bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Serpetine and associated Rocks of Anglesey
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

1. A
nglesey
with H
olyhead
I
sland

T
he
serpentine from the vicinity of Rhoscolyn, though known within a limited area as an ornamental stone, does not appear to have received much attention from geologists. It is dismissed in Professor Ramsay's memoir on North Wales in a few brief sentences, and has not, so far as I know, met with fuller notice in any other quarter. On the Geological-Survey map it is delineated as forming an elongated lozenge-shaped patch about a mile and three quarters in length from E. to W., extending inland north of Rhoscolyn from the west shore of Holyhead Island, and occurring in several smaller patches on or near the opposite coast of Anglesey. In each of these localities I have studied the rock in the field, and have examined microscopically the specimens there collected. The results, I hope, may be of some use, though, after three separate visits, I have not been able to visit every one of the outcrops or examine minutely every part of the district. Owing to the intricacy of the coast in certain places, a map on a considerably larger scale than 1 inch to the mile would be required before an elaborate study could be undertaken.

The questions which I have attempted to solve (as in all former studies of serpentine), were (1) its relations to the other associated rocks, and (2) its nature and origin.
The ordinary rock in the vicinity of these masses of serpentine is a dull bluish or greenish schist,
On the Terminations of some Ammonites from the Inferior Oolite of Dorset and Somerset
Authors: Buckman James 
Published: October 2009

During the progress through the press of D'Orbigny's ‘Paléontologie Française, “Terrains Jurassiques,” I was busily engaged in collecting the fossils of the Inferior Oolite and Lias in the neighbourhood of Cheltenham. In both of these rocks I had the good fortune to find a somewhat large series of Ammonites, the greater proportion of which I could readily identify from D'Orbigny's figures.
But as these fossils were in bad condition, especially when compared with the French drawings, I was at first almost led to think that these latter had been somewhat unjustifiably made up or, as we should say in plain English, “fudged.”
Thus, in reckoning up the plates of admitted Inferior Oolite Ammonites in the ‘Paléontologie Française,’ we find them to be thirty-eight, out of which no less than twenty species (a little over two thirds of the list) are drawn with the mouth of their shells more or less perfect; and yet, strange to say, I do not recollect a single example of their Cotteswold prototypes having occurred to me in this perfect condition.
Since those days of scepticism, however, D'Orbigny's book has become my constant and trusted companion, as the specimens in our Dorsetshire list of Ammonites appear to be in much the same condition as those figured by that talented author.
During the last seventeen years my lot has been cast in them pleasant county of Dorset; and, curiously enough, the farm that I have occupied is situate on the Inferior Oolite; the Halfway-house quarry is within
Notes on the Locality of some Fossils found in the Carboniferous Rocks at T'ang Shan, China
Authors: Carrall James W. 
Published: October 2009

The fossils which form the subject of this paper were found at Tang Shan, Ch'iao Chia T'un, in Lan Chow of the Province of Chih Li, and about 120 miles from the treaty port of Tientsin, in a N.N.E. direction from that port.
A Chinese company has been formed, known as the “Chinese Engineering and Mining Company,” to work the bituminous coal deposits there found on the European system.
Mining operations were commenced in 1878 by ascertaining the locality of the coal-seams by boring with the diamond boring-machine. The bore-holes, three in number, averaged about 400 feet apart; the third and deepest of the three driven reached a depth of 536 feet.
The seams dip at an angle of 45° to the north, calculated by the angle of the strata found in the bores.
The thickness of the coal-seams, not taken at the slant but parallel to the beds, is as follows :—
The seams are in curves or folds ; one seam that comes to the surface at the back of the colliery, again appears above ground halfway from the colliery to Kai P'ing (say three miles from the first outcrop), and again five miles further on, trending in a northerly direction.
Some very good magnetite, containing between 45 and 50 per cent. of metallic iron, has been found at Pal Mah Shun, about seventeen miles from T'ang Shah. I t is intended to erect rolling-mills near the colliery, and place them also under foreign superintendence, trams being laid
On Soilcap-Motion
Authors: Coppinger R. W. 
Published: October 2009

I wish to call attention briefly to a phenomenon which, so far as I am aware, exists to an unparalleled degree about the shores of Western Patagonia, and whose presence there is in a great measure due to the exceptionally wet nature of the climate. I allude to a slippage of the soilcap, which is, I believe, continually taking place over the basement rock wherever the latter presents a moderately inclined surface. Some of the effects of this soilcap-motion are apt to be confounded with those due to glacial action; for the soilcap takes with it in its progress not only its clothing of trees, ferns, and mosses, but also a “moraine profonde” of rocks, stones, stems of dead trees, peat and mud, whereby the hills of this region are being denuded, and the valleys, lakes, and channels, gradually filled up.
On arriving at the Patagonian archipelago my attention was directed to this subject on noticing that the lower branches of trees fringing the sea-shore were in many places withering from immersion in the salt water, and that in some cases entire treeshad perished prematurely from their roots becoming entirely submerged.On looking more closely I observed that the soddensnags of dead timber, mingled with stones, were often to be seen at the bottom of the inshore waters, and that the beds of freshwater lakes were plentifully strewn with similar fragments of wood,the remains of forests prematurely destroyed. As the soileap, by its sliding motion, reaches the water, the soluble portions
Notes on the Fish-remains of the Bone-bed at Aust, near Bristol; with the Description of some new Genera and Species
Authors: Davis James W. 
Published: October 2009

I am indebted for the material on which the following paper is based to Mr. W. T. Ord, of Bristol, to the Council of the Geological Society at London, who have kindly placed their collection at my disposal, and to Mr. Sollas, Professor of Geology at the University College, Bristol.
The specimens are in good preservation, the smaller ones, consisting principally of teeth, being unbroken; the larger bones, as for example, ribs or other bones of Saurians, the larger spines of Fishes, &c., are generally found in a more or less fragmentary and broken condition.

From the occurrence of the teeth which are characteristic of the older Carboniferous rocks, such as
Psammodus porosus, Helodus
,and
Psephodus magnus
of the Mountain Limestone, and
Ctenoptychius
, which has hitherto been found in the Carboniferous series, and more especially in the Coal-measures, it appears probablethat some of the fossil remains found in the Rhmtic beds at Aust have been derived from the disintegration of the older rocks.Either this must have been the case, or the genera of fishes named had a considerably longer period of existence than has hithertobeen supposed. It may be objected that the remains are in a very perfect state of preservation (as, indeed, they are in most cases) and do not appear to have been exposed to much attrition by being washed on the shore or bed of the sea or a lake. It is probable,however, that the area over which the bone-bed was deposited was composed, in the neighbourhood of
The Date of the last Change of Level in Lancashire
Authors: Reade T. Mellard 
Published: October 2009

In estimating geological time the difficulty always lies in getting a reliable unit to measure with. Having surveyed and mapped out, on a scale of 6 inches to the mile, the whole series of Postglacial deposits between Liverpool and the mouth of the river Douglas, I have often asked myself, Can the age of any of these deposits be translated from mere sequence into years? Observation has led me to believe that an approximation may be made in the case of the blown sand; and this, as I will presently show, bears upon the title of my paper.
A reference to the map (1 inch to the mile) and section, figs. 1 & 2, and to those accompanying my paper on the Post-Glacial Geology of Lancashire and Cheshire, in the ‘Proceedings of the Liverpool Geological Society’ 1871–2, will explain the order and sequence of the deposits; and it will be seen that the last movement of the land in Lancashire was downwards. Submarine forests at the Alt mouth, the Rimrose brook, the Liverpool and Garston docks show that subsidence has taken place; and (which is perhaps quite as good evidence) sections of stream gullies, cut in the Boulder-clay and filled with recent silt, at levels far below high water, are frequently met with in dock-excavations.
Upon the superior peat-and forest-bed, which is an extension inland of the submarine forests, rests, as on a platform, some 22 square miles of blown sand, in some cases rising 75 feet above Ordnance datum
On the Genus
Stoliczkaria
, Dunc, and its Distinctness from
Parkeria
, Carpenter
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

The last scientific work of Stoliczka, whose name will be always associated with the palæontology of India, was performed during the return of the second Yarkand expedition. A few days before his death he crossed the Karakoram Pass, and, travelling on, traversed the last geological scene he ever described. He wrote in his journal:—“At last we descended into a narrow gorge, the sides o: which, for fully a mile, consisted of a limestone conglomerate, the boulders of white, grey, or black limestone being well rounded and worn, and cemented together by a stiff bright red clay. Upon this followed dolomitic limestones, rather indifferently bedded, massive and white; and these were overlain by bluish shales and well-bedded limestones extending from about six miles north of Burtri to the camp. The limestones appear to be Triassic; they are compact with layers full of small Gasteropods, among which I noticed a
Nerinæa
. The so-called ‘Karakoram stones’ occur in dark shales below the limestones, which are capped by a yellowish-brown limestone, well bedded, but of unascertained age. The whole series dips north-west at a moderate angle”.

It is to a group of the Karakoram stones that I venture to draw the attention of the Society.
The stratigraphical position of the stones is lower than the Lias; and they may he Rhætic or Triassic in age.
The Precambrian (Archæan) Rocks of Shropshire. Part II
Authors: Callaway C. 
Published: October 2009

Summary of Results

1.
On a south-south-west line running between Pontesbury and Linley Hall are seven distinct elevations, composed wholly or in part of Archæan rocks.

2.
This line corresponds with a great fault, on the east side of which Longmynd rocks dip easterly, and on the west Tremadoc shales dip westerly.

3.
The prevailing rock-types are purple rhyolites at the north end of the chain, purple hornstone (or hälleflinta) in the middle, and purple and green hornstone (or hälleflinta), with some indurated grits, partly derived from a gneissic series, at the south.

4.
The Precambrian age of these rocks is proved by their close lithological affinities with known Salopian types, and by the almost universal occurrence of fragments of the purple rhyolites in the Longmynd series. The strike, also, is usually more or less transverse to the strike of the Cambrian deposits.

5.
The rocks of this axis belong exclusively to the younger of the two Salopian Archæan groups, no traces of granitoid or gneissic rocks, except as included fragments, having been detected.
On a Proposed Devono-Silurian Formation
Authors: Hull Edward 
Published: October 2009

Summary

To briefly recapitulate, I include, therefore, under the name “Devono-Silurian” the following:—

(1)
The grits, conglomerates, and slates lying at the base of the Lower Devonian series of Belgium, &c. (“système Gedinnien”).

(2)
The foreland Grits and Slates of Devonshire.

(3)
The “Passage-beds” of South Wales, Hereford, &c., including the Downton Sandstone and the beds of the ridge of the Trichrag.

(4)
The Dingle and Glengariff Grits and Slates of the south of Ireland.

(5)
The Fintona-beds of the north of Ireland.

(6)
The so-called “Lower Old Bed Sandstone” of Scotland, belonging to several basins.
On some Sections of Lincolnshire Neocomian
Authors: Keeping H. 
Published: October 2009

During the excavations in some of the heavy cuttings required for the Louth and Lincoln railway I had the good fortune, in 1872, to discover a rich locality for the fossils of the Ironstone of this district. The fossils found were deposited for the most part in the Woodwardian Museum, though some were contributed to other collections.
I have revisited the locality at various times, once in company with my son, Mr. W. Keeping, M.A., now of York Museum; so that I have had good opportunities for the study of the fauna of these beds.
As it has been suggested to me that the cuttings must be getting obscure, through the growth of grass on their slopes, and that it would be desirable to put on record the facts observed, I again last summer visited the railway-cuttings and also the excavations for iron-ore near Claxby. The state in which these openings now are, the rapid way in which the beds are becoming hidden by over-growth, has convinced me that the notes which we have made on the exposures may probably be worth preservation, notwithstanding their incompleteness. They are offered therefore without hesitation, but at the same time with a full sense of their partial and cursory character.
The Geology of Madeira
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie 
Published: October 2009

The geology of Madeira has already formed the subject of three communications to this Society, and the present notes are therefore brief.
The island, it is well known, is almost wholly composed of basaltic rocks, which rise more or less precipitously from the sea and culminate in a central ridge of some 5000 or 6000 feet in height. Including the Desertas, which are separated by a narrow channel, only 400 feet in depth, its extreme length may be roughly stated at 50 miles, and its greatest breadth at 17 miles; yet so broken is the surface that some 250 miles must be traversed in order to become well acquainted with its varying scenery. The oldest of the basalts are considered to have been of submarine formation, and the only palæontological evidence as to their age consists of a small patch of coralline limestone included towards the north-west of the isle, and referred to the Upper Miocene; while a hitherto undescribed bed, with fossil plants, shows that volcanic activity was continued until the most recent period. There are; however, no traces of either hot springs, fumaroles, or sulphur deposits, though some of the lava-streams appear as unweathered as when newly formed; and immediately west of Funchal there are parasitic cones so little altered that it seems difficult to imagine them completely extinct. Madeira, since its discovery, has been profoundly quiescent; if any movement takes place, it is one of slow elevation.
On the Exploration of two Caves in the Neighbourhood of Tenby
Authors: Jones Ernest L. 
Published: October 2009

The object of the present paper is to give a short account of some facts recently brought to light during the exploration of two caves in the neighbourhood of Tenby.
The first of these, the cave of the Coygan, near Laugharne, was described by Dr. Hicks, who visited it some years ago; but, until recently, it had never been thoroughly explored, nor had it afforded any evidence of the presence of man. During the past summer it was examined by Mr. Laws, of Tenby, and myself with more success.
Before giving the results of our exploration, it may be advisable first of all to describe the fissure itself. The cave (fig. 1) is situated at the summit of an outner of Mountain Limestone, which overlooks Caermarthen Bay, and forms a part of an ancient line of sea-cliffs. It is about 250 feet above the level of the sea. The entrance to the cave is below the level of the adjacent rocks, so that, in order to enter the cave, you have to descend a small pit or depression at the summit of the outlier. On entering, the passage is found to descend at an angle of about 30°, until a lofty cavern is reached at a distance of about 30 feet from the entrance. In the widest part the passage is about 30 feet across.
On the Madreporaria of the Interior Oolite of the Neighbourhood of Cheltenham and Gloucester
Authors: Tomes Robert F. 
Published: October 2009

In 1878 I made known through the pages of the Geological Magazine some genera of Madreporaria from the Inferior Oolite of Crickley Hill, Gloucestershire, which, although not new, were nevertheless not only new to the beds under consideration, but also to this country; and I at the same time increased the number of species from that locality, observing that the paper would serve as a basis to which additions and corrections could from time to time be made.
Since then a very extensive series of corals from the Inferior Oolite of Gloucestershire has come into my hands, and has enabled me to add very greatly to my previous paper, not only in the number of species, but by the addition of genera not hitherto recognized as appertaining to the Oolite of England.
I have also, by the acquisition of more abundant material, been able to correct some errors into which I, as well as others, had fallen, and to reduce some of the hitherto acknowledged species to the position of synonyms only. The list of species I am now enabled to give is rather remarkable for the great number of genera as well as species it contains which are peculiar to the locality. But when we remember the number of new forms discovered by MM. Edwards and Haime from the very limited collection submitted to their inspection, we need not be surprised that, with the advantage of much more abundant material from the same locality, the coral-fauna should prove to be very distinct from that of other corallian deposits of the Inferior Oolite.
Notes on some Upper Jurassic Astrorhizidæ and Lituolidæ.
Authors: Häusler Rudolf 
Published: October 2009

The latest researches on the arenaceous types of the Reticularian Rhizopoda from the Swiss Jurassic formation, especially from the zones of
Ammonites transversarius
and
A. bimammatus
, have yielded so many unexpected results concerning the relationship of certain species and varieties with recent forms, that a few preliminary notes on some important species may be of interest, as adding to the knowledge of the arenaceous Foraminifera in general, and giving new proofs of their wide geological range.

If we examine the various works on Swiss Jurassic Foraminifera, the small number of arenaceous forms.recorded must surprise us. It may to some extent be attributed to the little attention which was formerly paid to many sandy species, and fee imperfect knowledge of the simpler forms, but probably still more to the great difficulties attending a careful examination of the hard marls and limestones.
Most of the species are of comparatively small size and very fragile, whereby they easily escape observation.
The total number of determined arenaceous species is about 60 for the whole Swiss Jurassic formation, if we include the Textulariidœ; but, to judge from doubtful specimens and fragments, their number must become considerably greater by further researches.

These species, with an almost unlimited number of varieties, belong to the following genera:−

sammosphæra.

Astrorhiza.

Rhabdammina.

Marsipella.

Hyperammina.

Lituola.

Reophax.

Haplophragmium.

Haplostiche.

Placopsilina.

Trochammina.

mmodiscus.

Hormosina.

Webbina.

Thurammina.

Textularia (Plecanium).

Bigenerina.

Valvulina.

By far the greatest number have been found in the lowest beds of the zone of
Ammonites transversarius
, from which all the specimens figured in this paper are taken.
Note on the Lithological Characters of a Series of Scotch Rocks collected by Dr. H. Hicks, F.G.S.
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

In the following remarks it is not my intention to attempt an exhaustive analysis of the microscopic characters of the rock-specimens which Dr. Hicks has been good enough to entrust to me for description. This seems to me hardly necessary after the full descriptions of rocks, in many respects similar, which have already been published by Mr. T. Davies and by myself. Hence, in order to avoid burdening the pages of our Journal, I have, as far as possible, noticed in detail only the points in which these specimens differed from those already familiar to me.
In examining these Highland rocks (and I might say others also) I have observed three rather well-marked types, indicating stages of metamorphism. In the first it is obvious that many of the constituents noticed in the slide, especially those of larger size, with most of, if not all, the felspar, are original. Still many of the quartz-grains present somewhat irregular pcripheries, and appear clotted or agglutinated together, as in.the most highly altered quartzites, instead of presenting the definite outlines of ordinary fragments ; sometimes the smaller grains have even a chalcedonic aspect, as if of secondary origin. It is often doubtful whether the larger flakes of mica are endogenous or not, and it is quite certain that a minute flaky to fibrous mineral has been produced subsequently to the deposition of the rock. This is probably, in part at least, a hydrous potash- or soda-mica (very like that which has been recognized as sericite)
Descriptions of Fossil Sponges from the Inferior Oolite, with a Notice of some from the Great Oolite
Authors: Sollas W. J. 
Published: October 2009

Since up to this time the lists of palæontologists afford no instance of a fossil sponge from the Inferior Oolite of this country, we are the more indebted to my friend Mr. Whidborne for the rich representative collection of these forms amassed by his researches.
A preliminary account of this collection is published in the Report of the British Association for 1882, p. 534. I now proceed to offer a more detailed description of its contents.
HEXACTINELLIDÆ.

DICTYONINA
.

Euretid
æ

Emploca
, gen. nov.

A cylindrical or ovate sponge, with thick walls surrounding the main excurrent canal, which, as a cylindrical tube, extends axially almost to the base of the sponge, and opens unconstrictedly at the summit in a circular oscule. The sponge walls are traversed by two sets of smaller canals, one incurrent, which, commencing in small round ostia evenly dispersed on the external surface, continue inwards obliquely downwards towards the axis; the other excurrent, which, crossing the incurrent canals, run more or less parallel to the curved upper margin of the sponge and finally open into the main excurrent canal. Skeleton Euretid,
i.e.
a simple Dicytonine network with imperforate nodes ; dermal skeleton not preserved.

The genus agrees in general form and in the characters of the canal system with the Hexactinellid Porocypdlia, the Lithistid
Siphonia
, and an undescribed Renierid sponge. It differs from
Porocypellia
in the imperforate character of its nodes and in the absence of a staurodormal covering.

Emploca ovata
, Sp. nov. (Plate XX. figs. 1-6.)

The species