bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Semantic Foundations of Metaphysics
Authors: Price Huw 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCertain assumptions about language, naturally cast in semantic terms, are crucial to Jackson's conception of the task of philosophy in the cases he calls location problems. These assumptions underpin the most natural path to the view that there is a distinctively metaphysical problem for philosophy to address, as opposed to a problem of a broadly anthropological kind, about human linguistic behaviour — in this case, about the use of the semantic terms, ‘true’, ‘refers’, and the like. Although Jackson is aware of the need for these assumptions, he underestimates the work needed to justify them, and hence the extent of the threat that they pose to the foundations of his program. By making the assumptions explicit, and by arguing that we need to take seriously the possibility that they might fail, this chapter shows that the foundations are in need of reinforcement; indeed, that there is a serious issue about the advisability of the enterprise, at least in Jackson's ambitious form. There is an alternative conception of what philosophy should be up to in this area — a conception that regards the main task as more like anthropology than metaphysics. And the issue as to which is the right conception is not to be settled by philosophy, but by the science of human linguistic behaviour, broadly construed. So there is an important sense in which the anthropological viewpoint should come first.
Consciousness and the Frustrations of Physicalism
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter sketches what is considered the best interpretation of physicalism, rehearses the best way of defending it, and shows that the physicalism forthcoming is still going to be less than fully satisfying; it is going to leave us short of the satisfaction that might be expected from a philosophical theory. The chapter is organized into three sections. The first section gives an interpretation of physicalism in the spirit of Frank Jackson's; this involves a rich version under which the way things are phenomenally is derivable in principle from physical premisses. The second sketches a representationalist or intentionalist argument for physicalism about phenomenal experience, one which also appeals to Jackson. The third section argues that even if we accept this case for a rich physicalism, still we should not expect to find the doctrine fully satisfying; the simulatory gap will stand between us and a sort of satisfaction that we might have expected to achieve.
Two Purposes of Arguing and Two Epistemic Projects
Authors: Davies Martin 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter borrows what Frank Jackson says about propounding arguments, a phenomenon in the dialectical domain, and transposes it to the epistemological domain. It seeks to clarify the notion of transmission of epistemic warrant and, particularly, the idea of failure of warrant transmission (transmission failure). In this transposition there will be, corresponding to the two purposes of arguing, two kinds of epistemic project. These are referred to as deciding what to believe (corresponding to the teasing-out purpose of arguing) and settling the question (corresponding to the convincing purpose). For each kind of epistemic project, there will be a property of arguments that makes an argument ill-suited for use in projects of that kind. Each property might be called ‘transmission failure’. The two accounts of transmission failure (one analogous to Copi's account of begging the question and the other to Jackson's) provide principled limitations on the arguments that can properly be used in pursuing epistemic projects of the respective kinds (deciding what to believe and settling the question).
Replies to My Critics
Authors: Jackson Frank 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents Frank Jackson's response to his critics in the preceding chapters. His responses are guided by the following principles. i) There didn't seem much value in repeating points that he largely agreed with, unless he felt it could make a useful emendation or clarification; in one case, he says very little because he agreed with just about everything in the chapter and couldn't think of a better way to say what the author said. ii) As was to be expected, the same issues recur, although this happens less than might have been expected, thanks to the work of the editor.
Ends of Reason and Ends of Nature: The Place of Teleology in Kant's Ethics
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter rejects H. J. Paton's interpretation that Kant assumes that nature is teleological in his ethics, but argues that Kant's ethics is nevertheless just as teleological as deontological: it treats freedom as the ultimate human end, argues that particular ends are valuable because they are expressions of human freedom, and that universal rather than selfish happiness is valuable because it would be constituted by the satisfaction of a coherent set of freely chosen human ends.
Kant's System of Duties
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that both juridical and ethical duties are based on the principle of the absolute value of freedom, and constitute a system erected on that principle, although only juridical duties can be coercively enforced. The systematic relation among ethical duties is interpreted as a hierarchy: first preserve the existence of free agents, then the possibility of their exercising their freedom, then promote their ability to pursue their freely chosen ends effectively, then promote their freely chosen ends directly. Finally, the possibility of resolving conflicts among grounds of obligation is also a requisite of systematicity.
The Unity of Nature and Freedom: Kant's Conception of the System of Philosophy
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that Kant's attempt in the uncompleted Opus postumum to describe a system of philosophy in which the natural and the moral worlds are both projections from the underlying nature of human beings is not a radical departure from his previous philosophy, but only the development of his theory of the harmony between the laws of nature and the moral law postulated as necessary for the realizability of the highest good as that had been developed in the earlier three critiques.
The origins and development of the Common Fisheries Policy
Authors: Churchill Robin R. , Owen Daniel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the roots of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). It outlines the various actors, interests, and processes involved in the formulation, adoption, and development of the CFP. The history of the CFP falls fairly naturally into five periods: the years 1957-73 (covering the conception, birth, and early development of the CFP); 1973-83 (the adoption of an EC system of fisheries management in response to major changes in the international law of the sea); 1983-92 (the challenge of Iberian accession and the consolidation of the EC's fisheries management system); 1993-2002 (the second decade of the fisheries management system); and the period since 2002, which has seen major reform of the CFP and an almost doubling of the EC's membership. Each of these five periods will be looked at in turn.
External aspects of fisheries management
Authors: Churchill Robin R. , Owen Daniel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on: the EC's participation in the global instruments discussed in Chapter 3, which lay down the basic norms of current international fisheries law; EC access agreements with third States; and EC membership of regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). Negotiating and concluding global fisheries instruments, bilateral access agreements, and membership of RFMOs obviously involves the exercise of treaty-making powers by the EC. The chapter looks at the source and scope of the EC's competence to negotiate and become a party to treaties in the field of fisheries. Finally, it considers EC involvement with some other international fisheries management issues.
Trade in fishery products
Authors: Churchill Robin R. , Owen Daniel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers EC law relating to trade in fishery products between Member States, and the legal regime governing trade in fishery products between the EC and third States. The EC is a customs union. That means that not only are there in principle no barriers to trade between EC Member States but also that, as far as trade with Third States is concerned, the EC is to be considered as a single unit. It would seem to follow from the latter proposition that external trade relations, at least as far as trade in goods is concerned, ought to fall within the EC's exclusive competence (under the common commercial policy): that is implied in Article 133 EC, and has been confirmed to be so by the Court.
The Epistemic Role of Testimony: Internalist and Externalist Perspectives
Authors: Fumerton Richard 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter contrasts the way in which classical internalists and paradigm externalists might approach the question of how to construe the justification (if there is any) provided by testimony. In particular, it focuses on the question of whether testimonial inference has a fundamental or a derivative place in our reasoning. In the course of answering this question, this alleged distinction between fundamental and derivative principles of reasoning is examined more closely.
Liberal Fundamentalism and Its Rivals
Authors: Graham Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLiberal Fundamentalism is anti-reductionist about the justification for testimony-based beliefs. Liberal Fundamentalism holds that it is a priori necessary that if a subject S (seemingly) comprehends a (seeming) presentation-as-true by a (seeming) speaker that P, and if that causes or sustains in the normal way S's belief that P, then that confers justification on S's belief that P. Whether one finds this position initially plausible or an obvious non-starter depends in large part on one's prior position on the nature of epistemic justification. It is shown that some common arguments against it depend on substantive views on epistemic justification. A weak version is defended against the common objection that the Liberal view is too permissive. The weak version insists that only pro tanto justification results from basing beliefs on comprehending apparent presentation-as-true, and that additional supporting reasons are often required for on balance justification. The additional supporting reasons, however, need not be reductive reasons.
Reductionism and the Distinctiveness of Testimonial Knowledge
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter aims to correct two common and related misconceptions in discussions of the epistemology of testimony. The first misconception is that testimonial knowledge is an epistemically distinct kind of knowledge only if there are testimony-specific epistemic principles implicated in the justification of beliefs formed through testimony. The second misconception is that anyone who endorses a reductionist position regarding the epistemic status of testimony, and so denies the existence of testimony-specific epistemic principles, ipso facto ought to be hostile to the hypothesis that testimonial knowledge is epistemically distinctive. The chapter argues against both misconceptions by arguing for the distinctiveness hypothesis in a way that involves no premise any reductionist should want to deny.
Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy
Authors: Fricker Elizabeth 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter develops an account of the circumstances in which it is epistemically apt to defer to another's judgement about some topic, expressed in her testimony. This can include aesthetic and moral matters. The extent to which this compromises our epistemic autonomy is investigated, and it is argued that, by being discriminating in whom we trust, we can still maintain responsibility for our own beliefs. The supposedly ideal epistemically autonomous agent, who trusts no-one else's word, is shown to be really an irrational dogmatist.
Frege and the Hierarchy (1979)
Authors: BURGE TYLER 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses two methods of formally representing Frege's theory that the denotations of expressions shift in oblique contexts within indirect discourse and propositional-attitude reports. Both methods conform to Frege's extensionality principle: that the denotation of a complex expression is a function of the denotations of its parts. One method reproduces the ambiguity postulated in natural language expressions. The other introduces a hierarchy of distinct expressions with distinct senses. Both involve commitment to an infinite hierarchy of senses that corresponds to iteration of that-clauses. Advantages of each method are discussed.
Frege on Knowing the Third Realm (1992)
Authors: BURGE TYLER 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Frege regarded the foundations of mathematics as self-evident. He maintained that reason could enable one to know of the existence and nature of both mind-independent abstract objects, such as the numbers and thought contents, and mind-independent functions, such as the successor function. There is extensive discussion of evidence for, and the nature of, his Platonism; the view that abstract objects and functions are completely mind-independent of both minds and physical reality. This chapter explains how he squared his rationalism with his Platonism. The key idea is that Frege thought that mind is dependent for being what it is both on functioning to attain truth and to track accurately the basic structures of abstract, mind-independent objects (both logical objects and thought contents) and abstract, mind-independent functions.
The Forms of Governmental Action Covered by EC State Aid Rules
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter deals with questions similar to those that were analysed in Chapter 4 on WTO law. Following the first three techniques to define the legal relevance of the conduct of the government (formulation of the definition, standards of imputability, origin of the resources), it analyses the forms of governmental action that are covered by Article 87(1) EC, and, where necessary, provides a critique.
Non-economic Activity and the Advantage Analysis in the WTO
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter concerns the advantage analysis of those forms of action that are inherently public inasmuch as they are non-economic. These include taxation, regulation, and (pure) public goods. The analysis focuses mainly on tax measures, i.e., those measures whereby governments exercise their authority to impose and levy monetary payments, like direct and indirect tax and social contributions. This focus is for two reasons — on the one hand, unlike regulation, fiscal policy constitutes one of the most consolidated and increasingly common means to grant assistance, thus providing a great wealth of cases and issues to concentrate on in both systems. On the other hand, the observations made in the tax context are of more general validity and can be extended to regulation and public goods, should these be caught by the rules.
The Identification of the Beneficiaries
Authors: Rubini Luca 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the issue of the identification of the beneficiaries, i.e., the persons that benefit from the advantage granted through the subsidy or State aid. After a few introductory remarks, two case-studies are used to show the complexities of this question. The first focuses on so-called ‘input’ or ‘upstream’ subsidies, the second on the identification issues in the context of the sale of companies or assets.
3 Verbs, Constructions, and Semantic Frames
Authors: Goldberg Adele E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn what ways can events combine to form a single predication? This chapter argues that the only constraint on the combination of events designated by a single verb is that the events must constitute a coherent semantic frame. A verb can designate subevents that are not causally related, and a verb can specify both manner and result. On the other hand, a combination of verb and construction can designate a one‐time predication that does not correspond to an established frame.
4 Contact and Other Results
Authors: Erteschik‐Shir Nomi , Rapoport Tova 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe consider the account of verbs of contact within the framework of Atom Theory and expand the analysis of forceful point‐of‐contact verbs such as hit and surface contact types like smear to plural surface contact verbs like splash. Atom Theory (AT) is based on the syntactic projection of atomic meaning components. Every verb's meaning reduces entirely to such atoms and all senses and all syntactic frames of a verb derive from this sole, minimal lexical representation. The differences among the contact verb types derive from the particular Manner and Location atoms of which they are composed. The projection and interpretation of these atoms account for the various alternations and the aspectual and thematic variations of all types of contact verbs, without recourse to multiple lexical representations, linking rules, functional categories, or movement. The result is an innovative analysis by which all contact verb structures are analysed as result constructions.
7 Animacy in Blackfoot
Authors: Ritter Elizabeth , Rosen Sara Thomas 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAlternations between ‘transitive’ and ‘intransitive’ verbs in Blackfoot signal neither an aspectual shift nor the addition or suppression of internal arguments. Rather, ‘transitive’ morphology formally licenses DP objects; ‘intransitive’ morphology allows NP, CP, or no object. The relevant morphology, which constitutes v, also determines animacy and theta‐role of the external argument.
8 Lexicon versus Syntax
Authors: Horvath Julia , Siloni Tal 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe chapter empirically sorts out morphological alternations often grouped together under the label causativization. A careful analysis of Japanese versus Hungarian morphological causatives reveals new evidence that the former must be formed in the syntax, while the latter have to be derived before any syntactic structure is available, that is, in the lexicon. The chapter then specifies and contrasts the formation of morphological causatives in the syntax and in the lexicon.
10 Saturated Adjectives, Reified Properties
Authors: Landau Idan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEvaluative adjectives (e.g. rude, clever) display a systematic alternation, which brings about a cluster of syntactic and semantic changes. The adjectival variants are related by the joint application of two operators: A lexical saturation operator (also seen in verbal passive) and a syntactic reification operator (also seen in nominalization).
Prepositions and cases in Hellenistic Greek
Authors: Bortone Pietro 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 5 examines prepositional usage in Hellenistic (“Koiné”) Greek, i.e. Biblical Greek. We see an increase in the use of adpositions, the “improper” ones in particular. The tendencies observed in Ancient Greek are even clearer: new prepositions are mainly or only spatial, the older ones being increasingly confined to non‐spatial meanings.
Prepositions and cases in Medieval Greek
Authors: Bortone Pietro 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 6 analyses Medieval Greek usage, the least known and most decisive period in the history of the language, through a close study of a selected corpus of texts. Many old prepositions dropped out of use, ousted also by the newer “improper” ones, often compounded. The newest ones are purely spatial, the old prepositions losing their spatial sense according to whether a new replacement might take that sense over.
Prepositions and cases in Modern Greek
Authors: Bortone Pietro 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 7 examines the prepositional system of Modern Greek, taking into account the impact of purism and of the Balkan Sprachbund. The development has come full circle: the younger (previously only spatial) prepositions now have various non‐spatial meanings, even losing their spatial meaning altogether, thus repeating the semantic cycle of the previous generation of prepositions.
Harms associated with illicit drug use
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor many policymakers, researchers, and ordinary citizens, drug use per se is less of a concern than the problems that accompany it: chronic health problems, infectious disease transmission, property crime, and family breakdown, to name only a few examples. This chapter summarizes what is known about the extent of the health risks and social harms associated with drug use. Illicit drug use is associated with a marked burden of disease, disability, mortality, criminality, and a variety of other social harms. Although the burden, harm, and costs attributable to illicit drug use are substantial, for most countries they are lower than those attributable to alcohol and tobacco. Only in established market economies is illicit drug use among the major risk factors for the burden of disease. In low- and middle-income countries, illicit drug use is a minor consideration in the overall burden of disease, but this could change with rising incomes and increasing globalization.
Strategies and interventions to reduce drug use and related harm: section overview
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the context of addiction science as an aid to policy formation and implementation. It also explains how the scientific evidence for policy options was reviewed and organized, the rules that guided the presentation and interpretation of the evidence.
Preventing illicit drug use by young people
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on strategies aimed at young people in school, family, and community settings. There has been an improvement in the evidence base over recent years and there is now convincing evidence for family-oriented and classroom management prevention efforts, although this is based on a relatively small number of studies from the USA.
4 Raising the Standard: The War on Global Poverty1
Authors: Bhalla Surjit S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere are two standard approaches to the measurement of poverty: an exclusive survey-based method, and the alternative method of using distribution from the surveys and means from the national accounts data. Over the last two decades, household surveys have shown a disturbing trend in terms of the decreasing amount of survey ‘capture’ of national accounts data. This chapter suggests a third method for measuring poverty; this method imputes the growth rate in national accounts consumption to the mean in the benchmark year 1987. The results using this method show world poverty decline to be considerably larger than that revealed by the ‘official’ World Bank exclusive survey method. This finding forms the basis of the suggestion that the world poverty line needs to be raised in order to reflect the drift from absolute to relative poverty in the developing world. The chapter also emphasizes the lack of any relationship, theoretical or empirical, between initial inequality and future trends in poverty. What matters is the inequality around the poverty line, not overall inequality.