bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speed- and Endurance-Based Classifications of Community Ambulation Post-Stroke Revisited: The Importance of Location in Walking Performance Measurement
Authors: Bansal Kanika , Fox Emily J. , Clark David , Fulk George , Rose Dorian K. 
Published: May 2024

Background Gait speed or 6-minute walk test are frequently used to project community ambulation abilities post-stroke by categorizing individuals as household ambulators, limited, or unlimited community ambulators. However, whether improved clinically-assessed gait outcomes truly translate into enhanced real-world community ambulation remains uncertain. Objective This cross-sectional study aimed to examine differences in home and community ambulation between established categories of speed- and endurance-based classification systems of community ambulation post-stroke and compare these with healthy controls. Methods Sixty stroke survivors and 18 healthy controls participated. Stroke survivors were categorized into low-speed, medium-speed, or high-speed groups based on speed-based classifications and into low-endurance, medium-endurance, or high-endurance groups based on the endurance-based classification. Home and community steps/day were quantified using Global Positioning System and accelerometer devices over 7 days. Results The low-speed groups exhibited fewer home and community steps/day than their medium- and high-speed counterparts ( P  <  .05). The low-endurance group took fewer community steps/day than the high-endurance group ( P  <  .05). Despite vast differences in clinical measures of gait speed and endurance, the medium-speed/endurance groups did not differ in their home and community steps/day from the high-speed/endurance groups, respectively. Stroke survivors took 48% fewer home steps/day and 77% fewer community steps/day than healthy controls. Conclusions Clinical classification systems may only distinguish home ambulators from community ambulators, but not between levels of community ambulation, especially beyond certain thresholds of gait speed and endurance. Clinicians should use caution when predicting community ambulation status through clinical measures, due to the limited translation of these classification systems into the real world.
Role of Legal Education in Advancement of Access to Justice: A Panormic Insight
Authors: Sharma Daksha , Kumari Smriti 
Published: May 2024

The Indian legal system is founded on the principles of justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, unity and integrity. It highlights the ethical values related to fairness, reasonability, rationality, transparency and accountability, which ensure access to justice as well as ease to justice. The glaring foundations of our legal education are based on the famous adage ‘Yatho Dharma, thatho Jayaha’, which means that where there is righteousness, there will be victory. The idea of justice is a part of our cultural and historical context. Legal education can be a significant tool for achieving a just and equitable society. It is the foundation for creating skilled, socially and morally responsible lawyers, who are prepared to fight for the cause of justice. Quality legal education provides tremendous potential to enhance access to justice by focusing on ethical principles, social justice and imparting practical skills, a transdisciplinary approach and technical competency to the students. In India, modern clinical legal education started with the five-year integrated law programme which gained popularity in the early twenty-first century. Although the primary objective of starting clinical legal education was to impart practical industry-oriented training to law students, now the recent trend also suggests the inclusion of legal aid programmes and specialized professional training with the directives of the courts to achieve access to justice. The legal aid clinics of prominent law universities, colleges and schools are playing a pivotal role in helping the underserved and marginalized section of society to have access to justice by way of legal aid programmes, awareness workshops and paralegal training. This article will explore the intricate relationship between legal education and societal access to justice and will shed light on the role that a law school ought to play in advancing access to justice. It will also explore several ways in which legal education supports the development of an inclusive, egalitarian, dynamic, progressive, peaceful and just society.
Burnout Among Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Perez Danielle , Sullivan-Bolyai Susan , Bova Carol , Fain James 
Published: May 2024

Purpose The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to describe the experience of diabetes burnout in young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). In addition, aims included participant perspectives of risk and protective factors associated with burnout and ways to balance everyday life with diabetes self-management (DSM). Methods Young adults with T1DM (N = 11) were recruited through social media platforms and modified snowball sampling and interviewed. Informational redundancy was achieved. Qualitative thematic coding and analysis were conducted within and across transcripts. Results Diabetes burnout was described as the willingness to put diabetes and DSM on the “back burner” and let things slide due to exhaustion, frustration, apathy, and the desire to be like everyone else for a while. Risk and protective factors were identified along with strategies to achieve balance of DSM in everyday life. Conclusions This study identified a clear definition of diabetes burnout and acknowledges this concept as distinct and separate from other psychosocial conditions. Health care providers can utilize this information to identify individuals at risk for diabetes burnout and offer more effective support to lessen the overall burden associated with T1DM.
Equivariant score-based generative diffusion framework for 3D molecules
Authors: Zhang Hao , Liu Yang , Liu Xiaoyan , Wang Cheng , Guo Maozu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Molecular biology is crucial for drug discovery, protein design, and human health. Due to the vastness of the drug-like chemical space, depending on biomedical experts to manually design molecules is exceedingly expensive. Utilizing generative methods with deep learning technology offers an effective approach to streamline the search space for molecular design and save costs. This paper introduces a novel E(3)-equivariant score-based diffusion framework for 3D molecular generation via SDEs, aiming to address the constraints of unified Gaussian diffusion methods. Within the proposed framework EMDS, the complete diffusion is decomposed into separate diffusion processes for distinct components of the molecular feature space, while the modeling processes also capture the complex dependency among these components. Moreover, angle and torsion angle information is integrated into the networks to enhance the modeling of atom coordinates and utilize spatial information more effectively.

Results
Experiments on the widely utilized QM9 dataset demonstrate that our proposed framework significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in all evaluation metrics for 3D molecular generation. Additionally, ablation experiments are conducted to highlight the contribution of key components in our framework, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed framework and the performance improvements of incorporating angle and torsion angle information for molecular generation. Finally, the comparative results of distribution show that our method is highly effective in generating molecules that closely resemble the actual scenario.

Conclusion
Through the experiments and comparative results, our framework clearly outperforms previous 3D molecular generation methods, exhibiting significantly better capacity for modeling chemically realistic molecules. The excellent performance of EMDS in 3D molecular generation brings novel and encouraging opportunities for tackling challenging biomedical molecule and protein scenarios.
Functional annotation and meta-analysis of maize transcriptomes reveal genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress
Authors: Hayford Rita K , Haley Olivia C , Cannon Ethalinda K , Portwood John L , Gardiner Jack M , Andorf Carson M , Woodhouse Margaret R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Environmental stress factors, such as biotic and abiotic stress, are becoming more common due to climate variability, significantly affecting global maize yield. Transcriptome profiling studies provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying stress response in maize, though the functions of many genes are still unknown. To enhance the functional annotation of maize-specific genes, MaizeGDB has outlined a data-driven approach with an emphasis on identifying genes and traits related to biotic and abiotic stress.

Results
We mapped high-quality RNA-Seq expression reads from 24 different publicly available datasets (17 abiotic and seven biotic studies) generated from the B73 cultivar to the recent version of the reference genome B73 (B73v5) and deduced stress-related functional annotation of maize gene models. We conducted a robust meta-analysis of the transcriptome profiles from the datasets to identify maize loci responsive to stress, identifying 3,230 differentially expressed genes (DEGs): 2,555 DEGs regulated in response to abiotic stress, 408 DEGs regulated during biotic stress, and 267 common DEGs (co-DEGs) that overlap between abiotic and biotic stress. We discovered hub genes from network analyses, and among the hub genes of the co-DEGs we identified a putative NAC domain transcription factor superfamily protein (Zm00001eb369060) IDP275, which previously responded to herbivory and drought stress. IDP275 was up-regulated in our analysis in response to eight different abiotic and four different biotic stresses. A gene set enrichment and pathway analysis of hub genes of the co-DEGs revealed hormone-mediated signaling processes and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways, respectively. Using phylostratigraphic analysis, we also demonstrated how abiotic and biotic stress genes differentially evolve to adapt to changing environments.

Conclusions
These results will help facilitate the functional annotation of multiple stress response gene models and annotation in maize. Data can be accessed and downloaded at the Maize Genetics and Genomics Database (MaizeGDB).
Differential gene expression and immune cell infiltration in maedi-visna virus-infected lung tissues
Authors: Shi Xiaona , Zhang Yufei , Chen Sixu , Du Xiaoyue , Zhang Pei , Duan Xujie , Fang Hui , Liu Shuying 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a lentivirus that infects monocyte/macrophage lineage cells in sheep, goats, and wild ruminants and causes pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, and encephalitis. The immune response to MVV infection is complex, and a complete understanding of its infection and pathogenesis is lacking. This study investigated the in vivo transcriptomic patterns of lung tissues in sheep exposed to MVV using the RNA sequencing technology.

Result
The results indicated that 2,739 genes were significantly differentially expressed, with 1,643 downregulated genes and 1,096 upregulated genes. Many variables that could be unique to MVV infections were discovered. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that a significant proportion of genes was enriched in terms directly related to the immune system and biological responses to viral infections. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the most enriched pathways were related to virus-host cell interactions and inflammatory responses. Numerous immune-related genes, including those encoding several cytokines and interferon regulatory factors, were identified in the protein-protein interaction network of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The expression of DEGs was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. CXCL13, CXCL6, CXCL11, CCR1, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, TNFSF8, TNFRSF8, IL7R, IFN-γ, CCL2, and MMP9 were upregulated. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to identify the types of immune cells that infiltrated MVV-infected tissues. B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and macrophages were the most prevalent immune cells correlated with MVV infection in the lungs.

Conclusion
Overall, the findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the in vivo host response to MVV infection and offer new perspectives on the gene regulatory networks that underlie pathogenesis in natural hosts.
Peptidoglycan endopeptidase MepM of uropathogenic Escherichia coli contributes to competitive fitness during urinary tract infections
Authors: Huang Wen-Chun , Dwija Ida Bagus Nyoman Putra , Hashimoto Masayuki , Wu Jiunn-Jong , Wang Ming-Cheng , Kao Cheng-Yen , Lin Wei-Hung , Wang Shuying , Teng Ching-Hao 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections, primarily caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), leading to significant health issues and economic burden. Although antibiotics have been effective in treating UPEC infections, the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains hinders their efficacy. Hence, identifying novel bacterial targets for new antimicrobial approaches is crucial. Bacterial factors required for maintaining the full virulence of UPEC are the potential target. MepM, an endopeptidase in E. coli, is involved in the biogenesis of peptidoglycan, a major structure of bacterial envelope. Given that the bacterial envelope confronts the hostile host environment during infections, MepM’s function could be crucial for UPEC’s virulence. This study aims to explore the role of MepM in UPEC pathogenesis.

Results
MepM deficiency significantly impacted UPEC’s survival in urine and within macrophages. Moreover, the deficiency hindered the bacillary-to-filamentous shape switch which is known for aiding UPEC in evading phagocytosis during infections. Additionally, UPEC motility was downregulated due to MepM deficiency. As a result, the mepM mutant displayed notably reduced fitness in causing UTIs in the mouse model compared to wild-type UPEC.

Conclusions
This study provides the first evidence of the vital role of peptidoglycan endopeptidase MepM in UPEC’s full virulence for causing UTIs. MepM’s contribution to UPEC pathogenesis may stem from its critical role in maintaining the ability to resist urine- and immune cell-mediated killing, facilitating the morphological switch, and sustaining motility. Thus, MepM is a promising candidate target for novel antimicrobial strategies.
Exploring the dynamic adaptive responses of Epimedium pubescens to phosphorus deficiency by Integrated transcriptome and miRNA analysis
Authors: Liu Shangnian , An Xiaojing , Xu Chaoqun , Guo Baolin , Li Xianen , Chen Caixia , He Dongmei , Xu De , Li Yi 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPhosphorus, a crucial macronutrient essential for plant growth and development. Due to widespread phosphorus deficiency in soils, phosphorus deficiency stress has become one of the major abiotic stresses that plants encounter. Despite the evolution of adaptive mechanisms in plants to address phosphorus deficiency, the specific strategies employed by species such as Epimedium pubescens remain elusive. Therefore, this study observed the changes in the growth, physiological reponses, and active components accumulation in E. pubescensunder phosphorus deficiency treatment, and integrated transcriptome and miRNA analysis, so as to offer comprehensive insights into the adaptive mechanisms employed by E. pubescens in response to phosphorus deficiency across various stages of phosphorus treatment. Remarkably, our findings indicate that phosphorus deficiency induces root growth stimulation in E. pubescens, while concurrently inhibiting the growth of leaves, which are of medicinal value. Surprisingly, this stressful condition results in an augmented accumulation of active components in the leaves. During the early stages (30 days), leaves respond by upregulating genes associated with carbon metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and hormone signaling. This adaptive response facilitates energy production, ROS scavenging, and morphological adjustments to cope with short-term phosphorus deficiency and sustain its growth. As time progresses (90 days), the expression of genes related to phosphorus cycling and recycling in leaves is upregulated, and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation (miRNA regulation and protein modification) is enhanced. Simultaneously, plant growth is further suppressed, and it gradually begins to discard and decompose leaves to resist the challenges of long-term phosphorus deficiency stress and sustain survival. In conclusion, our study deeply and comprehensively reveals adaptive strategies utilized by E. pubescens in response to phosphorus deficiency, demonstrating its resilience and thriving potential under stressful conditions. Furthermore, it provides valuable information on potential target genes for the cultivation of E. pubescens genotypes tolerant to low phosphorus.
Sex differences in clinical risk factors in obese ischemic stroke patients with a history of smoking
Authors: Ojo Dami T. , Brewer Philip C. , Imeh-Nathaniel Adebobola , Imeh-Nathaniel Samuel , Broughton Philip X. , Nathaniel Thomas I. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Clinical risk factors associated obesity and smoking, as well as their combined effect, are not fully understood. This study aims to determine sex differences in risk factors in a population of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients who are obese and with a history of previous or current smoking.

Methods
A retrospective analysis of risk factors in male and female AIS patients with baseline data of obesity and current or previous history of smoking, smoking, and obesity alone was determined. The primary predictor and outcome are risk factors associated with male and female AIS patients. Baseline risk factors were analyzed using a multivariate regression analysis to determine specific risk factors linked with the combined effect of obesity and current or previous history of smoking’’.

Results
Male obese AIS patients who are current or previous smokers were more likely to be older patients(OR = 1.024, 95% CI, 1.022–1.047, P = 0.033) that present with coronary artery disease (OR = 1.806, 95% CI, 1.028–3.174, P = 0.040), a history of alcohol use (OR = 2.873, 95% CI, 1.349–6.166, P = 0.006), elevated serum creatinine (OR = 4.724, 95% CI, 2.171–10.281, P < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.029, 95% CI, 1.011–1.047, P < 0.002). Females were more associated with depression (OR = 0.432, 95% CI, 0.244–0.764, P = 0.004), previous TIA (OR = 0.319, 95% CI, 0.142–0.714, P < 0.005), and higher levels of HDL (OR = 0.938, 95% CI, 0.915–0.962, P < 0.001).

Conclusion
Our results reveal sex differences in risk factors in obese AIS patients with a current or past history of smoking. This finding emphasizes the need to develop management strategies to improve the care of obese AIS patients who are either current or former smokers.
Incorporating preoperative frailty to assist in early prediction of postoperative pneumonia in elderly patients with hip fractures: an externally validated online interpretable machine learning model
Authors: Dai Anran , Liu Hao , Shen Po , Feng Yue , Zhong Yi , Ma Mingtao , Hu Yuping , Huang Kaizong , Chen Chen , Xia Huaming , Yan Libo , Si Yanna , Zou Jianjun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
This study aims to implement a validated prediction model and application medium for postoperative pneumonia (POP) in elderly patients with hip fractures in order to facilitate individualized intervention by clinicians.

Methods
Employing clinical data from elderly patients with hip fractures, we derived and externally validated machine learning models for predicting POP. Model derivation utilized a registry from Nanjing First Hospital, and external validation was performed using data from patients at the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The derivation cohort was divided into the training set and the testing set. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariable logistic regression were used for feature screening. We compared the performance of models to select the optimized model and introduced SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to interpret the model.

Results
The derivation and validation cohorts comprised 498 and 124 patients, with 14.3% and 10.5% POP rates, respectively. Among these models, Categorical boosting (Catboost) demonstrated superior discrimination ability. AUROC was 0.895 (95%CI: 0.841–0.949) and 0.835 (95%CI: 0.740–0.930) on the training and testing sets, respectively. At external validation, the AUROC amounted to 0.894 (95% CI: 0.821–0.966). The SHAP method showed that CRP, the modified five-item frailty index (mFI-5), and ASA body status were among the top three important predicators of POP.

Conclusion
Our model’s good early prediction ability, combined with the implementation of a network risk calculator based on the Catboost model, was anticipated to effectively distinguish high-risk POP groups, facilitating timely intervention.
Social-emotional and behavioural problems in young children of healthcare worker mothers during the COVID-19 outbreak: a case-control study
Authors: Us Mahmut Caner , Boran Perran , Yalçın Sıddika Songül , Savcı Refia Gözdenur , Kural Bahar , Özdemir Dilşad Foto 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
The pandemic has had a significant impact on the daily lives of children and their families, particularly the children of health care workers, due to changes in family routines as a result of their parents’ work schedules. We aimed to explore the socioemotional and behavioural (SEB) problems of children of healthcare worker mothers (HCWM) during the COVID-19 pandemic and compare them with age-matched children and their mothers from other occupations.

Method
A case-control study design was applied, and a snowball approach was used to enrol volunteered participants aged between 6 and 36 months of age, through a Google survey. We used the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) questionnaire to assess children’s SEB problems and a Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) to evaluate the psychological distress of mothers. Differences in BITSEA, BSI and MSPSS scores were examined using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, as appropriate. A logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of children’s behavioural and emotional problems.

Results
In total, 600 questionnaires were analysed. It was observed that children in the HCWM group were separated from their mothers more often and for longer periods of time than their counterparts (p < 0.010, p = 0.002). Changes in the child’s structured outdoor activities during the pandemic period were more likely to be observed in the HCWM group (p < 0.05). The percentage of children with the BITSEA problem subscale above the subclinical cut-off, externalizing and dysregulation scores were significantly higher in the HCWM group (p = 0.044, p = 0.031, and p = 0.016). Moreover, each point increase in BSI global index scores (p < 0.001, RR:3.34, 95%CI:1.91–5.82) was found as a risk factor for clinically significant SEB problems.

Conclusion
Overall, the current study suggests HCWM’s have experienced occupational inequality, and young children of HCWM’s were at increased risk for externalizing and dysregulation problems during the pandemic. Maternal psychological stress had a significant impact on their children’s socio-emotional well-being.