt NPs and the band-gap emission of ZnMgO. The other factors affecting the ultraviolet emission of ZnMgO, such as emission from Pt itself and light multi-scattering at the interface, were also discussed. These results indicate that Pt NPs can be used to enhance the ultraviolet emission through the LSP coupling for various wide band-gap semiconductors.