bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How relational capital and knowledge combination capability enhance the performance of work units in a high technology industry
Authors: Carmeli Abraham , Azeroual Benny 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe defense industry in Israel has long been considered a critical platform for the development of the high‐technology sector. This study examines the importance of knowledge combination capability work units build through social relationships to enhance their performance. Specifically, we probe how both intraunit relational capital (within a unit) and interunit relational capital (across units) enable units to build knowledge combination capabilities and how such capabilities affect their performance. Data collected from senior managers in 122 knowledge units indicate that: (1) both intra‐ and interunit relational capital are positively related to knowledge combination capability; (2) knowledge combination capability is positively associated with enhanced unit performance; (3) knowledge combination capability fully mediates the relationship between interunit relational capital and unit performance; and (4) intraunit relational capital impacts both directly and indirectly (through knowledge combination capability) on unit performance. The findings suggest that interunit relational capital entails greater variation in knowledge stocks and thus may lead to more radical innovation than intra‐relational capital that entails more similar knowledge bases and, thus, produces more incremental innovations. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
An Intrinsically Fluorescent Recognition Ligand Scaffold Based on Chaperonin Protein and Semiconductor Quantum‐Dot Conjugates
Authors: Xie Hongzhi , Li Yi‐Fen , Kagawa Hiromi K. , Trent Jonathan D. , Mudalige Kumara , Cotlet Mircea , Swanson Basil I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGenetic engineering of a novel protein–nanoparticle hybrid system with great potential for biosensing applications and for patterning of various types of nanoparticles is described. The hybrid system is based on a genetically modified chaperonin protein from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus shibatae. This chaperonin is an 18‐subunit double ring, which self‐assembles in the presence of Mg ions and ATP. Described here is a mutant chaperonin (His‐β‐loopless, HBLL) with increased access to the central cavity and His‐tags on each subunit extending into the central cavity. This mutant binds water‐soluble semiconductor quantum dots, creating a protein‐encapsulated fluorescent nanoparticle. The new bioconjugate has high affinity, in the order of strong antibody–antigen interactions, a one‐to‐one protein–nanoparticle stoichiometry, and high stability. By adding selective binding sites to the solvent‐exposed regions of the chaperonin, this protein–nanoparticle bioconjugate becomes a sensor for specific targets.
A Thin Carbon‐Fiber Web as a Scaffold for Bone‐Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Aoki Kaoru , Usui Yuki , Narita Nobuyo , Ogiwara Nobuhide , Iashigaki Norio , Nakamura Koichi , Kato Hiroyuki , Sano Kenji , Ogiwara Naoko , Kametani Kiyokazu , Kim Chan , Taruta Seiichi , Kim Yoong Ahm , Endo Morinobu , Saito Naoto 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDue to the rapid progress being made in tissue regeneration therapy, biomaterials used as scaffolds are expected to play an important role in future clinical application. We report the development of a 3D web (sheet) consisting of high‐purity carbon fibers in a nanoscale structure. When the thin carbon‐fiber web (TCFW) and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP‐2) composite is implanted in the murine back muscle, new ectopic bone is formed, and the values of the bone mineral content and bone mineral density are significantly higher than those obtained with a collagen sheet. Observation of the interface between the carbon fibers and bone matrix reveal that the fibers are directly integrated into the bone matrix, indicating high bone‐tissue compatibility. Further, the rhBMP‐2/TCFW composite repairs a critical‐size bone defect within a short time period. These results suggest that the TCFW functions as an effective scaffold material and will play an important role in tissue regeneration in the future.
Linking the components of a university program to the qualification profile of graduates: The case of a sustainability‐oriented environmental science curriculum
Authors: Hansmann Ralf 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA university Environmental Sciences curriculum is described against the background of requirements for environmental problem solving for sustainability and then analyzed using data from regular surveys of graduates (N = 373). Three types of multiple regression models examine links between qualifications and curriculum components in order to derive some conclusions about which qualifications are enhanced by which curriculum components. The underlying rationale of these models is that assessments of the importance of a certain component (and the time graduates think should be allocated to it) should increase with the workplace demand for the qualifications it provides. A comprehensive set of 19 qualifications was used, subdivided into three areas of environmental problem‐solving skills (A, basic scientific and technological skills; B, transformation‐oriented skills; and C, sociopolitical skills) and two areas of transferable skills (D, individual key skills and E, social and communication skills). Relationships identified by different regression models are discussed in terms of mutual consistency and with regard to the design, content, and learning goals of the curriculum components. Many plausible relationships were identified. Using such regression models is a promising indirect method that may be generally applicable for the explorative qualification‐oriented evaluation of university curricula and their fundamental components based on graduates' judgments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 537–569, 2009
Connecting photosynthesis and cellular respiration: Preservice teachers' conceptions
Authors: Brown Mary H. , Schwartz Reneè S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe biological processes of photosynthesis and plant cellular respiration include multiple biochemical steps, occur simultaneously within plant cells, and share common molecular components. Yet, learners often compartmentalize functions and specialization of cell organelles relevant to these two processes, without considering the interconnections as well as the significance of the plant as an independent biological system functioning as a nested component within local and global ecosystems. Understanding connections among biological systems at macro and micro levels is important to biological literacy. This study examined preservice elementary teachers' conceptions of photosynthesis and plant cellular respiration, with attention to interconnections and systems. Participants were limited in their understanding of the processes impacting multiple ecological levels, and they held inadequate representations of interconnections between the processes. Participants' views were laden with sociological and egocentric components. They often compared plant functions with analogous human functions. Most participants viewed plants as dependent on humans while having societal use. Justifications for views included nominal knowledge of the processes; experiential authoritarian reasoning; and anthropomorphism. We discuss instructional implications in light of the findings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 791–812, 2009
BER of OFDM in Rayleigh fading environments with selective diversity
Authors: Le Khoa N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper derives the analytical bit error rate (BER) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems employing selective diversity in Rayleigh fading environments. First, the probability density function (pdf) of inter‐carrier interference (ICI) power in Rayleigh fading environments is derived. Second, the pdf of the signal‐to‐interference ratio (SIR) is then derived. The cumulative distribution function (cdf) and hence pdf of the SIR with selective diversity are then given in the third and fourth steps. Using the BER expressions of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and differential BPSK (DBPSK) modulation in an added white Gaussian noise (AWGN), the corresponding BER expressions of OFDM systems can then be derived. Detailed discussions are given. Possible future work is also outlined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal health and function among the elderly: lessening severity of ADL disability
Authors: Eynon Nir , Yamin Chen , Ben-Sira David , Sagiv Moran 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Despite mounting evidence implicating sedentary behavior as a significant risk factor among the elderly, there is a limited amount of information on the type and amount of activity needed to promote optimal health and function in older people. Overall muscle strength and mass decline 30–50% between the ages of 30 and 80. The loss of muscle mass accounts for most of the observed loss of strength. The loss of muscle tissue is due to a decrease in the number of muscle fibers and to atrophy of the type II muscle fibers. The declining strength reduces the capacity to carry out basic activities of daily life and puts people at risk for falls and dependence on others. The objective of the present review is to examine the role of exercise training as a primary tool for increasing cardiopulmonary and muscular fitness in order to lessen the severity of disability in activities of daily living and to attain optimal health and functioning among the elderly.
Presentation and management of perineal endometriosis
Authors: Zhu Lan , Lang Jinghe , Wang Hanbi , Liu Zhufeng , Sun Dawei , Leng Jinhua , Zhou Huimei , Cui Quancai , Wong Felix 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the clinical presentation of perineal endometriosis and evaluate its treatment.MethodsClinical data were analyzed from the records of 36 patients with perineal endometriosis who were operated on between 1983 and 2007 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and followed up for 0.5 to 14 years.ResultsThe incidence of perineal endometriosis was 0.31% among the women with endometriosis treated surgically at the hospital. The latent period was between 4 months and 13 years. All patients had cyclical and painful lesions. Of the 36 patients, 5 (13.9%) also suffered from pelvic endometriosis. All patients without anal sphincter involvement were cured after complete surgical excision. In 7 patients who had anal sphincter involvement, disease recurred because of incomplete excision.ConclusionPerineal endometriosis can be diagnosed on the basis of clinical features and surgical excision is the treatment of choice. The recurrence rate of perineal endometriosis is related to sphincter involvement making preoperative evaluation of anal sphincter important.
Estimate of global oil resource and the forecast for global oil production in the 21st century
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A probabilistic estimate of the global conventional recoverable oil resource was performed based on the concept of the Earth’s sedimentary cover as a holistic system. A forecast for global oil production was made for the period till the end of the 21st century. It has been shown that the global oil production will most likely peak at 4.2–4.7 billion tons a year in 2020–2030. For that period, the top oil-producing regions in the world will be the Persian Gulf, West and East Siberia. The upstream sector at that time will turn its focus to the Arctic shelf. Annual oil production could be maintained at a level of 4.2–4.5 billion tons till the late 2040s.
The western part of the West Siberian petroleum megabasin: geologic history and structure of the basement
Authors: Ivanov K.S. , Koroteev V.A. , Pecherkin M.F. , Fedorov Yu.N. , Erokhin Yu.V. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
On the basis of complex research into the western part of the West Siberian Plate, a new scheme of the structure-formation zones of its basement has been developed and a new geological map of its pre-Jurassic basement has been compiled. Ophiolites and other mafic-ultramafic complexes (fragments of the oceanic Earth’s crust) were studied. The most complete Late Ordovician ophiolite complex comprising a melange of serpentinites, gabbroids, plagiogranites, and basalt with jasper interbeds lies in the Shaim area. Weakly altered spinel lherzolites were also examined there. The research has revealed not only Ordovician but also Devonian basalts as well as gabbroid complexes (392 Ma, Sm-Nd dating). The Paleozoic geodynamic history of the region was terminated with collision, which was accompanied by tectonic piling and the intrusion of granite plutons, metamorphism, and formation of new continental crust. These crucial events, which consolidated Paleozoic complexes throughout the vast area of the future West Siberian megabasin, date from the Early Permian. The composition, age, and nature of granitoid plutons in western West Siberia were studied, and isochrons and isotope characteristics were obtained, which give an insight into both the genesis and age of granite plutons and their subsequent transformations.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Brine Shrimp (Artemia) in China Using DNA Barcoding
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Luo Qibin , Guo Haiyan , Bossier Peter , Van Stappen Gilbert , Sorgeloos Patrick , Xin Naihong , Sun Qishi , Hu Songnian , Yu Jun 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
DNA barcoding is a powerful approach for characterizing species of organisms, especially those with almost identical morphological features, thereby helping to to establish phylogenetic relationships and reveal evolutionary histories. In this study, we chose a 648-bp segment of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), as a standard barcode region to establish phylogenetic relationships among brine shrimp (Artemia) species from major habitats around the world and further focused on the biodiversity of Artemia species in China, especially in the Tibetan Plateau. Samples from five major salt lakes of the Tibetan Plateau located at altitudes over 4,000 m showed clear differences from other Artemia populations in China. We also observed two consistent amino acid changes, 153A/V and 183L/F, in the COI gene between the high and low altitude species in China. Moreover, indels in the COI sequence were identified in cyst and adult samples unique to the Co Qen population from the Tibetan Plateau, demonstrating the need for additional investigations of the mitochondrial genome among Tibetan Artemia populations.
In Silico Analysis of Crop Science: Report on the First China-UK Workshop on Chips, Computers and Crops
Authors: Chen Ming , Harrison Andrew 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A workshop on “Chips, Computers and Crops” was held in Hangzhou, China during September 26–27, 2008. The main objective of the workshop was to bring together China and UK scientists from mathematics, bioinformatics and plant molecular biology communities to exchange ideas, enhance awareness of each others’ fields, explore synergisms and make recommendations on fruitful future directions in crop science. Here we describe the contributions to the workshop, and examine some conceptual issues that lie at the foundations and future of crop systems biology.
The Amounts of Nitrogen as Ammonia and as Nitric Acid, and of Chlorine in the Rain-water collected at Rothamsted.
Authors: Miller N. H. J. 
Published: March 2009

At the time of the commencement of the Rothamsted experiments very little was known as to the amounts of combined nitrogen and other substances present in rain-water.Marggraf (74) found nitric acid, chlorine and lime in rain-water collected during the winter of 1749–50, and, subsequently, in snow. These analyses, which are probably the earliest, were followed by those of Bergman (15) who detected the same substances both in rain and snow; whilst somewhat later de Saussure (99) noticed the presence of ammonia in the atmosphere. Between 1820 and 1825 several analyses of rain-water were made.
The Botanical and Chemical Composition of the Herbage of Pastures and Meadows
Authors: Armstrong S. F. 
Published: March 2009

The following is a brief summary of the more important points which our investigations so far appear to have given us:—1. That white clover and ryegrass form by far the greater part of the herbage on the best grazing lands—both old and recent in the English Midlands—and that the next most abundant species on these pastures are usually crested dogstail, florin (A. stolonifera), and rough-stalked meadow grass.2. That the herbage of the inferior types of grass land in the same district consists very largely of bent grass (A. vulgaris) and various weeds, while white clover and ryegrass are present in comparatively small quantities.
The Miceo-floea of Stilton Cheese
Authors: Percival J. , Mason G. Heather 
Published: March 2009

1. The numbers of bacteria and fungi in a newly-made Stilton may rise to the enormous number of 1000 to 3000 millions per gram in the first week.2. There is a gradual fall in the numbers up to the time of ripeness (100 to 150 days old), when 50 to 100 millions only are found.3. In the early stages lactic acid bacteria are most abundant. When the cheese is ripe the lactic acid bacteria are few and weakened in physiological power; Penicillium glaucum and a form of Torula are then abundant.4. Five characteristic organisms are found in all Stilton cheeses examined, viz.:—(1) Streptococcus lacticus, (2) a short rod-shaped form of Bs. acidi lactici, (3) a species of Tyrothrix, (4) Penicillium glaucum, and (5) a round form of Torula, sometimes accompanied or replaced by an oval form.In cheeses where starters have been used we find a large celled form of Streptococcus lacticus present.5. Penicillium glaucum is checked in its growth by the Tyrothrix.
Studies of the Formation and Translocation of Carbohydrates in Plants: II. The Dextrose-Laevulose Ratio in the Mangold
Authors: Davis William A. 
Published: March 2009

1. It is shown that in the extracts of mangold leaves and stalks optically active impurities are always present which are not precipitated by basic lead acetate and hence vitiate the estimation of the dextrose and laevulose. These substances are possibly acid amides (such as glutamine and asparagine) or amino-acids (such as glutamic and aspartic acids) which form soluble lead salts.2. These impurities occur in the leaves, but are much more abundant in the mid-ribs and stalks.3. In the leaves the dextrose and laevulose appear to be present in approximately equal amount, as would be expected if they were formed from saccharose by inversion. When the ratio departs from unity it is probably owing to the presence of a dextro-rotatory impurity (glutamine?) which increases the amount of dextrose apparently present; but at certain times of the day a laevo-rotatory impurity seems to predominate so that the ratio becomes less than unity.
Studies in milk secretion: I. The effect of nutrition on yield and composition
Authors: Hammond J. , Hawk J. C. 
Published: March 2009

I. As a result of withholding food for a few days, together with an injection of phloridzin, thereby reducing the nutrition, the daily yield of milk in goats was diminished and in one case the flow was actually stopped. On giving food again the yield returned almost to normal within a few days.II. As the daily yield of milk diminished under these conditions so the percentage of fat in the milk rose. Limitation of the available nutriment in the body (change from a high to low state of nutrition) did not reduce the percentage of lactose or protein in the milk (Paton and Cathcart) but reduced the quantity of milk (together with the amounts of protein, sugar and salts) produced. The secretion of fat was not at first affected by the change in metabolism and as a consequence milk rich in fat was produced.III. The amount of fat secreted per day under these conditions of diminishing yield was however not constant but became reduced, possibly as a secondary effect of the decreased secretion taking place in the gland cells.IV. On again giving food to animals in such a reduced state of nutrition, the percentage of fat in the milk decreased as the yield increased, in some cases to such an extent that it was below that of the normal milk before the experiment began.
Cod liver oil in the winter feeding of milch cows
Authors: Drummond Jack Cecil , Coward Katharine Hope , Golding John , Mackintosh James , Zilva Sylvester Solomon 
Published: March 2009

1. Further confirmation is presented in support of the relationship between the presence of vitamin A in the milk and its supply in the food.2. The influence of the supply of the vitamin A in the food on the quantity or fat content of the milk is uncertain, in any case it appears to be much less than that produced by turning the cows out to grass.3. The increase of the vitamin A-content of the milk produced by feeding cod liver oil is not accompanied by a rise in the lipochrome pigments as is the case when the cows are turned out to grass.4. Up to 4 ounces per day of a good quality cod liver oil produced no fishy flavour in the milk or butter of one cow, but further experiments appear desirable.5. Stall feeding even when ensilage was used causes the winter milk to be lower in vitamin-content than summer milk; this is mitigated by such restricted grass feeding as is possible in the south of England.
The production, composition and utilisation of whey
Authors: Berry Reginald Arthur 
Published: March 2009

Wheyis the liquid which drains from the curd produced by the action of rennet on milk or from the curd formed by natural souring of milk or by the addition to milk of weak acids or other precipitants.The concentration of cheese-making at factories in recent years has resulted in the production of large quantities of whey at centres where adequate provision has not been made for its disposal. Part of it is consumed as pig food. The remainder is discharged into streams and sewers. This involves the destruction of large amounts of valuable food material. To prevent contamination, discharge into streams is now generally prohibited. Sometimes it is irrigated on to the land as manure. On the farm practically all the whey produced is consumed as pig food.
On some physical properties of Transvaal soils
Authors: Marchand B. de C. 
Published: March 2009

Much work has been done in the past on the chemical composition of South African soils. The study of the physical properties of soils has, however, been somewhat neglected.Transvaal soils differ from those of European countries in several important respects. In the first place, a large proportion of the soil is derivedin situfrom igneous rocks, and secondly, the country has never been glaciated in recent geological times. These two factors bear directly on the physical properties of the soils. Soil formation takes place chiefly by the chemical decomposition of rocks and only to a limited extent by mechanical disintegration. As a consequence we find in our soils very fine material, resulting from the chemical decomposition of easily weathered minerals, and rather coarse material which represents those rock constituents which are only subject in a limited degree to decomposition. In comparison with European soils particles of intermediate size do not play any dominant part in the mechanical make-up of Transvaal soils. Soils of alluvial origin are, of course, excepted. These latter occupy only a small area, but they are of considerable importance in the present stage of development of the country. Another factor which differentiates Transvaal soils from European ones is the presence in many of the former of finely divided hydrated ferric oxide. This feature will be discussed later.