bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational inequality: the widening socio‐economic gap
Authors: Machin Stephen , Vignoles Anna 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we consider research on links between higher education and family background, focusing particularly on the experiences of two cohorts of individuals born in 1958 and 1970. The findings point to a rise in educational inequality during the period relevant to these two cohorts. Specifically, links between educational achievement and parental income / social class strengthened during this period. Furthermore, a person's actual (measured) ability became a poorer predictor of whether they would get a degree than was previously the case. The expansion of higher education in the UK during this period appears to have disproportionately benefited children from richer families rather than the most able. Furthermore, the labour market success or failure of individuals became more closely connected to their parents' income, revealing a fall in the extent of intergenerational mobility over time.
Data and Measurement Issues in the Analysis of Health Disparities
Authors: Bilheimer Linda T. , Klein Richard J. 
Published: August 2010

Objective. To describe measurement challenges and strategies in identifying and analyzing health disparities and inequities.Methods. We discuss the limitations of existing data sources for measuring health disparities and inequities, describe current strategies to address those limitations, and explore the potential of emerging strategies.Principal Findings. Larger national sample sizes are necessary to identify disparities for major population subgroups. Collecting self‐reported race and granular ethnicity data may reduce some measurement errors, but it raises other methodological questions. The assessment of health inequities presents particular challenges, requiring analysis of the interactive effects of multiple determinants of health. Indirect estimation and modeling methods are likely to be important tools for estimating health disparities and inequities for the foreseeable future.Conclusions. Interdisciplinary training and collaborative research models will be essential for future disparities research. Evaluation of evolving methodologies for assessing health disparities should be a priority for health services researchers in the next decade.
The Electrical Theory of Dyeing
Authors: HARRISON W. 
Published: August 2010

The theoretical ideas of Neale and Crank are criticised, and their estimates of the specific surface of cellulose are shown to be too high. The surface of contact between water and cellulose is regarded as an electrical condenser, the water possessing a positive charge and the cellulose being negatively charged. An estimate, based on the contact potential, of the number of hydroxyl groups per unit surface of the cellulose corresponds with that to be expected from molecular models.The author's theory of the aggregation of direct dyes in the pores of cellulose is supported by experimental work on the dyeing of stretched and unstrotched fibres in the presence of increasing concentrations of Sapamine V, and it is shown that such aggregation may be aceoimted for by hydrogen–bond formation.
The Efficient Use of Steam and Water in the Continuous Dyeing and Printing of Carpets
Authors: DAWSON T. L. , DUNKERLEY K. 
Published: August 2010

All continuous coloration processes for carpet fibres are based on the sequence:Impregnate→Steam fix→Wash‐offAlthough process optimization may be achieved at the dye‐application stage, lack of attention to the second and third stages may result in poor reproducibility (from laboratory to the bulk scale and from batch to batch), an increase in second quality material, and a wastage of water and energy.The steam fixation and washing‐off stages have been studied under laboratory conditions to define the compromise between ideal and practically realisable conditions. Variations in steam quality (temperature, air content, degree of turbulence, presence of free water, etc.) are shown to have a profound effect on dye fixation. Subsequent treatments with water of varying efficiency affect, in turn, the handle, appearance and level of wet fastness of the finished carpet.Investigation of steaming and washing‐off conditions used in practice show that these are often far from ideal, partly owing to the design of the equipment and partly due to the lack of sufficiently precise controls leading to an excessive use of both steam and water. Modifications tending to improve process conditions are suggested and where these are not feasible under local circumstances, the effect of dye and auxiliary product selection to minimize the above problems are discussed.
Transport Phenomena in Textile Finishing Equipment
Authors: Wassink J Groot 
Published: August 2010

Presented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 21 September 1984.The application of transport phenomena to textile finishing processes is emphasised. By combination of the predominant transfer processes (momentum, mass and heat/mass transfer) and the engineering objective (operation, design and innovation), three cases are selected dealing with (a) momentum transfer and operation of a rotating washing machine, (b) mass transfer and design of an open‐width washing machine and (c) heat/mass transfer in connection with the innovation of porous roller dryers.
Changes in the expression of integrins and basement membrane proteins in benign mucous membrane pemphigoid
Authors: Jones J , Downer CS , Speight PM 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To determine the location of the subepi‐thelial split in benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) and its relationship to the anchoring filaments and their receptors.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Frozen sections of lesional and perilesional oral mucosa from 10 cases of BMMP were stained, using an immunofluorescence method, for the β1, β4, α3 and α6 integrin subunits and for their ligands, laminin I and laminin V (kalinin). In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of linear staining for IgG at the basement membrane zone. Six specimens of normal mucosa were stained for comparison.RESULTS Staining for integrins, laminin and kalinin in perilesional mucosa was similar to normals, although one case showed loss of α6 and β4. In lesional mucosa, laminin and kalinin showed strong linear staining localised to the floor of the bullae. The α6 and β4 subunits were expressed only on the roof of the bullae but staining was weak and patchy with areas of loss. In some sections a6 showed a punctate intracellular distribution similar to IgG. The distribution of α3 and β1 was similar to that seen in normals.CONCLUSIONS: In all cases kalinin was found on the connective tissue side of the lesions and α6β4 localised to the epithelial side. This shows that the split occurs at a location which separates anchoring filaments from the hemidesmosomes. Loss of the α6β4 integrin in the lesions and the similar intracellular staining of α6 and IgG, suggest that disruption of hemidesmosomes may be a key event in the immunopathogenesis of the lesions and that the α6 integrin subunit is a potential antigen in oral mucosal BMMP.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of TGF‐β and extracellular matrix proteins expression in rat squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Poulopoulos AK , Kayavis IG , Papanayotou P 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to establish a possible association between the degree of differentiation of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) derived from rat oral tissues treated in vivo with the carcinogen 4NQO, and the expression of TGF‐β on epithelial cells and the distribution of extracellular matrix proteins (laminin‐collagen type IV).MATERIALS AND METHODS: A parent tumour showing a spectrum of differentiation was used to establish clonal subpopulations that formed differentiated SCC and undifferentiated (spindle cell phenotype) tumours following transplantation to athymic mice.RESULTS tmmunohistological findings revealed the absence of TGF‐β staining on epithelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins in spindle cell tumours. In contrast, staining of SCC revealed a significant number of TGF‐β positive cells and the presence of extracellular matrix proteins.CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested that there is a positive correlation between histological differentiation, TGF‐β expression and the elaboration of extracellular matrix proteins.
Hydrolytic and depolymerising enzyme activity of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens
Authors: Stubbs S , Lewis MAO , Waddington RJ , Embery G 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Prevotella intermedia has been reported to be associated with periodontal disease whilst P. nigrescens has predominantly been isolated from more specific conditions and healthy sites. The aim of the present study was to compare the enzyme activity of these species.MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine strains of P. intermedio and 12 strains of P. nigrescens were studied. Lipolytic. saccharolytic, nucleolytic and proteolytic activity was determined by traditional microbiological and chromo‐genic substrate methods.RESULTS: All strains hydrolysed gelatine, casein. DNA and RNA. Lipase activity was produced by all strains except P. nigrescens ATCC 33563T. Lipolytic activity of P. nigrescens strains decreased as the environmental glucose concentration was increased. Only two strains, both P. intermedia, hydrolysed benzyl‐arg‐p‐nitroanilide. All strains hydrolysed alkaline pnitrophenolphosphate (except P. intermedia DAL 100). produced glycylprolyl dipeptidase activity and demonstrated elastase‐like activity. All but three strains (2 P. intermedia and I P. nigrescens) hydrolysed suc‐ala‐ala‐pro‐phe‐p‐nitroanilide. Overall, no qualitatively analysed enzyme activity was exclusive to all strains of either species. Quantitatively analysed activity exhibited a high degree of variability both within and between species.CONCLUSIONS: P. intermedia and P. nigrescens degrade natural and synthetic substrates, but intra‐ and interspec‐ies activity is variable.
Cellular immune correlates of clinical severity in oral lichen planus: preliminary association with mood states
Authors: Chiappelli F. , Kung MA , Nguyen P. , Villanueva P. , Farhadian E Arash , Eversole LR 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: We investigated cellular immune and psycho‐immune dysfunctions in patients with erosive and non‐erosive oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions.METHODS: Patients with erosive or non‐erosive OLP were screened at the UCLA Dental Clinic. The profile of mood states (POMS) was administered. T lymphocyte subpopulations were monitored by dual fluorescence. T lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for assessment of markers of activation by flow cytometry and of interleukin (IL)‐2 production by ELISA.Plasma cortisol and neopterin levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay.RESULTS: Circulating T cells that express the cluster of differentiation no.4 (CD4+) but devoid of the CD45RA marker, and POMS score were significantly associated (r= 0.83, P < 0.05) in the patients we studied. We found a significantly higher (P < 0.05) per cent and absolute lymphocyte numbers of circulating CD4+CD45RA cells in the OLP patients with erosive lesions, compared to OLP patients with non‐erosive lesions. The ratio of CD4+ CD45RA+ over CD4+CD45RA cells was significantly (P < 0.05) biased toward the CD4+CD45RA subpopulation in OLP patients with erosive lesions (ratio = 0.19 ± 0.09) compared to patients with non‐erosive OLP lesions (ratio = 0.47 ± 0.15). The expression of CD54, but not that of CD69, was significantly blunted (P < 0.05) in OLP patients following CD3+ cell stimulation. IL‐2 production and plasma neopterin were normal in these patients. There was no correlation between plasma cortisol and T cell populationS. CONCLUSIONS: We find fine differences in psycho‐immune interactions between patients afflicted with non‐erosive OLP lesions compared to those with erosive OLP lesions.
The relationship between E‐cadherin expression, clinical stage and tumour differentiation in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yamada K. , Jordan R. , Mori M. , Speight PM 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the expression of E‐cadherin, a calcium‐dependent cell adhesion molecule, in a retrospective analysis of paraffin embedded tissue specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma and relationship with the clinical TNM stage and histochemical differentiation. DESIGN: Paraffin embedded tissue sections of normal oral mucosa (n= 6), oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC,n= 18) and metastatic lymph nodes (n= 2) were immunostained by a three‐stage streptoavidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal antibody. The TNM staging and histochemical grading were done according to the standard criteria.RESULTS: Normal oral epithelium showed a strongly positive pericellular distribution of E‐cadherin in basal, parabasal and spinous layers and no staining was observed in the parakeratinized and cornified layerS. In well differentiated SCCs, the centrally located cells in tumour islands showed no staining, but peripheral basally located tumour cells showed positive staining. Poorly differentiated SCCs were devoid of staining. In moderately differentiated SCCs, the staining pattern was found to be one of the following three types: (1) a pattern similar to that of well differentiated SCC; (2) central cells of tumour aggregates were reactive but peripheral cells showed weak to negative reaction; and (3) all cells showed a negative reaction, resembling the poorly differentiated SCC.Fischer exact test showed a statistically significant correlation with loss of E‐cadherin and grades of tumour differentiation as well as an advancing T and N stage.CONCLUSION: The loss of E‐cadherin may correlate with advancing T and N stages of the tumour and a poor tumour cell differentiation in oral squamous cell carcinomas.
Osseointegration in implant‐embedded mandible in rats fed calcium‐deficient diet: a radiological study
Authors: Nasu M , Amano Y , Kurita A , Yosue T 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate osseointegration using radiographs of titanium (Ti) implants into the osteoporotic mandible of rats.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were divided into three groups: first group, which were fed a standard diet throughout (control group), second group which were fed a Ca‐deficient diet for only I week before implantation (group A), and those which were fed the Ca‐deficient diet before and after implantation (group B). On the 7th and 42nd days after implantation, bone changes in those rats were examined by microradio‐graphs and autoradiographs.RESULTS: On the 7th day after implantation, calcification of newly formed bones was lower in groups A and B than in the control group, 4SCa uptake was seen in surrounding bones adjacent to the implant, as well as throughout the mandible. On the 42nd day after implantation, trabecular bone in group A showed radiopacity as seen in the control group. In the alveolar crest and peri‐implanted bones in group B, thin bone formation with active 4SCa incorporation was found.CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that irrespective of the calcium deficiency status in rats, trabecular bones around the implant are restored to a healthy state to some extent by resuming an intake of a necessary amount of dietary calcium. In continued calcium deficiency, osseointegration with the implant and alveolar bone was still observed as in the healthy rats suggesting calcium deficiency is not always a factor to regulate osseointegration of mandibular endosseous implants.
Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the mouth: report of six cases and literature review
Authors: de Courten A. , Küffer R. , Samson J. , Lombardi T. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Oral intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is an uncommon, reactive vascular lesion with no specific clinical featureS. Microscopically two subtypes have been described: a pure and a mixed form. The importance of IPEH is in its resemblance to angiosarcoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate both the prevalence of IPEH in a consecutive series of oral vascular malformations and the clinico‐pathological features.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Histological sections of 103 consecutive cases filed as vascular malformations were reviewed for histopathological criteria of IPEH.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We found six cases of oral IPEH, of which three were diagnosed previously. Five of these cases were in males, and the mean age was 58 yearS. It was usually described as a blue or reddish nodule. The lower lip mucosa was the most common site followed by the tongue and the upper lip. Histologically, thrombi were always present and five out of the six lesions appeared in a mixed form, while only one was in a pure form. Three cases were diagnosed at an early stage and in the other three, the lesions were well‐established. In this series, IPEH associated with vascular malformation was more common than reported in previous studieS. Lesions at early stages, especially in the mixed form, may be unnoticed.
The management of oral lichen planus
Authors: Carrozzo M , Gandolfo S 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature regarding the medical treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP). DATA SOURCES: PubMed on‐line Medline data searches were carried out for the years 1966–1998 to identify reports on therapy of OLP.METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Single case reports or open trials were included if they covered new therapeutic approaches or suggested significant modifications of known treatment modalities. Review papers were limited to those dealing with the topic.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Every paper was critically examined. Because of the great heterogeneity of the response criteria, many data could not be directly compared. Stronger weight was given to therapies that have proven to be effective under placebo‐controlled research protocols. Attention was also drawn to potential and effective adverse effects of every drug used.CONCLUSIONS: Among the various medications advocated for the treatment of OLP, several lack conclusive findings from adequately controlled trials. Mainly high‐potency topical corticosteroids in an adhesive medium appear at present the safest and most efficacious. Adjuvant agents as antimycotics may be useful in topical steroid treatment. Systemic corticosteroids may be occasionally indicated for severe recalcitrant erosive OLP or for diffuse mucocutaneous involvement. Topical cyclo‐sporine should be considered in steroid‐unresponsive cases considering that its efficacy in OLP could be related to a systemic effect and its high cost. Classical PUVA therapy seems to have too many side effects; topical application of psoralen is promising but still experimental. Topically and systemically delivered retinoids combined with topical corticosteroids could improve the efficacy of these agents whereas complete remission is difficult to achieve with retinoids alone and they frequently cause adverse effects. Finally, there are only few data concerning the long‐term effect of the medical treatments upon the course of OLP and we do not know if therapy influences the malignant evolution of OLP.
Cytokine mRNA expression in the labial salivary glands of healthy volunteers
Authors: Brennan MT , Fox PC 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To examine the cytokine profile in minor salivary glands of healthy volunteers and examine differential cytokine production from acinar and ductal tissueS. STUDY DESIGN: Acinar and ductal elements were isolated by a cell‐specific micro‐dissection technique from frozen 8 μm sections of minor salivary glands from healthy volunteerS. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Southern hybridization using 32P‐labeled cytokine gene‐specific probes were utilized to detect cytokine mRNA.mRNA transcripts for the Th1 cytokines (IL‐2, TNF‐alpha, and IFN‐gamma), Th2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐10), TGF‐beta, actin, and CD3δ were analyzed in acini, ducts and total tissue sections of minor salivary glands of six healthy controls.RESULTS: Actin, TGFβ and TNFα was present in 6/6 acinar, 6/6 ductal, and 6/6 total section sampleS. IFNγ was present in 2/6 acinar, 3/6 ductal, and 6/6 total sampleS. IL‐2 was found in 3/6 acinar, 3/6 ductal and 5/6 total sectionS. IL‐6 was found in 1/6 acinar, 0/6 ductal, and 5/6 total sectionS. IL‐10 was found in 3/6 acinar, 3/6 ductal, and 5/6 total sectionS. IL‐4 was present in 0/6 acinar, 0/6 ductal and 1/6 total sampleS. CD3δ was present in 6/6 acinar, 5/6 ductal and 6/6 total sections.CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate abundant expression of cytokines in healthy minor salivary glands. The production of these cytokines in healthy tissues demonstrates a likely role of supporting normal cellular function.
Dental extractions and radiotherapy in head and neck oncology: review of the literature
Authors: Koga DH , Salvajoli JV , Alves FA 
Published: August 2010

Management of irradiated patients with cancer in the head and neck region represents a challenge for multidisciplinary teams. Radiotherapy promotes cellular and vascular decrease that results in a low response rate in the healing. Consequently, surgical procedures in irradiated tissues present high rates of complication. Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is the most severe sequelae caused by radiotherapy. It is associated with previous extractions especially those carried out post‐irradiation. The management of this side effect is difficult and can result in bone or soft tissue loss, affecting the quality of life.The literature regarding dental extractions performed before and after head and neck radiotherapy was evaluated, focusing on indications, criteria, surgical techniques and adjunctive therapies such as antibiotics and hyperbaric oxygen.Osteoradionecrosis can be minimized by oral evaluation and care prior to irradiation and healing time which allows tissue repair until the commencement of radiotherapy. In dental extractions realized after irradiation, minimal trauma, alveolectomy, primary alveolar closure and adjunctive therapies are recommended.Patients must be evaluated before radiation therapy and at that time all unrestorable teeth and/or teeth with periodontal problems must be extracted to reduce the post‐radiotherapy exodontias that contribute to ORN. Once dental extractions become unavoidable after irradiation, additional care is needed.
The Role of Complete Overdentures in Esthetic Rehabilitation of the Adolescent Oligodontia Patient. A Case Report
Authors: THALJI GHADEER N. , COOPER LYNDON F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStatement of the Problem:  Dental agenesis is a common developmental anomaly among human populations. It presents with varying degrees of severity. Oligodontia present in the permanent dentition may have significant esthetic, psychosocial, as well as functional implications.Case Presentation:  A case of oligodontia in an adolescent patient treated with conventional overdentures is presented in this article. A thorough medical and dental history were taken. Comprehensive clinical and radiographic examinations were made. Diagnostic casts were mounted. The prosthetic denture teeth were set and followed by esthetic and phonetic evaluation. Following approval by the patient, the overdentures were processed in heat cure resin using the conventional techniques.Results:  Good esthetic results were achieved. Patient was satisfied with the final prostheses.Conclusion:  Simple prosthodontic solutions can be utilized to aid patients with dental agenesis. These have great implications for the patient's self image.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEOligodontias are common. The literature frequently addresses esthetic rehabilitation using fixed prostheses and dental implants. This case report illustrates the value of removable prosthodontic procedures as one approach to fulfilling the requirements of esthetic rehabilitation of a young oligodontia patient.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:213–222, 2010)