bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies for competitive advantage in nonprofit organisations
Authors: Saxton Joe 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the commercial sector, a range of strategies has been proposed for competitive advantage. Many of these strategies are inappropriate for nonprofit organisations. (The terms ‘nonprofit’, ‘not‐for‐profit’ and ‘charity’ are used interchangeably in this paper.) This paper proposes four generic strategies for competitive advantage in nonprofit organisations: externally driven, niche, differentiation and awareness. The niche strategy has two sub‐strategies: the issue or emotional niche and the geographical niche. Differentiation has three sub‐strategies; differentiation by audience, differentiation by product and differentiation by belief. These four strategies are not mutually exclusive and many nonprofit organisations move from one strategy to another. A development model for these transitions is proposed.
Is there a crisis in arts sponsorship?
Authors: Tweedy Colin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWhat is the connection between Heinz Baked Beans, the Notting Hill Carnival and Windows 95? This paper examines present trends in arts sponsorship. Sponsorship by brands is developing rapidly, while traditional arts sponsorship as part of the corporate promotional budget is under threat. Examples of trend setting sponsorships from companies as diverse as Ernst & Young, Lilt and Beck's Bier, show that arts sponsorship is in transition. Arts organisations are having to adjust rapidly to the new environment if they are to fulfil their targets.
The role of market research for charities: Identifying target groups and developing successful relationships
Authors: Carter Jill 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNo one can find friends by sitting at home, and no relationship can develop without plenty of interaction between the people involved. However, charities with large numbers of donors and volunteers cannot be expected to have day‐to‐day contact with more than a handful of their key supporters. This paper illustrates how market research can be used by charities as the conduit between charities and their supporters — not only to show how the relationship between the two sides can be developed to best effect, but also to identify the most appropriate target groups to find new support.
Fundraising in civil society
Authors: Mullin Redmond 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe objects of this paper are to enrich understanding of fundraising and consequently to increase funds raised by looking at the roles of funders and fundraisers in civil society. The idea of civil society includes charities but has broader scope, including all forms of independent association and combinations of people within the state, working for a common good, outside the government and economic spheres. The existence of such thriving associations necessarily entails voluntary funding. This gives a special role to funders and gives value to fundraising. Funders should be enabled to share the ideals of the causes they support and even to contribute to their activity, as partners in voluntary enterprise. Civil society is part of an Anglo‐Saxon US and UK tradition. A different tradition dominant in the European Union could threaten the governance, independence and fiscal treatment of NGO's in the UK.
Charities working together: Cooperation or competition?
Authors: Maple Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the voluntary sector groupings of charities come together for a wide variety of reasons. This paper looks at some examples, in which the author has particular knowledge or interest, in the particular field of fundraising ventures, and suggests other familiar areas where greater cooperation might produce substantially greater rewards. It seeks to show where common interests can outweigh any competitive fears and where subordinated individual priorities generate incrementally better results.
Software for nonprofit fundraising and marketing
Authors: Rodd John 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses whether or not nonprofit donation processing software can be developed for nonprofit marketing. It shows, from previous research, that money‐raising rather than money‐processing is a crucial justification for a fundraising computer system. However, it is in money‐processing rather than money‐raising that most fundraising systems have their origins.It identifies key differences in software purpose; transaction processing is reactive, money‐focused, and task‐oriented, whereas nonprofit marketing is proactive, donor‐focused and process‐oriented.The paper looks at IT evolution over the last 50 years and recognises three phases: automate, informate and transformate. The paper suggests that fundraising systems are somewhere between automate and informate. Transformational IT has yet to come for the nonprofit world.The paper shows where the strains occur when a transaction processing system is pressed into use for marketing, and the most common causes of problems are identified.Finally it sets an agenda for nonprofit marketing systems which focus on holistic donor management, and suggests a number of data and functional needs that set marketing systems apart from transaction processing systems.
Sensitive groups and marketing communications
Authors: Kent Ray , Horne Suzanne 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMarketing communications by organisations offering nonprofit and largely voluntary services to sensitive groups in the population raise issues and problems that are totally different and vastly more complex than the normal marketing of consumer goods and services for profit. This paper reviews bereavement care services as epitomising these issues and suggests that the analysis of communication networks offers the best way forward for describing and analysing these complexities.Using a self‐completed diary, bereavement care organisations recorded communications they had made to, and received from, the bereaved and other organisations. The data highlight the problems of communication when offering voluntary services to sensitive groups.
Medium‐sized charities and their advertising agencies: An exploratory investigation
Authors: Bennett Roger 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRespondents in 103 medium‐sized charities completed a mail questionnaire designed to explore the nature of the relationships between these charities and their advertising agencies. It emerged that some, but not all, of the factors known to influence interactions between agencies and their commercial clients were equally relevant within the charity sector. Variables crucial to charity clients' levels of satisfaction with their advertising agencies included agency provision of functional assistance with media planning and the creative design of advertisements, trust and an agency's willingness to act as a member of its client's team, and the ability to generate new ideas. Additionally, an agency's experience of work within the charity sector and its empathy with charitable aims, ideals and philosophies were key determinants of satisfaction ratings. Assistance with market research and public relations and an agency's ability to offer extensive ancillary services did not appear to exert significant influence.
Marketing for change ‐ Giving brands a soul
Authors: Thompson Marjorie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIs it possible to avoid becoming flavour of the month and then being dismissed by bored consumers as a marketing gimmick? Saatchi & Saatchi Cause Connection offers a different twist: corporates should be taking the long view and lending substance and ‘soul’ to their brands by effective thought‐through charity link‐ups. Cause‐related marketing or CRM, as it is known, has been familiar to American consumers for a number of years, whereas it has only really become topical in Britain since 1996. In some cases this might mean taking on an issue, but in Britain, where the voluntary/charity sector has a long tradition of delivering services, promoting awareness and is highly professional, there is a real role for advertising to play in communicating social responsibility in conjunction with a charity. This paper provides a potted history of the anti‐racist and anti‐nuclear campaigns, challenges the current emphasis on ‘discretion’ in corporate giving and outlines a simple checklist for undertaking a relationship.
Corporate funding: A necessary evil?
Authors: Barrington Robert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEarthwatch has a highly successful track record of fundraising from the corporate sector, and developing corporate donors into long‐term partners. This paper examines how this has happened in an environment that favours publicity‐driven programmes run by large charities, and questions whether the long‐term health of the voluntary sector will be better served by such partnerships rather than by high‐value transactions.
The third way: The repositioning of the voluntary sector
Authors: Sternberg Paul 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper explores some of the ways in which the voluntary sector can enter into a series of professional and creatively led communications alliances with the burgeoning media/communications industry. From design to advertising, from programme making to telecommunications, from regulatory bodies to multimedia companies, the paper demonstrates how the formation of the media/communications industry is at a critical stage of its life cycle having witnessed an almost meteoric proliferation of skills, profiles, professional codes and competences.The paper demonstrates that with its emphasis on creative skills, its ability to amplify and legitimise social messages and values and its constitution being determined by portfolio ‘specialist’ careers the media/communications industry presents a unique opportunity for the renewal of the voluntary sector. It also argues that the professional rules of the media/communications industry, its alliances and its ethical codification still have to be defined. Further, that this definition is integral to the growth of a profession and could, if channelled effectively, underpin the repositioning of the voluntary sector for the 21st century.
Youth development volunteers: Their motives, how they differ from other volunteers and correlates of involvement intensity
Authors: Wymer Walter W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe research objectives were to understand better the motives of youth development volunteers, determine if youth development volunteers could be differentiated from other volunteers using determinant variables from multiple conceptual domains and to discover correlates that may predict more intensive volunteering involvement.Social‐lifestyle, demographic, personality and terminal value measures were obtained from a sample of 164 youth development volunteers and 849 volunteers serving in other organisations. Survey respondents were derived from over 40 nonprofit organisations in two mid‐western US cities. Results, managerial implications and recommendations for future research are presented.
Trustee decision making in small UK charities
Authors: Vincent Jeremy , Harrow Jenny , Palmer Paul 
Published: February 2011

AbstractManagement theory suggests that increasing the quantity and quality of management information available to key members in organisations will lead to improvements in their decision making. However, judgements as to what counts as ‘management information’, and in what its quality consists may vary according to organisational location, size and purpose. Where those ‘key members’ are volunteers, as with charity trustees, perceptions of management information need, amount and value, may vary further. This paper explores aspects of this theory, with particular reference to trustees of small charities in the United Kingdom. It outlines a research programme drawing on trustees in organisations working for children and for people with disabilities. A range of findings is presented, recording trustee experiences of and responses to management information, as this affects their charities' performance. Following from three in‐depth case studies in small charities, findings show that informal systems are in operation, whereby trustees devolve much of the responsibility for management information to their chief officers, who are then monitored by their chairs. While this system is viewed by participants as an effective and practical means of enabling decision making, certain questions are raised regarding trustee liability and accountability.
Infotorials as a charity marketing weapon
Authors: Bennett Roger , Gabriel Helen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA feature of the development of charity marketing over the last decade has been the increasing use for promotional purposes of human interest press stories prepared by charity employees and published in newspapers and magazines. These ‘infotorials’ follow the editorial style and layout of the host publication and present information about a social or medical problem in a readable and entertaining way. They are read in the same frame of mind as surrounding items, but their source is not revealed (as would be necessary for an orthodox commercial advertorial). This paper outlines the results of a survey of 45 charities known to employ infotorials for marketing communications, focusing on placement policies, management and evaluation, and respondents' perceptions of the benefits involved. Three clusters of charities engaging in the practice became apparent, differing mainly in the degree to which infotorials were seen as a means for gaining competitive advantage over rivals rather than for disseminating information about a charity and its work.
Polyethersulfone/polyacrylonitrile blend ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight of polyethylene glycol: preparation, morphology and antifouling properties
Authors: Amirilargani Mohammad , Sabetghadam Anahid , Mohammadi Toraj 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAsymmetric ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared from blends of polyethersulfone (PES)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) via phase inversion method induced by immersion precipitation. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) with four different molecular weights was used as pore former and hydrophilic polymeric additive. N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and water were used as solvent and coagulant (nonsolvent), respectively. The effects of different proportion of PES/PAN and molecular weight of PEG on morphology and performance of the prepared membranes were investigated. Performance of the membranes was evaluated using UF experiments of pure water and buffered bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution as feed. The contact angle measurements indicated that the hydrophilicities of PES/PAN membrane increase by increasing the PAN concentration in the casting solution. However, performance of the membranes improves by increasing the PAN concentration in the casting solution up to 20% and then decreases with further addition of PAN. It was found out that the rejection of BSA decreases with increasing the PAN concentration in the casting solution. Furthermore, it was found that the performance of the membranes increases by increasing the molecular weight of PEG up to 1500 Da and then decreases with the higher molecular weights. The morphology of the prepared membranes was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient views and experiences of making adverse drug reaction reports to the Yellow Card Scheme in the UK
Authors: McLernon David J , Bond Christine M , Lee Amanda J , Watson Margaret C , Hannaford Philip C , Fortnum Heather , Krska Janet , Anderson Claire , Murphy Elizabeth , Avery Anthony ,   on behalf of the Yellow Card Study Collaboration
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeTo describe the characteristics of patient reporters to the UK's Yellow Card Scheme (YCS) and the suspect drugs reported, and to determine patient views and experiences of making a Yellow Card report.MethodsA questionnaire was developed for distribution by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to all patients reporting through the YCS between March 2008 and January 2009. Associations between reporting method (online, postal and telephone) and questionnaire responses were examined using Pearson's Chi‐squared test.ResultsEvaluable questionnaires were returned by 1362 out of 2008 reporters (68%). Respondents' median (IQR) age was 56.5 (43.0, 67.0) years, 910 (66.8%) were female, 1274 (93.5%) were white and 923 (67.8%) had at least a further education qualification. The most frequent reporting method was postal (59.8%), followed by online (32.8%) and telephone (6.3%). Online reporters were younger with a higher education level than those using other reporting methods. Most respondents, 1274 (93.6%), thought that the report was fairly or very easy to complete, although many identified the need for improvements to the system. One third (n = 448; 32.9%) expected feedback from the MHRA and 828 (60.8%) would have liked feedback. Almost all respondents (n = 1302; 95.6%) would report again.ConclusionsThe majority of patients found the current methods of reporting suspected ADRs easy to use and would recommend them to others. Different methods of reporting were used by different demographic subgroups of reporters. Improvements to the system, including the provision of feedback to reporters, could be made. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast cancer recurrence risk reduction beliefs in breast cancer survivors: prevalence and relation to behavior
Authors: Burris Jessica L. , Jacobsen Paul B. , Loftus Loretta S. , Andrykowski Michael A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective: There is a growing body of evidence suggesting breast cancer (BC) recurrence risk might be linked to behavioral factors. However, little is known about BC survivors' beliefs regarding the link between their behavior and recurrence risk. The objective of this study was to describe BC survivors' beliefs regarding performance of behaviors potentially associated with BC recurrence risk reduction, and to examine the link between these behaviors and BC recurrence risk reduction beliefs, worry, and risk perception.Methods: 200 female BC survivors (age, years: mean=57.7, standard deviation=9.2) completed a questionnaire assessing beliefs about the effectiveness of 14 potential BC recurrence risk reduction behaviors, their performance of these potential risk reduction behaviors, recurrence worry, and perception of personal lifetime BC recurrence risk.Results: The behaviors most frequently endorsed as potentially reducing BC recurrence risk included avoiding tobacco use (84%), exercising at least three times per week (74%), eating an average of five servings a day of fruits and vegetables (72%), and limiting food intake to maintain current weight or lose weight (70%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses predicting behavioral performance showed that beliefs were consistently associated with behavior while worry and risk perception were largely unrelated to behavior.Conclusions: BC survivors' beliefs about the effectiveness of potential BC recurrence risk reduction behaviors are largely consistent with empirical findings and relate strongly to actual behavioral performance. Misconceptions about the effects of behavior to reduce BC recurrence risk are important targets for clinical and public health efforts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for acceptor doping in ZnO based on nitrogen pair formation
Authors: Lautenschlaeger S. , Hofmann M. , Eisermann S. , Haas G. , Pinnisch M. , Laufer A. , Meyer B. K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe reconsider acceptor doping of ZnO with Li and Cu published nearly 40 years ago by comparing it with the behaviour of nitrogen in ZnO. While Cu plays an exceptional role due to the d‐shell configuration (acceptor level at 190 meV below conduction band) Li and N as single acceptors give rise to deep distorted acceptors with binding energies between 700 and 800 meV above valence band. With these binding energies no hole conductivity at room temperature can be expected, having in mind that typical background donor densities in ZnO are between 1016 and 1017 cm−3. We propose a defect model to explain the role of lithium and nitrogen doping in ZnO which is based on two acceptor–one donor pairing as proposed by theory in the framework of co‐doping. Hydrogen is a key candidate for the donor role. The luminescence properties in ZnO:N can be understood on the basis of the calculation of the hole densities without and with compensation assuming pair formation. We compare our experimental findings with published results on nitrogen doped ZnO explaining the limitations of p‐type doping of ZnO with nitrogen.
Concentration‐dependent study of electronic and optical properties of c‐Si and c‐Si:H
Authors: Núñez‐González R. , Posada‐Amarillas A. , Galván D. H. , Reyes‐Serrato A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractElectronic and optical properties of crystalline silicon (c‐Si) and hydrogen‐doped crystalline silicon (c‐Si:H) were calculated using the full‐potential linearized augmented plane waves (FLAPWs) method, within the density functional theory (DFT), and the supercell method to model different hydrogen concentrations. Hydrogen was introduced in both bond‐centered (BC) and tetrahedral (Td) interstitial sites to find out the most favorable configuration by searching for the lowest energy structure. The Td interstitial site yields the most stable and lowest energy structure. For several hydrogen concentrations we found that the effect of interstitial hydrogen is to introduce electronic states at the silicon band gap, turning it into a metallic system. Analysis of the calculated energy‐loss function of doped silicon shows the existence of a plasmon peak at low energy of the loss spectrum, and the position of this plasmon peak is highly dependent on hydrogen concentration into silicon.
Service‐level assurance in high‐availability multi‐unit systems using the M‐for‐N backup scheme
Authors: Ozaki, Hirokazu , Kara Atsushi , Cheng Zixue 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate service‐level assurance in high‐availability multi‐unit systems using the M‐for‐N backup scheme. M‐for‐N shared protection (backup) systems with priority control (i.e. prioritized protection switching and prioritized re‐housing of repaired units) can be applied to actual telecommunication devices that are subject to service‐level agreement (SLA) involving reliability measures. A priority level is assigned to each end user in such a system and the switching and unit re‐housing process is subject to the priority. The main contribution of this paper is to give a practical computation method of the user‐perceived availability under the priority control. Our case studies for real telecommunication systems reveal the effect of priority control on the user‐perceived availability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some methodological issues in biosurveillance
Authors: Fricker Ronald D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper briefly summarizes a short course I gave at the 12th Biennial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Symposium held in Decatur, Georgia on April 6, 2009. The goal of this short course was to discuss various methodological issues of biosurveillance detection algorithms, with a focus on the issues related to developing, evaluating, and implementing such algorithms. The PowerPoint slides from the complete talk can be accessed at http://faculty.nps.edu/rdfricke/Biosurveillance.htm. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.