bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Image simulation using Monte Carlo methods: Electron beam and detector characteristics
Authors: Radzimski Zbigniew J. , Russ John C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe rapid increase of computer speed allows using Monte Carlo simulation procedures for the analysis of complicated structures not only in a line scan mode but also in a three‐dimensional approach similar to the scanning procedure in a scanning electron microscope. Simulation of image formation is a vital link in performing image analysis to obtain precise measurements, to provide the necessary connection between image parameters and structural dimensions, and to reflect important microscope beam and detector parameters. Monte Carlo simulation based on a single‐scattering procedure was used for backscattered electron image simulation of three‐dimensional multilayer and multielement structures. The procedure takes into account the effect of a solid state detector's electrical and angular characteristics and the effect of the electron beam dimensions on the image quality and artifacts.
Application of Monte Carlo modelling in the measurement of photomask linewidths at the national physical laboratory
Authors: Nunn John W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA scanning electron microscope (SEM) fitted with a helium‐neon laser interferometer is used to measure the widths of features on photomasks. In this way the magnification of the SEM can be known very precisely. Algorithms which use the backscattered electron (BSE) signal, yielding good measurement repeatability, have been developed, but in order to be able to relate measurements made on the image to the physical dimensions of the artefact, it has been necessary to model the image formation process. The modelled predicted offsets to be applied to the experimental measurements are governed largely by the angle of the sloping sides of the chromium edges of photomask lines; knowing this angle, it is possible to use a simple geometric relation to calculate what offset should be applied.
Deformation stage for quantitative acoustic emission measurements
Authors: Lawson Larry 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA deformation stage capable of fully reversed fatigue loading for use in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is described. This stage incorporates a novel surface displacement transducer for the detection of acoustic emission (AE) signals, which has a flat response over a wide band and can be used as a receiver up to 12 MHz. Also described is a method for analysis of these signals to obtain the size, speed, and location of the source event. A special grip geometry is introduced such that the dynamic Greens function describing the surface displacement at the transducer contains an initial p‐wave delta function which is utilized to determine the source properties.
Remote operation of electron microscopes
Authors: Voelkl E. , Allard L. F. , Nolan T. A. , Hill D. , Lehmann M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDue to the availability of fast local computer networks such as Ethernet and FDDI and fast point‐to‐point connections such as T1 and T3 links, the idea of telemicroscopy, including remote control of electron microscopes has gained momentum. Ellisman (1995), Fan et al. (1993), Parvin et al. (1995), and Zaluzec (1995) have discussed facets of systems which support such capabilities. In each of these reports the authors describe new stand‐alone software packages that are required to run their systems.To make remote microscopy more universally available, we required the use of commercial software only and demanded scripting capabilities. By (1) expanding the de facto standard software DigitalMicrograph to include a complete set of SET and GET commands for microscope control, (2) using the software TimbuktuPro to provide remote control capabilities, and (3) using CUSeeMe and other video conferencing hardware and software for telecommunication, all our requirements were met. All three software packages together then provide remote microscope operation capabilities and an open system architecture (through the scripting language) for future design of automated procedures and telecommunication (Dodson et al. 1995, Gatan Inc., Voelkl et al. 1995a). The route for remote microscopy operation described herein allows microscope operation through local networks, the internet, and point‐to‐point connections with varying performance, and across Windows, Windows 95, and Macintosh platforms. The expenses for the remote user are essentially defined by the price tags on establishing and maintaining the communication lines and the video conference tool of choice. This general approach has recently been demonstrated at the SuperComputing ′95 conference in San Diego, Calif.
Imaging thin and thick sections of biological tissue with the secondary electron detector in a field‐emission scanning electron microscope
Authors: Wergin William P. , Yaklich Robert W. , Roym Stéphane , Joy David C. , Erbe Eric F. , Murphy Charles A. , Pooley Christopher D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with the standard secondary electron (SE) detector was used to image thin (70–90 nm) and thick (1–3 μm) sections of biological materials that were chemically fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in resin. The preparation procedures, as well as subsequent staining of the sections, were identical to those commonly used to prepare thin sections of biological material for observation with the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results suggested that the heavy metals, namely, osmium, uranium, and lead, that were used for postfixation and staining of the tissue provided an adequate SE signal that enabled imaging of the cells and organelles present in the sections. The FESEM was also used to image sections of tissues that were selectively stained using cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. Furthermore, thick sections could also be imaged in the SE mode. Stereo pairs of thick sections were easily recorded and provided images that approached those normally associated with high‐voltage TEM.
A novel method for the discharge of electrostatic mirror formations in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Wong W. K. , Phang J. C. H. , Thong J. T. L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA method for the removal of electrostatic mirror formations in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was conceptualised and implemented. This method utilises the controlled rampdown of the primary beam voltage to achieve mirror discharge. It is found that the new technique is effective in enabling imaging from high‐beam voltages (20 kV) down to low voltages (1 kV) without the loss of imaging capability due to electrostatic mirrors. The entire discharge cycle could be performed in ≤ 4 min depending on sample and operating conditions. Hence, this technique compares favourably with the time needed to air the specimen chamber for mirror removal, but without the disadvantage of disrupting SEM operation. This method holds great promise in applications where the imaging of insulating samples at both high and low kV ranges are required.
Color cathodoluminescence display in the scanning electron microscope of deep relief surfaces
Authors: Obyden S. K. , Ivannikov P. V. , Saparin G. V. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a multifunctional instrument for the measurement of topographic relief on the surface of bulk specimen images. This instrument is also available to detect the physical effects induced by an electron beam into subsurface layers. Space distribution of the physical properties of measured effects in the relative microrelief is a very important problem in the SEM. We describe a method of displaying specimen information in the SEM using the color cathodoluminescence (CCL‐SEM) technique nondistorted by relief influence and CCL‐SEM images with composite (color and black / white ) contrast using CCL+BSEmode.
Scanning force microscopy—calibrative procedures for ‘best practice’
Authors: Gibson C. T. , Watson G. S. , Myhra S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractScanning force microscopy (SFM) is gaining rapidly in popularity as a convenient and versatile tool for characterising and manipulating a great variety of physical and biological systems. In spite of being in the early stages of the learning curve, the SFM family has already made significant contributions to the rapidly expanding body of knowledge about surface structures and properties. However, many of the results emerging from SFM studies are the outcomes of incompletely characterised methodologies, and the reports often do not provide adequate information about instrumental and operational conditions. A typical SFM system consists of the following main elements: a sample stage with x‐y‐z positional control; a detector/sensor stage containing the optical deflection arrangement and the position‐sensitive sensor assembly; and the force‐sensing probe which consists of a lever and a tip. The elements will perform according to operational criteria, and their functionalities will be contingent on evaluation of sets of parameters, without which the interpretation of results may be open to questioning and/or be difficult to reproduce. Methodologies for evaluation and calibration of the various elements are now in the process of being developed; these will in due course constitute the basis on which prescriptions will be constructed for “best practice.” The current state of the literature is reviewed, and strengths and weaknesses are identified.
Characterization and identification of local defects in glass
Authors: Müller Hartmut , Strubel Christine , Bange Klaus 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe most relevant defects in glasses are categorized and investigated by appropriate microanalytical techniques. Since these defects very often present a real challenge because of complex chemical and mineralogical properties, a multimethod approach is necessary to supplement or confirm the findings from scanning techniques. The combination of electron probe microanalysis/energy‐dispersive x‐ray (EPMA/EDX) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA‐ICP‐MS) allows the determination of element trace concentrations in a knot, a glassy defect, thus finally enabling the identification of a special source of the defect from otherwise nondistinguishable refractories. The type of crystals can be determined exactly by the use of EPMA and x‐ray dispersion (XRD), stones (a crystalline agglomerate) are analyzed by EPMA/EDX pointing to a possible source for this defect; results on metallic inclusions, “filled bubbles,” and surface defects are reported and defect sources are discussed. Since close cooperation with the production departments and knowledge of production techniques and conditions are necessary for the diagnosis to take appropriate countermeasures, an approach is presented which systematically accumulates all information into a data base. The structure of such “expert systems” is described, which leads to correlation of appearance, analytical data, and source of the defects for even more accurate diagnosis and faster reaction.
FerImage: An interactive program for fractal dimension, dper and dmin calculation
Authors: Bianchi F. D. , Bonetto R. D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA computer program has been written for the determination of the D fractal dimension at low scale, of the dper representative parameter of the periodical region at high scale, and the dmin representative parameter of the minimum elemental cell which is repeated in the periodical structure from the variogram. It carries out the simultaneous obtention of the three previous parameters developed by Bonetto and Ladaga. The program also allows to obtain fractal dimension values from the Fourier power spectrum. FERImage has been developed so that the users could choose the rank where the behavior is fractal, not only in the variogram method but also in the Fourier spectrum method.
Investigation of corrosion and container integrity in metal food containers using scanning electron microscopy‐x‐ray microanalysis
Authors: Charbonneau James E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractScanning electron microscopy and x‐ray microanalysis were used to investigate microleakage, two incidences of loss of coating integrity, filiform corrosion, and sulfide black corrosion in enamel‐lined metal food containers. Microleakage developed in a canned cheese sauce at the side seam weld and was traced to a hot weld and a cold weld defect. An enamel‐blistering problem developed in an aseptically processed milk‐based product when the tinplate was heated above its melting point; the tin melted under the enamel coating, causing the blistering. An enamel‐blistering problem, due to silicon contamination of the metal surface prior to enameling, developed on the bottom of a two‐piece can that contained a chicken‐based product. A sulfide black problem developed in canned clams, caused by scratches in the coating that were introduced during can manufacturing. A filiform corrosion problem developed on the outside of the easy score line of enameled tinplate lids with a light tin coating 0.08 microns thick.
Sectional voltage contrast topography of quantum well diodes
Authors: Mil'shtein Sam , Thurkins Eric , Merritt Nathan , Novaris Keith , Therrien Joel 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDetailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of an operational quantum well laser was performed using the differential voltage contrast (DVC) method. Quantitative measurements of Fermi energies in an operational device at high magnifications were possible due to a new calibration procedure described in this study. Precise tailoring of digitized DVC images of an operational laser taken at high and low magnifications is described. The ability to record and to analyze very detailed quasi‐Fermi energy (QFE) profiles across an operational laser or transistor with 30‐Angstrom features improved the DVC technique. A layered GaAs/GaxAl1−xAs/InyGa1−y As quantum well light emitter was tested through various operational steps, that is, inverse population, threshold, and full emission. The detailed QFE profile allowed us to analyze collective electron behavior at various steps of operation of the laser.
More than an open door: Deploying philanthropy to student access and success in American community colleges
Authors: Romano Joyce C. , Gallagher Geraldine , Shugart Sanford C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFoundations of community colleges have only recently become part of the higher education landscape, and they present substantial opportunities for the support of student financial needs. Professionals in student affairs can team with foundation colleagues in important ways to provide development opportunities and resources where they are most needed.
Scott's rule
Authors: Scott David W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe optimal construction of a histogram is a fundamental task in data analysis. Many rules of thumb are available to get started. Some use the normal density as a reference distribution. Scott's rule is of that class, using as the measure of discrepancy the mean integrated squared error. This article discusses the origin and formulation of this formula, as well as comparisons with some other formulae and their relative performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Density Estimation
Repeat Resection of Pulmonary Metastasis Is Beneficial for Patients with Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Fengshi , Sakai Hiroaki , Miyahara Ryo , Bando Toru , Okubo Kenichi , Date Hiroshi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe role for repeat pulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal carcinoma has not been well defined. To identify the class of patients who benefit from pulmonary resection of recurrent pulmonary metastases, we herein reviewed our institutional experience.MethodsBetween 1990 and 2007, 84 patients with pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinomas underwent complete pulmonary resection, and 22 of them (26%) later underwent complete resection for repeat pulmonary metastasis. Various perioperative variables were investigated retrospectively in these patients to confirm a role for repeat metastasectomy and analyze prognostic factors after repeat pulmonary metastasectomy.ResultsOverall survival and disease‐free survival after repeat pulmonary metastasectomy were, respectively, 61 and 32% at 5 years. On univariate analysis, male gender and less than 1 year of disease‐free status after the first pulmonary metastasectomy demonstrated significantly adverse overall survival (p = 0.01 and p = 0.009, respectively). Elevated preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level and maximum tumor size larger than 3 cm were also significantly adverse prognostic factors for disease‐free survival (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). The overall survival curve after repeat pulmonary metastasectomy was almost identical with that after complete resection of the first pulmonary metastasis.ConclusionsPatients with more than 1 year of disease‐free status after the first pulmonary metastasectomy demonstrated a significantly better overall survival. Normal preoperative serum CEA level and maximum tumor size <3 cm were significantly adverse prognostic factors for disease‐free survival. Our data imply that repeat pulmonary metastasectomy might be beneficial as it can salvage a subset of patients with colorectal carcinoma who retain favorable prognostic determinants.
Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil and Extracts of Cleistocalyx operculatus Buds Against the Bacteria of Xanthomonas spp.
Authors: Bajpai Vivek K. , Dung Nguyen Thi , Suh Hwa‐Jin , Kang Sun Chul 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study was undertaken to assess the antibacterial efficacy of the essential oil and extracts of Cleistocalyx operculatus buds against plant pathogenic bacteria of Xanthomonas spp. The diameter of inhibition zones of oil (1,000 μg/disc) and extracts (1,500 μg/disc) against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 7–23 mm. The MIC and MBC values of the oil and extracts against the tested Xanthomonas spp. ranged from 31.25–125 to 62.5–250 μg/ml and 125–500 and 250–1,000 μg/ml, respectively. The cell viability study demonstrated a potential detrimental effect of the oil (1,000 μg/ml) and hexane extract (250 μg/ml) on the tested Xanthomonas spp. Also the oil displayed significant antibacterial effects in vivo against Xoo KX019 and Xsp SK12 conducted on greenhouse‐grown oriental melon plants (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa). The results of this study suggest that C. operculatus‐derived essential oil and extracts could be used as natural bactericides in the food and agriculture industries.
The Effectiveness of Self-Regulation by the Private Military and Security Industry
Authors: DE NEVERS RENÉE 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSecurity is generally considered a core public good provided by the state. Since outsourcing military and security tasks erodes the state's monopoly of force, we would expect regulation in this area to be stronger than in areas that do not have potentially lethal consequences. But neither caution nor careful regulation is evident in state responses to the emergence of private military and security companies; instead, the industry's rapid growth has outpaced government efforts to control their activities. This article assesses whether two industry associations, the US-based International Peace Operations Association (IPOA) and the British Association of Private Security Companies (BAPSC), have adopted mechanisms necessary for effective self-regulation, and it evaluates different national approaches to self-regulation. Neither the IPOA nor the BAPSC has established self-regulatory mechanisms able to monitor or sanction member companies' behavior. The IPOA's activities correspond to American patterns of self-regulation, while the BAPSC's efforts suggest weaker linkages with the British government than seen in other self-regulatory mechanisms.
Ultrastructure of in vitro oocyte maturation in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Mondadori Rafael Gianella , Santin Tiago Rollemberg , Fidelis Andrei Antonioni Guedes , Name Khesller Patrícia Olázia , da Silva Juliana Souza , Rumpf Rodolfo , Báo Sônia Nair 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to describe ultrastructural changes in the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles during in vitro maturation (IVM) of buffalo cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs). The structures were collected by ovum pick-up (OPU). Some COCs, removed from maturation medium at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h, were processed for transmission electron microscopy. The average number of COCs collected by OPU/animal/session was 6.4, and 44% of them were viable. Immature oocytes had a peripherally located nucleus, Golgi complex and mitochondrial clusters, as well as a large number of coalescent lipid vacuoles. After 6 h of IVM, the oocyte nucleus morphology changed from round to a flatter shape, and the granulosa cells (GC) lost most of their contact with zona pellucida (ZP). At 12 h the first polar body was extruded and the aspect of lipid droplet changed to dark, probably denoting lipid oxidation. Cortical granules were clearly visible at 18 h of maturation, always located along the oocyte periphery. At 24 h of IVM the number of cortical granules increased. Ultrastructure studies revealed that: (1) immature oocytes have a high lipid content; (2) the perivitelline space (PS) increases during IVM; (3) Golgi complexes and mitochondrial clusters migrate to oocyte periphery during IVM; (4) 6 h of IVM are enough to lose contact between GC and ZP; (5) the oocyte lipid droplets’ appearance changes between 6 and 12 h of IVM.
In vitrocompetitive binding index using fluorochrome-labelled spermatozoa for predicting bull fertility
Authors: Puglisi R. , Krvavac L. , Bonacina C. , Galli A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis work evaluated if anin vitrotest, with the combined power of the statistical evaluation of spermatozoa and zona pellucida (ZP) competitive binding ability and a rapid method for accessory sperm counts, could predict the bull fertility. Ten Holstein Friesian bulls of known field fertility (five of high and five of low fertility) were selected. Anin vitroheterospermic insemination approach, based on differential staining, was tested on 45 possible pairs of bulls (two batches per bull). Motility and quality (abnormalities and membrane status) seminal characteristics and estimated relative conception rates (ERCR) highlighted only one association between membrane integrity and ERCR (p= 0.007). Differences in ZP binding allowed us to rank bulls into two categories based on low and high binding ability. For eight bulls, this classification reflected the ERCR. Differences between batches were reported for two bulls, in which the effect of heterospermic insemination (the number of sperm binding to ZP from different bulls not in a 1:1 ratio) showed a significant bull-related effect (p< 0.001) in the first batch and no effect (p> 0.05) in the second batch for both bulls. Reduction of the number of oocytes per assay from 25 to 5 had no effect (p> 0.5) on the bulls’ ranking. Our results suggest thatin vitrocompetitive binding is a promising approach for estimating bull fertility and support concepts for further implementation, e.g. drastic reduction of oocyte number in a single pair assay and larger scale testing for batches.