bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of BGA (Sn/3.5Ag/0.75Cu) Solder Joint under Cyclically Oblique Displacement Tests and Endochronic Viscoplastic Predictions
Authors: Lee C. F. , Lee T. K. , Lin T. T. , Lin H. Y. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a methodology with workable procedures was proposed and successfully transferred the hysteresis loops of BGA solder joint specimen held by loading-directionally aligned grip system under oblique displacement controlled cyclic tests, into hysteresis loops of “representative” solder ball itself under proportional straining and constant strain rate cyclic tests. Under the elastic unloading during cyclic test, value of elastic modulus of bulk solder specimens and the linear behavior of grip system were used. Following the study of Endochronic cyclic viscoplasticity, the kernel function ρ(Z) = ρ0 exp (−KZ)/Zα was found to be independent of the oblique angle (Φ) of straining paths. However, the steady cyclic behavior of material function f(ξ) ≡ f0 in the definition of intrinsic time Z contained two functions: (1) is the effective inelastic strain amplitude, and (2) f(Φ) Φ(rad) between Φ = 0 (uniaxial) and Φ = π/2 (shear). With (ρ0, α, K) = (4MPa, 0.84, 46) and f0 = [0.24(π/2−Φ)2 − 0.018(π2−Φ) + 1.2] , the endochronic theory predicted experimental hysteresis loops of BGA Sn/3.5Ag/0.75Cu solder joint specimens and Φ = 0°, 27°, 45°, 63°, 90° quite well.Results of ρ(Z) under f0 = 1 were found under independent study based on cyclic tests of bulk specimens under constant uniaxially strain amplitude and various constant strain rates. The values of (ρ0, α, K) = (7.3MPa, 0.84, 30) with f0 = 1.0 were all independent of strain rates. Comparisons of results of both types of specimens revealed that the values of (α, K) were almost the same but (1) ρ0 was smaller for micro-size solder ball, (2) is a material function of Sn/3.5Ag/0.75Cu itself (3) f(Φ) is not a material function, rather it is a special feature to reflect the effects of detail design of solder joint specimen and its connecting methods to the substrates
The First Damped Frequency with Maximum Sound Pressure of a Miniature Loudspeaker for Cellular Phones
Authors: Shiah Y. C. , Huang Jin H. , Xue Y.-L. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTFor improving the performance of a miniature loudspeaker, engineers have been pursuing a goal of lowering its first damped frequency to have a broad and smooth region of its sound-pressure-level response. This article applies the approach of electro-mechano-acoustical analogy to study the first damped frequency of a miniature loudspeaker used for cellular phones. Using the analogy approach, the authors derive an explicit formulation for the sound-pressure-level of a typical miniature loudspeaker of dynamic type. The veracity of the derived formulation is verified by comparing with the experimental result recorded by B and K apparatus. The derived formulation is further simplified by neglecting factors that are either irrelevant or insignificant for the first damped frequency. Through basic algebraic and calculus operations, this article also presents an explicit form of the first damped frequency. This work has laid the platform for engineers to tailor the design in pursuit of improving the performance of miniature loudspeakers.
Survival of Migrating Atlantic Salmon Smolts through the Penobscot River, Maine: a Prerestoration Assessment
Authors: Holbrook Christopher M. , Kinnison Michael T. , Zydlewski Joseph 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSurvival, distribution, and behavior of hatchery (n = 493) and naturally reared (n = 133) smolts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar migrating through the Penobscot River and estuary in Maine were evaluated with acoustic telemetry in 2005 and 2006. Survival and use of a secondary migration path (the Stillwater Branch) were estimated with a multistate mark–recapture model. Higher rates of mortality per kilometer (range = 0.01–0.22) were observed near release sites and within reaches that contained three particular dams: Howland, West Enfield, and Milford dams. Estimated total survival of tagged hatchery smolts through entire individual reaches containing those dams ranged from 0.52 ( 0.18) to 0.94 ( 0.09), whereas survival through most of the reaches without dams exceeded 0.95. Of those smolts that survived to the Penobscot River–Stillwater Branch split at Marsh Island, most (≥74%) remained in the main stem around Marsh Island, where they experienced lower survival than fish that used the Stillwater Branch. Movement rates of hatchery‐reared smolts were significantly lower through reaches containing dams than through reaches that lacked dams. Smolts arriving at dams during the day experienced longer delays than smolts arriving at night. Planned removal of two dams in this system is expected to enhance the passage of smolts through the main‐stem corridor. However, the dams currently scheduled for removal (Great Works and Veazie dams) had less influence on smolt survival than some of the dams that will remain. This case study shows that by examining prerestoration migration dynamics throughout entire river systems rather than just in the vicinity of particular dams, tracking studies can help prioritize restoration efforts or predict the costs and benefits of future hydrosystem changes.
Acute Effects of Gas Supersaturation on Juvenile Cultured White Seabass
Authors: Smiley Jeffrey E. , Drawbridge Mark A. , Okihiro Mark S. , Kaufmann Ronald S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWhite seabass Atractoscion nobilis reared at a production and research hatchery have been observed to occasionally suffer from ocular emphysemas. To identify a possible cause of these lesions, cultured juvenile white seabass were exposed to five gas saturation levels between 98% and 122% total gas pressure (TGP). Experiments were run for 96 h using fish weighing 3 and 22 g at water temperatures of 17.9 ± 0.3°C or 23.0 ± 0.3°C. Fish were observed every 8 h for symptoms of gas bubble disease. Throughout the trial, no fish died when exposed to 98, 102, or 109% TGP and only one fish died at 116% TGP. When fish were exposed to 122% TGP, however, mortality was 5 percentage points greater for both small and large fish in 23°C water than for those at 18°C and 20 percentage points greater for the large than for the small fish at both temperatures. The most prevalent and severe lesions were in large fish exposed at 23°C, followed by small fish exposed at 23°C, large fish exposed at 18°C, and small fish exposed at 18°C. Corneal emphysemas were the most common lesion, affecting even the control group of large fish in 23°C seawater. For fin emphysemas, only the large fish at 18°C were affected at both 116% and 122% TGP. These fish also had the highest incidence of fin emphysemas (50%), followed by the large fish at 23°C (38.3%), small fish at 18°C (6.7%), and small fish at 23°C (1.7%). These results indicate that temperature, size, and gas supersaturation all play roles in the onset of gas bubble disease for white seabass. These factors should be investigated in any hatchery setting when ocular emphysemas arise.
Old Tales in Recent Context: Current Perspective on Yellow Perch Recruitment in Lake Michigan
Authors: Redman Rebecca A. , Czesny Sergiusz J. , Dettmers John M. , Weber Michael J. , Makauskas Daniel 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTo evaluate factors affecting recruitment of yellow perch Perca flavescens in southwestern Lake Michigan, a Ricker stock–recruitment model was fitted to age‐0 abundance estimated from a fall bottom trawl survey (1989–2007) and spawning stock biomass estimates. Models were built for all possible combinations of four external variables: spring–summer water temperature, June nearshore zooplankton density, spring abundance of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, and an index of wind‐induced transport of yellow perch larvae. Four relatively parsimonious models were deemed robust, and three external variables were represented (spring–summer water temperature, spring alewife abundance, and June zooplankton density). The Ricker stock–recruitment model with the lowest value of Akaike's information criterion (i.e., the best‐supported model) included spring–summer water temperature and spring alewife abundance. The basic Ricker stock–recruitment model ranked second, followed by the Ricker model that included June zooplankton density. The fourth Ricker model that was deemed robust included spring–summer water temperature. The four best models provided a good fit to age‐0 yellow perch abundance estimates based on fall seining catches along the Illinois shoreline of Lake Michigan during 1989–2007. Our findings indicate that over the last two decades, yellow perch recruitment benefited during years associated with relatively warm water, low alewife abundance, and high zooplankton density.
Body Size, Food, and Temperature Affect Overwinter Survival of Age‐0 Bluegills
Authors: Shoup Daniel E. , Wahl David H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFor many species of fish, size‐specific overwinter mortality is an important factor structuring year‐class strength. Protracted spawning by bluegillLepomis macrochirusleads to extreme variation in individual size going into winter that could result in strong, size‐specific overwinter mortality, particularly in locations with limited food resources or long, cold winters. We performed laboratory trials to test the effects of winter temperature (4°C or 9°C) and food availability (food present or no food) on the survival of two size‐classes (20–30 or 50–60 mm total length) of young‐of‐year bluegills. Mortality was strongly size selective and appeared to be related to relative condition, suggesting that energy limitation was the primary mechanism of mortality. Fish of both sizes were less active at colder temperatures, leading to increased survival (presumably via reduced energy expenditure). Bluegills fed heavily in food treatments (wet weight/d consumed was typically 2–4% for both large and small fish in the warm treatment, 1–2.5% for small fish in the cold treatment, and 0.4–0.8% for large fish in the cold treatment) and experienced increased survival. However, small fish in all treatments had more than 55% mortality after 150 d, indicating that some of the mortality was not due to starvation. It appears that late‐spawned, small fish are unlikely to survive lengthy periods of winter conditions and will therefore be selected against at northern latitudes. Mechanisms other than overwinter mortality that lead to increased lifetime reproductive success may explain the persistence of late‐summer or fall spawning at these latitudes.
Sampling for Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Corn Strip Trials Comparing Nematode Management Products
Authors: Tylka Gregory L. , Todd Timothy C. , Niblack Terry L. , MacGuidwin Ann E. , Jackson Tamra 
Published: September 2011

Protectant seed treatments are a new management option for plant-parasitic nematodes that feed on corn. Many growers and agribusiness personnel are conducting strip-trial comparisons of nematode seed treatments in growers' fields. Yield monitors in combines and weigh wagons can be used to collect yield data from multiple-row strips that stretch across an entire field. But some growers and agribusiness personnel also want to assess plant-parasitic nematode populations in these strip trials to gauge whether the seed treatments are affecting nematode population densities (numbers). Drawing conclusions about the effects of treatments on numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes in strip trials is problematic because of the natural variability of nematode populations and their densities in the field. This guide discusses various points to consider about collecting samples to assess possible effects of treatments on population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes in strip trials. Accepted for publication 15 July 2011. Published 1 September 2011.
POD1 Regulates Pollen Tube Guidance in Response to Micropylar Female Signaling and Acts in Early Embryo Patterning inArabidopsis
Authors: Li Hong-Ju , Xue Yong , Jia Dong-Jie , Wang Tong , hi Dong-Qiao , Liu Jie , Cui Feng , Xie Qi , Ye De , Yang Wei-Cai 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe pollen tube germinates from pollen and, during its migration, it perceives and responds to guidance cues from maternal tissue and from the female gametophyte. The putative female cues have recently been identified, but how the pollen tube responds to these signals remains to be unveiled. In a genetic screen for male determinants of the pollen tube response, we identified the pollen defective in guidance1 (pod1) mutant, in which the pollen tubes fail to target the female gametophyte. POD1 encodes a conserved protein of unknown function and is essential for positioning and orienting the cell division plane during early embryo development. Here, we demonstrate that POD1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal protein involved in ER protein retention. Further analysis shows that POD1 interacts with the Ca2+ binding ER chaperone CALRETICULIN3 (CRT3), a protein in charge of folding of membrane receptors. We propose that POD1 modulates the activity of CRT3 or other ER resident factors to control the folding of proteins, such as membrane proteins in the ER. By this mechanism, POD1 may regulate the pollen tube response to signals from the female tissues during pollen tube guidance and early embryo patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The Arabidopsis Na+/H+ Antiporters NHX1 and NHX2 Control Vacuolar pH and K+ Homeostasis to Regulate Growth, Flower Development, and Reproduction
Authors: Bassil Elias , Tajima Hiromi , Liang Yin-Chih , Ohto Masa-aki , Ushijima Koichiro , Nakano Ryohei , Esumi Tomoya , Coku Ardian , Belmonte Mark , Blumwald Eduardo 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Intracellular Na+/H+ (NHX) antiporters have important roles in cellular pH and Na+, K+ homeostasis. The six Arabidopsis thaliana intracellular NHX members are divided into two groups, endosomal (NHX5 and NHX6) and vacuolar (NHX1 to NHX4). Of the vacuolar members, NHX1 has been characterized functionally, but the remaining members have largely unknown roles. Using reverse genetics, we show that, unlike the single knockouts nhx1 or nhx2, the double knockout nhx1 nhx2 had significantly reduced growth, smaller cells, shorter hypocotyls in etiolated seedlings and abnormal stamens in mature flowers. Filaments of nhx1 nhx2 did not elongate and lacked the ability to dehisce and release pollen, resulting in a near lack of silique formation. Pollen viability and germination was not affected. Quantification of vacuolar pH and intravacuolar K+ concentrations indicated that nhx1 nhx2 vacuoles were more acidic and accumulated only 30% of the wild-type K+ concentration, highlighting the roles of NHX1 and NHX2 in mediating vacuolar K+/H+ exchange. Growth under added Na+, but not K+, partly rescued the flower and growth phenotypes. Our results demonstrate the roles of NHX1 and NHX2 in regulating intravacuolar K+ and pH, which are essential to cell expansion and flower development.
A 35‐month prospective study on onset of scabies in a psychiatric hospital: Discussion on patient transfer and incubation period
Authors: MAKIGAMI Kuniko , OHTAKI Noriko , YASUMURA Seiji 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors of scabies introduction into a hospital. We addressed the following question: Do patients transferred from other institutions pose a higher risk than patients from the community? From July 2003 to May 2006, a trained physician surveyed the inpatients and staff of a psychiatric hospital (six wards, 300 beds) on a monthly basis. During the study period, specific infection control measures beyond standard precautions, such as prophylactic treatment, were not adopted. There were 333 newly‐admitted patients during the study period and among them, 122 were transferred from other institutions. Seven patients were diagnosed with scabies. Two of these patients were infected while in the hospital (secondary infection), thus the number of introduced scabies cases (index cases) was five. Four of the index cases were transferred from other institutions (three from psychiatric hospitals and one from a nursing home). The source of infection for one index case was unexplained. The rate of scabies infection among transferred patients was 3.3% while the infection rate among patients from the community was 0.5%. Therefore, transferred patients pose a higher risk than those from the community. The average time from admission to diagnosis of scabies was 141 days (range 34–313 days). The hospital personnel checked the skin condition of all patients at admission and none of the four patients showed symptoms of scabies.
Preclinical evaluation of a novel SIRT1 modulator SRT1720 in multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Chauhan Dharminder , Bandi Madhavi , Singh Ajita V. , Ray Arghya , Raje Noopur , Richardson Paul , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2011

SummarySIRT1 belongs to the silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) protein family of enzymes and functions as a NAD+‐dependent class III histone deacetylase. Here, we examined the anti‐multiple myeloma (MM) activity of a novel oral agent, SRT1720, which targets SIRT1. Treatment of MM cells with SRT1720 inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in MM cells resistant to conventional and bortezomib therapies without significantly affecting the viability of normal cells. Mechanistic studies showed that anti‐MM activity of SRT1720 is associated with: (i) activation of caspase‐8, caspase‐9, caspase‐3, poly(ADP) ribose polymerase; (ii) increase in reactive oxygen species; (iii) induction of phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated/checkpoint kinase 2 signalling; (iv) decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor‐induced migration of MM cells and associated angiogenesis; and (v) inhibition of nuclear factor‐κB. Blockade of ATM attenuated SRT1720‐induced MM cell death. In animal tumour model studies, SRT1720 inhibited MM tumour growth. Finally, SRT1720 enhanced the cytotoxic activity of bortezomib or dexamethasone. Our preclinical studies provide the rationale for novel therapeutics targeting SIRT1 in MM.
Inhibition of CXCL10 release by monomeric C3bi and C4b
Authors: Takeda Y , Kaneda K , Jimma F , Shiobara N , Hidaka M , Saniabadi A R , Wakabayashi I 
Published: September 2011

Summary
Cellulose acetate (CA) beads are often used for leucocyte apheresis therapy against inflammatory bowel disease. In order to clarify the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effects of CA, global analysis of the molecules generated in blood by the interaction with CA beads was performed in this study. An activated medium was collected from whole blood that had been preincubated with CA beads, and the effects of the CA-activated medium on leucocyte function were investigated. Fresh blood was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon (IFN)-β in the presence of the activated medium, and levels of chemokines and cytokines, including CXCL10 (IFN-inducible protein-10), and phosphorylated STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1), which is known to be essential for CXCL10 production in leucocytes, were measured. IFN-β- or LPS-induced CXCL10 production, expression of CXCL10 mRNA and phosphorylation of STAT1 were significantly reduced in the presence of the medium pretreated with CA beads compared with the control without the CA bead treatment. The factors inhibiting CXCL10 production were identified as the C3 and C4 fragments by mass spectrometry. The monomeric C3bi and C4b proteins were abundant in the medium pretreated with CA beads. Furthermore, purified C3bi and C4b were found to inhibit IFN-β-induced CXCL10 production and STAT1 phosphorylation. Thus, STAT1-mediated CXCL10 production induced by stimulation with LPS or IFN was potently inhibited by monomeric C3bi and C4b generated by the interaction of blood with CA beads. These mechanisms mediated by monomeric C3bi and C4b may be involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of CA.
Long‐term outcomes of distant metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Huang I‐Chin , Chou Feng‐Fu , Liu Rue‐Tsuan , Tung Shih‐Chen , Chen Jung‐Fu , Kuo Ming‐Chun , Hsieh Ching‐Jung , Wang Pei‐Wen 
Published: September 2011

SummaryBackground  The aim of this study was to identify the prognostic factors of long‐term survival and optimal therapeutic protocol for patients with distant metastasis secondary to differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).Methods  A retrospective review of 1665 patients with DTC treated at a regional tertiary hospital in Taiwan between 1986 and 2010 was performed. Among them, 207 patients were found to have distant metastasis. For a long‐term outcome survey, 126 patients that had received at least 5 years (mean 9·6 ± 5·2 years) of follow‐up after the diagnosis of distant metastasis were analysed for this study. Prognostic factor analysis included age, sex, histology, disease stage, type of surgical procedure, site of metastatic foci, 131I avidity of tumour, thyroglobulin (Tg) level and accumulated therapeutic dose of radioiodine (RAI).Results  The mean age at diagnosis of distant metastasis was 46·4 ± 17·2 years. The female‐to‐male ratio was 2·1:1. The 10‐ and 15‐year survival rates were 70·6% and 64·9%, respectively. The independent predictors of survival were younger age, surgical dissection of neck lymph nodes (LNs) and low TSH‐stimulated Tg level (<400 μg/l) at the discovery of metastasis. Most cases of resolved 131I‐avid disease (79·2%) and disease‐free remission (87·5%) received a cumulative dose no >600 mCi of 131I. The mean cumulative doses of 131I in both deceased and living patients were similar.Conclusion  The prognosis of patients with distant metastasis from DTC within this study was found to be favourable. Survival may be improved by surgical dissection of neck LNs, but repeated 131I therapy >600 mCi is not advised unless there is a high probability that it would benefit the patient.
Systematic planning for river rehabilitation: integrating multiple ecological and economic objectives in complex decisions
Authors: HERMOSO VIRGILIO , PANTUS FRANCIS , OLLEY JON , LINKE SIMON , MUGODO JAMES , LEA PATRICK 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. Owing to intensive human use, freshwaters are among the most seriously threatened and modified environments on the planet. Their poor condition and the risk to services that humans need from these ecosystems make their rehabilitation a priority. However, many previous studies have reported the poor performance of many rehabilitation activities.2. Here, we analyse reasons for this poor performance, focussing on the planning of rehabilitation activities, and propose a new approach. We argue that the failure to include driving factors at a scale adequate to capture the ecological processes involved, together with an insufficient incorporation of socio‐economic aspects, is a key factor leading the poor performance of many rehabilitation activities.3. We propose a new approach, ‘systematic rehabilitation planning’, that brings together advances made in conservation planning (cost‐effectiveness analysis) and ecosystem science (understanding the complexity of ecosystem processes). This enables planning to be done at the catchment scale, and the trade‐offs between various rehabilitation actions to be integrated and prioritised.4. Finally, it is important, given the constraints imposed by a lack of knowledge, that the planning process is part of an adaptive cycle where it can benefit from and consolidate the experience gained during the implementation and monitoring stages.