bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual screening strategies in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers
Authors: Lowry Kathryn P. , Lee Janie M. , Kong Chung Y. , McMahon Pamela M. , Gilmore Michael E. , Cott Chubiz Jessica E. , Pisano Etta D. , Gatsonis Constantine , Ryan Paula D. , Ozanne Elissa M. , Gazelle G. Scott 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although breast cancer screening with mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended for breast cancer‐susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutation carriers, there is no current consensus on the optimal screening regimen.METHODS:The authors used a computer simulation model to compare 6 annual screening strategies (film mammography [FM], digital mammography [DM], FM and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] or DM and MRI contemporaneously, and alternating FM/MRI or DM/MRI at 6‐month intervals) beginning at ages 25 years, 30 years, 35 years, and 40 years, and 2 strategies of annual MRI with delayed alternating DM/FM versus clinical surveillance alone. Strategies were evaluated without and with mammography‐induced breast cancer risk using 2 models of excess relative risk. Input parameters were obtained from the medical literature, publicly available databases, and calibration.RESULTS:Without radiation risk effects, alternating DM/MRI starting at age 25 years provided the highest life expectancy (BRCA1, 72.52 years, BRCA2, 77.63 years). When radiation risk was included, a small proportion of diagnosed cancers was attributable to radiation exposure (BRCA1, <2%; BRCA2, <4%). With radiation risk, alternating DM/MRI at age 25 years or annual MRI at age 25 years/delayed alternating DM at age 30 years was the most effective, depending on the radiation risk model used. Alternating DM/MRI starting at age 25 years also produced the highest number of false‐positive screens per woman (BRCA1, 4.5 BRCA2, 8.1).CONCLUSIONS:Annual MRI at age 25 years/delayed alternating DM at age 30 years is probably the most effective screening strategy in BRCA mutation carriers. Screening benefits, associated risks, and personal acceptance of false‐positive results should be considered in choosing the optimal screening strategy for individual women. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
New challenges in the epidemiology and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in periurban areas
Authors: Dupnik Kathryn M. , Nascimento Eliana L. , Rodrigues‐Neto Joao F. , Keesen Tatjana , Zélia Fernandes Maria , Duarte Iraci , Jeronimo Selma M.B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) represents a major public health problem in many areas of the world. This review focuses on the impact of periurbanization on the epidemiology and treatment of VL, using Brazil as an example. VL continues to be primarily a disease of poverty with impact on families. However, the disease has expanded in Latin America, with foci reported as far south as Argentina. There is an increasing overlap of Leishmania infantum chagasi and human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infections and other immunosuppressive conditions, resulting in the emergence of VL as an opportunistic infection. This new setting poses new challenges for VL disease control and patient management. Drug Dev Res 72:451–462, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical aspects of Chagas disease and implications for novel therapies
Authors: Menezes Cristiane , Costa Germano Carneiro , Gollob Kenneth J. , Dutra Walderez O. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe interaction between the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and the human host dates back 9,000 years, as demonstrated by molecular analysis of material obtained from Andean mummies indicating the presence of the parasite's kinetoplast DNA in populations from Chile and Peru. This long‐established interaction, which persists today, demonstrates that T. cruzi has established a very well adapted relationship with the human host. From the point of view of a host–parasite relationship, this is desirable; however, such a high degree of adaptation is perhaps the foundation for many of the unknowns that surround this disease. Unveiling of the immunological mechanisms that underlie the establishment of pathology, identification of parasite‐associated factors that determine strain‐differential tissue tropism, discovery of host genetic elements that influence the development of different clinical forms of the disease, and understanding environmental factors that may influence the host–parasite interactions are some of the key questions that remain to be answered. The response to these questions will aid in addressing some of the current challenges in Chagas disease: fulfilling the need for efficient diagnosis, developing effective prophylactic measures, discovering effective therapeutics, and finding methods to control disease progression. Drug Dev Res 72:471–479, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanomolar Detection of Glutamate at a Biosensor Based on Screen‐Printed Electrodes Modified with Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Khan Raju , Gorski Waldemar , Garcia Carlos D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe flow injection analysis (FIA) of monosodium L‐glutamate (MSG) was performed electrochemically using a biosensor based on screen‐printed electrodes containing carbon nanotubes (CNT). The sensor was fabricated by simply adsorbing glutamate oxidase (GlutOx) on the electrode surface. The resulting device displayed excellent electroanalytical properties toward the determination of L‐glutamate in a wide linear range (0.01–10 µM) with low detection limit (10 nM, S/N≥3), fast response time (≤5 s), and good operational and long‐term stability. The CNT‐modified screen‐printed electrodes have a potential to be of general interest for easy preparation of electrochemical sensors and biosensors relevant for biomedical applications.
Denaturation of Drew–Dickerson DNA in a high salt concentration medium: Molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Izanloo C. , Parsafar G. A. , Abroshan H. , Akbarzadeh H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe have performed molecular dynamics simulation on B‐DNA duplex (CGCGAATTGCGC) at different temperatures. The DNA was immerged in a salt‐water medium with 1 M NaCl concentration to investigate salt effect on the denaturation process. At each temperature, configurational entropy is estimated using the covariance matrix of atom‐positional fluctuations, from which the melting temperature (Tm) was found to be 349 K. The calculated configuration entropy for different bases shows that the melting process involves more peeling (including fraying from the ends) conformations, and therefore the untwisting of the duplex and peeling states form the transition state of the denaturation process. There is a narrow minor groove in the AATT sequence that becomes wider by increasing temperature which disappears at high temperatures, especially above the melting temperature. We have also calculated the fraction of denatured base pairs, f‐curve, from which Tm was found to be 340 K, close to experimental value of 341 K. We found that DNA at high salt concentrations has few hydrogen bonds even at temperatures higher than the Tm. Our calculations show the fact that adding salt leads to increase of Tm and stabilization of DNA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Echocardiographic abnormalities in a cohort of Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus—a retrospective analysis of eighty‐five cases
Authors: Yu Xuan‐Hua , Li Yi‐Nong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective.To investigate echocardiographic abnormalities in a cohort of Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods.Eighty‐five SLE patients who were hospitalized at our institution from January 2008 to June 2009 were included. Their clinical manifestations, electrocardiogram, chest x‐ray, CT scan, and echocardiographic data were analyzed in relation to age, disease duration, and SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI).Results.Echocardiography showed abnormalities in 53 patients (62.35%), involving valves in 56.5% (n = 48), pericardium in 25.9%, left and right ventricle enlargement in 17.65% and 1.18%, respectively, and auricle in 10.59% and 1.18% of the patients, respectively. The left ventricle showed decreased compliance in 10.29%, impaired relaxation in 14.12%, and abnormal wall motion in 42.35% of the patients. Interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and isovolumic relaxation time were positively correlated with age (r = 0.42, 0.33, and 0.39, respectively, p < 0.01 for all variables), and disease duration (r = 0.22, 0.21, and 0.32, respectively; p < 0.05). Left atrial and ventricular size were correlated with age (r = 0.32 and 0.41, p > 0.01) and SLEDAI (p < 0.05).Conclusions.Cardiac, especially valvular abnormalities are common in SLE patients and increase with age and disease duration and activity. Inclusion of echocardiography in the clinical evaluation of SLE patients could help identify an important subset of patients with cardiac abnormalities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes
Authors: Babonis Leslie S. , Womack Molly C. , Evans David H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAmong tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na+/K+‐ATPase (NKA), Na+/K+/Cl− cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na+, Cl−, and K+ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Water droplet spreading and recoiling upon contact with thick–compact maltodextrin agglomerates
Authors: Meraz‐Torres Lesvia Sofía , Quintanilla‐Carvajal María Ximena , Téllez‐Medina Darío I , Hernández‐Sánchez Humberto , Alamilla‐Beltrán Liliana , Gutiérrez‐López Gustavo F 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The food and pharmaceutical industries handle a number of compounds in the form of agglomerates which must be put into contact with water for rehydration purposes. In this work, liquid‐solid interaction between water and maltodextrin thick–compact agglomerates was studied at different constituent particle sizes for two compression forces (75 and 225 MPa).RESULTS: Rapid droplet spreading was observed which was similar in radius to the expected one for ideal, flat surfaces. Contact angle determinations reported oscillations of this parameter throughout the experiments, being indicative of droplet recoiling on top of the agglomerate. Recoiling was more frequent in samples obtained at 225 MPa for agglomerate formation. Agglomerates obtained at 75 MPa exhibited more penetration of the water. Competition between dissolution of maltodextrin and penetration of the water was, probably, the main mechanism involved in droplet recoiling. Micrographs of the wetting marks were characterized by means of image analysis and the measurements suggested more symmetry of the wetting mark at higher compression force.CONCLUSION: Differences found in the evaluated parameters for agglomerates were mainly due to compaction force used. No significant effect of particle size in recoiling, penetration of water into the agglomerate, surface texture and symmetry was observed. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole) Derivatives Containing Thiophene Moieties and Their Application to Organic Devices
Authors: Jeong Hyung‐Gu , Lim Bogyu , Na Seok‐In , Baeg Kang‐Jun , Kim Juhwan , Yun Jin‐Mun , Kim Dong‐Yu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA series of conjugated polymers (PDTP, PDTPT, PDTPTT) based on dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole (DTP) containing branched side‐chains is synthesized. The synthesized polymers show good solubility due to branched side‐chains in the organic solvent in the absence of heat treatment. To increase the oxidation potential, unsubstituted thiophene units are introduced into the polymer backbone. The introduction of unsubstituted thiophene units increases the oxidation potential, elevates degradation temperature, and enhances electronic properties. The PDTPTT FETs show the highest charge‐carrier mobility among the three polymers. These polymers are used as a donor material in bulk heterojunction solar cells, and the PDTPTT photovoltaic cells exhibit high performance.
Synthesis of Poly(2‐oxazoline)‐Based Hydrogels with Tailor‐Made Swelling Degrees Capable of Stimuli‐Triggered Compound Release
Authors: Kelly Andrew M. , Hecke Angela , Wirnsberger Bianca , Wiesbrock Frank 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA 32‐membered library of poly(2‐oxazoline)‐based hydrogels of the composition pEtOxm‐pPhOxn‐pPBOq (m/n = 150/0, 100/50, 50/100, and 0/150; q = 1.5–30) was prepared from 2‐ethyl‐ (EtOx), 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline (PhOx), and phenylene‐1,3‐bis‐(2‐oxazoline) (PBO). The polymerizations were performed from ground monomer mixtures at 140 °C in a single‐mode microwave reactor in reaction times as short as 1 h. Purified hydrogels, containing no residual monomers, were obtained in yields of 95% or higher. Acid‐mediated hydrolysis rates as well as swelling degrees of the hydrogels were adjustable over a broad range; swelling degrees in water/ethanol/dichloromethane ranged from 0 to 13.8/11.7/20.0. The hydrogels could incorporate organic molecules according to in situ or post‐synthetic routines. Post‐synthetic routines enabled for the preparation of hydrogels from which the incorporated compounds were only released through diffusion processes if the solvent was changed or through hydrogel degradation if the pH was lowered.
Thermal and acid labile polyurethanes as a new class of responsive materials in polymeric nanoparticles and nanocapsules
Authors: Siebert Joerg Max , Baier Grit , Landfester Katharina 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new class of polyurethanes has been designed, containing tertiary carbamate groups in the main chain of the polymer, which enable the resulting polymer to degrade completely under acid and thermal treatment. The decomposition temperatures of the polymers were determined by measuring the evolution of carbon dioxide and other decomposition products using TGA‐MS. Until decomposition of the polymer, no glass transition was found. The polymers exhibit excellent solubility in common organic solvents like chloroform and tetrahydrofuran, making them to suitable materials for film formation. From the obtained polymers, nanoparticles were synthesized by the solvent evaporation method combined with the miniemulsion technique. The resulting nanoparticles can be used as intelligent fillers in films and sensors, since they degrade at temperatures of above 180 °C, which can be detected by a color change reaction with ninhydrin. Polymeric nanocapsules were prepared by an interfacial polyaddition reaction from 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate and tertiary diols performed at the droplet's interface in inverse (water‐in‐oil) miniemulsions. These nanocapsules with an encapsulated photoacid generator can act as a release system, whereby an acidic release through irradiation with ultraviolet light can be triggered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
“A Lifetime”
Authors: Pirzad Zoya 
Published: September 2011

It was very early in the morning. She was looking at the yard from behind a window. The tree was in full bloom. She removed a lock of white hair from her forehead. It was the forty-first time that she was watching the tree blossom. She was standing in front of the window in her thick white nightgown with long sleeves and closed collar. She was a bit cold. The wind made the blossoms shiver. It seemed that the flowers never felt cold. The woman recalled the very first time she watched them.She has awakened to the sound of her husband's voice, “Wake up! Come and see! The tree has blossomed!” They have stood watching together at the window. Her long white nightgown was sleeveless and thin, with lace around its open collar. She wasn't cold, or perhaps it was her sense of decency that made her forget the cold.
Single intravenous and oral dose pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
Authors: GAUNT P. S. , LANGSTON C. , WRZESINSKI C. , GAO D. , ADAMS P. , CROUCH L. , SWEENEY D. , ENDRIS R. 
Published: September 2011

Gaunt, P. S., Langston, C., Wrzesinski, C., Gao, D., Adams, P., Crouch, L., Sweeney, D., Endris, R. Single intravenous and oral dose pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 503–507.Plasma distribution and elimination of florfenicol in channel catfish were investigated after a single dose (10 mg/kg) of intravenous (i.v.) or oral administration in freshwater at a mean water temperature of 25.4 °C. Florfenicol concentrations in plasma were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography with MS/MS detection. After i.v. florfenicol injection, the terminal half‐life (t1/2), volume of distribution at steady state (Vss), and central volume of distribution (Vc) were 8.25 h, 0.9 and 0.381 L/kg, respectively. After oral administration of florfenicol, the terminal t1/2, Cmax, Tmax, and oral bioavailability (F) were 9.11 h, 7.6 μg/mL, 9.2 h, and 1.09, respectively. There was a lag absorption time of 1.67 h in oral dosing. Results from these studies support that 10 mg florfenicol/kg body weight in channel catfish is an efficacious dosage following oral administration.
Serum micronutrient concentrations and childhood asthma: the PIAMA birth cohort study
Authors: van Oeffelen A. A. M. , Bekkers M. B. M. , Smit H. A. , Kerkhof M. , Koppelman G. H. , Haveman‐Nies A. , van der A D. L. , Jansen E. H. J. M. , Wijga A. H. 
Published: September 2011

To cite this article: van Oeffelen AAM, Bekkers MBM, Smit HA, Kerkhof M, Koppelman GH, Haveman‐Nies A, van der A DL, Jansen EHJM, Wijga AH. Serum micronutrient concentrations and childhood asthma: the PIAMA birth cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011: 22: 784–793.AbstractBackground:  Research suggests an influence of micronutrients on childhood asthma. So far, evidence mainly originates from cross‐sectional studies using nutrient intake data, which is not an accurate measure of nutrient status. This study aimed to investigate the cross‐sectional and prospective associations between serum concentrations of magnesium, vitamin D, selenium, and zinc and prevalence of (severe) asthma, atopy, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in childhood.Methods:  In the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study, serum nutrient concentrations were available for a 4‐yr‐old subgroup (n = 372) and for a different 8‐yr‐old subgroup (n = 328). Yearly questionnaires inquired about asthma prevalence until 8 yr of age. Allergic sensitization was measured at 4 and 8 yr of age; BHR was measured at 8 yr of age. Data were analyzed with logistic regression and generalized estimating equations models.Results:  There was a consistent (non‐significant) inverse association between serum magnesium concentrations and asthma prevalence. Serum vitamin D concentrations measured at age 4 were inversely associated with asthma at ages 4–8 [e.g., cross‐sectional association between vitamin D tertile 3 vs. 1 and severe asthma: odds ratio (OR): 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25–0.95], whereas vitamin D measured at age 8 was positively associated with asthma at age 8 (e.g., cross‐sectional association between vitamin D tertile 3 vs. 1 and severe asthma: OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 0.67–6.82).Conclusions:  Our study contributes to the evidence that children with higher serum magnesium concentrations are less likely to have asthma. The associations between serum vitamin D concentrations and asthma were age‐dependent.
New drugs for prostate cancer
Authors: Alifrangis Constantine , O'Hanlon‐Brown Ciara , Tuthill Mark , Waxman Jonathan 
Published: September 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of various new treatments. These have been in diverse areas of therapeutics research, including immunology and targeted biological therapy, as well as in new ways of approaching hormone refractory disease. The present paper seeks to review all of the key advances that have been reported in late‐stage clinical studies and place them into the context of managing patients with advanced prostate cancer.OBJECTIVE
To describe some of the most exciting late stage clinical developments in the field of new therapies for advanced prostate cancer.
METHODS
Pubmed was searched for articles pertaining to prostate cancer therapeutics clinical trials in the last 3 years.
RESULTS
Key positive trials in the areas of androgen resistance, tumour immunology, molecularly targeted agents and cytotoxics were reviewed and discussed in the context of metastatic prostate cancer.
CONCLUSION
Treatments emerging from these areas of scientific endeavour are progressing into clinical trials and are both good cause for hope in patients, and excellent examples of mechanism based drug discovery.