bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of the nutritional supplement used in the Mexican Oportunidades programme on growth, anaemia, morbidity and cognitive development in children aged 12–24 months
Authors: Rosado Jorge L , López Patricia , García Olga P , Alatorre Javier , Alvarado Claudia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of the nutritional supplement developed for the Oportunidades programme on growth, prevalence of anaemia, morbidity and cognitive function of pre-school children.DesignIn a randomised, placebo-controlled longitudinal trial, children were assigned to one of three experimental treatment groups: Oportunidades food supplement (OFS), powdered milk (PM) and placebo (PL). Treatments were administered daily for 6 months. Weight, height and Hb were measured in all participants before and after supplementation. Morbidity was assessed two times per week for 6 months using validated questionnaires. The Bayley Scale of Infant Development Test was administered at baseline and after 6 months.SettingThree marginal rural communities of the state of Queretaro, Mexico.SubjectsA total of 224 children, mean age 22·4 (sd 5·9) months, were recruited. After the 6-month intervention, 186 completed the study.ResultsNo differences were found in the adjusted changes of weight, height or anaemia between treatment groups and PL. No differences were found in the number of episodes of gastrointestinal or respiratory disease, nor were there any differences in cognitive performance between treatment and PL groups after 6 months of supplementation.ConclusionsDaily supplementation of 12–24-month-old children with OFS has no additional benefits in growth, anaemia, morbidity or cognitive performance.
Soda intake and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal American-Indian women
Authors: Supplee Joy D , Duncan Glen E , Bruemmer Barbara , Goldberg Jack , Wen Yang , Henderson Jeffrey A 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveLow bone mass often leads to osteoporosis and increased risk of bone fractures. Soda consumption may contribute to imbalances that lead to decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and general bone health. We examined the relationship between soda consumption and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal American-Indian women, an at-risk population because of nutritional and other lifestyle-related factors.DesignCross-sectional analysis using logistic regression to examine associations between soda consumption and osteoporosis, and linear regression to examine the association between soda consumption and BMD, with and without adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors. Quantitative ultrasound of the heel was performed to estimate BMD (g/cm2).SettingAmerican-Indian communities in the Northern Plains and Southwestern USA.SubjectsA total of 438 postmenopausal American-Indian women.ResultsWomen with osteoporosis were significantly older and had lower BMI, average daily soda intakes, BMD levels and use of hormones than women without osteoporosis (P< 0·05). Soda consumption was not associated with increased odds of osteoporosis in either unadjusted or adjusted models (P> 0·05), although age (increased), BMI (decreased) and past hormone use (decreased) were all significantly associated with osteoporosis risk (P< 0·05).ConclusionsAlthough the present study did not find associations between soda consumption and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal American-Indian women, analyses did confirm confounding between soda consumption and age and BMI. This suggests that any potential effects of soda consumption on bone health are largely mediated through these factors.
‘We're not told why – we're just told’: qualitative reflections about the Western Australian Go for 2&5® fruit and vegetable campaign
Authors: Carter Owen BJ , Pollard Christina M , Atkins Jenny FP , Marie Milliner Jessica , Pratt Iain S 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo explore why there is a lack of acceptance among Western Australian (WA) adults of the Go for 2&5®fruit and vegetable social marketing message to consume at least five servings of vegetables per day.DesignA series of focus group discussions comprised of homogeneous groups varied by sex and age, until saturation of themes was achieved, followed by thematic analysis.SettingPart of qualitative research for the Go for 2&5® fruit and vegetable social marketing campaign in WA (2009 population: 2·2 million).SubjectsWA adults stratified by sex and age groups (18–29 and 30–55 years) drawn from the second and third quartiles of socio-economic disadvantage.ResultsFamiliarity with the Go for 2&5® message was excellent. Understanding of what constitutes ‘two servings of fruit’ was excellent and regarded by participants as highly achievable. Understanding of what constitutes ‘five servings of vegetables’ was suboptimal with widespread overestimation contributing to the belief that it is unrealistic. Participants did not know how the 2&5 recommendation was formulated and believed that daily consumption of two servings of fruit and five of vegetables would confer no greater health benefit than one of fruit and three of vegetables. Participants assumed that the 2&5 recommendation was ‘aspirational’ in the sense that it was purposely exaggerated to simply encourage greater overall consumption.ConclusionsA convincing case needs to be presented to WA adults as to why they should consume five servings of vegetables per day. Continuing efforts to educate incorporating what constitutes a serving will assist perceptions that the recommendation is realistic.
Comparison of modifiable health behaviours between persons with and without cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Ollberding Nicholas J , Maskarinec Gertraud , Wilkens Lynne R , Henderson Brian E , Kolonel Laurence N 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the prevalence of modifiable risk factors for cancer and other chronic diseases between adult cancer survivors and persons with no history of cancer.DesignCross-sectional.SettingPopulation-based sample residing in California and Hawaii.SubjectsA total of 177 003 men and women aged 45–75 years who participated in the Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC). Logistic regression was used to examine adherence to recommendations regarding modifiable risk factors among cancer survivors (n16 346) when compared with cohort members with no history of cancer (n160 657).ResultsCancer survivors were less likely than cohort members with no history of cancer to meet recommendations specified in the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) 2007 report (OR = 0·97; 95 % CI 0·96, 0·99). No difference between groups was seen for adherence to dietary recommendations alone (OR = 0·99; 95 % CI 0·98, 1·01). Site-specific analyses showed that results for colorectal cancer were similar to those for all cancers combined, but survivors of breast (OR = 1·04; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·07) and prostate (OR = 1·04; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·07) cancer were more likely to meet dietary recommendations. Latino survivors were less likely to adhere to WCRF/AICR recommendations than Latino controls; however, differences across ethnic groups were not significant (Pinteraction= 0·64).ConclusionsThe modest differences found between adult cancer survivors and persons with no history of cancer suggest that a diagnosis of cancer in itself may not be associated with improvements in health behaviours related to cancer and other chronic diseases.
Large genetic variation for heat tolerance in the reference collection of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm
Authors: Krishnamurthy L. , Gaur P. M. , Basu P. S. , Chaturvedi S. K. , Tripathi S. , Vadez V. , Rathore A. , Varshney R. K. , Gowda C. L. L. 
Published: January 2011

Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop worldwide. Changes in cropping system that necessitate late planting, scope for expansion in rice fallows and the global warming are pushing chickpeas to relatively warmer growing environment. Such changes demand identification of varieties resilient to warmer temperature. Therefore, the reference collection of chickpea germplasm, defined based on molecular characterization of global composite collection, was screened for high temperature tolerance at two locations in India (Patancheru and Kanpur) by delayed sowing and synchronizing the reproductive phase of the crop with the occurrence of higher temperatures ( ≥ 35°C). A heat tolerance index (HTI) was calculated using a multiple regression approach where grain yield under heat stress is considered as a function of yield potential and time to 50% flowering. There were large and significant variations for HTI, phenology, yield and yield components at both the locations. There were highly significant genotypic effects and equally significant G × E interactions for all the traits studied. A cluster analysis of the HTI of the two locations yielded five cluster groups as stable tolerant (n = 18), tolerant only at Patancheru (n = 34), tolerant only at Kanpur (n = 23), moderately tolerant (n = 120) and stable sensitive (n = 82). The pod number per plant and the harvest index explained ≥ 60% of the variation in seed yield and ≥ 49% of HTI at Kanpur and ≥ 80% of the seed yield and ≥ 35% of HTI at Patancheru, indicating that partitioning as a consequence of poor pod set is the most affected trait under heat stress. A large number of heat-tolerant genotypes also happened to be drought tolerant.
WEALTH IN THE EXTENDED FAMILY
Authors: Chiteji Ngina S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper argues that researchers may be misgauging family resources by focusing narrowly on the nuclear family when measuring these resources. While social scientists have long been interested in the ways that families' material resources affect their ability to provide for their offspring, the traditional measures of family resources have emphasized parents' income and parents' wealth, although the interest in the latter is relatively new (Conley 2009 [1999]; Haveman et al., 2001; Oliver and Shapiro, 2006 [1995]). This paper attempts to shift the focus to the extended family, and it uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Child Development Supplement (CDS) to paint a portrait of the volume of wealth that is available in the grandparent generation of a child's family tree. After theorizing about the potential ways that grandparent wealth can affect children's life chances, the research shows that there are substantial differences in extended-family wealth by race. The Black/White wealth ratio is on the order of 0.11 in the grandparent generation at the median, which indicates that the typical Black child has grandparents with only about eleven cents of wealth for every dollar that the grandparents of the typical White child possess. Some implications of this wealth gap for children and society are discussed.
Nutritive value of bamboo as browse for livestock
Authors: Halvorson J.J. , Cassida K.A. , Turner K.E. , Belesky D.P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSmall farms in Appalachia need management options that diversify income opportunities, are adaptable to new livestock management strategies, and help maintain environmental integrity. Plantings of temperate bamboo (Poaceae), including species native to West Virginia, were established to determine the potential nutritive value for small ruminants, such as goats (Capra hircus), at different times of the year. The bamboo species we evaluated, included severalPhyllostachysspp.,Semiarundiaria fastuosaandArundinaria gigantea, were able to withstand Appalachian winter temperatures and retain some green leaves even in late winter. Although small differences were evident, the nutritive value was generally comparable among species and exhibited similar trends over the season. Total non-structural carbohydrates in bamboo leaves decreased throughout the growing season, and then remained stable or increased during winter. Conversely, crude protein was relatively low in young leaves compared to late season or over-wintered leaves. Concentrations of fiber and protein were sufficient to meet the maintenance needs of adult goats. The ability of bamboo to remain green and maintain the nutritive value throughout winter suggested that it has potential as winter forage for goats in central Appalachia. As an upright browse, bamboo may reduce the exposure of goats to gastrointestinal parasites. Perennial stands of temperate bamboo could prove to be a valuable, multiple-use crop suitable for Appalachian farm operations and easily adaptable to goat production systems.
Stability of NSLS-II girder–magnet assembly
Authors: Ravindranath V. , Sharma S. , Doom L. , Channing C. , Lincoln F. , Jain A. , Joshi P. 
Published: January 2011

The low-emittance design of the NSLS-II (a new state-of-the-art medium energy third-generation storage ring) requires that the uncorrelated vertical RMS motion between the multipole magnets on a girder be less than 25 nm. The stability of the girder–magnet assembly is affected by factors such as ambient vibration, temperature fluctuations and diurnal floor motion in the storage ring. In this paper we discuss the design features of a high-stability girder–magnet assembly for the NSLS-II.
Fabrication of one-cell vacuum system for Taiwan Photon Source
Authors: Chen C. L. , Chang C. C. , Chan C. K. , Cheng C. M. , Yang C. Y. , Wu L. H. , Hsueh H. P. , Kuan C. K. , Syu J. C. , Hsiung G. Y. , Chen J. R. 
Published: January 2011

A vacuum system of 3 GeV Taiwan photon source (TPS, with circumference 518.4 m), is designed for low-outgassing aluminium beam ducts, low-impedance structure, oil-less pumping system and oil-less fabrication. A prototype (total length 14 m) of the TPS vacuum system has been fabricated. This one-cell prototype vacuum system consists of two bending-magnet chambers (~4 m long each), two straight chambers (~3 m long each), supporting stands, five beam positioning monitors and pumps. Two bending-magnet chambers were made by computer-numerical control machining, which was lubricated with ethanol to protect the surface from oil contamination. Next, these two bending chambers were cleaned with ozonated water to decrease the rate of thermal outgassing and photo-stimulated desorption. The rest chambers were also cleaned by chemical cleaning method. An automatic welding system then was used to implement the side-welding seams of bending chambers in a temperature- and humidity-controlled cleanroom. The bending and straight chambers were welded into one piece by ‘on-site welding’. After baking at 150°C for 24 h, an optimizing pressure could be achieved at 4.9 nPa.
Applying of novel subtraction method Genetically Directed Differential Subtraction Chain (GDDSC) in plant genomes
Authors: Siedlecka Ewa , Hromada-Judycka Aneta , Pawełkowicz Magdalena , Wóycicki Rafał , Rakoczy-Trojanowska Monika , Przybecki Zbigniew 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe present a simple subtraction procedure of GDDSC as a modification of the original DSC and GDRDA methods. Genetically Directed Differential Subtraction Chain (GDDSC) is a process by which highly related genomes are compared in order to isolate tags carrying the polymorphisms.To detect specific DNA fragment (tag), we can then monitor offspring plants for efficient molecular breeding. The GDDSC protocol was applied to isolation of new sex related clones from cucumber plants (Cucumissativus L.) and new tissue culture response clones from rye (Secalecereale L.). The newly identified tags, obtained by GDDSC represent pools of candidate genes and other sequences, which could serve as potential markers for requested traits.
In Search of a Target Language
Authors: Brisset Annie , Davey Lynda 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In nationalist Quebec, French is rejected as the bearer of a foreign culture in the same way that the Québécois' native land, despoiled by the English, has become the country of the Other. Theatre, more than anything else, lent itself to the task of differentiation allotted to language. As of 1968 the vernacular has become the language of the stage as well as of theatre translation such as the exchange value of both foreign works and French translations from France increasingly erodes. Translating "into Québécois" consists in marking out the difference which opposes French in Quebec and so-called French from France. Since, however, the special quality of Québécois French is truly noticeable only among the working classes, Québécois theatre translations are almost always marked by proletarization of language and lowering the social status of the protagonists, thereby increasing the translation possibilities first and foremost of American sociolects.
Towards a Multi-facet Concept of Translation Behavior
Authors: Wilss Wolfram 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to pin down the mental factors which essentially account for efficient translation performance: first, context; second, culture; third, originality and automatization; fourth, speed; and fifth, processual components such as inferencing, schematizing, mapping, comparing, evaluating, problem-solving, decision-making, intuiting and rule & strategy formation. The whole presentation amounts to a specification of information-processing factors that are instrumental in: 1. learning how to behave intelligently and creatively when one is confronted with a novel or a familiar intertextual transfer situation; 2. planning what operations have to be executed in a specific environmental situation; 3. executing them on the basis of a repertoire of knowledge and skills which shows that behavior-in-context is practically always the result of an organized functioning of both cognitive and noncognitive (associative) processes.
La traduction, les langues et la communication de masse
Authors: Lambert José 
Published: January 2011

Résumé
Dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, les mass-media ont rendu si international le discours quotidien que la question des traductions y est devenue un problème-clef, pour la traduction en général comme pour la question de la communication. Non seulement les traductions sont-elles omniprésentes, elles sont également camouflées et elles suivent des stratégies symptomatiques, en fonction des relations entre les centres émetteurs—leur nombre est réduit—et les milieux d'arrivée. Ainsi la traduction est une des solutions apportées au problème du multilinguisme qui caractérise la nouvelle carte mondiale des langues. Quelques notes sur le sous-titrage indiquent comment, dans une culture donnée, les nouvelles technologies exploitent le discours traduit.
Starting to Unask What Translatology Is About1
Authors: Vermeer Hans J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe author presents his strictly functional theory ("Skopos Theory") of translation. Acting is primarily conditioned by a "purpose" and the nature of the intended addressees. The source text wording is of secondary importance. The functional skopos model allows the translator freedom to act as an expert and gives him responsibility for his approach. Modern research in reception aesthetics, neurobiology, philosophy and other disciplines confirms the contingency and relativity of all human behaviour. The author briefly discusses several new brain theories and Dawkins' "meme" concept and some of their implications for translating.
Observational Studies and Experimental Studies in the Investigation of Conference Interpreting
Authors: Gile Daniel 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn conference interpreting research, empirical investigation can be classified as observational or experimental. The former can be used for exploration, analysis and hypothesis-testing, and is either interactive or non-interactive. Besides its conventional role of hypothesis-testing, the latter can be exploratory. The main methodological problems in both are related to validity and representativeness and to quantification. At this stage, the most important contribution to interpreting research can be expected from observational procedures. Simple descriptive statistics and uncomplicated quantitative processing of the data still have much to offer.
Causes, Translations, Effect
Authors: Chesterman Andrew 
Published: January 2011

AbstractConceptual analysis has a role to play in translation studies, but it is a means, not an end. An empirical paradigm gives central importance to testable hypotheses. Empirical research on translation profiles should result in a translation typology: one such typology is discussed. Translations have multiple causes, and we can already propose some possible causal laws. Three laws of translation effect are also proposed, and various parameters of effect are discussed, together with the associated problems of sampling and prescriptivism. I argue that prescriptive statements are hypotheses about translation effects; as such, they should be tested like any other hypothesis.
Compensation and the Brief in a Non-Literary Translation
Authors: Harvey Keith 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Compensation as a device for dealing with loss in translation is often discussed with regard to literary translation where stylistic effects are assumed to be of greater importance than in non-literary modes. This paper builds on previous work firstly by exploring in detail the problem of author intention that appears to underlie the notion of effect. The discussion then extends into non-literary modes of translation where the translation specifications known as the Brief determine to a large extent the decisions taken by the translator. The author argues that the Brief introduces a crucial aspect into the decision-making process that not only allows for the possibility of compensation in non-literary texts but also influences the scope and type of compensation that would be deemed appropriate. Detailed examples are provided by a French source text featuring the frequent use of metaphor. Alternative translations are suggested in relation to two possible Briefs, which are presented as pedagogical devices in a translation 'role play'.
A Register-Based Translation Evaluation
Authors: Steiner Erich 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This paper illustrates key elements of a translation evaluation based on register analysis. In Section 1, the attempts in the current paper are related to linguistics and translation studies in general, and to the evaluation of translations in particular, arguing for a theoretically-based approach. A brief overview of the concept of register is also given. Sections 2, 3 and 4 cover the detailed analysis of the field, tenor and mode variables of the register of a translation, relating them critically to those of its source text. Section 5 argues that in addition to a 'register analysis, an evaluation of translations needs to take into account criteria based on comparative linguistics and language typology. Finally, it is suggested that a register-based approach links translation to co-generation under specific constraints, thus opening up the possibility of linking the translation quality to text quality in general.
Quantities in Translation
Authors: Sidiropoulou Maria 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The presentation of quantities in target discourses is expected to survive the translation strategies which allow target-oriented modifications, especially in news reporting where accuracy could be an asset for the persuasion strategy adopted. However, numerical expressions are occasionally modified in translation, even if there is an exact equivalent available in the target language. These modifications in quantity presentation, in discourse, are devices through which ideologies control discourse meaning. The present study investigates this instance of norm-governed behaviour, in English-to-Greek press news translation, in view of what kind of reality is promoted by these differing preferences in quantity presentation.