bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of an Alternative Method for Testing the Chemical Compatibility of Liquids with Polyethylene Packagings for Dangerous Goods
Authors: Eiben Mario , Schmidt Anita , Menrad Andreas , Jahnke Wolfgang , Goedecke Thomas 
Published: July 2012

Safety risks may ensue when the chemicals contained in polyethylene packagings age and damage them. To prevent subsequent accidents, the European Dangerous Goods Regulations have laid down requirements for testing the chemical compatibility of liquid dangerous goods transported in polyethylene packagings. The test procedures include 6 months in which the chemical is prestored in the packaging. After this time, the respective design‐type tests are performed. Alternative methods with so‐called standard liquids, simulating the different types of damaging effects, are also possible. If a packaging has successfully passed the design type tests with a standard liquid, other dangerous goods may also be transported in this packaging, as long as it is demonstrated that they have a less damaging effect than the standard liquid. However, in this area there is only little information and research available.A new potentially effective and time‐saving method for comparing the stress crack damaging influence of liquids with standard liquids was proposed by a major German chemical company.The validation of this method, which was carried out on two polyethylene materials, showed the general applicability of the method. Two kinds of wetting solutions were applied to simulate cracking under stress.The influence of prestorage, test temperatures, wetting agents and material was examined. FEM calculations were carried out to ascertain the influence of the sample shape. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two Dimensional Nanoarrays of Individual Protein Molecules
Authors: Shen Lei , Garland Adam , Wang Yini , Li Zicheng , Bielawski Christopher W. , Guo Athena , Zhu X.‐Y. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractProtein molecules on solid surfaces are essential to a number of applications, such as biosensors, biomaterials, and drug delivery. In most approaches for protein immobilization, inter‐molecular distances on the solid surface are not controlled and this may lead to aggregation and crowding. Here, a simple approach to immobilize individual protein molecules in a well‐ordered 2D array is shown, using nanopatterns obtained from a polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PHEMA) diblock copolymer thin film. This water‐stable and protein‐resistant polymer film contains hexagonally ordered PS cylindrical domains in a PHEMA matrix. The PS domains are activated by incorporating alkyne‐functionalized PS and immobilizing azide‐tagged proteins specifically onto each PS domain using “Click” chemistry. The nanometer size of the PS domain dictates that each domain can accommodate no more than one protein molecule, as verified by atomic force microscopy imaging. Immunoassay shows that the amount of specifically bound antibody scales with the number density of individual protein molecules on the 2D nanoarrays.
Analisys of Electric Arc Furnace Slag
Authors: Mombelli Davide , Mapelli Carlo , Gruttadauria Andrea , Baldizzone Claudio , Magni Francesco , Levrangi Pier Luca , Simone Piero 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe black slag produced during the melting process in electric arc furnace can be used as adjunct in the operation of land filling, building operation of road grounds, and production of concrete. Their use limitation is due to the presence of polluting chemical elements, including Cr, Ba, V, Mo, etc, that can be dangerous for human and environment, resulting by using of polluted scraps (i.e., painted, lubricated, or polymeric compound scraps). The release extent of polluting elements appears to behave as a function of the constituent phases, i.e., CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, etc. The main tools employed in the characterization of the black slag consists in optical basicity calculation, SEM‐EBS and SEM‐EDS analysis. The combination of the data coming from chemical analysis, micro‐structural examination and releasing tests allows to identify the correct chemical range avoiding dangerous chemical release and to develop a working disposal procedure for the investigated slag.
Micro‐Segregation Behavior of Solute Elements in the Mushy Zone of Continuous Casting Wide‐Thick Slab
Authors: Wang Weiling , Zhu Miaoyong , Cai Zhaozhen , Luo Sen , Ji Cheng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBased on the assumption that the transverse cross‐section of dendrites is a regular hexagon, a coupled macro‐heat transfer and solute diffusion model was developed to describe micro‐segregation behavior of solute elements in the mushy zone during wide‐thick slab continuous casting. The heat transfer model and the micro‐segregation model were validated by the industrial tests and the experiment measurements in literatures, respectively. The results show that the cooling rate decreases from 51.1°C s−1 at the surface to 0.13°C s−1 at the center of the wide‐thick slab of peritectic steel continuous casting. The effective cooling rate equaling to 1.78°C s−1 mainly depends on mold cooling and varies little with casting speed. The micro‐segregation behavior of solute elements in the mushy zone depends on back diffusion ability and local equilibrium at interfaces. Compared with other elements in the steel, phosphorus, and sulfur elements exhibit a much higher segregation ratio at the end of the solidification and are more significantly affected by the initial carbon content.
An Experimental Study of a Flux Modulated Solid State Metathesis Reaction
Authors: Poser Jessica D. , Meyer H.‐Jürgen 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA solid state metathesis (SSM) reaction was investigated with respect to the formation of rare‐earth carbodiimides, the role of the co‐produced salt (LiCl), and the eutectic flux medium (LiCl/KCl). A SSM reaction is characterized by an exothermic reaction in which a salt (often LiCl) is coproduced. When the salt melts, it can serve as a useful medium for the crystallization of a desired product. An improved crystal growth can be observed by using an eutectic flux. However, the composition of an eutectic LiCl/KCl flux is altered when LiCl is produced during the reaction. The thermal effects concerning the endothermic melting of the flux and the exothermic ingnition of the SSM reaction may compensate each other, which is not necessarily a drawback for the reaction to proceed.
Voriconazole for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: a prospective multicenter trial
Authors: Cadranel J. , Philippe B. , Hennequin C. , Bergeron A. , Bergot E. , Bourdin A. , Cottin V. , Jeanfaivre T. , Godet C. , Pineau M. , Germaud P. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Early evidence suggests the efficacy of voriconazole for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). We conducted a prospective, open, multicenter trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of voriconazole for proven CPA in minimally or non-immunocompromised patients. Patients had CPA confirmed by chest computed tomography (CT) and/or endoscopy, positive Aspergillus culture from a respiratory sample, and positive serologic test for Aspergillus precipitins. Patients received voriconazole (200 mg twice daily) for a period of 6–12 months and were followed for 6 months after the end of therapy (EOT). The primary endpoint was global success at 6 months, defined as complete or partial (≥50 % improvement) radiological response and mycological eradication. Forty-one patients with confirmed CPA were enrolled. All patients had A. fumigatus as the etiologic agent. By EOT, five patients had died from comorbidities and seven had discontinued voriconazole due to toxicity. The global success rate at 6 months was 13/41 (32 %): 10/19 (53 %) for chronic necrotizing aspergillosis and 3/22 (14 %) for chronic cavitary aspergillosis (p = 0.01). The respective success rates at EOT were 58 and 32 %. Clinical symptoms and quality of life also improved during treatment. Voriconazole is effective for CPA, with acceptable toxicity. The response rate is higher and obtained more rapidly in necrotizing than cavitary forms.
Dyadic Variability in Mother-Adolescent Interactions: Developmental Trajectories and Associations with Psychosocial Functioning
Authors: Van der Giessen Daniёlle , Branje Susan J. T. , Frijns Tom , Meeus Wim H. J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Dyadic variability is considered to be a key mechanism in the development of mother-adolescent relationships, and low levels of dyadic flexibility are thought to be associated with behavior and relationship problems. The present observational study examined heterogeneity in the development of dyadic variability in mother-adolescent interactions and associations with psychosocial functioning. Dyadic variability refers to the range of emotional states during interactions of mother-adolescent dyads. During five annual home visits, 92 mother-adolescent dyads (M age T1 = 13; 65.2 % boys) were videotaped while discussing a conflict, and they completed several questionnaires on adolescents’ aggressive behavior and adolescents’ and mothers’ perceived relationship quality. Two types of dyads were distinguished: low variability dyads (52 %) and high decreasing variability dyads (48 %). Over time, high decreasing variability dyads were characterized by a broader emotional repertoire than low variability dyads. Moreover, these two dyad types had distinct developmental patterns of psychosocial adjustment. Over time, high decreasing variability dyads showed lower levels of adolescents’ aggressive behavior, and higher levels of perceived relationship quality than low variability dyads. These findings suggest that over time more dyadic variability is associated with less adjustment problems and a more constructive development of the mother-adolescent relationship. Adaptive interactions seem to be characterized by a wider range of emotional states and mothers should guide adolescents during interactions to express both positive and negative affect. Observing the dyadic variability during mother-adolescent interactions can help clinicians to distinguish adaptive from maladaptive mother-adolescent dyads.
Geschlechtersensible Forschung in der Epidemiologie – eine Einladung
Authors: Gansefort Dirk , Jahn Ingeborg 
Published: July 2012

Einleitung
Immer häufiger werden Epidemiologen und Epidemiologinnen mit der Anforderung konfrontiert, ihre Forschung geschlechtersensibel auszugestalten. Obwohl in der epidemiologischen Forschung überwiegend nach Männern und Frauen differenziert analysiert wird, fehlt bisher eine umfassende Integration der Kategorie Geschlecht. Mit diesem Artikel wollen wir Ansätze einer geschlechtersensiblen Forschung sowie ein Projekt und Ideen für den weiteren Weg zu einer geschlechtersensiblen Forschung vorstellen.
Change in demographic patterns of the Doñana Iberian lynxLynx pardinus: management implications and conservation perspectives
Authors: López-Parra Marcos , Fernández Leonardo , Ruiz Gema , Gil-Sánchez José Maria , Simón Miguel Angel , López Guillermo , Sarmento Pedro 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOver the last 20 years surveys of the population of the Iberian lynxLynx pardinusin Doñana National Park and its surroundings in Spain have produced estimates of a total population of 50–60 in fragmented patches. The population was estimated to be 26 adults in 2002–2003. Use of camera trapping and other field methods during 2004–2008 allowed us to determine the abundance of the lynx and to estimate demographic statistics. Estimated annual abundance of adult and subadult lynxes averaged 38 individuals (range 35–43). Although the population exhibited a continuous distribution it was concentrated in three major areas, including Doñana National Park, with an average area occupied of 620 km2. Our results suggest that the Doñana Iberian lynx population now has a different structure from that in the 1990s and in particular a more continuous spatial distribution. These results indicate an improved, but not secure, scenario for the population. The continuous geographical distribution suggests the population is currently less vulnerable to extinction than 10 years ago. Conservation actions now need to focus outside Doñana National Park on the reconversion of pine plantations into original Mediterranean scrubland habitat, and the continuity and intensification of ongoing restocking with rabbits in fenced areas.
The impact of forest logging and fragmentation on carnivore species composition, density and occupancy in Madagascar's rainforests
Authors: Gerber Brian D. , Karpanty Sarah M. , Randrianantenaina Johny 
Published: July 2012

AbstractForest carnivores are threatened globally by logging and forest fragmentation yet we know relatively little about how such change affects predator populations. This is especially true in Madagascar, where carnivores have not been extensively studied. To understand better the effects of logging and fragmentation on Malagasy carnivores we evaluated species composition, density of fossaCryptoprocta feroxand Malagasy civetFossa fossana, and carnivore occupancy in central-eastern Madagascar. We photographically-sampled carnivores in two contiguous (primary and selectively-logged) and two fragmented rainforests (fragments <2.5 and >15 km from intact forest). Species composition varied, with more native carnivores in the contiguous than fragmented rainforests.F. fossanawas absent from fragmented rainforests and at a lower density in selectively-logged than in primary rainforest (mean 1.38±SE 0.22 and 3.19±SE 0.55 individuals km−2, respectively).C. feroxwas detected in fragments <2.5 km from forest and had similar densities in primary and selectively-logged forests (0.12±SE 0.05 and 0.09±SE 0.04 adults km−2, respectively) but was absent in fragments >15 km from forest. We identified only two protected areas in Madagascar that may maintain >300 adultC. ferox. Occupancy of broad-striped mongooseGalidictis fasciatawas positively related to fragment size whereas occupancy of ring-tailed mongooseGalidia elegans eleganswas negatively associated with increasing exotic wild cat (Felisspp.) activity at a camera site. Degraded rainforest fragments are difficult environments for Malagasy carnivores to occupy; there is a need to prioritize the reconnection and maintenance of contiguous forest tracts.
Protected areas host important remnants of marine turtle nesting stocks in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Revuelta Ohiana , León Yolanda M. , Feliz Pablo , Godley Brendan J. , Raga Juan A. , Tomás Jesús 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNesting by marine turtles in the Caribbean has declined considerably, mainly because of human exploitation, but there has previously been no monitoring in the Dominican Republic. We present the first detailed assessment of the status of marine turtle nesting in the country, based on surveys during 2006–2010. Nesting populations of hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata and leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea are of regional importance and the green turtle Chelonia mydas is still present, although nesting in low numbers. The two main nesting sites are within protected areas: the Jaragua National Park in the south-west, important for leatherback turtles (mean of 126 nests per season), and Del Este National Park on Saona Island in the south-east, principally for hawksbill turtles (mean of 100 nests per season). Comparison with historical data suggests all rookeries are profoundly reduced in size. Although the main nesting beaches are within protected areas, illegal egg-take and meat consumption continues there, and also elsewhere in the country.
Religious Mobility in the Roman Empire
Authors: Price Simon 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe spread of religions throughout the Roman world may be explained partly as a consequence of the movements of peoples, partly in terms of the emergence of new elective cults. Understanding these processes entails exploring the kinds of contacts and exchanges established between individual worshippers, and the contexts — local and imperial — within which they took place. These developments culminated in the emergence of new cults that spilled over the boundaries of the Roman Empire to create the first global religions.
USING HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT TO SUPPORT OPTIMAL USE OF TECHNOLOGIES IN CURRENT PRACTICE: THE CHALLENGE OF “DISINVESTMENT”
Authors: Henshall Chris , Schuller Tara , Mardhani-Bayne Logan 
Published: July 2012

Background:Health systems face rising patient expectations and economic pressures; decision makers seek to enhance efficiency to improve access to appropriate care. There is international interest in the role of HTA to support decisions to optimize use of established technologies, particularly in “disinvesting” from low-benefit uses.Methods:This study summarizes main points from an HTAi Policy Forum meeting on this topic, drawing on presentations, discussions among attendees, and an advance background paper.Results and Conclusions:Optimization involves assessment or re-assessment of a technology, a decision on optimal use, and decision implementation. This may occur within a routine process to improve safety and quality and create “headroom” for new technologies, or ad hoc in response to financial constraints. The term “disinvestment” is not always helpful in describing these processes. HTA contributes to optimization, but there is scope to increase its role in many systems. Stakeholders may have strong views on access to technology, and stakeholder involvement is essential. Optimization faces challenges including loss aversion and entitlement, stakeholder inertia and entrenchment, heterogeneity in patient outcomes, and the need to demonstrate convincingly absence of benefit. While basic HTA principles remain applicable, methodological developments are needed better to support optimization. These include mechanisms for candidate technology identification and prioritization, enhanced collection and analysis of routine data, and clinician engagement. To maximize value to decision makers, HTA should consider implementation strategies and barriers. Improving optimization processes calls for a coordinated approach, and actions are identified for system leaders, HTA and other health organizations, and industry.
Population-based estimate of the burden of acute gastrointestinal illness in Jiangsu province, China, 2010–2011
Authors: ZHOU Y. J. , DAI Y. , YUAN B. J. , ZHEN S. Q. , TANG Z. , WU G. L. , WANG Y. , ZHOU M. H. , CHEN Y. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYTo determine the burden and distribution of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) in the population, a cross-sectional, monthly face-to-face survey of 10 959 residents was conducted in Jiangsu province between July 2010 and June 2011. The adjusted monthly prevalence was 4·7% with 0·63 AGI episodes/person per year. The prevalence was the highest in children aged <5 years and lowest in persons aged ⩾65 years. A bimodal seasonal distribution was observed with peaks in summer and winter. Regional difference of AGI prevalence was substantial [lowest 0·5% in Taicang, highest 15·1% in Xinqu (Wuxi prefecture)]. Healthcare was sought by 38·4% of the ill respondents. The use of antibiotics was reported by 65·2% of the ill respondents and 38·9% took antidiarrhoeals. In the multivariable model, gender, education, season, sentinel site and travel were significant risk factors of being a case of AGI. These results highlight the substantial burden of AGI and the risk factors associated with AGI in Jiangsu province, China.
National surveillance of Salmonella Enteritidis in commercial eggs in Japan
Authors: ESAKI H. , SHIMURA K. , YAMAZAKI Y. , EGUCHI M. , NAKAMURA M. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYA total of 105 033 eggs were collected across Japan from June 2010 to January 2011 and tested for Salmonella Enteritidis to provide data for the risk profiling of S. Enteritidis in eggs by the Food Safety Commission of Japan. S. Enteritidis isolates were recovered from three samples (20 eggs/sample) and these samples were different in regard to sampling period, grading and packaging centre and farm. The prevalence of S. Enteritidis in commercial eggs in Japan is estimated at ∼0·003% which was a tenfold decrease in prevalence compared to similar surveillance in the mid 1990s. The decrease in the contamination in commercial eggs is considered a contributory factor in the decrease of foodborne diseases associated with S. Enteritidis in this period.
Burden and characteristics of influenza A and B in Danish intensive care units during the 2009/10 and 2010/11 influenza seasons
Authors: GUBBELS S. , KRAUSE T. G. , BRAGSTAD K. , PERNER A. , MØLBAK K. , GLISMANN S. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYInfluenza surveillance in Danish intensive care units (ICUs) was performed during the 2009/10 and 2010/11 influenza seasons to monitor the burden on ICUs. All 44 Danish ICUs reported aggregate data for incidence and point prevalence, and case-based demographical and clinical parameters. Additional data on microbiological testing, vaccination and death were obtained from national registers. Ninety-six patients with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were recorded in 2009/10; 106 with influenza A and 42 with influenza B in 2010/11. The mean age of influenza A patients was higher in 2010/11 than in 2009/10, 53vs. 44 years (P = 0·004). No differences in other demographic and clinical parameters were detected between influenza A and B patients. In conclusion, the number of patients with severe influenza was higher in Denmark during the 2010/11 than the 2009/10 season with a shift towards older age groups in influenza A patients. Influenza B caused severe illness and needs consideration in clinical and public health policy.
Investigation into sampling strategies in response to potential outbreaks of low pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza initiated in commercial duck holdings in Great Britain
Authors: ARNOLD M. E. , IRVINE R. M. , TEARNE O. , RAE D. , COOK A. J. C. , BREED A. C. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to evaluate potential sampling strategies for detection of infected flocks that could be applied during an outbreak of low pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza (LPNAI) initiated in duck holdings, following initial detection. A simulation model of avian influenza virus transmission and spread within and between holdings, respectively, was used to predict the impact on the size and duration of an outbreak of (i) changing the tracing window within which premises that might be the source of infection or that may have been infected by the index premises were sampled and (ii) changing the number of birds sampled in the flock being tested. It has shown that there is potential benefit in increasing the tracing window in terms of reducing the likelihood of a large outbreak. It has also shown that there is comparatively little benefit from increasing the number of birds sampled per flock.