bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fully Traceable Absolute Protein Quantification of Somatropin That Allows Independent Comparison of Somatropin Standards
Authors: Pritchard Caroline , Quaglia Milena , Mussell Chris , Burkitt William I , Parkes Helen , O'Connor Gavin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background: Measurement traceability in clinical chemistry is required to standardize clinical results irrespective of the measurement procedure and laboratory. The traceability of many protein substances is maintained by reference to the first standard produced, which may no longer exist, with values assigned by consensus. Independent methods that provide traceability to the Système d’Unité International for all relevant properties of a protein standard could remove reliance on the original standard preparations.
Methods: We developed a method based on the traceable quantification of tryptic peptides released from the protein by isotope dilution mass spectrometry to compare 2 standard preparations of somatropin (recombinant human growth hormone), WHO 98/574 and Ph.Eur.CRS S0947000. Relative quantification using isotope-coded affinity tagging, isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification, and standard additions were also performed to validate the digestion method used and to determine whether any modifications were present.
Results: The total somatropin content in both materials was determined and an uncertainty estimation undertaken [WHO 2.19 ± 0.21) mg/vial, European Pharmacopeia 2.06 ± 0.21 mg/vial]. Each uncertainty in this paper is a fully estimated uncertainty, with 95% CI (k = 2). Isotope coded affinity tag and standard addition results fully validated the robustness of the digestion method used. In addition, iTRAQ (isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification analysis) identified 2 modifications, neither of which impacted the quantification.
Conclusions: An independent method that does not rely on a preexisting protein standard has been developed and validated for the traceable value-assignment of total somatropin. The methods reported here address the amount of substance (mass fraction) of the standard materials but address neither biological activity nor other characteristics that may be important in assessing suitability for use as a calibrator.
Towards new diagnostic criteria for diagnosing GDM – the HAPO study
Authors: Hadar Eran , Oats Jeremy , Hod Moshe 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as a carbohydrate intolerance, with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM, and the occurrence of related complications, depends upon the definition of normal glucose values during gestation. The diagnostic criteria for GDM are controversial mainly because they lack correlation to outcome, be it maternal or perinatal. To date, there are no risk based guidelines to make the diagnosis of GDM and determine practice guidelines that are extrapolated from perinatal and maternal outcome and endpoints. To answer some of the above-mentioned controversies, the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study (HAPO) was planned and executed. This review outlines the results of the HAPO study, which demonstrates that fasting glucose levels and post 75 g OGTT are correlated to maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes. It is anticipated that the international recommendation for GDM diagnosis, will be shortly published.
Correlation Between Static Initiation Toughness KJC and Crack Arrest Toughness Kla 2024-T351 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Wallin K 
Published: September 2009

The Master Curve method, developed for brittle fracture initiation estimation, has enabled a consistent analysis of fracture initiation toughness data. The method has been modified to also describe crack arrest toughness. Here, this “crack arrest master curve” is further validated and used to develop a simple, but yet adequately accurate correlation between the two fracture toughness parameters. The correlation enables the estimation of crack arrest toughness from small Charpy-sized static fracture toughness tests.
If a more accurate description of the crack arrest toughness is required, it can either be measured experimentally or estimated from instrumented Charpy-V crack arrest load information.
Fatigue Behavior of SA533-B1 Steels
Authors: Huang J-Y , Li R-Z , Chien K-F , Kuo R-C , Liaw PK , Yang B , Huang J-G 
Published: September 2009

High-cycle and low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted on SA533-B1 steels with four levels of sulfur content at room temperature. For high-cycle fatigue (HCF) tests, the fatigue limit was observed around the yield stress (650 MPa) and showed little or no dependence on sulfur content. The lower the applied maximum stress (around the fatigue limit), the more scattered the fatigue life data. From the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) results, an excellent correlation between the SWT (Smith, Watson, and Topper) stress parameter versus reversals to failure was obtained. Fatigue life could be predicted from either the SWT parameter or Coffin-Manson equation for a specimen under constant strain amplitude loading conditions. A comparison of scanning-electron-microscopy (SEM) fractographic features of HCF- and LCF-tested specimens has been made. Obscured crack-initiation sites, wider striation spacing, and quasi-cleavage were observed to be characteristic of LCF, in contrast to the fractographic features of HCF-tested specimens.
To predict the fatigue residual life of a plate containing surface cracks, the associated stress intensity factor must be known. In this work, the stress intensity factor for surface-cracked plates was calculated by a three-dimensional finite-element method (FEM). As a verification practice, fatigue tests were conducted on surface-cracked specimens of SA533-B1 steels to study the crack growth behavior under a constant amplitude loading condition. The results show that it is feasible to calibrate the calculated stress intensity factor of a surface crack by the experimental backtracking method. From both FEM and experimental results, the empirically obtained stress intensity factors for surface cracks are reasonably with the numerical solutions with a maximum deviation of 21 % in the range of stress intensity studied. The crack-closure effect is proposed to account for discrepancies between the predicted and measured stress intensities.
Compliance Ratio Method of Estimating Crack Length in Dynamic Fracture Toughness Tests
Authors: Joyce JA , Albrecht P , Tjiang HC , Wright WJ 
Published: September 2009

Crack extension during fracture toughness tests of ferritic structural steels cannot be determined from measurements of unloading compliance or electric potential change when the specimen is dynamically loaded. Measurements of crack extension in fracture toughness tests are also very difficult when the test temperature is high or the test environment is aggressive. To circumvent this limitation, researchers for years have been developing key curve and normalization function methods to estimate crack extension in standard elastic-plastic fracture toughness test geometries.
In the key curve method [1,2] a load-displacement curve is measured for a so-called “source” specimen that is subsize or has a blunt notch so that the crack will not initiate during elastic-plastic loading. The load and displacement are then converted to normalized stress-strain units to obtain a key curve that can be used to predict crack extension in geometrically similar “target”specimens of same material loaded at similar loading rates and tested under similar environmental conditions.
More recently, Landes and coworkers [3,4] proposed the normalization method. During the past three years the ASTM Task Group E 08.08.08 has prepared a draft Appendix H for the ASTM E 1820 specification that presents the normalization method as an alternative to the standard E 1820 unloading compliance procedure. Although the normalization method works well in many cases, it has serious drawbacks: the load, displacement, and crack length at the end of the test must be measured; the prescribed functional form that is fitted to the initial and final data may not be accurate for all materials; and the iterative method of inferring crack length from the combination of the data and the normalization function is complex.
The compliance ratio (CR) method developed in Ref 5 is used in this paper to determine key curves for predicting crack extension in dynamically loaded specimens. It consists of first testing a statically loaded source specimen using the unloading compliance procedure as specified in ASTM 1820. Then the so-called CR load-displacement curve is calculated for the source specimen, which is the load-displacement record that would have been obtained if the crack had not extended. Nondimensionalizing the CR load by the maximum load and the displacement by the elastic displacement at the maximum load, P*i/Pmax and vi/velmax from the source specimen yields the rate adjusted key curve. Assuming that the key curves of the statically and dynamically loaded specimens are one and the same, the compliance is calculated with a reverse application of the compliance ratio method and the crack length is obtained using the equations in ASTM E 1820. The CR method is found to be much simpler than the normalization method described in the draft Appendix H of ASTM 1820.
Development of ASTM C 1421-99 Standard Test Methods for Determination of Fracture Toughness of Advanced Ceramics
Authors: Bar-On I , Quinn GD , Salem J , Jenkins MJ 
Published: September 2009

An ASTM standard test method for determination of fracture toughness has been created for advanced ceramics. Standard C 1421-99 includes three test methods and is suitable for ceramics with flat R-curve behavior, but includes some provisions for materials with rising R-curve. The three methods are: chevron notch, single-edge precracked beam, and surface crack in flexure, all of which use beams in bending. Supporting data have been collected through several major international round robin programs conducted under the auspices of the Versailles Advanced Materials and Standards program.
This paper presents the historical evolution of the standard and reflects on the strategies used to overcome the interferences of slow crack growth, R-curve, and stability. It draws parallels to the development of ASTM E 399, and it presents data that show good precision and accuracy for well-behaved materials. Materials with R-curve and susceptibility to slow crack growth have been analyzed following the recommendations in the standard, and the procedure fulfills the objective of identifying such behavior. Standard Reference Material 2100 with certified values of fracture toughness directly complements C 1421.
An Experimental Study of the Growth of Surface Flaws Under Cyclic Loading
Authors: McDonald V , Daniewicz SR 
Published: September 2009

Fatigue crack growth studies were carried out using 7075-T651-aluminum alloy specimens with a semi-elliptical surface crack. Multiple experiments were conducted under constant amplitude loading with a stress ratio R = 0.1, which inherently included the effects of fatigue crack closure, and R = 0.7, which was assumed closure free. Crack length measurements on the free surface were made with a traveling microscope. To allow crack depth measurements, marker bands were used.
The aspect ratio evolutions for the two stress ratios tested were compared to determine whether crack closure affects aspect ratio or crack shape evolution. It was found that closure impacts this evolution in a significant manner. In addition, the fatigue crack growth data collected from the multiple specimens was used to perform uncertainty analyses on the crack lengths, crack depths, and the aspect ratio. This was done to determine if crack growth models are best validated using the aspect ratio as the measured quantity or the individual measured crack length and crack depth. The measured aspect ratio was found to exhibit a smaller percentage of experimental uncertainty, and thus should be used for model validations. Finally, the observed crack growth rate-stress intensity factor range relationships for R = 0.7 at the free surface and the deepest point of penetration were compared to existing through-crack data, with a good correlation being observed.
Dimension Stone Use in Building Construction
Authors: Hoigard Kurt R. , Scheffler Michael J. 
Published: September 2009

Description
Twelve peer-reviewed papers demonstrate the continuing advancement in the understanding of dimension stone used in building construction. Topics cover:
Strength Testing—addresses testing to determine strength characteristics of dimension stone cladding panels.
Design—covers a wide range of topics, including the advantages and disadvantages of three common dimension stone paving installation techniques; the relationships between stone material strength, anchorage strength, and induced stress states for four common dimension stone cladding anchorage configurations; and more.
Evaluation and Investigation—provides observations regarding investigations into the causes of dimension stone cladding deterioration and failure.
Durability—discusses the complex issue of dimension stone durability using three different approaches; a large-scale European research project to investigate the causes of marble and limestone cladding panel bowing, develop preconstruction testing parameters to assess bowing potential, and assess proposed remedial efforts to reduce or inhibit ongoing bowing; and more.
Why Test Building Constructions
Authors: Whittemore HL 
Published: September 2009

Building construction has progressed a long way from the days of the crude dwellings of our ancestors. Methods of analyses of structures and stress determinations in building members have been developed to replace the building “art” that once governed. Testing equipment has fostered research, testing procedures, and specifications for building materials. Building constructions are being tested according to specified procedures, although there is great need for means to establish allowable loads from test data.
Houses are not being designed to take full advantage of our present knowledge, and materials are being wasted. If the construction industry and the public are to receive maximum benefits, it must be through further imaginative research and proper application of this research to better and more economical house design.
Are standard procedures for evaluating the properties of building constructions necessary or desirable? What tests are required on a particular construction, and what type of loading should be imposed? Given the results of a specific test program, how can one determine whether the construction is suitable or even safe?
These are the questions that must be considered and discussed if we are to obtain worth-while results from standard methods of testing building constructions. Indeed these questions need to be answered as each standard is conceived if it is to receive widespread use and prove of benefit to the construction industry. It is time to reanalyze the results of tests of building components made during the past quarter century and to reassess the value of this research and its effect on construction practices. A review of our progress would indicate not only the value of past research but would aid us in being more objective in future studies.
Strength, Volume Changes, and Sulfate Resistance of Mortars Containing Portland-Pozzolan Cements
Authors: Davis RE , Hanna WC , Brown EH 
Published: September 2009

This paper may be considered as a supplement to an earlier paper dealing with the properties of mortars and concretes containing portland-pozzolan cements and other blends. Herein, for mortars there are given the strengths and volume changes up to the age of 10 yr. and the resistance to the action of sodium-sulfate solutions up to the age of one year.
Mortar specimens containing portland cements within the ordinary range of composition, under laboratory conditions of continuous wet storage, exhibited retrogression in both tensile and compressive strengths. Corresponding specimens containing cement replacements of finely divided pozzolanic materials in general showed no such retrogression. Those containing the less active volcanic glasses, such as pumicite, continued to increase in tensile strength up to the age of 10 yr.; those containing the more active opaline shales generally acquired their maximum strength at an earlier age, but some continued to increase in compressive strength up to the age of 10 yr.
Under continuous drying conditions, after a preliminary period of moist curing, mortars containing portland cements within the ordinary range of composition continued to increase in strength up to the age of 10 yr. This was also true for blended cements where the replacement was 30 per cent or less, including not only such pozzolanic materials as volcanic glasses, opaline shales, and calcined clays, but also including limestone dust.
In general, the long-time drying shrinkage of mortars containing blended cements was greater than that of mortar containing the corresponding straight portland cement; blended cements containing limestone replacements were exceptions. The long-time drying shrinkage of mortars containing cements high in tricalcium silicate was less than that for corresponding mortars containing cements low in tricalcium silicate. The long-time expansion of mortars under continuously wet conditions was somewhat greater for portland-pozzolan cements than for the corresponding straight portland cement.
The use of such pozzolans as Monterey shale and pumicite in blended cements materially improved resistance to sulfate action. In general, blends containing calcined or uncalcined clays, and crystalline silicas such as quartz and granite were little, if any, more resistant to sulfate action than the corresponding straight portland cement. The use of limestone dust led to some improvement in sulfate resistance.
Factors Influencing the Stress Cracking of Brass Cartridge Cases
Authors: Sachs George , Espey George , Clark S. M. 
Published: September 2009

Part I: The tendency of a commercially drawn cartridge case to crack in the mercury test and the relation of cracking tendency to residual stress retained after drawing were studied. The fourth drawpiece (next to the final) of caliber 0.30 cartridge cases produced by Frankford Arsenal were selected as test pieces. These exhibited an exceptionally high cracking tendency, making a detailed study possible.
To obtain fast cracking in the mercury test, about 0.0015 to 0.003 in. must be removed from the wall thickness of the drawpiece by pickling, and it must be subjected to the mercury test immediately after washing. Removal of the adhering mercury by annealing and subsequent squeezing of the case in a vise was used to reveal definitely the presence or absence of cracks.
Various lots of apparently identically fabricated cases were shown to possess a different cracking tendency.
Machining off or boring a hole in the base gradually reduced and eventually eliminated the cracking tendency. On the contrary, shortening of the wall (body) reduced the cracking tendency only if the wall became so short that the cracking zone was directly affected.
By boring out the base and pickling from the outside and then splitting the resulting rings, it was possible to determine the approximate stress distribution in the base and in the adjacent part of the wall. Small compression stresses were present in the core and the major part of the base, while the surface of the base and the adjacent wall contained high circumferential tensile stresses. On the contrary, the wall when parted from the base contained only insignificant residual stress.
The conception is advanced, that the stress distribution in a drawn cartridge case corresponds fundamentally to that of a tube (wall) shrunk on a disk (base). Such a stress distribution results from the tendency of the base to recover elastically by an increase in diameter from the biaxial compression during drawing while the wall exhibits little tendency to change its diameter after progressing through the die. This is confirmed by measurements which show the base diameter to be slightly larger than the wall diameter.
Part II: The effect of a number of processing (drawing) variables on the cracking tendency was also investigated.
The principal result was that the use of dies with small angles combined with a small reduction in diameter resulted in drawpieces with no tendency to crack. This also applied to large die angles used in combination with large diameter reductions, with a die angle of approximately 10 deg. giving the highest cracking tendency.
It was also found that the larger the grain size, the greater the tendency to crack. Other variables showed no definite effect upon the cracking tendency.
Stress Corrosion in Relation to Aircraft Components
Authors: George C. W. , Chalmers Bruce 
Published: September 2009

The authors enumerate the factors which appear, from their observations and practical experience of failure of aircraft components in Great Britain, to be responsible for causing a metal or alloy to fail by stress corrosion.
The essential conditions for promoting failure by stress corrosion are: (1) tensile stress at the surface of the component, (either residual or applied), and (2) an attacking medium that may be a solution or a liquid metal. Particular attacking agents are effective only on certain metals. In all instances of stress-corrosion failure experienced, cracking of an intercrystalline form has occurred and examples of such failure in aluminum alloy, steel and copper alloys are described and illustrated. The relation between microstructure and stress corrosion is mentioned and methods of investigating the susceptibility to stress-corrosion failure of metallic materials are described. The precautions to be taken in selecting materials for particular aircraft components and the importance of adequate protection against chemical attack are considered. The authors have given a factual survey of stress corrosion and have made no attempt to advance any scientific explanation of the phenomenon.
Elevated Temperature Tension Tests on Galvanized Steels
Authors: Craig J. H. 
Published: September 2009

As a result of information that the Navy Department was questioning the advisability of raising the maximum allowable exposure temperature for zinc-coated steel parts from 500 to 750 F., it was decided to make a series of high temperature tension tests on several types of uncoated and zinc-coated steels. The objective was to determine at what temperature intergranular penetration of galvanized steel by zinc might take place under conditions of rapidly applied stress and temperature.
Tests were conducted in the range from room temperature to 1400 F. In this range, low-carbon and high-carbon steels did not suffer any adverse effects due to zinc coatings. In fact, at 1400 F. the zinc coatings appeared to have a beneficial effect. In stainless steel, the coating had no effect up to 1000 F. Above this temperature, the zinc coating appeared to cause a marked loss in ductility and a less pronounced loss in strength. There was no visible evidence of zinc penetration of the stainless steel structure, but it was assumed that this was the cause of the adverse effect.
Viscoelastic Properties of Paving Asphalts
Authors: Gzemski F C 
Published: September 2009

This paper reviews the basic flow properties of asphalts and presents experimental data on the effect of shear rate on viscosity of paving asphalts at various temperatures. The oversimplified flow or rheological patterns of asphalts presented here are intended primarily to create an awareness of the basic parameters and engineering yardsticks which, when applied, will lead to a better understanding of asphalt pavement behaviors and eventually lead to their implementation in the engineering design of pavements.
A basic understanding of the language of rheology, a knowledge of the basic theory of the rheology of asphalt, and a familiarity with the necessary instrumentation are required before these concepts can be effectively implemented as performance standards.