bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Field Theory and Embodied Cognitive Dynamics
Authors: Spencer John P. , Perone Sammy , Johnson Jeffrey S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explains some of the core concepts of dynamic field theory (DFT) and how this theory provides a formal framework for thinking about embodied cognitive dynamics. It begins with some context, describing the milieu in which the theory emerged and the problems it was initially designed to address. In particular, it focuses on a central problem in cognitive science: How do cognitive systems interface with real-time sensorimotor systems? That is, how can real-time cognitive dynamics be embodied? The answer is discussed within DFT where neural dynamics and stable peaks of activation are used as the basic unit of cognition. Peaks can be continuously coupled to sensorimotor systems in real time. But peaks move far beyond a basic feed-forward picture, allowing for a host of cognitive properties that come for free in this theoretical framework. The chapter highlights these properties and shows how peaks provide critical links to two other central challenges in the cognitive developmental sciences: the integration of processes over multiple timescales and the origins of behavioral flexibility.
Timescales of Change in Connectionist and Dynamical Systems Approaches to Learning and Development
Authors: Newell Karl M. , Liu Yeou-Teh , Mayer-Kress Gottfried 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the origins of the construct of timescales as expressed in Waddington's (1957) metaphor for development of the epigenetic landscape, and its subsequent use as a metaphor for change in learning/development in theoretical frameworks, both connectionist and dynamical systems. It presents an epigenetic landscape model for motor learning and development, which is constructed as a low-dimensional approximation of a high-dimensional (or infinitely dimensional) complex dynamical system that possesses a score, error, or fitness function. The chapter concludes by illustrating briefly three case studies of the timescales of change in the epigenetic landscape framework to motor learning and development.
Dynamic Systems and the Quest for Individual-Based Models of Change and Development
Authors: van Geert Paul , Fischer Kurt W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the question of how dynamic systems theory can be fruitfully applied to the development of the kind of phenomena and variables that have been of interest for a long time. Examples of these phenomena are (a) the development of language, including the development of the lexicon and syntactic and grammatical knowledge and skill; (b) the development of cognition and thinking, including the emergence and acquisition of cognitive skills and knowledge in various domains; (c) the development of reflective judgment, including metacognition and social understanding; and (d) the development of social skills and behavior. Behind all these phenomena are the development of context-specific but overarching principles of skill formation, such as principles of relationships, systems of relationships, and so on.
Frontline Public Health: Surveillance and Field Epidemiology
Authors: Neslund Verla S. , Goodman Richard A. , Hadler James L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the legal issues relating to public health surveillance and field epidemiology. It discusses the general legal authorities for surveillance and public health investigations provided by the U.S. Constitution and by state laws; legal milestones in the evolution of public health surveillance, outbreak investigations, and disease control in the United States; and legal issues related to the collection, analysis, and dissemination of surveillance data. The chapter also presents information about new surveillance challenges beyond traditional infectious disease models, including the influence of bioterrorism preparedness on surveillance activities.
Legal Authorities for Interventions in Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Matthews Gene W. , Abbott Ernest B. , Hoffman Richard E. , Cetron Martin S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by providing the historical context to the current revision of legal authorities that may be needed in public health emergencies. It then describes the array of legal authorities available to practitioners, including the traditional public health powers to manage property and protect persons, as well as the federal and state emergency management laws and structures that must be brought carefully to bear during a public health emergency. Finally, it highlights cutting-edge emerging issues that are likely to challenge public health officials and stakeholders as the demands of 21st century public health emergency practice continue to unfold.
Hepatitis A, B, and C Virus Infections among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States: Transmission, Epidemiology, and Intervention
Authors: Rhodes Scott D. , Yee Leland J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the epidemiology of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C within the U.S. male population and within various samples of men-who-have-sex-with-men. Vaccine strategies for the prevention of hepatitis A and B are discussed, including relevant information about vaccine uptake among MSM. The chapter concludes with a review of promising strategies for resolving disparities in hepatitis infection (especially HBV) among MSM. These include both clinic and community-based interventions.
Interacting Epidemics and Gay Men's Health: A Theory of Syndemic Production among Urban Gay Men
Authors: Stall Ron , Friedman Mark , Catania Joseph A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGay men in the United States are characterized by a higher prevalence rate for a series of psychosocial and biomedical health problems compared to heterosexual men in the U.S. This chapter presents a theoretical framework to explain higher prevalence rates among gay and bisexual men that can be used as the basis for public health interventions. The theory takes a life course perspective on the development of health problems among gay men, and describes the development of these problems as a syndemic process of interacting health problems that begin at an early age among gay male adolescents. The current dominant explanations for lower health profiles among gay men are that homophobia causes poor health in men. This chapter adds to that explanation the possibility that the lifelong effects of experiencing homophobic violence and cultural marginalization at a very early age is a centrally-important force in syndemic production among gay men.
The Health of Populations
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In the maelstrom of current public health debate over the social determinants of health, this book offers a well-balanced discussion on the roots of prevalent strains of thought on the matter. While this area of research deals in complex problems, it is often dominated by those who deploy rather categorical, partisan positions, citing from a wide range of contradictory statistical studies. This book aims to bring a measured, balanced, and independent perspective to bear on the debate, taking a step back from current arguments to look at the fundamental issues through a socio-historical lens. Part I describes how ideas about the costs and benefits of industrialization and about the causes of disease have been used by writers from different ideological persuasions to explain the health of populations. Part II focuses on some of the ideas that have been particularly influential in contemporary debates: factors such as standard of living, community and its loss, inequality, and globalization. The fact that these have been used to support differing explanations of the determinants of population health suggests that there are no easy generalizations in a field with so many discrepant findings. Scientists often ignore anomalous findings in the interests of advancing a particular paradigm, until the anomalies outweigh the norm and a new paradigm is created. This book argues that in considering social determinants of health, no meaningful over-arching explanations may be possible. Rather, it is by immersion in the reality of particular contexts—work settings, historical periods, geopolitical regions, and governmental credos—that we may gain a better understanding of the way in which social forces shape patterns of health and disease.
Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Image of God
Authors: Wills Richard W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe main concern of this book is to offer a comprehensive analysis of Martin Luther King’s appeal for civil rights by providing an explication of how he understood imago Dei in contrast to theological thinkers dating from as early as the 5th century. From his position as mediating theologian, Martin Luther King drew at least three major conclusions from his explication of imago Dei that ultimately formed the basis of his appeal and the core of this book’s reconsideration of his theology. His first theological conclusion is strikingly similar to that of his early black church and abolitionist predecessors; it argues that all individuals, as children of God, are equally valued in as much as they are birthed with an inherent dignity that ultimately represents the requisite for the bestowal of just and fair treatment. His second and third conclusions regarding the bearing of imago Dei on humanity’s capacity to actualize sociopolitical equity and beloved community advance Martin Luther King into new and in somewhat uncharted theological terrain. While unapologetically filtered through the lens of his Christian faith, the doctrine of imago Dei provided Martin Luther King with an anthropology that was capable of addressing community beyond provincial notions of justice for its own pursuit, so as to offer the broadest possibility for human interest and mutual cooperation.
The Historical Context
Authors: Wills Sr Richard Wayne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter recognizes that King’s understanding of image of God existed on the edge of a historical 18th- and 19th-century dialogue regarding the quest for human and civil rights. As such, this chapter substantiates and considers the extent to which King’s use of image of God language paralleled that of his abolitionist and black church predecessors. It then contrasts this earlier usage of image of God language with that of King’s appropriation and call to justice during the 1950s and 1960s, and considers the ways in which this kind of theological framework became foundational in the development of his ethical appeal for civil rights as well.
King as Critical Thinker
Authors: Wills Sr Richard Wayne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter proceeds with a theological overview of several classical thinkers and their respective interpretations of image of God and human capacity in an attempt to clarify the concept’s doctrinal development as primarily reflected in, though not necessarily restricted to, the thinking of Augustine, Luther, Calvin, and Aquinas. It is provided as a reminder that although King’s appropriation of image of God language is informed, to a large degree, by the immediacy of his historic social situation, he also thinks and critically engages the doctrine in relation to and as an extension of this larger body of Christian and philosophic thought.
King’s Theological Implications
Authors: Wills Sr Richard Wayne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a theological summary of King’s image of God conception and provides an overview of the implications attached to King’s theological anthropology. As such, this chapter provides a necessary reconsideration of King’s approach to theology with respect to his understanding of civil rights, his theological relationship to the black church, and the degree to which his mediated conception of human nature—particularly during his latter years—led to a dialectical tension between that of his anthropology and his heightened eschatological view. At bottom, it can be said that King shared aspects of black church theology, but he did so without wholly rejecting liberalism’s spirit of optimism regarding human progress.
Beloved Community
Authors: Wills Sr Richard Wayne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers how King combined the influence of the black church’s optimism in God with aspects of liberalism’s influential optimism in the human experience so as to reimagine beloved community. Chapter 6, therefore, considers the ways in which King contemplated beloved community as the movement’s goal, and the methodologies he thought necessary to successfully achieve it as a growing reality. While legislation and desegregation were considered short-term gains, King imagined a day in which society would experience true integration based upon its mutual regard for all humanity. As such, this chapter details King’s concept of beloved community and provides insights as to how he had hoped to implement it.
Swasthya: The Politics of Women’s Health in Rural South India
Authors: Krishnan Suneeta 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter looks at experiences providing health care to rural women in India. It shares thoughts about the quality of health care offered to women. The chapter also describes the establishment of the Well Woman Clinics, aimed at providing empathic reproductive health care, including information, counseling, and clinical services to women. Community health workers (CHWs) were trained to take a comprehensive, broadly defined health history and provide pre-examination counseling to help women assess what kind of clinical consultation they required and become acquainted with routine examinations.
Reforming Pensions
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMandatory pension systems are a worldwide phenomenon. Many need reform. This book, a summary of a longer book, sets out an extensive but nontechnical explanation of the economics of pension design. The book recognizes the multiple objectives of pension plans—consumption smoothing, insurance, poverty relief, and redistribution. Analysis includes discussion of labor markets, capital markets, risk sharing, and gender and family. This is supplemented by discussion of implementation, and of experiences, both good and bad, in many countries, with particular attention to China and Chile.
Chile: Proposed Directions for Reform
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn 2006, the Presidential Advisory Council on Pension Reform issued a carefully written report examining the circumstances of the pension system in Chile, presenting criteria for evaluating improvements and putting forward seventy proposals for reform. President Michelle Bachelet sent a pension reform bill to the legislature containing many but not all of the council's recommendations, which, with some amendments, was passed into law in January 2008. This chapter sets out and evaluates some of the council's recommendations. Chile had a system of market-based, funded individual accounts providing consumption smoothing but had not adequately developed its distributional and antipoverty institutions. The chapter briefly summarizes the council's strategic thinking. It then sets out the council's recommendations about a new basic pension, and summarizes recommendations concerning individual accounts, discusses mandatory coverage, and finally looks at the proposed reforms to strengthen gender equity.
Policy Questions, and Some Answers
Authors: Barr Nicholas , Diamond Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDrawing on the principles set out in Part I and the lessons from international experience in Part II, this chapter brings together the main themes that are strategically relevant to policymakers in any country where pension reform is being considered. It poses a series of questions about pension design. None has a definitive answer, although many have wrong answers. It lists the questions mainly to illustrate the array of choices. The chapter finally sets out the key messages and conclusions of the book.
Epidemiology and Informed Consent
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey P. , Mastroianni Anna C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInformed consent is a central concept and practice in the protection of both patients receiving clinical care and individuals participating in research. What began as a commitment to ethical principles has found its way into legal cases concerning the physician-patient relationship, federal policy, and international standards for ethical research on human subjects. Given the tension between informed consent and much of epidemiology, this chapter analyzes three core questions: (1) Does epidemiology require informed consent? If so, (2) why and under what conditions? Finally, (3) what special issues, if any, does epidemiology raise for the concept and practice of informed consent?.
Ethics and Epidemiology in the Age of AIDS
Authors: Levine Carol 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a general discussion of ethics and epidemiology. It then focuses on five examples which illustrate the interrelationship of ethics and epidemiology in the case of AIDS. The first describes the conflict during the early years of the epidemic between the need for valid data about a new disease of unknown etiology and subjects' fears of confidentiality breaches. The second details the conflict between the scientific definitions of the term “disease” and the economic and regulatory uses of these definitions, as well as their impact on individuals. The third pits the epidemiologic value of anonymous serological surveillance techniques against the clinical value of identifying seropositivity in individuals as it played out in the case of pregnant women and newborns. The fourth example concerns the global impact of HIV/AIDS on children whose parents are either ill or dead, and the ethical implications of various definitions of orphanhood. The fifth example relates the story back to the outset of the epidemic, describing the announcement of a new and rapidly progressing HIV variant to a highly sexually active gay man.
The Good (Gay) Life
Authors: King Laura A. , Burton Chad M. , Geise Aaron C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWhat makes a life good has been a topic of concern for human beings throughout the ages. Good lives may be thought of as truly exemplary in some way in terms of fulfillment, moral character, health, success, or excellence. In contemporary political discourse, some have asserted that the phrase “good gay life” is somehow an oxymoron. However, life experience and empirical evidence suggest otherwise. This chapter traces the narrative reflections of these virtues in the coming-out stories shared by a sample of 107 gay men and lesbians.
The Relationship Between Jurors’ Religious Affiliation and Legal Attitudes
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLegal experts have long suggested that jurors of particular religious affiliations are predisposed to favor either the prosecution/plaintiff or the defense. This chapter presents empirical research that has investigated whether members of various religious affiliations have different attitudes toward legal issues. Some of these attitudes may come directly from religious mandates; for instance, the Catholic Church has declared its opposition to the death penalty, which could lead a Catholic juror to be less likely to support capital punishment. Other attitudes may be shaped less directly, through general religious teachings. For example, fundamentalist Protestant churches generally believe that crime is a result of personal sin (as opposed to environmental influences); thus, members of these religiously conservative groups tend to blame and punish the criminal more. This chapter discusses how religious affiliation is related to one's general worldview, legal attitudes, and attitudes toward civil and criminal sanctions.
Chapter 3 Listening to the Violin in South Indian Classical Music
Authors: Weidman Amanda 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe violin is now an essential part of most Karnatak (south Indian classical) music concerts. This chapter combines a discussion of archival materials and historical recordings documenting the violin's use in 19th- and 20th-century south India with a set of ethnographic observations on current-day practice and theories surrounding the violin. This account tells us about the violin's intertwined musical and social meanings and the role of colonialism in shaping South Asian musical culture.
Chapter 11 Modes of Theorizing in Iranian Khorasan
Authors: Blum Stephen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses “theorizing” as an activity that prepares and accompanies the acquisition, retention, and expansion or contraction of musical knowledge. Using some typical formats for theoretical statements among bards (baxši) in Khorasan (Iran), the author considers theorizing in a comparative context that extends from Iran to Europe and South Asia. Theorizing, here, takes in many sorts of “episodes of generalizing.” Theorizing begins, it is argued, whenever an agent draws together a body of perceptions and ideas and acts on them, as against remembered or imagined alternatives.
9 Okin and the Challenge of Essentialism
Authors: Jaggar Alison M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines Okin's engagement with feminists who found her theories essentialist, in particular, expressing the norms of dominant populations in her work and focusing on heterosexual and privileged families. This chapter looks at Okin's response to those criticisms and the evolution of her work over time to become more inclusive. This chapter argues that this evolution demonstrates the benefits of the essentialism debate for feminist studies, despite its frequent sharpness and painfulness.
Organization
Authors: Roberts Marc J. , Hsiao William , Berman Peter , Reich Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers how government can influence the organization of the health-care delivery system. It begins by defining the meaning of “an organization”—as a provider of health-care services—and that of “the organization of the system.” It then describes three kinds of interventions: changes in who-does-what, changes in incentives, and managerial changes, and discusses how they can improve overall performance. These interventions must work together; incentive changes like decentralization or contracting will not alter outcomes unless accompanied by changes at the managerial level. Similarly, the potential cost savings and clinical quality gains from changing scale and scope will only be realized if managers take advantage of their opportunities. Ultimately, the behavior of front-line workers and their managers has to be changed to produce real improvement.
Introduction
Authors: Hahn Robert A. , Inhorn Marcia C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter describes the book's four sections: 1) Anthropological understandings of public health problems, 2) Anthropological design of public health interventions, 3) Anthropological evaluations of public health initiatives, and 4) Anthropological critiques of public health policy. It then surveys underlying premises of the discipline of anthropology; outlines basic methods of anthropology in public health; and describes some of the challenges of incorporating anthropological approaches within public health institutions and public health practice.