bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Dimethylnitrosamine Formation in Samples of Soil and Water
Authors: Mills A. L. , Alexander M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDimethylnitrosamine was formed in samples of soil, municipal sewage, and lake water supplemented with 250 ppm of dimethylamine and 100 ppm of nitrite‐N. The toxic compound was formed in similar quantities in soil and sewage samples sterilized by gamma radiation and in lake water sterilized by autoclaving. Nitrosation occurred in samples with a pH as high as 7.7, although nitrosamine was not formed in buffered solutions above pH 5.0. The amount of dimethylnitrosamine produced in soil at pH 5.2 was directly related to the amount of the precursors added to the soil. When the organic matter was partially removed from a sample of soil by treatment with peroxide, the amount of dimethylnitrosamine formed upon incubation with dimethylamine and nitrite decreased. No nitrosamine was produced from the precursors when the soil was freed of organic matter by ignition. Incubation of the ignited soil with glucose and an inoculum of microorganisms led to the formation of nonleachable organic matter and the return of the nitrosating capacity. The results show that nitrosamines may be produced in nonacid environments containing organic materials.
Loss of 2,4‐D in Runoff from Plots Receiving Simulated Rainfall and from a Small Agricultural Watershed
Authors: White A. W. , Asmussen L. E. , Hauser E. W. , Turnbull J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMovement of 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] was not significant in either surface or subsurface runoff from a small agricultural watershed on a sandy Coastal Plain soil. Surface runoff levels were highest for the first runoff event after herbicide application (0.56 kg/ha) each year, and initial concentrations were related to the time lapse between herbicide application and the date of the first runoff event. Maximum concentrations were 8.1, 6.2, and 2.5 µg/liter in 1970, 1971, and 1972, respectively. The corresponding time lapse for the same years was 20, 27, and 34 days. Persistence studies showed that the 2,4‐D concentration in the surface 0.5 cm of soil decreased 95%, from 4.7 to 0.23 ppm in only 7 days, and after 34 days the soil concentration was only 0.01 ppm. Although subsurface flow was three times greater than surface runoff during the 3‐year period, 2,4‐D movement in subsurface water was negligible. Concentrations were usually zero or < 1 µg/liter. Soil sampled to a 90‐cm depth showed no 2,4‐D accumulation or build‐up in the soil profile. Simulated rains (8.25 cm in 30 min) applied to subplots on the watershed showed that there is a potential for greater 2,4‐D losses in surface runoff when it rains soon after herbicide application. When rains were applied 1, 8, and 35 days after herbicide application, the average 2,4‐D concentrations in runoff were 25.2, 5.8, and 0.7 µg/liter, respectively.
Interactions of Lead and Cadmium on Metal Uptake and Growth of Corn Plants
Authors: Miller Joseph E. , Hassett John J. , Koeppe D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractShort term plant accumulation and growth effects of Pb and Cd added to soil separately and in combination were investigated with corn (Zea mays L., Wf9 × M14) grown in a loamy sand under greenhouse conditions. A tendency for soil Pb to increase both the plant Cd concentration and the total Cd uptake of the corn shoots was observed. Conversely, soil Cd reduced the total Pb uptake and in some cases the Pb concentration in the corn shoots. Both Pb (125 and 250 µg/g soil) and Cd (2.5 and 5 µg/g soil) reduced the vegetative growth of the corn shoots, and a positive interaction of the two metals on growth was noted.
Influence of Environmental Parameters on EDTA Biodegradation in Soils and Sediments
Authors: Tiedje James M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract14C‐EDTA (ethylenediaminetraacetate) was slowly degraded 14CO2 by all soils tested from the major agricultural EDTA use areas; by soils varying in uses, pH, and texture; and by sediments from the Detroit River. EDTA degradation appears to be a result of cometabolism by established microbial populations. Production of 14CO2 from EDTA occurred under aerobic but not anaerobic conditions. No detectable quantities of intermediates accumulated under either condition. EDTA degradation followed first‐order kinetics for concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 90 ppm. Degradation was observed up to 1,000 ppm EDTA, the highest concentration tested. The date of sample collection had a marked effect on extent of degradation with the winter‐collected samples showing greater than twice the degradation of summer‐collected samples. The Q10 was two up to 30C. Initially degradation at 50C was limited, but after 9 weeks incubation the rate accelerated indicating the adaptation of thermo‐tolerant EDTA‐degrading populations. The extent of degradation among soils was variable; common values for 2 to 4 ppm of added 14C‐EDTA mineralized were 13 to 45% after 15 weeks and 65 to 70% after 45 weeks.
Chemical Quality of Effluents and Their Influence on Water Quality in a Shallow Aquifer
Authors: Purtymun W. D. , Buchholz J. R. , Hakonson T. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical quality of liquid effluent released from an industrial waste treatment plant at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory controls the quality of water in a shallow aquifer in the alluvium of Mortandad Canyon. The dilution of the effluent with surface flow in the canyon reduces the concentrations of the chemicals as they move down gradient into the aquifer. Mass estimates of residual chemicals in solution in the aquifer average 1–6% of the total chemicals released to the canyon from 1963–1974. The average annual concentration of sodium, nitrate, chloride, and total dissolved solids in the aquifer through a 12‐year period was directly correlated with annual average concentrations in the effluent. This relationship provides a means of predicting the impact of the chemical effluents on the quality of water in the aquifer.
A Multivariate Analysis of Factors Affecting Radiocesium Uptake by Sagittaria latifolia in Coastal Plain Environments
Authors: Garten Charles T. , Paine Donald 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSagittaria latifolia plants and soils were sampled at 11 sites on or near the Energy Research and Development Administration's Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina. Plants and soils were analyzed for radiocesium concentrations. Concentration ratios (CR) were calculated as a relative measure of availability. On the basis of eight sites, which were similar in soil properties, three principal components, extracted from a correlation matrix, explained 80.8% of the total variation in measurements of soil characteristics. Principal component I was directly associated with soil moisture, soil organic matter, extractable potassium, percent very fine sand, and inversely related to percent coarse soil. Component II was related to coarse soil and fine sandy soil. Component III was related to extractable soil potassium and extractable radiocesium. A multiple regression of log (CR) against the principal component scores demonstrated a decrease in the availability of radiocesium to Sagittaria with increasing soil moisture, organic matter, extractable potassium, and percent very fine sand and silt. Availability was greatest on coarse sandy soils. Maximum likelihood factor analysis across all eleven sites, based on a partial correlation matrix adjusted for differences among locations, indicated that, regardless of soil radiocesium concentrations, the availability of radiocesium was directly related to soil particle size (% weight) >0.5 mm and inversely related to particle size (% weight) <0.25 mm.
Composition and Reactions of Liquid Manure (Gülle), with Particular Reference to Phosphate: II. Solid Phase Components
Authors: Fordham A. W. , Schwertmann U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral components were detected in the solid phase of gülle samples. Struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O) was isolated from one sample and identified by X‐ray diffraction. Its presence was confirmed in this and other samples by solubility studies, which also showed the existence of trimagnesium phosphate (Mg3(PO4)2·8H2O), octacalcium phosphate (Ca4H(PO4)3·3H2O), dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4·2H2O), and possibly NH4CaPO4·H2O. More evidence for struvite, trimagnesium phosphate, and octacalcium phosphate, as well as estimates of their content in samples, was obtained from measurements of solution composition during acid titration of gülle suspensions. Organic phosphate contents of the solid phase could be calculated from these measurements, which also showed the existence of appreciable quantities of solid ammonium and calcium organic salts.Gülle systems were found to be in a sensitively balanced dynamic state which would respond rapidly to relatively minor changes of chemical, physical, and biological conditions.
Reduction of 2,4‐D Load in Surface Runoff Down a Grassed Waterway
Authors: Asmussen L. E. , White A. W. , Hauser E. W. , Sheridan J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effectiveness of a grassed waterway in decreasing 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] content in surface runoff was investigated. Corn (Zea mays L.) plots were treated with 2,4‐D (0.56 kg/ha) and runoff produced by applying simulated rain was directed through a 24.4‐m‐long grassed waterway. The 2,4‐D concentrations were measured under wet and dry antecedent waterway and plot conditions. Reduction in 2,4‐D load in waterways results from water loss by infiltration, sediment loss, and by attachment‐absorption on vegetative and organic matter. Of the simulated rainfall applied 1 day after application of 2,4‐D, 50% of the water ran off the plots under dry antecedent soil conditions, and 78% ran off under wet conditions. Infiltration reduced runoff flowing down the waterway an additional 25% under dry conditions and 2% under wet conditions. Suspended sediment reduction in the waterway was 98 and 94% of the total amount moving from the plot for the dry and wet waterway conditions, respectively. The total loss (on sediment and in solution) of the applied 2,4‐D from the plot in the dry and wet states was 2.5 and 10.3%, respectively. Of the 2,4‐D lost from the plots and entering the 24.4‐m waterway, approximately 30% reached the end of the waterway, regardless of antecedent soil moisture.
Chemical Composition of Sewage Sludges and Analysis of Their Potential Use as Fertilizers
Authors: Sommers L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA regional survey of sewage sludge composition was conducted by obtaining data for 30 constituents in > 250 sewage sludge samples from approximately 150 treatment plants located in 6 states in the north‐central region and 2 in the eastern region. Computation of the mean and median values indicated that N, P, and K levels were within a relatively narrow range, whereas these statistics demonstrated that Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd concentrations were extremely variable. Median concentrations for anaerobically digested sewage sludges were as follows: N, 4.2; P, 3.0; K, 0.3%; Pb, 540; Zn, 1,890; Cu, 1,000; Ni, 85; and Cd, 16 mg/kg, and for aerobically treated sludges: N, 4.8; P, 2.7; K, 0.4%; Pb, 300; Zn, 1,800; Cu, 970; Ni, 31; and Cd, 16 mg/kg. Based on population and sludge production estimates, < 1% of the agricultural land would be required for application of sewage sludge at a rate of 100 kg available N per ha in most of the states considered. The heterogeneous nature of sewage sludges produced by different cities and the presence of potentially harmful trace metals necessitates a knowledge of the chemical composition of each individual sewage sludge prior to land application.
Modeling the Impact of Strip Mining and Reclamation Processes on Quality and Quantity of Water in Mined Areas: A Review
Authors: Rogowski A. S. , Pionke H. B. , Broyan J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCurrent literature contains numerous studies of acid generation, neutralization, and transformation in strip‐mine spoil materials, yet the rate‐determining processes on the field scale are not well understood. Even less seems to be known about the spoil water flow, oxygen diffusion, surface runoff, erosion, evapotranspiration, and temperature distributions within the spoil banks. Most spoils seem to be principally considered from the standpoint of rapid revegetation, use of amendments, and favorable placement of acid‐producing materials. We conclude that hydrology of the spoil system could be simulated using standard modeling techniques. It also seems probable that experimentally obtained temperature and oxygen distributions could delineate acid‐producing areas, assuming pyrite is not limiting, and is distributed evenly throughout the zone of interest.
Nitrate‐Nitrogen and Chloride Movement Through Undisturbed Field Soil
Authors: Shuford J. W. , Fritton D. D. , Baker D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults are presented from a field study conducted to determine whether large pores represent a major pathway for NO3‐N and Cl movement through undisturbed soil. A solution containing 410 ppm NO3‐N and Cl as KNO3 and KCl was added to three experimental field plots enclosed by wooden barriers to prevent runoff. Initial and final soil samples were taken at various profile depths for ion analyses. Most of the NO3‐N and Cl added in solution moved vertically with the water through the profile. Ion movement was influenced by large soil pores between structural units. A fourth field plot was designed to compare field‐measured NO3‐N and Cl concentrations with theoretical calculations, using time‐dependent water flow velocity and dispersion equations. Soil solution samples were taken for ion analyses. Due to the incomplete mixing of water and ions with all soil pores, theoretical equations did not completely explain the field‐measured NO3‐N and Cl distributions.
Creeping Bentgrass Response to Aquatic Herbicides in Irrigation Water
Authors: Hiltibran R. C. , Turgeon A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTurfgrass sites are frequently irrigated with water from nearby ponds. However, aquatic herbicides used to control aquatic plants and algae may be phytotoxic to turfgrasses. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for turfgrass injury following irrigation from herbicide‐treated ponds.Injury to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. ‘Penncross’) irrigated with water containing aquatic herbicides depended upon the herbicide, the concentration, formulation, season, and frequency of application. The most injurious herbicide was dichlobenil (2 6‐dichlorobenzonitrile). Diquat [6 7‐dihydrodipyrido(1,2‐a:2′,1′‐c)‐pyrazinediium ion]; silvex [2‐(2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid]; simazine [2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(ethylamino)‐s‐triazine]; and the ester formulation of 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] caused moderate injury to the turf. No injury was observed from copper sulfate; copper‐triethanolamine; diuron [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea]; endothall [7‐oxabicyclo(2.2.1) heptane‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid]; or fenac [2,3,6‐trichlorophenyl) acetic acid]. In actual practice, simazine is the only herbicide which would be expected to cause unacceptable turfgrass injury because of its persistance in water and its possible accumulation in irrigated turf.
Effect of Dried Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge on Yield and Element Accumulation in Tall Fescue and Alfalfa
Authors: Stucky Donald J. , Newman Tommie S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo rates of dried anaerobically digested sewage sludge were used in a greenhouse pot study to determine the effect on yield, areal coverage, and element accumulation in ‘Ky‐31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown during a 2‐year growth period, on an agricultural soil and on acid strip‐mine spoil. The initial pH of strip‐mine spoil was approximately 3.5, and sludge additions of 314 and 627 metric tons/ha raised the pH to 5.5 and 6.0, respectively.Sludge applications of 314 and 627 metric tons/ha significantly increased yields of plants grown on agricultural soil. On strip‐mine spoil, yields of tall fescue and alfalfa were significantly increased at the application rate of 627 metric tons/ha. In all treatments the yields of alfalfa were greater than that of tall fescue, although the areal coverage of fescue exceeded that of alfalfa.Increasing rates of sewage sludge decreased the amount of Mn, Zn, Ni, and Cd accumulated in tall fescue and alfalfa in strip‐mine spoils. Copper accumulation was not affected by application rates. In tall fescue, per day accumulations of Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd followed similar patterns, peaking between the 180‐ and 200‐day growth period. This trend was observed in alfalfa for Mn and Cd; however, Zn, Cu, and Ni accumulations decreased with time. The percent areal stem coverage after 2 years was estimated at 95 and 65% for tall fescue and alfalfa, respectively. No plant toxicity symptoms were observeduring the 2‐year growth period.
Feedlot Runoff Holding Ponds—Nutrient Levels and Related Management Aspects
Authors: Dickey E. C. , Vanderholm D. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCollection, storage, and ultimate land disposal of livestock feedlot runoff is becoming a more common practice as a result of increasing state and federal regulations prohibiting uncontrolled discharge of runoff. As a result of chemical, physical, and biological actions during the storage phase, the runoff applied to land from storage is often greatly different from that entering storage directly from the feedlot. This study was designed to observe those changes in the runoff during storage, and to evaluate their effect on land disposal practices. Six concrete paved feedlots with runoff control systems were studied, with emphasis on variations in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in holding ponds used for storing runoff. Seasonal variations in nutrient content of the holding ponds result from precipitation patterns, nutrient losses, and other factors. Early spring dewatering of the holding ponds, followed by frequent summer dewatering if possible, will result in the best conservation of nutrients. Large differences in nutrient content of holding ponds were observed for different species of livestock, with stored swine feedlot runoff containing nearly eight times as much nitrogen as stored beef feedlot runoff.
Adsorption of Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium by a Forest Soil
Authors: Sidle R. C. , Kardos L. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTime‐dependent batch equilibrium studies for Cu, Zn, and Cd were conducted to determine the sorbing properties for these metals on the upper 30 cm of a forest soil. Major cations were added to equilibrating solutions in an attempt to match to cationic matrix of a sewage sludge. Essentially all of the Cu was adsorbed by the soil in the first 0.3 hour of equilibration. Copper adsorption data fit the Freundlich isotherm better than the Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption of Zn and Cd was more time dependent than Cu, especially for the 0–7.5 cm depth of soil, and was described with some success by the empirical kinetic equation, ∂S/∂t = aCbSc, where S is µg metal absorbed per g soil, C is concentration of metal in final equilibrating solution, t is time, and a, b, and c are constants. Batch data taken at 3 hours of equilibration for Zn and Cd also fit the Freundlich isotherm better than the Langmuir isotherm. For Cu, Zn, and Cd adsorption, Freundlich constants (K) were higher for the 0–7.5 cm depth than for the 7.5–15 cm depth, indicating the binding effects of the higher level of organic matter in the surface 7.5 cm of forest soil.
Soluble and Sediment Nitrogen Losses as Related to Land Use and Type of Soil in Eastern Canada
Authors: Neilsen G. H. , MacKenzie A. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to assess the amounts and types of nitrogen lost in agricultural drainage, seven agricultural watersheds, with a range of land use patterns and types of soil in southwestern Quebec and southeastern Ontario, were selected, and measurements of discharge rates, soluble inorganic nitrogen, and sediment Kjeldahl nitrogen were made during 1974–75. Correlations of these losses with land use and kind of soil were used to identify critical watershed factors affecting nitrogen loss.Soluble inorganic N concentrations in streams did not exceed 3.5 µg/ml. No watershed lost > 5 kg/ha soluble N, except for the watershed with the maximum corn (Zea mays L.) acreage (33%), which lost 22.8 kg N/ha per year. The pronounced significance of spring melt runoff was demonstrated by the movement of from 56 to 100% of annual soluble N from the monitored watersheds during March, April, and May. Sediment was a major transporter of N in this area, moving from 22 to 67% of total watershed N. Watersheds with greater corn acreage and relatively impermeable soils lost more soluble N, while watersheds with more organic soils and greater cultivated area lost more sediment N.
A Field Study of the Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge: II. Effect on Soil N and P
Authors: Kelling K. A. , Walsh L. M. , Keeney D. R. , Ryan J. A. , Peterson A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid digested sewage sludge applied at rates from 3.75 to 60 metric ton/ha significantly increased the concentrations of inorganic N, organic N, and Bray P1 extractable P in a sandy loam and a silt loam soil in south‐central Wisconsin. Most of the applied inorganic N was as NH4‐N and was nitrified rapidly. At sludge rates of 30 metric ton/ha or more, substantial losses of sludge‐applied N occurred by leaching. Soil solution NO3‐N concentrations exceeded 100 mg/liter at the 120‐ to 150‐cm depth 10 weeks after the first sludge application on the permeable sandy loam, and after about 1 year on the silt loam. The N balance indicated that considerable amounts of N may have been lost by denitrification, volatilization, or both, where > 30 metric ton/ha were applied. Mineralization of organic N was more rapid than previously reported. Up to 50% of the applied organic N was mineralized within 3 weeks after the last sludge application. During the remaining 25 months of the experiment, the mineralization rate was essentially constant at about 250 mg organic N/kg of soil/year at the 60 metric ton/ha sludge rate, and 180 mg organic N/kg of soil/year at the 30 metric ton/ha rate.Sludge applications resulted in immediate marked increases in Bray P1 extractable P. However, the extractable P levels decreased with time after sludge application, probably as a result of P fixation. Significant amounts of P remained available for at least 2 years at the higher treatment rates.