bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping Field‐Scale Physical Properties of Soil with Electrical Resistivity
Authors: Banton O. , Cimon M.‐A. , Seguin M.‐K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe spatial variability of physical properties that significantly influence the fate of water and solute in soils needs a large number of measurements to be quantified. Surface electrical resistivity techniques could be used as a simple and practical method to determine this spatial variability. Electrical sounding and profiling measurements were taken on a small agricultural field (30 by 60 m) under two different soil conditions (dry and wet conditions). The soil profile is composed of three layers: a highly permeable sandy loam (alluvial terrace) overlying a gravelly sandy till that covers a friable sandy to silty shale. The soil physical properties (grain size distribution, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, and organic matter content) of the uppermost layer were measured in the laboratory on undisturbed soil cores taken at three different depths on a 6 by 15 m grid in the field. Correlations were established between these parameters and the electrical conductivity. The best correlations were between the electrical conductivity and the sand, silt, clay, and organic matter contents. Their correlation coefficients, r, were, respectively, 0.64, 0.53, 0.64, and 0.65 for the dry conditions and 0.54, 0.45, 0.53, and 0.52 for the wet conditions. No relation was established between the electrical conductivity and the porosity, the bulk density, or the hydraulic conductivity. The correlation coefficients were, respectively, 0.04, 0.16, and 0.10 for the dry conditions and 0.14, 0.12, and 0.14 for the wet conditions. Electrical conductivity seems to be more influenced by the soil texture, i.e., by the electrical properties of the soil constituents, than by the structure, i.e., the water‐related properties. Besides, the two sets of electrical resistivities obtained in dry and wet conditions are not significantly different, as shown by the regression between them (slope = 0.92, r = 0.71) and by the isoresistivity maps. This study seems to indicate that the electrical method could be used to evaluate the spatial variability of some soil properties when their variability is sufficiently large, i.e., when the investigation scale or the level of contrast is large enough.
Soil Water Content Determination by Karl Fischer Titration
Authors: Zellis M. K. , Bell J. S. , Prunty Lyle 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKarl Fischer (KF) titration is a specific analysis for water content. We hypothesized that it may be useful in soils where volatiles besides water are present, since oven drying (OD) determines total volatile components, not water content specifically. We examined KF titration as a technique for soil water content determination. Two soils (a quartz sand separate and Barnes loam [fine‐loamy, mixed Udic Haploboroll]) were prepared with varying known amounts of water (0–240 g kg−1) and a non‐aqueous‐phase liquid (NAPL), either octane or toluene (0–128 g kg−1), then analyzed for water content using both the OD and KF methods. The experimental matrix included all six possible combinations of two soils × three liquids. Soil water contents determined by the calibrated KF method (wc) compared favorably to those determined by OD (wo). Slopes for the six wc vs. wo regressions ranged from 0.980 to 1.009 while intercepts ranged from −0.6 to 7.8 g kg−1. Mean r2 was 0.97 with a range of 0.93 to 0.99. The sand with octane and sand with toluene mixtures had intercepts of 6.1 ± 2.5 and 7.8 ± 5.4 g kg−1 (95% confidence intervals), respectively. All other intercept confidence intervals included zero. Plots of the data show essentially a 1:1 correspondence of wc to wo. Variability was greater when toluene was present, possibly because of toluene's higher vapor pressure.
Miller's Gardeners Dictionary: some inconsistencies between editions
Authors: TJADEN W. L. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Some unexplained changes in Philip Miller's statements on certain amaryllid species occur between the first four folio editions and later editions of the Gardeners Dictionary. His later editions made mistakes absent from his earlier ones. Miller expected too much of Linnaeus. He misread him on one species (Amaryllis belladonna) and misled him on another (A. reginae). Miller also stated that a drawing and a pamphlet had been prepared by James Douglas on the latter species: neither have been found. Finally, the earliest descriptions of the Cape Belladonna Lily, by G. B. Ferrari are discussed.
Catalytic Asymmetric Intramolecular Cascade Reaction for the Construction of Functionalized Benzobicyclo[4.3.0] Skeletons. Remote Control of Enantioselectivity
Authors: Wang Qing‐Gang , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Ye Long‐Wu , Zhou Chang‐Yue , Sun Xiu‐Li , Tang Yong , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA catalytic asymmetric version of the intramolecular ylide annulation has been developed which affords high ee values and diastereoselectivities and which further shows that spirobiindane‐based chiral phosphines can be excellent organocatalysts. Both optically active benzobicyclo[4.3.0] compounds 2 and 2′ with three continuous stereogenic centers could be obtained as major products selectively under neutral and mild conditions just by a choice of an additive.
Novel Ladder π‐Conjugated Materials—Sila‐Pentathienoacenes: Synthesis, Structure, and Electronic Properties
Authors: Wan Jun‐Hua , Fang Wei‐Fen , Li Zhi‐Fang , Xiao Xu‐Qiong , Xu Zheng , Deng Yuan , Zhang Li‐Hong , Jiang Jian‐Xiong , Qiu Hua‐Yu , Wu Lian‐Bin , Lai Guo‐Qiao 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA novel series of ladder π‐conjugated materials—sila‐pentathienoacenes (Si‐PTA) are synthesized and characterized. Crystal structures of the compounds show that the length of alkyl chains substituting on the thiophene ring has a significant influence on molecular packing. A densely packed structure with an interfacial distance of about 3.66 Å between the adjacent molecules is observed for the compound with shorter alkyl chains. However, a large interfacial distance (7.99 Å) is obtained for another compound because of the insertion of long alkyl chains between two planes. The investigation of the optical and electrochemical properties shows that the silylene bridge incorporated into the pentathienoacene framework exerts a clear effect on the electronic properties by the σ*–π* conjugation. Although only a slight enhancement is observed for the HOMO levels, with respect to that of pentathienoacene, the LUMO levels are significantly lowered. The observed electronic properties are consistent with the theoretical calculations.
Synthesis of β‐Methoxyacrylate Natural Products Based on Box‐PdII‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Methoxycarbonylation of Alkynoles
Authors: Motodate Satoshi , Kobayashi Takuya , Fujii Mikio , Mochida Tomoyuki , Kusakabe Taichi , Katoh Shigeki , Akita Hiroyuki , Kato Keisuke 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBis(oxazoline)‐palladium(II) catalyzed carbonylation of homopropargyl alcohols afforded acyclic methoxyacrylate 2 and 6‐membered lactone 3a, 3b, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k in good combined yield. In the case of propargyl alcohols, 5‐membered lactones 3p, 3q, 16 were obtained in moderate yields. The one‐pot synthesis of kawa lactones 3a, 3r, 3s and formal synthesis of dihydroxycystothiazole A and dihydroxycystothiazole C are presented. To elucidate the stereochemistry of (+)‐annularin G and (−)‐annularin H, the first asymmetric syntheses of these natural products were achieved.
Transient expression of antibodies in suspension plant cell suspension cultures is enhanced when co‐transformed with the tomato bushy stunt virus p19 viral suppressor of gene silencing
Authors: Boivin Eric B. , Lepage Étienne , Matton Daniel P. , De Crescenzo Gregory , Jolicoeur Mario 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo distinct transient expression approaches were compared with assess the impact of the viral suppressor p19 on a recombinant protein production performed in Nicotiana benthamiana suspension culture. A parental N. benthamiana cell line was transiently transformed with either an Agrobacterium containing a gene construct for a murine IgG1 (R514) or concurrently with two Agrobacteria containing R514 or p19. In addition, a stably transformed N. benthamiana cell line that constitutively expresses p19 was transformed with R514‐containing Agrobacterium. The parental N. benthamiana cell line that had been co‐cultivated with both p19 and R514 achieved the highest yield of IgG1 (1.06 mg IgG1/kg FW; 0.024% TSP) compared with that obtained without p19 (0.61 mg IgG1/kg FW; 0.014% TSP). The N. benthamiana cell line that had been stably transformed with p19 only reached 0.25 mg IgG1/kg FW (0.009% TSP) when co‐cultured with R514‐containing Agrobacterium. Dual agroinfiltration of N. benthamiana leaves with p19 and R514 was also performed to assess for Agrobacteria efficiencies and 147.7 mg IgG1/kg FW were obtained. Therefore, our results demonstrate that transient co‐transformation of plant cell suspension culture with two transformation vectors is feasible and that the use of the viral suppressor of silencing p19 significantly raises the production of the protein of interest. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Applied Biotransformations in Green Solvents
Authors: Hernáiz María J. , Alcántara Andrés R. , García José I. , Sinisterra José V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe definite interest in implementing sustainable industrial technologies has impelled the use of biocatalysts (enzymes or cells), leading to high chemo‐, regio‐ and stereoselectivities under mild conditions. As usual substrates are not soluble in water, the employ of organic solvents is mandatory. We will focus on different attempts to combine the valuable properties of green solvents with the advantages of using biocatalysts for developing cleaner synthetic processes.
The molecular pathogenesis of hereditary ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Norquist Barbara M. , Garcia Rochelle L. , Allison Kimberly H. , Jokinen Chris H. , Kernochan Lauren E. , Pizzi Catherine C. , Barrow Bethany J. , Goff Barbara A. , Swisher Elizabeth M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2)‐mutated ovarian carcinomas may originate in the fallopian tube. The authors of this report investigated alterations in BRCA1/2 tubal epithelium to define the molecular pathogenesis of these carcinomas.METHODS:Tubal epithelium was evaluated from 31 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with gynecologic carcinomas (BRCA CA), 89 mutation carriers who underwent risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy (RRSO), and 87 controls. Ki‐67 expression and p53 foci (≥10 of 12 consecutive staining cells) were scored by 2 investigators who were blinded to patient designations. Expression levels of p27 and p21 were evaluated within p53 foci. Loss of heterozygosity at the BRCA1/2 mutation site was evaluated in microdissected p53 foci and tubal neoplasms.RESULTS:Background tubal proliferation as measured by Ki‐67 staining was increased in the BRCA1 RRSO group (P = .005) compared with the control group. Women who had BRCA1/2 mutations had more p53 foci identified per tubal segment than women in the control group (P = .02). Levels of p27 were decreased in 12 of 28 p53 foci from women with BRCA1 mutations and in 0 of 16 p53 foci from controls (P = .002). There was no loss of the wild type BRCA1/2 allele in 5 tested p53 foci. Tubal neoplasia lost the wild type allele in 6 of 6 foci (P = .002).CONCLUSIONS:The current results suggested a model of tubal carcinogenesis in women with BRCA1/2 mutations. Increased proliferation occurred globally in at‐risk tubal epithelium. A mutation in the tumor protein p53 gene TP53 with clonal proliferation and loss of p27 occurred before neoplastic proliferation. Loss of the wild type BRCA1/2 allele occurred with neoplastic proliferation and before invasion. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
The X1s Method for Accurate Bond Dissociation Energies
Authors: Wu Jianming , Ying Zhang Igor , Xu Xin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreviously, we have put forward the X1 method that combines B3LYP with neural network correction for an accurate yet efficient prediction of thermochemistry. Without paying additional computational cost, X1 reduces B3LYP’s mean absolute deviation (MAD) for a set of 92 bond dissociation energies (BDEs) from 5.5 to 2.4 kcal mol−1. In this work, we extend X1 and propose the X1s method by including the spin change from molecules to atoms during atomization as an additional descriptor. X1s further reduces the MAD for BDEs to 1.4 kcal mol−1, thus showing substantial improvement.
Procedural learning and dyslexia
Authors: Nicolson R. I. , Fawcett A. J. , Brookes R. L. , Needle J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree major ‘neural systems’, specialized for different types of information processing, are the sensory, declarative, and procedural systems. It has been proposed (Trends Neurosci.,30(4), 135–141) that dyslexia may be attributable to impaired function in the procedural system together with intact declarative function. We provide a brief overview of the increasing evidence relating to the hypothesis, noting that the framework involves two main claims: first that ‘neural systems’ provides a productive level of description avoiding the underspecificity of cognitive descriptions and the overspecificity of brain structural accounts; and second that a distinctive feature of procedural learning is its extended time course, covering from minutes to months. In this article, we focus on the second claim. Three studies—speeded single word reading, long‐term response learning, and overnight skill consolidation—are reviewed which together provide clear evidence of difficulties in procedural learning for individuals with dyslexia, even when the tasks are outside the literacy domain. The educational implications of the results are then discussed, and in particular the potential difficulties that impaired overnight procedural consolidation would entail. It is proposed that response to intervention could be better predicted if diagnostic tests on the different forms of learning were first undertaken. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of phonological awareness and ‘magnocellular’ processing during normal and dyslexic reading: behavioural and fMRI investigations
Authors: Heim Stefan , Grande Marion , Pape‐Neumann Julia , van Ermingen Muna , Meffert Elisabeth , Grabowska Anna , Huber Walter , Amunts Katrin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe investigated whether phonological deficits are a consequence of magnocellular processing deficits in dyslexic and control children. In Experiment 1, children were tested for reading ability, phonological awareness, visuo‐magnocellular motion perception, and attention shifting (sometimes considered as magnocellular function). A two‐step cluster analysis of the behavioural scores revealed four clusters of children. Phonological awareness was correlated with attention (cluster ♯1) or motion detection (cluster ♯2), whereas attention and motion detection were correlated in cluster ♯3. In cluster ♯4, all variables were uncorrelated. In Experiment 2, the same variables plus auditory discrimination were tested with fMRI in a sub‐sample of Experiment 1. Although dyslexics had reduced activation in visual or auditory cortex during motion detection or auditory discrimination, respectively, they had increased right frontal activation in areas 44 and 45 in all ‘magnocellular’ (including auditory) tasks. In contrasts, during phonological decisions, there was higher activation for good readers than dyslexics in left areas 44 and 45. Together, the two experiments give insight into the interplay of phonological and magnocellular processing during reading. Distinct left versus right frontal effects reveal partly different underlying neural mechanisms. These data contradict the view that phonological processing deficits in dyslexia necessarily result from impaired magnocellular functioning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formal Total Synthesis of (–)‐Raphidecursinol B
Authors: Kumar Das Sanjit , Kumar Das Sajal , Panda Gautam 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn efficient enantioselective formal total synthesis of antimalarial natural product (–)‐raphidecursinol B along with its all stereoisomers is described from commercially available 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzaldehyde using the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, regioselective α‐tosylation, epoxide opening and Mitsunobu reaction as the key reaction steps.
2‐Substituted Benzo[b]furans from (E)‐1,2‐Dichlorovinyl Ethers and Organoboron Reagents: Scope and Mechanistic Investigations into the One‐Pot Suzuki Coupling/Direct Arylation
Authors: Geary Laina M. , Hultin Philip G. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract2‐Substituted benzo[b]furans can easily be assembled from simple phenols, boronic acids or other organoboron reagents, and trichloroethylene. The overall process requires only two synthetic steps, with the key step being a one‐pot sequential Suzuki cross‐coupling/direct arylation reaction. The method tolerates many useful functional groups and does not require the installation of any other activating functionality. The modular nature of the process permits the rapid synthesis of many analogues using essentially the same chemistry, of particular value in drug development. Results of kinetic isotope effect studies and investigations into the regioselectivity of the process indicate that the direct arylation step most likely does not involve an electrophilic palladation. The most likely mechanism lies somewhere on the continuum between a C–H bond metathesis and an assisted palladation or concerted metallation‐deprotonation pathway.
What differs in visual recognition of handwritten vs. printed letters? An fMRI study
Authors: Longcamp Marieke , Hlushchuk Yevhen , Hari Riitta 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn models of letter recognition, handwritten letters are considered as a particular font exemplar, not qualitatively different in their processing from printed letters. Yet, some data suggest that recognizing handwritten letters might rely on distinct processes, possibly related to motor knowledge. We applied functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of perceiving handwritten letters vs. standard printed letters. Statistical analysis circumscribed to frontal brain regions involved in hand‐movement triggering and execution showed that processing of handwritten letters is supported by a stronger activation of the left primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area. At the whole‐brain level, additional differences between handwritten and printed letters were observed in the right superior frontal, middle occipital, and parahippocampal gyri, and in the left inferior precentral and the fusiform gyri. The results are suggested to indicate embodiment of the visual perception of handwritten letters. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multicentre validation of a prognostic index for overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Bulian Pietro , Tarnani Michela , Rossi Davide , Forconi Francesco , Del Poeta Giovanni , Bertoni Francesco , Zucca Emanuele , Montillo Marco , Pozzato Gabriele , Deaglio Silvia , D'Arena Giovanni , Efremov Dimitar , Marasca Roberto , Lauria Francesco , Gattei Valter , Gaidano Gianluca , Laurenti Luca 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe wish to validate in a multicentric CLL population a nomogram and a risk score recently developed to predict overall survival (OS). Complete records from 1037 CLL patients were retrospectively collected to estimate OS and time to treatment (TTT). Cox models were used to test the independence of age, β‐2‐microglobulin, absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), sex, Rai stage and number of involved lymph node regions (LNR). Accuracy of prognostic models was tested with the concordance index (c‐index). Median follow‐up was 5.5 years, with 151 deaths and 475 treated patients. Median OS was not reached (65% survival rate at 13.9 years), median TTT was 6 years. We confirmed the ability of the prognostic score to predict OS and TTT in three risk groups, with results comparable with those reported in the original report. However, ALC and Rai stage were not independent predictors, whereas the Binet staging system, which incorporates LNR variable, showed independent predictive power; furthermore, both 5‐ and 10‐year OS estimates from nomogram were lower compared to real data. When separately analysed, the impact of therapy on OS was not selected as independent predictor of OS in our series. According to these results, we proposed a simpler four‐variable model (age, sex, Binet staging, β‐2‐microglobulin) and a new nomogram. This model had a c‐index of 0.78 versus 0.76 of the six‐variable model (p = 0.043), showing better predictive accuracy. External validation and refinement are needed on independent data sets, possibly from cancer registry patients' series. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell‐penetrating chitosan/doxorubicin/TAT conjugates for efficient cancer therapy
Authors: Lee Jue‐Yeon , Choi Young‐Suk , Suh Jin‐Sook , Kwon Young‐Min , Yang Victor C. , Lee Seung‐Jin , Chung Chong‐Pyoung , Park Yoon‐Jeong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this study, a cell‐penetrating peptide, the transactivating transcriptional factor (TAT) domain from HIV, was linked to a chitosan/doxorubicin (chitosan/DOX) conjugate to form a chitosan/DOX/TAT hybrid. The synthesized chitosan/DOX/TAT conjugate showed a different intracellular distribution pattern from a conjugate without TAT. Unlike both free DOX and the conjugate without TAT, the chitosan/DOX/TAT conjugate was capable of efficient cell entry. The chitosan/DOX/TAT conjugate was found to be highly cytotoxic, with an IC50 value of approximately 480 nM, 2 times less than that of chitosan/DOX (980 nM). The chitosan/DOX/TAT provided decreases in tumor volume of 77.4 and 57.5% compared to free DOX and chitosan/DOX, respectively, in tumor‐bearing mice. Therefore, this study suggests that TAT‐mediated chitosan/DOX conjugate delivery is effective in slowing tumor growth.
Impact of diabetes mellitus on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with interferon‐based antiviral therapy
Authors: Hung Chao‐Hung , Lee Chuan‐Mo , Wang Jing‐Houng , Hu Tsung‐Hui , Chen Chien‐Hung , Lin Chih‐Yun , Lu Sheng‐Nan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is strong evidence linking chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent studies have suggested that DM is associated with increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of our cohort study was to assess whether DM influence the incidence of HCC in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with interferon (IFN)‐based antiviral therapy. A total of 1,470 chronic hepatitis C patients treated with IFN or pegylated‐IFN plus ribavirin therapy were enrolled. Of them, 253 (17%) patients had DM at entry. Evaluation of HCC incidence was performed by Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards analysis. Patients with baseline DM were significantly older and had higher body mass index, serum transaminase levels and fibrosis scores and lower platelet counts compared to non‐DM subjects. Sustained virological response (SVR) was achieved in 160 (63%) of DM and 867 (71%) of non‐DM patients (p = 0.008). During a median follow‐up period of 4.3 years, HCC developed in 21 (8.3%) of DM and 66 (5.4%) of non‐DM patients (p = 0.017). However, DM was not an independent covariate by Cox proportional hazards analysis. In a subgroup analysis, DM (hazard ratio, 4.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–15.25; p = 0.023) was an independent predictor of HCC in the SVR patients without baseline cirrhosis, despite a low HCC incidence. In conclusion, DM has a selective impact on HCC development among chronic hepatitis C patients after IFN‐based therapy. DM may increase the HCC risk in chronic hepatitis C without cirrhosis after eradication of HCV.