bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eggsac parasitism of money spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in cereals, with a simple method for estimating percentage parasitism ofErigonespp. eggsacs by Hymenoptera
Authors: Van Baarlen P. , Sunderland K. D. , Topping C. J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObservations on parasitism of eggsacs of the linyphiid spidersErigonespp.,Oedothoraxspp.,Bathy‐phantes gracilisandLepthyphantes tenuisby four species of hymenopterous parasitoids in a field of winter wheat are described. The dominant parasitoids emerging from eggsacs wereGelis festinans(Ichneumonidae) andBaeussp. (Scelionidae). Percentage parasitism of introduced and naturally occurring eggsacs was compared for the months of May, June and July. No eggsacs ofOedothoraxspp. andB. graciliswere parasitized.Oedothoraxspp. females were observed, in both laboratory and field, to guard their eggsacs efficiently against attack by parasitoids. The percentage of naturally occurring eggsacs ofErigonespp. parasitized byG. festinanswas not significantly different from the percentage parasitism of eggsacs introduced into the field in modified Petri dishes; the Petri dish introduction method therefore provides a simple and efficient means of assessing parasitism in the field.
Functional response of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hym., Aphidiidae) to Diuraphis noxia (Mordwilko) (Hom., Aphididae) hosts
Authors: Bernal J. S. , Bellows T. S. , González D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFunctional‐response experiments involving the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hym., Aphidiidae) and Diuraphis noxia (Mordwilko) (Homo., Aphididae) hosts were conducted. The host densities used were 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 hosts per arena per day. Searching bouts lasted 24 h, and female parasitoids were allowed to search over two consecutive days. New hosts were offered to parasitoids after the first 24 h. Temperature was maintained at ca. 21°C, photoperiod was set at 14L:10D, and humidity ranged from 50 to 70 % RH. In general, the offspring sex ratio did not appear to vary significantly with a host density of up to 80 hosts per female per day. However, the proportion of female offspring increased when female parasites were offered 160 hosts per day. In addition, the overall proportion of female offspring produced across all host densities offered decreased on day 2 (0.582 ± 0.037) relative to day 1 (0.661 ± 0.023). Diaeretiella rapae displayed a Type 2 functional response to D. noxia hosts during the first 24 h. The functional response displayed during the second 24 h was unlike any response commonly reported in the literature, with an initial rise followed by a sharp decline in numbers of mummies produced when more than 40 hosts were offered. This was presumably due to the greater depletion of the female parasitoid's egg complement after 24‐h exposures to high host densities (80 and 160 hosts), rather than to lower host densities (10, 20 and 40 hosts). The functional response parameters for day 1 were à =1.341 arenas per day and Th = 0.017 days per mummy. The maximum attack rate per 24‐h period (i.e. 1/Th) was 59.5 mummies.
Studies on the population dynamics of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zell. (Lep., Gelechiidae) in the Republic of Yemen
Authors: Kroschel J. , Koch W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe development of the potato tuber moth is strongly determined by climatic factors. In Yemen, mass propagation takes place in summer between June and August. Within 1 year, the potato tuber moth develops eight generations. The period of development from the egg to the adult stage takes less than 30 days in summer and at least 70 days in winter. After the crop‐free winter season (November‐February), the population has to build up again in the field. To some extent, non‐harvested tubers serve as places for hibernation. Secondary host plants as Datura stramonium L. are destroyed by frost and do not contribute to hibernation, The build‐up of the potato tuber moth population results predominantly from the farmers' practice of using infestea seed potatoes. The parasitoids Diadegma molliplum Holm. (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Chelonus phthorimaeae Gah. (Hym., Braconidae) reach parasitization rates of 30–40% at the beginning of the vegetation period, from March to April, and 60–80% in the second potato‐cultivation period from August to September. Along with numerous entomophages of Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae, a specific granulosis virus occurs endemically in the production system. These factors are discussed as part of an integrated pest‐management programme for the potato tuber moth.
Choice of pupal habitats by a moth, Zeiraphera diniana Gn. (Lep., Tortricidae), defoliating lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta (Douglas), in northerly, non‐alpine zones
Authors: Day K. R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHigher rates of pupation within the larval feeding habitat (foliage) are reported from a non‐alpine plantation forest of lodgepole pine than are normal in alpine larch forests where pupation occurs in the soil. Experimental evidence suggests that neither host plant species nor temperature conditions are responsible for the difference. High rates of pupal mortality in the soil of wetter non‐alpine forests may have resulted in selection of an alternative pupal habitat.
Influence of rainfall on feeding behavior, growth, and mortality of larvae of the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lep., Notodontidae)
Authors: Kamata N. , Igarashi Y. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA series of observations and experiments were conducted to examine the direct influence of rainfall on feeding behavior, growth, and mortality of larvae of the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella. Rainfall restricted feeding, especially of the young larvae; first and second instars stopped feeding and moved to the backside of a leaf and/or to another leaf when rain began. More than 90 % of hatched larvae died of starvation under a condition of experimentally man‐made continuous rain. Last instar larvae stopped feeding in a heavy rain but more than half of them continued to feed when rain was light. Larvae reared under the man‐made continuous rain during their last instar stage weighed 14.722.0 % less than control when they matured and pupated, and those reared under the rain during the 1st instar stage were also small when they molted to the 2nd instar, undergoing one extra instar stage before the last instar. This extra stage lengthened the overall larval duration but body size regained when subsequent conditions were more favorable. Thus, rainfall in young larval stages resulted in high mortality and a prolongation of the larval period, and rainfall in late larval period curtailed body growth.
Discovery of the larger grain borer in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico
Authors: Ramírez‐Martínez M. , de Alba‐Avila A. , Ramírez‐Zurbía R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe report on the first records of natural host plant utilization by Prostephanus truncatus. Spondias purpurea (‘ciruelo’) and Bursera fagaroides (‘cuajiote amarillo’) branches cut down by Oncideres albomarginata chamela were colonized by P. truncatus in the tropical deciduous forest of the Pacific Coast of México. An average of 328 P. truncatus individuals were captured in pheromone traps and 48 adults in direct samplings of S. purpurea twigs. Five host tree records collected previously are mentioned, all were recorded in the dry season. Strong preferences for cacahuazintle maize were detected by P. truncatus from S. purpurea twigs under laboratory conditions. All beetles had moved to the grain in 19 days. No P. truncatus were observed in either maize fields or rural storage houses of the region, only Sitophilus zeamais was detected, while the pheromone traps in the forest were capturing P. truncatus. Populations of P. truncatus are considered to be utilizing the natural vegetation as possible dissemination points for colonizing neighboring agricultural fields as food sources to which they were suited by chance.
Demographical parameters of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae)
Authors: Gerin C. , Hance Th. , Impe G. Van 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn less than 3 years (1986–1988) Frankliniella occidentalis, imported from USA, had spread throughout Europe. It is a polyphagous Thysanoptera which causes important yield loss in greenhouses, in both vegetable and ornamental crops. However, insufficient data are available on its basic biology. The purpose of this work was thus to establish its life table. A cohort of 95 individuals were observed daily during their whole lifetime. The development time is short, 14.2 days, and no significant difference has been observed between males and females. The mean fecundity is high, as 43.17 larvae were produced by a single female. The intrinsic rate of natural increase is 0.140, meaning that the theoretical population may double in 4.94 days.
The introduction and establishment of Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hym., Aphidiinae) in Tonga
Authors: Wellings P. W. , Hart P. J. , Kami V. , Morneau D. C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this paper we describe the introduction and establishment of the polyphagous parasitoid Aphidius colemani into Tonga in an attempt to control the banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa. P. nigronervosa is a serious pest of Musa spp. because of direct feeding damage and, more importantly, as a vector for banana bunchy top virus disease. A. colemani was introduced to Tonga from Australia, cleared through post‐entry quarantine and mass reared for field release. More than 32000 parasitoids were released on Tongatapu Island, Tonga, between April 1990 and November 1991. Results of surveys conducted during the project have not provided evidence for the parasitoid attacking P. nigronervosa in the field. However, A. colemani was recovered from Aphis gossypii on taro, Colocasia esculenta about 9 months after the cessation of releases confirming its establishment. A. gossypii is one of a number of other species present in the Tongan aphid fauna that are suitable hosts for Aphidius colemani. Experimental studies on the acceptance of alternate aphid hosts by A. colemani are presented; along with information on host suitability. These data show that P. nigronervosa is readily parasitized in the absence of ants.
Pheidoleants as potential biological control agents of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis(Col., Curculionidae), in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Fernandes W. D. , Oliveira P. S. , Carvalho S. L. , Habib M. E. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study evaluates the potential of ants as natural biological control agents of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), during the between‐season period, in South‐east Brazil. Active adults ofAnthonomuswere experimentally distributed on the ground of the cotton field. Results show that 20% of the adultAnthonomusare attacked and removed by foraging ants. The native antPheidole oliveiraiwas by far the most efficient predator, accounting for 94 % of the predation onAnthonomus.Recruited workers ofP. oliveiraiwere usually very fast at transporting the weevils to their nests. The potential benefit of suppressing overwintering adultAnthonomusduring the between‐season period is mainly that of reducing the risk of high level infestations during the next cropping cycle.
Evaluation of Mediterranean fruit‐fly traps for use in sterile‐insect‐technique programmes
Authors: Katsoyannos B. I. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper contains information on a 5‐year experimental programme, coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (I.A.E.A.), on Mediterranean fruit‐fly (medfly); Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae) trapping. The aim of the experiments was to standardize trapping methods for use in sterile‐insect‐technique programmes under various climatic and ecological conditions. The experiments were conducted in Greece during the months July‐September, 1987–1991, in a citrus orchard on the island of Chios. Seven different trap types and several trap treatments consisting of combinations of visual and olfactory (food, sexual) attractants were tested according to the coordinated protocol. Additional trap types and treatments were also assessed in additional experiments. Among the treatments tested, the most effective in terms of total captures was the International Pheromones' Plastic McPhail Trap (IPMT), baited with a water solution containing the protein Nulure 9%, borax 3 % and having a Trimedlure (TML) plug in a basket hung from the trap ceiling. This treatment captured predominantly males and was relatively selective for medflies since, apparently, TML has repellent effects on non‐target insects and in part, on medfly females. The same treatment without TML was almost as effective as the above treatment, capturing predominantly females but also a large number of non‐target insects which renders it problematic. The IPMT was as effective as the other McPhail Trap version tested, including the classical glass trap. The internationally used Jackson Trap baited with a TML plug was the most convenient in terms of handling and performed well under low to medium population densities. However, with high populations, its sticky surface was too small to capture the corresponding proportions of males. Under high population densities, larger sticky traps or dry traps with a much bigger carrying capacity are more suitable. Some of the Nadel‐type traps such as a Hawaiian and a Moroccan version (the Maghrebmed trap), or even a dry IPMT baited with TML and DDVP, were very effective and are probably suitable for dry and dusty areas. However, with some of the traps, such as the Hawaiian type, most of the captured flies were frequently removed by yellowjacket wasps (Vespula germanica L.) entering into the trap.
Abundance and emergence of spruce cone insects in different parts of Switzerland
Authors: Wermelinger B. , Hirschheydt J. v. , Fecker B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn 1989 a total of 4471 spruce cones was harvested at 29 locations distributed over the five main geographic regions of Switzerland, i.e. Jura, Central Plateau, North, Central and South Alps. The cones were incubated in a controlled environment chamber and the emerging insects were collected and identified. This analysis excludes parasitoids except for the most abundant Torymus spp. Twelve insect species and some 14000 individuals in total were identified. On the average, every cone was inhabited by three insects. The most numerous species were Kaltenbachiola strobi (Winn.), Cydia strobilella (L.), and Torymus spp., amounting together to 95% of the total insect number. Though the abundance peaks varied for different species, most insects were reared from cones from the alpine area. Vegetation type (alliance) was related to the abundance of several species but did not correlate with total infestation rate. For two species their number was related to sampling site altitude. Likewise, a positive, linear correlation was found between the frequencies of the parasitoid Torymus spp. and its host K. strobi, the ratio between the two species averaging 0.7. Cone setting did not correlate with infestation level, but tree age was positively related to total insect number per cone.In the laboratory C. strobilella and K. strobi were the earliest species to emerge; they had the shortest emergence period as well. The percentage of K. strobi with prolonged diapause (emergence in second year after cone sampling) was 51%, while the corresponding values for all other species were lower than 20%. Neither sampling site elevation nor cone setting affected diapause length.
Factors affecting choice of buds by larvae of the ash bud moth Prays fraxinella Bjerk. (Lep., Yponomeutidae), and the implications for ash dieback
Authors: Foggo A. , Speight M. R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAsh dieback is a chronic condition affecting a high percentage of mature pre‐senescent individuals of Fraxinus excelsior L. growing in hedgerows in mainland Britain. The ash bud moth has been mooted as a possible causal agent of dieback through attacking terminal buds of twigs and curbing tree growth: dieback is characterised by failure of terminal buds to flush. Patterns of winter bud utilisation by larvae of the ash bud moth Prays fraxinella were determined by examination of samples gathered during a field survey in 1989. Further twigs gathered in 1993 were used to determine mean values for various characteristics of buds which might influence bud choice by larvae. These bud characteristics were used to generate expected patterns of larval utilisation of buds at different positions on the twig; observed and expected distributions were compared by G‐tests. P. fraxinella larvae display a complex preference for buds situated at different points on the twigs, with preference for buds being strongly affected by bud size, and with preference for buds in the middle of the twigs being higher than that for either apical or basal buds possibly due to interactions between bud size, scales thicknesses, and availability of food within the buds. These findings suggest that failure of terminal buds to flush in instances of ash dieback are not likely to be due to bud moth attack. Size based preference for buds may have deleterious consequences for young trees, however, in which lateral buds are often too small to provide adequate resources for P. fraxinella larvae.
On‐farm analysis of attacks by the pea weevil (Sitona lineatus L.; Col., Curculionidae) and the resulting damage to pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops
Authors: Doré T. , Meynard J. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe study measures intensity of attacks by Sitona lineatus L. on pea crops in farmers' fields and the resulting damage. Insect attacks were measured on the aerial parts of the plant at the vegetative stages and on roots at the start of flowering of the crop. Attack intensity varied between and within plots. Early sown crops were at greater risk of severe damage. There was a good correlation between leaf damage at the beginning of the crop cycle and damage to nodules at the start of flowering in unsprayed crops. Aerial spraying did not completely prevent nodule damage in crops severely injured by insects at the early vegetative stage. The effects of the attacks on nitrogen nutrition of the pea crop were also assessed; these results are discussed with regard to the consequences for crop management.
Studies on the strains of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) collected from different hosts in Northern Maldova
Authors: Ram Pala , Tshernyshev W. B. , Afonina V. M. , Greenberg Sh. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBiological and morphological characteristics together with electrophoretic patterns were compared for five strains of Trichogramma evanescens W., collected from the eggs of Mamestra brassicae L., Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. and Agrotis segetum Schiff. in northern Maldova. Significant differences were observed in the biological characteristics including the proportion of female progeny, developmental period, longevity and fecundity. The strains also differed in the ratio of antennal hair length to the maximum width of flagellum in males. Patterns of esterase systems indicated that the strains differed in the mobility and intensity of esterase bands. All the strains had a strong preference for the host from which they were collected in the field. Crossing of the strains indicated that one strain was reproductively isolated. The results have application in selecting the strategy for establishing initial colony in mass rearing of parasitoids and for research on Trichogramma ecology and evolution.
Eggs of the stick insect Graeffea crouanii Le Guillou (Orthoptera, Phasmidae). Mortality after exposure to natural enemies and high temperature
Authors: Rapp G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe eggs of the coconut stick insect Graeffea crouanii develop on the ground beneath the palms where they are subject to desiccation and attacks by parasitoids or predators. Eggs were exposed in petri dishes to assess the significance of natural enemies in the field. After 1 year the parasitoids Paranastatus verticalis and P. nigriscutellatus had emerged from only 1% of a total of 240 eggs, predators had attacked 70%. Eggs were offered to potential predators. The ants Pheidole megacephala and Tapinoma melanocephalum and the rodents Rattus exulans and R. rattus accepted them. Egg mortality after exposure to different temperatures was observed in climatic chambers. Nymphs emerged from 62% of a total of 120 eggs kept at 20°C. All eggs exposed to 30°C and 40°C became desiccated.
Cereal aphids, their parasitoids and coccinellids on oats in central Poland
Authors: Pankanin‐Francz M. , Ceryngier P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the complex role of coccinellids and parasitic Hymenoptera in reducing the populations of cereal aphids on oat crops. The studies were conducted in 1988–1991 in Dziekanów Polski near Warsaw. The dynamics of number of aphids and coccinellids and degree of parasitization of aphids by parasitoids were examined. Moreover, the species composition of the studied groups of insects was also determined.The studies allowed to determine the occurrence of three species of cereal aphids: Rhopalosiphum padi L., Sitobion avenae F. and Metopolophium dirhodum Walk. The first two were the most numerous. The dynamics of the individual species was different in the separate years of the study. The first to appear was usually R. padi. On the studied fields eight species of predatory Coccinellidae and seven species of parasitic Hymenoptera belonging to the family Aphidiidae were found.The studies revealed considerable differences in the abundance of the species of cereal aphids in the individual years, course of its dynamics and also synchronization between the development of aphids and their natural enemies. The role of aphidophages should be separately considered for the individual aphid species. R. padi is usually attacked by coccinellids after the peak of numbers, whereas S. avenae during the increase of population.S. avenae is also reduced to a considerable extent by parasitoids.
Sublethal effects of acephate and biphenate on fecundity, longevity, and egg viability in greenhouse whitefly (Hom., Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Omer A. D. , Leigh T. F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSublethal effects of acephate (an organophosphate) and biphenate (a pyrethroid) on greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw.) were investigated by measuring male and female longevity, daily rate and lifetime fecundity per female, and egg viability for cohorts exposed to LC50s when Acala SJ‐2 cotton was a host. Males T. vaporariorum were more sensitive to sublethal concentrations than females. Significant reductions in male longevity were caused by exposure to acephate and biphenate, whereas female longevity was not significantly affected by exposure. Exposure to biphenate and acephate treatments reduced lifetime fecundity by 29% and 37%, respectively. Viability of eggs laid by treated females was not affected. Analysis of patterns and heterogeneity of reproduction suggests that timing and magnitude of oviposition, average level of daily oviposition and reproductive decline were influenced by sublethal concentrations of insecticides. Results of repeated‐measures analysis of variance confirmed reductions in fecundity of females T. vaporariorum exposed to sublethal concentrations.