bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch Warmblood horses at normal trot
Authors: MERKENS H. W. , SCHAMHARDT H. C. , VAN OSCH GEERTRUDA J. V. M. , VAN DEN BOGERT A. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study was undertaken to establish limb loading patterns of sound horses at the trot, to provide a data base against which results for lame horses could be compared. Ground reaction force (GRF) data were collected from 20 clinically sound Dutch Warmblood horses. The data from at least 5 stance phases of each limb were averaged after standardisation to the animal's body mass and to the stance phase duration and resulted in ‘representative’ GRF data. The symmetry in the vertical GRF peak amplitudes, impulses and the stance phase duration comparing left and right limbs exceeded 97%. By averaging the ‘representative’ GRF of the 20 horses a ‘standard’ GRF pattern of the Dutch Warmblood horse at the trot was constructed. The GRF patterns at the trot, compared with those at the walk, showed only one vertical force peak in forelimbs and hindlimbs (11.59 N/kg and 10.21 N/kg, respectively). The retardatory and propulsory forces were distributed over the forelimbs and hindlimbs in such a way that the forelimbs contributed more to retardation (peak forces 1.13 and 0.79 N/kg), and the hindlimbs more to propulsion (−0.84 and −1.17 N/kg, respectively).
Flunixin meglumine blocks frusemide‐induced bronchodilatation in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: RUBIE S. , ROBINSON N. E. , STOLL M. , BROADSTONE R. V. , DERKSEN F. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySix horses that developed acute airway obstruction (heaves) when housed in a barn and fed poor‐quality hay were studied. Airway obstruction was verified by a maximal change in pleural pressure during tidal breathing (ΔPplmax) of at least 15 cmH2O. Frusemide (1.0 mg/kg bwt) or an equivalent volume of vehicle was then administered intravenously (iv) and lung function was measured 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 mins after drug administration. The effect of frusemide on lung function was also studied after treatment of horses with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg every 8 h for 2 days before the experiment). Frusemide significantly reduced the ΔPplmaxbeginning 15 mins after drug administration. This effect persisted for 5 h. The reduction in ΔPplmaxwas due partly to an increase in dynamic compliance and partly to a decrease in pulmonary resistance. Tidal volume and respiratory frequency were unaffected by frusemide. Vehicle had no effect on lung function. Flunixin meglumine abolished the effect of frusemide on airway calibre but did not prevent diuresis. These results indicate that the effect of frusemide on airways of horses with heaves persists for at least 5 h, is mediated through prostanoids, and is not a result of diuresis.
Factors influencing the outcome of equine anaesthesia: a review of 1,314 cases
Authors: YOUNG S. S. , TAYLOR POLLY M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPatient data, physiological variables and recovery quality were extracted from 1,314 records of equine anaesthetics covering a 7‐year period and analysed retrospectively. Better recovery quality was significantly associated with shorter duration of anaesthesia, longer recovery times, less invasive surgery, a lower pulse rate at induction and higher pulse and respiratory rates during anaesthesia. Nineteen animals suffered serious anaesthetic‐related problems (1.4% incidence) and 9 died (0.68% incidence). Clinical treatment of hypotension during anaesthesia significantly reduced the hypotensive index but did not significantly alter the recovery quality or incidence of post‐anaesthetic myopathy. The severity of the myopathy was, however, markedly reduced in the animals treated for hypotension.
Administration of a receptor antagonist for platelet‐activating factor during equine endotoxaemia
Authors: CARRICK JOAN B. , MORRIS DEBRA DEEM , MOORE JAMES N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlatelet‐activating factor (PAF) is an important mediator of endotoxaemia and various PAF receptor antagonists prevent many of the adverse effects of experimental endotoxaemia in laboratory animals. In this study a specific PAF receptor antagonist was used to investigate the role of PAF in equine endotoxaemia. At an interval of not greater than 10 days, 6 horses were each challenged with endotoxin and endotoxin with concurrent administration of SRI 63–441, a PAF receptor antagonist. The order of the treatments was randomised. Clinical signs, serum biochemical and coagulation profiles, and platelet aggregationin vitrowere monitored in all horses for 24 h after treatment. Challenge with endotoxin increased maximal platelet aggregation induced by PAF. This response was blocked by administration of SRI 63–441 concurrently with endotoxin. No changes in percentage maximal platelet aggregation to ADP or collagen were noted after administration of endotoxin. The PAF receptor antagonist delayed the onset of fever, tachycardia, leucopenia and lactic acidaemia. Lack of more profound beneficial alterations of the horses' responses to endotoxin may have been due to the low dose of endotoxin administered in this model or to only partial effectiveness of SRI 63–441 in blocking the effects of endotoxin‐induced PAF.
Racing performance of Standardbreds after conservative and surgical treatment for tarsocrural osteochondrosis
Authors: LAWS ELIZABETH G. , RICHARDSON D. W. , ROSS M. W. , MOYER W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA retrospective study of 114 Standardbred horses diagnosed with osteochondrosis (OC) of the cranial intermediate ridge of the distal tibia was carried out, and their subsequent race records were compared with 456 control horses. Each OC‐affected horse was compared with 4 horses randomly selected from a list of horses matched to it by year of birth, sex and sire. The horses with OC were treated by arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments (N = 58) or managed conservatively (N = 56). The clinical presentation of these two groups was similar, although joint effusion was a more common presenting sign in the group that received surgical treatment. There was no association between presence of lameness and the type of treatment used. Data from the race records of treated and control horses (including the number of starts, lifetime earnings and record racing times) were compared. Overall, horses treated for OC had significantly fewer starts than, but earnings similar to, those in the control group. However, when stratification by sex was performed, females with OC made fewer starts and had lower earnings than did their control group. There was no significant difference in record time between OC‐affected horses and controls. These results indicate that horses treated for osteochondrosis of the cranial intermediate ridge of the distal tibia performed as well as matched controls.
Assessment and treatment of equine humeral fractures: retrospective study of 54 cases (1972–1990)
Authors: CARTER B. G. , SCHNEIDER R. K. , HARDY JOANNE , BRAMLAGE L. R. , BERTONE ALICIA L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFractures of the humerus were diagnosed in horses at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Twenty‐four horses (44.4%) were destroyed after radiographic assessment (mean age of 5.0 years). Surgical treatment was elected in 13 horses (24.1%, mean age of 0.42 years). Conservative management, consisting of prolonged stall rest, was chosen for 17 horses (31.5%, mean age of 2.2 years). In the surgically treated group, 3 foals (23.1%) all less than 2 months of age at the time of fracture and treated with intramedullary stack pinning, survived and became athletically sound. After conservative treatment, 9 (52.9%) horses were considered successful, 4 becoming athletically sound and 5 becoming pasture sound. The mean age at the time of presentation in the 9 horses considered successful was 1.81 years. With current fixation techniques, conservative management of equine humeral fractures appears to be as good an option as surgical treatment.
A prospective study of septicaemia in colostrum‐deprived foals
Authors: ROBINSON JULIE A. , ALLEN G. K. , GREEN ELEANOR M. , FALES W. H. , LOCH W. E. , WILKERSON CHRISTINA G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFourteen mares and their foals were attended at parturition. After mare‐foal bonding, 8 colostrum‐deprived (CD) foals were removed from their dams, deprived of colostrum, and provided with an alternative milk source for the first 24 h of life. The mares were milked out every 2–4 h during this period to remove colostrum, after which the CD foals were returned to their mares and allowed to nurse. Six colostrum‐fed (CF) foals were allowed to suck colostrum in the normal manner. Foal serum IgG concentration was determined by single radial immunodiffusion (means, CD = 0 mg/dl; CF = 1,508 mg/dl). Accepted methods were used to minimise infections in the neonatal foals. Of the 8 CD foals, 7 demonstrated clinical signs of sepsis. Septicaemia was confirmed in 5 of the 7 septicaemic CD foals by ante‐mortem blood culture or by culture of tissue at necropsy. Organisms isolated included:Actinobacillus equuli, Escherichia coli, undifferentiated coliforms,Pseudomonasspp., andActinomyces pyogenes. Clinically ill foals were treated with antimicrobial drugs, intravenous fluid therapy, flunixin meglumine, and anti‐endotoxin hyperimmune serum. Three septicaemic CD foals survived. Four of 7 septicaemic CD foals died or were destroyed. Post‐mortem lesions included bacterial embolic pneumonia, glomerulonephritis/nephritis, lymphoid depletion/atrophy, splenic and lymphoid necrosis, hepatitis, septic arthritis, and systemic bacterial embolism. None of the CF foals bècame septicaemic. One CF foal had foal heat diarrhoea and 1 CF foal had a serum IgG concentration of 160 mg/dl (i.e. failure of passive transfer), but both foals were otherwise normal. Despite the precautions taken to prevent infection in these foals, the severity, rapidity of disease onset, and extent of this outbreak of septicaemia in CD foals demonstrate the importance of colostral immunity in protecting neonatal foals from opportunistic and pathogenic bacterial infection.
Are tapeworms associated with equine colic? A case control study
Authors: PROUDMAN C. J. , EDWARDS G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFaeces samples from 116 horses with colic and 115 non‐colic cases were assayed by a centrifugation/floatation method for the presence of tapeworm eggs. Analysis of these data failed to demonstrate an association between tapeworm infection and colic of all types. The data were further analysed according to anatomical site of the lesion causing colic. The risk of ileocaecal colic was increased in the presence of tapeworms. Age, breed and sex were evaluated as possible confounding factors but had no association with the incidence of colic. This study suggests an association between tapeworms and colic of ileocaecal origin.
Plasma constituents during incremental treadmill exercise in intact and splenectomised horses
Authors: McKEEVER K. H. , HINCHCLIFF K. W. , REED S. M. , ROBERTSON J. T. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySix intact and 6 splenectomised mares were given an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to examine the fluid and electrolyte changes associated with exercise and the role of the spleen in these changes. Blood samples were obtained at rest and at the end of each 1‐min step of the test. Exercise at 7 m/sec caused significant (P<0.05) increases in plasma osmolality (intact, +9.9%; splenectomised, +6.2%), plasma protein concentration (intact, +15.8%; splenectomised, +11.4%), and plasma K+concentration (intact 46%; splenectomised, +57%). Plasma Na+concentration did not increase significantly (P>0.05) in either group (intact =2.7%; splenectomised, =3.5%).This appears to be the first record of substantial changes of these constituents during short‐term exercise, even before the onset of visible sweat losses. The changes in the concentration of plasma protein suggest that short‐term exercise causes a decrease in plasma volume. The changes in the concentration and content of sodium suggest that this is an isotonic shift of fluid. The increase in plasma potassium concentration appears to be due to haemoconcentration as well as an increase in the content of potassium within the vascular compartment.
Evaluation of intradermal mould antigen testing in the diagnosis of equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: McGORUM B. C. , DIXON P. M. , HALLIWELL R. E. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIntradermal end‐point titres for commercial aqueous extracts of Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris and Aspergillus fumigatus were determined in control and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affected horses. The intradermal end‐point titres of control and COPD‐affected horses were not significantly different and values for individual horses for M. faeni, A. fumigatus and T. vulgaris were not correlated with the pulmonary dysfunction or with the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophilia which had been induced by previous inhalation challenges with these antigens and by 'natural (hay and straw) challenges'.These findings suggest divergence of the dermal and pulmonary reactivities to M. faeni, A. fumigatus and T. vulgaris in the horse and indicate that intradermal mould antigen testing is of limited value in the investigation of equine COPD.
Radiographic and microscopic correlation of diffuse interstitial and bronchointerstitial pulmonary patterns in the caudodorsal lung of adult Thoroughbred horses in race training
Authors: WISNER E. R. , O'BRIEN T. R. , LAKRITZ J. , PASCOE J. R. , WILSON D. W. , TYLER W. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryComplete thoracic radiographic examinations were performed on 7 horses ranging in age from 24 to 60 months, followed by in‐situ lung fixation. Radiographs were examined by 3 radiologists for the presence, degree and distribution of generalised pulmonary patterns within a region of interest in the caudodorsal lung. Pulmonary tissue was obtained from 12 sites within a designated volume of interest in the caudodorsal lung, corresponding to the area of interest evaluated radiographically, and examined for the presence, character and severity of microscopic lesions. Radiographic findings within the volume of interest consisted of mild to moderate bronchial, bronchointerstitial, or interstitial pulmonary patterns. Interstitial and bronchointerstitial radiographic findings were related to severity of peribronchiolar mononuclear cell infiltrates, the degree of bronchiolar mucosal plication, and alveolar capillary and peribronchial blood vessel erythrocyte content. The severity of the interstitial radiographic pattern was inversely associated with the perceived diagnostic quality of the radiographic examinations. There was no evidence of spatial variation in the severity of the microscopic changes examined in this limited pulmonary region. Inter‐rater reliability between radiologists was good in the assessment of diagnostic quality of the radiographic examinations but poor in assessing severity of the primary generalised pulmonary patterns within the radiographic region of interest.
Streptococci andPasteurellaspp. associated with disease of the equine lower respiratory tract
Authors: WOOD J. L. N. , BURRELL M. H. , ROBERTS C. A. , CHANTER N. , SHAW Y. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe likelihood of finding evidence of inflammation in 551 tracheal washes collected endoscopically from 278 Thoroughbred racehorses increased with the number of bacterial colony forming units (cfu) per ml of wash (P<0.00l). The aerobic bacteriaStreptococcus zooepidemicus, Pasteurella/Actinobacillus‐like species andStreptococcus pneumoniaewere significantly associated with lower airway inflammation whereas coagulase‐negativeStaphylococcusspp., α‐haemolyticStreptococcusspp.,Acinetobacterspp.,Bacillusspp.,Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non‐haemolyticStreptococcusspp. and Enterobacteriaceae were not;Bordetella bronchisepticawas not isolated. Lower airway inflammation was particularly associated with bacteria in horses ≤3 years of age.S. zooepidemicus, S. pneumoniaeandPasteurella/Actinobacillus‐like species were isolated from 167 of 551 washes, either alone or in combination.
Radiographic evaluation of ossification of the collateral cartilages of the third phalanx in Finnhorses
Authors: RUOHONIEMI MIRJA , TULAMO RIITTA‐MARI , HACKZELL MINNA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOf 462 Finnhorses (age 1–20 years) evaluated and graded (scale 0–5) radiographically for ossification of the collateral cartilages of the 3rd phalanx of the front feet, 22.9% were totally free from sidebones (Grade 0), and 49.1% had minimal or mild ossification (Grade 1 or 2) at the base of 1 or more of the cartilages. Moderate ossification (Grade 3) was present in 10.2% of the horses, whereas ossification was advanced (Grade 4) or extensive (Grade 5) in 17.8%. In most horses >1 cartilage was affected and 7.6% of the horses had separate centres of ossification in 1 or more of the cartilages. Large sidebones and separate centres of ossification were more common in females than in males (P<0.001). The incidence of large sidebones was lower in young females (1–3 years) than in mares 4–6 years of age (P<0.05), but did not increase significantly with age when young horses, 4–6 years of age, were compared with older ones. Grade 4 and 5 sidebones as well as separate centres of ossification were more common in the lateral than in the medial cartilage (P<0.001), but no difference was observed in this respect between the front feet.
A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: treatment by navicular suspensory desmotomy
Authors: WRIGHT I. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe 118 horses diagnosed as suffering from navicular disease by prospective criteria were treated by desmotomy of the ligamenta sesamoidea collateralia (navicular suspensory desmotomy). Three techniques were used and a standard post‐operative programme was followed with clinical and radiological evaluations at 6‐monthly intervals for periods of 6–36 months after surgery. At 6 and 36 months after treatment, 76% and 42.9% of horses were sound respectively.The clinical features of age, period of lameness, severity of lameness and angular limb deformities adversely affected response to surgery. The presence of flexor cortex defects, proximal border enthesophytes, mineralisation of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon and medullary sclerosis were also associated with a diminished response.There were few (1.7%) changes in the radiological appearance of distal border synovial invaginations during the follow‐up period. By contrast, the majority (67.3%) of flexor cortex defects changed. Other radiological features changed at a low frequency but there was no association between radiological change and clinical outcome.
Muscular pathology in equine laryngeal neuropathy
Authors: LOPEZ‐PLANA C. , SAUTET J. Y. , RUBERTE J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThree adductor muscles of the larynx, the cricoarytenoideus lateralis (CAL), the arytenoideus transversus (AT) and the ventricularis (Ve), from 36 horses were examined histologically. The neurogenic changes seen in each muscle were evaluated qualitatively. In addition, in 6 horses with clinical and subclinical signs of neurogenic atrophy, measurements of muscle fibre area were performed. Neurogenic changes observed in the Ve were less than in CAL and AT. Measurements of muscle fibre area also demonstrated that CAL and AT showed a wider range of pathological changes than did Ve. The results show that denervation does not uniformly affect all adductor muscles of the larynx. On the other hand, the appearance in some animals of fibre type grouping in the right AT to the same or to a greater extent than in the left AT supports the classification of equine laryngeal neuropathy as a distal axonopathy.
Review of 115 cases of colic in the pregnant mare
Authors: BOENING K. J. , LEENDERTSE IDA P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe medical records of pregnant mares over a 3‐year period were reviewed. In all cases persistent pain or progressive abdominal distension were the main reason for referral.The overall survival rate for the 115 mares treated for colic was 73.9% (85 cases). The abortion rate was 20.5% in surgical patients (34 cases), 40% (5 cases) for mares with uterine torsions and 10.8% (46 cases) after medical treatment. The total abortion rate was 16.4%.Clinical evidence of endotoxaemia was, except for 1 mare, present in all the aborting mares after colic treatment. Anaesthesia did not appear to be a problem because abortion occurred in 5/46 medically treated cases as well as in 9/39 mares treated surgically. Abortion occurred in 3 mares that suffered intraoperative hypoxia, but fasting for >30 h did not seem to cause prolonged hypoglycaemia and subsequent abortion. Clenbuterol hydrochloride was used as a tocolytic agent in 9 mares with uterine displacement, abortus imminens and post‐operative uterine torsion and 3 mares aborted during treatment.
In vitro mechanical properties of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in horses in relation to age
Authors: BECKER CHRISTINA K. , SAVELBERG H. H. C. M. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe material properties of the accessesory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL) of 21 forelimbs from horses between ages one day and 15 years were determined. The force (634–11416 N), failure stress (45–138 N/mm2), failure strain (7–24%) and tangent modulus (33–1639 MPa) are presented in relation to age. Tangent modulus did not indicate changes in elasticity due to age. The results demonstrate that complete ligament failures (CLF) of ALs of older horses (mean 7835 N) occur at lower forces than ALs of young adult horses (mean 8894 N). Sudden decreases, ‘dips’, in the force‐time curves were noticed in ligaments from foals and yearlings and in ligaments from horses >10 years. They were interpreted as the failure of a number of fibres which either fail at lower forces or are subject to higher forces than the rest. These differences in mechanical properties could be the result of age related differences in the material properties of ALs of older horses similar to alterations in collagenous tissue in other species. When analysing the data of the proximal, middle and distal regions of the ligaments separately, higher strain and elasticity were found in the distal compared to the proximal parts.It is suggested that the clinical occurrence of desmitis of the AL of older horses could be due to fibrillar failure caused by differences in the material properties of the ligaments.