bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft Tissue Morphology of Jordanian Adolescents
Authors: Hamdan Ahmad Mohammad 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjective: To determine soft tissue cephalometric norms of a sample of Jordanian adolescents and to compare them with those of North Americans.Materials and Methods: Forty-one subjects aged 14 to 17 years were selected from a larger random and representative sample of 320 adolescents attending 12 schools in the capital of Jordan, Amman. Seven reference lines were identified and traced according to definitions by Holdaway and Ricketts, and 2 angular and 12 linear measurements were analyzed.Results: Significant differences were found between males and females in measurements of soft tissue facial angle, H angle, subnasale to H line, basic upper lip thickness, upper lip thickness and labrale inferius and superius to E line (P &lt; .05). Males had a more prominent upper lip in relation to the overall soft tissue profile, while the lips of females were considerably more retrusive in relation to the nose and chin. Jordanian norms were similar to those of North Americans, with only two exceptions: the H angle and skeletal convexity which were 5.4 degrees and 3.2 mm greater in Jordanians, respectively.Conclusions: Jordanian soft tissue norms were similar to American norms with the exception of the former having a more prominent upper lip position in relation to the overall soft tissue profile.
Palatal Bone Density in Adult Subjects: Implications for Mini-Implant Placement
Authors: Moon Sung Hee , Park Sun Hyung , Lim Won Hee , Chun Youn Sic 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate palatal bone density to allow for better selection of palatal implant anchorage sites.
Materials and Methods: Computed tomographic (CT) images were obtained from 15 males and 15 females (mean age, 27 years; range, 23–35 years). Bone density was measured in Hounsfield units (HU) at 80 coordinates at regular mediolateral and anteroposterior intervals along the midpalatal suture.
Results: Bone densities ranged from 805 to 1247 HU. A significant difference between male and female groups was noted, although no difference was found between left and right sides of individual palates. Palatal bone densities showed a tendency to decrease laterally and posteriorly. The midpalatal area within 3 mm of the midsagittal suture had the densest bone in the entire palate.
Conclusion: Results suggest that mini-implants for orthodontic anchorage may be effectively placed in most areas with bone density equivalent to the palatal area if they are placed from 3 mm posterior to the incisive foramen and 1 to 5 mm to the paramedian side.
Rapid Maxillary Expansion Affects the Spheno-occipital Synchondrosis in Youngsters
Authors: Leonardi Rosalia , Cutrera Alice , Barbato Ersilia 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that the spheno-occipital synchondrosis does not show bony displacement in response to rapid maxillary expansion (RME) therapy in youngsters.
Materials and Methods: A total of 16 computed tomography (CT) records were taken from 8 growing patients (2 males and 6 females), before (T0) and after (T1) treatment with RME. All patients had been diagnosed originally with transverse maxillary deficiency. The mean chronological age of the patients was 9.8 ± 1.8 years (range, 8 to 11.4 years). High-resolution multislice multidetector CT was used to study quantitatively the extent of the opening of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis following RME. A low-dose CT scan protocol was used (80 kV, 10 mA) and the data file of each patient was transferred to a workstation where the anteroposterior width of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis was measured on axial images.
Results: Before treatment with RME (T0), the anteroposterior mean width of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis was 1.73 ± 0.46 mm immediately after the active phase of expansion (T1), and the width of the synchondrosis increased to 2.30 ± 0.47. This difference was statistically significant according to the Wilcoxon signed rank test (P &lt; .05).
Conclusion: Rapid maxillary expansion leads to a small immediate widening of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in youngsters.
Torque Expression in Stainless Steel Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Archambault Amy , Lacoursiere Ryan , Badawi Hisham , Major Paul W. , Carey Jason , Flores-Mir Carlos 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the quantitative effects on torque expression of varying the slot size of stainless steel orthodontic brackets and the dimension of stainless steel wire, and to analyze the limitations of the experimental methods used.
Materials and Methods: In vitro studies measuring torque expression in conventional and self-ligating stainless steel brackets with a torque-measuring device, with the use of straight stainless steel orthodontic wire without second-order mechanics and without loops, coils, or auxiliary wires, were sought through a systematic review process.
Results: Eleven articles were selected. Direct comparison of different studies was limited by differences in the measuring devices used and in the parameters measured. On the basis of the selected studies, in a 0.018 inch stainless steel bracket slot, the engagement angle ranges from 31 degrees with a 0.016 × 0.016 inch stainless steel archwire to 4.6 degrees with a 0.018 × 0.025 inch stainless steel archwire. In a 0.022 inch stainless steel bracket slot, the engagement angle ranges from 18 degrees with a 0.018 × 0.025 inch stainless steel archwire to 6 degrees with a 0.021 × 0.025 inch stainless steel archwire. Active stainless steel self-ligating brackets demonstrate an engagement angle of approximately 7.5 degrees, whereas passive stainless steel self-ligating brackets show an engagement angle of approximately 14 degrees with 0.019 × 0.025 inch stainless steel wire in a 0.022 inch slot.
Conclusions: The engagement angle depends on archwire dimension and edge shape, as well as on bracket slot dimension, and is variable and larger than published theoretical values. Clinically effective torque can be achieved in a 0.022 inch bracket slot with archwire torsion of 15 to 31 degrees for active self-ligating brackets and of 23 to 35 degrees for passive self-ligating brackets with a 0.019 × 0.025 inch stainless steel wire.
Self-Ligation Esthetic Brackets with Low Frictional Resistance
Authors: Voudouris John C. , Schismenos Christos , Lackovic Kresimir , Kuftinec Mladen M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective: To test the frictional resistance forces (FRS) generated between several archwires and (1) interactive self-ligating (ISL) brackets and (2) conventionally ligated (CL) brackets.
Materials and Methods: Frictional forces produced between three different archwire combinations and self-ligating (SL) brackets (ceramic and metal-slot or all-metal) and CL brackets (metal or ceramic) were evaluated in a dry environment. The three ISL brackets tested were In-Ovation-C, In-Ovation-R, and Damon 3. The three CL brackets were Mystique with Neo Clip, Clarity, and Ovation. Each bracket was tested with 0.020″ SS, 0.019″ × 0.025″ SS and 0.018″ × 0.018″ coated SS.
Results: The ISL brackets generally exhibited the lowest frictional forces irrespective of the bracket material and the wire size, and CL brackets exhibited consistently higher frictional forces. Mystique with Neo Clip produced the lowest frictional resistance of all brackets. The In-Ovation-C brackets demonstrated significantly lower frictional resistance than the SL brackets In-Ovation-R and Damon 3 as well as the CL brackets Clarity and Ovation.
Conclusions: The ISL ceramic brackets produced the lowest frictional resistance of all the self-ligating brackets. The CL ceramic brackets produced the greatest friction.
Soft Tissue Images from Cephalograms Compared With Those from a 3D Surface Acquisition System
Authors: Incrapera Angela K. , Kau Chung How , English Jeryl D. , McGrory Kathleen , Sarver David M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective: To assess whether 2D cephalometrics is comparable with 3D imaging devices and whether 3D technology could replace traditional 2D image capture in posttreatment evaluation.
Materials and Methods: The study is a prospective evaluation of superimposition techniques obtained from a cohort of 40 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery in a private practice environment. Surgical records were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs taken by a Kodak 8000C machine, and the 3D images were obtained from the 3dMD stereo photogrammetric camera capture system. Pre- and postlateral cephalometric records were superimposed on the cranial base (SN line) while pre- and post-3D surgical records were superimposed on the regional best-fit method. A mathematical algorithm, or best-fit calculation, was carried out on the selected surfaces. Each set of superimposed records was analyzed, and five soft tissue landmarks were plotted. The differences between the five surface points were analyzed for each set of records.
Results: The final sample consisted of 34 subjects with full records. A total of 680 surface landmarks were plotted and analyzed. The mean differences of the soft tissue landmarks were analyzed for each pair of data sets and were found to range between 1.06 and 8.07 mm and 1.26 and 7.34 mm for lateral cephalometric and 3D readings, respectively. Paired t-tests were carried out using the SPSS 15.0 software, and they showed that the results were not statistically significant between the superimposition techniques on the image capture systems (P &gt; .05).
Conclusions: The types of superimposition techniques used in the imaging modalities studied were comparable with one another.
Underlying diseases and clinicopathologic variables of thrombocytopenic dogs with and without platelet-bound antibodies detected by use of a flow cytometric assay: 83 cases (2004–2006)
Authors: Dircks Brigitte Hedwig , Schuberth Hans-Joachim , Mischke Reinhard 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective—To characterize underlying diseases and clinical and clinicopathologic variables of thrombocytopenic dogs with and without platelet-bound antibodies (PBAs) and to evaluate clinicopathologic variables of dogs with primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT).
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—83 thrombocytopenic dogs.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs in which PBA tests were performed between 2004 and 2006; PBAs were measured via flow cytometry.
Results—PBAs were detected in 37 of 83 (45%) dogs. Thirteen dogs were suspected of having primary IMT. Median platelet counts were significantly lower in dogs with PBAs, compared with counts in dogs without PBAs. Dogs suspected of having primary IMT had significantly lower median platelet counts, compared with counts for those with secondary IMT. Mean platelet volume (MPV) was increased (> 14.3 fL) significantly more often in dogs without PBAs (19/33 [58%]) than in dogs with PBAs (7/26 [27%]). No dogs suspected of having primary IMT had an increase in MPV. Examination of bone marrow aspirates revealed an increase in megakaryopoiesis in a higher percentage of dogs with PBAs (14/21 [67%]) than in dogs without PBAs (7/18 [39%]). An increase in megakaryopoiesis was detected in all dogs suspected of having primary IMT that had a bone marrow analysis.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Platelet counts, results of bone marrow analysis, and MPV may be helpful in dogs for the differentiation between primary IMT and thrombocytopenia resulting from other diseases. An MPV within or less than the reference range did not rule out an increase in megakaryopoietic activity.
Development and optimization of a sublingual tablet formulation for physostigmine salicylate
Authors: Bolourchian Noushin , Hadidi Naghmeh , Foroutan Seyed , Shafaghi Bijan 
Published: October 2009

Development and optimization of a sublingual tablet formulation for physostigmine salicylateThis study is aimed to design and optimize a sublingual tablet formulation of physostigmine salicylate, an effective drug in Alzheimer's disease and nerve gas poisoning, by means of the D-optimal experimental design methodology. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, lactose, starch 1500 and sodium starch glycolate were used in the formulations as independent variables. Tablets were prepared by the direct compression method and evaluated for their physical properties (tablet hardness, disintegration time and friability), which were regarded as responses in a D-optimal design. Due to the significance of the special cubic model for data fitted, compared to other models, it was used to examine the obtained results. Response surface plots were plotted to study the tablet properties and the optimized overlay plot was generated based on the results and targets considered for the responses. After verification of the optimum checkpoint formulations, an optimized formulation was chosen due to its desirable physical properties and closely observed and predicted values. Drug assay, content uniformity of the dosage unit, drug dissolution and accelerated stability studies were done on the optimum formulation as further experiments. All the obtained results complied with the requirements of a sublingual tablet formulation.
Sterodin®, a novel immunostimulating drug: Some toxicological and pharmacological evaluations in vivo, and drug-lipid interaction studies in vitro
Authors: Ray Sarbani , Roy Partha , Ray Supratim 
Published: October 2009

Sterodin®, a novel immunostimulating drug: Some toxicological and pharmacological evaluations in vivo, and drug-lipid interaction studies in vitro
Sterodin® is a novel non-specific immunostimulating drug produced by a combination of bile lipids and bacterial metabolites. In the present study, we investigated some of its (i) toxicological and (ii) pharmacological properties in vivo, and (iii) drug-lipid interaction (lipid peroxidation) in vitro. We also evaluated the possible (iv) Sterodin®-induced lipid peroxidation as well as the effect of ascorbic acid on this peroxidation. We found LD50 of Sterodin® to be 31.50 mL kg-1 body mass. In male albino mice, Sterodin® increased the total white blood cells and neutrophils count by 59 and 26%, respectively, on the 6th day, compared to day 0 after injection and stimulated phagocytic activity in vivo. We used goat liver as lipid source in drug-lipid interaction studies in vitro. Our experiments show that Sterodin® induces lipid peroxidation, which was prevented by ascorbic acid.
One-pot synthesis of (S)-2-(6-methoxynaphtalen-2-yl)propanoic acid, (S)-Naproxen using Preyssler and Keggin-type heteropolyacids as green and reusable catalysts
Authors: Gharib Ali , Daneshtalab Mohsen , Scheeren J. , Bamoharram Fatemeh , Roshani Mina , Jahangir Manouchehr 
Published: October 2009

One-pot synthesis of (S)-2-(6-methoxynaphtalen-2-yl)propanoic acid, (S)-Naproxen using Preyssler and Keggin-type heteropolyacids as green and reusable catalysts
A simple, clean and environmentally benign route to the enantioselective synthesis of (S)-2-(6-methoxynaphtalen-2-yl)propanoic acid, (S)-Naproxen 3 is described by using Preyssler heteropolyacid, H14[NaP5W30O110], as a green and reusable catalyst in water and in the presence of 1-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propan-1-one 1, D-mannitol 2. The products were obtained in very good yields.
Morphology and mechanical properties of polyamide 12 (PA12)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blends
Authors: Ratajska Aleksandra , Kulak Wojciech , Poeppel Artur , Seyler Andreas , Roslaniec Zbigniew 
Published: October 2009

Morphology and mechanical properties of polyamide 12 (PA12)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blends
The morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of polyamide 12 (PA12)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blends were investigated. These polymers are engineering, semi-crystalline polymers which are reciprocally immiscible. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the polymeric materials. Mechanical properties were examined by static tensile test. The investigations demonstrate that blends with higher amount of PVDF, with the morphology of two co-continuous semicristalline phases, exhibit better mechanical properties. The blends with small content of PVDF and prepared by extrusion show the morphology of small separated domains of PVDF and full continuous PA phase. The morphology of these blends is different than the blends prepared by internal mixer and have better mechanical properties too. Thus they can be used in particular applications without a compatibilizing agent.
Crystal structure and spectroscopic properties of 4-acetaminopyridine and its protonated form
Authors: Koleva Bojidarka , Nikolova Rositsa , Tchapkanov Atanas , Kolev Tsonko , Mayer-Figge Heike , Spiteller Michael , Sheldrick William 
Published: October 2009

Crystal structure and spectroscopic properties of 4-acetaminopyridine and its protonated form
4-Acetaminopyridine dihydrate and its protonated form, stabilized as the hydrochloride salt have been synthesized and spectroscopic elucidated in solution and in the solid-state by means of the inear-polarized solid state IR-spectroscopy (IR-LD), UV-spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, and the positive and negative ESI MS. Quantum chemical calculations were used to obtain the electronic structure, vibrational data and the electronic spectra. The spectroscopic and theoretical data are compared with the structure of the first compound obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The effect of Npy protonation on the optical and magnetic properties of a 4-acetaminopyridine is discussed.
Glacier velocities across the central Karakoram
Authors: Copland Luke , Pope Sierra , Bishop Michael P. , Shroder, John F. , Clendon Penelope , Bush Andrew , Kamp Ulrich , Bae Seong Yeong , Owen Lewis A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOptical matching of ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) satellite image pairs is used to determine the surface velocities of major glaciers across the central Karakoram. The ASTER images were acquired in 2006 and 2007, and cover a 60×120km region over Baltoro glacier, Pakistan, and areas to the north and west. The surface velocities were compared with differential global position system (GPS) data collected on Baltoro glacier in summer 2005. The ASTER measurements reveal fine details about ice dynamics in this region. For example, glaciers are found to be active over their termini even where they are very heavily debris-covered. The characteristics of several surge-type glaciers were measured, with terminus advances of several hundred meters per year and the displacement of trunk glaciers as surge glaciers pushed into them. This study is the first synthesis of glacier velocities across this region, and provides a baseline against which both past and future changes can be compared.
Stick–slip behavior of ice streams: modeling investigations
Authors: Sergienko Olga V. , MacAyeal Douglas R. , Bindschadler Robert A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA puzzling phenomenon of ice-stream flow is the stick–slip motion displayed by Whillans Ice Stream (WIS), West Antarctica. In this study we test the hypothesis that the WIS stick–slip motion has features similar to those of other known stick–slip systems, and thus might be of the same origin. To do so, we adapt a simple mechanical model widely used in seismology to study classic stick–slip behavior observed in tectonic faults, in which the difference between static and dynamic friction allows for the generation and spatial propagation of abrupt slip events. We show how spatial variability in friction properties, as well as a periodic forcing intended to mimic the effect of tides, can reproduce the observed duration and periodicity of stick–slip motion in an ice stream. An intriguing aspect of the association of WIS with mechanical stick–slip oscillators is that the onset of stick–slip cycling from a condition of permanent slip appears to be associated with the reduction in overall speed of WIS. If this association is true, then stick–slip behavior of WIS is a transitional phase of behavior associated with the ice stream's recent deceleration.
Full Stokes modeling of marine ice sheets: influence of the grid size
Authors: Durand Gaël , Gagliardini Olivier , Zwinger Thomas , Meur Emmanuel Le , Hindmarsh Richard C.A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractUsing the finite-element code Elmer, we show that the full Stokes modeling of the ice-sheet/ice-shelf transition we propose can give consistent predictions of grounding-line migration. Like other marine ice-sheet models our approach is highly sensitive to the chosen mesh resolution. However, with a grid size down to <5 km in the vicinity of the grounding line, predictions start to be robust because: (1) whatever the grid size (<5 km) the steady-state grounding-line position is sensibly the same (6 km standard deviation), and (2) with a grid-size refinement in the vicinity of the grounding line (200 m), the steady-state solution is independent of the applied perturbation in fluidity, provided this perturbation remains monotonic.
P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated proteins and human organic anion transporting polypeptide influence the intracellular accumulation of atazanavir
Authors: Janneh Omar , Anwar Tariq , Jungbauer Christof , Kopp Stefan , Khoo Saye H , Back David J , Chiba Peter 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundDrug efflux (for example, P-glycoprotein [P-gp], multidrug resistance-associated proteins [MRPs] and breast cancer resistance protein [BCRP]) and influx (for example, human organic anion transporting polypep-tide [hOCTP] or human organic anion transporting polypeptide [hOATP]) transporters alter the cellular concentrations of some HIV protease inhibitors (HPIs). Here, we studied the lipophilicity and uptake of [3H]-atazanavir (ATV) in CEM (parental), CEMVBL(P-gp-overexpressing), CEME1000(MRP1-overexpressing) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and evaluate the effects of modulators of drug transporters on uptake.MethodsLipophilicity was measured by octanol/saline partition method. The influence of influx/efflux transporters on uptake was evaluated in the absence and presence of inhibitors of P-gp (GPV031), P-gp/BCRP (tariquidar and GF120918), P-gp/MRP1 (dipyrida-mole and daidzein), MRP1/2 (frusemide and genistein), hOATP/hOCTP (estrone-3-sulfate [E-3-S]) and hOATP/ hOCTP/MRP (probenecid). The effects of a number of HPIs on uptake were also evaluated. Data from digitonin permeabilized cells allowed the evaluation of the contribution of cellular binding to total drug uptake, whereas the inhibitory effect of ATV on P-gp was assessed by daunomycin efflux/uptake assays.Results[3H]-ATV is lipophilic and accumulates in the cultured cells as follows: CEM>CEME1000>CEMVBL. Tariquidar, GF120918 and daidzein significantly increased the uptake of [3H]-ATV in the cultured cells. By contrast, only daidzein and tipranavir significantly increased uptake in PBMCs, with tariquidar and frusemide devoid of effects, whereas dipyridamole, E-3-S, GPV031 and genistein significantly decreased accumulation. ATV inhibits P-gp activity; manipulation of uptake with digitonin suggests binding of [3H]-ATV to P-gp.Conclusions[3H]-ATV is lipophilic, a P-gp, MRP and hOATP substrate and an inhibitor of P-gp. Concomitant administration of ATV with drugs and dietary components (for example, daidzein and genistein) that interact with these transporters could alter its pharmacokinetics.