bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diurnal and nocturnal biting activity of flies (Diptera) in western Uganda
Authors: Kangwagye T. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDay and night catches of biting flies (excluding Culicidae) were made from bullock, buffalo and at light at Katookye, western Uganda, between July 1966 and August 1967. The 39 species caught were classified according to the time of day at which they bit. The seven Groups and the most commonly caught species are as follows: Group 1, Ceratopogonidae (purely nocturnal) and Glossina fuscipleuris Aust., Stomoxys ochrosoma Speiser and Haematobosca squalida (Grünb.) (diurnal and nocturnal); Group 2 (early morning peak),Haematobia minuta (Bez.),H. spinigera(Mall.)and H. thirouxi (Roub.); Group 3 (mid-morning peak), Tabanus taeniola P. de B. and T. thoracinus P. de B. Group 4 (mid-morning and late afternoon peaks), G. pallidipes Aust. males and Haematobosca latifrons (Mall.); Group 5 (early morning and evening peaks), Haematopota brunnescens Ric. females, H. patellicorne (End.) females, Stomoxys taeniata Big., S. nigra Macq., S. inornata Grünb. and S. omega Newst.; Group 6 (midday to mid-afternoon peak), G. pallidipes females, H. brucei Aust. females, T. par Wlk. females and Chrysops distinctipennis Aust. females; and Group 7 (progressive increase in biting from morning till evening), G. fuscipes Newst. and S. calcitrans (L.).
A new species of Mompha Hübner (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) from Assam, N.E. India, a potential agent for biological control of Ludwigia adscendens
Authors: Bradley J. D. , Carter D. J. , Sankaran T. , Narayanan E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA species of Mompha, discovered on creeping water-primrose Ludwigia adscendens (Onagraceae) in Assam, N.E. India, is described as new and named Mompha ludwigiae. The eggs, larval and pupal stages are also described. Females lay up to 150 eggs in 3–7 days; development from egg to adult takes 3–5 weeks, the larva at first mining the leaves and later feeding externally on terminal shoots. The larvae could be reared on Oenothera rosea, L. perennis and L. octovalvis in the laboratory, but no host-plants other than L. adscendens were found in the field. A Eulophid parasite, Euryscotolinx sp., has been bred from pupal cocoons.
Comparative studies on sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Dipt., Culicidae). III. The distribution, ecology, behaviour and vectorial importance of species D in Bwamba County, Uganda, with an analysis of biological, ecological, morphological and cytogenetical relationships of Ugandan species D
Authors: White G. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies on mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex at Bwamba, Uganda, showed that the newly recognized sibling species D may be restricted to breeding areas where waters contain unusual solutes, the effluent from hot springs at Buranga being particularly favourable. Two other members of the complex, species A and B, were also detected in the neighbourhood apparently breeding only in more normal situations. Species D specimens were usually identified cytotaxonomically, from the presence of XR potytene chromosomes of the type also occurring in species C and A. melas (Theo.) (neither of which is known from the area). Most species D females have distinctively pale palps, a valuable although limited distinguishing feature. Features of setation on larvae and pupae were discerned which might serve usefully as meristic chaetotaxonomic factors, at least locally, if tested further. Although it is unquestionable that a large proportion of species D females forage in the Semliki forest, feeding on primates, bovids, suids or unsuspected hosts, it was demonstrated that many species D females are markedly anthropophilic and display strong endophilic and endophagic tendencies, to the extent that they may be primary vectors of human malaria and filariasis over a limited range. Species D males were rare indoors and remained mainly within the forest, where great numbers rest low on vegetation in company with unfed females, near to breeding areas of brackish marsh. Two polymorphic chromosomal inversions in species D apparently embody the genetical causes of its differentiation. Cytogenetical evidence indicates that species D is phylogenetically nearly intermediate between A. melas and species C of the A. gambiae complex.
A method for the detection and measurement of insecticide resistance in larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae)
Authors: Roxburgh N. A. , Shanahan G. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this method the toxicant is absorbed with blood serum onto a loose roll of chromatography paper; first-instar larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) are inserted into the air spaces of the roll and allowed to feed. Mortality of the larvae is assessed 24 h later. Typical results using diazinon, dichlofenthian and chlorfenvinphos against susceptible and resistant strains of L. cuprina showed larvae to have resistance factors 6–8 times higher than those for adults determined by established techniques.
The influence of moonlight on catches of insects in light-traps in Africa. Part II. The effect of moon phase on light-trap catches
Authors: Bowden J. , Church B. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNightly light-trap catches of insects, covering periods of 2–5 years, from two sites in Africa within 10° of the equator are examined in relation to the regular changes in night illumination of the lunar cycle. For several species average log catches at different phases of the moon are almost linearly related to (log) night illumination, catches of some species, such as Isoptera and Bostrychidae, increasing and of others, such as Marasmia trapezalis(Gn.) (Pyralidae), Lampyridae and Dorylus spp. (Formicidae), decreasing with moonlight. Relative catches of M. trapezalis and Bostrychidae varied by a factor of 30:1 between no moon and full moon. Analysis of whole-night catches gives some evidence on the pattern of insect activity through the night, identifying Syntomis monothyris (Hmps.) (Ctenuchidae) and Stemorrhages sericea (Dru.) (Pyralidae) in particular as early morning fliers. Evidence on how night illumination affects catch, and on the times of night when illumination has most effect, is consistent for the two sites and for different years. However, any adjustment of nightly catches to those expected under standard conditions of illumination can only be approximate. Although most of the differences between catches at different moon phases are accounted for by night illumination, many factors influence catch on an individual night, and moonlight is a major factor only for certain species. A hypothesis about how a light-trap may affect insect behaviour allows changes in catch of some species over the lunar cycle to be explained by the influence of background illumination on trap effectiveness.
Assessment of the quality of mass-reared Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) males treated with dieldrin as larvae in a female-killing procedure
Authors: Smith P. H. , Konovalov C. A. , Foster G. G. , Kerr R. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe administration of dieldrin in the larval diet of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) killed susceptible females with no pre-emergence mortality of males in a strain which contained a Y–autosome translocation linking dieldrin-resistance to the male sex. Laboratory assays of flight activity, sexual competitiveness and visual sensitivity revealed no significant differences between treated and untreated males. The life-span of treated males was slightly reduced at the highest dieldrin concentration used. In field releases, however, the recapture rate of treated males was much lower than for untreated males, indicating a major deficiency in the performance of dieldrin-treated males in the field that was not suspected from the laboratory tests.
Factors influencing the selection of larviposition sites in the laboratory by Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Rowcliffe C. , Finlayson L. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPregnant females of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. were offered choices of larviposition sites in the vicinity of various models and patterns. Ground-level surfaces of black, green, white or red were not attractive. Vertical surfaces did not attract a majority of flies, but 50% of those that settled on them gave birth in that region of the chamber. Shade cast by horizontal surfaces was attractive, but shade cast by vertical objects was not. Models with an enclosed space were attractive, but larviposition rarely occurred within the model, probably because flies do not readily enter cavities unless the temperature is very high. Among patterns presented at a distance, a simple unbroken area of black was more attractive than equivalent areas in the form of stripes, etc. No distinction was made between stripes presented vertically, horizontally and at an angle. Models representing logs or trees with rot holes were not attractive. Models with subterranean cavities, even a simple trench, were attractive. Loose sand was not more attractive than sand glued to a substrate, but there was an indication of a preference for larger particles. No evidence was obtained for the hypothesis of Nash et al. (1976) that a larval pheromone attracts gravid females to larviposition sites.
Host location byAedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae): a wind tunnel study of chemical cues
Authors: Eiras Alvaro E. , Jepson Paul C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLactic acid, carbon dioxide and human sweat stimuli were presented singly and in combination to femaleAedes aegypti(Linnaeus) within a wind-tunnel system. The take-off, flight, landing and probing responses of the mosquitoes were recorded using direct observation and video techniques. The analyses determined the nature of the response to different stimuli and the concentration ranges within which specific behaviours occurred. A threshold carbon dioxide concentration for taking-off of approximately 0.03% above ambient was detected. Lactic acid and human sweat samples did not elicit take-off when presented alone, however, when they were combined with elevated carbon dioxide, take-off rate was enhanced in most of the combinations tested. Flight activity was positively correlated with carbon dioxide level and some evidence for synergism with lactic acid was found within a narrow window of blend concentrations. The factors eliciting landing were more subtle. There was a positive correlation between landing rate and carbon dioxide concentration. At the lowest carbon dioxide concentration tested, landing occurred only in the presence of lactic acid. Within a window of low to intermediate concentrations, landing rate was enhanced by this combination. At the highest carbon dioxide concentration, landing was however inhibited by the presence of lactic acid. The sweat extract elicited landings in the absence of elevated carbon dioxide. This indicated the presence of chemical stimuli, other than lactic acid, active in the short range. Probing occurred only at low carbon dioxide concentrations and there was no probing when lactic acid alone was tested. There was however probing in the presence of combined stimuli, the level of response seemed to be positively correlated with the ratio of carbon dioxide and lactic acid concentrations.
Determination of the most effective method for field establishment of biocontrol agents of the genus chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Hattingh Vaughan , Samways Michael J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe coccinellid biocontrol agent Chilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) can be established on the non-target scale Asterolecanium sp. (Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae) on giant bamboo Dendrocalamus giganteus. When these sites are adjacent to citrus orchards, the coccinellid readily moves across to reduce population levels of the target prey, red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). C. bipustulatus (Linnaeus) and C. infernalis Mulsant are potential new biocontrol agents against A. aurantii in South Africa. Each life stage of C. nigritus, C. bipustulatus and C. infernalis has advantages and disadvantages for field introductions. This paper investigates different methods of introduction of the different life stages for field establishment. A number of synthetic materials were tested as egg pads for C. infernalis without success. Introduction of eggs adhering to stiff paper cards was unsuccessful and impractical for all species. Eggs, young larvae (first and second instars), older larvae (third and fourth instars) and adult C. nigritus were introduced into stands of bamboo. The adult was the most suitable life stage for establishment followed by older larvae, then younger larvae, with the least suitable being the egg stage. Adults of the three species were released on to scale-infested bamboo at two sites to evaluate the viability of such introductions and to compare their persistence at these sites. C. nigritus and C. infernalis persisted at one release site through the winter and the hottest period of the summer.
Sampling Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cassava in Africa
Authors: Yaninek J.S. , Baumgaertner J. , Gutierrez A.P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDensity-specific sampling plans were developed under African conditions for the exotic spider mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), a serious pest of cassava, Manihot esculenta. The within-plant distribution of Mononychellus tanajoa was found to favour new foliage, regardless of time of planting or plant age. Consequently, the first developed leaf near the top of the foliage was selected as the sampling unit and related to whole plant populations of M. tanajoa. The relationship between the mite population's variance and mean as measured by Taylor's Power Law proved to be stable over a range of planting dates, seasons and locations. Two binomial sampling plans, one based on Taylor's dispersion parameters and another based on direct field observations, were developed and compared. Binomial sampling, appropriate only for densities below 30 mites per leaf, was replaced by an enumerative procedure based on a ‘quick count’ protocol at higher mite densities.
Inheritance of metabolic resistance to the synthetic pyrethroids in Australian Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Daly Joanne C. , Fisk Jennifer H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo strains of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), resistant to synthetic pyrethroids, were isolated from field populations collected in the irrigated cotton growing areas of northern New South Wales: an isofemale strain, Mfo, and a composite field strain, Field. A series of crosses were undertaken between the Mfo and susceptible strains to determine the genetic basis of the resistance. Dose-responses were obtained by bioassay using topical application of fenvalerate in acetone. Considerable variation in tolerance was observed in both resistant and susceptible strains. In the Mfo strain, the major shift in resistance phenotype (33-fold resistance) was due to a single major gene with incomplete dominance. The resistance phenotype was not diluted by 23 generations of backcrossing. The major resistance phenotype could be eliminated almost completely by the addition of piperonyl butoxide which affects oxidative breakdown of the pyrethroids by mixed function oxidase (mfo) enzymes. Similar results were observed in the Field strain. Monitoring for resistance in field populations will be imprecise because a true discriminating dose does not exist for susceptible and heterozygous resistant individuals.
The effect of permethrin-impregnated bednets on house entry by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in The Gambia
Authors: Lindsay S.W. , Adiamah J.H. , Armstrong J.R.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA trial was carried out using experimental huts to determine whether mosquitoes deterred from entering a building where a person slept under a permethrin-impregnated bednet would enter neighbouring dwellings where people used untreated nets. In each of the six experimental huts a man slept under a bednet for six weeks during the dry season in The Gambia. One bednet was impregnated with permethrin, the other five nets were untreated. The design of the trial was based on a series of Latin squares, so that both men and nets were rotated between huts on different nights. At the end of the trial each man had slept under each net in each hut. Mosquitoes collected from the huts each morning were used to estimate the total number of mosquitoes which had entered each hut during the night. Fewer Anopheles gambiae Giles (sensu lato), A. pharoensis Theobald and Mansonia spp. entered a hut with an impregnated bednet than those with untreated nets. However, there was no evidence that mosquitoes deterred from entering a hut with a treated net entered neighbouring huts with untreated nets. Thus it appears unlikely that people using untreated bednets in a community where most use impregnated nets would receive more bites than if everyone had an untreated net. However, the responses of mosquitoes to permethrin-impregnated bednets were found to depend both upon their species and nutritional condition since A. rufipes Gough, banded Culex spp. and non-human bloodfed A. gambiae (sensu lato) freely entered huts with a treated net.
Legume-feeding psyllids of the genus Heteropsylla (Homoptera: Psylloidea)
Authors: Muddiman S.B. , Hodkinson I.D. , Hollis David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology and biogeography of the economically important species of Heteropsylla Crawford, including H. cubana Crawford, are discussed. Heteropsylla comprises a group of legume-feeding neotropical psyllids within the subfamily Ciriacreminae. Taxonomic characteristics previously used to diagnose Heteropsylla and related genera are discussed and a new generic diagnosis is made using both adult and larval characters. Thirty-nine species of Heteropsylla are now recognized and each is described and illustrated. Of these, 21 are new to science. One species, H. boquetensis (Brown & Hodkinson), is transferred from Limbopsylla Brown & Hodkinson. Final instar larvae of 22 species are described and illustrated. Host-plants are recorded for 35 species, showing that Heteropsylla species are generally found on legumes belonging to the Mimosoideae. Three exceptions occur in the Caesalpinioideae. A checklist of species and keys to the identification of adult males, adult females and final instar larvae are provided.
Selection for resistance to phosphine or methyl bromide in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Rajendran S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe build-up of resistance to phosphine and methyl bromide in the developmental stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) after six selections in successive generations was investigated in the laboratory at 25 ± 1°C. Responses of the life stages of the fumigant-selected insects were compared with those of untreated controls with a 24 h exposure and mortality was assessed after 14 days. Phosphine induced the development of resistance irrespective of the life stage chosen for selection. The onset of phosphine resistance was noted after the first selection but the levels of resistance attained in the different stages varied depending on the stage tested, and in each case the degree of expression was different in the four stages of T. castaneum. After selection, phosphine resistance was highest in the pupae followed by eggs, adults and larvae. Resistance to methyl bromide in the methyl bromide treated insects increased only slightly (less than × 2.0). Adults derived from egg, larva, pupa and adult-selected methyl bromide lines showed cross-resistance to phosphine (× 1.8 to 11.5 at LD95), while cross-resistance of adults to methyl bromide was noted only in adult-selected phosphine-resistant insects (× 1.5 at LD95).
Interaction betweenChrysomya rufifaciesandCochliomyia macellaria(Diptera: Calliphoridae): the possible consequences of an invasion
Authors: Wells Jeffrey D. , Greenberg Bernard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour Old World blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae),Chrysomya albiceps(Wiedemann), C.putoriaWiedemann, C.megacephala(Fabricius), and C.rufifacies(Macquart), have recently invaded the New World. The interaction ofChrysomya rufifacies(Macquart) with native carrion flies in Texas, USA, was investigated by reducing oviposition by the invader on rabbit carcasses outdoors. These carcasses produced significantly moreCochliomyia macellaria(Fabricius) adults compared to carcasses on which the invader was not reduced. The results suggest that C.macellariapopulations will decline where the two species co-occur. They also support the hypothesis that the carrion community is saturated with species, and provide a mechanism for the possible elimination ofLucilia caesar(Linnaeus) in Madeira and the reduction of C.macellariain South America byChrysomya albiceps(Wiedemann).
Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) to detect DNA polymorphisms in aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Black William C. , DuTeau Nancy M. , Puterka Gary J. , Nechols James R. , Pettorini Jennifer M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe have used a new technique to identify discrete genetic markers in aphids, a family in which biochemical and morphological genetic polymorphisms are rare. The new technique uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify random regions of aphid genomes (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and has been termed RAPD-PCR. We demonstrate the use of the technique in revealing genetic variation in four aphid species, the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)), the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)), the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), and the brown ambrosia aphid (Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas)). In contrast with allozyme surveys, RAPD-PCR revealed large amounts of genetic variation among individuals in each of these species. Variation was detected among biotypes, populations, colour morphs and even individuals on a single plant. We also explored the utility of RAPD-PCR in the detection and identification within aphid bodies of two endoparasitic wasps, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) and Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson). The use of RAPD-PCR in species diagnostics, parasitoid detection, and population studies is discussed.
Electrophoretic distinction between the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae, and the tobacco aphid, M. nicotianae(Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Blackman Roger L. , Spence Jennifer M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) on cellulose acetate plates was compared among sibling species of the Myzus persicae (Sulzer) group (M. persicae, M. nicotianae Blackman, M. antirrhinii (Macchiati)). M. persicae itself is monomorphic for GOT-1 (genotype ff), whereas European populations of M. nicotianae are polymorphic for this enzyme, with two forms of slightly different mobility (alleles s, f). In the samples of M. nicotianae examined, M. persicae-likeff genotypes were rare and heterozygotes (sf) were in large excess, even in samples from Greece where M. nicotianae has a regular holocycle (i.e., annual sexual reproduction). In North America, where M. nicotianae is probably entirely anholocyclic, samples of both red and green colour morphs of this species were found to be heterozygous for GOT-1. The enzyme difference can thus provide a means of distinguishing most individual specimens, including trapped alatae, of M. persicae and M. nicotianae. The anholocyclic taxon M. antirrhinii appears to be a fixed heterozygote for GOT-1 and thus resembles most M. nicotianae, but can be distinguished electrophoretically from both M. persicae and M. nicotianae by its distinctive pattern of esterases.