bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined assessment of glycated albumin and fasting plasma glucose improves the detection of diabetes in Chinese subjects
Authors: Ma Xiao‐Jing , Pan Jie‐Min , Bao Yu‐Qian , Zhou Jian , Tang Jun‐Ling , Li Qing , Xiang Kun‐San , Jia Wei‐Ping 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of glycated albumin (GA) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) as a screening tool for the early detection of diabetes in Chinese subjects.2. A total of 1971 outpatient subjects underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and GA measurement. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to examine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of GA and FPG in detecting undiagnosed diabetes at the different cut‐off levels.3. The prevalence of impaired glucose regulation and diabetes was 27.40% and 38.30%. For these diabetic individuals, 4.64% had isolated fasting hyperglycemia, 50.86% had isolated postprandial hyperglycemia and 44.50% had both. Using ROC analysis, a GA of 17.1% gave an optimal sensitivity of 76.82% (95% confidence interval: 73.64–79.79%) and specificity of 76.89% (74.42–79.23%) for the diagnosis of diabetes. Likewise, a FPG of 6.1 mmol/L gave an optimal sensitivity of 80.93% (77.94–83.67%) and specificity of 85.94% (83.86–87.84%). If subjects met both criteria, they were regarded as having diabetes; the positive predictive value of the combined criteria, FPG ≥ 6.1 mmol/L and GA ≥ 17.1%, was relatively high (84.79% (81.62–87.60%)), and this would have avoided 76% of the OGTT in our survey.4. In conclusion, a GA value of 17.1%, an optimal cut‐off in Chinese subjects, identified a high proportion of potential diabetic individuals. Simultaneous measurement of FPG and GA would enhance the sensitivity of diabetes screening in our population and avoid 76% of OGTT.
Influence of plasma glucagon levels on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Urakami Tatsuhiko , Nagano Nobuhiko , Suzuki Junichi , Yoshida Ayako , Takahashi Shori , Mugishima Hideo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective:  The aim of this study was to investigate the association between plasma glucose (PG), HbA1c and plasma glucagons levels in children with type 1 diabetes to determine the influence of plasma glucagon on their glycemic control.Methods:  The study was conducted in 60 Japanese children, aged 13.3 ± 4.6 years, with type 1 diabetes for at least 3 years of diabetes. Most of the subjects had absent pancreatic β‐cell function. We compared the glucagon levels among patient groups stratified according to the 2‐hour postprandial levels (<50, 50–99, 100–199, 200–299, and ≥300 mg/dL), and the HbA1c levels (<7.0, 7.0–7.9, 8.0–8.9, and ≥9%).Results:  The mean 2‐hour postprandial PG, HbA1c and plasma glucagon levels were 174 ± 97 mg/dL, 7.7 ± 1.3% and 84.0 ± 32.6 pg/mL, respectively. The glucagon levels were highly correlated with the PG levels (r = 0.553, P < 0.0001) and mildly correlated with the HbA1c levels (r = 0.301, P = 0.0192). Patients with high PG levels had significantly higher levels of glucagon as compared with those with lower PG levels (139.4 ± 47.2, 78.4 ± 17.3, 82.4 ± 21.0, 98.3 ± 29.2 and 93.8 ± 18.3 pg/mL, P = 0.0009). On the other hand, there were no significant differences in plasma glucagon levels among patient groups stratified according to HbA1c levels (P = 0.1566), however, patients with HbA1c levels ≥ 9% had significantly higher levels of glucagon than those with HbA1c levels < 7% (113.3 ± 53.4 vs 80.8 ± 18.4 pg/mL, P = 0.0291).Conclusion:  These results suggest that patients with high PG are likely to have high concentrations of plasma glucagon, which may aggravate glycemic control progressively, leading to elevation of HbA1c levels.
Adjuvant versus salvage radiation therapy for prostate cancer and the risk of death
Authors: D’Amico Anthony V. , Chen Ming‐Hui , Sun Leon , Lee W. Robert , Mouraviev Vladimir , Robertson Cary N. , Walther Philip J. , Polascik Thomas J. , Albala David M. , Moul Judd W. 
Published: June 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo investigate whether salvage radiation therapy (RT) for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) failure can provide the same result as adjuvant RT, which decreases the risk of all‐cause mortality (ACM) for men with positive margins (R1), or extra‐capsular or seminal vesicle extension (pT3).METHODSWe studied 1638 men at Duke University who underwent radical prostatectomy for unfavourable‐risk prostate cancer and whose postoperative PSA was undetectable. Cox regression was used to evaluate whether salvage vs adjuvant RT in men with a rapid (<10 months) or slow (≥10 months) PSA doubling time (DT) was associated with the risk of ACM, adjusting for adverse features (pT3, R1, Gleason score 8–10), age, preoperative PSA level, comorbidity and hormonal therapy use.RESULTSDespite fewer men with two or more adverse features (61 vs 82%; P = 0.016), salvage for a rapid PSA DT vs adjuvant RT increased the risk of ACM [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 3.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27–9.20; P = 0.015]. There was no difference (AHR = 1.39; 95% CI = 0.50–3.90; P = 0.53) in the risk of ACM among men who received salvage for a slow PSA DT or adjuvant RT. Nearly all (90%) men with a slow PSA DT had Gleason score ≤7 and the majority (59%) had at most pT3 or R1 disease.CONCLUSIONRadiation therapy after PSA failure as compared with adjuvant RT was not associated with an increased risk of ACM in men with Gleason score ≤7 and pT3R0 or pT2R1 disease.
The link between penile hypersensitivity and premature ejaculation
Authors: Wyllie Michael G. , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. 
Published: June 2010

Study Type – Aetiology (case control) Level of Evidence 3b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Very little is known about the aetiology of premature ejaculation. This analysis shows that many PE patients have a heightened penile sensitivity. This information could result in the design and development of new drugs.OBJECTIVESTo investigate the correlation between penile hypersensitivity and premature ejaculation (PE), as defined by the criteria identified by the International Society of Sexual Medicine (ISSM). Penile hypersensitivity as a cause of PE is based on historical clinical neurophysiological data and clinical efficacy of the topical desensitizing agent PSD502 in the treatment of PE. PSD502 is a eutectic‐like mixture of two local anaesthetics, lidocaine and prilocaine, whose primary action is to reduce neuronal conduction in sensory afferents.METHODSHistorical neurophysiological data was reviewed, together with data from the recent PSD502 clinical trials, including the first published double‐blind clinical trial data evaluating a topical desensitizing agent in a population of men with PE, as per the new ISSM definition. The clinical profile of PSD502, based on its local anaesthetic properties, is used as a surrogate index of the role of sensory afferents in the ejaculatory reflex.RESULTSThe published data does not support unequivocally penile hypersensitivity as the cause of PE. Interpretation of the data is hampered by the variability of the populations described as having PE across studies. Data from the PSD502 clinical trials clearly shows that PSD502 increases ejaculatory latency, and improves control and sexual satisfaction when applied topically to men with PE 5 min before intercourse, enabling subjects to delay ejaculation up to six times longer than those who used a placebo.CONCLUSIONThe clinical profile of PSD502 lends credibility to the penile hypersensitivity hypothesis for PE. The predominant action of local anaesthetics is to reduce neuronal firing in sensory afferents; the clinical profile of PSD502, which shows improvement of ejaculatory function in the absence of a generalized reduction in penile sensitivity, can most readily be explained based on an underlying hypersensitivity in patients with PE.
Essentialism in the absence of language? Evidence from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Phillips Webb , Shankar Maya , Santos Laurie R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe explored whether rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) share one important feature of human essentialist reasoning: the capacity to track category membership across radical featural transformations. Specifically, we examined whether monkeys – like children (Keil, 1989) – expect a transformed object to have the internal properties of its original category. In two experiments, monkeys watched as an experimenter visually transformed a familiar fruit (e.g. apple) into a new kind of fruit (e.g. coconut) either by placing a fruit exterior over the original, or by removing an exterior shell and revealing the inside kind of fruit. The experimenter then pretended to place an inside piece of the transformed fruit into a box which the monkey was allowed to search. Results indicated that monkeys searched the box longer when they found a piece of fruit inconsistent with the inside kind, suggesting that the monkeys expected that the inside of the transformed fruit would taste like the innermost kind they saw. These results suggest that monkeys may share at least one aspect of psychological essentialism: They maintain category‐specific expectations about an object’s internal properties even when that object’s external properties change. These results therefore suggest that some essentialist expectations may emerge in the absence of language, and thus raise the possibility that such tendencies may emerge earlier in human development than has previously been considered.
Programmes of educational technology in China: Looking backward, thinking forward
Authors: Fuyin Xu , Jianli Jiao 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThere is a history of programmes in educational technology in colleges and universities in China going back about 70 years. This paper briefly reviews the developmental history of the educational technology programme in China, elaborates the status‐quo of the programme and looks ahead into the future trends of educational technology development in China. Finally, it expresses the authors' wishes to promote international exchange and cooperation in educational technology.
Reducing Plenoptic Camera Artifacts
Authors: Georgiev T. , Lumsdaine A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract The focused plenoptic camera differs from the traditional plenoptic camera in that its microlenses are focused on the photographed object rather than at infinity. The spatio‐angular tradeoffs available with this approach enable rendering of final images that have significantly higher resolution than those from traditional plenoptic cameras. Unfortunately, this approach can result in visible artifacts when basic rendering is used. In this paper, we present two new methods that work together to minimize these artifacts. The first method is based on careful design of the optical system. The second method is computational and based on a new lightfield rendering algorithm that extracts the depth information of a scene directly from the lightfield and then uses that depth information in the final rendering. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches.
Three‐dimensional morphometry of strained bovine periodontal ligament using synchrotron radiation‐based tomography
Authors: Bergomi Marzio , Cugnoni Joël , Anselm Wiskott H. W. , Schneider Philipp , Stampanoni Marco , Botsis John , Belser Urs C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe periodontal ligament (PDL) is a highly vascularized soft connective tissue. Previous studies suggest that the viscous component of the mechanical response may be explained by the deformation‐induced collapse and expansion of internal voids (i.e. chiefly blood vessels) interacting with liquids (i.e. blood and interstitial fluids) flowing through the pores. In the present work we propose a methodology by means of which the morphology of the PDL vascular plexus can be monitored at different levels of compressive and tensile strains. To this end, 4‐mm‐diameter cylindrical specimens, comprising layers of bone, PDL and dentin covered by cementum, were strained at stretch ratios ranging from λ = 0.6 to λ = 1.4 and scanned using synchrotron radiation‐based computer tomography. It was concluded that: (1) the PDL vascular network is layered in two distinct planes of blood vessels (BVs): an inner layer (close to the tooth), in which the BVs run in apico‐coronal direction, and an outer layer (close to the alveolar bone), in which the BVs distribution is more diffuse; (2) during tension and compression, the porosity tissue is kept fairly constant; (3) mechanical straining induces important changes in BV diameters, possibly modifying the permeability of the PDL and thus contributing to the viscous component of the viscoelastic response observed under compressive forces.
Source‐Goal Asymmetries in Motion Representation: Implications for Language Production and Comprehension
Authors: Papafragou Anna 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRecent research has demonstrated an asymmetry between the origins and endpoints of motion events, with preferential attention given to endpoints rather than beginnings of motion in both language and memory. Two experiments explore this asymmetry further and test its implications for language production and comprehension. Experiment 1 shows that both adults and 4‐year‐old children detect fewer within‐category changes in source than goalobjectswhen tested for memory of motion events; furthermore, these groups produce fewer references to source than goal objects when describing the same motion events. Experiment 2 asks whether the specificity of encoding source/goalrelationsdiffers in both spatial memory and the comprehension of novel spatial vocabulary. Results show that endpoint configuration changes are detected more accurately than source configuration changes by both adults and young children. Furthermore, when interpreting novel motion verbs, both age groups expect more fine‐grained lexical distinctions in the domain of endpoint configurations compared to that of source configurations. These studies demonstrate that a cognitive‐attentional bias in spatial representation and memory affects both the detail of linguistic encoding during the use of spatial language and the specificity of hypotheses about spatial referents that learners build during the acquisition of the spatial lexicon.
Tyrosine kinase mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors in a nation‐wide study in Iceland
Authors: TRYGGVASON GEIR , HILMARSDOTTIR BYLGJA , GUNNARSSON GUðMUNDUR H. , JÓNSSON JÓN JÓHANNES , JÓNASSON JÓN G. , MAGNÚSSON MAGNÚS K. 
Published: June 2010

Tryggvason G, Hilmarsdottir B, Gunnarsson GH, Jónsson JJ, Jónasson JG, Magnússon MK. Tyrosine kinase mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors in a nation‐wide study in Iceland. APMIS 2010; 118: 648–56.Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase genes c‐kit or PDGFRA. This study examined the mutation rate and type in a population‐based material. All gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors over the years 1990–2004 were evaluated and GIST tumors identified using immunohistochemistry (c‐kit) and conventional pathologic parameters. Paraffin sections from all tumors were subjected to mutation analysis on exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 of thec‐kitgene and exons 12 and 18 of thePDGFRAgene. To screen for mutations, we used a highly sensitive conformation‐sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) and to define the mutated alleles, we employed direct automated DNA sequencing. All c‐kit‐positive gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors were entered into the study. Fifty‐six tumors from 55 patients were analyzed. Mutations were found in 52 tumors representing a 92.9% mutational rate. Most of the mutations were found inc‐kitexon 11 (76.8%), followed byc‐kitexon 9 (10.7%).PDGFRAmutations were only found in three tumors. No correlation of mutation type with biologic behavior was found. This population‐based study, using a sensitive CSGE method, identifies mutations in the great majority of patients with GIST.
Activation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in non‐melanoma skin cancer is not mediated by oncogenic PIK3CA and AKT1 hotspot mutations
Authors: Hafner Christian , Landthaler Michael , Vogt Thomas 
Published: June 2010

Please cite this paper as: Activation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in non‐melanoma skin cancer is not mediated by oncogenic PIK3CA and AKT1 hotspot mutations. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e222–e227.Abstract:  Non‐melanoma skin cancer represents the most frequent human cancer entity. Activation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway has been reported both in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin and in basal cell carcinoma (BCC). In many cancers, including SCC of the head and neck, the oesophagus and the penis, activation of this pathway is mediated by oncogenic PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations. We therefore screened 61 non‐melanoma skin cancer samples (30 SCC and 31 BCC) for the presence of activating PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations. PIK3CA hotspot mutations were analysed using a highly sensitive SNaPshot assay, and exon 4 of AKT1 was sequenced directly. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed for phosphorylated AKT protein. Immunohistochemical expression of pAkt was observed both in SCC and in BCC samples, indicating an activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Although SCC showed higher expression levels than BCC, this difference was not significant. However, none of the 61 non‐melanoma skin cancer samples revealed any PIK3CA and AKT1 hotspot mutations at the investigated loci. We conclude that PIK3CA and AKT1 hotspot mutations do not contribute to the activation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in non‐melanoma skin cancer. The distinct PIK3CA mutation spectrum between SCC of the skin and SCC of other tissues may reflect the different carcinogens which are involved into the mutagenesis of these cancers. PIK3CA and AKT1 hotspot mutations are obviously not caused by UV light exposure, the main risk factor in non‐melanoma skin cancer.
The physiological and phenotypic determinants of human tanning measured as change in skin colour following a single dose of ultraviolet B radiation
Authors: Wong Terence H. , Jackson Ian J. , Rees Jonathan L. 
Published: June 2010

Please cite this paper as: The physiological and phenotypic determinants of human tanning measured as change in skin colour following a single dose of ultraviolet B radiation. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 667–673.Abstract:  Experimental study of the in vivo kinetics of tanning in human skin has been limited by the difficulties in measuring changes in melanin pigmentation independent of the ultraviolet‐induced changes in erythema. The present study attempted to experimentally circumvent this issue. We have studied erythemal and tanning responses following a single exposure to a range of doses of ultraviolet B irradiation on the buttock and the lower back in 98 subjects. Erythema was assessed using reflectance techniques at 24 h and tanning measured as the L* spectrophotometric score at 7 days following noradrenaline iontophoresis. We show that dose (P < 0.0001), body site (P < 0.0001), skin colour (P < 0.0001), ancestry (P = 0.0074), phototype (P = 0.0019) and sex (P = 0.04) are all independent predictors of erythema. Quantitative estimates of the effects of these variables are reported, but the effects of ancestry and phototype do not appear solely explainable in terms of L* score. Dose (P < 0.0001), body site (P < 0.0001) and skin colour (P = 0.0365) or, as an alternative to skin colour, skin type (P = 0.0193) predict tanning, with those with lighter skin tanning slightly more to a defined UVB dose. If erythema is factored into the regression, then only dose and body site remain significant predictors of tanning: therefore neither phototype nor pigmentary factors, such as baseline skin colour, or eye or hair colour, predict change in skin colour to a unit erythemal response.
The orbital period in the supergiant fast X-ray transient IGR J16465-4507
Authors: Clark D. J. , Sguera V. , Bird A. J. , McBride V. A. , Hill A. B. , Scaringi S. , Drave S. , Bazzano A. , Dean A. J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Timing analysis of the INTEGRAL-IBIS and Swift-BAT light curves of the supergiant fast X-ray transient (SFXT) IGR J16465−4507 has identified a period of 30.32 ± 0.02 d which we interpret as the orbital period of the binary system. In addition 11 outbursts (nine of which are previously unpublished) have been found between MJD 52652 and 54764, all of which occur close to the region of the orbit we regard as periastron. From the reported flux outbursts, we found a dynamical range in the interval ∼30–80. Although in this regard IGR J16465−4507 cannot be considered a classical SFXT for which typical dynamical ranges are &gt;100, still our reported values are significantly greater than that of classical persistent variable supergiant HMXBs (&lt;20), supporting the idea that IGR J16465−4507 is an intermediate SFXT system, much like few other similar cases reported in the literature.
Cheilitis glandularis: report of an unusual case affecting the upper lip
Authors: Nesbitt R.A. , Marley J.J. , James J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCheilitis glandularis (CG) is a rare inflammatory salivary gland disorder which normally affects the lower lip. The condition was first described in 1870 by von Volkmann. We present an unusual case of CG in a patient who was referred to our department with multiple cyst‐like lesions localised to his upper lip.
Climate change: helping nature survive the human response
Authors: Turner Will R. , Bradley Bethany A. , Estes Lyndon D. , Hole David G. , Oppenheimer Michael , Wilcove David S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractClimate change poses profound, direct, and well‐documented threats to biodiversity. A significant fraction of Earth's species is at risk of extinction due to changing precipitation and temperature regimes, rising and acidifying oceans, and other factors. There is also growing awareness of the diversity and magnitude of responses, both proactive and reactive, that people will undertake as lives and livelihoods are affected by climate change. Yet to date few studies have examined the relationship between these two powerful forces. The natural systems upon which people depend, already under direct assault from climate change, are further threatened by how we respond to climate change. Human history and recent studies suggest that our actions to cope with climate change (adaptation) or lessen its rate and magnitude (mitigation) could have impacts that match—and even exceed—the direct effects of climate change on ecosystems. If we are to successfully conserve biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services in a warming world, considerable effort is needed to predict and reduce the indirect risks created by climate change.
An Evaluation of the Positional Forces Affecting Design Strategy
Authors: Jun Cai 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper describes and analyses the relationship between design strategy and design management. Design strategy involves the long long‐term planning and direction of brand and product development, whilest design management focuses on the implementation of design strategy through planning, operational delivery, and resource management. The positional forces of design strategy refer to branding, culture, costs, technology, and services, all of which have an important role in strategic design decision‐making.