bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses of ethylene and methane consumption to temperature and pH in temperate volcanic forest soils
Authors: Xu X. , Inubushi K. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThere is limited knowledge about the consumption and interaction of methane (CH4) and ethylene (C2H4) in forest soils under disturbances of temperature and acidification. Temperate volcanic forest topsoils (0‐5 cm) sampled under different tree species (e.g. Pinus sylvestris, Cryptomeria japonica and Quercus serrata) were used to study the capacities for CH4 and C2H4 consumption and their sensitivity to temperature and pH. We also studied the responses of soil nitrogen (N) transformations to temperature and relationships to consumption of both CH4 and C2H4. The C2H4 consumption rates increased with temperature up to 35oC, whereas the optimum temperature for CH4 consumption rates was approximately 25oC. Both Q10 values and activation energies for CH4 consumption rates over the range 5 to 25oC were larger than corresponding values for C2H4 consumption rates. The rates of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) evolution and net N mineralization in the soils increased exponentially with temperature up to 35oC, with relatively large Q10 values and activation energies for NO evolution. In these forest topsoils, rates of CH4 and C2H4 consumption at pH < 4.0 were negligible, and the pH optimum for both consumptions varied from 5.5 to 6.2. Most of the tested forest soils had an optimum pH for CH4 and C2H4 consumption that was above natural pH values, which indicated that soil acidification would inhibit CH4 and C2H4 consumption in situ. There was a high rate of net C2H4 evolution from forest soils acidified experimentally to pH < 4.0, particularly from Cryptomeria japonica forest soil, and 67% of the variation in C2H4 evolution rates could be accounted for by the increase in soil water‐soluble organic carbon concentrations. Previous studies have shown that addition of C2H4 in headspace gases can inhibit atmospheric CH4 consumption in such forest soils. Hence, the evolution of C2H4 from temperate volcanic forest soils at decreasing pH can exacerbate inhibition of the soil atmospheric CH4 consumption in situ.
Landscape‐level vegetation recovery from herbivory: progress after four decades of invasive red deer control
Authors: Tanentzap Andrew J. , Burrows Larry E. , Lee William G. , Nugent Graham , Maxwell Jane M. , Coomes David A. 
Published: July 2009

Summary 1.  Ungulates have reached such high densities in some natural ecosystems that culling is frequently used to reduce their impacts on vegetation. However, much is still unknown about the outcomes of landscape‐level control, in part because monitoring vegetation recovery requires decades. 2.
We report long‐term vegetation changes in permanent plots located in forest, shrubland and grassland communities across a mountain range in southern New Zealand. We test whether c. 92% reduction in the population of invasive non‐indigenous red deer Cervus elaphus since 1964 has led to the recovery of deer‐preferred species. 3.  Tree seedlings, saplings and the number of seedlings per adult tree increased over time. There was lower recruitment, however, of highly palatable forest species compared with less palatable species, and the recruitment of saplings was lower in browsed forest plots compared with deer exclosures. 4.
The total number of occurrences and absolute number of palatable species per plot increased over time in shrublands and grasslands respectively. The height of both shrublands and palatable grassland snow tussocks Chionochloa spp. increased, although the occurrences of most individual species remained unchanged over time. 5.  Vegetation recovery at our site in response to long‐term and significant herbivore reductions may be limited by several factors, including the slow growth rates of New Zealand species, density‐dependent diet switching by deer, altered successional trajectories and below‐ground processes. 6.
Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that after nearly four decades, even low densities of introduced herbivores may restrict ecosystem recovery, and therefore, restoring herbivore‐disturbed ecosystems by solely manipulating herbivore population numbers may require a long‐term perspective. Management strategies can accelerate recovery by protecting existing palatable plants within deer‐exclosures, and planting or seeding palatable species within these refugia. However, in addition to increasing seed sources, restoration may only become apparent following large‐scale disturbance events and canopy turnover.
Taking into account phylogenetic and divergence‐time uncertainty in a parametric biogeographical analysis of the Northern Hemisphere plant clade Caprifolieae
Authors: Smith Stephen A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim  To examine the biogeographical history of the angiosperm clade Caprifolieae (Caprifoliaceae) using parametric biogeographical reconstruction methods. The existing parametric method was extended to evaluate biogeographical reconstructions over the distribution of dated phylogenies. This method provides a framework for reconstructing large‐scale biogeography with parametric methods, while accounting for uncertainty in the phylogenetic relationships and divergence time.Location  Asia, Europe and North America.Methods  The biogeographical history of the major lineages of Caprifolieae was reconstructed over the posterior distribution of dated trees generated from Bayesian divergence‐time analyses. Results from a model with no geological constraints were compared with those from one where movement is disallowed across the North Atlantic after the Eocene. The most plausible scenarios were segregated at each node to test whether particular scenarios were reconstructed for particular divergence times. The parametric biogeographical method was also extended to estimate connectivity between areas so that the probability of dispersal between the major areas of the Northern Hemisphere could be explored.Results  Phylogenetic results for Caprifolieae agreed with previous estimates using smaller sampling, but uncertainty remained despite efforts to resolve the relationships of the four genera within this clade using multiple markers. In addition to topological uncertainty, there were few fossils available for calibrations, resulting in large confidence intervals for divergence times. Divergence‐time analyses put the diversification of Caprifolieae at between 36 and 51 Ma and showed that Caprifolieae probably originated in Asia, with multiple movements into Europe and western and eastern North America.Main conclusions  Newly developed parametric methods for biogeographical reconstruction incorporate more data and better models. Here, the parametric biogeographical reconstruction method has been extended to allow for topological and divergence‐time uncertainty. The analyses of Caprifolieae demonstrated that biogeographical hypotheses can be explored even where there are large confidence intervals on divergence times and uncertainty in topology. These results add to the growing evidence that Asia was an important source of Northern Hemisphere diversity throughout the Cenozoic.
Implementation of Clinical Supervision: educational preparation and subsequent diary accounts of the practicalities involved, from an Australian mental heath nursing innovation
Authors: WHITE E. , WINSTANLEY J. 
Published: July 2009

Accessible summary

Clinical Supervision (CS) has shown promise as a positive contribution to the clinical governance agenda in health service provision.
Educational preparation and first‐hand testimony of the issues faced by mental health nursing staff engaged as supervisors in the implementation of CS arrangements in Queensland, Australia, are reported.
Several challenges emerge from the diary accounts of their experience that may confront Clinical Supervision policy makers, educators, managers and clinicians, anywhere in the world, with immediate effect.

AbstractSet against the backdrop of several inquiry reports about mental health service provision in Australia, the privately experienced cost of working and coping in contemporary mental health settings, remains poorly understood. Clinical Supervision, a structured staff support arrangement, has shown promise as a positive contribution to the clinical governance agenda and is now found reflected in central policy themes elsewhere in the world. However, the concept of Clinical Supervision remains underdeveloped in Australia. The background to a novel randomized controlled trial, currently in progress in Queensland, Australia, is reported elsewhere. This paper reports on the educational preparation for, and subsequent first‐hand testimony of the issues faced by, front‐line mental health nursing staff engaged in the implementation of Clinical Supervision, under the auspices of the randomized controlled trial. It is argued here that, in advance of quantitative findings becoming available, several challenges emerge from their supplementary and contemporaneous diary accounts of their experience that may confront Clinical Supervision policy makers, educators, managers and clinicians, anywhere in the world, with immediate effect.
The GLABRA2 homeodomain protein directly regulates CESA5 and XTH17 gene expression in Arabidopsis roots
Authors: Tominaga‐Wada Rumi , Iwata Mineko , Sugiyama Junji , Kotake Toshihisa , Ishida Tetsuya , Yokoyama Ryusuke , Nishitani Kazuhiko , Okada Kiyotaka , Wada Takuji 
Published: July 2009

SummaryArabidopsis root hair formation is determined by the patterning genes CAPRICE (CPC), GLABRA3 (GL3), WEREWOLF (WER) and GLABRA2 (GL2), but little is known about the later changes in cell wall material during root hair formation. A combined Fourier‐transform infrared microspectroscopy–principal components analysis (FTIR‐PCA) method was used to detect subtle differences in the cell wall material between wild‐type and root hair mutants in Arabidopsis. Among several root hair mutants, only the gl2 mutation affected root cell wall polysaccharides. Five of the 10 genes encoding cellulose synthase (CESA1–10) and 4 of 33 xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XTH1–33) genes in Arabidopsis are expressed in the root, but only CESA5 and XTH17 were affected by the gl2 mutation. The L1‐box sequence located in the promoter region of these genes was recognized by the GL2 protein. These results indicate that GL2 directly regulates cell wall‐related gene expression during root development.
S‐genotyping of Eastern European almond cultivars: identification and characterization of new (S36–S39) self‐incompatibility ribonuclease alleles
Authors: Halász J. , Fodor Á. , Pedryc A. , Hegedűs A. 
Published: July 2009

With 3 figures and 2 tables AbstractConsensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers amplifying the first and second intron regions of the S‐RNase gene and DNA sequencing as well as fruit set analysis after controlled pollinations were used for S‐genotyping of Eastern European almond cultivars. Complete S‐genotypes have been proposed for 19 accessions, and partial S‐genotypes have been proposed for three additional accessions. Based on DNA sequences and fruit set analysis, two novel cross‐incompatibility groups have been proposed: group XXI (S11S31H) including ‘Szigetcsépi 55’ (3/9) and ‘Eriane’ and group XXII (S36S37) for ‘Nikitskyi’ and ‘Óriás kagyló’ (4/4). Four new alleles were identified, S36 (FJ529211), S37 (FJ529212), S38 (FJ529213) and S39 (FJ529214). The combination of consensus PCR primers amplifying the first and second intron regions could reliably discriminate the S‐RNase alleles identified in this study from those described previously. Our results supply long‐awaited information on almond S‐allele diversity from regions between the main cultivation centres and the centre of origin of this species.
The ‘I’ in personalized genetics: 2008 Ian Constable lecture
Authors: Mackey David A 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe completion of the Human Genome Project heralded a new era in human genetic testing to predict individuals at risk from many common diseases. DNA markers can also be used to track one's ancestry. Eye diseases such as age‐related macular degeneration and glaucoma have been important examples of the success of genome‐wide association studies. Resource‐strapped genetic services have been limited in providing DNA testing for many well‐established hereditary diseases. Thus, several direct‐to‐consumer genetic services have arisen to fill the gap. However, there is a major need for research into interpreting the results of such tests of up to one million DNA markers. Studies of population, family and twins sharing common diseases help us clarify the significance of gene–disease associations. However, as identical twins show us, for some conditions our genes do not absolutely determine our destiny and environmental factors interact with our genetic profile.
Recurrence of treated ciliary body melanoma following trabeculectomy
Authors: Tay Eugene , Cree Ian A , Hungerford John , Franks Wendy 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA 69‐year‐old man was treated for a right ciliary body melanoma with plaque radiotherapy. One year later, he had uncomplicated cataract extraction but developed prolonged postoperative inflammation and secondary glaucoma. The tumour remained unchanged on yearly ultrasound B scans but intraocular pressures became uncontrolled despite maximal medical therapy. After radiotherapy, he underwent trabeculectomy with 5‐fluorouracil and revision with mitomycin C 2 years later. The melanoma recurred with extrascleral extension under the trabeculectomy bleb 14 years after plaque radiotherapy and 5 years after trabeculectomy surgery. Enucleation was performed and histological analysis showed a ring melanoma involving the root of the iris, filling the trabecular meshwork and extending into the anterior chamber. The predominant cell type was epithelioid with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Trabeculectomy surgery may increase the risk of extrascleral extension of ciliary body melanoma even after apparently successful plaque radiotherapy and long‐term local tumour control.
Variation in litter under individual tree crowns: Implications for scattered tree ecosystems
Authors: MCELHINNY CHRIS , LOWSON CHARLES , SCHNEEMANN BART , PACHÓN CARLOS 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn forest ecosystems litter is usually assessed in terms of the average amount produced by the canopy. In scattered tree ecosystems this approach is problematic because the canopy is discontinuous and the spatial arrangement of litter highly variable. We addressed this problem by quantifying the spatial variation in litter load and litter composition associated with individual trees in a Eucalyptus melliodora – Eucalyptus blakelyi woodland. Litter was sampled under crowns and in grassland adjacent to 10 E. blakelyi and 10 E. melliodora trees ranging in diameter at breast height (dbh) from 14 to 129 cm. A total of 302 L samples were collected from these trees, at distances ranging from 0 to 42 m from main stem. The sampled litter loads ranged from 0.02 to 109.3 t ha−1 and were significantly higher under tree crowns than in grassland for litter and each component of litter (leaves, bark, fine twigs, coarse twigs). In particular, the mean litter load under tree crowns (12.5 t ha−1) was an order of magnitude higher than the mean litter load in grassland (1.27 t ha−1). There was a significant (P = 0.0103) positive relationship between mean litter load under the tree crown and dbh, indicating larger trees produced more litter per unit area of ground than smaller trees. Generalized Linear Modelling produced highly significant (P < 0.0001) models predicting the spatial variation in litter load and litter composition in terms of distance from main stem and dbh. Our models demonstrate gradients in litter load and composition under tree crowns. These gradients were most pronounced for the large trees in our study. The disproportionate input of litter and variety of litter components associated with large trees in our study supports their keystone role in scattered tree ecosystems and highlights the need to maintain these structures in agricultural landscapes.
Publication ethics
Authors: MORTON NEIL S. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe editor of any medical journal has to be aware of the ethical and legal framework within which medical research is conducted. When research and publications relate to children, then particularly high standards are required in the design, conduct, and reporting of research in order to protect the rights of children and their families. Authors have a number of duties and responsibilities that are mirrored by those of editors and publishers. Of particular importance are the principles of transparency and integrity. Authors should be explicit about who carried out the work and who funded the study. They should declare whether the work has been published before and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. The authors must protect the rights of research participants including their anonymity. Editors and publishers have a duty to ensure high editorial standards and efficient and effective peer review systems. They should follow ethical and responsible publication practices and should safeguard the intellectual property of the authors. This review discusses in detail the duties and responsibilities of authors, editors, and publishers in modern medical publishing.
Efficacy and safety of insulin glulisine in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kawamori R. , Kadowaki T. , Ishii H. , Iwasaki M. , Iwamoto Y. 
Published: July 2009

Aim: The rapid‐acting insulin analogue insulin glulisine (glulisine) was compared with insulin lispro (lispro) for efficacy and safety in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), using insulin glargine (glargine) as basal insulin.Methods: This was an open, randomized, parallel‐group, comparative non‐inferiority study. The primary efficacy measure was change in adjusted mean haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from baseline to endpoint. Safety and treatment satisfaction using the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) were also assessed. Patients were treated for 28 weeks with either glulisine or lispro administered 0–15 min before a meal. Doses were titrated to obtain 2‐h postprandial plasma glucose (2h‐PPG) of 7.11–9.55 mmol/l (128–172 mg/dl). All patients were concomitantly treated with glargine at bedtime, titrated to obtain a fasting (prebreakfast) plasma glucose level of 5.27–7.11 mmol/l (95–128 mg/dl).Results: Baseline mean HbA1c values were similar for the glulisine (n = 132) and lispro (n = 135) groups (7.44 and 7.50% respectively). From baseline to endpoint, adjusted mean HbA1c increased by 0.10% in the glulisine group and by 0.04% in the lispro group. Non‐inferiority of glulisine compared with lispro was shown. There were no significant differences between glulisine and lispro in adjusted mean 2h‐PPG [glulisine, 9.06 mmol/l (163 mg/dl) vs. lispro, 8.13 mmol/l (146 mg/dl); p = 0.065] and change in adjusted mean daily rapid‐acting insulin dose (glulisine, 0.26 U vs. lispro, 0.26 U; p = 0.994) at study endpoint. There was a significant difference for change in adjusted mean daily basal insulin dose from baseline to study endpoint (glulisine, –0.54 U vs. lispro, 0.26 U; p = 0.013). The most common serious adverse events were hypoglycaemia‐related events (hypoglycaemia, hypoglycaemic seizure and hypoglycaemic coma) with no difference observed between the two groups [glulisine, 6.8% (9/132) vs. lispro, 4.4% (6/135); p = 0.437]. No noteworthy differences were observed for change in insulin antibodies from baseline to endpoint. Assessment of treatment satisfaction score and perceived frequency of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia by DTSQ showed no changes from baseline in either group.Conclusions: Glulisine was as effective as lispro with respect to change in HbA1c and was well tolerated when used in combination with glargine in Japanese patients with T1DM.
Poverty, Risk Aversion, and Path Dependence in Low‐Income Countries: Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Yesuf Mahmud , Bluffstone Randall A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn most low‐income countries, rural households depend on mixed rain‐fed agriculture/livestock production, which is very risky. Due to numerous market failures, there are few ways to shift risks to third parties. The literature has focused on what determines the responses of households in such environments. Of special concern are path dependencies in which households experiencing failure are prone to further failure and potential poverty traps. This paper estimates levels and determinants of risk aversion in the highlands of Ethiopia. We find high risk aversion and evidence that constraints have important impacts on risk‐averting behavior with perhaps significant implications for long‐term poverty. The results also suggest the possibility of path dependence and offer insights into links between risk aversion and poverty traps.
The Benefit Function Approach to Modeling Price‐Dependent Demand Systems: An Application of Duality Theory
Authors: McLaren Keith R. , Wong K. K. Gary 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this article, we advocate more extensive use of the benefit function in specifying price‐dependent or inverse demand models. We demonstrate how duality theory may be used to establish the interrelationships between the Marshallian (or Hicksian) inverse demands and Luenberger's adjusted price functions, allowing estimable inverse demands to be derived directly from a benefit function. We estimate two systems of inverse demands for Japanese quarterly fish consumption. Results indicate that the procedures and methods employed here appear promising, and may prove beneficial for quantity and welfare analysis when modeling systems of inverse demand functions.
Customs and Incentives in Contracts
Authors: Allen Douglas W. , Lueck Dean 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article examines contractual practices that are often assumed customary. In particular it examines discreteness in agricultural contracts, and focuses on the distinction between the use of simple discrete fraction terms in cropshare contracts and the nearly continuous payment terms used in cash rent contracts. We show that the pattern of shares is best explained as a response to moral hazard problems spread over large numbers of inputs. A contracting model explains the pattern of shares, the difference in flexibility with cash rent contracts, and the lower bound on shares. Empirical analysis using micro data on over 3,000 contracts are used to test implications of the model. A wide range of support is found for a model based on moral hazard and measurement costs.