bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why the IOM recommendations for vitamin D are deficient
Authors: Heaney Robert P , Holick Michael F 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The IOM recommendations for vitamin D fail in a major way on logic, on science, and on effective public health guidance. Moreover, by failing to use a physiological referent, the IOM approach constitutes precisely the wrong model for development of nutritional policy. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Identification of homogeneous genetic architecture of multiple genetically correlated traits by block clustering of genome-wide associations
Authors: Gupta Mayetri , Cheung Ching-Lung , Hsu Yi-Hsiang , Demissie Serkalem , Cupples L Adrienne , Kiel Douglas P , Karasik David 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using high-density genotyping platforms offer an unbiased strategy to identify new candidate genes for osteoporosis. It is imperative to be able to clearly distinguish signal from noise by focusing on the best phenotype in a genetic study. We performed GWAS of multiple phenotypes associated with fractures [bone mineral density (BMD), bone quantitative ultrasound (QUS), bone geometry, and muscle mass] with approximately 433,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and created a database of resulting associations. We performed analysis of GWAS data from 23 phenotypes by a novel modification of a block clustering algorithm followed by gene-set enrichment analysis. A data matrix of standardized regression coefficients was partitioned along both axes—SNPs and phenotypes. Each partition represents a distinct cluster of SNPs that have similar effects over a particular set of phenotypes. Application of this method to our data shows several SNP-phenotype connections. We found a strong cluster of association coefficients of high magnitude for 10 traits (BMD at several skeletal sites, ultrasound measures, cross-sectional bone area, and section modulus of femoral neck and shaft). These clustered traits were highly genetically correlated. Gene-set enrichment analyses indicated the augmentation of genes that cluster with the 10 osteoporosis-related traits in pathways such as aldosterone signaling in epithelial cells, role of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes in rheumatoid arthritis, and Parkinson signaling. In addition to several known candidate genes, we also identified PRKCH and SCNN1B as potential candidate genes for multiple bone traits. In conclusion, our mining of GWAS results revealed the similarity of association results between bone strength phenotypes that may be attributed to pleiotropic effects of genes. This knowledge may prove helpful in identifying novel genes and pathways that underlie several correlated phenotypes, as well as in deciphering genetic and phenotypic modularity underlying osteoporosis risk. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The great escape: World War II, neo‐Freudianism, and the origins of U.S. psychocultural analysis
Authors: Gitre Edward J. K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPsychocultural analysis stands as a signal accomplishment of the 1930s U.S. assimilation of European refugee‐intellectuals. Scholars in the U.S. had been moving toward a kind of psychocultural analysis well in advance of the Great Migration—the U.S. was not an intellectual vacuum or wasteland—nevertheless, it was through their interdisciplinary collaboration, fueled by the specter of war, that these international peers stimulated one of the most wide‐ranging, dynamic, and productive exchanges of ideas of the century. Through the lens of Erich Fromm'sEscape from Freedom, this article explores psychoculturalism's emergence in the interstices between cultures, nations, ideas, and disciplines—between Europeans and Americans, psychoanalysts and social scientists. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The end of drugging children: Toward the genealogy of the ADHD subject
Authors: Comstock Edward J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis genealogy of the ADHD subject will demonstrate that over the course of the twentieth century a new relation between power, knowledge, the body, and ethical practices of self‐formation emerged around the ADHD‐type in ways that are not captured by the received critical perspective. By examining the history of knowledge and practices surrounding the ADHD‐type, this work will argue that the deviant subject that was located relative to external institutional moral/juridical values or standards is replaced over the course of the century by a new intelligibility of rational self‐management. A further analysis of this emergent intelligibility attempts to advance the critical understanding of the increasingly prevalent ADHD phenomenon by showing how novel drug and brain imaging technologies work to link behaviors to identity, establishing new relations of power to the subject not captured by the received medicalization perspective. This work will be of interest to anybody interested in the relations among knowledge, drugs, power, and the ADHD subject. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Euclidean model of measurement in Fechner's psychophysics
Authors: Zudini Verena 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHistorians acknowledge Euclid and Fechner, respectively, as the founders of classical geometry and classical psychophysics. At all times, their ideas have been reference points and have shared the same destiny of being criticized, corrected, and even radically rejected, in their theoretical and methodological aspects and in their epistemological value. According to a model of measurement of magnitudes which goes back to Euclid, Fechner (1860) developed a theory for psychical magnitudes that opened a lively debate among numerous scholars. Fechner's attempt to apply the model proposed by Euclid to subjective sensation magnitudes—and the debate that followed—generated ideas and concepts that were destined to have rich developments in the psychological and (more generally) scientific field of the twentieth century and that still animate current psychophysics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristic 20th and 21st century precipitation and temperature patterns and changes over the Greater Horn of Africa
Authors: Anyah Richard O. , Qiu Weini 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCharacteristic patterns and changes in precipitation and temperature over the Greater Horn of Africa during the 20th and 21st century are analysed based on a sample of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 3 (CMIP3) models output. Analysis of the 11 CMIP3 models indicates that the equatorial eastern Africa region (including the entire Greater Horn of Africa (GHA)) have been experiencing a significant increase in temperature beginning in the early 1980s, in both A1B and A2 scenarios. All the Atmosphere Ocean Global Circulation Models (AOGCMs) analysed represent the correct mean annual cycle of precipitation, but there is a fairly large spread among the models in capturing the dominant bimodal peaks. In particular, all the models tend to overestimate the peak of the October–November–December (OND) season, while at the same time the peak of the March–April–May (MAM) season tends to be centered on May in the models instead of April as observed. The projected changes and probability distribution of minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperatures over the GHA sub‐region based on PDFs constructed from daily values showed very diverse distributions for the present (1981–2000) and future (2046–2065; 2081–2100) periods. Whereas in the reference (1981–2000) the probability distribution functions (PDFs) constructed for both Tmin and Tmax, and during all the seasons had a near normal (but narrow) distribution, those of the future periods were quite diverse but generally very elongated, with significant shifts toward the positive tail. This generally implies that there is consensus among models and the ensemble mean about high likelihood of increase in extreme warmer Tmin and Tmax (more so Tmin) in the future over the GHA region. Our results also show significant increase in the number of days with Tmin and Tmax greater the 2 °C (above 1981–2000 average) by the middle as well as the end of 21st century in both the A1B and A1 scenarios. This is especially so during the June, July, and August (JJA) season where all the 92 days of the season indicate projected minimum temperature to increase by more than 2 °C above the 1981–2000 average by the end of 21st century in both scenarios. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A spatio‐temporal structure‐based approach to drought characterisation
Authors: Lloyd‐Hughes Benjamin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDrought characterisation is an intrinsically spatio‐temporal problem. A limitation of previous approaches to characterisation is that they discard much of the spatio‐temporal information by reducing events to a lower‐order subspace. To address this, an explicit 3‐dimensional (longitude, latitude, time) structure‐based method is described in which drought events are defined by a spatially and temporarily coherent set of points displaying standardised precipitation below a given threshold. Geometric methods can then be used to measure similarity between individual drought structures. Groupings of these similarities provide an alternative to traditional methods for extracting recurrent space‐time signals from geophysical data. The explicit consideration of structure encourages the construction of summary statistics which relate to the event geometry. Example measures considered are the event volume, centroid, and aspect ratio. The utility of a 3‐dimensional approach is demonstrated by application to the analysis of European droughts (15°W to 35°E, and 35°N to 70°N) for the period 1901–2006. Large‐scale structure is found to be abundant with 75 events identified lasting for more than 3 months and spanning at least 0.5 × 106 km2. Near‐complete dissimilarity is seen between the individual drought structures, and little or no regularity is found in the time evolution of even the most spatially similar drought events. The spatial distribution of the event centroids and the time evolution of the geographic cross‐sectional areas strongly suggest that large area, sustained droughts result from the combination of multiple small area (∼106 km2) short duration (∼3 months) events. The small events are not found to occur independently in space. This leads to the hypothesis that local water feedbacks play an important role in the aggregation process. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Statistical downscaling with Bayesian inference: Estimating global solar radiation from reanalysis and limited observed data
Authors: Iizumi Toshichika , Nishimori Motoki , Yokozawa Masayuki , Kotera Akihiko , Duy Khang Nguyen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDaily global solar radiation (SR) is one of essential weather inputs for crop, hydrological, and other simulation models to calculate biomass production and potential evapotranspiration. The availability of long‐term observed SR data is, however, limited, especially in developing countries. This hinders climate applications in various sectors in these countries. To overcome this difficulty, we here propose a method to infer the reasonable daily SR condition for past decades from global reanalysis and limited observed SR data. The method consists of the regression‐based statistical downscaling method and two empirical models for estimating the SR condition (i.e. the S‐model and the DTR/RH‐model). These empirical models were independent in terms of the variables explaining the SR condition. The regression models were trained on the basis of the SR conditions estimated by the S‐model and the DTR/RH‐model instead of the observed SR data. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique was applied to determine the parameter values of these models that guide the models to provide SR conditions that are close in value to each other at both the site and domain‐mean scales. After that, we computed the SR condition over the 30 years from 1978 through 2007 at 17 sites in the Vietnam Mekong Delta area using the determined parameter values. The inferred SR condition was close in value to the corresponding observations available from the literature. This suggests that the proposed method yielded a reasonable inference of the SR condition at the sites despite the limited availability of observed SR data. The provided estimates of the daily SR condition over the past 30 years are useful for climate applications in agricultural, hydrological, and other sectors in this area. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Statistical analysis of the relationship between summer monsoon precipitation extremes and foodgrain yield over India
Authors: Revadekar J. V. , Preethi B. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Indian economy largely depends on agriculture which is highly influenced by the spatio‐temporal variability of precipitation. Kharif and rabi are the two main crop‐growing seasons which require major proportion of rainfall. Increase in heavy precipitation events, however, can have adverse effects on the crops. This study, therefore, is mainly focused on understanding the variation of extremes in precipitation during summer monsoon season and its impact on kharif foodgrain yield over India. For this, several objectively defined indices of observed precipitation extremes, in terms of frequencies and intensities, have been computed for the period 1951–2003 using daily gridded data of 1° latitude × 1° longitude resolution. Efforts have also been made to prepare the climatology of extremes in precipitation (1961–1990) to determine their basic characteristics over the Indian region.Correlation analysis reveals that a large part of the country exhibits positive relationship between kharif foodgrain yield and the indices of extreme precipitation, significant at 5% level. Correlations with the indices of frequencies defined as seasonal count of days when rainfall exceeds 85th, 75th, and 65th percentiles (and 30, 20, and 10 mm) show that spatial extent and strength of the positive relationship decreases with increase in threshold values. This indicates that very heavy daily rainfall is less useful than the moderate daily rainfall. Strong negative relationship between the yield and indices of extreme precipitation observed over heavy precipitation areas of northeastern parts of the country indicate that very heavy daily rainfall have an adverse effect on crop. The study also points out that increase in heavy rainfall activities during July are favourable for the yield, but correlations become weak and statistically insignificant during the month of August. Individual crops show similar results as that obtained from aggregate kharif foodgrain, however, magnitude of the correlations varies from crop to crop. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Changing patterns of heavy rainfall in upland areas: a case study from northern England
Authors: Burt T. P. , Ferranti E. J. S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThere has recently been a widespread shift in the pattern of UK rainfall towards more heavy falls of rain in winter and fewer in summer. Here, this change is examined in the context of orographic enhancement for a transect of rain gauges running across northern England from coast to coast and including both the Lake District and Pennine uplands. Gauges have been selected where very long records of daily rainfall exist; where data are missing, these have been infilled using data from nearby gauges. The very long records for Armagh and Durham are also included to provide additional context in time and space. For the upland gauges, the increase in total winter rainfall in recent decades and the simultaneous decrease in total summer rainfall are reflected in the number of heavy falls of rain, as defined using two threshold indices. The 1990s saw record numbers of heavy falls in winter and an almost complete absence of heavy summer rainfall in the uplands, in marked contrast to lowland gauges. Comparison of the rainfall record with the Lamb Weather Catalogue suggests that increased winter rainfall is related to an increase in the rainfall provided by westerly weather types. Decreased summer rainfall is related to a reduction in rainfall associated with cyclonic weather types. The results presented here underline the value of long‐term monitoring and the maintenance of records from key historic sites. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Warm season streamflow variability in the Korean Han River Basin: Links with atmospheric teleconnections
Authors: Kim Jong‐Suk , Jain Shaleen , Yoon Sun‐Kwon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWarm season (June–September) hydroclimatology is a key determinant of freshwater supplies in the Korean Peninsula. In the Han River Basin, nearly three‐fourths of annual discharge occurs during the warm season. Given the increased reliance on water supplies for numerous human and ecosystem functions, an integrated view of water supplies within the context of the regional hydroclimate will aid efforts to achieve water resources sustainability. To that end, this diagnostic study investigates several key aspects of the Han River hydrologic regime: (i) the warm season hydroclimatology; (ii) understanding the relative contribution of typhoon and non‐typhoon precipitation events to warm season streamflow; and (iii) relationships with large‐scale atmospheric teleconnections patterns and the implied seasonal predictability. Statistical analysis of modelled unimpaired streamflow indicates that the East Atlantic‐Western Russia (EA–WR) teleconnection pattern modulates the Han River streamflow during the warm season. Furthermore, a linear modelling approach using the EA–WR and East Atlantic (EA) teleconnection indices offers a useful empirical framework for understanding the systematic shifts in streamflow probability distributions. Based on these results, potential use of this information for multi‐objective water resources management, environmental flow prescriptions, proactive use of seasonal forecasts, and some open questions are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Quantitative hail monitoring in an alpine area: 35‐year climatology and links with atmospheric variables
Authors: Eccel Emanuele , Cau Piero , Riemann‐Campe Kathrin , Biasioli Franco 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHail climatology is usually weakly known and unsatisfactorily standardised in measurement techniques. Trentino, in the Italian Alps, boasts a 271‐hailpad network operated since 1974, covering nearly the whole of the regional agricultural area. Many hail indices, concerning both extensive and energetic features of hailstorms, were investigated in a 35‐year period, seeking for climatic trends. The results show that, despite a slight, non‐significant trend of decrease in the number of events and in the hit surfaces, most energetic indices, which are directly correlated to the damage to crops, have increased in the period, some at considerable rates. Particularly, indices referring to extreme values show the clearest trends. The correlation with atmospheric variables from ECMWF's reanalysis (ERA‐40) was considered. Data were processed at six gridpoints, to calculate three instability‐related indices. Other ten variables were considered, either integrated over the atmospheric column or at separate atmospheric levels. Correlations between seasonally averaged single atmospheric predictors and hail indices show a varied record of cases, where only some pairs of atmospheric predictors and hail indices give positive results. Statistical links were also sought using a multivariate method involving principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square regression (PSLR) techniques. Despite the more general approach allowed by these methods, only some hail indices respond to the attempt of setting up satisfactory statistical models. The principal‐component predictors are built with many atmospheric variables, warning against a simplified use of correlations of some hail indices with few atmospheric predictors. Particularly, it is shown that the number of events is not a useful index for assessing general climatic features of hailstorms, and that the use of one instability index alone—like convective available potential energy (CAPE)—does not allow a thorough description of the links between atmospheric precursors of hail and its real occurrence. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatiotemporal structures of the intraseasonal oscillations of precipitation over northern Eurasia during summer
Authors: Fukutomi Yoshiki , Masuda Kooiti , Yasunari Tetsuzo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis study identifies intraseasonal oscillations in summer precipitation over northern Eurasia using multi‐channel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) and a gridded daily precipitation data set for northern Eurasia. The analysis period is June–August of 1979–2002. Empirical orthogonal function analysis was first performed on 8‐day low‐pass‐filtered precipitation anomalies at 2.5° grid resolution for northern Eurasia; MSSA was then carried out on the ten leading principal components (PCs). Three quasi‐periodic oscillations with timescales of 45, 15, and 9 days were identified. The spatiotemporal structures of precipitation oscillations were defined by composite analysis based on the reconstructed time series of the spatiotemporal PCs obtained from the MSSA. The composite life cycle of each mode was classified into eight phase categories. The 45‐day oscillation is characterised by a slow eastward progression of a broad east/west contrastive pattern which is associated with a replacement of elongated dry and wet zones across northern Eurasia. The 15‐day oscillation shows a regular eastward phase propagation of precipitation anomalies with a tripole structure across the domain. The eastward displacement of dry and wet zones occurs in association with this oscillation. Spatiotemporal behaviours of the precipitation anomalies associated with the 9‐day oscillation are similar to those of the 15‐day oscillation, but the spatial scale of this oscillation is somewhat smaller. To explore the connections between the oscillations of precipitation and large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns, a similar composite method was applied to 300‐hPa geopotential height anomalies over the Northern Hemisphere. The circulation patterns responsible for the 45‐day oscillation are characterised by a wave train extending across the northeastern Atlantic/northern Eurasian sector. The wave train, with zonal wavenumbers of 3–4, indicates slow eastward moving and quasi‐stationary features. The circulation patterns linked to the 15‐day oscillation exhibit an eastward propagating wave train extending from northeastern Europe into the North Pacific/North American sector. In spatial scale, this wave train has zonal wavenumbers of 5–6. The wave trains associated with the 9‐ and 15‐day oscillations have similar behaviour patterns over northern Eurasian. However, the 9‐day wave train has a comparatively smaller spatial scale with zonal wavenumbers of 6–7. Therefore, the intraseasonal oscillations of precipitation are connected to the well‐organised wave trains that extend from the Euro‐Atlantic region to northern Eurasia, suggesting that the oscillation on each intraseasonal time scale must be produced by propagation of the corresponding wave train. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society