bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban seismic experiments investigate Seattle Fault and Basin
Authors: Brocher Thomas M. , Pratt Thomas L. , Creager Ken C. , Crosson Robert S. , Steele William P. , Weaver Craig S. , Frankel Arthur D. , TrØhu, Anne M. , Snelson Catherine M. , Miller Kate C. , Harder Steven H. , ten Brink Uri S. 
Published: October 2011

In the past decade, Earth scientists have recognized the seismic hazards that crustal faults and sedimentary basins pose to Seattle, Washington (Figure 1). In 1998, the US. Geological Survey and its collaborators initiated a series of urban seismic studies of the upper crust to better map seismogenic structures and sedimentary basins in the Puget Lowland. These studies are called the Seismic Hazard Investigations of Puget Sound (SHIPS).In March 1998, we conducted our first SHIPS study, an investigation of the upper crustal structure of the Puget Lowland, using marine airgun sources and land recorders [Fisher et al., 1999].The study was nicknamed Wet SHIPS. In September 1999, we obtained a seismic refraction line to study the upper crustal structure in the Seattle area in a land‐based study nicknamed Dry SHIPS [Brocher et al., 2000] (Figure 1). In March 2000, we recorded the demolition of the Seattle Kingdome sports stadium using a dense array of seismic recorders for a detailed site response study; this study was nicknamed Kingdome SHIPS (Figure 1).
Solar variability and climate change: An historical perspective
Authors: Feldman Theodore S. 
Published: October 2011

There is nothing new about the debate over the Sun's influence on terrestrial climate.As early as the late 18th century, widespread concern for the deterioration of the Earth's climate led to speculation about the Sun's role in climate change [Feldman, 1993; Fleming, 1990]. Drawing analogies with variations in the brightness of stars, the British astronomer William Herschel suggested that greater sunspot activity would result in warmer terrestrial climates. Herschel supported his hypothesis by referring to price series for wheat published in Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations [Hufbauer, 1991]. Later, the eminent American physicist Joseph Henry demonstrated by thermopile measurements that, contrary to Herschel's assumption, sunspots were cooler than the unblemished portions of the solar disk.
Advisory Committee releases U.S. National Assessment on Potential Consequences of Climate Change
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A newly released, first‐ever US. national assessment on climate change and variability warns about how greenhouse gases might affect human and natural systems in different regions throughout the country, and also suggests that policy makers and the public consider feasible adaptation strategies to cope with potential changes in the United States.Anticipated effects of climate change in the United States include increased warming that could lead to varying regional impacts and significant problems concerning water resources, ecosystems, coastal areas, and other sectors.
Hague climate talks collapse, new round called for next year
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

When it comes to global greenhouse gas emissions, the U.S. slice of the pie amounts to roughly one‐fourth.For one moment on November 22, though, the U.S. chief negotiator to the Sixth Conference of the Parties (COP 6) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change wore the entire (custard) pie on his face and suit coat, courtesy of a protester pushing for stronger U.S. support to cut industrial emissions.
International Space Station lauded, debated at symposium
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Astronauts labored successfully in early December to unfurl solar wings on the International Space Station, which will help make that craft the third‐largest object in the night sky as seen from Earth, and help power the station for at least 15 years as a continuous small scientific village in space. While astronauts from the “Endeavor” U.S. space shuttle worked on the solar panels, NASA Administrator Dan Goldin and U.S. House of Representatives Science Committee Chair James Sensenbrenner (R‐Wis.) praised the International Space Station (ISS), but exchanged shots across the bow during a December 4 symposium in Washington, D.C.Sensenbrenner, a leading congressional watchdog of the project, said that the United States “should be restructuring relations with Russia on the space station” because of that country's recent, and reportedly short‐lived threat to violate the international Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). The regime restricts the export of some delivery systems capable of carrying weapons of mass destruction. Sensenbrenner said Russia's recent announcement [of its intention] to break a secret deal not to sell conventional weapons to Iran after January 1, 2001 is a cause for reconsidering the space station working relationship.
Member receives Premier U.S. Award for Young Scientists
Authors: Grant Shermonta L. 
Published: October 2011

Robert P. Dziak, an AGU member and chief seismologist at NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), is one of 59 U.S. scientists to receive this year's Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers.The award is the highest honor given by the U.S. government to exceptional scientists and engineers who are launching their careers.
Put Your Science to Work: The Take‐Charge Career Guide for Scientists
Authors: Fiske Peter S. 
Published: October 2011

This is the first of an occasional column in which the author or authors of a book recently published byAGU will be interviewed and their new book discussed.In this issue, Eos talks with Peter S. Fiske, the author of Put Your Science to Work: The Take‐Charge Career Guide for Scientists. This is an update to his 1996 best‐seller, To Boldly Go: A Practical Career Guide for Scientists, which became a best‐seller for its comprehensive, hands‐on guidance to scientists and scientistsin‐training about the full range of professional opportunties open to them—including non‐traditional ones—and how best to achieve success in them.
Linking Mediterranean brine pools and mud volcanism
Authors:   MEDINAUT/MEDINETH Shipboard Scientific Parties
Published: October 2011

Methane seepage at mud volcanoes around the world continues to be of broad international interest for a number of reasons.Among these, seafloor methane is a potentially important contributor to global warming. In addition, dewatering and degassing of sediments and the formation of fluid migration pathways is important not only to sedimentologists, but also to hydrocarbon reservoir engineers and hydrologists.
COMNAP:The National Managers in Antarctica
Authors: Jacobs Judy , Eastman Timothy 
Published: October 2011

What is the sole example in human history of unified governance of an entire continent? What is the manifest case of multinational cooperation during the Cold War which affected a large region of the Earth's surface, yet which rarely entered newspaper headlines? For the answer, ask our friends, the penguins; or better yet, read a new book about a remarkable international effort in territorial governance in support of geophysical research and environmental protection, by Captain Alfred N. Fowler, USN (Retired).COMNAP: The National Managers in Antarctica is a personal account of the formation and development of the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (CONMAP), the permanent working group that has operational responsibility and oversight for the many research and other non‐profit activities in Antarctica, carried out under the authority of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959. Established in the context of the treaty, CONMAP is the organization responsible for the safe operation and efficient management of national and non‐governmental programs of research, environmental monitoring, and other activities performed under the treaty's key provision. This established Antarctica as offlimits to the sovereignty of individual governments, and instead, set aside the entirety of the continent for scientific research and for preservation, with governance to be a cooperative effort among signatory countries. Fowler served as executive secretary of CONMAP from 1988, the year of its formation, to 1997.
NASA workforce concerns
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

With nearly 25% of NASA's current workforce eligible to retire within five years, the agency faces “a huge retirement bulge,” according to U.S. Rep. Sherwood Boehlert (R‐NY). Boehlert, chair of the House of Representatives Science Committee, introduced legislation on 5 March to resolve these concerns by offering a package of stimuli to recruit and retain employees.Boehlert said that although NASA is not the only agency facing workforce issues, NASA's needs “are especially critical.”
Carbon fund could help developing countries
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The Community Development Carbon Fund, which began operations on 25 July, could help developing countries gain financial support for small‐scale greenhouse gas reduction projects.The fund would allow industrialized countries to receive greenhouse gas emission reduction credits for projects they support in developing countries. Projects would be developed under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, and emissions reductions would be transferable under various carbon market regulatory regimes, including those established under the protocol and by the European Union.
SeaBED finds some healthy Caribbean coral reefs
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A recent underwater survey has found that several Caribbean coral reefs are in better health than had been suspected, investigators announced on 24 July.The June survey of two reef areas in the U.S. Virgin Islands used SeaBED, an autonomous underwater vehicle, and found well‐developed, deeper water coral reefs with nearly 100% living coral cover. The health of these reef areas, 30–80 meters below the surface in the Marine Conservation District Hind Bank and the South Drop, contrasts with the widespread coral mortality in shallower Caribbean reefs affected by disease, pollution, and run‐off.
Large Antarctic ozone loss foreseen
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The ozone “hole” above Antarctica in late September and early October could be among the biggest on record, scientists with the Australian Antarctic Division and the Bureau of Meteorology predicted on 21 August. The scientists have found colder than usual atmospheric temperatures present, which contribute to ozone loss.Australian Antarctic Division atmospheric scientist Andrew Klekociuk said the current meteorological trends are similar to those in 2000, a year when the ozone hole was of record size and covered an area about three times that of Australia. The first signs of cooling of the lower stratosphere were detected by lidar and balloon measurements at the Australian Antarctic Davis Station about 6 weeks earlier than during 2001 and 2002, he said. These cooling signs included the early detection of polar stratospheric clouds.
Bush administration defends environmental policies
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The chairman of the White House Council on Environmental Quality defended the Bush administration's initiatives on a wide range of environmental issues, including climate change, at a 22 January speech in Washington, D.C.CEQ chair James Connaughton said that economic growth is the solution, rather than the problem, for dealing with a wide range of environmental issues. He said that as a society advances along an affluence curve, it is better able to engage in environmental protection measures.
Fine‐tuning particulate matter research
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Determining the most hazardous chemical components and other characteristics of aerosol particulate matter should be a focus of research by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, according to a 24 March report by the National Research Council.The NRC Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter found that research specifically should focus on the impacts of particulate matter—such as dust, smoke, and soot—when it is mixed in a real‐life “soup” with other airborne contaminants.
Hundreds of U.S. countries fail ozone standards
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

About 159 million residents live in the 474 U.S. counties that either do not meet the 8‐hour standard for ground‐level ozone, or cause a downwind county to fail meeting the standard, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced on 15 April.Eighteen entire states met the standard. EPA also announced a new rule to classify areas by the severity of ozone conditions, and a set of Clean Air Rules of 2004 to help states and counties meet the standard.
U.K.'s leading carbon cycle research effort
Authors: Jacobs Judy 
Published: October 2011

The U.K.'s Natural Environment Research Centre (NERC) is launching QUEST, a 5‐year, $45.25‐million project to improve quantitative and qualitative understanding of large‐scale processes and interactions in the Earth system.The research program will have three main components, focusing on (1) the contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry; (2) the natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial‐interglacial and longer time scales; and (3) the implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources. Among its objectives are to improve understanding of the pattern and mechanisms for land and ocean uptake of anthropogenically‐sourced carbon dioxide.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Robert Kovach's second book looks at the interplay of earthquake and volcanic events, archeology and history in the Americas. Throughout history, major earthquakes have caused the deaths of millions of people and have damaged countless cities. Earthquakes undoubtedly damaged prehistoric cities in the Americas, and evidence of these events could be preserved in archeological records.Kovach asks, Did indigenous native cultures—Indians of the Pacific Northwest, Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas—document their natural history? Some events have been explicitly documented, for example, in Mayan codices, but many may have been recorded as myth and legend. Kovach's discussions of how early cultures dealt with fearful events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are colorful, informative, and entertaining, and include, for example, a depiction of how the Maya would talk to maize plants in their fields during earthquakes to reassure them.
Argo Network reaches half‐way mark
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Researchers with the international Argo program announced on 30 November that 1,500 ocean‐traveling float instruments, one‐half of the target number, are now in operation. Argo floats are programmed to sink far below the ocean surface and drift for up to 4 years.Every 10 days the instruments surface to relay temperature, salinity, and current information to satellites.
Changes at USGS
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Charles “Chip” Groat, director of the U.S. Geological Survey since 1998, resigned from the agency on 17 June to become founding director of The University of Texas at Austin's new Center for International Energy and Environmental Policy.P. Patrick Leahy, the Survey's associate director for geology, has been named as interim director of USGS. A permanent director must be nominated by U.S. President Bush and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
Research Spotlight: Sunlight reflection confirms liquid lake on Titan
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie 
Published: October 2011

A glint of sunlight reflecting from the surface of Saturn's moon Titan indicates the presence of a lake filled with liquid. Earlier observations showed features that look like terrestrial lakes and seas in Titan's northern polar region, but the presence of liquid had not been confirmed. Stephan et al. report the first detection of a directly visible glint, also called a specular reflection.A specular reflection occurs when sunlight reflects off a smooth, mirror‐like liquid surface. Cassini captured an image of the glint on 8 July 2009, and the researchers determined that it came from Kraken Mare, a large basin near Titan's north pole. Until recently the northern polar regions of Titan had been in winter darkness since Cassini's arrival in 2004; the recent direct illumination by sunlight made it possible to observe these optical reflections for the first time. Titan is the only body other than Earth in the solar system known to have stable liquid on its surface.
Research Spotlight: Simulations show deep oil from leak is confined to Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Kumar Mohi , Tretkoff Ernie 
Published: October 2011

The Deepwater Horizon oil leak caused severe environmental damage in the Gulf of Mexico, and aspects of its environmental impact are still unknown. In addition to surface oil slicks, large underwater plumes of oil were found.To help evaluate the potential environmental impact, Adcroft et al. ran simulations of underwater plumes of dissolved and suspended oil originating from a point source in the Gulf of Mexico. They assessed dispersal and decay mechanisms, examining the possibility that toxic concentrations of dissolved oil might exit the Gulf of Mexico.
Economic Crunch
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai's exposition of the economic burdens of his country at the Seven Thousand Cadres Conference. Zhou exposed three major problems, including China's parlous grain-supply situation, the relationship of that problem to the urban population, and the country's external liabilities. His gloomy outline of China's economic condition ensured that the most important immediate result of the conference was to unleash a flurry of activity among senior economic officials.
Mao Changes the Signals
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the reaction of Mao Zedong to the CCP Central Committee's circulation of a document seeking answers on agricultural policy, particular on the baochan daohu policy of dividing the fields down to the household. It suggests that Mao might have instantly realized upon reading the questionnaire that he could no longer rely upon the man he had placed in the post of General Secretary to ensure the loyalty of the party to himself. It contends that a reversal of opinion on baochan daohu would threaten Mao's whole vision of a collectivist China and had to be resisted. This chapter also discusses Liu Shaoqi's role on the baochan daohu issue.
Mao in Charge
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines Mao Zedong's reassertion of control over the main lines of foreign and domestic policy in the second half of 1962. During this period, Mao started to form an informal cabinet to assist him, an ad hoc coalition of trusted supporters like Kang Sheng, which would become a truly anti-party group when the Cultural Revolution was launched. The adoption of this extra-bureaucratic approach was based on the belief that the Communist Party's machinery was no longer loyal to Mao and that it no longer shared his vision.
The Socialist Education Movement
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines Mao Zedong's launch of the Social Education Movement (SEM) in China as a way to prevent revisionism. Under Mao's direction, the CCP stepped up its campaign to oppose revisionism abroad through the activities of Wu Xiuquan on his East European odyssey. Mao no longer saw the Soviet Union as the future China. The launch of the SEM would be the setting for Mao's decisive break with Liu Shaoqi.
The Coming of the Cataclysm
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the stages in the development of the Cultural Revolution in China. The first stage was set in May 1966 in Beijing where Mao Zedong was working behind the scenes. It was Kang Sheng's wife Cao Yiou who persuaded Peking University teachers to denounce university administrators, which started a series of demonstrations. This was followed by the public appearance of Mao in July 1966, his meeting with leftist leaders, and his decision in the eleventh Plenum to rule without restraint. A crucial tactical element in Mao's game plan was the differential treatment of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping.
Howard Nemerov: Mimicry and other Tropes
Authors: Prunty Wyatt 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
When we mention mimicry we think “of” a thing imitated, but “of” is a middle term that both holds a thing off and holds it close. It may indicate a point or direction by which one reckons, a derivation, a cause, the constitutive material of a thing, belonging or possession, a separation, an object of some action, the place in time of a particular action. There is both overlap and distance created by the polynomial function that “of” introduces between a subject and its object, or between an object and its copy. The relationship between the contemporary poet who employs synaposematic mimicry and the object imitated involves all these meanings. The poet’s mimicry carries these meanings the way a primitive shepherd’s notched bone was used for reckoning his sheep or the way a Mesopotamian egg-shaped envelope with clay balls inside it was used for the same purpose. At first mimicry carries us through an ordinal sequence of particulars; taken in the aggregate, however, it becomes a cardinal summary that is both inclusive and separative. This chapter first takes Nemerov’s poems on their own terms, and then considers how by synaposematism and other modes of thought they investigate, separate, deflect, make safe, and generate wholeness.
‘Or’ in Opaque Contexts
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the conceptual orbitings of individuals corresponding to lists of noun phrases formed with ‘or’. We should resist the precept that a set-theoretic union must be contrived for every occurrence of ‘or’ in favour of some discourse-theoretical account that codifies the work that ‘or’ does in the punctuation of speech. A succession of sentences composed with ‘or’ is replaced by a succession of forms containing non-assertive occurrences of those sentences either composed with ‘and’ or as separate acts of speech. The discussion of the behaviour of ‘or’ may be taken up in intensional environments where Quine left the subject of the opacity of certain verbs. The degree of particularity of the intentions is reflected in the particularity with which the dative pronoun will permit existential generalization.
The Adverbial ‘Or’
Authors: Jennings R. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The last chapter shows the use of ‘or’ as an adverb. The discourse-adverbial view invites us rather to think of each clause as formulaically giving permission rather than asserting permissibility. Discourse adverbial uses of ‘or’ may be regarded as the most primitive uses. The invention of logic, or rather the many inventions of logic, for it has been invented many times, has always involved the suspension of some regularities governing the uses of ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘not’, ‘if, ‘possibly’, and so on in favor of others. Traditional grammar and its late offspring represent one possible way of describing and representing discourse, howsoever fragmentarily. Our understanding of discourse ought to be measured, not in our understanding of that isolated path, but in the multiplicity of other possible paths that we are also capable of recognizing.