bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governing the gap: Forging safe science through relational regulation
Authors: Huising Ruthanne , Silbey Susan S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDesigned to close the ubiquitous gap between law on the books and law in action, management systems locate the standard setting and implementation of regulation within the regulated organization itself. Despite efforts to more closely couple aspirations and performance, the gap re‐emerges because the exigencies of practical action exceed the capacity of system prescriptions to anticipate and contain them. Drawing on data from a six‐year ethnographic study of the creation and implementation of an environment, health, and safety management system, this article identifies relational regulation as the approach used by front‐line managers to govern the gap: keeping organizational activities within an acceptable range of variation close to regulatory specifications. We identify four practices – narrating the gap, inquiring without constraint, integrating pluralistic accounts, and crafting pragmatic accommodations – and three conditions under which actors may develop a sociological orientation to enact relational regulation. Overall, the article concludes that the mechanism for assuring compliance resides in the apprehension of relational interdependencies rather than the management system per se.
Cooperative hunting behavior, prey selectivity and prey handling by pack ice killer whales (Orcinus orca), type B, in Antarctic Peninsula waters
Authors: Pitman Robert L. , Durban John W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCurrently, there are three recognized ecotypes (or species) of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Antarctic waters, including type B, a putative prey specialist on seals, which we refer to as “pack ice killer whale” (PI killer whale). During January 2009, we spent a total of 75.4 h observing three different groups of PI killer whales hunting off the western Antarctic Peninsula. Observed prey taken included 16 seals and 1 Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis). Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) were taken almost exclusively (14/15 identified seal kills), despite the fact that they represented only 15% of 365 seals identified on ice floes; the whales entirely avoided taking crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga; 82% relative abundance) and leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx; 3%). Of the seals killed, the whales took 12/14 (86%) off ice floes using a cooperative wave‐washing behavior; they produced 120 waves during 22 separate attacks and successfully took 12/16 (75%) of the Weddell seals attacked. The mean number of waves produced per successful attack was 4.1 (range 1–10) and the mean attack duration was 30.4 min (range 15–62). Seal remains that we examined from one of the kills provided evidence of meticulous postmortem prey processing perhaps best termed “butchering.”
Assessing population parameters and trends of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis): An eight‐year mark‐recapture study
Authors: Cantor Mauricio , Wedekin Leonardo L. , Daura‐Jorge Fábio G. , Rossi‐Santos Marcos R. , Simões‐Lopes Paulo C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study represents the first attempt to study the population dynamics of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis), by evaluating a set of demographic parameters. The population of the Caravelas River estuary, eastern Brazil, was systematically monitored through a long‐term mark‐recapture experiment (2002–2009). Abundance estimates revealed a small population (57–124 dolphins), comprised of resident dolphins and individuals that temporarily leave or pass through the study area. Temporary emigration from the estuary to adjacencies (γ″= 0.33 ± 0.07 SE) and return rate (1 −γ′= 0 .67) were moderate and constant, indicating that some dolphins use larger areas. Survival rate (ϕ= 0.88 ± 0.07 SE) and abundance were constant throughout the study period. Power analysis showed that the current monitoring effort has high probability of detecting abrupt population declines (1 −β= 0.9). Although the monitoring is not yet sensitive to subtle population trends, sufficient time to identify them is feasible (additional 3 yr). Despite such apparent stability, this population, as many others, inhabits waters exposed to multiple human‐related threats. Open and closed population modeling applied to photo‐identification data provide a robust baseline for estimating several demographic parameters and can be applied to other populations to allow further comparisons. Such synergistic efforts will allow a reliable definition of conservation status of this species.
Discriminating plant species in a local temperate flora using the rbcL+matK DNA barcode
Authors: Burgess Kevin S. , Fazekas Aron J. , Kesanakurti Prasad R. , Graham Sean W. , Husband Brian C. , Newmaster Steven G. , Percy Diana M. , Hajibabaei Mehrdad , Barrett Spencer C. H. 
Published: March 2011

Summary 1. A major goal of DNA barcoding is to identify species in local floras and ecological communities. With the consensus of a two‐locus DNA barcode (rbcL+matK) by the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) Plant Working Group (2009), barcoding efforts have begun to focus on building the barcode library for land plants. 2. Here, we establish a barcoding database for a temperate flora of moderate taxonomic breadth at the Koffler Scientific Reserve, Ontario, Canada based on the rbcL+matK barcode. We evaluated the performance of this combination in comparison with three other potential supplementary regions (the coding region rpoC1 and two non‐coding intergenic spacers trnH‐psbA and atpF‐atpH). We examined these markers singly and in combination to evaluate their discriminatory power among 436 species in 269 genera of land plants. 3. Using high‐throughput techniques, we recovered a high‐quality sequence from at least one region for 98.2% of the 513 samples screened; 55% had complete coverage across all five gene regions. Sequencing success was highest for rbcL (91.4% of samples collected) and lowest for rpoC1 (74.5%). The two coding regions rbcL and matK provided a relatively high number of high‐quality bi‐directional sequences compared with the non‐coding intergenic spacers, and in combination were able to correctly identify 93.1% of the species sampled. Marginal increases in species resolution were obtained with the inclusion of the trnH‐psbA intergenic spacer (95.3%), or by using all five gene regions combined (97.3%). 4. There was a weak relation between the number of species per genus and identification success rate using rbcL+matK; 100% for monotypic genera (70.5% of the flora) and 83.6% for polytypic genera. Identification success using the rbcL+matK barcode was higher (100%) for gymnosperms, bryophytes, lycophytes and monilophytes (collectively representing 5% of the flora), compared with angiosperms (92.7%). 5. Our results indicate that the rbcL+matK barcode can provide an acceptably high rate of species resolution in the context of this and other local northern temperate floras. It does so in a cost‐effective manner, with relatively modest laboratory effort, and despite the presence of missing data from individual plastid regions in a subset of samples.
Quantifying the sensitivity of camera traps: an adapted distance sampling approach
Authors: Marcus Rowcliffe J. , Carbone Chris , Jansen Patrick A. , Kays Roland , Kranstauber Bart 
Published: March 2011

Summary1. Abundance estimation is a pervasive goal in ecology. The rate of detection by motion‐sensitive camera traps can, in principle, provide information on the abundance of many species of terrestrial vertebrates that are otherwise difficult to survey. The random encounter model (REM,Rowcliffeet al.2008) provides a means estimating abundance from camera trap rate but requires camera sensitivity to be quantified.2. Here, we develop a method to estimate the area effectively monitored by cameras, which is one of the most important codeterminants of detection rate. Our method borrows from distance sampling theory, applying detection function models to data on the position (distance and angle relative to the camera) where the animals are first detected. Testing the reliability of this approach through simulation, we find that bias depends on the effective detection angle assumed but was generally low at less than 5% for realistic angles typical of camera traps.3. We adapted standard detection functions to allow for the possibility of smaller animals passing beneath the field of view close to the camera, resulting in reduced detection probability within that zone. Using a further simulation to test this approach, we find that detection distance can be estimated with little or no bias if detection probability is certain for at least some distance from the camera.4. Applying this method to a 1‐year camera trapping data set from Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we show that effective detection distance is related strongly positively to species body mass and weakly negatively to species average speed of movement. There was also a strong seasonal effect, with shorter detection distance during the wet season. Effective detection angle is related more weakly to species body mass, and again strongly to season, with a wider angle in the wet season.5. This method represents an important step towards practical application of the REM, including abundance estimation for relatively small (<1 kg) species.
Aerodynamic and
Endwall Film-Cooling Investigations of a Gas Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane Applying
Temperature-Sensitive Paint
Authors: Kunze Martin , Vogeler Konrad , Brown Glenn , Prakash Chander , Landis Kenneth 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Endwall film-cooling investigations are conducted with a single row of fan-shaped holes in a low-speed, six-bladed linear cascade. The incidence of the inlet flow was changed between −5 deg and 40 deg to achieve higher loading conditions, which results in an intensification of the secondary flow and enhanced interaction with the injected coolant. The investigated profile is based on a near-hub section of the nozzle guide vane of a highly loaded gas turbine. The aerodynamic performance was investigated using pneumatic probes. The film-cooling effectiveness distribution is determined using the temperature-sensitive paint technique. Carbon dioxide was used as coolant to provide elevated density ratios of about 1.4. Although low thermal conductivity material is used for the endwall test plate, the measured temperature fields show influences of 3D-heat conduction inside the test plate. To measure film effectiveness and the heat transfer separately, an adiabatic test surface is needed. Therefore, the effects of heat conduction are modeled using the finite-element-method. With the resulting convective heat flux pattern derived from the computations, the endwall film-cooling measurements are corrected. Furthermore, this approach is applied to evaluate the heat loss inside the holes and the film discharge temperature at the hole exit.
Comparison of Polymyxin B, Tigecycline, Cefepime, and Meropenem MICs for KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae by Broth Microdilution, Vitek 2, and Etest
Authors: Lat Asma , Clock Sarah A. , Wu Fann , Whittier Susan , Della-Latta Phyllis , Fauntleroy Kathy , Jenkins Stephen G. , Saiman Lisa , Kubin Christine J. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

We report MIC agreement and error rates between broth microdilution (BMD), Vitek 2, and Etest against 48 clinical KPC-producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates for polymyxin B, tigecycline, cefepime, and meropenem. Both commercial testing methods were useful for tigecycline testing; Etest provided a conservative estimate of polymyxin B susceptibility. We suggest that laboratories consider the supplemental use of reference BMD or Etest for cefepime and meropenem for susceptibility testing of KPC-producing
K. pneumoniae
, as Vitek 2 did not provide reliable results.
Emergency department injury surveillance and aetiological research: bridging the gap with the two-stage case–control study design
Authors: Hagel Brent E 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo provide an overview of the two-stage case–control study design and its potential application to ED injury surveillance data and to apply this approach to published ED data on the relation between brain injury and bicycle helmet use.MethodsRelevant background is presented on injury aetiology and case–control methodology with extension to the two-stage case–control design in the context of ED injury surveillance. The design is then applied to data from a published case–control study of the relation between brain injury and bicycle helmet use with motor vehicle involvement considered as a potential confounder. Taking into account the additional sampling at the second stage, the adjusted and corrected odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the brain injury–helmet use relation is presented and compared with the estimate from the entire original dataset. Contexts where the two-stage case–control study design might be most appropriately applied to ED injury surveillance data are suggested.ResultsThe adjusted odds ratio for the relation between brain injury and bicycle helmet use based on all data (n=2833) from the original study was 0.34 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.46) compared with an estimate from a two-stage case–control design of 0.35 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.48) using only a fraction of the original subjects (n=480).ConclusionApplication of the two-stage case–control study design to ED injury surveillance data has the potential to dramatically reduce study time and resource costs with acceptable losses in statistical efficiency.
Mural destabilization after aneurysm treatment with a flow-diverting device: a report of two cases
Authors: Hampton Timothy , Walsh Donal , Tolias Christos , Fiorella David 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundFlow-diverting stents have demonstrated great promise for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms; however, clinical experience with the devices remains very preliminary. We present two cases of spontaneous delayed complications—one fatal aneurysm rupture and one symptomatic increase in aneurysm volume—following the treatment of intradural aneurysms with the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED).Presentation/interventionTwo patients with unruptured, intradural aneurysms of the carotid artery underwent uneventful treatment with the PED (eV3, Irvine, California, USA). One patient, with a giant aneurysm of the carotid terminus, experienced worsening headache 5 days after the procedure and ultimately collapsed and became unresponsive. CT of the head demonstrated acute subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage. The patient died the following day. A second patient with a large left posterior communicating artery aneurysm presented with progressive memory loss 3 months after PED reconstruction of the carotid artery. Although serial CT angiograms showed progressive thrombosis of the aneurysm to near-complete occlusion, MR of the brain demonstrated marked interval growth of the collective aneurysm–intra-aneurysmal thrombus mass with extensive edema throughout the adjacent left temporal lobe.ConclusionsFlow-diverting devices have demonstrated tremendous promise for the treatment of complex, unruptured cerebral aneurysms. However, experience with this novel approach to aneurysm treatment is preliminary and the consequences of its application within the cerebrovasculature remain incompletely defined. Mural destabilization resulting in delayed, spontaneous, aneurysm growth and/or rupture may occur in the days to weeks following the application of flow-diverting devices to treat previously unruptured intracranial aneurysms. A better understanding of the incidence and etiology of these complications is essential for this technology to be optimally applied.
Microsurgical and endovascular management of pericallosal aneurysms
Authors: Hui Ferdinand K , Schuette Albert J , Moskowitz Shaye I , Spiotta Alejandro M , Lieber Michael L , Rasmussen Peter A , Dion Jacques E , Barrow Daniel L , Cawley C Michael 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundPericallosal, or A2 bifurcation, aneurysms are an infrequently encountered cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). While the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial showed improved outcomes for patients with any ruptured anterior circulation aneurysm treated with embolization, there was also a higher recurrence rate for embolized aneurysms. Notably, there were relatively few pericallosal aneurysms.ObjectiveSpecific analysis of pericallosal aneurysms may help guide therapeutic decisions.MethodsRetrospective analysis of patients who presented with proven saccular pericallosal aneurysms was performed at two institutions from 1999 to 2009. Patients were stratified according to presentation Hunt and Hess grades and modified Fisher scores, treatment modality and outcomes as well as development of vasospasm, hydrocephalus and required treatment.ResultsEighty-eight patients with pericallosal aneurysms were identified. Sixty-two presented with SAH and 26 in elective fashion, 2 of whom had a prior history of SAH. Fifty-four patients underwent microsurgical repair and 32 endovascular repair. Patients presenting with SAH due to pericallosal aneurysm treated with an endovascular approach were more likely to have a good modified Rankin scale (mRS) (mRS 0–2 vs 3–6) (p=0.028), to make a complete recovery (mRS=0) (p=0.017) and were less likely to die (mRS=6) (p=0.026). Patients with electively treated pericallosal aneurysms did not have statistically significant differences in outcome between surgical and endovascular cohorts. Differences in secondary endpoints did not reach significance.ConclusionPatients with ruptured pericallosal aneurysms fare better with endovascular therapy, with better chance of complete recovery. Surgical and endovascular treatments of unruptured pericallosal aneurysms have similar results and outcome.
Rates and components of carbon turnover in fish muscle: insights from bioenergetics models and a whole-lake 13C addition
Authors: Weidel Brian C. , Carpenter Stephen R. , Kitchell James F. , Vander Zanden M. Jake 
Published: March 2011

Stable isotopes are widely employed to describe energy flow in aquatic communities, though interpretation of results can be confounded by the fact that organisms integrate over vastly different time scales. We used results from a 56-day whole-lake 13C addition and a bioenergetic modeling approach to estimate dorsal muscle carbon turnover rates in a natural setting for three sizes of bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ), largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), and yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ). Generally, dynamic δ13C models with a metabolic tissue replacement term were better supported than models predicting isotopic change from growth alone, except when relative growth rates were highest (age 0 bluegill). Across species and size classes, the percentage of carbon change due to tissue replacement was variable (2%–80%) and independent of fish size. The half-life of δ13C in age 0 fishes was similar and ranged from 8 to 18 days. In contrast, adult tissue half-lives were much longer (116–173 days). Based on these and previously published estimates, fish mass (g) was a strong predictor of fish carbon turnover rates, λ: log(λ) = –3.65 – 0.20 log(mass), r2 = 0.71.
Detecting and forecasting complex nonlinear dynamics in spatially structured catch-per-unit-effort time series for North Pacific albacore (Thunnus alalunga)
Authors: Glaser Sarah M. , Ye Hao , Maunder Mark , MacCall Alec , Fogarty Michael , Sugihara George 
Published: March 2011

The presence of complex, nonlinear dynamics in fish populations, and uncertainty in the structure (functional form) of those dynamics, pose challenges to the accuracy of forecasts produced by traditional stock assessment models. We describe two nonlinear forecasting models that test for the hallmarks of complex behavior, avoid problems of structural uncertainty, and produce good forecasts of catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) time series in both standardized and nominal (unprocessed) form. We analyze a spatially extensive, 40-year-long data set of annual CPUE time series of North Pacific albacore ( Thunnus alalunga ) from 1° × 1° cells from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. The use of spatially structured data in compositing techniques improves out-of-sample forecasts of CPUE and overcomes difficulties commonly encountered when using short, incomplete time series. These CPUE series display low-dimensional, nonlinear structure and significant predictability. Such characteristics have important implications for industry efficiency in terms of future planning and can inform formal stock assessments used for the management of fisheries.
Modeling the response time of diatom assemblages to simulated water quality improvement and degradation in running waters
Authors: Lacoursière Sophie , Lavoie Isabelle , Rodríguez Marco A. , Campeau Stéphane 
Published: March 2011

The objective of this study was to measure and model the response time of the Eastern Canadian Diatom Index (IDEC: Indice Diatomées de l’Est du Canada), a diatom-based index of biological integrity, following substrate translocation from altered sites (nutrient-enriched) to pristine sites and vice-versa. The frequency of sampling, duration (time after substrate translocation), and variety of site conditions in the present study provide strong evidence for an accelerated response of diatoms to a degradation reflecting eutrophication (within a week in certain cases) and a slower path to recovery (up to 4 weeks). Diatom response varied as a function of trophic status; oligotrophic rivers responded rapidly to a degradation, and mesotrophic or eutrophic rivers responded more slowly to an amelioration of the conditions. Variation in response time as a function of trophic status seemed to be partly linked to the diversity and complexity of the assemblages. The less diverse assemblages observed in oligotrophic waters were highly sensitive to nutrient enrichment, whereas the more diverse assemblages sampled in mesotrophic–eutrophic rivers were less sensitive to nutrient fluctuations, and major variations in nutrient concentrations took a longer time to induce a change in index values.
THE FRACTIONAL GALOIS IDEAL FOR ARBITRARY ORDER OF VANISHING
Authors: BUCKINGHAM PAUL 
Published: March 2011

We propose a candidate, which we call the fractional Galois ideal after Snaith's fractional ideal, for replacing the classical Stickelberger ideal associated to an abelian extension of number fields. The Stickelberger ideal can be seen as gathering information about those L-functions of the extension which are non-zero at the special point s = 0, and was conjectured by Brumer to give annihilators of class-groups viewed as Galois modules. An earlier version of the fractional Galois ideal extended the Stickelberger ideal to include L-functions with a simple zero at s = 0, and was shown by the present author to provide class-group annihilators not existing in the Stickelberger ideal. The version presented in this paper deals with L-functions of arbitrary order of vanishing at s = 0, and we give evidence using results of Popescu and Rubin that it is closely related to the Fitting ideal of the class-group, a canonical ideal of annihilators.Finally, we prove an equality involving Stark elements and class-groups originally due to Büyükboduk, but under a slightly different assumption, the advantage being that we need none of the Kolyvagin system machinery used in the original proof.