bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent positive trend in heavy rainfall in eastern Japan and its relation with variations in atmospheric moisture
Authors: Iwasaki Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA recent trend in heavy rainfall in eastern Japan was studied using 31 years' worth of AMeDAS (1976–2006) hourly rainfall data having fine spatial resolution. The non‐parametric Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was applied to the heavy rainfall in two 10‐year periods (1980–1989 and 1997–2006), and the trends determined were compared with recent variations in atmospheric moisture.Two regions were found to be representative of the significant positive trend in heavy rainfall. One is the region around the southeastern foot of the mountains, where the evening convective maximum was naturally dominant. Heavy rainfall increased in the evening on days when no synoptic‐scale disturbances passed over the region and thermally induced local circulation toward the mountainous region prevailed. In addition, the specific humidity at 850 hPa also increased on convective days at the nearest upper air observation site. It is reasonable to suggest that the decrease in atmospheric stability due to the increase in specific humidity enhanced the existing mechanism for the evening convective maximum that is specific to the southeastern foot of the mountains.The other representative region is the region around the Pacific coastline, where the early morning convective maximum was naturally dominant. Heavy rainfall increased in the early morning on days when synoptic‐scale disturbances passed over the region. Cumulonimbus clouds became active in the months when atmospheric stability was low; however, the atmospheric stability was not controlled by the water vapour in the lower atmosphere. It was notable that the variations in the water vapour made different contributions to the recent trends in these two regions, even though the distance between the two regions is 150 km. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Total ozone and surface UV trends in the United Kingdom: 1979–2008
Authors: Smedley Andrew R. D. , Rimmer John S. , Moore David , Toumi Ralf , Webb Ann R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this study we present the UK's total ozone and UV data records, their measurement and preliminary processing, and discuss the observed trends. Notably, we combine the records from the Camborne and Reading sites to obtain a single ozone data series for southern England—a total duration of 30 years.Two‐section linear trends and cross‐over years are determined for Lerwick and southern England, both annually and seasonally. The observed minimum using this technique in the UK ozone record is found to occur during the year 1993. Significant trends of − 4.8% per decade for southern England and − 5.8% per decade for Lerwick are seen prior to the mid‐1990s; the rate of decrease in the UK being at the upper limit of other European stations. No significant ozone trend is seen for the latter period in either location in contrast with Europe as a whole. We, additionally, compare the satellite‐derived total ozone trends for both locations.The UV record at Reading showed a significant trend from 1993 to 2008 in the daily maximum UV index record (6.6% per decade), despite no significant recovery in the total ozone data series, suggesting a reduction in cloud cover during the midday period. Filtering data to remove other factors shows the erythemal UV to have an ozone‐dependent trend of − 0.11% per year, but this is not statistically significant. We find no correlation between anomalies in the surface UV and total ozone records suggesting that the majority of the inter‐annual variability is due to changes in cloud cover and other effects. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The impact of environmental factors on urban temperature variability in the coastal city of Turku, SW Finland
Authors: Suomi Juuso , Käyhkö Jukka 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTemporal and spatial characteristics of temperature were studied in and around the city of Turku (175,000 inh.). The main aim was to unravel the spatial diurnal and seasonal temperature differences during the observation period of 2002–2007 and the behaviour of observed temperature differences in relation to land use, topography and the vicinity of water bodies. The material consisted of a temperature data set from a network of 36 Hobo H8 temperature loggers that monitor T at 30 min interval. A buffer analysis of landscape parameters surrounding the loggers was employed for spatial analysis, and their relative importance was assessed with a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Spatial temperature difference in the area for warmest and coldest average temperatures was 1.9 °C. The differences were largest among the daily minimum temperatures (3.6 °C). The respective difference in daily maximum temperatures was 1.0 °C, and in the diurnal temperature ranges 3.4 °C. The spatial differences in temperatures were largest at the end of summer and smallest during the cold season. On average, the market square in the city centre was the warmest place. In autumn, a relatively warm zone was formed along the coast due to the remnant heat released by the sea. In spring, daytime maximum temperatures were typically highest in rural inland areas resulting in an urban cold island. The results of the linear regression model indicate that it is the daily minimum temperatures that can best be explained by the combination of land use, topography and water bodies. The explanatory force of the model was weakest in case of maximum temperatures. Land use was the most significant factor causing spatial differences in minimum and average temperatures as well as diurnal temperature range in the study area. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Regionalizing global climate models
Authors: Pitman A. J. , Arneth A. , Ganzeveld L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGlobal climate models simulate the Earth's climate impressively at scales of continents and greater. At these scales, large‐scale dynamics and physics largely define the climate. At spatial scales relevant to policy makers, and to impacts and adaptation, many other processes may affect regional and local climate and perhaps trigger teleconnections that provide significant feedbacks on the global climate. These processes include fire, irrigation, land cover change (including crops and urban landscapes), and the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds by vegetation. Many of these interact within the atmosphere via dynamical, physical, and chemical mechanisms that lead to boundary‐layer feedbacks. It is unlikely that any of these processes have a significant global‐scale impact on the Earth's climate in the sense that the amount of warming due to a doubling of well mixed greenhouse gases would change if these processes were explicitly represented in climate models. These phenomena are usually local in space (e.g. urban) or in time (e.g. fire) and probably do not provide the on‐going and sustained forcing to affect the global climate. However, for most impacts and adaptation research it is the regional and local climate that defines climate risk. At these scales, processes missing in climate models can have a substantially larger local‐scale impact than the additional radiative forcing due to increasing greenhouse gases. Thus, while climate models are well designed for global and continental scales they exclude a suite of important processes that are locally and/or regionally important. We review these missing processes and highlight the research required to resolve the representation of these regional‐scale processes in climate models. We also discuss the experimental methodology required to rigorously determine whether these processes are restricted to a local or regional‐scale role or whether they do trigger robust teleconnections that would demonstrate global‐scale significance. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Downscaling of surface temperature for lake catchment in an arid region in India using linear multiple regression and neural networks
Authors: Goyal Manish Kumar , Ojha C. S. P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this paper, downscaling models are developed using a Linear Multiple Regression (LMR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for obtaining projections of mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (Tmax and Tmin) to lake‐basin scale in an arid region in India. The effectiveness of these techniques is demonstrated through application to downscale the predictands for the Pichola lake region in Rajasthan State in India, which is considered to be a climatically sensitive region. The predictor variables are extracted from: (i) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis dataset for the period 1948–2000; and (ii) the simulations from the third‐generation Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) for emission scenarios A1B, A2, B1, and COMMIT for the period 2001–2100. The scatter‐plots and cross‐correlations are used for verifying the reliability of the simulation of the predictor variables by the CGCM3 and to study the predictor–predictand relationships. The performance of the linear multiple regression and ANN models was evaluated based on several statistical performance indicators. The ANN‐based models are found to be superior to LMR‐based models and subsequently, the ANN‐based model is applied to obtain future climate projections of the predictands. An increasing trend is observed for Tmax and Tmin for A1B, A2, and B1 scenarios, whereas no trend is discerned with the COMMIT scenario by using predictors. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Transient changes in flood frequency and timing in Britain under potential projections of climate change
Authors: Kay A. L. , Jones D. A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractClimate change could have dramatic consequences for the earth's environment, especially its hydrology, yet the ‘noise’ of natural climate variability can mask the impacts of climate change on shorter time scales, and can act (in an unpredictable way) to enhance or reduce its effect in any given period in the future. Thus, impact studies based on time slices, which look at modelled differences between baseline (e.g. 1961–1990) and future (e.g. 2070–2099) periods, can be misleading. This paper makes use of three new transient climate projections, from a perturbed parameter ensemble of a regional climate model (RCM) covering the period 1950–2099, to investigate transient changes in flood frequency and timing for two example catchments in England. Annual maximum (AM) time series are extracted from modelled flow timeseries (for hourly, daily mean and running 30‐day mean flows). The AM series are analysed in terms of flood frequency (using a fitted generalised logistic distribution) and timing in a 30‐year moving window. A non‐linear trend analysis is performed on the derived time series, with permutation testing to estimate statistical significance. The results show that changes over the period are often non‐linear, and vary considerably in size and statistical significance according to catchment, flow time step and RCM ensemble member. The relative effects of the three RCM ensemble members are consistent with their relative climate sensitivities. A nationwide analysis, using daily mean flows from a grid‐based runoff and routing model for the UK with one of the RCM ensemble members, was consistent with the catchment results in terms of direction of trends, but generally gave trends of a higher magnitude, indicating the presence of some hydrological model structure uncertainty. The nationwide results suggest increased flood risk across much of the country. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Volatile compounds and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of the needles of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii
Authors: Park Ju‐Sung , Lee Gyu‐Hee 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: To investigate the volatile compounds and the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of the essential oils of Pinus densiflora needles (EPDN) and Pinus thunbergii needles (EPTN), the volatile compounds of steam‐distilled essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activities were analysed by performing disc‐agar diffusion assay and determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils. Antioxidant activities were analysed via radical‐ and nitrite‐scavenging activity assays.RESULTS: The yields of EPDN and EPTN were 0.304% (v/w) and 0.296% (v/w), respectively. In the antibacterial activity assay, the MICs of EPDN and EPTN for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri and Proteus vulgaris were < 0.4 mg mL−1. In the antioxidant activity assay, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of EPDN and EPTN were 120 and 30 µg mL−1, respectively. At 1680 µg mL−1, both EPDN and EPTN exhibited > 50% nitrite‐scavenging activity.CONCLUSION: EPDN can be used as a natural antimicrobial substance. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Cortical representation sites of mimic movements after facial nerve reconstruction: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Bitter Thomas , Sorger Bettina , Hesselmann Volker , Krug Barbara , Lackner Klaus , Guntinas‐Lichius Orlando 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To describe cortical reorganization after classic hypoglossal‐facial nerve anastomosis (HFA) (four patients), hypoglossal‐facial nerve jump anastomosis (HFJA) (three patients), and facial nerve interpositional graft (FNIG) (three patients).Study Design:Prospective case series.Methods:Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed during lip and tongue movement using a block or an event‐related design.Results:Despite the presence of some intersubject variability, the following general brain activation patterns were revealed: As expected, lip movements after FNIG led to selective brain activation in the original facial motor cortex, and lip movements after HFA were associated with activation in the hypoglossal motor cortex. Following HFJA, lip movements resulted in overlapping activation encompassing both the original facial and the hypoglossal motor cortex, but tongue movements led solely to strong activation within the original hypoglossal motor cortex. In contrast, tongue movements after HFA were associated with strong activation in the original hypoglossal motor cortex and weaker activation in the facial motor cortex.Conclusions:Direct facial nerve repair (FNIG) leads to restoration of the original cortical activation. A cross nerve suture (HFA or HFJA) changes cortical activation and leads to different patterns of cortical activation during lip and tongue movements. Laryngoscope, 2011
Parascapular free flaps in skin malignancies
Authors: Kucera Marcum Kristin , Browne J. Dale 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis study was a retrospective review of a case series of nine patients, aged 40 to 83 years, presenting to the head and neck cancer department at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, with a diagnosis of head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), requiring reconstruction after surgical resection. In this group of patients, parascapular fasciocutaneous free flaps proved to be a safe, reliable, and cosmetically effective choice for reconstruction of head and neck skin cancer defects. Choosing donor tissue from a relatively non‐sun exposed area can prevent potential development of new malignancies that may arise from donor sites using sun‐exposed skin. We discuss the benefits and versatility of the parascapular fasciocutaneous free flap and our experience in using this flap to reconstruct complex surgical defects. Laryngoscope, 2011
Correlative study of indirect computed tomography lymphography using iopamidol and histopathology in a cervical lymph node metastasis model
Authors: Shu Yilai , Xu Xiuyin , Chodara Ann M. , Regner Michael F. , Sha Yan , Jiang Jack J. , Xiang Mingliang , Wu Haitao 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To investigate the potential usefulness of indirect computed tomography lymphography (CT‐LG) with iopamidol in the detection of cervical lymph node metastases in a VX2 rabbit tongue cancer model.Study Design:Randomized controlled trial.Methods:Thirty‐seven rabbits were randomly divided into control (n = 7) and tongue tumor‐bearing (n = 30) groups. In the control group, indirect CT‐LG was performed with 0.5‐ and 0.25‐mL injections of iopamidol in the right and left tongue submucosa, respectively. In the tumor‐bearing group, indirect CT‐LG with 0.5 mL of iopamidol was performed on day 11 (n = 8), 14 (n = 8), 21 (n = 8), or 28 (n = 6) after carcinoma transplant. The correlation between indirect CT‐LG and histopathology was investigated.Results:In normal rabbits, oval or round enhanced cervical lymph nodes in each side of the neck were visualized by indirect CT‐LG. In tumor‐bearing rabbits, one enhanced lymph node on each side of the neck was visualized with or without filling defects in all rabbits except two on day 28 in which lymph nodes were not enhanced. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values for using filling defects on CT‐LG as a diagnostic criterion were 77.4%, 77.8%, 77.6%, 80%, and 75%, respectively. Indirect CT‐LG detected 84.6% of 2‐ to 6‐mm intranodal tumor deposits.Conclusions:Indirect CT‐LG may be useful for differentiating metastatic from nonmetastatic lymph nodes. Laryngoscope, 2011
Variable changes in PET activity before and after rTMS treatment for tinnitus
Authors: Mennemeier Mark , Chelette Kenneth C. , Allen Shawn , Bartel Twyla B. , Triggs William , Kimbrell Timothy , Crew Joseph , Munn Tiffany , Brown Ginger J. , Dornhoffer John 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The objective was to determine whether low‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves tinnitus by decreasing neural activity in auditory processing regions of the temporal cortex and the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) for targeting treatment.Study Design:Randomized, sham‐controlled crossover.Methods:Patients received a five‐day course of active and sham 1‐Hz rTMS (1800 pulses at 110% of motor threshold) to the temporal cortex, with a week separating active and sham treatment. Visual analogue ratings of tinnitus loudness (VARL) were assessed at baseline and the end of each treatment week; regional brain blood flow (rBBF) and glucose metabolism (via PET) were measured before and after treatment in regions of interest (ROI) beneath the stimulating coil and control sites.Results:The VARL for both ears significantly decreased after active but not sham treatment. Responders comprised 43% of patients, experiencing at least a 33% drop in tinnitus loudness. The site most consistently associated with a positive response was the secondary auditory cortex (Brodmann Area 22) in either hemisphere. PET asymmetries were variable across patients and not always accessible to rTMS. Whereas PET activity decreased significantly beneath the stimulating coil following active treatment, similar changes occurred at control sites and after sham stimulation. Change in tinnitus perception did not correlate significantly with change in PET activity at the treatment site ROI.Conclusions:Active TMS led to a significant reduction in tinnitus loudness, but PET scans failed to support the hypothesis that low‐frequency rTMS improves tinnitus by reducing cortical activation at the stimulation site, questioning the utility of PET for targeting rTMS. Laryngoscope, 2011
Short‐ and medium‐term evolution of soil properties in Atlantic forest ecosystems affected by wildfires
Authors: Martín A. , Díaz‐Raviña M. , Carballas T. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThe immediate effect of low and high severity wildfires on the main soil properties, as well as their short‐ and medium‐term evolution under field conditions, was examined. The study was performed with three pine forest soils (two Leptosols and one Humic Cambisol, developed over granite and basic schist, respectively), located in the Atlantic humid temperate zone (Galicia, NW Spain). Samples were collected from the A‐horizon (0–5 cm depth) of the burnt and the corresponding unburnt soils, immediately and 3, 6 and 12 months after the wildfires. Most properties analysed exhibit immediate fire‐induced changes and different evolution depending on fire severity and soil type. In general, immediately after the fire pH and soil properties related to nutrients availability increased and cation exchange capacity decreased, whereas properties related to soil organic matter content (C, N, Fe and Al oxides) had a variable effect depending mainly on the soil studied; all these modifications were accentuated by fire severity. These effects were attenuated in the short term in the soil affected by a low severity wildfire, but they lasted for at least 1 year in the soils affected by high severity wildfires, particularly in the Leptosols. The results showed the importance of the fire as a disturbance agent in the dynamic of nutrients and soil organic matter that is directly related with soil quality in the Galician forest ecosystems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classifying land cover conversions in coastal wetlands in the Mediterranean: Pairwise comparisons of landsat images
Authors: Alphan H. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis study classified land cover conversions by using quantitative change detection methods in the eastern Mediterranean coastal wetlands of Turkey. Three Landsat TM scenes acquired in 1984, 1998 and 2007 were analysed using image pairs of consecutive dates. The amounts of change were calculated for the periods from 1984 to 1998 and from 1998 to 2007, using binary change masks and supervised image classifications, in which eleven a priori defined land cover classes were used. Change areas accounted for 14.81 and 15.64 per cent of the total area, in the first and second periods, respectively. Conversions from/to sand dunes, mud flats and afforestation were by far the most extensive changes. Sand dunes and mud flats decreased, while afforestation and agriculture areas increased in the 23‐year period between 1984 and 2007. Five types of qualitative change were identified on the basis of land cover transformations within and between natural and anthropogenic systems. Type I changes, which indicated conversions from (semi)natural to anthropogenic systems, took place as agricultural expansion over coastal sand dunes, while Type II changes mostly occurred within agricultural systems. Type III changes included changes in human uses, leading to conversions from one anthropogenic system to another. Conversions between semi(natural) systems such as salt marshes and mud‐flats were typical Type IV changes. Type V changes were mainly due to conversions from agriculture to wetland categories or other semi(natural) cover types. Implications of these changes were discussed for management of coastal environmental resources. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.