bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Technopols: Resources, Political Competence and Collective Leadership in Chile, 1990–2010
Authors: JOIGNANT ALFREDO 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article systematically analyses the inner circle of the coalition that governed Chile between 1990 and 2010. To this end, it takes the notion of ‘technopol’ and transforms it into a sociological category by clearly identifying the nature of the ‘technical’ and ‘political’ resources of 20 agents who served as ministers and undersecretaries in key government posts. Over two decades these agents provided the governing coalition, the Concertación, with a form of collective leadership. The article thus shows that only this small group of powerful agents can be termed technopols since only they exhibited ‘tech’ and ‘pol’ resources as well as a particular form of political competence, making it possible to differentiate them from technocrats and politicians.
Multicultural Market Democracy: Elites and Indigenous Movements in Contemporary Ecuador
Authors: BOWEN JAMES D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper bridges the gap between studies of subaltern social movements and elite politics by asking how political and economic elites respond to indigenous mobilisation in Ecuador. I argue that elites have developed a hegemonic project based around three core principles – multiculturalism, economic liberalism and democracy – that serves to incorporate indigenous peoples into the political system while simultaneously excluding indigenous movement demands that would undermine the political and economic sources of elite power. The paper develops this argument around a concept of what I call ‘multicultural market democracy’ based on historical analysis and in-depth interviews with 43 Ecuadorian elites.
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and sea surface temperature in the Bay of Biscay and adjacent regions
Authors: Garcia-Soto Carlos , Pingree Robin D. 
Published: September 2011

The sea surface temperature (SST) variability of the Bay of Biscay and adjacent regions (1854–2010) has been examined in relation to the evolution of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), a major climate mode. The AMO index explains ~25% of the interannual variability of the annual SST during the last 150 years, while different indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) explain ≤1% of the long-term record. NAO is a high frequency climate mode while AMO can modulate low frequency changes. Sixty per cent of the AMO variability is contained in periods longer than a decade. The basin-scale influence of NAO on SST over specific years (1995 to 1998) is presented and the SST anomalies explained. The period analysed represents an abrupt change in NAO and the North Atlantic circulation state as shown with altimetry and SST data. Additional atmospheric climate data over a shorter ~60 year period (1950–2008) show the influence on the Bay of Biscay SST of the East Atlantic (EA) pattern and the Scandinavia (SCA) pattern. These atmospheric teleconnections explain respectively ~25% and ~20% of the SST variability. The winter SST in the shelf-break/slope or poleward current region is analysed in relation to AMO. The poleward current shows a trend towards increasing SSTs during the last three decades as a result of the combined positive phase of AMO and global warming. The seasonality of this winter warm flow in the Iberian region is related to the autumn/winter seasonality of south-westerly (SW) winds. The SW winds are strengthened along the European shelf-break by the development of low pressure conditions in the region to the north of the Azores and therefore a negative NAO. AMO overall modulates multidecadal changes (~60% of the AMO variance). The long-term time-series of SST and SST anomalies in the Bay of Biscay show AMO-like cycles with maxima near 1870 and 1950 and minima near 1900 and 1980 indicating a period of 60–80 years during the last century and a half. Similar AMO-like variability is found in the Russell cycle of the Western English Channel (1924–1972). AMO relates at least to four mesozooplankton components of the Russell cycle: the abundance of the chaetognathsParasagitta elegansandParasagittasetosa (AMO −), the amount of the speciesCalanus helgolandicus(AMO −), the amount of the larvae of decapod crustaceans (AMO −) and the number of pilchard eggs (Sardine pilchardus; AMO +). In addition to AMO, the decadal to multidecadal (D2M) variability in the number of sunspots is analysed for the last 300 years. Several periodicities and a multi-secular linear increase are presented. There are secular minima near 1710, 1810, 1910 and 2010. The long term variability (>11 years) of the solar sunspot activity explains ~50% of the variance of the SST of the Bay of Biscay with periods longer than 11 years. AMO is finally compared with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the leading principal component of North Pacific SST anomalies.
The interplay betweenLeishmaniapromastigotes and human Natural Killer cellsin vitroleads to direct lysis ofLeishmaniaby NK cells and modulation of NK cell activity byLeishmaniapromastigotes
Authors: LIEKE THORSTEN , NYLÉN SUSANNE , EIDSMO LIV , SCHMETZ CHRISTEL , BERG LOUISE , AKUFFO HANNAH 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYNK cells represent one of the first lines of defence in the immune reaction after invasion ofLeishmaniaparasites. Depletion of mouse natural killer (NK) cells dramatically enhances susceptibility of normally resistant mice. In this study we evaluated the fate of NK cells and parasites after contact formation. The hydrophilic fluorescent dye CMFDA (chloro-methylfluorescin diacetate) that allows analysis of cytotoxicity in flow cytometry and microscopy was used. Furthermore, these findings were confirmed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Direct contact points were found betweenLeishmaniapromastigotes and naïve human NK cells. These contacts were associated with transfer of cytosol by membrane bridges and cytotoxicity of NK cells againstLeishmania. However, in contrast to other target cells which allow repeated exocytosis of lytic granules, contact withLeishmaniacauses immediate destruction of NK cells in a non-apoptotic way. Our results give a reasonable explanation forex vivoobservations of reduced NK cell numbers and impaired NK response in patients with acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. Animal models have clearly shown that NK cells play a key role in the induction and direction of the immune response. Thus inhibition of NK cells at the onset of infection would be advantageous for the survival of the parasite.
Linking commercial success of tour operators and agencies to conservation and community benefits in Costa Rica
Authors: SEALES LISA , STEIN TAYLOR 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThroughout the world tourism is a tool for economic growth, conservation and improved quality of life for local residents, yet negative environmental impacts and economic leakages are common. Since the impacts of tourism are variable, it is important to understand which businesses are providing conservation and community benefits. Commercial success is often cited as an important determinant of sustainable behaviour, however, little research examines relationships between commercial success and provision of conservation and community benefits. Tour operators (businesses that organize and run tours) and agencies (businesses that sell tours operated by others) offering nature-based tours and travel services in Costa Rica were surveyed to answer the following questions: is commercial success in tourism ventures associated with conservation behaviour and the provision of benefits to local communities? If so, what factors are most associated with commercial success? Commercially successful entrepreneurs provided environmental education to visitors, supported conservation groups or initiatives, reduced, reused and/or recycled waste, used environmentally friendly equipment, and built formal partnerships with community members. Typically, these entrepreneurs had larger businesses, greater perceived success (relative to other similar businesses), and more growth (both in terms of visitors and employees). However, the extent to which entrepreneurs educated and employed local people, purchased supplies locally, and patronized local hotels and lodges was not related to commercial success. Overall, a relationship existed between an entrepreneur's level of commercial success and the provision of conservation benefits, but there was little evidence supporting a relationship between commercial success and community benefits. Nevertheless, most tourism businesses reported that they do provide benefits to local communities regardless of their level of commercial success. Therefore, in a country like Costa Rica, with a long history of using tourism as a conservation and community development tool, this study showed that tourism can benefit the environment and local people.
Western and Mediterranean dietary patterns among Balearic Islands’ adolescents: socio-economic and lifestyle determinants
Authors: del Mar Bibiloni Maria , Martínez Elisa , Llull Rosa , Pons Antoni , Tur Josep A 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess prevailing food patterns among Balearic Islands’ adolescents, and socio-economic and lifestyle determinants.DesignCross-sectional nutritional survey carried out (2007–2008) in the Balearic Islands, a Mediterranean region. Dietary assessment was based on a 145-item semi-quantitative FFQ and two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Anthropometric measurements and questions related to socio-economic, lifestyle, physical activity and body image were assessed.SettingData obtained from a representative sample of all inhabitants living in the Balearic Islands aged 12–17 years.SubjectsA random sample (n1231) of the adolescent population (12–17 years old) was interviewed.ResultsFactor analysis identified two major dietary food patterns: ‘Western’ and ‘Mediterranean’. The ‘Western’ dietary pattern was higher among boys than girls, associated with spending ≥4 h/d on media screen time, but less prevalent among those adolescents who desired a thinner body and those girls who desired to remain the same weight. The ‘Mediterranean’ dietary pattern was mainly followed by girls, and also boys who spent < 2 h/d on media screen time and girls with high parental socio-economic status.ConclusionsThe present study shows the existence of two major dietary patterns among Balearic Islands’ adolescents: ‘Western’ and ‘Mediterranean’, but girls are more ‘Mediterranean’ than boys. This evidence supports that the food pattern of Balearic Islands’ adolescents is in a transitional state characterised by the loss of the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern towards a Western dietary pattern. Low parental socio-economic status, much leisure-time on sedentary behaviours such as media screen time and body image are factors associated with the ‘Western’ dietary pattern.
Electron Image Series Reconstruction of Twin Interfaces in InP Superlattice Nanowires
Authors: Ek Martin , Borgström Magnus T. , Karlsson Lisa S. , Hetherington Crispin J.D. , Wallenberg L. Reine 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe twin interface structure in twinning superlattice InP nanowires with zincblende structure has been investigated using electron exit wavefunction restoration from focal series images recorded on an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope. By comparing the exit wavefunction phase with simulations from model structures, it was possible to determine the twin structure to be the ortho type with preserved In-P bonding order across the interface. The bending of the thin nanowires away from the intended ⟨110⟩ axis could be estimated locally from the calculated diffraction pattern, and this parameter was successfully taken into account in the simulations.
The Skull as a Symbol of Death in One Man’s Rorschach
Authors: Carstairs Kari S. 
Published: September 2011

L’évaluation du risque suicidaire met en jeu un large spectre de facteurs de personnalité, situationnels et anamnestiques. L’étude de cas que nous présentons illustre la façon dont le Rorschach peut contribuer à une telle évaluation. Il s’agit d’un homme blanc de 28 ans qui a passé le Rorschach deux mois avant une grave tentative de suicide et huit mois avant son suicide effectif. Le Rorschach fut administré, coté et interprété selon le Système Intégré. Les résultats aux autre tests sont aussi présentés.Bien que la constellation suicidaire fût négative, l’intégration des données du test avec les informations démographiques et historiques indiquait que ce patient demeurait en haut risque de nouvelle tentative de suicide. Les résultats au test qui contribuaient à cette conclusion indiquaient les facteurs de personnalité suivants: (a) un engourdissement extrême des émotions; (b) perte de l’adéquation à la réalité en rapport avec sa rage, qui le conduisait à interpréter les stimuli de manière erronée et à se sentir menacé sur un mode interprétatif; (c) culpabilité et haine de soi; (d) sentiments de désespoir et de détresse; (e) tendance au passage à l’acte (confirmée par l’anamnèse); (f) un intérêt particulier pour les symboles de mort (persévération du percept de crâne au Rorschach); et (g) difficulté à se rassurer dans les relations interpersonnelles. Nous avons aussi identifié dix facteurs de risque anamnestiques et démographiques.A la suite de l’évaluation, on estima que le récit que le patient faisait de son traumatisme de guerre n’était pas fiable. Nous abordons aussi la question de la simulation. Etant donné que le patient présentait un indice schizophrénie positif, on peut penser que son récit était motivé par un besoin de regonfler une image de soi particulièrement fragile. Nous insistons sur l’importance de prendre au sérieux la détresse exprimée d’un patient, même dans les cas où les patients semblent délibérément en falsifier l’origine.
Using network analysis to explore co-occurrence patterns in soil microbial communities
Authors: Barberán Albert , Bates Scott T , Casamayor Emilio O , Fierer Noah 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Exploring large environmental datasets generated by high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies requires new analytical approaches to move beyond the basic inventory descriptions of the composition and diversity of natural microbial communities. In order to investigate potential interactions between microbial taxa, network analysis of significant taxon co-occurrence patterns may help to decipher the structure of complex microbial communities across spatial or temporal gradients. Here, we calculated associations between microbial taxa and applied network analysis approaches to a 16S rRNA gene barcoded pyrosequencing dataset containing &gt;160 000 bacterial and archaeal sequences from 151 soil samples from a broad range of ecosystem types. We described the topology of the resulting network and defined operational taxonomic unit categories based on abundance and occupancy (that is, habitat generalists and habitat specialists). Co-occurrence patterns were readily revealed, including general non-random association, common life history strategies at broad taxonomic levels and unexpected relationships between community members. Overall, we demonstrated the potential of exploring inter-taxa correlations to gain a more integrated understanding of microbial community structure and the ecological rules guiding community assembly.
Current State of JUMMP
Authors: Gräßlin Martin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn computational biology there is a strong need to exchange quantitative models of biological processes in a standardized way. For storing and retrieving peer-reviewed models the BioModels Database has been available for several years. But at the moment there is no tool available to bring a model from development in the lab directly to the peer-reviewed online resource.The JUMMP (JUst a Model Management Platform) project aims at providing a generic model management platform for any standardized model file. Through a well-elaborated security layer models can be developed and shared privately and later on be made available to the curation process and the broader community. Each change to a model is recorded in a version control system allowing to easily track changes during the development.In this presentation the current state of development of the JUMMP project is discussed as well as the future steps which are needed to get JUMMP into a shape so that it can be used as the infrastructure for the BioModels Database.
The Golgi apparatus in the endomembrane‐rich gastric parietal cells exist as functional stable mini‐stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm
Authors: Gunn Priscilla A. , Gliddon Briony L. , Londrigan Sarah L. , Lew Andrew M. , van Driel Ian R. , Gleeson Paul A. 
Published: September 2011

Background information. Acid‐secreting gastric parietal cells are polarized epithelial cells that harbour highly abundant and specialized, H+, K+ ATPase‐containing, tubulovesicular membranes in the apical cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus has been implicated in the biogenesis of the tubulovesicular membranes; however, an unanswered question is how a typical Golgi organization could regulate normal membrane transport within the membrane‐dense cytoplasm of parietal cells.Results. Here, we demonstrate that the Golgi apparatus of parietal cells is not the typical juxta‐nuclear ribbon of stacks, but rather individual Golgi units are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi membrane structures labelled with markers of both cis‐ and trans‐Golgi membrane, indicating the presence of intact Golgi stacks. The parietal cell Golgi stacks were closely aligned with the microtubule network and were shown to participate in both anterograde and retrograde transport pathways. Dispersed Golgi stacks were also observed in parietal cells from H+, K+ ATPase‐deficient mice that lack tubulovesicular membranes.Conclusions. These results indicate that the unusual organization of individual Golgi stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of these terminally differentiated cells is likely to be a developmentally regulated event.
Ectopic study of calcium phosphate cement seeded with pBMP‐2 modified canine bMSCs mediated by a non‐viral PEI derivative
Authors: Lü Kaige , Zeng Deliang , Zhang Wenjie , Xia Lunguo , Xu Ling , Jiang Xinquan , Zhang Fuqiang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe have evaluated the ectopic new bone formation effects of CPC (calcium phosphate cement) seeded with pBMP‐2 (plasmids containing bone morphogenetic protein‐2 gene) transfected canine bMSCs (bone marrow stromal cells) mediated by a non‐viral PEI (polyethylenimine) derivative (GenEscort™ II) in nude mice. Canine bMSCs were transfected with pBMP‐2 or pEGFP (plasmids containing enhanced green fluorescent protein gene) mediated by GenEscort™ II in vitro, and the osteoblastic differentiation was explored by ALP (alkaline phosphatase) staining, ARS (alizarin red S) staining and RT—qPCR (real‐time quantitative PCR) analysis. Ectopic bone formation effects of CPC/pBMP‐2 transfected bMSCs were evaluated and compared with CPC/pEGFP transfected bMSCs or CPC/untransfected bMSCs through histological, histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis 8 and 12 weeks post‐operation in nude mice. Transfection efficiency was up ∼35% as demonstrated by EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) expression. ALP and ARS staining were stronger with pBMP‐2 gene transfection, and mRNA expression of BMP‐2 (bone morphogenetic protein‐2), Col 1 (collagen 1) and OCN (osteocalcin) in pBMP‐2 group was significantly up‐regulated at 6 and 9 days. Significantly higher NBV (new bone volume) was achieved in pBMP‐2 group than in the control groups at 8 and 12 weeks (P<0.05). In addition, immunohistochemical analysis indicated higher OCN expression in pBMP‐2 group (P<0.01). We conclude that CPC seeded with pBMP‐2 transfected bMSCs mediated by GenEscort™ II could enhance ectopic new bone formation in nude mice, suggesting that GenEscort™ II mediated pBMP‐2 gene transfer is an effective non‐viral method and CPC is a suitable scaffold for gene enhanced bone tissue engineering.
Acoustic measurement of the
Deepwater Horizon
Macondo well flow rate
Authors: Camilli Richard , Di Iorio Daniela , Bowen Andrew , Reddy Christopher M. , Techet Alexandra H. , Yoerger Dana R. , Whitcomb Louis L. , Seewald Jeffrey S. , Sylva Sean P. , Fenwick Judith 
Published: September 2011

On May 31, 2010, a direct acoustic measurement method was used to quantify fluid leakage rate from the
Deepwater Horizon
Macondo well prior to removal of its broken riser. This method utilized an acoustic imaging sonar and acoustic Doppler sonar operating onboard a remotely operated vehicle for noncontact measurement of flow cross-section and velocity from the well’s two leak sites. Over 2,500 sonar cross-sections and over 85,000 Doppler velocity measurements were recorded during the acquisition process. These data were then applied to turbulent jet and plume flow models to account for entrained water and calculate a combined hydrocarbon flow rate from the two leak sites at seafloor conditions. Based on the chemical composition of end-member samples collected from within the well, this bulk volumetric rate was then normalized to account for contributions from gases and condensates at initial leak source conditions. Results from this investigation indicate that on May 31, 2010, the well’s oil flow rate was approximately 0.10 ± 0.017 m
3
s
-1
at seafloor conditions, or approximately 85 ± 15 kg s
-1
(7.4 ± 1.3 Gg d
-1
), equivalent to approximately 57,000 ± 9,800 barrels of oil per day at surface conditions. End-member chemical composition indicates that this oil release rate was accompanied by approximately an additional 24 ± 4.2 kg s
-1
(2.1 ± 0.37 Gg d
-1
) of natural gas (methane through pentanes), yielding a total hydrocarbon release rate of 110 ± 19 kg s
-1
(9.5 ± 1.6 Gg d
-1
).
Evaluation of small-scale habitat manipulation to reduce the impact of the whirling disease parasite in streams
Authors: Thompson Kevin G. 
Published: September 2011

The effects on trout of the whirling disease parasite Myxobolus cerebralis were evaluated to observe whether they could be ameliorated by intervening with physical habitat manipulations. Physical stream habitat was modified at field sites in Spring Creek and Williams Fork River, Colorado, USA to reduce or eliminate habitat for the invertebrate oligochaete host of M. cerebralis, Tubifex tubifex. Data were collected before and after habitat modifications on total oligochaete and T. tubifex biomass, actinospore production from oligochaete samples, surface water actinospore concentrations, and prevalence and intensity of myxospore development in Brown Trout, Salmo trutta. Oligochaete biomass estimates lacked precision due to inherently patchy distribution of the target organisms. Oligochaetes quickly re-occupied a portion of habitat at the Williams Fork River site, but oligochaete biomass was depressed for nearly a year at the Spring Creek site. All T. tubifex in Spring Creek belonged to a susceptible lineage, but in the Williams Fork River there was a mix of susceptible and non-susceptible T. tubifex. Actinospore detection in filtered surface water samples showed consistent but minor reduction in density in Williams Fork River and no difference or even higher densities in Spring Creek after habitat modification. Myxospore prevalence and intensity of infection in Brown Trout appeared to decrease in Williams Fork River after habitat modification, but there is evidence that a similar decrease also occurred at a control site in that stream. Spring Creek showed no effect for these metrics. The differing responses may have been influenced by T. tubifex lineage differences. The habitat manipulations did not show sufficient promise to encourage further efforts in Colorado.