bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolutionary origins of glia
Authors: Hartline Daniel K. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe evolutionary origins of glia are lost in time, as soft tissues rarely leave behind fossil footprints, and any molecular footprints they might have been left we have yet to decipher. Nevertheless, because of the growing realization of the importance glia plays in the development and functioning of the nervous system, lessons we can draw about commonalities among different taxa (including vertebrates) brought about either from a common origin, or from common adaptational pressures, shed light on the roles glia play in all nervous systems. The Acoelomorpha, primitive interstitial flatworms with very simple cellular organization and currently at the base of the bilaterian phylogeny, possess glia‐like cells. If they indeed represent the ancestors of all other Bilateria, then it is possible that all glias derive from a common ancestor. However, basal taxa lacking convincing glia are found in most major phyletic lines: urochordates, hemichordates, bryozoans, rotifers, and basal platyhelminths. With deep phylogenies currently in flux, it is equally possible that glia in several lines had different origins. If developmental patterns are any indication, glia evolved from ectodermal cells, possibly from a mobile lineage, and even possibly independently in different regions of the body. As to what functions might have brought about the evolution of glia, by‐product removal, structural support, phagocytic needs, developmental programming, and circuit modulation may be the more likely. Explaining possible cases of glial loss is more difficult, as once evolved, glia appears to keep inventing new functions, giving it continued value even after the original generative need becomes obsolete. Among all the uncertainties regarding the origin of glia, one thing is certain: that our ideas about those origins will change with every rearrangement in deep phylogeny and with continued advances in invertebrate molecular and developmental areas. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endonasal transpterygoid approach to the infratemporal fossa: Correlation of endoscopic and multiplanar CT anatomy
Authors: Mousa Sadr Hosseini Seid , Razfar Ali , Carrau Ricardo L. , Prevedello Daniel M. , Fernandez–Miranda Juan , Zanation Adam , Kassam Amin B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe infratemporal fossa anatomy, from an endoscopic standpoint, is poorly understood. Our purpose was to design an anatomic model that illustrates the anatomy of the infratemporal fossa from the endoscopic standpoint and serves as a training model for surgeons interested in pursuing this endeavor.MethodsRed and blue silicone dyes were respectively injected into the great vessels of the neck. Digital data acquired from a high resolution CT scan was imported to a navigational system. An endoscopic endonasal dissection of the infratemporal fossa was completed under conditions that mimicked our operating suite.ResultsA detailed anatomic dissection of the infratemporal fossa was correlated to the image guidance (navigation) system. This provided a surgical map highlighting critical neurovascular structures and illustrating the potential surgical corridors.ConclusionA thorough understanding of the anatomy of infratemporal fossa from the endoscopic perspective allows the surgeon to plan an adequate corridor. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Modulation of the opioid growth factor ([Met5]‐enkephalin)–opioid growth factor receptor axis: Novel therapies for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: McLaughlin Patricia J. , Stucki Jaimon K. , Zagon Ian S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe opioid growth factor (OGF)–OGF receptor (OGFr) axis is a constitutively expressed biologic pathway regulating cell proliferation of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). This study investigated modulation of the OGF–OGFr system by (1) exogenous OGF, (2) upregulation of OGFr using imiquimod, or (3) intermittent opioid receptor blockade with a low dose of naltrexone on progression of established SCCHN.MethodsNude mice with visible human SCCHN SCC‐1 tumors received (1) OGF or low‐dose naltrexone either 1, 3, or 7 times/week or (2) imiquimod 1 or 3 times/week. Tumor growth and DNA synthesis were monitored.ResultsOGF and low‐dose naltrexone increased the latency from visible to measurable tumors up to 1.6‐fold. OGF, low‐dose naltrexone, and imiquimod treatment markedly reduced tumor volume and weight, and decreased DNA synthesis in tumors.ConclusionsModulation of the native OGF–OGFr regulatory network in SCCHN represents a novel nontoxic and highly efficacious approach for treatment of SCCHN. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Craniopharyngioma: A pathologic, clinical, and surgical review
Authors: Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C. , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. , Devaney Kenneth O. , Strojan Primož , Suárez Carlos , Genden Eric M. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Ferlito Alfio 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCraniopharyngioma is a rare and mostly benign epithelial tumor of the sellar and suprasellar region. Two principal patterns of craniopharyngioma are recognized: papillary and adamantinomatous. Papillary craniopharyngiomas are encountered in adults and may lack the cystic spaces filled with “motor oil” as well as the palisading peripheral rows of epithelial cells, keratinization, or calcification typical of pediatric adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. Secondary to their anatomic location, craniopharyngiomas may present with endocrinologic dysfunction and visual disturbances. Differential diagnosis includes Rathke's cleft cyst, pituitary adenoma, dermoid/epidermoid cysts, and other rare sellar/suprasellar lesions as pituicytomas. Many controversies exist concerning the preferred surgical approach for these tumors. Endoscopic endonasal surgery is no longer reserved only for sellar or small cystic suprasellar lesions. Prechiasmatic/preinfundibular lesions are effectively removed using an endonasal transtuberculum/transplanum approach; subchiasmatic/transinfundibular tumors require the addition of a transellar approach with inferior pituitary transposition; and retrochiasmatic/retroinfundibular lesions are better accessed performing an endonasal superior pituitary transposition. Compared with well‐established trancranial approaches (pterional, subfrontal, presigmoid), endoscopic endonasal surgery combines the virtues of the caudocranial and midline approaches, allowing for appropriate infrachiasmatic exposure without the need for manipulation of surrounding neurovascular structures to access the tumor. This anatomic advantage, combined with high‐definition wide‐angle visualization, exquisite endonasal microsurgical techniques, and devoted instrumentation facilitates a high rate of endocrine function preservation and visual improvement, while concurrently achieving comparable resections. Endoscopic skull base reconstruction with the vascularized nasoseptal flap has dramatically reduced the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leak, consolidating endoscopic endonasal surgery as an effective and safe alternative for the treatment of these challenging tumors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
The hippocampus is involved in mental navigation for a recently learned, but not a highly familiar environment: A longitudinal fMRI study
Authors: Hirshhorn Marnie , Grady Cheryl , Rosenbaum R.Shayna , Winocur Gordon , Moscovitch Morris 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate the hypothesis that memory for a large‐scale environment is initially dependent on the hippocampus but is later supported by extra‐hippocampal structures (e.g., precuneus, posterior parahippocampal cortex, and lingual gyrus) once the environment is well‐learned. Participants were scanned during mental navigation tasks initially when they were newly arrived to the city of Toronto, and later after having lived and navigated within the city for 1 yr. In the first session, activation was observed in the right hippocampus, left precuneus, and postcentral gyrus. The second session revealed activation in the caudate and lateral temporal cortex, but not in the right hippocampus; additional activation was instead observed in the posterior parahippocampal cortex, lingual gyrus, and precuneus. These findings suggest that the right hippocampus is required for the acquisition of new spatial information but is not needed to represent this information when the environment is highly familiar. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Chaoborus flavicans ‐Predation on the Zooplankton in a Mesotrophic Lake – a Three Year Study
Authors: Jäger Ines S. , Hölker Franz , Flöder Sabine , Walz Norbert 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe predatory impact of Chaoborus flavicans on zooplankton, especially on daphniids, is often regarded as a crucial factor in the propagation or repeal of top‐down effects in lakes. Therefore consumption rates and prey selectivity of C. flavicans were determined in mesotrophic Lake Großer Vätersee, where cladocerans were the dominant zooplankton prey and the predatory impact of fish towards C. flavicans and cladocerans was low. Two generations of the main predatory instar IV of C. flavicans appeared in the pelagial, the first in autumn and the second in spring after having over wintered in the sediment. In discrepancy to the abundances, only the autumn generation showed high peaks of consumption. C. flavicans fed preferentially on medium‐sized cladocerans, but mostly disregarded daphniids and rotifers. Copepods were only selected when cladocerans were not present. The highest losses due to Chaoborus predation were found in Bosmina longirostris, Bosmina coregoni and Chydorus sphaericus. There was no evidence that the predatory impact of C. flavicans on daphniids substantially influenced lower trophic levels. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Contrasting Zooplankton Assemblages in Two Oxbow Lakes with Low Transparencies and Narrow Emergent Macrophyte Belts (Krapina River, Croatia)
Authors: Špoljar Maria , Dražina Tvrtko , Habdija Ivan , Meseljević Matija , Grčić Zlatko 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the combined effect of water transparency and narrow macrophyte belts on zooplankton assemblages in two oxbow lakes (Krapina River, Croatia). Samples were collected in open water and among helophytes in the littoral zone from April until September 2008. Rotifers were the most abundant group of zooplankton in both lakes, and dominated in the Krapina oxbow lake 1 (KO1). Lake KO1 had significantly lower transparency, lower percentage macrophyte cover and higher chlorophyll a concentration than Krapina oxbow lake 2 (KO2). In lake KO1, variation in the horizontal distribution of cladocerans and rotifers in terms of their abundance seemed to be determined by competition between Bosmina longirostris and Keratella cochlearis, initiated by oscillation in transparency and detritus availability. In lake KO2, with higher transparency and higher percentage macrophyte cover, the abundance of small‐ and large‐bodied cladocerans increased in the littoral zone simultaneously with higher transparency, suggesting fish predation. Results of this study indicated that small differences in transparencies between the two lakes caused significant differences in horizontal distribution of the zooplankton assemblage. Even narrow helophyte belts offered a refuge to zooplankton, although lower transparencies reduced the effectiveness of macrophytes as a refuge from predators. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Distribution of Herbaceous Species in the Soil Seed Bank of a Flood Seasonality Area, Northern Pantanal, Brazil
Authors: Alves Pagotto Mariana , de Moraes Lima Silveira Roberto , Nunes da Cunha Cátia , Fantin‐Cruz Ibraim 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTo identify factors affecting the spatial distribution of soil seed banks of herbaceous species in the Pantanal floodplain, Brazil, the aims of this study were: to characterize the seed bank in terms of the abundance, richness and composition of germinated seeds; to relate these characteristics to flood duration, elevation, chemical and physical properties of the soil and to examine the seed bank’s spatial pattern. Soil samples were collected at 14 points and were then placed in a greenhouse to allow germination to occur. Each sample point had the flood level monitored, the elevation measured and the soil properties identified. A total of 1710 seedlings from 26 species were recorded, of which Echinodorus tenelus was the most abundant (24.9%). Cyperaceae and Poaceae were the richest floristic families (5 species each), with Alismataceae the most represented in terms of number of individuals (36% of the total). Duration of flooding plays an important role in determining Pantanal soil seed banks. The flood pulse influences the abundance (r = 0.79; P = 0.006; partial), richness (r = 0.61; P = 0.02; partial) and composition of the soil seed bank (Pillai trace = 0.552; P = 0.027), carrying the seeds to areas where the duration of flood is longer. Except for aluminium, the soil characteristics expressed by the first principal component of PCA exert indirect positive effects on the seed bank. This is because this component was correlated with the duration of inundation (r = 0.76). Elevation and the toxic effect of aluminium do not vary sufficiently to be able to influence seed bank characteristics. The correlograms show that soil seed banks have no discernible spatial pattern, even though most species are dispersed hydrochorically. This suggests that, at the scale of the study, the tendency for flooding to cause homogeneous dispersion has no influence on seed‐bank spatial structure, because of the complexity of flood‐plain geomorphology. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phylogenetic, Spatial, and Species‐Trait Patterns across Environmental Gradients: the Case of Hydropsyche (Trichoptera) along the Loire River
Authors: Statzner Bernhard , Dolédec Sylvain 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWhen Illies published his concept on the longitudinal zonation of lotic invertebrates five decades ago (Illies, J., 1961: Internat. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 46: 205–213), he defined a research topic that currently interests many ecologists because he linked speciation and phylogeny with spatial distribution and trait adaptation to environmental conditions prevailing along rivers. We tested these ideas analyzing nine species of the caddisfly genus Hydropsyche from the Loire River (France). A morphology‐based phylogeny illustrated that the oldest of our species occurred in the headwater and that specific phylogenetic distances from the root location in the tree were significantly related to the specific longitudinal occurrences in the Loire. Furthermore, traits such as oxygen consumption, optimal velocity for filter‐net‐building, and larval size were significantly related to the specific phylogenetic distances, indicating meaningful, gradual adaptations to environmental gradients prevailing along European rivers (particularly in water temperature, near‐bottom flow, sediment porosity). Thus, joining phylogeny, spatial distribution, and species traits provided insights into a central topic of contemporary ecology, the spatial patterns of speciation, taxonomic community structure (species distributions), and niche adaptation (traits). (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
DXA measurements in rett syndrome reveal small bones with low bone mass
Authors: Roende Gitte , Ravn Kirstine , Fuglsang Kathrine , Andersen Henrik , Bieber Nielsen Jytte , Brøndum-Nielsen Karen , Jensen Jens-Erik Beck 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Low bone mass is reported in growth-retarded patients harboring mutations in the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene causing Rett syndrome (RTT). We present the first study addressing both bone mineral density (BMD) and bone size in RTT. Our object was to determine whether patients with RTT do have low BMD when correcting for smaller bones by examination with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We compared areal BMD (aBMDspine and aBMDtotal hip) and volumetric bone mineral apparent density (vBMADspine and vBMADneck) in 61 patients and 122 matched healthy controls. Further, spine and hip aBMD and vBMAD of patients were associated with clinical risk factors of low BMD, low-energy fractures, MECP2 mutation groups, and X chromosome inactivation (XCI). Patients with RTT had reduced bone size on the order of 10% and showed lower values of spine and hip aBMD and vBMAD (p &lt; .001) adjusted for age, pubertal status, and body mass index (BMI). aBMDspine, vBMADspine, and aBMDtotal hip were associated with low-energy fractures (p &lt; .05). Walking was significantly associated to aBMDtotal hip and vBMADneck adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI). Further, vBMADneck was significantly associated to a diagnosis of epilepsy, antiepileptic treatment, and MECP2 mutation group, but none of the associations with vBMADneck remained clinically significant in a multiple adjusted model including age and BMI. Neither aBMDspine, vBMADspine, nor aBMDtotal hip were significantly associated with epilepsy, antiepileptic treatment, MECP2 mutation group, XCI, or vitamin D status. Low bone mass and small bones are evident in RTT, indicating an apparent low-bone-formation phenotype. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Adenosine receptor subtype expression and activation influence the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts and adipocytes
Authors: Gharibi Borzo , Abraham Anju A , Ham Jack , Evans Bronwen AJ 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Osteoblasts and adipocytes differentiate from a common precursor cell, the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). Adenosine is known to signal via four adenosine receptor subtypes, and significantly, recent findings indicate that these may play a role in MSC differentiation. We therefore investigated adenosine receptor expression and activation during the differentiation of MSCs to osteoblasts and adipocytes. The A2BR was dominant in MSCs, and its expression and activity were transiently upregulated at early stages of osteoblastic differentiation. Both activation and overexpression of A2BR induced the expression of osteoblast-related genes [Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], as well as ALP activity, and stimulation increased osteoblast mineralization. The expression of A2AR was upregulated during later stages of osteoblastic differentiation, when its activation stimulated ALP activity. Differentiation of MSCs to adipocytes was accompanied by significant increases in A1R and A2AR expression, and their activation was associated with increased adipogenesis. Enhanced A2AR expression was sufficient to promote expression of adipocyte-related genes (PPARγ and C/EBPα), and its activation resulted in increased adipocytic differentiation and lipid accumulation. In contrast, the A1R was involved mainly in lipogenic activity of adipocytes rather than in their differentiation. These results show that adenosine receptors are differentially expressed and involved in lineage-specific differentiation of MSCs. We conclude, therefore, that fruitful strategies for treating diseases associated with an imbalance in the differentiation and function of these lineages should include targeting adenosine receptor signal pathways. Specifically, these research avenues will be useful in preventing or treating conditions with insufficient bone or excessive adipocyte formation. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Connexin43 deficiency reduces the sensitivity of cortical bone to the effects of muscle paralysis
Authors: Grimston Susan K , Goldberg Daniel B , Watkins Marcus , Brodt Michael D , Silva Matthew J , Civitelli Roberto 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
We have shown previously that the effect of mechanical loading on bone depends in part on connexin43 (Cx43). To determine whether Cx43 is also involved in the effect of mechanical unloading, we have used botulinum toxin A (BtxA) to induce reversible muscle paralysis in mice with a conditional deletion of the Cx43 gene in osteoblasts and osteocytes (cKO). BtxA injection in hind limb muscles of wild-type (WT) mice resulted in significant muscle atrophy and rapid loss of trabecular bone. Bone loss reached a nadir of about 40% at 3 weeks after injection, followed by a slow recovery. A similar degree of trabecular bone loss was observed in cKO mice. By contrast, BtxA injection in WT mice significantly increased marrow area and endocortical osteoclast number and decreased cortical thickness and bone strength. These changes did not occur in cKO mice, whose marrow area is larger, osteoclast number higher, and cortical thickness and bone strength lower relative to WT mice in basal conditions. Changes in cortical structure occurring in WT mice had not recovered 19 weeks after BtxA injection despite correction of the early osteoclast activation and a modest increase in periosteal bone formation. Thus BtxA-induced muscle paralysis leads to rapid loss of trabecular bone and to changes in structural and biomechanical properties of cortical bone, neither of which are fully reversed after 19 weeks. Osteoblast/osteocyte Cx43 is involved in the adaptive responses to skeletal unloading selectively in the cortical bone via modulation of osteoclastogenesis on the endocortical surface. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 stimulates bone formation in part by enhancing Dhx36-mediated TNAP transcription
Authors: Kim Ha-Neui , Lee Jong-Ho , Bae Suk-Chul , Ryoo Hyun-Mo , Kim Hong-Hee , Ha Hyunil , Lee Zang Hee 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) deacetylate both histones and nonhistone proteins and play a key role in the regulation of physiologic and aberrant gene expression. Inhibition of HDACs has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for cancer and neurologic diseases. In this study we investigated the osteogenic effect and mechanism of action of MS-275, a class I HDAC inhibitor with preference for HDAC1. Both local and systemic administration of MS-275 stimulated bone regeneration in animal models. MS-275 stimulated mRNA expression and activity of the early osteogenic marker tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in bone tissue and osteogenic cells. By using a series of TNAP promoter deletion constructs and a DNA affinity precipitation assay, we identified DExH-box helicase Dhx36 as a factor that binds to the MS-275 response element in the TNAP promoter. We also found that Dhx36 binding to the MS-275 response element is crucial for MS-275 induction of TNAP transcription. Dhx36 physically interacted with a subset of HDACs (HDAC1 and -4) whose protein levels were downregulated by MS-275, and forced expression of these HDACs blunted the stimulatory effects of MS-275 by a deacetylase activity–independent mechanism(s). Taken together, the results of our study show that MS-275 induces TNAP transcription by decreasing the interaction of HDAC1/4 with Dhx36, which can at least in part contribute to the bone anabolic effects of MS-275. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research