bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A robust calibration modeling strategy for analysis of interference‐subject spectral data
Authors: Zhao Chunhui , Gao Furong , Yao Yuan , Wang Fuli 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPreprocessing and correction of mixture spectra have been an important issue with regard to the removal of undesired systematic variation due to variations in environmental, instrumental, or sample conditions. In this article, a new robust calibration modeling strategy is proposed on the basis of independent component analysis (ICA). It aims at separating the interference‐subject parasitic subspace from the interference‐immune common subspace among all considered cases. The common subspace is further divided into two orthogonal parts according to their relationship with quality: one is quality‐irrelevant and the other is quality‐informative, in which, only the second part is employed for quality prediction. Focusing on each subspace, it identifies distinct types of underlying source components underlying different spectra subspaces, analyzes their characteristics and roles, and accordingly models them for different applications, respectively. This approach provides a comprehensive insight into the inherent nature of interference‐subject mixture spectra. Furthermore, several model statistics are defined to give quantitative indication on the effectiveness of the correction strategy. The feasibility and performance of the proposed method are illustrated with data from laboratory experiments. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
A novel thermoresponsive graft copolymer containing phosphorylated HEMA for generating detachable cell layers
Authors: Abraham Thomas N. , Raj Vidya , Prasad Tilak , Kumar P. R. Anil , Sreenivasan K. , Kumary T. V. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA novel polymeric formulation based on N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), methylmethacrylate (MMA), and phosphorylated hydroxylethyl methacrylate (Phosp‐HEMA) was synthesized and characterized. NIPAAm was copolymerized with a known quantity of MMA to form a poly(NIPAAm–MMA) copolymer and was subsequently grafted with Phosp‐HEMA by gamma irradiation to a total dose of 0.5 kGy. The thermoresponsive graft copolymer was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. The cytotoxicity of the graft copolymer analyzed using L‐929 fibroblast cells showed noncytotoxic response. The cell adhesion on the graft copolymer was studied using rabbit corneal cells (SIRC) and human osteoblasts (HOS). The adhered cells were found to spread leading to the formation of cell layers. The cell layers with intact cell–cell and cell–extra cellular matrix contact were detached by lowering temperature below the lower critical solution temperature (29°C) of the graft copolymer. The viability and morphology of the cells in detached cell sheets were assessed by live dead staining and environmental scanning electron microscopy, respectively. This interesting feature of cell adhesion to form cell layers and cell sheet retrieval is implicit to be due to the properties of phosphate moieties on thermoresponsive copolymer. To the authors knowledge there is no previous report on phosphate moiety containing thermo responsive polymeric formulations which can modulate cell adhesion and cell sheet retrieval. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Tensile properties of a poly(vinyl chloride) composite filled with poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted to oil palm empty fruit bunches
Authors: Bakar Aznizam Abu , Keat Tham Boon , Hassan Azman 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe influence of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber and oil palm empty fruit bunches grafted with poly(methyl methacrylate) (OPEFB‐g‐PMMA) on the tensile properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated. The OPEFB‐g‐PMMA fiber was first prepared with the optimum conditions for the grafting reaction, which were determined in our previous study. To produce composites, the PVC resin, OPEFB‐g‐PMMA fiber or ungrafted OPEFB fiber, and other additives were first dry‐blended with a laboratory blender before being milled into sheets on a two‐roll mill. Test specimens were then hot‐pressed, and then the tensile properties were determined. A comparison with the composite filled with the ungrafted OPEFB fiber showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break increased, whereas Young's modulus decreased, with the incorporation of 20 phr OPEFB‐g‐PMMA fiber into the PVC matrix. The trend of the tensile properties obtained in this study was supported by functional group analysis, glass‐transition temperature measurements, and surface morphological analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Removal of alkylphenols by the combined use of tyrosinase immobilized on ion‐exchange resins and chitosan beads
Authors: Tamura Ayumi , Satoh Erika , Kashiwada Ayumi , Matsuda Kiyomi , Yamada Kazunori 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMushroom tyrosinase was covalently immobilized on a poly(acrylic acid)‐type, weakly acidic cation‐exchange resin (Daiaion WK10, Mitsubishi Chemical Corp., Tokyo, Japan) with 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride salt as a water‐soluble carbodiimide. Ion‐exchange resins immobilized with tyrosinase were packed in one column, and crosslinked chitosan beads prepared with epichlorohydrin were packed in another column. The enzymatic activity was modified by covalent immobilization, and the immobilized tyrosinase had a high activity in the temperature range of 30–45°C and in the pH range of 7–10. When solutions of various alkylphenols were circulated through the two columns packed with tyrosinase‐immobilized ion‐exchange resins and crosslinked chitosan beads at 45°C and pH 7 (the optimum conditions determined for p‐cresol), alkylphenols were effectively removed through quinone oxidation with immobilized tyrosinase and subsequent quinone adsorption on chitosan beads. The use of chemically crosslinked chitosan beads in place of commercially available chitosan beads was effective in removing alkylphenols from aqueous solutions in shorter treatment times. The removal efficiency increased with an increase in the amount of crosslinked chitosan beads packed in the column because the rate of quinone adsorption became higher than the rate of enzymatic quinone generation. The activity of tyrosinase was iteratively used by covalent immobilization on ion‐exchange resins. One of the most important findings obtained in this study is the fact that linear and branched alkylphenols suspected of weak endocrine‐disrupting effects were effectively removed from aqueous solutions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Reduction of volatile organic compound emission. I. Synthesis and characterization of alkoxy‐modified silsesquioxane
Authors: Hergenrother William L. , Lin Chenchy J. , Hilton Ashley S. , Hogan Terrence E. , Brumbaugh Dennis R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of a class of alkoxy‐modified silsesquioxane (AMS) compounds containing less than 5 wt % of latent alcohol is described. The AMS derived from octyl triethoxysilane (OTES) behaves as a shielding agent in silica‐filled rubbers while significantly reducing the volatile organic compounds that are released during the manufacture of rubber articles. Analysis of AMS by high pressure liquid chromatography and 29Si NMR shows that it has a plethora of structures present that can best be described as a highly condensed opened oligomeric, branched arrangement of silsesquioxanes units. This structure is moisture stable, hydrocarbon soluble, and reactive with silica at compounding temperatures. The AMS has been prepared by acid‐ or base‐catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation in alcohol solution to form a product that often separates from the lower density reaction mixture. The kinetics of the AMS formation was examined and showed two separate rate processes occurring. The co‐AMS prepared from OTES and 3‐mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane yielded an effective shielding agent and coupling agent when used in silica‐filled vulcanizates. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Studies on heterogeneous degradation of polypropylene/talc composite: Effect of iron impurity on the degradation behavior
Authors: Nakatani Hisayuki , Shibata Hiroshi , Miyazaki Kensuke , Yonezawa Tetsu , Takeda Hidetoshi , Azuma Yutaka , Watanabe Shin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this study, an effect of iron oxide (Fe2O3) impurity in talc on degradation behavior of polypropylene (PP)/talc composite was studied using a PP/Fe2O3 model composite sample. The thermal oxidative degradation was performed at 100°C. Although the degradation of a pure PP sample hardly occurred at such temperature, the existence of Fe2O3 induced the PP degradation. The degraded PP part was formed around the Fe2O3 grain in the PP/Fe2O3 sample. It was found from the optical microscope observation that the degraded PP was able to diffuse only within the PP amorphous part. The analysis of the oxidation distribution on the degraded PP surface was performed employing a scanning electron microscope/electron dispersive spectrometer. The result showed that the PP spots in the vicinity of the Fe2O3 grain were unoxidized during the initial degradation process, and the oxidized PP spots were located at around 6 μm distance from the Fe2O3 grain. It was concluded that the degradation was initiated microscopically away from the Fe2O3 grain so that the Fe2O3 had both the abilities to accelerate the decomposition of PP hydroperoxide compounds and to reduce the produced radical species into nonradical products. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Super‐toughed polymer blends derived from polypropylene random copolymer and ethylene/styrene interpolymer
Authors: Tang Jian , Tang Weihua , Yuan Huilin , Jin Riguang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this article, blends of polypropylene random copolymer (PP‐R) with a novel impact modifier, namely ethylene/styrene interpolymer (ESI), were prepared to evaluate the effectiveness of ESI in toughening PP‐R and the influence of ESI content on the mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of polymer blends. Results showed that super‐toughened PP‐R/ESI blends (ca. Izod impact strength ≥ 500 J/m) were readily achieved with only 5 wt % ESI. The blends exhibited significant improvement in both impact strength and elongation, while small loss in tensile strength and elastic modulus when increasing ESI content. ESI had a nucleating effect that caused PP matrix to crystallize at higher temperatures, whereas PP‐R/ESI blends presented lower melting temperatures (Tm) than PP‐R matrix and Tm decreased with the increment of ESI content. Rheology study indicated that both PP‐R matrix and PP‐R/ESI blends presented shear thinning behaviors during melt processing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Characterization of electrosynthesized polydihaloanilines
Authors: del Valle M. A. , Díaz F. R. , Torres J. L. , Zamora P. P. , Godoy M. A. , Bernède J. C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe nucleation and growth mechanism of some homopolymers of aniline (six monomers were studied: 3,5‐dichloroaniline, 2,5‐dichloroaniline, 2,6‐dichloroaniline, 2,3‐dichloroaniline, 2,5‐dibromoaniline, and 2,6‐dibromoaniline), synthesized by potentiostatic methods, was determined with a mathematical model that considers different contributions from current–time transients with a gold‐disc electrode. Deconvolution of the transients for the dichlorinated monomers showed IN3Dct and PN3Ddif contributions (where IN3Dct refers to an instantaneous nucleation and three‐dimensional growth mechanism under charge‐transfer control and PN3Ddif refers to a progressive nucleation and three‐dimensional growth mechanism under diffusion control), whereas IN2D and PN3Ddif components and IN2D, IN3Dct, and PN3Ddif components (where IN2D refers to an instantaneous nucleation and two‐dimensional growth mechanism) were needed for 2,5‐dibromoaniline and 2,6‐dibromoaniline, respectively. The percentage of the contribution of the current–time transient to the total charge was worked out for each monomer. The effect of the scan rate on the voltammetric profile during the potentiodynamic electrosynthesis of the polymers was studied too. Curves of the current versus the square root of the potential scan rate were recorded for a selected group of monomers, and the slope was considered an estimation of the diffusion coefficient of the respective monomer. Furthermore, the electrosynthesized polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Microanalysis, used to establish the ratio of the atomic percentages of P and N for each polymer synthesized at a constant potential, was performed for doped and undoped polymers. This parameter was a measure of the degree of electrochemical doping. The conductivity of the doped and undoped polymers was also measured. Hence, the systematic characterization of this analogue series of monomers allows, before generalization, an adequate experimental design to prepare polymers with the properties required for their use. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Poly(1‐octene) synthesis using high performance supported titanium catalysts
Authors: Kaur Sukhdeep , Naik Dhananjay G. , Singh Gurmeet , Patil Harshad R. , Kothari Ajay V. , Gupta Virendra K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPoly(1‐octene) was synthesized by polymerization of 1‐octene using high performance MgCl2‐supported TiCl4 in combination with triethyl aluminum (TEAl) as cocatalyst in n‐hexane for 2 h. Two catalysts, C1 (diester catalyst) having di‐isobutyl phthalate as internal donor and C2 (monoester catalyst) having ethyl benzoate as internal donor were utilized for the atmospheric polymerizations to evaluate the influence of structurally different internal donors on the productivity, rate of polymerization and molecular weight profiles. The kinetic profile assessed in terms of variation of reaction parameters like temperature, cocatalyst to catalyst molar ratio and monomer concentration was found to be dependent on them. From these kinetic analyses, optimize conditions for polymerizations of 1‐octene using diester as well as monoester catalyst were elucidated. The difference in the performance of diester and monoester catalyst system can be explained in terms of stability of active titanium species and chain transfer process. NMR spectroscopy of synthesized poly(1‐octene) indicate predominantly isotactic nature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of molecular structure on film blowing ability of thermoplastic zein
Authors: Oliviero M. , Di Maio E. , Iannace S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe aim of this work was to explore the feasibility of preparing thermoplastic films from commercial zein by film blowing technology. Zein, a cereal protein extracted from maize, was plasticized directly in the extruder, without the time‐consuming and expensive solubilization step, usually utilized in literature for this material. Four different batches of zein were investigated, for it has been observed that properties such as the film‐forming ability of natural polymers strongly depend on several factors such as sources, extraction, and drying conditions. Thermal, rheological, and macromolecular structural characteristics were evaluated for the different materials to establish a correlation among molecular structure, rheological behavior in uniaxial elongation, and film blowing processability. Results indicate that the best films were made by using thermoplasticized zein characterized with a pronounced strain hardening and a large content of α‐helices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Highly crosslinked micron‐sized, monodispersed polystyrene particles by batch dispersion polymerization, Part 1: Batch, delayed addition, and seeded batch processes
Authors: Lee Ki‐Chang , Wi Han‐Ah 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe seeded batch dispersion polymerization with or without monomer absorption was compared with the batch polymerization and delayed addition by batch polymerization, to prepare the highly crosslinked, monodispersed polystyrene (PS) particles. The seeded batch polymerization was carried out under the variation of styrene (in second stage)/styrene (in PS seed) (St/St) ratio, divinylbenzene (DVB) concentration, and polymerization temperature using 1.9‐μm monodispersed PS seed particles. The experimental results imply that the seeded batch process is more efficient method that could avoid the sensitive particle nucleation step in the presence of the crosslinker than the batch and delayed addition processes. Without monomer absorption, 2.3‐μm uniform crosslinked PS particles with 7 wt % of the DVB were prepared in 1/1 (St/St) ratio. In comparison, with the monomer absorption, monodispersed and smooth‐surfaced PS particles containing 20 wt % of the DVB were formed. A total of 5% weight loss of the crosslinked PS particles determined by TGA occurred from 353.8 to 374.8°C, and the degree of swellability in toluene decreased from 150 to 104.5% with increasing the DVB concentration from 5 to 20 wt % because of the increase of the crosslink density of the particles. The seeded polymerization, especially through monomer absorption procedure, is a novel way to obtain highly crosslinked, monodispersed PS particles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of adsorbed metal ions and buffer nature on IgG separation from human plasma by column chromatography using an ion exchange resin, Amberlite IRC‐718
Authors: Charef Noureddine , Arrar Lekhmici , Lamaaoui Afaf , Boudjellal Hiba , Baghiani Abderrahmane , Hanachi Nadjet , Boumerfeg Sabah , Khennouf Seddik , Mubarak Mohammad S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFractionation of human plasma on ion exchanger resin was performed on Amberlite IRC‐718 saturated with metal ions. Depletion of human immunoglobulin G was carried out by column chromatography using Tris‐HCl, pH 7 at different concentrations. Results showed that, when Cu+2 and Ni+2 were adsorbed on the resin, one or two fractions of purified IgG were obtained, respectively. Whereas Fe+2 and Zn+2, both retain IgG and serum albumin or serum albumin alone. Furthermore, the Ni+2‐resin retention of serum proteins is too strong that the use of 700 mMTris‐HCl cannot liberate any other proteins than nonadsorbed serum albumin. In conclusion, this investigation demonstrates that immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography with Cu2+, Ni2+, and Fe2+ immobilized on Amberlite IRC‐718 has the potential to be developed as part of a process to purify IgG out of untreated human plasma as acceptable adsorption and elution levels of IgG could be achieved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Flame retardancy, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of polycarbonate/polysilsesquioxane system
Authors: Wang Jiangbo , Xin Zhong 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe polymethylphenylsilsesquioxane (PMPSQ) microspheres were used as an additive for the injection‐molding of polycarbonate (PC) in order to obtain a flame retardant polymer and to damage the other properties of PC as low as possible. The results showed that PMPSQ microspheres were a kind of effective flame retardant by the LOI test and the flame retardancy of PC increased with the increase of PMPSQ content. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the PMPSQ could induce crosslinking reactions and accelerate the thermal degradation of PC, sequentially promote the formation of the residue char during degradation. Differential scanning calorimetry measurement showed that the glass transition temperature of PC/PMPSQ system was decreased with the increase of PMPSQ content, which maybe caused by the enlarged free volume of PC‐rich phase. The rheological behaviors including dynamic and steady modes, combined with the analysis of scanning electron microscopy photographs, exhibited that the dispersion and compatibility of PMPSQ in the PC matrix decreased the viscosity of the systems and the addition of PMPSQ microspheres improved the processability of PC, but still there exist aggregation of PMPSQ microspheres in PC matrix, which gave a higher impact strength but a lower flexural modulus and elongation at break than pure PC. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Postembryonic Development of Rectal Pads in Bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: Santos Carolina GonÇAlves , Neves ClÓVis Andrade , Zanuncio JosÉ Cola , Serrão José Eduardo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe morphology and development of the digestive tract of insects has been extensively studied, but little attention has been given to the development of the rectal pads. These organs are responsible for absorption of water and salts. In insects where they occur, there are usually six ovoid rectal pads located in the medial‐anterior portion of the rectum. The rectal pad has three types of cells: principal, basal, and junctional. The arrangement of these three cell types delimits an intrapapillary lumen. The aim of the current study is to describe the development of the rectal pads during postembryonic development of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides and Melipona scutellaris. Specimens were analyzed at the following developmental stages: white‐, pink‐, brown‐, and black‐eyed pupae, and adult workers. The development of the rectal pad begins as a thickening of the epithelium in white‐eyed pupae at 54 hr. At this stage, there is neither a basal cell layer nor intrapapillary lumen. The basal layers begin to form in the pink‐eyed pupa and are completely formed at the end of the development of the brown‐eyed pupa. In the brown‐eyed pupal stage, the intrapapillary lumen is formed and the junctional cells are positioned and completely differentiated. Necrotic and apoptotic cell death were detected along with cell proliferation in the whole rectum during pupal development, suggesting that the development of the rectal pads involves cell proliferation, death, and differentiation. The rectal pads originate only from the ectoderm. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomechanics of Dromaeosaurid Dinosaur Claws: Application of X‐Ray Microtomography, Nanoindentation, and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Manning Phillip L. , Margetts Lee , Johnson Mark R. , Withers Philip J. , Sellers William I. , Falkingham Peter L. , Mummery Paul M. , Barrett Paul M. , Raymont David R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs, such asVelociraptor, possess strongly recurved, hypertrophied and hyperextensible ungual claws on the pes (digit II) and manus. The morphology of these unguals has been linked to the capture and despatching of prey. However, the mechanical properties or, more importantly, the mechanical potential of these structures have not been explored. Generation of a 3D finite element (FE) stress/strain contour map of aVelociraptormanual ungual has allowed us to evaluate quantitatively the mechanical behavior of a dromaeosaurid claw for the first time. An X‐ray microtomography scan allowed construction of an accurate 3D FE mesh. Analogue material from an extant avian theropod, the pedal digit and claw of an eagle owl (Bubo bubo), was analyzed to provide input data for theVelociraptorclaw FE model (FEM). The resultant FEM confirms that dromaeosaurid claws were well‐adapted for climbing as they would have been resistant to forces acting in a single (longitudinal) plane, in this case due to gravity. However, the strength of the unguals was limited with respect to forces acting tangential to the long‐axis of the claw. The tip of the claw functioned as the puncturing and gripping element of the structure, whereas the expanded proximal portion transferred the load stress through the trabeculae and cortical bone. Enhanced climbing abilities of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs supports a scansorial phase in the evolution of flight. Anat Rec, 292:1397–1405, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.