bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short forms of the AUDIT in a Web‐based study of young drinkers
Authors: MCCAMBRIDGE JIM , THOMAS BONNITA A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is under‐studied among young drinkers, as are the contributions of individual items to total AUDIT scores, and online performance of the existing briefer versions of this instrument. Design and Methods. This study examined individual items of the AUDIT, and various combinations, including the existing briefer versions, in relation to total AUDIT scores in a Web‐based study of young drinkers. A total of 167 young people aged 16–24 years old who had consumed any alcohol within the previous 7 days were recruited by both offline and online methods. Results. Considered individually, items 3, 4, 5 and 8 were predictive of the majority of the variance in total AUDIT scores in this Web‐based study. Existing briefer versions of the AUDIT do not better predict total scores than possible alternative combinations of items, for which acceptable levels of sensitivity and specificity for screening have been demonstrated. Conclusions. Short forms of the AUDIT, particularly those based only on consumption questions, require further validation study in online applications with young people.[McCambridge J, Thomas BA. Short forms of the AUDIT in a Web‐based study of young drinkers. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:18–24]
Drug‐using mothers: Factors associated with retaining care of their children
Authors: GILCHRIST GAIL , TAYLOR AVRIL 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction and Aims.Research suggests that upwards of 50% of drug users do not live with their children, yet little is known about these children's living arrangements or the variables associated with mothers retaining care of their children.Design and Methods.This cross‐sectional study examined the number of pregnancies and children born to female drug users receiving and not receiving treatment, the living arrangements of their children and the variables associated with not living with their children.Results.Data on 185 mothers from a study on psychiatric morbidity among drug users in Glasgow, Scotland were analysed. Participants had given birth to 327 children, 44% (132/297) of children were living with their mother; 26% (78/297) were being cared for by a family member and 20% (59/297) were in local authority care or had been adopted. 49% (87/179) of participants did not live with any of their children. Stepwise multiple forward logistic regression found that current depressive symptoms [odds ratios (OR) 3.90, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.78–8.55], lifetime involvement in prostitution (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.41–6.93), lifetime history of homeless (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.13–6.39), living with a drug user (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.30–5.65) and ever being incarcerated (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.17–5.21) were associated with participants not living with any of their children versus living with at least one of their children.Discussion and Conclusions.Access to drug treatment, mental health treatment and parent craft education should be enhanced for female drug users to assist them retain care of their children where possible.[Gilchrist G, Taylor A. Drug‐using mothers: Factors associated with retaining care of their children.Drug Alcohol Rev2009]
The association of alcohol dependence with general practice attendance
Authors: PROUDFOOT HEATHER , TEESSON MAREE 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. This study was designed to examine the relationship between alcohol dependence and general practitioner (GP) service attendance in Australia. Design and Methods. Data were analysed from the 1997 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. In this survey, a representative sample of the Australian population was interviewed to ascertain past 12 month psychiatric diagnoses for all major mental disorders as well as the use of primary and other health services (n = 10 641, 79% response rate). Results. People with alcohol dependence comorbid with other psychiatric disorders have higher rates of service usage than those without such disorders. Discussion and Conclusions. Alcohol dependence comorbid with mental disorders has a significant impact on GP service in Australia. High rates of service use by individuals with such comorbidities were a considerable burden for GP services.[Proudfoot H, Teesson M. The association of alcohol dependence with general practice attendance. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
The ageing heroin user: Career length, clinical profile and outcomes across 36 months
Authors: DARKE SHANE , MILLS KATHERINE L. , ROSS JOANNE , WILLIAMSON ANNA , HAVARD ALYS , TEESSON MAREE 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. The study examined the relationships between length of career (LOC), clinical presentation and outcomes across 36 months among a cohort of 615 heroin users. Design and Methods. Longitudinal cohort study. Results. At baseline, each additional year of heroin use was associated with increased likelihood of: being male, exposure to treatment, having been imprisoned, daily injecting, lifetime and recent polydrug use, having overdosed, poorer physical health and reduced likelihood of heroin smoking. In contrast, LOC was not related to frequency of heroin use, current polydrug use, recent heroin overdose, recent imprisonment, recent criminality or psychopathology. There were also no associations between LOC and outcomes across 36 months in terms of treatment, drug use, crime, severe psychiatric disability or major depression. Longer LOC was associated across 36 months, however, with daily injecting, poorer physical health, severe physical disability and poorer mental health. Discussion and Conclusions. The data point to the maintenance of heroin‐related harms well into the third decade of use.[Darke S, Mills KL, Ross J, Williamson A, Havard A, Teesson M. The ageing heroin user: Career length, clinical profile and outcomes across 36 months. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
It ain't what you do, it's the way that you do it: A qualitative study of advice for young cannabis users
Authors: FAULKNER NATHAN , MCCAMBRIDGE JIM , SLYM RENEE L. , ROLLNICK STEPHEN 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction: Advice is a widely recommended and practised intervention with young drug users. Study of precisely how advice is given and received in any setting has, however, been limited. Design and Methods: We qualitatively analysed 106 audio‐recordings of advice sessions on cannabis use for young people within a randomised trial. Inductive data analysis was guided by a focus on practitioner behaviour which served to engage the active participation of the young drug user in the session. Results: A cluster of ‘Information Management’ activities was identified together with an ‘Interactive Orientation’ evident in a series of specific behaviours. Participants were most successfully engaged when both were combined, understood here as ‘Personalised Advice‐giving’. Discussion and Conclusions: These components identified in this exploratory study might assist further research in rectifying the absence of a solid empirical basis for effective practice in advice giving with young drug users and more widely.[Faulkner N, McCambridge J, Slym RL, Rollnick S. It ain't what you do, it's the way that you do it: A qualitative study of advice for young cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:129–134]
Access to health and social services for IDU: The impact of a medically supervised injection facility
Authors: SMALL WILL , VAN BOREK NATASHA , FAIRBAIRN NADIA , WOOD EVAN , KERR THOMAS 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Injection drug users (IDU) often experience barriers to conventional health‐care services, and consequently might rely on acute and emergency services. This study sought to investigate IDU perspectives regarding the impact of supervised injection facility (SIF) use on access to health‐care services. Design and Methods. Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 50 Vancouver‐based IDU participating in the Scientific Evaluation of Supervised Injecting cohort. Audio‐recorded interviews elicited IDU perspectives regarding the impact of SIF use on access to health and social services. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and a thematic analysis was conducted. Results. Fifty IDU, including 21 women, participated in this study. IDU narratives indicate that the SIF serves to facilitate access to health care by providing much‐needed care on‐site and connects IDU to external services through referrals. Participants’ perspectives suggest that the SIF has facilitated increased uptake of health and social services among IDU. Discussion and Conclusions. Although challenges related to access to care remain in many settings, SIF have potential to promote health by facilitating enhanced access to health‐care and social services through a model of care that is accessible to high‐risk IDU.[Small W, Van Borek N, Fairbairn N, Wood E, Kerr T. Access to health and social services for IDU: The impact of a medically supervised injection facility. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:341–346]
From the brain to bad behaviour and back again: Neurocognitive and psychobiological mechanisms of driving while impaired by alcohol
Authors: BROWN THOMAS G. , OUIMET MARIE CLAUDE , NADEAU LOUISE , GIANOULAKIS CHRISTINA , LEPAGE MARTIN , TREMBLAY JACQUES , DONGIER MAURICE 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Issues. Driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI) is responsible for substantial mortality and injury. Significant gaps in our understanding of DWI re‐offending, or recidivism, reduce our ability to practically assess recidivism probability and to match interventions to individual risk profiles. These shortcomings reflect the baffling heterogeneity in the DWI population and the limited focus of much existing DWI recidivism research to psychosocial, psychological and substance use correlates. Approach. This narrative review summarises the evidence for the contribution of neurocognitive and psychobiological mechanisms to DWI behaviour and recidivism. Given the nascent nature of this literature, insight into the putative contribution of these mechanisms to DWI is also drawn from other experimental literatures, particularly those on alcohol use disorders and cognitive and behavioural neuroscience. Key Findings. Alcohol‐related neurotoxicity and dysregulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and serotonergic systems may underlie certain offender characteristics consistently correlated with heightened DWI risk, persistence and intervention resistance. Their markers are less vulnerable to sources of bias than subjective psychosocial indices and are more far‐reaching than alcohol abuse in explaining DWI behaviour and recidivism. Implications. The investigation of neurocognitive and psychobiological mechanisms in DWI research is a promising avenue for discerning clinically meaningful subgroups within the DWI population. This can lead to research and development in alternative assessment and more targeted intervention technologies. Conclusion. Multidimensional research in DWI and recidivism offers novel avenues for increasing road safety.[Brown TG, Ouimet MC, Nadeau L, Gianoulakis C, Lepage M, Tremblay J, Dongier M. From the brain to bad behaviour and back again: Neurocognitive and psychobiological mechanisms of driving while impaired by alcohol. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:406–418]
Warnings on alcohol containers and advertisements: International experience and evidence on effects
Authors: WILKINSON CLAIRE , ROOM ROBIN 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Issues. In light of possible introduction of alcohol warning labels in Australia and New Zealand, this paper discusses the international experience with and evidence of effects of alcohol warning labels. Approach. The report describes international experience with providing information and warnings concerning the promotion or sale of alcoholic beverages, and considers the evidence on the effects of such information and warnings. The experience with and evaluations of the effects of tobacco warning labels are also considered. Key Findings. The most methodologically sound evaluations of alcohol warning labels are based on the US experience. Although these evaluations find little evidence that the introduction of the warning label in the USA had an impact on drinking behaviour, there is evidence that they led to an increase in awareness of the message they contained. In contrast, evaluations of tobacco warning labels find clear evidence of effects on behaviour. Implications. There is a need and opportunity for a rigorous evaluation of the impacts of introducing alcohol warning labels to add to the published work on their effectiveness. The experience with tobacco labels might guide the way for more effective alcohol warning labels. Conclusion. Alcohol warning labels are an increasingly popular alcohol policy initiative. It is clear that warning labels can be ineffective, but the tobacco experience suggests that effective warning labels are possible. Any introduction of alcohol warning labels should be evaluated in terms of effects on attitudes and behaviour.[Wilkinson C, Room R. Warnings on alcohol containers and advertisements: International experience and evidence on effects. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:426–435]
Fluctuations in male ischaemic heart disease mortality in Russia 1959–1998: Assessing the importance of alcohol
Authors: RAMSTEDT MATS 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction and Aims.The decline in cardiovascular mortality in Russia following the Soviet anti‐alcohol campaign of 1985–1988 and the subsequent increase when these extreme alcohol controls were repealed suggested that alcohol consumption is responsible for a substantial number of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) deaths in Russia. To examine whether a similar conclusion can be drawn on the basis of a time‐series analysis covering a longer time period, namely 1959–1998.Design and Methods.Using ARIMA time‐series analysis, the male IHD mortality rates from 1959 to 1998 were analysed in relation to three indicators of alcohol consumption: estimated per capita consumption, mortality from liver cirrhosis and alcohol poisonings. Cigarette sales and lung cancer mortality were used as indicators of smoking.Results.Each indicator of alcohol consumption had positive and statistically significant relationships with male IHD mortality in bivariate autoregressive integrated moving average models. The association was stronger in models predicting changes in premature male IHD mortality (30–54 years). At least one alcohol indicator was significantly related to IHD mortality in multivariate models, and in the case of premature IHD mortality, both mortality indicators were significant.Discussion and Conclusions.The results provide additional empirical evidence supporting alcohol's conceivable negative effects on IHD in Russia and the idea that binge drinking could be the mechanism through which this effect is mediated. There were no signs of any protective effects from alcohol among Russian men.[Ramstedt M. Fluctuations in male ischaemic heart disease mortality in Russia 1959–1998: Assessing the importance of alcohol.Drug Alcohol Rev2009;28:390–395]
Poor criterion validity of self‐reported hepatitis B infection and vaccination status among injecting drug users: A review
Authors: TOPP LIBBY , DAY CAROLYN , DORE GREGORY J. , MAHER LISA 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Issues. Limited resources may dictate the use of self‐reported hepatitis B virus (HBV) status to determine the need for testing and/or vaccination in resource‐poor settings, as well as in research and surveillance. Approach. A synthesis of the literature on the criterion validity of self‐reported HBV infection and vaccination history among injecting drug users (IDU) in order to determine the utility or otherwise of self‐reports in this area. Key Findings. The degree of agreement between self‐reported and serological HBV status is consistently poor among IDU. In previous research, 46–95% of IDU with serological evidence of exposure to HBV did not report a history of infection, and serological evidence of vaccine‐conferred immunity was not detected among 50–73% of IDU who reported being vaccinated. Implications. A lack of awareness or misapprehension about their HBV status may lead some IDU to inadvertently engage in behaviours which place their injecting and sexual partners at risk, contributing to the continued potential for high incidence of HBV infection among this population. Conclusion. Self‐reported histories should not be used in lieu of serological testing when assessing infection history or immunisation status. Poor criterion validity also indicates that self‐reports of HBV infection status should not be used to estimate the prevalence and incidence of this infection. Due to their low sensitivity, self‐reports of HBV infection should at best be considered only as a lower bound prevalence estimate.[Topp L, Day C, Dore GJ, Maher L. Poor criterion validity of self‐reported hepatitis B infection and vaccination status among injecting drug users: A review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Antwerp Drugs and Alcohol Monitor: A Belgian local drug scene in the picture
Authors: TIEBERGHIEN JULIE , DECORTE TOM 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Qualitative data on local drug scenes in Belgium are scarce. As information on them remains limited to the official registration systems, the needs of a number of drug users are not taken into account. From a social scientific and policy point of view, there is a need for information on the experiences and the patterns of drug use. In this study, we have developed and tested a drugs and alcohol monitor for the city of Antwerp. Design and Methods. The Antwerp Drugs and Alcohol Monitor (ADAM) combines three qualitative methods: (i) in‐depth interviews with 39 key informants; (ii) ethnographic fieldwork by four community fieldworkers; and (iii) ethnographic fieldwork by the researcher. This methodology is based on an analysis of national and international literature on drug‐monitoring systems. Results. This paper presents an overview of the results of a pilot study in the city of Antwerp. The ADAM produces a detailed picture of the local drug issues (nature and extent of use, drug markets, quality of life, etc.) and thus offers the understanding that is required for a well‐founded local drug policy. Discussion and Conclusions. Provided that repeated measurements are made, a local drug monitor can inform policymakers, treatment experts, etc. on developments and phenomena concerning drug use. However, the ADAM is a qualitative drug‐monitoring system, and it must be emphasised that a combined monitor is more efficient. Indeed, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods enhances the reliability of the results.[Tieberghien J, Decorte T. Antwerp Drugs and Alcohol Monitor: A Belgian local drug scene in the picture. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Drugs and Psychosis Project: A multi‐centre European study on comorbidity
Authors: BALDACCHINO ALEX , BLAIR HANNAH , SCHERBAUM NORBERT , GROSSE‐VEHNE EVA , RIGLIETTA MARCO , TIDONE LAURA , CRIACO CATERINA , MARELLI MARIA C. , SOMMER BORGE , TAN LIZ , LITTLE HILARY , GHODSE HAMID 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. This paper describes the sociodemographic characteristics of 196 psychotic patients admitted to acute psychiatric wards in the UK, Denmark, Germany and Italy, with the aim of comparing comorbid with non‐comorbid patients. Design and Methods. It is a prospective field study with repeated measures at 1, 6 and 12 months. Patients were recruited from acute psychiatric wards in four European centres. They were grouped as comorbid or not on the basis of urine analysis. The Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry was used to provide a psychiatric diagnosis, and the Positive and Negative Symptom Severity Scale for further information on specific symptoms with results from the Fragerstrom test for nicotine dependence also reported. Results. Comorbid patients were younger than those who were not but did not differ significantly in the other sociodemographic measures. Differences in sociodemographic characteristics of patients between centres were apparent. Comorbid patients had higher levels of positive and lower levels of negative symptoms than those who were non‐comorbid. Differences were found in the patterns of drug use between comorbid patients who were using cannabis compared with those who were not. Discussion and Conclusions. Cross‐cultural differences in the sociodemographic characteristics of the comorbid patient population give us a better insight into this heterogenous group.[Baldacchino A, Blair H, Scherbaum N, Grosse‐Vehne E, Riglietta M, Tidone L, Criaco C, Marelli MC, Sommer B, Tan L, Little H, Ghodse H. Drugs and Psychosis Project: A multi‐centre European study on comorbidity. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:379–389]
The use of drug detection dogs in Sydney, Australia
Authors: DUNN MATTHEW , DEGENHARDT LOUISA 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims.
At present there is little research into the use of drug detection dogs. The present study sought to explore the use of detection dogs in Sydney, Australia, utilising multiple data sources. Design and Methods. Data were taken from interviews with 100 regular ecstasy users and 20 key experts as part of the 2006 New South Wales arm of the Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System, and secondary data sources. Results. The majority of regular ecstasy users reported taking some form of precaution if made aware that dogs would be at an event they were attending. A small proportion of the sample reported consuming their drugs when coming into contact with detection dogs. One group of key experts viewed the use of detection dogs as useful; one group disliked the use of detection dogs though cooperated with law enforcement when dogs were used; and one group considered that detection dogs contribute to greater harm. Secondary data sources further suggested that the use of detection dogs do not significantly assist police in identifying and apprehending drug suppliers. Discussion and Conclusions. The present study suggests that regular ecstasy users do not see detection dogs as an obstacle to their drug use. Future research is necessary to explore in greater depth the experiences that drug users have with detection dogs; the effect detection dogs may have on deterring drug consumption; whether encounters with detection dogs contribute to drug‐related harm; and the cost–benefit analysis of this law enforcement exercise. [Dunn M, Degenhardt L. The use of drug detection dogs in Sydney, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]