bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of unintentional poisoning among children under 5 years of age in Karachi: a matched case–control study
Authors: Ahmed Bilal , Fatmi Zafar , Siddiqui Amna R , Sheikh Abdul L 
Published: October 2010

ObjectivePoisoning is the fourth leading cause of unintentional injury and a common paediatric emergency in children under 5 years of age. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with unintentional poisoning among children under 5 years of age presenting to emergency rooms at tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan.SettingChildren were recruited from the emergency rooms of the three biggest tertiary care hospitals in Karachi.DesignA matched case–control study was conducted on 120 cases and 360 controls, with matching done on gender and age. Parents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire containing information on sociodemographic factors, the child's behaviour, and the storage practices of hazardous substances of caregivers in the homes. Conditional logistic regression was performed to analyse the data.ResultsAccessibility to hazardous chemicals and medicines due to unsafe storage (adj mOR=5.6, 95% CI 1.9 to 16.7), child's behaviour reported as usually aggressive (adj mOR=8.2, 95% CI 4.6 to 16.1), storage of kerosene oil and petrol in soft drink bottles (adj mOR=3.8, 95% CI 2.0 to 7.3), low socioeconomic status (adj mOR=9.2, 95% CI 2.8 to 30.1), low level of mother's education (adj mOR=4.2, 95% CI 1.8 to 9.6), and history of previous poisoning (adj mOR=8.6, 95% CI 1.7 to 43.5) were independently related to unintentional poisoning.ConclusionThe practice of storing kerosene and petroleum in soft drink bottles and the easy accessibility of chemicals and medicines are potentially modifiable. Health messages focusing on the safe storage of chemicals and medicines and the use of child resistant containers may play a key role in decreasing the burden of childhood poisoning in Karachi, Pakistan.
Selective testing of β-galactosidase activity in the laboratory identification ofSalmonellaandShigellaspecies
Authors: Boadi Samuel , Wren Mike W D , Morris-Jones Stephen 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundSalmonellaandShigellaspecies are pathogens of great medical and public health importance. However, laboratory identification of these organisms is time consuming. Using current standard laboratory algorithms, the vast majority of organisms submitted for serological typing withSalmonella-specific andShigella-specific antisera are not clinically significant.AimsTo assess the addition of theO-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG) test to the standard screening protocol for identification ofSalmonellaandShigellaspecies, and to describe a revised algorithm for the identification of these pathogens.Methods71 non-lactose-fermenting isolates that were urease negative, indole negative, and produced acid and gas intriple sugar iron agar, with no H2S production in the agar, were tested for β-galactosidase activity using the ONPG test. The test results were read at half-hourly intervals over a 4 h incubation period in O2at 37°C.Results42 isolates (59.2%) were found to beHafnia alvei, of which 36 strains (85.7%) were ONPG positive. All 18 of theEnterobacterspecies (25.4%) were ONPG positive. Overall, about 79% of the ONPG-positive isolates were positive at the end of the first half-hour of incubation. The two pathogenic isolates obtained during this study were both identified asSalmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi A, and they were ONPG negative.ConclusionsIncorporation of a 30 min ONPG test for non-lactose-fermenting organisms that are indole negative, urease negative, producers of acid and gas from glucose, oxidase negative and non-H2S gas producers eliminates the need for further serological testing of 79% of isolates, substantially improving the efficiency of the identification protocol.
Expression of class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1 and HDAC2) in oesophageal adenocarcinomas: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Langer Rupert , Mutze Kathrin , Becker Karen , Feith Marcus , Ott Katja , Höfler Heinz , Keller Gisela 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundHistone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes which play a central role in post-translational histone and non-histone protein modification. Deregulation of HDACs has been detected in various human malignancies and may also influence response to chemotherapy.AimsTo investigate the expression of class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoforms 1 and 2 in oesophageal adenocarcinomas.Methods132 primary resected tumours and 48 tumours treated by chemotherapy were analysed. Expression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 was determined by immunohistochemistry, applied on a tissue microarray and on pretherapeutic biopsies, and correlated with pathological features and prognosis.ResultsThere was negative or low expression of HDAC1 in 54% of tumours, moderate expression in 41% and high expression in 5%. HDAC2 expression was negative or low in 30% of tumours, moderate in 47% and high in 21%. In primary resected tumours, high HDAC2 levels were associated with lymphatic tumour spread and lower tumour differentiation grade. HDAC1 levels were not associated with pT, pN category or tumour differentiation grade. For neoadjuvant treated tumours, there was only a trend for an association with high pretherapeutic HDAC2 expression and tumour regression after chemotherapy. Pretherapeutic HDAC1 levels were not associated with regression after chemotherapy. Survival analysis failed to show any prognostic impact of HDAC1 or HDAC2 expression.ConclusionsHigh HDAC2 expression is associated with aggressive tumour behaviour in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. No significant prognostic value could be found with respect to overall survival or an association with response to conventional chemotherapy for HDAC expression. Immunohistochemical determination of HDACs may be useful for prediction of response to specific HDAC inhibitors.
Microsurgical retrieval of an endovascular microcatheter trapped during Onyx embolization of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Walcott Brian P , Gerrard Jason L , Nogueira Raul G , Nahed Brian V , Terry Anna R , Ogilvy Christopher S 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveCerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular lesions that are amenable to various treatment modalities including stereotactic radiosurgery, fractionated radiotherapy, endovascular embolization, microsurgical obliteration or combined modality treatment. A potential complication of endovascular therapy with embolization material is microcatheter entrapment. We report on a patient for whom surgery was combined with endovascular embolization to obliterate an AVM and retrieve an entrapped endovascular microcatheter.ParticipantA 52-year-old woman suffered a left parietal hemorrhage from an AVM. She underwent staged endovascular embolization of the lesion using Onyx material. During the second stage of the embolization, the microcatheter (Marathon Flow Directed Microcatheter; eV3 Neurovascular, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) was retained in the Onyx plug. It was decided to section the microcatheter at the groin and proceed with microsurgical obliteration of the AVM, with removal of the entrapped microcatheter remnant.InterventionThe AVM was dissected circumferentially allowing the meticulous obliteration of the feeding vessels. A single remaining feeding vessel originating from the distal anterior cerebral artery was identified and suspected to contain the entrapped microcatheter. The location was confirmed using stereotactic guidance (BrainLab, Munich, Germany) and the vessel was then sectioned allowing complete removal of the AVM. The microcatheter (102 cm) was then extracted cranially using gentle traction.ConclusionThis demonstrates the first incidence of microcatheter removal after procedural entrapment in Onyx embolization material.
Prenatal and concurrent exposure to halogenated organic compounds and gene expression ofCYP17A1,CYP19A1, and oestrogen receptor α and β genes
Authors: Karmaus Wilfried , Osuch Janet Rose , Landgraf Jeff , Taffe Bonita , Mikucki Dorota , Haan Pam 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo determine whether prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyl ethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and concurrent exposure to DDE, PCBs and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) affect gene expression of aromatase (CYP19A1), 17-α-hydroxylase (CYP17A1), and oestrogen receptors α and β (ESR1 andESR2).MethodsBased on maternal PCB and DDE levels in the parent generation of the Michigan Fisheater Cohort determined between 1973 and 1991, individual prenatal exposures were estimated and have been published. In 2007, female adult offspring of this cohort were examined. Gene expression and concurrent lipid-adjusted exposures to DDE, PCBs and PBDEs were measured in blood and serum, respectively. Using mixed models and path analyses, gene-expression data were regressed on prenatal and concurrent exposures controlling for confounders.Results139 daughters of Michigan fisheaters (65.3%) participated in the investigation. While prenatal PCB levels were statistically significantly associated with decreased expression of the aromatase and 17-α-hydroxylase genes, prenatal DDE levels were significantly related to increased gene expression of aromatase but not of 17-α-hydroxylase. The DDE association seems to be mediated by concurrent lipid-adjusted p,p′-DDE serum levels. Prenatal and concurrent exposure of both PCBs and DDE had comparable effects. No association was found for PBDEs or for the gene expression ofESR 1andESR2.ConclusionsA 40-year antecedent prenatal exposure and concurrent levels of PCBs and DDE are associated with the expression of aromatase and 17-α-hydroxylase genes. Prenatal exposures to organochlorines may instigate long-term alterations of gene expression. Mechanisms of prenatal induction of persistent gene-expression alterations are speculated to be epigenetic in nature.
Exposure to occupational noise and cardiovascular disease in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004
Authors: Gan Wen Qi , Davies Hugh W , Demers Paul A 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundChronic exposure to occupational noise may be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and hypertension. However, findings are inconsistent and many previous studies are limited by small sample size and inappropriate control for potential confounders. We used a nationally representative US sample to examine associations of self-reported exposure to occupational noise with CHD and hypertension.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 6307 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, aged ≥20 years and employed at the time of interview. Noise exposure assessment was based on self-reported exposure to loud noise in the workplace.ResultsCompared with never exposed participants, subjects chronically exposed to occupational noise had a 2–3-fold increased prevalence of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, CHD and isolated diastolic hypertension. After adjustment for various covariates, the odds ratios (95% CIs) for angina pectoris, CHD and isolated diastolic hypertension were 2.91 (1.35 to 6.26), 2.04 (1.16 to 3.58) and 2.23 (1.21 to 4.12), respectively. There were clear exposure–response relationships for the observed associations. Associations of noise exposure with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and CHD were particularly strong for participants aged <50 years, men and current smokers. There was no significant increase in levels of cardiovascular biomarkers including blood lipids and circulating inflammatory mediators associated with noise exposure.ConclusionsChronic exposure to occupational noise is strongly associated with prevalence of CHD, especially for young male current smokers. This study suggests that excess noise exposure in the workplace is an important occupational health issue and deserves special attention.
Prevention of long-term sickness absence and major depression in high-risk employees: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lexis Monique A S , Jansen Nicole W H , Huibers Marcus J H , van Amelsvoort Ludovic G P M , Berkouwer Ate , Tjin A Ton Gladys , van den Brandt Piet A , Kant IJmert 
Published: October 2010

ObjectivesTo examine the efficacy of early intervention on the prevention of long-term sickness absence and major depression among employees at high risk of future sickness absence and with mild to severe depressive complaints.MethodsRandomised controlled trial conducted among employees working in an office environment. 139 employees were identified both at high risk of future sickness absence and with mild to severe depressive complaints through screening. Subsequently, they were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n=69) or the control group (n=70). Objective sickness absence was analysed at 12 and 18 months of follow-up. Depressive complaints were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months of follow-up.ResultsIntention-to-treat analyses showed a significant difference in total sickness absence duration between the intervention (27.5 calendar days (SD 44.7)) and control group (50.8 days (SD 75.8)) over 12 months of follow-up, a reduction of 46% (p=0.017). The intervention group showed a non-significantly lower proportion of long-term sickness absence spells compared with the control group (p=0.127). Statistically significant and clinically relevant differences in depressive complaints were found after both 6 months (p=0.001) and 12 months (p=0.005) of follow-up, in favour of the intervention group. Relative risk reductions (RRR) were 19.2% and 19.8% respectively. Sickness absence data were available for all participants over 18 months of follow-up. Questionnaire data were available for 99 (at 6 months) and 90 participants (at 12 months). No adverse events or side effects occurred.ConclusionsEarly intervention in employees with mild to severe depressive complaints and high risk of future long-term sickness absence proved to be effective in preventing/reducing both sickness absence and depressive complaints.
Applying toxicological risk assessment principles to constituents of smokeless tobacco products: implications for product regulation
Authors: Ayo-Yusuf Olalekan A , Connolly Greg N 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo determine how information on chemical constituents of different smokeless tobacco products (STPs) may be used in cancer risk assessment for regulatory purposes.MethodsThis study investigated select STP constituents potentially associated with significant cancer risk by applying a known toxicological risk assessment framework. Cancer risk estimates were obtained for selected constituents of STPs and a medicinal nicotine gum formulation with comparable toxicity information and also median concentration data on the GothiaTek analytes. The calculated cancer risk was considered ‘unacceptable’ if it exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) benchmark of an ‘acceptable’ cancer risk of 10E−6.ResultsThe cancer risk estimates derived from daily use of 10 g of STPs meeting the industry-set GothiaTek limits exceed the levels generally considered ‘acceptable’ by the USEPA at least 8000 times. Except for the medicinal nicotine tested, all the STP types, including the relatively lower tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA)-containing snus, were found to carry an ‘unacceptable’ cancer risk. The calculated cancer risks associated with the snus and the US moist snuff products were, respectively, at least 1000 times and 6000 times greater than the minimum acceptable. TSNA and cadmium are associated with the largest estimated cancer risks for all the STPs evaluated.ConclusionsThis study's findings provide an empirical risk assessment that could guide STP regulation using an existing toxicological assessment framework. The study findings question the scientific rationale of the industry-set standards and highlight the need for regulatory actions to reduce specific toxicants in all STPs.
Spinosaurs before Stromer: early finds of spinosaurid dinosaurs and their interpretations
Authors: Buffetaut Eric 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

When Stromer described
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
and erected the family Spinosauridae in 1915 he mentioned that teeth from the Cretaceous of the Djoua region of eastern Sahara, considered by Haug as belonging to a fish, probably belonged to
Spinosaurus
. The teeth from Djoua had been collected by the French Foureau–Lamy Mission, which had crossed the Sahara from 1898 to 1900. Earlier finds of spinosaurid specimens include the jaw fragments from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal referred by Sauvage to a new species of
Suchosaurus
,
S. girardi
. The genus
Suchosaurus
had been erected by Owen in 1841, with
S. cultridens
as type species, on the basis of ribbed and compressed teeth from the Wealden of England that he considered as belonging to a crocodilian. The
Suchosaurus
material from Portugal actually belongs to
Baryonyx
, as do most of the teeth from the Wealden of England referred to
Suchosaurus
. The teeth described by Owen had been obtained from a quarry in Tilgate Forest (Sussex) by Mantell, who described and illustrated some of them in several of his publications, notably
Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex
in 1827. Several of these specimens can be identified in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London. Mantell's earliest published illustrations of these teeth are predated by Cuvier's illustration of a tooth from Tilgate Forest sent to him by Mantell, published in 1824. It thus appears that baryonychine teeth were among the first dinosaur remains to be described and illustrated (as crocodilian teeth) at the time of the discovery of
Megalosaurus
and
Iguanodon
, and well before the term ‘dinosaur’ was coined. It was not until the description of
Baryonyx walkeri
in 1986 that the real affinities of
Suchosaurus
could be elucidated. Because of their peculiar morphology, spinosaurid teeth from various parts of the world were frequently mistaken for those of other reptiles.
Yorkshire dinosaurs: a history in two parts
Authors: Whyte Martin A. , Romano Mike , Watts Will 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Evidence of dinosaurs in Yorkshire is largely confined to the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group (Aalenian–Bathonian) and consists of both skeletal material and trace fossils. The oldest record is of unfigured limb elements, recorded by
Williamson in 1837
and ascribed by Owen to
Cetiosaurus
, but they have not been more recently described. There are no other published records of dinosaur bone from the Ravenscar Group until 2003, when Romano and Whyte recorded recent discoveries including a sauropod caudal vertebra, ribs, disarticulated pectoral and limb elements. Non-dinosaurian skeletal material includes crocodile, turtle and fish.

In contrast, dinosaur tracks are extremely abundant in the Ravenscar Group. Although some may have been observed around 1895, the first definite identification of dinosaur tracks was by
Brodrick in 1907
. A modern resurgence in interest began about 1970 when Sarjeant first formally named a track from Yorkshire. Subsequent publications have amply documented the abundance and diversity of dinosaur tracks within the Ravenscar Group. In 1995 the first new ichnotaxon from Yorkshire,
Deltapodus brodricki
, was described; this was followed by the recognition of sauropod tracks and swimming tracks. There are scattered records of dinosaur bone from other marine units in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The Yorkshire records are of great international significance, especially in the Middle Jurassic where there is a dearth of material from other areas.
The roles played by museums, collections and collectors in the early history of reptile palaeontology
Authors: Evans Mark 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The early history of reptile palaeontology is reviewed in order to assess the different roles played by museums, collections and collectors. The formal characterization and description of several fossil reptile groups (mosasaurs, pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and dinosaurs) is then examined in a series of case histories. Fossil reptile bones were collected from the end of the sixteenth century, originally as objects of curiosity. The comprehensive collection of John Woodward (1665–1728) was an exception to this, and fossil reptiles only comprise a small fraction of the total number of specimens. Early discoveries of reptile fossils were interpreted within an anthropocentric context, with later interpretations being based on contemporary exotic faunas. The emergence of the systematic study of comparative anatomy at the end of the eighteenth century allowed more precise identifications of specimen's affinities, and demonstrated that extinction was a reality. Interpretations were no longer constrained by the contemporary biota. Georges Cuvier was instrumental in both of these advances. Collections and museums of comparative biological material were vital to his methods, and to the whole field of comparative anatomy. By the 1840s, fossil reptiles had been classified into separate and distinguishable groups. Private collectors were important for securing new discoveries, but specimens have only survived when they were acquired by institutional museums. Museums and their collections influenced the careers of such early pioneers as Richard Owen, who later became one of the most politically powerful scientists of the nineteenth century. It is hard to conceive how a field such as palaeontology could survive without collections, as fossil reptiles ably demonstrate.
Art and palaeontology in German-occupied France:
Les Diplodocus
by Mathurin Méheut (1943)
Authors: Le Loeuff Jean 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Geologist Yves Milon, the Dean of the Faculty of Sciences of Rennes, hired the painter Mathurin Méheut in 1941 to produce a large mural decoration for the new Geological Institute. This resulted in a little known 130 m
2
artwork that includes a Mesozoic triptych, the genesis of which is described here. The work was executed during the World War II, when Milon's illegal activities in several English intelligence services-led Resistance movements possibly prevented him from supervising the artist's work and which led to some anatomical inaccuracies. This decoration has survived several threats and constitutes a unique example of a large decorative palaeontological artwork in France. It has a special place in the history of dinosaur reconstructions as the choice of a decorative painting style is far from the usual forms of natural history illustration.
2000 A.D.
and the new ‘Flesh’: first to report the dinosaur renaissance in ‘moving’ pictures
Authors: Liston J. J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Prior to recent developments in computer-generated images, reconstructions of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals were limited to static images or objects. Although a dynamic tension could be introduced to a composition or construction, it fundamentally lacked the ability to convey the motion of a now-extinct animal to its viewer. Before digital art forms the one exception to this was graphic or sequential art, generally in the form of ‘comic’ strips. This article explores how one particular comic strip came to be the mass communicator of a new dynamism in dinosaur reconstructions within 2 years of the data for the so-called ‘dinosaur renaissance’ being presented in the scientific press.