bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local hydrologic effects of introducing non‐native vegetation in a tropical catchment
Authors: Guardiola‐Claramonte Maite , Troch Peter A. , Ziegler Alan D. , Giambelluca Thomas W. , Vogler John B. , Nullet Michael A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study investigates the hydrologic implications of land use conversion from native vegetation to rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Southeast Asia. The experimental catchment, Nam Ken (69 km2), is located in Xishuangbanna Prefecture (22°N, 101°E), in the south of Yunnan province, in southwestern China. During 2005 and 2006, we collected hourly records of 2 m deep soil moisture profiles in rubber and three native land‐covers (tea, secondary forest and grassland), and measured surface radiation above the tea and rubber canopies. Observations show that root water uptake of rubber during the dry season is controlled by day‐length, whereas water demand of the native vegetation starts with the arrival of the first monsoon rainfall. The different dynamics of root water uptake in rubber result in distinct depletion of soil moisture in deeper layers. Traditional evapotranspiration and soil moisture models are unable to simulate this specific behaviour. Therefore, a different conceptual model, taking in account vegetation dynamics, is needed to predict hydrologic changes due to land use conversion in the area. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐Term Load Forecasting Using Grey System Theory
Authors: Morita Hironobu , Zhang De‐Ping , Tamura Yasuo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSupply and demand in power system planning and operation is required to be balanced. An operational reserve for protection against faults or accidental demands also is required. Therefore load forecasting is one of the most important fields and various load forecasting methods have been applied.In this paper the grey system theory which mats uncertain information is applied to the long‐term load forecasting from three aspects: the point prediction; the interval prediction; and the topological forecasting. In the point prediction, the annual total demand is predicted, in the interval prediction, the annual peak demand is predicted, and in the topological forecasting, the date where a yearly maximum peak demand would occur is predicted. The grey dynamic model (abbreviated as GM model) is adopted as the predicted model. The GM model is a differential equation model which is different from most forecasting models. The GM model is quite powerful when combined with the preliminary transformation called the accumulated generating operation (AGO).This paper proposes a new method for the long‐term load‐forecasting problems involving uncertainty. The predicted results have been found to be very satisfactory. The grey system theory is a new tool which is very efficient for load forecasting.
Improvement of Dynamic Stability in a Multimachine Power System via SMES with Active Power Modulation Controlled by Frequency Deviation
Authors: Fujita Hideki , Goto Masuo , Kito Yukio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith the recent increase in demand, power systems have become large and complex and generation plants are located far from the load center. As a result, power system instability has become more serious. On the other hand, the active and reactive powers am controlled rapidly and flexibly by the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system.This paper proposes a practical method to suppress power oscillation in a multimachine power system by using SMES wherein its active power is controlled by the signal derived from a bus frequency deviation. This controlled scheme is conducted easily only by detecting the frequency deviation on the site.The proposed method is examined on a 4‐machine miniature power system connecting a I‐MJ SMES as well as another digital simulation using the same model.The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown.
Method of Stabiiizing Power Systems Using Variable Series Impedance
Authors: Senjyu Tomonobu , Uezato Katsumi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe stabilizing facilities for power systems, i.e., series capacitor, system damping resistor, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), phase shiftcr, etc., are used to improve the stability of synchronous generators. The control principle of these facilities to enhance the system damping is the same in the sense that these stabilizers control the active power so as to stabilize power systems. The generalized control method for these facilities has not been studied from the viewpoint of active power control.The generalized control method applying the variable structure control from the viewpoint of acceleration power for the synchronous generators is proposed in this paper. The variable structure control can be applied to both nonlinear and linear systems and has robustness against parameter variations.In this paper, the control law is derived first in general form from the viewpoint of active power in the synchronous generator. This control law can take into account the automatic voltage regulator and governor effect indirectly. The feedback gains of the controller can be determined taking into account parameter variations in the synchronous generator. Second, this method is applied to the one‐machine infinite‐bus system with a variable series inductance so as to investigate the validity of this control method. The simulation results show that the controller is able to improve the system damping of the power system and is especially effective against parameter variations.
Cooperative Fuzzy Control of AVR and GOV Based on Sliding Mode to Improve Transient Stability of Power Systems
Authors: Senjyu Tomonobu , Gibo Naoki , Uezato Katsumi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes the cooperative fuzzy control of AVR and GOV to improve the transient stability of power systems. The fuzzy rules to stabilize the power systems are selected from general ideas based on the sliding mode controller. Both the AVR and GOV inputs are determined to satisfy system stability from the values of state variables, acceleration power and magnitude of their products. Moreover, these control laws reduce the chattering effect due to discontinuity of the control laws. Therefore, the fuzzy controller acts to improve the transient stability of power systems. By introducing the ideas of sliding mode control, the fuzzy rules and composition of membership functions can be constructed easily. The validity and usefulness of the proposed fuzzy controller are tested on a single‐machine infinite‐bus system. It is shown that the proposed controller has robustness against parameter errors in the synchronous machine and that the transient stability of power systems is improved by cooperative AVR and GOV control.
Approximate Expressions for Maximum Values of Transient Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Forces Imposed on Windings in Superconducting Generators
Authors: Mukai Eiichi , Muta Itsuya 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs superconducting generators have a number of advantages, the investigations for such machines have actively been carried out throughout the world.In the superconducting generator, it is very important to support the field winding and to protect it from quenching. On the other hand, since the armature winding is of air core, the evaluation of eddy current loss in the winding and the way it is supported arc inevitable. Thus, the magnetic fields and the electromagnetic forces acing on both the field and the armature windings at the early stages of the machine design should be known.In previous papers the transient behavior of magnetic fields and electromagnetic forces acting on the windings of a superconducting generator based on a computer simulation for a sudden 3‐phase fault have been discussed in part. However, the behavior of magnetic fields and electromagnetic forces during transient period is very complicated and many calculations are required to determine their maximum values.In this paper, for practical use at the early stages of the machine design, approximate expressions are derived to calculate the maximum values of the magnetic fields and electromagnetic forces on the windings in the case of a 3‐phase fault. To check these expressions numerically, a 1000‐MVA superconducting generator was conceptually designed. The numerical results obtained by using these expressions agree well with the computer simulation results.
Innate, antigen‐independent role for T cells in the activation of the immune system by Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Tchaptchet Sandrine , Kirberg Jörg , Freudenberg Nikolaus , Schamel Wolfgang W. A. , Galanos Chris , Freudenberg Marina A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPropionibacterium acnes is a human commensal but also an opportunistic pathogen. In mice, P. acnes exerts strong immunomodulatory activities, including formation of intrahepatic granulomas and induction of LPS hypersensitivity. These activities are dependent on P. acnes recognition via TLR9 and subsequent IL‐12‐mediated IFN‐γ production. We show that P. acnes elicits IL‐12p40 and p35 mRNA expression in macrophages, and IFN‐γ mRNA in liver CD4+ T cells and NK cells. After priming with P. acnes, CD4+ T cells serve as the major IFN‐γ mRNA source. In the absence of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells (regardless of antigenic specificity) or NK cells can produce sufficient IFN‐γ to induce the P. acnes‐driven immune effects. Moreover, in the absence of αβT cells, γδT cells also enable the development of strongly enhanced TNF‐α and IFN‐γ responses to LPS and intrahepatic granuloma formation. Thus, under microbial pressure, different T‐cell types, independent of their antigen specificity, exert NK‐cell‐like functions, which contribute decisively to the activation of the innate immune system.
Characterization of ST2 transgenic mice with resistance to IL‐33
Authors: Ohto‐Ozaki Hiromi , Kuroiwa Kenji , Mato Naoko , Matsuyama Yasushi , Hayakawa Morisada , Tamemoto Hiroyuki , Tominaga Shin‐ichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIL‐33, a member of the IL‐1 family, activates MAPK and NF‐κB through its receptor ST2L and IL‐1RAcP. ST2, a member of the IL‐1R superfamily, is a secreted form of ST2 gene products, which has been shown to act as a decoy receptor for IL‐33 and to inhibit the IL‐33/ST2L/IL‐1RAcP signaling pathway. In this work, we generated ST2 transgenic mice. In control mice, intraperitoneal administration of IL‐33 caused an increased number of eosinophils in blood and in peritoneal cavity, an increased number of peritoneal MΦ, splenomegaly, accumulation of periodic acid‐Schiff‐positive material in the lung, and high concentrations of serum IL‐5 and IL‐13. However, these alterations were hardly detectable in ST2 Tg mice. In peritoneal MΦ from IL‐33‐stimulated mice, mRNA expression of M2 MΦ marker genes were increased compared with thioglycollate‐elicited peritoneal MΦ. The IL‐33‐stimulation also increased the secretion of IL‐6 from MΦ. However, when the IL‐33 was preincubated with ST2 prior to its addition to the MΦ cultures, the secretion of IL‐6 was attenuated. These data suggest that, though IL‐33 induced the Th2‐type immune responses and infiltration of M2 type MΦ into the peritoneal cavity, ST2 can downregulate these reactions both in vivo and in vitro.
Sustained LFA‐1 cluster formation in the immune synapse requires the combined activities of L‐plastin and calmodulin
Authors: Wabnitz Guido H. , Lohneis Philipp , Kirchgessner Henning , Jahraus Beate , Gottwald Susan , Konstandin Mathias , Klemke Martin , Samstag Yvonne 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFormation of immune synapses (IS) between T cells and APC requires multiple rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton and selective receptor accumulation in supramolecular activation clusters (SMAC). The inner cluster (central SMAC) contains the TCR/CD3 complex. The outer cluster (peripheral SMAC) contains the integrin LFA‐1 and Talin. Molecular mechanisms selectively stabilizing receptors in the IS remained largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that sustained LFA‐1 clustering in the IS is a consequence of the combined activities of the actin‐bundling protein L‐plastin (LPL) and calmodulin. Thus, upon antigen‐recognition of T cells, LPL accumulated predominantly in the peripheral SMAC. siRNA‐mediated knock‐down of LPL led to a failure of LFA‐1 and Talin redistribution – however, not TCR/CD3 relocalization – into the IS. As a result of this LPL knock‐down, the T‐cell/APC interface became smaller over time and T‐cell proliferation was inhibited. Importantly, binding of calmodulin to LPL was required for the maintenance of LPL in the IS and consequently inhibition of calmodulin also prevented stable accumulation of LFA‐1 and Talin, but not CD3, in the IS.
A live Leishmania major vaccine containing CpG motifs induces the de novo generation of Th17 cells in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Wu Wenhui , Huang Lu , Mendez Susana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCutaneous leishmaniasis produces open sores that lead to scarring and disfiguration. We have reported that vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with live Leishmania major plus CpG DNA (Lm/CpG) prevents lesion development and provides long‐term immunity. Our current study aims to characterize the components of the adaptive immune response that are unique to Lm/CpG. We find that this vaccine enhances the proliferation of CD4+ Th17 cells, which contrasts with the highly polarized Th1 response caused by L. major alone; the Th17 response is dependent upon release of vaccine‐induced IL‐6. Neutralization of IFN‐γ and, in particular, IL‐17 caused increased parasite burdens in Lm/CpG‐vaccinated mice. IL‐17R‐deficient Lm/CpG‐vaccinated mice develop lesions, and display decreased IL‐17 and IFN‐γ, despite normal IL‐12, production. Neutrophil accumulation is also decreased in the IL‐17R‐deficient Lm/CpG‐vaccinated mice but Treg numbers are augmented. Our data demonstrate that activation of immune cells through CpG DNA, in the presence of live L. major, causes the specific induction of Th17 cells, which enhances the development of a protective cellular immunity against the parasite. Our study also demonstrates that vaccines combining live pathogens with immunomodulatory molecules may strikingly modify the natural immune response to infection in an alternative manner to that induced by killed or subunit vaccines.
Enantiomerically Pure P,N Chelates Based on Phospholene Rings: Palladium Complexes and Catalytic Applications in Allylic Substitution
Authors: Leca François , Fernández Fernando , Muller Guillermo , Lescop Christophe , Réau Régis , Gómez Montserrat 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of optically pure 2‐pyridylphospholene ligands by diastereomeric resolution of PdII complexes, bearing the corresponding racemic P,N ligand and (R)‐α‐methylbenzylamine, by means of fractional crystallisation is described. A full coordination study of palladium complexes containing 2‐pyridylphospholene and the corresponding phosphole ligands, both in solution (by means of NMR spectroscopy) and in the solid state (by X‐ray diffraction), was carried out. These ligands were evaluated in Pd‐catalysed allylic substitution of racemic substrates (rac‐3‐acetoxy‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1‐propene and rac‐3‐acetoxy‐1‐cyclohexene) and (E)‐3‐acetoxy‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propene. A modelling study of the palladium allylic intermediates was performed in order to justify the asymmetric induction observed with the 2‐pyridylphospholene ligands.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Phosphorescent Cuprous Complexes with N,O Ligands – Synthesis, Photoluminescence, and Electroluminescence
Authors: Sun Wei , Zhang Qisheng , Qin Li , Cheng Yanxiang , Xie Zhiyuan , Lu Canzhong , Wang Lixiang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix heteroleptic cuprous complexes, [L1Cu(PPh3)2](BF4) (1a), [L1Cu(DPEphos)](BF4) (1b), [L2Cu(PPh3)2](BF4) (2a), [L2Cu(DPEphos)](BF4) (2b), [L3Cu(PPh3)2](BF4) (3a), and [L3Cu(DPEphos)](BF4) (3b) {L1 = diphenyl(2‐pyridyl)phosphane oxide, L2 = diphenyl(8‐quinolyl)phosphane oxide, L3 = diphenyl(2‐pyridylmethyl)phosphane oxide, DPEphos = bis[2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl] ether}, were prepared and fully characterized. The electronic absorption spectra and quantum chemical calculations indicate that the lowest excited states of these complexes can be assigned to the metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition. In poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films, these complexes exhibit blue‐green to orange emissions with long lifetimes ranging from 7.5 to 28.6 μs. With wide energy‐band gaps of 3.50 and 3.28 eV, complexes 3a and 3b emit efficiently in 20 wt.‐% PMMA films with photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of 0.69 and 0.72, and emission maxima at 477 nm and 495 nm, respectively. Electroluminescent devices were fabricated with these N,O‐based CuI complexes as emitters. The best device performance, with a peak current efficiency of 4.9 cd/A, was obtained for 3b.
Novel O,O′‐Donor Oxo‐MoIV Hydrotris(3‐isopropylpyrazolyl)borate Complexes Formed by Chelation of Potentially Hydrogen‐Bonding Phenolate Ligands on Reduction of Dioxo‐MoVI Complexes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 21/2010)
Authors: Ng Victor W. L. , Taylor Michelle K. , Hill Lyndal M. R. , White Jonathan M. , Young Charles G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cover picture shows water being repelled by oxo‐MoIV complexes of types I–III. The picture, inspired by the Bible story of Moses parting the Red Sea, is a visual metaphor for the inability of water to enter the coordination sphere and to generate H‐bond‐stabilized cis‐oxo(aqua)‐MoIV complexes when cis‐TpiPrMoO2(OAr‐R) (R = H‐bond donor/acceptor) complexes react with phosphanes. Instead, partial or complete oxygen‐atom transfer results with the generation of oxo(phosphoryl)‐MoIV species (I) or novel oxo‐MoIIVcomplexes containing tightly bound, bidentate O,O′‐donor chelates (II, III), some of which retain the phosphane oxide by‐product (III). The synthesis and characterization of complexes of types I–III are reported in the article by C. G. Young et al. on p. 3261 ff.
Synthesis of a Highly Unsaturated, Stable Hydroxy Peroxide: A Yellow [lrarr2] Blue Color‐Changing Carotenoid Oxidation Product with Leuco Dye Properties
Authors: Li He , Rebmann Edouard , Øpstad Christer L. , Schmid Rudolf , Sliwka Hans‐Richard , Partali Vassilia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA stable, highly unsaturated hydroxy peroxide was synthesized by reacting a common food color carotenoid with FeCl3in air. The obtained pale‐yellow carotenoid hydroxy peroxide is easily converted into a blue, cationic polyene – then changes back to the yellow compound, showing the same characteristically dichromic properties like polycyclic, aromatic leuco dyes.
Synthesis of a 5′‐6‐Locked, 1,10‐Phenanthroline‐Containing Nucleoside and Its Incorporation into DNA
Authors: Gislason Kristmann , Sigurdsson Snorri T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rigid nucleoside containing a phenanthroline ligand for metal‐ion chelation was synthesized through condensationof 1,10‐phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione with 5‐amino‐2′‐deoxycytidine. During the condensation, a 5′‐6 ether linkage was formed between the sugar and the base. The phosphoramidite of the nucleoside was used to synthesize oligodeoxynucleotides by means of automated oligonucleotide synthesis, placing the phenanthroline nucleoside on the 5′‐end of the oligomers. The free nucleoside is fluorescent; however, the fluorescence of the nucleoside was effectively quenched in both single‐ and double‐stranded DNA. Thermal denaturation experiments on DNA duplexes containing the modified nucleoside showed similar base‐pairing properties as T and stronger stacking interactions with a flanking A·T base pair than with a G·C pair. CD spectra of helixes containing the modified nucleoside were characteristic of B‐DNA. A model structure of a B‐DNA helix, where the nucleoside was paired with A, showed only minor deviations from B‐DNA parameters, except for a noticeable buckle of the modified base pair due to the constraints of the 5′‐6 linkage. Due to the relative ease of the synthesis and minimal distortions of the helix structure, the phenanthroline nucleoside reported here shows promise for facile 5′‐labeling of nucleic acids with metal complexes. This strategy can likely be extended to fusing other aromatic or aliphatic rings to a nucleotide base for incorporating the 5′‐end of nucleic acid duplexes.
Facile Electron Uptake by Carotenoids Under Mild, Non‐Radiative Conditions: Formation of Carotenoid Anions
Authors: Øpstad Christer L. , Sliwka Hans‐Richard , Partali Vassilia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCarotenoids – prominent antioxidants (= electron donors) – are commonly not recognized as electron acceptors. Nonetheless, carotenoids can take up electrons under mild chemical conditions: dioxocarotenoids in alkaline DMSO and DMF form stable deeply colored carotenoid dianions, which react with different additives to new carotenoid derivatives.
Optimization of the Azobenzene Scaffold for Reductive Cleavage by Dithionite; Development of an Azobenzene Cleavable Linker for Proteomic Applications
Authors: Leriche Geoffray , Budin Ghyslain , Brino Laurent , Wagner Alain 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper we conducted an extensive reactivity study to determine the key structural features that favour the dithionite‐triggered reductive cleavage of the azo–arene group. Our stepwise investigation allowed identification of a highly reactive azo–arene structure25bearing a carboxylic acid at theorthoposition of the electron‐poor arene and anortho‐O‐alkyl‐resorcinol as the electron‐rich arene. Based on this 2‐(2′‐alkoxy‐4′‐hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HAZA) scaffold, the orthogonally protected difunctional azo–arene cleavable linker26was designed and synthesized. Selective linker deprotection and derivatization was performed by introducing an alkyne reactive group and a biotin affinity tag. This optimized azo–arene cleavable linker led to a total cleavage in less than 10 s with only 1 mMdithionite. Similar results were obtained in biological media.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oligocyclizations of 2‐Bromoalka‐1,(n+m+1)‐dien‐(n+1)‐ynes – Influence of Tether Lengths and Substituents on the Outcome of the Reaction (Part II)
Authors: Schweizer Stefan , Tokan Wajdi M. , Parsons Philip J. , de Meijere Armin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cascade reaction modes and hence the outcomes of the palladium‐catalyzed oligocyclizations of various 2‐bromoalka‐1,(n+m+1)‐diene‐(n+1)‐yne substrates were found to be highly dependent on the tether lengths between the multiple bond fragments, and on the nature of the substituent at the non‐brominated vinylic terminus. Just like 2‐bromododeca‐1,11‐dien‐6‐ynes with their two three‐atom tethers, 2‐bromotrideca‐1,12‐dien‐7‐ynes 8 and 2‐bromotetradeca‐1,13‐dien‐8‐ynes 17, with combinations of four‐ and three‐ as well as five‐ and three‐atom tethers, under Heck‐type reaction conditions undergo, after the initial oxidative addition step, two consecutive n‐exo‐dig and m‐exo‐trig carbopalladations followed by β‐hydride elimination and ensuing 6π‐electrocyclization to furnish tricyclic bisannelated cyclohexadiene derivatives, such as 37 and 40, in moderate yields (30 and 29 %). On the other hand, when 2‐bromoalka‐1,(n+m+1)‐dienynes with a four‐, five‐ or even a six‐atom tether between the bromoene and the yne moiety, and a four‐atom tether between the yne and the terminal ene unit, such as 34, 35 and 36, are subjected to Heck‐type reaction conditions, they undergo a cascade oligocyclization involving a 5‐exo‐trig‐ and ensuing 3‐exo‐trig‐carbopalladation as the fourth and fifth steps before the terminating β‐hydride elimination, eventually leading to tetracyclic skeletons such as 43, 44 and 45 with a bridging three‐membered ring in yields of 74, 76 and 32 %, respectively.