bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vestibular-Proprioceptive Functions in 4 Year Olds: Normative and Regression Analyses
Authors: Short Margaret A. , Watson P. J. , Ottenbacher Kenneth , Rogers Charlotte 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Normative data were obtained for 156 pre-school children’s performances on measures of muscle tone, muscle co-contraction, standing balance, prone extension posture, flexion supine posture, asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, and postrotary nystagmus. Regression analysis indicated that these combined variables accounted for only 13.5 percent of the variance of postrotary nystagmus of 145 four year olds. However, if the data are examined only for children exhibiting nystagmus that is lower than 1 standard deviation below the mean, then these variables account for 50 percent of the variance of nystagmus. Prone extension posture, standing balance-eyes closed, and muscle tone account for 37 percent of the variance within this low-nystagmus population. These results are considered in light of the author’s previous studies demonstrating that, in learning-disabled children, vestibular-proprioceptive measures can be used clinically to predict which children will respond to sensory integration therapy with changes in postrotary nystagmus. These changes, according to sensory integration theory, reflect positive responses to therapy.
Respite Care for Community Elderly
Authors: Hasselkus Betty Risteen , Brown Margaret 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Care of an elderly disabled relative is a responsibility that many families cannot bear on a continuous long-term basis. In this paper, the development of a respite care program is described that provides caregiver relief by offering short-term hospitalization for the elderly in the community. Associated therapeutic programming is discussed, including a pre-admission functional assessment and facilitation of normal, meaningful activity and functional skills during hospitalization. Descriptive data are provided to help define the functional status of elderly persons who request periodic respites. Respite care is a new health care option that may enable an older person to remain in the community and preclude the need for institutionalization.
Student Anxiety Toward Level II Fieldwork
Authors: Greenstein Lillian R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) purports to measure two types of anxiety: state anxiety, fluctuating and transitory; and trait anxiety, a relatively stable proneness to apprehension. As part of a battery of measures comparing a new occupational therapy curriculum with an old curriculum being discontinued, the STAI was administered to separate groups of students from each curriculum completing their programs concurrently. The primary purpose of the anxiety study was to test the hypothesis that students with an early introduction to Level I fieldwork (the new curriculum) would have significantly less state anxiety in anticipation of Level II fieldwork than students with a later introduction to Level I fieldwork (the old curriculum). Statistical analysis failed to support the hypothesis. Also discussed are: the significant reduction in anticipated anxiety when students report for fieldwork, and the validity and reliability of the STAI.
The Effect of Wrist Immobilization on Performance of the Jebsen Hand Function Test
Authors: Carlson Joan D. , Trombly Catherine Anne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Eighteen normal subjects participated in a study designed to monitor the effect of wrist motion on the time required to complete manual tasks from the Jebsen Hand Function Test. Activities were performed with the wrist free and with the wrist immobilized by a commercially available splint. The results showed a statistically significant increase in time to do the tasks during immobilization when compared to the free condition. There was great variation in patterns of motion between individuals. Treatment implications include individual consideration of position of wrist immobilization for splinting, proper length and fit of splint designed to immobilize, and the importance of practice in tasks following loss of wrist motion.
Development of a Hand Sensitivity Test for the Hypersensitive Hand
Authors: Yerxa Elizabeth J. , Barber Lois M. , Diaz Olivia , Black Wendy , Azen Stanley P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
An instrument was developed to measure the effects of a desensitization program on hand hypersensitivity. It was standardized with 40 “normal” subjects ages 20 to 40 of both sexes and two ethnic groups. Results showed reliability coefficients ranging from .74 to .82 for the three modalities employed in the test. Analyses of variance of agreement between test and retest scores revealed no significant differences in reliability due to hand used, sex, or ethnicity. It was concluded that the instrument could be used as both a clinical and research tool for the measurement of hand sensitivity.
The Treatment of the Hospice Patient: From Occupational History to Occupational Role
Authors: Tigges Kent Nelson , Sherman Lawrence Mark 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The nature of hospice care, particularly from the point of view of the occupational therapist, is presented in respect to the treatment of a 26-year-old patient. This case study demonstrates the role of the occupational therapist in helping a patient deal with his feelings of isolation, in helping him cope with severe physical limitations to maintain a maximum level of independence, and in helping him to deal with relationships with his fiance, family, and friends. The reader is given a sense of the quality of communication between therapist and patient. Finally, a view of what the therapist can expect realistically when offering hospice care is considered.
Micro-Costing Analysis: A Measure of Accountability
Authors: Mansfield Margo 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A description of a micro-costing analysis conducted by the Psychiatric Occupational Therapy Department at Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke’s Medical Center is reported. Analysis enabled a department manager to establish cost estimates for the services provided by the department. Included are data reflective of both costs and overhead. The analysis generates information concerning the relative amount of labor used, projected annual volumes, costs for direct and indirect labor, overtime, direct and indirect supplies, allocated cost, and cost for each identified evaluation and/or treatment. Access to cost information enables the department manager to realistically establish charges and to assess efficient use of personnel and supplies. The micro-costing analysis provides a vehicle to communicate departmental needs to the hospital administration based upon documented use of resources, and justified by a thorough cost breakdown.
Immediate Effects of Positioning Devices on the Normal and Spastic Hand Measured by Electromyography
Authors: Mathiowetz Virgil , Bolding Deborah J. , Trombly Catherine A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
There is a continuing controversy in the literature and in clinical practice about whether positioning devices are effective in decreasing spasticity and, if so, which type is most effective. In this study, the immediate effects of a volar resting splint, a finger spreader, a firm cone, and no device were compared on eight normal and four hemiplegic subjects. Electromyography (EMG) was used to measure flexor muscle activity of the tested forearm while the subjects squeezed a grasp meter with the contralateral hand and during the following relaxation period. Results showed significantly greater EMG activity for the finger spreader compared to no device in the flexor carpi radialis of normal subjects during the grasping period. Hemiplegic subjects did not show significantly less EMG activity when using positioning devices compared to no device. In fact, the volar splint appeared to increase the EMG activity while the subjects were grasping.
Postrotary Nystagmus Response in Children with Down’s Syndrome
Authors: Ling-Fong Zee-Chen Eunice , Hardman Michael L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the nystagmus response in school-age children with Down’s syndrome. The 35 subjects were between 5 and 9 years of age and were enrolled in public school programs for the educable and trainable mentally retarded in the northern metropolitan areas of Utah. The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) was administered with slightly modified verbal instructions. Durations of nystagmus for the subjects with Down’s syndrome were compared with Ayres’ normative data from the SCPNT using a t-test for two independent means. Results indicated there was a significant reduction in the duration of nystagmus in the children with Down’s syndrome when compared to Ayres’ sample of normal children; however, there was no significant difference between males and females with Down’s syndrome in duration of postrotary nystagmus.
A Comparison of Play Behavior in Nonhospitalized and Hospitalized Children
Authors: Kielhofner Gary , Barris Roann , Bauer David , Shoestock Barbara , Walker Leslie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Because play is extremely sensitive to environmental conditions, extended hospitalization may have adverse effects on normal play development in young children. This study compared the playfulness, as well as the level of play development, of three 2-year-old children who had been hospitalized most of their lives for tracheostomies, and three 2-year-olds living at home. Data on the children’s play were gathered by videotaping in two standardized play settings and one free play setting. Statistically significant differences in the developmental level of play and in playfulness (i.e., the degree of liveliness and joy exhibited) were found between the two groups in all three settings, and the play age of all six children varied by setting. Quantitative data analysis was supported by qualitative findings.
Although the differences between the groups cannot be conclusively attributed to hospitalization alone, certain features of the hospital environment appear to have hampered the development of play.
Performance of Schizophrenic Patients on a Motor-Free Visual Perception Test
Authors: Eimon Marilyn C. , Eimon Perry L. , Cermak Sharon A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT) was administered to 15 chronic schizophrenic patients and 15 normal controls, ages 40 to 60, to see whether, perceptual deficits would be found on nonmotor tasks. Groups significantly affected performance on the MVPT, as did occupational status. In the schizophrenic group only, efficiency of intellectual functioning was positively related to how well they performed on the MVPT. Age, educational level, and IQ had no significant impact on functioning on this test in either group. The schizophrenic patients made more errors on the more complex operations of the MVPT, and the only significant group differences in percentage of subjects’ own errors was in figure-ground. The MVPT may be useful in screening for visual-perceptual deficits in adult schizophrenic patients.
The Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP): An Introduction and Review
Authors: Banus Barbara J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
With the implementation of Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, early childhood screening responsibilities intensified for occupational therapists. Frustrations caused by the absence of adequate testing tools increased proportionately. Lucy Jane Miller began working in 1971 on a new standardized test to predict school-related problems and published the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) in 1982. Because the MAP is a new addition to the field of preschool testing, this review will introduce the MAP to occupational therapists and give a general overview and critique of its administration, scoring, and standardization procedures. The MAP has potential for becoming a major screening test for preschool children if it does predict school-related problems.
The Development of an Occupational Therapy Interview/Therapy Set Procedure
Authors: Peloquin Suzanne M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Emphasis on returning patients quickly to the community requires staff in acute psychiatric settings to maximize therapeutic efforts within limited time frames. To satisfy standards for practice, therapists must constantly apply time management techniques to their therapeutic endeavors. Despite patient stays as brief as 10 days, practitioners continue to evaluate, treat, and plan for the discharge of each patient referred to their service. This led to a reassessment and restructuring of the initial occupational therapy interview in one psychiatric setting. The objectives of the interview, with particular emphasis on therapy set, are reviewed. These objectives were incorporated into a three-part procedure of interview/therapy set. The forms that structure the procedure are discussed as adaptable tools for use in similar settings.
Differentiation of Praxis among Children
Authors: Conrad Karen E. , Cermak Sharon A. , Drake Charles 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the conceptual model proposed by Luria to identify different types of dyspraxia in learning-disabled (LD) children. The types of apraxia investigated were kinesthetic, optic-spatial, symbolic, and dynamic. In addition, the study explored differential performance on tasks of praxis in learning-disabled children as a function of their Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) IQ patterns. The subjects included 41 LD and 17 normal children ages 108 months to 153 months. They were administered The Praxis Test for Children, a compilation based on Luria’s division of types of praxis with brain-damaged adults. Results indicated that the test differentiated between the LD and normal groups on the dynamic and optic-spatial tests. Data analyzed for the LD children with a significant WISC-R discrepancy between their Verbal IQ and Performance IQ profile yielded no difference between these two IQ groups. Results were discussed in terms of the need to investigate individual patterns of performance in the differentiation of dyspraxia.
Possible Pubertal Effect on Therapeutic Gains in an Autistic Girl
Authors: Ayres A. Jean , Mailloux Zoe K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A deaf, partially sighted, severely retarded autistic girl, 11 years, 6 months of age, received approximately 2 years of occupational therapy, where sensory integration procedures were employed to reduce self-stimulation. Videotaped time samples of the amount of stereotypies showed a consistent reduction from the time of starting therapy to an interruption for vacation and surgery for scoliosis 46 weeks later. On returning to therapy after a 9-week break, self-stimulation had greatly increased and did not return to the presurgery level during an additional 55 weeks of therapy, 30 of which followed the removal of a cast. Menarche occurred 1 week after removing the cast. Increased self-stimulation is linked to reduced inclination toward environmental interaction as well as to an interruption of intervention and possible pubertal effect. Brief reports on four other autistic adolescents who received similar therapy are consistent with the conjecture of frequent pubertal regression.
Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship—1983; Clinical Reasoning: The Ethics, Science, and Art
Authors: Rogers Joan C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
As I join the roster of Eleanor Clarke Slagle lecturers, I am keenly aware of the privilege and responsibility of being so honored by my professional colleagues. Since my selection for the award was based on a recognition of a synthesis of skills in occupational therapy practice, education, and research, it seemed fitting for me to pursue a topic that would in some way enable me to reflect this synthesis. Thus, in developing the theme of clinical reasoning, I have taken a practice issue, studied it from an educational perspective, and formulated a conceptual framework for guiding the development of a clinical science of occupational therapy.
Crossing the Body Midline in Learning-Disabled and Normal Children
Authors: Cermak Sharon A. , Ayres A. Jean 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The SVCU scores of 179 learning-disabled children, ages 5 to 8, were compared with the scores of 120 normal children, using both the actual Space Visualization Contralateral Use (SVCU) score, and the SVCU category of “normal, suspect, or possible deficit,” in order to evaluate whether using guidelines to interpret the SVCU as a function of age enabled differentiation between normal children and children with learning disabilities. The SVCU measure clearly differentiated between groups at the younger ages, although the difference was not as clear for the older age groups. It was suggested that the SVCU score be used in conjunction with other observations of midline crossing. Alternative interpretations of the SVCU score are discussed.
Telephone Call Aid for Problems of Visual Sequencing
Authors: Ores Louise , Parent Lillian Hoyle 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
People with problems of visual sequencing and impaired immediate memory have difficulty placing telephone calls independently. A Call Aid, created from an inexpensive spiral-bound pad of 3 x 5 inch cards, enabled people with visual sequencing problems to make a telephone call independently. In a pre-test, post-test study, nine of ten trainable mentally handicapped adolescents, IQ range 40-55, were able to dial successfully immediately after training and 1 week later. Construction of the Call Aid is described.
Chewing Cycles in 4- and 5-Year-Old Down’s Syndrome Children: A Comparison of Eating Efficacy with Normals
Authors: Gisel Erika G. , Lange Loren J. , Niman Carol W. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Chewing movements of Down’s syndrome children were measured and compared with those of normal preschool children. Twenty-six Down’s syndrome children were monitored: 14 were 4 (8 males, 6 females) and 12 were 5 years old (6 males, 6 females).
Chewing movements were measured by time (in seconds), number of cycles, and a time/cycle ratio. A chewing cycle was defined as an upward and downward movement of the chin. The time/cycle ratio is the total time, from the moment food was placed in the mouth until the final swallow occurred, divided by the number of cycles counted for the same period.
The childrens’ ages and gender did not affect time, cycles, or the time/cycle ratio. However, the measures were strongly affected by the type of food eaten.
Children with Down’s syndrome chew at a rate comparable to that of normal children. However, the duration of chewing is significantly prolonged per bite of food. This may be attributed to these childrens’ lack of chewing vigor or their inability, at the ages studied, to chew solid foods. Time/cycle ratios are an excellent index to document such differences. How much sensory differences or deficits contribute to these findings is not known.
An Independent Living Skills Training Program
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. , Marques Kim 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The growing rehabilitation and consumer movement toward independent community living for disabled adults has placed new demands on the health care delivery system. Programs must be developed for the disabled adult that provide direct training in adaptive community skills, such as banking, budgeting, consumer advocacy, personal health care, and attendant management. An Independent Living Skills Training Program that uses a psychoeducational model is described. To date, 17 multiply handicapped adults, whose average length of institutionalization was 11.9 years, have participated in the program. Of these 17, 58.8% returned to community living and 23.5% are waiting for openings in accessible housing units.
Motivation as a Factor of Perceived Exertion in Purposeful versus Nonpurposeful Activity
Authors: Kircher Marjorie A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Perceived exertion during the performance of purposeful and nonpurposeful activity was studied in 26 women. The subjects acted as their own controls in the performance of both kinds of exercise. The two exercises were jumping rope, defined as a purposeful activity, and jumping in place without a rope, defined as a nonpurposeful activity. In each activity the subjects exercised to reach the subjective point of “very hard work” on the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion. Duration and cessation of exercise were entirely controlled by the performers. Heart rate responses during and immediately after cessation of exercise, measured by electrocardiographic telemetry, and duration of exercise in seconds were compared for the two types of exercise. Results showed that heart rate increase at a given rate of perceived exertion was significantly higher (.001) for jumping rope. This raises the possibility that workload was inadvertently perceived by the performers to be greater in nonpurposeful activity and provides support for the hypothesis that purposeful activity serves as an intrinsic motivator to the performer.
Standardization of the Prone Extension Postural Test on Children Ages 4 Through 8
Authors: Gregory-Flock Janice L. , Yerxa Elizabeth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The prone extension postural test is a measurement of vestibular functioning that has been used by occupational therapists in assessing children suspected of having vestibular system deficits. The purpose of this study was to standardize the prone extension postural test because no standardized procedures or normative data were previously available for its administration.
Reliability and validity were estimated and normative data gathered on 242 normal children ranging in age from 4 through 8 years. Performance involving duration and score on a qualitative scale was recorded. Four and 5 year olds performed similarly and statistically, and significantly differently from 6, 7, and 8 year olds. When a small group of learning-disabled children was compared to a nondisabled group, the prone extension postural test differentiated between the two groups with the exception of the 4 year olds.
The Golgi Tendon Organ: A Review and Update
Authors: Moore Josephine C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article presents current information concerning (a) the structural relationships of the Golgi tendon organ (GTO) with different types of extrafusal muscle fibers; (b) the Gp.Ib reafferent or feedback fibers from the GTO; (c) the way in which these proprioceptors monitor muscle tension and function in parallel processing with other receptors and with the central control mechanisms of the nervous system; and (d) how GTO’s are involved in regulating autogenic excitation, autogenic inhibition, or co-contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers.
The Liberal Arts Connection
Authors: Pierce Edward R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The study of liberal arts has, from the beginning of higher education in this country, prepared professionals for their practice. Liberal arts studies are essential for defining a career, making a career choice, and developing career skills. Also, liberal arts studies are necessary for occupational therapists to make the appropriate interconnections needed to develop a perspective that allows the therapist to be professionally competent. This perspective equips the therapist with the ability to move appropriately from the individual self-interest level to the occupational therapy community self-welfare level of functioning and behavior. The author believes that the conjoining of occupational theory, occupational practice, and liberal arts studies will ensure continued survival and viability of occupational therapy by preparing future responsive educated practitioners.