bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Race’: What Biology Can Tell Us about a Social Construct
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan Michael 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Although there exist human populations that differ in the proportions of particular alleles present, this fact does not support claims that ‘race’, as it is usually understood, is a biological rather than a social concept. Although there are differences in proportions of alleles in those races usually recognised in contemporary western social discourse (folk‐racial categories), these differences are no more
biologically
significant than are the genetic differences that exist between populations that are
not
socially recognised as races (populations that do not correspond to folk‐racial categories). This implies that whatever average genetic differences exist between the populations called ‘races’ in ordinary social discourse, those genetic differences are
not
what account for the folk‐racial categories in use today. Despite recent research sometimes taken to imply otherwise, folk‐racial categories – which remain of fundamental importance to people's life‐prospects – remain social categories and not biological categories.

Key Concepts:

Many human populations differ from each other in the frequencies of particular alleles.

Many of these genetic variations between human populations can be explained by population structure.

Contemporary socially identified racial categories (folk‐racial categories) can be mapped (albeit only roughly) onto human populations identified on the basis of the continental location of recent ancestors.

Since physical location is associated with population structure, it is no surprise that populations whose ancestors came from different locations will differ in the frequencies of some alleles.

Although human populations identified on the basis of folk‐racial categories differ in the proportion of particular alleles, so too do many human populations that are not generally socially recognised as forming races (such as the country of origin within Europe).

Biologically, the populations that form folk‐racial categories (e.g. Asians) are no more important or significant than many other populations that are not usually identified as races (e.g. the Spanish and Portuguese).

Although human populations identified on the basis of folk‐racial categories differ in the proportion of particular alleles, this does not make the folk‐racial categories biological categories.
Mucopolysaccharide Storage Disorders
Authors: Filocamo Mirella , Cooper David N , Di Rocco Maja 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of 11 distinct metabolic disorders that result from the deficiency of the various lysosomal enzymes required to degrade the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that constitute a major component of the extracellular matrix, joint fluid and connective tissue. The progressive lysosomal accumulation of GAGs ultimately impairs joint mobility and adversely affects the skeleton and cardiovascular system. Depending on the type or subtype of mucopolysaccharidosis, mental development may range from normal to profoundly impaired. Enzymatic and molecular diagnostic testing are available for all the MPSs. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) are the only specific treatments for MPS currently available.Key Concepts:The degradation of glycosaminoglycans (or mucopolysaccharides) takes place in lysosomes that contain the acid hydrolases.The deficiency of any one of 11 acid hydrolases, required to normally degrade the glycosaminoglycans, gives rise to the group of lysosomal storage disorders known as the mucopolysaccharidoses.The progressive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, a major component of the extracellular matrix, joint fluid and connective tissue, leads ultimately to multisystem involvement including organomegaly, dysostosis multiplex and abnormal facies.The observation that the fraction of lysosomal enzymes that does not enter the lysosome is secreted from the cell and can be recaptured from other cells, suggests that lysosomal storage disorders are potentially treatable by enzyme replacement therapy.
Trypsin‐like Serine Proteases and the Evolution of Hematophagy in Mosquitoes
Authors: Wu Dong‐Dong , Zhang Ya‐Ping 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Mosquitoes are scourge of humanity because they transmit many diseases during blood sucking. Study on the genes associated with the process of hematophagy will be helpful for studying and controlling mosquito‐borne diseases.
Trypsin‐like serine protease
family is ubiquitous and evolves dynamically in animals, and plays an important role in the digestion of food. The gene family is expanded significantly in the mosquito genomes, and the expression level of these genes is elevated remarkably after blood meal, particularly these phylogenetically expanded genes. Positive Darwinian selection is considered to drive the evolution and diversification of
trypsin‐like serine protease
family, which probably contributes profoundly to the hematophagous trait in mosquitoes. The
trypsin‐like serine proteases
are potential good candidates to study the process of hematophagy in mosquitoes and the control of mosquito‐borne diseases.

Key Concepts:

Mosquitoes are scourge of humanity because they transmit many diseases.

Trypsin‐like serine protease family plays an important role in the food digestion, and is expanded in the mosquito genomes.

The expression level of genes in the family is elevated remarkably after blood meal in mosquito, particularly these phylogenetically expanded genes.

Therefore, the expansion of trypsin‐like serine protease family plays an important role in the evolution of hematophagy in mosquito.
NMRof Organocopper Compounds
Authors: Gärtner Tobias , Gschwind Ruth M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroductionNMRStructure Determination of Organocopper ReagentsNMRSpectroscopy of Intermediate Complexes of OrganocupratesNMRStructure Elucidation inCu(I)‐Catalyzed ReactionsConclusionAcknowledgment
Biochemistry of Organocopper Compounds
Authors: Sosa‐Torres Martha E. , P. Saucedo‐Vázquez Juan , Gómez‐Manzo Saul , Kroneck Peter M. H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroductionTypes of Biological Copper CentersCopper Proteins with Mononuclear Copper SitesCopper Proteins with Multinuclear Copper SitesOutlookAcknowledgments
Transmetalation Reactions Producing Organocopper Compounds
Authors: Rosenker Christopher J. , Wipf Peter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroductionTransmetalations in the First Transition Metal SeriesTransmetalations in the Second Transition Metal SeriesTransmetalations in the Lanthanide SeriesTransmetalations in GroupIIBTransmetalations in GroupIIIATransmetalations in GroupIVATransmetalations in GroupVIAApplications to Natural Product SynthesisConclusion
The Influence of a Small Boron Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti‐6Al‐4V Fabricated by Metal Injection Moulding
Authors: Ferri Orley Milagres , Ebel Thomas , Bormann Rüdiger 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe effect of boron additions on the sintering behavior, microstructural development, and mechanical properties of a Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy fabricated by metal injection moulding (MIM) was studied. The addition of boron promotes a significant refinement of the microstructure by changing the microstructure from the typical lamellar to a more equiaxed morphology. The presence of both features: α colonies and α grains were confirmed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) experiments. Furthermore, the pinning effect of TiB particles on grain boundary motion enhances the densification process due to the fact that the separation of pores and grain boundaries is suppressed. As a result of the refinement of the microstructure achieved by adding 0.5 wt% boron to the Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy, excellent tensile (σ0.2 = 787 MPa, UTS = 902 MPa and ε = 12%) and fatigue (endurance limit = 640 MPa) properties were obtained.
In Situ Observation of Various Phase Transformation Paths in Nb‐Rich TiAl Alloys during Quenching with Different Rates
Authors: Stark Andreas , Oehring Michael , Pyczak Florian , Schreyer Andreas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn recent years intermetallic γ‐TiAl based alloys with additional amounts of the ternary β phase have attracted attention due to their improved hot workability. Depending on alloy composition and heat treatment the ternary β phase can transform to different ternary phases at lower temperatures. A few of them are assumed to be detrimental to ductility. However, the current phase diagrams of these multiphase materials are often quite uncertain. Thus, the possible transformations of third phases in the temperature range between 700 and 1 100 °C are studied by means of in situ high‐energy X‐ray diffraction (HEXRD). Depending on quenching rate reversible transformations of βo to different ω related phases are observed, indicating a stepwise diffusion controlled transformation mechanism of B2‐ordered βo to B82‐ordered ωo. Apparently, the addition of Mo can hinder this transformation.
Polymers in Drug Delivery—State of the Art and Future Trends
Authors: Grund Stefan , Bauer Marius , Fischer Dagmar 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAdvances in biotechnology, proteomics, and genomics, as well as the deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of pathophysiological states, have allowed the development of novel drugs such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids as therapeutic strategies of the future. Their application, however, requires sophisticated drug delivery systems which can be used to alter the pharmacokinetics and release characteristics of drugs, and to increase tissue specificity and biocompatibility. In this context, polymers provide the most promising avenue in drug release control due to their favorable, adjustable characteristics, and possibilities for further modification. Advances in the biomedical sciences have had a significant impact on the design and development of new and intelligent drug delivery systems for more controlled and targeted drug application. This review summarizes the status quo of polymer use for drug delivery with a special focus on structure–property relationships and gives overviews of various polymers, the relevant parameters in drug delivery and the most promising trends in the future.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Bis‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles and Bis‐pyrazoles Derived from 1,4‐Bis[5‐thio‐4‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐Yl]‐butane and Their DNA Binding Studies
Authors: Purohit Madhusudan , Prasad V.V.S. Rajendra , C. Mayur Yergeri 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA new series of 1,4‐bis[5‐(5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl‐methyl)‐thio‐4‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl]‐butane 7‐12 and 1,4‐bis[5‐(1‐oxo‐1‐(3,5 dimethyl pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐methyl)‐thio‐4‐substitued‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl]‐butane 13‐18 were prepared from 1,4‐bis(5[hydrazinocarbonylmethylthio]‐4‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl) butane based derivativess were synthesized 1‐6. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectral studies. The synthesized compounds 7‐18 were screened for in‐vitro cytotoxicity potential using the standard MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay against a panel of three human cancer cell lines: Lung carcinoma A‐549, colon carcinoma HT‐29 and breast cancer MDA MB‐231. DNA binding studies were conducted for three potent molecules by absorption titration method.
Novel Benzimidazo[2,1‐c][1,4]thiazinone Derivatives with Potent Activity Against HSV‐1
Authors: Galal Shadia A. , Naem Shweekar I. El‐ , Nezhawy Ahmed O.H. El‐ , Ali Mohamed. A. , Diwani Hoda I. El‐ 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of new 2‐carboxymethylsulfanylmethyl‐1H‐benzimidazole and 1,3‐dihydro‐4H‐benzo[4′,5′]imidazo[2,1‐c][1,4]thiazine‐4‐one‐8‐carboxylic acid derivatives was investigated. The antiviral activity of compounds 1–14 was tested against the herpes simplex virus 1. Compounds 5 and 14 showed potent activity as they inhibited virus propagation by 94.7% and 91.3% at a dose of 50 µg, respectively. Compounds 5 and 14 showed higher potency than Acyclovir at doses of 20 µg and 50 µg.
Projected climate change over Southeast Asia simulated using a WRF regional climate model
Authors: Chotamonsak Chakrit , Salathé Eric P. , Kreasuwan Jiemjai , Chantara Somporn , Siriwitayakorn Kingkeo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDynamical downscaling of a global climate model is applied at 60‐km horizontal resolution to project changes from 1990–1999 to 2045–2054 of temperature and precipitation over Southeast Asia. The regional climate model reproduces the observed spatial distribution of temperature well, with a cold bias for maximum temperatures and a warm bias for minimum temperatures. Wet‐season precipitation is simulated with less skill than dry‐season precipitation. Projected warming varies from < 0.1 to 3 °C depending on the location and season, with greater warming at night than daytime for all seasons. Precipitation increases on average, with local decreases in the dry season. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Luminescence studies of decomposition of ceric sulfate
Authors: Bakane M. A. , Joshi C. P. , Moharil S. V. , Muthal P. L. , Dhopte S. M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLiterature results on the decomposition products of ceric sulfate are inconsistent. A group of researchers claim that ceric sulfate decomposed to ceric oxide without going through a cerous phase at any stage, while the results of the other group show that cerous sulfate is formed as an intermediate phase. Most of these studies used DTA/TGA, XRD and IR techniques. Cerous compounds can also be detected by the characteristic luminescence of Ce3+. Using such techniques we show that the thermal decomposition of both monoclinic and βCe(SO4)2·4H2O in air at 500°C leads to the formation of cerous sulphate. Use of various atmospheres (air/N2/vacuum) and temperature profiles for the decomposition by the different researchers may be responsible for the discrepancies between literature results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of “Inert” Alkenyl/Aryl CO Bond and Its Application in Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Li Bi‐Jie , Yu Da‐Gang , Sun Chang‐Liang , Shi Zhang‐Jie 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEnol and phenol functionalities are very common in organic molecules. Utilization of these materials is very appealing in organic synthesis because they are important alternatives to organohalides in cross‐coupling reactions. In this review, we summarize the transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of enol‐ and phenol‐based electrophiles, including phosphates, sulfonates, ethers, carboxylates, and phenolates.
A Family of Chiral Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Gedrich Kristina , Heitbaum Maja , Notzon Andreas , Senkovska Irena , Fröhlich Roland , Getzschmann Jürgen , Mueller Uwe , Glorius Frank , Kaskel Stefan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChiral metal–organic frameworks with a three‐dimensional network structure and wide‐open pores (>30 Å) were obtained by using chiral trifunctional linkers and multinuclear zinc clusters. The linkers, H3ChirBTB‐n, consist of a 4,4′,4′′‐benzene‐1,3,5‐triyltribenzoate (BTB) backbone decorated with chiral oxazolidinone substituents. The size and polarity of these substituents determines the network topology formed under solvothermal synthesis conditions. The resulting chiral MOFs adsorb even large molecules from solution. Moreover, they are highly active Lewis acid catalysts in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. Due to their chiral functionalization, they show significant levels of enantioselectivity, thereby proving the validity of the modular design concept employed.
Heteroatom‐Substituted Secondary Phosphine Oxides (HASPOs) as Decomposition Products and Preligands in Rhodium‐Catalysed Hydroformylation
Authors: Christiansen Andrea , Selent Detlef , Spannenberg Anke , Köckerling Martin , Reinke Helmut , Baumann Wolfgang , Jiao Haijun , Franke Robert , Börner Armin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractO,O′‐3,3′‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐5,5′‐dimethoxy‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐2,2′‐diyl phosphonate (1) is the hydrolysis product of several mono‐ and bis‐phosphites used as ligands in industrial hydroformylation and other catalytic reactions. As a result of a tautomeric equilibrium, this pentavalent heteroatom‐substituted phosphine oxide (HASPO) can rearrange to the corresponding trivalent phosphorus compound. The latter is able to react with typical rhodium‐containing precursors frequently used for the generation of catalysts. The resulting species were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray structure analysis. Proof is given that a rhodium complex of 1 forms an active hydroformylation catalyst. Moreover, 1 can add to aldehydes, which are generated as products in the hydroformylation. Thus a broad range of subsequent reactions can be associated with the degradation of the original phosphite ligands, which has a strong influence on the overall outcome of the hydroformylation reaction.
Degradation of Phenol in Aqueous Solution by Fenton, Sono‐Fenton and Sono‐photo‐Fenton Methods
Authors: Babuponnusami Arjunan , Muthukumar Karuppan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe present work focuses on the performance of Fenton, sono‐Fenton, and sono‐photo‐Fenton processes for the oxidation of phenol present in aqueous solution. The effects of H2O2 concentration, Fe2+ concentration, pH, and initial phenol concentration on the oxidation of phenol were studied. The optimum Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations for the Fenton process were 45 and 800 mg/L, respectively. For the sono‐Fenton process, the optimum Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations were 30 and 800 mg/L, respectively. The optimal conditions for the sono‐photo‐Fenton process were found to be 20 mg/L of Fe2+ and 700 mg/L of H2O2. The optimum pH was found to be 3 for the processes investigated in the present study. The analysis of results showed that the sono‐photo‐Fenton method reduced the Fe2+ concentration by 30–50% and the H2O2 concentration by 12.5%. It was found that the sono‐photo‐Fenton technique showed better performance than the Fenton and sono‐Fenton processes for the oxidation of phenol. A lumped kinetic model was used to predict the chemical oxygen demand reduction and the model was found to fit the data.
Assessments of Potential Spatial‐temporal Variations in Phosphorus Distribution and Fractionation in River Bed Sediments
Authors: Wang Jingyu , Pant Hari K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSediment characteristics influence the distribution and bioavailability of phosphorus (P) in river sediments. In this study, we analyzed different P fractions in the sediments of the Bronx River, New York City, NY, using sequential extraction. The results showed that the average P pool rank order was HCl−P > NaOH−P > NaHCO3−P > residue−P, and their relative proportions were 3.7: 2.0: 1.4: 1 in sediments collected in 2006, while HCl−P > NaOH−P > residue−P > NaHCO3−P, with their relative proportions of 27.8:6.2:2.7:1 in the sediments obtained in 2007. The strong correlation between microbial P and organic P (OP), along with the changes in microbial P over time indicate that most of the OP in the river bed sediments is potentially bioavailable. The sediment transport, deposition, assimilation, the exchange of P between sediments and water columns, the land use changes, raw sewer discharge, gas spill, construction, fertilizer application, etc., as well as the hydro‐climatic changes could result in the spatial and temporal variations in P bioavailability in the river bed sediments. The estimations of P pools and their bioavailability in river bed sediments could help determine the spatial and temporal variations in P transport and impacts of land use on water quality, in turn, help regulate P in the river's watershed.
Terrorism threat and networking: Evidence that terrorism salience decreases occupational networking
Authors: Kastenmüller A. , Greitemeyer T. , Aydin N. , Tattersall A. J. , Peus C. , Bussmann P. , Fischer J. , Frey D. , Fischer P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPrevious research has shown that after terrorist attacks people focus more on their personal social networks. The present research tested to what extent this result can be extended to occupational networking. Considering previous research showing that in the face of terrorism people neglect their workplace, it was expected that terrorism threat would increase personal networking and decrease occupational networking. Study 1 showed that under high (compared with low) terrorism threat, participants reported having less positive attitudes towards occupational networks. Study 2 revealed that people who saw terrorism pictures (compared to neutral pictures) exhibited less positive attitudes towards occupational networks and more positive attitudes towards personal networks. Study 3 showed that high (vs. low) terrorism threat decreased intent to engage in occupational networking, which in turn was mediated by people's attitudes towards occupational networks. Implications for organizations are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer/Bacteria Composite Nanofiber Nonwovens by Electrospinning of Living Bacteria Protected by Hydrogel Microparticles
Authors: Gensheimer Marco , Brandis‐Heep Astrid , Agarwal Seema , Thauer Rudolf K. , Greiner Andreas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPhysically crosslinked PVA‐hydrogel microparticles are utilized for encapsulation of E. coli and M. luteus. The bacteria survive dry storage or treatment with bacteria‐hostile organic solvents significantly better than unprotected bacteria as proven by culture‐test experiments. The bacteria‐protecting PVA microparticles are available for standard polymer‐solution‐processing techniques, as exemplarily shown by co‐electrospinning of living bacteria encapsulated in dry PVA‐hydrogel microparticles together with PVB‐, PLLA‐, and PCL‐form organic solvents. magnified image
Gustafson, weidman, kato, wolf, schechter, browder, Rakočević and Schmoeger essential spectra of the sum of two bounded operators and application to a transport operator
Authors: Abdmouleh Faiçal , Jeribi Aref 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the essential spectra of the sum of two bounded linear operators defined on a Banach space by means of the essential spectra of each of the two operators where their products are Fredholm or semi‐Fredholm perturbations. Furthermore, we give an application to a transport operator. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Manipulating Latex Polymer Microstructure Using Chain Transfer Agent and Cross‐Linker to Modify PSA Performance and Viscoelasticity
Authors: Qie Lili , Dubé Marc A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTwo series of butyl acrylate (BA)/acrylic acid (AA)/2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate latexes were produced via starved seeded semi‐batch emulsion polymerization. The first series, five latexes with gel contents ranging from 0 to 75 wt.‐%, were generated by varying the amount of chain transfer agent (CTA, n‐dodecyl mercaptan) in the absence of cross‐linker. The second series, two latexes with gel contents of 49 and 74 wt.‐%, were obtained by manipulating the amount of CTA in the presence of a constant cross‐linker (allyl methacrylate) concentration. Latexes with similar gel contents, one from each series, were compared with respect to their microstructure, viscoelastic properties and pressure‐sensitive adhesive performance. At similar gel contents, latexes obtained in the absence of cross‐linker had larger sol polymer molecular weight ($\overline {M} _{{\rm w}} $) and molecular weight between cross‐linking points (Mc), compared to the latexes generated using both CTA and cross‐linker. The different microstructures of latexes with similar gel contents resulted in significantly different viscoelastic properties and shear strength of the pressure‐sensitive adhesive films cast from the latexes. magnified image