bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The food canal of the Sea‐urchin Echinus esculentus L. and its functions.*
Authors: Stott F. C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.An investigation of the morphology, histology and functioning of the food canal and the associated haemal canals in Echinus esculentus has been carried out.Two kinds of secretory cell have been identified in the lips and pharyngeal wall which produce mucus and an acid secretion respectively. The oesophagus is lined with mucous cells. The stomach has an inner epithelium containing chains of fragile granules which are discharged from its free surface to provide extracellular enzymes. A layer of vacuolated cells which may assist absorption of liquids lies at the base of the epithelium. Amoebocytes of all kinds are present within the stomach wall and in the haemal channels. The siphon, intestine and rectum are lined by a cuticularized epithelium. The whole of the outside of the gut is covered with a ciliated peritoneum.Ingestion in Echinus takes place either by the action of the tube feet holding and presenting such food as sea‐weed to the mouth or by the teeth scraping food from the surface immediately below them. The co‐ordinated action of many muslces of Aristotle's lantern results in the opening or closing of the teeth.The pH of the gut graduates from 5·9 at the mouth to 6·3 at the stomach and 6·9 in the intestine.Water circulates through the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, siphon and intestine, particularly during periods when the animal is not feeding, and probably serves a respiratory function.Experimental feeding of Echinus with iron saccharate shows that the substance is taken up by agranulocytes within the lumen of the stomach, transported through the stomach wall to the haemal spaces where association takes place with granulocytes so that clumps are formed. Migration of iron granules associated with amoebocytes takes place through the haemal canals to the radial and gonadial regions. There is no evidence to support Oomen's hypothesis that the granulocytes burst within the gut to provide digestive enzymes.The haemal system acts as a pathway for the migrations of the nutritive granulocytes as well as providing a system for the possible diffusion outwards from the gut of dissolved substances.The use of amoebocytes in the lumen and epithelium of the gut for carrying out some intracellular digestion and absorption is correlated with a poorly developed haemal system which lacks a pumping mechanism, with omnivorous feeding and a slow passage of food through the gut.
Notes on the marking of Atlantic Seals in Pembrokeshire.
Authors: Hewer H. R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.The requirements for marking Seals are considered and a method is described for applying rings to the fifth digit of the pes in the Atlantic Seal, by using special pliers.The results of marking 176 Seals in 1968‐3‐4, on the Pembrokeshire coast, are given and show that, during the first, six months of the first year, moulterfi move as far north as Anglesey, west as far as the Wexford coast of Eire, and south to Cornwall and Brittany, as well as eastward up the Britsol Channel.
The scales of modern lungfish.
Authors: Kerr T. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

A description is given of the scales of Epiceratodus, Protopterus and Lepidosiren, and the associated soft tissues.
In Epiceratodus the scale still shows considerable differentiation, and its parts can be related in some degree to those of the ancestral cosmoid scale. The cosmine layer has disappeared, but the outer calcified layer probably represents the remains of the lacunar layer, and the inner laminated layer may represent the isopedine.
In Protopterus and Lepidosiren the scales are much simplified but their structure can still be understood through that of Epiceratodus. Direct, attachments between the posterior part of the scale and a superficial connective tissue layer are present in all, and the incomplete type of pocket in which the scale lies differs only in detail.
Notes on a carnivorous oligochaete coniniensal on certain fresh‐water snails in South Africa.
Authors: Baper F. A. H. , Matthews L. Harrison 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

Oligochaete worms believed all to be representative of one species of Chaetogaster, quite probably C. limnaei, were found in four Merent kinds of fresh‐water snails, namely, Biomphalaria, Physopsis, Bulinus and Melanoides.
Amphistome, echinostome, longifurcate and brevifurcate cercariae were observed in the intestine of various individuals as well as two different xiphidiocercariae.
This is believed to be possibly the first record of the occurrence in South Africa of a Chaetogaster which preys on larval trematodes.
The fossil carnivores of the Transvaal caves: Machairodontinae
Authors: Ewer R. F. 
Published: August 2010

Ssmmary.A new machairodont, Therailurus piveteaui, is described.The specimens from Sterkfontein described by Broom (1937) as Megantereon barlowi are discussed, and it is concluded that reference to the genus Meganttreon is incorrect. A new specimen from the same deposit appears to belong to the same species as Broom's specimens and shows many similarities to Therailurus piveteaui. It is concluded that all belong to a second species of Therailurus, which thus becomes Therailurus barlowi (Broom). On the basis of the new material an amplified description of Therailurus barlowi is given.A mandibular fragment from Swartkrans is described. Its similarities to T. piveteaui and T. barlowi indicate that it represents another species of the same genus.A new species of Megantereon, M. eurynodon, from the Kromdraai deposit is described.Two incompletely identified mandibular fragments from the Swartkrans deposit are described: of these one is referred to the Nimravidae, and the other to the Machairodontinae. The latter may possibly be a species of Megantereon.Fragmentary lower carnassials from Kromdraai are also described: these may possibly belong to a species of Epimachairodus.A list of all the known fossil machairodonts from the Transvaal deposits is given, and the implications as to the dating of the deposits are discussed. It is concluded that the material does not provide any basis for an accurate dating of the deposits, but supports the view that they are not all strictly contemporaneous. The affinities of the fauna are considered to be with South East Asia, rather than Europe.
NOTES ON THE MARION ISLAND FUR SEAL
Authors: RAND R. W. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYFur seals on Marion Island, provisionally identified as Arctocephalus gazella Peters, are described and compared with two other species of southern fur seal.There are a few hundred fur seals on Marion Island, of which about 160 to 170 are breeding males. The fur seals live on crustaceans, cephalopods and fish. Females breed in the summer (November) but are not visibly pregnant till April. Pups moult in March, and the older animals somewhat earlier.Former sealing operations are discussed. There appear to be no good prospects for profitable future operations. The small size of the herd has not been adequately explained.
THE FOSSIL CARNIVORES OF THE TRANSVAAL CAVES: TWO NEW VIVERRIDS, TOGETHER WITH SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: EWER R. F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYTwo new herpestids are described; Herpestes mesotes from Kromdraai and a subspecies of Cynictis penicillata from Swartkrans.A complete list of the carnivore faunas of the Transvaal deposits is given, and the implications with regard to the relative and absolute dates of the deposits are discussed.It is concluded that the three main deposits, Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai are not strictly contemporaneous; Sterkfontein is considered to be the most ancient, Swartkrans a little more recent. The position of Kromdraai is more difficult to assess, but the generally held opinion that this is the most recent deposit is not incompatible with the composition of the carnivore faunas, provided that there was a significant climatic change between the times of the laying down of the Swartkrans and Kromdraai deposits.A comparison of the total carnivore fauna of the Transvaal deposits with the faunas of all orders of mammals from Omo, Laetolil and Olduvai is made. It is concluded that the Transvaal deposits cannot be more recent than the Kageran period.The difficulties of reconciling this view with the geological evidence are briefly indicated.
TEGUMENTAL GLANDS AND TERRESTRIAL LIFE IN WOODLICE
Authors: GORVETT H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The lobed tegumental glands would seem to play an important part in adapting woodlice to life on land, but although the problem seems a simple one, it has by no means been easy to determine their function.
Evidence from comparative anatomy and physiology is unhelpful and often puzzling, and inactivating the glands seems to have no effect on normal life.
Evidence from a more direct experimental investigation of a variety of hypotheses suggests that the glands do not perform any of the more obviously possible functions, and that they are not concerned with general defence, secretion of gill fluid, water‐proofing the body‐wall, attachment to the substratum, moulting, lubrication of the skin, reproduction, silk formation, capillary water conduction to the gills, temperature control, humidity reactions, or regulation of water content of the body.
Evidence of various kinds suggests that the function performed by the glands is that of defence, not against predators in general, but against one particular group, namely spiders.
Spiders appear to be potentially the most serious enemies of woodlice; but they find woodlice distasteful and the degree of distastefulness is correlated to a remarkable extent with the degree of development of the lobed glands. There is other evidence that the distastefulness is a property of the lobed gland secretions and not of the body tissues and fluids as a whole.
When a woodlouse is attacked by a spider, its lobed glands secrete precisely as they do when stimulated experimentally, and this is the only evidence ever obtained of secretion occurring under natural conditions.
If the function of the lobed glands is to repel spiders, many of the objections to the general defence hypothesis can be answered, and many other puzzling facts relating either to the glands or to the behaviour of woodlice can be explained.
AGE CHANGES IN THE POSITION OF THE FORAMEN MAGNUM IN HOMINOIDS
Authors: ASHTON E. H. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The position of the foramen magnum has been described by means of indices which relate the lengths of the segments into which perpendiculars drawn from the endobasion divide the maximum antero‐posterior dimensions of the skull and brain‐case.
The values of these indices have been computed and compared in various age and sex sub‐groups of apes and men.
At all stages of development the foramen magnum is situated relatively more anteriorly in men than in apes.
The foramen magnum is always situated relatively more anteriorly in immature than in mature apes and men.
The amount of change in its position during growth is less in man than in the living African apes.
The position of the foramen magnum in the Australopithecinae and the extent to which it alters with age correspond more to the pattern seen in the extant great apes than in living man.
OBSERVATIONS ON A SMALL PORTION OF A DRYING CHALK STREAM
Authors: MOON H. P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The paper deals with an association of animals found in the drying, but still moist, bed of a chalk stream.
The fauna consists largely of diptera over the wet mud and beetles in patches of stranded algae (Oedogonium). The oligochaet E. tetrahedra is common to both habitats.
The changes in level of the stream and water table are recorded, and it is shown how the capacity of the water table reduces the danger of flooding after rain, which would destroy this habitat.
The significance of this association is discussed with particular reference to the idea that such a habitat may represent the kind of environment in which a terrestrial fauna could evolve towards an aquatic existence.
THE ANATOMY OF THE PROSOBRANCHCIRCULUS STRIATUS(PHILIPPI) AND A REVIEW OF ITS SYSTEMATIC POSITION
Authors: FRETTER VERA 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe animal described above agrees in its conchological characters withTornus duminyiRequien as described by Jeffreys, and listed by Winckworth asCirculus striatus(Philippi). Neither shell nor radula agrees with theCirculus striatus(Philippi) of Thiele.The mantle cavity contains a linear osphradium and a large monopectinate gill; the single kidney opening is posterior; the anus half‐way along the right side within the hypobranchial gland. In the structure of the jaws, radula and alimentary canal there is close resemblance to the rissoids. The single kidney on the left of the rectum separates the renal oviduct from the pericardium. There is no gonopericardial canal: the renal oviduct opens into the kidney. In the male the penis arises between the two cephalic tentacles and the vas deferens, a closed duct, opens at its tip; there is a prostate with an opening to the mantle cavity. The glands of the oviduct are confined to the posterior end of the mantle cavity; the duct opens some distance behind the anus. The plan of the female reproductive system conforms with that of other mesogastropods. The nervous system is characterized by a concentration of the ganglia with the exception of the viscerals.The affinities ofCirculus striatuswithTornus subcarinatus,the rissoids and the genusCyclostremaare considered. Its anatomy supports the conchological evidence for its classification close to the family Rissoidae. It should not be included in Thiele's family Adeorbidae.Correlation between the small size of this species and certain details of its anatomy is discussed.I wish to express my thanks to the Research Board, University of Reading, for the grant to cover travelling expenses to St. Jean‐de‐Luz.
A PROTOZOAN PARASITE (ICHTHYOSPORIDIUM SP.) OF THE NEON FISH HYPHESSOBRYCON INNESI
Authors: PORTER ANNIE , VINALL H. F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Hyphessobrycon innesi, the Neon Fish, suffers from a condition known as “Neon Fish Disease” that is invariably fatal. Study of a recent epizootic has shown that the causative agent of this disease is a species of Ichthyosporidium.The symptoms of the disease and the distribution of the parasite Ichthyosporidium in the host tissues are described. The most heavily infected parts were the musculature and areolar tissue. Ichthyosporidium is essentially histozoic and cytozoic. Nuclei of the host areolar tissue become hypertrophied, but those of the muscles are compressed or obliterated. Pressure effects prevent normal movements of the organs of the host.The developmental stages and life history of Ichthyosporidium sp. in Hyphtssobrycon innesi are described and illustrated.An attempt at treatment by increased water temperature and greater aeration removed superficially situated plasmodia but did not affect the deep‐seated ones.A brief summary is given of the distribution of other species of Ichthyosporidium and of their effects on freshwater and inshore and offshore marine fishes.
CETOTHERES (CETACEA) FROM THE OLIGOCENE OF NEW ZEALAND
Authors: MARPLES B. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThree new species of Cetotheres, Mauicetus lophocephalus, Mauicetus waitakiensis and Mauicetus brevicollis are described from the Lower Oligocene of New Zealand. The greater part of the skull of one of these is present and it seems to be considerably the oldest Cetothere skull known. It appears to be primitive in that, although the supraoccipital shield extends as far forward as it does in many Miocene Cetotheres, the nostril is very anteriorly placed, the temporal fossae are longer than broad and there is a long sagittal crest in the cranial region. There is therefore a considerable gap between the supraoccipital and the nasals, unlike the condition usually seen in the Mysticetes. A gap is present here in other early whales, but only in the Archaeocetes is it occupied by a sagittal crest.
THE SPAWNING HABITS ANT) EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHANNY (BLENNIUS PHOLISL.)
Authors: QASIM S. Z. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYAt the beginning of the breeding season, the male selects a site for a nest, in a crevice between stones or rocks, and guards it against all intruders. Males can be distinguished from females by a prominent bulging forehead and by the dark colour which they assume at this season. The spawning behaviour is described. Each individual spawns several times during the season, the females producing over a thousand eggs in each spawning. The males not only guard and aerate the eggs but also keep them clean and free from fungal infection.The incubation period lasts from forty days to sixty days, depending on the temperature. The embryonic stages are described and figured. Analyses of the contents of nests, collected from the field late in the season, showed that several batches of eggs were present in each, contributed in all probability by more than one female.Hatching shows day and night periodicity. Fully developed embryos are stimulated to activity by light. Hatching follows after some delay. Mechanical shock also stimulates hatching.
ON THE POPULATIONS OF BRANCHIOSTOMA LANCEOLATUM AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE WEST AFRICAN LANCELETS
Authors: WEBB J. E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Samples of Branchiostoma lanceolatum from the Kattegat, North Sea, Plymouth, Polperro, Jersey, Brittany, Naples, Messina and Faro are examined and a statistical analysis of their characteristics is made. Distinct populations in the Kattegat, the Western English Channel and the central Mediterranean region are recognized and their characters described. The lancelets from the North Sea may represent a fourth population or they may indicate the presence of a series of intermediate forms linking the lancelets of the Kattegat with those of the English Channel.
Lancelets from Naples, Plymouth and the Kattegat are compared with the West African species B. senegalense, B. leonense, B. takoradii, B. nigeriense and B. africae.
It is shown that there is greater uniformity among the populations of B. lanceolatum than in the West African species. The diversity of the West African forms is unexpected in view of the apparent similarity of conditions on the coast where they occur in comparison with the region occupied by B. lanceolatum. It was thought that a cline might exist in the lancelets from Rio de Oro to the Cameroons, but, when the mean values for the diagnostic characters are arranged in the geographical order in which the species occur, although trends or similarities are present in certain characters, in others no recognizable sequence exists. It appears, therefore, that factors operate along the West African coast to produce a degree of isolation of different regions sufficient to allow differentiation to take place.
The relationships between the European and the West African lancelets are discussed. It appears that the Guinea Coast lancelets, B. leonense, B. takoradii, B. nigeriense and B. africae form a compact group, but that B. senegalense stands somewhat apart and has affinities both with the Guinea Coast group and with the English Channel population of B. lanceolatum. It is concluded that the East Atlantic lancelets comprise three groups distributed in accordance with the main ocean currents. The populations of B. lanceolatum appear to owe their distribution to the North Atlantic and West Wind Drifts although the latter does not enter the Mediterranean. B. senegalense, on the other hand, occurs in the cold waters of the Canaries Current while the Guinea Coast lancelets are restricted to the warm Guinea Current.
The taxonomic rank of the East Atlantic lancelets is considered. In view of the uniformity of the samples of European lancelets it is confirmed that these should all be referred to the same species, B. lanceolatum, although it may be desirable at a later date to recognize the lancelets of the different regions as subspecies. The five lancelets from West Africa, however, have all been given specific rank, but it is probable that only B. senegalense will stand as a distinct species, the Guinea Coast forms being regarded eventually as subspecies of B. africae.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN THE MALE OF THE CENTIPEDE, SCOLOPENDRA MORSITANS LINN.
Authors: JANGI B. S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe male reproductive system of the centipede Scolopendra morsitans Linn, has been described. The genito‐anal region shows a characteristic ventral flexure on protrusion. There are twenty spindle‐shaped testes united in ten serially arranged pairs which, in an adult, overlap and are not uniformly orientated. The anterior vasa efferentia of a testicular pair join the vas deferens slightly behind the posterior ones of the preceding pair. The glandular epithelium of vas deferens seems to undergo anatomical disintegration in relation to its secretory activity. The genital arch produces a white granular, solid substance of unknown function. The spermatophore is a closed capsule made up of two separable coats. The accessory glands have the appearance of a compound tubulo‐acinar type, the larger pair opening by a common duct into an open ejaculatory canal lodged by the so‐called copulatory organ, while the smaller ones communicate independently with the genital atrium into which the “copulatory” organ is withdrawn. Since these glands are not in direct communication with the vas deferens they seem to have some function other than the formation of spermatophores which already exist in front in the vas deferens. The possibility of copulation has been examined in the light of available evidence.
MEASUREMENTS OF FOXES FROM SCOTLAND AND ENGLAND
Authors: HATTINGH IVAN 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Full details of external measurements and weights, of eighty‐seven foxes from England and Scotland are given.
Foxes from Westmorland and the rest of England are compared, and it is considered that there is no difference between them.
Variation in weights of English foxes are discussed.
Full details of the measurements of nine skulls of male English foxes are given, and these are compared with Tetley's figures for the male Scottish fox. It is considered that the Scottish fox is a distinct race.