bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dorsal vaginal graft urethroplasty for female urethral stricture disease
Authors: Petrou Steven P. , Rogers Alexandra E. , Parker Alexander S. , Green Kristin M. , McRoberts J. William 
Published: May 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Female urethral stricture disease has been described for almost 200 years. The symptoms of female stricture disease may range from clinically insignificant to severe and debilitating with the exact aetiology being unclear. No strict criteria for diagnosis have been established with the diagnosis often relying on a combination of presenting symptoms and objective findings. Initial therapy for female urethral stricture disease has often rested on urethral dilatations and self‐intermittent catheterisation with surgery reserved for patients that failed conservative measures. Female urethroplasty currently is a topic of increasing attention with multiple surgical approaches described including use of both grafts (vaginal wall, buccal mucosal membrane, lingual mucosa, and labia minus) and flaps (vaginal vestibule, anterior vagina, and lateral vagina).We describe our approach to female urethroplasty using a suprameatal (dorsal) approach (described by Tsivian and Sidi) with an autologous vaginal epithelium inlay graft. The technique and modern approaches to female urethroplasty are contrasted and discussed. The success of the approach including continence rates and lack of need for long‐term self‐intermittent catheterisation is noted.OBJECTIVE
To review the technique and outcomes of using a dorsal vaginal graft to perform urethroplasty for the treatment of urethral strictures in women.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This is a retrospective chart review of 11 women who were treated with a dorsal vaginal graft urethroplasty by one surgeon.
All women underwent preoperative evaluation that included history, physical examination, fluoro‐urodynamics and urethral calibration.
After surgery interviews, physical examinations, and urinary flow and postvoid residual urine volumes (PVRs) were obtained.
RESULTS
In all, 11 women who had undergone dorsal vaginal graft urethroplasty were identified for review. The mean (range) age was 60.6 (39–75) years. The mean (range) follow‐up was 22.7 (6–46) months.
There were no cases of new onset stress urinary incontinence. The mean PVRs before and after surgery were 187.1 mL and 75.8 mL, respectively (P= 0.003). The mean urinary flows before and after surgery were 7.3 mL/s and 21.8 mL/s, respectively (P= 0.001).
No patient has required repeat surgery.
Self‐reporting satisfaction scores using the Patient Global Impression of Improvement showed that four patients scored 1 (very much better), three scored 2 (much better), two patients scored 3 (a little better), and one scored 4 (no change). Only one patient scored a 5 (worse).
CONCLUSION
Dorsal graft urethroplasty with vaginal mucosa may be considered as a first‐line option for definitive management of female urethral stricture disease. No consensus exists for the surgical treatment of female urethral stricture disease.
Microcredit and Women's Empowerment: Through the Lens of Time‐Use Data from Rural India
Authors: Garikipati Supriya 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of microcredit on male and female time use, and draws on this analysis to explore the linkages between credit and women's empowerment. A study of time use can help understand these linkages, because if credit is intended to improve women's livelihoods, it can also be expected to influence the way women allocate their time. Its other advantages are that it does not suffer from much time lag and can be objectively measured. Using household survey data from rural India, the findings show that while microcredit has little impact on women's time use, it helps their husbands move away from wage work (associated with bad pay and low status) to self‐employment. This is because women's loans are typically used to enhance male ownership of the household's productive assets. Further, it is found that it is only women who use loans in self‐managed enterprises who are able to allocate more time to self‐employment. If credit is intended to increase the value of women's work time, it follows that it is not access to loans but use of loans that matters. Ensuring women's control over loan‐created assets must therefore be a critical policy objective.
DO INVESTMENT‐SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES MATTER FOR BUSINESS FLUCTUATIONS? EVIDENCE FROM JAPAN
Authors: HIROSE YASUO , KUROZUMI TAKUSHI 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe observed decline in the relative price of investment goods to consumption goods in Japan suggests the existence of investment‐specific technological (IST) changes. We examine whether IST changes are a major source of business fluctuations in Japan, by estimating a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model using Bayesian methods. We show that IST changes are less important than neutral technological changes in explaining output fluctuations. We also demonstrate that investment fluctuations are mainly driven by shocks to investment adjustment costs. Such shocks represent variations of costs involved in changing investment spending, such as financial intermediation costs. We find that the estimated series of the investment adjustment cost shock correlates strongly with the diffusion index of firms' financial position in theTankan(Short‐term Economic Survey of Enterprises in Japan). Therefore, we argue that the large decline in investment growth in the early 1990s was due to an increase in investment adjustment costs stemming from firms' financial constraints after the collapse of Japan's asset price bubble.
Risk Aversion and Anxiety in Scottish Criminal Justice Social Work: Can Desistance and Human Rights Agendas Have an Impact?
Authors: Fenton Jane 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article explores the difficulty that criminal justice social work (CJSW) might have in implementing a desistance approach to work with offenders. Supporting desistance requires responsive, autonomous social workers and this article questions whether criminal justice agencies, characterised by risk aversion and managerialism, would be able to tolerate the anxiety this would inevitably, and properly, generate. Suggestions are made regarding the place of desistance work within a positive human rights framework, which might provide a force against the corrosive progression of popular punitivism – a major factor in the persistence of risk averse, managerial practice.
Fixed in Mobility: Young Homeless People and the City
Authors: JACKSON EMMA 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article argues that although the lives of young homeless people are characterized by high levels of mobility, when examined closely movement is also revealed as heavily restricted. While a network of agencies moves the young people around the city, the official borders of borough councils and the non‐official territories of young people feed into an experience of London as a series of exclusionary bounded areas. Within the accounts of the young people, mobility is talked of as a resource but also in terms of loss and dislocation. The article argues for going beyond the opposition of mobility/fixity in order to examine how some people become fixed in mobility.RésuméMême si la vie des jeunes sans‐abri se caractérise par une forte mobilité, tout mouvement, après examen approfondi, se révèle également très contraint. Alors qu’un réseau d’agences déplace les jeunes à travers la ville, les limites officielles des communes et les territoires informels des jeunes alimentent une expérience de Londres faite d’un ensemble de zones d’exclusion bien délimitées. Dans les récits des jeunes, la mobilité est traitée comme une ressource, mais aussi en termes de perte et de rupture géographique. Il conviendrait de dépasser l’opposition entre mobilité et fixité pour examiner comment certains jeunes se retrouvent ‘figés’ dans leur mobilité.
Light‐dependent maintenance of hydraulic function in mangrove branches: do xylary chloroplasts play a role in embolism repair?
Authors: Schmitz N. , Egerton J. J. G. , Lovelock C. E. , Ball M. C. 
Published: May 2012

Summary
To clarify the role of branch photosynthesis in tree functioning, the presence and function of chloroplasts in branch xylem tissue were studied in a diverse range of mangrove species growing in Australia.
The presence of xylary chloroplasts was observed via chlorophyll fluorescence of transverse sections. Paired, attached branches were selected to study the effects of covering branches with aluminium foil on the gas exchange characteristics of leaves and the hydraulic conductivity of branches.
Xylary chloroplasts occurred in all species, but were differently distributed among living cell types in the xylem. Covering stems altered the gas exchange characteristics of leaves, such that water‐use efficiency was greater in exposed leaves of covered than of uncovered branches.
Leaf‐specific hydraulic conductivity of stems was lower in covered than in uncovered branches, implicating stem photosynthesis in the maintenance of hydraulic function. Given their proximity to xylem vessels, we suggest that xylary chloroplasts may play a role in light‐dependent repair of embolized xylem vessels.
P1and beyond: Functional separation of multiple emotion effects in word recognition
Authors: Bayer Mareike , Sommer Werner , Schacht Annekathrin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) revealed effects of emotional meaning on word recognition at distinguishable processing stages, in rare cases even in theP1time range. However, the boundary conditions of these effects, such as the roles of different levels of linguistic processing or the relative contributions of the emotional valence and arousal dimensions, remain to be fully understood. The present study addresses this issue by employing two tasks of different processing demands on words that orthogonally varied in their emotional valence and arousal. Effects of emotional valence inERPswere evident from 100 ms after word onset and showed a task‐insensitive processing advantage for positive words. Early posterior negativity (EPN) effects to high‐arousing words were limited to the lexical decision task, corroborating recent reports that suggested that perceptual processing as reflected in theEPNmight not be as automatic as previously assumed.
Acceptability of Stem Cell Therapy by Pregnant Women
Authors: Hodges Ryan J. , Bardien Nadia , Wallace Euan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundCell‐based therapies may soon be used to treat disorders in the perinatal period. Our aim was to assess pregnant women's knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance of different types of stem cell therapies.MethodsPregnant women attending an Australian tertiary center were asked to complete a questionnaire to seek their views on the potential therapeutic use of stem cells in the future. Outcome measures were women's acceptability of different types of stem cell therapies for themselves and their baby, ethical concerns, knowledge, and willingness to use stem cells for different indications.ResultsA total of 150 women completed the questionnaire. More women were happy to use any stem cell type (82%) than placental stem cells only (12.5%), adult stem cells only (2%), embryonic stem cells only (0), and 3.5 percent would not use. With respect to use for their baby, more women were happy to use any stem cell type (83%) than placental stem cells only (13%), embryonic stem cells only (2%), adult stem cells only (0), and 2 percent would not use. Ethical concerns were highest with embryonic stem cells (25%), than adult stem cells (11%), and placental stem cells (10%). Twelve percent of women were very confident and 66 percent reasonably confident with their knowledge, whereas 17 percent understood little and 5 percent reported no understanding. Acceptance of using any stem cell therapy was 75 percent for severe medical disorders, 57 percent for moderate disorders, and 25 percent for mild medical disorders.ConclusionsPregnant women are confident with their knowledge of stem cells and overwhelmingly support their use to treat both themselves and their baby. The level of this support, however, is proportionate to the severity of the medical disorder. (BIRTH 39:2 June 2012)
The Significance of Breastfeeding to Incarcerated Pregnant Women: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Huang Katy , Atlas Rebecca , Parvez Farah 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundBreastfeeding rates of incarcerated women in the United States are unknown but are likely to be low. Little is known about the breastfeeding views and experiences of incarcerated women. This exploratory study examined the breastfeeding knowledge, beliefs, and experiences of pregnant women incarcerated in New York City jails.MethodsSemistructured interviews were conducted with 20 pregnant women in a New York City jail. Research methods were inspired by grounded theory.ResultsThree main themes emerged from women's collective stories about wanting to breastfeed and the challenges that they experienced. First, incarceration removes women from their familiar social and cultural context, which creates uncertainty in their breastfeeding plans. Second, incarceration and the separation from their high‐risk lifestyle makes women want a new start in motherhood. Third, being pregnant and planning to breastfeed represent a new start in motherhood and give women the opportunity to redefine their maternal identity and roles.ConclusionsBreastfeeding is valued by incarcerated pregnant women and has the potential to contribute to their psychosocial well‐being and self‐worth as a mother. Understanding the breastfeeding experiences and views of women at high risk for poor pregnancy outcomes and inadequate newborn childcare during periods of incarceration in local jails is important for guiding breastfeeding promotion activities in this transient and vulnerable population. Implications from the findings will be useful to correctional facilities and community providers in planning more definitive studies in similar incarcerated populations. (BIRTH 39:2 June 2012)
Maternal Position and Other Variables: Effects on Perineal Outcomes in 557 Births
Authors: Meyvis Inge , Van Rompaey Bart , Goormans Karine , Truijen Steven , Lambers Sabine , Mestdagh Eveline , Mistiaen Wilhelm 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundDamage to the perineum is common after vaginal delivery, and it can be caused by laceration, episiotomy, or both. This study investigated the effects of maternal position (lateral vs lithotomy) and other variables on the occurrence of perineal damage.MethodsA retrospective study included the examination of hospital records from 557 women. The effects of demographic characteristics, gravidity, parity, duration of pregnancy, reason for admission, and mode of labor on perineal outcomes were investigated through univariate (independent sample t test, chi‐square test) and multivariate analysis (logistic regression analysis).ResultsConsidering episiotomy as perineal damage, univariate analysis showed a protective effect of the lateral position (45.9% vs 27.9%, p > 0.001), and fewer episiotomies were performed (6.7% vs 38.2%) with this position. This protective effect for perineal damage disappeared on excluding women undergoing episiotomy from analysis. Multivariate analysis including all participants showed an increase of 47 percent in the likelihood of an intact perineum for the lateral position when compared with the lithotomy position (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.36–0.78). Parity was associated with a reduction of 44 percent in perineal damage (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.47–0.78, p < 0.001). Moreover, the lithotomy position was associated with significantly more episiotomies than the lateral position (7% vs 38%, p < 0.001). The odds of perineal damage increased in deliveries performed by physicians (OR: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.79–4.78).ConclusionsChildbirth in the lateral position resulted in less perineal trauma when compared with childbirth in the lithotomy position, even after correcting for parity and birth attendant. The probability of an intact perineum increased in deliveries performed by midwives. (BIRTH 39:2 June 2012)
Coping with Preoperative Anxiety in Cesarean Section: Physiological, Cognitive, and Emotional Effects of Listening to Favorite Music
Authors: Kushnir Jonathan , Friedman Ahuva , Ehrenfeld Mally , Kushnir Talma 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundListening to music has a stress‐reducing effect in surgical procedures. The effects of listening to music immediately before a cesarean section have not been studied. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of listening to selected music while waiting for a cesarean section on emotional reactions, on cognitive appraisal of the threat of surgery, and on stress‐related physiological reactions.MethodsA total of 60 healthy women waiting alone to undergo an elective cesarean section for medical reasons only were randomly assigned either to an experimental or a control group. An hour before surgery they reported mood, and threat perception. Vital signs were assessed by a nurse. The experimental group listened to preselected favorite music for 40 minutes, and the control group waited for the operation without music. At the end of this period, all participants responded to a questionnaire assessing mood and threat perception, and the nurse measured vital signs.ResultsWomen who listened to music before a cesarean section had a significant increase in positive emotions and a significant decline in negative emotions and perceived threat of the situation when compared with women in the control group, who exhibited a decline in positive emotions, an increase in the perceived threat of the situation, and had no change in negative emotions. Women who listened to music also exhibited a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure compared with a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate in the control group.ConclusionListening to favorite music immediately before a cesarean section may be a cost‐effective, emotion‐focused coping strategy. (BIRTH 39:2 June 2012)
Association of the ALDH1A1*2 Promoter Polymorphism With Alcohol Phenotypes in Young Adults With or Without ALDH2*2
Authors: Otto Jacqueline M. , Hendershot Christian S. , Collins Susan E. , Liang Tiebing , Wall Tamara L. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundPrior studies suggest a possible association of a promoter polymorphism in the
ALDH1A1
gene (
ALDH1A1*2
) with alcohol use or dependence. The aim of this study was to examine the association of
ALDH1A1*2
with drinking behaviors in Asian young adults and to examine
ALDH2
genotype as a potential moderator of these associations.Methods
Asian young adults (n = 951) were recruited from 2 college sites for studies of genetic associations with alcohol use behavior. Participants completed comprehensive background questionnaires on demographics and drinking behavior. Fingertip blood samples were obtained for DNA extraction and analysis.ResultsParticipants with the
ALDH2*1/*2
genotype reported significantly lower levels (frequency and quantity) of drinking within the last 90 days, fewer numbers of heavy drinking episodes within the last 90 days, and lower lifetime maximum consumption levels compared with
ALDH2*1/*1
participants. There were no significant main effects of
ALDH1A1*2
on any drinking variables, nor was there a significant interaction between
ALDH2
and
ALDH1A1
genotypes on drinking outcomes.ConclusionsThe association of
ALDH2*2
with reduced alcohol consumption replicates previous findings across numerous studies. Although
ALDH1A1*2
was not associated with drinking levels, the lack of an
ALDH1A1*2
effect in
ALDH2*2
individuals is consistent with the only other study that has examined these associations in East Asian populations.
Children Injured by Violence in the United States: Emergency Department Utilization, 2000–2008
Authors: Monuteaux Michael C. , Lee Lois , Fleegler Eric 
Published: May 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19: 535–540 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Children victimized by violence are often treated in the emergency department (ED). However, our understanding of the magnitude and financial costs of this patient population is inadequate. The authors examined the scope, risk factors for, and financial cost of ED visits for intentional injury in children in the United States over time.Methods:  Using data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) from 2000 through 2008, the records of children aged 0 to 17 years evaluated in an ED for intentional injuries were examined. Nationally representative rates of ED visits for intentional injuries, the proportion of ED visits accounted for by children with intentional injuries, and risk factors for intentional injury visits were calculated. The Web‐based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) Cost of Injury Reports was used to generate the medical costs accrued by intentional injuries in children.Results:  Almost 340,000 children were treated in U.S. EDs each year from 2000 through 2008 for intentional injuries, comprising 1.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1% to 1.4%) of all U.S. pediatric ED visits. The rate of ED visits for violent injuries has not changed over time. In 2008, 49 children per 10,000 (95% CI = 36 to 61) were treated in the ED for a violent injury. In a multivariate model, increasing age, residing in a metropolitan area, African American race, and the lack of private insurance were independent predictors of intentional injury visits among children. In 2005, the aggregate medical cost of intentionally inflicted injuries in children in the United States was $765 million.Conclusions:  ED visits among children for violent injury still represent an important clinical, public health, and economic challenge. The ED could be considered as a potential venue for prevention and intervention efforts.
A Porcine Pneumothorax Model for Teaching Ultrasound Diagnostics
Authors: Oveland Nils Petter , Sloth Erik , Andersen Gratien , Lossius Hans Morten 
Published: May 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:586–592 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Ultrasound (US) is a sensitive diagnostic tool for detecting pneumothorax (PTX), but methods are needed to optimally teach this technique outside of direct patient care. In training and research settings, porcine PTX models are sometimes used, but the description of the PTX topography in these models is lacking. The study purpose was to define the distribution of air using the reference imaging standard computed tomography (CT), to see if pleural insufflation of air into a live anaesthetized pig truly imitates a PTX in an injured patient.Methods:  A unilateral catheter was inserted into one pleural cavity of each of 20 pigs, and 500 mL of air was insufflated. After a complete thoracic CT scan, the anterior, lateral, medial, basal, apical, and posterior components of the PTXs were compared. The amount of air in each location was quantified by measuring the distance from the lung edge to the chest wall (LE‐CW). A supine anteroposterior chest radiograph (CXR) was taken from each model and interpreted by a senior radiologist, and the image results were compared to CT.Results:  All 20 hemithoraces with PTX were correctly identified by CT, while six remained occult after interpreting the CXRs. The PTXs were anterior (100%), lateral (95%), medial (80%), basal (60%), apical (45%), and posterior (15%). The major proportion of the insufflated 500‐mL volume was found in the anterior, medial, and basal recesses.Conclusions:  The authors found the distribution of the intrathoracic air to be similar between a porcine model and that to be expected in human trauma patients, all having predominantly anterior PTX topographies. In a training facility, the model is easy to set up and can be scanned by the participants multiple times. To acquire the necessary skills to perform thoracic US examinations for PTX, the porcine models could be useful.