bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A framework for geocoding traffic collision data
Authors: Bigham J M , Rice T M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundCollision geocoding is the process of assigning latitude and longitude coordinates to a traffic collision record. In California and most other US states, collision location is recorded on police reports relative to highway postmile markers or street intersections. In other developed counties, collision location is recorded using intersection, postmile, postal address, or parcel lot. In a recently completed study we geocoded police-reported, fatal and severe injury collisions in California for years 1997–2006.ObjectiveIn this presentation we present an overview of our geocoding processes and a geocoding framework that can be used in other jurisdictions.ResultsWe identified 142 007 collisions in a California-wide collision database. Geocoding was completed using several discrete steps. Perl, a general-purpose programming language, was used to standardise street name information. A highway network with postmile values was created in a semiautomated process using a custom Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) tools. Intersection and address geocoding was performed using ArcGIS, StreetMap Pro 2003 digital street network, and Google Earth Pro. VBA was used to incorporate offset direction and distance. The geocoding match rate was 99.8% for postmile-coded collisions and 86% for intersection-coded collisions (91% overall).ConclusionsOur framework for geocoding collision data can be applied to data from a variety of settings. Geocoded collision data allow better visualisation of collision occurrence and can facilitate studies of environmental, land use and social characteristics, for which data must be geographically linked.
Surveillance of burn injuries caused by pyrotechnic products attended in Health Establishments network in El Salvador, since November 01st 2008 to January 06th, 2009.
Authors: Silvia G 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo describe characteristics per person, time and place assisted due to injuries caused by pyrotechnic products in the National Network of Establishments of Health, El Salvador, since November 1st 2008 to January 06th 2009.Material and methodsRevision of database of assisted patients with injuries caused by pyrotechnic products, starting 1 November 2008 to 6 January 2009. Data base and analysis were done in epi info 2002.Analysed variablesDiagnostic, sex, age, department, municipality, area of residence, date of burn, time of burn, circumstance of burn, type of gunpowder, who caused the burn, with whom was the person at time of the burn, anatomical place, among others.ResultsThere were 194 patients injured, 63% were assisted in the Network of Hospitals, being the main dates: 24th, 25th, 31st of December and 01st of January. The most affected departments: San Salvador, Santa Ana, Cuscatln and San Vicente; 62, 8% from 5 to 19 years of age. 80,9% male. 77.8% they were lighting gunpowder. 71.6%, the injuries were caused by the people lighting up the pyrotechnic products. Most affected anatomical places: Hands, face and eyes. 22.7% presented complications. 57.2% they had ambulatory first. Total estimated cost: $136 685.Discussion and conclusionsThe injuries by pyrotechnic products are a problem of public health, that affects mainly children and youngsters, because of lighting up gunpowder, between the 18:01 and 24:00 h, affecting them mainly their hands, face and eyes, that some times will have further complications that will affect their entire life.
The introduction of booster seat legislation in Canada: is it working?
Authors: Howard A. , Rothman L. , Lee P. 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundBooster seat legislation may decrease the burden of motor vehicle occupant injury in children 4–9 years old.MethodsWe examined rates of hospitalisations for motor vehicle (MV) occupant-related injuries, seatbelt-related injuries and MV occupant-related fatalities in Canadian children, comparing provinces with legislation (Ontario 2005, Quebec 2003) to those without. Hospital discharge data was obtained for 1994–2005 from the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) and the Hospital Morbidity Database (HMDB). Death data was obtained from the Traffic Accident Information Database (TRAID). Population based injury and death rate ratios were calculated and changes from 1994 to 2005 were determined.ResultsThere were a total of 3920 MV occupant-related hospitalisations and 358 MV occupant-related fatalities in Canadian children aged 4–9. In 2005, after legislation, Ontario had a significantly lower rate of hospitalisation for MV occupant-related injuries (RR=0.49 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.63)). Rates of hospitalisations and fatalities declined from 1994 to 2005 across all provinces regardless of legislation status. Ontario had significantly higher rate reductions and a consistently lower annual rate of MV occupant-related hospitalisations than other provinces. Injury and death rates were higher in Quebec and increased after legislation was introduced.DiscussionResults indicate heterogeneity between the two provinces with booster seat legislation. The simple presence of booster seat legislation is not sufficient to decrease the burden of motor vehicle occupant injuries.
Environmental risk factors for injuries in UK primary school aged children
Authors: Mytton J , Towner E , Gray S , Emond A , Pollock J 
Published: March 2011

AimFactors previously associated with the risk of unintentional injury in primary school aged children include a range of child and family variables. Risk factors in the environment have been seldom studied in this age group and their relative contribution to overall injury risk is unclear.MethodsAvon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood is a large, population-based longitudinal birth cohort study in Avon, England. It recruited mothers during their pregnancy and 14 602 children in the cohort were born in 1991–1992. We investigated the association of parentally reported injury data from 5752 children collected at 5, 6, 8 and 11 years of age with a range of potential risk factors using multivariable analysis with multiple imputation of missing data.ResultsUsing a hierarchical conceptual framework for modelling childhood injury risk, a greater number of factors related to the child's immediate environment (eg, home) were associated with an increased risk of injury than factors in the wider environment (eg, neighbourhood). Environmental factors showed weaker evidence against the null hypothesis of no association with injury than family or child factors. The relative contribution of environmental factors varied with age of the child. Comparisons with previous research will be made.ConclusionsThis research provides robust evidence of the relative contribution of risk factors for unintentional injuries in primary school aged children in the UK. This is of value to inform the development of targeted interventions to prevent unintentional injuries in these children.
EMS management systems for the traffic injury patients at the scene when events overlap
Authors: Wangsri K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe Emergency Medical Service (EMS) at Srinagarind Hospital consists of mobile teams that attend traffic accidents and provide emergency care at the scene. The hospital has decided to train additional members of the nursing staff so that they can be called upon to attend traffic accidents when the EMS teams are already employed elsewhere. This study aims to: ensure that traffic injury patients receive appropriate care at the scene when the EMS teams are already employed elsewhere, by providing selected Accident and Emergency (AE) department nursing staff to provide this care.ApproachAnalysis of emergency medical services activities over the past 2 years. Develop protocols on how the AE department should respond when EMS team is unavailable. Provide AE department staff with the knowledge needed to work as an emergency medical services team. Design and implement an appropriate management information system for monitoring and evaluation of AE department staff activities when working as an EMS team. Evaluate and report the outcomes of this project.ResultsThe AE department has developed protocols on how to respond to EMS call outs when the regular team is unavailable – 80% of EMS teams are able to leave the hospital within 2 min of being called out. EMS staff rated their performance at 89.81% satisfactory. (n=9) – users of EMS services rated the service at 74.07% satisfactory. (n=150)RecommendationTheir must be ongoing staff training and development activities to increase the proportion of teams that can respond to being called out within 2 min.
Motorcycle helmet use in Neuquen, Argentina
Authors: de Hoyos G , Ungaro J 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThere have been an increasing number of traffic injuries among motorcyclists in Argentina recently. An important growth in the number of circulating motorcycles and lack of helmet use among riders seem to be closely related to this problem.ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence and possible factors associated with helmet use among motorcycle riders in the city of Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina.Material and MethodsA non-participative, structured observation method was used. Observations were conducted in twenty different points in the city centre, suburbs and high speed roads. Bidimensional and multidimensional were carried out.Results1069 observations were made. 88% of drivers were males. Women were observed driving almost exclusively small motorcycles mostly in suburbs. One of four motorcycles carried passengers, 70% of them being women. Overall helmet use rate among drivers was 72% (64% in suburbs, 78% in city centre, 89% in high speed roads). No difference between genders was observed. Helmet use rate dropped to 42% in suburbs during weekends. The use on helmets declined to 37% among adult passengers and to 30% among children. Six different groups were identified by means of multidimensional analysis.ConclusionsIt seems motorcyclists remain inconstant with wearing helmet when they know enforcement is unlikely or believe risk is lower. However, this study shows a twofold increase in helmet use rate in drivers and passengers in comparison to 2005. Discontinuous but rather effective education and enforcement efforts have taken place in this period. Support to sustained action programs is required.
Ethics and public health preparedness: creating a forum for discussion of ethical issues and community values
Authors: Degutis L. C. , Traugh K. , Landwirth J. , Shaw J. 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo create a process by which ethical issues related to disaster planning and preparedness are identified and discussed among a multidisciplinary group.MethodA collaboration between the Yale Center for Public Health Preparedness and the Yale Center for Bioethics was initiated in order to address the ethics of preparedness for disasters and other public health emergencies. Participants included faculty, Center staff, public health practitioners, ethicists, community members, students.ResultsThe forum resulted in the following: (1) an 18-month long case-based series of discussions on various aspects of preparedness planning under the topics of constraints on liberty, communications, resource allocation, work force issues, vulnerable population, ecological/environmental issues; (2) a year long series of discussions focused on ethical issues and community surge; and (3) a project on alternate standards of care in disaster situations in collaboration with the state department of public health. The case-based series is currently being developed into a curriculum for study ethical aspects of preparedness. The community surge discussions provided insight that was used in the development of altered standards of care policy for the state. The altered standards of care project is being discussed in communities around the state in order to solicit input from community members before the document is finalised.ConclusionThe creation of a multidisciplinary forum for discussion of the ethics of public health preparedness has informed the development of policy that will impact communities, and is leading to the development of a curriculum in the ethics of preparedness.
Road traffic-related deaths among vulnerable road users. Argentina, 1980 – 2007
Authors: Ubeda C , Espitia V , Peltzer R , Perinetti A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionIn Argentina occurred 5914 road traffic deaths in 2007, which is equivalent to 16 people per day. A total of 2328 were vulnerable road users with 6 per day. The objective of this study is to describe the burden of vulnerable road users deaths in Argentina.MethodA descriptive longitudinal study based on secondary data was conducted. Pedestrians, motorcyclists and cyclist were included as vulnerable road users (VRU). Data from Ministry of Health and Road Traffic National Agency were used in the analysis. We calculated general and specific rates for age and sex of VRU by province.ResultsVRU accounted 39.5% of the total road traffic deaths with 17.5% motorcyclists, 15.2% pedestrians and 6.7% cyclists. The risk of death increased for pedestrians 55 years and older and for cyclists aged 70 and 80 years. Rates among motorcyclists were higher in the group 15 and 25 years old. Over two thirds (76%) of the deaths were registered in male. Men also predominated in crashes involving bicyclists. There were differences among provinces: pedestrians were predominating in the North West region and Capital Federal with 30% of the total. In Santa Fe, Cordoba and La Rioja (North Central region), motorcyclists were 20% of deaths.ConclusionCombined information from different data sources provides a broad vision of the burden of the problem. The results showed the need to develop strategies for protecting VRU especially those over 60 years, which pose an increased risk relative to other users.
Health risk behaviors and injured patients: an exploratory study
Authors: Degutis C , Busch S , Pantalon M , Fiellin D , O'Connor P , D'Onofrio G 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo determine whether patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with injury were more likely to report risky health behaviours than pts without injury.MethodsAdult (age>18) patients with non-life-threatening injury or illness presenting to the ED were screened for following: alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, seatbelt and helmet use.Results16 299 patients were screened; 5327 (33.5%) with injuries; 6868 (43.2%) male. Injured pts were significantly more likely to be male (36.4% vs 31.4%; p=0.000), younger (43.7 vs 46.1; 95% CI 1.85 to 3.10), drink alcohol (39% vs 36%; p=0.003); exercise regularly (57.9% vs 50.7%; p=0.000); and significantly less likely to wear a seatbelt regularly (33.6% vs 66.4%; p=0.000). There was no difference in reported cigarette smoking between injured and non-injured patients (66.9% vs 67.7%, p=0.331). There were no significant differences in drinking patterns (# of days of drinking per week, usual # of drinks per occasion, maximum # of drinks per occasion) between injured and non-injured patients.ConclusionsWhile there were differences in some health behaviours (alcohol consumption, exercise and seatbelt use) between injured and non-injured pts presenting to the ED, there were no differences in drinking patterns between injured and non-injured patients who reported any alcohol consumption. This supports the need to continue to screen for alcohol problems and provide interventions for all ED patients.
Fall-related hip fracture trends 1991–2008: reduction of falls or increase in bone resistance?
Authors: Burrows S , Robitaille Y , Gagné M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundHip fractures (HF) are one of the most serious consequences of falls. In several countries, the incidence of HF has declined in recent decades. Primary factors responsible for this downward trend are unknown, but a reduction in exposure (falls) or increased resistance (bones and body mass index (BMI)) may have had an impact.Objectives(1) Examine fall-related HF trends in women ≥50 years from 1991–2008 in Quebec, Canada; (2) Examine trends in other severe fall-related injuries non-related to bone fragility, for example, traumatic brain injury (TBI).MethodsHospital admissions following falls (E880-E888; W00-W19, X59.0) with HF, TBI or other severe diagnosis (diagnosis survival probability <0.95) were selected. We used negative binomial regression models with annual percent change (APC) to assess trends in each of these fall-related injuries. Both age-specific (50–64, 65–74, 75–84 and ≥85) and age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated.ResultsThe age-standardised rate for fall-related HF decreased (APC:−1.6%) from 292 to 237 per 100 000 in women ≥50 years between 1991–2008. HF rates declined in each age group. In contrast, the age-adjusted rate for severe fall-related TBI and other injuries increased throughout the study period (APC:+6.5% and +3.8%, respectively). These upward trends were observed for all age groups.Discussion/ConclusionThe downward trend of HF seems to point towards increased bone/BMI resistance, since other severe fall-related injury rates (not related to such resistance) have increased.
Improving health and safety and injury management performance in large organisations: preliminary insights from an evaluation of the Victorian employer performance management program
Authors: Mitsopoulos-Rubens E , Lenn M , Trotter M , Day L 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe Employer Performance Management Program (EPMP) is an initiative of the workplace safety authority in Victoria, Australia (WorkSafe Victoria). It aims to achieve (1) greater insight into factors affecting occupational health safety (HS) and injury management (IM) in large organisations and (2) consequent HS and IM performance improvement. The EPMP includes a HS and IM performance audit, performance report preparation and action plan development. We report preliminary findings from a comprehensive evaluation of the EPMP.MethodsFocus groups were held with WorkSafe EPMP performance managers after the first round of organisations had received their performance reports, and again 6 months later after the second round of organisations had received their reports. A semi-structured discussion guide was used to identify any potential barriers to the programs delivery and effectiveness.ResultsThemes to emerge included an overall positive perception of the EPMP in terms of its strategic focus and proactive, collaborative approach. Concerns were raised regarding the adequacy of the audit tool, for example, in terms of its suitability to multi-site/division organisations and insufficient coverage of HS issues relative to IM. Low organisational engagement was identified as a potential barrier to the programs success.ConclusionThe EPMP has the capability to produce sustainable change in the HS and IM practices and performance of large organisations. The potential barrier of low organisational engagement needs to be addressed to optimise program success. These results will be incorporated into the broader evaluation, which includes a claims analysis and a cohort study of EPMP organisations.
Interdisciplinary attention program for women victims of violence older than 14 years old prevention of lesions – Developed in Mar del Plata-Argentina 2003–2008 sexual violence and its consequences
Authors: Galeano M G , Martinez L , Coronel E 
Published: March 2011

It is a personal, social and political problem. It destroys the life of millions of people and it affects to the group of the society. Being tolerated, denounced, according to social and cultural norms. It is a material or symbolic attack that affects the freedom and dignity, it produces effects to short and long term, in the physical and psychic integrity of people.ObjectiveTo improve the assistance by means of the development of norms and strategies for the integral attention of the different sectors interveners.ResultsIt was conformed a Committee to assist and create a network for the victims in the area of General Pueyrredn. A Manual of Strategies of Attention, Prevention and an algorithm was made to be followed by the different institutions interveners: Judicial, Police and Health Systems. Programs were coordinated by INE. Trained: 300 professionals. 282 women were attended during the period 2003–2008. Age average: 24, medium 21 years old. An Epidemic Surveillance System, mapping cases, is ongoing. The victims' perception: Nuclear Family: behold. Health: grateful for assistance given and ulterior follow-up. Judicial System: the discomfort of results, (70%).ImpactNot wanted pregnancies have been observed neither HIV infections. Serial rapists arrested. Decrease of cases.ConclusionThe network created by the committee starts at the moment of the victims complain at the police station, it is given immediate antiretroviral treatment by forensic physicians, assisting the victim. Enabling epidemiological surveillance, manual and norms writing as well as interdisciplinary training.
Justifications for wife beating among Iraqi women
Authors: Sorenson S B 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundLittle is known about attitudes toward domestic violence in low- and middle-income countries. Less yet is known about such attitudes in the Middle East.MethodsData are from Iraq's 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS3), an in-person representative sample survey. Response rates were high: 98.6% of the selected households and 98.6% of the selected 15–49 year old women participated. Women (N=27 186) were asked whether a husband would be justified in beating his wife under five specific circumstances. Simple frequencies and multivariate logistic regressions were calculated.ResultsNearly 60% of study participants said that a husband was justified in beating his wife: 48.8% if she goes out without telling him, 42.9% if she neglects the children, 37.5% if she argues with him, 34.2% if she refuses sex and 20.6% if she burns the food. AORs indicate that women's beliefs that a husband is justified in beating his wife in each of these circumstances were higher among those who were married, less educated, and from rural areas. Among the married, those who were less educated, from rural areas, married to a blood relative (59.0% of the sample), or under the age of 22 when married (73.2% of the sample) were more likely to report that a husband is justified in beating his wife.ConclusionsIraqi women appear to support wife beating most when the woman has violated her traditional role as a woman, a mother and lastly, as a wife.
Bias in hospital samples used for injury research based on consent wording
Authors: Pless B , Hagel B , Keays G , Zhang X , Magdalinos H 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundMany injury studies involve samples of hospitalised or emergency room emergency department patients. In studies involving follow-up, consent is required when patients are first identified. When the proportion who refuse is high, the study sample may be biased in ways that distort the validity of the results. This study aimed to determine if wording requiring active consent resulted in more refusals than wording that was essentially passive that is where consent is implied in the absence of direct refusal.MethodsThe Canadian Hospital Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) is based in 14 hospitals, 10 being paediatric. It uses a two-page questionnaire to describe how the injury occurred and what was injured. We chose 5 of the 10 paediatric hospitals; 3 used passive wording and 2 used active wording for consent to follow-up. We employed logistic regression to analyse the effect of wording on consent rates and whether the effect was influenced by patient demographic and clinical characteristics.Results63% of parents gave consent for follow-up at hospitals using passive consent wording versus 53% where active wording was used. Refusals were highest for 15–19 year olds, families in lower income neighbourhoods, and motor vehicle passenger injuries. After covariate adjustment, passive wording increased likelihood of consent twofold.ConclusionCaution is needed when interpreting results from studies using hospital samples, especially when wording of consent for follow-up requires direct affirmation.