bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade‐Related Investment Measures
Authors: Chiang Chi‐Chen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTrade‐related investment measures (TRIMs) are generally viewed as a host‐country government's instruments to maximize the net benefit of inward foreign direct investment (FDI). These measures are usually used by developing countries to promote industrialization, trade balance and local sourcing. Developed countries also use these measures to attract FDI, promote exports and protect local industries from transnational corporations. However, any measures to regulate FDI and cause trade‐restrictive and distorting effects concern the WTO. Therefore, most countries have mostly eliminated TRIMs in recent decades. Countries that wish to maintain certain TRIMs, or impose new TRIMs on foreign investors, must explain to the WTO Council for Trade in Goods the economic conditions that make the TRIMs necessary, and have plans to phase them out in order to extend them.
Transnational Corporations
Authors: Sklair Leslie 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The term transnational corporation (TNC) basically refers to a business enterprise that operates in more than one country though most definitions will stipulate a minimum number of countries and a minimum set of functions (usually production, marketing and sales). The TNC is widely considered to be the driving force of capitalist globalization. Research on TNCs is dominated by no single methodology or substantive focus, but borrows from more or less all of the varying traditions in the social sciences. By volume, most of the research on the TNCs has actually been done by economists, business historians and organization theorists and some of this work has been influential on the ways other disciplines have approached them. In 1992 the United Nations Library on Transnational Corporations was launched, collecting together more than 8,000 pages in 20 volumes (Dunning 1992–1994). For all their excellent qualities it must be said that the 20 volumes of the UN Library on TNCs are dominated by the paradigm of conventional economics, are somewhat conservative in outlook (they focus largely on economic efficiency and structural issues) and generally present a picture that predates the debates around the role of TNCs in capitalist globalization. For the roots of this debate we must consider more radical approaches to the TNCs that investigate social, political and cultural as well as economic effects. For example, Stopford and Strange (1991) present a firm‐firm, firm‐state and state‐state framework that opens up research on the TNCs in the field of International Relations; Dicken (2007) explores TNC relationships between the local and the global in geographical terms, and Sklair (2001) focuses on the major corporations, namely the
Fortune
Global 500, from a sociological perspective.
Transnationalism
Authors: Khagram Sanjeev 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Transnational phenomena and dynamics are the focus of a blossoming yet fragmented body of scholarship across virtually all social science disciplines. There are five intellectual foundations for a field of Transnational Studies (TS) that offer a heuristically rich and compelling set of empirical, methodological, theoretical, philosophical, and practical ideas and options. An interdisciplinary Social Scientific Transnationalism (ST) research program that organizes these intellectual foundations in a unique and generative way sheds new light on a range of core social scientific concerns including power, inequality, culture, identity, movements, citizenship, institutions and organizations among others.
US Social Forum
Authors: Katz‐Fishman Walda , Scott Jerome 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe United States Social Forum (USSF), a part of the World Social Forum (WSF) space and process, is a convergence of social struggles and social movements in the United States in the early twenty‐first century to oppose capitalist globalization and all aspects of exploitation and oppression, and to envision another world beyond neoliberal global capitalism. Because the economic, political, and ecological crises confronting working class and low‐income people across race, nation, and gender are global, those in the struggle require a global movement building process from the bottom up. The social forum offers this opportunity.
Undernutrition
Authors: Serra‐Majem Luis , Ngo Joy 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUndernutrition is a term that comprises stunting, underweight, wasting, and being deficient in essential vitamins and minerals (also called micronutrients), and, as such, it is the category of malnutrition that represents nutrient deficits. The other form of malnutrition is associated with excessive energy and nutrient intakes, leading to obesity and other diet‐related non‐communicable diseases (i.e., diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc.). Maternal and child undernutrition continue to be persistent issues in low‐income and middle‐income countries, resulting in important increases in mortality and overall disease burden such as poor fetal growth, low birth weight, xerophthalmia, anemia, goiter, impaired cognitive development, and increased risk of diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria, among others. Undernutrition exacerbates the detrimental effects of other pathologies and thus is directly or indirectly associated with nearly 60 percent of all child deaths worldwide. Even mildly underweight children have nearly double the risk of death when compared to their well‐nourished counterparts.
United Nations
Authors: Charron Andrea , Boulden Jane 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe United Nations (UN) is an international organization that was created in 1945 at the end of World War II. At the time of its creation there were 51 member states; today there are 192. Only states may be members of the UN although nongovernmental organizations, civil society organizations and other bodies (such as the Vatican or the Palestinian Liberation Organization, for example) may be granted observer status and participate in various meetings.
Urban
Authors: Coward Martin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe concept of “the urban” predominantly refers to city‐dwelling. Urbanization is thus taken to refer to migration into, or the expansion of, cities. In 2005 the United Nations declared that a historic milestone had been passed: namely that the majority of the planet's population lived in cities (UN‐HABITAT 2006). UN‐HABITAT went on to declare that humanity was entering into an “urban millennium” (2006: viii). Such a contention of epochal significance resonates with a wider perception that both the nature of what is considered to be an urban mode of life as well as the dynamics of urbanization are distinctive in the contemporary period.
Urbanism
Authors: Elliott David L. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Urbanism encompasses a pattern of social relations typifying human settlements that are relatively large, densely populated, and diverse. Urban
ism
is distinct from urban
ization
in that urbanization is the process by which cities emerge and grow, a demographic and economic process; urbanism shapes the resultant social relations. Social relations commonly associated with urbanism traditionally include social problems rooted in diverse cultures living in close proximity or in competition for scarce spatial resources, immediacy of strangers as opposed to intimates, and modes of social attachment not rooted in common culture such as interest groups and social classes. These social problem themes, and others, appear in the literature of urbanism from its earlier works (Wirth 1938) to the period of globalization (Castells 1977; Sassen 2007; Harvey 2010; Wilson 1987).
Value Chains
Authors: Gereffi Gary 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe GVC approach offers the possibility of understanding how firms are linked in the global economy, but also acknowledges the broader institutional context of these linkages, including trade policy, regulation, and standards. More generally, the global production networks paradigm has been used to link scholarly research on globalization with the concerns of both policy makers and social activists, who are trying to harness the potential gains of globalization to the pragmatic concerns of specific countries and social constituencies that feel increasingly marginalized in the international economic arena. A growing number of international organizations are featuring the global value chains perspective in their publications, including the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (2004), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2010), the International Labor Organization (Gereffi 2006), and the World Bank (Cattaneo et al. 2010).
Material Resourcefulness: Activating Material Information in Computational Design
Authors: Menges Achim 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRecent years have seen the unprecedented innovation of new technologies for the advancement of architectural design. Despite the propensity of complex geometries, elaborate forms and articulated surfaces, information technology has left some profound aspects of design largely unchallenged. A persistently hierarchical approach has often led to the generation of geometric information being prioritised over its subsequent materialisation. Through the example of wood, one of the oldest and most common construction materials, Achim Menges here demonstrates how material information should become a generative driver rather than an afterthought in design computation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material Behaviour: Embedding Physical Properties in Computational Design Processes
Authors: Fleischmann Moritz , Knippers Jan , Lienhard Julian , Menges Achim , Schleicher Simon 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMaterial behaviour computes form. In the physical world, material form is always inseparably connected to internal constraints and external forces; in the virtual space of digital design, though, form and force are usually treated as separate entities – divided into processes of geometric form generation and subsequent engineering simulation. Using the example of the interdisciplinary ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion, constructed at the University of Stuttgart in 2010, Moritz Fleischmann, Jan Knippers, Julian Lienhard, Achim Menges and Simon Schleicher explain how feedback between computational design, advanced simulation and robotic fabrication expands the design space towards previously unexplored architectural possibilities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material Capacity: Embedded Responsiveness
Authors: Menges Achim , Reichert Steffen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMost attempts towards climate‐responsive architecture rely heavily on elaborate technical equipment superimposed on otherwise inert material constructs. In contrast, natural systems embed all the responsive capacity in the structure of the material itself. In this article, Achim Menges and Steffen Reichert present the development of biomimetic responsive material systems that require neither the supply of external energy nor any kind of mechanical or electronic control. They introduce their research on physically programming the humidity‐reactive behaviour of these systems, and explain the possibilities this opens up for a strikingly simple yet truly ecologically embedded architecture in constant feedback and interaction with its surrounding environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical Drivers: Synthesis of Evolutionary Developments and Force‐Driven Design
Authors: Ahlquist Sean , Menges Achim 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPrimarily admired as feats of engineering, tension‐driven material systems are notoriously difficult for architects to employ. Though the shape and structural capacity of these systems are defined by the imposition of force, they do not follow predictable geometric or mathematical patterns. In this article, Sean Ahlquist and Achim Menges present their research into force‐driven material systems, and explain the development of an architectural design framework that allows for these complex material interdependencies to be not only resolved, but also explored as multiple possible equilibrium states. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material, Form and Force
Authors: Kotnik Toni , Weinstock Michael 
Published: March 2012

AbstractConventionally, material in architecture has been treated as the ‘servant’ of form. An iterative design process, though, that continuously integrates material, form and force has the potential to unfold a new generative logic of form‐finding. This offers ways of processing the flow of forces through a material object and balancing variations of form with the organisation and behaviour of material. Toni Kotnik and Michael Weinstock present a series of experimental construction projects, developed within the Emergent Technologies and Design (EmTech) programme at the Architectural Association (AA) in London, that explore the intricate relationship between material, form and force. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manufacturing Reciprocities
Authors: Menges Achim , Schwinn Tobias 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFollowing in the footsteps of more progressive industries, digital fabrication in architecture is on the brink of shifting from task‐specific computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines to more generic industrial robots. The change from machine hardware and control software developed to facilitate a specific fabrication process towards more open‐ended and generic fabrication devices enables architects to design custom fabrication processes and machine‐control protocols. Achim Menges and Tobias Schwinn present how these advanced machine capabilities expand the interface between design computation and physical materialisation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incompatible Length Scales in Nanostructured Cu2O Solar Cells
Authors: Musselman Kevin P. , Marin Andrew , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas , MacManus‐Driscoll Judith L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractElectrodeposited Cu2O‐ZnO heterojunctions are promising low‐cost solar cells. While nanostructured architectures improve charge collection in these devices, low open‐circuit voltages result. Bilayer and nanowire Cu2O‐ZnO heterojunction architectures are systematically studied as a function of the Cu2O layer thickness, ZnO nanowire length, and nanowire seed layer. It is shown that a thick depletion layer exists in the Cu2O layer of bilayer devices, owing to the low carrier density of electrodeposited Cu2O, such that the predominant charge transport mechanisms in the Cu2O and ZnO are drift and diffusion, respectively. This suggests that the low open‐circuit voltage of the nanowire cells is due to an incompatibility between the nanostructure spacing required for good charge collection (<1 μm) and the heterojunction thickness necessary to form the full built‐in potential that inhibits recombination (>2 μm). The work shows the way to improve low‐cost Cu2O cells: increasing the carrier concentration or mobility in Cu2O synthesized at low temperatures.
Greener Electrochemical Synthesis of High Quality Graphene Nanosheets Directly from Pencil and its SPR Sensing Application
Authors: Singh Virendra V. , Gupta Garima , Batra Anirudh , Nigam Anil K. , Boopathi Mannan , Gutch Pranav K. , Tripathi Brajesh K. , Srivastava Anchal , Samuel Merwyn , Agarwal Gauri S. , Singh Beer , Vijayaraghavan Rajagopalan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA green, simple, and cost effective electrochemical method to synthesize pure graphene oxide (GO) and graphene nanosheets (GNs) using pencil in ionic liquid medium is reported. The morphology and microstructure of prepared GNs and GO are examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy; the experiments confirm the formation of high quality graphene. The synthesized GO is used for the real‐time and label‐free surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing of the biological warfare agent Salmonella typhi.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Annulation of 3‐[2‐(2‐Iodobenzylamino)aryl]‐N‐arylpropiolamides: Synthesis of 3‐[5H‐Dibenzo[b,e]azepin‐11(6H)‐ylidene]indolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Zou Tao , Zhang Xing‐Guo , Li Jin‐Heng , Deng Chen‐Liang , Tang Ri‐Yuan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA novel palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular tandem annulation method is presented for the synthesis of 3‐[5H‐dibenzo[b,e]azepin‐11(6H)‐ylidene]indolin‐2‐ones. This method allows the conversion of various 3‐[2‐(2‐iodobenzylamino)aryl]‐N‐arylpropiolamides to the corresponding 3‐[5H‐dibenzo[b,e]azepin‐11(6H)‐ylidene]indolin‐2‐ones through the diarylation of an alkyne.
Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanine‐Catalyzed Highly Chemoselective Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Compounds in a Green Solvent
Authors: Kumar Vishal , Sharma Upendra , Verma Praveen K. , Kumar Neeraj , Singh Bikram 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCobalt phthalocyanine has been employed for the highly chemoselective reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones in ethanol as a green solvent. A large range of functional groups such as nitro, acid, amide, ester, nitrile, halogen, lactone, methoxy, hydroxy, alkene, N‐benzyl, O‐benzyl and heterocyclic rings were well tolerated under the present reaction conditions.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Intramolecular CC Bond Formation via Double sp2 CH Activation between the 2‐Position of Imidazoles and a Benzene Ring
Authors: Sun Manman , Wu Huandong , Zheng Junnan , Bao Weiliang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOxidative intramolecular CC bond formation via double sp2 CH activation between the 2‐position of imidazoles and a benzene ring catalyzed by palladium(II) has been developed, which provides an atom‐economical, concise and efficient methodology to synthesize imidazole‐ or benzimidazole‐fused isoquinoline polyheteroaromatic compounds.
Cyclopropanation of Strained Alkenes by Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of 3‐Trimethylsilyl‐ or 3‐Pinacolatoboryl‐1‐arylallyl Acetates
Authors: Horino Yoshikazu , Homura Naoki , Inoue Kana , Yoshikawa Saori 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed cyclopropanation of strained alkenes with 3‐trimethylsilyl‐ or 3‐pinacolatoboryl‐1‐arylallyl acetate derivatives is described. This reaction gives cyclopropanation products in good to high yields with a single diastereomer, and the key step is likely to involve the formation of a palladacyclobutene complex from the α‐trimethylsilyl‐ or α‐pinacolatoboryl‐σ‐allylpalladium complex.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution of Silyl Nucleophiles through SiSi Bond Activation
Authors: Ito Hajime , Horita Yuko , Sawamura Masaya 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe report the first copper(I)‐catalyzed reaction between a disilane and allylic carbonates to produce allylsilanes. The silyl nucleophilic substitution proceeded primarily in a SN2 fashion whereas SN2′ products were also obtained through σ‐π‐σ isomerization of the copper(III) intermediate depending on the substrate’s steric bulk.
Palladium‐Catalyzed, Highly Efficient, Regiocontrolled Arylation of Electron‐Rich Allylamines with Aryl Halides
Authors: Deng Yuheng , Jiang Zhen , Yao Min , Xu Dan , Zhang Lingjuan , Li Huanrong , Tang Weijun , Xu Lijin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe highly efficient and regioselective palladium‐catalyzed Heck coupling of aryl bromides with electron‐rich allylamine derivatives is described. It was found that the choice of solvent, olefin, ligand and additive had a fundamental influence on the regioselectivity and reactivity of the reaction. The combination of palladium acetate [Pd(OAc)2] and 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) in ethylene glycol (EG) constitutes a highly effective catalyst system for internal arylation of N‐Boc‐allylamine (tert‐butyl methyl allyliminodicarbonate) with aryl bromides to give good to excellent regioselectivities, while the catalyst system consisting of Pd(OAc)2, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) additive allows for a variety of aryl bromides to react efficiently with N,N‐(Boc)2‐allylamine (di‐tert‐butyl allyliminodicarbonate) in water to exclusively afford the linear (E)‐allylamine products in high yields.
Effect of undernutrition on deciduous tooth emergence among Rajput children of Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Gaur Rajan , Kumar Pawan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article examines the influence of nutritional status on the emergence of deciduous dentition in a cross‐sectional sample of 510 rural Rajput children from the Jubbal and Kotkhai Tehsils, Shimla District, Himachal Pradesh, India. The nutritional status of each child was evaluated using Z‐scores of height/supine length‐for‐age (HAZ), weight‐for‐age (WAZ), and weight‐for‐height (WHZ). The effects of sex and side on deciduous dental emergence were not statistically significant. Partial correlation indicates that the number of emerged teeth (T) was more strongly correlated with height than with other anthropometric variables. In most age groups, the stunted boys and girls (HAZ <−2) had fewer emerged teeth than nonstunted age peers (HAZ >−2). The mean T in underweight children was also less than that of the normal children, with a few exceptions. The stunted children have a significantly greater likelihood ofdelayed emergence of deciduous dentition. Measures of linear growth status are more closely related to dental development than measures of growth in mass. The findings indicate that even moderate undernutrition can delay deciduous tooth emergence. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social tolerance in a despotic primate: Co‐feeding between consortship partners in rhesus macaques
Authors: Dubuc Constance , Hughes Kelly D. , Cascio Julie , Santos Laurie R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFood sharing among nonkin—one of the most fascinating cooperative behaviors in humans—is not widespread in nonhuman primates. Over the past few years, a large body of work has investigated the contexts in which primates cooperate and share food with unrelated individuals. This work has successfully demonstrated that species‐specific differences in temperament constrain the extent to which food sharing emerges in experimental situations, with despotic species being less likely to share food than tolerant ones. However, little experimental work has examined the contexts that promote food sharing and cooperation within a species. Here, we examine whether one salient reproductive context—the consortship dyad—can allow the necessary social tolerance for co‐feeding to emerge in an extremely despotic species, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). We gave naturally formed male–female rhesus macaque pairs access to a monopolizable food site in the free‐ranging population at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Using this method, we were able to show that tolerated co‐feeding between unrelated adults can take place in this despotic species. Specifically, our results show that consort pairs co‐fed at the experimental food site more than nonconsort control pairs, leading females to obtain more food in this context. These results suggest that co‐feeding is possible even in the most despotic of primate species, but perhaps only in contexts that specifically promote the necessary social tolerance. Researchers might profit from exploring whether other kinds of within‐species contexts could also generate cooperative behaviors. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.