bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Druids' Knowledge in Chemical Engineering: Analysis of the Illustrated Literature by Goscinny and Uderzo
Authors: Leuchs Susanne , Greiner Lasse , Dechambre Dominique , Greiner Lasse , Bardow André 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe illustrated literature series Asterix (and Obelix) is commonly known as entertainment and distraction, but behind that mask, case studies for chemical production in small medium enterprises and the crucial role of research and development can be discovered. The series rightly puts chemistry and chemical engineering at the heart of success and prosperity. Overall, the motives exemplified are of high relevance today for chemical industry.
Lifestyle Change and High‐Density Lipoprotein Change: The US Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study
Authors: Rahilly‐Tierney Catherine , Vokonas Pantel , Gaziano J. Michael , Spiro Avron 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground:We sought to determine whether lifestyle modifications are associated with high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) change in a cohort with long‐term follow‐up.Hypothesis:Changes in alcohol consumption, smoking, or body mass index (BMI) are associated with within‐individual changes in HDL‐C.Methods:We selected 1420 men with ≥2 HDL‐C measurements from the US Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study (NAS). Changes in HDL‐C (in milligrams/deciliter) over a 3‐year period were calculated for each pair of exams. For each interval of HDL‐C change, lifestyle exposures were categorized: participants maintained a stable BMI >25 kg/m2 (reference) or ≤25 kg/m2 since the previous exam, or increased or decreased BMI; participants were actively smoking at both exams (reference), nonsmokers at both exams, quit, or initiated smoking between exams; and participants maintained alcohol intake of <2 (reference) or ≥2 drinks daily since the previous exam, or increased or decreased alcohol intake. Longitudinal analysis was used to examine the relationship between the lifestyle change categories and 3‐year change in HDL‐C for each interval, adjusting for comorbidities, lipids, and cholesterol medication.Results:Participants were followed for approximately 14.3 years. Increases in HDL‐C were associated with maintaining alcohol intake of ≥2 drinks daily (mean HDL‐C increase, 0.86; P = 0.02), increasing alcohol intake from <2 to ≥2 drinks daily (mean, 2.53; P = 0.0003), and with maintaining a BMI of ≤25 kg/m2 (mean, 0.71; P = 0.04).Conclusions:Increases in alcohol consumption, maintaining moderate alcohol intake, and maintaining BMI ≤25 kg/m2 were associated with significant 3‐year increases in HDL‐C. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21978The VA NAS is sponsored by the Cooperative Studies Program/ERIC, US Department of Veterans Affairs. This research was also supported by a VA Merit Review and a VA Research Career Scientist award to Avron Spiro. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Disease‐specific phenotypes in dopamine neurons from human iPS‐based models of genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Sánchez‐Danés Adriana , Richaud‐Patin Yvonne , Carballo‐Carbajal Iria , Jiménez‐Delgado Senda , Caig Carles , Mora Sergio , Di Guglielmo Claudia , Ezquerra Mario , Patel Bindiben , Giralt Albert , Canals Josep M. , Memo Maurizio , Alberch Jordi , López‐Barneo José , Vila Miquel , Cuervo Ana Maria , Tolosa Eduard , Consiglio Antonella , Raya Angel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractInduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) offer an unprecedented opportunity to model human disease in relevant cell types, but it is unclear whether they could successfully model age‐related diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we generated iPSC lines from seven patients with idiopathic PD (ID‐PD), four patients with familial PD associated to the G2019S mutation in the Leucine‐Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene (LRRK2‐PD) and four age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals (Ctrl). Over long‐time culture, dopaminergic neurons (DAn) differentiated from either ID‐PD‐ or LRRK2‐PD‐iPSC showed morphological alterations, including reduced numbers of neurites and neurite arborization, as well as accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, which were not evident in DAn differentiated from Ctrl‐iPSC. Further induction of autophagy and/or inhibition of lysosomal proteolysis greatly exacerbated the DAn morphological alterations, indicating autophagic compromise in DAn from ID‐PD‐ and LRRK2‐PD‐iPSC, which we demonstrate occurs at the level of autophagosome clearance. Our study provides an iPSC‐based in vitro model that captures the patients' genetic complexity and allows investigation of the pathogenesis of both sporadic and familial PD cases in a disease‐relevant cell type.
10Be‐derived assessment of accelerated erosion in a glacially conditioned inner gorge, Entlebuch, Central Alps of Switzerland
Authors: Van den Berg Fabien , Schlunegger Fritz , Akçar Naki , Kubik Peter 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTInner gorges often result from the propagation of erosional waves related to glacial/interglacial climate shifts. However, only few studies have quantified the modern erosional response to this glacial conditioning. Here, we report in situ 10Be data from the 64 km2 Entlen catchment (Swiss Alps). This basin hosts a 7 km long central inner gorge with two tributaries that are >100 m‐deeply incised into thick glacial till and bedrock. The 10Be concentrations measured at the downstream end of the gorge yield a catchment‐wide erosion rate of 0.42 ± 0.04 mm yr‐1, while erosion rates are consistently lower upstream of the inner gorge, ranging from 0.14 ± 0.01 mm yr‐1 to 0.23 ± 0.02 mm yr‐1. However, 10Be‐based sediment budget calculations yield rates of ~1.3 mm yr‐1 for the inner gorge of the trunk stream. Likewise, in the two incised tributary reaches, erosion rates are ~2.0 mm yr‐1 and ~1.9 mm yr‐1. Moreover, at the erosional front of the gorge, we measured bedrock incision rates ranging from ~2.5 mm yr‐1 to ~3.8 mm yr‐1. These rates, however, are too low to infer a post‐glacial age (15–20 ka) for the gorge initiation. This would require erosion rates that are between 2 and 6 times higher than present‐day estimates. However, the downcutting into unconsolidated glacial till favored high erosion rates through knickzone propagation immediately after the retreat of the LGM glaciers, and subsequent hillslope relaxation led to a progressive decrease in erosion rates. This hypothesis of a two‐ to sixfold decrease in erosion rates does not conflict with the 10Be‐based erosion rate budgets, because the modern erosional time scale recorded by 10Be cover the past 2–3 ka only. These results point to the acceleration of Holocene erosion in response to the glacial overprint of the landscape. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grief reactions in dementia carers: a systematic review
Authors: Chan Diana , Livingston Gill , Jones Louise , Sampson Elizabeth L 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveSupporting dementia carers is an identified target of the UK government, yet we know little about such family carers' grief before and after the death of the person with dementia for whom they care. We systematically review the existing literature on characteristics, prevalence, predictors and associations of grief in dementia carers before and after death.MethodsWe searched electronic databases and found 31 publications meeting predetermined criteria.ResultsGrief in dementia carers, which may be normal or complicated, is a complex reaction to losses occurring before and after death. Carers experience anticipatory grief as multiple losses for themselves (companionship, personal freedom and control) and the person with dementia. Anticipation and ambiguity about the future, anger, frustration and guilt are core features. Anticipatory grief is greatest in moderate to severe stage dementia and spouse carers, especially when the person with dementia is institutionalised. There was poor quality evidence about the prevalence of grief; studies reported anticipatory grief between 47% and 71%, and complicated grief after death is estimated around 20%. Carer depression increases with anticipatory grief. Being a spouse carer and being depressed are the strongest predictors of complicated and normal grief after death.ConclusionGrief in dementia carers can be expected; however, those at risk of distressing anticipatory and complicated grief may be identified and targeted for intervention when necessary. Higher quality research from a wider range of samples and countries is needed to explore this complex and emergent topic. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal and monthly hydrological budgets of a fen‐dominated forested watershed, James Bay region, Quebec
Authors: Proulx‐McInnis Sandra , St‐Hilaire André , Rousseau Alain N. , Jutras Sylvain , Carrer Gwenael , Levrel Grégor 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe hydrology of Quebec, Canada, boreal fens is poorly documented. Many peatlands are located in watersheds with impounded rivers. In such cases, their presence influences reservoir inflows. In recent years, some fens have been subjected to an increase of their wet area, a sign that they may be evolving towards an aquatic ecosystem. This dynamic process is calledaqualysis. This article presents the seasonal and monthly hydrological budgets of a small watershed including a highly aqualysed fen (James Bay region). The monitoring of precipitation (P), runoff (Q) and groundwater levels (WL) was conducted during the ice‐free season. Three semiempirical equations (Thornthwaite, Priestley–Taylor and Penman–Monteith) were used and compared to calculate potential evapotranspiration. The first two equations, having fewer parameters, estimate higher potential evapotranspiration values than the third equation. The use of pressure‐level gauges installed in wells, for the calculation of peatland water storage, is inconclusive. Swelling of peat, peat decomposition and plant composition could be responsible for nonnegligible amounts of absorbed water, which are not entirely accounted for by well levels. The estimation of peat matrix water storage is potentially the largest source of error and the limiting factor to calculate water balances in this environment. The results show that the groundwater level and the water storage vary depending on the season and especially after a heavy rainfall. Finally, the results illustrate the complexity of water routing through the site and thus raise several questions to be resolved in the future. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscaled analysis of hydrothermal dynamics in Japanese megalopolis by using integrated approach
Authors: Nakayama Tadanobu , Hashimoto Shizuka , Hamano Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe coupled the process‐based National Integrated Catchment‐based Eco‐hydrology (NICE) model to an urban canopy model and the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System to simulate the effect of urban geometry and anthropogenic exhaustion on the hydrothermal changes in the atmosphere/land and the interfacial areas of the Japanese megalopolis. The simulation was conducted with multiscale in horizontally regional‐urban‐point levels and in vertically atmosphere–surface–unsaturated–saturated layers. The model reasonably reproduced the observed hydrothermal values by using ground‐truth data in various types of natural/artificial land covers. The simulated results also suggested that the latent heat flux in the new water‐holding pavement (consisting of porous asphalt and water‐holding filler made of steel by‐products based on silica compound) has a strong effect on hydrologic cycle and cooling temperature in comparison with the observed heat budget by newly incorporating the effect of water amount on the heat conductivity in the pavement. Furthermore, the model predicted the hydrothermal changes under two types of land cover scenarios to promote evaporation and to reduce air temperature against heat island phenomenon. Finally, we evaluated the relationship between the effect of groundwater use to ameliorate the heat island and the effect of infiltration on the water cycle in the catchment. These procedures to integrate the multiscaled model simulation with political scenario based on the effective management of water resources as heat sink/source would be very powerful approaches for recovering a sound hydrologic cycle and for creating thermally pleasing environments in the megalopolis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends and shifts in streamflow in Hawai‘i, 1913–2008
Authors: Bassiouni Maoya , Oki Delwyn S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis study addresses a need to document changes in streamflow and base flow (groundwater discharge to streams) in Hawai‘i during the past century. Statistically significant long‐term (1913–2008) downward trends were detected (using the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test) in low‐streamflow and base‐flow records. These long‐term downward trends are likely related to a statistically significant downward shift around 1943 detected (using the nonparametric Pettitt test) in index records of streamflow and base flow. The downward shift corresponds to a decrease of 22% in median streamflow and a decrease of 23% in median base flow between the periods 1913–1943 and 1943–2008. The shift coincides with other local and regional factors, including a change from a positive to a negative phase in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, shifts in the direction of the trade winds over Hawai‘i, and a reforestation programme. The detected shift and long‐term trends reflect region‐wide changes in climatic and land‐cover factors. A weak pattern of downward trends in base flows during the period 1943–2008 may indicate a continued decrease in base flows after the 1943 shift.Downward trends were detected more commonly in base‐flow records than in high‐streamflow, peak‐flow, and rainfall records. The decrease in base flow is likely related to a decrease in groundwater storage and recharge and therefore is a valuable indicator of decreasing water availability and watershed vulnerability to hydrologic changes. Whether the downward trends will continue is largely uncertain given the uncertainty in climate‐change projections and watershed responses to changes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil profile evolution following land‐use change: implications for groundwater quantity and quality
Authors: Huang Tianming , Pang Zhonghe , Edmunds W. Mike 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSoil and vadose zone profiles are used as an archive of changes in groundwater recharge and water quality following changes in land use in an area of the Loess Plateau of China. A typical rain‐fed loess‐terrace agriculture region in Hequan, Guyuan, is taken as an example, and multiple tracers (chloride mass balance, stable isotopes, tritium and water chemistry) are used to examine groundwater recharge mechanisms and to evaluate soil water chloride as an archive for recharge rate and water quality. Results show that groundwater recharge beneath natural uncultivated grassland, used as a baseline, is about 94–100 mm year−1 and that the time it takes for annual precipitation to reach water table through the thick unsaturated zone is from decades to hundreds of years (tritium free). This recharge rate is 2–3 orders of magnitude more than in the other semiarid areas with similar annual rainfall but with deep‐rooted vegetation and relatively high temperature. Most of the water that eventually becomes recharge originally infiltrated in the summer months. The conversion from native grassland to winter wheat has reduced groundwater recharge by 42–50% (50–55 mm year−1 for recharge), and the conversion from winter wheat to alfalfa resulted in a significant chloride accumulation in the upper soil zone, which terminated deep drainage. The paper also evaluates the time lag between potential recharge and actual recharge to aquifer and between increase in solute concentration in soil moisture and that in the aquifer following land‐use change due to the deep unsaturated zone. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CO‐DESIGN OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS TO MITIGATE PESTICIDE POLLUTION IN A DRAINED CATCH‐BASIN: A SOLUTION TO IMPROVE GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Authors: Tournebize Julien , Gramaglia Christelle , Birmant Francois , Bouarfa Sami , Chaumont Cedric , Vincent Bernard 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe European Water Framework Directive enjoins its members to retrieve the good ecological status of their water resources. In France, it has resulted in the regulation of entrants' reduction plans which aim at halving the quantities of pesticides. This plan matches standard situations of non‐point pollution sources, where the water infiltrates towards the underlying aquifer. However, numerous situations exist in France in which groundwater is imperfectly protected by a shallow impervious layer in the topsoil, meaning that sinkholes may connect the surface water and relay pollution directly to the aquifer. These impervious layers induce subsurface drainage demand and construction so that the effluent can be collected at outfalls of drainage systems, and be processed in constructed wetlands before falling down the sinkholes, thus decreasing net pollution. The Champigny aquifer corresponds to this description, and has been shown to be highly vulnerable. The mission of AQUI'Brie, a non‐profit organisation, is to protect this groundwater, which is one of the water resources of Paris. Although well aware of the benefits of buffer zones, but at this time without incentives to implement them, AQUI'Brie started a co‐construction process of constructed wetlands, involving all the stakeholders of a small catchment located upstream from a sinkhole. This paper describes the co‐construction from the first meeting to the final structures in a context of high land use pressure. It shows that the number and area of constructed wetlands has diminished beyond the threshold for which the performance of depollution process may fail. In 2011, a performance assessment programme was set up to determine if the co‐constructed wetlands comply with the new current regulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WHY ARE THERE SO FEW COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN FARMERS AND WATER SERVICES IN FRANCE? WATER POLICIES AND THE PROBLEM OF LAND USE RIGHTS
Authors: Garin Patrice , Barraqué Bernard 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTOne of the recurrent shortcomings of water policy in France is the control of diffuse agricultural pollution. Numerous lacunae and incoherencies in the French Rural, Public Health, and Environmental Codes have hindered the effective implementation of efficient protection measures. In this paper, we underline the extent to which these incoherencies have hampered the emergence of cooperative agreements (CAs) between farmers and drinking water service providers. The theoretical framework of institutional resource regimes (IRRs) provides a key to understanding the failure of public policy to impose restrictions on agricultural land use rights and to encourage voluntary arrangements concerning agricultural practices. The IRR framework was applied before 2005 to 12 cases of public attempts to negotiate a reduction in polluting practices. Our study enabled us to characterise the lack of extent and coherence of the water sector's IRR in France. Since 2005, regulatory changes have extended the scope of this IRR with a view to making water, agriculture and health policies more coherent. We discuss the complexity of the new approach, and question its capacity to mobilise the actors concerned around the territorial reorganisation of agriculture aimed at reducing diffuse pollution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HOW DOES UNEQUAL ACCESS TO GROUNDWATER CONTRIBUTE TO MARGINALIZATION OF SMALL FARMERS? THE CASE OF PUBLIC LANDS IN ALGERIA
Authors: Amichi Hichem , Bouarfa Sami , Kuper Marcel , Ducourtieux Olivier , Imache Amar , Fusillier Jean‐Louis , Bazin Gilles , Hartani Tarik , Chehat Foued 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe use of groundwater in irrigated agriculture is often regarded as an effective way of increasing farm productivity. However, the effects of differential access to groundwater by farmers have rarely been studied at the microeconomic scale, particularly the possibly negative effects of marginalization of small farmers. During the hydraulic crisis that has affected Algerian irrigation schemes since the 1980s, groundwater has become a major source of irrigation for farmers. A process of farm differentiation occurred linked to farmers' access to groundwater, causing social inequity. To understand the differentiation of farms in the Ouarizane irrigation scheme, we first undertook a historical inquiry. Second, we used a participatory prospective approach to analyse possible changes in farming systems after the adoption of a new land reform. Our results confirmed that access to groundwater has become a structural factor in the differentiation of farms and in land concentration in Algerian irrigation schemes. Land concentration and the marginalization of small farmers are likely to worsen when the new land law is applied. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WHICH WATER QUALITY FOR WHICH USES? OVERCOMING OVER‐ZEALOUS USE OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE TO RECLAIM WASTEWATER FOR APPROPRIATE IRRIGATION USES
Authors: Molle B. , Brelle F. , Bessy J. , Gatel D. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe growing conflicts over water resources look set to worsen in the context of climate change. High quality groundwater resources ideally reserved for domestic use are diminishing especially where urban centres are growing, as treatment facilities cannot always keep up. The farming sector could manage water quality and quantity better to produce food sustainably, keeping economic activity in rural areas. Purification techniques are progressing in efficiency at growing cost, removing the polluting load from effluent which is potentially useful for agriculture. Competing domestic and agricultural water uses can in fact be complementary, as can be seen in green belt of megacities.Policy making based on the precautionary principle is developed from existing regulations and guidelines. Because of the lack of scientific results, policies most often confuse prevention and precaution. A balanced application of the precautionary principle would enable a rational development of reuse schemes, preserving good quality resources and taking benefit from disposed of minerals for crops. An economic approach along with risk assessment would avoid disproportionate costs to gain security. Consistent information and training should be organised to enhance public and worker awareness of risk management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LONG‐RUN RISKS IN THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES: ESTIMATION
Authors: Doh Taeyoung 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYThis paper estimates a model in which persistent fluctuations in expected consumption growth, expected inflation, and their time‐varying volatility determine asset price variation. The model features Epstein–Zin recursive preferences, which determine the market price of macro risk factors. Analysis of the US nominal term structure data from 1953 to 2006 shows that agents dislike high uncertainty and demand compensation for volatility risks. Also, the time variation of the term premium is driven by the compensation for inflation volatility risk, which is distinct from consumption volatility risk. The central role of inflation volatility risk in explaining the time‐varying term premium is consistent with other empirical evidence including survey data. In contrast, the existing long‐run risks literature emphasizes consumption volatility risk and ignores inflation‐specific time‐varying volatility. The estimation results of this paper suggest that inflation‐specific volatility risk is essential for fitting the time series of the US nominal term structure data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.