bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of pollination on resource allocation among sexual reproduction, clonal reproduction, and vegetative growth in Sagittaria potamogetifolia (Alismataceae)
Authors: Liu Fan , Liao Yi‐Ying , Li Wei , Chen Jin‐Ming , Wang Qing‐Feng , Motley Timothy J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn order to evaluate the effects of pollination on resource allocation in the marsh herb Sagittaria potamogetifolia, experimental manipulation of pollination efficiency on the pattern of resource allocation was accessed by the proportion of dry weight measurements of sexual, vegetative, and clonal organs. In trials where half of the flowers were pollinated, a significant increase of resource allocated to sexual production and decrease to vegetative production resulted compared to plants that received no pollination. In trials where pollination was 100%, these two reproductive components showed the same trend, but less dramatically. This may support the idea that the trade‐offs would be more pronounced when the resource was scarce. Besides, a higher inflorescence production with a lower fruit reproduction occurred as a consequence of decreased pollination level. This increased inflorescence production may be a mechanism to promote outcrossing by enhancing floral attraction or by synchronizing reproductive activity with insect pollinators. Examination for possible trade‐offs in resource allocation revealed that there was also a trade‐off caused by pollination between fruits plus flowers and bulbils production, which might have detrimental effects on the survival of individuals and populations, but promotes outcrossing and genetic variability.
Enzymatic Production of Monoacylglycerols with Camellia Oil by the Glycerolysis Reaction
Authors: Zeng Fan‐kui , Yang Bo , Wang Yong‐hua , Wang Wei‐fei , Ning Zheng‐xiang , Li Lin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThree commercial immobilized lipases, Lipozyme RM IM, Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435, were screened for the production of monoacylglycerols (MAG) by glycerolysis of camellia oil in a solvent medium of tert‐butyl alcohol. Novozym 435 showed the best performance and was selected to catalyze the glycerolysis reaction. Different reaction conditions for the batch reaction, substrate mole ratio, substrate concentration and temperature, were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were determined as 6:1 mole ratio of glycerol to camellia oil at 40% (w/v) of substrate concentration in tert‐butyl alcohol at a reaction temperature of 50 °C. Under these optimal conditions, the conversion rate of camellia oil was 98.7% (10 h), and the mixture of acylglycerols contained 82.0% of MAG. A packed‐bed reactor (PBR) system with 4.5 g Novozym 435 was employed in continuous production. The resulting product mixture of acylglycerols contained 80.74% of MAG and was obtained at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min of substrates. The long‐term operation of the PBR system gave an average productivity of 0.698 kg MAG/(kg enzyme h) after 38 days of operation.
L’insémination artificielle avec donneur: les enfants donnent leur avis
Authors: Clément J. -L. 
Published: January 2010

RésuméRésuméEn France, une étude menée auprès d’enfants conçus par insémination artificielle avec donneur (IAD) apporte des éléments de réflexion sur une partie de cette génération d’hommes et de femmes devenus adultes.MéthodeVingt et un sujets ont été interviewés par un psychologue d’un Centre d’étude et de conservation des œufs et du sperme humains (CECOS) autour de thèmes communs concernant leur parcours individuel.RésultatsL’étude montre que les histoires personnelles s’entrecroisent, tout en restant singulières, en fonction de l’histoire intime et privée des parents dans la relation avec leur(s) enfant(s).ConclusionLa majorité des enfants estiment que leurs parents ont eu raison de choisir cette méthode, mais avec des nuances, et la plupart retiennent que l’anonymat du don leur est favorable.
When consensus counts: Exploring the impact of consensus claims in advertising
Authors: Freling Traci H. , Dacin Peter A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractConsensus claims are broad declarative statements used in an advertisement purporting that a majority of a certain group of consumers prefer or use the sponsor's product or service. While consensus claims are frequently used by advertisers, little is known about how they operate or their effectiveness. We utilize attribution theory to provide insight about how consensus claims operate, and to investigate the impact of consensus claims on attributions and brand attitudes. Results suggest consensus claims are an effective advertising strategy, but their persuasive impact varies according to the featured social information and the processing motivation of audience members.
Mineral resources and development in the Russian Arctic
Authors: Dobretsov N.L. , Pokhilenko N.P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The paper concerns issues of geology and metallogeny of the Russian Arctic, namely, (i) limits of the Russian oceanic Arctic in the context of the continental origin of territories under jurisdictional dispute; (ii) geology and tectonic history of the region; (iii) distribution of mineral deposits; (iv) outlook for diamond, PGE, Ni, rare metals, gold, and bauxite resources development.
Advanced diamond exploration and development can be expected proceeding from geology of new potentially diamondiferous areas, the Phanerozoic history and composition of lithospheric mantle beneath the Siberian craton which were controlled by the Siberian superplume at the Permian–Triassic boundary, and from new exploration approaches adapted to the prospecting conditions of Arctic Siberia.
According to the available knowledge of Ni and PGE mineralization in the Noril’sk region, it is reasonable to develop depleted ores and tailings (mining dumps at the Noril’sk and Talnakh deposits). However, the key solution consists in new large discoveries within the Dzheltula and Kharaelakh volcanic and plutonic complexes.
Gold production enhancement may be associated with black shale-hosted Au-As mineralization in the northeastern Russian Arctic, but the problem is in the lack of efficient and environmentally safe dressing technologies for these ores.
Most of rare metals in the area (Nb, Sc, Y, and other elements) are stored in the giant Tomtor field, which has a complex structure and history. A special technology designed for the Tomtor ores ensures more than 60% extraction of ore components.
Good prospects for the bauxite potential are expected from the Timan district where bauxite may occur in Vendian and Early Carboniferous formations.
It is suggested to include the development of the Russian Arctic as a priority target in the national economic strategy.
Seismic studies of frozen ground in Arctic areas
Authors: Melnikov V.P. , Skvortsov A.G. , Malkova G.V. , Drozdov D.S. , Ponomareva O.E. , Sadurtdinov M.R. , Tsarev A.M. , Dubrovin V.A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Seismiv surveys have been applied to investigate the structure of frozen ground, to identify and contour natural and man-caused unfrozen layers in permafrost (taliks), to constrain the position of the permafrost table in the Arctic inner shelf, and to study the related coastal stability. They are the classic methods common in shallow seismic exploration and new techniques specially designed at the Institute of Earth’s Cryosphere (Tyumen’) for different wave components. The joint use of compressional and shear waves provides a higher-quality interpretation of seismic data in permafrost applications. In the case of a single wave component, shear waves are advantageous over P waves.
Rhaetian diamond placers in Siberia
Authors: Grakhanov S.A. , Malanin Yu.A. , Pavlov V.I. , Afanas’ev V.P. , Pokhilenko N.P. , Gerasimchuk A.V. , Lipashova A.N. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Large diamond placers have been discovered in a Rhaetian basal horizon (Upper Triassic) in the north of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in the drainage areas of the Eekit, Nikabyt, Kelimyar, and Bur Rivers. In typomorphic features the found diamonds and indicator minerals of kimberlites are completely similar to those from Carnian basal horizons but, in contrast to them, are well sorted, and pyropes show features of mechanical wear. Analysis of the geologic evolution of the study area, morphology of diamonds and indicator minerals, and composition of the latter showed that the Rhaetian productive sediments resulted from the erosion of Carnian placers.
THE RIGHT TO PRIVATE PROPERTY: A JUSTIFICATION
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe proposed justification avoids problems that invalidate the familiar entitlement, utility, and interest-based justifications; interprets private property as necessary for controlling resources we need for our well-being; recognizes that the possession, uses, and limits of private property must be justified differently; and combines the defensible portions of the familiar but unsuccessful attempts at justification with a more complex account that combines the defensible portions of previous justificatory attempts with a new pluralistic approach that treats the right to private property as a conventional, defeasible, but indispensable right.
THE UNEASY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND CAPITAL
Authors: Christiano Thomas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe basic question I want to ask is: can the exercise of private property rights abridge fundamental norms of democratic decision-making? And, under what conditions can it do so? To the extent that we view democratic decision making as required by justice, the issue is whether there is a deep tension between certain ways of exercising the rights of private property and that part of social justice that is characterized by democracy. To the extent that this tension holds, I will argue that commitment to democratic norms implies that private capitalist firms must cooperate with a democratic assembly and government in the pursuit of the aims of a democratic assembly even when this implies some diminution of the profits of the firms. The cooperation I have in mind goes beyond the norm of faithful compliance with the law. To be sure, there are limits to this requirement as we will see in the later part of the paper. To the extent that private capitalist firms fail to do this and partially undermine the pursuit of the aims of a democratic assembly, they act in a way that is incompatible with fundamental norms of democratic governance.
Coach Talk: Linguistic Demands Inherent in Youth Sports
Authors: Masterson Julie J. , Davies Lisa K. , Masterson Gerald L. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
This investigation expands the notion of academic language to extracurricular activities and provides preliminary data regarding linguistic expectations that are placed on students who are participating in youth sports.

Method
Five coaches of young girls' basketball teams (2 competitive; 3 recreational) were observed during practice sessions divided into individual versus group and stationary versus active contexts. Communication was characterized with various measures of content, form, and use.

Results
Coaches rarely used pauses or communicative repetitions. Recreational coaches' utterances contained more mazes than competitive coaches' utterances. Utterances used during stationary activities tended to be longer and contain more than one verb compared to utterances used during active activities; sentence fragments were more frequent during active contexts. All coaches used jargon quite frequently.

Clinical Implications
The system reported here can be used to document linguistic demands in other extracurricular activities, such as music programs and scouting. Speech-language pathologists might include clinical activities to help students deal successfully with the linguistic requirements that are inherent in sporting activities.
Family Members' Perceptions of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Device Use
Authors: Bailey Rita L. , Parette Howard P. , Stoner Julia B. , Angell Maureen E. , Carroll Kathleen 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
Although advancements in technology have expanded the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices for children with disabilities, the use of AAC devices in school and home settings is often inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to examine family members' perceptions regarding the use of AAC devices. Factors that were perceived to affect student’s use of AAC devices, family expectations, and benefits of AAC device use were explored.

Method
Semistructured interviews were conducted with 6 family members (primary caregivers) of 7 youth who primarily use AAC devices to communicate in the school environment. The interviews were analyzed using cross-case analysis.

Results
A variety of common perspectives emerged from the data, including four thematic categories: expectations, facilitators, barriers, and benefits of AAC device use.

Implications
Information gained in this investigation may be used to improve professional-family and teaming relationships and serve to benefit AAC users in school and home settings.
Alveolar Bias in the Final Consonant Deletion Patterns of African American Children
Authors: Stockman Ida J. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
The variable deletion of word-final consonants is a well-known feature of African American English (AAE). This study aimed to show whether African American children exhibit an alveolar bias in their deletion of final voiceless stops as has been observed for their production of final nasals.

Method
The data were extracted from more than 5,000 spontaneous utterances in the speech samples of 7 African American children at 32 to 36 months of age.

Results
The final alveolar voiceless stop /-t/ was deleted significantly more often in word-final position than were /-p/ and /-k/ in both singleton and clustered contexts. The deletion of /-t/ in final clusters preceding other consonants at word boundaries contributed significantly to this bias. No significant differences were observed among the stops in their relative frequencies of deletion when a vowel sound followed or when the final stop was prepausal at word boundaries.

Conclusion
African American children’s deletion of final consonants is patterned even at an early age. It varies with whether the voiceless stop consonant is an alveolar sound or not and with the type of phonetic context in which the alveolar stop is embedded. This alveolar stop bias was attributed to phonetic and grammatic constraints on articulating final /-t/ relative to final /-p/ and /-k/.

Clinical Implication
All final consonant deletion patterns should not be regarded as typical of African American children when assessing their speech even as early as age 3;0 (years;months).
Effects of Prolonged Loud Reading on Normal Adolescent Male Voices
Authors: Kelchner Lisa N. , Toner Margaret M. , Lee Linda 
Published: December 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this article was to test the effects of vocal loading in healthy, peripubescent teenage boys. It was hypothesized that select acoustic measures, ratings of physical appearance of the larynx, and self-ratings of physical effort and vocal quality in the experimental group would significantly change in response to 2 hr of prolonged loud reading.MethodIn this prospective, repeated measures study, 25 boys aged 13–16 years were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (2 hr of continuous loud reading) or a control group (silent reading with brief periods of conversation). Pre–post acoustic, videoendoscopic, and perceptual data including self-ratings were collected. Postreading recovery changes were tracked by monitoring average reading fundamental frequency (F0) and intensity for 20 min following cessation of the reading task.ResultsThe experimental group demonstrated statistically significant differences before and after prolonged loud reading for three variables: F0 (p< .01), self-ratings of vocal quality (p< .01), and physical effort (p< .01). No pre–post changes were evident in the control group. In the experimental group, posttest return of F0 to pretest levels occurred within 20 min. Self-ratings revealed that the boys felt that their voice quality worsened and physical effort increased during the experimental task. Expert ratings did not detect any significant differences in either the perceptual quality of the experimental group’s voices or their videoendoscopic images.ImplicationsThese findings demonstrate that prolonged loud reading can induce temporary but measurable changes in F0 and in self-perception of vocal function in adolescent males who are experiencing a period of rapid laryngeal growth. The underlying mechanism for these changes remains unclear and warrants continued investigation. Furthermore, the results suggest that in the pubescent male population, comparable vocal loading tasks encountered in daily use should not result in long-term negative effects.
Treating Preschool Children Who Stutter: Description and Preliminary Evaluation of a Family-Focused Treatment Approach
Authors: Yaruss J. Scott , Coleman Craig , Hammer David 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to present a detailed description of a family-focused treatment for preschool children who stutter that addresses communication behaviors and attitudinal reactions that children and their parents may exhibit in reaction to stuttering, as well as a preliminary evaluation of the outcomes of that treatment.

Method
The study involved assessment of the children’s speech fluency and a client satisfaction questionnaire that sought parents' opinions about which aspects of the treatment were beneficial. Participants were 17 children who stutter, ages 31 to 62 months, and their families.

Results
Responses to the questionnaire indicated that treatment helped families learn about stuttering and about strategies that facilitate children’s fluency. Evaluation of the children’s fluency revealed that all participants achieved improved fluency at the conclusion of treatment and at long-term follow-up.

Implications
Findings suggest that this treatment approach may be useful for helping children achieve improved speech fluency, effective communication skills, and healthy communication attitudes.
Performance of African American Preschool and Kindergarten Students on the Expressive Vocabulary Test
Authors: Thomas-Tate Shurita , Washington Julie , Craig Holly , Packard Mary 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
To examine the validity of the Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT; K. Williams, 1997) for assessing the expressive vocabulary skills of African American students.

Method/Results

One hundred sixty-five African American preschool and kindergarten students were administered the EVT. The mean EVT score for these African American students was 96.44 (
SD
= 11.42), which is not appreciably lower than the standardized mean of 100 (
SD
= 15).

Clinical Implications
Scores were normally distributed, indicating that the EVT is culturally fair and appropriate for use with some African American preschool and kindergarten children as part of an early screening battery. The importance of culturally fair vocabulary measures is discussed relative to this population.
School-Aged Children’s Phonological Production of Derived English Words
Authors: Jarmulowicz Linda 
Published: December 2009

Purpose

Little is known about the phonological aspects of derivational processes. Neutral suffixes (e.g., -
ness
) that do not change stress and rhythmic or nonneutral suffixes (e.g., -
ity
) that alter stem stress were used in a production task that explored developmental changes in phonological accuracy of derived English words.

Method

Three groups of typically achieving children, aged 7 (
n
= 19), 8 (
n
= 18), and 9 (
n
= 15) years, produced derived words in isolation (12 words with rhythmic suffixes and 10 with neutral suffixes). Productions were transcribed from audio-recordings.

Results
Stress accuracy was at ceiling levels for neutral derived words but steadily improved in words with rhythmic suffixes. The predominant stress error was maintaining stem stress in the derived form. Children also made syllabification and consonant errors (in isolation and overlapping with stem stress errors). More errors occurred on derived words with vowel changes than without.

Conclusions
Morphophonological knowledge for words with rhythmic suffixes undergoes development in early school-aged children. The number or degree of phonological changes between the stem and derived word appears to be an important variable in accurate production.
Children’s Naming and Word-Finding Difficulties: Descriptions and Explanations
Authors: Messer David , Dockrell Julie E. 
Published: December 2009

PurposeThere is a substantial minority of children for whom lexical retrieval problems impede the normal pattern of language development and use. These problems include accurately producing the correct word even when the word’s meaning is understood. Such problems are often referred to asword-finding difficulties(WFDs). This article examines the nature of naming and lexical retrieval difficulties in these and other groups of children.MethodA review of the relevant literature on lexical access difficulties in children with word-finding difficulties was conducted. Studies were examined in the terms of population parameters and comparison groups included in the study.Results and ConclusionsMost discussions of the cognitive processes causing lexical retrieval difficulties refer to semantics, phonology, and processing speed. The authors propose that understanding of these topics will be further advanced by the use of appropriate methodology to test developmental models. In this way it will be possible to identify the processes that contribute to successful lexical retrieval and the processes that result in retrieval difficulties.
Sampling Context Affects MLU in the Language of Adolescents With Down Syndrome
Authors: Miles Sally , Chapman Robin , Sindberg Heidi 
Published: December 2009

PurposeThe authors describe the procedures used to explain an unexpected finding that adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) had a lower mean length of utterance (MLU) than typically developing (TD) children in interviews without picture support, but not in narratives supported by wordless picture books. They hypothesize that the picture support of the narrative context increased the MLU for the group with DS alone.MethodAdolescents with DS (n= 14) and TD children (n= 14) matched for receptive syntax narrated picture storybooks and participated in interviews. Transcription reliability, intelligibility/fluency, grammatical errors, discourse and sampling contexts, and discourse characteristics were examined for their effects on MLU.ResultsThe DS group showed a greater responsiveness to adult questions than the TD group; an alternate MLU without yes/no responses showed the same interaction of group and context as the original finding. An additional comparison of MLUs, obtained from narratives present in the interview and narratives elicited using picture books, showed that picture support in narrative increased MLUs only for the group with DS.ConclusionPicture support, rather than narrative context alone, increased MLUs for the group with DS. Clinical use of narratives and picture support in assessment and intervention with individuals with DS is discussed.