bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Permian Rocks of the Leicestershire Coal-field
Authors: Brown Horace T. 
Published: October 2009

(1) Stratigraphical
The exposed Carboniferous strata of the Leicestershire Coal-field are bounded on their western edge by a narrow strip of course current-bedded sandstones and conglomerates, which form the base of the Trias in this part of the country, and which are doubtless homotaxial with the typical Bunter Conglomerate of South Staffordshire, Shropshire, and Cheshire. These sandstones and conglomerates are about 120 feet in thickness on the extreme margin of the Coal-field, but when traced eastward for two or three miles, by the aid of several outliers, they are found to thin out rapidly, and, east of a line drawn north and south through Ingleby and Measham, are conformably overlapped by the Keuper.
The Trias, throughout the greater part of the area, rests upon the truncated edges of Carboniferous rocks, either upon Coal-measures, or, in the northern part of the district, upon Millstone Grit or even Yoredale Shales; there are, however, found here and there, intercalated between the Bunter and the Carboniferous, some thin beds of purple marls, breccias, and sandstones, seldom exceeding in aggregate thickness 30 or 40 feet, but differing remarkably, in lithological characters, from both the overlying and underlying rocks.
My attention was first seriously directed to these rocks during a re-survey, on the six-inch scale, of a tract of country lying immediately to the east of Burton-on-Trent, and the results obtained induced me to make a careful examination of the beds throughout the Coal-field; for, although described and mapped as Permian by the Survey geologists, doubts
Notes on the Radiolaria of the London Clay
Authors: Shrubsole W. H. 
Published: October 2009

Microscopical examination of London Clay from wells in Sheppey and elsewhere, and from pit-sections at the same horizon in different parts of the London Basin, continued for some years, has afforded proof of the existence near the base of this formation of a Diatomaceous zone, which was constant so far as the examination extended. It yet remains for some one to ascertain whether this zone continues throughout the full extent of the London-Clay area. The list of specimens given in my paper “On the Diatoms of the London Clay” (Journ. Royal Micr. Soc. vol. i. p. 381) has since been considerably enlarged by Mr. Kitton and others, from washings supplied by myself.
In a paper “On the New Town Well at Sheerness” (Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. v. p. 355), I had previously called attention to 60 species of Foraminifera and some other microzoic forms not specifically mentioned. Among these latter were some reticulated fragments suggestive of Radiolaria, but no specimens occurred sufficiently perfect to be described. My friend Dr. Bossey, F.R.M.S., of Redhill, was more fortunate in this respect than myself, for in 1881 he saw and sketched a Radiolarian skeleton, apparently nearly perfect, which he had found in some London-Clay washings sent to him by me.
The formation of a well for the Queenborough Cement Company in 1885, near the Railway Station, gave me another opportunity of searching for new forms of Tertiary life. In accordance with previous experience, after passing through a zone rich in brightly glittering patches
Trigonocrinus
, a new Genus of Crinoidea, from the “Weisser Jura” of Bavaria; with the Description of a new Species,
T. liratus
.—Appendix. Sudden Deviations from Normal Symmetry in Neocrinoidea
Authors: Bather F. A. 
Published: October 2009

Locality and Horizon.
The National Collection contains a large amount of material from the White Jura of Würtemberg and Bravaria. The exact horizon and locality of the specimens is often doubtful. Several hundred calyces of Eugeniacrinus, chiefly E. caryophyllatus, together with some thousand stem-fragments of the same genus, are said to come from Streitberg, which is a locality for Upper Oxfordian fossils in the district of Ober Franken. In sorting this abundant material the two specimens that I now propose to describe were found. The remains in question consists of calcspar tinged a dirty yellow; they appear to have been washed out of a yellow marly matrix. They probably occured in the same bed as the Eugeniacrini; and, after a comparison with fossils in continental museums, I am inclined to refer them to the “Weisser Jura a.” It is greatly to be regretted that no more certain evidence is available.
Description of the Specimens.
Imagine an amphora of triangular section with an “ear” at each corner in the shape of a spine, the mouth fairly broad, the bottom broken off, and the whole only 4 mm. high. Such gives a fair idea of these singular fossils. It will be convenient to distinguish the two specimens as A and B.
Specimen A is the more perfect of the two, especially at the lower or aboral end.
There is no trace of a Stem in the specimen, nor are there obvious signs of a sutural surface on the aboral ends of the
Notes on the Petrographical Characters of some Rocks collected in Madagascar by the Rev. R. Baron
Authors: Hatch Frederick H. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
rock-specimens here to be described were collected by the Rev. R. Baron during his extensive travels through Madagascar. They do not by any means represent the whole of his collection; but care has been taken to make the collection include all the more important types of crystalline and volcanic rocks.

The paper is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the older crystalline rocks, and the second with the comparatively recent volcanic eruptions.

I. T
he
O
lder
C
rystalline
R
ocks

The mountainous portion of Madagascar, extending from north to south through the eastern half of the island, is a ridge of old crystalline rocks, on the western flanks of which volcanic rocks have been erupted. Mr. Baron's collection comprises both foliated rocks (gneisses) and rocks in which there is no parallel structure visible in the hand-specimen (granite, gabbro or norite, pyroxene-granulite, and pyroxenite).
In the following pages the petrographical characters of these rocks will be described briefly, the order as here given.

1. G
neiss

Considered petrographically, the specimens of gneiss, collected by Mr. Baron, may divided into an acid and a basic series, the former being characterized by the presence of abundant quartz with orthoclase as the dominant felspar, the latter by the subordination of the quartz and the predominance of plagioclase felspar.

a.
Acid Series (Granite-Gneiss).

To this division belongs a type of gneiss very common in Madacasgar and occuring, for instance, in the immediate neighbourhood of the capital. It is a medium-grained rock with a granitoid texture, foliation
On the Action of Pure Water, and of Water saturated with Carbonic Acid Gas, on the Minerals of the Mica Family
Authors: Johnstone Alexander 
Published: October 2009

In papers which have been published in the ‘Transactions’ of the Royal and Geological Societies of Edinburgh, the Author has already given preliminary accounts of certain of his researches into the nature of the action of water saturated with carbonic acid gas on the following mineral and rock substances:—Orthoclase, oligoclase, labradorite, muscovite and biotite, hornblende, augite, olivine, steatite, magnetite, hæmatite, calcite, siderite, and statuary marble (crystalline limestone).
In the present communication he wishes to give some details of observations noted, and results of experiments carried out, while engaged in recent investigations into the nature of the changes produced by pure distilled water, and also by water saturated with carbonic acid, on the principal members of the mica family of minerals.

C
lassification
O
f
T
he
M
icas

It is convenient for all ordinary purposes to arrange the micas into two great classes. Division I. comprehends the varieties which are
anhydous
or practically so; Division II. includes the micas which are most distinctly
hydrated
.

Division
I.

In this section the micas generally known as muscovite (including lepidolite &c.) and biotite (including phlogophite and lepidomelane &c.) are placed. They are specially characterized by the possesion of a splendent or shining lustre, and of a high degree of elasticity in their fine laminæ. Normal specimens of these of these varieties contain usually from about 1 to 1·9 per cent of water, and none belonging properly to this division have more than 2·5 per cent of that liquid in their composition. They pass, however, quite gradually, by
On the Cotteswold, Midford, and Yeovil Sands, and the Division between Lias and Oolite
Authors: Buckman S. S. 
Published: October 2009

It has been observed that attention to lithology is likely to insure success in the matter of correlation. I am bound to confess, however, that my experience of Jurassic rocks tells me that in many cases this observation is quite incorrect. Within the limits of one basin it may happen that the same horizon can often be identified by the similarity in lithology; but even within such limits it certainly will not be safe to place much reliance on such a guide; while in correlating the strata of one basin with those of another, such an idea will probably lead to very decided errors. The strata now to be discussed have suffered singularly in the matter of correlation from this similarity of lithology.
In the counties of Dorset, Somerset, and Gloucester there occur in most places, between clay of Upper Liassic age and limestone of the Inferior-Oolite period, certain yellow micaceous sands, which contain, at intervals, in some places regular bands, in others lines of more or less lenticular masses, of a hard, greyish, sometimes blue-hearted, sandstone.
Observations on some undescribed Lacustrine Deposits at Saint Cross, South Elmham, in Suffolk
Authors: Candler Charles 
Published: October 2009

The well-known freshwater beds of Hoxne in Suffolk have attracted so much attention that a short account of some closely related deposits which I have recently met with in the same district will not, I hope, be without interest to students of our Pleistocene formations.
The beds in question are situated in the parish of Saint Cross, South Elmham, in the basin of the
River Waveney, 3¾ miles E. by N. of the town of Harleston, and 9 miles E.N.E. of Hoxne. The road from Homersfield Bridge to Halesworth, after first skirting and then crossing the terrace of gravel which here flanks the river on the Suffolk side, leaves the valley and enters the parish of Saint Cross, on the verge of the plateau of Chalky Boulder-clay which covers with a thick cap the district locally known as “High Suffolk.”
The parish is intersected by the “South Elmham Beck,” which has scoured a channel through the Boulder-clay deep into the underlying sands of the Middle Drift. Just beyond the village street the Halesworth Road crosses a broad and shallow trough, which a few yards lower down converges with the valley of the Beck. On the eastern slope of this lateral depression is a brickyard, and it is here that the beds to be described are exposed. On the same spot the Boulder-clay was for some time excavated, and this may perhaps account for the fact that the more recent formations have hitherto escaped notice.
Notes on the Hornblende-schists and Banded Crystalline Rocks of the Lizard
Authors: McMahon C. A. 
Published: October 2009

I have visited the Lizard on three occasions, namely, in 1887 in company with several Members of the Geologists' Association under the able guidance of Messrs. Howard Fox, F.G.S., and E. A. Wiinsch, F.G.S.; in 1888 by myself; and in February of the present year in company with Mr. Howard Fox, to whom I feel under the greatest obligation, his intimate acquaintance with the Lizard rocks and his local knowledge rendering his aid in the field extremely valuable.
On each occasion I collected numerous specimens of the rocks, and studied thin slices of them under the microscope during the intervals between my visits, so that I have had an opportunity of correcting the impressions made in the field by microscopic work in the study, and of again testing ideas formed in the study by fresh observations in the field. I have examined under the microscope over ninety thin slices of my own specimens, nearly fifty have been lent me by Mr. Howard Fox, and Mr. J. J. Harris Teall kindly placed those of his own collection at my disposal.
Before stating the results of my own investigations I think it desirable to refer briefly to the views expressed by previous observers. Sir Henry De la beche's opinion may be gathered from the following extract from his ‚Report on the Geology of Cornwall and Devon ‚∗:—
"if it were not for the occurrence of the hornblende slate in the conglomerate of the Nare Point, we might suppose that it [the hornblende
On the Subdivisions of the Speeton Clay
Authors: Lamplugh G. W. 
Published: October 2009

Twenty years ago Professor J.W. Judd, in a paper
*
which has become classical, described to this Society the Clays which emerge from beneath the Chalk at Speeton on the coast of Yorkshire, and showed that they comprise the fullest development of marine beds of Lower Cretaceous or Neocomian age to be found in England; and, in a later paper†, he pointed out that the section at this place furnished the key by means of which might be identified the more or less isolated and fragmentary exposures of beds of this age scattedred over the whole of the great North-European area. He showed, moreover, more clearly that had hitherto been done, that the uppermost beds of the Jurassic formation were also represented in the series, and defined the limits of the two systems.

In spite of the acknowledged importance of the section and the uncertainty which still pertained to parts of it, there has been practically no addition to our knowledge of the of the locality since these papers were published — the reason for this being, no doubt, the generally obscure and difficult state of the cliffs, as it is rarely, except in the winter or in stormy weather when this bleak coastline has few visitors, that the conditions of the section are favourable for observation.
It neeeds a high and stormy tide, to reveal a fresh unweathered surface of clay at the foot of the slopes, or a heavy onshore gale, to sweep aside the sand and shingle of the beach, before the student of the section can make any really satisfactory progress either in collecting the fossils or in studying the sequence of the deposits; and many repetitions of such conditions are necessary before the many difficulties of the section can be grasped.
The Catastrophe of Kantzorik, Armenia
Authors: Corpi F. M. 
Published: October 2009

Kantzorik, a small village of 215 inhabitants in the Caza de Tortoum, a dependency of the vilayet of Erzeroum, was situated in a narrow valley at an altitude of about 1600 metres. It was at a distance of 60 kilometres from Erzeroum, and of 10 kilometres from Nikhah, the seat of the “Kaïmakamlik.”
The inhabitants of Kantzorik having noticed certain subterraneous noises, and that the springs of a great mountain situated at the western opening of their valley had dried up, were alarmed at these phenomena and gave notice to the local authorities, who directed them at once to evacuate their village; but before they had time to execute this project, towards noon on the 2nd of August, 1889, a frightful noise was heard, a part of the Eastern Mountain burst open, the village was buried under a great muddy mass, and 136 villagers perished in it. Such is the account given by the survivors of this terrible catastrophe, who affirm that they saw a red torrent, which would lead one to think that this fluid mud was in a state of ignition.
His Excellency Samit Pacha, Governor General of the vilayet of Erzeroum, moved by the great misfortune which had happened at Kantzorik, hastened to send assistance to the sufferers; and to prevent fresh disasters to the other villages which seemed to be menaced with the same fate, he took prompt and intelligent measures, placing their inhabitants in safe places, and did me the honour of entrusting to me the task of going to investigate this phenomenon on the spot from a geological point of view.
The Igneous Constituents of the Triassic Breccias and Conglomerates of South Devon
Authors: Worth R. N. 
Published: October 2009

In the paper on “The Elvans and Volcanic Rocks of Dartmoor” which I had the honour of laying before this Society on the 3rd of April last, I mentioned that the examination of a number of fragments of igneous rocks included in the Triassic breccias and conglomerates of South Devon had shown that many so-called “porphyritic traps ” among them were really “ elvans” or felsites, whilst others presented a near approach to true volcanic types.
My present purpose is to follow up that remark by giving the results of a detailed investigation of the igneous constituents of these beds. The subject is by no means a new one ; for the origin of these fragments has now and again engaged the attention of geologists, some of great eminence, for nearly seventy years. But the opinions expressed have been diverse, and the problem can neither be regarded as settled nor as having approached a definite solution. So far as I am aware, indeed, no recent attempt has been made at a general investigation; and there has certainly been no such application of modern methods of petrological research.
Under these circumstances it is hoped that the present paper may prove of service as a record of observed facts affording material for judgment; and that it will not be thought the attention of the Society has been needlessly called to a topic in itself perhaps unimportant, but which, nevertheless, has weighty bearings on the physical history of the West of England. There
On the Relation of the Westleton Shingle to other Pre-Glacial Drifts in the Thames Basin, and on a Southern Drift, with Observations on the Final Elevation and Initial Subaerial Denudation of the Weald: and on the Genesis of the Thames
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

1. Distinctive Characters of the Southern Drift.
Taxing the strata in their order of succession, this paper ought to have preceded the last, but for the fact that for the purpose of classification it was essential to have a base-line of which the position had been previously determined, such as that offered by the Westleton Shingle, before the relation of the other pre-glacial Drift-deposits in the Thames Valley to one another and their relative age could be established. It is for this object that I attach importance to the Westleton Beds last described ; but besides these, which are confined almost entirely to the north side of the Thames, there is another closely allied hill-drift, which I propose to call the “ Southern Drift,“ of more limited range and confined chiefly to the south side of the Thames. I at first thought it possible that they might be synchronous *, but now I have come to the conclusion that the Southern Drift is the older of the two, in the sense afterwards to be explained. Both of them are so restricted to outliers, often very small and far apart, and have been so much encroached upon by Glacial Drifts of later date, that the relation they bear to one another is generally much obscured.
The leading points on which we have mainly to depend are the relative levels and the differences in the character and origin of the rock-fragments and pebbles composing the two deposits, and in the proportion and condition of those which are common to both.
The Pebidian Volcanic Series of St. Davids
Authors: Morgan C. Lloyd 
Published: October 2009

1. Introduction.
Two strongly contrasted interpretations of the structure and geological genesis of the St. David's promontory are before geologists. The first of these is that advocated for many years by Dr. Hicks and finally summed up by him in 1884 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 507). On this view there are at St. Davids, besides the strata of Cambrian age, three distinct Pre-Cambrian systems the Dimetian, Arvonian, and Pebidian. Each is unconformable to the others. The Dimetian was very much in its present state before the Arvonian was laid down. The Arvonian hälleflintas, again, were brought to their present mineral condition before the Pebidian series was deposited. The Pebidian volcanic beds, once more, were nearly as highly metamorphosed as they are at present before the Cambrian Conglomerate was formed. Each is therefore separated from the succeeding group by a systematic unconformity, and we have, on this view, to quote the words of Mr. Tawney, ”a vista opened up to us in the rocks of St. Davids of age behind age most pleasing to the imagination of the geologist.”
The second interpretation is that advocated by Dr. A. Geikie (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxix, p. 261). According to this view the Pebidian constitutes a volcanic series at the base of and forming an integral part of the Cambrian system; the Dimetian consists of granite intrusive into the Cambrian and of much more recent age; while the Arvonian group comprises portions of the Pebidian volcanic breccias and tufts, where these
On a Crocodilian Jaw from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough
Authors: Lydekker R. 
Published: October 2009

The symphysis of the mandible of a Thecodont Reptile recently obtained from the Oxford Clay near Peterborough, by Mr. A. N. Leeds, and entrusted to me for description, affords evidence of a species new to the English fauna, and apparently belonging to a genus not hitherto recorded from the Oxfordian.
The specimen, which is represented of one third of the natural size in the diagram (fig. 2), belonged to a comparatively large reptile, and comprises the anterior portion of the splenial and dentary elements ; that part of the dentary which still remains including the whole of the alveolar region. The symphysial portion of the jaw is very broad and flat, with a rugose inferior surface ; but the original flatness has been abnormally increased by pressure, which has crushed the oral floor into the dental alveoli, and has thus destroyed the original circular contour of the latter. The splenials enter extensively into the formation of the symphysis, reaching as far forward as the seventh tooth on the left side. No traces of teeth remain, and the empty dental alveoli are thirteen in number on the left, and twelve on the right side. The alveoli, in their original condition, must have been nearly circular; and none of them are markedly enlarged, or separated from one another by spaces in the neighbourhood of the muzzle. On the interior aspect the dentaries and splenials are completely anchylosed together, this feature, taken together with the rugose surface of the bones themselves, indicating that
Notes on a “Wash-out” found in the Pleasley and Teversall Collieries
Authors: Hendy J. C. B. 
Published: October 2009

The Top Hard Coal-seam of the Midland Coal-field is being worked at these collieries at a depth of 217 yards at; Teversall, and 514 yards at the Pleasley pits; the average thickness of the seam is 5 feet, with a band of cannel in the middle, varying from 4 to 14 inches. The general dip of the coal-seam is 1 in 12 to the N.E.
The “Wash-out” was first met with in the Teversall workings, about half a mile east of those pits, and from this point it has been proved to run for a distance of a mile and a quarter in a northeasterly direction, as shown in the plan, fig. 1.
The coal has now been worked off on each side of the “Wash” for a length of over 600 yards in the Teversall mine, and for 200 yards in the Pleasley workings, the boundary of the “Wash” being shown on the plan by strong lines where actually proved. Headings have been driven through the “Wash” at five different places, four of these from the Teversall and one from the Pleasley colliery. In each case these headings were driven next the ordinary sagar-clay floor of the mine; this under-clay is about 18 inches thick, and contains numerous nodules of ironstone. Careful sections of these “headings” have been taken, plans of which are given.

Section
No. 1 (fig. 2).—At a distance of about 60 yards from the “Wash” the coal commenced to thicken; this continued until immediately adjoining the