bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diameter game
Authors: Balogh József , Martin Ryan , Pluhár András 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA large class of Positional Games are defined on the complete graph on n vertices. The players, Maker and Breaker, take the edges of the graph in turns, and Maker wins iff his subgraph has a given — usually monotone — property. Here we introduce the d‐diameter game, which means that Maker wins iff the diameter of his subgraph is at most d. We investigate the biased version of the game; i.e., when the players may take more than one, and not necessarily the same number of edges, in a turn. Our main result is that we proved that the 2‐diameter game has the following surprising property: Breaker wins the game in which each player chooses one edge per turn, but Maker wins as long as he is permitted to choose 2 edges in each turn whereas Breaker can choose as many as (1/9)n1/8/(lnn)3/8. In addition, we investigate d‐diameter games for d ≥ 3. The diameter games are strongly related to the degree games. Thus, we also provide a generalization of the fair degree game for the biased case. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
The critical behavior of random digraphs
Authors: Łuczak Tomasz , Seierstad Taral Guldahl 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe study the critical behavior of the random digraph D(n,p) for np = 1 + ε, where ε = ε(n) = o(1). We show that if ε3n →—∞, then a.a.s. D(n,p) consists of components which are either isolated vertices or directed cycles, each of size Op(|ε|−1). On the other hand, if ε3n →∞, then a.a.s. the structure of D(n,p) is dominated by the unique complex component of size (4 + o(1))ε2n, whereas all other components are of size Op(ε−1). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Key challenges in securing WiMAX mesh networks
Authors: Kwon Bongkyoung , Beyah Raheem A. , Copeland John A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWorldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), designed by the IEEE 802.16 standards group, is one of the most promising broadband wireless technologies with respect to delivering high‐speed connectivity in the last mile. A mesh network configuration was added for improved coverage and throughput. We describe security concerns for WiMAX mesh mode such as malicious sponsor nodes and privacy. We also seek to reduce the processing load as a result of the use of link encryption. We introduce two different types of attacks as a result of different types of malicious sponsor nodes. The first type of attack occurs when the malicious sponsor node has not actually joined the current mesh network but solicits new nodes to join the mesh network through it. The second type of attack occurs when the malicious node is a member of the mesh network and selectively drops data from its child nodes. To prevent the first attack, we propose a new security protocol that adds to the standard control messages a pair of secret authorization keys (AK). To handle the second attack, we propose a reputation‐based scheme that is specific to WiMAX mesh networks. We conduct a numerical analysis and simulations to highlight the strengths of the proposed schemes. The proposed reputation‐based scheme uses the MSH‐NCFG control message that is used in the WiMAX standard to send reputation information about nodes in the mesh network. Nodes that are joining the mesh network receive and process MSH‐NCFG messages and decide which sponsor node through which to join the network. We conduct a numerical analysis to determine the amount of time for reputation information to propagate through the mesh network, thus allowing joining nodes to avoid malicious sponsor nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the overall data drop rate in WiMAX mesh networks in the presence of the aforementioned attacks from malicious sponsor nodes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems biology of GAL regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Pannala Venkat Reddy , Bhat Paike Jayadeva , Bhartiya Sharad , Venkatesh K. V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEvolutionary success of an organism depends on its ability to express or adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has evolved an elaborate genetic circuit to regulate the expression of galactose‐metabolizing enzymes in the presence of galactose but in the absence of glucose. The circuit possesses molecular mechanisms such as multiple binding sites, cooperativity, autoregulation, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, and substrate sensing mechanism. Furthermore, the GAL system consists of two positive (activating) feedback and one negative (repressing) feedback loops. These individual mechanisms, elucidated through experimental approach, can be integrated to obtain a system‐wide behavior. Mathematical models in conjunction with guided experiments have demonstrated system‐level properties such as ultrasensitivity, memory, noise attenuation, rapid response, and sensitive response arising out of the molecular interactions. These system‐level properties allow S. cerevisiae to adapt and grow in a galactose medium under noisy and changing environments. This review focuses on system‐level models and properties of the GAL regulon Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Pharmacogenomics: a systems approach
Authors: Wang Liewei 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics involve the study of the role of inheritance in individual variation in drug response, a phenotype that varies from potentially life‐threatening adverse drug reactions to equally serious lack of therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacogenetics‐pharmacogenomics represents a major component of the movement to ‘individualized medicine’. Pharmacogenetic studies originally focused on monogenic traits, often involving genetic variation in drug metabolism. However, contemporary studies increasingly involve entire ‘pathways’ that include both pharmacokinetics (PKs)—factors that influence the concentration of a drug reaching its target(s)—and pharmacodynamics (PDs), factors associated with the drug target(s), as well as genome‐wide approaches. The convergence of advances in pharmacogenetics with rapid developments in human genomics has resulted in the evolution of pharmacogenetics into pharmacogenomics. At the same time, studies of drug response are expanding beyond genomics to encompass pharmacotranscriptomics and pharmacometabolomics to become a systems‐based discipline. This discipline is also increasingly moving across the ‘translational interface’ into the clinic and is being incorporated into the drug development process and governmental regulation of that process. The article will provide an overview of the development of pharmacogenetics‐pharmacogenomics, the scientific advances that have contributed to the continuing evolution of this discipline, the incorporation of transcriptomic and metabolomic data into attempts to understand and predict variation in drug response phenotypes as well as challenges associated with the ‘translation’ of this important aspect of biomedical science into the clinic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
T cell responses in lymph nodes
Authors: Bogle Gib , Dunbar P. Rod 
Published: July 2009

AbstractActivation of T cells by antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in lymph nodes (LNs) is a key initiating event in many immune responses. Our understanding of this process has been both improved and complicated in recent years by evidence from techniques such as intravital microscopy that has revealed new levels of dynamism in the interaction of T cells and APCs. In particular, the complex motility of T cells within LNs, and their serial interactions with many APCs, imply that earlier static models of T cell activation need to be updated. Here we review the first attempts to model T cell interactions with APCs in LNs that incorporate simulations of T cell motility, based on experimental observations. We show that lattice‐based modeling approaches are the dominant trend in these models, and then chart a possible course for development of these models toward spatially‐resolved models of immune responses within LNs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Factors associated with positive margins in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and postconization management
Authors: Chen Yaxia , Lu Hongxian , Wan Xiaoyun , Lv Weiguo , Xie Xing 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the risk factors for positive margins in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 and the outcomes of postconization management.MethodsA retrospective review of the records of 1113 women who underwent conization for CIN 3 between 2000 and 2008.ResultsPositive margins occurred in the following: 104 (10.7%) women with severe dysplasia versus 37 (26.2%) with carcinoma in situ; 32 (4.8%) treated with cold knife conization versus 109 (24.1%) treated with the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP); and 124 (11.6%) premenopausal versus 17 (35.4%) postmenopausal women. None of the women with severe dysplasia had invasive disease in the repeat excision specimen, whereas 3 (8.6%) women with carcinoma in situ had residual microinvasive carcinoma.ConclusionLEEP, carcinoma in situ, menopausal status, and larger area of lesion are risk factors for positive margins. For women with CIN 3 and positive margins, follow‐up at an interval of 6 months or repeat excision are treatment options. However, when repeat excision is technically impossible, whether simple hysterectomy or radical surgery is a rational treatment option requires further investigation.
A comparative study of the non‐pneumatic anti‐shock garment for the treatment of obstetric hemorrhage in Nigeria
Authors: Miller Suellen , Ojengbede Oladosu , Turan Janet M. , Morhason‐Bello Imran O. , Martin Hilarie B. , Nsima David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the non‐pneumatic anti‐shock garment (NASG) can improve maternal outcome.MethodsWomen were enrolled in a pre‐intervention phase (n = 83) and an intervention phase (n = 86) at a referral facility in Katsina, Nigeria, from November 2006 to November 2007. Entry criteria were obstetric hemorrhage (≥ 750 mL) and a clinical sign of shock (systolic blood pressure < 100 mm Hg or pulse > 100 beats per minute). To determine differences in demographics, condition on study entry, treatment, and outcome, t tests and χ2 tests were used. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated for the primary outcome, mortality.ResultsMean measured blood loss in the intervention phase was 73.5 ±93.9 mL, compared with 340.4 ± 248.2 mL pre‐intervention (P < 0.001). Maternal mortality was lower in the intervention phase than in the pre‐intervention phase (7 [8.1%]) vs 21 [25.3%]) (RR 0.32; 95% CI, 0.14–0.72).ConclusionThe NASG showed potential for reducing blood loss and maternal mortality caused by obstetric hemorrhage‐related shock.
Comparison of sublingual misoprostol, intravenous oxytocin, and intravenous methylergometrine in active management of the third stage of labor
Authors: Singh Gunjan , Radhakrishnan Gita , Guleria Kiran 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and adverse effects of sublingual misoprostol, intravenous oxytocin, and intravenous methylergometrine in active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL).MethodsA double‐blind randomized trial of 300 women with a healthy singleton pregnancy allocated into 4 groups to receive either: 400 µg or 600 µg of sublingual misoprostol, 5 IU of intravenous oxytocin, or 200 µg of intravenous methylergometrine. The primary outcome measure was blood loss in the third and fourth stage of labor; secondary measures were duration of the third stage of labor, changes in hemoglobin levels, and adverse effects.ResultsPatients who received 600 µg of misoprostol had the lowest blood loss (96.05 ± 21.1 mL), followed by 400 µg of misoprostol (126.24 ± 49.3 mL), oxytocin (154.7 ± 45.7 mL), and methylergometrine (223.4 ± 73.7 mL) (P < 0.01). Shortest mean duration of the third stage of labor (5.74 minutes) was with 600 µg of misoprostol, while methylergometrine had the longest (6.83 minutes) (P < 0.05). Pyrexia was observed in the misoprostol groups, and raised blood pressure in the methylergometrine group (P < 0.001). The 24‐hour postpartum hemoglobin level was similar among the groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionAdministration of 600 µg of sublingual misoprostol was more effective than 400 µg of misoprostol, intravenous oxytocin, and intravenous methylergometrine for AMTSL.
Arginine deiminase originating fromLactococcus lactisssp.lactisAmerican Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 7962 induces G1-phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in SNU-1 stomach adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Kim Jong-Eun , Kim Seo Young , Lee Ki Won , Lee Hyong Joo 
Published: July 2009

There are multiple lines of evidence that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exert cancer-preventive effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study we found that the cytoplasmic fraction ofLactococcus lactisssp.lactisAmerican Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 7962 exerted the strongest antiproliferative effects (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 17 μg/ml) in SNU-1 human stomach cancer cells and arginine deiminase (ADI;EC3.5.3.6) activity. We also cloned, expressed and purified ADI fromL. lactisssp.lactisATCC 7962 (LADI). Both purified ADI fromL. lactis(PADI; IC50 = 2 μg/ml) and recombinant ADI originating from LADI (IC50 = 0·6 μg/ml) inhibited the proliferation of SNU-1 cells. LADI induced G0/G1-phase arrest, sub-G1accumulation, DNA condensation and DNA fragmentation in SNU-1 cells. 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and DNA fragmentation data provide evidence that LADI induces apoptosis in SNU-1 cells. LADI increased the expressions of p53 and p27Kip1, and decreased the expressions of cyclin D1, c-myc and Bcl-xL in SNU-1 cells. However, LADI had no effects on the expressions of p21Cip1and Bcl-2. Collectively, these data indicate that ADI induces apoptosis and G0/G1-phase arrest of SNU-1 cells, which might contribute to the chemopreventive potential of LAB.
Reform of Customary Court Systems in Nigeria under the Military Government
Authors: Obilade A. O. 
Published: July 2009

The military revolution of 15 January, 1966 brought with it ideas about striking reform of customary court systems in Nigeria.The most notable of the reforms actually effected is the reform of customary court systems in the Northern States, where legal and judicial reforms in the pre-revolution era had always taken special care of the position of Emirs and Chiefs who wielded great powers in the administration of justice, thus playing the dual role of judges and rulers of their community.
Law out of Context: A Comment on the Creation of Traditional Law Discussion
Authors: von Benda-Beckmann Franz 
Published: July 2009

The ways in which local normative systems and processes of decision-making in Third World states have been interpreted and transformed by colonial and postcolonial lawyers, administrators and social scientists have received much scholarly attention. During the past 15 years in particular, the “creation of traditional law” in Africa and the “myth of adapt” in Indonesia have became a special topic in the writing of legal anthropologists, largely influenced by scholars such as Asad arid Said. In recent years analyses have increasingly focussed upon the economic and political forces and purposes behind the transformations and on their consequences rather than on their underlying ethnocentric conceptual biases.In his paper “Traditionalism and Traditional Law” in this volume Peter Fitzpatrick presents an elegant, sophisticated and critical account of the main strands of analysis in the discussions about the creation of customary or traditional law. In my comment upon his views and those of other authors which he discusses I am not so much concerned with a critique; I would rather like to expand and amend these views by enlarging the analytical framework in which they should be seen. My concern is with the selectivity of these analyses. Firstly, I think that they usually tend togeneralizefrom a limited (set of) context(s) in which the creation of customary law has been observed, such as adjudication in colonial courts or academic writing and teaching in colonial law.
The Political Economy of Customary Law in the Former British Territories of Africa
Authors: Seidman Ann , Seidman Robert B. 
Published: July 2009

In assessing customary law two quite contradictory tendencies exist. Some approach customary law deferentially, even reverently. This constitutes “our” law. It expresses “our” values. We must nurture it. Others take precisely the opposite perception. Customary law constitutes the law of primitive tribes; we aim to become modern;ergo, we must do away with customary law. How to choose between these quite conflicting perspectives?We argue that to understand customary law, we must understand its political economy, that is, the function it performs in existing socio-economic and political structures, particularly with respect to the class interests involved. We undertake here to put forward our understanding of the political economy of customary law in the English-speaking countries of Africa. To do that, we describe, first, the difficulties which require explanation and solution, that is, the poverty and vulnerability of the mass of Africa's people; second, for that poverty, we attempt an explanation, which takes the legal order as the manipulable variable; and, finally, we suggest briefly options for reform and change.
African Customary Law in the Former Portuguese Territories, 1954–1974
Authors: Coissoro Narana 
Published: July 2009

Throughout all Portuguese colonial history in the African continent, the question of recognizing oral local laws, the so called “customary laws”, and the koranic law in some areas of Guinea and the northern region of Mozambique, could never be separate from the constitutional law applicable to the aboriginal inhabitants who follow it in their daily lives. That is the reason why accepting the principle according to which the everyday-life relations of Africa could be controlled by specific juridicial rules distinct from Portuguese “common law” was always connected with the private and territorial validity of the individual rights and guarantees included in the constitutional texts concerning Africans. As a logical consequence of this link between citizenship and the application of the Portuguese law in force in the metropolis, applying traditional law always depended on the political concepts formed during the present century, as Portuguese sovereignty, until the end of the nineteenth century, was restricted to small littoral centres and the practice of authority in the other regions acquired at the Berlin Conference was deficient or merely nominal.The African juridical rules were always tolerated, as a means of securing colonial public peace or as a necessary condition for the smooth practice of Portuguese sovereignty beyond its European frontiers.
Detention Without Trial and Constitutional Safeguards in Zimbabwe
Authors: Hatchard John 
Published: July 2009

There comes a time during the life of almost every nation when situations arise which threaten its peace and security. At such a time the government may need to acquire certain additional powers to help it combat the danger and this is frequently achieved by the declaration of a state of emergency. This enables it to utilise wide-ranging emergency powers and in this situation national security and public order considerations are placed above the constitution. As a result, among the first casualties of an emergency proclamation are the guarantees of personal liberty and protection of the law which are often abrogated or at least severely curtailed.The use of detention without trial during periods of emergency has now become commonplace, particularly in developing countries, a point which is defended by President Nyerere of Tanzania on the grounds that:“Our Union has neither the long tradition of nationhood, nor the strong physical means of national security, which older countries take for granted. While the vast mass of people give full and active support to their country and its government, a handful of individuals can still put our nation in jeopardy, and reduce to ashes the efforts of millions.”The need for a nation to protect itself in this way cannot be denied and this is widely recognised. For example, Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) recognises the rights of governments
Recent Developments in the Land Law of the Sudan: A Legislative Analysis
Authors: Gordon Carey N. 
Published: July 2009

With the promulgation of the Sudanese Civil Transactions Act, 1984, in February, 1984, the Republic of the Sudan joined several other Arab countries (e.g. Egypt, Jordan, Iraq and Libya) which have codified major areas of their non-criminal law. The Sudan's previous attempt at such codification was short-lived: the Civil Code, 1971 was repealed in 1973. Although many sectors of the Sudanese legal establishment have been critical of the 1984 legislation, because of questions regarding the quality of the draftsmanship and the absence of its circulation for comment prior to promulgation, it remains the most comprehensive single piece of legislation since the 1971 Civil Code, covering such topics as contract, sales, tort, gift, insurance, bailment and property, both real and personal.This article will survey all current Sudanese legislation affecting real property, including, most importantly, the Civil Transactions Act, 1984. Because there are more than twenty-five separate legislative acts in the Sudan relating to land, comprising more than six hundred relevant sections, the discussion herein must of necessity be to highlight the major divisions of the current land law, pointing out its distinctive features and those areas in which it appears that conflicts exist as between the various pieces of legislation.The Civil Transactions Act, 1984 (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “C.T.A.”), was promulgated on 14 February, 1984, and took effect on that date. It comprises some 95 chapters with 819 separate sections, more than one-third of which deal with matters relating to land.
The Freedom Charter and Ethnicity— towards a Communitarian South African Society
Authors: Sanders A. J. G. M. 
Published: July 2009

At national as well as international level the South African Freedom Charter has become a symbol of the long-standing struggle against apartheid. In this essay the emphasis will be on the charter's provisions relating to ethnicity. The question of ethnicity is a crucial one, for on its solution depends the outcome of the economic and other social problems which trouble South African society.The 1955 Freedom Charter, which was the outcome of a joint venture of the African National Congress (A.N.C.), the South African Indian Congress, the South African Coloured People's Organisation and the predominantly European South African Congress of Democrats, suggests a unitary, participatory welfare state, which will acccord equal rights to all “national groups and races”.For the A.N.C., the senior partner in the “Congress Alliance”, the reference in the charter to “national groups and races” soon became a major headache. Could it be said that the charter lent support to the creation of “four nations”? A number of people within the A.N.C. feared that much. Prominent among them were the “Africanists” who in April 1959 broke away from the A.N.C, and formed the Pan-Africanist Congress (P.A.C.) “Charterists” and “Africanists” are still at loggerheads, but the A.N.C.'s “Revolutionary Programme” of 1969 and its “Constitutional Guidelines for a Democratic