bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity and seasonal variation of phytoplankton community in the Santragachi Lake, West Bengal, India
Authors: Ghosh Subhabrata , Barinova Sophia , Keshri Jai Prakash 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe study of phytoplankton diversity and its seasonal variation was carried out by sampling water taken from the Santragachi Lake, of West Bengal between November 2009 and July 2010. Various physico-chemical variables were recorded and the correlation of this with phytoplankton density was established using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. This showed that the density of phytoplankton was higher when temperature and nutrients were increased. A total of 29 phytoplankton taxa belonging to Chlorophyta (10), Cyanobacteria (8), Charophyta (5), Bacillariophyta (4), and Euglenozoa (2) were recorded from nine samples taken within the study period. Chlorophyta species dominated mostly in variety and percentage composition while Euglenozoa species representatives had the least expression. Bio-indication showed a low diverse community in the monsoon period with better water quality than in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Various diversity indices (Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Gleason species richness index, Pielou evenness index, and Naughton dominance index) were used to establish the seasonal variation of phytoplankton. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index was most useful in indicating the trophic status of the water as well as the pollution status, which in this case, depicted a moderate level of pollution of this lake.
Mechanical Implementation and Simulation of MoboLab, A Mobile Robot for Inspection of Power Transmission Lines
Authors: Nayyerloo Mostafa , Yeganehparast Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi , Barati Alireza , Foumani Mahmud Saadat 
Published: March 2012

This paper describes the first phase in development of a mobile robot that can navigate aerial power transmission lines completely unattended by human operator. Its ultimate purpose is to automate inspection of power transmission lines and their equipments. The authors have developed a scaled functional model of such a mobile robot with a preliminary simple computer based on-off controller. MoboLab (Mobile Laboratory) navigates a power transmission line between two strain towers. It can maneuver over obstructions created by line equipments such as insulators, warning spheres, dampers, and spacer dampers. It can also easily negotiate the towers by its three flexible arms. MoboLab has an internal main screw which enables the robot to move itself or its two front and rear arms independently through changing gripped points. When the front arm gets close to an obstacle, the arm detaches from the line and goes down, the robot moves forward, the arm passes the obstacle and grippes the line again. In a same way another arms pass the obstacle.
Indoles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization
Authors: Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Goggiamani Antonella 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed assembly of the functionalized pyrrole nucleus on a benzenoid scaffold is a widley used synthetic tool for the preparation of indole derivatives. This construction can be categorized into four main types: (1) cyclization of alkynes; (2) cyclization of alkenes; (3) cyclization viaC‐vinyl reactions; and (4) cyclization viaN − arylation orN − vinylation reactions. The first approach is the most versatile in terms of range of the added functional groups and of the bonds that can be created in the construction of the pyrrole ring. This method is based on the utilization of precursors containing nitrogen nucleophiles and carbon‐carbon triple bonds. The nitrogen nucleophile and alkyne moiety may be part of the same molecule or belong to two different molecules. Some of the most general cyclizations of indoles are summarized. Alkene‐based cyclizations to give indoles are also summarized. Cyclization to indoles via arene vinylation has limited synthetic scope. Indoles can be prepared via cyclizations proceeding throughN‐arylation and N‐vinylation reactions based on pioneering work. In general, only synthetic procedures where palladium catalysis is involved in the pryrrole ring construction event are discussed in this chapter.
Reactive Extrusion of Polymers
Authors: Tzoganakis Costas , Zhu Shuihan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Reactive extrusion (REX) is a process that combines the mass and heat transport operations with simultaneous chemical reactions taking place inside the extruder for the purpose of modifying the properties of existing polymers or for producing new ones. REX is increasingly becoming a powerful technique to develop and fabricate a variety of novel polymeric materials in a highly efficient and flexible way. This combination of chemical reactions and transport phenomena in an extruder provides a large opportunity window for fast prototyping a plethora of specialty polymers filling in the end‐use gaps among the existing commercial resins and natural products. A very large amount of literature on REX has been accumulated over the past few decades, and this review addresses some of the most recent publications while earlier references can be found in previous literature reviews.
Evaporative‐Based Detectors as Global Response Instruments
Authors: Márquez Sillero Isabel , Cárdenas Aranzana Ma Soledad 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Evaporative‐based detectors are a new generation of instruments, which provide a universal response for a wide variety of compounds or their families whose determination by other conventional detection systems is limited by different reasons. Both evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) and corona‐charged aerosol detector (C‐CAD) have been recognized as global response detectors in liquid and supercritical chromatographies. Their advantage over optical or electrochemical detectors is that they do not require from the analytes to present special physicochemical properties. The evaporative‐based detectors nebulized the mobile‐phase/liquid stream effluent, producing analyte particles that are optically detected through the scattered light in the case of ELSD or by charge transfer in the case of the C‐CAD. The foundation of the detection and the main applications of these detectors will be deeply commented in this article. Moreover, a comparison with conventional detectors (ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS), refractive index (RI), and mass spectrometers (MSs)) is included. In the light of the bibliography available on this topic, future applications of and perspectives on the use of these detectors can also be anticipated.
Developing Genetically Engineered Mouse Models to Study Tumor Suppression
Authors: Xiong Shunbin , Parker‐Thornburg Jan , Lozano Guillermina 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSince the late 1980s, the tools to generate mice with deletions of tumor suppressors have made it possible to study such deletions in the context of a whole animal. Deletion of some tumor suppressors results in viable mice while deletion of others yield embryo lethal phenotypes, cementing the concept that genes that often go awry in cancer are also of developmental importance. More sophisticated mouse models were subsequently developed to delete a gene in a specific cell type at a specific time point. Additionally, incorporation of point mutations in a specific gene as observed in human tumors has also revealed their contributions to tumorigenesis. On the other hand, some models never develop cancer unless combined with other deletions, suggesting a modifying role in tumorigenesis. This review will describe the technical aspects of generating these mice and provide examples of the outcomes obtained from alterations of different tumor suppressors. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:9‐24 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rituximab or a second anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients who have failed their first anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy? Comparative analysis from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register
Authors: Soliman Moetaza M. , Hyrich Kimme L. , Lunt Mark , Watson Kath D. , Symmons Deborah P. M. , Ashcroft Darren M. ,   on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of rituximab (RTX) or a second anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who had failed their first anti‐TNF and switched to either RTX or a second anti‐TNF, in routine clinical practice.MethodsRA patients were registered with the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Response to treatment 6 months after switching was assessed using European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria and improvements in a Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score (0.22 unit or more). Regression analyses were used to compare EULAR response and improvement in HAQ score between the 2 groups, adjusting for propensity scores.ResultsIn total, 1,328 patients were included in the analysis of EULAR response, and 937 patients were included in the analysis of HAQ scores. Six months after switching, 54.8% of patients who switched to RTX were EULAR responders compared to 47.3% of those who switched to a second anti‐TNF. A total of 38.4% of RTX patients achieved a clinically important improvement in HAQ score compared to 29.6% in anti‐TNF patients. After adjustment using propensity scores, patients who switched to RTX were significantly more likely to achieve EULAR response (odds ratio [OR] 1.31; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02, 1.69) compared to those who switched to an alternative anti‐TNF. RTX patients were also significantly more likely to achieve improvements in HAQ score (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.07, 2.08).ConclusionThe results suggest that switching to RTX may be of more benefit than switching to an alternative anti‐TNF therapy after failing the first anti‐TNF therapy in RA patients.
Identifying generic predictors of outcome in patients presenting to primary care with nonspinal musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Henschke Nicholas , Ostelo Raymond W. J. G. , Terwee Caroline B. , van der Windt Danielle A. W. M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo identify which generic prognostic factors, such as pain intensity, levels of disability, and psychological factors, are most strongly associated with outcome from musculoskeletal pain, regardless of the location of pain. We tested the hypothesis that pain location does not add predictive value to these generic prognostic models, and that such prognostic factors are equally important across different pain locations.MethodsData from a prospective observational cohort of primary care patients with acute (n = 413) and chronic (n = 414) nonspinal musculoskeletal pain were used to develop predictive models. The analysis was carried out in 3 steps: derivation of predictive models including generic factors only, investigation of the added predictive value of pain location, and investigation of effect modification by pain location.ResultsGeneric factors predicted outcome over different time periods (3 months and 12 months) and for both acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.73–0.75). The most consistent predictors of poor outcome were having had the same complaint in the previous year (odds ratio range 2.03–3.46), a lower level of education, lower scores on the Short Form 36 vitality subscale, using pain medication at baseline, and being bothered by the complaint more often in the past 3 months. Pain location variables only slightly improved the predictive ability of the models over generic factors and were inconsistent across the models.ConclusionGeneric factors appear to play an important role in the prognosis of acute and chronic nonspinal musculoskeletal pain, regardless of the location of pain.
Ultrasonographic hand features in systemic sclerosis and correlates with clinical, biologic, and radiographic findings
Authors: Elhai Muriel , Guerini Henri , Bazeli Ramin , Avouac Jerôme , Freire Véronique , Drapé Jean‐Luc , Kahan André , Allanore Yannick 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate ultrasonographic (US) hand features in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients and their relationship with clinical, biologic, and radiographic data.MethodsFifty‐two consecutive SSc patients were included in a cross‐sectional observational study together with 24 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients enrolled as controls. All patients underwent clinical examination, including tender and swollen joint counts, measurement of disability indices, and hand/wrist radiographs. US was performed on the hand and wrist joints and was aimed at the detection of synovitis, tenosynovitis, and calcinosis.ResultsSynovitis and tenosynovitis were more frequently detected with US in SSc patients (46% and 27%, respectively) than with clinical examination (15% and 6%, respectively; P < 0.01 for both comparisons). Fifty‐seven percent of patients had inflammatory synovitis (mostly Doppler grade 1), and tenosynovitis was either inflammatory or fibrotic. Calcifications were observed using US and radiographs in 40% and 36% of SSc patients, respectively (P = 0.8). As compared to RA, US features specific to SSc were sclerosing tenosynovitis (P < 0.01) and soft tissue calcifications (P = 0.01).ConclusionOur study confirms that articular involvement in SSc is underestimated by a single clinical examination. It is characterized by mild inflammatory changes and the specific findings include sclerotic US aspects together with calcinosis. Further prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the predictive value of these findings and determine whether they should be considered for adapting a therapeutic strategy.
Cardiac valve replacement in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Erdozain José‐Gabriel , Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Segura Maria‐Isabel , Amigo Mary‐Carmen , Espinosa Gerard , Pomar Jose‐Luis , Perez‐Valero Ignacio , Ateka‐Barrutia Oier , Khamashta Munther A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the results of cardiac valve replacement in a multicenter cohort of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and to identify prognostic factors of poor outcome.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of clinical manifestations (cardiac involvement and APS characteristics), operative and early postoperative courses, and long‐term followup. All of the patients fulfilled the Sapporo criteria for APS. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify those variables associated with adverse outcomes.ResultsBetween 1981 and 2008, 33 valvular replacements were carried out in 32 patients with APS. The mean ± SD age at the time of surgery was 43.09 ± 14.08 years. Thirty patients were women. Primary APS was present in 21 patients. The median followup time after surgery was 33.5 months (range 0–192 months). The mitral valve was the most frequently replaced (22 of 33). Mechanical valve replacement was performed in 23 patients (71.9%). The mortality rate was 12.5% (1 cardiogenic shock, 1 septic shock, 1 following renal transplantation, and 1 hemorrhagic stroke). Fourteen patients experienced 20 complications (8 major bleeding, 5 thrombotic events, 2 valvular deteriorations, 2 third‐degree atrioventricular block, 1 endocarditis, 1 cardiac tamponade, and 1 cardiac failure). Fifty percent of the patients had an uneventful outcome.ConclusionMorbidity and mortality were high in APS patients undergoing valve replacement surgery. Most complications were related to thrombosis and bleeding. Anticoagulation must be carefully monitored to prevent hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications.
Increased frequency of DRB1*11:01 in anti–hydroxymethylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase–associated autoimmune myopathy
Authors: Mammen Andrew L. , Gaudet Daniel , Brisson Diane , Christopher‐Stine Lisa , Lloyd Thomas E. , Leffell Mary S. , Zachary Andrea A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association of anti–hydroxymethylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (anti‐HMGCR) myopathy with HLA class I and II antigens.MethodsHLA antigens were determined in 1) 20 white and 8 African American anti‐HMGCR patients, 2) 487 white and 167 African American controls, and 3) 51 white subjects with mild self‐limited statin intolerance.ResultsWhite anti‐HMGCR patients had a higher frequency of the combination HLA–DR11, DQA5, and DQB7 than controls or statin‐intolerant subjects (70% versus 17%; odds ratio [OR] 11.7 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.0–35.3], P = 4.1 × 10−7 and 70% versus 21%; OR 8.3 [95% CI 2.2–33.9], P = 5.4 × 10−4, respectively). This combination was not increased in African American anti‐HMGCR subjects compared to controls (13% versus 3%; OR 4.6 [95% CI 0.2–53.3], P = 0.2). However, DR11 was increased in African American anti‐HMGCR patients compared to controls (88% versus 21%; OR 26.4 [95% CI 3.1–590.3], P = 0.0002). High‐resolution mapping showed that 95% with DR11 had DRB1*11:01. DQA1 and DQB6 were less frequent in white anti‐HMGCR–positive patients compared to controls (25% versus 65%; OR 0.2 [95% CI 0.1–0.5], P = 5.5 × 10−4 and 0% versus 45%; OR 0.0 [95% CI 0.0–0.3], P = 2.1 × 10−5, respectively). DRB11 was not associated with particular disease features.ConclusionDRB1*11:01 is associated with an increased risk of anti‐HMGCR myopathy in whites and African Americans. These findings suggest a mechanistic link between statin exposure, increased HMGCR expression, and the possible presentation of HMGCR‐derived peptide(s) by DRB1*11:01.
Protein Adsorption Modes Determine Reversible Cell Attachment on Poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) Brushes
Authors: Xue Changying , Choi Byun‐Chan , Choi Sangwook , Braun Paul V. , Leckband Deborah E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractProtein adsorption and reversible cell attachment are investigated as a function of the grafting density of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes. Prior studies demonstrated that the thermally driven collapse of grafted PNIPAM above the lower critical solution temperature of 32 °C is not required for protein adsorption. Here, the dependence of reversible, protein‐mediated cell adhesion on the polymer chain density, above and below the lower critical solution temperature, is reported. Above 32 °C, protein adsorption on PNIPAM brushes grafted from a non‐adsorbing, oligo(ethylene oxide)‐coated surface exhibits a maximum with respect to the grafting density. Few cells attach to either dilute or densely grafted PNIPAM chains, independent of whether the polymer brush collapses above 32 °C. However, both cells and proteins adsorb reversibly at intermediate chain densities. This supports a model in which the proteins, which support reversible cell attachment, adsorb by penetrating the brushes at intermediate grafting densities, under poor solvent conditions. In this scenario, reversible protein adsorption to PNIPAM brushes is determined by the thermal modulation of relative protein‐segment attraction and osmotic repulsion.
Relationship of 2D:4D finger ratio with muscle strength, testosterone, and androgen receptor CAG repeat genotype
Authors: Folland Jonathan P. , Mc Cauley Tracey M. , Phypers Cherry , Hanson Beth , Mastana Sarabjit S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the relationship between the ratio of the length of the second and fourth digits (2D:4D) and locomotor muscle strength. Furthermore, two putative mechanisms that might explain any relationship of 2D:4D with muscle strength, specifically serum total and free testosterone, and androgen receptor genotype CAG repeat number (AR CAGn) were investigated. Seventy‐seven healthy young Caucasian men completed a thorough assessment of isometric and isokinetic knee extensor strength, with unilateral measurements averaged across both legs and repeated on two occasions. The lengths of the second and fourth fingers of each hand were measured to calculate 2D:4D ratio. Serum total testosterone (TT) and serum hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured by ELISA and used to calculate free testosterone (FT). AR CAGn was determined by PCR and microchip electrophoresis. There was no association between mean, left or right hand 2D:4D and isometric or isokinetic knee extensor strength (all, R < 0.12, P > 0.32). TT and FT were unrelated to mean, left or right hand 2D:4D ratio (all, R < 0.12, P > 0.34). Finally AR CAGn was not associated with mean, right or left hand 2D:4D ratio (all, R < 0.20, P > 0.10). This study found no evidence of 2D:4D being related to locomotor muscle strength, TT, FT, or AR CAGn. The reported association of 2D:4D with sports performance does not seem to be explained by an influence on locomotor muscle strength, and could be due to an effect on motor or cognitive skills. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arine und Cyclohexin in der Naturstoffsynthese
Authors: Gampe Christian M. , Carreira Erick M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDieser Kurzaufsatz stellt neueste Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Arin‐ und Cyclohexinchemie vor, die es ermöglicht haben, die außergewöhnliche Reaktivität dieser Verbindungen in der Naturstoffsynthese nutzbar zu machen. Die vorgestellten Synthesen beruhen auf der Nutzung dieser reaktiven Spezies in chemoselektiven Umsetzungen, folgen noch nicht dagewesenen Synthesestrategien und sind daher inspririerend für die organische Synthesechemie.
The Art of Fluorescence Imaging with Chemical Sensors
Authors: Schäferling Michael 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFluorescence imaging techniques involving chemical sensors are essential tools in many fields of science and technology because they enable the visualization of parameters which exhibit no intrinsic color or fluorescence, for example, oxygen, pH value, CO2, H2O2, Ca2+, or temperature, to name just a few. This Review aims to highlight the state of the art of fluorescence sensing and imaging, starting from a comprehensive overview of the basic functional principles of fluorescent probes (or indicators) and the design of sensor materials. The focus is directed towards the progress made in the development of multiple sensors and methods for their signal read out. Imaging methods involving optical sensors are applied in quite diverse scientific areas, such as medical research, aerodynamics, and marine research.
Tailoring the ionic association and microstructure of ionomers with various metal salts
Authors: Gao Yan , Choudhury Namita Roy , Dutta Naba K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this work, we investigated the effects of metal stearate salts on the structure, morphology, and properties of poly(ethylene–acrylic acid) neutralized by zinc salts (PI). The samples were characterized in detail with spectroscopic [Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy], microscopic (hot‐stage optical microscopy), thermal [thermogravimetric analysis, modulated differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis], mechanical, and scattering (small‐angle neutron scattering and small‐angle X‐ray scattering) techniques. The melt rheological properties of the samples were also investigated. The structure of the ionic domains was determined by the type of cations and the salt proportion (FTIR). The predominant interaction was found to exist between the metal stearate and the ionic group. Na+ cation exhibited a unique behavior, whereas Zn2+ showed a coordinated structure and, hence, properties. The ionic groups in the Na and Zn stearate systems existed as multiplets and clusters, but multiplets were the main structure in the Al salt system. The salts acted as plasticizers above their melting points (mp's) but as fillers below their mp's. The melt flow properties of PI were significantly affected by the metal cation and salt proportion and were improved greatly by the introduction of the salts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012