bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angiogenic ability of metastatic squamous carcinoma in the cervical lymph nodes from unknown primary tumours
Authors: Agarwal Beamon , Das Pragnya , Naresh Kikkeri N , Borges Anita M 
Published: May 2011

ObjectivesTo study angiogenesis in metastasis of unknown primary (MUP) to support the authors' hypothesis that MUPs are of a low angiogenic phenotype and are able to undergo metastasis in spite of an unknown primary.Patients and methodsA retrospective analysis was performed on paraffin blocks obtained from 50 cases of MUP and 52 cases of metastasis of known primary (MKP) from 1 January 2000 to December 2003. A prospective analysis was performed on fresh tissues from 22 cases of MUP and 26 cases of MKP. Immunohistochemical staining for VEGF was performed on the paraffin blocks. The fresh frozen tissue was analysed by RT-PCR and Western blotting for VEGF isoforms (VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF189) and VEGF protein, respectively.ResultsImmunohistochemistry showed that MUPs had a higher percentage of lower scores of VEGF expression than MKPs. MKPs had increased scores of VEGF expression. RT-PCR analysis showed that MKPs had increased expression of VEGF121and VEGF165isoforms as compared with MUPs. MKPs showed a higher VEGF protein expression than MUPs.ConclusionThe study shows that metastases of squamous carcinoma from unknown primary have decreased VEGF expression at the immunohistochemical and protein level. They also display decreased expression of the VEGF121and VEGF165isoforms. Hence, these tumours are of a low angiogenic phenotype. They are able to develop a metastatic phenotype and grow at the metastatic site, since angiogenesis is redundant for lymph-node metastasis.
Exposure to bioaerosols, respiratory health and lung-specific proteins: a prospective study in garbage and wastewater workers: Table 1
Authors: Tschopp Alois , Bernard Alfred , Thommen Annette M , Jeggli Stefan , Dumont Xavier , Oppliger Anne , Hotz Philipp 
Published: May 2011

ObjectivesTo prospectively assess respiratory health in wastewater workers and garbage collectors over 5 years.MethodsExposure, respiratory symptoms and conditions, spirometry and lung-specific proteins were assessed yearly in a cohort of 304 controls, 247 wastewater workers and 52 garbage collectors. Results were analysed with random coefficient models and linear regression taking into account several potential confounders.ResultsSymptoms, spirometry and lung-specific proteins were not affected by occupational exposure.ConclusionsIn this population no effects of occupational exposure to bioaerosols were found, probably because of good working conditions.
The influence of newspaper coverage and a media campaign on smokers' support for smoke-free bars and restaurants and on secondhand smoke harm awareness: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey
Authors: Nagelhout Gera E , van den Putte Bas , de Vries Hein , Crone Matty , Fong Geoffrey T , Willemsen Marc C 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo assess the influence of newspaper coverage and a media campaign about Dutch smoke-free legislation on smokers' support for smoke-free bars and restaurants and on secondhand smoke (SHS) harm awareness.Design and main outcome measuresA content analysis was conducted of 1041 newspaper articles on the smoke-free legislation published in six Dutch newspapers from March 2008 to April 2009. Smokers who were regular readers of at least one of these newspapers (n=677) were selected from the pre-ban and post-ban waves of the International Tobacco Control Netherlands Survey. Exposure to newspaper coverage and the implementation campaign was correlated with changes in smokers' support for smoke-free bars and restaurants and SHS harm awareness.ResultsMost newspaper coverage was found to be negative towards the smoking ban (57%) and focused on economic aspects (59%) rather than health aspects (22%). Exposure to this coverage had a small but significantly negative effect on support for smoke-free bars and restaurants (β=−0.09, p=0.013). Among higher educated smokers, exposure to positive newspaper coverage had a more positive effect on support for smoke-free bars and restaurants. In addition, exposure to the implementation campaign had a small but significantly positive effect on SHS harm awareness (β=0.11, p=0.001).ConclusionsMedia attention on smoke-free legislation can influence smokers' support for the legislation and SHS harm awareness. Tobacco control advocates should aim to establish positive media attention that puts forward the health arguments for the legislation.
ON ENDOMORPHISMS OF TORSION-FREE HYPERBOLIC GROUPS
Authors: BOGOPOLSKI O. , VENTURA E. 
Published: May 2011

Let H be a torsion-free δ-hyperbolic group with respect to a finite generating set S. From the main result in the paper, Theorem 1.2, we deduce the following two corollaries. First, we show that there exists a computable constant [Formula: see text] such that, for any endomorphism φ of H, if φ(h) is conjugate to h for every element h ∈ H of length up to [Formula: see text], then φ is an inner automorphism. Second, we show a mixed (conjugate/non-conjugate) version of the classical Whitehead problem for tuples is solvable in torsion-free hyperbolic groups.
NONAUTONOMOUS BIFURCATION OF BOUNDED SOLUTIONS: CROSSING CURVE SITUATIONS
Authors: PÖTZSCHE CHRISTIAN 
Published: May 2011

Carathéodory differential equations naturally occur as path-wise realization of random differential equations and are amenable for deterministic calculus. In the setup of such nonautonomous differential equations with only measurable time-dependence, we present an approach to a bifurcation theory based on a topological change in the set of bounded entire solutions. In such a setting of at least planar equations, we provide sufficient criteria for a nonhyperbolic entire solution to bifurcate into two branches of bounded or homoclinic solutions. As opposed to transcritical or pitchfork bifurcations, no trivial solution branch is supposed to exist in advance. In particular, we discuss a degenerate fold bifurcation pattern, where the transversality assumption is replaced by a nondegeneracy condition on the second-order derivative. Both bifurcation patterns are intrinsically nonautonomous and do not occur for time-invariant equations. Our notion of a nonhyperbolic solution is based on the fact that the associate variational equation possesses exponential dichotomies on both semiaxes with compatible projectors. The resulting Fredholm theory allows one to apply recent abstract bifurcation results due to Liu, Shi and Wang (2007).
Modes of sediment delivery to the grounding line of a fast-flowing tidewater glacier: implications for ice-margin conditions and glacier dynamics
Authors: Lønne Ida , Nemec W. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The study focuses on the terminal moraine of a fast-flowing, temperate tidewater glacier that protruded in Oslofjorden trough, southern Norway, during one of the re-advances of the receding Fennoscandian Ice Sheet in the Younger Dryas time. Allostratigraphic mapping is used to reconstruct the moraine's morphodynamic development, showing how information on the dynamics of ancient glaciers can be derived from their grounding-line deposits. The Storsand moraine commenced its development in the latest phases of ice-margin advance and continued to grow during the stillstand phase, as long as the ice flux persisted. The thick moraine (>100 m) formed in a few decades, to be rapidly abandoned and later emerged by regional uplift. The study concludes that: (a) both meltwater and ice flow invariably supply sediment to the grounding line, and it is the varied preservation potential of ice-derived diamicton that results in misleading differences between moraines; (b) the glacier-front kinematics is asymmetrical with slow advances and rapid retreats; (c) no moraines can form during glacier retreat; (d) the front of an outlet glacier may stabilize while the adjacent ice margin is oscillating or virtually retreating; and (e) marine moraines are an important source of information about ancient ice margins and glacier dynamics.
Upper Pleistocene glacial valley-junction sediments at Pias, Trevinca Mountains, NW Spain
Authors: Alberti Augusto Pérez , Díaz Marcos Valcárcel , Martini I. Peter , Pascucci Vincenzo , Andreucci Stefano 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Sediments at Pias (Galicia) provide evidence of Upper Pleistocene glacial activities at a valley junction in the north-western mountains of Spain. The sedimentary sequence consists of lower, predominately fine-grained lacustrine deposits with few lonestones, overlain by poorly sorted, sandy gravels interstratified with massive diamicton deposited during mid-Weichselian times (MIS 3) (marine isotope stage 3). The lacustrine sediments were deposited in a glacial valley temporarily dammed by a confluent glacier. The presence of active ice is suggested by massive diamicton layers best interpreted as till, rafted sediments in lacustrine deposits and deformation structures indicative of loading and kettle formation. Frozen ground conditions are suggested by a few involution-like structures. The Pias area contains one of the few western-Spain sedimentary records of Upper Pleistocene glaciation at relatively low latitude (about 42°N) and low altitude (less than 1000 m a.s.l.). A southern dip of the Polar front to 40–45°N latitudes, as occurred during Last Glacial Maximum, could have cut moisture to the northern Fennoscandinavian ice sheets. At the same time, however, sufficient precipitations would have persisted in north-western Spain to sustain extensive ice caps and their outlets to elevations as low as
c.
900 m a.s.l.
Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis in Trauma Patients
Authors: Toker Serdar , Hak David J. , Morgan Steven J. 
Published: May 2011

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are known collectively as venous thromboembolism (VTE). Venous thromboembolic events are common and potentially life-threatening complications following trauma with an incidence of	5 to 63%. DVT prophylaxis is essential in the management of trauma patients. Currently, the optimal VTE prophylaxis strategy for trauma patients is unknown. Traditionally, pelvic and lower extremity fractures, head injury, and prolonged immobilization have been considered risk factors for VTE; however it is unclear which combination of risk factors defines a high-risk group. Modalities available for trauma patient thromboprophylaxis are classified into pharmacologic anticoagulation, mechanical prophylaxis, and inferior vena cava (IVC) filters. The available pharmacologic agents include low-dose heparin (LDH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and factor Xa inhibitors. Mechanical prophylaxis methods include graduated compression stockings (GCSs), pneumatic compression devices (PCDs), and A-V foot pumps. IVCs are traditionally used in high risk patients in whom pharmacological prophylaxis is contraindicated. Both EAST and ACCP guidelines recommend primary use of LMWHs in trauma patients; however there are still controversies regarding the definitive VTE prophylaxis in trauma patients. Large randomized prospective clinical studies would be required to provide level I evidence to define the optimal VTE prophylaxis in trauma patients.
Development and Characterization of a Potent Immunoconjugate Targeting the Fn14 Receptor on Solid Tumor Cells
Authors: Zhou Hong , Marks John W. , Hittelman Walter N. , Yagita Hideo , Cheung Lawrence H. , Rosenblum Michael G. , Winkles Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-inducible 14 (Fn14) are a TNF superfamily ligand–receptor pair involved in many cellular processes including proliferation, migration, differentiation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The Fn14 receptor is expressed at relatively low levels in normal tissues, but it is known to be dramatically elevated in a number of tumor types, including brain and breast tumors. Thus, it seems to be an excellent candidate for therapeutic intervention. We first analyzed Fn14 expression in human tumor cell lines. Fn14 was expressed in a variety of lines including breast, brain, bladder, skin, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, colon, prostate, and cervical cancer cell lines. We then developed an immunoconjugate containing a high-affinity anti-Fn14 monoclonal antibody (ITEM-4) conjugated to recombinant gelonin (rGel), a highly cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating N-glycosidase. Both ITEM-4 and the conjugate were found to bind to cells to an equivalent extent. Confocal microscopic analysis showed that ITEM4-rGel specifically and rapidly (within 2 hours) internalized into Fn14-positive T-24 bladder cancer cells but not into Fn14-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity studies against 22 different tumor cell lines showed that ITEM4-rGel was highly cytotoxic to Fn14-expressing cells and was 8- to 8 × 104-fold more potent than free rGel. ITEM4-rGel was found to kill cells by inducing apoptosis with high-mobility group box 1 protein release. Finally, ITEM4-rGel immunoconjugate administration promoted long-term tumor growth suppression in nude mice bearing T-24 human bladder cancer cell xenografts. Our data support the use of an antibody–drug conjugate approach to selectively target and inhibit the growth of Fn14-expressing tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(7); 1276–88. ©2011 AACR.
Impaired Expression of Uncoupling Protein 2 Causes Defective Postischemic Angiogenesis in Mice Deficient in AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α Subunits
Authors: Xu Ming-Jiang , Song Ping , Shirwany Najeeb , Liang Bin , Xing Junjie , Viollet Benoit , Wang Xian , Zhu Yi , Zou Ming-Hui 
Published: May 2011

Objective—
The aim of the present study was to determine whether mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 is required for AMPK-dependent angiogenesis in ischemia in vivo.

Methods and Results—

Angiogenesis was assayed by monitoring endothelial tube formation (a surrogate for angiogenesis) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs), isolated mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs), and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells or in ischemic thigh adductor muscles from wild-type (WT) mice or mice deficient in either AMPKα1 or AMPKα2. AMPK inhibition with pharmacological inhibitor (compound C) or genetic means (transfection of AMPKα-specific small interfering RNA) significantly lowered the tube formation in human umbilical vein ECs. Consistently, compared with WT mice, tube formation in MAECs isolated from either AMPKα1
−/−
or AMPKα2
−/−
mice, which exhibited oxidative stress and reduced expression of UCP2, was significantly impaired. In addition, adenoviral overexpression of UCP2, but not adenoviruses encoding green fluorescent protein, normalized tube formation in MAECs from either AMPKα1
−/−
or AMPKα2
−/−
mice. Similarly, supplementation with sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, restored tube formation. Furthermore, ischemia significantly increased angiogenesis, serine 1177 phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase, and UCP2 in ischemic thigh adductor muscles from WT mice but not in those from either AMPKα1
−/−
or AMPKα2
−/−
mice.

Conclusion—
We conclude that AMPK-dependent UCP2 expression in ECs promotes angiogenesis in vivo.
A Pilot Study to Assess Whether Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Protects the Heart From Ischemic Dysfunction and Attenuates Stunning After Coronary Balloon Occlusion in Humans
Authors: Read Philip A. , Hoole Stephen P. , White Paul A. , Khan Fakhar Z. , O'Sullivan Michael , West Nick E.J. , Dutka David P. 
Published: May 2011

Background—
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been shown to have cardioprotective properties in animal models of ischemia and infarction due to promotion of myocardial glucose uptake and suppression of apoptosis. We investigated whether GLP-1 protected the heart from dysfunction caused by supply ischemia during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods and Results—

Twenty patients with normal left ventricular (LV) function and single-vessel coronary disease within the left anterior descending artery undergoing elective PCI were studied. A conductance catheter was placed into the LV through the femoral artery, and pressure-volume loops were recorded at baseline and during a 1-minute low-pressure balloon occlusion at the site of the stenosis. The patients were randomized to receive an infusion of either GLP-1(7–36) amide at 1.2 pmol/kg per minute or saline immediately after the first balloon occlusion. Coronary balloon occlusion caused LV stunning in the control group with cumulative LV dysfunction on subsequent occlusion that was not seen in the GLP-1 group. GLP-1 improved recovery of LV systolic and diastolic function at 30 minutes after balloon occlusion compared with control (delta dP/dt
max
from baseline, −1.6% versus −12.2%;
P
=0.02) and reduced the LV dysfunction after the second balloon occlusion (delta dP/dt
max
, −13.1% versus −25.3%;
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—
In this pilot study, infusion of GLP-1 has been demonstrated to reduce ischemic LV dysfunction after supply ischemia during coronary balloon occlusion in humans and mitigates stunning. The findings require confirmation in a larger scale clinical trial.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.isrctn.org
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN 77442023.
Rescue, Combined, and Stand-Alone Thrombectomy in the Management of Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke Using the Solitaire Device: A Prospective 50-Patient Single-Center Study
Authors: Costalat Vincent , Machi Paolo , Lobotesis Kyriakos , Maldonado Igor , Vendrell Jean François , Riquelme Carlos , Mourand Isabelle , Milhaud Didier , Héroum Chérif , Perrigault Pierre-François , Arquizan Caroline , Bonafé Alain 
Published: May 2011

Background and Purpose—
Large vessel occlusion in ischemic stroke is associated with a high degree of morbidity. When intravenous thrombolysis fails, mechanical thrombectomy can provide an alternative and synergistic method for flow restoration. In this study we evaluate the safety and efficacy of our stroke management protocol (RECOST study).

Methods—
Fifty consecutive ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion were included. After clinical and MRI imaging assessment, 3 treatment strategies were selected according to time of symptom onset and location of vessel occlusion: rescue therapy; combined therapy; and stand-alone thrombectomy (RECOST study). MRI ASPECT score <5 was the main exclusion criterion. Mechanical thrombectomy was performed exclusively with the Solitaire flow restoration device. Clinical outcome was assessed after treatment, on day 1, and at discharge.

Results—
Mean patient age was 67.6 years, mean NIHSS score was 14.7, and mean ASPECT score was 6 on presentation. Vessel occlusions were in the middle cerebral artery (40%), the internal carotid artery (28%), and the basilar artery (32%). Rescue treatment represented 24%, combined therapy represented 56%, and stand-alone thrombectomy represented 20%. Mean recanalization time from symptoms onset was 377 minutes, with overall recanalization rate TICI 3 of 84%. NIHSS score at discharge was 6.5, with 60% of patients demonstrating NIHSS score 0 to 1 or an improvement of >9 points. Symptomatic complication rate was 10%. At 3 months, 54% of patients had a modififed Rankin scale score of 0 to 2, with an overall mortality rate of 12%.

Conclusions—
The present integrated stroke management protocol (RECOST study) demonstrated rapid, safe, and effective recanalization. We postulate that the Solitaire device contributed to high recanalization and patient selection using MRI ASPECT score to low and complication rates, therefore avoiding futile and dangerous interventions.
Forecasting the Wind to Reach Significant Penetration Levels of Wind Energy
Authors: Marquis Melinda , Wilczak Jim , Ahlstrom Mark , Sharp Justin , Stern Andrew , Smith J. Charles , Calvert Stan 
Published: May 2011

Advances in atmospheric science are critical to increased deployment of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources. For VRE sources, such as wind and solar, to reach high penetration levels in the nation's electric grid, electric system operators and VRE operators need better atmospheric observations, models, and forecasts. Improved meteorological observations through a deep layer of the atmosphere are needed for assimilation into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The need for improved operational NWP forecasts that can be used as inputs to power prediction models in the 0–36-h time frame is particularly urgent and more accurate predictions of rapid changes in VRE generation (ramp events) in the very short range (0–6 h) are crucial.
We describe several recent studies that investigate the feasibility of generating 20% or more of the nation's electricity from weather-dependent VRE. Next, we describe key advances in atmospheric science needed for effective development of wind energy and approaches to achieving these improvements. The financial benefit to the nation of improved wind forecasts is potentially in the billions of dollars per year. Obtaining the necessary meteorological and climatological observations and predictions is a major undertaking, requiring collaboration from the government, private, and academic sectors. We describe a field project that will begin in 2011 to improve short-term wind forecasts, which demonstrates such a collaboration, and which falls under a recent memorandum of understanding between the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy at the Department of Energy and the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Conducting risk analysis in public transport networks – guidelines for users
Authors: Luyten D , Barr L 
Published: May 2011

Ensuring the security of public transport is particularly challenging for reasons such as the open and accessible nature of public transport networks and the limited resources of the operators. Conducting a security risk assessment study is therefore a useful starting point. First, a risk analysis is conducted to establish the occurrence and impact of threats on the network. This is then followed by a vulnerability assessment study, which helps to decide where and how to invest scarce resources to protect the system. To summarize, we can say that: Risk Assessment = Risk Analysis + Vulnerability Assessment. Due to length restrictions, the present article will focus on risk analysis. The issue of the vulnerability assessment can be found in the full study*. A security risk analysis is different to a safety risk analysis. For example, a safety risk analysis can make use of frequency of occurrence of safety events using data from experience. Due to the rarity of terrorist attacks on public transport, the element of frequency cannot be used for a security risk analysis. The International Association of Public Transport (UITP) Security Commission† identified security risk assessment as a priority topic for research. Therefore, in the context of COUNTERACT, a European project funded by the European Commission, UITP and the project team developed ‘Generic Guidelines for Conducting Security Risk Assessment in Public Transport Networks’. The user-friendly guidelines, which were successfully tested by an urban public transport operator, outline a qualitative risk assessment methodology which can be adapted by the operator to suit specific needs, in a step-by-step approach, specifically designed for public transport. This article will outline how the methodology was developed, as well as lessons learned from the test which was carried out. To supplement these User Guidelines, further details of the risk assessment methodology are presented in the accompanying paper by Sanchez.