bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Inferno of Market Failure
Authors: Besharov Gregory 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces inefficiencies from the traditional sources of market power, externalities, and asymmetric information. The continuing assumption that we as observers have no limitations allows for a better understanding of the sources of market failure and their correction with regulation, taxation, or the creation of markets. A central idea of the chapter is that inefficiency is caused not by evildoers but by firms and consumers like any others, so there is no need for punishment, but simply a need to change incentives. The chapter discusses the discomfiting result that some harmful actions and outcomes are desirable in microeconomic models.
A Theory of Public Political Morality
Authors: Ziliotti Elena 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that contemporary democratic institutions are insufficient to ensure that political leaders do not manipulate voters’ preferences using persuasion and disinformation. Thus, new mechanisms are needed to prevent charismatic political leaders from abusing their power. The chapter answers this challenge; it argues that insights from the Confucian ideal of virtue politics and contemporary debates in Confucian democratic theory suggest a new approach to improving democratic control over political leaders. Finally, this chapter develops a conception of public political morality as a precondition that politicians of all political stripes must meet before occupying leadership positions within a democratic institutional framework. Public political morality is centred on the virtue of public-spiritedness, the moral disposition of humility, honesty, rejecting factional views, and a deliberative stance.
The Rector’s Daughter
Authors: Hendry John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter documents the early life of Emily Davies, from her birth in 1830 through to her late twenties, when she was still the living-at-home daughter of a now elderly evangelical clergyman in the industrial north-east of England, intellectually voracious but apparently unaware of any kind of women’s movement. The most significant event in her life in this period was becoming close friends with three other young women: Jane and Annie Crow and, through them, Elizabeth Garrett, who would herself become a leading figure in the women’s movement. The chapter also focuses on two of Davies’s relations. Her father, John Davies, was a strict evangelical and thwarted intellectual, a maverick who courted controversy and suffered from perennial ill health. Her oldest brother, John Llewelyn Davies, also a clergyman, was an eminent Cambridge scholar, a Christian Socialist follower of F. D. Maurice, and a prominent member of the liberal broad church intelligentsia.
Girton and Newnham
Authors: Hendry John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the extension of the provincial scheme of lectures for ladies to Cambridge itself and the establishment of a hall of residence, which would ultimately become Newnham College, setting this in the context of reform in the university more generally. The main focus, however, is on the growth of Davies’s college and its establishment, as Girton College, on the outskirts of Cambridge. It was a fraught process, marked as much by internal dissension as by external opposition, and its analysis puts into focus Davies’s particular strategy and priorities, as well as her socially and politically conservative prejudices. It explores how these led her repeatedly into conflict with the leading liberals within the university, who essentially shared her aims, and threatened to alienate even her closest allies.
The Private and the Public Will in the Indian Contract Act
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Continuing with part II’s overarching concerns, the chapter zeroes in on the doctrinal discourse of contract. It argues that classical legal thought’s concept of contract increasingly displaced the property right at the core of the emerging ontology of the law under Crown rule in the subcontinent. After considering key moments in the emergence of the law of contract before the Indian Contract Act of 1872, the chapter undertakes a close reading of the Act, itself, demonstrating how its vision of contractual entitlement was undergirded by the so-called will theory upon which classical legal thought more generally was premised. Rather than simply a means of privileging party intention or championing voluntarism, as the chapter further argues, the will theory was just as much about reserving a place within ‘the law of contract/the market’ for the public will of the state as it was for its private counterpart.
The Factory and Development
Authors: Hirst Samuel J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the 1930s, the provincial Anatolian city of Kayseri came to host what the Turkish government trumpeted as “the largest industrial establishment…of the whole Near East,” and this chapter uses local history to reflect on the significance of Soviet industrial aid to Turkey. Globally, the Great Depression saw the spread of state planning, much of it influenced by Soviet achievements. Observers at the time and scholars since have been prone to search foreign emulation of Soviet practices for far-reaching effects on state-society relations and economic models. This chapter demonstrates that the Kemalists were already pursuing social change in Kayseri before the Soviet-designed factory opened its doors and that modern textile production had less-than-anticipated impact in a key area: female labor. The chapter also shows that the Kemalists’ adoption of import substitution industrialization emerged as much from their own priorities as it did from Soviet influence. The chapter argues that the industrial projects were most significant in spillover effects in spheres from cinema to linguistics. It uses Kayseri’s role in the development of Turkish civilian aviation to show that the joint industrial projects contributed to a new mode of interstate cooperation.
Governance by stealth, and India’s Ministry of Home Affairs
Authors: Mitra Subrata K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
India’s Ministry of Home Affairs, with its striking durability, and ability to adapt to the transition from colonial rule to post-colonial governance, is a remarkable example of institutional resilience. Following the end of British rule in 1947, the colonial Home Department mutated into the Home Ministry of the Indian Republic. How a colonial institution whose key task was to hold Indian nationalism at bay, and subsequently became the architect of the post-colonial state and nation, is one of the main questions to which I respond in this book. I offer Home’s singular expertise in ‘governance by stealth’—the use of minimum force to generate maximum order—as the key to this paradox. My analysis, based on declassified secret files of the Home Ministry, correspondence of key stakeholders, autobiographies and biographies of key leaders and civil servants, and interviews, explores the multiple roles of the ministry, with its penchant for governance by stealth as my focus.
The Widows
Authors: Magaldi Cristina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the many paths taken by Franz Lehár’s operetta The Merry Widow in Rio de Janeiro. Staged in a variety of locales and performed in different contexts, the operetta’s popularity fueled a local multilingualism and became central to the local explorations of intermedial connections between music and sound through the mixing of live performances and new technologies and media. The chapter discusses connections and disconnections about music and language in the city stages and their limitations for exploring issues of national belonging. The Merry Widow eventually branched off from main theaters of the city center to be welcomed in the circus, where it was reworked by Black composers and performers, and by Spanish performers who dominated the circus circuit. In this chapter, issues of race are coupled with cosmopolitanism as a shared experience of a few, while suggesting that timbre and instrumental ensemble formations can illuminate a shared soundscape that evades borders. The chapter brings to the fore the performances of artists such as Benjamin de Oliveira, Gisela Morosini, Cremilda de Oliveira, Ismênia Matheus, and Lili Cardona, among others.
Cosmopolitan Traditions
Authors: Magaldi Cristina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to the spread of opera in Rio de Janeiro, and Italian opera in particular, to consider the genre as an integral part of a turn-of-the-20th-century cosmopolitan urban tradition, as well as a part of the local tradition. The chapter invites a shift from the focus on opera as a delimiter of social and national boundaries to operatic music as a border-crossing agent during an early period of globalization. It considers the process of opera’s dis-assemblage as a counterweight to the idea of an organic “musical work.” The chapter also explores the opera Il Guarany (1870) by Antônio Carlos Gomes as crucial in the process of transforming a cosmopolitan tradition into a local tradition, while addressing ways in which the selection of canons and the process of solidifying musical traditions intertwine.
Adaptation of complex interventions for people with long-term conditions: a scoping review
Authors: Uddin Jamal , Joshi Vicky L , Wells Valerie , Faruque Mithila , Mashreky Saidur R , Movsisyan Ani , Evans Rhiannon , Moore Graham , Taylor Rod S 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Adaptation seeks to transfer and implement healthcare interventions developed and evaluated in one context to another. The aim of this scoping review was to understand current approaches to the adaptation of complex interventions for people with long-term conditions (LTCs) and to identify issues for studies performed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Bibliographic databases were searched from 2000 to October 2022. This review involved five stages: (i) definition of the research question(s); (ii) identifying relevant studies; (iii) study selection; (iv) data charting; and (v) data synthesis. Extraction included an assessment of the: rationale for adaptation; stages and levels of adaptation; use of theoretical frameworks, and quality of reporting using a checklist based on the 2021 ADAPT guidance. Twenty-five studies were included from across 21 LTCs and a range of complex interventions. The majority (16 studies) focused on macro (national or international) level interventions. The rationale for adaptation included intervention transfer across geographical settings [high-income country (HIC) to LMIC: six studies, one HIC to another: eight studies, one LMIC to another: two studies], or transfer across socio-economic/racial groups (five studies), or transfer between different health settings within a single country (one study). Overall, studies were judged to be of moderate reporting quality (median score 23, maximum 46), and typically focused on early stages of adaptation (identification and development) with limited outcome evaluation or implementation assessment of the adapted version of the intervention. Improved reporting of the adaptation for complex interventions targeted at LTCs is needed. Development of future adaptation methods guidance needs to consider the needs and priorities of the LMIC context.
Epidemiology of Pediatric Dog Walking-Related Injuries Among Children Presenting to US Emergency Departments, 2001 to 2020
Authors: Maxson Ridge , Leland Christopher R. , Meshram Prashant , Goldfarb Sarah I. , Okeke Laurence , McFarland Edward G. 
Published: June 2024

Background:
Dog walking is associated with a significant injury burden among adults, but the risk of injury associated with dog walking among children is poorly understood. This study describes the epidemiology of children treated at US emergency departments for injuries related to leash-dependent dog walking.

Methods:
The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was retrospectively analyzed to identify children (5 to 18 years of age) presenting to US emergency departments between 2001 and 2020 with dog walking-related injuries. Primary outcomes included annual estimates of injury incidence, injury characteristics, and risk factors for fracture or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Weighted estimates, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated using NEISS sample weights.

Results:
An estimated 35,611 children presented to US emergency departments with injuries related to dog walking. The mean age of patients was 11 years, and most patients were girls (63%). Over half (55%) of injuries were orthopaedic, and patients commonly injured their upper extremity (57%) and were hurt while falling when pulled or tripped by the leash (55%). The most frequent injuries were wrist strain/sprain (5.6%), finger strain/sprain (5.4%), and ankle strain/sprain (5.3%). On multivariable analysis, injured children aged 5 to 11 years were more likely to have sustained a TBI (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1-9.7) or fracture (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.3). Boys were more likely than girls to have experienced a fracture (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3-2.5).

Conclusions:
Dog walking-related injuries in children are primarily orthopaedic and involve the upper extremity. Younger children and boys are at greater risk for serious dog walking-related injuries.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Hazard of Failed Nonoperative Management for Symptomatic Accessory Navicular in Children and Adolescents: A Population-Based Case-Cohort Study
Authors: Nguyen Hillary Brenda , Miller Patricia , Mahan Susan , Spencer Samantha , Micheli Lyle , Kasser James , May Collin 
Published: June 2024

Background:
The accessory navicular (AN) is an idiopathic condition of the foot present in 4% to 21% of the population. Most ANs remain asymptomatic, but children and adolescents who develop symptoms can have remarkably reduced quality of life. Although many respond to conservative measures, surgery is occasionally needed. Our purpose was to determine factors associated with the failure of nonoperative management.

Methods:
This single-institution retrospective case-cohort study included patients up to age 19 years presenting between 2000 and 2021 with symptomatic AN and treated with standard-of-care. All 298 surgical cases, indicating failed nonoperative treatment, were included. For the subcohort, 299 patients were randomly sampled from all eligible patients, regardless of treatment. Baseline characteristics were summarized for the surgical cases and subcohort. Proportional hazards assumptions were checked and stratification implemented when necessary. Marginal structural proportional hazard modeling was used to estimate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals via inverse probability and LinYing weighting methods.

Results:
The 298 surgical cases failed nonoperative management at a median of 5.2 months (IQR, 2.0–11.6 mo). In the subcohort, 86 failures of nonoperative management and 213 nonfailures constituted a 28.8% surgery rate. In both cohorts, nearly all patients played sports. Univariate proportional hazard modeling found older age (P=0.02) and activity limitation (P<0.001) at presentation, female sex (P=0.002), higher BMI (P=0.01), AN on the right (P<0.001), and bone marrow edema of the AN (P<0.001) and navicular body (P<0.001) on MRI were associated with increased hazard of nonoperative failure. Nearly all of the surgical cohort reported improvement in pain (278/296, 94%) and returned to their primary sport (236/253, 93%) after surgery. Most also experienced full resolution of symptoms (187/281, 67%).

Conclusions:
Symptomatic AN predominantly affects female athletes, leading to surgery in 28.8% of our subcohort. Conservative treatment may be less successful—and therefore surgery could be more strongly considered—in older age, activity limitation at presentation, female sex, higher BMI, right-sided AN, and bone marrow edema on MRI. Surgery is effective for symptomatic and functional improvement.

Level of Evidence:
Case-cohort—Level III.
Comparing Gender Congruency in Nonsurgical versus Postsurgical Top Surgery Patients: A Prospective Survey Study
Authors: Shue Shirley , Joo Alex , Xu Jing , Gu Garrick , Camargo Anthony , Bronson Isaac , Lister Rachel , Hawley Nathan , Morrison Daniel Alexander , McIntyre Joyce K. 
Published: June 2024

Background:
Gender dysphoria can result in reduced quality of life. Treatments include hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and gender-affirming surgery. Our study compared congruency, satisfaction, and discrimination in patients who underwent top surgery and HRT versus HRT alone. We hypothesized improved outcomes in top surgery patients but that lack of access is a common barrier.

Methods:
Transgender and nonbinary subjects who underwent at least 6 months of HRT were recruited and answered questions on gender congruency, discrimination, and barriers to care. Surgical patients were asked about postoperative satisfaction using the BREAST-Q. A Mann-Whitney test compared survey responses between study arms.

Results:
One hundred twelve eligible subjects completed the survey. Surgical subjects answered significantly more positively (P < 0.001) on all questions regarding gender congruency. The greatest difference was observed in how subjects’ physical bodies represented their gender identity, where the surgery group rated higher on the five-point Likert scale by 2.0 points (P < 0.001). Surgical patients also reported less violence, verbal abuse, and discrimination (P < 0.003). Within the hormone arm, 87.1% stated desire for surgery and 62.5% declared barriers to surgery, with cost and insurance coverage representing the most common barriers. Finally, surgical subjects reported high satisfaction on the BREAST-Q, scoring more than 3.0 in all categories of breast augmentation and more than 2.6 for breast reduction on a four-point Likert scale.

Conclusions:
Top surgery, in addition to HRT, significantly improves gender congruency and decreases discrimination and abuse, compared with HRT alone. Unfortunately, barriers including cost and lack of insurance continue to be obstacles for care.
Liver disease and transplantation in telomere biology disorders: An international multicenter cohort
Authors: Wang YunZu Michele , Kaj-Carbaidwala Batul , Lane Adam , Agarwal Suneet , Beier Fabian , Bertuch Alison , Borovsky Kristin A. , Brennan Steven K. , Calado Rodrigo T. , Catto Luiz Fernando B. , Dufour Carlo , Ebens Christen L. , Fioredda Francesca , Giri Neelam , Gloude Nicholas , Goldman Frederick , Hertel Paula M. , Himes Ryan , Keel Sioban B. , Koura Divya T. , Kratz Christian P. , Kulkarni Sakil , Liou Iris , Nakano Taizo A. , Nastasio Silvia , Niewisch Marena R. , Penrice Daniel D. , Sasa Ghadir S. , Savage Sharon A. , Simonetto Douglas A. , Ziegler David S. , Miethke Alexander G. , Myers Kasiani C. ,   on behalf of the Clinical Care Consortium for Telomere-associated Ailments (CCCTAA)
Published: June 2024

Background:
Patients with telomere biology disorders (TBD) develop hepatic disease, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatopulmonary syndrome. No specific treatment exists for TBD-related liver disease, and the role of liver transplantation (LT) remains controversial. Our study objectives were to describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes in patients with TBD-related liver disease, and their LT outcomes.

Methods:
Data from 83 patients with TBD-associated liver disease were obtained from 17 participating centers in the Clinical Care Consortium of Telomere-Associated Ailments and by self-report for our retrospective, multicenter, international cohort study.

Results:
Group A (“Advanced”) included 40 patients with advanced liver disease. Of these, 20 underwent LT (Group AT). Group M (“Mild”) included 43 patients not warranting LT evaluation, none of whom were felt to be medically unfit for liver transplantation. Supplemental oxygen requirement, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, hepatopulmonary syndrome, and higher bilirubin and international normalized ratio values were associated with Group A. Other demographics, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings were similar between groups. Six group A patients were declined for LT; 3 died on the waitlist. Median follow-up post-LT was 2.9 years (range 0.6–13.2 y). One-year survival post-LT was 73%. Median survival post-LT has not been reached. Group AT patients had improved survival by age compared to all nontransplant patients (log-rank test p = 0.02). Of 14 patients with pretransplant hypoxemia, 8 (57%) had improved oxygenation after transplant.

Conclusions:
LT recipients with TBD do not exhibit excessive posttransplant mortality, and LT improved respiratory status in 57%. A TBD diagnosis should not exclude LT consideration.
Blood pressure measurement and assessment of arterial structure and function: an expert group position paper
Authors: Asmar Roland , Stergiou George , de la Sierra Alejandro , Jelaković Bojan , Millasseau Sandrine , Topouchian Jirar , Shirai Kohji , Blacher Jacques , Avolio Alberto , Jankowski Piotr , Parati Gianfranco , Bilo Grzegorz , Rewiuk Krzysztof , Mintale Iveta , Rajzer Marek , Agabiti-Rosei Enrico , Ince Can , Postadzhiyan Arman , Zimlichman Reuven , Struijker-Boudier Harry , Benetos Athanase , Bäck Magnus , Tasic Nebojsa , Sirenko Yuriy , Zelveian Parounak , Wang Hongyu , Fantin Francesco , Kotovskaya Yulia , Ezhov Marat , Kotsis Vasilios 
Published: June 2024

Measuring blood pressure (BP) and investigating arterial hemodynamics are essential in understanding cardiovascular disease and assessing cardiovascular risk. Several methods are used to measure BP in the doctor's office, at home, or over 24 h under ambulatory conditions. Similarly, several noninvasive methods have been introduced for assessing arterial structure and function; these methods differ for the large arteries, the small ones, and the capillaries. Consequently, when studying arterial hemodynamics, the clinician is faced with a multitude of assessment methods whose technical details, advantages, and limitations are sometimes unclear. Moreover, the conditions and procedures for their optimal implementation, and/or the reference normality values for the parameters they yield are not always taken into sufficient consideration. Therefore, a practice guideline summarizing the main methods and their use in clinical practice is needed.
This expert group position paper was developed by an international group of scientists after a two-day meeting during which each of the most used methods and techniques for blood pressure measurement and arterial function and structure evaluation were presented and discussed, focusing on their advantages, limitations, indications, normal values, and their pragmatic clinical application.