bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF LONG‐TERM SALBUTAMOL TREATMENT ON RENIN‐ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IN TWIN PREGNANCY
Authors: Lammintausta R. , Erkkola R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone excretion (dU‐Aldo), urinary electrolytes (dU‐Na, dU‐K) and plasma progesterone were studied weekly in 22 women with twin pregnancies for three weeks whilst on salbutamol therapy (=8 mg three times daily) in hospital. Fifteen patients in this group were treated with diuretics for on an average six weeks and the therapy continued. All the patients except three were treated also with depot‐formed oxyprogesterone during the study. As an additional control group ten twin pregnant women without any drug therapies were studied.The mean level of PRA in twin pregnancy before betasympathomimetics was equal to that of the same phase (the 32nd week) of normal pregnancy. On the second day of the treatment the PRA levels was threefold (p <0.001) and later on twofold (p <0.05) when compared with the level before the treatment.Before betasympathomimetics the mean level of dU‐Aldo was in twin pregnancy already higher than in normal pregnancy (p <0.01). During the treatment dU‐Aldo increased within a week (p <0.05‐p <0.01) and a positive correlation between PRA and dU‐Aldo was found (p <0.01). A decrease in dU‐Na and an increase in dU‐K were found (p <0.05), corresponding to the increased effect of aldosterone. The increased levels of progesterone and aldosterone in twin pregnancy agree with earlier suggestions concerning the importance of progesterone in the secretion of aldosterone during pregnancy. The stimulating effect of betasympathomimetics, however, leads to a renin‐mediated secondary aldosteronism and therefore tend also to cause hypokalemia.
PREDICTION OF THE TIME OF DELIVERY BY MEANS OF ULTRASONIC SCANNING BETWEEN THE 20TH AND 30TH WEEKS OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Hasch Ernst , Lange Aksel P. , Sørensen Torsten 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Ultrasonic scanning, with measurement of the biparietal diameter, during the 20th and 30th weeks of pregnancy, has been carried out on 738 women with an uncomplicated pregnancy and spontaneous delivery of a healthy child, weighing more than 2 500 g. The time of delivery was thereafter calculated by means of a reference curve.A total of 642 women had a reliable calculated expected date of delivery, using information regarding the last menstrual period and clinical examination, but in 96 women this was considered as unknown or uncertain.The cumulative curve of the time of delivery determined by ultrasonic scanning, in relation to the actual time of delivery was similar for the two groups, as an expression of a reliable and independent measuring technique. Division into early and late timing of measurement showed no definite difference in the prediction.In the group of women with reliable dates, it was found that the calculated expected delivery date using biparietal diameter measurement, lay, on average, 5‐6 days later. This can be explained by the difference in sound speed between the apparatus used to determine the reference curve and that employed for the present investigation.In the group with a reliable expected date of delivery, 92 per cent gave birth within ±14 days of term, as calculated from menstrual data, and 87 per cent within ±14 days of term as calculated from the biparietal diameter.In the group with uncertain dates, 83 per cent gave birth within ±14 days, in relation to the time of delivery calculated from ultrasonic scanning.It is concluded that, it is possible with an acceptable margin of safety, to predict the time of delivery of a patient on the basis of a single measurement of the biparietal diameter between the 20th and 30th weeks of pregnancy.A measurement of the biparietal diameter at this time is of additional importance as the basal value, should the pregnancy be complicated later by the need for regular measurement of the biparietal diameter.
PUERPERAL LACTATION SUPPRESSION AND PROLACTIN
Authors: De Gezelle Herman , Dhont Marc , Thiery Michel , Parewyck Walter 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Five methods for puerperal lactation inhibition were assessed in a randomized fashion. The 90 women were divided into five groups. Four of these received a pharmacologic treatment: oral stilbestrol (15 mg dd for 5 days), a diuretic compound (bendroflumethazide 15 mg dd for 5 days) by mouth, oral bromocriptine (5 mg dd for 14 days), or an intramuscular injection containing estradiol (10 mg and testosterone (200 mg) esters administered immediately after delivery. To the women in the remaining group only physical methods were applied (breast support and local infra‐red waves) and they served as controls.Prolactin plasma concentrations were determined daily for five consecutive days and showed a correlation with the clinical effectiveness of the various treatment schedules. While bromocriptine reduced and stilbestrol augmented prolactin levels, both types of treatment were equally effective in preventing lactation during the observation period. Treatment with a diuretic compound or with an injection of steroids, though less effective than the first two regimens, was nevertheless significantly more efficacious than physical treatment.
PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING LEGALLY INDUCED ABORTION
Authors: Obel Erik B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The frequency of pregnancy and delivery complications in women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by a legally induced abortion is evaluated in a prospective and a retrospective study.Bleeding before 28 weeks of gestation and retention of placenta or placental tissue occurred more frequently after legal abortion than in a control group matched for age, parity, and socio‐economic status.Other pregnancy and delivery complications did not occur more frequently after legal abortion. It is of particular interest that the study could not demonstrate an increased frequency of low birth weight among women whose previous pregnancy had been terminated by legal abortion.
TREATMENT OF HYPERPROLACTINEMIC LUTEAL INSUFFICIENCY WITH BROMOCRIPTINE
Authors: Andersen A. N. , Larsen J. F. , Eskildsen P. C. , Knoth M. , Micic S. , Svenstrup B. , Nielsen J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Twelve patients with infertility and insufficient luteal function were studied during a control cycle, and during a cycle when 2.5 mg of bromocriptine was given twice daily. Serum levels of prolactin, progesterone, estradiol‐17‐β, FSH and LH were determined during both cycles. Endometrial biopsies were taken from most patients during the late luteal phase.Two patients had persistent hyperprolactinemia, approximately 35‐45 ng/ml, and both had repeated insufficient luteal function, which completely reverted to normal during treatment. Five of the 10 normoprolactinemic patients achieved a normal luteal function during bromocriptine therapy. No pregnancies were achieved during the study but one patient later conceived during bromocriptine therapy.
WATER AND ION METABOLISM IN PLACENTA
Authors: Cittadini A. , Castaldo F. , Paparella P. , Romor R. , Carelli G. , Bompiani A. , Terranova T. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The movement and the distribution of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium have been studied in slices prepared from rabbit placentae at different periods of gestation, incubated in condition of depressed metabolism (0‐1°C). In these conditions the tissue takes up water from the external medium up to a maximum of about 2.0 kg/kg d. wt., which represents 30 per cent of the initial H2O content of the fresh tissue. The extracellular compartment swells progressively and proportionally to the age of the placenta. The sodium and chloride content of the tissue increases while that of potassium decreases and their intracellular concentration reaches, after 120 min, that of the external medium. Magnesium does not show appreciable changes and calcium, too, despite its extreme variability, does not seem to undergo significant variations during the cold incubation.The results obtained show that placenta, like most of other mammalian cell systems, possesses specific metabolism‐dependent mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of water distribution and ion gradients among the different tissue compartments. The characteristics and the regulation of these mechanisms are discussed in detail.
FETAL SYSTOLIC TIME INTERVALS IN LATE PREGNANCY EFFECT OF ATROPINE
Authors: Jenssen Helge 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Fetal systolic time intervals (FSTI) were derived from the externally recorded electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram in 74 women during late pregnancy. The FSTI of the first 43 patients were recorded as a control. In the others FSTI were registered before and after intravenous injection of atropine to the mother to increase the range of fetal heart rate. Two patients in the atropine group were excluded.Correlation was found between the duration of the heart cycle (R‐R interval) and the mechanical systole (S1‐S2 interval) before and after atropine.The amplitude of the initial part of the first heart sound (S1a) increased after atropine, when postatropine tachycardia evidenced significant placental transfer of the drug.After atropine some fetuses showed initial bradycardia or bradycardia without following tachycardia. In such periods of bradycardia S1a amplitude was reduced.During the initial period of postatropine tachycardia short periods of constant R‐R interval combined with varying S1a amplitude and S1‐S2 interval occurred. A close correlation was then present between S1a amplitude and S1‐S2 interval.The time from electrical to mechanical start of ventricular systole was measured as the R‐S1 interval; it did not vary with heart rate in the control group or in the atropine group before atropine was given. Atropine shortened the R‐S1 interval; no correlation was found between shortening and tachycardia.It is concluded that in the fetus, changes of FSTI can be observed from the externally recorded electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram. Signs of peripheral circulatory change after atropine were not found.The changes observed after atropinization can be explained as a reduction of vagal tonic inhibition of cardiac chronotropism and inotropism. Atropine also may cause a decrease of mitral valve flow.
RIPENING OF THE CERVIX AND INDUCTION OF LABOR IN PATIENTS AT TERM BY SINGLE INTRACERVICAL APPLICATION OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 IN VISCOUS GEL
Authors: Wingerup Lars , Andersson Karl‐Erik , Ulmsten Ulf 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suspended in a viscous gel was deposited intracervically to 115 patients at term with an unripe cervix. 45 of these patients were given a single dose of 1.0 mg PGE2, whereas the remaining 70 received only half that dose, i.e. 0.5 mg. Irrespective of dose <60 per cent of the patients were induced into labor and delivered without further stimulation within less than 24 hours. The mean induction delivery time was 10 hours. In the remaining patients a considerable ripening of the cervix was registered. Hypercontractility did occur in one patient given 1.0 mg PGE2, otherwise no maternal side effects were observed. There were no adverse effects on the fetuses. The number of instrumental deliveries was 19 per cent including 9 per cent cesarean sections.It is concluded that locally applied PGE2‐gel can be used to produce ripening of the cervix and/or induce labor in patients at term with an unripe cervix. Since there was practically no difference in efficiency between the two doses but one case of hyperstimulation in patients given 1.0 mg PGE2, the smaller dose, i.e. 0.5 mg is recommended.
CONTINUOUS MINI‐INFUSION OF BUPIVACAINE INTO THE EPIDURAL SPACE DURING LABOR
Authors: Matouskova A. , Hanson B. , Rösmark U. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Two groups, each consisting of 20 parturients, were given a continuous infusion of 0.25 per cent bupivacaine into the epidural space for pain relief, after test and loading doses. the analgesic effect was registered during labor. After delivery the course of the catheters in the epidural space was investigated radiologically. in the first group long catheters (mean 16.5 cm from the skin surface) and in the second group short catheters (mean 10.5 cm) were used. the medial approach in the epidural space was varied between the first and second lumbar interspaces. the relationship between the position of the catheter tip and the degree of analgesia was also studied. in two mothers with fetus mortuus ante partum, the spread of a radiopaque dye solution was followed during labor. Through the force of gravity and the mothers position, the spread of solution covered three segments within 30 minutes.It was concluded, that slow infusion of local anesthetic solution gives satisfactory pain relief if the catheter is inserted into the first lumbar interspace to a depth of 10–12 cm from the skin surface ending close to the Th12 level. Gradual raising of the mother from the supine to the semirecumbent position and regular change of sides during mini‐infusion is important for an even spread of the analgesic solution and analgesia.
CONTINUOUS MINI‐INFUSION OF BUPIVACAINE INTO THE EPIDURAL SPACE DURING LABOR
Authors: Matouskova A. , Hanson B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Mini‐infusion of 0.25 per cent bupivacaine plain into the epidural space was used in 16 healthy women for pain relief during labor. After a loading dose, continuous administration was ensured by using an automatic pump at an infusion rate of 5 or 8 ml per hour.Maternal venous blood concentrations of bupivacaine were determined 20, 40, and 60 minutes after the loading dose. Further samples were taken hourly until delivery. Fetal blood concentrations were determined from fetal scalp blood during mini‐infusion, and from umbilical venous blood at delivery. Maternal blood levels averaged 206 ng/ml. the maximum concentration (604 ng/ml) did not exceed 30 per cent of the toxic level. the blood concentration of bupivacaine did not tend to increase during the course of continuous infusion. Tachyphylaxis could not be detected statistically. the fetal blood concentration during blockade averaged 58 ng/ml, giving a feto‐maternal ratio of 0.28. the neonatal‐maternal ratio, calculated from the umbilical venous blood, was 0.32. with a shift of the acid‐base status towards acidosis in the neonate, the ratio of bupivacaine slightly increased. Absence of maternal hypotension as well as absence of fetal heart irregularities during infusion may be attributed to the low and stable blood concentration of bupivacaine. the mean Apgar score was 9.5 at one minute and 9.9 at five minutes. the maternal arterial acid‐base balance at delivery was normal. the fetal acid‐base status at delivery showed wide variation, without any relation to the Apgar score or the total dose of bupivacaine. It is concluded that continuous mini‐infusion of bupivacaine by means of an automatic pump has advantages over intermittent administration.
EFFECTS OF THE PROSTAGLANDINS ON THE UTERUS
Authors: Bygdeman Marc , Bremme Katarina , Gillespie Arnold , Lundström Viveca 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The effect of intravenous and intrauterine administration of PGE1 or PGE2 and PGF2α as well as oral administration of PGE2 on the sensitivity and reactivity of the nonpregnant human uterus was studied. With the use of the flaccid microballoon technique or a micro transducer catheter, uterine recordings were made at frequent intervals throughout the menstrual cycle. Independently of the route of administration and of the phase of the cycle, treatment with PGF2α invariably resulted in stimulation of uterine motility. A high sensitivity to PGF2α was noted during the late secretory phase both in normal and dysmenorrheic women.A marked decrease in sensitivity to both PGE2 and PGF2α administered by the intrauterine route was observed in the periovulatory phase. Inhibition of uterine contractility by PGE2 following both intrauterine and oral administration was noted during active menstrual bleeding in normal as well as in dysmenorrheic women.These findings suggest that endogenous prostaglandins may play a role in the regulation of the normal uterine motility during the menstrual cycle and that the main reason for the abnormal contractility pattern seen in dysmenorrheic women during menstrual bleeding is an increased PGF2α/PGE2 ratio.
TREATING DYSMENORRHEA WITH ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Authors: Sande Hans A. , Salvesen Turid , Izu Allen 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In a double‐blind trial with naproxen sodium 32 patients (15 in the naproxen sodium and 17 in the placebo group) completed the study during three consecutive menstrual cycles.There were no significant differences between the two groups in physical characteristics, obstetric/gynecological histories, including the character of dysmenorrhea, and pretreatment pain intensity scores (p = 0.7).The women were prescribed two tablets (550 mg) at the first sign of menstrual pain and one tablet (275 mg) thereafter every six hours as required.When the scores for pain relief were tallied for the three treatment cycles, the naproxen sodium group averaged 13.7 ± 0.65 SE, while the placebo group averaged 8.8 ± 0.95 SE out of a possible maximal relief score of 18. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant at p‐value of 0.0004. Few patients reported side‐effects.
Selective versus routine intrapartum monitoring: Comparison of effects on perinatal outcome
Authors: Ballas S. , Hornstein E. , Jaffa A. J. , Toaff R. 
Published: December 2009

This study compares perinatal results of 7 604 deliveries in two successive years (1976‐1977) in which no policy changes occurred other than a four‐fold increase in electronic intrapartum monitoring.In the first year 15.4 per cent of births were monitored selectively. In the second year all births were monitored, with the exception of patients admitted at an advanced stage of labor and elective cesarean section. The results show no significant improvement either in intrapartum or in early neonatal mortality rates. The same results obtained in cesarean section rate and in instrumental deliveries. The only positive result is a significant reduction of low Apgar scores in the unselected monitoring group (1977). The low morbidity is considered to be a result not only of increased monitoring, but also of active management of labor, of a short duration of labor and of intensive neonatal care.
Studies in normal pregnancy: III. Fatty acid composition of serum phosphoglycerides and cholesterol esters
Authors: Skryten A. , Johnso P. , Gustafson A. 
Published: December 2009

Metabolic and hormonal influences on liver lipid synthesis are reflected in the relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin. Thus, a sucessive decrease in essential fatty acids (EFA), i.e. n‐6 fatty acids, during pregnancy would indicate an incipient EFA deficiency at the time of delivery. Furthermore, reciprocal changes in linoleic and arachidonic acids during the 1st trimester with an increase in arachidonic acid would suggest an enhancement of the Greenbeg Pathway (Pathway II) in lecithin synthesis presumably caused by estrogen influence. During the 2nd and 3rd trimester, reciprocal changes in lecithin content of palmitic and stearic acids are similar to changes appearing under cholestasis.It is furthermore suggested that variations in the utilization of linoleic acid in cholesterol esters (expressed as cholesterol ester 18:2/lecithin 18:2) might reflect changes in plasma cholesterol esterification by the enzyme lecithin‐cholesterol‐acyl‐transferase (LCAT). Then, in late pregnancy, in relation to a subclinical cholestatic liver engagement, LCAT activity would increase as judged from this ratio as well as the increased linoleic acid in cholesterol esters.
Study of ampicillin levels in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum and amniotic fluid following administration of pivampicillin
Authors: Jordheim Odd , Hagen Åse Gerd 
Published: December 2009

Premature rupture of the membrane is often followed by intrauterine infections. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended, but the effect has been debatable.Thirty pregnant women received pivampicillin 350 mg 4 times daily. The ampicillin levels in amniotic fluid and in the serum of the fetus and of the mother were determined and related to pivampicillin dose and time after administration.In the amniotic fluid the average concentration was 3.4 μg/ml, which is considered therapeutic. In maternal and fetal serum the ampicillin concentrations were low and took an almost parallel course. To obtain the same ratio between ampicillin serum levels and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) in the pregnant as in the non‐pregnant subject, a double dosage should be used.
Emotional stress in childbirth and its modification by variations in obstetric management: Epidural analgesia and stress in labor
Authors: Buchan Peter C. 
Published: December 2009

Emotional stress before, during and after labor was measured in 20 primigravidae by serial estimation of plasma 11‐hydroxycoricosteroids and by stress assessment interviews.The anticipation of epidural analgesia and internal fetal monitoring was a significant source of emotional stress to women awaiting induction of labor, despite explanation and attempted reassurance.During labor epidural analgesia reduced stress by abolishing pain, so eliminating the progressive rise in 11‐hydroxycorticosteroids normally seen throughout labor. Epidural analgesia does not, however, block the potential for the adrenocortical response to stress and the physical work, emotional stress and surgical trauma of delivery stimulate a considerable output of 11‐hydroxycorticosteroids.
Neurogenic bladder
Authors: Walter Steen , Olesen Knud P. , Nordling Jørgen , Andersen Jens T. , Meyhoff Hans H. , Hald Tage 
Published: December 2009

A survey of the innervation of the bladder and urethra is presented. Based on the defects of innervation the main types of neurogenic bladder disorders are classified and described. The principal diagnostic procedures, cystometry and sphincter‐electromyography, are reviewed in detail. The findings at voiding cysto‐urethrography are depicted.It is important to be able to distinguish between voiding disorders of non‐neurogenic and neurogenic origin.The specific treatment of the various types of neurogenic disorders of the lower urinary tract is described.
Serum Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase and Isoenzymes During Pregnancy and Labor
Authors: Makkonen Maija , Penttilä Ilkka M. , Castrén Olli 
Published: December 2009

Total serum lactic acid dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and the levels of LDH isoenzymes were investigated in 14 women during early pregnancy (8–16th week), in 28 women during late pregnancy (29–37th week), in 73 at term (38–42nd week) and in 27 during labor (38–42nd week). LDH activity was found to be elevated in severe pre‐eclampsia and in chronic hypertensive women during pregnancy, as well as during normal and dysfunctional labor. No change was established in total serum LDH during normal pregnancy.LDH 1 was increased during late pregnancy and at term. In severe pre‐eclampsia and during normal labor it was decreased. LDH 2 was also decreased in severe pre‐eclampsia and during dysfunctional labor. LDH 3 was decreased during late pregnancy but increased in severe pre‐eclampsia. No change was observed in LDH 4 during pregnancy, or in labor. LDH 5 was increased in normal and dysfunctional labor.