bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women non‐traditional entrepreneurs and social capital
Authors: Sappleton Natalie 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider the relationship between “entrepreneurial segregation” – self‐employment in a gender typical or atypical sector – and social capital.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on analysis of data from the 2006 wave of the European Social Survey (ESS). A sample of 2,214 male and female business owners is extracted from the dataset. The sample comprises four sub‐samples – females in female‐dominated industries (n=283); females in male‐dominated industries (337); males in male‐dominated industries (n=1,476) and males in female‐dominated industries (n=118). Regression analysis is used to determine the impact of business owners' gender and the sector of their firm upon their levels of social capital.FindingsWomen who operate firms in traditionally female sectors are found to have the highest levels of social capital. In stark contrast, those individuals – men and women – working in traditionally male sectors exhibit lower levels of social capital, measured in terms of trust, community engagement and social networks. Furthermore, self‐employment in a gender traditional or non‐traditional sector is found to be a significant predictor of social capital.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the literature on female entrepreneurship in general but also contributes to the embryonic body of work that is concerned with segregation in self‐employment. To date, very little research has been conducted on women in atypical enterprises, or on the nature of their activities. This paper is a preliminary step towards filling this academic gap. No prior study has assessed the social capital men and women entrepreneurs operating traditional and non‐traditional enterprises.
Resource mobilization through business owners' networks: is gender an issue?
Authors: Díaz García M. Cristina , Carter Sara 
Published: October 2009

PurposeIn this paper, a social capital perspective is presented to illustrate the interaction between gender and resource mobilization through business owners' networks.Design/methodology/approachThis paper explores the resources provided by key supporters of small and young Spanish business owners within the professional service sector.FindingsThe findings suggest that a small group of key individuals provides a diverse range of mainly intangible support to the entrepreneur. Overall, the paper finds only limited support for the idea that male and female networks differ in resource mobilization except for the source of contacts‐referrals and emotional capital. The importance of including emotional capital is evident in the fact that men and women seek it in large numbers, although few studies consider it within the resources provided by the entrepreneurial networks, since it is normally attributed to women and the private sphere.Research limitations/implicationsIt seems that women business owners, through their embeddedness in networks, can build a bridge between their agency and the structure which normally implies some constraints for them due to the gender‐belief system. Establishing a mentorship program can prove very useful, since business owners prioritize obtaining intangible resources from their key supporters: ideas‐advice, emotional support, and contacts‐referrals.Originality/valueDespite the research attention on social capital in recent years, prior work has tended to focus on how actors connect (structural dimension); however, there is a dearth of research about the resources actors can potentially gain access to by examining with whom they connect. Moreover, few studies have recognized the impact of gender on networking experiences.
Training female entrepreneurs: lessons from the FEIW project
Authors: Tynan Margaret , Thomas Dennis , Durand Margaret , O'Gorman Bill , Fuller‐Love Nerys 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to outline the authors' experiences of designing and implementing an enterprise development programme for female entrepreneurs. The programme targets those women who already have a business and wish to grow it further.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the motivation for the programme and the range of issues which is encountered in its design and delivery. It concludes with a brief assessment of lessons learned.FindingsIn addition to the importance of design and focus, the experiences of the Female Entrepreneurship Ireland‐Wales (FEIW) project indicate the need for appropriate programme presentation and marketing; networking and mentoring aspects are also hightlighted.Research limitations/implicationsAs this is a pilot project with flexibility to adapt to the needs of the participants, it is not possible to apply a robust evaluative framework, although such a framework will need to be developed in due course. That said, the qualitative data collected pre‐, during and post‐programme delivery offer valuable insights to the needs of female entrepreneurs; this learning may be incorporated into the design of future programmes.Practical implicationsThe FEIW programme is essentially a pilot initiative and is delivered in only two regions. Thus, it is difficult to generalise findings.Originality/valueAs a case study, the experiences of the FEIW project contribute valuable empirical evidence regarding the design and implementation of an enterprise programme for female entrepreneurs.
The global implementation of the “winner's competitive cycle”
Authors: Slater Stephanie , Paliwoda Stanley , Slater Jim 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to revisit the winning cycle's model proposed by Abegglen and Stalk to investigate the competitive strategies being deployed by Japanese firms.Design/methodology/approachThis paper discusses the literature on the international strategies of Japanese corporations and explains why simplification of work; elimination of waste; discipline; and continuous improvement and radical innovation strategies are presently contributing to a re‐enactment of the “winner's competitive cycle”.FindingsAs international competition intensifies, the winner's competitive cycle has been re‐engineered as Japanese corporations change course in search of alternative routes for sustaining and maintaining a source of competitive advantage.Originality/valueThis paper explains why increased competition and global success has required Japanese firms to reposition their competitive strategy.
Job satisfaction: what is its true meaning in Greater China?
Authors: Han Yong , Kakabadse Nada K. 
Published: October 2009

PurposePreviously, researchers have performed studies on job satisfaction and organizational behavior outcomes in Western contexts. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether economic prosperity or cultural perspective may explain why job satisfaction may not be an effective predictor of organizational outcomes in Greater China. Researchers need more empirical evidence to understand the nature of the relationship between job satisfaction and work outcomes in a non‐Western context in general and in Greater China in particular.Design/methodology/approachThe paper represents a conceptual work that draws on the metrical literature review within the field of organizational behavior.FindingsReview of empirical studies regarding job satisfaction shows that in Greater China, including Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, job satisfaction has a different meaning than those presented in Western organizational behavior literature. The differences in the meaning of job satisfaction between Western interpretation and Eastern (i.e. Chinese) interpretation can be explained by differing Western and Eastern cultural values rather than stages of economic development. Thus, both scholars and practitioners are able to re‐examine the concept, construct and correlates between job satisfaction and its organizational outcomes in Greater China.Practical implicationsThe paper has implications for global management awareness in understanding complex meanings of job satisfaction and work outcomes in multinational enterprises and international joint ventures in Greater China.Originality/valueThe paper's findings raise awareness of potential shortcomings in using Western concepts, models and practices in Greater China and other non‐Western cultures. Moreover, it highlights the importance of cultural context and a need for further research in the area of organizational behavior from a Chinese cultural perspective.
Reforming the Dutch water chain: how radical ambitions turned into a moderate pace of change
Authors: Argento Daniela , Jan van Helden G. 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain how and why the initially ambitious reform of the Dutch water sector turned into a moderate pace of change. The explanations are based on institutional theory.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a case study at the organizational field level of the Dutch water sector.FindingsIn order to enhance efficiency and transparency, Dutch Central Government initially attempted to enforce top‐down radical changes, including the formation of integrated water chain companies. However, after discussions and reactions of the interested parties, the central government authorised a bottom‐up approach, giving discretional powers to the individual water organizations. This transition to a bottom‐up approach can mainly be explained by the limited pressure exerted by the central government to change and the powerful position of the relevant organizations within the water sector, as well as their ability to establish strong coalitions to avoid mandatory radical changes.Research limitations/implicationsThe theoretical background is useful in analysing the change processes in other public sectors.Practical implicationsThe Dutch way of consensus seeking might be threatened by its own inertia, and in the case of ineffectiveness, it could be replaced by a more top‐down and radical reform package.Originality/valueUnravelling public sector reform into goals, means and approaches is useful, because although goals can remain the same during the change process, the means and approaches may be altered. Resistance to radical changes might stimulate convergent change options, such as reinforcement of the existing means of reform and may also decrease the embededdness and impermeability of the institutional fields.
The alcohol industry and public interest science
Authors: Stenius Kerstin , Babor Thomas F. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAims  This report argues that the growing involvement of the alcohol industry in scientific research needs to be acknowledged and addressed. It suggests a set of principles to guide ethical decision‐making in the future.Methods  We review relevant issues with regard to relationships between the alcohol industry and the international academic community, especially alcohol research scientists. The guiding principles proposed are modelled after expert committee statements, and describe the responsibilities of governmental agencies, the alcohol industry, journal editors and the academic community. These are followed by recommendations designed to inform individuals and institutions about current ‘best practices’ that are consistent with the principles.Findings and conclusions  Growing evidence from the tobacco, pharmaceutical and medical fields suggests that financial interests of researchers may compromise their professional judgement and lead to research results that are biased in favour of commercial interests. It is recommended that the integrity of alcohol science is best served if all financial relationships with the alcoholic beverage industry are avoided. In cases where research funding, consulting, writing assignments and other activities are initiated, institutions, individuals and the alcoholic beverage industry itself are urged to follow appropriate guidelines that will increase the transparency and ethicality of such relationships.
Alcohol and hypertension: gender differences in dose–response relationships determined through systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Taylor Benjamin , Irving Hyacinth M. , Baliunas Dolly , Roerecke Michael , Patra Jayadeep , Mohapatra Satya , Rehm Jurgen 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To analyze the dose–response relationship between average daily alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension via systematic review and meta‐analysis.Design  A computer‐assisted search was completed for 10 databases, followed by hand searches of relevant articles. Only studies with longitudinal design, quantitative measurement of alcohol consumption and biological measurement of outcome were included. Dose–response relationships were assessed by determining the best‐fitting model via first‐ and second‐degree fractional polynomials. Various tests for heterogeneity and publication bias were conducted.Findings  A total of 12 cohort studies were identified from the literature from the United States, Japan and Korea. A linear dose–response relationship with a relative risk of 1.57 at 50 g pure alcohol per day and 2.47 at 100 g per day was seen for men. Among women, the meta‐analysis indicated a more modest protective effect than reported previously: a significant protective effect was reported for consumption at or below about 5 g per day, after which a linear dose–response relationship was found with a relative risk of 1.81 at 50 g per day and of 2.81 at an average daily consumption of 100 g pure alcohol per day. Among men, Asian populations had higher risks than non‐Asian populations.Conclusions  The risk for hypertension increases linearly with alcohol consumption, so limiting alcohol intake should be advised for both men and women.
Do Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations indicate recent use in chronic cannabis users?
Authors: Karschner Erin L. , Schwilke Eugene W. , Lowe Ross H. , Darwin W. David , Pope Harrison G. , Herning Ronald , Cadet Jean L. , Huestis Marilyn A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To quantify blood Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in chronic cannabis users over 7 days of continuous monitored abstinence.Participants  Twenty‐five frequent, long‐term cannabis users resided on a secure clinical research unit at the US National Institute on Drug Abuse under continuous medical surveillance to prevent cannabis self‐administration.Measurements  Whole blood cannabinoid concentrations were determined by two‐dimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry.Findings  Nine chronic users (36%) had no measurable THC during 7 days of cannabis abstinence; 16 had at least one positive THC ≥0.25 ng/ml, but not necessarily on the first day. On day 7, 6 full days after entering the unit, six participants still displayed detectable THC concentrations [mean ± standard deviation (SD), 0.3 ± 0.7 ng/ml] and all 25 had measurable carboxy‐metabolite (6.2 ± 8.8 ng/ml). The highest observed THC concentrations on admission (day 1) and day 7 were 7.0 and 3.0 ng/ml, respectively. Interestingly, five participants, all female, had THC‐positive whole blood specimens over all 7 days. Body mass index did not correlate with time until the last THC‐positive specimen (n = 16; r = −0.2; P = 0.445).Conclusions  Substantial whole blood THC concentrations persist multiple days after drug discontinuation in heavy chronic cannabis users. It is currently unknown whether neurocognitive impairment occurs with low blood THC concentrations, and whether return to normal performance, as documented previously following extended cannabis abstinence, is accompanied by the removal of residual THC in brain. These findings also may impact on the implementation of per se limits in driving under the influence of drugs legislation.
Content of ecstasy in the Netherlands: 1993–2008
Authors: Vogels Neeltje , Brunt Tibor M. , Rigter Sander , Van Dijk Peter , Vervaeke Hylke , Niesink Raymond J. M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAims  The present paper outlines the results of analyses carried out on the content of tablets sold as ecstasy, collected in the Netherlands by the Drugs Information Monitoring System (DIMS) from January 1993 to December 2008.Methods  During a period of 16 years, the DIMS analysed the content of 33 006 tablets sold as ecstasy that were handed in by numerous individual (potential) substance users. The DIMS results were compared with the results from various seized tablets to determine whether the DIMS is a monitor of the ecstasy consumer market.Results  The DIMS system appears to be a market monitor that gives an accurate reflection of what is actually available on the hidden Dutch ecstasy market. During 16 years of monitoring, the purity [tablets containing only 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] was lowest around 1997. During this time‐period many tablets contained other substances in addition to or instead of MDMA [e.g. 3,4‐methylene‐dioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4‐methylene‐dioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) and N‐methyl‐a‐(1,3‐benzodixol‐5‐yl)‐2‐butamine (MBDB), amphetamine and caffeine]. From 1998 to 2008, the number of high‐dose tablets (≥106 mg MDMA per tablet) gradually increased. The same holds true for the proportion of tablets that contained only MDMA, reaching the highest levels in 2000 and 2004. After 2004, the purity of ecstasy tablets decreased again, caused mainly by a growing proportion of tablets containing meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP).Conclusions  The DIMS results provide valuable qualitative information on the content of ecstasy tablets in the Netherlands, and its changes throughout the years. Moreover, the results were used for national and international risk assessments and important warning and prevention activities.
Extending drug ethno‐epidemiology using agent‐based modelling
Authors: Moore David , Dray Anne , Green Rachael , Hudson Susan L. , Jenkinson Rebecca , Siokou Christine , Perez Pascal , Bammer Gabriele , Maher Lisa , Dietze Paul 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To show how the inclusion of agent‐based modelling improved the integration of ethno‐epidemiological data in a study of psychostimulant use and related harms among young Australians.Methods  Agent‐based modelling, ethnographic fieldwork, in‐depth interviews and epidemiological surveys.Setting  Melbourne, Perth and Sydney, Australia.Participants  Club drug users in Melbourne, recreational drug users in Perth and street‐based injecting drug users in Sydney. Participants were aged 18–30 years and reported monthly or more frequent psychostimulant use.Findings  Agent‐based modelling provided a specific focus for structured discussion about integrating ethnographic and epidemiological methods and data. The modelling process was underpinned by collective and incremental design principles, and produced ‘SimAmph’, a data‐driven model of social and environmental agents and the relationships between them. Using SimAmph, we were able to test the probable impact of ecstasy pill‐testing on the prevalence of harms—a potentially important tool for policy development. The study also navigated a range of challenges, including the need to manage epistemological differences, changes in the collective design process and modelling focus, the differences between injecting and non‐injecting samples and concerns over the dissemination of modelling outcomes.Conclusions  Agent‐based modelling was used to integrate ethno‐epidemiological data on psychostimulant use, and to test the probable impact of a specific intervention on the prevalence of drug‐related harms. It also established a framework for collaboration between research disciplines that emphasizes the synthesis of diverse data types in order to generate new knowledge relevant to the reduction of drug‐related harms.
Influence of smoking cues in movies on craving among smokers
Authors: Lochbuehler Kirsten , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Scholte Ron H. J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAims  Research has shown that smoking‐related cues are important triggers for craving. The objective of the present study was to test whether smoking cues in movies also function as triggers to evoke craving. To accomplish this, we conducted a pilot study in which we examined smokers' reactivity to smoking cues from a particular movie in a common cue–reactivity paradigm using pictures. In the main study, we tested whether smokers who are confronted with smoking characters in a movie segment have a greater desire to smoke than smokers confronted with non‐smoking characters.Design  Using an experimental design, participants were assigned randomly to one of two movie conditions (smoking versus non‐smoking characters).Setting  In a laboratory, that reflected a naturalistic setting, participants watched a 41‐minute movie segment.Participants  A total of 65 young adults who smoked on a daily basis participated in the experiment.Measurements  Craving was assessed before and after watching the movie.Findings  The pilot study revealed that pictures of smoking characters had strong effects on craving. However, when smokers actually watched a movie segment, no differences in craving were found between those who watched smoking characters and those who watched non‐smoking characters. This finding was not affected by baseline craving, the time of the last cigarette smoked and daily smoking habits.Conclusions  No effect of smoking cues in movies on craving was found, in contrast with research supporting the cue‐craving link. Thus, if replicated, this might indicate that smoking cues in such contexts do not affect smokers' desire to smoke as expected.
An audit of intensive care unit recyclable waste
Authors: McGain F. , Story D. , Hendel S. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThere is little known about recyclable intensive care unit waste. We tested the hypotheses that the intensive care unit produces a small proportion (< 10%) of hospital waste, that much waste (> 30%) is recyclable and that there is little (< 10%) cross‐contamination of non‐infectious with infectious waste. For seven consecutive days in an Australian 10‐bedded intensive care unit, we prospectively sorted all waste. The total intensive care unit waste for the week was 540 kg, representing 5% of hospital waste. Of the 401 kg of intensive care unit general waste, recyclables were 230 kg (57%; 95% CI 53–61%), mainly plastics, cardboard and paper. There were 0.4 kg of infectious cross‐contamination in the 401 kg of general waste. Intensive care unit waste was a small proportion of all hospital waste. However, there was minimal infectious waste cross‐contamination and almost 60% of intensive care unit general waste could be recycled with appropriate safeguards, education and training.