bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Hong Kong, 1982–93
Authors: Wong S. S. Y. , Yuen K. Y. , Yam W. C. , Lee T. Y. , Chau P. Y. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology of salmonellosis in a major hospital in Hong Kong from 1982–93 is reported. The trend of salmonella isolations over the past 12 years and changes in the occurrence of individual serotypes are delineated. A total of 5328 isolates were analyzed. Groups B (Salmonella typhimurium and S. derby) and E (S. anatum) were the commonest serogroups isolated from the intestinal tract in all age groups. A significant increase in the isolation of group D salmonellae has been observed since 1989. This is accounted for by a substantial rise in S. enteritidis isolation as seen in Western countries, despite a concomitant decrease of S. typhi. The extraintestinal isolation index (EII) is proposed as an index of the virulence potential of individual serotypes and serogroups. Group D salmonella was found to be the most invasive serogroup. While group D was the predominant serogroup isolated from extraintestinal sites in patients older than 1 year, group B serotypes (especially S. typhimurium) were more frequently seen in infants younger than 12 months.
Duration of carriage and transmission of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4, serotype 0:3 in dogs
Authors: Fenwick S. G. , Madie P. , Wilks C. R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYHuman infections with pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica have been linked to contact with dogs excreting these microorganisms. This study examines the carriage and transmission of Y. enterocolitica biotype 4, serotype 03 in dogs. Fourteen 6-month-old cross-bred dogs were separated into 5 groups, 2 containing 4 dogs (I and II) and the others 2 dogs (III-V). Each of the 4 dogs in Group I and 2 of the dogs in Group II were inoculated orally with the test strain. Bacteriological examination of faecal samples showed that dogs can be readily infected and can carry the organism for up to 23 days. The two in-contact dogs in Group II started to shed the test organism after 5 days. Subsequent transfer of these dogs to Group III and those in Group III to Group IV showed that Y. enterocoliticabiotype 4, serotype 03 can be readily transmitted between dogs. At no time did any of the dogs show clinical signs of infection. Group V served as a negative control for the trial. These findings suggest that dogs can carry Y. enterocoliticabiotype 4, serotype 03 asymptomatically and hence might act as a potential source of infection for people.
Epidemiological evaluation of a monoclonal ELISA detecting antibodies against bovine leukaemia virus in serum pools
Authors: Knapen K. , Kerkhofs P. , Thiry E. , Mammerickx M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSensitivity, specificity and predictive values of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies against bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) were evaluated using a representative sample of 145 serum pools, comprising from 3 to 48 individual sera. The sample was constituted according to the frequency distribution of the negative and positive pools analysed during a screening involving the whole cattle population of Belgium. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated to 88·9% and 100% and the predicted negative and positive values were 99·9% and 100%, respectively. These results indicate the use of serum pools is suitable for the detection of BLV infected herds in eradication campaigns.
Contextual cues remediate problem solving: Deficits in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: PRICE AMANDA L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis study examined the contribution of executive functions to arrangement problem-solving performance in Parkinson’s disease (PD), with a particular focus on self-directed cognitive flexibility. PD patients and healthy age-matched adults completed a battery of neuropsychological measures of executive function and a series of anagram puzzles, some of which were modified to include graphemic cues designed to prime potential solutions. PD patients were less successful than healthy controls (HC) at resolving the anagram puzzles, but when a cue accompanied the anagram stimulus, PD patients performed normally. Anagram performance was associated with measures of verbal fluency and inhibition; no association emerged with working memory or set shifting ability. These data suggest that subjects with PD may have difficulty sufficiently inhibiting their automatic response to the experimental stimulus in order to generate the novel arrangements required to produce a successful response. Such deficits might be remediated through the use of environmental cues designed to support strategy generation. (JINS, 2010, 16, 70–76.)
Ethanol Production from Modified and Conventional Dry‐Grind Processes Using Different Corn Types
Authors: Khullar Esha , Sall Erik D. , Rausch Kent D. , Tumbleson M. E. , Singh Vijay 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDifferent corn types were used to compare ethanol production from the conventional dry‐grind process to wet or dry fractionation processes. High oil, dent corn with high starch extractability, dent corn with low starch extractability and waxy corn were selected. In the conventional process, corn was ground using a hammer mill; water was added to produce slurry which was fermented. In the wet fractionation process, corn was soaked in water; germ and pericarp fiber were removed before fermentation. In the dry fractionation process, corn was tempered, degerminated, and passed through a roller mill. Germ and pericarp fiber were separated from the endosperm. Due to removal of germ and pericarp fiber in the fractionation methods, more corn was used in the wet (10%) and dry (15%) fractionation processes than in the conventional process. Water was added to endosperm and the resulting slurry was fermented. Oil, protein, and residual starch in germ were analyzed. Pericarp fiber was analyzed for residual starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. Analysis of variance and Fisher's least significant difference test were used to compare means of final ethanol concentrations as well as germ and pericarp fiber yields. The wet fractionation process had the highest final ethanol concentrations (15.7% v/v) compared with dry fractionation (15.0% v/v) and conventional process (14.1% v/v). Higher ethanol concentrations were observed in fractionation processes compared to the conventional process due to higher fermentable substrate per batch available as a result of germ and pericarp fiber removal. Germ and pericarp yields were 7.47 and 6.03% for the wet fractionation process and 7.19 and 6.22% for the dry fractionation process, respectively. Germ obtained from the wet fractionation process had higher oil content (34% db) compared with the dry fractionation method (11% db). Residual starch content in the germ fraction was 16% for wet fractionation and 44% for dry fractionation. Residual starch in the pericarp fiber fraction was lower for the wet fractionation process (19.9%) compared with dry fractionation (23.7%).
Effect of the Molecular Weight Distribution of Glutenin Protein from an Extra‐Strong Wheat Flour on Rheological and Breadmaking Properties Through Reconstitution Studies
Authors: Wang Wei , Khan Khalil 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTTen glutenin fractions were separated by sequential extraction of wheat gluten protein with dilute hydrochloric acid from defatted glutenin‐rich wheat gluten of the Canadian hard red spring wheat (HRSW) cultivar Glenlea. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of 10 different soluble glutenin fractions was examined by multistacking SDS‐PAGE under nonreduced conditions. Also, the subunit composition of the different glutenin fractions was determined by SDS‐PAGE under reduced conditions. The MWD of the fractions (especially HMW glutenins) varied from fraction to fraction. From early to later fractions, the MWD shifted from low to high. The early extracted fractions contained more LMW glutenin subunits (LMW‐GS) and less HMW glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS). The later extracted fractions and the residue fraction contained much more HMW‐GS (2*, 5, and 7 subunits) than the early extracted fractions. The trend in the amounts of 2*, 5, and 7 subunits in each fraction from low to high matched the extraction solvent sequence containing from lower to higher levels of HCl. The influence of glutenin protein fractions from the extra‐strong mixing cultivar, Glenlea, on the breadmaking quality of the weak HRSW, McVey, was assessed by enriching (by 1%) the McVey base flour with isolated glutenin protein fractions from Glenlea. The mixograph peak development times and loaf volumes of enriched flour were measured in an optimized baking test. The results indicated that the higher content in Glenlea glutenin of HMW‐GS with higher molecular weight, such as 2*, 5, and 7, seem to be the critical factor responsible for the strong mixing properties of Glenlea. Our results confirmed that subunit 7 occurred in the highest quantity of all the HMW‐GS. Therefore, it seems that the greater the content of larger molecular weight glutenin subunits, the larger the glutenin polymers and the stronger the flour.
Plant community distribution and variation along the Awash river corridor in the main Ethiopian rift
Authors: Tikssa Mitiku , Bekele Tamrat , Kelbessa Ensermu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe vegetation along the Awash River (1200‐km long) in the main Ethiopian Rift, and its relationship with environmental factors was studied. Seven plant communities were described from the study area: (1) Acacia nilotica subsp. leiocarpa. – Carissa edulis type; (2) Acacia robusta subsp. usambarensis – Acokanthera schimperi type; (3) Celtis africana – Mimusops laurifolia type; (4) Acacia senegal – Acacia mellifera – Dobera glabra type; (5) Acacia nilotica subsp. indica – Ficus capreaefolia type; (6) Lannea schimperi–Glycine wightii type; and (7) Tamarix nilotica – Acacia hocki community type. It has been shown that the plant communities along the river follow an altitudinal gradient. The vegetation of the Awash River is mainly the result of the interactions between edaphic factors, the hydrology, altitude, slope and climate.
The influence of geographic and morphometric factors on the distribution of water bird species in small high altitude tropical man made reservoirs, Central Rift Valley, Kenya
Authors: Mwaura Francis 
Published: October 2009

AbstractVariability in waterfowl characteristics among eight high altitude (2040–2640 m) small shallow (0.065–0.249 km2; 0.9–3.1 m) reservoirs in the escarpment zone along the central rift valley in Kenya between Naivasha and Nakuru towns were studied between 1998 and 2000. The aim of the study was to establish whether the geographic status of small reservoirs in terms of altitude and surface gradient can affect the characteristics of their birdlife in terms of bird counts and species numbers. The study also aimed at establishing whether reservoir bird counts and species number can be predicted by reservoir morphometric factors especially water depth, surface area, length of shoreline and area‐shoreline ratio. The other aim was to determine the influence of local environment especially distance from the nearest natural lakes, and house density on the birdlife. The findings showed that geographic location of the reservoirs in terms of altitude and landscape had a strong influence on birdlife whereby reservoirs in higher altitude and flat plateau landscape were found to support higher bird species and counts. Larger and deeper reservoirs were richer in water bird species but small and shallow reservoirs were superior in terms of both bird species and counts. Reservoirs with more coarse, irregular and highly erratic shorelines had higher species number than those with smooth and well‐rounded shorelines. The reservoir birdlife was found to be influenced by the number of farm houses near the waterbodies and also the distance from the nearby rift valley lakes. The results showed that both geographic and morphometric considerations are necessary in the establishment of new reservoirs especially for utilization in birdlife conservation and ecotourism.
‘I made some mistakes . . . but I love them dearly’ the views of parents of children in informal kinship care
Authors: Gleeson James P. , Seryak Claire M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIn‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 30 parents of children living with relatives in informal kinship care arrangements revealed the parents' views of the reasons for the informal kinship care arrangements, quality of their relationships with the children and their caregivers, their current and future roles in their children's lives, feelings experienced when with and away from the children, positive and negative aspects of kinship care, future goals and dreams for their children, and their assessments of their own strengths and challenges. Results of these interviews suggest several implications for social work practice and research.
Historical biogeography of an Indo‐Pacific passerine bird family (Pachycephalidae): different colonization patterns in the Indonesian and Melanesian archipelagos
Authors: Jønsson Knud A. , Bowie Rauri C. K. , Moyle Robert G. , Christidis Les , Norman Janette A. , Benz Brett W. , Fjeldså Jon 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim  We use molecular‐based phylogenetic methods and ancestral area reconstructions to examine the systematic relationships and biogeographical history of the Indo‐Pacific passerine bird family Pachycephalidae (whistlers). Analysed within an explicit spatiotemporal framework, we elucidate distinct patterns of diversification across the Melanesian and Indonesian archipelagos and explore whether these results may be explained by regional palaeogeological events. We further assess the significance of upstream colonization and its role in species accumulation within the region.Location  The Indo‐Pacific region, with an emphasis on the archipelagos on either side of the Australo‐Papuan continent.Methods  We used three nuclear and two mitochondrial markers to construct a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of the Pachycephalidae by analysing 35 of the 49 species known to belong to the family. The programs diva and MrBayes were used to reconstruct ancestral area relationships and to examine biogeographical relationships across the family, and beast was implemented to assess the timing of dispersal events.Results  We constructed a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Pachycephalidae and estimated divergence times and ancestral area relationships. Different colonization patterns are apparent for the Pachycephalidae in the Indonesian and the Melanesian archipelagos. The Indonesian archipelago was colonized numerous times, whereas one or two colonizations of the Melanesian archipelagos account for the entire diversity of that region. After initial colonization of the Melanesian archipelagos some whistler species recolonized Australia and may have commenced a second round of colonization into Melanesia.Main conclusions  The contrasting dispersal patterns of whistlers in archipelagos on either side of the Australo‐Papuan continent are congruent with the arrangement and history of islands in each of the regions and demonstrate that knowledge of palaeogeography is important for an understanding of evolutionary patterns in archipelagos. We also highlight that recolonization of continents from islands may be more common than has previously been assumed.
Ascitic fluid infection in patients with hepatitis B virus‐related liver cirrhosis: Culture‐negative neutrocytic ascites versus spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Authors: Kim Seung Up , Kim Do Young , Lee Chun Kyon , Park Jun Yong , Kim Sun Hye , Kim Hee Man , Choi Eun Hee , Kim Sinyoung , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Chon Chae Yoon , Ahn Sang Hoon 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Ascitic fluid infection (AFI) consists of culture‐negative neutrocytic ascites (CNNA) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). The present study compared the clinical characteristics and prognosis of CNNA and SBP in hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related cirrhotic patients.Methods:  We analyzed 130 consecutive patients hospitalized due to the first episode of AFI between January 1998 and December 2007.Results:  The mean age of the patients was 52.3 years (88 men, 42 women). Ninety‐three patients (71.5%) had CNNA and 37 patients (28.5%) had SBP; 117 patients (90.0%) died after a median survival period of 6.4 months. Patients with CNNA and SBP survived for a median period of 6.9 months and 5.4 months, respectively (P = 0.417). Patients with SBP showed higher in‐hospital mortality than those with CNNA (16.2 vs 4.3%; P = 0.031). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that culture positivity of ascitic fluid (CNNA vs SBP) was the only independent predictor of in‐hospital mortality (P = 0.042). In a Cox regression model for the 120 patients (92.3%) who survived the first episode of AFI, only the Child–Pugh score remained significant for survival (P = 0.007), whereas no association was observed for culture positivity of ascitic fluid (CNNA vs SBP) during the first episode of AFI (P = 0.752).Conclusions:  Although in‐hospital mortality was higher in patients with SBP than CNNA, the clinical course of the two groups was similar after the first episode of AFI. Thus, liver transplantation should be considered, irrespective of culture positivity of ascitic fluid.
Rapid national survey of renal stones in New Zealand infants
Authors: Dickson Nigel , Kara Tonya , Tuohy Pat 
Published: October 2009

Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine if there have been recent serious renal problems because of melamine among infants in New Zealand.Methods:  New Zealand paediatricians were surveyed in October 2008 using the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit network.Results:  Two cases of renal stones and none of unexplained renal failure in the previous 12 months were reported. Both cases of renal stones had an identifiable cause, and neither had features of melamine‐related stones.Conclusion:  This survey confirmed the expectation that this was not a discernible problem of recent serious melamine‐associated renal damage in New Zealand. The method did however prove to be an effective way of undertaking a rapid determination of a possible recent serious health problem among children.
Brittle fracture evaluation of a fine grain cement mortar in combined tensile‐shear deformation
Authors: ALIHA M. R. M. , AYATOLLAHI M. R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDifferent laboratory experiments are usually conducted to characterize the fracture behaviour and integrity properties of newly developed structural materials. However, the reported fracture tests data for an improved high strength cement mortar (HSCM) under combined tension‐shear loading are not in agreement with theoretical predictions obtained from well‐known fracture criteria. It is shown in this paper that the significant difference existing between the experimental and theoretical results is due to ignoring the effect of T‐stress on the processes of crack growth in the HSCM test specimens. A modified fracture model is then used to show that the theoretical predictions can be corroborated by the experimental results when the effect of T‐stress is taken into account.
A critical review of ontogenetic development in Terebellidae (Polychaeta)
Authors: Garraffoni André R. S. , Lana Paulo C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGarraffoni, A.R.S. and Lana, P.C. 2009. A critical review of ontogenetic development in Terebellidae (Polychaeta). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 390–401.This study reviews the ontogenetic variability of the head, the first segments and the uncini in Terebellidae, based on primary literature and development series of four terebellid species. We test hypotheses on character homologies and indicate informative characters for future phylogenetic analyses. The prostomium, identified as the region above the prototroch band of the larva, in addition to being the region of origin of the buccal tentacles, contains a series of nerves originating from the cerebrum. The peristomium, which contains the mouth, is innervated by the stomogastric nerve and consists of upper and lower lips and an internal pharynx. The loss of the first notochaetae and neurochaetae in the course of development is a recurrent pattern in terebellids. The claviform chaetae disappear with age and growth, and can be used to define the larval stage. Chaetogenesis shows that the long shaft‐shaped manubrium and posterior process develop from different regions. The uncini terminology ‘double rows’ was reinterpreted and renamed ‘inverted rows’, which better reflects the inversion of chaetal positions during ontogenetic development.
SEGREGATION IN ISTANBUL: PATTERNS AND PROCESSES
Authors: PINARCIOĞLU M. MELİH , IŞIK OĞUZ 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIn the 1990s, Istanbul regained its long‐forgotten role as a regional gateway between Asia and Europe. With the growing importance of the city in global flows, hypotheses concerning the global city and social/spatial polarisation were advanced for Istanbul, arguing that it could best be characterised as a ‘divided city’. This paper suggests that despite the city's growing integration with global dynamics, the degree of segregation is not on the rise but even registered a slight fall between 1990 and 2000. The distinct nature of social mobility that provided the poor with the opportunities for upward mobility generated an easily legible pattern of segregation. In the mid‐1990s these dynamics changed and the forces acting upon segregation became too diversified to be reduced to a single factor, generating unpredictable results in parts of the city. Our findings indicate that the mobility of the existing population and locational choices of newcomers work in opposite directions as far as their impacts on segregation are concerned, with the former increasing and the latter decreasing the existing levels of segregation.
On the Margins or Moving into the Mainstream? Higher Education in Further Education in England
Authors: Scott Peter 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAs many students are now enrolled on higher education programmes in further education today as the total of all higher education students – whether in universities, advanced further education or teacher training – at the time of the Robbins Report in 1963 when the advance towards mass higher education first got under way. These programmes make a vital contribution to the diversity and, in particular, the accessibility and flexibility of higher education provision in England in 2009. Yet higher education in further education receives limited, and dwindling, policy attention. It is sometimes treated as a marginal, and even anomalous, provision. Yet the realisation of a truly lifelong learning system will depend crucially on the local delivery of higher education that is perhaps better tailored to social demand and economic imperatives.
Did Recent Experience of a Financial Crisis Help in Coping with the Current Financial Turmoil? The Case of the Nordic Countries
Authors: MAYES DAVID G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article considers the lessons learned from the Nordic crises of the 1980s and 1990s and how far problems incurred during the present crisis stem from a failure to act on those lessons. Iceland, which was little affected on the first occasion, has had the worst crisis of any country round the world while Finland, which was worst affected last time, has come through almost unscathed. The ways of avoiding problems caused by having cross‐border banks, a feature that did not exist on the previous occasion, were known but it has taken a second crisis to get governments to act.