bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Erectile Dysfunction and Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with No Known Macrovascular Complications
Authors: García-Malpartida Katherine , Mármol Rosario , Jover Ana , Gómez-Martínez Manuel J. , Solá-Izquierdo Eva , Victor Victor M. , Rocha Milagros , Sanmiguel Darío , Hernández-Mijares Antonio 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) because it is highly prevalent among those with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). Moreover, it precedes the development of CVD and is considered a subrogate marker of subclinical CVD.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of ED among patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2) without macroangiopathy, and to assess the association between ED and other CVRFs, chronic diabetes complications, silent myocardial ischemia (SMI), and peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

Methods
One hundred fifty-four male patients with DM2 and without clinical evidence of CVD were included in the study. The presence of ED, PAD, SMI, chronic diabetic complications, and other CVRFs was evaluated in these patients.

Main Outcome Measures
PAD; SMI; ED; 24-hour blood pressure Holter; lipid profile; insulin resistance; testosterone; chronic inflammation; nephropathy; retinopathy; neuropathy.

Results
Prevalence of ED was 68.2%. Patients with ED were older and characterized by DM2, systolic blood pressure (BP), retinopathy, and insulin treatment of longer duration than patients without ED, even when adjusting for age was performed. Adjusting for duration of diabetic condition revealed significant differences in age and systolic BP. Independent factors for ED were age (57.7 ± 7.5 years, relative risks [RR 1.1], P = 0.003) and duration of diabetes (9[3–15] years, RR 1.1, P = 0.006). SMI was detected in 13.6% of patients (18.1% in patients with ED vs. 4.1% in patients without ED). Asymptomatic PAD was detected in 13.2% of subjects (14.4% in patients with ED vs. 10.4% in patients without).

Conclusions
ED is highly prevalent in DM2, and is associated with the presence of SMI, higher systolic BP and chronic microvascular diabetic complications.
Determination of trace amounts of β tegafur in commercial α tegafur by powder X-ray diffractometric analysis
Authors: Petkune Sanita , Bobrovs Raitis , Actiņš Andris 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The main objective of this work was to develop a suitable analytical technique for determining trace amounts of the thermodynamically stable solid form in bulk samples of metastable form, to a sensitivity of 0.005%–1.0%. Tegafur (5-fluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-uracil) α and β crystalline forms were used as a model for this problem.

Methods
The trace content of the thermodynamically stable β polymorphic form in tegafur samples was increased by promoting phase transition from the bulk of thermodynamically metastable α form to β form, and achieving sufficient β form content for a quantitative powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) analysis. The phase transition was stimulated by adding water to the samples and then grinding in controlled conditions (temperature, time, grinding speed). A calibration line was constructed using the least squares method.

Key findings
By using a solvent that does not form hydrates with the analysed polymorphs, it was possible to promote the phase transformation from metastable form to the thermodynamically stable form. After sample preparation, the thermodynamically stable solid form content in the analysed mixture had increased proportionally to the initial weight fraction (0.005%–1.0%) of the stable form seed crystals in the samples, and the coefficient of proportionality was 43.0 ± 0.9, with a standard deviation Sn = 1.5%.

Conclusions
A simple, sensitive, semi-quantitative analytical method was developed for the low-level determination of the thermodynamically stable polymorphic form in mixtures of thermodynamically stable and metastable polymorphs.
Are physiological attributes of jockeys predictors of falls? A pilot study
Authors: Hitchens P , Blizzard L , Jones G , Day L , Fell J 
Published: June 2011

ObjectivesThis pilot study describes the physiological attributes of jockeys and track-work riders in Tasmania and investigates whether these attributes are associated with falls.MethodsAll jockeys and track-work riders licensed in Tasmania were invited to participate. The study group consisted of eight jockeys (two female, six male) and 20 track-work riders (14 female, six male). Measures of anthropometry, balance, reaction time, isometric strength, vertical jump, glycolytic and aerobic fitness, flexibility and body composition were conducted. Tests were designed to assess specific aspects of rider fitness and performance relevant to horse racing. For a subset of participants (n=14), the authors obtained information on falls and injuries. The authors used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios.ResultsJockeys had better balance, a faster mean reaction time, a lower fatigue index and a higher estimatedV.O2maxthan their track-work riding counterparts. Jockeys were also younger and smaller in stature than track-work riders, and when differences in body mass were taken into account, they had a greater muscular strength and muscular (alactic) power. Important factors found to be associated with falls were lower aerobic and anaerobic fitness, greater muscular strength and power, and riding with the full foot in the stirrup irons compared with riding on the ball of the foot.ConclusionThis pilot study shows that physiological attributes of jockeys and track-work riders can predict their risk of falling and are measurable using methods feasible for large-scale fieldwork.
Post-trial period surveillance for randomised controlled cardiovascular studies: submitted protocols, consent forms and the role of the ethics board
Authors: Zia Mohammad I , Heslegrave Ronald , Newton Gary E 
Published: June 2011

BackgroundThe post-trial period is the time period after the end of study drug administration. It is unclear whether post-trial arrangements for patient surveillance are routinely included in study protocols and consents, and whether research ethics boards (REB) consider the post-trial period.ObjectivesThe objective was to determine whether trial protocols and consent forms reviewed by the REB describe procedures for post-trial period surveillance.MethodsAn observational study of protocols of randomised trials of chronic therapies for cardiac conditions, approved by the REB of two academic institutions affiliated with the University of Toronto in Canada (University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital) from 1995 to 2007. Plans for patient surveillance in the post-trial period described in the protocol or in the consent form before and after REB approval were recorded.Results42 studies were identified including 18 heart failure and 15 coronary artery disease trials. Only four studies planned a clinical visit after trial termination, and an additional three planned a telephone contact after trial completion. Five trials submitted consent forms to the REB with a discussion of the post-trial period.ConclusionsThe majority of protocols and consent forms did not discuss plans for post-trial period surveillance. The post-trial period and the REB approval process could be improved by systematic follow-up being described in the protocol and consent form. The small number of trial protocols evaluated in the study may impair the degree to which the results can be generalised.
Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 Accelerates Tumor Growth by Arginine Methylation of the Tumor Suppressor Programmed Cell Death 4
Authors: Powers Matthew A. , Fay Marta M. , Factor Rachel E. , Welm Alana L. , Ullman Katharine S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) has been described as a tumor suppressor, with high expression correlating with better outcomes in a number of cancer types. Yet a substantial number of cancer patients with high PDCD4 in tumors have poor survival, suggesting that oncogenic pathways may inhibit or change PDCD4 function. Here, we explore the significance of PDCD4 in breast cancer and identify protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as a cofactor that radically alters PDCD4 function. Specifically, we find that coexpression of PDCD4 and PRMT5 in an orthotopic model of breast cancer causes accelerated tumor growth and that this growth phenotype is dependent on both the catalytic activity of PRMT5 and a site of methylation within the N-terminal region of PDCD4. In agreement with the xenograft model, elevated PDCD4 expression was found to correlate with worse outcome within the cohort of breast cancer patients whose tumors contain higher levels of PRMT5. These results reveal a new cofactor for PDCD4 that alters its tumor suppressor functions and point to the utility of PDCD4/PRMT5 status as both a prognostic biomarker and a potential target for chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 71(16); 5579–87. ©2011 AACR.
Age as a Modulator of Inflammatory Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Anuurad Erdembileg , Enkhmaa Byambaa , Gungor Zeynep , Zhang Wei , Tracy Russell P. , Pearson Thomas A. , Kim Kyoungmi , Berglund Lars 
Published: June 2011

Objective—

Levels of acute phase reactants are affected by age. The extent to which cardiovascular risk associated with aging is due to an increase in the inflammatory burden is not known. We assessed the relationship with age of inflammatory markers, representing (1) systemic (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid-A) and (2) vascular (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A
2
and pentraxin-3) inflammation.

Methods and Results—

We determined lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A
2
mass and activity, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, serum amyloid-A, and pentraxin-3 levels and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in 336 whites and 224 African Americans. Levels of systemic inflammatory markers increased significantly with age in both ethnic groups (
P
<0.05 for all), whereas trend patterns of vascular inflammatory markers did not change significantly with age for either group. In multivariate regression models adjusting for confounding variables, age remained independently associated with a composite
Z
score for systemic but not vascular inflammation (β=0.250,
P
<0.001, and β=0.276,
P
<0.001, for whites and African Americans, respectively).

Conclusion—
We report an increase in the systemic but not vascular inflammatory burden with age. Levels of both categories of inflammatory markers with age were similar across ethnicity after adjustment for confounders. Our results underscore the importance of age in evaluating inflammatory markers to assess cardiovascular risk.
Equatorial Waves in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere Forced by Latent Heating Estimated from TRMM Rain Rates
Authors: Ryu Jung-Hee , Alexander M. Joan , Ortland David A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Equatorial atmospheric waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), excited by latent heating, are investigated by using a global spectral model. The latent heating profiles are derived from the 3-hourly Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rain rates, which include both convective- and stratiform-type profiles. The type of heating profile is determined based on an intensity of the surface rain rate. Latent heating profiles over stratiform rain regions, estimated from the TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) product, are applied to derive the stratiform-type latent heating profiles from the gridded rain rate data. Monthly zonal-mean latent heating profiles derived from the rain rates appear to be reasonably comparable with the TRMM convective/stratiform heating product.
A broad spectrum of Kelvin, mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG), equatorial Rossby (ER), and inertia–gravity waves are generated in the model. Particularly, equatorial waves (Kelvin, ER, and MRG waves) of zonal wavenumbers 1–5 appear to be dominant in the UTLS. In the wavenumber–frequency domain, the equatorial waves have prominent spectral peaks in the range of 12–200 m of the equivalent depth, while the spectral peaks of the equatorial waves having shallower equivalent depth (&lt;50 m) increase in the case where stratiform-type heating is included. These results imply that the stratiform-type heating might be relevant for the shallower equivalent depth of the observed convectively coupled equatorial waves.
The horizontal and vertical structures of the simulated equatorial waves (Kelvin, ER, and MRG waves) are in a good agreement with the equatorial wave theory and observed wave structure. In particular, comparisons of the simulated Kelvin waves and the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) satellite observation are discussed.
Variations in Cloud Cover and Cloud Types over the Ocean from Surface Observations, 1954–2008
Authors: Eastman Ryan , Warren Stephen G. , Hahn Carole J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Synoptic weather observations from ships throughout the World Ocean have been analyzed to produce a climatology of total cloud cover and the amounts of nine cloud types. About 54 million observations contributed to the climatology, which now covers 55 years from 1954 to 2008. In this work, interannual variations of seasonal cloud amounts are analyzed in 10° grid boxes. Long-term variations O(5–10 yr), coherent across multiple latitude bands, remain present in the updated cloud data. A comparison to coincident data on islands indicates that the coherent variations are probably spurious. An exact cause for this behavior remains elusive. The globally coherent variations are removed from the gridbox time series using a Butterworth filter before further analysis.
Before removing the spurious variation, the global average time series of total cloud cover over the ocean shows low-amplitude, long-term variations O(2%) over the 55-yr span. High-frequency, year-to-year variation is seen O(1%–2%).
Among the cloud types, the most widespread and consistent relationship is found for the extensive marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds (MSC) over the eastern parts of the subtropical oceans. Substantiating and expanding upon previous work, strong negative correlation is found between MSC and sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern North Pacific, eastern South Pacific, eastern South Atlantic, eastern North Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean west of Australia. By contrast, a positive correlation between cloud cover and SST is seen in the central Pacific. High clouds show a consistent low-magnitude positive correlation with SST over the equatorial ocean.
In regions of persistent MSC, time series show decreasing MSC amount. This decrease could be due to further spurious variation within the data. However, the decrease combined with observed increases in SST and the negative correlation between marine stratus and sea surface temperature suggests a positive cloud feedback to the warming sea surface. The observed decrease of MSC has been partly but not completely offset by increasing cumuliform clouds in these regions; a similar decrease in stratiform and increase in cumuliform clouds had previously been seen over land.
Interannual variations of cloud cover in the tropics show strong correlation with an ENSO index.
Anelastic Internal Wave Packet Evolution and Stability
Authors: Dosser Hayley V. , Sutherland Bruce R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
As upward-propagating anelastic internal gravity wave packets grow in amplitude, nonlinear effects develop as a result of interactions with the horizontal mean flow that they induce. This qualitatively alters the structure of the wave packet. The weakly nonlinear dynamics are well captured by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which is derived here for anelastic waves. In particular, this predicts that strongly nonhydrostatic waves are modulationally unstable and so the wave packet narrows and grows more rapidly in amplitude than the exponential anelastic growth rate. More hydrostatic waves are modulationally stable and so their amplitude grows less rapidly. The marginal case between stability and instability occurs for waves propagating at the fastest vertical group velocity. Extrapolating these results to waves propagating to higher altitudes (hence attaining larger amplitudes), it is anticipated that modulationally unstable waves should break at lower altitudes and modulationally stable waves should break at higher altitudes than predicted by linear theory. This prediction is borne out by fully nonlinear numerical simulations of the anelastic equations. A range of simulations is performed to quantify where overturning actually occurs.
Parents of Children Newly Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes: Experiences With Social Support and Family Management
Authors: Rearick Ellen M. , Sullivan-Bolyai Susan , Bova Carol , Knafl Kathleen A. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose The purpose of this mixed-methods descriptive study with parents of children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes was to explore their experiences with peer social support following the Social Support to Empower Parents (STEP) intervention and the usefulness of the Family Management Measure (FaMM) in this population. Methods Parents who were in the experimental arm of STEP were recruited. Qualitative interviews were conducted (n = 21), and 11 parents completed the FaMM, a quantitative family-functioning measure. Qualitative content data analysis was conducted and compared to the descriptive measure analysis. Findings Three themes were identified: availability, practical tips, and common ground. Five FaMM subscales were reliable (α > .80) in this small sample. Conclusions The findings illustrate that the STEP intervention is helpful, providing the participants with emotional, affirmational, and informational social support. The use of the FaMM is a first step in assessing family management in families with children with type 1 diabetes.
Evaluation of cutaneous allodynia following induction of cortical spreading depression in freely moving rats
Authors: Fioravanti Beatriz , Kasasbeh Aimen , Edelmayer Rebecca , Skinner Jr David P , Hartings Jed A , Burklund Ryan D , De Felice Milena , French Edward D , Dussor Greg O , Dodick David W , Porreca Frank , Vanderah Todd W 
Published: June 2011

Background: Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a wave of depolarization followed by depression of bioelectrical activity that slowly propagates through the cortex. CSD is believed to be the underlying mechanism of aura in migraine; however, whether CSD can elicit pain associated with migraine headache is unclear. Methods: Awake, freely moving rats were monitored for both CSD events and behavioral responses resulting from dural-cortical pinprick and/or KCl injection to the occipital cortex. Results: We observed tactile allodynia of the face and hindpaws, as well as enhanced Fos expression within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) following CSD induced by KCl injection into the cortex, but not by pinprick. Application of KCl onto the dura elicited cutaneous allodynia and increased Fos staining in the TNC but did not elicit CSD events. Conclusions: These data suggest that sustained activation of trigeminal afferents that may be required to establish cutaneous allodynia may not occur following CSD events in normal animals.
Pilates: What Is It? Should It Be Used in Rehabilitation?
Authors: Di Lorenzo Christine E. 
Published: June 2011

Context: The interest and popularity of Pilates is increasing worldwide. In addition to being used in fitness programs, it is being used in some rehabilitation programs. Evidence Acquisition: This review summarizes level III evidence from 1995 to 2009 obtained from PubMed (MEDLINE), CINAHL, and the Internet. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and controlled trials published in peer-reviewed journals were retrieved for appraisal. The keywords searched were Pilates and core stabilization. Results: Ninety articles were identified in MEDLINE and CINAHL; 9 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria for level III evidence. Conclusion: There is a scientific basis for the effectiveness of Pilates exercise, with limited evidence to support it as a rehabilitative intervention.
Humeral Retrotorsion in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers With Throwing-Related Upper Extremity Injury History
Authors: Myers Joseph B. , Oyama Sakiko , Rucinski Terri Jo , Creighton R. Alexander 
Published: June 2011

Background: Collegiate baseball pitchers, as well as position players, exhibit increased humeral retrotorsion compared with individuals with no history of overhead sport participation. Whether the humeral retrotorsion plays a role in the development of throwing-related injuries that are prevalent in collegiate baseball pitchers is unknown. Hypotheses: Humeral retrotorsion will be significantly different in collegiate pitchers with throwing-related shoulder or elbow injury history compared with pitchers with no injury history. Humeral retrotorsion can also discriminate participants with and without shoulder or elbow injury. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Comparisons of ultrasonographically-obtained humeral retrotorsion were made between 40 collegiate pitchers with and without history of throwing-related shoulder or elbow injury. The ability of humeral retrotorsion to discriminate injury history was determined from the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve. Results: Participants with an elbow injury history demonstrated a greater humeral retrotorsion limb difference (mean difference = 7.2°, P = 0.027) than participants with no history of upper extremity injury. Participants with shoulder injury history showed no differences in humeral torsion compared with participants with no history of injury. Humeral retrotorsion limb difference exhibited a fair ability (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve = 0.74) to discriminate elbow injury history. Conclusions: Collegiate pitchers with a history of elbow injury exhibited a greater limb difference in humeral retrotorsion compared with pitchers with no history of injury. No differences in humeral retrotorsion variables were present in participants with and without shoulder injury history. Clinical Relevance: Baseball players with a history of elbow injury demonstrated increased humeral retrotorsion, suggesting that the amount of retrotorsion and the development of elbow injury may be associated.
The Notch1-Dll4 signaling pathway regulates mouse postnatal lymphatic development
Authors: Niessen Kyle , Zhang Gu , Ridgway John Brady , Chen Hao , Kolumam Ganesh , Siebel Christian W. , Yan Minhong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Notch signaling pathway plays a fundamental role during blood vessel development. Notch signaling regulates blood vessel morphogenesis by promoting arterial endothelial differentiation and pro-viding spatial and temporal control over “tip cell” phenotype during angiogenic sprouting. Components of the Notch signaling pathway have emerged as potential regulators of lymphatic development, joining the increasing examples of blood vessel regulators that are also involved in lymphatic development. However, in mammals a role for the Notch signaling pathway during lymphatic development remains to be demonstrated. In this report, we show that blockade of Notch1 and Dll4, with specific function-blocking antibodies, results in defective postnatal lymphatic development in mice. Mechanistically, Notch1-Dll4 blockade is associated with down-regulation of EphrinB2 expression, been shown to be critically involved in VEGFR3/VEGFC signaling, resulting in reduced lymphangiogenic sprouting. In addition, Notch1-Dll4 blockade leads to compromised expression of distinct lymphatic markers and to dilation of collecting lymphatic vessels with reduced and disorganized mural cell coverage. Finally, Dll4-blockade impairs wound closure and severely affects lymphangiogenesis during the wound healing in adult mouse skin. Thus, our study demonstrates for the first time in a mammalian system that Notch1-Dll4 signaling pathway regulates postnatal lymphatic development and pathologic lymphangiogenesis.