bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the influence of occupational and physical activity on the rate of degenerative change of the pubic symphysis in portuguese males from the 19th to 20th century
Authors: Campanacho Vanessa , Santos Ana Luísa , Cardoso Hugo F.V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAmong the many factors suggested as potential sources of variation in the rate of ageing of the pubic symphysis is occupational/physical activity, but this has yet to be demonstrated. This study's main goal is to determine whether occupational/physical activity influences the aging process in the pubic symphysis. We analyzed a sample of 161 males (18–96 years) from two Portuguese identified skeletal collections, where age‐related features were recorded in the pubic symphysis as absent/present. The sample was divided in two groups according to the occupation of the individuals (manual and non‐manual) and in two groups according to the femoral robusticity index (robust and gracile). The manual and robust groups represent individuals with more physically demanding occupations while the non‐manual and gracile groups represent less physically demanding occupations. The possible influence of occupational/physical activity on the rate of ageing was evaluated by comparing the transition age for each age‐related feature, between the two groups, using logistic regression. Only the ligamentous outgrowths on the ventral beveling showed a statistically significant younger age in the robust group, indicating a possible faster rate or early timing of change in the individuals with a more physically demanding activity compared with their gracile counterparts. Thus, these results do not provide significant support to the hypothesis that individuals with a greater demanding occupation or physical activity show greater pubic symphysis degeneration. Further testing of this hypothesis in other samples with individuals from known occupation is required. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:371–378, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi‐isotopic analysis reveals individual mobility and diet at the early iron age monumental tumulus of magdalenenberg, germany
Authors: Oelze Vicky M. , Koch Julia K. , Kupke Katharina , Nehlich Olaf , Zäuner Steve , Wahl Joachim , Weise Stephan M. , Rieckhoff Sabine , Richards Michael P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFor the Early Iron Age western Hallstatt culture, which includes the site of Magdalenenberg in southwest Germany, it has been proposed that people were mobile and maintained far reaching social and trading networks throughout Europe. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing multiple isotopes (strontium, oxygen, sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen) of the preserved skeletons from the Magdalenenberg elite cemetery to determine diets and to look for evidence of mobility. The analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope ratios in collagen of humans (n = 50) and associated domestic fauna (n = 10) indicates a terrestrial‐based diet. There was a heterogeneous range of isotope values in both strontium (0.70725 to 0.71923, n = 76) and oxygen (13.4‰ to 18.5‰, n = 78) measured in tooth enamel. Although many of the individuals had values consistent with being from Hallstatt culture sites within southwest Germany, some individuals likely originated from further afield. Possible areas include the Alps of Switzerland and Austria or even locations in Italy. Our study strongly supports the assumption of far reaching social and economic networks in the western Hallstatt culture. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:406–421, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low birth weight does not predict the ontogeny of relative leg length of infants and children: An allometric analysis of the NHANES III sample
Authors: Bogin Barry , Baker Jack 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPrevious research links both low birth weight (LBW) and relative leg length (RLL) to a similar set of adult pathologies, including type II diabetes, coronary vascular disease, and some cancers. Historically, LBW has been frequently used as a broad indicator of the quality of the intrauterine environment, while RLL has been considered a sensitive measure of childhood environmental quality. While these observations have been taken to suggest that these measures reflect independent exposures at different life‐stages, their mutual association with a similar set of later pathologies makes this assumption less certain than it may have previously seemed. Nationally representative data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) are used to test the hypothesis that LBW predicts reductions in the development of leg length relative to stature. After controls for important socioeconomic exposures that might confound measurement of such a relationship, we find statistical and biological evidence that variation in birth weight and variation in the development of leg length relative to stature (RLL) are independent. The results suggest that these two measures may represent independent information on prenatal and postnatal environmental quality. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changing cultures, changing cuisines: Cultural transitions and dietary change in iron age, roman, and early medieval croatia
Authors: Lightfoot E. , Šlaus M. , O'Connell T.C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFood is well‐known to encode social and cultural values, for example different social groups use different consumption patterns to act as social boundaries. When societies and cultures change, whether through drift, through population replacement or other factors, diet may also alter despite unchanging resource availability within a region. This study investigates the extent to which dietary change coincides with cultural change, to understand the effects of large‐scale migrations on the populations' diets. Through stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of Iron Age, Roman, and Early Medieval human bone collagen, we show that in Croatia large‐scale cultural change led to significant changes in diet. The isotopic evidence indicates that Iron Age diet consisted of C3 foodstuffs with no isotopic evidence for the consumption of C4 or marine resources. With the Roman conquest, marine resources were added to the diet, although C3 foodstuffs continued to play an important role. In the Early Medieval period, this marine component was lost and varying amounts of C4 foodstuffs, probably millet, were added to the otherwise C3 diet. In both of these transitions it is likely that the changes in diet are related to the arrival of a new people into the area. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The thumb of Miocene apes: New insights from Castell de Barberà (Catalonia, Spain)
Authors: Almécija Sergio , Alba David M. , Moyà‐Solà Salvador 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPrimate hands display a major selective compromise between locomotion and manipulation. The thumb may or may not participate in locomotion, but it plays a central role in most manipulative activities. Understanding whether or not the last common ancestor of humans and Pan displayed extant‐ape‐like hand proportions (i.e., relatively long fingers and a short thumb) can be clarified by the analysis of Miocene ape hand remains. Here we describe new pollical remains—a complete proximal phalanx and a partial distal phalanx—from the middle/late Miocene site of Castell de Barberà (ca., 11.2–10.5 Ma, Vallès‐Penedès Basin), and provide morphometric and qualitative comparisons with other available Miocene specimens as well as extant catarrhines (including humans). Our results show that all available Miocene taxa (Proconsul, Nacholapithecus, Afropithecus, Sivapithecus, Hispanopithecus, Oreopithecus, and the hominoid from Castell de Barberà) share a similar phalangeal thumb morphology: the phalanges are relatively long, and the proximal phalanges have a high degree of curvature, marked insertions for the flexor muscles, a palmarly bent trochlea and a low basal height. All these features suggest that these Miocene apes used their thumb with an emphasis on flexion, most of them to powerfully assist the fingers during above‐branch, grasping arboreal locomotion. Moreover, in terms of relative proximal phalangeal length, the thumb of Miocene taxa is intermediate between the long‐thumbed humans and the short‐thumbed extant apes. Together with previous evidence, this suggests that a moderate‐length hand with relatively long thumb—involved in locomotion—is the original hand morphotype for the Hominidae. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:436–450, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early anthropometric indices predict short stature and overweight status in a cohort of peruvians in early adolescence
Authors: Sterling Robie , Miranda J. Jaime , Gilman Robert H. , Cabrera Lilia , Sterling Charles R. , Bern Caryn , Checkley William 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhile childhood malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, less well understood is how early childhood growth influences height and body composition later in life. We revisited 152 Peruvian children who participated in a birth cohort study between 1995 and 1998, and obtained anthropometric and bioimpedance measurements 11–14 years later. We used multivariable regression models to study the effects of childhood anthropometric indices on height and body composition in early adolescence. Each standard deviation decrease in length‐for‐age at birth was associated with a decrease in adolescent height‐for‐age of 0.7 SD in both boys and girls (all P < 0.001) and 9.7 greater odds of stunting (95% CI 3.3–28.6). Each SD decrease in length‐for‐age in the first 30 months of life was associated with a decrease in adolescent height‐for‐age of 0.4 in boys and 0.6 standard deviation in girls (all P < 0.001) and with 5.8 greater odds of stunting (95% CI 2.6–13.5). The effect of weight gain during early childhood on weight in early adolescence was more complex to understand. Weight‐for‐length at birth and rate of change in weight‐for‐length in early childhood were positively associated with age‐ and sex‐adjusted body mass index and a greater risk of being overweight in early adolescence. Linear growth retardation in early childhood is a strong determinant of adolescent stature, indicating that, in developing countries, growth failure in height during early childhood persists through early adolescence. Interventions addressing linear growth retardation in childhood are likely to improve adolescent stature and related‐health outcomes in adulthood. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:451–461, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ecology and sociality in a multilevel society: Ecological determinants of spatial cohesion in hamadryas baboons
Authors: Schreier Amy L. , Swedell Larissa 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe multilevel society of hamadryas baboons, consisting of troops, bands, clans, and one‐male units (OMUs), is commonly perceived to be an effective means of adapting to variable food availability while allowing spatial cohesion in response to predator pressure. The relationship between these variables, however, has never been tested quantitatively. The Filoha site in Awash National Park, Ethiopia is ideally suited to such an investigation as it contains nutrient‐dense palm forests in addition to the Acacia scrublands typical of hamadryas distribution elsewhere, allowing comparisons of spatial cohesion across habitat types. Here, we use observations over a 1‐year period to examine the relationship between resource availability, perceived predator pressure, and spatial cohesion in a band of wild hamadryas baboons at Filoha. Our results demonstrate that the band was more likely to break into OMUs when foraging in habitats with lower food availability, and that the band fissioned into independent clans more often when preferred resources were not available. Furthermore, the baboons remained in larger aggregations for longer periods of time (i.e., prior to embarking on their daily foraging route) on mornings after predators were heard in the vicinity, and increased cohesion in response to encounters with people who may have been perceived as predators. These results support the notion that hamadryas baboons change their social groupings in response to both food availability and predation risk and that the ability of hamadryas bands to cleave and coalesce in response to changes in these factors underlies the evolution of the hamadryas modular social structure. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A model for the evolution of developmental arrest in male orangutans
Authors: Pradhan Gauri R. , van Noordwijk Maria A. , van Schaik Carel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMale Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) may delay for many years the acquisition of the full array of secondary sexual traits, including their characteristic cheek flanges. Such flexible developmental arrest is unique among male primates. Among male Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) such long delays appear less common. Here, we develop a simple model to identify the conditions under which developmental arrest can be adaptive. We show that the baseline strategy (i.e., males are not susceptible to arrest) cannot be invaded by the flexible strategy (i.e., males can arrest their development when the conditions are unfavorable) when the potential for high‐ranking unflanged or flanged males to monopolize sexual access to females is low. In contrast, at high monopolization potential, the flexible strategy is the evolutionarily stable strategy. We also derive the proportion of flanged males in the population for each combination of monopolization values. This model concurs with field data that found a different monopolization potential between Bornean and Sumatran flanged males and a lower proportion of flanged males in the population in Sumatran orangutans. Pronounced developmental arrest is linked to very low adult mortality, which explains why it is so limited in its taxonomic distribution. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone fractures as indicators of intentional violence in the eastern adriatic from the antique to the late medieval period (2nd–16th century AD)
Authors: Šlaus Mario , Novak Mario , Bedić Željka , Strinović Davor 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo test the historically documented hypothesis of a general increase in deliberate violence in the eastern Adriatic from the antique (AN; 2nd–6th c.) through the early medieval (EM; 7th–11th c.) to the late‐medieval period (LM; 12th–16th c.), an analysis of the frequency and patterning of bone trauma was conducted in three skeletal series from these time periods. A total of 1,125 adult skeletons—346 from the AN, 313 from the EM, and 466 from the LM series—were analyzed. To differentiate between intentional violence and accidental injuries, data for trauma frequencies were collected for the complete skeleton, individual long bones, and the craniofacial region as well as by type of injury (perimortem vs. antemortem). The results of our analyses show a significant temporal increase in total fracture frequencies when calculated by skeleton as well as of individuals exhibiting one skeletal indicator of deliberate violence (sharp force lesions, craniofacial injuries, “parry” fractures, or perimortem trauma). No significant temporal increases were, however, noted in the frequencies of craniofacial trauma, “parry” fractures, perimortem injuries, or of individuals exhibiting multiple skeletal indicators of intentional violence. Cumulatively, these data suggest that the temporal increase in total fracture frequencies recorded in the eastern Adriatic was caused by a combination of factors that included not only an increase of intentional violence but also a significant change in lifestyle that accompanied the transition from a relatively affluent AN urban lifestyle to a more primitive rural medieval way of life. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Properties of 2,2‐Bis[p‐(2′‐hydroxy‐3′‐methacryloxy propoxy)phenyl]propane/Isobornyl (Meth)acrylate copolymers
Authors: He Jingwei , Liu Fang , Luo Yuanfang , Jia Demin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIsobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA) were used to replace triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) as reactive diluents in dental restorative materials. Photopolymerization behaviors of mixtures of IBO(M)A and 2,2‐bis[p‐(2′‐hydroxy‐3′‐methacryloxy propoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis‐GMA) were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The degree of conversion, volume shrinkage, contact angle, water sorption, water solubility, flexural strength, and modulus values of the Bis‐GMA/IBO(M)A formulations were measured and compared with those of a Bis‐GMA/TEGDMA formulation. The results illustrate that the degree of conversion, volume shrinkage, contact angle, water sorption, flexural strength, and modulus values of the Bis‐GMA/IBO(M)A systems were all lower than those of the Bis‐GMA/TEGDMA system; the water solubility values of the Bis‐GMA/IBO(M)A systems were higher than that of the Bis‐GMA/TEGDMA system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Physical wrapping of reduced graphene oxide sheets by polyethylene wax and its modification on the mechanical properties of polyethylene
Authors: Cao Zhenhu , Song Pingan , Fang Zhengping , Xu Yuanyuan , Zhang Yan , Guo Zhenghong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA facile method to encapsulate the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets physically with polyethylene (PE) wax was developed. The graphene oxide sheets were first wrapped with polyethylene wax, and reduced by hydrazine hydrate. The structure of the wrapped RGO was confirmed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The PE wax‐wrapped RGO sheets were melt blended with PE to prepare PE/RGO nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopy and XRD studies showed that this method could provide uniform dispersion of RGO sheets in the PE matrix. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy indicated that there was a strong interfacial interaction between the PE wax‐wrapped RGO sheets and PE matrix. Addition of 1 wt % RGO sheets in PE matrix led to a 48% increment in the yield stress and 118% increment in the Young's modulus, respectively. However, the elongation at break decreased with increasing RGO sheets loading content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The effect of melt spinning process parameters on the spinnability of polyetheretherketone
Authors: Mylläri Ville , Skrifvars Mikael , Syrjälä Seppo , Järvelä Pentti 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis study has been carried out to investigate the processing parameters affecting polyetheretherketone's (PEEK) spinnability in a melt spinning process. PEEK has excellent mechanical and thermal properties and fibers made from it could be used in extreme environments. Different PEEK grades were characterized thermally and rheologically to see which one is the most suitable for fiber spinning. The spinning tests made with the most suitable grade (Victrex 151G) show that increased processing temperature, increased capillary diameter or shorter spinning path length improves spinnability. The best fibers made in optimal processing conditions (400°C temperature, 30/1 mm capillary, and 5 cm spinning path) were 18 μm in average diameter. Because of the limitations of the system used, variations in fiber thickness were noticeable and worsened the spinning stability. Scanning electron microscope photos confirmed these variations, and they were also visible in an optical microscope. The selected low‐viscosity PEEK grade provided good spinnability but gave filaments with only mediocre mechanical properties, the tensile strength being around 280 MPa. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
High survivorship of an annually decreasing aggregation of hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, found foraging in the northern Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Bell Ian , Schwarzkopf Lin , Manicom Carryn 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

An 8‐year study of the foraging abundance of an Eretmochelys imbricata aggregation, found on 13 reefs (Howick Group) within the northern section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park was undertaken.
A Cormack–Jolly–Seber method within program MARK was used to: (1) compare survival and recapture probabilities among age and sex classes of turtles; and (2) estimate survival and recapture rates for male and female adults and sub‐adults from 665 capture–mark–recapture profiles of E. imbricata.
Mean annual population density estimates were consistently greater for adult female E. imbricata (n = 333.7; SD = 135.6; R = 221–581) than for adult males (n = 32.4; SD = 33.4; R = 8–98), with both adult males and females displaying high survivorship rates (71.1%; 92.2%, respectively). This was also apparent in immature age‐classes, with male and female turtles showing similarly high survivorship likelihoods (78.0%; 93.0%, respectively).
Both sexes exhibited a similar overall trend with a peak population density being displayed in the first two years of the study, followed by a general decline in the female stock and stable male population.
These are the only reliable long‐term abundance time‐series data for a population that includes all age‐classes of E. imbricata in the western Pacific and provide good baseline data for the detection of possible climate change induced trends. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Nitronyl Nitroxide)‐Substituted Trioxytriphenylamine Radical Cation Tetrachlorogallate Salt: A 2p‐Electron‐Based Weak Ferromagnet Composed of a Triplet Diradical Cation
Authors: Kuratsu Masato , Suzuki Shuichi , Kozaki Masatoshi , Shiomi Daisuke , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji , Kanzawa Tsuneki , Hosokoshi Yuko , Lan Xiao‐Zheng , Miyazaki Yuji , Inaba Akira , Okada Keiji 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe synthesis and the solid state magnetic properties of (nitronyl nitroxide)‐substituted trioxytriphenylamine radical cation tetrachlorogallate, NNTOT+·GaCl4−, are reported. In the temperature region between 300 and 3 K, the magnetic behavior is characterized by the strong intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction (J/kB=+400 K) between the radical (NN) and the radical cation (TOT+) and the weak intermolecular antiferromagnetic interaction (J/kB=−1.9 K) between NNTOT+ ions. Below 3 K, a 3D‐type long‐range magnetic ordering into a weak ferromagnet was observed (TN=2.65 K). The magnetic entropy (Smag=8.97 J K−1 mol−1) obtained by the heat capacity measurement is in good agreement with the theoretical value of R ln3=9.13 J K−1 mol−1 based on the S=1 state.
Synthesis of Continuous Mesoporous Alumina Films with Large‐Sized Cage‐Type Mesopores by Using Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Jiang Xiangfen , Suzuki Norihiro , Bastakoti Bishnu Prasad , Wu Kevin C.‐W. , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMesoporous alumina films with large‐sized cage‐type mesopores were prepared by using commercially available diblock copolymer (PS‐b‐PEO) and economic inorganic salt (AlCl3) as aluminum source. The obtained mesopore sizes drastically expand from 35 nm to 80 nm when the amount of ethanol in the precursor solutions were controlled. More interestingly, under an optimized amount of ethanol as co‐solvent, there was no significant change of micelle morphology on the substrate, even though the relative amount of PS‐b‐PEO to alumina source was dramatically varied. When the amount of alumina precursor was decreased, the pore walls gradually became thinner, thereby improving pore connectivity. The ordered mesoporous alumina films obtained in this study exhibit high thermal stability up to 1000 °C, and their frameworks are successfully crystallized to γ‐alumina phase. This technique could also be applicable for creating other metal oxide thin films with large mesopores.