bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration of unified Parkinson's disease rating scale scores to Movement Disorder Society‐unified Parkinson's disease rating scale scores
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , Stebbins Glenn T. , Tilley Barbara C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop formulas to convert the UPDRS to Movement Disorder Society (MDS)‐UPDRS scores. The MDS‐UPDRS is a revision of the UPDRS with sound clinimetric properties. Reliable formulas to recalculate UPDRS scores into MDS‐UPDRS equivalents are pivotal to the practical transition and definitive adoption of the MDS‐UPDRS. UPDRS and MDS‐UPDRS scores were collected on 875 PD patients. A developmental sample was used to regress UPDRS scores on corresponding MDS‐UPDRS scores based on three H & Y groupings (I/II, III, and IV/V). Regression weighting factors and intercept terms provided formulas for UPDRS conversions to be tested in a validation sample. Concordance between the true MDS‐UPDRS Part scores and those derived from the formulas was compared using Bland‐Altman's plots and Lin's concordance coefficient (LCC). Significant concordance between UPDRS‐estimated MDS‐UPDRS scores was achieved for Parts II (Motor Experiences of Daily Living) (LCC = 0.93) and III (Motor Examination) (LCC = 0.97). The formulas resulted in mean differences between the true MDS‐UPDRS and estimated MDS‐UPDRS scores of less than 1 point for both Parts II and III. Concordance was not achieved for Parts I and IV (Non‐motor Experiences of Daily Living and Complications of Therapy). Formulas allow archival UPDRS Parts II and III individual patient data to be accurately transferred to MDS‐UPDRS scores. Because Part I collects data on much more extensive information than the UPDRS, and because Part IV is structured differently in the two versions, old ratings for these parts cannot be converted. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Graft Copolymerization of Styrene and Acrylonitrile in the Presence of Poly(propylene glycol): Modeling and Simulation of Semi‐Batch and Continuous Processes
Authors: Li Li , Wu Linbo , Bu Zhiyang , Gong Cheng , Li Bo‐Geng , Hungenberg Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAn existing kinetic model for graft free‐radical copolymerization of styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) in the presence of poly(propylene glycol) is extended to describe the semi‐batch process and to simulate the continuous process. A good predictive ability of the model for the semi‐batch process is demonstrated by comparing with experimental data, except for$\overline {M} _{{\rm w}} $and polydispersity index at St/AN = 60/40 wt% in the feed. The continuous process is simulated under various reaction conditions. The solid content increases sharply with increasing monomer concentration. With decreasing St/AN weight ratio, the graft efficieny increases sharply and$\overline {M} _{{\rm w}} $decreases.magnified image
Highly accelerated real‐time cardiac cine MRI using k–t SPARSE‐SENSE
Authors: Feng Li , Srichai Monvadi B. , Lim Ruth P. , Harrison Alexis , King Wilson , Adluru Ganesh , Dibella Edward V. R. , Sodickson Daniel K. , Otazo Ricardo , Kim Daniel 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFor patients with impaired breath‐hold capacity and/or arrhythmias, real‐time cine MRI may be more clinically useful than breath‐hold cine MRI. However, commercially available real‐time cine MRI methods using parallel imaging typically yield relatively poor spatio‐temporal resolution due to their low image acquisition speed. We sought to achieve relatively high spatial resolution (∼2.5 × 2.5 mm2) and temporal resolution (∼40 ms), to produce high‐quality real‐time cine MR images that could be applied clinically for wall motion assessment and measurement of left ventricular function. In this work, we present an eightfold accelerated real‐time cardiac cine MRI pulse sequence using a combination of compressed sensing and parallel imaging (k‐t SPARSE‐SENSE). Compared with reference, breath‐hold cine MRI, our eightfold accelerated real‐time cine MRI produced significantly worse qualitative grades (1–5 scale), but its image quality and temporal fidelity scores were above 3.0 (adequate) and artifacts and noise scores were below 3.0 (moderate), suggesting that acceptable diagnostic image quality can be achieved. Additionally, both eightfold accelerated real‐time cine and breath‐hold cine MRI yielded comparable left ventricular function measurements, with coefficient of variation <10% for left ventricular volumes. Our proposed eightfold accelerated real‐time cine MRI with k–t SPARSE‐SENSE is a promising modality for rapid imaging of myocardial function. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hierarchical IDEAL: Fast, robust, and multiresolution separation of multiple chemical species from multiple echo times
Authors: Tsao Jeffrey , Jiang Yun 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe describe a generalized version of hierarchical IDEAL that can flexibly handle arbitrary chemical species at arbitrary echo times. The proposed work is fast and robust, and it has three key features: (1) multiresolution approach, which allows the method to handle images with disjoint regions, makes it less susceptible to local optima, and reduces the ambiguity of the separation; (2) direct phase estimation, which bypasses the phase wrapping issue, and (3) efficient algebraic formulation, which enables fast calculation and insensitivity to spatially varying phase across the image, from sources such as partial echo acquisition, receiver coils, motion, and flow. Representative results at 1.5 T and 3 T are presented from human ankle, wrist, and a water/oil/silicone phantom. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrophysiology of neuromuscular disorders in critical illness
Authors: Lacomis David 
Published: August 2012

IntroductionNeuromuscular disorders, predominantly critical illness myopathy (CIM) and critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) occur in approximately one‐third of patients in intensive care units. The aim of this study was to review the important role of electrophysiology in this setting.ResultsIn CIM, sarcolemmal inexcitability causes low amplitude compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) that may have prolonged durations. Needle electrode examination usually reveals early recruitment of short duration motor unit potentials, often with fibrillation potentials. In CIP, the findings are usually those of a generalized axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Direct muscle stimulation aids in differentiating CIP and CIM and in identifying mixed disorders along with other electrodiagnostic and histopathologic studies. Identifying evolving reductions in fibular CMAP amplitudes in intensive care unit (ICU) patients predicts development of neuromuscular weakness.ConclusionsKnowledge of the various neuromuscular disorders in critically ill patients, their risk factors, and associated electrodiagnostic findings can lead to development of a rational approach to diagnosis of the cause of neuromuscular weakness in ICU patients. Muscle Nerve 47: 452–463, 2013
Speed of sound and ballistic resistance of nanocomposite films
Authors: Termonia Yves 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe present a numerical model for the factors controlling the velocity of sound and ballistic performance of nanocomposite polymer films. In our approach, the composite material is represented by a three‐dimensional lattice of bonds having different mass and elastic constants for the inclusion and for the matrix. The mechanics of impact wave propagation is formulated in terms of impulse‐momentum balance equations which are solved at each lattice site using a finite difference technique. Our study indicates that the efficiency of load transfer across a composite film is negatively impacted by the mismatch in impedance between matrix and inclusions. We also find that, among all inclusions, platelets with high aspect ratio are the most promising. They clearly lead to a faster sound velocity, wider propagation of the impact wave and higher critical perforation velocity V50. POLYM. COMPOS. 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Optical order of the polymer phase within polymer/fullerene blend films
Authors: Engmann Sebastian , Turkovic Vida , Denner Paul , Hoppe Harald , Gobsch Gerhard 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study reports on how the degree of polymer order within a polymer/fullerene blend can be investigated by spectroscopic methods. Non‐annealed blend compositions with 0–80 wt % fullerene content were analyzed using temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) and room temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements. To evaluate the SE data with respect to the optical order, an optical model was developed, including a lower and higher ordered polymer phase within a fullerene matrix. This was done using an effective medium approach describing the polymer by combining lower and higher ordered polymer properties (polymer‐EMA). The polymer/fullerene blend was then evaluated using another EMA consisting of the polymer‐EMA and the dielectric function of the disordered fullerene. The degree of optical order obtained by SE, was confirmed using another independent measurement, photoluminescence spectroscopy, according to the method of Francis C. Spano (2005). The volume fraction of the ordered polymer within the polymer‐EMA was found to be between 70 and 60 vol % for fullerene contents lower than 20 wt % in the polymer/fullerene blend. Above 20 wt % fullerene, the optical order of the polymer strongly decreases all the way down to 0 vol %. In contrast to the complementary performed X‐ray diffraction measurements, which address only the long‐range structural order of the blends, we give quantitative information on the optical order, including information on the composition, that is, volume fractions of the higher and lower ordered polymer. The gained information on the tilt of the polymer molecules with respect to the substrate is discussed comparing XRD results from the literature with those obtained by our SE model. Finally, the developed model is used to describe the influence of the P3HT molecular weight on the optical order. Results obtained with our model were compared to the structural data and mobility data in the literature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Performance Assessment of Probes Dedicated to the Monitoring of Surface Particle Contamination
Authors: Pecault Isabelle Tovena , Gensdarmes François , Basso Guillaume , Sommer Francoise 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSurface probes, based on airflow particle detachment coupled with optical particle counter, are actually available to measure the particle cleanliness of surfaces in cleanroom. No reliable data exits dealing with the performance assessment of these probes in unstuck and counting particles deposited on surfaces. This work presents a method for determining the efficiency of instruments dedicated to particle surface cleanliness measurements. The method is based on the realisation of standard particle deposits by sedimentation and analysis of whole of the contaminated surface by microscopy combined with a micrometric displacement bench. The method is used to assess a trial surface probe with 30 μm and 80 μm glass beads deposited on transparent (glass) or opaque (aluminium) surfaces at concentrations ranging from 1 particle·cm–2 to 50 particles·cm–2. The results obtained show that the overall efficiency of the instrument tested is less than 5 %. The detailed analysis of results shows that this low value is mainly due to poor efficiency of sampling and detection of particles in the optical counter. When analysed in terms of particle detachment efficiency, the results agree qualitatively with a force balance analysis taking into account the friction by airflow and the distribution of adhesion forces of glass particles to glass substrates or rough aluminium substrates. Such result shows that airflow based surface probes for particle cleanliness measurements should be systematically qualified for representative conditions of operations whereas analytical microscopy measurements could be considered as reference.
History of the process plant safety symposium: 20 years, 1992–2012
Authors: Edwards Victor H. , Early William F. , Fleming G. Jeff , Darby Ron , Cramer Joseph , Mannan M. Sam , Kaiser Hugh D. , Freeman Randy A. , Pearson Kathy , Thompson James , Myers Philip , Chosnek Jack , Champion John , Howat Colin S. , Emerson Steven D. , Willis James H. , Hoff Rainer 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe first Process Plant Safety Symposium (PPSS) was a regional conference held in 1992 in Houston, TX, which has the largest concentration of chemical process plants in North America. The symposium was organized to provide perspectives, methods, and tools that could be readily practiced at the plant level. The first conference was organized by the South Texas Section of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and cosponsored by the AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety and a number of other engineering and scientific organizations. The PPSS has evolved to an international symposium, part of the Global Congress on Process Safety, held annually in conjunction with the AIChE Spring Meeting. This article is a brief history of the PPSS. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance
Authors: Kliot Adi , Ghanim Murad 
Published: August 2012

AbstractInsects are exposed to a variety of stress factors in their environment, and, in many cases for insect pests to agriculture, those factors include toxic chemical insecticides. Coping with the toxicity of insecticides can be costly and requires energy and resource allocation for adaptation and survival. Several behavioural, physiological and genetic mechanisms are used by insects to handle toxic insecticides, sometimes leading to resistance by constitutive overexpression of detoxification enzymes or inducing mutations in the target sites. Such actions are costly and may affect reproduction, impair dispersal ability and have several other effects on the insect's fitness. Fitness costs resulting from resistance to insecticides has been reported in many insects from different orders, and several examples are given in this mini‐review. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Spiders (Araneae) in the pesticide world: an ecotoxicological review
Authors: Pekár Stano 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBeing one of the most abundant and species‐rich groups of natural enemies occurring in all agroecosystems, spiders are variably affected by pesticide applications. Here, a review is given of research on spider ecotoxicology. More than 40 species of spiders and almost 130 pesticides (acaricides, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) have been tested so far in the field or under laboratory conditions. Field studies show that the degree of population reduction following pesticide application is a function of a number of factors inherent to pesticides, crops and spider species (guilds). These studies also revealed indirect effects via habitat and prey disruption. Among laboratory studies, a number of papers have investigated only the direct lethal effect. A meta‐analysis of these data reveals that spiders are mainly affected by acaricides and insecticides, particularly neurotoxic substances. Currently, ecotoxicological research on spiders is focused more on direct sublethal effects on a variety of behavioural traits (locomotion, predation, web‐building, reproduction, development) and physiology. Yet a standardised approach to the evaluation of sublethal effects is lacking. A few studies have provided some evidence for hormesis in spiders. Future research should be more concentrated on sublethal effects and the estimation of long‐term changes in spider populations as a result of pesticide treatment. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Homoepitaxial boron‐doped diamond with very low compensation
Authors: Barjon J. , Chikoidze E. , Jomard F. , Dumont Y. , Pinault‐Thaury M.‐A. , Issaoui R. , Brinza O. , Achard J. , Silva F. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHomoepitaxial boron‐doped diamond layers grown by chemical vapor deposition on (100)‐oriented substrates are studied by Hall effect and resistivity measurements as a function of the temperature. In the range of 140–600 K, the hole concentration is well described by the neutrality equation in the regime of very low compensation, with the characteristic Ei/2 activation energy, where Ei is the ionization energy of boron acceptors. It indicates that the residual donor concentration is extremely low in the layers (<1013 cm−3).
Phase switching at low field and large sustainable strain output in domain engineered ferroic crystals
Authors: Finkel Peter , Amin Ahmed , Lofland Sam , Yao Jaojin , Viehland Dwight 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFundamental shortcomings of ferroelectrics (FEs) are low induced strain and high electric field often required for practical application in actuation, sensors, and acoustics. Although domain engineered FE single crystals deliver an order of magnitude improvement, fatigue remains another drawback in achieving reliable multiple domain switching crucial for memory storage. We demonstrate that under specially compressive stresses FE relaxors exhibit low field induced reversible and sustainable strain associated with FE–FE phase switching and unusual and unexpected lack of fatigue after several millions cycles is believed due to strain accommodation occurring in ferroics. Polarized light microscopy and X‐ray diffraction are in a very good agreement with macroscopic observation and phenomenological model confirming proposed transformational path. The phenomena presented in this work are envisioned to be universal in domain engineered ferroics enabling mechanical stress to be used for strain and polarization control of electromechanical energy conversion.
Non‐ohmic phenomena in Mn‐doped BaTiO3
Authors: Prades Marta , Beltrán Héctor , Cordoncillo Eloisa , Alonso Pablo J. , Masó Nahum , West Anthony R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe report here a novel effect in which the resistance of a semiconducting oxide ceramic increases on application of a small dc bias. The ceramic conducts at high temperatures by an n‐type hopping mechanism. On application of a dc bias, conduction electrons are trapped at surface states and the resistance increases. On removal of the dc bias, the trapped electrons are released and the sample regains its original state. This effect is the mirror image of that seen with similar ceramics that conduct by a p‐type mechanism whose resistance decreases reversibly on application of a small dc bias. These two phenomena together offer the possibility of novel switching devices and memristive applications, especially if the switching times can be reduced.
Optical properties and carrier transport in c‐Si/conductive PEDOT:PSS(GO) composite heterojunctions
Authors: Tang Zeguo , Liu Qiming , Khatri Ishwor , Ishikawa Ryo , Ueno Keiji , Shirai Hajime 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe investigated the crystalline silicon (c‐Si)/conductive poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS):graphene oxide (GO) composite heterojunction devices with optical characterization and carrier transport measurement techniques. The optical transmittance in the UV region also decreased markedly for the films with GO content above 20 wt%, whereas it increased markedly in the visible‐infrared regions. The solar cell devices consisting of spin‐coated PEDOT:PSS(GO) composite on n‐type c‐Si(100) wafer exhibited a maximum efficiency of 10.3%, a short‐circuit current Jscof 28.9 mA/cm2, a open‐circuit voltage Voc of 0.548 V, and a fill factor FF of 0.675 at a GO content of 12.5 wt%. The ideality factor deduced from current density‐voltage (J ‐V) plots in the dark increased with GO content from 1.12 for pristine PEDOT:PSS to 2.91. Temperature‐dependent dark J ‐V measurements suggest that the carrier transport in the devices is controlled by diffusion and recombination in the space‐charge region for the devices. The role of the GO addition into conductive PEDOT:PSS is demonstrated for the c‐Si(100)/PEDOT:PSS(GO) composite junction solar cells in terms of the optical and carrier transport properties. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct growth of periodic silicon nanostructures on imprinted glass for photovoltaic and photonic applications
Authors: Becker Christiane , Preidel Veit , Sontheimer Tobias , Klimm Carola , Rudigier‐Voigt Eveline , Bockmeyer Matthias , Rech Bernd 
Published: August 2012

AbstractLarge‐area (50 cm2) two‐dimensionally periodic crystalline silicon structures with lattice constants between 350 nm and 2 µm were prepared by high‐rate electron‐beam evaporation of silicon on nanoimprinted glass substrates. All processing steps have little technological intricacy, are up‐scalable to large areas, and thus hold the potential for low‐cost production of advanced nanostructured photovoltaic devices or large‐area 2D photonic crystals. The 2 µm‐periodic materials exhibit a promising absorption enhancement with light path enhancement factors larger 40 at λ=1000 nm enabling the development of highly effective light trapping architectures for polycrystalline silicon thin‐film solar cells. Photonic band structure effects at near infrared wavelengths could be identified by angular resolved reflection measurements in hexagonal 350nm‐periodically patterned silicon films inspiring the formation of large‐area two‐dimensional photonic crystals for telecommunication wavelengths. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deep level transient spectroscopy on proton‐irradiated Fe‐contaminated p‐type silicon
Authors: Tang C. K. , Vines L. , Svensson B. G. , Monakhov E. V. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractProton‐irradiation has been realized on Fe‐contaminated p‐type Czochralski silicon and investigated for interaction between Fe and irradiation‐induced defects using deep level transient spectroscopy. From isochronal thermal annealings, three distinctive Fe‐related defects are observed with energy level position of 0.17, 0.28 and 0.34 eV above the valence band edge. From the evolution of the defect concentration at different annealing temperature, it is suggested that Fe has reacted with prominent irradiation‐induced defects, such as the vacancy‐oxygen complex and the divacancy center. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Size‐dependent structural properties of quasi‐one‐dimensional silicon clusters
Authors: Umarova F. T. , Normurodov A. B. , Turaeva N. N. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe family of quasi‐one‐dimensional silicon clusters of regular hexagonal prism form with the layer number n = 2–4 is investigated by the new quantum‐chemical tight‐binding method. The structural properties of the pristine and hydrogen‐passivated clusters are studied as function of cluster sizes. The optimized geometries of clusters show that the layer sizes change with increasing the number of its. The middle layers widen in comparison to the top and bottom layers. The cluster Si18 trends to the fullerene‐like form. Analysis of the quantum‐chemical calculation results has been conducted in framework of the correlative approach of Wigner and virial theorem. Electron properties are studied separately for each layer. It has been shown that a distinction in radial compressing forces in different layers and dependence of the distinction values from the layer number (i.e. from cluster size) exist (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)