bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trabecular and cortical bone density and architecture in women after 60 days of bed rest using high-resolution pQCT: WISE 2005
Authors: Armbrecht Gabriele , Belavý Daniel Ludovic , Backström Magdalena , Beller Gisela , Alexandre Christian , Rizzoli Rene , Felsenberg Dieter 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Prolonged bed rest is used to simulate the effects of spaceflight and causes disuse-related loss of bone. While bone density changes during bed rest have been described, there are no data on changes in bone microstructure. Twenty-four healthy women aged 25 to 40 years participated in 60 days of strict 6-degree head-down tilt bed rest (WISE 2005). Subjects were assigned to either a control group (CON, n = 8), which performed no countermeasures; an exercise group (EXE, n = 8), which undertook a combination of resistive and endurance training; or a nutrition group (NUT, n = 8), which received a high-protein diet. Density and structural parameters of the distal tibia and radius were measured at baseline, during, and up to 1 year after bed rest by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Bed rest was associated with reductions in all distal tibial density parameters (p &lt; 0.001), whereas only distal radius trabecular density decreased. Trabecular separation increased at both the distal tibia and distal radius (p &lt; 0.001), but these effects were first significant after bed rest. Reduction in trabecular number was similar in magnitude at the distal radius (p = 0.021) and distal tibia (p &lt; 0.001). Cortical thickness decreased at the distal tibia only (p &lt; 0.001). There were no significant effects on bone structure or density of the countermeasures (p ≥ 0.057). As measured with HR-pQCT, it is concluded that deterioration in bone microstructure and density occur in women during and after prolonged bed rest. The exercise and nutrition countermeasures were ineffective in preventing these changes. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Axon–glia synapses are highly vulnerable to white matter injury in the developing brain
Authors: Shen Yan , Liu Xiao‐Bo , Pleasure David E. , Deng Wenbin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe biology of cerebral white matter injury has been woefully understudied, in part because of the difficulty of reliably modeling this type of injury in rodents. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the predominant form of brain injury and the most common cause of cerebral palsy in premature infants. PVL is characterized by predominant white matter injury. No specific therapy for PVL is presently available, because the pathogenesis is not well understood. Here we report that two types of mouse PVL models have been created by hypoxia‐ischemia with or without systemic coadministration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS coadministration exacerbated hypoxic‐ischemic white matter injury and led to enhanced microglial activation and astrogliosis. Drug trials with the antiinflammatory agent minocycline, the antiexcitotoxic agent NBQX, and the antioxidant agent edaravone showed various degrees of protection in the two models, indicating that excitotoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory forms of injury are involved in the pathogenesis of injury to immature white matter. We then applied immunoelectron microscopy to reveal fine structural changes in the injured white matter and found that synapses between axons and oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) are quickly and profoundly damaged. Hypoxia‐ischemia caused a drastic decrease in the number of postsynaptic densities associated with the glutamatergic axon–OPC synapses defined by the expression of vesicular glutamate transporters, vGluT1 and vGluT2, on axon terminals that formed contacts with OPCs in the periventricular white matter, resulted in selective shrinkage of the postsynaptic OPCs contacted by vGluT2 labeled synapses, and led to excitotoxicity mediated by GluR2‐lacking, Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptors. Overall, the present study provides novel mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of PVL and reveals that axon–glia synapses are highly vulnerable to white matter injury in the developing brain. More broadly, the study of white matter development and injury has general implications for a variety of neurological diseases, including PVL, stroke, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Climate change along the arid coast of northern Chile
Authors: Schulz N. , Boisier J. P. , Aceituno P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLong‐term precipitation records from the extremely arid northern coast of Chile (18°S–30°S) were analysed to assess changes occurring at different time scales. Results are presented here along with a discussion on changes in the temperature and cloudiness regimes in order to offer a more comprehensive overview of the climate evolution in this extremely arid region. Apart from a significant influence of ENSO on the rainfall regime, characterized by a tendency for more frequent rainfall events during El Niño episodes, changes at the decadal time scale were identified in association with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Thus, the warm IPO‐phase is associated with increased precipitation, while the opposite occurs during the cold IPO‐phase. Changes occurring at the interannual and decadal time scales are superimposed on a long‐term precipitation decline during the 20th century. Apart from the intensified dryness, the temperature records show a positive long‐term trend resulting mainly from an abrupt warming in the mid‐1970s, principally associated with a marked upwards shift of the minimum daily temperature, coinciding with the change from the cold to the warm phase of the IPO. However, the period following this step‐like warming has been characterized by a persistent cooling trend, most evident in the maximum daily temperature, which is coherent with a negative trend in the sea surface temperature over a large oceanic region off the coast of northern Chile. In the northernmost region, this behaviour in the temperature regime was accompanied by a strong decrease in cloudiness since the 1970s. The negative trend in rainfall and the decrease in the total cloud cover are certainly important factors that could explain the coastal vegetation decline over the past decades in the coastal region north of 24°S. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial coherency of extreme weather events in Germany and Switzerland
Authors: Pfahl Stephan , Wernli Heini 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWith a simple statistical approach, the spatial representativeness of extreme events in daily meteorological surface observations from Germany and Switzerland is analysed. A percentile‐based definition of extremes is employed, and the frequency of simultaneously occurring extreme events at different stations is used as a measure for their spatial coherency. The largest representativeness is diagnosed for daily temperature extremes, i.e. hot and cold days, which very often occur simultaneously at many stations. On the contrary, precipitation extremes usually are restricted to local or regional scales. The spatial coherency of wind gust maxima is intermediate between the other extremes and depends on station location and terrain complexity. For cold extremes, station altitude has a strong influence on the spatial coherency of the events. It is argued that the spatial representativeness of extreme weather events directly relates to the importance of a coherent large‐scale atmospheric forcing, compared to more local factors, for triggering these events. In particular, large‐scale advection is the most important driver of temperature extremes. Strong wind gusts are often caused by mid‐latitude cyclones over the North Sea. The results from this study can also be used to assess the spatial representativeness of extreme weather reconstructions from proxy data in paleoclimate studies. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Development of an enhanced tropical cyclone tracks database for the southwest Pacific from 1840 to 2010
Authors: Diamond H. J. , Lorrey A. M. , Knapp K. R. , Levinson D. H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe ecosystems and economies of small island nation states and territories of the tropical southwest Pacific region are widely agreed to be among the most vulnerable to climate variability and weather extremes anywhere in the world. Tropical Cyclones (TCs) are capable of exacerbating existing hazards and those made more severe by climate change (e.g. local sea level rise). In order to properly understand TC impacts in this region, a comprehensive database of TC tracks is required. This work has collated TC best track data from forecast centres around the globe with the aim of producing a unified global best TC track dataset for the historical period. Data from the International Best Tracks for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) project information for the southwest Pacific (135°E–120°W, 5°–25°S) is built upon and included in this effort. We document the construction of an enhanced TC database for the southwest Pacific, the quality controls needed to construct the database, and discuss how it has enhanced the chronology of region‐wide historical TC activity in light of newly discovered data. We suggest this enhanced dataset can be used in forthcoming climate and weather studies to better characterize the climatology and behaviour of TCs in the southwest Pacific. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Raman Microspectroscopic study of Iberian pottery from the La Vispesa archaeological site, Spain
Authors: Ayora‐Cañada M. J. , Domínguez‐Arranz A. , Dominguez‐Vidal A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRaman microspectroscopy has been employed for the characterization of 16 samples of ancient Iberian pottery. These sherds of vessels were found in the archaeological site of La Vispesa in Tamarite de Litera (Huesca, Spain) and correspond to the Iberian time. The composition of certain mineral phases such as non‐plastic inclusions has been particularly considered with a view to obtaining information on the source materials and their provenance, as well as the technological conditions of ceramic production. Typical minerals such as calcite and quartz were found in most of the samples. The presence of anatase in a group of the samples suggested the use of different clays in the production of the vessels. Furthermore, the absence of rutile in these samples, together with the identification of calcite, is indicative of a mild firing temperature. Hematite was identified in all samples, both in the ceramic body and in the decoration. Differences in the position of the bands and relative intensities characterized hematite in terms of crystallinity and origin. An attempt to assign the samples to different production centers was made according to their chemical composition and morphology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐section and selection rules in surface‐enhanced hyper Raman scattering
Authors: Polubotko A. M. , Smirnov V. P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe expression for the surface‐enhanced hyper Raman scattering (SEHRS) cross‐section of symmetrical molecules within the framework of the dipole–quadrupole theory is presented. It is formed by contributions that depend on various dipole and quadrupole moments. The enhancement coefficients for the quadrupole enhancement mechanism in some limited cases can reach a value 1030. It is demonstrated that the contributions follow some selection rules. Qualitative classification of the contributions based on the enhancement degree is given. It is demonstrated that the SEHR spectra of pyrazine and pyridine can be explained by the presented theory. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐order Raman scattering of the MAX phases: Ti2AlN, Ti2AlC0.5N0.5, Ti2AlC, (Ti0.5V0.5)2AlC, V2AlC, Ti3AlC2, and Ti3GeC2
Authors: Presser Volker , Naguib Michael , Chaput Laurent , Togo Atsushi , Hug Gilles , Barsoum Michel W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHere, we report, for the first time, on the Raman spectra of Ti2AlN, Ti2AlC0.5N0.5, (Ti0.5V0.5)2AlC, Ti3AlC2, and Ti3GeC2 and compare the results with those of Ti2AlC and V2AlC reported previously. The first‐order mode peaks of the end members are narrower than those of their respective solid‐solution compounds. The Ti3AlC2 and Ti3GeC2 phases show, in addition to atomic displacements of the ‘M’ and ‘A’ atomic planes, modes that correspond with vibrations of the ‘X’ sublattice relative to itself. We also predict the Raman modes using density functional theory. The agreement between theory and experiment was found to be satisfactory. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of molecular diffusivity in aqueous solution of acetonitrile by the Wilke–Chang equation
Authors: Miyabe Kanji 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIt was tried to estimate the molecular diffusivity (Dm) of solutes in the mixtures of acetonitrile (ACN) and water by the Wilke–Chang equation. Although the information about association coefficient (α) is necessary for the calculation, it has never been proposed for ACN. The value of α was estimated as 1.37 from Dm of benzene in ACN at 303 K experimentally measured by the peak parking method. The values of α, i.e. 2.6, 1.9, 1.5, and 1.0, which have respectively been proposed for four solvents, i.e. water, methanol, ethanol, and benzene, were correlated with two physico‐chemical parameters of the solvents, i.e. solubility parameter and ET value. The α value for ACN was plotted around the two correlations, indicating its appropriateness. The values of Dm calculated by the Wilke–Chang equation using the α value for ACN were compared with those measured by the peak parking method and the Aris–Taylor method in aqueous solutions of ACN. The mean square deviation of the estimation of Dm was calculated as 8.8 and 14%. It was demonstrated that the Wilke–Chang equation can be used for estimating Dm with a reasonable accuracy in the mixtures consisting of ACN and water.
Suburbs: dangers or drought refugia for freshwater turtle populations?
Authors: Roe John H. , Rees Martha , Georges Arthur 
Published: August 2011

AbstractUrbanization is one of the most rapidly expanding forms of habitat alteration worldwide. Wildlife differs in their responses to urbanization depending upon species and site‐specific factors. We used capture‐mark‐recapture to examine the abundance, population demographics, growth, and movements of the eastern long‐necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis) in Australia over 1 year in a suburban environment and an adjacent nature reserve during drought. Contrary to expectations, sex ratios, injury incidence, and frequency of juvenile size classes did not differ between turtles in the suburbs and the nature reserve. Moreover, turtles in the suburbs were nearly 3 times more abundant, grew 5 times faster, and had populations comprised of more adults in the larger size classes than nature reserve populations. These findings, together with net movements from the nature reserves into the suburbs, suggest that suburban water bodies were the higher quality habitat, effectively buffering turtles from temporal fluctuations in environmental conditions during drought. However, reserve managers and urban planners need to recognize that suburban water bodies have the potential to attract turtles from nearby reserves during drought, and that even low levels of persistent mortality during these travels across reserve boundaries may have consequences for populations of long‐lived vertebrates. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Dark roast coffee is more effective than light roast coffee in reducing body weight, and in restoring red blood cell vitamin E and glutathione concentrations in healthy volunteers
Authors: Kotyczka Christine , Boettler Ute , Lang Roman , Stiebitz Herbert , Bytof Gerhard , Lantz Ingo , Hofmann Thomas , Marko Doris , Somoza Veronika 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRecent results from prospective cohort studies have shown that moderate coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk for diabetes mellitus type II or Alzheimer's disease. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, antioxidants in coffee might contribute to this risk reduction. We aimed at elucidating whether a dark roast coffee beverage (CB) rich in N‐methylpyridinium ions (NMP: 785 μmol/L) and low in chlorogenic acids (CGA: 523 μmol/L) has stronger antioxidant effects on human erythrocytes than a CB prepared from a light roast with opposite proportions (CGA: 4538 μmol/L; NMP: 56 μmol/L). Following a 2‐wk wash out period, 500 mL of the respective CB was administered to 30 subjects daily for 4‐wk. Blood and spot urine samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of each intervention. Intake of the dark roast CB most effectively improved the antioxidant status of erythrocytes: superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity decreased by 5.8 and 15%, respectively, whereas tocopherol and total glutathione concentrations increased by 41 and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, administration of the NMP‐rich CB led to a significant body weight reduction in pre‐obese subjects, whereas the CGA‐rich CB did not.
A NEO‐PI‐R short form for older adults
Authors: Mooi Bianca , Comijs Hannie C. , De Fruyt Filip , De Ritter Dineke , Hoekstra Hans A. , Beekman Aartjan T. F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article reports on the construction and examination of a 120 item version (NEO‐PI‐R‐SF) of the Dutch/Belgian NEO‐Personality Inventory‐Revised (NEO‐PI‐R). The item selection was based on criteria of appropriateness for older adults and psychometric contribution. The factor structure of the NEO‐PI‐R‐SF proved highly equivalent to the parent instrument, indicating concordant validity. Coefficients alpha were generally lower due to the reduction of items. When assessed in a new sample of older adults (N = 794), the factor structure of the NEO‐PI‐R‐SF proved replicable, except for the facet scales A1: Trust and A3: Altruism. Coefficients alpha for the domain scales were satisfactory, while the coefficients alpha for the facet scales were marginal to satisfactory and below those found in two adult samples (N = 1305 and N = 682). It was concluded that the NEO‐PI‐R‐SF may be a time‐saving alternative for research when a fine‐grained description of personality among older adults is required. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of a new strength measurement device for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical trials
Authors: Andres Patricia L. , Skerry Linda M. , Munsat Theodore L. , Thornell Brenda J. , Szymonifka Jackie , Schoenfeld David A. , Cudkowicz Merit E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIntroduction:Strength measures with reduced variability and higher sensitivity could improve efficiency in clinical trials of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The Accurate Test of Limb Isometric Strength (ATLIS) was developed to precisely and conveniently measure force in 12 muscle groups. In this study we evaluate the reliability and validity of the ATLIS testing protocol.Methods:Twenty healthy adults and 10 patients with ALS were tested twice by the same or by different evaluators to determine test–retest and interrater reliability. Twenty healthy adults were examined using ATLIS and a well‐validated strength testing protocol (TQNE) to assess criterion‐based validity.Results:Mean absolute variation between tests was 8.6%, and intraclass correlation coefficients for each muscle group were high (range 0.82–0.99). The Pearson correlation coefficient of mean ATLIS and TQNE scores was 0.90. A subject survey demonstrated high user acceptance of ATLIS.Conclusions:ATLIS is convenient for patients and evaluators, produces precise strength measurements, and is easily moved between examining rooms. Muscle Nerve 45: 81–85, 2012
Generalized network design polyhedra
Authors: Feremans Corinne , Labbé Martine , Letchford Adam N. , Salazar‐González Juan‐José 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn recent years, there has been an increased literature on so‐called generalized network design problems (GNDPs), such as the generalized minimum spanning tree problem and the generalized traveling salesman problem. In a GNDP, the node set of a graph is partitioned into “clusters,” and the feasible solutions must contain one node from each cluster. Up to now, the polyhedra associated with different GNDPs have been studied independently. The purpose of this article is to show that it is possible, to a certain extent, to derive polyhedral results for all GNDPs simultaneously. Along the way, we point out some interesting connections to other polyhedra, such as the quadratic semiassignment polytope and the boolean quadric polytope. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2011
Progressive hedging‐based metaheuristics for stochastic network design
Authors: Crainic Teodor Gabriel , Fu Xiaorui , Gendreau Michel , Rei Walter , Wallace Stein W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe consider the stochastic fixed‐charge capacitated multicommodity network design (S‐CMND) problem with uncertain demand. We propose a two‐stage stochastic programming formulation, where design decisions make up the first stage, while recourse decisions are made in the second stage to distribute the commodities according to observed demands. The overall objective is to optimize the cost of the first‐stage design decisions plus the total expected distribution cost incurred in the second stage. To solve this formulation, we propose a metaheuristic framework inspired by the progressive hedging algorithm of Rockafellar and Wets. Following this strategy, scenario decomposition is used to separate the stochastic problem following the possible outcomes, scenarios, of the random event. Each scenario subproblem then becomes a deterministic CMND problem to be solved, which may be addressed by efficient specialized methods. We also propose and compare different strategies to gradually guide scenario subproblems to agree on the status of design arcs and aim for a good global design. These strategies are embedded into a parallel solution method, which is numerically shown to be computationally efficient and to yield high‐quality solutions under various problem characteristics and demand correlations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2011.
Depressive symptoms and occupational stress among Chinese female nurses: The mediating effects of social support and rational coping
Authors: Wu Hui , Ge Cui Xia , Sun Wei , Wang Jia Na , Wang Lie 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe study reported here was designed to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and occupational stress in female nurses in China during the period June–July 2008. The hypothesis tested was that social support and rational coping would mediate the effects of occupational stress on depressive symptoms. Our structural equation modeling revealed that social support and rational coping were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. Social support and rational coping mediated the effects of occupational stress on depressive symptoms. Role overload, role insufficiency, and role boundary were predictive of depressive symptoms. These results indicated that lessening occupational stress and strengthening social support and rational coping could decrease depressive symptoms among Chinese female nurses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 34:401–407, 2011