bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Optical Properties of Free‐Standing Transparent Aluminum Nitride Film Assembled by Aligned Nanorods
Authors: Li Jia‐Jie , Song Bo , Wu Rong , Li Jin , Jian Ji‐Kang 
Published: January 2012

Free‐standing nanostructured Aluminum nitride (AlN) film with high transparence in visible light has been prepared by direct reaction of AlCl3 and NH3 through a thermal chemical vapor deposition method. The structural and morphological examinations reveal that the film is composed of a large number of well aligned wurtzite‐structured AlN nanorods with growth direction along the c‐axis. Raman scattering spectrum indicates the high alignment of the AlN nanorods, too. At room temperature, the nanostructured AlN film exhibits a sharp ultraviolet emission at 358 nm and a broad blue emission peak centered at 471 nm, which suggests its potentials in short‐wavelength optoelectronic applications.
Processing Relative Clauses in Supportive Contexts
Authors: Fedorenko Evelina , Piantadosi Steve , Gibson Edward 
Published: January 2012

AbstractResults from two self‐paced reading experiments in English are reported in which subject‐ and object‐extracted relative clauses (SRCs and ORCs, respectively) were presented in contexts that support both types of relative clauses (RCs). Object‐extracted versions were read more slowly than subject‐extracted versions across both experiments. These results are not consistent with a decay‐based working memory account of dependency formation where the amount of decay is a function of the number of new discourse referents that intervene between the dependents (Gibson, 1998; Warren & Gibson, 2002). Rather, these results support interference‐based accounts and decay‐based accounts where the amount of decay depends on the number of words or on the type of noun phrases that intervene between the dependents. In Experiment 2, presentation in supportive contexts was directly contrasted with presentation in null contexts. Whereas in the null context the extraction effect was only observed during the RC region, in a supportive context the extraction effect was numerically larger and persisted into the following region, thus showing that extraction effects are enhanced in supportive contexts. A sentence completion study demonstrated that the rate of SRCs versus ORCs was similar across null and supportive contexts (with most completions being subject‐extractions), ruling out the possibility that an enhanced extraction effect in supportive contexts is due to ORCs being less expected in such contexts. However, the content of the RCs differed between contexts in the completions, such that the RCs produced in supportive contexts were more constrained, reflecting the lexical and semantic content of the preceding context. This effect, which we discuss in terms of expectations/lexico‐syntactic priming, suggests that the enhancement of the extraction effect in supportive contexts is due to the facilitation of the subject‐extracted condition.
Symmetry Breaking Analysis of Prism Adaptation’s Latent Aftereffect
Authors: Frank Till D. , Blau Julia J. C. , Turvey Michael T. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe effect of prism adaptation on movement is typically reduced when the movement at test (prisms off) differs on some dimension from the movement at training (prisms on). Some adaptation is latent, however, and only revealed through further testing in which the movement at training is fully reinstated. Applying a nonlinear attractor dynamic model (Frank, Blau, & Turvey, 2009) to available data (Blau, Stephen, Carello, & Turvey, 2009), we provide evidence for a causal link between the latent (or secondary) aftereffect and an additive force term that is known to account for symmetry breaking. The evidence is discussed in respect to the hypothesis that recalibration aftereffects reflect memory principles (encoding specificity, transfer‐appropriate processing) oriented to time‐translation invariance—when later testing conserves the conditions of earlier training. Forgetting or reduced adaptation effects follow from the loss of this invariance and are reversed by its reinstatement.
Laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation using the dome advancement technique: A case series and review of the literature
Authors: Tsu James Hok‐Leung , Kan Chi‐Fai , Man Chi‐Wai , Chan Steve Wai‐Hee 
Published: January 2012

Aim:  Ureteral resection and reimplantation is one of the treatment options for pathology in the middle and distal ureter. Laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation has been shown to be a feasible alternative to the open approach. Among the various techniques of laparoscopic reimplantation, the dome advancement technique has been reported as a simple and effective method.Patients and Methods:  Five patients were found to have distal ureteric stricture necessitating partial ureterectomy and ureteral reimplantation. Their results are reviewed and compared to published results.Results:  Laparoscopic distal ureterectomy and ureteral reimplantation was successfully performed in all five patients using the dome advancement technique. All patients made good postoperative recovery without evidence of obstruction on follow‐up imaging.Conclusion:  Laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation is a feasible minimally‐invasive option for patients requiring ureteral reconstruction. The dome advancement technique is simple and reproducible, with a good functional outcome.
Ranking the value of germplasm: new oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) breeding stocks as a case study
Authors: Wening S. , Croxford A.E. , Ford C.S. , Thomas W.T.B. , Forster B.P. , Okyere‐Boateng G. , Nelson S.P.C. , Caligari P.D.S. , Wilkinson M.J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPlant breeders constantly need to introduce desirable new alleles to refresh breeding stocks. This first requires an assessment of potential new sources of material and then identification of genotypes most able to augment existing stocks. Genetic distance analysis is widely used for both purposes, although it measures both haplotype diversity and novel allele abundance. Here, we present a more tailored approach to address these problems. Using oil palm as an exemplar, simple metrics of allelic and genetic richness, graphical genotyping and multivariate analysis were deployed to determine the overall value of Ghanaian germplasm to supplement Sumatra Bioscience (SumBio) breeding material. We next compared three methods to rank individuals. The first was based on multivariate genetic distance. However, we also developed two new systems: Global Allelic Divergence (GAD), based on novel allele abundance, and Genome Scan Allelic (GSA) divergence, which additionally considers genome context. Ghanaian material exhibited increased allelic richness, higher heterozygosity and a higher proportion of private alleles than extant SumBio breeding stocks. Graphical genotyping revealed Ghanaian material as allele‐rich in genomic regions that were allele‐poor in SumBio breeding stocks. Multivariate analysis showed a collective distinctness and increased variability of Ghanaian plants. Ranks of individuals varied between GSA, GAD and genetic distance. The GAD and GSA ranks correlated strongly with each other but only poorly with the genetic distance‐based ranks. We conclude that GSA and GAD are superior ranking systems to identify individuals most likely to introduce valuable new alleles, whilst genetic distance analysis identifies individuals likely to require least backcrossing.
Effect on time in quarantine of the choice of program for eradication of footrot from 196 sheep flocks in southern New South Wales
Authors: Mills K , McClenaughan P , Morton A , Alley D , Lievaart J , Windsor PA , Egerton JR 
Published: January 2012

Objective  To identify and compare programs for eradicating virulent footrot (VFR) chosen by owners of quarantined sheep flocks in southern New South Wales.Method  Data from 196 sheep flocks in the Wagga Wagga and Young Rural Lands Protection Boards were used to determine the program chosen, the influence of flock size on the program chosen and the effects of the program chosen and the use of contractors on the time in quarantine.Results  The most popular programs in flocks using a single program were: total destocking (61/173; 35.3%) and inspection and culling of affected animals (71/173; 41.0%). Treatment of known infected animals was chosen in 41 flocks and of those, 10 (5.8%) used antibiotics for treatment and 31 (17.9%) used foot‐bathing. Combined programs were used in 23 flocks and in 10 flocks a change of program occurred before eradication was achieved. The choice of program was, to some extent, affected by flock size, with owners of small flocks (<500 sheep) more likely to destock. The chosen program strongly influenced the time in quarantine, the shortest time being for destocking (mean 284 days), followed by culling of infected sheep (395 days), treatment with antibiotics (433 days) and finally foot‐bathing (502 days). Time in quarantine was significantly shorter when contractors were used.Conclusion  All the options chosen led to the eradication of VFR. However, in this sample both the choice of program and the use of contractors influenced the time taken to achieve eradication and therefore the time in quarantine. Based on time in quarantine, foot‐bathing was the least desirable option for the eradication of VFR because of the significantly greater time involved, perpetuation of risk to neighbours and increased cost of inspections. These findings were derived from flocks that were quarantined, but they are relevant to all flock owners considering eradication of VFR.
Persistence of Immunogenicity of a Monovalent Influenza Virus A/H1N1 2009 Vaccine in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Lai Yi-Chun , Yang Kuen-Cheh , Hsieh Szu-Min , Yao Chien-An , Lee Long-Teng , Huang Kuo-Chin 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAfter WHO declared H1N1 pandemic, global vaccination was carried out immediately after much research. However, the data on long-term immunogenicity were lacking. We aimed to investigate the long-term immunogenicity of different H1N1 vaccine dosage groups 24 weeks after vaccination by a randomized clinical trial. A total of 218 participants were stratified into adult (≤60 years old) and elderly (>60 years old) groups. The adults were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio. The first group received a single dose of vaccine with 15 μg hemagglutination antigen (HA). The other two groups received two doses with 15 μg or 30 μg HA triweekly. The elderly were randomized 1:1 for two doses of 15 or 30 μg HA. We evaluated serologic responses at prevaccination and weeks 3, 6, and 24. We also examined possible associated factors of immunogenicity by multivariate logistic regression analyses. At week 24, seroprotection (anti-HA antibody level ≥ 1:40) remained at 76.8% and 46.2% in the adult and elderly groups, respectively. The adult group had a higher seroprotection rate (odds ratio of 2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21 to 7.36) than the elderly group. There was no statistical difference in seroprotection and seroconversion rates between different adult and elderly dosage groups. Lower immunogenicity in the elderly than in the adults 24 weeks after the vaccination was observed. However, there was no statistically significant difference among different dose groups. Therefore, we suggest only a single vaccination dose of 15 μg HA for adults and two doses of 15 μg HA for the elderly in the future.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays Based on Neospora caninum Dense Granule Protein 7 and Profilin for Estimating the Stage of Neosporosis
Authors: Hiasa Jun , Nishimura Maki , Itamoto Kazuhito , Xuan Xuenan , Inokuma Hisashi , Nishikawa Yoshifumi 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTNeospora caninumis an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes bovine and canine neosporosis, characterized by fetal abortion and neonatal mortality and by neuromuscular paralysis, respectively. Although many diagnostic methods to detect parasite-specific antibodies or parasite DNA have been reported, to date no effective serodiagnostic techniques for estimating pathological status have been described. Our study aimed to elucidate the relationship between the parasite-specific antibody response, parasite activation, and neurological symptoms caused byN. caninuminfection by using a recombinant antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among experimentally infected mice, anti-N. caninumprofilin (NcPF) antibody was only detected in neurologically symptomatic animals. Parasite numbers within the brains of the symptomatic mice were significantly higher than those in asymptomatic animals. In addition, anti-NcPF and anti-NcGRA7 antibodies were mainly detected at the acute stage in experimentally infected dogs, while anti-NcSAG1 antibody was produced during both acute and chronic stages. Furthermore, among anti-NcSAG1 antibody-positive clinical dogs, the positive rates of anti-NcGRA7 and anti-NcPF antibodies in the neurologically symptomatic dogs were significantly higher than those in the non-neurologically symptomatic animals. Our results suggested that the levels of anti-NcGRA7 and anti-NcPF antibodies reflect parasite activation and neurological symptoms in dogs. In conclusion, antibodies against NcGRA7 and NcPF may have potential as suitable indicators for estimating the pathological status of neosporosis.
Three Cases of Post-Cataract Surgery Endophthalmitis Due to Rhizobium (Agrobacterium) radiobacter
Authors: Moreau-Gaudry Viviane , Chiquet Christophe , Boisset Sandrine , Croize Jacques , Benito Yvonne , Cornut Pierre Loïc , Bron Alain , Vandenesch François , Maurin Max ,   for the French Institutional Endophthalmitis Study (FRIENDS) Group
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

We present three unrelated post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis cases caused by
Rhizobium radiobacter
, hospitalized in three different hospitals. Early diagnosis was obtained in two cases by bacterial DNA detection in vitreous samples. All patients recovered from infection, but pars plana vitrectomy was needed in two patients due to rapid clinical deterioration.
Current Trends in Culture-Based and Molecular Detection of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Harboring and Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Gazin Muriel , Paasch Fabienne , Goossens Herman , Malhotra-Kumar Surbhi 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

The ever-expanding role of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-harboring and carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
in causing serious infections poses a grave public health threat because these organisms also tend to be multidrug resistant, for which very few (if any) antibiotic options remain available. Rapid detection of such panresistant organisms offers one of the best solutions to improve patient screening and hospital infection control practices as well as curb inappropriate antibiotic use. This review discusses and compares primarily the current state-of-the-art culture-based and molecular methods that are commercially available for detection or screening of ESBL-harboring and carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Regulation of CHMP4/ESCRT-III Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Budding by CC2D1A
Authors: Usami Yoshiko , Popov Sergei , Weiss Eric R. , Vriesema-Magnuson Christie , Calistri Arianna , Göttlinger Heinrich G. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

The detachment of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) virions depends on CHPM4 family members, which are late-acting components of the ESCRT pathway that mediate the cleavage of bud necks from the cytosolic side. We now show that in human cells, CHMP4 proteins are to a considerable extent bound to two high-molecular-weight proteins that we have identified as CC2D1A and CC2D1B. Both proteins bind to the core domain of CHMP4B, which has a strong propensity to polymerize and to inhibit HIV-1 budding. Further mapping showed that CC2D1A binds to an N-terminal hairpin within the CHMP4 core that has been implicated in polymerization. Consistent with a model in which CC2D1A and CC2D1B regulate CHMP4 polymerization, the overexpression of CC2D1A inhibited both the release of wild-type HIV-1 and the CHMP4-dependent rescue of an HIV-1 L domain mutant by exogenous ALIX. Furthermore, small interfering RNA against CC2D1A or CC2D1B increased HIV-1 budding under certain conditions. CC2D1A and CC2D1B possess four
Drosophila melanogaster
14 (DM14) domains, and we demonstrate that these constitute novel CHMP4 binding modules. The DM14 domain that bound most avidly to CHMP4B was by itself sufficient to inhibit the function of ALIX in HIV-1 budding, indicating that the inhibition occurred through CHMP4 sequestration. However, N-terminal fragments of CC2D1A that did not interact with CHMP4B nevertheless retained a significant level of inhibitory activity. Thus, CC2D1A may also affect HIV-1 budding in a CHMP4-independent manner.
Structural Changes in Influenza Virus at Low pH Characterized by Cryo-Electron Tomography
Authors: Fontana Juan , Cardone Giovanni , Heymann J. Bernard , Winkler Dennis C. , Steven Alasdair C. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Influenza virus enters host cells by endocytosis. The low pH of endosomes triggers conformational changes in hemagglutinin (HA) that mediate fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes. We have used cryo-electron tomography to visualize influenza A virus at pH 4.9, a condition known to induce fusogenicity. After 30 min, when all virions are in the postfusion state, dramatic changes in morphology are apparent: elongated particles are no longer observed, larger particles representing fused virions appear, the HA spikes become conspicuously disorganized, a layer of M1 matrix protein is no longer resolved on most virions, and the ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) coagulate on the interior surface of the virion. To probe for intermediate states, preparations were imaged after 5 min at pH 4.9. These virions could be classified according to their glycoprotein arrays (organized or disorganized) and whether or not they have a resolved M1 layer. Employing subtomogram averaging, we found, in addition to the neutral-pH state of HA, two intermediate conformations that appear to reflect an outwards movement of the fusion peptide and rearrangement of the HA1 subunits, respectively. These changes are reversible. The tomograms also document pH-induced changes affecting the M1 layer that appear to render the envelope more pliable and hence conducive to fusion. However, it appears desirable for productive infection that fusion should proceed before the RNPs become coagulated with matrix protein, as eventually happens at low pH.
Cytoplasmic Utilization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic RNA Is Not Dependent on a Nuclear Interaction with Gag
Authors: Grewe Bastian , Hoffmann Bianca , Ohs Inga , Blissenbach Maik , Brandt Sabine , Tippler Bettina , Grunwald Thomas , Überla Klaus 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

In some retroviruses, such as Rous sarcoma virus and prototype foamy virus, Gag proteins are known to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and are implicated in nuclear export of the viral genomic unspliced RNA (gRNA) for subsequent encapsidation. A similar function has been proposed for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag based on the identification of nuclear localization and export signals. However, the ability of HIV-1 Gag to transit through the nucleus has never been confirmed. In addition, the lentiviral Rev protein promotes efficient nuclear gRNA export, and previous reports indicate a cytoplasmic interaction between Gag and gRNA. Therefore, functional effects of HIV-1 Gag on gRNA and its usage were explored. Expression of
gag
in the absence of Rev was not able to increase cytoplasmic gRNA levels of subgenomic, proviral, or lentiviral vector constructs, and gene expression from genomic reporter plasmids could not be induced by Gag provided in
trans
. Furthermore, Gag lacking the reported nuclear localization and export signals was still able to mediate an efficient packaging process. Although small amounts of Gag were detectable in the nuclei of transfected cells, a Crm1-dependent nuclear export signal in Gag could not be confirmed. Thus, our study does not provide any evidence for a nuclear function of HIV-1 Gag. The encapsidation process of HIV-1 therefore clearly differs from that of Rous sarcoma virus and prototype foamy virus.
Study of a tachyonic field and its statefinder diagnostics in various scenarios of the anisotropic universe
Authors: Ranjit Chayan , Chattopadhyay Surajit 
Published: January 2012

In the present work, we have considered N-dimensional Einstein field equations in which four-dimensional space–time is described by a Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric and the extra d-dimensions by an Euclidean metric. By considering the universe to be filled with a tachyonic field we have reconstructed the potential V([Formula: see text]) corresponding to the field reconstructions in an anisotropic universe under emergent – power law, emergent–intermediate, emergent–logamediate, and logamediate–intermediate scenarios. The statefinder parameters have been investigated in all of said scenarios.
OPENING THE BLACK BOX OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION: THE MOTIVE-TECHNOLOGY-BELIEF FRAMEWORK
Authors: ZENOBIA BRENT A. , WEBER CHARLES M. 
Published: January 2012

A qualitative empirical study explores the psychological process by which transportation consumers adopt alternatives to single occupancy vehicles. The study's findings give rise to the Motive-Technology-Belief (MTB) framework, a theory that conceives of technology adoption in terms of three mental structures: motives are inner mental reasons; technologies are tools that pertain to motives; and beliefs are associations between motives and/or technologies. Their behavioral interactions are governed by three conscious processes: selecting is the process of choosing a tool in response to an immediate need; evaluating is the process of forming beliefs about tools; and maintaining is the process of determining the functional status of tools. They are augmented by five unconscious auxiliary processes: perceiving, focusing, framing, consolidating, and acting.The primary contribution of this paper is the first coherent theory that explains some of the inner mental processes pertaining to technology adoption. However, the study described in this paper also combines existing theory with original field research to lay the foundation for a more comprehensive causal theory of the adoption process that will provide a step-by-step explanation of how events or life experiences cause a consumer's beliefs about a technology to change over time. Finally, the study identifies evaluating, selecting, maintaining, and the auxiliary processes that govern motivation as fundamental "microlaws" of innovation i.e. regular rules describing the generating processes of emergent innovations.
Bakunin: A View from Within
Authors: MENDEL ARTHUR 
Published: January 2012

AbstractI never felt myself particularly suited for life in society. I felt stupid, awkward, inarticulate. I used to think that this was merely because of my inexperience. I did everything in my power to overcome it. I immersed myself in society; I scurried this way and that; and what did I find? A terrible emptiness. The pleasures and distractions that delighted others seemed to me trivial. Dances, balls-these, the pinnacle of pleasure for our youth, the highest ideals they can imagine, bored me to death. As soon as they began, I felt out of place and just as trivial as they were. I had to reject all this, and I did so, joyfully, enthusiastically, vowing never to return.... But, then, I had to find something else: the vacuum that overwhelmed me had to be filled. I withdrew into myself and locked myself in. I studied myself; and, in the end, I found within myself something to fill the emptiness.... At last I made a decision, and as soon as I did a warmth so sweet poured through my heart. I threw myself into my study; I threw myself passionately into it.... I feel as though I am being reborn; I feel as though I am watching myself being fed and nurtured. Until now I have lived only an external life. I want now to build for myself an inner existence.1