bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Self‐Reported Measures for Prediction of Periodontitis in a Sample of Brazilians
Authors: Cyrino Renata Magalhães , Miranda Cota Luís Otávio , Pereira Lages Eugênio José , Bastos Lages Elizabeth Maria , Costa Fernando Oliveira 
Published: May 2011

Background: Questionnaires including self‐reported measures have become effective as a means of accessing many diseases. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the performance of a set of self‐reported periodontal measures on estimating the prevalence of periodontitis.Methods: The sample comprised 284 individuals, aged 18 to 60 years, from Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Full‐mouth periodontal examinations were performed and periodontal parameters were recorded. Periodontitis was categorized as no or mild, moderate, and severe. Each participant answered 18 questions covering sociodemographic variables, known risk factors, and self‐reported periodontal measures. Questions were globally tested through logistic regression analysis.Results: The complete final model for moderate periodontitis included age, dental flossing, and gum disease (sensitivity = 23.1%; specificity = 98%; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 75.4%). The complete final model for severe periodontitis included all previously cited variables in addition to the number of teeth (sensitivity = 36.4%; specificity = 96.9%; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 85.3%).Conclusions: Self‐reported periodontal measures showed a moderate predictive value for periodontitis prevalence. The use of these measures could be a good strategy in investigating prevalence of periodontal disease.
The Effect of Peer-Driven Intervention on Rates of Screening for AIDS Clinical Trials Among African Americans and Hispanics
Authors: Gwadz Marya Viorst , Leonard Noelle R. , Cleland Charles M. , Riedel Marion , Banfield Angela , Mildvan Donna ,   the ACT2 Project Collaborative Research Team
Published: May 2011

Objectives. We examined the efficacy of a peer-driven intervention to increase rates of screening for AIDS clinical trials among African Americans and Hispanics living with HIV/AIDS. Methods. We used a randomized controlled trial design to examine the efficacy of peer-driven intervention (6 hours of structured sessions and the opportunity to educate 3 peers) compared with a time-matched control intervention. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling (n = 342; 43.9% female; 64.9% African American, 26.6% Hispanic). Most participants (93.3%) completed intervention sessions and 64.9% recruited or educated peers. Baseline and post-baseline interviews (94.4% completed) were computer-assisted. A mixed model was used to examine intervention effects on screening. Results. Screening was much more likely in the peer-driven intervention than in the control arm (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 55.0; z = 5.49, P < .001); about half of the participants in the intervention arm (46.0%) were screened compared with 1.6% of controls. The experience of recruiting and educating each peer also increased screening odds among those who were themselves recruited and educated by peers (AOR = 1.4; z = 2.06, P < .05). Conclusions. Peer-driven intervention was highly efficacious in increasing AIDS clinical trial screening rates among African Americans and Hispanics living with HIV/AIDS.
Estimates and Determinants of Sexual Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Peterman Amber , Palermo Tia , Bredenkamp Caryn 
Published: May 2011

Objectives. We sought to provide data-based estimates of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and describe risk factors for such violence. Methods. We used nationally representative household survey data from 3436 women selected to answer the domestic violence module who took part in the 2007 DRC Demographic and Health Survey along with population estimates to estimate levels of sexual violence. We used multivariate logistic regression to analyze correlates of sexual violence. Results. Approximately 1.69 to 1.80 million women reported having been raped in their lifetime (with 407 397–433 785 women reporting having been raped in the preceding 12 months), and approximately 3.07 to 3.37 million women reported experiencing intimate partner sexual violence. Reports of sexual violence were largely independent of individual-level background factors. However, compared with women in Kinshasa, women in Nord-Kivu were significantly more likely to report all types of sexual violence. Conclusions. Not only is sexual violence more generalized than previously thought, but our findings suggest that future policies and programs should focus on abuse within families and eliminate the acceptance of and impunity surrounding sexual violence nationwide while also maintaining and enhancing efforts to stop militias from perpetrating rape.
Diabetes Adversely Affects Macrophages During Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression in Mice
Authors: Parathath Saj , Grauer Lisa , Huang Li-Shin , Sanson Marie , Distel Emilie , Goldberg Ira J. , Fisher Edward A. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Patients with diabetes have increased cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis in these patients is often associated with increased plaque macrophages and dyslipidemia. We hypothesized that diabetic atherosclerosis involves processes that impair favorable effects of lipid reduction on plaque macrophages.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Reversa mice are LDL receptor–deficient mice that develop atherosclerosis. Their elevated plasma LDL levels are lowered after conditional knockout of the gene encoding microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. We examined the morphologic and molecular changes in atherosclerotic plaques in control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Reversa mice after LDL lowering. Bone marrow–derived macrophages were also used to study changes mediated by hyperglycemia.

RESULTS
Reversa mice were fed a western diet for 16 weeks to develop plaques (baseline). Four weeks after lipid normalization, control (nondiabetic) mice had reduced plasma cholesterol (−77%), plaque cholesterol (−53%), and plaque cells positive for macrophage marker CD68+ (−73%), but increased plaque collagen (+116%) compared with baseline mice. Diabetic mice had similarly reduced plasma cholesterol, but collagen content increased by only 34% compared with baseline; compared with control mice, there were lower reductions in plaque cholesterol (−30%) and CD68+ cells (−41%). Diabetic (vs. control) plaque CD68+ cells also exhibited more oxidant stress and inflammatory gene expression and less polarization toward the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage state. Many of the findings in vivo were recapitulated by hyperglycemia in mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes hindered plaque regression in atherosclerotic mice (based on CD68+ plaque content) and favorable changes in plaque macrophage characteristics after the reduction of elevated plasma LDL.
Postprandial and Fasting Hepatic Glucose Fluxes in Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kacerovsky Michaela , Jones John , Schmid Albrecht I. , Barosa Cristina , Lettner Angelika , Kacerovsky-Bielesz Gertrud , Szendroedi Julia , Chmelik Marek , Nowotny Peter , Chandramouli Visvanathan , Wolzt Michael , Roden Michael 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Intravenous insulin infusion partly improves liver glucose fluxes in type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study tests the hypothesis that continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) normalizes hepatic glycogen metabolism.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
T1D with poor glycemic control (T1Dp; HbA1c: 8.5 ± 0.4%), T1D with improved glycemic control on CSII (T1Di; 7.0 ± 0.3%), and healthy humans (control subjects [CON]; 5.2 ± 0.4%) were studied. Net hepatic glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis were measured with in vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) and gluconeogenesis (GNG) were assessed with [6,6-2H2]glucose, glycogen phosphorylase (GP) flux, and gluconeogenic fluxes with 2H2O/paracetamol.

RESULTS
When compared with CON, net glycogen synthesis was 70% lower in T1Dp (P = 0.038) but not different in T1Di. During fasting, T1Dp had 25 and 42% higher EGP than T1Di (P = 0.004) and CON (P &lt; 0.001; T1Di vs. CON: P = NS). GNG was 74 and 67% higher in T1Dp than in T1Di (P = 0.002) and CON (P = 0.001). In T1Dp, GP flux (7.0 ± 1.6 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) was twofold higher than net glycogenolysis, but comparable in T1Di and CON (3.7 ± 0.8 and 4.9 ± 1.0 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1). Thus T1Dp exhibited glycogen cycling (3.5 ± 2.0 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1), which accounted for 47% of GP flux.

CONCLUSIONS
Poorly controlled T1D not only exhibits augmented fasting gluconeogenesis but also increased glycogen cycling. Intensified subcutaneous insulin treatment restores these abnormalities, indicating that hepatic glucose metabolism is not irreversibly altered even in long-standing T1D.
Decreased Cerebrovascular Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor–Mediated Neuroprotection in the Diabetic Brain
Authors: Navaratna Deepti , Guo Shu-zhen , Hayakawa Kazhuhide , Wang Xiaoying , Gerhardinger Chiara , Lo Eng H. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVEDiabetes is an independent risk factor for stroke. However, the underlying mechanism of how diabetes confers that this risk is not fully understood. We hypothesize that secretion of neurotrophic factors by the cerebral endothelium, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), is suppressed in diabetes. Consequently, such accrued neuroprotective deficits make neurons more vulnerable to injury.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe examined BDNF protein levels in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Levels of total and secreted BDNF protein were quantified in human brain microvascular endothelial cells after exposure to advanced glycation end product (AGE)-BSA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunocytochemistry. In media transfer experiments, the neuroprotective efficacy of conditioned media from normal healthy endothelial cells was compared with AGE-treated endothelial cells in an in vitro hypoxic injury model.RESULTSCerebrovascular BDNF protein was reduced in the cortical endothelium in 6-month diabetic rats. Immunohistochemical analysis of 6-week diabetic brain sections showed that the reduction of BDNF occurs early after induction of diabetes. Treatment of brain microvascular endothelial cells with AGE caused a similar reduction in BDNF protein and secretion in an extracellular signal–related kinase-dependent manner. In media transfer experiments, conditioned media from AGE-treated endothelial cells were less neuroprotective against hypoxic injury because of a decrease in secreted BDNF.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, our findings suggest that a progressive depletion of microvascular neuroprotection in diabetes elevates the risk of neuronal injury for a variety of central nervous system diseases, including stroke and neurodegeneration.
Age of Islet Autoantibody Appearance and Mean Levels of Insulin, but Not GAD or IA-2 Autoantibodies, Predict Age of Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Steck Andrea K. , Johnson Kelly , Barriga Katherine J. , Miao Dongmei , Yu Liping , Hutton John C. , Eisenbarth George S. , Rewers Marian J. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
We evaluated predictors of progression to diabetes in children with high-risk HLA genotypes and persistent islet autoantibodies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) followed 2,542 children with autoantibodies measured to GAD, IA-2, and insulin.

RESULTS
Persistent islet autoantibodies developed in 169 subjects, and 55 of those progressed to diabetes. Children expressing three autoantibodies showed a linear progression to diabetes with 74% cumulative incidence by the 10-year follow-up compared with 70% with two antibodies and 15% with one antibody (P &lt; 0.0001). Both age of appearance of first autoantibody and insulin autoantibody (IAA) levels, but not GAD or IA-2 autoantibodies, were major determinants of the age of diabetes diagnosis (r = 0.79, P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
In the DAISY cohort, 89% of children who progressed to diabetes expressed two or more autoantibodies. Age of diagnosis of diabetes is strongly correlated with age of appearance of first autoantibody and IAA levels.
Impact of Diabetes on Work Cessation
Authors: Herquelot Eléonore , Guéguen Alice , Bonenfant Sébastien , Dray-Spira Rosemary 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
To measure the impact of diabetes on work cessation, i.e., on the risks of work disability, early retirement, and death while in the labor force.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used data from the GAZEL prospective cohort of 20,625 employees of the French national gas and electricity company “EDF-GDF.” We identified 506 employees with diabetes and randomly selected 2,530 nondiabetic employed control subjects matched for major sociodemographic and occupational characteristics. Using a multistate Cox model, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) comparing the risks of transition from employment to disability, retirement, and death over time between participants with versus without diabetes.

RESULTS
Employment rate decreased more rapidly in participants with diabetes (51.9 and 10.1% at 55 and 60 years, respectively) compared with nondiabetic participants (66.5 and 13.4%, respectively). Participants with diabetes had significantly increased risks of transition from employment to disability (HR 1.7 [95% CI 1.0–2.9]), retirement (HR 1.6 [1.5–1.8]), and death (HR 7.3 [3.6–14.6]) compared with participants without diabetes. Between 35 and 60 years, each participant with diabetes lost an estimated mean time of 1.1 year in the workforce (95% CI 0.99–1.14) compared with a nondiabetic participant.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results provide evidence for a profound negative impact of diabetes on workforce participation in France. Social and economic consequences are major for patients, employers, and society—a burden that is likely to increase as diabetes becomes more and more common in the working-aged population.
Severe Non-Lethal Violence During Psychotic Illness
Authors: Yee Natalia Y. L. , Large Matthew M. , Kemp Richard I. , Nielssen Olav B. 
Published: May 2011

Background: Research about violence in psychosis has mainly considered homicide by people with mental disorder, especially schizophrenia, and violence in groups of psychiatric patients. In this study we examine the characteristics of a sample of offenders with psychotic illness who committed severe non-lethal violent offences. Method: A review of court documents from a consecutive series of cases involving violence resulting in significant injury concluded in the District Court of New South Wales, Australia, in the years 2006 and 2007. Results; Of 661 people found to have committed a severe violent offence, 74 (11%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9–14%) had a diagnosed psychotic illness. Of these, 16 (22%, 95% CI 12–31%) had never received treatment with antipsychotic medication and could be regarded as being in the first episode of psychosis. Offenders with psychosis were typically non-adherent to treatment, had co-morbid substance use and prior criminal convictions. Positive symptoms of psychotic illness such as hallucinations and delusional beliefs were reported to be present at the time of the offence in most of the cases. Seven of 74 (10%) psychotic offenders were found not guilty on the grounds of mental illness. Conclusions: People with psychotic illness are over-represented among those who commit violent offences resulting in significant injury, confirming the presence of an association between psychosis and severe non-lethal violence. Earlier treatment of first episode psychosis, improving the adherence to treatment of known patients and treatment of co-morbid substance abuse could reduce the incidence of severe violence committed by patients with psychosis.
Improving Medical Student Attitudes Towards People with Schizophrenia
Authors: Galletly Cherrie , Burton Cassandra 
Published: May 2011

Objective: To develop and evaluate an intervention for final year medical students to reduce stigma against people with schizophrenia. Method: A total of 87 students participated in a 3-h workshop that included both a contact component (a DVD of a young man with schizophrenia) and an experience of simulated auditory hallucinations. Attitudes to schizophrenia were evaluated using the Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ), completed at the beginning and end of the workshop. Results: There was a significant improvement in mean AMIQ scores after participating in the workshop. Students with more negative attitudes before the workshop showed the most significant improvement, whilst there was little change for students who held more positive attitudes. Conclusion: A workshop combining a DVD narrative by a young person with schizophrenia and simulated auditory hallucinations is an effective teaching tool to improve medical students' attitudes to people with schizophrenia.
Aripiprazole and Haloperidol in the Treatment of Delirium
Authors: Boettger Soenke , Friedlander Miriam , Breitbart William , Passik Steven 
Published: May 2011

Objective: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole and haloperidol in the amelioration of distressing symptoms of delirium and its motoric subtypes. Methods: At Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, we prospectively collected sociodemographic and medical data and systematically rated all patients diagnosed with delirium with the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS), Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) and the abbreviated Udvalg Kliniske Undersogelser Side Effect Rating Scale (UKU) at the initial diagnosis of delirium (T1), after 48–72 h (T2) and 7 days later (T3). All collected information was entered into a delirium database. For our analysis, we subsequently extracted data on aripiprazole (ARI) treated patients to compare to case-matched haloperidol (HAL) treated patients. Results: We retrieved 21 patients treated with aripiprazole and 21 case-matched patients treated with haloperidol. Initial MDAS scores did not significantly differ between the groups. Over the course of treatment (T1 to T3), MDAS scores improved from 18.1 to 8.3 for ARI and 19.9 to 6.8 for HAL. The delirium resolution rate was 76.2% for ARI and 76.2% for HAL. For patients with hypoactive delirium, the MDAS scores improved from 15.6 to 5.7 for ARI and 18.8 to 8.1 for HAL. Delirium resolution rates for patients with hypoactive delirium were 100% for ARI and 77.8% for HAL. For patients experiencing hyperactive delirium, the MDAS scores improved from 19.9 to 6.8 for ARI and 20.8 to 5.8 for HAL. Delirium resolution rates for patients with hyperactive delirium were 58.3% for ARI and 75% for HAL. There were no significant differences in treatment results between ARI and HAL. Treatment with HAL caused more extrapyramidal side effects. Conclusion: From our secondary analysis, aripiprazole may be as effective as haloperidol in the management of delirium and its subtypes. Treatment with haloperidol resulted in more side effects.
Differences in Patients' Perceptions of Schizophrenia Between Māori and New Zealand Europeans
Authors: Sanders Deanna , Kydd Robert , Morunga Eva , Broadbent Elizabeth 
Published: May 2011

Objective: Māori (the Indigenous people of New Zealand) are disproportionately affected by mental illness and experience significantly poorer mental health compared to New Zealand Europeans. It is important to understand cultural differences in patients’ ideas about mental illness in treatment settings. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in illness perceptions between Māori and New Zealand Europeans diagnosed with schizophrenia. Method: A total of 111 users of mental health services (68 Māori, 43 New Zealand European) in the greater Auckland and Northland areas who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder were interviewed using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Drug Attitude Inventory. District Health Board staff completed the Global Assessment of Functioning for each patient. Results: Māori with schizophrenia believed that their illness would continue significantly less time than New Zealand European patients did. Chance or spiritual factors were listed as causes of mental illness by only five Māori patients and no New Zealand European patients. Other illness perceptions, as well as attitudes towards medication, were comparable between groups. Across groups, the top perceived causes were drugs/alcohol, family relationships/abuse, and biological causes. Conclusion: Illness perceptions provide a framework to assess patients’ beliefs about their mental illness. Differences between Māori and New Zealand European patients’ beliefs about their mental illness may be related to traditional Māori beliefs about mental illness. Knowledge of differences in illness perceptions provides an opportunity to design effective clinical interventions for both Māori and New Zealand Europeans.
Wykładniki wartości informacyjnej wypowiedzenia v j. polskim i francuskim (aspekt, określoność, modalność)
Authors: Włodarczyk Hélène 
Published: May 2011

Les marqueurs de la valeur informative de l'énoncé en polonais et en français (aspect, détermination, modalité)

Chaque langue possède ses propres structures catégorielles qui n'ont pas d'équivalent exact dans les autres langues, d'où il résulte une certaine impossibilité de la traduction. Cependant, outre leurs valeurs primaires, les catégories grammaticales peuvent être utilisées dans l'énoncé pour transmettre d'autres significations. Il s'agit de leurs valeurs secondaires. Ces dernières significations, en effet, ne sont pas seulement le propre des catégories grammaticales mais concernent les énoncés dans leur ensemble. Par exemple, l'emploi habituel de l'aspect imperfectif n'est pas une propriété de la seule forme verbale (cet emploi ne peut être établi hors contexte) mais résulte d'autres informations contenues dans l'énoncé, que ce soit sous la forme de circonstants (habituellement, tous les jours, chaque année) ou sous la forme du nombre et de la détermination du substantif (un, le, tout, chaque, tous les). Parfois, l'élément qui est pertinent pour établir la valeur d'emploi d'un verbe imperfectif peut se trouver éloigné de ce verbe par quelques phrases. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire, pour analyser les énoncés, de tenir compte aussi bien du texte dans son ensemble que du contexte situationnel qui n'est pas toujours verbalisé mais que l'on peut rétablir grâce à la connaissance de la situation concrète ou grâce à la connaissance du monde que partagent les membres d'une communauté culturelle.
Certaines informations contenues dans les emplois contextuels des verbes d'aspect perfectif ou imperfectif des langues slaves peuvent être exprimées par la catégorie de la détermination du groupe nominal dans les langues à article (français, anglais ou autres). Cela parce qu'aussi bien l'aspect que l'article possèdent, en plus de leurs sens catégoriels primaires se référant au monde, un ensemble très important d'emplois se référant aux actes de parole et à leurs participants (il s'agit des emplois de discours). L'énonciateur doit, dans tout acte de parole, prendre position par rapport à l'information transmise, qu'il peut traiter comme donnée ou nouvelle. Pour décrire plus précisément la qualité de l'information, nous avons proposé deux échelles de valeurs opposées : générique/spécifique, général/particulier, habituel/occasionnel, potentiel/actuel, probable/improbable. La catégorie de la modalité (exprimée par des moyens grammaticaux et lexicaux) joue aussi un rôle important dans l'évaluation informative des énoncés.