bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3‐Year follow‐up of secondary chronic headaches: The Akershus study of chronic headache
Authors: Aasethl Kjersti , Grandel Ragnhild Berling , Benthl Jūratė Šaltytė , Lundqvistl Christofer , Russelll Michael Bjørn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective was to investigate the 3‐year course of secondary chronic headaches (≥15 days per month for at least 3 months) in the general population.An age and gender stratified random sample of 30,000 persons aged 30–44 years from the general population received a mailed questionnaire. All with self‐reported chronic headache, 517 in total, were interviewed by neurological residents. The questionnaire response rate was 71%. The rate of participation in the initial and follow‐up interview was 74% (633/852) and 87% (83/95) respectively. The International Classification of Headache Disorders was used, and then in the next step the Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group and American Academy of Otolaryngology criteria were used in relation to cervicogenic headache (CEH) and headache attributed to chronic rhinosinusitis (HACRS).Of those followed‐up, 40 had headache attributed to head and/or neck trauma (chronic posttraumatic headache), 0 had CEH and 0 had HACRS according to the ICHD‐II criteria, while 18 had CEH according to the Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group's criteria, and 37 had HACRS according to the criteria of the American Academy of Otolaryngology. The headache index (frequency×intensity×duration) was significantly reduced from baseline to follow‐up in chronic posttraumatic headache and HACRS, but not in CEH.We conclude that secondary chronic headaches seem to have various course dependent of subtype. Recognizing the different types of secondary chronic headaches is of importance because it might have management implications.
Experimental evidence for physiological costs underlying the trade‐off between reproduction and survival
Authors: Cox Robert M. , Parker Elizabeth U. , Cheney Diane M. , Liebl Andrea L. , Martin Lynn B. , Calsbeek Ryan 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. A central tenet of life‐history theory is that investment in reproduction compromises survival. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms that link reproduction to survival are poorly understood, particularly in wild populations. 2. Previous experiments in the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei) show that the elimination of reproduction via surgical ovariectomy results in a dramatic increase in the survival of wild females. We hypothesized that this trade‐off reflects underlying differences in energy allocation between reproduction and physiological processes that influence survival. 3. To test this hypothesis, we compared ovariectomized (OVX) females to reproductive controls (SHAM) with respect to four physiological parameters that are thought to influence survival: energy storage, haematocrit, immune function and parasitemia. 4. Consistent with previous studies, we found that OVX females exhibited increased survival and growth relative to reproductive SHAM females. At the end of the breeding season, OVX also exceeded SHAM with respect to energy storage, haematocrit and immune response to phytohemagglutinin challenge. 5. Contrary to our predictions, OVX were more likely than SHAM to exhibit high levels of parasitemia. However, growth and parasite load were positively correlated in OVX and negatively correlated in SHAM, suggesting that reproductive investment may compromise parasite tolerance rather than parasite resistance. 6. Collectively, our results provide direct experimental evidence that reproductive investment affects several key physiological traits that likely interact to influence survival in wild populations.
Neurogenesis during optic tectum regeneration in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Bernardini Sergio , Gargioli Cesare , Cannata Stefano M. , Filoni Sergio 
Published: July 2010

The regenerative neurogenesis of the optic tectum of larval Xenopus laevis has been studied analyzing the proliferative and morphogenetic phases of the regeneration process after removal of one optic lobe. To this end, short‐term and long‐term pulses were carried out using the thymidine analog BrdU, selectively incorporated into cells during the S phase of the cell cycle. Results indicate that while in early larvae (stage 49/50, according to Nieuwkoop & Faber 1967) regeneration occurs mainly at the expense of the stem cells present in extensive proliferation zones (“matrix areas”) of the midbrain, in late larvae (stage 55/56) regeneration occurs at the expense of stem cells present in very limited matrix areas of the brain and of quiescent cells, which re‐enter the cell cycle following trauma. Moreover, in early larvae, morphogenesis of the optic tectum is carried out according to a precise spatio‐temporal order from rostro‐caudal to latero‐medial. By contrast, in late larvae, the topographical order of the regenerative morphogenesis of the optic lobe is completely altered. As a consequence, the regenerated optic tectum in early larvae has an apparently normal structure, while the regenerated optic tectum in late larvae lacks stratification.
The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance
Authors: Carter David A. , D'Souza Frank , Simkins Betty J. , Simpson W. Gary 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: We examine the business case for the inclusion of women and ethnic minority directors on the board. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between the number of women directors and the number of ethnic minority directors on the board and important board committees and financial performance measured as return on assets and Tobin's Q.Research Findings/Insights: We do not find a significant relationship between the gender or ethnic diversity of the board, or important board committees, and financial performance for a sample of major US corporations. Our evidence also suggests that the gender and ethnic minority diversity of the board and firm financial performance appear to be endogenous.Theoretical/Academic Implications: Reasonable theoretical arguments drawn from resource dependence theory, human capital theory, agency theory, and social psychology suggest that gender and ethnic diversity may have either a positive, negative, or neutral effect on the financial performance of the firm. Our statistical analysis supports the theoretical position of no effect, either positive or negative. Our results are consistent with a contingency explanation because the effect of the gender and ethnic diversity of the board may be different under different circumstances at different times. Over several companies and time periods, the results could offset to produce no effect.Practitioner/Policy Implications: The results of our analysis do not support the business case for inclusion of women and ethnic minorities on corporate boards. However, we find no evidence of any negative effect either. Our evidence implies that decisions concerning the appointment of women and ethnic minorities to corporate boards should be based on criteria other than future financial performance.
The Origins and Originators of Early Statistical Societies: A Comparison of Liverpool and Manchester
Authors: O’Brien Christopher 
Published: July 2010

SummaryOne of the provincial statistical societies of the 1830s was in Liverpool, its formation stimulated by the British Association’s meeting in Liverpool in 1837. Like the statistical society in nearby Manchester, its members were drawn largely from industry and commerce, with Liberals and Unitarians much in evidence. The Liverpool society achieved little and survived only briefly, its failure partly reflecting the difficulties that were faced by an amateur organization. It had a large membership with diverse interests, with many members occupied with local politics. We compare it with the Manchester Statistical Society, which had a closed, younger and more cohesive membership, with significant family and business links, helping that society to adapt and survive.
Biases in the Healthcare Luxury Good Hypothesis?: A Meta-Regression Analysis
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Gemmill Marin , Rubert Gloria 
Published: July 2010

SummaryAlthough a growing literature examining the relationship between income and health expenditures suggests that healthcare is a luxury good, this conclusion is debatable owing to heterogeneity of the existing results. The paper tests the luxury good hypothesis (namely that income elasticity exceeds 1) by using meta-regression analysis, taking into consideration publication selection and aggregation bias. The findings suggest that publication bias exists, which is a result that is robust to the meta-regression model employed. Publication selection and aggregation bias also appear to play a role in the generation of estimates. The corrected estimates of income elasticity range from 0.4 to 0.8, which cast serious doubt on the validity of the luxury good hypothesis.
Reference values for anaerobic performance and agility in ambulatory children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: VERSCHUREN OLAF , BLOEMEN MANON , KRUITWAGEN CAS , TAKKEN TIM 
Published: July 2010

Aim  The aim of this study was to provide reference values of anaerobic performance and agility in a group of children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).Method  A total of 300 children (184 males, 116 females) with spastic CP were recruited from 26 rehabilitation centres in six different countries. Of these, 215 were classified at GMFCS level I (mean age 11y 2mo, SD 3y, range 6–18y) and 85 were classified at GMFCS level II (mean age 11y; SD 3y 1mo, range 6–18y). The children performed the Muscle Power Sprint Test (MPST) and the 10×5m sprint test in a standardized manner. To establish reference values, reference curves were created using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape.Results  Height‐related reference curves were created based on performance on the two tests.Interpretation  This study provides height‐related reference values for anaerobic performance and agility for children and adolescents with CP classified at GMFCS levels I and II. These curves are clinically relevant and provide a user‐friendly method in the interpretation of anaerobic performance and agility for children with spastic CP.
NEUTRAL LIPIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS FROM CULTURED ASTROBLASTS
Authors: Robert J. , Mandel P. , Rebel G. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—A study of the neutral lipid and phospholipid compositions of two clones of glial cells in culture is reported. These clones are normal astroblasts (NN clone) and chemically‐induced astrocytoma cells (C6 clone).The lipid composition of the NN cells is similar to that obtained with glial enriched fractions from mammalian brains; however, the fatty acid patterns of the phospholipids from NN cells show an important increase in saturation.Slight differences are observed between NN and C6 cells; these differences are similar to those found during the oncogenic transformation of some other clonal cell lines.
Early fish introduction is associated with less eczema, but not sensitization, in infants
Authors: Hesselmar B , Saalman R , Rudin A , Adlerberth I , Wold AE 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective:  To investigate if the development of allergic diseases during the child’s first 18 months of life is influenced by the time at which different food items were introduced into the child’s diet.Method:  A birth cohort of 184 children was followed to 18 months of age. Diaries were used to document feeding practices, and parental interviews were performed at 6 and 12 months of age, probing for symptoms suggesting allergic disease, general health‐related issues and food introduction regimes. Symptoms promoted prompt clinical examination, and all children were examined clinically, and tested for sensitization to common airborne and food allergens at 18 months of age.Results:  The earlier the fish was introduced into the child’s diet the lower was the frequency of eczema. This association remained after control for confounding factors. The timing of fish introduction and asthma development showed a similar pattern, but did not reach statistical significance. Sensitization was not influenced by the timing of fish introduction. Other food items or feeding practices did not seem to influence allergy development.Conclusion:  Early introduction of fish into the child’s diet was associated with less eczema development, and a tendency to less asthma. Sensitization was not associated with the timing of fish introduction.
ON MUTUALLY UNBIASED BASES
Authors: DURT THOMAS , ENGLERT BERTHOLD-GEORG , BENGTSSON INGEMAR , ŻYCZKOWSKI KAROL 
Published: July 2010

Mutually unbiased bases for quantum degrees of freedom are central to all theoretical investigations and practical exploitations of complementary properties. Much is known about mutually unbiased bases, but there are also a fair number of important questions that have not been answered in full as yet. In particular, one can find maximal sets of N + 1 mutually unbiased bases in Hilbert spaces of prime-power dimension N = pM, with p prime and M a positive integer, and there is a continuum of mutually unbiased bases for a continuous degree of freedom, such as motion along a line. But not a single example of a maximal set is known if the dimension is another composite number (N = 6, 10, 12,…).In this review, we present a unified approach in which the basis states are labeled by numbers 0, 1, 2, …, N - 1 that are both elements of a Galois field and ordinary integers. This dual nature permits a compact systematic construction of maximal sets of mutually unbiased bases when they are known to exist but throws no light on the open existence problem in other cases. We show how to use the thus constructed mutually unbiased bases in quantum-informatics applications, including dense coding, teleportation, entanglement swapping, covariant cloning, and state tomography, all of which rely on an explicit set of maximally entangled states (generalizations of the familiar two–q-bit Bell states) that are related to the mutually unbiased bases.There is a link to the mathematics of finite affine planes. We also exploit the one-to-one correspondence between unbiased bases and the complex Hadamard matrices that turn the bases into each other. The ultimate hope, not yet fulfilled, is that open questions about mutually unbiased bases can be related to open questions about Hadamard matrices or affine planes, in particular the notorious existence problem for dimensions that are not a power of a prime.The Hadamard-matrix approach is instrumental in the very recent advance, surveyed here, of our understanding of the N = 6 situation. All evidence indicates that a maximal set of seven mutually unbiased bases does not exist — one can find no more than three pairwise unbiased bases — although there is currently no clear-cut demonstration of the case.
Quantitation of p95HER2 in Paraffin Sections by Using a p95-Specific Antibody and Correlation with Outcome in a Cohort of Trastuzumab-Treated Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Sperinde Jeff , Jin Xueguang , Banerjee Jayee , Penuel Elicia , Saha Anasuya , Diedrich Gundo , Huang Weidong , Leitzel Kim , Weidler Jodi , Ali Suhail M. , Fuchs Eva-Maria , Singer Christian F. , Köstler Wolfgang J. , Bates Michael , Parry Gordon , Winslow John , Lipton Allan 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Purpose: p95HER2 is an NH2-terminally truncated form of HER2 that lacks the trastuzumab binding site and is therefore thought to confer resistance to trastuzumab treatment. In this report, we introduce a new antibody that has enabled the first direct quantitative measurement of p95HER2 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer tissues. We sought to show that quantitative p95HER2 levels would correlate with outcome in trastuzumab-treated HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
Experimental Design: The novel p95HER2 antibody used here was characterized for sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity over full-length HER2. Quantitative p95HER2 levels were measured in 93 metastatic breast tumors using a VeraTag FFPE assay to determine the correlation of p95HER2 levels with outcomes.
Results: Within a cohort of trastuzumab-treated metastatic breast cancer patients, high levels of p95HER2 were found to correlate with shorter progression-free survival [hazard ratio (HR), 1.9; P = 0.017] and overall survival (HR, 2.2; P = 0.012) in patients with tumors selected to be HER2 positive by the VeraTag HER2 assay. For those with tumors found to be fluorescence in situ hybridization positive, elevated p95HER2 correlated similarly with shorter progression-free survival (HR, 1.8; P = 0.022) and overall survival (HR, 2.2; P = 0.009).
Conclusions: We have successfully generated an antibody that can specifically detect p95HER2, and developed an assay to quantify expression in FFPE tumor specimens. Using this novel assay, we have identified a group of HER2-positive patients expressing p95HER2 that have a worse outcome while on trastuzumab. As p95HER2 retains sensitivity to kinase inhibitors, measurement of p95HER2 in breast tumor sections may be useful in guiding treatment for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 16(16); 4226–35. ©2010 AACR.
Dihydroartemisinin Induces Apoptosis by a Bak-Dependent Intrinsic Pathway
Authors: Handrick René , Ontikatze Teona , Bauer Kerstin-Daniela , Freier Florian , Rübel Amelie , Dürig Jan , Belka Claus , Jendrossek Verena 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The sesquiterpene lactone dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a semisynthetic derivative of the herbal antimalaria drug artemisinin, is cytotoxic to human tumor cells. Treatment of Jurkat T-lymphoma cells with DHA induced a breakdown of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspases, and DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis induction. Although the absence of FADD or caspase-8 did not alter apoptosis rates in Jurkat cells, overexpression of dominant-negative caspase-9 or of antiapoptotic Bcl-xL or Bcl-2 largely decreased the cytotoxicity of DHA, demonstrating a role of the intrinsic death pathway. The proapoptotic Bcl-2 effector protein Bak and the Bcl-2 homology domain 3–only protein NOXA turned out to be important mediators of DHA-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. DHA treatment triggered the expression of NOXA and the activation of Bak. Furthermore, DHA-induced apoptosis was completely abrogated by loss of Bak and largely reduced in cells with siRNA-mediated downregulation of Bak or NOXA. Proapoptotic signaling of DHA also involved the formation of reactive oxygen species and membrane oxidation. Pretreatment with the lipophilic radical scavenger vitamin E or the hydrophilic radical scavengers glutathione and N-acetylcysteine reduced DHA-induced membrane oxidation and apoptosis, respectively. Oxidative changes also occurred in cells with disruption of the mitochondrial death pathway, suggesting a role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative membrane changes in death signaling upstream of the mitochondria. Interestingly, DHA increased the cytotoxic action of ionizing radiation and of the death receptor agonist tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in Jurkat cells, suggesting a potential benefit of DHA in combined treatment strategies. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(9); 2497–510. ©2010 AACR.
Nitric Oxide Inhibits the Proliferation and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer Cells through Degradation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Protein
Authors: Sugita Hiroki , Kaneki Masao , Furuhashi Satoshi , Hirota Masahiko , Takamori Hiroshi , Baba Hideo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), which plays a role in the posttranslational modification of proteins, exhibits tumoricidal activity. However, the mechanism remains largely unclear. We investigated whether the regulation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 protein expression and insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling by NO is involved in the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. NO donor inhibited insulin/IGF-I–stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptor/IGF-I receptor, IRS-1, Akt/PKB, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β along with decreased expression of IRS-1 protein in MIAPaCa-2 cells, whereas NO donor enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2. In contrast, a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 1400W, upregulated the expression of IRS-1 protein and the phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt/PKB, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, along with enhanced proliferation and invasion of Panc-1 cells expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase protein. NO donor induced IRS-1 protein reduction through increased ubiquitination and degradation. For the detection of the site responsible for NO-induced ubiquitination, IRS-1 deletion mutant genes were transfected and overexpressed in MIAPaCa-2 cells. The results indicate that the COOH terminus of the IRS-1 protein is required for NO donor–induced ubiquitination and protein degradation. Cells stably transfected with COOH-terminal deletion mutants of IRS-1 exhibited reduced IGF signaling and cell proliferation compared with vector alone–transfected cells, with no influence of NO on IGF signaling and invasion, although stable transfectants with full-length IRS-1 protein exhibited remarkable NO-induced reduction in IGF signaling, cell proliferation, and invasion. These findings indicate that NO inhibits the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, at least in part, through upregulation of IRS-1 protein degradation and resultant downregulation of the insulin/IGF-I-Akt pathway. Mol Cancer Res; 8(8); 1152–63. ©2010 AACR.
Differential Involvement of Somatosensory and Interoceptive Cortices during the Observation of Affective Touch
Authors: Ebisch Sjoerd J. H. , Ferri Francesca , Salone Anatolia , Perrucci Mauro Gianni , D'Amico Luigi , Ferro Filippo Maria , Romani Gian Luca , Gallese Vittorio 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Previous studies suggested that the observation of other individuals' somatosensory experiences also activates brain circuits processing one's own somatosensory experiences. However, it is unclear whether cortical regions involved with the elementary stages of touch processing are also involved in the automatic coding of the affective consequences of observed touch and to which extent they show overlapping activation for somatosensory experiences of self and others. In order to investigate these issues, in the present fMRI study, healthy participants either experienced touch or watched videos depicting other individuals' inanimate and animate/social touch experiences. Essentially, a distinction can be made between exteroceptive and interoceptive components of touch processing, involved with physical stimulus characteristics and internal feeling states, respectively. Consistent with this distinction, a specific negative modulation was found in the posterior insula by the mere visual perception of other individuals' social or affective cutaneous experiences, compared to neutral inanimate touch. On the other hand, activation in secondary somatosensory and posterior superior temporal regions, strongest for the most intense stimuli, seemed more dependent on the observed physical stimulus characteristics. In contrast to the detected vicarious activation in somatosensory regions, opposite activation patterns for the experience (positive modulation) and observation (negative modulation) of touch suggest that the posterior insula does not reflect a shared representation of self and others' experiences. Embedded in a distributed network of brain regions underpinning a sense of the bodily self, the posterior insula rather appears to differentiate between self and other conditions when affective experiences are implicated.