bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing disaster and emergency preparedness, response, and recovery through evaluation
Authors: Ritchie Liesel Ashley , MacDonald Wayne 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe authors offer a conceptual framework explicating how evaluation can enhance disaster and emergency preparedness, response, and recovery. The phases of preparedness, response, and recovery in any disaster situation are connected to who has responsibility for the evaluation and how the evaluation will be used. The complexity of the relationships among these diverse elements suggests that evaluation in this domain needs to be flexible and strategic to be beneficial. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Real‐time evaluation in humanitarian emergencies
Authors: Brusset Emery , Cosgrave John , MacDonald Wayne 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe authors describe real‐time evaluation (RTE) as a specific tool in disaster management and within the literature on formative evaluation, monitoring, and impact assessment. RTE offers the possibility of exploring innovative ways to empower frontline disaster response staff, possibly even beneficiaries of assistance. The authors describe conditions for the success of RTE, including field credibility, organization, and rapid analysis. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Save the Children's approach to emergency evaluation and learning: Evolution in policy and practice
Authors: Steinke‐Chase Megan , Tranzillo Danielle 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe humanitarian assistance sector has developed globally from a state of spontaneous and disjointed approaches, and is striving to be more deliberate, coordinated, and accountable. Save the Children's experience has paralleled that evolution. This chapter explores advances in emergency evaluation approaches, utilization, and learning that have driven systematic improvements in Save the Children's policy and practice as it responds to major emergencies. It discusses challenges and successful efforts to internalize sector standards, ensure participation of affected populations, strengthen coordination across the sector, and increase impact measurement of emergency response. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association
Logic modeling as a tool to prepare to evaluate disaster and emergency preparedness, response, and recovery in schools
Authors: Zantal‐Wiener Kathy , Horwood Thomas J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe authors propose a comprehensive evaluation framework to prepare for evaluating school emergency management programs. This framework involves a logic model that incorporates Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) measures as a foundation for comprehensive evaluation that complements performance monitoring used by the U.S. Department of Education as part of its Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools (REMS) grant program. A sample logic model for school emergency management is provided that can be adapted and tailored for use in local evaluations by any school district or school. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Evaluation of disaster and emergency management: Do no harm, but do better
Authors: Ritchie Liesel Ashley , MacDonald Wayne 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe authors identify key issues for the improvement of evaluations of disaster and emergency management. The value of an interagency approach is discussed, as is the importance of the crossover lessons from international and domestic evaluation efforts. The authors discuss specific ways evaluation is tied to the larger context of guidelines and standards in humanitarian assistance. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Comparison of association mapping methods in a complex pedigreed population
Authors: Sahana Goutam , Guldbrandtsen Bernt , Janss Luc , Lund Mogens S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAssociation mapping methods were compared using a simulation with a complex pedigree structure. The pedigree was simulated while keeping the present Danish Holstein population pedigree in view. A total of 15 quantitative trait loci (QTL) with varying effect sizes (10%, 5% and 2% of total genetic variance) were simulated. We compared the single‐marker test, haplotype‐based analysis, mixed model approach, and Bayesian analysis. The methods were compared for power, precision of location estimates, and type I error rates. Results found the best performance in a Bayesian method that included genetic background effects and simultaneously fitted all single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a variable selection method. A mixed model analysis that fitted genetic background effects and tested one SNP at a time performed nearly as well as the Bayesian method. For the Bayesian method, it proved necessary to collect SNP signals in intervals, to avoid the scattering of a QTL signal over multiple neighboring SNPs. Methods not accounting for genetic background (full pedigree information) performed worse, and methods using haplotypes were considerably worse with a high false‐positive rate, probably due to the presence of low‐frequency haplotypes. It was necessary to account for full relationships among individuals to avoid excess false discovery. Although the methods were tested on a cattle pedigree, the results are applicable to any population with a complex pedigree structure. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 455–462, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk categorization for complex disorders according to genotype relative risk and precision in parameter estimates
Authors: Goddard Graham H.M. , Lewis Cathryn M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPurpose: To develop a method of genetic risk categorization based on the risk conferred by genetic variants and the precision with which risks are known. Methods: We develop a method for risk assignment based on an “average” member of the population and their genotype, deriving empirical confidence intervals encompassing all relevant sources of variation in disease risk. An individual with risk confidence interval that does not overlap with that of the “average” individual is categorized as having higher or lower disease risk. The method is applied to data sets in Crohn's disease and type 2 diabetes. Results: The proportion of the population assigned to the average risk category depends on genotype relative risk, allele frequency and sample size of the study used to estimate these parameters. For low genotype relative risks or minor allele frequency, little resolution into different risk categories may be possible. Conclusion: The utility of a genetic risk variant for risk categorization depends on both the magnitude of the genotype relative risk and the accuracy with which this, and other elements of risk calculation, are known. Genetic risk calculations should include an assessment of the accuracy of the risk estimation. Genet. Epidemiol. 34:624–632, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular basis of anti‐inflammatory action of platelet‐rich plasma on human chondrocytes: Mechanisms of NF‐κB inhibition via HGF
Authors: Bendinelli Paola , Matteucci Emanuela , Dogliotti Giada , Corsi Massimiliano M. , Banfi Giuseppe , Maroni Paola , Desiderio Maria Alfonsina 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLoss of articular cartilage through injury or disease presents major clinical challenges also because cartilage has very poor regenerative capacity, giving rise to the development of biological approaches. As autologous blood product, platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) provides a promising alternative to surgery by promoting safe and natural healing. Here we tested the possibility that PRP might be effective as an anti‐inflammatory agent, providing an attractive basis for regeneration of articular cartilage, and two principal observations were done. First, activated PRP in chondrocytes reduced the transactivating activity of NF‐κB, critical regulator of the inflammatory process, and decreased the expression of COX‐2 and CXCR4 target genes. By analyzing a panel of cytokines with different biological significance, in activated PRP we observed increases in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin‐4 and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). HGF and TNF‐α, by disrupting NF‐κB‐transactivating activity, were important for the anti‐inflammatory function of activated PRP. The key molecular mechanisms involved in PRP‐inhibitory effects on NF‐κB activity were for HGF the enhanced cellular IkBα expression, that contributed to NF‐κB‐p65 subunit retention in the cytosol and nucleo‐cytoplasmic shuttling, and for TNF‐α the p50/50 DNA‐binding causing inhibition of target‐gene expression. Second, activated PRP in U937‐monocytic cells reduced chemotaxis by inhibiting chemokine transactivation and CXCR4‐receptor expression, thus possibly controlling local inflammation in cartilage. In conclusion, activated PRP is a promising biological therapeutic agent, as a scaffold in micro‐invasive articular cartilage regeneration, not only for its content of proliferative/differentiative growth factors, but also for the presence of anti‐inflammatory agents including HGF. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 757–766, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of isomeric 2,3,5‐trisubstituted perhydropyrrolo[3,4‐d]‐isoxazole‐4,6‐diones via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions
Authors: Özkan Hamdi , Yildirir Yilmaz 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
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A series of isoxazolidine derivates (isomeric 2,3,5‐trisubstitutedperhydropyrrolo[3,4‐d]isoxazole‐4,6‐diones) used as anti‐inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antibacterial agent, and inhibitor for some enzymes were synthesized. These compounds were prepared by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of N‐methyl maleimide and N‐phenyl maleimide with nitrones. Diastereomeric products obtained in this reaction were separated by column chromatography and recrystallized. All compounds synthesized were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with symmetrical tri‐ and polycyclic strained olefins
Authors: Darvatkar Nitin B. , Wankhede Karuna S. , Bhilare Sachin V. , Deorukhkar Amol R. , Raut Dilip G. , Vaidya Vipraja V. , Trivedi Girish K. , Salunkhe Manikrao M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
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1,3‐Dipolar cycloadditions of benzonitrile oxide and carbethoxyformonitrile oxide (CEFNO) with various facially perturbed polycyclic symmetrical dienophiles (1, 1a, 1b, 2, 2a, 2b, 3, 3b, 4, 5, 6) were investigated. Cycloadditions took place chemoselectively at the norbornyl double bond and were found to be exclusively exo. Cycloadditions of benzonitrile oxide with dienophiles 4 and 5 led to mixture of inseparable products, however, that with CEFNO gave single products. Cycloadduct of dienophile 5 with CEFNO was found to be unstable, and it readily isomerized to more stable aromatic form. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Improving corrosion resistance of Al‐11mass%Si alloy through a large number of ECAP passes
Authors: Jiang J.‐H. , Ma A.‐B. , Lu F.‐M. , Saito N. , Watazu A. , Song D. , Zhang P. , Nishida Y. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUltrafine‐grained (UFG) Al‐11mass%Si alloy, processed by multi‐pass equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 573 K, was investigated on corrosion behavior in 0.6 M NaCl solution. Potentiodynamic polarization tests and scanning electron microscopy observation showed that a large number of ECAP passes resulted in lower corrosion current density, more positive corrosion potential, and rather smooth corroded surface with shallow corrosion pits. The uniform distribution of fine secondary‐phase particles on UFG Al matrix weakened the susceptibility to pitting corrosion while inhibited general microgalvanic reactions. The present results indicate that grain refinement of aluminum matrix to the UFG state and uniform redistribution of broken particles (including eutectic silicon and secondary phases), via severe plastic deformation at elevated temperature undergoing dynamic recrystallization, can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of Al alloys, besides the known exceptional mechanical advantages. The simple and effective ECAP procedure makes UFG Al alloys more attractive for high strength structural application in corrosive environment.
Transformation of green rust (Cl−) into different oxyhydroxides in aqueous solution containing molybdenum ions
Authors: Nagata F. , Inoue K. , Fujieda S. , Shinoda K. , Suzuki S. , Tsuri S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTo investigate the influence of the addition of molybdenum ions on the transformation of green rust GR(Cl−) comprising Fe(II) and Fe(III) into different oxyhydroxides, suspensions of GR(Cl−) containing molybdenum ions were oxidized by passing nitrogen gas containing oxygen through the suspensions. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used for identifying the solid particles formed by oxidation. The results showed that in the presence of molybdenum ions, the formation of β‐FeOOH and α‐FeOOH was enhanced as compared to that of γ‐FeOOH in the GR(Cl−) suspensions. This implied that the molybdenum ions interacted with the chloride ions obtained from GR(Cl−) and induced the formation of β‐FeOOH that contained chloride ions. Transmission electron micrographs of the solid particles showed that the particle size of the resulting oxyhydroxides was considerably reduced because of the addition of the molybdenum ions. The pH and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) of the aqueous solution were also measured during the oxidation. The addition of molybdenum ions was found to cause characteristic changes in the pH and ORP in the initial stage of the oxidation.
Evaluation of corrosion behaviour in a 317L stainless steel strip welding using scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy
Authors: Sathirachinda N. , Wessman S. , Pettersson R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractScanning Kelvin probe force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy have been used in combination with SEM/EDS and immersion tests to study a 317L electroslag strip weld which contains austenite and interdendritic ferrite and sigma phase. The individual phases can easily be recognized from the compositional contrast, magnetic pattern and Volta potential variation. Austenite, which is paramagnetic, exhibits the highest Volta potential followed by non‐magnetic sigma phase and ferromagnetic ferrite, respectively. Corrosion testing in acidic chloride solutions indicates that the Volta potential measured in air can be related to the tendency to uniform corrosion, while pitting corrosion shows different dependence. In both cases ferrite and sigma phase behaved in a similar manner, indicating that there was no specific detrimental effect of sigma phase on corrosion properties in this material.
Utilizing Arghel extract as corrosion inhibitor for reinforced steel in concrete
Authors: Abdel‐Gaber A. M. , Khamis E. , Hefnawy A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractInhibition of the corrosion of reinforced steel in concrete in 0.5 M NaCl by Arghel extract has been studied employing different electrochemical techniques in conjunction with optical images photo. Potential‐time measurements showed that introducing of Arghel extract into concrete shifts the potential of reinforced steel to more positive values. Potentiodynamic polarization curves measurements manifested that Arghel extract acts as anodic type inhibitor. Nyquist plots were characterized by a distinct charge transfer and diffusion components. A proposed equivalent circuit was used to analyze the impedance spectra of reinforced steel in concrete in 0.5 M NaCl. Optical images for the cracked lollipops samples of the reinforced steel in concrete that is immersed in 0.5 M NaCl for 18 months showed no corrosion attack even in the presence of a low concentration of Arghel which is in good agreement with the results obtained from the electrochemical techniques.
Flame retardancy mechanisms of poly(1,4‐butylene terephthalate) containing microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and melamine cyanurate
Authors: Yang Wei , Lu Hongdian , Tai Qilong , Qiao Zhihua , Hu Yuan , Song Lei , Yuen Richard K. K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe flame retardancy mechanisms of poly(1,4‐butylene terephthalate) (PBT) containing microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and melamine cyanurate (MC) were investigated via pyrolysis analysis (thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), real‐time Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), TG‐IR), cone calorimeter test, combustion tests (limited oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94), and residue analysis (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). A loading of 20 wt% MC to PBT gave the PBT composites an LOI of 26%, V‐2 classification in UL‐94 test and a high peak heat release rate (HRR) in cone calorimeter test. Adding APP to PBT/MC composites did not improve their flame retardancy. In comparison with the addition of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to PBT, MAPP with silica gel shell and MAPP with polyurethane shell both promoted the intumescent char‐forming and improved the flame retardancy of PBT through different mechanisms in the presence of MC. These two halogen‐free PBT composites with V‐0 classification according to UL‐94 test were obtained; their LOI were 32 and 33%, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperativity in benzotriazole–amine complexes: allosteric tuning of molecular recognition interfaces
Authors: Zonta Cristiano , De Lucchi Ottorino , Motterle Riccardo , Serafini Siro 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBenzotriazole forms with amines stable complexes that in some cases separate spontaneously as crystals from solutions of polar organic solvents. The stoichiometries and the binding constants of these complexes have been determined by 1H NMR analysis in deuterochloroform. The quantitative analysis of the equilibria involved in the complexation process sheds light on the behaviour of benzotriazoles in solutions and gives an estimate of the influence of allosteric effects when multiple interactions are present. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel modulation factor quantifies the role of water molecules in protein interactions
Authors: Bueno Marta , Temiz Nuri A. , Camacho Carlos J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWater molecules decrease the potential of mean force of a hydrogen bond (H‐bond), as well as modulate (de)solvation forces, but exactly how much has not been easy to determine. Crystallographic water molecules provide snapshots of optimal solutions for the role of solvent in protein interactions, information that is often ignored by implicit solvent models. Motivated by high‐resolution crystal structures, we describe a simple quantitative approach to explicitly incorporate the role of molecular water in protein interactions. Applications to protein–DNA interactions show that the accuracy of binding free‐energy estimates improves significantly if a distinction is made between H‐bonds that are desolvated (or only contact crystal waters), solvated by mobile waters trapped at the binding interface, or partially solvated through connections to bulk water. These different environments are modeled by a unique “water” scaling factor that decreases or increases the strength of hydrogen bonds depending on whether water contacts the acceptor or donor atoms or the bond is fully desolvated, respectively. Our empirical energies are fully consistent with mobile water molecules having a strong polarization effect in direct intermolecular interactions. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytotoxic action of Ganoderma lucidum on interleukin‐3 dependent lymphoma DA‐1 cells: involvement of apoptosis proteins
Authors: Calviño Eva , Pajuelo Lucía , de Eribe Casas Jon A. Ochoa , Manjón José Luis , Tejedor M. Cristina , Herráez Angel , Alonso Manuel Díez , Diez José C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAqueous extracts and a semipurified fraction obtained by methanol extraction and column chromatography were isolated from Ganoderma lucidum [Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.; Ganodermataceae Donk] and their effects on interleukin 3‐dependent lymphoma cells (DA‐1) were studied. Cell viability was reduced by the action of unboiled aqueous extract and by the methanol‐extracted column‐chromatography semipurified fraction, producing DNA fragmentation in DA‐1 cells. Treatments with aqueous extracts showed increments of Bax after 13 h, increments of p53 and Mdm2 after 19 h and a reduction of these three proteins after 24 h. The methanol‐extracted semipurified fraction also induced increments of p53 and Mdm2 factors at 19 h with a reduction after 24 h. The methanol‐extracted column‐chromatography semipurified fraction from Ganoderma lucidum produced minor changes in the level of Akt after treatments for 19 h in DA‐1 cells with a slight reduction in the levels of NFkB‐p65 factor. Both the unboiled aqueous extract and the methanol‐extracted column‐chromatography semipurified fraction produced cleavage of inactive caspase 3, as a clear indication of induction of apoptosis by compounds present in Ganoderma lucidum. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The intra‐alliance division of value created through collaboration
Authors: Adegbesan J. Adetunji , Higgins Matthew J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe differential benefits reaped by individual partners are a major determinant of the impact of strategic alliances on firm performance and an important (dis)incentive for alliance partners to collaborate in value creation. Theoretically, we lack an explicit theory of intra‐alliance value division; empirically, previous analysis has been hampered by methodological challenges. We propose a bargaining framework for intra‐alliance value appropriation, as well as a measure for capturing its variation. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 200 biotechnology R&D alliances, and are able to explain variation in value appropriation across alliance partners, partner types, and individual firms of each type. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a Singlet Lens and the Corresponding Aberration Correction Approaches for Cell Phone Camera
Authors: Zhang Yupeng , Ueda Toshitsugu 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA singlet lens model that is designed for future cell phone camera is discussed. The proposed lens model unavoidably introduces significant optical aberration because of its high field angle (maximum field angle 48°). To correct the aberrations, traditional paraxial aberration and third‐order Seidel aberration are no longer applicable because the accuracy will decline dramatically when the field angle reaches a high value. In this paper, the main objective is to find an improved first‐order aberration equation and an improved third‐order Seidel aberration equation using field‐dependent coefficients to correct lateral chromatic aberration (LAT) and distortion, respectively, for a high‐field‐angle singlet lens. The simulation results suggest that improved higher order aberration equations are more accurate to represent real aberrations than the lower order case. However, the chromatic aberration is still visible in the resultant images even though LAT is corrected, because of the differences of blur between different colors caused by axial chromatic aberration (AX) and other monochromatic aberrations such as field curvature. This poses a new research topic as our future work. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.