bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The utility of osteon shape and circularity for differentiating human and non‐human Haversian bone
Authors: Dominguez Victoria M. , Crowder Christian M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDistinguishing human from non‐human bone fragments is usually accomplished by observation of gross morphology. When macroscopic analysis is insufficient, histological approaches can be applied. Microscopic features, like plexiform bone or osteon banding, are characteristic of non‐humans. In the absence of such features, distinguishing Haversian bone as either human or non‐human proves problematic. This study proposes a histomorphometric approach for classifying species from Haversian bone. Two variables, osteon area (On.Ar.) and circularity (On.Cr.), are examined. Measurements were collected from three species (deer, dog, human) represented by various skeletal elements; only ribs were available for humans (ribs: deern= 6, dogn= 6, humann= 26; humeri: deern= 6, dogn= 6; femora: deern= 6, dogn= 6). Qualitative analysis comparing human to non‐human On.Ar. demonstrated that human ribs have larger mean On.Ar. (0.036 mm2) than non‐human ribs (deer = 0.017 mm2, dog = 0.013 mm2). On.Cr. in the ribs showed minor differences between species (deer = 0.877; dog = 0.885; human = 0.898). Results demonstrated no significant difference across long bone quadrants in long bones. Discriminant analyses run on the means for each sample demonstrated overlap in deer and dog samples, clustering the non‐human and human groups apart from each other. Mean On.Cr. proved a poor criterion (ribs only: 76.3%, pooled elements: 66.1%), while mean On.Ar. proved useful in identifying human from non‐human samples (ribs only: 92.1%, pooled elements: 93.5%). When variables were combined, accuracy increased to 100% correct classification for rib data and 98.4% when considering data from all elements. These results indicate that On.Ar. and On.Cr. are valuable histomorphometric tools for distinguishing human from non‐human Haversian bone. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fault detection method for non‐Gaussian processes based on non‐negative matrix factorization
Authors: Li Xiang‐bao , Yang Yu‐pu , Zhang Wei‐dong 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn this work, a new fault detection method based on non‐negative matrix factorization (NMF) is presented for non‐Gaussian processes. NMF is a new dimension reduction technique that can preserve spatial relationships corresponding and retain the intrinsic structure of original data. The basic idea of our approach is to use NMF to extract the latent variables that drive a process and to combine them with process monitoring techniques. A modified alternating least squares algorithm with an order constraint and a fixed initialization is proposed for solving the NMF problem. In addition, kernel density estimation is adopted to calculate the confidence limits of defined statistical metrics for NMF‐based monitoring method. Afterwards, the proposed method is applied to the Tennessee Eastman process to evaluate the monitoring performance, comparing with principal component analysis and independent component analysis. The experiment results clearly illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogel membranes based on gum tragacanth with tunable structures and properties. II. Comprehensive characterization of the swelling behavior
Authors: Kiani A. , Asempour H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHydrogel membranes based on gum tragacanth (GT), with a wide range of crosslinking densities (0.83–23.87 × 10−6 mol/cm3) and swelling capacities (120–1580 g/g), were prepared with the aid of heat alone and four crosslinking reagents according to a procedure reported in our previous article. In this article, we report on the comprehensive evaluation of the swelling behavior of the prepared hydrogel membranes. These include the swelling kinetics, swelling behavior in terms of the pH and ionic strength of the swelling media, water absorbency under load (AUL), swelling as a function of sample size, deswelling behavior, and successive swelling and deswelling cycles. The swelling kinetics of the hydrogel membranes with higher crosslinking densities and lower swelling equilibria were closer to those of the case II transport mechanism; this is desirable in the field of drug‐delivery systems (DDSs). Furthermore, higher crosslinking densities, and hence stronger structures, of the membranes led to higher AUL values and more stable performances in the successive swelling and deswelling cycles. Moreover, because of the anionic nature of the gum, the prepared GT hydrogels showed pH‐ and ionic‐strength‐dependent swelling behavior. All of these results reveal that GT could be a promising material for the preparation of hydrogel membranes for applications in the fields of DDS, tissue engineering, and the separation of small molecules. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012
Preparation of porous nanofibers from electrospun polyacrylonitrile/calcium carbonate composite nanofibers using porogen leaching technique
Authors: Mehraban Mona , Zadhoush Ali , Abdolkarim Hosseini Ravandi Seyed , Bagheri Rouhollah , Heidarkhan Tehrani Ashkan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractProduction of nanofibrous polyacrylonitrile/calcium carbonate (PAN/CaCO3) nanocomposite web was carried out through solution electrospinning process. Pore generating nanoparticles were leached from the PAN matrices in hydrochloric acid bath with the purpose of producing an ultimate nanoporous structure. The possible interaction between CaCO3 nanoparticles and PAN functional groups was investigated. Atomic absorption method was used to measure the amount of extracted CaCO3 nanoparticles. Morphological observation showed nanofibers of 270–720 nm in diameter containing nanopores of 50–130 nm. Monitoring the governing parameters statistically, it was found that the amount of extraction (ε) of CaCO3was increased when the web surface area (a) was broadened according to a simple scaling law (ε = 3.18 a0.4). The leaching process was maximized in the presence of 5% v/v of acid in the extraction bath and 5 wt % of CaCO3 in the polymer solution. Collateral effects of the extraction time and temperature showed exponential growth within a favorable extremum at 50°C for 72 h. Concentration of dimethylformamide as the solvent had no significant impact on the extraction level. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013
Synthesis of urethane acrylate based electromagnetic interference shielding materials
Authors: Yanılmaz Meltem , Erbay Betül Türel , Serhatli Ersin , Sarac Abdulkadir Sezai 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this work, a new method, consists of synthesis of urethane acrylate (UA) followed by in situ polymerization of pyrrole using cerium (IV) as an oxidant and UV‐curing of the composites, for preparing polypyrrole–UA (PPy–UA) composite films was described. It appeared that dielectric constants of the composites increased with increasing the PPy content and decreased with increasing the frequency from 10−2 to 107, indicating an interfacial Maxwell–Wagner contribution to the permittivity. An incorporation of a small amount of PPy (15% Py) to UA matrix increased their dielectric constants more than 4 × 104 (41,259) at 10−2 Hz. So, the incorporation of PPy was very effective for enhancing the dielectric properties of UA matrix. Furthermore, the significant enhancement in dielectric properties (loss tangent and dielectric constant) contributes to the improvement in electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency. Composite films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) spectrophotometer and 1H‐NMR. It was seen that PPy is blended with the UA matrix at the molecular level through H‐bonding interactions. A linear relationship was also observed between the characteristic groups' absorbances of PPy (from FTIR‐ATR) and dielectric constant values (from dielectric spectrometer). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013
The effect of different organic modified montmorillonites (OMMTs) on the thermal properties and flammability of PLA/MCAPP/lignin systems
Authors: Zhang Rui , Xiao Xifu , Tai Qilong , Huang Hua , Yang Jian , Hu Yuan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe effect of different organic modified montmorillonites (DK1, DK2, and DK4) based on a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) poly(lactic acid) (PLA) system is reported. The IFR system was composed of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and lignin. The morphological characterization of PLA/OMMT nanocomposites was conducted by X‐ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. The flame retardant and thermal properties of the composites were evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), and cone calorimeter. From the results, it could be seen that the sample containing DK2 possessed the best flame retardance, such as lower peak heat release rate (pHRR) and higher LOI value. The thermal degradation and gas products of the samples were monitored by thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis infrared spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy was used to explore the surface morphology of the char residues. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013
Development of a chitosan‐based adhesive. Application to wood bonding
Authors: Patel Anil K. , Michaud Philippe , Petit Emmanuel , de Baynast Hélène , Grédiac Michel , Mathias Jean‐Denis 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe potential of chitosan (CS) as wood adhesive was investigated in this study. The measurement of the bond strength of different CS‐based formulations was carried out using double‐lap shear tests. The best formulation tested was an adhesive composed of 6% of CS, 1% of glycerol, and 5 mmol/L of trisodium citrate dehydrate. Best bond strength from this formulation was found to be equal to 6.0 MPa in dried conditions and 1.6 MPa in wet conditions (specimens immersed for 3 h at 30°C in water). The failure in the double‐lap joint tests mainly occurred in wood. Finally, the penetration of the rhodamine‐labeled CS at 4% in the pinewood matrix was also studied using microtome and microscopy techniques to show interactions between CS‐based adhesive and wood. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013
Probe dependency of flory–huggins interaction parameters between solvents: Cases of hydrocarbons and isosteric derivatives
Authors: Huang Jan‐Chan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInverse gas chromatography has been widely used to determine the Flory–Huggins parameter, χ, between two solvents. Many studies showed that interaction parameters were probe dependent. In recent studies, it was proposed that the interaction between two solvents may lead to different contact probability between solutes and solvent mixtures and create an apparent solubility parameter different from volume average rule. An equation was previously derived to relate the probe dependency to the deviation of solubility parameter from the volume average rule. By plotting ϕ2ϕ3RT(χ23/V2) versus the solubility parameter of solutes, a linear trend could be observed with a negative slope for miscible mixtures. When there was an unfavorable interaction between two solvents, an opposite situation would be observed. In this study, mixtures of 19,24‐dioctadecyldotetracontane (C78) and its derivatives were tested. The solubility parameters of mixtures showed negative deviation from the volume average. The plots of ϕ2ϕ3RT(χ23/V2) versus solubility parameter of solutes had positive slopes. For two derivatives the best estimated values of RT(χ23/V2) were negative in certain temperatures. Enthalpy–entropy compensation plot showed that these two derivatives have higher entropy of mixing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013
Synthesis of Some Azoles Incorporating a Sulfonamide Moiety as Anticonvulsant Agents
Authors: Farag Awatef A. , Abd‐Alrahman Safaa N. , Ahmed Gihan F. , Ammar Ramy M. , Ammar Yousry A. , Abbas Samir Y. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMany derivatives of heterocyclic compounds containing a sulfonamide thiazole moiety were synthesized through the reaction of 2‐(cyano or chloro)‐N‐(4‐(N‐thiazol‐2‐ylsulfamoyl)phenyl)acetamide with isocyanate followed by halogenated compounds, arylidene, 2‐hydroxy benzaldehydes, active methylene compounds, and heterocyclic amines. The anticonvulsant activity for 15 of the synthesized compounds was evaluated and 6 compounds showed protection against picrotoxin‐induced convulsion. 4‐(6‐Amino‐3,5‐dicyano‐4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐oxopyridin‐1(2H)‐yl)‐N‐(thiazol‐2‐yl)benzenesulfonamide (11b) exhibited significant anticonvulsive effects, abolished the tonic extensor phase and offered 100% protection.
A Pentacyclic Nitrogen‐Bridged Thienyl–Phenylene–Thienyl Arene for Donor–Acceptor Copolymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Field‐Effect Transistors and Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Tseng Cheng‐An , Wu Jhong‐Sian , Lin Tai‐Yen , Kao Wei‐Shun , Wu Cheng‐En , Hsu So‐Lin , Liao Yun‐Yu , Hsu Chain‐Shu , Huang Huan‐Yi , Hsieh You‐Zung , Cheng Yen‐Ju 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA pentacyclic benzodipyrrolothiophene (BDPT) unit, in which two outer thiophene rings are covalently fastened with the central phenylene ring by nitrogen bridges, was synthesized. The two pyrrole units embedded in BDPT were constructed by using one‐pot palladium‐catalyzed amination. The coplanar stannylated Sn‐BDPT building block was copolymerized with electron‐deficient thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD), benzothiadiazole (BT), and dithienyl‐diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) acceptors by Stille polymerization. The bridging nitrogen atoms make the BDPT motif highly electron‐abundant and structurally coplanar, which allows for tailoring the optical and electronic properties of the resultant polymers. Strong photoinduced charge‐transfer with significant band‐broadening in the solid state and relatively higher oxidation potential are characteristic of the BDPT‐based polymers. Poly(benzodipyrrolothiophene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (PBDPTBT) achieved the highest field‐effect hole mobility of up to 0.02 cm2 V−1 s−1. The photovoltaic device using the PBDPTBT/PC71BM blend (1:3, w/w) exhibited a Voc of 0.6 V, a Jsc of 10.34 mA cm−2, and a FF of 50 %, leading to a decent PCE of 3.08 %. Encouragingly, the device incorporating poly(benzodipyrrolothiophene‐alt‐thienopyrrolodione) (PBDPTTPD)/PC71BM (1:3, w/w) composite delivered a highest PCE of 3.72 %. The enhanced performance arises from the lower‐lying HOMO value of PBDPTTPD to yield a higher Voc of 0.72 V.
Concise Synthesis and Two‐Photon‐Excited Deep‐Blue Emission of 1,8‐Diazapyrenes
Authors: He Tingchao , Too Pei Chui , Chen Rui , Chiba Shunsuke , Sun Handong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEfficient violet–blue‐emitting molecules are especially useful for applications in full‐color displays, solid‐state lighting, as well as in two‐photon absorption (TPA) excited frequency‐upconverted violet–blue lasing. However, the reported violet–blue‐emitting molecules generally possess small TPA cross sections. In this work, new 1,8‐diazapyrenes derivatives 3 with blue two‐photon‐excited fluorescence emission were concisely synthesized by the coupling reaction of readily available 1,4‐naphthoquinone O,O‐diacetyl dioxime (1) with internal alkynes 2 under the [{RhCl2Cp*}2]–Cu(OAc)2 (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand) bimetallic catalytic system. Elongation of the π‐conjugated length of 1,8‐diazapyrenes 3 led to the increase of TPA cross sections without the expense of a redshift of the emission wavelength, probably due to the rigid planar structure of chromophores. It is especially noteworthy that 2,3,6,7‐tetra(4‐bromophenyl)‐1,8‐diazapyrene (3c) has a larger TPA cross section than those of other molecules reported so far. These experimental results are explained in terms of the effects of extension of the π‐conjugated system, intramolecular charge transfer, and reduced detuning energy.
Chiral‐Substrate‐Assisted Stereoselective Epoxidation Catalyzed by H2O2‐Dependent Cytochrome P450SPα
Authors: Fujishiro Takashi , Shoji Osami , Kawakami Norifumi , Watanabe Takahiro , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Shiro Yoshitsugu , Watanabe Yoshihito 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe stereoselective epoxidation of styrene was catalyzed by H2O2‐dependent cytochrome P450SPα in the presence of carboxylic acids as decoy molecules. The stereoselectivity of styrene oxide could be altered by the nature of the decoy molecules. In particular, the chirality at the α‐positions of the decoy molecules induced a clear difference in the chirality of the product: (R)‐ibuprofen enhanced the formation of (S)‐styrene oxide, whereas (S)‐ibuprofen preferentially afforded (R)‐styrene oxide. The crystal structure of an (R)‐ibuprofen‐bound cytochrome P450SPα (resolution 1.9 Å) revealed that the carboxylate group of (R)‐ibuprofen served as an acid–base catalyst to initiate the epoxidation. A docking simulation of the binding of styrene in the active site of the (R)‐ibuprofen‐bound form suggested that the orientation of the vinyl group of styrene in the active site agreed with the formation of (S)‐styrene oxide.
Polymer‐Supported Bimetallic Ag@AgAu Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Catalytic Properties
Authors: Zhang Shaofeng , Wu Wei , Xiao Xiangheng , Zhou Juan , Xu Jinxia , Ren Feng , Jiang Changzhong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSupported noble bimetallic nanomaterials have attracted great interest owing to their applications in catalysis. Herein, polystyrene‐supported Ag@AgAu bimetallic nanocomposites were synthesized by using a seed‐growth route. The size and degree of coverage of the Ag@AgAu NPs could be controlled by changing the experimental parameters. SEM, TEM, STEM, EDS, and XPS analysis was used to characterize the morphology, structure, and composition of these nanocomposites. We found that the bimetallic nanoparticles on the polystyrene beads had a core–shell structure that was comprised of a Ag core and a AgAu alloy shell. The optical properties of the nanocomposites were also studied by UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, which indicated that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorptions of the nanocomposites could be tailored over a large scale from 450 nm to 950 nm. The catalytic properties of the nanocomposites were studied by using the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) by NaBH4 as a model system. The results showed that the catalytic activity of the polystyrene‐supported Ag@AgAu bimetallic nanocomposites was remarkably superior to that of polystyrene‐supported monometallic Ag and Au nanocomposites with the same nanoparticle size. In addition, an investigation of the recycling catalytic activity of the PS‐Ag@AgAu nanocomposites revealed that the catalyst possessed good stability. The enhancement of the catalytic activity was proposed to be due to the ligand and strain effects between Ag and Au.
Synthesis and Tunable Reactivity of N‐Heterocyclic Germylene
Authors: Xiong Yun , Yao Shenglai , Driess Matthias 
Published: June 2012

AbstractModifying the β‐diketimine ligand LH 1 (LH=[ArNC(Me)CHC(Me)NHAr], Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) through replacement of the proton in 3‐position by a benzyl group (Bz) leads to the new BzLH ligand 2, which could be isolated in 77 % yield. According to 1H NMR spectroscopy, 2 is a mixture of the bis(imino) form [(ArNC(Me)]2CH(Bz) 2a and its tautomer [ArNC(Me)C(Bz)C(Me)NHAr] 2b. Nevertheless, lithiation of the mixture of 2a and 2b affords solely the N‐lithiated β‐diketiminate [ArNC(Me)C(Bz)C(Me)NLiAr], BzLLi 3. The latter reacts readily with GeCl2⋅dioxane to form the chlorogermylene BzLGeCl 4, which serves as a precursor for a new zwitterionic germylene by dehydrochlorination with LiN(SiMe3)2. This reaction leads to the zwitterionic germylene BzL′Ge: 5 (BzL′=ArNC(CH2)C(Bz)C(Me)NAr) which could be isolated in 83 % yield. The benzyl group has a distinct influence on the reactivity of zwitterionic 5 in comparison to its benzyl‐free analogue, as shown by the reaction of 5 with phenylacetylene, which yields solely the 1,4‐addition product 6, that is, the alkynyl germylene BzLGeCCPh. Compounds 2–8 have been fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analyses, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses.
Highway drivers' willingness to pay for speeding violations in Taiwan
Authors: Jou Rong‐Chang , Chen Ke‐Hong 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThis study investigates the effects of various factors on highway drivers' speeding behaviour and estimates the amount of money that a highway driver is willing to pay for speeding violations in Taiwan. The contingent valuation method is applied to measure drivers' preference and to derive the value function of the amount of money. Logit and probit models are estimated to analyse the significant variables influencing speeding behaviour and to calculate the willingness to pay for speeding violations. The research results show that increasing speeding fines is an effective way to reduce illegal driving behaviour on highways. Significant variables affecting highway drivers' speeding behaviour include gender, engine capacity, past offenders in the previous year, and the risk‐seeking characteristics of drivers. Finally, the logit and probit models show that the amounts of money that highway drivers are willing to pay for speeding violations are $US119 and $US116, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promotion of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and tumor growth by 17β‐estradiol in an ER+/HER2+ cell line derived from human breast epithelial stem cells
Authors: Wang Kai‐Hung , Kao An‐Pei , Lin Ta‐Chin , Chang Chia‐Cheng , Kuo Tsung‐Cheng 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA tumorigenic cell line with estrogen receptor and HER2 expression (ER/HER2+), R2N1d, was developed from a human breast epithelial cell type with stem cell characteristics in a growth factor/hormone‐deprived cell culture condition. This study was undertaken to test whether tumor growth and other biological effects could be induced by estrogen in this cell line. The results clearly show that estrogen treatment greatly promoted the tumor growth of R2N1d cells in immune‐deficient mice. Estrogen treatment of R2N1d cells in vitro was also found to induce other phenotypic changes related to breast carcinogenesis, that is, 1) the induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) shown by molecular and functional marker changes; 2) a significant increase of the CD44high/CD24−/low stem cell population; 3) the enhancement of cell growth rate and colony‐forming ability; and 4) the acquisition of metastatic ability, that is, increased cell migration and invasiveness. From these results, we conclude that 1) estrogen could induce EMT and cancer stem cells and promote tumor growth in ER+/HER2+ cells known to be derived from human breast epithelial stem cells, and 2) normal stem cells could give rise to cancer stem cells.