bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of vibrocompaction methods by numerical simulations
Authors: Arnold M. , Herle I. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSoils can be best compacted by repeated shearing. The strain amplitude plays an important role for the maximum compaction that can be reached. Experimental evidence emphasizes a vital impact of simultaneous multidirectional shear loading on the rate and magnitude of soil compaction. Two different vibrocompaction methods were analysed by the numerical simulations in the light of these findings. In an elastic finite element (FE) analysis, strain paths were determined. A strain amplitude‐dependent stiffness at small strains was introduced by multiple runs of the FE calculation to reach an appropriate stiffness for particular distances from the vibrator. Subsequently, the obtained strain paths were used to control single element simulations using hypoplasticity with intergranular strains. The calculated compaction profiles show three zones known from practical evidence: a limited compaction close to the vibrator, a zone of maximum compaction and a non‐densified zone remote from the vibrator. The deep vibrator produces a faster compaction than the top vibrator, especially in the more distant zone. The more efficient work of the deep vibrator can be attributed to a more general multidirectional shearing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the pharmacokinetics drug–drug interaction potential ofglycyrrhiza uralensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, with lidocaine in rats
Authors: Tang Jingcheng , Song Xiaohong , Zhu Min , Zhang Jinnan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDrug–drug interaction potentials of an herbal medicine namedGlycyrrhiza uralensiswas investigated in rats viain vitroandin vivopharmacokinetic studies. P450levels and the metabolic rate of lidocaine in the liver microsomes prepared from different treatment groups were measured. In a separatein vivopharmacokinetic study, the pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine in plasma and urine were estimated. P450levels in the rats pretreated byGlycyrrhiza uralensiswere significant higher than that in the non‐treatment control. The increase in P450levels was dose‐dependent.Glycyrrhiza uralensis(1 and 3 g/kg) increased P450levels by 62% and 91%, respectively, compared with the non‐treatment control (0.695 nmol/mg protein). The metabolic rate of lidocaine in the liver microsomes was significantly higher in the herb pretreated rats. The pharmacokinetic profile of lidocaine was significantly modified in the rats with the herbal pretreatment. Elimination half‐lives were shortened by 39%, and total clearances were increased by 59% with the pretreatment ofGlycyrrhiza uralensis. In conclusion,Glycyrrhiza uralensisshowed induction effect on P450isozymes. Efficacy and safety profiles of a drug may be affected when the herbal products or herbal prescriptions containing the plant medicine were concomitantly used. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the effects of thermal stratification on the oxygen budget of an impounded river
Authors: Becker Annette , Kirchesch Volker , Baumert Helmut Z. , Fischer Helmut , Schöl Andreas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe River Saar is a heavily impounded river with an average discharge of 80 m3 s−1. The German reach of the River Saar, i.e. the lower 90km, was gradually impounded from 1977–2000, resulting in a doubled average water depth (today 4.2m). In parallel to river development, water pollution was decreased strongly, relieving the critical oxygen budget in the river. Nowadays, oxygen concentrations may still fall below 4 mg O2 l−1 during low‐flow periods in summer, when thermal stratification and depth gradients of oxygen occur. In August 2005, high‐resolution measurements of temperature, conductivity, turbulence, as well as oxygen‐levels were carried out over 48 hours. These data were used to develop and validate a ‘quasi‐two‐dimensional’, depth‐resolving modelling approach with the deterministic water quality model QSim. This model includes the mathematical description of the influence of flow velocity and solar radiation on thermal stratification, on which the exchange between water layers depends. Three data sets of continuous measurements were compared with the model outputs. Thermal stratification shows diurnal rhythms and longitudinal variability depending on solar radiation, water depth, and flow velocity. In the course of the day, measurements and model outputs showed best agreement during the strongest stratification in the evening. The modelled effects of thermal stratification on oxygen‐budget rates were quantified and showed that the reduction of atmospheric re‐aeration is partly compensated by an increase in algal oxygen production. For the River Saar, the high temporal and spatial variability of oxygen concentrations documented here is of major ecological significance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic isoforms Tpk1 and Tpk2 of Candida albicans PKA have non‐redundant roles in stress response and glycogen storage
Authors: Giacometti Romina , Kronberg Florencia , Biondi Ricardo M. , Passeron Susana 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCandida albicans cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) is coded by two catalytic subunits (TPK1 and TPK2) and one regulatory subunit (BCY1). In this organism the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway mediates basic cellular processes, such as the yeast‐to‐hyphae transition and cell cycle regulation. In the present study, we investigated the role of C. albicans PKA in response to saline, heat and oxidative stresses as well as in glycogen storage. To fine‐tune the analysis, we performed the studies on several C. albicans PKA mutants having heterozygous or homozygous deletions of TPK1 and/or TPK2 in a different BCY1 genetic background. We observed that tpk1Δ/tpk1Δ strains developed a lower tolerance to saline exposure, heat shock and oxidative stress, while wild‐type and tpk2Δ/tpk2Δ mutants were resistant to these stresses, indicating that both isoforms play different roles in the stress response pathway. We also found that regardless of the TPK background, heterozygous and homozygous BCY1 mutants were highly sensitive to heat treatment. Surprisingly, we observed that those strains devoid of one or both TPK1 alleles were defective in glycogen storage, while strains lacking Tpk2 accumulated higher levels of the polysaccharide, indicating that Tpk1 and Tpk2 have opposite roles in carbohydrate metabolism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sacral Nerve Terminal Motor Latency in Patients With or Without Soiling More Than 2 Years After Low Anterior Resection for Low Rectal Cancer
Authors: Tomita Ryouichi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundTo clarify the neurologic function with respect to puborectalis muscle (PM) in patients after low anterior resection (LAR) for low rectal cancer, author examined the sacral nerve terminal motor latency (SNTML) of the PM.MethodsThe latency of the response in the PM following transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the cauda equina at the levels from S3 to S4 by SNTML was measured in 33 patients after LAR. They were divided into groups. Group A, which experienced soiling, comprised 15 patients (11 men, 4 women) aged 58 to 77 years (mean 63.5 years). Group A was further divided into patients having soiling with mucous secretions and feces on underwear on awaking everyday (group A1, 9 cases) and those with soiling during the daytime only when diarrhea occurred (group A2, 6 cases). Group B, which did not experience soiling comprised 18 patients (12 men, 6 women), aged 47 to 76 years (mean 62.2 years). The results from the groups were compared with data obtained from 33 control subjects (group C), who comprised 23 men and 10 women, aged 47 to 74 years (mean 62.4 years).ResultsThe distance of the anastomosis from the dentate line (DL) in group A1 was significant shorter than in groups A2 and B (p = 0.0071, p < 0.0001, respectively). Patients in group A displayed significant prolongation of the SNTML values compared with patients in groups B and C at the right, left, and posterior sites (all p < 0.0001). Moreover, patients in group B showed more extended SNTML than those in group C at all sites. Patients in group A1 exhibited significant prolongation of the SNTML compared with patients in groups A2 and B at all sites (all p < 0.0001). Moreover, patients in group A2 showed more prolonged SNTML than those in group B at all sites. A significant correlation was found between the distance of the anastomosis from the DL and the SNTML values at all sites of the PM (right side: r = 0.786, p < 0.0001; left side: r = 0.739, p < 0.0001; posterior: r = 0.773, p < 0.0001).ConclusionsSoiling after LAR may be caused by damage to the bilateral sacral motor nerves.
Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver in children
Authors: Yoshida Tadashi , Kamiyama Toshiya , Okada Tadao , Nakanishi Kazuaki , Yokoo Hideki , Kamachi Hirofumi , Matsushita Michiaki , Sato Naoki , Sasaki Fumiaki , Todo Satoru 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground/purposeAlveolar echinococcosis of the liver (AEL) is a zoonosis that is distributed in cold regions of the northern hemisphere. The disease is mostly found in adults and rarely in pediatric patients because it tends to be slow growing.Patients and methodsTen Japanese pediatric patients (under 15 years old) with AEL have been operated on in Hokkaido University Hospital from January 1936 to June 2008. We examined these children and revealed the characteristics of AEL.ResultsThe patients included three males and seven females whose mean age was 10.9 years old, ranging from 7 to 15. The length of follow‐up was from 3 months to 33 years (median 19 years). Six cases were picked up by mass screening; nine cases who underwent hepatectomy are still alive and one case whose tumors were unresectable died of liver failure.ConclusionOur cases indicate that some AEL pediatric patients advanced rapidly, so early detection is imperative. Thus, screening examinations are essential for children in contaminated areas and, if a liver tumor is found on a screening examination and diagnosed as AEL, complete radical resection should be performed.
French wasps in the New World: experimental biological control introductions reveal a demographic Allee effect
Authors: Fauvergue Xavier , Hopper Keith Roderick 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMany populations introduced into a novel environment fail to establish. One underlying process is the Allee effect, i.e., the difficulty of individuals to survive and reproduce when rare, and the consequently low or negative population growth. Although observations showing a positive relation between initial population size and establishment probability suggest that the Allee effect could be widespread in biological invasions, experimental tests are scarce. Here, we used a biological control program against Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the United States to manipulate initial population size of the introduced parasitoid Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) originating from France. For eight populations and three generations after introduction, we studied spatial distribution and spread, density, mate‐finding, and population growth. Dispersal was lower in small populations during the first generation. Smaller initial population size nonetheless resulted in lower density during the three generations studied. The proportion of mated females and the population sex ratio were not affected by initial population size or population density. Net reproductive rate decreased with density within each generation, suggesting negative density‐dependence. But for a given density, net reproductive rate was smaller in populations initiated with few individuals than in populations initiated with many individuals. Hence, our results demonstrate a demographic Allee effect. Mate‐finding is excluded as an underlying mechanism, and other component Allee effects may have been overwhelmed by negative density‐dependence in reproduction. Impact of generalist predators could provide one potential explanation for the relationship between initial population size and net reproductive rate. However, the continuing effect of initial population size on population growth suggests genetic processes may have been involved in the observed demographic Allee effect.
Mixed Micellization and Interfacial Properties of Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Esters with Cetylpyridinium Chloride: A Tensiometric Study
Authors: Rehman Nuzhat , Mir Mohammad Amin , Jan Musarat , Amin Adil , Dar Aijaz Ahmad , Rather Ghulam Mohammad 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this work a surface tensiometric method was used to study the effect of the chain length of non‐ionic surfactants, viz. ethoxylated sorbitan esters, on micellar composition, critical micellar concentration, mutual interaction parameter (β12), and activity coefficients of the mixed micelles formed with the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride at 25 °C. The micellar characteristics evaluated using the Clint, Rubingh, and Blankschtein models deviated significantly from ideality, and were used to ascertain the validity of these theories. Thermodynamic stability in terms of Maeda's approach and interfacial properties is also discussed.
Labyrinthitis ossificans: How accurate is MRI in predicting cochlear obstruction?
Authors: Isaacson Brandon , Booth Timothy , Kutz Joe W. , Lee Kenneth H. , Roland Peter S. 
Published: April 2009

ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of preoperative MRI in predicting cochlear obstruction in pediatric patients with a history of bacterial meningitis.MethodsA case series with chart review was performed at a tertiary care multidisciplinary cochlear implant program. Forty‐five children with hearing loss that resulted from bacterial meningitis were implanted from 1991 to 2006. Twenty‐five children had preoperative MRI with high‐resolution axial T2‐weighted images to assess for cochlear patency.ResultsSeventeen of 25 patients (68%) had surgical evidence of cochlear obstruction. Six patients (37.5%) required circummodiolar drill‐outs, and one patient (6.25%) underwent placement of a double array cochlear implant. The nine remaining patients (56%) with cochlear obstruction required removal of fibrous tissue or drilling of the inferior basal turn, but did not require manipulation of the ascending basal turn to achieve full electrode insertion. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of MRI predicting intraoperative cochlear obstruction with 95 percent confidence intervals was 94.1 percent (71–99), 87.5 percent (47–99), 94.1 percent (71–99) and 87.5 percent (47–99), respectively.ConclusionPreoperative high‐resolution T2 MRI may be useful in predicting cochlear obstruction in patients with a prior history of bacterial meningitis.
From Prophetic Actions to Constitutional Theory: A Novel Chapter in Medieval Muslim Jurisprudence
Authors: Jackson Sherman A. 
Published: April 2009

In his seminal and pioneering work, al-Risāla, al-Shafiʿi, the founder of juridical uṣul al-fiqh, laid down the following maxim:God has obliged us to follow everything the Prophet instituted (sanna). And He has rendered adherence to this obedience to Him and turning away from it disobedience [to Him] for which He excuses no one.
Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation
Authors: Weiss Dieter 
Published: April 2009

A number of Arab countries have been exposed to structural adjustment programs. Under the guidance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, these programs are aimed at making various kinds of Arab socialist and mixed-economy regimes more “market-friendly,” a policy that started in the 1950s and 1960s in countries like Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, and Egypt. Considering the mounting social tension that results from continuing population growth, urban agglomeration, and unemployment, it would be naive to expect—with Fukuyama—an “end of history” as most countries try to adopt market regimes and to strengthen civil society and parliamentary democracy. As Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) well knew, economic and social change is a never-ending process. In the search for viable and sustainable strategies it may be stimulating to consider the insights of this great scholar of the Arab world who wrote 600 years ago.IBN KHALDUN'S SOCIAL SYSTEMS THEORYIbn Khaldun was born in Tunis into an influential clan of South Arabian origin with substantial influence in Islamic Spain and, after the fall of Seville in 1248, in north-western Africa. He was exposed to the turmoils of his time. He held his first position in 1352 at the court at Tunis at the age of 20 and then went on to high political, administrative, diplomatic, and judicial posts in the service of various rulers in the Maghrib, Spain, and Egypt.
The Cyprus Dispute and the United Nations: Peaceful Non-Settlement Between 1954 and 1996
Authors: Bölükbaşi Suha 
Published: April 2009

In his landmark book on the problems and progress of international organization, Inis L. Claude wrote:“Settlement,” lİke “pacific,” is a relative term. In some cases, the realistic ideal may be not to achieve the permanent settlement of a dispute, but to persuade the parties to settle down permanently with the dispute. The agenda of the Security Council and the General Assembly are liberally sprinkled with items that are beginning to seem like permanent fixtures, quarrels which the United Nations has managed to subject to peaceful perpetuation rather than peaceful settlement.As in several other disputes, the United Nations has in the Cyprus dispute operated on the assumption that Claude described: that the enforced postponement of a showdown between the parties would make the dispute conducive to peaceful settlement. Actually, some disputes, if properly controlled over a period of time, ultimately wither into insignificance or become ripe for settlement. In some other disputes, however, a long cooling-off period may actually lead the parties to adopt more rigid and uncompromising positions, and the prospects for reasonable compromise gradually diminish.
Metacognition is prior
Authors: Couchman Justin J. , Coutinho Mariana V. C. , Beran Michael J. , Smith J. David 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe agree with Carruthers that evidence for metacognition in species lacking mindreading provides dramatic evidence in favor of the metacognition-is-prior account and against the mindreading-is-prior account. We discuss this existing evidence and explain why an evolutionary perspective favors the former account and poses serious problems for the latter account.
Confabulation, confidence, and introspection
Authors: Fiala Brian , Nichols Shaun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCarruthers' arguments depend on a tenuous interpretation of cases from the confabulation literature. Specifically, Carruthers maintains that cases of confabulation are “subjectively indistinguishable” from cases of alleged introspection. However, in typical cases of confabulation, the self-attributions are characterized by low confidence, in contrast to cases of alleged introspection.
Non-interpretative metacognition for true beliefs
Authors: Friedman Ori , Petrashek Adam R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMindreading often requires access to beliefs, so the mindreading system should be able to self-attribute beliefs, even without self-interpretation. This proposal is consistent with Carruthers' claim that mindreading and metacognition depend on the same cognitive system and the same information as one another; and it may be more consistent with this claim than is Carruthers' account of metacognition.
There must be more to development of mindreading and metacognition than passing false belief tasks
Authors: Hernik Mikolaj , Fearon Pasco , Fonagy Peter 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe argue that while it is a valuable contribution, Carruthers' model may be too restrictive to elaborate our understanding of the development of mindreading and metacognition, or to enrich our knowledge of individual differences and psychopathology. To illustrate, we describe pertinent examples where there may be a critical interplay between primitive social-cognitive processes and emerging self-attributions.
Banishing “I” and “we” from accounts of metacognition
Authors: Huebner Bryce , Dennett Daniel C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCarruthers offers a promising model for how “we” know the propositional contents of “our” own minds. Unfortunately, in retaining talk of first-person access to mental states, his suggestions assume that a higher-order self is already “in the loop.” We invite Carruthers to eliminate the first-person from his model and to develop a more thoroughly third-person model of metacognition.
Carruthers' marvelous magical mindreading machine
Authors: Lewis Charlie , Carpendale Jeremy I. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCarruthers presents an interesting analysis of confabulation and a clear attack on introspection. Yet his theory-based alternative is a mechanistic view of “mindreading” which neglects the fact that social understanding occurs within a network of social relationships. In particular, the role of language in his model is too simple.
Getting to know yourself … and others
Authors: Mills Candice M. , Danovitch Judith H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCarruthers rejects developmental evidence based primarily on an argument regarding one skill in particular: understanding false beliefs. We propose that this rejection is premature; and that identifying and examining the development of other subcomponent skills important for metacognition and mindreading, such as the ability to assess levels of knowledge, will in fact be useful in resolving this debate.
Introspection and interpretation: Dichotomy or continuum?
Authors: Petty Richard E. , Briñol Pablo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractJudgments vary in the extent to which they are based on interpretation versus relatively direct access to mental contents. That is, a judgment might require a trivial amount of interpretation (e.g., translating one's immediately accessible “inner speech”) or a rather substantial amount of confabulation. Recognizing this continuum of interpretation underlying judgment could be more fruitful than debating a categorical introspection versus interpretation distinction.
Making a case for introspection
Authors: Zinck Alexandra , Lodahl Sanne , Frith Chris D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDefending first-person introspective access to own mental states, we argue against Carruthers' claim of mindreading being prior to meta-cognition and for a fundamental difference between how we understand our own and others' mental states. We conclude that a model based on one mechanism but involving two different kinds of access for self and other is sufficient and more consistent with the evidence.
Mindreading underlies metacognition
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis response defends the view that human metacognition results from us turning our mindreading capacities upon ourselves, and that our access to our own propositional attitudes is through interpretation rather than introspection. Relevant evidence is considered, including that deriving from studies of childhood development and other animal species. Also discussed are data suggesting dissociations between metacognitive and mindreading capacities, especially in autism and schizophrenia.
Propositional learning is a useful research heuristic but it is not a theoretical algorithm
Authors: Baker A. G. , Baetu Irina , Murphy Robin A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMitchell et al.'s claim, that their propositional theory is a single-process theory, is illusory because they relegate some learning to a secondary memory process. This renders the single-process theory untestable. The propositional account is not a process theory of learning, but rather, a heuristic that has led to interesting research.