bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Flange Spread Behavior in H‐beam Universal Rolling
Authors: Takashima Y. , Yanagimoto J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFlange spread is one of the most important factors in the production of H‐beams with the universal rolling mill. Although some prediction models for flange spread have been proposed, the constants in the model equations should be determined for each product size, which requires much experimental work. In this research, finite element analysis was carried out in various rolling conditions and a technique for deciding the model constants by the analysis was investigated. First, rolling experiments using pure lead were carried out to confirm the correctness of the flange spread model. Finite element analyses were then executed for rolling conditions corresponding to the experiments. The flange spread in the numerical analyses showed very good agreement with the experimental results, confirming the accuracy of the numerical simulation. At the same time, the possibility of determining the model constants by numerical analysis was demonstrated. Other related properties of universal rolling were also investigated with the data from the finite element analysis. Changes in the web and flange thicknesses after exiting the roll gap were quantitatively simulated. The cross‐flow behavior between the web and flange was investigated, and the effect of rolling conditions on the cross‐flow ratio was obtained. This research demonstrates that finite element simulation is a powerful tool for investigating and modeling deformation in H‐beam universal rolling.
Evaluation of an objective method of image assessment for first‐trimester nasal bone
Authors: Thia E. W. H. , Wei X. , Tan D. T. H. , Lai X. H. , Zhang X. J. , Oo S. Y. , Yeo G. S. H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the degree of agreement in first‐trimester nasal bone assessment in a group of sonographers before and after training, using a semi‐quantitative scoring system.MethodsFour sonographers who routinely perform first‐trimester screening were first shown 46 images from both normal and trisomy 21 pregnancies. For each image, they were asked to score from 0 (disagree) to 3 (agree) on five different criteria that were deemed important in nasal‐bone assessment, including image size, plane and visibility of nasal bone. A training program was then conducted, and a repeat exercise was carried out using the same 46 images. Finally, in a third exercise, images from 42 patients were presented, some having more than one image. The sonographers were required to give one overall nasal‐bone score for each patient. In each exercise interobserver agreement was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsBefore training, the sonographers agreed reasonably well on the five proposed criteria (ICC, 0.752), with some disagreement on their perceived image quality. The training program further improved the agreement (ICC, 0.790), particularly on whether the nasal bone was the biggest and brightest echogenic component. Agreement was excellent when they were asked to give one overall score on the nasal bone based on multiple images from one patient (ICC, 0.929).ConclusionThe proposed scoring system can be used to improve consistency and reliability in first‐trimester nasal‐bone assessment. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personalized Cancer Approach: Using RNA Interference Technology
Authors: Nemunaitis John , Rao Donald D. , Liu Shi‐He , Brunicardi F. Charles 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNormal cellular survival is dependent on the cooperative expression of genes’ signaling through a broad array of DNA patterns. Cancer, however, has an Achilles’ heel. Its altered cellular survival is dependent on a limited subset of signals through mutated DNA, possibly as few as three. Identification and control of these signals through the use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology may provide a unique clinical opportunity for the management of cancer that employs genomic‐proteomic profiling to provide a molecular characterization of the cancer, leading to targeted therapy customized to an individual cancer signal. Such an approach has been described as “personalized therapy.” The present review identifies unique developing technology that employs RNAi as a method to target, and therefore block, signaling from mutated DNA and describes a clinical pathway toward its development in cancer therapy.
Long‐Term Health‐Related Quality of Life for Disease‐Free Esophageal Cancer Patients
Authors: Donohoe Claire L. , McGillycuddy Erin , Reynolds John V. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundHealth‐related quality of life (HRQL) has been studied extensively during the first year following esophagectomy, but little is known about HRQL in long‐term survivors. The aim of this study was to investigate HRQL in patients alive at least 1 year after surgical resection for esophageal cancer using validated European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) quality of life (QOL) questionnaires (QLQ).MethodsEligible patients, without known disease recurrence and at least 1 year after esophagectomy, were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients completed general (QLQ‐C30) and esophageal cancer‐specific (QLQ‐OES18, OG25) questionnaires. A numeric score (0–100) was computed in each conceptual area and compared with validated cancer (n = 1031) and age‐matched (n = 7802) healthy populations using two‐tailed unpaired t‐tests. A cohort of 80 patients had pretreatment scores recorded.ResultsAltogether, 132 of 156 eligible patients (84%) completed the self‐rated questionnaire, 105 (67.3%) were men, and the mean age was 62 years (range 29–84 years). The mean time since esophagectomy was 70.3 months (12–299 months). Global health status was significantly reduced at least 1 year after esophagectomy (mean ± SD score 48.4 ± 18.6) when compared with patients with esophageal cancer prior to treatment (55.6 ± 24.1) and the general population (71.2 ± 22.4) (p < 0.0001). In a prospective cohort of eighty patients, symptoms related to swallowing difficulty, reflux, pain, and coughing significantly decreased in the long term (p < 0.0001). The degree of subjective swallowing dysfunction was highly correlated with a poor QOL (Spearman’s ρ = 0.508, p < 0.01).ConclusionsGlobal health status remains significantly reduced in long‐term survivors after esophagectomy compared with population controls, and swallowing dysfunction is highly associated with this compromised QOL.
Flow regime alters body size but not the use of aquatic subsidies in a riparian predatory arthropod
Authors: Akamatsu Fumikazu , Toda Hideshige 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAlterations to river flow conditions have wide impacts on riparian organisms in terms of behavior and biomass. However, little is known about natural flood impacts on prey use and individual growth of riparian predators. Using stable carbon isotope analysis, we investigated flood impacts on aquatic‐prey use and the size structure of an orb‐web spider, Nephila clavata, during 3 years under different flood conditions in a black locust forest in the middle reaches of the Chikuma River. Large floods depressed aquatic‐prey abundance, but did not affect terrestrial‐prey abundance in the riparian forest. Consequently, spider growth was stunted after large floods. Spider body size was positively correlated with the body sizes of both aquatic and terrestrial insects in spider webs, where terrestrial insects were significantly larger than aquatic insects. The δ13C of aquatic insects was about 8‰ higher than that of terrestrial insects, and the δ13C of both insect groups did not vary significantly between months or among years. A negative relationship was found between body size and δ13C in spiders under different subsidies levels. Our results showed that flow regime altered spider growth through changes in aquatic subsidies level, but not aquatic‐prey use by the spiders due to relative body sizes of predators and prey. Changes in relative body sizes of predator and prey may be an important factor in understanding nutrients, materials, and energy flows in aquatic and terrestrial linkages in the context of flow regime.
Epigenetic management of major psychosis
Authors: Peedicayil Jacob 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the major psychoses (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), and they may be the link between the environment and the genome in the pathogenesis of these disorders. This paper discusses the role of epigenetics in the management of major psychosis: (1) the role of epigenetic drugs in treating these disorders. At present, there are three categories of epigenetic drugs that are being actively investigated for their ability to treat psychosis: drugs inhibiting histone deacetylation; drugs decreasing DNA methylation; and drugs targeting microRNAs; and (2) the role of epigenetic mechanisms in electroconvulsive therapy in these disorders.
Prediction and validation of total and regional fat mass by B-mode ultrasound in Japanese pre-pubertal children
Authors: Midorikawa Taishi , Ohta Megumi , Hikihara Yuki , Torii Suguru , Bemben Michael G. , Sakamoto Shizuo 
Published: May 2011

The present study was performed to develop regression-based prediction equations for fat mass by ultrasound in Japanese children and to investigate the validity of these equations. A total of 127 healthy Japanese pre-pubertal children aged 6–12 years were randomly separated into two groups: the model development group (fifty-four boys and forty-four girls) and the validation group (eighteen boys and eleven girls). Total body, trunk, arm and leg fat masses were initially determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Delphi A-QDR whole-body scanner; Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA). Then, fat thickness was measured by B-mode ultrasound (5 MHz scanning head) at nine sites (arm: lateral forearm, anterior and posterior upper arm; trunk: abdomen and subscapular; leg: anterior and posterior thigh, anterior and posterior lower leg). Regression analyses were used to describe the relationships between the site-matched fat masses (total body, arm, trunk and leg) obtained by DXA and ultrasound in the development group. When these fat mass prediction equations were applied to the validation group, the measured total and regional fat mass was very similar to the predicted fat mass (mean difference calculated as predicted − measured fat mass ± 2 sd; total body 0·1 (sd 0·5) kg, arm 0·1 (sd 0·3) kg, trunk − 0·1 (sd 0·3) kg, leg 0·1 (sd 0·5) kg for boys; total body 0·5 (sd 1·3) kg, arm 0·0 (sd 0·3) kg, trunk 0·1 (sd 0·8) kg, leg 0·3 (sd 0·6) kg for girls), and the Bland–Altman analysis did not indicate a bias. These results suggest that ultrasound-derived prediction equations for boys and girls are useful for estimating total and regional fat mass.
Mating system and the critical migration rate for swamping selection
Authors: HU XIN-SHENG 
Published: May 2011

SummaryCrowet al.(1990) and Barton (1992) have examined the critical migration rate for swamping selection in the nuclear system. Here, I use the same methodology to examine the critical migration rate in the cytonuclear system for hermaphrodite plants with a mixed mating system. Two selection schemes for a nuclear gene (heterozygote disadvantage and directional selection) and the directional selection scheme for organelle genes are considered. Results show that under random mating, the previous results are applicable to plant species by appropriate re-parameterization of the migration rate for nuclear and paternal organelle genes. A simple complementary relationship exists between seed and pollen flow in contributing to the critical migration rate. Under the mixed mating system, the critical migration rate of seeds and pollen for nuclear and paternal organelle genes can be changed due to the effects of selection and the cytonuclear linkage disequilibrium generated by migration and inbreeding. A negative but not complementary relationship exists between seed and pollen flow in contributing to the critical migration rate, varying with the mating system. Partial selfing can also adjust the critical seed flow for the maternal organelle gene, with a small critical migration rate for species of a high selfing rate. Both concordance and discordance among cytonuclear genes can occur under certain conditions during the process of swamping selection. This theory predicts the presence of various contributions of seed versus pollen flow to genetic swamping for plants with diverse mating systems.
Environmental economics and ecological economics: the contribution of interdisciplinarity to understanding, influence and effectiveness
Authors: BEDER SHARON 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYThis paper reviews developments in both environmental economics and ecological economics with respect to their progress towards environmental interdisciplinarity and towards providing solutions to environmental problems. The concepts, methods, theories and assumptions of each field of knowledge are reviewed and the extent to which they depart from the dominant neoclassical paradigm of economics is assessed. The contribution that interdisciplinarity has made to the success of each field is analysed in terms of understanding, influence and effectiveness and the constraints that it has imposed upon that success. Environmental economics has adopted the dominant economic neoclassical paradigm, including the power of the market to allocate environmental resources efficiently and in a socially optimal way. The solution to environmental problems is thus seen as a matter of ensuring that the environment is properly priced to reflect the relative scarcity of natural resources and assets and to ensure that environmental values are incorporated into the market. This specialized view of environmental problems is now reflected in government policy around the world including the use of extended cost benefit analyses, contingent valuations, environmental charges and emissions trading. Nevertheless, environmental problems continue to grow in severity and the solutions provided by environmental economists have proven ineffective. Thus lack of interdisciplinarity does not prevent a field of knowledge from gaining influence and dominance, however its effectiveness in terms of understanding environmental problems and solving them is impeded. Ecological economics seeks to incorporate the research of economists, ecologists, philosophers and social scientists, however its influence seems to be have been limited to areas in which it retains the standard economics framework, and this limits its effectiveness in terms of environmental solutions. Thus interdisciplinarity may increase understanding of the real world but it cannot overcome political and social barriers to translating that understanding into the widespread implementation of effective environmental measures.
Radbruch Redux: The Need for Revisiting the Conversation between Common and Civil Law at Root Level at the Example of International Criminal Justice
Authors: BOHLANDER MICHAEL 
Published: May 2011

AbstractInternational criminal justice is based to a large extent on extrapolations from criminal-law research on domestic systems. The difficult exercise of arriving at a common denominator is exacerbated by the systemic dichotomy of the so-called common-law and civil-law models, which, in turn, have now been joined by a third contender: public international law. Each of these has its own methods of approaching the task of solving legal problems. This paper queries the inter-model conversation that is happening so far and asks the question as to whether it is necessary to hold this discussion at a much more fundamental level than it would seem has been the case so far. It does so at the example of the relationship between German and English and Welsh law, but its concerns and conclusions merit consideration for the entire debate between the systems.
In Memoriam, Bert Swart
Authors: SLUITER GÖRAN 
Published: May 2011

Bert Swart passed away on 17 February 2011, at the age of 69.We lose in Bert a great and loving friend and colleague. Those who knew him personally will remember his kindness, generosity, and modesty. Bert spoke with a soft voice and was genuinely interested in and friendly to others.
First reported foodborne outbreak associated with microsporidia, Sweden, October 2009
Authors: DECRAENE V. , LEBBAD M. , BOTERO-KLEIVEN S. , GUSTAVSSON A.-M. , LÖFDAHL M. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYMicrosporidia are spore-forming intracellular parasites that infrequently cause disease in immunocompetent persons. This study describes the first report of a foodborne microsporidiosis outbreak which affected persons visiting a hotel in Sweden.Enterocytozoon bieneusiwas identified in stool samples from 7/11 case-patients, all six sequenced samples were genotype C. To confirm that this was not a chance finding, 19 stool samples submitted by healthy persons from a comparable group who did not visit the hotel on that day were tested; all were negative for microsporidia. A retrospective cohort study identified 135 case-patients (attack rate 30%). The median incubation period was 9 days. Consumption of cheese sandwiches [relative risk (RR) 4·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4–12·2] and salad (RR 2·1, 95% CI 1·1–4) were associated with illness. Both items contained pre-washed, ready-to-eat cucumber slices. Microsporidia may be an under-reported cause of gastrointestinal outbreaks; we recommend that microsporidia be explored as potential causative agents in food- and waterborne outbreaks, especially when no other organisms are identified.
African horse sickness in The Gambia: circulation of a live-attenuated vaccine-derived strain
Authors: OURA C. A. L. , IVENS P. A. S. , BACHANEK-BANKOWSKA K. , BIN-TARIF A. , JALLOW D. B. , SAILLEAU C. , MAAN S. , MERTENS P. C. , BATTEN C. A. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYAfrican horse sickness virus serotype 9 (AHSV-9) has been known for some time to be circulating amongst equids in West Africa without causing any clinical disease in indigenous horse populations. Whether this is due to local breeds of horses being resistant to disease or whether the AHSV-9 strains circulating are avirulent is currently unknown. This study shows that the majority (96%) of horses and donkeys sampled across The Gambia were seropositive for AHS, despite most being unvaccinated and having no previous history of showing clinical signs of AHS. Most young horses (<3 years) were seropositive with neutralizing antibodies specific to AHSV-9. Eight young equids (<3 years) were positive for AHSV-9 by serotype-specific RT–PCR and live AHSV-9 was isolated from two of these horses. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of an AHSV-9 strain showing 100% identity to Seg-2 of the AHSV-9 reference strain, indicating that the virus circulating in The Gambia was highly likely to have been derived from a live-attenuated AHSV-9 vaccine strain.
The risk of airborne influenza transmission in passenger cars
Authors: KNIBBS L. D. , MORAWSKA L. , BELL S. C. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYTravel in passenger cars is a ubiquitous aspect of the daily activities of many people. During the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic a case of probable transmission during car travel was reported in Australia, to which spread via the airborne route may have contributed. However, there are no data to indicate the likely risks of such events, and how they may vary and be mitigated. To address this knowledge gap, we estimated the risk of airborne influenza transmission in two cars (1989 model and 2005 model) by employing ventilation measurements and a variation of the Wells–Riley model. Results suggested that infection risk can be reduced by not recirculating air; however, estimated risk ranged from 59% to 99·9% for a 90-min trip when air was recirculated in the newer vehicle. These results have implications for interrupting in-car transmission of other illnesses spread by the airborne route.
Learning Features of Simple and Complex Cells: A Generative Approach via Multiplicative Interactions
Authors: Huang Wentao , Ji Zhengping , Kenyon Garrett 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe develop a hierarchical generative model to learn features of simple and complex cells in the primary visual cortex via multiplicative interactions and address the problem of learning invariant visual representation from natural image sequences. Generally, the overall objective of a generative sparse coding model (Olshausen and Field, Nature, 1996) is to reconstruct the input *x* via a linear combination of feature bases *A = [A~1~,A~2~,...,A~M~]*, such that *x = As*, where s is the latent representation with a sparse constraint.In the proposed model, we added another hidden layer with complex cells to modulate the latent representation *s*, such that *s* is generated via an element-wise product of bottom-up representation *y = A^T^x* and top-down representation *z = Bc*, i.e., *s = y.*z* . Here *c* represents the top layer with complex cells, and *B* is the feature matrix connecting from the simple cell layer to the complex cell layer. Similar to the well known bilinear models (Tenenbaum and Freeman, Neural Computation, 2000) for invariant representation, the complex cell layer here represents the content variables and the simple cell layer represents the style variables. However, instead of using three-order tensor weight parameters as in the bilinear models, our model provides a factorized approach by the product of two two-order tensor weight parameters *A* and *B*, and thus makes learning simpler and more efficient. Moreover, while bilinear models dealt with two latent variables, our model contains only one latent variable *c* for invariant representation.The penalties of sparseness and slowness priors are integrated into this model as well. In addition, non-negativity constraints of the latent variable c and weight matrices *A* and *B* are enforced to fit the known neurophysiology better. We utilize the gradient descent algorithm to train our model from natural image sequences. A dictionary of Gabor-like orientation selective features is developed in the simple cell layer, where topography of receptive fields is automatically generated. In this way, similar simple cell receptive fields are pooled together to produce locally-invariant representation in complex cells.
GEST: a gene expression search tool based on a novel Bayesian
similarity metric
Authors: Hunter Lawrence , Taylor Ronald C. , Leach Sonia M. , Simon Richard 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Gene expression array technology has made possible the assay of expression levels of tens of thousands of genes at a time; large databases of such measurements are currently under construction. One important use of such databases is the ability to search for experiments that have similar gene expression levels as a query, potentially identifying previously unsuspected relationships among cellular states. Such searches depend crucially on the metric used to assess the similarity between pairs of experiments. The complex joint distribution of gene expression levels, particularly their correlational structure and non-normality, make simple similarity metrics such as Euclidean distance or correlational similarity scores suboptimal for use in this application. We present a similarity metric for gene expression array experiments that takes into account the complex joint distribution of expression values. We provide a computationally tractable approximation to this measure, and have implemented a database search tool based on it. We discuss implementation issues and efficiency, and we compare our new metric to other standard metrics.
Contact: larry.hunter@uchsc.edu