bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation, Awareness, Practice and Management of Cold Chain at the Primary Health Care Centers in Coastal South India
Authors: Rao S , Naftar S , Baliga S , Unnikrishnana B 
Published: March 2012

Introduction: Vaccination is one of the most effective disease prevention strategies and potency of vaccines is dependent on effective management of cold chain at all levels of vaccine handling. The objective was to assess the status of cold chain at the primary health centers and to assess the knowledge and practices of medical officers at these centers regarding cold chain management.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at 70 primary health centers of Dakshina Kannada District of Coastal South India. Cold chain equipment and maintenance process was noted following direct observation on uninformed visits. Data regarding the knowledge and practices of cold chain management was obtained by interviewing the medical officers using structured pretested questionnaire.Results: Ice lined refrigerators and deep freezers were available in 69 (98.6%) and 67(95.8%) of centers. Dial thermometer was present in all the centers. Cold boxes, frozen packs and automated voltage stabilizers were available in 68(97.2%) centers. Improper vaccine storage was observed in 7 (10%) centers. Majority of medical officers had knowledge and correct practices in fields like ideal equipment, OPV administration, vaccine requiring diluents but only 47 (61.8%) medical officers had correct practice of defrosting the deep freezers.Conclusions: The availability of equipment is near universal. Improper vaccine storage practices and poor knowledge in some fields of cold chain management may adversely affect the quality of administered vaccine. Relevant training for those handling the cold chain is recommended.Key words: Cold Chain; India; Primary health center; Temperature monitoring DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i1.5946 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.32(1) 2012 19-22
The Provincial Priesthood of L. Calpurnius Augustalis
Authors: Fischwick Duncan 
Published: March 2012

Résumé: Une base fragmentaire de Thubursicu Numidarum rappelle que L. Calpurnius Augustalis était [sacerdoti] I pr(ovinciae)
Af[ ..... pr]i|mo.... La titulature provinciale omet toute référence chronologique, probablement au culte impérial, par laquelle
d'autres titulaires datent leurs inscriptions, mais l'emploi du titre sacerdos plutôt que flamen semble s'imposer à la date de cette inscription, qui doit être postérieure à l'élévation de la cité au rang de municipium. Gsell et d'autres ont lu le texte [sacerdoti] | pr(ovinciae) Af[ricae pr]i|mo dans le sens où la personne honorée aurait été la première de la cité à revêtir la prêtrise provinciale. Cependant une signification particulière devait être attribuée à l'emploi de la clause du type qui primus ou une variante, dont le sens doit davantage être interprêté par le fait que Calpurnius Augustalis aurait été le premier à recevoir une statue. Cette hypothèse pourrait être confirmée si la lecture du texte original était [sacerdoti] | pr(ovinciae) Af[ricae pr]i|mo o[rdo et popul]us | in cu[rias cont]ribu|tus a[ere conla]to ob | merita [statuam?] dedic(averunt).
1) Discrimination vis-à-vis des emplois en contact avec la clientèle
Authors: Bouvard Laurence , Combes Pierre-Philippe , Decreuse Bruno , Laouénan Morgane , Schmutz Benoît , Trannoy Alain 
Published: March 2012

The Geography of Unemployment of First and Second-generation Africans in France:
1) Customer Discrimination in Face-to-face Jobs.

It is well-known that the unemployment rate differential between people of foreign and French origins has increased over the past decades. This statement must be completed by two key features. First, the unemployment rate differential is considerably higher in large cities than in small ones. Second, this geographic dualism has been magnified over time. This paper documents these two facts and offers a credible interpretation that relies on market failures on local labour markets. The hypotheses we test are the following ones. 1) People of foreign origin are mostly discriminated against in jobs which imply a face-to-face interaction with the customers. 2) Jobs that do not imply such an interaction have been swept out of big cities because of the increase in land prices ; the proportion of discrimination-prone jobs in urban areas has increased accordingly. If we buy the idea that foreign populations were stuck in large cites due to biased preferences or reasons linked to the housing market (an hypothesis we test in the companion paper we publish in this issue of the journal), we shed light on a spatial mismatch for foreign population at the national level. It would have been easier for them to find a non-discriminated job in smaller cities. Our empirical work is based on national labor surveys (FQJP and CdT) and the French census. in large cities than in small ones. Second, this geographic dualism has been magnified over time. This paper documents these two facts and offers a credible interpretation that relies on market failures on local labour markets. The hypotheses we test are the following ones. 1) People of foreign origin are mostly discriminated against in jobs which imply a face-to-face interaction with the customers. 2) Jobs that do not imply such an interaction have been swept out of big cities because of the increase in land prices ; the proportion of discrimination-prone jobs in urban areas has increased accordingly. If we buy the idea that foreign populations were stuck in large cites due to biased preferences or reasons linked to the housing market (an hypothesis we test in the companion paper we publish in this issue of the journal), we shed light on a spatial mismatch for foreign population at the national level. It would have been easier for them to find a non- discriminated job in smaller cities. Our empirical work is based on national labor surveys (FQJP and CdT) and the French census.
2) Pourquoi une si faible mobilité résidentielle ?
Authors: Bouvard Laurence , Combes Pierre-Philippe , Decreuse Bruno , Laouénan Morgane , Schmutz Benoît , Trannoy Alain 
Published: March 2012

The Geography of Unemployment of First and Second-generation Africans in France:
2) Why such a Low Residential Mobility ?

We use the French Housing Survey and analyze the residential mobility of people of African origins. We show that African people are overrepresented in large cities with respect to the rest of the population. We highlight two key factors behind this statement: the geographic concentration of social housing in dense areas and ethnic discrimination in the housing market. The interplay between these factors originates an African bias towards social housing: African people are more likely to enter social housing, and less likely to exit. These results are robust to controls for individual characteristics.
Les comportements dans le passage de l'économie traditionnelle à l'économie moderne en pays développé
Authors: Houssel Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2012

Behaviour in the transition from a traditional to a modern economy in developed countries. — In industrialized countries, some sectors of activity which had for long remained traditional such as agriculture, small and average- sized firms, and areas located out of the way of main centres of commercial relations, are now confronted with modern economics. The development is very unequal from one district to the next, even from one firm to another, so that it has seemed justifiable to speak of a " géographie par points ". Some new forms of production and management, based on association, are being set up. Economic analysis alone cannot explain these transformations which are accompanied by " urbanization " of psycho-sociological structures inherited from rural society.
The various responses to change : discouragement, indifference, or acceptance, are conditioned by the age and the pressure of the population, and by the penetrative force of modern economics. Getting out of the groove is due to pioneers who are often newcomers to the area; then the new techniques spread through imitation. The technical adaptation of the members of a traditional community into a modern society can only be achieved by collective promotion and access to culture. This is the case of the Scandinavian peasantry, thanks to the " Hojsköle ", high school for the people. The " Jeunesse Agricole Chrétienne " (J.A.C.) has found itself playing the same role in France.
Problème d'organisation régionale : l'Alsace
Authors: Nonn Henri 
Published: March 2012

L'exemple de l'Alsace est utilisé pour montrer, les transformations d'une structure régionale du fait des mutations économiques et sociales contemporaines. Alors que longtemps l'Alsace apparut comme un assemblage de « pays » fondés sur des aptitudes physiques (relief, sols) et sur des traits agricoles dominants, animés par de multiples foyers urbains, les structures nouvelles modifient ce canevas.
La redistribution de la population et des activités, et une hiérarchisation urbaine plus nette, créent des espaces polarisés plus vastes. Mais, par-delà ces derniers, une urbanisation assez généralisée explique que la centralité des villes ne soit pas seule à structurer l'espace alsacien; les complémentarités et les solidarités économiques et sociales aboutissent à définir de nouveaux cadres dans lesquels les anciens « pays » se fondent, et dans lesquels se reconsidèrent les problèmes d'aménagement.
Contact forêt-savane et recrû forestier en Côte-d'lvoire
Authors: Blanc-Pamard Chantal , Spichiger Rodolphe 
Published: March 2012

Les auteurs ont étudié le recrû forestier sur des parcelles cultivées en lisière d'un îlot forestier de plateau, sur le terroir de Sakassou, au sud -est du « V » Baoulé, en savane préforestière guinéenne.
A partir des données recueillies auprès des paysans Baoulé, 4 catenae de 50-55 m de long et 5 m de large ont été établies sur 3 parcelles dont l'année de mise en culture est connue; une parcelle-témoin non cultivée sert de référence.
Ces relevés mettent en évidence que l'homme a un rôle inducteur et accélérateur de la reforestation, par ses cultures vivrières de lisière. Son mode de culture, qui supprime le feu et les Graminées, favorise la création de fourrés secondaires.
L'utilisation agricole du sol en France : deux méthodes de traitement de l'information
Authors: Guermond Yves , Massias Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2012

Agricultural land-use in France : a comparison oj two statistical procedures. — On the basis of acreage data, land-use is defined by crop-combination regions. The first method tested here, after Perpillou, is based on the standard - deviation for each crop (including permanent grassland) and the comparison between each region and the mean French distribution. The second one, after Weaver, is based on the comparison with a theoretical distribution.
Both patterns must be followed by a classification, to reduce the number of categories for mapping purposes. The comparison of both procedures emphasizes the advantages the latter, and mainly of the substitution of a combination index to the alternate strip mapping.
Perspectives bayésiennes en géographie
Authors: Berdoulay Vincent 
Published: March 2012

Bayesian Perspectives in Geography. — The purpose of this article is to show the relevance of the subjective approach to probability for geographical research. Consistent with a certain epistemological trend in the human sciences, it provides geographers with a simple method of analysis. So-called Bayesian analysis allows an individual (or a group) who has to make a decision under uncertainty to
choose a strategy which is consistent with his own preferences and personal judgments. It is first explained in function of its main characteristics : combination of the estimation of the uncertain phenomena with the preferences for the various consequences; and sequential decision process. The mathematical technique of the analysis is then clarified by means of a numerical example, and the few norms
required are mentioned. Then, its applicability to geography is discussed and demonstrated in relation to perception, limited knowledge of the environment, level of satisfaction, learning and decision-making.
Le néo-marxisme et l'espace : réponse à Paul Claval
Authors: Lung Yannick 
Published: March 2012

Cette brève réponse à l'article de Paul Claval (publié dans le
numéro 3-1987), a deux objets : premièrement, apporter des précisions et des
compléments bibliographiques sur les approches néo-marxistes de l'espace; deuxièmement restituer à l'appréhension de la dynamique spatiale à deux niveaux à la fois un sens dialectique et une certaine spatialité.
Circulation et fait urbain : l'exemple des villes moyennes italiennes
Authors: Cori Berardo , Cortesi G. , Costa M. , Masi G. , Spinelli G. , Mautone M. , Sbordone L. , Salgaro S. 
Published: March 2012

Cette étude, conduite par un groupe d'experts en géographie urbaine,
des rapports entre qualité de la vie et circulation dans six villes italiennes
moyennes, permet d'esquisser quelques considérations de synthèse sur la croissante
influence négative que le trafic des véhicules a sur la possibilité de vivre dans les villes italiennes. L'encombrement causé par l'augmentation continuelle du nombre de véhicules avec l'occupation de l'espace urbain et l'incorrection toujours en progression dans les comportements qui en dérivent, accompagnés entre autres par une graduelle asphyxie du bon fonctionnement des transports publics, ont de pesants effets pervers sur la vie urbaine en Italie. Fréquence des accidents, pollution atmosphérique et acoustique inquiétante, expropriation systématique des piétons, persécution effrontée des franges les plus faibles de la population urbaine ne sont que quelques reflets de cette situation parmi les plus évidents. On pourrait cependant changer quelque chose. Sans aucun doute, dans les autres pays la situation est meilleure; en Italie, du moins dans les petites et -moyennes villes, elle n'est pas encore désespérée : il suffirait d'aborder le problème et d'appliquer les lois pour mieux faire marcher les choses.
Nouvelle littoralité industrielle en Tunisie, mondialisation et aménagement du territoire
Authors: Dlala Habib 
Published: March 2012

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Les héritiers de Caïn et Abel
Authors: Christopoulou Vassiliki-Piyi 
Published: March 2012

Dans cet article, à partir du texte fondateur de la Genèse et des principales notions kleiniennes, l’auteur fait appel à la double contribution de la théologie et de la psychanalyse, afin d’esquisser une généalogie du meurtre sous le signe de l’envie qui est à son origine. Le passage de l’envie à la gratitude et à la notion de confiance sans laquelle aucun lien interpersonnel ne serait possible est étudié dans le cadre de l’articulation de l’individuel et du collectif, à l’interface de la psychopathologie et du « travail de la culture ».
Drug, Sex and Age Differentials in the Use of Australian Publicly Funded Treatment Services
Authors: Fischer Jane Anne , Clavarino Alexandra Marie , Najman Jackob Moses 
Published: March 2012

Context Little is known about the proportion of the Australian population using alcohol or other drugs who may seek treatment. There is a need to have some additional estimates of population morbidity which reflect harms associated with use. Objective To determine Australian population rates of publicly funded community based specialised alcohol and other drug treatment and in-patient hospital care by those ‘at risk’, by drug type, sex and age. Design and setting The design is secondary data analysis of publicly available datasets. We use the latest available complete data on Australian general population incidence of alcohol, cannabis amphetamines and ecstasy use (2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey) and nationally collected administrative data on publicly funded specialised alcohol and other drug treatment services (2006–2007 Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services National Minimum Dataset) and public hospitals (2006–2007 National Hospital Morbidity Minimum Dataset) to calculate rates of drug treatment and in-patient hospital care per 1000 Australians. ‘At risk’ for alcohol is defined as being at risk of short term harm, as defined by the National Health and Medical Research Council (2001). ‘At risk’ for illicit drugs is defined as those exposed to potential harm through at least weekly use of cannabis, amphetamines and ecstasy use. Results Risky alcohol consumption followed by recent cannabis use appears to lead to most harm. Greater harm seems to be experienced by males rather than females. Younger adults (15–19 years) and older adults (40+ years) seem also to experience the highest rates of harm. Conclusions It is possible to derive population estimates of harms associated with licit and illicit drugs use. Treatment rates vary across drug type, gender and age. Alcohol and cannabis are the substances whose use leads to the greatest demand for services. Ecstasy appears to generate few presentations for treatment. Publicly available data can be used to estimate harms associated with the use of particular substances. Such estimates are best interpreted in the light of other ways of estimating harms.
Beltrami flow structure in a diffuser. Quasi-cylindrical approximation
Authors: González Rafael , Page Ricardo , Sartarelli Andrés Salvador 
Published: March 2012

We determine the flow structure in an axisymmetric diffuser or expansion region connecting two cylindrical pipes when the inlet flow is a solid body rotation with a uniform axial flow of speeds $\Omega$ and U, respectively. A quasi-cylindrical approximation is made in order to solve the steady Euler equation, mainly the Bragg-Hawthorne equation. As in our previous work on the cylindrical region downstream [R González et al., Phys. Fluids 20, 24106 (2008); R. González et al., Phys. Fluids 22, 74102 (2010), R González et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 296, 012024 (2011)], the steady flow in the transition region shows a Beltrami flow structure. The Beltrami flow is defined as a field $v_B$ that satisfies $\omega_B=\nabla \times v_B= \gamma v_B$, with $\gamma=constant$. We say that the flow has a Beltrami flow structure when it can be put in the form $v = U e_z + \Omega r e_{\theta} + v_B$, being U and $\Omega$ constants, i.e it is the superposition of a solid body rotation and translation with a Beltrami one. Therefore, those findings about flow stability hold. The quasi-cylindrical solutions do not branch off and the results do not depend on the chosen transition profile in view of the boundary conditions considered. By comparing this with our earliest work, we relate the critical Rossby number $\vartheta_{cs}$ (stagnation) to the corresponding one at the fold $\vartheta_{cf}$ [J. D. Buntine et al., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 449, 139 (1995)].Received: 29 August 2011,, Accepted: 29 February 2012; Edited by: J-P. Hulin; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.040002Cite as: R González,	R Page,	A S Sartarelli, Papers in Physics 4, 040002 (2012)
3‐ and 4‐Uloses Derived from N‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosamine: A Unique Pair of Complementary Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Schöberl Christof , Jäger Volker 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe 4‐ulose and the 3‐ulose, both derived in two steps from the α‐methyl glycoside of N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (GlcNAc), act as organocatalysts in the asymmetric epoxidation of alkenes, with unprecedented complementary enantioselectivity. The best results are found with α,β‐unsaturated esters as substrates, with enantiomeric ratios up to 90:10 and 11:89, respectively.
Selective, Green Synthesis of Six‐Membered Cyclic Carbonates by Lipase‐Catalyzed Chemospecific Transesterification of Diols with Dimethyl Carbonate
Authors: Pyo Sang‐Hyun , Hatti‐Kaul Rajni 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA facile and green synthesis of six‐membered cyclic carbonates, the potential monomers for isocyanate‐free polyurethanes and polycarbonates, was achieved by transesterification of diols with dimethyl carbonate catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B, Novozym®435, followed by thermal cyclization in a solvent‐free medium. The difference in the chemospecificity of the lipase for the primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols as acyl acceptors was utilized to obtain a highly chemoselective synthesis of the cyclic carbonate in high yield. In the lipase‐catalyzed reaction with diols, the product contained almost equal proportions of mono‐ and di‐carbonates with 1,3‐propanediol having two primary alcohols, a higher proportion of mono‐carbonate with 1,3‐butanediol having a primary and a secondary alcohol, and mainly mono‐carbonate with 3‐methyl‐1,3‐butanediol having a primary and a tertiary alcohol. The chemospecificity of cyclic carbonates formed by thermal treatment at 90 °C was closely related to the proportion of mono‐carbonate. The yield of cyclic carbonate was 99.3% with 3‐methyl‐1,3‐butanediol, 85.5% with 1,3‐butanediol, and 43.2% with 1,3‐propanediol.
Observations on the Sexual Segment of the Kidney of Snakes with Emphasis on Ultrastructure in the Yellow‐Bellied Sea Snake, Pelamis platurus
Authors: Sever David M. , Rheubert Justin L. , Gautreaux Jillian , Hill Toren G. , Freeborn Layla R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe sexual segment of the kidney (SSK) is an accessory sex structure in male lizards and snakes (Squamata). We describe histology of the SSK in 12 species of snakes, including one from the basal Scolecophidia, Leptotyphlops dulcis, and from the more advanced Alethinophidia, species from the Acrochordidae (Acrochordus granulatus), Homalopsidae (Cerberus rynchops), Uropeltidae (Teretrurus sanguineus), and eight species from the Elapidae, including six species of sea snakes. We also describe the ultrastructure of the SSK of the sea snake, Pelamis platurus. The SSK of L. dulcis does not include the ureter but does include distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) and collecting ducts. In all other snakes examined, the SSK is limited to the DCTs and does not differ in histology by any consistent character. We found apparently mature individuals of several species with inactive SSKs. Hypertrophied SSKs give positive reactions for protein secretions but variable reactions for carbohydrates. Ultrastructure of the SSK of P. platurus reveals nuclei situated medially in the epithelium and mature electron dense secretory vacuoles in other areas of the cytoplasm. Product release is apocrine. Junctional complexes only occur at the luminal border, and intercellular canaliculi become widened and are open basally. No cytologically unique characters occur in the SSK of P. platurus. The ancestral condition of the SSK in squamates is the presence of simple columnar epithelium specialized for secretion of a protein + carbohydrate product that matures and is released seasonally. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.