bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ecology of immature phases of Trichostrongyle nematodes: I. The vertical distribution of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis in relation to their habitat
Authors: Crofton H. D. 
Published: June 2009

1. The number of third stage larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis on different portions of herbage was studied. Three plant-types were used: Festuca sp., Clover, and Carex sp.2. On Festuca spp., 5·5 in. in height, 90% of the total number of larvae occurred on the lower 3 in. of the blades; 50% occurred on the basal 1·5 in. On the same species, 3 in. high, 90% were found on the lower inch. This showed that the distribution on the blades was not limited by the total distance the larvae were able to travel. Nor was it limited by the rate of movement, because the form of the distribution was not altered after 3 days.3. Larvae were found to be evenly distributed vertically over the stems and leaves of clover.4. On Carex vulgaris 10 in. high the larvae were limited to the lower 2 in.5. The distribution of larvae in the soil, ‘mat’ and herbage was recorded monthly throughout the year. During the warmer months of June, July and August the majority of larvae were found on the grass blades, and more larvae occurred in the soil than in the ‘mat’. During September, October, April and May more larvae were found in the ‘mat’ and fewer were found on the blades and in the soil. From November to March nearly all the larvae occurred in the ‘mat’. From December to January no larvae were found on the grass blades or in the soil.6. Climatic conditions in the herbage were studied.7. It was shown that the temperature below the top of grass blades may differ considerably from the air temperature. Differences of 10° F. were recorded between the tips and bases of grass blades. In general, there was a gradient of temperature established between the upper and lower parts of the grass.8. High humidities occurred in the lower parts of the grass, even when atmospheric humidity was low. The relative humidity at the tips was never higher than that at the base of the blades.9. The rate of evaporation decreased towards the base of the blades.10. The light intensity decreased towards the soil. Midway between the top of the grass and the soil the light intensity fell rapidly.11. The height, density and type of herbage modified the effect of the climatic factors.12. It was concluded that the vertical distribution of larvae could be explained without reference to geotropism and that most of the larvae occurred in that portion of the herbage in which there was least climatic change.The writer wishes to thank Prof. A. D. Hobson for advice and criticism and Mr W. Lyle Stewart, M.R.C.V.S., for encouragement and the provision of facilities, and Dr G. Lapage for helpful criticism and advice in the preparation of the MS. Thanks are also due to King's College, University of Durham, for a grant from the College Post-Graduate Research Fund.
Drug-resistance in Plasmodium gallinaceum, and the persistence of paludrine-resistance after mosquito transmission
Authors: Bishop Ann , Birkett Betty 
Published: June 2009

1. Attempts, made over a period of more than 6 months, to produce a strain of Plasmodium gallinaceum resistant to mepacrine failed.2. A strain of P. gallinaceum resistant to daily doses of 0·08 mg./20 g. of pamaquin was obtained after approximately 8 months' treatment with the drug.3. A strain of P. gallinaceum resistant to the maximum dose of paludrine which the chicks would tolerate (1·0 mg./20 g. twice daily) was obtained after 4½ months' treatment with gradually increasing doses of the drug.4. The exo-erythrocytic parasites of P. gallinaceum formed in chicks infected with a paludrine-resistant strain are themselves resistant to the drug. It is not, however, considered probable that the development of resistance is due to the action of the drugs upon the exo-erythrocytic parasites, as the technique used was one which reduced their number to a minimum.5. A strain of P. gallinaceum resistant to paludrine showed a normal sensitivity to mepacrine and pamaquin, but was resistant to 4430, the methyl homologue of paludrine.6. Chicks carrying a latent infection of the normal strain of P. gallinaceum were immune to infection with the paludrine-resistant strain; and conversely chicks carrying a latent infection of the paludrine-resistant strain were immune to infection with the normal parasite.7. A paludrine-resistant strain of P. gallinaceum retained its resistance to this drug after five cyclical passages through mosquitoes without intervening drug treatment.
On the Dignity of Man in Kant
Authors: von der Pfordten Dietmar 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe contribution starts with the observation that Kant mentioned Human Dignity in his main works with great variety in emphasis. In the ‘Grundlegung’ from 1785 we find a significant treatment and again in the ‘Tugendlehre’ from 1798 but none in the ‘Kritik der Praktischen Vernunft’ from 1788 and in the ‘Rechtslehre’ from 1797. This needs an explanation. In the ‘Grundlegung’ human dignity is not attached to the second formula of the categorical imperative, the formula of self-purposefulness, as it is often assumed, but to the third formula of a kingdom of ends. It is there explained as self-legislation. This placement needs also an explanation, which is attempted by the article. In the ‘Tugendlehre’ human dignity is then explained as self-purposefulness. So Kant changed his understanding of human dignity from the ‘Grundlegung’ to the ‘Tugendlehre’. But the question is: why?
The tylosin producer, Streptomyces fradiae, contains a second valine dehydrogenase
Authors: Nguyen Lieu Thi , Nguyen Kien Trung , Spízek Jaroslav , Behal Vladislav 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
A second NAD-dependent valine dehydrogenase (VDH) of Streptomyces fradiae was detected and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on Reactive-Blue 2 Sepharose followed by gel filtration and Mono Q fast protein liquid chromatography. The relative molecular masses of the native enzyme and its subunits were determined to be 80000 and 41000, respectively, indicating that the enzyme is a homodimer. The enzyme was the only active VDH in S. fradiae; its activity was significantly induced by L-valine, but was repressed by ammonia. Among branched- and straight-chain amino acids that serve as enzyme substrates, L-2-aminobutyrate and L-valine are preferred. Significant activities were found with deamino-NAD+ and 3-pyridinealdehyde-NAD-. The molecular and catalytic properties of the enzyme distinguish it from the enzyme previously purified, and thus indirectly indicate the existence of two VDHs in S. fradiae.
Involvement of ArgR and PepA in the pairing of ColE1 dimer resolution sites
Authors: Guhathakurta Anjan , Summers David 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
Dimer formation and associated copy number depression is an important cause of multicopy plasmid instability. Natural multicopy plasmids employ site-specific recombination to convert dimers to monomers, thus maximizing the number of independently segregating molecules at cell division. Resolution of dimers of Escherichia coli plasmid ColE1 requires the plasmid cer site and at least four chromosome-encoded proteins: the XerC and XerD recombinases, and accessory factors ArgR and PepA. It has been suggested that ArgR has a role in the initial pairing of recombination sites and we describe here an attempt to detect this process in vivo. Our approach exploits a previous observation that a cer-like site known as the type II hybrid supports inter-molecular recombination and causes extensive multimerization of plasmids. We report that type-II-mediated multimerization can be repressed by a cer site in cis or in trans and propose that this is due to a physical interaction between the sites. If this hypothesis is correct, suppression of multimer formation provides an assay of site pairing. Our results demonstrate that the putative pairing interaction is independent of the topological relationship of the sites and that both PepA and ArgR are involved. Although most recombination-deficient mutant derivatives of ArgR are unable to pair recombination sites, we have found two (ArgR110 and ArgR115*) which retain pairing activity. The validity of the pairing hypothesis is discussed in the light of alternative explanations for our data.
The Bacillus subtilis dnal gene is part of the dnaB operon
Authors: Bruand Claude , Ehrlich S. Dusko 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
The dnal gene of Bacillus subtilis, previously identified through the isolation of the dnal2 mutant, was found to be the second gene of the dnaB operon. The nucleotide substitution in the dnal2 mutant gene was determined.
The T‐DNA integration pattern in Arabidopsis transformants is highly determined by the transformed target cell
Authors: De Buck Sylvie , Podevin Nancy , Nolf Jonah , Jacobs Anni , Depicker Ann 
Published: June 2009

SummaryTransgenic loci obtained after Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation can be simple, but fairly often they contain multiple T‐DNA copies integrated into the plant genome. To understand the origin of complex T‐DNA loci, floral‐dip and root transformation experiments were carried out in Arabidopsis thaliana with mixtures of A. tumefaciens strains, each harboring one or two different T‐DNA vectors. Upon floral‐dip transformation, 6–30% of the transformants were co‐transformed by multiple T‐DNAs originating from different bacteria and 20–36% by different T‐DNAs from one strain. However, these co‐transformation frequencies were too low to explain the presence of on average 4–6 T‐DNA copies in these transformants, suggesting that, upon floral‐dip transformation, T‐DNA replication frequently occurs before or during integration after the transfer of single T‐DNA copies. Upon root transformation, the co‐transformation frequencies of T‐DNAs originating from different bacteria were similar or slightly higher (between 10 and 60%) than those obtained after floral‐dip transformation, whereas the co‐transformation frequencies of different T‐DNAs from one strain were comparable (24–31%). Root transformants generally harbor only one to three T‐DNA copies, and thus co‐transformation of different T‐DNAs can explain the T‐DNA copy number in many transformants, but T‐DNA replication is postulated to occur in most multicopy root transformants. In conclusion, the comparable co‐transformation frequencies and differences in complexity of the T‐DNA loci after floral‐dip and root transformations indicate that the T‐DNA copy number is highly determined by the transformation‐competent target cells.
The SARS epidemic in mainland China: bringing together all epidemiological data
Authors: Feng Dan , De Vlas Sake J. , Fang Li‐Qun , Han Xiao‐Na , Zhao Wen‐Juan , Sheng Shen , Yang Hong , Jia Zhong‐Wei , Richardus Jan Hendrik , Cao Wu‐Chun 
Published: June 2009

SummaryObjective  To document and verify the number of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during the 2002–2003 epidemic in mainland China.Method  All existing Chinese SARS data sources were integrated in one final database. This involved removing non‐probable and duplicate cases, adding cases at the final stage of the outbreak, and collecting missing information.Results  The resulting database contains a total of 5327 probable SARS cases, of whom 343 died, giving a case fatality ratio (CFR) of 6.4%. While the total number of cases happens to be equal to the original official reports, there are 5 cases overall which did not result in death. When compared with Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, China Taiwan, and Singapore, the SARS epidemic in mainland China resulted in a considerably lower CFR, involved relatively younger cases and included fewer health care workers.Conclusions  To optimise future data collection during large‐scale outbreaks of emerging or re‐emerging infectious disease, China must further improve the infectious diseases reporting system, enhance collaboration between all levels of disease control, health departments, hospitals and institutes nationally and globally, and train specialized staff working at county centres of disease control.
Gross motor performance and self‐perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders: a review
Authors: EMCK CLAUDIA , BOSSCHER RUUD , BEEK PETER , DORELEIJERS THEO 
Published: June 2009

Aims Motor performance and self‐perceived motor competence have a great impact on the psychosocial development of children in general. In this review, empirical studies of gross motor performance and self‐perception of motor competence in children with emotional (depression and anxiety), behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders are scrutinized, with the objective of identifying specific motor characteristics that may be relevant to clinical practice.Method A systematic search of studies published between 1997 and 2007 was performed using nine search engines.Results Children in all three categories (emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders) exhibit poor gross motor performance and problematic self‐perception of motor competence, with certain indications of disorder‐specific characteristics. In particular, children with emotional disorders have balance problems and self‐perceived motor incompetence; children with behavioural disorders show poor ball skills and tend to overestimate their motor performance; children with pervasive developmental disorders demonstrate poor gross motor performance and self‐perceived motor incompetence. As a result, children with developmental and emotional disorders are restricted in participating in games and play, which may lead to inactive lifestyles and further disruption of their psychosocial and physical development.Interpretation Motor problems need more, to some extent disorder‐specific, attention in clinical practice than has been provided to date.
Single nucleotide polymorphism in the ABCG8 transporter gene is associated with gallbladder cancer susceptibility
Authors: Srivastava Anvesha , Tulsyan Sonam , Pandey Sachchida Nand , Choudhuri Gourdas , Mittal Balraj 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) usually arises against the background of gallstone disease, which may be causatively related to supersaturation of cholesterol in bile. An imbalance in cholesterol homeostasis because of oversecretion of cholesterol in the gallbladder promotes gallstone formation. The excretion of cholesterol from the liver is regulated by adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette transporter ABCG8. A common genetic polymorphism D19H of ABCG8 associated with gallstone disease may be causatively related to the genetic predisposition of GBC.Aim: We aimed to examine the role of ABCG8 D19H (rs11887534) polymorphism in susceptibility to GBC.Methodology: This study included 171 confirmed GBC patients and 221 controls. Genotyping for the ABCG8 D19H polymorphism was performed by the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method.Results: We observed that in our population the ABCG8 DH genotype frequency was significantly higher in GBC patients [P=0.011; odds ratio (OR)=1.79; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.1–2.8]. Also, at the allele level, ABCG8H conferred an increased risk for GBC (P=0.023; OR=1.60; 95% CI=1.0–2.4). The risk was more pronounced in GBC patients with gallstones (P=0.027; OR=1.85; 95% CI=1.0–3.1), and in patients with an early onset of the disease (P=0.013; OR=2.55, 95% CI=1.2–5.3). However, there was no modulation of GBC risk because of the ABCG8 polymorphism in a gender‐specific manner.Conclusion: The results suggest that the DH genotype and the H allele of the ABCG8 D19H polymorphism are associated with GBC susceptibility. The GBC patients with gallstone disease harbouring the ABCG8 variant allele are at a higher risk, while the effect of this polymorphism on GBC patients without gallstones appears to be small.
Clinical Evaluation of a Pre‐Set Ultrafiltration Rate Controller Available for Single Pass and Hemodiafiltration Systems
Authors: Ota Kazuo , Suzuki Toshiaki , Ozaku Yasuo , Era Kazuo , Agishi Tetsuzo , Sugino Nobuhiro , Haraguchi Masato , Mitani Naoyuki , Kumazawa Shunji 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIntroduction of high flux‐type dialyzers, such as the RP‐6, makes it necessary to devise an ultrafiltration rate controller for a single pass system. For this purpose, a new pre‐set ultrafiltration rate controller has been developed and examined experimentally and clinically.The controller has twin chambers, each of which is divided into two symmetrical parts by a vertically‐placed diaphragm. The diaphragm shifts repeatedly from right to left, aspirating in and driving out fresh or used dialysate alternately. If one removes a certain amount of used dialysate from a branch of the efferent line, negative pressure develops and aspirates an equal amount of water from the dialyzer. Therefore, extra dialysate obtained by a pump precisely reflects ultrafiltration rate. The controller has been used on five patients. The scheduled ultrafiltration rate was easily obtainable. The apparatus is also available for hemodiafiltration. Initial clinical trial has been promising.
Tolerance To High Ultrafiltration Rates During Closed Batch Hemodialysis
Authors: Man Nguyen K. , Pils P. , Giulio D. Di , Zingraff J. , Drueke T. , Jungers P. , Funck‐Brentano Jean‐Louis 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe tolerance to high levels of ultrafiltration that has been observed when using a RP‐6 dialyzer with polyacrylonitrile membrane and a closed batch dialysate delivery system has led the authors to put patients on a free sodium and fluid intake.Eight patients were put on such a diet for six months. They have been dialyzed four to five hours, three times per week, on a RP‐6‐Rhodial 75. The mean intersession weight gain was 4.29±0.18 Kg after three days for a mean predialytic body weight of 63.55±2.54 Kg. Mean predialytic blood pressure was 138±4 mmHg for systolic pressure and 82±5 mmHg for diastolic pressure.Mean ultrafiltrate volume was 4.86±0.36 liters which corresponds to a sodium output of 661.3±49.5 mEq. The potassium removal was 83.47±5.72 mEq. Total plasma protein and hematocrit increased 18.8±3.34% and 19.13±3.22%, respectively, when the pre and post‐dialytic values were compared. No clinical sign of fluid overload (dyspnea, edema, etc.) was noted in these patients. Cardiothoracic index remained in the normal range.This tolerance is due, possibly, to the high sodium concentration (145 mEq/L) in the dialysate. The free sodium and water diet may contribute to a better rehabilitation.
Comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of canine intranasal neoplasia
Authors: Drees R. , Forrest L. J. , Chappell R. 
Published: June 2009

Objectives:Canine intranasal neoplasia is commonly evaluated using computed tomography to indicate the diagnosis, to determine disease extent, to guide histological sampling location and to plan treatment. With the expanding use of magnetic resonance imaging in veterinary medicine, this modality has been recently applied for the same purpose. The aim of this study was to compare the features of canine intranasal neoplasia using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.Methods:Twenty‐one dogs with confirmed intranasal neoplasia underwent both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The images were reviewed retrospectively for the bony and soft tissue features of intranasal neoplasia.Results:Overall computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging performed very similarly. However, lysis of bones bordering the nasal cavity and mucosal thickening was found on computed tomography images more often than on magnetic resonance images. Small amounts of fluid in the nasal cavity were more often seen on magnetic resonance images. However, fluid in the frontal sinuses was seen equally well with both modalities.ClinicalSignificance:We conclude that computed tomography is satisfactory for evaluation of canine intranasal neoplasia, and no clinically relevant benefit is gained using magnetic resonance imaging for intranasal neoplasia without extent into the cranial cavity.
Central corneal thickness in children with growth hormone deficiency
Authors: Parentin Fulvio , Pensiero Stefano 
Published: June 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 692–694Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP) and eye refraction in patients with congenital growth hormone (GH) deficiency.Methods:  Retrospective case series. Forty‐five patients with growth defect treated with recombinant GH and 45 healthy children underwent ophthalmological examination, including CCT measurements, applanation tonometry and cycloplaegic refraction.Results:  The average CCT in the GH deficiency group was 570.6 μm [standard deviation (SD) 37.4]. In the control group, it was 546.0 (SD 24.9). The average IOP in the GH deficiency group was 18.2 mmHg (SD 3.4). In the control group, it was 14.6 (SD 2.0). The mean refractive error (spherical equivalent) in the GH deficiency group was 0.59 D (SD 1.9). In the control group, it was 0.11 (SD 2.1).Conclusion:  GH and insulin‐like growth factor 1 are involved in ocular growth by influencing the synthesis of the extracellular matrix of the sclera. Children with congenital GH deficiency or insensitivity have a mean hyperopic defect related to a shorter axial length. A number of studies have demonstrated that CCT in newborns is significantly greater than in adults; a decrease in CCT is closely correlated with an increase in corneal diameter. This finding suggests that the growth of the eye, with possible remodelling and stretching of collagen fibres, may play an important role in the reduction of corneal thickness in the first years of life. Therefore, we conclude that a greater CCT can represent a sign of a delayed growth of the eye in patients with GH deficiency. Finally, our study confirms the influence of corneal thickness on IOP measures, and the prevalence of hyperopia among children with growth defect.
Eye movements in German‐speaking children with and without dyslexia when reading aloud
Authors: Trauzettel‐Klosinski Susanne , Koitzsch A Michaela , Dürrwächter Ute , Sokolov Alexander N , Reinhard Jens , Klosinski Gunter 
Published: June 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 681–691Abstract.Purpose:  The phonological difficulty and orthographic regularity of a language influence reading strategies. Only a few studies have been conducted in readers of German, which has a high grapheme–phoneme correspondence. The aim of this study was to investigate, firstly, the influence of different levels of phonological difficulty of reading material in German on reading in children and, secondly, to compare the reading strategies of German children with findings in English‐speaking readers.Methods:  Eye movements in 16 German children with dyslexia and 16 age‐matched control children (mean age 9.5 ± 0.35 years) in the third and fourth grades of school were recorded by scanning laser ophthalmoscope while they read aloud two texts of differing levels of difficulty.Results:  In the dyslexia group, reading speed was slowed, and the number of saccades and regressions was raised markedly, although the percentage of regressions only slightly. The number of eye movements increased in both groups with increasing text difficulty, although much more in the dyslexia group than in the control group, whereas fixation duration was not influenced.Conclusions:  Phonological difficulty influences reading speed and eye movement pattern: children with dyslexia markedly increase their number of eye movements and analyse the text in smaller units per fixation, but keep fixation duration constant. This strategy reflects their favouring of the indirect, sublexical route of grapheme–phoneme conversion, whereas readers of English‐language texts are more likely to prefer the whole‐word approach, i.e. the direct, lexical route that is associated with orthographic memory.