bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese primiparous women’s experiences of early motherhood: factors affecting maternal role competence
Authors: Ngai Fei‐Wan , Chan Sally WC , Holroyd Eleanor 
Published: February 2011

Aim.  The aim of this study was to explore Chinese women’s perceptions of maternal role competence and factors contributing to maternal role competence during early motherhood.Background.  Developing a sense of competence and satisfaction in the maternal role are considered critical components in maternal adaptation, which have a significant impact on parenting behaviours and the psychosocial development of the child. However, qualitative studies that address maternal role competence are limited in the Chinese population.Design.  This was an exploratory descriptive study.Method.  A purposive sample of 26 Chinese primiparous mothers participated in a childbirth psychoeducation programme and was interviewed at six weeks postpartum. Data were analysed using content analysis.Results.  Women perceived a competent mother as being able to make a commitment to caring for the physical and emotional well‐being of child, while cultivating appropriate values for childhood. Personal knowledge and experience of infant care, success in breastfeeding, infant’s well‐being, availability of social support and contradictory information from various sources were major factors affecting maternal role competency.Conclusion.  The findings highlight the importance of understanding Chinese cultural attitudes to childrearing and maternal role competence. New Chinese mothers need information on child care, positive experiences of infant care, social support and consistent information to enhance their maternal role competency. Recommendations are made for Chinese culturally specific guidelines and healthcare delivery interventions to enhance maternal role competence in early motherhood.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nursing and midwifery care should always take into account the cultural beliefs and enable adaptation of traditional postpartum practices. Providing consistent information and positive experience on parenting skills and infant behaviour as well as enhancing effective coping strategies could strengthen Chinese women’s maternal role competency.
Dopamine transporter genotype modulation of neural responses to smoking cues: confirmation in a new cohort
Authors: Franklin Teresa R. , Wang Ze , Li Yin , Suh Jesse J. , Goldman Marina , Lohoff Falk W. , Cruz Jeffrey , Hazan Rebecca , Jens Will , Detre John A. , Berrettini Wade , O'Brien Charles P. , Childress Anna Rose 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTPreviously we demonstrated profound effects of dopamine transporter (DAT) SLC6A3 genotype on limbic responses to smoking cues (SCs). Probands carrying at least one copy of the 9‐repeat allele (9‐repeat carriers) had greater neural responses to SCs in the anatomically interconnected rostral ventral striatum/medial orbitofrontal cortex (VS/mOFC), compared with homozygotes for the 10‐repeat allele (10/10‐repeats). To test the reliability of the initial findings, we examined perfusion functional magnetic resonance images acquired during SC exposure in a new cohort of smokers (N = 26) who were genotyped for the SLC6A3 polymorphism. In smokers overall, activity was enhanced in the VS/mOFC (t = 3.77). Contrasts between allelic groups revealed that 9‐repeat carriers had a greater response to SCs in the VS (t = 3.12) and mOFC (t = 3.19). In separate groups, 9‐repeat carriers showed increased activity in the VS (t = 5.47) and mOFC (T = 4.96), while no increases were observed in 10‐repeats. Subjective reports of craving correlated with increased activity in reward‐related structures including the extended amygdala, insula and post‐central gyrus, and decreased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and were DAT‐genotype dependent (r = 0.63–0.96). In secondary analyses, we found that The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores correlated with enhanced SC‐induced perfusion in 10/10‐repeats in the insula, mOFC, medial temporal and superior frontal gyri (r = 0.50–0.82), while correlations were absent in 9‐repeat carriers. Despite heterogeneity introduced by a host of factors, including variance in other genes involved in smoking behavior, we confirm that DAT genotype predicts the direction and location of neural responses to SCs.
Value of preemptive CYP2C19 genotyping in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients considered for pentamidine administration
Authors: Afrin Lawrence B. , Afrin Jessica B. 
Published: February 2011

Afrin LB, Afrin JB. Value of preemptive CYP2C19 genotyping in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients considered for pentamidine administration. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E271–E275. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis is standard in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), sometimes with pentamidine at a low dose inhaled monthly. Human metabolism of pentamidine depends on cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19). The frequency of mutant CYP2C19 forms with decreased function (from 2% of Caucasians to 30% of Asians and 79% of certain Polynesians), together with common use of CYP2C19 inhibitors in the alloSCT process, creates risk for impaired pentamidine clearance resulting in toxicity ordinarily expected only with high doses given for active infection. We examined the charts of 32 consecutive pentamidine‐prophylaxed alloSCT patients at our center. We assessed hospital charges for the management of toxicities unexplained at the time but likely attributable, in retrospect, to pentamidine. Twenty‐eight percent experienced significant toxicities (incurring added charges of at least US$5000). Thirteen percent suffered major toxicity (incurring added charges of at least US$25 000; median added charge $351 701) and shorter survival (326 vs. 622 d for all pentamidine recipients), including 6% who died of pentamidine toxicities [one proven postmortem to have a (non‐functional) homozygous CYP2C19*2 mutation]. Charges for care attributable to pentamidine toxicity exceeded what preemptive genotyping would have cost by 73‐fold. These findings encourage routine use of preemptive CYP2C19 genotyping in alloSCT patients considered for pentamidine.
Clostridium difficile and cytomegalovirus colitis co‐infection: search for the hidden ‘bug’
Authors: Florescu D.F. , Mindru C. , Chambers H.E. , Kalil A.C. 
Published: February 2011

D.F. Florescu, C. Mindru, H.E. Chambers, A.C. Kalil. Clostridium difficile and cytomegalovirus colitis co‐infection: search for the hidden ‘bug’. Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 411–415. All rights reservedAbstract: Few cases of co‐infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Clostridium difficile colitis have been reported previously. We describe 2 cases of CMV and C. difficile colitis, and review 7 previously published reports. We aim to raise awareness of possible CMV–C. difficile co‐infection, especially in refractory cases of C. difficile colitis.
Comparing endoscopic submucosal dissection with transanal resection for non‐invasive rectal tumor: A retrospective study
Authors: Kiriyama Shinsuke , Saito Yutaka , Matsuda Takahisa , Nakajima Takeshi , Mashimo Yumi , Joeng Henry KM , Moriya Yoshihiro , Kuwano Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an alternative to transanal resection (TAR) in treating rectal adenomas, intramucosal cancers, and superficial submucosal cancers. The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical efficacy between ESD and TAR for non‐invasive rectal tumors.Methods:  Between January 1998 and December 2006, 85 patients with preoperative diagnosis of non‐invasive rectal tumors were treated by ESD or TAR. En‐bloc resection, local recurrence, complication, procedure time, and hospital stay were evaluated retrospectively using a prospectively‐completed database.Results:  Mean resection sizes were 40 mm and 39 mm in diameter for the ESD and TAR groups, respectively. En‐bloc resections with a negative resection margin were achieved in 67% (35/52) of the ESD group, which was significantly higher than the 42% (14/33) in the TAR group. Sixty‐three lesions were diagnosed as curative resection, histopathologically. There was no local recurrence in the ESD group, but five local recurrences developed in the TAR group. Two rectal perforations, one minor delayed bleeding, and one subcutaneous emphysema in the ESD group were successfully managed conservatively. There were one minor delayed bleeding and two anesthesia‐related complications in the TAR group. The ESD group had a shorter hospital stay than the TAR group (4.9 days vs 7 days), but a longer procedure time (131 min vs 63 min).Conclusion:  ESD was more effective than TAR in treating non‐invasive rectal tumors, with a lower recurrence rate and shorter hospital stay.
Old age and male sex are associated with increased risk of asymptomatic erosive esophagitis: Analysis of data from local health examinations by the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation
Authors: Cho Jae Hee , Kim Hee Man , Ko Geun Jun , Woo Myoung Lyeol , Moon Chang Mo , Kim Yu Jin , Han Ki Jun , Song Si Young , Cho Hyeon Geun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Silent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is often detected during routine screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). However, the risk factors and clinical implications of silent GERD remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the risk factors for asymptomatic erosive esophagitis by analyzing the local area health examination data.Methods:  The Korean National Health Insurance Corporation provides a bi‐annual health examination performed by qualified local hospitals for the early detection of cancer in medical insurance holders over 40 years of age. Participants who completed self‐reported questionnaires on health, followed by EGD at the Myongji Hospital (Goyang, Korea), were enrolled in this study.Results:  The data of a total of 5301 participants who underwent EGD between January 2005 and December 2008 were analyzed. The prevalence of erosive esophagitis was 6%. In the multivariate analysis, erosive esophagitis was strongly associated with an age greater than 60 years (odds ratio [OR]: 0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6–1.0), male sex (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.7–3.0), hiatus hernia (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 2.1–4.0), duodenal ulcer (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.5), hypertension (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2–2.0), and smoking (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–1.8). Of the 320 participants with erosive esophagitis, 145 (45.3%) were asymptomatic participants, and those who were more frequently greater than 60 years (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–3.1) and male (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–3.2).Conclusions:  Asymptomatic erosive esophagitis in adults older than 40 years is strongly associated with old age (≥ 60 years) and male sex compared with symptomatic erosive esophagitis.
Feeding the child with liver disease: A review and practical clinical guide
Authors: Smart Kathryn Mary , Alex George , Hardikar Winita 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNourishing children with liver disease is a challenging task; however, appropriate assessment and well‐timed nutritional interventions are paramount for a good long‐term outcome in these patients. An appropriate balance of macronutrients, micronutrients, and vitamins is important, as is the route of administration. This review aims to highlight the practical points in nutrition assessment and also provides a guide to the various nutritional interventions available for children with chronic liver disease.
Clinical outcomes and factors for response prediction after the first course of corticosteroid therapy in patients with active ulcerative colitis
Authors: Yoon Jin Young , Cheon Jae Hee , Park Jae Jun , Hong Sung Pil , Kim Tae Il , Kim Won Ho 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Both clinical outcomes and factors predictive for poor response after an initial course of corticosteroids have not yet been well established in the treatment of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC). We therefore evaluated the short‐ and long‐term effects of corticosteroids and prognostic factors in UC patients after such therapy.Methods:  We recruited consecutive patients who had moderate to severe UC and were treated with the first course of systemic corticosteroids between November 1996 and December 2007 using the database of Severance Hospital in Seoul, Korea. We then evaluated clinical outcomes at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year after the initiation of corticosteroid treatment.Results:  Our study included a total of 177 patients. At 1 month, complete remission was achieved in 70 patients (39.5%) and partial remission in 88 (49.7%). Fifteen patients (8.5%) were refractory to the treatment, and four (2.3%) underwent proctocolectomy. We observed prolonged response in 111 (64.9%) at 3 months and 95 (59.4%) patients at 1 year, corticosteroid dependency in 49 (28.7%) and 51 (31.9%) patients, and no response in 11 (6.4%) and 14 (8.7%) patients. A higher initial Mayo score was found to be the only poor prognostic factor at 1 month (P = 0.032) and 1 year (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Our data showed that most Korean patients with active UC responded well to the first course of corticosteroid treatment. However, a considerable number of patients eventually turned out to be refractory to or dependent on this therapy. The initial higher Mayo score was strongly associated with poor outcomes.
Diagnostic accuracy of T‐cell interferon‐γ release assays in tuberculous pleurisy: A meta‐analysis
Authors: ZHOU QIONG , CHEN YI‐QIANG , QIN SHOU‐MING , TAO XIAO‐NAN , XIN JIAN‐BAO , SHI HUAN‐ZHONG 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  The diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy by analysis of pleural fluid using standard diagnostic tools is difficult. Recently, T‐cell interferon‐γ release assays (IGRA) have been introduced for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. The aim of the present meta‐analysis was to establish the overall diagnostic accuracy of IGRA on both pleural fluid and peripheral blood, for diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy.Methods:  A systematic review was performed of English language publications. Sensitivity, specificity and other measures of the accuracy of IGRA for the diagnosis tuberculous pleurisy using both pleural fluid and blood were pooled using a random‐effects model or a fixed‐effects model. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to summarize overall test performance.Results:  Seven out of eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic odds ratio were, for pleural fluid: 0.75, 0.82, 3.49, 0.24, 0.85, 0.70 and 19.04, respectively; and for blood: 0.80, 0.72, 2.86, 0.28, 0.78, 0.74 and 11.06, respectively.Conclusions:  As almost 20% of non‐tuberculosis patients would be erroneously treated for tuberculosis and 25% of patients with tuberculous pleurisy would be missed, pleural fluid IGRA are not useful for the clinical diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy.
Applying gene expression microarrays to pulmonary disease
Authors: CAMPBELL JOSHUA D. , SPIRA AVRUM , LENBURG MARC E. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTGene expression microarrays are high throughput technologies that can simultaneously measure the expression levels of most known genes in the human genome within a biological sample. The study of gene expression has revealed new understanding into the biological complexities of the cell and can impact the field of medicine by providing new insights into disease. Examining gene expression in samples from patients with pulmonary disease can elucidate molecular mechanisms responsible for disease pathogenesis or uncover novel molecular subtypes within a disease. Gene expression signatures of disease pathogenesis can further be used to suggest novel therapeutic compounds. Biomarkers can be developed from gene expression data that can aid clinicians in diagnosing disease or can guide clinicians in tailoring therapeutic strategies to individual patients. To demonstrate the applications of gene expression microarray technology, we will review several studies in pulmonary disease that utilize gene expression profiling techniques to gain biological insights into disease or to develop clinically relevant biomarkers for disease management.
A multicentre surveillance study on the characteristics, bacterial aetiologies and in vitro antibiotic susceptibilities in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
Authors: HUI DAVID S. , IP MARGARET , LING THOMAS , CHANG SHAN‐CHWEN , LIAO CHUN‐HSING , YOO CHUL‐GYU , KIM DEOG‐KYEOM , YOON HO‐IL , UDOMPANICH VISIT , MOGMEUD SOMKID , MUTTALIF RAZAK , SALLEH AZMI M. , ROA CAMILO , MENDOZA MYRNA , FAJARDO‐ANG CONCEPCION , SOEPANDI PRIYANTI , ISBANIAH FATHIYAH , BURHAN ERLINA , SUDARMONO PRATIWI , MANGUNNEGORO HADIARTO , LIU HANS H. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem and the prevalence is high in many Asian countries.Methods:  A prospective observational study of the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) was conducted in Indonesia, Philippines, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan and Hong Kong from August 2006 to April 2008. The diagnosis of AECB was based on increased cough and worsening of two of following: dyspnoea, increased sputum volume or purulence. Patients who had taken antibiotics within 72 h of presentation were excluded. All bacterial strains were submitted to a central laboratory for re‐identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to 16 antimicrobial agents according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Results:  Four hundred and seven isolates were identified among 447 patients of AECB. The most frequent organisms isolated were Klebsiella pneumoniae and associated species (n = 91 + 17), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 71), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 63), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 32), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 22) and Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 21). According to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute susceptibility breakpoints, 85.7% and >90% of these pathogens were susceptible to levofloxacin and cefepime respectively. Other options with overall lower susceptibilities include imipenem, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and amoxicillin/clavulanate.Conclusions:  Gram‐negative bacteria including Klebsiella spp., P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. constitute a large proportion of pathogens identified in patients with AECB in some Asian countries. Surveillance on the local prevalence and antibiotic resistance of these organisms is important in guiding appropriate choice of antimicrobials in the management of AECB.
Urological involvement in renal transplantation
Authors: Sackett Daniel D , Singh Pooja , Lallas Costas D 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHistorically, urologists were the primary surgeons in renal transplantation. Specialization and increased complexity of the field of transplantation, coupled with a de‐emphasis of vascular surgical training in urology, has created a situation where many renal transplants are carried out by surgeons with a general surgery background. Because of its genitourinary nature, however, urological input in renal transplantation is still vital. For living donors, a urologist should be involved to help evaluate and prepare certain patients for eventual donation. This could involve both medical and surgical intervention. Additionally, urologists who carry out living donor nephrectomy maintain a sense of ownership in the renal transplant process and provide a unique opportunity to the trainees of that particular program. For renal transplant recipients, preoperative evaluation of voiding dysfunction and other genitourinary anomalies might be necessary before the transplant. Also, occasional surgical intervention to prepare a patient for renal transplant might be necessary, such as in a patient with a small renal mass that is detected by a screening pretransplant ultrasound. Intraoperatively, for patients with complex urological reconstructions that might be related to the etiology of the renal failure (urinary diversion, bladder augmentation), a urologist who is familiar with the anatomy should be available. Postoperatively, urological evaluation and intervention might be necessary for patients who had a pre‐existing urological condition or who might have developed something de novo after the transplant. Although renal transplant programs could consult an on‐call urologist for particular issues on an as‐needed basis, having a urologist, who has repeated exposure to the particular issues and procedures that are involved with renal transplantation, and who is part of a dedicated multidisciplinary renal transplant team, provides optimal quality of care to these complex patients.
Radiographic osteoarthritis and pain are independent predictors of knee cartilage loss: a prospective study
Authors: Saunders J. , Ding C. , Cicuttini F. , Jones G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground:  There is controversy about whether pain and radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) predict subsequent cartilage loss. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between ROA, pain and cartilage loss in the knee.Methods:  We studied randomly selected subjects at baseline and approximately 2.9 years later (n= 399). The presence of ROA was assessed at baseline with a standing anteroposterior semiflexed radiograph scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International atlas for osteophytes (OP) and joint space narrowing (JSN). Pain was assessed by the Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index. Subjects' medial and lateral tibial cartilage volumes were determined by magnetic resonance imaging at both time points.Results:  In cross‐sectional analysis, both medial and lateral tibial cartilage volumes were lower in those with ROA. Any medial ROA predicted medial tibial cartilage loss (3.2% (standard deviation (SD) 5.6) vs 1.9% (SD 5.3) per annum) while any lateral ROA predicted both medial (4.0% (SD 6.0) vs 2.2% (SD 5.3) per annum) and lateral (3.5% (SD 5.8) vs 1.6% (SD 4.2) per annum) tibial cartilage loss (all P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, JSN and OP at both medial and lateral sites had independent dose–response associations with tibial cartilage loss at both sites. Pain was an independent predictor of lateral, but not medial, tibial cartilage loss after taking ROA into account.Conclusions:  Subjects with ROA (either JSN or OP) and, to a lesser extent, pain lose cartilage faster than subjects without ROA and the more severe the ROA the greater the rate of loss. These findings have implications for the design of clinical trials.
Incretin‐based therapies – review of the physiology, pharmacology and emerging clinical experience
Authors: Martin J. H. , Deacon C. F. , Gorrell M. D. , Prins J. B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDiabetes therapies based on manipulation of the incretin system are now widely available, with millions of people receiving treatment. The incretin hormones, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 are released from endocrine cells in the small intestinal mucosa primarily in response to oral nutrient ingestion. They have various effects, but those most relevant to metabolic dysfunction include stimulation of insulin and suppression of glucagon secretion, with resultant reduction in fasting and postprandial glucose. Incretin secretion and/or action is impaired in type 2 diabetes, leading to development of strategies aimed at redressing this abnormality. These strategies include pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4, the enzyme responsible for the short half‐life of endogenous incretins, and administration of long‐acting dipeptidyl peptidase‐4‐resistant peptides that bind to and activate the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor. In this review, we address aspects of incretin biology and pharmacotherapy with a view to highlighting potentially clinically relevant issues and areas of basic research that may impinge on these.