bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication, Optical Modeling, and Color Characterization of Semitransparent Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells in an Inverted Structure
Authors: Ameri Tayebeh , Dennler Gilles , Waldauf Christoph , Azimi Hamed , Seemann Andrea , Forberich Karen , Hauch Jens , Scharber Markus , Hingerl Kurt , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSemitransparent inverted organic photodiodes are fabricated with a Baytron PH500 ethylene‐glycol layer/silver grid as the top electrode. Reasonable performances are obtained under both rear‐ and front‐side illumination and efficiencies up to 2% are achieved. Some light is shed on visual prospects through optical simulations for a semitransparent device of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the C60 derivative 1‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl)propyl‐1‐phenyl[6,6]C71 (PC70BM) in the inverted structure. These calculations allow the maximum efficiency achievable to be predicted for semitransparent cells based on P3HT:PC70BM versus the transparency perception for a human eye. The simulations suggest that low‐bandgap materials such as poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) have a better potential for semitransparent devices. In addition, the color range recognized by the human eye is predicted by the optical simulation for some semitransparent devices including different active layers.
Analysis of von Willebrand factor structure by multimer analysis
Authors: Ledford‐Kraemer Marlies R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAnalysis of von Willebrand factor (VWF) structure is achieved by performing a highly specialized procedure, VWF multimer analysis. The test is reserved for the reference or specialized laboratory environment. The assay is qualitative (though under some circumstances multimers may be quantified) in that it assesses the overall size distribution of VWF multimers as well as their individual internal structure. The test is used predominantly to type or subtype von Willebrand disease. The analysis of VWF multimers generally consists of four steps: (1) electrophoresis of plasma in an agarose gel, (2) either gel fixation or transfer of the electrophoretic protein product to a membrane, (3) immunodetection of the protein, and (4) evaluation of the protein in the gel or membrane. The assay is complex, time consuming, requires specialized equipment and technical expertise, and is not standardized. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors associated with safe patient handling behaviors among critical care nurses
Authors: Lee Soo‐Jeong , Faucett Julia , Gillen Marion , Krause Niklas , Landry Lynette 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundPatient handling is a major risk factor for musculoskeletal (MS) injury among nurses. The aims of the study were to describe nurses' work behaviors related to safe patient handling and identify factors influencing their safe work behaviors, including the use of lifting equipment.MethodsA cross‐sectional study using a mailed questionnaire with a nationwide random sample of 361 critical care nurses. Nurses reported on the physical, psychosocial, and organizational characteristics of their jobs and on their MS symptoms, risk perception, work behaviors, and demographics. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify significant factors.ResultsMore than half of participants had no lifting equipment on their unit, and 74% reported that they performed all patient lift or transfer tasks manually. Significant factors for safer work behavior included better safety climate, higher effort–reward imbalance, less overcommitment, greater social support, and day shift work. Physical workload, personal risk perception, or MS symptom experiences were not associated with safe work behavior.ConclusionsSafe work behaviors are best understood as socio‐cultural phenomena influenced by organizational, psychosocial, and job factors but, counter to extant theories of health behaviors, do not appear to be related to personal risk perception. Management efforts to improve working conditions and enhance safety culture in hospitals could prove to be crucial in promoting nurses' safe work behavior and reducing risk of MS injury. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:886–897, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of O*NET as a job exposure matrix: A literature review
Authors: Cifuentes Manuel , Boyer Jon , Lombardi David A. , Punnett Laura 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundO*NET is a publicly available online database that describes occupational features across US job titles and that has been used to estimate workplace physical and psychosocial exposures and organizational characteristics. The aim of this review is to describe and evaluate the use of O*NET as a job exposure matrix.MethodsA review of the peer‐reviewed published and gray literature was conducted. Twenty‐eight studies were found that used O*NET to estimate work exposures related to health or safety outcomes. Each was systematically evaluated across eight main features.ResultsMany health outcomes have been studied with O*NET estimates of job exposures. Some studies did not use conceptual definitions of exposure; few studies estimated convergent validity, most used predictive validity. Multilevel analysis was underutilized.ConclusionO*NET is worthy of exploration by the occupational health community, although its scientific value is still undetermined. More studies could eventually provide evidence of convergent validity. O*NET has the potential to allow examination of occupational risks that might have otherwise been ignored due to missing data or resource constraints on field data collection of job exposure information. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:898–914, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Work‐related fatalities among youth ages 11–17 in North Carolina, 1990–2008
Authors: Rauscher Kimberly J. , Runyan Carol W. , Radisch Deborah 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundLocal and national surveillance systems are in place that identify occupational deaths. However, due to certain restrictions, they are limited in their ability to accurately count these deaths among adolescent workers.MethodsIn this population‐based study, we relied on primary data from the North Carolina medical examiner system to identify and describe all work‐related fatalities among North Carolina youth under age 18 between 1990 and 2008.ResultsWe identified 31 work‐related deaths among youth ages 11–17. The majority occurred between 1990 and 1999. Most occurred in construction and agriculture. Vehicles and guns were responsible for the majority of deaths.ConclusionsAlthough the prevalence of adolescent work‐related fatalities has seen a decline in North Carolina, the 31 deaths we detected signal a failure of the systems in place to prevent young worker fatalities. More remains to be done to protect the lives of adolescent workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:136–142, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Terahertz imaging of ancient mummies and bone
Authors: Öhrström Lena , Bitzer Andreas , Walther Markus , Rühli Frank Jakobus 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAncient mummified soft‐tissues are a unique source to study the evolution of disease. Diagnostic imaging of such historic tissues is of foremost interest in paleoanthropology or paleopathology, with conventional x‐ray and computed tomography (CT) being the gold‐standard. Longer wavelength radiation in the far‐infrared or Terahertz region allows diagnostic close‐to‐surface tissue differentiation of bone morphology while being harmless to human cells. The aim of this study is to show the feasibility and the morpho‐diagnostic impact of THz imaging of historic remains. Images of an artificially embalmed ancient Egyptian human mummy hand, an artificially embalmed ancient Egyptian mummified fish and a macerated human lumbar vertebra were obtained by THz‐pulse imaging and compared with conventional X‐ray and CT images. Although conventional x‐ray imaging provides higher spatial resolution, we found that THz‐imaging is well‐suited for the investigation of ancient mummified soft tissue and embalming‐related substances / wrappings. In particular, bone and cartilaginous structures can be well differentiated from surrounding soft‐tissues and bandage‐wrappings by THz imaging. Furthermore, THz‐pulse imaging also measures the time‐delay of the pulsed signal when passing through the sample, which provides supplementary information on the optical density of the sample that is not obtained by X‐ray and CT. Terahertz radiation provides a completely non‐invasive diagnostic imaging modality for historic dry specimens. We anticipate this modality also to be used for detection of hidden objects in historic samples such as funerary amulets still in situ in wrapped mummies, as well as potentially for the identification of spectral signatures from chemical substances, e.g., in embalming essences.. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Worldwide allele frequencies of the human apolipoprotein E gene: Climate, local adaptations, and evolutionary history
Authors: Eisenberg Dan T.A. , Kuzawa Christopher W. , Hayes M. Geoffrey 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe ϵ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is associated with increased cholesterol levels and heart disease. Population allele frequencies of APOE have previously been shown to vary, with ϵ4 frequencies generally increasing with latitude. We hypothesize that this trend resulted from natural selection protecting against low‐cholesterol levels. In high‐latitude cold environments and low‐latitude hot environments, metabolic rate is elevated, which could require higher cholesterol levels. To explore this hypothesis, we compiled APOE allele frequencies, latitude, temperature, and elevation from populations around the world. ϵ4 allele frequencies show a curvilinear relationship with absolute latitude, with lowest frequencies found in the mid‐latitudes where temperatures generally require less expenditure on cooling/thermogenesis. Controlling for population structure in a subset of populations did not appreciably change this pattern of association, consistent with selection pressures that vary by latitude shaping ϵ4 allele frequencies. Temperature records also predict APOE frequency in a curvilinear fashion, with lowest ϵ4 frequencies at moderate temperatures. The model fit between historical temperatures and ϵ4 is less than between latitude and ϵ4, but strengthened after correcting for estimated temperature differences during the Paleolithic. Contrary to our hypothesis, we find that elevation did not improve predictive power, and an integrated measure of the cholesterol effect of multiple APOE alleles was less related to latitude than was ϵ4 alone. Our results lend mixed support for a link between past temperature and human APOE allele distribution and point to the need to develop better models of past climate in future analyses. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:13–20, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monkeys and apes: Are their cognitive skills really so different?
Authors: Amici Federica , Aureli Filippo , Call Josep 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDifferences in cognitive skills across taxa, and between monkeys and apes in particular, have been explained by different hypotheses, although these often are not supported by systematic interspecific comparisons. Here, we directly compared the cognitive performance of the four great apes and three monkey species (spider monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and long‐tailed macaques), differing in their phylogenetic‐relatedness and socioecology. We tested subjects on their ability to remember object locations (memory task), track object displacements (transposition task), and obtain out‐of‐reach rewards (support task). Our results showed no support for an overall clear‐cut distinction in cognitive skills between monkeys and apes as species performance varied substantially across tasks. Although we found differences in performance at tracking object displacements between monkeys and apes, interspecific differences in the other two tasks were better explained in terms of differential socioecology, especially differential levels of fission–fusion dynamics. A cluster analysis using mean scores of each condition of the three tasks for each species suggested that the only dichotomy might be between members of the genusPanand the rest of the tested species. These findings evidence the importance of using multiple tasks across multiple species in a comparative perspective to test different explanations for the enhancement of specific cognitive skills. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:188–197, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Articular to diaphyseal proportions of human and great ape metatarsals
Authors: Marchi Damiano 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study proposes a new way to use metatarsals to identify locomotor behavior of fossil hominins. Metatarsal head articular dimensions and diaphyseal strength in a sample of chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans (n= 76) are used to explore the relationships of these parameters with different locomotor modes. Results show that ratios between metatarsal head articular proportions and diaphyseal strength of the hallucal and fifth metatarsal discriminate among extant great apes and humans based on their different locomotor modes. In particular, the hallucal and fifth metatarsal characteristics of humans are functionally related to the different ranges of motion and load patterns during stance phase in the forefoot of humans in bipedal locomotion. This method may be applicable to isolated fossil hominin metatarsals to provide new information relevant to debates regarding the evolution of human bipedal locomotion. The second to fourth metatarsals are not useful in distinguishing among hominoids. Further studies should concentrate on measuring other important qualitative and quantitative differences in the shape of the metatarsal head of hominoids that are not reflected in simple geometric reconstructions of the articulation, and gathering more forefoot kinematic data on great apes to better understand differences in range of motion and loading patterns of the metatarsals. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:198–207, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The locust foraging gene
Authors: Lucas C. , Kornfein R. , Chakaborty‐Chatterjee M. , Schonfeld J. , Geva N. , Sokolowski M. B. , Ayali A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOur knowledge of how genes act on the nervous system in response to the environment to generate behavioral plasticity is limited. A number of recent advancements in this area concern food‐related behaviors and a specific gene family called foraging (for), which encodes a cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG). The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is notorious for its destructive feeding and long‐term migratory behavior. Locust phase polyphenism is an extreme example of environmentally induced behavioral plasticity. In response to changes in population density, locusts dramatically alter their behavior, from solitary and relatively sedentary behavior to active aggregation and swarming. Very little is known about the molecular and genetic basis of this striking behavioral phenomenon. Here we initiated studies into the locust for gene by identifying, cloning, and studying expression of the gene in the locust brain. We determined the phylogenetic relationships between the locust PKG and other known PKG proteins in insects. FOR expression was found to be confined to neurons of the anterior midline of the brain, the pars intercerebralis. Our results suggest that differences in PKG enzyme activity are correlated to well‐established phase‐related behavioral differences. These results lay the groundwork for functional studies of the locust for gene and its possible relations to locust phase polyphenism. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variation in the SMAD3 gene is associated with hip and knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Valdes Ana M. , Spector Tim D. , Tamm Agu , Kisand Kalle , Doherty Sally A. , Dennison Elaine M. , Mangino Massimo , Tamm Ann , Kerna Irina , Hart Deborah J. , Wheeler Margaret , Cooper Cyrus , Lories Rik J. , Arden Nigel K. , Doherty Michael 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveSmad3 (or, MADH3) is a key intracellular messenger in the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway. In mice, Smad3 deficiency accelerates growth plate chondrocyte maturation and leads to an osteoarthritis (OA)–like disease. We undertook this study to investigate the role of genetic variation in SMAD3 in the risk of large‐joint OA in humans.MethodsTen tag single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SMAD3 gene region were tested in a discovery set: 313 patients who had undergone total knee replacement, 214 patients who had undergone total hip replacement, and 520 controls from the UK. The SNP associated with both hip and knee OA was subsequently genotyped in 1,221 controls and 1,074 cases from 2 cohorts of patients with hip OA and 2,537 controls and 1,575 cases from 4 cohorts of patients with knee OA.ResultsA SNP (rs12901499) mapping to intron 1 of SMAD3 was associated with both knee and hip OA (P < 0.0022 and P < 0.021, respectively) in the discovery set. In all study cohorts, the major allele (G) was increased among OA patients relative to controls. A meta‐analysis for knee OA yielded an odds ratio (OR) of 1.22 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.12–1.34), P < 7.5 × 10−6. For hip OA, the OR was 1.22 (95% CI 1.09–1.36), P < 4.0 × 10–4. No evidence for heterogeneity was found (I2 = 0%).ConclusionOur data indicate that genetic variation in the SMAD3 gene is involved in the risk of both hip OA and knee OA in European populations, confirming the results from animal models on the potential importance of this molecule in the pathogenesis of OA.
Stimulation of the HIV‐1 integrase enzymatic activity and cDNA integration by a peptide derived from the integrase protein
Authors: Levin Aviad , Hayouka Zvi , Helfer Markus , Brack‐Werner Ruth , Friedler Assaf , Loyter Abraham 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHere we describe the features of a peptide that was selected from the human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) Integrase (IN) peptide library which interacts with both, the viral Rev and IN proteins. Because of its ability to stimulate the IN enzymatic activity this peptide was designated INS (IN stimulatory). Modification of its amino acid sequence revealed that replacement of its C‐terminal lysine by glutamic acid (INS K188E) converts it from a stimulatory peptide to an inhibitory one. Both peptides promoted the dissociation of a previously described complex formed between Rev and IN whose formation results in IN inactivation. INS and INS K188E penetrated HIV‐1‐infected cells and caused stimulation and inhibition of viral genome integration, respectively. Using cultured cells infected with a ΔRev HIV revealed that INS can directly activate the viral IN. These results suggest that the stimulatory effect of INS in wild‐type virus‐infected cells is due to a dual effect: it dissociates the inactive Rev‐IN complex and directly activates the free IN. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 740–751, 2010.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Behavioral genetics in antisocial spectrum disorders and psychopathy: A review of the recent literature
Authors: Gunter Tracy D. , Vaughn Michael G. , Philibert Robert A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBehavioral geneticists are increasingly using the tools of molecular genetics to extend upon discoveries from twin, family, and adoption studies concerning the heritability of antisocial spectrum disorders and psychopathy. While there is a substantial body of research concerning antisocial spectrum disorders in the behavioral genetics literature, only a few studies could be located using the phenotype of psychopathy. In this report we summarize some of the recent molecular genetics work concerning antisocial spectrum disorders and psychopathy, with a focus on genes involved in the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways, while also mentioning some of the novel genetic factors being considered. Monoamine oxidase (MAOA) and the serotonin transporter (5HTT) are reviewed at length, as these genes have received significant scientific attention in recent years and are sites of high biological plausibility in antisocial spectrum disorders and psychopathy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of psychopathy: A review and brief introduction to the mental model mpproach for psychopathy
Authors: Salekin Randall T. , Worley Courtney , Grimes Ross D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPsychopathy is thought by many to be an untreatable disorder. This article puts the treatment of psychopathy into historical context and reviews research on the treatment of the disorder with adults (K = 8) and youth (K = 5). Findings indicate that treatment for adults shows low to moderate success with three of eight studies demonstrating treatment gains. Treatment of youth appears to be more promising with six of eight studies showing treatment benefits. Although less than optimal success rates with adults, we suggest that bright line distinctions regarding the treatability of those with psychopathic characteristics from non‐psychopathic individuals are inappropriate at this time. We conclude with directions for future research and briefly introduce the mental models approach for the treatment of psychopathy in youths. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of XFOIL in design of camber‐controlled morphing UAVs
Authors: Lafountain Cody , Cohen Kelly , Abdallah Shaaban 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe standard curriculum for Aerospace Engineering students at the University of Cincinnati includes AEEM361 Integrated Aircraft Engineering. The goal of this course is to instruct students in the tools and methodology of aircraft design. The integrated aspects of aircraft design are underscored by introducing pre‐junior (between sophomore and junior) students to the state‐of‐the‐art morphing technology, inspired by bat and bird flight, which can enable an aircraft to adapt its shape to best suit the flight condition thereby enhancing mission performance. In this article, we present the development of unique software tools, which provide undergraduates an opportunity to design airfoils for morphing aircraft. Morphing is introduced in the form of “on demand” camber as well as sweep change with the aim of improving aerodynamic efficiency for a multi‐objective (several design points) mission profile. The Global Hawk UAV mission in general and its LRN1015 airfoil in particular is in focus due to the relative long mission times spent at the two different flight conditions, namely high‐speed dash and low‐speed loiter. We are using several tools to virtually simulate a morphing wing including XFOIL to perform fast and relatively accurate two‐dimensional steady‐flow simulations of different morphed configurations using a camber‐controlled morphed wing to maneuver. In this article we detail AeroMorph, the educational MATLAB‐based tool developed for design of a camber‐controlled morphing of airfoils with the aim of improving aerodynamic efficiency and exploration of the basic relationships between flap deflection and airfoil morphing based on a camber change. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 673–680, 2012