bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The origin of extended disc galaxies at z = 2
Authors: Sales Laura V. , Navarro Julio F. , Schaye Joop , Dalla Vecchia Claudio , Springel Volker , Haas Marcel R. , Helmi Amina 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Galaxy formation models typically assume that the size and rotation speed of galaxy discs are largely dictated by the mass, concentration and spin of their surrounding dark matter haloes. Equally important, however, is the fraction of baryons in the halo that collect into the central galaxy, as well as the net angular momentum that they are able to retain during its assembly process. We explore the latter using a set of four large cosmological N-body/gasdynamical simulations drawn from the OverWhelmingly Large Simulations project. These runs differ only in their implementation of feedback from supernovae (SNe). We find that, when expressed as fractions of their virial values, galaxy mass and net angular momentum are tightly correlated. Galaxy mass fractions, md=Mgal/Mvir, depend strongly on feedback but only weakly on halo mass, or spin over the halo mass range explored here (Mvir &gt; 1011h−1 M⊙). The angular momentum of a galaxy, expressed in units of that of its surrounding halo, jd=Jgal/Jvir, correlates with md in a manner that is insensitive to feedback and that deviates strongly from the simple jd=md assumption often adopted in semi-analytic models of galaxy formation. The md–jd correlation implies that, in a given halo, galaxy disc size is maximal when the central galaxy makes up a substantial fraction (∼20–30 per cent) of all baryons within the virial radius (i.e. md∼ 0.03–0.05). At z= 2, such systems may host gaseous discs with radial scalelengths as large as those reported for star-forming discs by the SINS survey, even in moderately massive haloes of average spin. Extended discs at z= 2 may thus signal the presence of systems where galaxy formation has been particularly efficient, rather than the existence of haloes with unusually high spin parameter.
The absorption-dominated model for the X-ray spectra of type I active galaxies: MCG–6-30-15
Authors: Miller L. , Turner T. J. , Reeves J. N. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
MCG–6-30-15 is the archetypal example of a type I active galaxy showing broad ‘red-wing’ emission in its X-ray spectrum at energies below the 6.4 keV Fe Kα emission line and a continuum excess above 20 keV. Miller et al. showed that these spectral features could be caused by clumpy absorbing material, but Reynolds et al. have argued that the observed Fe Kα line luminosity is inconsistent with this explanation unless the global covering factor of the absorber(s) is very low. However, the Reynolds et al. calculation effectively considers the only source of opacity to be the Fe K bound–free transition and neglects the opacity at the line energy: correction to realistic opacity decreases the predicted line flux by a large factor. We also discuss the interpretation of the covering factor and the possible effect of occultation by the accretion disc. Finally, we consider a model for MCG–6-30-15 dominated by clumpy absorption, which is consistent with a global covering factor of 0.45, although models that include the effects of Compton scattering are required to reach a full understanding. Variations in covering fraction may dominate the observed X-ray spectral variability.
Training response of mitochondrial transcription factors in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Norrbom J. , Wallman S. E. , Gustafsson T. , Rundqvist H. , Jansson E. , Sundberg C. J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim:  Mitochondrial function is essential for physical performance and health. Aerobic fitness is positively associated with mitochondrial (mt) biogenesis in muscle cells through partly unknown regulatory mechanisms. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of exercise and training status on key mt transcription factors in relation to oxidative capacity in human skeletal muscle.Methods:  The basal mRNA and protein levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), mitochondrial transcription factors B1 (TFB1M) or B2 (TFB2M), and mRNA levels of mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF), were measured in a cross‐sectional study with elite athletes (EA) and moderately active (MA) and the basal mRNA levels of these factors were measured during a 10‐day endurance training programme with (R‐leg) and without (NR‐leg) restricted blood flow to the working leg.Results:  TFAM protein expression was significantly higher in the EA than in the MA, while protein levels of TFB1M and TFB2M were not different between the groups. There was no difference between EA and MA, or any effect with training on TFAM mRNA levels. However, the mRNA levels of TFB1M, TFB2M and mTERF were higher in EA compared with MA. For TFB1M and TFB2M, the mRNA expression was increased in the R‐leg after 10 days of training, but not in the NR‐leg. mTERF mRNA levels were higher in EA compared with MA.Conclusion:  This study further establishes that TFAM protein levels are higher in conditions with enhanced oxidative capacity. The mRNA levels of TFB1M and TFB2M are influenced by endurance training, possibly suggesting a role for these factors in the regulation of exercise‐induced mitochondrial biogenesis.
Dystrophia Smolandiensis: a novel morphological picture of recurrent corneal erosions
Authors: Hammar Björn , Lagali Neil , Ek Stefan , Seregard Stefan , Dellby Anette , Fagerholm Per 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  The aim of this study was to describe morphological changes in Dystrophia Smolandiensis, a corneal disease that is characterized by recurrent corneal erosive episodes and the formation of central corneal keloid‐like opacities in approximately half of those affected.Methods:  The corneas of seven affected individuals were examined using in‐vivo confocal microscopy. Specimens of one primary corneal graft, one regraft and one biopsied keloid‐like region – all obtained from members of a large family with the disease – were re‐examined with a light microscope. Sections were stained with Congo red and analysed immunohistochemically for fibronectin and S100A4.Results:  Light microscopic examination revealed epithelial hyperplasia, absence of Bowman’s layer and subepithelial fibrosis. Fibronectin was expressed in the area of subepithelial fibrosis, and the keratocytes in this area generally expressed S100A4. The biopsy specimen stained positive for Congo red, suggesting an amyloid deposit. In‐vivo confocal microscopy confirmed epithelial abnormalities, loss of Bowman’s layer and significant alterations of the subbasal nerve plexus in affected individuals.Conclusion:  The morphological picture in Dystrophia Smolandiensis is novel for a condition dominated by recurrent corneal erosions at the clinical level. Although no single morphological feature unique to the disease could be found, the general morphological pattern of pathology (true keloid formation, absence of Bowman’s layer, subepithelial fibrosis and abnormal subbasal nerves) probably reflects a novel phenotypic expression of the healing response to recurrent erosion of the corneal epithelium. However, the pathogenesis of Dystrophia Smolandiensis remains to be elucidated fully.
Reduction in Recidivism in a Juvenile Mental Health Court: A Pre‐ and Post‐Treatment Outcome Study
Authors: Behnken Monic P. , Arredondo David E. , Packman Wendy L. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTA review of an evaluation of the Court for the Individualized Treatment of Adolescents (a prototype Juvenile Mental Health Court in Santa Clara, California) is presented along with admission criteria. Participant demographics are described. McNemar Test and Paired T Test results show that study participants committed violent, aggressive, and property crimes in significantly lower numbers in the 23 months following court admission than in the 18 months preceding court admission, despite escalating patterns of antisocial behavior prior to court involvement. The importance of developing multidisciplinary models to address moderately severe offenders with serious mental illness is discussed.
Clinical trials and public trust: the geographical shift to the Asia‐Pacific region
Authors: TORRALBA Karina D. , KHAN Nasim A. , QUISMORIO Francisco P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMultiple issues surrounding the publication of clinical trials and the conduct of clinical trials, especially those that are industry‐sponsored, have raised doubts regarding the integrity of their results, and of the integrity of the medical profession. An appreciation of the historical and economic changes in the relationship between physicians and industry is crucial to the understanding of these issues. Increasingly, as healthcare professionals and centers in the Asia‐Pacific region become involved in corporate‐funded multi‐center drug trials, these ethical issues similarly come into play. It is imperative for medical leaders to take actions ensuring rights of subjects participating in these clinical trials, and to ensure the integrity of physicians and authors of clinical trials from this region of the world.
The manifestations of vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis and its evidence‐based therapy
Authors: STRANGE Geoff , NASH Peter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFibrosis, inflammation and vascular dysfunction are major features of systemic sclerosis and the multiple organ‐specific complications that characterize this disease. Several manifestations of systemic sclerosis, including Raynaud’s phenomenon, digital ulceration, scleroderma renal crisis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality and are understood to share similarities in their underlying vasculopathy. In recent years, a number of treatment options have become available that ease the burden of these manifestations, including calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, prostanoids and prostacyclin analogs, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase type‐5 inhibitors. Several of these treatments have demonstrated beneficial effects against more than one complication, as a result of the similarities in the pathology underlying these manifestations. However, physicians involved in the management of patients with systemic sclerosis are faced with differing levels of evidence supporting these treatments, and historically little international consensus on the treatment of some manifestations, such as digital ulcers. The aim of this article is to evaluate the level of evidence supporting each intervention in systemic sclerosis, thereby facilitating decision‐making in the clinic.
The effectiveness of exercise therapy for ankylosing spondylitis: a review
Authors: WANG Ching‐Yi , CHIANG Pin‐Yen , LEE Hong‐Shen , WEI James Cheng‐Chung 
Published: August 2009

AbstractExercise therapy is an important component of current standard therapy for patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The purpose of this review is to provide important guidelines when prescribing exercises by reviewing articles evaluating the effectives and usefulness of exercise therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylosis.
Impact of bone marker feedback on adherence to once monthly ibandronate for osteoporosis among Asian postmenopausal women
Authors: THE BonAdASIA STUDY GROUP  
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim:  This study assesses the impact of serum carboxy‐terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) bone marker feedback (BMF) on adherence to ibandronate treatment in Asian postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.Methods:  This was a 12‐month (6‐monthly phased), randomized, prospective, open‐label, multi‐center study conducted in 596 (of 628 enrolled) postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (≤ 85 years old) who were naïve, lapsed, or current bisphosphonate users. Patients were randomized into two arms: serum CTX BMF at 3 months versus no‐BMF. Once‐monthly 150 mg ibandronate tablet was administered for 12 months and adherence to therapy was assessed at 6 and 12 months. In addition, patient satisfaction and safety of ibandronate treatment were also assessed.Results:  Serum CTX BMF at 3 months showed no impact on adherence. The proportions of adherent patients were comparable in the BMF versus no‐BMF arms (92.6%vs. 96.0%, P = 0.16); overall, serum CTX levels were similar for adherent and non‐adherent patients. However, BMF patients felt more informed about their osteoporosis (P < 0.001) and more satisfied (P < 0.01) than no‐BMF patients.Conclusions:  The Asian postmenopausal osteoporosis patients in this study had a high adherence rate to once‐monthly ibandronate therapy. Use of serum CTX BMF had no further impact on increasing adherence, but increased treatment satisfaction.
Central nervous system infections in Filipino patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: VARGAS Pauline Jea , KING Gentry , NAVARRA Sandra V. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground and purpose:  Infections including those of the central nervous system (CNS) are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This case series describes the etiology, contributing factors and outcomes of CNS infections in a group of Filipino patients with SLE.Design:  Retrospective case series.Methods:  We reviewed the medical records of SLE patients diagnosed and confined for a CNS infection at the University of Santo Tomas Hospital in Manila, Philippines, from 1997 to 2007.Results:  A total of 23 SLE patients (22 females) diagnosed with CNS infection were included in this study. The mean age was 25.8 years (range 12–51) at SLE diagnosis, and 30.9 years (range 14–58) at CNS infection, with a mean disease duration of 55 months (range 7–125). Nineteen cases (82.6%) were meningitis, and four (17.4%) were diagnoses of brain abscess. The etiologic agents were identified as Cryptococcus neoformans in seven (30.4%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in seven (30.4%), Streptococcus pneumoniae in two (8.7%), Salmonella sp. in one (4.4%), Corynebacterium bovis with Actinomyces sp. in one (4.4%), and no isolate in five (21.7%). The average daily prednisone dose was 28.9 mg (range 0–60 mg); 10 patients had recently received pulse cyclophosphamide, and two were on mycophenolate mofetil at the time of infection. Most cases had active SLE; the lone patient in disease remission had S. pneumoniae meningitis post‐splenectomy. The most common presentation was headache (100%) and fever (87%). The infection resolved completely in nine patients (39.1%), and resolved with sequelae in two patients (8.7%); 12 patients (52.2%) died.Conclusion:  We described the etiology and outcomes of CNS infections in a group of Filipino patients with SLE. Risk factors included active SLE in the majority of cases requiring moderate‐ to high‐dose steroids and other immunosuppressants like cyclophosphamide. Although C. neoformans and M. tuberculosis were the most common etiologic agents, it is just as important to search for less common organisms which can produce disease in highly susceptible hosts. A high index of suspicion and early appropriate management are crucial to favorable outcome among these patients.
Myocarditis in adult onset stills disease
Authors: JADHAV Praveen , NANAYAKKARA Nihal 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAdult onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is an inflammatory disorder characterized by daily spiking high fevers, arthritis and an evanescent rash. It is a rare disease of unknown aetiology and can have serious systemic and musculoskeletal sequelae. Literature on the association of myocarditis with AOSD is very sparse. Here, we present a case of AOSD associated with myocarditis, in which the patient responded well to systemic steroids.
Highly Efficient Antiviral CD8+T-Cell Induction by Peptides Coupled to the Surfaces of Liposomes
Authors: Takagi Akira , Matsui Masanori , Ohno Satoshi , Duan Hongying , Moriya Osamu , Kobayashi Nobuharu , Oda Hiroshi , Mori Masahito , Kobayashi Akiharu , Taneichi Maiko , Uchida Tetsuya , Akatsuka Toshitaka 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTIn previous studies, we have demonstrated that liposomes with differential lipid components display differential adjuvant effects when antigens (Ags) are chemically coupled to their surfaces. When ovalbumin was coupled to liposomes made by using unsaturated fatty acids, it was found to be presented not only to CD4+T cells but also to CD8+T cells and induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) which effectively eradicated the tumor from mice. In this study, we coupled liposomes to immunodominant CTL epitope peptides derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and evaluated its potency as an antiviral vaccine. The intramuscular immunization of mice with the peptide-liposome conjugates along with CpG resulted in the efficient induction of antiviral CD8+T-cell responses which conferred complete protection against not only LCMV Armstrong but also a highly virulent mutant strain, clone 13, that establishes persistent infections in immunocompetent mice. The intranasal vaccination induced mucosal immunity effective enough to protect mice from the virus challenge via the same route. Complete protection was achieved in mice even when the Ag dose was reduced to as low as 280 ng of liposomal peptide. This form of vaccination with a single CTL epitope induced Ag-specific memory CD8+T cells in the absence of CD4+T-cell help, which could be shown by the complete protection of CD4-knockout mice in 10 weeks as well as by the analysis of recall responses. Thus, surface-linked liposomal peptide might have a potential advantage for the induction of antiviral immunity.
Kinetic Patterns of
Candida albicans
Germ Tube Antibody in Critically Ill Patients: Influence on Mortality
Authors: Zaragoza Rafael , Pemán Javier , Quindós Guillermo , Iruretagoyena Jose R. , Cuétara María S. , Ramírez Paula , Gómez Maria D. , Camarena Juan J. , Viudes Angel , Pontón José 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

The influence of kinetic patterns of
Candida albicans
germ tube antibodies (CAGTA) on mortality was analyzed in six intensive care units. Statistically significant lower mortality rates were found in patients with patterns of increasing CAGTA titers who had been treated with antifungal agents. Thus, antifungal treatment should be considered when CAGTA titers are increasing in critically ill patients.
Disease Presentation in Relation to Infection Foci for Non-Pregnancy-Associated Human Listeriosis in England and Wales, 2001 to 2007
Authors: Gillespie Iain A. , McLauchlin Jim , Little Christine L. , Penman Celia , Mook Piers , Grant Kathie , O'Brien Sarah J. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Listeriosis is a rare but severe food-borne disease, affecting unborn or newly delivered infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. The epidemiology of listeriosis in England and Wales changed between 2001 and 2007, with more patients ≥60 years old presenting with bacteremia (but without central nervous system [CNS] involvement). In order to explain this increase and understand the altered disease presentation, clinical, microbiological, and seasonal data on bacteremic cases of
Listeria monocytogenes
infection identified through national surveillance were compared with those for patients with CNS infections. Logistic regression analysis was applied while controlling for age. Bacteremic patients, who presented more frequently with gastrointestinal symptoms, were more likely to have underlying medical conditions than CNS patients. This was most marked in patients with malignancies, particularly digestive organ malignancies. Treatment to reduce stomach acid secretion modified the effect of nonmalignant underlying conditions on outcome, i.e., patients with an underlying condition who were not taking acid-suppressing medication were equally likely to have a bacteremic or a CNS infection. However, this type of therapy did not modify the effect of malignancies on the likelihood of having a bacteremic or a CNS infection. The increase in the incidence of human listeriosis among patients ≥60 years old in England and Wales between 2001 and 2007 appears to have occurred in those with cancer or other conditions whose treatment included acid-suppressing medication. Therefore, this vulnerable patient group needs specific dietary advice on avoiding risk factors for listeriosis.
Gender and locality differences in tobacco prevalence among adult Bangladeshis
Authors: Flora M S , Mascie-Taylor C G N , Rahman M 
Published: August 2009

Objectives:To determine the extent of all forms of tobacco usage in adult Bangladeshis in relation to gender and locality.Methods:Three annual urban and rural cross-sectional surveys were carried out between 2001 and 2003 involving a total of 35 446 adults, of whom 54.3% were female and 51.0% were rural dwellers. Data were collected through interview using a structured questionnaire.Results:The overall prevalences of smoking, chewing tobacco and gul usage were 20.5%, 20.6% and 1.8%, respectively. Current smoking and gul usage were significantly higher in males (42.2% and 2.2%, respectively) than females (2.3% and 1.5%, respectively) while chewing tobacco was more common in females (21.6%) than males (19.4%). No significant urban-rural difference was observed in smoking rate after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, while chewing tobacco was 1.5 times more likely to occur in rural residents and gul usage was 3.6 times more likely to occur in urban residents. On average a smoker consumed 9.3 sticks a day with males and rural residents smoking more.Conclusions:Nearly a third of the population in Bangladesh use some form of tobacco. There are marked urban-rural and male-female differences. This difference is mainly accounted for by the higher prevalence of chewing tobacco in rural areas, rural female tobacco usage is close to double than the urban rate. Smoking rates were low in Bangladeshi females, more so in urban than rural areas. The tobacco awareness programme in Bangladesh might require putting emphasis on smokeless tobacco as well as smoking.
Support for smoke-free policies among smokers and non-smokers in six cities in China: ITC China Survey
Authors: Li Q , Hyland A , O'Connor R , Zhao G , Du L , Li X , Fong G T 
Published: August 2009

ObjectiveTo examine levels of support for comprehensive smoke-free policies in six large Chinese cities.MethodsData from Wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey (April–August 2006) were analysed. The ITC China Survey employed a multistage sampling design in Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Changsha, Guangzhou and Yinchuan (none of which has comprehensive smoke-free policies in place). Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 4815 smokers and 1270 non-smokers. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with support for comprehensive smoke-free policies.ResultsAbout one in two Chinese urban smokers and four in five non-smokers believed that secondhand smoke (SHS) causes lung cancer. The majority of respondents supported comprehensive smoke-free policies in hospitals, schools and public transport vehicles while support for smoke-free workplaces, restaurants and bars was lower. Levels of support were generally comparable between smokers and non-smokers. Support for comprehensive smoke-free policies was positively associated with knowledge about the harm of SHS. Respondents who worked in a smoke-free worksite or who frequented smoke-free indoor entertainment places were more likely to support comprehensive smoking restriction in bars and restaurants.ConclusionConsiderable support for smoke-free policies exists in these six large cities in China. Greater public education about the dangers of SHS may further increase support. Experiencing the benefits of smoke-free indoor entertainment places and/or workplaces increases support for these policies and suggests that some initial smoke-free policy implementation may hasten the diffusion of these public health policies.