bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myopia among the Inuit population of East Greenland
Authors: Norn Mogens 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To follow the refraction values in an indigenous population group over the course of the past 50 years.Method: Case records from a population investigation carried out in Ammasalik, East Greeland, by Erik Skeller in 1950 were studied initially, a total of 1123 eyes were examined by sciascopy and 244 eyes could be followed sufficiently until about 1990–94.Result: The mean refraction was initially +0.08D, while at the last examination the mean had increased to +0.69D. Initially, there was no myopia, defined as at least −1.5D, and at follow‐up it was a maximum of 1%, and presumably due to immature cataract. A tendency to myopia (<−1.5D) was found initially in 36%, but in only 22% at follow‐up.Conclusion: The myopinizing factor in East Greenland has not affected persons born prior to 1942, even if they had a tendency to myopia (<−1.5D).
Progressive stridor: could it be a congenital cystic lung disease?
Authors: Zedan M , Elgamal MA , Zalata K , Nasef N , Fouda A 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBronchogenic cyst of the mediastinum, a cause of stridor early in life, is the result of abnormal budding of the ventral segment of the primitive foregut. Bronchogenic cysts are often asymptomatic in older children and adults. However, symptomatic cases usually manifest early in life with cough, stridor or wheezing due to airway compression. We report a female infant aged 4.5 months with a normal full‐term pregnancy, who developed respiratory distress with stridor. This stridor was preceded by a history of slowly progressive noisy breathing. Physical examination revealed evidence of bilateral obstructive emphysema. Chest radiograph revealed bilateral overinflation. Fibro‐optic bronchoscopy revealed posterior mediastinal compression. Possibility of congenital cystic lung disease (CCLD) was considered, emphasizing the value of computed tomography (CT) chest, which revealed a cyst probably bronchogenic. Surgical excision was performed with evident histological confirmation of bronchogenic cyst.Conclusion:  we highlight that in any infant, presented with slowly progressive noisy breathing in the first year of life, CCLD should be considered in the differential diagnosis even with normal X‐ray chest. CT chest should be performed for exclusion or diagnosis of the case.
Constraints on the absorption-dominated model for the X-ray spectrum of MCG–6-30-15
Authors: Reynolds C. S. , Fabian A. C. , Brenneman L. W. , Miniutti G. , Uttley P. , Gallo L. C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Complexities in the X-ray spectrum of the nearby Seyfert 1.2 galaxy MCG–6-30-15 are commonly interpreted in terms of a broad iron line and the associated Compton reflection hump from the innermost relativistic regions of an accretion disc around a rapidly spinning black hole. However, an alternative model has recently been proposed in which these spectral features are caused entirely by complex (ionized and partial-covering) absorption. By considering the fluorescent emission that must accompany photoelectric absorption, we show that the absorption-dominated model overpredicts the 6.4 keV iron line flux unless the marginally Compton-thick absorber responsible for the hard X-ray hump satisfies very restrictive geometric constraints. In the absence of a specific model that both obeys these geometrical constraints and is physically plausible, the relativistic-reflection model is favoured.
From the Inside Looking out and the Outside Looking in: Whatever Happened to ‘Behavioural Geography’?
Authors: ARGENT N.M. , WALMSLEY D.J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAs part of the Institute of Australian Geographers' Millennium Project, this article examines the shift of behavioural geography from a cutting edge sub‐discipline to a branch of enquiry that is now much less prominent in mainstream human geography, especially in Australia. Through an exploration of the rationale for behavioural geography, a brief outline of the nature of the work that was done, and a consideration of the critiques of behavioural geography, the paper argues that behavioural geography enriched the discipline in several ways: it was instrumental in encouraging geographers to consider the epistemological foundations of the discipline; it fostered consideration of a variety of philosophical and methodological positions; and it highlighted the need to consider interrelationships between individuals, groups, society and environment thereby bringing into prominence the ways in which shared environmental meanings are contested and negotiated. Behavioural geography might be a term that is used much less than it once was and behaviourally‐orientated research might increasingly find expression in interdisciplinary outlets rather than in mainstream geography journals but contemporary geography is heir to the endeavours of behavioural geography.
Non‐surgical management of paraesthesia and pain associated with endodontic sealer extrusion into the mandibular canal
Authors: Froes Fabiana Gama Benevides , Miranda Águida Maria Menezes Aguiar , Abad Ernani da Costa , Riche Fernanda Nehme , Pires Fábio Ramôa 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim of this report was to present a case of endodontic sealer extrusion into the mandibular canal in a 42‐year‐old woman. The patient was referred to the Endodontology and Stomatology Clinics, School of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, complaining of 5‐day duration intense spontaneous pain and paraesthesia, both arising after an endodontic intervention. Conventional radiographs and computed tomography of the mandible showed the presence of radiopacities inside the right mandibular canal. History and these radiographs confirmed extrusion of endodontic sealer. Treatment included an anti‐inflammatory drug, completion of endodontic treatment and follow up. The patient reported gradual improvement, becoming asymptomatic after 2 months. Radiographs 30 months after initial examination revealed partial resorption of the foreign material. In conclusion, iatrogenic extrusion of endodontic materials should be included in differential diagnosis of endodontic pain and can sometimes be managed through non‐surgical interventions in some cases.
Antimicrobial substantivity of root canal irrigants and medicaments: A review
Authors: Mohammadi Zahed , Abbott Paul V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDisinfection of the root canal system is one of the primary aims of root canal treatment. This can be achieved through the use of various antimicrobial agents in the form of irrigants and medicaments. These agents are only used for relatively short periods of time ranging from minutes (for irrigants) up to days or several weeks (for medicaments) and therefore their long‐term antimicrobial effects rely on whether or not the particular agent has any properties of substantivity. If irrigants and medicaments had effective long‐term residual antimicrobial activity that could prevent re‐infection of the root canal system, then the long‐term outcomes of endodontic treatment might be improved. Only a small number of studies have investigated the short‐term substantivity of commonly used antimicrobial agents and the results show substantivity of chlorhexidine lasts for up to 12 weeks and tetracycline for up to 4 weeks. However, it is not known whether the substantivity of these agents will last for longer periods of time as this has not been investigated.
An evidence‐based approach to the child who drools saliva
Authors: Little S.A. , Kubba H. , Hussain S.S.M. 
Published: May 2009

Background: Drooling is a common dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy and may also affect neurologically unimpaired children. It causes significant social handicap to both children and their families.Methods: The data in this article are supported by a Medline search (November 2008) utilising the keywords drooling, sialorrhea, botulinium toxin, salivary duct ligation and also by the use of the personal bibliographies of the senior authors.Results: The majority of the published literature for drooling is of level III/IV evidence.Conclusion: Multiple therapeutic interventions are available for paediatric drooling. These are most appropriately introduced in a stepwise progression from behaviour therapy, to pharmacotherapy to surgical procedures.
Results of primary ossiculoplasty in ears with an intact stapes superstructure and malleus handle: inflammation in the middle ear at the time of surgery does not affect hearing outcomes
Authors: Martin T.P.C. , Weller M.D. , Kim D.S. , Smith M.C.F. 
Published: May 2009

Objective:  To determine whether any factors are predictive of success or failure in primary ossiculoplasty employing autologous bone in Austin‐Kartush Group A (stapes and malleus handle present) ears.Study design:  Retrospective review of a single‐surgeon case series.Setting:  Two District General Hospitals in the United Kingdom.Patients:  Of 135 patients undergoing primary repair, 116 had sufficient data for analysis (mean follow‐up 33 months).Main outcomes measured:  Postoperative air–bone gaps (pABG) in patients with differing qualities of middle‐ear mucosa (active versus inactive), differing pathologies (mucosal versus squamous) and differing surgical procedures [canal‐wall up (CWU) versus canal‐wall down (CWD)].Secondary outcome measure:  ‘Belfast Rule of Thumb’ (operated ear hearing brought to 30 dB or better or to within 15 dB of contralateral ear).Results:  Postoperative ABGs were closed within 10 dB in 37%, 20 dB in 74% at latest follow‐up. The only significant factors predicting hearing outcomes were the status of the canal wall (CWU = 14.1 dB, CWD = 24.7 dB: significant, P = 0.00) and whether surgery was primary or revision. Mean ABG was 14.7 for inactive middle ear mucosa, 17.2 for active middle ear mucosa (not significant, P = 0.25). Excluding CWD procedures from the analysis improved outcomes to 80% (within 20 dB) and 41% (within 10 dB) overall, and the mean for active and inactive ears to 14.2 and 14.0 dB respectively. Postoperatively, 82% of patients fulfilled the ‘Belfast Rule of Thumb’.Conclusion:  The most significant prognostic factor affecting hearing outcomes – status of the canal wall – is independent of staging. The factor most associated with staging – the status of the middle ear mucosa – is only weakly associated with a successful functional outcome.
Home range and seasonality of Yunnan snub‐nosed monkeys
Authors: REN Baoping , LI Ming , LONG Yongcheng , WU Ruidong , WEI Fuwen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHome range studies are essential for understanding an animal's behavioral ecology and for making wildlife conservation efficient. The home range of a group of Yunnan snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti Milne‐Edwards, 1897) was estimated using a global positioning system collar from December 2003 to October 2004 in northern Yunnan Province, China. To measure the ranging area of the study group 1291 animal locations were fixed. Based on the 100% minimum convex polygon method, the home range size was approximately 32.8 km2; based on the grid‐cell method it was approximately 17.8 km2 using a 250‐m grid and 23.3 km2 using a 500‐m grid. We assessed seasonal changes in the home range of this monkey population and found a different ranging pattern of from earlier studies. Daily range size was calculated as 4.80 ± 5.81 ha (mean ± standard deviation), with arange of 45.66 ha (0.01–45.67 ha).
‘Beauty Will Save the World’: Beauty Discourse and the Imposition of Gender Hierarchies in the Post‐War Chechen Republic
Authors: Banner Francine 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper utilises the case study of the recent Miss Chechen Beauty pageant in order to discuss the ways in which gendered discourses and practices have affected the situation of women in the post‐war Chechen Republic. Although, on the surface, they appear to have little in common, the paper draws on connections between women's bodies and nation‐states in order examine practices such as beauty pageants, honor killings, and government‐enforced modesty campaigns that are currently taking place in the republic. Ultimately, the paper argues that beauty contests and modesty campaigns share in common the fact that they are being utilised by the state to relegate women to private spaces and to re‐enforce gender hierarchies in the aftermath of two brutal conflicts.
SUCCESSFUL INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION: A HISTOLOGICAL AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF FOUR CASES
Authors: Mullaney J. , Lucas D. R. , Condon P. I. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The histological findings in four globes obtained at autopsy from clinically uncomplicated cases with intraocular lens implants, one glass posterior chamber and three anterior chamber lenses consisting of two pupillary fixated and one »in‐the‐bag» fixated Binkhorst lens, are reported. Minimal changes could be detected in the tissues with which the implants were in contact.Scanning electron microscopy of the cornea in the three anterior chamber implants showed a loss of endothelial cells in the axial region of roughly 30–50%. There was marked vertical disparity in the loss.Scanning microscopy of the implants showed evidence of surface degradation of the nylon loops of all the anterior chamber implants.
Prevalence of Ocular Disease and Blindness in a Rural Area in the Eastern Region of Iceland during 1980 through 1984
Authors: Jonasson F. , Thordarson K. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract.The main emphasis in this study is on the three most common potentially blinding diseases in the age group 43 years and older, i.e. cataract, age related macular degeneration and open angle glaucoma. The prevalence of all three diseases increases with advancing age (P<0.001, corr.>0.8).In the age group 63 years and older there is a statistically significant difference in the occurrance of cataracts between females and males (P<0.02). Females outnumber males and the former appear to develop cataract at an earlier age than men.Among persons 73 years of age and older there is a statistically significant difference in the occurrance of open angle glaucoma between males and females (P<0.05), whereby males outnumbered females.Persons with age related macular degeneration were divided into an exudative group and an atrophic group. There was no sex difference in the atrophic group, whereas females outnumber males by 2:1 in the exudative group, which is mainly accounted for by overrepresentation of females 83 years and older. Persons 83 years and older who had age related macular degeneration also had cataracts in all instances and open angle glaucoma in 23.8% of cases.Sixteen persons were legally blind i.e. had visual acuity ≤6/60 in the better eye or visual field <10° in the better eye. Eight persons thereof, were ≥ 83 years of age.
Tarsorraphy in the treatment of persistent corneal lesions
Authors: Pakarinen Mirja , Tervo Timo , Tarkkanen Ahti 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Altogether 38 tarsorraphies were carried out to 19 patients with corneal epithelial defects resistant to conventional therapy. The main operaive indications were lagothalmos (9), dry eyes (12) and inadequate blinking (6 patients). Corneal ulcer was detected in 17 eyes, six of which perforated. All patients had been treated from one week to 16 months (mean 3.5 months) without healing. Retarsorraphy was needed in 6 eyes. In perforations tarsorraphy was combined to tissue adhesive (3 eyes) or to therapeutic contact lens (4 eyes) or to conjunctival flap (2 eyes). The corneal epithelium healed in all except 2 cases (one perforation, one ulcer that is slowly improving). Five of the 6 perforations could also be cured without grafting. One eye of a severely debilitated patient was treated with a Gundersen's conjunctival flap and total tarsorraphy, but remained hazy.We consider, that tarsorraphy is valuable in treating corneal lesions due to lagophthalmos, dry eyes or disturbed lid function. It can also be used in threatening of manifest corneal perforation, if combined with the use of tissue adhesive or therapeutic contact lens.
Visual Function in Laurence‐Moon‐Bardet‐Biedl Syndrome A Survey of 26 Cases
Authors: Riise Ruth 
Published: May 2009

Abstract  In 1984, 32 persons with Laurence‐Moon‐Bardet‐Biedl syndrome (LMBB syndrome) were registered in Norway. Of these, 26 stayed for 10 days at the Frambu Health Centre, where they consulted a pediatrician, a psychologist, a dentist, a social worker, a geneticist, a teacher for the blind and an ophthalmologist.The ocular examination showed the eye disease in cases of LMBB syndrome to be homogeneous and fulminant tapetoretinal degeneration of the retinitis pigmentosa type.
A subhyaloid haemorrhage as the presenting symptom of bilateral optic neuropathy
Authors: Kerty Emilia , Eide Nils , Hapnes Rune 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A 28 year‐old man with a spontaneous vitreous haemorrhage as the first sign of Leber's optic atrophy is presented. The blood collected in a central retrohyaloid area covering the left macula. The exact starting point of the haemorrhage was never positively identified, but it seemed to originate from an area of microangiopathy adjacent to the optic disc. For 8–10 months the vision of the left eye gradually decreased to counting fingers.A year later the visual acuity dropped to the same level on the right eye. The picture was compatible with Leber's optic atrophy. Other disorders causing bilateral optic neuropathy were excluded. A careful family history revealed several cases of visual problems for several generations. Vitreous haemorrhage as the first sign of Leber's optic atrophy has not previously been reported. Peripapillar microangiopathy, however, has been desribed in the asymptomatic stage of the disease.
EXFOLIATION SYNDROME AMONG SAUDIS
Authors: Summanen Paula , Tönjum Asbjörn M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The prevalence of exfoliation syndrome among Saudis was determined during the National Survey of Blindness and Eye Disease in 1984 in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The subsample of this study consists of 376 persons aged 40 years or more from 50 different locations examined under mydriasis by the authors using Kowa hand‐held microscope. There were 192 men and 184 women with the mean age of 56.0 ± 1.2 years (median 53.5 years, range 40–95 years).The overall prevalence of exfoliation syndrome was 9.3%: in the age group 40 to 49 years 1.6%, 50 to 59 years 7.8%, 60 to 69 years 8.9%, and 26.5% in persons 70 years of age and over.No significant association was found between exfoliation syndrome and sex or parental kinship.In 16 persons the exfoliation syndrome was unilateral, and in 19 persons bilateral. In 24 eyes the phenomenon could not be evaluated due to the anterior segment pathology.Exfoliation syndrome was associated with higher intraocular pressure (20 ± 3 mmHg (n = 49) vs. 17 ± 0.4 mmHg (n = 601), P < 0.05), and more cataract changes (P < 0.001) than eyes without. These eyes were also associated with poorer visual acuity than the eyes without exfoliation syndrome: in 26 of 35 persons with exfoliation syndrome, the affected eye was the better eye but in 35% the vision was <0.05 (< 3/60) i.e. the person was blind, compared to 6% of persons whose better eye did not have exfoliation syndrome (P < 0.001).
REACTIVE FORMATION OF HYALURONIC ACID IN THE RABBIT CORNEAL ALKALI BURN
Authors: Fagerholm Per , Fitzsimmons Thomas , Härfstrand Anders , Schenholm Mona 
Published: May 2009

Abstract The presence and distribution of reactively formed hyaluronic acid (HA) was assessed in the rabbit cornea following a penetrating alkali burn. The injury was inflicted by applying a round, 5.5 mm, filter paper soaked in 1 N NaOH centrally on the cornea for 60 seconds.Biochemical analysis revealed a significant increase of HA two weeks after injury, a peak concentration after 1 month, and a decrease again at three months.Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of hyaluronic acid in the healing epithelium, in the repopulating keratocytes/fibroblasts, and in the cells forming the retrocorneal membrane. Extensive amounts filled lacunae in the stroma as well as the spaces between collagen lamellae. A slow restoration of normal appearing corneal stroma took place at the periphery. Significant staining for HA in lacunae was present centrally in the wound after three months.
Antibody Responses to Recombinant Polyomavirus BK Large T and VP1 Proteins in Young Kidney Transplant Patients
Authors: Bodaghi Sohrab , Comoli Patrizia , Bösch Robert , Azzi Alberta , Gosert Rainer , Leuenberger David , Ginevri Fabrizio , Hirsch Hans H. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

BK virus (BKV)-specific immunity is critical for polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, but antibody responses are incompletely defined. We compared the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) with immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassays (EIA) to BKV proteins expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. N-terminal, internal, and C-terminal domains of the BKV large T antigen (BKLT) were fused to glutathione
S
-transferase (GST), yielding GST-BKLTD1, GST-BKLTD2, and GST-BKLTD3, respectively. The BKV capsid VP1 was expressed as a GST fusion (BKVP1) or as a native VP1 assembled into viruslike particles (BKVLP). We tested 422 sera from 28 healthy donors (HD), 99 dialysis patients (DP; median age, 15 years; range, 3 to 32 years), and 46 age-matched kidney transplant patients (KTP; median age, 15 years; range, 2 to 33 years). In HD, HIA and BKVLP EIA both yielded a 91.7% seroreactivity, whereas all other EIA responses were lower (BKVP1, 83.3%; BKLTD1, 25%; BKLTD2, 29%; BKLTD3, 40%). HIA titers significantly correlated with EIA levels for BKVLP, BKVP1, and BKLTD1 but not for BKLTD2 or BKLTD3, which were barely above the cutoff. In DP, the seroreactivities of HIA, BKVLP, and BKLTD1 were lower than that in HD (63.6%, 86.9%, and 10.1%, respectively) and they had lower titers (
P
< 0.001). In KTP, seropositivities for BKVLP, BKVP1, and BKLTD1 were 78%, 50%, and 17%, respectively, but anti-BKVLP levels increased significantly in KTP with viruria and viremia, whereas anti-BKLTD1 levels increased after clearing sustained BKV viremia. In conclusion, anti-BKVLP is equivalent to HIA in HD but is more sensitive to determine the BKV serostatus in DP and KTP. In KTP, anti-BKVLP responds to recent BKV viruria and viremia, whereas anti-BKLTD1 may indicate emerging BKV-specific immune control.
A Y526Q Mutation in the Newcastle Disease Virus HN Protein Reduces Its Functional Activities and Attenuates Virus Replication and Pathogenicity
Authors: Khattar Sunil K. , Yan Yongqi , Panda Aruna , Collins Peter L. , Samal Siba K. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of
Newcastle disease virus
(NDV) is a multifunctional protein that plays a crucial role in virus infectivity. In this study, using the mesogenic strain Beaudette C (BC), we mutated three conserved amino acids thought to be part of the binding/catalytic active site in the HN protein. We also mutated five additional residues near the proposed active site that are nonconserved between BC and the avirulent strain LaSota. The eight recovered NDV HN mutants were assessed for effects on biological activities. While most of the mutations had surprisingly little effect, mutation at conserved residue Y526 reduced the neuraminidase, receptor binding, and fusion activities and attenuated viral virulence in eggs and young birds.