bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Business Rules Design Framework for a Pharmaceutical Validation and Alert System
Authors: Bousquet C. , Sabatier B. , Caruba T. , Durieux P. , Degoulet P. , Boussadi A. 
Published: October 2010

Summary
Objectives: Several alert systems have been developed to improve the patient safety aspects of clinical information systems (CIS). Most studies have focused on the evaluation of these systems, with little information provided about the methodology leading to system implementation. We propose here an ‘agile’ business rule design framework (BRDF) supporting both the design of alerts for the validation of drug prescriptions and the incorporation of the end user into the design process.
Methods: We analyzed the unified process (UP) design life cycle and defined the activities, subactivities, actors and UML artifacts that could be used to enhance the agility of the proposed framework. We then applied the proposed framework to two different sets of data in the context of the Georges Pompidou University Hospital (HEGP) CIS.
Results: We introduced two new subactivities into UP: business rule specification and business rule instantiation activity. The pharmacist made an effective contribution to five of the eight BRDF design activities. Validation of the two new subactivities was effected in the context of drug dosage adaption to the patients’ clinical and biological contexts. Pilot experiment shows that business rules modeled with BRDF and implemented as an alert system triggered an alert for 5824 of the 71,413 prescriptions considered (8.16%).
Conclusion: A business rule design framework approach meets one of the strategic objectives for decision support design by taking into account three important criteria posing a particular challenge to system designers: 1) business processes, 2) knowledge modeling of the context of application, and 3) the agility of the various design steps.
Modified Extension-Block K-Wire Fixation Technique for the Treatment of Bony Mallet Finger
Authors: Lee Sang Ki , Kim Kap Jung , Yang Dae Suk , Moon Kyung Ho , Choy Won Sik 
Published: October 2010

This article describes the treatment of a bony mallet finger deformity using 2 extension-block Kirschner wires (K-wires) with a transarticular K-wire fixation technique for precise alignment of the terminal extensor tendon–bone relationship and effective immobilization of the distal interphalangeal joint. Twenty-nine patients (33 fingers) with a bony mallet finger deformity and fracture fragment involving more than one-third of the articular surface were treated surgically. The fracture fragment was fixed and the mallet finger deformity was corrected in all patients using modified extension-block K-wires (2 dorsal extension-block pins) with a transarticular K-wire (volar side pin) fixation technique. Active motion of the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints was not restricted. The wires are removed in the clinic 6 weeks postoperatively when the bridging trabeculae were observed in the radiographs, and immobilization in a stock splint was continued for an additional 2 weeks.
According to Crawford’s evaluation criteria, there were 24 (73%) excellent, 7 (21%) good, and 2 (6%) fair results. Three patients showed radiological signs of mild degenerative changes, which did not limit their daily activities. Nail ridging occurred in 3 cases (9%), which disappeared after an average of 6 months with normal growth, and mild scarring at the dorsal pin site occurred in 2 cases (6%). Modified extension-block K-wires with a transarticular K-wire fixation technique is an acceptable alternative treatment modality for the management of bony mallet finger deformities with or without subluxation of the distal phalanx.
Analysis of Synovial Fluid in Culture-Negative Samples of Suspicious Periprosthetic Infections
Authors: Lee Su Chan , Jung Kwang Am , Yoon Ji Yeol , Nam Chang Hyun , Hwang Seung Hyun , Park Il Seok 
Published: October 2010

Synovial fluid analysis can help to rule out a periprosthetic infection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of synovial fluid suspicious for a periprosthetic infection given the synovial leukocyte count and percent of neutrophils.
From August 2006 to November 2008, patients who had synovial fluid aspirated for painful knees and elevated C-reactive protein levels after total knee arthroplasty but revealed no growth of any microorganism were retrospectively evaluated by medical record review. Mean follow-up period was 827.7±250.6 days from the date of joint aspiration results. The optimal cut-off values for synovial leukocyte counts and percent neutrophils were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves.
From a total of 56 patients, 14 were classified as having poor results. The remaining 42 patients had an uneventful clinical course with a stable prosthesis on radiographs without specific therapy during the follow-up period. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that a synovial leukocyte count of 3600/uL had an 86% sensitivity and 79% specificity; with 89% synovial neutrophils, the sensitivity was 72% and specificity 62%.
The synovial fluid leukocyte count and percent neutrophils were significant predictors of outcome in patients with cultures that were negative but suspicious for periprosthetic infections.
Infantile Kyphosis Secondary to Lumbar Hypoplasia: Six Cases with Excessive Upright Sleeping as a Possible Cause
Authors: Price Charles T. , Knapp D. Raymond , Lopez Denise , Herrera-Soto José A. 
Published: October 2010

Abnormal thoracolumbar kyphosis in infants may be due to lumbar hypoplasia that resolves with development of upright posture. The cause of this deformity has not been previously identified. The goal of this study was to find whether excessive time in an upright posture while sleeping and sitting may play a role in the etiology of infantile thoracolumbar kyphosis.
We retrospectively reviewed infants with the diagnosis of kyphosis from 2001 to 2005. Inclusion criteria were patients diagnosed prior to age 3 years without syndromic, neuromuscular, or congenital kyphosis and minimum 2-year follow-up. Serial radiographic evaluation was used to assess change in kyphotic deformity. Six infants with an average age of 7 months at the time of diagnosis were identified. All had marked thoracolumbar kyphosis with vertebral wedging and scalloping. Some had pseudosubluxation at the T12-L1 level. The initial average Cobb angle was 30° (normal, 0°–5°). Careful history revealed that all patients slept in an upright posture in addition to sitting while awake. All of the patients were observed following parental instruction in proper sleeping and sitting habits. At last follow-up, all patients had normal sagittal alignment with an average Cobb angle of 1.3°.
Proper sleeping and sitting habits with good spine support is recommended for infantile thoracolumbar kyphosis with lumbar hypoplasia. Allowing “tummy time” during waking hours may help the paraspinal muscles gain strength to provide support to the spine. Radiographic evidence of vertebral body height restoration may be delayed for several years.
Bilateral Femoral Neck Stress Fractures in a Fire Academy Student
Authors: Wright Russell C. , Salzman Garrett A. , Yacoubian Stephan V. , Yacoubian Shahan V. 
Published: October 2010

Unilateral femoral neck stress fractures are well documented in active patients; however, the risk of a subsequent contralateral stress fracture remains unknown in patients who continue to be active. This article describes a 24-year-old male fire academy student who sustained a left femoral neck stress fracture, followed approximately 11 months later by a right femoral neck stress fracture, both of which went on to completely displace. A review of the index radiographs of each hip from outside institutions revealed femoral neck stress fractures that went undiagnosed until they displaced. The patient was referred to our institution and underwent closed reduction and internal fixation using cannulated screws in both cases. A full endocrine evaluation was performed in the following weeks and proved unremarkable.
Although it is difficult to extrapolate the results from 1 patient beyond the case studied, there is cause for concern in patients who remain active following femoral neck stress fractures. Our case highlights the significance of obtaining a complete and thorough medical history on physical examination and appropriately counseling patients regarding activity level. Until further research explores this possible relationship, physicians evaluating patients with a history of a stress fracture are encouraged to be vigilant of subsequent contralateral fractures and educate patients of this potentially avoidable injury.
Transitioning to Optimized Correction with the WaveLight ALLEGRETTO WAVE: Case Distribution, Visual Outcomes, and Wavefront Aberrations
Authors: George Michael R. , Shah Ravindra A. , Hood Christopher , Krueger Ronald R. 
Published: October 2010

Purpose:
To describe the outcomes of the first 285 eyes receiving LASIK or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) using an optimized ablation profile at a refractive surgery practice experienced with customized ablation.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent refractive treatments using the ALLEGRETTO WAVE Eye-Q platform (Alcon Laboratories Inc) between September 2008 and July 2009. Patients were divided into LASIK and PRK treatments, then further subdivided based on pre- and targeted postoperative refraction. Pre- and postoperative measures of uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity, manifest refraction, keratometry, and wavefront values were taken and compared, and the average changes in keratometry and higher order aberrations were calculated.

Results:
At 3 months postoperative, 92% of myopes and 63% of hyperopes undergoing LASIK with a target of emmetropia achieved UDVA of 20/20. Of PRK eyes targeted for emmetropia, 80% of myopic eyes achieved UDVA of 20/20 (the hyperopic subgroup was too small to analyze). In both LASIK and PRK subgroups, total wavefront aberrations decreased, as did some higher order aberrations.

Conclusions:
This group of patients, who all achieved excellent postoperative UDVA, represents our initial surgical experience with the ALLEGRETTO WAVE, using only a standard (global surgeon) nomogram. These results may serve as an estimate of what a practice could expect in terms of initial outcomes with this system.
Presbyopia Corrections with the WaveLight ALLEGRETTO: 3-Month Results
Authors: Gordon Michael 
Published: October 2010

Purpose:
Progressive multifocal LASIK (PML) is a corneal surgical technique that is based on the principles of LASIK to create a multifocal or aspheric corneal surface. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this procedure.

Methods:
One hundred seventy-eight patients underwent PML with the WaveLight ALLEGRETTO platform (Alcon Laboratories Inc), of which 102 patients had at least 3-month follow-up.

Results:
After surgery, 81% of patients had 20/20 or better binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), and 98% had 20/25 or better binocular UDVA. Additionally, 44% of patients had Jaeger (J) 1 binocular near visual acuity, 60% had J2, and 96% had J3.

Conclusions:
This study suggests that PML performed with the WaveLight ALLEGRETTO platform is a safe and effective treatment for this patient population.
Reduction of Nd:YAG Capsulotomy Rates After Implantation of a Single-Piece Acrylic Hydrophilic Intraocular Lens with 360° Squared Optic Edge: 24-Month Results
Authors: Mathew Rashmi G. , Coombes Andrew G. A. 
Published: October 2010

Background and Objective:
Posterior capsule opacification remains a significant problem following cataract surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of symptomatic posterior capsule opacification requiring Nd:YAG capsulotomy in patients who underwent cataract extraction and implantation of the Rayner C-flex 570C intraocular lens (IOL) (Rayner Intraocular Lens, Ltd., Sussex, UK).

Patients and Methods:
A retrospective study of 3,461 eyes that underwent cataract extraction and insertion of the Rayner C-flex IOL from January 2004 to December 2005. The cases that received Nd: YAG capsulotomies were evaluated.

Results:
Over a 24-month period, 3,461 Rayner C-flex IOLs were implanted. Nd:YAG capsulotomy was performed in 58 of these cases. The rate of Nd:YAG capsulotomy was 0.6% at 12 months and 1.7% at 24 months. The mean time to Nd:YAG capsulotomy was 9.3 months (range: 1.3 to 22.7 months). The follow-up period was 5.3 to 29.0 months.

Conclusion:
The incidence of symptomatic posterior capsule opacification with the Rayner C-flex IOL is low.
Autoimmune Disease: Animal Models
Authors: Williams Richard 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnimal models are used for the study of a number of human autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis. Induced, spontaneous and genetically manipulated animal models can be described in terms of their parallels to human disease and as tools for the development of potential therapies. Studies in animal models have led to a number of important discoveries which have increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, including the roles played by regulatory T cells and TH17 cells. In addition, important therapeutic advances have emerged as a result of studies of immune intervention in animal models of autoimmunity. For example, Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blocking drugs, which are widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, were developed following pre‐clinical testing in animal models.Key Concepts:Animal models may be either spontaneously occurring or induced as a result of genetic manipulation or immunisation with a self‐antigen.No animal model completely mimics human disease.Animal models can be used to test novel therapeutic concepts and to understand mechanisms of drug action.The use of transgenic and knockout strains facilitates the identification of key genes that contribute to disease susceptibility.
Anthocyanins
Authors: Andersen Øyvind M , Jordheim Monica 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

The anthocyanins, which belong to the flavonoid group provide the majority of red to blue colour shades and patterns of flowers, fruits and leaves of angiosperm plants. They are produced, often temporary, during the course of a shoot's growth, but they can also be promoted experimentally, for instance in green leaves by subjecting plants to mineral imbalances. About 650 anthocyanins have been identified. Each anthocyanin consists of an aglycone (anthocyanidin) and one or more glycosyl moieties. Each anthocyanidin may occur on different equilibrium forms, which are influenced by various factors including pH. The anthocyanins are integrated into the plant's strategies for survival by attracting or repelling pollinators and seed dispersers, serving protective roles as shields against abiotic stresses like UV (ultraviolet)–B radiation, visible light, temperature variation, etc., and active defensive roles against pathogens, insects and herbivores. The past two decades have witnessed increased interests in anthocyanins above all because of their potential health‐promoting properties, their use as natural food colorants, as well as their appearance in cultivars and plant mutants with new colours and shapes.

Key Concepts:

Anthocyanins provide the majority of red to blue colours of plants.

Anthocyanins in plants attract or repel pollinators and seed dispersers, and serve protective and defensive roles.

Anthocyanin colours are significantly influenced by structure, copigmentation and external factors like pH.

Anthocyanin stability is significantly influenced by structure and external factors like pH.

Anthocyanins have been approved for use in foods, in Europe with the label E163.

Anthocyanins are regarded as potentially important nutraceuticals.

Genetic engineering applied to anthocyanins has been used to modify flower colours and patterns bringing new varieties to the horticultural marked.
Evolution of Photosynthesis
Authors: Allen John F , Vermaas Wim FJ 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPhotosynthesis is the conversion of radiant energy, as light, into stored chemical energy. The central process is a light‐driven separation of electrical charge across a biological membrane. Photochemical reaction centres carry out this process, and their three‐dimensional protein structures now indicate that all modern reaction centres are homologous. Reaction centres with light‐harvesting complexes comprise photosynthetic units, two of which are required for the oxygenic photosynthesis that now dominates biological energy flow in the biosphere. The evolutionary origin of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria had a profound effect on the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere, on geology and on biology, paving the way for the evolution of complex, multicellular life. Eukaryotic plants and algae maintain the descendents of cyanobacteria as specialised, subcellular, cytoplasmic organelles called chloroplasts. The genes that remain in chloroplasts may be retained to be subject to regulatory control by the photosynthetic electron transport chain.Key Concepts:Photochemical reaction centres trap absorbed light energy as transmembrane charge separation.This vectorial electron transfer forms part of an electron transport chain, and drives vectorial proton translocation, establishing a proton motive force.The proton motive may also be produced by nonphotosynthetic electron transfer and perhaps, originally, by geothermal convection in the first living cells. Photosynthesis may have originated as a light‐driven supplement to vectorial metabolism.Photochemical reaction centres today come in two broad types, I and II. These differ in their mode of electron transport, but the three‐dimensional structure of their proteins indicates a common origin.Type I and type II reaction centres originated by gene duplication and subsequently diverged to give the reaction centres found today in different lineages of anoxygenic, photosynthetic bacteria, each with a single type of reaction centre.Type I and type II reaction centres came together again, in the first cyanobacterium, as photosystem I and photosystem II, two mutually interdependent photosynthetic units connected in series.Photosystem I and photosystem II together generate a sufficiently large electrical potential difference to permit photo‐oxidation of water and photo‐reduction of NADP+, with a consequent liberation of molecular oxygen.Oxygenic photosynthesis was acquired by eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria.The overwhelming majority of cyanobacterial genes were either lost or relocated to the plant cell nucleus.Control of gene expression by photosynthetic electron transport may be an absolute and continuing requirement that justifies the maintenance of the small, quasi‐autonomous, chloroplast genetic system.
Labelling of Cells Engaged in
DNA
Synthesis: Autoradiography and BrdU Staining
Authors: Madsen Peder 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

The cell cycle is divided in four phases: G1 phase, S phase (DNA‐synthesis), G2 phase (together termed interphase) and M phase (mitosis). Cells that have ceased proliferation enter a state of quiescence called G0. M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's chromosomes are divided between the two daughter cells, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides in half forming distinct new cells. It is often necessary to evaluate the proportion of DNA‐replicating nuclei (S‐phase cells) in a given population of cells. Classical methods for detection of cells in the S phase use incorporation of modified nucleosides, followed by direct visualisation of the DNA ‐replicating cells.

Key Concepts:

Identification of actively DNA‐replicating nuclei by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and detection by immunofluorescence using bromodeoxyuridine specific antibodies or by incorporation of [
3
H]thymidine and visualisation by autoradiography.

Labelling of S‐phase cells by bromodeoxyuridine or [
3
H]thymidine is a direct method to asses the proliferative index of tissue cell cultures.

Cell cycle studies using the number of S‐phase cells as index for cell proliferation are conveniently conducted by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine or [
3
H]thymidine into nuclei engaged in DNA synthesis.

Bromodeoxyuridine and [
3
H]thymidine are both incorporated into DNA by eukaryotic DNA polymerases and are therefore valuable tools in studies of hyperproliferative cells as well as normal cells, thereby aiding to the understanding of the transition of normal cells to cancer cells.
Histocultures and Their Use
Authors: Hoffman Robert M 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Histocultures are three‐dimensional tissues that are put into growth medium either with a collagen gel support or simply free floating. Histocultures maintain their

in vivo

‐like phenotype in contrast to monolayer cultures. Histocultures have many uses, including culture and sensitivity testing of patient tumour to choose optimal individualised treatment. Clinical trials have demonstrated the clinical utility of the histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) to determine effective treatment for multiple types of cancer. The histoculture of skin to study hair growth and screen drugs that enhance or inhibit hair growth has enabled the discovery of hair follicle‐targeting cancer liposomes to deliver genes and other molecules to the hair follicles. The histoculture of lymphoid organs has been developed to study antibody production and effects of viruses on immune cells. Stem cell growth and differentiation are now being studied in histoculture.

Key Concepts:

Histocultures are the culture of intact tissues containing multiple cell types.

Histocultures retain their
in vivo
phenotype in contrast to monolayer cultures.

Histocultured tumour tissue contains cancer cells and stromal elements interacting with each other in their native structure.

Histocultured tumours can be tested for drug sensitivity to design effective individualised therapy for each patient.

Histocultured lymphoid tissue can enable the study of antibody production and virus infection
in vitro
.

Histocultured skin enables hair growth
in vitro
.

Histocultured stem cells cancer differentiates
in vitro
.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Authors: Witkowski Jan A 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Biological Laboratory was established at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA, in 1890 as a summer school for teachers of biology. It began a transition to becoming a research institute in 1898, and in 1904, the Carnegie Institution of Washington created the Station for Experimental Evolution. A third institute, the Eugenics Records Office (ERO), was established in 1910. The ERO was closed in 1940, and the two remaining institutes amalgamated to create the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology in 1963. Genetics was and remains the central theme of the Laboratory's research, focusing on cancer, but current areas of research also include quantitative biology, neurobiology and plant genetics. The Laboratory is also the leading centre for meetings and courses in experimental biology; over 8500 scientists attend the over 50 meetings and 25 courses held annually. The Laboratory's DNA Learning Center provides education in molecular genetics for high school students, whereas the Watson School of Biological Sciences, founded in 1998, grants the PhD degree.Key Concepts:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory is a world‐renowned institute for research on topics of biological and biomedical importance.The Laboratory plays a key role in professional education through its meetings, courses and book publishing.The Watson School of Biological Science offers graduate training leading to the PhD degree.The DNA Learning Center provides teaching in molecular genetics for high school students.