bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rites of Statehood: Violence and Sovereignty in Spanish America, 1789–1821
Authors: Adelman Jeremy 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This essay explores the varieties of expressions of political violence during the revolutionary conjuncture, 1789 to 1821, across Spanish America from New Spain to Buenos Aires. It challenges some of the familiar ways in which historians have pointed to violence as an inevitable effect of the end of empire, and instead argues that violence became a means to engage in the political process that brought down empire. At the same time, it argues that the role of violence in bringing down the old regime and creating new institutions and habits of rule and protest was at least as important as the role of the public sphere and elections, which historians have recently accented. Indeed, the essay suggests ways in which historians of the public sphere might consider the rituals and languages of violence as part of public conduct, while it was the opening of the public sphere that created a means, or space, to push vindictive patterns of violence into more vindictive directions. Violence was not of a piece, a constant display of carnage. The essay accordingly seeks to illustrate the varieties of uses of political violence and its changes over time, from the first crises of the 1790s to the widespread savagery of the 1810s.
“This England and This Now”: British Cultural and Intellectual Influence in the Spanish American Independence Era
Authors: Racine Karen 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This essay argues that Great Britain provided the strongest and most relevant contemporary model for the Spanish American independence leaders. Over the course of two eventful decades, 1808 to 1826, over 70 patriot leaders made the long and difficult journey to London to seek political recognition, arms, recruits, and financial backing for their emancipation movements. Countless others remained at home in Spanish America but allied themselves with Britain through their commercial ventures, their ideological affiliation, or their enthusiastic emulation of British institutions, inventions, and practices such as the Lancasterian system of monitorial education, trial by jury, freedom of the press laws, steam engines, and mining technology.
This generation of independence leaders carried on a purposeful correspondence with famous British figures such as abolitionist William Wilberforce, prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and James Mill, scientist Humphrey Davy, and vaccination proponent Edward Jenner. Their conscious choice to draw closer to Great Britain, rather than Napoleonic France or the early republican United States, reveals much about the kind of cultural model the Spanish American independence leaders admired and their vision of the countries they wanted to create.
Liberal Justice: Judicial Reform in Venezuela’s Courts, 1786–1850
Authors: Zahler Reuben 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This article addresses two questions regarding the court system in Venezuela, 1780s–1840s, placed within the context of legal reforms throughout Latin America. First, how accurate is the assumption in the historiography that the disruptions of the independence war and the establishment of a republican government prompted Venezuelans to lose confidence in the courts and virtually stop using them? The investigation finds that republican Venezuelans used the courts as much as or more than their colonial counterparts; the number of court cases dropped during periods of intense violence but then quickly rebounded. Second, did the post-independence judicial system effectively integrate liberal legislative reforms into courtroom standards and practices? The study shows that, while republican court reform failed in some measures, it also succeeded in the following four areas: The courts changed the standards of evidence so that they gave clear preference to the empirical observations of the litigants and witnesses rather than their personal reputations; they reorganized court jurisdictions into an unambiguous hierarchy; they increased transparency; and they adopted constitutionally defined civil liberties of defendants in a manner that equates with modern “due process.” The article contextualizes these changes within legal reforms throughout the Atlantic world that, beginning in the eighteenth century, sought to increase state centralization through establishing the dominance of state legislation over other norms of justice (religious law, tradition, and custom) and creating clear bureaucratic hierarchies. Venezuela’s republican government pursued goals previously aspired to by the colonial government, but accelerated them as it promoted legal equality and rational empiricism.
Structure and Photovoltaic Properties of (E)-2-Cyano-3-[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]acrylic Acid Substituted by tert-Butyl Groups
Authors: Ono Katsuhiko , Yamaguchi Tomoya , Tomura Masaaki 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
(E)-3-{4-[Bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)amino]phenyl}-2-cyanoacrylic acid and its related compounds were synthesized by the Knoevenagel condensation of the corresponding 4-aminobenzaldehydes with cyanoacetic acid. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that these organic dyes exhibited reversible oxidation waves. The tert-butyl substituents also decreased molecular stacking in the crystals, thus affecting the photovoltaic properties of the dyes. A solar cell using the tert-butyl-substituted dye exhibited higher performance than that for the analog without tert-butyl group substitution.
Niobium-catalyzed Activation of CF3 Group on Alkene: Synthesis of Substituted Indenes
Authors: Fuchibe Kohei , Atobe Kohei , Fujita Yukari , Mori Keiji , Akiyama Takahiko 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A CF3 group attached to an alkene functionality was activated by a zero-valent niobium catalyst to generate niobium alkenylcarbenoid species. The niobium carbenoid species then underwent insertion to an internal aromatic C–H σ bond to give indene derivatives in good yields. Isomerization in terms of the alkene geometry was also observed.
Di(hydroxo)porphyrin GeIV Complex/Silica Gel Composite as Visible Light-assisted Radical Generator
Authors: Shiragami Tsutomu , Shiraki Ryuichi , Makise Ryuichi , Matsumoto Jin , Yasuda Masahide 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A composite of di(hydroxo)germaniumporphyrin with silica gel was used as radical generator which oxidized MeOH to HCHO and hydrocarbons to alcohols in aqueous solution.
Work Participation After Acquired Brain Injury: Experiences of Inhibiting
and Facilitating Factors
Authors: Ellingsen Kjersti L. , Aas Randi W. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to provide new
insight into the factors that affect work participation by those with
cognitive deficits following an acquired brain injury.
Method: The study had a qualitative
exploratory design, with three focus-group interviews used to collect data.
The first group comprised workers with experience of cognitive deficits
after a traumatic brain injury (TBI), anoxic brain damage and stroke, the
second group professionals from specialist levels of social security service
and the third professionals from specialised health care services.
Transcribed interviews were analysed using a conventional approach to
content analysis. Major findings: A broad range
of factors affected work participation. Personal factors, the psychosocial
adaptation process, injury-related consequences as well as factors in the
working environment were found to inhibit work participation. Acceptance of
a different level of functioning and a new role in working life was an
important but time-consuming process. Significant working-environment
barriers were workplace demands, the attitudes of employers and colleagues,
complicated information, excessive bureaucracy, too little practice before
going back to work and physical barriers. Optimism and being determined were
found to be particularly important facilitating personal factors. Important
resources provided by the working environment were social support,
time-related flexibility, relevant tasks and accommodations.
In Their Own Words: Exploring the Phenomenological Field of a Sample of Employed Persons Who Are Deaf in Barbados
Authors: Blackman Stacey , Maynard Donna-Maria 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn estimated 14,000 persons who are deaf (PWAD) reside in Barbados, many of whom are believed to live below the poverty line. Data on the employment status of PWAD in Barbados is sparse; this research seeks to fill a gap in the literature and inform social policy. Qualitative methodologies were utilized to understand how participation in the labour market influences the lives of PWAD in Barbados. The current research seeks to inquire into the phenomenological field of five persons who are deaf through a multiple case study strategy using focus group interviews. Data were analysed to derive themes common across participants and ecological systems theory was used to understand how PWAD cope in the world of work. The following research questions are addressed in an attempt to capture the unique perspectives of PWAD: (1) What are the experiences of persons who are deaf and employed? and (2) How does having a disability impact the lives of PWAD? The data revealed a relationship between environmental stressors such as attitudinal barriers and discrimination in the workplace and their psychological and behavioural impact in the form of resignation, frustration, isolation and creative coping among PWAD.
The Politics of Energy
Authors: Wottrich Richard L. 
Published: July 2010

Introduction
As an international investment banker with Dresner Partners, I am very interested in the politics of governments and how they affect the flow of business transactions globally. In multiple trips to China, India, Turkey and other emerging economies, I have observed first hand the voracious energy appetite of these high growth economic engines. As the global energy industry comes under ever increasing political scrutiny, and as governments worldwide beg into favour and fund alternative energy technologies, these politics become ever more important.
Historical Nationalization of Oil &Gas Reserves
Global trends in the nationalization of oil and gas reserves are well understood with the historical formation of national oil companies such as Petroleos de Mexicanos (PEMEX), Saudi Aramco, Petroleos de Venezuela, PetroChina and Russia's Gazprom. While many private citizens in most countries usually assume that the major oil companies control their product, in fact nearly 80 percent of the world's oil reserves are held by national oil companies with no private equity, and there are 13 state-owned oil companies with more reserves than ExxonMobil, the largest public multinational oil company.
The politics of nationalized oil usually revolve around jingoistic themes that a country's oil is being "taken" by foreign oil giants. But in reality, the economics of nationalized oil most always revolve around a few elites gaining extraordinary wealth at the expense of their country's citizens. The history of oil-dependent countries has produced what Stanford University professor Terry Lynn Karl has called "the paradox of plenty."
Relatively speaking, oil creates few jobs and it distorts and destroys jobs in other economic sectors. The export of oil distorts an economy, for example, by increasing a country's exchange rate."Oil rents drive out any other productive activity," said Karl. "Why would you bother to produce your own food if you could buy it? Why would you bother to develop any kind of export industry if oil makes your money worth more and that hurts all your other exports?" Norway is the exception that proves the rule, with a national oil sovereign fund worth 2.28 trillion kroner ($357 billion) for just 4.8 million citizens.
As and when the world's economy begins to recover from the present deep recession, global demand for oil will resume its steady growth. Based on what is known about the world's petroleum reserves, nearly all of future increases will have to come from countries that have national oil company monopolies. These governments are, in many cases, politically unreliable except in their desire to keep the price of a barrel of oil high.
A New Laboratory Method for Evaluation of Sulfate Scaling Parameters from Pressure Measurements
Authors: Carageorgos T.. , Marotti M.. , Bedrikovetsky P.. 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Sulfate scaling in offshore waterflood projects, in which sulfate from the injected seawater (SW) reacts with metals from the formation water (FW), forming salt deposit that reduces permeability and well productivity, is a well known phenomenon. Its reliable prediction is based on mathematical models with well-known parameters.
Previous research presents methods for laboratory determination of model coefficients using breakthrough concentration during coreflooding. The concentration measurements are complex and cumbersome, while the pressure measurements are simple and require standard laboratory equipment. In the present work, a new laboratory method is developed for determination of the model coefficients from pressure measurements. Several laboratory corefloods have been performed. The tests show that the proposed method is more precise for artificial cores than for the natural reservoir cores. Further development of the method is required to determine parameters of formation damage caused by sulfate scaling for reservoir core samples.
Drilling At The Limit—Can Your Top Drive Handle It?
Authors: Deutsch Eric 
Published: July 2010

Summary
As deepwater drilling has advanced, the weight expected to be borne by a top drive has increased to levels at or near the load rating of the machine. The single load rating value normally associated with a top drive model (e.g., 1,000 tons) is a nominal figure that may not apply to every operating situation. A typical top drive has two main load paths: hoisting and drilling. Hoisting load passes through the elevators and link hanger, while drilling load passes through the saver sub, internal blowout preventers (IBOPs), and main shaft bottom end connection. Limitations inherent to rotary shouldered connections can lead to diminished drilling load capacity with respect to hoisting. Further complicating matters is the fact that the drilling load path is governed by disparate American Petroleum Institute (API) specifications: 7 and 8C (API SPEC 7 1997; API SPEC 8C 2003). These two specifications provide different calculation guidelines with regard to safety factors and are subject to a certain amount of interpretation.
The end result is confusion about how much load a top drive can realistically handle. A 1,000-ton top drive may not be officially rated to hoist 1,000 tons through its IBOPs. Additionally, API sets forth a different load rating for the swivel bearing, so load rating for rotation differs from overall top drive load rating. This paper discusses the technical aspects of top drive load rating and clarifies the usable load capacity of a top drive in real-world conditions.
Steady-State Productivity Equations for a Multiple-Wells System in Sector Fault Reservoirs
Authors: Lu Jing , Ghedan Shawket , Zhu Tao , Dinh Anh , Tiab Djebbar 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Currently in the oil industry, pseudosteady-state productivity equations for a multiple-wells system are used in all reservoir systems, regardless of the outer boundary conditions. However, if the reservoir is under edgewaterdrive, pseudosteady state is no longer applicable. When the producing time is sufficiently long, productivity equations based on the steady state are required.
This paper presents steady-state productivity equations for a multiple-wells system in homogeneous, anisotropic sector fault reservoirs. Taking fully penetrating vertical wells as uniform line sinks, and solving a square matrix of dimension n, where n is the number of wells, simple, reasonably accurate multiple-wells-system productivity equations are obtained. The proposed equations relate the production-rate vector to the pressure-drawdown vector and are applicable to a multiple-wells system, which is located arbitrarily in a sector fault reservoir. The analytical solutions are verified with reservoir numerical simulation in several examples. This paper also gives an equation for calculating skin factors of each well in steady state.
The analytical solutions perform well and match well with numerical solutions, and the benefit of the analytical model can be emphasized when the reservoir data deviate from their idealistic representation. It is concluded that the proposed equations provide a fast analytical tool to evaluate the performance of a multiple-wells system in a sector fault reservoir.
Self-Healing Cements That Heal Without Dependence on Fluid Contact: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Reddy B.R.. R. , Liang Feng , Fitzgerald Rocky 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Oilfield-cement compositions capable of self-healing cracks/fractures in set cement without depending on contact with a fluid, such as water or oil, are presented in this laboratory study. Traditionally, such compositions include additives that are capable of swelling when exposed to fluids such as water or oil, for example. Dependence on additives to swell and block flow channels after contact with a specific type of fluid hinders the self-healing effectiveness of the cement composition. As a result, designing cement compositions for field applications requires prior knowledge of the type of fluids that the cement may come into contact with, not only through the productive lifetime but also after abandonment of the well.
Results from testing cement compositions containing a new class of elastomeric additives that do not depend on the nature of the fluid to seal cracks are presented in this paper. The elastomeric materials were chosen such that they have suitable chemical functionalities for binding strongly with cement and metal surfaces, and either have low melting points, as in the case of semicrystalline
polymers, or have low glass transition temperatures (Tg), as in the case of amorphous polymers. Low viscosity or flowability of the elastomers at test temperature and the ability to bind to cement surfaces appear to be two key factors for their effectiveness. The test methods included static thermal healing, measurement of retained mechanical properties after self-healing, and fluid-flowrate measurements through cracked cement samples. The results show that the elastomers are effective in thermal healing of broken cement parts, in partial retention of mechanical properties, and in preventing fluid flow through failed cement samples.
New Insights Into the Viscosity of Polymer-Based In-Situ-Gelled Acids
Authors: Gomaa A.M.. M. , Nasr-El-Din H.A.. A. 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Diversion techniques must be employed to remove all the damage from the entire producing interval. Diversion in carbonates is more difficult than in sandstones because of the ability of acid to significantly increase the permeability in carbonates as the acid dissolves carbonate rocks. The apparent viscosity of the in-situ-gelled acid based on polymer plays a key role in diversion because it creates a viscosity differential in treated and untreated zones. An extensive literature survey and field data show that there is no agreement on the effectiveness of this acid system. Therefore, this study was conducted to better understand this acid system and determine factors that impact its viscosity buildup. Three commercially available in-situ acids were examined.
The effect of salts and iron (III) [Fe(III)] contamination on the apparent viscosity of these acids was examined in detail. Several new findings were identified, including that polymer and other additives were separated out of the acid when these acids were prepared in high-salinity brines. Preparing the in-situ-gelled acid with saline waters decreased the viscosity of the acid in live and partially neutralized conditions. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions produced high concentrations of calcium ion that reduced the viscosity of the in-situ-gelled acid system. Therefore, in-situ-gelled acids that are based on polymers should be used at low HCl concentrations (3 to 5 wt% HCl). Sodium (NaCl), calcium (CaCl2), or ferric chloride (FeCl3) reduced the apparent viscosity of live gelled acids. A brown precipitate was noted during the neutralization of acid systems that contained Fe (III), even in the presence of the recommended concentration of iron-control agents. Therefore, in-situ-gelled acids that are based on polymers should be prepared using low salinity waters and used at low HCl concentrations (3 to 5 wt% HCl).
Boundary Control of a Horizontal Oil Reservoir
Authors: Sagatun Svein Ivar 
Published: July 2010

Summary
This article presents a model-based boundary-control strategy for the drainage of a horizontal oil reservoir with a gas cap. The control objective is to maximize the net present value (NPV) of the produced oil from a well before gas is coned into the well. A nonlinear partial-differential equation (PDE) representing the reservoir dynamics has been derived. The linearized model is a parabolic PDE with mixed boundary conditions. The linearized model is used together with an output-feedback boundary-control law. Performance guarantee in the linear case is proved.
Modelling of 4D Seismic Data for the Monitoring of Steam Chamber Growth During the SAGD Process
Authors: Lerat Olivier O. , Adjemian Florence , Baroni Axelle , Etienne G. , Renard Gerard , Bathellier Eric , Forgues Eric , Aubin Francois , Euzen Tristan 
Published: July 2010

Summary
This paper presents an integrated workflow for the interpretation of 4D seismic data to monitor steam chamber growth during the steam-assisted gravity drainage recovery process (SAGD). Superimposed on reservoir heterogeneities of geological origin, many factors interact during thermal production of heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs, which complicate the interpretation of 4D seismic data: changes in oil viscosity, fluid saturations, pore pressure, and so on.
The workflow is based on the generation of a geological model inspired by a real field case of the McMurray formation in the Athabasca region. The approach consists of three steps: the construction of an initial static model, the simulation of thermal production of heavy oil with two coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical models and the production of synthetic seismic maps at different stages of steam injection.
The distribution of geological facies is simulated on a fine grid using a geostatistical approach, which honours all available well data. The reservoir's geomechanical and elastic properties are characterized by logs and literature at an initial stage before the start of production. Production scenarios are run to obtain pore pressure, temperature, steam and oil saturations on a detailed reservoir grid around a well pair at several stages of production. Direct coupling with a geomechanical model produces volumetric strain and mean effective stress maps as additional properties. These physical parameters are used to compute new seismic velocities and density for each stage of production according to Hertz and Gassmann formulas. Reflectivity is then computed, and a new synthetic seismic image of the reservoir is generated for each stage of production.
The impacts of heterogeneities, production conditions and reservoir properties are evaluated for several simulation scenarios from the beginning of steam injection to 3 years of production. Results show that short-term seismic monitoring can help in anticipating early changes in steam injection strategy. In return, long-term periods allow the behaviour of the steam chamber to be monitored laterally and in the upper part of the reservoir. This study demonstrates the added value of 4D seismic data in the context of steam-assisted heavy oil production.