bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐stage selective sampling for anomaly detection: analysis and evaluation
Authors: Androulidakis Georgios , Papavassiliou Symeon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSampling has become an essential component of scalable Internet traffic monitoring and anomaly detection. This paper emphasizes on the analysis and evaluation of the impact of two‐stage sampling (TSS) techniques on network anomaly detection. Through the positive exploitation of the fact that sampled traffic is an incomplete and simultaneously biased approximation of the underlying traffic trace, we propose and analyze an enhanced two‐stage selective sampling approach, where an intelligent flow‐based sampling method that focuses on the selection of small flows that are usually the source of malicious traffic, is adopted. The performance evaluation of the impact of TSS on the anomaly detection process is achieved through the use and application of an entropy‐based anomaly detection method on a packet trace with data that has been collected from a real operational university campus network. The corresponding results demonstrate that the proposed approach improves and favors anomaly detection effectiveness, while at the same time reduces the number of sampled data, and in most cases achieves to even outperform the corresponding results of the unsampled case. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ARXPS study of the passivating layer formed on III‐V surface by an innovative anodic treatment in liquid ammonia
Authors: Gonçalves A.‐M. , Bouttemy M. , El Ali O. , Eb A. , Mathieu C. , Vigneron J. , Etcheberry A. , White R. , Mack P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn innovative treatment of III‐V surface is evidenced in liquid ammonia (NH3 liq). This treatment is performed by a controlled anodic electrochemical process at the interface.1 This control provides a novel and reproducible passivation of the InP surface.1The surface coating prevents the formation of oxides for over a year.1 The low anodic charge (≈1 mC.cm−2 range) spent for the process concurrently involves a weak electrochemical dissolution of InP surface and ammonia oxidation which trigger the passivation process.1 Studies using either cyclic voltammetry or galvanostatic treatment followed by XPS measurements show that the surface is successfully passivated by an ultrathin film associating phosphorus and nitrogen atoms in a quasi‐monolayer structure. Reproducible XPS data indicate that the ratio between nitrogen and phosphorus atoms in the film is close to two. High resolution N1s spectra reveal a double structure of the peaks, indicating that two chemical environments must be considered to describe the nitrogen atoms neighboring in this capping film. Information about the spatial film organization are investigated by angular‐resolved XPS depth profiles analysis. Experiments are performed with a Thermo Fisher Scientific Theta Probe XPS spectrometer which exhibits an innovative ARXPS acquisition mode. The evolution of the respective contributions of P and N or In signals, perpendicularly to the surface, permit to propose a paving of the surface with a polyphospazene like film. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bandgap determination and charge separation in Ag@TiO2 core shell nanoparticle films
Authors: Tunc Ilknur , Bruns Michael , Gliemann Hartmut , Grunze Michael , Koelsch Patrick 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe photocatalytic activity of TiO2 under sunlight irradiation depends on the bandgap energy. Due to the relatively low solar intensity in the UV region (<10%) and the fact that the bandgap of TiO2 is usually greater than 3 eV (below 400 nm), many attempts have been made to shift the bandgap towards lower energies. Here, we investigate the structure, chemical composition, bandgap shift and charge transfer processes of Ag@TiO2 core‐shell nanoparticle thin films by field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, XPS, and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. As a solid support, Au‐coated Si wafers and Si surface covered with a native oxide were used and homogenously covered by Ag@TiO2 core‐shell nanoparticles with overall film thicknesses of 80–100 nm and size distributions between 8 and 15 nm. The shell thickness of the adsorbed Ag@TiO2 particles was estimated to be 1.5‐2.0 nm. The effect of the Ag core on the bandgap of TiO2 and photoinduced charge separation of Ag@TiO2 nanoparticle films was studied by UV‐Vis reflectance spectroscopy using the Kubelka‐Munk formalism. Films of Ag@TiO2 core‐shell nanoparticles revealed a substantially reduced bandgap of 2.75 eV (corresponding to 450 nm), and an electron charge transfer to the Ag core occurring upon UV irradiation on nonconductive surfaces. These features make Ag@TiO2 particulate films a promising candidate for photocatalytic surfaces under sunlight irradiation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale Molecular Modeling and Experimental Validation of Polyaniline‐CNTs Composite Coatings for Corrosion Protecting
Authors: Ioniţǎ M. , Brânzoi I. V. , Pilan L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractToday's demand for materials with specific properties is rapidly overtaking available technology, especially in the understanding of why many materials have the properties they do. The morphology of polymer–carbon nanotubes (CNTs) material and how this influences the further features of the material is one such property. In this work, a computational method based on molecular mechanics (MM) and dynamics (MD) and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) techniques, to design and predict specific morphologies and mechanical properties of polyaniline (PANI)‐CNTs and PANI‐poly (m‐aminobenzene sulfonic acid) (PABS) functionalized CNTs composite materials is presented. Furthermore, experiments were carried out to assess the anticorrosive features of the composite materials. Computational bulk models of PANI‐CNTs and PANI‐PABS‐CNTs were implemented with different compositions at atomistic‐ and mesoscale and composite coatings were grown in situ onto carbon steel electrodes (OL 48‐50). PANI‐PABS‐CNTs computational models and films were investigated concerning mechanical properties, materials morphology using computational tools, and experimentally, by means of scanning electron microscopy and corrosion protecting ability by potentiodynamic tests. The results clearly confirmed that the PABS‐CNTs are properly dispersed in composite coatings and have beneficial effect on mechanical integrity, and anticorrosion protecting ability is significantly higher than those characteristics for pure PANI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of dropouts on the analysis of dose‐finding studies with recurrent event data
Authors: Akacha Mouna , Benda Norbert 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis work is motivated by dose‐finding studies, where the number of events per subject within a specified study period form the primary outcome. The aim of the considered studies is to identify the target dose for which the new drug can be shown to be as effective as a competitor medication. Given a pain‐related outcome, we expect a considerable number of patients to drop out before the end of the study period. The impact of missingness on the analysis and models for the missingness process must be carefully considered.The recurrent events are modeled as over‐dispersed Poisson process data, with dose as the regressor. Additional covariates may be included. Constant and time‐varying rate functions are examined. Based on these models, the impact of missingness on the precision of the target dose estimation is evaluated. Diverse models for the missingness process are considered, including dependence on covariates and number of events. The performances of five different analysis methods are assessed via simulations: a complete case analysis; two analyses using different single imputation techniques; a direct‐likelihood analysis and an analysis using pattern‐mixture models.The target dose estimation is robust if the same missingness process holds for the target dose group and the active control group. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this robustness is lost as soon as the missingness mechanisms for the active control and the target dose differ. Of the methods explored, the direct‐likelihood approach performs best, even when a missing not at random mechanism holds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical characterisation by WD‐XRF and XRD of silicon carbide‐based grinding tools
Authors: Gazulla M. F. , Gómez M. P. , Orduña M. , Rodrigo M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the chemical characterisation of silicon carbide‐based grinding tools. These are among the most widely used grinding tools in the ceramic sector, and instruments are required that enable the grinding tool quality to be controlled, despite the considerable complexity involved in determining grinding tool chemical composition. They contain components of quite different nature, ranging from the silicon carbide abrasive to the resin binder. To develop the analysis method, grinding tools containing silicon carbide with different grain sizes were selected from different tile polishing stages. To develop the grinding tool characterisation method, the different measurement process steps were studied, from sample preparation, in which different milling methods (each appropriate for the relevant type of test) were used, to the optimisation of the determination of grinding tool components by spectroscopic and elemental analyses. For each technique, different particle sizes were used according to their needs. For elemental analysis, a sample below 150 µm was used, while for the rest of the determinations a sample below 60 µm was used. After milling, the crystalline phases were characterised by X‐ray powder diffraction and quantified using the Rietvel method. The different forms of carbon (organic carbon from the resin, inorganic carbon from the carbonates and carbon from the silicon carbide) were analysed using a series of elemental analyses. The other elements (Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Ti, Mn, P and Cl) were determined by wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, preparing the sample in the form of pressed pellets and fused beads. The chemical characterisation method developed was validated with mixtures of reference materials, as there are no reference materials of grinding tools available. This method can be used for quality control of silicon carbide‐based grinding tools. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct chromium speciation using X‐ray spectrometry and chemometrics
Authors: de Oliveira L. , Antunes A. M. , Bueno M. I. M. S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChromium is a chemical element that occurs in two principal distinct forms: trivalent (Cr(III)) and hexavalent (Cr(VI)). As chromium toxicity depends on its oxidation state, the concentrations of both the species should necessarily be determined, and not only that of total chromium. Using X‐ray spectrometry allied to chemometrics, this work presents a new method for chromium speciation, with no prior separation and/or preconcentration of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species. Spectra of several solutions containing different concentrations of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were obtained. The data were treated through principal component analysis and partial least squares regression. The results obtained show that direct speciation using a conventional X‐ray spectrometer is possible, with calculated limits of detection and quantification for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) being lower than 17 and 50 µg g−1, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternate and reversible method for flight restraint of cranes
Authors: Zhang Sen Lin , Yang Shu Hui , Li Bing , Xu Yan Chun , Ma Jian Hua , Xu Jian Feng , Zhang Xian Guang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFlight restraint is important for zoos, safaris, and breeding centers for large birds. Currently used techniques for flight restraint include both surgical and non‐surgical approaches. Surgical approaches usually cause permanent change to or removal of tendon, patagial membrane, or wing bones, and can cause pain and inflammation. Non‐surgical approaches such as clipping or trimming feathers often alter the bird's appearance, and can damage growing blood feathers in fledglings or cause joint stiffness. We observed microstructure of primary feathers of the red‐crowned crane (Grus japonensis) and found that the width of barbs is a determinative factor influencing vane stiffness and geometric parameters. We hypothesized that partial longitudinal excision of barbs on the ventral surface of the primary feathers would reduce the stiffness of the vane and render the feathers unable to support the crane's body weight during flight. Furthermore, we hypothesized that this modification of barbs would also change the aerodynamic performance of feathers such that they could not generate sufficient lift and thrust during flapping to enable the bird to fly. We tested this hypothesis on a red‐crowned crane that had normal flight capability by excising the ventral margin of barbs on all 10 primaries on the left wing. The bird was unable to take off until the modified feathers were replaced by new ones. Removal of barbs proved to be a simple, non‐invasive, low‐cost and reversible method for flight restraint. It is potentially applicable to other large birds with similar structural characteristics of primary feathers. Zoo Biol 30:342–348, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Political Economy of Emergency and Essential Surgery in Global Health
Authors: Hedges Jeremy P. , Mock Charles N. , Cherian Meena N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEmergency and essential surgery (EES) remains a low priority on global health agendas even though a growing body of evidence demonstrates that EES is a cost‐effective public health intervention and that it holds the potential to prevent a sizable number of deaths and disabilities. The inferior status of EES should be considered, in part, a political problem and subject to political analysis. This type of political economy examination has been used for other important global health issues but has not been applied to EES. By addressing political concerns and prospects, EES can be better positioned on international agendas, thus improving surgical care delivered to the poor.
Inborn errors of metabolism in Latin America: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Giugliani Roberto 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLatin America includes more than 40 countries and possessions, and its population of 570 million has an important representation of the three main human races. The area is experiencing an economic improvement, progressively bringing the inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) to a higher level among health priorities. Challenges to the progress of the IEM field include the huge disparities, the high prevalence of malnutrition and infections, the co‐existence of very different models of public health services, the unstable socio‐economic and political conditions, and the difficulties in integrating the countries. However, a rapidly changing social and economic environment is presenting many opportunities to the IEM field, like the improvements in infrastructure, the concentration of the population in urban areas, the continuous growth of neonatal screening, the use of filter paper samples, the availability of internet communication, and the interest in IEM by the new population medical genetics discipline. Analyzing this picture, several proposals are presented, such as the development of activities of provision of health services, education and research as an integrated package, the increase in training of human resources, the expansion of access to diagnostic tests, and the use the neonatal screening framework to expand the provision of services. In a continent with few IEM centers, there is a major need for such groups to work in collaboration, complementing each other's capabilities, providing training of human resources, and developing joint projects. The integration of these groups into a large transnational network of reference centers would be a major task for the coming years.
Biobanken
Authors: Krawczak M. , Semler S.C. , Kiehntopf M. 
Published: May 2010

Zusammenfassung
Biobanken sind eine unverzichtbare Komponente der biomedizinischen Forschung. Durch ihre zeitlich und inhaltlich wenig begrenzte Nutzung stellen Biobanken jedoch alle Beteiligten vor besondere rechtliche, ethische und organisatorische Herausforderungen. Die Telematikplattform für Medizinische Forschungsnetze (TMF) hat sich daher in mehreren Projekten mit den Problemen des Aufbaus und Betriebs von Biobanken auseinandergesetzt und hierzu generische Lösungsvorschläge erarbeitet. Nach einem exemplarischen Überblick über derzeit im In- und Ausland aktive Biobanken stellen wir die wesentlichen Inhalte der Arbeiten der TMF zum Thema vor. Daneben werden zwei Maßnahmen erläutert, die das „Biobanking“ in Deutschland und in Europa künftig effizienter und transparenter gestalten sollen: die „Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure“ (BBMRI) der Europäischen Kommission und das derzeit im Aufbau befindliche, vom BMBF geförderte Biobankenregister der TMF.
Intra- and interobserver reliability analysis of digital radiographic measurements for pediatric orthopedic parameters using a novel PACS integrated computer software program
Authors: Segev Eitan , Hemo Yoram , Wientroub Shlomo , Ovadia Dror , Fishkin Michael , Steinberg David M. , Hayek Shlomo 
Published: May 2010

Background The between-observer reliability of repeated anatomic assessments in pediatric orthopedics relies on the precise definition of bony landmarks for measuring angles, indexes, and lengths of joints, limbs, and spine. We have analyzed intra- and interobserver reliability with a new digital measurement system (TraumaCad Wizard™). Methods Five pediatric orthopedic surgeons measured 50 digital radiographs on three separate days using the TraumaCad system. There were 10 anterior–posterior (AP) pelvic views from developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) patients, 10 AP pelvic views from cerebral palsy (CP) patients, 10 AP standing view of the lower limb radiographs from leg length discrepancy (LLD) patients, and 10 AP and 10 lateral spine X-rays from scoliosis patients. All standing view of the lower limb radiographs were calibrated by the software to allow for accurate length measurements, using as reference a 1-inch metal ball placed at the level of the bone. Each observer performed 540 measurements (totaling 2,700). We estimated intra- and interobserver standard deviations for measurements in all categories by specialists and nonspecialists. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) summarized the overall accuracy and precision of the measurement process relative to subject variation. We examined whether the relative accuracy of a measurement is adversely affected by the number of bony landmarks required for making the measurement. Results The overall ICC was >0.74 for 13 out of 18 measurements. Accuracy of the acetabular index for DDH was greater than for CP and relatively low for the center–edge angle in CP. Accuracy for bone length was better than for joint angulations in LLD and for the Cobb angle in AP views compared to lateral views for scoliosis. There were no clinically important biases, and most of the differences between specialists and nonspecialists were nonsignificant. The correlation between the results according to the number of bony landmarks that needed to be identified was also nonsignificant. Conclusions Digital measurements with the TraumaCad system are reliable in terms of intra- and interobserver variability, making it a useful method for the analysis of pathology on radiographs in pediatric orthopedics.
Challenge and promise: the role of miRNA for pathogenesis and progression of malignant melanoma
Authors: Essa Salma , Denzer N. , Mahlknecht U. , Klein R. , Collnot E. M. , Reichrath J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
microRNAs are endogenous noncoding RNAs that are implicated in gene regulation. More recently, miRNAs have been shown to play a pivotal role in multiple cellular processes that interfere with tumorigenesis. Here we summarize the essential role of microRNAs for human cancer with special focus on malignant melanoma and the promising perspectives for cancer therapies.
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: Annual change in biomarkers and clinical outcomes
Authors: Beckett Laurel A. , Harvey Danielle J. , Gamst Anthony , Donohue Michael , Kornak John , Zhang Hao , Kuo Julie H. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2010

BackgroundThe Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Phase 1 (ADNI‐1) is a multisite prospective study designed to examine potential cerebrospinal fluid and imaging markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their relationship to cognitive change. The objective of this study was to provide a global summary of the overall results and patterns of change observed in candidate markers and clinical measures over the first 2 years of follow‐up.MethodsChange was summarized for 210 normal controls, 357 mild cognitive impairment, and 162 AD subjects, with baseline and at least one cognitive follow‐up assessment. Repeated measures and survival models were used to assess baseline biomarker levels as predictors. Potential for improving clinical trials was assessed by comparison of precision of markers for capturing change in hypothetical trial designs.ResultsThe first 12 months of complete data on ADNI participants demonstrated the potential for substantial advances in characterizing trajectories of change in a range of biomarkers and clinical outcomes, examining their relationship and timing, and assessing the potential for improvements in clinical trial design. Reduced metabolism and greater brain atrophy in the mild cognitive impairment at baseline are associated with more rapid cognitive decline and a higher rate of conversion to AD. Use of biomarkers as study entry criteria or as outcomes could reduce the number of participants required for clinical trials.ConclusionsAnalyses and comparisons of ADNI data strongly support the hypothesis that measurable change occurs in cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging well in advance of the actual diagnosis of AD.
The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and BMI in adolescents: results from the Québec Family Study
Authors: Gallant A. R. , Tremblay A. , Pérusse L. , Bouchard C. , Després J.-P. , Drapeau V. 
Published: May 2010

Eating behaviour traits are associated with body weight variations in adults. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) measures cognitive restraint, disinhibition and hunger, as well as their corresponding subscales, e.g. rigid and flexible control. The TFEQ has not been widely used in adolescents to investigate eating behaviour traits associated with body weight. The aim of the present study was to assess whether eating behaviour traits were associated with BMI in male and female adolescents. Sixty adolescents (thirty females and thirty males; mean age 15·0 (sd 2·4) years) from the Québec Family Study completed the TFEQ and 3 d dietary records. There were no sex differences in the TFEQ scores. Rigid control, disinhibition and emotional susceptibility (to overeat) were positively related to BMI z-scores for the entire sample (r 0·3, P < 0·05). There was a positive relationship between BMI z-scores and rigid control (r 0·39, P < 0·05) in females, while BMI z-scores were positively related to emotional susceptibility (r 0·42, P < 0·02) and disinhibition (r 0·41, P < 0·03) in males. Adolescents characterised by both high disinhibition and high rigid control had significantly higher BMI z-scores than those by both low disinhibition and low rigid control. There were no significant differences in BMI z-scores between the flexible control categories. Dietary macronutrient content was not consistently related to eating behaviour traits. These results show that the eating behaviour traits of disinhibition and rigid control are independently related to BMI z-scores in this group of adolescents.