bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faecal carriage ofClostridium perfringens
Authors: Stringer M. F. , Watson G. N. , Gilbert R. J. , Wallace J. G. , Hassall J. E. , Tanner E. I. , Webber P. P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe numbers and serotypes ofClostridium perfringenspresent in the faeces of three groups of hospital patients and young healthy laboratory workers were examined in studies lasting between 10 and 13 weeks.In one hospital some long-stay geriatric patients carried relatively high numbers ofC. perfringens(> 107/g) most of the time and it was not unusual in any one week for the majority of these patients to carry the same serotype(s). However, the numbers ofC. perfringensin the faeces of young long-stay patients in the same hospital were in the range of 103–104/g and carriage of common serotypes was not observed. These results were similar to the findings with the young laboratory workers.This investigation indicates that two of the laboratory criteria often used in the investigation ofC. perfringensfood poisoning, i.e. faecal counts of ≥ 105C. perfringens/g and patients carrying the same serological type need to be interpreted with caution with suspected outbreaks involving some groups of geriatric long-stay hospital patients.
Survival of Kanagawa-positive strains ofVibrio parahaemolyticusin a brackish-water area
Authors: Kumazawa N. H. , Kato E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYVibrio parahaemolyticuswas observed to overwinter in sediments and to be present in considerable numbers in sediments andClithon retropictus(gastropod mollusc) during summer months at a brackish-water area along Hashizu Creek in Japan. The highest level of the organisms was 97·3 × 106and 2·3 × 107/100 g in sediments andC. retropictusrespectively.Production of Kanagawa haemolysin was detected in approximately 12% and 20% of strains isolated from sediments andC. retropictusrespectively at two stations in Hashizu Creek but were not detected at the other three stations. Two haemolysin-producing strains were isolated from water samples but none were isolated fromCorbicula japonica(bivalve molluse). These findings suggest that haemolysin producers are preserved principally in sediments and some shellfish in the brackish-water areas with restricted salinity conditions.
A comparison of swab and maceration methods for bacterial sampling of pig carcasses
Authors: Morgan I. R. , Krautil F. , Craven J. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA swabbing technique was compared with an excision and maceration technique for bacteriological sampling of pig carcass skin surfaces. Total viable counts at 37 °C obtained by swabbing were 46% of those obtained by maceration. At 21 °C, swabbing gave total viable counts which were 54% of the counts obtained from excision samples.Escherichia colicounts showed wide variation with both sampling methods. Neither method was more efficient than the other in recoveringE. coli, although excision sampling gave generally higher counts. Both methods were equally effective at recovering salmonellac from carcass surfaces. There was no significant difference between the methods in recovering particularSalmonellaserotypes.
The estimation of age-related rates of infection from case notifications and serological data
Authors: Grenfell B. T. , Anderson R. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe paper describes a maximum-likelihood method for the estimation of age-related changes in theper capitarate of infection, from case notification records or serological data. The methods are applied to records of measles incidence in the UK and USA, for which the estimated rates of infection tend to rise to a maximum value at around 10 years of age and then to decline in the older age-classes. Longer-term and seasonal trends are analysed by reference to changes in the estimated average age at infection; a statistic derived from a knowledge of the age-specific rates of infection. Future data needs in the epidemiological study of directly transmitted viral and bacterial diseases are discussed with reference to the detection and interpretation of age-dependent rates of disease transmission.
Cross-reactions of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies with enterovirus-specific viral structural proteins
Authors: Reigel F. , Burkhardt F. , Schilt U. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYWe analysed the reactivity of enterovirus-specific human IgM and IgG antibodies with the structural proteins of different enteroviruses by the immunoblot technique. In general, all immunoglobulin G antibodies of the tested sera reacted with capsid polypeptide VP 1 of the viruses tested (echoviruses 9 and 11, coxsackievirus B3 and poliovirus 2). In contrast, enterovirus specific immunoglobulin M antibodies of adults reacted with capsid polypeptides VP 1, VP 2, and/or VP 3 of the viruses mentioned above. The reactions with VP 2 and/or VP 3 were often stronger than with VP 1. IgM antibodies from sera of newborns infected by echovirus 11 reacted with VP 1 and VP 2/3 of echovirus 11 and also with VP 2 and VP 3 of poliovirus 2. Preabsorption experiments indicate that cross-reactive IgG antibodies react with epitopes of VP 1 not present on the surface of intact virus particles. The results from the immunoblot technique were compared to data from microneutralization tests and M-antibody capture radioimmunoassays.
The nature of the toxic reaction of influenza virus towards lung tissue
Authors: Barker Sheila M. , Hoyle L. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe inoculation of large doses of unadapted influenza virus intranasally into mice results in the production of severe lung lesions. This toxic effect is a result of the entry of virus particles into the lung cells followed by uncoating of the virus ribonucleic acid.The toxic property of the virus is destroyed by procedures which destroy or niodify the nucleic acid such as exposure to monochromatic UV light of wavelength 2537 Å, or treatment with hydroxylamine or Bayer A139. Reagents acting on amino groups are particularly effective as they react with the nucleic acid and probably also interfere with penetration of virus into the cell.Toxicity is also destroyed by mercurials which probably prevent uncoating of the nucleic acid by union with disulphide bonds, and by oxidizing agents such as iodine, permanganate, osmic acid and hydrogen peroxide under conditions which suggest possible action on some constituent of the virus containing methionineThe toxic effect produced by the inoculation of large doses of unadapted virus intranasally in miceis associated with the occurrence of an incomplete growth cycle in which there is full production of RNP antigen but no production of haemagglutinin or infective virus.
Osmotic injury in rapidly thawed T4 bacteriophage
Authors: Steele P. R. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYOsmotic injury in frozen-thawed T4 phage was caused by the sudden and large fall in the electrolyte concentration of the unfrozen aqueous phase during rapid thawing of frozen samples. In accordance with the classical interpretation of osmotic shock it was found that DNA was quantitatively liberated from T4 phage inactivated by the osmotic injury of rapid thawing.The degree of inactivation of osmotically shocked T4 phage was temperature dependent, being much increased by lowering the temperature, but was independant of the pH of the suspending medium. The T4Bo osmotic shock-resistant phago was refractory to the osmotic injury of rapid thawing.
Protection of T4 bacteriophage against inactivation during freezing and thawing by addition of peptides
Authors: Steele P. R. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYPeptides of rabbit globin produced by tryptic digestion, were found to be highly protective against inactivation of freeze-thawed T4 phage. In concentrations of about 10−3 M the peptides protected the phage against inactivation by both concentrated NaBr in the unfrozen aqueous phase and the eutectic phase change.Fractionation of the poptides by G25 Sephadex showed that peptide concentration rather than peptide size was the more important factor in determining the degree of protection of the phage by electrolyte effects. In contrast, protection against eutectic injury was strongly dependent on peptide size.Possible mechanisms of action of the protective peptides are discussed.
Antibody responses and resistance to challenge in volunteers vaccinated with live attenuated, detergent split and oil adjuvant A2/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) influenza vaccines A report to the Medical Research Council Committee on Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Vaccines
Authors: Freestone D. S. , Hamilton-Smith Stephanie , Schild G. C. , Buckland Rosemary , Chinn Susan , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYForty-nine subjects were vaccinated with either live attenuated, detergent split, or oil adjuvant A2/Hong Kong influenza vaccines, or a saline influenza B vaccine as control. Respiratory symptoms occurred more frequently in subjects who received the live vaccine but in total there was little difference between the symptoms in the four groups. Antibody titres hi nasal washings and serum were measured by haemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition and virus neutralization tests. The oil adjuvant vaccine stimulated larger antibody responses than the other procedures. Six weeks after vaccination the volunteers were challenged with partially attenuated live A2/Hong Kong influenza virus administered intranasally. The live attenuated and oil adjuvant vaccines provided the best protection against challenge.
Prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies according to age with comments on the risk of prenatal infection
Authors: van der Veen J. , Polak M. F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSera from 1661 persons in 12 age groups from 0 to 79 years were titrated for toxoplasma antibodies in the indirect immunofluorescence test. The sera were collected from patients with symptoms suggestive of acute, mainly respiratory, viral infections. After the first year of life, the prevalence of antibodies started to rise, reaching 59% between 40 and 79 years of age. From the prevalence of antibodies in different age groups the annual infection risk, i. e. the risk of a non-immune person acquiring toxoplasma infection, was estimated for successive age periods. The estimated annual infection risk increased from 0·5% in early childhood to 3% during adolescence and early adult life.Approximately 70–80% of females entered the age of reproduction without evidence of seroimmunity to toxoplasma. The risk of primary infection during pregnancy was estimated from the age distribution of parturient women in The Netherlands in 1975 and the age-specific incidence of primary infections, i.e. the incidence in the total population of susceptible and immune persons. This incidence of primary infection decreased from 1·62% per 9 months at the age of 17½–20 years to 0·37% at the age of 35–45 years. The incidence of primary infections in pregnant women was estimated to be 1·25%.
The demonstration of cell-free malignant catarrhal fever herpesvirus in wildebeest nasal secretions
Authors: Mushi E. Z. , Rossiter P. B. , Karstad L. , Jessett D. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYMalignant catarrhal fever (MCF) herpesvirus was isolated from the nasal secretions of 4/11 young wildebeest calves. In two cases virus was demonstrated in filtered secretions. The presence of cell-free MCF virus would suggest that the virus can be transferred from wildebeest to wildebeest and into cattle in nasal secretions.
An outbreak of post-operative sepsis due to a staphylococcal disperser
Authors: Tanner Elizabeth I. , Bullin Judith , Bullin C. H. , Gamble D. R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA staphylococcal disperser employed as a theatre technician appeared to have been the source of 11 cases of wound sepsis over a period of about 3 years. He was primarily a nasal carrier and after attempts to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus from his nose failed, his skin dispersal was controlled by daily washing with 4% chlorhexidine detergent (‘Hibiscrub’) and he was allowed to resume his theatre duties under careful bacteriological surveillance. Over the following 2 years 173 dispersal tests showed a mean dispersal of 1·7 c.f.u. per 2800 I air compared with a mean of 152 c.f.u. per 2800 I air in the month immediately preceding treatment and 55 c.f.u. per 2800 I in the period after cessation of treatment. One case of wound sepsis was attributed to the technician during the 2 years in which he received skin disinfection treatment.
Laboratory evaluation of scilliroside used as a rodenticide against the lesser bandicoot rat,Bandicota bengalensis
Authors: Brooks Joe E. , Htun Pe Than 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe toxicity and efficacy of the acute rodenticide scilliroside was evaluated in the laboratory against the lesser bandicoot rat,Bandicota bengalensis. The acute oral LD50 and LD 95 doses for males were 0·8 mg/kg and 2·5 mg/kg respectively, and for females were 0·5 mg/kg and 1·6 mg/kg, respectively. When caged bandicoots were given a choice between plain and poison baits, the optimum concentration of scilliroside was found to be 0·05%. Symptoms of poisoning appear from 22 to 34 min after feeding starts and the latency pattern indicated an abrupt ceasing to feed at these points. Death occurred from 2 h to as long as 6 days after poisoning, following prolonged convulsive seizures. There appears to be aversion to scilliroside at all concentrations in food baits. Maximum mortality attained on free-choice feeding on scilliroside was 90%. Despite these disadvantages, the material may have merit as an alternative rodenticide to zinc phosphide where acute toxicants are to be used.
A survey of virus infections of the respiratory tract of cattle and their association with disease
Authors: Stott E. J. , Thomas L. H. , Collins A. P. , Crouch S. , Jebbett J. , Smith G. S. , Luther P. D. , Caswell R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA total of 1590 calves were investigated between May 1972 and December 1975. Twenty-two per cent were treated for respiratory disease and 2·5% died of pneumonia. Almost 80% of the respiratory illness occurred in six sharp outbreaks. Samples for virology were collected routinely from 127 healthy calves and from 354 calves treated for respiratory signs and comprised 1143 nasopharyngeal swabs and 1069 sera. Virus infections were detected on 540 occasions including 135 by parainfluenzavirus type 3 (Pi-3), 78 by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 103 by rhinovirus, 49 by bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), 29 by adenoviruses, 53 by reoviruses and 88 by enteroviruses. The seasonal and age distribution of infections differed between viruses. Only infections by RSV, Pi-3 and BVDV were significantly associated with disease.
Plasmid studies ofSalmonella typhimuriumphage type 179 resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulphonamides and trimethoprim
Authors: Anderson D. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSixteen strains ofSalmonella typhimuriumphage type 179 were referred to the National Health Institute, Wellington, New Zealand, from 1977 to 1979. This phage type had not been observed here before 1977. All strains were resistant to ampicillin, several were also resistant to tetracycline, and several were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulphafurazele and trimethoprim. All resistances could be transferred toEscherichia coliK 12. Plasmids from these strains and their transconjugants were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis. It appears that resistance to sulphafurazole and trimethoprim is carried on a plasmid with a molecular weight of 5·2 Mdal and that resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline is carried on a plasmid with a molecular weight of approximately 60 Mdal.
The role of lysogeny in the modification of phage typing patterns ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from dairy cows
Authors: Frost A. J. , Bradshaw Elizabeth 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYStrains ofStaphylococcus aureuswere isolated at a single sampling from cows in a dairy herd. When typed by phage most showed a complex pattern of lysis with group III and IV phages. Cross-spotting of strains showed great lytic activity and ten phages were isolated. The parent strains were lysogenized with these phages and the effect on the phage typing pattern of 202 daughter strains from 25 parent cultures was studied. Phage action was often blocked completely, with up to four being blocked on the one strain. Those most frequently blocked were phage 101, 117, 307 and 42D.
Epidemiology of mumps in the Netherlands
Authors: Wagenvoort J. H. T. , Harmsen M. , Boutahar-Trouw Barry J. Khader , Kraaijeveld C. A. , Winkler K. C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn a Dutch population group neutralizing antibodies against mumps virus were determined by a plaque reduction technique, which proved reproducible, sensitive and specific. The results with sera of about 800 suburban children show that mumps is acquired at an early age with peak acquisition rates between the ages of four and six years. Over 90% have acquired mumps before the age of 14 years. More than 95% of about 1000 adults (18–05 years) have neutralizing antibodies. The relatively constant median titre suggests that antibodies persist during life.During a family study 77 clinical and 18 subclinical cases were observed. In families with index cases the attack rate was 26/37 = 0·71. Eleven children (excluding six babies) esćaped infection. The mean attack rate during the epidemic was 0·30. The mean titre of mumps neutralizing antibody is maximal during the first year after the disease but declines during childhood. Mothers exposed to mumps in the family occasionally showed a significant rise in titre. Some seronegative mothers remained seronegative after exposure.
Investigation into an outbreak of food poisoning
Authors: Hayden B. J. , Bettleheim K. A. , Wilson M. W. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYDuring an outbreak of food poisoning at a church camp, 16 of the 25 people attending were affected. Despite a thorough search for a bacterial pathogen none was identified. An examination of theEscherichia coliserotypes present suggest thatE. coli0159.H9 may have been the organism causing the outbreak.
Fetal infection resulting from maternal rubella after the first trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Cradock-Watson J. E. , Ridehalgh Margaret K. S. , Anderson Mary J. , Pattison J. R. , Kangro H. O. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYWe have tried to measure the incidence of prenatal infection in 304 infants whose mothers had had rubella at various times after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Two methods of assessment were used: first, serum obtained soon after birth was tested for specific IgM antibody; secondly, serum obtained after the age of eight months was tested for specific IgG. When maternal rubella occurred 12–16 weeks after the last menstrual period specific IgM antibody was detected in 28 out of 50 infants (56%). The proportion fell progressively to 12% after maternal rubella at 24–28 weeks, rose to 19% after rubella at 28–36 weeks and then to 58% when the illness occurred during the last month of pregnancy. In all, IgM antibody was detected in 77 out of 260 infants (29%). The fetus can thus be infected at any time during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, but the risk varies at different stages.The figures for the prevalence of IgG antibody were greater throughout, because some infants had IgG who had previously lacked specific IgM. After maternal rubella at 12–16 weeks IgG antibody persisted in 22 out of 31 infants (71%). The proportion fell to 28% after rubella at 24–28 weeks and then increased progressively to 94% after rubella during the last month. In all, IgG antibody persisted in 94 out of 190 infants (49%). The true rate of fetal infection probably lies between the rates estimated from the presence of IgM antibody and the subsequent prevalence of IgG.Infants whose mothers had rubella at any time during pregnancy should be examined regularly for possible evidence of damage.
Anthrax. William Smith Greenfield, M.D., F.R.C.P., Professor Superintendent, The Brown Animal Sanatory Institution (1878–81) Concerning the priority due to him for the production of the first vaccine against anthrax
Authors: Tigertt W. D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that W. S. Greenfield, working at the Brown Animal Sanatory Institution in London, prepared an effective vaccine against anthrax and described his results some months before the experiment of Pasteur at Pouilly-le-fort. Partly through lack of financial support and partly due to opposition by the antivivisectionists, Greenfield was forced to confine his experiments to a small number of animals, but his results were nevertheless conclusive. He showed that by continuous subculture in a fluid medium that the anthrax bacillus progressively lost its virulence, until it was harmless even to the most susceptible animal, the mouse. The injection of suitably attenuated organisms into cattle rendered them immune to the subsequent injection of virulent anthrax bacilli. Greenfield's work has been overlooked or neglected, and he has never received the credit due him. It is only fitting that his work should be acknowledged in the centenary of the year in which it was described. The following account is composed primarily of quotations from his published papers. For additional information on Greenfield, reference may be made to the scries of papers by Wilson (1979a, b). It may be pointed out that the method of attenuating the virulence of bacilli recorded by Pasteur in relation to the bacillus of fowl cholera was, like that of anthrax vaccine, anticipated by Greenfield.
Laboratory evaluation of anticoagulant-treated baits for control of the northern palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti Wroughton
Authors: Mathur R. P. , Prakash I. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIndividually caged northern palm squirrels, Funambulus pennanti, were fed with bait containing 0·025% warfarin or fumarin, 0·0075% chlorophacinone or 0·005% brodifacoum for a fixed number of days varying from 1 to 14. Brodifacoum (WBA 8119) was found most toxic since 66% and 70% of the animals died after one and two days' feeding respectively. Chlorophacinone killed 70% of the squirrels after three days' feeding. Squirrels were relatively tolerant to warfarin and fumarin since the mortality after a period of 14 days' feeding was only 58% and 75% respectively.
Speciation, serotyping, antimicrobial sensitivity and plasmid content of Proteeae from the environment of calf-rearing units in South West England
Authors: Hawkey P. M. , Penner J. L. , Linton A. H. , Hawkey C. A. , Crisp L. J. , Hinton M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA survey was undertaken of the occurrence, serotype, antimicrobial sensitivity and plasmid content of members of the tribe Proteeae in the environment of two calf-rearing units in the county of Avon in South West England. Examples of the following species were found:Proteus mirabilis, Prot. vulgaris, Prot. vulgarisBiogroup 2,Morganella morganii, Providencia stuartii, Prov. alcalifaciensandProv. rettgeri. A wide range of sero types was found, many having been previously reported from nosocomial isolates. A total of 15% of isolates carried plasmids; six pairs of isolates were identified which had identical sero typesbut different patterns of plasmid carriage. The antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolates was generally similar to isolates of Proteeae from humans. Although no truly aminoglycosideresistantisolates were found, some isolates ofProv. stuartiiandProv. rettgerihad MIC's higher than the other isolates to gentamicin and netilmicin, suggesting the presence of lowlevels of the enzyme AAC 2′. The study demonstrates that there is a considerable diversityof species and types of Proteeae associated with calves and their environment. It seems likely that a potential cause of colonization of the human gut by Proteeae is the consumption of meat.