bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Decline of the Rappen Coinage League
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The political development of the Upper Rhine lends only modest support to the notion that it formed a natural region. The coherence of what at first sight appears to be a self-contained region was in fact the outcome of a late medieval contraction and concentration of political power. This chapter argues that an analogous, and indeed simultaneous, contraction can also be observed in the pattern of regional monetary cooperation. In the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, that cooperation had been vested in regional coinage associations. Such associations sprang up across the length and breadth of Germany. Although their importance as agents of regional monetary policy needs no stressing, their significance in the longer term — at least on the Upper Rhine — lay in providing a framework for cooperation over fundamental issues of ‘good police’ and public welfare. This chapter looks at one coinage association, the Rappen coinage league, focusing on its rise and collapse.
The Fracturing of a Regional Identity
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
From 1300 onwards the shifting balance of political and military fortunes on the Upper Rhine had fostered the growth of regional solidarity. The requirements of public peace on the western frontiers of the Empire found their expression in the many defensive treaties which bound local lords and cities together. Yet a sense of positive solidarity, grounded in the perception of enduring common interests, had also emerged in the two centuries before 1500. Its most obvious manifestation was the transformation of the Rappen coinage league from a loose association stretching well into Switzerland to a coinage area restricted to the southern Upper Rhine, whose boundaries were defined more by geography and commerce than by ties of lordship. The rise of confessional divisions gave an added twist to the intricacies of dynastic politics. By 1600, a sense of regional identity on the southern Upper Rhine had neither collapsed nor disappeared — but it had become progressively fractured in the face of territorial and confessional politics.
Containing Communism Anglo-American Policy towards the KPD, 1945–1950
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the Anglo-American containment policy towards the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) during the period from 1945 to 1950. It traces and compares the Anglo-American attitudes to German Communism on the ground, as opposed to at the negotiating table, in the form of local military government. This chapter also examines the popular receptivity to anti-communism among the West German general public and the role of the Federal authorities in Bonn.
Conclusion
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Fascism is primarily associated with the Mussolini's regime in Italy and Hitler's government in Germany. While these two countries exhibited an explosive effect, this study was only marginally concerned with their actual practices, their ‘modernizing’ nature and impact and their role in perpetrating the Second World War. The main concern of this study was the concept of fascism as an idea and a cultural mood which attracted intellectuals before the World War I and before fascism was transformed into mass political movements. Fascism in internationally deprived countries such as Italy and Germany were seen as tools for strong revisionist foreign policy element and a militaristic tendency which aided for procuring power. On the whole, fascism was more about domestic affairs. It was a cultural and political response to the rise of mass society, urbanization, and secularization. Fascists belonging to the nineteenth century looked for an alternative way to modernity that would preserve ‘civilization’ and elite culture from the threat of democratic and socialism, that would include the masses without being dominated and subjugated by them and that would change the ‘disenchantment of life ’ linked with modern rationalism.
Introduction
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Basil Henry Liddell Hart is perhaps the most well-known strategic theorist of the twentieth century, however since his death, his ideas were subjected to scholarly criticism and his reputation suffered heavy blows. His theories were criticised as historically dubious, politically unrealistic, and strategically dangerous. He was also charged of being guilty of manipulating evidence and people to serve his personal interest and to enhance his reputation. This second part of the book examines Liddell Hart 's contribution to strategic theory. This second part of the book aims to overturn much of the criticisms hurtled against Liddell. In the following pages of the second part, are several strategic paradigm of an epoch served through the intellectual biography of Liddell Hart.
Policy: Defence of the West (II): Cold War-Hot War
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
During the advent of the Second World War, Liddell Hart's growing opposition to Britain's war policy made him an outcast and relegated him to isolation and wilderness from his once popular and most-sought after status quo as a military analyst. This chapter discusses growing distance from the precepts of war and Britain's war policy. On the onset of the Second World War, Liddell Hart pursued a different form of stand against the war that relegated him to isolation. Questioning Britain's stand against the Nazi Germany, he concluded the prevailing strategy of Britain in defeating Germany was largely illusionary. He also maintained that Britain's concept of ‘victory ’ proved to be counter-productive and reckless. He believed that Britain should adopt a long-term view of conflict rather than exhausting efforts that would bring American and Soviet domination. He instead, proposed for Cold War against the Germany wherein he proposed to make Britain impregnable but devoid of offensive efforts.
Conclusion: ‘The Western Way in Warfare’, Past and Future
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This conclusion concludes that Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory exceeds and is much serious than his popular doctrines of ‘indirect approach’ and the ‘British way in warfare’. It is concluded that his substantial contribution and claim for originality should be examined and understood in their historical context. As fundamental changes and paradigmatic shifts occur, new and significant intellectual constructions usually emerge when the prevailing ways of interpreting and coping with reality no longer suffice. In the West's most liberal and the increasing democratic societies such as the Britain and the United States, the growing negative reaction against the First World War is seen as a paradigmatic break. In these societies, leading sectors of public opinion and political elite see the major war which resulted to major loss of life and wealth as an increasingly unacceptable means. Instead, they called for a different set of strategic ideas wherein the force is applied in terms of economic sanctions, blockade and limited ‘surgical’ operations by highly mobile and technologically superior striking forces.
‘One of the Most Sure Guarantees of Order’: The Gendarmerie and the Restoration
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Gendarmerie's role in achieving Restoration in Europe. Restoration was a role which the gendarme acquired almost by default. No other organized state institution available within the provinces gave assistance in an emergency aside from Gendarmerie. The Gendarmerie of the early years of the Restoration remained a force of Napoleonic veterans.
‘A Sacrifice to Rancour…Popular Prejudices and…Jealousy’: Gendarmes and the July Monarchy
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the Gendarmerie was on the lookout for political disaffection throughout the July Monarchy. There was a little serious political commotion to occupy Gendarmerie brigades across provincial France in the months and years following the July Revolution. Moreover, legislation under the Restoration and the July Monarchy sought to improve the situation of the country, but even in départements where the state of the roads was prominent, the peasantry could resent the resulting interference.
‘For the Greater Happiness of the State’: Gendarmes beyond the Empire
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the creation of the Gendarmerie by Maximilian Joseph. Joseph announced a centralized system of government including the Gendarmerie in order to maintain peace in times of war and to deal with police matters. The Bavarian government appears to have felt that the Gendarmerie system was preferable to any further attempts to shore up the old practices. However, the corps was not formally established for another four years.
The Quaker Tribe
Authors: DAVIES ADRIAN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a form of tribalism being practised by Friends. Quaker tribalism led to a disregard of worldly customs and associations. Recollections in the diaries and journals of Quakers, as well as the criticisms levelled by opponents of the sect, indicate that after conversion, the importance to family members, neighbours, and acquaintances was diminished.
Augustine and the Problem of Authority
Authors: Leyser Conrad 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe moral drawn by Augustine of Hippo's early medieval readers — very different from the lesson he himself had attempted to expound — was this. The dream of reconstructing the first community of Christians at Jerusalem could only be sustained through an extraordinary display of episcopal authority. Acts four profferred the hope of a community that was self-regulating. However, if that was the promise of the Acts verses, it was not one they could deliver — not without the intervention of an expert on moral rhetoric. Augustine of Hippo's contemporaries and his late readers, for all that they may have respected and even required Augustinian authority, decided repeatedly that a systematic approach to the moral exercise of authority of the sort that Augustine had refused to give was the only way to preserve the hope of establishing a moral community.
Medieval Irish Saints' Lives
Authors: Sharpe Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This is a study of three important late medieval collections of saints' Lives. The manuscripts, written in Latin and, for the most part, relating to the lives of Irish saints, have never before been subject to critical examination. The book addresses such questions as when and where the Lives were compiled, and from what sources they derive. It sets its own treatment of the collections within the wider context of Irish hagiographical studies. It sets out and resolves complex problems of historical and linguistic evidence.
Clandestine Marriage
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses clandestine marriage: a legally binding marriage, but one conducted in a manner which broke canon law. It was binding since it was conducted by a clergyman, following the ritual prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer. But it could be irregular in a number of ways, the primary cause being that it was done in secret rather than in public. The second section examines the advantages which increased the demand for clandestine marriage, the primary one being secrecy. A key group who catered to such demand was surrogates authorised to issue marriage licenses, explained in the third section. The fourth section looks at the parliamentary legislation between 1666 and 1718, where more than ten bills were introduced in order to stop the clandestine marriage business. The fifth section examines Fleet marriages between 1696 and 1753. The sixth section explores the demands for reform.
Early Writings: Science and the Role of the Imagination
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The Lectures on Rhetoric clearly illustrate Smith's interest in the principles of human nature and the emphasis that he placed upon the faculties of reason and imagination, together with man's propensity to discover patterns of causality or to classify phenomena. While these faculties and propensities are illustrated by reference to a wide range of literary works, they are further illustrated by writings of a more philosophical or scientific kind. It is probable that Smith's essay on the ‘External Senses’ dates from the early 1750s, and it is known that at least part of his study of the ‘Imitative Arts’ was read to a society in Glasgow. However, Smith had a very wide knowledge of scientific literature. He also drew attention to the importance of the ‘subjective side of science’, both in emphasizing the role of the imagination when reviewing the basic principles of human nature and in illustrating the working of these principles by reference to the history of astronomy.
Sir James Steuart: Principles of Political Economy
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe lives of James Steuart and Adam Smith, their careers, and their perspectives on political economy could hardly have been more different. Reading Steuart's book Principles of Political Economy in 1767, Smith could hardly fail to appreciate Steuart's scientific purpose, his concern with the emergence of the ‘present establishments in Europe’, the successful deployment of the ‘theory of stages’ which Smith himself had used in his Lectures, or the interest shown in the relationship between the mode of subsistence and the patterns of authority and subordination. In terms of economic analysis, Smith would have confronted a sophisticated theory of population, an advanced theory of the determination of prices, and the same clear grasp of the interdependence of economic phenomena that marked his own early work in the Lectures on Jurisprudence. Other and more general parallels are to be observed in Steuart's awareness of the potential for economic growth and in his appreciation of the contribution made to the process by international trade.
Stanley Cavell
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe author of the book presents a full-length philosophical study of the work of Stanley Cavell, best known for his highly influential contributions to the fields of film studies, Shakespearian literary criticism, and the confluence of psychoanalysis and literary theory. It is not properly appreciated that Cavell's project originated in his interpretation of Austin's and Wittgenstein's philosophical interest in the criteria governing ordinary language, and is given unity by an abiding concern with the nature and the varying cultural manifestations of the sceptical impulse in modernity. This book elucidates the essentially philosophical roots and trajectory of Cavell's work, traces its links with Romanticism and its recent turn towards a species of moral pefectionism associated with Thoreau and Emerson, and concludes with an assessment of its relations to liberal-democratic political theory, Christian religious thought, and feminist literary studies.
Psychoanalysis: Practices of Recovery
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe concepts and practices of psychoanalysis have fed into Cavell's work from its earliest stages. This chapter distinguishes three different levels or dimensions on which this influence has operated. On one level, specific Freudian diagnostic and therapeutic insights have helped guide Cavell's readings of specific texts and the interpersonal relationships represented in them. Cavell also believes that just as the Cartesian Meditations and Shakespearean corpus signalled the simultaneous advent of scepticism and of attempts to overthrow it at the inception of the modern era, so the development of Freudian science of the mind can be seen as a further stage in the story of scepticism's impact on post-Enlightenment culture.
Proper Names I: The Nominal Description Theory
Authors: Bach Kent 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNo doctrines in 20th-century philosophy have met with more unwarranted abuse than Russell's theory of descriptions and his description theory of ordinary proper names. Chapter 5 addressed the main objections to his view that definite descriptions, despite grammatical appearances, function semantically not as logical subject expressions but as (disguised) quantifier phrases. It argued that the underlying problem with these objections is their systematic confusion of pragmatics with semantics: in so far as Russell's theory is understood to concern only the meaning of sentences containing descriptions, it is immune to these objections. This chapter takes up his view that proper names are disguised or ‘truncated’ descriptions. It will not defend his version of the description theory, which suffers from some serious problems exposed by Kripke. Instead, it will develop a different version, which Russell hints at but never actually endorses; this is defended against Kripke's objections.
Quantifier Phrases and Pronouns: Plural Reference and Anaphora
Authors: Bach Kent 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins by trying to describe, without assuming any specific formalism, how quantifier phrases differ from other noun phrases. Then we will be better able to appreciate what it means to say that they can be used to refer, as a variety of examples to be given in the second section will illustrate. The third section surveys plural pronouns. The next two sections take up the interaction of quantifier phrases with pronouns. So-called ‘bound’ pronouns are often likened to variables bound by quantifiers. However, despite the impressive influence of the Fregean tradition and of Chomsky's recent (1981) theory, it is argued that the bound variable approach to pronouns is unsatisfactory and unnecessary. The chapter then extends the argument of the previous chapter — that the relation between a pronoun and its so-called antecedent is a not grammatical one — to so-called bound pronouns: the fact that the use of such a pronoun mayor may not be referentially dependent on the use of a quantifier phrase does not make the pronoun ambiguous. It is denied that when a pronoun functions as a ‘bound’ rather than as a ‘free’ pronoun it plays a different semantic role. Rather, the difference can be explained pragmatically with the help of the notion of referential dependence. The final section offers a pragmatic account of E-type pronouns used in environments containing quantifier phrases.
Neuroscience and Quantum Theory
Authors: Honderich Ted 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAmong the living cells of the human body, and of the central and the peripheral nervous systems, it is neurons or nerve cells which are most immediately bound up with consciousness — with the antecedents of mental events, mental events themselves, and their consequents, the latter being other mental events and also actions. Neurons vary from very short indeed to a considerable length, and are constituted of structures and substructures which are open to study by light and electron microscopy and by many other converging means. Inspite of how scientific this bodily system is, and this is not the most often point of controversy, there remains to be various questions on consequences and still comes three categories of theories: determinist, near-determinist, and indeterminist.
The Case against a Mathematicist Account of Judicial Probability
Authors: Cohen L. Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter investigates the case against a mathematicist account of judicial probability. It considers the influence of accumulated anomalies. Each of the six anomalies in a mathematicist analysis of juridical proof might be tolerable on its own. But together, they constitute a reason for preferring an analysis of juridical proof that is not confronted by such anomalies — if an analysis of this kind is available. It does not disputed that a mathematicist analysis may fit the actual procedures illegitimately employed by some lawyers or triers of fact, or that it might fit the correct procedures in a suitably altered legal system. But at present the laymen who serve on juries must be presumed capable of operating with a different concept of probability than the mathematical one.
Intensional Logic
Authors: Bealer George 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter constructs an intensional language called Lω. The semantics for Lω requires a new semantic method, one which harks back to the work of Boole, Peirce, and Schroder. This algebraic semantic method does not appeal to possible worlds even as a heuristic. The heuristic that is used is simply that of properties, relations, and propositions, taken at face value, and fundamental logical operations on properties, relations, and propositions. Using this new algebraic method, the chapter defines two notions of validity, one for the first traditional conception of intensional entities and one for the second traditional conception. Then, surprisingly as it might seem, the logics for Lω relative to these two notions of validity are found to be both sound and complete. This way, two complete theories of PRPs are obtained, one ideally suited for modal matters and the other for intentional matters.
The Nature of Finite Spirit
Authors: Harris H. S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHegel's first attempt to write a systematic treatise for use in connection with lectures on ‘natural law’ survived. This is the so-called ‘System of Ethical Life’. It presents a progressive conceptual movement from an undeveloped intuition toward the conceptual whole that is implicit in it. What guides Hegel's whole argument is the positive intuition of the Absolute Idea. The rest of this chapter examines the intuition of life, the institution of property, the experience of liberty, and the Idea of the Community.
‘Through Philosophy to Learn to Live’
Authors: Harris H. S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the spring of 1803, Schelling left Jena. That summer Hegel delivered the course for which the systematic manuscript of which the surviving System of Ethical Life formed the third part, was prepared. It was a meditation on the ‘need of philosophy’. In that essay, Hegel argued that a culture that has developed tensions and conflicts that are not properly comprehended becomes a system of ‘relative’ necessity, in which spiritual freedom is reduced to a hopeless striving or is driven in upon itself so that it takes refuge in a dream world. The discussion examines his ‘Outline of Universal Philosophy’, his concepts of ‘consciousness’ and ‘spirit’, Absolute Spirit in the ‘Outline’, and philosophy as absolute cognition.
The Scenes of Inquiry
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book advocates a radical shift of concern in philosophical, historical, and sociological studies of the sciences — from answers and doctrines to questions and problems — and explores the consequences of such a shift. This book is at once naturalistic and historicist: naturalistic in considering the philosophy of the sciences, in particular as it relates to questions concerning the methods of the sciences and their justifications, to be continuous with the sciences themselves; naturalistic in connecting reality and truth in the sciences with the procedures and outcomes of scientific inquiry; historicist in taking as the basis of sound historical interpretation awareness of past material and social conditions, together with sensitivity to past agents' own modes of interpretation; historicist in holding all questions, categories, and meanings to be historicist constructs; and historicist in taking history to be the primary domain of reflection and criticism for all disciplines.