bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Liu Jiaye , Ni Yinyun , Yi Cheng , Fang Yiqiao , Ning Qingyang , Shen Bingbing , Zhang Kaixiang , Liu Yang , Yang Lin , Li Kewei , Liu Yong , Huang Rui , Li Zhihui 
Published: June 2024

ImportanceOverweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence is a global health issue associated with adverse outcomes throughout the life course.ObjectiveTo estimate worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents from 2000 to 2023 and to assess potential risk factors for and comorbidities of obesity.Data SourcesMEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane.Study SelectionThe inclusion criteria were: (1) studies provided adequate information, (2) diagnosis based on body mass index cutoffs proposed by accepted references, (3) studies performed on general population between January 2000 and March 2023, (4) participants were younger than 18 years.Data Extraction and SynthesisThe current study was performed in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with Free-Tukey double arcsine transformation was used for data analysis. Sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and subgroup analysis of obesity among children and adolescents were conducted.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents assessed by World Health Organization, International Obesity Task Force, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or other national references.ResultsA total of 2033 studies from 154 different countries or regions involving 45 890 555 individuals were included. The overall prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents was 8.5% (95% CI 8.2-8.8). We found that the prevalence varied across countries, ranging from 0.4% (Vanuatu) to 28.4% (Puerto Rico). Higher prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents was reported in countries with Human Development Index scores of 0.8 or greater and high-income countries or regions. Compared to 2000 to 2011, a 1.5-fold increase in the prevalence of obesity was observed in 2012 to 2023. Substantial differences in rates of obesity were noted when stratified by 11 risk factors. Children and adolescents with obesity had a high risk of depression and hypertension. The pooled estimates of overweight and excess weight in children and adolescents were 14.8% (95% CI 14.5-15.1) and 22.2% (95% CI 21.6-22.8), respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study’s findings indicated 1 of 5 children or adolescents experienced excess weight and that rates of excess weight varied by regional income and Human Development Index. Excess weight among children and adolescents was associated with a mix of inherent, behavioral, environmental, and sociocultural influences that need the attention and committed intervention of primary care professionals, clinicians, health authorities, and the general public.
Adaptive fuzzy fixed‐time tracking control of nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics
Authors: Ai Ze , Wang Huanqing , Shen Haikuo 
Published: June 2024

SummaryThe problem of adaptive fuzzy fixed‐time tracking control based on a category of nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics and dynamic disturbances is investigated in this article. By introducing the novel fixed‐time dynamic signal, the unmodeled dynamics can be disposed of. On the basis of the fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) and adaptive backstepping technology, the disposing difficulty of the unknown nonlinear portions is reduced. Then, all signals in the closed‐loop system are ensured to be bounded under the fixed‐time Lyapunov stability theory. Simultaneously, the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. Eventually, simulation consequences reveal the validity of the presented control method.
Tough and Ductile Architected Nacre‐Like Cementitious Composites
Authors: Gupta Shashank , Esmaeeli Hadi S. , Moini Reza 
Published: June 2024

AbstractEnhancing fracture toughness and ductility of brittle materials such as concrete remains a challenge. Nature offers numerous mechanisms to enhance fracture toughness using purposeful designs of materials’ architecture. Natural nacre exhibits high fracture toughness by promoting inelastic deformation and hierarchical toughening mechanisms. Here, “nacre‐like‐separated” and “nacre‐like‐grooved” cementitious composites inspired by brick‐and‐mortar arrangement of mollusk shells are proposed. These nacre‐like composites are engineered by laser processing cement paste into individual tablets and grooved patterns (as intentional defects) and laminating them with limited amounts of suitable elastomeric (polyvinyl siloxane) interlayers. It is found that interlayer deformation, tortuous crack propagation guided by the defects, and crack bridging are the main toughening mechanisms in these composites that lead to rising resistance curves. The study hypothesizes tablet sliding as an additional toughening mechanism in “nacre‐like‐separated”, preventing tablet failure and leading to the postponed onset of bulk composite failure. These mechanisms significantly enhance both fracture toughness and ductility by 17.1 and 19 folds, compared to constituent hardened cement paste, respectively. By engineering laser‐induced defects into tabulated cementitious‐elastomeric material at meso‐scale, a class of tough and ductile cementitious composites is introduced, resulting in significantly high fracture toughness values (73.68 MPa.mm1/2), comparable to Ultra‐high‐performance‐concrete without sacrificing the strength.
Water Confinement in Nitrogen‐Rich Nanoporous Carbon Materials Revealed by In Situ Scanning Transmission X‐Ray Microscopy
Authors: Wu Bin , Amargianou Faidra , Förster Jan‐David , Pöhlker Christopher , Rauch Thomas Guy , Wong Deniz , Schulz Christian , Seidel Robert , Weigand Markus , Oschatz Martin , Petit Tristan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe interaction between water molecules and surfaces in porous carbon‐based materials plays a significant role in various fields including but not limited to catalysis, gas sorption, or electrochemical energy storage and conversion. The incorporation of nitrogen enhances the hydrophilicity of typically rather nonpolar carbon‐based materials but the molecular understanding of water chemical configuration in such porous materials remains incomplete. Water adsorption on nitrogen‐containing nanoporous carbon surfaces is governed by a subtle balance between water–water and water–surface hydrogen bonding interactions, which together determine the water structures formed and their stability. In this work, in situ Scanning Transmission X‐ray microscopy performed on individual nanoporous carbon particles under a humid atmosphere is used to elucidate the interactions between nitrogen‐containing carbon surfaces and water molecules. The hydrogen bonding of water is found to be nonuniform within the particles and to depend on the nanopore size and the chemical bonding of nitrogen atoms. The nature of the nitrogen sites interacting with water is further characterized by resonance inelastic X‐ray Scattering and near ambient pressure X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. This study provides new perspectives on water interaction when confined in nanoporous nitrogen‐rich carbons.
Core@Shell Heterostructured NiMoPx@Ni5P4 Nanorod Arrays Promoting Direct Electro‐Oxidation of Methanol and Hydrogen Evolution under Industry Conditions
Authors: Zhu Botao , Xiong Jie , Wu Shuo , You Kaixuan , Sun Bin , Liu Yixiang , Chen Muzi , Jin Peng , Feng Lai 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMethanol‐electrooxidation‐reaction (MOR) to value‐added formate is a promising alternative to water oxidation for cost‐efficient hydrogen production. It is generally proposed that the MOR kinetics on Ni‐based catalysts are highly limited by the transition rate of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH. Yet, how to define the catalyst following the direct pathway without Ni2+/Ni3+ transition remains challenging. Herein, a core@shell heterostructured NiMoPx@Ni5P4 catalyst is developed to selectively promote the MOR at a large current density (> 500 mA cm−2). A series of operando spectroscopic studies reveal negligible formation of NiOOH with 1.0 m methanol in a wide potential range, where MOR is predominant. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the Ni‐P site of NiMoPx@Ni5P4 favors the adsorption of *CH3OH over *OH while the heterostructure contributes to the significantly reduced energy barrier of *OCH3 →*OCH2, hence promoting the MOR along a direct pathway without the formation of NiOOH. Moreover, further study suggests that the catalyst also performs well toward cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). As a result, an electrode pair of NiMoPx@Ni5P4//NiMoPx@Ni5P4 is employed to enable concurrent MOR/HER electrolysis at 1.81 V to yield formate/H2 with FEs of ca. 90/100% and long‐term (100‐h) sustainability at 500 mA cm−2 under the industrial conditions (6.0 m KOH, 65 °C).
Biomimetic Nano‐Regulator that Induces Cuproptosis and Lactate‐Depletion Mediated ROS Storm for Metalloimmunotherapy of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Xu Xiaotong , Li Huimin , Tong Binghua , Zhang Weijie , Wang Xiaofei , Wang Yue , Tian Geng , Xu Zhaowei , Zhang Guilong 
Published: June 2024

AbstractHerein, a ccRCC targeting nanodrug is designed to enhance chemodynamic therapy (CDT) as well as activate cuproptosis and tumor immunotherapy via ccRCC cell membrane modifying CuO@Gd2O3 yolk‐like particles (CGYL) loaded with lactate oxidase (LOx) (mCGYL‐LOx). Benefiting from the homologous targeting effect of Renca cell membranes, the mCGYS‐LOx can be effectively internalized by Renca cells, open the “gate”, and then release LOx and copper (Cu) ions. LOx can catalyze excessive lactate in Renca cells into H2O2, following that the produced H2O2 is further converted by Cu ions to the highly toxic ·OH, contributing to tumor CDT. Meanwhile, the excessive Cu ions effectively trigger tumor cuproptosis. These synergistic effects induce the release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activate immunogenic cell death (ICD), leading to DC maturation and infiltration of immune effector cells. Moreover, LOx‐mediated lactate consumption downregulates the expression of PD‐L1, crippling tumor immune escape. In addition, the mCGYL‐LOx improves T1‐weighted MRI signal, allowing for accurate diagnosis of ccRCC. This study demonstrates that the mCGYL‐LOx has great potential for improving therapy of ccRCC via the synergistic actions of CDT and cuproptosis as well as immunotherapy.
Chenodeoxycholic Acid‐Modified Polyethyleneimine Nano‐Composites Deliver Low‐Density Lipoprotein Receptor Genes for Lipid‐Lowering Therapy by Targeting the Liver
Authors: Guo Xiaotang , Xu Jiming , Lu Xiyuan , Zheng Xiaoyan , Chen Xi , Sun Zhenning , Shen Beilei , Tang Hao , Duan Yiman , Zhou Zhengwei , Feng Xu , Chen Yang , Wang Junjie , Pang Jing , Jiang Qin , Huang Bin , Gu Ning , Li Juxue 
Published: June 2024

AbstractLipid‐lowering drugs, especially statins, are extensively utilized in clinical settings for the prevention of hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, prolonged usage of current lipid‐lowering medications is associated with significant adverse reactions. Therefore, it is imperative to develop novel therapeutic agents for lipid‐lowering therapy. In this study, a chenodeoxycholic acid and lactobionic acid double‐modified polyethyleneimine (PDL) nanocomposite as a gene delivery vehicle for lipid‐lowering therapy by targeting the liver, are synthesized. Results from the in vitro experiments demonstrate that PDL exhibits superior transfection efficiency compared to polyethyleneimine in alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells and effectively carries plasmids. Moreover, PDL can be internalized by AML12 cells and rapidly escape lysosomal entrapment. Intravenous administration of cyanine5.5 (Cy5.5)‐conjugated PDL nanocomposites reveals their preferential accumulation in the liver compared to polyethyleneimine counterparts. Systemic delivery of low‐density lipoprotein receptor plasmid‐loaded PDL nanocomposites into mice leads to reduced levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and triglycerides (TC) in the bloodstream without any observed adverse effects on mouse health or well‐being. Collectively, these findings suggest that low‐density lipoprotein receptor plasmid‐loaded PDL nanocomposites hold promise as potential therapeutics for lipid‐lowering therapy.
Wintersweet‐like Nanohybrids of Titanium‐doped Cerium Vanadate Loaded with Polypyrrole for Tumor Theranostic
Authors: Lu Qianyun , Wang Xiaotong , Fan Xin , Lin Jinguo , Hu Jiayi , Duan Guangxin , Yu Huimin , Geng Zihan , Wang Xingang , Dai Hongliang , Liu Feng , Wen Ling , Geng Hongya 
Published: June 2024

AbstractCompromises between enhanced on‐targeting reactivity and precise real‐time monitoring in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are the main roadblocks for catalytic cancer therapy. The hallmark of a high level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and acidic extracellular environment of the hypoxia solid tumor can underpin therapeutic and tracking performance. Herein, this work provides an activatable wintersweet‐like nanohybrid consisting of titanium (Ti) doped cerium vanadate nanorods with the modification of polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles (CeVO4‐Ti@PPy) for combinatorial therapies of breast carcinoma. The Ti dopants in the size‐controllable CeVO4 nanorods lower the energy barrier (0.5 eV) of the rate‐determining steps and elaborate peroxidase‐like (POD‐like) activities to improve the generation of toxic hydroxyl radical (·OH) according to the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The multiple enzyme‐like activities, including the intrinsic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), achieve a record‐high therapeutic efficiency. Coupling this oxidative stress with the photothermal effects of PPy enables enhanced catalytic tumor necrosis. The exterior PPy heterogeneous structure can be further doped with protons in the local acidic environment to intensify photoacoustic signals, allowing the non‐invasive accurate tracking of tumors. The theranostic performance displayed negligible attenuated signals in near‐infrared (NIR) windows. This organic‐inorganic nanohybrid with a heterogeneous structure provides the potential to improve the overall outcomes of catalytic therapy.
A Review of Conductive Hydrogel‐Based Wearable Temperature Sensors
Authors: Mo Fan , Zhou Pengcheng , Lin Shihong , Zhong Junwen , Wang Yan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractConductive hydrogel has garnered significant attention as an emergent candidate for diverse wearable sensors, owing to its remarkable and tailorable properties such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and strong electrical conductivity. These attributes make it highly suitable for various wearable sensor applications (e.g., biophysical, bioelectrical, and biochemical sensors) that can monitor human health conditions and provide timely interventions. Among these applications, conductive hydrogel‐based wearable temperature sensors are especially important for healthcare and disease surveillance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of conductive hydrogel‐based wearable temperature sensors. First, this work summarizes different types of conductive fillers‐based hydrogel, highlighting their recent developments and advantages as wearable temperature sensors. Next, this work discusses the sensing characteristics of conductive hydrogel‐based wearable temperature sensors, focusing on sensitivity, dynamic stability, stretchability, and signal output. Then, state‐of‐the‐art applications are introduced, ranging from body temperature detection and wound temperature detection to disease monitoring. Finally, this work identifies the remaining challenges and prospects facing this field. By addressing these challenges with potential solutions, this review hopes to shed some light on future research and innovations in this promising field.
Universal Formation of Single Atoms from Molten Salt for Facilitating Selective CO2 Reduction
Authors: Hao Qi , Zhen Cheng , Tang Qi , Wang Jiazhi , Ma Peiyu , Wu Junxiu , Wang Tianyang , Liu Dongxue , Xie Linxuan , Liu Xiao , Gu M. Danny , Hoffmann Michael R. , Yu Gang , Liu Kai , Lu Jun 
Published: June 2024

AbstractClarifying the formation mechanism of single‐atom sites guides the design of emerging single‐atom catalysts (SACs) and facilitates the identification of the active sites at atomic scale. Herein, a molten‐salt atomization strategy is developed for synthesizing zinc (Zn) SACs with temperature universality from 400 to 1000/1100 °C and an evolved coordination from Zn‐N2Cl2 to Zn‐N4. The electrochemical tests and in situ attenuated total reflectance‐surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy confirm that the Zn‐N4 atomic sites are active for electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion to carbon monoxide (CO). In a strongly acidic medium (0.2 m K2SO4, pH = 1), the Zn SAC formed at 1000 °C (Zn1NC) containing Zn‐N4 sites enables highly selective CO2 electroreduction to CO, with nearly 100% selectivity toward CO product in a wide current density range of 100–600 mA cm−2. During a 50 h continuous electrolysis at the industrial current density of 200 mA cm−2, Zn1NC achieves Faradaic efficiencies greater than 95% for CO product. The work presents a temperature‐universal formation of single‐atom sites, which provides a novel platform for unraveling the active sites in Zn SACs for CO2 electroreduction and extends the synthesis of SACs with controllable coordination sites.
N‐Heterocyclic Olefins on a Metallic Surface – Adsorption, Orientation, and Electronic Influence
Authors: Landwehr Felix , Das Mowpriya , Tosoni Sergio , Navarro Juan J. , Das Ankita , Koy Maximilian , Heyde Markus , Pacchioni Gianfranco , Glorius Frank , Cuenya Beatriz Roldan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractN‐Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), possessing highly polarizable and remarkably electron‐rich double bonds, have been effectively utilized as exceptional anchors for surface modifications. Herein, the adsorption, orientation, and electronic properties of NHOs on a metal surface are investigated. On Cu(111), the sterically low‐demanding IMe‐NHO is compared to its analogous IMe‐NHC counterpart. High‐resolution electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (HREELS) measurements show for both molecules a flat‐lying ring adsorption configuration. While the NHC adopts a dimer configuration including a Cu adatom, the NHO chemisorbs over a C–Cu bond perpendicular to the surface. This distinct difference leads for the IMe‐NHOs to have a higher thermal stability on the surface. Moreover, IMe‐NHOs introduce a higher net electron transfer to the surface compared to the IMe‐NHCs, which results in a stronger effect on the work function. These results highlight the role of NHOs in surface science as they extend the functionalization capabilities of NHCs into stronger electronic modification.
Tunable Multicolor Emission and High Thermal Stability in Single‐Matrix Luminescent Crystals Based on Calcium Perovskites for Advanced Solid‐State Lighting Applications
Authors: Wang Hu , Pan Yuexiao , Ding Yihong , Lian Hongzhou , Lin Jun , Li Liyi 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe development of environmentally friendly full‐inorganic luminescent materials with tunable emission properties and exceptional thermal stability is of paramount importance for applications in optoelectronic devices, solid‐state lighting, and anti‐counterfeiting technologies. In this study, a novel luminescent crystal based on calcium perovskites Cs2CaCl4·2H2O (CCCH) are explored using a hydrothermal method. Simultaneous co‐doping of CCCH with Sn2+ and Mn2+ yields the s‐p transition‐induced cyan light from Sn2+ and d‐d transition‐induced yellow light from Mn2+. It demonstrates effective energy transfer from self‐trapped exciton (STE) of matrix CCCH and s‐p transition of Sn2+ to Mn2+, synergizing composite white lights with tunable colors. Furthermore, the incorporation of Sn2+ into CCCH introduces a red shift from blue to cyan emission with a remarkable enhancement in luminescent intensity by a factor of 12 times. The crystal orbital Hamiltonian populations (─COHP) calculations revealed the crucial role of Mn2+ in lattice stability, as evidenced by the decomposition temperature exceeding 305 °C for CCCH:Sn2+,Mn2+ whereas 210 °C for undoped CCCH matrix. This research provides a comprehensive investigation of the luminescent properties of CCCH:Sn2+,Mn2+ crystal, holding significant promise for practical technological advancements in lighting and anti‐counterfeiting technologies.
1D Topological Interface States for Improving Optical Sensors
Authors: Lindenthal Jakob , Widulla Anton , Klembt Sebastian , Benduhn Johannes , Leo Karl 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe field of compact optical microcavities has received significant research in the past decades, and a broad range of cavity‐based micromechanical sensors has been demonstrated. The present approach replaces the frequently employed, complex etched cantilever and membrane structures with a simple thin‐film system based on a compressible photonic microcavity to achieve pressure‐sensitive wavelength shifting of resonant modes. The effects of a topological dielectric mirror architecture on the light propagation in the system are extensively investigated. Topologically improved light‐matter interaction is experimentally demonstrated for systems where thin‐film devices are mounted on one side of the photonic cavity due to mechanical constraints. Coupled topological states are examined under the aspect of mode splitting and exhibit advantageous splitting tunability compared to non‐topological systems. The findings are complemented by the proposal of a simple spectral evaluation method allowing significant improvement in the precision of integrated Fabry‐Pérot sensors. The readout concept of the presented sensor allows a scalable improvement of the measurement precision by evaluating the resonant‐mode order in the deformable cavity. The experimental results and conceptual advancements provide pathways for significant improvements addressing the efficiency of light‐matter interaction in Fabry‐Pérot cavities and the readout precision of sensors incorporating thin‐film photodiodes in multimode photonic cavities.
A Photothermal/Catalytic Integrated Solar Evaporator for Stable Purification of High‐Concentration Dye Sewage
Authors: Zhang Aozhe , Kong Weiqian , Guo Ziyi , Wang Zubin , Xu Qun 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSolar evaporators have demonstrated huge potential in sewage purification and clean water supply based on their cost‐effective and sustainable merits. However, it remains challenging to realize the stable purification of high‐concentration dye sewage over the long term. Here, by incorporating a heterojunction photocatalyst, a photothermal/catalytic integrated solar evaporator is conceived to stabilize the purification of high‐concentration dye sewage. It is composed of g‐C3N4@TiO2 heterojunction as the photocatalyst, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the photothermal materials, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) network as water transportation material. The high photocatalytic activity of heterojunction enables the g‐C3N4@TiO2/CNTs/PVA (CTCP) evaporator to photodegrade the accumulated dye molecules on its evaporation surface under light irradiation during purifying dye sewage. More remarkably, the integrated CTCP evaporator achieves a stable evaporation rate of 2.30 kg m−2 h−1 in 1 mg mL−1 RhB solution with continuous light irradiation for 100 h, exhibiting preeminent long‐term stability. With the capacities of long‐term stable and high‐rate purification of high‐concentration dye sewage, it is expected that this CTCP evaporator provides an effective alternative to treat high‐concentration dye sewage and has direct implications in engineering multifunctional solar evaporators for complex wastewater treatment.