bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Breathing Library: Performing Cultural Memories
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChapter 3 states that the library need not be a physical collection of texts, and it explores the phenomenon of the learned literary individual who becomes a virtual library. The personified library grows out of the person who had to personify literature in an earlier period and he becomes an authorized and authorizing figure, who, as the example of Aristophanes, the first librarian at Alexandria, shows, can attest to the legitimacy of texts. Individuals such as Longinus, Nepotianus, and Apuleius come to embody their society's learning and culture, although in later antiquity, with Athenaeus, the memorization of literary texts places the library‐individuals under great pressure as the attempt to accrue literary authority becomes an exaggerated and ridiculous venture.
Inside and Outside the Library: The Memory of Canon
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChapter 6 is concerned with the Library of Photius, the Byzantine patriarch and scholar, a work that recalls literature in a very particular fashion. The Library relies on Photius' memory, and its deficiencies are due to the shortcomings of his memory, but it also concerns itself with the works themselves, providing incidental facts about the texts. This chapter argues that Photius engages in the production of ‘metadata’, concerning himself with a very different form of memory from what has come before.
Transnational Investment Arbitration: From Delegation to Constitutionalization?
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone , Grisel Florian 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter compares different ‘Principal-Agent’ (P-A) models of arbitration and adjudication, and then applies them as a means of focusing empirical attention on how investor-State arbitration is, in fact, evolving. There is a familiar traditional distinction between, on the one side, state-centred conceptions of international judges as agents of states with mandates limited by public international law; and, on the other side, private law conceptions of commercial arbitrators settling private disputes on the basis of private contracts. The chapter argues that the arbitral world is being gradually transformed through a process of ‘judicialization’, which blurs the traditional distinctions and raises important constitutional issues. It illustrates the argument with reference to the increasing recourse to judicial precedents, balancing the review of the ‘proportionality’ of State restrictions on investors' rights, and to the increasing calls for appellate review of the decisions of investor-state arbitral tribunals.
10 Credit Default Swaps: The Key to Financial Reform
Authors: Mehrling Perry 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBased on the importance of CDS, Mehrling argues in his chapter that the current crisis is best seen as the first test of the new system of structured finance. That test has revealed the crucial role played by credit insurance of various kinds, including CDS, for supporting both valuation and liquidity of even the top tranches of structured finance products. The various government interventions of the last year amount, in his view, to the public sector going into the credit insurance business in response to crisis—by either writing credit insurance or taking over insurance contracts written by others. The author calls this the “Paulson‐Bernanke CDS put.” In his view, a basic lesson of the crisis is that the government must be in the credit insurance business in normal times as well.
A Zeptospace Odyssey: A Journey into the Physics of the LHC
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
It is at this very moment that the most ambitious scientific experiment of all time is about to begin, and yet its precise aims are rather poorly understood by the general public. This book provides an everyman's guide for understanding and following the discoveries that will take place within the next few years at the LHC project at CERN. This book shares an insider's view of the world of particle physics and allows for an appreciation of a true intellectual revolution that is about to take place. The technological innovations required to build the LHC constitute not the least among the many astonishing aspects of this scientific adventure, and they too are described here as part of the LHC story. The book culminates with an outline of the scientific aims and expectations at the LHC. Does the mysterious Higgs boson exist? Does space hide supersymmetry or extend into extra dimensions? How can colliding protons at the LHC unlock the secrets of the origin of our universe? These questions are all framed and then addressed by an expert in the field.
Arabidopsis S-Sulfocysteine Synthase Activity Is Essential for Chloroplast Function and Long-Day Light-Dependent Redox Control
Authors: Bermúdez Maria Angeles , Páez-Ochoa Maria Angeles , Gotor Cecilia , Romero Luis C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn bacteria, the biosynthesis of Cys is accomplished by two enzymes that are encoded by the cysK and cysM genes. CysM is also able to use thiosulfate as a substrate to produce S-sulfocysteine. In plant cells, the biosynthesis of Cys occurs in the cytosol, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain two O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase homologs, which are encoded by the OAS-B and CS26 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. An in vitro enzymatic analysis of the recombinant CS26 protein demonstrated that this isoform possesses S-sulfocysteine synthase activity and lacks O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase activity. In vivo functional analysis of this enzyme in knockout mutants demonstrated that mutation of CS26 suppressed the S-sulfocysteine synthase activity that was detected in the wild type; furthermore, the cs26 mutants exhibited a reduction in size and showed paleness, but penetrance of the growth phenotype depended on the light regime. The cs26 mutant plants also had reductions in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity (neither of which were observed in oas-b mutants) as well as elevated glutathione levels. However, cs26 leaves were not able to properly detoxify reactive oxygen species, which accumulated to high levels under long-day growth conditions. The transcriptional profile of the cs26 mutant revealed that the mutation had a pleiotropic effect on many cellular and metabolic processes. Our findings reveal that S-sulfocysteine and the activity of S-sulfocysteine synthase play important roles in chloroplast function and are essential for light-dependent redox regulation within the chloroplast.
Out of the Mouths of Plants: The Molecular Basis of the Evolution and Diversity of Stomatal Development
Authors: Peterson Kylee M. , Rychel Amanda L. , Torii Keiko U. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractStomata are microscopic valves on the plant epidermis that played a critical role in the evolution of land plants. Studies in the model dicot Arabidopsis thaliana have identified key transcription factors and signaling pathways controlling stomatal patterning and differentiation. Three paralogous Arabidopsis basic helix-loop-helix proteins, SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA, mediate sequential steps of cell-state transitions together with their heterodimeric partners SCREAM (SCRM) and SCRM2. Cell–cell signaling components, including putative ligands, putative receptors, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, orient asymmetric cell divisions and prevent overproduction and clustering of stomata. The recent availability of genome sequence and reverse genetics tools for model monocots and basal land plants allows for the examination of the conservation of genes important in stomatal patterning and differentiation. Studies in grasses have revealed that divergence of SPCH-MUTE-FAMA predates the evolutionary split of monocots and dicots and that these proteins show conserved and novel roles in stomatal differentiation. By contrast, specific asymmetric cell divisions in Arabidopsis and grasses require unique molecular components. Molecular phylogenetic analysis implies potential conservation of signaling pathways and prototypical functions of the transcription factors specifying stomatal differentiation.
Vector within‐host feeding preference mediates transmission of a heterogeneously distributed pathogen
Authors: DAUGHERTY MATTHEW P. , LOPES JOAO , ALMEIDA RODRIGO P. P. 
Published: February 2010

1. Ecological theory predicts that vector preference for certain host species or discrimination between infected versus uninfected hosts impacts disease incidence. However, little information exists on the extent to which vector within‐host feeding preference mediates transmission. This may be particularly important for plant pathogens, such as sharpshooter transmission of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which are distributed irregularly throughout hosts.2. We documented the within‐host distribution of two vector species that differ in transmission efficiency, the leafhoppers Draeculacephala minerva and Graphocephala atropunctata, and which are free to move throughout entirely caged alfalfa plants. The more efficient vector D. minerva fed preferentially at the base of the plant near the soil surface, whereas the less efficient G. atropunctata preferred overwhelming the top of the plant.3. Next we documented X. fastidiosa heterogeneity in mechanically inoculated plants. Infection rates were up to 50% higher and mean bacterial population densities were 100‐fold higher near the plant base than at the top or in the taproot.4. Finally, we estimated transmission efficiency of the two leafhoppers when they were confined at either the base or top of inoculated alfalfa plants. Both vectors were inefficient when confined at the top of infected plants and were 20–60% more efficient when confined at the plant base.5. These results show that vector transmission efficiency is determined by the interaction between leafhopper within‐plant feeding behaviour and pathogen within‐plant distribution. Fine‐scale vector and pathogen overlap is likely to be a requirement generally for efficient transmission of vector‐borne pathogens.
Evidence of selection at the ramosa1 locus during maize domestication
Authors: SIGMON BRANDI , VOLLBRECHT ERIK 
Published: February 2010

AbstractModern maize was domesticated from Zea mays parviglumis, a teosinte, about 9000 years ago in Mexico. Genes thought to have been selected upon during the domestication of crops are commonly known as domestication loci. The ramosa1 (ra1) gene encodes a putative transcription factor that controls branching architecture in the maize tassel and ear. Previous work demonstrated reduced nucleotide diversity in a segment of the ra1 gene in a survey of modern maize inbreds, indicating that positive selection occurred at some point in time since maize diverged from its common ancestor with the sister species Tripsacum dactyloides and prompting the hypothesis that ra1 may be a domestication gene. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined ear phenotypes resulting from minor changes in ra1 activity and sampled nucleotide diversity of ra1 across the phylogenetic spectrum between tripsacum and maize, including a broad panel of teosintes and unimproved maize landraces. Weak mutant alleles of ra1 showed subtle effects in the ear, including crooked rows of kernels due to the occasional formation of extra spikelets, correlating a plausible, selected trait with subtle variations in gene activity. Nucleotide diversity was significantly reduced for maize landraces but not for teosintes, and statistical tests implied directional selection on ra1 consistent with the hypothesis that ra1 is a domestication locus. In maize landraces, a noncoding 3′‐segment contained almost no genetic diversity and 5′‐flanking diversity was greatly reduced, suggesting that a regulatory element may have been a target of selection.
Beyond MHC: signals of elevated selection pressure on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) immune‐relevant loci
Authors: TONTERI A. , VASEMÄGI A. , LUMME J. , PRIMMER C. R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractUsing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as a model system, we investigated whether 18 microsatellites tightly linked to immune‐relevant genes have experienced different selection pressures than 76 loci with no obvious association with immune function. Immune‐relevant loci were identified as outliers by two outlier tests significantly more often than nonimmune linked loci (22% vs. 1.6%). In addition, the allele frequencies of immune relevant markers were more often correlated with latitude and temperature. Combined, these results support the hypothesis that immune‐relevant loci more frequently exhibit footprints of selection than other loci. They also indicate that the correlation between immune‐relevant loci and latitude may be due to temperature‐induced differences in pathogen‐driven selection or some other environmental factor correlated with latitude.
Molecular cloning and characterisation of two calmodulin isoforms of the Madagascar periwinkle Catharanthus roseus
Authors: Poutrain P. , Guirimand G. , Mahroug S. , Burlat V. , Melin C. , Ginis O. , Oudin A. , Giglioli‐Guivarc’h N. , Pichon O. , Courdavault V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInvolvement of Ca2+signalling in regulation of the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIA) in Catharanthus roseus has been extensively studied in recent years, albeit no protein of this signalling pathway has been isolated. Using a PCR strategy, two C. roseus cDNAs encoding distinct calmodulin (CAM) isoforms were cloned and named CAM1 and CAM2. The deduced 149 amino acid sequences possess four Ca2+ binding domains and exhibit a close identity with Arabidopsis CAM isoforms (>91%). The ability of CAM1 and CAM2 to bind Ca2+ was demonstrated following expression of the corresponding recombinant proteins. Furthermore, transient expression of CAM1‐GFP and CAM2‐GFP in C. roseus cells showed a typical nucleo‐cytoplasm localisation of both CAMs, in agreement with the wide distribution of CAM target proteins. Using RNA blot analysis, we showed that CAM1 and CAM2 genes had a broad pattern of expression in C. roseus organs and are constitutively expressed during a C. roseus cell culture cycle, with a slight inhibitory effect of auxin for CAM1. Using RNA in situ hybridisation, we also detected CAM1 and CAM2 mRNA in the vascular bundle region of young seedling cotyledons. Finally, using specific inhibitors, we also showed that CAMs are required for MIA biosynthesis in C. roseus cells by acting on regulation of expression of genes encoding enzymes that catalyse early steps of MIA biosynthesis, such as 1‐deoxy‐d‐xylulose 5‐phosphate reductoisomerase and geraniol 10‐hydroxylase.
New mothers' experiences of social disruption and isolation during the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Hong Kong
Authors: Dodgson Joan E. , Tarrant Marie , Chee Yuet‐Oi , Watkins Amanda 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn Hong Kong during the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2003, sustained uncertainty caused daily stress for residents for > 3 months. Expectant women experienced unexpected social disruption and isolation within their day‐to‐day life that have not been described in their own voice. The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of women who became mothers during the outbreak and the ways in which these experiences impacted their early post‐partum mothering. A phenomenological research design was chosen. The participants' responses then led the interview process. As the women's experiences had many similarities, saturation was reached after eight interviews. Four themes emerged: living with uncertainty, intense vigilance, isolation, and disrupted expectations. The participants spoke of disrupted daily routines as they tried to eliminate their risk of contracting this disease, including relationship difficulties with their spouse. None of the women had the birth experience they had hoped for because of changes in hospital practices.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa patatin‐like protein PlpD is the archetype of a novel Type V secretion system
Authors: Salacha Richard , Kovačić Filip , Brochier‐Armanet Céline , Wilhelm Susanne , Tommassen Jan , Filloux Alain , Voulhoux Romé , Bleves Sophie 
Published: February 2010

SummaryWe discovered a novel secreted protein by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PlpD, as a member of the bacterial lipolytic enzyme family of patatin‐like proteins (PLPs). PlpD is synthesized as a single molecule consisting of a secreted domain fused to a transporter domain. The N‐terminus of PlpD includes a classical signal peptide followed by the four PLP conserved blocks that account for its lipase activity. The C‐terminus consists of a POTRA (polypeptide transport‐associated) motif preceding a putative 16‐stranded β‐barrel similar to those of TpsB transporters of Type Vb secretion system. We showed that the C‐terminus remains inserted into the outer membrane while the patatin moiety is secreted. The association between a TpsB component and a passenger protein is a unique hybrid organization that we propose to classify as Type Vd. More than 200 PlpD orthologues exist among pathogenic and environmental bacteria, which suggests that bacteria secrete numerous PLPs using this newly defined mechanism.
A simple risk score to identify Southern Chinese at high risk for diabetes
Authors: Ko G. , So W. , Tong P. , Ma R. , Kong A. , Ozaki R. , Chow C. , Cockram C. , Chan J. 
Published: February 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 644–649 (2010)AbstractAims  To develop a simple scoring system for identifying Southern Chinese at risk of diabetes.Methods  The score was derived from a risk factor matching cohort for Type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese (cohort 1, 2448 subjects without a history of diabetes; age, mean ± sd 37.2 ± 8.9 years, median 36.0 years; 1649 had risk factors for diabetes and 799 were age‐matched control subjects from the community). Two other cohorts were used to validate the risk score (cohort 2, 3734 subjects with risk factors for diabetes; and cohort 3, 1513 participants of a community diabetes survey). All subjects had a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).Results  In cohort 1, 270 (11%) of the subjects were found to have diabetes on OGTT. A risk score system was derived using the β values of the corresponding predictors in the logistic regression analysis. The area under the curve (95% confidence intervals) of the score system was 0.735 (0.705, 0.765). The application of a risk score of ≥ 16 increased the detection rate 2.5–4 times in all three cohorts. A high post‐test probability of diabetes of > 60% was derived from a risk score of ≥ 20. Only 10–20 and ∼5% with a score of ≥ 12 and ≥ 16, respectively, are indicated for OGTT. This will considerably improve the yield of OGTT screening.Conclusions  A simple risk score identifies young‐to‐middle‐aged Southern Chinese at high risk for diabetes. Subjects with a score of 16 or above (out of 30) should undergo OGTT for definitive diagnosis of diabetes.
The Dynamics of Labour Flexibility: Relationships between Employment Type and Innovativeness
Authors: Martínez‐Sánchez Angel , Vela‐Jiménez María‐José , Pérez‐Pérez Manuela , de‐Luis‐Carnicer Pilar 
Published: February 2010

abstractThis paper investigates the relationship between flexible human resource (HR) practices and innovativeness. Testing the research model in a sample of first‐tier automotive suppliers indicates that internal flexibility practices are positively related to innovativeness. Regarding external flexibility, the association depends on the type of contingent employee: negative association for ‘short‐term hires’ and positive association for ‘consulting/contracting firms’. The relationships to innovativeness for practices associated with knowledge transfer are moderated by environmental dynamism, but the non‐knowledge related practices are not. Firms in highly dynamic environments can benefit more from flexible HR practices than firms in less dynamic environments.
Inflation Developments and Perceptions after the Euro Cash Changeover
Authors: Ehrmann Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This paper analyses the evolution of inflation and of consumers’ inflation perceptions in the aftermath of the euro cash changeover. It finds that the cross-country variation of food product inflation was dependent on the complexity of conversion rates, with statistically significant and economically sizeable effects especially for low-priced items sold in mid-priced stores. The paper also shows that cross-country differences in the mismatch of perceived and actual inflation were linked to differences in the complexity of conversion rates. These results are in line with theories of finite information-processing capacities on the side of consumers.
Public Expenditures on Education and Cultural Affairs in the West German States: Does Government Ideology Influence the Budget Composition?
Authors: Potrafke Niklas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper examines whether government ideology influenced the allocation of public expenditures on education and cultural affairs in the West German states in the 1974-2006 period. I explicitly consider the allocation of policy responsibilities between the federal and the states’ governments. The results suggest that leftist governments slightly increased public spending for schooling, whereas right wing governments spent somewhat more on universities and cultural affairs. This spending pattern appears to be in line with the preferences of the governing parties’ constituencies and indicates political competition in a time of declining electoral cohesion.
Electrically evoked nociceptive potentials for early detection of diabetic small‐fiber neuropathy
Authors: Mueller D. , Obermann M. , Koeppen S. , Kavuk I. , Yoon M.‐S. , Sack F. , Diener H.‐C. , Kaube H. , Katsarava Z. 
Published: February 2010

Background and purpose:  This study investigated the utility of pain‐related evoked potentials (PREP’s) elicited by a nociceptive electrical stimulation of the skin (= electrically evoked nociceptive potentials) in early detection of diabetic small‐fiber neuropathy.Methods:  We studied 36 ‘young’ (19–35 years) and 24 ‘older’ (36–65 years) healthy subjects as well as 35 patients (35–64 years) with diabetes and neuropathic symptoms and 22 patients (34–64 years) with diabetes without neuropathic symptoms. Only patients with normal standard nerve conduction testing were included.Results:  In patients with neuropathic symptoms, we found a significant increase in PREP latencies and decrease of amplitudes elicited from both, upper and lower limbs. In non‐symptomatic diabetic patients, we observed PREP abnormalities from lower limbs only.Conclusions:  These data suggest that the method of pain‐related evoked potentials elicited by a nociceptive electrical stimulation of the skin may contribute to the early detection of diabetic sensory neuropathy.