bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A System‐Aware Cyber Security architecture
Authors: Jones Rick A. , Horowitz Barry 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAs exemplified in the 2010 Stuxnet attack on an Iranian nuclear facility, attackers have the capabilities to embed infections in equipment that is employed in nuclear power systems. In this paper, a new systems engineering focused approach for mitigating such risks is described. This approach involves the development of a security architectural formulation that integrates a set of reusable security services as an architectural solution that is an embedded component of the system to be protected. The System‐Aware architectural approach embeds security components into the system to be protected. The architecture includes services that (1) collect and assess real‐time security relevant measurements from the system being protected, (2) perform security analysis on those measurements, and (3) execute system security control actions as required. This architectural formulation results in a defense that is referred to as System‐Aware Cyber Security. This includes (1) the integration of a diverse set of dynamically interchangeable redundant subsystems involving hardware and software components provided from multiple vendors to significantly increase the difficulty for adversaries by avoiding a monoculture environment, (2) the development of subsystems that are capable of rapidly changing their attack surface through hardware and software reconfiguration (configuration hopping) in response to perceived threats, (3) data consistency checking services (e.g., intelligent voting mechanisms) for isolating faults and permitting moving surface control actions to avoid operations in a compromised configuration, and (4) forensic analysis techniques for rapid post‐attack categorization of whether a given fault is more likely the result of an infected embedded hardware or software component (i.e., cyber attack) or a natural failure. In this paper we present these key elements of the System‐Aware Cyber Security architecture and show, including an application example, how they can be integrated to mitigate the risks of insider and supply chain attacks. In addition, this paper outlines an initial vision for a security analysis framework to compare alternative System‐Aware security architectures. Finally, we summarize future research that is necessary to facilitate implementation across additional domains critical to the nation's interest. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Imaging of an atypical large perineal cyst diagnosed during pregnancy
Authors: Goldberg Y. , Lavie O. , Mandel R. , Auslender R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPerineal cysts are quite frequent, almost 2% of women developing symptoms related to Bartholin or Gartner cysts. In most cases these cysts derive from embryological remnants or ectopic tissue, or form as epithelial inclusion cysts. These structures are usually asymptomatic unless they are complicated by infection. We report the sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of a large perineal cyst diagnosed during the first trimester of an uncomplicated pregnancy, followed by conservative management during pregnancy and surgical excision in the puerperium. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensional sonographic placental measurements in the prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age infants
Authors: Schwartz N. , Wang E. , Parry S. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo determine the utility of two‐dimensional (2D) sonographic placental measurements in the prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants.MethodsThe maximal diameter along the fetal surface of the placenta and the maximal placental thickness were measured at 18–24 weeks' gestation, and the measurements repeated in the orthogonal plane. ‘Biometric lags’ were calculated as the difference between sonographic gestational age, estimated using each of a number of fetal biometric measurements, and actual gestational age. These variables were analyzed individually and in combination as predictors of birth weight < 10th percentile (SGA < 10) and < 5th percentile (SGA < 5).Results1909 singleton pregnancies were included. Mean placental diameter (SGA < 10, P < 0.001; SGA < 5, P = 0.002) and thickness (SGA < 10, P < 0.006; SGA < 5, P = 0.065) were significantly smaller in SGA pregnancies. The biometric lags were greater in SGA pregnancies, the lag in abdominal circumference (AC) being the most predictive of SGA (P < 0.0001). Multivariable models were significantly predictive of both SGA < 10th percentile (area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve (AUC) = 0.7404) and < 5th percentile (AUC = 0.7204), the best fitting models including AC lag and mean placental diameter and thickness.Conclusions2D placental measurements taken in mid‐gestation are significantly associated with the incidence of SGA. Biometric lags can improve the predictive ability further. These easily obtained variables should be considered in future efforts to develop a clinically useful predictive model for adverse outcome of pregnancy.
Organische UV‐Schutzschichten für die Polycarbonatverglasung
Authors: Präfke Christiane , Schulz Ulrike , Kaiser Norbert 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPolycarbonat als Verglasungsmaterial im Außenbereich macht die Verwendung von funktionalen UV‐ und Kratzschutzschichten notwendig. Die Vakuumbeschichtungstechnik bietet eine Vielzahl von Technologien zur Herstellung solcher komplexer Beschichtungen. Ein wirksamer UV‐Schutz konnte dabei am Fraunhofer IOF durch die Abscheidung organischen UV‐Absorber entwickelt werden. Dazu wurden organische Verbindungen thermisch verdampft und sowohl als Einzelschichten als auch als Hybridschichten mit SiO2‐Matrixmaterial untersucht. Die UV‐Beständigkeit der Beschichtungen auf Polycarbonat konnte damit wesentlich erhöht werden.
Digitaler Gasdosierer im Grobvakuumbereich
Authors: Jitschin Wolfgang , Reinl Friedrich 
Published: February 2012

AbstractVakuummessgeräte werden kalibriert, indem man das zu kalibrierende Gerät mit einem Referenzgerät vergleicht. Beide Geräte sind an einem Rezipienten montiert. Nacheinander werden verschiedene Gasdrücke erzeugt und bei jedem Druck werden die Anzeigen der beiden Geräte notiert. Im Grobvakuumbereich erfolgt üblicherweise die Druckerzeugung durch sukzessive Zugabe von Gas in den Rezipienten mittels eines manuell bedienten Dosierventils. Die Druckeinstellung kostet erhebliche Zeit und beansprucht die Hand des Bedieners erheblich. Es wurde daher ein digitaler Gasdosierer mit elektromagnetischen Ventilen entwickelt, der eine schnellere und genauere Druckeinstellung als das analoge Dosierventil erlaubt und zudem die Hand des Bedieners schont. Der Gasdosierer und sein Einsatz werden beschrieben.
Automatic verification of reduction techniques in Higher Order Logic
Authors: Abed Sa’ed , Ait Mohamed Otmane , Al Sammane Ghiath 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
In this paper we propose an automatic methodology to verify the soundness of model checking reduction techniques. The idea is to use the consistency of the specifications to verify if the reduced model is faithful to the original one. The user provides the reduction technique, the specification and the system under verification. Then, using Higher Order Logic he verifies automatically if the reduction technique is soundly applied. The method is completely defined in an MDG–HOL special integration platform that combines an automatic high level model checking tool Multiway Decision Graphs (MDGs) within the HOL theorem prover. We provide two case studies, the first one is the reduction using SAT–MDG of an Island Tunnel Controller and the second one is the MDG–HOL assume-guarantee reduction of the Look-Aside Interface. The obtained results of our approach offer a considerable gain in terms of the correctness of heuristics and reduction techniques as applied to commercial model checking, however a small penalty is paid in terms of CPU time and memory usage.
Stranded on an island: consequences of forest fragmentation for body size variations in an arboreal mammal, the edible dormouse (Glis glis)
Authors: Fietz Joanna , Weis‐Dootz Tanja 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe island rule states that small mammals isolated on islands have the evolutionary tendency to become larger, while large mammals tend to become smaller. However, the underlying mechanisms and life history consequences of these insular shifts in body size still remain speculative. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an arboreal mammal, the edible dormouse (Glis glis), showed shifts in body size when inhabiting isolated forest fragments. We analysed a data set of 541 individuals captured between 2005 and 2010 in four different forest fragments and one continuous forest, which served as a reference area. Sex, age, body mass, and size of all individuals were known. We used linear mixed‐effect models to investigate whether individuals differed in their body size and mass between forest fragments and continuous forest. Our study revealed that edible dormice inhabiting forest fragments were significantly larger and heavier than individuals in the continuous forest, in accordance with patterns described by the island rule for small mammals. Because edible dormice frequently use nest boxes to rest during the day and to rear offspring, the life history strategies of this rodent can be easily investigated under evolutionary relevant conditions in the field. Thus the edible dormouse represents an excellent model organism for studying the mechanisms underlying shifts in body size as a response to habitat fragmentation and to investigate the consequences of these shifts on their life history strategies.
Enzymes for the biocatalytic production of rare sugars
Authors: Beerens Koen , Desmet Tom , Soetaert Wim 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Carbohydrates are much more than just a source of energy as they also mediate a variety of recognition processes that are central to human health. As such, saccharides can be applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries to stimulate our immune system (e.g., prebiotics), to control diabetes (e.g., low-calorie sweeteners), or as building blocks for anticancer and antiviral drugs (e.g., l-nucleosides). Unfortunately, only a small number of all possible monosaccharides are found in nature in sufficient amounts to allow their commercial exploitation. Consequently, so-called rare sugars have to be produced by (bio)chemical processes starting from cheap and widely available substrates. Three enzyme classes that can be used for rare sugar production are keto–aldol isomerases, epimerases, and oxidoreductases. In this review, the recent developments in rare sugar production with these biocatalysts are discussed.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION BY MILLET (PENNISETUM GLAUCUM) AND TARO (COLOCASIA ESCULENTA) GROWN UNDER BAOBAB (ADANSONIA DIGITATA)AND NÉRÉ (PARKIA BIGLOBOSA) IN AN AGROFORESTRY PARKLAND SYSTEM OF BURKINA FASO (WEST AFRICA)
Authors: SANOU JOSIAS , BAYALA JULES , BAZIÉ PAULIN , TEKLEHAIMANOT ZEWGE 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYPhotosynthesis and biomass production by millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) grown under baobab (Adansonia digitata) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) was studied at Nobéré (Burkina Faso) with the aim of optimising parkland systems productivity. Millet yielded the highest biomass under Baobab and the lowest biomass was recorded in the zone close to the tree trunk of néré. In contrast, the biomass of taro was higher in heavy shaded zones under néré and the zone close to baobab's trunk. The two crops showed an increasing trend of photosynthesis rate (PN) from tree trunk to the open area. However, the increase in thePNof taro from tree trunk to the open field was lower compared to that of millet. By increasing its leaf area index (LAI) under shade, taro displayed higher biomass production under tree compared to the open area while an opposite trend was observed in millet. The high millet biomass production under baobab could be explained by light availability and the reduction of temperature under shade compared to the open field. The adaptation of taro to shade by increasing its LAI and thus avoiding drastic reduction inPNunder shade resulted in better biomass production under heavy shade. Therefore, it was concluded that by replacing millet with taro under dense tree crowns the productivity of agroforestry parkland systems could be increased.
Law and Practice of Conciliation in Nigeria
Authors: Orji Uchenna Jerome 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article gives a general overview of an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism known as “conciliation” and the legal framework relating to its practice in Nigeria. Using the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation as a normative framework, the article critically analyses the proposed reforms to the existing legal framework for conciliation in Nigeria which are contained in the Nigerian Federal Arbitration and Conciliation Draft Bill and exposes some of its deficiencies. It also investigates the effect of the statutes of limitation on conciliation proceedings. The article also suggests that the institutionalization of conciliation will enhance its viability as an ADR mechanism in Nigeria.
Problems of Determining the Applicable Tax Laws in Nigeria: Resolving the Dilemma For FIRS and Taxpayers
Authors: Sanni Abiola 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe recent law revision exercise and tax reform in Nigeria have unwittingly introduced a measure of confusion into determining the applicable tax statute(s). The problem is so bad that, if the opinion of three different experts were sought on the same issue, it is possible that they would purport to be referring to the same law yet cite different sections of different laws. The thrust of this article is to disentangle the associated issues for the proper guidance of taxpayers and the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS). The article posits that the continued use of the Laws of Federation of Nigeria 1990 by FIRS is most inappropriate and illegal, and may open any assessment performed under them to legal challenge. The article advocates for a re-enactment of the Companies Income Tax Act.
Economic and Development Policy-Making in Nigeria
Authors: Ezeani Elimma C 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe difficulties in effective engagement with the global trade environment, especially given the rules-based system of world trade applicable to member states of the World Trade Organisation, are a constant subject for academic and political discourse, particularly when developing countries are involved. One consideration is however often overlooked: the internal constraints which must be faced in these countries along with their added obligations to comply with modern liberalization processes. This article studies these constraints by identifying the challenges facing one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest economies in constructing a stable legal framework for trade and development, which meets domestic needs and complies with the demands of the global market environment.
Judges without Robes and Judicial Voting in Contexts of Institutional Instability: The Case of Ecuador's Constitutional Court, 1999–2007
Authors: BASABE-SERRANO SANTIAGO 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article develops and utilises an ideal point index of judges to explain why they may cast conviction-based votes in contexts of institutional instability. In it, I modify the classic argument that an increase in institutional instability causes a commensurate increase in the likelihood of strategic voting. By instead proposing a curvilinear relationship between these two variables, the article proposes that, irrespective of the term length of the judges, an increase in institutional instability increases the probability of strategic voting only to a given point, after which, paradoxically, a greater degree of job uncertainty tends to favour conviction voting. This scenario provides incentives for the emergence of ‘judges without robes’: attorneys who accept appointments as judges for a limited time, and who use the judicial arena to improve their personal prestige and portfolio of clients who will return to them for future consultation.
Nation, Race, and Language: Discussing transnational identities in colonial Singapore,circa1930
Authors: AI LIN CHUA 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAround 1930, at a time of rising nationalisms in China and India, English-educated Chinese and Indians in the British colony of Singapore debated with great intensity the issue of national identity. They sought to clarify their own position as members of ethnic communities of immigrant origin, while remaining individuals who identified the territory of British Malaya as their home. Readers' letters published in theMalaya Tribune, an English-medium newspaper founded to serve the interests of Anglophone Asians, questioned prevailing assumptions of how to define a nation from the perspectives of territory, political loyalty, race, and language. Lived circumstances in Malaya proved that being Chinese or Indian could encompass a range of political, cultural, and linguistic characteristics, rather than a homogenous identity as promoted by nationalist movements of the time. Through these debates, Chinese and Indians in Malaya found ways to simultaneously reaffirm their ethnic pride as well as their sense of being ‘Malayan’.
Intimate Interactions: Eurasian family histories in colonial Penang
Authors: WALKER KIRSTY 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntimate interactions across ethnic and cultural lines were integral to the archive of memory within Eurasian families in colonial Penang. Through histories of their European and Asian ancestors, Eurasian families inherited a sense of travel and geographical mobility, and complex forms of cultural exchange often shaped their everyday lives. Eurasian family histories provide access to the messy, lived interactions which formed their social and domestic worlds, but they also hint at their limits. The idea of ‘Eurasian’ in colonial Malaya was a contentious one, a site for debate, as it was experienced by different people in different ways. During the interwar period, members of Penang's Eurasian elite attempted to define and discipline the divided Eurasian communities of Malaya, by purifying Eurasian family histories of their unruly diversity. In exploring the Eurasian social world of colonial Penang, this paper aims to delineate the fragility of such processes of interaction and exchange.
Dependence on sunbird pollination for fruit set in three West African montane mistletoe species
Authors: Weston Kerry A. , Chapman Hazel M. , Kelly Dave , Moltchanova Elena V. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:Theory predicts that not all plant species will be equally affected by disruption to their pollinator mutualisms because traits such as breeding system and mutualism strength can affect their response. We investigated these traits in three species of Afromontane mistletoeGlobimetula braunii,Agelanthus brunneusandA. djurensisin Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Nigeria, to test whether the traits were reliable indicators of relative reproductive success and could be used to predict relative vulnerability to pollinator loss. For each mistletoe species, insect and bird visitors were identified during a 160–240-min observation period of 4–10 plants and their roles in flower opening and fruit set were investigated using exclusion experiments applied to 250–500 flowers. We found that all three mistletoes are self-compatible but not capable of autonomous self-fertilization. The pollinator assemblage comprised four species of sunbird (Cyanomitrisspp.,Cinnyrisspp.) and a small social wasp (Vespinae). None of the mistletoes requires birds for flower opening:G. brauniiflowers self-opened in the absence of pollinators, whereas insects opened bothAgelanthusspp. Irrespective of flower opening, each mistletoe species requires sunbirds for effective pollination and fruit set. OnlyG. brauniidemonstrated pollen limitation (pollen limitation index = 0.504) which may be an early indication of mutualism breakdown. We suggest that mistletoes be considered as indicators of habitat condition and functioning within Afromontane forest ecosystems.
Stem characteristics and ant body size in a Costa Rican rain forest
Authors: Yanoviak Stephen P. , Silveri Cheryl , Hamm Christopher A. , Solis Manuel 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:Climbing plants provide efficient pathways for ants to access patchy arboreal resources. However, plant stems vary greatly in physical characteristics that are likely to influence ant locomotion. We collected, measured and identified ants foraging on 671 stems of climbing plants at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We applied tuna baits to 70% of the observed stems to attract ants to a broad range of stem sizes. We used these data to examine relationships between relative stem roughness, growth form (herbaceous or woody), stem diameter and the body length of foraging ants representing 58 species. The size of the largest ants found on stems generally increased with stem size up to 3.2 mm diameter, whereas the size of the smallest ants present on stems did not vary with stem diameter. The largest ants in the forest (Paraponera clavata) used small stems (<2.7 mm diameter) only when attracted by baits. Average (± SE) ant body length was larger on woody (5.2 ± 0.32 mm) vs. herbaceous (3.3 ± 0.53 mm) stems, but did not differ between rough and smooth stems within these categories. Ant body-size distribution tended toward unimodality on smooth stems. We conclude that small stem diameter acts as a habitat filter based on ant body size, but only for the largest ants in the forest. The filter effect is reduced when ants are attracted to an artificially high quality resource.