bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model for Monte Carlo simulations of reflection electron energy loss spectra applied to Silicon at energies between 300 and 2000 eV
Authors: Pauly N. , Tougaard S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe present a new model for Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of reflection electron energy loss spectra (REELS). In the model we divide the depths into surface and bulk regions. For the surface region we calculate the energy loss from a dielectric response theory using the QUEELS‐ϵ(k,ω)‐REELS software while the excitations for larger depths are calculated with an MC simulation using the bulk cross section evaluated for an infinite medium. In this model, we take into account bulk excitations, surface excitations, the coupling between surface and bulk excitations (Begrenzungs effect), i.e. the variation of the bulk inelastic cross section in the surface region and the interference as well as the multiple scattering effects. Elastic scattering cross sections are obtained from the ELSEPA code. We perform simulations for a silicon target and for energies between 300 and 2000 eV and compare these to experimental spectra. A very good quantitative agreement is found for a range of energy losses up to 150 eV. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and mechanical behavior of laser surface melted AISI M2 high‐speed steel
Authors: Arias J. , Cabeza M. , Castro G. , Feijoo I. , Merino P. , Pena G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe applied a laser surface melting treatment to AISI M2 high‐speed steel and studied the resulting surface characteristics (microstructure) and mechanical behavior (hardness and wear performance). The steel was treated using an Nd:YAG continuous‐wave laser with different scanning speeds and power densities. The influence of the laser processing parameters on the melted surface layer was studied. The microstructure was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. We also assessed the effects of overlapping on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the wear‐resistant surface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covalent immobilization of amino acids on the porous silicon surface
Authors: Sam S. , Chazalviel J.‐N. , Gouget‐Laemmel A. C. , Ozanam F. , Allongue P. , Henry de Villeneuve C. , Gabouze N. , Djebbar S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this work, we report on a multi‐step route fully compatible with the mild conditions required for anchoring amino acids onto the porous silicon (PSi) surface. A dense monolayer of acid chains is first grafted via thermal hydrosilylation of undecylenic acid at the surface of hydrogenated PSi. The reaction takes place at the terminal CC double bond and yields an organic monolayer covalently attached to the surface through SiC bonds. Next, the acid terminal groups are transformed to succinimidyl ester terminations. This reaction, called activation, is achieved using N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in the presence of the water‐soluble N‐ethyl‐N′‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC). The surface, now bearing an ‘activated ester’ termination, is subsequently made to react with the amino end of the amino acid, allowing for its covalent attachment through the formation of an amide bond. The reaction efficiency at each stage of functionalization was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) measurements. SIMS depth profiling showed a significant level of carbon incorporation throughout the PSi layer. Electrochemical behavior of the amino‐acid‐modified PSi in the presence of copper ions was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical properties of silver thin films, derived from REELS
Authors: Zhang Z. M. , Chen T. , Ding Z. J. , Tang T. , Csik A. , Tóth J. , Tökési K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe differential surface excitation probabilities (DSEPs) for medium‐energy electrons traveling in Ag are extracted from reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) spectra by using the Werner's elimination‐retrieved algorithm. Based on a surface Kramers–Kronig dispersion relationship, the electronic structure and optical properties of Ag thin film are determined. The results show that the optical property curves between surface thin layer and bulk are similar in shape, whereas they deviate quantitatively for energies below 40 eV, which may be caused by the different electronic structures at surface and in bulk. The present data would be an appropriate approximation to the optical properties of thin film, whose thickness is characterized by the inelastic mean free path of the electrons in a REELS experiment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DERIVATIVE-FREE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF COMPACT GENERALIZED COMPOSITION OPERATORS BETWEEN ZYGMUND TYPE SPACES
Authors: LINDSTRÖM MIKAEL , SANATPOUR AMIR H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe give derivative-free characterizations for bounded and compact generalized composition operators between (little) Zygmund type spaces. To obtain these results, we extend Pavlović’s corresponding result for bounded composition operators between analytic Lipschitz spaces.
Identification of Giardia species and Giardia duodenalis assemblages by sequence analysis of the 5.8S rDNA gene and internal transcribed spacers
Authors: CACCIÒ SIMONE M. , BECK RELJA , ALMEIDA ANDRE , BAJER ANNA , POZIO EDOARDO 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYPCR assays have been developed mainly to assist investigations into the epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis, the only species in the Giardia genus having zoonotic potential. However, a reliable identification of all species is of practical importance, particularly when water samples and samples from wild animals are investigated. The aim of the present work was to genotype Giardia species and G. duodenalis assemblages using as a target the region spanning the 5.8S gene and the 2 flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal gene. Primers were designed to match strongly conserved regions in the 3′ end of the small subunit and in the 5′ end of the large subunit ribosomal genes. The corresponding region (about 310 bp) was amplified from 49 isolates of both human and animal origin, representing all G. duodenalis assemblages as well as G. muris and G. microti. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that G. ardeae, G. muris, G. microti as well as the 7 G. duodenalis assemblages can be easily distinguished. Since the major subgroups within the zoonotic assemblages A and B can be identified by sequence analysis, this assay is also informative for molecular epidemiological studies.
Dynamics of postcritically bounded polynomial semigroups III: classification of semi-hyperbolic semigroups and random Julia sets which are Jordan curves but not quasicircles
Authors: SUMI HIROKI 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe investigate the dynamics of polynomial semigroups (semigroups generated by a family of polynomial maps on the Riemann sphere $\CCI $) and the random dynamics of polynomials on the Riemann sphere. Combining the dynamics of semigroups and the fiberwise (random) dynamics, we give a classification of polynomial semigroups G such that G is generated by a compact family Γ, the planar postcritical set of G is bounded, and G is (semi-) hyperbolic. In one of the classes, we have that, for almost every sequence $\gamma \in \Gamma ^{\NN }$, the Julia set Jγ of γ is a Jordan curve but not a quasicircle, the unbounded component of $\CCI {\setminus } J_{\gamma }$ is a John domain, and the bounded component of $\CC {\setminus } J_{\gamma }$ is not a John domain. Note that this phenomenon does not hold in the usual iteration of a single polynomial. Moreover, we consider the dynamics of polynomial semigroups G such that the planar postcritical set of G is bounded and the Julia set is disconnected. Those phenomena of polynomial semigroups and random dynamics of polynomials that do not occur in the usual dynamics of polynomials are systematically investigated.
Temporal Trends in the Epidemiology of Severe Postoperative Sepsis after Elective Surgery
Authors: Bateman Brian T. , Schmidt Ulrich , Berman Mitchell F. , Bittner Edward A. 
Published: March 2010

Introduction
Multiple studies have used administrative datasets to examine the epidemiology of sepsis in general, but the entity of postoperative sepsis has been studied less intensively. Therefore, we undertook an analysis of the epidemiology of postoperative sepsis using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest in-patient dataset available in the United States.

Methods
Elective admissions of patients aged 18 yr or older with a length of stay more than 3 days for any 1 of the 20 most common elective operative procedures were extracted from the dataset for the years 1997-2006. Postoperative sepsis was defined using the appropriate International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes; severe sepsis was defined as sepsis along with organ dysfunction. Logistic regression was used to assess the significance of temporal trends after adjusting for relevant demographic characteristics, operative procedure, and comorbid conditions.

Results
We identified 2,039,776 admissions for analysis. The rate of severe sepsis increased from 0.3% in 1997 to 0.9% in 2006. This trend persisted after adjusting for relevant covariables-the adjusted odds ratio of severe sepsis per year increase in the study period was 1.12 (95% CI, 1.11-1.13; P < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality rate for patients with severe postoperative sepsis declined from 44.4% in 1997 to 34.0% in 2006; this trend also persisted after adjustment for relevant covariables-the adjusted odds ratio per year was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.93-0.95; P < 0.001).

Conclusion
During the 10-yr period that we studied, there was a marked increase in the rate of severe postoperative sepsis but a concomitant decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate in severe sepsis.
Isoflurane-induced Neuroapoptosis in the Neonatal Rhesus Macaque Brain
Authors: Brambrink Ansgar M. , Evers Alex S. , Avidan Michael S. , Farber Nuri B. , Smith Derek J. , Zhang Xuezhao , Dissen Gregory A. , Creeley Catherine E. , Olney John W. 
Published: March 2010

Background
Brief isoflurane anesthesia induces neuroapoptosis in the developing rodent brain, but susceptibility of non-human primates to the apoptogenic action of isoflurane has not been studied. Therefore, we exposed postnatal day 6 (P6) rhesus macaques to a surgical plane of isoflurane anesthesia for 5 h, and studied the brains 3 h later for histopathologic changes.

Method
With the same intensity of physiologic monitoring typical for human neonatal anesthesia, five P6 rhesus macaques were exposed for 5 h to isoflurane maintained between 0.7 and 1.5 end-tidal Vol% (endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated) and five controls were exposed for 5 h to room air without further intervention. Three hours later, the brains were harvested and serially sectioned across the entire forebrain and midbrain, and stained immunohistochemically with antibodies to activated caspase-3 for detection and quantification of apoptotic neurons.

Results
Quantitative evaluation of brain sections revealed a median of 32.5 (range, 18.0-48.2) apoptotic cells/mm of brain tissue in the isoflurane group and only 2.5 (range, 1.1-5.2) in the control group (difference significant at P = 0.008). Apoptotic neuronal profiles were largely confined to the cerebral cortex. In the control brains, they were sparse and randomly distributed, whereas in the isoflurane brains they were abundant and preferentially concentrated in specific cortical layers and regions.

Conclusion
The developing non-human primate brain is sensitive to the apoptogenic action of isoflurane and displays a 13-fold increase in neuroapoptosis after 5 h exposure to a surgical plane of isoflurane anesthesia.
Comparison of the Utility of Preoperative versus Postoperative B-type Natriuretic Peptide for Predicting Hospital Length of Stay and Mortality after Primary Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Fox Amanda A. , Muehlschlegel Jochen D. , Body Simon C. , Shernan Stanton K. , Liu Kuang-Yu , Perry Tjorvi E. , Aranki Sary F. , Cook E. Francis , Marcantonio Edward R. , Collard Charles D. 
Published: March 2010

Background
Preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is known to predict adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. The value of postoperative BNP for predicting adverse outcomes is less well delineated. The authors hypothesized that peak postoperative plasma BNP (measured postoperative days 1-5) predicts hospital length of stay (HLOS) and mortality in patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting, even after adjusting for preoperative BNP and perioperative clinical risk factors.

Methods
This study is a prospective longitudinal study of 1,183 patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Mortality was defined as all-cause death within 5 yr after surgery. Cox proportional hazards analyses were conducted to separately evaluate the associations between peak postoperative BNP and HLOS and mortality. Multivariable adjustments were made for patient demographics, preoperative BNP concentration, and clinical risk factors. BNP measurements were log10 transformed before analysis.

Results
One hundred fifteen deaths (9.7%) occurred in the cohort (mean follow-up = 4.3 yr, range = 2.38-5.0 yr). After multivariable adjustment for preoperative BNP and clinical covariates, peak postoperative BNP predicted HLOS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.002-1.64, P = 0.049) but not mortality (HR = 1.62, CI = 0.71-3.68, P = 0.25), whereas preoperative BNP independently predicted HLOS (HR = 1.09, CI = 1.01-1.18, P = 0.03) and approached being an independent predictor of mortality (HR = 1.36, CI = 0.96-1.94, P = 0.08). When preoperative and peak postoperative BNP were separately adjusted for within the clinical multivariable models, each independently predicted HLOS (preoperative BNP HR = 1.13, CI = 1.05-1.21, P = 0.0007; peak postoperative BNP HR = 1.44, CI = 1.15-1.81, P = 0.001) and mortality (preoperative BNP HR = 1.50, CI = 1.09-2.07, P = 0.01; peak postoperative BNP HR = 2.29, CI = 1.11-4.73, P = 0.02).

Conclusions
Preoperative BNP may be better than peak postoperative BNP for predicting HLOS and longer term mortality after primary coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.
Cysteine Reversal of the Novel Neuromuscular Blocking Drug CW002 in Dogs
Authors: Sunaga Hiroshi , Malhotra Jaideep K. , Yoon Edward , Savarese John J. , Heerdt Paul M. 
Published: March 2010

Background
CW002 is a neuromuscular blocking drug that is inactivated by endogenous L-cysteine. This study determined the exogenous L-cysteine dose-response relationship for CW002 reversal along with acute cardiovascular effects and organ toxicity in dogs.

Methods
Six dogs were each studied four times during isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia and recording of muscle twitch, arterial pressure, and heart rate. CW002 (0.08 mg/kg or 9 x ED95) was injected, and the time to spontaneous muscle recovery was determined. CW002 was then administered again followed 1 min later by 10, 20, 50, or 100 mg/kg L-cysteine (1 dose/experiment). After twitch recovery, CW002 was given a third time to determine whether residual L-cysteine influenced duration. Preliminary toxicology was performed in an additional group of dogs that received CW002 followed by vehicle (n = 8) or 200 mg/kg L-cysteine (n = 8). Animals were awakened and observed for 2 or 14 days before sacrificing and anatomic, biochemical, and histopathologic analyses.

Results
L-cysteine at all doses accelerated recovery from CW002, with both 50 and 100 mg/kg decreasing median duration from more than 70 min to less than 5 min. After reversal, duration of a subsequent CW002 dose was also decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Over the studied dose range, L-cysteine had less than 10% effect on blood pressure and heart rate. Animals receiving a single 200-mg/kg dose of L-cysteine showed no clinical, anatomic, biochemical, or histologic evidence of organ toxicity.

Conclusion
The optimal L-cysteine dose for rapidly reversing the neuromuscular blockade produced by a large dose of CW002 in dogs is approximately 50 mg/kg, which has no concomitant hemodynamic effect. A dose of 200 mg/kg had no evident organ toxicity.
Cognitive Function after Major Noncardiac Surgery, Apolipoprotein E4 Genotype, and Biomarkers of Brain Injury
Authors: McDonagh David L. , Mathew Joseph P. , White Willam D. , Phillips-Bute Barbara , Laskowitz Daniel T. , Podgoreanu Mihai V. , Newman Mark F. 
Published: March 2010

Background
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant cause of morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Identified risk factors are largely limited to demographic characteristics. We hypothesized that POCD was associated with apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype and plasma biomarkers of brain injury and inflammation.

Methods
Three hundred ninety-four patients older than 55 yr undergoing major elective noncardiac surgery were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was performed at baseline. Plasma was collected at baseline and end of surgery and at 4.5, 24, and 48-h postoperatively. Six protein biomarkers were assayed (B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, matrix metalloproteinase-9, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100B). Neurocognitive testing was conducted at baseline and at 6 weeks and 1 yr after surgery; scores were subjected to factor analysis. The association of APOE4 and biomarkers with POCD was tested using multivariable regression modeling.

Results
Three hundred fifty patients (89%) completed 6-week neurocognitive testing. POCD occurred in 54.3% of participants at 6 weeks and 46.1% at 1 yr. There was no difference in POCD between patients with or without the APOE4 allele (56.6 vs. 52.6%; P = 0.58). The continuous cognitive change score (mean +/- SD) was similar between groups (APOE4: 0.05 +/- 0.27 vs. non-APOE4: 0.07 +/- 0.28; P = 0.53). Two hundred ninety-one subjects (74%) completed testing at 1 yr. POCD occurred in 45.9% of APOE4 subjects versus 46.3% of non-APOE4 subjects (P = 0.95). The cognitive score was again similar (APOE4: 0.08 +/- 0.27 vs. non-APOE4: 0.05 +/- 0.25; P = 0.39). Biomarker levels were not associated with APOE4 genotype or cognition at 6 weeks or 1 yr.

Conclusion
Cognitive decline after major noncardiac surgery is not associated with APOE4 genotype or plasma biomarker levels.
Predictive Risk Factors for Persistent Postherniotomy Pain
Authors: Aasvang Eske K. , Gmaehle Eliza , Hansen Jeanette B. , Gmaehle Bjorn , Forman Julie L. , Schwarz Jochen , Bittner Reinhard , Kehlet Henrik 
Published: March 2010

Background
Persistent postherniotomy pain (PPP) affects everyday activities in 5-10% of patients. Identification of predisposing factors may help to identify the risk groups and guide anesthetic or surgical procedures in reducing risk for PPP.

Methods
A prospective study was conducted in 464 patients undergoing open or laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal elective groin hernia repair. Primary outcome was identification of risk factors for substantial pain-related functional impairment at 6 months postoperatively assessed by the validated Activity Assessment Scale (AAS). Data on potential risk factors for PPP were collected preoperatively (pain from the groin hernia, preoperative AAS score, pain from other body regions, and psychometric assessment). Pain scores were collected on days 7 and 30 postoperatively. Sensory functions including pain response to tonic heat stimulation were assessed by quantitative sensory testing preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively to assess nerve damage.

Results
Four hundred sixty-four patients were included, whereof 442 were examined at 6 months (95.3% follow-up). Fifty-five patients (12.4%) had "moderate/severe" PPP at 6 months. Logistic regression analysis identified four risk factors for PPP: preoperative AAS score, preoperative pain to tonic heat stimulation, 30-day postoperative pain intensity, and sensory dysfunction in the groin at 6 months (nerve damage) (all P < 0.03). A risk prediction model of only preoperative factors and choice of surgical technique revealed increased preoperative AAS score, increased preoperative pain to heat stimulation, and open surgery to increase the risk for PPP (all P < 0.02).

Conclusion
PPP is related to both patient and surgical factors. Patients with a high preoperative AAS score and high pain response to a standardized heat stimulus may preferably be treated using an operative technique with lowest risk for nerve damage.
Noxious Stimulation Response Index
Authors: Luginbühl Martin , Schumacher Peter M. , Vuilleumier Pascal , Vereecke Hugo , Heyse Björn , Bouillon Thomas W. , Struys Michel M. R. F. 
Published: March 2010

Background
The noxious stimulation response index (NSRI) is a novel anesthetic depth index ranging between 100 and 0, computed from hypnotic and opioid effect-site concentrations using a hierarchical interaction model. The authors validated the NSRI on previously published data.

Methods
The data encompassed 44 women, American Society of Anesthesiology class I, randomly allocated to three groups receiving remifentanil infusions targeting 0, 2, and 4 ng/ml. Propofol was given at stepwise increasing effect-site target concentrations. At each concentration, the observer assessment of alertness and sedation score, the response to eyelash and tetanic stimulation of the forearm, the bispectral index (BIS), and the acoustic evoked potential index (AAI) were recorded. The authors computed the NSRI for each stimulation and calculated the prediction probabilities (PKs) using a bootstrap technique. The PKs of the different predictors were compared with multiple pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction.

Results
The median (95% CI) PK of the NSRI, BIS, and AAI for loss of response to tetanic stimulation was 0.87 (0.75-0.96), 0.73 (0.58-0.85), and 0.70 (0.54-0.84), respectively. The PK of effect-site propofol concentration, BIS, and AAI for observer assessment of alertness and sedation score and loss of eyelash reflex were between 0.86 (0.80-0.92) and 0.92 (0.83-0.99), whereas the PKs of NSRI were 0.77 (0.68-0.85) and 0.82 (0.68-0.92). The PK of the NSRI for BIS and AAI was 0.66 (0.58-0.73) and 0.63 (0.55-0.70), respectively.

Conclusion
The NSRI conveys information that better predicts the analgesic component of anesthesia than AAI, BIS, or predicted propofol or remifentanil concentrations. Prospective validation studies in the clinical setting are needed.
Category‐1 caesarean section: a survey of anaesthetic and peri‐operative management in the UK*
Authors: Kinsella S. M. , Walton B. , Sashidharan R. , Draycott T. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA national survey of anaesthetic and peri‐operative management of category‐1 caesarean section was sent to 245 consultant‐led maternity units. There was a 70% response rate. The median (IQR [range]) general anaesthetic rate was 51% (29%–80% [6%–100%]), 12% (9%–16% [3%–93%]), 4% (2%–5% [<1%–18%]), for category‐1 caesarean section, categories 1–3 (non‐elective/emergency) and category‐4 (elective) caesarean section, respectively. The main operating theatre for caesarean section is on the delivery suite in 151 (88%) units, and 112 (66%) units also have a second theatre in the same location. One hundred and thirty‐nine (81%) use the standard urgency classification described in the NICE caesarean section guideline. However, only 72 (42%), 24 (14%), and 16 (9%) units comply with this guideline’s recommended decision‐delivery intervals for category‐1 (≤ 30 min), category‐2 (≤ 30 min) and category‐3 (≤ 75 min) caesarean sections, respectively. Practice in the smaller units was similar to that in the larger units, although there was less availability of a dedicated anaesthetist, intra‐uterine resuscitation guidelines and operating theatres on the delivery suite in the smaller units.