bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3β in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Dettlaff-Pokora Agnieszka , Kostro Justyna 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has four isoforms: α, β, γ and δ. STAT3α and STAT3β are the transcriptionally active isoforms, while STAT3γ and STAT3δ are the products of STAT3 proteolytic degradation. STAT3 plays an important role in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis. High levels of STAT3β in blood cells from acute leukaemia patients have been reported, suggesting that STAT3β may play an important role in cancerogenesis. Fourteen pancreatic cancer patients and six chronic pancreatitis patients were included in this pilot study. Levels of STAT3 isoforms from samples with pancreatic cancer and in adjacent histologically-normal pancreatic tissue were analysed. Pancreas from chronic pancreatitis patients served as a non-neoplastic tissue. Western-blot analysis of STAT3 proteins with the use of anti-STAT3 antibodies was performed. STAT3α and STAT3β isoforms in both cancerous and in adjacent normal tissues were found in 10 of 14. In chronic pancreatitis patients, only STAT3α and STAT3δ were detected. STAT3β was absent in pancreas from chronic pancreatitis patients, in contrast to pancreatic cancer patients. The presence of STAT3β in pancreatic cancer and in adjacent histologically-normal tissues, but not in inflamed tissues suggests that STAT3β may play a key role in cancer development.
Algal communities of the Hadera River (Israel) under dramatic niche changes
Authors: Barinova Sophia , Tavassi Moti , Nevo Eviatar 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The Hadera River is the most polluted among the Mediterranean coastal rivers of Israel due to abundant E. coli, high concentrations of heavy metals and nutrients, and high temperatures. In 2003–2008 we found 191 species of algae and cyanobacteria belonging to seven taxonomic divisions. The upper reaches were dominated by cyanobacteria and exhibited levels of toxic pollution. Downstream, the ecological niches of algal communities dramatically changed: upper stream diversity first increased and then decreased due to the influx of rainwater in the tidal zone during winter. On one hand, seasonal dynamics show that in winter, inorganic contamination was reduced because of dilution by the influx of rainwater, but, on the other hand, organic pollution increased from agriculture. Down the river, diversity increases and the community composition undergoes considerable change. In summer, algal blooms indicate a reduction of stress and aid in the river’s self-purification. The WESI indices and RPI show steady year-round stressful conditions for algal photosynthesis with increasing instability in the river. Perpetuation of the current situation would disturb the self-purification capacity of the river ecosystem through destruction of biotic components. Statistical analysis (CCA) reveals the impact of wastewater as the most important stress factor for the Hadera River ecosystem, which is an exceptionally strong example of self-purification.
The first Bulgarian allergen extract from Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
Authors: Nikolov Georgi , Hristova-Savova Mariela , Michova Antoaneta , Hristova Rumyana , Konstantinova Dora , Petrunov Bogdan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is a leading cause of allergies in many countries. In the last decade it has appeared and spread in Bulgaria as well. The aims of this study was to collect pollen from ragweed plants in Bulgaria, prepare the first Bulgarian ragweed allergen, and characterize it. The new allergen was studied in parallel with two other ragweed pollen extracts from the USA and Russia. The protein profile was studied through isoelectric focusing, and the total allergen activity was studied by a skin prick test and a basophil activation test. The proteins of the studied extracts were concentrated in the pI region 3.5–5.5 with an identical band number and location. The allergens showed similar total allergen activity in vivo:14/81 tested patients (17.3 %) were SPT positive either to a single ragweed extract or to all three. The allergens had identical histogram profiles and caused basophil degranulation above the test cut-off. The analysis of the flow cytometry results by parallel line bioassay shows linear dose-response relation between the extracts. The observed immunological properties of the Bulgarian allergen from Ambrosia artemisiifolia provide a possibility to use this product for a reliable diagnosis and effective specific immunotherapy of ragweed allergy in our country.
De l'URSS à la Russie
Authors: Dubien Arnaud 
Published: April 2010

Jamais pays n’a connu, en une décennie, davantage de bouleversements que la Russie. Solder l’héritage soviétique, s’adapter à une perte manifeste de puissance, réformer le pays, autant de défis que la Russie est mise en demeure de relever. Fossoyeur de l’URSS, la Russie a fait les frais du déclin de son influence au moment de l’échec de la CEI. Sur le plan économique, le caractère inachevé des réformes mises en branle l’a empêchée de se doter d’une véritable économie de marché, cependant que la richesse nationale a connu un effondrement sans précédent. La décrépitude de son économie fait écho à l’instabilité politique chronique dont elle pâtit. Une nouvelle Russie peut-elle dès lors émerger ? L’élection de Vladimir Poutine, la refonte du système fédéral, la volonté affichée de mettre au pas les « oligarques », la restauration de l’autorité de l’État sembleraient le prouver. Mais cela ne va pas sans atteinte aux libertés fondamentales.
Idées simples mais idées fixes
Authors: Serfaty Simon 
Published: April 2010

« Les États-Unis peuvent-ils faire confiance à la France ? » Il s’agit là d’une question récurrente outre-Atlantique, pour laquelle aucune réponse ne semble véritablement avoir été arrêtée. Est-ce à dire que les relations franco-américaines souffriraient encore, à l’heure actuelle, de ces malentendus qui ont ouvertement caractérisés l’après-Seconde Guerre mondiale ? Si les tensions nées de ces divergences ne semblent pas fonder, aujourd’hui, la réalité de la relation transatlantique, il n’en demeure pas moins que les représentations « hostiles » et les perceptions négatives de l’un pour l’autre dictent encore largement les comportements diplomatiques et politiques des autorités dirigeantes de chaque pays. Cependant, les attentats survenus le 11 septembre 2001 permettront peut-être de dépasser ces appréhensions et ces méfiances mutuelles qui viennent miner les relations entre les deux pays.
Qui décide la politique étrangère tchèque ? Les internationalistes, les européanistes, les atlantistes ou les autonomistes ?
Authors: Drulák Petr 
Published: April 2010

Résumé Contrairement à certains de ses voisins, les grandes directions de la politique étrangère tchèque n'ont pratiquement pas évolué depuis la fin de la guerre froide. La formulation de la politique étrangère reste l'objet d'un jeu d'influence opaque d'une élite dominée par les deux Vaclav, Havel le dissident « européaniste » et Klaus le néolibéral « atlantiste ». Pourtant, même confus, cet équilibre des pouvoirs a permis à la République tchèque d'obtenir l'adhésion à l'Union Européenne et à l'OTAN. Le parti communiste, encore vivace, aurait joué le rôle de tiers et permit indirectement au pays de n'exclure ni les États-Unis, ni l'Union européenne. Une tâche rendue difficile lors du récent conflit irakien et du référendum européen, où il fut demandé aux Tchèques de prendre position pour un camp.
L'Iraq et la communauté internationale face au défi de construire l'État
Authors: de Hoop Scheffer Alexandra 
Published: April 2010

Résumé Cet article apporte un éclairage particulier sur la phase de reconstruction en Iraq, en s'intéressant notamment à la relation triangulaire qui lie l'Iraq, les États-Unis et les organisations internationales, dans le processus de transition politique du pays. Il expose les difficultés auxquelles ces acteurs sont confrontés alors qu'ils tentent de poser les fondements d'un État iraquien démocratique. L'auteur propose enfin d'expliquer ces obstacles — notamment la persistance de l'insécurité et des milices — par l'absence d'une vision commune d'un contrat social en Iraq.
Dr Folamour à Téhéran ou pourquoi faut-il à nouveau s'inquiéter à propos de la bombe ?
Authors: Hummel Alexandre 
Published: April 2010

Résumé Cet article remet en cause un postulat largement partagé par les partisans et une partie des adversaires d'une nucléarisation de l'Iran, le nucléaire stabilisateur. Il s'agit de présenter une vision « pessimiste », selon laquelle un Iran nucléarisé est source d'instabilité stratégique en raison du risque d'accident, de problèmes de contrôle et des incitations de frappe en premier. Cette instabilité est encore accrue en temps de crise, notamment dans la mesure où la République islamique peut la mettre à profit pour pratiquer une forme particulière de dissuasion du faible au fort. Le sujet ne saurait donc être traité à la légère et il faut procéder à une étude approfondie des motivations de Téhéran. Le cadre conceptuel est cependant encore défaillant sur ce point.
La (para)littérature (pré)coloniale à la fin du XIXe siècle
Authors: Seillan Jean-Marie 
Published: April 2010

Dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle, l’expansion coloniale en Afrique a produit une abondante littérature que les naturalistes et les symbolistes, généralement indifférents aux grands espaces, ont abandonnée aux feuilletonistes et à un public dit populaire. Portée par un positivisme souvent étroit, compromise avec des thèses racialistes aujourd’hui inadmis~sibles, évidemment peu soucieuse de l’épithète rare, cette littérature est tombée dans un relatif oubli dont il n’est pas sans intérêt, pourtant, de la tirer. Distincte à la fois du roman exotique à la Loti et du roman colonial postérieur à la guerre de 1914, elle se nourrit des récits d’exploration authentiques et des travaux de l’ethnographie naissante et en fictionna~lise les matériaux en suivant les codes simplificateurs du roman d’aventures. Entre les deux pôles du « civilisé » et du « sauvage », elle met aux prises, dans une extrême violence, une variété considérable de héros et d’adversaires et passe l’avenir du processus colonial au banc d’essai de ses affabulations. Celles-ci dressent la cartographie idéologique de la fin du siècle et révèlent que l’imaginaire de la Décadence, qui ne s’est pas toujours confiné dans les chambres closes, continue, un grand siècle plus tard, de formater le nôtre.
L'oralité des dialectes : de la science à la littérature. La « langue patoise » de Verlaine
Authors: Bernadet Arnaud 
Published: April 2010

De Sagesse à Liturgies intimes , Verlaine manifeste une attention accrue aux dialectes, spécialement issus de la langue d’oïl. Cette démarche n’est pas séparable de la publication en 1880 du Recueil sur les patois , reconstituant l’enquête de l’abbé Grégoire (1790-1794), mais aussi de l’essor de la dialectologie contemporaine autour de la Revue des patois gallo-romans (1887). C’est en mesurant le projet littéraire de Verlaine aux nouvelles méthodes scientifiques que l’on saisit comment l’écrivain prend à revers le dualisme qui a organisé l’historiographie du français entre la norme idiomatique et les vernaculaires spontanés. Du poème, il tend alors à faire le lieu d’une expression linguistique plurielle. Ce qui lui importe, avant le lexique et la syntaxe, ce sont d’abord des accents régionaux et locaux, une oralité en déclin dont ses textes conservent la trace pour lui redonner une actualité. Mais cette valorisation des patois est également politique : elle s’attache à défendre des cultures périphériques menacées, en lien avec les mœurs et les manières d’un peuple, contre le processus engagé depuis la Révolution jacobine.
Selected Murine Residues Endow Human TCR with Enhanced Tumor Recognition
Authors: Bialer Gil , Horovitz-Fried Miryam , Ya’acobi Shlomo , Morgan Richard A. , Cohen Cyrille J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
TCR-gene transfer can mediate tumor regression in terminally ill melanoma patients. However, the formation of mix dimers between endogenous and transduced TCR chains may result in the surface dilution of the introduced TCR, which translates in poorer cellular avidity. Recently, we reported that murinization of human TCRs (i.e., the replacement of human C regions by murine ones) can improve TCR function. However, because xenogenic sequences may trigger immunogenicity, we sought to identify the essential murine residues that mediate this enhanced functional effect. We constructed murine/human chimeras of α- and β-chains and assessed for their surface expression and function. We identified an evolutionary-unique lysine residue in Cβ, central to murine TCR function. The mapping of Cα revealed that a few short stretches of amino acids play a role in enhancing TCR function, one of the most important ones being the SDVP sequence. This information led us to design improved and minimally murinized human TCR C regions that mediate increased tumor recognition. This also enabled us to suggest a structural model that could explain the role of the aforementioned residues in promoting the preferential pairing and stability of murinized TCRs. Overall, these findings could have implications for the treatment of malignant diseases using TCR-gene transfer.
298 K rate coefficients for the reaction of OH with i - C3H7I, n - C3H7I and C3H8
Authors: Carl S. A. , Crowley J. N. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The kinetics of the title reactions were investigated using the laser photolysis - resonance fluorescence method, employing the sequential two-photon dissociation of NO2 in the presence of H2 as the OH source. The 298 K rate constant for OH + C3H8 was found to be (1.15 ± 0.1) × 10-12 cm3 s-1, in excellent agreement with the literature recommendation, and with a separate determination using HNO3 photolysis at 248 nm as the OH source. The 298 K rate constants for OH + n - C3H7I and i - C3H7I were measured for the first time and found to be (1.47 ± 0.08) and (1.22 ± 0.06) × 10-12 cm3 s-1, respectively. The errors include an assessment of systematic error due to concentration measurement, which, for the propyl-iodides was minimised by on-line UV-absorption spectroscopy. These results show that reaction with OH is an important sink for n - C3H7I and i - C3H7I, which has implications for the reactive iodine budget of the marine boundary layer.
A novel tandem differential mobility analyzer with organic vapor treatment of aerosol particles
Authors: Joutsensaari J. , Vaattovaara P. , Vesterinen M. , Hämeri K. , Laaksonen A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. A novel method to characterize the organic composition of aerosol particles has been developed. The method is based on organic vapor interaction with aerosol particles and it has been named an Organic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (OTDMA). The OTDMA method has been tested for inorganic (sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate) and organic (citric acid and adipic acid) particles. Growth curves of the particles have been measured in ethanol vapor and as a comparison in water vapor as a function of saturation ratio. Measurements in water vapor show that sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate as well as citric acid particles grow at water saturation ratios (S) of 0.8 and above, whereas adipic acid particles do not grow at S < 0.96. For sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles, a deliquescence point is observed at S = 0.75 and S = 0.79, respectively. Citric acid particles grow monotonously with increasing saturation ratios already at low saturation ratios and no clear deliquescence point is found. For sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles, no growth can be seen in ethanol vapor at saturation ratios below 0.93. In contrast, for adipic acid particles, the deliquescence takes place at around S = 0.95 in the ethanol vapor. The recrystallization of adipic acid takes place at S < 0.4. Citric acid particles grow in ethanol vapor similarly as in water vapor; the particles grow monotonously with increasing saturation ratios and no stepwise deliquescence is observed. The results show that the working principles of the OTDMA are operational for single-component aerosols. Furthermore, the results indicate that the OTDMA method may prove useful in determining whether aerosol particles contain organic substances, especially if the OTDMA is operated in parallel with a hygroscopicity TDMA, as the growth of many substances is different in ethanol and water vapors.
The flux of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide between the atmosphere and a spruce forest
Authors: Xu X. , Bingemer H. G. , Schmidt U. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Turbulent fluxes of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) were measured over a spruce forest in Central Germany using the relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) technique. A REA sampler was developed and validated using simultaneous measurements of CO2 fluxes by REA and by eddy correlation. REA measurements were conducted during six campaigns covering spring, summer, and fall between 1997 and 1999. Both uptake and emission of COS and CS2 by the forest were observed, with deposition occurring mainly during the sunlit period and emission mainly during the dark period. On the average, however, the forest acts as a sink for both gases. The average fluxes for COS and CS2 are -93 ± 11.7 pmol m-2 s-1 and -18 ± 7.6 pmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The fluxes of both gases appear to be correlated to photosynthetically active radiation and to the CO2 and H2O fluxes, supporting the idea that the air-vegetation exchange of both gases is controlled by stomata. An uptake ratio COS/CO2 of 10 ± 1.7 pmol μmol-1 has been derived from the regression line for the correlation between the COS and CO2 fluxes. This uptake ratio, if representative for the global terrestrial net primary production, would correspond to a sink of 2.3 ± 0.5 Tg COS yr-1.
Global chemical weather forecasts for field campaign planning: predictions and observations of large-scale features during MINOS, CONTRACE, and INDOEX
Authors: Lawrence M. G. , Rasch P. J. , von Kuhlmann R. , Williams J. , Fischer H. , de Reus M. , Lelieveld J. , Crutzen P. J. , Schultz M. , Stier P. , Huntrieser H. , Heland J. , Stohl A. , Forster C. , Elbern H. , Jakobs H. , Dickerson R. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The first global tropospheric forecasts of O3 and its precursors have been used in the daily flight planning of field measurement campaigns. The 3-D chemistry-transport model MATCH-MPIC is driven by meteorological data from a weather center (NCEP) to produce daily 3-day forecasts of the global distributions of O3 and related gases, as well as regional CO tracers. This paper describes the forecast system and its use in three field campaigns, MINOS, CONTRACE and INDOEX. An overview is given of the forecasts by MATCH-MPIC and by three other chemical weather forecast models (EURAD, ECHAM, and FLEXPART), focusing on O3 and CO. Total CO and regional CO tracers were found to be the most valuable gases for flight planning, due to their relatively well-defined anthropogenic source regions and lifetimes of one to a few months. CO was in good agreement with the observations on nearly all the flights (generally r > 0.7, and the relative RMS differences for the deviations from the means was less than 20%). In every case in which the chemical weather forecasts were primarily responsible for the flight plans, the targeted features were observed. Three forecasted phenomena are discussed in detail: outflow from Asia observed in the Mediterranean upper troposphere during MINOS, outflow from North America observed in the middle troposphere over northern Europe during CONTRACE, and the location of the "chemical ITCZ'' over the Indian Ocean during INDOEX. In particular it is shown that although intercontinental pollution plumes such as those observed during MINOS and CONTRACE occur repeatedly during the months around the campaigns, their frequency is sufficiently low (~10--30% of the time) that global chemical weather forecasts are important for enabling them to be observed during limited-duration field campaigns. The MATCH-MPIC chemical weather forecasts, including an interface for making customized figures from the output, are available for community use via http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~lawrence/forecasts.html.
Fluxes of nitrates between snow surfaces and the atmosphere in the European high Arctic
Authors: Beine H. J. , Dominè F. , Ianniello A. , Nardino M. , Allegrini I. , Teinilä K. , Hillamo R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Measurements of atmospheric and snow mixing ratios of nitrates and nitrites and their fluxes above the snow surface were made during two intensive campaigns during spring time 2001 at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard as part of the EU project "`The NItrogen Cycle and Effects on the oxidation of atmospheric trace species at high latitudes" (NICE). At this coastal site close to the unseasonably unfrozen fjord, of the measured nitrogen species, only HNO3 showed a significant flux on to the snow surface; a mean deposition of -8.7 nmol h-1 m-2 was observed in late April / early May 2001. These fluxes may be due to the reaction of HNO3 with sea salt, and especially NaCl, or may be simply uptake of HNO3 by ice, which is alkaline because of the sea salt in our marine environment. During snowfall periods dry deposition of HNO3 may contribute up to 10% of the N budget in the snow; however, the main source for N is wet deposition in falling snow. The surface snow at Ny-Ålesund showed very complex stratigraphy; the NO3- mixing ratio in snow varied between 65 and 520 ng g-1, the total NO3- content of the snowpack was on the order of 2700 ng cm-2. In comparison the atmospheric boundary layer column showed a NO3- content of only 8 ng cm-2. The limited exchange, however, between the snow and the atmosphere was attributed to low mobility of NO3- in the observed snow. Contrary to other Arctic sites (i.e. Alert, Nunavut or Summit, Greenland) deposition of sea salt and crustal aerosols in this marine environment made the surface snow alkaline; snow NO3- was associated with heavier cations and was not readily available for physical exchange or photochemical reactions.
The detection of solar proton produced 14CO
Authors: Jöckel P. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Lawrence M. G. , Siegmund P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Major solar eruptions (coronal mass ejections) are accompanied by massive ejections of protons. When these charged particles head for the Earth through the interplanetary magnetic field with high flux and energy, a solar proton event (SPE) is recorded. Strong SPEs, in which energetic protons penetrate the atmosphere in large numbers are rare, but do have chemical effects (Crutzen, 1975; Jackman et al., 1990, 2001). They also have nucleonic effects by which they can almost instantaneously increase the atmospheric production of radio-nuclides, including 14C (radiocarbon), but this has never been demonstrated. We show, using satellite observations and modeling, that the 2nd most intensive set of SPEs on record, that of August-December 1989, must have caused detectable increases in atmospheric 14CO. This is confirmed by a sequence of peaks in the Baring Head (NZ) time series of 14CO observations (Brenninkmeijer, 1993), probably providing a unique indication of production of 14C by solar protons, thus demonstrating the use of SPE 14CO as an atmospheric tracer.