bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convective Momentum Transport in a Simple Multicloud Model for Organized Convection
Authors: Khouider Boualem , Han Ying , Biello Joseph A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Convective momentum transport (CMT) is the process of vertical transport of horizontal momentum by convection onto the environmental flow. The significance of CMT from mesoscale to synoptic- and planetary-scale organized cumulus convection has been established by various theoretical and observational studies. A new strategy mimicking the effect of unresolved mesoscale circulation based on the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation with a Gaussian profile to redistribute the heating due to parameterized cumulus convection at the subgrid scale is adopted here to construct a CMT parameterization for general circulation models (GCMs). Two main regimes of CMT are considered: an upscale squall-line regime and a downscale non-squall-line regime. An exponential probability distribution is used to select which of these two effects is active, conditional on the state of the large-scale shear. The shear itself is used as a measure of the persistence of mesoscale organized circulation due to the presence or not of tilted deep convective heating with lagged stratiform anvils. The CMT model is tested in the simple case of the multicloud model of Khouider and Majda, used here as a toy GCM. Numerical simulations are performed here for the simple case without rotation, in a parameter regime where the multicloud model exhibits packets of convectively coupled gravity waves moving in one direction, at 17 m s−1, and planetary-scale wave envelopes moving in the opposite direction, at 4–6 m s−1, reminiscent of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the associated embedded synoptic-scale superclusters. The results herein show that the inclusion of CMT intensifies both the synoptic-scale convectively coupled waves and the manifestation of planetary-scale waves in the multicloud model. This provides evidence that the present CMT model captures the essence of the physical mechanism through which kinetic energy is transferred from the subgrid-scale mesoscale circulation to the large-scale/resolved motion. Sensitivity simulations showed that two key parameters for the CMT parameterization are the relative strength of the parameterized stratiform anvils and the dimensional threshold used in the exponential distribution for the cumulus friction and the upscale CMT forcing resulting from organized subgrid mesoscale circulation.
On Challenges in Predicting Bottom Water Transport in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Saenko Oleg A. , Gupta Alex Sen , Spence Paul 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Changes in the Southern Ocean lower-limb overturning circulation are analyzed using a set of climate models. In agreement with some recently developed theoretical models, it is found that the overturning can be strongly affected by winds. In particular, the simulated strengthening of large-scale southward transport in the abyss is explicitly driven by zonal wind stress. However, there is a considerable range among the climate models in their projected changes of Southern Ocean wind stress. Furthermore, the strengthening of large-scale southward transport tends to be compensated by eddy-induced northward flows in the abyss, particularly at eddy-permitting resolution. As a result, the net Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) export may only be weakly affected. However, none of the models considered accounts for the possibility that a fraction of the eddy kinetic energy may be converted to diapycnal mixing. If this were the case, the presented energetic arguments suggest that stronger Southern Ocean winds would result in a stronger AABW transport.
Wave Extremes in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Aarnes Ole Johan , Breivik Øyvind , Reistad Magnar 
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study is to compute 100-yr return value estimates of significant wave height using a new hindcast developed by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. This regional hindcast covers the northeast Atlantic and spans the period 1958–2009. The return value estimates are based upon three different stationary models commonly applied in extreme value statistics: the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, the joint GEV distribution for the r largest-order statistic (rLOS), and the generalized Pareto (GP) distribution. Here, the qualitative differences between the models and their corresponding confidence intervals are investigated.
Dynamics of Cross-Isobath Dense Water Transport Induced by Slope Topography
Authors: Matsumura Yoshimasa , Hasumi Hiroyasu 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Dynamics of cross-isobath downslope transport of a dense water mass induced by small-scale topographic variation is investigated based on a high-resolution numerical experiment with realistic settings, a simplified analytical model for water particle advection, and idealized sensitivity experiments. The existence of a submarine ridge induces two different processes for cross-isobath downslope transport of dense water: a strong but narrow and thin downslope current at the east side of the ridge and cyclonic eddies with dense water cores to the west of the ridge. The former downslope current is produced in response to the rapid increase of slope angle near the ridge. The latter eddies are formed by stretching of the dense water layer near the crest, where isobath curvature is so high that offshore centrifugal force overcomes the coastward Coriolis force. From a simple analysis on the equation of motion for a fluid particle placed on a slope with curved isobaths, a general criterion that describes whether a density current follows or crosses isobaths is derived, which is supported by idealized sensitivity experiments. The location where cross-isobath transport of dense water takes place is determined by relative magnitude between spatial derivatives of isobath curvature, planetary vorticity, and slope angle. Based on these arguments, a parameterization is proposed to represent the effect of unresolved small-scale topography in coarse-resolution models.
The C-Index: A New Stability Concept for Quadratic Programs with Complementarity Constraints
Authors: Ralph Daniel , Stein Oliver 
Published: August 2011

We introduce nondegeneracy and the C-index for C-stationary points of a QPCC, that is, for a mathematical program with a quadratic objective function and linear complementarity constraints. The C-index characterizes the qualitative local behavior of a QPCC around a nondegenerate C-stationary point. The article focuses on the structure of the C-stationary set of QPCCs depending on a real parameter. We show that, for generic QPCC data, the C-index changes exactly at turning points of the C-stationary set, and that it changes by exactly one. To illustrate this concept, we introduce and analyze two homotopy methods for finding C-stationary points. Numerical results illustrate that, for randomly generated test problems, the two homotopy methods very often identify B-stationary points.
ASTM D 3350: A Historical and Current Perspective on a Standard Specification for Identification of Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials
Authors: Jee White G. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
ASTM D 3350, Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials, was originally approved and published in 1974 and has increasingly been referenced in numerous F17 Piping Application Standards. This paper/presentation will review the background of the original standard, provide how it has transformed as the industry has evolved to improved materials and “salt and pepper” blending for pipe production, and identify the challenges in modifying the standard to apply for all polyethylene piping applications. ASTM D 3350 is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on Thermoplastic Materials.
Assessment of the Bacterial Contamination and Remediation Efficacy After Flooding Using Fluorometric Detection
Authors: Reeslev Morten , Nielsen Jan Clair , Rogers Lisa 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In the aftermath of flooding, rapid response assessment and cleanup is critical to recovery. In this study, the level of contamination of bacteria on surfaces in flooded houses was estimated and compared to the level found on surfaces in non-flooded houses with a rapid field test based on hydrolase enzyme activity present in bacteria and by measuring endotoxin. Sampling was performed by swabbing a 9 cm2 area using sterile cotton swabs wetted with a bacteriostatic buffer. A correlation between endotoxin levels and levels of hydrolase activity was seen (R2 = 0.6469, P &lt; 0.0001). The median value and the variance ofthe result distribution were higher in flooded buildings as compared to non-flooded buildings. In the non-flooded buildings, surfaces were divided into visually clean and visually dirty. As expected the level of bacteria was higher on the visually dirty surfaces, and overall the hydrolase activity correlated well with the visual inspection. Using the results from the visually clean surfaces in the reference buildings as the criteria for clean, four methods of cleaning were tested for their ability to reach these criteria.
Understanding Crack Formation at the Metal/Oxide Interface During Corrosion of Zircaloy-4 Using a Simple Mechanical Model
Authors: Ly A. , Ambard A. , Blat-Yrieix M. , Legras L. , Frankel P. , Preuss M. , Curfs C. , Parry G. , Bréchet Y. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
It has been established in previous works that corrosion kinetics in primary water of various zirconium alloys are periodic. Each period is associated with a layer of cracks parallel to the metal-oxide interface. These observations have been made either in autoclave or in pile. This indicates that corrosion processes in autoclave and under irradiation are of similar nature though their absolute kinetics might be different. Taking advantage of this correlation between cracks and corrosion kinetics, the present work aims at identifying the main microstructural parameters controlling cracks appearance in the oxide layer under well-controlled conditions. In order to achieve this, Zircaloy-4 was heat-treated to obtain various metallurgical states (stress-relieved versus recrystallised with different grain sizes) followed by corrosion tests in primary water. The key metallurgical parameters for the various conditions have been analysed (texture, precipitate sizes and grain sizes and distributions) using electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques. Corrosion kinetics of the various Zircaloy-4 microstructures are distinct as expected from the literature. Crack morphology in the oxide layer has been analysed and quantified using a dual beam scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam. Crack layers are evident even at small scale of observation. Three dimensional (3D) images of the oxide structure are presented. Cracks observed in this way are typically penny-shaped with a radius of about 100 nm. Near the metal-oxide interface, they are mainly found at the top of metal protrusions in the oxide. The roughness of the metal-oxide interface was measured. It does not exhibit any periodicity. The residual stresses in the oxide layers were measured by high energy (44 keV) synchrotron X-ray diffraction in transmission mode. Large compressive stresses (∼−1 GPa), changing with the metallurgical state and through the oxide scale thickness, were measured. The residual stresses in the oxide layers were measured by high energy (44 keV) synchrotron X-ray diffraction in transmission mode. Large compressive stresses (∼−1 GPa), changing with the metallurgical state and through the oxide scale thickness, were measured. A model of the oxide breaking at the point of transition has been developed. It is based on mechanical considerations and the existence of compressive stress in the oxide layer.
Influence of Protective Coatings on Damage and Lifetime of Alloy 247 DS in Thermomechanical Fatigue and Bending Tests
Authors: Trunova Olena , Beck Tilmann , Singheiser Lorenz 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The present work was focused on the damage mechanisms and lifetime of a directionally solidified, oxidation protection coated Ni-base superalloy under out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue (OP TMF) loading. The main scope of the work was the analysis of crack formation and propagation in the coating depending on its fracture strain. Two coating systems applied by low pressure plasma spraying were investigated: (i) MCrAlY-coating and (ii) duplex-coating consisting of the same MCrAlY coating and a NiAl top coat. The fracture strains of the coatings were determined at T = 20°C up to 600°C by four-point bending with acoustic emission analysis. The MCrAlY-coating did not influence significantly the TMF lifetime of the superalloy, whereas duplex-coatings reduced it drastically. This correlates with the fracture strains of the coatings that are for the MCrAlY-coating distinctly higher and for the duplex coating lower than the mechanical strain range of the TMF tests. Thus, the damage process was controlled by propagation of cracks formed after few TMF cycles in the duplex coated material and by slower initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks in the MCrAlY coated alloy. Moreover, crack branching at the interface between coating and substrate alloy affects crack penetration into the substrate. In addition to measurement of TMF life, the early stages of crack initiation and propagation in the duplex coating were studied in more detail after TMF tests that were interrupted after defined cycle numbers as well as during in situ bending tests in the scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the influence of pre-oxidation on crack propagation is discussed.
Single Ply Roofing: Introduction to a New Sustainability Standard for the Roofing Industry
Authors: Costello Mindy 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
This standard development began with a partnership between members of the roofing industry and NSF International to facilitate the thorough communication of information that is verifiable and accurate about the environmental and social impacts associated with the production and use of single ply roofing membranes. This industry among other product manufacturing industries is responding to the global pressures of sustainable practices. Attributes in this standard were developed to address this growing need. Key elements of the standard include product design, life cycle assessment considerations, minimization of chemicals of concern, product manufacturing, energy, water, waste, durability, corporate governance (social responsibility), and innovation. Sustainability related information may influence a manufacturer’s decisions about supply chain modifications, product content changes, manufacturing adjustments, performance improvements, end-of-life options, and corporate governance with the goal of producing more sustainable products. NSF International is an accredited standards developer with American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The consensus body for this standard, called a joint committee, is balanced among the following interest categories: industry, public health/regulatory, and user. Work has been ongoing since the first stakeholder meeting in May 2009. Various task groups and experts have been participating in meetings on a monthly basis. This paper will introduce the Single Ply Roofing Membrane Sustainability Standard (NSF 347) along with background on its development. Additionally, other standards that may be applicable to single ply roofing membranes, certification, and conformance will be reviewed including third party certification versus conformity assessment. The anticipated voluntary consensus based standard should be available late 2011.
Case Studies of Foamed Adhesive Failures of Low Sloped Roofing Rigid Insulation Board
Authors: Straup Slick David , Piteo Nicholas A. , Rutila Dean A. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In low sloped roofing systems, poorly adhered roofing assemblies are unable to resist significant wind loads and are likely to be further damaged or destroyed by wind events well below the design wind pressures for the assembly. The design and installation of rigid insulation boards are a critical parameter in the service life of this roofing assembly in that, if the insulation boards become detached, there is increased risk for complete roofing assembly failure. Foamed adhesive is a common alternative to traditional hot-mopped asphalt adhesive in contemporary roofing assemblies. The proper design and installation of insulation board roofing assemblies in foamed adhesive is paramount to the successful performance of these roofing assemblies. Some of the critical parameters that could influence foamed adhesive performance are: insulation board adhesive pattern defects; insulation board adhesive quantity; inadequate insulation board adhesive contact; and failure to maintain insulation board contact with the substrate until the insulation adhesive is sufficiently set. The present paper discusses these critical parameters through case studies that clearly demonstrate how these parameters can lead to the failure of roofing assemblies, and discusses the lessons to be learned from these insulation board adhesion failures.
Intricacies, Complexities, and Limitations of Research on Autism Treatments: An Examination of Seven Treatment Approaches
Authors: Seitler Burton Norman 
Published: August 2011

Part 1 of this article, published in Volume 12, Issue 2, probed factors associated with autism. Many of those factors had to do with how toxic substances are polluting our environment. Investigative chicanery involving one neurotoxic agent in particular (thimerosal) was uncovered. The controversy surrounding this neurotoxic agent was examined in some detail, and questions were raised whether information about the degree of toxicity of thimerosal was being minimized, distorted, or covered up by authorities and agencies in positions of influence. Other potentially harmful sources that might differentially contribute to what some might regard as an autism epidemic were listed and described as well.In this section, science and scientific investigation are described, with particular reference to the complexities, intricacies, and difficulties inherent in conducting research on autistic children, and how these intricacies complicate drawing definitive conclusions about if, how, or why a treatment method did or did not work. In addition, seven treatment approaches to autism are listed, along with concise descriptions of these methods and a general rationale underpinning each method. Considerable attention is paid to applied behavior analysis (ABA) because most behavioral treatments derive from it. Commentary on other treatments is provided, such as psychoanalysis, special diets, and chelation. In particular, aftereffects associated with medication tactics are noted.
Effects of treatment on respiratory rate, serum natriuretic peptide concentration, and Doppler echocardiographic indices of left ventricular filling pressure in dogs with congestive heart failure secondary to degenerative mitral valve disease and dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Schober Karsten E. , Hart Taye M. , Stern Joshua A. , Li Xiaobai , Samii Valerie F. , Zekas Lisa J. , Scansen Brian A. , Bonagura John D. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of treatment on respiratory rate, serum natriuretic peptide concentrations, and Doppler echocardiographic indices of left ventricular filling pressure in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to degenerative mitral valve disease (MVD) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Animals—63 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Physical examination, thoracic radiography, analysis of natriuretic peptide concentrations, and Doppler echocardiography were performed twice, at baseline (examination 1) and 5 to 14 days later (examination 2). Home monitoring of respiratory rate was performed by the owners between examinations.
Results—In dogs with MVD, resolution of CHF was associated with a decrease in respiratory rate, serum N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration, and diastolic functional class and an increase of the ratio of peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow to peak velocity of early diastolic lateral mitral annulus motion (E:Ea Lat). In dogs with DCM, resolution of CHF was associated with a decrease in respiratory rate and serum NT-proBNP concentration and significant changes in 7 Doppler echocardiographic variables, including a decrease of E:Ea Lat and the ratio of peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow to isovolumic relaxation time. Only respiratory rate predicted the presence of CHF at examination 2 with high accuracy.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Resolution of CHF was associated with predictable changes in respiratory rate, serum NT-proBNP concentration, and selected Doppler echocardiographic variables in dogs with DCM and MVD. Home monitoring of respiratory rate was simple and was the most useful in the assessment of successful treatment of CHF.
Ophthalmic lesions in neonatal foals evaluated for nonophthalmic disease at referral hospitals
Authors: Labelle Amber L. , Hamor Ralph E. , Townsend Wendy M. , Mitchell Mark A. , Zarfoss Mitzi K. , Breaux Carrie B. , Thomasy Sara M. , Hall Tiffany 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine types and frequency of ophthalmic lesions detected in neonatal foals evaluated for nonophthalmic disease at 3 veterinary referral hospitals and to investigate associations between systemic and ophthalmic diseases in these foals.
Design—Prospective cross-sectional study.
Animals—70 foals < 30 days old.
Procedures—Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed. Signalment, clinical signs, mentation during ophthalmic examination, results of clinicopathologic tests, and diagnosis of systemic disease were recorded. Descriptive data analysis including a χ2 test for associations was performed.
Results—Most foals (39/70 [55.7%]) with systemic disease had ≥ 1 ophthalmic lesion detected. Of the 39 foals with ophthalmic disease, 24 (61.5%) had potentially vision-threatening lesions. Clinically important abnormalities included conjunctival hyperemia or episcleral injection (30/70 [42.9%]), uveitis (18/70 [25.7%]), ulcerative keratitis (13/70 [18.6%]), nonulcerative keratitis (10/70 [14.3%]), entropion (8/70 [11.4%]), retinal hemorrhage (8/70 [11.4%]), and cataract (6/70 [8.6%]). Foals with sepsis were significantly more likely to have uveitis than were those without sepsis. Foals with sepsis and uveitis were also significantly less likely to survive to discharge than were foals that had sepsis without uveitis. Acquired ophthalmic disease (detected in 37/70 [52.9%] foals) was significantly more common than congenital ophthalmic disease (detected in 9/70 [12.9%]).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ophthalmic lesions were detected in 55.7% of neonatal foals with systemic disease. Acquired ophthalmic disease was more commonly detected than congenital ophthalmic disease. Foals with sepsis were more likely to have uveitis than were foals without sepsis. A complete ophthalmic examination is indicated in neonatal foals evaluated for systemic disease.