bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'impact du déficit public sur la vitesse de convergence des économies européennes
Authors: Cadoret Isabelle , Tavera Christophe 
Published: September 2011

The Impact of Government Deficits on European Economic Convergence Rates by Isabelle Cadoret and Christophe Tavera
This paper is a theoretical and empirical examination of the consequences of the government deficit criterion contained in the Maastricht Treaty on economic convergence rates in Europe. We use a Solow growth model that explicitly accounts for government deficits. Theoretical analysis shows a multiplicity of equilibria, as well as bifurcation equilibria. A simulation using the model shows that application of the government deficit criterion leads to more rapid and more uniform convergence rates in European countries.
Pacte de stabilité, crédibilité et stabilisation dans l'union monétaire européenne
Authors: Bureau Dominique 
Published: September 2011

Pacte de stabilité, crédibilité et stabilisation dans l'Union monétaire européenne
par Dominique Bureau
Le dilemme entre crédibilité monétaire et stabilisation régionale sous jacent au débat sur les critères budgétaires de l'UEM peut être illustré dans le cadre d'un modèle simple, où le choix d'une banque centrale européenne indépendante est supposé résoudre les problèmes de crédibilité monétaire, mais où les États-membres sont supposés conserver une forte capacité de stabilisation budgétaire face à des chocs de demande.
On montre que dans un tel contexte, l'arbitrage entre la crédibilité anti-inflationniste et la stabilisation des chocs asymétriques est délicat, la banque centrale ne pouvant discipliner simplement le biais expansionniste des autorités budgétaires. La politique monétaire constituant d'une certaine manière un bien public, les autorités nationales ont intérêt à se comporter vis- à- vis de celle-ci en passager clandestin. Dans le modèle considéré, qui met donc au premier plan, non pas les externalités intrinsèques, par les importations ou le taux d'intérêt, entre politiques budgétaires des États-membres, mais celle résultant de l'unicité de la politique monétaire, la mise en place de mécanismes tels que ceux envisagés dans le Pacte de stabilité peut alors être vu comme un instrument complémentaire, visant à alléger ce dilemme crédibilité et stabilisation. Permettant de maintenir l'autonomie des autorités budgétaires, il les responsabiliserait cependant si les sanctions sont perçues comme relativement automatiques.
Un modèle d'enchères de bois sur pied
Authors: Elyakime Bernard , Loisel Patrice 
Published: September 2011

Modelling Standing Timber Auctions by Bernard Elyakime and Patrice Loisel
In France, standing timber is often sold by auction with a secret reservation price and vaguely defined quantities. We propose two models in which there is an independent private value and different buyers' and sellers' estimates of quantities: one with a known reservation price and then one with a secret reservation price. We study the buyers' and sellers' strategies for working out the seller's expected revenues with and without a secret reserve price. The seller does better in an auction with a secret reservation price under certain market conditions.
La nature des transferts inter vivos en France : investissements humains, aides financières et transmission du patrimoine
Authors: Arrondel Luc , Wolff François-Charles 
Published: September 2011

La nature des transferts inter vivos en France : investissements humains, aides financières et transmission du
patrimoine par Luc Arrondel et François-Charles Wolff
Deux hypothèses fondamentales sont avancées pour expliquer les comportements de transferts inter vivos descendants : l' altruisme qui fait dépendre le bien-être des parents de celui de leurs enfants, et Y échange où les deux générations sont impliquées dans des relations de réciprocité. À partir ce ces deux types de comportements, nous étudions les déterminants des différentes aides (logement, argent, prêt, caution) et des donations recensées dans l'enquête "Actifs financiers" de l'Insee réalisée en 1992 sur un échantillon de 9530 ménages. Cette analyse met en évidence plusieurs résultats originaux. Les aides en logement et en argent s'apparentent souvent à des investissements dans le capital humain des enfants. Par contre, les prêts d'argent et la caution correspondent davantage à des transferts qui peuvent être expliqués par le fait que les enfants sont souvent contraints par la liquidité. Contrairement aux prédictions du modèle altruiste, le montant des donations augmente avec les revenus des bénéficiaires et cette pratique apparaît en conséquence comme un transfert anticompensatoire.
Nos résultats confirment également certaines conclusions importantes de travaux français antérieurs à savoir la complémentarité et la transmissibilité des pratiques de transmission. Les aides apparaissent souvent complémentaires, au moins pour certaines d'entre elles. Les ménages aideurs accompagnent par exemple souvent l'aide en logement ou le prêt d'un versement d'argent. Nous observons aussi une forte transmissibilité des pratiques pour la donation et les aides : on donne plus souvent si l'on est donataire, on aide plus fréquemment et de préférence sous la même forme si l'on a été aidé.
Productivité de la recherche et rendements d'échelle dans le secteur pharmaceutique français
Authors: Iung Nicolas , Rupprecht Frédéric 
Published: September 2011

Research Productivity and Returns to Scale in the French Pharmaceutical Sector by Nicolas lung and Frederic Rupprecht
This paper studies research productivity in French pharmaceutical laboratories. We measure the elasticities of the number of new products launched and the sales made by these products to the size of the laboratory launching them. Our study suggests that the development of new pharmaceutical products is subject to constant or decreasing returns and economies of scope. These economies could make it profitable for firms working in separate therapeutic fields to merge.
Constant or decreasing returns also prevail in the discovery of blockbusters, but without economies of scope. However, this type of pharmaceutical product might be expected to show increasing returns due to the greater impact of researcher specialisation and the fixed costs associated with purchasing sophisticated equipment.
Commerce international et structures de marché : une vérification empirique
Authors: Fontagné Lionel , Frudenberg Michael , Péridy Nicolas 
Published: September 2011

Commerce international et structures de marché : une vérification empirique par Lionel Fontagné, Michel Freudenberg et Nicolas Péridy
Une part importante des échanges internationaux a lieu sur un mode intra-branche (croisement des exportations et importations au sein des branches), en contradiction apparente avec la logique de spécialisation inter-branches selon les avantages comparatifs. Les développements récents de la théorie du commerce international, intégrant de nombreux apports de l'économie industrielle, débouchent toutefois sur une synthèse entre l'approche classique (l'avantage comparatif) et la concurrence imparfaite. On déduit deux ensembles de prédictions testables de cette synthèse, amendée pour prendre en compte la différenciation verticale des produits. L'un concerne les volumes d'échanges bilatéraux, l'autre la nature, inter- ou intra-branche des échanges. On estime des équations de type gravitaire entre pays de FUE12 sur la période 1980-1994. Les approches contemporaines de la spécialisation,_basées sur l'exploitation des rendements croissants, sont validées, mais non l'approche classique en termes d'avantage comparatif. Par contre, cette dernière conserve sa validité à un niveau plus fin, sur les échelles de qualité au sein des branches._Si la différenciation des produits renforce l'échange intra-branche, comme attendu, l'association traditionnelle des économies d'échelle à l'échange intra-branche n'est validée que dans le cas de la différenciation horizontale des produits.
Taxation, capital public et croissance : les méfaits du "court-termisme"
Authors: Rieber Arsène 
Published: September 2011

Taxation, capital public et croissance : les méfaits du "court-termisme"
par Arsène Rieber
Dans le cadre d'un modèle de croissance endogène, nous nous intéressons à l'incidence de la politique fiscale sur la dynamique économique. Approfondissant le modèle de Barro (1990), nous imposons une finalité aux prélèvements publics : le financement des infrastructures. Le modèle enseigne que par l'intermédiaire du choix des outils fiscaux, le gouvernement est confronté au résultat suivant : l'objectif de maximiser la dynamique de long terme se traduit par un ralentissement du rythme de convergence. À l'inverse, un gouvernement soumettant sa politique fiscale à des préoccupations d'ajustement de court terme dirigera l'économie vers un équilibre sous-optimal à long terme.
La modélisation Var "structurel" : application à la politique monétaire en France
Authors: Bruneau Catherine , De Bandt Olivier 
Published: September 2011

Structural VAR modeling: application to France's monetary policy by Catherine Bruneau and Olivier De Bandt
This paper discusses the purposes and limits of "structural" VAR modeling. It explains the choices that modelers have to make at different stages of the procedure. An illustration is provided by an analysis of monetary policy shocks in France over the 1972:1-1995:2 period. Compared with previous studies of this country, the main finding is the statistically significant effect of monetary policy on economic activity and inflation. This is found by introducing an additional variable that measures budget policy. The article shows that "structural" VARs can be used to analyse the 1993 recession.
Guide pratique des séries non-stationnaires
Authors: Salanié Bernard 
Published: September 2011

Guide pratique des séries non-stationnaires par Bernard Salanié
L'objet de ce texte est de présenter les méthodes économétriques disponibles pour procéder à l'estimation et au test de systèmes comprenant des variables non-stationnaires, en insistant sur les contributions récentes qui fournissent des méthodes plus simples et/ou plus robustes que celles qui ont été développées au début des années quatre- vingt. L'approche utilisée est résolument pragmatique : aucun résultat asymptotique n'est démontré, mais on cherche à évaluer les avantages et inconvénients de l'utilisation de chaque procédure.
Redistribution, inégalité et chômage
Authors: Touzé Vincent 
Published: September 2011

Redistribution, inégalité et chômage par Vincent Touzé
L'objet de cet article est de proposer un fondement théorique de la relation inégalité-chômage mise en évidence de façon empirique. Pour ce faire, on utilise une économie à générations imbriquées dans laquelle l'État redistribue les richesses entre les individus à l' aide d' une taxation linéaire. Les caractéristiques des individus ne sont pas observables et les paramètres du système de redistribution sont choisis au moyen du modèle de taxation optimale de Mirrlees. Un tel système de redistribution engendre une relation entre inégalité et chômage. Le problème de la redistribution optimale s'envisage comme un arbitrage particulier entre inégalité et chômage. A long terme, l'impact sur le pouvoir d'achat stationnaire peut aussi intervenir. Ces résultats sont illustrés à l'aide d'un exemple numérique.
Changements de composition de la force de travail. Implications pour les salaires et le chômage
Authors: Wasmer Étienne 
Published: September 2011

Changes in the Structure of the Labour Force: Wage and Unemployment Implications
by Etienne Wasmer
Some important stylised facts on the leading OECD countries' labour markets and the rise in wage inequalities and unemployment are described and associated with changes in the structure of the labour force. The literature sometimes overlooks the fact that these changes can destabilise the labour markets, by considering the labour supply to be a homogeneous factor. We endeavour to show here that the supply should be represented as heterogeneous in that this rise has been accompanied by a marked change in structure. The labour force has become younger and more female. This paper describes the mechanisms that can create unemployment and inequalities. These supply changes could be viewed as an increase in the number of low- wage-earners. Also worth mentioning is the drop in the actual amount of employment experience among the labour force.
Abacavir, Didanosine and Tenofovir do not Induce Inflammatory, Apoptotic or Oxidative Stress Genes in Coronary Endothelial Cells
Authors: Kim Chul , Gupta Samir K , Green Linden , Taylor Brian M , Deuter-Reinhard Maja , Desta Zeruesenay , Clauss Matthias 
Published: August 2011

Background The use of abacavir and didanosine in HAART has been associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. The aim of this study was to address the development of endothelial dysfunction in cultivated coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) in response to abacavir, didanosine and tenofovir. We examined the impact of these drugs on the expression levels of the proinflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptosis regulating genes in HCAECs. Methods We tested gene and protein expression changes in HCAECs in response to abacavir, didanosine and tenofovir using quantitative real-time reverse transciptase PCR, FACS and ELISA. The assessed genes/proteins included the proinflammatory molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1, RANTES and IL-6. In addition, we assessed the gene expression of the intracellular reactive oxygen producing NADPH oxidase subunit gp91PHOX and the apoptosis regulating molecules Bcl-2 and BAD. Results Exposure of HCAECs to abacavir, didanosine and tenofovir resulted in no statistically significant changes in any of the tested genes/proteins at any time point or at any concentration. Conclusions We found no evidence that abacavir, didanosine or tenofovir had direct in vitro effects on coronary endothelial cell gene transcription and protein expression of the selected mediators. If abacavir or didanosine increase cardiovascular risk, it is likely not through the direct endothelial activation pathways tested in these experiments. However, further studies are needed to completely exclude the toxicity of abacavir or didanosine on endothelial cells.
Measurement of End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide in Spontaneously Breathing Children After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Rasera Carmen Caroline , Gewehr Pedro Miguel , Domingues Adriana Maria Trevisan , Junior Fernando Faria 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundRespiratory monitoring is important after surgery to prevent pulmonary complications. End-tidal carbon dioxide (Petco2) measurement by capnometry is an indirect and noninvasive measurement of Pco2 in blood and is accepted and recognized in critical care.ObjectivesTo determine the correlation and level of agreement between Petco2 and Paco2 in spontaneously breathing children after cardiac surgery and to determine whether Petco2 measured by using tidal volume (Vt-Petco2) or vital capacity (VC-Petco2) shows more or less significant correlation with Paco2.MethodsVt-Petco2 and VC-Petco2 by capnometry and Paco2 by blood gas analysis were measured once a day after tracheal extubation. The determination coefficient and degree of bias between the methods were assessed in children with and without supplemental oxygen.ResultsA total of 172 Vt-Petco2, VC-Petco2, and Paco2 values from 48 children were analyzed. The overall coefficients of determination were 0.84 (P &lt; .001) for Vt-Petco2 and Paco2 and 0.62 (P = .02) for VC-Petco2 and Paco2. The mean gradient for Paco2 to Petco2 in all groups increased with the increase in supplemental oxygen; the gradient was significantly larger in the groups given 2 to 5 L of oxygen per minute.ConclusionsIn spontaneously breathing children, Vt-Petco2 provided a more accurate estimate of Paco2 than did VC-Petco2, especially in children given little or no supplemental oxygen. The difference between the methods was significantly larger in the groups given 2 to 5 L of oxygen per minute.
Rectifiability of Optimal Transportation Plans
Authors: McCann Robert J. , Pass Brendan , Warren Micah 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe regularity of solutions to optimal transportation problems has become a hot topic in current research. It is well known by now that the optimal measure may not be concentrated on the graph of a continuous mapping unless both the transportation cost and themasses transported satisfy very restrictive hypotheses (including sign conditions on the mixed fourth-order derivatives of the cost function). The purpose of this note is to show that in spite of this, the optimal measure is supported on a Lipschitz manifold, provided only that the cost isC2with non-singular mixed second derivative. We use this result to provide a simple proof that solutions to Monge's optimal transportation problem satisfy a change of variables equation almost everywhere.
Involutions and Anticommutativity in Group Rings
Authors: Goodaire Edgar G. , Milies César Polcino 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLet g denote an involution on a group G. For any (commutative, associative) ring R (with 1), * extends linearly to an involution of the group ring RG. An element α ∊ RG is symmetric if α* = α and skew-symmetric if α* = -α. The skew-symmetric elements are closed under the Lie bracket, [αβ] = αβ - βα. In this paper, we investigate when this set is also closed under the ring product in RG. The symmetric elements are closed under the Jordan product, α˚α = αβ +βα. Here, we determine when this product is trivial. These two problems are analogues of problems about the skew-symmetric and symmetric elements in group rings that have received a lot of attention.
Twenty-Four–Hour Bence-Jones Protein Determinations: Can We Ensure Accuracy?
Authors: Kaplan Jennifer S , Horowitz Gary L 
Published: September 2011

Context.—Light chain disease represents 15% to 20% of cases of multiple myeloma. Current guidelines recommend monitoring these patients with 24-hour urine collections.Objective.—To determine the reliability of 24-hour urine collections in assessing the amount of Bence-Jones protein (BJP).Design.—We included all patients from our institution from 2003 through 2008 with BJP who had more than four 24-hour urine collections. We compared BJP excretion calculated from the submitted 24-hour collection with BJP excretion calculated by normalizing the collection to that patient's mean 24-hour creatinine excretion. We also looked at differences in serial values with these 2 methods. In addition, we evaluated the feasibility of using random urine samples to determine BJP excretion.Results.—A total of 14 patients with 135 24-hour urine collections met our inclusion criteria. The 24-hour urine creatinine excretion for each patient, which should be reasonably constant, varied considerably (coefficient of variation range 12%–30%). Differences in the 2 methods of calculating BJP excretion ranged from −1588 to 2315 mg/d. Among a total of 121 serial 24-hour measurements, the differences were clinically significant in 37 (30%). Among a total of 23 random urine samples from 11 of these patients submitted within 10 days of a 24-hour collection, the estimated BJP excretion appeared to be accurate in at least 18 (78%).Conclusions.—Twenty-four–hour urine collections for BJP are, in practice, often misleading. At a minimum, one should verify that the 24-hour creatinine excretion is accurate. In addition, it may be possible to use the protein/creatinine ratio from random urine samples to determine 24-hour BJP excretion.
Self‐reported knee malalignment in early adult life as an independent risk for knee chondrocalcinosis
Authors: Abhishek Abhishek , Doherty Sally , Maciewicz Rose A. , Muir Kenneth R. , Zhang Weiya , Doherty Michael 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if self‐reported current and early adult life knee malalignment is associated with knee chondrocalcinosis (CC).MethodsA case–control study embedded in the Genetics of Osteoarthritis and Lifestyle (GOAL) study was performed. A validated self‐reported line‐drawing instrument was mailed to 3,022 participants of GOAL, inquiring about knee malalignment (straight, valgus, varus) in their third decade (20s) and currently. Self‐reported weight in 20s and present weight and height measured at the initial visit were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) in 20s and currently. Occupational risk was present if participants self‐reported mechanically demanding activities in their longest held job. Cases were participants with radiographic CC at any tibiofemoral (TF) joints. Osteoarthritis was defined as a Kellgren/Lawrence score of ≥3 at TF joints or patellofemoral joints. Odds ratio (OR), adjusted OR, and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated for associations with knee CC.ResultsA total of 2,167 participants responded to the questionnaire, of which 7.5% respondents had knee CC. Knee CC was associated with self‐reported varus (adjusted OR 1.77 [95% CI 1.05, 2.98]) and any knee malalignment in 20s (adjusted OR 1.64 [95% CI 1.02, 2.64]). This association was not restricted to the mechanically loaded TF compartment. There was no association between current knee malalignment and knee CC. Age (adjusted OR 1.73 [95% CI 1.36, 2.19]) and knee OA (adjusted OR 2.88 [95% CI 1.89, 4.38]) were associated with knee CC. There was no association between BMI in 20s (adjusted OR 1.14 [95% CI 0.92, 1.42]), occupational risk (adjusted OR 1.32 [95% CI 0.94, 1.85]), and knee CC.ConclusionEarly life knee malalignment, predominantly varus, is an independent risk factor for knee CC. This association is not restricted to the mechanically loaded compartment, implying a generalized predisposition throughout the knee.
Fault tolerance evaluation based on the lattice of system configurations
Authors: Staroswiecki Marcel , Commault Christian , Dion Jean‐Michel 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe lattice of component subsets is a very useful structure for addressing fault tolerance and architecture design problems for systems described as a set of components. This paper presents a number of concepts and techniques that are associated with this lattice to evaluate the degree of fault tolerance of a given property and to classify components with respect to their usefulness for this property. Being very general, the approach needs no assumption on the system, nor on the properties to be satisfied, and allows both deterministic and probabilistic measures to be used. A sensor selection example illustrates the practical use of the proposed tools. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.