bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual half‐echo phase correction for implementation of 3D radial SSFP at 3.0 T
Authors: Klaers Jessica , Jashnani Yogesh , Jung Youngkyoo , Brodsky Ethan , Jacobson Joshua , Kijowski Richard , Block Walter F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFat/water separation methods such as fluctuating equilibrium magnetic resonance and linear combination steady‐state free precession have not yet been successfully implemented at 3.0 T due to extreme limitations on the time available for spatial encoding with the increase in magnetic field strength. We present a method to utilize a three‐dimensional radial sequence combined with linear combination steady‐state free precession at 3.0 T to take advantage of the increased signal levels over 1.5 T and demonstrate high spatial resolution compared to Cartesian techniques. We exploit information from the two half‐echoes within each pulse repetition time to correct the accumulated phase on a point‐by‐point basis, thereby fully aligning the phase of both half‐echoes. The correction provides reduced sensitivity to static field (B0) inhomogeneity and robust fat/water separation. Resultant images in the knee joint demonstrate the necessity of such a correction, as well as the increased isotropic spatial resolution attainable at 3.0 T. Results of a clinical study comparing this sequence to conventional joint imaging sequences are included. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time discontinuous Galerkin methods with energy decaying correction for non‐linear elastodynamics
Authors: de Miranda Stefano , Mancuso Massimo , Ubertini Francesco 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this paper a new time discontinuous Galerkin (TDG) formulation for non‐linear elastodynamics is presented. The new formulation embeds an energy correction which ensures truly energy decaying, thus allowing to achieve unconditional stability that, as shown in the paper, is not guaranteed by the classical TDG formulation. The resulting method is simple and easily implementable into existing finite element codes. Moreover, it inherits the desirable higher‐order accuracy and high‐frequency dissipation properties of the classical formulation. Numerical results illustrate the very good performance of the proposed formulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the Met Office global forecast model using Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) data
Authors: Allan Richard P. , Slingo Anthony , Milton Sean F. , Brooks Malcolm E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSimulations of the top‐of‐atmosphere radiative‐energy budget from the Met Office global numerical weather‐prediction model are evaluated using new data from the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument on board the Meteosat‐8 satellite. Systematic discrepancies between the model simulations and GERB measurements greater than 20 Wm−2in outgoing long‐wave radiation (OLR) and greater than 60 Wm−2in reflected short‐wave radiation (RSR) are identified over the period April–September 2006 using 12 UTC data. Convective cloud over equatorial Africa is spatially less organized and less reflective than in the GERB data. This bias depends strongly on convective‐cloud cover, which is highly sensitive to changes in the model convective parametrization. Underestimates in model OLR over the Gulf of Guinea coincide with unrealistic southerly cloud outflow from convective centres to the north. Large overestimates in model RSR over the subtropical ocean, greater than 50 Wm−2at 12 UTC, are explained by unrealistic radiative properties of low‐level cloud relating to overestimation of cloud liquid water compared with independent satellite measurements. The results of this analysis contribute to the development and improvement of parametrizations in the global forecast model. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A three‐dimensional mountain wave imaged in satellite radiance throughout the stratosphere: Evidence of the effects of directional wind shear
Authors: Eckermann Stephen D. , Ma Jun , Wu Dong L. , Broutman Dave 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSwath‐scanned thermal radiances from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSU‐A) on the NOAA and Aqua satellites are used to image the horizontal temperature structure of a long‐wavelength mountain wave that formed over southern Scandinavia on 14 January 2003. Data from all six stratospheric channels show this wave propagating through the full depth of the stratosphere. In channels 9–11 (altitudes ∼20–90 hPa) the imaged wave has a phase structure broadly consistent with a stationary wave radiated by the southeastward flow over and above the quasi‐elliptical terrain of southern Norway. Channel 12 radiances at ∼10 hPa, however, show a remarkable abrupt change in imaged wave structure: the horizontal wavelength contracts, phase lines rotate anticlockwise by 30° –40° , and peak activity migrates to the south to lie over Denmark and northern Germany. Similar structure persists in channels 13 and 14 (at ∼2–5 hPa) with progessively increasing radiance amplitudes. These features are stable over the ∼10 hours of AMSU‐A measurements from five separate overpasses, and are validated against independent radiances acquired by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and retrieved AIRS/AMSU‐A temperature profiles from the Aqua overpass.This change at the channel 11/12 interface coincides with an onset of anticlockwise rotation (backing) and intensification of background stratospheric winds with height. Fourier‐ray and spatial ray modelling incorporating these directionally sheared winds and simplified orographic forcing reproduce the salient features of the observations, but only after wave‐induced temperature perturbations have been converted to channel radiances using a forward model. The differential visibility of various components of this three‐dimensional mountain wave to the AMSU‐A channel weighting functions has a first‐order impact on the observations at heights above 10 hPa. Once that is factored in, the combined observations and modelling provide direct experimental support for the Shutts model's predictions of how backing wind vectors affect the vertical evolution of three‐dimensional mountain waves. Implications of these observations for orographic gravity wave drag parametrization are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
DNA Damage-Induced Degradation of Cdc25A Does Not Lead to Inhibition of Cdk2 Activity in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Koledova Zuzana , Kafkova Leona Raskova , Krämer Alwin , Divoky Vladimir 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase two (Cdk2) is the major regulator of the G1/S transition and the target of an activated G1 checkpoint in somatic cells. In the presence of DNA damage, Cdk2 kinase activity is abrogated by a deficiency of Cdc25A phosphatase, which is marked by Chk1/Chk2 for proteasomal degradation. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) lack a G1 checkpoint response. In this study, we analyzed the G1 checkpoint pathways in mouse ESCs (mESCs) in the presence of DNA double-strand breaks evoked by ionizing radiation (IR). We show that checkpoint pathways, which operate during G1 phase in somatic cells, are activated in mESCs after IR; however, Cdk2 activity is not abolished. We demonstrate that Cdc25A is degraded in mESCs, but this degradation is not regulated by Chk1 and Chk2 kinases because they are sequestered to the centrosome. Instead, Cdc25A degradation is governed by glycogen synthase kinase-3β kinase. We hypothesize that Cdc25A degradation does not inhibit Cdk2 activity because a considerable proportion of Cdk2 molecules localize to the cytoplasm and centrosomes in mESCs, where they may be sheltered from regulation by nuclear Cdc25A. Finally, we show that a high Cdk2 activity, which is irresponsive to DNA damage, is the driving force of the rapid escape of mESCs from G1 phase after DNA damage.
Formal, theoretical aspects of systems engineering
Authors: Simpson Mary J. , Simpson Joseph J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn “Principles of Complex Systems for Systems Engineering,” S.A. Sheard and A. Mostashari [Syst Eng 12 (2009), 295–311] suggest issues related to a formal and theoretical background to systems engineering as well as the definition and analysis of complex systems (p. 295): “Systems engineering (SE) has evolved without much of a formal or theoretical background for its practices; instead it has relied on experientially developed principles and heuristics [Defoe, 1993; Rechtin, 1991; Stevens et al., 1998].” This communication outlines some of the existing formal, theoretical systems engineering literature, discusses the provided definition of complex systems, examines “Ordered Systems Engineering” in the context of existing systems engineering literature, and reflects on the principles of complex systems for systems engineering. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Nerve Growth Factor‐β Expression Is Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis and Nerve Infiltration in Human Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Xu Lei‐bo , Liu Chao , Gao Guo‐quan , Yu Xian‐huan , Zhang Rui , Wang Jie 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundAngiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are important processes in the progression of malignant tumors. Previous studies have shown that nerve growth factor‐β (NGF‐β) can promote the initiation and progression of many tumors. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor‐C (VEGF‐C) has become recognized as the most important lymphangiogenic factor. In the present study, the expression of NGF‐β in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma and its relationship with lymphangiogenesis, lymph node metastasis, nerve infiltration, and VEGF‐C expression was investigated.MethodsNerve growth factor‐β and VEGF‐C expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry in samples from 28 cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in the tumor tissue that indicated lymphangiogenesis were calculated by immunostaining with the lymphendothelial‐specific antibody D2‐40. The relationship between NGF‐β expression and VEGF‐C expression, lymphangiogenesis, lymph node metastasis, and nerve infiltration was evaluated.ResultsThe overexpression of NGF‐β and VEGF‐C occurred in 57.1% (16/28) and 46.4% (13/28) of tumor samples, respectively. Nerve growth factor‐β overexpression was highly correlated with VEGF‐C overexpression (P = 0.005), LVD (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.021), nerve infiltration (P = 0.019), and tumor stage (P = 0.040). Furthermore, VEGF‐C overexpression was highly correlated with LVD (P < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). However, there was no statistic significance in the relation between NGF‐β expression and sex (P = 0.185), age (P = 0.387), maximal tumor size (P = 0.736), Bismuth classification (P = 0.627) as well as histological grade (P = 0.203).ConclusionsNerve growth factor‐β might promote lymph node metastasis and nerve infiltration in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Parental Decisions Regarding a Prenatally Detected Fetal Chromosomal Abnormality and the Impact of Genetic Counseling: An Analysis of 38 Cases with Aneuploidy in Southeast Turkey
Authors: Balkan Mahmut , Kalkanli Sevgi , Akbas Halit , Yalinkaya Ahmet , Alp M. Nail , Budak Turgay 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study investigated parental decision‐making to terminate or continue a pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis of a chromosomal abnormality among a sample of patients in Southeast Turkey. Between 2004 and 2007, 1068 amniocentesis tests were performed in the Medical Biology and Genetic Department Laboratory at Dicle University. Aneuploidy was found in 38 cases (3.56%). Genetic counseling was provided for the couples that received abnormal results, and they were later interviewed and asked if they had continued or interrupted the pregnancy after the diagnosis. When confronted with autosomal aneuploidy in which a severe prognosis was expected, 85% of cases decided to terminate the pregnancy. When confronted with sex chromosome aneuploidy with a low risk of an abnormal clinical phenotype 60% of cases decided to continue the pregnancy. Among the diagnoses with aneuploidy, pregnancy was continued in 21.1% of cases due to religious beliefs regardless of whether there was a low or severe risk of an abnormal clinical phenotype. These findings indicate that both severity of abnormality and religiosity play an important role in genetic counseling patients’ decision‐making processes and outcomes in Turkey. In addition, the findings suggest the need for legislation that reduces the differences in approaches between the physicians and institutions regarding parental decision‐making to terminate or continue a pregnancy in our country.
Evaluating the quality of dietary intake validation studies
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluis , Frost Andersen Lene , Henríque-Sánchez Patricia , Doreste-Alonso Jorge , Sánchez-Villegas Almudena , Ortiz-Andrelluchi Adriana , Negri Eva , La Vecchia Carlo 
Published: January 2010

Within the EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned Network of Excellence (EURRECA), a scoring system was developed to assess the quality of dietary intake validation studies. The scoring system included three steps. The first step was to give each study a quality score, which included five components: sample size, statistics used, data collection procedure, consideration of seasonality and supplement use. Scores ranged from 0 to 7, and validation studies classified as very good ( ≥ 5), good (5–3·5), acceptable/reasonable (3·5–2·5) and poor ( < 2·5). The second and third steps included an adjustment/weighting of the correlation coefficient according to the quality score and moreover a rating of the adjusted/weighted correlation. The scoring system was tested in 124 validation studies that included at least one vitamin. Only 5·6 % of the 124 studies were judged to be of very good quality according to the quality score, 41·9 % of good quality and 16·9 % had a poor rating. When adjusting for the study quality scores, crude and adjusted mean correlations of vitamins A, C, D and E intakes were similar, but the percentage of correlation values classified as poor or very good was higher after adjustment. These results show the importance of considering the quality of studies validating dietary assessment methods and the correlations obtained for the micronutrient of interest when interpreting effects observed in epidemiological studies using dietary assessment methods. Without a doubt, this subject constitutes a key topic for research in nutritional epidemiology.
Dietary assessment methods for micronutrient intake in infants, children and adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Ortiz-Andrellucchi Adriana , Henríquez-Sánchez Patricia , Sánchez-Villegas Almudena , Peña-Quintana Luis , Mendez Michelle , Serra-Majem Lluís 
Published: January 2010

A systematic literature search identified studies validating the methodology used for measuring the usual dietary intake in infants, children and adolescents. The quality of each validation study selected was assessed using a European micronutrient Recommendations Aligned-developed scoring system. The validation studies were categorised according to whether the study used a reference method that reflected short-term intake ( < 7 d), long-term intake ( ≥ 7 d) or used biomarkers. A correlation coefficient for each nutrient was calculated from the mean of the correlation coefficients from each study weighted by the quality of the study. Thirty-two articles were included in the present review: validation studies from infants (1–23 months); child preschool (2–5 years); children (6–12 years); adolescents (13–18 years). Validation of FFQ studies in infants and preschool children using a reference method that reflected short-term intake showed good correlations for niacin, thiamin, vitamins B6, D, C, E, riboflavin, Ca, K, Mg, Fe and Zn (with correlations ranging from 0·55 for vitamin E to 0·69 for niacin).Regarding the reference method reflecting short-term intake in children and adolescents, good correlations were seen only for vitamin C (r0·61) and Ca (r0·51). Using serum levels of micronutrient demonstrated that the 3 d weighed dietary records was superior to the FFQ as a tool to validate micronutrient intakes. Including supplement users generally improved the correlations between micronutrient intakes estimated by any of the dietary intake methods and respective biochemical indices.
Influence of Calicophoron microbothrium amphistomosis on the biochemical and blood cell counts of cattle
Authors: Mavenyengwa M. , Mukaratirwa S. , Monrad J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSixteen Tuli steers aged 1 year were subdivided into four equal groups (I–IV) and infected with Calicophoron microbothrium metacercariae. Group I received a low dose (LD) of 5000 metacercariae, group II a medium dose (MD) of 15,000 metacercariae, group III a high dose (HD) of 25,000 metacercariae while group IV was the non-infected control (C) group. The experimental animals were monitored daily for clinical signs while ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood and serum samples were collected every 7 days until day 28 post-infection, when sample collection was terminated. Samples were processed for full blood count, eosinophils and blood biochemical values for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, total protein and albumin. Moderate to severe diarrhoea developed in the MD and HD groups at day 21 post-infection. The diarrhoea coincided with a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in total plasma protein, calcium and phosphorus levels, particularly in the MD group. Similarly, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the packed cell volume (PCV), the haemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cell (RBC) levels occurred in the MD and HD groups from day 21 post-infection, while a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the circulating eosinophils occurred between 7 and 21 days post-infection in the LD and the HD groups.
Exploring metabolomic approaches to analyse phospholipid biosynthetic pathways in Plasmodium
Authors: BESTEIRO S. , VO DUY S. , PERIGAUD C. , LEFEBVRE-TOURNIER I. , VIAL H. J. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYPlasmodium falciparum, the agent responsible for malaria, is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. For proliferation, differentiation and survival, it relies on its own protein-encoding genes, as well as its host cells for nutrient sources. Nutrients and subsequent metabolites are required by the parasites to support their high rate of growth and replication, particularly in the intra-erythrocytic stages of the parasite that are responsible for the clinical symptoms of the disease. Advances in mass spectrometry have improved the analysis of endogenous metabolites and enabled a global approach to identify the parasite's metabolites by the so-called metabolomic analyses. This level of analysis complements the genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data already available and should allow the identification of novel metabolites, original pathways and networks of regulatory interactions within the parasite, and between the parasite and its hosts. The field of metabolomics is just in its infancy in P. falciparum, hence in this review, we concentrate on the available methodologies and their potential applications for deciphering important biochemical processes of the parasite, such as the astonishingly diverse phospholipid biosynthesis pathways. Elucidating the regulation of the biosynthesis of these crucial metabolites could help design of future anti-malarial drugs.
Por un diálogo humanitario: El Instituto Internacional de Derecho Humanitario celebra su XX aniversario
Authors: Patrnogic Jovića 
Published: January 2010

El 26 de septiembre de 1990, el Instituto Internacional de Derecho Humanitario celebró el XX aniversario de su fundación. Esta celebracioón nos permite hacer un balance de la actividad de una institutión comúnmente llamada «Instituto de San Remo» y sacar las enseñanzas útiles para su futuro desarrollo.En 1970, un grupo de personas decidió organizar un congreso sobre el tema «los derechos humanos, base del derecho humanitario». A dicho congreso que, del 24 al 27 de septiembre, tuvo lugar en San Remo, Italia, asistieron unas 200 personas, de las cuales varios expertos reconocidos por su ejemplar contributión al derecho humanitario.
La acción del CICR en favor de los refugiados y de las personas civiles desplazadas
Authors: Maurice Frédéric , de Courten Jean 
Published: January 2010

La acción de la Cruz Roja en favor de los refugiados es de muy larga data. Se remonta al origen de la acción del Movimiento International de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja en favor de las víctimas de las guerras, las revoluciones y los disturbios. Puede decirse igualmente que moviliza a todas las instituciones del Movimiento que intervienen en una u otra etapa del recorrido de los refugiados, los deportados y las personas desplazadas dentro del propio país: protección en el país de origen al decidirse el exilio, asistencia en los campamentos de tránsito o de primer asilo, búsqueda y reunión de familiares, sin olvidar el apoyo a quienes emprenden los trámites, a menudo interminables y humillantes, de la solicitud de asilo.Para el CICR la intervención se circunscribe esencialmente, como veremos, al teatro de las operaciones militares, a los territorios ocupados o donde haya disturbios y violencia poliítica que provoquen la huida de población. La acción se prolonga, a menudo, en la frontera de los países limítrofes, en los campamentos de refugiados, donde el CICR se encarga de ciertos aspectos de la protección de esas personas, en los centros médicos de primeros auxilios o de cirugía de guerra y, a veces, incluye también la asistencia material.
Confirmación de la validez del reconocimiento de la Cruz Roja Letona por el CICR el 10 de enero de 1923 (circular núm. 559)
Authors: Sommaruga Cornelio 
Published: January 2010

Tenemos el honor de comunicarles la confirmación por el Comité International de la Cruz Roja del reconocimiento de la Cruz Roja Letona, que tuvo lugar el 10 de enero de 1923. Tras esta decisión, que suite efectos a partir del 20 de noviembre de 1991, se eleva a 150 el número de las Sociedades Nacionales miembros del Movimiento International de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja.La Cruz Roja Letona, fundada en 1918, fue reconocida por el CICR el 10 de enero de 1923. Cuando, el verano de 1940, los países bálticos fueron integrados a la Unión Soviética, la Cruz Roja Letona fue, a su vez, incorporada a la Alianza de Sociedades de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja.La Cruz Roja Letona solicitó oficialmente, el 13 de noviembre de 1991, la confirmación de su reconocimiento anterior por el Comité International de la Cruz Roja. Para apoyar su solicitud la Cruz Roja Letona transmitió diversos documentos, entre los cuales el texto de sus Estatutos, así como la copia de una nota oficial del Gobierno letón, en la que éste reconoce a la Cruz Roja Letona como auxiliar de los poderes públicos en el ámbito humanitario.Esos diversos documentos, objeto de un examen conjunto con la Secretaría de la Liga de Sociedades de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, demuestran que, efectivamente, se reúnen las diez condiciones de reconocimiento estipuladas en el artículo 4 de los Estatutos del Movimiento.