bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Deconvolution of Molecular Weight and Chemical Composition Distribution of Ethylene/1‐Olefin Copolymers: Strategy Validation and Comparison
Authors: Anantawaraskul Siripon , Bongsontia Warawut , Soares João B. P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEthylene/1‐olefin copolymers made with multiple‐site‐type catalytic systems typically have broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) and chemical composition distribution (CCD) because each site type produces polymer chains with distinct average chain microstructures. In this work, the simultaneous deconvolution of MWD and CCD was investigated to identify the number of site types and chain microstructures made on each site type. Four strategies based on different data sources were tested using the MWD and CCD simulated for an ethylene/1‐butene copolymer made with a catalyst having five site types. Our results indicate that the simultaneous deconvolution of the complete bivariate MWD and CCD is the best approach to describe the complete microstructure of the model ethylene/1‐butene copolymers.magnified image
Specific absorption rate benefits of including measured electric field interactions in parallel excitation pulse design
Authors: Deniz Cem Murat , Alon Leeor , Brown Ryan , Sodickson Daniel K. , Zhu Yudong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSpecific absorption rate management and excitation fidelity are key aspects of radiofrequency pulse design for parallel transmission at ultra–high magnetic field strength. The design of radiofrequency pulses for multiple channels is often based on the solution of regularized least‐squares optimization problems for which a regularization term is typically selected to control the integrated or peak pulse waveform amplitude. Unlike single‐channel transmission, the specific absorption rate of parallel transmission is significantly influenced by interferences between the electric fields associated with the individual transmission elements, which a conventional regularization term does not take into account. This work explores the effects upon specific absorption rate of incorporating experimentally measurable electric field interactions into parallel transmission pulse design. Results of numerical simulations and phantom experiments show that the global specific absorption rate during parallel transmission decreases when electric field interactions are incorporated into pulse design optimization. The results also show that knowledge of electric field interactions enables robust prediction of the net power delivered to the sample or subject by parallel radiofrequency pulses before they are played out on a scanner. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectroscopic imaging with prospective motion correction and retrospective phase correction
Authors: Lange Thomas , Maclaren Julian , Buechert Martin , Zaitsev Maxim 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMotion‐induced artifacts are much harder to recognize in magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging than in imaging experiments and can therefore lead to erroneous interpretation. A method for prospective motion correction based on an optical tracking system has recently been proposed and has already been successfully applied to single voxel spectroscopy. In this work, the utility of prospective motion correction in combination with retrospective phase correction is evaluated for spectroscopic imaging in the human brain. Retrospective phase correction, based on the interleaved reference scan method, is used to correct for motion‐induced frequency shifts and ensure correct phasing of the spectra across the whole spectroscopic imaging slice. It is demonstrated that the presented correction methodology can reduce motion‐induced degradation of spectroscopic imaging data. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impaired expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 system in skeletal muscle of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
Authors: Lunetta Christian , Serafini Massimo , Prelle Alessandro , Magni Paolo , Dozio Elena , Ruscica Massimiliano , Sassone Jenny , Colciago Clarissa , Moggio Maurizio , Corbo Massimo , Silani Vincenzo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntroduction:Adult muscle fibers are a source of growth factors, including insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1). These factors influence neuronal survival, axonal growth, and maintenance of synaptic connections.Methods:We investigated the components of the IGF system in skeletal muscle samples obtained from 17 sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (sALS) and 29 control subjects (17 with normal muscle and 12 with denervated muscle unrelated to ALS).Results:The muscle expression of IGF‐1 and IGF‐binding proteins 3, 4, and 5 (IGF‐BP3, ‐4, and ‐5, respectively), assessed by immunohistochemistry, was differently decreased in sALS compared with both control groups; conversely, IGF‐1 receptor β subunit (IGF‐1Rβ) was significantly increased. Western blot analysis confirmed the severe reduction of IGF‐1, IGF‐BP3, and ‐BP5 with the increment of IGF‐1Rβ in sALS.Conclusion:In this study we describe the abnormal expression of the IGF‐1 system in skeletal muscle of sALS patients that could participate in motor neuron degeneration and should be taken into account when developing treatments with IGF‐1. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Effect of grain crushing on shear localization in granular bodies during plane strain compression
Authors: Tejchman J. , Górski J. , Einav I. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis article deals with the effect of grain crushing on shear localization in granular materials during plane strain monotonic compression tests under constant lateral pressure. The grain diameter and the initial void ratio were stochastically distributed using a spatial correlation. To describe the mechanical behavior of cohesionless granular materials during a monotonic deformation path in plane strain compression, we used a micropolar hypoplastic constitutive model that is able to describe the salient properties of granular bodies including shear localization. The model was extended by introducing changes to the grain diameter with varying pressure using formulae from breakage mechanics proposed for crushable granulates. The initial void ratios and grain diameters took the form of correlated random spatial fields described by both symmetric and nonsymmetric random distributions using a homogeneous correlation function. The field realizations were generated with the help of an original conditional rejection method. A few representative samples of the random fields selected from the generated set were taken into account in numerical calculations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic communication management in the non‐profit sector: a simplified model
Authors: Wiggill Marlene N. 
Published: September 2011

A model for strategic communication management was developed in South Africa on the basis of the excellence study and relationship management theories. This normative, theoretical model has been applied as part of a project in non‐profit organisations (NPOs), government institutions and small‐to‐medium sized companies. However, the operational reality of organisations' communication practices has not been measured against the model. It was therefore the objective of this article to comprehend the participating NPOs' operational and strategic communication management context. It was discovered that although NPOs can theoretically apply the normative Steyn and Puth model, it is not practically feasible, because of the NPOs' unique constraints.
Thereafter, the development of a simplified model on the basis of sound theoretical principles for NPOs to implement strategic communication management was carried out, notwithstanding their constraints and limited resources. The steps/actions indicated in the simplified model are aligned to the NPOs' real and current practice, within the requirements of strategic communication management. By simplifying the model, and focusing on what NPOs are already doing, misconceptions about the complexity and feasibility of communication management might be clarified. It is also recommended that staff members of NPOs, who are responsible for communication and relationship management, be trained to strategically manage communication and stakeholder relationships. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunocytochemical localization of plant secondary metabolites and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis
Authors: Ibrahim Ragai K. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis review highlights the basic principles involved in the immunocytochemical localization of plant secondary metabolites and their enzymes. It summarizes the methods commonly used for the preparation of antigens and characterization of antibodies, and describes the different immunocytochemical detection systems. In addition, the recent reports on immunolocalization of plant secondary metabolites and their enzymes are briefly discussed.
4‐Methoxy‐α‐naphthol as a specific substrate for kinetic, zymographic and cytochemical studies on plant peroxidase activities
Authors: Ferrer M. A. , Calderón A. A. , Muñoz R. , Ros Barceló A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new and sensitive chromogenic assay has been developed to characterize peroxidative activities in plant tissues, applicable to kinetic, zymographic and cytochemical studies on plant peroxidases. This technique is based on the H2O2‐dependent oxidation of 4‐methoxy‐α‐naphthol (4‐MN) to yield a non‐diffusable deep‐blue product, the appearance of which is kinetically correlated with the disappearance of 4‐MN. Oxidation conditions have been optimized. Since 4‐MN is a specific substrate for peroxidase against other heme proteins (catalase and cytochrome c) and, because of the high sensitivity and low detection limit of peroxidase activity in the 4‐MN assay, this compound is a powerful reagent in the study of peroxidase activity from plant tissues. The assay has been applied to the kinetic, zymographic and cytochemical characterization of peroxidase activity in grape cell cultures.
Registration of Observational Studies: perspectives from an industry‐based epidemiology group
Authors: Chavers Scott , Fife Daniel , Wacholtz Mary , Stang Paul , Berlin Jesse 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTRegistration of randomized clinical trials has become standard practice and is enforced through publication policies and governmental regulations. However, the registration of observational studies remains controversial. In this commentary, we propose that a compromise can be reached on which observation should be registered based on study design and study intent. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An uncertainty based formal approach towards parametric sensitivity: A case study on epoxy polymerization
Authors: Mitra Kishalay 
Published: September 2011

AbstractKinetic constants in a proposed reaction scheme act as a set of parameters that are to be tuned with the experimental data and henceforth any model‐based optimization study related to the concerned reactor performance assumes the values of these kinetic parameters as fixed as obtained from the previous curve fitting exercise. However, it is known that these parameters are subjected to inherent source of uncertainties such as errors in measurement, change in concentrations for which they are not tuned for, etc. Assuming these kinetic parameters fixed for rest of the optimization is, therefore, not realistic and one should ideally check the sensitivity of these parameters on the final results. Fuzzy Chance Constrained Programming (FCCP) is one such approach that allows a decision maker to carry out such an analysis and this has been depicted here for determining the effect of uncertain kinetic parameters on the optimal performance of a semibatch epoxy polymerization reactor. Additionally, this study captures the tradeoff between solution quality and solution reliability that provides the angle of parametric sensitivity to this study. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Temporal proteomic profile of memory consolidation in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus
Authors: Monopoli Marco P. , Raghnaill Michelle Nic , Loscher Jennifer S. , O'Sullivan Niamh C. , Pangalos Menelas N. , Ring Robert H. , von Schack David , Dunn Michael J. , Regan Ciaran M. , Pennington Stephen , Murphy Keith J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInformation storage in the brain depends on the ability of neurons to alter synaptic connectivity within key circuitries such as the hippocampus. Memory‐associated synaptic plasticity is mediated by a temporal cascade of de novo protein synthesis and altered protein processing. Here, we have used two‐dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2‐D DIGE) to investigate memory‐specific protein changes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus at increasing times following spatial learning. We identified 42 proteins that were significantly regulated in the first 24 h of spatial memory consolidation. Two distinct waves of protein expression regulation were evident, at 3 and 12 h post‐learning and this is in agreement with studies employing inhibitors of global translation. Functional classification of the memory‐associated proteins revealed that the majority of regulated proteins contributed either to cellular structure or cellular metabolism. For example, actins, tubulins and intermediate filament proteins, core proteins of the three major cytoskeletal components, were dynamically regulated at times that suggest a role in memory‐associated synaptic reorganization. Increased proteasome‐mediated protein degradation was evident in the early post‐training period including the down‐regulation of phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 kDa, a key inhibitor of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase signaling. Some of the most substantial protein expression changes were observed for secreted carrier proteins including transthyretin and serum albumin at 6–12 h post‐learning, regulations that could serve an important role in increasing the supply of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone, key synaptic plasticity‐promoting signals in the adult brain. Together these observations provide further insight into protein level regulations occurring in the hippocampus during spatial memory consolidation.
Synthesis and characterization of photosensitive liquid crystalline poly(benzylidene‐ether)s with alkanones and methylene spacers in the main chain
Authors: Balaji K. , Murugavel S. C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPhotosensitive main chain liquid crystalline poly (benzylidene‐ether)s were synthesized by Claisen‐Schmidt polycondensation reaction of 4,4′‐Diformyl‐α,ω‐diphenoxyalkanes with acetone, cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone. The diformyl precursors were synthesized from 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and dibromoalkanes of varying spacer lengths. The structure of the monomers and polymers was confirmed by ELEM ANAL, Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral analyses. Molecular weight of the polymers was determined by gel permeation chromatography and was found to be moderate. The thermogravimetric analysis data revealed that the polymers were stable up to 280 °C and start degrading thereafter. Cyclopentanone containing polymers are more stable than acetone and cyclohexanone containing polymers. The self‐extinguishing properties of the synthesized polymers were studied by the determination of the limiting oxygen index values with Van Krevelen's equation. The influence of the length of methylene spacer on phase transition was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and proved that the isotropic temperature decreases as the spacer length increases. Polarized optical microscopic study showed that cyclohexanone containing polymer IIIb exhibit nematic schlieren texture. Crystallinity of the polymers was studied with X‐ray diffractograms. The photolysis of liquid crystalline poly(benzylidene‐ether)s revealed that the entgegen, zusammen (EZ) photoisomerization proceeds in the system. Fluorescence spectra showed violet and green emission maxima. The band gap energy is calculated from absorption spectra are in the range of 3.17–3.40 eV. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Computational analysis of bending strain in single chains of β‐PVDF
Authors: Viola Elana A. , Euler William B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHartree–Fock calculations on 20 carbon atom chains of β‐phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were done as a function of bending strain. The results can be modeled in terms of a classical energy versus strain curve resulting in a pseudomodulus (310 GPa) comparable to the Young's modulus calculated for stretching along carbon atom chain (199 GPa). The model also shows that the minimum energy state of a single chain of the polymer is not linear in the all‐trans geometry and that a significant strain energy is stored in natural thin films. This suggests that energy can be captured from bending motions in β‐PVDF. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1493–1495, 2011
Waiting to see the doctor: understanding appraisal and utilization components of consultation delay for new breast symptoms in Chinese women
Authors: Li Wylie W. Y. , Lam Wendy W. T. , Wong Jennifer H. F. , Chiu April , Chan Miranda , Or Amy , Kwong Ava , Suen Dacita , Chan Sharon W. W. , Fielding Richard 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundDelayed consultation for potential cancer symptoms influences treatment outcomes and remains problematic. Delay components (Appraisal versus Utilization) and respective associations are poorly understood.MethodsEligible participants were Cantonese‐speaking Chinese women, ≥21 years old, with self‐discovered breast symptoms, recruited in surgical clinics before their first consultation, and naïve to their diagnosis. Overall 425/433 (98%) women completed a questionnaire on psychosocial, demographic and medical factors, how and when women discovered their breast symptom(s), and their subsequent decision making; 135/425 women (32%) were later diagnosed with breast cancer.ResultsTwenty‐two per cent of women delayed >3 months before consultation. Women with breast cancer (28%) more often had prolonged delay than women with benign disease (19%). Attributing symptom to a non‐cancerous condition, low fear on symptom discovery, not disclosing symptoms to others, and no prior breast symptom history predicted prolonged (>60 days) Appraisal Delay. Low fear on symptom discovery, seldom thinking about the symptom, and consultation for other reasons predicted prolonged (>14 days) Utilization Delay. Factors predicting Appraisal and Utilization Delays differentiated cancer from non‐cancer groups.ConclusionsIndecision over symptom meaning comprised the main component of Appraisal and Total Delay, suggesting that educational strategies targeting atypical symptoms should reduce avoidable delays following self‐discovered breast symptoms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of the use of impulse oscillometry in the evaluation of children with asthma: Analysis of lung parameters, order effect, and utility compared with spirometry
Authors: Komarow Hirsh D. , Skinner Jeff , Young Michael , Gaskins Donna , Nelson Celeste , Gergen Peter J. , Metcalfe Dean D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe ability to objectively measure lung function in children is critical in the assessment and treatment of asthma in this age group. We thus determined the effectiveness of impulse oscillometry (IOS) as a non‐invasive technique to assess lung function in children and in comparison to spirometry for sensitivity and specificity, testing variability, and the order effect of sequential testing of IOS and spirometry.MethodsOne hundred seventeen children sequentially evaluated in a pediatric clinic and under medical care for disease, were asked to perform IOS and spirometry. The utility of IOS and spirometry in differentiating children that had asthma versus those children who did not was then analyzed.ResultsIn the primary analysis (n = 117), bronchodilator response using IOS distinguished asthmatics from non‐asthmatics, P = 0.0008 for R10. Receiver–operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis of R10 bronchodilator response at the best cut‐off (−8.6% change) correctly identified 77% of patients with asthma and excluded 76% of non‐asthmatics. Amongst those children able to perform spirometry (asthmatics, n = 66; non‐asthmatics, n = 16), FEV1 did not reveal a difference between these two groups, while area of reactance (AX) did distinguish these groups (P = 0.0092). Sequential testing of IOS and then spirometry (n = 47) showed a significant decrement in lung function as determined by IOS following performance of spirometry (P = 0.0309).ConclusionIn the diagnosis and management of children with lung disease, IOS is a non‐invasive approach that easily and objectively measures lung impedance and should be considered as both an adjunct, and in some situations, an alternative to standard spirometry. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:18–26. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IgG gene expression and its possible significance in prostate cancers
Authors: Liu Yuxuan , Chen Zhengshan , Niu Na , Chang Qing , Deng Ruishu , Korteweg Christine , Gu Jiang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn spite of recent advances in treatment strategies, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men with its genetic and biologic behaviors still poorly understood. Recently, accumulating evidence indicates that cancer cells, as well as some normal cells can secret IgG. This study was designed to evaluate IgG gene expression and its possible significance in PCa tissue samples and cell lines.METHODSIgG expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, RT‐PCR, and Western blot. The possible significance of IgG was evaluated on tissue array and cell lines. To assess cell viability and proliferation, MTS assay was carried out. Apoptosis was evaluated with propidium iodide and annexin‐V staining.RESULTSExpressions of IgG and its related genes were detected in cell lines. Abundant gene expressions of Igγ and Igκ chain were detected in PCa tissue samples, but not in normal prostate tissues. In addition, IgG expression was significantly higher in PCa tissues than in the benign prostate hyperplasia tissues (P < 0.001). Igγ expression was positively correlated to Gleason score and histological grade (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that anti‐human monoclonal IgG antibody suppressed cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in cultured PCa cells.CONCLUSIONIgG gene expression in PCa is related to cell differentiation and clinical status. PCa cell produced IgG is involved in the biological behavior of this cancer and may serve as a useful marker for cancer cell differentiation and prognosis. Locally produced IgG could be a potential target for therapy. Prostate 72:690–701, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.