bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Third-party Model: Enhancing Volunteering through Governments, Corporations and Educational Institutes
Authors: HASKI-LEVENTHAL DEBBIE , MEIJS LUCAS C. P. M. , HUSTINX LESLEY 
Published: September 2009

AbstractVolunteering is perceived as important for creating social capital and civil society, and therefore has become a fundamental part of social policies across most Western countries. In this article, we examine the involvement of governments, corporations and educational institutes in encouraging volunteering, and pinpoint their role in developing volunteering circles. Based on essential concepts presented here (volunteerability and recruitability), we develop the third-party model, and show how third parties get involved. We identify new ways in which these parties can enhance volunteering, and discuss their impact on volunteerability and recruitability. The potential negative impacts of volunteerism and ways in which these can be ameliorated are also acknowledged. Finally, issues that arise due to such involvement are also discussed, thereby offering an important contribution to social policy research in the area of volunteerism.
The Provision of Income Protection and Activation Services for the Unemployed in ‘Active’ Welfare States. An International Comparison
Authors: VAN BERKEL RIK 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses reforms of the design of the organisational arena for policy implementation and service provision in European welfare states, focusing on the policy areas of income protection and activation. First, it discusses and compares recent reform programmes in four countries: the UK, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. The comparison shows that these reforms share some common characteristics: the establishment of one-stop agencies, decentralisation, the introduction of quasi-markets for the provision of activation services, a reduction of the role and influence of social partners and the use of new public management instruments in managing public agencies. Secondly, the article argues that these reforms are not merely reflecting new ways of thinking about organising the public sector and providing public services, but should also be interpreted as responses to policy administration and implementation problems arising in the process of making welfare states more activating.
Schools, schooling and children's support of their ageing parents in rural Nepal
Authors: BRAUNER-OTTO SARAH R. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTIntergenerational transfers play an important role in individuals' lives across the lifecourse. This paper reviews theories on intergenerational transfers and social change to inform our understanding of how changes in the educational context that arise from the spread of mass education influence children's support of their parents. By examining multiple aspects of the educational context in rural Nepal, including husbands' and wives' education and exposure to schools, this paper provides new information on the mechanisms through which changes in social context influence children's support of their parents. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between schooling, exposure to schools, and the likelihood of couples giving to their parents. It was found that schooling and exposure to schools have independent and opposite effects on the support of older parents. Higher levels of schooling for husbands were associated with a higher likelihood of having given support to husbands' parents. On the other hand, increased exposure to schools for husbands and wives was associated with a lower likelihood of having given to wives' parents. The findings provide evidence that multiple motivations for intergenerational support exist simultaneously and are related to social context through different mechanisms.
Old age in the Dark Ages: the status of old age during the early Middle Ages
Authors: GILLEARD CHRIS 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the position of old age in the societies of post-Roman Europe, from the fifth to the 10th centuries. Drawing on both primary and secondary literary and material sources of the period, I suggest that living beyond the age of 60 years was an uncommon experience throughout the early Middle Ages. Not only was achieving old age a minority experience, it seems to have been particularly concentrated among the senior clergy. This, together with the growing importance of the Christian Church as the institution that stabilised post-Roman society, the decline of urban living and its attendant culture of leisure and literacy, and the transformation of kinship into a symbolic ‘family under God’ contributed to a more favourable status for old age, or at least one that was particularly favourable for older men. This was based not so much upon the accumulation with age of wealth and privilege, but upon the moral worth of old age as a stage of life. The early Middle Ages, the so-called ‘Dark Ages’, was in this respect a relatively distinctive period in the history of old age. With all around instability and the future uncertain and often threatening, survival into old age was a rare but frequently revered attainment.
Ontological modeling at a domain interface: bridging clinical and biomolecular knowledge
Authors: Colombo Gianluca , Merico Daniele , Nagy Zoltán , De Paoli Flavio , Antoniotti Marco , Mauri Giancarlo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss the challenges posed by the NEUROWEB project, as a case study of ontological modeling at a knowledge interface between neurovascular medicine and genomics. The aim of the project is the development of a support system for association studies. We identify the notion of clinical phenotypes, that is, the pathological condition of a patient, as the central construct of the knowledge model. Clinical phenotypes are assessed through the diagnostic activity, performed by clinical experts operating within communities of practice; the different communities operate according to specific procedures, but they also conform to the minimal requirements of international guidelines, displayed by the adoption of a common standard for the patient classification. We develop a central model for the clinical phenotypes, able to reconcile the different methodologies into a common classificatory system. To bridge neurovascular medicine and genomics, we identify the general theory of biological function as the common ground between the two disciplines; therefore, we decompose the clinical phenotypes into elementary phenotypes with a homogeneous physiological background, and we connect them to the biological processes, acting as the elementary units of the genomic world.
Sharing architecture knowledge through models: quality and cost
Authors: Liang Peng , Jansen Anton , Avgeriou Paris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the field of software architecture, there has been a paradigm shift from describing structural information, such as components and connectors, to documenting architectural knowledge (AK), such as design decisions and rationale. To this end, a series of industrial and academic domain models have been proposed for defining the concepts and their relationships in the field of AK. To a large extent the merit of this new paradigm is to share and reuse AK across organizations, especially in geographically distributed settings. However, the employment of different AK domain models by different parties makes effective AK sharing challenging, as it needs to be mapped from one domain model to another. In this paper, we investigate two different approaches for sharing AK, based on either direct or indirect mapping between different AK domain models. We compare the cost and quality of these two approaches, with respect to the processing of large amounts of AK instances. To predict the quality and costs of this processing in advance, a prediction model is proposed and validated with a concrete AK sharing case. Based on the comparison results, stakeholders involved with AK sharing can select an appropriate approach by trading off quality and cost in their own context.
Semantic templates for case-based reasoning systems
Authors: Recio-García Juan Antonio , Díaz-Agudo Belén , González-Calero Pedro Antonio 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we present an approach to solve the drawbacks of manual composition of software components. Our approach is applied within the jcolibriframework for building case-based reasoning (CBR) applications. We propose a system design process based on reusingtemplatesobtained from previously designed CBR systems. Templates store the control flow of the CBR applications and include semantic annotations conceptualizing its behavior and expertise. We use CBR ontology to formalize syntactical, semantical and pragmatical aspects of the reusable components of the framework. The ontology vocabulary facilitates an annotation process of the components and allows to reason about their composition, facilitating the semi-automatic configuration of complex systems from their composing pieces.
The role of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) as a prognostic marker in older people: the impact of reduced renal function
Authors: Axelsson Thiane Gama , Lindholm Bengt 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) is released in response to volume expansion and/or increased tension on left ventricular myocytes. NT-pro-BNP is a useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker both in patients with dyspnoea of unknown aetiology, and for risk assessment of patients with established heart failure. However, impaired kidney function – a common condition in older people as well as a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease is associated with elevated circulating levels of NT-pro-BNP. Therefore, it is important to know the kidney function when interpreting an elevated NT-pro-BNP measurement obtained in older people in order to diagnose or stage congestive heart failure.
Inference for econometric modeling in antidumping, countervailing duty and safeguard investigations
Authors: FETZER JAMES J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper examines how to make inferences from econometric models prepared for antidumping, countervailing duty, and safeguard investigations. Analysis of these models has typically entailed drawing inferences from point estimates that are significantly different from zero at a fixed level of confidence. This paper suggests a more flexible approach of drawing inferences using confidence intervals at various significance levels and reporting p-values for the relevant test of injury. Use of confidence intervals and p-values to identify insights and data patterns would have more impact on USITC trade remedy determinations than definitive conclusions about injury based on whether estimates are statistically significant.
Consumer demand for local produce at extended season farmers' markets: guiding farmer marketing strategies
Authors: Conner David S. , Montri Adam D. , Montri Dru N. , Hamm Michael W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLocally grown food is gaining popularity and increasing its prevalence holds potential for broad social, economic and environmental benefits. Season extension technologies such as hoop houses offer a solution to limited growing seasons, a major constraint in many areas, enhancing efforts to supply locally grown food. This paper discusses research conducted at three Michigan farmers' markets, locations where Michigan farmers utilizing hoop houses currently sell their produce. The research measures consumers' willingness to buy local produce at extended season markets using a set of four complementary methods: dot poster surveys, written surveys, focus groups and experimental auctions. Building upon prior research on attributes that create value for local foods (spatial proximity, food quality and relationships between farmers and consumers), our results inform farmers' choice of marketing mix. We find consumers willing to pay a premium for large quantities of locally grown produce, with many placing highest value on products grown in Michigan. We conclude that extended season farmers' markets supplied by hoop house grown produce create an opportunity for farm viability and further development of the market for locally grown food.
Protocol for indicator scoring in the soil management assessment framework (SMAF)
Authors: Wienhold B.J. , Karlen D.L. , Andrews S.S. , Stott D.E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAssessment tools are needed to evaluate agronomic management effects on critical soil functions such as carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling and water partitioning. These tools need to be flexible in terms of selection of soil functions to be assessed and indicators to be measured to ensure that assessments are appropriate for the management goals. The soil management assessment framework (SMAF) is being developed to meet this need. The SMAF uses soil physical, chemical and biological indicator data to assess management effects on soil function using a three-step process for (1) indicator selection, (2) indicator interpretation and (3) integration into an index. While SMAF is functional in its present format, it is intended to be malleable so that user needs can be met. Development of additional indicator interpretation scoring curves is one way that this framework can be expanded. Scoring curve development is a multi-step process of identifying an indicator, determining the nature of the relationship of the indicator to a soil function, programming an algorithm and/or logic statements describing that relationship and validating the resulting scoring curve. This paper describes the steps involved in developing an SMAF scoring curve. Scoring curves for interpreting water-filled pore space (WFPS) and Mehlich extractable potassium (K) were developed using the described protocol. This protocol will assist users of the SMAF in understanding how the existing scoring curves were developed and others interested in developing scoring curves for indicators that are not in the current version.
Purchasing foods produced on organic, small and local farms: A mixed method analysis of New England consumers
Authors: Berlin L. , Lockeretz W. , Bell R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractResearch focused on consumer behavior and attitudes toward organic, small-scale and locally produced foods can help organic producers understand consumer values, and in turn develop production and marketing approaches that match these values. This research on New England area food shoppers included focus groups, individual interviews, and a mail survey, all of which helped us to identify relationships between organic food buying and consumers' views of the food system. Comments made in focus groups and individual interviews revealed a frequent blending of the concepts of local, small-scale and organic, and their associated benefits. Subsequent mail surveys identified similar tendencies, although respondents made some distinctions among the reasons why they bought food from the three farm categories. When there were differences, respondents tended to attribute greater importance to reasons to buy from local farms, as compared to organic or small farms. The six questions for which the differences across farm categories had the lowest P-values were related to the environment, rural economy, rural landscape, farmers, product freshness and product taste. However, freshness, taste, nutritional quality and safety were some of the most compelling reasons that were attributed to all three farm categories. The challenge for the small, local and organic producer will be to continue to hold the consumer's attention as the general perception of organic farming shifts to a more industrialized model.
Seeing the Global Forest for the Trees: How US Federalism can Coexist with Global Governance of Forests
Authors: Hudson Blake , Weinthal Erika 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBoth international forest and climate negotiations have failed to produce a legally binding treaty that addresses forest management activities—either comprehensively or more narrowly through carbon capture- due, in part, to lack of US leadership. Though US cooperation is crucial for facilitating both forest and climate negotiations, the role of federalism in constraining these trends has been given scant attention. We argue that, as embodied in the US Constitution, federalism complicates the US's role in creating any legally binding treaty that directly regulates land uses (e.g. forest management). Because federalism reserves primary land use regulatory authority for state governments, voluntary, market-based mechanisms, like REDD and forest certification, should be included within any binding treaty aimed at forest management, in order to facilitate US participation.
Role of the Private Sector in Managing the Asian Environment: A Review
Authors: Gunatilake H. , Gopalakrishnan C. , de Guzman F. D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This paper identifies inadequate effort to use market-based and private sector-led approaches, among others, as a main reason for limited progress in arresting continuing environmental degradation in the Asia and Pacific region. Citing examples, the paper shows that markets can be created for ecosystem protection and provision of ecosystem services under innovative regulatory mechanisms and that the use of market-based approaches can reduce the dependence on unsustainable financing for environmental management. The paper also briefly discusses the role of governments, other stakeholders, and development assistance in creating the policy and institutional framework conducive for introducing private sector-led approaches to environmental management.
Implementing Integrated Land Management in Western Canada: Policy Reform and the Resilience of Clientelism
Authors: Rayner Jeremy , Howlett Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMuch attention in recent years has been focused on the idea of replacing patchworks of public policies in specific issue areas with more coordinated or ‘integrated’ policy strategies (IS). Empirical work on such strategies, however, shows the remarkable resilience of pre-existing policy elements, often leading to policy failures and other sub-optimal outcomes in policy reform efforts. Case studies of Integrated Land Management (ILM) reform efforts in Western Canada reveal the continuing problems pre-existing clientelistic political arrangements cause for governments attempting to replace sector-specific plans with more integrated frameworks.
COMPASS: a program for generating serial samples under an infinite sites model
Authors: Jakobsson Mattias 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Summary: The program COMPASS can generate samples that have been collected at various points in time from a population that is evolving according to a Wright–Fisher model. The samples are generated using coalescence simulations permitting various demographic scenarios and the program uses an infinite sites model to generate polymorphism data for the samples. By generating serially sampled population-genetic data, COMPASS allows investigating properties of polymorphism data that has been collected at different time points, and aid in making inference from ancient polymorphism data.
Availability: The program and the manual are available at: http://www.egs.uu.se/evbiol/Research/JakobssonLab/compass.html
Contact: mattias.jakobsson@ebc.uu.se
Identifiability of isoform deconvolution from junction arrays and RNA-Seq
Authors: Hiller David , Jiang Hui , Xu Weihong , Wong Wing Hung 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Splice junction microarrays and RNA-seq are two popular ways of quantifying splice variants within a cell. Unfortunately, isoform expressions cannot always be determined from the expressions of individual exons and splice junctions. While this issue has been noted before, the extent of the problem on various platforms has not yet been explored, nor have potential remedies been presented.
Results: We propose criteria that will guarantee identifiability of an isoform deconvolution model on exon and splice junction arrays and in RNA-Seq. We show that up to 97% of 2256 alternatively spliced human genes selected from the RefSeq database lead to identifiable gene models in RNA-seq, with similar results in mouse. However, in the Human Exon array only 26% of these genes lead to identifiable models, and even in the most comprehensive splice junction array only 69% lead to identifiable models.
Contact: whwong@stanford.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Analytical reference points for age-structured models: application to data-poor fisheries
Authors: Brooks Elizabeth N. , Powers Joseph E. , Cortés Enric 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBrooks, E. N., Powers, J. E., and Cortés, E. 2010. Analytical reference points for age-structured models: application to data-poor fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 165–175. Analytical solutions for biological reference points are derived in terms of maximum lifetime reproductive rate. This rate can be calculated directly from biological parameters of maturity, fecundity, and natural mortality or a distribution for this rate can be derived from appropriate metadata. Minimal data needs and assumptions for determining stock status are discussed. The derivations lead to a re-parameterization of the common stock–recruit relationships, Beverton–Holt and Ricker, in terms of spawning potential ratio. Often, parameters in stock–recruit relationships are restricted by tight prior distributions or are fixed based on a hypothesized level of stock resilience. Fixing those parameters is equivalent to specifying the biological reference points. An ability to directly calculate reference points from biological data, or a meta-analysis, without need of a full assessment model or fisheries data, makes the method an attractive option for data-poor fisheries. The derivations reveal an explicit link between the biological characteristics of a species and appropriate management. Predicted stock status for a suite of shark species was compared with recent stock assessment results, and the method successfully identified whether each stock was overfished.