bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proximate composition and fatty acid profile of three different fresh and dried commercial sea cucumbers from Turkey
Authors: Aydın Mehmet , Sevgili Hüseyin , Tufan Bekir , Emre Yilmaz , Köse Sevim 
Published: February 2011

SummaryProximate composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of three commercial sea cucumbers; Holothuria tubulosa, Holothuria polii and Holothuria mammata caught from Aegean Sea of Turkey were analysed. The effects of regional variation and drying process on FA composition were also investigated. Moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of the species ranged between 81.24% and 85.24%, 7.88% and 8.82%, 0.09% and 0.18%, and 5.13% and 7.85%, respectively, with a significant changes among species (P < 0.05) with some exceptions. Although FA values varied significantly (P < 0.05) among species and regions, the changes for most FA types representing the same region for different species were not significantly different. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found to be higher than total saturated (SFA) and monosaturated FAs (MUFA) accounting for 53.0–62.12% for ∑PUFA, 13.28–16.41% for ∑MUFA and 13.99–19.21% for ∑SFA. While some individual SFAs and PUFAs decreased after drying process, various individual FAs of MUFA increased in their amounts (P < 0.05). Among PUFAs, the highest mean value of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid for all regions were determined for H. polii as 7.25% and H. tubulosa as 12.37% in fresh samples, respectively. This study represents new information relating to FA contents and drying effect on FA profile for these species.
Classification of red and white wines by denomination of origin according to phenolic composition and colour characteristics and correlation with standard parameters
Authors: Soto Vázquez Elvira , Río Segade Susana , Cortés Diéguez Sandra 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe two main phenolic compounds, namely anthocyanins and tannins, and some chromatic characteristics have been determined in 437 samples of red and white wines from northwest of Spain, which were commercialised in two consecutive years (2005 and 2006). The variation range for total polyphenol index (TPI) was 4.1–16.6 and 27.8–91.9 in white and red wines, respectively. Standard parameters were also investigated. The classification successful by Denominations of Origin was near 50% for both red and white wines. Statistical correlations among standard and colour parameters were established to find a simple methodology usually used in winery that permits to provide more complete information for the oenologist. So, a significant correlation was found for TPI or chromatic intensity and volume mass in red wines (0.547–0.583, P < 0.01), while tonality can be estimated from pH (0.601, P < 0.01). No lineal relationship was found in white wines.
Phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of Polish honeys
Authors: Socha Robert , Juszczak Lesław , Pietrzyk Sławomir , Gałkowska Dorota , Fortuna Teresa , Witczak Teresa 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe phenolic components of honeys have great participation in their nutritional value and antioxidant activity. Moreover, phenolic components are promising markers for the determination of botanical and geographical origin of honey. The purpose of the present work was to study the antioxidant activity and profiles of phenolic acids and flavonoids of honeys of various origins. The total phenolic content of honeys varied from 4.46 to 15.04 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of product and the total phenolic acid content determined chromatographically varied from 201.05 to 2089.08 μg per 100 g of product. Buckwheat honey exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and contained the highest total phenolic amount, whereas rape honey exhibited the lowest values in this respect. Moreover, the buckwheat honey contained the highest amount of phenolic acids. There were significant linear correlations between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of honey extracts in the reaction with DPPH•  (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS• + (2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)) free radicals. In most samples, p‐coumaric acid was the dominant phenolic acid (39.1–677.2 μg per 100 g). The honeys also contained considerable amount of gallic acid (6.0–913.8 μg per 100 g). Among flavonoids naringenin was predominant in the most studied honey samples.
Antimicrobial activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil incorporated with whey protein based films on pathogenic and probiotic bacteria
Authors: Shakeri Monir‐Sadat , Shahidi Fakhri , Beiraghi‐Toosi Shahram , Bahrami Ahmadreza 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe antimicrobial potential of whey protein isolate (WPI) edible films containing 1–4% (v/v) Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (EO) on food‐borne pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei) was evaluated. WPI films incorporated with 2% (v/v) of this EO inhibited the growth of all tested pathogenic bacteria and gram‐negative bacteria were more sensitive than gram‐positive bacteria. Incorporation of the EO at higher than 2% (v/v) showed significant antimicrobial effects (P < 0.05) for S. enteritidis and L. acidophilus. The growth of all probiotic lactic acid‐producing bacteria also inhibited when 2% of the EO was added. Comparison of an image processing‐based method with conventional method for measuring of inhibitory effects of edible films exhibited high correlations (R2 ≥ 0.876) between the two methods. These results revealed that Z. multiflora Boiss. EO is a good antimicrobial additive for some food applications when included into WPI edible films.
Comparison of the effect of microwave freeze drying and microwave vacuum drying upon the process and quality characteristics of potato/banana re‐structured chips
Authors: Jiang Hao , Zhang Min , Mujumdar Arun S. , Lim Rui‐Xin 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThis study investigated the drying characteristics of microwave freeze‐drying (MFD)/microwave vacuum drying (MVD) of banana/potato restructured chips of varying proportion and microwave power. The results showed the MFD drying time had a maximum one‐hour time difference between the samples treated with 2 W g−1 and 3 W g−1 microwave power; and the higher potato content samples have about 30 min predominance than low potato content samples in drying time and the total drying time of MVD samples was less than 60 min. For the rehydration ratio, MFD samples were far superior to the MVD samples. The MFD samples had more than 4.5 rehydration ratio. The data of the colour difference metre showed that 3 W g−1 microwave power would make samples slightly charred. The biggest differences between the MFD and MVD chips lie in their texture and shape; the hardness of MVD samples was 30.86 N, thrice higher than MFD samples.
Effect of insecticidal atmosphere and low dose X‐ray irradiation in combination with cold quarantine storage on bioactive compounds of clementine mandarins cv. ‘Clemenules’
Authors: Contreras‐Oliva Adriana , Pérez‐Gago María B. , Palou Lluís , Rojas‐Argudo Cristina 
Published: February 2011

SummaryCitrus fruits are a rich source of vitamins and polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant capacity that need to be maintained during postharvest storage. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two innovative quarantine treatments, such as insecticidal atmospheres (IA) (95% CO2 and balance air) applied at 20 or 25 °C for 20 h and low doses X‐ray irradiation (0, 30, 54 and 164 Gy), in combination with short periods of cold‐quarantine storage on the nutritional quality of ‘Clemenules’ mandarins. Mandarins were stored at 1.5 °C for 6, 9 or 12 days before the application of IA treatments or for 0, 6 or 12 days after the X‐ray radiation. Nutritional quality of mandarins was determined after the corresponding combination of quarantine treatment (IA or X‐ray) with cold quarantine followed by a shelf life period of 7 days at 20 °C to simulate shelf life conditions. Cold quarantine treatment combined with IA or with X‐ray radiation did not affect negatively total antioxidant capacity and total ascorbic acid content of ‘Clemenules’ mandarins. However, flavanone glycosides (FGs) and total phenolics content were slightly modified. Application of the IA at 20 °C induced a greater inhibition of the FGs than application at 25 °C. When X‐ray irradiation was applied without a previous quarantine period the synthesis of the FGs increased as irradiation dose increased.
Effect of food processing on the resistant starch content of cereals and cereal products – a review
Authors: Alsaffar Ayten Aylin 
Published: February 2011

SummaryDepending on the conditions, processing of cereal grains may cause an increase or a decrease in the resistant starch (RS) content. This review discusses the impact of some of the processing techniques (cooking, tempering and extrusion) on the RS contents of cereals and cereal products. In addition to processing, the review briefly summarises the effects of lipids, dietary fibre and sugars, which may be present within the food matrix, on starch digestibility. The review also provides definitions for the four types of RS (RS type 1, 2, 3 and 4) and brief information about the beneficial effects of RS on human health.
Effect of rapeseed protein–gelatin film containing grapefruit seed extract on ‘Maehyang’ strawberry quality
Authors: Jang Sung‐Ae , Shin Yoon‐Ji , Song Kyung Bin 
Published: February 2011

SummaryTo develop a packaging film for ‘Maehyang’ strawberries, an edible film containing antimicrobial grapefruit seed extract (GSE) was manufactured. Addition of GSE to the rapeseed protein–gelatin (RG) film inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Packaging of ‘Maehyang’ strawberries with the RG film containing 1.0% GSE decreased the populations of total aerobic bacteria and of yeast and moulds in the strawberries by 1.03 and 1.34 log CFU g−1, respectively, after 14 days of storage, compared to that of the control. Sensory evaluation of the GSE‐RG film‐packaged strawberries produced better sensory scores than did the control. These results suggest that RG film containing GSE can be used to package strawberries and to extend shelf life.
Physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds protein
Authors: Zhou Ting , Zhang Tuo , Liu Wenying , Zhao Guanghua 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe amino acid composition, physicochemical and functional properties of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds protein (GSP) were evaluated and compared with those of soybean protein isolate (SPI). Amino acid analyses of GSP revealed high levels of glutamic/glutamine, glycine and aspartic/asparagines. SDS‐PAGE analysis demonstrated that globulin was the major protein component in GSP, whose subunit molecular weights were mainly varied from 25.5 to 40.0 kDa. The isoelectric pH of GSP was found to be at the acidic pH of around 3.8. At all the pHs tested except pH 2.0, no significant changes of GSP secondary structure were observed. GSP exhibited beneficial functional properties such as preferable solubility and emulsifying activity, while the foaming properties and water holding capacity were relatively poor compared to SPI. It could then be employed to soup, sauce, beverage or meat product for improving nutritional and sensory quality of these foods at appropriate pHs.
Increased ethylene biosynthesis elevates incidence of chilling injury in cold‐stored ‘Amber Jewel’ Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) during fruit ripening
Authors: Khan Ahmad S. , Ahmed Muhammad J. , Singh Zora 
Published: February 2011

SummaryMature ‘Amber Jewel’ Japanese plum fruit were stored at 0 or 5 °C for 3 and 6 weeks to investigate their effects on ethylene (C2H4) biosynthesis during ripening at ambient temperature in the development of chilling injury (CI) and fruit quality. CI (internal breakdown and browning) and fruit softening were higher during ripening, in the fruit stored at 5 °C than 0 °C, irrespective of storage period (SP). C2H4 production and activities of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) enzymes, and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) content were higher during ripening in fruit stored at 5 °C than 0 °C. The fruit stored at 5 °C also exhibited higher respiration rate and higher soluble solids concentration/titratable acidity ratio. In conclusion, increase in storage temperature and SP elevates the activities of ACS and ACO enzymes and consequently C2H4 production which leads to the development of CI in plum fruit with advancement of ripening.
Effects of cooking methods on the proximate, mineral and fatty acid composition of European eel (Anguilla anguilla)
Authors: Ersoy Beyza 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe influence of microwave cooking and traditional cooking methods such as baking, grilling and frying on the nutritional composition of eels (Anguilla anguilla) was studied. All methods reduced moisture and increased the protein and fat content. Although the potassium and sodium content of fish cooked by different methods decreased significantly (P = 0.000), the calcium and magnesium content increased. The zinc content of the fish was not affected by cooking. The manganese and iron content significantly increased only in fried fish. The copper content was increased by grilling and microwave cooking. The proportion of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids in cooked fish decreased. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased by all cooking methods. The grilling and microwave‐cooking methods were the most suitable considering the n3/n6 ratio and eicosapentaenoic acid levels. The increase in the docosahexaenoic acid level of fried fish enhanced its nutritional value.
Do mycorrhizal symbioses cause rarity in orchids?
Authors: Phillips Ryan D. , Barrett Matthew D. , Dixon Kingsley W. , Hopper Stephen D. 
Published: February 2011

Summary 1. While rarely tested, the rarity of a species may be linked to the rarity of symbiotic partners. The requirement of many terrestrial plants to form a symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi may limit the distribution and abundance of plant species. Here, in just the second test of the role of mycorrhiza in host species rarity, we investigate the influence of mycorrhizal specificity, distribution and ecological requirements in the genus Drakaea (Orchidaceae). 2. In situ seed baiting was used to resolve the distribution of mycorrhizal fungi for three common and two co‐occurring rare species of Drakaea. Mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from wild adult orchids and protocorms and the ITS nrDNA regions sequenced. An in vitro study tested the range of Drakaea species of which each fungus can support germination. 3. All Drakaea species studied used a narrow monophyletic clade of Tulasnella endophyte for protocorm, seedling and adult plant stages. In situ seed baiting revealed that germination of Drakaea is largely restricted to the same microhabitat as that of the orchid. However, within this habitat Drakaea exhibit comparable germination to other Western Australian orchid genera. Rare and common Drakaea exhibited no difference in germination rates and both germinated in suitable habitat not currently occupied. 4. Synthesis. In contrast to the previous study of the role of mycorrhiza in plant rarity, there was no evidence that mycorrhizal specificity contributed to rarity in Drakaea. However, the formation of mycorrhiza being mostly restricted to a specific microhabitat may limit the abundance of Drakaea in some landscapes. In Drakaea, the highly specific pollination system of sexual deception may contribute to rarity. A trend towards high specificity in orchid mycorrhizal associations in southern Australia is hypothesized to result from the predominance of old landscapes affording the opportunity for specialization on a single or few mycorrhiza(s) best adapted to the landscape conditions.
Niche overlap reveals the effects of competition, disturbance and contrasting assembly processes in experimental grassland communities
Authors: Mason Norman W.H. , de Bello Francesco , Doležal Jiři , Lepš Jan 
Published: February 2011

Summary 1. Understanding the processes by which species sort themselves into communities remains a central puzzle for attempts to maintain biodiversity. It remains unclear whether any single assembly process is generally dominant or whether the influence of contrasting processes varies in a predictable way relative to biotic and abiotic gradients. Abundance‐weighted niche overlap between species provides a powerful means of contrasting two major assembly processes – niche complementarity and environmental filtering. 2. We examined mean overlap for four vegetative functional traits, relative to that expected when abundances were randomly allocated to species co‐occurring in experimental plots in a wet meadow. This provided a test of whether any single assembly process prevailed for the meadow as a whole and across all traits. The effects of mowing, fertilization and dominant species removal, and associated gradients of Simpson’s dominance and biomass on the niche overlap of plots, were also examined. 3. Niche overlap was higher than expected at random for three of the four traits studied (height, leaf and stem dry matter content, leaf C:N ratio). However, niche overlap was lower than expected for specific leaf area. 4. Mowing was the treatment with the greatest effect on both niche overlap and biomass, with overlap significantly lower in the absence of mowing for three of the traits, while biomass was lower in mown plots. For three of the traits there was evidence of a significant decrease in overlap with increasing biomass, but not increasing dominance. None of the significant mowing effects on overlap remained when the effect of biomass had been removed. 5. Synthesis: These results suggest that the importance of niche differences between species in structuring grassland communities should increase with increasing biomass and decrease with disturbance in grassland communities. They also emphasize that contrasting community assembly processes may occur for different niche axes, even within a single community.
Interactions among plants and evolution
Authors: Thorpe Andrea S. , Aschehoug Erik T. , Atwater Daniel Z. , Callaway Ragan M. 
Published: February 2011

Summary 1. Interactions among plants and their consumers, pollinators and dispersers are central to evolutionary theory, but interactions among plants themselves have received much less attention. Thus focusing more attention on the evolutionary role of plant–plant interactions may provide greater insight into the processes that organize communities. 2. Here, we integrate divergent themes in the literature in an effort to provide a synthesis of empirical evidence and ideas about how plant interactions may affect evolution and how evolution may affect plant interactions. 3. First, we discuss the idea of niche partitioning evolving through competitive interactions among plants, the idea of niche construction evolving through facilitative interactions, and the connections between these ideas and more recent research on diversity and ecosystem function and trait‐based community organization. 4. We then review how a history of coexistence within a region might affect competitive outcomes and explore the mechanisms by which plants exert selective forces on each other. Next, we consider recent research on invasions suggesting that plant interactions can reflect regional evolutionary trajectories. Finally, we place these lines of research into the context of extended phenotypes and the geographic mosaic of co‐evolution. 5. Synthesis. Our synthesis of separate lines of inquiry is a step towards understanding the evolutionary importance of interactions among plants, and suggests that the evolutionary consequences of interactions contribute to communities that are more than assemblages of independent populations.
Allocation of foliar phosphorus fractions and leaf traits of tropical tree species in response to decreased soil phosphorus availability on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo
Authors: Hidaka Amane , Kitayama Kanehiro 
Published: February 2011

Summary 1. Foliar phosphorus (P) concentration is the sum of the concentrations of P fractions in cells, such as inorganic P and various P‐containing biochemical compounds (e.g. nucleic acids, lipids and sugar phosphates). Plants generally reduce foliar P concentration and enhance P‐use efficiency in response to low soil P availability. However, how plants allocate P among foliar P fractions to reduce foliar P concentration remains unclear. 2. We investigated foliar P fractions and leaf traits of 21 tropical tree species along a soil P availability gradient across three tropical montane rain forests on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. We chemically and sequentially fractionated foliar P into the following four fractions: structural P (i.e. phospholipids), metabolic P (collectively including Pi, ATP and sugar phosphates), nucleic acid P and residual P (phosphoproteins and unidentified residue). 3. With decreasing soil P availability, foliar P concentration decreased and leaf mass per area (LMA) increased. The reduction in foliar P concentration strongly correlated with the reduction in the concentrations of both metabolic P and nucleic acid P. Although increased LMA implies an increased allocation to structural tissues, there was no trade‐off in P allocation between metabolic P and structural P with increasing LMA. This suggests that tropical tree species on P‐poor soils increase the toughness of leaves (i.e. prolonged leaf life span) and also maintain high photosynthetic P‐use efficiency (PPUE) without increasing the cost of P for structural tissues. 4. Phosphorus resorption efficiency increased with decreasing soil P availability. The amount of P resorbed before leaf abscission on P‐poor soils exceeded that of metabolic P. This suggests that tropical tree species achieve the high P resorption efficiency by withdrawing immobile fractions (i.e. nucleic acid P and structural P) in addition to metabolic P. 5. Synthesis. We conclude that tree species on P‐poor soils reduce the demand for foliar P by reducing concentrations of both metabolic P and nucleic acid P, which may potentially limit growth and productivity. However, these tree species can maintain high whole‐plant P‐use efficiency, because such responses in foliar P fractions do not decrease PPUE, leaf life span and P resorption efficiency.