bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DOES CITY LOCATION DETERMINE URBAN POPULATION GROWTH? THE CASE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM CITIES IN KOREA
Authors: SOHN JUNGYUL 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAccessibility to large cities has been recognised as a significant factor for the growth of small and medium cities. The dependence on large cities is especially strong in the urban system with strong urban hierarchy. Based on this observation, this study attempts to examine the influence of city location in the Korean urban system on the growth of small and medium cities. The result shows that distance from Seoul is significant in explaining the overall urban population growth although distance from regional centres is important in explaining in‐ and out‐migration, suggesting that the spillover effect of Seoul is the dominant determinant of growth.
Finding Dynamic Treatment Effects Under Anticipation: The Effects of Spanking on Behaviour
Authors: Lee Myoung-jae , Huang Fali 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe dynamic treatment effect literature considers multiple treatments administered over time, with some treatments affected by interim outcomes. But the literature overlooks the possibility of individuals acting in anticipation of future treatments. This lack of anticipation aspect may not matter in the drug–response relationships which motivated the literature. But human beings (or animals with some intelligence) do not just respond to current and past treatments, but also ‘reflect and anticipate’ future treatments. For example, a punishment or reward is likely to prompt forward looking. Even if no personal punishment or reward is involved, people may take action in anticipation of a future government policy, which would be an important concern for policy makers. The paper explores how to find dynamic treatment effects allowing for forward looking or anticipation by extending available dynamic treatment effect approaches in the literature. Then the methods proposed are applied to the effects of spanking on a child’s bad behaviour where a child may act better in anticipation of future spanking, which is analogous to the relationship between punishment and crime.
Photochemical interaction of ascorbic acid with riboflavin, nicotinamide and alpha‐tocopherol in cream formulations
Authors: Ahmad I. , Sheraz M. A. , Ahmed S. , Bano R. , Vaid F. H. M. 
Published: October 2011

SynopsisThe present work is based on a study of the effect of some vitamins such as riboflavin (RF), nicotinamide (NA) and alpha‐tocopherol (TP) on the photodegradation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (AH2) in oil‐in‐water cream formulations using a UV irradiation source. A UV spectrophotometric and the official iodimetric methods have been used for the assay of AH2 in cream formulations. These methods have been validated in the presence of RF, NA and TP before their application to the creams. The recoveries of AH2 in the creams are in the range of 90–95% and the reproducibility of the method is within ±5%. The apparent first‐order rate constants (kobs) for the photodegradation of AH2 in the presence of RF, NA and TP, individually, in the creams have been obtained. The second‐order rate constants for the photochemical interaction of AH2 and the vitamins RF, NA and TP have been determined from the plots of kobs for AH2 photolysis versus the individual vitamin concentration along with the values of k0 from the intercept on the vertical axis. The values of k0 in the presence of RF and NA are lower than those of the kobs, indicating that these vitamins act as photosensitizers for the degradation of AH2 in creams. On the contrary, the value of k0 in the presence of TP is higher than that of the kobs, suggesting a stabilizing effect of this vitamin on the degradation of AH2 in creams. The mode of interaction of the individual vitamins with AH2 on photolysis has been discussed.
Chronic treatment in vivo with β‐adrenoceptor agonists induces dysfunction of airway β2‐adrenoceptors and exacerbates lung inflammation in mice
Authors: Lin Rui , Degan Simone , Theriot Barbara S , Fischer Bernard M , Strachan Ryan T , Liang Jiurong , Pierce Richard A , Sunday Mary E , Noble Paul W , Kraft Monica , Brody Arnold R , Walker Julia KL 
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhalation of a β‐adrenoceptor agonist (β‐agonist) is first‐line asthma therapy, used for both prophylaxis against, and acute relief of, bronchoconstriction. However, repeated clinical use of β‐agonists leads to impaired bronchoprotection and, in some cases, adverse patient outcomes. Mechanisms underlying this β2‐adrenoceptor dysfunction are not well understood, due largely to the lack of a comprehensive animal model and the uncertainty as to whether or not bronchorelaxation in mice is mediated by β2‐adrenoceptors. Thus, we aimed to develop a mouse model that demonstrated functional β‐agonist‐induced β2‐adrenoceptor desensitization in the context of allergic inflammatory airway disease.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We combined chronic allergen exposure with repeated β‐agonist inhalation in allergen‐treated BALB/C mice and examined the contribution of β2‐adrenoceptors to albuterol‐induced bronchoprotection using FVB/NJ mice with genetic deletion of β2‐adrenoceptors (KO). Associated inflammatory changes – cytokines (ELISA), cells in bronchoalevolar lavage and airway remodelling (histology) and β2‐adrenoceptor density (radioligand binding) – were also measured.KEY RESULTS β2‐Adrenoceptors mediated albuterol‐induced bronchoprotection in mice. Chronic treatment with albuterol induced loss of bronchoprotection, associated with exacerbation of the inflammatory components of the asthma phenotype.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This animal model reproduced salient features of human asthma and linked loss of bronchoprotection with airway pathobiology. Accordingly, the model offers an advanced tool for understanding the mechanisms of the effects of chronic β‐ agonist treatment on β‐adrenoceptor function in asthma. Such information may guide the clinical use of β‐agonists and provide insight into development of novel β‐adrenoceptor ligands for the treatment of asthma.
Potassium and ANO1/ TMEM16A chloride channel profiles distinguish atypical and typical smooth muscle cells from interstitial cells in the mouse renal pelvis
Authors: Iqbal Javed , Tonta Mary A , Mitsui Retsu , Li Qun , Kett Michelle , Li Jinhua , Parkington Helena C , Hashitani Hikaru , Lang Richard J 
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although atypical smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the proximal renal pelvis are thought to generate the pacemaker signals that drive pyeloureteric peristalsis, their location and electrical properties remain obscure.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Standard patch clamp, intracellular microelectrode and immunohistochemistry techniques were used. To unequivocally identify SMCs, transgenic mice with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) expressed in cells containing α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) were sometimes used.KEY RESULTS Atypical SMCs were distinguished from typical SMCs by the absence of both a transient 4‐aminopyridine‐sensitive K+ current (IKA) and spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) upon the opening of large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channels. Many typical SMCs displayed a slowly activating, slowly decaying Cl‐ current blocked by niflumic acid (NFA). Immunostaining for KV4.3 and ANO1/ TMEM16A Cl‐ channel subunits co‐localized with α‐SMA immunoreactive product predominately in the distal renal pelvis. Atypical SMCs fired spontaneous inward currents that were either selective for Cl‐ and blocked by NFA, or cation‐selective and blocked by La3+. α‐SMA‐ interstitial cells (ICs) were distinguished by the presence of a Xe991‐sensitive KV7 current, BK channel STOCs and Cl‐ selective, NFA‐sensitive spontaneous transient inward currents (STICs). Intense ANO1/ TMEM16A and KV7.5 immunostaining was present in Kit‐α‐SMA‐ ICs in the suburothelial and adventitial regions of the renal pelvis.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that KV4.3+α‐SMA+ SMCs are typical SMCs that facilitate muscle wall contraction, that ANO1/ TMEM16A and KV7.5 immunoreactivity may be selective markers of Kit‐ ICs and that atypical SMCs which discharge spontaneous inward currents are the pelviureteric pacemakers.
The CB1 cannabinoid receptor C‐terminus regulates receptor desensitization in autaptic hippocampal neurones
Authors: Straiker Alex , Wager‐Miller Jim , Mackie Ken 
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid CB1 receptor is the chief mediator of the CNS effects of cannabinoids. In cell culture model systems, CB1 receptors both desensitize and internalize on activation. Previous work suggests that the extreme carboxy‐terminus of this receptor regulates internalization via phosphorylation of residues clustered within this region. Mutational analysis of the carboxy‐terminus of CB1 receptors has demonstrated that the last six serine/threonine residues are necessary for agonist‐induced internalization. However, the structural determinants of CB1 receptor internalization are also dependent on the local cellular environment. The importance of cell context on CB1 receptor function calls for an investigation of the functional roles of these residues in neurones.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To determine the structural requirements of CB1 internalization in neurones, we evaluated the signalling properties of carboxy‐terminal mutated CB1 receptors expressed in cultured autaptic hippocampal neurones, using electrophysiological methods.KEY RESULTS CB1 receptors transfected into CB1 knockout neurones signalled and desensitized as did wild‐type neurones, allowing us to test specific CB1 receptor mutations. Deletion of the last 13 residues yielded a CB1 receptor that inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents but did not desensitize. Furthermore, mutation of the final six serine and threonine residues to alanines resulted in a non‐desensitizing receptor. In contrast, CB1 receptors lacking residues 419–460, leaving the last 14 residues intact, did desensitize.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The distal thirteen residues of CB1 receptors are crucial for their desensitization in cultured neurones. Furthermore, this desensitization is likely to follow phosphorylation of serines and threonines within this region.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Coronary Artery Disease Potentiates Response to Dofetilide for Rhythm Control of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: MANOCHA PANKAJ , BAVIKATI VENKATA , LANGBERG JONATHAN , LLOYD MICHAEL S. 
Published: October 2011

Background:

Dofetilide, a class III antiarrhythmic, is one of the few alternatives to amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure or coronary artery disease (CAD). While amiodarone has been extensively studied, little is known about predictors of response to dofetilide. We sought to identify clinical parameters associated with dofetilide success in a large cohort of patients with AF.
Methods/Results:

A total of 287 patients with AF started on dofetilide between 2001 and 2008 were included. Dofetilide was deemed “completely effective” if the patient remained on dofetilide at follow‐up and had no recurrences of AF clinically or by electrocardiogram. Dofetilide efficacy was analyzed in relation to clinical variables relevant to AF and AF recurrence. After a follow‐up of 10.2 ± 7.7 months, 54.7% of the patients remained on dofetilide and it was completely effective in 26.8%. The discontinuation rate during initial hospitalization was 13.3% from excessive QT prolongation and one patient with torsades de pointes (successfully treated). A history of CAD was the only univariate predictor of efficacy (odds ratio [OR] 2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29–4.01, P < 0.05). CAD remained the only significant factor associated with efficacy of dofetilide in a multivariate regression model (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.11–3.70, P < 0.05, n = 270). The overall efficacy of dofetilide in patients with CAD was 41.1%, compared to 23.5% in those without CAD (P < 0.05).
Conclusions:

In this large cohort of patients with AF, underlying coronary disease was significantly associated with dofetilide success. This finding may have utility for clinical decisions regarding initiation of dofetilide. (PACE 2012; 35:170–173)
Fate of autologous and fresh‐frozen allogeneic block bone grafts used for ridge augmentation. A CBCT‐based analysis
Authors: Spin‐Neto Rubens , Stavropoulos Andreas , Pereira Luís Antônio Violin Dias , Marcantonio Elcio , Wenzel Ann 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate dimensional changes in autologous (AT) and fresh‐frozen allogeneic (AL) block bone grafts 6 months after alveolar ridge augmentation.Material and methodsTwenty‐six partially or totally edentulous patients treated either with fresh‐frozen AL bone or AT bone onlay block grafts prior to implant placement (13 patients in each group), were included in this analysis. Patients received CBCT (i‐CAT Classic) examinations prior to surgery and 14 days and 6 months after grafting. Differences in alveolar ridge area among the various observation times were evaluated by planimetric measurements on two‐dimensional CBCT images of the grafted regions. Nineteen grafted blocks from each group were evaluated.ResultsSignificant increase in alveolar ridge dimensions, allowing implant placement, was obtained with both types of grafts 6 months after grafting; no significant differences in alveolar ridge area were observed between the groups at the various observation times. However, graft resorption in the AL group was significantly larger compared to that in the AT group at 6 months.ConclusionsLarger bone graft resorption was seen in patients treated with fresh‐frozen AL bone than in those treated with AT bone 6 months following alveolar ridge augmentation.
Evaluation of two sedation protocols for use before diagnostic intra‐articular anaesthesia in lame dogs
Authors: Van Vynckt D. , Samoy Y. , Polis I. , Bosmans T. , Verschooten F. , Van Ryssen B. 
Published: October 2011

Objectives: To assess the influence of two sedation protocols on the degree of lameness in dogs.Methods: Fifty lame dogs were allocated to one of two sedation protocols. Group ACPM (acepromazine + methadone; n=25) was sedated with acepromazine and methadone. Group MED (medetomidine antagonised with atipamezole; n=25) was sedated with medetomidine and reversed with atipamezole. Each dog was evaluated for lameness before and after sedation using videotapes. Four experienced clinicians allocated global lameness scores before and after sedation to each dog using a numerical rating scale.Results: In 80% of the dogs in group ACPM and in 72% in group MED lameness was not affected by the sedation. In 12% of the dogs in group ACPM and 20% of the dogs in group MED the observers noticed an increase of lameness of 1 or 2 degrees on a scale of 0 to 10. In 8% of the dogs in both groups lameness decreased with 1 degree.Clinical Relevance: A possible diagnostic test for investigation of obscure lameness is intra‐articular anaesthesia. Sedation is necessary to allow intra‐articular injection. This study provided evidence that the effect of sedation with the proposed protocols on the degree of lameness is negligible.
Larvicidal activity of Pseudocalymma alliaceum and Allium sativum against Culex quinquefasciatus (Say)
Authors: Shrankhla  , SHARMA Preeti , MOHAN Lalit , SRIVASTAVA Chand Narayan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe larvicidal activity of the plant extracts Pseudocalymma alliaceum and Allium sativum were determined against Culex quinquefasciatus. The hexane extract of P. alliaceum and the petroleum ether extract of A. sativum exhibited larvicidal efficacy against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Extracts of P. alliaceum resulted in concentrations that produced 50% mortality LC50 and LC90 values of 2.49 and 15.06 ppm, respectively, after 24 h and 1.16 and 8.45 ppm after 48 h. Extracts of A. sativum resulted in LC50 and LC90 values of 8.38 and 29.15 ppm after 24 h and 7.28 and 44.19 ppm after 48 h of exposure, respectively. The results indicate that the plant extract component(s) present in the hexane extract of P. alliaceum leaves demonstrated greater potential as an efficient larvicide than A. sativum against Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Everything is Knowable – How to Get to KnowWhethera Proposition is True
Authors: VAN DITMARSCH HANS , VAN DER HOEK WIEBE , ILIEV PETAR 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFitch showed that not every true proposition can be known in due time; in other words, that not every proposition isknowable. Moore showed that certain propositions cannot be consistently believed. A more recent dynamic phrasing of Moore‐sentences is that not all propositions are known after their announcement, i.e., not every proposition issuccessful. Fitch's and Moore's results are related, as they equally apply to standard notions of knowledge and belief (S5 andKD45, respectively). If we interpret ‘successful’ as ‘known after its announcement’ and ‘knowable’ as ‘known after some announcement’, successful implies knowable. Knowable does not imply successful: there is a propositionϕthat is not known after its announcement but there is another announcement after whichϕis known. We show that all propositions are knowable in the more general sense that for each proposition, it can become known or its negation can become known. We can get to knowwhetherit is true: ◊(Kϕ ∨ K¬ϕ). This result comes at a price. We cannot get to know whether the propositionwastrue. This restricts the philosophical relevance of interpreting ‘knowable’ as ‘known after an announcement’.
Femoroacetabular impingement and risk factors: a study of 50 cases
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Aggarwal Aditya 
Published: October 2011

Objective:  To study the asphericity of the femoral head in femoroacetabular impingement using the radiological indices alpha angle and triangular index, and correlation with risk factors.Methods:  The study was conducted retrospectively from January 2008 to June 2010 on 50 consecutive patients with suspected cam type femoroacetabular impingement of the hip who reported to the orthopaedics outpatients department of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research. Ten controls were also used in the study. Radiographs of the affected hip were taken and then the alpha angle and triangular index were measured and correlated with various risk factors.Results:  In the anteroposterior view the alpha angle range was from 55° to 106° for the cases and from 54° to 70° for the controls. In the lateral view the range was from 62° to 104° for the cases and from 54° to 62° for the controls. The mean alpha angle in the anteroposterior view was measured as 75°± 10° in the cases and 61°± 6° in the controls, and the mean in the lateral view was 74°± 8° in the cases and 58°± 6° for the controls. The triangular index range in the radiographs was from 1 to 7 in the cases and from 0 to 1 for the controls. The mean triangular index in the radiographs was 2.9 ± 1.2 for the cases and 0.2 ± 0.4 for the controls.Conclusion:  There was no significant correlation between the age and gender of the patient and the femoroacetabular impingement. However, there was significant correlation between the body mass index of the patient and the femoroacetabular impingement.
Characterization of a stem cell population in lung cancer cell line Glc‐82
Authors: Long Hao , Zhang Shulin , Liu Chunqi , Shi Jianlin , Tao Liyang , Situ Dongrong , Ma Guowei , Zheng Yan , Fu Liwu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectives:  A side population (SP) of cells can be separated from diverse cancer cell lines by a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS) and show stem cell‐like characteristics. To gain more information about SP phenotypes, we performed a series of characterizations of SP cells.Methods:  We isolated SP cells from the lung cancer cell line Glc‐82 via FACS. Their capability of multilineage differentiation, self‐renewal and tumorigenicity were examined both in vitro and in vivo. Their sensitivity to anticancer drugs was also detected by Methyl‐thiazol‐diphenyl tetrazolium assay. The expression of cell surface molecules including ABCG2, HERs and CD133 was analyzed with a flow cytometer.Results:  SP cells made up an average of 14.5% of the total cell population and were more tumorigenic than non‐SP cells in vivo. The growth rate of SP cells was higher than that of the unsorted cells and non‐SP cells, and the repopulation of SP cells occurred more rapidly. Moreover, the SP cells expressed elevated levels of ABCG2 protein and showed augmented resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic and targeted drugs, when compared to non‐SP cells. In addition, the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor protein and CD133 were higher in SP cells than in non‐SP cells.Conclusions:  We suggest that the SP cells in the Glc‐82 cell line are enriched with cancer stem cells.
The microbial contamination of pressurised metered-dose inhalers anonymously sourced from the South-East Queensland Australia community population
Authors: Borovina Leigh R , Tremellen Kate E , Walker Monique P , Hawley Tegan M , Horgan Anthony R , Grant Gary D , King Michelle A 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To provide preliminary evidence regarding the presence, identity and level of microbial contamination of metered-dose inhalers sourced from the community. To correlate the level of microbial colonisation to the visible presence of debris on the interior and exterior surface of the device mouthpiece.

Methods
In this exploratory study, 45 post-use de-identified pressurised metered-dose inhalers were collected from the South-East Queensland Australian community. Prior to swabbing, the presence of visible debris on the internal and external surfaces of the mouthpiece was recorded for each device. Swabs taken from external and inner surfaces of the mouthpiece of each device were streaked onto standard growth media for colony counts. Individual colonies were selected and enriched then streaked onto a range of differential and chromogenic media for differential identification.

Key findings
A total of 36 post-use pressurised metered dose inhalers (80%) were shown to be colonised by microbes relative to unused devices (P = 0.01). Devices were primarily colonised by common respiratory flora, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Haemophilus species. Of greatest concern was the positive identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (18%) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (7%), Pseudomonas aerugonisa (2%) and Candida species (9%). The level of internal microbial contamination appeared to correlate to the presence of visible debris on the inside of the inhaler mouthpiece (P = 0.06) but not external debris (P = 0.59) while external contamination was not associated with internal (P = 0.99) or external debris (P = 0.63).

Conclusions
These preliminary data suggest that pressurised metered dose inhalers are potential reservoirs for bacteria. While this study was not aimed at determining the impact that contaminated pressurised metered-dose inhalers may have on the user, future research is being conducted to address the implications of these findings and the consequences they may have for the population of users.