bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Assertion
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines the connections of knowledge with assertion as they emerge from How to Do Things with Words and ‘Other Minds’. It argues that, for Austin, knowledge is neatly distinct from belief and the speaker who makes an assertion raises an implicit claim to it as a precondition of their own speech act, so that accepting an assertion as successfully performed involves attributing knowledge to the speaker. It claims that according to Austin, knowledge attributions are governed by a by-default principle: once granted, they hold unless there are specific reasons for challenging them. It expounds and discusses Austin’s claim that utterances of ‘I know’ are as performative as utterances of ‘I promise’, remarking that its point is not to deny that ‘I know’ has truth-conditions, but to respond to the problem posed to epistemology by human fallibility and interpreting it in the context of the dynamics of knowledge attribution connected with assertion as an illocutionary act. Finally, it points out that the proposed reconstruction of an Austinian account of knowledge might require the introduction of two distinctions: one between de iure and de facto knowledge (the former of which is a conventional state) and another between knowledge as a requirement and knowledge as an outcome of the act of making an assertion.
When We Do Not Know
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines Austin’s view as regards failures in perceptual knowledge and their relation to reliable, genuine perception. It expounds his criticism of the Argument from Illusion as equivocating between two distinct types of failure, illusion and delusion, and his remarks about that distinction, which turn out not to cover all the cases of alleged perceptual failure. Then, it argues that Austin’s philosophy of perception opens the way to disjunctivism: indeed, Austin takes it that reliable perception and unreliable appearance are radically different phenomena in spite of the fact that we may go wrong in distinguishing them. It points out, however, that Austin’s views and disjunctivism differ under various respects, particularly as regards the question of the possible indistinguishability, due to their qualities, of reliable perception and unreliable appearance. It discusses the apparent contrast between two remarks of Austin’s: that it is in principle possible to distinguish between reliable perception and unreliable appearance and that indistinguishable things may be different in nature. It concludes that Austin’s stance is coherent, but distant from disjunctivism because of his refusal to consider experience as a matter of qualities separable from circumstances and activities.
Knowledge in Its Making
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter is about the picture of how we get and transmit knowledge that emerges from Austin’s writings. It examines a view of assertion as a Verdictive (and therefore an act of judgement) that is compatible with seeing it as formulating knowledge linguistically. It argues that assertions are judgements on the basis of the detailed description of the micro-structure of assertion that Austin provides in ‘How to Talk—Some Simple Ways’ while analysing several varieties of assertion. Then, it outlines an Austinian model for the transmission of knowledge which comes close to the anti-reductionist view of knowledge by testimony: indeed, according to Austin, we legitimately trust our interlocutors provided there is no particular reason not to trust their entitlement to assert, so that such entitlement and the knowledge it involves are by-default transmitted to the audience. It also examines the differences between first-hand and second-hand knowledge from the Austinian perspective outlined: in the transmission of knowledge by testimony, some aspects of a speaker’s competence to assert may get lost and the construction of a body of shared knowledge requires paying particular attention to them. It concludes by summarizing the various, heterogeneous facets and roles of knowledge that Austin’s perspective on knowledge proposes to our attention: not only de iure vs de facto knowledge, but also perceptual knowledge vs linguistically formulated knowledge, and knowledge-that as the outcome of asserting vs diverse kinds of knowledge, including knowledge-how, that contribute to the speaker’s entitlement to assert.
Getting to Grips with Truth
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with Austin’s work on truth and his debate with Peter Strawson on that issue. It clarifies how the polemic with Strawson contributed to misrepresenting Austin’s views. It expounds Austin’s views on truth, comparing them with those of Gottlob Frege and highlighting analogies and contrasts: Austin seems to accept a Fregean framework, but systematically opposes Frege’s choices when an alternative is available, claiming (among other things) that truth is a matter of degree, that truth-bearers are not propositions but assertions, that an assertion refers to a situation as opposed to a truth-value, and that ‘is true’ is not semantically superfluous. It then examines whether Austin’s view of truth is a form of correspondentism and highlights its peculiarities: he does not represent truth as isomorphism or correlation, rather, it deals with it as a matter of the quality (or adequacy) of a combination of correlations, those between sentence and type of situation and respectively assertion and situation in the world. It also underscores that Austin’s correspondentism is strictly connected with his sense of human situatedness and his attention for the dimension of action.
Use
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter deals with the ways in which attention for language use influences Austin’s philosophy. It distinguishes an instrumental aspect from a systematic aspect of the use of language and argues that Austin paid attention to both, the former by replacing talk of the ‘functions of language’ with his speech act theory and the latter by analysing the role of various words and phrases in language as a system or within certain sentential or textual connections. It remarks that there is coherence between focusing on language use and refusing to reify meaning and that Austin’s philosophy of language is characterized by that refusal, in part under the influence of an analogous refusal by Wittgenstein (both philosophers connect the reification of meaning with philosophical overgeneralization in slightly different ways). It expounds Austin’s reinterpretation of the Aristotelian notion of paronymy, which he uses to account for the cases in which different things are called by the same name in a way similar to, but in part critical of, Wittgenstein’s family resemblances. Finally, it considers another way in which Austin manifests his opposition to the reification of meaning: his refusal to use the notion of proposition in his philosophy of language and speech act theory.
Linguistic Phenomenology
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines the statement of philosophical method included in Austin’s paper ‘A Plea for Excuses’. It argues that the research question ‘what we should say when’ is meant to be descriptive as opposed to normative, but language itself has its own normativity which constrains what can be meant by uttering certain words in a certain speech situation. It also argues that the ‘we’ who are agents and objects of Austin’s Ordinary Language Philosophy constitute a plural subject not in virtue of their social and cultural conditions, but of their sharing a linguistic system and using it ordinarily. It discusses the charges of conservatism and philosophical irrelevance that have been levelled at Austin’s method, to which Austin replied in advance in part at least, explaining that while ordinary language is not the Last Word, it is the First Word nevertheless. It expounds and discusses various reactions to Austin’s remark that his method could be called ‘linguistic phenomenology’ and puts forward a new interpretation of it, according to which Austin is referring to Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology and proposes a linguistic-phenomenological reduction or epochē analogous to Husserl’s phenomenological epochē. It claims that while Husserl uses the epochē to focus on consciousness, setting aside the natural standpoint, Austin uses the linguistic epochē to focus on ordinary linguistic usage, setting aside the relation between language and states of affairs (including psychological ones). Finally, it compares Austin’s statement of method with the practices and results that anticipated or followed it in his writings.
Conclusions
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides a sketchy overview of Austin’s thought about the five themes of illocution, action, knowledge, truth, and philosophy. Then, in the attempt to identify some unifying features of Austin’s work, it highlights some ideas or stances that are recurrent in it, such as the opposition to dichotomies (including the two ‘fetishes’ consisting of the truth/falsity and value/fact dichotomy) to which he systematically prefers multiple distinctions and graded differences, the attention for intersubjectivity that can be observed in his philosophy of action, speech act theory, epistemology, and ‘linguistic phenomenology’, and the commitment to a ‘sober’ philosophy. It also highlights the role played in Austin’s thought by situatedness, not conceived as determined by what one is aware of, but by where one is placed and what one is up to.
Free Speech as Civic Structure
Authors: Krotoszynski, Jr. Ronald J 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Free Speech as Social Structure examines and explains the very limited relevance of constitutional text to the scope and vibrancy of free speech within a particular polity. The limited relevance of text to expressive freedom holds true in the United States, where the Supreme Court largely ignores the actual text of the First Amendment, as well as in other democratic countries. In Australia, Israel, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States, all surveyed in this book, the presence of relevant constitutional text (the United States and South Africa), relevant statutory text (the United Kingdom), in addition to the complete absence of constitutional text (Australia) or lack of a formal, entrenched constitution as such (Israel) all make little to no difference to free speech rights on the ground. The strength or weakness of free speech protections depends critically on the willingness and ability of judges to police government efforts to censor speech—in conjunction with the salience of speech as a sociolegal value within the body politic. Thus, a legal system featuring independent courts, ideally vested with a power of judicial review, but that lacks a written free speech guarantee, will likely feature broader protection of the freedom of expression than a legal system with a written guarantee that lacks independent courts. Across jurisdictions, text or its absence invariably serves as, at best, a starting point for judicial efforts to protect speech. Judges, engaged in a common law enterprise, matter far more than text, and common law constitutionalism constitutes the global rule rather than the exception.
Ethnic Minorities, Political Competition, and Democracy
Authors: Rovny Jan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractEthnic minorities make contemporary Europe increasingly diverse. The wisdom in research on ethnicity is that it is a troublemaker disrupting programmatic politics, prioritizing group identity over ideology, polity over policy, principle over compromise. Ethnicity is expected to be a source of particularistic tension. This book takes a theoretical step back. Approaching ethnic politics as normal politics, it investigates the ideological potential of ethnicity. The book seeks to answer central questions: What are the political preferences of ethnic minorities and their representatives and how are they translated into political representation? How does this shape political competition, and with what systemic effects? The book proceeds from the expectation that ethnic minorities seek group preservation. While group preservation is best ensured via group sovereignty, this is often unlikely. Most ethnic minorities face low chances of achieving group sovereignty, and, consequently, they remain as permanent minorities. This book demonstrates that permanent minorities search for group preservation by championing liberal rights that would protect them from the tyranny of the majority. This translates into broader ideological preferences and political behavior, inducing the formation of liberal political poles. This dynamic is system forming, as it configures political cleavages, shapes party systems, and informs the absorption of new political issues. Ultimately, the presence of ethnic minorities can be a force for liberal democracy. Simultaneously, ethnic liberalism is circumstantial, as conditional factors cross-pressure the ethnic minority search for rights and liberties, potentially attenuating ethnic liberalism and inducing exclusionary particularism. The book combines the study of ethnic politics with research on electoral behavior and party competition, while studying minorities in eastern Europe in comparison with majorities. The book utilizes existing data, and collects new evidence, which it analyses using mixed experimental, quantitative, and qualitative methods. Its empirical chapters are divided into two parts, one focusing on large-N comparative analyses, and one carrying out three in-depth case studies on interwar Czechoslovakia, and contemporary Slovakia and Estonia.
Ethnicity and the Formation of Political Competition
Authors: Rovny Jan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis empirical chapter delves into the pivotal role of ethnic politics in shaping the political landscape of eastern Europe. Using extensive quantitative evidence, it illustrates how the presence of mobilized ethnic minorities influences the formation of liberal political poles, shaping alliances between minority and sympathetic majority factions. This frames the structure of political competition in the region, affecting electoral behavior as well as party dynamics. The chapter systematically showcases how ethnicity molds political decision-making for both minorities and majorities, shaping the social basis of electoral choice, highlighting the structured nature of eastern European politics. It demonstrates the formation of liberal political tendencies which are associated with ethnic minority representation. Additionally, it delineates how different types of countries in the region, whether unitary, centers, or peripheries of former communist federations, display varying political alignments rooted in ethnic identity. The chapter thus demonstrates the significant impact of ethnic politics on vote choice and the structuring of party systems.
Democratic Denizens: The Slovak Hungarians
Authors: Rovny Jan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractFocusing on Slovakia, this case study addresses the role of Hungarian political representation in the formation and working of Slovak democracy. It examines the evolving dynamics and influence of Hungarian representatives in the transition period of Slovakia. The chapter investigates the impact of Hungarian political participation on promoting liberal principles and democratic values within a context marked by significant nationalist illiberalism. It highlights the influential role played by ethnic politics, particularly by examining the cooperative efforts between Slovak liberals and Hungarian representatives in advancing the democratic consolidation of the country. It also delves into the complex interplay between ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia and the increasingly illiberal Orbán governments in Hungary, shedding light on the negative influence of illiberal kin state politics on ethnic liberalism. The chapter draws insights from an original survey conducted in Slovakia which oversamples the Hungarian minority, as well as from interviews with key political, administrative, and academic figures. Finally, the chapter compares the democratic trajectory of Slovakia with neighboring Czech Republic to emphasize the generally positive impact of ethnic Hungarian representation on democratic development.
Association of a Healthy Lifestyle With Ambulatory 24-Hour Blood Pressure Among Chinese Youths: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Mao Bin , Yang Yide , Fan Zehui , Li Yuxian , Xiang Wanyun , Dong Bin , Hu Jie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

BACKGROUND
This study aims to explore the association between a healthy lifestyle and abnormal ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in Chinese youths.

METHODS
A school-based sample of 1,296 college students was investigated. A lifestyle score was calculated by synthesizing 5 lifestyle factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, physical activity, and sleeping. The total score ranged from 0 to 5, with a higher score indicating a healthier lifestyle. This score was then divided into 3 categories representing low adherence to a healthy lifestyle (0–2), medium adherence (3), and high adherence (4–5). Abnormal 24-hour blood pressure (BP) was defined as systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 80 mm Hg. Abnormal daytime BP was determined as daytime SBP ≥ 135 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg, while abnormal nighttime BP was characterized as nighttime SBP ≥ 120 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 70 mm Hg. We assessed the associations using the binomial regression model.

RESULTS
Mean age was 18.81 years, and 74.5% were women. The prevalence of abnormal 24-hour BP, daytime BP, and nighttime BP are 4.2%, 3.7%, and 9.0%, respectively. We found that participants with a high level of adherence to a healthy lifestyle had a significantly lower prevalence of abnormal 24-hour BP [prevalence ratios (PR) = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.48] and abnormal daytime BP (PR = 0.16, 95%CI: 0.05, 0.52), when compared to those with a low level of adherence and after adjusting for the potential covariates.

CONCLUSIONS
A healthier lifestyle is associated with a better ambulatory BP profile among youths.
Outcomes of a tele–intensive care unit pharmacist on the management of diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Olson Haley , Sanchez Michael , Gilbert Stephen , McBride Joshua , Linn Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Purpose
The tele–intensive care unit (tele-ICU) pharmacist facilitates patient-specific diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) treatment utilizing guideline-directed therapy. This study was designed to determine how patient-specific interventions by a tele-ICU pharmacist affected patients with DKA compared to the standard of care.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study utilized custom reports and manual chart review to evaluate the electronic health records of patients 18 years or older who received continuous intravenous insulin and were admitted for DKA between January 2019 and December 2020. The primary endpoint was time to DKA resolution, defined by the patient meeting at least 2 of the following criteria: a serum bicarbonate concentration of at least 18 mEq/L, an arterial pH of greater than 7.3, and closure of the anion gap (less than or equal to 12 mEq/L).

Results
Patients treated with tele-ICU pharmacist patient-specific interventions reached DKA resolution 7.32 hours earlier than patients treated with the standard of care (22.16 vs 29.48 hours; P = 0.0019). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for ICU length of stay, time until subcutaneous insulin administration, incidence of hypoglycemia, incidence of severe hypoglycemia, and sodium bicarbonate use. In patients who received a tele-ICU pharmacist intervention, there was a statistically significant increase in the volume for fluid resuscitation and the amount of total continuous insulin infused after ICU admission and a statistically significant reduction in the time between laboratory draws.

Conclusion
Treatment of patients with tele-ICU pharmacist patient-specific interventions was associated with faster DKA resolution, more frequent laboratory monitoring, and higher volumes of insulin and fluids infused than in patients treated with protocol-driven therapy.
Short-term use of an Impella ventricular assist device sterile water–based bicarbonate purge solution for positron emission tomography scanning
Authors: Schumacher Sarah M , Hobbs Ryan A 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Impella microaxial ventricular assist devices require a dextrose-based purge solution in combination with heparin or sodium bicarbonate to prevent device dysfunction and stoppage, but the dextrose in these solutions can interfere with positron emission tomography (PET) scans, necessitating an alternative approach.

Summary
We describe the short-term use in 2 cases of an alternative purge solution for patients with an Impella 5.5 ventricular assist device undergoing PET scans to rule out infection and malignancy. Sodium chloride solutions cannot be used with Impella ventricular assist devices even for short periods of time due to the potential for motor corrosion. We therefore selected a sterile water–based sodium bicarbonate purge solution, incorporating a short dextrose-free period before and during the PET scan. Imaging was successfully performed with this alternative solution, with monitoring of Impella performance levels and purge parameters throughout the procedure indicating no adverse effects on pump function.

Conclusion
Our sterile water–based bicarbonate purge solution coupled with a short-term restriction of dextrose is a practical option for PET imaging in patients with an Impella ventricular assist device.