bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity does not influence the unique pharmacological properties of different biphasic insulin aspart preparations in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Parkner T. , Dyrskog S. E. , Laursen T. , Chen J. W. , Mouritzen U. , Brondsted L. , Hermansen K. , Lauritzen T. , Christiansen J. S. 
Published: November 2009

Aim: To investigate the influence of obesity in type 2 diabetic patients upon pharmacological properties of different biphasic preparations of insulin aspart. Methods: A total of 75 type 2 diabetic patients were stratified according to their body mass index (BMI) into 40 non‐obese (BMI 23–28 kg/m2) and 35 obese (BMI 30–35 kg/m2) subjects. The trial was a double‐blinded crossover study. In two periods of 4 weeks each the patients received subcutaneous injections of biphasic insulin aspart 50 (BIAsp 50) or biphasic insulin aspart 70 (BIAsp 70) thrice daily in random order. Insulin doses were titrated individually. At the end of each period 24‐h serum profiles of insulin aspart, C‐peptide and glucose were recorded. The primary endpoint was the area under the curve of serum glucose concentration during 24 h (AUCGlu(0–24 h)). Results: The insulin concentration profiles of BIAsp 50 and 70 were as expected according to the content of protamine‐bound insulin aspart (50 and 30% respectively). AUCGlu(0–24 h) BIAsp 50/BIAsp 70 ratios were 0.97 (95% CI: 0.90–1.05, p = 0.49) for non‐obese and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.92–1.05, p = 0.55) for obese. Fasting serum glucose (FSG) BIAsp 50/BIAsp 70 ratios were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.84–0.96, p = 0.002) for non‐obese and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.84–0.97, p = 0.006) for obese. During both treatment regimens the frequency of minor hypoglycaemic episodes was highest for the non‐obese group. Conclusions: The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the two preparations of biphasic insulin aspart were different; however, they were not influenced by the degree of obesity in type 2 diabetic patients.
Pliocene forest dynamics as a primary driver of African bird speciation
Authors: Voelker Gary , Outlaw Robert K. , Bowie Rauri C. K. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAim  Montane tropics are areas of high endemism, and mechanisms driving this endemism have been receiving increasing attention at a global scale. A general trend is that climatic factors do not explain the species richness of species with small to medium‐sized geographic ranges, suggesting that geological and evolutionary processes must be considered. On the African continent, several hypotheses including both refugial and geographic uplift models have been advanced to explain avian speciation and diversity in the lowland forest and montane regions of central and eastern Africa; montane regions in particular are recognized as hotspots of vertebrate endemism. Here, we examine the possible role of these models in driving speciation in a clade of African forest robins.Location  Africa.Methods  We constructed the first robustly supported molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of forest robins. On this phylogeny, we reconstructed habitat‐based distributions and geographic distributions relative to the Albertine Rift. We also estimated the timing of lineage divergences via a molecular clock.Results  Robust estimates of phylogenetic relationships and clock‐based divergences reject Miocene tectonic uplift and Pleistocene forest refugia as primary drivers of speciation in forest robins. Instead, our data suggest that most forest robin speciation took place in the Late Pliocene, from 3.2 to 2.2 Ma. Distributional patterns are complex, with the Albertine Rift region serving as a general east–west break across the group. Montane distributions are inferred to have evolved four times.Main conclusions  Phylogenetic divergence dates coincide with a single period of lowland forest retraction in the late Pliocene, suggesting that most montane speciation resulted from the rapid isolation of populations in montane areas, rather than montane areas themselves being drivers of speciation. This conclusion provides additional evidence that Pliocene climate change was a major driver of speciation in broadly distributed African animal lineages. We further show that lowland forest robins are no older than their montane relatives, suggesting that lowland areas are not museums which house ‘ancient’ taxa; rather, for forest robins, montane areas should be viewed as living museums of a late Pliocene diversification event. A forest refugial pattern is operating in Africa, but it is not constrained to the Pleistocene.
Predicting the regenerative capacity of conifer somatic embryogenic cultures by metabolomics
Authors: Robinson Andrew R. , Dauwe Rebecca , Ukrainetz Nicholas K. , Cullis Ian F. , White Rick , Mansfield Shawn D. 
Published: November 2009

SummarySomatic embryogenesis in gymnosperms is an effective approach to clonally propagating germplasm. However, embryogenic cultures frequently lose regenerative capacity. The interactions between metabolic composition, physiological state, genotype and embryogenic capacity in Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) somatic embryogenic cultures were explored using metabolomics. A stepwise modelling procedure, using the Bayesian information criterion, generated a 47 metabolite predictive model that could explain culture productivity. The model performed extremely well in cross‐validation, achieving a correlation coefficient of 0.98 between actual and predicted mature embryo production. The metabolic composition and structure of the model implied that variation in culture regenerative capacity was closely linked to the physiological transition of cultures from the proliferation phase to the maturation phase of development. The propensity of cultures to advance into this transition appears to relate to nutrient uptake and allocation in vivo, and to be associated with the tolerance and response of cultures to stress, during the proliferation phase.
650. CYNORKIS GUTTATA
Authors: Hermans Johan 
Published: November 2009

Summary. Cynorkis guttata Hermans & P. J. Cribb in Cynorkis sect. Gibbosorchis, a recently‐described orchid from Madagascar, is illustrated. The identities of Cynorkis purpurascens Lindl., C. calanthoides Kraenzlin and the artificial hybrid C. ‘Kewensis’ are explained.
Ashéninka amity: a study of social relations in an Amazonian society
Authors: Killick Evan 
Published: November 2009

Starting with Ashéninka people's avowed preference for living apart, in nuclear family households, this article analyses Ashéninka social practices within the context of ongoing academic debates over reciprocity, kinship, and the relative importance of similarity and difference in Amazonian thought. I argue that instead of attempting to pull others into fixed and narrowly prescribed relationships, particularly those based on kinship, the Ashéninka prefer for all ties to be based on relations of friendship that remain voluntary, limited, and flexible. I show how these relationships are underpinned by a cultural imperative on unilateral giving that is manifested in masateadas, social gatherings centred on the consumption of manioc beer.RésuméÀ partir de la préférence déclarée des Ashéninkas pour une vie isolée en maisonnées composées de familles nucléaires, l’article analyse les pratiques sociales dans le contexte des débats académiques actuels sur la réciprocité, la parenté et l’importance relative de la similitude et de la différence dans la pensée amazonienne. L’auteur avance qu’au lieu de tenter de contraindre les autres à des relations fixes et strictement prescrites, notamment sur la base de la parenté, les Ashéninkas préfèrent qu’elles soient tissées à partir de liens d’amitié volontaires, limités et souples. L’auteur montre comment ces relations sont sous‐tendues par un impératif culturel de don unilatéral, manifesté dans les masateadas, des rassemblements sociaux centrés sur la consommation de bière de manioc.
After the red passport: towards an anthropology of the everyday geopolitics of entrapment in the EU's ‘immediate outside’
Authors: Jansen Stef 
Published: November 2009

Suggesting building bricks for an anthropology of everyday geopolitics, this text analyses affective engagements with regulation, here of cross‐border mobility. Following the logic of the regulation that constitutes them, I conceptualize zones of humiliating entrapment through documentary requirements – experienced by citizens of Bosnia‐Herzegovina and Serbia – as the EU's shrinking ‘immediate outside’. Using ethnography, I embed bodily experiences in visa queues in people's engagements with changing Eurocentric spatiotemporal rankings, refracting this entrapment against the privileges of certain foreigners (such as me) and against their own remembered mobility with the ‘red’ Yugoslav passport. I propose that complementing the dominant focus on the role of (national) identity politics in geopolitical affect with one on regulation and ranking is a central task for a critical anthropology of everyday geopolitics in peripheries.RésuméL’auteur de cet article entend mettre en avant des éléments pour constituer une anthropologie de la géopolitique quotidienne. Pour cela, il analyse l’abord affectif de la régulation, en l’occurrence celle des flux transfrontaliers. Suivant la logique de la réglementation qui les constitue, il conceptualise sous l’appellation « d’extérieur immédiat » de l’Union européenne des zones, de plus en plus exiguës, où les sujets (en l’occurrence des ressortissants de Bosnie‐Herzégovine et de Serbie) sont pris dans le piège humiliant des exigences paperassières. À l’aide de l’ethnographie, il incorpore le vécu physique des files d’attente de visas dans la confrontation des gens aux classements spatiotemporels eurocentriques mouvants, confrontant cette situation d’enlisement aux privilèges de certains étrangers (comme lui‐même) et à leurs propres souvenirs de mobilité avec le passeport yougoslave « rouge ». L’auteur suggère qu’une anthropologie de la géopolitique quotidienne dans les zones périphériques requiert de compléter la focalisation sur le rôle de la politique identitaire (nationale) dans les affects géopolitiques par une attention soutenue aux régulations et aux classements.
Inhibition of NAALADase by 2‐PMPA attenuates cocaine‐induced relapse in rats: a NAAG‐mGluR2/3‐mediated mechanism
Authors: Xi Zheng‐Xiong , Li Xia , Peng Xiao‐Qing , Li Jie , Chun Lauren , Gardner Eliot L. , Thomas Ajit G. , Slusher Barbara S. , Ashby Jr Charles R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPharmacological activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) inhibits cocaine self‐administration and reinstatement of drug‐seeking behavior, suggesting a possible use of mGluR2/3 agonists in the treatment of cocaine dependence. In this study, we investigated whether elevation of the endogenous mGluR2/3 ligandN‐acetyl‐aspartatylglutamate (NAAG) levels by theN‐acetylated‐alpha‐linked‐acidic dipeptidase inhibitor 2‐(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2‐PMPA) attenuates cocaine self‐administration and cocaine‐induced reinstatement of drug seeking.N‐acetylated‐alpha‐linked‐acidic dipeptidase is a NAAG degradation enzyme that hydrolyzes NAAG toN‐acetylaspartate and glutamate. Systemic administration of 2‐PMPA (10‐100 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited intravenous self‐administration maintained by low unit doses of cocaine and cocaine (but not sucrose)‐induced reinstatement of drug‐seeking behavior. Microinjections of 2‐PMPA (3–5 μg/side) or NAAG (3–5 μg/side) into the nucleus accumbens (NAc), but not into the dorsal striatum, also inhibited cocaine‐induced reinstatement, an effect that was blocked by intra‐NAc injection of LY341495, a selective mGluR2/3 antagonist.In vivomicrodialysis demonstrated that 2‐PMPA (10‐100 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose‐dependent reduction in both extracellular dopamine (DA) and glutamate, an effect that was also blocked by LY341495. Finally, pre‐treatment with 2‐PMPA partially attenuated cocaine‐enhanced extracellular NAc DA, while completely blocking cocaine‐enhanced extracellular NAc glutamate in rats during reinstatement testing. Intra‐NAc perfusion of LY341495 blocked 2‐PMPA‐induced reductions in cocaine‐enhanced extracellular NAc glutamate, but not DA. These findings suggest that 2‐PMPA is effective in attenuating cocaine‐induced reinstatement of drug‐seeking behavior, likely by attenuating cocaine‐induced increases in NAc DA and glutamate via pre‐synaptic mGluR2/3s.
Identification and expression profiling of blood–brain barrier membrane proteins
Authors: Agarwal Nitin , Lippmann Ethan S. , Shusta Eric V. 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 625–635.AbstractBlood–brain barrier (BBB) membrane proteins play crucial roles in the proper functioning of the BBB as well as in disease progression. Previously, we developed a novel approach for identifying membrane proteins expressed at the BBB, which we referred to as multiplex expression cloning. In this study, the proteome coverage of the multiplex expression cloning approach was expanded to allow the identification of a total of 30 BBB membrane proteins that are diverse in function and abundance. To unveil those membrane proteins that are enriched at the BBB and hence partially responsible for some of its unique characteristics, the transcript abundance levels for all 30 BBB membrane proteins were compared with those found in microvessels derived from lung, liver, heart, and kidney. Such quantitative PCR profiling of RNA samples from laser capture microdissected microvessels revealed that the transcripts for five membrane proteins, namely Lutheran glycoprotein, carbonic anhydrase IV, uncoupling protein 2, podocalyxin, and solute carrier family 38, member 5, were BBB selective, in that expression was elevated in brain microvessels when compared with all of the vascular beds tested. Many other membrane protein transcripts, whereas not as BBB‐restricted, showed selective expression within subsets of tissues indicating other potential parallels and contrasts between vascular beds in the body. The identification of BBB membrane proteins could help better understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for BBB function and those with selective expression may have utility for BBB‐targeted therapies.
The α2adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan alleviatesl‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia by reduction of striatal dopamine levels: anin vivomicrodialysis study in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats
Authors: Buck Kerstin , Voehringer Patrizia , Ferger Boris 
Published: November 2009

Abstractl‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia is characterised by debilitating involuntary movement, which limits quality of life in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Here, we investigate effects of the α2adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan onl‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia as well as on alterations of extracellularl‐DOPA and dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum in dyskinetic rats. Male Wistar rats were unilaterally lesioned with 6‐hydroxydopamine and subsequently treated withl‐DOPA/benserazide to induce stable dyskinetic movements. Administration of idazoxan [(9 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)] significantly alleviatedl‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia, whereas idazoxan (3 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect dyskinetic behaviour. Bilateralin vivomicrodialysis revealed that idazoxan 9 mg/kg reduces extracellular peakl‐DOPA levels in the lesioned and intact striatum as well as DA levels in the lesioned striatum. In parallel, the exposure to idazoxan in the striatum was monitored. Furthermore, no idazoxan andl‐DOPA drug–drug interaction was found in plasma, brain tissue and CSF. In conclusion, the decrease ofl‐DOPA‐derived extracellular DA levels in the lesioned striatum significantly contributes to the anti‐dyskinetic effect of idazoxan.
Nitric oxide sensitive guanylyl cyclase activity decreases during cerebral postnatal development because of a reduction in heterodimerization
Authors: Haase Nadine , Haase Tobias , Seeanner Monika , Behrends Soenke 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSoluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the major physiological receptor for nitric oxide (NO) throughout the central nervous system. Three different subunits form the α1/β1 and α2/β1 heterodimeric enzymes that catalyze the reaction of GTP to the second messenger cGMP. Both forms contain a prosthetic heme group which binds NO and mediates activation by NO. A number of studies have shown that NO/cGMP signaling plays a major role in neuronal cell differentiation during development of the central nervous system. In the present work, we studied regulation and expression of sGC in brain of rats during postnatal development using biochemical methods. We consistently observed a surprising decrease in cerebral NO sensitive enzyme activity in adult animals in spite of stable expression of sGC subunits. Total hemoprotein heme content was decreased in cerebrum of adult animals, likely because of an increase in heme oxygenase activity. But the loss of sGC activity was not simply because of heme loss in intact heterodimeric enzymes. This was shown by enzyme activity determinations with cinaciguat which can be used to test heme occupancy in intact heterodimers. A reduction in heterodimerization in cerebrum of adult animals was demonstrated by co‐precipitation analysis of sGC subunits. This explained the observed decrease in NO sensitive guanylyl cyclase activity in cerebrum of adult animals. We conclude that differing efficiencies in heterodimer formation may be an important reason for the lack of correlation between sGC protein expression and sGC activity that has been described previously. We suggest that heterodimerization of sGC is a regulated process that changes during cerebral postnatal development because of still unknown signaling mechanisms.
Inhibiting p53 pathways in microglia attenuates microglial‐evoked neurotoxicity following exposure to Alzheimer peptides
Authors: Davenport Christopher M. , Sevastou Ioanna G. , Hooper Claudie , Pocock Jennifer M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMicroglial activation can lead to microglial apoptosis, which may serve to remove highly reactive and possibly neurotoxic microglia. However the loss of microglia may have consequences for future recovery, protection and repair. P53, a nuclear phosphoprotein transcription factor, is critical for activating the expression of genes involved in cell‐cycle arrest and stress‐induced apoptosis. In neurodegenerative diseases the expression of p53 is significantly increased in glial cells, and microglial numbers fall. Following activation with chromogranin A (100 nM), or β‐amyloid25‐35, (10 μM), microglia became apoptotic. Furthermore, p53 expression was enhanced, peaking at 4–6 h after exposure to activators. The p53 transcription inhibitor, pifithrin‐α, (10 μM) significantly reduced the expression of p53 in microglia and significantly modulated the levels of microglial apoptosis induced by activation. Lithium chloride (5 mM), which can modulate p53‐mediated pathways, also reduced p53 expression and reduced microglial apoptosis suggesting glycogen synthase kinase‐3 plays a role. Regulating p53 pathways modulated microglial inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and tumour necrosis factor alpha secretion. Inhibiting p53 mediated microglial apoptosis prevented microglial neurotoxicity suggesting targeting of p53‐mediated pathways in microglia may have therapeutic benefit in Alzheimer’s disease.
Influence of an invasive ant on grazing and detrital communities and nutrient fluxes in a tropical forest
Authors: Dunham Amy E. , Mikheyev Alexander S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim Pathways linking grazing and detrital subsystems of terrestrial ecosystems are important for ecosystem processes and function, but remain poorly understood. The invasion of a generalist predator creates a unique opportunity to study the effects of predation across these subsystems. We examine here, the effects of a non‐native generalist predator, the little red fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata,Roger) on both grazing and detrital invertebrate communities and ecosystem processes in a rain forest understorey.Location Gamba Protected Area Complex, south‐western Gabon, Africa.Methods We measured abundances and diversities of understorey grazing and detrital invertebrate communities, soil nutrients, herbivory, litter fragmentation rates and leaf chemistry of a dominant understorey shrub inside and outside of 19 separate invasion fronts. We then explored possible trophic cascades and pathways of interaction using path analysis.Results Results suggest that invasive ants may alter herbivory regimes, grazing and detrital communities, and may indirectly alter litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil by suppressing important microbivore and detritivore populations with consequences for leaf chemistry.Main conclusions These results demonstrate that generalist predators may be major drivers of both grazing and detrital subsystems by inducing strong shifts in adjacent communities that ultimately affect ecosystem processes.
Fatal liver injury associated with clopidogrel
Authors: Kastalli Sarrah , El Aïdli Sihem , Zaïem Ahmed , Ben Abdallah Hatem , Daghfous Riadh 
Published: November 2009

AbstractClopidogrel, an adenosine diphosphate receptor blocker, is widely used as an adjunctive antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary stenting. It appears to be a safe drug with few occurrences of liver side‐effects that usually resolved after drug withdrawal. We report a serious liver injury with fatal outcome in a 63‐year‐old man developed 19 days after starting clopidogrel for percutaneous coronary stenting.
Incidence of seizures associated with iopamidol or iomeprol myelography in dogs with intervertebral disk disease: 161 cases (2000–2002)
Authors: Lexmaulova Leona , Zatloukal Josef , Proks Pavel , Dvorak Milan , Srnec Robert , Rauser Petr , Kecova Helga , Necas Alois 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjective –To compare the incidence of seizures in dogs with intervertebral disk disease after iopamidol or iomeprol myelography, and to assess whether the incidence of seizures differed between the 2 agents when severity of neurological deficits, location of cord compression, duration of anesthesia, site of myelogram, volume of contrast, and concentration of contrast were evaluated.Design –Retrospective study.Setting –Veterinary teaching hospital.Animals –One hundred and sixty‐one client‐owned dogs with intervertebral disk disease.Interventions –Subarachnoid injection of contrast medium.Measurements and Main Results –One hundred and sixty‐one dogs with intervertebral disk disease were subjected to myelography using iopamidol (n=74) or iomeprol (n=87). Cranial myelography was performed in 31 dogs, caudal myelography in 125 and both cranial and caudal myelography in 5. Seizures occurred in 23 of 161 (14%) dogs. There was no significant difference overall between iopamidol and iomeprol myelography. However, in dogs with thoracolumbar disk extrusion and paraplegia, seizures occurred more frequently after caudal myelography using iopamidol compared with iomeprol.Conclusions –Both iomeprol and iopamidol are suitable for myelography in dogs. Iomeprol is recommended for caudal myelography in paraplegic dogs with thoracolumbar disk extrusion due to the higher incidence of seizures in this group when iopamidol was used.