bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host preference and host limitation of vascular epiphytes in a tropical dry forest of central Mexico
Authors: Vergara-Torres Carmen Agglael , Pacheco-Álvarez Mary Carmen , Flores-Palacios Alejandro 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:It has been suggested that vascular epiphyte composition and abundance may be influenced by forest host composition. We studied the epiphyte species distribution among host species of a tropical dry forest in Mexico. All the epiphyte stands supported by woody plants (dbh > 3 cm) of ten forest plots (0.1 ha each) were counted. We measured the dbh of all the hosts, noted their bark characteristics (texture and peeling behaviour), and measured the bark thickness of the most abundant host species. Epiphyte distribution was biased toward a high concentration of epiphytes in three host species and a lower abundance of epiphytes on five host species. This was consistent among epiphyte taxa and host species, allowing us to classify hosts as preferred (with more epiphyte stands than expected by chance) and limiting species (with fewer epiphyte stands than expected by chance), at a community level. Host quality did not relate to mean phorophyte size (measured as basal area) or to bark characteristics (peeling behaviour, thickness and texture) between species. For some epiphyte taxa, the observed distribution indicated that the forest contained preferred and limiting host species mainly. Our data suggest that the epiphyte species in the forest studied could be host limited. We concluded that neither host size nor obvious bark characteristics can be used to predict epiphyte distribution and that further research is necessary.
Rain-forest canopy-connectivity and habitat selection by a small neotropical primate, Geoffroy's tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi)
Authors: Madden D. , Garber P. A. , Madden S. L. , Snyder C. A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Wild populations of a small neotropical primate, Geoffroy's tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi), were studied through 30-s instantaneous observational sampling to identify different canopy habitats used by this tamarin. Tree and shrub canopies were sampled in randomly selected plots and in nearby plots that tamarins were observed to use in the forests of Agua Clara, Panama (28 d, 59 100-m2plots, 32.25 h of tamarin observations, 27 tamarins in total), and in the nearby forests of Barro Colorado Island (49 d, 29 100-m2plots, 29.6 h of tamarin observations, 14 tamarins in total). Light penetration through the canopy, ambient temperature and humidity, presence of other primates, stem diameters, plant life-forms, distribution of woody flora, abundance of fleshy fruits and arthropods typically consumed by tamarins and abundance of thorny vegetation and biting arthropods in plots used by tamarins were compared with control plots. Habitats used by tamarins had significantly shorter distances between adjacent tree canopies and between canopies and the ground. There was a random distribution of large insects and fleshy fruits that tamarins are known to eat. Habitat selection by tamarins may not be influenced by spiny vegetation, but tamarins may avoid areas with abundant hooked thorns and blood-sucking arthropods. Mobility along runways in various tiers of a rain-forest canopy may be of primary importance, with local abundance of food being a secondary consideration in habitat selection by this small primate.
Dichotomy and infinite combinatorics: the theorems of Steinhaus and Ostrowski
Authors: BINGHAM N. H. , OSTASZEWSKI A. J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe define combinatorial principles which unify and extend the classical results of Steinhaus and Piccard on the existence of interior points in the distance set. Thus the measure and category versions are derived from one topological theorem on interior points applied to the usual topology and the density topology on the line. Likewise we unify the subgroup theorem by reference to a Ramsey property. A combinatorial form of Ostrowski's theorem (that a bounded additive function is linear) permits the deduction of both the measure and category automatic continuity theorems for additive functions.
A non-negative tensor factorization model for selectional preference induction
Authors: VAN DE CRUYS TIM 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe distributional similarity methods have proven to be a valuable tool for the induction of semantic similarity. Until now, most algorithms use two-way co-occurrence data to compute the meaning of words. Co-occurrence frequencies, however, need not be pairwise. One can easily imagine situations where it is desirable to investigate co-occurrence frequencies of three modes and beyond. This paper will investigate tensor factorization methods to build a model of three-way co-occurrences. The approach is applied to the problem of selectional preference induction, and automatically evaluated in a pseudo-disambiguation task. The results show that tensor factorization, and non-negative tensor factorization in particular, is a promising tool for Natural Language Processing (nlp).
Impact of Crop Rotation and Bio-covers on Soybean Cyst Nematode
Authors: Wight Jason P. , Allen Fred L. , Donald Patricia A. , Tyler Don D. , Saxton Arnold M. 
Published: October 2010

This research examined the effects of crop rotations and winter soil bio-covers on soybean cyst nematode (SCN) egg population density (EPD) under no-tillage. A field experiment with split-block treatments and four replications was conducted over three years with the whole-block treatments being rotations of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr], and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Split-block treatments were bio-covers of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), poultry litter, and fallow. Eggs were found in soybean-free sequences all four years, indicating potential residual viable SCN eggs in soil for seven years. Rotations with higher frequencies of soybean had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) SCN EPD than others, with continuous soybean being greatest. We did not observe a significant difference due to bio-cover on SCN EPD. Accepted for publication 8 July 2011. Published 30 September 2011.
Characterization of T helper (Th)1‐ and Th2‐type immune responses caused by baculovirus‐expressed protein derived from the S2 domain of feline infectious peritonitis virus, and exploration of the Th1 and Th2 epitopes in a mouse model
Authors: Satoh Ryoichi , Kobayashi Hiroshige , Takano Tomomi , Motokawa Kenji , Kusuhara Hajime , Hohdatsu Tsutomu 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTFeline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) may cause a lethal infection in cats. Antibody‐dependent enhancement (ADE) of FIPV infection has been recognized, and cellular immunity is considered to play an important role in preventing the onset of feline infectious peritonitis. In the present study, whether or not the T helper (Th)1 epitope was present in the spike (S)2 domain was investigated, the ADE epitope being thought to be absent from this domain. Three kinds of protein derived from the C‐terminal S2 domain of S protein of the FIPV KU‐2 strain were developed using a baculovirus expression system. These expressed proteins were the pre‐coil region which is the N‐terminal side of the putative fusion protein (FP), the region from FP to the heptad repeat (HR)2 (FP‐HR2) region, and the inter‐helical region which is sandwiched between HR1 and HR2. The ability of three baculovirus‐expressed proteins to induce Th1‐ and Th2‐type immune responses was investigated in a mouse model. It was shown that FP‐HR2 protein induced marked Th1‐ and Th2‐type immune responses. Furthermore, 30 peptides derived from the FP‐HR2 region were synthesized. Five and 16 peptides which included the Th1 and Th2 epitopes, respectively, were identified. Of these, four peptides which included both Th1 and Th2 epitopes were identified. These findings suggest that the identification of Th1 epitopes in the S2 domain of FIPV has important implications in the cat.
Mechanisms of powdery mildew resistance in the Vitaceae family
Authors: FEECHAN ANGELA , KABBARA SAMUELA , DRY IAN B. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYThe cultivated grapevine, Vitis vinifera, is a member of the Vitaceae family, which comprises over 700 species in 14 genera. Vitis vinifera is highly susceptible to the powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe necator. However, other species within the Vitaceae family have been reported to show resistance to this fungal pathogen, but little is known about the mechanistic basis of this resistance. Therefore, the frequency of successful E. necator penetration events, in addition to programmed cell death (PCD) responses, were investigated in a representative genotype from a range of different species within the Vitaceae family. The results revealed that penetration resistance and PCD‐associated responses, or combinations of both, are employed by the different Vitaceae genera to limit E. necator infection. In order to further characterize the cellular processes involved in the observed penetration resistance, specific inhibitors of the actin cytoskeleton and secretory/endocytic vesicle trafficking function were employed. These inhibitors were demonstrated to successfully break the penetration resistance in V. vinifera against the nonadapted powdery mildew E. cichoracearum. However, the use of these inhibitors with the adapted powdery mildew E. necator unexpectedly revealed that, although secretory and endocytic vesicle trafficking pathways play a crucial role in nonhost penetration resistance, the adapted powdery mildew species may actually require these pathways to successfully penetrate the plant host.
Characteristics of tumour vessels in cytological squash smears of astrocytic tumours
Authors: Sato S. , Sato Y. , Marutsuka K. , Takeshima H. , Asada Y. 
Published: October 2010

S. Sato, Y. Sato, K. Marutsuka, H. Takeshima and Y. AsadaCharacteristics of tumour vessels in cytological squash smears of astrocytic tumoursObjective:  Smear preparations are useful tools from which to diagnose brain tumours intraoperatively. Although vascular proliferation is histologically a key feature of high‐grade astrocytoma, the characteristics of tumour vessels in smear preparations have not been determined.Methods:  We examined the density and morphological parameters (area, width, nuclear layer and branches of vessel wall) of tumour vessels in squash smears of 43 primary astrocytomas (grade II diffuse astrocytomas, n = 9; grade III anaplastic astrocytomas, n = 13; grade IV glioblastomas, n = 21) and normal brain tissues (n = 11).Results:  Vessel density and all morphological parameters were significantly higher in grade IV than in the other grades of tumours and in normal brain tissue. Vessel area, width and nuclear layer were greater in grade III than in normal brain tissue. The sensitivity and specificity of these vessel parameters for astrocytomas were 75–100% and 82–100%, respectively.Conclusions:  Tumour vessel evaluations from squash smears provide useful information for the intraoperative diagnosis and grading of astrocytic tumours.
Have jellyfish in the Irish Sea benefited from climate change and overfishing?
Authors: LYNAM C. P. , LILLEY M. K. S. , BASTIAN T. , DOYLE T. K. , BEGGS S. E. , HAYS G. C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractClimate change and overfishing may lead to ecosystem instability and may benefit nonexploited organisms such as jellyfish. In the Irish Sea, an increase in jellyfish abundance was evident (r2=0.29, P=0.03) in a 16‐year time‐series (1994–2009) collected during juvenile fish surveys. Jellyfish abundance correlated positively with sea surface temperature (SST) over the preceding 18 months (r=0.65, pACF<0.001) and copepod biomass in the previous year (r=0.56, pACF=0.03) and negatively with spring (February–May) precipitation (r=−0.57, pACF=0.02). Principal components regression indicated that climatic indices explained 68% of the interannual variability in jellyfish abundance (P=0.003), where the components were based on the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, SST and precipitation. The frequency of cnidarian material present in Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) samples has also increased since 1970, with a period of frequent outbreaks between 1982 and 1991. Before this period, the herring stock in the northern Irish Sea declined rapidly to a low level, potentially stimulating structural change in the ecosystem. In 1985, there was a step decrease in CPR copepod biomass and in 1989, a step increase in the phytoplankton colour index, suggesting a cascading regime shift during the 1980s. Subsequent overexploitation of gadids, coupled with warm temperatures and the poor recruitment of cod, led to the rapid decline in cod biomass from 1990. While the biomass of sprat has decreased in the last decade, the herring stock has recovered partially. Reductions in demersal fishing pressure since 2000, intended to stimulate cod recovery, appear to have facilitated further rises in haddock biomass. Since the 1980s regime shift, sea temperatures have increased, the fish community has altered and jellyfish abundance has risen such that jellyfish and haddock may now play an increasingly important role in the ecosystem.
Range‐wide population genetic structure of the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) based on microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analysis
Authors: BRYJA J. , SMITH C. , KONEČNÝ A. , REICHARD M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAn understanding of recent evolutionary processes is essential for the successful conservation and management of contemporary populations, especially where they concern the introduction or invasion of species outside their natural range. However, the potentially negative implications of intraspecific introductions and invasions have attracted less attention, although they also represent a potential threat to biodiversity, and are commonly facilitated through human activities. The European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) is a small cyprinid fish that decreased greatly in its distribution during the 1970s and 1980s and was subsequently included on many European conservation lists. This decline appears to have reversed, and the extent of its distribution now exceeds its former range. We used a combination of 12 microsatellite markers and cytochrome b sequences on a large data set (693 individuals) across the current range of the European bitterling to investigate possible scenarios for its colonization of Europe. We show that the inferred history of colonization of Europe was largely congruent between mitochondrial and nuclear markers. The most divergent mtDNA lineages occur in the Aegean region but probably are not reproductively isolated as the Aegean populations also displayed mtDNA haplotypes from other lineages and nuclear data indicated their close relationship to Danubian populations. Much of Europe is currently populated by descendants of two main lineages that came to natural secondary contact in western Europe. An approximate Bayesian computation analysis indicates different dates for admixture events among western and central European populations ranging from the last deglaciation (natural) to the last few centuries (human‐assisted translocations).
Colour polymorphism and correlated characters: genetic mechanisms and evolution
Authors: MCKINNON JEFFREY S. , PIEROTTI MICHELE E. R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractColour polymorphisms (CP’s) continue to be of interest to evolutionary biologists because of their general tractability, importance in studies of selection and potential role in speciation. Since some of the earliest studies of CP, it has been evident that alternative colour morphs often differ in features other than colour. Here we review the rapidly accumulating evidence concerning the genetic mechanisms underlying correlations between CP and other traits in animals. We find that evidence for genetic correlations is now available for taxonomically diverse systems and that physical linkage and regulatory mechanisms including transcription factors, cis‐regulatory elements, and hormone systems provide pathways for the ready accumulation or modification of these correlations. Moreover, physical linkage and regulatory mechanisms may both contribute to genetic correlation in some of the best‐studied systems. These results raise the possibility that negative frequency‐dependent selection and disruptive selection might often be acting on suites of traits and that the cumulative effects of such selection, as well as correlational selection, may be important to CP persistence and evolution. We consider additional evolutionary implications. We recommend continued efforts to elucidate the mechanisms underlying CP‐correlated characters and the more frequent application of comparative approaches, looking at related species that vary in character correlations and patterns of selection. We also recommend efforts to elucidate how frequency‐dependent selection may act on suites of characters.
Fatigue in Japanese people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Moriya Rika , Kutsumi Masami 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to obtain descriptions of the experiences of fatigue of people with multiple sclerosis, including experiences related to their interpersonal relations and social life. We used a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design and conducted semistructured interviews with nine participants. Seven concepts emerged from the data analysis: “fatigue as an individualized and novel sensation”, “self‐analysis of the factors that are associated with fatigue”, “effects of fatigue on living and the self”, “unique measures for handling fatigue”, “insufficient coping”, “living with fatigue”, and “the assumption of a lack of common understanding of fatigue.” Based on these findings, fatigue was found to affect the lifestyle of people with MS and their ability to be true to themself. As a result, the participants devised their own way of coping with fatigue. However, the coping measures also created other dilemmas, which led to isolation. Nevertheless, the participants made efforts to live with fatigue on their own terms.
Formalin: Nephrotoxic teratogen?
Authors: Dorairajan Gowri 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFormaldehyde is an extensively used chemical; its ill effects have been of concern. Its nephrotoxic effects in laboratory animals and carcinogenic effects on humans are well established. We report of a pregnant woman with a normal ongoing pregnancy with a morphologically normal fetus. She was exposed to high doses of formaldehyde through inhalational route in the second trimester. Six weeks later she was found to have severe oligohydramnios with dysplastic fetal kidneys and fetal ascites. The various known causes for this problem reported in the literature are discussed. Based on the discussion the author has drawn a conclusion that the fate of the fetus reported can be attributed to transplacental nephrotoxic effect of formaldehyde. Previously two cases of malformations have been reported but this appears to be the first case of transplacental nephrotoxicty of formaldehyde.
Giant immature intracranial teratoma with antenatal cranial perforation
Authors: Koizumi Koji , Abe Emiko , Kusanagi Yasuki , Ito Masaharu 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFetal brain tumors are very rare, and fetal survival is generally poor. Here we present a congenital intracranial immature teratoma, which was prenatally diagnosed. Prenatal ultrasonography and fetal magnetic resonance imaging detected the presence of a massive, heterogeneous intracranial tumor at 26 weeks gestational age. An intracranial tumor lacking normal intracranial structures was detected. The biparietal diameter was 13.1 cm, which is abnormally long. Fetal death occurred at 27 weeks of gestation due to cranial perforation. Postmortem histologic examination revealed the presence of an immature teratoma. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are helpful in the prenatal diagnosis and evaluation of intracranial tumors. In conclusion, some cases of giant immature congenital teratoma develop antenatal cranial perforation.
Debating the legitimacy of a contested environmental illness: a case study of multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS)
Authors: Phillips Tarryn 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMore than 20 years after it was first identified, the anomalous condition, multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS), remains immersed in controversy, with a continuing debate over its causation being played out in the medico‐scientific community and in the courts. This article examines why sceptical and supportive experts disagree over the condition’s legitimacy as an organic condition. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Perth, Western Australia, the author scrutinises the decision‐making practices of 16 experts (eight sceptical and eight supportive of a chemical explanation). Both groups were found to use evidence‐based, inductive reasoning. However, sceptical experts tended to use a different set of evidence requirements, exhibited more faith in the efficiency of the current biomedical paradigm regarding toxicity and were less likely to acknowledge uncertainty in their field. All the experts recognised a spectrum of beliefs about the causal mechanisms of MCS. However, when they were engaged in litigation as expert witnesses due to their supportive or sceptical tendency, the oppositional legal system polarised their opinions and exacerbated the perceived divide between them. Ultimately, the adversarial medico‐legal process inhibits genuine dialogue between some of the key players in the MCS debate, thus impeding understanding and consensus about the condition.
Not ‘going there’: limits to the professionalisation of our emotional lives
Authors: Brownlie Julie 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article takes as its starting point the thesis that there has been a shift towards emotional openness in Anglo‐American societies and that, as a result, we are increasingly at ease with talking to professionals, those who are trained to listen, when faced with difficulties in our emotional lives. Such assumptions are implicit, if unexamined, in recent mental health policy in the UK. Drawing on findings from the first British general population study of views and experiences of emotional support, it is argued that, while there has indeed been a cultural acceptance of the notion that it is good to talk, this has not translated into a retreat into professionalised spaces. How, then, can we understand these limits or, to draw on a popular idiom, why do people choose not to ‘go there’? To begin to answer these questions, four areas are explored: the persistence and significance of non talk‐based. responses to emotional difficulties, the constraints of and on emotions talk, evidence for an emergent vulnerable self in need of professional intervention and wider cultural beliefs about need, privacy and the role of strangers.