bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Marine Fossiliferous Secondary Formations in Australia
Authors: Clarke W. B. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
Australia, until the year 1860, no deposits of Secondary age had been demonstrated, although Sir T. L. Mitchell, in 1846, during his exploration of tropical Australia, had collected Belemnites and a few other fossils, which are now known to belong to a Lower Secondary formation, such as occurs on the Maranoa River, in Queensland.

During my own explorations in 1851–3, I had received a portion of an Ammonite found in the Clarence River District, in New South Wales; and in 1859, Mr. Selwyn* obtained two supposed Cretaceous fossils from the drift-gravel in Victoria.
But these were all the data that had been accumulated in Eastern Australia up to 1861, when my paper “On the position of certain plants in the Coal-bearing beds of Australia” was read before the Geological Society†. But of Oolitic fossils no species had been found in New South Wales in 1860, nor to my knowledge in any part of Australia, as stated in my book on the Gold-fields; for I was then unaware even that Mr. Gregory had discovered any Secondary fossils in Western Australia, which fact I first became acquainted with in an editorial note appended to the paper cited. In Mr. Gregory's paper‡, afterwards published, he mentions Cretaceous, but not Jurassic fossils.
Shortly after this, my friend Mr. W. P. Gordon, who then lived at Wollumbilla, north of the Condamine River, was requested by me to examine his neighbourhood, and to send me any fossils he might discover, as I was led to
Report on Recent Discoveries of Gold in New Brunswick
Authors: Shea W. S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

M
r
. S
hea
gives in his report a detailed account of his explorations into the gold-bearing gravels of certain river-valleys in the counties Victoria, Northumberland, Carleton, and York, in Central New Brunswick. He has been enabled therefrom to draw the following inferences:—(1) That the gold in these alluvial deposits is derived from the quartz-veins penetrating the rock of the district; (2) that the gravel, which contains pebbles of all sizes, is derived from the disintegration of the rocks of the district; and (3) that, judging from the richness in gold of paying drift in California, it is probable that these auriferous gravels will pay also.
On the Geology of the Princess Islands in the Sea of Marmora
Authors: Swan W. R. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

M
r
. S
wan
points out the existence of a considerable mass of Devonian strata, partly fossiliferous, in several of these islands, of an age different from that of the beds of the Bosphorus, which latter he has shown in a former paper to belong to the lowest of the Devonian series of the Rhine. The presence of the remains of fish in the above strata, and of an ancient coral-reef in one of these islands (Andirovitho), is also noticed.

The rocks which form the remaining portions of these islands are (1) Trachytic, of younger age than the Devonian strata, and (2) Trappean, more recent than the Trachytic. The quartz-rocks, of which some of the islands are largely, and others entirely composed, are altered sandstones of Devonian age.
Notes on the Structure of
Sigillaria
Authors: Dawson  
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
this paper the author criticised the statements of Mr. Carruthers on the structure of
Sigillaria
(see Q. J. G. S. xxv. p. 248). He remarked that
Sigillaria
, as evidenced by his specimens, is not coniferous, that the coniferous trunks found in the coal-formation of Nova Scotia do not present discigerous tissue of the same type as that of
Sigillaria
, that no conifer has a slender woody axis surrounded by an enormously thick bark, that
Calamodendron
was probably a Gymnosperm and allied to
Sigillaria
, that, although
Stigmaria
may not always show medullary rays, the distinct separation of the wood into wedges is an evidence of their having existed, that the difference in minute structure between
Sigillaria
and
Stigmaria
involves no serious difficulty if the former be regarded as allied to Cycadeaceæ, and, further, that we do not know how many of the
Stigmariæ
belong to
Sigillaria
proper, or to
Favularia
, or to such forms as
Clathraria
and
Leioderma
, which may have been more nearly allied to
Lepidophloios
, that the fruit figured by Goldenberg as that of
Sigillaria
is more probably that of
Lepidophloios
, or may be a male catkin with pollen, and that the has found
Trigonocarpa
scattered around the trunks of
Sigillariæ
and on the surface of the soil in which they grew. He agreed with Mr. Carruthers in regarding Mr. Binney’s
Sigillaria vascularis
as allied to
Lepidodendron
.
Note on some new Animal Remains from the Carboniferous and Devonian of Canada
Authors: Dawson  
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author described the characters presented by the lower jaw of an Amphibian, of which a cast had occurred in the coarse sandstone of the Coal-formation between Ragged Reef and the Joggins Coalmine. It measured 6 inches in length; its surface was marked on the lower and posterior part with a network of ridges enclosing rounded depressions. The anterior part of the jaw had contained about 16 teeth, some of which remained in the matrix. These were stout, conical, and blunt, with large pulp-cavities, and about 32 longitudinal striæ corresponding to the same number of folds of dentine. The author stated that this jaw resembled most closely those of
Baphetes
and
Dendrerpeton
, but more especially the former. He regarded it as distinct from
Baphetes planiceps
, and proposed for it the name of
B. minor
. If distinct, this raises the number of species of Amphibia from the Coal-measures of Nova Scotia to nine.

The author also noticed some insect-remains found by him in slabs containing
Sphenophyllum
. They were referred by Mr. Scudder to the Blattariæ.

From the Devonian beds of Gaspé the author stated that he had obtained a small species of
Cephalaspis
, the first yet detected in America. With it were spines of
Machairacanthus
and remains of some other fishes. At Gaspé he had also obtained a new species of
Psilophyton
, several trunks of
Prototaxites
, and a species of
Cyclostigma
.
Australian Mesozoic Geology and Paæontology
Authors: Moore Charles 
Published: October 2009

T
he
early pioneers of Australian colonization were too intent upon the practical concerns of daily life to give much attention to scientific investigations, and they consequently overlooked many sources of wealth which they have since learnt were within their reach.

The subsequent discovery of the mineral treasures possessed by the Australian colonies has shown the importance of their more minute and careful survey, and has given an impetus to the study their geological characters.
The first steps in the exploration of a new country would naturally be the determination of the prevailing geological formations; and as time and opportunity permitted their minuter subdivisions would have to be worked out, and correlated with any of their equivalents in other parts of the world.
In this way it was soon established that the chief sedimentary deposits in Australia were either Palæozoic or Tertiary, and it seemed to be the prevailing opinion that the great intermediate formations included in the Mesozoic group, comprising the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous rocks, were altogether absent.
We have been slowly learning that these conclusions were too hastily arrived at; and it is at last incontrovertibly established that some of the missing Mesozoic beds are represented on the great Australian continent.
Setting aside the question of the geological age of the coal-beds of Newcastle in New South Wales, respecting which there was a difference of opinion amongst both Australian and other geologists (the Rev. W. B. Clarke considering them to be of true Carboniferous age, a fact which
On the Crag of Norfolk and Associated Beds
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The author commenced by referring to his last paper, in which he divided the Red Crag into two divisions—a lower one, of variable oblique-bedded strata, and an upper one, of sands passing up into the clay known as the Chillesford clay. In 1849 he had alluded to the possibility of this clay being synchronous with the Norwich Crag. He has since traced this upper or Chillesford division of the Red Crag northwards, with a view to determine its relation to the Norwich Crag. He has found it at various places inland; but the best exhibition of it occurs in the Easton Bavant Cliffs. He there found in it a group of shells similar to those at Chillesford, and under it the well-known bed of mammaliferous or Norwich Crag, with the usual shells. The author also showed that in this cliff and the one nearer Lowestoft traces of the Forest-bed clearly set in upon the Chillesford clay. He traced these beds at the base of Horton Cliff, and then passed on to the well-known cliffs of Happisburgh and Mundesley. He considered the Chillesford clay to pass beneath the Elephant bed, and to represent some part of the Forestbed. The same clay may be traced to near Weybourne. The Crag under these beds he referred to the Chillesford sands. Mention was then made of the sands and shingle above the Chillesford, for which the author proposed the names of “Southwold Sands and Shingle.” These usually are very unfossiliferous; but at two or three places near Southwold the author found indications of an abundance os shells (
Mytilus
&c.) and Foraminifera in some iron-sandstones intercalated in this series. In the Norfolk cliffs these beds contain alternating seams of marine and freshwater shells. The inland range of the beds to Aldeby, Norwich, and Coltishall was next traced, and the Chillesford clay shown to be present in each section, and the sands beneath to be referable to the Chillesford sands, as already shown by other geologists, on the evidence of the organic remains. Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, who had carefully examined the shells of the Norwich Crag for the author, stated that a considerable number of arctic species were found in the Norfolk Crag which did not occur in Suffolk. While, therefore, the Norwich Crag seems to be synchronous with a portion of the Suffolk Crag, that portion is the upper division; and therefore the triple arrangement proposed by Mr. Charlesworth and advocated by Sir C. Lyell, together with the fact of the setting in of a gradually more severe climate, pointed out by the late Dr. Woodward and by Sir C. Lyell, are confirmed.

Mr. Prestwich then referred to the origin of the materials of the Southwold shingle, and showed that, with few exceptions, they came from the south. In it he had found a considerable number of worn fragments of chert and ragstone from the Lower Greensand of Kent. He considered this a convenient base-line for the Quaternary period, as then commenced the spread of the marine gravels over the south of England, and soon after commenced the great denudations which have given the great features to the country.
Additional Observations on the Neocomian Strata of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, with Notes on their Relations to the Beds of the same age throughout Northern Europe
Authors: Judd John W. 
Published: October 2009

Conclusion
We have thus seen that the Neocomian beds of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire are the most westerly development of a great mass of strata, of the same age, stretching over a wide area in Northern Europe. It is true that the beds of this age are neither so well exposed nor do they attain so great a thickness as in the south of Europe; but they nevertheless present us with a remarkably similar succession of faunas. At the eastern and western extremities of the area, in Brunswick and in Yorkshire respectively, the marine series is complete, and we have the three divisions of the Neocomian formation all developed; but in the intermediate districts of Westphalia, Hanover, and the Hartz, the marine beds represent only the Upper and Middle Neocomian, and these rest upon the freshwater strata of the North-German Wealden.
The section at Speeton Cliff derives additional interest from the fact that it is by far the most complete exposure of the Neocomian beds over the whole of the great North-European area. The sections elsewhere are more or less isolated and fragmentary; but at Speeton we find the key by means of which they may be identified and correlated.
We have seen that, over the North-European area, a remarkable uniformity of character is maintained among the Neocomian strata (and the same is, to a certain extent, true also of the Cretaceous and Jurassic), indicating that this district forms a natural province, not improbably representing an ancient sea-basin. The ridge of Palæozoic
On Deep-mining with Relation to the Physical Structure and Mineral-bearing Strata of the South-west of Ireland
Authors: Hyde Samuel 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author described the general structure of the country in the south-west extremity of Ireland, which he stated to consist of a series of rocks analogous to the “Killas” of Cornwall, and belonging to the upper part of the Lower, or the lower part of the Upper Devonian series. He combated the opinion which had been expressed by the late Professor Jukes, that copper-ores would not be found in the district in sufficient quantities to make mining there a remunerative process. In support of his thesis, he cited the Bearhaven mines, established about fifty years ago, the Allitries and Ballycummisk mines, and the Coosheen mine. He stated that in the Ballycummisk mines a depth of 200 fathoms has been reached, and that some of the shafts at Bearhaven are much deeper. These deep workings were said to yield large returns of ore. In opposition to the opinions stated by the late Professor Jukes, the author maintained that the copper lodes were of the same nature as those of Cornwall, and he described them as running in a similar direction, namely, 10°–25° N. of E. From the similarity in the geological constitution of the country, and in the direction of its mineral veins, the author was inclined to infer a former continuity between the south-western promontories of the islands of Great Britain and Ireland.
On the Structure of a Fern-stem from the Lower Eocene of Herne Bay, and on its Allies Recent and Fossil
Authors: Carruthers Wm. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
Royal Fern (
Osmunda regalis
, Linn.) is the noblest and most striking of our British ferns. The tuft of fronds under favourable circumstances attains a height of nearly 12 feet, and the erect stem is sometimes more than 2 feet long. The stem is perennial, growing in tufts, formed by the repeated dichotomous division of the terminal bud; the whole is matted together by a large mass of adventitious wiry roots. The different stems are stout and firm, and densely covered with the permanent bases of the petioles. It is found in wet, springy, or boggy places all over Britain, and is indeed generally distributed over the northern temperate zone. With one other genus,
Todea
, it forms a small but well-marked natural group of ferns, the
Osmundaceæ
.

I have determined the existence of
Osmunda regalis
in the Norwich Forest-bed from large specimens collected by the Rev. J. Gunn. It is common in the newer submerged forests, having maintained its ground through all the changes that have taken place.

Three closely allied forms have been found in the later Tertiary strata; the oldest was obtained from a bed at the base of the Miocene period. I have now to add a fourth from the Lower Eocene at Herne Bay.
This species is based upon a portion of a stem in the collection of George Dowker, Esq., F.G.S. It is somewhat unequally weathered and water-worn, one of its sides being rubbed nearer to the centre than the other. The whole of the
On two Gneissoid Series in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, supposed to be the Equivalents of the Huronian (Cambrian) and Laurentian
Authors: Hind Henry Youle 
Published: October 2009

T
he
descriptions contained in this paper, so far as they relate to Nova Scotia, are in the main the results of observations during the summers of 1868 and 1869, while making geological surveys for the Nova-Scotian Government, in the gold-districts of Waverley and Sherbrooke. The comparisons with New Brunswick are based on my official Report on the Geology of that Province, published in 1865; and the references to Cape Breton, when not otherwise stated, are from MS. notes of explorations in that island during 1866.

The accompanying maps (Pl. XXX.) embrace part of Halifax, Hants, and Guysborough Counties in Nova Scotia, and in New Brunswick a broad belt extending from the Bay of Chaleurs to the boundary line between New Brunswick and Maine.
Geological maps of Nova Scotia were published by Dr. Abraham Gesner in 1836, by Dr. Dawson in 1865§ and in 1868∥, and by Sir William E. Logan in 1865 ¶ and in 1869.
Sir William Logan states, in the introduction to his ‘Atlas of Maps and Sections,’ that for the geology of Nova Scotia “a manuscript map by Dr. J. W. Dawson, compiled from his own researches and those of Messrs. R. Brown and H. Poole, has been the source of information.” Hence, in making the necessary comparisons between the subject of this paper and the published descriptions and maps of Nova Scotia, I shall have to refer almost exclusively to Dr. Dawson’s maps of 1868, accompanying the 2nd edition of his beautiful work on Acadian Geology.
On the Distribution of Wastdale-Crag Blocks, “Shap-Fell Granite Boulders,” in Westmoreland
Authors: Harkness Robert 
Published: October 2009

T
he
dispersion of blocks of porphyritic granite, which have been originally derived from Wastdale Crag, a hill lying three miles south of Shap, in Westmoreland, has long excited the attention of geologists. These granite blocks, to which the term “Shap-granite” boulders has been applied, are alluded to as early as 1836 by Professor Phillips, who has described the direction which these blocks have taken during the period of their dispersion; who also mentions the occurrence of these blocks on Stainmoor, a pass in the Pennine chain, and their having travelled over some of the hills and valleys of Westmoreland, South Durham, and Yorkshire.

Wastdale Crag, from which these blocks have been derived, is a low rounded hill, a little more than four miles N.W. of Tebay station, on the Lancaster and Carlisle railway. It is composed wholly of porphyritic granite, which, on the western side of the granitic area, attains an elevation of about 1600 feet above the level of the sea.
This area of porphyritic granite is flanked, on the western side, by ashes and porphyries, which belong to the Bala age ; and these ashes and porphyries on this side, immediately adjoining the granite, attain to a greater elevation than the granite, rising to a height of 1853 feet in the summit of Wastdale Pike ; and a little further westward some of the hill-tops are somewhat higher.
The granitic area of Wastdale Crag has a somewhat irregular outline. Its greatest breadth is from E.S.E. to W.N.W., being
Observations on some Vegetable Fossils from Victoria
Authors: von Müller Ferdinand , Smyth R. Brough 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Mr. S
myth
stated that the fossils, of which specimens were forwarded by him, were obtained in one of the deep leads at Haddon, near Smythesdale. No leaves have been obtained from the bed, which consists of a greyish-black clay; the fruits and seed-vessels were obtained about 180 feet from the surface, and represent a flora not very dissimilar to that now characterizing some parts of Queensland. The specimens sent include the fruits of a supposed new genus of Coniferæ, described by Dr. von Müller under the name of
Spondylostrobus
. It is most nearly allied to
Solenostrobus
, Bowerbank; but its five valves are not keeled. The columella forms the main body of the fruit; and the seeds are apparently solitary. The species was named
Spondylostrobus Smythii
. The remaining specimens consisted of:—a solitary fruit of a genus of Verbenaceæ; an indehiscent compressed fruit, probably belonging to the proteaceous genus
Helicia
; a nut nearly allied to the preceding; a large, spherical, unilocular, 3-seeded nut with a thick pericarp, perhaps from a Capparidaceous plant; a 5-valved capsule of an unknown genus; and fruit-valves of three other plants, probably belonging to the Sapindaceæ, and perhaps allied to
Cupania
, One of the last may belong to the Meliciaceous genus
Dysoxylon
, Dr. Müller considered that these remains indicate a former flora analogous to that of the existing forest-belt of Eastern Australia.
On
Dorypterus Hoffmanni
, Germar, from the Marl-slate fo Midderidge, Durham
Authors: Hancock Albany , Howse Richard 
Published: October 2009

W
ithin
the last few years four specimens of
Dorypterus Hoffmanni
have been discovered in the Marl-slate of Midderidge, in the county of Durham, by Joseph Duff, Esq., two of them in the year 1865, and the other two in the autumn of last year, 1869. A few traces of other individuals were also observed at the same time and in the same locality. These are, we believe, the first specimens of this very singular fish that have been obtained from the Marl-slate of this country.

The Midderidge quarry, in which these examples were found, is situated on the Darlington and Wear Valley Railway, not far from Bishop’s Auckland, and is well known as being the locality where the Marl-slate fishes were first discovered. Prof. Sedgwick a long time ago (Trans. Geol. Soc. 2nd series, vol. iii. pp. 76, 77) accurately described the position of this quarry and the stratum in which these specimens were found.
Through the kindness of Mr. Duff, we have had the opportunity and pleasure of examining and studying all the specimens of this interesting fish: and this has happened fortunately; for each specimen, being in a different state of preservation, has assisted much towards the working out and comprehension of the structure of this extraordinary ichthyolite.
When Mr. Driff’s original specimens were first seen, they were supposed to be merely the skeletons of a species of Platysomus ; but a short examination soon showed that this opinion was entirely erroneous; and happily the discovery of two