bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slaves and Free Blacks in VOC Cape Town, 1652–1795
Authors: Groenewald Gerald 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDuring the past three decades, historians of the Cape Colony during the period of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) rule have transformed our view of the role of slavery. Slavery has moved from an issue of marginal importance to one which is now considered central to the establishment and growth of a colonial society in South Africa. Most of this work, however, focused on the agrarian areas of the colony, and there has, until recently, been relatively little attempt to plumb the uniqueness of the experience of slaves and free blacks in VOC Cape Town. This topic deserves interest because of the cosmopolitan nature of the urban environment and its links with the wider world of the Indian Ocean. This article is a synthesis of the most important recent research on the experience of slaves and free blacks in Cape Town. It shows that although there is general agreement about the origins and development of slavery, its demographic nature and its economic significance, Cape historians have yet to fully utilise the available sources to trace the cultural and social history of urban slavery. This article indicates some of the areas – such as family history, the role of religion, material culture and the creation of meaning – which are in need of research, and suggests some of the sources and approaches which could be utilised.
Ulster Sectarianism and the Lessons of South Asian Historiography
Authors: Farrell Sean 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn recent years, both Irish historians and literary scholars have paid much greater attention to the many parallels, linkages and disjunctures between Ireland and India. Unfortunately, this work has failed to examine the striking parallels between the construction and operation of sectarianism and sectarian violence in nineteenth‐century Ulster and communalism and related violence in early twentieth‐century India. Looking closely at how these issues have been treated in both historiographies, I argue that there are striking parallels, as both Irish and Indian/Pakistani historians have struggled with the dictates of postcolonial nationalism, moving from reductionist binary assumptions about the nature of societal division to what I term the ‘consensus of complex avoidance.’ Irish historians, however, have much to learn from their South Asian counterparts, who have moved beyond such sterile consensus in recent years, producing works of great sophistication and insight. Above all, these scholars have treated communalism as a complex historical subject; a contingent and ever shifting ideology that often overlaps and co‐exists with seemingly contradictory notions of class and caste. This raises significant questions about the consensus of complex avoidance and the article closes by calling for Irish historians to revisit their assumptions about the study of Ulster sectarianism.
The Problem of Citizenship in the American Revolution
Authors: Bradburn Douglas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis essay explores the different ways historians have struggled to understand the emergence of citizenship in the American Revolution. From pieces of an empire of subjects, the United States of America became a republic of citizens, which promised real changes in the relationship of the government to the governed. Why did the vision of ‘citizens’ have such appeal? What did it mean to be a citizen, and who in fact could be an American citizen? How can we understand the limits placed on the boundaries of citizenship? Historians have struggled to find the best route to answer those questions. Dealing with a concept which impacts intellectual, political, legal, and cultural histories of the moment, and drawing upon scholarship on race, nationalism, ethnicity, and regionalism, the problem of citizenship opens and combines seemingly distinct literature in numerous ways. The rich body of work which informs this problem also allows students to begin recognizing the broader significance of the emergence of citizenship regimes in an Age of Revolutions.
Effect of Group Therapy for Breast Cancer on Healthcare Utilization
Authors: Simpson J. Steven A. , Carlson Linda E. , Trew Michael E. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether participation in a group psychosocial intervention by patients with breast cancer would result in an improvement in psychological measures and in reduced billings in general medical expenses.description of Study: Eligible women who had completed treatment for stage 0, I, or II primary breast cancer were prospectively and randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 46) or control (n = 43) group. Both groups received the usual psychosocial care; however, the intervention group also participated in six weekly cognitive/behavioral psychosocial meetings. All were assessed on psychiatric symptoms, mood, depression, and coping strategies at four time periods: preintervention, postintervention, 1‐year follow‐up, and 2‐year follow‐up. Alberta Healthcare billing records were obtained covering the 2‐year follow‐up period to determine the amount billed per person over the course of the study.Results: Women in the intervention group had less depression, less overall mood disturbance, better overall quality of life, and fewer psychiatric symptoms than those in the control group, beginning immediately postintervention and remaining so at 2 years postintervention. Billing in the intervention group was an average of $147 less than in the control group, a 23.5% reduction.clinical Implications: This is the first study to show that a psychosocial intervention can reduce direct healthcare billings in a sample of patients with cancer. Importantly, these findings help to justify the routine availability of such programs in cancer treatment facilities worldwide.
Barriers to Fecal Occult Blood Testing and Sigmoidoscopy Among Older Chinese‐American Women
Authors: Tang Tricia S. , Solomon Laura J. , McCracken Lance M. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose: This study examined factors associated with fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy screening use among Chinese‐American women age 60 years and older.Description of study: One hundred women were recruited from senior centers in two metropolitan areas on the east coast of the United States. Participants completed a questionnaire that included sections on demographics, health history, health insurance coverage, FOBT and sigmoidoscopy use, common and cultural barriers to colorectal cancer screening, and acculturation.Results: Logistic regression models found greater acculturation to be a significant predictor of having had a FOBT at least once, and found both greater acculturation and physician recommendation to be significant predictors of having had a sigmoidoscopy at least once. No significant predictors were found for regular adherence to colorectal screening guidelines, which include having undergone an FOBT in the past year and sigmoidoscopy in the past 5 years.Clinical implications: This study found that older Chinese‐American women underuse FOBT and sigmoidoscopy screening, as is recommended by the American Cancer Society colorectal cancer screening guidelines. These findings suggest that cultural factors may influence the initiation of colorectal cancer screening for Chinese‐American women but are not predictive of adherence to screening over time. Outreach efforts to promote colorectal cancer screening in this population might target women who are less acculturated to facilitate an initial entry into the Western healthcare system to obtain screening.
Limited Clinical Utility of Holter Monitoring in Patients with Palpitations or Altered Consciousness: Analysis of 8973 Recordings in 7394 Patients
Authors: Sulfi Sreekumar , Balami Dauda , Sekhri Neha , Suliman Abdel , Kapur Akhil , Archbold R. Andrew , Ranjadayalan Kulasegaram , Timmis Adam D. 
Published: September 2010

Aims: To determine the clinical utility of 24 hour Holter monitoring by measuring the frequency of candidate arrhythmias recorded during the investigation of palpitations and altered consciousness. Methods: Of 9,729 Holter recordings, reports were available in 8,973 (92.2%) performed in the 7394 patients who comprise the study group. The mean age of the study group was 66 ± 19 years and 56.4% were women. Results: The most common indications were altered consciousness (41.7%) and palpitations (36.2%). Among patients with palpitations and sinus rhythm (n=2688), recordings were normal in 2247 (83.6%). Abnormalities included paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF, 6.6%), narrow complex tachycardia (NCT, 2.8%) nonsustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT/VT, 2.6%). Among patients with altered consciousness (n=3075), recordings were normal in 2589 (84.2%). Abnormalities included PAF (9.5%), NCT (2.6%), NSV/VT (0.2%), pause >2.8s (2.2%) and high degree AV block (1.3%). The diagnostic yield of Holter monitoring was particularly low in patients aged ≤50 years, of whom 93.1% had palpitations and 95.3% had altered consciousness had normal recordings. Conclusions: The diagnostic utility of Holter monitoring in patients being investigated for palpitations and altered consciousness is very limited, particularly in young patients for whom alternative diagnostic methods should be considered.
Cardiac Arrhythmias Imprint Specific Signatures on Lorenz Plots
Authors: Esperer Hans D. , Esperer Chris , Cohen Richard J. 
Published: September 2010

Background: Despite the growing number of studies using Lorenz (Poincaré) plots (LPs) for the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), a possible correlation between the underlying ECG waveforms and the RR scatter plots has never been systematically studied. We report a comprehensive investigation of distinct Lorenz plot patterns (LPPs) encountered in the context of major cardiac tachyarrhythmias as assessed by 24‐hour Holter monitoring and detail the mechanisms underlying the specific LPPs. Methods: The 24‐hour ambulatory electrocardiograms (AECGs) of 2700 patients with atrial and/or ventricular tachyarrhythmias and the AECGs of 200 controls with pure sinus rhythm were analyzed using an Elatec arrhythmia analyzing system (Elamedical, Paris 1996). This system allows for the generation of two‐dimensional LPs and the exploration of the underlying ECG waveforms. Each LPP obtained was categorized according to its shape and basic geometric parameters. In accordance with the most characteristic LPP feature, the LPPs were grouped into the following distinct classes: 1) comet shape; 2) torpedo shape; 3) H‐Fan shape; 4) SZ‐Fan shape; 5) double side lobe pattern type A (DSLP‐A); 6) double side lobe pattern type B (DSL‐B); 7) triple side lobe pattern type A (TSLP‐A); 8) triple side lobe pattern type B (TSLP‐B);9 island pattern type A (IP‐A); 10) island pattern type B (IP‐B). Results: While a comet or a torpedo shape was associated with sinus rhythms, the other LPPs were specifically linked to the presence of cardiac tachyarrhythmias. Thus, a Fan shape was associated with atrial fibrillation or multifocal atrial tachycardia, whereas a DSLP indicated the presence of atrial premature beats, and a TSLP was highly specifically linked to frequent ventricular premature beats. An island pattern was exclusively associated with the presence of an atrial tachycardia or atrial flutter (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 100%). Conclusion: Major tachyarrhythmias imprint specific patterns on two‐dimensional Lorenz plots generated from 24‐hour Holter recordings. Thus, the Lorenz plot method has the potential to significantly improve the accuracy of arrhythmia detection and differentiation, particularly with respect to supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.
QT/RR Relationship in Patients after Remote Anterior Myocardial Infarction with Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Different Types of Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Szydlo Krzysztof , Trusz‐Gluza Maria , Wita Krystian , Filipecki Artur , Orszulak Witold , Urbanczyk Dagmara , Krauze Jolanta , Kolasa Jaroslaw , Tabor Zbigniew 
Published: September 2010

Background: QT/RR relationship was found to be both rate‐dependent and rate‐independent, what suggests the influence of autonomic drive and other not‐autonomic related factors on it. The steeper QT/RR slope in patients after acute myocardial infarction (MI) was described, but the relationship to ventricular arrhythmias is unknown. The purpose of this study was to calculate differences in QT/RR relationship in patients after remote anterior MI with left ventricular dysfunction and different types of ventricular arrhythmias. Methods: The cohort of 95 patients (age: 63 ± 11 years, LVEF: 35 ± 9%) with previous anterior MI (mean 1.1 years) was divided into two well‐matched groups—50 patients without episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) (NoVT/VF: 39 males, 64 ± 12 years, LVEF 37 ± 8%) and 45 patients with VT and/or VF (all with ICD implanted) (VT/VF: 35 males, 62 ± 10 years, LVEF 34 ± 10%). No true antiarrhythmics were used. QT/RR slope was calculated from 24‐hour Holter ECG for the entire recording (E), daytime (D) and nighttime (N) periods. Results: Groups did not differ in basic clinical data (age, LVEF, treatment). QT/RR slopes were steeper in VT/VF than in NoVT/VF group in all analyzed periods: E ‐ 0.195 ± 0.03 versus 0.15 ± 0.03 (P < 0.001), N – 0.190 ± 0.03 versus 0.138 ± 0.03 (P < 0.001) and D ‐ 0.200 ± 0.04 versus 0.152 ± 0.03 (P < 0.001). No significant day‐to‐night differences were found in both groups. Conclusions: Steeper QT/RR slope and complete lack of day‐to‐night differences in VT/VF patients show inappropriate QT adaptation to the heart rate changes. The prognostic significance of this parameter needs prospective studies.
Laws of the Street
Authors: VALVERDE MARIANA 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCritical urban studies scholarship has documented numerous particular uses and misuses of law in urban contexts. This article argues that case studies of specific campaigns about urban space are insufficient, and that if we want to understand the quotidian negotiation of urban norms and urban order we need to undertake systematic studies of the everyday, largely unpublicized workings of the whole array of municipal legal tools that influence how spaces and activities are organized. This argument is pursued by way of an inventory of all the legal forces converging on a single streetcorner, the intersection of Bloor and Saint George streets in Toronto. Since Toronto's legal arsenal is very similar to that used by North American cities generally, the inventory is of more than local interest.
Street, Life, and Other Signs: Heine in the Rue Laffitte
Authors: GOETSCHEL WILLI 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn a dream sequence that Heine describes inLudwig Börne: A Memorial(1840), the narrator finds himself at night on a street corner exposed to the pulsating street life of nocturnal Paris. Read with recourse to the notion of Derrida's voyou (rogue), the paper examines the significance of street life in the 19th century and the critical issues and concern Heine's text poses. A unique view of the experience of modern city life, the narrator's observations from the corner stone at the intersection of Rue Laffitte and the Boulevard des Italiens articulate a visionary critique of the complex of the socio‐economico‐political and esthetic issues that define modern urban experience.
Rural‐Urban Difference and Student Fieldwork
Authors: GMELCH GEORGE , GMELCH SHARON BOHN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article compares the research and field experiences of students studying in rural villages with those studying in a city. The student subjects are participants in two anthropology field training programs (rural Barbados and urban Tasmania) designed to give them a hands‐on experience of anthropological fieldwork. The comparison of rural and urban field schools reveals that the students doing fieldwork in the city have: 1. greater difficulty identifying a “community,” and locating informants, 2. gather far more of their data through interviewing where the village fieldworkers do more participant‐observation, 3. are less immersed in their research, and 4. have a more difficult time adjusting to doing “fieldwork” but otherwise an easier time adjusting to the culture, which is more similar to the North American urban and suburban backgrounds from which they come. Also discussed are some changes that were required in supervising student research in the city.
Dispersal of single‐ and double‐brood populations of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia: a mark‐recapture experiment
Authors: Moerkens R. , Leirs H. , Peusens G. , Gobin B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractQuantitative information on dispersal of insects should be taken into consideration for making efficient pest management decisions. Such information was not available for the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), an important biocontrol agent in fruit orchards. A mark‐recapture experiment was carried out in Belgian orchards, where marked earwigs were released at a single point and recaptured after 1 month. Dispersal from this release point was analysed using an analytical formula of a simple diffusion model with disappearance (e.g., as a result of death) derived by Turchin & Thoeny (1993; Quantifying dispersal of southern pine beetles with mark‐recapture experiments and a diffusion model. Ecological Applications 3: 187). The cumulative number of recaptured earwigs as a function of the distance of release was used to fit the model and estimate parameters. A derived expression, in terms of these parameters, was used to estimate the frequency distribution of the population, as the radius of a circle enclosing various proportions of the earwigs’ dispersal distances. In Belgium, populations of the European earwig can have two life‐history strategies, single‐ (SBP) and double‐brood populations (DBP). Therefore, mark‐recapture experiments were carried out on both population types. We fitted data from SBP (n = 10) and DBP (n = 16) successfully in both the diffusion model and in an exponential curve. Because of the biological relevance, estimates of the diffusion model were used for calculating the frequency distributions. Males and females dispersed the same distances. No differences were found between orchards with different spatial structures (apple and pear). According to literature data, mobility of earwigs is very low compared with other arthropods, which has consequences for the efficiency of biocontrol interventions, like mass releases of earwigs or the use of hedgerows for the establishment of healthy (source) populations. Quantitative results revealed that earwigs of SBP dispersed four times further than earwigs of double‐brood populations. For instance, 95% of the population remained within a radius of 28.6 m in SBP and 7.54 m in DBP.
Temporal associations in fig–wasp–ant interactions: diel and phenological patterns
Authors: Ranganathan Yuvaraj , Ghara Mahua , Borges Renee M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn a complex multitrophic plant–animal interaction system in which there are direct and indirect interactions between species, comprehending the dynamics of these multiple partners is very important for an understanding of how the system is structured. We investigated the plant Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae) and its community of obligatory mutualistic and parasitic fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) that develop within the fig inflorescence or syconium, as well as their interaction with opportunistic ants. We focused on temporal resource partitioning among members of the fig wasp community over the development cycle of the fig syconia during which wasp oviposition and development occur and we studied the activity rhythm of the ants associated with this community. We found that the seven members of the wasp community partitioned their oviposition across fig syconium development phenology and showed interspecific variation in activity across the day–night cycle. The wasps presented a distinct sequence in their arrival at fig syconia for oviposition, with the parasitoid wasps following the galling wasps. Although fig wasps are known to be largely diurnal, we documented night oviposition in several fig wasp species for the first time. Ant activity on the fig syconia was correlated with wasp activity and was dependent on whether the ants were predatory or trophobiont‐tending species; only numbers of predatory ants increased during peak arrivals of the wasps.
Efficacy of dental implants placed into fibula‐free flaps for orofacial reconstruction
Authors: Kramer Franz‐Josef , Dempf Rupert , Bremer Bernd 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Objectives: The transfer of the osseofasciocutaneus fibula‐free flap has become a routine procedure in the reconstruction of comprehensive orofacial defects. Besides its length, major advantages of the fibula‐free flap include the trigonal diameter of the fibular bone, which usually allows the placement of dental implants.Patients and methods: In a prospective study, 16 consecutive patients who received free fibula grafts and in total 51 dental implants between 1999 and 2001 were examined. All implants were inserted secondary after bone grafting and loaded after 3 months of submerged healing. The observation period extended 2.5 years on average. The implant success was controlled clinically, radiographically and by resonance frequency analysis.Results: One implant that was located at the interface between the fibula graft and the mandible was lost due to dehiscence and local infection during the healing period. In two other patients, one implant had to remain unexposed as ‘sleeper’ due to an unfavourable soft tissue situation. The success rate calculated by Kaplan–Meier analysis was 96.1% after an observation period of 1400 days. Resonance frequency analysis (ISQ‐values) revealed significant differences related to the orientation (vestibulo‐oral/mesio‐distal; vo/md) of the transducer unit (P<0.01). In general, a high primary stability for implants placed in free fibula grafts could be achieved (vo/md 66/74.1), which on average increased slightly during the healing period (vo/md 67.4/75.4) and within 12 month of functional loading (vo/md 72.1/79.9). Additional augmentation with iliac bone grafts or reconstructions with a double barred fibula resulted in an improved reconstruction of the alveolar process, thus allowing superior individual implant positions or angulations, but no elevation of the ISQ‐values.Conclusion: The fibula‐free flap provides a consistent bone graft that allows a reliable and predictable restoration with dental implants.