bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The database of evidential markers in European languages. A bird’s eye view of the conception of the database (the template and problems hidden beneath it)
Authors: Wiemer Björn , Stathi Katerina 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This introduction not only browses through the contributions of the whole issue, but also attempts to set the stage for a cross-linguistically unified study of evidentiality markers to be registered in a database. This endeavor has so far been restricted to European languages. We assume evidentiality to be a conceptual domain and, on this basis, want to account for diverse units irrespective of their morphological format and status in the particular language’s grammar. Evidential markers are claimed to be locatable on a lexicon – grammar cline, ranging from distinct lexical units (accessed holistically) to grammatical morphology (having been the subject of traditional descriptions in typology).
We highlight different theoretical prerequisites necessary to build a template, pinpoint some shortcomings in recent theorizing and stress the necessity of a neat distinction between an onomasiological and a semasiological perspective: the former ought to delineate the functional values belonging to evidentiality, also examining systematic affinities to neighboring domains, while the latter perspective asks for the structural and distributional parameters of distinct linguistic units that fulfill the basic conceptual requirements and accounts for overlaps with values from contiguous domains.
Beside the aims of the database, its present structure is explained and justified. The template designed as an entry for each single unit is illustrated with a pertinent unit from Polish (including an appendix).
Progress and Promise of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Human Complex Trait Genetics
Authors: Stranger Barbara E , Stahl Eli A , Raj Towfique 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEnormous progress in mapping complex traits in humans has been made in the last 5 yr. There has been early success for prevalent diseases with complex phenotypes. These studies have demonstrated clearly that, while complex traits differ in their underlying genetic architectures, for many common disorders the predominant pattern is that of many loci, individually with small effects on phenotype. For some traits, loci of large effect have been identified. For almost all complex traits studied in humans, the sum of the identified genetic effects comprises only a portion, generally less than half, of the estimated trait heritability. A variety of hypotheses have been proposed to explain why this might be the case, including untested rare variants, and gene–gene and gene–environment interaction. Effort is currently being directed toward implementation of novel analytic approaches and testing rare variants for association with complex traits using imputed variants from the publicly available 1000 Genomes Project resequencing data and from direct resequencing of clinical samples. Through integration with annotations and functional genomic data as well as by in vitro and in vivo experimentation, mapping studies continue to characterize functional variants associated with complex traits and address fundamental issues such as epistasis and pleiotropy. This review focuses primarily on the ways in which genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revolutionized the field of human quantitative genetics.
A Model Selection Approach for Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) Mapping
Authors: Wang Ping , Dawson John A , Keller Mark P , Yandell Brian S , Thornberry Nancy A , Zhang Bei B , Wang I-Ming , Schadt Eric E , Attie Alan D , Kendziorski C 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Identifying the genetic basis of complex traits remains an important and challenging problem with the potential to affect a broad range of biological endeavors. A number of statistical methods are available for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL), but their application to high-throughput phenotypes has been limited as most require user input and interaction. Recently, methods have been developed specifically for expression QTL (eQTL) mapping, but they too are limited in that they do not allow for interactions and QTL of moderate effect. We here propose an automated model-selection-based approach that identifies multiple eQTL in experimental populations, allowing for eQTL of moderate effect and interactions. Output can be used to identify groups of transcripts that are likely coregulated, as demonstrated in a study of diabetes in mouse.
Management of Food Allergy in the School Setting
Authors: Sicherer Scott H. , Mahr Todd ,   the Section on Allergy and Immunology
Published: November 2010

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed October 2020.
Food allergy is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 25 school-aged children and is the most common trigger of anaphylaxis in this age group. School food-allergy management requires strategies to reduce the risk of ingestion of the allergen as well as procedures to recognize and treat allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. The role of the pediatrician or pediatric health care provider may include diagnosing and documenting a potentially life-threatening food allergy, prescribing self-injectable epinephrine, helping the child learn how to store and use the medication in a responsible manner, educating the parents of their responsibility to implement prevention strategies within and outside the home environment, and working with families, schools, and students in developing written plans to reduce the risk of anaphylaxis and to implement emergency treatment in the event of a reaction. This clinical report highlights the role of the pediatrician and pediatric health care provider in managing students with food allergies.
Upscaling in Partially Fractured Oil Reservoirs Using Homogenization
Authors: Salimi Hamidreza , Bruining Johannes 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Flow modeling in fractured reservoirs is largely confined to the so-called sugar-cube model. Here, we consider a situation where matrix blocks are connected to neighboring blocks so that part of the global flow occurs only in the matrix domain. We call this a partially fractured reservoir (PFR). As opposed to the sugar-cube model, global flow in the matrix blocks plays an important role in the PFR when the interconnections between the matrix blocks are sufficiently large. We apply homogenization to derive an upscaled model for PFRs that combines dual-porosity and dual-permeability concepts simultaneously. We formulate a well-posed fully implicit 3D upscaled numerical model and investigate oil-recovery mechanisms for different dimensionless characteristic numbers. As we found previously for the sugar-cube model, the Péclet number, defined here as the ratio of the capillary diffusion time in the matrix to the residence time of the fluids in the fracture, plays a crucial role. The gravity number and specific fracture/matrix-interface area play a secondary role. For low Péclet numbers and high gravity numbers, the results are sensitive to gravity and water-injection rates, but relatively insensitive to the specific fracture/matrix-interface area, matrix-block size, and reservoir geometry (i.e., sugar cube vs. PFR). At low Péclet numbers and high gravity numbers, ECLIPSE simulations using the Barenblatt or Warren and Root (BWR) approach give poor predictions and overestimate the oil recovery, but, at short injection times, show good agreement with the solution of the PFR model at intermediate Péclet numbers. At high Péclet numbers, the results are relatively insensitive to gravity, but sensitive to the other conditions mentioned. In particular, when the specific fracture/matrix-interface area is large, it enhances the imbibition and, consequently, leads to a higher oil production. If this specific interface area is small, it leads to a considerable retardation of the imbibition process, which leads to an earlier water breakthrough and lower oil recovery. The BWR (commercial simulator) simulations and the sugar-cube model result in inaccurate predictions of the oil-production rate at high Péclet numbers. This can be inferred from the discrepancy with respect to the PFR model for which we assert that it accurately predicts the oil recovery. We conclude that, at low Péclet numbers and large gravity numbers, it is advantageous to increase the water-injection rate to improve the net present value. However, at high Péclet numbers, increasing the flow rate may lead to uneconomical water cuts.
Comparisons and Advantages of Marine CNG Transportation
Authors: Nassar Yehya Mohamed 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Natural gas is becoming a more popular energy source worldwide and its use is expected to increase dramatically over the next 2 decades. Natural gas has been gaining wider significance as a result of sustained high oil prices, a need for energy diversification and security, the growing global awareness of environmental issues, and the development of new gas-related technologies.
Traditionally natural gas has been delivered to markets using two main commercially proven methods—pipelines and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Each of these alternatives is highly capital intensive and requires considerable working terms regarding the quantities and distances to market. In other words, these two methods are economical only over a specified range of quantities and distances and not over the whole range, which opens the door to a number of alternative technologies that have the potential to make the development for smaller quantities to be transported to specific distances.
The most advanced among these alternative technologies include onshore gas-to-liquid (GTL), floating LNG and GTL, natural-gas hydrates (NGH), adsorbed natural gas (ANG), and compressed natural gas (CNG). However, none of these has been developed yet and been proved on a commercial scale, although they have proved themselves viable on the basis of technical parameters.
This paper will be concerned mainly with (1) marine CNG alternatives, which are currently in their final stages of commercialization, indicating the various available marine CNG technologies used worldwide; (2) the operating differences between LNG and CNG transportation; (3) technical and economic evaluation of both the obstacles facing the commercialization of marine CNG transportation and its advantages.
Multiwell Thermal Interaction: Predicting Wellbore and Formation Temperatures for Closely Spaced Wells
Authors: McSpadden Albert R. , Coker Oliver D. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
A method is presented to predict wellbore and formation temperatures for a template of closely spaced wells. Multiwell thermal interaction will alter the wellbore temperatures as well as formation temperatures in the interwell zones and also farther out from the well template. The change in temperature profile relative to a single well can be significant. For producing wells in close proximity, wellbore and formation temperatures will converge to a significantly hotter condition than in the isolated-single-well case.
The modeling of wellbore and formation temperatures for closely spaced wells has not been widely examined to date. This problem has been approached only by using theoretical formulations based on simplified assumptions. The current work presents for the first time a methodology based on standard industry tools and models that yield results consistent with field experience. The method employs standard industry thermal/hydraulic-modeling software and a finite-element model (FEM) in a loosely coupled, iterative analysis that assumes steady-state conditions. Other numerical approaches including finite-difference (FD) and boundary-element-method (BEM) techniques are also considered. The far-field thermal-flux behavior of a single well is also considered as an important baseline for comparison.
The effect of multiwell thermal interaction is important for closely spaced wells such as offshore platforms or subsea and Arctic developments. A case study is presented for a high-pressure/high-temperature offshore field development. The multiwell disturbance on formation and wellbore temperatures affects well design, facilities planning, and operations. Annular-pressure buildup, wellhead movement, tubular-stress design, cement-slurry design, subsidence/compaction effects, and facilities health and safety issues can all be affected. In some cases, unexpectedly high wellbore temperatures can be catastrophic.
If multiwell thermal interaction is not taken into account, then load events such as annular-pressure buildup, wellhead movement, and thermal-induced stresses may be underestimated. For high-rate production wells, the increase in produced-fluid temperatures may be small, but even a small change may be critical. In all cases, the effect on outer wellbore strings/annuli and on the formation is significant. This also impacts the planning of offshore fields to be developed in phases with batch drilling.
Flow of Hydrophobically Modified Water-Soluble-Polymer Solutions in Porous Media: New Experimental Insights in the Diluted Regime
Authors: Dupuis Guillaume , Rousseau David , Tabary René , Grassl Bruno 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The specific molecular structure of hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymers (HMWSPs), also called hydrophobically associative polymers, gives them interesting thickening and surface-adsorption abilities compared with classical water-soluble polymers (WSPs), which could be useful in polymer-flooding and well-treatment operations. However, their strong adsorption obviously can impair their injectivity, and, conversely, the shear sensitivity of their gels can be detrimental to well treatments. Determining for which improved-oil-recovery (IOR) application HMWSPs are best suited, therefore, remains difficult. The aim of this work is to bring new insight regarding the interaction mechanisms between HMWSPs and rock matrix and the consequences concerning their propagation in reservoirs.
A consistent set of HMWSPs with sulfonated polyacrylamide backbones and alkyl hydrophobic side chains together with an equivalent WSP was synthesized and fully characterized. HMWSP and WSP solutions were then injected in model granular packs. As expected, with HMWSPs, high resistance factors (or mobility reductions, Rm) were observed. Yet, within the limit of the injected volumes, the effluent showed the same viscosity and polymer concentration as the injected solutions.
A first significant outcome concerns the specificities of the Rm curves during HMWSP injections. Rm increases took place in two steps. The first corresponded to the propagation of the viscous front, as observed with WSP, whereas the second was markedly delayed, occurring several pore volumes (PV) after the breakthrough. This result is not compatible with the classical picture of multilayer adsorption of HMWSPs but suggests that injectivity is controlled solely by the adsorption of minor polymeric species. This hypothesis was confirmed by reinjecting the collected effluents into fresh cores; no second-step Rm increases were observed.
Brine injections in HMWSP-treated cores revealed high residual resistance factors (or irreversible permeability reductions, Rk), which can be attributed to the presence of thick polymer-adsorbed layers on the pore surface. Nevertheless, Rk values strongly decreased when increasing the brine-flow rate. This second significant outcome shows that the adsorbed-layer thickness is shear-controlled.
These new results should lead to proposing new adapted filtration and injection procedures for HMWSPs, aimed, in particular, at improving their injectivity.
Power-Law Correlation for Two-Phase Pressure Drop of Gas/Liquid Flows in Horizontal Pipelines
Authors: Al-Sarkhi Abdelsalam , Sarica Cem 
Published: November 2010

Summary
New dimensionless parameters and a simplified power-law correlation to predict pressure drop during the gas/liquid flow in horizontal pipes are proposed. The new equation fits the published data very well. The proposed power-law equation can correlate the stratified-smooth, stratified-wavy, stratified-atomization, stratified-annular-transition and annular flow patterns. The proposed simplified dimensionless formula can be used for flowline-design purposes and flow-assurance predictions in pipelines.
Scrubber Separation—Droplet Entrainment in High-Pressure Gas/Liquid Separation
Authors: Patruno L.E.. E. , Marchetti J.M.. M. , Dorao C.A.. A. , Jakobsen H.A.. A. , Svendsen H.F.. F. , Tayebi D.. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis work presents experimental results on droplet entrainment in two different geometries: a stratified liquid film and a wire flooded by liquid. The experiments feature the system pressure ranging from 900 to 1600 kPa (130 to 220 psia) and surface tension of the system in the range of 24 mN/m.The resulting droplet-size distribution after a liquid-entrainment event plays a major role in the modeling of the gas/liquid scrubbers. When a mesh pad-based separator gets flooded, the high-speed gas running throughout the mesh can re-entrain the liquid and carry over liquid droplets into the dry-gas processing facility.Conventional correlations for liquid entrainment overestimate the resulting droplet size because they were derived from higher-surface-tension systems. In addition, a correlation for the entire droplet-size distribution is presented.
Using Surface Deformation To Estimate Reservoir Dilation: Strategies To Improve Accuracy
Authors: Nanayakkara Asanga S. , Wong Ron C.K. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Reservoir dilat(at)ions, which are induced by a variety of subsurface injection operations, propagate to the surrounding formations and extend up to the ground surface, resulting in surface deformations. The surface deformations can be measured using various technologies and can be inverted to infer reservoir dilations (volume change distribution). This paper discusses the mathematical aspects of the inverse process in detail and investigates factors affecting the accuracy of the inverse solution through a parametric study. Based on results of the parametric study, the volume change distribution in the lateral direction can be estimated with both high accuracy and high resolution by applying the Tikhonov regularization technique. The volume change distribution in the vertical direction can also be resolved to a certain extent by providing further information regarding the desired solution in terms of an initial estimate. Strategies to improve accuracy of the inverse solution in the lateral as well as in the vertical directions are also discussed.
Analytical Models for Wellbore-Temperature Distribution
Authors: Spindler Richard 
Published: November 2010

Summary
An analytical transient wellbore-temperature-distribution model that was previously approximated in the literature is solved exactly for either initial or boundary conditions in two different regions of position/time. In addition, the model is extended to include conduction effects and is solved explicitly for both initial conditions (ICs) and boundary conditions (BCs). The three solutions are compared and discussed. In the process, the fundamental temperature and momentum equations are made dimensionless to analyze the process of approximation quantitatively. Also arising from this analysis are the primary dimensionless parameters and scales that affect the solutions.
Modelling and Analysis of Shale Gas Production With a Skin Effect
Authors: Bello Rasheed O. , Wattenbarger Robert A. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Many hydraulically fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs have been observed to exhibit transient linear behaviour. This transient linear behaviour is characterized by a one-half slope on a log-log plot of rate against time. This transient linear flow regime is expected to be caused by transient drainage of low-permeability matrix blocks into adjoining fractures. This transient flow regime is the only flow regime available for analysis in many wells.
In this paper, a linear dual-porosity model is used to approximate the shale gas completions with a horizontal well and multiple hydraulic fractures. Five flow regions are identified with this model. It seems that field production data exhibit Region 4 behaviour, which is primarily transient drainage from the matrix.
However, a skin effect for Region 4 is observed in many wells. This modifies the shape of the log-log rate plot and the square root of time plot. A new analytical equation is presented to model the effect of skin on linear flow behaviour. The resulting curve shapes are somewhat surprising and tend to explain the early curve shapes of actual wells. A procedure is presented in this paper to analyze field data.
Which Creatinine and Cystatin C Equations Can Be Reliably Used in Children?
Authors: Bacchetta Justine , Cochat Pierre , Rognant Nicolas , Ranchin Bruno , Hadj-Aissa Aoumeur , Dubourg Laurence 
Published: November 2010

Summary

Background and objectives
Estimation of GFR in children is challenging; reference methods are cumbersome, and formulas have limitations. The aims of this study were to evaluate (1) the new creatinine-based formula recently proposed by Schwartz using a kinetic colorimetric compensated Jaffe technique; (2) some cystatin C-derived formulas (Hoek, Le Bricon, Larsson, Rule, Filler, and Zappitelli) using a nephelemetric technique; and (3) combined formulas using both cystatin and creatinine (Zappitelli and Bouvet).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
These formulas were evaluated in a cross-sectional cohort of 252 children with moderate CKD or normal GFR, in comparison with the reference standard (inulin clearance, iGFR). Mean age, body weight, height, creatinine, and cystatin C were 10.7 ± 4.0 years, 35 ± 15 kg, 137 ± 20 cm, 55 ± 30 μmol/L, and 0.91 ± 0.35 mg/L, respectively.

Results
Mean ± SD iGFR was 101 ± 32 ml/min per 1.73 m2. When evaluating agreement between these formulas and iGFR (e.g. correlation, Bland Altman plots, bias, and accuracies), there was a good correlation between iGFR and all Le Bricon, Larsson, Rule, and Zappitelli (both) and locally adapted Schwartz and 2009 Schwartz formulas; by contrast, Filler and original 1976 Schwartz formulas overestimated iGFR, whereas Hoek and Bouvet formulas underestimated iGFR.

Conclusion
Different cystatin C-derived formulas (at least Larsson and Le Bricon) for estimating GFR as well as the Zappitelli combined formula are accurate in addition to the new Schwartz bedside formula in a general pediatric population.