bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conduction and Morphological Changes in Wrist Nerves Immediately After Bilateral Sanding Exercises in Hemiparetic Subjects
Authors: Huang Yung‐Cheng , Lee Lin‐Chien , Lieu Fu‐Kong , Fu Min‐Yi , Chang Chein‐Wei , Wang Hsing‐Kuo 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate the immediate effects of bilateral upper‐extremity sanding exercises on conduction and morphologic characteristics of the median and ulnar nerves at the wrist in hemiparetic subjects and control subjects.DesignCase control study using a pretest–post‐test design.SettingInpatient rehabilitation department affiliated with a teaching hospital.Patients (or Participants)Thirty hemiparetic subjects and 21 matched control subjects who met our inclusion criteria and had no history of diseases that may have predisposed them to peripheral neuropathies were recruited for this study.MethodsBilateral nerve conduction tests and ultrasonographic evaluations were performed on each subject before and immediately after a 30‐minute bilateral sanding exercise with a frequency of 5 repetitions per minute.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe effects of exercises on bilateral median and ulnar wrist nerves were assessed with the use of sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity tests and by width/thickness ratios in ultrasonographic evaluations.ResultsIn the hemiparesis group, the pre‐exercise amplitude of the motor component for the median and ulnar nerves were respectively lower than the corresponding values in the control group (P < .05), whereas the pre‐exercise amplitude and velocity of the sensory component were lower than the corresponding values in the control group (P < .01). After the exercise, the assessments for the affected side showed reductions in the conduction velocity of the sensory component and an increase in the width/thickness ratio for the median nerve (P < .05).ConclusionsThe median and ulnar nerves at the wrist in hemiparetic subjects before sanding exercises showed different conduction characteristics compared with control subjects. Their affected side also demonstrated significant conduction and morphologic changes after the exercises. These subclinical findings may be attributed to different mechanisms such as overuse, spasticity, and demyelinating changes. Prevention of these subclinical changes is recommended to enhance exercise safety in hemiparetic patients.
Secure information flow by self-composition
Authors: BARTHE GILLES , D'ARGENIO PEDRO R. , REZK TAMARA 
Published: October 2011

Information flow policies are confidentiality policies that control information leakage through program execution. A common way to enforce secure information flow is through information flow type systems. Although type systems are compositional and usually enjoy decidable type checking or inference, their extensibility is very poor: type systems need to be redefined and proved sound for each new variation of security policy and programming language for which secure information flow verification is desired.In contrast, program logics offer a general mechanism for enforcing a variety of safety policies, and for this reason are favoured in Proof Carrying Code, which is a promising security architecture for mobile code. However, the encoding of information flow policies in program logics is not straightforward because they refer to a relation between two program executions.The purpose of this paper is to investigate logical formulations of secure information flow based on the idea of self-composition, which reduces the problem of secure information flow of a program P to a safety property for a program derived from P by composing P with a renaming of itself. Self-composition enables the use of standard techniques for information flow policy verification, such as program logics and model checking, that are suitable in Proof Carrying Code infrastructures.We illustrate the applicability of self-composition in several settings, including different security policies such as non-interference and controlled forms of declassification, and programming languages including an imperative language with parallel composition, a non-deterministic language and, finally, a language with shared mutable data structures.
Socio-economic differences in adolescents’ breakfast eating, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity in Ghana
Authors: Doku David , Koivusilta Leena , Raisamo Susanna , Rimpelä Arja 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveFew studies have investigated the association between adolescents’ socio-economic status (SES) and health behaviours in developing countries. Socio-economic differences in breakfast eating, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity were investigated among Ghanaian adolescents.DesignA school-based survey of 12–18-year-olds (n 1195, response rate 89·7 %) was conducted in 2008. Logistic regression analyses were applied to study the associations between breakfast eating, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity, and SES.SettingSouthern Ghana, West Africa.SubjectsSchool pupils aged 12–18 years.ResultsOf all adolescents, 31 % took breakfast less than 4 d/week, over half (56 %) and 48 %, respectively, rarely ate fruits and vegetables. Younger adolescents (12–15-year-olds) consumed fruits and vegetables frequently compared with older ones (16–18-year-olds). Boys were more likely to participate in physical activity than girls. The probability of frequent breakfast eating was higher in adolescents from more affluent backgrounds than in those from less affluent ones. Compared with those whose mothers were illiterate, both tertiary and primary maternal educational attainment increased the probability of frequent fruit intake. Similarly, tertiary educational attainment increased the likelihood of frequent vegetable intake. Compared with those with unemployed mothers, mothers’ low employment grade was related to higher probability of frequent fruit intake. High school performance was associated with frequent fruit intake, whereas high or medium school performance increased the likelihood of vegetable intake compared with low school performance.ConclusionsInterventions are needed to improve breakfast intake, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity in order to prevent degenerative diseases among Ghanaian adolescents.
Factors associated with overweight in children living in the neighbourhoods of an urban area of Brazil
Authors: de Carvalho Cremm Elena , Marrocos Leite Fernanda Helena , de Abreu Débora Silva Costa , de Oliveira Maria Aparecida , Scagliusi Fernanda Baeza , Martins Paula Andrea 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the individual and family determinants of being overweight among children younger than 10 years of age.DesignCross-sectional survey. Direct data on children's age, food intake, physical activity, type of transportation used and anthropometric measurements, as well as the education level of the mothers, were collected by trained interviewers.SettingPopulation-based study in the city of Santos, Brazil.SubjectsA total of 531 children under 10 years of age (302 aged <6 years, 229 aged ≥6 years), living in the city of Santos.ResultsThe overall prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI-for-age Z-score >1) was 35·4 % for children under 6 years and 38·9 % for children aged 6–10 years. The socio-economic status of the family was associated with being overweight for both age groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that the lower the socio-economic status, the higher the likelihood of being overweight, among both younger children (OR = 7·73; P = 0·02) and older children (OR = 1·98; P = 0·04). The use of active transportation was associated with a lower likelihood of being overweight, but only among younger children (OR = 1·70; P = 0·05).ConclusionsSocio-economic status seems to be an important individual-level determinant of overweight in children. Public policies should consider promoting the use of active transportation, as the results showed it to have a positive effect on reducing overweight issues. The high prevalence of overweight in younger children suggests that this age group should be a priority in health-promoting interventions.
Disconnect of microbial structure and function: enzyme activities and bacterial communities in nascent stream corridors
Authors: Frossard Aline , Gerull Linda , Mutz Michael , Gessner Mark O 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A fundamental issue in microbial and general ecology is the question to what extent environmental conditions dictate the structure of communities and the linkages with functional properties of ecosystems (that is, ecosystem function). We approached this question by taking advantage of environmental gradients established in soil and sediments of small stream corridors in a recently created, early successional catchment. Specifically, we determined spatial and temporal patterns of bacterial community structure and their linkages with potential microbial enzyme activities along the hydrological flow paths of the catchment. Soil and sediments were sampled in a total of 15 sites on four occasions spread throughout a year. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to characterize bacterial communities, and substrate analogs linked to fluorescent molecules served to track 10 different enzymes as specific measures of ecosystem function. Potential enzyme activities varied little among sites, despite contrasting environmental conditions, especially in terms of water availability. Temporal changes, in contrast, were pronounced and remarkably variable among the enzymes tested. This suggests much greater importance of temporal dynamics than spatial heterogeneity in affecting specific ecosystem functions. Most strikingly, bacterial community structure revealed neither temporal nor spatial patterns. The resulting disconnect between bacterial community structure and potential enzyme activities indicates high functional redundancy within microbial communities even in the physically and biologically simplified stream corridors of early successional landscapes.
Identification and process origin of bacteria responsible for cavities and volatile off‐flavour compounds in artisan cooked ham
Authors: Comi Giuseppe , Iacumin Lucilla 
Published: October 2011

SummaryTwo types of spoilage in cooked hams were investigated. One was a result of the growth of Weissella viridescens, which produces cavities in the muscles of hams after cooking. The origin of W. viridescens was shown to be the brine used in the preparation of the ham. After its production, the brine is usually left at room temperature for several hours before being cooled and used, allowing the growth of the microorganism. The second types of spoilage is because of Lactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Leuconostoc carnosum, which grew during the 4–6 °C storage period of cooked hams packaged under vacuum. The spoilage consisted of the production of various molecules such as hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters and sulphur compounds. Oxidative and auto‐oxidative phenomena also occurred during spoilage.
Optimisation of osmotic dehydration process of guavas by response surface methodology and desirability function
Authors: Vieira Gláucia S. , Pereira Leila M. , Hubinger Miriam D. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryResponse surface methodology was used to assess the effects of osmotic solution concentration (40–60°Brix), process temperature (20–40 °C) and vacuum pulse application time (0–20 min) at 100 mbar on water loss (WL), weight reduction (WR), solid gain (SG), water activity (aw), colour parameters and mechanical properties of guava slices. Optimal process conditions were determined through the desirability function approach and quality characteristics of osmotically dehydrated guavas were analysed. Only models obtained for WL, WR and aw were suitable to describe the experimental data. The desirability function showed that optimal conditions for osmotic dehydration of guavas were: osmotic solution concentration at 60°Brix, process temperature at 32 °C and 20 min of vacuum pulse application. Under optimal conditions, colour and mechanical properties of treated guavas were similar to fresh fruit, presenting WL of 29.01 g/100 g, WR of 25.91 g/100 g, SG of 3.10 g/100 g and aw of 0.979.
Optimisation of pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) juice spray‐drying as affected by temperature and maltodextrin content
Authors: Vardin Hasan , Yasar Mehmet 
Published: October 2011

SummaryPomegranate juice powder is easier to handle and has more potential applications than the concentrate. In this study, the response surface, 3‐level factorial design was used to evaluate the influence of spray‐drying conditions on the physicochemical properties of a powdered product obtained by drying pomegranate juice concentrate (PJC). It was spray‐dried with a lab‐scale spray‐dryer using 18 and 7 dextrose equivalent (DE) maltodextrins (MD) as drying‐aid agents. Adding MD significantly reduced the hygroscopicity and stickiness of the pomegranate juice powder, and thus yielded higher recovery. The maximum achieved ratio of PJC/MD was 1/1, and it was obtained with the use of DE7 MD. However, graphical optimisation studies resulted in 125–145 °C and 0.6–0.8 PJC/MD ratio as optimum variables to produce acceptable dried powder. The results indicated that increasing inlet air temperature increases solubility time and loss of anthocyanins and decreases bulk density and moisture content of the powder.
Mycelial compatibility groups and pathogenic diversity in Sclerotium rolfsii populations from sugar beet crops in Mediterranean‐type climate regions
Authors: Remesal E. , Jordán‐Ramírez R. , Jiménez‐Díaz R. M. , Navas‐Cortés J. A. 
Published: October 2011

The population structure of Sclerotium rolfsii from autumn‐sown sugar beet crops in Mediterranean‐type climate regions of Chile, Italy, Portugal and Spain was determined by analyses of mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) and pathogenicity to 11 economically important plant species. Twelve MCGs (i–xii) were identified among 459 S. rolfsii isolates. MCG iii was the most prevalent group in all countries except Italy. MCG i, the most abundant group (64·7% of isolates) was identified in Portugal and Spain. The remaining MCGs were restricted to various regions within one country (ii, vi, ix) or different countries (v), or to specific localities (iv, vii, viii, x, xi, xii). MCGs iv, vii and x each comprised one isolate. Fields extensively sampled in southern Spain were infected with one to three MCGs. Plant species differed in susceptibility to MCG tester isolates with a MCG by species interaction. Cluster analyses allowed selection into five MCG groupings and grouped plant species into species‐groups 1 (broccoli, chickpea, sunflower, tomato) and 2 (cotton, pepper, sugar beet, watermelon). MCG groupings 1 (i, ix), 2 (ii, iii, vi, viii) and 5 (x, xii) were moderately virulent to species‐group 1 and mildly virulent to species‐group 2. MCG groupings 3 (iv, v, xi) and 4 (vii) were mildly virulent to both species‐groups. Across MCG groups, species were rated highly susceptible (chickpea, sunflower), susceptible (cotton, pepper, tomato, watermelon), moderately resistant (broccoli, melon, sugar beet) and resistant (corn, wheat). Establishing the MCG population structure and virulence variability among S. rolfsii isolates should help in the management of sclerotium root rot diseases.
Time to bring down the twin towers in poor Aboriginal hospital care: addressing institutional racism and misunderstandings in communication
Authors: Durey A. , Thompson S. C. , Wood M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractImprovements in Aboriginal health have been slow. Research demonstrates ongoing discrimination towards Aboriginal Australians based on race, including in health services, leads to poor health outcomes. Using an eclectic methodology based on observations and discussions with health practitioners experienced in working with Aboriginal patients, this paper identifies how cross‐cultural misunderstandings undermine the quality of care to Aboriginal patients in hospital and offers suggestions for improving practice. It also explores the concept of institutional racism and challenges doctors to reflect on their role in perpetuating power imbalances. We argue that physicians and healthcare providers need to do more than just deliver evidence‐based interventions, by critically reflecting on their own attitudes to and practices with Aboriginal Australians and work collectively to effect systemic change which creates a more inclusive and safe environment for all people accessing healthcare.
Oral health of Alzheimer's patients in São José dos Campos, Brazil
Authors: Machado Miriane Carneiro , Lopes Graziele Honório , Marchini Leonardo 
Published: October 2011

Aim:  Neglecting oral health can negatively affect the quality of life of Alzheimer's patients. This work evaluates the oral health of Alzheimer's patients in São José dos Campos, Brazil.Methods:  Brazilian versions of the Oral Health Risk Assessment and Index to dental management of patients with Alzheimer's disease questionnaires were given to 50 patients (14 men, 36 women) diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, with an average age of 79.7 years (SD = 9.2 years). Alternatively, the questionnaire was given to patients' caregivers. Cronbach's alpha test was applied to validate the Brazilian versions of these tests. Non‐parametric tests were applied to test for possible associations.Results:  Cronbach's alpha was 0.677. Nearly half of the patients (42%) presented with mild Alzheimer's disease, 38% moderate, and 20% severe. Most of the patients did not have their natural teeth (74%), had no oral health problems (64%), were on medication (92%), had not visited the dentist in the last year (70%), and had no need for urgent dental treatment (92%). Of the 42% of patients who used dentures, 76.2% had been wearing the same dentures for over 5 years. There was no association between severity of disease and the presence of natural teeth (P = 0.346), use of removable dentures (P = 0.233), and the presence of oral health problems (P = 0.066).Conclusions:  Patients with Alzheimer's disease have unmet oral health needs, but there was no association between severity of their disease and the presence of oral health problems. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 265–270.
TheShark in theMusic
Authors: BIANCOROSSO GIORGIO 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a new understanding of dramatic scoring by revisiting the sequence of the notorious first shark attack in the horror filmJaws(1975). The success of the sequence, it is argued, turns on a bold and sophisticated use of preparatory material in the minutes preceding the attack. It is also suggested that, during the attack proper, it is the role of memory and the limits of attention that underpin the viewer‐auditor's response to John Williams's famous motive. Drawing on the work of Richard Wollheim on the phenomenology of painting, it is proposed that the spectator ‘hears‐in’ the music, and to buttress this central claim various articulations of the notion of ‘hearing‐in’ are offered in the course of the discussion. The article ends with a rebuttal of the idea that music is heard unconsciously or subliminally.
Mimesis and the Aesthetics of Musical Expression
Authors: PADDISON MAX 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is threefold: first, to ask what we mean when we use concepts like imitation, representation and expression; second, to broaden the concept of imitation to take on the implications of the dynamic, historical and anthropological notion of mimesis as opposed to the largely static, ahistorical conceptions of mere ‘representation’ and ‘resemblance’ common to musicology and to analytic philosophy; and third, to show the dialectical relationship of mimesis to concepts of expression, construction, rationality and form in Adorno's later aesthetics and in his theory of musical reproduction. The concept of mimesis that is the focus of this article has as its key features embodiment, mimetism and adaptation. It is argued that concepts of expression are seen to retain features of mimesis, and that expression in artworks is a structural phenomenon. The claim is made that mimesis can be seen as an embodied impulse, a mode of ‘identifying with’ rather than primarily as ‘imitation of’ or ‘representation of’ something external to itself. The argument draws on anthropological theories of mimicking and miming, in particular those of Caillois and Benjamin, which had considerable influence on Adorno's thinking. It is argued that music (whether as musical work or as musical event) oscillates between its own internal rationalised constructional ↔ unrationalised mimetic moments, and that the experience of its expressivity arises from this tension.
Dermatitis herpetiformis in China: a report of 22 cases
Authors: Zhang F. , Yang B. , Lin Y. , Chen S. , Zhou G. , Wang G. , Chen X. , Zhang Y. , Tian H. , Yu M. , Shi Z. , Zhang D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  Although dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a relatively common disease in Caucasian populations, it is very rare in the Far East, including China.Objectives  To investigate the clinical, histological and immunopathological characteristics of Chinese patients with DH.Methods  The clinical data and serum samples of patients with DH diagnosed at Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology from 2006 to 2010 were collected. Anti‐endomysium antibodies (EMA) and anti‐tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies were tested using indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay respectively. Biopsies of small intestine were performed in those patients who had given informed consent.Results  The study group consisted of 22 patients with DH. The male to female ratio was 2.1 : 1; the average age was 44 years. Five patients reported mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Dapsone was used to treat 14 patients, who achieved rapid relief. Direct immunofluorescence showed granular IgA deposits at the papillary tips and/or basement membrane zone in 95.5% (21/22) patients. Fibrillar IgA deposition limited to the papillary tips was also seen in one patient (4.5%). IgA antibodies against EMA and tTG were found in 50% (8/16) and 62.5% (10/16) of patient sera respectively. Small‐intestinal biopsies of two patients confirmed the presence of coeliac disease.Conclusions  The clinical, histological and immunopathological characteristics of Chinese patients with DH are similar to those seen in Caucasian populations. The positive rates of anti‐EMA and anti‐tTG antibodies were lower compared with those seen in Western countries. DH is not extremely rare in China and should be actively investigated.
Effects of various flavonoids isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis roots on skin damage in acute UVB-irradiated hairless mice
Authors: Kimura Yoshiyuki , Sumiyoshi Maho 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes skin damage including increasing skin thickness, edema and flush. Scutellaria baicalensis roots have been traditionally used as a remedy for allergic inflammatory diseases in China and Japan. In this study, we examined the effects of four flavonoids isolated from these roots, namely 2′,5, 5′,7-tetrahydroxy-6′,8-dimethoxyflavone (1), skullcapflavone II (2), 2(S)-2′,5,6′,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (3) and 2(R), 3(R)-2′,3,5,6′,7-pentahydroxyflavanone (4), on acute UVB irradiation-induced skin damage in hairless mice.

Methods
The four flavonoids were orally administered twice daily, at doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg, for 14 consecutive days. The UVB irradiation was performed at a dose of 200 mJ cm−2 on days 7 and 8 after beginning oral administration of the four flavonoids.

Key findings
Compounds 1 and 4 prevented increases in skin thickness, levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by UVB irradiation. The other two flavonoids 2 and 3 had no effect.

Conclusions
Compounds 1 and 4 isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis roots may be useful for preventing skin inflammation induced by acute UVB irradiation.