bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational investigation of transport parameters of ions in gas-filled radiation detectors
Authors: Kalkan Yalçın , Arı Sedat , Orak Salim , Veenhof Rob 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this study, a novel computational method was developed to
investigate the transport characteristics of ions in gas-filled
radiation detectors, which are closely linked to the behavior of
ions in gaseous detectors. Parameters such as polarizability, mean
free path, collision frequency, and mean free time, which directly
impact ion mobility, were physically manipulated using the Monte
Carlo technique, and the results were validated against fundamental
physical principles. As an initial scenario, computations were
performed on the mobility of Ar+ ions in an argon
environment as a carrier gas. The distribution of the radial
velocity components of the ion following an ion-gas collision was
represented as a two-dimensional histogram with a disc-shaped
pattern, and this result was elucidated utilizing the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The findings regarding the mean free
time and mean free path of an Ar+ ion in an argon
carrier gas align with the results derived from Skullerud's
methodologies. These findings hold promise for Garfield++
simulations, enabling the computation of ion mobility and even
cluster ions in the mixture, thereby considering their impact on the
detector's gain parameters. The results of this investigation offer
novel insights into the behavior of ions within detector settings,
significantly enhancing our comprehension of the mobility of ions
and its effects on radiation detection efficiency.
On the (6,4)-problem of Brown, Erdős, and Sós
Authors: Glock Stefan , Joos Felix , Kim Jaehoon , Kühn Marcus , Lichev Lyuben , Pikhurko Oleg 
Published: June 2024

Let

f

(
r
)

(
n
;
s
,
k
)

f^{(r)}(n;s,k)

be the maximum number of edges of an

r
r

-uniform hypergraph on

n
n

vertices not containing a subgraph with

k
k

edges and at most

s
s

vertices. In 1973, Brown, Erdős, and Sós conjectured that the limit

lim

n
→
∞

n

−
2

f

(
3
)

(
n
;
k
+
2
,
k
)

\begin{equation*} \lim _{n\to \infty } n^{-2} f^{(3)}(n;k+2,k) \end{equation*}

exists for all

k
k

and confirmed it for

k
=
2

k=2

. Recently, Glock showed this for

k
=
3

k=3

. We settle the next open case,

k
=
4

k=4

, by showing that

f

(
3
)

(
n
;
6
,
4
)
=

(

7
36

+
o
(
1
)
)

n
2

f^{(3)}(n;6,4)=\left (\frac {7}{36}+o(1)\right )n^2

as

n
→
∞

n\to \infty

. More generally, for all

k
∈
{
3
,
4
}

k\in \{3,4\}

,

r
≥
3

r\ge 3

and

t
∈
[
2
,
r
−
1
]

t\in [2,r-1]

, we compute the value of the limit

lim

n
→
∞

n

−
t

f

(
r
)

(
n
;
k
(
r
−
t
)
+
t
,
k
)

\lim _{n\to \infty } n^{-t}f^{(r)}(n;k(r-t)+t,k)

, which settles a problem of Shangguan and Tamo.
Recent and anticipated novel drug approvals (Q2 2024 through Q1 2025)
Authors: Rim Matthew H , Karas Brittany L , Barada Farah , Dean Collin , Levitsky Andrew M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Health-system pharmacists play a crucial role in monitoring the pharmaceutical pipeline to manage formularies, allocate resources, and optimize clinical programs for new therapies. This article aims to support pharmacists by providing periodic updates on new and anticipated novel drug approvals.

Summary
Selected drug approvals anticipated in the 12-month period covering the second quarter of 2024 through the first quarter of 2025 are reviewed. The analysis emphasizes drugs expected to have significant clinical and financial impact in hospitals and clinics, as selected from 52 novel drugs awaiting US Food and Drug Administration approval. New cellular and gene therapies for cancers continued to strengthen the pipeline, in addition to new drugs targeting previously untreatable conditions. Several novel drugs are being developed for rare and ultra-rare diseases such as hemophilia, Niemann-Pick disease type C, hereditary angioedema, and aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency.

Conclusion
The current drug pipeline includes new drugs with various indications for cancers and rare diseases as well as diabetes, acute coronary syndrome, chronic skin disorder, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Incorporating Sex-Diverse and Gender-Inclusive Perspectives in Higher Education Biology Courses
Authors: Harris Breanna N , Lewis A Kelsey , Sharpe Sam L , Orr Teri J , Martine Christopher T , Josefson Chloe C 
Published: June 2024

Synopsis
Inclusive teaching is teaching in a way that reaches all students in the classroom; this is beneficial for everyone, particularly for those with minoritized identities. Instructors play a critical role in scaffolding how students are exposed to and learn science content in the classroom. In this manuscript, we discuss how biology instructors can make their classrooms more inclusive with regard to sex and gender diversity content. Many topics in biology are based on androcentric, heteronormative, and oppressive framing, even though those lenses are more reflective of our own history and culture than they are of the diversity we see in nature. Here, we summarize information presented in the SICB 2024 workshop titled “Incorporating sex diversity and gender inclusivity in biology undergraduate classrooms” and provide instructors with (a) rationale for why inclusive teaching matters, (b) guidance on how to challenge unscientific views and make their curricula more sex diverse and gender inclusive, and (c) practical and easy-to-implement strategies for discussing “contentious” topics in the classroom. Incorporation of this material will be beneficial for students, for science and medicine, and for accurately representing the diversity found across the tree of life.
Integrating Spatial Analyses of Genomic and Physiological Data to Understand Avian Responses to Environmental Change
Authors: Benham Phred M , Beckman Elizabeth J 
Published: June 2024

Synopsis
Projected rates of climate change over the next century are expected to force species to shift ranges, adapt, or acclimate to evade extinction. Predicting which of these scenarios may be most likely is a central challenge for conserving biodiversity in the immediate future. Modeling frameworks that take advantage of intraspecific variation across environmental gradients can be particularly important for meeting this challenge. While these space-for-time approaches are essential for climatic and genomic modeling approaches, mechanistic models that incorporate ecological physiology data into assessing species vulnerabilities rarely include intraspecific variation. A major reason for this gap is the general lack of empirical data on intraspecific geographic variation in avian physiological traits. In this review, we outline the evidence for and processes shaping geographic variation in avian traits. We use the example of evaporative water loss to underscore the lack of research on geographic variation, even in traits central to cooling costs in birds. We next demonstrate how shifting the focus of avian physiological research to intraspecific variation can facilitate greater integration with emerging genomics approaches. Finally, we outline important next steps for an integrative approach to advance understanding of avian physiological adaptation within species. Addressing the knowledge gaps outlined in this review will contribute to an improved predictive framework that synthesizes environmental, morphological, physiological, and genomic data to assess species specific vulnerabilities to a warming planet.
Seroepidemiology of Measles and Rubella Among Hong Kong Young Adults and the Humoral Responses of a Measles-Mumps-Rubella Booster Among Participants With Low Antibody Levels
Authors: Chan Jeffery C H , Leung Daniel , Chan Sau Man , Tam Issan Y S , Lam Jennifer H Y , Chan Koon Wing , Zhang Kaiyue , Chiu Timothy L H , Yeung Tom H M , Chung Gabriel M H , Rosa Duque Jaime S , Lau Yu Lung 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Some individuals may not retain adequate immunity against measles and rubella years after 2 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination due to vaccine failure. This study aimed to investigate the rates of vaccine failure and seroconversion by administering an MMR booster to young adults.

Methods
We first assessed measles and rubella antibody levels using the Luminex multiplex assay, Vitek Immunodiagnostic Assay System (VIDAS) immunoglobulin G assay, and plaque reduction neutralization test among individuals aged 18–30 years who had received 2 doses of MMR vaccine. Participants with low measles and/or rubella antibody levels as confirmed by VIDAS received an MMR booster. Antibody levels were measured at 1 month postbooster.

Results
Among 791 participants, the measles and rubella seroprevalence rates were 94.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.9%–96.0%) and 97.3% (95% CI, 96.0%–98.3%), respectively. Lower seroprevalence rates were observed among older participants. One hundred thirteen participants who received an MMR booster acquired higher measles and rubella antibody levels at 1 month postbooster compared to baseline.

Conclusions
Although measles and rubella vaccine failures were observed among 5.3% and 2.7% of young adults, respectively, an MMR booster triggered a significant antibody response.
γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes acquire the ability to produce IFN-γ in a different time course than αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes
Authors: Tani-ichi Shizue , Ikuta Koichi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
An age-dependent increase in interferon (IFN)-γ expression by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) contributes to the acquisition of resistance to infection by pathogens. However, how IELs acquire the ability to produce IFN-γ remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that IELs in the small intestine acquire the ability to rapidly produce IFN-γ at two distinct life stages. TCRαβ+ IELs (αβIELs) started producing IFN-γ at 4 weeks of age, within 1 week after weaning. In contrast, TCRγδ+ IELs (γδIELs) started producing IFN-γ at 7 weeks of age. In mice lacking Eγ4, an enhancer of the TCRγ locus (Eγ4−/− mice), Thy-1+ Vγ5+ γδIELs, a major subpopulation of γδIELs, were specifically reduced and their ability to produce IFN-γ was severely impaired, whereas Vγ2+ γδIELs normally produced IFN-γ. In Eγ4−/− mice, TCR expression levels were reduced in Vγ5+ γδIEL precursors in the thymus but unchanged in the Vγ5+ IELs. Nevertheless, TCR responsiveness in Vγ5+ γδIELs was impaired in Eγ4−/− mice, suggesting that the TCR signal received in the thymus may determine TCR responsiveness and the ability to produce IFN-γ in the gut. These results suggest that αβIELs and γδIELs start producing IFN-γ at different life stages and that the ability of Vγ5+ γδIELs to produce IFN-γ in the gut may be predetermined by TCR signalling in IEL precursors in the thymus.
Initial micafungin treatment does not improve outcomes compared to fluconazole treatment in immunocompromised and critically ill patients with candidaemia
Authors: Theodore Deborah A , Henneman Amrita D , Loo Angela , Shields Ryan K , Eschenauer Gregory , Sobieszczyk Magdalena E , Kubin Christine J 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Candidaemia is associated with poor outcomes including high mortality rates. Controversy remains regarding whether fluconazole or an echinocandin is the optimal choice for initial candidaemia treatment, particularly among high-risk patients such as the immunocompromised or critically ill.

Objectives
To understand optimal initial treatment of candidaemia.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of immunocompromised or ICU adult patients with candidaemia from 2010 to 2014. Patients who received ≥3 consecutive days of initial treatment with fluconazole or micafungin were included. The primary outcome was complete response at day 14, defined as clinical improvement and blood culture sterilization. Secondary outcomes included microbiological and clinical success, survival and recurrent candidaemia.

Results
A total of 197 patients were included; 76 received fluconazole and 121 received micafungin. There was no difference in complete response between the fluconazole and micafungin groups (ICU: 38% versus 40%, P = 0.87; immunocompromised: 57% versus 59%, P = 0.80). Secondary outcomes including survival were also similar. In multivariable analysis, among ICU patients, Pitt bacteraemia score &lt; 4 (P = 0.002) and time to antifungal (P = 0.037) were associated with meeting the primary outcome; white blood cell count &gt; 11 cells × 103/µL on day 0 (P &lt; 0.001) and Candida isolated from a non-blood site (P = 0.025) were associated with not meeting the primary outcome. Among immunocompromised patients, white blood cells &gt; 11 × 103/µL (P = 0.003) and Candida isolated from a non-blood site (P = 0.026) were associated with not meeting the primary outcome.

Conclusions
These data suggest that among ICU or immunocompromised patients, severity of illness rather than initial antifungal choice drove clinical outcomes.
Soil bacterial community diversity and life strategy during slope restoration on an uninhabited island: changes under the aggregate spray-seeding technique
Authors: Wang Zhikang , Zhang Shilei , Geng Zengchao , Li Chunlin , Sun Linting , Zhang Liangzhen , Cao Zhiquan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAimsWe investigated the effects of the aggregate spray-seeding (ASS) technique on soil bacterial community diversity, life strategies, and seasonal change.Methods and resultsSoil from six plots with original vegetation (CK, n = 6) was compared to soil from 15 plots with spray-seeding restoration (SR, n = 15) using environmental DNA sequencing. The bacterial Shannon and Chao1 indices of SR soils were significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those of CK soils. The Chao1 index for the SR soil bacterial community was significantly greater in summer (P &lt; 0.05) than in winter. The ratio of the relative abundance of bacterial K-strategists to r-strategists (K/r) and the DNA guanine-cytosine (GC) content in the SR soil were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) than those in the CK soil. Principal coordinate analysis revealed significant differences between the SR and CK bacterial communities. The GC content was positively correlated with the K/r ratio. Soil conductivity was negatively associated with the K/r ratio and GC content, indicating that ionic nutrients were closely related to bacterial life strategies.ConclusionsThe ASS technique improved soil bacterial diversity, altered community composition, and favored bacterial r-strategists.
Improving the level of the cytidine biosynthesis in E. coli through atmospheric room temperature plasma mutagenesis and metabolic engineering
Authors: Zhang Xiangjun , Liu Lu , Ma Cong , Zhang Haojie , Liu Huiyan , Fang Haitian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Aims
Cytidine, as an important commercial precursor in the chemical synthesis of antiviral and antitumor drugs, is in great demand in the market. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to build a microbial cell factory with high cytidine production.

Methods and results
A mutant E. coli NXBG-11-F34 with high tolerance to uridine monophosphate structural analogs and good genetic stability was obtained by atmospheric room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis combined with high-throughput screening. Then, the udk and rihA genes involved in cytidine catabolism were knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, and the recombinant strain E. coli NXBG-13 was constructed. The titer, yield, and productivity of cytidine fermented in a 5 l bioreactor were 15.7 g l−1, 0.164 g g−1, and 0.327 g l−1 h−1, respectively. Transcriptome analysis of the original strain and the recombinant strain E. coli NXBG-13 showed that the gene expression profiles of the two strains changed significantly, and the cytidine de novo pathway gene of the recombinant strain was up-regulated significantly.

Conclusions
ARTP mutagenesis combined with metabolic engineering is an effective method to construct cytidine-producing strains.
Investigating the Secrets of Stonehenge with Raman Spectroscopy: Provenance of the Ancient Altar Stone
Authors: Andò Sergio , Barbarano Marta , Diniz Jorge , Bevins Richard E , Pearce Nick J G 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In-field compositional analysis of large prehistoric relics, such as the Altar Stone at Stonehenge (England), is limited due to the size of the relics and difficulty in obtaining samples that can be analyzed in a laboratory. In this study, a portable Raman spectroscopy system was used to analyze the Altar Stone to help determine its origin and classification, which appears to differ from other bluestones at Stonehenge. While the study is ongoing and the definitive origin of the Altar Stone is not yet known, this study demonstrates the applicability of a portable Raman spectroscopy system in the compositional analysis of large samples in the field.
Open the Window to Lithium Detection and Nanostructure Analysis
Authors: Inoue Noriyuki 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The features and benefits of a new cutting-edge windowless energy-dispersive detector (EDS) detector are introduced. This innovative technology provides fast results at high signal-to-noise with ultra-high analytical spatial resolution. The benefits are demonstrated through examples of nanostructures from various nanoscale devices including lithium metal anode specimens. Using windowless EDS detector technology allows for the efficient collection of EDS data under the same conditions used for high-resolution imaging (low accelerating voltage, low probe current, and short working distance). Examples include cross sections of lithium metal anode materials prepared with a broad argon ion beam and using an air-isolated workflow. The analyses of the cycled and pristine lithium-ion battery (LIB) materials are shown, along with the contrast results of crystal-shaped impurities found within these materials.
The MAGPI survey: using kinematic asymmetries in stars and gas to dissect drivers of galaxy dynamical evolution
Authors: Bagge R S , Foster C , D’Eugenio F , Battisti A , Bellstedt S , Derkenne C , Vaughan S , Mendel T , Barsanti S , Harborne K E , Croom S M , Bland-Hawthorn J , Grasha K , Lagos C D P , Sweet S M , Mailvaganam A , Mukherjee T , Valenzuela L M , van de Sande J , Wisnioski E , Zafar T 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a study of kinematic asymmetries from the integral field spectroscopic surveys MAGPI and SAMI. By comparing the asymmetries in the ionized gas and stars, we aim to disentangle the physical processes that contribute to kinematic disturbances. We normalize deviations from circular motion by S05, allowing us to study kinematic asymmetries in the stars and gas, regardless of kinematic temperature. We find a similar distribution of stellar asymmetries in galaxies where we do and do not detect ionized gas, suggesting that whatever is driving the stellar asymmetries does not always lead to gas removal. In both MAGPI and SAMI, we find an anticorrelation between stellar asymmetry and stellar mass, that is absent in the gas asymmetries. After stellar mass and mean-stellar-age matching distributions, we find that at all stellar masses, MAGPI galaxies display larger stellar asymmetry compared to SAMI galaxies. In both MAGPI and SAMI galaxies, we find that star-forming galaxies with old mean-stellar-ages typically have larger asymmetries in their gas compared to their stars, whereas galaxies with young mean-stellar-ages have larger asymmetries in their stars compared to their gas. We suggest that this results from continuous, clumpy accretion of gas.
3D simulations of a neon burning convective shell in a massive star
Authors: Georgy C , Rizzuti F , Hirschi R , Varma V , Arnett W D , Meakin C , Mocak M , Murphy A StJ , Rauscher T 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
The treatment of convection remains a major weakness in the modelling of stellar evolution with one-dimensional (1D) codes. The ever-increasing computing power makes now possible to simulate in three-dimensional (3D) part of a star for a fraction of its life, allowing us to study the full complexity of convective zones with hydrodynamics codes. Here, we performed state-of-the-art hydrodynamics simulations of turbulence in a neon-burning convective zone, during the late stage of the life of a massive star. We produced a set of simulations varying the resolution of the computing domain (from 1283 to 10243 cells) and the efficiency of the nuclear reactions (by boosting the energy generation rate from nominal to a factor of 1000). We analysed our results by the mean of Fourier transform of the velocity field, and mean-field decomposition of the various transport equations. Our results are in line with previous studies, showing that the behaviour of the bulk of the convective zone is already well captured at a relatively low resolution (2563), while the details of the convective boundaries require higher resolutions. The different boosting factors used show how various quantities (velocity, buoyancy, abundances, and abundance variances) depend on the energy generation rate. We found that for low boosting factors, convective zones are well mixed, validating the approach usually used in 1D stellar evolution codes. However, when nuclear burning and turbulent transport occur on the same time-scale, a more sophisticated treatment would be needed. This is typically the case when shell mergers occur.
Comparison of Treatment Receipt and Hospitalization Among Patients With Stimulant Use Disorder and/or Opioid Use Disorder in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Frost Madeline C. , Coughlin Lara N. , Zhang Lan , Lin Lewei (Allison) 
Published: June 2024

Objectives
Stimulant use is a growing problem, but little is known about service utilization among patients with stimulant use disorder (StUD). In the context of the overdose crisis, much research has focused on patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). It is unclear how the characteristics, treatment receipt, and hospitalization of patients with StUD differ from patients with OUD.

Methods
Electronic health record data were extracted for national Veterans Health Administration patients with a visit from March 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021 with StUD and/or OUD (N = 132,273). We compared patients with StUD without OUD to those with (1) co-occurring StUD + OUD and (2) OUD without StUD. Patient characteristics, substance use disorder treatment, and hospitalizations in the year following patients’ first study period visit were descriptively compared. Treatment and hospitalization were also compared in adjusted regression models.

Results
Compared with patients with OUD + StUD, those with StUD without OUD were less likely to receive outpatient (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–0.50) or any treatment (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.46–0.49). Compared with patients with OUD without StUD, those with StUD without OUD were less likely to receive outpatient (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.49–0.52) or any treatment (aOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.54–0.58) and more likely to receive residential treatment (aOR 2.18, 95% 2.05–2.30) and to be hospitalized (aOR 1.62, 95% 1.56–1.69).

Conclusions
Patients with StUD may be less likely to receive treatment and more likely to be hospitalized than patients with OUD. Efforts focused on mitigating hospitalization and increasing treatment receipt for patients with StUD are needed.