bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Search for Tricyanomethane (Cyanoform)
Authors: Šišak Dubravka , McCusker Lynne B. , Buckl Andreas , Wuitschik Georg , Wu Yi‐Lin , Schweizer W. Bernd , Dunitz Jack D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAlthough listed in organic chemistry textbooks as one of the strongest carbon acids, and in spite of more than a hundred years of attempts to prepare the compound, tricyanomethane (cyanoform) has resisted isolation and characterization, either as the carbon‐acid 1 or as the dicyanoketenimine tautomer 2. Only in the vapor phase at very low pressure has the compound been identified from its microwave spectrum. Here we review and partially repeat the preparative work. With the aid of spectroscopic and diffraction methods (including powder diffraction) we have identified some of the products obtained as: hydronium tricyanomethanide (3), (Z)‐3‐amino‐2‐cyano‐3‐iminoacrylimide (4), a co‐crystal of 4 with sulfuric acid (or corresponding iminium salt), and an addition product of 2 with hydrochloric acid (5/6). Quantum‐mechanical calculations at the MP2/6‐311++g(2d,2p) level have been made to assess the relative energies of some of the molecules involved.
Investigating by circular dichroism some amyloidogenic elastin‐derived polypeptides
Authors: Tamburro Antonio Mario , Lorusso Marina , Ibris Neluta , Pepe Antonietta , Bochicchio Brigida 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTamburro and coworkers have demonstrated that some elastin‐derived polypeptide sequences are able to give rise, in vitro, to amyloid‐like fibers. The biological relevance of this finding could be explained by the recent detection of some amyloidogenic material found in arteries of old patients affected by atherosclerosis and demonstrated to be elastin derived. In this context, the comprehension of the mechanism responsible for the amyloid‐like fibrillogenesis of elastin‐derived sequences is of crucial importance for the design of drugs that could inhibit the amyloidogenic process. To gain further insights into the elastin amyloidogenic process, we studied the polypeptide sequences encoded by Exon 7 and Exon 32 of the human tropoelastin gene, and we demonstrated that only Exon 32 is able to aggregate in amyloid‐like fibers. Vis–UV Thioflavin T circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy rapidly and unambiguously detected the amyloidogenic propensity of the polypeptides. To gain additional insights into the aggregation mechanism of elastin‐derived amyloidogenic peptides, we carried out the kinetics of EX32 amyloid‐like aggregates by using ThT dye. CD spectroscopy was also used for investigating the secondary structure of the polypeptides, thus giving useful insights into the conformations involved in amyloid‐like fiber formation. Furthermore, complementary techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, spectral shift, and binding Congo red UV assays as well as atomic force microscopy were also used to confirm the amyloidogenic behavior of the studied polypeptides. Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hodgkin lymphoma involving extranodal and nodal head and neck sites
Authors: Iyengar Puneeth , Mazloom Ali , Shihadeh Ferial , Berjawi Ghina , Dabaja Bouthaina 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Most Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients present with disease in nodal regions. However, in a small subset, disease develops in unique anatomic sites such as the head and neck area. This study aims to identify the characteristics and outcomes of patients who develop HL involving extranodal and nodal head and neck sites.METHODS:The authors searched The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center's database for HL patients treated between 1967 and 2007 and included those with HL at head and neck sites. They reviewed the records for site of involvement, pathology, treatment, and survival.RESULTS:The authors identified 39 patients with extranodal and nodal HL of the head and neck. Five patients with lymphocyte predominant HL were excluded. Specifically, 10 of 34 patients had disease in the tonsils, 9 in the nasopharynx, 8 in the thyroid, 3 in the parotid, 2 in the adenoids, and 1 each in Waldeyer's ring and nasal antrum. Median age at diagnosis was 31.5 years, average age at diagnosis was 38 years, and 22 of 34 were male; 23 had stage I or II disease. Pathologically, 14 of 34 had the nodular sclerosis subtype, whereas 15 had mixed cellularity. Twenty‐nine of 34 had nodal neck disease at presentation. Five of 34 received chemotherapy alone, 5 received radiation alone, and 24 received combination therapy. Twenty‐one of 34 received 39.6 gray of external beam radiation. The most commonly used chemotherapy regimens were ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) and MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone). At last follow‐up, 85% were disease‐free.CONCLUSIONS:HL of the head and neck is primarily diagnosed as early stage disease of men and of young to middle‐aged individuals. Chemotherapy and primary/adjuvant radiotherapy offer excellent local and systemic control. The extent to which nodal disease is present in the neck does not alter outcomes when combined modality therapy is offered. Despite the unique anatomic location of these lesions, standard HL protocols work effectively to promote disease‐free survival. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Agreement between pediatric brain tumor patients and parent proxy reports regarding the Pediatric Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Childhood Brain Tumor Survivors questionnaire, version 2
Authors: Yoo Hee‐Jung , Ra Young‐Shin , Park Hyeon‐Jin , Lai Jin‐Shei , Cella David , Shin Hee‐Young , Kim Dong‐Seok 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:This study investigated the agreement between self‐reports from pediatric brain tumor patients and proxy reports from their parents regarding the patients' quality of life (QOL), as assessed using a brain tumor‐specific QOL assessment tool, the Pediatric Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Childhood Brain Tumor Survivors (pedsFACT‐BrS) questionnaire. The authors expected moderate correlation and similar mean scores between patient and parent reports.METHODS:The pedsFACT‐BrS for those aged 7 to 18 years was completed by 351 brain tumor patients (166 children and 185 adolescents), and the parent proxy reports were completed by 351 mother proxies and 37 father proxies. Statistical analyses, including the Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation, and comparison of group means, were used to compare the 33 items shared by all 4 versions of the pedsFACT‐BrS.RESULTS:The correlation between reports completed by pediatric patients and their parent proxies was significant (P = .59‐.84), whereas that between the reports of adolescent patients and their parent proxies was slightly weaker (P = .47‐.78). The patient and parent proxy reports showed moderate‐to‐good agreement and yielded similar mean scores in both the child and adolescent brain tumor patient groups; the sole exception was a difference in emotional well‐being scores.CONCLUSIONS:The results indicate that proper use of the pedsFACT‐BrS for patients and their parent proxies can provide clinicians with valid information about the overall QOL of child and adolescent brain tumor patients, including both their general health and their brain tumor‐specific well‐being. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Correlation between Dynamic Heterogeneity and Local Structure in a Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid: A Molecular Dynamics Study of [bmim][PF6]
Authors: Sarangi Soumya S. , Zhao Wei , Müller‐Plathe Florian , Balasubramanian Sundaram 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe complex dynamics of a room‐temperature ionic liquid, 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]), is studied using equilibrium classical molecular dynamics simulations in the temperature range of 250–450 K. The activation energies for the self‐diffusion of ions are around 30–34 kJ mol−1, with that of the anion a little higher than that for the cation. The electrical conductivity of the liquid is calculated and good agreement with experiments is obtained. Structural relaxation is studied through the decay of coherent (total density–density correlation) and incoherent (self part of density–density correlation) intermediate scattering functions over a range of temperatures and wave vectors relevant to the system. The relaxation data are used to identify and characterize two processes, α and β. The dependence of the two relaxation times on temperature and wave vector is obtained. The dynamical heterogeneity of the ions determined through the non‐Gaussian parameter indicates the motion of the cation to be more heterogeneous than that of the anion. The faster ones among the cations are coordinated to faster anions, while slower cations are surrounded predominantly by slower anions. Thus, the dynamical heterogeneity in this ionic liquid is shown to have structural signatures.
The A1C and ABCD of glycaemia management in type 2 diabetes: a physician's personalized approach
Authors: Pozzilli Paolo , David Leslie R. , Chan Juliana , De Fronzo Ralph , Monnier Louis , Raz Itamar , Del Prato Stefano 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRecent intervention trials (Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes, Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease) have underscored problems surrounding the risk‐benefit balance of most therapeutic strategies in type 2 diabetes given, especially the limited cardiovascular advantage of tight glycaemic control when set against the co‐incident risk of severe hypoglycaemia and weight gain. Consequently, therapy should to tailored to the individual. While attractive, such an approach remains highly empiric and to some extent difficult to implement without practical guidance, in particular for the inexperienced physician. To provide a user‐friendly guide for a personalized therapeutic approach to type 2 diabetes, we performed a systematic review of the literature and elaborated a simple rule that was debated at a large independent University Symposium on the occasion of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes held in Vienna 2009. As a result of that process, we now propose an A1C and ABCD of glycaemia management in type 2 diabetes to determine appropriate glycaemic targets based on Age, Body weight, Complications and Disease Duration. ‘A1C and ABCD’ aims to guide clinicians in the use of therapeutic agents more effectively, efficiently and safely. While no regulatory‐approved drug can be excluded, given its proven efficacy, there is a need to better phenotype patients, paying particular attention to ABCD. Based on these parameters, physicians can select the therapeutic strategy with minimum risk and maximum benefit for each individual. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BMP regulation of myogenesis in zebrafish
Authors: Patterson Sara E. , Bird Nathan C. , Devoto Stephen H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTwenty‐four hour zebrafish embryo labeled for dermomyotome (green, pax7) and muscle fibers (red, MEF2 and blue, Myosin Heavy Chain). Ectopic BMP signaling causes a delay in myogenesis, leading to an increase in the dermomyotome and a decrease in muscle fibers. From Patterson et al., Developmental Dynamics 239:806–817, 2010.
The interferon‐inducible gene IFI16 secretome of endothelial cells drives the early steps of the inflammatory response
Authors: Baggetta Rossella , De Andrea Marco , Gariano Grazia Rosaria , Mondini Michele , Rittà Massimo , Caposio Patrizia , Cappello Paola , Giovarelli Mirella , Gariglio Marisa , Landolfo Santo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe IFN‐inducible human IFI16 gene is highly expressed in endothelial cells as well as epithelial and hematopoietic tissues. Previous gene array analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells overexpressing IFI16 has revealed an increased expression of genes involved in inflammation and apoptosis. In this study, protein array analysis of the IFI16 secretome showed an increased production of chemokines, cytokines and adhesion molecules responsible for leukocyte chemotaxis. Functional analysis of the promoter for CCL20, the chemokine responsible for leukocyte recruitment in the early steps of inflammation, by site‐specific mutation demonstrated that NF‐κB is the main mediator of CCL20 induction at the transcriptional level. Finally, both Langerhans DC and B‐lymphocyte migration triggered by supernatants from IFI16‐overexpressing endothelial cells was partially inhibited by Ab inactivating CCL4, CCL5 and CCL20 chemokines. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the IFI16 gene, through its secretome, regulates proinflammatory activity of endothelial cells, thus corroborating its role in the early steps of inflammation.
1,4,7,10‐Tetraisoalkyltetracenes: Tuning of Solid‐State Optical Properties and Fluorescence Quantum Yields by Peripheral Modulation (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 16/2010)
Authors: Kitamura Chitoshi , Tsukuda Hideki , Yoneda Akio , Kawase Takeshi , Kobayashi Takashi , Naito Hiroyoshi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe cover picture shows 1,4,7,10‐tetraisoalkyltetracenes in the solid state under UV light irradiation and under natural light. The photophysical properties exhibit crystallochromy ranging from yellow to red and different fluorescence quantum yields depending on the length of the alkyl side chain. The isopropyl derivative achieved the highest quantum yield ever reported among tetracenes. Details are discussed in the article by C. Kitamura et al. on p. 3033 ff. The background of the cover picture is a night view of Himeji Castle, which is well known for its beauty and supposed resemblance to an egret (it was accorded UNESCO World Heritage Site status in 1993). The authors would like to thank Hiroko Kitamura for her help in designing the cover picture.
Biodegradable protein‐based films from plant resources: A review
Authors: Zhang Hongkang , Mittal Gauri 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis review provides an overview of studies on the film‐forming properties of soy protein, wheat gluten and corn zein. Biodegradable films from these proteins have been investigated extensively. Casting is the most often used film‐forming method. Glycerol is added as plasticizer in many studies. The proteins are normally dissolved or dispersed in suitable solvents with plasticizers. The resulting solutions or dispersions form free standing films on a plate by casting the mixture and subsequent drying. Posttreatments such as coating, heating, and radiation are also employed to improve film properties. These protein films in general are water sensitive and lack mechanical strength but are good oxygen barriers. Further studies to improve the properties of the films for food packaging materials are also discussed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Seismic vulnerability evaluation of RC moment frame buildings in moderate seismic zones
Authors: El Howary H. A. , Mehanny S. S. F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA multi‐level seismic vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete moment frame buildings located in moderate seismic zones (0.25g) is performed on a set of ductile versions of low‐ to mid‐rise two‐dimensional moment frames. The study is illustrated through application to comparative trial designs of two (4‐ and 8‐story) buildings adopting both space‐ and perimeter‐framed approaches. All frames are dimensioned as per the emerging version of the seismic design code in Egypt. These new seismic provisions are in line with current European norms for seismic design of buildings. Code‐compliant designs (CCD), as well as a proposed modified code design relaxing design drift demands for the investigated buildings, are examined to test their effectiveness and reliability. Applying nonlinear inelastic incremental dynamic analyses, fragility curves (FC) for the frames are developed corresponding to various code‐specified performance levels. Code preset lower and upper bounds on design acceleration and drift, respectively, are also addressed along with their implications, if imposed, on the frames seismic performance and vulnerability. Annual spectral acceleration hazard curves for the case study frames are also generated. Estimates for mean annual frequency (MAF) of exceeding various performance levels are then computed through an integration process of the data resulting from the FC with the site hazard curves. The study demonstrates that the proposed design procedure relaxing design drift demands delivers more economic building designs relative to CCDs, yet without risking the global safety of the structure. The relaxed design technique suggested herein, even though scoring higher, as expected by intuition, MAF of exceeding various code‐limiting performance levels expressed in terms of interstory drift ratios, still guarantees a reasonably acceptable actual margin against violating code limits for such levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empowered or overpowered? Service use, needs, wants and demands in elderly patients with cognitive impairments
Authors: Wolfs Claire A. G. , de Vugt Marjolein E. , Verkaaik Mike , Verkade Paul‐Jeroen , Verhey Frans R. J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackgroundExamination of clinical practice reveals that current treatment options are often not sufficiently utilized by patients suffering from dementia or mild cognitive impairment.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate to what extent and in what way these patients utilize the available treatment options, as well as to identify factors and reasons that play a role in the non‐utilization of these options.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews by telephone were held with the patients' caregivers.ResultsCounseling, medication, activities and home care were the options that were most frequently utilized by the 252 patients and caregivers who were included in the study. Group guidance and admissions were the main treatment categories that had not been utilized (although they were proposed). The most important reasons given were refusal by the patient and the fact that help was not necessary yet according to the caregiver. Burden of care and cognition were the most important factors in predicting which of the treatment options were not utilized.ConclusionsMost patients and caregivers are not aware of the treatment options available to them. Awareness of these options is necessary to avoid situations in which patients and caregivers find themselves with their backs against the wall and the need for care support has become an acute necessity. Health care professionals should play an important role with regard to this empowerment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Chemical Properties of Diacetylenes with Pyridinium and 4,4′‐Bipyridinium Groups
Authors: Yamaguchi Isao , Higashi Hideo , Kimura Shunsuke , Sato Moriyuki 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDiacetylenes (DAs) having a dipolar D‐π‐A structure (D=donor: amino group; π=π‐conjugation core; A=acceptor: pyridinium (Py) and bipyridinium (BPy) groups), i.e., 4 (APBPyDA) and 5 (APPyPyDA), or an A‐π‐A structure, i.e., 7 (DBPyDA) and 8 (PyDA(Cl)), were obtained by 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 reactions of 4,4′‐(buta‐1,3‐diyne‐1,4‐diyl)bis[benzenamine] (APDA; 3) with 1‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐1′‐hexyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium bromide chloride (1 : 1 : 1) (1), 1‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐4‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)pyridinium chloride (2), or 1‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)pyridinium chloride (6) (Schemes 1 and 2). The anion‐exchange reactions of 8 with NaI and Li(TCNQ) (TCNQ−=2,2′‐(cyclohexa‐2,5‐diene‐1,4‐diylidene)bis[propanedinitrile] radical ion (1−)) yielded the corresponding I− and TCNQ− salts 9 (PyDA(I)) and 10 (PyDA(TCNQ)). Compounds 10 and 4 exhibited a UV/VIS absorption due to a charge transfer between the TCNQ− and the pyridinium groups and a strong solute–solvent interaction of a dipolar solute molecule in the polar environment, respectively. Compounds 8–10 exhibited photoluminescence in solution, whereas 4 and 7 did not because of the presence of the 4,4′‐bipyridinium quenching groups. Differential‐scanning‐calorimetry (DSC) measurements suggested that the DAs obtained in this study can be converted into poly(diacetylenes) by thermal polymerization.
First Total Synthesis of Mappain with a Prenylated and Geranylated Stilbene
Authors: Chakrapani Lakkoju , Jung Eun Mi , Lee Yong Rok 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe first total synthesis of naturally occurring mappain has been achieved by a convergent sequence. The key strategy involved in the synthesis of mappain was a (E)‐stilbene formation by Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction of the corresponding prenylated benzaldehyde with a geranylated benzyl phosphonate.
Formation and Decomposition of Diazo Ethers under Acidic Conditions. Effects of Ethanol Concentration, Acidity, and Temperature on the Ethanolysis of 4‐Methylbenzenediazonium Ions
Authors: Fernández‐Alonso Alejandra , Bravo‐Díaz Carlos 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe investigated the effects of solvent composition, acidity, and temperature on the dediazoniation of 4‐methylbenzenediazonium (4MBD) ions in EtOH/H2O mixtures by employing a combination of spectrometric and chromatographic techniques. First‐order behavior is found in all solvent composition ranges. HPLC Analyses of the reaction mixtures indicate that three main dediazoniation products are formed depending on the particular experimental conditions. These are 4‐cresol (ArOH), 4‐phenetole (ArOEt), and toluene (ArH). At acidities (defined as −log [HCl])<2, the main dediazoniation products are the substitution products ArOH and ArOEt but upon decreasing the acidity, the reduction product ArH becomes predominant at the expense of ArOH and ArOEt, indicating that a turnover in the reaction mechanism takes place under acidic conditions. At any given EtOH content, the plot of kobs values against acidity is S‐shaped, the inflexion point depending upon the EtOH concentration and the temperature. Similar S‐shaped variations are found when plotting the dediazoniation–product distribution against the acidity. The acid dependence of the switch between the homolytic and heterolytic mechanisms suggests that the homolytic dediazoniation proceeds via transient diazo ethers, and this complex kinetic behavior can be rationalized by assuming two competitive mechanisms: i) the spontaneous heterolytic dediazoniation of 4MBD, and ii) an O‐coupling mechanism in which the EtOH molecules capture ArN$\rm{{_{2}^{+}}}$ to yield a highly unstable (Z)‐adduct which undergoes homolytic fragmentation initiating a radical process (Scheme). Analyses of the effects of temperature on the equilibrium constant for the formation of the diazo ether and on the rate of splitting of the diazo ether allowed the estimation of relevant thermodynamic parameters for the formation of diazo ethers derived from methylbenzenediazonium ions under acidic conditions.
Seven Novel Linear Polyketides from Xylaria sp. NCY2
Authors: Hu Zhi‐Yu , Li Yao‐Yao , Lu Chun‐Hua , Lin Ting , Hu Ping , Shen Yue‐Mao 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSeven novel polyketides, namely, 1‐(xylarenone A)xylariate A (1), xylarioic acid B (2), xylariolide A (3), xylariolide B (4), xylariolide C (5), methyl xylariate C (6), and xylariolide D (7), together with the known one taiwapyrone (8), were isolated from the endophytic fungal strain Xylaria sp. NCY2 of Torreya jackii Chun. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments, and on the basis of HR‐Q‐TOF mass spectrometry. Antitumor and antibacterial assays of compounds 1–8 were carried out, which show moderate activities.
Synthesis of Novel Polycyclic Indole‐Annulated Thiopyranocoumarin Derivatives via Domino Knoevenagel–Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reaction in Aqueous Media
Authors: Moghaddam Firouz Matloubi , Kiamehr Mostafa , Taheri Salman , Mirjafary Zohreh 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of polycyclic indole derivatives is achieved via domino Knoevenagel–hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction of O‐acrylated salicylaldehyde derivatives with dihydroindole‐2‐thiones in H2O as solvent. The products are formed in good‐to‐excellent yields with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity.