bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Licensing poultry CO2gas-stunning systems with regard to animal welfare: investigations under practical conditions
Authors: von Holleben K , von Wenzlawowicz M , Eser E 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCarbon dioxide stunning of broilers is not permitted in Germany. However, the competent authority can license a system for testing, during which scientific evaluation with regard to animal welfare is required. Between 2004 and 2011 several aspects of three systems have been evaluated in Germany and Italy under practical conditions including: (i) supply to the stunning system; (ii) induction conditions; (iii) stunning effectiveness; and (iv) process control. The systems were: (i) LINCO progressive gas-stunning system in which broilers in their transport crates are lowered stepwise into a pit filled with CO2and exposed to slowly increasing concentrations of CO2in air up to between 50 and 65% with total dwell times between 275 and 440 s depending on birds’ weight; (ii) Stork PMT two-phase gas-stunning system (40% CO2/30% O2/30%N2for 1 min/80% CO2for 2 min) in which broilers are tipped onto a belt, on which they pass through the gas atmospheres; and (iii) Anglia Autoflow two-phase CO2-stunning system, in which the birds are exposed to the atmosphere in their crates. Results on the third system are pending as the investigation is still ongoing. In systems (i) and (ii) analysis of behaviour showed that birds were only exposed to high CO2concentration (> 40%) after becoming unconscious. Stunning effectiveness was very high but, nevertheless, occasionally birds (0.027% LINCO system and 0.003% Stork PMT system) were able to regain consciousness. Examples of evaluation of behaviour during induction are presented in this paper and animal welfare aspects are compared. Controlled-atmosphere stunning systems for broilers using less than 40% CO2until animals are unconscious, show obvious advantages compared to electrical water-bath stunning, for example, the avoidance of shackling and achieving high stunning effectiveness.
Prevalence and heritability of skin picking in an adult community sample: A twin study
Authors: Monzani Benedetta , Rijsdijk Fruhling , Cherkas Lynn , Harris Juliette , Keuthen Nancy , Mataix‐Cols David 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSkin‐picking disorder (SPD) is a disabling psychiatric condition that can lead to skin damage and other medical complications. Epidemiological data is scarce and its causes are unknown. The present study examined the prevalence and heritability of skin‐picking symptoms in a large sample of twins. A total of 2,518 twins completed a valid and reliable self‐report measure of skin‐picking behavior. The prevalence of clinically significant skin picking was established using empirically derived cut‐offs. Twin modeling methods were employed to decompose the variance in the liability to skin picking into additive genetic and shared and non‐shared environmental factors. A total of 1.2% of twins scored above the cut‐off, indicative of clinically significant skin picking. All these participants were women. Univariate model‐fitting analyses (female twins only, N = 2,191) showed that genetic factors accounted for approximately 40% (95% CI 19–58%) of the variance in skin picking, with non‐shared environmental factors and measurement error accounting for the remaining variance (60% [95% CI 42–81%]). Shared environmental factors were negligible. It is concluded that pathological skin picking is relatively prevalent problem, particularly among women, and that it tends to run in families primarily due to genetic factors. Non‐shared environmental factors are also likely to play an important role in its etiology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantum disc plus inverse square potential. An analytical model for two‐dimensional quantum rings: Study of nonlinear optical properties
Authors: Duque C.M. , Mora‐Ramos M.E. , Duque C.A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe exact solutions for the two‐dimensional motion of a conduction band electron in a disc shaped quantum dot under the effect of an external magnetic field and parabolic and inverse square confining potentials are used to calculate the linear and nonlinear optical absorption as well as the linear and nonlinear corrections to the refractive index in the system. It is shown that this kind of structure may work well as a model for a quantum ring. Using the basic parameters typical of the GaAs, the results show that the influence of the normally oriented magnetic field induces a blueshift in both the first and third order peaks of the calculated optical quantities. In addition, total peak amplitudes are shown to be growing functions of the magnetic field strength. The increase in the strength of the inverse square potential function enhances significantly the contribution from the nonlinear third‐order terms in both the absorption and the relative correction to the refractive index.
Synthesis and swelling behavior of thermosensitive IPN hydrogels based on sodium acrylate and N‐isopropyl acrylamide by a two‐step method
Authors: Lee Wen‐Fu , Lu Hsiang‐Cheng 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA series of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels having higher swelling ratio (SR) and thermosensitivity were synthesized from sodium acrylate (SA) and N‐isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm) by a two‐step method. A series of the porous poly(sodium acrylate ‐co‐1‐vinyl–2‐pyrrolidone) [poly(SA‐co‐VP)], (SV), hydrogels were prepared from acrylic acid having 90% degree of neutralization and VP monomer in the first step. The second step is to immerse the SV dried gels into the NIPAAm solution containing initiator, accelerator, and crosslinker to absorb NIPAAm solution and then polymerized to form the poly(SA‐co‐VP)/poly(NIPAAm) IPN hydrogels (SVN). The effect of the different molar ratios of SA/VP and the content of NIPAAm on the swelling behavior and physical properties of the SVN hydrogels was investigated. Results showed that the SVN hydrogels displayed an obviously thermoreversible behavior when the temperature turns across the critical gel transition temperature (CGTT) of poly(NIPAAm) hydrogel. The pore diameter distributions inside the hydrogel also indicated that the pore sizes inside the SVN hydrogels were smaller than those inside the SV hydrogels. At the same time, the more proportion of SA was added into the hydrogel, the larger pore diameter of the SV hydrogel was formed. The results also showed that the SR decreased with an increase of the VP content in the SV hydrogel and more obviously decreased in the SVN hydrogels. The SVN networks also showed stronger shear moduli than SV hydrogels. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Role of saturated solutions of chiral amino acids in synthesis and phase segregation within optically active polyaniline
Authors: Sudha  , Devendra Kumar , Mitsumasa Iwamoto 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe saturated solutions of chiral amino acids as soft template have been shown to function as a platform for induction of optical activity through free radical polymerization reaction. The conductivity of optically active polyaniline changes with the variation in acidity of reaction medium and morphology of the material. Ultraviolet‐visible and circular dichroism spectra along with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy micrographs evaluate discrete morphologies of polymers at different pH with phase segregation between unprotonated and fully protonated domains. Four probe method shows that the branched structure caused by the presence of phenazine units in polymer chain stabilizes different charge states in polymer with higher conductivity having higher dissymmetric g‐factor. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Zinc glycerolate with lanthanum stearate to inhibit the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Jiang Pingping , Song Yinyin , Dong Yuming , Yan Cuirong , Liu Peng 
Published: May 2012

AbstractZinc glycerolate (ZnGly) was prepared and used as a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) thermal stabilizer in this work. ZnGly was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Visual color evolution and thermal stability time at 180°C were used to examine the stabilizing efficiency of the samples. The thermal stability of PVC was significantly enhanced through adding ZnGly or ZnGly with lanthanum stearate (LaSt3). Compared with zinc stearate (ZnSt2), it was demonstrated the initial color stability was markedly improved and the thermal stability time was obviously extended by adding ZnGly. The thermal stability time of ZnGly was threefold than ZnSt2. In comparison with CaSt2/ZnSt2, the extent of coloration of PVC samples was significantly inhibited though adding LaSt3/ZnGly. It was verified that the appropriate percents of ZnGly in the mixture were between 25 and 50%. A possible mechanism for the stabilizing efficiency of ZnGly was also proposed. The stabilizing efficiency was attributed to the stabilizer's ability to absorb hydrogen chloride and replace the labile chlorine atoms on PVC chains. Moreover, the dynamic thermogravimetric analysis was used to confirm that combination of LaSt3 with ZnGly presented an obvious improvement of stability on thermal degradation of PVC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Comparative analysis of intracellular metabolites of Cephalosporium acremonium in pilot and industrial fermentation processes
Authors: Yang Yang , Lu Hua , Ding Ming‐Zhu , Jiang Jing , Chen Yao , Yuan Ying‐Jin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo get a better understanding of the characteristics of Cephalosporium acremonium with higher productivity, C. acremonium cells in pilot and industrial fermentation processes were analyzed using the profiles of metabolites. The different metabolic features of cells in pilot and industrial processes were caused by the different fermentation environments. The hierarchical cluster analysis of the data of metabolic profiling revealed that the concentrations of most of the metabolites were higher in the industrial process than in the pilot one, especially at the cephalosporin C accumulation stage. The analysis of important metabolites of primary metabolism indicated that the ability of the cephalosporin C biosynthesis was higher in the industrial process than that in the pilot one in C. acremonium. The analysis of the variations of cephalosporin C precursors and amino acids that were related to these precursors suggested that the metabolic flux changes of α‐aminoadipic acid and cysteine between the primary metabolism and cephalosporin biosynthetic pathway in the industrial process. Furthermore, metabolites of C. acremonium, such as proline, spermine, inositol phosphate, and glycerol, were shown to respond to the fermentation environmental stress. These findings provide insights into the intracellular metabolite characteristics and feasible regulation scheme to improve the titer of cephalosporin C in the industrial process.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of vein cuffs for below-knee synthetic bypass
Authors: Twine C P , Williams I M , Fligelstone L J 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Background
The aim was to investigate the possible benefit of vein cuffs for femoral to below-knee popliteal and femorodistal vessel synthetic bypass grafts.

Methods
PubMed, the Cochrane library, Embase and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for all studies on any clinical effect of vein cuffs on synthetic grafts. Outcomes were selected based on inclusion in two or more studies: primary patency and limb survival. The data were subjected to meta-analysis by outcome.

Results
Three cohort and two randomized studies were selected for inclusion, involving 885 patients. Meta-analysis of five studies examining below-knee popliteal bypass showed a significant improvement for primary patency in cuffed grafts at 2 years, but not at 1 or 3 years (odds ratio at 2 years 0·46, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·22 to 0·97; P = 0·04). Limb salvage was significantly improved in cuffed grafts up to 2 years. Limb survival was also improved for cuffed distal grafts at 2 years (odds ratio 0·29, 0·11 to 0·75; P = 0·01) but showed no difference at any other time interval. Study quality was generally poor, with conflicting results.

Conclusion
There was a small but significant benefit for vein cuffs on synthetic grafts used for femoral to below-knee popliteal anastomoses, but little benefit for femorodistal anastomoses.
Analysis of 3‐methoxypterostilbene in biological fluids by high‐performance liquid chromatography: application to pre‐clinical pharmacokinetics
Authors: Martinez Stephanie E. , Sayre Casey L. , Davies Neal M. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTA method of analysis for 3‐methoxypterostilbene [trans‐3,3′5‐trimethoxy‐4′hydroxystilbene] in biological fluids is necessary to study pharmacokinetics. A novel and simple high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of 3‐methoxypterostilbene in rat serum and urine. The internal standard, pinosylvin, was added to 0.1 mL serum or urine (serum proteins were precipitated with cold acetonitrile at −20°C). Separation was achieved with a Phenomenex® C18 (2) (5 µm, 250 × 4.60 mm) column with ultraviolet detection at 327 nm. The calibration curves in both matrices were linear ranging from 0.05 to 100 µg/mL, and the mean extraction efficiency was >99%. Precision of the assay for both matrices was <12% (RSD) and was within 13% for all points on the calibration curve. The limit of quantification for this method was 0.05 µg/mL. The assay was successfully applied to a preliminary study of 3‐methoxypterostilbene pharmacokinetics in a rat. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organocatalytic Michael Reaction of Nitroenamine Derivatives with Aldehydes: Short and Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of (−)‐Oseltamivir
Authors: Weng Jiang , Li Yong‐Bo , Wang Rui‐Bin , Lu Gui 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNitroenamine derivatives were used as a new class of Michael acceptors in the organocatalytic Michael reaction of aldehydes. The addition products were obtained in good yields and very good to excellent enantioselectivities. Moreover, a highly efficient, enantioselective, and simple synthesis of (−)‐oseltamivir was accomplished in only five steps: two separate one‐pot operations and one purification step. This procedural simplicity demonstrated the power of the organocatalytic asymmetric Michael reaction of nitroenamine acceptors with aldehydes.
Controllable Self‐Assembly of Organic–Inorganic Amphiphiles Containing Dawson Polyoxometalate Clusters
Authors: Yin Panchao , Pradeep Chullikkattil P. , Zhang Baofang , Li Feng‐Yan , Lydon Claire , Rosnes Mali H. , Li Dong , Bitterlich Emily , Xu Lin , Cronin Leroy , Liu Tianbo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn organic–inorganic molecular hybrid containing the Dawson polyoxometalate, ((C4H9)4N)5H‐ [P2V3W15O59(OCH2)3CNHCOC15H31], was synthesized and its surfactant‐like amphiphilic properties, represented by the formation of bilayer vesicles, were studied in polar solvents. The vesicle size decreases with both decreasing hybrid concentration and with increasing polarity of the solvent, independently. The self‐assembly behavior of this hybrid can be controlled by introducing different counterions into the acetonitrile solutions. The addition of ZnCl2 and NaI can cause a gradual decrease and increase of vesicular sizes, respectively. Tetraalkylammonium bromide is found to disassemble the vesicle assemblies. Moreover, the original counterions of the hybrid can be replaced with protons, resulting in pH‐dependent formation of vesicles in aqueous solutions. The hybrid surfactant can further form micro‐needle structures in aqueous solutions upon addition of Ca2+ ions.
Chiral chemical absorption property of a cross‐linked poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide‐co‐sodium acrylate) thermoresponsive smart gel
Authors: Bag Dibyendu S. , Alam Sarfaraz 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis investigation leads to the chiral chemical absorption property of a thermoresponsive gel material. d‐(+)‐α‐phenyl ethyl amine was taken as the chiral chemical. The gel material was synthesized by polymerizing 1:1 mole ratio of N‐isopropyl acrylamide and Na‐acrylate along with methylene bisacrylamide (2 wt.% of total monomer) as a cross‐linker using ammonium persulfate as an initiator and N, N, N′, N′‐tetra‐methyl ethylene diamine as an accelerator. The microporous nature of the gel material is observed by scanning electron microscope as well as by surface analysis. It is a pH as well as thermoresponsive gel. The highest gel swelling is observed at around pH 8.2 at room temperature (30 °C). The gel contains carboxylate (―COO−) group in this slightly alkaline condition. In the ionic state, the mutual repulsion of the ionic groups helps in swelling the gel. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the gel is observed to be about 38 °C, which is higher than that of poly N‐isopropyl acrylamide itself (32 °C). This corroborates with the theory and other reported results that LCST increases with the incorporation of ionic moiety in the cross‐linked copolymer. The chiral chemical absorption of the gel material was monitored by measuring circular dichroism of the chiral compound in the presence and absence of gel using a circular dichroism spectropolarimeter (J‐810 L) (JASCO International Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). About 18% of d‐(+)‐α‐phenyl ethyl amine is absorbed from its aqueous solution by 0.01 g of dry gel material (particle size: 106–212 µm) at room temperature. The absorption of the chiral compound is reversible with temperature having a sudden jump at LCST (38 °C) of the gel material. Chirality 24:506–511, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous enantioselective separation of polychlorinated biphenyls and their methyl sulfone metabolites by heart‐cut MDGC: Determination of enantiomeric fractions in fish oils and cow liver samples
Authors: Pérez‐Fernández Virginia , Castro‐Puyana María , González María José , Marina María Luisa , García María Ángeles , Gómara Belén 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe potential of three capillary columns based on β‐cyclodextrin (i.e., Chirasil‐Dex, BGB‐172, and BGB‐176SE) has been studied for the simultaneous enantiomeric separation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs (MeSO2‐PCBs) employing a heart‐cut multidimensional gas chromatographic system (heart‐cut MDGC). Among the columns studied, the BGB‐176SE capillary column provided the best results, allowing the simultaneous enantioselective resolution of six MeSO2‐PCBs and six chiral PCBs; the Chirasil‐Dex column did not resolve any of the studied MeSO2‐PCBs; and a poor resolution was obtained for three MeSO2‐PCBs when the BGB‐172 column was employed. The developed method was successfully applied to two fish oil and one cow liver samples commercially available, which showed different enantioselective pattern. PCBs 91 and 176 presented a clear enrichment of the second eluted atropisomer in codfish oil, whereas in fish oil sample, slight enrichment of the first eluted atropisomer of CB45 and the second eluted atropisomer of CB136 were observed. Chirality 24:577–583, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DNA Photocleavage by a Cationic BODIPY Dye through Both Singlet Oxygen and Hydroxyl Radical: New Insight into the Photodynamic Mechanism of BODIPYs
Authors: Wang Jianguang , Hou Yuanjun , Lei Wanhua , Zhou Qianxiong , Li Chao , Zhang Baowen , Wang Xuesong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTwo new NIR‐absorbing BODIPY dyes, each bearing two pyridinium groups, are synthesized and their DNA‐binding affinities and DNA photocleavage abilities examined in depth. While one BODIPY dye photocleaves DNA mainly through singlet oxygen, the other photocleaves DNA through both singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a hydroxyl radical being involved in the photodynamic behavior of BODIPY‐type dyes. EPR experiments confirm the ability of these and several related BODIPYs to generate superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical. This finding may shed light on the mechanism of BODIPY‐based photodynamic therapy (PDT) and open a new avenue for development of more efficient BODIPY‐type PDT agents.
The diagnostic and research applications of flow cytometry in cytopathology
Authors: Davidson Ben , Dong Hiep Phuc , Berner Aasmund , Risberg Björn 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFlow cytometry (FCM) is an established ancillary technique applied to the diagnosis of hematological malignancies and for measurement of DNA content. In recent years, the number of fluorochrome‐conjugated antibodies available for immnuofluorescence and FCM has greatly increased, making it possible to evaluate this technique in other diagnostic contexts, as well as to study a range of biological processes. Serous effusions are optimal for studies using FCM as they consist of viable cells in suspension. Molecules that have been studied for their expression and clinical role in effusions in recent years participate in central cellular functions, including adhesion, proliferation, cellular metabolism, and apoptosis, as well as intracellular signaling. FCM can further be applied to quantitative analysis of molecules related to chemotherapy response, which, together with apoptosis, may represent an important tool for evaluating treatment response and prognosis in advanced and/or recurrent cancer. As targeted therapy assumes an ever‐growing role in the treatment of metastatic cancer, the ability to study living cells in effusions or fine‐needle aspirates is becoming more important. This article reviews the currently available data in this area of cytopathology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:525–535. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Diverse Fused Pyrazoles through Palladium‐Mediated Heteroarylation of Heteroarene C–H Bonds
Authors: Nayak Maloy , Batra Sanjay 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA facile and efficient synthesis of new fused pyrazoles through the Pd(OAc)2‐mediated heteroarylation of heteroarene C–H bonds in Morita–Baylis–Hillman derivatives of 4‐iodopyrazolecarbaldehydes is described.
Ecological risk assessment of parent and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from an urban river in south China
Authors: Sun Jian-Lin , Ni Hong-Gang , Zeng Hui 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In the present study, 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ16PAHs), including seven carcinogenic PAHs (Σ7PAHs) designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in surface sediment from an urban river (Shenzhen, south China) were measured. The concentrations of Σ16PAHs and Σ7PAHs ranged from 27.92 to 7409 ng/g and 0.53 to 2326 ng/g, respectively. Source appointments indicated that the PAHs in surface sediments were mainly derived from coal combustion (36.6%), oil spills (22.2%), vehicle emission (19.5%), and waste incineration (12.1%). The ecological risks posed by PAHs and several halogenated PAHs in these sediment samples were assessed using two redefined guidelines incorporating the toxic equivalency quotients (TEQs) of individual PAH congeners: (1) TEQs effect range–low, and (2) TEQs effect range–median. The authors' results suggested that the PAHs they measured in most of the sediments in this urban river would not cause acute biological effects. On the contrary, the ecological risk posed by some halogenated PAHs was much higher than that of their corresponding parent PAHs. Finally, the relationships between PAH levels and catchment urbanization processes were examined. The results indicated that rapid urbanization has led to an obvious increase in PAH contamination in surface sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1867–1873. © 2012 SETAC