bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent substance misuse: an update on behaviours and treatments
Authors: McArdle Paul , Angom Bisharda 
Published: July 2012

SummarySubstance misuse remains relatively common among adolescents. It can be conceptualised as one manifestation of a broader conduct problem or disinhibitory syndrome that is genetically transmitted. Some substances, notably alcohol, have potential direct effects on brain development. Availability of substances is a necessary condition for use, and recent marketing developments have unleashed a range of new agents. Nevertheless, there is considerable scope for prevention, brief intervention, pharmacological and more elaborate psychosocial treatments.
Shopping addiction
Authors: Murali Vijaya , Ray Rajashree , Shaffiullha Mohammed 
Published: July 2012

SummaryShopping addiction (compulsive buying disorder) has been an area of increased interest in recent years. Shopping addiction can adversely affect the individual and their family, social and occupational life. The addiction is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. Early identification and appropriate management can limit the long-term adverse consequences and improve outcome. This article reviews the aetiology, epidemiology, clinical features, psychiatric comorbidity and management of the disorder.
Law reports for psychiatrists
Authors: Series Hugh 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe article briefly describes the structure of the civil courts in England and Wales and explains how laws are drafted. This information is used as a basis for understanding the rule of precedent: how earlier court decisions may be binding in later cases. The article explains what law reports are, how cases are reported in the legal literature and how they may be located and cited. A number of key cases are summarised to illustrate the process of judicial reasoning and to show how case law contributes to psychiatric practice and defines the legal structure of medical work. A list of useful legal websites is given.
Impact of ethnic density on adult mental disorders: narrative review
Authors: Shaw Richard J. , Atkin Karl , Bécares Laia , Albor Christo B. , Stafford Mai , Kiernan Kathleen E. , Nazroo James Y. , Wilkinson Richard G. , Pickett Kate E. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundThe ‘ethnic density hypothesis' is a proposition that members of ethnic minority groups may have better mental health when they live in areas with higher proportions of people of the same ethnicity. Investigations into this hypothesis have resulted in a complex and sometimes disparate literature.AimsTo systematically identify relevant studies, summarise their findings and discuss potential explanations of the associations found between ethnic density and mental disorders.MethodA narrative review of studies published up to January 2011, identified through a systematic search strategy. Studies included have a defined ethnic minority sample; some measure of ethnic density defined at a geographical scale smaller than a nation or a US state; and a measure ascertaining mental health or disorder.ResultsA total of 34 papers from 29 data-sets were identified. Protective associations between ethnic density and diagnosis of mental disorders were most consistent in older US ecological studies of admission rates. Among more recent multilevel studies, there was some evidence of ethnic density being protective against depression and anxiety for African American people and Hispanic adults in the USA. However, Hispanic, Asian–American and Canadian ‘visible minority’ adolescents have higher levels of depression at higher ethnic densities. Studies in the UK showed mixed results, with evidence for protective associations most consistent for psychoses.ConclusionsThe most consistent associations with ethnic density are found for psychoses. Ethnic density may also protect against other mental disorders, but presently, as most studies of ethnic density have limited statistical power, and given the heterogeneity of their study designs, our conclusions can only be tentative.
Research and the elimination of the stigma of mental illness
Authors: Corrigan Patrick W. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryVideo-based and in vivo (face-to-face) contact have been shown to be effective ways to change stigmatising attitudes and behaviours. The two approaches reflect the strengths and weakness of sometimes conflicting priorities in anti-stigma programmes: broad audience v. grassroots control. Regardless of perspective, anti-stigma interventions have the greatest impact when contact is targeted, local, credible and continuous.
Psychotic symptoms in young people without psychotic illness: mechanisms and meaning
Authors: Murray Graham K. , Jones Peter B. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPsychotic symptoms are common in the general population. There is evidence for common mechanisms underlying such symptoms in health and illness (such as the functional role of mesocorticostriatal circuitry in error-dependent learning) and differentiating factors (relating to non-psychotic features of psychotic illness and to social and emotional aspects of psychotic symptoms). Clinicians should be aware that psychotic symptoms in young people are more often associated with common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety than with severe psychotic illness.
Evaluation of Clavulanic Acid Adsorption in MgAl-Layered Double Hydroxides: Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Forte Marcus Bruno Soares , Elias Élen Cristina Luna , Pastore Heloise O. , Filho Francisco Maugeri , Rodrigues Maria Isabel 
Published: July 2012

Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of clavulanic acid adsorption onto hydrotalcites have been conducted with the aim of selecting the best conditions for biomolecular separation. For this purpose, hydrotalcites of different compositions (containing 30, 63 and 70% MgO in their compositions) were tested, with and without pre-treatment (uncalcined and calcined). A model was obtained to predict the degradation constant. This model may be useful in predicting the extent of clavulanic acid hydrolysis in the adsorption process. Adsorption studies were performed in stirred batch glass reactors. Assays were performed using solutions under different conditions, as well as variable solid/liquid ratios. It was shown that distilled water and a solid/liquid ratio of 15.0 mg/ℓ generated the most favourable conditions for adsorption. A calcined hydrotalcite containing 70% MgO was selected for further study since it presented the best adsorption performance. The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction methods, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption equilibrium was evaluated from adsorption isotherms determined at different temperatures. The experimental isotherm data were well fitted by a linear equilibrium model with the corresponding adsorption constants being K = 0.404, 0.602, 0.849 and 1.083 ℓ/g at 16.5, 19.0, 21.5 and 24.0 °C, respectively, showing an increased adsorption capacity at higher temperatures. Thermodynamic evaluation of the process allowed the Gibbs' free energy (ΔG0), the standard enthalpy change (ΔH0) and the standard entropy change (ΔS0) to be estimated as follows: ΔG0 = 2.100, 1.301, 0.503 and −0.295 kJ/mol at 16.5, 19.0, 21.5 and 24.0 °C, respectively; ΔH0 = 94.602 kJ/mol; and ΔS0 = 0.319 kJ/(mol K), respectively. The positive value of ΔH0 confirmed the endothermic nature of clavulanic acid adsorption onto HT70c hydrotalcites, which was considered to be mass transport reaction-controlled process.
Novel Technique for Obtaining Double-Layer Tensegrity Grids
Authors: Gómez-Jáuregui Valentín , Arias Rubén , Otero César , Manchado Cristina 
Published: July 2012

Double-layer tensegrity grids (DLTGs) may be defined as tensegrity spatial systems containing two parallel horizontal networks of members in tension forming the top and bottom layers, whose nodes are linked by vertical and/or inclined bracing members in compression and/or tension. In this paper, a new approach is described. Conventional double-layer grids (DLGs) are composed of three layers: top, bottom and bracing members. This paper shows new rules for generating original DLGs following a recent methodology for their composition, from the mosaic of the bracing members and additional laws. Finally, from them, a new technique, known as Rot-Umbela manipulation, is applied to obtain their tensegrity form, opening and endless catalogue of DLTGs.
Structural Performances of Single-layer Tensegrity Domes
Authors: Cadoni Davide , Micheletti Andrea 
Published: July 2012

We consider here floating-compression tensegrity systems: prestressed spatial trusses, composed by cables and struts, such that struts are never connected to each other. In particular, we focus on single-layer systems: all the nodal positions are assumed to lie on a closed synclastic surface, such as a sphere or an ellipsoid. In this study we perform the form-finding and the structural design of a new tensegrity dome of small size; then we compare it to a conventional truss structure. Theoretically, floating-compression systems are not the best choice for carrying loads, a fact which is confirmed in this study. Nevertheless, our tensegrity design improves previous ones significantly. The structural performances evaluated here provide a reference point for assessing the feasibility of floating-compression systems.
Book Reviews
Authors: Domasin Adrienne , Rodriguez Norma L , Newth Tom von Logue , Wayant Chelsea 
Published: July 2012

Arnheim for Film and Media Studies, Scott Higgins (ed.), (2011) New York: Routledge, 304pp., ISBN: 9780415801089 (pbk), $37.95, ISBN: 9780415801072 (hbk), $150.00
Directory of World Cinema: Russia, Birgit Beumers (ed.), (2011) UK: Intellect, 332pp., ISBN 978-1-84150-372-1
(pbk), $25.00
Nicholas Ray: An American Journey, Bernard Eisenschitz (trans. Tom Milne), (1st American edn, 2011) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 624pp., ISBN: 9780816676217 (pbk), $24.95 First published in translation by Faber & Faber, London, 1993; originally
published as Les vies de Nicholas Ray, Christian Bourgois Editeur et Longue Distance, 1990.
Nicholas Ray: The Glorious Failure of an American Director, Patrick McGilligan, (2011) New York: itbooks/ HarperCollins Publishers, 560pp., ISBN: 9780060731373 (hbk), $29.99, 9780062092342
(ebook), $14.99
Amélie, Isabelle Vanderschelden, (2007) Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 114pp., ISBN: 0-252-07470-X (pbk), $21.00
Interactions Between the Kinetochore Complex and the Protein Kinase A Pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ma Lina , Ho Krystina , Piggott Nina , Luo Zongli , Measday Vivien 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe kinetochore is a large structure composed of multiple protein subcomplexes that connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules to enable accurate chromosome segregation. Significant advances have been made in the identification of kinetochore proteins and elucidation of kinetochore structure; however, comparatively little is known about how cellular signals integrate with kinetochore function. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cyclic AMP protein kinase A signaling pathway promotes cellular growth in response to glucose. In this study, we find that decreasing protein kinase A activity, either by overexpressing negative regulators of the pathway or deleting the upstream effector Ras2, improves the viability of ipl1 and spc24 kinetochore mutants. Ipl1/Aurora B is a highly conserved kinase that corrects attachment of sister kinetochores that have attached to the same spindle pole, whereas Spc24 is a component of the conserved Ndc80 kinetochore complex that attaches directly to microtubules. Unexpectedly, we find that kinetochore mutants have increased phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A substrates, suggesting that the cyclic AMP protein kinase A signaling pathway is stimulated. The increase in protein kinase A activity in kinetochore mutants is not induced by activation of the spindle checkpoint or a metaphase delay because protein kinase A activity remains constant during an unperturbed cell cycle. Finally, we show that lowering protein kinase A activity can rescue the chromosome loss defect of the inner kinetochore ndc10 mutant. Overall, our data suggest that the increased protein kinase A activity in kinetochore mutants is detrimental to cellular growth and chromosome transmission fidelity.
Evolutionary Recovery of a Recombinant Viral Genome
Authors: Springman Rachael , Kapadia-Desai Devanshi S , Molineux Ian J , Bull James J 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
It is well appreciated that the evolutionary divergence of genes and genomes from a common ancestor ultimately leads to incompatibilities if those genomes are hybridized. Far less is known about the ability and nature of compensatory evolution to yield the recovery of function in hybrid genomes. Here the major capsid gene of the bacteriophage T7 (40-kb dsDNA) was replaced with the homologous gene of either T3 or K11, each 22% different at the protein level from the T7 homolog. Initial fitness was moderately impaired for the T3 exchange, but the K11 exchange was not viable without a compensatory change in the T7 scaffolding protein. Subsequent adaptation of the transgenic phages led to nearly complete fitness recoveries. Compensatory changes were few, mostly in the transgene and its main interacting partner, the scaffolding protein gene. The large magnitude of fitness recovery with relatively few mutations suggests that the fitness costs of hybridizations and horizontal gene exchanges between moderately diverged genomes can potentially be short-lived through compensatory evolution.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Chinese Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica(L.) Beauv.] Landraces
Authors: Wang Chunfang , Jia Guanqing , Zhi Hui , Niu Zhengang , Chai Yang , Li Wei , Wang Yongfang , Li Haiquan , Lu Ping , Zhao Baohua , Diao Xianmin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAs an ancient cereal of great importance for dryland agriculture even today, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is fast becoming a new plant genomic model crop. A genotypic analysis of 250 foxtail millet landraces, which represent 1% of foxtail millet germplasm kept in the Chinese National Gene Bank (CNGB), was conducted with 77 SSRs covering the foxtail millet genome. A high degree of molecular diversity among the landraces was found, with an average of 20.9 alleles per locus detected. STRUCTURE, neighbor-jointing, and principal components analyses classify the accessions into three clusters (topmost hierarchy) and, ultimately, four conservative subgroups (substructuring within the topmost clusters) in total, which are in good accordance with eco-geographical distribution in China. The highest subpopulation diversity was identified in the accessions of Pop3 from the middle regions of the Yellow River, followed by accessions in Pop1 from the downstream regions of the Yellow River, suggesting that foxtail millet was domesticated in the Yellow River drainage area first and then spread to other parts of the country. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay of less than 20 cM of genetic distance in the foxtail millet landrace genome was observed, which suggests that it could be possible to achieve resolution down to the 20 cM level for association mapping.
Comparison of Parallel High-Throughput RNA Sequencing Between Knockout of TDP-43 and Its Overexpression Reveals Primarily Nonreciprocal and Nonoverlapping Gene Expression Changes in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila
Authors: Hazelett Dennis J , Chang Jer-Cherng , Lakeland Daniel L , Morton David B 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe human Tar-DNA binding protein, TDP-43, is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative disorders. TDP-43 contains two conserved RNA-binding motifs and has documented roles in RNA metabolism, including pre-mRNA splicing and repression of transcription. Here, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model, we generated loss-of-function and overexpression genotypes of Tar-DNA binding protein homolog (TBPH) to study their effect on the transcriptome of the central nervous system (CNS). By using massively parallel sequencing methods (RNA-seq) to profile the CNS, we find that loss of TBPH results in widespread gene activation and altered splicing, much of which are reversed by rescue of TBPH expression. Conversely, TBPH overexpression results in decreased gene expression. Although previous studies implicated both absence and mis-expression of TDP-43 in ALS, our data exhibit little overlap in the gene expression between them, suggesting that the bulk of genes affected by TBPH loss-of-function and overexpression are different. In combination with computational approaches to identify likely TBPH targets and orthologs of previously identified vertebrate TDP-43 targets, we provide a comprehensive analysis of enriched gene ontologies. Our data suggest that TDP-43 plays a role in synaptic transmission, synaptic release, and endocytosis. We also uncovered a potential novel regulation of the Wnt and BMP pathways, many of whose targets appear to be conserved.
On B-injectors of symmetric groups Sn
Authors: Al-Shomrani Mohammad , Al-Ali Bani-Ata Mashhour. 
Published: July 2012

The aim of this paper is to describe the B-injectors of the symmetric group Sn by proving the following main theorem, using a shorter proof than that followed in [1] and [3]. In this note the proof is mainly based on the minimal proof concept, and the parts we have used from these two papers are referred to.Main Theorem:Let Ω be a finite set of size n, and let B ≦ SΩbe a B-injector of SΩ. Then
a)

If n ≢ 3 (mod 4) then B is a Sylow 2-subgroup of SΩ.

b)

If n ≡ 3 (mod 4) then B = 〈d〉 × T where d is a 3-cycle and T is a Sylow 2-subgroup of\documentclass{aastex}
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$C_{S_\Omega } (d)$
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Molecular Identification of Synanthedonini Members (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) using Cytochrome Oxidase I
Authors: Hansen J A , Klingeman W E , Moulton J K , Oliver J B , Windham M T , Zhang A , Trigiano R N 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Many North American sesiid moths within Synanthodonini have been studied extensively because their feeding activity can cause detrimental economic and esthetic impacts to many commercially important ornamental and native plant species. Recent discoveries of nonnative clearwing moth pest introductions [e.g., Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkh.)], reinforce the need for reliable and accurate molecular diagnostic tools that can be used by nontaxonomic experts, particularly when juvenile life stages are recovered from infested host-plant tissues. Cytochrome oxidase I (cox I) previously has been used to successfully identify species and resolve species complexes. In this study, the cox I phylogeny inferred from sequences generated from 21 species of sesiid moths classified within Synanthedonini confirms the close evolutionary relationship between sesiid species. As other authors have suggested in previous works, we observed that Synanthedon rileyana H. Edwards appears atypical for the genus, as it paired with Carmenta bassiformis (Walker) one node removed from, but not sister to, a large well-supported Synanthedon-rich clade. Sannina uroceriformis Walker and Podosesia Möschler were observed nested deeply within the aforementioned well-supported clade (posterior probability [PP] of clade = 100) comprised of all Synanthedon species sampled, except S. rileyana. Placement of these two taxa conflicts with results from previous morphological studies. These placements were immune from repeated attempts to delete perceived nearby long branches within the data set. Despite these few conflicts and overall low statistical support for most interspecific and higher relationships, our data suggest that all species examined possess unique genetic signatures that lend themselves to accurate identification of all life history stages of these clearwing pests.
Effects of a Fern-Dwelling Ant Species, Crematogaster difformis, on the Ant Assemblages of Emergent Trees in a Bornean Tropical Rainforest
Authors: Tanaka H O , Yamane S , Itioka T 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
This study examined the effects of a fern-dwelling ant species, Crematogaster difformis Smith (Formicidae, Hymenoptera), which defends territories in large areas of the crowns of emergent trees, on the composition and spatial distribution of other ant species on the trees in a Bornean tropical rainforest. We investigated the within-tree distribution of nest sites and foraging areas of individual ant colonies on emergent trees. The ant species composition on trees occupied by C. difformis was significantly different from that on conspecific trees without C. difformis. The species richness of ants inhabiting emergent trees, colony abundance of ants that nested and foraged in the crowns, and colony abundance of ants that nested on and in the ground but foraged in the crowns were all significantly lower on trees occupied by C. difformis than on conspecific trees without C. difformis. These results suggest that C. difformis suppresses the distribution of other ant species on emergent trees by excluding them from C. difformis territories and that a single ant species can affect the structure of the entire ant assemblage in the canopy of tropical rainforests.
Small Size No Protection for Acrobat Ants: World's Smallest Fly is a Parasitic Phorid (Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: Brown Brian V 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A new species of phorid fly, Euryplatea nanaknihali (Diptera: Phoridae), is described from Thailand. This is the first Oriental Region record for this genus; it is otherwise known only from the type species from Africa, where it parasitizes ants of the genus Crematogaster Lund. The new species is probably capable of parasitizing the smallest host Crematogaster (Formicidae) ants in its range. At 0.40 mm in body length, it is the smallest known fly in the world.
Within-Plant Distribution of Cotton Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Cotton with Colored Fibers and Cotton-Fennel Intercropping System
Authors: Fernandes F S , Ramalho F S , Nascimento ARB , Malaquias J B , Silva CAD Da , Zanuncio J C 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
It is known that intercropping systems maintain biodiversity and control pest populations. The aim of this study was to describe the vertical and horizontal distribution of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, within the cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in cotton with colored fibers and cotton-fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) intercropping system over time, during two cotton seasons. Measurements of the aphid population's dynamics and distribution in the cotton plants were recorded at intervals of 7 d, from plant emergence until the appearance of the first open bolls. The number of aphids and their specific locations on the plant were recorded in relation to reference points (nodes on the plant's main stem as well as on leaves and fruit structures). The number of cotton aphids found on the cotton crop (11,444 cotton aphids) was significantly higher than the number found on the cotton-fennel intercrop (8,106). Considering the vertical distribution of cotton aphids on the plants, no significant interactions were observed among the crop system, plant age and plant region, between the crop system and plant age, or between the crop system and plant region. In the cotton system, aphid populations peaked between 74 and 95 d, whereas in the cotton-fennel intercropping system, aphid populations peaked between 74 and 102 d. The results obtained in this study could be useful in decision-making, implementing controls and determining the timing of population peaks of this aphid.