bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis of the merozoite surface protein-1 block 2 allelic types in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates from Lao PDR
Authors: Khaminsou Naly , Kritpetcharat Onanong , Daduang Jureerut , Charerntanyarak Lertchai , Kritpetcharat Panutas 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
MSP-1 is one of the potential malarial vaccine candidate antigens. However, extensive genetic polymorphism of this antigen in the field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum represents a major hindrance for the development of an effective vaccine. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the prevalence and genetic polymorphisms of K1, MAD20 and RO33 allelic types of msp-1 block 2 among P. falciparum clinical isolates from Lao PDR.

Methods

Plasmodium falciparum isolates were collected from 230 P. falciparum-infected blood samples from three regions of Lao PDR. K1, MAD20 and RO33 were detected by nested PCR; SSCP was used for polymorphism screening. The nested PCR products of each K1, MAD20 and RO33 allelic types that had different banding patterns by SSCP, were sequenced.

Results
The overall prevalence of K1, MAD20 and RO33 allelic types in P. falciparum isolates from Lao PDR were 66.95%, 46.52% and 31.30%, respectively, of samples under study. Single infections with K1, MAD20 and RO33 allelic types were 27.83%, 11.74% and 5.22%, respectively; the remainders were multiple clonal infections. Neither parasite density nor age was related to MOI. Sequence analysis revealed that there were 11 different types of K1, eight different types of MAD20, and 7 different types of RO33. Most of them were regional specific, except type 1 of each allelic type was common found in 3 regions under study.

Conclusions
Genetic polymorphism with diverse allele types was identified in msp-1 block 2 among P. falciparum clinical isolates in Lao PDR. A rather high level of multiple clonal infections was also observed but the multiplicity of infection was rather low as not exceed 2.0. This basic data are useful for treatment and malaria control program in Lao PDR.
Circulating Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study
Authors: Gross Myron D , Bielinski Suzette J , Suarez-Lopez Jose R , Reiner Alex P , Bailey Kent , Thyagarajan Bharat , Carr J Jeffrey , Duprez Daniel A , Jacobs David R 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) is associated with endothelial dysfunction and clinical cardiovascular disease. We investigated the relationship of subclinical atherosclerosis with sICAM-1 concentration.METHODSsICAM-1 concentration was assayed at year 15 of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (black and white men and women, average age 40 years). We assessed progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) through year 20 (n = 2378), and both carotid artery stenosis (n = 2432) and intima-media thickness (IMT) at year 20 (n = 2240).RESULTSMedian sICAM-1 was 145.9 μg/L. Among a subgroup with advanced atherosclerotic plaque (either CAC or stenosis), IMT was 0.010 (95% CI 0.003–0.017 mm) higher per SD of sICAM-1 (44 μg/L) in a model adjusted for age, race, sex, clinic, smoking, exercise, body size, education, blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, plasma lipids, and cholesterol-lowering medication. With the same adjustment, the odds ratio (OR) for the presence of year-20 carotid artery stenosis per SD of sICAM-1 was 1.12 (95% CI 1.01–1.25, P &lt; 0.04), whereas for occurrence of CAC progression the OR was 1.16 (1.04–1.31, P &lt; 0.01). The associations with CAC and carotid stenosis were strongest in the top 20th of the sICAM-1 distribution.CONCLUSIONSsICAM-1 concentration may be an early biomarker that indicates changes in the artery wall that accompany atherosclerosis, as well as the presence of advanced plaque in the coronary and carotid arteries. This finding holds in people with low total burden of atherosclerosis, decades before the development of clinical CVD.
The Effects of Combined Marginal Tax Rates on the Working Poor: Evidence from the Current Population Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation
Authors: Trampe Paul D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMost works that have been done concerning the effects on work effort of the income based phase‐out of assistance programs have been specific to one program or another. Most theorists believe, however, that the primary issue is the marginal tax rates faced by those facing the phase‐out of several programs at once. This paper examines data from the Current Population Survey from 1993‐2006 and the first four phases of the Survey of Income and Program Participation from 1993, 1996 and 2001 to study the effect on hours worked for those losing benefits from several different programs as a percentage of additional income and in particular to look for a delayed effect. It finds a small but significant effect and also finds evidence that the effect is partially delayed as recipients become aware of their own marginal tax rates slowly over time.
Social Justice, Social Welfare and Devolution: Nationalism and Social Policy Making in Scotland
Authors: Mooney Gerry , Scott Gill 
Published: December 2011

AbstractConstitutional change in the UK in 1998 led to the establishment of devolution for Scotland, and the Scottish Parliament was reconvened in 1999 after a gap of nearly 300 years. Devolution promised the development of policies that were more in tune with ‘Scottish needs’, and was heralded as delivering ‘Scottish solutions for Scottish problems’. Now with a Scottish Nationalist Party (SNP) Government in power in Edinburgh committed to greater devolution for Scotland and with a goal of full independence for Scotland, it is timely to assess the ways in which the SNP have approach the question of social policy — and more specifically poverty and inequality. While key areas of social welfare policy, notable in relation to benefits, employment policy and most areas of taxation remain reserved to the UK parliament in London, the Scottish Parliament enjoys powers over most areas of social policy as they affect Scotland: health, housing, education, community development, regeneration and criminal justice. This paper considers some of the main influences on SNP policy making, and in particular explores its concern to develop policies that promote solidarity, cohesion and fairness. However, these are secondary to a strategy which promotes economic growth and Scottish economic competitiveness. The paper also considers the importance of nationalism for the analysis of social welfare arguing that social policy making is often central to nation building, and particularly so in the context of multi‐national devolution of the kind that has developed in the UK and elsewhere in recent times.
Social Theory and Poverty Reduction with Special Attention to Nigeria: Social‐Institutional Explanation of Small‐Scale Financial Institutions
Authors: Aideyan Osaore 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDo institutions and social capital provide a viable means for advancing the goals of poverty reduction programs in low capacity states? This question has particular importance for Nigeria and Africa as a whole because of the poor performance of poverty reduction programs despite domestic and global efforts to reduce poverty in the continent. In this paper, I assess the usefulness of the informational aspects of the new institutional economics and the social network method of social capital paradigm in reducing access, information and monitoring costs faced by the poor and service providers of micro‐credit institutions in Nigeria. The general proposition of this paper is that poverty reduction can be promoted on the one hand, by designing programs to reflect some regularities (formal and informal rules and regulations) which best enhance benefits and mitigate costs faced by the poor for obtaining services, and on the other hand a mobilization of cohesive social relationships based on existing networks of semiautonomous units, that substitute for weak enforcement of contracts to reduce the service delivery costs to the poor.
Social Welfare Policy and the Psychological Needs of Low Income Women
Authors: Markward Martha J. , Yegidis Bonnie L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis manuscript analyzes policy that addresses the psychological needs of low income women, especially those on welfare. The sociopolitical model of policy analysis was used to examine the social, political, and economic context for addressing the psychological needs of low income women. Within the context of progressive physical and mental health enactments, the analysis examines the causes of psychological needs among poor women, the approaches that have been used to address the needs of poor women, and the need for policy that can result in service delivery systems and service provision to meet the psychological needs of low income women. The results of the analysis suggest the need for policy that allows for an umbrella approach to screening women on welfare for mental health issues and providing services that are not attached to financial eligibility or child welfare involvement.
Privatisation as Proxy of Distribution: Is it possible? (The Justice Shares Mass Privatisation Case of Iran)
Authors: Atashbar Tohid 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThrough a privatisation scheme called the “Justice Shares Plan,” the Iranian government has privatised many state‐owned companies via dividing and distributing shares among low‐income families. This study explains and evaluates the government's plan from different aspects. The findings show that the share‐based mass privatisation initiative hasn't achieved its performance‐enhancing goals in privatised companies. The study also finds that the plan has slightly reduced the income inequality. The plan eventually could not continue to disburse dividends to stock holders due to financial and legislative difficulties.
Citizens or Objects: A Case Study in News Coverage of Poverty
Authors: Cline Andrew R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThere exists in the minds of American newspaper journalists a group called the “general audience,” and it is this group that journalists believe they serve by covering the news. The general audience ostensibly includes all citizens — the assumption being that all citizens are politically equal and are, therefore, served by a common understanding of the news created by a standardized reporting and writing process. But the needs of poor and working class are largely left out of the news because journalists see the utility of journalism in middle class terms and treat the poor as objects of reporting rather than as citizens. This essay explores the case of the Springfield News‐Leader, a daily newspaper in the Gannett chain, serving Springfield, Missouri — a small city in the southwest corner of the state — for the purpose of discovering what opportunities exist as a part of normal news coverage to serve the poor and working class.
Social Security: A New Paradigm for Reducing American Poverty
Authors: Dobelstein Andrew W. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough not characterized as a program designed to address the problems of poverty, Social Security, the linchpin of America's social welfare enterprise, impacts poverty more significantly than most of the usually identified anti‐poverty programs. For examples, more children receive Social Security benefits than those on welfare, and Social Security payments are modified to provide low income earners with proportionately higher benefits than their higher earning counterparts. Affirming the validity of Social Security the recent National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform represents a changed environment for Social Security policy development, and it has proposed several Social Security initiatives that would expand its reach more deeply into the jungle of poverty. Recognizing the limitations of existing social welfare anti‐poverty programs, collapsing the cash assistance functions of these programs into Social Security would contribute significantly to reducing poverty in the United States. Such an endeavor, however, would not only require a realignment of America's social welfare programs, but would increase the fiscal burdens born by Social Security. Such proposals could reduce the poverty rate by 3 percent or more, but they also call further attention to the failure of the payroll tax to sustain not only current Social Security commitments, let alone satisfy any further obligations Social Security might assume by virtue of its expanded role. This paper provides the gateway for further study of the poverty reducing potential of Social Security.
Scholarly Support for Social Security: A Political History of Prevailing Beliefs, and of the Growing Number of Works Demonstrating that the “Conventional” Often Is Not “Wisdom”
Authors: Skidmore Max J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMax J. Skidmore examines the current “conventional wisdom” regarding Social Security, and discusses a dozen of the growing number of books countering prevailing beliefs. He demonstrates that the “conventional” often is not “wisdom,” but rather received dogma inspired by well‐financed special interests.
The Impact of Frequent and Unrecognized Hypoglycemia on Mortality in the ACCORD Study
Authors: Seaquist Elizabeth R. , Miller Michael E. , Bonds Denise E. , Feinglos Mark , Goff David C. , Peterson Kevin , Senior Peter ,   for the ACCORD Investigators
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between frequent and unrecognized hypoglycemia and mortality in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study cohort.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 10,096 ACCORD study participants with follow-up for both hypoglycemia and mortality were included. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) relating the risk of death to the updated annualized number of hypoglycemic episodes and the updated annualized number of intervals with unrecognized hypoglycemia were obtained using Cox proportional hazards regression models, allowing for these hypoglycemia variables as time-dependent covariates and controlling for the baseline covariates.

RESULTS
Participants in the intensive group reported a mean of 1.06 hypoglycemic episodes (self-monitored blood glucose &lt;70 mg/dL or &lt;3.9 mmol/L) in the 7 days preceding their regular 4-month visit, whereas participants in the standard group reported an average of 0.29 episodes. Unrecognized hypoglycemia was reported, on average, at 5.8% of the intensive group 4-month visits and 2.6% of the standard group visits. Hazard ratios for mortality in models including frequency of hypoglycemic episodes were 0.93 (95% CI 0.9–0.97; P &lt; 0.001) for participants in the intensive group and 0.98 (0.91–1.06; P = 0.615) for participants in the standard group. The hazard ratios for mortality in models, including unrecognized hypoglycemia, were not statistically significant for either group.

CONCLUSIONS
Recognized and unrecognized hypoglycemia was more common in the intensive group than in the standard group. In the intensive group of the ACCORD study, a small but statistically significant inverse relationship of uncertain clinical importance was identified between the number of hypoglycemic episodes and the risk of death among participants.
Genetic Predictors of Weight Loss and Weight Regain After Intensive Lifestyle Modification, Metformin Treatment, or Standard Care in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Authors: Delahanty Linda M. , Pan Qing , Jablonski Kathleen A. , Watson Karol E. , McCaffery Jeanne M. , Shuldiner Alan , Kahn Steven E. , Knowler William C. , Florez Jose C. , Franks Paul W. ,   for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
We tested genetic associations with weight loss and weight regain in the Diabetes Prevention Program, a randomized controlled trial of weight loss–inducing interventions (lifestyle and metformin) versus placebo.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Sixteen obesity-predisposing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with short-term (baseline to 6 months) and long-term (baseline to 2 years) weight loss and weight regain (6 months to study end).

RESULTS
Irrespective of treatment, the Ala12 allele at PPARG associated with short- and long-term weight loss (−0.63 and −0.93 kg/allele, P ≤ 0.005, respectively). Gene–treatment interactions were observed for short-term (LYPLAL1 rs2605100, Plifestyle*SNP = 0.032; GNPDA2 rs10938397, Plifestyle*SNP = 0.016; MTCH2 rs10838738, Plifestyle*SNP = 0.022) and long-term (NEGR1 rs2815752, Pmetformin*SNP = 0.028; FTO rs9939609, Plifestyle*SNP = 0.044) weight loss. Three of 16 SNPs were associated with weight regain (NEGR1 rs2815752, BDNF rs6265, PPARG rs1801282), irrespective of treatment. TMEM18 rs6548238 and KTCD15 rs29941 showed treatment-specific effects (Plifestyle*SNP &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Genetic information may help identify people who require additional support to maintain reduced weight after clinical intervention.
Clinical Usefulness of a New Equation for Estimating Body Fat
Authors: Gómez-Ambrosi Javier , Silva Camilo , Catalán Victoria , Rodríguez Amaia , Galofré Juan Carlos , Escalada Javier , Valentí Victor , Rotellar Fernando , Romero Sonia , Ramírez Beatriz , Salvador Javier , Frühbeck Gema 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
To assess the predictive capacity of a recently described equation that we have termed CUN-BAE (Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Body Adiposity Estimator) based on BMI, sex, and age for estimating body fat percentage (BF%) and to study its clinical usefulness.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a comparison study of the developed equation with many other anthropometric indices regarding its correlation with actual BF% in a large cohort of 6,510 white subjects from both sexes (67% female) representing a wide range of ages (18–80 years) and adiposity. Additionally, a validation study in a separate cohort (n = 1,149) and a further analysis of the clinical usefulness of this prediction equation regarding its association with cardiometabolic risk factors (n = 634) was carried out.

RESULTS
The mean BF% in the cohort of 6,510 subjects determined by air displacement plethysmography was 39.9 ± 10.1%, and the mean BF% estimated by the CUN-BAE was 39.3 ± 8.9% (SE of the estimate, 4.66%). In this group, BF% calculated with the CUN-BAE showed the highest correlation with actual BF% (r = 0.89, P &lt; 0.000001) compared with other anthropometric measures or BF% estimators. Similar agreement was found in the validation sample. Moreover, BF% estimated by the CUN-BAE exhibits, in general, better correlations with cardiometabolic risk factors than BMI as well as waist circumference in the subset of 634 subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
CUN-BAE is an easy-to-apply predictive equation that may be used as a first screening tool in clinical practice. Furthermore, our equation may be a good tool for identifying patients at cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk.
Association of Biochemical B12 Deficiency With Metformin Therapy and Vitamin B12 Supplements
Authors: Reinstatler Lael , Qi Yan Ping , Williamson Rebecca S. , Garn Joshua V. , Oakley Godfrey P. 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
To describe the prevalence of biochemical B12 deficiency in adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin compared with those not taking metformin and those without diabetes, and explore whether this relationship is modified by vitamin B12 supplements.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Analysis of data on U.S. adults ≥50 years of age with (n = 1,621) or without type 2 diabetes (n = 6,867) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2006. Type 2 diabetes was defined as clinical diagnosis after age 30 without initiation of insulin therapy within 1 year. Those with diabetes were classified according to their current metformin use. Biochemical B12 deficiency was defined as serum B12 concentrations ≤148 pmol/L and borderline deficiency was defined as &gt;148 to ≤221 pmol/L.

RESULTS
Biochemical B12 deficiency was present in 5.8% of those with diabetes using metformin compared with 2.4% of those not using metformin (P = 0.0026) and 3.3% of those without diabetes (P = 0.0002). Among those with diabetes, metformin use was associated with biochemical B12 deficiency (adjusted odds ratio 2.92; 95% CI 1.26–6.78). Consumption of any supplement containing B12 was not associated with a reduction in the prevalence of biochemical B12 deficiency among those with diabetes, whereas consumption of any supplement containing B12 was associated with a two-thirds reduction among those without diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Metformin therapy is associated with a higher prevalence of biochemical B12 deficiency. The amount of B12 recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2.4 μg/day) and the amount available in general multivitamins (6 μg) may not be enough to correct this deficiency among those with diabetes.
Questions écrites à André Green
Authors: Green André 
Published: December 2011

Cet article publie les réponses d’André Green aux questions posées par la Revue du MAUSS semestrielle sur l’efficace de la psychanalyse autour de la question plus large de l’émancipation individuelle. À cet exercice, l’auteur se montre pessimiste, sans doute, que la plupart de ses pairs, interrogés à la même occasion. La psychanalyse vise à diminuer la dépendance vis-à-vis des fixations infantiles, affirme-t-il, et pourtant, ajoute-t-il, « si le sujet ayant fait une analyse serait capable de s’affranchir de ses tendances masochistes, ce serait un avantage non négligeable ».
Questions écrites à Roland Gori
Authors: Gori Roland 
Published: December 2011

Cet article publie les réponses de Roland Gori aux questions posées par la Revue du MAUSS semestrielle sur l’efficace de la psychanalyse autour de la question plus large de l’émancipation individuelle. Il ne peut exister en tout état de cause, dit en substance l’auteur, que des moments, plus ou moins fugaces, de libération, certainement pas un état permanent. Car l’expérience de l’analyse, dit-il encore, « met en évidence à quel point les sujets aiment leur servitude et leur aliénation qui non seulement les exemptent de la culpabilité de penser, mais encore constituent les moyens privilégiés pour obtenir l’amour ».
Dépendance et émancipation : retour sur Mannoni
Authors: Vatin François 
Published: December 2011

Cet article* propose une relecture de l’important ouvrage d’Octave Mannoni, Psychologie de la colonisation , paru en 1950. La démarche se décompose en deux temps. Dans un premier temps, l’ouvrage de Mannoni est contextualisé par un travail historiographique aussi fin que possible sur les conditions de son écriture et de sa réception en son temps. Il s’agit de dégager sa lecture des scories, produit de l’histoire coloniale et néo-coloniale encore vive, qui ont conduit à un fréquent contresens sur ce texte, souvent présenté comme une défense du colonialisme au nom de la psychanalyse, alors même que l’engagement anticolonialiste de Mannoni est indiscutable. Ce premier travail accompli, il devient possible de décontextualiser le texte pour mettre en évidence son originalité et son importance pour une théorie du don et, plus généralement, pour penser les relations possibles entre psychanalyse et sciences sociales. Cet ouvrage apparaît alors comme la critique la plus virulente qui soit du colonialisme, dont elle atteint au cœur toute légitimation comme « don de civilisation », mais aussi comme une source d’inspiration possible, dans de multiples champs d’analyse, pour penser des relations sociales de domination qui ne se réduisent pas à une « exploitation » au sens de la vulgate marxiste. * Déjà publié dans son intégralité dans l’édition numérique de la Revue du MAUSS semestrielle n? 37, 1 er semestre 2011.