bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preconditioning, organ preservation, and postconditioning to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury to the liver
Authors: de Rougemont Olivier , Lehmann Kuno , Clavien Pierre-Alain 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Ischemia and reperfusion lead to injury of the liver. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is inevitable in liver transplantation and trauma and, to a great extent, in liver resection. This article gives an overview of the mechanisms involved in this type of injury and summarizes protective and treatment strategies in clinical use today. Intervention is possible at different time points: during harvesting, during the period of preservation, and during implantation. Liver preconditioning and postconditioning can be applied in the transplant setting and for liver resection. Graft optimization is merely possible in the period between the harvest and the implantation. Given that there are 3 stages in which a surgeon can intervene against ischemia-reperfusion injury, we have structured the review as follows. The first section reviews the approaches using surgical interventions, such as ischemic preconditioning, as well as pharmacological applications. In the second section, static organ preservation and machine perfusion are addressed. Finally, the possibility of treating the recipient or postconditioning is discussed. Liver Transpl 15:1172–1182, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Variability of extreme rainfall events over India during southwest monsoon season
Authors: Pattanaik D. R. , Rajeevan M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe spatial and temporal variability of extreme rainfall events over India and their long‐term trend have been analysed during the southwest monsoon season from June to September (JJAS) by taking daily rainfall data for 55 years (1951–2005). The contribution of extreme rainfall events (Category iii with rainfall > 124.4 mm day−1) to the total seasonal rainfall is also analysed for the same period. The analysis shows that the occurrence of extreme rainfall events over India during JJAS shows spatial variations with preferred regions of occurrence over the west coast, central parts of India and northeast India. The average frequency of extreme rainfall events along with the contribution of extreme rainfall events to the seasonal rainfall shows a significant increasing trend (above the 98% confidence level) over the Indian region during JJAS, and also during June and July. It is also found that the increasing trend of contribution from extreme rainfall events during JJAS is balanced by a decreasing trend in Category i (rainfall ≤ 64.4 mm day−1) rainfall events. Using the filtered data it is found that the increasing trend of extreme rainfall over central India is mainly contributed by synoptic scale systems (periodicity between 3 and 7 days). The seasonal mean moist convective instability (CI) during JJAS averaged over central India indicates a significant increasing trend (99.9% confidence level) and is basically due to the increasing trend of the number of days with greater degree of moist CI during JJAS, which may be one possible cause for the increasing trend in the frequency of extreme rainfall events over the region. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Xenotransplantation, Xenogeneic Infections, Biotechnology, and Public Health
Authors: Chapman Louisa E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractXenotransplantation is the attempt to use living biological material from nonhuman animal species in humans for therapeutic purposes. Clinical trials and preclinical studies have suggested that living cells and tissue from other species have the potential to be used in humans to ameliorate disease. However, the potential for successful xenotransplantation to cure human disease is coupled with the risk that therapeutic use of living nonhuman cells in humans may also serve to introduce xenogeneic infections of unpredictable significance. Animal husbandry practices and xenotransplantation product preparation may eliminate most exogenous infectious agents prior to transplantation. However, endogenous retroviruses are present in the genomes of all mammalian cells, have an inadequately defined ability to infect human cells, and have generated public health concern. The history of xenotransplantation, the implications for public health, the global consensus on public safeguards necessary to accompany clinical trials, and the future direction of xenotransplantation are discussed in the context of public health. Mt Sinai J Med 76:435–441, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Surveillance and Control of Zoonotic Agents Prior to Disease Detection in Humans
Authors: Childs James E. , Gordon Elizabeth R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe majority of newly emerging diseases are zoonoses caused by pathogens transmitted directly or indirectly through arthropod vectors to humans. Transmission chains leading to human infection frequently involve intermediate vertebrate hosts, including wildlife and domestic animals. Animal‐based surveillance of domestic and wild animals for zoonotic pathogens is a global challenge. Until recently, there has been no scientific, social, or political consensus that animal‐based surveillance for zoonotic pathogens merits significant infrastructural investment, other than the fledgling efforts with avian influenza. National institutions charged with strategic planning for emerging diseases or intentional releases of zoonotic agents emphasize improving diagnostic capabilities for detecting human infections, modifying the immune status of human or domestic animals through vaccines, producing better antiviral or antibacterial drugs, and enhancing human‐based surveillance as an early warning system. With the exception of human vaccination, these anthropocentric approaches target post‐spillover events, and none of these avenues of research will reduce the risk of additional emergences of pathogens from wildlife. Novel schemes for preventing spillover of human pathogens from animal reservoir hosts can spring only from an understanding of the ecological context and biological interactions that result in zoonotic disease emergence. Although the benefits derived from investments to improve surveillance and knowledge of zoonotic pathogens circulating among wildlife reservoir populations are uncertain, our experience with human immunodeficiency virus and the pandemic influenza inform us of the outcomes that we can expect by relying on detection of post‐spillover events among sentinel humans. Mt Sinai J Med 76:421–428, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Historical Perspectives on Malaria: The Rockefeller Antimalaria Strategy in the 20th Century
Authors: Stapleton Darwin H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMalaria, a serious disease for all of human history, was not effectively handled until methods for control of its insect vector, theAnophelesmosquito, were developed at the beginning of the 20th century. The Rockefeller Foundation's antimalaria program spread vector‐control strategies throughout the world, and its adoption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane during World War II created an especially powerful and effective malaria control strategy. However, insect resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and restrictions on dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane use due to its long‐term environmental effects are factors in the persistence of malaria as a serious health problem. Mt Sinai J Med 76:468–473, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
The Significant but Understudied Impact of Pathogen Transmission from Humans to Animals
Authors: Epstein Jonathan H. , Price Joan T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractZooanthroponotic pathogens, which are transmitted from humans to nonhuman animals, are an understudied aspect of global health, despite their potential to cause significant disease burden in wild and domestic animal populations and affect global economies. Some key human‐borne pathogens that have been shown to infect animals and cause morbidity and mortality include measles virus (paramyxoviruses), influenza A virus (orthomyxoviruses), herpes simplex 1 virus (herpesviruses), protozoal and helminthic parasites, and bacteria such as methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureusandMycobacterium tuberculosis. However, zooanthroponotic pathogens are most commonly reported in captive animals or domestic livestock with close human contact; there, the potential for economic loss and human reinfection is most apparent. There is also the potential for infection in wild animal populations, which may threaten endangered species and decrease biodiversity. The emergence and reemergence of human‐borne pathogens in wildlife may also have negative consequences for human health if these pathogens cycle back into humans. Many of the anthropogenic drivers of zoonotic disease emergence also facilitate zooanthroponotic transmission. Increasing research to better understand the occurrence of and the potential for bidirectional pathogen transmission between humans and animals is essential for improving global health. Mt Sinai J Med 76:448–455, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
The effect of intravesical oxybutynin on the ice water test and on electrical perception thresholds in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity
Authors: Van Meel Tom David , De Wachter Stefan , Wyndaele Jean Jacques 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAimsThe C‐fiber‐mediated bladder‐cooling reflex and the determination of the current perception thresholds (CPTs) permit to investigate afferent LUT pathways. They have both been proposed to detect and differentiate neurologic bladder dysfunction. This study evaluates, prospectively, the effect of oxybutynin, an antimuscarinic with direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle, on repeated ice water test (IWT) and CPTs in patients with a known incomplete neurogenic bladder.MethodsPatients with a known incomplete lesion of the bladder innervation, detrusor overactivity during cystometric bladder filling and a continuous positive response to repeated IWT were included. After the initial tests, 30 mg intravesical oxybutynin (1 mg/ml) was instilled and left in the bladder for 15 min. Afterwards CPTs and IWT were re‐assessed.ResultsAfter the drug application, the bladder‐cooling reflex could not be initiated, even after three instillations, in 16/17 patients. The bladder CPT increased from 29.7 ± 11.3 to 39.1 ± 15.7 mA after oxybutynin (P = 0.001). No difference was found in CPT of the left forearm (P = 0.208).ConclusionsIntravesical oxybutynin blocks the bladder‐cooling reflex and increases but does not block CPT sensation in the bladder in most patients with incomplete neurogenic lesion and detrusor overactivity. These results help explain the clinical effect of intravesical oxybutynin in neurogenic patients. They also indicate that a pharmacological local influence on C‐fiber‐related activity can give different clinical effects. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:391–394, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic pudendal neuromodulation: Expanding available treatment options for refractory urologic symptoms
Authors: Peters Kenneth M. , Killinger Kim A. , Boguslawski Brian M. , Boura Judith A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAimsChronic pudendal nerve stimulation (CPNS) is a logical alternative particularly in those who fail sacral stimulation. We evaluated symptoms, complications, and satisfaction after CPNS.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed patients having a tined lead placed at the pudendal nerve via the ischial‐rectal approach. Demographics, history, complications, and pre‐implant voiding diary data were collected. In those responding to CPNS, post‐implant symptom changes were measured with the Interstitial Cystitis Symptom and Problem indices (ICSI‐PI) and voiding diaries at 3, 6, and 12 months, and a mailed survey.ResultsThe majority of 84 patients (78.6% female; age 51.8 ± 16.9 years) had interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome, or overactive bladder. Pudendal response (≥ 50% improvement) occurred in 60/84 (71.4%), however 5 of these chose sacral neuromodulation. Almost all (93.2%) who had previously failed sacral neuromodulation responded to pudendal stimulation. Outcomes were evaluated in 55 continuing on CPNS (median follow up 24.1 months). Seven complications requiring 5 revisions, and 4 other re‐operations occurred. Five were explanted. Over time, significant improvements in frequency (P < 0.0001), voided volume (P < 0.0001), incontinence (P < 0.0001), and urgency (P = 0.0019) occurred. ICSI‐PI scores significantly improved over 12 months (P < 0.0001). Survey responses indicated that most still had a device (35/40; 87.5%) continuously in use (24/29; 82.8%), and overall bladder, pelvic pain, incontinence, urgency, and frequency symptoms had improved.ConclusionsCPNS is a reasonable alternative in complex patients refractory to other therapies including sacral neuromodulation. Continued research is needed to fully assess long‐term outcomes and identify predictors of success. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1267–1271, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A contingency approach to nonprofit governance
Authors: Bradshaw Patricia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA number of contingency factors may be relevant for effective nonprofit organizations and their boards. Although all boards must fulfill certain critical roles and responsibilities, strategic choices can be made about adopting different governance configurations or patterns. These choices can be meaningfully informed by understanding organizational contingencies such as age, size, structure, and strategy—and, even more important, by external contingencies and environmental dimensions such as degree of stability and complexity. This article extends or layers contingency thinking beyond its traditional focus on an alignment between the external environment and the organization's structure to focus as well on the alignment of the organization's governance configuration with its structure and environment. Structural contingency theory in general, and specifically within nonprofits, is reviewed. Two cases are presented of organizations that used an approach based on contingency theory in an action research process to examine and change their governance configurations. The steps they followed may help other nonprofits adapt their governance structures and practices and fulfill their responsibilities for board assessment and reflection.
“To be a business and to keep our humanity”
Authors: Shaw Sally , Allen Justine B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn recent years, the political nature of nonprofit funding has been well established, with research focusing on increased demands for accountability (Eikenberry and Kluver, 2004), difficulties in selecting accountability measures (Reed, Jones, and Irvine, 2005), and the shift from organizational mission that can occur while trying to adhere to funding requirements (Adcroft and Willis, 2005; Parsons and Broadbridge, 2004). This article examines the dynamics between a funder and the nonprofit organizations it funds within an evolving accountability process. Specifically, we use qualitative methods to examine the negotiations between the funder and the nonprofits. Both sides in the funding relationship face tensions as they attempt to work within the constraints of this specific funding regime while trying to maintain their focus on social justice outcomes.
Explaining race, poverty, and gender disparities in advanced course‐taking
Authors: Conger Dylan , Long Mark C. , Iatarola Patrice 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe use panel data on Florida high school students to examine race, poverty, and gender disparities in advanced course‐taking. While white students are more likely to take advanced courses than black and Hispanic students, these disparities are eliminated when we condition on observable pre–high school characteristics. In fact, black and Hispanic students are more likely than observably similar white students to take advanced courses. Controlling for students' pre–high school characteristics substantially reduces poverty gaps, modestly reduces Asian–white gaps, and makes little dent in female–male gaps. Black and Hispanic students attend high schools that increase their likelihood of taking advanced courses relative to observably similar white students; this advantage is largely driven by minorities disproportionately attending magnet schools. Finally, recent federal and state efforts aimed at increasing access to advanced courses to poor and minority students appear to have succeeded in raising the share of students who take advanced courses from 2003 to 2006. However, secular trends (or spillovers of the policies to non‐poor, non‐minority students) have spurred faster growth for other students, contributing to widening demographic gaps in these years. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Structure–property relationship of octa‐substituted POSS in thermal and mechanical reinforcements of conventional polymers
Authors: Tanaka Kazuo , Adachi Shigehiro , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this article, we describe the structure–property relationships between the polyoctahedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) fillers and the thermomechanical properties of the polymer composites using polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and ethylene‐(vinyl acetate) copolymer. We used eight kinds of octa‐substituted aliphatic and aromatic POSS as a filler, and homogeneous polymer composites were prepared with various concentrations of these POSS fillers. From a series of measurements of thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer composites, it was summarized that the longer alkyl chains and unsaturated bonds at the side chains in POSS are favorable to improve the thermal stability and the elasticity of polymer matrices. It was found that phenyl‐POSS can show superior ability to improve the thermomechanical properties of conventional polymers used in this study. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5690–5697, 2009
Development of reactive phosphonated methacrylates
Authors: Edizer Seda , Sahin Gorkem , Avci Duygu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFive novel phosphonated mono‐ and dimethacrylate monomers have been synthesized by two different routes. Monomers 1 and 2 were synthesized by reactions of methacryloyl chloride with diethyl (2‐hydroxyphenyl) phosphonate or tetraethyl (2,5‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐phenylene) bisphosphonate; monomers 3 and 4 by reactions of α‐(chloromethyl)acryloyl chloride (CMAC) first with dimethyl (2‐hydroxyethyl) phosphonate and then with benzoic or formic acids. The reaction of CMAC with two moles of dimethyl (2‐hydroxyethyl) phosphonate gave monomer 5. Thermal homopolymerization of monomers 1, 3, 4, and 5 and copolymerization of monomer 1 with methyl methacrylate (MMA) were investigated using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) at 60 °C. Glass transition temperatures were observed for poly‐1, poly(MMA‐co‐1) (50:50), poly(MMA‐co‐1) (90:10), PMMA, poly‐3, and poly‐5 at 52, 90, 99, 129, 50, and 70 °C, respectively. TGA analysis of these polymers indicated formation of char on combustion. Homo‐ and/or copolymerization behavior of the synthesized monomers with 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxy propyloxy) phenyl] propane (Bis‐GMA) were investigated with photodifferential scanning calorimetry. The maximum rate of polymerizations decreased in the following order: Bis‐GMA∼3 > 1 > 4 > 5. The conversions of monomers 1, 3, 4, and 5 (73.9, 85.9, 98.2, and 62.2%) were very high compared with Bis‐GMA (40.5%). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5737–5746, 2009
Induction of bicalutamide sensitivity in prostate cancer cells by an epigenetic Purα‐mediated decrease in androgen receptor levels
Authors: Liu XiaoMei , Gomez‐Pinillos Alejandro , Liu XiaoJun , Johnson Edward M. , Ferrari Anna C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDIncreased androgen receptor (AR) levels support resistance to apoptosis and hormone therapy in advanced prostate cancer (PC). We recently linked the overexpression of AR in androgen‐independent LNCaP cells (AI‐cells) and tissues from castration‐resistant patients to decreased nuclear levels of Pur‐alpha (Purα) and loss from a protein complex bound to repressor sequences (ARS) in the 5′‐UTR ofAR. Strategies to regain control of increased AR transcription may overcome resistance of AI‐cells and improve treatment outcomes.METHODSMTT, real‐time PCR, Western blot, ChIP, flow cytometry, and caspase 3/7 activation measured the effect on growth and targets of LBH589/bicalutamide treatment of AI‐cells and androgen‐dependent LNCaP cells (AD).RESULTSWithin 16 hr of treatment of AI‐cells with low concentrations of the histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589, a shift of cytoplasmic Purα restored the nuclear levels and the binding of Purα to the ARS. This was followed by a decline in AR‐mRNA and protein reaching levels of parental AD‐cells. The fraction of AI‐cells in G1 increased and the cells in S phase decreased similar to AD‐cells, and there was a modest caspase activation. Most notably, treatment of bicalutamide‐resistant AI‐cells with 10 nM LBH589 combined with 12.5 µM bicalutamide synergistically inhibited cell growth and induced a fivefold higher level of caspase 3/7 activation than observed in AD‐cells.CONCLUSIONSLow‐dose LBH589 restores Purα binding to ARS and down‐regulates AR transcription. Biologically, LBH589 reverses the resistance of AI‐cells to bicalutamide and to apoptosis. The combination may restore the hormonal response of castration‐resistant PC patients. Prostate 70: 179–189, 2010. ©2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly conserved glycine 86 and arginine 87 residues contribute differently to the structure and activity of the mature HIV‐1 protease
Authors: Ishima Rieko , Gong Qingguo , Tie Yunfeng , Weber Irene T. , Louis John M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe structural and functional role of conserved residue G86 in HIV‐1 protease (PR) was investigated by NMR and crystallographic analyses of substitution mutations of glycine to alanine and serine (PRG86A and PRG86S). While PRG86S had undetectable catalytic activity, PRG86A exhibited ∼6000‐fold lower catalytic activity than PR. 1H‐15N NMR correlation spectra revealed that PRG86A and PRG86S are dimeric, exhibiting dimer dissociation constants (Kd) of ∼0.5 and ∼3.2 μM, respectively, which are significantly lower than that seen for PR with R87K mutation (Kd > 1 mM). Thus, the G86 mutants, despite being partially dimeric under the assay conditions, are defective in catalyzing substrate hydrolysis. NMR spectra revealed no changes in the chemical shifts even in the presence of excess substrate, indicating very poor binding of the substrate. Both NMR chemical shift data and crystal structures of PRG86A and PRG86S in the presence of active‐site inhibitors indicated high structural similarity to previously described PR/inhibitor complexes, except for specific perturbations within the active site loop and around the mutation site. The crystal structures in the presence of the inhibitor showed that the region around residue 86 was connected to the active site by a conserved network of hydrogen bonds, and the two regions moved further apart in the mutants. Overall, in contrast to the role of R87 in contributing significantly to the dimer stability of PR, G86 is likely to play an important role in maintaining the correct geometry of the active site loop in the PR dimer for substrate binding and hydrolysis. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.