bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A relationship between handling and a developmental abnormality in the flour beetle, Tribolium spp
Authors: Ryan Michael F. , Nathanson Michael 
Published: July 2009

In this experimental analysis of the teratology of Tribolium, we studied the effect of crowding and handling on a disorder associated with pupal eclosion. Handling increased the incidence of the abnormality which occurred infrequently in controls: the crowding level tested by us had no effect. T. confusum Duv., strain b-I produced more abnormal beetles than T. castaneum (Hbst.), strain c-IV-a. Handling older pupae increased the disorder to a greater extent than in young and non-pupae.The handling procedure was quite vigorous and the threshold level required to produce the effect is not known. The phenomenon might be important in population ecology but the pathway through which handling produces it is unknown.
Effect of the developmental state of the host guinea-pig on the feeding activity of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Aust.
Authors: Odhiambo Thomas R. 
Published: July 2009

Individuals of Glossina pallidipes Aust. were reared separately on five developmental categories of guinea-pigs (infants, suckling mothers, pregnant females, mature virgin females, and mature males), from the time of adult emergence until they died, at 22±1°C and 40±5%r.h. More than 70% of the tsetse flies reared on infant guinea-pigs or on suckling mothers died within the first 10 days, before they reached sexual maturity. Of those reared on mature male guinea-pigs, 50% lived for more than 50 days.Pregnant female and mature male guinea-pigs were the most favoured hosts for tsetse feeding: more than 90% of the flies exposed to these two classes of hosts succeeded in feeding, while only 61%, 70%, and 76%, respectively, of those exposed to infants, suckling mothers, and mature virgin females actually fed.
Repellents forStomoxys calcitrans(L.), the stable fly: techniques and a comparative laboratory assessment of butyl methylcinchoninate
Authors: Yeoman G. H. , Warren B. C. 
Published: July 2009

Anin vitrotest, based on the molasses sandwich-bait test, for mass screening of new compounds for general insect repellency is described. This is followed by a detailed account of a laboratory technique for comparing the initial potency of contact repellents for the stable flyStomoxys calcitrans(L.).Methods for rearingS. calcitransof standardised aggressiveness and making comparative assessments of contact repellents against this fly are described. For initial potency, a standard area of the treated close-clipped abdominal skin of mice lying outside the cage was exposed through an orifice to standardised flies. A treated 0·5-cm-wide screen was incorporated as a border round the exposed area of treated skin so that flies biting the mouse were obliged to make tarsal contact with repellent. Using this method, and the organdie bag x human hand method for determining persistence on an inert substrate, each of the following repellents was compared with butyl 3-methylcinchoninate, a new repellent forS. calcitrans:dimethylphthalate; 2-ethyl-1, 3-hexanediol; butoxypolypropylene glycol; dibutyl succinate; N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide; di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate; 2,3,4,5-bis (Δ2-butenylene)-tetrahydrofurfural; 2-hydroxyethyl n-octyl sulphide and N-benzoyl piperidine.In each case butyl 3-methylcinchoninate was found to be superior. In the initial potency tests, the 50% repellency application rate was found to lie between 0·002 and 0·007 mg/cm2, while on organdie, rates of 0·2, 0·4, 0·8 mg/cm2gave mean protection periods of 9, 19 and 34 days, respectively.
Observations on the dispersal of larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.)
Authors: Lewis I. J. 
Published: July 2009

Dispersal of the larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.) was studied in connection with problems of controlling and eradicating this pest and bovine babesiosis in New South Wales. Larval ticks were recovered by pressing flannelette-covered boards on to the pasture or litter surface, or sampling with cattle. Many of these larvae were capable of completing parasitic development.Strong winds were an important factor in determining the distance travelled, as the longest journeys in pasture were for the most part in the directions in which the larvae would have been carried by recorded strong winds. Much of the dispersal is accomplished when larvae are transferred from one grass blade to another moving in the wind, but a great number of airborne larvae were captured on tanglefoot-covered traps. Movement by wind was clearly demonstrated over short pasture, up to 100 ft and possibly as far as 260 ft from the point of hatching. In long grass one larva travelled 83 ft, but in scrub and forest the greatest distance travelled was 15 ft. Many larvae that travelled long distances were capable of completing development on cattle.Tick larvae could be transported by casual hosts and then dropped in a viable condition. A horse carried larvae for 900 ft, a rat and cockerels 100 ft, a magpie in flight 600 ft, and a pigeon in flight half a mile. A horse dipped six days earlier in ethion dropped live and viable larvae after transporting them 150 ft.Security has been improved against the movement of larvae from the Cattle Tick Research Station, Wollongbar, New South Wales, to neighbouring properties, and from Queensland into New South Wales, by widening existing buffer zones to 330 ft. Inspectoral staff are now required to spray themselves and their horses before re-entering New South Wales from the buffer zone.
Phytochemical arrestants for the leaf-cutting ants,Atta cephalotes(L.) andAcromyrmex octospinosus(Reich), with some notes on the ants' response
Authors: Cherrett J. M. , Seaforth C. E. 
Published: July 2009

Albedo (the inner, white part of the rind) of the grapefruit (Citrus parodisi) and the flowers of the garden hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) were analysed for the presence of chemo-stimulants for the leaf-cutting antsAtta cephalotes(L.) andAcromyrmex octospinosus(Reich). Two distinct types of chemical substances in grapefruit albedo (unabsorbed sapids from a cation-exchange resin I.R. 120, and the total lipid fraction) were significant arrestants forAtta cephalotes, whilst five types of chemical substances (absorbate on the cation-exchange resin I.R. 120, unabsorbed sapids from the same resin, the total lipid fraction, absorbate on a polyamide resin, and neohesperidosides) arrestedAcromyrmex octospinosus. For both ant species, the unabsorbed sapids from the polyamide resin appeared to be the most attractive of the relatively refined fractions. A preliminary analysis showed a similar situation for hibiscus flowers.Both ant species preferred young to older grapefruit leaves. There appears to be a chemical basis for this, and in the case ofA. octospinosusthere was evidence of the existence of repellents in the older leaves and in grapefruit flavedo (the outer, yellow part of the rind).Substantial heterogeneity in preferences was detected in a given nest from day to day, between different nests of the same species, and between the two species. It is suggested that this is attributable to social phenomena evolved by the ants.
Ecology and behaviour of immature Culicoides melleus (Coq.) (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Linley J. R. , Adams G. M. 
Published: July 2009

The distribution of the larvae and pupae of Culicoides melleus (Coq.) in a natural beach habitat in an inlet on the Florida coast was studied in relation to tidal level and time of day. Larvae and pupae were confined to the intertidal zone and these distributions were unaffected by time of day or tidal level. Distributions of younger larval instars were displaced towards the inferred area of oviposition at higher elevations on the beach. Pupae were associated with the zone at and somewhat below high tide level. Differences in the vertical distribution of larvae between 0 and 2 in. deep between dark (pre-dawn)/low tide, morning/low tide and afternoon/low tide conditions were probably associated with larval response to light and heat.In laboratory experiments with a temperature gradient, second- to fourth-instar larvae preferred the 18–25°C range, but the fourth instars were the least discriminating. Laboratory experiments with a simulated beach showed that pupae flooded on an incoming tide remained in their burrows and immediately buried themselves more deeply when waves were generated in the water; they were able to return to the surface if buried, and survived drowning for four days. Inundated areas were avoided as pupation sites. The orientation of pupae at the sand surface and their formation in burrows was related to negative phototactic responses of the pupating larvae.
The Large Narcissus Fly, Merodon equestris, Fab. (Syrphidae)
Authors: Hodson W. E. H. 
Published: July 2009

1. The history of the occurrence of Merodon equestris in various countries is related and a list of known food-plants given.2. The immature stages of the fly are described in detail.3. The biology of the fly is fully discussed and additions made to our knowledge regarding it.4. Control measures are reviewed and additional information is given, particularly with reference to the use of a poison-bait spray against the adult flies.5. Recommendations are made as to the most satisfactory combination of methods to use for the purpose of obtaining control of the fly under field conditions.6. A list of literature cited is given.
The Tsetse Problem on the Eastern Cattle Route in the Gold Coast
Authors: Pomeroy A. W. J. , Morris K. R. S. 
Published: July 2009

1. Primary fly-belts round Makongo consisted of three different vegetational communities: a Cynometra-Vitex association along the main length of the Makongo river, on a clay soil; a Ficus congensis association along the river close to the town, on a sandy soil; and Isoberlinia doka woodland on moist sandy soil north-west and south of Makongo.2. Secondary fly-belts of less dense vegetation occur in the orchard bush savannah round Makongo, and these are not colonised until the commencement of the rainy season.3. Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis both occurred in the riverside communities, and G. palpalis alone in the Isoberlinia woodland.4. Along the river G. palpalis outnumbered G. tachinoides by 3:1 in the dry season. At the commencement of the rains G. tachinoides increased more quickly than G. palpalis, bringing their numbers very nearly equal, but at the end of the rains there was a decrease in G. tachinoides which restored the original proportion.5. G. morsitans had been found at Makongo formerly but was not met with at the time of this investigation, its absence being due to the disappearance of the larger antelope from the neighbourhood.6. Smaller game animals, small mammals and reptiles afforded an adequate food supply for tsetse in the fly-belts, and also passing herds of cattle, as well as natives from the village and travellers.7. The distribution of G. palpalis within the fly-belts was markedly influenced by the proximity of a cattle road along which herds of cattle passed almost daily, and by village water-holes.8. During the dry season the primary foci were always found to be the places of greatest relative humidity, and the fly does not tend to move out of these until the general atmospheric humidity has reached a certain fairly high degree.9. In clearing the fly-belts the removal of all primary foci within a quarter of a mile of the town and of thick bush within 100 yards of water-holes was undertaken. The work lasted from the beginning of February to the end of March 1931.10. The effect of clearing the Isoberlinia doka woodland was to banish G. palpalis completely, and it never returned to these clearings.11. On clearing the riverside Ficus congensis fly-belt, G. tachinoides was practically eliminated for the first three months, but reappeared in the clearings in June when there was a general increase and up-stream migration of this fly. G. palpalis remained in this clearing in fluctuating numbers up to June, when observations were suspended.12. 565 marked tsetse were liberated in the fly-belts immediately previous to clearing. Of G. palpalis 12·7% were recaptured in the clearings and 11% outside the clearings. Of G. tachinoides 5·5% were recaptured in the clearings and 6·8% outside.
The Holly Leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its Parasites
Authors: Cameron Ewen 
Published: July 2009

1. In Canada, European holly (Ilex aquifolium) can only be grown successfully in the mild, humid climate of western British Columbia. The sales of cut holly for decorative purposes amount to several hundred thousand dollars annually, and the tree is also in good demand for ornamental planting in public parks and private estates.2. The most serious pest of holly in this part of the world is the Agromyzid fly,Phytomyza ilicis, or the Holly Leaf-miner, which was accidentally introduced from Europe without its attendant natural enemies. The larvae of this insect produce large unsightly blotches on the leaves which greatly lower the value of the cut foliage. As a rule 75 to 80 per cent. of the leaves are attacked in this manner.3. Since chemical forms of restraint offered little hope of success, it was decided that the biological method of control should be given a trial. Accordingly, the writer undertook a general survey of the fly and its parasites in England, the results of which are described in the preceding pages. An account of the biological control ofP. iliciswill be published in a separate paper at a later date.4. A general account of the systematics, synonymy, distribution, host relationship, and biology of the holly fly itself precedes the parasite section.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Willow Insects
Authors: Callan E. McC. 
Published: July 2009

1. Eight Ichneumonoidea, fourteen Chalcidoidea and six Proctotrupoidea are recorded as parasites of willow insects.2. The majority of records are of parasites bred from insects inhabiting the wood of the cricket bat willow, Salix alba var. caerulea, Smith, the more important being Torymus pulchellus, Thoms., Tridymus salicis, Nees, Eupelmus urozonus, Dalm., Microterys clavellatus, Dalm., Tetrastichus roesellae, DeG., Tetrastichus inunctus, Nees, Tetrastichus flavovarius, Nees, Tetrastichus ? acuminatus, Ratz., and Platygaster sp.3. Microterys clavellatus is recorded for the first time as a parasite of Cecidomyiidae.4. Evidence is given for the separation of the gall-midges, Rhabdophaga sp. and R. saliciperda, Duf., as distinct species based both on structural differences and on a study of their parasites, for the three parasites found most commonly attacking Rhabdophaga sp. were never bred from R. saliciperda, and the most common species parasitizing R. saliciperda was never obtained from Rhabdophaga sp.5. It is confirmed that Eurytoma salicis, Thoms., supplements its animal diet with vegetable food.6. The rate of parasitism of Euura atra, Jur., by Eurytoma salicis is given as 19·8 per cent., and that of Rhabdophaga sp. by Platygaster sp. as 40·5 per cent.7. Histograms are given of Rhabdophaga sp. and its parasites, Torymus pulchellus, Thoms., Tetrastichus roesellae, DeG., and Platygaster sp., the emergence of Platygaster sp. coinciding approximately with that of its host.
Investigations on the Cotton Bollworm, Heliothis armigera, Hübn
Authors: Parsons F. S. 
Published: July 2009

Studies of the food-plant associations of Heliothis armigera have elicited the information that, for all practical purposes, egg-laying may be considered as confined to the period of florescence. Evidence of coincidence of the oviposition and flowering curves is submitted for 21 species of short-flowering crops and 8 species of long-flowering crops. All told, records taken in nearly 1,000 crops have been consulted for the conclusions drawn.As regards short-flowering species, the peaks, as well as the confines, of the oviposition and flowering curves are related closely. But oviposition on long-flowering species may decline while flowering is still in progress, or two or more waves of oviposition may be evident according to the number of moth flights spanned by the flowering period. The courses of oviposition on long-flowering species of crop in the given instances are interpreted through knowledge of the train of moth flights: although egg-laying in quantity occurs within the flowering period, peak layings frequently are not aligned with maximum flower production because the calendar times of moth flights are displaced in relation thereto.
Bionomics and Control of the Indian Sugar-cane Leaf-hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla, Wlk. (Rhynchota, Fulg.) in the Punjab
Authors: Rahman Khan A. , Nath Ram 
Published: July 2009

Pyrilla perpusilla, Wlk., is one of the most destructive sugar-cane pests in the Punjab. It is widely distributed and, in addition to sugar-cane, it also feeds on wheat, barley, oats, maize, “chari” and a number of grasses.Descriptions of the egg, nymphal and adult stages are given.A female can lay 773 eggs in its life-time. The eggs are laid in clusters on the food-plants and are covered with whitish fluffy material. The egg stage occupies 7–12 days during April–October and 20–41 days during November–March. There are five nymphal instars. The nymphal stage occupies 24–65 days during April–September and 78–208 days during October–March.Both adults and nymphs do damage. They prefer to feed on those varieties of sugar-cane which have broad, fleshy and succulent leaves and thick, soft stems. As a result of their feeding sucrose is reduced by as much as 34·2 per cent., while the glucose ratio may be trebled.The pest is parasitised by the following insects:—Ooencyrtus papilionis, Ashm., Tetrastichus pyrillae, Craw., and Lestrodryinus pyrillae, Kieff. (Hymenoptera); and Pyrilloxenos compactus, Pierce (Stylopidae). The following are predacious upon it: Brumus suturalis, F., Chilomenes sexmaculatus, F., Coccinella septempunctata, L., and C. undecimpunctata, L. (Col.), and Epipyrops sp. (Lep.). The incidence and duration of the life-cycles of these parasites and predators are given.To control the pest the following measures are suggested:—(1) Destruction of the adults by hand nets during April; (2) destruction of the eggs by crushing during April; (3) destruction of the nymphs by a new hopperdozer during November–March; (4) dusting with nicotine dust or spraying with nicotine sulphate-fish oil soap mixture.
The Distribution and Migrations ofLocustain Europe
Authors: Waloff Z. V. 
Published: July 2009

1. From the study of the historical records of European invasions byLocustafrom the 14th century to the present day, it is concluded that the subspecies concerned wasL. m. migratoriaoriginating in the West Pontian outbreak area. This area formerly comprised the lower courses of rivers draining into the Black Sea from the Danube to the Dniepr inclusive, and is now confined to the delta of the Danube. From here swarms migrated into central Europe and the eastern part of the north European plain. The northern part of the plain, the British Isles and Fenno-Scandia, lie on the outskirts of the invasion area, and as a rule were only reached by small detachments from swarms. The decline of the West Pontian outbreak centres was accompanied by the gradual decline of the area subject to invasions by large swarms, but during outbreaks small groups and separate individuals of ph.gregariacontinue to reach the further limits of the invasion area.2. The distances covered within a single generation by swarms ofL. m. migratoriain temperate Europe (up to 1,600 miles) were comparable in extent to those traversed byL. m. migratorioidesin tropical Africa.3. Long-range migrations to the extreme limits of the invasion area are not confined toL. m. migratoriaph.gregariabut occur also in ph.solitaria. This is shown by the arrival of individuals of this phase in the British Isles during theperiod when the West Pontian outbreak areas are in a quiescent state. From this and from literature data on other locust species it is concluded that long-range migration is a regular seasonal phenomenon in swarming acrididae, independent of the presence of large numbers or the phase.4. The late summer immigration ofL. m. migratoriainto the British Isles may be a part of a more general east to west movement of flying insects which may occur in Europe at that season.5. It is probable thatL. m. migratoriasometimes oviposit in the British Isles, for they may arrive in a mature state, or during exceptionally hot summers in southeastern England they may reach sexual maturity after arrival. The eggs, however, are apparently unable to survive winter conditions.
The Control of Coccidae on Coconuts in Seychelles
Authors: Vesey-Fitzgerald Desmond 
Published: July 2009

1. The investigation which forms the subject of this paper was commenced in 1936 and closed in 1939. Owing to the low returns from an acre of coconut land it was imperative that control measures should be cheap. Biological methods were therefore employed.2. The soils on which coconuts are planted in Seychelles fall into three main types: (a) beds of coral sand, (b) various types of transported soils, (c) sedentary soils.3. The robustness of the trees was found to be in direct proportion to the quality of the soil. The best trees are located on the deeper alluviums. The limiting factor on the coral sands is often drainage. On the hill-sides the trees deteriorate in proportion to the soil impoverishment and erosion.4. A complex of scale species attack coconuts in Seychelles. None of these presents major problems in other countries, and the better known scales which are pests on this crop in other countries are not found in Seychelles. Four major species are mentioned, two of which are recent introductions to the islands. The life-history and particular requirements of each species are given and their incidence on coconut and their interspecific relationships are discussed.5. In order to combat these scales four species of Coccinellidaewere introduced from East Africa, two of which were predators on Diaspid and two on Lecaniid scales. The life-history, breeding technique and establishment of each is described.
Notes on the Behaviour ofGlossina pallidipesandG. brevipalpis, and some Comparisons withG. morsitans
Authors: Jack Rupert W. 
Published: July 2009

1.G. pallidipesalmost invariably attacks man on the leg from the knee downwards.2.G. brevipalpismay attack man anywhere and not infrequently on the head.3. Both species fill themselves readily with human blood once an attack has been made.4. Neither sex of either species attacks man unless very hungry, as indicated by the very low mean fat content in the captures.5.G. brevipalpisis apparently more reluctant even thanpallidipesto attack man, and the fat contents in flies caught on man are proportionally lower than in the case ofpallidipes.
Helopeltis (Hem., Capsidae) on Cinchona
Authors: Kirkpatrick T. W. 
Published: July 2009

The observations here recorded have been made between April and October 1940, at Amani, Tanganyika Territory.Two distinct varieties of Helopeltis occur on cinchona at Amani, which correspond well with the descriptions of H. bergrothi, Reut. var. rubrinervis, Popp., and H. bergrothi var. disciger, Popp. (Poppius, 1911).