bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Placentation of the Indian Musk‐Shrew (Crocidura cserulea).
Authors: Sansom G. S. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe placentation of Crocidura in its general features resembles that of Sorex, as described by Hubrecht, but it is far more complex and exhibits many differences in detail, judging from Hubrecht's account. The ripe placenta, which is formed on the antimesometrial side, is of the hemochorialis type, in which maternal blood circulates in lacunze bounded by syncytio‐trophoblast, the allantoic capillaries lying between the lacunæ.The late blastocyst of Crocidura has the typical form of a large thin‐walled vesicle with a lenticular embryonal knot (Pl. XXI. fig. 8). After the segregation of the endoderm a cleft arises in the embryonal ectodermal mass. The covering layer of the trophoblast and then the roof of this cleft disappear, with the result that the shield ectoderm becomes exposed on the surface (Pl. XXI. fig. 10). Over a localized discoidal area in the equatorial region of the vesicle, the trophoblast becomes thickened. This specialised area is apparently associated with the first attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall. The blastocyst lies in a deep pear‐shaped enlargement of the antimesometrial uterine lumen, which we have termed the implantation‐cavity. The uterine epithelium lining the cavity proliferates rapidly and gives rise to a thick layer of epithelial crypts (Pl. XXII. fig. 11). The blastocyst first becomes attached to the uterine wall by the small discoidal area of enlarged trophoblast‐cells in the equatorial plane. The trophoblast‐cells of this area penetrate rapidly into the uterine wall and destroy the hypertrophied uterine epithelium, with the result that a gap is produced in the thick layer of epithelial orypts. This gap is a constant and conspicuous feature in all the early stages of attachment (Pl. XXII. figs. 11, 14). The uterine epithelial crypts, the lumina of which are extremely narrow, rapidly increase in depth and form a series of radially arranged columns separated by richly vascularized sheets of maternal connective‐tissue, which frequently terminate in conspicuous enlargements containing many capillaries just inside the superficial layer of uterine epithelium (Pl. XXII. fig. 13).
Changes in the Salmon Skull
Authors: TCHERNAVIN V. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY OF PART II.The skulls of all species of Oncorhynchus which I have studied and examined (O. keta, O. gorbuscha, O. tschawytscha, O. kisutsch, and O. masu), although differing somewhat in each species, have similar general characteristic breeding changes which can be summarised as follows:‐A great part of the elements of the skull are more or less affected by the breeding changes. Those most affected are the ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and all the tooth‐bearing bones.The changes are greater in large specimens, and also in males than in females. The changes consist mainly in an enlargement of the affected parts, especially in length, and of the formation of new “breeding” teeth.The breeding teeth of Oncorhynchus, unlike those of Salmo, have large ossified bases and are not set in sockets.The teeth of the præmaxillary develop not only in the space covered by the bone but also in front of and behind it. The anterior of the tooth‐bases from the right and left sides overlap the tip of the “rostrum” and join together in front of it, but no space is left between them and no hollow is developed by the anterior parts of the præmaxillaries in front of the “rostrum” In breeding males of Oncorhynchus the lengthened and curved “rostrum” and the præmaxillaries project noticeably beyond the anterior end of the lower jaw. At the anterior end of the maxillary, teeth with large bases are also developed and, uniting with the curved end of the maxillary, completely fill this space. Thus, the maxillary in breeding specimens of Oncorhynchus becomes straight.Very large tooth‐bases develop on the anterior end of the dentary. Uniting with the bone they form a kind of knob crowned with teeth. The anterior ends of both the dentaries grow closely together and no groove is formed between them.Long needle‐shaped teeth develop on the pharyngeal plates.All species of Oncorhynchus breed only once.Comparing these changes with those of Salmo, we see that they are markedly different. In Salmo salar the breeding teeth have no ossified bases and the teeth are set in sockets. The lengthening of the præmaxillary is due exclusively to the growth of the bone itself. The anterior ends of the præmaxillaries grow beyond the forked “rostrum” and a large hollow is formed between them. No teeth grow beyond the præmaxillary or at the inwardly bent anterior end of the maxillary. The anterior ends of the dentaries themselves grow dorsally and form an upturned knob. A large hook, consisting of connective tissue, appears on the front end of the lower jaw, its base being fastened in a deep groove between the tips of the dentaries. The teeth take no part in the formation of this hook and are never fastened to it. The upper jaw in Salmo never projects beyond the anterior end of the lower.All the breeding changes in Salmo are recurrent and the breeding characters disappear after spawning.
Clinical librarians as facilitators of nurses’ evidence‐based practice
Authors: Määttä Sylvia , Wallmyr Gudrun 
Published: October 2010

Aim.  The aim of this study was to explore nurses’ and ward‐based clinical librarians’ reflections on ward‐based clinical librarians as facilitators for nurses’ use of evidences‐based practice.Background.  Nurses’ use of evidence‐based practice is reported to be weak. Studies have suggested that clinical librarians may promote evidence‐based practice. To date, little is known about clinical librarians participating nurses in the wards.Design.  A descriptive, qualitative design was adopted for the study.Method.  In 2007, 16 nurses who had been attended by a clinical librarian in the wards were interviewed in focus groups. Two clinical librarians were interviewed by individual interviews. In the analysis, a content analysis was used.Results.  Three themes were generated from the interviews with nurses: ‘The grip of everyday work’, ‘To articulate clinical nursing issues’ and ‘The clinical librarians at a catalyst’. The nurses experienced the grip of everyday work as a hindrance and had difficulties to articulate and formulate relevant nursing issues. In such a state, the nurses found the clinical librarian presence in the ward as enhancing the awareness of and the use of evidence‐based practice. Three themes emerged from the analysis with the librarians. They felt as outsiders, had new knowledge and acquired a new role as ward‐based clinical librarians.Conclusions.  Facilitation is needed if nurses’ evidence‐based practice is going to increase. The combined use of nurses and clinical librarians’ knowledge and skills can be optimised. To achieve this, nurses’ skills in consuming and implementing evidence ought to be strengthened.Relevance to clinical practice.  The fusion of the information and knowledge management skill of the ward‐based clinical librarian and the clinical expertise of the nurses can be of value. With such a collaborative model, nurse and ward‐based clinical librarian might join forces to increase the use of evidence‐based practice.
Is the ward sister role still relevant to the quality of patient care? A critical examination of the ward sister role past and present
Authors: Bradshaw Ann 
Published: October 2010

Aims and objectives.  To examine the UK ward sister role in contemporary and historical context.Background.  The ward sister role once key to nursing is now confused.Design.  A critical examination of the changing role of the ward sister. Sources consulted: nursing textbooks 1877–1971, nursing and medical periodicals 1912–2010, official government reports 1947–2010, research studies on nursing 1960–2010, secondary works on nursing history.Method.  An historiographical analysis of archival sources which interrogates primary and secondary evidence to make transparent interconnection, coherence, consistency and reliability.Results.  As a consequence of professional, educational and managerial changes, the traditional authority of the ward sister for nursing standards, ward services and ward facilities is diminished. Ward sisters are primarily motivated by nursing rather than managerial values. Hence, there is disparity in the title ‘ward sister’ espoused by ward sisters and the public and the title ‘ward manager’ espoused by non‐nursing managers. This is not just terminology, but concerns the kind of values enshrined by the term and entrusted to the role.Conclusions.  Until the late 1970s, the ward sister was key to maintaining standards of care. She was the trustee of a tradition and transmitted its values. Subsequent organisational and professional changes have diminished the authority of the role. History may suggest the need to examine and strengthen the ward sister role in the light of its original orientation.Relevance to clinical practice.  The ward sister role could have a fundamental effect on the quality of patient care if it were to regain its former scope and authority.
The handling of peripheral venous catheters – from non‐compliance to evidence‐based needs
Authors: Hasselberg Daniella , Ivarsson Bodil , Andersson Roland , Tingstedt Bobby 
Published: October 2010

Aim.  To study nurses’ compliance to national guidelines (Sweden) for peripheral venous catheters and to establish the complication frequency connected to time in situ and bore size.Background.  Worldwide, there are no standard peripheral venous catheters guidelines, and the need for elective replacement has been challenged. Furthermore, the time interval and need for elective change of peripheral venous catheters has cost implications for hospitals.Design.  Prospective register study.Methods.  The health care professionals in one surgical ward in a university hospital in the south of Sweden prospectively registered peripheral venous catheters parameters. Four hundred and thirteen peripheral venous catheters were registered for time in situ, size and complications. A cost analysis was performed. Non‐parametric statistics were used, and p < 0·05 was regarded as significant.Result.  Compliance to the guideline of time in situ was 30·2%, and the frequency of thrombophlebitis was 6·5%. Peripheral venous catheters left in situ for more than 72 hours caused more thrombophlebitis (p = 0·03). There was no difference in thrombophlebitis rate when peripheral venous catheters were changed within 24 hours compared with peripheral venous catheters that were changed within 72 hours. No difference was seen regarding complications between peripheral venous catheters sized 0·9 mm/22 gauge or 1·1 mm/20 gauge.Conclusion.  The present Swedish national guidelines, advocating peripheral venous catheter change every 24 hours, should be altered since peripheral venous catheters left in situ for up to 72 hours were not found to be related to a greater risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Nor is it compatible with a greater risk to use a peripheral venous catheter of 1·1 mm/20 gauge instead of 0·9 mm/22 gauge. The change in guidelines would decrease money spent, 250 100 Euro in Sweden, thus allowing time for the nurses to do other tasks and save discomfort for the patients.Relevance to clinical practice.  National guidelines should be based on evidence and current facts, and evaluation of guidelines should be given priority.
Organisation of care for Swedish patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, a national survey
Authors: Bolse Kärstin , Johansson Ingela , Strömberg Anna 
Published: October 2010

Aim.  To describe the clinical aspects of implantable cardioverter defibrillators care in Sweden with focus on organisation, the role and education of nurses, patient information and education and areas in need of improvement.Background.  Implantable cardioverter defibrillators implantations have developed rapidly in recent years and are now an established arrhythmia treatment. The expanding indication for implantable cardioverter defibrillators implantation demands new competencies and resources in the implantable cardioverter defibrillators team members.Methods.  Participants were recruited among physicians and nurses in all of the hospitals implanting implantable cardioverter defibrillators (n = 16). Data were collected by a questionnaire. Additionally, all written educational materials provided to patients pre‐ and postimplant were collected from all 16 hospitals. Deductive content analysis using Sarvimäki and Stenbock‐Hult’s five holistic dimensions was employed to ascertain how information was provided in brochures and information materials.Results.  Half of the hospitals (n = 8) had nurse‐based outpatient clinics and several others planned to introduce them. Three hospitals carried out distance follow‐ups by means of tele‐monitoring. The nurses had received specific implantable cardioverter defibrillators education from implantable cardioverter defibrillators companies and/or various university courses. The biophysical dimension dominated in the information material, while the emotional, intellectual and socio‐cultural dimensions were scarcely described, and the spiritual‐existential was not referred to at all.Conclusion.  Holistic care of implantable cardioverter defibrillators patients can be achieved by means of a multidisciplinary implantable cardioverter defibrillators team and more patient‐centred educational strategies. In Sweden, the organisation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators care and follow‐up is developing towards more nurse‐based clinics.Relevance to clinical practice.  Development and implementation of structured care programmes with a more holistic approach can improve future implantable cardioverter defibrillators care. The content of the written educational materials need to be more holistic, rather than mainly focusing on the biophysical and technical aspects of living with an implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
Contact dermatitis: a common adverse reaction to topical traditional Chinese medicine
Authors: Sen Priya , Ho Madeline SL , Ng See‐Ket , Yosipovitch Gil 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground  Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the use of topical traditional Chinese medicine (TTCM). The most common adverse event seen in the use of TTCM is contact dermatitis. This retrospective study was designed to determine the types of commonly used TTCM in Singapore causing contact dermatitis.Methods  We retrospectively reviewed the case notes of 10 patients seen at the National Skin Centre over a 4‐month period with a diagnosis of adverse cutaneous reactions to TTCMs.Results  A total of 10 patients were diagnosed with contact dermatitis to TTCM at our institution over a 4‐month period. The clinical manifestation ranged from eczematous lesions to urticarial plaques and blisters. Five of these patients were patch‐tested to our standard series, our in‐house TTCM series, as well as to the TTCM they had used. The other five patients declined patch testing. The results of patch testing confirmed the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in three of the tested patients. Negative patch testing results inferred the diagnosis of irritant contact dermatitis to TTCM in the other two patients. Two of the patients with positive patch tests also had a positive reaction to balsam of peru and fragrance mix. The three positive patch tests were all caused by medicated oils.Conclusions  These results suggest it is likely that essential oils present as constituents of the medicated oils could be the possible allergen. The study also confirms that contact dermatitis is a common adverse event associated with the use of TTCM.
Pemphigus vulgaris and herpesviruses: is there any relationship?
Authors: Esmaili Nafiseh , Hallaji Zahra , Abedini Robabeh , Soori Tahereh , Mortazavi Hossein , Chams‐Davatchi Cheyda 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground  Pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder, which results from interaction of exogenous and endogenous factors. One of these environmental factors is viral infections particularly, herpesviruses. We aimed to detect the presence of HSV 1 and 2 (herpes simplex virus) and HHV8 (human herpesvirus 8) in our patients who were suffering from pemphigus vulgaris.Methods  In this cross‐sectional study, 38 patients (19 male and 19 female patients) with pemphigus vulgaris were entered, 32 skins and six peripheral blood cells samples were obtained from the study population. Thereafter, the presence of HHV8 and HSV DNA were evaluated by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results  The mean age of patients was 45.05 ± 17.24 years (range: 16–81 years). Twelve patients mentioned history of herpes labial in the past (31.57%). Results of PCR test for detection of HSV and HHV8 DNA in all 32 skin samples and five peripheral blood samples and one case with skin and blood samples were reported negative.Conclusion  Inability to detect HHV8 and HSV DNA in this study suggests that herpesviruses may be only occasional factors for development or exacerbation of pemphigus vulgaris.
Statins in dermatology
Authors: Jowkar Farideh , Namazi Mohammad Reza 
Published: October 2010

AbstractStatins are competitive inhibitors of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylyglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase and reduce low‐density lipoprotein‐C levels. Statins are well‐tolerated drugs used for prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Statins possess anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, metabolic, and possible anticancer effects. Statins are reported to be effective against psoriasis, dermatitis, graft‐versus‐host disease, uremic pruritus, vitiligo, and hirsutism. Topical forms of statins are employed in the treatment of acne, seborrhea, rosacea, and rhinophyma. Animal studies show the beneficial effect of statins against contact dermatitis and wound healing. They have promising anti‐HIV effects as well. This article succinctly reviews the various cellular and molecular effects of statins, their applications in cutaneous medicine and their side effects.
Actinic cheilitis: a treatment review
Authors: Shah Amishi Y. , Doherty Sean D. , Rosen Ted 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAll other factors being equal, the presence of actinic cheilitis, a pre‐invasive malignant lesion of the lips, doubles the risk of squamous cell carcinoma developing in this anatomic area. Various forms of local ablation,immunomodulation and surgical extirpation have been proposed as therapeutic interventions. This paper critically evaluates the available medical literature to highlight the evidence‐based strength of each recommended therapy for actinic cheilitis. Vermilionectomy remains the gold standard for efficacy; trichloroacetic acid application is easy and convenient, but the least efficacious overall.
Serum cytokine profile during Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer)
Authors: Zavattaro Elisa , Mesturini Riccardo , Dossou Ange , Melensi Matteo , Johnson Roch Christian , Sopoh Ghislain , Dianzani Umberto , Leigheb Giorgio 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground  Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a severe cutaneous and subcutaneous disease due to Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, mainly distributed in sub‐Saharan Africa and tropical areas. The role of T helper (TH) cytokines in the development and clinical course of the disease has been previously studied by investigating the in vitro immune response of lymphocytes from affected patients and immunohistochemical analyses of bioptic samples.Methods  TH cytokine levels (IFNγ, TNF‐α, IL‐2, IL‐10, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐17) were evaluated in serum of 34 Beninese subjects by cytofluorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays: 16 patients affected with active BU, 4 patients who had healed after specific therapy, and 14 matched controls.Results  Levels of IFNγ were higher in patients with late BU (>2 months from onset) and healed patients than in controls, and in ulcerative than in pre‐ulcerative patients. Analysis of 4 patients with “late” disease evaluated both at the beginning of antibiotic therapy and 6 months later showed that IFNγ levels were always lower in the second evaluation. By contrast, no differences were found in levels of the other cytokines.Conclusions  IFNγ production is low in early BU, and increases in late BU and healing, suggesting a role of this cytokine in infection clearance. Moreover, evaluation of IFNγ serum levels may be a useful tool to monitor the immune response during the BU course.
Fluid and nutrient intake and risk of chronic kidney disease
Authors: STRIPPOLI GIOVANNI FM , CRAIG JONATHAN C , ROCHTCHINA ELENA , FLOOD VICTORIA M , WANG JIE JIN , MITCHELL PAUL 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTAim:  We evaluated the association between fluid and nutrient intake and chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods:  Two cross‐sectional population‐based studies. Validated nutrition food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) administered to people >50 years, identified in a door‐to‐door census of a well‐defined suburban area. Based upon nutrition tables we calculated intakes of over 40 nutrients (factors) and total daily energy intake. Primary outcome was CKD. Fluid (total content of fluid and drinks assessed in the FFQ) and nutrient intake was stratified in quintiles and association with CKD analysed by logistic regression, expressed as unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios, with testing for linear trend.Results:  The proportion of participants who completed the FFQ and had glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures was 2744/3654 (75.0%) for the first and 2476/3508 (70.6%) for the second survey. CKD was present in 12.4–23.5% men and 14.9–28.7% women (mean ages 66.4–65.4 years), respectively. Participants who had the highest quintile of fluid intake (3.2 L/day) had a significantly lower risk of CKD (odds ratio 0.5, 95%CI 0.32 to 0.77, P for trend = 0.003). These findings were consistent across both study periods, both equations to calculate GFR and both GFR thresholds.Conclusion:  Higher intakes of fluid appear to protect against CKD. CKD may be preventable at a population level with low‐cost increased fluid intake.