bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximum efficiency radiofrequency shimming: Theory and initial application for hip imaging at 7 tesla
Authors: Deniz Cem Murat , Brown Ryan , Lattanzi Riccardo , Alon Leeor , Sodickson Daniel K. , Zhu Yudong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRadiofrequency shimming with multiple channel excitation has been proposed to increase the transverse magnetic field uniformity and reduce specific absorption rate at high magnetic field strengths (≥7 T) where high‐frequency effects can make traditional single channel volume coils unsuitable for transmission. In the case of deep anatomic regions and power‐demanding pulse sequences, optimization of transmit efficiency may be a more critical requirement than homogeneity per se. This work introduces a novel method to maximize transmit efficiency using multiple channel excitation and radiofrequency shimming. Shimming weights are calculated in order to obtain the lowest possible net radiofrequency power deposition into the subject for a given transverse magnetic field strength. The method was demonstrated in imaging studies of articular cartilage of the hip joint at 7 T. We show that the new radiofrequency shimming method can enable reduction in power deposition while maintaining an average flip angle or adiabatic condition in the hip cartilage. Building upon the improved shimming, we further show that the signal‐to‐noise ratio in hip cartilage at 7 T can be substantially greater than that at 3 T, illustrating the potential benefits of high field hip imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and properties of peroxide dynamically vulcanized polypropylene/ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/zinc dimethacrylate thermoplastic olefin
Authors: Chen Yu‐kun , Xu Chuan‐hui , Wang Yan‐peng 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAttempts were made to prepare the polypropylene (PP) /ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) blends with zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) via peroxide dynamic vulcanization. PP was melt‐mixed with EPDM and ZDMA at different compositions (PP/EPDM/ZDMA, i.e., 70/30/0, 70/30/3, 70/30/6, and 70/30/9, w/w/w) using an internal mixer at 50 rpm rotor speed. The addition of ZDMA improved the rheological properties of the resulting materials in the melt state. The morphological studies revealed that the addition of ZDMA led to an improvement of size reduction and distribution uniformity for crosslinked EPDM phase. ZDMA showed a positive effect on the mechanical properties of the PP/EPDM/ZDMA composites, particularly on the toughness and extensibility. With the incorporation of ZDMA, the izod impact strength and the elongation of PP/EPDM/ZDMA composites increased from 41 kJ/m2 to 72 kJ/m2 and 110% to 495%, respectively. The crystallization behaviors analysis indicated that the addition of ZDMA promoted the nucleation process of PP but the crystallinity of the PP phase was decreased at the meantime. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Molecular dynamics analyses of the dissociation process of ADP from Hsp90
Authors: Kawaguchi Kazutomo , Takagi Hiroyuki , Iwayama Masashi , Nishimura Megumi , Miyakawa Takeshi , Saito Hiroaki , Takasu Masako , Nagao Hidemi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHsp90 (90 kDa heat shock protein) is a molecular chaperon involved in protein folding and regulating the stability and activation state of many client proteins under stress and normal conditions. Hsp90 is an attractive target for the therapeutics against cancer and virus infectious diseases. Hsp90 undergoes large conformational changes during its functional cycle driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis to ADP at the N‐terminal domain. ATP‐binding and ADP‐dissociation play key roles for the functions of Hsp90. All‐atom molecular dynamics simulations of the N‐terminal domain of human Hsp90 in complex with ADP are carried out to elucidate the dissociation process of ADP at atomic resolution. The MD simulations with the binding‐distance constraint are performed. Our results show that ADP is dissociated from the binding pocket of Hsp90 with Mg2+, and that ADP has two possible conformation and two possible pathways in the dissociation process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theoretical calculation of the zero‐temperature isotherm and phase stability of silver up to 2 Gbar using the linear combinations of gaussian type orbitals method
Authors: Boettger Jonathan C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA systematic procedure has been developed for generating the static lattice zero temperature isotherm of a monatomic crystalline solid to arbitrarily high compressions using the linear combinations of Gaussian type orbitals‐fitting function electronic structure method. This procedure has been used to calculate the static‐lattice equation of state and phase stability of silver (Ag) up to 2 Gbar. The resulting isotherm is compared with previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental data at low pressures and with results from Thomas–Fermi–Dirac calculations at high pressures. The stabilities of three crystal structures (face centered cubic, fcc; body centered cubic, bcc; and hexagonal close packed, hcp) were determined from energy differences calculated up to 2 Gbar. The effects of relativity and DFT model selection were tested by repeating each calculation with and without relativistic corrections using two DFT models; the local density (LDA) and generalized gradient (GGA) approximations. The phase sequence for Ag is predicted to be fcc → hcp → fcc → hcp → bcc, although the second appearance of the hcp phase is questionable due to convergence issues. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systems biology approaches to toll‐like receptor signaling
Authors: Vandenbon Alexis , Teraguchi Shunsuke , Akira Shizuo , Takeda Kiyoshi , Standley Daron M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractToll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways constitute an evolutionarily conserved host defense system that protects against a broad range of infectious agents. Modeling of TLR signaling has been carried out at several levels. Structural models of TLRs and their adaptors, which utilize a small number of structural domains to recognize a diverse range of pathogens, provide a starting point for understanding how pathogens are recognized and signaling events initiated. Various experimental and computational techniques have been used to construct models of downstream signal transduction networks from the measurements of gene expression and chromatin structure under resting and perturbed conditions along with predicted regulatory sequence motifs. Although a complete and accurate mathematical model of all TLR signaling pathways has yet to be derived, many important modules have been identified and investigated, enhancing our understanding of innate immune responses. Extensions of these models based on emerging experimental techniques are discussed. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2012 doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1178This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Tolerance of High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Cheung Tan To , Chu Ferdinand S. K. , Jenkins Caroline R. , Tsang Dickson S. F. , Chok Kenneth S. H. , Chan Albert C. Y. , Yau Thomas C. C. , Chan See Ching , Poon Ronnie T. P. , Lo Chung Mau , Fan Sheung Tat 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation is a relatively new, noninvasive way of ablation for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Emerging evidence has shown that it is effective for the treatment of HCC, even in patients with poor liver function. There is currently no data on the safety limit of HIFU ablation in patients with cirrhosis. However, this information is vital for the selection of appropriate patients for the procedure. We analyzed HCC patients who had undergone HIFU ablation and determined the lower limit of liver function and other patient factors with which HCC patients can tolerate this treatment modality.MethodsPreoperative variables of 100 patients who underwent HIFU ablation for HCC were analyzed to identify the risk factors in HIFU intolerance in terms of stress‐induced complications. Factors that may contribute to postablation complications were compared.ResultsThirteen (13 %) patients developed a total of 18 complications. Morbidity was mainly due to skin and subcutaneous tissue injuries (n = 9). Five patients had first‐degree skin burn, one had second‐degree skin burn, and three had third‐degree skin burn. Four complications were grade 3a in the Clavien classification and 14 were below this grade. Univariate analysis showed that age (p = 0.022) was the only independent factor in HIFU intolerance.ConclusionsHIFU ablation is generally well tolerated in HCC patients with cirrhosis. It is safe for Child‐Pugh A and B patients and selected Child‐Pugh C patients. With this new modality, HCC patients who were deemed unsalvageable by other surgical means in the past because of simultaneous Child‐Pugh B or C disease now have a new hope.
Strength of sliding knots in multifilament resorbable suture materials
Authors: van Leeuwen Nourah , Trimbos J. Baptist 
Published: June 2012

AbstractExperimental laboratory study was made to test the knot integrity of identical, non-identical and parallel sliding knots, with three and five throws, made with synthetic resorbable multifilament suture materials. The knots were made with Novosyn (polyglactin 612), Safil (polyglycolic acid), Vicryl (polyglactin 612) and Vicryl plus (polyglactin 910 + triclosan), all with suture size: 3-0 USP. Per material 10 knots for every kind of knot were tested in a tensiometer, resulting in a total of 240 tests. Sliding knots with three throws were compared with the five throw sliding knots, and a comparison of the loop-holding capacities (LHC) of the different suture materials was made. Differences in suture material, knot type, and number of throws in the knot had a remarkable effect on knot performance. Adding two extra throws to a three throw non-identical or parallel sliding knot resulted in significantly more reliable knots (P < 0.05). In identical sliding knots, this effect was not seen, but these knots showed low LHCs, indicating poor knot reliability. Compared to the other suture materials, Safil showed significantly lower LHCs. Most of the mean LHCs of the various knots with Vicryl, Vicryl Plus or Novosyn were not statistically different from each other. Identical sliding knots appeared to be very unreliable, especially when made with three throws. Non-identical and parallel slipknots with five throws demonstrated superior knot integrity compared with the same knot types with three throws. Safil had inferior knot properties as compared to the other materials, but Vicryl, Vicryl Plus and Novosyn behaved virtually the same. The type of knot and the use of different suture materials have important influence on the integrity of the knot. A high knot reliability is nowadays all the more important because of the frequent use of resorbable suture materials. The suture gradually loses strength during the resorption process, so that an extra margin of safety neutralizes the effect of this process.
Regional Anesthesia for Children Undergoing Orthopedic Ambulatory Surgeries in the United States, 1996–2006
Authors: Kuo Cassie , Edwards Alison , Mazumdar Madhu , Memtsoudis Stavros G. 
Published: June 2012

Background Our objective was to evaluate national trends in regional anesthetic techniques among children undergoing ambulatory orthopedic procedures. Purpose and Questions We aimed to determine whether an increase in regional anesthetics was primarily driven by an increase in the number of peripheral nerve blocks performed rather than an increase in neuraxial techniques. We further aimed to determine whether the proportion of peripheral nerve blocks performed in conjunction with general anesthesia has increased over time. Patients and Methods Our study sample included any pediatric patient (i.e., <18 years old) who underwent an orthopedic ambulatory procedure in 1996 and 2006. We obtained data on ambulatory surgical procedures by accessing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery. Patient demographics (age, gender), procedure information, and anesthesia-related variables were analyzed for each year. Results The proportion of peripheral nerve blocks performed for ambulatory surgery more than doubled from 1996 (4.4 %) to 2006 (8.1 %). A significantly larger proportion of orthopedic procedures were being performed with a combination of peripheral nerve blocks and general anesthesia (1.2 % in 1996 and 43 % 2006). The use of neuraxial anesthesia for lower extremity surgeries decreased over the 10-year period (1.1 and 0.4 % in 1996 and 2006, respectively). Conclusions There was a significant increase in the use of peripheral nerve blocks for children undergoing ambulatory orthopedic procedures in the USA, while neuraxial techniques became less common over the 10-year period. The peripheral nerve blocks were frequently performed in conjunction with general anesthesia.
Array-CGH
Authors: Caliebe A. , Platzer K. , Argyriou L. , Bens S. , Hellenbroich Y. , Husemeyer N. , Nagel I. , Martin-Subero J.I. , Sporns P. , Stefanova I. , Tönnies H. , Vater I. , Weimer J. , Siebert R. , Gillessen-Kaesbach G. 
Published: June 2012

Zusammenfassung
Wir berichten über unsere Erfahrungen mit der Array-comparative-genomic-hybridization(CGH)-Untersuchung über 5 Jahre an 1310 untersuchten Patienten. Mit zunehmender Auflösung der Arrays nimmt die Zahl der detektieren Veränderungen zu, deren Relevanz zum Teil schwer zu beurteilen ist. Die am häufigsten nachgewiesene pathogene Veränderung bei den von uns untersuchten Patienten ist die 0,6 Mb große Deletion bzw. Duplikation in 16p11.2. Befunde, die nicht im Zusammenhang mit der initialen Fragestellung standen, wurden bei 0,2% der Patienten erhoben.
VI.—On the original Site of Roman London. By Arthur Taylor, Esq., F.S.A. In Two Letters to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., &c. &c. Secretary
Authors: Taylor Arthur 
Published: June 2012

I shall be glad if the following Remarks on the site of Roman London can at some convenient opportunity be submitted to the Society of Antiquaries.Occurring as a station in eight of the fifteen journeys of the Imperial Itinerary, four times as a point of departure, three times as the terminus of a route, Londinium is a link of connexion with other stations on the same lines of road, and its position a necessary preliminary to a correct knowledge of the roads themselves.
VI. Account of some subterranean Chambers discovered near Carrigtohill, County of Cork, and at Ballyhendon, near Fermoy in the same County: Communicated by Thomas Crofton Croker, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.I.A., in a Letter addressed to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Croker Thomas Crofton 
Published: June 2012

When at Cork, in the early part of the present year, I was informed that some subterranean Chambers had been recently discovered on a farm named Garranes, in the parish of Carrigtohill, about nine miles east of that city.By the kindness of Mr. Cummins, the proprietor of the ground, I was afforded an opportunity of examining these Chambers, in company with Mr. Robert O'Callaghan Newenham, whose pencil has so skilfully illustrated the picturesque antiquities of Ireland. They are situated within one of those circular entrenchments, popularly (but I am inclined to think incorrectly) termed “Danish Forts.” The diameter of this entrenchment is one hundred and twenty feet; and at the third of that space from the south side appeared a circular pit, about seven feet in depth, and measuring five feet and a half in diameter.
An Entrance to Exit Polling: Strategies for Using Exit Polls as Experiential Learning Projects
Authors: Berry Michael J. , Robinson Tony 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEngaging students in the design, administration, and postelection analysis of an exit poll can be an excellent experiential learning activity. Lelieveldt and Rossen (2009) argue that exit polls are a “perfect teaching tool” because they provide students with a cooperative (rather than competitive) learning experience; help students better connect theory, methodology, and course substance; and allow students to move outside of the classroom by branching out into the community. As professors at the University of Colorado, Denver (UCD), we have organized student exit polling during the 2008 and 2010 elections in the Denver area for research methods and elections classes. Although we have found these exit polls to be rewarding experiences for instructors and students alike, the reality is that conducting an exit poll with a group of polling neophytes, in the confines of a single semester, can be challenging. In this article, we discuss strategies and issues for instructors to consider when using an exit poll as an experiential learning exercise.
Monitoring armed non-state actor compliance with humanitarian norms: a look at international mechanisms and the Geneva Call Deed of Commitment
Authors: Bongard Pascal , Somer Jonathan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractArmed non-state actors are involved in most armed conflicts today, yet international law provides few mechanisms to ensure that they comply with humanitarian norms applicable to them. In particular, monitoring and verification mechanisms that address the conduct of armed non-state actors rarely appear in multilateral treaties, and, even when they do, are weak and not applied in practice. Over the past few years, a number of alternative mechanisms have been developed to better monitor respect of humanitarian norms during internal armed conflicts and verify allegations of violations. This article examines the strength of these various mechanisms and then focuses on the Deed of Commitment, an innovative instrument developed by the Swiss-based non-governmental organization Geneva Call, to hold armed non-state actors accountable. Experience with the Deed of Commitment on the prohibition of anti-personnel mines shows that these alternative mechanisms can be effective in ensuring better compliance with at least some humanitarian norms.
Magmatic lithospheric heating and weakening during continental rifting: A simple scaling law, a 2‐D thermomechanical rifting model and the East African Rift System
Authors: Schmeling Harro , Wallner Herbert 
Published: June 2012

Continental rifting is accompanied by lithospheric thinning and decompressional melting. After extraction, melt is intruded at shallower depth thereby heating and weakening the lithosphere. In a feedback mechanism this weakening may assist rifting and melt production. A one‐dimensional kinematic lithospheric thinning model is developed including decompressional melting and intrusional magma deposition. The intrusional heating effect is determined as a function of thinning rate and amount, melting parameters, potential temperature, and the depth range of emplacement. The temperature increases approximately proportionally to the square root of the thinning rate and to the square of the supersolidus potential temperature. Simple scaling laws are derived allowing predicting these effects and the surface heat flux for arbitrary scenarios. Two‐dimensional thermomechanical extension models are carried out for a multicomponent (crust‐mantle) two‐phase (melt‐matrix) system with a rheology based on laboratory data including magmatic weakening. In good agreement with the 1‐D kinematic models it is found that the lithosphere may heat up by several 100 K. This heating enhances viscous weakening by one order of magnitude or more. In a feedback mechanism rifting is dynamically enforced, leading to a significant increase of rift induced melt generation. Including the effect of lateral focusing of magma toward the rift axis the laws are applied to different segments of the East African Rift System. The amount of intrusional heating increases with maturity of the rift from O(10 K) to up to 200 K or 400 K at the Afar Rift depending on the depth range of the magmatic emplacement.
Geographical and environmental drivers of regional differences in the lake pCO2 versus DOC relationship across northern landscapes
Authors: Lapierre Jean‐François , del Giorgio Paul A. 
Published: June 2012

Several recent studies have identified dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as playing a key role in determining surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in northern lakes and, in particular, in shaping the commonly observed patterns of CO2 supersaturation. The nature of this role is unclear, however, and appears to vary regionally, as evidenced by the contrasting strength and shape of the diverse pCO2 versus DOC (pCO2‐DOC) relationships. Here we combine original data on lakepCO2 from six boreal and temperate regions of Québec (Canada) with 13 studies from northern temperate and boreal aquatic landscapes published in the past 15 years to explore the factors that explain the differences in regional pCO2 baselines (pCO2 at low DOC) and in the slopes of the pCO2‐DOC relationships. Mean elevation was the best predictor of the regionalpCO2 baselines, suggesting that lake position in the landscape determines the contribution of terrestrially derived CO2 to lake pCO2. In contrast, the slope of the pCO2‐DOC relationships was strongly negatively correlated to the mean regional TP:DOC ratio. The relationship between DOC and TP varied at the cross‐regional scale, and there was a large increase in the TP:DOC ratio at TP > 20μg L−1, resulting in negative slopes of the pCO2‐DOC relationships for regions situated in that part of the TP gradient. These results highlight the interplay that exists between geographical gradients, large‐scale biogeochemical patterns in regional lake trophic status, and the associated metabolic balance in determiningpCO2 dynamics in northern lakes.
Identification of moesin as NKCC2‐interacting protein and analysis of its functional role in the NKCC2 apical trafficking
Authors: Carmosino Monica , Rizzo Federica , Procino Giuseppe , Zolla Lello , Timperio Anna Maria , Basco Davide , Barbieri Claudia , Torretta Silvia , Svelto Maria 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground informationThe renal Na+–K+–2Cl− co‐transporter (NKCC2) is expressed in kidney thick ascending limb cells, where it mediates NaCl re‐absorption regulating body salt levels and blood pressure.ResultsIn this study, we used a well‐characterised NKCC2 construct (c‐NKCC2) to identify NKCC2‐interacting proteins by an antibody shift assay coupled with blue native/SDS‐PAGE and mass spectrometry. Among the interacting proteins, we identified moesin, a protein belonging to ezrin, eadixin and moesin family. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that c‐NKCC2 interacts with the N‐terminal domain of moesin in LLC‐PK1 cells. Moreover, c‐NKCC2 accumulates in intracellular and sub‐apical vesicles in cells transfected with a moesin dominant negative green fluorescent protien (GFP)‐tagged construct. In addition, moesin knock‐down by short interfering RNA decreases by about 50% c‐NKCC2 surface expression. Specifically, endocytosis and exocytosis assays showed that moesin knock‐down does not affect c‐NKCC2 internalisation but strongly reduces exocytosis of the co‐transporter.ConclusionsOur data clearly demonstrate that moesin plays a critical role in apical membrane insertion of NKCC2, suggesting a possible involvement of moesin in regulation of Na+ and Cl− absorption in the kidney.