bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Carrier, Rate, and Time of Application of S on the Yield, and S and N Content of Alfalfa1
Authors: Hoeft R. G. , Walsh L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn view of the increased S deficiency in the North Central region of the United States and increased fertilizer prices, additional information was needed to develop more precise fertilizer recommendations. Accordingly, field experiments were conducted at nine locations in Wisconsin to evaluate the effect of carrier, rate, and time of application of S on yield, S and N content of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and efficiency of S uptake. All fertilizer materials were broadcast on the soil surface in established stands of alfalfa. Significant forage yield, S concentration, and N concentration increases to S were obtained at five of the nine locations.In the first year after application, SO4‐S carriers (K2SO4 and K2SO4 :2 MgSO4) were more effective than prilled elemental‐S (88% S and 12% bentonite) in correcting S‐deficiency of alfalfa. However, in the second year after application, the various S carriers were equally effective. The results of this study indicate that 28 and 112 kg S/ha as K2SO4 were adequate to correct S‐deficiency for a 1‐year and 2‐year period after application, respectively. In the second year after application, 56 kg S/ha as elemental S was required to significantly increase the yield for the first and second harvests and for the third harvest a significant response occurred only at the 112 kg S/ha rate.Spring applied K2SO4 was more effective than a fall application, and K2SO4 applied at a rate of 28 kg S/ha each year over a 2‐year period was more effective than a single application of 56 kg S/ha made at the beginning of the 2‐year period. No significant difference between spring and fall application of elemental S was noted. During the second year after S application, a single treatment of elemental‐S made at the beginning of the experiment was more effective than the same amount split among two annual applications. Significant yield response was observed when the concentration of S in the tissue was ≤ 0.22% S.
Root and Rhizome Development of Some Kentucky Bluegrass and Red Fescue Cultivars1
Authors: Ensign R. D. , Weiser G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRapid and extensive root and rhizome development are desirable attributes for turfgrass sod production. Extensive rooting is also advantageous for plant development and seed maturation in the semiarid West during periods of drought stress. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were differences in the root and rhizome production among several cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and red fescue (festuca rubra L.) under mowed and unmowed management.Mowed plots were cut weekly at 4 cm. Unmowed plots were allowed to produce seed. Sod samples were taken from unmowed plots at the soft dough stage of the caryopsis. Mowed plots produced significantly more roots and rhizomes than unmowed. Variation existed among cultivars with respect to root and rhizome production. ‘Adelphi,’ ‘Glade,’ ‘Nugget,’ ‘Fylking,’ and ‘Newport,’ produced high root weights. Adelphi, Nugget, and ‘P‐142,’ produced high rhizome numbers and weights. Some cultivars produced a high percentage of roots in the top 2.5‐cm layer of the rhizosphere, whereas others had rhizomes more equally distributed to the 7.5‐cm depth.Total root and rhizome production in most bluegrasses exceeded the total production of the fescue cultivars. ‘Pennlawn’ red fescue was a prolific rhizome producer when compared to four other fescue cultivars. Several new bluegrass cultivars have relatively vigorous rhizosphere systems which may be significant for desirable sod production as well as their ability to compete for available moisture during periods of seed maturation.
Growth of Young Tobacco Plants as Affected by Carbon Dioxide and Nutrient Variables1
Authors: Thomas Judith F. , Raper C. David , Anderson C. E. , Downs R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), essentially a nursery plant during seedling growth, is grown in a protected plant bed until it attains the size to be transplanted into the field. Enchancement of growth rates during seedling culture would have advantages in production of tobacco seedlings, as well as bedding plants. Enrichment of atmospheric CO2 is a generally recognized technique of increasing growth rates. Experiments were conducted in controlled‐environment chambers to evaluate the immediate effects of CO2 enrichment on seedling growth of tobacco, the carryover effects to post‐transplant growth, and nutritional requirements for maximum response to CO2 enrichment.Tobacco seedlings were grown at two rates of nutrient application in atmospheres containing either ambient (400 ppm) or enriched (1,000 ppm) CO2 levels. At the time of transplanting half of the plants from each CO2 environment were reciprocally exchanged. During seedling culture, Relative Growth Rate (RGR) was enhanced CO2 enrichment but was depressed by the higher nutrient application rate. The RGR to CO2 enrichment was reversed during post‐transplant culture. For either CO2 environment, RGR during seedling growth was nearly three‐fold RGR during posttransplant culture. The reduction in RGR with CO2 enrichment occurred for both a 9‐hour and a 15‐hour light period of 450 hectolux intensity. The lower RGR for CO2 enrichment during post‐transplant culture was associated with increased starch in leaf tissues. These data support the hypothesis that, although growth response may temporarily be enhanced by CO2 enrichment, it must decline to a level similar to that of plants raised under ambient CO2.
Yield and Persistence of Several Legumes Growing in Tall Fescue
Authors: Dobson James W. , Fisher C. D. , Beaty E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDespite two decades of use of nitrogen fertilizer to grass pastures, the rising cost of N and the introduction of new legumes and cultivars is cause for a reappraisal of grass‐legume mixtures for pastures in the South. The objective of this study was to evaluate new legume species and cultivars under two simulated grazing pressures. Information on production and clipping tolerance of these new legumes and cultivars is needed to plan management for production and persistence.In the fall of 1970 tall fescue cultivar ‘Ky 31’ (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was seeded alone or with each of 10 legumes. During the summer of 1971 and 1972 plots were harvested monthly at heights of 5 and 10 cm. In 1973 only four harvests were made as compared to six for each of the first 2 years. Milkvetch (Astragalus cicer, L.) failed to persist in association with fescue and produced little more than fescue alone. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), produced high yields but persistence was short. Crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) persisted well and significantly increased forage yields. The newer cultivars tended to be significantly higher yielding than the old ones. The crownvetches, red and white clovers, and birdsfoot trefoils were tolerant to heavy defoliation and increased forage yields. The use of these legumes in forage programs appeared to be highly desirable.
Soil Temperature Around the Crown Node Influences Early Growth, Nutrient Uptake, and Nutrient Translocation of Spring Wheat1
Authors: Boatwright G. O. , Ferguson Hayden , Sims J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFarming practices such as stubble mulching are known to influence surface soil temperatures. This study was conducted to determine the effect of temperature variations in the shallow surface zone that normally contains the crown node on early growth, nutrient uptake, and nutrient translocation of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).Surface soil temperatures below optimum, about 19 C, significantly decreased top growth but not root growth. When surface soil temperature was increased, total nutrients accumulated in the tops increased. Under low surface soil temperature roots appeared to accumulate Cu and Zn. Translocation of 80Rb from the roots to the tops was significantly greater when the surface soil was warm than when it was cold. Thus, translocation of nutrients from the roots to the tops may be restricted by low soil surface temperatures.Fertilization with N, P, and K appears to modify the detrimental effect of low surface soil temperatures. However, nutrients did not completely alleviate the detrimental effect of low surface soil temperatures.The crown node (transition region) of the plant appears to be the plant component most sensitive to low surface soil temperatures. When the crown node was located above the cold zone, dry weight was nearly equal with cold and warm surface soil temperatures. Unlike the crown node, the shoot growing point (meristematic region) was not affected by low, surface‐soil temperatures.
Response of Sugarcane to Filter Press Mud and N, P, and K Fertilizers. I. Effect on Sugarcane Yield and Sucrose Content1
Authors: Prasad M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVery little information is available regarding the plant nutrient value of filter press mud (FPM) for sugarcane. Yield increases of sugarcane as a result of FPM application have been inconsistent. Therefore eight field experiments were conducted to study the effect of FPM and NPK fertilizer, and their interaction on the yield and sucrose content of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). There were four plant cane and four ratoon experiments conducted over 2 years on seven sites. These included one experiment in which the residual effect of FPM after 1 year was studied. A split plot design was used with FPM on main plots (rates were 0, 20, and 40 metric tons/ha or 0 and 34 metric tons/ha dry wt with two or four replications), and N, P, and K fertilizer rates on subplots (two or four replications). The rates of fertilizers were as follows: N = 0, 94, and 188 kg/ha or 47, 94, and 141 kg/ha; P = 0, 45, and 90 kg/ha or 0 and 45 kg/ha; K = 0 and 112 kg/ha.Filter press mud increased the yield of cane in six experiments including the residual FPM experiment. Yield increases were higher in plant than in ratoon cane. Nitrogen increased the yield of cane in all experiments and in five experiments, rates higher than 94 kg N/ha, the standard practice, gave higher yield. The response of sugarcane to N‐fertilizer was more related to the texture of the soil (r = −0.79) than N‐content of the soil. Phosphorus increased the yield in seven experiments. Potassium gave a response in two out of five experiments. FPM ✕ P was the most interesting interaction and occurred in six experiments. This interaction reflected the inter‐changeability of FPM at the rates studied with P‐fertilizer. Other significant interactions were FPM ✕ N ✕ K, FPM ✕ N ✕ P. Filter press mud also improved the quality of the cane in four experiments while P‐fertilizer improved it in three. On basis of these results, the following is recommended: 1) No P‐fertilizer need be applied where FPM has been applied in quantities as high as 20 metric tons/ha dry wt basis, 2) ratoons following the plant cane may need P‐fertilizer but possibly in much smaller amounts than normal, particularly if FPM rates are high, and 3) rates greater than 94 kg/ha are recommended particularly in the coarser textured soils.
Grass Tetany Hazard of Cereal Forages Based upon Chemical Composition1
Authors: Mayland H. F. , Grunes D. L. , Lazar V. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe occurrence of grass tetany in cattle grazing small grains pastures led us to examine the forage chemical composition and to suggest the relative risk of grass tetany to cattle grazing each forage.Early spring vegetative growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult) was periodically sampled from 3 ✕ 20 m plots established on a fertile Portneuf silt loam (Durixerollic calciorthid). In addition, wheat, oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) were grown in pots containing Portneuf silt loam in the greenhouse and were harvested once while still vegetative.Forage samples were freeze‐dried and the following parameters determined: total N (Kjeldahl); NO‐3 (electrode); Na, K, Mg, and Ca (atomic absorption); S and Cl (x‐ray); P (vanadomolybdate); aconitic acid (polarography); higher fatty acids and ash alkalinity (both by titration). Estimated blood‐serum Mg values were calculated from a generally unavailable Dutch nomograph of forage N ✕ K and Mg values. The nomograph is included in this paper to enhance its availability.Wheat forage seemed to pose a greater tetany hazard than the wheatgrass because wheat had lower values for Ca and higher values for K, K/(Ca + Mg), aconitic acid, ash alkalinity, and HFA. The estimated tetany hazard of the cereal forages was wheat > oats = barley > rye. This ranking corresponded to the other of blood‐serum Mg levels predicted from the Dutch nomograph. Wheat forage was lowest in Mg, while rye forage was highest in Mg and Ca, and lowest in K and N. Aconitic acid represented a large portion of the total organic acids in oats, rye, wheat, and wheatgrass, but only traces were found in barley.The frequent occurrence of grass tetany in cattle grazing wheat forage may result because of lower Mg and Ca levels and higher K, N, ash alkalinity, and HFA levels in this forage compared to other cereal forages.
Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity Levels for ‘Bragg’ Soybeans1
Authors: Ohki K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe lower and upper critical Mn levels in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], which are not documented, were determined to provide guideline values for estimating the Mn status from deficiency through toxicity. Soybean (‘Bragg’) was grown in Hoagland nutrient solution with 14 Mn levels from 0 to 50,000 μg/liter. The plants were grown in the greenhouse for 33 days, harvested and analyzed for Mn.The lower critical levels where Mn is required at minimum concentration for maximum growth ranged from 9 to 11 μg/g in blade 1 (young) and blade 5 (old), respectively. Blade 3 was the most recently matured leaf and is suggested as the tissue to sample for plant analysis. The lower critical Mn level for blade 3 is 10 μg/g. The upper critical level where maximum Mn concentration in blade tissue can be tolerated for maximum growth ranged from 100 to 250 μg/g in blade 1 to 5, respectively. The upper critical Mn level for blade 3 was 160 μg/g. For the ‘Bragg’ cultivar maximum growth was attained from 10 to 160 μ/g Mn in blade 3. The distribution of Mn was low (3 to 7 μg/g) and uniform when plants were under Mn stress. With adequate Mn, the Mn concentration in blade increased with tissue age.
Effects of Population Density upon Agronomic Traits Associated with Genetic Increases in Yield of Zea mays L.1
Authors: Moll R. H. , Kamprath E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral long term recurrent selection programs with strains of Zea mays L., which were initiated from one to three decades ago, are being carried out at plant densities considerably below those currently used in commercial production. The question arises whether responses realized at low plant densities will be maintained at higher plant densities. We chose to study strains from a selection program initiated three decades ago, in which 10 cycles of full‐sib family selection have been completed at a density of 24,000 plants per hectare. A study was conducted to characterize changes in agronomic traits of corn resulting from recurrent selection for yield when evaluated at 24,710, 38,300, and 49,420 plants per hectare. Comparisons were made among the original strain and strains resulting from the fifth (C6) and 10th (C10) selection cycles.The improved strains, C5 and C10, averaged 27 and 42% more yield than the original strain. Important increases in prolificacy, ear corn/stover ratio, and total N accumulation in the grain were found to accompany the increases in yield due to selection. Increased population density resulted in greater yields per hectare in the improved strains. Interactions between strain and density were not statistically significant.Both ear height and top height increased with selection, but leaf size and ear weight appeared to have decreased. Decreases were also noted in percent N in the grain and the stover.
Assessment of Water Loss Patterns with Microlysimeters1
Authors: Rogowski A. S. , Jacoby E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is difficult to measure the distribution of evapotranspiration(ET) in the field because of mixed soil types, moisture regime, and vegetation. Portable, cylindrical, grass‐growing lysimeters were constructed and used to obtain distribution patterns of evapotranspiration. The objective of the study was to develop a practical method of evaluating ET in the field. The microlysimeters were laboratory and field checked and the final study was carried out on a 58‐ha watershed. Laboratory check showed that at high soil water contents periodic removal of lysimeters for weighing did not destroy the continuity of flow. The field check demonstrated feasibility of field use and showed no significant diferences in ET between different segments of a small study area. The watershed study in addition to microlysimeter observations, included gamma‐probe measurements and ET predictions with an ET model. Except for a very stony and a wooded site ET estimates obtained by the three methods appeared satisfactory.
Field Measurements of Ammonia Volatilization from Surface Applications of Ammonium Salts to a Calcareous Soil1
Authors: Hargrove W. L. , Kissel D. E. , Fenn L. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany laboratory experiments have been conducted to study ammonia volatilization from N fertilizers, but few experiments have been conducted under field conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate ammonia volatilization in the field from ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate applied to the surface of a calcareous soil, Houston Black Clay, that belongs to the fine, montmorillonitic, thermic family of Udic Pellusterts. Volatilization was evaluated indirectly by measuring N uptake by Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) and directly by measuring ammonia as it volatilized. In the field plot study, estimated losses ranged from 3 to 10% of the applied N for ammonium nitrate, from 36 to 45% of the applied N for pelleted ammonium sulfate, and from 25 to 55% of the applied N for liquid ammonium sulfate at rates of 140 and 280 kg N/ha. Direct measurements of ammonia losses from pelleted ammonium sulfate were 47, 43, 59, and 50% of the applied N in late summer, 1975, and 39, 30, 27, and 35% of the applied N in spring, 1976, at rates of 33, 66, 140, and 280 kg N/ ha. The lower loss of ammonia in the spring was apparently in response to lower soil temperatures at that time. Consistent diurnal fluctuations in ammonia losses occurred at both times. These fluctuations corresponded closely with daily fluctuations in the atmospheric relative humidity. These results agree with earlier laboratory studies in that ammonium sulfate loses considerably more ammonia than ammonium nitrate when applied to the surface of a calcareous clay soil.
Effect of Acetic, Propionic, and Butyric Acids on Young Rice Seedlings' Growth1
Authors: Rao D. Niranjan , Mikkelsen D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnaerobic bacteria in flooded soils degrade various types of organic matter, including rice straw and green manure crops, with the production of low carbon, monobasic aliphatic acids. The major fermentation products are formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acids. Organic acids produced in flooded soils may adversely affect the growth of rice seedlings.Rice seedlings, Oryza sativa L. ‘Earlirose’, were grown in sterile nutrient solution containing 1, 5, and 10 mN concentrations of acetic, propionic, and butyric acid adjusted to variables of pH 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0. The seedlings were grown in treated nutrient solutions for 7 days before harvesting for plant growth measurements.Root elongation, shoot height, and weight were retarded by all organic acids, the severity increasing with concentration and decreasing pH. Root elongation was affected most. Residual seed reserves were greater with higher acid concentrations, corresponding to decreased growth of the plant root and shoot suggesting that the translocation of stored seed reserves was inhibited. The magnitude of organic acid effects was in the order of butyric > propionic > acetic. At 1 mN concentration, all organic acids evaluated, reduced root length by 40 to 50%, but did not inhibit root initiation. At 5 mN concentration, root elongation was severely inhibited and most root tips showed severe root injury. At 10 mN concentration, both elongation and initiation of roots were completely inhibited. An increase in pH from 3 to 7 decreased the inhibiting effects of all organic acids at all concentrations, indicating that the concentration of undissociated acid was more critical than total acid concentration in inhibiting seedling growth. Anaerobic fermentation products, particularly organic acids, are potential problems in rice stand establishment in flooded soils. A proper time interval for their decomposition prior to planting rice must be observed to avoid seedling damage.
Relationship between Assimilate Source and Reproductive Sink in Maize Grown in a Short‐Season Environment1
Authors: Tollenaar M. , Daynard T. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLimitations to grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) not explained by unfavorable factors such as disease, nutrient deficiency, or moisture stress may be analyzed in terms of assimilate supply to the grain (the source) and the potential of the grain to accommodate assimilate (the sink). In order to determine whether sink or source represented the first limitation to grain yield, an early‐maturing maize hybrid was grown in field tests at the Elora Research Station near Guelph, Ontario, Canada, during 1973, 1974, and 1975. Sink strength was manipulated by means of light enrichment or shading treatments applied from 2 weeks before until 2 weeks after mid silking. Light‐enrichment and shading treatments applied during the grain‐filling period (i.e., from 2 weeks after mid‐silking to maturity) served to provide information as to whether source capability during grain filling was a dominant limitation to grain yield. Grain yield was affected more by alterations in assimilate supply during the grain‐filling period than during the period which bracketed silking. The results indicate a predominant source limitation for grain yield in the maize hybrid, and others of related genetic composition grown in short growing‐season environments similar to Guelph. Where this occurs, grain yield may be improved by increasing leaf area per plant, or by extending leaf area duration after flowering.
Influence of Italian Ryegrass Density on Efficacy of Diuron Herbicide1
Authors: Burrill Larry C. , Appleby Arnold P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiuron [3‐(3,4‐dichlorohenyl‐l,l‐dimethylurea] has been used for many years to control Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in western Oregon. Variable results cannot be attributed solely to soil and climatic factors. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of ryegrass density on diuron efficacy. Under both greenhouse and field conditions, control of ryegrass decreased as plant density was increased. One possible explanation for lower efficacy in dense stands is the reduced amount of herbicide in the soil solution available for each plant. The influence of density on herbicide performance may play an important role in commercial field practice as well as in the interpretation of bioassay results.