bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-20 Feeding behavior of pigs fed dietary amino acid levels adjusted according to the circadian rhythm
Authors: Veira Alini Mari , Santos Luan Sousa Dos , Marçal Danilo Alves , Brandao Melo Antonio Diego Brandão , Hauschild Luciano 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Pigs are diurnal animals that present feed intake during daylight hours, with feeding peaks in the early morning and late afternoon. However, it is possible that the concentration of amino acids (AA) in the diet throughout the day changes the meal pattern of the pigs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of growing-finishing pigs subjected to adjustment of the concentration of AA in the diet according to the circadian rhythm. Sixty-eight (body weight = 25 kg ± 2.67) barrows were assigned to four treatments, being a daily feeding program (DP) and three sequential feeding programs (SEQ). In DP, dietary AA concentration was adjusted daily, providing 100% of the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) recommendation for the 24-h period. In SEQ, the daily dietary AA concentration was adjusted every 12 h, providing a low AA concentration from 0000 to 1159 h and a high AA concentration from 1200 to 2359 h. The low and high AA concentrations of the SEQ corresponded to ±20%, ±30% and ±40% of daily AA requirements. The experiment lasted 82 d and was divided into three phases. Meal pattern variables were recorded in real time by precision feeders. The information obtained was grouped into four periods: PE1, from 0000-0600 h; PE2, 0601-12:00 h; PE3, 1201-1800 h; and PE4, 1801-2359 h. From this database, the visits to the feeder (n), meals (n), amount of time feeding (min), feed intake (g), and feed intake rate (g/min) were calculated for each period, within each experimental phase. The analysis of variance was performed considering the effects of feeding programs (FP), periods (PE), and their interaction (FP×PE), considered significant when P &lt; 0.05. There was no interaction between FP and PE (P &gt; 0.05; Table1). The visits to the feeder were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in PE2 and PE3 compared with PE1 in phase one and compared with PE1 and PE4 in phases two and three. The meals, amount of time feeding, and feed intake was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in PE2 and PE3 in all phases. Regarding feed intake rate, an PE effect (P ≤ 0.01) was observed in all phases and there was an effect of FP (P &lt; 0.01) in phases one and three. In phase one, pigs ingested feed faster in PE3 than PE1, and in phase three feed intake rate in PE1 was less than in the other (P &lt; 0.01). During phase one, SEQ40 feed intake rate was lower than SEQ30, while in phase three SEQ40 showed lower feed intake rate compared with SEQ30 and DP. Pigs showed greater feeding activity from 0600 to 1800 h. The AA concentration in the diet adjusted according to the circadian rhythm did not change the meal pattern of the pigs throughout the day. However, a decreased feed intake rate was observed in SEQ40 group in phases one and three.
PSIII-21 Impact of high zinc oxide supplementation or lignocellulose supplement on chronic markers of intestinal inflammation and growth of weaned piglets
Authors: Selmi Eya , Vincent Antony , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Verso Luca Lo , Guay Frédéric 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this project was to study the effects of high zinc oxide (ZO) supplementation and fiber supplement from lignocellulose (LIGCEL) on chronic markers of intestinal inflammation and growth of weaned piglets. At weaning (21 d), 150 piglets (body weight = 6.39 ± 0.276 kg) were transferred from a farrowing farm to a nursery farm where they were divided into 30 pens of 5 piglets per pen according to their weanling weight. Each pen was assigned to one of the following three treatments: Control (CON, 150 mg/kg of zinc), ZO (2,500 mg/kg of zinc), and LIGCEL (CON+3% lignocellulose). The ZO and LIGCEL supplements were added to a phase 1 diet. The experimental diets (phase 1) were distributed for 14 d. Subsequently, all piglets received the same diets from phases 2 and 3 for two periods of 14 d. During the experiment, piglets were weighed upon arrival and after phases 1, 2, and 3. The feed was distributed every day and the total quantities calculated for each of the feeding phases. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion (FC) were subsequently calculated (Table 1). On d 6 and 13, the blood of two piglets per pen was collected to determine the content of D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO). Fecal samples from these two piglets were also taken to evaluate the calprotectin and neopterin contents. During phase 1, ADG was greater for ZO piglets compared with the CON animals with an intermediate value for the LIGCEL group (P &lt; 0.001). The ADFI was greater for the ZO compared with the CON and LIGCEL treatments (P &lt; 0.003). Piglets in the ZO and LIGNOCELL treatments had less FC than those in the CON group (P &lt; 0.001). During phase 2, only the FC was greater for the ZO and LIGCEL treatments compared with CON animals (P &lt; 0.013). During phase 3, growth performances were not affected by the dietary treatments. For the entire experiment, ZO piglets had greater ADG than those in the CON group with an intermediate value for LIGCEL treatment (P &lt; 0.019). D-lactate decreased from d 6 to 13 while DAO increased (P &lt; 0.001). The DAO was also greater for ZO and LIGCELL piglets compared with CON animals (P &lt; 0.001). Neopterin was greater for ZO treatment but only on d 13 (Trt × day, P &lt; 0.010). Finally, calprotectin decreased from d 6 to 13 (P &lt; 0.001) but was not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, ZO and LIGCEL fiber act positively on growth by modulating markers of intestinal inflammation. LIGCEL fiber could, therefore, be an alternative to ZO in the diet of weaned piglets.
PSIII-20 Impact of EnduraPig on Performance of PRRSV-Negative growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Tran Huyen T , Mercado Aileen Joy L , Rao Murali Raghavendra , Crowder Stacie , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A total of 479 weaned pigs [PIC Camborough × PIC 337; initial body weight (BW) = 26.8 kg; Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV-negative] were used to evaluate the effects of EnduraPig (PMI Additives), a patent-pending feed additive that has been designed to support health, performance, and immune function of pigs, on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Pigs were blocked by initial BW and gender and assigned to 48 pens, which were allotted to one of 4 dietary treatments (12 pens/treatment, 9-10 pigs/pen), including T1) Control, T2) EnduraPig 0.1% (EP low), T3) EnduraPig 0.2% (EP medium), and T4) EnduraPig 0.3% (EP high). The EnduraPig inclusion levels were reduced by one-half when pigs reached approximately 70 kg BW (d 42). A five-phase feeding program was used with all diets formulated on a corn-DDGS-soybean meal basis to meet the nutrient requirements of growing-finishing pigs. Analysis of variance for growth measures was performed using the MIXED Procedure of SAS (SAS 9.4), and polynomial contrasts were used to evaluate linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of the EP levels. Significant differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at P ≤ 0.10. During d 0-72, feeding EnduraPig tended to improve average daily gain (ADG) (0.96, 0.97, 1.00, and 0.97 kg, respectively; cubic, P = 0.06) with the greatest ADG observed in EP medium. During d 72 to market, feeding EnduraPig increased ADG (1.13, 1.14, 1.18, and 1.17 kg, respectively; linear, P = 0.02), average daily feed intake (ADFI; 3.48, 3.42, 3.55, and 3.49, respectively; cubic, P = 0.02) and feed:gain (3.08, 3.00, 3.01, and 2.98, respectively; linear, P = 0.10). Overall (d 0-market), feeding EnduraPig enhanced ADG (1.02, 1.02, 1.05, and 1.03 kg, respectively; linear, quadratic, and cubic, P = 0.04, 0.09, 0.01), with the greatest ADG observed in EP medium resulting in a 4.0 kg greater market BW compared with the control (128.9, 129.2, 132.9, and 130.5, respectively; linear and cubic, P &lt; 0.05). In addition, feeding EnduraPig numerically improved feed:gain (2.51, 2.48, 2.48, and 2.48, respectively; linear, P = 0.14). With respect to BW variation, feeding EnduraPig reduced the standard deviation in market BW (10.65, 8.06, 8.86, and 9.54 kg, respectively; quadratic, P &lt; 0.05), with the greatest reduction from EP low and EP medium (by 24 and 17%, respectively) compared with the control. In summary, data from this study indicate that feeding EnduraPig at 0.2% from 27 kg to 70 kg BW and 0.1% from 70 to market improves growth performance and reduces BW variation of PRRSV-negative growing-finishing pigs.
PSIII-14 Effect of a combined supplementation of Bacillus spp. and lactic acid bacteria probiotics on growth performance and fecal score in nursery pigs
Authors: Petersen Tiffany , Kwon Chan Ho , Jang Young Dal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a combined supplementation of Bacillus spp. and lactic acid bacteria probiotics on growth performance and fecal score in nursery pigs. Bacillus spp. probiotics have been shown to improve the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria in the gut of piglets. A total of 45 newly weaned piglets (initial body weight = 8.37 ± 1.38 kg; weaning age = 27.2 ± 1.05 d) were allotted to 3 treatments in 3 replicates with 5 pigs per pen based on body weight, gender, and breed for a 28-d feeding trial. Treatments were: 1) Control: no probiotic supplementation, 2) PB: Bacillus spp. probiotic supplementation, and 3) PBL: Bacillus spp. and lactic acid bacteria probiotic supplementation. The Bacillus spp. probiotic consisted of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis and was supplemented to the PB and PBL diets at the recommended level (3.2 × 109 CFU/kg diet). The lactic acid bacteria probiotic consisted of Lactobacillus acidophilus, plantarum, casei, and Enterococcus faecium strains and was supplemented to the diets at the recommended level (4 and 2 × 107 CFU/kg diet for Phase 1 and 2, respectively). Corn-soybean meal-based diets were used for d 0-15 (Phase 1) and d 15-28 (Phase 2) postweaning. Growth performance and fecal score (1 = normal, 4 = severe diarrhea) were measured in each phase. In the Phase 1 (d 0-15 postweaning), average daily gain tended to be greater in the PBL treatment compared with the Control treatment (P = 0.13; 0.268 and 0.210 kg/d, respectively), and average daily feed intake tended to be greater in the PBL treatment compared with the Control and PB treatments (P = 0.12; 0.385, 0.375, and 0.424 kg/d for the Control, PB, and PBL treatments, respectively). In the overall period (d 0-28 postweaning), average daily feed intake tended to be greater in the PBL treatment compared with the PB treatment (P = 0.07; 0.651 and 0.596 kg/d, respectively), and gain to feed ratio in the PB treatment tended to be greater compared with the Control and PBL treatments (P = 0.10; 0.618, 0.649, and 0.620 kg/d for the Control, PB, and PBL treatments, respectively). Fecal score was significantly improved in both PB and PBL treatments compared with the Control treatment from d 7 postweaning (P = 0.08) to the end of experiment (P &lt; 0.05; 1.75, 1.41, and 1.42 for the Control, PB, and PBL treatments, respectively). In conclusion, both lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus spp. probiotic supplementation to nursery diets may have potential to improve growth rate and feed intake in early nursery period and probiotic supplementation could improve fecal consistency of weaning pigs in the nursery period.
PSVI-20 The effect of a probiotic feed additive on average daily gain and feed intake
Authors: Privett Grady A , Carpenter Benjamin , Church Emily R , Holder Amanda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Probiotic feed additive use in the swine industry has become increasingly popular as a substitute for antibiotic feed additives. This is due to the overuse of antibiotics in swine diets that has led to antibiotic residues in animal products and bacterial resistance. For this reason, we decided to feed a probiotic to prevent illnesses associated with the transition from the nursery to finisher phase. The objective of this study was to determine the effect that Fastrack probiotic had on the health and performance of post-weaning feeder pigs. The trial was conducted using feeder pigs weighing 39 kg ± 2.2 kg. To evaluate the effect of the probiotic on health, average daily gain, and feed intake, a contemporary group of pigs was split evenly into two pens. The pigs were housed in an outdoor pen with ad libitum access to water and feed coming from a Smidley automatic feeder. The feeders were filled once a week, and the pens were sanitized using the farms SOP for pen sanitation. The pigs were on trial for a total of 45 d with general health observations taken daily and body weights measured on d 0, 23, and 45. The results showed that the pigs in the probiotic pen were healthier throughout the duration of the trial with fewer individual treatments recorded. Also, there was a numerical difference in the average daily gain of the probiotic group compared with the control, with the probiotic group weighing approximately 0.45kg more than the control. There was no difference in the feed conversion rate of the pens.
PSVI-16 Inclusion of dietary micelle silymarin on production performance, egg quality, storage capacity, and blood profile Sin Hy-line brown laying hens
Authors: Lee Kyejin , Cho Sungbo , Ahammad Golam Sagir , Kim In Ho 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Silymarin is known to have immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of micelle silymarin (MS) supplementation on production performance, egg quality, egg water loss, and blood profile in Hy-line brown laying hens. For 12 wk, a total of 288, 28-wk-old laying hens were randomly allocated into one of three treatment groups. The dietary treatments were control (CON) a basal diet and a basal diet supplemented with 0.03, and 0.06% of MS. All hens were housed in an individual cage with 38 cm width × 50 cm length × 40 cm height. Growth performance was recorded at d 1, wk 6, and wk 12. The egg production and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of every week. The egg quality and water loss were measured at the end of wk 4, 8, and 12. At initial and at the end of wk 12, 5 mL of blood was collected to analyze aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides, albumin, and cholesterol concentrations. All data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of SAS. The polynomial orthogonal contrasts of increasing dietary MS supplementation were examined by linear and quadratic effects. The inclusion of MS supplement in laying hen diet did not exhibit significant impact on growth performance. However, MS group showed linear improvement in egg weight, Haugh Units, and eggshell strength throughout the trial period (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, egg yolk color and eggshell thickness indicated linear improvements particularly at wk 4 and 8 (P &lt; 0.05). While albumen height and egg water in MS group were linearly increased at wk 12 (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with CON, laying hens fed MS supplement has linearly decreased the ALP and cholesterol concentrations in the serum (P &lt; 0.05). Based on the findings, we inferred that the inclusion of 0.04 to 0.06% MS in the laying hen diet would not only increase the production performance, egg quality, and egg water loss traits but also to improve laying hens’ health.
PSIII-11 Impacts of late gestational in utero heat stress on small intestine dynamics of neonatal dairy calves
Authors: Guenther Maverick C , Davidson Brittney D , Field Sena , Dado-Senn Bethany , Dahl Geoffrey , Steele Michael A , Cangiano Lautaro , Laporta Jimena 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Late gestation heat stress in dairy cows has been shown to negatively affect offspring growth and development. In utero heat stressed calves have altered small intestine morphology and an impaired ability to absorb colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG). Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize potential cellular and molecular alterations in the small intestine of neonatal in utero heat stressed calves. In the last ~56 d of gestation pregnant dams were either heat stressed (shade; n = 41) or cooled (shade, fans, soakers; n = 41) resulting in heifers that were in utero heat stressed (IUHS, n = 15) or in utero cooled (IUCL, n = 15). Heifers were fed 3.78 L of high-quality colostrum within 2 h of birth. Apparent efficiency of absorption (AEA) of IgG was calculated by measuring IgG content fed in colostrum and in 24 h serum. Within 4.6 ± 2.3 h of birth a subset of calves (n = 8/treatment) not fed colostrum were euthanized to collect samples from the ileum. Tissue for histological analysis was placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin before being dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, cut into 5 μm thicknesses, and mounted to glass slides. The TUNEL method was used to identify apoptotic cells using the Keyence BZ-X800 Microscope. Tissue for gene expression analysis was snap-frozen and kept at -80°C before RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. The transcript abundance of endosomal (FCGRT, DAB2, MAMDC4), tight junction (ZO1, ZO2, ZO3, OCLN, CLDN1), and heat shock (HSP90, HSF1) related genes were measured by qPCR using the CFX96 Real-Time PCR detection System (BIO-RAD). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED or PROC GLIMMIX depending on the response variable. TUNEL results are expressed as the proportion of positive cells to total cells. Quantitative PCR data were analyzed by assessing the estimates of the model relative to the geometric mean of 3 reference genes (ACTB, GADPH, RSP9; ΔΔCT). The concentration of colostrum IgG fed to calves was not different (136.1 vs. 122.5 g/L; IUHS vs. IUCL, respectively; P = 0.32), but AEA of IgG was reduced in IUHS relative to IUCL calves (23.5 vs. 33.3%; P &lt; 0.01). The proportion of apoptotic cells within the villi of the ileum was increased in IUHS calves compared with IUCL (2.11 vs. 1.57%; P &lt; 0.01). Ileum gene transcript abundance of DAB2 and MAMDC4 were increased (P &lt; 0.01), while FCGRT transcripts tended to increase in IUHS calves (P = 0.08). All tight junction and heat shock-related gene transcripts were increased within the ileum of IUHS calves (P ≤ 0.02) with the exceptions of CLDN1 and HSP90, which were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.22).These results suggest that exposure to heat stress in utero impact small intestine integrity after birth and affect key IgG transporters, providing insight into underlying mechanisms responsible for reduced IgG absorption in IUHS calves.
PSV-10 Evaluation of the effect of probiotic feed additives in the diet to improve dairy production and quality measures
Authors: Case Riley , Holder Amanda , Bilyeu Ryan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
There is limited information regarding the effectiveness of probiotic feed additives in the diet of lactating dairy cows. This study aimed to determine the effect that Fastrack probiotic had on the yield and milk quality measures of lactating dairy cows. To accomplish this goal, lactating Holstein cows (n = 80) were equally divided into two treatment groups: one supplemented with a probiotic (PRO) and one that did not receive the probiotic supplement (CON). The cows remained in their treatment groups for the duration of the 120-d study and were given ad libitum access to a total mixed ration consisting of 35% corn silage, 30% rolled corn, 10.5% soybean meal, 23% DDGS, and 1.5% mineral supplement. Cows on the PRO treatment were given 1 kg of DDGS once a day at milking that had the probiotic mixed in while the CON treatment were given 1 kg of the same DDGS that did not have the probiotic included. Preliminary results of this study show a decrease in individual treatment records for cows on the PRO treatment and an increase of 2 kg of milk yield per day.
PSV-13 The influence of diet type on beef cattle performance and meat quality characteristics
Authors: Deaton Claire , Tollefson Rebecca L , King Adam , Case Riley , Robertson Joel , Church Emily R , Holder Amanda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine what additive effect hormonal implants and inclusion of beta-agonists in the diet have on carcass quality in yearling beef steers. Hereford-cross steers [n = 21; initial body weight (BW) = 450 ± 15 kg] were assigned to one of three drylot pens based on initial BW and sire so that each pen had an equal starting BW and sires were equally represented in each pen. Each drylot pen was assigned to one of three treatments: receiving a hormonal implant (IMP), consuming a beta-agonist (BAG), or receiving both of the previous treatments (AND). All steers were fed a mixed ration consisting of 30.0% rye silage, 28.0% DDGS, 30.0% rolled corn, 10.5% soybean meal, and 1.5% mineral supplement [22.0% CP, 2.90 Mcal ME/kg dry matter (DM)]. Animals were fed daily at 0700 and 1700 h and weighed weekly at 0630 h. For the duration of the trial, animals were housed in drylot pens with ad libitum access to feed and water and had shade structures in each pen. Following a 15-d adaptation period, feed intake was recorded for 45 d. Body weight gain for each treatment group were 1.26, 1.28, and 1.48 kg/d for IMP, BAG, and AND, respectively. Animals on the AND treatment were significantly more feed efficient than the IMP treatment with F:G ratios of 5.9 kg/kg gain and 6.8 kg/kg gain, respectively. After the intake portion of the study was completed, an animal from each pen was slaughtered and evaluated for carcass quality. Hot carcass weights for diets IMP, BAG, and AND were 347.4, 352.9, and 394.8 kg, respectively. Data were analyzed as a completely random design in SAS v9.4. There was not a significant difference between the IMP treatment and the AND treatment based on assessment from Warner-Bratzler shear force, carcass yield, marbling score, and sensory assessment (P &gt; 0.05); however, the BAG treatment had less marbling than the other two treatments. It was concluded that the additive effect of using both a hormonal implant and a beta-agonist can improve feed intake and feedlot performance without detrimental effects on carcass quality.