bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of irreducibility in C programs
Authors: Stanier James , Watson Des 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYCompilers use a variety of techniques to optimize and transform loops. However, many of these optimizations do not work when the loop is irreducible. Node splitting techniques transform irreducible loops into reducible loops, but many real‐world compilers choose to leave them unoptimized. This article describes an empirical study of irreducibility in current versions of open‐source software, and then compares them with older versions. We also study machine‐generated C code from a number of software tools. We find that irreducibility is extremely rare, and is becoming less common with time. We conclude that leaving irreducible loops unoptimized is a perfectly feasible future‐proof option due to the rarity of its occurrence in non‐trivial software. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward reusable SLA monitoring capabilities
Authors: Parkin Simon E. , Morgan Graham 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYWithin Internet‐based service environments, distributed monitoring mechanisms face challenges with respect to the diverse communication protocols, application languages, and monitoring requirements that exist. Creation of monitoring solutions on a per‐service basis becomes time‐consuming and misses opportunities to reuse existing logic. Ideally the deployment of monitoring solutions would be simple. Simplicity could be achieved by freeing monitoring solutions from domain dependencies, promoting the ability to use automatically generated monitoring code and support for the automated deployment of monitoring components. Work is presented here that progresses these ambitions by providing a generic, distributed monitoring and evaluation framework based on Metric Collector (MeCo) components. MeCo components form part of a unified monitoring framework which can interpret Service Level Agreements to automatically provide tailored service monitoring. Once deployed, these components can gather measurement data across a range of service technologies as used within E‐Commerce services, with minimal impact upon observed service environments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new method for testing timed systems
Authors: Bonifácio Adilson Luiz , Moura Arnaldo Vieira 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYDevising formal techniques and methods that can automatically generate test suites for timed systems has remained a challenge. In this paper Timed Input/Output Automata (TIOA) are used as a formal specification model for timed systems. This work proposes and proves the correctness of a new and more general discretization method that can be used to obtain grid automata corresponding to specification TIOA, using almost any granularity of interest. Such flexibility to find a suitable granularity opens the possibility for a more compact construction of grid automata. It is also shown how test purposes can be used together with the specification TIOA in order to generate grid automata that capture the behavior of both the specification and the test purpose. From such grid automata one can algorithmically extract test suites that can be used to verify whether given implementations adhere to the specification and reflect the properties modeled using the test purposes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software reliability
Authors: Soyer Refik 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this article, we present an overview of the state of the art in software reliability. We present some of the traditional software reliability models as well as recent advances in modeling. In so doing, we discuss use of hidden Markov models, as well as nonparametric models including mixtures of Dirichlet processes. Furthermore, we review decision problems in software reliability such as testing strategies and optimal stopping rules. We discuss computational issues associated with use of the models, their statistical analyses and development of optimal strategies. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 269–281 DOI: 10.1002/wics.159This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and Theory
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Reliability, Survivability, and Quality Control
Software for Computational Statistics > Software/Statistical Software
Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
Evolution of the Minimally Invasive Treatment of Esophageal Achalasia
Authors: Bello Brian , Herbella Fernando A. , Patti Marco G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThanks to the advent of laparoscopic techniques, the last decade and a half have witnessed a radical change in the treatment of esophageal achalasia. Because of the high success rate of the laparoscopic Heller myotomy, surgery has now become in many centers the first modality of treatment for achalasia. This shift in the treatment algorithm reflects the fact that laparoscopic Heller myotomy with partial fundoplication outperforms nonsurgical approaches, such as balloon dilatation and intrasphincteric botulinum toxin injection.
Laparoscopic Repair of Inguinal Hernias
Authors: Carter Jonathan , Duh Quan‐Yang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFor patients with recurrent inguinal hernia, or bilateral inguinal hernia, or for women, laparoscopic repair offers significant advantages over open techniques with regard to recurrence risk, pain, and recovery. For unilateral first‐time hernias, either laparoscopic or open repair with mesh can offer excellent results. The major drawback of laparoscopy is that the technique requires a significant number of cases to master. For surgeons in group practice, it makes sense to have one surgeon in the group perform laparoscopic repairs so that experience can be concentrated. For others, the best technique remains the approach that the surgeon is most comfortable and experienced performing.
Effect of Water on the Ethanolysis of Waste Cooking Soybean Oil Using a Tin(II) Chloride Catalyst
Authors: da Silva Milene L. , Figueiredo Ana P. , Cardoso Abiney L. , Natalino Ricardo , da Silva Márcio J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBiodiesel production from cheap lipid raw materials is economically welcome, but a high free fatty acids (FFA) content makes it incompatible with traditional alkaline catalysts. Although liquid mineral acids are alternatively used, serious drawbacks such as high corrosiveness and large effluent generation, as well as the impossibility of catalyst reuse compromises its application. Contrarily, solid acid catalysts appear to be an attractive option; however, the water present or generated during FFA esterification provokes the leaching and deactivation of these catalysts. Thus, in this work we have evaluated the use of tin chloride SnCl2, which is less corrosive, water tolerant, and a recyclable Lewis acid catalyst, on FFA ethanolysis using waste cooking oil samples (WCO). Additionally, the main kinetic parameters of the reactions were assessed. Compared to pTSA (p‐toluenesulfonic‐acid), a catalyst also evaluated, SnCl2 efficiently promoted FFA ethanolysis even in the presence of high amounts of water (ca. 0.1–5.0% w/w). Moreover, the homogeneous SnCl2 catalyst was easily recovered and reused successively, without loss of activity.
Understanding the Tectonic Behaviour of the Shillong Plateau, India using Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Duarah B. P. , Phukan Sarat 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Shillong Plateau in India is tectonically and geologically interesting entity in the subducted front of Indian Plate below Burmese Plate to the southeast and Tibetan Plate to the north and associated with thrusts and shears along the plate boundaries. Horse-tail geometry in the foothills of the Arunachal Himalaya, east of Jia Bhareli river, associated with south-convex foothill ranges in the eastern Himalaya and exactly similar structural geometry in the eastern part of Shillong Plateau in Meghalaya seems to develop due to resistance received by the plateau in its eastward journey. Wide separation of Karbi Anglong Plateau and Shillong Plateau to the southeast as compared to northwestern part defines the shape of Kopili graben. Low seismic activity in southeastern part of Shillong Plateau might be related to stress released field generated by its clockwise rotation. Satellite derived images and digital elevation data from Landsat ETM+ and SRTM data shows that the central part of Shillong Plateau possesses young topography with strong structural fabrics along with relatively high topography aligning NE-SW following Kolkota-Pabna-Mymansingh High and if extended passes through western part of Arunachal Pradesh in eastern Himalayas. This alignment has been observed in Precambrian gneissic complex west of the Proterozoic intracratonic Shillong Basin. The epicentral plot for the period 1918 to 2009 shows their high concentration within the Shillong Plateau aligning along this trend. The active geodynamics of Shillong Plateau is reflected in its seismic activity pattern in relation with the structural fabrics, northward migration of the Brahmaputra in the north front of the Plateau and by shrinking pattern of Chandubi Lake in the Kulsi river catchment, a north-flowing tributary of the Brahmaputra in the north-central part of the plateau.
Storm Activities during the Sedimentation of Late Paleocene-Middle Eocene Subathu Formation, Western Himalayan Foreland Basin
Authors: Singh B. P. , Srivastava A. K. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Late Paleocene-middle Eocene Subathu Formation represents the earliest deposits of the western Himalayan foreland basin. A large part of this formation is comprised of impure limestone and grey shale intercalations. The limestones contain sole marks, intraformational conglomerates, hummocky cross stratification and wave ripples. The occurrence of sole marks suggests that they are developed by the unidirectional currents at the initial phase of the storm that resulted erosion and subsequent deposition. The intraformational limestone conglomearate also suggests erosion of the earlier deposited limestone hardgrounds as a consequence of storm associated transgression. The hummocky cross stratification formed by the oscillatory flows during the long-shore littoral drift. The depth of formation of the hummocky cross stratified limestone facies was less than 40 m and most likely deposited between shore-face to backshore regions of the gulf similar to present day Persian Gulf. The identification of deeper facies (shelf facies) from Pakistan and coastal facies from India suggest that the gulf was open from the west and closed from the east.
Drainage Basin Morphometry for Identifying Zones for Artificial Recharge: A Case Study from the Gagas River Basin, India
Authors: Zaidi Faisal K. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Drainage basin morphometry is a quantitative way of describing the characteristics of the surface form of a drainage basin and provides important information about the region’s topography and underlying geological structures. It plays an important role in hydrogeological investigations for delineating zones of adequate groundwater potential and selecting sites for construction of artificial recharge structures.
In the present study an attempt was made to discover the stream properties in the Gagas River Basin of Almora district in the state of Uttarakhand using the various stream attributes. Based on the study the potential zones for the construction of artificial recharge structures in the basin were identified.
Geomorphic and Structural Evidences of Neotectonic Activity in the Sub-Himalayan Belt of Nahan Salient, NW India
Authors: Singh Tejpal , Sharma Umakant , Awasthi A.K. , Virdi N.S. , Kumar Ravindra 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Neotectonism in the Sub-Himalayan belt is not new. Moreover, the word ‘Sub-Himalaya’ is almost synonymous with ‘neotectonic activity’. In the present paper, we report some of the most convincing geomorphic and structural evidences of neotectonic activity from the Sub-Himalayan belt in the Nahan Salient. The geomorphic evidences mainly include the four geomorphic surfaces identified from the transverse topographic profiles drawn parallel to the Himalayan front. These surfaces are commonly covered with terrace deposits that are tilted as well as faulted at a number of places. A number of faults, directly observable in the field, are normal in nature and they are oriented at high angles to the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT). These faults are similar to the E-W extension in southern Tibet in response to the oblique convergence of India at ~N20oE in the NW Himalaya. They are attributable to the kinematics of neotectonic compression along the HFT, the frontal ramp-oblique ramp-frontal ramp geometry of the thrust fault and related adjustments.
Branchial cleft cyst: an unusual ultrasound diagnosis in an austere environment
Authors: Ball Vincent L. , Barnwell Robert M. , Greene Jeffrey P. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Branchial cleft cysts are typically benign congenital cysts lined by epithelial cells that arise on the lateral part of the neck. Ultrasound is useful in situations, where CT scanning and MRI are unavailable. We report a case of a 29-year-old Ugandan male who presents with a unilateral neck mass. We highlight the usefulness of ultrasound in diagnosing a lesion consistent with a branchial cleft cyst, while ruling out other causes of neck masses.
MEK/ERKs signaling is essential for lithium‐induced neurite outgrowth in N2a cells
Authors: Wang Zhuyao , Wang Juan , Li Jingjin , Wang Xiaohui , Yao Yuzhen , Zhang Xiaojin , Li Chuanfu , Cheng Yunlin , Ding Guoxian , Liu Li , Ding Zhengnian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLithium, a drug used for the treatment of bipolar disorder, has been shown to affect different aspects of neuronal development such as neuritogenesis, neurogenesis and survival. The underlying mechanism responsible for lithium's influence on neuronal development, however, still remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrate that lithium increases the phosphorylation of extracellular‐signal regulated kinases (ERKs) and protein kinase B (Akt) and promotes neurite outgrowth in mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells (N2a). The inactivation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERKs signaling with a MEK inhibitor inhibits neurite outgrowth, but it enhances Akt activation in lithium‐treated N2a cells. Furthermore, the inactivation of phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling with a PI3K inhibitor increases both lithium‐induced ERKs activation and lithium‐induced neurite outgrowth. Taken together, our study suggests that lithium‐induced neurite outgrowth in N2a cells is regulated by cross‐talk between the MEK/ERKs and PI3K/Akt pathways and requires the activation of the MEK/ERKs signaling.
Outcome of the management of massive postpartum hemorrhage using the algorithm “HEMOSTASIS”
Authors: Varatharajan Lavanya , Chandraharan Edwin , Sutton Julian , Lowe Virginia , Arulkumaran Sabaratnam 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate whether the algorithm “HEMOSTASIS” (help; establish etiology; massage the uterus; oxytocin infusion and prostaglandins; shift to operating theater; tamponade test; apply compression sutures; systematic pelvic devascularization; interventional radiology; subtotal/total abdominal hysterectomy) was of value in the systematic management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed of all women who experienced massive primary PPH (blood loss > 1500 mL) in 2008 at St George's Hospital, London, UK. The success of the HEMOSTASIS mnemonic in PPH management was determined by assessing clinical outcome following adherence to the protocol.ResultsPatient notes were available for 95 (83.3%) of the 114 cases of primary PPH. Hemostasis was achieved in 63 (66.3%) women via use of additional oxytocics (“O”); 19 (20.0%) via suture of tears and 10 (10.5%) via tamponade (“T”); 1 (1.1%) via application of compression suture (“A”); 1 (1.1%) via systematic devascularization (“S”); and 1 (1.1%) via subtotal/total hysterectomy (“S”). There were no maternal deaths.ConclusionThe decremental pattern of more complex interventions used demonstrates that the algorithm can provide a logical management pathway to reduce blood transfusions, hysterectomies, admissions to intensive care units, and maternal deaths.
Why don't we learn from poor choices? The consistency of expectation, choice, and memory clouds the lessons of experience
Authors: Schwarz Norbert , Xu Jing 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhy do consumers need advice on how to spend their money to improve their enjoyment of life? Why don't they learn this from daily experience? We propose that consumers' opportunity to learn from experience is impaired because hedonic experiences are fleeting. Once some time has passed, consumers rely on their general knowledge to reconstruct what the experience must have been, which is also the knowledge they use in hedonic prediction and choice. Given this overlap in inputs, prediction, choice and memory usually converge, leaving consumers with the impression that their predictions were correct and their choices wise. The actual in situ experience, however, may have been quite different. We illustrate these dynamics with a product many consumers want to spend their money on, namely, a luxury car.
Use of genomic models to study genetic control of environmental variance
Authors: YANG YE , CHRISTENSEN OLE F. , SORENSEN DANIEL 
Published: March 2011

SummaryVast amount of genetic marker information is being used to obtain insight into the genetic architecture of complex traits, for locating genomic regions (quantitative trait loci (QTL)) affecting disease and for enhancing the accuracy of prediction of genetic values in selection programmes. The genomic model commonly found in the literature, with marker effects affecting mean only, is extended to investigate putative effects at the level of the environmental variance. Two classes of models are proposed and their behaviour, studied using simulated data, indicates that they are capable of detecting genetic variation at the level of mean and variance. Implementation is via Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) algorithms. The models are compared in terms of a measure of global fit, in their ability to detect QTL effects and in terms of their predictive power. The models are subsequently fitted to back fat thickness data in pigs. The analysis of back fat thickness shows that the data support genomic models with effects on the mean but not on the variance. The relative sizes of experiment necessary to detect effects on mean and variance is discussed and an extension of the McMC algorithm is proposed.
Triassic shoshonitic dykes from the northern North China craton: petrogenesis and geodynamic significance
Authors: FU LEBING , WEI JUNHAO , KUSKY TIMOTHY M. , CHEN HUAYONG , TAN JUN , LI YANJUN , KONG LINGJUN , JIANG YONGJIAN 
Published: March 2011

AbstractZircon U–Pb ages, major and trace element geochemistry and Sr, Nd and Pb isotope compositions of diorite and diorite porphyry dykes from the Jinchanggouliang (JCGL) gold ore field on the northern margin of the North China craton (NCC) were studied to investigate their sources, petrogenesis and geodynamic significance. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating reveals three major age groups of 2500 Ma (n = 2), 253 ± 7 Ma (n = 5) and 227 ± 1 Ma (n = 9). The inherited ages of 2500 Ma, contemporary with the Archaean NCC continental growth, imply that crustal material was involved in the magma source. The igneous zircons with a concordia age of 227 ± 1 Ma may record the emplacement age of the JCGL dykes. Both diorite and diorite porphyry exhibit a wide range of SiO2and MgO contents and are characterized by high concentrations of Na2O+K2O and Al2O3, and low abundances of P2O5and TiO2. They are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements without significant Eu anomalies, and depleted in high-field-strength elements; all are categorized as shoshonitic rocks. All samples show a narrow range of Sr isotope compositions with initial87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.70394 to 0.70592, variableεNd(t) values (1.1 to −12.0) and TDM2ages of 913–1972 Ma. Their Pb isotope compositions form continuous variation trends and plot in the fields between enriched mantle 1 (EM1) and lower continental crust (LCC). The above results suggest that the JCGL dykes studied could have been derived from mixing of lower crust, lithospheric mantle of the NCC and ascending asthenospheric melt in a post-orogenic extensional geodynamic setting. These shoshonitic dykes, together with the geochronological data of regional ENE-trending retrograded eclogites, ophiolites, continental arc magmatic belt, A-type granite, alkaline intrusions and metamorphic core complex from the northern NCC and Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) suggest that closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean (i.e. stage of pre-collision to collision) had completed during latest Permian to earliest Triassic time, and that the CAOB was subsequently tectonically dominated by post-orogenic extensional regimes. The involvement of asthenospheric melt in the magma source implies that the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) of the NCC had been modified, and the onset of lithospheric destruction and thinning beneath the northern NCC may have occurred in Middle–Late Triassic time as a result of post-orogenic subducting slab detachment and lithospheric delamination.
Is oxidative stress involved in the loss of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed viability?
Authors: Sacandé Moctar , Hoekstra Folkert A. , van Aelst Adriaan C. , Ric De Vos C.H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNeem (Azadirachta indica) is a valuable multipurpose tree of tropical arid and semi-arid regions. The use of its seeds is hindered by their short storage longevity. The possible causes of rapid loss of viability were investigated on different seed lots during exposure to 32% and 75% RH at 20°C. Within 6 months the seeds almost lost germinability at 75% RH, whereas at 32% RH viability decreased only slightly. On rehydration, the axis cells from nongerminable seeds had lost turgor, whereas those from viable seeds were turgescent as visualized by low temperature scanning electron microscopy images of fractured axes. Glutathione oxidation status was used to estimate oxidative stress during storage. Oxidative stress was much higher at 75% RH storage than at 32% RH, mainly caused by the rapid loss of reduced glutathione at 75% RH. Oligosaccharides and phospholipids decreased, and free fatty acids increased during storage at the high RH but remained at a constant level at the low RH. However, the degree of fatty acid unsaturation between viable and nonviable seed lots was similar. During the (slow) dehydration of fresh seeds, total glutathione, oligosaccharides and phospholipids accumulated, particularly in the initially more hydrated seeds. We interpret this accumulation as a post-maturation process associated with acquisition of the capability for long-term survival in the dry state. The mass ratio of oligosaccharides to sucrose was 0.19 on average in dehydrated neem seeds. The data suggest that the storage behaviour of neem seeds has features that characterize it as orthodox.