bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of early (< 20 weeks) vs. late (20–24 weeks) detection of sonographic short cervix in asymptomatic women in the mid‐trimester
Authors: Vaisbuch E. , Romero R. , Erez O. , Kusanovic J. P. , Mazaki‐Tovi S. , Gotsch F. , Romero V. , Ward C. , Chaiworapongsa T. , Mittal P. , Sorokin Y. , Hassan S. S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether the risk of early spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD) in asymptomatic women with a sonographic cervical length of ≤ 15 mm in the mid‐trimester changes as a function of gestational age at diagnosis.MethodsThis cohort study included 109 asymptomatic patients with a sonographic cervical length of ≤ 15 mm diagnosed at 14–24 weeks of gestation. Women with a multifetal gestation, cerclage and a cervical dilatation of > 2 cm were excluded. The study population was stratified by gestational age at diagnosis (< 20 weeks vs. 20–24 weeks) and by cervical length (≤ 10 mm vs. 11–15 mm). The primary outcome variables were PTD at < 28 and < 32 weeks of gestation and the diagnosis‐to‐delivery interval.ResultsThe median gestational age at diagnosis of a short cervix before 20 weeks and at 20–24 weeks was 18.9 and 22.7 weeks, respectively. Women diagnosed before 20 weeks had a higher rate of PTD at < 28 weeks (76.9% vs. 30.9%; P < 0.001) and at < 32 weeks (80.8% vs. 48.1%; P = 0.004), and a shorter median diagnosis‐to‐delivery interval (21 vs. 61.5 days, P = 0.003) than those diagnosed at 20–24 weeks. The rate of amniotic fluid sludge was higher among patients diagnosed with a short cervix at < 20 weeks of gestation than in those in whom it was diagnosed between 20 and 24 weeks (92.3% vs. 48.2%; P < 0.001).ConclusionsAsymptomatic women with a sonographic cervical length of ≤ 15 mm diagnosed before 20 weeks of gestation have a dramatic and significantly higher risk of early preterm delivery than women diagnosed at 20–24 weeks. These findings can be helpful to physicians in counseling these patients, and may suggest different mechanisms of disease leading to a sonographic short cervix before or after 20 weeks of gestation. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actor, structure, process: transcending the state personhood debate by means of a pragmatist ontological model for International Relations theory
Authors: FRANKE ULRICH , ROOS ULRICH 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe following article refers to the current debate about state personhood opened by Wendt's claim for a treatment of states as real persons in order to prevent the reductionist argument that states only are treated ‘as if’ they were persons. By understanding phenomena like states consistently as structures – as ‘structures of corporate practice’ – we argue that there is a possibility to escape from the situation dually framed by Wendt. This alternative is constituted by a tripartite pragmatist ontological model that consists of actors, structures of corporate practice, and processes. After having presented our view of the debate and its central problems in a first step, we will set forth our model and its implications for the study of international relations in a second and third step.
Turkey and Europe: culture, capital and corruption
Authors: JACOBY TIM 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article argues that current discourses on Turkish corruption are marked by a disproportionate emphasis on culture and can thus be understood as part of a broader relationship with Europe's perennial ‘other’. Having traced elements of this within European political elites' response to Turkey's prospective accession to the Union, the article goes on to suggest that the association of corruption with a different cultural orientation represents a useful means of legitimising the extraneous guidance of administrative and economic change. The ultimate aim of such reforms are, the article concludes, to extend the penetrative capacity of European capital, to reduce the transaction costs involved in acquiring Turkish assets and to disable domestic resistance to further marketisation.
Acute gastrointestinal illness in New Zealand: a community study
Authors: ADLAM S. B. , PERERA S. , LAKE R. J. , CAMPBELL D. M. , WILLIMAN J. A. , BAKER M. G. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYWe report the results of the New Zealand Acute Gastrointestinal Illness (AGI) Community Study, a representative cross-sectional community telephone survey of 3655 participants conducted over a 12-month period. Respondents were asked questions about vomiting and diarrhoea in the previous 4 weeks. At least one episode of diarrhoea and/or vomiting was reported by 8·6% of respondents, an incidence of 1·11 episodes/person per year. Prevalence was highest in children aged <5 years and lowest in those aged >64 years. The mean duration of illness was 2·5 days and most common symptoms were diarrhoea (82·5%), stomach cramps (75·7%), nausea (56·9%) and vomiting (49·0%). Extrapolation of the adjusted estimates indicates there are about 4·66 million episodes of AGI per year in New Zealand, nearly 1 million visits to the general medical practitioner, in excess of 300 000 courses of antibiotics being dispensed and more than 4·5 million days of paid work lost due to AGI. This represents a significant burden of disease.
Les Conventions de Genève de 1949: une percée décisive
Authors: Rey-Schyrr Catherine 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAt the outbreak of the Second World War, international humanitarian law was made up of the various Hague Conventions of 1907 and the two 1929 Geneva Conventions, none of which dealt in a satisfactory manner with the risks faced by the civilian population. Experience during the war made a major revision of international humanitarian law a priority after 1945. This article traces the history of that endeavour up to the adoption by a diplomatic conference, on 12 August 1949, of the four Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims. Particular emphasis is laid on the link between the ICRC's wartime experience with the inadequate law of the day and the negotiations for new legal provisions. The second part of the article identifies the major advances represented by the 1949 Geneva Conventions, one of the more important being the fact that the law's scope was extended to non-international armed conflicts. Though making no claim to perfection, the new Geneva Conventions nevertheless laid a sound basis on which adequate solutions may be found when military considerations and humanitarian exigencies clash.
La recherche des Allemands prisonniers ou portés disparus au cours de la
Seconde Guerre mondiale–Une page de l'histoire du Service de recherches de
la Croix-Rouge allemande
Authors: Ampferl Monika 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The Second World War was responsible for the death and disappearance of
millions of Germans. Soon after the outbreak of hostilities the German Red
Cross set up a tracing service in accordance with the 1929 Geneva Convention
on prisoners of war. During the war, the tracing activity of the German Red
Cross was expanded to include the search for civilian victims of the
conflict. This article examines the activities of the tracing service both
during the war and after it was over: restoring links between members of
families, searching for lost children, establishing contact with prisoners,
determining the whereabouts of displaced persons, etc. With the end of the
Cold War, German reunification and a new relationship with Russia made it
possible for the German Red Cross Society to intensify its search for
missing persons.
Does a Graduate Course in Fluency Disorders Make a Difference?
Authors: Klein Evelyn R. , Amster Barbara J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A study by Yaruss and Quesal (2002), based on responses from 134 of 239 ASHA accredited graduate programs, indicated that approximately 25% of graduate programs in the United States allow students to earn their degree without having coursework in fluency disorders and 66% of programs allow students to graduate without clinical experience treating people who stutter (PWS). It is not surprising that many clinicians report discomfort in treating PWS. This cross-sectional study compares differences in beliefs about the cause of stuttering between freshman undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory course in communicative disorders and graduate students enrolled and in the final weeks of a graduate course in fluency disorders.
The Use of Sales Promotion Competitions in Social Marketing
Authors: Peattie Sue 
Published: April 2010

It has been suggested that many social marketing campaigns fail because they assign advertising the primary role and fail to develop and use all of the available marketing mix tools. In addition, social advertising has to compete for the public's attention with increasingly costly and sophisticated commercial marketing campaigns. This has led to a growing interest in sates promotion techniques for social marketing. Despite the increasing use of sales promotion techniques in the commercial sector, they have never received the academic scrutiny given to advertising. These techniques have traditionally been “bundled” together, with the research conducted being dominated by value-increasing promotions (those which alter the product/price “deal”) involving money-off, coupons or “x % extra for free.” These promotional techniques are the least appropriate for social marketing campaigns, which rarely involve either a tangible product or an economic price. Value adding campaigns (those which introduce benefits not directly connected to the core product or its price) such as promotional competitions (also known as contests and sweepstakes) or give-aways, are the most suitable for social campaigns but the least well understood in terms of research. This paper discusses alternative “below-the-line” promotional tools and demonstrates how promotional competitions - in particular - can help with the distinctive communication challenges faring social marketers. Experience and research from the commercial sector is used to suggest guidelines for planning competitions.
Smokers' Responses to Anti-Smoking Advertisements by Stage of Change
Authors: Donovan Robert J. , Leivers Susan , Hannaby Leonard 
Published: April 2010

Prochaska and DiClemente's stages of change concept has been readily adopted by health promoters and social marketers. These stages have been recommended as a segmentation variable in health promotion and social marketing campaigns, while a recent social marketing text proposes the Prochaska stages as a core element of the social marketing approach. For any marketing segmentation base to be meaningful, it must be shown that the different segments respond differentially to some aspects of the communication and marketing mixes directed at the segments. Hence the utility of the stages of change approach in social marketing is dependent on evidence that individuals in the various stages of change do respond differentially to elements of the social marketing mix. Given that information is the primary component of many social marketing campaigns, and that this information is often carried in the form of paid advertisements or public service announcements (PSAs), it would be useful to determine whether individuals in the different stages of change respond differentially to the same message, and hence require separate communications.
An in—Depth Interview Study of Health Care Policy Professionals and Their Research Needs
Authors: Sutton Sharyn M. , Thompson Elizabeth 
Published: April 2010

This article presents the results of a qualitative research study that applied social marketing principles to better understand national health care policymakers' needs for research. The findings suggest that the current supply of health care policy research does not meet health care policymakers' needs and, as a result, often is not used to inform policy. As with any target audience, researchers and those who commission research must take into account the behavior, motivations and needs of policymakers in order to provide a “product or service” that is actually used. Those who want their research findings to inform policymakers' decisions must design their research, package results and develop distribution strategies that reflect an understanding of the policymakers' behavior process. There are two main findings from this study. First, there is a high level of consistency among the different types of policymakers in terms of their research needs and where these needs are not being met. Second, policymakers perceive a conflict between their needs and the existing traditional system for rewarding researchers and distributing research findings.
Double cancer of plantar malignant melanoma and vulvar extramammary Paget’s disease
Authors: TSUJI Masataka , NAKAI Noriaki , UEDA Eiichiro , TAKENAKA Hideya , KATOH Norito , KISHIMOTO Saburo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA 75‐year‐old woman presented with a 2‐year history of a pigmented nodular lesion on her left sole and a 9‐year history of a red infiltrative plaque on the vulva. The plantar lesion was a 15‐mm ulcerated nodule located at the center of a 25‐mm atypical pigmentation region; the nodule was clinically suspected to be a malignant melanoma. Histopathological analysis of the vulvar lesion biopsy sample indicated extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD). There was no evidence of metastasis in the computed tomography (CT) and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans. We simultaneously performed a wide excision of both lesions and a left inguinal sentinel lymph node biopsy. Melanoma cells were identified in the sentinel lymph nodes, and left radical lymph node dissection was performed after a course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. All the lymph nodes that were resected during the second operation tested negative for melanomas, and the plantar lesion was diagnosed as a stage IIIB malignant melanoma (pT4b, Na2, M0). Thereafter, we administrated four courses of chemotherapy, and 8 months after the operation, there was no evidence of recurrence or metastatic lesions. We present a case report of double cancer: a plantar malignant melanoma and vulvar EMPD, and also discuss the possible genetic mutations responsible for these two tumors.
Meta‐analysis: polymorphisms in TNF‐α gene promoter and Crohn’s disease
Authors: Han Z. , Li C. , Han S. , Han Y. , Qiu J. , Shi Y. , Wang J. , Sun A. , Ding J. , Wu K. , Fan D. 
Published: April 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 159–170SummaryBackground  Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, results on the association between the polymorphisms in TNF‐α promoter and the risk of CD are inconsistent.Aim  To perform a quantitative synthesis for the genetic polymorphisms in TNF‐α promoter and CD risk.Methods  Databases were searched (up to 2009) and 31 studies were included. Risks of CD associated with the polymorphisms in TNF‐α promoter were assessed.Results  Overall, individuals with ‐1031 TC+CC genotype had a slightly increased risk to develop CD compared with individuals with ‐1031 TT genotype (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.03–1.70). In the further stratified analysis, we found Asians with the ‐1031T>C, ‐863 C>A and ‐857 C>T variant polymorphisms have almost one and a half CD risk compared with other genotypes (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.16–2.15; OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.18–2.02; OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.19–1.99 respectively). We did not find ‐308 G>A variant associated with CD location and disease behaviours in stratified analysis.Conclusions  TNF‐α polymorphisms in the promoter region might be used as a biomarker for CD risk prediction. Larger studies with mixed ethnicity subjects and stratified by clinical and sub clinical characteristics are needed to validate our findings.
Modern management of severe platelet function disorders
Authors: Alamelu Jayanthi , Liesner Ri 
Published: April 2010

SummarySevere platelet function defects are rare disorders that require expertise in diagnosis and management. Therefore patients with such disorders should be referred to and managed in centres with the full laboratory repertoire of tests and clinical support necessary to optimise their quality of care. The aim of this review is to discuss the management of these patients in various clinical situations including surgical intervention.
Effectiveness of planning hospital discharge and follow‐up in primary care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: research protocol
Authors: Abad‐Corpa Eva , Carrillo‐Alcaraz Andrés , Royo‐Morales Tania , Pérez‐García Maria Carmen , Rodríguez‐Mondejar Juan José , Sáez‐Soto Ángeles , Iniesta‐Sánchez Javier 
Published: April 2010

abad‐corpa e., carrillo‐alcaraz a., royo‐morales t., pérez‐garcía m.c., rodríguez‐mondejar j.j., sáez‐soto a. & iniesta‐sánchez j. (2010) Effectiveness of planning hospital discharge and follow‐up in primary care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: research protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(6), 1365–1370.AbstractTitle.  Effectiveness of planning hospital discharge and follow‐up in primary care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: research protocol. Aim.  To evaluate the effectiveness of a protocolized intervention for hospital discharge and follow‐up planning for primary care patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Background.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality internationally. These patients suffer from high rates of exacerbation and hospital readmission due to active problems at the time of hospital discharge.Methods.  A quasi‐experimental design will be adopted, with a control group and pseudo‐randomized by services (protocol approved in 2006). Patients with pulmonary disease admitted to two tertiary‐level public hospitals in Spain and their local healthcare centres will be recruited. The outcome variables will be readmission rate and patient satisfaction with nursing care provided. 48 hours after admission, both groups will be evaluated by specialist coordinating nurses, using validated scales. At the hospital, a coordinating nurse will visit each patient in the experimental group every 24 hours to identify the main caregiver, provide information about the disease, and explain treatment. In addition, the visits will be used to identify care problems and needs, and to facilitate communication between professionals. 24 hours after discharge, the coordinating nurses will inform the primary care nurses about patient discharge and nursing care planning. The two nurses will make the first home visit together. There will be follow‐up phone calls at 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks after discharge.Discussion.  The characteristics of patients with this pulmonary disease make it necessary to include them in hospital discharge planning programmes using coordinating nurses.
What does quality care mean to nurses in rural hospitals?
Authors: Baernholdt Marianne , Jennings Bonnie Mowinski , Merwin Elizabeth , Thornlow Deirdre 
Published: April 2010

baernholdt m., jennings b.m., merwin e. & thornlow d. (2010) What does quality care mean to nurses in rural hospitals? Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(6), 1346–1355.AbstractTitle.  What does quality care mean to nurses in rural hospitals? Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to answer the question: ‘How do rural nurses and their chief nursing officers define quality care?’Background.  Established indicators of quality care were developed primarily in urban hospitals. Rural hospitals and their environments differ from urban settings, suggesting that there might be differences in how quality care is defined. This has measurement implications.Methods.  Focus groups with staff nurses and interviews with chief nursing officers were conducted in 2006 at four rural hospitals in the South‐Eastern United States of America. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis.Findings.  The staff nurse and chief nursing officer data were analysed separately and then compared, exposing two major themes: ‘Patients are what matter most’ and ‘Community connectedness is both a help and a hindrance’. Along with conveying that patients were the utmost priority and all care was patient‐focused, the first theme included established indicators of quality such as falls, pressure ulcers, infection rates, readmission rates, and lengths of stay. A new discovery in this theme was a need for an indicator relevant for rural settings: transfer time to larger hospitals. The second theme, Community Connectedness, is unique to rural settings, exemplifying the rural culture. The community and hospital converge into a family of sorts, creating expectations for quality care by both patients and staff that are not typically found in urban settings and larger hospitals.Conclusion.  Established quality indicators are appropriate for rural hospitals, but additional indicators need to be developed. These must include transfer times to larger facilities and the culture of the community.
Obesity among adolescents: sedentary leisure time and sleeping as determinants
Authors: Liou Yiing Mei , Liou Tsan‐Hon , Chang Lu‐Chuan 
Published: April 2010

liou y.m., liou t.‐h. & chang l.‐c.
(2010) Obesity among adolescents: sedentary leisure time and sleeping as determinants. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(6), 1246–1256.AbstractTitle.  Obesity among adolescents: sedentary leisure time and sleeping as determinants. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study of the association between various risk factors and obesity among adolescents.Background.  Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents has nearly tripled. Physical inactivity, unbalanced diet, and unhealthy lifestyles may cause lifelong obesity.Methods.  A representative, national cross‐sectional study was carried out between 2006 and 2007 with 40 middle high schools with 384 classes. We used a three‐stage stratified systematic sampling design with a probability proportionate to the size from the northern, middle, southern, and eastern areas in Taiwan. Questionnaires were completed by 8640 students (51·7% boys and 48·3% girls) aged between 13 and 16 years.Results.  Obesity was identified in 7·2% of the participants and 16·1% were overweight. Using stepwise logistic regression, we found that those whose fathers or mothers were obese, watched television for more than 2 hours/day on weekdays and slept for less than 7·75 hours/day at weekends had a statistically significantly greater risk of obesity (females: ORs = 3·4, 4·2, 1·8, and 4·2, respectively; P < 0·05; boys: ORs = 2·3, 1·7, 1·4, and 1·6, respectively; P < 0·05).Conclusion.  To help prevent obesity, strategies are needed to decrease adolescents sedentary leisure time and help them have sufficient sleep. Nurses can play a key role in health promotion in relation to childhood and adolescent obesity.