bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete Hydrodechlorination of DDT and Its Derivatives Using a Hydroxyapatite-supported Pd Nanoparticle Catalyst
Authors: Hashimoto Norifumi , Hara Takayoshi , Shimazu Shogo , Takahashi Yusuke , Mitsudome Takato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Complete hydrodechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its derivatives 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (DDE) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) was achieved using a hydroxyapatite-supported Pd nanoparticle catalyst (Pd0HAP) in the presence of molecular hydrogen under mild reaction conditions. The catalytic activity of Pd0HAP was significantly higher than those of previously reported Pd catalysts.
Budding and Fission of Cationic Binary Lipid Vesicles Induced by the Incorporation of Pyranine
Authors: Wang Zhonghua , Yasuhara Kazuma , Ito Hiroshi , Mukai Masaru , Kikuchi Jun-ichi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Pyranine, a multivalent anionic fluorescent dye, triggered the budding and production of small vesicles from giant vesicles that consisted of zwitterionic and cationic lipids. Calorimetric analysis and microscopic observations revealed that the binding of pyranine induced domain formations of the lipid bilayer followed by membrane fission.
Photoinduced Particle Size Change of Core–Shell Polymeric Micelle Containing Spirobenzopyran in Its Inner Core
Authors: Arisaka Yoshinori , Tamura Atsushi , Uchida Katsumi , Yajima Hirofumi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers comprising poly(methyl methacrylate-co-spirobenzopyran methacrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol) were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization to develop a new photoresponsive drug carrier. The diblock copolymers formed core–shell polymeric micelles with photoresponsive inner cores. Spirobenzopyran in the core was isomerized to the merocyanine form by UV irradiation, which resulted in reduction of the micellar size without decrease in the association number. This inferred that the strongly intermolecular interactions between merocyanine residues caused the conformational change of the core segments, following reduction of the micellar size.
Effects of Removing Residual Chlorine on the Hydrogenation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons over Supported Ru Catalysts
Authors: Nakamura Takashi , Ohshima Masa-aki , Kurokawa Hideki , Miura Hiroshi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Hydrogenation activity of aromatic hydrocarbons was remarkably increased when the residual chlorine on Ru/Al2O3 and Ru/SiO2 was removed by washing. On the basis of FT-IR spectra in the CO region, a site active for hydrogenation reactions was created by removal of the residual chlorine.
Synthesis of Substituted Stilbenes via Direct Decarboxylative Coupling of Cinnamic Acids with Arylboronic Acids under Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Yamashita Mana , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Readily available cinnamic acids possessing a hydroxy group including ferulic acid efficiently undergo direct decarboxylative arylation under palladium catalysis to form hydroxylated stilbenes. The reaction of related acids is also described.
Exploring the link between reading fiction and empathy: Ruling out individual differences and examining outcomes
Authors: Mar Raymond A. , Oatley Keith , Peterson Jordan B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Readers of fiction tend to have better abilities of empathy and theory of mind (Mar et al., Journal of Personality 74: 1047–1078, 2006). We present a study designed to replicate this finding, rule out one possible explanation, and extend the assessment of social outcomes. In order to rule out the role of personality, we first identified Openness as the most consistent correlate. This trait was then statistically controlled for, along with two other important individual differences: the tendency to be drawn into stories and gender. Even after accounting for these variables, fiction exposure still predicted performance on an empathy task. Extending these results, we also found that exposure to fiction was positively correlated with social support. Exposure to nonfiction, in contrast, was associated with loneliness, and negatively related to social support.
Reality TV as a moral laboratory: A dramaturgical analysis of The Golden Cage
Authors: Krijnen Tonny , Tan Ed 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Public debates on reality television often address the display of emotion and immoral conduct. Television scholars have recently proposed that while reality television offers its audience an opportunity to learn valuable lessons, they rarely address the issue of the morality of the genre. In this contribution, we analyze the display of emotion and immoral conduct in the Dutch reality show The Golden Cage. Reality television is viewed as constituting a ‘moral laboratory’. The question guiding our research revolved around the kind of exercise this moral laboratory provides for. A dramaturgical study of the display of actions and emotions as part of participant “projects” (Beckerman, Dynamics of drama: Theory and method of analysis, Drama Book Specialists, 1979) was used to answer this question. Results indicate that moral issues and emotions were continuously at stake, and immoral conduct appeared to be coupled with pleasurable emotions. It is concluded that the laboratory of The Golden Cage is at least equally suited for exercising autonomy and identity performance under competitive pressure as it is for the simulation of moral conflicts.
Density and habitat use at different spatial scales of a guanaco population (Lama guanicoe) in the Monte desert of Argentina
Authors: Acebes Pablo , Traba Juan , Malo Juan E. , Ovejero Ramiro , Borghi Carlos E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The first density estimates of a peripheral guanaco population and its habitat use at different spatial scales are presented for a protected area of Monte desert, Argentina. Transects were surveyed in the wet and dry seasons of 2005. All guanaco herds observed during systematic surveys using roads and tracks were GPS located and their habitat use was identified. Herd size differed significantly between the dry and wet seasons. Population densities differed between wet (0.10–0.12 individuals/km2) and dry seasons (0.60–0.75 individuals/km2). The population estimates ranged from 75 individuals (dry season) to 388 individuals (wet season). Guanacos showed differential habitat use, the first determinant being abiotic factors, such as topography, soil characteristics or microclimate conditions, animals being detected in rougher rocky substrata in the dry season and in open flat terrain in the wet season, followed by a mesoscale selection defined by plant communities. At the latter scale, guanaco preferentially used mixed creosote bushland and saltbush more intensively during the wet season, and open scrub and columnar-cactus slopes in the dry season. The estimated population of this protected area was small but its population density was within the range of other populations and was relatively high for this dry and unproductive area.
The fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) of the Lesio-Louna Reserve, Bateke Plateau, Republic of Congo
Authors: King Tony , Dallimer Martin 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
We present the results of the first survey of the fruit bats of the Lesio-Louna Reserve in the Republic of Congo, an area representative of the larger Bateke Plateau region of the country. Mist-netting was conducted in 2002 during four seasonal sampling periods: late wet season, early dry season, late dry season and early wet season. Five species were recorded. Two were frequently trapped, Micropteropus pusillus (n=102 individuals) and Epomops franqueti (n=57). The remaining three were captured only occasionally, Myonycteris torquata (n=5), Hypsignathus monstrosus (n=2) and Megaloglossus woermanni (n=2). In agreement with studies of other fauna, our results confirm that the Bateke Plateau supports species associated with both forest and savanna habitats. However, species typical of forested habitats were also netted in forest edge and neighbouring savanna, suggesting that these species utilise surrounding habitat within the forest-savanna mosaic characteristic of the study area. We found statistically significant seasonal variation in juvenile body mass and forearm length in E. franqueti and in adult female nipple length in M. pusillus, suggesting breeding seasonality in both these species in the reserve.
Transcutaneous Bilirubin Levels for the First 120 Postnatal Hours in Healthy Neonates
Authors: Fouzas Sotirios , Mantagou Lito , Skylogianni Eleni , Mantagos Stefanos , Varvarigou Anastasia 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to provide data on transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) levels for the first 120 postnatal hours and to develop an hour-specific TcB nomogram for healthy term and near-term neonates.
METHODS: From September 2005 to August 2008, we obtained 14864 TcB measurements from 2818 healthy neonates (gestational age ≥ 35 weeks and birth weight ≥ 2000 g). All measurements were performed with the BiliCheck bilirubinometer, at designated times from 12 to 120 postnatal hours. TcB percentiles for each designated time were calculated and used for the development of an hour-specific nomogram. TcB percentiles for neonates who required phototherapy are also presented.
RESULTS: The developed TcB nomogram reflects the natural history of TcB levels in healthy neonates up to the fifth postnatal day. A different pattern of TcB increasing rate was noted in neonates who did and did not require phototherapy but with substantial overlap of TcB values between the 2 groups.
CONCLUSIONS: We provide data on TcB levels for the first 120 postnatal hours from a large population of white, healthy, term and near-term neonates. We also present a percentile-based TcB nomogram designated for noninvasive and hour-specific evaluation of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
Slower Reaction Times and Impaired Learning in Young Adults With Birth Weight &lt;1500 g
Authors: Strang-Karlsson Sonja , Andersson Sture , Paile-Hyvärinen Maria , Darby David , Hovi Petteri , Räikkönen Katri , Pesonen Anu-Katriina , Heinonen Kati , Järvenpää Anna-Liisa , Eriksson Johan G. , MD Eero Kajantie 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: Children with very low birth weight (VLBW; &lt;1500 g) perform worse on cognitive tests than do children who are born at term. Whether this difference persists into adulthood has been little studied. We assessed core neurocognitive abilities (processing speed, working memory, attention, and learning capacity) in young adults with VLBW and in term-born control subjects.
METHODS: In conjunction with the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults, 147 VLBW and 171 control subjects who were aged 18 to 27 years and did not have neurosensory impairments performed a computerized test battery (CogState Ltd, Melbourne, Australia). T tests and linear regression models were used. Cohen's d was used to express effect size (ES).
RESULTS: VLBW adults had slower reaction times than did control subjects on all 5 tasks: simple reaction time (mean difference: 4.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1%–7.0%]; ES: 0.30), choice reaction time (mean difference: 3.2% [95% CI: 0.3%–6.2%]; ES: 0.24), working memory (mean difference: 8.4% [95% CI: 3.7%–13.4%]; ES: 0.40), divided attention (mean difference: 7.2% [95% CI: 2.7%–11.9%]; ES: 0.36), and associated learning reaction time (mean difference: 6.4% [95% CI: 1.3%–11.9%]; ES: 0.28). In addition, VLBW adults showed impaired learning abilities on the associated learning task (percentage of correct responses: 85.7 vs 80.2; P &lt; .001; ES: 0.64). The results were little affected by adjustment for confounders.
CONCLUSIONS: Nonimpaired VLBW individuals exhibited slower psychomotor speed and lower accuracy on the associated learning task. These results indicate that very preterm birth, even when obvious neurosensory deficits are absent, may have long-term consequences on core neurocognitive abilities.
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Assays for a Bacterial Thiaminase I Gene and the Thiaminase-Producing Bacterium Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus
Authors: Richter Catherine A. , Wright-Osment Maureen K. , Zajicek James L. , Honeyfield Dale C. , Tillitt Donald E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The thiaminase I enzyme produced by the gram-positive bacterium Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus isolated from the viscera of Lake Michigan alewives Alosa pseudoharengus is currently the only defined source of the thiaminase activity linked to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in early mortality syndrome (EMS) in the larvae of Great Lakes salmonines. Diets of alewife or isolated strains of P. thiaminolyticus mixed in a semipurified diet and fed to lake trout Salvelinus namaycush have been shown to produce EMS in fry. We utilized quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) to aid in studies of the sources of P. thiaminolyticus and thiaminase I. Quantitative PCR assays were established to detect the thiaminase I gene of P. thiaminolyticus, the 16S rRNA gene from most species of bacteria, and the 16S rRNA gene specifically from P. thiaminolyticus and a few closely related taxa. The Q-PCR assays are linear over at least six orders of magnitude and can detect the thiaminase I gene of P. thiaminolyticus from as few as 1,000 P. thiaminolyticus cells/g of sample or the Paenibacillus 16S rRNA gene from as few as 100 P. thiaminolyticus cells/g of sample. The initial results from alewife viscera samples with high thiaminase activity yielded unexpectedly low densities of P. thiaminolyticus cells; Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus was detectable in 2 of 6 alewife viscera tested at densities on the order of 100 cells/g out of 100,000,000 total bacterial cells/g. The low numbers of P. thiaminolyticus detected suggest that alewives contain additional non–P. thiaminolyticus sources of thiaminase activity.
Linking Egg Thiamine and Fatty Acid Concentrations of Lake Michigan Lake Trout with Early Life Stage Mortality
Authors: Czesny Sergiusz , Dettmers John M. , Rinchard Jacques , Dabrowski Konrad 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The natural reproduction of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Michigan is thought to be compromised by nutritional deficiency associated with inadequate levels of thiamine (vitamin B1) in their eggs. However, mortality driven by thiamine deficiency (commonly referred to as early mortality syndrome (EMS)) is not the only significant cause of low lake trout survival at early life stages. In this study, we sought to better understand the combined effects of variable levels of thiamine and fatty acids in lake trout eggs on prehatch, posthatch, and swim-up-stage mortality. We sampled the eggs of 29 lake trout females from southwestern Lake Michigan. The concentrations of free thiamine and its vitamers (e.g., thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)) as well as fatty acid profiles were determined in sampled eggs. Fertilized eggs and embryos were monitored through the advanced swim-up stage (1,000 degree-days). Three distinct periods of mortality were identified: prehatch (0–400 degree-days), immediately posthatch (401–600 degree-days), and swim-up (601–1,000 degree-days). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed (1) that cis-7-hexadecenoic acid in both neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) correlated with prehatch mortality, (2) that docosapentaenoic acid in PL and docosahexaenoic acid in NL correlated with posthatch mortality, and (3) that total lipids, TPP, and palmitoleic acid in NL, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid in PL correlated with the frequency of EMS. These results indicate the complexity of early life stage mortality in lake trout and suggest that inadequate levels of key fatty acids in eggs, along with variable thiamine content, contribute to the low survival of lake trout progeny in Lake Michigan.
Gizzard Shad Thiaminase Activity and Its Effect on the Thiamine Status of Captive American Alligators Alligator mississippiensis
Authors: Ross J. Perran , Honeyfield Dale C. , Brown Scott B. , Brown Lisa R. , Waddle Amanda Rice , Welker Michael E. , Schoeb Trenton R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Adult mortality and low egg hatch rate were observed among American alligators Alligator mississippiensis in Lake Griffin, Florida, between 1998 and 2003. Previous studies show that the alligator mortality is due to neurological impairment associated with thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. This study determined the rate of thiaminase activity in gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, a fish often eaten by alligators, and examined the thiamine status of captive adult alligators fed only gizzard shad. We found that the thiaminase activity of gizzard shad in Lake Griffin is 16,409 ± 2,121 pmol/g/min (mean ± 2SEs). This high rate of thiaminase activity was present in most months and across a wide range of shad sizes. Seven alligators were captured in the wild from Lake Griffin and Lake Woodruff, held in captivity, and fed gizzard shad. We monitored blood and muscle thiamine levels throughout the experiment and liver thiamine at the end. Over a period of 6–12 months, all of the alligators maintained weight but blood and muscle thiamine levels decreased to 25–50% of the original (healthy) values. Three animals with the greatest reduction in thiamine died, demonstrating mobility impairment and neural histopathology similar to those seen in wild alligators in Lake Griffin. Two alligators were fed shad for 10 months but then treated with thiamine. These animals showed a reduction in thiamine while eating shad, but treatment restored their thiamine levels to the initial values, which were comparable to those of normal wild Lake Griffin alligators. We demonstrated that thiamine deficiency can be induced by a diet of gizzard shad and cause neurological signs and death in alligators in captivity. We conclude that the thiaminase activity in gizzard shad is high enough to cause thiamine deficiency in wild alligators when shad are a major part of their diet.
Egg Fatty Acid Composition from Lake Trout Fed Two Lake Michigan Prey Fish Species
Authors: Honeyfield Dale C. , Fitzsimons John D. , Tillitt Donald E. , Brown Scott B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
We previously demonstrated that there were significant differences in the egg thiamine content in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush fed two Lake Michigan prey fish (alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and bloater Coregonus hoyi). Lake trout fed alewives produced eggs low in thiamine, but it was unknown whether the consumption of alewives affected other nutritionally important components. In this study we investigated the fatty acid composition of lake trout eggs when females were fed diets that resulted in different egg thiamine concentrations. For 2 years, adult lake trout were fed diets consisting of four combinations of captured alewives and bloaters (100% alewives; 65% alewives, 35% bloaters; 35% alewives, 65% bloaters; and 100% bloaters). The alewife fatty acid profile had higher concentrations of arachidonic acid and total omega-6 fatty acids than the bloater profile. The concentrations of four fatty acids (cis-13, 16-docosadienoic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids) were higher in bloaters than in alewives. Although six fatty acid components were higher in lake trout eggs in 2001 than in 2000 and eight fatty acids were lower, diet had no effect on any fatty acid concentration measured in lake trout eggs in this study. Based on these results, it appears that egg fatty acid concentrations differ between years but that the egg fatty acid profile does not reflect the alewife–bloater mix in the diet of adults. The essential fatty acid content of lake trout eggs from females fed alewives and bloaters appears to be physiologically regulated and adequate to meet the requirements of developing embryos.
The Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Steel Wires of Nepal in Different Environments
Authors: Bhattarai Jagadish 
Published: December 2009

The electrochemical behavior of carbon steel wires of Nepal is studied in 1 M HCl, 0.5 M NaCl and 1 M NaOH solutions at 25°C, open to air using immersion tests and electrochemical measurements. The corrosion rates of the carbon steel wires were found to be about 20-50 mm/y in acidic 1 M HCl and 0.1-0.2 mm/y in neutral 0.5 M NaCl. The corrosion rate of all the examined steel wires in alkaline 1 M NaOH solution (that is, 7 - 18 x 10-3 mm/y) was found nearly three orders of magnitude lower corrosion resistance than in 1 M HCl solution at 25°C, mostly due to an ennoblement of the open circuit potentials of the steel wires at passive potential regions (that is, -200 to 250 mV vs SCE) in 1 M NaOH solution. The steel wires seem to be very corrosion resistance materials in very alkaline environments like cement-based materials. Keywords: Carbon steel wire; Corrosion tests; Polarization measurement; HCl; NaCl and NaOH solutionsDOI: 10.3126/jncs.v24i0.2388Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 24, 2009 Page: 31-38
Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Paracetamol
Authors: Shrestha Buddha Ratna , Pradhananga Raja Ram 
Published: December 2009

Paracetamol with 1-napthol or resorcinol gave azodye and the concentration of paracetamol was investigated spectrophotometrically. The azodyes formed with both 1-napthol and resorcinol as coupling agents follow Lambert Beer's law in the range of 0 to 10 µgmL-1 of paracetamol. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity for azodye coupled with 1-napthol were found to be 1.68×104 Lmol-1cm-1 and 9.0 ngmL-1cm-2, respectively. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity for azodye coupled with resorcinol were found to be 2.86×104 Lmol-1cm-1 and 5.3 ngmL-1cm-2, respectively. Both coupling agents had been applied successfully in the analysis of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparation. The relative standard deviation for all five samples ranged from 2.2-6.4% at 95% confidence. The percentage recoveries were found to range from 97.8 to 103.4. Both methods used in the present study may be applied to the determination of trace amount of paracetamol in different clinical samples. Keyword: Paracetamol; Spectrophotometric; 1-napthol; Resorcinol DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v24i0.2389 Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 24, 2009 Page: 39-44