bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic relationships between seed yield components and earliness in Vicia faba L. and the breeding implications
Authors: Poulsen M. H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryData are presented on the relationship between seed yield, its distribution and the duration of growth. A plant model is proposed to achieve earlier ripening as well as high yield. The possibility of achieving this model is evaluated.The F1 and F2 progenies of a complete diallel cross between seven inbred lines of field beans (Vicia faba spp. minor) were studied in order to elucidate the possibilities for breeding for earlier ripening without sacrificing seed yield. In a space-planted field trial the inheritance of and relationship among yield and earliness characters were examined.On average the F1 generation was superior to F2 in seed yield as well as earliness of flowering and ripening. General combining ability (g.c.a.) effects were highly significant for all the characters studied and very high narrow-sense heritabilities were found for most characters. Specific combining ability (s.c.a.) effects were significant for all characters except for number of inflorescences, and significant reciprocal effects were found for seed yield and date of anthesis.Because of the importance of g.c.a. effects, the phenotypic correlations were mainly determined by, and therefore similar to, the additive genetic correlations in showing a positive relationship between yield and the duration of pre- as well as postanthesis growth. However, a relatively strong negative non-additive genetic correlation was found between yield and duration of post-anthesis growth.Path analysis showed that 70–82% of the variation in post-anthesis growth was accounted for by the distribution of seed yield described by four yield components, thus supporting the hypothesis that the duration of post-anthesis growth is highly dependent on the distribution and size of the seeds.Two possibilities for breeding earlier-ripening, high-yielding cultivars are suggested: (1) exploiting hybrid vigour in terms of earlier ripening and (2) reducing the duration of post-anthesis growth byselecting for more seeds per pod and more pods per inflorescence.
Comparative retentions of fluorine and phosphorus by growing sheep given either defluorinated rock phosphate or dicalcium phosphate of different particle sizes
Authors: Hemingway R. G. , Finn Allison M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA low phosphorus diet given to growing sheep in metabolism cages was supplemented with different sized fractions of either defluorinated phosphate or dicalcium phosphate. For material of particle size between 0·50 and 0·25 mm diameter, significantly less fluorine was present in the urine and more in the faeces of sheep given defluorinated phosphate than for those given dicalcium phosphate. The fluorine present in coarser defluorinated phosphate was of similar availability to that smaller than 0·50 mm. Finer grade defluorinated or dicalcium phosphates smaller than 0·25 mm diameter were not more biologically available in respect of either fluorine or phosphorus than those of particle size 0·50 to 0·25 mm. The availability of the phosphorus in defluorinated phosphate was reduced when material coarser than 0·50 mm was given to the sheep.
The use of electrophoretically labelled populations for intra-specific competition studies in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) swards
Authors: Quaite Elsie , Camlin M. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGenotypes homozygous for specific PGI2 alleles were selected from four existing cultivars of different maturities, Gremie, Aberystwyth S.321, Barlenna and Melle. Each of three groups of plants (early BB selected from Gremie, intermediate CC selected from Aberystwyth S.321 and Barlenna and late AA selected from Melle) was isolated and allowed to interpollinate producing three experimental seed lots or populations. These populations, screened for their electrophoretic purity, were found to exhibit only the selected parental PGI2 genotype.The three labelled populations were sown in boxes in September 1982 as monocultures, as all possible 50:50 mixtures, and as a three-way mixture to produce miniswards. Following one harvest in the establishment year these were harvested and dry-matter yields determined on a monthly basis from April to October 1983, two horizons in the sward being examined separately at harvests 1–5. Changes in the proportions of populations in each mixture were monitored by random subsampling of the cut herbage and subsequent electrophoretic testing.The ability to dominate productivity in the top horizon in mixtures was dependent on the timing of reproductive development of any particular population. The patterns of productivity in the bottom horizon and in both horizons combined showed the early population dominating the mixed swards briefly at the beginning of the harvest but the late population dominating from June–July onwards. The intermediate population, although the most productive in monoculture, did not reveal any tendency to dominate productivity in any of the mixtures.The potential use of electrophoretically labelled cultivars to study complex aspects of plant competition is discussed, along with the possible application of results from these studies to agricultural practice.
Relative effects of Azolla pinnata and its combination with chemical nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and N uptake of rice
Authors: Singh D. P. , Singh P. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField experiments conducted during wet and dry seasons with Ratna and Jaya varieties of rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) indicated that the use of Azolla pinnata as fertilizer increased growth in terms of number of tillers, leaf area index, dry-matter production, grain yield, N uptake and its accumulation in different plant parts. Azolla incorporation before planting in addition to 30 kg N/ha produced higher grain yields of both the rice varieties than 60 kg N / h a during the two seasons, while Azolla grown as an intercrop with rice plus 30 kg N/ha was superior to the 60 kg N treatment in grain production of Jaya during the wet season. Azolla incorporation before planting and also once intercropped with rice produced more grain yield than 60 kg N during the wet season. Among Azolla treatments, Azolla twice intercropped with rice produced comparatively lower grain yield. Azolla application increased the number of panicles/m2, number of grains/panicle and reduced sterility during both seasons. The N uptake of the rice crop in the treatments of Azolla incorporation before planting or intercropped once with rice in combination with 30 kg N/ha was similar to that of the 60 kg N/ha whereas the treatment of Azolla incorporation before planting plus once intercropped was similar during the wet season only.
Water deficit during panicle development in pearl millet: yield compensation by tillers
Authors: Mahalakshmi V. , Bidinger F. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWater deficit during the panicle development stage reduced the grain yield of the main shoot panicle of pearl millet but this loss was compensated by increased grain yield of the tillers. The potential extent of compensation in grain yield components by tillers was investigated by removing the main shoot at panicle initiation (PI) and flowering stages respectively, for both irrigated and water-stressed plants. Grain yield loss by removal of the main shoot of plants at PI was fully compensated by tiller grain yield in both the irrigated and water-stressed plants. The compensation was, however, only partial when the main shoot was removed at flowering. The compensation for the grain yield loss in the main shoot due to either water stress or removal was through an increase in number of grains on the tillers. This increase was due to an increase in the number of productive tillers in the case of water stress and to both an increase in the number of productive tillers and an increase in the number of grains per panicle in the case of main shoot removal. This compensatory mechanism by tillers plays an important role in overcoming the effects of pre-flowering water stress damage to the main shoot.
Compensatory growth in immature sheep: I. The effects of weight loss and realimentation on the whole body composition
Authors: Drew K. R. , Reid J. T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYForty-eight cross-bred wether lambs were used to measure the effects of severe feed restriction and realimentation on the body and carcass composition of immature sheep. Ten of the total number of sheep were used as an initial slaughter group, 12 were continuously fed (six at the ad libitum level of intake and six at 70% ad libitum), 26 were progressively underfed and 18 of them were realimented after a mean loss of about 25% empty body weight (EBW).Shrunk body weight (SBW = weight after an 18-h fast with access to water) was a good predictor of empty body weight (EBW = SBW minus gastro-intestinal contents) and the EBW of continuously growing sheep was a good predictor of body water, protein, fat, energy and ash, but it was not precise after realimentation, particularly in the early stages of refeeding. Restricted continuous supermaintenance feeding did not alter the body composition of the sheep from that of the sheep on the ad libitum intake at any given EBW except slightly to increase the carcass protein content.Although underfeeding to produce an EBW loss of 25% generally produced changes in the chemical body components which were similar to a reversal of normal growth, body fat did not decrease during the first half of the submaintenance feeding and did not increase during the first 2 weeks of realimentation. Under all circumstances percentage body fat was very closely related to percentage body water.Sheep realimented at 26 kg (after losing 25% EBW) contained, at 45 kg EBW, more bodywater and protein and less fat and energy than continuously-fed animals of the same EBW. The treatment effects were greater in the carcass and had little effect on the non-carcass EBW, with th e result that the refed sheep had 1800 g more water × protein in a carcass that weighed 700 g more than one from a normally grown sheep of the same EBW. The regression of calorific value of th e ash-free dry matter on body fat as a percentage of ash-free dry matter gave calorific values of body protein and fat as 5·652 and 9·342 kcal/g of ash-free dry matter, respectively.
The growth of maize: III. The effect of date of sowing and bitumen mulch on dry-matter yields
Authors: Osafo D. M. , Milbourn G. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments are described which analyse the effects of date of sowing and of a black petroleum soil mulch on the growth of two maize hybrids. The two hybrids used were Anjou 210, which is late maturing in S.E. England, and Kelvedon 75A, which is an early hybrid.As sowing was delayed from mid-April until the end of May, so there was a greater development of vegetative tissue (mainly stem) and leaf area which reached peaks at a later stage after silking. In Anjou 210 early sowing led to higher grain yields (12%) as the production of peak vegetative weight near to the time of silking allowed dry matter produced after that stage, still at a time of high radiation, to move direct to the oars. Also, the remobilization of the secondary source of grain dry matter, namely previously stored photosynthate from the stem, occurred earlier with early sowing and to a greater extent when a longer grain-filling period was allowed.The hybrid K 75A had a lower vegetative weight, and earlier silking coincided with higher levels of radiation, and the resultant increase in net assimilation rate led to a higher proportion of dry matter being partitioned into the ear. Because this hybrid flowered and senesced early, reserves of stem carbohydrate were low and the time available to transfer carbohydrate to the ear was short, resulting in lower yields than in the later maturing Anjou 210. K 75A also responded unexpectedly to the sowing treatments. Although late sowing gave higher grain yields in both hybrids up to 156 days after sowing, in the case of K 75 A, the early senescence curtailed the continuation of grain fill that would normally give early sowing an advantage and hence the late sown K 75 A produced 10 % more grain.The application of a black petroleum mulch to the surface of the soil to raise soil temperature enhanced the benefits derived from early sowing. Plants given this treatment produced greater leaf areas and vegetative dry weights. As a result more carbohydrate was translocated from the stem during the grain-filling period, increasing grain yield by 13% following an increase in both number of grains and individual grain weight.
Components of test weight of ten varieties of winter wheat grown with two rates of nitrogen fertilizer application
Authors: Pushman Fiona M. , Bingham J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYVarietal and environmental factors which influence test weight were investigated in a field trial with ten varieties of winter wheat and two rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Varietal differences in test weight were correlated positively with the protein content of the grain and inversely with grain yield but they were not related to 1000-grain weight or to flour yield. Variation in test weight associated with varietal and environmental effects in protein content was due to differences in the density of the grain, as measured by displacement of xylene. Separation into density grades within a sample by a flotation method showed a similar relationship with protein content. There were also varietal differences in packing efficiency of the grain. In the case of Maris Huntsman a poor packing efficiency was considered to stem from morphological features of the floret and developing grain which lead to characteristic transverse folds in the ventral surface of the mature grain. For wheat grown in the United Kingdom, test weight may provide a useful guide to flour yield for samples of one variety but it is likely to be misleading for comparisons between varieties.
The effects of delayed planting and soil consolidation on potato yields
Authors: Beveridge J. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. Two series of experiments designed to investigate the effects of delaying planting potato seed tubers after drawing ridges in preparation for planting and of consolidation of soil beneath seed tubers on the growth and yield of potatoes are described and the results discussed.2. Delayed planting reduced the yield of saleable ware-size (> I¾ in.) tubers in one year by as much as 1.7 + 0.59 tons/acre, but had little effect in the other years, and it is argued that the effect was dependent on the tilth obtained in preparation for planting, the soil moisture content at the time the ridges were drawn, the amount of moisture lost during the delay period, and the rainfall after planting.
The effect of trienbolone acetate on glucose metabolism in normal and ketotic sheep pregnant with twins
Authors: Ford E. J. H. , Samad A. R. , Pursell Hilary 
Published: March 2009

SummaryNormal and ketotio ewes pregnant with twin lambs were injected intramuscularly with 0·5 mg/kg body weight of trienbolone acetate. In the normal animals there was no significant change in the concentration of glucose, ketones, glycerol or NEFA in plasma.Induction of ketosis by starvation produced a significant fall in the concentration of glucose in plasma and significant increases in the concentration of ketones, glycerol and NEFA. Trienbolone caused no further significant changes in the concentration of the four metabolites in the plasma of ketotio sheep.Primed continuous simultaneous intravenous infusions of tracer amounts of [2-3H] and [U-14C]glucose were used to measure total entry rate and irreversible loss of glucose. Trienbolone caused significant decreases in both these measurements in normal pregnant sheep. Production of ketosis by starvation had the same effect. Trienbolone produced no significant additional effect in the ketotic sheep and no alleviation of the clinical signs of the hyperglycaemic ketosis.These results are discussed in relation to the assessment of the potential value of trienbolone as a treatment of pregnancy toxaemia of sheep.
Effects of severe food restriction on bone growth and distribution in pigs
Authors: Carden A. E. , Goenaga P. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects of food restriction on the growth and distribution of bone and on the relation between changes in long bone lengths and changes in limb muscle proportions were studied in 32 Duroc Jersey barrows. Sixteen pigs were fed ad libitum (H group) whilst the other 16 received the same diet on a restricted scale related to live weight.Animals in each group were slaughtered at times such that the weights of bone in their half carcasses were spread evenly over the range 1·5–4·O kg. The right half carcasses were completely dissected using strictly anatomical criteria.The results on the relative growth of bone were examined by covariance analysis using the allometric equation.After adjusting for equal weight of total bone in the side L pigs had heavier femur, tibia-fibula, humerus and radius-ulna and lighter scapula and ribs than H pigs.Relative to their weights all appendicular long bones were longer in L pigs than in H ones, while there was no such effect on spinal column length.The effects of the treatment on fore limb muscle proportions relative to total muscle were significantly correlated (P < 0·01) with the changes observed in the lengths of the long bones forming their osseus bases. However, in the case of the hind limb the regression and correlation coefficients were not significantly different from zero.
The development of plant components and their effects on the composition of fresh and ensiled forage maize: 1. The accumulation of dry matter, chemical composition and nutritive value of fresh maize
Authors: Phipps R. H. , Weller R. F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryResults from two trials, in which the effects of genotype, plant density and harvest date on the accumulation of dry matter and the chemical composition and nutritive value of plant components, are presented. Inra 200, LG11, Maris Saffron, Caldera 535, Anjou 210 and White Horse Tooth were established at 5·0, 9·8 and 13·5 plants/m2in factorially designed experiments.In vitrodigestible organic matter in the dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates, starch, total nitrogen, acid-detergent fibre, cellulose, lignin, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, zinc, manganese and copper were analysed for the whole crop and plant components.With the exception of White Horse Tooth, stem yields declined after reaching a peak 2–3 weeks after mid-silk. This was attributed to movement of water-soluble carbohydrates from the stem to the ear, with greater movement being associated with a larger ear component. As a result thein vitrodigestible organic matter in the dry matter value of the stem component was greater for crops containing a small proportion of ear. The higher stem digestibility value compensated for the small ear component, with the result that the varying proportions of plant components did not markedly affect whole-crop digestibility prior to ensiling.The greater deposition of starch in crops with a large ear component caused a significantly more rapid rise in whole-crop D.M. content than in crops with a small ear component.Acid-detergent fibre and lignin values for the whole crop were much lower than those recorded in the U.S.A. Genotype and plant density had no effect on mineral content but phosphorus and potassium concentrations declined dramatically after frost.
Anaerobic proteolytic bacteria in caecal contents of ponies
Authors: Reitnour C. M. , Mitchell G. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe numbers of viable anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were determined from the caecal fluid of three ponies fed diets based on maize, oats or barley. In anaerobic conditions selected to promote the growth of those bacteria capable of utilizing protein, between 2 × 105and 8 × 105of viable anaerobic proteolytic bacteria/ml of caeoal fluid were observed. Time of sampling post feeding did not appear to affect the numbers observed. These numbers would appear adequate to make an important contribution to protein digestion.
Male sterility in field beans (Vicia faba L.). II. Yield trials of F1 hybrid winter beans produced with the aid of male sterility
Authors: Bond D. A. , Fyfe J. L. , Toynbee-Clarke Gillian 
Published: March 2009

1. F1 hybrids between inbred lines of winter beans were obtained by roguing male-fertile plants from segregating progenies of a genetic male-sterile line which had been interplanted with a pollinator.2. In a series of trials the mean yields of many hybrids were significantly higher than those of open-pollinated varieties. Over the 4 years, 1959–62, with trials at three centres in each year, the mean advantages of all hybrids over the two control varieties was 6·4 cwt./acre over Gartons S.Q., 4·7 cwt./acre over Throws M.S.
The effect of heat treatment in the processing of groundnut meal on the value of the protein for ruminants with some additional experiments on copra
Authors: Chalmers Margaret I. , Jayasinghe J. B. , Marshall S. B. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. Groundnut meals subjected to different degrees of heat treatment during manufacture were fed to lactating goats on nitrogen-balance experiment. The ‘toasted’ groundnut meal was more effective than undenatured or air-dried meals in promoting nitrogen retention.2. The heat treatment of the groundnut meals did not influence the digestibility of the protein.3. The groundnut meals were typed by determining their salt-peptizability giving values ranging from 44% for the ‘toasted’ meal to 80% for the air-dried meal.
Metabolism of the gravid uterus, foetus and utero-placenta at several stages of gestation in cows
Authors: Reynolds L. P. , Ferrell C. L. , Robertson Debra A. , Ford S. P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTo quantify changes in rates of metabolism and nutrient uptake of gravid uteiine, foetal and utero-placental tissues throughout gestation, mature Hereford cows received surgery at 132 ± 0·6 (n= 12), 176 ± 0·5 (n= 8), 220 ±0·4 (n= 11) and 245 ±1·5 (n= 7) days after mating. Indwelling catheters were implanted into a uterine artery and vein of all cows. Foetal catheters also were implanted into an umbilical vein and foetal femoral artery and vein (days 176 and 220) or into a placental artery and two placental veins (days 132 and 245). Approximately 5 days after surgery, deuterium oxide was infused into a foetal femoral venous or placental venous catheter during a 3 h period to quantify uterine and umbilical blood flows by steady-state diffusion methods. Oxygen, glucose, lactate and α-amino acid nitrogen concentrations were determined for uterine and foetal blood samples collected during this procedure.Uterine blood flow increased 4·5-fold (2·92–13·181/min) and umbilical blood flow increased 21-fold (0·28–5·861–min) during the interval of gestation studied. The relative rate of increase of umbilical blood flow was about twice as great as that of uterine blood flow. Uterine arterial and umbilical venous concentrations as well as uterine arterial-venous and umbilical venous-arterial concentration differences in metabolites changed little with stage of gestation. However, because rates of blood flow increased, uptakes of O2, glucose and α-amino N by the gravid uterus and foetus increased as gestation advanced. The proportion of gravid uterine uptakes utilized by the foetus increased from day 137 to 226 for O2(24–58%) and from day 137 to 180 for glucose (4–19%), then remained relatively constant. The proportion of gravid uterine α-amino N uptake utilized by the foetus remained relatively constant and averaged 60%. A net secretion of lactate from the utero-placenta to the uterine and foetal circulations was observed and increased as gestation advanced. These data indicate that increased rates of uptake or secretion of metabolites by tissues of the gravid uterus can be explained primarily by increased rates of uterine and umbilical blood flows.