bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'agriculture polonaise et la question de l'intégration européenne : regards croisés
Authors: Halamska Maria , Maurel Marie-Claude 
Published: December 2010

Polish agriculture and the question of European integration : Contras views.
Given its productive potential and its specific structural characteristics, Poland will likely play an important role in the enlargement process of the European Union. On the basis of an analysis of official views in Brussels and Warsaw, questions are raised about the impact of political and social actors' tacit opinions and conceptions. Even though a post-communist coalition now heads the Polish government and an interventionist, protectionist policy has been adopted, a new political conception in favor of integration tends to prevail in the country. All the scenarios for integration, as foreseen by European or Polish experts, focus on assessing production potentials and the rhythm of price adjustments. But integration cannot be reduced to its economic and financial impact ; this question must also be seen in social and historical terms. Might Poland's structural heritage not thwart the convergence of agricultural policies ? Although there is a political willingness to adapt Polish farming to European requirements, the specificities of an agriculture mainly comprised of small family holdings may make it difficult for this country to accept the European agricultural model.
Sur le chemin de l'intégration : un point de vue hongrois
Authors: Inotai András 
Published: December 2010

On the road to integration : a Hungarian point of view.
The study deals with selected high-priority issues of Eastern enlargement of the European Union (EU), following the decisions at the Madrid summit meeting. Special attention is devoted to the "integration maturity" of Central European countries. After reviewing the already achieved objectives in the political and economic areas, the author argues in favour of a comprehensive national strategy in order to get adequately prepared for full membership as soon as possible. In this context, special emphasis is laid on investment-based growth, budgetary and institutional reforms.
Analysing the key areas of the preparation for, and future négociation on accession to the EU, the author highlights the development of trade relations, agricultural adjustment, issues of financial transfer, and the movements of manpower. In all cases, the article makes use of a differentiated approach, underlining the substantial differences among the individual candidate countries, and calling attention to the high risks of a "block approach and mentality".
The process of Eastern enlargement is embedded into a prospective and global framework. The final conclusion is that Eastern enlargement has to be considered as a strategic task of all countries involved in order to sustain the European balance of power and to enhance Europe's global competitiveness. Finally, some remarks are made on Hungary's integration strategy, focusing on the possibility of gradual enlargement in geographic terms, and improved cooperation possibilities with CEFTA.
L'assistance financière à l'Europe centrale et orientale : le programme Phare
Authors: Mayhew Alan 
Published: December 2010

Financial assistance to central and eastern Europe : the Phare Programme.
The G24 assistance effort has been a significant attempt by the industrialised countries to help the transformation of the economies and societies of central and eastern Europe. However the lack of effective coordination between the 24 donors has meant that the impact of the whole effort on the transformation process has only been marginal.
The. European Union's assistance has consisted of grants, balance-of-payments loans and structural loans from the European Investment Bank. The most visible element has been the Phare Programme, which has committed around ECU 6,5 billion over the last six years. Whereas other donors are running down their assistance programmes to the region because the first stage of the transformation process is well advanced, the Union's assistance is growing as it prepares to admit the associated countries to membership.
An assessment of the Phare Programme has not been completed yet by the European Commission. Although many initiatives have been started in the region by Phare, a provisional assessment suggests that the programme could certainly have been run more efficiently. Many of the problems stem from the multi-national nature of the programme and the desire of the Union's financial control authorities to control expenditure closely. More recently political control has been somewhat reinforced, which again will slow Programme implementation. With accession only a few years away for the most advanced associated countries, it would seem opportune to begin the process of turning Phare into a real pre- accession structural fund. This makes sense from a consideration of the needs of the associated countries and from the point of view of training these countries' administrations to deal with structural funds. While such a proposal will meet opposition from interested parties within and outside the Commission, it would provide more effective assistance at lower administrative cost and would be an important step on the road to enlargement.
Une interprétation économique de la tension : expliquer les chocs dans les économies post-communistes
Authors: Daianu Daniel 
Published: December 2010

An economic explanation of strain : explaining shocks in post-communist economies.
A command system uses resources poorly because of the impossibility of economic calculation, and the lack of incentives. Once prices are freed and start to operate at quasi-equilibrium (market-clearing) levels, a massive resource reallocation should take place. The major issue is the possible, and probable, intensity of this reallocation in view of constraints such as : the balance between exit and entry in the labor market ; the size of the budget deficit and the means for financing it without fueling inflation ; social and political stability, etc. This paper attempts to show why strain emerges in an economic system, and what are its implications for stabilization policy. After a formalized expression of strain is suggested, the distributional struggle - as a consequence of resource reallocation - is highlighted. It is also argued that inter-enterprise arrears are a symptom of strain. This line of reasoning can help us work out an economic explanation of shocks.
FDG PET/CT in cancer therapy monitoring
Authors: Renisch S. , Opfer R. , Derlin T. , Buchert R. , Carlsen I. C. , Brenner W. , Apostolova I. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryObjectives: We developed and tested a software tool for computer-assisted analysis of FDG-PET/CT in cancer therapy monitoring. The tool provides automatic semi-quantitative analysis of a baseline scan together with up to two follow-up scans (standardized uptake values, glycolytic volume). The tool also supports visual analysis by local spatial registration which allows display of tumor lesions with the same orientation in all scans. The tool’s stability and accuracy was tested at typical everyday image quality. Patients, methods: Ten unselected cancer patients in whom three FDG PET/CT scans had been performed were included. A total of 18 lesions were analyzed. Results: Automatic lesion tracking worked properly in all lesions but one. In this lesion local coregistration had to be adjusted manually tuwhich, however, is easily performed with the tool. Semi-automatic lesion segmentation and fully automatic semi-quantitative analysis worked properly in all cases. Computer-assisted analysis was significantly less time consuming than manual analysis. Conclusions: The novel software tool appears useful for analysis of FDGPET/ CT in cancer therapy monitoring in clinical routine patient care.
Catalysis
Authors: Rothenberg Gadi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis chapter covers the basics of catalysis from a broad perspective. The main message is that heterogeneous catalysis, homogeneous catalysis, and biocatalysis are all one discipline, and you only need to understand once how catalysis works. The chapter is divided into five sections. Sections 1 and 2 introduce and explain the fundamentals of sustainable chemistry, catalysis, and reaction kinetics. Sections 3–5 show how these principles are applied in homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biocatalysis, respectively. I included in each section examples that emphasize the strong connection between fundamental research in catalysis and its application in the chemical industry. To help you master the catalysis jargon, key terms are printed in boldface type and are defined the first time they appear. For a more detailed discussion on the various aspects of catalysis, see the books listed in Further Reading.
Copper
Authors: Kundig K. J. A. , Dresher W. H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCopper and its various alloys are used in industrial and consumer applications because of its high electrical and thermal conductivities, wear and corrosion resistance, and mechanical and aesthetic properties. Pure copper is most often produced by electrofining. Sulfuric acid is a principal by‐product of copper smelting. These various copper minerals, mining, ore treatment, and refining are discussed. as are the chemical reactions specific to these processes. Copper is vital to every industrial sector. World and U.S. production is discussed. Uses of copper and alloys mill products can be broken down into five principal markets: building construction, electrical and electronics products, transportation, consumer products and industrial machinery. Copper and its alloys are considered strategic materials essential to the U.S. economy and national defense. Copper is and essential trace element required for human metabolism.
Analysis of Snow Microstructure by Means of X‐Ray Diffraction Contrast Tomography
Authors: Roscoat Sabine Rolland du , King Andrew , Philip Armelle , Reischig Peter , Ludwig Wolfgang , Flin Frédéric , Meyssonnier Jacques 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSnow is an agglomerate of ice crystals. The details of its mechanical behavior are still controversially discussed: what is the relative importance of intragranular‐viscoplastic deformation versus grain boundary sliding under mechanical loading? In order to understand how snow deforms at the grain scale, micro‐mechanical compression tests on dry snow have been performed using X‐ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT). DCT is a non‐destructive, 3D characterization technique which combines the principles of X‐ray absorption and diffraction imaging. DCT reveals simultaneously the grain structure (in terms of 3D shape and crystallographic orientation) and the absorption microstructure of polycrystalline materials that fulfill specific requirements. Coupled with a sample environment that maintains the snow sample at sub‐zero temperature and allows the application of a constant load, this technique allows us to follow at the grain scale the microstructural changes undergone by the sample. We briefly describe the principle of the DCT technique and then present and discuss the first results obtained during in situ compression experiments performed on large‐grained snow samples.
Synthesis of Partially Graphitic Ordered Mesoporous Carbons with High Surface Areas
Authors: Gao Wenjun , Wan Ying , Dou Yuqian , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGraphitic carbons with ordered mesostructure and high surface areas (of great interest in applications such as energy storage) have been synthesized by a direct triblock‐copolymer‐templating method. Pluronic F127 is used as a structure‐directing agent, with a low‐molecular‐weight phenolic resol as a carbon source, ferric oxide as a catalyst, and silica as an additive. Inorganic oxides can be completely eliminated from the carbon. Small‐angle XRD and N2 sorption analysis show that the resultant carbon materials possess an ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructure, uniform bimodal mesopores (about 1.5 and 6 nm), high surface area (∼1300 m2/g), and large pore volumes (∼1.50 cm3/g) after low‐temperature pyrolysis (900 °C). All surface areas come from mesopores. Wide‐angle XRD patterns demonstrate that the presence of the ferric oxide catalyst and the silica additive lead to a marked enhancement of graphitic ordering in the framework. Raman spectra provide evidence of the increased content of graphitic sp2 carbon structures. Transmission electron microscopy images confirm that numerous domains in the ordered mesostructures are composed of characteristic graphitic carbon nanostructures. The evolution of the graphitic structure is dependent on the temperature and the concentrations of the silica additive, and ferric oxide catalyst. Electrochemical measurements performed on this graphitic mesoporous carbon when used as an electrode material for an electrochemical double layer capacitor shows rectangular‐shaped cyclic voltammetry curves over a wide range of scan rates, even up to 200 mV/s, with a large capacitance of 155 F/g in KOH electrolyte. This method can be widely applied to the synthesis of graphitized carbon nanostructures.
Positive antibody response to vaccination in adolescence predicts lower C‐reactive protein concentration in young adulthood in the philippines
Authors: Mcdade Thomas W. , Adair Linda , Feranil Alan B. , Kuzawa Christopher 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectives: Inflammation has been associated with a wide range of chronic degenerative diseases, but the developmental factors contributing to the regulation of inflammation are poorly understood. This study investigates the within‐individual association between antibody response to vaccination in adolescence and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentration in young adulthood.Methods: In 1998–99, at age 14–15 years, a subset of participants (N = 96) in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey were administered a typhoid vaccine, and baseline and follow‐up blood samples were drawn to assess the strength of the antibody response to vaccination. In 2005, at age 20–21 years, blood samples were drawn from the full cohort for measurement of CRP. N = 74 individuals had complete data at both time points. Bivariate associations and multivariate logistic regression models were evaluated to test the hypothesis that vaccine responsiveness in adolescence was significantly associated with CRP level in young adulthood.Results: There was a strong and statistically significant association between antibody response to vaccination in adolescence and CRP in young adulthood. Median CRP was more than four times higher among nonresponders than responders, and nonresponders were 2.3 to 3.6 times more likely to have CRP in the top tertile of the sample distribution.Conclusions: This study provides evidence for a prospective, within‐individual link between more effective antibody‐mediated immune defenses and lower levels of inflammation. In the context of prior research in this population, these results suggest that early environments are important determinants of multiple aspects of an individual's immuno‐phenotype. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conjugation of enzymes on RNA probes through Cu(I) catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition
Authors: Kitaoka Momoko , Tanaka Yukari , Tada Yutaka , Goto Masahiro , Miyawaki Katsuyuki , Noji Sumihare , Kamiya Noriho 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNorthern and Southern blots are the most commonly used techniques for the confirmation of presence and expression of target genes. Molecular tools available for this purpose include radioisotope‐, enzyme‐ and hapten‐labeled nucleic acid probes. In particular, the use of enzyme‐labeled probes are easy and safe, and do not require bound/free processes after hybridization associated with an antibody‐based detection system. However, there are few approaches that enable the post‐transcriptional modification of RNA with enzymes or proteins. In this study, we applied the Cu(I)‐catalyzed [3 + 2] azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction to the labeling of an RNA strand with enzymes. The C‐5 position of UTP was modified with an alkyne group and alkyne‐bearing RNA was prepared by in vitro transcription using T7 RNA polymerase. Surface amino groups of bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were randomly derivatized with azide groups at different modification ratios. The CuAAC reaction occurred selectively between the alkyne‐modified RNA and the azide‐modified enzyme. The RNA probe conjugated with BAP using this technique could detect a specific RNA by dot blot northern hybridization.
Allenes as Three‐Carbon Units in Catalytic Cycloadditions: New Opportunities with Transition‐Metal Catalysts
Authors: López Fernando , Mascareñas José Luis 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAllenes are very versatile synthetic units that are used in many types of catalytic cycloaddition reactions. Most examples reported so far involve their use as 2C‐atom components, whereas their participations as 3C‐atom components have been much less frequent. In this concept article, we present an overview of this latter strategy, emphasizing on those more recent contributions involving the use of PtII and AuI catalysts, which have uncovered new opportunities in this area.
ChemInform Abstract: Stabilization of Ca1‐δFe2‐xMnxO4 (0.44 ≤ x ≤ 2) with CaFe2O4‐Type Structure and Ca2+ Defects in One‐Dimensional (1D) Channels.
Authors: Yang Tao , Croft Mark , Ignatov Alexander , Nowik Israel , Cong Rihong , Greenblatt Martha 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSolid solutions Ca1‐δFe2‐xMnxO4 (0.45 ≤ x ≤ 2) are synthesized from mixtures of CaCO3, Fe2O3, and Mn2O3 using CaCl2 as a flux (alumina crucible, 850 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Mn3O4—Graphene Hybrid as a High‐Capacity Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries.
Authors: Wang Hailiang , Cui Li‐Feng , Yang Yuan , Sanchez Casalongue Hernan , Robinson Joshua Tucker , Liang Yongye , Cui Yi , Dai Hongjie 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMn3O4/reduced graphene oxide composites are prepared by hydrolysis of Mn(OAc)2 in a DMF/H2O (10:1) graphene oxide suspension at 80 °C, followed by hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C (autoclave, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Hydrogen Storage Properties of Calcium Borohydride Diammoniate.
Authors: Chu Hailiang , Wu Guotao , Xiong Zhitao , Guo Jianping , He Teng , Chen Ping 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCa(BH4)2·6NH3 is synthesized in almost quantitative yield by reaction of Ca(BH4)2 (obtained by metathesis of CaCl2 and NaBH4 in THF) with excess anhydrous NH3 at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Sr2ZnS3: Crystal Structure and Fluorescent Properties of a New Eu(II)‐Activated Yellow Emission Phosphor.
Authors: Petrykin V. , Okube M. , Yamane H. , Sasaki S. , Kakihana M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSr2‐xEuxZnS3 phosphors (x = 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) are prepared from mixtures of Sr2‐xEuxS2 (obtained by the polymerizable complex method) and ZnS (5 GPa, 1000 °C, 90 min) and characterized by powder XRD, SEM, and fluorescence spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of La3OBr[AsO3]2.
Authors: Ben Yahia Hamdi , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: December 2010

AbstractColorless needles of the title compound are prepared by reaction of a 1:1:2 mixture of NH4H2AsO4, NH4Br, and La2O3 in an equimolar NaBr/KBr flux (silica tube, 900 °C, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Hexazirconium‐ and Hexahafnium‐Containing Tungstoarsenates(III) and Their Oxidation Catalysis Properties.
Authors: Al‐Kadamany Ghada , Mal Sib Sankar , Milev Borislav , Donoeva Baira G. , Maksimovskaya Raisa I. , Kholdeeva Oxana A. , Kortz Ulrich 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe isomorphous compounds (IV) crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 8 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Boronic Acid Flux Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Uranium and Neptunium Boronates and Borates: A Low‐Temperature Route to the First Neptunium(V) Borate.
Authors: Wang Shuao , Alekseev Evgeny V. , Miller Hannah M. , Depmeier Wulf , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCompounds (III) and (V) are synthesized using molten MeB(OH)2 as a reactive flux and their structures are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Intralayer Cation Ordering in a Brownmillerite Superstructure: Synthesis, Crystal, and Magnetic Structures of Ca2FeCoO5.
Authors: Ramezanipour Farshid , Greedan John E. , Grosvenor Andrew P. , Britten James F. , Cranswick Lachlan M. D. , Garlea V. Ovidiu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSingle crystals of the title compound are prepared by solid state reaction of CaCO3, Fe2O3, and CoO in a 4:1:2 molar ratio (1100 °C in air for 24 h, 1200 °C in air for 48 h, and 1250 °C in air for 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Intermediate‐Valent Cerium in CeRu2Mg5.
Authors: Linsinger Stefan , Eul Matthias , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe new Mg‐rich title compound is synthesized by high‐frequency melting of a stoichiometric mixture of the elements (sealed tantalum tube, 1373 K, 10 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones and Imines Catalyzed by (CN‐Box)ReV—Oxo Complexes.
Authors: Nolin Kristine A. , Ahn Richard W. , Kobayashi Yusuke , Kennedy‐Smith Joshua J. , Toste F. Dean 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNovel chiral non‐racemic bis(oxazoline)—Re(V)‐oxo complexes are successfully applied in the enantioselective reduction of aromatic (I), (III) as well as α,β‐unsaturated ketones (VII) to give the corresponding alcohols in up to 95% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective (Formal) Aza‐Diels—Alder Reactions with Non‐Danishefsky‐Type Dienes.
Authors: Tambar Uttam K. , Lee Sharon K. , Leighton James L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBoth glyoxylate‐ and aliphatic aldehyde‐derived hydrazones and the dienes undergo a chiral silicon Lewis acid promoted reaction to give a diverse array of tetrahydropyridines with good to excellent levels of enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Terminal Alkynes to α,βUnsaturated Thioamides.
Authors: Yazaki Ryo , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSoft Lewis acid/hard Broensted base cooperative catalysis is crucial for the simultaneous activation of terminal alkynes and thioamides, affording β‐alkynylthioamides in a highly enantioselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Stereoselective α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes with Stable Carbocations.
Authors: Benfatti Fides , Benedetto Elena , Cozzi Pier Giorgio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractStereoselective α‐alkylation of aldehydes is achieved in the presence of MacMillan catalyst salts and lutidine as base.
ChemInform Abstract: MPHT‐Promoted Bromocyclization of ortho‐Substituted Arylalkynes: Application to the Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 3‐Bromobenzofurans and ‐Benzo[b]thiophenes.
Authors: Jacubert Maud , Tikad Abdellatif , Provot Olivier , Hamze Abdallah , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouad 
Published: December 2010

AbstractN‐methylpyrrolidin‐2‐one hydrotribromide is used as a soft and compatible reagent to promote the bromocyclization of ortho‐substituted alkynes at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkane C—H Arylation from Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Rousseaux Sophie , Davi Michael , Sofack‐Kreutzer Julien , Pierre Cathleen , Kefalidis Christos E. , Clot Eric , Fagnou Keith , Baudoin Olivier 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe first efficient and general palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular C(sp3)—H arylation of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides, giving rise to a variety of valuable cyclobutarenes, indanes, indolines, dihydrobenzofurans, and indanones, is described.
ChemInform Abstract: SmI2‐Mediated 3‐exo‐trig Cyclization of β,γ‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropanols.
Authors: Martin‐Fontecha Mar , Agarrabeitia Antonia R. , Ortiz Maria J. , Armesto Diego 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHigh degree of diastereoselectivity is observed in the reaction leading to (E)‐cyclopropanols.