bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single Cystathionine β-Synthase Domain–Containing Proteins Modulate Development by Regulating the Thioredoxin System in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yoo Kyoung Shin , Ok Sung Han , Jeong Byung-Cheon , Jung Kwang Wook , Cui Mei Hua , Hyoung Sujin , Lee Myeong-Ryeol , Song Hyun Kyu , Shin Jeong Sheop 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Plant thioredoxins (Trxs) participate in two redox systems found in different cellular compartments: the NADP-Trx system (NTS) in the cytosol and mitochondria and the ferredoxin-Trx system (FTS) in the chloroplast, where they function as redox regulators by regulating the activity of various target enzymes. The identities of the master regulators that maintain cellular homeostasis and modulate timed development through redox regulating systems have remained completely unknown. Here, we show that proteins consisting of a single cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) domain pair stabilize cellular redox homeostasis and modulate plant development via regulation of Trx systems by sensing changes in adenosine-containing ligands. We identified two CBS domain–containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, CBSX1 and CBSX2, which are localized to the chloroplast, where they activate all four Trxs in the FTS. CBSX3 was found to regulate mitochondrial Trx members in the NTS. CBSX1 directly regulates Trxs and thereby controls H2O2 levels and regulates lignin polymerization in the anther endothecium. It also affects plant growth by regulating Calvin cycle enzymes, such as malate dehydrogenase, via homeostatic regulation of Trxs. Based on our findings, we suggest that the CBSX proteins (or a CBS pair) are ubiquitous redox regulators that regulate Trxs in the FTS and NTS to modulate development and maintain homeostasis under conditions that are threatening to the cell.
Assessment of the pharmacology and tolerability of PF‐04457845, an irreversible inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase‐1, in healthy subjects
Authors: Li Gai Ling , Winter Helen , Arends Rosalin , Jay Gary W. , Le Vu , Young Tim , Huggins John P. 
Published: November 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase‐1 (FAAH1) and the subsequent elevation of fatty acid amides has been proposed as a strategy to induce the analgesic properties of cannabinoids without the accompanying negative side effects such as impairment in cognition, motor control and predisposition to psychoses. PF‐04457845 is a potent and selective irreversible FAAH1 inhibitor which has been shown to elevate fatty acid amide concentrations in animal models and induce responses in behavioural models suggestive of analgesia.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This study is the first to investigate a FAAH1 inhibitor in humans. PF‐04457845 is well tolerated following single and multiple dosing to healthy volunteers and has pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that make nearly complete inhibition of FAAH1 possible with once daily dosing.AIMS To evaluate the pharmacology and tolerability of PF‐04457845, an orally available fatty acid amide hydrolase‐1 (FAAH1) inhibitor, in healthy subjects.METHODSDouble‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled single and multiple rising dose studies and an open‐label, randomized, food effect study were conducted. Plasma and urine PF‐04457845 concentrations, plasma fatty acid amide concentrations and FAAH1 activity in human leucocytes were measured. Tolerability, including effects on cognitive function, were assessed.RESULTSPF‐04457845 was rapidly absorbed (median tmax 0.5–1.2 h). Exposure increased supraproportionally to dose from 0.1 to 10 mg and proportionally between 10 and 40 mg single doses. The pharmacokinetics appeared dose proportional following 14 days once daily dosing between 0.5 and 8 mg. Steady‐state was achieved by day 7. Less than 0.1% of the dose was excreted in urine. Food had no effect on PF‐04457845 pharmacokinetics. FAAH1 activity was almost completely inhibited (>97%) following doses of at least 0.3 mg (single dose) and 0.5 mg once daily (multiple dose) PF‐04457845. Mean fatty acid amide concentrations increased (3.5‐ to 10‐fold) to a plateau and then were maintained following PF‐04457845. FAAH1 activity and fatty acid amide concentrations returned to baseline within 2 weeks following cessation of dosing at doses up to 4 mg. There was no evidence of effects of PF‐04457845 on cognitive function. PF‐04457845, at doses up to 40 mg single dose and 8 mg once daily for 14 days, was well tolerated.CONCLUSIONSPF‐04457845 was well tolerated at doses exceeding those required for maximal inhibition of FAAH1 activity and elevation of fatty acid amides.
Wave‐equation migration with dithered plane waves
Authors: Perrone Francesco , Sava Paul 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWave‐equation based shot‐record migration provides accurate images but is computationally expensive because every shot must be migrated separately. Shot‐encoding migration, such as random shot‐encoding or plane‐wave migration, aims to reduce the computational cost of the imaging process by combining the original data into synthesized common‐source gathers. Random shot‐encoding migration and plane‐wave migration have different and complementary features: the first recovers the full spatial bandwidth of the image but introduces strong artefacts, which are due to the interference between the different shot wavefields; the second provides an image with limited spatial detail but is free of crosstalk noise. We design a hybrid scheme that combines linear and random shot‐encoding in order to limit the drawbacks and merge the advantages of these two techniques. We advocate mixed shot‐encoding migration through dithering of plane waves. This approach reduces the crosstalk noise relative to random shot‐encoding migration and increases the spatial bandwidth relative to conventional plane‐wave migration when the take‐off angle is limited to reduce the duration of the plane‐wave gather. In turn, this decreases the migration cost. Migration with dithered plane waves operates as a hybrid encoding scheme in‐between the end members represented by plane‐wave migration and random shot‐encoding. Migration with dithered plane waves has several advantages: every synthesized common‐source gather images in a larger aperture, the crosstalk noise is limited and higher spatial resolution is achievable compared to shot‐record migration, random shot‐encoding and linear shot‐encoding, respectively. Computational cost is also reduced relative to both random and linear shot‐encoding migration since fewer synthesized common‐source gathers are necessary to obtain a high signal‐to‐noise ratio and high spatial resolution in the final image.
Photosynthesis and productivity in heterogeneous arctic tundra: consequences for ecosystem function of mixing vegetation types at stand edges
Authors: Fletcher Benjamin J. , Gornall Jemma L. , Poyatos Rafael , Press Malcolm C. , Stoy Paul C. , Huntley Brian , Baxter Robert , Phoenix Gareth K. 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Arctic vegetation tends to be spatially heterogeneous and can have large areas of mixed ‘transition zone’ vegetation between stands dominated by a single or few species. If plant photosynthesis and growth within these transition zones differs significantly from main vegetation stands, and if transition zones are not considered when extrapolating stand‐level findings to larger scales in space, then transition zones will provide considerable error to landscape‐level estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP).2. In a heterogeneous sub‐Arctic tundra landscape, we undertook a detailed assessment of plant and ecosystem photosynthesis and plant growth in stands dominated by the short‐stature evergreen dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum, the deciduous dwarf shrub Betula nana, the taller deciduous shrub Salix glauca and also the transition zones between them.3. Our findings show that plants in transition zones towards taller and more productive vegetation types frequently showed reduced shoot growth, equal or reduced light‐saturated photosynthesis (Pmax) and other typical shade responses (e.g. increased leaf chlorophyll and leaf area per mass) when compared with conspecific plants in main stands where the species is dominant. Critically, whole‐ecosystem GPP per leaf area was 20–40% lower in transition zones than in main vegetation stands as a consequence. A modelling analysis suggests that the under‐productivity of some transition zones results from the lack of a clear ‘winner’ in the competition for light, such that active leaves of some species are shaded by relatively inactive leaves of others.4. These findings highlight how biotic interactions can considerably influence plant performance to the extent that productivity of mixed vegetation (transition zones) cannot be predicted from their main stands either side. How the consequences of mixing vegetation relate to mechanisms in biodiversity‐function theory is discussed.5. Synthesis: Our work shows that the productivity of transition zones of arctic vegetation is considerably lower than may be estimated from the main stands on either side. This reduced GPP in transition zones, therefore, must be considered when modelling carbon fluxes at the landscape scale and suggests that the impact of transition zones on ecosystem function needs further investigation in heterogeneous landscapes, where they make up a significant proportion of the land cover.
Renal histological lesions and outcome in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Tsapenko Mykola , El‐Zoghby Ziad M. , Sethi Sanjeev 
Published: October 2011

Tsapenko M, El‐Zoghby ZM, Sethi S. Renal histological lesions and outcome in liver transplant recipients.  Clin Transplant 2012: 26: E48–E54.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  Chronic kidney disease in liver transplant (OLT) recipients is often attributed to calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) toxicity, but little is known about the spectrum of their renal histological lesions.Methods:  Between 1988 and 2008, 1698 OLTs were performed in our center. We retrospectively analyzed clinical and histological data on 23 recipients (1.4%) referred for kidney biopsy (KB).Results:  Median age at OLT was 50.2 yr, 65.2% were men, 30.4% had hepatitis C, and 95.7% were given CNI. KB was performed 6.9 yr (median) post‐OLT. Median creatinine was 1 mg/dL pre‐OLT and 2.2 mg/dL at KB. Main pathological diagnoses were focal segmental and global glomerulosclerosis (n = 8, 34.8%), glomerular diseases (7, 30.4%), CNI toxicity (2, 8.7%), and diabetic nephropathy (2, 8.7%). Moderate/severe interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, arteriosclerosis, and hyalinosis were present in 47.8%, 43.5%, 60.9%, and 56.5%, respectively. Twelve patients (52.5%) reached end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and 17 (73.9%) died. Death was more common among those reaching ESRD, but the difference was not significant (83.3% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.37).Conclusion:  Renal histology is variable and not limited to CNI toxicity in OLT recipients referred for KB. Whether management based on KB findings can directly improve outcomes remains unclear.
Genetic and phenotypic influences on clone‐level success and host specialization in a generalist parasite
Authors: KOEHLER A. V. , SPRINGER Y. P. , RANDHAWA H. S. , LEUNG T. L. F. , KEENEY D. B. , POULIN R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractStudying resource specialization at the individual level can identify factors constraining the evolution of generalism. We quantified genotypic and phenotypic variability among infective stages of 20 clones of the parasitic trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis and measured their infection success and post‐infection fitness (growth, egg output) in several crabs and amphipods. First, different clones varied in their infection success of different crustaceans. Second, neither genetic nor phenotypic traits had consistent effects on infection success across all host species. Although the results suggest a relationship between infection success and phenotypic variability, phenotypically variable clones were not better at infecting more host species than less variable ones. Third, genetic and phenotypic traits also showed no consistent correlations with post‐infection fitness measures. Overall, we found no consistent clone‐level specialization, with some clones acting as specialists and others, generalists. The trematode population therefore maintains an overall generalist strategy by comprising a mixture of clone‐level specialists and generalists.
The impact of intraspecific variation in a fish predator on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity and investment in sex in Daphnia ambigua
Authors: WALSH M. R. , POST D. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTheory predicts that the evolution of phenotypic plasticity depends upon cues that indicate environmental change. Predators typically induce plastic responses in prey. However, variation among populations of predators alters the frequency of predation and, possibly, the evolution of plasticity. We compared responses to predator cues in Daphnia ambigua from lakes where alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) either do (anadromous) or do not (landlocked) migrate between marine and freshwater. In ‘anadromous’ lakes, Daphnia are abundant each spring but eliminated by alewives in summer, whereas Daphnia are constantly under the threat of predation in ‘landlocked’ lakes. Daphnia from ‘anadromous’ lakes grew faster, matured earlier and larger, produced more offspring and invested more in sex than Daphnia from landlocked lakes. We observed several significant lake type‐by‐predator treatment interactions. These interactions, whereby the differences between lakes were greater in predator‐conditioned water, agree with theory and argue that Daphnia plasticity has been influenced by variation in alewives.
Growth‐Related Changes in Subcellular Ion Patterns in Maize Leaves (Zea mays L.) under Salt Stress
Authors: Shahzad M. , Witzel K. , Zörb C. , Mühling K. H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNa+ accumulation in the leaf apoplast has been suggested to lead to dehydration, later wilting and finally, the death of the affected leaves. Our aim has been to evaluate whether the reduction in the plant growth of sensitive maize in response to salinity is correlated with higher amounts of Na+ and Cl− concentrations in the leaf apoplast. Subcellular ion patterns in intact leaves were investigated by using deionised water infiltration. We found an increase in soluble Na+ and Cl− concentrations of about 16‐ and 4‐fold, respectively, compared with the control. These concentrations characterized the apoplasts of expanding leaves that had entirely developed under salinity. Interestingly, the K+ concentration was significantly reduced by 64 % compared with its control in the symplast under salinity. Our finding of a significantly decreased Ca2+ concentration in shoots suggested a possible association of Ca2+ concentration with the reduction in leaf expansion under salinity. As the absolute increase in the apoplastic Na+ concentration during salt treatment was much lower compared with the increase in the symplastic Na+ concentration, salt treatment in maize appears not to result in osmotic stress imposed by a high apoplastic Na+ concentration as has been suggested for other plant species (Oertli hypothesis).
How do people with chronic kidney disease value cancer‐related quality of life?
Authors: WONG GERMAINE , HOWARD KIRSTEN , CHAPMAN JEREMY , POLLOCK CAROL , CHADBAN STEVEN , SALKELD GLENN , TONG ALLISON , WILLIAMS NARELLE , WEBSTER ANGELA , CRAIG JONATHAN C 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT:Objectives: To estimate the utility‐based quality of life (QOL) of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to estimate the QOL associated with two hypothetical colorectal cancer health states.Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in people with CKD (stages 3–5, transplant recipients and those on dialysis) from three centres in Sydney, Australia. We measured participants' own QOL and that of two hypothetical colorectal cancer health states using a rating scale, and a utility‐based QOL measure, the time trade‐off, with extremes of 0 (death) and 1 (full health).Results: Recipients of kidney transplants (n = 79) had the highest mean QOL weights of 0.79 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.34) compared with participants with CKD 3–5 (n = 53) with mean QOL weights of 0.70 (SD = 0.39), and those on dialysis (n = 89), who had the lowest mean QOL weights of 0.62 (SD = 0.41) (P = 0.02). Having early and advanced stage colorectal cancers were valued at mean QOL weights of 0.44 (SD = 0.41) and 0.12 (SD = 0.25) among people with moderate stage CKD; 0.45 (SD = 0.39) and 0.11 (SD = 0.24) among dialysis patients; 0.62 (SD = 0.36) and 0.18 (SD = 0.29) among kidney transplant recipients.Conclusions: People with CKD have poor QOL. Having coexistent illnesses such as cancer further reduces the overall well‐being of individuals with kidney disease. In addition to the development of effective screening and treatment programs to improve cancer outcomes in people with CKD, our study also highlights the need for effective interventions to improve the QOL in people with CKD, particularly those with major comorbidities like cancer.
Development of a non‐targeted metabolomics method to investigate urine in a rat model of polycystic kidney disease
Authors: ABBISS HAYLEY , MAKER GARTH L , GUMMER JOEL , SHARMAN MATTHEW J , PHILLIPS JACQUELINE K , BOYCE MARY , TRENGOVE ROBERT D 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT:Aim:  The purpose of this research was to use metabolomics to investigate the cystic phenotype in the Lewis polycystic kidney rat.Methods:  Spot urine samples were collected from four male Lewis control and five male Lewis polycystic kidney rats aged 5 weeks, before kidney function was significantly impaired. Metabolites were extracted from urine and analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis was used to determine key metabolites contributing to the variance observed between sample groups.Results:  With the development of a metabolomics method to analyse Lewis and Lewis polycystic kidney rat urine, 2‐ketoglutaric acid, allantoin, uric acid and hippuric acid were identified as potential biomarkers of cystic disease in the rat model.Conclusion:  The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of metabolomics to further investigate kidney disease.
Obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea: Mechanisms for increased collapsibility of the passive pharyngeal airway
Authors: ISONO SHIROH 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTEpidemiological evidence suggests there are significant links between obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), with a particular emphasis on the importance of fat distribution in the development of OSA. In patients with OSA, the structure of the pharyngeal airway collapses. A collapsible tube within a rigid box collapses either due to decreased intraluminal pressure or increased external tissue pressure (i.e. reduction in transmural pressure), or due to reduction in the longitudinal tension of the tube. Accordingly, obesity should structurally increase the collapsibility of the pharyngeal airway due to excessive fat deposition at two distinct locations. In the pharyngeal airway region, excessive soft tissue for a given maxillomandibular enclosure size (upper airway anatomical imbalance) can increase tissue pressure surrounding the pharyngeal airway, thereby narrowing the airway. Even mild obesity may cause anatomical imbalance in individuals with a small maxilla and mandible. Lung volume reduction due to excessive central fat deposition may decrease longitudinal tracheal traction forces and pharyngeal wall tension, changing the ‘tube law’ in the pharyngeal airway (lung volume dependence of the upper airway). The lung volume dependence of pharyngeal airway patency appears to contribute more significantly to the development of OSA in morbidly obese, apnoeic patients. Neurostructural interactions required for stable breathing may be influenced by obesity‐related hormones and cytokines. Accumulating evidence strongly supports these speculations, but further intensive research is needed.
Comparing Aspiration Models: The Role of Selective Attention
Authors: Washburn Mark , Bromiley Philip 
Published: October 2011

abstractFor many years, scholars have used a variety of models to measure organizational aspirations, but these alternative measures reflect differing assumptions about the decision‐making processes determining aspiration levels. This study begins by examining some of the implications of the aspiration models in use. It then extends the theoretical model of aspiration levels from the behavioural theory of the firm to incorporate varying attention, another fundamental concept from the theory. Finally, it uses direct aspiration measures on the sales performance of retailers in a large automotive manufacturer to assess the alternative theories by comparing existing models with one that incorporates varying attention. We find support for a model where the importance of the factors influencing aspiration levels varies with the level of past firm performance relative to industry performance. Thus, the varying attention so central to the behavioural theory of the firm influences the formulation of aspirations.
Tariff (De‐) Escalation with Successive Oligopoly
Authors: McCorriston Steve , Sheldon Ian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper explores the issue of a simultaneous reduction in tariffs at different stages of a vertically related market where each stage is oligopolistic. When vertically related markets are characterized as a successive oligopoly, reducing tariffs by an equivalent amount on upstream and downstream imports will have a differential effect on market access and hence profits at each stage as a result of a combination of horizontal and vertical effects. These differential effects have implications for the tariff structure post‐trade reform.
Trade Liberalization and Antidumping: Is There a Substitution Effect?
Authors: Moore Michael O. , Zanardi Maurizio 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMany nations have undergone significant trade liberalization even as they have increased their use of contingent protection measures. This raises the question of whether some of the trade liberalization efforts, at times accomplished through painful reforms, have been undone through a substitution from tariffs to non‐tariff barriers. Among the new forms of protection, antidumping is the most relevant. This paper examines whether the use of antidumping is systematically influenced by the reduction of applied sectoral tariffs in a sample of 29 developing and six developed countries from 1991 through 2002. Evidence is found of a substitution effect only for a small set of heavy users of antidumping among developing countries. There is no similar statistically significant result for other developing countries or developed countries. Robust evidence is also found of retaliation and deflection effects as determinant of antidumping filings across all subsamples.
Welfare Effects of Immigration Policies in the Presence of Skilled, Unskilled Labor and Capital Mobility
Authors: Michael Michael S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper investigates the welfare consequences of immigration policies in a model with two types of labor, skilled and unskilled, and international capital mobility. The paper examines the effect of government policies, which change the immigration cost and cause immigration of one type of labor, on the welfare of natives, when the other types of labor and/or capital are also mobile. It is shown, for example, in the absence of capital mobility, if skilled and unskilled labor are highly complementary in production, then a decrease in the immigration cost of the net fiscal contributor skilled labor that causes its immigration, decreases the welfare of natives.