bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Lily mottle virus on Lilium in Italy
Authors: Rizzo D. , Stefani L. , Paoli M. , Lazzereschi S. , Nesi B. , Pecchioli S. , Bartola M. Della , Materazzi A. , Grassotti A. 
Published: February 2012

Lily mottle virus (LMoV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, is one of the main viruses infecting lily. Symptoms on lily differ according to the susceptibility and sensitivity of different cultivars and hybrids. They range from leaf mottle or mosaic, vein clearing, chlorotic and yellow streaking, leaf curling, and necrotic spots, to milder forms of leaf symptoms. Plants may even be symptomless at some stages of growth. A varietal collection of Lilium from the early 1990s is held in Pistoia Province (Tuscany, Italy) and is composed of Asian hybrids obtained from intraspecific breeding of commercial cultivars. During a survey conducted from May to June 2010, several plants showing vein clearing, leaf mottle, leaf mosaic, and reddish brownish necrotic spots were observed. Leaf samples from 60 symptomatic or symptomless lily plants, belonging to 20 cultivars, were collected and tested for the presence of LMoV. Samples were assayed by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA and eight of them, belonging to four different cultivars, tested positive. Total RNA was extracted from 2 g of leaf tissue of every collected sample according to the protocol described earlier (3) and cDNA synthesis was performed with an iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Samples were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and real-time PCR assays using primers LMoV1 (5′-GCAAATGAGACACTCAATGCTG-3′) and LMoV2 (5′-CGTGCGTGAAGTAACTTCATAG-3′) designed to amplify 651 bp of the coat protein (CP) gene of LMoV (1). Results obtained with RT-PCR and real-time PCR exactly matched those achieved with ELISA assay, and the eight positive samples showed amplicons of the expected size. PCR products from five infected samples were directly sequenced from both directions and submitted in GenBank (Accessions Nos. JQ655106 to JQ655110). Our isolates share more than 99% nucleotide identity among each other. Comparison with other LMoV-CP gene sequences present in GenBank showed nucleotide identities ranging from 93 to 94% with LMoV isolates from South Korea (GenBank Accession Nos. GQ150683 to GQ150686), China (GenBank Accession Nos. EU348826, AJ748256, AJ564636, and AJ564637), Australia (GenBank Accession No. JN127341), and Japan (GenBank Accession No. AB570195). To our knowledge, this is the first report of LMoV on Lilium in Italy where this virus was already reported to infect escarole (2). Considering the economic importance of Lilium production as a flowering plant in Pistoia Province, and in several other areas of Italy, the report of LMoV present on lilies suggests the use of healthy propagation material and the adoption of preventive measures to avoid its diffusion. References: (1) J.-H. Lim et al. Korean J. Microbiol. 45:251, 2009. (2) V. Lisa et al. Plant Dis. 86:329, 2002. (3) D. J. MacKenzie et al. Plant Dis. 81:222, 1997.
Modified‐orientation log to assess hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Salam M. , Matherly S. , Farooq I. S. , Stravitz R. T. , Sterling R. K. , Sanyal A. J. , Gibson D. P. , Wade J. B. , Thacker L. R. , Heuman D. M. , Fuchs M. , Puri P. , Luketic V. , Bickston S. J. , Bajaj J. S. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryBackgroundThe subjectivity of the West‐Haven criteria (WHC) hinders hepatic encephalopathy (HE) evaluation. The new HE classification has emphasised assessment of orientation. The modified‐orientation log (MO‐log, eight questions, scores 0–24; 24 normal) is adapted from a validated brain injury measure.AimTo validate MO‐log for HE assessment in cirrhosis.MethodsCirrhotics admitted with/without HE were administered MO‐log. We collected cirrhosis/HE details, admission/daily MO‐logs and WHC (performed by different examiners), time to reach normal mentation (MO‐log ≥23) and MO‐log/WHC change (Δ) over day 1. Outcomes were in‐hospital mortality, duration to normal mentation and length‐of‐stay (LOS). Regressions were performed for each outcome. MO‐log inter‐rater reliability was measured.ResultsNinety‐six HE (55 ± 8 years, MELD 21) and 20 non‐HE (54 ± 5 years, MELD 19) in‐patients were included. In HE patients, median admission WHC was 3 (range 1–4). Mean MO‐log was 12 ± 8 (range 0–22). Their LOS was 6 ± 5 days and 13% died. Time to reach normal mentation was 2.4 ± 1.7 days. Concurrent validity: there was a significant negative correlation between admission MO‐log and WHC (r = −0.79, P < 0.0001). Discriminant validity: admission MO‐logs were significantly lower in those who died (7 vs. 12, P = 0.03) and higher in those admitted without HE (23.6 vs. 12, P < 0.0001). MO‐log improved in 69% on day 1 (ΔMO‐log 4 ± 8) which was associated with lower duration to normal mentation (2 vs. 3.5 days, P = 0.03) and mortality (3% vs.43%, P < 0.0001), not ΔWHC. Regression models for all outcomes included admission/ΔMO‐log but not WHC as a predictor. Inter‐rater reliability: ICC for MO‐log inter‐rater observations was 0.991.ConclusionsModified‐orientation log is a valid tool for assessing severity and is better than West‐Haven criteria in predicting outcomes in hospitalised hepatic encephalopathy patients.
Lipopolysaccharide interference in erythropoiesis in mice
Authors: Brendt P. , Rehfeld I. , Kamphausen A. , Kreissig C. , Peters J. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryAnaemia is a common problem in septic patients. We tested whether lipopolysaccharide suppressed erythropoiesis and interfered with erythropoietin. Male mice (strain C57BL/6, n = 76) were injected Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (serotype O127:B8; 20 mg.kg−1 intraperitoneally) or vehicle, followed by either erythropoietin (5000 IU.kg−1 intraperitoneally) or vehicle, and killed after 24 or 72 h. Femur bone marrow cells were stained for Ter‐119, CD71 and C‐Kit antigen using specific flow cytometry gates for proerythroblasts, basophilic, polychromatic and orthochromatic erythroblasts, and peripheral blood reticulocytes were counted. Erythropoietin stimulated erythropoiesis, as evidenced by increased reticulocytes after 72 h by 197% and proerythroblasts by 50% (p < 0.05). Lipopolysaccharide alone decreased proerythroblasts by 53% and basophilic erythroblasts by 75% (p < 0.05). Orthochromatic erythroblasts doubled after lipopolysaccharide exposure (p < 0.05) without any increase in reticulocytes. Lipopolysaccharide completely suppressed erythropoietin’s stimulatory effects and evoked a maturation block at the late stage of erythropoiesis. Lipopolysaccharide could cause anaemia in sepsis.
Effect of intravenous lipid emulsion on bupivacaine plasma concentration in humans
Authors: Litonius E. , Tarkkila P. , Neuvonen P. J. , Rosenberg P. H. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryIntravenous lipid emulsion is the recommended treatment for severe local anaesthetic intoxication. Lipid emulsion may entrap lipid soluble drugs by functioning as a ‘lipid sink’, but its effect on bupivacaine pharmacokinetics remains unknown. In this randomised, double‐blind, crossover study, eight healthy male volunteers were infused bupivacaine 0.5 mg.kg−1 intravenously over 20 min, followed by an infusion of either intravenous lipid emulsion or Hartmann’s solution for 30 min. At 20 and 30 min after the start of the infusion, the total plasma bupivacaine concentration was lower while receiving lipid emulsion than Hartmann’s solution (mean difference 111 (95% CI 55–167) μg.l−1 and 75 (95% CI 26–124 μg.l−1 at 20 and 30 min, respectively; p < 0.02). However, there were no differences in un‐entrapped (non‐lipid bound) or free (non‐protein bound) bupivacaine plasma concentrations during the infusion. Intravenous lipid emulsion infusion reduced the context‐sensitive half‐life of total plasma bupivacaine from 45 (95% CI 32–76) min to 25 (95% CI 20–33) min; p = 0.01. We observed no significant adverse effects of lipid emulsion. In conclusion, lipid emulsion may slightly increase the rate of bupivacaine tissue distribution. No ‘lipid sink’ effect was observed with the non‐toxic dose of bupivacaine used.
Exacerbations of severe asthma
Authors: McDonald V. M. , Gibson P. G. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryExacerbations occur frequently in severe asthma. They result in significant morbidity and can lead to hospitalization and death. Severe exacerbations can also lead to an accelerated decline in lung function. Phenotyping severe asthma can aid with both prognostication of exacerbation risk and maintenance treatment selection to minimize future risks of exacerbations in severe asthma. The rate of exacerbations differs by phenotype, and is most frequent in refractory eosinophilic asthma and early onset allergic asthma. Phenotype specific therapy can reduce exacerbations in both these forms of severe asthma. Exacerbations are multi‐component events. Each exacerbation represents an opportunity to assess and target treatment to the domains of airway pharmacotherapy, self‐management behaviour, risk factors, and relevant co‐morbidities.
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, old and new; implications for asthma
Authors: Laidlaw T. M. , Boyce J. A. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryThe cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys‐LTs) are three structurally similar, but functionally distinct lipid mediators of inflammation. The parent cys‐LT, LTC4, is synthesized by and released from mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages, and is converted to the potent constrictor LTD4 and the stable metabolite, LTE4. While only two cys‐LT‐selective receptors (CysLTRs) have been identified, cloned, and characterized, studies dating back three decades predicted the existence of at least three functional CysLTRs, each with a characteristic physiological function in airways and other tissues. The recent demonstration that mice lacking both known CysLTRs exhibit full (and in some instances, augmented) physiological responses to cys‐LTs verifies the existence of unidentified CysLTRs. Moreover, the ability to manipulate receptor expression in both whole animal and cellular systems reveals that the functions of CysLTRs are controlled at multiple levels, including receptor‐receptor interactions. Finally, studies in transgenic mice have uncovered a potentially major role for cys‐LTs in controlling the induction of Th2 responses to common allergens. This review focuses on these recent findings and their potential clinical implications.
Cyclosporin but not everolimus inhibits chemokine receptor expression on CD4+ T cell subsets circulating in the peripheral blood of renal transplant recipients
Authors: Hoerning A , Köhler S , Jun C , Lu J , Fu J , Tebbe B , Dolff S , Feldkamp T , Kribben A , Hoyer P F , Witzke O 
Published: February 2012

Summary
The peripheral chemokine receptors chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) and CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) have been reported to be associated with allograft rejection. The impact of the expression of immunosuppressive drugs on peripherally circulating CD4+ T cell subsets after renal transplantion is unknown. Expression of CXCR3 and CCR5 was investigated by flow cytometry in 20 renal allograft recipients participating in a prospective, randomized trial (NCT00514514). Initial immunosuppression consisted of basiliximab, cyclosporin A (CsA), mycophenolate sodium and corticosteroids. After 3 months, patients were treated either with CsA, mycophenolate sodium (MPA) plus corticosteroids (n = 6), CsA and everolimus plus corticosteroids (n = 8) or CsA-free (CsAfree) receiving everolimus, MPA and corticosteroids (n = 6). After initial reduction of CD4+forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ and CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) (P &lt; 0·05; P &lt; 0·01), 3-month post-transplant percentages of Tregs were reconstituted in CsAfree and CsAlo arms compared to CsAreg 12 months post transplant. Expression of CCR5 and CXCR3 on CD4+FoxP3+ and CD4+FoxP3- T cells 12 months post transplant was increased in CsAfreeversus CsAreg. Increase in CCR5+CXCR3+ co-expressing CD4+FoxP3- cells between 3 and 12 months correlated negatively with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) slope/year [modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD); r = −0·59, P &lt; 0·01]. CsA, but not everolimus, inhibits both Treg development and expression of CXCR3 and CCR5 on CD4+ T cell subsets. Increase in CCR5+CXCR3+ co-expressing CD4+FoxP3- T cells is associated with early loss in allograft function.
Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of a selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome for Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but not for Graves' hyperthyroidism, in mice
Authors: Nagayama Y , Nakahara M , Shimamura M , Horie I , Arima K , Abiru N 
Published: February 2012

Summary
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted T cell epitopes are generated mainly by the immunoproteasome in antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, inhibition of activity of this proteolytic complex molecule is thought to be a potential treatment for cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. We therefore studied the efficacy of an immunoproteasome inhibitor, ONX 0914 (formerly PR-957), for the treatment of autoimmune thyroid diseases, including cell-mediated Hashimoto's thyroiditis and autoantibody-mediated Graves' hyperthyroidism using mouse models. Our data show that ONX 0914 was effective prophylactically and therapeutically at suppressing the degree of intrathyroidal lymphocyte infiltration and, to a lesser degree, the titres of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies in non-obese diabetic (NOD)-H2h4 mice, an iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis model. It also inhibited differentiation of T cells to T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells, effector T cell subsets critical for development of thyroiditis in this mouse strain. In contrast, its effect on the Graves' model was negligible. Although ONX 0914 exerts its immune-suppressive effect through not only suppression of immune proteasome but also other mechanism(s), such as inhibition of T cell differentiation, the present results suggest that the immunoproteasome is a novel drug target in treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in particular and cell-mediated autoimmune diseases in general.
Which cropland greenhouse gas mitigation options give the greatest benefits in different world regions? Climate and soil‐specific predictions from integrated empirical models
Authors: Hillier Jonathan , Brentrup Frank , Wattenbach Martin , Walter Christof , Garcia‐Suarez Tirma , Mila‐i‐Canals Llorenç , Smith Pete 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMajor sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural crop production are nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions resulting from the application of mineral and organic fertilizer, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil carbon losses. Consequently, choice of fertilizer type, optimizing fertilizer application rates and timing, reducing microbial denitrification and improving soil carbon management are focus areas for mitigation. We have integrated separate models derived from global data on fertilizer‐induced soil N2O emissions, soil nitrification inhibitors, and the effects of tillage and soil inputs of soil C stocks into a single model to determine optimal mitigation options as a function of soil type, climate, and fertilization rates. After Monte Carlo sampling of input variables, we aggregated the outputs according to climate, soil and fertilizer factors to consider the benefits of several possible emissions mitigation strategies, and identified the most beneficial option for each factor class on a per‐hectare basis. The optimal mitigation for each soil‐climate‐region was then mapped to propose geographically specific optimal GHG mitigation strategies for crops with varying N requirements. The use of empirical models reduces the requirements for validation (as they are calibrated on globally or continentally observed phenomena). However, as they are relatively simple in structure, they may not be applicable for accurate site‐specific prediction of GHG emissions. The value of this modelling approach is for initial screening and ranking of potential agricultural mitigation options and to explore the potential impact of regional agricultural GHG abatement policies. Given the clear association between management practice and crop productivity, it is essential to incorporate characterization of the yield effect on a given crop before recommending any mitigation practice.
Rapid loss of glacial ice reveals stream community assembly processes
Authors: Brown Lee E. , Milner Alexander M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGlacial retreat creates new habitat which is colonized and developed by plants and animals during the process of primary succession. While there has been much debate about the relative role of deterministic and stochastic processes during terrestrial succession, evidence from freshwater ecosystems remains minimal and a general consensus is lacking. Using a unique 27 years record of community assembly following glacial recession in southeast Alaska, we demonstrate significant change in the trait composition of stream invertebrate communities as catchment glacial cover decreased from ∼70% to zero. Functional diversity increased significantly as glacier cover decreased and taxonomic richness increased. Null modelling approaches led to a key finding that niche filtering processes were dominant when glacial cover was extensive, reflecting water temperature and dispersal constraints. Thereafter the community shifted towards co‐occurrence of stochastic and deterministic assembly processes. A further novel discovery was that intrinsic functional redundancy developed throughout the study, particularly because new colonizers possessed similar traits to taxa already present. Rapid glacial retreat is occurring in Arctic and alpine environments worldwide and the assembly processes observed in this study provide new fundamental insights into how glacially influenced stream ecosystems will respond. The findings support tolerance as a key primary successional mechanism in this system, and have broader value for developing our understanding of how biological communities in river ecosystems assemble or restructure in response to environmental change.
Characterizing the binding motifs of 11 common human HLA‐DP and HLA‐DQ molecules using NNAlign
Authors: Andreatta Massimo , Nielsen Morten 
Published: February 2012

SummaryCompared with HLA‐DR molecules, the specificities of HLA‐DP and HLA‐DQ molecules have only been studied to a limited extent. The description of the binding motifs has been mostly anecdotal and does not provide a quantitative measure of the importance of each position in the binding core and the relative weight of different amino acids at a given position. The recent publication of larger data sets of peptide‐binding to DP and DQ molecules opens the possibility of using data‐driven bioinformatics methods to accurately define the binding motifs of these molecules. Using the neural network‐based method NNAlign, we characterized the binding specificities of five HLA‐DP and six HLA‐DQ among the most frequent in the human population. The identified binding motifs showed an overall concurrence with earlier studies but revealed subtle differences. The DP molecules revealed a large overlap in the pattern of amino acid preferences at core positions, with conserved hydrophobic/aromatic anchors at P1 and P6, and an additional hydrophobic anchor at P9 in some variants. These results confirm the existence of a previously hypothesized supertype encompassing the most common DP alleles. Conversely, the binding motifs for DQ molecules appear more divergent, displaying unconventional anchor positions and in some cases rather unspecific amino acid preferences.
‘Queer’ treatments: giving a voice to former patients who received treatments for their ‘sexual deviations’
Authors: Dickinson Tommy , Cook Matt , Playle John , Hallett Christine 
Published: February 2012

Aims and objectives.  The study aimed to examine the experiences of patients and meanings attached to ‘treatments’ of sexual deviations, which included homosexuality and transvestism, in the UK (1949–1992), exploring reasons for such treatments, experiences and how individual lives were affected.Background.  Male homosexuality remained illegal in England until 1967 and, along with transvestism, was considered an antisocial sexual deviation that could be cured. Homosexuality remained classifiable as a mental illness until 1992. Nurses were involved in administering treatments to cure these individuals; however, there is a paucity of information about this now‐discredited mental health nursing practice.Design.  A nationwide study based on oral history interviews.Methods.  Purposeful and snowball sampling was utilised when selecting participants for the study. Participants were recruited via adverts in gay establishments/media. All participants gave signed informed consent. Face‐to‐face oral history interviews were conducted and transcribed for historical interpretation.Results.  Seven former male patients made contact, aged 65–97 years at interview. All reported that the treatments had been unsuccessful in altering their sexual desires or behaviour. Most sought treatment owing to unsupportive and negative attitudes from friends, family and wider society. Others selected treatments instead of imprisonment. Most eventually found happiness in same‐sex relationships. However, all were left feeling emotionally troubled by the treatments they received.Conclusion.  Defining homosexuality and transvestism as mental illnesses and implementing what could be argued to be inefficient treatments to eradicate them appears to have had a lasting negative impact on the patients who received them.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses who care for older gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender patients need to be mindful of their potential past treatment by healthcare services and ensure that they are non‐judgmental and accepting of their sexual orientation and current gender.
Divergence and biogeography of the recently evolved Macaronesian red Festuca (Gramineae) species inferred from coalescence‐based analyses
Authors: DÍAZ‐PÉREZ A. J. , SEQUEIRA M. , SANTOS‐GUERRA A. , CATALÁN P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractStudying the biogeography and the phylogeography of the endemic Macaronesian red Festuca species (Loliinae, Poaceae) is of prime interest in understanding the speciation and colonization patterns of recently evolved groups in oceanic archipelagos. Coalescence‐based analyses of plastid trnLF sequences were employed to estimate evolutionary parameters and to test different species‐history scenarios that model the pattern of species divergence. Bayesian IM estimates of species divergence times suggested that ancestral lineages of diploid Macaronesian and Iberian red fescues could have diverged between 1.2 and 1.57 Ma. When empirical data were compared to coalescence‐based simulated distributions of discordance and p‐distance statistics, two species‐history models were chosen in which the first branching lineage derived in Canarian Festuca agustinii. Its sister lineage could have involved a recent polytomy leading to the Madeiran Festuca jubata, the Azorean Festuca francoi + Festuca petraea and the continental Festuca rivularis lineages (Canarian model) or the sequential branching of lineages leading to F. jubata and finally to the sister clades of F. rivularis and F. francoi + F. petraea (Sequential model). Nested clade phylogeographic analysis (NCPA) and a first adapted host–parasite co‐evolutionary ParaFit method were used to detect the phylogeographic signal. NCPA inferred long‐distance colonizations for the entire diploid red Festuca complex, but allopatric‐fragmentation and isolation‐by‐distance (IBD) patterns were inferred within archipelagos. In addition, the ParaFit method suggested a generalized pattern of a stepping‐stone model at all hierarchical levels. Maximum‐likelihood‐based dispersal‐extinction‐cladogenesis (DEC) models were superimposed on the Sequential model species tree. The three‐independent‐colonization (3IC) model was the best supported biogeographic scenario, concurring with previous analysis based on multilocus AFLP data.