bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jacobsen syndrome due to an unbalanced translocation between 11q23 and 22q11.2 identified at age 40 years
Authors: Takahashi Ikuko , Takahashi Tsutomu , Sawada Kenichi , Shimojima Keiko , Yamamoto Toshiyuki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA woman with psychomotor developmental delay, congenital glaucoma, and distinctive facial features, and a short neck was diagnosed with Jacobsen syndrome (JBS) at age 40 years. A previously reported balanced translocation between chromosome 11 and 22 instead showed an unbalanced translocation by a microarray‐based comparative hybridization analysis with the final karyotype of 46,XX,der(11)t(11;22)(q23.3;q11.21),del(22)(q11.21) dn. The breakpoint of chromosome 11 was determined to be at TECTA and not near the apolipoprotein gene cluster site or the fragile site (FRA11B), which are commonly seen in patients with t(11;22) and patients with typical 11q deletions, respectively. Although the phenotypic features of the patient, including psychomotor developmental delay, distinctive features, and mild thrombocytopenia, were consistent with JBS, congenital glaucoma, which is an uncommon finding of JBS, was the most prominent condition during her natural history. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trends in cytogenetic testing and identification of chromosomal abnormalities among pregnancies and children with birth defects, metropolitan Atlanta, 1968–2005
Authors: Jackson Jodi M. , Crider Krista S. , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Cragan Janet D. , Olney Richard S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine changes in the use of cytogenetic testing and identification of chromosomal abnormalities among pregnancies and children with birth defects. Utilizing data from 1968 to 2005 from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, we analyzed trends in the frequency and timing (prenatal or postnatal) of cytogenetic testing and the prevalence of recognized chromosome abnormalities among pregnancies and children with birth defects (n = 51,424). Cytogenetic testing of pregnancies and children with birth defects increased from 7.2% in 1968 to 25.0% in 2005, as did the identification of chromosomal abnormalities (2.2% in 1968 to 6.8% in 2005). The use of prenatal cytogenetic testing decreased from 1996 to 2005 among women aged ≥35 years. Identification of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnancies and children with birth defects increased from 1968 to 2005, possibly due to increased testing, improved diagnostic techniques, or increasing maternal age. The decline in prenatal cytogenetic testing observed among mothers aged ≥35 years may be related to the availability of improved prenatal screening techniques, resulting in a reduction in the utilization of invasive diagnostic tests. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Polycarbonate composites flame‐retarded by polyphenylsilsesquioxane of ladder structure
Authors: Jiang Yunyun , Li Xiangmei , Yang Rongjie 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPolyphenylsilsesquioxane (PPSQ) of ladder structure synthesized in laboratory was incorporated into polycarbonate (PC) by means of a twin‐screw extruder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that spherical PPSQ particles of size 0.5−1.5 μm dispersed homogeneously in PC. The incorporation of PPSQ into PC improved the elongation at break and flexural strength. Thermal gravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that PPSQ made the initial thermal decomposition of PC happen fast. The early cleavages of CC and CO bonds in the PC chains induced crosslinking reaction in the condensed phase char. According to the cone calorimetry (CONE) tests, loading of 8 wt % PPSQ reduced the peak heat release rate of PC composites from 570 to 153 kW/m2. The chars obtained after CONE testing of PC/PPSQ composites showed continuous, smooth, flaky, and cascading char and SiO2 ceramic layer on the top. These indicated the good flame retardancy of PC/PPSQ, that is the attainment of a UL‐94 rating of V‐0 (1.6 mm), and limiting oxygen index of 42.0% when PPSQ was in 8 wt % in PC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Annealing effect on chain segment motion and charge detrapping in polyamide 610
Authors: Xu Pei , Zhang Xingyuan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe chain segment motion and charge detrapping in polyamide 610 films have been investigated by means of thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. There are three current peaks (namely α, ρ1, and ρ2 peaks) in the TSDC spectra above room temperature. α peak is attributed to a dipole relaxation by the motion of chain segments ρ1 peak is caused by space charge trapped in amorphous phase and the interphase between crystalline and amorphous phases, and ρ2 peak is brought about by space charge trapped in crystalline phase. By analyzing the characteristic parameters of these peaks, it is found that annealing induces the decrease of chain segment mobility and promotes the creation of structural traps in polyamide 610. The decrease of chain segment mobility in amorphous phase makes intensity of α peak weak and activation energy increscent. The higher the annealing temperature, the higher the degree of crystallinity, the more the charge carriers trapped in crystalline phase. So, the increase of degree of crystallinity makes intensity of ρ2 peak strong and increases the stability of trapped charge in the crystalline phase. The increase of annealing temperature makes intensity of ρ1 peak strong and decreases the stability of trapped charge in the amorphous phase and interphase. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Development of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/zirconium titanium phosphate composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell
Authors: Sangeetha Rani G. , Beera Murali Krishna , Pugazhenthi G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe present work addresses the development of economic membrane material with superior proton conductivity and less methanol crossover. Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) composite membranes with various loading of zirconium titanium phosphate (ZTP) have been prepared by solution casting method. The structural and thermal properties of the ZTP powder are evaluated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The produced composite membranes are also characterized by evaluating the ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, methanol uptake, thermal stability, proton conductivity, and methanol crossover as a function of ZTP loading. The proton conductivity of composite membrane is fourfold higher than that of the pure SPEEK membrane and also increases with an increase in the ZTP loading. The methanol permeability of the composite membrane containing 15% ZTP decreases by 264% (and 21%) when compared with pure SPEEK (and commercial Nafion 117 membrane). Over all, the selectivity of the SPEEK/ZTP composite membrane is found to be 15‐ and 3‐fold higher than the pure SPEEK membrane and Nafion 117 membrane, respectively. Hence, the synthesized SPEEK composite membrane could be utilized as low cost alternative for the high cost commercial membranes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The first report on the atom transfer radical polymerization of an optically active acidic monomer based on L‐phenylalanine
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Rafiee Zahra 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFor the first time, acidic monomer chiral N‐acryloyl‐L‐phenylalanine was polymerized directly by atom transfer radical polymerization under mild conditions. Controlled polymerization was carried out in pure water, methanol/water mixture, or pure methanol using water‐soluble initiators, such as 2‐hydroxyethyl‐2′‐methyl‐2′‐bromopropionate and sodium‐4‐(bromomethyl)benzoate at room temperature. The corresponding optically active biocompatible amino acid‐based homopolymers were obtained in good yields with narrow molecular weight distributions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Mechanical properties of natural fiber hybrid composites based on renewable thermoset resins derived from soybean oil, for use in technical applications
Authors: Adekunle Kayode , Cho Sung‐Woo , Ketzscher Richard , Skrifvars Mikael 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNatural fiber composites are known to have lower mechanical properties than glass or carbon fiber reinforced composites. The hybrid natural fiber composites prepared in this study have relatively good mechanical properties. Different combinations of woven and non‐woven flax fibers were used. The stacking sequence of the fibers was in different orientations, such as 0°, +45°, and 90°. The composites manufactured had good mechanical properties. A tensile strength of about 119 MPa and Young's modulus of about 14 GPa was achieved, with flexural strength and modulus of about 201 MPa and 24 GPa, respectively. For the purposes of comparison, composites were made with a combination of woven fabrics and glass fibers. One ply of a glass fiber mat was sandwiched in the mid‐plane and this increased the tensile strength considerably to 168 MPa. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed in order to determine the storage and loss modulus and the glass transition temperature of the composites. Microstructural analysis was done with scanning electron microscopy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The role of surfactant type and modifier concentration in tailoring the properties of chlorobutyl rubber/organo clay nanocomposites
Authors: Saritha A. , Joseph Kuruvilla , Thomas Sabu , Muraleekrishnan R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNanocomposites were prepared using montmorillonite with different organic modifiers (cloisite 10 A, cloisite 15 A, and cloisite 20 A) and the effect of intercalant structure on clay morphology and chlorobutyl vulcanization kinetics was investigated. Because of its lower rigid structure the aliphatic salt was easier to intercalate into the clay galleries giving rise to a higher interlayer distance and facilitating the rubber intercalation obtaining an exfoliated structure in the nanocomposite. The vulcanization process was sensibly accelerated by this organoclay and a higher crosslinking degree was observed in the nanocomposite which gave rise to materials with improved processing and physical characteristics. The present work focuses on characterising the surfaces of organically modified MMT clays and the relationship to the final properties of their nanocomposites. Concentrating on the surface modifiers, one has to take into account their interaction with the matrix polymer, the solubility of the organic molecule adding to the complexity due to its influence. We aim to show that understanding the influence of surface characteristics is the basis for selecting the ideal organoclay for the given matrix polymer. Depending on the nature of the surfactant used for the organic modification of clay and its modifier concentration the nanocomposites exhibit difference in the properties. The organoclays used in the present study were selected to explore the effects of the amine surfactant structure on the dispersion of clay particles in chlorobutyl rubber matrix. The structure of the organic amine compound used to form the organoclay is expected to have some effect on the morphology and properties of the nanocomposites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Thermal analysis of enhanced poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based proton‐conducting membranes crosslinked with sulfonation agents for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Morancho J. M. , Salla J.M. , Cadenato A. , Fernández‐Francos X. , Colomer P. , Calventus Y. , Ramis X. , Ruíz R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol)‐based proton‐conducting membranes, due to their high selectivity for water with respect to alcohols, have been suggested as a promising alternative to perfluorinated ionomer, Nafion®, widely used as an electrolyte in hydrogen (PEMFC) and direct methanol (DMFC) fuel cells. Sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) has been commonly used as a crosslinking agent to form an inter‐crosslinked structure and a promoting sulfonating agent to enhance the ion conductivity. The introduction of SSA increases proton conductivity of PVA‐based polymer electrolyte membranes and reduces methanol permeability. Crosslinking produces deep changes in the crystallinity of PVA membranes and also alters the state and content of water in the membrane. In addition, the presence of the protonic acid promotes the appearance of degradation reactions at temperatures well below those of unmodified PVA, thus producing a decrease in thermal and mechanical stability. In this work, the thermal and mechanical properties of membranes prepared using PVA with different proportions of SSA were investigated by calorimetry and mechanical thermal analysis. The results indicate that the crystallinity disappears in membranes containing 2% of SSA or more. As a result of the combined effect of the disappearance of crystallinity and the increase of crosslinking, the equilibrium water content first increases (up to 5% SSA) but at higher proportions of SSA it decreases. Above 100°C, the amorphous membranes undergo degradation reactions such as the elimination of lateral OH groups of PVA and the formation of polyene structures, making the membrane colored, brittle and crackly. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The pattern‐recognition receptor nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain–containing protein 1 promotes production of inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Yokota Kazuhiro , Miyazaki Takashi , Hemmatazad Hossein , Gay Renate E. , Kolling Christoph , Fearon Ursula , Suzuki Hiromichi , Mimura Toshihide , Gay Steffen , Ospelt Caroline 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectivePattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain–containing protein 2 (NOD‐2), have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to analyze the expression, regulation, and function of the PRR NOD‐1 in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs), and to examine its interaction with other PRRs.MethodsExpression of NOD‐1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in synovial tissue from RA patients, psoriatic arthritis patients, gout patients, and osteoarthritis (OA) patients. RASFs and human monocyte‐derived macrophages (HMDMs) were stimulated with L‐alanyl‐γ‐D‐glutamyl‐meso‐diaminopimelic acid, palmitoyl‐3‐cysteine‐serine‐lysine‐4, poly(I‐C), lipopolysaccharide, heat‐inactivated bacteria, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), or interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). Expression levels of IL‐6, CCL5, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), NODs, and TLRs were measured by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and/or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. NOD‐1 and NOD‐2 were silenced with target‐specific small interfering RNA. Phosphorylation of IL‐1 receptor–associated kinase 1 (IRAK‐1) was measured by Western blotting.ResultsExpression of NOD‐1 protein was significantly increased in RA synovium compared to OA synovium. The basal expression of NOD‐1 was similar in RASFs, OASFs, healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and healthy control HMDMs. Stimulation of RASFs with TLR‐3 up‐regulated the expression of NOD‐1. Expression of IL‐6, CCL5, MMPs, TLR‐2, and NOD‐2 was significantly up‐regulated in RASFs by stimulation with the NOD‐1 ligand. A synergistic effect on IL‐6 production was observed in cells stimulated with NOD‐1 and TLR‐2 ligands or NOD‐1 and TLR‐4 ligands. Silencing of NOD‐1, but not NOD‐2, decreased the levels of IL‐6 in RASFs after stimulation with TLR‐2 and IL‐1β, and blocked the phosphorylation of IRAK‐1.ConclusionNOD‐1 is strongly expressed in different cell types in the synovial tissue of patients with RA. These results indicate that NOD‐1, either alone or interacting with other inflammatory mediators, can play an important role in the chronic and destructive inflammation of the joints in RA.
Potential of hydrothermal treatments in lignocellulose biorefineries
Authors: Gullón Patricia , Romaní Aloia , Vila Carlos , Garrote Gil , Parajó Juan C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe aqueous fractionation of native lignocellulosic materials with hot, compressed water (also known as hydrothermal processing or autohydrolysis) has been proposed as a fractionation method for biorefineries, as it enables the simultaneous removal of water‐soluble extractives and the solubilization of hemicelluloses, yielding a solid phase enriched in lignin and cellulose. When the operation is carried out under favorable conditions, the liquid phase from autohydrolysis contains valuable products derived from hemicelluloses, including oligosaccharides that keep the major structural features of the polymer (including substitution by acetyl groups). Post‐hydrolysis of oligosaccharides in media catalyzed by acids or enzymes yields fermentable media containing hemicellulosic sugars; whereas harsh acid hydrolysis conditions result in the production of levulinic acid. Subsequent delignification of autohydrolyzed solids enables the separation of the three major lignocellulose components (hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin). As an alternative way for using autohydrolyzed solids, they can be used as substrates for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, leaving lignin as a solid by‐product. The sustainable manufacture of materials, fuels and chemicals from the biorefinery schemes cited above is discussed. Particular attention is paid to hemicellulose‐derived products. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Bestimmung der charakteristischen Betonfestigkeiten in Bestandstragwerken
Authors: Loch Markus , Stauder Florian , Schnell Jürgen 
Published: December 2011

AbstractZum Nachweis der Tragfähigkeit bestehender Gebäude benötigt der Tragwerksplaner charakteristische Materialeigenschaften der verwendeten Baustoffe. Die Beurteilung der Betondruckfestigkeit von Bauwerksbeton ist in DIN EN 13791:2008 geregelt. Wie in dem vorliegenden Beitrag gezeigt wird, ist deren Anwendung jedoch vor allem auf solche Fälle zu beschränken, bei denen Zweifel hinsichtlich der Konformität einer verbauten Festigkeitsklasse nach DIN EN 206‐1 bestehen. In Bestandstragwerken sollte die Bestimmung der charakteristischen Betonfestigkeit mit allgemeinen statistischen Verfahren erfolgen. Die dabei zu empfehlende Vorgehensweise wird in diesem Aufsatz beschrieben. Gleichwohl kann die strikte Anwendung statistischer Bewertungsverfahren unter ungünstigen Randbedingungen zu ingenieurmäßig fragwürdigen Ergebnissen führen, weshalb diese stets von einem sachkundigen Ingenieur zu verifizieren sind.Assessment of the Characteristic In‐Situ Compressive Strength in Existing Structures. Shortcomings of DIN EN 13791In order to verify the design resistance of existing structures, the structural engineer requires the characteristic material properties of the used building materials. The assessment of the characteristic in‐situ compressive strength of structures is codified in DIN EN 13791:2008. However, as shown in this article, the application of DIN EN 13791 needs to be restricted to cases in which the conformity of an used strength class according to DIN EN 206‐1 is in doubt. The characteristic in‐situ compressive strength of existing structures should be assessed by common statistic methods. The recommended procedure for these cases is described in this article. Nevertheless, under adverse boundary conditions, the unreflecting application of statistic methods can lead to dubious results. Therefore, a competent engineer should verify these results.
Ermüdungsbemessungsmodell für normal‐, hoch‐ und ultrahochfeste Betone
Authors: Lohaus Ludger , Wefer Maik , Oneschkow Nadja 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDer Ermüdungsnachweis nach CEB‐FIP Model Code 90 ist auf Betone bis zu der Festigkeitsklasse C120 beschränkt. Gleichzeitig beinhaltet dieser Nachweis eine festigkeitsabhängige Reduktion der Druckfestigkeit unter Ermüdungsbeanspruchung, die bereits für hochfeste Betone zu einer unwirtschaftlichen Bemessung führt. In Anbetracht der mittlerweile vorliegenden umfangreichen Erkenntnisse zum Ermüdungsverhalten normalfester und hochfester Betone ist die Größe dieser Abminderung als nicht mehr gerechtfertigt einzustufen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein neu entwickeltes Ermüdungsbemessungsmodell vorgestellt, welches eine wirtschaftliche und sichere Bemessung von normalfesten, hochfesten und ultrahochfesten Betonen im Grenzzustand der Ermüdung ermöglicht. Der neue Bemessungsansatz wurde in das Bemessungskonzept des CEB‐FIP Model Code 90 integriert, so dass eine einfache Anwendung möglich ist.Design model for the fatigue behaviour of normal strength, high strength and ultra‐high strength concreteFatigue design according to CEB‐FIP Model Code 90 is limited to concrete grades of up to C120. In addition, the design rules include a strength dependent reduction of the fatigue reference strength, which leads to uneconomical design of high strength concretes. Considering today's existing comprehensive knowledge regarding the fatigue behaviour of normal strength and high strength concretes, the size of this reduction is no more justifiable. In this article, a newly developed design model for fatigue is presented, which enables an economic and safe design of normal strength, high strength and ultra‐high strength concretes based on fatigue limit state. This new design approach is integrated into the design concept of the CEB‐FIP Model Code 90, thereby guaranteeing a simpler application.
Resuscitative emergency thoracotomy in a Swiss trauma centre
Authors: Lustenberger T , Labler L , Stover J F , Keel M J B 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
Resuscitative emergency thoracotomy (ET) is performed as a salvage manoeuvre for selected patients with trauma. However, reports from European trauma centres are scarce.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was undertaken of injured patients who underwent resuscitative ET in the emergency department (ED) or operating room (OR) between January 1996 and September 2008. Survival in the ED and to hospital discharge was analysed using logistic regression.

Results
During the study interval 121 patients required a resuscitative thoracotomy, of which 49 (40·5 per cent) were performed in the ED and 72 (59·5 per cent) in the OR. Patients in the OR had higher blood pressure on arrival (median 110 versus 60 mmHg; P &lt; 0·001), were less often in severe haemorrhagic shock (63 versus 94 per cent; P &lt; 0·001), had fewer serious head injuries (Abbreviated Injury Score of 3 or above in 33 versus 53 per cent; P = 0·031) and more often had a penetrating stab wound as the dominating mechanism (25 versus 10 per cent; P = 0·042) compared with those in the ED. Ten patients (20 per cent) survived to hospital discharge after ED thoracotomy, compared with 53 (74 per cent) of those treated in the OR. Penetrating injury and Glasgow Coma Scale score above 8 were independent predictors of hospital survival following ED thoracotomy. No patient with a blunt injury and no detectable signs of life on admission survived. Three of 26 patients with blunt trauma and signs of life on admission survived to hospital discharge.

Conclusion
Resuscitative ET may be life-saving in selected patients. Location of the procedure is dictated by injury severity and vital parameters. Outcome is best when signs of life are present on admission, even for blunt injuries.