bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of oriental fruit moth (Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)) with synthetic female pheromone
Authors: Rothschild G. H. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField trials were undertaken in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia, to discover whether synthetic sex pheromone, cis-8-dodecenyl acetate, could be used to control the oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck), in peach orchards by the disruption technique. When pheromone was released at rates exceeding 5 mg/ha h from polyethylene capillary tubes males were generally unable to locate synthetic pheromone sources or live virgin females. By maintaining a constant rate of release per unit area it was possible to reduce the number of dispensers from one per 50 m2 to one per 400 m2. There was no significant difference in disruption when pheromone was released from tree crowns at 3·5 m or lower down at 1·5 m. Shoot and fruit damage from trials in commercial orchards suggested that pheromone treatments were as effective as a full seasonal schedule of insecticide applications in reducing damage.
Quantitative evaluation of the feeding of the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae)
Authors: Hazan A. , Gerson U. , Tahori A. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFaecal pellet production by Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) was recorded at different temperatures (19, 24, 30, 35°C) and relative humidities (0% to 100%); at all temperatures pellet production was greater under dry than under wet conditions. A feeding index based on faecal pellet production and the proportion of adults surviving each day showed that the optimal conditions for the mite were 24°C and 38% r.h. Pellet production increased under continuous light and, under any particular set of conditions, was closely correlated with the numbers of eggs laid. It is concluded that faecal pellet production can be used as a measure of feeding within a given set of conditions provided it is supplemented and checked by other data.
The vertical distribution of some West African mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) over open farmland in a freshwater area of the Gambia
Authors: Gillies M. T. , Wilkes T. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMosquitoes flying at low levels over open farmland were sampled by means of electrical suction traps. These were set up at nine levels from ground level up to 6 m. From the vertical profiles obtained it was possible to recognise three patterns of behaviour: (1) a low-flying group with relatively very high densities below 1 m, comprisingMansonia (Man-sonioides)spp.,Aedesspp. and some species ofAnopheles; (2) an intermediate group with densities rather evenly distributed at the lower levels but declining above 2–4 m, comprisingA. funestusGiles,A. gambiaeGiles andCulex neaveiTheo.; (3) a high-flying group with catches at 6 m greater, or much greater, than at 1 m, composed ofC. antennatus(Becker),C. thalassiusTheo. andC. poicilipes(Theo.). For all species, catches after 23.00 h showed an increase in the proportion of mosquitoes taken in traps at the lower levels, this being most marked at ground level and 0·5 m. No influence of either moonlight or wind speed could be detected to account for this. Biting catches on human baits showed a generally similar pattern to suction-trap catches, although differences between baits at 1-m intervals at the higher levels were less than with unbaited traps.
Diagnostic allozymes for routine identification of adults of theAnopheles gambiaecomplex (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Mahon R. J. , Green C. A. , Hunt R. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNatural populations of four species of theAnopheles gambiaecomplex occurring in southern Africa were sampled and individuals identified using ovarian polytene chromosomes (19 species A, 190 species B, 140 species C and 54A. merusDön.). The genotypes of these same insects were scored for three loci coding for non-specific esterases, and one locus coding for tetrazolium oxidase, after electrophoresis. There is no intra-specific variation at the tetrazolium oxidase locus; species A, B and C share a common allozyme andA. merusis unique. The relative gene frequencies for the 16 allozymes of the three esterase loci for each species give a minimum probability of correct identification of 0·9533 under the worst conditions of sampling,i.e., where samples consist of equal mixtures of species. In practice, resort to such probabilities is necessary only in the discrimination between species A and C. This system of identification is superior to the chromosome method because all adults, whether male or female, and at whatever stage of the gono-tropic cycle, are identifiable.
Influence of weather and nocturnal illumination on the activity and abundance of populations of Noctuids (Lepidoptera) in south coastal Queensland
Authors: Persson Bert 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA light-trap separating hourly catches was operated on a pasture research station in south coastal Queensland for 18 months in 1972 and 1973. A total of 339 000 Noctuid moths was captured. Half of the catch comprised pest species. Weather and nocturnal illumination were recorded on the trapping site. Multiple regression analyses were performed on the raw data, and, for comparison, some pest species were reared under semi-field conditions for a year. Night temperature, night wind and nocturnal illumination, in that order, were the most important factors influencing catch. Temperature and wind were each responsible for about one-fifth of the variance in catch, nocturnal illumination for about one-tenth. Twenty per cent of the variance in catch cannot be ascribed to changes in local weather or illumination. Wind had a significantly stronger influence on males than on females all year round, temperature a significantly stronger one on females than on males in summer. This was probably due to differences in the vertical distribution of flight in the two sexes, females flying lower than males. Nocturnal illumination had a significantly stronger influence on females than on males; on females its influence was almost as strong as that of wind, increasing with rising temperature to be twice as strong in summer as in winter. Females were most abundant in the first part of the night, males in the second. Temperature, wind and moonlight maintain this nocturnal distribution which is probably endogenously controlled. Female flight is probably linked to oviposition, male flight to response to pheromone release from calling females. Heavy out-of-season rainfall had a negative effect on Noctuid populations in the area and strongly increased both larval and adult mortality. Temperatures and rainfall during the larval and adult periods equal to the corresponding long-term averages and totals create optimal conditions for the development of Noctuid populations. Strong indications of migration were found in autumn and spring of 1973. Many moths of different species probably entered the area during nights with wind convergence caused by the passage of cold fronts. Separate analyses on the most abundant pest species confirmed the results of the analyses on the total catch of Noctuids.
Climatic factors affecting the catches of potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) at a pheromone trap
Authors: Krambias A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA pheromone trap fitted with an automatic recording device to separate hourly catches of males of Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) is described. Field experiments in Cyprus showed that when the trap was baited with virgin females peak catches occurred shortly before or 1–2 h after sunset; catches increased with wind speed in the range 0·1—4·7 ms-1, decreased with higher relative humidities in the range 62–92%, and were not affected by temperature.
The effect of human presence on the behaviour of tsetse (Glossina spp.) (Diptera, Glossinidae) near a stationary ox
Authors: Hargrove J. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method is described whereby tsetse visiting a stationary ox can be observed through a one-way glass screen in the presence or absence of man. Under the latter condition six times as many adults of Glossina pallidipes Aust. perch and feed on the ox. In G. morsitans Westw. most flies land in the head-down position and are unaffected by man's presence, but in the absence of man there is a four-fold increase in the number which land and feed in the head-up position. Calculations indicate that in the absence of man virtually all G. pallidipes adults attracted to the ox alight on it, and nearly all attempt to feed. Man's presence not only repels many tsetse completely but also inhibits the landing response of many of those that do approach the ox.
Field evaluation of gossyplure, the synthetic sex pheromone of Pectinophora gossypiella (saund.) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) in Malawi
Authors: Marks R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe synthetic sex attractant of the pink bollworm of cotton, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae), is a mixture of (Z, Z) and (Z, E)-7, 11-hexadecadien-l-ol acetate, referred to as gossyplure (Hummel et al., 1973). Field trials in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi, have shown that of various mixtures tested, 55–60% of the (Z,Z) isomer in a mixture of the two acetates gives maximum field attraction. The catches of both pink bollworm males and males of the red bollworm of cotton, Diparopsis castanea Hmps., in pheromone traps are not affected by the release of mixtures of the pheromones of both species together. Dual-purpose sex pheromone traps may therefore be used to monitor both pest species at the same time. A simple omnidirectional flat disc trap is as efficient in trapping pink bollworm males as more complex designs. Release of gossyplure from a sealed 2·5 ml polyethylene vial or from a Zoecon beem-polyethylene vial is more efficient than from narrow-bore teflon capillary. Presence of the antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-P-cresol at 8·4% w/w gossyplure does not increase the attractive life of the pheromone in the field. Considerable numbers of the Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Ol.) (Tineidae), together with a new species of gelechiid, were occasionally caught by gossyplure lures in cotton fields. Catches of pink bollworm are not influenced by moonlight or trap colour but are significantly influenced by trap area. Maximum catches of males occur between midnight and 04.00 h in June and between 01.00 and 05.00 h in August.
The influence of behaviour modifying chemicals on mating success of the red bollworm Diparopsis castanea Hmps. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Malawi
Authors: Marks R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe synthetic sex pheromone (dicastalure) of the red bollworm of cotton, Diparopsis castanea Hmps., in Central and Southern Africa, and an inhibitor of male sexual attraction (trans-9-dodecenyl acetate,=IIA), were used in an enclosed 0·2 ha cotton field-cage to reduce successful female matings. Over one month dicastalure at 21·0 and 42·3 g/ha produced average reductions in mating of 47·9% and 72·5% respectively and 37·9 g IIA/ha produced an overall reduction in mating of 71·5%, or 79·5% in released moth populations, over the same period. The proportion of virgin females present in disruption situations was significantly greater than in untreated populations and was density-independent for moth populations of up to 2 200/ha. The proportion of fertile eggs in disruption situations was correspondingly reduced to 30·2% from an average of 67·9% in control cycles. Reduction in sex pheromone trap catches is an unsatisfactory indicator of the extent to which males are prevented from inseminating females and considerably over-estimates the true degree of disruption. This is the first time that a naturally occurring inhibitor has been used successfully to disrupt mating in a field population of insects and it indicates the potential of the method for the control of high density pest populations in cotton. However, use of polyethylene dispensing mechanisms similar to those used in the field-cage disruption experiments would be unsuitable as a practical method of dispensing behaviour modifying chemicals and it is suggested that, for suitably controlled release of such chemicals, currently available microencapsulation technology offers the best prospects.
Effects of groundnut crop density on the population dynamics of Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in Malawi
Authors: Farrell J. A. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree plant spacings, 30 cm, 7·5 cm and 2·5 cm within rows 90 cm apart, equivalent to about 36, 143 and 430 thousand plants/ha respectively, were used in three field trials on the population dynamics of Aphis craccivora Koch on groundnuts at Chitedze, Malawi in 1964–1967. Aphid density per infested plant was consistently higher, while numbers of aphid-infested plants per unit area were consistently lower, in 30 cm than in 2·5 cm spacing. Aphid numbers per unit area increased to similar levels at all spacings in crops under 40–50 days old, but subsequently aphid density was consistently lower in 2·5 cm than in 30 cm spacing. This effect could not be related to the intensity of fungus disease infection, parasitism, predation, the availability of feeding sites or the rate of emigration. Aphid groups were, however, consistently smaller in 2·5 cm than in 30 cm spacing in one trial. The potential rate of increase was studied in two trials using the methods of Hughes (1962), and was found to be consistently lower in 2·5 cm than in 30 cm spacing. The rate of plant growth was relatively depressed in 2·5 cm spacing, particularly after 40 days. The effect of spacing on aphid numbers was attributed to the effect of host-plant condition on the potential rate of increase.
Effects of intersowing with beans on the spread of groundnut rosette virus by Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in Malawi
Authors: Farrell J. A. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn two trials, at Chitedze, Malawi, in 1966–1967, the spread of rosette virus disease in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) intersown with field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was less than the spread in groundnut monocultures comprising plant populations equivalent to the number of groundnut plants and to the total number of plants in the intersown crop. In one trial, numbers of early rosette transmissions were related to numbers of alate Aphis craccivora Koch, the vector of the virus, found on groundnut plants. Immigrant alate A. craccivora settling on the intersown crop were trapped by the hooked epidermal hairs of the bean plants and the observed reduction of rosette infection in the intersown crop was attributed to this effect. Inter-sowing with beans is considered less effective than early-sown, high-density monoculture as a method of reducing groundnut rosette infections and yields of groundnuts from inter-sown crops may be lower than those obtained from high-density monoculture.
Resting sites of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera, Glossinidae) during the dry season in the Republic of Zambia
Authors: Okiwelu S. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResting site preferences of adult Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw., the dominant species in the Republic of Zambia, were observed during the cool (May–August) and hot (September–October) dry seasons in 1974 at the Chakwenga Game Reserve. Tanglefoot was used to trap resting flies on boles, branches, bushes (undergrowth), canopies, fallen logs and in ant-bear holes.All resting flies were collected below 4 m and there was an inverse relationship between numbers of resting flies and height of resting sites on boles, branches and canopies. Most flies were collected betwen 06.00 and 09.00 h, except in ant-bear holes, where no flies were found. No significant differences existed between numbers of flies collected from the four cardinal positions on boles. Although more flies were found on shaded than unshaded fallen logs and bushes, the differences were only statistically significant for fallen logs. Numbers of flies on various tree species were generally not significantly different. Boles, bushes and fallen logs were the most preferred sites.
The night resting sites of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera, Glossinidae) in northern Nigeria
Authors: Scholz E. , Spielberger U. , Ali J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe night resting sites of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) were observed in a riverine swamp at Bara, Bauchi Emirate, northern Nigeria. The flies were marked with an ultra violet reflecting paint and released at dusk. They were detected with the aid of an ultra violet light beam. Most of the flies (72%) rest on leaves (50% on the upper sides) and on small twigs and creepers (20·2%). The average resting height was highest in the mid-rains (3·78 m), dropped in the late rains (2·95 m) and was lowest (1·52 m) in the dry season.The resting site heights ranged from ground level up to 18 m. Females were found to rest slightly higher than males and when the moon shone both sexes had a tendency to perch higher. It was shown that the night resting behaviour of G. palpalis is favourable to the application of residual insecticide deposits from the air because most of the spray drops are deposited on leaves.
Comparative bionomics of adult austrostmulium pestilens Mackerras & Mackerras and A. bancrofti (Taylor) (Diptera, Simuliidae)
Authors: Hunter D. M. , Moorhouse D. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarge numbers of adult Austrosimulium pestilens Mack. & Mack, appear about a week after floods in permanent and temporary waterways and, because of the short period when stream flow remains suitable for oviposition, mating, feeding and egg maturation take place near the river where they breed. Most flies emerge early in an outbreak and fly to mating swarms at trees beside or near the river. After obtaining a blood meal from any of a number of mammal species nearby, females return to 1–5 m tall trees at the river's edge to mature their eggs in an unusually short time of 24 h. Although this species prefers rapidly flowing water, immatures also survived in trickles remaining after floods had passed, though the resulting adults took longer to develop and were smaller than normal. The closely related A. bancrofti (Tayl.) lives in more permanent waterways and disperses away from its breeding sites soon after emerging, concentrating in highest numbers on hills as far as 10 km or more from its nearest major breeding site. Catches in CO2-baited traps were influenced by temperature, wind, light intensity and rain. Although A. pestilens bit man and many mammals, A. bancrofti did not bite any vertebrate tested. In CO2-baited traps where man was present, there were large fluctuations in the catch of A. pestilens from minute to minute, while the catch of A. bancrofti decreased steadily.
Competitiveness of chemosterilised males and cytoplasmically incompatible translocated males of Culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann (Diptera, Culicidae) in the field
Authors: Grover K. K. , Curtis C. F. , Sharma V. P. , Singh K. R. P. , Dietz K. , Agarwal H. V. , Razdan R. K. , Vaidyanathan V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA technique, based on the release and recapture of marked females, was used to measure the mating competitiveness of sterile males of Culex pipiens fatigans Wied. in villages in Delhi Union Territory, India. Experiments were carried out with chemosterilised and cytoplasmically incompatible translocated (IS-31B) males simultaneously with prolonged release trials with these two types of male. The fertile males in the tests were the indigenous population and the females used were in most cases of wild origin. With each type of male, one test was conducted with a moderate (ca. 13:1) ratio of released to wild males and the other tests used high (ca. 40:1) ratios. The estimated mean mating competitiveness of IS-31B males was somewhat higher than that of chemosterilised males, but the difference was found to be non-significant using a specially devised method of testing statistical significance. In the four experiments 77–94% of the egg rafts laid by recaptured females were sterile, indicating that both types of sterile male were sufficiently competitive to induce a high level of egg sterility in an isolated wild population.
Assessment of the use of sex pheromone traps to time chemical control of red bollworm, Diparopsis castanea Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Malawi
Authors: Marks R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments in Malawi over several seasons indicated that use of sex pheromone baited traps would be an unsatisfactory method for the more efficient timing of insecticide applications against Diparopsis castanea Hmps. Excessive temporal and spatial variation between catches of male moths in pheromone traps and corresponding oviposition by females on cotton renders the method unreliable. Experiments indicated, however, that fewer sprays of insecticide against Diparopsis could be applied without significant loss of yield or quality by spraying when the numbers of eggs of Diparopsis reached 0·25/plant. It is suggested that modification of the existing method of egg scouting on plants offers the best prospect for efficient control of Diparopsis concomitant with the increasing demand by farmers for reduced spraying.
A revision of the genus Chaetanaphothrips Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Pltkin B. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe genus Chaetanaphothrips Priesner, comprising seven species and including pests of bananas, tea and orchids, is revised, and a key is provided for their identification. The host preferences and distribution of each species are discussed briefly.
Feeding responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to stationary hosts
Authors: Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn incomplete ring of electrocuting nets was placed round various mammals stationed singly in woodland infested with Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. in the Zambezi Valley in Rhodesia. Catches of fed and unfed flies made on the inside and outside faces of the nets were used to estimate the number and nutritional status of flies travelling to and from the baits. The validity of these assessments was investigated by studying the responses of the flies to the netting frame, and the effects of different heights and arrangements of nets. The percentages of recently fed flies in samples leaving various mammals were: ox 33–61, donkey 51, sedated ox 42, kudu 41, washed ox 34, warthog 19, sedated goat 15, ox with three men 12, bushpig 8, buffalo 5, ox sprayed with repellent 4, bushbuck 2, goat 1, sheep 1, impala 0. With the ox, the proportion of fed flies fell by one-third when the number of tsetse attracted to the ox increased 4·5-fold to the point where the ox became intolerant. Effects of time of day and season on the proportion of flies feeding are discussed.