bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Six Plant Growth Regulators on Spanish Peanuts1
Authors: Wu C. H. , Santelmann P. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant growth regulators show considerable promise for use in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Comet’). However, new materials need to be evaluated. The influence of soil moisture on peanut response to SADH (succinic acid, 2,2‐dimethyl hydrazide) was examined in a growth chamber. Effects of SADH, PP 528 (ethyl 5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazol‐2‐y‐lacetate), FMC 28979 (2‐chloro‐3‐(3‐chloro‐2‐methylphenyl)propionitrile), mefluidide (N‐[2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]‐amino]‐phenylacetamide). TIBA (2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid) and TD 6817 (chemistry not released) were also evaluated in the field. SADH reduced plant size of peanuts grown under the wet regimes but not under dry conditions. Average peanut leaf area was not affected by SADH. However, SADH did increase the root weight in both wet and dry conditions in the growth chamber. Peanut yields were not increased by SADH in any of the 3 years in the field. No plant growth regulators used at any rate at any growth stage significantly increased peanut yield. The reduction of plant size by SADH might be significant to irrigated peanuts or in high rainfall areas where rotting of peanut vines may take place.
Pre‐sowing Seed Treatments, Seed Coats, and Metabolic Activity of Lehmann Lovegrass Seeds1
Authors: Haferkamp Marshall R. , Jordan Gilbert L. , Matsuda Kaoru 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData from both field and laboratory studies have suggested germination of Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees.) caryopses (seeds) can be improved by various pre‐sowing seed treatments. Effective treatments include moistening and drying, oven‐drying, scarification, and pre‐chilling on a moist substrate. The increased germination may be due to improved seed‐coat permeability or to a change in the metabolic state of the seed. A growth chamber study was undertaken to determine if pre‐treating air dry Lehmann lovegrass seeds with moistening, oven‐drying, or mechanical scarification increased: (1) metabolic activity upon remoistening; (2) seed‐coat permeability relative to moisture imbibition; and (3) percent germination in low concentrations of oxygen (O2).Lehmann lovegrass seeds were pre‐treated and immediately following treatment samples were either: (1) imbibed in darkness at 24 C and analyzed after 9 hours for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and after 24 hours for percent germination; (2) imbibed in darkness at 24 C and analyzed after 0, 6, and 18 hours for moisture content; (3) imbibed for 37 hours at 24 C in atmospheres containing either 5, 10, or 21% O2 and analyzed for percent germination; or (4) viewed with a scanning electron microscope to evaluate damage to seed coats.Treated seeds germinated better and contained more ATP than untreated seeds. Oven‐dried, scarified, and moistened plus oven‐dried seeds germinated the best, while scarified and moistened plus oven‐dried seeds contained the most ATP.Rate of moisture imbibition was increased by pretreatments. After 6 hours of imbibition, scarified, ovendried, and moistened plus oven‐dried seeds contained significantly more moisture than air‐dried seeds. After 18 hours the differences were not as large.Treated seeds germinated best in atmospheres of 5, 10, and 21% O2, but germination was poorest in the 5% O2.Seed coats appeared affected by treatments. Scarified seeds appeared scratched and the gelatinous coating surrounding the seeds appeared loosened and torn from moistening and oven‐drying.
Yield and Leaf Nitrogen of Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybeans as Affected by Nitrogen and Molybdenum1
Authors: Parker M. B. , Harris H. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigators have suggested that soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] response to Mo was essentially a correction of N deficiency, and a series of experiments was conducted on acid soils (pH ranged from 4.5 to 5.6) to evaluate the suggestion.In the first series of experiments, yield response to Mo and N rates was studied for 3 years on soybean cultivars grown on Dyke 1 (Typic Rhodudult) and State 1 (Typic Hapludult) soils. Molybdenum was as effective in increasing yields as 134 kg N/ha in one experiment, 67 kg N/ha in a second experiment, and less effective than 67 kg N/ha in a third experiment. However, the combined effect of Mo plus N was greater in two out of three experiments than each element applied singly.In the second series of experiments, plant response to Mo and N rates was studied for 3 years on nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of soybeans grown on State 1, Etowah sl (Typic Palendult), and Cecil scl (Typic Hapludult) soils. Leaf N of nonnodulating soybeans was increased by N, but Mo was ineffective in all experiments on nonnodulating isolines. Molybdenum without N increased leaf N on nodulating types in all four experiments where leaf N was determined. Nitrogen without Mo increased leaf N of nodulating types in three of four experiments. Yields of nonnodulating isolines were not affected by Mo in any of the experiments, but Mo increased yields on nodulating isolines in four of five experiments. Average yields for five experiments with nodulating types indicated that Mo without N produced yields greater than did 67 kg N/ha but less than was produced by 134 and 201 kg N/ha. Results from four of eight exeriments with nodulating soybeans indicate that N efficiency may be improved by the addition of Mo.Results of these experiments indicate that the primary function of Mo was to correct a N deficiency and that enough soil Mo was available for nitrate reduction but not for symbiosis.
Alterations of Yield, Test Weight, and Protein in Lodged Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Larson Jeffrey C. , Maranville Jerry W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLodging can be a detriment to yield and quality of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). However, the magnitude of the changes which occur in yield and quality has not been determined. An experiment was conducted to measure the alteration in yield, protein, and test weight of this crop by artificially simulating two types of lodging observed to occur naturally in the field. Plants were manually forced to a 45‐degree angle (root lodging) or the stalk broken in the vicinity of the peduncle node (stalk break) at heading, early dough, and hard dough growth stages.Lodging treatments decreased yield and test weight for all years studied. Results for 1973 showed a general increase in protein concentration from lodged plants, but 1974–75 increases were not significant. Grain yields were lowest in the earliest and most severely lodged treatments. Yield reductions were due primarily to reduced test weights. Total protein production (concentration × yield) was determined by level of grain yield rather than protein concentration of the grain. It was concluded that yield losses occur in lodged plants due to a hindrance of physiological function and this loss is independent of that which may occur mechanically during harvest.
Sources, Rates, and Frequencies of N Application in Subirrigated Hay Meadow1
Authors: Daigger L. A. , Moline W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInadequate supplies of soil nutrients often limits hay production of western U. S. subirrigated meadows. Our purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of three N‐sources at various rates in alternating sequences of N‐applied annually, biennially, and triennially for meadow hay production. The hay consisted of a complex mixture of Agropyron, Poa, Sorghastrum, and Carex species harvested from a subirrigated meadow of an Aquic Ustifluvent soil. Sulfur‐coated urea (SCU), urea, and ammonium nitrate (AN) were broadcast in the spring on subirrigated hay meadows at rates of 0, 34, 67, and 135 kg N/ha applied during 1971, 1972, and 1973.All N sources and rates increased hay yields. There were no differences in hay yields among N sources at the low rates of 34 and 67 kg N/ha, however, at high N‐rates AN and SCU produced higher hay yields than urea. Under these meadow conditions, N‐recovery percentages from SCU were greater than with urea or AN. Total protein production increased with increasing rates of N. Where fertilizers were applied once in 2 years, higher total protein yields were produced with SCU than from urea or AN at the 67 kg N/ha. At higher N rates protein differences between SCU and AN were not observed in the 2‐and 3‐year intervals of N application. Thus, efficient use of N fertilizer can be attained when applied once in 2 years for hay production in subirrigated meadows, where transport of fertilizer materials to the field site is difficult.
Effect of IBDU and UF Rate, Date, and Frequency of Application on Merion Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Wilkinson J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIBDU (isobutylidene diurea) and UF (ureaformaldehyde) are two popular synthetic, slow‐release nitrogen sources for use on turf. IBDU‐N release is a dissolution process, whereas N release from UF is dependent upon microbial activity. As a result, different turf responses to the two sources are expected. The objective was to compare IBDU coarse and fine, UF, and AN (ammonium nitrate) applied to ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) grown on Brookston silt loam, a member of the fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Argiaquolls, with a pH of approximately 7.3. Each N source was applied at 1, 2, or 3 kg N/are. The 1 and 3 kg N rates were applied in April. The 2 kg N rate was applied either in April, September, split between April and September, or split between April, June, July, and September. Treatment response was measured monthly by turf quality ratings, clipping weights, and N uptake. Turf response to coarse and fine IBDU was very similar. Single spring applications of IBDU produced a poor initial turf response compared to UF. IBDU provided a much better turf response than UF at low temperatures, whereas there was relatively little difference in turf response to IBDU and UF during the summer months when applied at the same rate and date. Frequency of application affected turf quality response more with IBDU than UF. Two IBDU applications were required for most uniform turf quality response. Uniformity of response improved only slightly with multiple UF applications.
Growth and Chemical Composition of Alfalfa Fertilized in Greenhouse Trials with Deproteinized Alfalfa Juice1
Authors: Walgenbach Richard P. , Smith Dale , Ream H. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) needs adequate fertilization to maintain herbage yields. The deproteinized alfalfa juice (DAJ) remaining after the protein is extracted from green alfalfa has been used to fertilize alfalfa and other crops. However, plant damage occurred when the DAJ was applied at depths greater than 1.25 cm. The purpose of this greenhouse study with alfalfa was to observe more closely the possible causes of plant damage when DAJ is applied as fertilizer. DAJ was applied to alfalfa stubble after herbage harvest, and the alfalfa was cut three times at 24‐day intervals. Alfalfa plants were growing in Plano silt loam soil (Typic Argiudoll) in Exp. 1, and in Miami silt loam soil (Typic Hapludalf) in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, DAJ rates were 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 cm, and in Exp. 2, rates were 0, 0.16, 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, and 2.50 cm. Treatments also included two rates of K as K2SO4 and the ashed equivalent (AE) of 5.0 cm DAJ in Exp. 1 and of 1.25 cm in Exp. 2. Alfalfa plants fertilized with DAJ at rates of 1.25 cm or higher showed chlorotic symptoms and growth retardation. Only a few plants survived at the 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 cm rates. Plants fertilized with K2SO4 and with AE of DAJ grew normally. First‐harvest and overall herbage yields were similar to those of the control, except for significantly lower yields at 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 cm rates in Exp. 1. Concentrations of N, K, Cl, and Mn in first‐harvest herbage generally were increased by DAJ treatments, while other elements were decreased or were similar to control herbage. Soil salt indexes (conductivity of soil solution) increased with each increase in DAJ, but initial plant damage at high DAJ levels did not appear to be due to salt accumulation nor to any elemental toxicity. It is concluded that unknown phytotoxins contained in the DAJ or produced as microfloral breakdown products are the probable causes of plant damage. Further work is needed to identify these phytotoxic substances.
Effect of Root Temperatures on Growth and Cation Composition of Festuca arundinaceae Schreb1
Authors: Leggett J. E. , Egli D. B. , Bush L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe accumulation of cations by many cool season forages has been shown to be influenced by both air and soil temperature. This investigation investigated the influence of root temperature on the cation composition of a tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) derived from an annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) × tall fescue hybrid. Plants were collected from field‐grown, spaced plants, transplanted to a greenhouse hydroponics system, and grown on a modified Hoagland's nutrient solution. The temperature of the roots on some of the plants was maintained at approximately 12 C by cooling the nutrient solution reservoir, while roots on the control plants were maintained at the ambient temperature (approximately 25 C). Cooling the roots reduced the weekly accumulation of dry matter of the tops by nearly 50% but had no effect on the concentration of K, Ca, and Mg in the tissue or on the ratio of K/(Ca + Mg).
Manipulation of Sorghum Growth and Development with Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Morgan Page W. , Miller F. R. , Quinby J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study is the initial step in an effort to understand the nature of the hormone involvement in the genetic control of height, date of flowering, and tillering in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. The objective of these experiments was to characterize the response of sorghum genotypes varying in dwarfing genes to gibberellic acid. Since height influences commercial production, better understanding of its control may have practical and scientific value. Solutions of GA3 were applied in the whorl of vegetative plants and the growth and development of treated plants compared to controls. Sorghum grown in the field on Norwood fine sandy loam (Typic Udifluvente) soil exhibited a range of responses to gibberellic acid (GA3). Plant height of seedlings was universally promoted, but higher GA3 levels were required to increase final stem height. At concentrations up to 10−3 M GA3, stem height of members of the milo and kafir groups was promoted to a major degree and the Redlan varieties were promoted to a slight extent while hegaris were not changed. GA3 applied over a period of several weeks drastically reduced tillering and adventitious root development. Early termination of GA3 application resulted in subsequent promotion of tillering. It was possible to separate the effect of GA3 on tillering from its effect on stem height. At higher concentrations both processes are modified while at lower treatment rates GA3 reduced tillering without promoting stem height. The treatments employed did not significantly shift the date of anthesis. Several of these results were verified by experiments in a greenhouse and in the field at a different location on Hollister clay loam (Pachic Paleustoll) soil. The results support the conclusion that gibberellins function in the control of height and tillering in the genotypes studied.
Effect of Herbicides on Production and Protein Levels in Pasture Grasses1
Authors: Baur J. R. , Bovey R. W. , Holt E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of spring application of picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid), tebuthiuron (N‐[5‐(1,l‐dimethylethyl)‐1,3, 4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl] ‐N,N′‐dimethylurea), 2,4‐D (isopropyl amine of (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid), and glypho‐ sate (N‐[phosphonomethyl]glycine) on five grasses. The grasses were Common and ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.), buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) and an F1 apomictic buffel × birdwood (Cenchrus setigerus Vahl.) hybrid. Grasses were grown in soils classified as either a vertic albaqualf (bermudagrasses) or vertic haplustoll (klein‐ grass, buffelgrass, buffel × birdwood hybrid). All grasses tolerated (with regard to productivity) rates up to 2.2 kg/ha of 2,4‐D applied at all dates, and March applications of glyphosate. Common bermudagrass and klein‐ grass were tolerant to March and April applications of tebuthiuron, with later applications (June) causing reduced production. Coastal bermudagrass was tolerant to tebuthiuron applied in March but not April or June. The only adverse effects of picloram were noted for March applications to Common bermudagrass and all dates for Coastal bermudagrass. The herbicides used had little effect on protein concentration in Coastal bermudagrass. Picloram, tebuthiuron and 2,4‐D reduced protein concentrations in the buffel × birdwood hybrid. Glyphosate caused increases in protein levels in buffelgrass and kleingrass.
Growth and Yield of Spring Wheat as Influenced by Shelter and Soil Water1
Authors: Frank A. B. , Harris D. G. , Willis W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the Northern Great Plains, windbreaks have historically been used to protect crops and soils from winds, but data on the effects of windbreaks on growth and yield of small grains is limited. ‘Waldron’ wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown on Parshall fine sandy loam (Pachic Haploboroll) with and without shelter (slat‐fence enclosures), both with and without irrigation, to determine the effects of soil water and shelter on wheat growth and yield. In 1973 and 1974, plant height, tiller production, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf weight (SLW), and dry matter were measured at tillering, heading, and grain‐filling growth stages. Also, grain yield, kernel weight, number of heads, straw yield, and plant height were measured at crop maturity. The combination of shelter and irrigation resulted in greater dry matter production, higher LAI, lower SLW, more tillers per plant and taller plants than irrigation alone. Shelter for dryland (nonirrigated) wheat did not increase vegetative growth, other than plant height early in the growing season. With irrigation, sheltered wheat yields increased 6.4 q/ha or 21.8% over the exposed wheat. Dryland sheltered wheat yield was 3.8 q/ha or 19.4% less than that for the exposed crop. Number of heads and straw production for each treatment responded the same to soil water and shelter as did grain yield. Results of this study show that growth and yield of spring wheat in the Northern Great Plains is increased significantly when grown under sheltered vs. exposed conditions provided soil water supply is adequate.
Plant Water Relationships of Spring Wheat as Influenced by Shelter and Soil Water1
Authors: Frank A. B. , Harris D. G. , Willis W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField windbreaks have been planted primarily for soil erosion control; subsequently, research has shown that windbreaks have an effect on microclimate and on growth and yield of crops. Other research has shown that plant water relations respond to changes in microclimate. The present work was undertaken to determine the effect of microclimate changes induced by a slat‐fence windbreak on the plant water relations of field‐grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Slat‐fence barriers were used as windbreaks for studying effects of shelter‐modified microclimte on plant water relations of ‘Waldron’ spring wheat, grown on Parshall fine sandy loam (Pachic Haploboroll), under irrigated and dryland soil water regimes. Data were collected on leaf water potential (Ψl), xylem water potential (Ψx), stomatal diffusion resistance (rs), canopy temperature (Tc), soil water potential (Ψs), soil water extraction, and grain yield.Plant water status of the wheat crop was strongly affected by shelter and soil water content. The treatment combination of shelter plus irrigation produced a higher Ψl and lower Tc and, overall, was the most beneficial treatment in creating a favorable plant water status. The dryland treatments were under considerable water stress from early heading to maturity. The presence of the shelter did not alleviate the water stress on the dryland‐grown plants. Water‐use efficiency was significantly higher for the irrigated‐sheltered as compared with the irrigated‐exposed treatments. Water‐use efficiency of the dryland treatments was lower than the irrigated treatments, but the dryland treatments did not differ from each other. The results of our study indicated that windbreaks will be most beneficial to a wheat crop only if soil water is adequate for good crop growth throughout the growing season. Because soil water varies considerably from year to year in the northern Great Plains, crop responses to windbreaks can also be expected to vary considerably.
Tillage Effects on Winter Wheat Production where the Irrigated and Dryland Crops are Alternated1
Authors: Unger Paul W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile adequately irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields are relatively high, drylamd wheat yields in the southern Great Plains are only about 700 kg/ha with continuous cropping and about 1,000 kg/ha on a harvested‐area basis after fallow. This study was conducted to determine if yields could be increased where irrigated and dryland wheat crops are alternated on the same plots. Tillage effects were also studied.In this study, continuous winter wheat production was evaluated with respect to grain and residue yields and soil water storage, use, and use‐efficiency. Wheat crops were alternately grown on Pullman clay loam [fine, mixed, thermic family of Torrertic Paleustolls (Mollisols)] with or without irrigation on disk, sweep, or no‐tillage plots, and continuously on dryland and irrigated plots with sweep and disk tillage, respectively. Dryland wheat with sweep tillage yielded 2,250 kg/ha where the irrigated and dryland crops were alternated and 2,080 kg/ha on continuous dryland plots, a significant yield increase. For irrigated wheat with disk tillage, yields were similar where irrigated and dryland crops were alternated or where continuously irrigated.For the tillage evaluations, dryland wheat yields with sweep and disk tillage were similar, averaging 2,250 and 2,330 kg/ha, respectively. Yields for both were significantly higher than the 2,120‐kg/ha no‐tillage average. Irrigated wheat yielded 4,650 with sweep, 4,390 with disk, and 4,220 kg/ha with no‐tillage in the tillage evaluation. The differences were significant. By comparisons, dryland wheat yielded significantly more grain with sweep or disk tillage in the irrigated and dryland system than in the continuous dryland system (with sweep tillage). With irrigation, wheat yielded significantly more with sweep tillage in the alternate system than with disk tillage in the continuous and alternate systems.Considering the combined system and tillage effects, the best treatments were sweep tillage for irrigated wheat and disk or sweep tillage for dryland wheat. Using sweep and disk tillage for irrigated and dryland wheat, respectively, where the crops are alternated increased average grain yields 10.3% over the average for the continuous irrigated and continuous dryland treatments. The greater grain yield occurred with 8.4% more soil water use, but only 2.3% more total water use. Wateruse efficiency was 8.5% greater where irrigated and dryland crops were alternated than where irrigated and dry]and crops were grown continuously. The irrigated and dryland alternate system offers a potential for greater and more water‐efficient grain production than that possible where equal areas are continuously cropped to irrigated or dryland wheat.