bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical Advancements in SAGD Evaporative Produced Water Treatment
Authors: Heins W.F. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
There has been a shift away from the use of warm lime softening (WLS) and weak acid cation (WAC) ion exchange for produced water treatment to the use of mechanical vapour compression (MVC) evaporation followed by high pressure drum-type boilers. Approximately 18 steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) produced water evaporators are operating or are in various stages of construction in Alberta and overseas. Since the commissioning of the first such evaporators in 2002, many technical advancements have occurred which have resulted in reduced operating costs, improved reliability, reduced scaling and fouling potential, improved distillate quality and improved boiler feed quality for steam generation.
This paper provides details of the technical advancements in evaporative produced water treatment based on full-scale operating data and lessons learned. It also presents improved evaporator configurations, discusses improvements in contaminant reduction and scale prevention systems, demonstrates how capital and operating costs can be drastically reduced as compared to earlier evaporator system designs, and provides recent advancements in modularization, evaporator disposal treatment, deoiling, membrane preconcentration, and zero discharge solids drying techniques.

Introduction
Over the past few years, there has been a rapid shift away from the use of traditional produced water treatment methods using WLS for silica reduction and WAC ion exchange for hardness removal, to the use of evaporative produced water treatment methods at SAGD facilities. With the use of evaporative produced water treatment, standard drum boilers are utilized for steam generation in lieu of once through steam generators (OTSG) and vapour liquid separators. This shift has occurred because of technical, economic and reliability factors, resulting in markedly improved life cycle costs for SAGD facilities. A simplified block flow diagram of the traditional approach to produced water treatment and steam generation is provided in Figure 1. A block flow diagram for the evaporative approach is provided in Figure 2.
Preliminary Considerations on Application of Steamflooding in a Toe-to-Heel Configuration
Authors: Turta A.T. , Singhal A.K. , Xia T.X. , Greaves M. , Goldman J. , Ivory J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
With the advent of horizontal wells, a distinct change is tacitly taking place in our approach to the improved recovery of heavy oil—from displacing mobilized oil in a flood pattern from injector to producers over long distances on the order of hundreds of metres to short-distance oil displacement (SDOD) processes (typically over a few tens of metres).
SDOD processes comprise Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) and Toe-to-Heel (TTH) Displacement Processes, which comprise Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI), with its variant catalytic THAI (CAPRI), and Toe-to-Heel Waterflooding (TTHW). Presently SAGD is commercially used, while THAI has been under field testing for 3 years; testing of CAPRI is scheduled to start in 2010. TTHW has been under field testing both in the US and Canada for more than 4 years.
Steamflooding in a TTH configuration (TTH steamflooding) uses vertical wells as injectors and horizontal wells as producers, arranged in a staggered line drive, with producers having their toes close to the shoes of vertical injectors; the horizontal section of producers is located at the base of the pay. The vertical wells are used for initiating the steam front, which subsequently is anchored at the toe of the horizontal producer; it is then propagated towards the producer's heel. In TTH steamflooding, the existing deficiency of conventional steamflooding schemes in terms of low vertical sweep is overcome by the beneficial use of gravity.
To investigate the potential of TTH steamflooding, some laboratory tests were conducted. The objective was to assess the feasibility of TTH steam and thermo-solvent flooding (steam+propane co-injection) by carrying out 3D model experiments using heavy oil with a viscosity of 15,000 cP.
Laboratory results showed that the concepts of TTH steamflooding and TTH steamflooding with solvent are feasible. All in all, stability of TTH steamflooding was relatively good, while the stability of TTH steamflooding with the addition of nitrogen or propane was much better. Significant improvements in design and operation of these processes were needed in order to promote override during the early phase, and obtain a stable and efficient process. The improvements included a cold (gas fingering) and a hot (steam-based) communication phase; and controlling lateral spread of steam by using two additional vertical control wells (positioned laterally but close to the heel of the horizontal producer) for conducting a limited steamflood. Nitrogen was injected along with steam in the conventional steamflood; propane replaced nitrogen in TTH steamflooding with solvent.
Integrated Modeling of the Fractured Carbonate Midale Field and Sensitivity Analysis Through Experimental Design
Authors: Bogatkov Dmitry , Babadagli Tayfun 
Published: June 2010

SummaryWe used an integrated solution by combining "direct" and "inverse" approaches to fracture network characterization in a stochastic numerical model. Static geological data obtained from cores and well logs were used together with dynamic data such as well-test responses to build 3D discrete fracture-network (DFN) models. We used the data obtained from the fractured carbonate Midale field in Canada.The fractured-reservoir model was constructed from static and dynamic (drawdown and pulse-interference tests) data. Matrix and several fracture parameters including fracture length, density/ spacing, aperture, connectivity, and orientation were evaluated in a quantitative sensitivity study to determine which characteristics have a higher influence on the accurate match to well-test response. We used experimental design to optimize the number of simulations needed for a sensitivity study and history match. The sensitivity analysis revealed a strong influence of matrix quality on the pressure response, suggesting that the history match can be specific to the simulated process and not necessarily unique. The results emphasize the contribution of matrix in the Midale reservoir and the need to simulate a broader range of processes for an accurate description of the fracture/matrix system dynamics. In a general sense, the approach used in this study proved to be useful in integrating fracture data from different sources and assessing its reliability and relative importance.
Advanced Wells: A Comprehensive Approach to the Selection Between Passive and Active Inflow-Control Completions
Authors: Al-Khelaiwi F.T.. T. , Birchenko V.M.. M. , Konopczynski M.R.. R. , Davies D.R.. R. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Well architecture advances from conventional wells to horizontal. Then multilateral wells, which have maximized reservoir contact, have been paralleled by advances in completion-equipment development. Passive inflow-control devices (ICDs) and active intervalcontrol valves (ICVs) provide a range of fluid-flow control options that can enhance the reservoir sweep efficiency and increase reserves. ICVs were used originally for controlled, commingled production from multiple reservoirs, while ICDs were developed to counteract the horizontal well's heel/toe effect. The variety of their applications has proliferated since these beginnings. Their application areas now overlap, resulting in it becoming a complex, time-consuming process to select between ICVs or ICDs for a particular well's completion.
This publication summarizes the results of a comprehensive, comparative study of the functionality and applicability of the two technologies. It maps out a workflow of the selection process on the basis of the thorough analysis of the ICD and ICV advantages in major reservoir, production, operation, and economic areas. It provides detailed analysis of Reservoir-engineering aspects, such as uncertainty management, formation heterogeneity, and the level of flexibility required by the developmentProduction and completion characteristics, such as tubing size, the number of separately controllable zones, the completion of multiple laterals, and the value of real-time informationOperational and economical aspects, such as proper modeling, gas-and oilfield applications, equipment costs and installation risks, long-term reliability, and technical performance.
The results of this work's systematic approach form the basis of a screening tool to identify the most appropriate control technology for a wide range of situations. This selection framework can be applied by both production technologists and reservoir engineers when choosing between passive or active flow control in advanced wells. The value of these guidelines is illustrated by their application to synthetic- and real-field case studies.
Equivalent Rate Constant for Numerical Simulation of Linear Convection-Diffusion-Reaction
Authors: Abedi Jalal , Hassanzadeh Hassan , Pooladi-Darvish Mehran 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The accurate numerical modelling of reactive flow is essential for the interpretation of experimental measurements and the design of field-scale processes. Sharp reaction fronts are difficult to capture using traditional numerical schemes, unless fine grid numerical simulations are used; however, fine grid simulations are computationally expensive. On the other hand, using coarse grid block simulations leads to excessive front dissipation and inaccurate results. In most practical cases, it is not feasible to choose small grid blocks; therefore, one needs to account for the small-scale gradients that cannot be captured by coarse grid blocks when using traditional methods. As a first step toward the development of upscaling techniques for reaction kinetics, an equivalent reaction constant for a simple steady-state convection-diffusion-reaction (CDR) was determined. This shows how an effective reaction constant can be obtained as a function of the Peclet number, Thiele modulus and size of the reaction zone, such that the coarse grid simulation agrees with the fine grid simulation.
Hole Cleaning Performance of Light-Weight Drilling Fluids During Horizontal Underbalanced Drilling
Authors: Ozbayoglu M.E. , Sorgun M. , Saasen A. , Svanes K. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Hole cleaning is a major consideration at both the design and application stages of a drilling operation. If the fluid velocity is lower than a critical value at horizontal or high inclinations, a stationary bed develops which may cause various problems, such as high drag, higher probability of stuck pipe and higher hydraulic requirements, etc., if not removed properly. Therefore, this becomes important and essential to identifying critical velocity. This study aims to estimate the critical fluid-flow velocity for preventing the development of a stationary bed using empirical correlations that can be used easily at the field. Also, a rough estimation of bed thickness is introduced if the flow velocity is lower than the critical velocity. For this purpose, extensive cuttings transport experiments with water, called the Cuttings Transport Flow Loop, were conducted by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department at Middle East Technical University (METU) in order to determine various inclinations, flow rates and rate of penetrations. The inner pipe is subject to a sagging, therefore more realistic annulus representation is achieved. Observations showed that a stationary bed can be developed even when the inclination of the wellbore is down to 50°. Results showed that the critical velocity could be estimated using the proposed correlations with reasonable accuracy when compared with the experimental results. Also, for flow velocities less than the critical values, the thickness of the stationary bed can be detected mostly within an error range of ±15%.
Integrating Geological Characterization and Historical Production Analysis to Optimize Field Management of Lower Miocene Reservoir in White Tiger Field, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Ngoc T.B , Dang Cuong T.Q. , Bae Wisup , Phung Thuoc H. , Chung Taemoon , Lee HeoungYeoun 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Near-shore oil reservoirs have become significantly depleted, forcing oil companies to explore deep-sea reservoirs with huge investments and the latest technology. However, these projects are often risky. Thus, the optimal solution is to explore shallow sea oil fields before proceeding to deep, high-risk areas.
The Lower Miocene reservoir of the White Tiger field is a sedimentary reservoir with high heterogeneity and complex geological characteristics. This reservoir was discovered 22 years ago. There is an urgent need to study procedures for an increased and maximum oil recovery. A detailed geological understanding of the reservoir, along with a reservoir simulation, is needed to gain a detailed reservoir description and determine the optimal recovery method for this oil reservoir. These are essential to having a successful operation, as well as reducing uncertainties and improving the efficiency of oilfield management.
With a large database collected from initial production stages of over 50 wells, the authors developed an integrated static and dynamic workflow to forecast oil production under several production scenarios for this reservoir. These integrated results served as input data for simulation with IMEXTM, which will be useful for the economical and technical evaluation of this study. In addition, the authors introduced history matching and pointed out the main reasons for the significant errors between actual data and simulation results. Based on the reservoir modelling, the authors optimized the wells? network locations and obtained good results in oil recovery. The oil recovery factor increased from 24.21% - 37.26% for the Lower Miocene reservoir. Specifically, oil recovery for the Southern dome structure was increased from 14.83% - 33.76%.
Surfactant Enhanced Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Oil Refinery Tank Bottom Sludge
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxi , Li Jianbing , Huang Yuefei , Thring Ronald 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Bioremediation has been recognized as an effective method to treat petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. However, the biodegradation of crude oil-contaminated sludge could be a time-consuming and low-efficiency process. Among the reasons is that some petroleum hydrocarbons in the sludge are unavailable for micro-organisms? utilization. Surfactants have the potential to increase the bioavailability of such pollutants because of their capability to reduce the surface and interfacial tension and increase the solubility of hydrocarbons in water. In this study, the addition of two different chemical surfactants (Igepal CO-630 and Cedephos FA-600) were tested using a laboratory respirometer, and the effects of such surfactants on the biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in the oil refinery sludge were investigated. Both surfactants have been found to be effective on improving microbial growth at low-concentration additions, while the concentration of 400 mg/kg has been found most effective for improving TPH (C10-C50) reduction after 14 days of biodegradation.
Practical Application of a Probabilistic Approach to Estimate Reserves Using Production Decline Data
Authors: Cheng Y.. , Wang Y.. , McVay D.A.. A. , Lee W.J.. J. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Analysts have increasingly used probabilistic approaches to evaluate the uncertainty in reserves estimates based on decline-curve analysis (DCA). This is because the results represent statistical analysis of historical data that usually possess significant amounts of noise. Probabilistic approaches usually provide a distribution of reserves estimates with three confidence levels (P10, P50, and P90) and a corresponding 80% confidence interval (CI). The question arises: How reliable is this 80% CI? In other words, in a large set of analyses, is the true value of reserves contained within this interval 80% of the time? Our investigation indicates that it is common in practice for true values of reserves to lie outside 80% CIs much more than 20% of the time using traditional statistical analyses. This indicates that uncertainty is being underestimated, often significantly. Thus, the challenge in probabilistic reserves estimation using DCA is not only how to appropriately characterize probabilistic properties of complex production-data sets, but also how to determine and then improve the reliability of the uncertainty quantifications.
This paper presents an improved methodology for probabilistic quantification of reserves estimates using DCA and practical application of the methodology to actual individual-well decline curves. Application of our proposed new method to 100 oil and gas wells demonstrates that it provides much wider 80% CIs than methods previously presented, and these CIs contain the true values approximately 80% of the time. In addition, the method yields more-accurate P50 values than previously published methods do. Thus, the new methodology provides more-reliable probabilistic reserves estimation, which has important impacts on economic risk analysis and reservoir management.
Tuning of Computer Model Parameters in Managed-Pressure Drilling Applications Using an Unscented-Kalman-Filter Technique
Authors: Gravdal Jan Einar , Lorentzen Rolf J. , Fjelde Kjell K. , Vefring Erlend H. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
To manage the annular pressure profile during managed-pressure drilling (MPD) operations, simulations performed with advanced computer models are needed. To obtain a high degree of accuracy in these simulations, it is crucial that all parameters describing the system are as correct as possible. A new methodology for real-time updating of key parameters in a well-flow model by taking into account real-time measurements, including measuring uncertainty, is presented. Key model parameters are tuned using a recently developed estimation technique based on the traditional Kalman filter.
The presented methodology leads to a more-accurate prediction of well-flow scenarios. Although the present study is motivated by applications in MPD, the idea of tuning model parameters should be of great importance in a wide area of applications.
The performance of the filter is studied, using both synthetic data and real measurements from a North Sea high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) drilling operation. Benefits by this approach are seen in more-accurate downhole-pressure predictions, which are of major importance for safety and economic reasons during MPD operations.
Relationship Between Rheumatoid Factor Isotypes and IgG Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies
Authors: JASKOWSKI TROY D. , HILL HARRY R. , RUSSO KATHERINE L. , LAKOS GABRIELLA , SZEKANECZ ZOLTAN , TEODORESCU MARIUS 
Published: June 2010

Objective.To validate in a general patient population (GPP) the clinical value of measuring rheumatoid factor (RF) isotypes in relationship to IgG anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies (CCP2 and CCP3).Methods.Serum samples were obtained as follows: 1021 GPP, for whom RF was ordered for diagnosis, 137 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 100 healthy blood donors (HBD), and 50 with systemic lupus erythematosus. Turbidimetry and ELISA were utilized for RF screening, and individual RF isotypes and IgG anti-CCP antibodies were measured by ELISA; RF IgG was measured after pepsin digestion.Results.We validated the generally accepted 90%–98% positive predictive value (PPV) and about 68% sensitivity of the anti-CCP2 test on our diagnosed cohorts as 96% (95% CI 89–99) and 65% (95% CI 56–73), respectively. The 282 RF IgM+ specimens identified in the GPP were subdivided into 3 subsets: (1) 83 as RF IgM+ IgG+ IgA+ with 63% (95% CI 51–73) anti-CCP2+ (i.e., sensitivity similar to the RA cohort); (2) 50 as RF IgM+ IgG− IgA+ with significantly fewer anti-CCP2+ (22%; 95% CI 12–36); and (3) about half as IgM+ IgG− IgA− with just 3% (95% CI 1–8) anti-CCP2+, i.e., not significantly different from the 1% (95% CI 0–5) in HBD. Thus, the chance for a specimen in the GPP to be anti-CCP2+ (i.e., to come from an RA patient) was increased by 7- and 21-fold, respectively, by identifying RF IgA and IgG in addition to IgM. About one-third of anti-CCP− RA patients in our cohort were RF IgM+ IgG+ IgA+, reflected as 3.4% in the anti-CCP2− GPP. The agreement between anti-CCP2 and anti-CCP3 was significantly higher for RF+ RA and GPP patients, 86% (95% CI 78–93) and 83% (95% CI 73–91), respectively, than for the RF− RA (27%; 95% CI 6–61), RF− GPP (4%; 95% CI 0–19), and non-RA controls. Anti-CCP2 but not anti-CCP3 significantly distinguished the HBD from the GPP (95% CI).Conclusion.Measurement of the 3 isotypes of RF may increase by 7- to 21-fold the chance of making the serologic diagnosis of RA; a testing algorithm is proposed. The anti-CCP antibody response appears significantly less peptide-specific in the presence of IgM RF than in its absence.
L'affaire Philippe Sauveur : Proust en dialogue avec un roman manuscrit de Ramon Fernandez
Authors: Fraisse Luc 
Published: June 2010

Les quelques lettres qui nous sont conservées, échangées entre Proust et Ramon Fernandez (1894-1944), mentionnaient un roman de Fernandez en cours de rédaction, intitulé Philippe Sauveur et demeuré inédit. Une grande partie des manuscrits en ont été retrouvés par Dominique Fernandez : l’œuvre se présente en trois versions, qui sont prises en compte ici, Proust ayant eu entre les mains les deux premières. Il s’agit d’un roman sur l’inversion. En 1917-1918, alors que le romancier de la Recherche met la dernière main aux Jeunes filles en fleurs et poursuit l’élaboration de Sodome et Gomorrhe et de l’épisode d’Albertine, divers parallèles invitent à penser que Proust s’inspire de scènes lues chez Fernandez, à son tour influencé par Du côté de chez Swann dans les premières versions, puis par la parution de Sodome et Gomorrhe dans la dernière, que Proust n’a pas connue. Car après la mort de Proust, Fernandez entretiendra pendant vingt ans encore une discussion avec le roman de la Recherche ; la consultation des versions manuscrites de son propre roman permet d’apercevoir que se règle, dans ces riches débats sur les techniques de mise en scène du personnage inverti, l’abandon de Philippe Sauveur . L’auteur de Sodome et Gomorrhe se trouve, à la faveur de cette confrontation de manuscrit à manuscrit, soumis à une critique philosophique et structurale dont il faut noter la modernité.
Le Paris de Tardi : un xixe siècle éternel ?
Authors: Bernard Jean-Pierre A. 
Published: June 2010

Résumé Les quatre volumes du Cri du peuple de Tardi mettent en scène le Paris de la Commune, avec un certain nombre d’épisodes historiques, de la Proclamation du 18 mars à la mort pendant la Semaine sanglante, fin mai. Moments d’une histoire violente inscrits dans un décor de pierre, fidèle jusqu’à l’obsession photographique au Paris réel. Aussi, roman populaire, mélodrame même, qui viennent battre sur la trame tragique des événements. C’est un album sur la Commune, un album sur Paris – Paris daté mais aussi Paris éternel, cette éternité du xix e siècle qui paraît si cher à Tardi.