bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New candidate intermediate-age star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Piatti Andrés E. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
We present the results on the age and metallicity estimates of nine Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) clusters (AM 3, HW 31, 40, 41, 42, 59, 63, L91 and NGC 339) obtained from CCD Washington CT1T2 photometry. We confirm AM 3 and NGC 339 as intermediate-age and metal-poor clusters, and report for the first time that the remaining seven clusters are also intermediate-age or old clusters (t ∼ 4.3–9.3 Gyr), which represents an increase of ≳60 per cent of the total known intermediate-age/old cluster population in the SMC. The studied clusters have metal contents ranging from intermediate metal-poor ([Fe/H] ≈−0.7 dex) down to metal-poor ([Fe/H] ≈−1.3 dex) values.
Mass incarceration, legal change, and locale
Authors: Lynch Mona 
Published: July 2011

Research Summary In this article, I have three major aims. First, I examine in detail the role that changes to legal policies and practice have played in the rise of mass incarceration. I look at four distinct aspects of legal change and argue that the law (and legal change) in these varied forms is the engine that has driven prison growth and, therefore, must be addressed in explanations of this phenomenon. This discussion leads to my second major goal, which is to move beyond national‐level explanations of American mass incarceration and call for a more unified empirically based understanding that highlights the localized social, cultural, and political factors that have contributed to the imprisonment explosion. I conclude by exploring how this kind of theorization provides a road map to a more localized policy reform strategy that aims to reduce our reliance on incarceration.
Insecticide susceptibility and resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae collected from Gwangju, Republic of Korea
Authors: SHIN E Hyun , KIM Hyun Kyung , PARK Chan , LEE Dong‐Kyu , KANG Hyesook , CHANG Kyu Sik 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe susceptibility of Culex tritaeniorhynchus collected from Gwangju, Jeollabuk Province, Republic of Korea (ROK) to insecticides was evaluated under laboratory conditions using ten insecticides (7 pyrethroids and 3 organophosphates) that are currently applied by local public health centers in the ROK. Based on the values of median lethal concentration (LC50), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus larvae were most susceptible to chlorpyrifos (0.006 ppm), fenitrothion (0.022 ppm), fenthion (0.035 ppm) and bifenthrin (0.038 ppm), and were least susceptible to esbiol (1.722 ppm). In comparative resistance tests, the resistance ratios (RRs) of seven insecticides were compared among each other using two strains of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus that were collected from the same locality during 1992 and 2010. Culex tritaeniorhynchus demonstrated significantly increased RRs to pyrethroids over time, while demonstrating decreased RRs among the organophosphates. Among the pyrethroids, permethrin had the highest RR values of 182.1‐ and 833.3‐fold differences, followed by etofenprox with RRs of 138.4‐ and 224.1‐fold differences in values of LC50 and concentration that produced 90% mortality (LC90), respectively. Culex tritaeniorhynchus strains demonstrated the least amount of change in susceptibility to the organophosphates, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and fenthion with 0.020‐, 0.019‐ and 0.001‐fold differences in resistance ratios (RRLC50), respectively.
Comparative efficacy of different pesticides against mango bark beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: SAEED Shafqat , MASOOD Asad , SAYYED Ali H. , KWON Yong Jung 
Published: July 2011

Abstract Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing is one of the most destructive insect pests of mango trees and is found to be associated with the transmission of causal organisms of mango sudden death disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of deltamethrin, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid and spinosad in laboratory and field trials. Bioassay results showed that the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was significantly higher than deltamethrin but similar to bifenthrin. Deltamethrin and bifenthrin toxicity, however, increased significantly (P < 0.01) from day 1 to day 3. Spinosad was the least toxic compound while emamectin was the most toxic among new chemical insecticides tested, but its toxicity increased significantly from day 1 to day 5. Comparison of the efficacies of the insecticides using lethal times to produce 50% mortality (LT50) and 90% mortality (LT90) showed that the relative potencies of chlorpyrifos, emamectin, imidacloprid and spinosad were greater than bifenthrin and deltamethrin. The results of field trials showed the highest number of beetles emerged from the control twigs while significantly fewer beetles emerged from the twigs treated with bifenthrin (P < 0.05), which accounted for 12% for bifenthrin compared to that of the control. The present study demonstrated increased toxicities of systemic insecticides and chlorpyrifos compared to toxicities of deltamethrin and bifenthrin, suggesting these insecticides could be an alternative tool in a comprehensive H. mangiferae management program to eradicate the beetles from mango orchards.
Ant–Acacia interaction: Chemical or physical defense?
Authors: ELBANNA Shereen M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTwo different ant–Acacia ecosystems at two different sites were investigated for comparing their lifestyles. One ecosystem is at St. Katherine's Protectorate and the other at Ismailia Province, Egypt. The defense mechanisms that each Acacia tree use against browsers were investigated. Seasonal and daily abundances of ants and other herbivores on two Acacia trees were studied. The study indicated different defense mechanisms used by these two Acacia species: Acacia use both physical and chemical defense mechanisms. The efficiency of both mechanisms in defending Acacia against herbivores and why Acacia trees preferred one mechanism to the other are discussed.
Characteristics of three cotton varieties and their impact on feeding and growth of cotton armyworm
Authors: AMIN Md Ruhul , TITHI Dil Afrose , KWON Yong Jung 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study investigated morphological and biochemical characteristics of CB9, CB10 and SR05 cotton varieties and observed their effect on feeding and growth of cotton armyworm Spodoptera litura. Morphological characters of plant architecture, branching, color, hairiness, trichome density and boll size indicated that CB9 is a bushy, well developed, branched, light bronze colored and hairy variety with number of trichomes 193/cm2 and boll weight 5.5–6.0 g/boll. Both CB9 and CB10 bear normal leaves and spherical bolls whereas SR05 has well‐ventilated branching, okra shaped and ventrally arranged light bronze colored leaves and oval bolls ranging 4.0–4.5 g/boll. Biochemical analysis indicated significant differences in starch and protein contents, which range 11.4–21.3 and 17.5–30.6%, respectively. The lowest percentages of starch and protein were found in SR05 and CB9, respectively. Cotton varieties showed significant effects on second, third, fourth and fifth instar larval weight and they attained the highest weights (22.7, 133.8, 168.2 and 1190.2 mg, respectively) when fed SR05. Larvae and moths fed SR05 also showed the significantly highest cocoon, exuviae, and adult male and female weights (434.5, 19.2, 161.3 and 232.4 mg, respectively). The cotton armyworm showed the significantly highest growth index (1.5) as well as lowest feeding index (0.05) on SR05. Results of this study indicated that SR05 is suitable for larval feeding and development, and suggest that this variety is least suitable for cotton growers in areas where S. litura is a major pest.
Effortful Control, Executive Functions, and Education: Bringing Self‐Regulatory and Social‐Emotional Competencies to the Table
Authors: Liew Jeffrey 
Published: July 2011

Abstract—Self‐regulatory skills are essential for school readiness and future achievement, but self‐regulation is a broad and multidimensional construct consisting of both behavioral and cognitive processes. Thus, researchers often study these processes from either a behavioral and temperament‐based approach or a cognitive/neural systems approach. The temperament‐based framework often focuses on effortful control, whereas the cognitive or neuroscience framework often focuses on executive functions. Although literatures on effortful control and executive functions come from different research traditions, the field needs to view them as complementary rather than incompatible to advance the understanding of the role of self‐regulation in learning and achievement across development. This article calls for bringing both bodies of research to the table when making decisions about educational policies and practices.
Ultraviolet Light‐Induced Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers in Rabbit Eyes
Authors: Mallet Justin D. , Rochette Patrick J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSunlight exposure of the eye leads to pathologies including photokeratitis, cortical cataracts, pterygium, actinic conjunctivitis and age‐related macular degeneration. It is well established that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiations leads to DNA damage, mainly cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). CPD formation is the principal factor involved in skin cancer. However, the exact mechanism by which sunlight induces ocular pathologies is not well understood. To shed light on this issue, we quantified the CPD formation onto DNA of rabbit ocular cells following UVB exposure. We found that CPDs were induced only in the structures of the ocular anterior chamber (cornea, iris and lens) and were more concentrated in the corneal epithelium. Residual UVB that pass through the cornea are completely absorbed by the anterior layers of the iris. CPDs were also detected in the central portion of the lens that is not protected by the iris (pupil). By determining the UV‐induced DNA damage formation in eyes, we showed that anterior ocular structures are a reliable physical barrier that protects the subjacent structures from the toxic effects of UV. Although the corneal epithelium is the structure where most of the CPDs were detected, no cancer is related to solar exposure.
Photosensitization Reactions of Fluoroquinolones and Their Biological Consequences
Authors: de Guidi Guido , Bracchitta Giuseppina , Catalfo Alfio 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis review focuses on damage photosensitized by the fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibacterial drugs. Different models are employed to study biosubstrate photodamage mediated by FQs (organisms, cells, isolated biomolecules and super molecules). Being that the effect of environment (polarity of the medium, ions, pH, binding with bio‐molecules, etc.) is crucial in FQ photochemistry, photobiological reactions can be consequently dramatically influenced. Thus, the photosensitization processes induced by FQs are here discussed taking into account that such extensive and cross‐targeted pathological implications request an excursus covering photosensitization in systems of increasing molecular complexity. In vivo and in vitro evidences for photoallergy, phototoxicity, photomutagenesis and photocarcinogenesis mediated by FQs are discussed.
The Value of the Ratio of UVA to UVB in Sunlight
Authors: Kollias Nikiforos , Ruvolo Jr Eduardo , Sayre Robert M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe objective of this communication is to present the calculated ratio between UVA and UVB irradiance from sunrise to sunset and under a number of weather conditions. UVA plays an important role in the sun spectrum and a lot of attention has been paid lately regarding the protection of people from UVA. Solar spectra were collected in Kuwait City located at 29.3oNorth latitude (similar to that of Houston, TX) over a period of 8 months and under various weather conditions. Spectra were collected from 260 nm to 400 nm in 2 nm increments for solar elevation angles from 10o to 90o using a calibrated Optronics Laboratories OL‐742 Spectroradiometer. The measurements reported in this study the ratio of UVA (320–400 nm) to UVB (280–320 nm) in solar terrestrial radiation remains essentially constant and equal to 20 for the part of the day when the solar elevation is greater than 60o. Consequently the value of the ratio of solar UVA/UVB should be considered as equal to 20 for studies in photobiology and photomedicine. When the wavelength limiting the range of UVA and UVB is 315 nm (i.e. UVB: 280–315 nm and UVA: 315–400 nm) the ratio of UVA to UVB becomes equal to 41.
Food vs. fuel: the use of land for lignocellulosic ‘next generation’ energy crops that minimize competition with primary food production
Authors: Valentine John , Clifton‐Brown John , Hastings Astley , Robson Paul , Allison Gordon , Smith Pete 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis review addresses the main issues concerning anticipated demands for the use of land for food and for bioenergy. It should be possible to meet increasing demands for food using existing and new technologies although this may not be easily or cheaply accomplished. The alleviation of hunger depends on food accessibility as well as food availability. Modern civilizations also require energy. This article presents the vision for bioenergy in terms of four major gains for society: a reduction in C emissions from the substitution of fossil fuels with appropriate energy crops; a significant contribution to energy security by reductions in fossil fuel dependence, for example, to meet government targets; new options that stimulate rural and urban economic development, and reduced dependence of global agriculture on fossil fuels. This vision is likely to be best fulfilled by the use of dedicated perennial bioenergy crops. We outline a number of factors that need to be taken into account in estimating the land area available for bioenergy. In terms of provisioning services, the value of biofuels is estimated at $54.7‒$330 bn per year at a crude oil price of $100 per barrel. In terms of regulatory services, the value of carbon emissions saved is estimated at $56‒$218 bn at a carbon price of $40 per tonne. Although global government subsidies for biofuels have been estimated at $20 bn (IEA, 2010b), these are dwarfed by subsidies for fossil fuel consumption ($312 bn; IEA, 2010b) and by total agricultural support for food and commodity crops ($383.7 bn in 2009; OECD, 2010).
An optimization model for energy crop supply
Authors: Wang Shifeng , Hastings Astley , Smith Pete 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this article we describe an optimization model, a mixed integer program, to determine the optimal locations and capacity sizes of biomass‐based facilities in energy crop supply chains, and demonstrate its use using data for Great Britain. We show the utility of the model for planning the optimal locations of biomass‐based facilities by investigating the supply of feedstock from Miscanthus for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) in Great Britain, based on data of current electricity demand. Results show that CHP cost directly influences its optimal location, and the price of bioelectricity from Miscanthus. At the coarse spatial resolution of the available energy demand data, the sale price of Miscanthus does not greatly influence the quantity of Miscanthus sold in Great Britain. Only when the hypothetical sale price of Miscanthus was closer to CHP cost, was the quantity of Miscanthus sold influenced by the variation in the sale price of Miscanthus. In future, we will apply the model using electricity and heat demand data at fine spatial scale currently being located, which will allow the implications of local production of Miscanthus for CHP to be explored.
Petrology and geochemistry of the Northwest Africa 3368 eucrite
Authors: GARDNER‐VANDY Kathryn G. , HILL Dolores H. , LAURETTA Dante S. , GOREVA Yulia S. , DOMANIK Kenneth J. , GREENWOOD Richard C. , FRANCHI Ian A. , KILLGORE Marvin 
Published: July 2011

Abstract– Analysis of the mineralogy, isotopic, and bulk compositions of the eucrite meteorites is imperative for understanding their origin on the asteroid 4 Vesta, the proposed parent body of the HED meteorites. We present here the petrology, mineral compositions, and bulk chemistry of several lithic components of the new brecciated basaltic eucrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 3368 to determine if all the lithologies reflect formation from one rock type or many rock types. The meteorite has three main lithologies: coarse‐ and fine‐grained clasts surrounded by a fine‐grained recrystallized silicate matrix. Silicate compositions are homogeneous, and the average rare earth element pattern for NWA 3368 is approximately 10× CI chondrites with a slight negative Eu anomaly. Major and trace element data place NWA 3368 with the Main Group‐Nuevo Laredo trend. High‐Ti chromites with ilmenite exsolution lamellae provide evidence of NWA 3368’s history of intense metamorphism. We suggest that this meteorite underwent several episodes of brecciation and metamorphism, similar to that proposed by Metzler et al. (1995). We conclude that NWA 3368 is a monomict basaltic eucrite breccia related to known eucrites in texture and in mineral, bulk, and oxygen isotopic composition.
CliMond: global high‐resolution historical and future scenario climate surfaces for bioclimatic modelling
Authors: Kriticos Darren J. , Webber Bruce L. , Leriche Agathe , Ota Noboru , Macadam Ian , Bathols Janice , Scott John K. 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. Gridded climatologies have become an indispensable component of bioclimatic modelling, with a range of applications spanning conservation and pest management. Such globally conformal data sets of historical and future scenario climate surfaces are required to model species potential ranges under current and future climate scenarios.2. We developed a set of interpolated climate surfaces at 10′ and 30′ resolution for global land areas excluding Antarctica. Input data for the baseline climatology were gathered from the WorldClim and CRU CL1·0 and CL2·0 data sets. A set of future climate scenarios were generated at 10′ resolution. For each of the historical and future scenario data sets, the full set of 35 Bioclim variables was generated. Climate variables (including relative humidity at 0900 and 1500 hours) were also generated in CLIMEX format. The Köppen–Geiger climate classification scheme was applied to the 10′ hybrid climatology as a tool for visualizing climatic patterns and as an aid for specifying absence or background data for correlative modelling applications.3. We tested the data set using a correlative model (MaxEnt) addressing conservation biology concerns for a rare Australian shrub, and a mechanistic niche model (CLIMEX) to map climate suitability for two invasive species. In all cases, the underlying climatology appeared to behave in a robust manner.4.  This global climate data set has the advantage over the WorldClim data set of including humidity data and an additional 16 Bioclim variables. Compared with the CRU CL2·0 data set, the hybrid 10′ data set includes improved precipitation estimates as well as projected climate for two global climate models running relevant greenhouse gas emission scenarios.5. For many bioclimatic modelling purposes, there is an operational attraction to having a globally conformal historical climatology and future climate scenarios for the assessments of potential climate change impacts. Our data set is known as ‘CliMond’ and is available for free download from http://www.climond.org.
Proton pump inhibitors omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole induce relaxation in the rat lower oesophageal sphincter
Authors: Yurtsever A Sencer , Pektas Mehtap , Ozkur Mehtap , Un Ismail , Erenmemisoglu Aydın , Buyukafsar Kansu 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to investigate effects of the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole, which are currently used for the treatment of hyperacidity and gastro-oesophageal reflux, on the reactivity of the isolated rat lower oesophageal sphincter.

Methods
Omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole (all 10–9–10–3m, cumulatively) were tested on carbachol-induced (10–6m) contraction. In addition, the effects of PPI preincubation (all 10–3m) on the contractions induced by cumulative carbachol (10−9–10−5m), angiotensin-2 (10−9–10–5m) or electrical field stimulation (EFS; 40 V, 32 Hz, 1 ms, 10 s) were assessed. Finally, the effects of PPI on the spontaneous contractile activity of the tissue were also evaluated.

Key findings
PPI relaxed precontracted lower oesophageal sphincter in a concentration-dependent manner and suppressed carbachol-, angiotensin- and EFS-induced contractions. Furthermore, PPI attenuated spontaneous contractile activity of the tissue.

Conclusions
Omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole had a suppressor effect on lower oesophageal sphincter contractions.
Humanized θ-Defensins (Retrocyclins) Enhance Macrophage Performance and Protect Mice from Experimental Anthrax Infections
Authors: Welkos S. , Cote C. K. , Hahn U. , Shastak O. , Jedermann J. , Bozue J. , Jung G. , Ruchala P. , Pratikhya P. , Tang T. , Lehrer R. I. , Beyer W. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTRetrocyclins are humanized versions of the θ-defensin peptides expressed by the leukocytes of several nonhuman primates. Previous studies, performed in serum-free media, determined that retrocyclins 1 (RC1) and RC2 could prevent successful germination ofBacillus anthracisspores, kill vegetativeB. anthraciscells, and inactivate anthrax lethal factor. We now report that retrocyclins are extensively bound by components of native mouse, human, and fetal calf sera, that heat-inactivated sera show greatly enhanced retrocyclin binding, and that native and (especially) heat-inactivated sera greatly reduce the direct activities of retrocyclins against spores and vegetative cells ofB. anthracis. Nevertheless, we also found that retrocyclins protected mice challengedin vivoby subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intranasal instillation ofB. anthracisspores. Retrocyclin 1 bound extensively toB. anthracisspores and enhanced their phagocytosis and killing by murine RAW264.7 cells. Based on the assumption that spore-bound RC1 enters phagosomes by “piggyback phagocytosis,” model calculations showed that the intraphagosomal concentration of RC1 would greatly exceed its extracellular concentration. Murine alveolar macrophages took up fluorescently labeled retrocyclin, suggesting that macrophages may also acquire extracellular RC1 directly. Overall, these data demonstrate that retrocyclins are effectivein vivoagainst experimental murine anthrax infections and suggest that enhanced macrophage function contributes to this property.