bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributed re‐arrangement scheme for balancing computational load and minimizing communication delays in HLA‐based simulations
Authors: Grande Robson Eduardo De , Boukerche Azzedine , Ramadan Hussam 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYBecause of the availability of shared resources, substantial efforts have been applied to the development of large‐scale distributed simulations, and performance has become an essential aspect that can be impaired by heterogeneity and availability of resources, dynamic, unpredictable load imbalances, and communication delays. In order to manage and keep such distributed simulations consistent, the high level architecture (HLA) standard has been designed; however, it does not provide any solution that directly solves simulation performance issues. Many balancing approaches have been proposed in order to offer a suboptimal balancing solution, but they are limited to certain simulation aspects, are specific to determined applications, or are unaware of the HLA‐based simulation characteristics. In light of considering both computational and communication aspects for HLA‐based simulations, a centralized hierarchical balancing scheme was proposed. This scheme presents several drawbacks that make it susceptible to bottlenecks, overheads, global synchronization, and single point of failure. Therefore, a scheme based on a distributed algorithm to re‐arrange the computational and communication load is proposed. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the distributed scheme when compared with the scheme based on a centralized redistribution algorithm. The results showed that the distributed balancing technique could provide similar performance gain or even improve it for some specific cases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breaking Tor anonymity with game theory and data mining
Authors: Wagner Cynthia , Wagener Gerard , State Radu , Dulaunoy Alexandre , Engel Thomas 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYAttacking anonymous communication networks is very tempting, and many types of attacks have already been observed. In the case for Tor, a widely used anonymous overlay network is considered. Despite the deployment of several protection mechanisms, an attack originated by just one rogue exit node is proposed. The attack is composed of two elements. The first is an active tag injection scheme. The malicious exit node injects image tags into all HTTP replies, which will be cached for upcoming requests and allow different users to be distinguished. The second element is an inference attack that leverages a semi‐supervised learning algorithm to reconstruct browsing sessions. Captured traffic flows are clustered into sessions, such that one session is most probably associated to a specific user. The clustering algorithm uses HTTP headers and logical dependencies encountered in a browsing session. A prototype has been implemented and its performance evaluated on the Tor network. The article also describes several countermeasures and advanced attacks, modeled in a game theoretical framework, and their effectiveness assessed with reference to the Nash equilibrium. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical analysis of the shape evolution of crystals grown by pulling
Authors: Zhang Lunyong , Zuo Hongbo , Sun Jianfei , Wang Xiaohong , Han Jiecai , Xing Dawei 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper proposes a geometric model for crystal growth by pulling. On the basis of the model, effects of the growth processes on the evolution of crystal shape were studied. Besides some effects already adopted in practice to control the crystal diameter, our results revealed several novel effects: a crystal grown under fixed process parameters could grow with a self‐stabilized diameter after shoulder‐expanding; decreasing the convex degree of solid liquid interface would enhance the increasing rate of crystal diameter or reduce the decreasing rate of crystal diameter. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Maternal stress induces adult reduced REM sleep and melatonin level
Authors: Feng Pingfu , Hu Yufen , Vurbic Drina , Guo Yang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe have previously reported that neonatal maternal deprivation (MD) resulted in a decrease of total sleep and an increase of orexin A in adult rats. Now, we characterized features of sleep, activity, and melatonin levels in rats neonatally treated with MD and control (MC) procedures. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with either MD or MC procedures for 10 days starting at postnatal day 4. At 3 months of age, sleep was recorded for 48 h in one set of MD and MC rats, while another set of MD and MC rats was measured for locomotor activity (under LD = 12:12). Melatonin levels in the blood, pineal gland, and hypothalamus were measured as well as clock protein level in the hypothalamus. Compared to the MC rats, REM sleep in the MD rats was significantly reduced in the light periods but not in the dark periods. Both quiet wake and total wake in the MD rats were significantly increased during the light period compared to the MC rats. The weight of the pineal gland of the MD rats was significantly smaller than in MC rats. Melatonin levels of the MD group were significantly reduced in the pineal gland and hypothalamus compared to the MC group. No significant difference was identified between groups in the expression of the clock protein in the hypothalamus. Neonatal MD resulted in reduced REM sleep and melatonin levels, without changes of circadian cycle of locomotor activity and levels of clock protein. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 677–687, 2012
Normal late ventricular potentials in hospitalized patients with eating disorders
Authors: Nussinovitch Moshe , Gur Eitan , Kaminer Keren , Volovitz Benjamin , Nussinovitch Naomi , Nussinovitch Udi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjective:Eating disorders, in particular anorexia nervosa (AN), are associated with cardiovascular complications and risk of arrhythmias. In a recent published study, it was found that patients with eating disorders, especially those affected by bulimia nervosa (BN) and a history of AN have abnormal late ventricular potentials (LPs). LPs are electrocardiographic markers used in detecting abnormal depolarization and increased risk of arrhythmias. Given the paucity of knowledge regarding the affects of eating disorders on cardiac depolarization, our aim was to further explore LPs in patients with eating disorders.Method:The study group included 30 hospitalized patients with eating disorders (14 with AN, 10 with BN with no history of AN, and 6 with BN and history of AN). Signal averaged electrocardiography was conducted on all patients usingthe Frank corrected orthogonal lead system.Results:No patient with either eating disorder tested positive for LPs.Discussion:Hospitalized patients with eating disorders, medically monitored and treated for several weeks, had normal serum electrolytes, started to normalize their weight, and did not appear to be prone to arrhythmias associated with abnormal depolarization. The prognostic significance of LPs in risk stratification of patients with eating disorders should be further evaluated by large cohort studies and longer follow‐up studies. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011;45:900–904)
2‐(1‐Acetyl‐2‐oxopropyl)‐5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin and Its Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: He Hongshan , Dubey Mukul , Zhong Yihan , Shrestha Maheshwar , Sykes Andrew G. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe 2‐(1‐acetyl‐2‐oxopropyl)‐5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin free base (H2TPP‐AOP) and its transition‐metal complexes (MTPP‐AOP, M = Cu2+, Zn2+) have been synthesized. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the 1‐acetyl‐2‐oxopropyl (AOP) group is attached to a β‐pyrrolic position through the methylene group. The mean plane of the AOP is almost perpendicular to the porphyrin ring. The zinc(II) complex crystallizes as a five‐coordinate species with one methanol/water solvate in the axial position, whereas the copper(II) complex is four‐coordinate. These compounds exhibit strong absorption in the UV and visible regions. The fluorescence lifetimes are 1.85 and 8.0 ns for the free base and zinc(II) complex, respectively. Density functional calculations indicate that these porphyrins are energetically suitable for electron injection from their lowest‐unoccupied molecular orbitals to the conduction band of the titanium dioxide semiconductor. However, the energy conversion efficiencies of the three porphyrin‐sensitized solar cells are low, that is, 0.14, 0.015 and 0.021 % for ZnTPP‐AOP, CuTPP‐AOP and H2TPP‐AOP, respectively. The poor photovoltaic performance is ascribed to the low dye‐loading of these porphyrins on the titanium dioxide surface. The neighbouring phenyl groups exert sufficient steric hindrance on the AOP to limit its binding to the TiO2 semiconductor.
Lithium Complex of an Abnormal Carbene
Authors: Jana Anukul , Azhakar Ramachandran , Tavčar Gašper , Roesky Herbert W. , Objartel Ina , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA lithium complex of an abnormal carbene with the composition [H3BC{{N(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)}2CHCLi(THF)3}] was synthesized by the lithiation reaction of the N‐heterocyclic carbene borane adduct {IPr·BH3, IPr = [C{[N(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)]CH}2] (1)} with nBuLi. The lithiated species was proven by NMR spectroscopy and unambiguously established by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis.
Factors Associated with Emotional Well‐being in Primary and Secondary Caregivers of Patients with Eating Disorders
Authors: Sepúlveda Ana R. , Graell Montserrat , Berbel Enrique , Anastasiadou Dimitra , Botella Juan , Carrobles José A. , Morandé Gonzalo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine and identify the psychological, clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with emotional well‐being by type of caregiver. A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 185 primary caregivers and 92 secondary caregivers of patients with an eating disorder using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Experience of Caregiving Inventory and the Eating Disorders Symptom Impact Scale. According to a multiple regression analysis, a total of four models were obtained accounting for 42%–47% of the variance in emotional well‐being. The variable that accounted for most of the variance of emotional well‐being in three of the models was the impact of nutrition. Improving aspects of the relationships with the patients reduced anxiety and depression levels in primary caregivers. Similarly, a positive personal experience reduced depression in secondary caregivers. A higher education level was associated with decreased anxiety levels in both types of caregivers. Specific family interventions including both types of caregivers may be useful for providing emotional and adaptive personal coping skills. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Components of Shame and Eating Disturbance Among Clinical and Non‐clinical Populations
Authors: Doran Jackie , Lewis Christopher Alan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between components of shame (characterological, behavioural and bodily) and eating disturbance.MethodThis was a cross sectional study of 859 female and 256 male participants from the general population [non‐clinical (NCP)] and 167 female participants from an eating disordered population [clinical (CP)] completing the Experience of Shame Scale. The NCP samples also completed the Eating Attitudes Test‐26, and the CP samples completed the Eating Disorder Risk Composite of the Eating Disorder Inventory‐3. Participants were recruited via schools/colleges, eating disorder charities and the Internet.ResultsBodily and characterological shame were independently predictive of eating disturbance in female NCP samples (both, p < .001); bodily shame was uniquely predictive of eating disturbance for the male NCP (p < .05) and female CP samples (p < .001).ConclusionThe aetiology of eating disturbance may be different for male and female NCP samples. The male NCP and the female CP samples displayed a similar pathway to eating disturbance. It is important to acknowledge the different components of shame associated with eating disturbance in different populations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
An efficient discontinuous Galerkin method for aeroacoustic propagation
Authors: Della Ratta Rinaldi R. , Iob A. , Arina R. 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYAn efficient discontinuous Galerkin formulation is applied to the solution of the linearized Euler equations and the acoustic perturbation equations for the simulation of aeroacoustic propagation in two‐dimensional and axisymmetric problems, with triangular and quadrilateral elements. To improve computational efficiency, a new strategy of variable interpolation order is proposed in addition to a quadrature‐free approach and parallel implementation. Moreover, an accurate wall boundary condition is formulated on the basis of the solution of the Riemann problem for a reflective wall. Time discretization is based on a low dissipation formulation of a fourth‐order, low storage Runge–Kutta scheme. Along the far‐field boundaries a perfectly matched layer boundary condition is used. For the far‐field computations, the integral formulation of Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings is coupled with the near‐field solver. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed variable order formulation is assessed for realistic geometries, namely sound propagation around a high‐lift airfoil and the Munt problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary blood flow around microglial somata determines dynamics of microglial processes in ischemic conditions
Authors: Masuda Tadashi , Croom Deborah , Hida Hideki , Kirov Sergei A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMicroglia are the resident immune cells in the brain. Under normal conditions, resting ramified microglia constantly extend and retract fine processes while performing immunological surveillance. In ischemia, microglia become activated as demonstrated by morphological changes during deramification leading to transformation from ramified to amoeboid form. In vivo two‐photon microscopy of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)‐expressing microglia in mouse neocortex was used to examine microglial dynamics during the early periods of focal and global ischemia. A penumbra‐like “area‐at‐risk” surrounded by a square‐shaped area of severely hypoperfused tissue was created by laser‐induced photothrombosis. The dynamics of microglial processes in the area‐at‐risk was strongly correlated with capillary blood flow (BF) measured within 10 μm of microglial somata. Changes in BF around distal microglial processes (>30 μm from somata) had no effect on microglial dynamics. A severe reduction of capillary BF near somata by 84% ± 6% resulted in initiation of microglial deramification, suggesting activation. A moderate decrease in BF near somata by 22% ± 5% or increase by 87% ± 10%, reflecting a redistribution of capillary BF, had no effect on microglial morphology. Complete BF loss during cardiac arrest (CA) or transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) entirely stalled all microglial processes without structural changes. Reperfusion after BCCAO induced recovery of microglial dynamics to preocclusion values. These findings suggest that during ischemia, the severe drop in BF around microglial somata coincides with morphological activation. However, this activation requires some residual BF, because complete perfusion loss (as during BCCAO and CA) did not support microglial deramification. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus induces interferon-λ and interferon-stimulated genes in primary liver cultures
Authors: Marukian Svetlana , Andrus Linda , Sheahan Timothy P. , Jones Christopher T. , Charles Edgar D. , Ploss Alexander , Rice Charles M. , Dustin Lynn B. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in primary liver cells is less robust than that in hepatoma cell lines, suggesting that innate antiviral mechanisms in primary cells may limit HCV replication or spread. Here we analyzed the expression of 47 genes associated with interferon (IFN) induction and signaling following HCV infection of primary human fetal liver cell (HFLC) cultures from 18 different donors. We report that cell culture-produced HCV (HCVcc) induced expression of Type III (λ) IFNs and of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Little expression of Type I IFNs was detected. Levels of IFNλ and ISG induction varied among donors and, often, between adapted and nonadapted HCV chimeric constructs. Higher levels of viral replication were associated with greater induction of ISGs and of λ IFNs. Gene induction was dependent on HCV replication, as ultraviolet light-inactivated virus was not stimulatory and an antiviral drug, 2′-C-methyladenosine, reduced induction of λ IFNs and ISGs. The level of IFNλ protein induced was sufficient to inhibit HCVcc infection of naïve cultures.

Conclusion:

Together, these results indicate that despite its reported abilities to blunt the induction of an IFN response, HCV infection is capable of inducing antiviral cytokines and pathways in primary liver cell cultures. Induction of ISGs and λ IFNs may limit the growth and spread of HCV in primary cell cultures and in the infected liver. HCV infection of HFLC may provide a useful model for the study of gene induction by HCV

in vivo

. (Hepatology 2011;)
Feasibility of conducting a randomized control trial for liver cancer screening: Is a randomized controlled trial for liver cancer screening feasible or still needed?
Authors: Poustchi Hossein , Farrell Geoffrey C. , Strasser Simone I. , Lee Alice U. , McCaughan Geoffrey W. , George Jacob 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is commonly practiced and recommended in published guidelines, but evidence for its efficacy has been controversial. We tested the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of HCC surveillance in patients with cirrhosis and followed up those offered screening to detect clinical outcomes. Participation was offered to patients with cirrhosis attending liver clinics at three university hospitals. Following discussion, patients received a decision aid (DA) that outlined the risks and benefits of surveillance. The proposed screening program comprised ultrasonography 6-monthly and serum alpha-fetoprotein every 3 months. We envisaged five groups of patients: those who agreed to randomization, those choosing nonrandomized screening, those wanting continuation of usual care, those who were undecided, and those refusing participation. Among 205 patients, 204 (99.5%) declined randomization. Of these, 181 (88%) elected for a nonrandomized screening program, 10% chose usual care (which typically included

ad hoc

screening), and two were undecided. Among 176 patients fluent in English communication skills, 160 (91%) preferred nonrandomized screening compared with 22/29 (76%) patients needing an interpreter (

P

< 0.026). Of 173 patients in nonrandomized screening followed up for a mean 13.5 ± 6.04 months, three developed HCC, two died from nonliver-related causes, and one underwent liver transplantation for liver failure. Eighteen of 21 patients in “usual care” received

ad hoc

screening. A simultaneous survey on the quality of the DA showed that the majority of participants believed that the information provided was unbiased.

Conclusion:

Although an RCT is theoretically ideal for determining the efficacy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of HCC screening, informed patients prefer surveillance. A randomized study of HCC screening is not feasible when informed consent is imparted. (Hepatology 2011;)
Cannabis use and sensorimotor gating in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls
Authors: Scholes‐Balog Kirsty E. , Martin‐Iverson Mathew T. 
Published: July 2011

ObjectiveSchizophrenia patients and healthy cannabis users show different attention‐dependant alterations in prepulse inhibition (PPI). It is of interest then to examine PPI in patients with schizophrenia who use cannabis, given the hypothesized association between cannabis use and schizophrenia.MethodsPrepulse inhibition was measured in 34 healthy cannabis users, 32 healthy non‐using controls, 20 patients with schizophrenia who were current cannabis users, and 44 non‐using patients with schizophrenia. PPI was measured across a range of startling stimulus intensities, during two attention set conditions. Curves of best fit were fitted to the startle magnitudes, across the stimulus intensities. A number of reflex parameters were extracted from these logistic functions.ResultsSimilar to healthy cannabis users, cannabis‐using patients showed altered PPI of Threshold, only when instructed to sustain attention to the auditory stimuli. Conversely, non‐using patients with schizophrenia showed reduced PP of RMAX only when instructed to ignore the auditory stimuli.ConclusionCannabis use in patients with schizophrenia is associated with a similar pattern of attention‐dependant alterations in PPI to that observed in healthy cannabis users. This is different to those observed in patients with schizophrenia who do not use cannabis and may be as a result of a dysfunction of sustained attention. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns, puzzles and people: implementing hydrologic synthesis
Authors: Thompson Sally E. , Harman C. J. , Schumer R. , Wilson J. S. , Basu N. B. , Brooks P. D. , Donner S. D. , Hassan M. A. , Packman A. I. , Rao P. S. C. , Troch P. A. , Sivapalan M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThere have been several calls made for hydrologic synthesis research: namely activities which unify diverse data sources across sites, scales and disciplines to uncover new connections and to promote a holistic understanding of water science. This paper draws on the NSF‐funded Hydrological Synthesis Project (HSP) run by the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign to elucidate mechanisms, benefits and challenges of implementing hydrologic synthesis research from the perspectives of participants in a pilot research study. Two broadly different mechanisms of implementing synthesis were adopted in the HSP: 6‐week Summer Institutes in which Ph.D. students conducted team‐based research under the guidance of faculty mentors, and focused workshops which disseminated knowledge and shared experiences between scientists at many different career levels. The Summer Institutes were a test bed in which new ideas could be explored, assisted students in developing a wide range of skills, and were highly productive, but posed challenges for mentors and students because the ‘new’ research topics initiated during the Institutes' programmes needed to be completed in competition with students' ongoing Ph.D. research or mentor's existing research programs. The workshop‐based model circumvented this conflict and was also highly productive, but did not offer the same opportunity to experiment with new ideas as part of the synthesis research. Leadership, trust, flexibility and long gestation times were all important to bringing synthesis research to a positive resolution. Funding models that embrace the exploratory aspects of synthesis and provide adequate support to mentors and students over these long timescales would facilitate future hydrologic synthesis research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.