bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined use of rodenticidal dust and poison solution against house-mice (Mus musculus L.) infesting a food store
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Chudley A. H. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. A food store infested with house-mice (Mus musculus L.) was treated with boxes containing 1% warfarin dust surrounding a solution containing 0·005% sodium warfarin and 5% sugar. The boxes were placed around the bases of the stacks, in the air-lanes between stacks and at eaves height at the gable ends of the store.2. Census baitings with counted numbers of wheat grains showed that the mouse population was reduced by about 95% after 5 weeks of the poison treatment and by almost 100% after 20 weeks.3. The field trial suggests that the combined use of rodenticidal dust and poison solution baiting points is a useful additional method of controlling M. musculus and is most effectively employed against mice living in warm, dry environments.Thanks are expressed to our colleague Mr E. W. Powell, who co-operated in this work.
Antibody responses in patients with farmer's lung disease to antigens fromMicropolyspora faeni
Authors: Hollingdale M. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThree purified cell-wall glycoprotein antigens,a, bandc, sensitive to sodium periodate and resistant to pronase, were extracted from mycelium ofMicropolyspora faeniwith aqueous phenol or trichloracetic acid. Pronase-sensitive, sodium periodate-resistant protein antigens were extracted from mycelium with aqueous phenol. Immunoelectrophoresis was a critical method of assessing purity of preparation.Antibodies to glycoprotein antigens only occurred in clinically defined cases of farmer's lung disease, whereas antibodies to protein antigens also occurred in symptomless farmers. Precipitins toaoccurred in all cases of farmer's lung disease, and this antigen was isolated and purified.Fractionation of pooled sera from cases of farmer's lung disease showed that precipitins were IgG globulins, whereas latex-agglutinating antibodies were IgG, IgA and especially IgM globulins. It is suggested that farmer's lung may involve a cytotoxic type II reaction, in which glycoproteins adsorbed to tissue cells react with IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins in the presence of complement, causing cellular damage.
Field trials of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Swinney T. , Bradfield A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe performance of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane at 0.5% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait was compared with that of zinc phosphide at 3% in the same base in poison treatments carried out against urban infestations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Each poison treatment was conducted for 1 day and after 3 days' pre-baiting. The success of the treatments was assessed from census baitings conducted before and after treatment. Treatment success varied considerably with both poisons used but in general 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane proved to be at least as effective as zinc phosphide, a commonly used acute rodenticide for the control of mice.
The evaluation of hypersensitivity tests in cattle after foot-and-mouth disease vaccination
Authors: Black L. , Pay T. W. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe response to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, dermal hypersensitivity and intravenous provocation tests has been compared in 30, 40, 31 and 24 cattle injected with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine 0, 1, 2 and 3 times respectively, using vaccine components and other substances as test materials. Reaginic antibodies, demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in goats, were directed against BHK 21 cell extracts (20), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (3) and an unidentified vaccine component (3), and distributed in 0, 5, 19 and 75% of the cattle vaccinated 0, 1, 2 and 3 times. None of the animals showed clinical signs of allergy after vaccination. When BHK 21 cell extract was injected intradermally a significant correlation was noted between the development of large weals and the presence of reagins although the size of the weals was not correlated with the reagin titres. In the case of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose a similar trend was evident. The majority of cattle with large dermal weals possessed reagins but the number of reactions was too small for statistical evaluation. Dermal reactions to sodium penicillin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, saponin and whole vaccine occurred in both unvaccinated and vaccinated cattle but BHK 21 cell lysate and normal bovine serum provoked weals which increased in frequency according to the number of vaccinations experienced. Intravenous hydroxypropylmethylcellulose elicited a response in all the animals previously injected with certain batches of vaccine but none in those injected with other batches or in unvaccinated controls. BHK 21 cell extract intravenously produced a clinical response in half the tested animals which was uncorrelated with the results of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis or dermal hypersensitivity tests.
A garment for use in the operating theatre: the effect upon bacterial shedding
Authors: Dankert J. , Zijlstra J. B. , Lubberding H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn operating theatres the air is mainly contaminated with bacteria shed from the human skin. The emission of bacteria can be prevented by wearing clothing of impervious material, while normal cotton clothing does not decrease the shedding of bacteria.In this study shedding of viable bacteria from 20 test-persons wearing an operating theatre suit, composed of 65% polyester and 35% cotton (Diolen), was investigated in a test-chamber and compared with that when normal clothing was worn. The use of this operating-theatre suit resulted in a significant reduction (50–75%) in the number of bacteria-carrying particles in the air of the test-chamber and in an operating room when everyone present wore this suit. A combination of the suit with knee-high boots showed a further reduction in the dispersal of colony forming units.The dispersion from female subjects wearing an operating-theatre frock was significantly higher than when wearing an operating-theatre suit.
Single tube confirmatory tests forEscherichia coli
Authors:   Joint Committee of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Standing Committee of Analysts
Published: May 2009

SummaryIn a multi-laboratory trial, lauryl tryptose mannitol broth (LTMB) and minerals-modified glutamate medium with added tryptophan (MMGM + T) were compared as single tube tests for the confirmation ofEscherichia coliin water; the confirmed results were also compared with the production of gas from minerals-modified glutamate medium without added tryptophan (MMGM). LTMB and MMGM + T gave similar gas and indole results with about 90% of the water samples in most of the laboratories. When compared with the ‘correct’ results as judged by acid and gas production from lactose peptone water and indole from tryptone water, the difference in the rate of false positive reactions between LTMB and MMGM + T was insignificant; but LTMB gave a significantly lower rate of false negative reactions than MMGM + T. Gas production from MMGM without added tryptophan gave significantly higher rates of both false positive and false negative reactions. Lauryl sulphate is therefore a suitable inhibitory surfactant for use in single tubemedia for the confirmation ofE. coli, which can be recommended.
The titration of vaccinial neutralizing antibody on chorio-allantoic membranes
Authors: Boulter E. A. 
Published: May 2009

A study has been made of various factors involved in performing neutralization tests with vaccinia virus on chorio-allantoic membranes.The common practice of using a single serum concentration has been shown to result in a test which is qualitative only. The linear relationship between the logarithm of the pock count of the surviving virus and the logarithm of the serum dilution can be used to determine the dilution of serum which will neutralize 50% of a virus suspension. By this method it is possible to distinguish between sera whose potencies vary by about fourfold.I gratefully acknowledge the advice and criticism given by Dr J. C. N. Westwood and Dr I. A. Macpherson, as well as the help given by Mr S. Peto with the statistical treatment of results. My thanks are also due to Mr H. B. Maber and Corporal M. Fitzpatrick, R.A.M.C., for their technical assistance.
Sporadic acute respiratory infections in adults with special reference to adenovirus infections
Authors: Stovin Sybille 
Published: May 2009

Four out of fifty acute respiratory infections occurring in forty-five adult volunteers in a teaching hospital, from October 1956 to July 1957, were associated with infection by a member of the adenovirus group. In three of these adenovirus infections the clinical picture was quite distinct from that of the common cold, but not from other syndromes of unknown aetiology; in the fourth case the clinical picture was not easily distinguishable from the common cold.It is suggested on the basis of this study that adenovirus vaccines would do little towards reducing sporadic acute respiratory infections in this type of community.Complement-fixing and neutralizing antibody patterns to adenovirus Types 1–7, 9 and 10 were determined in paired sera from forty-four of the forty-five volunteers.I wish to thank all the volunteers who took part in this investigation, Mrs Audrey Rae, A.I.M.L.T., for expert technical assistance, Dr Nuala Crowley and Prof. K. R. Hill, Pathology Department, Royal Free Hospital, Dr H. G. Pereira, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, and Dr F. K. Sanders, M.R.C. Virus Research Unit, London School of Hygiene, for advice and help.
The isolation of Coxsackie A viruses from human sera and mosquitoes in Fiji
Authors: Maguire T. , Macnamara F. N. 
Published: May 2009

1. Coxsackie A6 virus was isolated in January 1963 from the circulating blood of four children in Suva, Fiji, suffering from fever, lymphadenitis and pharyngitis.2. Nine strains of the same agent were isolated from Aedes (Stegomyia) poly-nesiensis mosquitoes caught over a period of 2 weeks near or in a village situated among mangrove swamps at the mouth of the Rewa river, in January 1963.3. No virus was isolated from mosquitoes caught in Suva.4. A serological survey indicated that Coxsackie A6 infections are common and widespread in Fiji.
Airborne excretion of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Parker J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA large-volume sampler was used to recover virus excreted as aerosol by cattle, sheep and pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease. Pigs were found to excrete virus to a maximum of 104.7ID 50 per animal per hour and sheep and cattle to a maximum of 103.2ID 50. Excretion from pigs totalled 106ID 50 per animal over 5 days and from cattle and sheep 3 x 104ID 50 per animal over 4 days. Maximum recovery occurred 41 hr. after infection in pigs and cattle when lesions had generalized and 17 hr. after infection in sheep before lesions had been observed. Sampling in a multistage liquid impinger showed that 65–71% of virus was excreted as an aerosol of size > 6 μ, 19–24% 3–6 μ and 10–11% less than 3 μ. The site of production of virus excreted as aerosol is suggested to be the upper respiratory tract. Under conditions of relative humidity greater than 70% and at low temperatures, survival of virus to a distance of 100 km. is likely to occur and because of the minute respiratory volume the aerosol would be sampled more efficiently by cattle than pigs or sheep and by large animals than by small. These findings are discussed in relation to spread of virus in the field.Mr Dave Allen and Massey-Ferguson Ltd. are thanked for their generous donations, with which the large-volume sampler was purchased. We are grateful to Dr C. E. Gordon Smith, Mr G. J. Harper and Dr K. P. Norris of the Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, for advice and help and for the loan of the multistage liquid impinger. The technical assistance of N. H. Cheale and C. W. Hawkins is gratefully acknowledged.
Trials with a live attenuated rubella virus vaccine, Cendehill strain
Authors: Grant L. , Belle E. A. , Provan G. , King S. D. , Sigel M. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis report summarizes closed, family, and open studies conducted sequentially over a 10 month period with the Cendehill rubella virus vaccine in more than 16,000 children and adolescents. This strain of rubella was attenuated by serial propagation on primary rabbit kidney cell cultures. Inoculation of the Cendehill vaccine produced seroconversion in 97% of the 3589 susceptible (seronegative) vaccinated persons. There was no spread of the virus to susceptible controls living in close contact with those vaccinated. The vaccine was well tolerated. No arthritis or arthralgia occurred in 860 female subjects 13–18 years of age who were included in the study. The Cendehill vaccine would appear to meet the requirements of an acceptable vaccine.
Pertussis antibodies in the sera of children exposed toBordetella pertussisby vaccination or infection
Authors: Dolby Jean M. , Stephens Susan 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYLow agglutinin titres to pertussis suspensions were found in 99% of sera from a group comprising healthy adults and non-vaccinated, non-infected infants of 1–6 months of age. These are attributable to agglutinins to heat-stable antigens and/or heat labile agglutinogen 1, and cross-absorption tests must be done on the sera in order to distinguish between the two. Agglutinins to agglutinogens 2 and 3 were found in only about 20% of adult sera. Bactericidal antibody was low in titre or absent in all sera from non-exposed individuals.Raised bactericidal antibody titres and the presence of agglutinins 2 and 3 were attributed to exposure toBordetella pertussisantigens, either as vaccine or as infection. The variation, amongst both vaccinated and infected children, was very great. A vaccinated child who became ill responded to the infection in much the same way as a non-vaccinated child. We were unable to relate the immunity of the child to the titres either of agglutinins or of the bactericidal antibody.The protective ability of sera from vaccinated or infected children measured in mice against small, lethal brain infections was also unrelated to the state of immunity in the children, but this protective ability was correlated with the complement-mediated bactericidal antibody titres of the sera.The distribution of agglutinins, bactericidal antibody, and anti-haemagglutinin in serum IgG and IgM was different in vaccinated and infected children.
Antibody responses of burned patients immunized with a polyvalent Pseudomonas vaccine
Authors: Jones R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn two controlled clinical trials of a polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine, vaccinated burned patients showed higher antibody titres to the 16 antigens in the vaccine and higher titres of a passively transferable protective antibody than was found in unvaccinated burned patients.
The size of airborne dust particles precipitating bronchospasm in house dust sensitive children
Authors: Clark R. P. , Preston T. D. , Gordon-Nesbitt D. C. , Malka S. , Sinclair L. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWe have assessed the effect of house-cleaning procedures on changes in airborne dust and bacteria counts and correlated these with respiratory function tests in 14 children with bronchial asthma who were known to have developed attacks at home, and who had positive skin tests to house dust and the house-dust mite.We have demonstrated that after cleaning procedures a positive and statistically significant correlation exists between the increase in the numbers of small particles, 2 μm. and less in diameter, in the environment, and reduction in mean peak flow. This indicates that particles of this size penetrate the bronchial tree and are the causative factor in the genesis of bronchospasm.
Biological characteristics of blue shark, Prionace glauca, in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Megalofonou Persefoni , Damalas Dimitris , de Metrio Gregorio 
Published: May 2009

A total of 870 blue sharks ranging from 70 to 349 cm in total length (LT) were sampled from the swordfish longline fishery in the Mediterranean Sea during the period 1998–2003. Males predominated and the sex-ratio (1:1.8) showed an increase in the proportion of males as size of fish increased. Gonad observation revealed that females smaller than 120 cm LT had immature ovaries with no mature oocytes, while mature ovaries with visible yolky oocytes were present in specimens larger than 203 cm LT. Ovary weight varied from 4–137 g and maximum oocyte diameter was 21.1 mm in mature females. All males smaller than 125 cm LT were immature while males larger than 187 cm LT were mature, as indicated by the presence of heavily calcified claspers, which extended beyond the posterior end of the pelvic fins. Length at 50% maturity (L50) was estimated to be 202.9 cm LT for males and 214.7 cm LT for females. Age estimates using caudal vertebrae ranged from 1 to 12 years, while age at 50% maturity was estimated at 4.9 years for males and 5.5 year for females.
Distribution of echinoderms on continental shelf in open waters of the northern and middle Adriatic Sea
Authors: Despalatović Marija , Grubelić Ivana , Piccinetti Corrado , Cvitković Ivan , Antolić Boris , Žuljević Ante , Nikolić Vedran 
Published: May 2009

This study presents the first extensive investigation of echinoderm distribution in the area of mobile bottoms in the open part of the northern and middle Adriatic Sea. Five hundred and eighteen bottom trawl hauls were performed at 56 predetermined permanent stations along ten transects over different sediment types, at depths of 10 to 430 m. A total of 34 species of Echinodermata were identified (9 from the class Holothuroidea, 12 from the class Asteroidea, 4 from the class Ophiuroidea and 9 from the class Echinoidea). The list of the species, together with data on depth and sediment distribution, and the stations where individual species were found, are presented.
A restriction site to differentiatePlasmodiumandHaemoproteusinfections in birds: on the inefficiency of general primers for detection of mixed infections
Authors: MARTÍNEZ J. , MARTÍNEZ-DE LA PUENTE J. , HERRERO J. , DEL CERRO S. , LOBATO E. , RIVERO-DE AGUILAR J. , VÁSQUEZ R. A. , MERINO S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAvianPlasmodiumandHaemoproteusparasites are easily detected by DNA analyses of infected samples but only correctly assigned to each genus by sequencing and use of a phylogenetic approach. Here, we present a restriction site to differentiate between both parasite genera avoiding the use of those analyses. Alignments of 820 sequences currently listed in GenBank encoding a particular cytochrome B region of avianPlasmodiumandHaemoproteusshow a shared restriction site for both genera using the endonucleaseHpyCH4III. An additional restriction site is present inPlasmodiumsequences that would initially allow differentiation of both genera by differential migration of digested products on gels. Overall 9 out of 326 sequences containing both potential restriction sites do not fit to the general rule. We used this differentiation of parasite genera based onHpyCH4III restriction sites to evaluate the efficacy of 2 sets of general primers in detecting mixed infections. To do so, we used samples from hosts infected by parasites of both genera. The use of general primers was only able to detect 25% or less of the mixed infections. Therefore, parasite DNA amplification using general primers to determine the species composition of haemosporidian infections in individual hosts is not recommended. Specific primers for each species and study area should be designed until a new method can efficiently discriminate both parasites.
The Epistemologies of Non-Forecasting Simulations, Part I: Industrial Dynamics and Management Pedagogy at MIT
Authors: Thomas William , Williams Lambert 
Published: May 2009

ArgumentThis paper is the first part of a two-part examination of computer modeling practice and philosophy. It discusses electrical engineer Jay Forrester's work on Industrial Dynamics, later called System Dynamics. Forrester developed Industrial Dynamics after being recruited to the newly-established School of Industrial Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which had been seeking a novel pedagogical program for management for five years before Forrester's arrival. We argue that Industrial Dynamics should be regarded in light of this institutional context. Unlike economics, as well as operations research and management science (twin fields which were also gaining traction at that time), Industrial Dynamics was not meant to be applied by mathematicians and technical specialists in consultation with managers, but by managers themselves. This concern shifted the emphasis in modeling from the specialist act of analysis of a crucial problem to the managerial act of choosing which problems were crucial and developing effective policies around them.
Homotopy type of disentanglements of multi-germs
Authors: HOUSTON KEVIN 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFor a complex analytic map f from n-space to p-space with n < p and with an isolated instability at the origin, the disentanglement of f is a local stabilization of f that is analogous to the Milnor fibre for functions.For mono-germs it is known that the disentanglement is a wedge of spheres of possibly varying dimensions. In this paper we give a condition that allows us to deduce that the same is true for a large class of multi-germs.
Human parvovirus B19 infection within a family and risk for pregnant women
Authors: Azzi A. , Trotta M. , Zakrzewska K. , Balzer E. , Rogasi P. G. , Carocci A. , Leoncini F. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryDuring an outbreak of parvovirus B19 infection among four related families at least 70% of the household contacts, including a woman at the 33rd week of pregnancy, became infected. Twins were born at the 39th week of pregnancy, both with B19 infection. B19 DNA was detected in their sera by a nested PCR, anti-B19 IgM was detectable only by an immunofluorescence assay, and low levels of maternal anti-B19 IgG were demonstrable by an immunoenzymatic test in the serum of both children. All the haematological parameters were normal at birth and 6 months later, when B19 DNA and anti-B19 antibody were no longer detectable in serum samples. This observation emphasizes the high risk of B19 infection among household contacts and the possibility of a favourable outcome of the foetal infection, possibly related to infection late in the pregnancy.
A new approach to morbidity risk assessment in hookworm endemic communities
Authors: Lwambo N. J. S. , Bundy D. A. P. , Medley G. F. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe relationship between paired hookworm prevalence and mean intensity of infection data from geographically defined communities was examined. The results show that, in spite of major socio-economic and environmental differences between communities, the relationship is consistent and non-linear. A generalized value of k (the exponent of the negative binomial distribution) for hookworms was estimated to be 0.34, which is consonant with previous estimates from cross-sectional data. Maximum likelihood analysis indicates that the severity of hookworm aggregation in humans has an inverse relationship to mean worm burden which is less marked than for Ascaris lumbricoides. A simple model, based on published estimates of hookworm burdens associated with hookworm anaemia, was used to predict prevalence of morbidity from prevalence of infection data for Tanzania, Kenya and Zambia. Predictions correspond to the observation that hookworm anaemia is highly focal, and largely coastal, in distribution. These analyses suggest that locality-targeting of chemotherapy is particularly appropriate for the control of hookworm morbidity.