bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial adaptations to envrionmental change: a moving target for global change ecology
Authors: Wallenstein Matthew , Evans Sarah 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
As the abiotic conditions that structure biological communities and elicit physiological responses continue to change at an unprecedented rate, we need to understand how biological responses to global change will affect ecosystem functioning. A number of studies have detected shifts in the structure of microbial communities in response to experimental warming, elevated CO2 altered precipitation, and increased N deposition. However, since the links between microbial phylogeny and function are poorly understood, it can be challenging to predict how these changes in community structure will affect the rates of specific processes. It is often assumed that the high diversity of microbial communities makes them functionally redundant, and thus changes in community composition should have no direct effects. This paradigm has resulted in model structures that famously represent microbes as ‘black boxes'. Recently, significant progress has been made in linking microbial community structure to function, and efforts have been made to incorporate microbial physiology into biogeochemical models.

Results/Conclusions
Most efforts to predict the rates of microbially driven processes under future climates have extrapolated contemporary relationships between abiotic drivers and process rates, derived from either short-term lab studies under artificial conditions, or from large-scale patterns across resource or climate gradients. This approach assumes that the nature of these relationships will not change through time. However, recent studies have shown that microbial communities can acclimate to changing environments over time. For example, we recently found that the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration decreased in response to experimental warming in forest mineral soils. This mechanism may contribute to the ephemeral stimulation of respiration following experimental warming that has been observed at many sites, and has important implications for soil C responses to climate change. Other research suggests the ability of microbes to adapt to environmental change can be constrained by nutrient availability. In aquatic systems, the ability of bacteria to acclimate to temperature regimes, possibly through modifcations in cell wall structure, can be limited by P. Similarly, in soils, N availability can modify the balance of r vs K selected microbes, thus altering the ability of microbial communities to utilize short-lived pulses in C availability due to rhizodeposition or precipitation events. Ongoing research will elucidate the specific nature of biological adaptation and acclimation that will enable us to better constrain ecosystem response to global change and manage for preferential outcomes.*The audio track for talks in this symposium may be obtained at the following web address:**https://sites.google.com/site/esa2010symposium13audiocontent/esa2010-symposium13-audio-content*
Querying Drosophila In-Situ Expression Data using SPARQL and D2RQ
Authors: Mungall Chris 
Published: January 2011

AbstractI describe a SPARQL endpoint for a database containing annotated images of gene expression in fruitfly embryogenesis. The images depict the actual expression of genes at a microscopic level using a technique called insitu hybridisation. The results were recorded in a relational database, and the images were annotated using the fly anatomy ontology.
Effects of Protein Content, Glutenin‐to‐Gliadin Ratio, Amylose Content, and Starch Damage on Textural Properties of Chinese Fresh White Noodles
Authors: Zhang Shao Bing , Lu Qi Yu , Yang Hongshun , Dan Meng Dan 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThe independent effects of flour protein and starch on textural properties of Chinese fresh white noodles were investigated through reconstitution of fractionated flour components. Noodle hardness decreased with decreased protein content, whereas it unexpectedly increased as protein content decreased to a very low level (7.0%). Noodle cohesiveness, tensile strength, and breaking length increased with increased protein content. Higher glutenin‐to‐gliadin ratio resulted in harder and stronger noodles at constant protein content. Increased starch amylose content resulted in increased flour peak viscosity. When water absorption remained the same during noodle making, hardness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles also increased with increased starch amylose content, while springiness did not vary significantly. Increased starch damage of ≈5.5–10.4% effectively improved noodle hardness; however, starch damage >10.4% decreased it. Increased starch damage also enhanced noodle springiness while it decreased cohesiveness.
Impact of Wheat Grain Selenium Content Variation on Milling and Bread Baking
Authors: Garvin David F. , Hareland Gary , Gregoire Brian R. , Finley John W. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTSelenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient in animals. High levels of Se can accumulate in wheat grain, but it is not clear how high Se affects milling or baking. Low and high Se grain from the same hard red winter wheat cultivar was milled and used for breadbaking studies and Se analysis. Mill stream yields from the low and high Se wheat were comparable, as were flour yields. The amount of total grain Se retained in the flour mill streams was 71.2 and 66.4% for the low and high Se wheat, respectively. Proportionally, Se content in the bran, shorts, and the first reduction flour stream in high Se wheat was higher by 13–20% compared to the low Se wheat. Flour quality parameters including protein content, ash content, and farinograph traits were similar in low and high Se flours, although high Se flour mill streams exhibited lower farinograph stability. Breadbaking evaluations indicated that high Se had a deleterious effect on loaf volume. There was no evidence of significant Se loss after breadbaking with either low or high Se flour.
Functional immunoglobulin E cross‐reactivity between Pas n 1 of Bahia grass pollen and other group 1 grass pollen allergens
Authors: Davies J. M. , Dang T. D. , Voskamp A. , Drew A. C. , Biondo M. , Phung M. , Upham J. W. , Rolland J. M. , O'Hehir R. E. 
Published: January 2011

Cite this as: J. M. Davies, T. D. Dang, A. Voskamp, A. C. Drew, M. Biondo, M. Phung, J. W. Upham, J. M. Rolland and R. E. O'Hehir, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 281–291.SummaryBackground
Grass pollens are major triggers of allergic rhinitis and asthma, but the immunological relationships between pollen allergens of the subtropical Bahia grass, Paspalum notatum, and temperate grasses are unresolved.Objective
To assess serum IgE cross‐reactivity between subtropical P. notatum and temperate Lolium perenne (Ryegrass) pollen allergens.Methods
Serum IgE reactivities of grass pollen‐allergic patients with P. notatum, L. perenne and Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) pollen extracts and their respective purified group 1 allergens, Pas n 1, Lol p 1 and Cyn d 1, were compared by immunoblotting, ELISA and basophil activation.Results
In a cohort of 51 patients from a temperate region, a high frequency of IgE reactivity with each grass pollen was detected, but reactivity with L. perenne pollen was substantially greater than with P. notatum and C. dactylon pollen. Similarly, serum IgE reactivity with Lol p 1 was greater than with Pas n 1 or Cyn d 1. For seven of eight sera studied in detail, asymmetric serum IgE cross‐reactivity was observed; L. perenne pollen inhibited IgE reactivity with P. notatum pollen but not the converse, and IgE reactivity with Pas n 1 was inhibited by Lol p 1 but IgE reactivity with Lol p 1 was not inhibited by Pas n 1 or Cyn d 1. Importantly, P. notatum pollen and Pas n 1 activated basophils in grass pollen‐allergic patients from a temperate region, although stimulation was greater by pollen of L. perenne than P. notatum or C. dactylon, and by Lol p 1 than Pas n 1 or Cyn d 1. In contrast, a cohort of 47 patients from a subtropical region showed similar IgE reactivity with P. notatum and L. perenne pollen, and reciprocal cross‐inhibition of IgE reactivity between L. perenne and P. notatum.Conclusions
Pollen allergens of the subtropical P. notatum, including Pas n 1, show clinically relevant IgE cross‐reactivity with pollen allergens of L. perenne but also species‐specific IgE reactivity.Cite this as: J. M. Davies, T. D. Dang, A. Voskamp, A. C. Drew, M. Biondo, M. Phung, J. W. Upham, J. M. Rolland and R. E. O'Hehir, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 281–291.
Inventory and evaluation of grasslands in Albania
Authors: Pasho E. , Papanastasis V. P. , Pelz D. , Lako T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGrasslands are an important forage resource in Albania but irrational management systems during the recent communist period have led to their present state of degradation. This paper reports an investigation into the relative contribution of abiotic, biotic and management variables to this degradation, after implementing a national inventory using field‐based and remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. A matrix of all these variables was produced in GIS and analysed statistically by applying principal component analysis, cluster analysis and correlation analysis. Grasslands occurred mainly in mountainous areas, mostly above 800 m elevation; 0·44 were on south‐facing slopes and 0·79 on steep (>15%) slopes, and predominantly (0·59) overlying limestone and on shallow soils (0·51) with loose surface stones (0·84). Most were grazed during the summer period, predominantly (0·94) managed in a communal way, and many (0·23) were overgrazed. Multivariate analysis showed that no single abiotic variable was important for the low vegetative cover. It is concluded that degradation of grasslands in Albania can be attributed to the interaction of unfavourable abiotic conditions and irrational grazing management practices.
Effects of temperature and light on salinity tolerance during germination in two desert glycophytic grasses, Lasiurus scindicus and Panicum turgidum
Authors: El‐Keblawy A. , Al‐Ansari F. , Al‐Shamsi N. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe grasses Lasiurus scindicus and Panicum turgidum are among the most important forage species of the Arabian deserts. Both are ‘glycophytic’ or salt‐intolerant species, where seed germination becomes reduced by salinity effects. Here, we report experimental effects of light/darkness, temperature and NaCl salinity on seed germination and ‘recovery’ germination in these two species, after seeds had been transferred from saline solution to distilled water. Seeds were germinated in a range of salinities and incubated at a range of temperatures, in both light and darkness. Seeds of P. turgidum germinated significantly more in darkness than in light at temperatures 15–25°C, but the reverse was true at higher temperatures. Seeds of L. scindicus germinated well across a wide range of temperatures and in both light and darkness. In both species, germination decreased with the increase in salt concentration, and in P. turgidum germination was almost completely inhibited at a concentration of 200 mm. In saline solution, germination in darkness was significantly greater than in light at all the temperatures. Seeds of both species ‘recovered’ their germination capacity after transfer from saline solutions to distilled water. Germination recovery depended on both light and temperature of incubation in both species.
The utilization of long‐chain fatty acids as markers for diet composition estimates in ruminants: effects of animal species, diet composition and marker combination
Authors: Ferreira L. M. M. , Celaya R. , Santos A. S. , Falco V. , Guedes C. , Rodrigues M. A. M. , Osoro K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractUtilization of long‐chain fatty acids (LCFA) as diet composition markers, combined or not with alkanes, was evaluated in a study performed with sheep, goats and cattle fed on two different diets composed of herbaceous species and heather. Proportions of plant species were estimated from LCFA concentrations in plant species and faeces, using least‐square procedures, and were compared with those obtained using alkanes or LCFA + alkane. The impact of grouping plant species with similar LCFA + alkane profiles and the application of different levels of feeding selectivity within the dietary group on the accuracy of estimates were also assessed. Results showed that LCFA faecal recoveries were incomplete and tended to increase with carbon‐chain length in a curvilinear fashion in both diets and all animal species. Furthermore, differences between ruminant species and diets in the LCFA faecal recovery were observed. Combination of alkanes and LCFA provided the most accurate estimates of diet composition, while estimates based on LCFA alone were better than those using alkanes alone. Accuracy of these estimates differed among animal species but was not influenced by diet composition. Grouping plant species with similar LCFA + alkane profiles reduced the accuracy of estimates with a clear underestimation of the dietary group.
A comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy and flow properties for Epiphany, Guttaflow and AH‐Plus sealer
Authors: Nawal R. R. , Parande M. , Sehgal R. , Naik A. , Rao N. R. 
Published: January 2011

Nawal RR, Parande M, Sehgal R, Naik A, Rao NR. A comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy and flow properties for Epiphany, Guttaflow and AH‐Plus sealer. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractAim  To test the antimicrobial efficacy and flow properties of Guttaflow, Epiphany sealer and AH‐Plus sealer.Methodology  With the use of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 as a test organism, both the agar diffusion test (ADT) and direct contact test (DCT) were performed. For DCT, sealers were mixed and placed over the bottom of sterile screw‐capped test tubes. A 50μL bacterial suspension was placed on the tested material samples. Bacteria were allowed to directly come in contact with the sealers for 1 h at 37 °C in one group and for 24 h in the other group. The suspensions were then diluted and inoculated over blood agar plates, and bacterial colony counts were determined with the use of a digital colony counter. The data in both 1‐ and24‐h groups were individually analysed using repeated measures ANOVA. Kruskal Wallis tests were further used to obtain comparison between 1‐ and 24‐h results for all three sealers. In the flow assay, the sealers were placed between two glass slides, and a weight of 500 g was placed on the top of the glass. The diameters of the formed discs were recorded.Results  For both the ADT and DCT tests, Epiphany and AH‐Plus sealer reduced the bacterial counts significantly (P = 0.000). Epiphany produced a greater reduction in bacterial counts when compared to AH‐Plus in both the tests (P = 0.000). Guttaflow paste failed to show any antibacterial activity in both ADT & DCT. According to the flow test, all root canal sealers flowed; Epiphany sealer had the maximum flow under the given conditions, followed by AH‐Plus sealer and Guttaflow paste.Conclusions  Antimicrobial activity of the sealers was greatest for Epiphany followed by AH‐Plus sealer and Guttaflow. Epiphany sealer had the maximum flow followed by AH‐Plus sealer and Guttaflow.
Identification of root filling interfaces by microscopy and tomography methods
Authors: Zaslansky P. , Fratzl P. , Rack A. , Wu M‐K. , Wesselink P. R. , Shemesh H. 
Published: January 2011

Zaslansky P, Fratzl P, Rack A, Wu M‐K, Wesselink PR, Shemesh H. Identification of root filling interfaces by microscopy and tomography methods. International Endodontic Journal, 44, 395–401, 2011.AbstractAim  To assess differences in observed cross‐sectional areas of root canals and filling materials, as imaged by three microscopy and two tomography methods.Methodology  Six roots filled with laterally compacted Gutta‐percha and AH26 were scanned with phase‐contrast enhanced microtomography in a synchrotron facility. Reconstructed virtual slices were compared with sections of both wet and acrylic‐embedded roots, evaluated also by light and electron microscopy (EM) and laboratory‐based microtomography (μCT). The different contrasts of Gutta‐percha, voids, sealer and root dentine were identified and correlated. Inner canal border, outer Gutta‐percha rim and the external margin of a void were manually delineated, and the enclosed areas were repeatedly measured by three observers. Interobserver and interimaging method differences were tested by 2‐way anova with Bonferroni adjustments (P < 0.05). Percentages of Gutta‐percha‐filled canal areas (PGP) were determined.Results  Phase‐contrast enhanced microtomography revealed internal interfaces and detailed 3D volumes of accentuated voids as well as micrometre‐sized particles and gaps within the treated roots. Overestimates in the cross‐sectional areas were obtained by light microscopy, whereas underestimates were obtained by μCT and EM. Differences exceeded 40%; however, PGP values by all methods were within 5% for the same slice. Differences between observers were sometimes significant, but they were not method related (<3%).Conclusions  Phase‐contrast enhanced microtomography is a powerful non‐destructive ex vivo investigation method for studying the interfaces within root canals and filling materials at a micrometre resolution. The method does not require damage‐prone sectioning/polishing during sample preparation procedures. Caution should be used when quantifying the extent of Gutta‐percha in root fillings by measurements using μCT, light and EM.
Mechanical properties of nickel–titanium rotary instruments produced with a new manufacturing technique
Authors: Gambarini G. , Plotino G. , Grande N. M. , Al‐Sudani D. , De Luca M. , Testarelli L. 
Published: January 2011

Gambarini G, Plotino G, Grande NM, Al‐Sudani D, De Luca M, Testarelli L. Mechanical properties of nickel–titanium rotary instruments produced with a new manufacturing technique. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractAim  To investigate whether flexibility and cyclic fatigue resistance was increased for nickel–titanium instruments produced by a new manufacturing technique.Methodology  Forty K3 tip size 25, 0.06 taper (SybronEndo) nickel–titanium rotary instruments were randomly selected and divided into two groups (n = 20). One group served as control, being the commercially available instruments produced with a traditional grinding process (K3). The second group of instruments (K4 prototypes) were then subjected to a proprietary thermal treatment after the grinding process. Finally, each group was randomly divided into two subgroups of 10 instruments each, to perform the stiffness test and the cyclic fatigue test. All data were recorded and subjected to statistical evaluation using Student’s t‐test. Significance was set at the 95% confidence level.Results  For the stiffness test, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted between K3 and K4 prototype instruments. K4 prototype instruments were significantly more flexible when compared to K3 instruments (59.3 ± 4.3 vs. 98.1 ± 6.4 g cm−1). For the cyclic fatigue test, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted between K3 and K4 prototype instruments. K4 prototype instruments demonstrated a significant increase in the mean number of cycles to failure (NCF) when compared to K3 instruments (1198 ± 279 vs. 542 ± 81 NCF).Conclusions  The new manufacturing technique resulted in the K4 prototype instruments having enhanced mechanical properties, compared to K3 instruments, manufactured with a traditional grinding process.
Influence of several fibre‐reinforced composite restoration techniques on cusp movement and fracture strength of molar teeth
Authors: Akman S. , Akman M. , Eskitascioglu G. , Belli S. 
Published: January 2011

Akman S, Akman M, Eskitascioglu G, Belli S. Influence of several fibre‐reinforced composite restoration techniques on cusp movement and fracture strength of molar teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 44, 407–415, 2011.AbstractAim  To compare mean cusp movement in molar teeth with endodontic access and mesial‐occlusal‐distal (MOD) cavities before and after restoration with several fibre‐reinforced composite restoration techniques under loading and to evaluate the effect of restoration technique on fracture strength.Methodology  Reference points were marked at the mesial cusp ridges of extracted human mandibular molar teeth. Digital images were taken under loading (300 N) using a stereomicroscope (Leica MZ16A; Wetzlar, Germany). Three‐dimensional (3D) distances between the reference points were recorded (Leica, Stereo‐Explorer, 2.1) as controls. Standard MOD cavities were prepared and restored as follows (n = 10), group 1: composite restoration (Clearfil AP‐X; Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan); group 2: cavity lined with polyethylene fibre (Ribbond, Ribbond Inc., Seattle, WA, USA) in combination with flowable resin (Protect‐Liner F; Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan) before composite restoration; group 3: polyethylene fibre inserted on occlusal surface of the tooth from buccal to lingual after finishing the composite restoration; group 4: missing walls were restored with composite resin and inner surfaces of the axial walls were then reinforced with polyethylene fibre placed circumferentially before the composite restoration. The restored teeth were re‐loaded, digital images were re‐taken and the 3D distance between the reference points was recorded in μm. Comparisons of the restoration techniques, the effectiveness of restoration for each group were analysed statistically (Kruskall–Wallis, paired‐samples t‐test). The teeth were then loaded until failure (5 mm min−1), the data were recorded (N) and analysed statistically (Kruskall–Wallis test).Results  A significant difference occurred amongst the groups in terms of cusp movement (P = 0.018). All the groups revealed a decrease in inter‐cuspal width when compared to their initial records. The mean values of these decreases were as follows: group 1 17.6 (P = 0.003), group 2 6.7 (not sig), group 3 6.6 (not sig) and group 4 0.85 (not sig) μm. No significant difference was found amongst the fracture strength values (P = 0.22). In group 1, 90% of the fractures were non‐restorable, whereas in group 3 100% of the fractures were restorable.Conclusions  Regardless of restoration technique, fibre reinforcement of composite restorations decreased cusp movement in molar teeth with MOD and endodontic access cavities but did not affect fracture strength.
Spatio‐temporal changes in the genetic structure of thePasserinabunting hybrid zone
Authors: CARLING MATTHEW D. , ZUCKERBERG BENJAMIN 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAlthough theoretical models predict that the structure of a hybrid zone can change under a variety of scenarios, only a few empirical studies of hybrid zones have unequivocally demonstrated zone movement. These studies are rare because few data sets exist that include repeated, temporally spaced, samples of the same hybrid zone. We analysed mitochondrial DNA haplotype data from samples separated by 40–45 years from across thePasserina amoena(Lazuli Bunting) andPasserina cyanea(Indigo Bunting) hybrid zone to investigate whether the genetic structure of this zone has changed during that interval. Both cline and generalized linear mixed modelling analyses uncovered a significant narrowing and a substantial westward shift of thePasserinabunting hybrid zone, clearly illustrating hybrid zone movement. The cause of the change may be due to a combination of ecological, demographic and behavioural factors. Our results predict that the width of the hybrid zone will continue to narrow over time, a finding consistent with reinforcement theory.