bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impaired Visual Scanning and Memory for Faces in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: It's Not Just the Eyes
Authors: Snow Joseph , Ingeholm John E. , Levy Ilana F. , Caravella Rachel A. , Case Laura K. , Wallace Gregory L. , Martin Alex 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPrior studies suggest that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with a domain-specific memory impairment for faces. The underlying cause of this problem and its relation to impaired visual scanning of faces—particularly of the eyes—remains to be determined. We recorded eye movements while 22 high-functioning ASD and 21 typically developing (TD) adolescents encoded and later recognized faces and objects from a single, nonsocial object category (electric fans). Relative to TD subjects, ASD individuals had poorer memory for faces, but not fans. Correlational analyses showed significant relationships between recognition memory and fixations. Eye tracking during encoding revealed that TD subjects made more fixations to faces than fans, whereas ASD individuals did not differ in number of fixations made to each stimulus type. Moreover, although both the TD and ASD groups showed a strong preference for fixating the eyes more than the mouth, the ASD subjects were less likely than TD subjects to scan regions of the face outside of the primary facial features (i.e., eyes, nose, and mouth). We concluded that ASD individuals have a domain-specific memory impairment for faces relative to mechanical objects and that this impairment may be related to abnormal scanning during encoding. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1021–1029)
Quantitative Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis of Submicrometric Particles Using a Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Paoletti Luigi , Bruni Biagio M. , Gianfagna Antonio , Mazziotti-Tagliani Simona , Pacella Alessandro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe quantitative scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis of a horneblende and two augite prismatic samples reduced to submicrometric particles was performed, and error due to the particle effects (“absent mass” and the “reduced absorption” effect) was minimized. Correction factors as a function of fragment size were obtained for O, Na, Mg, Si, Ca, and Fe. In addition, the influence of chemical composition of the samples used as standards (the matrix effect) on correction factors was evaluated. The results indicate that the absent mass effect is dominant for all elements except for the light elements O and Na, for which the reduced absorption effect is dominant. No significant matrix effect has been observed. By using corrected SEM-EDX data, the error on quantification of the element concentration has been estimated to be 3% relative for light elements and below 2% relative for heavy elements (notably, about 1% relative for Fe).
On the inappropriate use of Kimura‐2‐parameter (K2P) divergences in the DNA‐barcoding literature
Authors: Srivathsan Amrita , Meier Rudolf 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHere we present evidence, based on 10 datasets comprising 5283 sequences for 200 genera, that the use of the Kimura‐2‐parameter (K2P) model in DNA‐barcoding studies is poorly justified. We demonstrate that K2P is neither expected nor confirmed to be an appropriate model for closely related COI sequences. In addition, we show that the use of uncorrected distances yields higher or similar identification success rates for neighbour‐joining trees and distance‐based identification techniques. K2P also does not widen the barcoding gap for closely related sequences. We conclude that the spread of K2P through the barcoding literature is difficult to explain, and urge the use of evidence‐based approaches to DNA barcoding.© The Willi Hennig Society 2011.
Top spoilage losses in maize silage sealed with plastic films with different permeabilities to oxygen
Authors: Bernardes T. F. , Nussio L. G. , do Amaral R. C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe quality of plastic films used for horizontal silos is important to limit losses in the upper silage layer. The aim of this work was to study the effectiveness of different plastic films in reducing the top losses in maize silage. The following treatments were evaluated: (i) coextruded polyethylene/polyamide oxygen barrier film (OB), (ii) polyethylene film (PE), (iii) polyvinyl chloride film (PVC), and (iv) coextruded PE/polyvinyl alcohol film (PVOH). These treatments differed according to oxygen permeability with values of 75, 722, 982 and 289 cm3 m−2 per 24 hour respectively. OB and PVOH films had better temperature and fermentation profiles than the more permeable films. The OB film was effective in reducing the dry‐matter (DM) losses during storage (82 g kg−1), and the PVOH film had an intermediate value of DM loss (101 g kg−1). PE and PVC films had higher losses (138 and 145 g kg−1 respectively). Oxygen permeability of the films promoted a positive correlation with DM losses (P < 0·05; r2 = 0·945). The results indicate that O2 permeability through the plastic film is a crucial factor for maintaining silage quality in the upper layer of the silo when it is perfectly sealed.
The transcriptional organization of the Bacillus subtilis 168 chromosome region between the spoVAF and serA genetic loci
Authors: Azevedo Vasco , Sorokin Alexei , Ehrlich S. Dusko , Serror Pascale 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe genetic organization of the spoVAF–serA area of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome and its putative transcription map have been derived from analysis of the nucleotide sequence. In order to confirm this transcription map as regards size of transcripts and to determine growth conditions for their appearance, we undertook Northern hybridization analysis of total RNA from vegetatively growing and sporulating cells. Twenty‐three distinct transcripts were thus identified, 14 of which were predicted from sequence analysis and nine of which were not predicted. Eight of the latter are homologous to open reading frames identified by sequence analysis but were not expected, since no obvious promoter or terminator was found in the sequence. The last unexpected transcript does not correspond to an ORF and might identify a novel gene. Three predicted transcripts were not detected. The transcripts were classified in four groups as (i) constitutive, (ii) regulated by nutritional depletion, (iii) specific for sporulation, and (iv) possibly regulated temporally. These studies demonstrate that systematic Northern analysis of a bacterial chromosome region is a useful complement to sequence analysis.
Sulfite oxidase controls sulfur metabolism under SO2 exposure in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: RANDEWIG DÖRTE , HAMISCH DOMENICA , HERSCHBACH CORNELIA , EIBLMEIER MONIKA , GEHL CHRISTIAN , JURGELEIT JENS , SKERRA JESSICA , MENDEL RALF R. , RENNENBERG HEINZ , HÄNSCH ROBERT 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn the present study, the significance of sulfite oxidase (SO) for sulfite detoxification and sulfur assimilation was investigated. In response to sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure, a remarkable expansion of sulfate and a significant increase of GSH pool were observed in wild‐type and SO‐overexpressing Arabidopsis. These metabolic changes were connected with a negative feedback inhibition of adenosine 5′‐phosphosulfate reductase (APR), but no alterations in gas exchange parameters or visible symptoms of injury. However, Arabidopsis SO‐KO mutants were consistently negatively affected upon 600 nL L−1 SO2 exposure for 60 h and showed phenotypical symptoms of injury with small necrotic spots on the leaves. The mean was reduced by about 60% over the fumigation period, accompanied by a reduction of net CO2 assimilation and SO2 uptake of about 50 and 35%. Moreover, sulfur metabolism was completely distorted. Whereas sulfate pool was kept constant, thiol‐levels strongly increased. This demonstrates that SO should be the only protagonist for back‐oxidizing and detoxification of sulfite. Based on these results, it is suggested that co‐regulation of SO and APR controls sulfate assimilation pathway and stabilizes sulfite distribution into organic sulfur compounds. In conclusion, a sulfate–sulfite cycle driven by APR and SO can be postulated for fine‐tuning of sulfur distribution that is additionally used for sulfite detoxification, when plants are exposed to atmospheric SO2.
Hydraulic architecture of two species differing in wood density: opposing strategies in co‐occurring tropical pioneer trees
Authors: MCCULLOH KATHERINE A. , JOHNSON DANIEL M. , MEINZER FREDERICK C. , VOELKER STEVEN L. , LACHENBRUCH BARBARA , DOMEC JEAN‐CHRISTOPHE 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTCo‐occurring species often have different strategies for tolerating daily cycles of water stress. One underlying parameter that can link together the suite of traits that enables a given strategy is wood density. Here we compare hydraulic traits of two pioneer species from a tropical forest in Panama that differ in wood density: Miconia argentea and Anacardium excelsum. As hypothesized, the higher wood density of Miconia was associated with smaller diameter vessels and fibres, more water stress‐resistant leaves and stems, and roughly half the capacitance of the lower wood density Anacardium. However, the scaling of hydraulic parameters such as the increases in leaf area and measures of hydraulic conductivity with stem diameter was remarkably similar between the two species. The collection of traits exhibited by Miconia allowed it to tolerate more water stress than Anacardium, which relied more heavily on its capacitance to buffer daily water potential fluctuations. This work demonstrates the importance of examining a range of hydraulic traits throughout the plant and highlights the spectrum of possible strategies for coping with daily and seasonal water stress cycles.
The TFL1 homologue KSN is a regulator of continuous flowering in rose and strawberry
Authors: Iwata Hikaru , Gaston Amèlia , Remay Arnaud , Thouroude Tatiana , Jeauffre Julien , Kawamura Koji , Oyant Laurence Hibrand‐Saint , Araki Takashi , Denoyes Béatrice , Foucher Fabrice 
Published: September 2011

SummaryFlowering is a key event in plant life, and is finely tuned by environmental and endogenous signals to adapt to different environments. In horticulture, continuous flowering (CF) is a popular trait introduced in a wide range of cultivated varieties. It played an essential role in the tremendous success of modern roses and woodland strawberries in gardens. CF genotypes flower during all favourable seasons, whereas once‐flowering (OF) genotypes only flower in spring. Here we show that in rose and strawberry continuous flowering is controlled by orthologous genes of the TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) family. In rose, six independent pairs of CF/OF mutants differ in the presence of a retrotransposon in the second intron of the TFL1 homologue. Because of an insertion of the retrotransposon, transcription of the gene is blocked in CF roses and the absence of the floral repressor provokes continuous blooming. In OF‐climbing mutants, the retrotransposon has recombined to give an allele bearing only the long terminal repeat element, thus restoring a functional allele. In OF roses, seasonal regulation of the TFL1 homologue may explain the seasonal flowering, with low expression in spring to allow the first bloom. In woodland strawberry, Fragaria vesca, a 2‐bp deletion in the coding region of the TFL1 homologue introduces a frame shift and is responsible for CF behaviour. A diversity analysis has revealed that this deletion is always associated with the CF phenotype. Our results demonstrate a new role of TFL1 in perennial plants in maintaining vegetative growth and modifying flowering seasonality.
Systematic screening of FBN1 gene unclassified missense variants for splice abnormalities
Authors: Robinson DO , Lin F , Lyon M , Raponi M , Cross E , White HE , Cox H , Clayton‐Smith J , Baralle D 
Published: September 2011

Robinson DO, Lin F, Lyon M, Raponi M, Cross E, White HE, Cox H, Clayton‐Smith J, Baralle D. Systematic screening of FBN1 gene unclassified missense variants for splice abnormalities.Defects at the level of pre‐mRNA splicing are a common source of genetic mutation but such mutations are not always easy to identify from DNA sequence data alone. Clinical practice has only recently begun to incorporate analysis for this type of abnormality. Some base changes at the DNA level currently viewed as unclassified variants or missense mutations may influence RNA splicing. To address this problem for fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene missense mutations we have carried out RNA analysis and in silico analysis with splice site prediction programs on 40 cases with 36 different mutations. Direct analysis of RNA from blood was performed by cDNA preparation, PCR amplification of specific FBN1 fragments, gel electrophoresis and sequencing of the PCR products. Of the 36 missense base changes, direct RNA analysis identified 2 which caused an abnormality of splicing. In silico analysis using five splice site prediction programs did not always accurately predict the splicing seen by direct RNA analysis. In conclusion, some apparent missense mutations have an effect on splicing which can be identified by direct RNA analysis, however, in silico analysis of splice sites is not always accurate, should be carried out with more than one prediction program and results should be used with caution.
Immunohistochemical Aspects of Anti‐microbial Properties in Goat Submandibular Glands
Authors: Habata I. , Yasui T. , Fujimori O. , Tsukise A. 
Published: September 2011

With 7 figures and 1 tableSummarySalivary glands are known as the principal source of anti‐microbial substances, which are considered to be essential components of saliva. The distribution of anti‐microbial substances in the submandibular glands of Japanese miniature (Shiba) goat was studied using immunohistochemical methods as performed by physical development procedures. In the goat, anti‐microbial substances such as lysozyme, IgA, lactoferrin and β‐defensin were demonstrated to be immunolocalized in the submandibular glands, especially in the serous demilunes and duct cells. The results obtained are discussed with regard to the specific functions of the saliva. The presence and secretion of anti‐microbial substances suggest that they participate in the maintenance of oral health among the elements of saliva.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Normal Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses in Cats
Authors: Conchou F. , Sautet J. , Raharison F. , Mogicato G. 
Published: September 2011

With 6 figuresSummaryA detailed description of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in clinically normal cats using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is presented. The heads of seven normal cats were imaged using a 1.5‐T MR unit and two sequences spin echo (SE) T1‐weighted and fast spin echo (FSE) T2‐weighted. Eighteen relevant MR scans were taken in the transverse (12 scans) and dorsal (six scans) planes. Anatomical structures were identified and labelled using anatomical texts, sectioned specimen heads and previous studies. MR scans revealed the soft‐tissue structure of the head. Identified relevant anatomical structures seen on MRI will assist clinicians to better understand MR images and evaluate pathological conditions that affect the nasal region.
Estimation of heritability of benzoxazinoid production in rye (Secale cereale) using gas chromatographic analysis
Authors: Brooks Ashley M. , Danehower David A. , Murphy J. Paul , Reberg‐Horton S. Chris , Burton James D. 
Published: September 2011

With 4 tablesAbstractThe 2,4‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one (DIBOA) content of Secale cereale is strongly associated with allelopathy. This has led to interest in developing allelopathic cultivars with increased DIBOA to improve weed control in this important cover crop. Objectives of this study were to determine heritability estimates for DIBOA in rye and determine the utility of gas chromatography (GC) as a screening tool in a rye allelopathy breeding programme. A synthetic population of half‐sib families varying in production of DIBOA was analysed. DIBOA concentrations ranged from 0.52 to 1.15 mg/g dwt tissue (mean = 0.70 mg/g dwt). Analysis of variance indicated significant variability for DIBOA content in rye harvested at the flag leaf stage. Year × location × genotype and block (year × location) interactions were also significant. Several genotypes were consistently ‘high’ or ‘low’ DIBOA producers across all locations and years. Narrow sense heritability estimates were 0.18 ± 0.04 SE on a per plot basis and 0.57 ± 0.07 SE on an entry mean basis. GC analysis was determined to be a good system for moderate throughput screening of lines.
Human epicardial fat: what is new and what is missing?
Authors: Sacks Harold S , Fain John N 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. Putative physiological functions of human epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) include: (i) lipid storage for the energy needs of the myocardium; (ii) thermoregulation, whereby brown fat components of EAT generate heat by non‐shivering thermogenesis in response to core cooling; (iii) neuroprotection of the cardiac autonomic ganglia and nerves; and (iv) regulation of vasomotion and luminal size of the coronary arteries. Under pathophysiological circumstances, EAT may play an adverse paracrine role in cardiac arrhythmias and in lipotoxic cardiomyopathy, but of major current interest is its hypothetical role as an immunological organ contributing to inflammation around coronary artery disease (CAD).2. The amount of EAT measured either by echocardiographic thickness over the free wall of the right ventricle or as volume by computed tomography expands in patients with obesity both without and with CAD. The mechanisms other than obesity governing the increase in EAT volume in CAD are unknown, but EAT around CAD is infiltrated by chronic inflammatory cells and overexpresses genes for adipokines that have pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory actions and regulate oxidative stress plus angiogenesis.3. Many cross‐sectional studies have shown positive associations between increased EAT mass and stable CAD burden. One prospective population‐based epidemiological study suggested that EAT volume at baseline is a predictor of acute myocardial infarction, but was without significant incremental predictive value after adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors. However, strategies are needed to obtain robust epidemiological, interventional and experimental evidence to prove or disprove the hypothesis that EAT is a cardiovascular risk factor locally contributing to CAD.
Serum cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate levels in schizophrenic patients and their first‐degree relatives
Authors: Yıldırım Osman , Dogan Orhan , Semiz Murat , Kilicli Fatih 
Published: September 2011

Aims:  Alterations in cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‐S) levels are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of serum cortisol and DHEA‐S in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.Methods:  Sixty schizophrenic patients, 70 healthy first‐degree relatives, and 60 healthy volunteers were included. Sociodemographic characteristics, data regarding disease duration and severity, as well as ongoing and previous drug use were recorded. Serum cortisol and DHEA‐S levels were measured.Results:  Serum cortisol and DHEA‐S levels were significantly higher in the schizophrenia group compared with the first‐degree relatives and controls (P < 0.05). Serum cortisol levels in the first‐degree relatives were significantly higher than in the healthy controls (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the first‐degree relatives and healthycontrols in terms of DHEA‐S levels and between the three groups in terms of serum cortisol/DHEA‐S ratios.Conclusions:  Elevated serum cortisol levels in schizophrenic patients might be associated with the role of cortisol in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Also, the elevation of serum cortisol levels in first‐degree relatives compared to controls suggests that similar pathophysiological processes might have a role in individuals without any disease symptoms, but with a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia. Elevated serum DHEA‐S levels might be the result of a compensatory response to elevated cortisol levels. Serum cortisol and DHEA‐S levels may be used as a biological marker for the diagnosis of schizophrenia; however, further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to support this finding.
Bacterial sulfur cycling shapes microbial communities in surface sediments of an ultramafic hydrothermal vent field
Authors: Schauer Regina , Røy Hans , Augustin Nico , Gennerich Hans‐Hermann , Peters Marc , Wenzhoefer Frank , Amann Rudolf , Meyerdierks Anke 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe ultramafic‐hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) is characterized by vent fluids, which are enriched in dissolved hydrogen and methane compared with fluids from basalt‐hosted systems. Thick sediment layers in LHF are partly covered by characteristic white mats. In this study, these sediments were investigated in order to determine biogeochemical processes and key organisms relevant for primary production. Temperature profiling at two mat‐covered sites showed a conductive heating of the sediments. Elemental sulfur was detected in the overlying mat and metal‐sulfides in the upper sediment layer. Microprofiles revealed an intensive hydrogen sulfide flux from deeper sediment layers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that filamentous and vibrioid, Arcobacter‐related Epsilonproteobacteria dominated the overlying mats. This is in contrast to sulfidic sediments in basalt‐hosted fields where mats of similar appearance are composed of large sulfur‐oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. Epsilonproteobacteria (7–21%) and Deltaproteobacteria (20–21%) were highly abundant in the surface sediment layer. The physiology of the closest cultivated relatives, revealed by comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, was characterized by the capability to metabolize sulfur components. High sulfate reduction rates as well as sulfide depleted in 34S further confirmed the importance of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. In contrast, methane was found to be of minor relevance for microbial life in mat‐covered surface sediments. Our data indicate that in conductively heated surface sediments microbial sulfur cycling is the driving force for bacterial biomass production although ultramafic‐hosted systems are characterized by fluids with high levels of dissolved methane and hydrogen.