bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New York Writing as Transatlantic Literature of Anglo‐Identity Reformation
Authors: Gemelos Michele 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSince its consolidation as Greater New York City in 1898 (and even much earlier), New York City has served as a setting and subject for a number of literary experiments. These experiments in both fiction and nonfiction challenged expectations about form and content of writing about New York City. The immense variety of texts resulting from literary engagements with New York City has been collected in a host of anthologies and literary histories that have been published throughout the 20th century and in the past decade. Many of these works have offered evidence of how foreign writers have engaged with New York. Foreign literary visitors, especially the British, offered new models for literary transatlanticism through their encounters with New York City which, more often than not, explored aspects of personal and political identity. With all of its attendant anxieties, the theme of identity was at the center of early 20th‐century British as well as American writing in which New York plays a significant part such as Henry James’s The American Scene (1907) and Ford Madox Ford’s An English Girl (1907), New York is Not America (1927), When the Wicked Man (1931), some of which I consider here. British and American New York texts serve as meditations on changing notions of ‘Anglo’ identity, in particular, as well as changing notions of transatlantic writing. Only by reading these texts comparatively and historically is this important cross‐conversation about ‘Anglo’ identity and transatlantic textual identity revealed. For the British, this type of writing has its roots in works 19th‐century travel and social commentary by Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, and others. Since the early 20th century, however, the models for modern British writers of New York also include those offered by American expatriate writers such as James, who foreground the complex issue of identity in an imperial and post‐imperial world in their literary engagements with the city. British New York texts such as Ford’s tend to present the city as a forum for startling and frank fictional and nonfictional discussions about what it means to be ‘Anglo’ in an increasingly transatlantic and cosmopolitan world.
Genetic susceptibility to invasive meningococcal disease: MBL2 structural polymorphisms revisited in a large case–control study and a systematic review
Authors: Bradley D. T. , Bourke T. W. , Fairley D. J. , Borrow R. , Shields M. D. , Young I. S. , Zipfel P. F. , Hughes A. E. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryInvasive infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis is a worldwide public health problem. Previous reports have indicated that carriage of common ‘defective’ structural polymorphisms of the host mannose‐binding lectin gene (MBL2) greatly increases an individual’s risk of developing the disease. We report the largest case–control study so far to investigate the effect of these polymorphisms in meningococcal disease (296 PCR‐positive cases and 5196 population controls, all of European ancestry) and demonstrate that no change in risk is associated with the polymorphisms overall or in any age‐defined subgroup. This finding contrasts with two smaller studies that reported an increase in risk. A systematic review of all studies of MBL2 polymorphisms in people of European ancestry published since 1999, including 24 693 individuals, revealed a population frequency of the combined ‘defective’MBL2 allele of 0.230 (95% confidence limits: 0.226–0.234). The past reported associations of increased risk of meningococcal disease were because of low ‘defective’ allele frequencies in their study control populations (0.13 and 0.04) that indicate systematic problems with the studies. The data from our study and all other available evidence indicate that MBL2 structural polymorphisms do not predispose children or adults to invasive meningococcal disease.
Technology and Properties of PBZTS Ceramics
Authors: Skulski Ryszard , Bochenek Dariusz , Wawrzała Paweł , Dercz Grzegorz , Brzezińska Dagmara 
Published: February 2012

This paper presents the results of preparing and investigating the solid solution of lead barium zirconate titanate stannate (Pb1−xBax)[(Zr1−yTiy)1−zSnz]O3 with x = 0.25, y = 0.35 and z = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.10. Ceramic samples were obtained from oxides and carbonates using conventional ceramic technology and pressureless sintering. The results of Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) investigations, XRD studies, as well as dielectric measurements and electromechanical investigations are presented. It was stated that at the room temperature, the structure of the investigated samples is pseudo‐cubic, typical for relaxors. Maximal value of elementary cell parameter is observed for z = 0.02, and for higher values of z, we observe almost linear decrease with increasing z. It was found that with increasing content of the Sn, the temperature Tm at which dielectric permittivity reaches its maximum decreases. Analyzing P‐E hysteresis loops it was stated that the phase transition in the investigated samples takes place at temperatures approximately 100°C lower than the temperature of the dielectric permittivity maximum. The temperature of phase transition was calculated also from hysteresis loops and compared with that obtained from measurements of dielectric permittivity.
Effects of Treefall Gap Disturbances on Ant Assemblages in a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest
Authors: Patrick Margaret , Fowler David , Dunn Robert R. , Sanders Nathan J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe study of gap dynamics and the effects of gaps on diversity has been at the center of tropical ecology for decades. While most studies have focused on the responses of plant species and communities to gap formation, in this study, we consider the effects of treefall gap disturbances on leaf litter ant assemblages in a Neotropical montane cloud forest. We sampled leaf litter ant assemblages and estimated a suite of abiotic parameters in 12 large (>80‐m2) treefall gaps across a chronosequence and in 12 paired adjacent intact forest sites in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve in Costa Rica. No species were more common in gaps than in intact forests, and in fact, species that were common in gaps were also among the most common in forests. The Chao2 estimate of species richness, however, was higher in gap sites than in intact forest sites. In addition, ant assemblages in gap sites did not become more similar to those in adjacent intact sites as gaps aged. In contrast to other studies, our work demonstrates that ant assemblages in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve are weakly affected by the formation of treefall gaps. Together, these results indicate that treefall gap dynamics probably play little role in promoting ant diversity at more regional scales, or coexistence among species at more local scales.
Farm Level Supply of Short Rotation Woody Crops: Economic Assessment in the Long‐Term for Household Farming Systems
Authors: Ridier Aude 
Published: February 2012

In this paper, we propose an analysis and modeling of farmers’ decision to convert a part of their annual crops area into woody crops: short rotation coppices (SRCs). Different criteria—technical, economic, and financial—are highlighted in the farmers’ decision to adopt this production. A farm‐level model is proposed and incorporates these decision criteria. The objective is to test several incentive scenarios to encourage risk‐averse cereal farmers to plant trees. A multiperiod model of investment is built and tests possible adoption by farmers based on financial and structural parameters and according to the outlook of agricultural markets. The simulations show that if the cash crop prices fluctuate in the future and if farmers are risk averse the strategy of on‐farm diversification toward woody crops under contractual arrangements could be relevant for farmers to mitigate the risks in the long run.Cet article présente une analyse et une modélisation de la décision d’un agriculteur céréalier qui souhaite convertir une partie de sa surface en grande culture en Taillis à Courte Rotation (TCR). Un modèle multi‐périodique d’investissement est construit et incorpore différents critères techniques, économiques et financiers qui entrent dans la décision d’adopter ces nouvelles cultures pérennes. Le modèle permet de tester le rôle de différents types de soutiens, proposés aujourd’hui dans le cadre de la Politique Agricole Commune européenne, permettant d’encourager les agriculteurs averses au risque à planter des arbres. Les simulations montrent que si les prix des grandes cultures annuelles fluctuent à l’avenir, si la plantation d’arbres est soutenue et si les agriculteurs sont averses au risque, la stratégie de se diversifier vers la plantation d’arbres à croissance rapide, sous contrat, peut permettre d’atténuer le risque à long terme.
Renal Replacement Therapy in Cardiology Wards: Changing Trends in a Transitional Country
Authors: Bacak‐Kocman Iva , Basic‐Jukic Nikolina , Lovcic Vesna , Prkacin Ingrid , Milicic Davor , Kes Petar 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe leading causes of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are cardiovascular diseases, regardless of the stage of disease or method of renal replacement therapy. On the other hand, CKD is a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications after acute myocardial infarction, as well as for adverse outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. In the present study we prospectively followed‐up nephrological interventions in cardiology wards in order to determine changes in indications, treatment possibilities and outcome of patients. All patients treated at cardiology ward of the Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb and requiring renal replacement therapy from January 2003 to December 2009 were included in the investigation. Cardiology hospital unit (intensive care or regular hospital cardiology ward), age, gender, Sepsis‐related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, indication for dialysis, primary diagnosis, vascular access, methods of treatment, number of treatments, prescribed and delivered dose of dialysis and outcome were recorded. Patients were followed up until death during hospitalization or discharge from the hospital. From January 2003 to December 2009, 251 patients had been hospitalized at different cardiology wards and required renal replacement therapy. Mean age was 64.95 years (range 22 to 97 years), and there were 27.8% female patients. 52.9% of patients were hospitalized in the coronary intensive care unit. SOFA score had increased during the observed period from average 6.5 in 2003 to 13.45 in 2009. Specific knowledge with close collaboration between nephrologists and cardiologists is needed to achieve optimal outcome in this complex condition.
Hospital Management and Outcomes of Stroke in Indigenous Australians: Evidence from the 2009 Acute Care National Stroke Audit
Authors: Kilkenny Monique F. , Harris Dawn M. , Ritchie Elizabeth A. , Price Chris , Cadilhac Dominique A. 
Published: February 2012

Background Indigenous Australians have greater stroke mortality rates than non-Indigenous people (97% Indigenous Australians are aged <65 years). Quality of care in hospital is an important factor for avoiding death and disability. No national review of acute stroke care for Indigenous Australians is available. Aims We aimed to compare adherence with clinical processes and outcomes among Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients with acute stroke admitted to hospital. Methods Hospitals participating in the National Stroke Audit of acute services in 2009 that provided data for at least one Indigenous patient were included ( n = 33, 37%). Differences in death/dependency (modified Rankin Score 3–6) at discharge were determined using two-level multivariate analysis adjusting for hospital site and patient variables. A matched subgroup analysis in those aged 18 to 64 years was also undertaken. Results Among 1162 eligible patients (60% male; 18–64 years n = 305), 7% were Indigenous (18–64 years: 18%). Indigenous patients had a greater prevalence of stroke risk factors, e.g. diabetes, more had intracerebral hemorrhages (25% vs. 16% non-Indigenous, P = 0·05), and were less likely be treated in a stroke unit and receive timely allied health assessments than non-Indigenous patients. Indigenous patients aged 18–64 years had a threefold odds of dying or being dependent at discharge (Adjusted odds ratio = 3·09, 95% confidence interval = 1·07–8·95). Conclusions Australian Indigenous patients with stroke received a reduced quality of care in hospitals and experienced worse outcomes than non-Indigenous patients. Indigenous patients require the provision of evidence-based care to increase their opportunities for optimal health outcomes following stroke. Further research to explain the differences is needed.
Rainwater harvesting for human consumption and livelihood improvement in rural Nepal: benefits and risks
Authors: Domènech Laia , Heijnen Han , Saurí David 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUse of rooftop rainwater as a source of drinking water in developing countries is increasing. However, scepticism about the potential of this source and the associated health risks is still prevalent among water planners. A free listing and a household survey among 120 households was conducted in the hills of Nepal to examine the performance of rainwater harvesting systems. Users perceive few health risks and in contrast, reported a wide range of benefits, including health benefits associated with the consumption of rainwater. Water quality testing results generally demonstrate good water quality but confirm that appropriate operation and maintenance practices are critical to ensure the collection of good quality water. Deficiencies in technical design and construction, lack of awareness, no market for spare parts and the inability of vulnerable households to maintain the system pose a risk to the collection and storage of safe water and to the long‐lasting performance of the systems.
Characteristics of organic nitrogen fractions in sediments of the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area in China
Authors: Wang Shengrui , Jiao Lixin , Jin Xiangcan , Niu Dalin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe contents of different organic nitrogen (N) fractions, their contributions to total N (TN) and the relationship between their mineralisable N (MN) and different organic N fractions were investigated. Acid hydrophsable N (AHN) and nonhydrolysable N (NHN) accounted for 70.66 to 91.69% and 8.31 to 29.34% of TN. The AHN was the main organic N fraction, and its relative contribution to TN was higher than that in soil. So in terms of AHN contents and their contribution to TN, sediments are more hazardous than soils for lake eutrophication in the studied area. The ammonium N (AN), amino‐acid N (AAN), amino‐sugar N (ASN) and hydrolysable unidentified N (HUN) accounted for 30.51, 31.38, 6.42 and 31.69% of the total organic N, respectively. AN and AAN were the main sources of the MN in the studied sediments, which contributed to N release more than that of ASN and HUN.
Theories of Reference and Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Genone James 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn recent years, experimental philosophers have questioned the reliance of philosophical arguments on intuitions elicited by thought experiments. These challenges seek to undermine the use of this methodology for a particular domain of theorizing, and in some cases to raise doubts about the viability of philosophical work in the domain in question. The topic of semantic reference has been an important area for discussion of these issues, one in which critics of the reliance on intuitions have made particularly strong claims about the prospects for philosophical theories of reference and arguments based on claims about reference. In this article, I review the main lines of argument in this area of experimental philosophy, with particular emphasis on the relevance of empirical data about intuitions to philosophical views. I argue that although traditional philosophical theorizing about reference faces little threat from experimental data about intuitions, there is nevertheless much to be gained from collecting and analyzing such data, which holds the promise of greatly enriching our conception of the mechanisms governing judgments about semantic reference in ways that are highly relevant to philosophers.
Museums and Philosophy – Of Art, and Many Other Things Part I
Authors: Gaskell Ivan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis two‐part article examines the very limited engagement by philosophers with museums, and proposes analysis under six headings: cultural variety, taxonomy, and epistemology in Part I, and teleology, ethics, and therapeutics and aesthetics in Part II. The article establishes that fundamental categories of museums established in the 19th century – of art, of anthropology, of history, of natural history, of science and technology – still persist. Among them, it distinguishes between hegemonic (predominantly Western) and subaltern (minority or Indigenous) museums worldwide. It argues that relations between hegemonic and subaltern museums are often agonistic, and are compromised by claims of universalism on the part of proponents of the former. The article observes that most discussion of museums focuses exclusively and misleadingly on their public exhibition function, and contends that scholarship – not exhibition – is central to all museums. However, that predominantly taxonomic scholarship, while innovative and central to a dominant epistemology based on the observation of tangible things in the 19th century, was compromised by the epistemic shift to abstraction and experimentation in the 20th, which resulted in a loss of initiative and authority. Although epistemological changes currently in progress favor a renewed attention to tangible things as complex matrices to which museums ought to contribute significantly, the fundamental taxonomy of museums by collection type is a clog on the ability of museum scholars to engage with and themselves produce big ideas. In order to function well as sites of scholarship in the future, museums will have to be far more adaptable and attentive to a wider range of things and ideas (including Indigenous ideas incompatible with Western assumptions) than their existing collection divisions permit.
Metaontological Minimalism
Authors: Linnebo Øystein 
Published: February 2012

AbstractCan there be objects that are ‘thin’ in the sense that very little is required for their existence? A number of philosophers have thought so. For instance, many Fregeans believe it suffices for the existence of directions that there be lines standing in the relation of parallelism; other philosophers believe it suffices for a mathematical theory to have a model that the theory be coherent. This article explains the appeal of thin objects, discusses the three most important strategies for articulating and defending the idea of such objects, and outlines some problems that these strategies face.
Obesity/Fatness and the City: Critical Urban Geographies
Authors: Evans Bethan , Crookes Lee , Coaffee Jon 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThere has been increasing emphasis on the built urban environment within anti‐obesity policy in the UK and elsewhere in the global north as part of a shift away from a model of individual responsibility to focus on so‐called ‘obesogenic environments’. While recent policy has called for urban design and planning professionals to eradicate obesity there is, however, significant uncertainty in the science surrounding the relationship between body size, urban design and health and little definitive evidence about what works. In this paper, we therefore outline connections between critical geographies of obesity and urban geographies in order to question the ways in which obesity is framed and politicised in relation to the urban built environment.
Compensatory Mitigation for Streams Under the Clean Water Act: Reassessing Science and Redirecting Policy1
Authors: Doyle Martin W. , Douglas Shields F. 
Published: February 2012

Doyle, Martin W. and F. Douglas Shields, 2012. Compensatory Mitigation for Streams Under the Clean Water Act: Reassessing Science and Redirecting Policy. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 494‐509. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00631.xAbstract:  Current stream restoration science is not adequate to assume high rates of success in recovering ecosystem functional integrity. The physical scale of most stream restoration projects is insufficient because watershed land use controls ambient water quality and hydrology, and land use surrounding many restoration projects at the time of their construction, or in the future, do not provide sufficient conditions for functional integrity recovery. Reach scale channel restoration or modification has limited benefits within the broader landscape context. Physical habitat variables are often the basis for indicating success, but are now increasingly seen as poor surrogates for actual biological function; the assumption “if you build it they will come” lacks support of empirical studies. If stream restoration is to play a continued role in compensatory mitigation under the United States Clean Water Act, then significant policy changes are needed to adapt to the limitations of restoration science and the social environment under which most projects are constructed. When used for compensatory mitigation, stream restoration should be held to effectiveness standards for actual and measurable physical, chemical, or biological functional improvement. To achieve improved mitigation results, greater flexibility may be required for the location and funding of restoration projects, the size of projects, and the restoration process itself.
A Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Manipulation under Anaesthesia and Capsular Distension for the Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder
Authors: Ng Chye Yew , Amin Anish K. , Mcmullan Liz , Mckie Scott , Brenkel Ivan J. , Cook Robert E. 
Published: February 2012

Background We performed a prospective randomised trial recruiting patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, to undergo either manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA) or capsular distension. Methods Between 2006 and 2010, 28 patients (30 shoulders) were recruited. The mean age was 53 years (44–69). Randomisation was done using a sealed envelope. Results Preoperatively, the MUA group had significantly less mean abduction than the distension group (58.2 ± 5.2° vs. 75.7 ± 5.4°; p = 0.03). At 6 months, the MUA group achieved greater mean abduction (163.0 ± 2.4° vs. 130.7 ± 10.3°; p = 0.02). Preoperatively, the MUA group had significantly less external rotation compared to the distension group (11.0 ± 2.8° vs. 24.0 ± 4.1°; p = 0.03). At 6 months, the external rotation was not statistically different between the groups (40.3 ± 4.0° vs. 40.3 ± 4.6°; p = 0.75). Preoperatively, both groups had similar pain visual analogue score (VAS) (5.7 ± 0.6 vs. 4.7 ± 0.6; p = 0.30) and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores (49.4 ± 4.7 vs. 53.8 ± 1.6; p = 0.26). However there was no statistically significant difference noted between the groups for VAS (1.5 ± 0.4 vs. 2.9 ± 0.8; p = 0.39) or DASH (12.4 ± 4.3 vs. 25.1 ± 6.4; p = 0.21) at 6-month review. Discussion MUA resulted in better shoulder abduction than capsular distension at 6 months following the procedure. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in external rotation or pain relief achieved.