bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How the Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty Can Help Us Understand the Gulf Between Clinical Experience and the Doctrine of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy
Authors: Morstyn Ron 
Published: April 2010

Objective: The aim of this paper is to examine the gulf between clinical experience and the doctrine of evidence-based psychotherapy from the perspective of the philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Conclusions: Evidence-based psychotherapy, which requires that psychotherapists ignore their thoughts and feelings with individual patients in favour of following standardized manuals and guidelines, is being increasingly promoted as part of evidence-based medicine (EBM). However, this represents an inappropriate extension of logical empiricist philosophy and significance testing methodology, on which evidence-based medicine is founded, to psychotherapy. It sacrifices a search for truth in psychotherapy, for an illusory search for certainty. The inevitable consequence of this is that psychotherapy becomes a commoditised pseudorelationship. Merleau-Ponty provides an alternative ontology, based on the primacy of perception, that gives an epistemological foundation for the search for truth and integration as a basis for psychotherapy. The practice of evidence-based psychotherapy raises serious ethical concerns about pseudorelationships being passed off as authentic, which could lead to missed opportunities to engage mentally ill patients in treatment and to reinforcement of their damaging sense of alienation.
Functional Properties of Peanut and Soybean Proteins as Influenced by Processing Method1
Authors: Ahmed Esam M. , Schmidt Ronald H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Proteins were extracted from defatted Florunner peanuts and Cobb soybeans and dried using different methods. Freshly prepared peanut protein isolates contained 73.9 to 81.3% protein and 1.4 to 4.3% fat. The corresponding values for soybeans were 54.7 to 61.6% and 2.7 to 4.5%. Spray dried peanut protein isolate contained 69.1% protein after 36 months storage and exhibited less solubility than those stored for 24 months or freshly prepared. Freeze dried soybean isolate contained more soluble protein man the freeze dried peanut protein isolate. The reverse was true for the spray dried peanut and soybean isolates. Protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity and foam stability of peanut and soybean protein isolates were higher for the spray dried and freeze dried than the drum dried preparations. Heat treatment of peanuts (107°C for 20 min.) did not influence protein solubility or emulsifying capacity but decreased foaming capacity and foam stability. Storage of peanut isolates resulted in a loss of emulsifying capacity, especially for the freeze dried peanut preparation.
Evaluation of Tertiary Butylhydroquinone as an Antioxidant in Powdered Roasted Peanuts Products1
Authors: Hoover M. W. , Painter P. N. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A fifteen month shelf life study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) as an antioxidant in products made from roasted peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Five levels of TBHQ were studied, 0.0%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, and 0.04% based on the fat content of the peanuts. Total carbonyl assays performed monthly served as indices of rancidity. Results indicate that the shelf life of the product may be extended up to thirteen months using the 0.02% level of TBHQ now allowed by the Food and Drug Administration. In addition, the quantitative determination of total carbonyls proved to be an acceptable indicator of rancidity of roasted peanuts.
Effect of Variety, Location and Year on Tannin Content of Peanut Seed Coats
Authors: Sanders Timothy H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Tannin concentrations in the seed coats of six peanut varieties grown in seven geographical locations for 2 years were determined. Tannin content within variety varied significantly between locations. Levels among varieties at a location were also variable. Tannin concentrations for a specific variety at a specific location in 1975 and 1976 were compared and 60% of the comparisons differed significantly. These data indicate that any resistance to Aspergillus parasiticus colonization associated with peanut seed coat tannin concentration would probably vary somewhat with production location and year.
Phosphine and Methyl Bromide Fumigation of Shelled Peanuts1
Authors: Leesch J. G. , Gillenwater H. B. , Davis R. , Wilson Ruel 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In laboratory studies, neither germination nor quality of peanuts was adversely affected by fumigation with phosphine, regardless of the dosage or the number of times the peanuts were fumigated. Sorption of phosphine ranged from 55.3 to 71.1% and was highest for peanuts with 7% moisture content. Residues of phosphine generally increased with dosage and the number of fumigations; however, the highest residue (11.3 ppb) occurred after 3 fumigations at the highest dosage (1.12 mg/liter).
Methyl bromide fumigation of peanuts in the laboratory reduced germination and quality in direct proportion to the dosage applied and the number of fumigations. Sorption ranged from 88.8% to 92.9%, was inversely proportional to the dosage, and increased with an increase in moisture content of the peanuts. Also, total bromide residues increased proportionately with the dosage and the number of fumigations. Residues of &gt;200 ppm were found on peanuts after 3 fumigations at the highest dosage tested (64 mg/liter), regardless of the moisture content, and after 3 fumigations at 48 mg/liter on peanuts of 7% moisture content.
When 900-kg (1-short ton) corrugated paper bulk containers were fumigated with phosphine, the gas mat penetrated the containers killed all insects exposed at the center of the peanut mass; there was no effect of phosphine on the germination or quality of the peanuts, and residues of phosphine were well below the tolerance regardless of the dosage or the number of times fumigated. When the containers were fumigated with methyl bromide, the gas that penetrated the containers killed all insects exposed in the center of the mass only at the highest dosage tested (64 mg/liter); germination was reduced, quality decreased with successive fumigations, and residues increased in proportion to the dosage and the number of times fumigated. Unlike the laboratory test, bromide residues exceeded 200 ppm only after 3 fumigations at the highest dosage tested.
Potential for Direct Harvesting of Peanuts1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Steele J. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The concept of harvesting peanuts has remained the same since the windrow-harvesting method replaced stack-pole harvesting. The purpose of this paper is to state the present position on conventional peanut harvesting and discuss the potential for direct harvesting of Virginia-type peanuts.
The field operations for the conventional and direct-harvesting methods are compared. Advantages and disadvantages of each harvesting method as they relate to peanut losses and peanut damages are discussed. The operational performance and evaluation of the direct harvester developed at Suffolk, Va., is presented. The importance of the drying operation for the conventional and direct-harvesting methods is discussed relative to cost of drying, managing the drying operation, and improving thermal efficiency.
Effects of Leaf Position and Plant Age on Photosynthesis and Translocation in Peanut I. Apparent Photosynthesis and 14C Translocation1
Authors: Henning R. J. , Brown R. H. , Ashley D. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the contribution of leaves at different stem positions to photosynthesis of peanut plants, and the change in this contribution with plant age. Apparent photosynthesis (AP) and translocation of assimilated 14C were determined on leaves 3, 5, and 8 from the tip of a cotyledonary lateral branch of the “Florunner” cultivar of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) at 80, 110 and 140 days after planting. To determine 14C-photo-synthate translocation individual leaves were exposed for 15 min to 14CO2 and plants harvested 24 hr later were analyzed for 14C. Translocation was computed as the percentage of total 14C in the plant which was in plant parts other than the labeled leaf.
Highest AP was observed for leaf 3, the youngest fully expanded leaf on the branch, and the lowest AP for leaf 8. Leaf 5 exhibited intermediate AP rates. AP decreased with plant age, the average decrease in two experiments being 21 and 58% from 80 to 110 and 140 days, respectively. The decline in AP with plant age was similar in both experiments. The percentage of 14C translocated from labeled leaves for the two experiments averaged 64% and was not significantly affected by plant age. A significantly greater percentage (76%) of the 14C fixed was translocated from leaf 3 in Experiment II than from leaves 5 and 8 which averaged 55%. Leaf position had no effect on 14C translocation in Experiment I. These data indicate that leaves near the periphery of the peanut plant contribute most during pod filling and that the photo-synthetic capacity of all leaves decreases during this period.
Effects of a Lime Slurry on Soil pH, Exchangeable Calcium, and Peanut Yields
Authors: Adams Fred , Hartzog Dallas 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effectiveness of a low rate of lime slurry for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production was evaluated on four Coastal Plain soils of southeastern Alabama. The four experimental sites were selected on farmers' fields because of their low soil pH and low exchangeable Ca. Lime was applied just prior to planting at a 560-kg/ha rate and at the recommended rate; lime sources included a slurry, an equally-fine dry limestone, and an agricultural-grade limestone. Soil pH and exchangeable Ca of the Ap horizon were measured by depth increments when crop was harvested. Lime slurry and dry lime at equivalent rates had identical effects on soil pH and peanut yields. The 560-kg/ha rate was inadequate for maximum peanut yields on Ca-deficient soils. The recommended rate of agricultural-grade limestone was more reactive than the low rate of lime slurry, and it also produced higher peanut yields.
Sclerotinia Blight of Peanuts in Oklahoma and Occurrence of the Sexual Stage of the Pathogen1
Authors: Wadsworth D. F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Sclerotinia blight of peanuts was discovered in Oklahoma in 1972. The disease is caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary varieties “Minor” and “Major” Purdy (Whetzelinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) Korf & Dumont). S. sclerotiorum “Minor” is more prevalent. Sclerotinia blight has been found in seven of the 23 major peanut-producing counties in Oklahoma since its discovery and it is regarded as a major peanut disease. Both fungal varieties overwintered in the field as sclerotia and produced apothecia and ascopores from late April to early June. Peanut plants exposed to natural ascospore discharges in the field became infected with both varieties of the fungus.
Web Blotch Resistance in Arachis hypogaea1
Authors: Smith O. D. , Smith D. H. , Simpson C. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Seventeen genotypes of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., consisting of Spanish, Runner, and Virginia market types were evaluated for resistance to web blotch caused by Phoma arachidicola Marasas, Pauer and Boerema in small plot field tests. Disease ratings were obtained by determining percentages of infected attached leaflets and abscinded leaflets. Marked differences in disease resistance were observed, and three levels of susceptibility were evident. Entries of the Virginia and Runner market types were generally more resistant to web blotch than the Spanish. Definitive yield and grade effects were not discernible, but indications were that yield and kernel size were affected.
Soil Or Foliar Applied Nutrient Effects On Mineral Concentrations And Germinability of Peanut Seed1
Authors: Hallock D. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The mineral composition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is important to seed germinability, human dietary quality, and may indicate nutrients limiting peanut productivity. Low germinability of peanut seed is frequently a problem for seed producers. Little is known about nutrient effects on seed germination except for Ca. Experiments were conducted on two Aquic Hapludults, one in Southampton Co. and the other in Suffolk, Va. The effects of lime, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, S, or Fe applied to the soil and/or foliage on the elemental composition and germinability of peanut seed were studied.
Average germination varied from 39 to 82% and was highest where 1,120 or 3,360 kg/ha of landplaster (LP) was applied alone. Germination was decreased by application of KCl or K2SO4 at 1,120 kg/ha, or urea or NH4NO3 each at 224 kg/ha of N. Percentage germination was correlated positively with seed Ca and negatively with seed K concentrations. Also, a low but significant negative correlation was obtained between Fe or Cu and seed germinability.
All treatments which contained considerable Ca increased the Ca concentrations in seed, except lime at 2,240 kg/ha. Concentrations of K in the seed were increased by the K treatments only when LP was not applied. Treatments which included foliar-applied Zn or both Zn and Mn decreased seed K or seed Mg levels, respectively. None of the treatments decreased Fe, Cu, P, Mn, or Zn concentrations in seed.
The concentrations of the nutrients in the seed varied relative to the method of application. Fertilization practices which increase Ca uptake by the seed relative to K should enhance peanut seed germinability.
Inheritance of Resistance to Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum in Six Virginia-type Peanut Lines1,3
Authors: Kornegay Julia L. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The inheritance of resistance to two cercospora leaf-spots, Cercospora arachidicola (early leafspot) and Cercosporidium personatum (late leafspot) in Virginia-type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), was determined using F1 and F2 generations and parental lines from a six parent diallel cross under natural field conditions. Two techniques for rating disease severity were employed. General combining ability, determined from both rating techniques, was significant for both F1 and F2 generations, indicating that resistance to both fungi and tolerance to infection i. e., minimal leaf defoliation, was primarily due to additive genetic effects.
The six parents produced offspring with different levels of resistance to both fungi. From the estimates of general combining ability effects, only NC-GP 343 and NC 5 produced progeny resistant to both early and late leaf-spot. NC 3033 was resistant to early leafspot, but susceptible to late leafspot. NC-Ac 3139, Florigiant and NC 2 were resistant to late leafspot, but susceptible to early leaf-spot. Disease indices ranked NC 3033 and NC-GP 343 as, overall, the most resistant of the six lines and the most useful to include in a cercospora leafspots resistance breeding program.
Evaluation of Detached Leaf Culture for Screening Peanuts for Leafspot Resistance1
Authors: Foster D. J. , Wynne J. C. , Beute M. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A detached leaf culturing technique has been proposed as a rapid and simple method for screening peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for leafspot resistance. This study was conducted to (a) determine the effect of both leaf age and outdoor plant weathering on infection with Cercospora arachidicola Hori as measured by the detached leaf technique, (b) evaluate the resistance to early leafspot of several peanut genotypes in the field and in the greenhouse using the detached leaf technique, and (c) determine the relationship between leafspot resistance measured in the field and the greenhouse.
The age of the leaf had a significant effect on leafspot resistance when evaluated using the detached leaf technique. Younger leaves averaged 11.4 lesions per leaflet compared to 5.6 lesions per leaflet for older leaves. The number of lesions per leaflet was similar for weathered and greenhouse-grown plants. PI 270806, PI 109839, Kanyoma, and PI 259679, four Virginia (ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) types, were the most resistant genotypes evaluated in these tests.
The number of lesions per leaflet caused by early leaf-spot for the 16 genotypes measured by the detached leaf technique was significantly correlated (r = 0.85) with the same trait measured in the field. PI 109839 had the fewest number of lesions per leaflet in both greenhouse and field tests.
Effects of Tillage Practices on Peanut Production in Virginia
Authors: Wright F. S. , Porter D. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A 3-year study was conducted in Virginia to evaluate tillage practices on peanut yield and crop value. Treatment factors included time of plowing, four seedbed preparations, and two cultivations. Pesticides were used to control insects and diseases. Commercially available field implements were used to perform all tillage operations. Peanut yields were higher when the moldboard plowing operation was performed in the fall (Dec) than those when the plowing operation was performed in the spring (Mar). Yields were similar for the four seedbed preparation methods: flat, rotary tiller with shaper, disk bedder, and ripper-bedder. Cultivation (two) did not improve peanut yields. The above tillage treatments affected crop value similarly to peanut yield. The cone index (resistance to cone penetration) was considerably less in the ripper-bedder treatment than in other seedbed treatments. The economic advantage of field equipment to decrease the resistance for root penetration should be evaluated further.
Greenhouse Screening Peanut Germ Plasm for Resistance to the Lesser Cornstalk Borer1
Authors: Smith J. W. , Posada Lazaro , Smith O. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An objective, rapid technique was developed for greenhouse screening of peanuts, (Arachis hypogaea L.), germ plasm for resistance to lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller). Seedlings planted one per container were infested with first instar larvae. Twenty-one days after infestation the plants were scored for damage visible above the soil surface, damage concealed by the soil surface, and survival. Larvae were scored for developmental stage and survival. Entries were screened in groups of 16 including the cultivar ‘Starr’ as a standard.
Evaluations were made of 490 cultivars, introductions and selections. Eighty-one cultivars scored significantly lower (p≥.05) than Starr in one or more rating categories. Re-evaluation of certain cultivars coupled with an analysis of the Starr standard entry show the techniques to be effective in selecting for resistance to the lesser cornstalk borer.
Peanut Maturity Method Evaluations. I. Southeast
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Williams E. J. , Schubert A. M. , Pattee H. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Arginine maturity index, methanol extract, shellout, and seed-hull maturity index methods of determining peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) maturity were compared. Peanuts from four planting dates in 1978 were used. The comparisons showed that some of the methods are affected by date of planting and environmental factors, such as drought stress. Under the conditions of this test, the seed-hull maturity index and shellout were the most consistent indicators of the optimum yield period in 1978.
Nodulation and Nitrogenase Activity of Peanuts Inoculated with Single Strain Isolates of Rhizobium1
Authors: Elkan G. H. , Wynne J. C. , Schneeweis T. J. , Isleib T. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Nodulation and nitrogenase activity (μM C2H4/plant/hr) for 48 diverse peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.2) genotypes were determined in a field site where the soil supported high populations of endemic rhizobia. These same rhizobia and peanut genotypes had previously been evaluated in a greenhouse study.
Both host genotypes and rhizobial strains significantly influenced nodulation and nitrogenase activity. Roots of Virginia-type host plants were better nodulated and exhibited higher nitrogenase activity than genotypes of the fastigiate type. Florigiant, the predominant cultivar in the Virginia-North Carolina area, produced the most nodules and had the greatest nitrogenase activity.
Variation in nodulation and nitrogenase activity for the single strain isolates in the presence of naturally occurring field populations indicated that the strains were able to compete for nodule sites. Strains both less and more effective than the naturally occurring rhizobial population were observed.
Nitrogenase activity of the strains was correlated with previous greenhouse results suggesting that greenhouse evaluation of rhizobial strains for peanuts is useful as a preliminary screen before evaluation in the field.
Prevalence of cervical spine injury in infants with head trauma
Authors: Katz Joel S. , Oluigbo Chima O. , Wilkinson C. Corbett , McNatt Sean , Handler Michael H. 
Published: April 2010

Object
The incidence, type, and severity of pediatric cervical spine injuries (CSIs) are related to age and mechanism of injury. In this study, the authors assessed the prevalence of CSIs in infants with head trauma treated in their institution.

Methods
The authors reviewed the medical records of children younger than 1 year of age who presented to The Children's Hospital with head injuries between January 1993 and December 2007. They excluded infants with head injuries resulting from motor vehicle accidents and known falls from heights greater than 10 ft. For each patient, collected data included age, cause of injury, diagnosis, discharge disposition, and outcome. Relevant imaging data were reviewed, and when appropriate, autopsy reports were also reviewed.

Results
Nine hundred five infants with head trauma and without a major mechanism/cause were identified. Their mean age was 4.3 months. Of the 905 patients, only 2 cases of CSI were detected, giving a prevalence of 0.2%. The mechanism of injury in these 2 patients was nonaccidental trauma (NAT).

Conclusions
The study revealed a very low prevalence of CSIs in infants with head trauma (0.2%). Routine cervical spine imaging in these infants, therefore, appears to have low diagnostic yield. The mechanism of head injury was NAT in the 2 patients who sustained an associated CSI. This supports the need for more stringent cervical spine imaging criteria for the infant with suspected NAT.
Level of the conus in pediatric patients with skeletal dysplasia
Authors: Sasaki-Adams Deanna M. , Campbell Jeffrey W. , Bajelidze Gela , Assis Marcelo C. , Mackenzie William G. , Ritter Ann M. 
Published: April 2010

Object
Skeletal dysplasias are a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect bone development and can result in reduced vertebral body growth and short stature. The level of the conus medullaris is unknown in this population. The purpose of this review was to determine the level of the conus in a population of pediatric patients with skeletal dysplasia.

Methods
A retrospective chart review of a 7-year period was undertaken at a tertiary care pediatric hospital to identify patients in whom skeletal dysplasia had been diagnosed. Radiographs and MR imaging studies were evaluated to discern the level of the conus with respect to the bony vertebral column.

Results
Four hundred sixty-seven patients with skeletal dysplasia were identified. One hundred eleven patients had quality MR images. Forty-seven different skeletal dysplasias were observed. The mean conus level was found at the L-1 vertebral body. No difference was noted with respect to the age of the patients or the type of skeletal dysplasia. Two patients (1.7%) had a conus level lower than L-2.

Conclusions
Skeletal dysplasia leads to abnormal bone formation and can result in short stature. The location of the conus with respect to the vertebral bodies appears to be stable at the L-1 level regardless of patient age or the type of skeletal dysplasia involved. However, the appearance of a low-level conus and associated tethered cord syndrome may be slightly increased in this population.