bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Burkitt-like Morphologic Features and High Myeloperoxidase Activity
Authors: Rytting Michael E. , Kantarjian Hagop , Albitar Maher 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Expression of a high level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) as a sole myeloid marker in acute leukemias that express typical lymphoblastic markers is unusual. Herein we report 5 cases of MPO+, otherwise typical acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) without the expression of other myeloid markers. In most cases, MPO positivity was detected in more than 20% of blasts by immunologic (flow cytometric) and enzymatic testing. The striking feature of most of these cases is a morphologic picture reminiscent of that seen in Burkitt-like B-cell ALL with basophilic cytoplasm and vacuoles but no expression of surface immunoglobulin. All cases responded to ALL therapy and should be distinguished from myeloid leukemia and from Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma.
Responses of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica to in situ simulated salinity increase
Authors: Ruíz Juan M. , Marín-Guirao Lazaro , Sandoval-Gil Jose M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The dominant Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica inhabits sublittoral environments with very stable salinity regimes; the species is considered highly sensitive to even moderate increases in salinity caused by hypersaline effluents (brine) from desalination plants. We analysed the effect of salinity increase on seagrass vitality and survival by means of an in situ mesocosm experiment. To this end, we used the brine (70–75 psu) produced by a pilot desalination plant, which was diluted with seawater to obtain brine solutions of 1 psu (high salinity increase, HS) and 2.5 psu (very high salinity increase, VS) over the mean natural salinity (37.5±0.16 psu) and then interspersed a set of experimental units in a nearby P. oceanica meadow. At the end of the experimental period (3 months), these treatments had produced differential effects on all seagrass descriptors, i.e., intense and significant in the VS experimental units and more modest (or even negligible) in the HS ones. Seagrass meadow declined through a significant decrease in shoot density in both HS (12.4±3.4%, mean±SE) and VS (18.5±3.05%, mean±SE) in comparison to control experimental units (<5%). Surviving shoots had reduced size and lower leaf growth rate than control plants, but more generally a reduction in the photosynthetic leaf surface caused by the increase in the proportion of necrotic leaf area (up to 60% in VS treatments). Non-structural carbohydrate (soluble and reserve) concentrations decreased in rhizomes, probably in relation to physiological osmoregulation processes. All these responses support the hypothesis that the threshold salinity tolerance of P. oceanica is very close to the upper limit of its natural salinity range (ca. 38 psu).
The lexical category debate in Salish and its relevance for Tagalog
Authors: Koch Karsten , Matthewson Lisa 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We review some morpho-syntactic contexts where, parallel to data in Tagalog, Salishan languages famously fail to distinguish the categories noun and verb. Nevertheless, we then show that Salish languages do distinguish noun from verb, both lexically and syntactically, and suggest how similar analyses might perhaps be applicable to Tagalog.
Stochasticity and controllability of nutrient sources in foraging: host‐feeding and egg resorption in parasitoids
Authors: Richard Romain , Casas Jéme 
Published: July 2009

The trade‐off between current and future reproduction has led many organisms experiencing stochastic reproductive opportunities to be flexible in their resource acquisition and allocation rules. Many parasitoid wasps display flexibility in choosing to host‐feed or oviposit on a host and possess an ovarian system enabling nutrient reallocation through egg resorption.The aim of this work is to assess the complementary adaptive values of host‐feeding and egg resorption as functions of host density in a synovigenic (maturing eggs throughout its adult life) parasitoid,Eupelmus vuilleti(Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), for which there is a uniquely large base of relevant knowledge. We developed a series of models of increasing complexity, starting from a simple analytical model without egg resorption and moving on to data‐rich stochastic dynamic programming models (SDP), without and with resorption.The analytical model enabled the characterization of two, long‐ and short‐term, foraging strategies which determine host usage. Oviposition is favored at low host densities (leading to the short‐term strategy), while host‐feeding is favored at high host densities (leading to the long‐term strategy). The change of strategy occurs abruptly at intermediate host densities. The SPD models not only confirmed these predictions, but also identified smaller regions of decisions driven by day/night cycles and approaching death and predicted major shifts in daily activity patterns according to the chosen strategy. The fitness gain due to resorption is highest at intermediate host densities, where females adopt the riskier but more profitable long‐term strategy. Such a result contrasts with the generally held view, which assumes highest gains at the lowest host densities. A counterintuitive result is the higher prevalence of host‐feeding associated with the ability to resorb eggs.Considering egg resorption as a last‐resort strategy is underestimating its adaptive value, which is best understood with reference to other sources of nutrients. Its deterministic and controllable nature acts as insurance to forage and oviposit at low host densities, despite irregular food availability and potential death through starvation. Thus timing, not so much overall energy gain, matters in egg resorption. The approach can be extended to other situations, and we highlight an unexpected analogy of our results with the hoarding behavior of vertebrates.
Detectable effect size and bioassay power of mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) adult reproductive tests
Authors: Melvin Steven D. , Munkittrick Kelly R. , Bosker Thus , MacLatchy Deborah L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough multiple reproductive tests have been developed in small-bodied fish to determine the effects of endocrine-disrupting substances, few direct comparisons have been made among the available tests. Side-by-side reproductive tests with mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and fathead minnow (FHM; Pimephales promelas) were conducted with 0, 3, 10, and 30% effluent from a bleached kraft pulp mill in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. Egg production was significantly increased in mummichog exposed to 3% combined mill effluent, but no difference was observed in FHM. No differences were found in whole-body testosterone or estradiol levels in mummichog, and whole-body 11-ketotestosterone levels in males were increased in 3% exposed fish compared to those in 10% effluent. Male FHM exposed to 30% effluent had increased whole-body testosterone levels, and female FHM in 30% effluent had decreased testosterone. No differences in estradiol or 11-ketotestosterone were observed in FHM. Relatively limited response occurred in other endpoints. A comparison of the results of the present study to other published studies suggests that current reproductive bioassays are only sensitive for detecting magnitudes of change of greater than 50% and that differences exist in the sensitivities of fish. Future research should address methods of reducing variability within test populations and focus on understanding the comparative responses among species commonly used for endocrine-disrupting substance testing.
Agrichemicals in nebraska, USA, watersheds: Occurrence and endocrine effects
Authors: Sellin Marlo K. , Snow Daniel D. , Schwarz Matthew , Carter Barbara J. , Kolok Alan S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to determine the occurrence and endocrine effects of agrichemicals in four Nebraska, USA, watersheds—the Elkhorn, Platte, Niobrara, and Dismal rivers. Land use in the Elkhorn River and Platte River watersheds is characterized by intense agriculture, including row crop and beef cattle production. In contrast, land within the Niobrara River and Dismal River watersheds consists primarily of grasslands. Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) and caged fathead minnows were deployed at a site within each watershed for 7 d. The POCIS were analyzed for pesticides and hormones, while the caged minnows were analyzed for the expression of estrogen- and androgen-responsive genes. Amounts of pesticides recovered in POCIS extracts from the Elkhorn and Platte rivers were higher than those recovered from the Niobrara and Dismal rivers. Furthermore, female minnows deployed in the Elkhorn River experienced significant reductions in expression of two estrogen-responsive genes (vitellogenin and estrogen receptor α) relative to females deployed at the other sites, indicating alterations in endocrine function. However, the defeminization of these females could not be definitely linked to any of the agrichemicals detected in the POCIS recovered from the Elkhorn River.
Predictions of Two-Phase Critical-Flow Boundary and Mass-Flow Rate Across Chokes
Authors: Al-Safran E. M. , Kelkar M. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
The objective of this study is to develop and validate a theoretical slip model for two-phase flow through chokes. As opposed to the models (Sachdeva et al. 1986; Perkins 1993) used currently by the industry, the present model accounts for slippage between the liquid and gas phases as they pass through the choke. The theoretical basis of the model is a 1D balance equation of mass, momentum, and energy with the assumptions of constant quality and incompressible liquid phase. The present slip model is capable of predicting the critical-subcritical-flow boundary and the critical and subcritical mass-flow rates. A model-validation study demonstrated the capability of the slip models to predict the critical-flow boundary with an average error and standard deviation of 5.2% and 15.5%, respectively. Furthermore, in a laboratory validation, the present slip model predicted the mass-flow rate with an average error of 2.7% and 12.5% standard deviation. Compared with field data, the present slip model predicted the mass-flow rate with 1.4% average percent error and 15% standard deviation. Compared to existing no-slip models (Sachdeva et al. 1986; Perkins 1993) used commonly by the industry, the present slip-model predictions outperformed their predictions in the average percent error in both laboratory and field validation and in the standard deviation in the laboratory validation only. This validation result indicates the importance of the slippage phenomenon.
Acid Fracturing of Gas Wells by Use of an Acid Precursor in the Form of Solid Beads: Lessons Learned From First Field Application
Authors: Nasr-El-Din H. A. , Al-Zahrani A. A. , Garzon F. O. , Giraldo C. A. F. , Al-Hakami I. M. , Al-Marri H. M. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
Acid-fracturing treatments are used commonly to enhance the productivity of carbonate formations with low-permeability zones. Various forms of hydrochloric acid (HCl) are used to create deep etched fractures. However, regular HCl reacts very fast with limestone and high-temperature dolomite formations and, unless retarded, will produce a fracture with low conductivity. In addition, concentrated HCl-based acids are very corrosive to well tubulars, especially at high temperatures. To address problems associated with concentrated acids, various retarded acids were introduced. Organic acids were used also in some cases. These organic acid systems were used successfully to acid fracture several wells in a deep gas reservoir in Saudi Arabia. Field data, however, indicated that there is a need to create deeper and more-conductive fractures. To achieve this goal, it was decided to conduct a field trial with a newly developed acid system.
The new acid system is an ester of an organic acid in the form of solid beads. The ester reacts with water (hydrolyzes) at bottom-hole temperature and produces lactic acid, which reacts with carbonate minerals and etches the surface of the fracture. The system was examined thoroughly in the laboratory and showed promising results.
The treatment was conducted in the field without encountering operational problems. After successful placement of the solid beads in the fracture, the well was shut in for 24 hours to give ample time for the ester to hydrolyze and for the generated acid to react with the formation rock. The well was allowed to flow, and samples of the fluids produced were collected to understand chemical reactions that occurred during the treatment. The treatment has resulted in a slight increase in gas production, and no significant improvement was noted over a 9-month period. Consequently, the well was matrix acidized with 28 wt% HCl and responded positively to the treatment.
This paper will discuss major reactions that occurred during these treatments and how they impacted well response. Lessons learned and recommendations to improve the results of this new acid system will be given.
Local Update of Object-Based Geomodels
Authors: Georgsen F. , Syversveen A. R. , Hauge R. , Tollefsrud J. I. , Fismen M. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
The possibility of updating reservoir models with new well information is important for good reservoir management. The process of drilling a new well through to update of the static model and to history match the new model is often a time-consuming process. This paper presents new algorithms that allow the rapid updating of object-based facies models by further development of already existing models.
An existing facies realization is adjusted to match new well observations by changing objects locally or adding/removing objects if required. Parts of the realization that are not influenced by the new wells are not changed. A local update of a specified region of the reservoir can be performed, leaving the rest of the reservoir unchanged or with minimum change because of new wells.
In this method, the main focus is the algorithm implemented to fulfill well conditioning. The effect of this algorithm on different object models is presented through several case studies. These studies show how the local update consistently includes new information while leaving the rest of the realization unperturbed, thereby preserving the good history match.
Review of Practical Experience by Polymer Flooding at Daqing
Authors: Wang Dongmei , Dong Huanzhong , Lv Changsen , Fu Xiaofei , Nie Jun 
Published: July 2009

Summary
This paper describes successful practices applied during polymer flooding at Daqing that will be of considerable value to future chemical floods, both in China and elsewhere. On the basis of laboratory findings, new concepts have been developed that expand conventional ideas concerning favorable conditions for mobility improvement by polymer flooding. Particular advances integrate reservoir-engineering approaches and technology that is basic for successful application of polymer flooding. These include the following: (1) Proper consideration must be given to the permeability contrast among the oil zones and to interwell continuity involving the optimum combination of oil strata during flooding and well-pattern design, respectively; (2) Higher polymer molecular weights, a broader range of polymer molecular weights, and higher polymer concentrations are desirable in the injected slugs; (3) The entire polymer-flooding process should be characterized in five stages—with its dynamic behavior distinguished by water-cut changes; (4) Additional techniques should be considered, such as dynamic monitoring using well logging, well testing, and tracers; effective techniques are also needed for surface mixing, injection facilities, oil production, and produced-water treatment; and (5) Continuous innovation must be a priority during polymer flooding.
Mobility Control Design for Miscible-Type Waterfloods Using Micellar Solutions
Authors: Gogarty W.B. , Meabon H.P. , Milton H.W. 
Published: July 2009

Introduction
Oil recovery in any flooding operation depends on unit displacementefficiency and on the reservoir volume affected by the displacing fluid. Miscible fluids are used to increase the unit displacement efficiency. A higherpercentage of reservoir pore volume can be contacted if there is adequatemobility control during flooding.
With hydrocarbon displacement media such as dry gas, enriched gas, and LPGslug, viscosity determines the mobility control. Under secondary recoveryconditions, viscosity ratios generally are greater than one, and theunfavorable mobility condition leads to a poor conformance factor.
Both oil and water are displaced in a miscible waterflood. The flowing oiland water establish the mobility requirement for the displacing system. As weshall discuss later, the total mobility can be determined from relativepermeability curves. With tertiary flooding, transient test results can behelpful in selecting representative relative permeability curves. As will alsobe described, laboratory flooding procedures can be used to measure totalmobility directly.
In miscible waterflooding such as with the alcohol slug process, there canbe a loss of miscibility because of mixing. The lack of mobility control behindthe alcohol slug has not been studied extensively. A new recovery process isavailable that utilizes micellar solutions for miscible-type waterflooding. With this process, mobility control is possible over a wide range of reservoirvariables. The mobility control feature, along with effective unitdisplacement, insures a high over-all recovery of oil. Design criteria foradequate mobility control in the process are described in this paper.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/Glucagon Receptor Dual Agonism Reverses Obesity in Mice
Authors: Pocai Alessandro , Carrington Paul E. , Adams Jennifer R. , Wright Michael , Eiermann George , Zhu Lan , Du Xiaobing , Petrov Aleksandr , Lassman Michael E. , Jiang Guoqiang , Liu Franklin , Miller Corey , Tota Laurie M. , Zhou Gaochao , Zhang Xiaoping , Sountis Michael M. , Santoprete Alessia , Capito' Elena , Chicchi Gary G. , Thornberry Nancy , Bianchi Elisabetta , Pessi Antonello , Marsh Donald J. , SinhaRoy Ranabir 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R)/glucagon receptor (GCGR) dual agonist peptide that reduces body weight in obese subjects through increased energy expenditure and decreased energy intake. The metabolic effects of OXM have been attributed primarily to GLP1R agonism. We examined whether a long acting GLP1R/GCGR dual agonist peptide exerts metabolic effects in diet-induced obese mice that are distinct from those obtained with a GLP1R-selective agonist.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We developed a protease-resistant dual GLP1R/GCGR agonist, DualAG, and a corresponding GLP1R-selective agonist, GLPAG, matched for GLP1R agonist potency and pharmacokinetics. The metabolic effects of these two peptides with respect to weight loss, caloric reduction, glucose control, and lipid lowering, were compared upon chronic dosing in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Acute studies in DIO mice revealed metabolic pathways that were modulated independent of weight loss. Studies in Glp1r−/− and Gcgr−/− mice enabled delineation of the contribution of GLP1R versus GCGR activation to the pharmacology of DualAG.

RESULTS
Peptide DualAG exhibits superior weight loss, lipid-lowering activity, and antihyperglycemic efficacy comparable to GLPAG. Improvements in plasma metabolic parameters including insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were more pronounced upon chronic treatment with DualAG than with GLPAG. Dual receptor agonism also increased fatty acid oxidation and reduced hepatic steatosis in DIO mice. The antiobesity effects of DualAG require activation of both GLP1R and GCGR.

CONCLUSIONS
Sustained GLP1R/GCGR dual agonism reverses obesity in DIO mice and is a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of obesity.
Use of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for treatment of episodes of hypertonia and kyphosis in a young adult Scottish Terrier
Authors: Geiger Kelly M. , Klopp Lisa S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Case Description—A 2.5-year-old 12.4-kg (27.3-lb) castrated male Scottish Terrier was evaluated because of episodes of hypertonia and kyphosis for which a presumptive diagnosis of so-called Scottie cramp had been made when the dog was a puppy.
Clinical Findings—Findings of general physical, orthopedic, and neurologic examinations were within reference limits. Pelvic limb hypertonicity and kyphosis without signs of pain were induced with minimal exercise; ambulation returned to normal after a period of rest.
Treatment and Outcome—Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was administered orally at a dosage of 1.2 mg/kg (0.55 mg/lb) once daily for 1 month. After this period of treatment, clinical signs of the disease were greatly reduced; the dosage of fluoxetine was changed to 0.8 mg/kg (0.36 mg/lb) twice daily, and response to treatment continued.
Clinical Relevance—Administration of benzodiazepines, vitamin E, or phenothiazines has been recommended for treatment of episodes of hypertonicity, but often does not result in control of clinical signs. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of this disease is related to deficiencies in concentration or function of serotonin in the CNS; thus, a logical choice for treatment is administration of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. In the dog of this report, fluoxetine resulted in good control of clinical signs. The use of an effective medication (other than a controlled substance) that is administered once or twice daily, has minimal adverse effects on the patient's mental status, and is inexpensive may lead to better owner compliance and an improved quality of life for affected dogs.
Treatment of acute epistaxis secondary to guttural pouch mycosis with transarterial nitinol vascular occlusion plugs in three equids
Authors: Delfs Kira C. , Hawkins Jan F. , Hogan Daniel F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Case Description—2 horses and 1 pony were evaluated for right-sided (1 horse and the pony) and left-sided (1 horse) acute epistaxis of 1 day's to 1 month's duration.
Clinical Findings—Endoscopic examination of the 3 equids revealed that the hemorrhage originated from the right maxillary artery in 2 equids and from the left internal carotid artery in the third. Mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch) was detected in all 3 equids.
Treatment and Outcome—All 3 equids underwent surgery, and transarterial nitinol intravascular plugs were placed to occlude affected blood vessels. All equids survived for a long period (ie, a minimum of 1 to 2 years) and returned to their previous use. All had complete regression of clinical signs of guttural pouch mycosis without additional medical treatment.
Clinical Relevance—The use of transarterial nitinol intravascular plugs appeared to be an effective alternative to other techniques for the treatment of epistaxis secondary to guttural pouch mycosis, including transarterial occlusion devices such as embolization coils.
The Measurability of Complex-Valued Functional Sequences
Authors: Narita Keiko , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: July 2009

The Measurability of Complex-Valued Functional Sequences
In this article, we formalized the measurability of complex-valued functional sequences. First, we proved the measurability of the limits of real-valued functional sequences. Next, we defined complex-valued functional sequences dividing real part into imaginary part. Then using the former theorems, we proved the measurability of each part. Lastly, we proved the measurability of the limits of complex-valued functional sequences. We also showed several properties of complex-valued measurable functions. In addition, we proved properties of complex-valued simple functions.