bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatic mechanisms of the Walnut antidiabetic effect in mice
Authors: Kamyab Hanieh , Hejrati Shohreh , Khanavi Mahnaz , Malihi Farshad , Mohammadirad Azadeh , Baeeri Maryam , Esmaily Hadi , Abdollahi Mohammad 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe present study was designed to explore the mechanism of action of walnut (the seed of Juglans regia) leaf and ridge on hepatic glucose metabolism in diabetic mice. Experimental diabetes was induced by intravenous administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg)and confirmed with an increase of blood glucose, 90–100% of the control, 72 hours later. Isolated extracts from walnut leaf and ridges were administered in a single effective dose of 400 mg/kg orally. Firstly, blood glucose was determined every 1 hour until 5 hours post administration of extracts. In the second experiment, the liver was surgically removed, 2 hours post treatment of diabetic animals with extracts, homogenized and used for measurement of key enzymes of glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase, GP) and gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PEPCK). Treatment by both leaf and ridge extracts decreased blood glucose and liver PEPCK activity and increased blood insulin and liver GP activity. It is concluded that walnut is able to lower blood glucose through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and secretion of pancreatic insulin.
Medical abortion in lactating women – low levels of mifepristone in breast milk
Authors: SÄÄV INGRID , FIALA CHRISTIAN , HÄMÄLÄINEN JONNA M , HEIKINHEIMO OSKARI , GEMZELL‐DANIELSSON KRISTINA 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective. Medical abortion using mifepristone followed by misoprostol is increasingly used for termination of an unwanted pregnancy. Consequently, an increasing number of women undergo medical abortion while still breastfeeding from a previous pregnancy. But there are no data on mifepristone use during lactation. We studied the levels of mifepristone in breast milk collected from women undergoing medical abortion. Design and samples. Samples of milk were collected from 12 women during the first 7 days after intake of either 200 mg (n = 2) or 600 mg (n = 10) of mifepristone. In addition, serum samples were collected on day 3 (n = 4). Main outcome measures. The levels of mifepristone, quantified using radioimmunoassay. Results. The milk concentrations of mifepristone were highest in the first samples collected during the first 12 hours following drug intake, and ranged from undetectable (< 0.013 μmol/l) to 0.913 μmol/l. Thereafter, declining concentrations of mifepristone were detected up to 7 days. The lowest levels of mifepristone in milk were measured following ingestion of the 200 mg dose. The milk:serum ratio of mifepristone ranged from < 0.013:1 to 0.042:1 on day 3 (n = 4). The calculated relative infant dose (RID) was 1.5% at its highest. Conclusions. The levels of mifepristone in milk are low, especially when using the 200 mg dose. Breastfeeding can be safely continued in an uninterrupted manner during medical abortion of this kind.
Comparison Between Diclosulam- and Imazapic-Based Weed Control Systems in Peanut1
Authors: Brecke B. , Wehtje G. , Paudel K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies were conducted in Florida and Alabama in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate imazapic [70gai/ha preemergence (PRE) or early postemergence (EPOST)], diclosulam (18 or 26 g ai/ha PRE or 18 g/ha EPOST) or imazapic + diclosulam (35 + 13 g/ha PRE or 35 + 9 g/ha EPOST). These treatments were applied alone or supplemented with either a paraquat + bentazon tank mixture or 2,4-DB. The intent was to determine if diclosulam, which has a mode of action similar to imazapic and is less persistent and less costly, could be incorporated into systems with other herbicides and thereby offer an alternative to imazapic. Maximum yield and economic return were consistently associated with only two treatments, imazapic at 70 g/ha EPOST and imazapic + diclosulam at 35 + 9 g/ha EPOST. However, none of the diclosulam-based systems provided a more favorable economic return than imazapic applied alone due to poor sicklepod control with diclosulam. Sicklepod control with diclosulam was improved with the addition of either paraquat + bentazon or 2,4-DB, but control was less than that obtained with imazapic. Diclosulam-based systems could be identified that were as effective as imazapic alone in controlling Florida beggarweed (diclosulam 26 g/ha EPOST or imazapic + diclosulam PRE or EPOST), bristly starbur (diclosulam 18 g/ha PRE or imazapic + diclosulam PRE or EPOST) and yellow nutsedge (imazapic + diclosulam EPOST). Thus, diclosulam-based systems may offer an economic advantage over imazapic in areas void of sicklepod. Neither diclosulam nor imazapic adversely affected any of five runner-type peanut cultivars (Georgia Green, Southern Runner, ViruGuard, Florida MDR 98, or Florida C-99R) when applied at twice labeled rates.
Variation in Oil Content Among Mexican and Peruvian hirsuta Peanut Landraces and Virginia-Type hypogaea Lines1
Authors: Barrientos-Priego L. , Isleib T. G. , Pattee H. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Many consumers in the U.S. claim to prefer low fat foods, and this has encouraged the search for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars with low or reduced oil content. A collector's note on the low oil content of PI 576616, a Peruvian-type peanut (A. hypogaea subsp. hypogaea var. hirsuta Köhler) prompted screening of similar landraces from Mexico. PI 576633, PI 576634, PI 576635, PI 576636, PI 576637, and PI 576638 were collected in 1993 and imported to the U.S. for evaluation. In 1994, 120plants per landrace were planted in the field, using Peruvian hirsuta PI 501296 as a control. In 1995, 24 selections from each Mexican landrace, 10 selections from PI 501296, and North Carolina State Univ. (NCSU) breeding line N91026E were planted. Based on oil analysis of the lines tested in 1995, 23 low oil and eight high oil selections were planted with four NCSU virginia-type breeding lines (N91026E, N92038, N94006L, and N94014L) used as controls in 1993. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for oil content determination. From the 1994planting, selections from PI 576633 and PI 576638 had the lowest oil content. Five selections from PI 576634 and PI 576635 with low oil content also were identified. Earlier screening of 580 entries in the NCSU germplasm collection identified only three lines with similar oil contents. In 1995, significant (P ≤ 0.01) oil content differences were found between landraces collected from the states of Puebla and Guanajuato (482 vs. 504 g kg−1). Significant variation was found among Puebla landraces, but no differences were found among Guanajuato landraces. In 1996, significant year-to-year variation was found for some of the 31 selections. Low oil lines have been identified with the potential to be used as parents in breeding for reduced oil content.
Equivalence of fusion rates after rigid internal fixation of the occiput to C-2 with or without C-1 instrumentation
Authors: Hankinson Todd C. , Avellino Anthony M. , Harter David , Jea Andrew , Lew Sean , Pincus David , Proctor Mark R. , Rodriguez Luis , Sacco David , Spinks Theodore , Brockmeyer Douglas L. , Anderson Richard C. E. 
Published: April 2010

Object
The object of this study was to assess a multiinstitutional experience with pediatric occipitocervical constructs to determine whether a difference exists between the fusion and complication rates of constructs with or without direct C-1 instrumentation.

Methods
Seventy-seven cases of occiput-C2 instrumentation and fusion, performed at 9 children's hospitals, were retrospectively analyzed. Entry criteria included atlantooccipital instability with or without atlantoaxial instability. Any case involving subaxial instability was excluded. Constructs were divided into 3 groups based on the characteristics of the anchoring spinal instrumentation: Group 1, C-2 instrumentation; Group 2, C-1 and C-2 instrumentation without transarticular screw (TAS) placement; and Group 3, any TAS placement. Groups were compared based on rates of fusion and perioperative complications.

Results
Group 1 consisted of 16 patients (20.8%) and had a 100% rate of radiographically demonstrated fusion. Group 2 included 22 patients (28.6%), and a 100% fusion rate was achieved, although 2 cases were lost to follow-up before documented fusion. Group 3 included 39 patients (50.6%) and demonstrated a 100% radiographic fusion rate. Complication rates were 12.5, 13.7, and 5.1%, respectively. There were 3 vertebral artery injuries, 1 (4.5%) in Group 2 and 2 (5.1%) in Group 3.

Conclusions
High fusion rates and low complication rates were achieved with each configuration examined. There was no difference in fusion rates between the group without (Group 1) and those with (Groups 2 and 3) C-1 instrumentation. These findings indicated that in the pediatric population, excellent occipitocervical fusion rates can be accomplished without directly instrumenting C-1.
Postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome following treatment of medulloblastoma: neuroradiographic features and origin
Authors: Wells Elizabeth M. , Khademian Zarir P. , Walsh Karin S. , Vezina Gilbert , Sposto Richard , Keating Robert F. , Packer Roger J. 
Published: April 2010

Object
The origin and long-term outcome of cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS), a postoperative syndrome of diminished speech, hypotonia, and ataxia that affects approximately 25% of patients with medulloblastoma, is poorly elucidated. The current study was undertaken to determine factors associated with development of CMS, a means to determine its severity or cause, and outcomes of patients with this syndrome.

Methods
The study included 28 children with medulloblastoma who either underwent an operation or were referred to the authors' institution soon after surgery. Eleven (39%) of these children had CMS. The preoperative, immediate postoperative, and 1-year postoperative MR images were reviewed by a neuroradiologist blinded to diagnosis of CMS. The severity of mutism and neurological and neurocognitive outcomes were examined.

Results
Preoperative MR images showed no differences in tumor size, hydrocephalus, or peritumoral edema in patients with and without CMS. An association with brainstem invasion was significant (p < 0.05), and there was a trend toward an association with involvement of the cerebellomedullary angle (p = 0.08). Images obtained immediately postoperatively showed cerebellar edema in 92% of all patients; there were trends for more middle and superior cerebellar peduncle edema in patients with CMS (p = 0.05 and 0.07, respectively). At 1 year postoperatively, patients with CMS showed more moderate to severe atrophy/gliosis of total cerebellum (p < 0.01), vermis (p < 0.01), and brainstem (p < 0.05). Mean IQ was 16 points lower in patients with CMS (IQ = 84.2 ± 15.8) compared with those without CMS (IQ = 100.4 ± 17.4), with a trend toward significance (p = 0.07).

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that CMS is associated with postoperative damage to the cerebellum and brainstem, damage not predicted by immediate postoperative MR imaging, and with poorer associated functional outcome.
Fusiform dilation of the carotid artery following radical resection of pediatric craniopharyngiomas: natural history and management
Authors: Elliott Robert E. , Wisoff Jeffrey H. 
Published: April 2010

Object
Fusiform dilation of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (FDCA) is a reported occurrence following surgery for suprasellar tumors, in particular craniopharyngiomas. We report our experience of the incidence and natural history of FDCA following aggressive surgical resection of craniopharyngiomas in children.

Methods
Between 1986 and 2006, 86 patients under the age of 21 underwent radical resection of craniopharyngiomas at our institution. Ten cases with < 1 year of follow-up imaging (6), perioperative death (3), or nonsuprasellar tumors (1) were excluded. Data were retrospectively collected on the remaining 76 patients (43 male, 33 female; mean age 9.5 years; mean tumor size 3.3 cm) to determine the risk factors for and the rate and clinical significance of FDCA.

Results
Fifty patients had primary tumors and 26 patients received treatment before referral to our center. Sixty-six children (87%) had gross-total resection. At a mean follow-up time of 9.9 years, FDCA had developed in 7 patients (9.2%), all of whom had primary tumors and gross-total resection. The mean time to onset of FDCA was 6.8 months (range 3–11 months) with stabilization occurring at mean of 17.7 months (range 9–29.5 months). The mean size of the aneurysms was 9.1 mm (range 7.1–12 mm). After arrest, no lesions showed continued growth on serial imaging or produced symptoms or required treatment. There were no significant differences in age, sex, tumor size, pre- or retrochiasmatic location, extent of resection, or surgical approach (p > 0.05) between patients with and without FDCA.

Conclusions
Fusiform dilation of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery occurred in almost 10% of children following radical resection of craniopharyngiomas. In agreement with other reports, the authors concluded that FDCA probably occurs as a result of surgical manipulation of the supraclinoid carotid artery and should be managed conservatively because very few patients exhibit continued symptoms or experience growth or rupture of the lesion.
Radiation therapy for pediatric craniopharyngioma
Authors: Kiehna Erin N. , Merchant Thomas E. 
Published: April 2010

Object
The treatment of craniopharyngioma is highly controversial. Continued advances in limited surgery and radiation therapy have maintained excellent local disease control while minimizing treatment-related sequelae. Further analyses of outcomes are necessary to characterize the long-term effects of radiation therapy.

Methods
An extensive literature review was performed for all studies including radiation therapy, with or without surgery, for pediatric craniopharyngioma.

Results
The authors identified 32 papers describing radiation therapy for treatment of pediatric craniopharyngioma, with disease control ranging from 44 to 100%. Modern studies report at least 90% disease control with 5-year follow-up. Fifteen studies reported outcomes, demonstrating that more than two-thirds of patients treated with surgery and radiation therapy have favorable outcomes, and this rate is more than 85% in the modern era.

Conclusions
Conservative surgery and radiation therapy results in long-term disease control in pediatric patients with craniopharyngioma that is comparable to results obtained with radical surgery alone. However, children with craniopharyngioma remain vulnerable to late treatment failures and side effects from radiation therapy, including endocrinopathies, vasculopathies, and secondary tumors, which may be detrimental to the quality of life. Long-term follow-up beyond 5–10 years is necessary to assess tumor control relative to functional outcomes.
Craniopharyngioma: a comparison of tumor control with various treatment strategies
Authors: Yang Isaac , Sughrue Michael E. , Rutkowski Martin J. , Kaur Rajwant , Ivan Michael E. , Aranda Derick , Barani Igor J. , Parsa Andrew T. 
Published: April 2010

Object
Craniopharyngiomas have a propensity to recur after resection, potentially causing death through their aggressive local behavior in their critical site of origin. Recent data suggest that subtotal resection (STR) followed by adjuvant radiotherapy (XRT) may be an appealing substitute for gross-total resection (GTR), providing similar rates of tumor control without the morbidity associated with aggressive resection. Here, the authors summarize the published literature regarding rates of tumor control with various treatment modalities for craniopharyngiomas.

Methods
The authors performed a comprehensive search of the English language literature to identify studies publishing outcome data on patients undergoing surgery for craniopharyngioma. Rates of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined through Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results
There were 442 patients who underwent tumor resection. Among these patients, GTR was achieved in 256 cases (58%), STR in 101 cases (23%), and STR+XRT in 85 cases (19%). The 2- and 5-year PFS rates for the GTR group versus the STR+XRT group were 88 versus 91%, and 67 versus 69%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year OS rates for the GTR group versus the STR+XRT group were 98 versus 99%, and 98 versus 95%, respectively. There was no significant difference in PFS (log-rank test) or OS with GTR (log-rank test).

Conclusions
Given the relative rarity of craniopharyngioma, this study provides estimates of outcome for a variety of treatment combinations, as not all treatments are an option for all patients with these tumors.
Mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between bosentan and lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy participants
Authors: Dingemanse Jasper , van Giersbergen Paul LM , Patat Alain , Nilsson Per N 
Published: April 2010

Background We aimed to investigate the extent of pharmacokinetic drug interactions between bosentan and a fixed combination of lopinavir/ritonavir. Methods This was a three-way crossover study in 12 healthy male participants treated with bosentan (125 mg twice daily) and lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg twice daily) alone or in combination for 9.5 days. Results Combination treatment resulted in slightly lower area under the concentration–time curve during the 12 h dosing interval under steady-state conditions (AUCτ,ss) values of both lopinavir and ritonavir with geometric mean ratios (GMRs; 90% confidence intervals [CIs]) of 0.86 (0.74–0.99) for lopinavir and 0.83 (0.76–0.92) for ritonavir. The maximum concentration in steady state (Cmax, ss) of lopinavir and ritonavir remained unchanged with a GMR of 0.95 and 1.01, respectively, and the 90% CIs were within the range of 0.8–1.25. The observed effects of bosentan on lopinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics were considered to be not clinically relevant. The pharmacokinetics of bosentan were strongly affected by coadministration. Bosentan concentration increased up to 48-fold during the first 4 days of coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir. At steady state, the GMR for AUCτ,ss was 5.22 (3.84– 7.10) and for Cmax, ss was 6.12 (4.24–8.82). The increased exposure to bosentan was reflected in an increase in adverse events attributed to bosentan, that is, mainly headache, but not in liver enzyme abnormalities. Conclusions Bosentan does not affect lopinavir and ritonavir exposure to a clinically relevant extent, but tolerability of bosentan should be monitored in HIV patients under antiretroviral therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir. It is anticipated that all ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors will have a similar effect on bosentan pharmacokinetics.
Antiviral activity and tolerability of amdoxovir with zidovudine in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in HIV-1-infected individuals
Authors: Murphy Robert L , Kivel Nancy M , Zala Carlos , Ochoa Claudia , Tharnish Phillip , Mathew Judy , Pascual Maria Luz , Schinazi Raymond F 
Published: April 2010

Background Amdoxovir acts synergistically with zidovudine in vitro and the combination prevents or delays the selection of thymidine analogue and K65R mutations. In silico studies have shown that a reduced dose of zidovudine (200 mg) results in decreased zidovudine-monophosphate levels, associated with toxicity, while maintaining zidovudine-triphosphate levels, which are associated with antiviral effects. Here, we aimed to assess the short-term tolerability and antiviral activity of amdoxovir in combination with reduced and standard doses of zidovudine. Methods The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in HIV-1-infected patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy and with plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥5,000 copies/ml. Patients were randomized to 10 days of twice-daily treatment with 200 mg zidovudine, 300 mg zidovudine, 500 mg amdoxovir, 500 mg amdoxovir plus 200 mg zidovudine or 500 mg amdoxovir plus 300 mg zidovudine. The mean change in viral load (VL) log10 and area under the virus depletion curve (AUCVL) from baseline to day 10 were determined. Laboratory and clinical safety monitoring were performed. Results Twenty-four patients were enrolled. The mean VL log10 change was 0.10 with placebo, -0.69 with zidovudine 200 mg, -0.55 with zidovudine 300 mg, -1.09 with amdoxovir, -2.00 with amdoxovir plus zidovudine (200 mg) and -1.69 with amdoxovir plus zidovudine (300 mg). Amdoxovir plus zidovudine (200 mg) was significantly more potent than amdoxovir monotherapy in AUCVL and mean VL decline ( P=0.019 and P=0.021, respectively), suggesting synergy. There was markedly decreased VL variability with the combination compared with amdoxovir alone. All adverse events were mild to moderate. Conclusion The combination of amdoxovir plus zidovudine appeared synergistic with reduced VL variability. This combined therapy, including the use of a lower zidovudine dosage, warrants further development for the therapy of HIV infection.
The effects of a nucleoside-sparing antiretroviral regimen on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in HIV type-1-infected patients
Authors: Garvey Lucy , Latch Ngaire , Erlwein Otto W , Mackie Nicola E , Walsh John , Scullard George , McClure Myra O , Dickinson Laura , Back David , Winston Alan 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundNucleoside-sparing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens might be an attractive therapeutic option for HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients; however, the pharmacokinetic profiles of such regimens are frequently unknown.MethodsFourteen HIV-1-infected patients (age 21–55 years, 64% male) on stable cART with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml entered this Phase I pharmacokinetic study. In period 1, patients received tenofovir/emtricitabine/ darunavir/ritonavir (300/200/800/100 mg) all once daily. During period 2, raltegravir 400 mg twice daily was added to the regimen and in period 3 tenofovir/emtricitabine was discontinued. At steady state, intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was undertaken. Differences in the geometric mean ratio (GMR) for pharmacokinetic parameters between periods 2 versus 1 and period 3 versus 1 were assessed for darunavir and ritonavir (period 3 versus 2 for raltegravir).ResultsNo statistically significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between period 2 versus period 1. During period 3, darunavir GMR (95% confidence interval) values for trough and maximum plasma concentration (Ctroughand Cmax), area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and elimination half-life (t1/2) were 0.64 ng/ml (0.44–0.93), 1.05 ng/ ml (0.90–1.24), 0.92 ng h/ml (0.78–1.08) and 0.69 h (0.46–1.05), respectively, when compared with period 1. No statistically significant changes were observed in ritonavir or raltegravir pharmacokinetic parameters. Darunavir Ctrough<550 ng/ml (the minimum effective concentration for protease-resistant HIV viral isolates) was observed in four patients during period 3 only. No clinically significant safety concerns were reported.ConclusionsDarunavir Ctroughis reduced by 36% when administered without tenofovir/emtricitabine in HIV-1 -infected patients. This interaction might be of clinical significance in the management of individuals with protease-resistant HIV viral isolates.