bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lupin allergy: a hidden killer in the home
Authors: Sanz M. L. , De Las Marinas M. D. , Fernández J. , Gamboa P. M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis review addresses the problem of lupin sensitization in the home environment. We summarize the data currently available on allergy to lupin, which has become, in recent years, a hidden killer in our homes. Since 2006, when lupin was included in European regulations as a food whose presence must be declared, the situation may have changed. Nevertheless, we must take into account the possibility of undeclared allergenic ingredients or the presence of ‘hidden’ allergens, given that contamination during food production processes may be a great risk for sensitized individuals. Furthermore, the United States, Japan, Australia and New Zealand still do not include lupin among the ingredients that must be listed on foodstuff labelling. Our responsibility is to educate the public so that they are aware of the danger and look for lupin in the labels of products that run the risk of containing it. Lupin allergy can manifest itself in isolation or in parallel to peanut allergy. Identification of the proteins causing possible cross‐reactivity is complicated, and new structural studies are needed. To date, it has not been possible to clearly identify the allergens responsible for isolated lupin sensitization in relation to parallel and/or cross‐sensitization between lupin and peanut. Most of the allergenic proteins of lupin are α‐ and β‐conglutins, with a lesser presence of γ‐ and δ‐conglutins. A β‐conglutin corresponding to Lup an 1, with a sequence similar to Ara h 1, has been identified as a major allergen of lupin in patients with allergy following lupin ingestion. Cite this as: M. L. Sanz, M. D. de las Marinas, J. Fernández and P. M. Gamboa, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1461–1466.
Oral and systemic administration of β-glucan protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced shock and organ injury in rats
Authors: Sandvik A , Wang Y Y , Morton H C , Aasen A O , Wang J E , Johansen F-E 
Published: August 2010

Summary
β-Glucans are glucose polymers with a variety of stimulatory effects on the immune system. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of prophylactic oral administration of soluble Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived β-1,3/1,6-glucan (SBG) on the outcome of experimental endotoxaemia and shock-associated organ injury. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with SBG orally (SBGpo, 20 mg/kg/day) for 14 days, subcutaneously (SBGsc, 2 mg/kg/day) for 3 days, or vehicle (placebo). Rats were anaesthetized and subjected to endotoxaemia by intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (6 mg/kg) or saline infusion (sham). We observed significant levels of plasma β-glucan in the SBGpo group (P &lt; 0·5), although the SBGsc group had levels approximately 40-fold higher despite a 10-fold lower dose. SBG prophylaxis caused enhanced blood pressure recovery following LPS-induced blood pressure collapse. Oral treatment with SBG attenuated the LPS-induced rise in plasma creatinine levels (P &lt; 0·05), indicating protection against renal injury. SBG also attenuated the plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (SBGpo, P &lt; 0·01; SBGsc, P &lt; 0·01), indicating protection against LPS-induced hepatic injury. A moderate increase in baseline interleukin (IL)-1β levels was observed in the SBGsc group (P &lt; 0·05). In the LPS-challenged rats, plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines was moderately reduced in both SBG-treated groups compared to placebo. SBG treatment, particularly oral administration, had a striking effect on the haemodynamics of LPS-treated rats, although only a minute fraction of the orally administered β-glucan translocated to the circulation. Enhanced organ perfusion may thus be responsible for the attenuated levels of indicators of kidney and liver injury seen in SBG-treated rats.
‘Danger’ effect of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL on human immature dendritic cells
Authors: Zaguri R , Verbovetski I , Atallah M , Trahtemberg U , Krispin A , Nahari E , Leitersdorf E , Mevorach D 
Published: August 2010

Summary
Dendritic cell (DC) maturation may accelerate autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, and may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis seen in these patients. The immune system responds to both exogenous and endogenous ‘dangerous’ signals that can induce dendritic cell maturation. We have found that autologous plasma contains danger signals that induce up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and co-stimulatory molecules in immature DCs (iDCs). The objective of this study was to determine whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and/or oxidized LDL (oxLDL) constitute danger signals, and to assess the effect of exposure to LDL and oxLDL following monocyte differentiation into iDCs in lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS). IDCs were generated in the presence of autologous plasma or LPDS. Expression of maturation and migration molecules was evaluated using flow cytometry, and morphology was assessed by light microscopy. Pro- or anti-apoptotic effect was determined using annexin V and propidium iodide binding. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells was evaluated using autologous plasma or LPDS. LDL and oxLDL were clearly able to slightly up-regulate levels of HLA-DR and co-stimulatory molecule CD86. High oxLDL concentrations (50–100 µg/ml) were associated with expression of additional maturation molecules. Moreover, iDCs that were prepared in LPDS showed partial maturation following exposure to LDL and oxLDL, and improved tolerogenic apoptotic cell uptake. This study suggests that oxLDL, and to some extent LDL, are at least partly responsible for the iDC ‘danger’ response induced by autologous plasma.
The chemokine network. II. On how polymorphisms and alternative splicing increase the number of molecular species and configure intricate patterns of disease susceptibility
Authors: Colobran R , Pujol-Borrell R , Armengol M P , Juan M 
Published: August 2010

Summary
In this second review on chemokines, we focus on the polymorphisms and alternative splicings and on their consequences in disease. Because chemokines are key mediators in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, autoimmune, vascular and neoplastic disorders, a large number of studies attempting to relate particular polymorphisms of chemokines to given diseases have already been conducted, sometimes with contradictory results. Reviewing the published data, it becomes evident that some chemokine genes that are polymorphic have alleles that are found repeatedly, associated with disease of different aetiologies but sharing some aspects of pathogenesis. Among CXC chemokines, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CXCL8 and CXCL12 genes stand out, as they have alleles associated with many diseases such as asthma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), respectively. Of CC chemokines, the stronger associations occur among alleles from SNPs in CCL2 and CCL5 genes and a number of inflammatory conditions. To understand how chemokines contribute to disease it is also necessary to take into account all the isoforms resulting from differential splicing. The first part of this review deals with polymorphisms and the second with the diversity of molecular species derived from each chemokine gene due to alternative splicing phenomena. The number of molecular species and the level of expression of each of them for every chemokine and for each functionally related group of chemokines reaches a complexity that requires new modelling algorithms akin to those proposed in systems biology approaches.
Amino sugars in fungal melanins and soil humic acids
Authors: COELHO R. R. R. , SACRAMENTO D. R. , LINHARES L. F. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryHumic acids from six Brazilian topsoils (three Latosols and three Podzols) and five soil fungal melanins were hydrolysed and the released amino sugars qualitatively and quantitatively determined by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography. Melanins were obtained from liquid culture media, synthesized with nitrate or asparagine as a source of N, of Stachybotrys atra, Aspergillus glaucus, Eurotium echinulatum and Hendersonula toruloidea. Glucosamine (48–60%), galactosamine (39–52%), and traces of mannosamine were detected in all humic acids. The total amino sugar content ranged from 1351 to 2287 mg kg−1. In the fungal melanins analysed, mostly glucosamine (80–99%) and trace to small amounts of galactosamine and mannosamine (<10%) were found in amounts ranging from 192 to 635 mg kg−1. The Occurrence of mannosamine in fungal melanins and fungal polysaccharides had not previously been found. The present study gives additional data to the theory that fungal melanins may play a role, as precursors, in the formation of soil organic matter.
Soil and human health: a review
Authors: OLIVER M. A. 
Published: August 2010

SummarySoil can affect human health in several ways leading either to specific diseases or to more general ill health. Some illnesses are caused by people's eating soil (geophagia), or by their inhaling it which can lead to malignancy if the soil contains asbestiform minerals; pathogens in the soil can lead to tetanus and infestations of hookworm, and particles may enter the body through abrasions and cause a form of elephantiasis. Radon from the soil is implicated in some cancers, and poorly drained soil has been linked recently with infant mortality. Most examples of ill health associated with the soil are caused by concentrations of elements in food or water that are either deficient or toxic. These elements include aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, fluorine, iodine, lead, selenium, thallium and zinc. Their concentrations might reflect the natural condition of the soil, or the effects of people's actions, such as pollution. In isolated subsistence communities that grow their own food, distinct relations between elements and the aetiology of diseases can be identified. Examples include Keshan disease caused by selenium deficiency, and itai‐itai disease caused by excess cadmium. Some of the relations between soil and health are uncertain and the causes putative, and they require further research to validate them. They include the association of heart disease with poor acid soil, as in the glaciated regions of northern Europe and the coastal plain of the eastern United States of America. Even for well‐defined relations it is evident that many are more complex than was originally thought, however, and greater understanding will require multidisciplinary investigation.
Field study on colloid transport using fluorescent microspheres
Authors: Burkhardt M. , Kasteel R. , Vanderborght J. , Vereecken H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryUnderstanding colloid movement through the vadose zone is important, because colloids may facilitate transport of some less mobile contaminants. Experimental evidence of colloid transport in the vadose zone, especially at the field scale, is rare. We developed and tested a method to detect and quantify local concentrations of fluorescent microspheres (MS) with a diameter of 1 μm in unsaturated soil based on fluorescent microscopy. The detection limit was 400 × 106 MS kg−1 field‐moist soil for an automated counting method, and 20 × 103 MS kg−1 for manual counting. To test the method in the field, we applied a 40‐mm pulse with an input concentration of 14.6 × 109 MS litre−1 on two plots during 6 hours, together with bromide (Br−) and the food dye Brilliant Blue (BB). The concentrations of MS were determined on horizontal cross‐sections by a randomly distributed sampling scheme, either directly after application or 90 days after application and a rainfall of 100 mm. Mass recoveries for the MS of 85 and 65% were acceptable in view of the field conditions. Even after infiltration of particle‐free water, the largest MS concentrations were measured at the soil’s surface, which pointed at physical retention mechanisms. An additional selective sampling of hydrologically active preferential flow pathways, guided by the dye infiltration patterns, revealed that the MS were transported to similar depths as BB, that is 0.80 m directly after irrigation and 1.7 m after 90 days. This implies that also a small fraction of the particulate tracers was rapidly transported to larger depths, regardless of their physico‐chemical properties.
Variation in reproductive potential and influence on Icelandic herring recruitment
Authors: ÓSKARSSON GUDMUNDUR J. , TAGGART CHRISTOPHER T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractExplaining recruitment variation in fish is essential for successful fishery management and is consequently under constant review, with an increasing focus on how maternal factors, relative to environmental influences, operate at the level of individual female spawners and extend from the spawning stock through to recruitment. We estimate total egg production (E) in Icelandic summer‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus) from 1963 through 1999 by using sequential population analyses (SPA) and their estimates of stock biomass and recruitment, various size and maturity metrics, and individual fecundity estimates that rely on total length and the condition of the spawners. Generalized linear models indicate that maternal effects are of significance in explaining SPA‐based recruitment‐at‐age‐3 (R). The best model explained 64% of the variation in R and incorporates E constrained to the repeat spawners (40%), the NAO winter index (18%) and ocean temperature (6%). The latter two represent the winter and spring periods subsequent to year‐class formation. Recruit spawner contributions to E were of no significance in explaining variation in R despite the fact that they could contribute as much as 55% of E when their contribution to E was consistently underestimated by a factor of ∼ 2, based only on their contribution to spawning stock biomass. We conclude that the spawning potential of the repeat spawners should replace total spawning stock biomass for determining recruitment potential in stock assessment. In addition to the incorporation of oceanographic factors, this would provided a more cautious and risk‐adverse approach.
Interannual variability of algal populations and their influence on lake metabolism
Authors: HEANEY S.I. , PARKER J.E. , BUTTERWICK C. , CLARKE K.J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

An input‐output phosphorus budget is given for Windermere and its two basins based on data available for the late 1980s. The annual areal total phosphorus loading for the whole lake was 1.04 g P m‐2 yr‐1 and for the North and South Basins were 1.08 and 1.70 g P m‐2 yr‐1, respectively. For the whole lake and its South Basin the values were similar to the upper range of critical loads calculated according to the equation of Vollenweider (1976) for the transition between oligotrophy and eutrophy while that for the North Basin (1.08 g P m‐2 yr‐1) was within this range of critical loadings but towards its lower end.
Changes in the quality of summer phytoplankton are described for Windermere, particularly its South Basin, between 1978 and 1989 in relation to the utilization of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) in the epilimnion, deoxygenarion of the hypolimnion and the ratio of epilimnetic volume to hypolimnetic volume, Ev/Hv The two basins of Windermere with values of Ev/Hv of 0.79 (South Basin) and 0.50 (North Basin) have contrasting conditions of summer deoxygenarion. The shallower South Basin shows marked interannual variability in the development of hypolimnetic anoxia. Years with large hypolimnetic anoxia during autumn are correlated with the production during summer of large populations of the poorly grazed blue‐green alga Oscillatoria bourrellyi and exhaustion of NO3‐N in the upper layers. During years when anoxia does not develop the summer phytoplankton consists of small easily grazed algae or larger ones subject to parasitic epidemics. The deeper North Basin never becomes anoxic even though it can contain similar sized populations of O. bourrellyi to the South Basin.
A possible explanation of the between basin and, for the South Basin, between year variation of utilization of NO3‐N and level of hypolimnetic deoxygenarion is that algal quality can determine lake metabolism dependent upon lake or basin morphology. Poorly grazed large forms such as O. bourrellyi act as sinks for NO3‐N. On sedimentation such populations act as a ‘short circuit’ mechanism descending into deeper layers in sufficient quantities to cause anoxia. Other species subject to crustacean or microbial grazing are mineralized in the epilimnion with little sedimentation to the deeper waters. Subsequent recycling of nitrogen as NH4‐N takes place in the upper layers or thermocline which is more readily taken up by subsequent production. The influence of such ‘short circuit’ mechanisms is reduced in deep lakes and exacerbated in shallow ones.
The success of species such as O. bourrellyi is dependent upon a sufficient inoculum, an adequate supply of nutrients and the depth of intermittent mixing. The importance of these factors in regulating presence and timing of summer populations is illustrated and discussed.
Growth of migrating and non‐migrating cryptophytes in thermally and chemically stratified experimental columns
Authors: OJALA A. , HEANEY S.I. , ARVOLA L. , BARBOSA F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Growth rates of migrating and non‐migrating populations of two strains of freshwater cryptophytes, CCAP 979/67 and 979/62, under different light and nutrient regimes were calculated from experiments conducted in laboratory columns which were thermally stratified. During the experiments, cellular carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbohydrate and protein were also analysed. The intention was that the populations would become either phosphorus‐ or nitrogen‐depleted following a period of growth.
In all experiments, populations of cryptophytes grew but growth appeared of short duration. In a phosphorus depletion experiment with Cryptomonas 979/67, there was a period of rapid growth starting on day 2 and finishing on day 8, during which the estimated growth rate was c. 0.9 div. day‐1. In a nitrogen depletion experiment, the period of rapid growth of C. 979/67 lasted only for 2–3 days with a growth rate of c. 0.85 div. day‐1.
In a phosphorus depletion experiment with C. 979/62, the onset of a period of rapid growth coincided with the commencement of diel vertical migration. The highest growth rate was estimated as c. 1.0 div. day‐1. In a nitrogen depletion experiment, C. 979/62 did not migrate and attained a growth rate of only 0.28 div. day‐1.
For C. 979/67 the highest observed growth rate was lower than the maximum potential growth rate of 1.38 div. day‐1 estimated in batch culture. For C. 979/62 the maximum growth rate in the column was similar to the maximum potential growth rate of 0.87 div. day‐1 in batch culture experiments.
The results suggest that some migrating cryptophytes under favourable conditions in stratified water columns can attain high growth rates supporting the hypothesis of Raven & Richardson (1984) that, based on cost‐benefit analysis, diel vertical migrations could increase the growth rate of flagellates. Such growth appears of short duration and its ecological importance still requires further verification.
Factors affecting akinete differentiation in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria)
Authors: MOORE DAVID , O'DONOHUE MARK , GARNETT CORINNE , CRITCHLEY CHRISTA , SHAW GLEN 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a potentially toxic freshwater cyanobacterium which can produce akinetes (reproductive spores) that on germinating can contribute to future populations. To further understand factors controlling the formation of these specialised cells, the effects of diurnal temperature fluctuations (magnitude and frequency), in combination with different light intensities and phosphorus concentrations were investigated under laboratory conditions.2. Akinete differentiation was affected by the frequency of temperature fluctuations. Maximum akinete concentrations were observed in cultures that experienced multiple diurnal temperature fluctuations.3. Akinete concentrations increased with increasing magnitude of temperature fluctuation. A maximum akinete concentration was achieved under multiple diurnal temperature fluctuations with a magnitude of 10 °C (25 °C to 15 °C).4. A fourfold increase in light intensity (25–100 μmol m−2 s−1) resulted in an approximate 14‐fold increase in akinete concentration.5. High filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP) concentrations (>70 μg L−1) in the medium, combined with a multiple diurnal temperature fluctuation of 10 °C, supported the development of the highest akinete concentration.
Selectivity and competitive interactions between two benthic invertebrate grazers (Asellus aquaticus and Potamopyrgus antipodarum): an experimental study using 13C‐ and 15N‐labelled diatoms
Authors: ABERLE N. , HILLEBRAND H. , GREY J. , WILTSHIRE K. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Tracer experiments with two diatoms labelled with 13C (Nitzschia palea) and 15N (Fragilaria crotonensis), were conducted to investigate feeding selectivity and interspecific competition between the grazers Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda, Crustacea) and Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Gastropoda). Conventional methods, such as cell counts and estimated biovolume, were used first to detect feeding preferences within the different grazer treatments.2. The results revealed a significant decline in algal biovolume in all grazer treatments and no indications of active selectivity were observed. In contrast to conventional methods, measurements based on isotope signatures showed strong differences in tracer uptake, thus indicating different degrees of assimilation and digestion by the two grazers.3. The selectivity index Q, which provides information on the uptake ratio of 13C to 15N, showed a significant time effect for both grazer species and a significant difference between single‐ and mixed‐grazer treatments for P. antipodarum. Thus, this technique enabled the direct quantification of the uptake by grazers and, therefore, served as an ideal tool for the detection of passive selectivity.4. Our results indicate a shift in feeding preferences related to between‐species competition and a potential divergence of trophic niches when species coexist.
Evaluation of perineurial differentiation in epithelioid sarcoma
Authors: Smith M E F , Awasthi R , O'Shaughnessy S , Fisher C 
Published: August 2010

Aims : To investigate the differentiation pattern of epithelioid sarcoma in terms of perineurial and endothelial differentiation, and its relationship to that of meningioma.Methods and results : Nine cases of epithelioid sarcoma and five cases of meningioma were studied in an immunohistochemical analysis of ‘perineurial’ antigens [GLUT‐1, claudin‐1, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and VE‐cadherin] and of ‘endothelial’ antigens not present on normal perineurium (CD34, CD31, Fli‐1). Both epithelioid sarcoma and meningioma showed frequent expression of the perineurial markers GLUT‐1, claudin‐1 and EMA. VE‐cadherin was identified in one of five meningiomas, and in the only case of epithelioid sarcoma in which suitably fixed material was available. CD34 was expressed by all epithelioid sarcomas studied but by none of the meningiomas. Fli‐1 was present in a substantial majority of epithelioid sarcomas and by all the meningiomas. CD31 was not detected in any epithelioid sarcoma or meningioma.Conclusions : The results were evaluated in the context of previous immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and genetic studies and suggest that epithelioid sarcoma may be a form of malignant perineurioma with a range of differentiation (epithelial features) akin to that seen in meningioma, reflecting the close relationship between perineurium and meningothelium.