bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les voyages et l'enracinement. Formes de fixation et de mobilité dans les sociétés traditionnelles des Nouvelles-Hébrides (3 fig.)
Authors: Bonnemaison Joël 
Published: March 2012

Forms of fixation and mobility within New Hebrides society. — In traditional Melanesian society, each group is linked through mystical and genealogical bonds to a closed, « personalized » and well-defined territory that is under its complete control. Although mobility within this territory is unrestricted, it ceases to be so beyond the « frontiers ». The rigid control exerted by each group on the section of territory that belongs to it results in a control over external mobility and hence involves an ideology of «fixation» or implantation. The territorial fixation, often justified by reference to a mythological origin that is also a cosmogony, forms the basis of land rights and entrenches the various clans constituting the social group. From this perspective, traditional society can be defined as a fundamentally stable grouping that rigidly controls the relationships of each of its members with the outside world. However, this does not necessarily mean that external journey or mobility is unknown or even uncommon; indeed, in the northern islands, the relationships of alliance or business arising from the exchange and loan of pigs — the basis of the grade system — often involved long and frequent journeys outside the territory. But each of these outside links needed to follow a number of norms in order to exist : the Big Men and the men of power had the « ex-officio » privilege of an external relationship and therefore of mobility. The latter, as far as it existed, remained socially formalized and geographically fragmented.
The clash with the « white » world during the second part of the 19th Century and the development of a new political and economic structure have contributed towards the « destabilization » of traditional societies.
Espace marxiste, espace marxien
Authors: Garnier Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2012

S'il est exact que la théorie marxiste a longtemps délaissé la dimension spatiale des pratiques sociales, encore conviendrait-il de ne pas imputer à Marx ce qui est le fait de ses « héritiers ». Marx, rappelons-le, s'était attaqué à la « critique de l'économie politique » à une époque où le mode de production capitaliste n'avait pas encore modelé l'intégralité du mode de vie et donc du cadre de vie qui le matérialise. Et lorsque, par la suite, des théoriciens entreprendront d'analyser l'espace « à la lumière du marxisme », ce sera en tant qu'idéologues de diverses bureaucraties partisanes ou étatiques, cherchant à faire passer pour le « socialisme réellement existant » un système économique et politique qui en constitue la négation : le capitalisme d'Etat.
Il est dès lors logique que les recherches traitant de l'aménagement du territoire, de l'urbanisation ou de l'architecture menées par des géographes, des sociologues ou des économistes se réclamant de Marx, aient souvent versé dans les mêmes travers que ceux qui n'ont cessé d'affecter la réflexion « marxiste » depuis qu'elle sert à légitimer les intérêts de l'intelligentsia, qu'elle soit au pouvoir ou rêve de s'y installer : économisme, structuralisme, idéalisme...
Peut-être le temps est-il venu, au moment où les impostures qui se parent du nom du premier critique scientifique des idéologies achèvent de voler en éclats, de renouer avec l'enseignement de Marx et de passer au crible d'une analyse marxienne, c'est-à-dire matérialiste, les discours « marxistes » qui continuent çà et là à se tenir sur l'espace pour justifier la reproduction, sous d'autres formes, des rapports d'exploitation et de domination.
Les concepts du paysage : problématique et représentations
Authors: Bailly Antoine S. , Raffestin Claude , Reymond Henri 
Published: March 2012

Le paysage qu'étudient les géographes constitue la résultante d'un
système d'échanges complexes entre les individus, inégaux dans leur action sur le
paysage, et une réalité matérielle à laquelle ils sont confrontés. Nous cherchons
dans cet article à déduire la pratique, et par conséquent le vécu, d'une série de
propositions conformes aux mécanismes psycho-sociologiques. Des hypothèses
découlent de cette approche, qui peut être considérée corne une réflexion à propos d'une axiomatique future. Puis, à l'aide d'un exemple concret, le paysage belfortain, nous examinons s'il n'y a pas de contradiction entre les axes proposés pour la recherche et les régularités conceptuelles décelées à travers l'extraction des similitudes existentielles.
Grands barrages africains et prise en compte des populations locales
Authors: Lassailly-Jacob Véronique 
Published: March 2012

D'importants barrages-réservoirs équipés d'installations hydroélectriques se multiplient depuis une vingtaine d'années sur les grands neuves africains, bouleversant l'écologie de vastes régions et entraînant souvent le déplacement massif d'une population entière. Les organismes d'Etat, chargés de réinstaller cette population, ont des politiques d'intervention généralement autoritaires et modernistes qui ne répondent que rarement aux besoins et aux aspirations de ces « déguerpis » très perturbés par leur évacuation forcée.
L'auteur observe également que seules les populations les plus affectées par la création d'un lac sont prises en charge par l'Etat. Communautés traditionnelles d'accueil, éleveurs transhumants, agriculteurs et pêcheurs vivant en aval du barrage, tous concernés à des degrés divers, sont les grands oubliés de ces opérations et leurs réactions spontanées remettent fréquemment en cause les stratégies d'intervention des aménageurs.
La centralité dans le département du Cher, d'après l'inventaire commmunal
Authors: Durey Philippe 
Published: March 2012

L' 'Inventaire Communal réalisé par l'INSEE en 1980 nous permet
d'apprécier le niveau de hiérarchisation des centres élémentaires en fonction de leur
équipement commercial et de service. Cette étude montre qu'à l'échelle d'un
département français à composante rurale, le Cher, la répartition de ces équipements obéit aux deux logiques établies par Christaller, à savoir celle de la population desservie et celle de la localisation spatiale de ces équipements.
Au secours des indicateurs sociaux
Authors: Brunet Roger 
Published: March 2012

L'urgence de la recherche géographique semble moins être de faire
parler les individus sur leur état de bien-être que de mesurer des disparités et
d'évaluer des injustices. On utilise pour cela des indicateurs sociaux de toutes
origines, qui n'ont pas été produits comme indicateurs. Il faut les multiplier et les
renouveler, les confronter et les traiter par familles, et se donner les moyens
scientifiques de lire les structures et les dynamiques du territoire sous les cartes des
distributions spatiales ainsi révélées.
Contrôle territorial et légitimité politique : l'État et les pouvoirs régionaux au Brésil
Authors: Théry Hervé 
Published: March 2012

Le contrôle territorial a été au cours de l'histoire du Brésil un des enjeux politiques
majeurs, et la vraie base de la légitimité. La genèse très particulière de l'économie et du territoire brésiliens l'ont longtemps placé entre les mains d'oligarchies locales, mais depuis les années trente, l'affirmation du pouvoir central lui a permis de le reprendre progressivement.
Évolution de la pensée géomorphologique et essai théorique sur l'antériorité de la planéité en milieu consolidé précambrien
Authors: Mayer Raoul Étongué 
Published: March 2012

Des interrogations sont formulées en reconsidérant la pratique de la géomorphologie ainsi que les grands courants de pensée qui ont marqué cette discipline depuis l'époque de W. M. Davis. Elles sont dictées par l'amélioration des informations, des techniques d'observation de la terre et par la reconnaissance accrue de la dynamique interne dans l'explication des formes du relief.
Nous suggérons la réouverture du débat théorique sur la question de la planéité en milieu consolidé précambrien. Cette suggestion s'organise à partir des interrogations faites sur la planéité en milieu précambrien ainsi que des observations faites sur les approches théoriques du discours en vigueur. Un modèle de relecture des formes planes en milieu consolidé précambrien est alors envisagé suite aux faits liés à l'histoire même de la Terre.
Twelve Weeks of Pioglitazone Therapy Significantly Attenuates Dysmetabolism and Reduces Inflammation in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients—A Randomized Crossover Trial
Authors: Li Yun , Xie Qiong-Hong , You Huai-Zhou , Tian Jing , Hao Chuan-Ming , Lin Shan-Yan , Zhu Tong-Ying 
Published: March 2012

Background The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of oral pioglitazone (PIO) on lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, and adipokine metabolism in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Methods In this randomized crossover trial, 36 CAPD patients with serum triglyceride levels above 1.8 mmol/L were randomly assigned to receive either oral PIO 15 mg once daily or no PIO for 12 weeks. Then, after a 4-week washout, the patients were switched to the alternative regimen. The primary endpoint was change in serum triglycerides during the PIO regimen compared with no PIO. Secondary endpoints included changes in other lipid levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adipocytokines, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results All 36 CAPD patients (age: 64 ± 11 years; 33% men; 27.8% with diabetes mellitus) completed the study. Comparing patients after PIO and no PIO therapy, we found no significant differences in mean serum triglycerides (3.83 ± 1.49 mmol/L vs 3.51 ± 1.98 mmol/L, p = 0.2). However, mean high-density lipoprotein (0.94 ± 0.22 mmol/L vs 1.00 ± 0.21 mmol/L, p = 0.004) and median total adiponectin [10.34 μg/mL (range: 2.59 – 34.48 μg/mL) vs 30.44 μg/mL (3.47 – 93.41 μg/mL), p < 0.001] increased significantly. Median HOMA-IR [7.51 (1.39 – 45.23) vs 5.38 (0.97 – 14.95), p = 0.006], mean fasting blood glucose (7.31 ± 2.57 mmol/L vs 6.60 ± 2.45 mmol/L, p = 0.01), median CRP [8.78 mg/L (0.18 – 53 mg/L) vs 3.50 mg/L (0.17 – 26.30 mg/L), p = 0.005], and mean resistin (32.70 ± 17.17 ng/mL vs 28.79 ± 11.83 ng/mL, p = 0.02) all declined. The PIO was well tolerated, with only one adverse event: lower-extremity edema in a patient with low residual renal function. Conclusions Blood triglycerides were not altered after 12 weeks of PIO 15 mg once daily in CAPD patients, but parameters of dysmetabolism were markedly improved, including insulin resistance, inflammation, and adipokine balance, suggesting that PIO could be of value for this high-risk patient group. Larger, more definitive studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Low Socioeconomic Status Is Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: MAYNARD JANET W. , FANG HONG , PETRI MICHELLE 
Published: March 2012

Objective.Accelerated atherosclerosis is a major cause of death in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet little is known about the effect of socioeconomic status. We investigated whether education or income levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in SLE.Methods.Our study involved a longitudinal cohort of all patients with SLE enrolled in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort from 1987 through September 2011. Socioeconomic status was measured by education level (≥ 12 years or < 12) and income tertiles (> $60,000, $25,000–$60,000, or < $25,000).Results.A total of 1752 patients with SLE were followed prospectively every 3 months. There were 1052 whites and 700 African Americans. Current smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were more common in African Americans (p < 0.01 for all), but there was no statistical difference in the frequency of myocardial infarction or stroke. In multivariate analyses stratified by ethnicity, low income was strongly associated with most traditional cardiovascular risk factors in whites, but only with smoking and diabetes in African Americans. In whites, low income increased the risk of both myocardial infarction (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.41–7.45, p = 0.006) and stroke (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.56–5.21, p = 0.001); in African Americans, these relationships were not seen. Low education, in contrast, was associated with smoking in both ethnic groups.Conclusion.Low income, not low education, is the socioeconomic status variable associated with cardiovascular risk factors and events. This association is most clearly demonstrable in whites.
Detection of HTLV-1 in the Labial Salivary Glands of Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Distinct Clinical Subgroup?
Authors: LEE SUNG-JI , LEE JI SHIN , SHIN MYUNG-GEUN , TANAKA YUETSU , PARK DONG-JIN , KIM TAE-JONG , PARK YONG-WOOK , LEE SHIN-SEOK 
Published: March 2012

Objective.To examine whether patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) can be distinguished based on the expression of human T cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-1) and, if so, whether the subgroups differ in their clinical features and serological measures.Methods.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR were used to amplify viral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in 53 patients with SS, using primers from the HTLV-1 pX, p19, pol, and tax regions. Minor salivary gland biopsy specimens from 33 patients with SS were examined for the presence of HTLV-1 p19 or tax proteins immunohistochemically. The sociodemographic, glandular, and extraglandular manifestations, and laboratory findings including autoantibodies, complement, and immunoglobulin levels, were analyzed.Results.The HTLV-1 tax gene was detected in PBMC samples from 2 of 53 patients (3.8%), whereas the HTLV-1 pX, p19, and pol genes were not expressed. As well, 100% of PBMC samples from 4 family members of patients in whom the tax gene was detected also expressed the tax gene. Immunohistochemical staining for HTLV-1 p19 and tax was seen in 10 out of 33 (30.3%) patients with SS each. Overall, 14 (42.4%) patients expressed HTLV-1 p19 or tax proteins, and they had lower rheumatoid factor and C3 levels (p = 0.015 and p = 0.005, respectively) and higher lymphocyte counts (p = 0.016). The prevalence of glandular and extraglandular manifestations did not differ between the HTLV-1-positive and negative patients.Conclusion.Our findings suggest that HTLV-1 in the salivary glands is involved in the pathogenesis of a subpopulation of SS, and HTLV-1-associated SS might have different immunological patterns than idiopathic SS.
On‐Bead Two‐Color (OBTC) Cell Screen for Direct Identification of Highly Selective Cell Surface Receptor Ligands
Authors: Udugamasooriya D. Gomika , Kodadek Thomas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCombinatorial library screens can identify a suitable ligand for a biological target of interest out of thousands or even millions of compounds, and can play a key role in the drug development process. While conventional high‐throughput cell screens based on functional assays require expensive robotics, simple on‐bead combinatorial assays for ligand binding to the target protein can be done far more cheaply. This unit describes one such assay, developed using combinatorial peptoid libraries for targeting integral membrane receptors or other cell surface‐exposed molecules. In addition to the reduced cost, a unique advantage of this assay is the direct identification of the most selective ligands for a cell surface receptor that is expressed in its natural environment. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 4:35‐48 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Getting Started on the Road to Applying the Science of Learning
Authors: Mayer Richard E. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThis article describes how Richard Mayer's academic career started on the road to applying the science of learning to education. It suggests four recommendations for getting started: (1) develop intellectual curiosity and core values—which for Mayer occurred because he grew up surrounded by supportive people; (2) find your question—which for Mayer concerns how to help people learn so they can apply what they have learned to new situations; (3) develop your professional skills—which for Mayer occurred because of his educational opportunities in public education culminating in graduate school at the University of Michigan; and (4) find an environment in which you can flourish—which for Mayer is the academic world culminating in landing at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural model for the plasticity of amorphous solids
Authors: Hütter M. , van Breemen L. C. A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBased on the concept of localized shear transformation zones (STZ), a thermodynamically consistent model for the viscoplastic deformation of amorphous solids is developed. The approach consists of a dynamic description of macroscopic viscoplasticity that is enriched by the evolution of number density and internal structure of the STZ for detailing the origin of viscoplastic flow. So doing, the activation of STZ upon deformation and their subsequent internal re‐arrangements are treated as two distinct processes. The detail of the model permits to relate it to small‐scale information obtained from experiments or atomistic computer simulations, e.g., in the form of STZ‐activation energies and an approximate STZ‐volume. The model is illustrated on the example of polycarbonate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Do network relationships matter? Comparing network and instream habitat variables to explain densities of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in mid‐coastal Oregon, USA
Authors: Flitcroft Rebecca L. , Burnett Kelly M. , Reeves Gordon H. , Ganio Lisa M. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Aquatic ecologists are working to develop theory and techniques for analysis of dynamic stream processes and communities of organisms. Such work is critical for the development of conservation plans that are relevant at the scale of entire ecosystems. The stream network is the foundation upon which stream systems are organized. Natural and human disturbances in streams alter the configuration of stream habitats such as pools, riffles, and glides across seasons, decades, or centuries. Thus, native aquatic species have developed mechanisms for adapting to the dynamic configuration of habitats in stream networks.
At different spatial scales, stream network structure informs habitat connectivity for aquatic–obligate species. The movement of aquatic species both upstream and downstream is limited by stream channels and may be modified by the downstream flow of water, nutrients, and physical materials such as wood and substrate. Analysing streams as networks offers a realistic and holistic perspective for assessing movement and distribution by freshwater aquatic species in response to life‐history needs and environmental conditions.
In this study, network analysis was facilitated by automating, in a Geographic Information System, the calculation of network distances and variables that represent spatial configuration. A comparison between traditional instream habitat variables and network variables for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in seven sub‐basins of Oregon's mid‐coast over a 5‐year period revealed that network variables perform better at explaining juvenile coho salmon density than instream habitat variables. Moreover, analysis of network distances among seasonal habitats indicates that juvenile coho salmon density may be higher where the distance between critical seasonal habitats is short. This work furthers aquatic conservation, management, and restoration by including analysis of the proximity and connectivity among aquatic freshwater habitats. Published in 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Seasonal Morphological Variations and Age‐Related Changes of the Seminal Vesicle of Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus): An Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Chaves Eduardo M. , Aguilera‐Merlo Claudia , Cruceño Albana , Fogal Teresa , Piezzi Ramón , Scardapane Luis , Dominguez Susana 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe viscacha is a seasonal rodent that exhibit an annual reproductive cycle with periods of maximum reproductive activity and gonadal regression. We studied seasonal variations in the morphology and cellular population of the seminal vesicles (SVs) during both periods and in impuber animals. Seminal vesicles were studied by light and electronic microscopy. Measurements of epithelial height, nuclear diameter, luminal diameter, and muscular layer were performed. Also, we studied the distribution of androgen receptors (AR) in this gland during the reproductive cycle and in impuber animal. During gonadal regression, principal and clear cells showed signs of reduced functional activity. These were characterized by an epithelium of smaller height, irregular nuclei, and cytoplasm with few organelles, dilated cisterns, and glycogen granules. In impuber animals, the principal cells showed large nuclei with chromatin lax and cytoplasm with small mitochondria, poorly developed Golgi apparatus, and granules of glycogen. On the other hand, the cells exhibited seasonal variations in the distribution and percentage of immunolabeled cells to AR throughout the annual reproductive cycle. During the gonadal regression period, glandular mucosa exhibited numerous epithelial cells with intense nuclear staining. However, fibromuscular stromal cells were weakly positive for AR in contrast to what was observed during the activity period. Considering that testosterone values are lower in adult animals during the period of gonadal regression and in impuber animals, our immunohistochemical results show a significant correlation with the percentage of AR‐immunopositive cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the structure of the SVs changes in the activity period of viscacha, probably because of elevated levels of testosterone leading to an increase in the secretory activity of epithelial cells. Anat Rec,, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Regioselective Synthesis and Potential Antitumor Evaluation of Isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines and Related Annulated Compounds
Authors: Hamama Wafaa S. , Ibrahim Mona E. , Zoorob Hanafi H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe reaction of 5‐amino‐3‐methylisoxazole with appropriate α,β‐unsaturated ketones gave the corresponding isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines. Treatment of 1 with 2,6‐dibenzylidenecyclohexanone or 2‐benzylidenedimedone afforded the corresponding isoxazolo[5,4‐b]quinoline derivatives. 4,6,8,9‐Tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4‐b]quinolin‐5‐one derivative was also obtained by multicomponent condensation reaction of 1 with dimedone and benzaldehyde. Heterocyclic annulation of the isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridine system was achieved via reaction of 1 with benzylidene derivatives of indandione, quinuclidone, pyrazolone, and oxazolone. A representative of some newly synthesized compounds was evaluated as antitumor agents.