bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐invasive measurement of the haemodynamic effects of inhaled salbutamol, intravenous L‐arginine and sublingual nitroglycerin
Authors: Tahvanainen Anna , Leskinen Miia , Koskela Jenni , Ilveskoski Erkki , Alanko Juha , Kähönen Mika , Kööbi Tiit , Lehtimäki Lauri , Moilanen Eeva , Mustonen Jukka , Pörsti Ilkka 
Published: May 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Haemodynamic effects of endothelial stimuli induced by salbutamol and L‐arginine in humans have been previously studied predominantly at rest in selected vascular beds.• We studied the effects of salbutamol, L‐arginine and nitroglycerin on cardiac and vascular function by continuous recording of pulse wave analysis and impedance cardiography both in the supine position and during passive head‐up tilt. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The divergent effects of the research drugs in supine position and during head‐up tilt indicate that human haemodynamics should also be studied in the upright position.• Since inhaled salbutamol induced more pronounced changes in haemodynamics, it provides a clinically more applicable tool than infused L‐arginine for the assessment of endothelial function in humans.AIMSTo examine the effects of salbutamol and L‐arginine, two compounds acting largely on the endothelium, and the endothelium‐independent agent nitroglycerin on blood pressure, arterial compliance, cardiac function and vascular resistance.METHODSContinuous radial pulse wave analysis, whole‐body impedance cardiography, and plethysmographic blood pressure from fingers in the supine position and during head‐up tilt were recorded in nine healthy subjects. Data were captured before and after L‐arginine (10 mg mg−1 min−1) or saline infusion, salbutamol (400 µg) or placebo inhalation, and sublingual nitroglycerin (0.25 mg) or placebo resoriblet.RESULTSThe results of all measurements were comparable before drug administration. The effects of inhaled salbutamol were apparent in the supine position: systemic vascular resistance (−9.2 ± 2.6%) and augmentation index (−4.0 ± 1.5%) decreased, and heart rate (8.6 ± 2.5%) and cardiac output (8.8 ± 3.1%) increased. L‐arginine had no clear effects on supine haemodynamics, but during head‐up tilt blood pressure was moderately decreased and reduction in aortic reflection time prevented, indicating improved large arterial compliance. Nitroglycerin reduced supine vascular resistance (−6.7 ± 1.8%) and augmentation index (−7.4 ± 1.6%), and increased cardiac output (+9.2 ± 2.7%). During head‐up tilt, nitroglycerin increased cardiac output (+10.6 ± 5.6%) and heart rate (+40 ± 7.5%), decreased vascular resistance (−7.8 ± 5.8%) and augmentation index (−18.7 ± 3.2%), and prevented the decrease in aortic reflection time.CONCLUSIONSInhaled salbutamol predominantly changed supine haemodynamics, whereas the moderate effects of L‐arginine were observed during the head‐up tilt. In contrast, small doses of nitroglycerin induced major changes in haemodynamics both supine and during the head‐up tilt. Altogether, these results emphasize the importance of haemodynamic measurements in both the supine and upright positions.
Cranberry juice suppressed the diclofenac metabolism by human liver microsomes, but not in healthy human subjects
Authors: Ushijima Kentarou , Tsuruoka Shu‐ichi , Tsuda Hidetoshi , Hasegawa Gohki , Obi Yuri , Kaneda Tae , Takahashi Masaki , Maekawa Tomohiro , Sasaki Tomohiro , Koshimizu Taka‐aki , Fujimura Akio 
Published: May 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Cranberry juice has a significant inhibitory effect on CYP2C9 activity in vitro, whereas it shows a minimal effect on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin, a CYP2C9 substrate in vivo.• Information regarding the interaction between cranberry juice and other medications metabolized by CYP2C9 is limited. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Cranberry juice suppressed the metabolism of diclofenac, another CYP2C9 substrate, by human liver microsomes.• Pharmacokinetic parameters of diclofenac were not altered by cranberry juice consumption in human subjects.AIMTo investigate a potential interaction between cranberry juice and diclofenac, a substrate of CYP2C9.METHODSThe inhibitory effect of cranberry juice on diclofenac metabolism was determined using human liver microsome assay. Subsequently, we performed a clinical trial in healthy human subjects to determine whether the repeated consumption of cranberry juice changed the diclofenac pharmacokinetics.RESULTSCranberry juice significantly suppressed diclofenac metabolism by human liver microsomes. On the other hand, repeated consumption of cranberry juice did not influence the diclofenac pharmacokinetics in human subjects.CONCLUSIONSCranberry juice inhibited diclofenac metabolism by human liver microsomes, but not in human subjects. Based on the present and previous findings, we think that although cranberry juice inhibits CYP2C9 activity in vitro, it does not change the pharmacokinetics of medications metabolized by CYP2C9 in clinical situations.
Communicating benefit and risk
Authors: Baglin Trevor 
Published: May 2009

SummaryImproved reporting of clinical trials and greater engagement by patients in treatment decisions requires that clinicians have a working knowledge of estimates of benefit and risk and how to communicate these measures. A basic understanding of study design and analysis is often neglected by clinicians in training, and recent analyses indicate that inadequate reporting and design are associated with biassed estimates of treatment effects. Communicating likely treatment results to patients requires presentation of information as absolute rather than relative risk, using common denominators or probabilities, and explaining risk with reference to a proposed treatment duration. Conveying uncertainty in relation to estimates of likelihood is particularly difficult when discussing outcomes with patients and often the clinician is still left with phrases such as ‘best guess’.
The prognosis of clinical monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis differs from prognosis of Rai 0 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and is recapitulated by biological risk factors
Authors: Rossi Davide , Sozzi Elisa , Puma Alessia , De Paoli Lorenzo , Rasi Silvia , Spina Valeria , Gozzetti Alessandro , Tassi Maristella , Cencini Emanuele , Raspadori Donatella , Pinto Valeria , Bertoni Francesco , Gattei Valter , Lauria Francesco , Gaidano Gianluca , Forconi Francesco 
Published: May 2009

SummaryMonoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is an asymptomatic monoclonal expansion of <5·0 × 109/l circulating CLL‐phenotype B‐cells. The relationship between MBL and Rai 0 CLL, as well as the impact of biological risk factors on MBL prognosis, are unknown. Out of 460 B‐cell expansions with CLL‐phenotype, 123 clinical MBL (cMBL) were compared to 154 Rai 0 CLL according to clinical and biological profile and outcome. cMBL had better humoral immune capacity and lower infection risk, lower prevalence of del11q22‐q23/del17p13 andTP53mutations, slower lymphocyte doubling time, and longer treatment‐free survival. Also, cMBL diagnosis was a protective factor for treatment risk. Despite these favourable features, all cMBL were projected to progress, and lymphocytes <1·2 × 109/l and >3·7 × 109/l were the best thresholds predicting the lowest and highest risk of progression to CLL. AlthoughIGHVstatus, CD38 and CD49d expression, and fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) karyotype individually predicted treatment‐free survival, multivariate analysis identified the presence of +12 or del17p13 as the sole independent predictor of treatment requirement in cMBL (Hazard ratio: 5·39, 95% confidence interval 1·98–14·44,P = 0·001). Overall, these data showed that cMBL has a more favourable clinical course than Rai 0 CLL. Given that the biological profile can predict treatment requirement, stratification based on biological prognosticators may be helpful for cMBL management.
Treatment of adults with BCR‐ABL negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with a modified paediatric regimen
Authors: Storring John M. , Minden Mark D. , Kao Susan , Gupta Vikas , Schuh Andre C. , Schimmer Aaron D. , Yee Karen W. L. , Kamel‐Reid Suzanne , Chang Hong , Lipton Jeffrey H. , Messner Hans A. , Xu Wei , Brandwein Joseph M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryBetween 2000 and 2006, 85 adult BCR‐ABL negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients between 18 and 60 years of age were treated using a modified paediatric regimen, which included high doses of asparaginase delivered weekly for 30 weeks during intensification. The complete response rate with induction therapy was 89%, and decreased with increasing age, mainly due to higher induction mortality. All post‐induction treatments were delivered on an outpatient basis. The most common complications during intensification were infections (47%), osteonecrosis (32%), venous thromboembolism (23%) and neuropathy (22%). At a median follow‐up of 4 years, the 5‐year overall survival (OS) and relapse‐free survival (RFS) were 63% and 71%, respectively. Significant adverse predictors for OS were age >35 years, high white blood cell count, MLL rearrangement, allogeneic stem cell transplantation in first complete remission and <80% of the planned asparaginase dose delivered during intensification. Patients aged ≤35 years had a 3 year OS of 83%, as compared to 52% for patients aged >35 years. We conclude that the administration of this paediatric regimen is feasible and has considerable activity in adult ALL, particularly in younger patients. Effective delivery of asparaginase dosing appears to be important in achieving an optimal antileukaemic effect.
Marked downregulation of the granulopoiesis regulator LEF1 is associated with disease progression in the myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Pellagatti Andrea , Marafioti Teresa , Paterson Jennifer C. , Malcovati Luca , Della Porta Matteo G. , Jädersten Martin , Pushkaran Beena , George Tracy I. , Arber Daniel A. , Killick Sally , Giagounidis Aristoteles , Hellström‐Lindberg Eva , Cazzola Mario , Wainscoat James S. , Boultwood Jacqueline 
Published: May 2009

SummaryLymphoid enhancer‐binding factor 1 (LEF1) is a neutrophilic granulopoiesis regulator whose absence is critical in congenital neutropenia. We have shown LEF1 downregulation in the CD34+ cells of the majority of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients. LEF1 was the most significant differentially expressed gene between early and advanced MDS. Marked LEF1 downregulation was found in 27/32 patients with advanced MDS and in 6/35 patients with early MDS, and was associated with neutropenia. Downregulation of LEF1 mRNA was reflected at the protein level. Immunostaining for CD34/LEF1 may represent a marker of advanced MDS. LEF1 may play a role in the defective maturation of myeloid progenitors in MDS.
Highly increased familial risks for specific lymphoma subtypes
Authors: Goldin Lynn R. , Björkholm Magnus , Kristinsson Sigurdur Y. , Turesson Ingemar , Landgren Ola 
Published: May 2009

SummaryStudies have shown that familial risk contributes to aetiology of lymphomas. Using large population registries from Sweden, we evaluated risk of lymphoma subtypes among first‐degree relatives of 2668 follicular lymphoma (FL) patients, 2517 diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients, and 6963 Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients compared to first‐degree relatives of controls. Relatives were at the highest risk for developing the same lymphoma subtype as the case. DLBCL was increased 10‐fold among relatives of DLBCL patients, FL was increased fourfold among relatives of FL patients and HL was increased fourfold among relatives of HL patients. These results imply that germline susceptibility genes are specific to lymphoma subtype.
Influence of water flow velocity, water depth and colony distance on distribution and foraging patterns of terns in the Wadden Sea
Authors: SCHWEMMER PHILIPP , ADLER SVEN , GUSE NILS , MARKONES NELE , GARTHE STEFAN 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSurface‐feeding seabirds, such as Common (Sterna hirundo) and Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) in the German Wadden Sea, are dependent on biological and physical processes that affect prey availability close to the water surface. We proposed the following four hypotheses: (i) relationships should exist between high water flow velocity and foraging activity of terns, as turbulence should enhance prey availability at the surface; (ii) the areas of highest foraging success should be located within areas of low water depth, due to enhanced biological productivity; (iii) as terns are known to have small foraging radii, the location of their breeding grounds should be related to the location of their foraging grounds; (iv) terns should forage intensely in river estuaries, as these should hold ample food supplies. The time between terns leaving the colony and their first foraging attempt differed significantly among different tidal stages: the time was shortest during flood and ebb tides (i.e., highest water flow velocities). Modelling of a long‐term data set revealed the highest probability of foraging activity in conditions of high water currents, in both shallow areas and in areas of around 15–20 m depth. Foraging activity was negatively correlated with distance from colony. The distance to the closest estuary had no significant effect on foraging behaviour. Our findings emphasize the physical–biological coupling in the Wadden Sea and highlight the overall importance of small‐scale physical processes in directly influencing prey availability for surface‐feeding seabirds.
Sensitivity analysis of sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) larvae trajectories to hydrodynamic model configuration on Georges Bank and adjacent coastal regions
Authors: TIAN RUCHENG C. , CHEN CHANGSHENG , STOKESBURY KEVIN D. E. , ROTHSCHILD BRIAN J. , XU QICHUN , HU SONG , COWLES GEOFFREY , HARRIS BRADLEY P. , MARINO II MICHAEL C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe previous larval‐trajectory modeling studies on Georges Bank were assessed through process‐oriented Lagrangian‐tracking comparison experiments using the high‐resolution Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank Finite‐Volume Coastal Ocean Model (GOM‐FVCOM). The results indicate that in a strong nonlinear system such as Georges Bank, the passive tracer movement is driven by a fully three‐dimensional Lagrangian flow field that varies in space and time due to large tidal excursion and steep bottom topography. The particle‐tracking methods developed based on the assumption of weak nonlinearity of the flow field are not applicable to Georges Bank. The results of previous larval transport studies driven by circulation fields constructed under the weak‐nonlinearity assumption need to be interpreted with caution. In the present work, the influence of model physical setups on sea scallop larval dispersal and settlement on Georges Bank and adjacent shelf regions is examined. Distinct differences in the spatial distribution of the passive larvae predicted by the model under various physical conditions suggest that a fully nonlinear model driven by realistic spatially and temporally varying forcing should be employed for Lagrangian‐based studies of fishery population dynamics on Georges Bank.
Separating physical disturbance and nutrient enrichment caused by Pacific salmon in stream ecosystems
Authors: TIEGS SCOTT D. , CAMPBELL EMILY Y. , LEVI PETER S. , RÜEGG JANINE , BENBOW MARK E. , CHALONER DOMINIC T. , MERRITT RICHARD W. , TANK JENNIFER L. , LAMBERTI GARY A. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) deliver marine‐derived nutrients to the streams in which they spawn and die, and these resource subsidies can increase the abundance of stream biota. In strong contrast, physical disturbance from salmon spawning activity can reduce the abundance of benthic organisms. Previous experimental designs have not established the relative effects of these two contrasting processes on stream organisms during a salmon run.2. We combined manipulative and observational field studies to assess the degree of nutrient enrichment, physical disturbance, and the net effect of salmon on the abundance of benthic periphyton. Related salmon‐mediated processes were also evaluated for benthic macroinvertebrates. Mesh exclosures (2 × 2 m plots) prevented salmon from disturbing areas of the stream channel, which were compared with areas to which salmon had access. Sampling was conducted both before and during the late‐summer spawning run of pink (O. gorbushca) and chum (O. keta) salmon.3. Streamwater nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations increased sharply with the onset of the salmon run, and highly significant positive relationships were observed between the numbers of salmon present in the stream and these dissolved nutrients. Before the salmon run, periphyton biomass (as chlorophyll a) and total macroinvertebrate abundance were very similar between control and exclosure plots. During the salmon run, exclosures departed substantially from controls, suggesting significant disturbance imparted on benthic biota.4. Comparing exclosures before and during the salmon run enabled us to estimate the effects of salmon in the absence of direct salmon disturbance. This ‘nutrient enrichment potential’ was significant for periphyton biomass, as was a related index for macroinvertebrate abundance (although enhanced invertebrate drift into exclosures during the salmon run could also have been important). Interestingly, however, the net effect of salmon, evaluated by comparing control plots before and during the salmon run, was relatively modest for both periphyton and macroinvertebrates, suggesting that nutrient enrichment effects were largely offset by disturbance.5. Our results illustrate the importance of isolating the specific mechanisms via which organisms affect ecosystems, and indicate that the relative magnitude of salmon nutrient enrichment and benthic disturbance determines the net effect that these ecologically important fish have on stream ecosystems.
Artificial drainage and associated carbon fluxes (CO2/CH4) in a tundra ecosystem
Authors: MERBOLD L. , KUTSCH W. L. , CORRADI C. , KOLLE O. , REBMANN C. , STOY P. C. , ZIMOV S. A. , SCHULZE E.‐D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEcosystem flux measurements using the eddy covariance (EC) technique were undertaken in 4 subsequent years during summer for a total of 562 days in an arctic wet tundra ecosystem, located near Cherskii, Far‐Eastern Federal District, Russia. Methane (CH4) emissions were measured using permanent chambers. The experimental field is characterized by late thawing of permafrost soils in June and periodic spring floods. A stagnant water table below the grass canopy is fed by melting of the active layer of permafrost and by flood water. Following 3 years of EC measurements, the site was drained by building a 3 m wide drainage channel surrounding the EC tower to examine possible future effects of global change on the tundra tussock ecosystem. Cumulative summertime net carbon fluxes before experimental alteration were estimated to be about +15 g C m−2 (i.e. an ecosystem C loss) and +8 g C m−2 after draining the study site. When taking CH4 as another important greenhouse gas into account and considering the global warming potential (GWP) of CH4 vs. CO2, the ecosystem had a positive GWP during all summers. However CH4 emissions after drainage decreased significantly and therefore the carbon related greenhouse gas flux was much smaller than beforehand (475 ± 253 g C‐CO2‐e m−2 before drainage in 2003 vs. 23 ± 26 g C‐CO2‐e m−2 after drainage in 2005).
Differential gene expression during compensatory sprouting of dendrites in the auditory system of the cricketGryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Horch H. W. , McCarthy S. S. , Johansen S. L. , Harris J. M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNeurones that lose their presynaptic partners because of injury usually retract or die. However, when the auditory interneurones of the cricketGryllus bimaculatusare denervated, dendrites respond by growing across the midline and forming novel synapses with the opposite auditory afferents. Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to detect transcriptional changes 3 days after denervation. This is a stage at which we demonstrate robust compensatory dendritic sprouting. Whereas 49 unique candidates were down‐regulated, no sufficiently up‐regulated candidates were identified at this time point. Several candidates identified in this study are known to influence the translation and degradation of proteins in other systems. The potential role of these factors in the compensatory sprouting of cricket auditory interneurones in response to denervation is discussed.
XPC gene polymorphisms and risk of idiopathic azoospermia or oligozoospermia in a Chinese population
Authors: Liang Jie , Gu Aihua , Xia Yankai , Wu Bin , Lu Ningxia , Wang Wei , Lu Chuncheng , Zheng Qian , Wang Shoulin , Wang Xinru 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA retrospective case–control study was carried out in the Han‐Chinese population to determine the polymorphisms of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) gene on the risk of idiopathic azoospermia or oligozoospermia. The Ala499Val (C>T) and Lys939Gln (A>C) polymorphism of XPC gene were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism in three groups of infertile men (172 patients of azoospermia, 25 patients of severe oligozoospermia, 55 patients of oligozoospermia) and 228 fertile men. Increased risk of idiopathic azoospermia, but not oligozoospermia was associated with the XPC variant genotypes of Ala499Val (C>T) [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–2.68 for CT heterozygote and adjusted OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.10–3.75 for TT homozygote] compared with CC homozygous wide‐type. The Lys939Gln (A>C) polymorphism was not related to spermatogenic failure. The combined risk alleles analysis and haplotype analysis showed that ORs increased as the number of the risk alleles increased and the 499T‐939C haplotype had a significantly increased risk of idiopathic azoospermia (OR = 7.97; 95% CI = 3.51–18.07) compared with other haplotypes. The results suggest that XPC Ala499Val (C>T) polymorphism is correlated with high risk of idiopathic azoospermia in the Han‐Chinese population.
The long pentraxin 3 is a soluble and cell‐associated component of the human semen
Authors: Doni Andrea , Paffoni Alessio , Nebuloni Manuela , Ragni Guido , Pasqualini Fabio , Valentino Sonia , Bonetti Silvia , Mantovani Alberto , Somigliana Edgardo , Garlanda Cecilia 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a multifunctional soluble pattern recognition receptor, involved in several processes ranging from innate resistance and inflammation to clearance of apoptotic cells and organization of hyaluronic acid‐rich extracellular matrices. PTX3 is also a novel marker in several pathological conditions of infectious, inflammatory, or autoimmune origin. This study was designed to assess whether PTX3 is expressed in the male reproductive tract and whether PTX3 interacts with human spermatozoa influencing their function. Here we show for the first time by immunohistochemistry that PTX3 is expressed in the male genital tract in perivascular connective tissue, in endothelial cells, in the interstitium, and in the cytoplasm of prostatic epithelial glandular cells; PTX3 was detectable in seminal plasma in variable levels, which correlated with the percentage of normal spermatozoa. Moreover, PTX3 binds to spermatozoa, in particular with immotile cells, localizing in the neck and in the subacrosomial region. Finally, recombinant PTX3 did not interfere with sperm motility.