bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epstein-Barr virus colonization of tonsillar and peripheral blood B-cell subsets in primary infection and persistence
Authors: Chaganti Sridhar , Heath Emily M. , Bergler Wolfgang , Kuo Michael , Buettner Maike , Niedobitek Gerald , Rickinson Alan B. , Bell Andrew I. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) persists in the immune host by preferentially colonizing the isotype-switched (IgD−CD27+) memory B-cell pool. In one scenario, this is achieved through virus infection of naive (IgD+CD27−) B cells and their differentiation into memory via germinal center (GC) transit; in another, EBV avoids GC transit and infects memory B cells directly. We report 2 findings consistent with this latter view. First, we examined circulating non–isotype-switched (IgD+CD27+) memory cells, a population that much evidence suggests is GC-independent in origin. Whereas isotype-switched memory had the highest viral loads by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, EBV was detectable in the nonswitched memory pool both in infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients undergoing primary infection and in most long-term virus carriers. Second, we examined colonization by EBV of B-cell subsets sorted from a unique collection of IM tonsillar cell suspensions. Here viral loads were concentrated in B cells with the CD38 marker of GC origin but lacking other GC markers CD10 and CD77. These findings, supported by histologic evidence, suggest that EBV infection in IM tonsils involves extrafollicular B cells expressing CD38 as an activation antigen and not as a marker of ectopic GC activity.
Ectopic expression of B-lymphoid kinase in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Krejsgaard Thorbjørn , Vetter-Kauczok Claudia S. , Woetmann Anders , Kneitz Hermann , Eriksen Karsten W. , Lovato Paola , Zhang Qian , Wasik Mariusz A. , Geisler Carsten , Ralfkiaer Elisabeth , Becker Juergen C. , Ødum Niels 
Published: April 2009

AbstractB-lymphoid kinase (Blk) is exclusively expressed in B cells and thymocytes. Interestingly, transgenic expression of a constitutively active form of Blk in the T-cell lineage of mice results in the development of T-lymphoid lymphomas. Here, we demonstrate nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB)–mediated ectopic expression of Blk in malignant T-cell lines established from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Importantly, Blk is also expressed in situ in lesional tissue specimens from 26 of 31 patients with CTCL. Already in early disease the majority of epidermotropic T cells express Blk, whereas Blk expression is not observed in patients with benign inflammatory skin disorders. In a longitudinal study of an additional 24 patients biopsied for suspected CTCL, Blk expression significantly correlated with a subsequently confirmed diagnosis of CTCL. Blk is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in malignant CTCL cell lines and spontaneously active in kinase assays. Furthermore, targeting Blk activity and expression by Src kinase inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibit the proliferation of the malignant T cells. In conclusion, this is the first report of Blk expression in CTCL, thereby providing new clues to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Effects of Arzoxifene on Bone Mineral Density and Endometrium in Postmenopausal Women with Normal or Low Bone Mass
Authors: Bolognese M. , Krege J. H. , Utian W. H. , Feldman R. , Broy S. , Meats D. L. , Alam J. , Lakshmanan M. , Omizo M. 
Published: April 2009

Introduction: Arzoxifene, a benzothiophene estrogen agonist/antagonist, is being developed for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and for risk reduction of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women.Methods: The effects of arzoxifene 20 mg/d on bone mineral density (BMD), uterine safety, and overall safety were studied in the FOUNDATION study, a 2-yr randomized, placebo-controlled trial including 331 postmenopausal women with normal to low bone mass.Results: Compared to placebo, arzoxifene significantly increased lumbar spine (+2.9%) and total hip (+2.2%) BMD. Arzoxifene decreased biochemical markers of bone metabolism compared to placebo. Changes in breast density were neutral or slightly decreased in the arzoxifene vs. placebo group. There was no evidence of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in the arzoxifene group as assessed by central review of baseline and follow-up endometrial biopsies. There was no significant change between the groups in endometrial thickness assessed by transvaginal ultrasound. The incidence of uterine polyps and vaginal bleeding was not significantly different between the groups. Vulvovaginal mycotic infection was the only adverse event significantly increased in the arzoxifene vs. placebo group. Hot flushes were not significantly different between the groups.Conclusion: In postmenopausal women with normal to low bone mass, arzoxifene 20 mg/d increased BMD at the spine and hip and had a neutral effect on the uterus and endometrium.
The Escape to Vincennes: Public Narratives and Political Meanings in the Ex-Ministers' Trial of 1830
Authors: Harsin Jill 
Published: April 2009

The trial of the ministers of Charles X (December 15–21, 1830) was the last important event in the revolutionary year of 1830 and a defining moment for the regime: contemporaries feared that it might result in a renewal of the revolution and a new Terror. This essay makes three major arguments. First, the governing classes, both left and right, united in the goal of saving the lives of the ministers. Second, the trial split the parliamentary and extraparliamentary Left: the latter became more radical and revolutionary, while the former was deprived of valuable grassroots support. Third, the conservatives imposed their definition of the trial on the public discourse in a way meant to justify the increasing repression of the regime.
Le procès des ministres du Roi Charles X, qui eut lieu du 15 au 21 décembre 1830, constitua le dernier événement de cette année révolutionnaire (1830). Pour reprendre une formule usitée, il fut considéré comme « l'écueil où l'ordre public viendrait se briser », les classes gouvernantes craignant principalement le retour de la révolution suivie d'une nouvelle terreur. Dans le contenu de cette étude, nous développons trois points fondamentaux : en premier lieu, l'union des députés de droite et de gauche dans le but de sauver les ministres. En deuxième lieu, la désunion de la gauche : la gauche parlementaire perdant le soutien de la rue et la gauche extraparlementaire se faisant révolutionnaire. En troisième lieu, le triomphe dans le discours public de l'interprétation du procès des ministres par les conservateurs qui l'utiliseront pour justifier la répression grandissante du régime.
Stabilizing reactive intermediates through site isolation
Authors: Copéret Christophe 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
This overview describes the reaction of organometallics with oxide surfaces and the formation of highly reactive species. In the case of silica, the surface can be seen as a large siloxy ligand, which helps to stabilize reactive intermediates through site isolations. This is translated into very highly reactive and stable well-defined alkene metathesis catalysts as well as the formation of hydrides species, which display unusual reactivities toward alkanes (e.g., low-temperature hydrogenolysis and metathesis of alkanes). In the case of alumina, it allows the formation of highly reactive, but stable cationic species or masked carbenic species whose structures are unusual by comparison with molecular chemistry.
Ionic liquids: Solvation ability and polarity
Authors: Chiappe Cinzia , Malvaldi Marco , Pomelli Christian Silvio 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The role of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents in chemistry is limited by the poor understanding of the solvation phenomenon in these media. The usual classification criteria used for molecular solvents through various experimental measurements fail to insert ILs into a univocal classification for ILs. Here, we first discuss the unsuitability of the usual interpretative scheme for molecular liquids and elucidate schematically the mechanism of solvation in ILs, pointing out the peculiarities that differentiate them with respect to molecular liquids. Second, we focus on reactivity and reaction kinetics in ILs, underlining the many problems that the complexity of these media reflects on the interpretation of kinetic data and some possible approaches to understand qualitatively the (often not trivial) kinetic problems for reactions performed in ILs.
Modified Inverted Cup Test Method for Evaluating Moisture Penetration through Construction Materials
Authors: Pazera Marcin , Bomberg Mark 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a state-of–the-art review of the modified inverted cup (MIC) test method. The inverted cup method was introduced into ASTM E96, “Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials,” several decades ago. However, its capability in evaluating moisture response of building materials has not been fully realized. Recently, a consensus was reached to develop an independent MIC standard under the jurisdiction of the same ASTM committee. The MIC test method quantifies moisture transport in liquid and vapor phases together and has several advantages over its counterpart ASTM D779, “Standard Test Method for Water Resistance of Paper, Paperboard, and Other Sheet Materials by the Dry Indicator Method,” boat test method. The MIC test method can also be employed in evaluating effectiveness of surface treatments including hydrophobic sealers and coatings on material surfaces as well as water resistive barriers, water vapor retarders, and certain insulation products. This paper also discusses the differences between various moisture transport tests, including ASTM E96 water vapor transmission, D779 (boat test method), and ponding test to resolve confusion related to their use. The paper shows that the results of MIC tests are valuable in quantifying moisture response of different materials.
Sigma-Punkt-Kalman-Filter mit ZustandsnebenbedingungenSigma-Point Kalman Filter with State Constraints
Authors: Schneider Paul , Janocha Hartmut 
Published: April 2009

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Aufsatz wird ein Kalman-Filter vorgestellt, das in seine Schätzung physikalische oder durch die Planung vorgegebene Nebenbedingungen einbezieht. Dabei wird das Augenmerk explizit auf die Nichtlinearitäten in den Gleichungen und die stochastischen Eigenschaften der Zufallsvariablen gerichtet. Zugrunde liegen die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse aus dem Sigma-Punkt-Kalman-Filter, bei dem zur Linearisierung die deterministisch gewählten Sigma-Punkte durch nichtlineare Gleichungen transformiert werden. Es werden zwei Verfahren zur Berücksichtigung der Nebenbedingungen vorgestellt. Das eine Verfahren basiert auf der Verschiebung der Sigma-Punkte (heuristisches Verfahren), das andere auf der Projektion in den durch Nebenbedingungen aufgespannten Unterraum (analytisches Verfahren).
Validity of a Questionnaire for Periodontitis Screening of Japanese Employees
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuo , Koyama Reiko , Tamaki Naofumi , Maruyama Takayuki , Tomofuji Takaaki , Ekuni Daisuke , Yamanaka Reiko , Azuma Tetsuji , Morita Manabu 
Published: April 2009

Validity of a Questionnaire for Periodontitis Screening of Japanese Employees: Tatsuo Yamamoto, et al. Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesObjectivesWorkplaces are suitable for screening for periodontal disease effectively. However, the majority of workplaces do not have a screening program. One possible reason may be that pocket probing, which is commonly used for the screening, needs qualified examiners and is time‐consuming. In this study, the validity of a self‐reported questionnaire was assessed for screening of periodontitis in 50‐ to 59‐yr‐old male employees in Japan.MethodsA total of 250 people were asked to complete a self‐administered questionnaire regarding signs and symptoms of periodontal disease, and experience of periodontal treatment, followed by a clinical examination by a dentist. Subjects with at least one tooth having a clinical attachment loss of 7 mm or more were defined as periodontitis patients.ResultsThirteen percent of the subjects were diagnosed as having periodontitis. Logistic regression selected 4 questions, “Are you a current or past smoker?”, “Have your gums bled recently?”, “Do you think that you can see more roots of teeth than in the past?”, and “Have you ever been told that you need periodontal or gum treatment?” as potential predictors of periodontitis. When subjects with at least 3 “yes” responses to the 4 questions were separated from the others, the subjects with periodontitis were separated most effectively (showing the highest sensitivity + specificity: 1.524) from those without. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.81.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the self‐reported questions are useful for screening of periodontitis in 50‐ to 59‐yr‐old Japanese workers.
Problems In Casing Collapse
Authors: Murchey G.N. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The principal cause of casing collapse in the Bolivar Coastal field is compaction of the Miocene producing section and the resultant subsidence of the overlying sediments.
The problems discussed concern methods of repairing wells with damaged casing as well as preventive measures being taken or proposed for new wells and workovers. Repairs to existing wells involve chiefly operational problems in placing reliners, milling and sidetracking, and redrilling. Preventive measures are discussed both for wells completed in the compaction zone and those completed in sands below the compaction zone. These measures include the use of slip joints, corrugate casing, plastic pack, and stress relieving.
Illustrations of the various methods of combating collapse are presented.

Introduction
In all wells there are natural forces and, occasionally, induced forces which may' cause collapse of the casing. Consequently, it has long been common practice to design casing strings with sufficient strength to resist these forces. To combat large pressure differentials which may exist, the proper wall thickness and grade of steel are selected. Where corrosion is anticipated, coatings, inhibitors, or non-corrosive metals may be utilized. If primary cementation is poor and isolation squeeze jobs are required, techniques have been developed to reduce collapse possibilities to a minimum. These conditions and problems are common to many areas and have, for the most part, been successfully solved.
However, in a very few of the world's oil fields there exist active earth forces which are of such magnitude that ordinary methods of combating casing collapse are futile. These forces are created by actual movement of the rock or sediments penetrated by the well. At least two basic types of earth movements in oil fields have been recognized: first, displacement along active fault planes; and second, subsidence of the complete sedimentary section above a zone of compaction. This latter type of movement is the primary cause of casing collapse in the Bolivar Coastal field, and to date has resulted in the repair or redrilling of over three hundred wells. It is the objective of this paper to discuss the techniques which have been used to repair these wells and the protective measures being taken or proposed for future repairs and new completions.
Flow Properties Of Suspensions In Drilling Mud Design
Authors: Browning W.C. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The colloid chemical aspects of the flow of suspensions, the function and use of dispersing agents and their effect on the flow properties of aqueous drilling muds is given in this paper.
In any given suspension all reversible flow characteristics are regarded as being determined by the force balance resulting from the interaction of repulsive forces, such as electrokinetic charge, and London-van der Waal'sforces. Dispersing agents act to increase the electrical charge and therefore ban change the rheology of a suspension from plastic to pseudoplastic, to thixotropic, to Newtonian flow. With increase in dispersing agent efficiency or concentration, the Bingham yield of a hydrophobic suspension will decrease to zero and the plastic viscosity will decrease. Overtreatment of dispersing agent tends to reverse the process through compression of the double layer. In hydrophilic suspensions, flow is modified by solvation layers, particle shape, concentration and charge.
With due consideration to shape factor and hydration of the suspended solids, rheological measurements made with variable shear viscometers have been found to be a practical and convenient method of analyzing the effect of dispersing agents in hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic suspensions.
Among the factors to be considered in the design of oil well drilling fluids are the controlled deflocculation of the various suspended solids to maintain desired flow conditions, the prevention of osmotic swelling of bentonitic shaledrilling chips, and the prevention of swelling in situ of formation and reservoir clays. Control of swelling can be effected by aqueous media containing suitable concentrations of alkaline earth ions or sodium chloride. The use of dispersing agents that can function as effective deflocculents in neutral pH, alkaline earth ion, or sodium chloride media is essential in the design of inert aqueous drilling fluids.

Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the theoretical aspects of the colloid properties of suspensions and the action of dispersing agents, relate them to easily obtained rheological measurements and, finally, to show the application of these relationships to drilling fluid properties and drilling fluid design.
Facilities Used in Gathering and Handling Hydrocarbon Production in the Eugene Island Block 126 Field Louisiana Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Massad A.H. , Pela E.C. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The primary factor in handling offshore oil production is to provide an economical means by which continuous uninterrupted flow may be established from the well head to the crude purchaser. A central production facilities platform has been installed for this purpose in the Eugene Island Block 126 field, La., Gulf of Mexico by Magnolia Petroleum Co., Continental Oil Co., and Newmont Oil Co., and is now operating successfully.
The central facilities platform with a line connection to a shore terminal was evaluated against barging from either individual well platforms or from a central storage point in a field. Although the initial investment of such installations exceeds either of the other two methods, it offers a reduction in operating expense which results in a higher net profit.
In designing an installation such as this, the following requirements had to be achieved:Flexibility of operation.Provide continuous flow.Accurate well testing for allocation of production.Provide for expansion in future.Maintain control of production on the separator platform.
These requirements have been fulfilled by the installation described.

Introduction
The increased exploration and exploitation programs by offshore operators in the Gulf of Mexico have brought about entirely new concepts in the handling of oil and gas production. Until 1952, the problem was not pressing because the daily oil production offshore was of small magnitude. As of Jan. 1, 1956, a total of 798 wells had been drilled in the Louisiana offshore areas. Of this total, 472 were completed as oil wells and 99 as gas wells.
Calcium Surfactant Drilling Fluids
Authors: Burdyn R.F. , Wiener L.D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The laboratory development and field testing of water base drilling fluids designed to perform satisfactorily in deep high-temperature wells are described. The drilling fluids are of the non-dispersing type, are neutral, require no pH control, and may have a relatively high electrical resistivity. The components are stable at temperatures in excess of 350°F (with the exception of some of the presently available water loss agents) and undergo no undesirable reactions under these conditions. Viscosity control is achieved by the use of a non-ionic surfactant, an electrolyte such as calcium sulfate, and a water loss control agent compatible with a relatively high concentration of flocculating ion. Dispersants such as quebracho and caustic soda are not present. In the presence of the surfactant water loss agents of the common poly electrolyte types can be utilized more efficiently. For improved water loss reduction an oil emulsion mud may be easily prepared with the surfactant acting as the emulsifying agent.
Benefits derived from flocculated systems of this type are high solids-carrying capacity and minimum formation damage from filtrate and particle invasion. Since these systems are central, cementation reactions between clay minerals and drilling fluid additives are completely eliminated. After working out the operational variables while drilling wells whose depths ranged from 9,700 to 13,500 ft with calcium sulfate-surfactant muds, this type mud was used in drilling to 19,060 ft in an area of high geothermal gradient, the maximum recorded temperature being 401°F.

Introduction
In recent years the trend has been toward drilling deeper wells, many of which have bottom-hole temperatures exceeding 300°F. The failure of present day drilling fluids to withstand these high temperatures is imposing a serious limitation on the development of deeper oil horizons. This paper will describe the laboratory development and field use of a drilling fluid designed to function satisfactorily at high temperatures. It also has inherent advantages which make its use in wells of moderate bottom-hole temperatures desirable.
Lime-treated drilling fluids are currently most widely used for deep drilling in the Gulf Coast and Mid-Continent areas; under normal drilling conditions their performance is satisfactory at temperatures as high as 275 to 300°F. At higher temperatures, due to instability of the drilling fluid additives and interaction of the drilling fluid components, control of properties becomes increasingly difficult.
Type of Vegetarian Diet, Body Weight, and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Tonstad Serena , Butler Terry , Yan Ru , Fraser Gary E. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
We assessed the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in people following different types of vegetarian diets compared with that in nonvegetarians.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study population comprised 22,434 men and 38,469 women who participated in the Adventist Health Study-2 conducted in 2002–2006. We collected self-reported demographic, anthropometric, medical history, and lifestyle data from Seventh-Day Adventist church members across North America. The type of vegetarian diet was categorized based on a food-frequency questionnaire. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression.

RESULTS
Mean BMI was lowest in vegans (23.6 kg/m2) and incrementally higher in lacto-ovo vegetarians (25.7 kg/m2), pesco-vegetarians (26.3 kg/m2), semi-vegetarians (27.3 kg/m2), and nonvegetarians (28.8 kg/m2). Prevalence of type 2 diabetes increased from 2.9% in vegans to 7.6% in nonvegetarians; the prevalence was intermediate in participants consuming lacto-ovo (3.2%), pesco (4.8%), or semi-vegetarian (6.1%) diets. After adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, education, income, physical activity, television watching, sleep habits, alcohol use, and BMI, vegans (OR 0.51 [95% CI 0.40–0.66]), lacto-ovo vegetarians (0.54 [0.49–0.60]), pesco-vegetarians (0.70 [0.61–0.80]), and semi-vegetarians (0.76 [0.65–0.90]) had a lower risk of type 2 diabetes than nonvegetarians.

CONCLUSIONS
The 5-unit BMI difference between vegans and nonvegetarians indicates a substantial potential of vegetarianism to protect against obesity. Increased conformity to vegetarian diets protected against risk of type 2 diabetes after lifestyle characteristics and BMI were taken into account. Pesco- and semi-vegetarian diets afforded intermediate protection.