bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in Siricidae, especially of Europe and southern Asia (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)
Authors: Benson Robert B. 
Published: July 2009

1. These studies were originally intended to form the basis of a world monograph of the Siricidae ; such a work cannot be completed under present circumstances.2. Two ratios are introduced as useful characters for separating species : the ovipositor/forewing ratio and the sawsheath/ovipositor ratio. These ratios were obtained from all specimens of all the species represented in the British Museum collections and the results are tabulated. They were found not to vary with the size of the insects.The former ratio is specially useful in the genus Urocerus, which has a long ovipositor, and the latter ratio in the genus Sirex, which has a shorter ovipositor.3. Keys are given to the genera of the world. Of Semenov's new genera, Xoanon is accepted but not Xanthosirex. A new genus Eriotremex is erected for certain Indo-Malayan species previously included in Tremex.4. Keys are given to the European species, which are compared critically with related species from other parts of the world. A key to the species of Eriotremex, gen. nov., is also given.5. Sirex noctilio, F., and S. juvencus, L., are recorded for the first time from North America and S. cyaneus, F., from the continent of Europe. The common Urocerus of the northern Palaearctic region is shown to be more closely related to the Nearctic U. gigas flavicornis, F., than to the central European U. gigas gigas, L., and is treated as a new subspecies—U. gigas taiganus, subsp. nov. U. gigas tibetanus, subsp. nov., is described from the Himalayas. U. sah, Mocsáry, is treated as a subspecies of U. augur, Klug, and U. cedrorum, Smith, as a synonym of U. augur augur, Klug.6. The British Siricidae are discussed, and it is suggested that U. gigas taiganus, subsp. nov., and the form of S. juvencus, L., with entirely black antennae may be native in the Caledonian forest.7. It is argued that modern Siricidae could not have been derived from the Jurassic Pseudosiricidae.8. The known Oriental and Himalayan Siricidae are listed and discussed. Urocerus multifasciatus, Takeuchi, and Eriotremex formosanus, Matsumura, are mentioned as two species originally described from Formosa but shown also to occur on the mainland. Urocerus niger, sp. nov., is described from the Himalayan region, and the name Eriotremex malayanus, sp. nov., is given to a form described without a name by Forsius from Malaya.9. Several errors in previous work on Siricidae are corrected.
A Survey of British Sheep Blowflies
Authors: MacLeod J. 
Published: July 2009

i. A four-year survey, involving the investigation of over 1,000 cases of strike, has been made of the species concerned in sheep myiasis throughout the British Isles. In all regions, L. sericata is the principal maggot-fly. In Scotland, Northern England and North Wales, L. caesar is an important species. Phormia terraenovae has much the same distribution, as a striking species, as L. caesar, except that it apparently does not strike sheep in North Wales ; in the areas where it occurs it follows L. caesar in importance. These two species are apparently capable of acting as primary flies. Calliphora erythrocephala, and, more rarely, Calliphora vomitoria occur fairly generally over the country, but only in very low incidence. Larvae of Muscina spp. have been recovered from only three cases, one each in Scotland, England and Ireland. The two closely related species, L. caesar and L. illustris have only been separated in a few instances, and there is not sufficient evidence for the latter species, but it would seem to be more common in lowland areas than in the north and west.ii. The incidence of “ alternative ” species, i.e. species other than L. sericata, decreases from north-west to south-east of Britain ; they occurred in 47 per cent. of strikes north and west of a line from Inverness to Glasgow, and in over 20 per cent. of the cases between this and a line from East Lothian to Morecambe Bay, south of the Lake District. In the fringe of hill country east and south of this, e.g., the Cheviots, Pennines and Wales, about 10 per cent. of cases contained “ alternative ” species. Farther to the south-east and south “ alternatives ” were rare.iii. Within the above belts of territory, the “ alternative ” species appear to have certain common regions which are favourable for the striking habit, although the limits of strike-distribution for each species are apparently not quite coincident. These “ favourable regions ” are discussed in the text. With Phormia terraenovae the habit appears to be restricted to favourable regions, where it occurs in moderately high incidence ; with L. caesar strike occurs in relatively high incidence in favourable regions, but is also present, in low proportion, throughout the country, while the Calliphora species strike in low proportion in favourable regions, and sporadically elsewhere.iv. Phormia and L. caesar have a higher relative incidence in the first half of the fly season than in the later half ; C. vomitoria may be restricted to the extremes of the season-May, June and September.
Measurements of Temperature and Light in artificial Pools with Reference to the larval Habitat of Anopheles (Myzomyia) gambiae, Giles, and A. (M.) funestus, Giles
Authors: Haddow A. J. 
Published: July 2009

1. Two series of hourly measurements of temperature and light intensity, each extending over 24 hours, were made in artificial pools. One pool contained clear water, one muddy water, one standing grass 1 ft. high and one was completely shaded by papyrus matting at a height of 1 ft. Shade temperature records were kept in a Stevenson screen.2. The results showed that the grass had a pronounced insulating effect on temperature. The range in the grassy pool was less than that in the screen and less than half than that in the open pool. The grassy pool was warmer by night and cooler by day than the open pool. No essential difference was noted between the temperature cycle of the clear open pool and the muddy open pool nor between the grassy pool with broken shade and the pool receiving complete shade from matting. Maximum light intensity in the grassy pool was less than half that attained in the open pool.3. It is concluded that not only do the breeding waters of A. gambiae reach much higher temperatures than those of such species as A. funestus, A. coustani and A. pharoensis, but that they also undergo much greater temperature fluctuations.
Phototropism in Insects—an Indictment of the Light-trap Method
Authors: Squire F. A. 
Published: July 2009

The attraction of insects to light is proverbial, and allusions to it occur throughout the literature, showing that it has always excited the interest and curiosity of mankind. Yet it has not received the scientific treatment it deserves. Entomologists have, it is true, investigated it in recent years, but with no great success. The reason for their failure is not far to seek. The method adopted in the beginning was, unfortunately, that of the light-trap, which led immediately to a utilitarian and unscientific approach. The literature that ensued so far from elucidating, merely obscured, the true nature of the phenomenon.This is clearly shown by the fact that in nearly every investigation the method is to expose one or more traps of various design and complexity in fields at night, the catch being counted and classified in the morning. This is quite a harmless hobby and may even be of some use in indicating whether one trap is better than another and, so long as it is used for this purpose, there is no fault to be found with this method. But this is not the case. The prevailing tendency has been to proceed from observations of the catch not merely to conclusions regarding the relative efficacy of light-traps, which would be legitimate, but to deductions concerning the laws and nature of phototropism which is fallacious. Thus, to take a common instance, a species A is caught in considerable numbers while another species B, though known to be present, is not trapped in any quantity, and the conclusion frequently drawn is that A is more strongly photo-positive than B. The objection is that the investigator knows nothing about the density and distribution of the species concerned in the vicinity of the traps ; he is, therefore, unable to go beyond the observed fact that his trap took more of A than of B, and is not entitled to draw conclusions regarding the relative photo-positiveness of the two species since one may have been more favourably situated or far more numerous than the other in the field.
The Establishment of a new Species of Anagyrus in Kenya
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H. 
Published: July 2009

Anagyrus beneficians, Compere, obtained in small numbers from shipments of other parasites from Uganda, proved to breed readily in the laboratory.Numbers were reared, liberated and established on mealybug in coffee districts and native reserves in Kenya.It is one of several parasites responsible for a marked reduction in the severity of the mealybug.
A brown Aphis, Aphis (Doralis) cognatella, sp. n., found on Spindle Tree
Authors: Jones Margaret G. 
Published: July 2009

1. A new species of aphis, Aphis (Doralis) cognatella, found on Euonymus europaeus is described and compared with Aphis (Doralis) fabae, which it closely resembles. This new aphis is brown in colour and has long hairs.2. Two individuals, intermediate in character between oviparae and sexuparae, are mentioned.3. Transference experiments, carried out under somewhat artificial conditions, show that although the aphis is normally found on Euonymus sp., it can exist for some time on Rumex obtusifolius, R. crispus, Chenopodium album, Capsella bursapastoris, Arctium lappa, and Beta vulgaris (flower stalks), which are also host plants of A. fabae, but it does not colonise Vicia faba.4. The sexuparae are apterous and produce males, oviparae and apterae, thus differing from A.fabae, in which there are two sexuparous forms, one an alate gynopara and the other an apterous form found on the summer hosts.5. Olfactometer experiments give no indication of any olfactory response to the odour of E. europaeus leaves.
Ovicidal Properties of certain Insecticides of Plant Origin. (Nicotine, Pyrethrins, Deeris Products)
Authors: Potter C. , Tattersfield F. 
Published: July 2009

The pyrethrins, nicotine, rotenone and a derris resin have been tested in the laboratory under standard conditions for their ovicidal effect. The test-subjects were : Pieris brassicae, Plutella maculipennis, Aphis rhamni, Ephestia kühniella and Sitotroga cerealella. Notes on the technique of egg production are given for these species. In the majority of the tests made a water medium containing acetone together with sulphonated lorol as a wetting agent was used.It has been shown that all these products are toxic to the species on which they were tested. Lauryl thiocyanate, β-butoxyβ'thiocyanodiethyl ether and 3 : 5 dinitro-o-cresol were included as substances of recognised ovicidal value for purposes of comparison.All the above insecticides derived from plants compared favourably in their toxic action with the synthetics. In two instances during tests on eggs of Ephestia kiihniella, data were obtained enabling a satisfactory statistical comparisdn of relative potency to be made. In the first of these, the pyrethrins were found to be 8·45±1·47 times as toxic as 3 : 5 dinitro-o-cresol, while in the second the pyrethrins were found to be 2·66±0·26 times as toxic as a Derris elliptica resin (rotenone content 37–40 per cent.). It therefore appears that both the pyrethrins and the derris resin were more toxic, weight for weight, than 3 : 5 dinitro-o-cresol which is recognised as one of the most potent ovicides.The above vegetable poisons were found to be toxic not only to eggs developing in a few days without a diapause, but also to those of Aphis rhamni, a species of overwintering egg. The tests on A. rhamni were made at the time the eggs were just starting to hatch. The same result might not have been obtained with eggs at an earlier stage of development.Observations were made on the effect of the different insecticides on the development of the egg. This effect appeared to differ with each substance, either qualitatively or quantitatively, but within the limits of the experiment it seemed to be independent of the species of the egg.
The Culicine Mosquitos of Syria and the Lebanon
Authors: Parr H. C. M. 
Published: July 2009

It was decided in May 1942 to make a survey of the Culicine mosquitos of Syria and the Lebanon, but the more important work dealing with the Anophelines prevented a complete and detailed one of the whole of Syria, though that of the Lebanon is more or less complete. Where only one or two records exist for any particular species, it cannot be presumed that these mosquitos are not common, and a subsequent detailed survey would probably reveal not a wider distribution of some species but also the presence of others not recorded here.Whenever possible, eggs and larvae were bred out and permanent mounts made of the larval and pupal skins, and consequently identification of most of the species was based on larval, pupal and adult characters.The identification keys used were taken from Marshall's “ British Mosquitoes ” 1938, and Kirkpatrick's “ Mosquitoes of Egypt ” 1925. It was found necessary to alter and to make new additions to these as they did not contain all those species found to be present.I wish to thank Lieutenant-Colonel MacDonald, R.A.M.C, Malariologist, for permitting me to complete this work, Major H. S. Leeson, R.A.M.C, Entomologist, and Major O. Theodor, R.A.M.C, Entomologist, for their invaluable help in the construction of the keys and the confirmation of the species.Uranotaenia unguiculata, Edw.-A single female was found resting among the vegetation in the daytime at Ammiq swamp in November, and a single larva was taken there in October. The breeding place was a small clay pit, 6–8 inches deep and containing green algae and a certain amount of vertical vegetation. U. unguiculata has not been found in any other part of Syria or the Lebanon.
The Use of a Plaster Substratum for testing Pyrethrum-oil Films against Ornithodorus moubata, Murray (Acarina : Argasidae)
Authors: Robinson G. G. 
Published: July 2009

Pyrethrum-oil films were tested in various forms on plaster substrata against the tick, Ornithodorus moubata. The insecticide was most effective if applied :—1. Concentrated rather than dilute.2. In a medium rather than a light petroleum oil.3. As an emulsion in Lanette Wax Solution rather than in oil alone.4. With an irritant (such as 4-chlor-2-methyl-phenol) present in the solution.
A new Species of Finlaya, Theo. (Diptera, Culicidae) from Ussuri Land
Authors: Stackelberg A. A. 
Published: July 2009

Aëdes (Finlaya) alektorovi, sp. n.A dark species of medium size ; praescutum with a large quadratic spot covered with golden-yellow scales. Abdominal segments with small white-scaled lateral spots. Hind tarsi with apical and basal bands on joints 1–3.♂. Head. dark, covered with pale yellowish erect scales ; eye-margins with many long black bristly hairs (ocular chaete). Proboscis black and black-scaled. Palpi a little shorter than proboscis, black, covered with black scales, in apical part a little clubbed ; apical and preapical joint of palpi with some long dark hairs. Antennae dark brown, with paje bands and a tuft of long blackish hairs. Mesonotum black, covered with numerous golden-yellow scales ; lateral area of praescutum with a small spot of blackish-brown scales; lateral area of scutum with a similar spot. Scutum between the dorsocentral bristles covered with blackish-brown scales. Mesonotal bristles golden-yellow. Scutellum covered with pale yellow scales, with three groups golden-yellow bristles. Pleurae brown. Dorsal margin of proepimera covered with yellowish sickle-shaped scales ; caudal margin of proepimera with a small spot of broad silvery-white scales. Dorsal part of sternopleura with a large spot of broad silvery-white scales, in the middle of caudal margin a similar but much smaller spot. Dorsal part of mesepisterna with a distinct spot of broad silvery-white scales. Abdomen black, with dorsum of all segments densely covered with black scales with steel-blue reflexions ; bases of tergites with triangular lateral spots of broad silvery-white scales. Hypopygium : coxite cylindrical, four times as long as broad at base ; basal part of coxite with a small lobe-like prominence, armed with seven long and stout bristles.
Natural Enemies of the Cacao Thrips
Authors: Callan E. McC. 
Published: July 2009

(1) Previous records of natural enemies of the cacao thrips, Selenothrips rubrocinctus, Giard, are reviewed.(2) An account is given of the following natural enemies in Trinidad, B.W.I. :—Dasyscapus parvipennis, Franklinothrips tenuicornis, F. vespiformis, Chrysopids, Ninyas torvus, Termatophylidea maculata and Wasmannia auropunctata.(3) The Eulophid parasite, Dasyscapus parvipennis, was introduced into the West Indies from the Gold Coast in 1935. It is now successfully established in Trinidad, Puerto Rico and Jamaica, but has so far given no indication of economic control of the cacao thrips.(4) The importance of natural enemies is discussed. Observations are made on the feeding propensities of some of the predators in the laboratory. Chrysopids are regarded as the most important predators and probably exercise some measure of control.(5) Population counts of the cacao thrips and Chrysopid and Franklinothrips larvae are given.
Notes on the Mosquitos of British Somaliland
Authors: van Someren G. R. Cunningham 
Published: July 2009

In 1941 Edwards listed nine species from British Somaliland, comprising one Anopheline and eight Culicines. These were the specimens collected by R. E. Drake-Brockman in 1913 and by T.H. Twigg in 1930, but there appears to have been no datailed mosquito survey of the terrtory.The present notes are based on a small collection made by the writer in January 1942, as a result of a brief survey in a limited area of the Protectorate, augmented by notes and material, mostly larvae, made by Dr. D. G. MacInnes from March to June 1942. Although only a few places were visited, the survey has added a further thirteen species to the list for the territory. Owing to circumstances, the restricted area investigated was confined to the region along the roads Boramo-Hargeisa to Berbera and Berbera to Burao, the altitude range being from sea-level to 5,000 feet.
The Mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda. II.—Biting Activity with special Reference to the Influence of Microclimate
Authors: Haddow A. J. 
Published: July 2009

1. The work was carried out in Bwamba County, Uganda, a district where human yellow fever has recently occurred. It consisted mainly of 24-hour catches in banana plantations and rain forest combined with climate observations.2. It was found that forest was cooler and moister by day than a banana plantation while the plantation was cooler and moister than the open air. By night, however, the climate of all three environments was strikingly similar.3. Methods used in making 24-hour catches and large scale routine catches are described. Trials with trap nets showed these to be less efficient than hand catching.4. Experimental catches showed thatAëdes simpsoni, the only species known to be a vector of yellow fever in Bwamba, bites mainly in coffee gardens, maize fields and the thinner parts and edges of banana plantations. It is scarce in fully exposed situations. It occurs within the edges of primeval rain forest. It prefers human blood to that of goats, fowls, and monkeys, and attacks the head and shoulders selectively.
New injurious Curculionidae (Col.) from Tropical Africa
Authors: Marshall A. K. 
Published: July 2009

♂♀. Derm black, with uniform dense sandy-brown scaling above and opalescent scaling beneath.Head short, not transversely impressed, the temples less than half as long as an eye; frons with the median stria partly obscured by scaling and with a few erect spatulate setae on each side; eyes strongly convex, highest behind the middle. Rostrum similar in the two sexes, a little longer than broad, about as wide at the genae as at the base, and with the sides slightly sinuate; dorsum with a high bare median carina that expands apically into a broad bare epistomal area, which is unevenly punctate and not marginate, the epistomal setae being rather sparse and narrow, the areas on each side of the carina densely squamose and obliquely impressed in the middle; mandibles less densely setose than usual and without scales; mentum with only a single row of setae along the apical margin. Antennae black, densely squamose throughout, scape straight, widening from base to apex; funicle with joints 1 and 2 equal, 3 as long as broad, 4–7 subequal and transverse; club with the basal joint pedunculate. Prothorax transverse (2:3), broadly rounded laterally in the basal half, widest at one-third from base, the basal angles rounded obtuse angles, not constricted apically, the base shallowly bisinuate with the median lobe short and broadly rounded; dorsum smooth, with dense overlapping striolate scales and short appressed spatulate setae, concealing the median stria, and with a large shallow impression in the basal angles.
Studies on the Breeding Places and Control ofAnopheles gambiaeandA. gambiaevar.melasin Coastal Districts of Sierra Leone
Authors: Thomson R. C. Muirhead 
Published: July 2009

The eggs ofA. gambiaevar.melasare distinctly different from those of typicalgambiae, and it is now regarded as a distinct species,A. melas. Other workers have found that the larvae also differ, physiologically and structurally. All adults with an extra dark band on the palps—4-banded forms— are known to bemelas, but those adults with normal 3-banded palps can so far only be distinguished from typicalgambiaeby egg characters.A. melasis now known to be an important vector of malaria in coastal districts in West Africa. In some estuarine and mangrove swamp areas it may be even more important than typicalgambiae. Inmelascaught in Freetown estuary (mostly from Wellington village), 42 out of 1,000 glands dissected were positive, giving a sporozoite rate of 4·2 per cent. for all months of the year. The oocyst rate was 4·7 per cent., and the total infection rate was 7·8 per cent.In Freetown estuarymelasis rare in Freetown itself, and in the adjoining village of Kissy, but in all other parts of the estuary is at least as important as typicalgambiae. In many places it is the dominant vector. In Wellington to the east of Kissy, and on the Bullom shore which forms the north shore of the estuary,melasforms about 90 per cent. of Anophelines caught in houses.