bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mangrove ecosystem in Asia: review and synthesis of ecosystem services and economic valuation methods
Authors: Gargaran Jan Paulo S. , Capuno Reymar Dominic Y. , Novicio Vanessa Faith P. , Petiluna Chuchie C. , Catalba Chantal Erika T. , Paras Desiree Ann P. , Garces Jake Joshua C. 
Published: June 2024

Mangroves provide multiple ecological and socioeconomic benefits in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; however, little is known about their benefits to humans. This study presents a systematic synthesis of the ecosystem services (ESs) and economic valuation methods (EVMs) of mangrove ecosystems in Asia. A total of 28 studies published from 12 countries encompassing 194 observations were reviewed and included in the analysis using Publish or Perish Software. Results revealed that the majority of the mangrove forests in Asia host the genera Rhizophora and Avicennia spp. in the largest proportion, indicating that these genera contribute significantly to mangrove ESs. Market price and factor income methods were the most frequently used EVMs with 96 and 66 value estimates, respectively. Provisioning ecosystem services were valued the most often among ESs types. Moreover, regarding the values of specific ESs, the median values of those that belong to regulating ecosystem services were the highest, specifically erosion prevention (5833.22 $ ha–1 year–1) and moderation of extreme events (3633.69 $ ha–1 year ). Considering contemporary protection and conservation measures, research studies on mangrove ESs and EVMs can be further improved through broader geographic area coverage and improved economic assessment of the rarely studied ESs. Overall, the findings recommend focusing on these gaps, particularly encouraging institutions and policymakers to acknowledge the undervalued ecological and socioeconomic values of mangrove ecosystem services.
1162-P: Global Burden Attributable to High Body Mass Index in Young Adults from 1990 to 2019, with Projections to 2050
Authors: WANG JINGXUAN , HUANG YUE , ZHONG VICTOR W. 
Published: June 2024

Introduction: The global health impacts of escalating obesity burden on young adults remain insufficiently understood. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) in young adults from 1990 to 2050.
Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we analyzed deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI in young adults aged 20-44 years globally and by age, sex, year, location, and disease, between 1990 and 2019. Future projections until 2050 were further assessed.
Results: The global burden due to high BMI in young adults more than doubled during 1990-2019, reaching 24,510 (20,192-28,966) thousand DALYs and 322 (258-384) thousand deaths in 2019. Males had higher burden and faster increase than females. In 2019, middle Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions had the highest age-standardized rates of deaths and DALYs, while low-middle SDI regions witnessed the largest rise. Significant variations across different countries were observed (Figure 1). Nearly 25% of the DALYs were attributed to diabetes and kidney diseases, which showed the fastest increase. By 2050, the age-standardized DALY rate attributable to high BMI tripled that in 1990.
Conclusion: Targeted weight management interventions in young adults are urgently needed to fight against the soaring disease burden caused by high BMI.

Disclosure
J. Wang: None. Y. Huang: None. V.W. Zhong: None.
1858-LB: A Novel GLP-1 Analog, GZR18, Induced an 18.6% Weight Reduction in Subjects with Obesity in a Phase Ib/IIa Trial
Authors: JI LINONG , CHEN WEI , DONG RUIHUA , YUAN MINGXIA , ZHAO DONG , PANG SHUGUANG , ZHAO LIYUAN , ZHAO JING , GAN ZHONG-RU 
Published: June 2024

It remains unclear whether the superior efficacy of multi-target incretin analogs versus single-target incretins in obesity treatment. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation phase Ib/IIa study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a GLP-1 analog, GZR18, in Chinese adults with obesity. The study investigated the weight loss potential of GZR18 and evaluated the feasibility of administrating GZR18 at different frequencies. Thirty-six participants with obesity were randomized 3:1 to receive 30 mg of GZR18 or a placebo for 35 weeks, including a 31-week dose-escalation period. Upon dose escalation to 9 mg/week, subjects were divided into dosing sub-cohorts of QW or Q2W. Endpoints were body weight change and AEs incidence. The average weight loss of GZR18 adjusted by placebo was 18.6% in QW group and 13.5% in Q2W group, with no IP-related serious AEs. Gastrointestinal AEs were reported most frequently, mainly in early dose-escalation period. GZR18 reduced body weight robustly and improved metabolic profiles in study participants. Its weight-loss effects surpassed those of Semaglutide (2.4 mg) and Tirzepatide (15 mg) in recent phase 3 trials involving similar Chinese populations (-9.8% and -17.5%, respectively). These findings warrant further investigation into GZR18's potential to offer superior weight management efficacy over multi-target incretin analogs.

Disclosure
L. Ji: None. W. Chen: None. R. Dong: None. M. Yuan: None. D. Zhao: None. S. Pang: None. L. Zhao: None. J. Zhao: None. Z. Gan: None.
Trends and Inequalities in Diabetes-Related Complications Among U.S. Adults, 2000–2020
Authors: Saelee Ryan , Bullard Kai McKeever , Hora Israel A. , Pavkov Meda E. , Pasquel Francisco J. , Holliday Christopher S. , Benoit Stephen R. 
Published: June 2024

OBJECTIVE
We examined national trends in diabetes-related complications (heart failure [HF], myocardial infarction [MI], stroke, end-stage renal disease [ESRD], nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation [NLEA], and hyperglycemic crisis) among U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes during 2000–2020 by age-group, race and ethnicity, and sex. We also assessed trends in inequalities among those subgroups.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Hospitalization rates for diabetes-related complications among adults (≥18 years) were estimated using the 2000–2020 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample. The incidence of diabetes-related ESRD was estimated using the United States Renal Data System. The number of U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes was estimated from the National Health Interview Survey. Annual percent change (APC) was estimated for assessment of trends.

RESULTS
After declines in the early 2000s, hospitalization rates increased for HF (2012–2020 APC 3.9%, P &lt; 0.001), stroke (2009–2020 APC 2.8%, P &lt; 0.001), and NLEA (2009–2020 APC 5.9%, P &lt; 0.001), while ESRD incidence increased (2010–2020 APC 1.0%, P = 0.044). Hyperglycemic crisis increased from 2000 to 2020 (APC 2.2%, P &lt; 0.001). MI hospitalizations declined during 2000–2008 (APC −6.0%, P &lt; 0.001) and were flat thereafter. On average, age inequalities declined for hospitalizations for HF, MI, stroke, and ESRD incidence but increased for hyperglycemic crisis. Sex inequalities increased on average for hospitalizations for stroke and NLEA and for ESRD incidence. Racial and ethnic inequalities declined during 2012–2020 for ESRD incidence but increased for HF, stroke, and hyperglycemic crisis.

CONCLUSIONS
There was a continued increase of several complications in the past decade. Age, sex, and racial and ethnic inequalities have worsened for some complications.
Perbandingan Return dan Risk pada Saham Berbasis Syariah dan Konvensional yang Tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Erin Linda , Devi Yulistia 
Published: June 2024

Penelitian ini di susun untuk mengetahui tingkat pengembalian return dan risk saham yang berbasis syariah di Jakarta Islamic index (JII) dan Saham yang berbasis Konvensional di IDX30.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif. Lokasi penelitian yaitu website bursa efek Indonesia www.idx,co,id sebagai penyedia data sekunder berupan nama-nama emiten yang masuk dalam Jakarta Islamic index (JII) dan IDX30 Serta data closing price saham tahunan priode 2017 s.d 2020. Dengan membandingkan return dan risk pada saham yang berbasis syariah dan berbasis konvensional. Tehnik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis deskriptif uji asumsi dasar dan uji beda independent t-test.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa analisis deskriptif dalam kurun waktu 4 tahun menunjukan bahwa rata-rata return saham syariah JII sebesar -0,45122 sedangkan nilai rata-rata saham konvensional pada IDX30 yaitu sebesar -0,18700. Adapun tingkat risk saham syariah selama kurun waktu 4 tahun sebesar 0,245117. Sedangkan rata-rata risk saham konvensional 0,214325. Berdasarkan hasil uji beda dengan menggunakan independent sample T-test di dapat bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara return dan risk saham syariah yang ada pada Jakarta Islamic index (JII) dengan saham konvensional yang ada di IDX30.Kata Kunci: Return, Risk , Saham syariah, Saham konvensional
Intra-articular injection of an extended-release flavopiridol formulation represents a potential alternative to other intra-articular medications for treating equine joint disease
Authors: Katzman Scott A. , Cissell Derek , Leale Dustin , Perez-Nogues Marcos , Hall Mark D. , Bloom Grace , Hamamoto-Hardman Briana , Wu Chun-Yi , Haudenschild Anne K. , Liu Gang-yu , Yik Jasper H. N. , Haudenschild Dominik R. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To establish the pharmacokinetics of the cyclin-dependent kinase-9 inhibitor flavopiridol in equine middle carpal joints, using an extended-release poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticle formulation.

ANIMALS
4 healthy horses without evidence of forelimb lameness.

METHODS
A 6-week longitudinal pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 2 phases (6 weeks each) in 4 healthy horses. The PLGA microparticles containing 122 μg flavopiridol in 3 mL saline were administered by intra-articular injection into 1 middle carpal joint, with empty PLGA microparticles injected into the contralateral joint as a control. Synovial fluid and plasma were collected at time points out to 6 weeks, and drug concentrations in synovial fluid and plasma were determined using validated protocols. Synovial fluid total protein and total nucleated cell count and differential, CBC, serum biochemistry, and lameness exams were performed at each of the time points.

RESULTS
Synovial fluid flavopiridol averaged 19 nM at week 1, gradually reduced to 1.4 nM by 4 weeks, and was generally below the detection limit at 5 and 6 weeks. There was no detectable flavopiridol in the plasma samples, and no adverse effects were observed at any time point.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Intra-articular injection of PLGA microparticle-encapsulated flavopiridol was well tolerated in horses, with detectable levels of flavopiridol in the synovial fluid out to 4 weeks with negligible systemic exposure. Flavopiridol is a cyclin-dependent kinase-9 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. The extended-release microparticle formulation promotes intra-articular retention of the drug and it may be an alternative to other intra-articular medications for treatment of equine joint disease.
Prospective assessment of canine thyroid cancer—part I: nodal metastatic rate and impact of nodal immunohistochemistry in 70 dogs
Authors: Skinner Owen T. , Kim Dae Young , Story Ashton L. , Karnia James J. , Selmic Laura E. , Lapsley Janis M. , Dornbusch Josephine A. , Johnson Carley , Oblak Michelle L. , McKenna Charly , Garrett Colleen J. , Hoehn Malissa M. , Mickelson Megan A. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To determine the rate of nodal metastasis in dogs with thyroid cancer and evaluate whether immunohistochemistry (IHC) identifies additional metastases beyond evaluation with H&E.

ANIMALS
70 prospectively enrolled client-owned dogs with thyroid cancer managed with thyroidectomy.

METHODS
Dogs underwent thyroidectomy with concurrent elective bilateral medial retropharyngeal (MRP) ± deep cervical lymphadenectomy. Thyroid tumors and associated lymph nodes were reviewed by a single board-certified pathologist. Immunohistochemistry was used for all primary tumors (thyroid transcription factor-1 and calcitonin) to support a diagnosis of follicular or medullary carcinoma. Lymph nodes without evidence of metastasis after H&E review were labeled with the antibody associated with the wider uptake in the primary tumor.

RESULTS
77 thyroid cancers were resected from the 70 dogs enrolled, including 61 (79.2%) follicular, 8 (10.7%) medullary, and 7 (9.3%) mixed follicular/medullary carcinomas, with 1 (1.3%) carcinosarcoma. Twelve dogs had evidence of nodal metastasis following H&E review. Occult micrometastasis was identified in 1 dog following nodal IHC, resulting in documented metastasis in 13 of 70 (18.6%) dogs. Metastasis was more common with medullary (5/8) and follicular/medullary carcinoma (3/7) than follicular carcinoma (5/61). All MRP metastases were ipsilateral (7/77 [9.1%]), without contralateral MRP metastases (0/62). Fourteen of 41 (34.1%) deep cervical lymph nodes were metastatic.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Nodal metastasis was uncommon for follicular carcinoma but was seen in > 50% of dogs with thyroid cancer involving a medullary component. Routine nodal IHC appears to be low yield for thyroid carcinoma. Extirpation of ipsilateral MRP and identifiable deep cervical lymph nodes is recommended with thyroidectomy until detailed preoperative risk stratification becomes available.
Natural Conditions for Heliophilous Tree-Species Following Forest Dieback in Temperate Zone After Periglacial Habitats
Authors: Samec Pavel , Hájek Filip , Sirota Ivo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Widespread forest dieback following a series of exceptionally dry seasons has made restoration by relic heliophilous tree-species uncertain. Using logistic regression, we identified conditions suitable for relic Norway spruce (Picea abies /L./Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), birches (Betula sp.), poplars (Populus sp.) and willows (Salix sp.) by comparing the relief and bedrock under stands that died abruptly between 2018 and 2020 at temperate zone after periglacial habitats of the Czech Republic. Extent of forest dieback was determined through automated object analysis on the basis of vectorised Planet Scope and Sentinel-2 satellite images. The object analysis consisted of mainly spruce stands and dieback indicated by a deep inter-year decrease in the vegetation indices. The overall occurrence of tree-species in pure or mixed stands was determined from a polygon geodatabase of forest management plans, while growth condition types were determined by overlaying biogeographically subdivided polygons. Dead forests provided suitable conditions for mixed conifer, birch, and poplar stands on 64.4 % of the greywackes, acid metamorphites, and waterlogged sediments on broken plateaus, depressions, and slopes. In comparison, pure stands of relic tree-species can cover 35.6 % of dead forest area. Restoration of mixed forests differenting over a range of growth conditions seems to be suitable for adaptation to climate change impacts.
Penilaian Faktor-Faktor Resiko Musculoskeletal Disordes Pada Pegawai Kantor PT. X Di Kota Padang
Authors: Suryani Eva , Yulius M. Nursyaifi , Noviyarsi . , Warsito Doni Pramono 
Published: June 2024

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan penilaian resiko permasalahan musculoskeletal disorders terutama gerakan berulang dari anggota tubuh bagian atas dalam tugas pegawai perkantoran di kota Padang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan teradap 20 orang sampel dengan melakukan pengukuran terhadap postur pada saat bekerja dan juga melalui wawancara semi terstruktur dan kuesioner tertutup dengan kriteria masa kerja minimal 1 tahun dan bekerja minimal selama 3 jam berturut-turut per hari dengan menggunakan komputer. Metoda yang digunakan untuk penilaian resiko kerja adalah metoda Rapid Office Strain Assessment tools (ROSA) yaitu untuk menilai kegiatan kerja berulang pegawai selama bekerja. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa skor akhir 7 sebanyak 6 pegawai, skor akhir 8 sebanyak 13 pegawai dan skor akhir 9 sebanyak 1 pegawai jadi keseluruhan pekerja memiliki resiko tinggi karena memiliki nilai score lebih dari 5. Hal ini juga didukung oleh temuan dari hasil wawancara dan kuesioner menggunakan Nordic Body Map yang mengindikasikan bahwa mayoritas pegawai mengeluhkan gangguan pada beberapa bagian tubuh pada saat bekerja. Keluhan tersebut paling dominan terjadi pada pinggang, punggung, leher bagian atas, leher bagian bawah, dan tangan kanan. Kondisi ini menunjukkan dapat menimbulkan resiko terjadinya musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Untuk mengatasi berbagai keluhan tersebut diperlukan adanya perubahan desain pada stasiun kerja yang ada sekarang sehingga postur tubuh pekerja bisa menjadi lebih ergonomis pada saat bekerja.
PERANCANGAN USULAN PERBAIKAN PADA PROSES TANDEM COLD MILLING PRODUK FULL HARD 0,2 x 914 mm DI PT XYZ DENGAN METODE SIX SIGMA
Authors: Permana Muhamad Candra , Lubis Marina Yustiana , Yanuar Agus Alex 
Published: June 2024

PT XYZ merupakan perusahaan manufaktur baja. Cold Rolling Mill adalah pabrik yang memproduksi produk Full Hard dengan ukuran 0,2 x 914 mm merupakan produk popular yang rutin diproduksi perusahaan. Full Hard 0,2 x 914 mm menghasilkan total produksi periode Januari 2018 sampai Desember 2018 sebesar 121.637 ton dengan jumlah produk defective sebesar 19.404 ton. Fokus penelitian ini adalah memperbaiki tahapan proses di mill Continuous Tandem Cold Mill (CTCM) pada proses Tandem Cold Milling. Digunakan metodologi penelitian Six Sigma yaitu DMAIC untuk mengurangi terjadinya permasalahan. Pertama, dilakukan identifikasi CTQ produk dan proses untuk mengetahui persyaratan mana yang belum terpenuhi. Lalu, dilakukan pengukuran nilai DPMO dan level sigma. Didapatkan nilai rata-rata DPMO sebesar 26474,3 dan nilai rata-rata level sigma sebesar 3,432. Untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya defect pada proses tersebut, maka dilakukan analisis menggunakan fishbone diagram untuk menjelaskan akar penyebab permasalahan dan improve dengan memberikan rancangan usulan perbaikan. Usulan perbaikan yang diberikan adalah pengadaan alat ukur ketebalan, pembuatan check sheet untuk pengecekkan komponen-komponen bending system, pengoptimalan besar suhu coolant water, dan pembuatan alarm penanda perubahan besar tekanan reduksi. Kata kunci: Full Hard, Six Sigma (DMAIC), Tandem Cold Milling, CTQ, Analisis Regresi, Poka Yoke.
الاستلزام التخاطبي في معلقة الأعشى / مقاربة تداولية
Authors: عبود شيماء حاتم 
Published: June 2024

إن مصطلح الاستلزام التخاطبي يُعدُّ احد مصطلحات التداولية الحديثة التي رُسخت على يد فلاسفة اللغة ، وأصبحت معلماً من معالم الدرس الحديث ، واحد المناهج النقدية التي عُنيت بتحليل الخطاب ، إذ تهدف نظرية الاستلزام التخاطبي إلى الوقوف على دلالات الألفاظ ، وكشف ما يستتر خلفها وما تتضمنه من معاني ومقاصد غير مباشرة ، ويُعد قوام عملية التداول ( مبدأ التعاون ) الذي يكون ما بين المتكلم والسامع الذي وضعه العالم (( غرايس Grice )) ، ثم عمد الى وضع مجموعة من القواعد والمبادئ التخاطبية التي تتمثل في : مبدأ الكم ، ومبدأ الكيف ، ومبدأ المناسبة ، ومبدأ الطريقة او الاسلوب ، وذلك بهدف ضبط ونجاح العملية التخاطبية والذي سعى علماء التداولية الى البحث عنها ، وعن السبب الذي يُمكن المتخاطبين من التخاطب فيما بينهم والوصول الى حوار ناحج .
فالاستلزام التخاطبي تكمن أهميته في عملية التخاطب إذ يقوم بتوصيف ثم تفسير ويمكن المتكلم ان يعني اكثر مما يقول ، وكيف تصل المقولات الخطابية إلى إكثر من معانيها الحرفية ، ويمكن المُخاطب من التأويل .
المعرفة الإجرائية والعبء المعرفي وعلاقتهما بأداء المهارات الإنتاجية لدى متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية في العراق
Authors: عايد زبيدة سمير , يحيى نغم قدوري 
Published: June 2024

في هذا البحث المستل نبحث المعرفة الإجرائية والتي تتضمن فهم كيفية أداء المهام اللغوية بفعالية، مع إدارة العبء المعرفي يمكن أن ترتبط بأداء الطلبة لمهارات اللغة الإنتاجية. تعد الدراسة الحالية دراسة ارتباطية تهدف إلى كشف نوع الارتباطات بين قدرة الطلبة على استخدام المعرفة الإجرائية ، وإدارة العبء المعرفي ، وارتباطهما بإنتاج واستخدام اللغة, وتألفت عينة الدراسة من 240 طالبًا و طالبة في السنة الثالثة من قسم اللغة الإنجليزية في جامعة تكريت في العام الدراسي 2022/2023. حيث تم جمع البيانات باستخدام أداتين، الاستبيان لتقييم أنواع العبء المعرفي لدى الطلبة، واختبارين تشخيصيين لتقييم مستوى المعرفة الإجرائية، العبء المعرفي ، وأداء مهارات الإنتاج اللغوية. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن هناك ارتباطًا معنويًا بين معرفة الطلاب الإجرائية ومهارة الكتابة، وهناك ارتباطًا معنويًا بين العبء المعرفي لدى الطلبة ومهارات الإنتاج اللغوية، وأن استجابة الطلبة في (النوع الثالث للعبء المعرفي) لديها أعلى متوسط درجة، وأن الارتباط إيجابي. واشارت الاجراءات الاحصائية إلى عدم وجود ارتباط معنوي بين معرفة الطلبة الإجرائية والمهارات اللغوية للكلام. استنادًا إلى هذه النتائج، تم تقديم بعض الاستنتاجات والتوصيات والاقتراحات لدراسات أخرى.
جماليات المكان في تشكيل الرؤية الاخراجية للعرض المسرحي العراقي المعاصر
Authors: موسى كاظم عمران , احمد سنان محسن 
Published: June 2024

في سياق التحول الجمالي لأنساق المنظومة البصرية، وتناول فكرة التأسيس المكاني للعرض المسرحي على وفق مسار الرؤية الاخراجية وهي تواجه قدرا كبيرا من التغاير والتمايز والتجريب والاختلاف للتجاوز الأطر والبديهيات وتتشابك البيئة الفضائية بالبنية الفكرية والجمالية للتجربة المسرحية، لتنتج امكنة مرنة لا تحد لها ملامح ثابتة. لذا جاء هذا البحث ليتناول اشتغالات المكان حسب توظيف الرؤية الاخراجية له. وتقع مشكلة البحث في الإجابة عن السؤال الاتي: ما هي النظم والاليات التي يعتمدها المخرج ليجعل للمكان فاعلية توليدية عبر فرضيته الإخراجية؟ وتشكل الأهمية تسليط الضوء على النظم الاشتغالية لدى المخرج المسرحي في كيفية تأسيس مكان العرض، وهو بذلك يفيد الدارسين في مجال الفن المسرحي ويهدف البحث الى التعرف على الالية التي يستخدمها المخرج المسرحي وينقسم البحث الى مبحثين، الأول: اليات اشتغال الرؤية الاخراجية في تأسيس المكان، اما المبحث الثاني فجاء بعنوان: جغرافية المكان وفاعليته في النظم الاشتغالية للعرض المسرحي واعتمد الباحثان عينة البحث بشكل قصدي من عرض مسرحية (اعزيزة)، كما جاءت ابرز النتائج من خلال اعتماد المخرج (باسم الطيب) الى اختيار أماكن مغايرة للمكان الرسمي (محولة ومكتشفة) لأنها تتفق ورؤيته الاخراجية لعرضه الذي اتسم بطابع تجريبي. ولجأ المخرج (الطيب) باشراك المتلقي عبر فضاء العرض وزاد هذا من ادائية الممثل كون الفضاء مشترك بين المتلقي والمؤدي مما حقق فاعلية ادائية شكلت استفزاز المتلقي جماليا. وجاءت احدى الاستنتاجات: اعتمدت الرؤية الاخراجية للمخرج المسرحي العراقي على توظيف كل المعطيات داخل جغرافية الأمكنة تقنياً كانت في تأسيس فضاءه المصطنع بالمكان المغلق او طبيعية استندت في اسسها لاشتراطات رؤيته بالمكان المحول او المكتشف. وختم البحث بقائمة المصادر.
Effect of Boric Acid on Electronically Controlled Solid Propellants
Authors: Hu Hongtong , Ding Yongjie , Xu Yishen , Wei Liqiu , Li Hong 
Published: June 2024

Electrically controlled solid propellants (ECSPs) were modified with boric acid (HB). HB affects ECSPs’ combustion performance by changing the volume conductivity. Increasing the HB content can enhance the compressive properties by further increasing the crosslink density of the ECSPs. Based on the calculation results of NASA’s Chemical Equilibrium with Applications program, HB has no apparent effect on the specific impulse and adiabatic flame temperature of the propellant. The volume conductivity of the ECSPs were measured using a three-electrode system. After the addition of HB, the volume conductivity of the ECSPs decreased. In the process of thermal decomposition, the addition of HB can improve the thermal stability of ECSPs as a whole, although this effect is small. The effects of HB on the combustion rate and minimum theoretical ignition voltage of hydroxyammonium nitrate (HAN)-based propellants were studied at 0.1 MPa. The results demonstrate that the combustion rate of HAN-based propellants increases with increasing voltage, and that this characteristic is not affected by HB. However, the combustion rate decreases with increasing HB content, and the minimum theoretical ignition voltage increases accordingly.