bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delaying Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination from Birth to 4 1/2 Months of Age Reduces Postvaccination Th1 and IL-17 Responses but Leads to Comparable Mycobacterial Responses at 9 Months of Age
Authors: Burl Sarah , Adetifa Uche J. , Cox Momodou , Touray Ebrima , Ota Martin O. , Marchant Arnaud , Whittle Hilton , McShane Helen , Rowland-Jones Sarah L. , Flanagan Katie L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBacillus Camette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis, yet its protective efficacy is highly variable between different geographical regions. We hypothesized that exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria attenuates BCG immunogenicity by inducing mycobacterial-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs). Gambian neonates were recruited at birth and randomized to receive BCG vaccination either at birth or at 4 1/2 mo. Mycobacterial immune responses were assessed at birth, 4 1/2, and 9 mo of age. At 4 1/2 mo of age the BCG naive individuals had detectable mycobacterial responses, including increased IL-10 production suggesting environmental priming. Vaccination at birth significantly enhanced Th1, Th2, IL-6, IL-17, and Treg responses in mycobacterial cultures at 4 1/2 mo compared with the BCG naive group. Analyzing results at 4 1/2 mo postvaccination revealed lower IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17 responses in the delayed BCG vaccine group compared with those vaccinated at birth, but this did not relate to Treg levels prevaccination. When comparing responses pre- and post-BCG vaccination in the delayed vaccine group, there was no priming of mycobacterial IL-17. Mycobacterial responses waned over 9 mo in those vaccinated at birth, leading to comparable mycobacterial immunity in both groups at 9 mo of age. Overall, these data suggest that vaccination at birth induces a broad Th1/Th2/IL-17/Treg mycobacterial response but the Th1/Th-17 response was reduced when delaying the vaccine. The evidence did not suggest that mycobacterial specific naturally occurring Tregs accounted for this attenuated immunogenicity.
Genetic Sphingosine Kinase 1 Deficiency Significantly Decreases Synovial Inflammation and Joint Erosions in Murine TNF-α–Induced Arthritis
Authors: Baker DeAnna A. , Barth Jeremy , Chang Raymond , Obeid Lina M. , Gilkeson Gary S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) is an enzyme that converts sphingosine to bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphate. Recent in vitro data suggest a potential role of SphK1 in TNF-α–mediated inflammation. Our aims in this study were to determine the in vivo significance of SphK1 in TNF-α–mediated chronic inflammation and to define which pathogenic mechanisms induced by TNF-α are SphK1 dependent. To pursue these aims, we studied the effect of SphK1 deficiency in an in vivo model of TNF-α–induced chronic inflammatory arthritis. Transgenic hTNF-α mice, which develop spontaneous inflammatory erosive arthritis beginning at 14–16 wk, were crossed with SphK1 null mice (SphK1−/−), on the C57BL6 genetic background. Beginning at 4 mo of age, hTNF/SphK1−/− mice had significantly less severe clinically evident paw swelling and deformity, less synovial and periarticular inflammation, and markedly decreased bone erosions as measured quantitatively through micro-CT images. Mechanistically, the mice lacking SphK1 had less articular cyclooxygenase 2 protein and fewer synovial Th17 cells than did hTNF/SphK1+/+ littermates. Microarray analysis and real-time RT-PCR of the ankle synovial tissue demonstrated that hTNF/SphK1−/− mice had increased transcript levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 compared with hTNF/SphK1+/+ mice, likely also contributing to the decreased inflammation in the SphK1-deficient mice. Finally, significantly fewer mature osteoclasts were detected in the ankle joints of hTNF/SphK1−/− mice compared with hTNF/SphK1+/+ mice. These data indicate that SphK1 plays a key role in hTNF-α–induced inflammatory arthritis via impacting synovial inflammation and osteoclast number.
STAT5 Is Critical To Maintain Effector CD8+ T Cell Responses
Authors: Tripathi Pulak , Kurtulus Sema , Wojciechowski Sara , Sholl Allyson , Hoebe Kasper , Morris Suzanne C. , Finkelman Fred D. , Grimes H. Leighton , Hildeman David A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
During an immune response, most effector T cells die, whereas some are maintained and become memory T cells. Factors controlling the survival of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the role of IL-7, IL-15, and their common signal transducer, STAT5, in maintaining effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Following viral infection, IL-15 was required to maintain a subpopulation of effector CD8+ T cells expressing high levels of killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, member 1 (KLRG1), and lower levels of CD127, whereas IL-7 and IL-15 acted together to maintain KLRG1lowCD127high CD8+ effector T cells. In contrast, effector CD4+ T cell numbers were not affected by the individual or combined loss of IL-15 and IL-7. Both IL-7 and IL-15 drove phosphorylation of STAT5 within effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. When STAT5 was deleted during the course of infection, both KLRG1highCD127low and KLRG1lowCD127high CD8+ T cells were lost, although effector CD4+ T cell populations were maintained. Furthermore, STAT5 was required to maintain expression of Bcl-2 in effector CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells. Finally, IL-7 and IL-15 required STAT5 to induce Bcl-2 expression and to maintain effector CD8+ T cells. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-7 and IL-15 signaling converge on STAT5 to maintain effector CD8+ T cell responses.
Secreted pH-Regulated Antigen 1 of Candida albicans Blocks Activation and Conversion of Complement C3
Authors: Luo Shanshan , Hartmann Andrea , Dahse Hans-Martin , Skerka Christine , Zipfel Peter F. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The complement system forms the first defense line of innate immunity and is activated within seconds upon infection by human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. In this study, we identified a new complement evasion strategy used by C. albicans. The fungus secretes a potent complement inhibitor, pH-regulated Ag 1 (Pra1), which in the direct surrounding of the pathogen binds to fluid-phase C3 and blocks cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b, as shown by ELISA, native gel electrophoresis, and Western blotting. Consequently, complement activation via the alternative and classical pathways is inhibited. In addition, the release of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, as well as C3b/iC3b surface deposition, is reduced, as demonstrated by Western blotting, ELISA, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. By reducing C3b/iC3b levels at the yeast surface, Pra1 decreases complement-mediated adhesion, as well as uptake of C. albicans by human macrophages, as shown by flow cytometry. Thus, Pra1 is, to our knowledge, the first potent fungal complement inhibitor that favors C. albicans immune escape by inactivating and controlling host complement attack at the level of C3.
Methods for fish species identification in food products
Authors: Bajzí­k Pavol , Golian Jozef , Židek Radoslav , Čapla Jozef , Belej Ľubomí­r , Ondrejka Matúš , Mrázová Ľubica , Maršálková Lenka 
Published: July 2010

The need for identification of fishery products in food is currently ongoing issue for both consumers and producers of food. Consumer interest is driven in one the healthy diet, which prefers fish products, as an indispensable ingredient food and on the other hand, is a potential allergen causing health problems in humans allergic to fish protein. Allergy is a phenomenon that significantly affects human health, as well as overall life expectancy of an individual. The large number of fish species are known to trigger allergic reactions directly food intake or inhalation of fumes only, depending on the sensitivity orgamizmu. Large quantity of fish allergens are proteins from the stock protein to enzymes. Methods used for species identifications of fish in food products are PCR sequencing, multiplex PCR, PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP, RAPD, real-time PCR.
Influence of the ripening onto the growth of selected probiotic cultures in low – cooked cheese
Authors: Lovayová Viera , Dudriková Eva , Nemcová Radomí­ra , Rimárová Kvetoslava 
Published: July 2010

The work describes changes in numbers of selected probiotic cultures in the cheese during its ripening. The technology to manufacture semi-hard low-scaled cheeses used probiotic cultures Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum 96. Sampling took place each month from January to June 2009. Samples of cheese were microbiologically analyzed by standard microbiological methods for the numbers ingested probiotic cultures throughout the period. Physico-chemical parameters (fat content, dry matter content of sodium chloride, titratable acidity, and pH and in the last month and lactic acid and protein content) were followed selected during four months of ripening. For each sample analyzed, and the center region of the cheeses. Achieved values observed physico-chemical parameters were significantly changed during the reporting period and amounted to the value required by the applicable legislation for the cheese. The results of microbiological analysis showed that in all evaluated selected probiotic cheeses was observed during a six month minimum storage period of therapy, which sets the value of micro-organisms at the end of the storage order of 106 cfu.ml-1.
Protein and fat in breast muscules of broilers in application welfare principles in practical conditions
Authors: Medveď Ján , Angelovičová Mária 
Published: July 2010

Were carried two chemical analyses of the breast muscles without skin in fattening-type chickens Ross 308. 12 chickens were used for chemical analysis after feeding 42 days of body weight 1800.0 g in two cycles. In the breast muscle without skin was content dry matter 25.95 and 25.87 g.100 g-1, protein 24.47 and 23.82 g.100 g-1, and fat 3.34, respectively 3.49 g.100 g-1. Differences in these parameters between cycles were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Broilers were randomly selected in the hall on the farm. In the hall was a deep litter and breeding technology Big Dutchman with automatic feeding, watering, and automatically set lighting and temperature regimes. During the fattening of chickens have been relationship with recommended microclimate conditions and the length of the hall light and ventilation. The concentration of broilers per square one meter was 27.22, respectively. 29.34 kg. Broilers consumed of feed ad libitum.
Genetic analysis of nitric oxide synthase 1 variants in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Authors: Silberberg Gilad , Ben‐Shachar Dorit , Navon Ruth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a neurotransmitter that acts as a second messenger of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor and interacts with the dopaminergic and the serotonergic systems. NO involvement in pathological processes relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders stems from its ability to modulate certain forms of synaptic plasticity, and from its capacity to be transformed to a highly active free radical. Additionally, multiple links have been reported between the NO‐producing enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 1, and both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD). RNA and DNA isolated from dorsolateral‐prefrontal cortices of schizophrenia patients, bipolar patients and controls (n = 26, 30 and 29, respectively) were donated by the Stanley Foundation Brain Collection. Gene expression was measured by Real‐Time‐PCR. Genetic polymorphisms were genotyped by restriction‐fragment length‐polymorphism analysis, and by product‐size determination of PCR products amplified with a fluorescent primer.Expression analysis of pan‐NOS1, as well as of 2 of its isoforms, “NOS1_1d” and “NOS1_1f”, which differ in their first exons and translational strength, revealed a trend for pan‐NOS1over‐expression (P = 0.075) in schizophrenia patients (1.33‐fold), and significant over‐expression (P < 0.05) ofNOS1_1dandNOS1_1fin this group (1.54‐fold and 1.61‐fold, respectively). No expressional alteration was observed in BPD. Polymorphisms at the promoters of NOS1_1d and NOS1_1f, previously shown to be functional in vitro, revealed no significant allelic or genotypic differences among clinical groups and showed no effect on these transcripts' expression. In conclusion, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the over‐expression of specific NOS1 isoforms, which is unique to schizophrenia, may assist in identifying targets for new drugs. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Information for inspiration: Understanding architects' information seeking and use behaviors to inform design
Authors: Makri Stephann , Warwick Claire 
Published: July 2010

AbstractArchitectural design projects are heavily reliant on electronic information seeking. However, there have been few studies on how architects look for and use information on the Web. We examined the electronic information behavior of 9 postgraduate architectural design and urban design students. We observed them undertake a self‐chosen, naturalistic information task related to one of their design projects and found that although the architectural students performed many similar interactive information behaviors to academics and practitioners in other disciplines, they also performed behaviors reflective of the nature of their domain. The included exploring and encountering information (in addition to searching and browsing for it) and visualizing/appropriating information. The observations also highlighted the importance of information use behaviors (such as editing and recording) and communication behaviors (such as sharing and distributing) as well as the importance of multimedia materials, particularly images, for architectural design projects. A key overarching theme was that inspiration was found to be both an important driver for and potential outcome of information work in the architecture domain, suggesting the need to design electronic information tools for architects that encourage and foster creativity. We make suggestions for the design of such tools based on our findings.
Fine‐grained opinion mining by integrating multiple review sources
Authors: Miao Qingliang , Li Qiudan , Zeng Daniel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith the rapid development of Web 2.0, online reviews have become extremely valuable sources for mining customers' opinions. Fine‐grained opinion mining has attracted more and more attention of both applied and theoretical research. In this article, the authors study how to automatically mine product features and opinions from multiple review sources. Specifically, they propose an integration strategy to solve the issue. Within the integration strategy, the authors mine domain knowledge from semistructured reviews and then exploit the domain knowledge to assist product feature extraction and sentiment orientation identification from unstructured reviews. Finally, feature‐opinion tuples are generated. Experimental results on real‐world datasets show that the proposed approach is effective.
Rhodium‐ and Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkenes
Authors: Hesp Kevin D. , Stradiotto Mark 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe hydroamination of alkenes represents an atom‐economical strategy for the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing molecules from readily available components. In recent years, the application of Group 9 transition metal catalysts in this reaction has enabled significant progress to be made toward addressing several major challenges within the field of metal‐mediated hydroamination. Using Rh‐ and Ir‐based catalysts for the intermolecular hydroamination reaction, advances have been made in the regioselective addition of amines to olefins in an anti‐Markovnikov fashion producing industrially relevant linear amine products, as well as the concise synthesis of chiral amines by asymmetric hydroamination. The intramolecular addition of a variety of amine groups to pendant alkenes has also been studied in the context of developing expedient routes to nitrogen‐containing heterocycles; using simple Rh‐ and Ir‐based catalysts, a wide range of substrates including those that contain functional groups that are poised for further synthetic elaboration are readily cyclized. Extension of these catalyst systems to include the asymmetric synthesis of a variety of functionalized 1‐methylpyrrolidine compounds has recently been achieved. To complement these catalytic investigations, thorough stoichiometric and kinetic studies have unveiled diverse mechanistic pathways that originate from either initial amine or olefin activation. The understanding gained through these mechanistic investigations provides the framework for the design of increasingly effective alkene hydroamination catalysts.
Nanoparticles as Semi‐Heterogeneous Catalyst Supports
Authors: Schätz Alexander , Reiser Oliver , Stark Wendelin J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNanoparticles can serve as semi‐heterogeneous supports since they readily disperse in common solvents and combine high surface area with excellent accessibility. Reversible agglomeration through solvent changes and magnetic separation provide technically attractive alternatives to classical catalyst filtration. This account places emphasis on recent developments in this emerging area.
Hydrosilylation of a Silicon(II) Hydride: Synthesis and Characterization of a Remarkable Silylsilylene
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Hua , Yeong Hui‐Xian , Xi Hong‐Wei , Lim Kok Hwa , So Cheuk‐Wai 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of novel monomeric silylsilylenes [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiSi{(NtBu)2C(H)Ph}R] (R=Cl (2), H (4)) are described. Compound 2 was prepared by the treatment of [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiHCl2] (1) with two equivalents of potassium graphite, whereas compound 4 was synthesized by the treatment of 1 with four equivalents of potassium graphite. The results suggest that silicon(II) hydride intermediate [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiH] was formed in the reduction, which underwent a hydrosilylation with the amidinate ligand of [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiR] (R=Cl or H) to form 2 and 4, respectively. The existence of [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiH] in solution was demonstrated by the treatment of [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiCl] (3) with [K{HB(iBu)3}]. Compounds 2 and 4 have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The results show that compounds 2 and 4 are stable in solution or the solid state, and do not dimerize to form the corresponding disilene. DFT calculations show that the SiSi bonds in 2 and 4 do not have multiple‐bond character.
Real‐Time Monitoring of Mass‐Transport‐Related Enzymatic Reaction Kinetics in a Nanochannel‐Array Reactor
Authors: Li Su‐Juan , Wang Chen , Wu Zeng‐Qiang , Xu Jing‐Juan , Xia Xing‐Hua , Chen Hong‐Yuan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo understand the fundamentals of enzymatic reactions confined in micro‐/nanosystems, the construction of a small enzyme reactor coupled with an integrated real‐time detection system for monitoring the kinetic information is a significant challenge. Nano‐enzyme array reactors were fabricated by covalently linking enzymes to the inner channels of a porous anodic alumina (PAA) membrane. The mechanical stability of this nanodevice enables us to integrate an electrochemical detector for the real‐time monitoring of the formation of the enzyme reaction product by sputtering a thin Pt film on one side of the PAA membrane. Because the enzymatic reaction is confined in a limited nanospace, the mass transport of the substrate would influence the reaction kinetics considerably. Therefore, the oxidation of glucose by dissolved oxygen catalyzed by immobilized glucose oxidase was used as a model to investigate the mass‐transport‐related enzymatic reaction kinetics in confined nanospaces. The activity and stability of the enzyme immobilized in the nanochannels was enhanced. In this nano‐enzyme reactor, the enzymatic reaction was controlled by mass transport if the flux was low. With an increase in the flux (e.g., >50 μL min−1), the enzymatic reaction kinetics became the rate‐determining step. This change resulted in the decrease in the conversion efficiency of the nano‐enzyme reactor and the apparent Michaelis–Menten constant with an increase in substrate flux. This nanodevice integrated with an electrochemical detector could help to understand the fundamentals of enzymatic reactions confined in nanospaces and provide a platform for the design of highly efficient enzyme reactors. In addition, we believe that such nanodevices will find widespread applications in biosensing, drug screening, and biochemical synthesis.
Synthesis of Unusual Oxime Ethers by Reaction of Tetranitromethane with B‐Alkylcatecholboranes
Authors: Lüthy Monique , Schenk Kurt , Renaud Philippe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of tetranitromethane with B‐alkylcatecholboranes leads to the formation of unusual dinitrooxime ethers. A tentative mechanism is provided, which suggests the involvement of extremely fast addition of alkyl radicals to tetranitromethane. The substitution of one of the nitro groups in the oxime ethers by nucleophiles (such as secondary amines, halogens and styrene) and by radicals generated from B‐alkylcatecholboranes is reported.
High‐Field Pulsed EPR Spectroscopy for the Speciation of the Reduced [PV2Mo10O40]6− Polyoxometalate Catalyst Used in Electron‐Transfer Oxidations
Authors: Kaminker Ilia , Goldberg Hila , Neumann Ronny , Goldfarb Daniella 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn in‐depth spectroscopic EPR investigation of a key intermediate, formally notated as [PVIVVVMo10O40]6− and formed in known electron‐transfer and electron‐transfer/oxygen‐transfer reactions catalyzed by H5PV2Mo10O40, has been carried out. Pulsed EPR spectroscopy have been utilized: specifically, W‐band electron–electron double resonance (ELDOR)‐detected NMR and two‐dimensional (2D) hyperfine sub‐level correlation (HYSCORE) measurements, which resolved 95Mo and 17O hyperfine interactions, and electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), which gave the weak 51V and 31P interactions. In this way, two paramagnetic species related to [PVIVVVMo10O40]6− were identified. The first species (30–35 %) has a vanadyl (VO2+)‐like EPR spectrum and is not situated within the polyoxometalate cluster. Here the VO2+ was suggested to be supported on the Keggin cluster and can be represented as an ion pair, [PVVMo10O39]8−[VIVO2+]. This species originates from the parent H5PV2Mo10O40 in which the vanadium atoms are nearest neighbors and it is suggested that this isomer is more likely to be reactive in electron‐transfer/oxygen‐transfer reaction oxidation reactions. In the second (70–65 %) species, the VIV remains embedded within the polyoxometalate framework and originates from reduction of distal H5PV2Mo10O40 isomers to yield an intact cluster, [PVIVVVMo10O40]6−.
Fabrication of Nanoelectrodes and Metal Clusters by Electrodeposition
Authors: Velmurugan Jeyavel , Mirkin Michael V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost nanometer‐sized electrodes reported to date are made from either Pt or Au. For technical reasons, it is difficult to make nanoelectrodes from many other metals (e.g. Hg) by heat‐sealing microwires into glass capillaries or by other established techniques. Such nanoelectrodes can be useful for a wide range of analytical and physicochemical applications from high sensitivity stripping analysis (Hg) to pH nano‐sensors to studies of electrocatalysis. In this paper, nanometer‐sized metal electrodes are prepared by electrodeposition of Hg or Pt on disk‐type, polished or recessed nanoelectrodes. The deposition of Hg is monitored chronoamperometrically to produce near‐hemispherical electrodes, which are characterized by voltammetry and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The well‐shaped deposits of a solid metal (Pt) at Au nanoelectrodes are prepared and imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Catalytic metal clusters can also be prepared using this methodology. Electrodes with the metal surface flush with glass insulator, most suitable for quantitative voltammetric and SECM experiments are fabricated by electrodeposition of a metal inside an etched nanocavity.