bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the production and species richness of wild mushrooms in pine forests of the Central Pyrenees in northeastern Spain
Authors: Bonet J. A. , Palahí M. , Colinas C. , Pukkala T. , Fischer C. R. , Miina J. , Martínez de Aragón J. 
Published: March 2010

Multiple-use forestry requires comprehensive planning to maximize the utilization and sustainability of many forest resources whose growth and productivity are interconnected. Forest fungi represent an economically important nonwood forest resource that provides food, medicine, and recreation worldwide. A vast majority of edible and marketed forest mushrooms belong to fungi that grow symbiotically with forest trees. To respond to the need for planning tools for multiple-use forestry, we developed empirical models for predicting the production of wild mushrooms in pine forests in the South-Central Pyrenees using forest stand and site characteristics as predictors. Mushroom production and species richness data from 45 plots were used. A mixed modelling technique was used to account for between-plot and between-year variation in the mushroom production data. The most significant stand structure variable for predicting mushroom yield was stand basal area. The stand basal area associated with maximum mushroom productivity (15–20 m2·ha–1) coincides with the peak of annual basal area increment in these pine forests. Other important predictors were slope, elevation, aspect, and autumn rainfall. The models are aimed at supporting forest management decisions and forecasting mushroom yields in forest planning.
Whole Grains: Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Jones Julie Miller , Engleson Jodi 
Published: March 2010

Inclusion of whole grains (WG) in the diet is recommended in dietary guidance around the world because of their associations with increased health and reduced risk of chronic disease. WGs are linked to reduced risk of obesity or weight gain; reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, and stroke; improved gut health and decreased risk of cancers of the upper gut; perhaps reduced risk of colorectal cancer; and lower mortality rate. The 2005 United States Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee has recommended that consumers make “half their grains whole.” Yet, whole grains are puzzling both consumers and scientists. Scientists are trying to determine whether their health benefits are due to the synergy of WG components, individual WG components, or the fact that WG eaters make many of the recommended diet and lifestyle choices. Consumers need to understand the WG benefits and how to identify WG foods to have incentive to purchase and use such foods. Industry needs to develop great-tasting, clearly-labeled products. With both these factors working together, it will be possible to change WG consumption habits among consumers.
Dissociating Linguistic and Task-related Activity in the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Authors: Wright Paul , Randall Billi , Marslen-Wilson William D. , Tyler Lorraine K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) has long been claimed to play a key role in language function. However, there is considerable controversy as to whether regions within LIFG have specific linguistic or domain-general functions. Using fMRI, we contrasted linguistic and task-related effects by presenting simple and morphologically complex words while subjects performed a lexical decision (LD) task or passively listened (PL) without making an overt response. LIFG Brodmann's area 47 showed greater activation in LD than PL, whereas LIFG Brodmann's area 44 showed greater activation to complex compared with simple words in both tasks. These results dissociate task-driven and obligatory language processing in LIFG and suggest that PL is the paradigm of choice for probing the core aspects of the neural language system.
The Role of Synchrony and Ambiguity in Speech–Gesture Integration during Comprehension
Authors: Habets Boukje , Kita Sotaro , Shao Zeshu , Özyurek Asli , Hagoort Peter 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
During face-to-face communication, one does not only hear speech but also see a speaker's communicative hand movements. It has been shown that such hand gestures play an important role in communication where the two modalities influence each other's interpretation. A gesture typically temporally overlaps with coexpressive speech, but the gesture is often initiated before (but not after) the coexpressive speech. The present ERP study investigated what degree of asynchrony in the speech and gesture onsets are optimal for semantic integration of the concurrent gesture and speech. Videos of a person gesturing were combined with speech segments that were either semantically congruent or incongruent with the gesture. Although gesture and speech always overlapped in time, gesture and speech were presented with three different degrees of asynchrony. In the SOA 0 condition, the gesture onset and the speech onset were simultaneous. In the SOA 160 and 360 conditions, speech was delayed by 160 and 360 msec, respectively. ERPs time locked to speech onset showed a significant difference between semantically congruent versus incongruent gesture–speech combinations on the N400 for the SOA 0 and 160 conditions. No significant difference was found for the SOA 360 condition. These results imply that speech and gesture are integrated most efficiently when the differences in onsets do not exceed a certain time span because of the fact that iconic gestures need speech to be disambiguated in a way relevant to the speech context.
The Buddha of the North: Swedenborg and Transpacific Zen
Authors: Zuber Devin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Scandinavian scientist-mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) has had a curious relationship to the history of how Western literature has responded to Buddhism. Since Honoré de Balzac’s claim in the 1830s that Swedenborg was “a Buddha of the north,” Swedenborg’s mystical teachings have been consistently aligned with Buddhism by authors on both sides of the pacific, from D. T. Suzuki to Philangi Dasa, the publisher of the first Buddhist journal in North America. This essay explores the different historical frames that allowed for this steady correlation, and argues that the rhetorical and aesthetic trope of “Swedenborg as Buddha” became a point of cultural translation, especially between Japanese Zen and twentieth-century Modernism. Swedenborg’s figuration in the earlier work of Ralph Waldo Emerson and William Blake, moreover, might begin to account for the peculiar ways those two Romantics have particularly affected modern Japanese literature. The transpacific flow of these ideas ultimately complicates the Orientalist critique that has read Western aesthetic contact with Buddhism as one of hegemonic misappropriation.
Nematicidal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus of isoobtusilactone A isolated from Persea americana
Authors: Dang Quang Le , Kwon Hyeok Ran , Choi Yong Ho , Choi Gyung Ja , Jang Kyoung Soo , Park Myung Soo , Lim Chi Hwan , Ngoc Luu Hoang , Kim Jin-Cheol 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Methanol extracts of 50 plant species were assessed for nematicidal activity
against the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Out of
these, five extracts: Justicia diclipteroides subsp. usambarica; Nerium
oleander; Persea americana; Scadoxus multiflorus subsp. multiflorus; and
Thespesia populnea, caused 96-100% mortalities of pine wood nematode at 1000
μg ml–1 for 48 h. Methanol extract of the stem bark of P. americana
(avocado) and the n-hexane layer obtained from the methanol extract by
solvent partitioning caused 100% mortality of PWN at low concentrations of
125 and 63 μg ml–1, respectively. One potent nematicidal compound was
isolated from the stem bark of P. americana and its chemical structure was
determined to be isoobtusilactone A (1) by mass and NMR spectral analyses.
The chemical showed a very strong nematicidal activity against PWN; it
caused mortalities of over 97% at concentrations higher than 50 μg ml–1.
Compared with a commercial synthetic nematicide, morantel tartrate, compound
1 showed a little more potent activity. The results suggested that compound
1 may have the potential to be explored as a natural nematicide or be useful
as a lead molecule for development of new nematicidal agents for controlling
the pine wilt disease caused by B. xylophilus.
Ultrastructure of the male reproductive system of the free-living marine nematode Paracyatholaimus pugettensis Wieser & Hopper, 1967 (Chromadorida: Cyatholaimidae)
Authors: Zograf Julia K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough nematodes are a well studied group of multicellular organisms, until now the only information on the cellular structure of the male reproductive system of marine nematodes is that on the histology of free-living marine nematode from the order Enoplida. The fine structure of the male reproductive system of the free-living marine nematode Paracyatholaimus pugettensis (Chromadorida: Cyatholaimidae) from the Sea of Japan has been studied using TEM. The testis epithelium has a large distal tip cell similar to that described for representatives of the subclass Rhabditia. The epithelial wall of the testis is differentiated along its length. The proximal part of the epithelial tube consists of relatively large cells bearing numerous surface outgrowths that permeate between the developing spermatocytes. The epithelium in the middle region of the testis is formed from extremely flattened cells. The distal part of the testis – the seminal vesicle – is filled with immature spermatozoa and consists of absorptive cells. The seminal vesicle is followed by the vas deferens. The gonoduct is also differentiated along its length, the first third being formed from synthetically active epithelial cells, the two layers of which form a tiled structure. There is no lumen in the gonoduct and it is probable that, due to the tiled structure, the epithelial cells move apart to create space for the spermatozoa during ejaculation. The posterior two-thirds of the duct is surrounded by muscle cells that create the necessary pressure during ejaculation. The enlarged epithelial cells of the vas deferens show vigorous synthetic activity, which is probably involved in the transformation of immature spermatozoa into mature gametes.
Two new species of Paurodontella Husain & Khan, 1968 (Nematoda: Sphaerulariidae) associated with wheat and a diagnostic compendium to the genus
Authors: Handoo Zafar A. , Iqbal Erum Y. , Kazi Nasira , Fayyaz Shahina 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An identification key to ten valid species of Paurodontella is given. A
compendium of the most important diagnostic characters with illustrations of
each species is included as a practical alternative and supplement to the
key. The diagnosis of Paurodontella is emended and a list of all valid
species of the genus is given. Two new species (Paurodontella myceliophaga
n. sp. and P. balochistanica n. sp.) collected around the roots of wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) from North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan,
Pakistan, are described and illustrated. Paurodontella myceliophaga n. sp.
is characterised by having a short post-uterine sac, lateral field with four
incisures, excretory pore at the base of the pharynx and fusiform median
bulb, whereas P. balochistanica n. sp. has a longer and very slender body
with posterior vulva, lateral field with four incisures and short mucronate
tail. Because these species are limited in distribution, their importance is
not known.
Hatching of Heterodera filipjevi in controlled and natural temperature conditions in Turkey
Authors: Sahin Elif , Nicol Julie M. , Elekcioglu I. Halil , Rivoal Roger 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of different temperatures under both in vitro and in vivo
conditions on the hatching behaviour of second-stage juveniles (J2) of the
cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera filipjevi, was studied. Cumulative percent
hatching was affected significantly by temperature after 290 days of
incubation. Hatching was significantly greater at lower temperatures (5, 10
and 15°C) compared with that at the higher temperatures of 20 and 25°C,
ranging between 75 and 94% vs 19 and 22%, respectively. The highest
cumulative hatch of 94% was obtained at a constant temperature of 15°C at
290 days. However, the lowest cumulative hatch of 33% was obtained after
initial exposure to 5°C followed by transfer to 25°C at day 290. In general,
incubating the cysts at lower initial temperatures of 10 or 15°C for 58 days
gave the highest initial hatching rates 1 week after exposure to the final
temperatures. Under natural temperature conditions in the field, J2
emergence started at 17°C in October and continued until the end of April in
the temperature range of 2-17°C. A total hatch of 94% was recorded under
field temperature conditions over the course of 1 year. Hatch of most J2
occurred in two peaks; the first in October and the second in February, and,
accordingly, the greatest invasion by H. filipjevi is most likely to occur
just after these two peaks. Heterodera filipjevi does not seem to have a
diapause and could hatch anytime when wheat plants are available.
“Dass jede einzelne Sache, für die Israel sein Leben gab, in seinen Händen Bestand haben sollte . . .”: Individuelle und regional unabhängige Religiosität in der Mekhilta des Rabbi Jischmael
Authors: Plietzsch Susanne 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper argues that Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael (MekhY) is distinguishing between local realities of Jewish religion (like the Temple, the Davidic kingdom, full jurisdiction, and even the land of Israel) and a local independent religiosity based on individual responsibility. MekhY pursues the interest to strengthen a regional independent Judaism of individual religious practice and deduces this concept from the Exodus-Sinai narrative. Shabbat is mentioned time and again as a paradigm of this perception of Jewish religiosity. The exegetical interest of MekhY can be shown already by its selection of Biblical texts, this will furthermore be demonstrated by means of four passages of this Midrash.
“This One Fulfilled What Is Written in That One”: On an Early Burial Practice in Its Literary and Artistic Contexts
Authors: Kadari Adiel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article deals with a surprising practice of placing a Torah scroll on a funeral bier and crying out: “This one fulfilled what is written in that one.” An allusion to this custom already appears in a Tannaitic haggadah that tells about the bringing of Joseph’s bones to burial in the Land of Israel. This practice seems to run counter to the tendency to distance the corpse from the realm of the sacred. I seek to examine it through literary motifs from eulogies and depictions of the death of various individuals, and through artistic findings from the realm of funerary art. This examination leads to conclusions about the significance of the presence of the Torah scroll in the context of funerals and burial rituals.
Overlap of Solar and Infrared Spectra and the Shortwave Radiative Effect of Methane
Authors: Li J. , Curry C. L. , Sun Z. , Zhang F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper focuses on two shortcomings of radiative transfer codes commonly used in climate models. The first aspect concerns the partitioning of solar versus infrared spectral energy. In most climate models, the solar spectrum comprises wavelengths less than 4 μm with all incoming solar energy deposited in that range. In reality, however, the solar spectrum extends into the infrared, with about 12 W m−2 in the 4–1000-μm range. In this paper a simple method is proposed wherein the longwave radiative transfer equation with solar energy input is solved. In comparison with the traditional method, the new solution results in more solar energy absorbed in the atmosphere and less at the surface.As mentioned in a recent intercomparison of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) and line-by-line (LBL) radiation models, most climate model radiation schemes neglect shortwave absorption by methane. However, the shortwave radiative forcing at the surface due to CH4 since the preindustrial period is estimated to exceed that due to CO2. The authors show that the CH4 shortwave effect can be included in a correlated k-distribution model, with the additional flux being accurately simulated in comparison with LBL models.Ten-year GCM simulations are presented, showing the detailed climatic effect of these changes in radiation treatment. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of solar flux in the infrared range produces a significant amount of extra warming in the atmosphere, specifically (i) in the tropical stratosphere where the warming can exceed 1 K day−1, and (ii) near the tropical tropopause layer. Additional GCM simulations show that inclusion of CH4 in the shortwave calculations also produces a warming of the atmosphere and a consequent reduction of the upward flux at the top of the atmosphere.
Foehn Winds in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: The Origin of Extreme Warming Events*
Authors: Speirs Johanna C. , Steinhoff Daniel F. , McGowan Hamish A. , Bromwich David H. , Monaghan Andrew J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Foehn winds resulting from topographic modification of airflow in the lee of mountain barriers are frequently experienced in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDVs) of Antarctica. Strong foehn winds in the MDVs cause dramatic warming at onset and have significant effects on landscape forming processes; however, no detailed scientific investigation of foehn in the MDVs has been conducted. As a result, they are often misinterpreted as adiabatically warmed katabatic winds draining from the polar plateau. Herein observations from surface weather stations and numerical model output from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) during foehn events in the MDVs are presented. Results show that foehn winds in the MDVs are caused by topographic modification of south-southwesterly airflow, which is channeled into the valleys from higher levels. Modeling of a winter foehn event identifies mountain wave activity similar to that associated with midlatitude foehn winds. These events are found to be caused by strong pressure gradients over the mountain ranges of the MDVs related to synoptic-scale cyclones positioned off the coast of Marie Byrd Land. Analysis of meteorological records for 2006 and 2007 finds an increase of 10% in the frequency of foehn events in 2007 compared to 2006, which corresponds to stronger pressure gradients in the Ross Sea region. It is postulated that the intra- and interannual frequency and intensity of foehn events in the MDVs may therefore vary in response to the position and frequency of cyclones in the Ross Sea region.
Interdecadal Change in the Relationship between ENSO and the Intraseasonal Oscillation in East Asia
Authors: Yun Kyung-Sook , Seo Kyong-Hwan , Ha Kyung-Ja 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe northward-propagating intraseasonal oscillation (NPISO) during the boreal summer is closely linked to the onset/retreat and intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). In this study, interdecadal variability in the relationships between the NPISO and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was investigated using long-term outgoing longwave radiation data obtained from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) for a 44-yr period (1958 to 2001). It was found that before the late 1970s, the preceding winter ENSO influenced the early summer (i.e., May to June) NPISO activity, whereas after the late 1970s a strong relationship appeared during the later summertime (i.e., July to August). The May–June NPISO before the late 1970s was modulated by springtime Indian Ocean sea surface temperature warming and central North Pacific suppressed convection anomalies and was consequently related to the ENSO-induced west Pacific (WP) pattern, which shows a north–south dipole structure over the North Pacific from winter through spring. After the late 1970s, because of an anomalously strengthened Walker–Hadley circulation, Indian Ocean SST warming was significantly maintained until summer, which promoted a strong suppressed convection anomaly over the Philippine Sea during summer and consequently an enhanced western North Pacific subtropical high and Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern.
A Bayesian Regression Approach to Seasonal Prediction of Tropical Cyclones Affecting the Fiji Region
Authors: Chand Savin S. , Walsh Kevin J. E. , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This study presents seasonal prediction schemes for tropical cyclones (TCs) affecting the Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga (FST) region. Two separate Bayesian regression models are developed: (i) for cyclones forming within the FST region (FORM) and (ii) for cyclones entering the FST region (ENT). Predictors examined include various El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices and large-scale environmental parameters. Only those predictors that showed significant correlations with FORM and ENT are retained. Significant preseason correlations are found as early as May–July (approximately three months in advance). Therefore, May–July predictors are used to make initial predictions, and updated predictions are issued later using October–December early-cyclone-season predictors. A number of predictor combinations are evaluated through a cross-validation technique. Results suggest that a model based on relative vorticity and the Niño-4 index is optimal to predict the annual number of TCs associated with FORM, as it has the smallest RMSE associated with its hindcasts (RMSE = 1.63). Similarly, the all-parameter-combined model, which includes the Niño-4 index and some large-scale environmental fields over the East China Sea, appears appropriate to predict the annual number of TCs associated with ENT (RMSE = 0.98). While the all-parameter-combined ENT model appears to have good skill over all years, the May–July prediction of the annual number of TCs associated with FORM has two limitations. First, it underestimates (overestimates) the formation for years where the onset of El Niño (La Niña) events is after the May–July preseason or where a previous La Niña (El Niño) event continued through May–July during its decay phase. Second, its performance in neutral conditions is quite variable. Overall, no significant skill can be achieved for neutral conditions even after an October–December update. This is contrary to the performance during El Niño or La Niña events, where model performance is improved substantially after an October–December early-cyclone-season update.