bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current treatment practices of venous thromboembolism in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units
Authors: Hanson Sheila J. , Lawson Karla A. , Brown Ann‐Marie , Christie LeeAnn M. , McArthur Jennifer A. , Totapally Balagangadhar , Higgerson Renee A. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryObjective:  To describe current treatment practices of VTE in patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and compare these practices to published guidelines.Background:  While the incidence of VTE is increasing, current treatment practices of VTE in patients admitted to PICUs are not known.Methods:  This multicenter, prospective, observational study enrolled patients with confirmed VTE admitted to 11 PICUs over a rolling 6‐month study period. Treatment data were collected and analyzed.Results:  Sixty‐six VTEs occurred in 6653 patients. Empiric treatment for VTE was initiated in 30% prior to VTE confirmation, and children with cyanotic heart disease were 15.7 times more like to receive empiric therapy. Overall, 78% received systemic anticoagulation, 8% treated with only catheter‐based interventions, and 13% of VTE were not treated. Seven patients (11%) underwent systemic fibrinolysis; more commonly in neonates (23%) vs children (5%). Surgical and interventional procedures were performed on 4 patients. The American College of Chest Physicians recommendations were incompletely followed. Only 28% of the 32 cases treated with low molecular weight heparin titrated dosing to a goal anti‐FXa level 0.5–1. Five of the 15 cases treated with unfractionated heparin titrated dosing to aPTT 60–90, and one case did not use goal‐directed therapy.Conclusions:  Confirmed VTEs in patients admitted to PICUs are most frequently treated with systemic anticoagulation; however, more intensive treatments such as systemic thrombolysis and surgical or interventional procedures are not uncommon in this critically ill population. Current practices deviate from the published antithrombotic guidelines developed for the general pediatric population.
A Brave New World of Personalized Care? Historical Perspectives on Social Care and Older People in England
Authors: Means Robin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSocial care policy for older people in England continues to generate extensive discussion around the need to break with the past and to deliver a personalized response to need. This article explores the extent to which this represents a complete break with the past by looking at four key reports from the past, namely the Rucker Report (1946) on the break up of the Poor Law, the Seebohm Report (1968) on the personal social services, the Griffiths Report (1988) on community care and The Royal Commission on Long Term Care (Sutherland Report, 1999). Each is interrogated in terms of how social care is defined, how services are to be delivered, how quality is understood and the assumptions made about who will be able to access services. This analysis is used to draw out key continuities in policy assumptions such as the primacy of family and the ongoing debate about ‘What is social care?’ and how it can be distinguished from health care. The article also argues that the voluntary sector has always been seen as a ‘key player’ in social care. Finally, the analysis of the four reports is used to trace the ever changing role of local authorities in the planning, purchase and provision of social care services for older people.
One Welfare State, Two Care Regimes: Understanding Developments in Child and Elderly Care Policies in the Netherlands
Authors: van Hooren Franca , Becker Uwe 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe different development of child and elderly care in the Netherlands reflects the hybrid character of its welfare system, which, until the 1980s, featured both social democratic and conservative elements. While public involvement in the provision of elderly care services rapidly increased after the Second World War, childcare remained a family affair well into the 1980s. Under recent neo‐liberal influences these trends have been reversed. Public investments in childcare have grown exponentially, while several governments have attempted to cut expenses on elderly care services. This article descriptively compares these contrasting processes and puts them into historical and comparative perspective. It is argued that pillarization has contributed to the comparatively strong hybridization of the Dutch system of welfare and social care. In addition, different cultures of child and elderly care contributed to different developments in both policy fields.
The Optimal Provision of Curative Goods
Authors: BORGES ANA PINTO , HENRIET DOMINIQUE , LAUSSEL DIDIER 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe analyze the optimal contract between a risk neutral regulator providing a curative goods and a risk averse patient who learns the realized value of his/her health status after the contracting stage. Consumption of a curative good (healthcare) reduces the disutility associated with a disease. We show that the consumption of curative goods is larger than in the complete information case, that this overprovision increases with the degree of patients’ risk‐aversion and the marginal cost of treatment. Ceilings on the amount of healthcare are part of the optimal contract when risk aversion is important.
Surviving Slavery: Mortality at Mesopotamia, A Jamaican Sugar Estate, 1762–1832
Authors: Forster Martin , Smith S. D. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryWe use survival analysis to study the determinants of mortality of 1099 slaves living on the Jamaican sugar plantation of Mesopotamia for seven decades before the Emancipation Act of 1833. We find evidence that female slaves who were first observed during Joseph Foster Barham II’s period of ownership (1789–1832) faced an increased risk of death compared with those who were first observed during his predecessor’s tenure. We find no such relationship for males. We cite as a possible explanation the employment regime that was operated under Foster Barham II after his voluntary withdrawal from the transatlantic slave trade, which allocated increasing numbers of females to gang labour in the cane fields. g-estimation models estimate that continuous exposure to such work, versus never being exposed, reduced survival times by around 30%. We compare our results with previous studies of Mesopotamia and the wider literature dealing with work and survival in Caribbean slave populations.
The Influence of Ibn Sīnā on al‐Ghazzālī in Qur'anic Hermeneutics
Authors: Okumuş Mesut 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAl‐Ghazzālī criticized Muslim philosophers in general and Ibn Sīnā in particular in a number of matters notwithstanding, he was deeply influenced by philosophy and Ibn Sīnā's views as to some issues. Of the contexts in which al‐Ghazzālī is under the clear influence of Ibn Sīnā are the interpretations of some Qur'ānīc chapters and verses which are related to the demonstration of the existence of God and the explanation of some divine attributes and names. In many of his works, al‐Ghazzālī reproduces Ibn Sīnā's interpretation of the verses in harmony with the ontological proof. One can observe Ibn Sīnā's influence on al‐Ghazzālī in relation with the hierarchy of beings, too. However, the context in which Ibn Sīnā's influence is most obvious is the interpretation of the 35th verse of the Sūrah Nūr. Ibn Sīnā's interpretation of the terms occurring in this verse as symbols of the human faculties exercised a profound impact on the thought of al‐Ghazzālī, which manifests itself in his interpretation of the verse in Mishkāt al‐Anwār. Another of such contexts is the topic of human psychology and the interpretations of the verses related wherewith. Immensely influenced by the psychological views of Ibn Sīnā, al‐Ghazzālī adopted Ibn Sīnā's notion of the simultaneous creation of soul and body, interpreting some Qur'ānic verses in harmony with this notion. This article is intended to illustrate that al‐Ghazzālī, who is opposed to the blind imitation of any school of thought, did not make a wholesale denouncement of the views of philosophers; on the contrary, he made an extensive use of Ibn Sīnā's ideas in conformity with his general attitude of benefiting from all schools of thought.
An Investigation into the Alleged Bias of Textile Shade Passers
Authors: McLAREN K. 
Published: July 2011

An ANLAB colour difference equation of the type‐
image
has been applied to one set of perceptibility and three sets of acceptability data. The optimum values of l, c and h show that the equation overestimates the perceptibility of both chroma and hue differences relative to lightness differences. Significantly different weighting factors were found for the acceptability data, probably indicating that textile shade passers are biased against chroma and hue differences.
Part II ‐ Synthesis, Purification and Characterization of the Pyrazolone Colorants
Authors: PARENT RICHARD A. 
Published: July 2011

Thirty‐three substituted pyrazolone colorants have been synthesized, purified and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. These colorants have been shown to be hydrazones rather than azo compounds and, as a result, some infrared assignments made previously in the literature are in error. Definite assignments have been made for five bands characteristic of this system and three additional unassigned bands are indicated. Absorption in 5.98 to 6.08 micrometer range was found to be characteristic of the pyrazolone carbonyl group, while the exocyclic hydrazone double bond appeared at 6.32 to 6.52 μm.* An additional band attributed to the N–H bond in the hydrazone linkage was observed at 7.90 to 8.17 μm.* Absorption associated with endocyclic C=N was assigned in the 6.22–6.35 μm range,† with an additional band at 7.47 to 7.61 μm attributed to ring C–N vibrations.An observed band at 8.58 to 8.81 μm has been assigned to C–N vibration, but its origin is not clear. Although bands at 9.51 to 9.64 μm and 9.87 to 10.06 μm have been assigned to CH3 rock by others, this assignment is considered speculative and these bands are left unassigned. Aromatic substitution patterns in the C–H out‐of‐plane stretching region are also indicated.
Spinal Manipulation for Headaches: Will Better Quality Trials Do the Trick?
Authors: Wells Rebecca Erwin 
Published: July 2011

(Headache 2011;51:1149‐1151)Treatment for cervicogenic headache (CGH) can be challenging and is not always effective. Many patients turn to manipulative therapies, but what is the evidence this form of treatment works? Posadzki and Ernst performed a systematic review of trials of spinal manipulation for the treatment of CGH, which is published in this issue of Headache. The studies they located did not use clear or standard definitions for CGH or the manipulative interventions. The authors conclude that the evidence for spinal manipulative therapies for CGH is weak and more research is needed. This is particularly important because of rare but serious risks associated with this treatment option.
Measuring patient satisfaction following epilepsy surgery
Authors: Macrodimitris Sophia , Sherman Elisabeth M.S. , Williams Tricia S. , Bigras Cristina , Wiebe Samuel 
Published: July 2011

SummaryPurpose:  To systematically review primary research examining patient satisfaction with epilepsy surgery in order to obtain evidence‐based estimates of this surgical outcome; to assess methods used to measure epilepsy surgery satisfaction, overall epilepsy surgery satisfaction ratings, and predictors of epilepsy surgery satisfaction.Methods:  Systematic review of published studies in English up to June 2009, focusing on patient satisfaction with all types of epilepsy surgery in patients of all ages. We excluded studies that focused on satisfaction with epilepsy treatment in general, on quality of life without specific exploration of patient satisfaction with surgery, and on satisfaction with the process of health care delivery, rather than with surgery and its outcomes.Key Findings:  Eight studies met inclusion criteria. Satisfaction was assessed using one or more global questions. Four epilepsy surgery satisfaction question content patterns emerged: (1) satisfied or dissatisfied, (2) perceived success or failure, (3) overall positive or negative impact, and (4) willingness to repeat surgery or regretting surgery. Overall 71% were satisfied; 64% considered it a success; it had a positive effect for 78%; and 87% would repeat surgery. Seizure freedom was the most common predictor of epilepsy surgery satisfaction, whereas postoperative neurologic deficit predicted dissatisfaction.Significance:  Patient satisfaction with interventions is an important aspect of patient‐centered care, but it has received little attention in epilepsy surgery. Future research is required to develop and validate epilepsy surgery satisfaction tools. We provide preliminary guiding principles for measuring satisfaction after epilepsy surgery.
A population‐based study of long‐term outcome of epilepsy in childhood with a focal or hemispheric lesion on neuroimaging
Authors: Dhamija Radhika , Moseley Brian D. , Cascino Gregory D. , Wirrell Elaine C. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryPurpose:  To evaluate long‐term seizure outcome in children with epilepsy and a focal or hemispheric neuroimaging abnormality.Methods:  All children (<18 years and residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota) with new‐onset epilepsy diagnosed between 1980 and 2004 and a single focal lesion on neuroimaging were identified by review of the Rochester Epidemiologic Project database. Outcomes were divided into three categories: (1) seizure freedom for 1 or more years at last follow‐up, (2) ongoing seizures but not medically intractable epilepsy, and (3) medically intractable epilepsy or undergoing epilepsy surgery. We also evaluated the proportion who achieved seizure control without surgical intervention and whether lesion type predicted intractability.Key Findings:  Of the 359 children with newly diagnosed epilepsy, 37 (10%) had a focal or hemispheric lesion on neuroimaging. Median age of diagnosis was 89 months (25th percentile 26 months, 75th percentile 142 months) and at follow‐up was 137 months (25th percentile 95 months, 75th percentile 211 months). Eighty‐three percent of children with malformations of cortical development, 67% with mesial temporal sclerosis, 33% with encephalomalacia, and 50% with vascular malformations had intractable epilepsy at follow‐up or underwent resective surgery for medically intractable epilepsy. Among the different etiologies, presence of encephalomalacia predicted the lowest likelihood of medical intractability or undergoing surgery (p < 0.01). At final follow‐up, 24 (65%) of our entire cohort was seizure free. Following surgery, seizure freedom was achieved in 80% with mesial temporal sclerosis, 67% with encephalomalacia, 67% with vascular malformation, and 50% with malformations of cortical development. There was no statistically significant difference between the different etiologies on neuroimaging and seizure freedom after surgery. Twelve children (32%) achieved seizure freedom with medical management alone.Significance:  Focal lesions on neuroimaging confer a high risk of medical intractability among children with new‐onset epilepsy. However, 32% of this cohort achieved seizure remission with medical management alone, including 58% with encephalomalacia and 33% with mesial temporal sclerosis.
The influence of between‐needle cannulation distance on the efficacy of hemodialysis treatments
Authors: ROTHERA Christine , MCCALLUM Charlotte , HUANG Susan , HEIDENHEIM Paul , LINDSAY Robert M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThere is a belief that there should be a minimum of 5 cm between two cannulating needles of an arteriovenous fistula. This study examined the effect of reduction of space between needles from 5 cm to 2.5 cm on access recirculation, the measurement of access blood flow rate (by indicator dilution technology), and dialysis efficiency (by effective ionic dialysance). Twelve patients were studied, with half having their dialysis needles placed 2.5 cm apart for five consecutive dialysis treatments followed by placing needles 5 cm apart for a further five consecutive treatments. The other half initiated with 5 cm followed by 2.5 cm distance for a similar number of treatments. All 120 dialyses had successful cannulations with access recirculation excluded. Access blood flow (Qa mL/min) measurement was attempted for each patient twice, with each of the two needle positions. The Qa with needles 2.5 cm apart was 1310.95 ± 525.7 mL/min (M ± SD, n = 21) and was 1001.0 ± 240.4 mL/min when 5 cm apart (n = 22) (p = 0.014). There was a correlation between these two sets of Qa values (r = 0.554; p = 0.011). The effective ionic dialysance values obtained with needles 2.5 cm or 5 cm apart were similar and correlated strongly (r = 0.71; p = 0.000). Hemodialysis treatments using arteriovenous fistulae and two needles as close as 2.5 cm apart are possible without access recirculation and impairment of clearance. Indicator dilution access blood flow measurements are not recommended under these circumstances.
Libéralisation des échanges, emploi et inégalités en Inde et en Afrique du Sud
Authors: KUCERA David , RONCOLATO Leanne 
Published: July 2011

Résumé.Les auteurs utilisent des matrices de comptabilité sociale dans un modèle de multiplicateur de Leontief pour évaluer les effets du développement du commerce sur l'emploi et les revenus en Inde et en Afrique du Sud. L'évaluation porte sur la période de libéralisation rapide des échanges commencée début 1990, et distingue le commerce avec les pays développés et celui avec les pays en développement. Les auteurs identifient ainsi les secteurs où l'emploi progresse et ceux où il régresse, ainsi que les différences entre hommes et femmes et entre travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés; ils évaluent les inégalités de revenu en fonction de leur répartition dans les ménages (ruraux et urbains). Les résultats sont confrontés à la théorie du commerce international pour ce qui concerne les mécanismes d'équilibrage des échanges et les effets de la spécialisation sur le développement.
Réforme du marché du travail, inégalités de revenus et croissance économique en Chine
Authors: LU Ming , GAO Hong 
Published: July 2011

Résumé.Après «l'ouverture» du pays en 1978, le mode de développement adopté par la Chine a induit des déséquilibres économiques sur les plans internes et externes, surtout depuis la réforme du marché du travail au milieu des années 1990, et l'exode rural qui a suivi. L'avantage comparatif de la Chine tient à ses faibles coûts du travail, mais sa forte dépendance des exportations et les inégalités de revenus ont rendu sa croissance vulnérable face à la crise économique de 2008. Pour soutenir sa croissance économique, la Chine doit adapter ses stratégies de réforme et de développement, afin de promouvoir l'égalité des revenus et la consommation intérieure. La loi sur le contrat de travail, en vigueur depuis 2008, pourrait marquer une évolution institutionnelle dans la bonne direction.
Labour administration in sub‐Saharan Africa: Functions and challenges in the light of ILO Convention No. 150
Authors: AUVERGNON Philippe , LAVIOLETTE Sandrine , OUMAROU Moussa 
Published: July 2011

Abstract.Based on a review of national legislation and the findings of their field‐work, the authors assess the application of the Labour Administration Convention, 1978 (No. 150), in a sample of nine African countries. Their research focuses on three main issues: the relative importance given to each of the various functions of labour administration; the extension of those functions to workers in non‐wage employment; and the shortage of human and material resources available to the administrations. In conclusion, the authors stress the current relevance and value of the ILO instrument, particularly for extending labour administration work to the informal economy.
Social security for China's migrant workers
Authors: WANG Zhikai 
Published: July 2011

Abstract.China's lack of social and labour policy coherence is an increasingly serious problem which threatens to undermine labour–capital relations and, ultimately, the sustainability of the country's market transition. A particular constraint on the further development of the private sector is the absence of integrated social protection for rural migrants. These workers account for a large share of the private‐sector labour force, yet many of them do not enjoy the same social security rights as urban residents. The Government has started to address this issue through tighter law enforcement but, the author argues, the solution may call for some institutional reform.
Rehospitalization in the first 2 years of life in children born preterm
Authors: Ralser Elisabeth , Mueller Wilfried , Haberland Claudia , Fink Franz‐Martin , Gutenberger Karl‐Heinz , Strobl Robert , Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer Ursula 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAim:  Aim of the study is to investigate the frequency of and predictors for rehospitalization within the first 2 years of life among preterm infants.Methods:  All children born before 32 weeks of gestation in Northern Tyrol between January 2003 and July 2008 were prospectively enrolled. Data on rehospitalizations were obtained from hospital admission records. The association between candidate risk factors and readmission was analysed by means of logistic regression analysis.Results:  In the first and second years of life, 151 and 93 of 377 children (40.1% and 24.7%), respectively, were readmitted to one of the hospitals in Northern Tyrol. The most common causes of rehospitalization were respiratory disorders, accounting for 42.1% and 47.4% of total readmissions in the first and second years of life. Chronic lung disease (CLD), male sex and smoking in pregnancy were risk conditions relevant to readmission in the first year of life, but only CLD in the second year.Conclusion:  Infants born before 32 weeks of gestation have a high risk of rehospitalization with respiratory illness significantly contributing to postdischarge morbidity. Neonatal intensive care should aim to further improve respiratory health in preterm infants, and adequate follow‐up services must be offered.
Preschool wheeze – impact of early fish introduction and neonatal antibiotics
Authors: Goksör Emma , Alm Bernt , Thengilsdottir Hrefna , Pettersson Rolf , Åberg Nils , Wennergren Göran 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to analyse the risk factors for preschool wheeze with special reference to the early introduction of fish and early antibiotic treatment. To avoid reverse causation regarding antibiotics, we focused on the influence of broad‐spectrum antibiotics given during the first week of life.Methods:  Data were obtained from a prospective, longitudinal study of a cohort of children born in western Sweden where 50% of the birth cohort was randomly selected. The parents answered questionnaires at 6 and 12 months and at 4.5 years of age. The response rate at 4.5 years was 83% (4496 of 5398 questionnaires distributed).Results:  In the multivariate analysis, broad‐spectrum antibiotics in the first week increased the risk of recurrent wheeze (≥3 episodes) during the last 12 months at age 4.5 years (adjusted OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.3–3.8) and multiple‐trigger wheeze (aOR, 2.8; 1.3–6.1). The introduction of fish before the age of 9 months reduced the risk of recurrent wheeze (aOR, 0.6; 0.4–0.8).Conclusion:  Treatment with broad‐spectrum antibiotics during the first week of life increased the risk of recurrent wheeze and multiple‐trigger wheeze at preschool age. The early introduction of fish reduced the risk of recurrent wheeze.