bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic and surgical management of serrated colonic polyps
Authors: Leonard D F , Dozois E J , Smyrk T C , Suwanthanma W , Baron T H , Cima R R , Larson D W 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Serrated polyps are an inhomogeneous group of lesions that harbour precursors of colorectal cancer. Current research has been directed at further defining the histopathological characteristics of these lesions, but definitive treatment recommendations are unclear. The aim was to review the current literature regarding classification, molecular genetics and natural history of these lesions in order to propose a treatment algorithm for surgeons to consider.

Methods
The PubMed database was searched using the following search terms: serrated polyp, serrated adenoma, hyperplastic polyp, hyperplastic polyposis, adenoma, endoscopy, surgery, guidelines. Papers published between 1980 and 2010 were selected.

Results
Sixty papers met the selection criteria. Most authors agree that recommendations regarding endoscopic or surgical management should be based on the polyp's neoplastic potential. Polyps greater than 5 mm should be biopsied to determine their histology so that intervention can be directed accurately. Narrow-band imaging or chromoendoscopy may facilitate the detection and assessment of extent of lesions. Complete endoscopic removal of sessile serrated adenomas in the left or right colon is recommended. Follow-up colonoscopy is recommended in 2–6 months if endoscopic removal is incomplete. If the lesion cannot be entirely removed endoscopically, segmental colectomy is strongly recommended owing to the malignant potential of these polyps. Left-sided lesions are more likely to be pedunculated, making them more amenable to successful endoscopic removal.

Conclusion
Even though the neoplastic potential of certain subtypes of serrated polyp is heavily supported, further studies are needed to make definitive endoscopic and surgical recommendations.
Chemometrics applications in biotech processes: Assessing process comparability
Authors: Bhushan Nitish , Hadpe Sandip , Rathore Anurag S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA typical biotech process starts with the vial of the cell bank, ends with the final product and has anywhere from 15 to 30 unit operations in series. The total number of process variables (input and output parameters) and other variables (raw materials) can add up to several hundred variables. As the manufacturing process is widely accepted to have significant impact on the quality of the product, the regulatory agencies require an assessment of process comparability across different phases of manufacturing (Phase I vs. Phase II vs. Phase III vs. Commercial) as well as other key activities during product commercialization (process scale‐up, technology transfer, and process improvement). However, assessing comparability for a process with such a large number of variables is nontrivial and often companies resort to qualitative comparisons. In this article, we present a quantitative approach for assessing process comparability via use of chemometrics. To our knowledge this is the first time that such an approach has been published for biotech processing. The approach has been applied to an industrial case study involving evaluation of two processes that are being used for commercial manufacturing of a major biosimilar product. It has been demonstrated that the proposed approach is able to successfully identify the unit operations in the two processes that are operating differently. We expect this approach, which can also be applied toward assessing product comparability, to be of great use to both the regulators and the industry which otherwise struggle to assess comparability. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Patterns of radiocarpal joint articular cartilage wear in cadavers
Authors: Gorniak Gerard C. , Conrad Will , Conrad Erin , Decker Bonnie 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe radiocarpal joint transmits about 80% of the compression forces crossing the wrist. However, primary osteoarthritis of this joint is surprisingly uncommon, suggesting that articular cartilage wear is not sufficient to produce arthritic symptoms. By examining the distal radius, scaphoid, and lunate in aged cadavers, wear patterns were charted and measured, allowing assessment of radiocarpal joint wear and mechanics. Bilateral radiocarpal joints of 16 females and 14 males (age 77.7 ± 14.4, N = 30) were exposed and measurements of the wear recorded microscopically. Wear locations were mapped, and X‐Y loci and wear areas calculated. Gender right and sides compared. Over 95% of distal radius wear showed distinct radial‐scaphoid and radial‐lunate wear areas. These bilateral areas were in the palmar half of the distal radius. One main central wear area was seen in 95% of the scaphoid, and 97% of the lunate articular surfaces that were examined. Articular wear showed a circular pattern and was minimal in 95.7% of the surfaces, and the lunate showed the largest wear area. Wear patterns in males and females support the literature that for most ADLs the wrist is in slight extension and ulnar deviation. There are gender differences, but wear areas between sides were similar. Female wear indicates their wrist is positioned more often in a more extended and ulnarly deviated position than males. The wear patterns suggest rotational movements of the scaphoid and lunate during wrist motion and that the wrist is most often used in neutral flexion/extension to slight extension. Clin. Anat. 25:468–477, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discovering the elusive Beauchêne: The originator of the disarticulated anatomic technique
Authors: Spinner Robert J. , Vincent Jean‐François , Wolanskyj Alexandra P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe identity of the Beauchêne bearing the name of the widely used disarticulated anatomic technique has remained elusive over the years. This article traces the skull technique to its originator, Edmé François Chauvot de Beauchêne (ca. 1780–1830), an anatomist and surgeon. In addition to pioneering this innovative anatomic preparation, Edmé François reported the first known case of an intraneural cyst in 1810 and pulmonary air embolism in 1818. The credit has been incorrectly attributed to Claude Beauchêne, an imaginary anatomist in Paris in the 1850s, or to his famous father, Edmé Pierre Chauvot de Beauchêne (1749–1825), a psychologist and physician. The significant accomplishments of Edmé François Chauvot de Beauchêne (Beauchêne fils or Beauchêne son) in medicine have been overshadowed by those of his distinguished father and should be fully recognized. Clin. Anat. 24:797–801, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low attenuation areas in normal costal cartilages on CT: Clinical implication and correlation with histology
Authors: Lee Seunghun , Choi Yo Won , Jeon Seok Chol 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWhile normal costal cartilages are known to be homogenous in attenuation on computed tomography (CT), they frequently show internal low attenuation. This study was performed to assess CT features of the low attenuation and to correlate them with histological features. Chest CT scans of 80 patients without chest wall abnormalities in the first eight decades of age with ten consecutive patients in each decade were reviewed. Histological examinations and CT of three costal cartilage specimens, one each from three cadavers, were done. Of the 80 patients, low attenuation areas were noted in 32% of the upper seven costal cartilages and in 64 patients (80%) without significant sexual difference (P = 0.503 and 0.786, respectively). The areas appeared more frequently in the lower costal cartilages than the upper ones, and were mostly symmetrical in distribution (82%). They were usually ill defined (74%) and similar in attenuation to the chest wall muscle (94%), located centrally (100%), and at most a half of the cartilage diameter. In all three cartilage specimens, central areas were grossly distinct from surrounding areas, and were corresponded to low attenuation areas on CT. At histological exam, the central areas showed multiple foci of vascularized loose connective tissue and fat on myxoid background, generally agreeing with the previous description of cartilage canals, a kind of nutrient channel. In conclusion, normal costal cartilages can show central low attenuation areas, which are typically symmetrical in distribution and at most a half of the cartilage diameter. Clin. Anat. 25:483–488, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Consuming Male Identities: Masculinities, Gender Relations and Alcohol Consumption in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Willott Sara , Lyons Antonia C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe excessive and public consumption of alcohol with other men has been a traditional indication of manliness in Western cultures for many years. However, over the last two decades, this association has been eroded, in part through increased consumption by women. Within the gender‐relational context of this increase, we empirically explore ways in which particular (friendship) groups of young men and women (re)construct masculine identities. The male participants demonstrated greater discursive flexibility in enacting their gender identities through alcohol consumption compared with earlier NZ research although also greater constraints on change compared with more recent UK research. A minority of men constructed themselves as atypical in that they did not like rugby, beer or consuming vast quantities of alcohol. These men were all in professional occupations, and we speculate that their social class and financial status may enable them to negotiate alternative demonstrations of masculinity. We conclude that these findings could be explicated through an examination of national gendered identities that arose out of a pioneer culture, and the commodification of gender identities through alcohol consumption. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Social Representations of the Bali Climate Conference in the French and German Media
Authors: Caillaud S. , Kalampalikis N. , Flick U. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTClimate change is a major current affair for which recent United Nations climate conferences aim to build consensus and develop international solutions. The objective of this article is to compare, through the theoretical lens of social representations, the way in which French and German media, specifically newspapers, represent the Bali climate conference. We use the triangulation of data analysis to take both the pragmatic and the semantic aspects of media discourse into account. Results show that German media adopt both a local and a global vision of climate change and of the conference. Religious metaphors highlight a moral dimension of the conference, suggesting anchoring in human and political categories. In contrast, in French media, we identify that conflicts between countries render the stakes of climate change concrete by war metaphors. The French discourses examined are shown to be organised through the anchoring of political and financial categories. Results are discussed in relation to the history of green movements in the two countries and in relation to practical implications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
S‐Selective Mixed Carboligation by Structure‐Based Design of the Pyruvate Decarboxylase from Acetobacter pasteurianus
Authors: Rother (neé Gocke) Dörte , Kolter Geraldine , Gerhards Tina , Berthold Catrine L. , Gauchenova Ekaterina , Knoll Michael , Pleiss Jürgen , Müller Michael , Schneider Gunter , Pohl Martina 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)‐dependent pyruvate decarboxylase from Acetobacter pasteurianus (ApPDC) catalyzes the carboligation of aldehydes that yields (R)‐2‐hydroxy ketones with high chemoselectivity in mixed carboligations of aliphatic donor and aromatic acceptor aldehydes. On the basis of the crystal structure of ApPDC, which was determined to a resolution of 2.75 Å, and biochemical data, we mapped the active site. This enabled us to design variants with tailor‐made catalytic activities by modifications of the residues E469 and W388. Although the exchange of W388 by smaller amino acids yields variants with higher carboligase activity due to an increased access to the active site, the exchange of E469 to glycine opens the so‐called S‐pocket in ApPDC for aromatic aldehydes and thus alters the stereoselectivity. The variant ApPDC‐E469G provides access to (S)‐phenylacetylcarbinol derivatives by enzymatic carboligation with a good stereoselectivity of up to 89 % enantiomeric excess. The variant nicely complements the toolbox of ThDP‐dependent enzymes, which now gives access to all stereo‐ and regioisomers of the asymmetric aliphatic–aromatic cross‐benzoin‐like condensation. We prove that optimal stabilization of both aldehydes in the active site is essential to gain high yields and high selectivities.
Investigation of the Binding of a Carbohydrate‐Mimetic Peptide to its Complementary Anticarbohydrate Antibody by STD‐NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular‐Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Szczepina Monica G. , Bleile Dustin W. , Pinto B. Mario 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSaturation transfer difference (STD)‐NMR spectroscopy was used to probe experimentally the bioactive solution conformation of the carbohydrate mimic MDWNMHAA 1 of the O‐polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri Y when bound to its complementary antibody, mAb SYA/J6. Molecular dynamics simulations using the ZymeCAD™ Molecular Dynamics platform were also undertaken to give a more accurate picture of the conformational flexibility and the possibilities for bound ligand conformations. The ligand topology, or the dynamic epitope, was mapped with the CORCEMA‐ST (COmplete Relaxation and Conformational Exchange Matrix Analysis of Saturation Transfer) program that calculates a total matrix analysis of relaxation and exchange effects to generate predicted STD‐NMR intensities from simulation. The comparison of these predicted STD enhancements with experimental data was used to select a representative binding mode. A protocol that employed theoretical STD effects calculated at snapshots during the entire course of a molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory of the peptide bound to the Fv portion of the antibody, and not the averaged atomic positions of receptor–ligand complexes, was also examined. In addition, the R factor was calculated on the basis of STD (fit) to avoid T1 bias, and an effective R factor, Reff, was defined such that if the calculated STD (fit) for proton k was within error of the experimental STD (fit) for proton k, then that calculated STD (fit) for proton k was not included in the calculation of the R factor. This protocol was effective in deriving the antibody‐bound solution conformation of the peptide which also differed from the bound conformation determined by X‐ray crystallography; however, several discrepancies between experimental and calculated STD (fit) values were observed. The bound conformation was therefore further refined with a simulated annealing refinement protocol known as STD‐NMR intensity‐restrained CORCEMA optimization (SICO) to give a more accurate representation of the bound peptide epitope. Further optimization was required in this case, but a satisfactory correlation between experimental and calculated STD values was obtained. Attempts were also made to obtain STD enhancements with a synthetic pentasaccharide hapten, corresponding to the O‐polysaccharide, while bound to the antibody. However, unfavorable kinetics of binding in this system prevented sufficient STD build‐up, which, in turn, hindered a rigorous analysis via full STD build‐up curves.
Label‐Free Molecular Beacon System Based on DNAs Containing Abasic Sites and Fluorescent Ligands That Bind Abasic Sites
Authors: Sato Yusuke , Nishizawa Seiichi , Teramae Norio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new class of label‐free molecular beacon (MB) system based on DNA strands that contain abasic (AP) sites (AP‐DNA) and adopt stem‐loop structures, in combination with fluorescent ligands that bind these AP sites, has been developed. Unlike a conventional MB, which requires covalent labeling of the MB with a fluorophore and a quencher, the developed system (APMB) does not require covalent attachment of signal transduction units. Detailed sensing functions of a series of APMB systems were examined with the aid of the fluorescent ligand named ATMND to provide insight into the design strategy for APMB systems. The effects of the stem length and the position of the AP site in the stem moiety on the fluorescence response of the APMB system were examined. Genotyping of a G/C SNP of PCR amplification products was successfully demonstrated with the APMB system and blue‐fluorescent ATMND as a ligand. The APMB system was further extended to a system that utilized green‐fluorescent lumiflavin.
Textured Fluorine‐Doped Tin Dioxide Films formed by Chemical Vapour Deposition
Authors: Bhachu Davinder S. , Waugh Mathew R. , Zeissler Katharina , Branford Will R. , Parkin Ivan P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe use of an aerosol delivery system enabled fluorine‐doped tin dioxide films to be formed from monobutyltin trichloride methanolic solutions at 350–550 °C with enhanced functional properties compared with commercial standards. It was noted that small aerosol droplets (0.3 μm) gave films with better figures of merit than larger aerosol droplets (45 μm) or use of a similar precursor set using atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (CVD) conditions. Control over the surface texturing and physical properties of the thin films were investigated by variation in the deposition temperature and dopant concentration. Optimum deposition conditions for low‐emissivity coatings were found to be at a substrate temperature of about 450 °C with a dopant concentration of 1.6 atm % (30 mol % F:Sn in solution), which resulted in films with a low visible light haze value (1.74 %), a high charge‐carrier mobility (25 cm2 V s−1) and a high charge‐carrier density (5.7×1020 cm−3) resulting in a high transmittance across the visible (≈80 %), a high reflectance in the IR (80 % at 2500 nm) and plasma‐edge onset at 1400 nm. Optimum deposition conditions for coatings with applications as top electrodes in thin film photovoltaics were found to be a substrate temperature of about 500 °C with a dopant concentration of 2.2 atm % (30 mol % F:Sn in solution), which resulted in films with a low sheet resistance (3 Ω sq−1), high charge‐carrier density (6.4×1020 cm−3), a plasma edge onset of 1440 nm and the films also showed pyramidal surface texturing on the micrometer scale which corresponded to a high visible light haze value (8 %) for light scattering and trapping within thin film photovoltaic devices.
Probing Spin Density and Local Structure in the Prussian Blue Analogues CsCd[Fe/Co(CN)6]⋅0.5 H2O and Cd3[Fe/Co(CN)6]2⋅15 H2O with Solid‐State MAS NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Flambard Alexandrine , Köhler Frank H. , Lescouëzec Rodrigue , Revel Bertrand 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMagic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy is used to study the local structure and spin delocalisation in Prussian blue analogues (PBAs). We selected two common archetypes of PBAs (AIMII[MIII(CN)6]⋅x H2O and MII3[MIII(CN)6]2⋅x H2O, in which AI is an alkali ion, and MII and MIII are transition‐metal ions) that exhibit similar cubic frameworks but different microscopic structures. Whereas the first type of PBA contains interstitial alkali ions and does not exhibit any [MIII(CN)6]3− vacancies, the second type of PBA exhibits [MIII(CN)6]3− vacancies, but does not contain inserted alkali ions. In this study, we selected CdII as a divalent metal in order to use the 113Cd nuclei (I=1/2) as a probe of the local structure. Here, we present a complete MAS NMR study on two series of PBAs of the formulas CdII3[FeIIIxCoIII1−x(CN)6]2⋅15 H2O with x=0 (1), 0.25 (2), 0.5 (3), 0.75 (4) and 1 (5), and CsCdII[FeIIIxCoIII1−x(CN)6]⋅ 0.5 H2O with x=0 (6), 0.25 (7), 0.5 (8), 0.75 (9) and 1 (10). Interestingly, the presence of FeIII magnetic centres in the vicinity of the cadmium sites has a magnifying‐glass effect on the NMR spectrum: it induces a striking signal spread such that the resolution is notably improved compared to that achieved for the diamagnetic PBAs. By doping the sample with varying amounts of diamagnetic CoIII and comparing the NMR spectra of both types of PBAs, we have been able to give a view of the structure which is complementary to that usually obtained from X‐ray diffraction studies. In particular, this study has shown that the vacancies are not randomly distributed in the mesoporous PBAs. Moreover the cadmium chemical shift, which is a measure of the hyperfine coupling, allows the estimation of the spin density on the cadmium nucleus, and consequently, the elucidation of the spin delocalisation mechanism in these compounds along with its dependency on structural parameters.
Tuning of the Electronic Properties of a Cyclopentadienylruthenium Catalyst to Match Racemization of Electron‐Rich and Electron‐Deficient Alcohols
Authors: Verho Oscar , Johnston Eric V. , Karlsson Erik , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of a new series of cyclopentadienylruthenium catalysts with varying electronic properties and their application in racemization of secondary alcohols are described. These racemizations involve two key steps: 1) β‐hydride elimination (dehydrogenation) and 2) re‐addition of the hydride to the intermediate ketone. The results obtained confirm our previous theory that the electronic properties of the substrate determine which of these two steps is rate determining. For an electron‐deficient alcohol the rate‐determining step is the β‐hydride elimination (dehydrogenation), whereas for an electron‐rich alcohol the re‐addition of the hydride becomes the rate‐determining step. By matching the electronic properties of the catalyst with the electronic properties of the alcohol, we have now shown that a dramatic increase in racemization rate can be obtained. For example, electron‐deficient alcohol 15 racemized 30 times faster with electron‐deficient catalyst 6 than with the unmodified standard catalyst 4. The application of these protocols will extend the scope of cyclopentadienylruthenium catalysts in racemization and dynamic kinetic resolution.
Noncovalent One‐to‐One Donor–Acceptor Assembled Systems Based on Porphyrin Molecular Gels for Unusually High Electron‐Transfer Efficiency
Authors: Jintoku Hirokuni , Sagawa Takashi , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new approach for fabricating donor–acceptor assembled systems is demonstrated, based on J‐type ordered aggregation of a low‐molecular zinc porphyrin derivative and subsequent integration of a pyridylated fullerene derivative with coordination and orientation onto the porphyrin aggregates. This system achieves unusually high efficiencies in fluorescence quenching during one‐to‐one mixing of the donor and acceptor. Moreover, the Stern–Volmer constant (KSV) and association constant (K) of this system are 2520 and 56 times higher, respectively, than those of the corresponding nonassembled system. The quenching efficiency is thermotropically switchable, since ordered‐to‐disordered transitions are essential characteristics of noncovalent low molecular assemblies.