bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field trials of calciferol against warfarin resistant infestations of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk.)
Authors: Rennison B. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe effectiveness of calciferol (vitamin D2) against Rattus norvegicus was investigated in field trials on twenty-three farms with rat infestations partly resistant to warfarin. At 0·01% combined with warfarin at 0·025% no rodenticidal effect of the calciferol was discernible. At 0·025% with warfarin at the same concentration, results were better, but not appreciably better than is often obtained with warfarin alone against resistant rat populations. When the concentration of calciferol was stepped up to 0·1%, four out of five treatments in which the poison was applied directly gave complete control. The fifth may have partly failed because of poison shyness caused by under-baiting. Five out of six more treatments done after ‘pre-baiting’ were also successful. The sixth failed for reasons unconnected with the choice of poison.Six further infestations that were not responding adequately to warfarin treatments were quickly controlled when, in three instances, calciferol at 0·1% was used instead and, in three more, it was used together with warfarin. It is concluded that calciferol at 0·1% is an effective poison against R. norvegicus either combined with warfarin or not, but that because at 0·1% its effect is subacute rather than chronic, there may be a case in some environments for using it only after pre-baiting.
Observations on Leucoprotease and “Anti-Leucoprotease”
Authors: Bradley C. H. Burton 
Published: May 2009

According to Kossel (1888) Fritz Miiller discovered that phthisical sputum digests fibrin and coagulated albumen in weakly alkaline media, but the fact that antiseptic pus digests proteins seems to have been first observed by Leber.Achalme (1899) separated proteolytic ferments from pus from various sources and Erben (1903) and Schumm (1904) drew attention to the notable quantity of albumoses in blood from cases of myologenous leukaemia which had been incubated, and the relative absence of this proteolysis in the incubated blood from cases of lymphatic leukaemia. Ascoli and Mareschi (1901) showed that the peritoneal exudate produced by aleuronat underwent autolysis under aseptic conditions.
Death-Rates in Great Britain and Sweden: Expression of Specific Mortality Rates as Products of Two Factors, and some Consequences thereof
Authors: Kermack W. O. , McKendrick A. G. , McKinlay P. L. 
Published: May 2009

1. The specific mortality rates for males, females and the total population for England and Wales, for Scotland and for Sweden, have been fitted to a formula ƒ (t, θ) = α. (t—θ) βθ where ƒ (t, θ) is the specific mortality rate at a time t for age θ, β0 is a function depending solely on the age θ, and α (t —θ)depends only on the time of birth (t — θ). The results are in substantial agreement with those obtained by less refined methods in the previous paper. The probable errors of the values found for à and for β have been calculated.2. It is shown that the β0 curves for the Scottish and the English males are approximately represented by the Makeham-Gompertz formula A+Becθ, where A, B and c have suitable values. The other β0 curves do not appear to conform exactly to a formula of this type.3. With the help of the representation of β0 by the Makeham-Gompertz expression the effect of variation of α on the survival curves, the death curves, and the expectation of life has been determined. It is shown that with the range of values of α experienced in Britain during the last 50 years, the most marked effect is most likely to be experienced in the future between the ages of 65 and 85, a very considerable increase of people of these ages being likely provided that the relationship exhibited by the statistics up to the present date is maintained in the future.Though the Makeham-Gompertz formula does not hold in the case of the English and Scottish females, nor for the Swedish statistics, these approximate sufficiently closely to the values for the English and Scottish males, to allow of the conclusion deduced in the latter case being extended to the former.4. It is strongly emphasised that the validity of all the predictions depends upon a hypothesis of extrapolation which, however attractive in the light of the figures so far available, might not be fulfilled under certain contingencies.
The Toxicity to Animals of 1:4 Dioxan
Authors: Fairley A. , Linton E. C. , Ford-Moore A. H. 
Published: May 2009

Rabbit 1 and mouse 1 probably died from pneumonia, although, both animals showed well-marked lesions in both liver and kidneys. The rat lungs were—as usual—dubious. In the other animals the lungs were normal and the picture was one of hepatic and renal damage alone.At this concentration, the likelihood of pulmonary affections, and death therefrom, appears to be much less than in the cases of animals exposed to 1/100.Pulmonary inflammation does not occur at this concentration, and the lesions were exclusively hepatic and renal.Summary.Pulmonary inflammation does not occur at this concentration, and the lesions were exclusively hepatic and renal.Summary. The rats in the experiment seemed to be more severely affected than the mice, and two rats died with an acute enteritis. The renal and hepatic tissue changes were also more severe in the rats.
High and Persistent Carrier Rates ofNeisseria meningitidis, unaccompanied by Cases of Meningitis
Authors: Dudley Sheldon F. , Brennan J. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. In Chatham naval hospital a carrier rate for agglutinable meningococci of 50 per cent, persisted for over a year, during which period there were no cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis among the naval and military population of the port.2. During the same period the carrier rate at Portsmouth among the contacts to six cases of meningitis was 5 per cent.3. During the year previous to the present Chatham investigation the carrier rate at Chatham was 13 per cent, among the contacts to five cases of C.S.M.4. There was no association of the meningococcus carrier rate with density of population or season of the year.5. The most senior ratings, with the most spacious accommodation, had as high a carrier rate (60 per cent.) as the recruits with the worst sleeping quarters. Ratings of intermediate seniority had an intermediate rate (38 per cent.).6. Agglutination tests indicated that the antigenic composition of the bacterial herd ofN. meningitidischanged rather suddenly, while the total meningococcal carrier rate remained constant.7. Many of the above recent observations are at variance to what was seen at Chatham, and elsewhere, during the Great War. An attempt is made therefore to reconcile the past with the present experiences.Our thanks are due to Surgeon-Commander J. A. O'Flynn, who kindly tested our culture medium and supplied the Portsmouth C.S.M. data, and also to Chief Petty Officer R. Kircher, R.N., Sick Berth Staff, who did all the nasopharyngeal swabbing (in order to keep the personal equation constant), as well as much of the technical laboratory work.
Iron in Human Nutrition
Authors: Widdowson E. M. , McCance R. A. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation has been made of the iron intake of sixty-three men and sixty-three women of the English middle class, living on freely chosen diets. Their intakes of total iron have been found to have mean values of 16·8 and 11·4 mg. per day respectively. The highest value found for any woman was only just above the average for the men, and 30 per cent, of the women were taking less than 10 mg. of iron a day.“Available” or inorganic iron in the diets has also been calculated, and has been found to average 10·8 mg. per day for men and 7·9 mg. for women. If fairly large amounts of meat are eaten, the available iron may be less than half the total iron in the diet. If, on the other hand, the diet is mainly vegetarian, about 90 per cent, of the total iron may be available.Haemoglobin determinations were made on more than 50 per cent, of the subjects. The men's average was 102 per cent, and the women's 93 per cent. No significant correlation could be found between the total or available iron intake and the haemoglobin level.The effect of large doses of iron (100 mg. of iron a day as ferrous sulphate or ferric ammonium citrate) on normal haemoglobin levels has been investigated. This has scarcely altered the haemoglobin percentages of men, but has increased the values for women by 4–17 per cent, and a mean rise of over 10 per cent, has been observed.
A Study Of English Diets By The Individual Method: Part I. Men
Authors: Widdowson E. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. A study of the freely chosen diets of sixty-three men of the English middle class has been made by the “individual” method. All food was weighed for the period of a week, and the amounts of protein, animal protein, fat, carbohydrate, calories, calcium, total and available phosphorus and total and available iron in the individual diets have been calculated. Detailed and averaged results for the diets are given.2. The average calorie intake was 3067 per day, but a very wide variation was observed (1772–4955 calories), and it is suggested that the adoption of 3000 calories as the requirement of an individual man may be most misleading.3. There was a definite, but mathematically insignificant, decrease in calorie intake with increasing age. The individual variation at each age was so great, however, that no rules for the guidance of individuals as to their dietary requirements at different ages can possibly be formulated.4. No significant correlation existed between calorie intake and body weight.5. The proportion of calories derived from fat was higher than any figures previously recorded in this country. The proportion of calories derived from carbohydrate was correspondingly lower.6. The total calcium, phosphorus and iron intakes were 0·87 g., 1·61 g. and 16·8 mg. per day respectively. 98 per cent, of the total phosphorus eaten was in an “available” form, while only 66 per cent, of the iron could be considered to be physiologically available.7. A similar study has been carried out on six unemployed men, and the chemical composition of these diets is compared with that of employed, middle-class individuals.Acknowledgments. The author wishes to thank Dr R. A. McCance for his enthusiastic encouragement and help, Miss M. Verdon-Roe for her assistance with the calculations, and all the subjects of the investigation for their willing co-operation. Part of the expense of this investigation were defrayed by a personal grant from the Medical Research Council.
A Study Of English Diets By The Individual Method: Part II. Women
Authors: Widdowson E. M. , McCance R. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. The food intakes of sixty-three women of the English middle class have been studied by the individual method and compared with those of men which were described in a previous paper.2. The average calorie consumption was 2187 per day. Although it is not suggested that this is the optimum intake, it would appear from these results that the “man value” of a woman is 0·7, and not 0·8 as is usually supposed. The individual calorie consumptions varied from 1453 to 3110 per day.3. The average daily protein intake was 67 g., and no subject was eating more than 90 g.4. Fat and carbohydrate contributed almost equally to the calorie value of the diet. The proportion of total calories derived from fat (42·7 per cent.) is higher than any previously recorded figures in Europe or America.5. The average amount of calcium in the diets was 0·63 g. per day. Fourteen individuals were having less than 0·5 g., and one only 0·23 g.6. The mean intakes of total and available phosphorus were 1·32 and 1·09 g. respectively.7. A study has been carried out on six women, whose husbands were unemployed. Their intake of all dietary constituents, except carbohydrate, were considerably lower than were found for the women of the middle class.Acknowledgments. The authors wish to thank Miss E. E. Franklin for her help with the calculations, Miss A. Cameron for her co-operation with regard to the unemployed, and all the subjects, without whose support the investigation would never have been carried out. One of us (E. M. W.) is indebted to the Medical Eesearch Council for a part-time grant.
The Size of the Virus of Aujeszky's Disease (“Pseudo-rabies”, “Infectious Bulbar Paralysis”, “Mad-itch”) by Ultrafiltration Analysis
Authors: Elford W. J. , Galloway I. A. 
Published: May 2009

Summary and conclusionThe virus of Aujeszky's disease (pseudo-rabies) has been found to have a particle size of 100—150 mμ. Two strains were employed in these experiments, one that of Aujeszky, and the other Shope's “mad-itch” strain. The results with both strains were identical.
Pival, an anti-coagulant rodenticide
Authors: Bentley E. W. , Rowe Marian 
Published: May 2009

1. Pival at 0·025% is somewhat less toxic than warfarin at 0·005% to R. norvegicus when ingested for periods up to 72 hr. It is also less acceptable in a dry cereal bait.2. Pival and warfarin at 0·025 % are about equally toxic and equally acceptable to R. rattus.3. Young R. rattus appear to be more resistant than heavier rats to both Pival and warfarin.4. The fungicidal properties of Pival are discussed.
The classification of bacteriophages lysing staphylococci
Authors: Rippon Joan E. 
Published: May 2009

Staphylococcal phages may be divided into three broad divisions:(1) Phages lysing coagulase-positive staphylococci with a restricted host range. Phages in this division may be further divided into five lytic groups I, II, III, IV and Miscellaneous.(2) ‘Polyvalent’ phages; phages with a wide host range among coagulase-positive cocci, and sometimes also active on coagulase-negative strains.(3) Phages lysing only coagulase-negative staphylococci.Within each division the phages can be further grouped by their serological reactions. Nine serological groups have been defined. Phages of any single serological group also share other characteristics, e.g. stability, and the ability to form lysogenic systems.
Epidemiological consequences of the mechanical transmission of myxomatosis by mosquitoes
Authors: Fenner Frank , Day M. F. , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M. 
Published: May 2009

When examined under similar conditions in the laboratory, the two strains of myxoma virus used to initiate the Australian and European epizootics, and three somewhat attenuated strains recovered in the field in Australia and France, were found to produce lesions containing approximately the same amount of virus, and were transmitted by mosquitoes with approximately equal efficiency. The laboratory variant neuromyxoma multiplied poorly in the skin and was very rarely transmitted by mosquitoes.The survival potential of different virus strains in the field is correlated with the length of time during which rabbits infected with different strains present to biting mosquitoes lesions containing high concentrations of virus. Sickness of the infected rabbit, and extensive viruliferous skin lesions, will increase its suitability as a source of virus for mosquitoes. These considerations explain the dominance of slightly attenuated strains of myxoma virus in the field in Australia.Species of mosquitoes, when tested under standard conditions in the laboratory, differ in their efficiency as vectors of myxomatosis. These differences may be related to differences in the method of feeding, and to structural differences in the mouthparts.Engorgement on an immune rabbit after probing through myxomatous skin lesions had no greater effect on the subsequent ability of mosquitoes to transmit myxomatosis than a similar blood feed on a normal rabbit.Nine serial mosquito-bite passages of the standard laboratory strain of virus, each involving one week in the rabbit and two weeks in the mosquito, had no effect on its pathogenic behaviour.
Studies onBrucella ovis(n.sp.), a cause of genital disease of sheep in new Zealand and Australia
Authors: Buddle M. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. The characters of twenty-seven strains isolated from sheep in New Zealand and Australia were examined and compared with those of representative strains ofBrucella abortus, Br. suisandBr. melitensis.2. These strains could be classified in the brucella genus on the basis of cell morphology and staining, colonial morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical properties, pathogenicity for laboratory animals and association with genital disease in the natural host.3. The ovine strains have never been observed in other than the non-smooth phase. Consequently, these organisms lack the specific surface antigens of smooth brucellae but are antigenically closely related to the non-smooth variants of other brucella species. Three antigenic factors were identified and their presence confirmed in all twenty-seven ovine strains.4. The N.Z. and Australian ovine strains appear sufficiently stable and distinguishable from other established groups of the brucella genus in a number of independently variable characters to justify their constituting either a new species,Brucella ovis,or a new variety,Brucella bruceivar.ovis australasiae.The author wishes to thank Prof. W. I. B. Beveridge for his continued interest and for providing accommodation and facilities.
The detection of variation in host susceptibility in dilution counting experiments
Authors: Armitage P. , Spicer C. C. 
Published: May 2009

Variation in host susceptibility results in flattening of the quantal response curve obtained in dilution counting experiments. This departure from the exponential curve obtained with uniform hosts is found primarily at the lower dilutions, where the infection rates are high. The test proposed by Moran, for the detection of host variability, may easily fail to detect quite appreciable heterogeneity with the numbers of observations that are likely to be available in practice. Examination of the response curves corresponding to various theoretical distributions of susceptibility suggests that detection of heterogeneity is unlikely unless the probability that a particle can initiate infection is distributed with a low mean and considerable positive skewness.The problem is related to that of estimating the standard deviation of a tolerance distribution from quantal response data. This suggests an alternative test, based on the Spearman-Kärber method, which, however, appears to be no better than Moran's test. Both methods provide estimates of the variability of the susceptibility distribution.
The Bacterial Flora of the Air of Occupied Rooms
Authors: Williams R. E. O. , Lidwell O. M. , Hirch Ann 
Published: May 2009

Air-borne bacteria collected from occupied schoolrooms and cultivated aerobically on serum agar yielded a mean count of' general bacterial flora' (principally various micrococci) of about 70 colonies/cu.ft. with a 95% range of 19–251 colonies/cu.ft. Of a number of other occupied places examined, none except busy public offices yielded as high an average count.When the air samples were cultivated on a medium designed to suppress micrococci, a count of 1.0–1.5 colonies of streptococci/cu.ft. was observed. About 25 % of the streptococci were levan-producing Streptococcus salivarius.An analysis was made of factors that might affect the number of bacteria found in the classroom air. The principal findings were that Str. salivarius was correlated with the amount of talking among the room occupants and that the general count was correlated with the ventilation rate and to a less extent with talking. Both counts were correlated less strongly with the general level of activity among the occupants.In classrooms with ultra-violet irradiation, the numbers of Str. salivarius were reduced and the correlation with talking was less than in the unirradiated rooms, being little greater than the small correlation with activity.It was concluded that most of the Str. salivarius in the air of the schoolrooms were derived directly from the upper respiratory tract of the occupants, and these seemed to be sensitive to ultra-violet irradiation. A smaller proportion were probably dispersed from secondary reservoirs and were less sensitive to the irradiation.Most of the organisms comprised in the general bacterial flora were probably derived from such secondary reservoirs as clothing, but some, including the enterococci, were almost certainly derived from floor dust. We are greatly indebted to Mrs Eileen Woods for her help in the computations on which this paper is based.
Isolation of Three Strains of Type 1 Dengue Virus from a Local Outbreak of the Disease in Malaya
Authors: Smith C. E. Gordon 
Published: May 2009

1. Three strains of virus were isolated in suckling mice from the blood of three patients suffering from dengue during a local outbreak of the disease.2. One strain was adapted to adult mice and identified as a dengue virus of type 1. The identification was confirmed by workers in America.3. Evidence is presented that the other two strains of virus are similar to the one fully identified.4. Attention is drawn to the need for detailed work to find a more sensitive method of isolation for dengue viruses.
An aetiological study of respiratory infection in children, Edinburgh City Hospital, 1961–1963
Authors: Urquhart G. E. D. , Moffat Margaret A. J. , Calder Margaret A. , Cruickshank Gillian M. 
Published: May 2009

The findings are described of a combined clinical, bacteriological and virological study which included all children admitted to the City Hospital, Edinburgh, with acute respiratory infection and whooping cough during the winters 1961–62 and 1962–63. During the first winter 131 cases aged 0–12 years and in the second winter 133 aged 0–6 years were examined. The respiratory illnesses were divisible into upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, pneumonia, and whooping cough; many of the cases of whooping cough had respiratory complications with bronchitis or pneumonia.Paired sera, a throat swab and a faecal specimen were taken from each child and investigated vircdogically. Over both winters the highest total virus isolation rate was found in the group suffering from upper respiratory disease. Approximately two-thirds of the total number of patients from whom virus was isolated and from whom both acute and convalescent sera were available gave a serological response to the homologous virus; the highest proportion of these patients occurred in the pneumonia and URTI groups. The groups of viruses associated with a fourfold or greater rise in antibodies occurred in the following proportions of the cases: myxovirus 9 %; adeno virus 7 %; entero virus 4 %; herpes simplex 3 %.Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 37 % of patients in 1961–62 and from 49 % in 1962–63,Staph. pyogenesbeing the most common pathogen. Isolation of pneumococci was facilitated during the second year by the examination of a nasal swab. Pre-admission chemotherapy did not significantly alter the bacterial isolation rates. Agglutination studies were carried out on forty clinical cases of whooping cough admitted during the two winters and thirty-two showed significant stable titres toBordetella pertussis; only 9 (18 %) of these cases gave a history of prophylactic immunization.A third of the patients had neither bacterial nor viral pathogens.The findings in this survey illustrate the need for further intensive virological and bacteriological studies of acute respiratory infections in early childhood.