bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscale Patterning of Single Crystal Diamond Using Sidero-Metal/Diamond Thermochemical Reaction
Authors: Morofushi Yuko , Matsushita Hajime , Miki Norihisa 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this paper we propose and demonstrate micro patterning processes of single crystal diamond using thermochemical reaction of diamond with a sidero-metal and elucidate the reaction involved. Single crystal diamond processes a variety of excellent characteristics, such as hardness and wear resistance, and hence, is expected to be a new material for not only micro machining tools but also innovative micro devices. It is mandatory to develop a patterning process of diamond with high precision and at low cost. Laser processing is currently widely used, but it is a serial process and costly. Film deposition and plasma etching are other effective methods while they are time consuming. Thermochemical reaction between diamond and sidero-metals is well known in the field of mechanical machining. Diamond tools cannot machine sidero-metals, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, when the diamond tools wear instead of the sidero-metals. We used this reaction to micro pattern single crystal diamond. We used nickel as the sidero-metal that was patterned either directly on a bulk of single crystal diamond or on a silicon substrate. We term the former and the latter processes as direct and indirect patterning processes, respectively. In the indirect patterning a bulk of single crystal diamond was placed on the substrate. The pattern was negatively transferred to the diamond after thermal treatment in the air at ˜1000K in both processes. The sidero-metal layer can be patterned by photolithography, which enables precise manufacturing and mass production. The direct and indirect patterning achieved etching rates of ˜0.5μm/min and ˜0.2μm/min, respectively, both of which increased as the annealing temperature increased while the indirect patterning did not require micro patterning of photoresist on a bulk diamond several millimeters squire and involved much less difficult processes than the direct patterning. The thermochemical reaction is reported to be caused by; diffusion of carbon from diamond into the sidero-metal, oxidation-reduction reaction between diamond and the metal, oxidation of diamond, and carbide formation. Carbide formation was not observed when we used nickel as the sidero-metal. When the direct and indirect patterning was conducted in nitrogen, the pattern transfer was observed but the etching rate was extremely low. Therefore, oxidation-reduction reaction is dominant in the direct patterning. In the indirect patterning, the etching continued even after the nickel and diamond was not in contact. The thickness of removed diamond was by far greater than the thickness of the nickel layer. Hence, we consider that diamond was etched by oxide-reduction reaction between the diamond and the metal while they were in contact at the beginning and then, the oxidation of diamond became dominant in the indirect patterning. The process proposed herein is readily applicable to manufacture micro devices that exploit excellent characteristics of single crystal diamond.
The Heterogeneous Multiscale Method for Dynamics of Solids with Applications to Brittle Cracks
Authors: Yang Jerry , Li Xiantao 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe present a multiscale method for the modeling of dynamics of crystalline solids. The method employs the continuum elastodynamics model to introduce loading conditions and capture elastic waves, and near isolated defects, molecular dynamics (MD) model is used to resolve the local structure at the atomic scale. The coupling of the two models is achieved based on the framework of the heterogeneous multiscale method (HMM) and a consistent coupling condition with special treatment of the MD boundary condition. Application to the dynamics of a brittle crack under various loading conditions is presented. Elastic waves are observed to pass through the interface from atomistic region to the continuum region and reversely. Thresholds of strength and duration of shock waves to launch the crack opening are quantitatively studied and related to the inertia effect of crack tips.
Direct Approach to Atomistic Ab Initio Studies of Precipitate Growth in Alloys
Authors: Ehlers Flemming JH , Holmestad Randi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA dramatic gain in the knowledge of precipitate formation, composition, and evolution in alloys has been achieved in the recent years with improvement of transmission electron microscopy techniques for direct structural imaging [1]. A detailed understanding of the microstructure is often essential for control and manipulation of materials properties: an important example for metals is the significant hardening of Al alloys by particular precipitates from a sequence strongly dependent on alloying element concentration and the treatment of the material [2].
The wealth of experimental information provides a playground for theory in the context of elucidating precipitate growth mechanisms and influence on the host material. A head-on approach to atomistic modelling of these phenomena using an ab initio based scheme is conventionally deemed highly desired but impractical. The basic argument is that the system of any reasonably sized (i.e. realistic) and well isolated microstructure will simply contain too many atoms.
We will challenge this conventional view: it is argued that most of the atoms of the above mentioned system do not play an active role in the growth discussion, hence need not be included in the modelling. Subsequently, a model system is presented which offers a highly accurate description of the interface between the host lattice and a microstructure of an arbitrary size, for the case where this interface is coherent and compositionally abrupt. When used in conjunction with other approaches already available, this model system offers a direct approach to atomistic ab initio studies of microstructure growth.
A general introduction to the modelling scheme will be presented, with the particular application being the main hardening precipitate β'' in the Al-Mg-Si alloy.
[1] K. W. Urban, Nature Mater. 8, 260 (2009).
[2] C. D. Marioara, S. J. Andersen, H. W. Zandbergen, and R. Holmestad, Metal. Mater. Trans. A 36A, 691 (2005).
Selective Biofunctionalization all-(111) Surface Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Masood Muhammad , Chen Songuye , Carlen Edwin T , Berg Albert Van den 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSelective biomolecular functionalization of our all-(111) surface silicon nanowire (SiNW) biosensors using covalently linked alkyl- monolayers is demonstrated. Monolayers were made using a commercially available six member carbon precursor N-(5-Hexynyl) phthalimide and UV based hydrosylilation reaction. Contact angle and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were used to characterize the monolayer at different stages on planar Si (111) samples. Terminal amine groups on the monolayer surface were used for further conjugation with (+)-Biotin N-hydroxysuccinimide ester after deprotection of the phthalimide group with a methylamine solution. Selective biofunctionalization was demonstrated by reacting the SiNW-monolayer-biotin surface with 5 nm gold nanoparticles conjugated with streptavidin and subsequent high resolution scanning electron microscopy imaging.
Soil development and establishment of carbon‐based properties in created freshwater marshes
Authors: Hossler Katie , Bouchard Virginie 
Published: March 2010

The current U.S. wetland mitigation policy of “no net loss” requires that a new wetland be created to replace any natural wetland destroyed under development pressures. This policy, however, may be resulting in a net loss of carbon‐based wetland functions. We evaluated the ability of created wetlands to accumulate carbon and to mitigate loss of carbon‐based functions in natural wetlands with variable hydrology. Potential limiting factors to carbon accumulation within created systems included soil aggregation, texture, and bulk density. Rates of soil development and the time required for created wetlands to accumulate the amount of carbon found in natural wetlands were estimated by an exponential model.Soils collected from five created (ages 3–8 years) and four natural freshwater marshes, located in central Ohio, USA, were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), mineralizable soil carbon (Cmin), water‐stable aggregates (WSA), particle‐size fractions (PSD), and bulk density. Peak‐standing aboveground plant biomass was also quantified. Created wetlands contained significantly less plant biomass, SOC, and Cmin than natural wetlands (α ≤ 0.05; false discovery rate). Soil physical properties also differed significantly between created and natural wetlands, with fewer macroaggregates, more microaggregates, more silt–clay (0–5 cm only), and higher bulk density in created wetlands (α ≤ 0.05; false discovery rate). Carbon content was positively correlated with macroaggregate content and negatively correlated with microaggregate content, silt‐clay fraction, and bulk density.Fit of SOC data to the exponential model indicated that a newly created wetland would require 300 years to sequester the amount of SOC contained in a natural wetland. At this rate of carbon accumulation, a mitigation ratio of 2.7:1 (area) would be necessary for successful mitigation over a 50‐year time period. However, other trajectories fit the data equally well and suggested area mitigation ratios of 2.2:1 (logistic) to 4.4:1 (linear regression) to 5.1:1 (exponential regression). Whether created wetlands are on a trajectory toward natural wetland carbon function, however, remains uncertain. Until gaps in the data are filled and a trajectory verified, the best mitigation policy will be a conservative one, with a restrictive permitting process and high mitigation ratios (5.1:1 minimum).
Conserving migratory land birds in the New World: Do we know enough?
Authors: Faaborg John , Holmes Richard T. , Anders Angela D. , Bildstein Keith L. , Dugger Katie M. , Gauthreaux Sidney A. , Heglund Patricia , Hobson Keith A. , Jahn Alex E. , Johnson Douglas H. , Latta Steven C. , Levey Douglas J. , Marra Peter P. , Merkord Christopher L. , Nol Erica , Rothstein Stephen I. , Sherry Thomas W. , Sillett T. Scott , Thompson Frank R. , Warnock Nils 
Published: March 2010

Migratory bird needs must be met during four phases of the year: breeding season, fall migration, wintering, and spring migration; thus, management may be needed during all four phases. The bulk of research and management has focused on the breeding season, although several issues remain unsettled, including the spatial extent of habitat influences on fitness and the importance of habitat on the breeding grounds used after breeding. Although detailed investigations have shed light on the ecology and population dynamics of a few avian species, knowledge is sketchy for most species. Replication of comprehensive studies is needed for multiple species across a range of areas.Information deficiencies are even greater during the wintering season, when birds require sites that provide security and food resources needed for survival and developing nutrient reserves for spring migration and, possibly, reproduction. Research is needed on many species simply to identify geographic distributions, wintering sites, habitat use, and basic ecology. Studies are complicated, however, by the mobility of birds and by sexual segregation during winter. Stable‐isotope methodology has offered an opportunity to identify linkages between breeding and wintering sites, which facilitates understanding the complete annual cycle of birds.The twice‐annual migrations are the poorest‐understood events in a bird's life. Migration has always been a risky undertaking, with such anthropogenic features as tall buildings, towers, and wind generators adding to the risk. Species such as woodland specialists migrating through eastern North America have numerous options for pausing during migration to replenish nutrients, but some species depend on limited stopover locations. Research needs for migration include identifying pathways and timetables of migration, quality and distribution of habitats, threats posed by towers and other tall structures, and any bottlenecks for migration.Issues such as human population growth, acid deposition, climate change, and exotic diseases are global concerns with uncertain consequences to migratory birds and even less‐certain remedies. Despite enormous gaps in our understanding of these birds, research, much of it occurring in the past 30 years, has provided sufficient information to make intelligent conservation efforts but needs to expand to handle future challenges.
Telling the Truth May Not Pay Off: An Empirical Study of Centralized University Admissions in Germany
Authors: Braun Sebastian , Dwenger Nadja , Kübler Dorothea 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Matching university places to students is not as clear cut or as straightforward as it ought to be. By investigating the matching algorithm used by the German central clearinghouse for university admissions in medicine and related subjects, we show that a procedure designed to give an advantage to students with excellent school grades actually harms them. The reason is that the three-step process employed by the clearinghouse is a complicated mechanism in which many students fail to grasp the strategic aspects involved. The mechanism is based on quotas and consists of three procedures that are administered sequentially, one for each quota. Using the complete data set of the central clearinghouse, we show that the matching can be improved for around 20% of the excellent students while making a relatively small percentage of all other students worse off.
Post-gel Shrinkage Strain and Degree of Conversion of Preheated Resin Composite Cured Using Different Regimens
Authors: El-Korashy D. I. 
Published: March 2010

Clinical Relevance
The preheating of resin composite prior to curing yielded a better degree of conversion but had a negative impact on the induced post-gel shrinkage strain; soft-start mode is recommended, as it reduces the post-gel shrinkage strain without affecting the degree of conversion.
Clinical Evaluation of Indirect Composite Restorations at Baseline and 36 Months After Placement
Authors: Dukic W. , Dukic O. L. , Milardovic S. , Delija B. 
Published: March 2010

Clinical Relevance
Indirect resin composite restorations represent a good choice for the therapy of severely damaged teeth. There is no clinical difference between Ormocer and nano-hybrid resin composite after 36 months.
The Effect of Trichloracetic Acid as a Hemostatic and Etching Agent on the Morphological Characteristics and Shear Bond Strength of Resin Composite to Enamel
Authors: Khoroushi M. , Tavasoli M. 
Published: March 2010

Clinical Relevance
TCA gel etches enamel surfaces and produces surface morphological characteristics and bond strength similar to that produced by phosphoric acid. When TCA is used as a hemostatic agent on marginal gingiva, its inadvertent contact with enamel improves the immediate bond strength of resin composite to enamel. However, when using phosphoric acid and 50% TCA, an erosive enamel surface is produced.
Effect of Saliva Contamination and Decontamination on Bovine Enamel Bond Strength of Four Self-etching Adhesives
Authors: Jiang Q. , Pan H. , Liang B. , Fu B. , Hannig M. 
Published: March 2010

Clinical Relevance
Salivary contamination before and after priming could significantly reduce the enamel bond strength of self-etching adhesives. Proper isolation should be performed before and during application of the adhesives and placement of the resin composite. Thorough water-spraying could significantly improve the μTBS of saliva-contaminated enamel.
Pulpal-temperature Rise and Polymerization Efficiency of LED Curing Lights
Authors: Leprince J. , Devaux J. , Mullier T. , Vreven J. , Leloup G. 
Published: March 2010

Clinical Relevance
This paper provides practitioners with useful information on the importance of aligning the spectra of the LCU and the material in terms of polymerization efficiency and temperature rise in the pulp chamber.
Changes in Blood Pressure During Induction of Anesthesia and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery by Type and Timing of Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Drugs
Authors: Momota Yoshihiro , Kaneda Kazuhiro , Arishiro Kumiko , Kishimoto Naotaka , Kanou Seiji , Kotani Junichiro 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an antihypertensive drug class and the timing of discontinuation of antihypertensive therapy on blood pressure during oral and maxillofacial surgery for 129 patients on antihypertensive therapy receiving general anesthesia. Blood pressures at loss of response to stimulation and 5–15 minutes after intubation were significantly lower than those before induction, although the type of antihypertensive therapy did not affect changes in blood pressure. No significant correlation was observed between systolic blood pressure (SBP) on the ward and change in SBP during surgery, though patients with higher blood pressure on the ward tended to exhibit larger differences between SBP on the ward and the lowest SBP during surgery. Frequency of use of vasopressors during surgery was significantly higher in patients who discontinued antihypertensive therapy on the day before surgery than in those who continued antihypertensive therapy on the day of surgery. These findings suggest that appropriate preoperative antihypertensive therapy is important for minimizing change in blood pressure during surgery and preventing perioperative complications. Patients undergoing antihypertensive therapy should be carefully monitored perioperatively by observation for interactions between antihypertensive and anesthetic agents and minimizing interruption schedules for antihypertensive therapy.
Parker Flex-Tip and Standard-Tip Endotracheal Tubes: A Comparison During Nasotracheal Intubation
Authors: Prior Simon , Heaton Jarom , Jatana Kris R. , Rashid Robert G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The placement of endotracheal tubes in the airway, particularly through the nose, can cause trauma. Their design might be an important etiologic factor, but they have changed little since their introduction. Recently Parker Medical (Bridgewater, Conn ) introduced the Parker Flex-Tip (PFT) tube, suggesting that it causes less trauma. This study aimed to compare the PFT endotracheal tube to a side-beveled, standard-tip endotracheal tube (ETT) for nasotracheal intubation (Figures 1 and 2). Forty consecutive oral surgery patients requiring nasotracheal intubation were randomized to receive either a standard ETT or the PFT tube. Intubations were recorded using a fiber-optic camera positioned proximal to the Murphy eye of the tube. This allowed visualization of the path and action of the tube tip as it traversed the nasal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and tracheal airway regions. Video recordings made during intubation and extubation were evaluated for bleeding, trauma, and intubation time. Both bleeding and trauma were recorded using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and by 3 different evaluators. The PFT received significantly better VAS values than the standard tubes from all 3 raters (P < 0.05) in both the extent of trauma and bleeding. Since the intubations were purposefully conducted slowly for photographic reasons, neither tube displayed a time advantage. This study suggests that the PFT tube design may be safer by causing less trauma and bleeding than standard tube designs for nasotracheal intubation.
Thermoregulation: Physiological and Clinical Considerations during Sedation and General Anesthesia
Authors: Díaz Marcos , Becker Daniel E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Mild hypothermia is common during deep sedation or general anesthesia and is frequently associated with patient discomfort and shivering. Greater declines in temperature can produce an even greater number of significant detrimental effects. This article reviews principles of thermoregulation and influences of anesthetic agents. An understanding of these will provide a foundation for strategies to reduce heat loss and better manage patient discomfort when it occurs.
B Cell-Derived Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Promotes Lymphangiogenesis and High Endothelial Venule Expansion in Lymph Nodes
Authors: Shrestha Binita , Hashiguchi Teruto , Ito Takashi , Miura Naoki , Takenouchi Kazunori , Oyama Yoko , Kawahara Ko-ichi , Tancharoen Salunya , Ki-i Yuya , Arimura Noboru , Yoshinaga Narimasa , Noma Satoshi , Shrestha Chandan , Nitanda Takao , Kitajima Shinichi , Arimura Kimiyoshi , Sato Masahiro , Sakamoto Taiji , Maruyama Ikuro 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a prominent growth factor for both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Recent studies have shown the importance of VEGF-A in enhancing the growth of lymphatic endothelial cells in lymph nodes (LNs) and the migration of dendritic cells into LNs. VEGF-A is produced in inflamed tissues and/or in draining LNs, where B cells are a possible source of this growth factor. To study the effect of B cell-derived VEGF-A, we created transgenic mice (CD19Cre/hVEGF-Afl) that express human VEGF-A specifically in B cells. We found that the human VEGF-A produced by B cells not only induced lymphangiogenesis in LNs, but also induced the expansion of LNs and the development of high endothelial venules. Contrary to our expectation, we observed a significant decrease in the Ag-specific Ab production postimmunization with OVA and in the proinflammatory cytokine production postinoculation with LPS in these mice. Our findings suggest immunomodulatory effects of VEGF-A: B cell-derived VEGF-A promotes both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis within LNs, but then suppresses certain aspects of the ensuing immune responses.
Cutting Edge: IL-23 Receptor Deficiency Prevents the Development of Lupus Nephritis in C57BL/6–lpr/lpr Mice
Authors: Kyttaris Vasileios C. , Zhang Zheng , Kuchroo Vijay K. , Oukka Mohamed , Tsokos George C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
IL-17–producing T cells infiltrate kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis, and IL-23–treated lymph node cells from lupus-prone mice may transfer disease to Rag1-deficient mice. In this study, we show that IL-23R–deficient lupus-prone C57BL/6–lpr/lpr mice display decreased numbers of CD3+CD4−CD8− cells and IL-17A–producing cells in the lymph nodes and produce less anti-DNA Abs. In addition, clinical and pathology measures of lupus nephritis are abrogated. The presented experiments document the importance of IL-23R–mediated signaling in the development of lupus nephritis and urge the consideration of proper biologics for the treatment of the disease.
Histone Acetylation at the Single-Cell Level: A Marker of Memory CD8+ T Cell Differentiation and Functionality
Authors: DiSpirito Joanna R. , Shen Hao 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Following stimulation, memory T (TM) cells rapidly express many effector functions, a hallmark feature that allows them to provide protective immunity. Recent studies suggest that genes involved in this rapid recall response may maintain an open chromatin structure in resting TM cells via epigenetic modifications. However, these studies have mostly focused on a few loci, and the techniques used required a large number of cells. We have developed a flow cytometric assay measuring histone modifications in individual murine T cells in combination with lineage-specific markers. In this study, we show that the per-cell level of a marker of open chromatin, diacetylated histone H3 (diAcH3), increases as naive CD8+ T cells develop into TM cells, demonstrating a novel correlation between the differentiation state of a CD8+ T cell and its abundance of a specific histone modification. Furthermore, our results show that TM cells defective in rapid recall ability have less diAcH3 than their fully functional counterparts, indicating that the diAcH3 level of individual TM cells is a useful marker for assessing their functionality.