bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A framework for implementing sustainable oral health promotion interventions
Authors: Simpson D. Dwayne 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe present paper addresses basic evaluation and procedural concepts that are involved in the process of implementing sustainable oral health behavioral and social interventions. It is part of a series of thematic articles describing cutting‐edge methods for conducting oral health interventions research. Core components for effective intervention implementation are presented as part of a comprehensive model composed of four stages (training, adoption, implementation, and practice), along with sustaining influences involving preparation and maintenance. This model systematically addresses common barriers that can reduce innovation success and permanence. Special attention is given to the measurement and impact of organizational and related contextual influences across stages of the implementation process. Assessment tools and research strategies are recommended and illustrated based on evaluations of interventions implemented in addiction and mental health treatment systems. These tools and research strategies also hold promise for use within the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Practice‐Based Research Networks, as well as other systems of oral health care delivery.
What is a planning model? An introduction to PRECEDE‐PROCEED
Authors: Crosby Richard , Noar Seth M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPlanning models exist at a macroscopic level; they serve as an organizing framework for an entire health promotion effort aimed at fostering reduction in a given disease. A particularly useful, widely applied, and easy‐to‐follow example of a planning model is the PRECEDE‐PROCEED planning model (PPM). The PPM is very much an ecological approach to health promotion. The PPM is actually quite simple to understand once one realizes that it embodies two key aspects of intervention: a) planning, and (b) evaluation. The PPM guides the program planner to think logically about the desired end point and work “backwards” to achieve that goal. Through community participation, the planning process is broken down into objectives, step 3 sub‐objectives, and step 4 sub‐objectives. Conceptually, this approach to health promotion provides context to the use of theory, with theory being applied at the fourth step. This observation teaches a vital lesson, namely that program planning is larger and is a more comprehensive task compared to the subservient function of theory selection and application.
Statistical analysis for identifying mediating variables in public health dentistry interventions
Authors: MacKinnon David P. , Luecken Linda J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjective: This article provides an overview of statistical mediation analysis methods in the evaluation of public health dentistry interventions.Methods and Results: First, reasons for conducting mediation analysis are outlined, followed by a discussion of the link between the mediation model and theoretical bases of interventions. Second, the basic statistical procedures in mediation analysis are presented. An example application to data from a hypothetical intervention is provided in Appendix A. Third, interpretation of the results from statistical mediation analysis is described along with additional information pertinent to identifying true mediation relations.Conclusions: Guidelines for describing mediation analyses in research articles related to public health dentistry intervention studies are outlined.
Mobilising the State? Social Mobilisation and State Interaction in India, Brazil and South Africa
Authors: Mohanty Ranjita , Thompson Lisa , Coelho Vera Schattan 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThis paper explores how social mobilisation and the state interact, influence and mutually constitute each other in India, Brazil and South Africa. Given their broad similarities of democratic political structures, as emerging economies that now often commonly characterise them as ‘middle‐income’ and of their persistent socioeconomic inequalities, a focus on these three countries offers opportunities for a comparative analysis on whether and to what extent democracy is deepened to meet the needs of the poor through state‐society interactions. Through a political process approach that combines historical analysis with select cases from each country, we critically examine the modes of interaction between forms of mobilisation that raise citizen demands and the state response.The findings show that these states find it comfortable to adopt participatory modes and to engage with forms of mobilisation that are perceived (from within their institutional ranks) to be close to their own framework and strategy of action. However, the cases in which citizens raise legitimate yet contentious demand through protests and other forms of contestations are highly likely to meet state resistance. However, from the citizen's point of view, action is important, and despite the potential lack of state response, contributes to a sense of agency and empowerment which is crucial for democracy. Not letting the state off the hook, the paper argues, is in itself an empowering expression of citizenship and political identity.
Predicting parents' use of booster seats
Authors: Bruce Beth S , Snowdon Anne W , Cunningham Charles , Cramm Carolyn L , Whittle Krista , Correale Heather , Barwick Melanie , Piotrowski Caroline , Warda Lynne , Harrold Jessie 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo examine the simultaneous contribution of multiple factors associated with parents' use of booster seats.MethodsUsing the theory of planned behaviour framework, constructs of the theory were tested for usefulness in predicting self-reported intent and behaviour with respect to parents' use of booster seats. Through the use of structural equation modelling, the study demonstrated the most significant predictors of the intent to use a booster seat and reported use of booster seats in a Canadian sample (n=1480) of parents of school-aged children, 4–9 years.ResultsThe strongest predictors of intent to use booster seats were attitudes (benefits of booster seat use) and second, subjective norms (perceived booster seat use in the community). Parent barriers were inversely associated with intent and use of booster seats and child barriers with use. Intent and norms had the greatest effect on use, both positive and equally influential. The final model explains 30% of the variance in booster seat use.ConclusionMessages that address the benefit to the child in preventing injury could be beneficial if spread more diversely, establishing a social norm. Legislation, enforcement and local policy could positively influence the perceived culture that supports and expects booster seat use for school-aged children.
Breast carcinomas with borderline (2+) HER2 immunohistochemistry: percentage of cells with complete membrane staining for HER2 and the frequency of HER2 amplification: Table 1
Authors: Lee Andrew H S , Key Heather P , Bell Jane A , Hodi Zsolt , Ellis Ian O 
Published: March 2011

AimHER2 status is vital for selecting breast cancer patients for trastuzumab treatment. One recommended approach is to assess immunohistochemical staining and then perform in situ hybridisation on those tumours with a borderline (2+) immunohistochemical result. This audit aimed to assess the value of the percentage of immunohistochemical staining in 2+ tumours in selecting tumours for in-situ hybridisation.MethodsHER2 immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation was performed according to UK guidelines. The percentage of complete membrane staining of invasive carcinoma cells for HER2 was recorded as part of routine reporting.Results191 (11%) of 1735 invasive carcinomas were scored as 3+. 419 (24%) were scored as 2+. 57 of 413 2+ carcinomas (14%) were amplified (ratio of HER2 to chromosome 17≥2.0). The frequency of amplification was related to the percentage of complete membrane staining: eight of 149 (5%) with 10–19% membrane staining, 11 of 93 (12%) with 20–29% staining, 26 of 150 (17%) with 30–79% staining and 12 of 21 (57%) with 80–100% staining.ConclusionsThis audit suggests that increasing the threshold for 2+ from 10% to 20% complete membrane staining would reduce the number of in-situ hybridisation tests by 36%, but reduce the detection of amplified tumours by 14%.
EpCAM expression in primary tumour tissues and metastases: an immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Spizzo Gilbert , Fong Dominic , Wurm Martin , Ensinger Christian , Obrist Peter , Hofer Carina , Mazzoleni Guido , Gastl Guenther , Went Philip 
Published: March 2011

AimsEpithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a cell surface protein with oncogenic features that is expressed on healthy human epithelia and corresponding malignant tumours. EpCAM expression frequently correlates with more aggressive tumour behaviour and new EpCAM-specific therapeutic agents have recently been approved for clinical use in patients with cancer. However, no consensus exists on how and when to evaluate EpCAM expression in patients with cancer.Material and methodsEpCAM expression was assessed by a well-established immunohistochemical staining protocol in 2291 primary tumour tissues and in 108 metastases using the EpCAM-specific antibody clone VU1D9. A total immunostaining score was calculated as the product of a proportion score and an intensity score. Four expression subgroups (no, weak, moderate and intense) were defined. As described previously, the term ‘EpCAM overexpression’ was reserved for tissues showing a total immunostaining score >4.ResultsEpCAM was highly expressed in most tumours of gastrointestinal origin and in some carcinomas of the genitourinary tract. However, hepatocellular carcinomas, clear cell renal cell cancer, urothelial cancer and squamous cell cancers were frequently EpCAM negative. EpCAM expression in breast cancer depended on the histological subtype; lobular histology usually showed no or weak expression. Most metastases were EpCAM positive and they frequently reflected the expression phenotype of the primary tumour.ConclusionEpCAM expression was detected on adenocarcinomas of various primary sites. If EpCAM-specific antibodies are intended to be used in patients with cancer, we recommend prior immunohistochemical evaluation of EpCAM expression, particularly in patients with renal cell cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, breast cancer and squamous cell carcinomas.
Eocene rotation of the Coast Plutonic Complex and Intermontane Belt: paleomagnetism of Eocene plutons along the Klondike Highway
Authors: Symons David T.A. , Kawasaki Kazuo 
Published: March 2011

Paleomagnetic results are reported for the ∼59 Ma Skagway, ∼54 Ma Fraser, ∼53 Ma Summit Lake, and ∼48 Ma Clifton felsic plutons of the eastern Coast Plutonic Complex (CPC) that outcrop along the south Klondike Highway in Alaska and British Columbia. Thermal and alternating field step demagnetizing methods yielded stable characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) directions for all 29 sites of normal, reversed, and mixed polarity. The ChRM resides in single or pseudosingle domain magnetite and (or) pyrrhotite that is shown to be primary by contact tests with the ∼47 Ma vertical White Pass mafic dikes. Paleopoles from six 56 to 50 Ma (mean 52 ± 2 Ma) Intermontane Belt – Yukon–Tanana terrane (IMB–YTT) units that cannot be explained by tectonic tilt are compared with nine clustered 59 to 46 Ma (mean 52 ± 4 Ma) eastern CPC paleopoles. Both paleopole populations show nonsignificant poleward (northward) translation relative to North America (IMB–YTT, 3.7° ± 5.3°N; CPC, 4.3° ± 6.4°S; overall, 1.2° ± 4.9°S), indicating that northward translation of the accreted terranes ended by ∼58 Ma. Conversely, both populations show clockwise (CW) rotation that is either highly significant or substantial (IMB–YTT, 19.3° ± 10.5 °CW; CPC, 7.1° ± 16.1 °CW; overall 12.8° ± 10.9 °CW). The results are best explained by tectonic rotation from ∼50 to ∼45 Ma of the IMB–YTT as a thin-skin on top of North America during emplacement and co-incident rotation of the massive Eocene plutons of the eastern CPC along the North American margin.
Local density approximation description of electronic properties of wurtzite cadmium sulfide (w-CdS)
Authors: Ekuma E. C. , Franklin L. , Zhao G. L. , Wang J. T. , Bagayoko D. 
Published: March 2011

We present calculated, electronic, and related properties of wurtzite cadmium sulfide (w-CdS). Our ab initio, nonrelativistic calculations employ a local density functional approximation (LDA) potential and the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO). Following the Bagayoko, Zhao, and Williams (BZW) method, we solved self-consistently both the Kohn–Sham equation and the equation giving the ground-state density in terms of the wave functions of the occupied states. Our calculated, direct band gap of 2.47 eV at the Γ point is in excellent agreement with experiment. So are the calculated density of states and the electron effective mass. In particular, our results reproduce the peaks in the conduction band density of states, within experimental uncertainties.
Field monitoring of an unsaturated saprolitic hillslope
Authors: Leung A. K. , Sun H. W. , Millis S.W. , Pappin J.W. , Ng C. W.W. , Wong H. N. 
Published: March 2011

To advance the understanding of the rainfall-induced landslide triggering mechanism, a comprehensive field monitoring programme was implemented in a saprolitic hillslope in Hong Kong. The instrumentation covered the measurements of the two stress-state variables (i.e., net normal stress and matric suction) and their effects. The monitoring results, including pore-water pressure (PWP), volumetric water content, subsurface total horizontal stress, horizontal displacement, and rainfall intensity, are reported. Most instruments recorded reliable and good quality data, which have strong correlation among each other. The site-specific infiltration and deformation characteristics of the hillslope subjected to heavy rainstorms are investigated. Shallow transient perched groundwater tables were believed to be developed at colluvial deposits on the top 3 m, where PWPs up to 20 kPa were typically measured. The main groundwater table probably rose by 6 m when the hillslope was subjected to rainfall intensity of 133.5 mm/h. It is possible that cross-slope groundwater flowed along a shallow, dipped decomposed rock stratum at the central portion of the landslide body. Besides, two distinct types of slope movements were generally observed, namely the “cantilever” and the “deep-seated” mode. Rupture surfaces have possibly been developed at 5 m below ground or deeper, resulting in a multiple translational- and rotational-slide type of failure.
Development of a Vs30(NEHRP) map for the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Motazedian D. , Hunter J. A. , Pugin A. , Crow H. 
Published: March 2011

Four different seismic methods were used extensively to evaluate the shear wave velocity of soils and rock in the city of Ottawa, Canada, from which the travel-time weighted average shear wave velocity (Vs) from surface to 30 m in depth (Vs30) and the fundamental frequency (F0) were computed. Three main geological or geotechnical units were identified with distinct shear wave velocities: these consist of very loose thick post-glacial fine-grained sands, silts, and clays (Vs <150 m/s, thickness up to 110 m), firm glacial sediments (Vs ∼580 m/s, thickness ∼3 m), and very firm bedrock (Vs ∼1750–3550 m/s). The seismic methods applied were downhole interval Vs measurements at 15 borehole sites, seismic refraction–reflection profile measurements for 686 sites, high-resolution shear wave reflection “landstreamer” profiling for 25 km in total, and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) of ambient seismic noise to evaluate the fundamental frequency for ∼400 sites. Most of these methods are able to distinguish the very high shear wave impedance of and depth to bedrock. Sparse earthquake recordings show that the soil amplification is large for weak motion when the soil behaves linearly.
Zirconium oxide nanoparticles coated on sepiolite by sol–gel process — Their application as a solvent-free catalyst for condensation reactions
Authors: Letaief Sadok , Liu Yun , Detellier Christian 
Published: March 2011

An inorganic nanocomposite made of zirconia nanoparticles coated on the external surfaces of the fibrous clay mineral sepiolite was prepared by using the sol–gel process under soft conditions using zirconium(IV) propoxide in 1-propanol as the precursor. The resulting materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential thermal analyses (DTA), microporosimetry, 29Si magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The organic material from the precursor was fully removed after calcination at 450 °C, concurrently with the crystallization of the cubic phase of zirconium oxide. The coordinated water molecules of sepiolite were fully removed and its symmetrical layered structure was folded after calcination at 650 °C, as observed by XRD and 29Si cross-polarization (CP) / MAS NMR. The arrangement of the nanoparticles of zirconium oxide on the sepiolite external surfaces maintains a fibrous morphology for the nanocomposite. This material was applied as a catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of benzaldehyde and malononitrile under solvent-free conditions. Strongly improved yields of reaction, attributed to larger catalytically active surfaces, were obtained compared with either the sepiolite clay mineral or the zirconium oxide tested individually.
A Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach for enhancing fluorescence contrast in phase-separated membranes
Authors: Carter Ramirez Daniel M. , Ding Jason , Guan Jack , Vobornik Dusan , Carnini Anna , Ogilvie William W. , Jakubek Zygmunt J. , Johnston Linda J. 
Published: March 2011

The partitioning of the dye-labeled lipid probe, NBD-DHPE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) (ammonium salt)), was examined by fluorescence microscopy in phase-separated lipid bilayers with mixtures of coexisting liquid-ordered and fluid phases. This probe shows slightly higher fluorescence intensity in the ordered domains but undergoes a contrast reversal to give a more strongly fluorescent fluid phase in the presence of >0.2% Texas red-DHPE (TR-DHPE). The change in contrast is shown to result from Förster resonance energy transfer between the NBD donor and TR acceptor in the fluid phase, which has a TR concentration that is approximately 3 times higher than in the domains. An alternate approach using a nitroxide-substituted lipid that partitions into the fluid phase as a quencher, was also examined as a means to enhance the contrast; however, the quencher modified the behaviour of the bilayer. The energy transfer method for enhancing the contrast between ordered and fluid phases was used to examine the morphology of enzyme-treated bilayers.
Comparison of photoenolization and alcohol release from alkyl-substituted benzoyl benzoic esters
Authors: Muthukrishnan Sivaramakrishnan , Pace Tamara C.S. , Li Qian , Seok Brian , de Jong Gerdien , Bohne Cornelia , Gudmundsdottir Anna D. 
Published: March 2011

Photolysis of 1B in argon-saturated solutions yields 4B and releases methanol. Laser flash photolysis of 1B shows formation of biradical 2B, which has a lifetime of ~50 ns and a λmax at 330 nm. Biradical 2B undergoes an intersystem crossing to form photoenols E-3B and Z-3B with a λmax at 390 nm. Laser flash photolysis shows that the lifetimes of E-3B and Z-3B are affected by the solvent. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the transition-state barrier for a 1,5-H atom shift from Z-3B to regenerate 1B is affected by the ortho-alkyl substituents, whereas the stereoelectronics of the alkyl substituent affect the transition-state barrier of E-3B as it undergoes electrocyclic ring closure to form 4B. The photoreactivity of 1B was compared with its analogous methyl and isopropyl derivatives 1A and 1C, respectively, to better estimate the effect of the alkyl substituent on reactivity.
Increased plasma level of asymmetric dimethylarginine in hypertensive rats facilitates platelet aggregation: role of plasma tissue factor
Authors: Li Dai , Guo Ren , Chen Qing-Quan , Hu Chang-Ping , Chen Xiang 
Published: March 2011

This study was designed to explore the role of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, in platelet aggregation in hypertension and its possible mechanisms. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and l-NAME-induced hypertensive rats were orally administered with l-arginine (1 g/(kg·day) for 14 days. Systolic blood pressure, platelet aggregation, and plasma tissue factor (TF) level and activity were measured. The plasma concentration of ADMA in SHR was determined. In vitro, platelet-rich plasma isolated from Wistar rats was prepared in order to observe the effect of exogenous ADMA on platelet aggregation and TF level and (or) activity in platelet-rich plasma. In both types of hypertensive rats, systolic blood pressure, platelet aggregation, and the level and activity of plasma TF were elevated compared with corresponding control animals. Plasma ADMA level was also increased in SHR. Treatment with l-arginine, a competitor of ADMA, lowered blood pressure and inhibited platelet aggregation concomitantly with a decrease in plasma TF level and activity in both types of hypertensive rats. We also found that exogenous ADMA promoted platelet aggregation and increased TF level and (or) activity in platelet-rich plasma, an effect that was inhibited by pretreatment with l-arginine. Importantly, the enhanced platelet aggregation induced by exogenous ADMA was reduced by pretreatment with anti-TF antibody. The results suggest that endogenous ADMA may be involved in platelet hyperaggregation status in hypertension, and the facilitation of platelet aggregation by ADMA is related to upregulation of the level and activity of plasma TF.
Rutaecarpine prevents hypoxia–reoxygenation-induced myocardial cell apoptosis via inhibition of NADPH oxidases
Authors: Bao Mei-Hua , Dai Wen , Li Yuan-Jian , Hu Chang-Ping 
Published: March 2011

It is proposed that myocardial cell apoptosis causes ventricular remodeling and heart failure. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of rutaecarpine (Rut) on hypoxia–reoxygenation (H–R)-induced apoptosis in myocardial cell line H9c2, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Cultured H9c2 cells were exposed to hypoxia for 24 h, followed by 12 h reoxygenation. Rut (in concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 µmol/L) was added 1 h prior to H–R. Cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase were measured to evaluate the cell injuries. Apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry. NADPH oxidase activity was measured by assay kit; intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was detected by 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; and Nox2, Nox4, and p47phox mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The results showed that H–R significantly decreased cell viability and increased the lactate dehydrogenase release, as well as the apoptotic rate, concomitantly with enhanced NADPH oxidase activity. H–R also upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of Nox2, Nox4, and p47phox and increased ROS production. Treatment with Rut markedly reversed these effects introduced by H–R. These results suggest that the protective effects of Rut against H–R-induced myocardial cell injury and apoptosis might, at least partly, be due to the inhibition of the NADPH oxidase – ROS pathway.