bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation and concealment in SpeciesBanking.com, USA: an analysis of neoliberal performance in the species offsetting industry
Authors: PAWLICZEK J. , SULLIVAN S. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYMarket-based strategies are promoted as neoliberal governance solutions to environmental problems, from local to global scales. Tradable mitigation schemes are proliferating. These include species banking, which enables payments for the purchase of species credits awarded to conserved areas to offset development impacts on protected species elsewhere. An analysis of species banks in the USA through a survey of data from the websitewww.SpeciesBanking.com(established as a ‘clearing house’ for species banking information) was complemented by questionnaire material from USA bank managers. The number of USA species banks has increased rapidly, bank area ownership and management is consolidated in a small number of organizations, and public information on species credit price is limited. In interrogating the case material, the roles of specific economic policies associated with neoliberalism are considered, focusing on the extension of privatization, de- and re-regulation and marketization into the arena of environmental conservation, and commodification processes as manifested in species banking. Problematic ecological and distributive ‘concealments’ in species banking include the ‘development-led’ nature of conservation banking, tendencies towards net biodiversity loss, and an emphasis on supporting conservation-related wealth accumulation by larger landowners and investors.
Assessing the potential for synergies in the implementation of payments for environmental services programmes: an empirical analysis of Costa Rica
Authors: ZHANG WEI , PAGIOLA STEFANO 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYPayments for environmental services (PES) have been recognized as a promising mechanism for conservation, with the potential to contribute to social objectives such as poverty reduction. This paper outlines a simple framework for assessing the potential for synergies in the implementation of PES programmes, used to analyse the new watershed conservation funding (WCF) channelled through Costa Rica's national PES programme, Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA). The WCF financing can only be used in a limited number of watersheds. Given this constraint, the paper examines the mechanisms by which the WCF may potentially contribute to biodiversity conservation and to reducing social development gaps. Although there is significant spatial correlation among the priority areas targeted for the objectives of watershed conservation, biodiversity conservation and social development, the availability of the WCF per unit of land in most watersheds is limited compared to the PSA programme's prevailing payment rate of US$ 64 ha−1, potentially hindering the impact of the WCF on conservation and social development. The analysis helps guide the allocation of the PSA budget in a way that complements the WCF and improves the cost-effectiveness of the PSA budget.
Creating and Recreating Iraq: Legacies of the Mandate System in Contemporary Understandings of Third World Sovereignty
Authors: NATARAJAN USHA 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article explores the League of Nations' role in state formation in Third World or peripheral states and its legacy for contemporary understandings of Third World sovereignty. It examines Iraq under British Mandate, and UN and Coalition of the Willing interventions. This research was prompted by the international-law community's outrage when the Coalition invaded Iraq in March 2003. While the invasion was seen by many as an affront to international law, there was also something faintly familiar about the Coalition's reasoning for the invasion. This feeling of déjà vu escalated once regime change was followed by lengthy nation-building. The idea of recreating Iraq was not a new one. The British were tasked with something similar under the League of Nations Mandate System. UN interventions into failed states also attempt comparable transformations. Indeed, the more one contemplates international law's interventions in Iraq, the less shocking the Coalition's invasion becomes. It starts seeming foreseeable and even inevitable.
Fabricating Fidelity: Nation-Building, International Law, and the Greek–Turkish Population Exchange
Authors: ÖZSU UMUT 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSupported by Athens and Ankara, and implemented largely by the League of Nations, the Greek–Turkish population exchange uprooted and resettled hundreds of thousands. The aim here was not to organize plebiscites, channel self-determination claims, or install protective mechanisms for minorities – all familiar features of the Allies’ management of imperial disintegration in Europe after 1919. Nor was it to restructure a given economy and society from top to bottom, generating an entirely new legal order in the process; this had often been the case with colonialism, and would characterize much of the Mandate System in the interbellum. Instead, the goal was to deploy a unique legal mechanism – not in conformity with European practice, but also distinct from most extra-European governance regimes – in order to resolve ethno-national conflict by redividing land, reshaping national identities, and unleashing new processes of capital accumulation.
The Holy Trinity of International Legal Debate
Authors: SCHWÖBEL CHRISTINE E. J. 
Published: November 2011

‘Fragmentation, verticalization, and constitutionalization form the holy trinity of international legal debate in the early 21st century’ – such is the opening phrase of Jan Klabbers's first chapter in his co-authored book, The Constitutionalization of International Law. Although Klabbers possibly did not intend it, by invoking the ‘holy trinity’, he is calling attention to an important aspect of the contemporary constitutionalist debate, namely what I would like to describe as the faith in constitutionalism as a secular religion. It is from this perspective – the complete and unquestioning belief in constitutionalism – that I will explore global constitutionalism and the three books that are the object of this review.
The place of prostitution in early twentieth-century Suzhou
Authors: CARROLL PETER J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT:In early twentieth-century Suzhou, business and state leaders deployed female prostitution to foster commerce despite its controversial nature and sometime illegality. This political-economic policy variously pitted prostitutes and madams, police, commercial interests and social reformers against one another as tensions between gender reform and economic growth played out in urban development. This article analyses these conflicts to highlight the actions of prostitutes and the prerogatives of male desire in Suzhou's spatial and economic transformation.
Parochial Ecology on St Briavels Common: Rebalancing the Local and the Universal in Anglican Ecclesiology and Practice
Authors: Northcott Michael S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe rise of the global market economy has advanced forms of centrist, corporatist and statist rule that are insensitive to local indicators that this novel social order is ecologically, and socially, unsustainable. For many political theologians, and for secular political ecologists, the related crises of species extinction and climate change, combined with structural economic crisis, require a fundamental relocalization of the global economy and of the harvesting of natural resources. The contest between the political economy of global ‘free’ trade and a relocalized economy and polity bears analogies with debates around the relation between the local and the universal in Christian ecclesiology. In the eucharistic body politics of Saint Paul Christian communion is focused in the eucharistic gathering. However, centrist tendencies in ecclesiastical polity emerged in fourth-century accounts of the universal church. The subsequent doctrine of the primacy of Peter gave a powerful push to centrist over localist accounts of the esse of the Church in the West, and the contest between local and universal in Anglican and Catholic ecclesiologies continues to this day. Orthodox theologians Zizioulas and Afanassieff, describe and fill out the doctrinal implications of a primitive ecclesiology in which ‘the eucharist makes the church’.2 This recovery of a local eucharistic ecclesiology offers valuable resources for thinking about the nature of communion between Anglicans in a Communion increasingly riven by controversy, and for thinking about the nature of the parish in a Church of England prone in the last forty years to centrist and managerial conceptions of the Church, and to the denigration of the local parish church as theesseof the ministry and mission of the Church in England.
Shear wave structure in the Grenville Province beneath the lower Great Lakes region from Rayleigh wave tomography
Authors: Chen Ching‐Wen , Li Aibing 
Published: November 2011

We have constructed a high resolution 3‐D shear wave velocity model of the upper mantle beneath the Grenville Province in the lower Great Lakes region. A two‐plane wave tomography method was applied to fundamental mode Rayleigh wave data recorded at 35 broadband seismic stations. Rayleigh wave phase velocities were obtained at 15 periods from 20 s to 143 s and then inverted for shear wave velocity variation. A high velocity lid to ~150 km depth is imaged beneath most of the studied Grenville Province. One low velocity anomaly of −4% appears at a failed rift in the northeast above 100 km depth, coinciding with the Great Meteor hot spot track and the high seismicity band, which can be interpreted as high temperature and high iron and/or volatile content related to the hot spot activity. Low velocity anomaly of ~2% at the depths of 100–200 km are found beneath the east of Lake Ontario and Lake Huron where the lithosphere is relatively thin. These anomalies follow the NW‐SE trend of the slow indentation imaged on the continental‐scale models. We conclude that the location of low velocity anomalies is not only related to the hot spot track but also controlled by the pre‐existing lithosphere morphology and strength. A high velocity column appears between southern Lake Ontario and the Appalachian front centered at ~100 km depth. It is likely caused by high Mg content at the formation of the lithosphere or the presence of ecologite or garnet phases generated during the opening and closure of the Iapetus Ocean.
On the Hydrides of B, C, N, O and F
Authors: Bucknum Michael , Castro Eduardo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper reports a productive discussion of bonding principles in the non-metallic 2nd row hydrides. It suggests the inversion of a bonding character, potentially from hydrides of B & C, which may display unsaturation and electronic deficiency accompanied by electronic delocalization in 1D or 2D or 3D. Contrasted with the opposite possibility, within the finite number of hydrides of N, O and F, that display apparently extensive H-bonding and subsequently proton delocalization in 1D and 2D (in HF & ice polymorphs, respectively), and now potentially in 3D in a corresponding hydride of N called Rice's blue material, or perhaps polyimidogen. Where polyimidogen is a crystalline NH lattice that is a polymorph of the ammonium azide structure-type thus.
Effect of Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd on Growth and Yield of Groundnut, Sesame and Roselle in an Agroforestry System in North Kordofan, Sudan
Authors: Fadl K.E.M. , El Sheikh S.E. 
Published: November 2011

Two field trials were conducted under rain fed conditions at El-Obeid Research Farm and Eldemokeya Forest Reserve, North Kordofan State, Sudan during the growing seasons 2004/05 and 2005\06. The objective was to investigate the effect of Acacia senegal on the performance and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea), sesame (Sesamum indicum) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in an agroforestry system. The two trials consisted of seven treatments: three represented the intercropping of groundnut, sesame and roselle with A. senegal, three without trees, and one represented A. senegal alone. Data was recorded on soil physical and chemical properties, soil moisture content, crops fresh weight (kg/ha), dry weight (kg/ha), gum yield (g/picking) and crop yield (kg/ha). The trees at El-Obeid yielded no gum, whereas those at Eldemokeya were 15 years old and were tapped as part of the total harvest in the agroforestry plots. Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) and simple financial analyses of gross surpluses were used to evaluate productivity of the different treatments.
Fresh weight of groundnut, sesame and roselle was significantly different (p &lt; .0.05) at both sites. Higher fresh weights were found under the intercropping system than the sole cropping system. This could be attributed to a shading effect that limits fruit production of the field crops more than vegetative growth. Dry weights were significantly greater for sesame and roselle in both sites, whilst that of groundnuts was not significantly different. In both sites intercropping reduced the yield of sesame by 6% and 11% in the first season and 37% and 39% in the second season. The reduction in roselle yield was 19% and 28% in the first season and 15% and 8% in the second season. Yield reduction in groundnut was 35% and 17% in the first season and 35% and 11% in the second season. The combined analysis indicated that intercropping reduced groundnut yield by 26%, sesame by 21% and roselle by 20%.
All the treatments gave land equivalent ratio (LER) of more than one - indicating the superiority of growing the field crops in intercropping over the sole cropping systems. The highest LER of (1.71) was obtained when roselle was intercropped with A. senegal, whilst the lowest LER (1.48) was obtained when groundnuts were intercropped with A. senegal. All the treatments gave positive net revenues, the highest being for intercropped roselle (438 SDG\ha). The intercropping of sesame gave the second highest net revenue (387 SDG\ha), whilst the sole roselle gave the lowest net revenue (97 SDG\ha).
Re-examination of the dimerization state of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2: predominance of the monomeric form
Authors: Ito Genta , Iwatsubo Takeshi 
Published: November 2011

Mutations in the LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) gene have been identified in PARK8, a major form of autosomal-dominantly inherited familial Parkinson's disease, although the biochemical properties of LRRK2 are not fully understood. It has been proposed that LRRK2 predominantly exists as a homodimer on the basis of the observation that LRRK2, with a theoretical molecular mass of 280 kDa, migrates at 600 kDa (p600 LRRK2) on native polyacrylamide gels. In the present study, we biochemically re-examined the nature of p600 LRRK2 and found that p600 LRRK2 was fractionated with a single peak at ~272 kDa by ultracentrifugation on a glycerol gradient. In addition, p600 LRRK2 behaved similarly to monomeric proteins upon two-dimensional electrophoretic separation. These results suggested a monomeric composition of p600 LRRK2 within cells. The p600 LRRK2 exhibited kinase activity as well as GTP-binding activity, and forced dimerization of LRRK2 neither upregulated its kinase activity nor altered its subcellular localization. Collectively, we conclude that the monomer form of LRRK2 is predominant within cells, and that dimerization is dispensable for its enzymatic activity.
Broncholithiasis, Lithoptysis und broncho-ösophageale Fistel
Authors: Westhoff M. , Litterst P. , Al-Shahrabani F. 
Published: November 2011

ZusammenfassungBroncho-ösophageale Fisteln bei Broncholithiasis sind extrem selten. Eine vorausgehende Lithoptysis wird nur vereinzelt beschrieben. Berichtet wird über einen 68-jährigen Patienten, der über eine mehr als 3 Jahre bestehende Hustensymptomatik klagte. 5 Monate vor der stationären Aufnahme trat eine Hämoptyse mit begleitendem Abhusten von mehreren gräulichen, bis zu 5 mm im Durchmesser großen Steinen auf. Bei der Bronchoskopie zeigte sich eine kleine Exkavation an der medialen Wand des linken Hauptbronchus. Im Vergleich zu einem vorausgegangenen CT konnte auf einem aktuellen CT eine kleine Fistel zwischen Ösophagus und linkem Hauptbronchus sowie eine nicht mehr vorhandene Kalzifikation in diesem Bereich nachgewiesen werden. Der Patient wurde linksseitig thorakomiert. Es erfolgte die Exzision der Fistel, Übernähung des Ösophagus und Interposition eines M. latissimus dorsi Lappens. Der Nachweis einer Broncholithwanderung mittels CT vor und nach der Lithoptyse, die Ausbildung einer linksseitigen Fistel und ihre Darstellung im CT sowie bei der Bronchoskopie wurden in dieser Kombination bislang nicht in der Literatur berichtet.
Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of treatment, guided by a shorter duration of response, using peginterferon alfa‐2a plus ribavirin for hepatitis C virus other than genotypes 2 or 3
Authors: Lee S. S. , Sherman M. , Ramji A. , Greenbloom S. , Elkashab M. , Pluta H. , Hilzenrat N. , Balshaw R. , Usaty C. , Myers R. P. 
Published: November 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 37–47SummaryBackground  The efficacy of individualised antiviral treatment durations for chronic hepatitis C remains unclear.Aim  To evaluate treatment durations based on virological responses at week 4, 8 and 12 of peginterferon alfa‐2a plus ribavirin therapy.Methods  Previously untreated patients with HCV genotypes, other than 2 or 3, initiated therapy with peginterferon alfa‐2a 180 μg/week plus ribavirin 1000–1400 mg/day. HCV‐RNA‐negative patients at week 4 rapid virological response (RVR) were randomised to 24 or 48 weeks of treatment; those negative at week 8 were randomised to 36 or 48 weeks; and those who were negative or had a ≥2‐log drop at week 12 were randomised to 72 or 48 weeks. Sustained virological response (SVR) was defined as undetectable HCV‐RNA after 24 weeks of follow‐up.Results  The study was terminated prematurely due to lagging enrolment. Of 236 patients who started treatment, 195 were randomised at week 4 (n = 50), 8 (n = 61) or 12 (n = 84). Ninety‐five per cent of patients had genotype 1. SVR rates were not significantly different between patients randomised to 24 (84%) or 48 weeks (84%) at week 4, to 36 (73%) or 48 weeks (74%) at week 8, or to 48 (49%) or 72 weeks (40%) at week 12.Conclusions  In this predominantly genotype 1 cohort, shortening therapy to 24 weeks in patients with a week‐4 response and 36 weeks in those with a week‐8 response produced SVR rates that were similar to a 48‐week regimen. Lengthening treatment to 72 weeks did not improve SVR rates. Genotype 1 patients with RVR can be treated for 24 weeks (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00483938).
Patterns of Cenozoic sediment flux from western Scandinavia
Authors: Gołędowski Bartosz , Nielsen Søren B. , Clausen Ole R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe significance of variations in the sediment flux from western Scandinavia during the Cenozoic has been a matter of debate for decades. Here we compile the sediment flux using seismic data, boreholes and results from other publications and discuss the relative importance of causal agents such as tectonism, climate and climate change. Western Scandinavia, the northern British Isles and the Faeroe‐Shetland Platform were significant sediment sources during the Paleocene, which is well founded in tectonic causes related to the opening of the North Atlantic. From the Eocene and onward, variations in the sediment flux from western Scandinavia correlate better with climate and climate change. During the Eocene, sediment production was low. From the late Eocene onward, increased seasonality may have contributed to stimulating the sediment flux. Significant climatic cooling episodes correlate with Oligocene deposits in the North Sea, the post‐mid‐Miocene Molo and Kai Formations of the Norwegian Shelf, the southern North Sea delta system and large volumes of the Late Pliocene‐Holocene Naust Formation. The sediment flux from Scandinavia during the Cenozoic is in general agreement with the detrital flux to the world's oceans. Furthermore, the large variations in the size of sediment catchment areas as well as the possibility of submarine and glacial erosion must be incorporated to understand regional variations in climate driven sediment flux.
Not so benign haematology: anaemia of the elderly
Authors: Merchant Akil A. , Roy Cindy N. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryDeveloped countries, such as the United Kingdom, are experiencing a change in demographics resulting in the largest proportion of adults over 65 years of age that our health systems have ever experienced. As such, haematologists must be prepared to evaluate and treat anaemia in a more complicated patient population, but sufficient evidence‐based guidelines are lacking. Critical next steps that must be taken to ensure the best care of this population include the determination of appropriate haemoglobin concentrations for older adults in light of age, gender, race, and comorbidities; the development of interventional trials that address physical performance outcomes in addition to haemoglobin targets; and translational studies which address the molecular pathogenesis of anaemia in older adults with the most advanced scientific approaches.
Regrowth dynamics and grazing decision rules: further analysis for dairy production systems based on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pastures
Authors: Chapman D. F. , Tharmaraj J. , Agnusdei M. , Hill J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTo support the further development of grazing practices for dairy production systems based on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), allometric relationships among leaf‐stage categories and pseudostem were derived for perennial ryegrass tillers sampled from swards each month, from July 2008 to January 2010, within a dairy grazing‐system experiment in south‐west Victoria, Australia. The relative lamina mass of the first leaf that emerged on tillers following grazing (denoted L3) and the subsequent leaf to emerge (L2) was used as an indicator of the trajectory of regrowth. L2 was consistently 30–40% heavier than L3 during the period July–September (mid‐winter to early spring), but thereafter the difference between leaf stages lessened, and disappeared altogether in late spring. No substantial lag was observed in the rate of herbage accumulation during the early stages of regrowth of perennial ryegrass swards from 1500 kg DM ha−1 post‐grazing. Therefore, grazing at any time in the period between emergence of the second and third leaves after the previous defoliation event should lead to high efficiency of pasture harvest under most conditions. The dry‐matter digestibility (DMD) and crude protein (CP) content of the most recently emerged leaf (denoted L1) declined sharply during spring, whereas the DMD and CP content of older leaves were more consistent. Decision rules for grazing management should include sufficient flexibility to account for interactions between leaf stage and time of year in relative lamina mass and nutritive value.