bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of famotidine in normal subjects and in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: MORGAN M. Y. , STAMBUK D. , COTTRELL J. , MANN S. G. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe pharmacokinetics of famotidine were studied in seven healthy control subjects and in 14 patients with cirrhosis, following single oral and intravenous 20‐mg dose administration, and after seven daily doses of 40 mg.Following intravenous (i.v.) administration, the mean (range) total plasma clearance values were not significantly different in the patients with compensated cirrhosis (n= 7), 337 (241–576) ml/min or in the patients with decompensated cirrhosis (n= 7), 270 (120–408) ml/min compared with the control group, 370 (154–612) ml/min. The mean halflife in the compensated cirrhotics, 2.86 (1.87–4.98) h, was similar to that in the control group 2.91 (1.86–6.03) h, but it was insignificantly prolonged in the decompensated cirrhotics 3.35 (2.00–5.77) h.The mean, maximum, plasma famotidine concentrations after single oral doses were comparable between the groups but there was considerable inter‐subject variability, with individual values ranging from 17 to 139 ng/ml. Peak plasma concentrations were reached within 2–3 h, although more variability was observed among patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The mean systemic availability of the drug, estimated from urinary recovery, was 0.39 (0.15‐0.64) in the healthy controls, 0.35 (0.14‐0.51) in the patients with compensated cirrhosis and 0.38 (0.13‐0.77) in the patients with decompensated cirrhosis.No significant increases were observed in plasma trough famotidine concentrations following multiple oral dosing in any of the subjects, and the kinetic variables after the seventh dose were not significantly different from those following the single oral dose. in control subjects or in patients between the pre‐study day and day seven of the multiple oral dose phase.No significant changes were observed in psychometric performance
Duodenal ulcer healing on 2 g of sucralfate daily at bedtime compared to 1 g four times daily
Authors: BENDTSEN F. , EBBEHØJ N. , FALLINGBORG J. , ABILDGAARD K. , MORTENSEN P. BRØBECH , MATZEN P. , KRAG E. , KROMANN‐ANDERSEN H. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSeventy‐seven patients with endoscopically verified duodenal ulcers were randomized to treatment with either 2 g sucralfate daily at bedtime or 1 g sucralfate q.d.s. in a controlled double‐blind comparative study. After a 4‐week treatment period, the healing rate was 68% for the former and 69% for the latter treatment.
The absorption of bismuth and salicylate from oral doses of Pepto‐Bismol (bismuth salicylate)
Authors: NWOKOLO C U. , MISTRY P. , POUNDER R. E. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPlasma bismuth and plasma salicylate concentrations were measured before and after three 30‐ml oral doses of bismuth salicylate (Pepto‐Bismol liquid) in 10 fasting healthy subjects. From 0 to 120 min following the first dose of bismuth salicylate, the plasma bismuth concentration was less than 1 ng/ml. The peak median plasma bismuth concentration was at + 240 min (1.7 ng/ml; range 0.8–5.3 ng/ml). Salicylate appeared in the plasma of all subjects at + 30 min, and it reached a peak at + 120 min (median 61 mg/L; range 46–104 mg/L).The study demonstrates that, despite rapid and substantial absorption of salicylate, there is negligible absorption of bismuth into the bloodstream from standard oral doses of bismuth salicylate.
Review article: metronidazole and the anaerobic gut flora
Authors: ELLIOTT T. S. J. , STONE J. W. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYMetronidazole is a nitro‐imidazole drug which was discovered nearly 30 years ago. Metronidazole has remained the mainstay of anti‐anaerobic therapy following a chance observation that its activity included anaerobic organisms. The predominant human reservoir of these anaerobic organisms is the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, the anaerobic flora and their pathogenic potential are described. The main characteristics of metronidazole and the role of selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract are also discussed.
Gastrointestinal pH and transit times in healthy subjects with ileostomy
Authors: FALLINGBORG J. , CHRISTENSEN L. A. , INGEMAN‐NIELSEN M. , JACOBSEN B. A. , ABILDGAARD K. , RASMUSSEN H. H. , RASMUSSEN S. NØRBY 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYGastrointestinal pH in 11 healthy subjects with ileostomy was determined with a pH‐sensitive, radiotransmitting capsule. Median pH was 7.0 in duodenum, dropped to pH 6.3 in the proximal part, but rose to 7.3 in the distal part of the small intestine. In five subjects the pH of the ileostomy effluents was determined with the pH capsule as well as with a pH meter. Median pH was 7.2 measured with the capsule and 7.4 with the pH meter. The difference between the results obtained with the two methods ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 pH units. The median gastrointestinal transit time of the capsule was 10.5 h (range 6.2–12.8 h). Gastric residence time was 0.6 h (range 0.2–3.8 h), and small intestinal transit time was 10.3 h (range 5.6–11.9 h). Thus the small intestinal transit time in ileostomates is slightly increased compared with values reported from studies on subjects with intact gut. However, no statistically significant correlation was found between the small intestinal transit time and the time elapsed after the creation of the ileostomy. We conclude that colectomy does not alter small intestinal pH but seems to increase the small intestinal transit time of single units.
Immune complex induced experimental colitis: beneficial effect of sulphasalazine in rabbits
Authors: AXELSSON L.‐G. , AHLSTEDT S. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYExperimental colitis was induced in rabbits by exposing the colon mucosa to 1% formalin followed by i.v. injections of soluble immune complexes made with antigen in excess. The animals were preimmunized with Esherichia coli 014:K7:H — inducing antibodies cross‐reactive to intestinal epithelium.Animals with this colitis were divided in two groups. One group was treated with sulphasalazine and the other was given vehicle only. Sulphasalazine was administered daily at 125.5 μmol (50 mg) per kg body weight. The administration was started at the same day as the colitis was initiated. At Day 6, 13 and 30 following induction of colitis, biopsies were sampled and histologically evaluated. Inflammation was assessed by scores for inflammatory cells, crypt distortion, decreased crypt number and presence of crypt abscesses, thus corresponding to the picture seen in humans. A statistically significant lower score of inflammation was seen on Day 6 and 13 (P < 0.01) and on Day 30 (P < 0.05) following induction of colitis in animals treated with sulphasalazine.
Twenty‐four‐hour intragastric acidity and nocturnal gastric secretion in gastric ulcer patients—the effects of cimetidine
Authors: DERODRA J. K. , HOWDEN C. W. , BURGET D. W. , HUNT R. H. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn a double‐blind randomized study, the profile of 24‐h intragastric acidity and nocturnal gastric secretion was measured in a group of patients with healed gastric ulcer on placebo and 400 mg cimetidine b.d. and 800 mg nocte. Neither cimetidine regimen significantly decreased daytime intragastric acidity, but the 800 mg nocte dose caused a significant decrease in both nocturnal acidity (18.1 to 5.5 mmol/L; P < 0.05) and acid output (11.0 to 1.7 mmol 7 h; P < 0.05). The decrease in nocturnal gastric secretion by 400 mg cimetidine b.d. was not significant.As in duodenal ulcer, 800 mg cimetidine nocte will effectively suppress night‐time acid secretion in patients with gastric ulcer while leaving acid secretion during the day unaffected.
NSAID‐associated gastroduodenal damage: does famotidine protection extend into the mid‐and distal duodenum?
Authors: AABAKKEN L. , BJØRNBETH B. A. , WEBERG R. , VIKSMOEN L. , LARSEN S. , OSNES M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYEighteen healthy volunteers were included in a cross‐over, double‐blind study where 500 mg naproxen b.d. was given for 1 week with 20 mg famotidine b.d., 40 mg nocte or placebo. Endoscopic evaluation of the gastroduodenal mucosa was performed before and after each treatment period, with separate evaluation of the mid‐ and distal duodenum. 51Cr‐EDTA‐permeability tests were done to study effects on the mid‐ and distal gut, and, in addition, symptom registration was performed. The mucosal damage was significant in all treatment periods, and a statistically significant reduction was seen with 20 mg famotidine b.d. for erosive lesions in the stomach/duodenal bulb region as well as for the sum of damage score in the mid‐ and distal duodenum. The reduction was considerable in a few subjects with extensive duodenal damage. The reduction was considerable in a few subjects with extensive duodenal damage. Intestinal permeation increased significantly in all periods, and was not reduced by famotidine. Symptoms were modest and equal in all periods.
Review article: treatment of the gastrointestinal manifestations of AIDS
Authors: GAZZARD B. G. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is frequently associated with infections, infestations, or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes the practical aspects of treating oral and oesophageal disease, the management of weight loss and diarrhoea, the role for zidovudine, and the management of Kaposi's sarcoma.
Rectal bismuth subsalicylate as therapy for ulcerative colitis
Authors: RYDER S. D. , WALKER R. J. , JONES H. , RHODES J. M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn a prospective open study, 15 patients with ulcerative colitis which was unresponsive to conventional therapy were treated with enemas containing bismuth subsalicylate (700 or 800 mg b.d.).Nine out of the 15 patients showed a significant clinical response, and 6 had gone into complete clinical remission after 8 weeks. treatment. Sigmoidoscopic appearances of the rectal mucosa showed improvement in 9 out of 15 patients at 2 weeks, and 11 out of 15 at 8 weeks. The mucosa appeared sigmoidoscopically normal in 6 out of 15 at 8 weeks. It proved possible to reduce the oral prednisolone dosage from a median of 15 mg/day (range 10 to 35 mg/day) to 6 mg/day (range 0 to 18 mg/day) after 8 weeks of treatment; 5 patients were no longer taking oral steroids at this time.Rectal bismuth subsalicylate appears likely to be an effective therapy in ulcerative colitis and controlled trials are now required.
Gastric histology and plasma gastrin response to a meal in patients with duodenal ulcer disease after five years treatment with ranitidine
Authors: PENSTON J. G. , DIXON J. S. , SELWAY S. A. M. , WORMSLEY K. G. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYFifty asymptomatic patients with duodenal ulcer disease, aged 31–82 years, who had received ranitidine maintenance therapy continuously for five or more years without a symptomatic recurrence, were studied. Fasting plasma gastrin concentrations were normal (mean 24 pmol/L, S.D. ± 22) while the post‐prandial gastrin response was variable with maximum plasma concentrations ranging from 16 to 309 pmol/L. Endoscopy revealed six asymptomatic peptic ulcers. Histological examination of gastric biopsies showed mild, superficial inflammatory cell infiltration of the fundic mucosa, but more extensive inflammatory cell infiltration with some atrophy of the mucosal glands in the antral mucosa. Patchy intestinal metaplasia was evident in the antral mucosa of 18 patients. No fundic ECL cell hyperplasia was seen. Helicobacter pylori were detected in the corpus and antrum of most patients. These results suggest that maintenance treatment with ranitidine for 5 years is not associated with either significant hypergastrinaemia or with changes in the fundic mucosa which could be interpreted as pre‐malignant.
Bolus or slow titrated injection of midazolam prior to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy? Relative effect on oxygen saturation and prophylactic value of supplemental oxygen
Authors: BELL G. D. , ANTROBUS J. H. L. , LEE J. , COADY T. , MORDEN A. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA total of 131 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were sedated with midazolam given as a bolus injection over 5 seconds. The oxygen saturation was continuously measured using a pulse oximeter. Supplemental oxygen was given via nasal cannulae at a rate of 3 litres per minute to 54 patients, while the remaining 77 patients only received oxygen if their oxygen saturation dropped below 85%. Both groups in the present series were compared with 3 previously published series of patients, in whom we had used intravenous midazolam as a slow titrated injection.Despite using on average only two‐thirds of the dose of midazolam, following bolus injection the degree of oxygen desaturation during the endoscopic procedure was greater, and the ability of supplemental oxygen delivered via nasal cannulae to prevent hypoxia was less (P < 0.01), than with a slow titrated injection.
Review article: towards safer parenteral nutrition
Authors: PENNINGTON C. R. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYCentral parenteral nutrition can cause serious complications, particularly in association with the feeding catheter, previously in relation to nutrient provision, and occasionally in other organ systems, notably disease of the liver and abnormalities of bone composition.Developments in catheter design, the introduction of catheter care protocols based on an understanding of the common routes of catheter infection, and the identification of factors associated with central vein thrombosis have all reduced dramatically the incidence of complications. Furthermore, problems such as catheter occlusion, catheter infection and central vein thrombosis can now be treated effectively in many patients without the loss of the feeding catheter.This review summarizes the common and important complications of parenteral feeding with emphasis on their practical prevention and management.
Effects of PGE2, carbenoxolone, cholecystokinin, and the thromboxane‐mimetic u46619 on protein and glycoprotein production by isolated pig gastric mucosal cells
Authors: HEIM H.‐K. , OESTMANN A. , SEWING K.‐Fr. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe studied the effects of prostaglandin (PG) E2, carbenoxolone, cholecystokinin‐octapeptide (CCK‐OP), and the thromboxane‐mimetic U46619, all known to stimulate gastric mucus secretion in vivo, on protein and glycoprotein synthesis in and release from isolated and enriched pig gastric mucous cells, as measured by the incorporation of [3H]L‐leucine and N‐acetyl‐[14C]D‐glucosamine respectively into cellular and released acid insoluble material. PGE2 stimulated glycoprotein and protein synthesis (EC50 7 and 30 nmol/L, respectively) and release (EC50 50 and 140 nmol/L, respectively) in a concentration‐dependent manner, whereas carbenoxolone, CCK‐OP and U46619 failed to enhance the incorporation of the tracers. We conclude that stimulation of mucus secretion by PGE2 is related to direct effects on protein and glycoprotein production of gastric non‐parietal cells, whereas indirect effects may be involved in the stimulation by carbenoxolone, CCK‐OP, and U46619.
The role of platelet activating actor in acute gastric injury and its protection by sucralfate
Authors: LIGUMSKY M. , SESTIERI M. , KARMELI F. , OKON E. , RACHMILEWITZ D. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTPlatelet activating factor, a potent inflammatory mediator, has been reported to induce gastrointestinal damage, whereas its inhibition or antagonism is associated with mucosal protection. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the association between acute experimental gastric damage and mucosal platelet activating factor generation in the rat, and to evaluate the protective effect of sucralfate in relation to mucosal platelet activating factor formation. Gastric damage in the rat was induced by either subcutaneous injection of indomethacin 30 mg/kg or intragastric administration of aspirin 100 mg/kg, hydrochloric acid 0.6 N, taurocholate 30 mM, ethanol 96%, or sodium chloride 25%. All agents induced a significant increase in mucosal platelet activating factor levels concomittently with induction of mucosal damage. Pretreatment with sucralfate 150 mg/rat provided a significant macroscopic and microscopic mucosal protection in all experimental models. This protection was associated with a significant decrease in mucosal platelet activating factor level in the hydrochloric acid, taurocholate, ethanol and hyperosmolar sodium chloride treated rats, whereas it remained unchanged in the aspirin and indomethacin treated rats. The data imply that platelet activating factor may have a limited role in the pathogenesis of indomethacin or aspirin induced damage, where other mechanisms such as cyclooxygenase inhibition dominate. In the damage induced by topical strong irritants, platelet activating factor may have a major pathogenetic role.
Helicobacter pylori associated chronic gastritis and peptic ulceration in patients taking non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: SHALLCROSS T. M. , RATHBONE B. J. , WYATT J. I. , HEATLEY R. V. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Helicobacter pylori is now recognized as a frequent cause of histological chronic gastritis, and this has radically changed our understanding of this common condition. In the light of these developments, the traditional view that non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are one of the common ‘environmental’causes of chronic gastritis has been re‐examined.Gastric mucosal biopsies have been studied from 430 patients undergoing routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 99 of whom had recently been taking non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. No significant association was found between the use of these drugs and either the presence of chronic gastritis or the frequency of colonization with H. pylori, although there was a strong association (P < 0.0001) between H. pylori and gastritis. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs appear, however, to modify the inflammatory process in the gastric body, leading to a lower frequency of atrophic gastritis (P < 0.05). The majority of peptic ulcers were associated with H. pylori irrespective of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug use, but there was a higher frequency of H. pylori negative ulceration in the patients who had used these agents (P < 0.04). Peptic ulceration was uncommon in the absence of either H. pylori or recent non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug use.
Asymptomatic duodenal ulcers occurring during maintenance treatment with ranitidine
Authors: PENSTON J. G. , WORMSLEY K. G. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYFifty‐seven patients who developed asymptomatic recurrence of duodenal ulceration during maintenance treatment with ranitidine were followed up to assess the risk of developing symptoms or complications of ulcer disease. The risk of development of symptomatic ulcer recurrence was 4% in the first year of follow‐up during continuous maintenance treatment, irrespective of whether or not the asymptomatic ulcer had been actively treated (by doubling the dose of ranitidine used for maintenance therapy). The asymptomatic duodenal ulceration during maintenance treatment did not predispose to complications such as haemorrhage or perforation. It seems, therefore, that patients receiving maintenance treatment for duodenal ulceration do not require endoscopic re‐examination unless symptoms have recurred, because the asymptomatic recurrences of duodenal ulceration occurring during maintenance treatment are clinically benign, usually heal spontaneously if maintenance treatment is continued, and do not require active medical intervention.
Luminal concentrations of orally ingested 4‐aminosalicylic acid as determined by in‐vivo equilibrium dialysis
Authors: BEEKEN W. , NASR B. , BIGELOW J. , ROFF N. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe measured 4‐aminosalicylic acid (4‐ASA) levels in faecal water by in‐vivo equilibrium dialysis during oral ingestion of drug by two different dose protocols (A and B). In Protocol A, 5 normal subjects ingested 3 g of 4‐ASA as the free acid and 20 mg of metaclopromide per day. On Day 5, small dialysis sacs filled with dextran 40 were ingested and the oral drug was continued until the sacs were retrieved from the stool. Protocol B followed the same format except that 3 g of 4‐ASA was ingested twice daily and metaclopromide was omitted. In both protocols concentrations of 4‐ASA and N‐acetylated 4‐ASA in sac contents were measured by HPLC. In‐vitro dialysis studies showed bi‐directional equilibrium was reached within 120 min. During Protocol A, intraluminal concentrations of total 4‐ASA ranged from 14.0 to 32.2 mmol/L with a mean of 20.6 mmol/L. With Protocol B, total 4‐ASA levels ranged from 20.1 to 41.3 mmol/L with a mean of 33.9 mmol/L. From 90 to 99% of the drug in the dialysates was N‐acetylated. These concentrations of total 4‐ASA are similar to those of 5‐ASA after ingestion of therapeutic doses of sulphasalazine or absorption‐resistant formulations of 5‐ASA. Thus, oral 4‐ASA could have a role in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Effect of enprostil on the gastroduodenal mucosa of healthy volunteers
Authors: LANZA F. L. , ROBINSON M. G. , ISENBERG J. I. , BASUK P. M. , KARLIN D. A. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYEnprostil is a synthetic dehydro‐prostaglandin E2 with gastroduodenal ulcer‐healing and mucosal‐protective properties. One hundred and three healthy volunteers were randomized to receive capsules of enprostil 35 μg b.d. (the clinically recommended dose), enprostil 70 μg b.d., or placebo b.d. All underwent endoscopic assessment of the gastroduodenal mucosa, scored using a 0–4 scale, at baseline and on Days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of dosing. Mean and median maximum scores demonstrated a dose response, and the mean maximum scores were statistically significantly higher for both enprostil groups on each endoscopy day when compared with placebo. The majority of enprostil‐treated subjects had petechial haemorrhages. The proportion of volunteers with small white‐based mucosal breaks (erosions) was significantly higher for the fundus in the enprostil 70‐μg group on Days 21 and 28 when compared with placebo, but there were no significant differences between treatment groups for any area on the other study days. The 70‐μg dose was
The effect of colestipol dose on postprandial serum bile acid concentration: assessment by an enzymic bioluminescence procedure
Authors: FLEISHAKER J. C. , ROSSI S. S. , SMITH R. B. , WELSHMAN I. R. , DAEI F. , ANGELLOTTI M. A. , HOFMANN A. F. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA dose‐response study was performed with three doses of colestipol, using postprandial serum bile acid levels to assess bile acid sequestering activity in 40 volunteers with asymptomatic hyperlipidaemia. Subjects who entered the study had total serum cholesterol concentrations greater than 220 mg/dl and triglyceride concentrations less than 200 mg/dl. They were randomly assigned to one of four parallel treatment groups: (a) placebo b.d., colestipol (as Colestid hydrochloride granules) 2.5 g b.d., (c) colestipol 5 g b.d., and (d) colestipol 7.5 g b.d. Subjects were maintained on a constant repeating solid diet throughout the 6‐day study period, and colestipol was ingested 30 min before breakfast and dinner. No drug was administered on Days 1–3; baseline (pre‐treatment) serum bile acid concentration profiles were determined on Day 3. The above treatments were given on Days 4–6, and total serum bile acid