bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origins of Improved Hole‐Injection Efficiency by the Deposition of MoO3 on the Polymeric Semiconductor Poly(dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole)
Authors: Nakayama Yasuo , Morii Katsuyuki , Suzuki Yuuichirou , Machida Hiroyuki , Kera Satoshi , Ueno Nobuo , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Noguchi Yutaka , Ishii Hisao 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe electronic structure of the interfaces formed after deposition of MoO3 hole‐injection layers on top of a polymer light‐emitting material, poly(dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), is studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and metastable atom electron spectroscopy. Significant band bending is induced in the F8BT film by MoO3 “acceptors” that spontaneously diffuse into the F8BT “host” probably driven by kinetic energy of the deposited hot MoO3. Further deposition leads to the saturation of the band bending accompanied by the formation of MoO3 overlayers. Simultaneously, a new electronic state in the vicinity of the Fermi level appears on the UPS spectra. Since this peak does not appear in the bulk MoO3 film, it can be assigned as an interface state between the MoO3 overlayer and underlying F8BT film. Both band bending and the interface state should result from charge transfer from F8BT to MoO3, and they appear to be the origin of the hole‐injection enhancement by the insertion of MoO3 layers between the F8BT light‐emitting diodes and top anodes.
Novel Magnetic Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles as Non‐Viral Vectors for the Glial Cell Line‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene
Authors: Wu Hsi‐Chin , Wang Tzu‐Wei , Bohn Martha C. , Lin Feng‐Huei , Spector Myron 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNanoparticles (NPs) of synthetic hydroxyapatite (Hap) and natural bone mineral (NBM) are rendered magnetic by treatment with iron ions using a wet‐chemical process. The magnetic NPs (mNPs), which are about 300 nm in diameter, display superparamagnetic properties in a superconducting quantum interference device, with a saturation magnetization of about 30 emu g−1. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the magnetic properties of the NPs are the result of the hetero‐epitaxial growth of magnetite on the Hap and NBM crystallites. The mNPs display a high binding affinity for plasmid DNA in contrast to magnetite NPs which do not bind the plasmid well. The mHap and mNBM NPs result in substantial increases in the transfection of rat marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells with the gene for glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), with magnetofection compared to transfection in the absence of a magnet. The amount of GDNF recovered in the medium approaches therapeutic levels despite the small amount of plasmid delivered by the NPs.
Porous Polymersomes with Encapsulated Gd‐Labeled Dendrimers as Highly Efficient MRI Contrast Agents
Authors: Cheng Zhiliang , Thorek Daniel L. J. , Tsourkas Andrew 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe use of nanovesicles with encapsulated Gd as magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents has largely been ignored due to the detrimental effects of the slow water exchange rate through the vesicle bilayer on the relaxivity of encapsulated Gd. Here, the facile synthesis of a composite MR contrast platform is described; it consists of dendrimer conjugates encapsulated in porous polymersomes. These nanoparticles exhibit improved permeability to water flux and a large capacity to store chelated Gd within the aqueous lumen, resulting in enhanced longitudinal relaxivity. The porous polymersomes, ∼130 nm in diameter, are produced through the aqueous assembly of the polymers, polyethylene oxide‐b‐polybutadiene (PBdEO), and polyethylene oxide‐b‐polycaprolactone (PEOCL). Subsequent hydrolysis of the caprolactone (CL) block resulted in a highly permeable outer membrane. To prevent the leakage of small Gd‐chelate through the pores, Gd was conjugated to polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers via diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid dianhydride (DTPA dianhydride) prior to encapsulation. As a result of the slower rotational correlation time of Gd‐labeled dendrimers, the porous outer membrane of the nanovesicle, and the high Gd payload, these functional nanoparticles are found to exhibit a relaxivity (R1) of 292 109 mM−1 s−1 per particle. The polymersomes are also found to exhibit unique pharmacokinetics with a circulation half‐life of >3.5 h and predominantly renal clearance.
Tissue Engineering Strategies Designed to Realize the Endogenous Regenerative Potential of Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Mukhatyar Vivek , Karumbaiah Lohitash , Yeh Julie , Bellamkonda Ravi 
Published: November 2009

Abstracthttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/adma.v21:32/33Bridging peripheral nerve gaps without the use of autografts has significant clinical importance. But in order to rationally design novel scaffolds, a good understanding of the nerve regeneration process is vital. Appropriate amount of structural and chemical cues are required to stimulate the endogenous mechanisms of repair and functional recovery. Synthetic and natural materials present various opportunities to induce the growth of supporting cells as well as promote axon regeneration. An overview of tissue engineering strategies currently being explored that stimulate the different steps of the regenerative sequence is presented.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydrocoumarins via N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Ketenes and o‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Lv Hui , You Lin , Ye Song 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChiral N‐heterocyclic carbenes were found to be efficient catalysts for the formal [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of alky(aryl)ketenes and o‐quinone methides to give the corresponding 3,3,4‐trisubstituted 3,4‐dihydrocoumarins in good yields with good diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities.
Activated α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes as Substrate of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP)‐Dependent Aldolases in the Context of a Multienzyme System
Authors: Sánchez‐Moreno Israel , Iturrate Laura , Doyagüez Elisa G. , Martínez Juan Antonio , Fernández‐Mayoralas Alfonso , García‐Junceda Eduardo 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe utility for carbon‐carbon bond formation of a multienzyme system composed of recombinant dihydroxyacetone kinase (DHAK) from Citrobacter freundii, the fructose bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle (RAMA) and acetate kinase (AK) for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration has been studied. Several aldehydes with great structural diversity, including three α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, have been analysed as acceptor substrates. It was found that α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes bearing an electron‐withdrawing group in the β position to the double bond with a trans configuration are good acceptors for RAMA in this multienzyme system. The aldol reaction proceeds with excellent D‐threo enantioselectivity and the aldol adduct is obtained in good overall yield. The L‐threo and D‐erythro enantiomers are also accessible from rhamnulose 1‐phosphate aldolase (Rha‐1PA) and fuculose 1‐phosphate aldolase (Fuc‐1PA) catalysed reactions, respectively.
Robust identification of piecewise/switching autoregressive exogenous process
Authors: Jin Xing , Huang Biao 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA robust identification approach for a class of switching processes named PWARX (piecewise autoregressive exogenous) processes is developed in this article. It is proposed that the identification problem can be formulated and solved within the EM (expectation‐maximization) algorithm framework. However, unlike the regular EM algorithm in which the objective function of the maximization step is built upon the assumption that the noise comes from a single distribution, contaminated Gaussian distribution is utilized in the process of constructing the objective function, which effectively makes the revised EM algorithm robust to the latent outliers. Issues associated with the EM algorithm in the PWARX system identification such as sensitivity to its starting point as well as inability to accurately classify “un‐decidable” data points are examined and a solution strategy is proposed. Data sets with/without outliers are both considered and the performance is compared between the robust EM algorithm and regular EM algorithm in terms of their parameter estimation performance. Finally, a modified version of MRLP (multi‐category robust linear programming) region partition method is proposed by assigning different weights to different data points. In this way, negative influence caused by outliers could be minimized in region partitioning of PWARX systems. Simulation as well as application on a pilot‐scale switched process control system are used to verify the efficiency of the proposed identification algorithm. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Primate conservation: integrating communities through environmental education programs
Authors: Padua Suzana M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEnvironmental education has evolved over the years to respond to the varied complexities found in the different localities where it is practiced. In many parts of the world where biodiversity is rich, social conditions are poor, so educators have included sustainable development alternatives to better the environment and the livelihoods of local communities. Primate conservation education programs, which are often based in areas that face such challenges, have been a vanguard in creating means to integrate people with their natural environment and thus conquer supporters for the protection of natural habitats. In the search for effectiveness they have adopted evaluation methods to help assess what was offered. An example from Brazil is described in this commentary. Am. J. Primatol. 72:450–453, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spouse selection by health status and physical traits. Sardinia, 1856–1925
Authors: Manfredini M. , Breschi M. , Mazzoni S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMilitary medical information and data from civil registers of death and marriage have been used to study the role of physical characteristics and health conditions in explaining access to marriage for the male population of Alghero, a small city located in Sardinia Island (Italy), at the turn of 19th century. Literature data about contemporary populations have already demonstrated the influence of somatic traits in the mate choice. The results presented here show that men with low height and poor health status at the age of 20 were negatively selected for marriage. This holds true also in a society where families often arranged marriages for their children. This pattern of male selection on marriage was found to be particularly marked among the richest and wealthiest SES groups. Our hypothesis is that this social group carefully selected for marriage those individuals who were apparently healthier and therefore more likely to guarantee good health status and better life conditions to offspring. In evolutionary terms, the mate choice component of sexual selection suggests that the height of prospective partners could be claimed as one of the determinants, along with other environmental causes, of the observed higher stature of men belonging to the wealthiest social strata of the Alghero population. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The influence of masticatory loading on craniofacial morphology: A test case across technological transitions in the Ohio valley
Authors: Paschetta Carolina , de Azevedo Soledad , Castillo Lucía , Martínez‐Abadías Neus , Hernández Miquel , Lieberman Daniel E. , González‐José Rolando 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMasticatory loading is one of the main environmental stimuli that generate craniofacial variation among recent humans. Experimental studies on a wide variety of mammals, including those with retrognathic postcanine teeth, predict that responses to masticatory loading will be greater in the occlusal plane, the inferior rostrum, and regions associated with the attachments of the temporalis and masseter muscles. Here we test these experimentally‐derived predictions on an extinct human population from the middle and upper Ohio valley that underwent a marked shift from hunting‐gathering to extensive farming during the last 3,000 years and for which we have good archaeological evidence about diet and food processing technology. Geometric morphometric methods were used to detect and measure the putative effect of diet changes on cranial shape independent of size. Our results partially confirm only some of the experimental predictions. The effect of softer and/or less tough diets on craniofacial shape seem to be concentrated in the relative reduction of the temporal fossa and in a displacement of the attachment of the temporal muscle. However, there were few differences in craniofacial shape in regions closer to the occlusal plane. These results highlight the utility of exploring specific localized morphological shifts using a hierarchical model of craniofacial integration. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Height and body mass influence on human body outlines: A quantitative approach using an elliptic Fourier analysis
Authors: Courtiol Alexandre , Ferdy Jean Baptiste , Godelle Bernard , Raymond Michel , Claude Julien 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMany studies use representations of human body outlines to study how individual characteristics, such as height and body mass, affect perception of body shape. These typically involve reality‐based stimuli (e.g., pictures) or manipulated stimuli (e.g., drawings). These two classes of stimuli have important drawbacks that limit result interpretations. Realistic stimuli vary in terms of traits that are correlated, which makes it impossible to assess the effect of a single trait independently. In addition, manipulated stimuli usually do not represent realistic morphologies. We describe and examine a method based on elliptic Fourier descriptors to automatically predict and represent body outlines for a given set of predicted variables (e.g., sex, height, and body mass). We first estimate whether these predictive variables are significantly related to human outlines. We find that height and body mass significantly influence body shape. Unlike height, the effect of body mass on shape differs between sexes. Then, we show that we can easily build a regression model that creates hypothetical outlines for an arbitrary set of covariates. These statistically computed outlines are quite realistic and may be used as stimuli in future studies. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of cascaded systems with linear and quantized observations
Authors: Wang Le Yi , Yin G. , Xu Cheng‐Zhong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper studies identification of systems that can be decomposed into cascaded subsystems. The benefits of using additional sensors for identifying subsystems are investigated in terms of identification accuracy and time complexity. Identification algorithms, input design, and time complexity are first developed for subsystems, under various sensor types and locations. Overall reduction in estimation errors and time complexity is then analyzed to understand optimal selection of sensor locations and impact of sensor types on identification accuracy and time complexity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Factors controlling the activity of the SERCA2a pump in the normal and failing heart
Authors: Vandecaetsbeek Ilse , Raeymaekers Luc , Wuytack Frank , Vangheluwe Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHeart failure is the leading cause of death in western countries and is often associated with impaired Ca2+ handling in the cardiomyocyte. In fact, cardiomyocyte relaxation and contraction are tightly controlled by the activity of the cardiac sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (ER/SR) Ca2+ pump SERCA2a, pumping Ca2+ from the cytosol into the lumen of the ER/SR. This review addresses three important facets that control the SERCA2 activity in the heart. First, we focus on the alternative splicing of the SERCA2 messenger, which is strictly regulated in the developing heart. This splicing controls the formation of three SERCA2 splice variants with different enzymatic properties. Second, we will discuss the role and regulation of SERCA2a activity in the normal and failing heart. The two well‐studied Ca2+ affinity modulators phospholamban and sarcolipin control the activity of SERCA2a within a narrow window. An aberrantly high or low Ca2+ affinity is often observed in and may even trigger cardiac failure. Correcting SERCA2a activity might therefore constitute a therapeutic approach to improve the contractility of the failing heart. Finally, we address the controversies and unanswered questions of other putative regulators of the cardiac Ca2+ pump, such as sarcalumenin, HRC, S100A1, Bcl‐2, HAX‐1, calreticulin, calnexin, ERp57, IRS‐1, and −2. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Renal glutathione transport: Identification of carriers, physiological functions, and controversies
Authors: Lash Lawrence H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGlutathione (GSH) is an endogenous tripeptide composed of the amino acidsL‐glutamate,L‐cysteine, and glycine. It is found in virtually all aerobic cells and plays critical roles in maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis and drug metabolism. An important component of its regulation is transport across biological membranes. Because GSH is a charged, hydrophilic molecule, transport occurs via catalysis by specific carrier proteins rather than by simple diffusion. Although it has been clearly understood that efflux of GSH across membranes such as the canalicular and sinusoidal plasma membranes in hepatocytes and the brush‐border plasma membrane in renal proximal tubules is a key step in GSH turnover and interorgan metabolism, the existence and physiological functions of uptake of GSH across various epithelial plasma membranes has been subject to some debate. Besides transport across plasma membranes, GSH transport across intracellular membranes, most notably the mitochondrial inner membrane, has received some attention in recent years because of the importance of mitochondrial redox status and the mitochondrial GSH pool in cellular physiology and pathology. This commentary will focus on renal transport processes for GSH and will discuss some of the controversies that have existed and still seem to exist in the literature, specifically regarding uptake of intact GSH by basolateral membranes of renal proximal tubular cells and uptake of intact GSH by the mitochondrial inner membrane. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Recent trends and some applications of isothermal titration calorimetry in biotechnology
Authors: Roselin L. Selva , Lin Ming‐Shen , Lin Po‐Hsun , Chang Yung , Chen Wen‐Yih 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIsothermal titration calorimeters (ITCs) are thermodynamic instruments used for the determination of enthalpy changes in any physical/chemical reaction. This can be applied in various fields of biotechnology. This review explains ITC applications, especially in bioseparation, drug development and cell metabolism. In liquid chromatography, the separation/purification of specific proteins or polypeptides in a mixture is usually achieved by varying the adsorption affinities of the different proteins/polypeptides for the adsorbent under different mobile‐phase conditions and temperatures. Using ITC analysis, the binding mechanism of proteins with adsorbent solid material is derived by elucidating enthalpy and entropy changes, which offer valuable guidelines for designing experimental conditions in chromatographic separation. The binding affinity of a drug with its target is studied by deriving binding enthalpy and binding entropy. To improve the binding affinity, suitable lead compounds for a drug can be identified and their affinity tested by ITC. Recently ITC has also been used in studying cell metabolism. The heat produced by animal cells in culture can be used as a primary indicator of the kinetics of cell metabolism, which provides key information for drug bioactivity and operation parameters for process cell culture.
Enantioresolution of dl‐penicillamine
Authors: Bhushan Ravi , Kumar Rajender 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPenicillamine (PenA) is a nonproteinogenic amino acid containing a thiol group. The three functional groups in penicillamine undergo characteristic chemical reactions and differ in their ability to participate in various chemical and biochemical reactions. d‐penicillamine is more active pharmacologically, while the l‐isomer occurs ‘naturally’. This review deals with the enantioresolution of PenA both by direct and indirect methods using liquid chromatography. HPLC separation of its diastereomers prepared with different chiral derivatizing reagents (on reversed‐phase columns) and separation of the derivatives prepared with achiral reagents (on chiral columns or via ligand exchange mode) has been discussed. Separation of enantiomers tagged with achiral reagent (to add a chromophore for ehanced detection) when there is no diastereomer formation has been considered separately. In addition, application of PenA and its derivatives as chiral selector for enentioresolution of certain other compounds has also been discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of three‐year clinical outcomes between sirolimus‐versus paclitaxel‐eluting stents in diabetic patients: Prospective randomized multicenter trial
Authors: Hong Soon Jun , Kim Moo Hyun , Cha Kwang Soo , Park Hun Sik , Chae Shung Chull , Hur Seung Ho , Gwon Hyeon Cheol , Bae Jang Ho , Lim Do‐Sun 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground: Three‐year follow‐up of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization) and the predictors of MACEs in diabetic patients after sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) or paclitaxel‐eluting stent (PES) implantation have not been reported. Methods: Diabetic patients with de novo coronary lesions (169 patients with 190 lesions) were randomly assigned prospectively to either SES or PES. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. The rates of MACEs [5.9% (n = 5) in the SES vs. 9.5% (n = 8) in the PES Group, P = 0.374] and definite stent thrombosis [1.2% (n = 1) in the SES vs. 3.6% (n = 3) in the PES Group, P = 0.368] were similar in the two groups during the three‐year follow‐up. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that insulin treatment was the only independent predictor of MACE [odds ratio (OR) 8.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.25–22.76, P < 0.001] and target vessel revascularization (TVR) (OR 9.50, 95% CI 3.07–29.44, P < 0.001) during the three‐year follow‐up. Conclusions: The rates of MACEs, TVR, and stent thrombosis during the three‐year follow‐up were similar in the SES and PES Groups. Insulin treatment was a main predictor of MACEs and TVR during the three‐year follow‐up after either SES or PES implantation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NaOH‐Promoted Hydrogen Transfer: Does NaOH or Traces of Transition Metals Catalyze the Reaction?
Authors: Ouali Armelle , Majoral Jean‐Pierre , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Taillefer Marc 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNaOH is revealed as an excellent catalyst for the hydrogen transfer of a wide range of aromatic and aliphatic ketones, which can be converted in high yields into the corresponding alcohols. The method is simple, cheap, uses a nontoxic and easy‐to‐handle catalyst, and does not require strictly anhydrous reagents, an inert atmosphere, transition metals, or any additional ligands. The pathway of this reaction is still debatable: is it a Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley‐like process or are traces of transition metals present in commercial NaOH responsible for the activity? Possible mechanisms of this surprising reaction are discussed.