bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Agent Cheap Talk Mitigate Agency Problems in the Presence of a Noisy Performance Measure? An Experimental Test in a Single- and Multi-Period Setting
Authors: Douthit Jeremy D. , Kearney Linwood W. , Stevens Douglas E. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Given traditional agency theory assumptions and unobservable effort in a single-period setting, a moral hazard arises in which the agent is expected to shirk and provide the minimal possible effort after contracting with the principal. Traditional solutions to this agency problem include paying the agent a financial incentive tied to some noisy measure of performance or allowing the agent to develop a reputation over multiple periods. As the noisiness of the performance measure increases, however, these traditional solutions become increasingly costly and ineffective. In many single- and multi-period agency settings in the firm, however, the agent can communicate a promised level of effort to the principal prior to contracting. We document that this pre-contract communication, which is non-enforceable and therefore considered “cheap talk” by traditional economic theory, can be highly effective in mitigating the moral hazard problem in agency theory. In a repeating single-period experimental setting where production is observable but is a very noisy indicator of effort, communication of a promised level of effort results in higher pay for the agent, higher effort, and higher expected profit for the principal than the control group. When the principal and agent interact over multiple periods, reputation building is ineffective, but cheap talk continues to yield superior outcomes. These results are consistent with recent economic theory incorporating social norms such as the norm of promise-keeping.
Data Availability: The experimental data used in this paper are available from the authors upon request.
Comparison of iterative methods by solving nonlinear Sturm-Liouville, Burgers and Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Golmankhaneh Alireza , Khatuni Tuhid , Porghoveh Neda , Baleanu Dumitru 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In this manuscript the homotopy perturbation method, the new iterative method, and the variational iterative method have been successively used to obtain approximate analytical solutions of nonlinear Sturm-Liouville, Navier-Stokes and Burgers’ equations. It is shown that the homotopy perturbation method gives approximate analytical solution near to the exact one. We have illustrated the obtained results by sketching the graph of the solutions.
Prior probabilities and thermal characteristics of heat engines
Authors: Aneja Preety , Johal Ramandeep 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe thermal characteristics of a heat cycle are studied from a Bayesian approach. In this approach, we assign a certain prior probability distribution to an uncertain parameter of the system. Based on that prior, we study the expected behaviour of the system and it has been found that even in the absence of complete information, we obtain thermodynamic-like behaviour of the system. Two models of heat cycles, the quantum Otto cycle and the classical Otto cycle are studied from this perspective. Various expressions for thermal efficiences can be obtained with a generalised prior of the form Π(x) ∝ 1/x b. The predicted thermodynamic behaviour suggests a connection between prior information about the system and thermodynamic features of the system.
Effect of long-term stress relief annealing on properties of low-alloy weld deposit of covered electrodes for welding of thick-walled nuclear constructions
Authors: Niagaj Jerzy 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The article discusses the results of tests on the impact of long-term stress relief annealing at 620–650°C and cooling at a rate of 10°C/h on the mechanical properties of low-alloy weld deposits of covered electrodes containing 1.5–3% Ni, 0–0.3% Mo and 0.01–0.03% P. The article also contains information on the most advantageous nickel content for obtaining the highest impact energy (KV) values in subzero temperatures. X-ray structural analysis revealed that such weld deposits contain solely Fe3C carbides, which prevents the impact of molybdenum carbides on the change of KV. The study also confirmed the adverse effect of phosphorus on the weld deposit impact energy after long-lasting heat treatment.
Adiponectin, Non-Esterified Fatty Acids and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bećarević Mirjana , Seferović Jelena , Ignjatović Svetlana , Singh Sandra , Majkić-Singh Nada 
Published: May 2012

Adiponectin, Non-Esterified Fatty Acids and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Type II Diabetes MellitusThe importance of the association of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL Abs) with the features of type II diabetes mellitus has not yet been elucidated. The aim of this work was to investigate the association of aPL Abs with adiponectin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in type II diabetes mellitus patients without micro and/or macrovascular complications, and to analyze the differences between the male and female patients with regard to the abovementioned parameters. Male patients with type II diabetes mellitus showed a positive correlation between NEFA concentrations and anti-oxLDL antibodies (r=0.334, p=0.019). A weak, but statistically significant correlation between adiponectin concentrations and the IgM isotype of anti-annexin A5 antibodies was found in type II diabetes mellitus patients (r=0.285, p=0.011). The presence of a positive correlation between NEFA and anti-oxLDL antibodies might be useful in the detection of patients with premature atherosclerosis in type II diabetes mellitus patients without any micro and/or macrovascular complications among type II diabetes mellitus patients.
The Phenomenon of Aggression as a social problem
Authors: Pikuła Norbert 
Published: May 2012

The Phenomenon of Aggression as a social problem
The article briefly mentions situations and forms of violence as they occur in our everyday life. It brings various definitions of violence and aggression and describes the sources and factors that contribute to aggression. The large part of article is dedicated to typologies and theories of aggression, especially psychological and sociological ones. The author also mentions biological explanations of aggression. Finally the author presents basic forms of helping the victims of violence and lists Polish organizations that are active in the field of prevention and intervention regarding this undesirable social problem.
Resistin and High Glucose Concentrations-Activation of Human Smooth Muscle Cells Induces Enhanced Monocyte Chemotaxis
Authors: Simion Viorel , Gan Ana-Maria , Stan Daniela , Pirvulescu Monica , Calin Manuela , Butoi Elena , Manduteanu Ileana 
Published: May 2012

Resistin and High Glucose Concentrations-Activation of Human Smooth Muscle Cells Induces Enhanced Monocyte ChemotaxisObjectives. Recent data indicate that upon activation by resistin and high glucose concentrations (HG) vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) acquire pro-inflammatory properties. We questioned whether resistin and HG-activated SMC generate an enhanced monocytes chemotaxis and if the chemokine fractalkine (Fk) is involved in the process. Material and Methods: SMC were incubated with resistin or/and HG and the conditioned medium was used for monocytes chemotaxis assays. The role of Fk was assessed by blocking the Fk receptor, CX3CR1, on monocytes (U937 cell lines) prior to the chemotaxis assay. The quantification of migrated monocytes was assayed under an inverted microscope and statistically analyzed. Results: (i) conditioned medium (CM) collected from SMC incubated with resistin in the presence or absence of HG triggered a significant increase (25 - 100 %) of monocytes chemotaxis as compared to controls; (ii) blocking the CX3CR1 receptor significantly decreased the monocyte chemotaxis towards resistin-treated SMC. Conclusions: Resistin±HG increases the expression of chemotaxis inductors in human SMC and the ensuing monocytes chemotaxis by a mechanism in which Fk plays a major role.
Fetal Macrosomia in the Diabetic Woman
Authors: Pascu Marlena , Miulescu Ruxandra , Ionescu-Tîrgoviste C. 
Published: May 2012

Fetal Macrosomia in the Diabetic WomanDiabetes mellitus complicates up to 10% of pregnancies, while in Romania the incidence is this under 5%. In most of the cases we are talking about gestational diabetes, while only in 0.1 - 0.3% of the cases, the diabetes was pregestational (mainly Type 1 diabetes and rarely Type 2 diabetes or Mody). The study we conducted concerned the incidence of macrosomia in the general population; in the study we investigated 3,000 pregnant patients who gave birth in the Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology of ‘Dr Cantacuzino’ Hospital from 13th January 2007 to 30th March 2010. The 7.1% of incidence of diabetes mellitus highlighted by the study which aimed to trace gestational diabetes conducted in 2007-2010 period with the assistance of the ‘Dr Cantacuzino’ Hospital, represents just the tip of the iceberg. The positive diagnosis of gestational diabetes identified not only women who had diabetes mellitus pre-existing the pregnancy, without their being aware of it, but also women with a pathology of carbohydrate metabolism who will in the future run a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Nocturnal Hypertension and Special - Period Hypertension in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Cobuz Claudiu , Cobuz Maricela 
Published: May 2012

Nocturnal Hypertension and Special - Period Hypertension in Type 1 Diabetes MellitusBackground: One of the unique aspects of continuous ambulatory arterial-tension monitoring is the ability of recording the diurnal variations. The patients suffering from Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) may present higher nocturnal values of arterial tension and this rise can be determined by hyperinsulinism. The first hours in the morning (6 a.m. - 9 a.m.), the so-called special period, is correlated with a rise in the incidence of cardiovascular events and a rise in plasmatic catecholamine and of platelet aggregability. The main goal of this study is to analyze the particularities of the tensional profile with regard to nocturnal behavior and behavior in the special period, reported to glycemic variations. Material and method: The study analysed 351 patients known with T1DM, who have been suffering from this disease for more than 10 years, who were in the records of the Center of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases of Iaşi and Suceava. The patients were assesssed from a tensional and glycemic point of view, by continuous blood-tension (ABPM) and glycemia (CGMS) monitoring. Results: The occurrence of nocturnal hypertension in patients suffering T1DM is by 29.24 higher than in the case of hypertensive persons compared to the risk presented by the persons without blood hypertension. The continuous recording of blood hypertension during the asymptomatic hypoglycemia period showed increased values both for systolic blood tension and for diastolic one (p<0.05). The hypertension risk is by 3.24 higher during the hypoglycemia period compared to the normoglycemic one. Tension variations during the special period were noticed in 87 patients who have been suffering from diabetes mellitus for 19.75 ± 4.57 years. These tension values are higher than the nocturnal ones, but lower than the diurnal ones. Conclusions: Hypoglycemia duration and magnitude induces increased tension values which adds another hemodynamic stress factor to the patient suffering from T1DM. In T1DM, in the first morning hours, in particular conditions, we can notice increased tension values, higher in patients with blood hypertension, which induces a stressed cardiovascular risk. Tension value increase during the special period overlaps the morning hyperglycemias. Therefore, there appears an apparently invisible impact on the cardiovascular condition of diabetes mellitus.
Type 2 Diabetes and its Implications in Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Muntean Cristina , Mitrea Adina , Mota Maria , Tudorica Valerica 
Published: May 2012

Type 2 Diabetes and its Implications in Cerebrovascular DiseaseType 2 diabetes represents an independent risk factor for vascular cerebral pathology, with a 2-3 times greater probability of stroke. The number of diabetic patients with stroke increased substantially from 6.2% to 11.3% during 1996-2006. Ischemic stroke, small or large vessels occlusion, is the main subtype of cerebrovascular disease, while a smaller percentage is attributed to cerebral hemorrhage. Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, excess free fatty acids, prothrombotic state cause endothelial dysfunction with blood flow disturbance and major cerebral vessels injury. Elevated blood sugar levels are also associated with a poor prognosis during post-stroke phase. From the total number of deaths caused by acute cerebrovascular events, 16% for men and 33% for women are due to diabetes.
Energy Consumption Modeling of Processes in the Automated Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Honczarenko Jerzy , Berliński Artur 
Published: May 2012

Energy Consumption Modeling of Processes in the Automated Manufacturing SystemsHigh-tech manufacturing such as machining at high speeds, laser, electrical discharge machining are highly energy intensive. Automation of assistant processes such as transport, storage, quality control also causes increasing of energy consumption. In this context, important is estimating and minimize the volume used energy. The main contribution of paper is the evaluation method of energy production processes in automated production systems, based on the equation energy formulation. Simple calculation energy consumption example was also presented for elementary transport operations in a high storage depot. Implantation this method enables rating power consumption of manufacturing process on design stage where used are technical subsystems such as: machines, conveyors, manipulators etc. Designing processes with power rating consumption enable saving energy in manufacturing processes that is important for their economic efficiency.
Klassifikation und Vermessung von Rissen in Nadelrund- und Nadelschnittholz
Authors: Wehrhausen Martin , Sauter Udo Hans , Brüchert Franka , Becker Gero 
Published: May 2012

Classification and measurement of visible cracks in softwood logs and sawn timber
Cracks as an attribute of logs are an important quality factor for the production of sawn timber. They can develop in the standing tree due to growth stresses or external influences, but also in felled trees due to tension releases or drying. The definitions for different types of cracks that can be found in standards and in literature lack consistancy and are not sufficient for scientific use. This paper proposes a classification scheme for cracks in logs and sawn timber that is based on existing definitions in literature but also includes newly drafted definitions. A method for the estimation of crack damaged volume in wood is presented, which is based on manual measurement of the crack features for scientific use. The results give detailed and, depending on the dimensions of the sawn timber, also precise information about type, size and position of cracks as well as the expected volume of reject.
Ultrasound Markers of Implantation
Authors: Mercé Luis T , Barco María J 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Endometrial 3D power Doppler indices change significantly during the normal menstrual cycle. Vascularity indices of the endometrial and subendometrial vessels increase throughout the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, reaching a maximum value 2 to 3 days prior to ovulation. From this peak, vascularity indices decrease and reach a nadir 2 to 5 days after ovulation. Reduced endometrial perfusion assessed by 3D power Doppler ultrasound is most likely related to increased uterine contractility. If prolonged, it may cause endometrial hypoxia, leading to detrimental effect on implantation potential. In normal spontaneous menstrual cycles, endometrial vascular indices increase progressively during the course of the luteal phase. Endometrial and subendometrial perfusion is negatively affected by serum estradiol concentrations, which can explain why patients with hyperstimulation have lower endometrial and subendometrial blood flow during the early luteal phase. Our results indicate that 3D power Doppler implantation markers are crucial for planning a single embryo transfer in order to select the most suitable cycle for transfer of a single cryopreserved embryo.

How to cite this article
Mercé LT, Barco MJ, Kurjak A. Ultrasound Markers of Implantation. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):14-26.
Cervical Length Measurement in Obstetrics: From Academic Luxury to Clinical Practice
Authors: Ahmed Badreldeen , Hasnani Zohra 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Preterm birth is the main cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity and can be very costly to the healthcare system. Although improvements in neonatal care have led to higher survival of very premature infants, there is a need for the development of a sensitive method with which to identify women at high risk of preterm delivery and find an effective strategy for the prevention of preterm labor.1 Considering the increased incidence of preterm birth, it has become more important now to be able to early diagnose this problem. The measurement of cervical length to predict the risk of preterm birth can be extremely useful in diagnosing this condition. The use of transvaginal ultrasound in measuring cervical length is safe, reliable and well accepted by women.2 The use of vaginal progesterone has shown to be effective in the prevention of preterm delivery in women with short cervix. Tocolytics are used to delay labor for a minimum of 24 to 48 hours3 for up to 1 week but they have not shown to improve neonatal outcomes and most have undesirable side effects. Steroids can assist with fetal lung maturity when the diagnosis of preterm labor is made,3 they can be used unnecessarily when preterm labor is misdiagnosed. The measurement of cervical length can also be helpful in patients with preterm premature rupture of membrane and in patients with the presence of amniotic fluid (AF) sluge.4 Therefore, performing cervical length measurements in all pregnant women and use it as a screening tool at around 20 weeks of pregnancy to identify patients at high risk of preterm labor can assist with true diagnosis. There is a great expectation from cervical assessment and subsequent addition of progesterone to reduce preterm birth and have better neonatal outcomes.
The aim of this review is to bring forward evidence that highlights the importance of performing cervical length measurement in midpregnancy in all pregnant women to predict the risk of preterm birth.
Medline, PubMed, MD Consult and Science Direct were searched using the terms cervical length measurement, ‘preterm delivery’, ‘amniotic fluid sludge’ and ‘treatment for preterm birth’.

How to cite this article
Ahmed B, Hasnani Z. Cervical Length Measurement in Obstetrics: From Academic Luxury to Clinical Practice. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):93-96.
Antenatal Diagnosis and Management of Nuchal Cystic Hygroma
Authors: Fouedjio Jeanne Hortence , Fouelifack Florent Ymele 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Ultrasonographic evaluation, as a routine component of antenatal care, has significantly contributed to in utero assessment of pregnancy status. The detection of fetal abnormalities by ultrasound, however, has raised clinical questions and created parental dilemmas concerning the outcomes of such pregnancies. A relatively frequent anomaly observed on routine ultrasonographic examination is the posterior nuchal cystic hygroma. Most cases of cystic hygromas are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Only 2 to 3% survival rate is reported when fetal cystic hygromas are diagnosed in utero. This information should be helpful when counseling patients whose pregnancies involve fetuses with this anomaly. We report a case of nuchal cystic hygroma diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy with the aid of an ultrasonographic morphological analysis. Parents requested termination of pregnancy.

How to cite this article
Fouedjio JH, Fouelifack FY. Antenatal Diagnosis and Management of Nuchal Cystic Hygroma. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):109-111.
What We have Learned from Fetal Neurophysiology?
Authors: Salihagic-Kadic Aida , Predojevic Maja 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
The nervous system is one of the earliest emerging systems in fetal development. Due to progress of modern imaging technologies, such as ultrasound, a growing pool of information on the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and fetal behavioral patterns has been made available. The major events in the development of the CNS, fetal motor and sensory development as well as fetal response to stress are discussed in this review. The fetus is not entirely protected from harmful influence of the external factors. Postnatal follow-up studies have showed that many environmental influences causing the fetal stress can interfere with the fetal neurodevelopment and leave long-term and profound consequences on brain structure and function.

How to cite this article
SalihagićKadić A, Predojevic M. What We have Learned from Fetal Neurophysiology? Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(2):179-188.
Enroute through Bone: Biology of Tooth Movement
Authors: Shivalinga BM , Jyothikiran H , Patel Vishal Devendrakumar 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTBiology of orthodontic tooth movement has always been an interesting field of orthodontist. Orthodontic tooth movement is divided into different phases and number of theories has been given for it, at present most of them are invalid. Gene-directed protein synthesis, modification and integration form the essence of all life processes, including OTM. Bone adaptation to orthodontic force depends on normal osteoblast and osteoclast genes that correctly express needed proteins at the right time and places. Prostaglandins, cytokines and growth factors play an important role in OTM.How to cite this articlePatel VD, Jyothikiran H, Raghunath N, Shivalinga BM. Enroute through Bone: Biology of Tooth Movement. World J Dent 2012;3(1):55-59.
An Overview of Orthodontic Indices
Authors: Agarwal Anirudh 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Analysis of prevalence of various types of malocclusion is an important aspect of today's evidence-based dentistry. Orthodontic indices are a tool in the hands of an epidemiologist to analyze the prevalence and severity of various kinds of malocclusion. The aim of this article is to look into the various qualitative and quantitative methods of grading and assessing malocclusion and their evolution over the years along with their advantages and limitations have also been analyzed. The article also compares the commonly used indices—DAI and IOTN.

How to cite this article
Agarwal A, Mathur R. An Overview of Orthodontic Indices. World J Dent 2012;3(1):77-86.