bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between high‐magnitude relative sea‐level changes and filling of a coarse‐grained submarine canyon (Pleistocene, Ionian Calabria, Southern Italy)
Authors: ZECCHIN MASSIMO , CAFFAU MAURO , RODA CESARE 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA middle Pleistocene coarse‐grained canyon fill succession (the Serra Mulara Formation) crops out in the northern sector of the Crotone Basin, a forearc basin located on the Ionian side of the Calabrian Arc and active from the Serravallian to middle Pleistocene. This succession is an example of coarse‐grained submarine canyon fill, which consists of a north‐west to south‐east elongated body (4·25 km long and up to 1·5 km wide) laterally confined by a deep‐water clayey and silty succession and located behind the modern Neto delta (north of Crotone). The thickness of the unit reaches 178 m. The lower part of the canyon fill is dominated by gravelly to sandy density‐flow deposits containing abundant bivalve and gastropod fragments, passing upward into a succession composed of metre‐scale to decimetre‐scale density‐flow deposits forming sandstone–mudstone couplets. Sandstone deposits are mostly structureless and planar‐laminated, whereas the clayey layers record hemipelagic deposition during quieter phases. This succession is overlain by another composed of thicker structureless sandstones alternating with layers of interlaminated mudstones and sandstones, which contain leaf remnants and fresh water ostracods, and are linked directly to river floods. The canyon fill is overlain by gravelly to sandy continental deposits recording a later stage of emergence. Facies analysis, together with micropalaeontological data from the hemipelagic units, suggests that the studied canyon fill records, firstly, a progressive gravel material cut‐off during deposition due to an overall relative sea‐level rise, leading to a progressive increase in the entrapment of sediment in fluvial to shallow‐marine systems, and secondly, a generalized relative sea‐level lowering. This trend probably reflects high‐magnitude glacio‐eustatic changes combined with the regional uplift of the region, ultimately leading to emergence.
Tectonic and climatic controls on Holocene channel migration, incision and terrace formation by the Rio Grande in the Palomas half graben, southern Rio Grande rift, USA
Authors: MACK GREG H. , LEEDER MIKE , PEREZ‐ARLUCEA MARTA , DURR MEREDITH 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn order to evaluate potential effects of tectonics and climate change on the behaviour of the axial Rio Grande in the Rio Grande rift, a 16·5 km stretch of modern floodplain and Holocene terraces were mapped in the tectonically active Palomas half graben, south‐central New Mexico, USA. In addition, 51 cores and natural exposures were logged and 20 radiocarbon dates were obtained from charcoal, bulk organic matter, mollusc shells and pedogenic calcite. The Holocene alluvium comprises four terraces above the modern floodplain, each of which formed by a period of river incision followed by stability and renewed floodplain construction to a level below that of the previous terraces. Estimated times of incision between Terraces I and II, II and III, and III and IV are after 12 400, 8040 to 5310, and 760 to 550 yr bp, respectively, whereas the incision between Terrace IV and the modern floodplain occurred within the last 260 years. Although there is some evidence for tectonic control on river behaviour in the southern part of the basin, terrace formation is interpreted as being related to climate change, with periods of incision corresponding to times of increased aridity and low sediment/water discharge ratio in the Rio Grande. This process may have resulted from a reduction in intensity and magnitude of summer storms which supply sediment to the axial river, coupled with an increase in spring discharge peak caused by snowmelt in upstream mountain catchments.
Virus‐mediated efficient induction of epigenetic modifications of endogenous genes with phenotypic changes in plants
Authors: Kanazawa Akira , Inaba Jun‐ichi , Shimura Hanako , Otagaki Shungo , Tsukahara Sayuri , Matsuzawa Akihiko , Kim Bo Min , Goto Kazunori , Masuta Chikara 
Published: October 2010

SummaryGene silencing through transcriptional repression can be induced by targeting double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) to a gene promoter. It has been reported that a transgene was silenced by targeting dsRNA to the promoter, and the silenced state was inherited to the progeny plant even after removal of the silencing inducer from cells. In contrast, no plant has been produced that harbors silenced endogenous gene after removal of promoter‐targeting dsRNA. Here, we show that heritable gene silencing can be induced by targeting dsRNA to the endogenous gene promoters in petunia and tomato plants, using the Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)‐based vector. We found that efficient silencing of endogenous genes depends on the function of the 2b protein encoded in the vector virus, which has the ability to facilitate epigenetic modifications through the transport of short interfering RNA to nucleus. Bisulfite sequencing analyses on the targeted promoter in the virus‐infected and its progeny plants revealed that cytosine methylation was found not only at CG or CNG but also at CNN sites. The observed inheritance of asymmetric DNA methylation is quite unique, suggesting that plants have a mechanism to maintain even asymmetric methylation. This CMV‐based gene silencing system provides a useful tool to artificially modify DNA methylation in plant genomes and elucidate the mechanism for epigenetic controls.
Mutation surfing and the evolution of dispersal during range expansions
Authors: TRAVIS J. M. J. , MÜNKEMÜLLER T. , BURTON O. J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA growing body of empirical evidence demonstrates that at an expanding front, there can be strong selection for greater dispersal propensity, whereas recent theory indicates that mutations occurring towards the front of a spatially expanding population can sometimes ‘surf’ to high frequency and spatial extent. Here, we consider the potential interplay between these two processes: what role may mutation surfing play in determining the course of dispersal evolution and how might dispersal evolution itself influence mutation surfing? Using an individual‐based coupled‐map lattice model, we first run simulations to determine the fate of dispersal mutants that occur at an expanding front. Our results highlight that mutants that have a slightly higher dispersal propensity than the wild type always have a higher survival probability than those mutants with a dispersal propensity lower than, or very similar to, the wild type. However, it is not always the case that mutants with very high dispersal propensity have the greatest survival probability. When dispersal mortality is high, mutants of intermediate dispersal survive most often. Interestingly, the rate of dispersal that ultimately evolves at an expanding front is often substantially higher than that which confers a novel mutant with the greatest probability of survival. Second, we run a model in which we allow dispersal to evolve over the course of a range expansion and ask how the fate of a neutral or nonneutral mutant depends upon when and where during the expansion it arises. These simulations highlight that the success of a neutral mutant depends upon the dispersal genotypes that it is associated with. An important consequence of this is that novel mutants that arise at the front of an expansion, and survive, typically end up being associated with more dispersive genotypes than the wild type. These results offer some new insights into causes and the consequences of dispersal evolution during range expansions, and the methodology we have employed can be readily extended to explore the evolutionary dynamics of other life history characteristics.
Heart rate recovery after six‐minute walk test predicts pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: SWIGRIS JEFFREY J. , OLSON AMY L. , SHLOBIN OKSANA A. , AHMAD SHAHZAD , BROWN KEVIN K. , NATHAN STEVEN D. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective: In patients with IPF, we sought to validate that abnormal heart rate recovery at 1 min (HRR1) after six‐minute walk test (6MWT) predicts mortality and to explore the relationship between abnormal HRR1 and pulmonary hypertension (PH).Methods: We identified IPF patients who performed a 6MWT as part of their clinical evaluation between 2006 and 2009 and were followed to lung transplantation or death. Right heart catheterization (RHC) data were collated and analysed for the subgroup who had this procedure.Results: There were 160 subjects who qualified for the survival analysis, and those with an abnormal HRR1 had worse survival than subjects with normal HRR1 (log‐rankP = 0.01). Eighty‐two subjects had a right heart catheter (RHC); among them, abnormal HRR1 was associated with RHC‐confirmed PH (χ2 = 4.83,P = 0.03) and had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 52%, 74%, 41% and 82%, respectively, for PH. In bivariate and multivariable analyses, abnormal HRR1 appeared to be the strongest predictor of RHC‐confirmed PH (odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.17–13.69,P = 0.02 in the multivariable analysis).Conclusions: This study adds to data that support the validity of abnormal HRR1 as a predictor of mortality and of RHC‐confirmed PH in IPF. Research is needed to further investigate the link between abnormal HRR1 and PH and to elucidate heart–lung interactions at work during exercise and recovery in patients with IPF.
Sound stimulation modulates high‐threshold K+ currents in mouse auditory brainstem neurons
Authors: Leão Katarina E. , Leão Richardson N. , Deardorff Adam S. , Garrett Andrew , Fyffe Robert , Walmsley Bruce 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe auditory system provides a valuable experimental model to investigate the role of sensory activity in regulating neuronal membrane properties. In this study, we have investigated the role of activity directly by measuring changes in medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) neurons in normal hearing mice subjected to 1‐h sound stimulation. Broadband (4–12 kHz) chirps were used to activate MNTB neurons tonotopically restricted to the lateral MNTB, as confirmed by c‐Fos‐immunoreactivity. Following 1‐h sound stimulation a substantial increase in Kv3.1b‐immunoreactivity was measured in the lateral region of the MNTB, which lasted for 2 h before returning to control levels. Electrophysiological patch‐clamp recordings in brainstem slices revealed an increase in high‐threshold potassium currents in the lateral MNTB of sound‐stimulated mice. Current‐clamp and dynamic‐clamp experiments showed that MNTB cells from the sound‐stimulated mice were able to maintain briefer action potentials during high‐frequency firing than cells from control mice. These results provide evidence that acoustically driven auditory activity can selectively regulate high‐threshold potassium currents in the MNTB of normal hearing mice, likely due to an increased membrane expression of Kv3.1b channels.
Phenotypic approach to the management of the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
Authors: Nickel J. Curtis , Shoskes Daniel A. 
Published: October 2010

• Our traditional approach to managing the chronic prostatitis (CP) syndromes has not been very successful for many of our patients.• Our developing understanding of CP/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) as a heterogeneous syndrome rather than a homogenous disease has allowed us to develop treatment strategies based on individual patient characteristics.• By considering each patient as a unique individual and tailoring treatments to a specific patient’s clinical ‘phenotype’ we improve our therapeutic outcomes.
HbA1c measurement for the diagnosis of diabetes: is it enough?
Authors: Cavagnolli G. , Comerlato J. , Comerlato C. , Renz P. B. , Gross J. L. , Camargo J. L. 
Published: October 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 31–35 (2011)AbstractAim  To analyse the performance of HbA1c in diagnosing Type 2 diabetes based on fasting plasma glucose and/or 2‐h plasma glucose measurements after a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test.Methods  This is a study of diagnostic test accuracy in individuals referred to the Clinical Pathology Department for oral glucose tolerance testing. After fasting overnight, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and 2‐h plasma glucose were measured. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of HbA1c.Results  Four hundred and ninety‐eight subjects (195 male, mean age 56 years) were enrolled and 115 (23.1%) were diagnosed with diabetes according to glucose‐based methods and only 56 (11.2%) individuals were identified by HbA1c≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) (sensitivity 20.9%, specificity 95.3%). There is poor agreement between the newly recommended criterion and the current glucose‐based diagnostic criteria (κ = 0.217; P < 0.001), probably because the diagnostic methods identify different populations of patients. Adding a glucose‐based method into an algorithm, as proposed by the UK Department of Health, improved HbA1c performance.Conclusions  HbA1c≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) showed limited sensitivity to diabetes diagnosis, although with high specificity. The results suggest that this cut‐off point would not be enough to diagnose diabetes. Its use as the sole diabetes diagnostic test should be interpreted with caution to assure the correct classification of diabetic individuals.
Association between childhood obesity and subsequent Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Verbeeten K. C. , Elks C. E. , Daneman D. , Ong K. K. 
Published: October 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 10–18 (2011)AbstractAims  To review and synthesize the published evidence on the possible association between childhood obesity and the subsequent risk of Type 1 diabetes.Methods  The PubMed database was systematically searched for studies using childhood obesity, BMI or %weight‐for‐height as the exposure variable and subsequent Type 1 diabetes as the outcome. Studies were only included if assessment of obesity preceded the diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes.Results  Eight case–control studies and one cohort study were included, comprising a total of 2658 cases. Of these nine studies, seven reported a significant association between childhood obesity, BMI or %weight‐for‐height and increased risk for Type 1 diabetes. Meta‐analysis of the four studies that reported childhood obesity as a categorical exposure produced a pooled odds ratio of 2.03 (95% CI 1.46–2.80) for subsequent Type 1 diabetes; however, in those studies, age at obesity assessment varied from age 1 to 12 years. A dose–response relationship was supported by a continuous association between childhood BMI and subsequent Type 1 diabetes in a meta‐analysis of five studies (pooled odds ratio 1.25 (95%CI 1.04–1.51) per 1 sd higher BMI).Conclusion  There is overall evidence for an association between childhood obesity, or higher BMI, and increased risk of subsequent Type 1 diabetes. Several theories have been proposed for a causal relationship. Reduction in Type 1 diabetes should be considered as a potential additional benefit of preventing childhood obesity.
Sexual Harassment Judgments by British Employment Tribunals 1995–2005: Implications for Claimants and their Advocates
Authors: Rosenthal Patrice , Budjanovcanin Alexandra 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article reports on the first large‐scale study of sexual harassment litigation in Britain based on analysis of official case records. Its aim is to identify key factors distinguishing successful and unsuccessful claims. Five themes drive the analysis: credibility and its construction, the various types of sexual harassment, power resources, the time period in which the case was heard, and the gender composition of the tribunal. Hypotheses are tested on a random sample of 183 cases heard between 1995 and 2005. Some important disconnections between workplace realities and the operation of the tribunal system were revealed. Credibility of claimants turns importantly on how they initially reacted to the harassment of which they later complained and on the number of complementary claims they bring. Workers in elementary occupations experience a lower success rate before tribunals. Power resources in the form of legal representation significantly affect case outcomes. Implications for claimants and their advocates are discussed.
High School Clubs Participation and Future Supervisory Status
Authors: Kosteas Vasilios D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between high school clubs participation and the probability that a worker will become a supervisor and the types of responsibility she will have, using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 dataset. While other articles have tried to explain what affects a worker's probability of being a supervisor, this article focuses on the impact of participation in extracurricular activities during high school. Both probit and household fixed effects estimates show that clubs participation raises the probability that an individual will be a supervisor and have high‐level supervisory responsibilities.
Attentional capture by size singletons is determined by top‐down search goals
Authors: Kiss Monika , Eimer Martin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe question whether attentional capture by salient visual stimuli is driven by bottom‐up salience or is contingent on top‐down task set is still under dispute. We show that the ability of size singletons to capture attention is determined by current search goals. Participants searched for small or large target singletons among medium‐size distractors. Attentional capture by small or large size singleton cues that preceded target search displays was reflected by spatial cueing effects and N2pc components. These effects were observed only when these cues matched the current target‐defining feature, but not for physically identical but mismatching cues. Results demonstrate that attentional capture by size singletons is not driven by bottom‐up salience, but is controlled by feature‐specific task settings.
After the P3: Late executive processes in stimulus categorization
Authors: Folstein Jonathan R. , Van Petten Cyma 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTwo experiments examined the hypothesis that dual systems of stimulus evaluation for categorization can be observed in event‐related potentials: one whose duration is indexed by the latency of the P3 component, and a second evident in a later frontal potential. Subjects categorized artificial animals by a “two out of three” rule. Stimuli with two visual features of their own category and one feature of a different category (i.e., near the boundary between categories) elicited very prolonged reaction times as compared to stimuli with three features from a single category. This response time (RT) delay was not accompanied by a delayed P3, suggesting that the P3 indexed only a first pass of stimulus evaluation. The near‐boundary stimuli elicited more positive potentials than far‐boundary stimuli at prefrontal and frontotemporal sites, suggesting that a secondary stage of stimulus evaluation was triggered when detection of single features or simple conjunctions was insufficient to support a correct decision. The frontal potential that was sensitive to categorization difficulty was of opposite polarity to frontal potentials previously observed in manipulations of working memory. The roles of frontal executive processes in categorization and memory tasks are discussed.
A residue close to α1loop F disrupts modulation of GABAAreceptors by benzodiazepines while their binding is maintained
Authors: Baur Roland , Lüscher Benjamin P. , Richter Lars , Sigel Erwin 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115,1478–1485.AbstractBenzodiazepines act at the major isoforms of GABA type A receptors where they potentiate the current evoked by the agonist GABA. The underlying mechanism of this potentiation is poorly understood, but hypothesized to be related to the mechanism that links agonist binding to channel opening in these ligand activated ion channels. The loop F of the α1and the β2subunit have been implicated in channel gating, and loop F of the γ2subunit in the modulation by benzodiazepines. We have identified the conservative point mutation Y168F located N‐terminally of loop F in the α1subunit that fails to affect agonist properties. Interestingly, it disrupts modulation by benzodiazepines, but leaves high affinity binding to the benzodiazepine binding site intact. Modulation by barbiturates and neurosteroids is also unaffected. Residue α1Y168 is not located either near the binding pockets for GABA, or for benzodiazepines, or close to the loop F of the γ2subunit. Our results support the fact, that broader regions of ligand gated receptors are conformationally affected by the binding of benzodiazepines. We infer that also broader regions could contribute to signaling from GABA agonist binding to channel opening.
Dual bronchodilatory and pulmonary anti‐inflammatory activity of RO5024118, a novel agonist at vasoactive intestinal peptide VPAC2receptors
Authors: Tannu SA , Renzetti LM , Tare N , Ventre JD , Lavelle D , Lin TA , Morschauser A , Paciorek J , Bolin DR , Michel H , Singer L , Hargaden M , Knowles ID , Gardiner P , Cazzola M , Calzetta L , Matera MG , Hicks A. 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEVasoactive intestinal peptide is expressed in the respiratory tract and induces its effects via its receptors, VPAC1and VPAC2. RO5024118 is a selective VPAC2receptor agonist derived via chemical modification of an earlier VPAC2agonist, RO0251553. In the present studies, we characterized the pharmacological activity of RO5024118.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHStability of RO5024118 to human neutrophil elastase was assessed. Bronchodilatory activity of RO5024118 was investigated in guinea pig and human isolated airway smooth muscle preparations and in a guinea pig bronchoconstriction model. Pulmonary anti‐inflammatory activity of RO5024118 was investigated in a lipopolysaccharide mouse model and in a porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) rat model.KEY RESULTSRO5024118 demonstrated increased stability to neutrophil elastase compared with RO0251553. In human and guinea pig isolated airway preparations, RO5024118 induced bronchodilatory effects comparable with RO0251553 and the long‐acting β‐agonist salmeterol and was significantly more potent than native vasoactive intestinal peptide and the short‐acting β‐agonist salbutamol. In 5‐HT‐induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs, RO5024118 exhibited inhibitory activity with similar efficacy as, and longer duration than, RO0251553. In a lipopolysaccharide‐mouse model, RO5024118 inhibited neutrophil and CD8+cells and myeloperoxidase levels. In rats, intratracheal instillation of PPE induced airway neutrophilia that was resistant to dexamethasone. Pretreatment with RO5024118 significantly inhibited PPE‐induced neutrophil accumulation.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese results demonstrate that RO5024118 induces dual bronchodilatory and pulmonary anti‐inflammatory activity and may be beneficial in treating airway obstructive and inflammatory diseases.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed section on Analytical Receptor Pharmacology in Drug Discovery. To view the other articles in this section visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2010.161.issue‐6