bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obtaining models suitable for Rietveld refinement: the EXPO2011 techniques
Authors: Altomare Angela , Cuocci Corrado , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Moliterni Anna Grazia Giuseppina , Rizzi Rosanna 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Rietveld refinement succeeds if the model is sufficiently close to the target structure. Severe distortions in the structural parameters or relatively high percentage of missed atoms do not allow the refinement to converge. Ab initio techniques like Direct or Patterson methods may rely only on the reflection intensities provided by full pattern decomposition algorithms. Owing to the relevant errors in the intensity estimates, the structural models provided by such phasing techniques are poor and require supplementary improvements before being submitted to Rietveld refinement. The situation is more favorable for non-ab initio techniques, when they can exploit the prior information on the full molecular geometry: their models can be easily submitted to Rietveld refinement, but often the accuracy of the refined model relies on the geometrical information rather than on the experiment. In this paper ab initio and non-ab initio phasing tools of EXPO2011, the updated and more powerful version of EXPO2009 [1], are described together with ancillary techniques for improving and completing the structural models.
Yield of HO2 Radicals in the OH-Initiated Oxidation of SO2
Authors: Jain Chaithanya , Schoemaecker Coralie , Fittschen Christa 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The HO2 radical yield in the OH initiated oxidation of SO2 has been determined by direct observation of HO2 concentration time profiles following the 248 nm photolysis of H2O2/SO2/O2 mixtures. Initial OH radical concentrations have been deduced from a fit of the absolute HO2 concentration time profiles after 248 nm photolysis of H2O2 in the absence of SO2, an increase in the HO2 concentration upon addition of SO2 to this reaction mixture is observed and can be explained by a decrease of HO
x
-radical losses due to a faster decay of OH radicals in the presence of SO2. Simulations of theses profiles using recommended rate constants in a simple model are in agreement with an HO2-yield of 1.0 ± 0.1 from the OH initiated oxidation of SO2.
The Hsp70 and Hsp40 Chaperones Influence Microtubule Stability inChlamydomonas
Authors: Silflow Carolyn D , Sun Xiaoqing , Haas Nancy A , Foley Joseph W , Lefebvre Paul A 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMutations at the APM1 and APM2 loci in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii confer resistance to phosphorothioamidate and dinitroaniline herbicides. Genetic interactions between apm1 and apm2 mutations suggest an interaction between the gene products. We identified the APM1 and APM2 genes using a map-based cloning strategy. Genomic DNA fragments containing only the DNJ1 gene encoding a type I Hsp40 protein rescue apm1 mutant phenotypes, conferring sensitivity to the herbicides and rescuing a temperature-sensitive growth defect. Lesions at five apm1 alleles include missense mutations and nucleotide insertions and deletions that result in altered proteins or very low levels of gene expression. The HSP70A gene, encoding a cytosolic Hsp70 protein known to interact with Hsp40 proteins, maps near the APM2 locus. Missense mutations found in three apm2 alleles predict altered Hsp70 proteins. Genomic fragments containing the HSP70A gene rescue apm2 mutant phenotypes. The results suggest that a client of the Hsp70–Hsp40 chaperone complex may function to increase microtubule dynamics in Chlamydomonas cells. Failure of the chaperone system to recognize or fold the client protein(s) results in increased microtubule stability and resistance to the microtubule-destabilizing effect of the herbicides. The lack of redundancy of genes encoding cytosolic Hsp70 and Hsp40 type I proteins in Chlamydomonas makes it a uniquely valuable system for genetic analysis of the function of the Hsp70 chaperone complex.
Strategies for Securing Funding for Abortion Under the Hyde Amendment: A Multistate Study of Abortion Providers’ Experiences Managing Medicaid
Authors: Dennis Amanda , Blanchard Kelly , Córdova Denisse 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. We investigated systematic barriers, identified by previous research, that prevent women from obtaining Medicaid coverage for an abortion even when it should legally be available: when the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest or threatens the mother's life. We also aimed to document strategies to improve access to federal Medicaid funding in qualifying cases. Methods. We conducted in-depth interviews from 2007 to 2009 with representatives of 49 facilities that provided abortions in 11 states. Interviews focused on participants’ experiences and strategies in seeking federal Medicaid funding for abortions. We coded data both inductively and deductively and analyzed them thematically. Results. Common strategies described by the few participants who secured Medicaid funding for abortions in cases of rape, incest, and life endangerment were facility-level interventions, such as developing relationships with Medicaid staff, building savvy billing departments, and encouraging clients to advocate for themselves, as well as broader legal and collaborative strategies. Conclusions. Multipronged state-level interventions that combine advocacy, legal, and on-the-ground resources show the most promise of increasing access to federal Medicaid funding for abortion care.
Effectiveness of the Targeted Hepatitis B Vaccination Program in Greenland
Authors: Børresen Malene L. , Koch Anders , Biggar Robert J. , Ladefoged Karin , Melbye Mads , Wohlfahrt Jan , Krause Tyra Grove 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination program in Greenland, which targets children born to mothers who are positive for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), we determined vaccination coverage, levels of postvaccination antibodies, and frequency of breakthrough infections in at-risk children. Methods. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study with data from nationwide registries. We identified all children born to HBsAg-positive mothers from 1992 to 2007 and collected data on their HBV vaccination status. In 2008 to 2010, we tested the children for HBV core antibody, HBsAg, and anti-HBsAg antibody (HBsAb). Results. Of 4050 pregnant women, 3.2% were HBsAg positive. Of 207 children born to these women, 20% received no vaccinations, and only 58% received at least 3 vaccinations. At follow-up, HBsAb levels in vaccinated children were much lower than expected, and 8 (6%) of 140 at-risk children had breakthrough infections, with 4 chronically infected (persistently HBsAg positive). Conclusions. The prevention program targeting children at risk for HBV in Greenland is ineffective. HBV vaccination should be included in the universal childhood vaccination program, and postvaccination HBsAb levels should be monitored.
Effect of Intensity and Type of Physical Activity on Mortality: Results From the Whitehall II Cohort Study
Authors: Sabia Séverine , Dugravot Aline , Kivimaki Mika , Brunner Eric , Shipley Martin J. , Singh-Manoux Archana 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. We examined the association of intensity and type of physical activity with mortality. Methods. We assessed the duration of physical activity by intensity level and type in 7456 men and women from the Whitehall II Study by questionnaire in 1997–1999 (mean ±SD age = 55.9 ±6.0 years) and 5 years later. All-cause mortality was assessed until April 2009. Results. A total of 317 participants died during the mean follow-up of 9.6 years (SD = 2.7). Reporting at least 1 hour per week of moderate activity was associated with a 33% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14%, 45%) lower risk of mortality compared with less than 1 hour. For all physical activity types examined, except housework, a duration of physical activity greater than 0 (≥ 3.5 hours for walking) was associated with lower mortality in age-adjusted analyses, but only the associations with sports (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.56, 0.91) and do-it-yourself activity (HR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.53, 0.98) remained in fully adjusted analyses. Conclusions. It is important to consider both intensity and type of physical activity when examining associations with mortality.
National Trends in Mental Health Disability, 1997–2009
Authors: Mojtabai Ramin 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. I assessed recent trends in mental health disability in the US nonelderly adult population in the context of trends in physical disabilities and psychological distress.Methods. Using data for 312 364 adults aged 18 to 64 years from the US National Health Interview Survey, 1997 to 2009, I examined time trends in self-reported disability attributed to mental health conditions, disability attributed to other chronic problems, and significant psychological distress (measured by using the K6 instrument).Results. The prevalence of self-reported mental health disability increased from 2.0% of the nonelderly adult population in the first 3 years (1997 to 1999) to 2.7% in the last 3 years (2007 to 2009), corresponding to an increase of almost 2 million disabled adults. Disability attributed to other chronic conditions decreased and significant psychological distress did not change appreciably. Change in self-reported mental health disability was more pronounced in adults who also reported disability attributed to other chronic conditions or significant psychological distress but who had no mental health contacts in the past year.Conclusions. These findings highlight the need for improved access to mental health services in the community and for better integration of these services with primary care.
Studies With Staggered Starts: Multiple Baseline Designs and Group-Randomized Trials
Authors: Rhoda Dale A. , Murray David M. , Andridge Rebecca R. , Pennell Michael L. , Hade Erinn M. 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. Multiple baseline designs (MBDs) have been suggested as alternatives to group-randomized trials (GRT). We reviewed structural features of MBDs and considered their potential effectiveness in public health research. We also reviewed the effect of staggered starts on statistical power. Methods. We reviewed the MBD literature to identify key structural features, recent suggestions that MBDs be adopted in public health research, and the literature on power in GRTs with staggered starts. We also computed power for MBDs and GRTs. Results. The features that have contributed to the success of small MBDs in some fields are not likely to translate well to public health research. MBDs can be more powerful than GRTs under some conditions, but those conditions involve assumptions that require careful evaluation in practice. Conclusions. MBDs will often serve better as a complement of rather than as an alternative to GRTs. GRTs may employ staggered starts for logistical or ethical reasons, but this will always increase their duration and will often increase their cost.
Weqaya: A Population-Wide Cardiovascular Screening Program in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Hajat Cother , Harrison Oliver , Al Siksek Zaid 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. We sought to determine cardiovascular risk factor prevalence rates among adults in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Methods. We used self-reported indicators, anthropometric measures, and blood tests to screen 50 138 adults aged 18 years or older taking part in a population-wide cardiovascular screening program. Results. Participants’ mean age was 36.82 years (SD = 14.3); 43% were men. Risk factor prevalence rates were as follows: obesity, 35%; overweight, 32%; central obesity, 55%; diabetes, 18%; prediabetes, 27%; dyslipidemia, 44%; and hypertension, 23.1%. In addition, 26% of men were smokers, compared with 0.8% of women. Age-standardized diabetes and prediabetes rates were 25% and 30%, respectively, and age-standardized rates of obesity and overweight were 41% and 34%. Conclusions. This population-wide cardiovascular screening program demonstrated a high cardiovascular burden for our small sample in Abu Dhabi. The data form a baseline against which interventions can be implemented and progress monitored as part of the population-wide Abu Dhabi Cardiovascular Disease Program.
A Follow-up Study of Patients with Medically Unexplained Symptoms Referred to a Liaison Psychiatry Service
Authors: Hatcher Simon , Gilmore Kylie , Pinchen Katherine 
Published: September 2011

Objective: The principal objective was to describe general hospital use and mortality in a group of patients with medically unexplained symptoms referred to a liaison psychiatry service. Method: Cases were identified from patients with medically unexplained symptoms referred to a liaison psychiatry service between 1998 and 2005. We also identified a control group of patients, matched for age, sex, and date of referral, referred for other reasons to the same service. Follow-up information was obtained from the New Zealand Health Information Service national minimum data set from 1998 to 2006. Finally we compared hospital use in people with medically unexplained symptoms with national data on average length of stay in New Zealand hospitals. Results: Over 9 years 153 patients referred for medically unexplained symptoms spent nearly 14,000 days in hospital. They also had statistically significant greater numbers of general hospital admissions and fewer deaths compared to patients referred to liaison psychiatry for other reasons. Patients with medically unexplained symptoms spent 41% spent longer in hospital on each admission (5.5 days) compared to the New Zealand average length of stay in general hospitals (3.9 days). After referral to liaison psychiatry patients who were frequently admitted with medically unexplained symptoms experienced a statistically significant decrease in the number of admissions and length of stay per year. Conclusions: Patients referred to a liaison psychiatry service with medically unexplained symptoms use substantial amounts of health service resources. They also have a lower mortality and are admitted to hospital more often than a matched control group.
Schizophrenia: Medical Illness, Mortality, and Aging
Authors: Casey David A. , Rodriguez Mercedes , Northcott Colleen , Vickar Garry , Shihabuddin Lina 
Published: September 2011

Objective: Schizophrenia is a devastating and common psychiatric disorder which is associated with a high degree of medical morbidity and reduced life span in addition to psychosis. In this article, these problems will be discussed in the context of schizophrenia and aging. Method: The recent literature was reviewed using Pubmed, Medline, and Google scholar with the search terms “schizophrenia, aging, medical problems.” Results: Schizophrenia is associated with significant medical morbidity and mortality. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease, along with smoking and obesity, are over-represented and contribute to reduced quality of life and life span. Schizophrenics often receive poor medical care. Conclusions: The impacts of schizophrenia on physical health and successful aging have been underestimated. Psychiatrists and primary care physicians need to address the overlapping medical and psychiatric aspects of the disorder while the medical care system for these patients requires a much higher degree of coordination than is currently available.
Chinese Investment in Africa
Authors: Klaver Mark , Trebilcock Michael 
Published: September 2011

Chinese investment in Africa has increased rapidly over the past two decades. This paper asks how, why, whether it is good or bad, and what Africans can do about it.
On how, the Chinese government actively promotes liberal investment regulations in Africa. It also keeps close contact with major Chinese enterprises investing on the continent.
On why, the motivation behind Chinese investment in Africa is self-interested: China primarily wants Africa’s natural resources. China also seeks to access local markets, and to capitalize on Africa's preferential trade access to the West.
On whether Chinese investment is good or bad for Africa, African economies are growing at unprecedented rates, partly due to Chinese investment. This paper highlights seven reasons Chinese investment contributes to African growth. But it also reveals three drawbacks to Chinese investment in Africa.
On what Africans can do about Chinese investment, Africa can capitalize on it by proactively promulgating a tax code that promotes African development. The tax code's goal should be to use Chinese investment and natural resource revenues to develop Africa’s manufacturing sector through infrastructure, special economic zones, and education.
Thus, this paper maintains that although Chinese investment in Africa is not unambiguously advantageous, it presents major opportunities for African development.
Determining Eligibility for Poverty‐Based Assistance Programs: Comparing the Federally Established Poverty Level with the Self Sufficiency Standard for Pennsylvania
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Åsa , Shingler John M. , Alter Theodore R. , Findeis Jill 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBecause the official U.S. poverty level is too low to adequately assess need for assistance among low income households, assistance agencies set eligibility levels to multiples of the poverty level, such as 125 or 150 percent. The Self Sufficiency Standard provides an alternative measurement that accounts for many characteristics of modern society and geographical differences in cost of living. We use both measures to examine eligibility levels for customers seeking payment arrangements for their utility bill arrearage. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the two methods are in the greatest agreement when the poverty level is adjusted to 185 percent. We conclude that the Standard is a more accurate assessment of poverty and the need for assistance, but is unlikely to be politically feasible. Given this, we see it as a useful tool for determining the appropriate multiple of the official poverty level to use in setting eligibility levels for assistance programs.
Inhibition of Id1 Augments Insulin Secretion and Protects Against High-Fat Diet–Induced Glucose Intolerance
Authors: Åkerfeldt Mia C. , Laybutt D. Ross 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
The molecular mechanisms responsible for pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes remain unresolved. Increased expression of the helix-loop-helix protein Id1 has been found in islets of diabetic mice and in vitro models of β-cell dysfunction. Here, we investigated the role of Id1 in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Id1 knockout (Id1−/−) and wild-type mice were fed a chow or high-fat diet. Glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, β-cell mass, insulin secretion, and islet gene expression were assessed. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence Id1 in MIN6 cells, and responses to chronic palmitate treatment were assessed.

RESULTS
Id1 −/− mice exhibited an improved response to glucose challenge and were almost completely protected against glucose intolerance induced by high-fat diet. This was associated with increased insulin levels and enhanced insulin release from isolated islets, whereas energy intake, body weight, fat pad weight, β-cell mass, and insulin action were unchanged. Islets from Id1−/− mice displayed reduced stress gene expression and were protected against high-fat diet–induced downregulation of β-cell gene expression (pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1, Beta2, Glut2, pyruvate carboxylase, and Gpr40). In MIN6 cells, siRNA-mediated inhibition of Id1 enhanced insulin secretion after chronic palmitate treatment and protected against palmitate-mediated loss of β-cell gene expression.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings implicate Id1 as a negative regulator of insulin secretion. Id1 expression plays an essential role in the etiology of glucose intolerance, insulin secretory dysfunction, and β-cell dedifferentiation under conditions of increased lipid supply.
Specific Glucose-Induced Control of Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Expression Is Mediated via Ca2+-Dependent Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling in Primary Pancreatic Islet β-Cells
Authors: Demozay Damien , Tsunekawa Shin , Briaud Isabelle , Shah Ramila , Rhodes Christopher J. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) plays an essential role in pancreatic islet β-cells by promoting growth and survival. IRS-2 turnover is rapid in primary β-cells, but its expression is highly regulated at the transcriptional level, especially by glucose. The aim was to investigate the molecular mechanism on how glucose regulates IRS-2 gene expression in β-cells.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Rat islets were exposed to inhibitors or subjected to adenoviral vector–mediated gene manipulations and then to glucose-induced IRS-2 expression analyzed by real-time PCR and immunoblotting. Transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) interaction with IRS-2 promoter was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and glucose-induced NFAT translocation by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS
Glucose-induced IRS-2 expression occurred in pancreatic islet β-cells in vivo but not in liver. Modulating rat islet β-cell Ca2+ influx with nifedipine or depolarization demonstrated that glucose-induced IRS-2 gene expression was dependent on a rise in intracellular calcium concentration derived from extracellular sources. Calcineurin inhibitors (FK506, cyclosporin A, and a peptide calcineurin inhibitor [CAIN]) abolished glucose-induced IRS-2 mRNA and protein levels, whereas expression of a constitutively active calcineurin increased them. Specific inhibition of NFAT with the peptide inhibitor VIVIT prevented a glucose-induced IRS-2 transcription. NFATc1 translocation to the nucleus in response to glucose and association of NFATc1 to conserved NFAT binding sites in the IRS-2 promoter were demonstrated.

CONCLUSIONS
The mechanism behind glucose-induced transcriptional control of IRS-2 gene expression specific to the islet β-cell is mediated by the Ca2+/calcineurin/NFAT pathway. This insight into the IRS-2 regulation could provide novel therapeutic means in type 2 diabetes to maintain an adequate functional mass.
Metformin in Gestational Diabetes: The Offspring Follow-Up (MiG TOFU)
Authors: Rowan Janet A. , Rush Elaine C. , Obolonkin Victor , Battin Malcolm , Wouldes Trecia , Hague William M. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
In women with gestational diabetes mellitus, who were randomized to metformin or insulin treatment, pregnancy outcomes were similar (Metformin in Gestational diabetes [MiG] trial). Metformin crosses the placenta, so it is important to assess potential effects on growth of the children.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In Auckland, New Zealand, and Adelaide, Australia, women who had participated in the MiG trial were reviewed when their children were 2 years old. Body composition was measured in 154 and 164 children whose mothers had been randomized to metformin and insulin, respectively. Children were assessed with anthropometry, bioimpedance, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), using standard methods.

RESULTS
The children were similar for baseline maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes. In the metformin group, compared with the insulin group, children had larger mid-upper arm circumferences (17.2 ± 1.5 vs. 16.7 ± 1.5 cm; P = 0.002) and subscapular (6.3 ± 1.9 vs. 6.0 ± 1.7 mm; P = 0.02) and biceps skinfolds (6.03 ± 1.9 vs. 5.6 ± 1.7 mm; P = 0.04). Total fat mass and percentage body fat assessed by bioimpedance (n = 221) and DEXA (n = 114) were not different.

CONCLUSIONS
Children exposed to metformin had larger measures of subcutaneous fat, but overall body fat was the same as in children whose mothers were treated with insulin alone. Further follow-up is required to examine whether these findings persist into later life and whether children exposed to metformin will develop less visceral fat and be more insulin sensitive. If so, this would have significant implications for the current pandemic of diabetes.