bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unified Medical Language System and associated vocabularies
Authors: Chute Christopher G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Vocabularies and ontologies comprise conceptual underpinnings of science, biology, and medicine. The 400‐year heritage of medical classification has evolved into a broadly diverse spectrum of discrete vocabularies, nomenclatures, terminologies, and ontologies about terms and concepts of clinical and basic science interest. The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) of the National Library Medicine (NLM) is an effective form in which about 100 major terminologies are compiled in a common format. For many source systems, complex relationships between and among terms are faithfully represented in the UMLS Metathesaurus. Many sophisticated relationships exist across terms among these terminologies. Complementing the core Metathesaurus are rich components of UMLS that have tremendous value and generalizability to the UMLS suite. The major UMLS components are (1) the Semantic Network, which enumerates a shared network of meaning applied across all Metathesaurus sources and (2) the Specialist Lexicon, which provides a rich linguistic body of knowledge about English words and terms together with an open‐source suite of natural language processing tools and applications.
Ontologies for the life sciences
Authors: Schulze‐Kremer Steffen , Smith Barry 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWhere humans can manipulate and integrate the information they receive in subtle and ever‐changing ways from context to context, computers need structured and context‐free background information of a sort that ontologies can help to provide. A domain ontology captures the stable, highly general, and commonly accepted core knowledge for an application domain. The domain at issue here is that of the life sciences, in particular, molecular biology and bioinformatics. Contemporary life science research includes components drawn from physics, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, and many other areas, and all of these dimensions, as well as fundamental philosophical issues, must be taken into account in the construction of a domain ontology. Here we describe the basic features of domain ontologies in the life sciences and show how they can be used.
Acrylonitrile Polymers
Authors: Ball Lawrence E. , Curatolo Benedict S. , Kulich Donald M. , Pace John E. , Fritch Leroy W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSANSANPhysical Properties and Test MethodsSANChemical Properties and Analytical MethodsSANManufactureOther CopolymersEconomic AspectsHealth and ToxicologyABSResinsApplications
Alkyd Resins
Authors: Lin K. F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Fundamental Reactions and Resin Structure

Classification of Alkyd Resins

Oil Length‐Resin Property Relationship

Alkyd Ingredients

The Concept of Functionality and Gelation

Microgel Formation and Molecular Weight Distribution

Principles for the Designing of Alkyd Resins

Chemical Procedures for Alkyd Resin Synthesis

Alkyd Resin Production Processes

Safety and Environmental Precautions

Modification of Alkyd Resins by Blending With Other Polymers

Chemically Modified Alkyd Resins

High Solids Alkyds

Water‐Reducible Alkyds

Economic Aspects
Allyl Alcohol and Monoallyl Derivatives
Authors: Nagato Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Industrial Manufacturing Processes for Allyl Alcohol

Monoallyl Derivatives

Reactivity of Allyl Compounds

Physical Properties of Derivatives

Allyl Chloride

Allyl Esters

Allyl Ethers

Allyl Amines

Safety and Handling
Aluminum Alloys and Engineered Materials
Authors: Sansonetti S. J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Non‐Heat‐Treatable Alloys

Casting Alloys

Contemporary Advancements and Future Potential

ARALL
Laminates

Quasicrystals

Advances in Powdered Metallurgy (
PM
) Aluminum Alloys

Aluminum Electroplating
Dyes: Application and Evaluation
Authors: Glover Brian 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Classification of Dyestuffs According to Application

Physical and Organic Chemistry of Dyes and the Dyeing Process

Modes of Attraction

Dyestuff Organic Chemistry

The Dyeing Process

Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibers

Direct Dyes

Fiber‐Reactive Dyes

Vat Dyes on Cellulose

Dyeing of Wool

Acid Dyes

Mordant Dyes/Metal Complex Dyes

Dyeing Wool with Fiber‐Reactive Dyes

Silk

Dyeing of Synthetic Polyamides

Dyeing of Acrylic Fibers

Dyeing of Polyester

Dyeing of Cellulose Esters

Dyeing of Fiber Blends

Cellulosic Fiber Blends

Wool Blends

Blends of Synthetic Fibers

Other Application Procedures

Dyeing Machinery

Textile Printing

Colorants for Textile Printing

Styles of Printing

Printing Machinery

Paper Coloring

Dyeing Processes

Dyeing of Leather

Fastness Tests for Textiles

Safe Handling of Dyes

Colour Index Generic Names
Flame‐Retarding Agents
Authors: Gann Richard G. , Touval Irving , Pettigrew Alex , Weil Edward D. , Calamari Timothy A. , Harper Robert J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAntimony and Other Inorganic Flame RetardantsHalogenated Flame RetardantsPhosphorus Flame RetardantsFlame Retardants for Textiles
Mineralogy
Authors: Rowley Elmer B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOrigin of MineralsCrystal StructureCrystal FormsPhysical MineralogyIsomorphism and DiadochyPolymorphismPseudomorphismTwinningRock Types, Associated Minerals and Their UsesMinerals of Primary Industrial and Economic ImportanceOcean Sources of MineralsLunar RocksClassification of Minerals
Nitriles
Authors: McKinney Ronald J. , DeVito Stephen C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

General Preparations and Chemical Properties

Chemistry and Uses of Nitriles

General Health and Safety Factors

Acetonitrile

Adiponitrile

α‐Aminonitriles

Azobisnitriles

Benzonitrile

Cyanoacetic Acid and Esters

Isophthalonitrile

2‐Methylglutaronitrile

Pentenenitriles

Fatty Acid Nitriles

Disclaimer
X
‐Ray Analysis
Authors: Shequen W. G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Source of
X
‐rays

Continuous Spectrum

X
‐Ray Spectral Lines

Generation of
X
‐rays

Detection of
X
‐rays

X
‐ray Crystallography

X
‐Ray Analyzer, Electron‐Microprobe

Detectors

X
‐ray Fluorescence Analysis
Generation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Reporter Knock‐In Lines by Homologous Recombination
Authors: Davis Richard P. , Grandela Catarina , Sourris Koula , Hatzistavrou Tanya , Dottori Mirella , Elefanty Andrew G. , Stanley Edouard G. , Costa Magdaline 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis unit describes a series of technical procedures to form clonal human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines that are genetically modified by homologous recombination. To develop a reporter knock‐in hESC line, a vector is configured to contain a reporter gene adjacent to a positive selection cassette. These core elements are flanked by homologous sequences that, following electroporation into hESCs, promote the integration of the vector into the appropriate genomic locus. The positive selection cassette facilitates the enrichment and isolation of genetically modified hESC colonies that are then screened by PCR to identify correctly targeted lines. The selection cassette, flanked byloxPsites, is subsequently excised from the positively targeted hESCs via the transient expression of Cre recombinase. This is necessary because the continued presence of the cassette may interfere with the regulation of the reporter or neighboring genes. Finally, these genetically modified hESCs are clonally isolated using single‐cell deposition flow cytometry. Reporter knock‐in hESC lines are valuable tools that allow easy and rapid identification and isolation of specific hESC derivatives.Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 11:5B.1.1‐5B.1.34. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Laboratory Maintenance of Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Hulbert Robin R. , Cotter Peggy A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe causative agent of the respiratory disease whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis, is a nutritionally fastidious microorganism but can be grown with relative ease in research laboratories. Stainer‐Scholte synthetic broth medium and Bordet‐Gengou blood agar both support growth of B. pertussis and are commonly used. B. pertussis prefers aerobic conditions and a temperature range of 35° to 37°C. Appropriate laboratory safety protocols are required to prevent the generation of aerosols, which could potentially spread this highly infectious agent. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 15:4B.1.1‐4B.1.9. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differential Staining of Bacteria: Gram Stain
Authors: Moyes Rita B. , Reynolds Jackie , Breakwell Donald P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn 1884, Hans Christian Gram, a Danish doctor, developed a differential staining technique that is still the cornerstone of bacterial identification and taxonomic division. This multistep, sequential staining protocol separates bacteria into four groups based on cell morphology and cell wall structure: Gram‐positive cocci, Gram‐negative cocci, Gram‐positive rods, and Gram‐negative rods. The Gram stain is useful for assessing bacterial contamination of tissue culture samples or for examining the Gram stain status and morphological features of bacteria isolated from mixed or isolated bacterial cultures. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 15:A.3C.1‐A.3C.8. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preliminary Staining of Bacteria: Simple Stains
Authors: Moyes Rita B. , Reynolds Jackie , Breakwell Donald P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSimple staining involves directly staining the bacterial cell with a positively charged dye in order to see bacterial detail, in contrast to negative staining where the bacteria remain unstained against a dark background. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 15:A.3E.1‐A.3E.5. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorescent Staining of Bacteria: Viability and Antibody Labeling
Authors: Moyes Rita B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis appendix presents several methods for using fluorescence to evaluate bacterial viability and to explore the cell surface for the presence of various antigens for diagnostic and taxonomic purposes. The use of fluorescent labeling will allow fast and accurate analysis and monitoring of microbial populations in ecological and clinical environments. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 15:A.3K.1‐A.3K.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Occupational injuries among emergency responders
Authors: Reichard Audrey A. , Jackson Larry L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundEmergency responders frequently incur injuries while providing medical, fire, and law enforcement services. National surveillance systems provide fragmented perspectives on responder injuries because they omit specific classes of workers (e.g., government or volunteers); they report only selected injuries; and employment information is incomplete.MethodsWe characterized injuries among emergency medical services (EMS), firefighting, and police occupations by using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System—Occupational Supplement (NEISS‐Work) for injuries treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments in 2000–2001.ResultsSprains and strains were the leading injury (33–41%) among EMS, firefighter, and police occupations. Police officers and career firefighters had the highest injury rates (8.5 and 7.4 injuries per 100 full‐time equivalent workers, respectively).ConclusionsThe physical demands of emergency response are a leading cause of injuries that may benefit from similar interventions across the occupations. To assess risk, improved exposure data need to be acquired, particularly for volunteers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1–11, 2010. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generalized Confidence Intervals for Ratios of Regression Coefficients with Applications to Bioassays
Authors: Bebu Ionut , Seillier‐Moiseiwitsch Françoise , Mathew Thomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe problem of constructing a confidence interval for the ratio of two regression coefficients is addressed in the context of multiple regression. The concept of a Generalized Confidence Interval is used, and the resulting confidence interval is shown to perform well in terms of coverage probability. The proposed methodology always results in an interval, unlike the confidence region generated from Fieller's theorem. The procedure can easily be implemented for parallel‐line assays, slope‐ratio assays, and quantal assays under a probit model. Furthermore, this approach can also be extended to compute confidence intervals based on data from multiple bioassays. The results are illustrated using several examples.
Minimum‐Norm Estimation for Binormal Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves
Authors: Davidov Ori , Nov Yuval 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is often used to assess the usefulness of a diagnostic test. We present a new method to estimate the parameters of a popular semi‐parametric ROC model, called the binormal model. Our method is based on minimization of the functional distance between two estimators of an unknown transformation postulated by the model, and has a simple, closed‐form solution. We study the asymptotics of our estimators, showviasimulation that they compare favorably with existing estimators, and illustrate how covariates may be incorporated into the norm minimization framework.
A low‐cost autonomous mobile robotics experiment: Control, vision, sonar, and Handy Board
Authors: Inanc Tamer , Dinh Huan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to demonstrate a design of a low‐cost mobile robotics experiment using LEGO Mindstorms Robotic Invention System kit, Handy Board microcontroller board, CMU camera, and SRF04 sonar sensor. The experiment is designed to be used as a laboratory session of a course on Fundamentals of Autonomous Robots. This hands‐on course aims to foster students' interests from different fields to autonomous mobile robotics and improve the education in this area. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 203–213, 2012
Guidance on Safety/Health for Process Intensification including MS Design; Part II: Explosion Hazards
Authors: Klais O. , Westphal F. , Benaissa W. , Carson D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe implementation of process intensification by multiscale equipment will have a profound impact on the way chemicals are produced. The shift to higher space‐time yields for partial oxidation processes using micro‐designed reactors comprises the risk of having a permanent explosive atmosphere in the reaction section. In Part I, it was concluded that spontaneous reaction with hot spots can be presumed if highly exothermic reactions were performed and may cause ignition of an explosive atmosphere. The risk analysis of the situation, based on public information in the literature, leads to the conclusion that microreactors are inherently safe regarding the initiation and propagation of an explosion inside a microchannel by an uncontrolled reaction. The situation is the opposite when a propagating explosion enters the same micro‐designed reactor from one of the outside openings. The external explosion may enter the micro‐designed equipment and destroy it when the same starting conditions are present.
Fullerene Dimers (C60/C70) for Energy Harvesting
Authors: Delgado Juan L. , Espíldora Eva , Liedtke Moritz , Sperlich Andreas , Rauh Daniel , Baumann Andreas , Deibel Carsten , Dyakonov Vladimir , Martín Nazario 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA new family of fullerene‐based compounds, namely, soluble [60]‐ and [70]fullerene homodimers and the [60]/[70]heterodimer linked through 2‐pyrazolino–pyrrolidino bridges, has been synthesised by simple procedures and in high yield. Electrochemical studies confirm their suitability to act as electron acceptors in combination with poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT). Their optical properties in solution and in the solid state were studied. A significantly stronger absorption in [70]fullerene‐containing dimers relative to [60]homodimer in solution in the visible range was observed. Furthermore, in all donor–acceptor blends studied an efficient charge transfer was observed by means of photoluminescence (PL), photoinduced absorption and light‐induced electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The [70]homodimer was found to be a distinctive species, being the strongest PL quencher and most efficient acceptor with the longest lifetime of the charge‐separated (polaron) states. As a consequence, bulk‐heterojunction solar cells based on this novel [70]homodimer blended with P3HT demonstrated the highest quantum and power conversion efficiencies of 37 and 1 %, respectively, compared to those of [60]fullerene dimers.
Modellierung von Gas/Flüssig/Fest‐Reaktionen in engen Kanälen für das Regime der Kolbenströmung
Authors: Lange R. , Haase S. , Bauer T. , Langsch R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMikro‐ und Monolithreaktoren profitieren in Mehrphasenanwendungen von hohen Stofftransportraten der Gas/Flüssig‐Kolbenströmung zur Kanaloberfläche, an der die chemische Reaktion stattfindet. Auf der Basis eines weiterentwickelten Pseudo‐2D‐Modells zur Vorhersage von Konzentrations‐ und Temperaturprofilen in axialer Durchströmungsrichtung sowie innerhalb der porösen Kanalwand eines einzelnen Reaktionskanals werden Teilaspekte des Stofftransports detailliert analysiert sowie günstige Betriebsbedingungen und ein vorteilhaftes Kanaldesign für die technische Anwendung diskutiert.
How to Replace the Residual Solvation Shell of Polar Active Site Residues to Achieve Nanomolar Inhibition of tRNA‐Guanine Transglycosylase
Authors: Ritschel Tina , Kohler Philipp C. , Neudert Gerd , Heine Andreas , Diederich François , Klebe Gerhard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn a computational and structural study, we investigated a series of 4‐substituted lin‐benzoguanines that are potent inhibitors of tRNA‐guanine transglycosylase (TGT), a putative target for the treatment of shigellosis. At first glance, it appears self‐evident that the placement of a positively charged ligand functional group between the carboxylate groups of two adjacent aspartate residues in the glycosylase catalytic center leads to enhanced ligand binding. The concomitant displacement of water molecules that partially solvate the aspartates prior to ligand binding appears to result as a consequence of this. However, the case study presented herein shows that this premise is much too superficial. Placement of a likely positively charged amino group at such a pivotal position, interfering with the residual water solvation shell, is at best cost‐neutral compared with the unsubstituted parent ligand not conflicting with the residual water shell. A ligand that orients a hydroxy group in this position shows even decreased binding. Based on the cost‐neutral placement of the amino functionality, hydrophobic side chains can now be further attached to fill, with increasing potency, a small hydrophobic pocket remote to the aspartates. Any attempts to cross the pivotal position between both aspartates with nonpolar scaffolds reveals only decreased binding, even though the waters of the residual solvation shell are successfully repelled. This surprising observation fostered a detailed analysis of the role of water molecules involved in the residual solvation of polar active site residues. Their geometry and putative replacement in the binding pocket of TGT has been studied by a comparative database analysis, computational active site mapping, and a series of crystal structure analyses. Furthermore, conformational preferences of attached hydrophobic moieties explain their contribution to a gradual increase in binding affinity.
Bilateral adrenal gland enlargement secondary to histoplasmosis mimicking adrenal metastases: Diagnosis with EUS‐guided FNA
Authors: Eloubeidi Mohamad A. , Luz Leticia P. , Crowe David R. , Snowden Cindi , Morgan Desiree E. , Arnoletti Pablo J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWhile adrenal gland histoplasmosis has been previously diagnosed by fine needle aspiration utilizing the percutaneous approach, EUS‐FNA has not been employed in the diagnosis of this infection affecting both adrenal glands. We report a patient with massive bilateral adrenal enlargement due to histoplasmosis that was diagnosed by EUS‐FNA. Trans‐duodenal and trans‐gastric fine needle aspiration biopsy of both adrenal glands was performed. Rapid onsite cytopathologic evaluation (ROSE) revealed epithelioid histiocytes, singly and in clusters consistent with granulomas. Apparent intracytoplasmic inclusions suggestive of organisms were visible. A Gomori Methenamine Silver stain (GMS) revealed abundant small intracellular budding yeasts, morphologically consistent with Histoplasma; the patient was admitted for amphotericin B intravenous infusion. His fever abated on the second day after amphotericin B was started. His urine Histoplasma antigen was positive. Fungal cultures from both adrenal EUS‐FNA samples grew Histoplasma capsulatum. After a one week hospital stay, he was discharged home on itraconazole 200 mg po bid for one year. Four months after initiation of treatment, his urine Histoplasma antigen was undetectable. Nine months after initial diagnosis, the patient regained his energy level, and returned to work with complete resolution of his initial symptoms. This case highlights that EUS‐FNA with ROSE can be a highly effective tool in the diagnosis of uncommon infections of the adrenal glands. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combining fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and high‐resolution melt analysis to reduce diagnostic delay in mycobacterial lymphadenitis
Authors: Wright Colleen A. , Hoek Kim G. P. , Marais Ben J. , van Helden Paul , Warren Rob M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTuberculous lymphadenitis is the most common cause of extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries. Lymphadenitis caused by non‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) requires consideration, particularly in immunocompromised patients and children in developed countries. Fine‐Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) offers a valuable specimen collection technique, but culture confirmation, mycobacterial speciation and drug resistance testing (if indicated) is often unavailable in TB endemic areas and result in unacceptable diagnostic delay.We evaluated the diagnostic value of high‐resolution DNA melting (HRM) analysis in the diagnosis of mycobacterial lymphadenopathy using FNAB and an inexpensive transport medium. Specimens were collected from patients referred to the FNAB Clinic at Tygerberg Hospital (June 2007–May 2008) with clinical mycobacterial lymphadenitis. Cytology, culture, and HRM were performed on all specimens. The reference standard for disease was defined as positive cytology (morphological evidence plus mycobacterial visualization) and/or a positive culture.Specimens were collected from 104 patients and mycobacterial disease was confirmed in 54 (51.9%); 52 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1 Mycobacterium Bovis BCG and 1 NTM. Cytology was positive in 83.3% (45/54) and culture in 72.2% (39/54) of patients. HRM identified 57.4% (31/54) of cases. By using the defined reference standard, we recorded 94.0% specificity and 51.9% sensitivity (positive predictive value 90.3%) with HRM analysis.HRM analysis allowed rapid and species specific diagnosis of mycobacterial lymph adenitis in the majority of patients, permitting early institution of appropriate therapy. Optimization of this technique requires further study. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer nucleus: Morphology and beyond
Authors: Dey Pranab 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThere are many significant morphological alterations of a nucleus of cancer cell that are detectable by light microscopy on routine staining. These changes are often associated with deranged cellular functions of cancer cell. It is difficult to understand the exact relationship between nuclear morphology and alteration of nuclear structural organization in cancer. Herein, the salient visual and subvisual morphological changes of cancer nuclei and their possible etiology and significance have been reviewed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.