bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topoisomerase II of filarial parasite Setaria cervi: purification and characterization
Authors: Reddy J. , Singh A. , Joshi S. , Khan M. , Saxena J. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes which are involved in replication, transcription, recombination and repair of nucleic acids. DNA topoisomerase II of filarial parasite Setaria cervi was purified to homogeneity by use of cation exchange and affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme migrated on SDS-PAGE as a single band with molecular weight of ∼80 kDa and native molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 175 kDa indicating the dimeric nature of the protein. Topo II of S. cervi required ATP and dATP for its activity and optimal activity was observed at 1.0 mM ATP concentration. The filarial enzyme also utilized nucleotides, namely GTP, UTP and CTP for its activity. The divalent metal ions requirement of the enzyme showed that beside Mg+2 other ions viz., Ca+2, Mn+2, Cu+2 and Sr+2 were also utilized as cofactor for the activity. Antifilarial compounds ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine inhibited 100 % topo II activity at 100 μM concentration but suramin showed similar effect at 20 μM concentration. Nalidixic acid and novobiocin exhibited 100 % inhibition of the enzyme activity while mAMSA and etoposide inhibited the activity to different extents at 100 μM concentration. In view of significant differences in properties exhibited by the filarial topoisomerase as compared to other parasitic and eukaryotic topoisomerases, the filarial topoisomerase can be usefully exploited to devise new antifilarial compounds.
Preliminary studies on the zoonotic importance of rodents as a reservoir of toxocariasis from recreation grounds in Wroclaw (Poland)
Authors: Hildebrand J. , Zalesny G. , Okulewicz A. , Baszkiewicz K. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Due to their specific biology and behaviour, rodents could play a role as an intermediate, definitive or paratenic host for many helminth species, as well as for species of zoonotic significance such as Toxocara spp. or Echinococcus multilocularis. The aim of our preliminary study was to investigate the nematode fauna of rodents collected from recreation grounds located in the vicinity of Wroclaw, and to determine their role in the transmission of toxocariasis in this area. During a one-year period, 90 individuals belonging to three rodent species, i.e. Apodemus agrarius, A. flavicollis and Myodes glareolus, were collected. The overall prevalence of infection with nematodes amounted to 63.33 ± 10.15 % and differed between hosts. Toxocara spp. larvae were located in livers and brains of A. agrarius (12.9 %). Our results indicate a role of rodents in the circulation of toxocariasis in sub-urban areas, which serve as recreation grounds for the city of Wroclaw.
Cranial lesions caused by helminth parasites and morphological traits in the European polecat Mustela putorius
Authors: Demuth J. , Hromada M. , Krawczyk A. , Malecha A. , Tobolka M. , Tryjanowski P. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of cranial lesions caused by helminth parasites in the European polecat Mustela putorius in a museum collection in Slovakia. Selected traits of polecat body morphology and condition were studied with respect to the prevalence of the parasites, and number and extent of helminth-caused lesions in crania of 183 adult polecats. The trematode Troglotrema acutum was identified as the parasitic agent (prevalence 62.6 %), with a strong relationship between number of lesions and extent of cranial damage (surface of cranium). Prevalence of infection did not differ significantly between sexes (68.9 % in females, 51.1 % in males). Females with lesions by Troglotrema acutum have significantly greater braincase breadth than uninfected ones. Among males, infected individuals were generally significantly heavier and larger than uninfected individuals. Therefore, contrary to assumptions, it seems that parasites did not influence significantly body measurements of the animals, and differences are probably rather a result of an intra-sample age variation among infected polecats (older individuals are bigger, more probably infected and damage is more pronounced).
Redescription of Charaxicephaloides polyorchis Groschaft and Tenora 1978 (Digenea: Pronocephalidae) from the green turtle Chelonia mydas in Costa Rica
Authors: Santoro M. , Brandmayr P. , Greiner E. , Morales J. , Rodríguez-Ortíz B. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Charaxicephaloides polyorchis Groschaft and Tenora, 1978 is redescribed on the basis of specimens collected from the stomach of green turtles Chelonia mydas in Costa Rica. Our specimens are consistent with the original description which was based on four flukes from the same host species from the northwest coast of Cuba. Our redescription provides a new range of variations and adds new information on this species. This represents only the second record of C. polyorchis in green turtles.
Helminthofauna of Pelophylax kl. esculentus (Linne, 1758) from Petrovaradinski Rit Marsh (Serbia)
Authors: Bjelić-Čabrilo Olivera , Popović Ester , Paunović Ana 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The helminth fauna of lungs, small intestine, and rectum of 83 female specimens of Pelophylax kl. esculentus was investigated. Three helminth groups, Trematoda, Nematoda, and Acanthocephala were recorded. The sample was dominated by the class Trematoda. This class was represented by 8 adult and 2 larval species. Opisthioglyphe ranae and Pleurogenoides medians were the dominant fluke species. The data show the occurrence of Acanthocephalus ranae in frogs inhabiting Vojvodina Province.
The most frequent Nematoda was Oswaldocruzia filiformis. The greatest number of parasitic species and individuals was isolated from the small intestine. Infestation of individual parasitic groups was greater than that of mixed groups. The most frequent combination was T/N while analysed organs were most frequently invaded by a parasitic species only. Antagonism between genus Rhabdias and Haematoloechus and between species Aplectana acuminata and Opisthioglyphe ranae was ascertained.
First observation of Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Nordmann, 1832) metacercariae in cypriniformes from Croatia
Authors: Zrnčić S. , Oraić D. , Mihaljević Ž. , Ćaleta M. , Zanella D. , Jelić D. , Jelić M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
During an ichthyological study of the Ilova River, rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) infected with Posthodiplostomum cuticola was observed for the first time in Croatia. Later, a more detailed study was made at the same sampling point and the distribution of P. cuticola in the fish species present was examined. The condition of the hosts and parasitological indices such as prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity of all hosts examined were investigated. Metacercariae of P. cuticola were most prevalent (100 %) in Rutilus rutilus, Pseudorasbora parva, Leuciscus leuciscus and Alburnus alburnus, slightly lower (93.94 %) in Leuciscus cephalus, substantially lower in Rhodeus amarus (66.67 %) and Barbatula barbatula (50 %) while the lowest prevalence was found in Gobio gobio (47.83 %). The correlation coefficient between number of parasites and total and standard length, weight and Fulton’s condition index of sampled specimen was significant only for L. cephalus.
Parasitic nematodes of anseriform birds in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Yoshino T. , Uemura J. , Endoh D. , Kaneko M. , Osa Y. , Asakawa M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of 176 individuals of 15 bird species belonging to the order Anseriformes from Hokkaido, Japan were investigated. A total of 12 nematode species were obtained, namely Amidostomum anseris, A. acutum, Epomidiostomum crami, E. uncinatum, Tetrameres fissispina, Eucoleus contortus, Capillaria anatis, Baruscapillaria mergi, Contracaecum rudolphii, Echinuria uncinata, Streptocara crassicauda and Sarconema eurycerca. Among these, E. uncinatum (hosts: Anas platyrhynchos, A. poecilorhyncha, A. acuta, Mel. nigra) and E. crami (hosts: Anser albifroms, Ans. fabalis, C. cygnus, C. columbianus) were the first geographical records in Japan. There appeared to be strict host-parasite relationships between the wild swans/geese and A. anseris/E. crami, and between wild duck species and A. acutum/E. uncinatum, respectively.
Molecular confirmation of Xiphinema italiae Meyl, 1953 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from the Slovak Republic
Authors: Kumari S. , Lišková M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Identification of the nematode Xiphinema italiae relies mainly on time-consuming morphological and morphometrical studies. A polymerase chain reaction protocol has been used for the reliable and specific identification of X. italiae. Moreover, four independently evolving molecular markers (cox1- cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; ITS2-second internal transcribed spacer; 18S gene and D2/D3 expansion segments of 28S gene) were amplified and sequenced in both directions.
First record of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Slovenia
Authors: Laznik Ž. , Tóth T. , Lakatos T. , Vidrih M. , Trdan S. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In October 2007 we examined 80 soil samples from 16 different locations in the central part of Slovenia (the Notranjska region) and confirmed the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes only in two soil samples. This represents the first recorded instance of an entomopathogenic nematode in Slovenia. In sample B30 we confirmed the presence of Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) by means of a molecular technique. In Slovenia the application of entomopathogenic nematodes was hitherto possible only in laboratory experiments, while the Rules on Biological Plant Protection made the practical application of exotic organisms in the domestic environment entirely impossible. After the first record of the entomopathogenic nematode S. feltiae we expect the aformentioned agent to become an important alternative to insecticides in plant protection against pest insects.
What's Wrong with Methodological Naturalism?
Authors: Bradie Michael 
Published: June 2009

What's Wrong with Methodological Naturalism?
The compatibility of Darwinism with religious beliefs has been the subject of vigorous debate from 1859 to the present day. Darwin himself did not think that there was any incompatibility between his theory of natural selection and the existence of God. However, he did not think that appeals to the direct or indirect activity of a Creator substantially increased our understanding of any natural phenomenon. In effect, Darwin endorsed what we would today label as "methodological naturalism,' roughly the view that the only legitimate elements of the explanation of natural phenomena must appeal only to natural processes, natural laws and natural regularities.
In section 2, Darwin's commitment to methodological Darwinism is documented. Section 3 addresses the question of whether methodological naturalism does or does not rule out belief in a divine Creator. Section 4 raises the question of whether methodological naturalists are also metaphysical naturalists. Finally, section 5 assesses the warrant for expanding the scope of ‘science’ to include non-naturalistic factors.
Criteria for Attributing Predictive Responsibility in the Scientific Realism Debate: Deployment, Essentiality, Belief, Retention …
Authors: Lyons Timothy 
Published: June 2009

Criteria for Attributing Predictive Responsibility in the Scientific Realism Debate: Deployment, Essentiality, Belief, Retention …
The most promising contemporary form of epistemic scientific realism is based on the following intuition: Belief should be directed, not toward theories as wholes, but toward particular theoretical constituents that are responsible for, or deployed in, key successes. While the debate on deployment realism is quite fresh, a significant degree of confusion has already entered into it. Here I identify five criteria that have sidetracked that debate. Setting these distractions aside, I endeavor to redirect the attention of both realists and non-realists to the fundamental intuition above. In more detail: I show that Stathis Psillos (1999) has offered an explicit criterion for picking out particular constituents, which, contrary to Kyle Stanford's (2006a) criticisms, neither assumes the truth of theories nor requires hindsight. I contend, however, that, in Psillos's case studies, Psillos has not successfully applied his explicit criterion. After clarifying the various alternative criteria at work (in those case studies and in a second line of criticism offered by Stanford), I argue that, irrespective of Stanford's criticisms, the explicit criterion Psillos does offer is not an acceptable one. Nonetheless, the deployment realist's fundamental intuition withstands all of these challenges. In closing, I point in a direction toward which I've elsewhere focused, suggesting that, despite the legitimacy and applicability of the deployment realist's intuition, the historical threat that prompted it remains.
Interpretation, Constraint, and the Prospects of Scientific Realism
Authors: Brown Harold 
Published: June 2009

Interpretation, Constraint, and the Prospects of Scientific Realism
I explore the interaction between theory-based interpretations of scientific evidence and constraints on theories provided by that evidence. Interpretation is often viewed as a source of error and a reason for scepticism about scientific results. But, I argue, while interpretation does generate epistemic risk, it also points to new sources of evidence that can constrain our theories. This is especially clear in the development of instrumentation that increases the range of our interactions with nature. While the design of such instruments and the interpretation of their outputs are deeply dependent on theory-based interpretations, these outputs can still challenge those very theories. At the same time, theory-guided instrumentation provides us access to aspects of nature that we cannot study with our unaided senses. This access allows us to extend the range of evidence that we collect, and thus increases the constraints on our theories. As a result, theory-guided evidence collection has a positive impact on the prospects of scientific realism since these increasing constraints on our theories provide our only reason for thinking that we may be approaching the development of true theories.
Tensions Regarding Epistemic Concepts
Authors: Margolis Joseph 
Published: June 2009

Tensions Regarding Epistemic Concepts
The paper argues that there is no logic of scientific discovery, but there is an inference-like pattern that we can model as a "logic," retrospectively, once a discovery has been successfully made. While accepting a kind of epistemological pluralism and opportunism, the claim will be advocated that a convergent and reasonably wide-ranging normative "logic" might be constructed, one that might even work reasonably well in selected applications and might (therefore) also lead us to make congruent judgments of irrationality or illogicality wherever it seems not to yield the "normatively appropriate" outcomes in otherwise comparable specimen cases.
Historical Narrative: A Dispute Between Constructionism and Scientific Realism
Authors: Černík Václav , Viceník Jozef 
Published: June 2009

Historical Narrative: A Dispute Between Constructionism and Scientific Realism
An intense discussion about the issue of historical narrative arose during the time when the naïve realism of classical historiography was being critiqued and led to a dispute, in the last century, between constructionism and critical or scientific realism. We can distinguish between constructionism and noetic constructivism. According to ontological constructionism all facts are human constructions; according to noetic constructivism, our notions and theories are constructs with objective meaning (sense and reference); they refer to objective reality. Scientific realism recognizes the existence of noetic construction but does not regard facts as our constructions, as pure fictions. The point of contention is the question over whether historical narrative is merely a discursive construction or whether it is also a scientific reconstruction of the past. Resolving the dispute over whether historical narrative can be objectively true, or whether it is subject to empirical control or not, is dependent on finding the answer to this question.
On the Actualities and Possibilities of Constructionism: Towards Deep Empiricism
Authors: Stenner Paul 
Published: June 2009

On the Actualities and Possibilities of Constructionism: Towards Deep Empiricism
Drawing from the example of critical psychology, this paper examines how dissatisfaction with an existing scientific paradigm can stimulate interest in philosophy and social theory. The emergence of a social constructionist understanding of scientific knowledge in prominent dialects of critical psychology is related to a combination of scientific and political concerns, and briefly set in the context of three important strands of twentieth century philosophy: existential hermeneutics, ordinary language philosophy and poststructuralism. These strands agree on at least two issues: the rejection of metaphysics and the ontological foregrounding of the notion of discourse or language-in-use. These philosophies have influenced the development of discursive methods and constructionist epistemologies in special sciences such as psychology and sociology. It is suggested, however, that both the commitment against metaphysics and the prioritising of discourse are problematic, and that a process metaphysics based on the three pillars of possibility, mediation and actuality (or pattern, matrix and activity) might be articulated in order to overcome the bifurcation of nature tacitly accepted by the commitment to a discursive ontology.
Realism in Context: The Examples of Lifeworld and Quantum Physics
Authors: Schiemann Gregor 
Published: June 2009

Realism in Context: The Examples of Lifeworld and Quantum Physics
Lifeworld realism and quantum-physical realism are taken as experience-dependent conceptions of the world that become objects of explicit reflection when confronted with context-external discourses. After a brief sketch of the two contexts of experience—lifeworld and quantum physics—and their realist interpretations, I will discuss the quantum world from the perspective of lifeworld realism. From this perspective, the quantum world—roughly speaking—has to be either unreal or else constitute a different reality. Then, I invert the perspective and examine the lifeworld from the standpoint of quantumphysical realism. This conception of the lifeworld has gained momentum from new research results in recent decades. Despite its experiential basis, quantum-physical realism bears an ambiguity akin to that of lifeworld realism. While the perspectival inversion serves to highlight the problem, it also contributes to an improved understanding of lifeworld-realism.
Covariant Realism
Authors: Crease Robert 
Published: June 2009

Covariant Realism
Hermeneutic phenomenology of science implies a particular version of realism. It approaches scientific entities in a twofold perspective: in their relation to other parts of the theory (as elements in a theoretical "language"), and in relation to the lifeworld as mediated by laboratory practices; as "fulfilled" in laboratory situations that "produce" worldly objects. The question then arises of the relation between the two perspectives; as Ginev has pointed out, there is danger of a theoretical essentialism which is implied when the mathematical projection is conceived as operationalized by experiment. Ginev's proposal to avoid this involves the concept of "inscription." This paper proposes another approach, covariant realism, which draws from Heidegger's notion of formal indication and which makes explicit the temporality of theoretical objects in the flow of the research process. Formal indication does not so much describe phenomena as call them to our attention in a way that we can activate ourselves (as in laboratory contexts); it characterizes phenomena which are understood to be provisionally grasped, already interpreted, and anticipated as able to show themselves differently in different contexts. The value of this approach suggests deeper possibilities for hermeneutic phenomenology of science than have hitherto been explored.
New closure method for a simultaneous diazo coupling between 1- and 2-Naphthols and diazotized sulphanilic acid
Authors: Bałdyga Jerzy , Jasińska Magdalena 
Published: June 2009

New closure method for a simultaneous diazo coupling between 1- and 2-Naphthols and diazotized sulphanilic acid
This paper presents the effects of mixing on the course of complex chemical reactions in relation to the manufacturing of pure products at high reaction selectivity, and designing mixing strategies using complex, homogeneous test reaction systems. As an example, the competitive-consecutive and parallel reaction test system including a simultaneous diazo-coupling between 1- and 2-naphtols and diazotized sulphanilic acid is considered. The effect of mixing on the reaction selectivity is interpreted using mechanistic modeling and a new closure scheme. The new closure represents an extension of the conditional PDF closure applied before to simple reaction schemes.
Selection and comparison of equipment for deagglomeration processes
Authors: Bałdyga Jerzy , Malik Katarzyna 
Published: June 2009

Selection and comparison of equipment for deagglomeration processes
The unique properties of nanoparticles and nanoparticle clusters show high potential for nanomaterials to be formulated into numerous products. In this paper, nanosuspensions are formulated by braking up agglomerates in high-shear flows. The flows are generated in the specific equipment, and this paper serves as a guide for equipment selection based on mechanistic modelling. A general model based on the power input to the system is formulated to model agglomerate disintegration in different types of equipment including stirred tanks, the rotor-stator disintegrators, the high-pressure nozzle systems and bead mills. The results of computations based on the rate of energy dissipation are presented in terms of the specific energy input, which is typical of industrial applications. In the considered deagglomeration devices the stresses are generated due to various mechanisms including the effects of hydrodynamic stresses, cavitation and bead collisions. The model includes the effects of agglomerate structure on the suspension viscosity. The results of the simulations are compared with the experimental data.
Technological aspects of the synthesis of 2,4-dichlorophenol
Authors: Białek Arkadiusz , Moszczyński Wiesław 
Published: June 2009

Technological aspects of the synthesis of 2,4-dichlorophenol
The main factors influencing the selectivity of chlorophenols synthesis were described. The loss of raw materials and the composition of wastes obtained in a conventional technology of 2,4-D production based on 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) of the 89% purity were presented. The influence of some homogenous catalysts on the selectivity of 2,4-dichlorophenol obtained in phenol and chlorine reaction was examined. Using the combined catalyst enables to chlorinate selectively the monochlorophenols to 2,4-DCP without an undesirable increasing of the 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol contents. The catalyst transformations during the reaction of phenol chlorination were investigated and the method of its elimination after the reaction was elaborated.