bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Political Coup d’État?: How the Enemies of Earl Long Overwhelmed Racial Moderation in Louisiana
Authors: Fairclough Adam 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a specific state study of segregationist politics in Louisiana. It shows how the racially moderate state leadership was confronted with an intense political challenge from the forces of massive resistance. It explains that although the gubernatorial election of Earl Long in 1956 appeared to represent the triumph of racial moderates, within months hard-line segregationists reclaimed the political initiative, launching a multipronged assault on black civil rights. It notes that the forces of massive resistance would nonetheless ultimately fail, particularly in their attempt to purge black voters from the electoral rolls, which resulted in a federal backlash. It adds that the massive resistance movement is depicted as less a grassroots revolt against an unrepresentative government than a conspiracy by a small but fanatical band of politicians.
Massive Resistance and Minimum Compliance: The Origins of the 1957 Little Rock School Crisis and the Failure of School Desegregation in the South
Authors: Kirk John A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter asserts that scholars who focus on the scenes of violent unrest precipitated by the political antics of Governor Orval Faubus misrepresent the real character of the crisis. It focuses less on the public scenes of massive resistance than on the policy of minimum compliance pursued by Arkansas’s superintendent of schools, Virgil T. Blossom. It discusses that although Blossom claimed to steer a politically moderate course between what he called the extremists on both sides of the integration issue, his strategy was simply a more insidious means of undermining implementation of the Supreme Court decision.
Mozart
Authors: Benjamin William 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter covers approaches to the analysis of a classical European piano concerto, with: Choosing the Work at Hand: An Account; The Concerto Genre and its First-movement Form; Aspects of Rhythmic Structure in Selected Passages; Harmonic Design: Visionary Transformations of Vernacular and Conventional Sources; and Mozart's Legacy and the Naturalization of Tonality.
Neuronal Migration
Authors: Hu Huaiyu 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
During the development of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neurons are commonly generated at sites far from their final locations. They migrate to an anlage before differentiating into their final morphology and making synaptic connections. This chapter reviews the basic principles of radial and tangential migration, molecular events underlying normal neuronal migration, and some molecular defects that disturb neuronal migration to cause neurological disorders.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Fetal Programming: Implications for Endocrine and Immune Development and Long-Term Health
Authors: Sliwowska Joanna H. , Zhang Xingqi , Weinberg Joanne 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the adverse effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on neuroendocrine and immune function, with particular emphasis on the concept of fetal programming in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a key player in the stress response. The HPA axis is highly susceptible to programming during fetal and neonatal development. Early environmental experiences, including exposure to ethanol, can reprogram to HPA axis such that HPA tone is increased throughout life. The chapter presents data showing that gestational ethanol exposure increases HPA activity in both the pregnant female and the offspring. Increased exposure to endogenous glucocorticoids over the lifespan can alter behavioral and physiological responsiveness and predispose the organism to the development of certain diseases later in life.
Prenatal Nicotine Exposure and Animal Behavior
Authors: Elliott Brenda M. , Grunberg Neil E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses knowledge gained from studies of the effects of prenatal nicotine and tobacco exposure on the behavior and development of the offspring. It focuses on rodents because most research on the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure has been done on these animals, and findings parallel research on humans.
Chapter 9 The Phonology of the Lexicon
Authors: Bybee Joan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In many areas of linguistics, examining the nature of diachronic changes leads to a more accurate modeling of synchronic systems. Lexical diffusion—the way a sound change spreads through the lexicon—has yet to be exploited as a potential source of evidence about the phonological shape of lexical representations. This chapter presents evidence that sound change is both phonetically gradual and lexically gradual and that the rate at which words undergo sound change is positively correlated with their text frequency. This correlation is found in monomorphemic words, regularly inflected words, and irregularly inflected words. It is argued that frequency effects in sound change may be explained by assuming that cognitive representations are affected by every token of use. The data show that the higher rate of deletion found in past tense verbs that also have a stem change is largely a frequency effect, since these verbs are generally of high frequency.
Conclusion: Finding France Abroad
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter notes that critics of Catholic missions regularly played the role of catalyst in motivating changes in both religious and republican work in the empire. It narrates that the onslaught of the missions also acted to motivate both Parisian and local officials to implement the republic's promised civilizing mission in a way that suited their political ideals. It suggests that the cases of Indochina, Polynesia, and Madagascar also show that indigenous leaders and communities played a significant role in the political culture. It explores the turbulent reactions between the religion and its legacies. It explains that considering how deeply religion shapes people's lives and defines their communities, the most profound legacy of French republican imperialism may well be, ironically, Christianity.
Family Members Interacting While Watching TV
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter uses a Bakhtinian dialogic approach to demonstrate how families socialize children in interactions prompted by television programs. It explores the relationship between the public and the private in family discourse by examining how family members linguistically engage with each other as they watch television. Family members negotiate and maintain their family's values, beliefs, and identities by repeating words and phrases from television programs. By combining the concept of repetition as a discourse feature with Mikhail Bakhtin's dialogicality and Julia Kristeva's intertextuality, this chapter argues that the public and private interpenetrate within interactions in which family members repeat television texts. She demonstrates that family members do not passively repeat words and phrases from television texts but create a “dialogic unity”—a complex combination of public and private that is saturated with previous and new meanings. This type of family talk both reflects and transforms the lives of the viewers and links family members with the world that lies outside their circle of family and friends.
Physiological Effects and Disease Manifestations of Performance-Enhancing Androgenic–Anabolic Steroids, Growth Hormone, and Insulin
Authors: Graham Michael R. , Baker Julien S. , Evans Peter , Davies Bruce 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) can be used to increase muscle mass and strength in adult males. Despite successful detection and convictions by sporting anti-doping agencies, they are still being used to increase physical performance and improve appearance. The adverse side effects and potential dangers of AAS use are well documented. Recent epidemiological research has identified that the designer drugs growth hormone (GH) and insulin are also being used because of the belief that they improve sporting performance. This chapter summarizes the classification of AASs, GH, and insulin as well as their prevalence and patterns of use. The physiology of GH and its pathophysiology in the disease states of deficiency and excess and in catabolic states are discussed and a distinction is made on the different effects between therapeutic use in replacement and abuse in a sporting context. The history, physiology, and pathophysiology of insulin in therapeutic replacement and its abuse in a sporting context are also described. A suggestion is made on potential mechanisms of the effects of GH and insulin.
Brain Inflammation and the Neuronal Fate: from Neurogenesis to Neurodegeneration
Authors: Ajmone-Cat Maria Antonietta , Cacci Emanuele , Minghetti Luisa 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Inflammation is a self-defensive reaction that may develop into a chronic state and become a causative factor in the pathogenesis of a broad range of disabling diseases. Similar to peripheral inflammation, brain inflammation is increasingly being viewed as a target for treating neurological diseases, not only infectious and immune-mediated disorders such as meningitis or multiple sclerosis but also stroke, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases that were originally not considered to be inflammatory. Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of brain parenchyma, are generally viewed as major sources of pro-inflammatory and potentially neurotoxic molecules in the damaged brain, However, a direct link between activated microglia and tissue damage has not been univocally demonstrated in vivo, and recent studies have rather documented exacerbation of injury following selective microglial ablation or anti-inflammatory treatments. Recent studies have implicated inflammation in the regulation of adult neurogenesis, thus broadening the therapeutic potential of strategies aimed at controlling neuroinflammation. This chapter summarizes the main evidence supporting both detrimental and protective roles of inflammation in acute and chronic brain diseases.
Alzheimer’s Disease—is it Caused by Cerebrovascular Dysfunction?
Authors: Humpel Christian 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive chronic disorder characterized by β-amyloid plaques, tau pathology, cell death of cholinergic neurons, and inflammatory responses. The reasons for this disease are unknown, but damage of the cerebrovascular system are thought to play an important role. This chapter summarizes the most important hypotheses: the role of the β-amyloid cascade, tau pathology, cerebrovascular damage, glutamate-induced cell death, silent stroke and acidosis, the cell death of cholinergic neurons, the neurovascular unit, growth factor effects, and inflammation. Vascular risk factors are discussed by focusing on the idea that the cerebrovascular dysfunction triggers the development of the disease. A common hypothesis tries to link the different pathologies of the disease. Different forms of dementia, such as mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, and finally AD may overlap at certain stages.
Role of Advanced Glycation End Products, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Diabetic Vascular Complications
Authors: Yamagishi Sho-ichi , Matsui Takanori , Nakamura Kazuo 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Diabetic vascular complication is a leading cause of end-stage renal failure, acquired blindness, a variety of neuropathies, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Recent large prospective clinical studies have shown that intensive glucose control effectively reduces microvascular complications among patients with diabetes. It is now well established that formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) progress during normal aging, and at an extremely accelerated rate under diabetes, thus being implicated in diabetic vascular complications. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that AGE and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) interaction elicits oxidative stress generation and subsequently evokes inflammation in vascular wall cells. In addition, digested food-derived AGEs play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. These observations suggest that the AGE-RAGE axis and other hyperglycemia-related metabolic derangements are interrelated to each other, being involved in diabetic vascular complications. This chapter discusses the role of AGEs in diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases.
II The Advocate as a Professional: The Role of the Patronus in Cicero’s Pro Cluentio
Authors: Burnand Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In his defence of Cluentius in 66 BC, Cicero depicts his role as an advocate. The advocate is presented as a semi-professional pleader who employs only his rhetorical skill in order to win his client's case. This chapter focuses on the image of the advocate as a professional, as painted by Cicero in his defence of Cluentius, and argues that Cicero could exploit the fact that, as an advocate who appeared regularly in the Roman courts, he was able to advertise his faithful loyalty to the practice of the Roman law, and hence to legal government. The traditional view of advocacy as a branch of patronage is first reviewed, with particular reference to the Pro Caelio.
Gibbon’s Unfinished History
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
After completing The Decline and Fall, between 1789 and 1792 Gibbon began composing a work of royal genealogy, The Antiquities of the House of Brunswick, which however he put to one side in the autumn of 1792. This chapter relates both the composition and the abandonment of that work to the fresh twist imparted to the drama of Gibbon's reputation by the French Revolution. Although Gibbon himself very quickly espoused the views of his acquaintance Edmund Burke on events in France, The Decline and Fall leant itself to being construed as the work of a philosophical radical. The Antiquities was begun as an attempt by Gibbon to establish his essential political conservatism, and its abandonment indicates his realisation that so stubborn a task was not achievable by this route.
The Making of Gibbon’s Miscellaneous Works
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gibbon died in 1794, and his literary executor, Lord Sheffield, began the publication of the historian's Miscellaneous Works, comprising the short pieces which Gibbon had published before The Decline and Fall, a selection of hitherto unpublished manuscript works, a conflated text of the Memoirs, and a selection of letters and journal entries. The two-volume first edition of the Miscellaneous Works was published in 1796, when the situation of the war with France seemed bleak. However, a supplementary volume, published in 1814, when the international situation seemed much more promising and when Napoleonic France was on the verge of defeat, placed more of Gibbon's unpublished writings in the public domain, including – crucially – his early writings in French. This chapter analyses the publication of the Miscellaneous Works and shows how the question of Gibbon's reputation exerted an influence even after the death of the historian, as Lord Sheffield decided which of the works of his deceased friend could be placed before the public, and when.
Federation Factionalism
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
By the mid-1920s, a pattern of factionalism had developed within the Miners' Federation of Great Britain which would characterize the union for many years. The Right included most District Officials who emphasized a realistic defence of miners' interests backed by thorough expression of loyalty to the Labour Party. The character of the Left was sharpened by the formation of the Miners' Minority Movement in 1924. Its initial strategy of an alliance between Communists and other left-wingers reflected current Communist concerns to achieve a broad left alliance within the trade unions and the Trades Union Congress. This factional alignment crystallized slowly. In 1924, the ‘proper’ relationship between the Communist Party and the Labour Party remained unclear. The unions still jealously protected their power to select their delegates to Labour Party meetings without outside interference. This chapter also looks at Arthur Cook and his politics and industrial leadership compared with Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald.
The Discreet Limits of Loyalism
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The National Union of General and Municipal Workers (NUGMW) was the most conformist of all the trade union affiliates of the Labour Party. In normal circumstances its block vote — 201,000 in 1925 and 250,000 five years later — was cast on the side of ‘moderation’ and ‘common sense’. Such predictability did not indicate any lack of interest in politics. In its own terms, the NUGMW was a highly political union in Britain; its support for the party leadership was not unconditional. The union was the product of a protracted amalgamation process that reached fruition during 1924. At the time of amalgamation, the NUGMW was dominated by two men who had administered the union from the earliest days and whose industrial work was complemented by political involvements: Will Thorne and J. R. Clynes. Although two NUGMW officials, Clynes and Margaret Bondfield, sat in the 1929 Cabinet, this did not inhibit the union from keenly pursuing its objectives within a general framework of loyalism.
The Making of British Policy towards Switzerland
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the cultural, organisational, and psychological influences operating within the British government and diplomatic service in the 1940s, and argues that the relatively low status accorded to Switzerland in British political and strategic policy meant that such influences were able to exercise a powerful effect on policy-making. It examines the close political, literary and cultural ties between the two nations, and shows how the policy-making environment in Whitehall and the British legation in Berne was not only conducive towards a benign reading of Anglo-Swiss relations, but also hampered the emergence of critical attitudes towards Swiss neutrality amongst British officials.
Ladies of Fortresses and Castle Children
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Women and children should not be regarded so much as an underclass in a male-dominated society during the medieval period, but rather, as a legally protected majority, as fully vested with property and fortresses alike as was possible in their condition. Castles in medieval England, Ireland, Scotland, and France were the women's home territory. Minors, who assumed administrative duties mainly through inheritance, also deserve attention in this regard. Boys and elderly women valiantly upheld their positions and defended their fortresses. They fitted entirely naturally into a system not at all confined to the vigorous adult man. The involvement of women, widows, and children with that peculiar kind of residential property constituted by fortresses was no less conspicuous in regions and episodes of danger than it habitually was at other times and in other places.
Monasteries and Patrons in the Gorze Reform
Authors: Nightingale John 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book explores the prominent role of monasteries in the early medieval period and their relationship to the nobility in Lotharingia throughout the 9th and 10th centuries. It focuses on the evidence from three of the region's greatest abbeys — Gorze, Saint-Maximin, and Saint-Evre — which played a central role in the monastic reform movement. This swept through the region in the 930s and is commonly named after Gorze. Set within the context of the whole social structure and exercise of regional power in the early middle ages, this book demonstrates the vitality and importance of monasteries, focusing on their land transaction as well as their religious roles. Accepted notions of monastic lordship are challenged and the complexity of the two-way relationships between monasteries and their patrons, relationships which ensured the former a central place in the early medieval landscape, is discussed.
2 Overlordship and Reform in the Ninth Century
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The mid-9th-century charters of Gorze provide an opening into the complex and closely enmeshed relationships between the abbey, the bishop of Metz, and the region's nobility. They also offer a glimpse into the rhetoric of monastic reform long before the reforming era of the 930s. But before considering the content of these charters in detail it is worth taking a quick look at the abbey's prior history. There is evidence showing how easily bishops could circumvent royal ordinances, as well as the limitations of episcopal overlordship. This is also true in the case of the episcopal lordship when one considers Gorze's relations with the nobility of Lotharingia after 863. Adventius's reassertion of the Church of Metz's control did not dramatically alter the abbey's relations with the region's families.
6 Bishop Adalbero as Reformer
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
With the monastic reform of 934, Gorze comes out of the shade. It was Bishop Adalbero of Metz (929-962) who ceded Gorze to the reformers and agreed to subsequent restitutions. However, this stance as a reforming patron did not make him any less threatening than his lay and ecclesiastical predecessors. To appreciate why Adalbero's wishes were often at odds with those of the community, it is necessary to place his support of the reform at Gorze in the wider context of the part monastic and ecclesiastical possessions played in the survival, resurgence, and eventual dominance of his family in Lotharingia. The list of lands confirmed to the monks in Adalbero's restoration charter suggests that the abbey remained a valuable prize. Aside from Gorze itself, the charter confirmed an endowment of eight villae and sixteen separate churches with their appurtenances.
8 The Sources
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Saint-Evre, situated some 500 metres outside the south gate of Toul, was an older foundation than Gorze. Centred on the tomb of Saint Aper, one of the earliest bishops of Toul, it was certainly by the 9th century well-established and of central importance to the bishops of Toul, both as the burial place of successive bishops and as a crucial source of wealth. Under Bishop Frothar (813-848), the abbey became entwined with the Carolingians and the monastic reform currents of the day. The abbey's wealth was such that subsequent bishops had to fight hard to retain control in the face of confiscation by successive Carolingian rulers and a close association between the abbey's community and members of the powerful Matfriding kindred. Saint-Evre's charters have fared less well than those of Gorze or Saint-Maximin.