bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of linear energy transfer measurement for therapeutic carbon beam using CR-39 and TLD
Authors: Yuan Zhou , Zhuo Weihai , Yang Shiyan , Li Zhiling , Zhao Jingfang , Chen Bo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The measurement of linear energy transfer (LET) is crucial for the evaluation of the radiation effect in heavy ion therapy. As two detectors which are convenient to implant into the phantom, the performance of CR-39 and thermoluminescence detector (TLD) for LET measurement was compared by experiment and simulation in this study. The results confirmed the applicability of both detectors for LET measurements, but also revealed that the CR-39 detector would lead to potential overestimation of dose-averaged LET compared with the simulation by PHITS, while the TLD would have a large uncertainty measuring ions with LET larger than 20 keV μm−1. The results of this study were expected to improve the detection method of LET for therapeutic carbon beam and would finally be benefit to the quality assurance of heavy ion radiotherapy.
Uncertainty quantification for velocity measurement with 2D2C particle image velocimetry
Authors: Fu Qixing 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a theoretical model of dimensionless instantaneous and average velocity measurement uncertainty quantification with 2D2C particle image velocimetry (PIV) is established under the framework of generally adopted international uncertainty quantification standards. The effectiveness of the model is verified using uniform flow field testing data. Combined with semi-quantitative analysis of the theoretical model, uncertainty control suggestions for PIV measurements are given. The major sources affecting the uncertainty of instantaneous velocity measurements are the reference velocity, particle instantaneous pixel displacement, and their correlation term. For average velocity measurement uncertainty quantification, the uncertainty of particle average pixel displacement is effectively controlled by taking a large number of particle images. Thus, three single-component terms — the calibration factor, particle average pixel displacement and reference velocity — and two correlation terms — the particle average pixel displacement–calibration factor and the particle average pixel displacement–reference velocity — all make an important contribution to the average velocity measurement uncertainty. To reduce the uncertainty of PIV velocity measurement, one can reduce the reference velocity measurement uncertainty, optimize the PIV algorithm and improve the calibration factor by applying a high spatial resolution imaging system in experiments. In addition, reducing the reference velocity measurement uncertainty and improving the spatial resolution are key feasible methods.
Contribution of oxygen vacancies to phase transition and ferroelectricity of Al:HfO2 films
Authors: Liu Xin , Yao Lulu , Zhao Weidong , Wang Jiawei , Cheng Yonghong 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We investigate the effects of oxygen vacancies on the ferroelectric behavior of Al:HfO2 films annealed in O2 and N2 atmosphere. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the O/Hf atomic ratio was 1.88 for N2-annealed samples and 1.96 for O2-annealed samples, implying a neutralization of oxygen vacancies during O2 atmosphere annealing. The O2-annealed films exhibited an increasing remanent polarization from 23 μC cm−2 to 28 μC cm−2 after 104 cycles, with a negligible leakage current density of ∼2 μA cm−2, while the remanent polarization decreased from 29 μC cm−2 to 20 μC cm−2 after cycling in the N2-annealed films, with its severe leakage current density decreasing from ∼1200 μA cm−2 to ∼300 μA cm−2. A phase transition from the metastable tetragonal (t) phase to the low-temperature stable orthorhombic (o) phase and monoclinic (m) phase was observed during annealing. As a result of the fierce· competition between the t-to-o transition and the t-to-m transition, clear grain boundaries of several ruleless atomic layers were formed in the N2-annealed samples. On the other hand, the transition from the t-phase to the low-temperature stable phase was found to be hindered by the neutralization of oxygen vacancies, with almost continuous grain boundaries observed. The results elucidate the phase transformation caused by oxygen vacancies in the Al:HfO2 films, which may be helpful for the preparation of HfO2-based films with excellent ferroelectricity.
On working gas rarefaction in high power impulse magnetron sputtering
Authors: Barynova Kateryna , Rudolph Martin , Suresh Babu Swetha , Fischer Joel , Lundin Daniel , Raadu Michael A , Brenning Nils , Gudmundsson Jon Tomas 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The ionization region model (IRM) is applied to explore working gas rarefaction in high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharges operated with graphite, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, and tungsten targets. For all cases the working gas rarefaction is found to be significant, the degree of working gas rarefaction reaches values of up to 83%. The various contributions to working gas rarefaction, including electron impact ionization, kick-out by the sputtered species or hot argon atoms, and diffusion, are evaluated and compared for the different target materials, and over a range of discharge current densities. The relative importance of the various processes varies between different target materials. In the case of a graphite target with argon as the working gas at 1 Pa, electron impact ionization (by both primary and secondary electrons) is the dominating contributor to working gas rarefaction, with over 90% contribution, while the contribution of sputter wind kick-out is small

<

10

%. In the case of copper and tungsten targets, the kick-out dominates, with up to ∼60% contribution at 1 Pa. For metallic targets the kick-out is mainly due to metal atoms sputtered from the target, while for the graphite target the small kick-out contribution is mainly due to kick-out by hot argon atoms and to a smaller extent by carbon atoms. The main factors determining the relative contribution of the kick-out by the sputtered species to working gas rarefaction appear to be the sputter yield and the working gas pressure.
Modeling of contact resistivity and simplification of 3D homogenization strategy for the H formulation
Authors: Wang Sijian , Yong Huadong , Zhou Youhe 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The finite element method (FEM) provides a powerful support for the calculations of superconducting electromagnetic responses. It enables the analysis of large-scale high-temperature superconducting (HTS) systems by the popular H formulation. Nonetheless, modeling of contact resistivity in three-dimensional (3D) FEM is still a matter of interest. The difficulty stems from the large aspect ratio of the contact layer in numerical modeling. Nowadays, an available solution is to model the contact layer with zero thickness but requires the discontinuity conditions of the magnetic field. In this paper, the energy variational method is utilized to incorporate the contribution of contact resistivity into the H formulation. From the perspective of energy transfer, the contact resistivity is related to the energy dissipation of the radial current flowing through the contact interface. In terms of applications, this method can be employed to calculate the charging delay of no-insulation coils and the current sharing behaviors of CORC cables. One advantage of this model is that the magnetic field is continuous and hence can be easily implemented in FEM. Additionally, it requires fewer degrees of freedom and hence presents advantages in computational efficiency. Moreover, this method can be employed to simplify the 3D H homogeneous model for insulated coils. The above discussions demonstrate that the proposed model is a promising tool for the modeling of contact resistivity.
Assessment of the INRIM trace water generator and analysis of the uncertainty components down to −100 °C frost-point temperature
Authors: Cuccaro Rugiada , Beltramino Giulio , Rosso Lucia , Nobakht Rezvaneh , Fernicola Vito 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A low frost-point generator (INRIM 03) able to operate at sub-atmospheric pressure has been recently designed, constructed, and assessed at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM) with the aim of providing the metrological traceability both to instruments developed for the measurement of humidity in atmosphere and to sensors and analysers used in industry for controlling and measuring the amount of water vapour in manufacturing processes. The humidity generator operates in a single temperature single pressure mode, letting the carrier gas (nitrogen) achieve saturation in a single passage through an isothermal saturator. Its working range encompasses a frost-point temperature range from −100 °C to −20 °C, in a pressure range between 200 and 1100 hPa, corresponding to an amount of water fraction range from 13 · 10−9 mol·mol−1 to 6.2 · 10−3 mol·mol−1. In a previous work its performance was assessed in the frost-point temperature range from −75 °C to −20 °C (Cuccaro et al 2018 Meas. Sci. Technol.
29 054002). In this work, a comprehensive set of tests for its characterisation and performance evaluation between −75 °C and −100 °C is presented. A detailed uncertainty analysis in the above temperature range is reported, taking into account all the sources of uncertainty that affect the humid gas generation. An expanded uncertainty (k= 2) of 0.07 °C was found for frost-point temperature measurements between −75 °C and −95 °C, while an expanded uncertainty of 0.26 °C resulted at a frost-point temperature of −100 °C. The relative expanded uncertainty (k = 2) associated with water vapour amount fraction measurements was estimated equal to or better than 1.2% between 35 · 10−9 mol·mol−1 and 6.1 · 10−3 mol·mol−1, increasing up to 6.5% at 13∙10−9 mol·mol−1.
Plasmoid drift and first wall heat deposition during ITER H-mode dual-SPIs in JOREK simulations
Authors: Hu D. , Artola F.J. , Nardon E. , Lehnen M. , Kong M. , Bonfiglio D. , Hoelzl M. , Huijsmans G.T.A. ,   the JOREK Team
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The heat flux mitigation during the thermal quench (TQ) by the shattered pellet injection (SPI) is one of the major elements of disruption mitigation strategy for ITER. It’s efficiency greatly depends on the SPI and the target plasma parameters, and is ultimately characterised by the heat deposition on to the plasma facing components. To investigate such heat deposition, JOREK simulations of neon-mixed dual-SPIs into ITER baseline H-mode and a ‘degraded H-mode’ with and without good injector synchronization are performed with focus on the first wall heat flux and its energy impact. It is found that low neon fraction SPIs into the baseline H-mode plasmas exhibit strong major radial plasmoid drift as the fragments arrive at the pedestal, accompanied by edge stochasticity. Significant density expulsion and outgoing heat flux occurs as a result, reducing the mitigation efficiency. Such drift motion could be mitigated by injecting higher neon fraction pellets, or by considering the pre-disruption confinement degradation, thus improving the radiation fraction. The radiation heat flux is found to peak in the vicinity of the fragment injection location in the early injection phase, while it relaxes later on due to parallel impurity transport. The overall radiation asymmetry could be significantly mitigated by good synchronization. Time integration of the local heat flux is carried out to provide its energy impact for wall heat damage assessment. For the baseline H-mode case with full pellet injection, melting of the stainless steel armour of the diagnostic port could occur near the injection port, which is acceptable, without any melting of the first wall tungsten tiles. For the degraded H-mode cases with quarter-pellet SPIs, which have

1

/

4

total volume of a full pellet, the maximum energy impact approaches the tolerable limit of the stainless steel with un-synchronized SPIs, and stays well below such limit for the perfectly synchronized ones.
2D Analytical Modelling for Ultrasonic Inspection of Concrete Structures: Effects of Scatterers Position Correlation
Authors: Khalid N. , Darmon M. , Chaix J.-F. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) simulation plays an important role in designing inspections of concrete structures. The concrete structural complexity (presence of different heterogeneities: aggregates, porosities, microcracks …) leads to dispersion and attenuation of the ultrasonic waves, which requires an accurate modelling of the waves scattered from heterogeneities. For that purpose, studying the mean coherent wave characterized by its attenuation and phase velocity is of great interest. Two major approaches (numerical or analytical) exist for modelling the coherent wave. Numerical methods are more efficient but still limited in the 3D case by their computation time. Therefore, semi-analytical homogenization methods are considered a practical solution for a fast 3D simulation. Nevertheless, they may encounter several limitations in estimating the attenuation in dense heterogeneous materials such as concrete. Our goal is to explain and handle these prediction errors. Since the scattered ultrasonic field depends strongly on the obstacles’ positions in concrete, a particular focus is put on the pair correlation function describing the radial distribution of scatterers’ positions around a fixed scatterer (mean concentration at a distance r from this scatterer). Existing homogenization models are employed for simulating coherent wave propagation in concrete use by simplification of a uniform distribution. In order to improve the analytical models, the effects of scatterers’ positions correlation are investigated. In the present work, we propose to evaluate precisely the existing homogenization model that is the most suitable for high scatterers concentration. A comparison between this model and a 2D finite element code under development in the CIVA NDT simulation software is presented.
Non-Integer Dimensional Analysis of Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Fractal Porous Media
Authors: Bouchendouka A , Fellah Z.E.A , Ogam E , Fellah M , Depollier C 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This paper explores the acoustics of porous media characterized by fractal, or self-similar, structures. Employing a fractal approach, we use differential operators in non-integer dimensional spaces to address the fundamental equations of acoustics in such media. The primary aim is to examine the transmission of ultrasonic waves within a fractal porous medium. Our findings reveal that the fractal dimension significantly influences wave transmission. In fractal porous materials, waves travel along more complex and intricate paths, resulting in increased tortuosity and attenuation. We introduce the concept of an effective path length leff
, which is dependent on the fractal dimension Dx
, to describe the actual trajectory of wave propagation. Additionally, we define an effective tortuosity αDx

, directly proportional to

l

e
f
f

2

, to quantify the additional tortuosity brought about by the fractal structure. The insights gained from this study are crucial, as they enhance our understanding of wave behavior in self-similar porous media, which are prevalent in various natural settings and have multiple practical applications, including sound insulation and the design of acoustic materials. Furthermore, understanding the impact of fractal dimensions on wave behavior is vital for developing more efficient acoustic solutions. This research also sets the stage for further theoretical and experimental work on applying fractal geometry to analyze wave propagation in porous structures.
Experimental study on dynamic response of seabed around offshore monopile under wave action
Authors: Yu Peng , Hu Ruigeng , Zhu Chenghao , Zhang Xide , Zhao Jieru , Yang Qi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The hydrodynamic loads exerted on offshore wind structures are intricate, and primarily influenced by marine dynamics. The interaction between waves and seabed soil can lead to liquefaction, posing a threat to the secure functioning of offshore installations. This study focuses on the silty seabed, investigating the soil surrounding the monopile through pore pressure response tests conducted in a specially designed wave tank. The research delves into the pore pressure response patterns at various depths and positions of the piles. The findings reveal that the amplitude of pore pressure elevation preceding the introduction of a pile is greater than the post-pile values. Moreover, there is a notable escalation in pore pressure amplitude with increasing depth. Consequently, in practical applications, safeguarding the deeper region in front of the monopile assumes paramount importance. These research outcomes offer valuable insights for enhancing the safety protocols governing offshore wind turbine operations. The emphasis on shielding the deeper sections preceding the monopile, as suggested by this study, holds practical significance in optimizing the operational safety of offshore wind power installations.
Thermal-electric modelling and multi-state joint parameter identification of lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Xia Chongfei , Zhang Lijun , Barzegar Farshed 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes a model for the characterization of thermal-electric properties of lithium-ion batteries. The model achieves high accuracy estimation of the temperature and voltage-current characteristics of the battery considering thermal electric coupling. A second-order equivalent circuit model and a lumped-parameters thermal model are developed to capture the electric and temperature characteristics of the cell separately. A polynomial product equation is proposed to capture the relationship between battery temperature and state of charge for the purpose of describing the interactions of thermal and electric parameters during the charging/discharging processes. Experimental data of an NCR18650B lithium-ion battery cell are gathered in laboratory tests and used for parameter estimation of the model built in the paper. Compared with the existing thermal-electric coupling models that rely on a look-up table, the model proposed achieves better accuracy in terms of temperature and voltage-current characteristics estimation.
Research on the performance of porous ZIF materials in lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Liu Zhongsu , Sun Wei , Chen Yuting , Liu Chunyu , Song Kangle , Chen Qianqian , Liu Xiaohong , Ren Guohong 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Porous materials have attracted more and more attention in the application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which can improve their performance. Herein, a porous zeolite imidazolate skeleton structure material (ZIF-8@ZIF-67) was manufactured by the two-step synthesis approach. Simultaneously, its morphology structure, pore size, and composition were characterized. The ZIF-8@ZIF-67 was used for the negative electrode material to construct the LIBs to test the performance. The test results show that ZIF-8@ZIF-67 can be used as the electrode material to enhance the capacity and cycling property of LIBs. This investigation provides an avenue for the application of porous materials in LIBs.
A distribution network traveling wave localization method based on CEEMD-DEO3S
Authors: Ning Yuzhou , Yu Kun , Zeng Xiangjun , Li Shijie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A traveling wave head calibration way according to Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD) and Three-point Symmetric Differential Energy Operator (DEO3S) is proposed to address the issues of noise interference and difficulty in precise positioning in local area network wave positioning. The way filters out low-frequency bandwidth in the fault data by performing CEEMD decomposition on the signal and then uses the DEO3S algorithm to define the time of arrival of the fault wave head. The emulation results indicate the proposed way can precisely extract wave heads even in the presence of a large amount of noise interference, and has good robustness and accuracy. Compared with traditional traveling wave positioning methods, it has obvious advantages and further improves the accuracy and reliability of traveling wave positioning.
Study on the influence of ship waves on the dynamic response of floating tidal current power generation device
Authors: Hua Ai , Feng Yin , Gong Xiwu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
To study the influence of ship traveling waves on the hydrodynamic performance between the carrier platform and the turbine, the computational fluid dynamics method and the DFBI motion module of STAR CCM+ software were adopted. Under the condition of the coupling of the ship traveling wave and wave current generated at different speeds, the overall motion response of the power plant is simulated. What’s more, the influence of different wave conditions on the heave, pitch, and roll of the carrier platform and the energy efficiency of the turbine is analyzed. The results show that the ship speed has little effect on the carrier heave motion, but the maximum value of the carrier pitch motion increases with the increase in the ship speed. The value of turbine energy acquisition efficiency always decreases with decreasing lateral spacing and increases with decreasing speed. This paper has a certain reference value for the engineering application of floating tidal current power generation equipment.
Research on short-term load forecasting based on clustering and deep learning
Authors: Li Feige , He Guangshen , Wang Ye , Luan Zhongyu , Xue Yongzhong , Yang Zhaojie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In power systems, power load forecasting is essential to ensure the reliability and efficiency of power supply. Since power load is affected by many factors, including weather, seasonality, and social activities, its patterns and changes are complex and diverse, and traditional forecasting methods may make it difficult to meet demand. In this background, this study combines the K-means clustering algorithm and deep learning model. First, through K-means clustering, we grouped historical load data, dates, and temperatures to identify different load patterns. This grouping helps adapt to different load changes, thereby improving the adaptability of the forecast. Then, a deep learning model is applied, combining a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a two-layer bidirectionally gated recurrent unit (BIGRU). These two models are used to deal with spatiotemporal characteristics and sequence dependence in load data respectively. CNN is used to capture the spatial features in the load data, while BIGRU processes the time series information in the data to effectively capture the complex dynamic nature of the load. K-means clustering information is entered as additional data into the CNN and BIGRU models. The experimental results of the study show that by fully considering different load patterns and data characteristics. Reducing load demand and providing more reliable short-term load forecasts improve the efficiency of the power supply, reduce energy waste, and reduce the burden on the power system.