bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology of Postischemic Recuperation in the Aged Mammalian Brain
Authors: Popa-Wagner Aurel , Balseanu Adrian , Zagrean Leon , Shah Imtiaz M. , Napoli Mario Di , Ahlenius Henrik , Kokaia Zaal 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Old age is associated with an enhanced susceptibility to stroke and poor recovery from brain injury, but the cellular processes underlying these phenomena are not well understood. Potential mechanism underlying functional recovery after brain ischemia in aged subjects include neuroinflammation, changes in brain plasticity-promoting factors, unregulated expression of neurotoxic factors, or differences in the generation of scar tissue that impedes the formation of new axons and blood vessels in the infarcted region. Studies suggest that behaviorally, aged rats were more severely impaired by ischemia than were young rats and showed diminished functional recovery. Both in old and young rats, the early intense proliferative activity following stroke leads to a precipitous formation of growth-inhibiting scar tissue, a phenomenon amplified by the persistent expression of neurotoxic factors. Recent evidence shows that the human brain can respond to stroke with increased progenitor proliferation in aged patients, opening the possibilities of utilizing this intrinsic attempt for neuroregeneration of the human brain as a potential therapy for ischemic stroke.
Protein Misfolding, Mitochondrial Disturbances, And Kynurenines In The Pathogenesis Of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Gárdián Gabriella , Sas Katalin , Toldi József , Vécsei László 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As a population ages, neurodegenerative diseases become increasingly prevalent. These are different clinical entities, though they display many common features in their clinical, biochemical, and morphological appearance. The majority of them have both genetic and environmental components in their pathomechanism. The genetic background involves a single gene mutation (for example, spinocerebellar ataxias 1, 2, and 3 and Huntington's disease [PD]), heterozygote gene modifications following the patterns of the Mendelian laws (familial Parkinson's disease [PD] and familial Alzheimer's disease [AD]), multiple predisposing genes (sporadic PD and sporadic AD), or mitochondrial DNA defects. Protein misfolding, mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, excitotoxicity, caspase cascade activation, and apoptosis are common mechanisms acknowledged to lead to cell death in the different neurodegenerative disorders.
Self-Reference in Cicero’s Forensic Speeches
Authors: Paterson Jeremy 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines Cicero's references to himself in his forensic speeches. The explanation for such self-reference lies in the nature of the courts in ancient Rome and the tactics of the courtroom rather than any self-obsession on the part of Cicero. The key issue was how to talk about oneself without crossing the boundary of arrogance and boastfulness. Cicero justifies the concentration on himself in the usual way by claiming that the prosecution had started it by attacking him. The defence of Plancius shows just how far Cicero had travelled from the young advocate in the cases of Quinctius and of Roscius of Ameria, where he had to counter the greater influence of his opponents, to the wholehearted exploitation of his auctoritas in the defence of Sestius and of Plancius. This aspect of Cicero's advocacy has no modern parallel.
Reading Cicero’s Narratives
Authors: Levene D. S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Ancient rhetorical theorists recommended that the typical forensic speech should contain a section known as the narratio, the part that normally followed the preliminary discussion — the exordium — and set out the facts of the case prior to a full discussion of the issues. The narratio is thus not precisely identical to ‘narrative’ in its modern sense: any part of Cicero's speech may contain something that a modern scholar would call narrative. This chapter discusses the narratio as defined by the ancient theorists, the exordium and the ways in which this provides (or fails to provide) a context for the narrative that follows, and whether speeches would typically be published to be read by students and others interested in rhetoric. In treating Cicero's forensic speeches, the chapter considers not only the narratives themselves, but also to what extent the reader, in reading the narrative, is expected to employ information provided by the exordium.
‘Enthusiasm and Imposture’: Gibbon and Mahomet
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The third instalment of The Decline and Fall (1788) required Gibbon to narrate the rise, growth, and decline of Islam, a subject in which he had been interested since his early youth, and which had also, since the late seventeenth century, been a battleground between the forces of religious orthodoxy and heterodoxy in both England and Europe. This chapter contextualises Gibbon's account in that complex tradition, and shows how he picks his way between the simplified versions both of his critics and of those freethinkers with whom his critics attempted to confuse him. Gibbon's attainment of the desired character of a consummate historian was to some degree facilitated by his clerical opponents.
MacDonald's Party
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Labour Party became a major political force in Britain during the 1920s. It unexpectedly entered office as a minority government in 1924; five years later as the largest party in the Commons it took office again. For many the party's enhanced status was associated closely with its leader, Ramsay MacDonald. The years of optimism were destroyed by rising unemployment; in August 1931, the second Labour Government faced pressures for public expenditure cuts in the midst of a financial crisis. The Government collapsed, and MacDonald led a new administration composed of erstwhile opponents and a few old colleagues. Labour went into opposition; an early election reduced it to a parliamentary rump. This study offers a uniquely detailed analysis of Labour in the 1920s based on a wide variety of unpublished sources. The emphasis is on the variety of cultural identities available within the party, and demonstrates how disputes over identity made a crucial contribution to the 1931 crisis.
Understanding Party Loyalism
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although backbenchers might have their disagreements with specific policies of the Prime Minister, criticisms and reservations were often presented discreetly and set within a framework of loyalty to the Government. In contrast, those cast as perennial and unreasonable critics were marginalized and during the 1929 parliament increasingly subject to recrimination and disciplinary sanctions. Some bases for parliamentary loyalism were characteristic of any political party, in part because Labour leaders could benefit from a sympathy that acquired much of its power from the authorized version of party history. The Labour leadership down to 1931 comprised essentially those pioneers who had built up the party when there seemed no credible expectations of office. Their achievements both in the construction of the party and as studies in individual social mobility commanded respect.
Identities
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In March 1923, Philip Snowden rose in the Commons to propose a motion whose terms demonstrated that, in the complex political arguments and alignments of the 1920s in Britain, socialism and the supercession of capitalism was a major theme. Snowden was supported by other senior figures within the Parliamentary Labour Party: Ramsay MacDonald, J. C. Clynes, and Arthur Henderson. Their presentations offered a significant statement of Labour's political identity as perceived by its most authoritative figures. Snowden's lengthy and characteristically lucid indictment of capitalism was in terms of efficiency and morality. The cumulative consequence was an unintended shift from pure capitalism towards socialism. The belief in evolutionary change was complemented by a confidence in the moral superiority of socialist politics. Those who became socialists were not just perceptive; they had made an ethical choice. Commendations of ethical and evolutionary socialism were supported frequently by claims of British exceptionalism.
The Reception of British Policy in Switzerland
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the historical, cultural, and institutional factors influencing Swiss policy and official attitudes during the war. It shows how changes in Switzerland's political and cultural landscape prevented London from capitalising on the groundswell of pro-Allied feeling in the Swiss parliament and population, and emphasises the extent to which the two countries' respective outlook had diverged by the mid-20th century. Central to this process was the impact of Bolshevism and the economic Depression that combined to promote an increasingly insular and restrictive conception of neutrality in Switzerland and strengthened the innate conservatism of the country's political and business elite. These processes, it is argued, inevitably limited British options and reduced the effectiveness of British efforts to prise Switzerland from the Axis economic orbit.
The View from the Central Blue: The Violation of Swiss Neutrality by the Royal Air Force
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although Britain made deep inroads into Switzerland's economic and financial neutrality, it was the over-flying and accidental bombing of Swiss territory by aircraft of the Royal Air Force that represented the most conspicuous and consistent abuse of Swiss neutral rights during the war. This chapter explores the physical and diplomatic fall out of these incidents, showing the damage they caused to British interests in Switzerland and the lengths to which the British government went to ease tensions with the Swiss. Though the concessions London granted — a moratorium on flights near the Swiss frontier over Christmas and a series of minor restrictions on Bomber Command's operational activities — had little appreciable impact on the number of violations of Swiss airspace, the episode nevertheless sheds interesting light on the extent on Britain's willingness to take Swiss interests into account in planning military operations.
Francs, Banks, and Gold: Britain and the Swiss Financial Market
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines British and U.S. efforts to put a stop to Swiss purchases of German gold and limit the financial and technical support given to its enemies by the Swiss banking sector. In both these areas, British officials grossly misjudged the scale and intensity of Swiss financial collaboration. The chapter explains how thinking on the Swiss case influenced broader debates on the issue of ‘loot’ and ‘gold’, and gave rise to a series of currency control measures designed to protect British interests from malevolent activities of Swiss banks. It sheds light on Britain's own dependency on Swiss gold and currency markets, but argues that it was the weakness of Britain's own financial warfare machinery that explains the lack of sustained pressure placed on the Swiss government, national bank and financial sector.
Castles in Medieval Society
Authors: Coulson Charles L. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book overturns many of the traditional assumptions about the nature and purpose of castle-building in the middle ages. It demolishes the traditional belief that castles were overwhelmingly military in their function, showing how this was simply one aspect of a more complicated whole, and sets out to recreate the medieval understanding of castles as symbolically fortified places of all kinds. It places castles in the context of medieval culture and society, as ancient walled post-Roman towns and prestigious religious enclaves to transitory campaign forts. Going back to the original sources, the book proposes a new and subtler understanding of the function and symbolism of castles as well as insights into the lives of the people who inhabited them. Fortresses were only occasionally caught up in war, but constantly were central to the ordinary life of all classes: of the nobility and gentry, of widows and heiresses, of prelates and clergy, of peasantry and townspeople alike. The book presents and explores this broad social panorama.
Private Property But Public Utility
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Considering that they were personal and family residences, the degree of subordination of castles to public priorities in England and France during the medieval period is remarkable. Fortresses were not above the law, and more importantly they were not outside it. This chapter examines some sharper consequences of fortresses' dual personality — in what circumstances it was acceptable for them to be seized or even demolished (though still not erased from the map). If being attacked was normally unlikely, interference in the public interest represented by the castellan's superior (senyor, seigneur, or lord) was a contingent liability of the fortress. The chapter looks at some notable instances of urban hostility and class conflict involving ‘private’ castles. Rendability, in all the guises of conditional fortress-tenure, epitomized the public utility of private castles; while conversely the class antagonisms, which have been illustrated in south-west France, focused on fortification and displayed the practical limits of social consensus.
Populace and Fortresses: Protection and Perquisites
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
During the medieval period, peasants were affected by fortresses in some ways more than any other class. For the 14th and 15th centuries mainly, the chapter illustrates how fortresses operated to protect refugees and their moveables. The duties laid upon the inhabitants of castellaries by the perquisites of their lords and by necessity can also be described, but largely because those obligations and profits entered the aristocratic written record. Protecting subjects was a matter of the ruler's pride. The local integration of peasant and fortress during hostilities and rumours of war was especially intimate, in England after Edward II was defeated by the Scots (1314), in France much more so after the first phase of the Hundred Years War had relapsed into intermittent regional strife, particularly after the calamity of Poitiers (1356). This chapter examines the refuge-system in England and the Channel Islands, the refuge-system of castellaries in France, and castle-works and services in England and Wales.
Female Castellans: Prevision, Not Prejudice
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The difficulties inherent in the female tenure of a fortress in England and France during the medieval period might appear greater than with an ordinary fief. Castles were female preserves as long-stay residences and as administrative commitments. In nearly all respects, and in all but exceptional circumstances, they were indistinguishable from manor-houses not dignified with ostentatious fortification nor styled castle. Given their interests, great women undoubtedly influenced, where they did not determine and commission, all types of building in fortresses. More central to present concerns are the elements introduced into castle relations by female castellans — who assumed their position as heiresses or dowagers. The ability of the female castellan to efficiently supervise the keeping of a castle in her lord's interest depended on her own activity, personality, age, residence, and experience — qualities all required for the normal running of the estate, rarely on the condition of the peace in the locality.
Introduction
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book examines the relations between monasteries and the nobility in Upper Lotharingia both before and during the movement of monastic reform which spread throughout the region in the early medieval period beginning from the 930s. It concentrates on the renowned abbeys of Gorze, Saint-Maximin, and Saint-Evre (names which are almost synonymous with the reform), but also looks at one new foundation of the reform era, the nunnery of Bouxiêres-aux-Dames. To appreciate how monastic communities survived and perhaps even prospered in the face of destruction and land loss, it is necessary to consider this wider spectrum and ask what function abbeys, their communities, and lands filled during this period. Charters offer a detailed picture of the relationships which entwined religious communities with their domains, their overlords, and not least with a host of lesser families.
7 Beyond the Bishops of Metz
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When Otto II made a donation to the abbey of Gorze in 973, it was not at the request of Bishop Adalbero's successor Bishop Theoderich but rather at that of John, abbot of the monastery. John of Gorze's role as Otto I's ambassador to the caliph of Cordova ensured him and his abbey a privileged route of access to the Ottonian court. The Duke of the Franks (the future King Hugh Capet) came to Gorze to seek the help of its patron saint and left a pallium in thanks for his consequent deliverance from a life-threatening fever and dysentry. Royal service, the readiness of John to encounter death in the name of God, and the reputation of Gorze's patron saint all played a part in securing the abbey a web of connections and consequent rewards. An abbey's legal status might be carefully defined in diplomata and episcopal or private charters, but the resulting delineation of abbeys as royal, episcopal, or private, tends to obscure the multiplicity of different ties which abbeys had on the ground.
Introduction
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book is a case study of a particular, important, and relatively neglected episode in the penetration of Ireland by the Catholic reformation. Its chronological scope is the second quarter of the 17th century, a period which in European terms is generally conceived as lying towards the end of what might be termed the ‘high counter-reformation’, that rough century between the first convocation of the Council of Trent in 1545 to the treaty of Westphalia in 1648 which represented a critical epoch in the remodelling of post-reformation Catholicism. The long-term political implications of the extension of the Catholic reformation to Ireland during this period were enormous. In the shorter term, this development also had a critical bearing on the Irish theatres of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in the 1640s. This book concentrates on GianBattista Rinuccini's nunciature and in particular on his profound political influence within the Confederate Catholics of Ireland which was responsible for the intensity of the reactions which he provoked.
The Juridical Status of Non-Christian Polities (to the End of the Eighteenth Century)
Authors: McHUGH P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at the manner in which the Crown established political authority in territory inhabited by non-Christian people in the 17th and 18th centuries. In that time, the main theatres of imperial activity were the East Indies and North America. The notion of sovereignty then evident in British practice remained a substantially feudal one, conceiving Crown imperium (right of governance) in a jurisdictional sense. In this early period, treaties and quasi-diplomatic engagement with non-Christian polities were not regarded as problematic. These relations established protocols and structures for the management of relations between non-Christian polity and the British. They were used regularly and frequently as the foundation for British relations with the indigenous polities of both America and the Asian subcontinent, especially once the nature of British imperialism changed after the military victories of the late 1750s. By the early 19th century British imperial practice began forming a new, more deliberative view of sovereignty and relations with tribal societies.
A History of Aboriginal Status—the Legal Recognition of the Individual and the Group in the ‘Apparent Twilight’
Authors: McHUGH P.G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
By the end of the 19th century, the aboriginal peoples of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were contained within specific statutory regimes. In America that juridical enclosure was achieved by the judicial narrowing of the doctrine of inherent sovereignty, paving the way for invasive Congressional legislation under the newborn plenary power doctrine. This chapter looks at how national laws recognized the aboriginal polity and its members through the defining use of status. The term status is used to describe the manner in which the national legal systems recognized the existence of aboriginal persons and groups.
Expert Evidence and Criminal Justice
Authors: Redmayne Mike 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As an increasing range of expert evidence becomes available to it, the criminal justice system must answer a series of challenging questions: should experts be permitted to give evidence on the credibility of witnesses? How should statistical evidence be presented to juries? What relevance does syndrome evidence have to questions of criminal responsibility? This book explores these issues. The exposition utilizes work in a number of disciplines, and draws comparisons with the law and procedure in several different jurisdictions across the globe. While developing a general overview of the use of scientific evidence in the criminal process, the book makes use of detailed examinations of particular issues, such as battered women syndrome, fingerprinting, and eyewitness expertise. Through an analysis of expert evidence, it also invites reflection on a series of wider issues, among them the function of exclusionary rules and the nature of case construction.
2 Constructing Cases with Science
Authors: REDMAYNE MIKE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the potential of forensic science to contribute to the promotion of accurate decision-making. It evaluates some detail at how forensic science is employed in police investigations. It explores what it might mean to say that scientific knowledge and police cases are constructed. It focuses on the use of trace evidence such as physical material and marks found at the crime scene, used for purposes of identification and reconstruction. It also offers some observations on other uses of forensic science in the criminal process.
Building and Unbuilding the GDR
Authors: STEVENSON PATRICK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on public language use in the GDR. It is organized as follows. Section 3.1 examines the official discourse of the Socialist Unity Party as manifested in statements of various kinds. This formed the bedrock of ‘public language’ in the GDR — not the language of everyday social intercourse, but the discourse of authority and political orthodoxy which ordinary citizens would inevitably encounter, and in which they would develop at least a passive competence. Section 3.2 considers the functions and importance of the ritualization of speech events involving most members of the population (focusing on May Day and the Jugenweidhe, the secular equivalent of confirmation).
Transport properties
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter first outlines Fermi liquid theory for the transport coefficients of viscosity, η, thermal conductivity λ, and spin diffusion D. It then shows how far various approximations in the theory can lead to reasonable predictions of experimental results. The Leggett–Rice effect and studies of the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 are also considered.