bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Severe Impairment Battery‘: Assessing cognitive ability in adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Witts Paul , Elders Sarah 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. To examine the utility of the ‘Severe Impairment Battery’ (SIB—Thames Valley Test Company) in assessing cognitive ability of adults with Down syndrome.Design. A within‐subject repeated measures design was used to determine test‐retest reliability of the SIB and the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (Interview Edition—Survey Form, 1984) were used to establish SIB criterion validity.Methods. Thirty‐three adults with Down syndrome (from 152 known to an NHS Trust learning disability service) were selected on the basis of their or their carers' written consent. At the first administration of the SIB with the participant, a staff member completed a Vineland ABS. Thirty days later, the SIB was readministered to the participant.Results. Test‐retest reliability of the SIB was high as was criterion validity determined by correlating SIB and Vineland ABS scores. Floor effects were not encountered.Conclusions. The SIB can successfully be used with adults with Down syndrome to assess cognitive functioning over a wide range of ability and may be useful, if used longitudinally, in assessing for deterioration in cognitive functioning associated with dementia. Methodological limitations are discussed.
Depressive thinking and dysfunctional schematic mental models
Authors: Teasdale John D. , Lloyd Charlotte‐Anne , Hutton Jane M. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. To examine the replicability and generalizability of findings suggesting that mood‐dependent negative thinking in depression reflects changes in the schematic mental models through which the world is interpreted, rather than a generalized increase in accessibility of negative constructs.Design. Depressed and non‐depressed samples were compared on a sentence completion task concerning anticipated outcomes of social approval or success. This task was designed so that the schematic mental models view predicted more positive completions from depressed participants, the construct accessibility view predicting the opposite.Methods. A total of 98 depressed participants (scoring > 15 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CESD) from a depressive self‐help organization, and 50 non‐depressed controls (CESD < 16) completed the CESD, Sentence Completion Task and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS).Results. Depressed participants made more positive completions in the Sentence Completion Task, and scored higher on the DAS than controls. Subanalyses suggested that the depressed group's increased positive completions were accounted for largely by those currently in psychiatric treatment; these participants also showed greater evidence of dysfunctional schematic models on DAS.Conclusions. For depressed participants in psychiatric treatment, results replicate previous findings, supporting the view that negative depressive thinking reflects a change in schematic mental models through which the world is interpreted. Results are inconsistent with predictions from the construct accessibility view. The results have methodological implications for the use of the sentence completion task in future studies.
Parental autobiographical memory: Is this a helpful clinical measure in behavioural child management?
Authors: Hutchings Judy , Nash Susan , Williams J. Mark G. , Nightingale David 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. The major hypothesis was that specificity scores on the Parent‐Child Autobiographical Memory Test (PCAMT; Hutchings, 1996) would differentiate between mothers of children referred to a child and adolescent mental health service for behavioural management, and those who were not referred. Within the referred sample, the objective was to examine the relationships between the PCAMT, mental health (Beck Depression Inventory; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock & Erbaugh, 1961; General Health Questionnaire; Goldberg, 1972) and socio‐economic deprivation (SED5; Hutchings, 1996) and measures of outcome (Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory; Eyberg, 1980).Design. Pre‐treatment measures on the PCAMT for the group of mothers whose children were referred were compared with measures on the PCAMT from a group of mothers of non‐referred children of similar ages. Within the mothers of the referred sample, correlations of the PCAMT with other measures were examined, pre‐ and post‐treatment.Methods. Pre‐treatment PCAMT scores from 26 mothers of children with behaviour management problems from consecutive referrals to a child and adolescent mental health service were compared with PCAMT scores from 22 mothers of children of a similar age from a local playgroup. Within the referred group, the PCAMT was administered before (N = 26) and after (N = 16) treatment. The 16 treated families received behavioural management advice.Results. The PCAMT distinguished between parents of children referred for behavioural management advice and a non‐clinical sample. Within the referred group it also distinguished between those who received treatment and those who did not attend treatment.Conclusions. The PCAMT is considered to have the potential of being a useful instrument for identifying referred children whose mothers may not attend for treatment and possibly for identifying those mothers who would benefit most from concentrating on attending and observation skills in child management training.
Reported sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology among women attending psychology clinics: The mediating role of dissociation
Authors: Ross‐Gower Jo , Waller Glenn , Tyson Mary , Elliott Peter 
Published: July 2011

Objective. While there is now a good clinical research base that outlines the links between reported sexual abuse and psychological symptoms and disorders, there is less of an understanding of the psychological processes mediating that relationship. This study assessed the role of dissociation as a mediator between reported sexual abuse and a range of psychopathological characteristics.Design. A patient‐series design was used.Method. Participants were an unselected sample of 45 women attending clinical psychology services. Each woman was interviewed regarding a reported history of sexual abuse, and completed standardized measures of general psychopathology, borderline personality disorder characteristics and dissociation.Results. Sexual abuse per se was associated with the extent of depression, somatization, compulsive behaviour, phobic symptoms and borderline personality disorder characteristics. In each case, dissociation served as a complete mediator in that link. However, the same mediating relationship was not found when attempting to explain the greater psychopathological impact of more ‘severe’ forms of abuse (childhood experiences; intra‐familial abuse).Conclusions. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of clinical work with these psychopathological features would be enhanced if dissociation symptoms were addressed in women with a reported history of sexual abuse. However, the importance of that therapeutic target may be unrelated to the severity of the psychological disturbance.
Cognitive dissonance 1: An overview of the literature and its integration into theory and practice in clinical psychology
Authors: Draycott Simon , Dabbs Alan 
Published: July 2011

Purpose. Clinical psychology may not be making full use of the experimental psychological research available to it. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on cognitive dissonance in order to assess its usefulness in developing and deconstructing clinical psychological therapies and practice.Methods. Experimental, theoretical and review articles were examined in relation to their possible clinical implications, and included in this review if they related to the arousal, maintenance and reduction of the state termed cognitive dissonance. Well replicated findings based on experimentally sound paradigms were integrated to produce an overall view of the evidence in favour of the existence of these processes, and of the principles behind them.Results. It is concluded that there is an effect on attitudes and behaviour of creating inconsistency in individuals, and that this is not explained away by alternative theories, which in many cases refer to special conditions which maximally arouse dissonance. The dissonant state lasts for a few minutes, but its effects can last for up to two weeks, and might be reinstated by reintroducing the original inconsistency. Individuals can react to dissonance through a variety of cognitive alterations which reinstate consistency. The choice of response is a function of its salience and the difficulty in its execution.Conclusions. The literature supports the existence of the phenomenon termed cognitive dissonance, and one can distil the principles underlying its production, maintenance and reduction. This body of literature may provide insights into the conduct of therapy generally, as well as into the mechanisms of specific therapies which may guide modifications or development of alternative interventions.
Dependency and self‐criticism in bipolar and unipolar depressed women
Authors: Rosenfarb Irwin S. , Becker Joseph , Khan Arifulla , Mintz Jim 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. The dependency and self‐criticism scores of women with histories of either unipolar disorder (N = 74) or bipolar disorder (N = 20) or no psychiatric history (N = 24) were compared to determine the influence of state depression on these personality dimensions.Design. All women completed the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Patients were divided into currently depressed and remitted groups.Results. Currently depressed women with unipolar disorder were more self‐critical and dependent than non‐psychiatric controls; women with unipolar disorder whose depression remitted were more self‐critical only. Women in both the depressed and remitted bipolar groups were more self‐critical than controls. Depressed bipolar patients did not differ from the controls in their level of dependency; remitted bipolar patients were significantly less dependent than controls.Conclusions. Dependency needs in depressed women are heavily influenced by mood state. Self‐criticism appears to be a characterological trait in both major depression and bipolar disorder. Women with bipolar disorder in remission report fewer dependency needs than women with no history of psychiatric disorder. The data provide partial support for Blatt's (1974) hypothesis that dependency and self‐criticism reflect relatively stable personality dimensions in patients with a mood disorder.
A retrospective analysis of expressed emotion (EE) and affective distress in a sample of relatives caring for traumatically brain‐injured (TBI) family members
Authors: Flanagan Desmond A. J. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. To examine levels of expressed emotion (EE) and affective distress in relatives caring for severely brain‐injured family members.Design. The study took the form of a retrospective, observational cross‐sectional analysis.Method. Data on 28 relatives were reviewed. Each participant completed one affective health‐related questionnaire (Leeds Scales for the Self‐Assessment of Anxiety and Depression; Snaith, Bridge & Hamilton, 1976) and their EE was rated using the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI; Brown, Birley & Wing, 1972; Vaughn & Leff, 1976, modified for head‐injury relatives. Participants were rated as either high or low EE. Comparative statistical analysis examined differences in affective distress between the two groups.Results. Of the 28 participants, 12 were rated high EE and 16 were rated low EE. Levels of anxiety were significantly higher among the high EE group, but levels of depression were not significantly different between the high and low EE groups. A significant correlation was found between EE and carer status, i.e. sole carers or family carers, with sole carers displaying significantly higher levels of EE than family carers. Multiple regression also revealed that carer status was most predictive of EE.Conclusions. Discussion considers EE as a coping strategy. Further research into the predictive capability of EE as an indicator of affective distress in head‐injury families is suggested.
Continuous norming: Improved equations for the WAIS‐R
Authors: Taylor Robert 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. To provide more satisfactory continuous norming equations for calculation of WAIS‐R IQ figures than are given in Zachary & Gorsuch (1985), and to provide additional equations applicable to subtest scores.Design. Psychometric analysis of published normative data.Method. Multiple regression analysis of relevant data concerning IQ scales and subtest scores as tabulated in Wechsler (1981), involving appropriate transformations of scores and age, followed by relevant analyses of differences between calculated and tabulated values.Results. The derived equations perform relatively well. Computational details are provided.Conclusions. Continuous norming procedures have recognised practical and theoretical advantages. Equations presented here fit tabulated WAIS‐R data more closely than do the previous equations; the general method and transformations used may be applicable to other comparable normative data sets.
The Modified Card Sorting Test: Test‐retest stability and relationships with demographic variables in a healthy older adult sample
Authors: de Zubicaray Greig I. , Smith Glen A. , Chalk Jonathan B. , Semple James 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. To investigate the test–retest stability of a standardized version of Nelson's (1976) Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST) and its relationships with demographic variables in a sample of healthy older adults.Design. A standard card order and administration were devised for the MCST and administered to participants at an initial assessment, and again at a second session conducted a minimum of six months later in order to examine its test‐retest stability. Participants were also administered the WAIS–R at initial assessment in order to provide a measure of psychometric intelligence.Methods. Thirty‐six (24 female, 12 male) healthy older adults aged 52 to 77 years with mean education 12.42 years (SD = 3.53) completed the MCST on two occasions approximately 7.5 months (SD = 1.61) apart. Stability coefficients and test‐retest differences were calculated for the range of scores. The effect of gender on MCST performance was examined. Correlations between MCST scores and age, education and WAIS‐R IQs were also determined.Results. Stability coefficients ranged from .26 for the percent perseverative errors measure to .49 for the failure to maintain set measure. Several measures were significantly correlated with age, education and WAIS–R IQs, although no effect of gender on MCST performance was found.Conclusions. None of the stability coefficients reached the level required for clinical decision making. The results indicate that participants' age, education, and intelligence need to be considered when interpreting MCST performance. Normative studies of MCST performance as well as further studies with patients with executive dysfunction are needed.
Hierarchies of personality deviance and personal illness
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Bedford A. 
Published: July 2011

Three hundred and twenty‐five psychiatric patients were allocated to classes within the hierarchy of personal illness by means of the Delusions‐Symptoms‐States Inventory. They were then given the Personality Deviance Scales. The results showed that the classes ranked in the same hierarchical order as on the DSSI on extrapunitiveness and intropunitiveness, but not on dominance. Maladjustive personality deviance, as statistically defined, was 3 1/2 times as frequent among patients as among non‐patients.Whereas symptom measures had previously been shown to change considerably after one month, personality measures did not. Longer follow‐up periods are needed before it can be decided whether personality measures contribute substantially to prediction of type of illness or whether they are determined, at least in part, by the type of illness. In the latter event, personality measures might still prove useful in providing a more fundamental estimate of long‐term clinical improvement than symptom measures alone if they were found to change more slowly or only with more intensive clinical effort.
Thumbsucking and falling asleep
Authors: Ozturk Mualla , Ozturk Orhan M. 
Published: July 2011

A review of the studies on the aetiology of habitual thumbsucking reveals either contradictory or inconclusive results. In this study carried out in Turkey, 50 thumbsuckers, 50 non‐thumbsuckers, 250 school children and 312 ‘problem’ children were investigated through interviews, questionnaires and other clinical techniques with their mothers. Among variables studied were aspects of feeding, onset and incidence of thumbsucking, strength of sucking drive, sex distribution, educational level and occupation of mothers, parental attitudes toward physical contact with children, mother‐child relationships, and particular forms of falling asleep. It was found that thumbsucking was aetiologically more related to ways of falling asleep than to other factors. An attempt was made to explain the social, psychological and physiological basis of the aetiological significance of the falling asleep‐stage in habitual thumbsucking.These findings now permit predictive longitudinal investigations to test this accuracy.
Psychoneurotic profiles in the adult population
Authors: Crisp A. H. , Ralph P. C. , McGuinness B. , Harris G. 
Published: July 2011

Self‐reported psychoneurotic characteristics and aspects of affective status have been examined within the adult population of a market town and the surrounding rural community using a standardized instrument. Features of anxiety in particular are more common amongst females than males, peaking in the third, fourth (phobic avoidance behaviour being also especially evident at this time) and fifth decades of life. Many of the characteristics are also importantly related to age in both sexes and to social class. Some are widespread within the population and probably reflect more enduring personality traits. Others are less common, more age specific (e.g. early adult life, middle age, the menopause in females; the involutional period in males) and are probably more often construed by the individuals concerned and by others as ‘illness’.The similarity of the relevant segment of the present profiles to those previously obtained from a suburban population aged 40–65 years is noteworthy. The most likely interpretation is that the measuring instrument is reliable and that the reporting behaviour of psychoneurotic and effective characteristics and morbidity is identical in both populations.
Mystical experience, spiritual knowledge, and a contemporary ecstatic religion
Authors: Buckley Peter , Galanter Marc 
Published: July 2011

A contemporary ‘enthusiastic’ religion, the Divine Light Mission (DLM), was studied by the authors in an attempt to elucidate some of the psychological factors underlying the burgeoning appeal of this charismatic religious sect for American youth. The DLM is constituted of followers of the Guru Maharaji, an Indian who first came to the United States in 1972 at the age of 14.Method. The study was conducted both by means of individual interviews of DLM members and through the administration of a questionnaire to 119 randomly selected converts.Results. The modal respondent was a single white between 21 and 25 years of age, who had some college experience, had been a member for one to two years, and was living in communal residence with other members.Mystical experiences, analogous to an acute circumscribed hallucinatory episode, were found to be a central factor in the conversion of some of the adherents to the DLM. These mystical experiences along with regularly practiced meditation appeared to be of considerable importance in reinforcing the belief system (especially the acquisition of ‘knowledge’ a state of communion with the ‘divine presence’) for members of the DLM.Discussion. The psychology of mystical conversion experiences is reviewed and an explanation for the central importance of the ‘knowledge’ in the DLM is developed through the concept of affect functioning as cognition.The relationship and similarity of the DLM to other ‘enthusiastic’ religions such as Pentecostalism and 17th century Quakerism is examined illustrating the persistent historical appeal of such inspirational sects.The combination of a powerful group solidarity, the presence of a charismatic leader, and the occurrence of dramatic mystical conversion experiences are seen to be potent factors in providing this sect with its appeal for contemporary youth.
Psychological correlates of weight control among anorexia nervosa patients and normal girls
Authors: Huon Gail , Brown L. B. 
Published: July 2011

A study is reported that compared the responses of anorexic patients with those of two groups of non‐patient adolescent girls formed by taking the most frequent and the least frequent weighers from a large sample of senior schoolgirls. Each subject completed a questionnaire which related to family conflict, self‐esteem, self‐presentation, behavioural control, and the criticism of eating.A MANOVA was performed, using scores for each variable and pairwise comparisons of the groups. Since the overall test was significant for comparisons between the patients and both of the non‐patient groups, follow‐up tests were carried out. These showed that the patients differed from the non‐patients on a 'global' measure that involved all of the variables except family conflict. Self‐esteem was the only single variable which produced significant differences between any of the groups, and distinguished the patients from the least frequently weighing group of non‐patients.
On the centenary of Charcot: Hysteria, suggestibility and hypnosis
Authors: Chertok Léon 
Published: July 2011

In studying hysteria by means of hypnosis, Charcot placed emphasis on the psychological aetiology of the neuroses. Among his pupils, Freud alone grasped this epistemological turning‐point, from which he made his great discoveries. But hysteria and hypnosis still remain today largely unknown. We have not yet elucidated the ‘mysterious leap’ between the psychological and the somatic for the former, and between the relational and the instrumental for the latter.While psychoanalysts have constantly concerned themselves with hysteria, they have shown a lack of interest in hypnosis after Freud abandoned its practice. According to Freud, thanks to transference, affect would be controlled by cognition, a viewpoint eminently suited to satisfy his rationalistic outlook. Affect, however, remains an unknown realm. The affective relationship has, at all events, acquired an ever‐increasing importance in psychoanalysis during the last few years, with the emphasis on the early mother‐child relationship.The ‘affective locus’ remains the basic, as well as the most obscure, element in the hypno‐suggestive relationship. The behaviourist approach, which quantifies the ‘vertical’ dimension in depth, is a limited one. The study of the ‘horizontal’ dimension of subjective experience represents a new line of research, which may make it possible to distinguish different forms of hypnosis. The understanding of hypno‐suggestion may throw light on psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, and the human sciences in general.