bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communication in Geology
Authors: Craig G. Y. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Many geological papers are too long and are poorly written. The production of geological information seems to be doubling every ten to fifteen years and has far outstripped its consumption. To improve the situation refereeing must be firmer and papers shorter and clearer. In the near future Editorial Boards will have to decide whether a paper should be retained in typescript form, or what parts should be published in a journal, photographed on microfilm-card or stored in a data bank. The decision on the best way in which the information should be presented may be based on an estimate of the number of serious readers and the financial costs involved. Some of the money at present spent on geological research should be devoted to ensuring that the results are more effectively communicated.
Torridonian alluvium and quicksands
Authors: Selley R. C. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
This paper provides new data on Torridonian alluvium on Raasay, confirming its braided origin and refining its environmental interpretation. Fining-upwards cycles appear to be absent. This may be an important criterion in distinguishing deposits of braided rivers from those due to meandering rivers. A quantitative study reveals a close correlation between grain size and sedimentary structures. With decreasing grain size, the sedimentary structures are broadly arranged in the following order: trough cross-bedding, planar cross-bedding, flat bedding, massive bedding, micro-cross-lamination, lamination.
Two types of siltstone sequences are distinguished. The more common type lies between two erosional surfaces and is attributed to deposition in abandoned channels. Its thickness suggests that streams seldom attained a depth of more than one metre in this environment. The second type is attributable to overbank deposition, having an erosional top and a transitional base.
Finally, the origin of the ubiquitous Torridonian quicksand structures is considered in the light of experimental work. Previous writers have put forward three possible triggering mechanisms for these bedding disturbances, viz.: springs, earthquakes and current turbulence. Simulation of all three processes produced quicksands in the laboratory but the weight of evidence suggests current turbulence to be the most probable triggering mechanism.
The ultrabasic/basic igneous rocks of the Huntly region
Authors: Weedon D. S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Detailed examination of the ultrabasic/basic igneous rocks at the southern end of the Huntly mass has indicated that an unbroken layered sequence from the picrite and troctolite, through olivine-gabbro into norite does not exist.
A major break occurs between the more ultrabasic rock types and the ‘norites’, shown by contrasting olivine and plagioclase compositions, measured and normative, and the sharp breaks in various cation ratios of the major elements. This is emphasised by the distribution of various trace elements, which also give some indication of the possibility of a further break within the layered sequence itself.
In the light of this evidence, the Huntly mass should no longer be considered as part of a large ‘Bushveld type’ layered sheet and this may justify a re-appraisal of the other basic igneous masses of NE. Scotland which may well have been emplaced at differing structural levels and at different times.
The Morven-Cabrach basic intrusion
Authors: Allan W. C. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The rocks of the southern half of the Morven-Cabrach mass consist mainly of norites, with two northerly dipping layers of ore- and olivine-rich ferrogabbro. In the north there is a progression of rocks from hypersthene-gabbro through quartz-biotite-norite to xenolithic quartz-mica-diorite. All the rocks are relatively iron-rich, and no highly magnesian types are found. Mineral compositions are remarkably constant, and chemical variation is slight. The mass has been intruded in its present position and is a (relatively) narrow, steep-sided, dyke-like body.
A tentative hypothesis, based largely on the dimensions of the mass and the high temperatures of the country rocks, is put forward for the lack of cryptic variation. The relationships between the Morven-Cabrach mass and the postulated north-east basic sheet are considered, and a feeder-pipe role is suggested for Morven-Cabrach.
The role of partial fusion in the genesis of certain cordierite-bearing rocks
Authors: Gribble C. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Cordierite-bearing xenolithic rocks, including quartz-cordierite-norites, which occur in association with basic igneous rocks in many parts of north-east Scotland, represent Dalradian country rocks which have undergone partial melting at the time of intrusion of the basic magma.
The structural and metamorphic state of the Dalradian rocks and their bearing on the age of emplacement of the basic sheet
Authors: Fettes D. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A third generation cleavage in the Macduff Slates is shown to post-date the Insch basic intrusion. The effects of the third generation movements on the basic sheet are discussed. Evidence based on the distribution of metamorphic porphyroblasts and textures shows that the basic sheet was intruded during the main metamorphic crystallisation of the area.
Gneiss types and their significance in the repeatedly deformed and metamorphosed Lewisian Complex of Western Harris, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Myers J. S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The main gneiss types of Western Harris are described and grouped according to the forms and associations of rock units seen on the scale of an outcrop. Although they were subsequently modified during Laxfordian episodes, they chiefly reflect an earlier history from which few minerals or fold structures survive. Criteria by which the gneiss types can be recognised are described and the significance of the gneisses in relation to the early history of the complex is discussed. Most of the region described consists of quartzo-feldspathic gneisses but some patches of rocks with distinctive mineral assemblages appear to represent metasedimentary remnants; the significance of these is discussed together with that of the Langavat belt of metasediments.
The identity of the Lickar Limestone of north Northumberland and its underlying coals
Authors: Farmer N. , Jones J. M. , Murchison D. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Four shallow boreholes drilled in the Upper Limestone Group of Northumberland with a motorised hand-held rig indicate that the correlation of the Lickar Limestone of Lickar with the Lickar Limestone of Howick 20 miles to the south is incorrect. There is no stratigraphical, lithological or faunal evidence to support the present correlation, which requires either excessive northward thinning of the strata or the presence of an unconformity for which there is no field or borehole evidence. Correlation of the Lickar Limestone of Lickar with the Cushat (Little) Limestone removes these difficulties. It is proposed to rename the Lickar Limestone of Howick, the Howick Limestone.
An apparent age for a member of the Scourie dyke suite in Lewis, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Lambert R. St J. , Myers J. S. , Watson J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Cleitichean Beag intrusion of central Lewis, assigned by Dearnley to the suite of pre-Laxfordian minor basic intrusions in the Lewisian of the Outer Hebrides, has yielded whole-rock K–Ar ages giving an average value of 2440±60 m.y. This body has not suffered obvious deformation or metamorphism and lies in an area where effects of Laxfordian regeneration are relatively slight; there is no evidence to suggest that excess argon is present. The date obtained is taken to be close to the original time of intrusion.
Significance of calc-silicate rocks and meta-arkose in the Lewisian complex south-east of Scourie
Authors: Barooah B. C. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Lenses of calc-silicate rock and bands of meta-arkose occur among banded pyroxene- and hornblende-granulites south-east of Scourie, Sutherland, Scotland. This rock association, together with the chemical composition of the granulites and their deformational history, suggest that the granulites represent a lava pile intercalated with siliceous and calcareous sediments.
Deformational and metamorphic history of Moinian and Lewisian rocks between Strathconon and Glen Affric
Authors: Tobisch O. T. , Fleuty M. J. , Merh S. S. , Mukhopadhyay D. , Ramsay J. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Seven distinct sets of fold structures have been recognised within 450 square kilometres of Moinian and Lewisian rocks. The earliest structures are only locally preserved, and are deformed by major folds which originally had approximately NE.–SW. axial traces and very variable axial directions. The formation of these folds was associated with high-grade Barrovian metamorphism and with the development of major slides. A pair of large N.–S. folds subsequently deformed this major fold pattern, apparently under conditions of fairly low metamorphic grade.
High-grade metamorphism persisted or was re-established in part of the region during the formation of later structures oblique to the dominant regional trend. Subsequently a widespread set of folds whose style and orientation vary with varying metamorphic grade was superposed. In the area of higher grade these have approximately NE.–SW. axial traces, but their attitude in rocks of lower grade is more variable. Formation of another locally-developed set intervened between this widespread folding and the development of the last structures, which are mainly small NE.–SW. folds formed under low-grade conditions. Possible correlations with events in other parts of the Northern Highlands are discussed.
Drift stratigraphy and buried morphology beneath the Forth at Rosyth
Authors: Sissons J. B. , Rhind D. W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
During work under contract to the Institute of Geological Sciences, over 500 old bore records have become available for a small area at Rosyth, the majority relating to the area below low water mark. They show that till and patchy fluvioglacial deposits are covered by fine late-glacial marine sediments whose maximal recorded thickness exceeds 60 m. In the western parts of the area a glacial readvance or halt stage is indicated particularly by ‘boulder clay’ inter-bedded with the late-glacial marine sediments. Sea-level when glacier ice last extended into the Rosyth area was about 35 m above present. Later in late-glacial times the sea fell below its present level and marine sediments deposited earlier were extensively planated, the coarser (ice-rafted) constituents of these sediments and the coarser constituents of the interbedded ‘boulder clay’ (where present) being left as a layer of stones and boulders sloping gently seawards. This coarse stratum now lies beneath a layer of silt and shells. The drift sequence in the Rosyth area can be correlated with that at Bo’ness and Grangemouth, enabling the gradient of the shoreline limiting the main period of late-glacial marine erosion to be provisionally calculated as between 0.20 and 0.25 m/km.
The Loch na Creitheach volcanic vent, Isle of Skye
Authors: Jassim S. Z. , Gass I. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
In time and space the Loch na Creitheach vent is intermediate between the Cuillin gabbro and the Red Hills granite, being bounded to the south and west by gabbro and to the north and east by younger granites of the Red Hills. Within the vent a sequence of 450 m consists of pyroclastic debris ‘interbedded’ with large, concordant slabs of gabbro. Field evidence indicates that the pyroclastic debris, which ranges from agglomerate to fine-grained, well-bedded tuff, was deposited in a sub-aerial environment. Petrographic, mineralogical and chemical data indicate that the gabbro slabs were originally part of the Cuillin mass. It is suggested that the gabbro slabs were detached from the walls of the volcanic vent by a process involving rock fluidisation by gas-streaming. Once detached the slabs collapsed into the volcanic depression, a process that was repeated at least ten times.
Comparative grain-boundary studies of some basic and ultrabasic granulites, nodules and cumulates
Authors: Vernon R. H. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Average interfacial angles and their standard deviations for single-phase aggregates involving calcic plagioclase and clinopyroxene in basic Lewisian granulites occurring near Scourie, Sutherland, are similar to those in granulites occurring near Broken Hill, Australia. However, the Scourie rocks suggest that the relative proportions and/or grain-size of phases present may affect interfacial angles in two-phase aggregates. The micro-structures indicate that the Scourie granulites have undergone extensive grain adjustment in the solid state, no evidence of residual igneous micro-structures having been observed. The compositions of olivine and orthopyroxene in ultramafic granulites can be reconciled with this suggestion.
Olivine aggregates in some ultramafic nodules enclosed in basaltic rocks and olivine and plagioclase aggregates in some layered adcumulates have interfacial angles similar to those of granulites and have polygonal grains with curved boundaries. Available evidence suggests that adcumulates have undergone at least some adjustment of grain shapes in the solid state.
Magnetised rocks within the Lewisian of Western Scotland and under the Southern Uplands
Authors: Powell D. W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
An extensive aeromagnetic anomaly over part of the Southern Uplands is considered to be part of a more regional pattern, showing some connection with Lower Palaeozoic structure but arising from magnetic rocks within the underlying Precambrian. The depth to this basement estimated from its apparent magnetic relationship to the Fleet granite is consistent with one based upon a comparison with an anomaly over Islay due to magnetised Lewisian rocks. The anomaly pattern over the Lewisian in Sutherland is explained in terms of blocks of pyroxene granulite within less strongly magnetised gneisses. West from Islay a different pattern is due to some combination of effects from magnetisation contrasts within the Lewisian and structural relief of its surface. These may not be independent of each other.
Observations on Lewisian Chronology
Authors: Park R. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Evidence relating to the chronology of the Lewisian is reviewed in five categories in the light of recent differing interpretations.

(1)
Metamorphic and migmatitic episodes
—the restriction of the term
Scourian
to a time period is urged. ‘
Badcallian’
is proposed for the early Scourian (c. 2600 m.y.) episode,
Inverian
being well established as the late Scourian (c. 2200 m.y.) episode. The sub-division of the Laxfordian (? 1800–1400 m.y.) is discussed—the younger dates (
c
. 1100 m.y.) may refer to a younger orogeny.

(2)
Scourie dyke suite
—although four tectonically separable suites have been proposed, the evidence is consistent with a single suite.

(3)
Structural episodes and sequences
—unjustified correlation has led to over-elaborate structural chronology.

(4)
Gairloch–Loch Maree sediments
—evidence points to a post-Badcallian pre-Inverian age but the existence of large areas of gneisses of this age is doubted.

(5)
Other basic and ultrabasic intrusions
—chronological implications are discussed.

Finally it is argued that since the major tectonic re-orientation of the Lewisian seems to have occurred in the
Inverian
, there is a case for placing an orogenic break
within
the Scourian.
Chemical variability in some Moine rocks of Lochailort, Inverness-shire
Authors: Steveson B. G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The chemical variability of some Moine metasedimentary rocks in Inverness-shire is examined, in an area near Lochailort where one pelitic band crops out in two different metamorphic zones. It is found that the high and low grade pelites have a similar composition and that possible within-outcrop variability is obscured by a variance due to the methods of analysis.
Petrography and correlation of sandstones in the New Red Sandstone (Permo-Triassic) of Arran
Authors: Lovell J. P. B. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Petrographic data on the lithic sandstones in the New Red Sandstone of Arran are presented. Fibrous chert (agate) appears to be confined to a belt of outcrop running across the island from east to west. It is suggested that the base of the agate-bearing rocks may represent the nearest approach to a time plane in a succession in which correlation is otherwise both broad and uncertain.
A preliminary seismic survey adjacent to the Rashiehill borehole near Slamannan, Stirlingshire
Authors: Hall Jeremy 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A brief seismic reflection survey, adjacent to the site of the Rashiehill borehole, Slamannan, indicates a thickness of 1,550 ft (470 m) of Lower Carboniferous lavas which rapidly thin eastwards, as, to a lesser extent, do the overlying sediments.
A model for the Lower Palaeozoic evolution of the southern margin of the early Caledonides of Scotland and Ireland
Authors: Dewey J. F. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Consideration of the stratigraphical and structural development of the relationship between the early and late Caledonides lends some support to the view that the early Caledonides of Scotland and Ireland lay on a leading plate edge above a northward-dipping descending plate. An early Ordovician trench just north of the Longford/Down Massif and Southern Uplands was the probable site of consumption of an oceanic plate which carried Ordovician/Silurian spilite-argillite-chert-turbidite sequences. The Highland Zone of high temperature metamorphism and gabbroic and granitic intrusion probably lay above a zone of calc-alkaline magma ascent, generated by partial fusion of the crust of a descending plate at depths over 100 km. During Ordovician and early Silurian times the Midland Valley was a southward, oceanward, thickening sedimentary wedge built on deformed Dalradian terrain in the north and on upthrust wedges of early Ordovician oceanic crust and mantle (Ballantrae Complex) in the south. At this time flysch wedges were built out southwards into the ocean and, beginning in late Upper Llandovery times, were progressively deformed to produce a growing land area (Cockburnland). By early Devonian times the sediments of the oceanic region were strongly deformed, forming the lands of the late Caledonides, and the Midland Valley was a graben receiving high rank metamorphic detritus from the Highlands and low rank metamorphic detritus from the Southern Uplands. Ophiolite complexes throughout the Appalachian/Caledonian Orogen are dominantly of early Ordovician age. By analogy with Tethyan ophiolite complexes and the processes involved in the genesis of marginal basins behind, and within, island arc complexes, the Appalachian/Caledonian ophiolites are considered to have originated by sea-floor spreading behind and within Ordovician island-arc complexes.
The earliest Caledonian structures in the Moine thrust belt
Authors: Soper N. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Evidence is presented which indicates that the earliest Caledonian structures in the Moine thrust belt at Loch Eriboll (a) post-date the Arenig and (b) antedate a suite of minor intrusions which, it is suggested, are associated with the Carn Chuinneag complex (530 ± 10 m.y.). Mylonitization of both basement and cover rocks took place at this stage, a result of major tectonic transport to the north-west.
The Late Laxfordian granite-migmatite complex of western Harris, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Myers J. S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Late Laxfordian history of Harris and south-western Lewis is described, on the basis of a primary field survey. The principal event recorded is the development of a complex of granite bodies and migmatites in an older gneiss complex. This migmatite complex has the form of a broad crescentic dome, elongated north-south, of which only the upper portion is exposed. It is younger than most of the fold structures of the region and appears to have developed by the irregular intrusion of potash-rich granite accompanied by local homogenization and granitization of the banded gneisses. The complex is fringed by distinct sheets of granite which are orientated sub-parallel to its roof. The episode of granite intrusion and migmatization was followed by the intrusion of potash-rich pegmatite veins into sub-vertical, east-west trending fissures. The granite-migmatites appear to be similar to the more extensive Svecofennid migmatite complexes of southern Finland. They are late-kinematic in the nomenclature of Eskola (1932) and thus differ from the better known Caledonian granites of Scotland which are chiefly syn-kinematic and post-kinematic.
Periglacial phenomena on the Island of Rhum in the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Ryder R. H. , McCann S. B. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The mountain areas of Rhum, developed in Tertiary volcanic rocks, exhibit various landforms and deposits of periglacial origin, the most important of which were formed by cold climate geomorphological processes during the later stages of the Late-glacial period. Blockfields were developed in the west, in well jointed granophyre; in the east there are frost shattered tors, an altiplanation terrace, and huge screes were initiated below all the steeper higher peaks. Contemporary processes continue to produce screes and induce solifluction and the development of small scale patterned ground.
Relationship between metamorphism and migmatization in the northern part of the Moine Nappe
Authors: Soper N. J. , Brown P. E. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
It is shown that in northern Scotland there is a regional decrease in metamorphic grade westwards from the migmatites of central Sutherland towards the Moine thrust belt. Regional structural and microfabric evidence demonstrate that migmatization was coeval with the climax of regional metamorphism. The migmatites have a sheet-like form and overlie unmigmatized rocks. Thermal surfaces in the unmigmatized rocks are geometrically related to the base of the migmatite sheet and are inverted. It is concluded that the heat source immediately responsible for the thermal structure lay in the migmatites themselves.
Terminal features of the Creran Glacier of Loch Lomond Readvance age in western Benderloch, Argyll, and their significance in the late-glacial history of the Loch Linnhe area
Authors: Peacock J. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
From a reinterpretation of drift deposits it is inferred that the glacier of Loch Lomond Readvance age which extended along Loch Creran crossed part of western Benderloch. Outwash deposits formerly believed to have been laid down pro-glacially at the greatest extent of the readvance ice are now thought to lie within the area covered by such ice. Following the readvance, the terminal part of the glacier stagnated while ice further back supplied material for deposition as outwash. A similar history can be inferred for other contemporary glaciers in the area, and is thought to be due to the occurrence of a restriction to glacier flow a short distance behind the maximum position reached by the readvance ice.