bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking Be Proud! Be Responsible! to the Suburbs: A Replication Study
Authors: Borawski Elaine A. , Trapl Erika S. , Adams‐Tufts Kimberly , Hayman Laura L. , Goodwin Meredith A. , Lovegreen Loren D. 
Published: October 2009

CONTEXT: An important phase of HIV prevention research is replicating successful interventions with different groups and in different settings.
METHODS: Be Proud! Be Responsible!, a successful intervention originally targeting black urban males and carried out in nonschool settings, was presented in health classes at urban and suburban schools with diverse student bodies. A group‐randomized intervention study, which included 1,357 ninth and 10th graders from 10 paired schools in a Midwestern metropolitan area, was conducted in 2000–2002. Half the schools received the intervention, and half received a general health promotion program. Students' reports of their sexual behavior and selected cognitive mediators were analyzed immediately following the programs and four and 12 months later.
RESULTS: Compared with students who received the control curriculum, students exposed to the intervention reported significantly greater knowledge of HIV, other STDs and condoms; greater confidence in their ability to control sexual impulses, to use condoms and to negotiate the use of condoms; and stronger intentions to use condoms. Stratified analyses revealed that the strongest intervention impacts were on knowledge and efficacy among males and students attending suburban schools. The intervention had no impact on sexual initiation, frequency of intercourse or condom use.
CONCLUSIONS: Schools are a logical and viable setting for the dissemination and acquisition of information about HIV, including prevention strategies. However, the behavioral impact of an intervention may not be easily transferable when the program is taught outside a carefully controlled, nonschool setting.
Development of a Modified Axis Translation Technique for Measuring SWCCs for Gravel Soils at Very Low Suctions
Authors: Li X. , Zhang L. M. , Li J. H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
For gravel soils, water content changes at very low suctions (e.g., smaller than 1 kPa) are significant, and such changes affect the permeability and shear strength of the soils significantly. Difficulties in studying the soil-water characteristic curves (SWCCs) at very low suctions include the lack of a proper experimental device and the suction difference induced by the gravitational hydraulic gradient along the sample height. In this study, a large size modified axis translation device was developed. The device can control the soil suction accurately (i.e., a precision of 0.005 kPa) using a water-head control method. A new interpretation procedure was also proposed to consider the suction difference along the sample height and to extend the minimum measurable suction from 0.1 to 0.01 kPa. The device was used to measure the SWCCs for two gravel soils. The experimental results demonstrate that the SWCCs for gravel soils in the low-suction range show bimodal features, where the water content decreases sharply at suctions smaller than 1 kPa. Such bimodal behavior may not be revealed using conventional SWCC devices. SWCCs at low suctions are sensitive to soil density. Significant hydraulic hysteresis is also present in the SWCCs at low suctions.
Effect of Reinforcement on Bearing Capacity of Loose Sand Foundation and Deformation Behavior of Buried Flexible Pipes
Authors: Won Myoung Soo 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The present study investigates if improving the bearing capacity of foundations with reinforcement layers could reduce deflection of a pipe buried under reinforced sand. A series of model tests were conducted to examine the bearing capacity of foundations and deformation behavior of a pipe according to the number of reinforcement layers, reinforcement material, and buried depth of pipe. The results showed that bearing capacities significantly improve by increasing the number of reinforcement layers up to two layers, however no further improvement in bearing capacity was observed with more than two layers. The reduced settlement caused by improved bearing capacities with embedded reinforcements had little effect on resistance to deflection when the depth of the buried pipe was greater than the width of the footing. However, the resistance to pipe deflection by installation of reinforcement was greatly increased when installed at a depth less than the width of the footing.
Clinical and molecular features of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed during pregnancy
Authors: Vannucchi Guia , Perrino Michela , Rossi Stefania , Colombo Carla , Vicentini Leonardo , Dazzi Davide , Beck-Peccoz Paolo , Fugazzola Laura 
Published: October 2009

ObjectivePregnancy represents a favorable condition for the development of thyroid nodules, likely due to the secretion of hormones with stimulatory activity. In particular, differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) represents the second most frequent tumor among those diagnosed during pregnancy. However, few and discordant data are available about the impact of pregnancy on tumor outcome.MethodsA total of 123 women with DTC were divided into three groups according to the timing of tumor diagnosis (group 1, at least 1 year after the delivery; group 2, during pregnancy or in the first year after delivery; and group 3, before pregnancy or nulliparity) and evaluated according to the international guidelines. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies of estrogen receptor α (ERα) were performed in 38 papillary thyroid cancer tissues from the three groups.ResultsThyroid cancer diagnosed during pregnancy was associated with a poorer prognosis compared to tumors developed in nongravidic periods (P<0.0001). Accordingly, at the stepwise logistic regression analysis, the diagnosis of DTC during pregnancy or in the first yearpostpartumwas the most significant indicator of persistent disease (P=0.001). Interestingly, ERα expression significantly differed among tumors of the three groups, being detected in 31% of group 1, in 87.5% of group 2, and in 0% of group 3 (P=0.01).ConclusionsPresent data indicate that pregnancy has a negative impact on the outcome of thyroid cancer. The presence of ERα in the majority of tumors diagnosed during pregnancy indicates that the poorer outcome of these cases could be related to the estrogen-mediated growth stimulus.
Levels of Introgression in Westslope Cutthroat Trout Populations Nine Years after Changes to Rainbow Trout Stocking Programs in Southeastern British Columbia
Authors: Bennett Stephen N. , Kershner Jeffrey L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Introgressive hybridization (introgression) between native westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi and introduced rainbow trout O. mykiss in the upper Kootenay River, British Columbia, appears to be recent and is partly attributed to rainbow trout stocking in Koocanusa Reservoir starting in 1988. In 1998, rainbow trout stocking was stopped or replaced with the stocking of triploids throughout the watershed. The goal of this research was to determine the effect of the change in stocking practices on the level of introgression between westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout. We monitored 14 sites from 1999 to 2007 using four co-dominant, diagnostic nuclear markers. Sample sites were categorized as (1) open if no fish migration barriers existed between the site and the reservoir or (2) closed if migration barriers were present between the site and the reservoir. We classified fish as pure westslope cutthroat trout if no rainbow trout alleles were detected; fish were classified as hybrids if they had at least one rainbow trout allele present. We also classified fish into parental and hybrid types based on their multilocus genotypes. Open sites had more hybrids (15.8%) than closed sites (4.8%; χ2 = 23.38, df = 1, P &lt; 0.0001). Westslope cutthroat trout backcrosses were the most common hybrid genotype at both open and closed sites. At open sites near the reservoir, introgression levels stayed relatively high (20–30%) and pure rainbow trout and rainbow trout backcross individuals were common. Introgression significantly increased at two of three sites surveyed at intermediate distances upstream from the reservoir (i.e., 27–87 km). The new stocking program does not appear to have reduced introgression or prevented the spread of hybrid individuals in the upper Kootenay River, and more active management strategies will be required to prevent further introgression and loss of unique westslope cutthroat trout populations.
A Comparison of the Physiological Condition, and Fishway Passage Time and Success of Migrant Adult Sockeye Salmon at Seton River Dam, British Columbia, under Three Operational Water Discharge Rates
Authors: Pon L. B. , Hinch S. G. , Cooke S. J. , Patterson D. A. , Farrell A. P. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We investigated the effect of changes in water discharge from the Seton River Dam, British Columbia, on the physiological condition, passage time, and passage success of adult migrant sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Sockeye salmon were intercepted and nonlethally biopsied for blood plasma and energy status. A subset of these fish were fitted with radio transmitters and tracked under three different operational attraction flow levels. Indices of physiological stress and exhaustive exercise (e.g., plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality, and hematocrit) did not differ among the attraction flow discharge levels that were examined, nor did they differ appreciably from those of other adult Fraser River sockeye salmon studied during upriver migrations in areas of natural, nonregulated flows. In fact, the fish appeared relatively unstressed after dam passage. Passage time was significantly longer (19.9 h) under intermediate discharge (12.7 m3/s) than under high (15.8 m3/s) or low (11.0 m3/s) discharges (9.3 and 7.0 h, respectively) but did not differ between high- and low-discharge periods. No differences in passage success or fishway ascent time were observed among the three discharges. Though we suspect that unique flow conditions were responsible for the longer passage time during intermediate discharge, a detailed hydraulic analysis is needed to further interpret our results.
Maturation Schedules of Walleye Populations in the Great Lakes Region: Comparison of Maturation Indices and Evaluation of Sampling-Induced Biases
Authors: Wang Hui-Yu , Cook H. Andrew , Einhouse Donald W. , Fielder David G. , Kayle Kevin A. , Rudstam Lars G. , Höök Tomas O. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Maturation schedules, key determinants of fish stocks' harvest potential and population dynamics, are influenced by both plastic and adaptive processes. Various indices are used to describe maturation schedules, and these have differential advantages for discriminating between plastic and adaptive processes. However, potential sampling-related biases associated with different maturation indices have not been fully evaluated. We analyzed three maturation indices for walleyes Sander vitreus in Lake Erie; Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron; and Oneida Lake, New York: age and length at 50% maturity, midpoint of age-specific maturity ogives (age-specific length at which probability of maturity = 0.50), and midpoints of probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs; age-specific length at which probability of maturing in the following year = 0.50). We then compared estimated maturation indices to evaluate sensitivity of different maturation indices to sampling-induced biases and to assess the relative importance of plastic versus adaptive processes in structuring interstock and temporal variation in maturation schedules. Our findings suggest that although small changes in sampling month, gear, and agency-related effects can bias estimates of age and length at 50% maturity and midpoints of maturity ogives, PMRN estimates appear to be robust to these biases. Furthermore, PMRN estimates are suggestive of potential adaptive variation in maturation schedules among walleye stocks and over time. For instance, Oneida Lake walleyes (which had relatively slow growth and low mortality rates) matured at a smaller size for a given age (smaller midpoints of PMRNs) than the other stocks. Temporally, walleyes in the western basin of Lake Erie matured at a larger size in recent years, as evidenced by increasing midpoints of PMRNs (1978–1989 versus 1990–2006 for Ohio Department of Natural Resources data and 1990–1996 versus 1997–2006 for Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources data). Our study highlights the necessity of monitoring maturation schedules via multiple maturation indices and the need to account for sampling-induced biases when comparing maturation schedules.
Earlier Spring Warming of Coastal Streams and Implications for Alewife Migration Timing
Authors: Ellis David , Vokoun Jason C. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Seasonal temperature increases have been shown to correlate with changes in the migration timing of fish. We looked at existing temperature and fish count data for anadromous alewives Alosa pseudoharengus in several southern New England streams. Run initiation, defined as occurring when the first 5% of the total annual run migrated, was associated with 9°C. A weighted-mean migration temperature, considered an overall indicator of total run timing, revealed that 13°C was a consistent predictor of run timing for one historic and three recent alewife streams over several years. Because historical and recent daily water temperatures with concurrent fish counts were unavailable for any one site, we used the occurrence of 9°C and 13°C stream temperatures to determine the magnitude of any detectable shift in the migration timing of alewives between the 1970s and recent years. Stream temperatures in the spring warmed to 13°C about 12 d earlier in recent years than they did in the 1970s. This implied that alewife runs occurred about 12 d earlier on average. Run initiations occurred about 13 d earlier. Management of the water supply to fish passage facilities may need to be adjusted to accommodate these shifts in migration timing.
Injuries to Barramundi Lates calcarifer Resulting from Lip-Gripping Devices in the Laboratory
Authors: Gould A. , Grace B. S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The barramundi Lates calcarifer (also known as barramundi perch) is a renowned recreational sport fish that is the target of considerable catch-and-release fishing effort. Mechanical lip-gripping devices (lip grippers) are often used to handle barramundi because they allow the angler to easily and safely lift their catch, remove the hooks, and return it to the water while minimizing contact between the fish and other surfaces. The effects of these devices on the fish are largely unknown and to date have only been specifically quantified for bonefish Albula spp., which suffered serious injuries as a result of being handled with lip grippers. To investigate the effects of these grips on barramundi of a range of sizes, we held 21 fish (53–102 cm total length) above the water using lip grippers—10 without any additional support, and 11 with a hand holding them in a horizontal position—and compared survival and sublethal effects with those of 10 fish that had been held in landing nets for the same period of time (20 s). Two fish (7%) died 10 d posttreatment, but death could not be attributed directly to any handling treatment. All fish held with lip grippers and receiving no additional support had small holes in the membranes of the lower jaw, compared with 81% of fish that were held with lip grippers and supported by a hand. X-rays showed that lifting fish with lip grippers altered the alignment of the vertebrae, which did not return to normal after 3 weeks.
A Method for Monitoring Movements of Small Fishes in Urban Streams
Authors: Ficke Ashley D. , Myrick Christopher A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The Front Range region of Colorado is an ecological transition zone between the Rocky Mountains and the western Great Plains. Changes to streams resulting from urban and agricultural land uses have contributed to the decline of many plains and transition zone fishes. The fragmentation of stream systems by dams, weirs, and diversions is among the most detrimental of these changes. These structures can inhibit fish spawning migrations, the search for sporadic resources, and recolonization of empty habitats. To assess the magnitude of the problem, there is a distinct need to determine whether existing instream structures are barriers to migration. A relatively simple method of doing so involves giving fish a unique mark and tracking their movements in the vicinity of a suspected barrier. We individually marked fish (15 species; 2,724 individuals) with visual implant elastomer (VIE) marks and tracked their movements across a grade control structure in Spring Creek in Fort Collins, Colorado. Results from a multistratum mark–recapture analysis showed that the grade control structure in Spring Creek prevented upstream movement by most fish. The approach we used identifies problematic instream structures that impede movements and present a potential stressor to fish assemblages in urban streams. The use of individual VIE marks is one of the few methods that can provide accurate information on the movements of small-bodied fishes in streams, but the commonly encountered design issues associated with this type of study must be considered.
Komodo monitor (Varanus komodoensis) feeding behavior and dental function reflected through tooth marks on bone surfaces, and the application to ziphodont paleobiology
Authors: D'Amore Domenic C. , Blumensehine Robert J. 
Published: October 2009

Most functional interpretations of ziphodont dentition are based on limited morphometric, behavioral, and taphonomic studies, but few are based on controlled observations of a modern ziphodont consumer. The purpose of this study is to determine through controlled feeding observations if the behaviors indicative of a ziphodont consumer are reflected by tooth marks left on bone surfaces by Varanus komodoensis, the Komodo monitor. We document feeding behavior, expand upon dental function, and correlate these aspects with tooth mark production. We also discuss the significance and limits of applying these data to fossil assemblages.Goat carcasses were fed to 11 captive individuals. V. komodoensis modifies bone surfaces extensively. Individuals exhibit a “medial-caudal arc'7 when defleshing, followed by inertial swallowing. Bone crushing was not observed. The vast majority of tooth marks are scores, with pits being significantly less common. Tooth furrows and punctures are rare. “Edge marks” are produced on flat elements. Marks are elongate and narrow, with variable lengths and curvature. Over one-third of the marks occur within parallel clusters. Striations are evident on 5% of all marks.Both feeding behavior and tooth marks indicate that ziphodont crowns are ideal for defleshing by being drawn distally through a carcass. Crowns are poorly built for crushing, and within-bone nutrients are acquired through swallowing. Mark production is a by-product of the distal crown movement during the flesh removal process. Scores are the consequence of apical dragging. Edge marks and striated scores result respectively from distal and mesial carinae contact. Mark curvature is the consequence of arcing motions. Parallel clusters may result from repetitive defleshing strokes and/or from multiple crown contacts during a stroke.These observations can be used to draw functional, behavioral, and taphonomic interpretations from fossil assemblages. When they are provisionally applied to theropod tooth marks, similar crown function and defleshing behavior with little bone crushing is apparent. Differences occur concerning mark frequency and curvature, relating potentially to taphonomic biases and rostral motion, respectively.
Improving Hole Quality and Casing-Running Performance in Riserless Top Holes: Deepwater Angola
Authors: Akers T. J. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The operator and coventurers are developing several Angola Block 15 fields in water depths of up to 1400 m. To date, 83 development wells and 33 exploration/appraisal wells have been drilled in the block. Most have experienced hole quality issues in the riserless interval that are manifested as tight hole while tripping the bottomhole assembly (BHA) and as abnormal/excessive drag while running casing. In a few cases, casing could not be run to total depth (TD), and in one unfortunate case, the casing buckled in open water.
There has been uncertainty as to the root cause of the hole-quality issues that have been attributable to various factors since drilling was initiated. A review of available literature revealed very little published information on riserless drilling and casing-running practices. The operator undertook a study of its riserless drilling and casing-running practices to look for trends that may suggest certain sources as the root cause and to allow a re-examination of long-accepted practices. The study, combined with some new perspectives on directional-drilling mechanics, identified micro-tortuosity as the root cause of casing-running difficulties. Micro-tortuosity has been known to exist in deeper, more consolidated sediments. The study revealed that microtortuosity can also exist in large diameter holes drilled in soft sediments. Changes to drilling practices have resulted in improved riserless hole quality and smoother casing-running operations.
Spiritual Transformation, Psychological Well-Being, Health, and Survival in People with HIV
Authors: Ironson Gail , Kremer Heidemarie 
Published: October 2009

Objectives: Although Spiritual Transformation (ST) occurs in a sizable proportion of people with HIV (about 39%), there is little research on the potential benefits of ST with respect to psychological well-being, health, and survival in this population. Our study attempts to fill this gap. Method: Using a mixed method approach, we related interviews of 147 people with HIV (identifying the presence/absence of ST) to questionnaires measuring demographics, medical history, treatment adherence, physical symptoms, and psychological well-being (i.e., stress, coping, life attitude, and spirituality), and assessments of CD4-counts and viral load and survival 3 to 5 years later. Results: At comparable times since HIV-diagnosis and antiretroviral medications prescribed, the presence of ST was significantly associated with better treatment success (undetectable viral loads, higher CD4 counts), better medication adherence, fewer symptoms, less distress, more positive coping, different life attitudes (i.e., existential transcendence, meaning/purpose in life, optimism, death acceptance), more spiritual practices, and increased spirituality. ST was also associated with substance-use recovery and with being African American. Survival up to 5 years was 5.35 times more likely among participants with ST ( pf = .044). According to a Cox-regression adjusted for baseline CD4-counts, age, race-ethnicity, gender, education, years since HIV-diagnosis, and a history of substance-use problems, ST still reduced the risk of death (HR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01–0.53, p = .010). Conclusions: ST has associated benefits for psychological well-being, health, and survival.