bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natriuretic peptides in brain physiology
Authors: Sinđić Aleksandra , Dobrivojević Marina , Hirsch Jochen 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) regulate salt and water homeostasis by inducing natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney. These actions in addition to those via the heart and vascular system play important roles in the regulation of blood pressure. In the central nervous system NPs play a significant role in neuronal development, synaptic transmission and neuroprotection. Currently, six different human NPs have been described: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), urodilatin (URO, renal natriuretic peptide), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) as well as guanylin and uroguanylin. ANP, URO and BNP activate the natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A or guanylate cyclase A (GC-A)) while CNP activates natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B or guanylate cyclase B (GC-B)). Guanylin and uroguanylin are known to activate guanylate cyclase C (GC-C). The receptors GC-A, GC-B, and GC-C are widely expressed in the human body. Currently, GC-B and CNP seems to have the highest expression in central nervous system compared to other NPs and their receptors. All known NPs generate intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP) by activating their specific guanylate cyclase receptors. Subsequently, cGMP is able to activate protein kinase I or II (PKG I or II) and/or directly regulate transmembrane proteins such as ion channels, transporters and pumps. NPs also bind to the natriuretic peptide receptor C (also called clearance receptor NPR-C) which is a major pathway for the degradation of NPs and has no guanylate cyclase activity. In this review we will focus on new insights regarding the physiological effects of NPs in the brain, especially specific areas of their signaling pathways in neurons and glial cells.
Pathology of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Authors: Habek Mario , Žarković Kamelija 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acute, monophasic neurologic syndrome that occurs after vaccination against various viruses and after many viral infections and rarely occurs again in the same patient. Weston Hurst disease or acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (AHE) is a hyperacute ADEM variant that shares many pathological similarities with ADEM. ADEM clinically and neuropathologically faithfully reflects the animal model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), and animal studies have provided us with new insights into pathogenesis of this disorder. Although there is much controversy whether ADEM is a separate disease or just one of possible manifestations of multiple sclerosis, there are clear histopathological characteristics that support ADEM as a separate disease This mini review will focus on pathological characteristics of ADEM emphasizing differences from other types of idiopathic demyelinating diseases.
Reconfigurability analysis for reliable fault-tolerant control design
Authors: Khelassi Ahmed , Theilliol Didier , Weber Philippe 
Published: September 2011

Reconfigurability analysis for reliable fault-tolerant control design
In this paper the integration of reliability evaluation in reconfigurability analysis of a fault-tolerant control system is considered. The aim of this work is to contribute to reliable fault-tolerant control design. The admissibility of control reconfigurability is analyzed with respect to reliability requirements. This analysis shows the relationship between reliability and control reconfigurability defined generally through Gramian controllability. An admissible solution for reconfigurability is proposed according to reliability evaluation based on energy consumption under degraded functional conditions. The proposed study is illustrated with a flight control application.
Active fault tolerant control of nonlinear systems: The cart-pole example
Authors: Bonfè Marcello , Castaldi Paolo , Mimmo Nicola , Simani Silvio 
Published: September 2011

Active fault tolerant control of nonlinear systems: The cart-pole exampleThis paper describes the design of fault diagnosis and active fault tolerant control schemes that can be developed for nonlinear systems. The methodology is based on a fault detection and diagnosis procedure relying on adaptive filters designed via the nonlinear geometric approach, which allows obtaining the disturbance de-coupling property. The controller reconfiguration exploits directly the on-line estimate of the fault signal. The classical model of an inverted pendulum on a cart is considered as an application example, in order to highlight the complete design procedure, including the mathematical aspects of the nonlinear disturbance de-coupling method based on the nonlinear differential geometry, as well as the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed approach. Extensive simulations of the benchmark process and Monte Carlo analysis are practical tools for assessing experimentally the robustness and stability properties of the developed fault tolerant control scheme, in the presence of modelling and measurement errors. The fault tolerant control method is also compared with a different approach relying on sliding mode control, in order to evaluate benefits and drawbacks of both techniques. This comparison highlights that the proposed design methodology can constitute a reliable and robust approach for application to real nonlinear processes.
Extracting second-order structures from single-input state-space models: Application to model order reduction
Authors: Guillet Jérôme , Mourllion Benjamin , Birouche Abderazik , Basset Michel 
Published: September 2011

Extracting second-order structures from single-input state-space models: Application to model order reductionThis paper focuses on the model order reduction problem of second-order form models. The aim is to provide a reduction procedure which guarantees the preservation of the physical structural conditions of second-order form models. To solve this problem, a new approach has been developed to transform a second-order form model from a state-space realization which ensures the preservation of the structural conditions. This new approach is designed for controllable single-input state-space realizations with real matrices and has been applied to reduce a single-input second-order form model by balanced truncation and modal truncation.
Combined approach for the unification of levelling networks in New Zealand
Authors: Tenzer Robert , Vatrt Viliam , Gan Luzi , Abdalla Ahmed , Dayoub Nadim 
Published: September 2011

Combined approach for the unification of levelling networks in New ZealandThe unification of levelling networks in New Zealand is done using a combined approach. It utilises the joint levelling network adjustment and the geopotential-value approach. The levelling and normal gravity data are used for a joint adjustment of the levelling networks at the South and North Islands of New Zealand while fixing the heights of tide gauges in Dunedin and Wellington. The results reveal a good quality of levelling data; the STD of residuals is 2 mm for the whole country. The comparison of the newly determined and original normal-orthometric heights confirms the presence of large local vertical datum offsets and systematic levelling errors. Since the geopotential-value approach is based on the Molodensky's theory, the newly adjusted normal-orthometric heights are converted to the normal heights. This conversion is based on applying the cumulative normal to normal-orthometric height correction computed from levelling and gravity anomaly data. In the absence of the observed gravity data the gravity anomalies along levelling lines are generated fromEGM2008. The GPS-levelling data and EGM2008 are used to estimate the average offsets of the jointly adjusted levelling networks at the North and South Islands with respect to World Height System defined by the adopted geoidal geopotential value of W0 = 62636856 ± 0.5 m2s-2; the estimated offsets are 10.6 cm and 27.5 cm.
Young People's Recognition of Mental Disorders and Beliefs about Treatment and Outcome: Findings from an Australian National Survey
Authors: Reavley Nicola J. , Jorm Anthony F. 
Published: September 2011

Objective: The aim of the study was to carry out a national survey in order to assess young people's recognition and beliefs about treatment for depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/psychosis. Method: In 2011, telephone interviews were carried out with 3021 Australians aged between 15 and 25 years. Participants were presented with a case vignette describing either depression, depression with suicidal thoughts, depression with alcohol misuse, psychosis/schizophrenia, social phobia or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Questions were asked about what was wrong with the person, help-seeking intentions and the likely helpfulness of a broad range of interventions. Results: Rates of recognition of depression were relatively high, with almost 75% of respondents using the correct label. Rates of recognition for the psychosis (schizophrenia) and PTSD vignettes were similar, with around one third of respondents using the correct labels. Only 3% of respondents were able to correctly label social phobia. Intentions to seek help were highest for depression with suicidal thoughts and lowest for social phobia, with family members nominated the most likely sources of help across all vignettes. Conclusions: Most young people believe in the importance of seeking professional help and they have good recognition of depression. However, there is still potential for young people's mental health literacy to improve in the areas of recognition and treatment beliefs for all the mental disorders covered in this survey, particularly social phobia which has very low recognition rates and a lower perceived need for treatment.
Results after treatment of craniopharyngiomas: further experiences with 73 patients since 1997
Authors: Hofmann Bernd M. , Höllig Anke , Strauss Christian , Buslei Rolf , Buchfelder Michael , Fahlbusch Rudolf 
Published: September 2011

Object
The authors report surgical and endocrinological results of a series of 73 cases of craniopharyngioma that they treated surgically since 1997 to demonstrate their change in treatment strategy and its effect on outcome compared with a previous series and results reported in the literature.

Methods
A total of 73 patients underwent surgery for craniopharyngiomas between May 1997 and January 2005. In patients with poor clinical or neuropsychological condition, even following pretreatment, only stereotactic cyst aspiration took place (8 cases). In the remaining patients, gross-total resection (GTR) was intended and appeared to be possible. The most frequent approaches were subfrontal (27 cases) and transsphenoidal (26 cases); in some cases, a multistep approach was used. The rate of GTR, complications, and functional outcome (comparing pre- and postoperative endocrine and neuropsychological testing) were evaluated. The mean duration of follow-up was 25.2 months.

Results
Gross-total resection was achieved in 88.5% of cases in which a transsphenoidal approach was used and 79.5% of those in which a transcranial approach was used (85.2% of those in which a subfrontal approach was used and 72.7% of those in which a frontolateral approach was used). In the total series, GTR was achieved in 83.1% of cases (vs 49.3% in the authors' former series). The complication rate was 13.8% without any mortality. New endocrine deficits were observed more frequently in patients treated with transcranial approaches over the years (16.3%–66.7% vs 2.6%–50.0%) but were less frequent after transsphenoidal approaches (5.2%–19.2% vs 2.9%–45.7%).

Conclusions
Open surgery with intended total resection remains the treatment of choice in most patients. Initial stereotactic cyst aspiration or medical pretreatment to improve the patients' condition and adequate choice of surgical approach(es) are essential to achieve that goal. Nevertheless, a moderate increase in endocrinological deficits has to be accepted. The authors recommend using radiotherapy only in cases in which there are tumor remnants or disease progression after surgery.
Hypertonic saline for treating raised intracranial pressure: literature review with meta-analysis
Authors: Mortazavi Martin M. , Romeo Andrew K. , Deep Aman , Griessenauer Christoph J. , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Tubbs R. Shane , Fisher Winfield 
Published: September 2011

Object
Currently, mannitol is the recommended first choice for a hyperosmolar agent for use in patients with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Some authors have argued that hypertonic saline (HTS) might be a more effective agent; however, there is no consensus as to appropriate indications for use, the best concentration, and the best method of delivery. To answer these questions better, the authors performed a review of the literature regarding the use of HTS for ICP reduction.

Methods
A PubMed search was performed to locate all papers pertaining to HTS use. This search was then narrowed to locate only those clinical studies relating to the use of HTS for ICP reduction.

Results
A total of 36 articles were selected for review. Ten were prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 was prospective and nonrandomized, 15 were prospective observational trials, and 10 were retrospective trials. The authors did not distinguish between retrospective observational studies and retrospective comparison trials. Prospective studies were considered observational if the effects of a treatment were evaluated over time but not compared with another treatment.

Conclusions
The available data are limited by low patient numbers, limited RCTs, and inconsistent methods between studies. However, a greater part of the data suggest that HTS given as either a bolus or continuous infusion can be more effective than mannitol in reducing episodes of elevated ICP. A meta-analysis of 8 prospective RCTs showed a higher rate of treatment failure or insufficiency with mannitol or normal saline versus HTS.
Isolation, characterization, and cross‐amplification of microsatellite markers for the Petunia integrifolia (Solanaceae) complex
Authors: Kriedt Raquel A. , Ramos‐Fregonezi Aline M. C. , Beheregaray Luciano B. , Bonatto Sandro L. , Freitas Loreta B. 
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for Petunia integrifolia subsp. depauperata with an intent to clarify taxonomic questions on the P. integrifolia complex, and to identify a purple‐flowered parent of P. hybrida.• Methods and Results: We characterized 11 microsatellite loci by screening primers developed using an SSR‐enriched library. Genotyping of two populations resulted in eight polymorphic loci. Cross‐species transferability was tested for other members of the P. integrifolia complex.• Conclusions: The development of these markers may contribute to population genetics studies in Petunia, and cross‐amplification among related species could be a useful tool for research on hybridization and introgression.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Tsoongiodendron odorum (Magnoliaceae)
Authors: Jiang Jinghu , Wang Jing , Kang Ming , Sun Wei , Huang Hongwen 
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed in Tsoongiodendron odorum, an endangered Magnoliaceae species in subtropical China, for further investigation of its conservation genetics.• Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol, we isolated and characterized 12 microsatellite loci from T. odorum. Of the samples analyzed, eight were polymorphic and four were monomorphic.• Conclusions: These characterized markers will enable genetic diversity, gene flow, and mating system studies of T. odorum, which are highly valuable for formulating conservation strategies.
Informative programmes related to the mystery journalism: rubbish TV or informative rigour?
Authors: Berlanga-Fernández Inmaculada 
Published: September 2011

In the audiovisual field, mystery journalism has historically been considered as a smaller and disdained gender, reduced to a ridiculous situation by the lack of absolute credibility. Nevertheless, there have been exceptions: in recent years, a group of professionals have approached this kind of journalism with seriousness and passion. The present work analyzes how some of these programs have broken their historic record of audience. It gives, at the same time, the guidelines to teach the audience to distinguish between the disclosure of a junk TV, which should reject, and a rigorous informative material specific of professionals of the information.
Dentro del ámbito audiovisual, el periodismo de misterio ha sido tratado históricamente como un género menor, desdeñado y reducido al ridículo por la falta de credibilidad absoluta ocasionada por la búsqueda del impacto fácil más que del rigor informativo. Sin embargo, ha habido excepciones: en los últimos años existe toda una corriente de profesionales que se acercan a esta clase de periodismo con seriedad, rigor y pasión. El presente trabajo analiza las claves por las que algunos de estos programas han batido marcas históricas de audiencia y han despertado el interés de millones de españoles. Da, a su vez, las pautas para enseñar al público a distinguir entre la divulgación de una telebasura que hay que desechar y un material informativo riguroso propio de profesionales de la información.
The NF-κB Transcription Factor c-Rel Is Required for Th17 Effector Cell Development in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Chen Guobing , Hardy Kristine , Pagler Eloisa , Ma Lina , Lee Seungsoo , Gerondakis Steve , Daley Stephen , Shannon M. Frances 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease involving effector Th subsets such as Th1 and Th17. In this study, we demonstrate that mice lacking the NF-κB transcription factor family member c-Rel (rel−/−), which are known to be resistant to EAE, show impaired Th17 development. Mixed bone marrow chimeras and EAE adoptive transfer experiments show that the deficiency of effector Th17 cells in rel−/− mice is T cell intrinsic. Consistent with this finding, c-Rel was activated in response to TCR signaling in the early stages of Th17 development and controlled the expression of Rorc, which encodes the Th17 transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt. CD28, but not IL-2, repression of Th17 development was dependent on c-Rel, implicating a dual role for c-Rel in modulating Th17 development. Adoptive transfer experiments also suggested that c-Rel control of regulatory T cell differentiation and homeostasis influences EAE development and severity by influencing the balance between Th17 and regulatory T cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that in addition to promoting Th1 differentiation, c-Rel regulates the development and severity of EAE via multiple mechanisms that impact on the generation of Th17 cells.
Conservative Endoscopic Retrograde Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Tumors: Retrospective Analysis of the Last 105 Cases
Authors: Fanari Massimiliano , Serra Simona , De Lisa Antonello 
Published: September 2011

Introduction Modern flexible ureterorenoscopy allows a retrograde approach to urothelial tumors in the upper urinary tract (UUTT) of small dimensions (<1.5 cm), of low grade and non-invasive. The percutaneous renal approach, although more invasive, provides an alternative treatment in case of larger dimension neoplasia or difficult retrograde access. The key to the success of endoscopic treatment of UUTT is an accurate patient selection. We will bring our experience in the treatment of UUTT by conservative endoscopic retrograde treatment. Materials and Methods Treatment through endoscopic retrograde approach with rigid or flexible ureterorenoscopy has been applied to 105 patients; lesions were treated with electrocution or lasers using thin laser fibers type Ho:YAG. We evaluated the recurrence rate and the intra- and perioperative complications. Results The recurrence rate was equal to 30.4%. In no case was it necessary to recur to blood transfusion; 15% of wall perforations treated in a conservative manner occurred without following complications. Discussion Technological innovations, miniaturization and the increase of energy sources, such as fiber laser Holmium, have improved the management of endoscopic instruments for upper urinary tract tumors. The endoscopic retrograde conservative treatment is considered a valid alternative approach in the case of low-stage tumors, low-grading and small in dimensions.
Evaluation of host inflammatory responses of β‐tricalcium phosphate bioceramics caused by calcium pyrophosphate impurity using a subcutaneous model
Authors: Lin Kaili , Yuan Wei , Wang Lu , Lu Jianxi , Chen Lei , Wang Zhen , Chang Jiang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractImplantation of synthetic materials into body elicits inflammatory host responses that limit medical device integration and biological performance. Since the effective use of biomaterials in vivo requires good biocompatibility and bio‐functionality, it is vital that we assess the inflammatory reactions provoked by various implanted biomaterials. In chemical precipitation of β‐tricalcium phosphate [β‐Ca3(PO4)2, β‐TCP], the impurity of calcium pyrophosphate (Ca2P2O7, CPP) will easily appear if the preparation conditions are not well controlled. To test the influences of CCP‐impurity on the biocompatibility of the material, four groups of β‐TCP ceramic samples doped with 0.5–10 wt % of CCP impurity, and pure β‐TCP and CCP samples were fabricated and implanted in rat subcutaneous site for one, two, and four weeks. The host tissue responses to the ceramics were evaluated by histomorphometric analysis, and the results were compared with pure β‐TCPbioceramics. The results show that the CPP impurity can elicit and stimulate the inflammatory responses at the tissue/implant interface. Moreover, with the increase of CPP doping amount, the inflammation increases apparently. However, the pure β‐TCP bioceramics only present slight post‐implantation inflammatory responses. The influence of the CPP doping on the inflammatory responses is mainly related to a microparticles release because of an insufficient sintering of β‐TCP by CPP doping. The microparticle release could be at the origin of local inflammation and cell/tissue damages. Therefore, to obtain perfect biocompatibility and high quality β‐TCP bioceramics, it is important to avoid and control the CPP impurity in the preparation of β‐TCP powders and bioceramics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.