bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐ray Structure of the Isodiazomethane Complex Cr(CO)5C≡N‐NH2and [3+2]‐Cycloadditions to the Metallo‐Nitrile‐Imine [Cr(CO)5C≡N‐NH]–[1]
Authors: Fehlhammer Wolf Peter , Schoder Friedrich , Weinberger Bernd , Stolzenberg Heribert , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe structure of [Cr(CO)5CNNH2] (1a) containing Eugen Müller’s “isodiazomethane” as a ligand has been determined by X‐ray diffraction. In its deprotonated form1aacts as a 1,3‐dipole of the (metallo) nitrile imine type, i.e., undergoes [3+2]‐cycloaddition reactions with acetylenes (MeO2CC≡CCO2Me), trifluoroacetonitrile,carbon disulfide and isocyanate (PhNCO). The new 16‐electron ligand [C≡N–NH]–is isoelectronic with isocyanomethanide [C≡N–CH2]–and the fulminate anion [C≡N–O]–. Further relations and derivations within these classes of compounds are discussed.
Effect of tannic acid on iron absorption in straw‐colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum)
Authors: Lavin Shana R. , Chen Zhensheng , Abrams Steven A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExcessive absorption and subsequent storage of dietary iron has been found in a variety of captively held birds and mammals, including fruit bats. It is thought that feeding a diet that is low in iron can prevent the onset of this disease; however, manufacturing a diet with commonly available foodstuffs that contains a sufficiently low iron concentration is difficult. An alternative is to feed captive animals that may be susceptible to this disease potential iron chelators such as tannins that may bind to iron and block its absorption. Using stable isotope methods established in humans, we measured iron bioavailability in straw‐colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) and tested whether tannic acid significantly reduced the extent of iron absorption. Regardless of dose, tannic acid significantly reduced iron absorption (by 40%) and in the absence of tannic acid, iron absorption was extensive in this species (up to 30%), more so than in humans. Species susceptible to iron storage disease may efficiently absorb iron in the gut regardless of iron status, and supplementing these species with tannic acid in captivity may provide an alternative or additional means of preventing the development of this disease. Zoo Biol 29:335–343, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stabilized Infective Endocarditis and Altered Heparin Responsiveness During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Na Sungwon , Shim Jae Kwang , Chun Duk‐Hee , Kim Dae Hee , Hong Seong Wook , Kwak Young‐Lan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundAlthough active infective endocarditis (IE) is known as a risk factor for decreased heparin responsiveness during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), evidence is lacking in patients with stabilized IE. We investigated whether heparin responsiveness was still altered in stabilized IE patients undergoing cardiac surgery in a prospective, controlled trial.MethodsA total of 16 patients with stabilized IE without signs of active inflammation (IE group) and 48 patients without systemic infection (control group) undergoing valve surgery were included. Heparin responsiveness was assessed using the heparin sensitivity index (HSI), whereas heparin resistance was defined as an activated clotting time (ACT) occurring less than 400 s after the initial heparinization.ResultsPreoperative antithrombin III activity was lower and fibrinogen level was higher in the IE group. ACT after initial heparinization was shorter in the IE group. The HSI was lower and the number of patients with HSI <1.0 was greater in the IE group. Heparin resistance occurred more frequently in the IE group.ConclusionsHeparin responsiveness during CPB was significantly reduced in the IE group, and it seems to be associated with preoperative hypercoagulability and reduced antithrombin III activity. Therapeutic measures such as the administration of antithrombin III concentrate should be considered in these patients even when they are in a stabilized condition without active inflammation.
Epidemiology of Injuries at a Tertiary Care Center in Malawi
Authors: Samuel Jonathan C. , Akinkuotu Adesola , Villaveces Andres , Charles Anthony G. , Lee Clara N. , Hoffman Irving F. , Miller William C. , Baloyi Paul , Hoffman Mariah , Brown Lillian B. , Muyco Arturo P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundInjury surveillance is an ongoing process required for primary, secondary, and tertiary injury prevention. In Malawi, hospital‐based injury data are not available.MethodsFrom February to June 2008 we collected data on injured patients presenting to Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. The sample (n = 1,474) was predominantly male (75.7%), and age distribution was bimodal (peak age groups <5 years and 26–30 years). Road‐traffic injury (RTI) was the most common reason for treatment (43.4%), followed by assault (24.0%), which was more common than expected. The most common injuries were lacerations, contusions, and abrasions. We observed both gender‐ and age‐specific patterns in injury mechanism: Injured females were more likely than injured males to have suffered an injury as a passenger in a car or on a bicycle, or to have suffered from falls, foreign bodies, and burns; injured males were more likely than injured females to have suffered an injury as an automobile driver or bicyclist, or from an assault. Falls, burns, and foreign bodies affected younger victims, whereas bicyclists, automobile drivers, and motorcycle operators were generally older persons.ResultsThe hospital admission rate was 26.8%. Most patients arrived by private vehicle (43.8%), which was also the fastest means of transportation. There were 25 mass casualties leading to 102 admissions; all but one were due to RTIs, and seven were associated with at least one fatality.ConclusionsThis study elucidated injury epidemiology in Malawi and identified questions for future research. Other developing countries should conduct such prospective data collection to identify region‐specific injury patterns and to promote injury prevention.
Technical Standardization of Laparoscopic Herniorraphy in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Esposito Ciro , Montinaro Leonardo , Alicchio Francesca , Scermino Silvia , Basile Angela , Armenise Tommaso , Settimi Alessandro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic inguinal hernia repair is rarely reported in pediatric patients. We report our experience on this topic to show the standardization of the technique.MethodsIn a 3‐year period we operated 315 patients for unilateral inguinal hernia using laparoscopy. Fifty of the 315 patients (15.9 %) were younger than 1 year old. The age ranged from 1 month to 8 years (median 3.2) with a median body weight of 14.3 kg. We always used three trocars, and we used the modified laparoscopic herniorraphy according to Montupet. After sectioning the sac distally to the ring, the periorificial peritoneum was closed with a purse‐string suture of nonresorbable suture material.ResultsThe operating time averaged 25 min. All the procedures were performed in a day‐hospital setting. In 123/315 patients (39 %), at operation we found a contralateral patency of the processus vaginalis. In these 123 cases we performed a bilateral herniorraphy. In one girl (0.3 %) we found a coexistence of oblique external hernia and a direct hernia, and both orifices were sutured in laparoscopy. We recorded only 1 minor complication: a problem with needle extraction. With a minimum follow‐up of 1 year, there were 2 recurrences (0.6 %).ConclusionsWe believe that laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia in expert hands is a safe and effective procedure. It makes it possible to repair all forms of inguinal hernia simultaneously, together with contralateral patencies, which has cemented its role as an alternative to conventional repair.
Survival estimation in a long‐lived monitor lizard: radio‐tracking of Varanus mertensi
Authors: Smith James G. , Griffiths Anthony D. , Brook Barry W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe population dynamics of varanids (large monitor lizards) is poorly understood. We report on the most detailed study to date of a population of one of Australia's largest semi‐aquatic varanids, Varanus mertensi. Survival of V. mertensi was derived from known‐fate modelling of radio‐tracked individuals over two and a half years. We demonstrate empirically what intuition suggests; that apparent survival probability in long‐lived lizards is high over short sampling periods, with body size and gender influencing these estimates. Survival estimation in long‐lived species such as varanids clearly requires long‐term studies.
Value transmissions between parents and children: Gender and developmental phase as transmission belts
Authors: Roest Annette M.C. , Dubas Judith Semon , Gerris Jan R.M. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis study applied the gender role model of socialization theory, the developmental aging theory, and the topic salience perspective to the investigation of parent–child value transmissions. Specifically, we examined whether the bi‐directionality and selectivity of value transmissions differed as a function of parents' and children's gender and children's developmental phase (adolescence versus emerging adulthood). Transmissions between parents and children from 402 Dutch families on the topics of work as duty and hedonism were studied across a 5‐year period using structural equation modeling. As expected, we did not find convincing support for the general models of gender socialization and developmental aging. Instead, parent–child value transmissions appeared to be qualified by value salience. Particularly, high salience of work as duty for fathers was related with great paternal involvement in transmissions on this value orientation and high salience of hedonism for sons and adolescents was linked to transmissions from these groups to parents.
The Reactions of the Desert Locust,Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.), (Orthoptera, Acrididae) to Physical Factors, with special Reference to Relative Humidity
Authors: Aziz S. A. 
Published: July 2009

Reactions of 3-day-old first- and fourth-instar hoppers ofSchistocerca gregaria(Forsk.) of phasegregaria, to three physical factors, namely to relative humidity, temperature and light have been studied in an alternative chamber apparatus designed to give an enclosed space with gradients of humidity. The responses to each factor independent of the others, and to the interactions of these factors, were considered.It was found that both the first- and the fourth-instar hoppers respond strongly to humidity. They are agitated by low, and even more by very high, humidities, but become more quiescent within a zone of 60–70 per cent. R.H., where they spend more time. Within this zone they hop and turn less and this decrease in activity appears to be a response which is independent of both temperature and of light intensity. This zone of decreased agitation has been called “the zone of minimum activity”. However, the speed of walking in contrast to the other types of activity, increased progressively with humidity.Increase in light intensity raises the level of activity at all humidities,i.e., it increases the duration of activity within the limits of experimental time and the speed of walking. With rise in temperature there is an increase in hopping, in klinokinesis and orthokinesis.
The Effect of extreme Temperatures on different Stages ofAëdes aegypti(L.)
Authors: Bar-Zeev Micha 
Published: July 2009

Earlier investigations of the effects of extreme temperatures on different stages ofAëdes aegypti(L.) were supplemented by studies of eggs, larvae and pupae in water, and of eggs and adult females in air at various relative humidities.Larvae of the same stage, young pupae (defined as those less than half-an-hour old) and old pupae (at least 36 hours old), in groups of 100, 25 and 25, respectively, were kept for various periods at low temperatures in incubators, or, at high temperatures in glass cylinders closed at their lower ends by cloth filters and inserted into water baths, and then transferred to water at 28°C. and the mortality determined from the numbers surviving 24 hr. later (in the case of larvae) or becoming adult (in the case of pupae). Eggs in batches of 1,000 were similarly treated, except that periods of 24 hr. in water at 28°C. with yeast as food added were alternated with 24-hr. periods of drying, and mortality determined on the number that hatched and survived to the third or fourth stage. Adult females (four days old) were exposed in groups of 50 for various periods in jars over appropriate solutions giving a complete range of relative humidities and kept at low, medium and high temperatures. Eggs in batches of 1,000 were subjected to the same treatments. The adults were kept at 28°C. and 60 per cent. R.H. before treatment and for 24 hr. afterwards and mortality then determined. Mortality of eggs was determined after alternate 24-hr. periods of wetting and drying at 28°C., as in the case of eggs treated in water. The results of all the experiments were expressed as the exposure-times required to give 50 per cent. mortality (T50), calculated from the observed data.
Studies on the Responses of the female Aëdes Mosquito
Authors: Burgess L. , Brown A. W. A. 
Published: July 2009

The responses of females of Aëdes aegypti (L.) to beef blood have been investigated. Paired comparisons were made of the numbers of mosquitos attracted to test and control materials.Vapours emanating from the heparinised blood were found to be significantly more attractive than water vapour in an olfactometer. When the blood vapour was passed through an aqueous solution of Ba(OH)2 this attractiveness disappeared.Exposure of heparinised blood on filter paper proved it to be two to four times as attractive as water or washed corpuscles suspended in saline. Plasma proved to be 4·7 times as attractive as water, indicating that the attraction of blood lies entirely in the plasma.Treatment of blood with BaCl2 and a vacuum, thus rendering it incapable of evolving CO2, removed its attractiveness to mosquitos. Treatment with vacuum alone, which may be expected to remove the volatile substances, did not completely remove the attractiveness; nor did the treatment with BaCl2 alone, which removes the bicarbonates in the blood.The attractiveness of blood was completely removed by desiccation and was not returned by remoistening. No attractive substance was isolated in an ether extract of blood.When CO2-freed blood was treated with gaseous CO2 its attractiveness was significantly increased. When the treatment was such as to restore the normal CO2-producing capacity, the attractiveness was one-half that of whole blood. The attractiveness of whole blood was not increased by adding excess CO2.It is concluded that the CO2 in beef blood is a definite element in its attractiveness, though probably not the most important one.
The Distribution of the Storage Species of Cryptolestes (Col., Cucujidae)
Authors: Howe R. W. , Lefkovitch L. P. 
Published: July 2009

The present world distribution of six species of Cryptolestes found in stored produce is delineated from the evidence of specimens collected from a small number of countries and from specimens collected from produce examined in ships at British ports.It is concluded that C. ferrugineus (Steph.) is worldwide, being found in temperate and tropical areas and in humid and dry zones. The range of C. minutus (Ol.) is limited by low temperature and low humidity but it is more abundant than C. ferrugineus in the wet tropics. C. pusilloides (Steel & Howe) is at present confined to the southern hemisphere but may be spreading slowly. It seems unlikely that this species entered stored products handled by the shipping trade much before 1944. C. turcicus (Grouv.) has been identified from Europe, North and tropical Africa, Turkey, North America, Uruguay and Argentina, and C. spartii (Curt.) only from Europe, North Africa and Turkey. C. ugandae Steel & Howe is rare, being found only from Uganda, Nigeria and Ghana.
The Effect of Current Speed on the Distribution of the Larvae of the Blackflies, Simulium variegatum (Mg.) and Simulium monticola Fried. (Diptera)
Authors: Phillipson J. 
Published: July 2009

Field and laboratory studies on the water-velocity preferences of the larvae of Simulium monticola Fried, and S. variegatum (Mg.) show that both species occur in velocities of 0·5–2·5 m./sec. but aggregate in the velocity range 1·0–2·0 m./sec.The velocity range that the larvae of different species of Simulium can withstand indicates that current speed plays an important part in governing the distribution of blackfly larvae, and perhaps isolating different species along watercourses.
Notes on the Laboratory Rearing and Biology of the Wheat Bulb Fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)
Authors: Bardner R. , Kenten Joyce 
Published: July 2009

The laboratory rearing of all stages in the life-history of the Wheat Bulb Fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata, (Fall.), is described. The object of this work was to provide suitable material, in particular eggs and larvae, for insecticide experiments. Details of a container suitable for ovipositing adults are given. Several diets for the adults were compared and it was found that the greatest number of eggs was produced when the flies were fed on beef blood and a mixture of sweetened condensed milk and honey. Females were found to lay up to 244 eggs each; egg-laying commences 9–15 days after emergence and continues almost as long as the females live, but reaches a peak 3–5 weeks after emergence. Some females survived from late June until early November. In a small laboratory population, the average number of eggs laid by each female was 29·9 and mean length of life was 26·3 days for males and 41·6 days for females.The eggs have a long obligatory diapause period. They have no effective water-proofing mechanism, but can recover from considerable temporary desiccation. A method of storage during diapause is described. The eggs normally hatch in late January or early February, but hatching can be delayed until much later in the year by storage below 0°C.The effects of temperature on larval and pupal development are described. Larvae will grow at 20°C., but pupating larvae or young pupae are rendered sterile unless kept at temperatures of 15°C. or below. It is shown how a combination of delayed hatching and rapid larval and pupal development can produce fertile flies at unusual times of the year in the laboratory. It is suggested that this may make it possible to produce young larvae in the autumn for insecticide experiments.In conclusion, some parasites and predators encountered in the field and the laboratory are mentioned.
Laboratory evaluation of malathion for controlling the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Ahmed Hafiz 
Published: July 2009

Experiments were carried out to remove existing doubts about the toxicity (and therefore cost per unit killing power) of malathion to adults of Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) which have arisen from earlier field and laboratory tests. Malathion is shown to be almost as toxic to these insects as γ-BHC, but superior in speed of action. These observations are in agreement with the performance of these two compounds in the field.Subdivision of a dose of malathion with simultaneous application at two loci increased its toxicity. This, as well as other factors, brings the value of LD50 determinations into question. Recommendations for large-scale use of new insectsicides, based only on laboratory data, may not always be reliable.
Systematic studies on Eulophid parasites (Hym., Chalcidoidea), mostly of coffee leaf-miners in Africa
Authors: Kerrich G. J. 
Published: July 2009

This paper is designed to improve the definition of some Eulophid parasites, mostly of coffee leaf-miners (Leucoptera spp.) and of the web spinner Odites artigena (Meyr.), which are being studied in East Africa. Some of these were previously unknown or without valid names. It is convenient to include a tropicopolitan parasite of Agromyzidae leaf-mining in vegetables and a parasite of a Coleophorid case-bearer from the Bahamas.In the Elachertine genus Cirrospilus Westw., a key is given for the separation of the African species affecting coffee leaf-miners. These are compared with the European species, and the new species also with its closest American relative. Evidence suggests that the supposed subgeneric divisions cannot be maintained.In the Eulophinae, Crateulophus Masi is recalled from synonymy and is compared with Sympiesis Först. Relevant species are placed accordingly, and keys are given to species of both genera. A new parasite of Odites is ascribed to Microlycus Thorns., a genus previously known only in continental Europe.In the Entedontinae, a key is given to the relevant species now placed in Achrysocharis Gir. Derostenus Westw. and some related genera are more closely defined. A new genus is proposed for Derostenus coffeae Ferrière 1936, and a further new genus for another parasite of Leucoptera and its relatives. A recorded but previously unnamed species is placed in Chrysocharis Först., and both this and C. lepelleyi Ferrière are compared with European species of that genus.The genus Proacrias Ihering 1913, based on the South American species P. coffeae Ihering, has been placed in synonymy with Neochrysocharis Kurdyumov 1912. Attempts to trace the unique type of Perinetia coffeae Risbec 1952 have not met with success.
The biology ofPseudorhyssa sternataMerrill (Hym., Ichneumonidae), a cleptoparasite of Siricid woodwasps
Authors: Spradbery J. P. 
Published: July 2009

The life-history ofPseudorhyssa sternataMerrill was investigated under natural and artificial conditions.WhenP. sternataandRhyssa persuasoria(L.) females were present on Siricidinfested logs,P. sternataobserved the primary parasite making drill shafts, and after the primary withdrew its ovipositor and moved away,P. sternatalocated the shaft and inserted its ovipositor to gain access to the host.P. sternatawas able to locateR. persuasoriadrill shafts aged 1–38 days.P. sternatafemales were stimulated to oviposition behaviour when presented with paper drilled byR. persuasoria, and this response was enhanced by the presence of wet Siricid frass, or the symbiotic fungus of Siricids. Ovipositor probing was also made through artificial holes into frass. Bioassay ofR. persuasoriavaginal and venom glands resulted in considerable probing into filter paper impregnated with vaginal gland extract.It was concluded thatP. sternatafemales probably locate Siricid-infested trees by responding to a generalised stimulus that is potent in larval frass, and which possibly derives from the symbiotic fungus. The cleptoparasite probably finds the drill-shaft by responding to a secretion of the vaginal gland of the primary parasite.
Toxicological and genetical studies of organophosphorus-resistance in Cimex lectularius L
Authors: Feroz M. 
Published: July 2009

A range of insecticides were tested on a resistant strain of bed-bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) from Israel. Resistance was restricted to organophosphorus compounds. Only some of the phosphorothioate compounds were involved, but there was no simple indication of the resistance mechanism on basis of structure of the compounds.Nine malathion analogues were tested on the bed-bugs, and relative levels of resistance to them compared with insect strains specifically resistant to malathion. Distinct differences in the bed-bug spectrum suggested that a carboxyesterase was not solely responsible for resistance. This was further supported by the ineffectiveness of triphenylphosphate against malathion-resistance in the bugs.The F1 progeny from reciprocal mass crosses were tested with malathion. Their response, in both cases, resembled the susceptible type, indicating a recessive autosomal character, a result unique in organophosphorus-resistance. Tests on F2 and backcrosses indicated that a single gene was responsible. Results using fenchlorphos were quite similar and probably the same gene (and mechanism) is involved.