bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines on timing in replacing peripheral intravenous catheters
Authors: Ho Ken HM , Cheung Daphne SK 
Published: February 2012

Aims.  To design clinical guidelines on timing for replacing peripheral intravenous catheters, in an attempt to decrease complications and lower related expenditures.Background.  Intravenous therapy is a common intervention for patients in hospitals and some other clinical settings. However, the currently available international and local guidelines have come under criticism. There is a need to develop evidence‐based guidelines to benefit patients as well as to save on the resources of healthcare systems.Design.  A discursive paper.Methods.  The evidence‐based health care of Dawes et al. (BioMed Central Medical Education5, 2005, 1) was adopted to guide the development of this guideline. Cochrane Library Database was searched with four keywords: (1) Intravenous, (2) Infusion, (3) Infection, and (4) Timing, which identified one systematic review. Guideline on timing for replacing peripheral intravenous catheters was proposed based on the systematic review. Further recommendation for application in clinical settings and quality management are given. An algorithm on the replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters was included.Conclusion.  Clinically indicated replacement was suggested over routine replacement because the former results in lower healthcare expenditures without involving any extra risks of complications.Relevance to clinical practice.  These guidelines are simple and easy to follow in a clinical environment. An algorithm is given to enhance the usage of these guidelines by clinicians.
Measuring depression in schizophrenia with questionnaires
Authors: SCHOLES B. , MARTIN C. R. 
Published: February 2012

Accessible summary
This paper considers several theories about how depression presents alongside schizophrenia and what challenges there are in separating the two conditions through assessment.
The analysis highlights the outcome of failure to identify and correctly treat depression in those who have schizophrenia and makes recommendations for the use of assessment for depression as a standard aspect of care.
The findings from this review reveal that the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia is a reliable and valid instrument that nurses or other healthcare professionals may use for assessing depression in those who have schizophrenia.
AbstractThis paper considers the issue of the measurement of depression with those who have a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia. Originally the concept of depression as a core aspect of schizophrenia was raised by Bleuler and that affective disorders are associated with psychosis raised by Kraepelin. The construct of depression within the context of schizophrenia as a distinct condition that constitutes an apparent shift from the individual's usual cognitive style, affect and functioning, is an observation that has been relatively recently highlighted. In individuals with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia comorbid depression can be a factor in risk of suicide, impaired level of functioning, and higher rates of relapse or rehospitalization. The assessment of depression in this population creates many challenges in relation to the differentiation of this condition within the complex presentation of schizophrenia. The depression literature may refer to: (i) depressed affect; (ii) depression as a symptom isolated from the wider signs of depressive illness; and (iii) depression as a syndrome with all the facets required for a formal diagnosis. This review considers the literature in relation to the measurement of depression in people with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia and assesses the psychometric properties of those measures with this population.
A synthetic Escherichia coli system identifies a conserved origin tethering factor in Actinobacteria
Authors: Donovan Catriona , Sieger Boris , Krämer Reinhard , Bramkamp Marc 
Published: February 2012

SummaryIn eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity is essential for numerous biological processes. In some bacterial species, the chromosome origins have been identified as molecular markers of cell polarity and polar chromosome anchoring factors have been identified, for example in Caulobacter crescentus. Although speculated, polar chromosome tethering factors have not been identified for Actinobacteria, to date. Here, using a minimal synthetic Escherichia coli system, biochemical and in vivo experiments, we provide evidence that Corynebacterium glutamicum cells tether the chromosome origins at the cell poles through direct physical interactions between the ParB–parS chromosomal centromere and the apical growth determinant DivIVA. The interaction between ParB and DivIVA proteins was also shown for other members of the Actinobacteria phylum, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptomyces coelicolor.
Cytokinesis of Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms depends on expression of adenylyl cyclases of the ESAG4 or ESAG4‐like subfamily
Authors: Salmon Didier , Bachmaier Sabine , Krumbholz Carsten , Kador Markus , Gossmann Jasmin A. , Uzureau Pierrick , Pays Etienne , Boshart Michael 
Published: February 2012

SummaryAntigenic variation of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei operates by monoallelic expression of a variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) from a collection of multiple telomeric expression sites (ESs). Each of these ESs harbours a long polycistronic transcription unit containing several expression site‐associated genes (ESAGs). ESAG4 copies encode bloodstream stage‐specific adenylyl cyclases (AC) and belong to a larger gene family of around 80 members, the majority of which, termed genes related to ESAG4 (GRESAG4s), are not encoded in ESs and are expressed constitutively in the life cycle. Here we report that ablation of ESAG4 from the active ES did not affect parasite growth, neither in culture nor upon rodent infection, and did not significantly change total AC activity. In contrast, inducible RNAi‐mediated knock‐down of an AC subfamily that includes ESAG4 and two ESAG4‐like GRESAG4 (ESAG4L) genes, decreased total AC activity and induced a lethal phenotype linked to impaired cytokinesis. In the Δesag4 line compensatory upregulation of apparently functionally redundant ESAG4L genes was observed, suggesting that the ESAG4/ESAG4L‐subfamily ACs are involved in the control of cell division. How deregulated adenylyl cyclases or cAMP might impair cytokinesis is discussed.
The PTSNtr system globally regulates ATP‐dependent transporters in Rhizobium leguminosarum
Authors: Prell J. , Mulley G. , Haufe F. , White J. P. , Williams A. , Karunakaran R. , Downie J. A. , Poole P. S. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryMutation of ptsP encoding EINtr of the PTSNtr system in Rhizobium leguminosarum strain Rlv3841 caused a pleiotropic phenotype as observed with many bacteria. The mutant formed dry colonies and grew poorly on organic nitrogen or dicarboxylates. Most strikingly the ptsP mutant had low activity of a broad range of ATP‐dependent ABC transporters. This lack of activation, which occurred post‐translationally, may explain many of the pleiotropic effects. In contrast proton‐coupled transport systems were not inhibited in a ptsP mutant. Regulation by PtsP also involves two copies of ptsN that code for EIIANtr, resulting in a phosphorylation cascade. As in Escherichia coli, the Rlv3841 PTSNtr system also regulates K+ homeostasis by transcriptional activation of the high‐affinity ATP‐dependent K+ transporter KdpABC. This involves direct interaction of a two‐component sensor regulator pair KdpDE with unphosphorylated EIIANtr. Critically, ptsP mutants, which cannot phosphorylate PtsN1 or PtsN2, had a fully activated KdpABC transporter. This is the opposite pattern from that observed with ABC transporters which apparently require phosphorylation of PtsN. These results suggest that ATP‐dependent transport might be regulated via PTSNtr responding to the cellular energy charge. ABC transport may be inactivated at low energy charge, conserving ATP for essential processes including K+ homeostasis.
Colonization of soft wheat following infection of the stem base by Fusarium culmorum and translocation of deoxynivalenol to the head
Authors: Covarelli L. , Beccari G. , Steed A. , Nicholson P. 
Published: February 2012

Following inoculation of the base of soft wheat seedlings with Fusarium culmorum, disease symptoms typical of crown rot developed at the stem base and extended up to the third node by plant maturity. Fungus was isolated from all tissues exhibiting symptoms but not from symptomless tissues. Histopathological analysis revealed that the fungus was present mainly in the parenchymatic cells of the stem base and colonized the tissues via apoplastic and symplastic pathways. Host response in advance of pathogen colonization was observed. At maturity, plants were divided into sections from the inoculated area to the head. Heads were also separated into grain, rachis and chaff components. Colonization by the fungus was assessed by isolation from surface‐sterilized segments and quantified by real‐time PCR. Disease symptoms and the fungus were detected up to the third node, while deoxynivalenol (DON) was present in all stem segments and heads. Within the head, the DON concentration was higher in the rachis than in the chaff and grain components. These results demonstrate that F. culmorum can extensively colonize stem tissues but not reach the head by the time of plant maturity. In contrast, DON was detected in tissues beyond those colonized by the fungus, translocating to the head where, although accumulating mainly in the rachis, significant quantities accumulated in the grain. These findings indicate that there is a potential threat of contamination of grain with DON where severe crown rot is present in a crop.
Social influences on morphine conditioned place preference in adolescent mice
Authors: Cole Shannon L. , Hofford Rebecca S. , Evert Daniel J. , Wellman Paul J. , Eitan Shoshana 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTSocial/peer influences are among the strongest predictors of adolescent drug use. However, this important subject does not get much attention in pre‐clinical studies. We recently observed that exposure to different social partners modulates morphine locomotor sensitization. Sensitivity to the hyper‐locomotor response of drugs of abuse is a predictor of sensitivity to other drug‐induced behaviors. Thus, this study examined how exposure to different social partners affected the rewarding properties of morphine. All animals were group‐housed four per cage in one of two conditions referred to as ‘only’ and ‘cage‐mates’. In the mixed treatment condition, morphine‐ and saline‐treated mice were housed together. These groups are referred to as ‘morphine cage‐mates’ and ‘saline cage‐mates’, respectively. In the separated treatment conditions, all mice in the cage received morphine (i.e. ‘morphine only’) or saline (i.e. ‘saline only’), and cages were visually separated from each other. All animals were subsequently individually tested for the acquisition of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) following one conditioning session with 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg morphine or saline. As expected, one conditioning session established morphine CPP in the morphine only animals, but not in the saline only animals. Notably, morphine CPP was not acquired by the morphine cage‐mate animals. Additionally, 40 mg/kg morphine was sufficient to establish morphine CPP in the saline cage‐mate animals. These results indicate that social environment has an effect on the rewarding properties of morphine. It suggests that exposure to different peers can alter the abuse potential of opioids and potentially other illicit drugs.
Functional neuroimaging study in identical twin pairs discordant for regular cigarette smoking
Authors: Lessov‐Schlaggar Christina N. , Lepore Rebecca L. , Kristjansson Sean D. , Schlaggar Bradley L. , Barnes Kelly Anne , Petersen Steven E. , Madden Pamela A. F. , Heath Andrew C. , Barch Deanna M. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTDespite the tremendous public health and financial burden of cigarette smoking, relatively little is understood about brain mechanisms that subserve smoking behavior. This study investigated the effect of lifetime regular smoking on brain processing in a reward guessing task using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a co‐twin control study design in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs that maximally controls for genetic and family background factors. Young adult (24–34 years) MZ female twin pairs (n = 15 pairs), discordant for regular smoking defined using Centers for Disease Control criteria as having smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime, were recruited from an ongoing genetic epidemiological longitudinal study of substance use and psychopathology. We applied hypothesis‐driven region of interest (ROI) and whole‐brain analyses to investigate the effect of regular smoking on reward processing. Reduced response to reward and punishment in regular compared with never‐regular smokers was seen in hypothesis‐driven ROI analysis of bilateral ventral striatum. Whole‐brain analysis identified bilateral reward‐processing regions that showed activation differences in response to winning or losing money but no effect of regular smoking; and frontal/parietal regions, predominantly in the right hemisphere, that showed robust effect of regular smoking but no effect of winning or losing money. Altogether, using a study design that maximally controls for group differences, we found that regular smoking had modest effects on striatal reward processing regions but robust effects on cognitive control/attentional systems.
Clinical potential of DAS181 for treatment of parainfluenza‐3 infections in transplant recipients
Authors: Guzmán‐Suarez B.B. , Buckley M.W. , Gilmore E.T. , Vocca E. , Moss R. , Marty F.M. , Sanders R. , Baden L.R. , Wurtman D. , Issa N.C. , Fang F. , Koo S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractParainfluenza virus (PIV) infections can cause serious respiratory infections and death in immunocompromised patients. No antiviral agents have proven efficacy against PIV, and therapy generally consists of supportive care. DAS181, a novel sialidase fusion protein that temporarily disables airway epithelial PIV receptors by enzymatic removal of sialic acid moieties, has been shown to inhibit infection with PIV strains in vitro and in an animal model. We describe here the clinical course of 2 immunocompromised patients with PIV‐3 infection, one with a history of lung transplantation and the other neutropenic after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Both patients had substantial clinical improvement in respiratory and systemic symptoms after a 5‐day DAS181 treatment course, although the clinical improvement in the autologous stem cell transplantation patient also paralleled neutrophil engraftment.
Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Extracts from Plants Grown in the Qinling Region of China Against Infection by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Authors: Jing Bingnian , Ma Zhiqing , Feng Juntao , Liang Hongyan , Li Chen , Zhang Xing 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTo investigate their antiviral potential, extracts from 126 plants grown in the Qinling region of China belonging to 103 plant species of 36 families were evaluated for antiviral activity against Tobacco mosaic virus. The activity of each plant extract on infection and replication was determined by local lesion and leaf‐disc methods. Extracts from nine species [Lactuca tatarica (Linn.) C. A. Mey, Rubus flosculosus Focke, Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br, Cotinus coggygria Scop Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel, Thlaspi rvense Linn, Rodgersia podophylla A. Gray, Achnatherum splendens (Trin.) Nevski and Rhodiola eurycarpa (Frod.) S. H. Fu] strongly inhibited both infection and viral replication.
Long‐Term‐Release GnRH Agonists Postpone Puberty in Domestic Cats
Authors: Risso A , Corrada Y , Barbeito C , Diaz JD , Gobello C 
Published: February 2012

ContentsThe aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of deslorelin acetate implants on domestic queen puberty postponement. Thirty, 114.4 ± 12.7 days old, 1.5 ± 0.1 kg prepubertal crossbred female cats were included in this study. The animals were kept under a positive photoperiod and randomly assigned to deslorelin acetate 4.7 mg SC implants (n = 15) or to a non‐treated control group (n = 15). The queens were followed up daily and weighed weekly until puberty. Vaginal cytology was also carried out three times a week. Puberty was diagnosed by the presence of the typical oestrous behaviour and vaginal cytology findings. At puberty, ovariectomy was performed and the gonads grossly described. Age (281.2 ± 21.6 vs 177.8 ± 10.8; p < 0.01) but not weight (2.6 ± 0.1 vs 2.5 ± 0.1; p > 0.1) at puberty differed between the deslorelin and control groups, respectively. One deslorelin‐treated female showed an oestrous response and another showed clinical signs of pyometra after the implants. Deslorelin‐treated ovaries appeared small, while control gonads were normal. It was concluded that long‐term‐release deslorelin, administered at approximately 50% adult body weight, postponed feline puberty without altering growing rate.
Do miners (Manorina spp.) affect bird assemblages in continuous savanna woodlands in north‐eastern Australia?
Authors: KUTT A. S. , VANDERDUYS E. P. , PERRY J. J. , PERKINS G. C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractOverabundant native species can have a significant cascading effect on other components of wildlife, and those that deplete other species, often promoted by anthropogenic change to vegetation cover and habitat, are called reverse keystone species. Birds in the genus Manorina are widely reported as being such species, and in highly disturbed or fragmented environments, and some intact environments, noisy miners Manorina melanocephala can have a strong negative effect on small passerine species via hyper‐aggressive mobbing. The tropical savannas of northern Australia consist of largely unmodified woodlands, and two species of Manorina occur naturally in this region: the noisy miner and the yellow‐throated miner Manorina flavigula. Therefore, what effect do these species have on bird assemblage in predominantly continuous habitats, relative to other typical determinants of avifauna assemblage such as vegetation structure? We used data collected from bird surveys at 511 sites across northern Queensland (179 noisy miner M. melanocephala sites, 332 yellow‐throated miner M. flavigula sites) between 1998 and 2010. We examined the variation in bird composition at each site due to increasing abundance of Manorina spp. using uni‐ and multivariate techniques. We found total bird richness was significantly lower in sites where noisy and yellow‐throated miner abundances were highest, and passerine species seemed most affected. For species, 45 species varied significantly in abundance with increasing miner numbers, and the overall effect of yellow‐throated miners on other birds seemed more pronounced. However, vegetation structure was generally an equal or more important predictor of avifauna richness and abundance. We conclude that despite the superficially intact nature of northern Australian woodlands, pastoral intensification or poor land management might create disturbances that facilitate increases in the abundance of Manorina, causing localized overabundance and a compounding negative effect on other native bird species.
Senior nursing leadership – capacity building at the global level
Authors: Blaney P. 
Published: February 2012

BLANEY P. (2012) Senior nursing leadership – capacity building at the global level. International Nursing Review59, 40–47Background:  The International Council of Nurses (ICN) and its member National Nurses Associations have for some time recognized the need and potential for a global level leadership development opportunity for senior and executive level nurses. Through ICN's international health policy influencing activities and experience in the delivery of national and national association leadership development programmes, the need for more senior level global leadership development was increasingly evident. Various national and international studies and reports have also echoed the need for nurse leadership.Aim:  In response to this need, ICN established the Global Nursing Leadership Institute (GNLI), an annual leadership development programme for nurses at senior and executive levels from across the globe. A number of strategic outcomes that might be achieved from attending a GNLI programme were identified and used to secure funding support for the initiative. These were that participants would be better equipped to build strategic alliances, be aware of their own leadership capacity, increase global healthcare knowledge, be better equipped to influence policy, improve strategic planning and thinking, be able to take on higher leadership roles and develop international networks.Process:  A high‐level advisory committee oversaw the design and development of the annual leadership development programme and undertook the selection of participants. The first GNLI was established in September 2009. The GNLI programme was delivered in English and was held at venues near Geneva in Switzerland. This article refers to the design, format and broad outcomes of GNLI 2009 and GNLI 2010 including the strategic objectives, funding arrangements, action‐learning approach, participant selection and profile, development needs analysis, programme elements and design, learning environment and evaluation.Outcomes:  The resultant GNLI experience is unique in terms of senior nursing development opportunities available globally. GNLI is specifically unique in the diversity of participants; senior and executive level nurses from different countries representing all world regions and all levels of income and all settings and sectors. GNLI is also unique in its ability to provide participants with the leadership development opportunity within the international context and proximity to various international health‐related agencies. This article refers to the first two GNLI programmes that have resulted in 60 GNLI graduates who continue to develop leadership capacity and utilize networks formed while attending the GNLI.ICN has secured funding to continue the GNLI initiative for a further 3–4 years, and so GNLI will continue to build global nurse leadership at the strategic level.
Adjusted Bayesian Inference for Selected Parameters
Authors: Yekutieli Daniel 
Published: February 2012

SummaryWe address the problem of providing inference from a Bayesian perspective for parameters selected after viewing the data. We present a Bayesian framework for providing inference for selected parameters, based on the observation that providing Bayesian inference for selected parameters is a truncated data problem. We show that if the prior for the parameter is non-informative, or if the parameter is a ‘fixed’ unknown constant, then it is necessary to adjust the Bayesian inference for selection. Our second contribution is the introduction of Bayesian false discovery rate controlling methodology, which generalizes existing Bayesian false discovery rate methods that are only defined in the two-group mixture model. We illustrate our results by applying them to simulated data and data from a microarray experiment.