bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic Liquids as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Ferraz Ricardo , Branco Luís C. , Prudêncio Cristina , Noronha João Paulo , Petrovski Željko 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) are ionic compounds that possess a melting temperature below 100 °C. Their physical and chemical properties are attractive for various applications. Several organic materials that are now classified as ionic liquids were described as far back as the mid‐19th century. The search for new and different ILs has led to the progressive development and application of three generations of ILs: 1) The focus of the first generation was mainly on their unique intrinsic physical and chemical properties, such as density, viscosity, conductivity, solubility, and high thermal and chemical stability. 2) The second generation of ILs offered the potential to tune some of these physical and chemical properties, allowing the formation of “task‐specific ionic liquids” which can have application as lubricants, energetic materials (in the case of selective separation and extraction processes), and as more environmentally friendly (greener) reaction solvents, among others. 3) The third and most recent generation of ILs involve active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), which are being used to produce ILs with biological activity. Herein we summarize recent developments in the area of third‐generation ionic liquids that are being used as APIs, with a particular focus on efforts to overcome current hurdles encountered by APIs. We also offer some innovative solutions in new medical treatment and delivery options.
On a continuum thermodynamics formulation and computational aspects of finite growth in soft tissues
Authors: Nedjar B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we try to settle the bases of a concise modelling of growth within the unified framework of continuum thermodynamics. Special emphasis is placed on the modelling of soft biological tissues at finite strains. For this, we adopt the nowadays well‐known kinematic assumption of a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into an elastic part and a growth part. It is shown how continuum thermodynamics is crucial in setting convenient forms for the coupling between stress and growth in general. The particularization to isotropy simplifies considerably the growth modelling from both the theoretical and the numerical points of view. Simple growth constitutive equations are proposed and embedded into a finite element context. Finally, representative numerical examples examining stress‐dependent growth and residual stress arising from growth and resorption close this study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acetylene⋅⋅⋅Furan Trimer Formation at 0.37 K as a Model for Ultracold Aggregation of Non‐ and Weakly Polar Molecules
Authors: Metzelthin Anja , Sánchez‐García Elsa , Birer Özgür , Schwaab Gerhard , Thiel Walter , Sander Wolfram , Havenith Martina 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe have studied the aggregation process of (C2H2)⋅⋅⋅furan trimers at ultracold temperatures (0.37 K) in helium nanodroplets. Computational sampling of the potential energy surface using the multiple‐minima‐hypersurface (MMH) approach yielded seven possible minimum structures, optimized at the MP2 level of theory with the cc‐pVTZ and 6‐311++G(d,p) basis sets. Experimentally, we could assign five transitions in the IR spectrum of acetylene‐furan aggregates in the acetylene CHasym stretch region between 3240 and 3300 cm−1 to vibrational bands of the 2:1 acetylene–furan trimer. The transitions were assigned to three ring structures that all contain the T‐shaped acetylene dimer as structural sub‐motif. Two of the structures form a nonplanar ring involving a CHAc⋅⋅⋅πFu bond, the third is a nearly planar ring containing a CHAc⋅⋅⋅OFu bond. This assignment was corroborated by quantum mechanical/molecular dynamics (QM/MD) simulations mimicking in detail the aggregation process of precooled monomers. The simulations provided evidence for a transition from a higher level local minimum to the global minimum state over a small barrier during the aggregation process. The experimentally observed structures can be explained by a step‐by‐step aggregation of moieties pre‐cooled to 0.37 K that are steered by intermediate and short‐range electrostatic interactions. Thus, we are able to unravel a special aggregation mechanism which differs from aggregation of molecules with large dipole moments where this aggregation process is dominated by long range 1/r3 dipole–dipole interaction (”electrostatic steering”). This mechanism is expected to be a general mechanism in ultracold chemistry.
Autobiographical Memories in Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Claúdio Victor , Garcez Aurélio João , Machado Paulo P. P. 
Published: May 2011

The objective of this research was to study the relation between the processing and recall of information in major depressive disorder. An autobiographical memory task was applied to 42 subjects with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, 28 subjects with a diagnosis of panic disorder and 51 subjects without any psychological disorder. We used clinical scales for the evaluation of depression and anxiety. The results of the three groups, and both assessment periods of depressed subjects, were compared. The results indicate the existence, in severely depressed subjects, of a bias in processing and recalling negative information. We associate this situation to the existence of negative contents in self‐schemas and processing and recall of information consistent with these schema contents. Based on the obtained results, we consider that the onset and maintenance of depression is more related to the information encoding and recall processes, controlled by the self's negative schemas, than with negative thoughts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

The fact that depressed individuals predominantly recall categorical memories should alert therapists to their presence and the difficulties associated with eliciting specific memories. The importance of insisting upon a greater memory specificity as a means to interrupt the depressive bias and the importance of categorical memories as a possible diagnostic tool of severity of depression should be taken into consideration.
A greater focus upon positive memories should be beneficial in therapy.
An evaluation of the recall characteristics of autobiographical memories in depressed and panic patients allows for their use in the therapeutic process, in terms of the activation of such memories and the associations that can be fostered by the therapist.
The relation between early maladaptive schemas and autobiographical memories allows for a clarification of such schemas in therapy by means of the autobiographical memories recalled.
In a therapeutic setting, a relation can be established between autobiographical memories, attachment styles and interpersonal relations patterns, concerning panic and depressed patients.
Upgrading time domain FLIM using an adaptive Monte Carlo data inflation algorithm
Authors: Trinel Dave , Leray Aymeric , Spriet Corentin , Usson Yves , Héliot Laurent 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) is a powerful technique to investigate the local environment of fluorophores in living cells. To correctly estimate all lifetime parameters, time domain FLIM imaging requires a high number of photons and consequently long laser exposure times. This is an issue because long exposure times are incompatible with the observation of dynamic molecular events and induce cellular stress. To minimize exposure time, we have developed an original approach that statistically inflates the number of collected photons. Our approach, called Adaptive Monte Carlo Data Inflation (AMDI), combines the well‐known bootstrap technique with an adaptive Parzen kernel. We here demonstrate using both Monte Carlo simulations and live cells that our robust method accurately estimate fluorescence lifetimes with exposure time reduced up to 50 times for monoexponential decays (corresponding to a minimum of 20 photons/pixel), and 10 times for biexponential decays (corresponding to a minimum of 5,000 photons/pixel), compared to standard fitting method. Thanks to AMDI, in Förster resonance energy transfer experiments, it is possible to estimate all fitting parameters accurately without constraining any parameters. By reducing the commonly used spatial binning factor, our technique also improves the spatial resolution of FLIM images. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and organelle distribution along the cell division cycle
Authors: Ramos Thiago Cesar Prata , Freymüller‐Haapalainen Edna , Schenkman Sergio 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTrypanosoma cruzi is the protozoan that causes Chagas disease. It divides in the insect vector gut or in the cytosol of an infected mammalian cell. T. cruzi has one mitochondrion, one Golgi complex, one flagellum, and one cytostome. Here, we provide three‐dimensional (3D) models of this protozoan based on images obtained from serial sections on electron microscopy at different stages of the cell cycle. Ultrathin serial sections were obtained from Epon™ embedded parasites, photographed in a transmission electron microscope, and 3D models were generated using Reconstruct and Blender 3D modeling softwares. The localization and distribution of organelles was evaluated and attributed to specific morphological patterns and deduced by distribution of specific markers by immunofluorescence analysis. The new features found in the 3D reconstructions are (1) the electron‐dense chromatin is interconnected leaving an internal space for a centrally located nucleolus; (2) The kinetoplast is accommodated within a separated branch of the tubular and single mitochondrion; (3) The disk shaped kinetoplast, which is the mitochondrial DNA, duplicates from the interior in G2 phase; (4) The mitochondrion faces the external membrane and shrinks to accommodate an enlarged number of cytosolic vesicles from G1 to G2; (5) The cytostome progress from the parasite surface toward the posterior end contouring the kinetoplast and nucleus and retracts during cell cycle. These new observations might help understanding how organelles are formed and distributed in early divergent eukaryotic cells and provides a useful method to understand the organelle distribution in small eukaryotic cells. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Embryonic development of the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae
Authors: Nagai Hiroki , Mak Siu‐Shan , Weng Wei , Nakaya Yukiko , Ladher Raj , Sheng Guojun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA stage HH38 emu embryo with extraembryonic tissues removed. The size of its vestigial wings is comparable to that of the middle toe at this stage. From Nagai et al., Developmental Dynamics 240:162–175, 2011.
The DigiBog peatland development model 1: rationale, conceptual model, and hydrological basis
Authors: Baird Andy J. , Morris Paul J. , Belyea Lisa R. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTUsing a literature review, we argue that new models of peatland development are needed. Many existing models do not account for potentially important ecohydrological feedbacks, and/or ignore spatial structure and heterogeneity. Existing models, including those that simulate a near total loss of the northern peatland carbon store under a warming climate, may produce misleading results because they rely upon oversimplified representations of ecological and hydrological processes. In this, the first of a pair of papers, we present the conceptual framework for a model of peatland development, DigiBog, which considers peatlands as complex adaptive systems. DigiBog accounts for the interactions between the processes which govern litter production and peat decay, peat soil hydraulic properties, and peatland water‐table behaviour, in a novel and genuinely ecohydrological manner. DigiBog consists of a number of interacting submodels, each representing a different aspect of peatland ecohydrology. Here we present in detail the mathematical and computational basis, as well as the implementation and testing, of the hydrological submodel. Remaining submodels are described and analysed in the accompanying paper. Tests of the hydrological submodel against analytical solutions for simple aquifers were highly successful: the greatest deviation between DigiBog and the analytical solutions was 2·83%. We also applied the hydrological submodel to irregularly shaped aquifers with heterogeneous hydraulic properties—situations for which no analytical solutions exist—and found the model's outputs to be plausible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actin‐independent exclusion of CD95 by PI3K/AKT signalling: Implications for apoptosis
Authors: Pizon Mathieu , Rampanarivo Hariniaina , Tauzin Sébastien , Chaigne‐Delalande Benjamin , Daburon Sophie , Castroviejo Michel , Moreau Patrick , Moreau Jean‐François , Legembre Patrick 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe immune system eliminates infected or transformed cells through the activation of the death receptor CD95. CD95 engagement drives the recruitment of the adaptor protein Fas‐associated death domain protein (FADD), which in turn aggregates and activates initiator caspases‐8 and ‐10. The CD95‐mediated apoptotic signal relies on the capacity to form the CD95/FADD/caspases complex termed the death‐inducing signalling complex (DISC). Cells are classified according to the magnitude of DISC formation as either type I (efficient DISC formation) or type II (inefficient). CD95 localised to lipid rafts in type I cells, whereas the death receptor was excluded from these domains in type II cells. Here, we show that inhibition of both PI3K class IA and serine–threonine kinase Akt in type II cells promoted the redistribution of CD95 into lipid rafts, DISC formation and the initiation of the apoptotic signal. Strikingly, these molecular events took place independently of CD95L and the actin cytoskeleton. Overall, these findings highlight that the oncogenic PI3K/Akt signalling pathway participates in maintaining cells in a type II phenotype by excluding CD95 from lipid rafts.
NKT cells are required to induce high IL‐33 expression in hepatocytes during ConA‐induced acute hepatitis
Authors: Arshad Muhammad I. , Rauch Michel , L'Helgoualc'h Annie , Julia Valérie , Leite‐de‐Moraes Maria C. , Lucas‐Clerc Catherine , Piquet‐Pellorce Claire , Samson Michel 
Published: May 2011

AbstractInterleukin‐33 (IL‐33) is thought to be released during cellular death as an alarmin cytokine during the acute phase of disease, but its regulation in vivo is poorly understood. We investigated the expression of IL‐33 in two mouse models of acute hepatitis by administering either carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or concanavalin A (ConA). IL‐33 was overexpressed in both models but with a stronger induction in ConA‐induced hepatitis. IL‐33 was weakly expressed in vascular and sinusoidal endothelial cells from normal liver and was clearly induced in CCl4‐treated mice. Surprisingly, we found that hepatocytes strongly expressed IL‐33 exclusively in the ConA model. CD1d knock‐out mice, which are deficient in NKT cells and resistant to ConA‐induced hepatitis, no longer expressed IL‐33 in hepatocytes following ConA administration. Interestingly, invariant NKT (iNKT) cells adoptively transferred into ConA‐treated CD1d KO mouse restored IL‐33 expression in hepatocytes. This strongly suggests that NKT cells are responsible for the induction of IL‐33 in hepatocytes.
Thermal Stability of High Performance Thermoelectric β‐Zn4Sb3 in Argon
Authors: Yin Hao , Pedersen Birgitte L. , Iversen Bo B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe stability of the high performance thermoelectric β‐Zn4Sb3 is investigated by multi‐temperature high resolution synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction. Contrary to previous claims β‐Zn4Sb3 is not stable when heated in argon and degradation is observed already at 500 K. Nevertheless, the thermal stability of β‐Zn4Sb3 is much improved in argon (ca. 5 wt.‐% degradation after three heating cycles to 625 K) relative to heating in atmospheric air (ca. 60 wt.‐% degradation). Based on identification of the decomposition products two specific degradation processes are proposed, and the excellent stability of β‐Zn4Sb3 synthesized by zone melting (equilibrium method) is discussed in relation to the poor stability of material synthesized by thermal quenching (non‐equilibrium process). The room temperature peak widths and unit cell parameters change significantly after three heating cycles to 625 K suggesting that the β‐Zn4Sb3 phase diagram could be more complex than currently believed.
Sulfinamides as Highly Effective Amine Protecting Groups and Their Use in the Conversion of Amino Alcohols into Morpholines
Authors: Fritz Sven P. , Mumtaz Amara , Yar Muhammad , McGarrigle Eoghan M. , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract1,2‐Amino alcohols have been converted into morpholines by using sulfinamides as temporary protecting/activating groups on the amine. We have developed a procedure for the selective synthesis of monoprotected N‐sulfinyl amino alcohols through a double sulfinylation/hydrolysis strategy. Following the reaction of the sulfinamides with bromoethyldiphenylsulfonium triflate, protected morpholines were obtained in high yields. Subsequent treatment with HCl liberated the morpholine hydrochloride salts. The usefulness of this high yielding and efficient methodology has been demonstrated in the formal synthesis of the antidepressant drug (S,S)‐reboxetine.
Stereoselective Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkene Aminooxygenation: Effects of Substrate and Ligand Structure on Selectivity
Authors: Paderes Monissa C. , Chemler Sherry R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA new protocol for diastereoselective copper‐catalyzed intramolecular alkene aminooxygenation, which provides methyleneoxy‐functionalized disubstituted pyrrolidines and five‐membered cyclic ureas from the corresponding γ‐alkenylsulfonamides and N‐allylureas, is reported. In addition, some success was achieved in enantioselective desymmetrizations reactions. We discovered that the level of enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity could be tuned by choice of copper(II) ligands and substrate N‐substituent.
Vulnerability to disease is associated with a domain‐specific preference for symmetrical faces relative to symmetrical non‐face stimuli
Authors: Young Steven G. , Sacco Donald F. , Hugenberg Kurt 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTwo experiments tested the hypothesis that the accessibility of disease concerns would be associated with a preference for faces high in symmetry, a cue to good health and pathogen resistance. Disease concerns (perceived vulnerability to disease) were measured as an individual difference in Experiment 1 and were situationally primed in Experiment 2. Across both studies, heightened disease sensitivity predicted a preference for symmetrical faces. Importantly, this increased preference for symmetrical faces when disease threats were salient did not generalize to non‐face stimuli. These results suggest a domain‐specific preference for symmetry in human faces, an adaptive response due to the ability of faces to signal resistance to infectious diseases in individuals and situations where disease is a salient threat. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Determination of Norepinephrine on Cathodically Pretreated Poly(1,5‐diaminonaphthalene) Modified Electrode
Authors: Guedes da Silva Quésia , Vieira Barbosa Nathália , de Pieri Troiani Estela , Censi Faria Ronaldo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA sensitive and simple electrochemical method for norepinephrine (NE) determination was developed based on a poly(1,5‐diaminonaphthalene) film electrode (PDAN). Cathodically pretreated PDAN presents good selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility for NE. The polymer film can be easily electropolymerized onto a platinum electrode by cyclic voltammetry in 1.0 M HClO4. A cathodic pretreatment, consisting of the application of a potential of −0.7 V for 3 s (vs. Ag/AgCl) to PDAN before each voltammetric measurement, enhanced the electrochemical activity of NE with no inference of ascorbic acid (AA). In optimized conditions, PDAN presents linear responses for NE in the range of 9.90 to 90.9 µM by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with a detection limit of 1.82 µM. A relative standard deviation of 3.0 % was obtained for 10 consecutive measurements of 40.0 µM NE solutions. The cathodically pretreated PDAN was successfully applied for NE determination in pharmaceutical formulation samples.
Humidity Sensing Properties of Flower‐Like VO2(B) and VO2(M) Nanostructures
Authors: Yin Haihong , Yu Ke , Zhang Zhengli , Zeng Min , Lou Lei , Zhu Ziqiang 
Published: May 2011

AbstractVO2(B) nanoflowers were synthesized via hydrothermal method, and VO2(M) nanoflowers were obtained through heat‐transformation. Two sensors based on VO2(B) and VO2(M) nanoflowers were fabricated and their humidity characteristics were studied. It was found that these sensors exhibited fast response and recovery, perfect reproducibility and good stability. The VO2(M) type sensor is more sensitive at high RH and can be used for high humidity detection. On the contrary, the VO2(B) type sensor has a higher sensitivity at low RH, and can be used for low humidity detection, which is difficult for humidity sensors based on many other semiconductor oxides.
Arsenic speciation and effect of arsenate inhibition in a Microcystis aeruginosa culture medium under different phosphate regimes
Authors: Guo Pengran , Gong Yan , Wang Chang , Liu Xi , Liu Jiantong 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
To assess the ecological impact of arsenic pollution during cyanobacterial blooms, As speciation and cyanobacterial growth in phosphate-modified Microcystis aeruginosa cultures treated with arsenate were investigated under laboratory conditions. Marked growth inhibition was observed when arsenate was added. The inhibition effect of 1 µM arsenate was lower than that of 10 µM arsenate. Increasing phosphate supply (0–175 µM) in the medium decreased the inhibition of As. In the medium, arsenate, arsenite, and dimethylarsenicals (DMA) occurred under phosphate-deprivation (0 µM) and phosphate-excess (175 µM) conditions. However, only arsenate and DMA were detected under phosphate-limited (1 µM) and phosphate-rich (10 µM) conditions. Moreover, arsenite and DMA concentrations had significantly positive correlation with the biomass production of M. aeruginosa in the existence of phosphate. Arsenic speciation was more significantly affected by phosphate levels than arsenate concentrations. Recovery of total As content in M. aeruginosa culture medium increased with the increasing phosphate supply. The duration of arsenate contamination in the culture of M. aeruginosa had no influence on the variation of As species but affected the concentration of them in the medium under the phosphate-excess condition. This demonstrated that the effect of M. aeruginosa on As speciation was not related to the duration of As contamination under the phosphate-excess condition. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1754–1759. © 2011 SETAC