bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection by bicyclol derivatives against acetaminophen‐induced acute liver failure in mice and its active mechanism
Authors: Hou Yan , Li Libo , Wei Huailing , Wu Liping , Tong Yuanfeng , Wu Song , Liu Gengtao 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground/Aims: To find a novel drug against acute liver failure, a methionine derivative of bicyclol (WLP‐S‐10) was studied in acetaminophen‐injected mice.Methods: At first, 10 derivatives of bicyclol were tested in male KunMing strain mice injected with CCl4, acetaminophen or d‐galactosamine plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and mortality rate were determined. Among the 10 derivatives, a methionine derivative of bicyclol (WLP‐S‐10) was shown to be the most effective. A single dose of WLP‐S‐10 200 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected 1 h before administration of a lethal dose of acetaminophen; the mortality rate, liver lesions, serum ALT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and liver glutathione (GSH) were determined. Mitochondrial GSH and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, cytochrome C and apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) leakage, mitochondrial swelling and membrane potential were determined.Results: As a result, WLP‐S‐10 200 mg/kg significantly reduced liver injury induced by CCl4 and decreased the mortality rate of mice because of acute liver failure caused by lethal dosage of acetaminophen or d‐galactosamine plus LPS. WLP‐S‐10 200 mg/kg markedly reduced liver necrosis, serum ALT and AST elevation and GSH depletion after injection of acetaminophen. WLP‐S‐10 inhibited mitochondrial swelling, breakdown of membrane potential and depletion of mitochondrial ATP, and also reduced release of cytochrome C and AIF from mitochondria induced by acetaminophen.Conclusions: The results indicate that WLP‐S‐10 is a novel potential compound against acetaminophen‐induced acute liver failure in mice, and its active mechanism is mainly related to protection against necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes through inhibition of mitochondrial energy (ATP) depletion and AIF and cytochrome C release.
Changing aetiology of liver dysfunction in the new generation of a hepatitis B and C‐endemic area: cross‐sectional studies on adolescents born in the first 10 years after universal hepatitis B vaccination
Authors: Kao Jung‐Ta , Wang Jing‐Houng , Hung Chao‐Hung , Hu Tsung‐Hui , Lee Chuan‐Mo , Hung Shu‐Fen , Lu Sheng‐Nan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground/Aim: Geographical variation in viral hepatitis infection complicates various levels of liver diseases. This study elucidates the changing aetiology of alanine transaminase elevation (ALT levels >40 IU/L) in a previously hepatitis‐endemic township.Design/Methods: Five cross‐sectional screenings were performed on teenagers born from 1984 to 1993. We examined hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti‐hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV), ALT and body mass index, and additionally checked hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) for positive HBsAg and HCV RNA for positive anti‐HCV. Teenagers with ALT elevation underwent an ultrasonography examination.Results: This study enrolled 1788 (93.7%) of 1909 students, discovering individual prevalence of HBsAg (6.3%), anti‐hepatitis B core (anti‐HBc) (15.5%), anti‐HCV (2.2%), overweight (22.4%), obesity (12.8%) and ALT >40 IU/L (3.7%). HBsAg and anti‐HBc prevalence declined with trends, while obesity increased with trends (P<0.001). Among 66 ALT‐elevated teenagers, prevalence percentages of risk factors were HBsAg (22.7%), anti‐HCV (1.5%), obesity (45.5%), HBsAg with obesity (7.6%) and anti‐HCV with obesity (3.0%). Additionally, obesity showed predominance (85.7%) among aetiologies of teenagers with fatty livers (60.9%). The independently associated factors of ALT elevation included being male (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–3.93), HBsAg (4.25; 1.06–17.13), HBeAg (7.24; 1.64–31.9), HCV RNA (29.03; 5.8–145.29) and obesity (16.5; 8.79–30.98).Conclusion: In place of viral hepatitis, obesity is becoming the major aetiology of abnormal liver function among the young generation in a previously hepatitis‐endemic area.
Expression of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with a more aggressive tumour phenotype and may reflect a progenitor cell origin
Authors: Vander Borght Sara , Komuta Mina , Libbrecht Louis , Katoonizadeh Aezam , Aerts Raymond , Dymarkowski Steven , Verslype Chris , Nevens Frederik , Roskams Tania 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) responds poorly to chemotherapy owing to multidrug resistance (MDR). Recent studies showed that part of HCC could be of progenitor cell origin. Because some MDR‐conferring transporters [multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (MRP1), MDR1, MRP3 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)] are expressed in hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), expression in HCC might reflect a progenitor cell origin and provide the tumour cells with a MDR phenotype.Methods: The transcriptional profile of transporter genes was assessed in 139 HCCs earlier subjected to global gene expression analysis. In addition, we performed real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry for MRP1, MRP3, MDR1, BCRP and biliary/HPC markers keratin 7 and/or keratin 19 (K7/K19) on an independent set of 23 HCCs and surrounding liver.Results: Micro‐array analysis showed that MRP1 was the only transporter with increased mRNA levels in HCC compared with the surrounding tissue. MRP1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in HCCs with poor survival and the ‘hepatoblast subtype’ of HCC, thought to be derived from HPCs. In 11 of 23 HCCs of the independent set, we found a diffuse protein expression of MRP1 compared with negative hepatocytic expression observed in normal (surrounding) hepatocytes. MRP1 was expressed in K19+ non‐neoplastic HPCs and K19+ tumour cells. In addition, MRP3 and BCRP were expressed in K7/K19+ tumour cells. MRP1 expression was high in poorly differentiated HCCs, large tumours (>7 cm) and microvascular invasive tumours.Conclusions: MRP1 correlated with K19 mRNA and protein expression in two independent series of HCC. In addition, MRP1 was, together with MRP3 and BCRP, colocalized with K7/K19 in the tumour. Therefore, MRP1 expression could be a reflection of the HPC origin of this subgroup of HCCs and may result in an aggressive tumour phenotype.
Erythrocytes as controllers of perfusion distribution in the microvasculature of skeletal muscle
Authors: Sprague R. S. , Bowles E. A. , Achilleus D. , Ellsworth M. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn 1929, August Krogh identified the matching of oxygen (O2) supply with demand in skeletal muscle as a fundamental physiological process. In the intervening decades, much research has been focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which this important process occurs. For any control system to be effective, there must be a means by which the need is determined and a mechanism by which that information is coupled to an appropriate response. The focus of this review was to highlight current research in support of the hypothesis that the mobile erythrocyte, when exposed to reduced O2 tension, releases ATP in a controlled manner. This ATP interacts with purinergic receptors on the endothelium producing both local and conducted vasodilation enabling the erythrocyte to distribute perfusion to precisely match O2 delivery with need in skeletal muscle. If this is an important mechanism for normal physiological control of microvascular perfusion, defects in this process would be anticipated to have pathophysiological consequences. Individuals with either type 2 diabetes (DM2) or pre‐diabetes have microvascular dysfunction that contributes to morbidity and mortality. DM2 erythrocytes and erythrocytes incubated with insulin at levels similar to those seen in pre‐diabetes fail to release ATP in response to reduced O2 tension. Knowledge of the components of the signal transduction pathway for low O2‐induced ATP release suggest novel therapeutic approaches to ameliorating this defect. Although the erythrocyte may be but one component of the complex O2 delivery process, it appears to play an important role in distributing oxygen within the microvasculature.
EVALUATION OF PALATABILITY AND SELECTED NUTRIENTS OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS GROWN IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT MARICULTURE AND NATURAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Thoroughgood Carolyn A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTClams (Mercenaria mercenaria) from the controlled environment system of the Delaware Mariculture Project and from the natural system of the Indian River Bay were selected for comparison of palatability and proximate composition. Sensory evaluations for appearance, texture, flavor and over‐all acceptance were performed on steamed samples from both environmental treatments by eight trained taste panelists. No significant differences for these characteristics were found although there was a slight preference for the flavor of clams produced in the natural system. Analyses for protein, moisture, fat, and ash were made on the raw clams from both environmental treatments, and again there were no significant differences identified. From these data, it was concluded that the clams produced in the controlled environment process equalled the quality of those produced in natural systems.
THE PROBLEMS, ECONOMIC POTENTIALS AND SYSTEM DESIGN OF LARGE FUTURE TROPICAL MARINE FISH CAGE SYSTEMS
Authors: Huguenin John Edward , Rothwell Guy N. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFuture tropical commercial marine cage culturing systems, for use in exposed coastal sites, are evaluated through a case study approach. Preliminary design options, based on an optimistic extrapolation of present knowledge and capabilities, are developed for projected Hawaiian systems. The effects of different scales of operation on the choices of technical approaches, support activities, and system economics are considered. The resulting designs are also evaluated with respect to economic and bioengineering risks. The problems that must be resolved are indicated in the context of their scientific, technical and economic impacts on such culture systems. It is clear that tropical sea cage culturing of high value food fish has considerable economic potential, even at modest scales of operation.
THE TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF MASS‐CULTURING Artemia salina IN THE ST. CROIX “ARTIFICIAL UPWELLING” MARICULTURE SYSTEM1
Authors: Tobias William J. , Sorgeloos Patrick , Bossuyt Etienne , Roels Oswald A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOf the various algae grown in the St. Croix Mariculture System, the diatom Chaetoceros curvisetus (clone STX‐167) proved to be an excellent diet for culturing Artemia nauplii and adults.The minimum cell concentration at which Artemia can efficiently remove cells has been determined and appears to be constant throughout the brine shrimp' life cycle.The cell stripping efficiency, growth rate, and survival of the different larval instar stages have been studied in function of increased stocking densities and flow rates.The results obtained in 230‐liter raceway tanks, subsequent to the initial 190‐liter tank studies, and extrapolated to a one m3 system indicate that 15 g of cysts (4/ml animal stocking density) can be converted into 8.7 kg of fresh weight adult Artemia in 14 days.
PROBLEMS WITH THE CULTURE OF TOPMINNOWS (FAMILY POECILIIDAE) AND THEIR USE AS LIVE BAITFISHES1
Authors: Baldwin Wayne J. , McGrenra Michael J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe intensive culture and live bait potential of a topminnow (Poecilia vittata) and shortfin molly (P. mexicana) was investigated in Hawaii, American Samoa, and Palau. Although these baitfishes are unusually hardy, problems were encountered during their culture, handling, shipboard confinement, and use as live bait for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). Principal problems included predation, fouling and nuisance organisms, disease and parasites, cannibalism, slow growth rates, poor water quality, and difficulties during handling and transportation.
A FLOATING LABORATORY APPLIED TO CULTURE OF ABALONE AND ROCK SCALLOPS IN MISSION BAY, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Leighton David L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTApplication of the floating laboratory concept to hatchery culture of abalones and rock scallops was tested in 1975–76 using a mono‐hull pleasure craft. Successful experiments prompted construction of a larger vessel consisting of a deck and laboratory superstructure supported by pontoons. The facility has been in operation since early 1978, moored in a marina cove near the entrance to Mission Bay. Seawater is delivered to tanks in the laboratory when currents and tides bring offshore water into the cove. Use is made of inexpensive materials and equipment wherever possible.This paper describes the laboratory, relates successes in spawning and rearing young of the green abalone (Haliotis fulgens) and the purplehinge rock scallop (Hinnites multirugosus), and compares culture conditions and success with those at the nearby La Jolla laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service.
DEVELOPMENT AND POTENTIAL OF NURSERY SYSTEMS IN THE FARMING OF MALAYSIAN PRAWNS, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Sandifer Paul A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTData from various studies associated with the development of intensive indoor nursery systems in South Carolina are provided. Nurseries permit the production of larger juveniles for stocking in ponds or other grow‐out systems and thus result in increased production of larger prawns, greater crop value, and improved predictability of yields. In climates where year‐round prawn culture is possible the incorporation of a nursery phase should increase profitability. In contrast, in climates with a restricted grow‐out season the use of nurseries may be a basic requirement to establish any level of profitability.Growth and survival data are presented from 8 nursery trials conducted at approximate population densities of 300, 1,000 and 1,500 prawns m‐2 tank bottom area. Growth was similar at all densities for ˜ one month (mean prawn size, ˜0.2 g) after which time prawn size increased rapidly at the lowest population density (300 m‐2). Growth was similar at densities 1,000 and 1,500 m‐2 for at least 2 months at which time prawns had reached a mean size of ˜0.50 g. For comparison, prawns reared at the lowest density were 1.32 g after 60 days. Survival rates were generally good: after 30 and 60 days they were ˜99, 98, 90% and 91, 91, 82% for densities 300, 1,000 and 1,500 m‐2, respectively.Based on results of our 1978 pond grow‐out trials, the stocking of small juveniles (mean size, 0.50 g) or a mixture of postlarvae and juveniles (mean size, 0.65 g) resulted in an estimated profit if initial land and seed stock costs are excluded. From our nursery data we projected that one ha of nurseries stocked at a density of 1,500 prawns m‐2 could produce sufficient small juveniles (˜0.5 g) to stock 198 ha of grow‐out ponds.
ENHANCEMENT OF CHILL TOLERANCE IN LARVAI Artemia salina: COOLING REGIMENS AND MULTIPLE TYPE CRYOPROTECTANT EXPOSURE
Authors: Baust J. G. , Lawrence A. L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe enhancements of chill tolerance of Artemia salina to single (glycerol, glucose or sucrose) and double (glucose‐sucrose) component cryoprotectant solutions were determined. Zero, three, six, twelve and twenty‐four hour post‐hatch larvae were immersed in ‐1°C cryoprotectant solutions for periods up to 90 minutes. The ability of different larval stages to survive an instantaneous change from 28° to ‐1° versus a slow cooling regiment (1°C/hr) from 28° to 18° followed by instantaneous cooling to ‐1°C were compared. Most cryoprotectant solutions showed definite enhancement of survival with the multiple better than single component systems. Survival exceeded 200–500% over ‐1°C cryoprotectant free controls. The significance of these results to the development of cryogenic larval banking techniques is discussed.
MATURATION OF WHITE SHRIMP (Penaeus setiferus) IN CAPTIVITY1
Authors: Brown A. , McVey J. , Middleditch B. S. , Lawrence A. L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPenaeus setiferuswas matured and spawned in captivity by using ambient temperature and controlling photoperiod and diet. The experiments were performed at the lagoon laboratory and the seawater laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston, Texas. One‐half of the animals at each site were unilaterally ablated. The photoperiod was initially set at 15 hours light and increased to 16 hours with the onset of spawning; the temperature was 22–29°C, salinity 22–30 ppt and pH 7.5–8.0. The diet consisted of worms, squid, oysters, and mussels. Egg production varied between the two sites, with 534,000 eggs produced at the lagoon facility and 3,800,000 eggs at the seawater laboratory. Spermatophore transfer did not take place, perhaps because of a bacterial infection (Vibriosp.) of the terminal ampoules and the compound spermatophore.
POSSIBLE CLUES TO IMPROVED POND CULTURE OF PENAEID SHRIMP
Authors: Furness Gary N. , Aldrich David V. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis study was stimulated by the variability in results of United States shrimp culture in ponds, and the need for improved methods of estimating shrimp populations in ponds prior to harvest.Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) were cultured in six 0.1 ha earthen ponds receiving thermal effluent from a steam electric generating station near Galveston Bay, Texas, for a 70–71 day culture period between April and July 1978. Two ponds were stocked with 3,500 shrimp each and four with 2,500 shrimp. Only shrimp in two ponds stocked at the lower density did not receive supplemental food. Each pond was treated weekly with 4.5 kg of 45‐0‐0 fertilizer to promote plankton blooms. Survival ranged from 79 to 91%; feeding treatment seemed to correlate with survival as two of the three ponds with 79% survival contained the unfed shrimp. Size of shrimp at harvest and daily growth rates were not correlated with stocking density or feeding treatment. Growth was positively correlated with increasing pond bottom softness.Based on seine sample data, wind direction strongly affected the distribution of brown shrimp. The greatest populations were usually found near the downwind shore of ponds; this relationship was strongest in ponds containing fed shrimp. The efficiency of seine samples was also affected by the time of day. Samples completed between 1800 and 0600 h caught more shrimp and were less variable than samples taken between 0900 and 1430 h. For improved population estimation, night sampling along downwind shores of culture ponds is recommended.
A HIGH INCIDENCE OF TUMORS IN BUTTERFLY FISH (Chaetodon multicinctus) IN HAWAII1
Authors: Okihiro M. S. , Nakamura R. M. , Quinn B. D. , Chang E. M. L. , Cripps M. C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn scuba dives off the Island of Maui, near Olowalu, a high incidence of tumors was observed in the butterfly fish (Chaetodon multicinctus). Incidences of 25% (January 1976), 22% (June 1976), 22% (August 1977) and 23% (January 1978) were observed over the two‐year period of study. Observations of fish with tumors were localized to an area approximately 180 m wide and from 20–685 m from the shore. Of 11 species of butterfly fish seen in the study area, only the C. multicinctus was involved. C. multicinctus examined in areas adjacent to the study area were free of tumors.Sixty‐seven fish with tumors were obtained for laboratory study. One to 6 tumors per fish were seen only in the skin, ranging in size from 0.1 to 2.5 cm. Microscopically, smaller lesions were hyperplastic while the larger lesions were diagnosed as benign fibromas. Electron microscopy of a few tumors did not reveal the presence of virus. The cause or causes responsible for the occurrence of these high incidences of tumors in only one species of butterfly fish in a localized site in Hawaii is unknown.
LARVAL REARING AND SPAT PRODUCTION OF GREEN MUSSEL Mytilus viridis LINNAEUS IN FRENCH POLYNESIA
Authors: AQUACOP  
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTo develop mussel culture in the South Pacific and especially in French Polynesia, trials for producing spat of Mytilus viridis were conducted at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique (COP) of the Centre National pour l'Exploitation des Océans (CNEXO) in Tahiti.Spawning is attained through thermal stimulation. Larval rearing is conducted in 800‐liter cylindroconical tanks. Every two days the water is changed and antibiotics are added as a preventive treatment.Monochrysis lutheri and an Isochrysis locally isolated are used as food. Metamorphosis and settlement are achieved between the 10th and 17th days. A 15 m3 tank supplied with flowing water from a shrimp rearing pond is used for the pre‐growth. The marketable spat size (7–8 mm, 40 mg) is reached in one month after settlement. The survival rate between D stage and marketable spat size is 10% and 2 million spat were produced. The actual hatchery, with six 800‐liter tanks, should give 2 to 3.106 spat/month.
THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS ON PROTEIN UTILIZATION IN THE AMERICAN LOBSTER (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Capuzzo Judith M. , Lancaster Bruce A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe protein sparing action of dietary carbohydrate levels in formulated feeds for the American lobster has been investigated. The formulated feeds were pelletized shrimp meal based feeds varying in both protein content (16.7–23.3%) and carbohydrate content (22.9–31.3%) and the protein: carbohydrate ratio (0.5‐1.0). Respiration rates, ammonia excretion rates, O:N ratios and protein efficiency ratios of post‐larval lobsters fed the various formulated feeds were compared with lobsters fed brine shrimp (Artemia salina; 51% protein, P:C ratio = 5.1).Respiration rates measured immediately after feeding were highest among lobsters fed brine shrimp and were ˜37% higher than the standard respiration rates measured 24 hours later. There were no significant differences in respiration rates of lobsters fed the three formulated feeds. Ammonia excretion rates measured in the four groups of lobsters were directly correlated with the protein level of each feed; however, the O:N ratios and protein efficiency ratios for each group were inversely correlated with the protein level of each feed. The increase in these parameters with decreasing protein levels in the formulated feeds is a strong indication of the increased dependence on dietary carbohydrate as an energy source in post‐larval lobsters.
DIETARY PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE RED CRAWFISH, Procambarus clarkii (GIRARD) (DECAPODA, CAMBARIDAE), GROWN IN A CLOSED SYSTEM
Authors: Huner Jay V. , Meyers Samuel P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIsolated juvenile crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), were fed water‐stable, extruded diets that varied in gross protein levels (19.6–46.0%) and gross animal protein substrate levels (15.0–44.0%). Results indicated that gross protein requirements were in the 20–30% range and that gross animal protein substrate requirements were in the 15–20% range. All diets appeared to be deficient in dietary carotenoids as evidenced by the development of an abnormal blue body color by all crawfish.