bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skeletal Muscle Triglycerides, Diacylglycerols, and Ceramides in Insulin Resistance
Authors: Amati Francesca , Dubé John J. , Alvarez-Carnero Elvis , Edreira Martin M. , Chomentowski Peter , Coen Paul M. , Switzer Galen E. , Bickel Perry E. , Stefanovic-Racic Maja , Toledo Frederico G.S. , Goodpaster Bret H. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Chronic exercise and obesity both increase intramyocellular triglycerides (IMTGs) despite having opposing effects on insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that chronically exercise-trained muscle would be characterized by lower skeletal muscle diacylglycerols (DAGs) and ceramides despite higher IMTGs and would account for its higher insulin sensitivity. We also hypothesized that the expression of key skeletal muscle proteins involved in lipid droplet hydrolysis, DAG formation, and fatty-acid partitioning and oxidation would be associated with the lipotoxic phenotype.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 14 normal-weight, endurance-trained athletes (NWA group) and 7 normal-weight sedentary (NWS group) and 21 obese sedentary (OBS group) volunteers were studied. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by glucose clamps. IMTGs, DAGs, ceramides, and protein expression were measured in muscle biopsies.

RESULTS
DAG content in the NWA group was approximately twofold higher than in the OBS group and ~50% higher than in the NWS group, corresponding to higher insulin sensitivity. While certain DAG moieties clearly were associated with better insulin sensitivity, other species were not. Ceramide content was higher in insulin-resistant obese muscle. The expression of OXPAT/perilipin-5, adipose triglyceride lipase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase protein was higher in the NWA group, corresponding to a higher mitochondrial content, proportion of type 1 myocytes, IMTGs, DAGs, and insulin sensitivity.

CONCLUSIONS
Total myocellular DAGs were markedly higher in highly trained athletes, corresponding with higher insulin sensitivity, and suggest a more complex role for DAGs in insulin action. Our data also provide additional evidence in humans linking ceramides to insulin resistance. Finally, this study provides novel evidence supporting a role for specific skeletal muscle proteins involved in intramyocellular lipids, mitochondrial oxidative capacity, and insulin resistance.
Obesity-Associated Hepatosteatosis and Impairment of Glucose Homeostasis Are Attenuated by Haptoglobin Deficiency
Authors: Lisi Simonetta , Gamucci Olimpia , Vottari Teresa , Scabia Gaia , Funicello Marcella , Marchi Matilde , Galli Giulia , Arisi Ivan , Brandi Rossella , D’Onofrio Mara , Pinchera Aldo , Santini Ferruccio , Maffei Margherita 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Haptoglobin (Hp) is upregulated in both inflammation and obesity. The low chronic inflammatory state, caused by massive adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) infiltration found in obesity, and low adiponectin have been implicated in the development of insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis. The aim of this work was to investigate whether and how Hp interferes with the onset of obesity-associated complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Hp-null (Hp−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice were metabolically profiled under chow-food diet (CFD) and high-fat diet (HFD) feeding by assessing physical parameters, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, insulin response to glucose load, liver triglyceride content, plasma levels of leptin, insulin, glucose, and adiponectin. ATM content was evaluated by using immunohistochemistry (anti-F4/80 antibody). Adiponectin expression was measured in Hp-treated, cultured 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes.

RESULTS
No genotype-related difference was found in CFD animals. HFD-Hp−/− mice revealed significantly higher glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and adiponectin expression and reduced hepatomegaly/steatosis compared with HFD-WT mice. White adipose tissue (WAT) of HFD-Hp−/− mice showed higher activation of insulin signaling cascade, lower ATM, and higher adiponectin expression. Hp was able to inhibit adiponectin expression in cultured adipocytes.

CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrated that in the absence of Hp, obesity-associated insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis are attenuated, which is associated with reduced ATM content, increased plasma adiponectin, and higher WAT insulin sensitivity.
Donor Islet Endothelial Cells in Pancreatic Islet Revascularization
Authors: Nyqvist Daniel , Speier Stephan , Rodriguez-Diaz Rayner , Molano R. Damaris , Lipovsek Saša , Rupnik Marjan , Dicker Andrea , Ilegems Erwin , Zahr-Akrawi Elsie , Molina Judith , Lopez-Cabeza Maite , Villate Susana , Abdulreda Midhat H. , Ricordi Camillo , Caicedo Alejandro , Pileggi Antonello , Berggren Per-Olof 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Freshly isolated pancreatic islets contain, in contrast to cultured islets, intraislet endothelial cells (ECs), which can contribute to the formation of functional blood vessels after transplantation. We have characterized how donor islet endothelial cells (DIECs) may contribute to the revascularization rate, vascular density, and endocrine graft function after transplantation of freshly isolated and cultured islets.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Freshly isolated and cultured islets were transplanted under the kidney capsule and into the anterior chamber of the eye. Intravital laser scanning microscopy was used to monitor the revascularization process and DIECs in intact grafts. The grafts’ metabolic function was examined by reversal of diabetes, and the ultrastructural morphology by transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS
DIECs significantly contributed to the vasculature of fresh islet grafts, assessed up to 5 months after transplantation, but were hardly detected in cultured islet grafts. Early participation of DIECs in the revascularization process correlated with a higher revascularization rate of freshly isolated islets compared with cultured islets. However, after complete revascularization, the vascular density was similar in the two groups, and host ECs gained morphological features resembling the endogenous islet vasculature. Surprisingly, grafts originating from cultured islets reversed diabetes more rapidly than those originating from fresh islets.

CONCLUSIONS
In summary, DIECs contributed to the revascularization of fresh, but not cultured, islets by participating in early processes of vessel formation and persisting in the vasculature over long periods of time. However, the DIECs did not increase the vascular density or improve the endocrine function of the grafts.
Disruption of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 in Adipocytes Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Decreases Adiposity in High-Fat Diet–Fed Mice
Authors: Jiang Changtao , Qu Aijuan , Matsubara Tsutomu , Chanturiya Tatyana , Jou William , Gavrilova Oksana , Shah Yatrik M. , Gonzalez Frank J. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes form a tightly correlated cluster of metabolic disorders in which adipose is one of the first affected tissues. The role of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) in the development of high-fat diet (HFD)–induced obesity and insulin resistance was investigated using animal models.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Mice with adipocyte-specific targeted disruption of the genes encoding the HIF1 obligatory subunits Hif1α or Arnt (Hif1β) were generated using an aP2-Cre transgene with the Cre/LoxP system. The mice were fed an HFD for 12 weeks and their metabolic phenotypes were determined. Gene expression patterns in adipose tissues were also determined by microarray and quantitative PCR.

RESULTS
On an HFD, adipocyte-specific ARNT knockout mice and adipocyte-specific HIF1α knockout mice exhibit similar metabolic phenotypes, including reduced fat formation, protection from HFD-induced obesity, and insulin resistance compared with similarly fed wild-type controls. The cumulative food intake remained similar; however, the metabolic efficiency was lower in adipocyte-specific HIF1α knockout mice. Moreover, indirect calorimetry revealed respiratory exchange ratios were reduced in adipocyte-specific HIF1α knockout mice. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies demonstrated that targeted disruption of HIF1α in adipocytes enhanced whole-body insulin sensitivity. The improvement of insulin resistance is associated with decreased expression of Socs3 and induction of adiponectin.

CONCLUSIONS
Inhibition of HIF1 in adipose tissue ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance. This study reveals that HIF1 could provide a novel potential therapeutic target for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Effects of a Home-Based Walking Intervention on Mobility and Quality of Life in People With Diabetes and Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Collins Tracie C. , Lunos Scott , Carlson Teri , Henderson Kimberly , Lightbourne Marissa , Nelson Brittney , Hodges James S. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVEDetermine the efficacy of a home-based walking intervention to improve walking ability and quality of life in people with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe conducted a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial within university-affiliated clinics in our local community. We randomized 145 participants (45 women) with diabetes and PAD to our intervention—a 6-month behavioral intervention targeting levels of readiness to engage in routine walking for exercise—versus attention control. Our primary outcome was 6-month change in maximal treadmill walking distance. Secondary outcomes included 3-month change in maximal walking distance, lower limb function (i.e., walking impairment scores), quality of life (Medical Outcomes Short Form Survey), exercise behaviors, depressive symptoms, and self-efficacy at 3 and 6 months.RESULTSThe mean age of participants was 66.5 (SD 10.1) years. Intervention and control groups did not differ significantly in 6-month change in maximal treadmill walking distance (average [SE] 24.5 [19.6] meters vs. 39.2 [19.6] meters; P = 0.60). Among secondary outcomes, for the intervention and control groups, respectively, average walking speed scores increased by 5.7 [2.2] units and decreased by 1.9 [2.8] units (P = 0.03); the mental health quality of life subscale score increased by 3.2 [1.5] and decreased by 2.4 [1.5] units (P = 0.01).CONCLUSIONSA home-based walking intervention did not improve walking distance but did improve walking speed and quality of life in people with diabetes and PAD. Clinicians should consider recommending home-based walking therapy for such patients.
Telomere Dysfunction–Related Serological Markers Are Associated With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Xiao Feng , Zheng Xiaoguo , Cui Mingming , Shi Guiying , Chen Xianda , Li Ruili , Song Zhangfa , Rudolph Karl Lenhard , Chen Bowen , Ju Zhenyu 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Recent studies have identified a set of serological markers for telomere dysfunction and DNA damage. The relevance of these serological markers in type 2 diabetes remains elusive. We investigated the association of serological markers (elongation factor 1α [EF-1α], stathmin, and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) with leukocyte telomere length, a functional variant of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), and susceptibility of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 930 patients and 867 control subjects were recruited to examine the association between leukocyte telomere length, UCP2 variant (−886G&gt;A), recently identified serological markers, and type 2 diabetes. Telomere length was determined by a quantitative real-time PCR–based assay. EF-1α, stathmin, and C-reactive proteins were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. N-acetyl-glucosaminidase was measured by an enzyme activity assay. The UCP2 variant was determined by PCR and restriction enzyme digestion.

RESULTS
The average telomere length of type 2 diabetic patients was significantly shorter than that of control subjects. Serological N-acetyl-glucosaminidase correlates with both age and telomere length and was significantly higher in patients than in control subjects. Neither EF-1α nor stathmin showed significant difference between patients and control subjects. The UCP2–886G&gt;A variant correlated with type 2 diabetes status but did not correlate with telomere length or the serological markers. Multivariate analysis showed that higher serological N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, shorter telomeres, and the UCP2–886G&gt;A variant are independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Serological N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, telomere length, and the UCP2–886G&gt;A variant are independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Serological N-acetyl-glucosaminidase correlates with telomere length but not with the UCP2–886G&gt;A variant.
Cardiac Geometry and Function in Diabetic or Prediabetic Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: De Marco Marina , de Simone Giovanni , Roman Mary J. , Chinali Marcello , Lee Elisa T. , Calhoun Darren , Howard Barbara V. , Devereux Richard B. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether diabetes (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were associated with early alterations in left ventricular geometry and function in a large population of adolescents and young adults independently of major confounders.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed echocardiographic data of 1,624 14- to 39-year-old participants (mean age 26.6 ± 7.7 years; 57% female) without prevalent cardiovascular disease from the fourth Strong Heart Study examination; 179 (11%) participants had DM and 299 (18%) had IFG.

RESULTS
Participants with DM and IFG were older and more often obese and hypertensive than participants with normal fasting glucose (NFG) (all P &lt; 0.05). After adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, and body fat, diabetic and IFG participants had higher left ventricular mass index than those with NFG (41.5 ± 8.7 and 39.6 ± 9.2 vs. 35.6 ± 7.8 g/m2.7) and reduced stress-corrected midwall shortening (98 ± 8.6 and 99 ± 7.5 vs. 101 ± 8.5%; all P &lt; 0.05). The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy was higher in DM (20%) and IFG (17%) than in NFG participants (12%; P &lt; 0.05). Compared with the other groups, DM was also associated with higher prevalence of inappropriate left ventricular mass, concentric geometry, and more diastolic abnormalities independently of covariates (all P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
In a population of adolescents and young adults, DM is independently associated with early unfavorable cardiovascular phenotype characterized by increased left ventricular mass, concentric geometry, and early preclinical systolic and diastolic dysfunction; early cardiovascular alterations are also present in participants with prediabetes.
Self-Reported Long Total Sleep Duration Is Associated With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Arora Teresa , Jiang Chao Qiang , Thomas G. Neil , Lam Kin-bong Hubert , Zhang Wei Sen , Cheng Kar Keung , Lam Tai Hing , Taheri Shahrad 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between total sleep duration and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) in older Chinese.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS) was performed. Participants (n = 29,333) were aged ≥50 years. Risk of MetSyn and its components were identified for self-reported total sleep duration.

RESULTS
Participants reporting long (≥9 h) and short (&lt;6 h) total sleep duration had increased odds ratio (OR) of 1.18 (95% CI 1.07–1.30) and 1.14 (1.05–1.24) for the presence of MetSyn, respectively. The relationship remained in long sleepers (OR 1.21 [1.10–1.34]) but diminished in short sleepers (0.97 [0.88–1.06]) after full adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS
Long sleep duration was associated with greater risk of MetSyn in older Chinese. Confirmation through longitudinal studies is needed. The mechanisms mediating the link between long sleep duration and MetSyn require further investigation.
Metabolic Syndrome Does Not Detect Metabolic Risk in African Men Living in the U.S.
Authors: Ukegbu Ugochi J. , Castillo Darleen C. , Knight Michael G. , Ricks Madia , Miller Bernard V. , Onumah Barbara M. , Sumner Anne E. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Metabolic risk and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) prevalence were compared in Africans who immigrated to the U.S. and African Americans. If MetSyn were an effective predictor of cardiometabolic risk, then the group with a worse metabolic risk profile would have a higher rate of MetSyn.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cross-sectional analyses were performed on 95 men (39 Africans, 56 African Americans, age 38 ± 6 years [mean ± SD]). Glucose tolerance was determined by oral glucose tolerance test, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was determined by computerized tomography, and MetSyn was determined by the presence of three of five factors: central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, hypertension, and fasting hyperglycemia.

RESULTS
MetSyn prevalence was similar in Africans and African Americans (10 vs. 13%, P = 0.74), but hypertension, glycemia (fasting and 2-h glucose), and VAT were higher in Africans.

CONCLUSIONS
African immigrants have a worse metabolic profile than African Americans but a similar prevalence of MetSyn. Therefore, MetSyn may underpredict metabolic risk in Africans.
The discrete maximum principle for Galerkin solutions of elliptic problems
Authors: Vejchodský Tomáš 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
This paper provides an equivalent characterization of the discrete maximum principle for Galerkin solutions of general linear elliptic problems. The characterization is formulated in terms of the discrete Green’s function and the elliptic projection of the boundary data. This general concept is applied to the analysis of the discrete maximum principle for the higher-order finite elements in one-dimension and to the lowest-order finite elements on simplices of arbitrary dimension. The paper surveys the state of the art in the field of the discrete maximum principle and provides new generalizations of several results.
Grüss-type bounds for covariances and the notion of quadrant dependence in expectation
Authors: Egozcue Martín , García Luis , Wong Wing-Keung , Zitikis Ričardas 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
We show that Grüss-type probabilistic inequalities for covariances can be considerably sharpened when the underlying random variables are quadrant dependent in expectation (QDE). The herein established covariance bounds not only sharpen the classical Grüss inequality but also improve upon recently derived Grüss-type bounds under the assumption of quadrant dependency (QD), which is stronger than QDE. We illustrate our general results with examples based on specially devised bivariate distributions that are QDE but not QD. Such results play important roles in decision making under uncertainty, and particularly in areas such as economics, finance, and insurance.
Arbitrary l-state solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the Eckart potential with an improved approximation of the centrifugal term
Authors: Stanek Jerzy 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Applying an improved approximation scheme to the centrifugal term, the approximate analytical solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the Eckart potential are presented. Bound state energy eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions are obtained in closed forms for the arbitrary radial and angular momentum quantum numbers, and different values of the screening parameter. The results are compared with those obtained by the other approximate and numerical methods. It is shown that the present method is systematic, more efficient and accurate.
Dietary micronutrients and gastric cancer: hospital based study
Authors: Lazarević Konstansa , Nagorni Aleksandar , Bogdanović Dragan , Rančić Nataša , Stošić Ljiljana , Milutinović Suzana 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe association between micronutrients and gastric cancer is still unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between dietary intake of micronutrients and risk for gastric cancer. We used data from hospital-based case control study conducted at Clinical Centre Nis (Serbia) from 2005 and 2006. Patients (n=102) with first histologically confirmed gastric cancer and matched non-cancer patients (controls, n=204) were interviewed using structured questionnaire and FFQ (Food frequency questionnaire). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant positive association between gastric cancer and dietary intake of sodium (OR=6.22; 95%CI 1.99–7.86), but a significant negative association between potassium (OR 0.01; 95%CI 0.00–0.08), iron (OR 0.05; 95%CI 0.01–0.56), vitamin C (OR 0.05; 95%CI 0.01–0.38), vitamin E (OR 0.04; 95%CI 0.01–0.29) and niacin (OR 0.07; 95%CI 0.00–0.38) dietary intake. Intake of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, retinol, β carotene, tiamin, vitamin B6, and folic acid was not significantly related to gastric cancer risk.In conclusion, we found that a dietary pattern of high consumption of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin), iron and potassium and low consumption of foods that are sources of sodium, decreased risk for gastric cancer. Our results require confirmation in future studies.
Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up in a patient with Nephrocalcinosis due to distal renal tubular acidosis
Authors: Arrabal-Polo Miguel , Arrabal-Martin Miguel , Jiménez-Pacheco Antonio , Merino-Salas Sergio 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTen years ago, a 73 year-old patient presented at our unit with a right nephritic colic and elevated serum creatinine (2.1 mg/dl). This was the first time that the patient had consulted for a urology workup. An abdominal X-ray was performed in which we observed a severe bilateral nephrocalcinosis with right ureteral lithiasis. One of the causes of nephrocalcinosis is distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), in that sense the patient presented metabolic acidosis (pH 7.25) together with normopotassaemia (4.4 meq/L) and normochlorine (105 mEq/L). A 24-hour urine test detected citrate (55 mg/dl), calcium (12 mg/dl) and pH of 6.5. A diuretic renogram showed the right relative renal function as 91.2% and left relative renal function as 8.8%. A test with bicarbonate and acetazolamide was performed, confirming a diagnosis of dRTA because the urinary CO2 pressure was 32 mmHg (normal, greater than 70 mmHg). Treatment with potassium citrate and increased intake of liquids was prescribed. Consequently, the patient’s serum creatinine normalized, her blood pH rose to 7.35 and urinary citrate increased to 154 mg/dl. After 10 years of treatment with potassium citrate the patient remains stable. We believe that in these patients it is crucial to carry out an alkalizing treatment: patients with dRTA cannot acidify the urine because a defect in the permeability of the tubule membrane prevents secretion of H+. It is important to administer potassium citrate continuously to improve blood pH, increase urinary citrate and reduce the risk of calcium phosphate crystallization.
The importance of patient clubs in the management of osteoporotic patients
Authors: Gaál János , Farkas László , Bender Tamás , Somogyi Péter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAlthough the significance of osteoporosis is well known worldwide, the number of patients undergoing therapy for this disease corresponds to a fraction only of the optimal proportion. In many countries, patients at a high risk of fracture — including those who have in fact sustained a typical fracture — do not receive therapy at all. Unawareness of the population, difficulties in accessing specialist care, as well as insufficient communications all contribute to the fact that a substantial percentage of patients discontinue drug therapy prematurely. Using information from a survey conducted in a club of osteoporotic patients, this paper discusses the achievements and substantiates the existence of patient associations, as well as emphasizes the need for establishing new patient clubs in Hungary.