A low-mass sub-Neptune planet transiting the bright active star HD 73344
Authors: Sulis S. , Crossfield I. J. M. , Santerne A. , Saillenfest M. , Sousa S. , Mary D. , Aguichine A. , Deleuil M. , Delgado Mena E. , Mathur S. , Polanski A. , Adibekyan V. , Boisse I. , Costes J. C. , Cretignier M. , Heidari N. , Lebarbé C. , Forveille T. , Hara N. , Meunier N. , Santos N. , Balcarcel-Salazar S. , Cortés-Zuleta P. , Dalal S. , Gorjian V. , Halverson S. , Howard A. W. , Kosiarek M. R. , Lopez T. A. , Martin D. V. , Mousis O. , Rajkumar B. , Strøm P. A. , Udry S. , Venot O. , Willett E. 
Published: May 2024

Context. Planets with radii of between 2 and 4 R⊕ closely orbiting solar-type stars are of significant importance for studying the transition from rocky to giant planets, and are prime targets for atmospheric characterization by missions such as JWST and ARIEL. Unfortunately, only a handful of examples with precise mass measurements are known to orbit bright stars.
Aims. Our goal is to determine the mass of a transiting planet around the very bright F6 star HD 73344 (Vmag = 6.9). This star exhibits high activity and has a rotation period that is close to the orbital period of the planet (Pb = 15.6 days).
Methods. The transiting planet, initially a K2 candidate, is confirmed through TESS observations (TOI 5140.01). We refined its parameters using TESS data and rule out a false positive with Spitzer observations. We analyzed high-precision radial velocity (RV) data from the SOPHIE and HIRES spectrographs. We conducted separate and joint analyses of K2, TESS, SOPHIE, and HIRES data using the PASTIS software. Given the star’s early type and high activity, we used a novel observing strategy, targeting the star at high cadence for two consecutive nights with SOPHIE to understand the short-term stellar variability. We modeled stellar noise with two Gaussian processes: one for rotationally modulated stellar processes, and one for short-term stellar variability.
Results. High-cadence RV observations provide better constraints on stellar variability and precise orbital parameters for the transiting planet: a radius of Rb = 2.88−0.07+0.08 R⊕ and a mass of Mb = 2.98−1.90+2.50 M⊕ (upper-limit at 3σ is <10.48 M⊕). The derived mean density suggests a sub-Neptune-type composition, but uncertainties in the planet’s mass prevent a detailed characterization. In addition, we find a periodic signal in the RV data that we attribute to the signature of a nontransiting exoplanet, without totally excluding the possibility of a nonplanetary origin. This planetary candidate would have a minimum mass of about Mc sin ic = 116.3 ± −13.0+12.8 M⊕ and a period of Pc = 66.45−0.25+0.10 days. Dynamical analyses confirm the stability of the two-planet system and provide constraints on the inclination of the candidate planet; these findings favor a near-coplanar system.
Conclusions. While the transiting planet orbits the bright star at a short period, stellar activity prevented us from precise mass measurements despite intensive RV follow-up. Long-term RV tracking of this planet could improve this measurement, as well as our understanding of the activity of the host star. The latter will be essential if we are to characterize the atmosphere of planets around F-type stars using transmission spectroscopy.