bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for Faint Planetary Nebulae Using the Digital Sky Survey
Authors: Jacoby George H. , Kronberger Matthias , Patchick Dana , Teutsch Philipp , Saloranta Jaakko , Howell Michael , Crisp Richard , Riddle Dave , Acker Agnès , Frew David J. , Parker Quentin A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRecent Hα surveys such as SHS and IPHAS have improved the completeness of the Galactic planetary nebula (PN) census. We now know of ∼3000 PNe in the Galaxy, but this is far short of most estimates, typically ~25 000 or more for the total population. The size of the Galactic PN population is required to derive an accurate estimate of the chemical enrichment rates of nitrogen, carbon, and helium. In addition, a high PN count (>20 000) is strong evidence that most main-sequence stars of mass 1–8 M⊙ will go through a PN phase, while a low count (<10 000) argues that special conditions (e.g. close binary interactions) are required to form a PN. We describe a technique for finding hundreds more PNe using the existing data collections of the digital sky surveys, thereby improving the census of Galactic PNe.
Morphological Structures of Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Kwok Sun 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSince various structural components of planetary nebulae (PN) manifest themselves differently, a combination of optical, infrared, submillimetre and radio techniques is needed to derive a complete picture of planetary nebulae. The effects of projection can also make derivation of the true 3-D structure difficult. Using a number of examples, we show that bipolar and multipolar nebulae are much more common than usually inferred from morphological classifications of apparent structures of planetary nebulae. We put forward a new hypothesis that the bipolar and multipolar lobes of PN are not regions of high-density ejected matter, but the result of ionization and illumination. The visible bright regions are in fact volumes of low density (cleared by high-velocity outflows), through which UV photons are being channelled. We suggest that multipolar nebulae with similar lobe sizes are not caused by simultaneous ejection of matter in several directions, but by leakage of UV photons in those directions.
Measuring Mass-Loss Evolution at the Tip of the Asymptotic Giant Branch
Authors: Sandin C. , Roth M. M. , Schönberner D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn the final stages of stellar evolution low- to intermediate-mass stars lose their envelope in increasingly massive stellar winds. Such winds affect the interstellar medium and the galactic chemical evolution as well as the circumstellar envelope where planetary nebulae form subsequently. Characteristics of this mass loss depend on both stellar properties and properties of gas and dust in the wind formation region. In this paper we present an approach towards studies of mass loss using both observations and models, focussing on the stage where the stellar envelope is nearly empty of mass. In a recent study we measure the mass-loss evolution, and other properties, of four planetary nebulae in the Galactic disk. Specifically we use the method of integral field spectroscopy on faint halos, which are found outside the much brighter central parts of a planetary nebula. We begin with a brief comparison between our and other observational methods to determine mass-loss rates in order to illustrate how they differ and complement each other. An advantage of our method is that it measures the gas component directly requiring no assumptions of properties of dust in the wind. Thereafter we present our observational approach in more detail in terms of its validity and its assumptions. In the second part of this paper we discuss capabilities and assumptions of current models of stellar winds. We propose and discuss improvements to such models that will allow meaningful comparisons with our observations. Currently the physically most complete models include too little mass in the model domain to permit a formation of winds with as high mass-loss rates as our observations show.
Rebrightening of Planetary Nebulae Through Interaction with the Interstellar Medium
Authors: Wareing C. J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe interaction of planetary nebulae (PNe) with the interstellar medium (ISM) as they move through it is now acknowledged to be a major shaping effect not just for ancient and large PNe, but also for relatively young PNe with high-speed central stars. The most common effect is a rebrightening as the PN shell interacts with a pre-existing bow-shock structure formed during the previous evolutionary phase of the central star. In this review we consider this rebrightening in detail for the first time and discuss its origins, highlighting some observed examples. We go on to discuss the AGB progenitor stars, reviewing the evidence for bow-shock structures, and consider the progeny of rebrightened PNe — strongly disrupted objects which bear very little resemblance to typical PNe. Sh 2-68 is inferred to be perhaps the only documented case so far of such a PN.
Association of adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-1ra, inducible protein 10, IL-6 and number of islet autoantibodies with progression patterns of type 1 diabetes the first year after diagnosis
Authors: Kaas A , Pfleger C , Hansen L , Buschard K , Schloot N C , Roep B O , Mortensen H B 
Published: May 2010

Summary
The progression of type 1 diabetes after diagnosis is poorly understood. Our aim was to assess the relation of disease progression of juvenile-onset type 1 diabetes, determined by preserved beta cell function the first year after diagnosis, with systemic cytokine concentrations and number of autoantibodies. Juvenile patients (n = 227) had a meal-stimulated C-peptide test 1 and 6 months after diagnosis. On the basis of the C-peptide course for the duration of 1–6 months, four progression groups were defined: patients with persistently low beta cell function (‘stable-low’), rapid progressers, slow progressers and remitters. Serum concentrations of adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-1ra, inducible protein 10 (IP-10), IL-6 and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), IA-2A and islet-cell antibodies (ICA) were measured at 1, 6 and 12 months. We found that adiponectin concentrations at 1 month predicted disease progression at 6 months (P = 0·04). Patients with low adiponectin had a higher probability of becoming remitters than rapid progressers, odds ratio 3·1 (1·3–7·6). At 6 and 12 months, adiponectin differed significantly between the groups, with highest concentrations among stable-low and rapid progressers patients (P = 0·03 and P = 0·006). IL-1ra, IP-10 and IL-6 did not differ between the groups at any time-point. The number of autoantibodies differed significantly between the groups at 1 month (P = 0·04), where rapid progressers had the largest number. There was no difference between the groups in human leucocyte antigen-associated risk. We define progression patterns distinguishing patients diagnosed with low beta cell function from those with rapid decline, slow decline or actual increase in beta cell function, pointing to different mechanisms of disease progression. We find that adiponectin concentration at 1 month predicts, and at 6 and 12 months associates with, distinct progression patterns.
Cuticular melanisation and immune response in a butterfly: local adaptation and lack of correlation
Authors: KARL ISABELL , HOFFMANN KLAUS H. , FISCHER KLAUS 
Published: May 2010

1. Despite growing knowledge on the relationship between ecological variables and individual immune function, data on the spatial variability of immune defence in invertebrate natural populations are scarce.2. Here, we use replicated populations of the butterfly Lycaena tityrus from different altitudes to investigate genetic variation in the melanin‐based encapsulation response. As high‐ and low‐altitude populations differ in cuticular pupal melanisation, we further tested for any associations between pupal melanisation and parasite resistance.3. Although pupal melanisation was higher at higher compared with lower altitudes (and at a higher compared with a lower rearing temperature), any obvious relations to the encapsulation response were absent. Further phenotypic correlations within groups were significant in one out of four cases only, suggesting that in L. tityrus encapsulation operates largely independent of cuticular melanisation.4. A significant interaction between altitude and temperature indicated that high‐altitude animals show a stronger melanisation response than low‐altitude ones at the lower temperature and vice versa, indicating local adaptation to different climates.
Successful management of primary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of hepatic allograft following orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatitis C
Authors: Singhal A. , Gates C. , Malhotra N. , Irwin D.A. , Chansolme D.H. , Kohli V. 
Published: May 2010

A. Singhal, C. Gates, N. Malhotra, D.A. Irwin, D.H. Chansolme, V. Kohli. Successful management of primary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of hepatic allograft following orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatitis C Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 47–51. All rights reservedAbstract: Nontuberculous mycobacteria are a rare cause of disease in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. The impact of mycobacterial infections in transplant recipients necessitates prompt diagnosis and early initiation of therapy. However, diagnosis remains difficult and there is a lack of specific recommendations for the choice of anti‐mycobacterial drugs, duration of therapy, and monitoring of graft function as well as immunosuppression in these patients. Issues involved in the management are illustrated by an index case of hepatic allograft infection due to Mycobacterium avium complex.
Quality of life following high‐intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of localized prostate cancer: A prospective study
Authors: Shoji Sunao , Nakano Mayura , Nagata Yoshihiro , Usui Yukio , Terachi Toshiro , Uchida Toyoaki 
Published: May 2010

Objectives:  To report our health‐related quality of life (QOL) and functional outcomes following high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for localized prostate cancer.Methods:  Data from prostate cancer patients undergoing HIFU at our institution between January 1999 and April 2007 were collected in our prospective database. Standard preoperative and surgical parameters, as well as baseline urinary function, QOL and sexual assessment were included. The Japanese version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐general (FACT‐G), the FACT‐prostate (P) and the International Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF‐5) were used for the functional assessment. These self‐administered questionnaires were collected preoperatively and again at 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively.Results:  A total of 326 patients were included in the analysis. Maximum flow rate and residual urine volume were significantly impaired at 6 months (P = 0.010) after HIFU, even if they returned to baseline values at 12 or 24 months after HIFU. The total FACT‐G score significantly improved at 24 months (P = 0.027) after HIFU. At 6, 12 and 24 months after HIFU, 52%, 63% and 78%, respectively, of the patients, not receiving neoadjuvant hormonal therapy, were potent.Conclusions:  In our experience, functional and QOL outcomes after HIFU therapy for localized prostate cancer are better than those after other treatment modalities.
Phenotype and function of raphe projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Yamakawa Glenn R. , Antle Michael C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), receives a major afferent from the median raphe nucleus (MRN). In the Syrian hamster, only about 50% of the cells giving rise to this afferent contain serotonin. There is mixed evidence as to whether the serotonergic portion of this projection is involved in non‐photic phase shifting of circadian locomotor rhythms. In order to better characterize the non‐serotonergic projections, we conducted retrograde tract tracing using the beta subunit of cholera toxin combined with multi‐label immunohistochemistry. Similar to previous findings, almost half of the retrogradely labeled cells contained serotonin. Additionally, approximately 30% of the retrogradely labeled cells contained vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3), but not serotonin. Surprisingly, some dorsal raphe cholera toxin labeling was also noted, particularly in animals with central‐SCN injections. To determine if the non‐serotonergic projections were important for non‐photic phase shifts elicited by MRN stimulation, the MRN was electrically stimulated in animals pretreated with SCN injection of either the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine or vehicle control. Intact animals phase advanced to midday electrical stimulation of the raphe while lesioned animals did not. Together, these results show that although some of the non‐serotonergic raphe projections to the SCN contain VGLUT3, it is the serotonergic raphe innervation of the SCN that is critical for non‐photic phase shifting elicited by MRN stimulation.
Influence of biofilm formation in the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Brazilian patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: FERREIRA ALEX GUERRA , LEÃO ROBSON SOUZA , CARVALHO‐ASSEF ANA PAULA D’ALINCOURT , FOLESCU TANIA WROBEL , BARTH AFONSO LUÍS , MARQUES ELIZABETH ANDRADE 
Published: May 2010

Ferreira AG, Leão RS, Carvalho‐Assef APD, Folescu TW, Barth AL, Marques EA. Influence of biofilm formation in the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Brazilian patients with cystic fibrosis. APMIS 2010; 118: 606–12.Biofilms play a key role in the occurrence of lung infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In this study, we examined 40 isolates of P. aeruginosa from CF patients according to their capacity to form biofilm. We also compared their in vitro response to antimicrobials according to different modes of growth (planktonic vs biofilm) and performed molecular typing. All isolates proved capable of forming biofilm. However, there was no difference in biofilm development according to the mucoid and nonmucoid phenotypes and among isolates obtained at different periods of the chronic infection. All isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility in the biofilm state (BIC) were consistently more resistant to antibiotics than the same isolate tested in the planktonic state. The molecular typing indicates a considerable clonal diversity among isolates. We identified five patients harboring the same strain over different periods. These strains, however, displayed different levels of biofilm formation and BIC values for antibiotics tested. The results of the present study demonstrate that there is a marked difference in the susceptibility profile according to the mode of growth of CF P. aeruginosa, as cells tested in the biofilm state proved consistently more resistant to antibiotics.
WT1 Is Not a Reliable Marker to Distinguish Reactive from Neoplastic Astrocyte Populations in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Bourne T. David , Elias W. Jeffrey , Lopes M. Beatriz S. , Mandell James W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA diagnostic difficulty in neuropathology practice is distinguishing reactive from neoplastic astrocyte populations. This is particularly true in small biopsy samples that lack evidence of increased cellularity or mitotic activity, microvascular proliferation, or necrosis. We performed the current study to validate the previously reported finding that in the central nervous system, the expression of WT1 is limited to neoplastic astrocytes. We retrospectively studied WT1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 100 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded brain tissue samples consisting of 3 normal control tissues, 44 cases of reactive gliosis, 49 gliomas and 4 lesions suspicious for glioma. In normal human cortex, WT1 staining was restricted to vascular endothelium. Most cases of reactive gliosis (82%) showed at least focal WT1 positivity, and analysis of specimens with electrode monitoring lesions showed an inverse relationship between WT1 expression intensity and the number of days from electrode placement to tissue resection. All glioma samples (100%) and all cases suspicious for glioma (100%) showed at least focal WT1 positivity. Our results likely differ from those in the prior report because of differences in tissue fixation and IHC methodology. Thus, our findings indicate that WT1 expression alone is not a reliable feature to distinguish reactive from neoplastic astrocytes.
A first step towards inferring levels of long‐distance dispersal during past expansions
Authors: RAY NICOLAS , EXCOFFIER LAURENT 
Published: May 2010

AbstractImproving the realism of spatially explicit demographic models is important for better inferring the history of past populations and for understanding the genetic bases of adaptation and speciation. One particular type of demographic event to take into account is long‐distance dispersal (LDD). The goals of this study are to explore the impact of various levels of LDD on genetic diversity and to show to what extent LDD levels can be correctly inferred from multilocus data sets using an approximate Bayesian computation approach. We therefore incorporated LDD into a 2D stepping stone forward simulation framework coupled to a coalescent backward simulation step to generate genetic diversity at 100 microsatellite markers under various demographic conditions relevant to recent human evolution. Our results confirm that LDD considerably increases genetic diversity within demes and decreases levels of diversity between demes. By controlling the spatial occurrence of LDD, it appears that LDD events occurring during a phase of range expansion into new territories are more important in maintaining genetic diversity than those occurring in the wake of the expansion or when colonization is over. We also show that it is possible to infer whether LDD has occurred during a range expansion, but our results suggest that one can only approximately estimate the extent of LDD based on genetic summary statistics.
Carriage of Clostridium difficile and Other Enteric Pathogens Among a 4‐H Avocational Cohort
Authors: McNamara S. E. , Abdujamilova N. , Somsel P. , Gordoncillo M. J. , DeDecker J. M. , Bartlett P. C. 
Published: May 2010

Summary Clostridium difficile (CD), Salmonella, Campylobacter and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are major causes of morbidity in a variety of enteric diseases in humans and animals, but subclinical carriage in both is probably more common than are clinical cases. Little is known regarding the prevalence of these pathogens in animals raised for exhibit at Michigan county fairs or the frequency with which Michigan citizens raising these animals may have been subclinically colonized. To address these issues, 361 fecal specimens from 158 humans and 203 of their farm animals were cultured for CD, Salmonella and Campylobacter. Additionally, 50 people and their cattle were tested for EHEC. No EHEC, Salmonella or Campylobacter were detected. However, 16 specimens (4.4%) were positive for CD: 13 humans, two horses and one pig. None of the farm animal specimens submitted by any of the 13 CD‐positive humans were positive for CD. Strain characterization [toxinotype, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)] demonstrated that the human CD isolates were similar to what has been reported previously in the general US population. We conclude that horses and farm animals (cattle, sheep, goats and swine) at 1–2 months before market weight showed no evidence of wide‐spread carriage of the common enteric pathogens, including the recently reported CD toxinotype V. These results provide no support to the hypothesis that 4‐H members or others visiting county fair animal husbandry projects in these counties may be at increased risk for acquisition of CD, Salmonella, Campylobacter or EHEC from animals.
Perceptions and Strategies in the Negotiation Process: A Cross Cultural Examination of U.S. and Malaysia
Authors: Tessema Mussie , Ready Kathryn 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article examines empirical findings of American (n=457) and Malaysian (n=347) college students regarding their perceptions and strategies utilized in the negotiation process. Several hypotheses comparing differences in cross-cultural negotiation styles, perceptions and strategies in negotiation are analyzed. The findings indicate that Malaysian students (from a collectivist culture) tend to have different negotiation perceptions, strategies and styles from those of their American counterparts (from an individualist culture). Specific differences are found in negotiation perceptions, risk taking, individual vs. group orientation, support of family culture, skill comfort level and gender differences. The importance of maintaining relationships with the other party during the negotiation was important in both groups, and both groups felt that they were effective negotiators. The findings extend previous research on cross-cultural negotiation styles with a discussion of specific process and strategy differences. Managerial implications of these findings and future research directions are also discussed.
Outcome of first-episode schizophrenia in India: longitudinal study of effect of insight and psychopathology
Authors: Saravanan Balasubramanian , Jacob K. S. , Johnson Shanthi , Prince Martin , Bhugra Dinesh , David Anthony S. 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundTranscultural studies have found lack of insight to be an almost invariable feature of acute and chronic schizophrenia, but its influence on prognosis is unclear.AimsTo investigate the relationship between insight, psychopathology and outcome of first-episode schizophrenia in Vellore, India.MethodPatients with a DSM–IV diagnosis of schizophrenia (η = 131) were assessed prospectively at baseline and at 6-month and 12-month follow-up. Demographic and clinical measures included insight, psychopathology, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and social functioning. Linear and logistic regression was used to measure predictors of outcome.ResultsFollow-up data were available for 115 patients at 1 year. All achieved remission, half of them with and half without residual symptoms. Changes in psychopathology and insight during the first 6 months and DUP strongly predicted outcome (relapse or functional impairment), controlling for baseline measures.ConclusionsOutcome of schizophrenia in this setting is driven by early symptomatic improvement and is relatively favourable, in line with other studies from low- and middle-income countries. Early improvement in insight might be a useful clinical guide to future outcome. Reduction of DUP should be a target for intervention.
What's so special about conversion disorder? A problem and a proposal for diagnostic classification
Authors: Kanaan Richard A. , Carson Alan , Wessely Simon C. , Nicholson Timothy R. , Aybek Selma , David Anthony S. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryConversion disorder presents a problem for the revisions of DSM–IV and ICD–10, for reasons that are informative about the difficulties of psychiatric classification more generally. Giving up criteria based on psychological aetiology may be a painful sacrifice but it is still the right thing to do.
Cigarette smoking and depression: a question of causation
Authors: Munafò Marcus R. , Araya Ricardo 
Published: May 2010

SummaryCigarette smokers frequently describe the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of smoking, but evidence suggests that cigarette smoking may itself increase negative affect, so that the causal direction of this association remains unclear. Although increasingly sophisticated analyses of epidemiological data may help to answer this question, observational data can never unequivocally provide evidence of causation. Here we discuss the potential utility of genetic information in determining the causal basis of the relationship of cigarette smoking and depression.