bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P450‐catalyzed vs. electrochemical oxidation of haloperidol studied by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Mali'n Tove Johansson , Weidolf Lars , Castagnoli Neal , Jurva Ulrik 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe metabolites formed via the major metabolic pathways of haloperidol in liver microsomes,N‐dealkylation and ring oxidation to the pyridinium species, were produced by electrochemical oxidation and characterized by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI‐MS). Liver microsomal incubations and electrochemical oxidation in the presence of potassium cyanide (KCN) resulted in two diastereomeric cyano adducts, proposed to be generated from trapping of the endocyclic iminium species of haloperidol. Electrochemical oxidation of haloperidol in the presence of KCN gave a third isomeric cyano adduct, resulting from trapping of the exocyclic iminium species of haloperidol. In the electrochemical experiments, addition of KCN almost completely blocked the formation of the major oxidation products, namely theN‐dealkylated products, the pyridinium species and a putative lactam. This major shift in product formation by electrochemical oxidation was not observed for the liver microsomal incubations where theN‐dealkylation and the pyridinium species were the major metabolites also in the presence of KCN. The previously not observed dihydropyridinium species of haloperidol was detected in the samples, both from electrochemical oxidation and the liver microsomal incubations, in the presence of KCN. The presence of the dihydropyridinium species and the absence of the corresponding cyano adduct lead to the speculation that an unstable cyano adduct was formed, but that cyanide was eliminated to regenerate the stable conjugated system. The formation of the exocyclic cyano adduct in the electrochemical experiments but not in the liver microsomal incubations suggests that the exocyclic iminium intermediate, obligatory in the electrochemically mediatedN‐dealkylation, may not be formed in the P450‐catalyzed reaction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay‐dependent dissipativity analysis and synthesis of switched delay systems
Authors: Mahmoud Magdi S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we study the problem of dissipative analysis for a class of switched systems with time‐varying delays. Sufficient conditions for dissipativity are developed for a class of switching signals with average dwell time. These conditions express delay‐dependent exponential stability and are provided in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). It is shown that the derived results encompass some available results on ℋ︁∞approach and arbitrary switching case. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the developed results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controller coefficient truncation using Lyapunov performance certificate
Authors: Skaf Joëlle , Boyd Stephen P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe describe a method for truncating the coefficients of a linear controller while guaranteeing that a given set of relaxed performance constraints is met. Our method sequentially and greedily truncates individual coefficients, using a Lyapunov certificate, typically in linear matrix inequality (LMI) form, to guarantee the performance. Numerical examples show that the method is surprisingly effective at finding controllers with aggressively truncated coefficients, which meet typical performance constraints. We give an example showing that how the basic method can be extended to handle nonlinear plants and controllers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust control of uncertain nonlinear systems with state delays based on an uncertainty and disturbance estimator
Authors: Kuperman Alon , Zhong Qing‐Chang 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this article, one linear and one nonlinear robust control strategies are proposed for uncertain nonlinear continuous‐time systems with disturbances and state delays. The approaches are based on the uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE) introduced in 2004. In the case of a linear controller, the terms containing the nonlinear functions and time delays are treated as additional disturbances to the system. In the case of a nonlinear controller, both known and unknown delay scenarios are considered. In the case of an unknown time delay, the terms containing the delay are treated as additional disturbances to the system. The algorithms provide excellent tracking and disturbance rejection performance. Simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the strategies, first via a simple example and second via an application to a continuous stirred tank reactor system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical and crystallographic study of remineralized surface on initial carious enamel treated with Galla chinensis
Authors: Zhang Ling‐Lin , Li Ji‐Yao , Zhou Xue‐Dong , Cui Fu‐Zhai , Wei Li 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTo investigate the morphologic, chemical and crystallographic characters of remineralized surface on initial carious enamel treated with Galla chinensis, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive analysis spectroscopy were used, and X‐ray microdiffraction (microzone XRD) was used for the first time to analyze in situ the microzone crystallite of remineralized surface on carious enamel. Bovine sound enamel slabs were demineralized to produce initial carious lesion in vitro. Then, the lesions were exposed to a pH‐cycling regime for 12 days of remineralization. Each daily cycle included 4×1 min applications with one of the three treatments: distilled and deionized water (DDW); 1 g/L NaF; 4 g/L G. chinensis extract (GCE). After the treatments, some rod‐like deposits and many irregular prominences were found on GCE‐treated enamel surface, and the intensities of Ca and P signals showed a tendency to increase; Ca:P ratio was significantly higher than that of DDW‐treated enamel. X‐ray microdiffraction showed hydroxyapatite was still the main component of GCE‐treated enamel, and the crystallinity was increased, the crystal lattice changed gently with decreased lattice parameter a. These results indicated the potential of GCE in promoting the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions, and supported the previous hypothesis about GCE mechanism. Combined with the anti‐bacteria and demineralization inhibition properties of GCE, the natural G. chinensis may become one more promising agent for caries prevention. SCANNING 31: 236–245, 2009. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth of ZnO nanorod arrays by hydrothermal method using homo‐seed layers annealed at various temperatures
Authors: Bae Young Sook , Kim Dong Chan , Ahn Cheol Hyoun , Kim Jae Hyun , Cho Hyung Koun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractVertically arrayed ZnO nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method on homo‐seed layers deposited using a sol‐gel process and heat‐treated at various temperatures ranging from 400 to 700 °C in air. The effect of the annealing temperatures on nanorod formation was investigated. With increasing temperature, the microstructure of the ZnO seed layers changed from nanocrystals to coarse polycrystals with a preferred orientation, which led to an increase in the length and diameter of the hydrothermally grown nanorods. The ZnO nanorods, based on a solution process, exhibited deep‐level emission in the orange‐red region related with hydroxyl group reactions, while the thermally treated seed layers showed oxygen vacancy‐related emission. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the UV/O3 treatment of ultrananocrystalline diamond films
Authors: Kulisch W. , Popov C. , Gilliland D. , Ceccone G. , Rossi F. , Reithmaier J. P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSurface analytical techniques such as XPS, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and contact angle measurements have been applied to investigate the effects of UV/O3 treatments used to render the original hydrogen termination of ultrananocrystalline diamond/amorphous carbon composite films to an OH‐termination. The main parameter varied was the treatment time. For comparison purposes, a sample treated by a microwave O2 plasma for 10 min, and a sample treated with UV light without the ozone‐forming 185 nm emission have also been investigated. The standard UV/O3 treatment leads to the following effects: i) the surface becomes oxidized with a final oxygen surface concentration of about 10%; ii) this oxygen is present at the surface mainly in the form of OH groups; iii) the contact angle against purified water drops from 85° for as‐grown samples to 5° ± 2° for UV/O3‐treated surfaces; iv) the surface energy increases by a factor of two, reaching 78 mN/m; in addition, this surface energy is almost exclusively of polar nature. These developments are almost completed after 20 min of UV/O3 treatment. Similar results can be achieved by O2 plasma treatment, while blocking the ozone‐forming 185 nm line of the UV lamp leads to only marginal changes of the as‐grown surface, thus proving that O3 plays a crucial role in the oxidation process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exchange bias in epitaxial CoO/Fe bilayer grown on MgO(001)
Authors: Gurgul J. , Freindl K. , Kozioł‐Rachwał A. , Matlak K. , Spiridis N. , Ślȩzak T. , Wilgocka‐Ślȩzak D. , Korecki J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractExchange bias (EB) is studied in an epitaxial CoO/Fe bilayer grown by molecular beam epitaxy on MgO(001). The characterization of the layer structure and interface quality was performed using LEED, AES and conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy(CEMS). Detailed experimental studies of the EB effect as a function of temperature were carried out using the magneto‐optical Kerr effect. Notwithstanding the formation of Fe oxides at the CoO/Fe interface, as evidenced by the CEMS measurements, we observed a negative EB with blocking temperature TB = 257 K. At temperatures close to TB, the coercive field reaches a maximum, which is in agreement with the Stiles and McMichael model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐operative Formation of Monolithic Tungsten Oxide–Polybenzylene Hybrids via Polymerization of Benzyl Alcohol and Study of the Catalytic Activity of the Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Olliges‐Stadler Inga , Rossell Marta D. , Niederberger Markus 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHard and brittle monolithic tungsten oxide‐polybenzylene nanohybrids can be obtained in one step by reacting tungsten iso‐propoxide with benzyl alcohol. In a first step, crystalline tungsten oxide W18O49 nanowires with a diameter of about 1.5 nm form via ether elimination reaction. Subsequently, the large residue of the benzyl alcohol is transformed to dibenzyl ether, which then polymerizes to polybenzylene, incorporating the nanoparticles into the forming polymer. The catalytic effect of the tungsten oxide nanowires on the quantitative formation of polybenzylene is proven by reacting them in different concentrations and at varying temperatures either with benzyl alcohol or with dibenzyl ether. Complete polymerization of benzyl alcohol is achieved within just 30 min by using a particle‐to‐monomer molar ratio of 1:115 at 160  °C. Lower reaction temperatures (100–130  °C) or higher ratios (1:340 and 1:680) prolong the reaction time to several hours. Further studies show that the tungsten oxide nanoparticles are able to completely polymerize various other alcohols with an aryl methanol group.
Toward mechanistic elucidation of iron acquisition in barley: efficient synthesis of mugineic acids and their transport activities
Authors: Namba Kosuke , Murata Yoshiko 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIron acquisition of graminaceous plants is characterized by the synthesis and secretion of iron‐chelating compounds, mugineic acids (MAs), and by a specific uptake system for MAs‐iron(III) complexes. We identified a transporter, HvYS1 (Hordeum vulgare L. yellow stripe 1), that is highly specific for MAs‐iron(III) in barley roots. In this article we outline the characterization of HvYS1, and our recent work on the practical syntheses of MAs and investigations into the molecular basis of the specific transport of their iron(III) complexes by HvYS1. 2′‐Deoxymugineic acid (DMA) was synthesized in a good overall yield from commercially available Boc‐l‐allylglycine using a minimal number of short simple operations with minimal protecting groups and work‐up/purification procedures. The same strategy was also successfully applied to β‐hydroxy‐l‐allylglycine, which was obtained by an allylic oxidation of l‐allylglycine derivatives, to give MA and 2′‐epi‐MA efficiently. HvYS1 transported the iron(III) complexes of all three synthetic specimens with efficiency similar to that of a natural mugineic acid complex. With sufficient quantities of MAs in hand, we analyzed the function of HvYS1 and revealed by preparing chimeric transporters that the sixth outer membrane loop of the transporter plays a vital role in substrate specificity. © 2010 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 10: 140–150; 2010: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.200900028
Erneuerbare Energien — Räumliche Dimensionen, neue Akteurslandschaften und planerische (Mit)Gestaltungspotenziale am Beispiel des Biogaspfades
Authors: Kanning Helga , Buhr Nina , Steinkraus Katharina 
Published: March 2010

The transition of the energy supply into a sustainable system is a task of historical dimension. Today different land uses compete for the scarce available land. Therefore, if regional potentials of renewable energies are to be developed in a sustainable way, the regions need to support this change in a proactive manner. Thereby, new challenges emerge for spatial planning.
The biogas process chain is a promising regional energy source that contributes to climate protection and positively influences the regional economy. Using the biogas example emerging interactions between forms of land use, new players and options for planning involvement are highlighted. Furthermore, a conceptual approach is presented which uses a combination of formal and informal planning instruments. This approach enables spatial planning to proactively support the sustainable use of available regional energy resources in the future.
Eco‐cultural health, global health, and sustainability
Authors: Rapport David J. , Maffi Luisa 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAnthropogenic stress on the earth's ecosystems has resulted in widespread prevalence of ecosystem distress syndrome, a quantifiable set of signs of ecosystem degradation. At the same time, the planet is witnessing rapid declines in global cultural diversity and in the vitality of the world's cultures, which closely mirror, and are interrelated with, ecological degradation. As a consequence of this converging crisis of loss of ecosystem and cultural health, global health and sustainability are increasingly under threat. An eco‐cultural health perspective based on understanding the linkages between human activities, ecological and cultural disruption, and public health is essential for addressing these threats and achieving global sustainability.
Inter‐annual and inter‐plot variations of wood biomass production as related to biotic and abiotic characteristics at a deciduous forest in complex terrain, Korea
Authors: Kim Youngil , Kang Sinkyu , Lim Jong‐Hwan , Lee Dowon , Kim Joon 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate inter‐annual and inter‐plot variation of wood biomass production (WBP) and to investigate the relationships of the WBP variations with several biotic and abiotic characteristics at a deciduous forest in complex terrain, the Gwangneung Experimental Forest, Korea. Based on field survey in the plot‐scale study area, WBP during 1991–2004 was estimated by a dendrochronological method. Our field data indicated that the inter‐annual variation of WBP was closely related to the seasonal climate of both winter air temperature and spring precipitation. The inter‐plot variation of WBP was highly associated with basal area, biomass, and frequency of Quercus spp. in the plots, and correlations of the inter‐plot variation with the stand characteristics of the specific species were stronger than those with slope and soil water content. Our results suggest that the annual fluctuation of forest productivity is primarily governed by severe climate in a season of the year, and the spatial distribution of a dominant species largely represent plot variation in the productivity. Our findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of climatic effects on the annual variability of forest productivity and the spatial heterogeneity of the productivity, which are extensively concerned with forested ecosystems of Korea.
Effects of soil water conditions on the morphology, phenology, and photosynthesis of Betula ermanii in the boreal forest
Authors: Tabata Azusa , Ono Kiyomi , Sumida Akihiro , Hara Toshihiko 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFour 2‐year watering treatments were applied to Betula ermanii seedlings to investigate their responses to soil water conditions: ID [irrigated well (I) in the previous year and water deficit (D) in the current year], DD, DI, and II. RGR of the seedlings in current‐year water deficit without experiencing previous‐year water deficit (ID) was smaller than that of seedlings irrigated well in both years (II). Surprisingly, RGR did not differ between 2‐year‐water‐deficited (DD) and ‐well‐irrigated (II) treatments. There was no difference in the area‐based photosynthetic rate of the late leaves, which are formed in the current‐year environment, between the four water treatments, but their leaf longevity was shortened by water deficit. Area‐based photosynthetic rate of the early leaves, whose buds are formed in the previous year environment, was smaller in ID than in II, but it did not differ between DD and II. The de‐epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle was greater in ID than in DD. Leaf mass per area (leaf dry weight/leaf area) did not differ among the four water treatments. Specific root length (root total length/root dry weight) did not differ between ID and II. It was greater in DD than in II, probably resulting in increased water uptake efficiency. Photoprotective systems such as xanthophyll contents and antioxidant enzyme activities did not differ among the four treatments. Morphological responses of B. ermanii roots seem to be important as whole‐plant‐level responses to water deficit for maintaining RGR, in addition to leaf‐level photosynthetic and phenological responses of two types of leaves. Our results partly explain how B. ermanii seedlings survive and maintain growth even under varying soil water conditions in the boreal forest.
Accumulative Equating Error after a Chain of Linear Equatings
Authors: Guo Hongwen 
Published: March 2010

After many equatings have been conducted in a testing program, equating errors can accumulate to a degree that is not negligible compared to the standard error of measurement. In this paper, the author investigates the asymptotic accumulative standard error of equating (ASEE) for linear equating methods, including chained linear, Tucker, and Levine, under the nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) design. A recursive formula for the ASEE is provided for a series of equatings that makes use of only historical summary statistics. This formula can serve as a new tool to measure the magnitude of equating errors that have accumulated over a series of equatings, and to help monitor and design testing programs.
Saturated Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes: a Fresh Look at the Evidence
Authors: Micha Renata , Mozaffarian Dariush 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDietary and policy recommendations frequently focus on reducing saturated fatty acid consumption for improving cardiometabolic health, based largely on ecologic and animal studies. Recent advances in nutritional science now allow assessment of critical questions about health effects of saturated fatty acids (SFA). We reviewed the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lipid and non‐lipid risk factors, prospective cohort studies of disease endpoints, and RCTs of disease endpoints for cardiometabolic effects of SFA consumption in humans, including whether effects vary depending on specific SFA chain‐length; on the replacement nutrient; or on disease outcomes evaluated. Compared with carbohydrate, the TC:HDL‐C ratio is nonsignificantly affected by consumption of myristic or palmitic acid, is nonsignificantly decreased by stearic acid, and is significantly decreased by lauric acid. However, insufficient evidence exists for different chain‐length‐specific effects on other risk pathways or, more importantly, disease endpoints. Based on consistent evidence from human studies, replacing SFA with polyunsaturated fat modestly lowers coronary heart disease risk, with ~10% risk reduction for a 5% energy substitution; whereas replacing SFA with carbohydrate has no benefit and replacing SFA with monounsaturated fat has uncertain effects. Evidence for the effects of SFA consumption on vascular function, insulin resistance, diabetes, and stroke is mixed, with many studies showing no clear effects, highlighting a need for further investigation of these endpoints. Public health emphasis on reducing SFA consumption without considering the replacement nutrient or, more importantly, the many other food‐based risk factors for cardiometabolic disease is unlikely to produce substantial intended benefits.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of Potential Biolubricants based on Ricinoleic Acid
Authors: Yao Linxing , Hammond Earl G. , Wang Tong , Bhuyan Satyam , Sundararajan Sriram 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe desire to replace petroleum‐based materials with environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives has stimulated the development of vegetable oil‐based materials as biolubricants. Our studies have focused on molecules that might be produced by biosynthesis of genetically altered oilseed plants with limited post‐harvest modification. Various ricinoleate and 12‐hydroxystearate esters and estolides were synthesized and their melting points and viscosities were documented. The antifriction and antiwear properties of some esters were evaluated with a microtribometer. The purities of all the products were >98–99% by gas chromatography. Some of these compounds showed melting points, viscosities, and lubricity suitable for uses as biolubricants. Various ricinoleate esters acylated at the 12 positions with short‐chain acids were particularly promising.
The psychological underpinnings of relative thinking in price comparisons
Authors: Saini Ritesh , Thota Sweta C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article investigates the psychological underpinnings of relative thinking—the tendency of consumers to consider relative savings, and not just absolute savings, in their decisions to search for a deal or purchase an item. We examine how (i) cognitive load, (ii) the affective‐richness of the product, and (iii) the consumer's propensity for intuitive decision‐making influence relative thinking. As hypothesized, high cognitive load and affect‐rich (vs. affect‐poor) products, and individual level preference for intuitive decision‐making aggravate this behavior. Our results present clear managerial implications along with developing a better understanding of the behavioral foundations of relative thinking.