bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Care dependence and individual care provision
Authors: Maaskant M. A. , Kessels A. G. H. , Frederiks C. M. A. , Haveman M. J. , van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de Valk H. M. J. , Urlings H. F. J. , Sturmans F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor policy purposes as well as for the provision of individual care, it Is relevant to know which individual characteristics have impact upon the level of care dependence. For purposes of individual care provision, characteristics which can be influenced and which also have an important impact upon the care dependence are of interest. This study showed that the profoundly mentally handicapped are almost all totally dependent upon care, and therefore additional information about individual characteristics is superfluous. The results of logistic regression analyses showed a statistically significant and important impact of ADL‐functions. Exactly which other characteristics are relevant to consider depends upon the level of care dependence and the level of mental handicap.
Eating disorders in adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Gravestock S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is an increasing focus on the nutrition of people with intellectual disability (ID), but less interest in the range of eating disorders (EDs) that they may exhibit and the bio‐psycho‐social impact of these conditions. Despite diagnostic and methodological difficulties, psychopathology and ED research studies suggest that 3–42% of institutionalized adults with ID and 1–19% of adults with ID in the community have diagnosable EDs. Weight surveys indicate that 2–35% of adults with ID are obese and 5–43% are significantly underweight, but the contribution of diagnosable EDs is unknown. Such data and case reports suggest that EDs are associated with considerable physical, behavioural, psychiatric and social comorbidity. Review papers have focused on the aetiology and treatment of pica, rumination, regurgitation, psychogenic vomiting and food faddiness/refusal. Emerging clinical issues are the development of appropriate diagnostic criteria, multimodal assessment and clinically effective treatment approaches. Key service issues include staff training to improve awareness, addressing comorbidity and access issues, and maintaining support for adults with ID and EDs, and their carers. Research should confirm the multifaceted aetiology and comorbidity of EDs. Then multicomponent assessment and treatment models for EDs can be developed and evaluated.
Experiences of staff in dealing with client sexuality in services for teenagers and adults with intellectual disability
Authors: McConkey R. , Ryan D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have focused on staff attitudes to sexuality rather than their experience of dealing with sexual incidents. A self‐completion questionnaire was devised in which seven scenarios were proposed relating to client sexuality (e.g. public masturbation and accusation of sexual abuse). Staff noted whether or not they had encountered this type of incident, and if so, how confident they felt (or would feel) in dealing with it, and whether or not they would enlist the help of colleagues. Questionnaires were sent to all statutory, voluntary and private service providers (including schools) within one community health and social services trust area in Northern Ireland, and 150 staff responded. Around two‐thirds of staff reported having dealt with at least one of the seven incidents listed. Staff with previous experience of the incident listed, felt that they could deal with it more confidently in future, as did staff working in residential services rather than day services. The latter group of staff were more likely to enlist the help of colleagues than were residential staff. Nearly 50% of staff identified more training and clear policy guidelines as the two means of increasing their confidence in dealing with issues of client sexuality. These results highlight the need for staff training that spans agencies and results in common approaches to client sexuality. Suggestions for further research are noted.
Neuropsychological test battery in the follow‐up of patients with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
Authors: Lamminranta S. , Åberg L. E. , Autti T. , Moren R. , Laine T. , Kaukoranta J. , Santavuori P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to develop a neuropsychological test battery for patients with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) and to study the development of cognitive functions during the first 5 years after diagnosis. Fourteen patients with JNCL entered the study. Nine patients were homozygous for the major mutation, whereas five were compound heterozygotes. All patients were studied annually with a special neuropsychological test battery (NEPSY) adapted from Luria's neuropsychological test, and modified for the visually handicapped; the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Revised (WISC‐R) was also included. The neurological examinations were scored. Furthermore, 1.OT magnetic resonance imaging scan was performed at the beginning of follow‐up and after a mean of 5 years. A decline in verbal IQ (WISC‐R) during the follow‐up period was found in all subjects except one compound heterozygous male. Short‐term memory and digit memory span were already impaired at an early stage of the disease. Orientation to time was found to decline more than orientation to person and place. Motor speed usually became impaired after 10 years of age. Spatial orientation was impaired only in the patients homozygous for the major mutation. The test battery was found to be reliable and easy to use, and offered valuable information on the progress of the disease. It also provided important guidelines for rehabilitation.
Consistency, context and confidence in judgements of affective communication in adults with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities
Authors: Hogg J. , Reeves D. , Roberts J. , Mudford O. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwenty‐four service providers rated 12 video samples of four service users with whom they were familiar for affective behaviour (i.e. ‘like’/‘dislike’) and confidence (i.e. ‘certain’/’uncertain’) in their judgement. Each video sample had been recorded as part of a stimulus preference assessment during which a wide range of specific stimuli were presented to each service user. Each video sample was presented twice in a counterbalanced design either with contextual information, i.e. what the presented stimulus was (C) or without such information, i.e. context free (CF). The observers showed considerable individual variation in their judgements, largely uninfluenced by the availability or otherwise of contextual information. However, as a group, observers significantly distinguished between video samples with regard to affective communication (determined through multiple analyses of variance) and the pattern of judgements, i.e. the relative judgement of positive or negative affect, from one sample to another. This showed a good level of consistency between observers (determined through principal components analysis). The impact of contextual information was not apparent for all video samples. However, contextual information significantly influenced judgements in four samples, typically making them more extreme; for example, a response indicative of positive affect in the CF situation became more positive when contextual information was provided, indicating that the stimulus was one that the participant was thought to like.
Electrophysiology and intelligence: the electrophysiology of intellectual functions in intellectual disability
Authors: Martín‐Loeches M. , Muñoz‐Ruata J. , Martínez‐Lebrusant L. , Gómez‐Jarabo G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 127 subjects with intellectual disability were analysed with regarding to their correlation to intellectual functions in order to further understand the relationships between EEG and intelligence. The EEG frequency spectrum was subdivided into 15, 2‐Hz‐wide bands and was recorded from electrodes F1, Fpz, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1, Oz and O2. Patterns of acorrelation showed several similarities when compared to other analogous studies with normal subjects. However, the typical finding in the present study was a high number of correlations involving the frontal lobes, mainly the prefrontal portions, which is at variance with the patterns of normal subjects. Frontal lobes, especially the prefrontal regions, seem to be affected, regardless of its aetiology, in subjects with intellectual disability.
A general practice‐based prevalence study of epilepsy among adults with intellectual disabilities and of its association with psychiatric disorder, behaviour disturbance and carer stress
Authors: Matthews T. , Weston N. , Baxter H. , Felce D. , Kerr M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  Although the elevated occurrence of epilepsy in people with intellectual disabilities (ID) is well recognized, the nature of seizures and their association with psychopathology and carer strain are less clearly understood. The aims were to determine the prevalence and features of epilepsy in a community‐based population of adults with ID, and to explore whether the presence of epilepsy was associated with greater psychopathology or carer strain.Methods  Data were collected on the age, gender, place of residence, adaptive and challenging behaviour, social abilities and psychiatric status of 318 adults from 40 general practices, together with the degree of malaise and strain of family carers. For participants with epilepsy, a nurse collected information on seizures, investigations, treatment and carer concerns by interview. Association between epilepsy and psychiatric morbidity, challenging behaviour and caregiver malaise or strain, was explored by comparing those with epilepsy with a comparison group matched on adaptive behaviour.Results  Fifty‐eight participants (18%) had epilepsy: 26% were seizure free, but 34% had extremely poorly controlled seizures. Earlier onset and seizure frequency were associated with adaptive behaviour. Carer concerns were related to seizure frequency and a history of injury. There were no significant differences in psychopathology, carer malaise or caregiver strain between the matched epilepsy and non‐epilepsy groups.Conclusions  This study supports the high occurrence and chronicity of epilepsy among people with ID. While psychopathology and carer strain is common within this population, underlying disability‐related factors appear to be more important than the presence of epilepsy per se.
Caudal epidural injection of lidocaine, tramadol, and lidocaine–tramadol for epidural anesthesia in cattle
Authors: BIGHAM A. S. , HABIBIAN S. , GHASEMIAN F. , LAYEGHI S. 
Published: July 2010

Bigham, A. S., Habibian, S., Ghasemian, F., Layeghi, S. Caudal epidural injection of lidocaine, tramadol, and lidocaine–tramadol for epidural anesthesia in Cattle.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.33, 439–443.Caudal epidural anesthesia is commonly utilized in veterinary medicine to allow diagnostic, obstetrical, and surgical intervention, in the perineal region of large animal. The aim of this study is to directly compare the time of onset and duration of analgesia produced by a tramadol and lidocaine–tramadol combination with that produced by lidocaine administration in the epidural space of Cattle. Five healthy adult Holstein dairy cows were selected to this study. Epidural anesthesia was produced in all cows by lidocaine, with 2 weeks intervals repeated by a combination of lidocaine–tramadol and tramadol. Time to onset and duration of analgesia were recorded. Heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature were recorded at 0 min and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 75 min after the epidural administrations of each treatments. The tramadol produced a significant (P < 0.05) longer duration of analgesia (306.8 ± 8.58 min) than lidocaine (69.40 ± 8.96 min) alone and lidocaine–tramadol combination (174 ± 4.84 min). Also, lidocaine–tramadol combination produced a significant (P < 0.05) longer duration of analgesia than lidocaine alone. Complete analgesia began at 14.10 ± 1.57 min in the tramadol treatment, being more delayed than in the treatments with lidocaine–tramadol (4.84 ± 0.68 min) and lidocaine (3.90 ± 0.89 min). Body temperatures, heart rates, and respiratory rates were not significantly different in comparison with baseline values throughout the study in the all treatments. The combination of lidocaine–tramadol produced anesthesia of longer duration than lidocaine and the onset time was approximately same as for the lidocaine group. Utilizing this combination, long duration of anesthesia could commence relatively soon after epidural injection and might be used without re‐administration of anesthetic agent in long‐duration obstetrical and surgical procedures.
Strain‐specific immunity induced by immunization with pre‐erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium chabaudi
Authors: CULLETON R. L. , INOUE M. , REECE S. E. , CHEESMAN S. , CARTER R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryOne of the most promising approaches in the efforts to produce a malaria vaccine involves the use of attenuated whole sporozoite immunizations. Attenuation may be achieved by the use of genetic modification, irradiation, chemical attenuation, or by the contemporaneous administration of antimalarial drugs that target only the erythrocytic stages of the parasite. Most research to date has focused on the efficacy of these approaches upon challenge with parasites homologous to those used for the initial immunizations. We, as have others, have previously shown that a component of the immunity achieved against the erythrocytic stages of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi is strain‐specific, with a stronger immune response targeting the immunizing strain than genetically distinct strains. Here, we show that the immunity induced by infection with the pre‐erythrocytic stages of these parasites, achieved via inoculation of sporozoites contemporaneously with mefloquine, also has a strain‐specific component.
Serology and Genetics of Te58(W18) and Other Specificities Included in the 4c Complex
Authors: ALBERT E. D. , MICKEY M. R. , TERASAKI P. I. 
Published: July 2010

In order to clarify the distinction between three antigens included in the 4c complex, correlation coefficients, gene frequencies, haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium parameters are given for HL‐A5, Te50 = W5 and Te58 = W18 in three different ethnic groups.Te58 = W18 is shown to be an allele of the second segregant series by data from family studies by correlation coefficients, by the lack of triplets, and by the goodness of fit according to the Hardy‐Weinberg law.
Escape from Sensitization to HL‐A Antibodies
Authors: MIYAJIMA T. , HIRATA A. A. , TERASAKI P. I. 
Published: July 2010

Human lymphocytes sensitized with HL‐A antibodies could not be killed by the addition of complement if the lymphocytes were incubated for periods of 1 to 5 hours at 37° C. This phenomenon was not produced by simple dissociation of the antibodies or by loss of antigens (modulation), but rather is postulated to result from an active release or pinocytosis of HL‐A antigens together with the attached antibody. “Escape from sensitization” is followed closely by reformation of antigens, for the cells can readily be resensitized and killed by addition of complement. Loss of sensitization is an active process, since one‐day‐aged lymphocytes or lymphocytes treated with actinomycin D or puromycin were unable to express this activity. A differential escape rate for different specificities was encountered indicating that HL‐A9 was produced more rapidly than several other specificities present on the same lymphocytes. A correlation was noted between the rate of HL‐A antigen synthesis by lymphocytes (indicated by escape rate) and the quantity of HL‐A antigen in the serum.Inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity was used to detect the presence of HL‐A antigens in serum. Certain specificities, such as HL‐A9, were generally present in serum whereas others, such as HL‐A8, could not be detected. Cross‐inhibition tests with over 100 sera clearly showed an association of inhibition with specificity, although nonspecific inhibition was often observed. Sephadex fractions of sera tested at different concentrations revealed the greatest inhibitory activity in the 19S and 7S fractions.
Raising Leucocyte Alloantisera in Limited Populations of Sub‐human Primates
Authors: HAWKER R. J. , BARNES A. D. , KING LINDA M. 
Published: July 2010

A method is described for selecting animals in which to raise antisera of narrow specificity from limited populations of sub‐human primates in the absence of both genetically related animals or of alloantisera.Antisera detecting the lymphocyte polymorphisms of sub‐human primates have been produced in three species of primate: Macaca mulatta, Papio anubis and P.cynocephalus, by repeated subcutaneous skin grafting between selected animals. A simple single‐stage micro‐cytotoxicity test is described and shown to be both applicable and reproducible in these species with the many sources of antisera. Selection of donor‐recipient pairs of close antigenic make‐up was achieved using a wide range of heterologous antisera that cross‐reacted with the lymphocytes of other species. Rhesus alloantisera were also used for rhesus donor selection. The antisera produced in the 13 selected animals were high titre; the 100 % cytotoxic end‐point against donor cells reached as high as 1/384 after 8 sets of skin grafts. Four of these antisera appear to be operationally monospecific without adsorption. The antisera titres of the animals have been traced over a period during and after repeated sensitization.
HL‐A Antigens and Diseases. I. Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Jersild C. , Svejgaard A. , Fog T. , Ammitzbøll T. 
Published: July 2010

A total of 135 patients with a definite diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been HL–A typed. Increased frequencies of HL–A3 and 7 were found. Combining our material with other data revealed significant increases in HL–A3, HL–A7 and W18 and significant decreases in HL–A2 and HL–A12. The relative incidence ratios of Woolf (1955) were used in these comparisons and depicted graphically.Titres of anti‐measles virus antibody were determined in sera of 132 of the patients. Increased titres were significantly more frequent in patients carrying HL–A3, 7 and/or W18 as compared to patients lacking these antigens. This finding may be interpreted as possibly reflecting the existence of an immune recognition locus (Ir) linked to the HL–A loci.
The Histocompatibility Complex of Rhesus Monkeys. II. A Major Locus Controlling Reactivity in Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Balner H. , Toth E. K. 
Published: July 2010

Rhesus monkeys have a genetic locus which has a major influence on reactivity in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLR). This MLR locus is closely linked to the RhL–A system2, which controls the serologically defined histocompatibility antigens of this species. Three cases of recombination between RhL–A and the MLR region are described. Consequently, the MLR locus is located outside the RhL–A region proper, possibly adjacent to the locus defining the antigens of the 1st series. The recombination frequency between the MLR and RhL–A regions of rhesus monkeys is similar to that found for the analogous systems of man.Inhibition of MLR can be achieved by pre‐incubation of responder or stimulator cells with cytotoxic anti‐RhL–A sera. Such inhibition is highly specific and probably caused by an interaction of the sera with RhL–A surface antigens, not with MLR determinants. Yet, there is circumstantial evidence that non‐cytotoxic sera can be produced which inhibit MLR, presumably by affecting MLR determinants on the cell surface.The relevance of MLR to histocompatibility and the genetic control of the immune response of rhesus monkeys to synthetic antigens, are the subjects of current studies which are briefly discussed.
Poly‐DL‐Alanyl Skin Isograft Rejection by Purified Anti‐Poly‐DL‐Alanyl Antibodies
Authors: Clerici E. , Schechter I. , Villa M. L. , Marocchi A. 
Published: July 2010

Viable mouse skin flaps conjugated with poly‐DL‐alanine chains were obtained by in vitro treatment with the N‐carboxyanhydride of DL‐alanine. It was assumed that the reacting groups are directly and covalently linked to the histocompatibility antigen molecules, or are in their close vicinity. Therefore, the transplantation of the poly‐DL‐alanylated skin flaps onto syngeneic recipients might provide a model for studying the behavior of antibodies of poly‐DL‐alanyl specificity in graft rejection.When purified rabbit anti‐poly‐DL‐alanyl antibodies were passively administered to mice transplanted with poly‐DL‐alanylated skin, the graft survival was sharply reduced as compared with that of the controls. This observation might suggest that certain antibodies which have been produced in rabbits, can reduce graft survival when passively administered to mice. If mice were immunized with poly‐DL‐alanyl‐RSA before grafting, in order to elicit an active production of anti‐poly‐DL‐alanyl antibodies, the poly‐DL‐alanylated skin graft survival was similar to that of the controls. It is possible that this phenomenon may be caused by the production of non‐C‐fixing antibodies.
HL‐A Antigens and Some Immunological Parameters in Psoriasis
Authors: Seignalet J. , Clot J. , Guilhou J. J. , Duntze F. , Meynadier J. , Robinet‐levy M. 
Published: July 2010

HL‐A typing was performed on 110 psoriatics and confirmed the highly increased frequencies of W17, HL‐A13 and HL‐A1‐W17 haplotype previously reported in two American works. Psoriasis was found twice as frequently among close relatives of W17 patients as in other groups. Yet, psoriasis and W17, when associated in individuals, were not always transmitted together genetically. Articular signs did not seem to have any relation to HL‐A antigens. The comparison of our results with those of two previous investigations showed probable modifications in the distribution of several HL‐A antigens: increased HL‐A1 and HL‐A2, decreased HL‐A9, W28, HL‐A7 and HL‐A12.Some immunologic disturbances appeared particularly frequently in psoriasis, namely, an elevated IgE titer in serum and an anti‐IgG activity demonstrated on peripheral blood lymphocytes and in serum. It has been noted that numerous diseases related to HL‐A are accompanied by immune perturbations.The mechanisms of association between HL‐A, immunity disorders and some diseases are discussed, including the following possibilities: indirect action of HL‐A through an epistasis phenomenon; direct action of HL‐A by antigenic cross‐reactions favouring the penetration of an aetiologic agent; no action of HL‐A which would thus only be a genetic marker linked with a locus governing some immune reactions.
HL‐A Antigens of the Indiana Amish.
Authors: Kostyu D. , Amos D. B. , Harris S. , Pool P. , Johnson A. H. , Ward F. E. , Yunis E. J. 
Published: July 2010

Genetic analysis of HL‐A, MLR and other immunologic studies are difficult to conduct in a typical Caucasian population where families tend to be small and lineage complex. The use of a genetically isolated, consanguinous population with extensive family records has marked advantages.The Indiana Amish, numbering some 10,000 individuals, include many large multigeneration and interrelated family groups. We present here an initial summary on HL‐A typing results of the Amish in Indiana.
Study of HL‐A Genotypes in a Case of Familial Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
Authors: Delmas‐marsalet Y. , Hors J. , Colombani J. , Dausset J. 
Published: July 2010

Blood groups and HL‐A antigens were determined in 12 members of a family in which chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) occurs in four siblings. The same HL‐A haplotype [Da25 (W30 + W31), HL‐A13] was observed in the three diseased siblings tested.This case, together with that of a similar family studied by Schweitzer et al. (1973), in which three out of five diseased siblings shared two antigens ‐ HL‐A2 and W5 ‐ suggests a possible linkage between HL‐A and susceptibility to CLL.