bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations with prolonged intranidal Onyx injection technique: long-term results in 350 consecutive patients with completed endovascular treatment course
Authors: Saatci Isil , Geyik Serdar , Yavuz Kivilcim , Cekirge H. Saruhan 
Published: April 2011

Object
The purpose of this study was to present the authors' clinical experience and long-term angiographic and clinical follow-up results in 350 patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) treated using prolonged intranidal Onyx injection with a very slow “staged” reflux technique described by the authors.

Methods
Three hundred and fifty consecutive patients with brain AVMs treated using Onyx between 1999 and 2008 and in whom definitive status for endovascular treatment was reached are presented. There were 206 (59%) male and 144 (41%) female patients, with a mean age of 34 years. There were 607 endovascular sessions performed. Onyx was the only agent used for intranidal injections in all patients, but in 42 patients high-concentration N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue was used adjunctively to close high-flow direct arteriovenous intra- or perinidal fistulas, or when a feeding vessel or nidus perforation and/or dissection occurred.

Results
Angiographically confirmed obliteration was achieved in 179 patients (51%) with only endovascular treatment; 1 patient died due to intracranial hemorrhage after the treatment. Twenty-two patients underwent resection, and 136 patients were sent to radiosurgery after endovascular treatment. In 4 patients embolization therapy was discontinued, and 5 additional patients refused the suggested complementary surgery. In all 178 surviving patients who had angiographically confirmed AVM obliteration by embolization alone, 1–8 years of control angiography (mean 47 months) confirmed stable obliteration, except for 2 patients in whom a very small recruitment was noted in the 1st year on control angiography studies, despite initial apparent total obliteration (recanalization rate 1.1%). In the entire series, 5 patients died; the mortality rate was 1.4%. The permanent morbidity rate was 7.1%.

Conclusions
With the prolonged intranidal injection technique described herein, Onyx allows the practitioner to achieve higher rates of anatomical cures compared with the cure rates obtained previously with other embolic agents. More importantly, due to this technique's much more effective intranidal penetration, it allows high-grade AVMs to be made radiosurgically treatable in a group of patients for whom there has been no treatment alternative.
Heuristic map of myotomal innervation in humans using direct intraoperative nerve root stimulation
Authors: Schirmer Clemens M. , Shils Jay L. , Arle Jeffrey E. , Cosgrove G. Rees , Dempsey Peter K. , Tarlov Edward , Kim Stephan , Martin Christopher J. , Feltz Carl , Moul Marina , Magge Subu 
Published: April 2011

Object
Considerable overlap exists in nerve root innervation of various muscles. Knowledge of myotomal innervation is essential for the interpretation of neurological examination findings and neurosurgical decision-making. Previous studies relied on cadaveric dissections, animal studies, and cases with anomalous anatomy. This study investigates the myotomal innervation patterns of cervical and lumbar nerve roots through in vivo stimulation during surgeries for spinal decompression.

Methods
Patients undergoing cervical and lumbar surgeries in which nerve roots were exposed in the normal course of surgery were included in the study. Electromyography electrodes were placed in the muscle groups that are generally accepted to be innervated by the roots under study. These locations included levels above and below the spinal levels undergoing decompression. After decompression, a unipolar neural stimulator probe was placed directly on the nerve root sleeve and constant current stimulation in increments of 0.1 mA was performed. Current was raised until at least a 100 μV amplitude–triggered electromyographic response was noted in 1 or more muscles. All muscles that responded were recorded.

Results
A total of 2295 nerve root locations in 129 patients (mean age 57 ± 15 years, 47 female [36%]) were stimulated, and 1589 stimulations met quality criteria and were analyzed. Four hundred ninety-five stimulations were performed on roots contributing to the cervical and brachial plexus from C-3 to T-1 (31.2%), and 1094 (68.8%) were roots in the lumbosacral plexus between L-1 and S-2. The authors were able to construct a statistical map of the contributions of each cervical and lumbosacral nerve root for the set of muscle groups monitored in the protocol. In many cases the range of muscles innervated by a specific root was broader than previously described in textbooks.

Conclusions
This is the largest data set of direct intraoperative nerve root stimulations during decompressive surgery, demonstrating the relative contribution of root-level motor input to various muscle groups. Compared with classic neuroanatomy, a significant number of roots innervate a broader range of muscles than expected, which may account for the variability of presentation between patients with identical number and location of compressed roots.
Surgical management of melanoma brain metastases in patients treated with immunotherapy
Authors: Lonser Russell R. , Song Debbie K. , Klapper Jacob , Hagan Marygrace , Auh Sungyoung , Kerr P. Benjamin , Citrin Deborah E. , Heiss John D. , Camphausen Kevin , Rosenberg Steven A. 
Published: April 2011

Object
Despite the increasing use of immunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, the effects of this therapy on the management of patients with associated brain metastases are not completely defined. The authors undertook this study to determine the effectiveness of resection and the effects of immunotherapy on brain metastasis management.

Methods
The authors analyzed data pertaining to consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma treated with immunotherapy within 3 months of discovery of brain metastases that were surgically resected.

Results
Forty-one patients (median age 44.4 years, range 19.2–63.1 years) underwent resection of 53 brain metastases (median number of metastases 1, range 1–4). The median metastasis volume was 2.5 cm3. Fifteen patients underwent whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and 26 patients did not. Duration of survival from brain metastasis diagnosis was not significantly different between patients who received WBRT (mean 24.9 months) and those who did not (mean 23.3 months) (p > 0.05). Local and distant brain recurrence rates were not statistically different between the WBRT (7.1% and 28.6%, respectively) and non-WBRT (7.7% and 41.0%) groups for the duration of follow-up (p > 0.05). An objective systemic response to immunotherapy was associated with increased duration of survival (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Resection of melanoma brain metastases in patients treated with immunotherapy provides excellent local control with low morbidity. An objective response to systemic immunotherapy is associated with a prolonged survival in patients who have undergone resection of melanoma brain metastases. Moreover, adjuvant WBRT in melanoma immunotherapy patients with limited metastatic disease to the brain does not appear to provide a significant survival benefit.
Changes in coronal and sagittal plane alignment following minimally invasive direct lateral interbody fusion for the treatment of degenerative lumbar disease in adults: a radiographic study
Authors: Acosta Frank L. , Liu John , Slimack Nicholas , Moller David , Fessler Richard , Koski Tyler 
Published: April 2011

Object
The lateral transpsoas approach for lumbar interbody fusion is a minimal access technique that has been used by some to treat lumbar degenerative conditions, including degenerative scoliosis. Few studies, however, have analyzed its effect on coronal and sagittal plane correction, and no study has compared changes in segmental, regional, and global coronal and sagittal alignment after this technique. The object of this study was to determine changes in sagittal and coronal plane alignment occurring after direct lateral interbody fusion (DLIF).

Methods
The authors performed a review of the radiographic records of 36 patients with lumbar degenerative disease treated with the DLIF technique. Thirty-five patients underwent supplemental posterior fixation to maintain correction. Preoperative and postoperative standing anteroposterior and lateral lumbar radiographs were obtained in all patients for measurement of segmental and regional coronal and sagittal Cobb angles. Standing anteroposterior and lateral 36-in radiographs were also obtained in 23 patients for measurement of global coronal (center sacral vertebral line) and sagittal (C-7 plumb line) balance.

Results
The mean coronal segmental Cobb angle was 4.5° preoperatively, and it was 1.5° postoperatively (p < 0.0001). The mean pre- and postoperative regional lumbar coronal Cobb angles were 7.6° and 3.6°, respectively (p = 0.0001). In 8 patients with degenerative scoliosis, the mean pre- and postoperative regional lumbar coronal Cobb angles were 21.4° and 9.7°, respectively (p = 0.0004). The mean global coronal alignment was 19.1 mm preoperatively, and it was 12.5 mm postoperatively (p < 0.05). In the sagittal plane, the mean segmental Cobb angle measured −5.3° preoperatively and −8.2° postoperatively (p < 0.0001). The mean pre- and postoperative regional lumbar lordoses were 42.1° and 46.2°, respectively (p > 0.05). The mean global sagittal alignment was 41.5 mm preoperatively and 42.4 mm postoperatively (p = 0.7). The average clinical follow-up was 21 months in 21 patients. The mean pre- and postoperative visual analog scale scores were 7.7 and 2.9, respectively (p < 0.0001). The mean pre- and postoperative Oswestry Disability Indices were 43 and 21, respectively (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Direct lateral interbody fusion significantly improves segmental, regional, and global coronal plane alignment in patients with degenerative lumbar disease. Although DLIF increases the segmental sagittal Cobb angle at the level of instrumentation, it does not improve regional lumbar lordosis or global sagittal alignment.
Textes anciens, nouveaux corpus
Authors: Zoberman Pierre 
Published: April 2011

Si le canon joue un rôle important comme facteur de cohésion, le réexamen des mécanismes de sa formation (mécanismes d’exclusion autant que d’inclusion) engagent des enjeux importants. Si la mise ne cause du canon par des groupes minoritaires correspond à des programmes explicitement militants, la défense du canon comme évident refoule ses propres implications idéologiques. À partir de l’exemple du dix-septième siècle, la présente étude situe un renouvèlement des corpus dans une relecture du passé qui restitue à une sphère publique féminine une réalité que l’héritage de la culture officielle , masculine et patriarcale de l’époque louis-quatorzienne a oblitérée. L’analyse spécifique de la remise en cause des rôles sociaux des hommes et des femmes dans La Princesse de Clèves , mettant en lumière le caractère paradoxal de l’inscription de l’œuvre dans le canon, offre une interprétation alternative de la notion de renouvèlement des corpus – en renouvelant la lecture des œuvres canoniques.
Renouvèlement et classicisation : la scolarisation des genres (auto) biographiques au lycée (2001-2010)
Authors: Denizot Nathalie 
Published: April 2011

L’article s’intéresse au « biographique », objet d’étude éphémère de la classe de première, dont l’institutionnalisation avait comme objectif un certain renouvèlement des corpus scolaires, et leur ouverture à des genres jusqu’alors illégitimes à l’école. En s’appuyant sur un corpus de manuels parus entre 2001 et 2007 ainsi que sur une enquête par questionnaires menée auprès de 30 enseignants en 2007, l’article analyse le renouvèlement en question, pour en mesurer les enjeux et les limites, avant d’essayer de comprendre l’abandon – au moins institutionnel – de cet objet d’étude. Il met également en évidence des phénomènes de classicisation, notamment à travers la constitution dans les manuels et chez les enseignants enquêtés d’un corpus de « morceaux choisis ». Il montre ainsi comment les corpus sont sans cesse reconfigurés pour constituer des vulgates scolaires, au service de finalités disciplinaires spécifiques.
Le français en baccalauréat professionnel : nouveaux programmes, nouveaux corpus ?
Authors: Belhadjin Anissa 
Published: April 2011

Depuis la rentrée 2009, la voie professionnelle est l’objet d’une rénovation importante qui se marque par la disparition de la formation au diplôme du BEP et le passage au baccalauréat en 3 ans. Pour les enseignants de français, les nouveaux programmes de baccalauréat professionnel représentent un grand changement, en raison notamment de l’organisation du programme autour d’objets d’étude qui renforcent la place de la littérature. Les professeurs de lycée professionnel (enseignants bivalents, majoritairement non littéraires de formation) perçoivent ces programmes comme un retour à des œuvres canoniques du patrimoine littéraire. Ils leur apparaissent donc difficiles à mettre en œuvre dans des classes dont les élèves, en échec scolaire, rejettent massivement les œuvres qu’ils associent aux difficultés rencontrées dans le cours de français. Ces nouveaux programmes sont donc l’occasion de poser la question de la place du littéraire dans la voie professionnelle.
La BD au collège depuis 1995 : entre instrumentalisation et reconnaissance d'un art
Authors: Bomel-Rainelli Béatrice , Demarco Alain 
Published: April 2011

L’étude des Instructions officielles, des Documents d’accompagnement et des manuels depuis 1995 montre le statut de la bande dessinée (BD), les objectifs et les corpus qui lui sont assignés. Dans les textes officiels de 1995 et les manuels postérieurs, la BD était étudiée en relation avec différents discours et sa nature verbo-iconique était soulignée. Les textes officiels de 2008 n’évoquent que sa fonction narrative, sans signaler sa double nature. De plus, sa régression dans les manuels depuis 2009 n’est pas corrélée à une centration sur sa lecture verbo-iconique. Pour la traiter comme un genre littéraire, l’article propose d’expliciter les conditions de son évolution formelle et d’ouvrir à des démarches qui permettent d’explorer toutes ses formes actuelles.
La fiction d'un équilibre labile : à propos de la méthode d'« idéalisme juridique » défendue par Hermann Cohen
Authors: Fiorato Pierfrancesco 
Published: April 2011

Résumé Dans sa discussion critique du matérialisme – qui traite le droit et l’État comme « des réalités simplement fictives », par opposition à la « société dans l’économie » – Cohen écrit dans le dernier chapitre de son Introduction avec supplément critique à l’ Histoire du matérialisme de F.A. Lange que le droit et l’État ne doivent en effet être valorisés que comme « un système d’équilibre en pensée », à savoir comme « fiction de l’équilibre ». Même s’il ne doit pas s’agir là d’un équilibre « stable », seulement d’un équilibre « labile », la « nécessité de la fiction » s’avère être néanmoins la seule possibilité offerte à la raison de demeurer dans le champ de tensions de l’histoire, si elle ne veut pas (comme l’écrit Cohen dans l’ Éthique de la volonté pure ) « laisser les tâches éthiques […] éclairer l’obscurité qui régnait jusque-là dans l’histoire, telles des fulgurations de forces en quelque sorte post-historiques ».
Un sujet de dissension entre Cohen et Rosenzweig : Heinrich Heine
Authors: Waszek Norbert 
Published: April 2011

Résumé Avant de devenir l’un des pères fondateurs de l’école de Marbourg, Hermann Cohen avait rédigé un article dans lequel il cherchait à mettre en évidence les liens entre Heinrich Heine et le judaïsme. L’article révèle une double préoccupation : théologico-philosophique et politico-philosophique. Cohen affirmait que le panthéisme de Heine, inspiré de Spinoza, serait compatible avec le monothéisme juif, et que c’est ce panthéisme qui aurait mené Heine vers les « idées socialistes » que, comme Heine, il acceptait. Cohen changea ensuite d’attitude envers Spinoza mais il demeura, sa vie durant, un grand admirateur de Heine, alors que Rosenzweig, qui pourtant se présenta comme l’héritier et le successeur de Cohen en pensée juive, développa une forte aversion contre le poète, ce qui ne peut être expliqué que si l’on prend en considération son propre engagement religieux.
Lipase immobilization on ionic liquid‐modified magnetic nanoparticles: Ionic liquids controlled esters hydrolysis at oil–water interface
Authors: Jiang Yangyang , Guo Chen , Gao Hongshuai , Xia Hansong , Mahmood Iram , Liu Chunzhao , Liu Huizhou 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEster hydrolysis at oil–water interface by lipase covalently immobilized on ionic liquid‐modified magnetic nanoparticles was investigated. Magnetic supports with a diameter of 10–15 nm were synthesized by covalent binding of ionic liquids (chain length C4 and C8 and anions Cl−, BF4−, and PF6−) on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Lipase was covalently immobilized on Fe3O4 nanoparticles using ionic liquids as the coupling reagent. Ionic liquid‐modified magnetic nanoparticle‐grafted lipase preferentially located at the oil–water interface. It has higher catalytic activity than its native counterpart. A modified Michaelis–Menten model was used to elucidate the effect of stirring rate, aqueous–organic phase ratio, total amount of enzyme, and ester chain length. The influences of these conditions on esters hydrolysis at oil–water interface were consistent with the introduction of the ionic liquids interlayer. Ionic liquids could be used to control the oil–water interfacial characteristics during lipase catalyzed hydrolysis, and thus control the behavior of immobilized lipase. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
A comprehensive description of the severity groups in Cockayne syndrome
Authors: Natale Valerie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare degenerative disorder with a common set of symptoms but a very wide variation in phenotype. The variation is sufficiently wide that CS patients have traditionally been described in three different severity groups. Unfortunately, there is no single source for information about the different severity groups. This problem can complicate not only diagnosis, but accurate prognosis as well. The goal of this study was to describe the phenotypic variation in CS as completely as possible. This article provides extensive descriptions of traits common to each group and their degree of severity in each group. Forty‐five people with CS were surveyed and information from the published literature was used to increase the sample sizes for calculations. This study provides new information, including statistical data for each of the three severity groups (mean age at death, average head circumference, and average length or stature). The study includes cerebro‐oculo‐facial syndrome (COFS) as a severe form of CS, based on results of recently published genetic studies performed by other authors. This study proposes revised names for CS severity groups: severe, moderate, and mild. The groups were formerly called Type II/early onset CS, Type I/classical CS, and Type III/atypical/mild/late‐onset CS, respectively. A fourth newly documented group, UV sensitivity only/adult onset, is also described. Average ages of death were calculated as 5.0 years (severe), 16.1 years (moderate), and 30.3 years (mild). © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basal ganglia morphometry and repetitive behavior in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Estes Annette , Shaw Dennis W. W. , Sparks Bobbi F. , Friedman Seth , Giedd Jay N. , Dawson Geraldine , Bryan Matthew , Dager Stephen R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe investigated repetitive and stereotyped behavior (RSB) and its relationship to morphometric measures of the basal ganglia and thalami in 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 77) and developmental delay without autism (DD; n = 34). Children were assessed through clinical evaluation and parent report using RSB‐specific scales extracted from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), the Autism Diagnostic Interview, and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. A subset of children with ASD (n = 45), DD (n = 14), and a group of children with typical development (TD; n = 25) were also assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Children with ASD demonstrated elevated RSB across all measures compared to children with DD. Enlargement of the left and right striatum, more specifically the left and right putamen, and left caudate, was observed in the ASD compared to the TD group. However, nuclei were not significantly enlarged after controlling for cerebral volume. The DD group, in comparison to the ASD group, demonstrated smaller thalami and basal ganglia regions even when scaled for cerebral volume, with the exception of the left striatum, left putamen, and right putamen. Elevated RSB, as measured by the ADOS, was associated with decreased volumes in several brain regions: left thalamus, right globus pallidus, left and right putamen, right striatum and a trend for left globus pallidus and left striatum within the ASD group. These results confirm earlier reports that RSB is common early in the clinical course of ASD and, furthermore, demonstrate that such behaviors may be associated with decreased volumes of the basal ganglia and thalamus. Autism Res 2011,4:212–220. © 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diverse approaches for the enhancement of oral drug bioavailability
Authors: Fasinu Pius , Pillay Viness , Ndesendo Valence M. K. , du Toit Lisa C. , Choonara Yahya E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn conscious and co‐operating patients, oral drug delivery remains the preferable route of drug administration. However, not all drugs possess the desirable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties which favor oral administration mainly due to poor bioavailability. This has in some cases led to the choice of other routes of administration, which may compromise the convenience and increase the risk of non‐compliance. Poor bioavailability has necessitated the administration of higher than normally required oral doses which often leads to economic wastages, risk of toxicity, erratic and unpredictable responses. The challenge over the years has been to design techniques that will allow oral administration of most drugs, irrespective of their properties, to achieve a therapeutic systemic availability. This will be a worthy achievement since over 90% of therapeutic compounds are known to possess oral bioavailability limitations. In this review, an attempt has been made to explore various approaches that have been used in recent years to improve oral drug bioavailability, including physical and chemical means. This review strives to provide a comprehensive overview of advances made over the past 10 years (2000–2010) in the improvement of the oral bioavailability of drugs. Briefly, the design of prodrugs to bypass metabolism or to enhance solubility as well as modification of formulation techniques such as the use of additives, permeation enhancers, solubilizers, emulsifiers and non‐aqueous vehicles have been discussed. Arising approaches, such as formulation modification techniques; novel drug delivery systems, which exploit the gastrointestinal regionality of drugs, and include the pharmaceutical application of nanotechnology as an emerging area in drug delivery; inhibition of efflux pumps; and inhibition of presystemic metabolism have been more extensively addressed. This critical review sought to assess each method aimed at enhancing the oral bioavailability of drugs in terms of the purpose, scientific basis, limitations, commercial application, as well as the areas in which current research efforts are being focused and should be focused in the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.