bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transferring Organizational Practices and the Dynamics of Hybridization: Japanese Retail Multinationals in China
Authors: Gamble Jos 
Published: September 2009

abstractDetailed case study research conducted at Japanese multinational retail firms in both their home country and their subsidiaries in China is undertaken to assess a range of prominent theoretical perspectives that have been used to account for the transfer of organizational practices. Approaches based upon culturalist, national business systems, industry sector, international division of labour, and agency perspectives are shown to be inadequate, individually, to account for the complex patterns of transfer, local adoption, and adaptation in these multinational companies. These findings highlight the value of conceptual bricolage and multi‐level analysis for developing explanations that can encompass and explicate complex patterns of hybridization. The paper also identifies important factors in the dynamics of hybridization that have been neglected or downplayed in much of the existing literature. These include the significance of context specific, firm level perceptions of sources of competitive advantage as a key motive encouraging transfer of parent company practices. Crucial factors constraining transfer are the practices and norms prevalent in local labour markets. Additionally, transfer by multinational companies to transitional economies with high levels of deinstitutionalization illustrates problematic dimensions for various theoretical perspectives, including influential neo‐institutionalist models.
Agri‐Food Governance and Expertise: The Production of International Food Standards
Authors: Lee Richard P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines a particular mode of agri‐food governance: international food standard setting. Sociological accounts of technical regulatory processes such as standard setting can help to illuminate the role of expertise in the governance of the agri‐food system. Firstly, the potential contribution of the concept of epistemic communities to the analysis of international food standard setting is discussed. Secondly, the article details the architecture of international trade regulation and the operational procedures of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (the Codex), the intergovernmental organisation in which international food standards are set. Thirdly, the role of scientific expertise to the standard setting process in the Codex is explored through a case‐study of the attempt to establish an international definition for dietary fibre. The article concludes by reflecting upon the importance of contestation over knowledge claims to the conduct of agri‐food governance.
Decision‐making in Parkinson’s disease patients with and without pathological gambling
Authors: Rossi M. , Gerschcovich E. R. , De Achaval D. , Perez‐Lloret S. , Cerquetti D. , Cammarota A. , Inés Nouzeilles M. , Fahrer R. , Merello M. , Leiguarda R. 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  Pathological gambling (PG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a frequent impulse control disorder associated mainly with dopamine replacement therapy. As impairments in decision‐making were described independently in PG and PD, the objective of this study was to assess decision‐making processes in PD patients with and without PG.Methods:  Seven PD patients with PG and 13 age, sex, education and disease severity matched PD patients without gambling behavior were enrolled in the study. All patients were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychiatric and cognitive evaluation, including tasks used to assess decision‐making abilities under ambiguous or risky situations, like the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the Game of Dice Task and the Investment Task.Results:  Compared to PD patients without gambling behavior, those with PG obtained poorer scores in the IGT and in a rating scale of social behavior, but not in other decision‐making and cognitive tasks.Conclusions:  Low performance in decision‐making under ambiguity and abnormal social behavior distinguished PD patients with PG from those without this disorder. Dopamine replacement therapy may induce dysfunction of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala‐ventral striatum system, thus increasing the risk for developing PG.
The Johnson Administration and the Recruitment of Allies in Vietnam, 1964–1968
Authors: COLMAN JONATHAN , WIDÉN J. J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Vietnam War has generated a vast literature but one which has often forgotten that the United States fought in Vietnam as part of a coalition. This article examines Washington's efforts under President Lyndon B. Johnson to recruit third country combat assistance. He and his colleagues sought military help less for practical reasons than for political ones as a way of legitimizing the war both domestically and abroad. However, no NATO countries were willing to participate, and some of the five troop‐contributing countries (Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand) were attracted probably more by American largesse than by idealism. In exploring the diplomacy of coalition‐building, this article has a contemporary resonance in the light of the military campaigns initiated by the White House since 2003.
Knowledge, attitude and performance study of secondary school teachers of Yazd city regarding skin cancer
Authors: Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS , Noorbala MT , Rahaee Z , Mohammadi M 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground  The cancers are a major health problem and skin cancers are the most prevalent cancers. It is clear that teachers play an important role in the health education of students and their families.Objective  This study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude and performance levels of teachers in Yazd city regarding skin cancer in order to plan programs for increasing their respective levels.Methods  Samples of this cross sectional study selected randomly from the schools of Yazd. The data were collected by completion of questionnaire. anova, Kruskal‐Wallis, T‐test and Pearson Correlations statistical tests were used for analysis.Results  Of the total, 170 were men and 270 were women with a mean age of 37.98 ± 6.28 years. The mean knowledge, attitude and performance score of the teachers respectively was 24.17 ± ‐5.27, 28.09 ± ‐5.79 and 6.34 ± ‐3.42. The knowledge levels were significantly related to the attitude (P = 0.05) and performance levels (P = 0.01). There was an inverse relation between age and performance levels (P = 0.01). The performance levels of women were better than men (P = 0.001). The field of study and education of the teachers was related to the knowledge (P = 0.001) and attitude levels (P = 0.02).Conclusion  Skin cancers are the most common form of cancers in our state, but my teachers do not have appropriate knowledge and performance levels about this disease. It is therefore proposed that related information should be given to them during continuous and regular educational programs.
Multifunctional roles of enolase in Alzheimer’s disease brain: beyond altered glucose metabolism
Authors: Butterfield D. Allan , Lange Miranda L. Bader 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEnolase enzymes are abundantly expressed, cytosolic carbon‐oxygen lyases known for their role in glucose metabolism. Recently, enolase has been shown to possess a variety of different regulatory functions, beyond glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, associated with hypoxia, ischemia, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is an age‐associated neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by elevated oxidative stress and subsequent damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, appearance of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, and loss of synapse and neuronal cells. It is unclear if development of a hypometabolic environment is a consequence of or contributes to AD pathology, as there is not only a significant decline in brain glucose levels in AD, but also there is an increase in proteomics identified oxidatively modified glycolytic enzymes that are rendered inactive, including enolase. Previously, our laboratory identified α‐enolase as one the most frequently up‐regulated and oxidatively modified proteins in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early‐onset AD, and AD. However, the glycolytic conversion of 2‐phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate catalyzed by enolase does not directly produce ATP or NADH; therefore it is surprising that, among all glycolytic enzymes, α‐enolase was one of only two glycolytic enzymes consistently up‐regulated from MCI to AD. These findings suggest enolase is involved with more than glucose metabolism in AD brain, but may possess other functions, normally necessary to preserve brain function. This review examines potential altered function(s) of brain enolase in MCI, early‐onset AD, and AD, alterations that may contribute to the biochemical, pathological, clinical characteristics, and progression of this dementing disorder.
Preparing the Health Services Research Workforce
Authors: Ricketts Thomas C. 
Published: September 2009

Objective. To describe the ways in which investigators are trained for careers in health services research and estimate their number.Data Sources/Study Setting. Sources describing health services research (HSR) training were consulted and published inventories of HSR training programs were reviewed and 124 training programs were contacted and interviewed to determine the numbers of students and the content of their HSR degree programs.Study Design. Observational study.Data Collection. HSR programs listed by AcademyHealth were surveyed and asked for details of enrollments; course content was captured from websites for the remaining programs.Principal Findings. There are over 300 programs that train investigators in health services research in master's and doctoral programs. The number of graduates who become HSRs in any given year is unknown, but approximately 5,000 individuals graduate with skills that would allow them to function in or lead HSR projects and up to 200 fellows are annually trained as potential independent health services researchers.Conclusions. The training pipeline for HSR appears to match demand because there are no apparent shortages of skilled workers in the field. There are many forces that are pressuring the field to adapt to technology demands and the increasing need for “translation” of results from research into practice.
Tanshinone IIA protects against sudden cardiac death induced by lethal arrhythmias via repression of microRNA‐1
Authors: Shan Hongli , Li Xuelian , Pan Zhenwei , Zhang Li , Cai Benzhi , Zhang Yong , Xu Chaoqian , Chu Wenfeng , Qiao Guofen , Li Baoxin , Lu Yanjie , Yang Baofeng 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  Tanshinone IIA is an active component of a traditional Chinese medicine based on Salvia miltiorrhiza, which reduces sudden cardiac death by suppressing ischaemic arrhythmias. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti‐arrhythmic effects remain unclear.Experimental approach:  A model of myocardial infarction (MI) in rats by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery was used. Tanshinone IIA or quinidine was given daily, before (7 days) and after (3 months) MI; cardiac electrical activity was monitored by ECG recording. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques were used to measure the inward rectifying K+ current (IK1) in rat isolated ventricular myocytes. Kir2.1 and serum response factor (SRF) levels were analysed by Western blot and microRNA‐1 (miR‐1) level was determined by real‐time RT‐PCR.Key results:  Tanshinone IIA decreased the incidence of arrhythmias induced by acute cardiac ischaemia and mortality in rats 3 months after MI. Tanshinone IIA restored the diminished IK1 current density and Kir2.1 protein after MI in rat ventricular myocytes, while quinidine further inhibited IK1/Kir2.1. MiR‐1 was up‐regulated in MI, possibly due to the concomitant increase in SRF, a transcriptional activator of the miR‐1 gene, accounting for decreased Kir2.1. Treatment with tanshinone IIA prevented increased SRF and hence increased miR‐1 post‐MI, whereas quinidine did not.Conclusions and implications:  Down‐regulation of miR‐1 and consequent recovery of Kir2.1 may account partially for the efficacy of tanshinone IIA in suppressing ischaemic arrhythmias and cardiac mortality. These finding support the proposal that miR‐1 could be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of ischaemic arrhythmias.
Characterization of Kiwifruit Xyloglucan
Authors: Li Xingjun , Sakurai Naoki , Nevins Donald J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Structural characteristics of xyloglucan are constant in the pericarp cell walls of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) throughout fruit enlargement and maturation. Most of the xyloglucan (XG) persists in the cell walls of ripe kiwifruit. XG from the pericarp tissues of 36‐h ethylene‐treated kiwifruit was extracted as hemicellulose II (HC‐II) with 4.28 M KOH containing 0.02% NaBH4, and purified using iodine precipitation and subsequent anion‐exchange chromatography. This purifying protocol increased XG purity from 50 mol% in HC‐II fraction to 62 mol% in the purified XG powder. The molar ratio of glucose: xylose: galactose: fucose in the purified XG was 10: 6.9: 2.1: 0.3. Gel permeation chromatography indicated that purified XG had an average molecular‐mass of 161 KDa, a value that exceeds the 95 KDa Mr determined for total polymeric sugars. Sugar linkage analysis confirmed the lack of fucose in the kiwifruit XG, but a small amount of arabinoxylan and low Mr glucomannan remained associated with this fraction.
Potential Autonomous Selfing in Gesneria citrina (Gesneriaceae), a Specialized Hummingbird Pollinated Species with Variable Expression of Herkogamy
Authors: Chen Xin‐Sheng , Martén‐Rodríguez Silvana , Li Qing‐Jun , Fenster Charles B. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Species with mixed mating systems often demonstrate variable expression of breeding system characteristics and thus represent the opportunity to understand the factors and mechanisms that promote both outcrossed and selfed seed production. Here, we investigate variation in levels of herkogamy (variation in stigma‐anther separation distance) in a Puerto Rican population of hummingbird pollinated Gesneria citrina Urban. There is significant variation in herkogamy levels among individuals of this species and stigma‐anther separation is negatively associated with the ability to set fruits and seeds in the absence of pollinators. The variation in levels of herkogamy may represent a mechanism to ensure the production of some self‐fertilized progeny in the absence of hummingbird pollinators. We also describe a novel breeding system in G. citrina, where stamens elongate over time to reach stigma height, but stamen elongation is accelerated by pollination. These results suggest that once the flowers are pollinated, stamen elongation may favor increased pollen removal and siring success, while the reduction in stigma‐anther distance no longer imposes the risk of interference between male and female functions. We discuss our findings of breeding system variation in the context of pollination system evolution in an island setting (Antillean islands).
STORAGE TIME STUDY OF SUGAR‐FREE AND REDUCED CALORIE MILK CHOCOLATES
Authors: DE MELO LAURO LUÍS MARTINS MEDEIROS , BOLINI HELENA MARIA ANDRÉ , EFRAIM PRISCILLA 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT In order to study storage time, sensory properties and acceptability among consumers, regular, free‐sugar (sucralose [Sucra] or stevioside [Ste]) and free‐sugar/reduced calorie (Sucra or Ste], with whey protein concentrate as fat replacer) milk chocolates were evaluated over storage (0, 3, 6 and 9 months). Quantitative descriptive analysis showed that sensory properties do not change throughout the studied storage period. These results were confirmed by acceptability data. No significant changes (P ≥ 0.05) were observed on acceptability means for appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and overall liking. These results show that sugar‐free and reduced calorie milk chocolates prepared with high‐intensity sweeteners, Sucra and Ste, with partial fat replacement with whey protein concentrate had a similar storage time behavior as compared with regular chocolates.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research aims to study sensory storage time of regular, sugar‐free and sugar‐free/reduced calorie milk chocolates. It can help food industries to understand storage time of these products as sensory properties for highly stable food products, such as chocolate, usually define shelf life.
SELECTION OF A SENSORY MARKER TO PREDICT THE SENSORY SHELF LIFE OF A FLUID HUMAN MILK REPLACEMENT FORMULA
Authors: CURIA ANA V. , HOUGH GUILLERMO E. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT Human milk replacement formulas (HMRFs) are foods designed for babies in their early months of age. An accelerated storage test showed that dark color increased at a higher rate than oxidized flavor. Additionally, a survey among mothers who were giving HMRFs to their babies showed that mothers rarely tasted the product. Thus, the salient sensory attribute they would pay attention to when preparing their babies' bottles was color. If a portion was rejected by the babies, mothers attributed the rejection to stomach trouble and not to an inappropriate flavor. Thus, as a result of the color having increased at a higher rate than flavor changes and being the salient attribute that mothers would pay attention to, it was chosen as the critical shelf life descriptor. The sensory cutoff point was determined from the correlation between mothers' acceptability scores for samples with increasing color and the dark color of the same samples measured by a trained panel. A high correlation was obtained between dark color measurements from a trained panel and CIE‐LAB values (L*, a* and b*). The cutoff point was used to determine shelf life based on sensory attributes of a commercial HMRF stored at 25, 37 and 45C, resulting in 150, 43 and 21 days, respectively. Activation energy is calculated. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSensory shelf life determination in foods for babies is not an easy task. This work offers a methodological practice to develop a decision criterion for when the end user cannot be consulted directly.
PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOURCE AND RESERVOIR ROCKS IN THE HISTRIA BASIN, WESTERN BLACK SEA
Authors: Cranganu C. , Villa M. A. , Saramet M. , Zakharova N. 
Published: September 2009

The petroleum system in the Histria Basin, Western Black Sea, includes Oligocene source rocks and Upper Cretaceous — Eocene reservoir rocks. Here we report on the petrophysical characteristics of these source and reservoir rocks using mercury intrusion porosimetry data from 14 core samples collected from five wells drilled on the East Lebada, West Lebada and Pescarus structures. Samples were in general dominated by carbonate lithologies with minor shales. Petrophysical parameters analyzed were: median pore‐throat radius, average pore‐throat radius, apparent porosity, pore‐throat size distribution, pore‐throat type, pore‐throat sorting, maximum threshold entry radius, pore‐throat radius at 35% mercury saturation (R35), and air permeability. Reservoir rock quality was estimated using a permeability / porosity / pore‐throat type plot.The Oligocene samples showed little petrophysical variation. Samples were relatively homogenous and had the same pore‐throat type (nano), were well sorted, had unimodal pore‐throat distribution (suggesting the existence of a single fluid phase), had similar values for median and average pore‐throat radius, and similar values for R35 and maximum threshold entry radius. Upper Cretaceous – Eocene samples were more heterogeneous in terms of petrophysical properties, and reservoir quality was in general higher than in the Oligocene interval. Average porosity and calculated air‐permeability values were 18.4% and 0.37 mD, respectively for Upper Cretaceous samples; and 11.8% and 27.11 mD, respectively for Eocene samples. A case study of Oligocene and Cretaceous – Eocene samples from well West Lebada 817 is presented.This paper represents the first petrophysical study of source and reservoir rocks in the Histria Basin, Western Black Sea. The results will help to establish the links between petrophysical characteristics, age and depositional environment for source and reservoir rocks in other basins bordering the Black Sea.
God and the Natural World in the Seventeenth Century: Space, Time, and Causality
Authors: Gorham Geoffrey 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe employment by seventeenth‐century natural philosophers of stock theological notions like creation, immensity, and eternity in the articulation and justification of emerging physical programs disrupted a delicate but longstanding balance between transcendent and immanent conceptions of God. By playing a prominent (if not always leading) role in many of the major scientific developments of the period, God became more intimately involved with natural processes than at any time since antiquity. In this discussion, I am particularly concerned with the causal and spatio‐temporal relations between God and nature in the seventeenth century as recent scholarship has revealed how dramatically traditional conceptions of these relations were transformed by philosophers and scientists like Descartes, Malebranche, More, and Newton.
Cartesian Sensations
Authors: De Rosa Raffaella 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDescartes maintained that sensations of color and the like misrepresent the material world in normal circumstances. Some prominent scholars have argued that, to explain this Cartesian view, we must attribute to Descartes a causal account of sensory representation. I contend that neither the arguments motivating this reading nor the textual evidence offered in its support is sufficient to justify such attribution. Both textual and theoretical reasons point in the direction of an (at least partial) internalist account of Descartes’ views on sensory representation.
Exercise Preference Patterns, Resources, and Environment Among Rural Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Rogers Laura Q. , Markwell Stephen J. , Courneya Kerry S. , McAuley Edward , Verhulst Steven 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT:
Context:

Rural breast cancer survivors may be at increased risk for inadequate exercise participation. Purpose: To determine for rural breast cancer survivors: (1) exercise preference “patterns,” (2) exercise resources and associated factors, and (3) exercise environment. Methods: A mail survey was sent to rural breast cancer survivors identified through a state cancer registry, and 483 (30%) responded. Findings: The majority (96%) were white, with mean education of 13 (±2.5) years and mean 39.0 (±21.5) months since diagnosis. Most participants (67%) preferred face‐to‐face counseling from an exercise specialist (27%) or other individual (40%). A third (31%) preferred home‐based exercise with non face‐to‐face counseling from someone other than an exercise specialist. Participants preferring face‐to‐face counseling were more apt to prefer supervised exercise (38% vs 9%, P < 0.001) at a health club (32% vs 8%, P < 0.001). Home exercise equipment was reported by 63%, with 97% reporting home telephone and 67% reporting Internet access. Age, education, self‐efficacy, treatment status, and exercise behavior were associated with exercise resources. The physical environment was often not conducive to exercise but a low crime rate and high trust in neighbors was reported. Conclusions: Rural health education programs encouraging exercise should offer multiple programming options while considering the physical environment and capitalizing on available resources and beneficial social environmental characteristics.