bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New product: New turbidity meter
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Kahl Scientific Instrument Corporation has released the Kahlsico 269WA150 turbidity meter, a device that digitally indicates the transparency of water or air over a base line between 1 and 100 cm and measures turbid and clear media.The instrument is especially useful for in situ instantaneous water quality determinations of such parameters as siltification, suspended sewage or other solids, plankton layering, and geologic effects of underwater clouds (ocean turbidity currents). The optical track allows proper alignment of the movable watertight light source and photodetector housings, which are designed to assure watertight seals to depths of 100 meters.
President's page: Is JGR expensive?
Authors: Kaula William M. 
Published: October 2011

The main reason for a scientific society is communication among scientists. There are two principal mechanisms for this communication: meetings and journals. Thus essential to the effectiveness of a society is not only the vigor of its meetings but the strength of its journals.While in meetings the AGU dominates basic geophysics and space physics, it does not do so to the same extent in journals. For some subject areas there are significant competitive publications. Such competition is healthy: pluralism of institutions is important to the vigor of science, as it is for any activity, by affording alternate outlets for differing points of view, by testing various ways of doing things, and by keeping alert those who run the institutions. However, in times when there is simultaneously a leveling off or a decline in support of basic research and an inflation in costs (as for most technical activities, out‐running the cost‐of‐living index), particular attention to the competitive position of AGU journals is needed.
New ASTM subcommittee organized
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

American Society for Testing and Materials Committee D‐18 on Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes has organized a new Subcommittee D‐18.14 on Soil and Rock Pollution. The new subcommittee held its first meeting in February in Bethesda, Maryland, during the winter meeting of Committee D‐18.The ASTM Subcommittee on Soil and Rock Pollution will develop standards for definitions, recommended practices, and test methods related to the processes by which the soil and rock interact with a wide variety of liquid wastes or leachates from solid wastes. Also to be considered will be pollution of land areas and surface water bodies as a result of erosion of soils or of solid wastes and the sampling and testing of solid wastes, many of which have soillike characteristics. Because the liquid wastes or leachates from solid wastes may percolate from some surface disposal source down through the unsaturated soil or rock and may be retained in that zone or may reach the water table and pollute the groundwater as well, the activities of Subcommittee D‐19 on Water and of the new D‐18 Subcommittee on Soil and Rock Pollution will be closely coordinated. To achieve this coordination, Adrian Pelzner (U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C.) has been designated as liaison from Committee D‐18 to Committee D‐19. Subcommittee D‐18.14 also will coordinate their activities closely with other D‐18 subcommittees, especially D‐18.04 on Hydrologic Properties and D‐18.06 on Physico‐Chemical Properties.
Arctic environmental studies keep up with expansion
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Environmental research efforts are keeping steady pace with economic and technological expansion in the Arctic. Among the new Arctic environmental projects is a 5‐year survey of the continental shelf of the Bering Sea. Under the auspices of the National Science Foundation's Division of Polar Programs, the Probes (Processes and Resources of the Bering Sea Shelf) program concentrates on a 26,000‐km2 area of the Bering Sea Shelf that includes one of the world's largest marine populations and one of the largest bird populations per unit area.The 53% of the Bering Sea that is continental slope and shelf is one of the world's best examples of a region where fish, birds, and mammals reproduce rapidly. This has puzzled some biologists because there do not seem to be enough smaller organisms to support the upper segments of the food chain.
Earth‐space environment data available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A continuous and precise track of magnetic field changes over the western hemisphere is available from the Space Environment Services Center in Boulder, Colorado. The satellite‐supported magnetometer network uses specially designed magnetometers deployed at more than 25 strategic and remote sites in Alaska, Canada, Brazil, and several islands in the Pacific Ocean. Data from the devices are ‘sensed’ by instruments aboard two NOAA satellites of the Goes series and transmitted back to Boulder to be available in near real time.The heart of the magnetometer system is a small magnetic field sensor located in a nonmagnetic housing. Information from this sensor is processed by a microcomputer system located some distance away in a small shelter.
DOE tests new equipment to study lightning
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Department of Energy (DOE) Lightning Protection Program to improve methods for predicting the performance of power distribution systems in lightning storms began recently with the installation of instruments on electric power lines in Tampa, St. Petersburg, and Sarasota, Florida.The instruments are designed to measure and record information on the surge of electric current in power distribution lines and other equipment struck by lightning. If the initial tests are successful, plans call for at least 400 similar devices to be installed on utility systems across the country over the next few years.
Use of seismic design provisions assessed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

New buildings may soon incorporate seismic design criteria developed by the Center for Building Technology of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The design criteria reflect the current state of the art in earthquake engineering in a form adaptable for implementation by standards organizations, model code groups, federal agencies, and other regulatory groups.The National Science Foundation and NBS are now planning how such criteria can best be adopted around the nation.
Distant galaxy has starry halo
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Radio observations of the galaxy NGC 4565 indicated the presence of some unseen matter, but it required a new light‐measuring instrument to resolve the matter into a spherical halo composed of billions of previously unseen stars. Dennis J. Hegyi, a University of Michigan (UM) physicist, reports that this halo surrounding the galaxy, which is 80 million light years from earth, appears to be massive, possibly containing more matter than what had been thought to be in t he spiral galaxy itself. If this is characteristic of other galaxies, he said, the halos might contain enough matter to stop the present expansion of the universe.‘A fundamental question,’ Hegyi said, ‘is whether there is enough matter in the universe to stop the expansion. I t is generally believed that the visible portions of galaxies studied from photographs do not contain enough matter. But it is also generally believed that there could be a considerable amount of matter in forms which do not radiate much visible light and which, consequently, would be difficult to detect.’
Norpax winter experiment nears completion
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Norpax, the North Pacific Experiment, is finishing a pilot experiment to determine the optimal observational strategy to be used for a large oceanographic research effort during the FGGE (First Garp Global Experiment.)In the current effort a transequatorial shuttle experiment is being conducted between Hawaii and Tahiti to study the low‐frequency dynamics of the equatorial circulation system. The relations between flow, thermal structure, and sea surface topography are of particular interest in designing a suitable system to monitor the changes of the equatorial current system over long periods. The project is directed by Klaus Wyrtki of the University of Hawaii and includes several individual but closely coordinated programs.
Supersonic flame jet blasts through Ross Ice Shelf
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

An ice‐melting rocket‐type drill called a supersonic flame jet finally allowed antarctic researchers to lower a television camera beneath the Ross Ice Shelf. The 8‐m‐long drill took a little more than 9 hours to burn through the ice shelf, not quite 2 m from the first hole that had been squeezed shut by the ice pressure.The final hole that let cameras and equipment through the ice shelf to the 200 m of water below it had an average diameter of more than 45 cm and a minimum of almost 28 cm. Scientists reported finding fish and other ‘signs of life in the form of tracks, trails, and burrows.’ They plan to use nets and traps to try to catch some of the sea life from this frigid, lightless world.
Sites for geodetic surveys to be selected
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Geodetic Survey of the National Ocean Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has established a Geodynamics Group to maximize the benefits available from basic survey data and to respond to the increasing demands for such data made by the geodynamics community. Personnel of the National Geodetic Survey will perform the surveying at selected sites of geodynamic interest that are proposed by academic scientists. The survey data will be made available to the academic community in addition to other geodetic data that are currently available.Letter proposals for surveys of particular sites should be submitted by academic researchers to the Chairman, Office of Earth Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences Building, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. The proposals should be submitted by August 1, since work will be scheduled to begin after October 1.
NBS Technique pinpoints particulate identity
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A new instrumentation technique used by Edgar S. Etz and Gregory S. Rosasco at the National Bureau of Standards successfully identified the particulates emitted by oil‐fired power plants. Such detailed molecular identification is needed to assess the effect of pollutants on people and the environment. Since previous data on the chemical properties of fly ash are largely limited to the elemental composition of bulk samples of particulates collected in the stack and in the plume of power plants, the NBS molecular identifications are of great interest.The NBS unique laser‐Raman microprobe is designed for spectroscopic analysis of microparticles. Single particles, supported by a suitable substrate, are moved into the focal point of a laser beam (utilizing any one of several ‘excitation’ frequencies in the visible region of the spectrum), and the light scattered by the sample is analyzed for its spectral content. The scattered light contains the Raman spectrum of the particle which is diagnostic of molecular and crystal vibrations in the solid. Particles composed of a broad range of inorganic compounds, organic solids, and polymers show the normal Raman effect and can therefore be identified as to principal molecular constituents.
Caltech engineers shake earth dam in quake study
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Earthquake engineers at the California Institute of Technology recently used large motor‐driven weights to shake the Santa Felicia Dam, an earth dam in the Santa Clara Valley. The infinitesimally small, controlled vibrations should help engineers learn more about the dam's response to earthquakes. Such results will then be helpful in developing better methods of testing dams for earthquake resistance and in designing more earthquake‐resistant dams.The Santa Felicia Dam, owned by the United Water Conservation District, was chosen for the experiment because the scientists already have data on how the dam behaved during two California earthquakes: the magnitude 6.5 San Fernando earthquake of 1971 and the magnitude 4.7 earthquake of 1976. ‘This dam is unique in that it was both subjected to strong shaking during these earthquakes and equipped with motion sensors that yielded data on how the dam responded to the shaking,’ Caltech's Ronald F. Scott said.
SEAN Report
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The following geophysical and meteoritic events were reported by the Scientific Event Alert Network (SEAN) , Smithsonian Institution, NHB Stop 129, Washington, D.C. 20560.Volcanic EventsTwo lava flows at Fuego (Guatemala), the first at this volcano since 1966, were initially seen from the air on February 9. The flows were extruded from two new 30‐m‐diameter vents near the summit crater, site of intermittent pyroclastic activity since September 11. Hot debris slides from the toes of the lava flows traveled more than 3 km down the southwest flank. On February 24 the rate of lava flow extrusion appeared to be increasing, and all three vents were observed in simultaneous activity. Lava fountaining was interspersed with dark ash explosions at the two new vents while a continuous stream of fine ash and gases was emitted from the summit crater.
Quake predictions seen as federal responsibility
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Recent studies of public response to earthquake hazard have turned up a paradox. While the opportunity to take precautions increases roughly in proportion to the length of the warning period, the propensity of the public to take precautions may decrease correspondingly.This is one of several conclusions of a recent survey article in California Geology (vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 278–280, 1977) by E. L. Jackson, University of Alberta, entitled ‘Public Response to Earthquake Hazard.’ There is also, he reports, a preference for crisis response, taking ‘avoidance action’ at the time of an earthquake. Although people who had already sustained severe earthquake damages were more likely to take precautionary measures, there was still an overwhelming feeling that preparing for future earthquakes is a governmental responsibility. Jackson says, ‘These findings indicate a need to examine the role of current government policy in shaping the public's behavior.’
Large fuel reservoir in deep‐Earth crust?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

‘The large variety of phenomena that take place before, during, and after major earthquakes all suggest that combustible gases are usually present at such times in large amounts/Thomas Gold of Corneirs Center for Radiophysics and Space Research told a planetology session at the 1978 AGU Spring Meeting in Miami Beach.Building on this idea, Gold suggested that the interior of the earth may contain huge amounts of natural gas—mostly methane—left there since the time the earth formed. In support of this idea, Gold explained how his present study indicates that the classic mechanism of carbon dioxide leakage from volcanoes through geologic time cannot account for the composition of the atmosphere that we now have.
SEAN Report
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The following geophysical and meteoritic events were reported by the Scientific Event Alert Network (SEAN), Smithsonian Institution, NHB Stop 129, Washington, D.C. 20560.Volcanic EventsAn eruption from four new vents on the southeast flank of Mount Etna (Sicily) began on April 29. Lava flows had traveled about 3 km into the Valle del Bove by the morning of May 3, and explosive activity ejected bombs to 300 m above the largest of the vents, building a 50‐m cone. Explosions had declined by early May 3, but vigorous lava effusion continued. Frequent brief eruptions from Etna have occurred since July 1977, but all have originated from vents on the Northeast Crater cone (see October (p. 959) and November (p. 1030) 1977 Eos and February (p. 78), March (p. 128), and June (p. 532) 1978 Eos) . The last southeast flank eruption occurred April 5 to June 12, 1971, destroying the Etna Observatory.
Effects of urbanization and industrialization on the hydrological regime and on water quality
Authors: Stallings Eugene A. 
Published: October 2011

About 180 engineers and scientists from 27 countries attended the International Symposium on the Effects of Urbanization and Industrialization on the Hydrological Regime and on Water Quality. The symposium was held at Amsterdam, the Netherlands, October 2–7, 1977. The symposium was convened by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (Unesco) and organized by Unesco and the Netherlands National Committee for the International Hydrological Programme in cooperation with the International Association of Hydrological Sciences.The 64 technical papers for the symposium covered three themes. The first theme dealt with the effects of urbanization and industrialization on the hydrological regime, the second concentrated on the effect of urbanization and industrialization on water quality, and the third centered on water policy as a factor in urbanization and industrialization. Each theme was broken into sessions comprising 4–8 papers. Each session was followed by a discussion period in which the speakers responded to questions raised by the audience. These questions and answers were recorded and presented to the technical secretary. The symposium focused within the framework of project 7 of the International Hydrological Programme and is related to the Workshop on Socioeconomic Aspects of Urban Hydrology held at Lund, Sweden, in November 1976. Following the symposium, the Workshop on the Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization on Regional and National Water Planning and Management was convened at the Netherlands, October 10–13, 1977. Participation in the workshop was by invitation only.
Joint Air‐Sea Interaction Experiment performed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Through mid‐September of this year, 14 ships and 4 aircraft are participating in an air‐sea interaction experiment 400 km to the west of Scotland. The experiment, which is sponsored by the Royal Society, and is a component of Garp, has as its main aims (1) to observe and distinguish between the physical processes causing mixing in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers and relate them to mean properties of the layers and (2) to examine and quantify aspects of the momentum and heat budgets in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers and the fluxes across and between them.Over 50 teams of investigators from 9 countries are contributing. Atmospheric measurements include intensive periods of hourly LO‐CATE radiosonde flights from three ships around a 200‐km triangle, turbulent flux measurements from aircraft and two tethered ballons, and numerous surface observations from ships and buoys. Thirty‐five mooring systems will be deployed, 10 of them within a 4‐km square centered at 59°N, 12½°W. Intensive measurements of the oceanic surface layers will be made in an area within 50 km of this point using fixed, towed, drifting, and profiling instrumentation. There will be ‘ground truth’ to the newly launched Seasat satellite.
Mean sea level volume completed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, housed within the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences at Bidston on Merseyside, is charged with task of collating mean sea level data from all known tide gauge stations on a worldwide scale. This information has been published in a number of volumes, the first of which appeared in 1940. By the late 1960s several of the earlier publications were out of print, and the opportunity was taken to review the entire method of data publication.The most serious single criticism of the original system stemmed from the common practice of relating sea level to a national fundamental reference point remote from the station. The difficulties of transferring levels across great distances with high precision are well known, and in consequence the problems of geodesy become confused with those of oceanography. The recommendation therefore was to strive to achieve homogeneous data series in which the datum for sea level at a station is referred to a local Tide Gauge Bench Mark and to ensure that this relationship is maintained. In this way the movements of sea level with respect to the bench mark on the one hand and the repeated definition of the height of that bench mark within a leveling network on the other hand became the responsibility of separate disciplines. On this basis it was agreed that the total mean sea level data bank should be reviewed, revised, and republished.
Business Meetings
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Annual Business Meeting of the Union was called to order by President Maxwell at 1:30 p.m., April 18, 1978, in the Napoleon Room at the Deauville Hotel, Miami Beach. Thirty five members were present to hear a summary of the actions of the Council, introductions of the new officers of the Union and sections, and a brief talk by President‐Elect Cox on some of his plans for continuing to strengthen the Union during the next biennium.Highlights of the Council are as follows:1. The Congressional Science Fellowship is to be continued for the third consecutive year (1979–1980).2. AGU will continue its $8000 contribution to the American Geological Institute Minority Scholarship Program. This contribution is about ⅙ of the total AGI Program.
Solar Polar Mission
Authors: Maxwell Arthur E. 
Published: October 2011

The following letter was sent to Senators William Proxmire, Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Harrison H. Schmitt, and Adlai E. Stevenson and to Congressmen Edward P. Boland, Lawrence Coughlin, Don Fuqua, and Larry Winn, Jr. The position taken by AGU was recommended by the Solar‐Planetary Relationships Section.The Solar Polar Mission represents the culmination of many years of planning and study. If flown, it will provide us with our first global survey of the structure and workings of the outer layers of the sun. Not only will the information obtained provide knowledge of the sun, but also it will enable us to understand the influence of the sun on earth. The study is of potential practical value. Mounting evidence suggests that changes in solar activity, which are manifestations of changes in the surface layers of the sun, are strongly correlated with our climate.
Molecular hydrogen found in another galaxy
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Rodger I. Thompson and several of his University of Arizona colleagues have found molecular hydrogen in a galaxy 60 million light years from earth and have confirmed the existence of large amounts of cosmic dust thought to be the source of enormous amounts of infrared radiation coming from that galaxy.Thompson, Marcia Lebofsky, and George Rieke observed molecular hydrogen in the galaxy designated NGC 1068, one of the most famous of the Syefert galaxies characterized by spiral arms and a small very bright nucleus.
Ocean dynamics data available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Accurate all‐weather information concerning globally distributed sea state, wind speed, and Gulf Stream velocity and position data are now available through the near‐real time Ocean Dynamics Information System of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). A computer‐ maintained data file can be reached with a standard telephone remote terminal setup.The Ocean Dynamics Information System provides data from the Geos 3 satellite. An iterative technique has been developed for the fitting of an average narrow‐pulse radar altimeter return wave form from Geos 3 with a four‐parameter function derived from fundamental microwave rough scattering theory.