bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Inland VTS in the Netherlands
Authors: Stuurman Pieter M. 
Published: October 2009

This paper, and the two following papers, were included in the VTS-96 Symposium held in Rotterdam in April 1996. They are reproduced by kind permission of the Symposium Organizing Committee.In the Netherlands, inland waterways occupy an important position in the transport of goods to and from the hinterland. To guarantee safety at dangerous junctions, VTS-centres have been introduced since 1952. Some years ago an extra dimension was added to some of these VTScentres, namely the promotion of the optimal use of a limited waterway, to guarantee a smooth traffic flow. This is certainly necessary for the river Waal, which can be considered as the aorta to the German hinterland.Automatic data exchange between all inland VTS-centres and the German information centres along the Rhine contributes to a great extent to the operation of the VTS-centres. In case of an accident, appropriate measures can be taken immediately, saving human life and respecting the environment.
The Last Transatlantic
Authors: Richey Michael 
Published: October 2009

On 15 July 1988 in position 39° 08′ N., 58° 43′ W., some 470 miles south-east of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Jester was abandoned and her skipper taken off by the M/V Nilam, a 60000-ton bulk carrier bound for New York.The boat was engaged in the single-handed transatlantic race from Plymouth to Newport, Rhode Island. The race, which started on 5 June, was Jester's eighth and her fourteenth transatlantic passage. The incident, a knockdown, occurred some 40 days out.
A Brief History of Ancient Chinese Sailing Directions
Authors: Guang-Qi Sun 
Published: October 2009

abstractThis paper, based on documentary records, attempts a brief, systematic investigation of the main characteristics of ancient Chinese sailing directions in terms of content and form as well as development. The evolution of Chinese sailing directions can be divided historically into the following periods and categories:1. Non-written records.2. Primitive written forms.3. From non-quantitative description to quantitative description.4. Quantitative description with charts,5 . Charts aided by written descriptions.In the course of his examination of these categories, the author analyses the most important sailing directions in Chinese history, and concludes that, Zheng He Hang Hai Tu (Zheng He's Nautical Charts) compiled in the first half of the fifteenth century, are not only the first illustrative sailing directions which do not rely on written directions but appear to be the first nautical chart collection for ocean-going sailing in history.Finally, the author points out that, although western sailing directions have contributed greatly to navigational science and technology, the Chinese contribution to the development of sailing directions, deserves greater recognition.
Performance of the ALOGPS 2.1 program for octanol-water partition coefficient prediction with organic chemicals on the Canadian Domestic Substances List
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe KOWWIN and ALOGPS octanol-water partition coefficient (K~ow~) estimation software programs were compared for their capacity to accurately predict log K~ow~ values of 1596 organic compounds on the publicly available Domestic Substances List (DSL) from Environment Canada for which experimental data is available. KOWWIN contained a significantly lower number and magnitude of prediction errors compared to ALOGPS, particularly at experimental log K~ow~ values <2. Substantial predictive differences were observed between the two programs for 9093 compounds not having experimental K~ow~ data on the Canadian DSL. Predictive differences of up to 40 log K~ow~ units were found between KOWWIN and ALOGPS, and in some cases, the discrepancies were sufficiently large that strongly opposing hydrophobicity classifications were obtained.
Role of phosphoinositides in STIM1 dynamics and store-operated calcium entry
Authors: Walsh Ciara M. , Chvanov Michael , Haynes Lee P. , Petersen Ole H. , Tepikin Alexei V. , Burgoyne Robert D. 
Published: October 2009

Ca2+ entry through store-operated Ca2+ channels involves the interaction at ER–PM (endoplasmic reticulum–plasma membrane) junctions of STIM (stromal interaction molecule) and Orai. STIM proteins are sensors of the luminal ER Ca2+ concentration and, following depletion of ER Ca2+, they oligomerize and translocate to ER–PM junctions where they form STIM puncta. Direct binding to Orai proteins activates their Ca2+ channel function. It has been suggested that an additional interaction of the C-terminal polybasic domain of STIM1 with PM phosphoinositides could contribute to STIM1 puncta formation prior to binding to Orai. In the present study, we investigated the role of phosphoinositides in the formation of STIM1 puncta and SOCE (store-operated Ca2+ entry) in response to store depletion. Treatment of HeLa cells with inhibitors of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) and PI4K (phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase) (wortmannin and LY294002) partially inhibited formation of STIM1 puncta. Additional rapid depletion of PtdIns(4,5)P2 resulted in more substantial inhibition of the translocation of STIM1–EYFP (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) into puncta. The inhibition was extensive at a concentration of LY294002 (50 μM) that should primarily inhibit PI3K, consistent with a major role for PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in puncta formation. Depletion of phosphoinositides also inhibited SOCE based on measurement of the rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration after store depletion. Overexpression of Orai1 resulted in a recovery of translocation of STMI1 into puncta following phosphoinositide depletion and, under these conditions, SOCE was increased to above control levels. These observations support the idea that phosphoinositides are not essential but contribute to STIM1 accumulation at ER–PM junctions with a second translocation mechanism involving direct STIM1–Orai interactions.
WHY ARE IRISH ATTITUDES TO IMMIGRANTS AMONG THE MOST LIBERAL IN EUROPE?
Authors: Turner Tom 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
There has been a dramatic inflow of immigrants into Ireland in recent years. Yet recent European Social Surveys indicate that Irish attitudes towards immigrants are among the most liberal in Europe. We test the association between a number of economic and cultural measures and attitudes to immigrants at the aggregate national level. Although Ireland fits the expected association and in the predicted direction the most notable feature of our results is the lack of a clear pattern between these measures and attitudes to immigrants across the European countries in the sample.
Anesthesia Prevents Auditory Perceptual Learning
Authors: Aberg Kristoffer C. , Albrecht Eric , Tartaglia Elisa M. , Farron Alain , Soom Patrice , Herzog Michael H. 
Published: October 2009

Background
An auditory perceptual learning paradigm was used to investigate whether implicit memories are formed during general anesthesia.

Methods
Eighty-seven patients who had an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of I-III and were scheduled to undergo an elective surgery with general anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received auditory stimulation during surgery, whereas the other did not. The auditory stimulation consisted of pure tones presented via headphones. The Bispectral Index level was maintained between 40 and 50 during surgery. To assess learning, patients performed an auditory frequency discrimination task after surgery, and comparisons were made between the groups. General anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with a mixture of fentanyl and sevoflurane.

Results
There was no difference in the amount of learning between the two groups (mean +/- SD improvement: stimulated patients 9.2 +/- 11.3 Hz, controls 9.4 +/- 14.1 Hz). There was also no difference in initial thresholds (mean +/- SD initial thresholds: stimulated patients 31.1 +/- 33.4 Hz, controls 28.4 +/- 34.2 Hz). These results suggest that perceptual learning was not induced during anesthesia. No correlation between the bispectral index and the initial level of performance was found (Pearson r = -0.09, P = 0.59).

Conclusion
Perceptual learning was not induced by repetitive auditory stimulation during anesthesia. This result may indicate that perceptual learning requires top-down processing, which is suppressed by the anesthetic.
Prevention of Atelectasis in Morbidly Obese Patients during General Anesthesia and Paralysis
Authors: Reinius Henrik , Jonsson Lennart , Gustafsson Sven , Sundbom Magnus , Duvernoy Olov , Pelosi Paolo , Hedenstierna Göran , Fredén Filip 
Published: October 2009

Background
Morbidly obese patients show impaired pulmonary function during anesthesia and paralysis, partly due to formation of atelectasis. This study analyzed the effect of general anesthesia and three different ventilatory strategies to reduce the amount of atelectasis and improve respiratory function.

Methods
Thirty patients (body mass index 45 +/- 4 kg/m) scheduled for gastric bypass surgery were prospectively randomized into three groups: (1) positive end-expiratory pressure of 10 cm H2O (PEEP), (2) a recruitment maneuver with 55 cm H2O for 10 s followed by zero end-expiratory pressure, (3) a recruitment maneuver followed by PEEP. Transverse lung computerized tomography scans and blood gas analysis were recorded: awake, 5 min after induction of anesthesia and paralysis at zero end-expiratory pressure, and 5 min and 20 min after intervention. In addition, spiral computerized tomography scans were performed at two occasions in 23 of the patients.

Results
After induction of anesthesia, atelectasis increased from 1 +/- 0.5% to 11 +/- 6% of total lung volume (P < 0.0001). End-expiratory lung volume decreased from 1,387 +/- 581 ml to 697 +/- 157 ml (P = 0.0014). A recruitment maneuver + PEEP reduced atelectasis to 3 +/- 4% (P = 0.0002), increased end-expiratory lung volume and increased Pao2/Fio2 from 266 +/- 70 mmHg to 412 +/- 99 mmHg (P < 0.0001). PEEP alone did not reduce the amount of atelectasis or improve oxygenation. A recruitment maneuver + zero end-expiratory pressure had a transient positive effect on respiratory function. All values are presented as mean +/- SD.

Conclusions
A recruitment maneuver followed by PEEP reduced atelectasis and improved oxygenation in morbidly obese patients, whereas PEEP or a recruitment maneuver alone did not.
Patterns of Communication during the Preanesthesia Visit
Authors: Zollo Raymond A. , Lurie Stephen J. , Epstein Ronald , Ward Denham S. 
Published: October 2009

Background
Effective communication in the preanesthesia clinic is important in patient-centered care. Although patient-physician communication has been studied by recordings in other contexts, there have been no observational studies of the communication patterns of anesthesiologists and patients during the preanesthesia interview.

Methods
Two experienced standardized patients were trained to portray the same clinical situation by using different coping styles (maximizing information or "monitoring" vs. minimizing information or "blunting"). Interviews of standardized patients by anesthesiologists took place in the preanesthesia clinic and recorded with the knowledge of the subjects. Audio recordings were analyzed, and the visit was separated into nine components. Discussion of the risks/informed consent process was examined, looking for discussion of common morbidities. The standardized patients completed a survey on the patient-centeredness of the interview.

Results
Twenty-seven subjects participated in this study. Interviews with the monitor required more time: 17.4 min (confidence interval [CI] 15.2-19.6, n = 24) versus 14.5 min (CI 13.1-16.0, n = 25), P < 0.05. Most interview time was spent in obtaining the history; 2.4 min (CI 1.8-3.1) was spent discussing risks with the monitor, and only 1.6 min (CI 1.2-2.0) was spent with the blunter (P < 0.05). Neither the monitor nor the blunter scored the interview highly for involving the patient in determining the goals of the anesthetic and recovery.

Conclusions
Direct recording of interactions with standardized patients is a feasible method of studying the communication skills of anesthesiologists. For this study, the anesthesia providers were able to modify their approach depending on patient type, but the monitor received more information.
Aprotinin Abolishes Sevoflurane Postconditioning by Inhibiting Nitric Oxide Production and Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C-δ and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β
Authors: Inamura Yoshitaka , Miyamae Masami , Sugioka Shingo , Kaneda Kazuhiro , Okusa Chika , Onishi Anna , Domae Naochika , Kotani Junichiro , Figueredo Vincent M. 
Published: October 2009

Background
It remains controversial whether aprotinin use during cardiac surgery is cardioprotective or detrimental. In contrast, volatile anesthetics may offer cardioprotection perioperatively. Increased nitric oxide, protein kinase C activation, and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta inhibition play a role in sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection. The authors investigated whether aprotinin affects sevoflurane postconditioning.

Methods
Isolated guinea pig hearts underwent 30 min of global ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion (control [CTL]). Postconditioning was elicited with sevoflurane (2%) for 2 min at reperfusion onset (POST). Aprotinin (250 kallikrein inhibitor units/ml) was administered for 5 min at reperfusion onset (POST + APRO and CTL + APRO). In additional experiments, both sevoflurane and aprotinin were given before ischemia and throughout the reperfusion period (SEVO + APRO (throughout)) to mimic clinical conditions. Left ventricular developed and end-diastolic pressures and infarct size were measured. Western blot analysis determined phosphorylated protein kinase C-delta, protein kinase C-delta, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta expression. Nitric oxide production during reperfusion was measured by nitric oxide sensor.

Results
After ischemia-reperfusion, POST had significantly higher left ventricular developed (56 +/- 11 vs. 26 +/- 8 mmHg [mean +/- SD]) and lower end-diastolic pressures (20 +/- 9 vs. 47 +/- 15 mmHg) and reduced infarct size (15 +/- 3% vs. 41 +/- 10%) versus CTL. Aprotinin abolished these improvements. Expressions of phospho-Akt (activated), phospho-protein kinase C-delta (activated), and phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (inhibited) were significantly increased in POST. Aprotinin attenuated these increased expressions. Nitric oxide production after reperfusion was higher in POST than in CTL, but not in POST + APRO.

Conclusions
Aprotinin abolishes sevoflurane postconditioning, associated with inhibited phosphorylation of Akt, protein kinase C-delta, and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and reduced nitric oxide production.
Etomidate Targets α5γ-Aminobutyric Acid Subtype A Receptors to Regulate Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Blockade
Authors: Martin Loren J. , Oh Gabriel H. T. , Orser Beverley A. 
Published: October 2009

Background
The memory-blocking properties of general anesthetics have recently received considerable attention because of concerns related to intraoperative awareness and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The goal of this study was to identify the mechanisms by which gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptors that contain the alpha5 subunit (alpha5GABAARs) induce memory-blockade by etomidate and a pharmacologic strategy to reverse this impairment.

Methods
The effects of etomidate and the alpha5GABAAR-preferring inverse agonist L-655,708 on the plasticity of glutamatergic excitatory transmission in hippocampal slices and behavioral memory for spatial navigational and fear-associated memory tasks were studied in wild-type and null mutant mice for the gene that encodes the alpha5 subunit (Gabra5-/- mice). Long-term potentiation of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials was induced in CA1 pyramidal neurons following high-frequency stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. Memory performance was studied in contextual, cued, and trace fear conditioning assays and the Morris water maze.

Results
Robust synaptic plasticity induced by high-frequency stimulation and memory performance for contextual fear and spatial navigational memory were not influenced by a decrease in the function of alpha5GABAARs. Nevertheless, etomidate, via an increase in alpha5GABAAR activity, completely blocked long-term potentiation and impaired memory performance, and these effects were reversed by pretreatment with L-655,708.

Conclusions
The results provide the first proof of concept that memory blockade by a general anesthetic can be reversed by inhibiting the function of alpha5GABAARs. The findings suggest a mechanism and model for awareness during anesthesia.
Ultrasound Evaluation of the Sacral Area and Comparison of Sacral Interspinous and Hiatal Approach for Caudal Block in Children
Authors: Shin Seo K. , Hong Jeong Yeon , Kim Won Oak , Koo Bon Nyeo , Kim Jee Eun , Kil Hae Keum 
Published: October 2009

Background
Although caudal block via the sacral hiatus is a common regional technique in children, it is sometimes difficult to identify the hiatus. A needle approach via the S2-3 interspace can be used as an alternative to the conventional approach. The authors compared the feasibility and clinical characteristics between the S2-3 approach and hiatal approach, in addition to ultrasound study.

Methods
Sacral space depth, dural sac end level, and caudal space depth were evaluated using ultrasound with high-frequency linear probe in the lateral decubitus position in 317 anesthetized children (study 1). In another 162 children who underwent ambulatory urological surgeries, success rate, drug spread, and clinical characteristics were compared between the hiatal and S2-3 approaches (study 2).

Results
The dural sac end level was S2U (S3M-L5M). The median depth of the sacral space at the S2-3 level was 7.3 mm, whereas the caudal space depth at the hiatus was 2.9 mm. The overall success rate was 96.3% in both groups. The success rates at the first puncture attempt were 96.2% in the S2-3 group and 77.5% in the hiatus group. Drug spread level and clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups.

Conclusions
The S2-3 approach can be applied as a useful fallback method to the conventional landmark approach in children, especially in those older than 36 months who present with difficult identification of the sacral hiatus.
Redistribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow Impacts Thermodilution-based Extravascular Lung Water Measurements in a Model of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Easley R Blaine , Mulreany Daniel G. , Lancaster Christopher T. , Custer Jason W. , Fernandez-Bustamante Ana , Colantuoni Elizabeth , Simon Brett A. 
Published: October 2009

Background
Studies using transthoracic thermodilution have demonstrated increased extravascular lung water (EVLW) measurements attributed to progression of edema and flooding during sepsis and acute lung injury. The authors hypothesized that redistribution of pulmonary blood flow can cause increased apparent EVLW secondary to increased perfusion of thermally silent tissue, not increased lung edema.

Methods
Anesthetized, mechanically ventilated canines were instrumented with PiCCO (Pulsion Medical, Munich, Germany) catheters and underwent lung injury by repetitive saline lavage. Hemodynamic and respiratory physiologic data were recorded. After stabilized lung injury, endotoxin was administered to inactivate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Computed tomographic imaging was performed to quantify in vivo lung volume, total tissue (fluid) and air content, and regional distribution of blood flow.

Results
Lavage injury caused an increase in airway pressures and decreased arterial oxygen content with minimal hemodynamic effects. EVLW and shunt fraction increased after injury and then markedly after endotoxin administration. Computed tomographic measurements quantified an endotoxin-induced increase in pulmonary blood flow to poorly aerated regions with no change in total lung tissue volume.

Conclusions
The abrupt increase in EVLW and shunt fraction after endotoxin administration is consistent with inactivation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and increased perfusion to already flooded lung regions that were previously thermally silent. Computed tomographic studies further demonstrate in vivo alterations in regional blood flow (but not lung water) and account for these alterations in shunt fraction and EVLW.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a hydrolyses indole‐3‐acetonitrile to the plant hormone indole‐3‐acetic acid
Authors: HOWDEN ANDREW J. M. , RICO ARANTZA , MENTLAK THOMAS , MIGUET LAURENT , PRESTON GAIL M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYNitrilase enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of nitrile compounds to the corresponding carboxylic acid and ammonia, and have been identified in plants, bacteria and fungi. There is mounting evidence to support a role for nitrilases in plant–microbe interactions, but the activity of these enzymes in plant pathogenic bacteria remains unexplored. The genomes of the plant pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 contain nitrilase genes with high similarity to characterized bacterial arylacetonitrilases. In this study, we show that the nitrilase of P. syringae pv. syringae B728a is an arylacetonitrilase, which is capable of hydrolysing indole‐3‐acetonitrile to the plant hormone indole‐3‐acetic acid, and allows P. syringae pv. syringae B728a to use indole‐3‐acetonitrile as a nitrogen source. This enzyme may represent an additional mechanism for indole‐3‐acetic acid biosynthesis by P. syringae pv. syringae B728a, or may be used to degrade and assimilate aldoximes and nitriles produced during plant secondary metabolism. Nitrilase activity was not detected in P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, despite the presence of a homologous nitrilase gene. This raises the interesting question of why nitrilase activity has been retained in P. syringae pv. syringae B728a and not in P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
Forage production and plant diversity in two managed rangelands in the Main Ethiopian Rift
Authors: Mohammed Ali Seid , Bekele Tamrat 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the floristic diversity and productivity of managed rangelands in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). The relationships between forage production and plant diversity among four native range sites (i.e. Alagae hay‐field, Alagae woodland, Neteli hay‐field and Neteli woodland) that were different in range condition were examined. The major variables studied include floristic diversity, herbaceous biomass production and range condition assessment. A total of 213 species, representing 143 genera and 40 families, were identified from the study sites. The range conditions ranked from poor to good. Herbaceous biomass production followed a quadratic relationship with range condition. The humpback model was tested and found to be applicable to the MER rangelands. The study results reflect on the need for optimizing productivity and biodiversity conservation and put emphasis on the need for integrating agricultural production and biodiversity conservation interests for the sustainable utilization of rangelands.