bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revision of North American Species of Udea Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe North American species of Udea are revised on the basis of about 2500 specimens, with strongest representation in the difficult itysalis group. Twenty-three species and an additional 19 subspecies are recognized. Of these, the following six species and 18 additional subspecies are described as new: U. washingtonalis hollandi, interior B.C. and Mont.; U. w. nomensis, Alaska; U. w. pribilofensis, Pribilof Is.; U. indistinctalis johnstoni, Wash., ? Sask.; U. brevipalpis, Colo., Utah and ? Calif.; U. cacuminicola, Colo., Wyo.; U. beringialis, Yukon, Alaska; U. derasa, B.C.; U. livida, B.C., Wash., Utah; U. turmalis catronalis, N. Mex.; U. i. tularensis, Tulare Co., Calif.; U. t. griseor, Calif.; U. itysalis mertensialis, N.S.; U. i. rindgeorum, Tooele Co., Utah; U. i. kodiakensis, Alaska; U. i. albimontanensis, Ariz., N. Mex.; U. i. durango, Colo., Utah; U. i. wasatchensis, central Utah; U. i. clarkensis, southern Nev., Calif.; U. i. marinensis, San Francisco Bay region, Calif.; U. abstrusa subarctica, Northwest Territories, Yukon; U. abstrusa abstrusa, Alta., Sask., Man.; U. a. cordilleralis, Wyo., Colo., Utah, N. Mex.; U. a. pullmanensis, Wash. Five nominal species are transferred from other genera to Udea: Botis octosignalis Hulst, from Pyrausta; Ebulea straminea Warren, from Calamochrous; Botis vacunalis Grote, from Pyrausta; Phlyctaenia rusticalis Barnes and McDunnough and P. berberalis Barnes and McDunnough. U. straminea (Warren) is synonymized with U. octosignalis (Hulst) and U. galactalis (Dyar) with U. vacunalis (Grote). U. turmalis (Grote) is separated specifically from U. itysalis (Walker). Phiyctaenia angustalis Barnes and McDunnough is transferred from Udea to Evergestis.
Spring emergence of CanadianDelia radicumand synchronization with its natural enemy,Aleochara bilineata
Authors: Andreassen L.D. , Kuhlmann U. , Whistlecraft J.W. , Soroka J.J. , Mason P.G. , Akinremi O.O. , Holliday N.J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTo characterize time of spring emergence following post-diapause development,Delia radicum(L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and southwestern Ontario were collected in fall, maintained over winter at 1 °C, then transferred to higher constant temperatures until adult emergence. At each location there were “early” and “late” phenotypes. Truncated normal models of temperature dependency of development rate were fitted for each phenotype from each location. We provide the first evidence of geographic variation in the criteria separating these phenotypes. Separation criteria and models for early and late phenotypes at the two prairie locations, approximately 700 km apart, were indistinguishable, but differed from those for Ontario. Prairie phenotypes developed more slowly than Ontario phenotypes, and more prairie individuals were of the late phenotype. Poor synchronization of spring emergence could impair predation ofD. radicumeggs by adultAleochara bilineataGyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).Aleochara bilineatafrom Manitoba were reared and development rates modelled as forD. radicum. Models of development rates for the two species, when combined with simulated soil temperatures for two prairie locations, suggest that emergence of adultA. bilineatais well synchronized with availability ofD. radicumeggs in prairie canola.
Influence of epicuticular-wax composition on the feeding pattern of a phytophagous insect: implications for host resistance
Authors: Daoust Simon P. , Mader Brian J. , Bauce Eric , Despland Emma , Dussutour Audrey , Albert P.J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (Pinaceae), plantation in southern Quebec was found to contain two distinct types of trees, the first resistant and the second susceptible to attack by spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). To identify the mechanisms of white spruce resistance to spruce budworm, we studied the role of epicuticular waxes, comparing (i) the foliar chemistry of susceptible and resistant trees and (ii) the feeding pattern of larvae at first contact with the foliage. Needles collected from resistant trees contained concentrations of the monoterpenes α-pinene and myrcene that were 307% and 476%, respectively, above those found in needles collected from susceptible trees. Although there were no significant differences in probing behaviour, significantly fewer larvae transitioned from probing to feeding on resistant needles; this led to fewer feeding bouts as well as a significantly shorter first meal. Removal of waxes increased the number of individuals transitioning from probing to feeding on resistant needles; this led to more feeding bouts. Our results demonstrate that monoterpenes influence the pattern of feeding of spruce budworm larvae as well as playing an important role in white spruce resistance.
Denitrification during the growing season following dairy cattle slurry and fertilizer application for silage corn
Authors: Paul J. W. , Zebarth B. J. 
Published: April 2011

Denitrification losses during the growing season may reduce the availability of manure and fertilizer N for crop production. Denitrification losses were measured during the growing seasons of 1992 and 1993 following spring manure or fertilizer application on a sandy soil with a high water table (Sumas) and a well-drained silt loam soil (Agassiz), both cropped to silage corn (Zeamays L.). Dairy cattle slurry (600 kg total N ha−1) was surface applied and incorporated in April. Ammonium nitrate (200 kg N ha−1) was surface applied at planting in early May. Denitrification rates were measured using the acetylene blockage technique on intact soil cores taken from 0- to 13-cm, 15- to 28-cm and 30- to 43-cm depths biweekly following manure application until mid-June, then monthly until after harvest in September. Denitrification rates were measured weekly in the control and manured treatment in 1993. In 1993, average denitrification rates were significantly higher following manure application (485 g N ha−1 d−1) than following fertilizer application (214 g N ha−1 d−1), and were higher at 15- to 30-cm depth (213 g N ha−1 d−1) than at 0- to 15-cm depth (22 g N ha−1 d−1) and the 30- to 45-cm depth (44 g N ha−1 d−1). Denitrification losses during the growing season in 1993 were 75 and 39 kg N ha−1 in the manured and fertilized soil at Sumas, compared with 68 and 34 kg N ha−1 in the same treatments at Agassiz. Denitrification losses during 1992 were 156 and 107 kg N ha−1 in the manured and fertilized soil at Sumas, compared with 95 and 27 kg N ha−1 in the same treatments at Agassiz. This research demonstrates that denitrification losses can be substantial during the growing season, and can be underestimated if denitrification rates are measured only to 15 or 20 cm depth. Key words: Acetylene blockage, soil cores, nitrogen, manure, maize
Increased denitrification below the root zone in the fall following a spring manure application
Authors: Paul J. W. , Etches V. , Zebarth B. J. 
Published: April 2011

Indirect measurements of denitrification to 120 cm depth in a coarse textured soil in October showed higher denitrification rates following a single spring application of dairy cattle slurry than following a spring application of fertilizer. The highest denitrification rates occurred immediately above and below the water table (90 cm depth) and resulted primarily from C applied in the manure moving down through the soil profile. Key words: Dairy cattle slurry, carbon, nitrate, shallow water table
Tillage effects on soil microbial and biochemical characteristics in a fallow-wheat rotation in a Dark Brown soil
Authors: Biederbeck V. O. , Campbell C. A. , Hunter J. H. 
Published: April 2011

As the adoption of reduced tillage increases on the prairies, so too does the use of herbicides and society's concern regarding their possible negative impact on the environment. Two experiments were conducted on Regina heavy clay, an Orthic, Dark Brown Chernozem, at Regina, Saskatchewan, for up to 21 yr, to determine the influence of tillage on yields of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a fallow–wheat (F–W) rotation. The treatments used to control weeds in the fallow phase were conventional mechanical tillage (CT) vs. zero tillage (i.e., herbicides only or ZT). In one experiment, glyphosate was the herbicide used; in the other, paraquat (plus Buctril M) was used. In 1991 (the 21st yr), soil sampled from the 0- to 5-cm depth of each rotation phase was used to determine the possible long-term effect of these treatments on selected soil microbial populations and soil biochemical characteristics. The samples were taken in early June (prior to herbicide application), in mid July (3 wk after the 21st herbicide application), and in early September (11 wk after the 21st herbicide application). Generally, the herbicides had no long-term or short-term (in the 21st yr) deleterious effects on soil microbial populations (bacteria, actimonycetes, fungi, nitrifiers, denitrifiers), nor on microbial biomass or potential C or N mineralization. Compared with ZT, CT had a negative impact on most soil characteristics. Microbial activity was primarily a function of crop residue inputs and growing season weather conditions near the time of sampling. Key words: Zero tillage, glyphosate, paraquat, microbial biomass, mineralization
Lighting up phytoplankton cells with quantum dots
Authors: Orcutt Karen M. , Gundersen Kjell , Wells Mark L. , Poulton Nicole J. , Sieracki Michael E. , Smith G. Jason 
Published: April 2011

Quantum dots (Qdots) are semiconducting nanocrystals composed of periodic elements with different intrinsic band‐gap energies that yield unique fluorescent signatures. Unlike conventional organic fluorophores, Qdots are photo‐chemically stable and have a wide absorption spectrum, but a narrow, tunable emission spectrum. Multiple colors can be imaged from a single excitation wavelength allowing for labeling of many different target sites (e.g., membrane proteins) simultaneously.We conjugated Qdots to primary antibodies specific for the soluble enzyme nitrate reductase (NR) and a light‐harvesting structural protein localized in the chloroplast, the fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c protein (FCP), in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. By fluorescence microscopy, we successfully detected NR and FCP in single cells of S. costatum with a clarity and definition that was not obtainable with conventional organic fluorophores. Biotinylated cells labeled with Qdot‐strepavidin conjugate and Qdot‐FCP immuno‐labeled cells were detected by flow cytometry. Qdot bioconjugates provide an alternative photostable probe for surface or intracellular protein immuno‐localization in the study of marine bacteria and phytoplankton metabolism and physiology.
Analyse de la variabilité morphologique chez huit populations spontanées dePistacia atlanticaen Algérie
Authors: Belhadj Safia , Derridj Arezki , Auda Yves , Gers Charles , Gauquelin Thierry 
Published: April 2011

To study the morphological variability within and among Pistacia atlantica Desf. populations, a comparative analysis was undertaken in eight wild populations grown under different climatic conditions in Algeria. This study addresses the morpho-biometrical aspect of the leaves and the fruits, as well as the micromorphological aspect of leaves. ANOVA as well as mean comparison of the morphological traits revealed a significant diversity within and among the populations. Furthermore, in the multivariate analysis, the populations were separated into four different groups through the discriminating variables: leaf and leaflet dimensions, number of pairs of leaflets, leaf wings, leaf smell and colour, terminal leaflet size and apex, and finally fruit colour and shape. These results showed the originality of the Algerian populations as compared with those commonly described for this species in the literature, in particular by the occurrence of wax on the leaves. The morphological variability exhibited by the Algerian populations of P. atlantica may be interpreted as relevant to the ecological plasticity and the physiological mechanisms discussed in this article.
Further contributions to Mating in the American Lobster
Authors: Templeman W. 
Published: April 2011

The male in copulation places a 5th pereiopod crosswise of the body in front of the first abdominal appendages as a support for the latter. Mating can occur at least as late as 12 days after the female moults. Only part of the sperm supply is used by the female in fertilizing one batch of eggs.
A Study of the Endoparasitic Trematodes from Marine Fishes of Departure Bay, B.C.
Authors: McFarlane S. Hanford 
Published: April 2011

In this paper fifteen species of endoparasitic trematodes of marine fishes of Departure bay, B.C., are described. Eight of the fifteen species described are new. The fish examined were the more common shallow water fishes that could be obtained with a seine. The fishes belonged to the following families: Syngnathidae, Pleuronectidae, Scorpaenidae, Hexagrammidae, Ophiodontidae, Scorpaenichthyidae, Cottidae, Embiotocidae, and Pholidae. The parasites recorded are Prosorhynchus scalpellus n.sp., Prosorhynchus apertus n.sp., Rhipidocotyle elongatum n.sp., Pharyngora bacillaris (Molin 1859), Podocotyle abitionis n.sp., Podocotyle atomon Odhner 1905, Podocotyle reflexa Odhner 1905, Aporocotyle simplex Odhner 1900, Stephanostomum casum (Linton 1910), Stephanostomum tristephanum n.sp., Deretrema cholaeum n.sp., Telolecithus pugetensis Lloyd and Guberlet 1932, Dinurus nanaimoensis n.sp., Lecithochirium exodicum n.sp., and Genolinea laticauda Manter 1925.
Variability in Triticum and Aegilops species for seed characteristics
Authors: Waines J. G. , Ehdaie B. , Barnhart D. 
Published: April 2011

Seventy-seven accessions of 2x, 4x, and 6x wild, primitive, and modern domesticates of wheat, Aegilops longissima, and Ae. tauschii were assayed for seed weight, protein content, and lysine content. In general, there was more variation between taxa than within taxa in 2x and 4x but not in 6x for seed weight and protein content. Within taxa variation was greater than that between taxa for lysine content. The primitive and wild wheat and Aegilops accessions had significantly lower seed weight than modern 4x and 6x wheats. Mean 1000 seed weight varied from 6.90 to 42.62 g over all accessions. The modern 4x and 6x wheats and Ae. tauschii had lower mean protein and lysine contents than the primitive and wild wheats and Ae. longissima. Mean protein and lysine content for species ranged from 17 to 29% and from 3.9 to 6.2 μg/mg, respectively. Within species variation for lysine content was was highest in T. turgidum var. dicoccoides, T. monococcum var. boeoticum, and T. turgidum var. durum. The lowest mean lysine content belonged to Ae. tauschii, T. aestivum var. aestivum, T. aestivum var. spelta, and T. turgidum var. durum. Correlation between seed weight and protein content was not significant for any species. A significant negative correlation between seed weight and lysine content was found in T. aestivum var. aestivum, T. timopheevii var. araraticum, T. monococcum var. monococcum, and T. monococcum var. boeticum. A significant positive correlation between protein and lysine content was observed in T. aestivum var. aestivum. Lines with high adjusted lysine content/protein were identified in all species except in T. aestivum var. spelta and Ae. tauschii. Key words: seed characteristics, Triticum, Aegilops.
A test for equilocality of supernumerary heterochromatin distribution in grasshoppers
Authors: Cabrero J. , Alché J. D. , Camacho J. P. M. 
Published: April 2011

The presence of extra segments in four or more nonhomologous chromosome pairs led us to test the applicability of the principle of the principle of equilocality of heterochromatin distribution to supernumerary heterochromatin. In Chorthippus brunneus, which carries extra segments on all chromosomes except the L3, the 13 heterochromatic variants occupy all possible locations with 3 proximal, 5 interstitial, and 5 distal. This indicates that equilocality does not seem to apply to the supernumerary heterochromatin in this species. On the other hand, the four extra segments found in Chorthippus parallelus and five of the seven extra heterochromatic segments found in Chorthippus binotatus are all located distally on the M5–S8 chromosomes. Thus for these groups of chromosomes the extra heterochromatic segments do appear to show a tendency for an equilocal distribution. Key words: Chorthippus, heterochromatin.
Genomic rearrangements in maize induced by tissue culture
Authors: Lee Michael , Phillips R. L. 
Published: April 2011

Chromosomal instability is a common occurrence in plant tissue cultures and has been documented in plants regenerated from several genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) tissue cultures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the frequency and types of chromosomal aberrations in regenerated plants of an Oh43–A188 genetic background, which had not been examined previously for chromosome stability in culture. Organogenic callus cultures were intitated from immature embryos of F2 plants for several Oh43 ms isoline × A188 crosses. The chromosome constitution of 267 plants was investigated through meiotic analysis of plants regenerated either 3 to 4 or 8 to 9 months after culture initiation. No abnormalities were detected in 78 plants regenerated during the first period. During the second period, however, 91 of the 189 plants were cytologically abnormal. One hundred and eight aberrations were detected and most (96%) involved changes in chromosome structure such as interchanges (42%), deficiencies (35%), and heteromorphic pairs (19%). All deficiencies were intercalary. Also, most (51%) interchanges involved chromosome 6. An association between male-sterility factors and chromosome instability was not observed. Breakpoints were primarily on chromosome arms containing large blocks of heterochromatin such as knobs. Several abnormal plants from the same culture appeared to contain identical aberrations indicating the aberrations may trace to a single event. A hypothesis for the involvement of heterochromatin in chromosome breakage during in vitro culture is supported. Key words: Zea mays L., tissue culture, somaclonal variation, chromosome breakage, heterochromatin.
Host–parasite genome relationships in Acridid grasshoppers. II. Patterns of variation in the plasmids of gut bacteria of Caledia captiva and Locusta migratoria
Authors: Colgan D. J. , Willcocks D. A. 
Published: April 2011

Plasmid preparations were made from 110 isolates of Enterobacter cloacae taken from the guts of members of the Caledia captiva complex of grasshoppers to ascertain whether a relationship exists between these extrachromosomal elements and taxonomic variation in the grasshoppers themselves. Fifty-two plasmids, distinguishable by mobility or restriction fragment pattern differences, were identified. Thirty-seven of these were similar in size. Five plasmids were nick translated and used to probe Southern blots. Only three instances of cross homology with another plasmid were found, implying a very high level of sequence diversity in the samples. No explanation of the size uniformity and sequence diversity of the plasmids is entirely satisfactory but it appears most likely that the variation is maintained to serve a variety of adaptive functions. No plasmid was found in grasshoppers of more than one taxon of C. captiva. This may be due to geographical limitations on the distribution of plasmids. If this is so, it remains possible that there is an association of one or more plasmids with taxonomic divergence in this grasshopper complex. Plasmid preparations were also made from 68 bacterial isolates (predominantly E. aerogenes) from laboratory-reared Locusta migratoria and from 72 isolates from other acridid grasshoppers. Plasmids of the size general in C. captiva were discovered in most of these isolates. Some smaller plasmids were also found. As judged by restriction endonuclease digests and Southern blotting, plasmid diversity is much less in this sample of L. migratoria bacteria than in the field-collected C. captiva. The plasmids reported in this paper may be considered as possible vectors for use in the genetic control of locusts. Key words: host–parasite, plasmids, grasshoppers, Enterobacter.
Permanent odd polyploidy in a grass (Andropogon ternatus)
Authors: Norrmann Guillermo A. , Quarín Camilo L. 
Published: April 2011

Andropogon ternatus is a triploid species (2n = 3x = 30) with a striking process of microsporogenesis that leads to the formation of two kinds of pollen grains. One-half of the grains carry only one 10-chromosome genome and the other half carry two genomes. After the first meiotic division in the megaspore mother cell, the micropylar daughter cell always has two nuclei, each with 10 chromosomes (genomes S and T); the chalazal daugher cell has one 10-chromosome set (genome S) and undergoes the second meiotic division giving rise to two megaspores; the one closer to the chalaza is the functional megaspore, while the other degenerates. The two-nucleate micropylar daughter cell remains undivided and then degenerates. Thus, the embryo sac always develops from a megaspore with 10 chromosomes (genome S). The results of interspecific crosses with a taxonomically related diploid species (A. selloanus) as well as the study of pollen grain development suggest that the grains carrying nuclei with 20 chromosomes (genomes ST) are functional in the fertilization process, while those with 10-chromosome nuclei seem to be ineffective. Therefore, A. ternatus is a sexual triploid that accomplishes the stability of its odd polyploid level by transmitting one genome through the egg cell and two genomes through the sperm nucleus. This is the first report of permanent odd polyploidy for a species of the monocotyledons. Key words: Gramineae, Andropogon ternatus, odd polyploidy, female meiosis, breeding systems.
Genetic study of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase in soybean
Authors: Kiang Y. T. , Chiang Y. C. , Bult C. J. 
Published: April 2011

A four-band electrophoretic zymogram for glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT, EC 2.6.1.1) is observed in mature soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed. The zymogram pattern has a cluster of three bands (Rf's of 0.26, 0.29, and 0.32) and a single band. No variation was observed in the cluster of three bands. The fourth band has three variants that are controlled by a single locus, Got, with three alleles. They are designated as Got-a (Rf = 0.52), Got-b (Rf = 0.54), and Got-c (Rf = 0.57), respectively. In the wild soybean, G. soja (Sieb. & Zucc), the Got-a allele was found in four accessions from South Korea (PI 407.194, PI 407.269, PI 407.270, and PI 504.286; frequency 4/187). The Got-c allele also was found in four G. soja accessions from South Korea (PI 407.184, PI 407.207, PI 407.222, and PI 407.225; frequency 4/187). All other G. soja accessions examined carry the Got-b allele (frequency 179/187). All the G. max cultivars and accessions examined are homozygous for the Got-b allele (frequency 320/321) except for cv. Hardee, in which two seeds were homozygous for the Got-c allele. Linkage tests show that the Got locus segregates independently of the Ap, Dia1, Dia2, Idh1, Pgd2, and W1 loci. No linkage was detected when isozyme loci other than Got were tested (Am3–W1, Ap–W1, Dia1–W1, Pgd–W1, Dia1–Idh1, Pgd2–Idh1, and Ap–Idh2). Key words: soybean, glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT, electrophoresis, isozymes.
Genetic linkage of the Adh1 and W1 loci in soybeans
Authors: Kiang Y. T. , Chiang Y. C. 
Published: April 2011

Four crosses were made among seven soybean cultivars for determining possible linkage between Adh1 and W1 loci. An examination of F2 seed indicated that these loci are linked with a recombination value of 20.6 ± 1.2%. These loci are located in linkage group 8. Key words: soybean linkage, isozymes, alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1), color locus (W1), Glycine max.