bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis de (1633–1707)
Authors: Langins Janis 
Published: November 2011

AbstractVauban came from a family of minor Burgundian nobility. Like many young nobles, he began his military career at the age of 17 and during his lifetime rose to become a marquis and a Marshal of France, the highest rank in the French army, never before attained by a military engineer. There is little known about his early education although it was probably rudimentary. Vauban, never unsuccessful in a siege, captured 48 fortresses and was associated with at least 160 building projects. An indefatigable traveler who crisscrossed France in his many tours of inspection as Commissioner General of Fortifications, he also was a prolific writer on matters dealing not only with fortifications but economics and taxation, social policy, and politics. His reputation in France continues undiminished to this day. Royalists saw him as the faithful but never servile servant of a powerful monarch. Revolutionists saw his ideas on social and economic policy — calls for equitable taxation, improvement of the living standards of the peasantry, religious toleration of Protestants, and promotion through merit — as heralding the agenda of the French Revolution. Today, Vauban's heart rests in the Invalides in Paris near the tomb of Napoleon, who ordered that it be placed there.
Villa, Pancho (Doroteo Arango) (1878–1923)
Authors: Herrera José María 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
One of the most important Mexican revolutionary leaders, Doroteo Arango was born to a sharecropping family in the Rancho de Coyotado, Durango, on June 5, 1878. As a young man he joined an outlaw band, where he developed some of the leadership attributes that would serve him in the future. After an arrest for assault, Arango was inducted into the Mexican army but deserted in 1902 and moved to the city of Parral in the state of Chihuahua. It is at this time that he discarded his name and assumed the moniker of Francisco “Pancho” Villa.
Vo Nguyen Giap (b. 1911)
Authors: Farrell Brian P. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Vo Nguyen Giap is a Vietnamese communist who became world famous for his role in the wars in Vietnam from 1946 to 1975. Giap has been credited for conceiving and executing the doctrine of “people's revolutionary warfare,” winning the decisive battle at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 that drove the French out of Vietnam, and being the principal strategist in the war that unified Vietnam under communist rule, despite prolonged US military intervention on a massive scale. As is often the case, the reputation strays beyond the evidence.
WilliamIofEngland (“the Conqueror”) (1027–1087)
Authors: Morillo Stephen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWilliam, duke of Normandy and king of England by conquest, was one of the most successful and best‐known political and military leaders in medieval Europe. His conquest of England had a significant impact on the historical development of both England and France, the English language, and the political, administrative, and legal structure of England.
World War
II
: Invasion of Normandy to the Surrender of
G
ermany
Authors: McManus John C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Normandy invasion, codenamed Operation Overlord, was the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. Since 1941, the Germans had been able to concentrate primarily on their war against the Soviet Union. The invasion, carried out on June 6, 1944, opened up a bonafide second front in Europe, thus placing maximum pressure on the already hard‐pressed German Army, which by early 1944 had constructed powerful beach defenses along the northern coastline of occupied France. This operation was the product of more than two years of intensive planning and preparation by a coalition of nations known as the Western Allies or, more precisely, the Allied Expeditionary Force. The supreme commander of the invasion, and of the ensuing campaign in Europe, was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. His status as commander hinted at the leading role the United States would soon play, not only in World War II, but as a world power thereafter. Even so, his key subordinates were British: General Bernard Law Montgomery had command of Allied ground forces; Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh Mallory commanded the air forces; Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsey controlled the Allied naval flotilla.
Yamamoto Isoroku, Admiral (1884–1943)
Authors: Farrell Brian P. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Yamamoto Isoroku was described by his Japanese biographer as “short, plump, superstitious, a womanizer and a passionate gambler. And, in his time, he shook the world” (Agawa 1979: endcover). Yamamoto, the most renowned commander the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) produced during World War II, made such an impact on naval operations in the Pacific that President Franklin D. Roosevelt personally ordered the US Navy to “get Yamamoto” — it did, deliberately ambushing his aircraft on April 18, 1943, in the longest‐range fighter intercept mission of the war.
Yi Sunsin (1545–1598)
Authors: Swope Kenneth M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Korean general and naval commander; generally regarded as traditional Korea's greatest military hero. Born into a
yangban
(scholar–official) family in Seoul, it is said that his mother had a dream vision when she was pregnant with him that portended his future filiality and greatness. Like most young men of his station, he went through rigorous training in the Confucian classics and was later recognized as a passable poet. However, it is said that he always preferred the sword to the pen and commanded his friends in mock battles as a child. He began to study martial arts formally in 1566, excelling in swordsmanship, archery, and horsemanship. He took the military service examination in 1572 but failed when his horse stumbled, badly breaking his leg in several places. He finally passed the military examination in 1577 at the advanced age of 31. He was subsequently given a post as a garrison commander in the northern province of Hamgyông, where he developed a reputation for honesty, fairness, and competence. He held this post for two years before being transferred to Seoul to serve as an officer in the personnel section of the Military Training Command. There he again distinguished himself by virtue of his reluctance to play favorites and refusal to curry favor with superior officials, earning him many powerful enemies.
Yugoslav Succession, Wars of (1990–1999)
Authors: Ashbrook John E. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Wars of Yugoslav Succession were four major conflicts in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia‐Hercegovina, and Serbia‐Kosovo. Of these, the largest occurred in Croatia and Bosnia‐Hercegovina in the early 1990s. The wars and dissolution resulted from a number of unresolved historical issues; the rise of opportunistic, nationalist politicians; a cumbersome federal government; and a long‐term economic crisis.
Zeng Guofan (Tseng Kuo‐fan) (1811–1872)
Authors: Dai Yingcong 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A high‐ranking official of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) of China, Zeng Guofan was the founder and leader of the Hunan Army, the primary force in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864). Zealously upholding traditional Confucian values, Zeng was, however, one of the leading proponents of the Self‐Strengthening movement (1863–1895), which ushered China into the first phase of a long and sinuous modernization process.
A linked series of laboratory exercises in molecular biology utilizing bioinformatics and GFP
Authors: Medin Carey L. , Nolin Katie L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMolecular biologists commonly use bioinformatics to map and analyze DNA and protein sequences and to align different DNA and protein sequences for comparison. Additionally, biologists can create and view 3D models of protein structures to further understand intramolecular interactions. The primary goal of this 10‐week laboratory was to introduce the importance of bioinformatics in molecular biology. Students employed multiprimer, site‐directed mutagenesis to create variant colors from a plasmid expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Isolated mutant plasmid from Escherichia coli showing changes in fluorescence were sequenced. Students used sequence alignment tools, protein translator tools, protein modeling, and visualization to analyze the potential effect of their mutations within the protein structure. This laboratory linked molecular techniques and bioinformatics to promote and expand the understanding of experimental results in an upper‐level undergraduate laboratory course. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 448–456, 2011
A Unified Strategy for the Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Diversonol and Lachnone C
Authors: Bröhmer Manuel C. , Bourcet Emmanuel , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA unified synthetic strategy for the asymmetric syntheses of the natural products diversonol and lachnone C was developed by using the domino vinylogous aldol–oxa‐Michael reaction as the enantioselective key step. Further transformations include dihydroxylation, lactol‐opening by a Wittig‐reaction, and lactonization. The obtained chromone lactones, a class of mycotoxins, can further be converted to tetrahydroxanthones by a Dieckmann condensation. This general method allows for the first time the enantioselective access to these classes of natural products and should be applicable to other members of the tetrahydroxanthone and chromone lactone families.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward, New Method for the Synthesis of Nanocrystalline GaAs and GaP.
Authors: KHER S. S. , WELLS R. L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Stereoselective Approach to Chiral Ferrocenyl Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: ABBENHUIS H. C. L. , BURCKHARDT U. , GRAMLICH V. , TOGNI A. , ALBINATI A. , MUELLER B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Simultaneous Growth of Spirulina platensis and Removal of Hardness in Van Lake Water
Authors: Keskinkan Olcayto , Işık Oya , Yılmaz Turan , Balcı Behzat , Uslu Leyla H. , Ersü Çağatayhan B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate simultaneous growth of Spirulina platensis and removal of hardness in the Van Lake Water (VLW). Laboratory‐scale studies showed ample Spirulina growth observed in VLW when exposed to light. Spirulina was the only algal specimen inoculated in the water during the study. VLW percentages were varied between 0.1 and 100% while pH values were 8.7–10.42 in the flasks. On a dry‐weight basis the biomass concentration was 1.18 g L−1 at pH 10 after 17 days of incubation in the VLW. The increase of pH to above 10.38 associated with Spirulina growth resulted in the precipitation of hardness causing compounds while providing 70% hardness removal from the VLW medium. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method can be used to design batch systems for producing S. platensis and removal of hardness from the VLW.
Randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for prevention of radiation‐induced xerostomia among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Meng Zhiqiang , Garcia M. Kay , Hu Chaosu , Chiang Joseph , Chambers Mark , Rosenthal David I. , Peng Huiting , Zhang Ying , Zhao Qi , Zhao Genming , Liu Luming , Spelman Amy , Palmer J. Lynn , Wei Qi , Cohen Lorenzo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Xerostomia (dry mouth) after head/neck radiation is a common problem among cancer patients, and available treatments are of little benefit. The objective of this trial was to determine whether acupuncture can prevent xerostomia among head/neck patients undergoing radiotherapy.METHODS:A randomized, controlled trial among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma was conducted comparing acupuncture to standard care. Participants were treated at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Forty patients were randomized to acupuncture treatment and 46 to standard care. Patients were treated 3×/wk on the same days they received radiotherapy. Subjective measures included the Xerostomia Questionnaire and MD Anderson Symptom Inventory‐Head and Neck (MDASI‐HN). Objective measures were unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rates. Patients were followed for 6 months after the end of radiotherapy.RESULTS:Xerostomia Questionnaire scores for acupuncture were statistically significantly lower than for controls starting in week 3 through the 6 months (P = .003 at week3, all other P < .0001), with clinically significant differences as follows: week 11, relative risk (RR) 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45‐0.87); 6 months, RR 0.38 (95% CI, 0.19‐0.76). Similar findings were seen for MDASI‐HN scores. Group differences emerged as early as 3 weeks into treatment for saliva (unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, P = .0004), with greater saliva flow in the acupuncture group at week 7 (unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, P < .0001; stimulated whole salivary flow rate, P = .002) and 11 (unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, P < .02; stimulated whole salivary flow rate, P < .03) and at 6 months (stimulated whole salivary flow rate, P < .003).CONCLUSIONS:Acupuncture given concurrently with radiotherapy significantly reduced xerostomia and improved quality of life. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Recurrence after complete resection and selective use of adjuvant therapy for stage I through III Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Fields Ryan C. , Busam Klaus J. , Chou Joanne F. , Panageas Katherine S. , Pulitzer Melissa P. , Allen Peter J. , Kraus Dennis H. , Brady Mary S. , Coit Daniel G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous neuroendocrine neoplasm whose natural history is poorly understood. Here, the authors describe their experience with a large cohort of patients who were treated at a single institution to describe patterns of recurrence after curative therapy.METHODS:Review of a prospective database was performed. Patient‐related, tumor‐related, and treatment‐related variables were recorded, and the site and timing of initial recurrence were recorded. Factors associated with receipt of adjuvant therapy and recurrence were determined.RESULTS:In total, 364 patients with stage I through III MCC who underwent complete resection were identified. Adjuvant local radiation therapy (RT), lymph node RT, and chemotherapy were received selectively by 23%, 23%, and 15% of patients, respectively. Factors associated with the receipt of adjuvant therapy included younger age, primary tumor features (larger size, lymphovascular invasion [LVI], positive margin excision), and increasing pathologic stage. With median follow‐up of 3.6 years, 108 patients (30%) developed a recurrence, including 11 local recurrences (3%), 12 in‐transit recurrences (3%), 43 lymph node recurrences (12%), and 42 distant recurrences (12%). Clinically involved lymph nodes, primary tumor LVI, and a history of leukemia/lymphoma were predictive of recurrence. The majority of recurrences (80%) occurred in patients who had clinically involved lymph nodes or patients who did not undergo pathologic lymph node evaluation.CONCLUSIONS:A low recurrence rate in patients with clinically lymph node‐negative MCC was achieved with adequate surgery (including sentinel lymph node biopsy) and the selective use of adjuvant RT for high‐risk tumors. In contrast, patients with clinically lymph node‐positive MCC had significantly higher rates of recurrence, especially distant recurrence. The authors concluded that contemporary natural history studies are critical in designing treatment pathways and clinical trials for MCC. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Pioglitazone may accelerate disease course of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes
Authors: Shimada Akira , Shigihara Toshikatsu , Okubo Yoshiaki , Katsuki Takeshi , Yamada Yoshifumi , Oikawa Yoichi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundIt has been reported that intervention with insulin in slowly progressive type 1 diabetic (SPIDDM) patients delays the progression to an insulin‐dependent state compared to that with sulfonylureas. However, the rate of progression to SPIDDM with the use of insulin‐sensitizing agents is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of insulin‐sensitizing agents on SPIDDM patients.MethodsThe enrolled SPIDDM patients were randomly allocated to a pioglitazone or metformin group. When the haemoglobin A1C level was more than 8% on two consecutive occasions, the case was considered to reach the end point.ResultsBy 4 years post‐intervention, all patients had reached the end point in the pioglitazone group, whereas only 20% of patients had reached the end point in the metformin group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsPioglitazone may accelerate the disease course of SPIDDM. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathological changes in the pancreas of fulminant type 1 diabetes and slowly progressive insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM): innate immunity in fulminant type 1 diabetes and SPIDDM
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuro , Nishida Yoriko , Tanaka Shoichiro , Aida Kaoru 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe contribution of innate immunity responsible for beta‐cell destruction in fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) and slowly progressive insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM) is unclear.Research Design and MethodsIslet‐cell expression of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) including TLR3 and TLR4, the cytoplasmic retinoic acid‐inducible protein I (RIG‐I)‐like helicases, RIG‐I, melanoma differentiation‐associated gene‐5 and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 in the affected islets were studied immuno‐histochemically on three pancreases obtained 2–5 days after the onset of FT1D and a pancreas from a patient with SPIDDM.ResultsLaboratory of genetics and physiology 2 and RIG‐I strongly expressed in beta cells in all three FT1D pancreases infected with enterovirus (VP1 antigen). Melanoma differentiation‐associated gene‐5 was hyper‐expressed in all subsets of islet cells including beta cells and alpha cells. TLR3 and TLR4 were expressed in mononuclear cells that infiltrated to islets. IFN‐alpha/beta was strongly expressed in islet cells. In contrast, pancreas of a patient with SPIDDM, enterovirus and expression of innate immune receptors including RIG‐I, melanoma differentiation‐associated gene‐5, hyperexpression of laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 and mononuclear cells, which were positive for TLR3 and TLR4, and infiltration to the islets were not detected.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that retinoic acid‐inducible protein I (RIG‐I)‐like helicases and TLRs play a crucial role on beta‐cell destruction in enterovirus‐induced FT1D. The presence of distinct mechanism(s) of slowly progressive beta‐cell failure in SPIDDM was suggested. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging the pancreatic vasculature in diabetes models
Authors: Medarova Zdravka , Greiner Dale L. , Ifediba Marytheresa , Dai Guangping , Bolotin Elijah , Castillo Gerardo , Bogdanov Alexei , Kumar Mohanraja , Moore Anna 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundVascular parameters, such as vascular volume, flow, and permeability, are important disease biomarkers for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is essential to develop approaches to monitor the changes in pancreatic microvasculature non‐invasively.MethodsHere, we describe the application of the long‐circulating, paramagnetic T1 contrast agent, protected Graft Copolymer bearing covalently linked gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid residues and labelled with fluorescein (PGC‐GdDTPA‐F) for the non‐invasive semi‐quantitative evaluation of vascular changes in diabetic models using magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsWe observed a significantly higher accumulation of protected graft copolymer bearing covalently linked gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid residues and labelled with fluorescein in the pancreata of BBDR rats induced to develop diabetes, as compared to non‐diabetic controls at 1 h post‐injection. No differences were seen in the blood pool, kidney, or muscle, indicating that the effect is specific to the diabetic pancreas. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a marked increase in contrast agent availability in the pancreas with the development of the pathology. Similar changes were noted in the homozygous Leprdb mouse model of type 2 diabetes. This effect appeared to result both from the increase of vascular volume and permeability.ConclusionsHigh‐molecular weight paramagnetic blood volume contrast agents are valuable for the in vivo definition of pancreatic microvasculature dynamics by magnetic resonance imaging. The increase in vascular volume and permeability, associated with diabetic inflammation, can be monitored non‐invasively and semi‐quantitatively by magnetic resonance imaging in diabetic BBDR rats. This imaging strategy represents a valuable research tool for better understanding of the pathologic process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum CXCL1 concentrations are elevated in type 1 diabetes mellitus, possibly reflecting activity of anti‐islet autoimmune activity
Authors: Takahashi Kazuma , Ohara Mio , Sasai Takayoshi , Homma Hiroyuki , Nagasawa Kan , Takahashi Toru , Yamashina Mitsuhiro , Ishii Mototsugu , Fujiwara Fumikado , Kajiwara Takashi , Taneichi Haruhito , Takebe Noriko , Satoh Jo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundIdentification of unique inflammatory markers may facilitate prediction of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We previously compared transcript profiles of bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells from non‐obese diabetic mice with those from non‐obese non‐diabetic mice and found that bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells' expressions of inflammatory mediators, including chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), were three to five times higher in 4‐week‐old female non‐obese diabetic mice than in non‐obese non‐diabetic mice. In humans, microarray analysis results have suggested this chemokine be a biomarker representing active anti‐islet autoimmunity. We investigated whether serum CXCL1 levels, reflecting active autoimmune processes, might serve as biomarkers for T1DM.MethodsThe study groups consisted of 26 subjects with acute‐onset T1DM, 20 with slowly progressive T1DM, and 20 with type 2 diabetes mellitus as disease controls. All subjects were Japanese. CXCL1 in sera were quantified by solid phase enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsSerum CXCL1 levels were significantly higher in subjects with acute‐onset [median 113.2 ng/mL (41.75–457.2)] or slowly progressive [median 100.8 ng/mL (32.87–225.0)] T1DM than in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus [median 71.58 ng/mL (32.45–152.6), p = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively, Mann‐Whitney U‐test]. Decreases in fasting C‐peptide levels per year correlated significantly with CXCL1 levels (n = 11, r2 = 0.524, p = 0.012) in a subpopulation of slowly progressive T1DM subjects displaying preserved beta‐cell function.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study to show elevated serum CXCL1 in T1DM subjects, regardless of diabetes subtype, as compared to control type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. We propose serum CXCL1 elevation to be a good T1DM marker, possibly indicating a predisposition to autoimmune disease development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.