bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural changes to the tegumental system and the gastrodermal cells in adult Fasciola hepatica following in vivo treatment with the experimental fasciolicide, compound alpha
Authors: McCONVILLE M. , BRENNAN G. P. , FLANAGAN A. , EDGAR H. W. J. , CASTILLO R. , HERNÁNDEZ-CAMPOS A. , FAIRWEATHER I. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYSheep infected with the triclabendazole-susceptible, Cullompton isolate of Fasciola hepatica were dosed with 15 mg/kg of compound alpha at 12 weeks post-infection. Adult flukes were recovered from the bile ducts at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment (p.t.). Ultrastructural changes to the flukes were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with a view to gathering information on the mechanism(s) of action for compound alpha and on the possible route of its entry into F. hepatica. The tegumental syncytium was more severely affected than the gut at all time-points p.t. with compound alpha, suggesting a predominantly trans-tegumental route of uptake. Disruption to the tegumental system became increasingly severe over time. A stress response was observed at 24 h p.t. and took the form of blebbing and increases in the production and transport of secretory bodies. By 72 h p.t., extensive tegumental loss and degeneration of the tegumental cell bodies had occurred. Degeneration of subtegumental tissues and internal flooding were also observed. Changes in the gastrodermal cells were slow to develop: reduced secretory activity was evident at 72 h p.t.. There was progressive disruption to the somatic muscle layers, with disorganization of the muscle blocks and loss of muscle fibres.
A new genotype of Trypanosoma cruzi associated with bats evidenced by phylogenetic analyses using SSU rDNA, cytochrome b and Histone H2B genes and genotyping based on ITS1 rDNA
Authors: MARCILI A. , LIMA L. , CAVAZZANA M. , JUNQUEIRA A. C. V. , VELUDO H. H. , MAIA DA SILVA F. , CAMPANER M. , PAIVA F. , NUNES V. L. B. , TEIXEIRA M. M. G. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYWe characterized 15 Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from bats captured in the Amazon, Central and Southeast Brazilian regions. Phylogenetic relationships among T. cruzi lineages using SSU rDNA, cytochrome b, and Histone H2B genes positioned all Amazonian isolates into T. cruzi I (TCI). However, bat isolates from the other regions, which had been genotyped as T. cruzi II (TC II) by the traditional genotyping method based on mini-exon gene employed in this study, were not nested within any of the previously defined TCII sublineages, constituting a new genotype designated as TCbat. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that TCbat indeed belongs to T. cruzi and not to other closely related bat trypanosomes of the subgenus Schizotrypanum, and that although separated by large genetic distances TCbat is closest to lineage TCI. A genotyping method targeting ITS1 rDNA distinguished TCbat from established T. cruzi lineages, and from other Schizotrypanum species. In experimentally infected mice, TCbat lacked virulence and yielded low parasitaemias. Isolates of TCbat presented distinctive morphological features and behaviour in triatomines. To date, TCbat genotype was found only in bats from anthropic environments of Central and Southeast Brazil. Our findings indicate that the complexity of T. cruzi is larger than currently known, and confirmed bats as important reservoirs and potential source of T. cruzi infections to humans.
Risk markers for both chronic fatigue and irritable bowel syndromes: a prospective case-control study in primary care
Authors: Hamilton W. T. , Gallagher A. M. , Thomas J. M. , White P. D. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundFatigue syndromes and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often occur together. Explanations include being different manifestations of the same condition and simply sharing some symptoms.MethodA matched case-control study in UK primary care, using data collected prospectively in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). The main outcome measures were: health-care utilization, specific symptoms and diagnoses. Risk markers were divided into distant (from 3 years to 1 year before diagnosis) and recent (1 year before diagnosis).ResultsA total of 4388 patients with any fatigue syndrome were matched to two groups of patients: those attending for IBS and those attending for another reason. Infections were specific risk markers for both syndromes, with viral infections being a risk marker for a fatigue syndrome [odds ratios (ORs) 2.3–6.3], with a higher risk closer to onset, and gastroenteritis a risk for IBS (OR 1.47, compared to a fatigue syndrome). Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) shared more distant risk markers with IBS than other fatigue syndromes, particularly other symptom-based disorders (OR 3.8) and depressive disorders (OR 2.3), but depressive disorders were a greater risk for CFS than IBS (OR 2.4). Viral infections were more of a recent risk marker for CFS compared to IBS (OR 2.8), with gastroenteritis a greater risk for IBS (OR 2.4).ConclusionsBoth fatigue and irritable bowel syndromes share predisposing risk markers, but triggering risk markers differ. Fatigue syndromes are heterogeneous, with CFS sharing predisposing risks with IBS, suggesting a common predisposing pathophysiology.
Citéteens entextualizing French TV host register: Crossing, voicing, and participation frameworks
Authors: TETREAULT CHANTAL 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article addresses data that reside at the confluence of three types of linguistic “crossing” (Rampton 1995) among working-class French teens of predominantly Algerian descent. Strategically using the microphone of the researcher to imitate an elite French television show host, performers create indirect reported speech and direct stylized voicing for present peers and thereby mock them as show “guests.” Through analysis of such data, this article contributes to scholarship that extends and refines Goffman’s notions of footing and participation frameworks, and the relationships imaginable between them. It is argued that the notions of noncongruent voicing effects and generalized footing can lead to a more sophisticated understanding of the relationship between language crossing and participation frameworks. More specifically, analyzing language crossing in terms of the resultant voicing effects sheds light upon the nuanced ways that speakers manage participation frameworks. (Register, crossing, footing, participation frameworks, voicing)
Language ideology, identity and the commodification of language in the call centers of Pakistan
Authors: RAHMAN TARIQ 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article relates the language ideologies of Pakistan in general, and its call centers in particular, with the language policies and practices of the latter. The specific policy focused upon is the commodification of English with a near-native (American or British) accent as linguistic capital. These accents are indexed to the desired foreign identities which the workers of call centers perform in telephonic interaction with clients as part of their sales strategy. This crossing over to native-speaker linguistic identities is not always successful. When successful, however, some workers in the call centers pass as native speakers in certain contexts and for certain purposes. Such practices and the policies upon which they are contingent are consequences of language ideologies that entail language discrimination against the workers of the call centers by the Pakistani English-using elite, and vice versa. (English, commodification of language, accent, linguistic capital, language policy, identity, passing, crossing, call centers, Pakistan)
How guidance on the use of interventional procedures is produced in different countries: An international survey
Authors: Plumb Jonathan , Campbell Bruce , Lyratzopoulos Georgios 
Published: April 2009

Objectives:Technology assessment systems for interventional procedures (including surgical operations, minimally invasive procedures, and others) have lagged behind those for pharmaceutical treatments. Such systems have been introduced in some countries during the past decade amid debate about how they should be organized, but there is no collated information about where they exist or how they work. This study was designed to provide hitherto unavailable information about the existence, organization, methods, and outputs of systems aimed at influencing the use of interventional procedures in different countries.Methods:Data were gathered from a questionnaire survey of key informers associated with healthcare technology assessment (HTA) organizations in different countries.Results:Responses were received from key informers working for twenty-eight HTA organizations in twenty-five countries (response rate 83 percent). Information about a national system for assessing interventional procedures was obtained for fifteen countries. There was substantial variability in the type and funding of these organizations, the systems used for the selection of procedures, the types and sources of evidence used, the personnel involved in the appraisal of the evidence, the arrangements for consultation on the draft assessment, the format of assessment recommendations, the status of the guidance, and the use of guidance from other countries.Conclusion:Guidance on interventional procedures is produced variably in different countries—and not at all in some. Greater international collaboration in the assessment of new interventional procedures could help to optimize the efficiency of existing systems as well as the quality of the assessments, by capitalizing on the outputs from scarce (international) resources and expertise.
ℝ-trees, dual laminations and compact systems of partial isometries
Authors: COULBOIS THIERRY , HILION ARNAUD , LUSTIG MARTIN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLetFNbe a free group of finite rankN≥ 2, and letTbe an ℝ-tree with a very small, minimal action ofFNwith dense orbits. For any basisofFNthere exists aheart$K_{\CAr}$⊂(= the metric completion ofT) which is a compact subtree that has the property that the dynamical system of partial isometriesai:$K_{\CAr} \cap a_{i} K_{\CAr} \to a_{i}\inv K_{\CAr} \cap K_{\CAr}$, for eachai∈, defines a tree$T_{(K_{\CAn}, \CAr)}$which contains an isometric copy ofTas minimal subtree.
Graph directed Markov systems on Hilbert spaces
Authors: MAULDIN R. D. , SZAREK T. , URBAŃSKI M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe deal with contracting finite and countably infinite iterated function systems acting on Polish spaces, and we introduce conformal Graph Directed Markov Systems on Polish spaces. Sufficient conditions are provided for the closure of limit sets to be compact, connected, or locally connected. Conformal measures, topological pressure, and Bowen's formula (determining the Hausdorff dimension of limit sets in dynamical terms) are introduced and established. We show that, unlike the Euclidean case, the Hausdorff measure of the limit set of a finite iterated function system may vanish. Investigating this issue in greater detail, we introduce the concept of geometrically perfect measures and provide sufficient conditions for geometric perfectness. Geometrical perfectness guarantees the Hausdorff measure of the limit set to be positive. As a by–product of the mainstream of our investigations we prove a 4r–covering theorem for all metric spaces. It enables us to establish appropriate co–Frostman type theorems.
Merged ontology for engineering design: Contrasting empirical and theoretical approaches to develop engineering ontologies
Authors: Ahmed Saeema , Štorga Mario 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a comparison of two previous and separate efforts to develop an ontology in the engineering design domain, together with an ontology proposal from which ontologies for a specific application may be derived. The research contrasts an empirical, user-centered approach to developing the ontology engineering design integrated taxonomies (EDIT) with a theoretical approach in which concepts and relations are elicited from engineering design theories design ontology (DO). The limitations and advantages of each approach are discussed. The research methodology adopted is to map the ontology through examining each of the concepts and relations contained within each of the ontologies DO and EDIT with respect to the other. The comparison process results in an examination of both ontologies, with a few changes resulting from this. The importance of the two different approaches, one that is theoretically sound and another that is applicable, is recognized and argued. Finally, the merged ontology for engineering design is proposed as a template ontology that can be tailored by researchers and practitioners for a specific context.
Detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection in clinically ill cattle, buffaloes and horses using various diagnostic tests
Authors: LAHA R. , SASMAL N. K. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYThis study was undertaken to detect Trypanosoma evansi infection in clinically ill cattle, buffaloes and horses that were suspected of ‘surra’ infection. Various diagnostic tests were utilized in order to assess the prevalence of infection in the clinically ill and ‘suspected’ animals. Animals in the Eastern Region of India were systematically studied for T. evansi infection, which had not been tested for previously. Examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears detected 5·3%, 9·4% and 40·6% infections; the mouse inoculation test detected 18·4%, 15·6% and 46·9% infections whereas an in-house ELISA detected anti-trypanosomal antibodies in 42·1%, 43·8% and 65·6% infections in clinically ill buffaloes, cattle and horses, respectively. It can be concluded that T. evansi is prevalent in cattle, buffaloes and horses in the Eastern Region of India.
A framed field experiment on collective enforcement mechanisms with Ethiopian farmers
Authors: REICHHUBER ANKE , CAMACHO EVA , REQUATE TILL 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTWe present the results of a framed field experiment with Ethiopian farmers that use the mountain rain forest as a common pool resource. Harvesting honey causes damage to the forest, and open access leads to over-harvesting. We test different mechanisms for mitigating excessive harvesting: a collective tax with low and high tax rates, and a tax/subsidy system. We find that the high-tax scheme works best in inducing the desired level of harvesting, while the tax-subsidy scheme may trigger tacit collusion. Via a panel data analysis we further investigate which variables influence the subjects' decisions during the treatments.
Future Predictions of Cyclamen Distribution in the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Ciotir Claudia , Yesson Chris , Culham Alastair 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCyclamen (Myrsinaceae) occupy the Mediterranean region, with highest diversity in Greece and Turkey, with a few species endemic to islands. Cyclamen species have a phenological preference for dry summers and wet winters. A recent study developed models of the climatic niches of Cyclamen. These models were projected into future climate scenarios for 2050. The area of climatic suitability for every Cyclamen species is predicted to decrease. A limited dispersal capacity places them at high risk of extinction. Half of the species are threat ened with extinction due to their potential area loss, indicating that conservation and protection for these species has to be implemented by adding them to the red list.
The catalytic mechanism of NADH-dependent reduction of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone by Candida tenuis xylose reductase reveals plasticity in an aldo-keto reductase active site
Authors: Pival Simone L. , Klimacek Mario , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: April 2009

Despite their widely varying physiological functions in carbonyl metabolism, AKR2B5 (Candida tenuis xylose reductase) and many related enzymes of the aldo-keto reductase protein superfamily utilise PQ (9,10-phenanthrenequinone) as a common in vitro substrate for NAD(P)H-dependent reduction. The catalytic roles of the conserved active-site residues (Tyr51, Lys80 and His113) of AKR2B5 in the conversion of the reactive α-dicarbonyl moiety of PQ are not well understood. Using wild-type and mutated (Tyr51, Lys80 and His113 individually replaced by alanine) forms of AKR2B5, we have conducted steady-state and transient kinetic studies of the effects of varied pH and deuterium isotopic substitutions in coenzyme and solvent on the enzymatic rates of PQ reduction. Each mutation caused a 103–104-fold decrease in the rate constant for hydride transfer from NADH to PQ, whose value in the wild-type enzyme was determined as ∼8×102 s−1. The data presented support an enzymic mechanism in which a catalytic proton bridge from the protonated side chain of Lys80 (pK=8.6±0.1) to the carbonyl group adjacent to the hydride acceptor carbonyl facilitates the chemical reaction step. His113 contributes to positioning of the PQ substrate for catalysis. Contrasting its role as catalytic general acid for conversion of the physiological substrate xylose, Tyr51 controls release of the hydroquinone product. The proposed chemistry of AKR2B5 action involves delivery of both hydrogens required for reduction of the α-dicarbonyl substrate to the carbonyl group undergoing (stereoselective) transformation. Hydride transfer from NADH probably precedes the transfer of a proton from Tyr51 whose pK of 7.3±0.3 in the NAD+-bound enzyme appears suitable for protonation of a hydroquinone anion (pK=8.8). These results show that the mechanism of AKR2B5 is unusually plastic in the exploitation of the active-site residues, for the catalytic assistance provided to carbonyl group reduction in α-dicarbonyls differs from that utilized in the conversion of xylose.
Pinturas, figuras, letras
Authors: Klein Franz-Josef 
Published: April 2009

ZusammenfassungIn denHistorias naturalesdes spanischen Siglo de Oro und in verwandten Texten jener Zeit werden nicht nur Lebensweise, Sitten und Geschichte der amerikanischen Ureinwohner beschrieben. Vereinzelt untersuchen diese Arbeiten auch die graphischen Ausdrucksmittel der indianischen Kulturen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird am Beispiel derHistoria natural y moral de las Indiasvon José de Acosta und dem Origen de los Indios del Nuevo Mundo von Gregorio García aufgezeigt, dass diese frühen Texte bereits grundlegende Einsichten der heutigen Graphematik vorwegnehmen. Beide Autoren unterscheiden zwischen den phonographisch funktionierendenletraseinerseits und den logographischen Mitteln derpinturasbzw.figurasandererseits. Sie diskutieren die Vor- und Nachteile der beiden Schriftprinzipien und konstatieren übereinstimmend die grundsätzliche Überlegenheit derletras. Acosta integriert seine schriftbezogenen Überlegungen sogar in seine Theorie der kulturellen Entwicklung. Er sieht im Vorhandensein einer Buchstabenschrift ein wesentliches Kennzeichen der dritten, am höchsten stehenden kulturellen Entwicklungsstufe.
The Background to the Lexical Content of the Nuevo Tesoro Lexicográfico del Español (s. XIV–1726)
Authors: Alvar Ezquerra Manuel 
Published: April 2009

Summary
This article sets out the sources, both lexicographical and other, used to create the Nuevo Tesoro Lexicográfico del Español (s. XIV–1726). Among these, particular attention is due to the pre-1500 sources, especially the works of Antonio de Nebrija (1444?–1522), because of their importance for subsequent lexicography, including the pioneers of bilingual lexicography who set Spanish alongside another language. Information is also supplied about the number of works and records consulted, the difficulties arising from treating the data, and the method adopted for grouping together variants of the same form. Finally, an indication is given of the interest of the NTLE for the history of lexicography.
Cherokee Classificatory Verbs
Authors: Kilarski Marcin 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThis article examines the role played by the Cherokee verbs for ‘wash’, first cited in 1820 by John Pickering (1777–1848), in studies which postulated lexical redundancy and the lack of generic terms in ‘primitive’ languages. Like the more well-known “Eskimo words for ‘snow’”, the Cherokee verbs provide an example of misanalysis of the complexity of polysynthetic morphology and negligence in the presentation of data from ‘exotic’ languages. In addition, the accounts of the verbs for ‘wash’ demonstrate a misinterpretation of the function of the Cherokee classificatory verbs. In the article the author traces the description of the verbs in 19th and 20th century studies in linguistics, psychology, sociology and anthropology, with the aim of illustrating the claims made about the lexical and grammatical properties of American Indian languages, and the cognitive and cultural characteristics of the American Indians, in particular their inability to express abstract notions and the absence of moral and social values.
SOCIAL STATUS AND RELIGIOSITY IN CHRISTIAN EUROPE
Authors: Flere Sergej , Klanjšek Rudi 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT
The relationship between social status and religiosity could be illuminating in the explanation of religiosity. This has been suggested by numerous sociologically minded authors. Although not consistent across all national samples, findings from the current study, based on World Values Survey data (1999–2001), did indicate the predominance of a moderate but positive association between low social status and high religiosity among European countries with a Christian heritage. Consequently, the results lent limited support to the classical deprivation thesis, since in none of the samples analyzed could a positive association between high social status and high religiosity could be found.
pySolo: a complete suite for sleep analysis in Drosophila
Authors: Gilestro Giorgio F. , Cirelli Chiara 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Summary: pySolo is a multiplatform software for analysis of sleep and locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. pySolo provides a user-friendly graphic interface and it has been developed with the specific aim of being accessible, portable, fast and easily expandable through an intuitive plug-in structure. Support for development of additional plug-ins is provided through a community website.
Availability: Software and documentation are located at http://www.pysolo.net. pySolo is a free software released under the GNU General Public License.
Contact: gilestro@wisc.edu
Bayesian inference of protein–protein interactions from biological literature
Authors: Chowdhary Rajesh , Zhang Jinfeng , Liu Jun S. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Protein–protein interaction (PPI) extraction from published biological articles has attracted much attention because of the importance of protein interactions in biological processes. Despite significant progress, mining PPIs from literatures still rely heavily on time- and resource-consuming manual annotations.
Results: In this study, we developed a novel methodology based on Bayesian networks (BNs) for extracting PPI triplets (a PPI triplet consists of two protein names and the corresponding interaction word) from unstructured text. The method achieved an overall accuracy of 87% on a cross-validation test using manually annotated dataset. We also showed, through extracting PPI triplets from a large number of PubMed abstracts, that our method was able to complement human annotations to extract large number of new PPIs from literature.
Availability: Programs/scripts we developed/used in the study are available at http://stat.fsu.edu/~jinfeng/datasets/Bio-SI-programs-Bayesian-chowdhary-zhang-liu.zip
Contact: jliu@stat.harvard.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.