bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objective Classification of Tornadic and Nontornadic Severe Weather Outbreaks
Authors: Mercer Andrew E. , Shafer Chad M. , Doswell Charles A. , Leslie Lance M. , Richman Michael B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Tornadoes often strike as isolated events, but many occur as part of a major outbreak of tornadoes. Nontornadic outbreaks of severe convective storms are more common across the United States but pose different threats than do those associated with a tornado outbreak. The main goal of this work is to distinguish between significant instances of these outbreak types objectively by using statistical modeling techniques on numerical weather prediction output initialized with synoptic-scale data. The synoptic-scale structure contains information that can be utilized to discriminate between the two types of severe weather outbreaks through statistical methods. The Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) is initialized with synoptic-scale input data (the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset) on a set of 50 significant tornado outbreaks and 50 nontornadic severe weather outbreaks. Output from the WRF at 18-km grid spacing is used in the objective classification. Individual severe weather parameters forecast by the model near the time of the outbreak are analyzed from simulations initialized at 24, 48, and 72 h prior to the outbreak. An initial candidate set of 15 variables expected to be related to severe storms is reduced to a set of 6 or 7, depending on lead time, that possess the greatest classification capability through permutation testing. These variables serve as inputs into two statistical methods, support vector machines and logistic regression, to classify outbreak type. Each technique is assessed based on bootstrap confidence limits of contingency statistics. An additional backward selection of the reduced variable set is conducted to determine which variable combination provides the optimal contingency statistics. Results for the contingency statistics regarding the verification of discrimination capability are best at 24 h; at 48 h, modest degradation is present. By 72 h, the contingency statistics decline by up to 15%. Overall, results are encouraging, with probability of detection values often exceeding 0.8 and Heidke skill scores in excess of 0.7 at 24-h lead time.
Rainfall Characteristics and Convective Properties of Mei-Yu Precipitation Systems over South China, Taiwan, and the South China Sea. Part I: TRMM Observations
Authors: Xu Weixin , Zipser Edward J. , Liu Chuntao 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRainfall characteristics and mesoscale properties of precipitation systems in mei-yu seasons over South China, Taiwan, and the South China Sea (SCS) during 1998–2007 are investigated in this study. Mei-yu rainbands are defined using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 rainfall product and then applied to divide the mei-yu season into the mei-yu and break periods. In the 10-yr “climatology,” on average, the mei-yu rainbands have a lifetime of 4–5 days and most frequently occur near the South China coast. During the mei-yu periods, rainfall maxima are found over the Pearl River Delta, the foothills of the Yun-Gui Plateau, and Wuyi Mountain, with the first two maxima corresponding to especially heavy rainfall. Intraseasonal variations on the convective structures, especially over land, are distinct among the mei-yu, break, pre-mei-yu, and post-mei-yu, based on analysis of convection intensity proxies and vertical radar reflectivity profiles of precipitation features. Lightning flash rates are consistent with the convective structure. The most frequent lightning over South China and Taiwan is in the pre-mei-yu and the least is during the mei-yu, which suggests different microphysical structures. Therefore, the discrimination of intraseasonal transitions on convective vertical structures may have important implications to the problems of cumulus parameterization, model validation, rainfall estimation, and latent heat retrievals. Intraseasonal variations of convective structures over the SCS are less evident than those over land. Storms over the SCS during the mei-yu are slightly convectively stronger than those in the break. Oceanic features with strong ice scattering have much lower lightning flash rates than their counterparts over land.
Neutral Saturated Lapse Rate: An Experimental Check from CALJET-1998 and PACJET-2001
Authors: Richiardone Renzo , Manfrin Massimiliano 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The lapse rates of high-resolution temperature profiles during nearly neutral, saturated conditions are compared with the saturated adiabatic lapse rate and with that proposed by Richiardone and Giusti. A good agreement between the latter and the mean value of the observed lapse rate is found, whereas the saturated adiabatic lapse rate differs significantly, confirming experimentally that it is not completely correct to assess the moist neutrality from a comparison with the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. The lapse-rate distribution supports the hypothesis that the lapse-rate statistics is a local collection of saturated adiabatic lapse rates in a background normal distribution centered around the neutrality.
Tropical Cyclone Convection and Intensity Analysis Using Differenced Infrared and Water Vapor Imagery
Authors: Olander Timothy L. , Velden Christopher S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A technique to identify and quantify intense convection in tropical cyclones (TCs) using bispectral, geostationary satellite imagery is explored. This technique involves differencing the water vapor (WV) and infrared window (IRW) channel brightness temperature values, which are available on all current operational geostationary weather satellites. Both the derived IRW minus WV (IRWV) imagery and the raw data values can be used in a variety of methods to provide TC forecasters with important information about current and future intensity trends, a component within the operational TC forecasting arena that has shown little improvement during the past few decades.
In this paper several possible uses for this bispectral technique, both qualitative and quantitative, are explored and outlined. Qualitative monitoring of intense convection can be used as a proxy for passive microwave (MW) imager data obtained from polar-orbiting satellite platforms when not available. In addition, the derived imagery may aid in the TC storm center identification process, both manually and objectively, especially in difficult situations where the IRW imagery alone cannot be used such as when the storm circulation center and/or eye features are obscured by a cirrus canopy. Quantitative methods discussed involve the predictive quality of the IRWV data in terms of TC intensity changes, primarily during TC intensification. Strong correlations exist between storm intensity changes and IRWV values at varying 6-h forecast interval periods, peaking between the 12- and 24-h time periods. Implications for the use of the IRWV data on such objective satellite intensity estimate algorithms as the University of Wisconsin—Madison (UW) Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) advanced Dvorak technique (ADT) are also discussed.
Three-dimensional Nickel(II) Heptacyanomolybdate(III)-based Magnet
Authors: Tomono Keisuke , Tsunobuchi Yoshihide , Nakabayashi Koji , Kosaka Wataru , Matsuda Tomoyuki , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Herein we prepared a three-dimensional nickel heptacyanomolybdate-based magnet, K0.6NiII1.7[MoIII(CN)7]·5.5H2O·0.5CH3OH. This compound exhibited magnetic ordering with a Curie temperature of 28 K due to ferromagnetic coupling between magnetic spins on NiII (S=1) and MoIII (S=1⁄2).
Radiographic texture analysis of densitometric calcaneal images: Relationship to clinical characteristics and to bone fragility
Authors: Vokes Tamara , Lauderdale Diane , Ma Siu-Ling , Chinander Mike , Childs Keona , Giger Maryellen 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures are related not only to bone mineral density (BMD) but also to bone structure or microarchitecture, which is not assessed routinely with currently available methods. We have developed radiographic texture analysis (RTA) for calcaneal images from a peripheral densitometer as an easy, noninvasive method for assessing bone structure. We conducted a cross-sectional study of the relationship between RTA and prevalent vertebral fractures (n = 148) among 900 subjects (ages 19 to 99 years, 94 males) referred for bone densitometry as part of their routine medical care. RTA features were derived from Fourier-based image analysis of the radiographic texture pattern (including root mean square, first moment, and power spectral analyses). RTA features were associated with age, weight, gender, and race, as well as glucocorticoid use. When controlling for clinical risk factors and BMD (or a summary measure calculated using FRAX algorithms), RTA features were significantly different for subjects with and without prevalent vertebral fractures [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.5 per 1 standard deviation (SD) decrease in RTA feature beta, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.8, p = .001]. Gender and use of pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis did not significantly affect this association, suggesting that RTA can be applied to a wide range of densitometry patients. We conclude that RTA obtained using a portable instrument has a potential as a noninvasive method to enhance identification of patients at increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
The orphan nuclear receptor SHP is a positive regulator of osteoblastic bone formation
Authors: Jeong Byung-Chul , Lee Yong-Soo , Bae In-Ho , Lee Chul-Ho , Shin Hong-In , Ha Hyun Jung , Franceschi Renny T , Choi Hueng-Sik , Koh Jeong-Tae 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) interacts with a diverse array of transcription factors and regulates a variety of cellular events such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. However, the role of SHP in bone formation has not yet been elucidated. SHP expression is significantly increased during osteoblast differentiation, and its expression is partially regulated by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), which plays an important role in bone formation. In our study, inhibition of SHP expression significantly repressed BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation and ectopic bone formation. In accordance with these in vitro and in vivo results, osteoblast differentiation in SHP−/− mice primary osteoblasts was significantly repressed, and the mice showed decreased bone mass resulting from decreased numbers of osteoblasts. Finally, SHP physically interacts and forms a complex with runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) on the osteocalcin gene promoter, and overexpression of SHP increased Runx2 transactivity via competition with histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), an enzyme that inhibits DNA binding of Runx2 to its target genes. Taken together, these results indicate that SHP acts as a novel positive regulator of bone formation by augmenting osteoblast differentiation through regulation of the transcriptional activity of Runx2. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Gene expression profiling in monocytes and SNP association suggest the importance of theSTAT1gene for osteoporosis in both Chinese and Caucasians
Authors: Chen Xiang-Ding , Xiao Peng , Lei Shu-Feng , Liu Yao-Zhong , Guo Yan-Fang , Deng Fei-Yan , Tan Li-Jun , Zhu Xue-Zhen , Chen Fu-Rong , Recker Robert R. , Deng Hong-Wen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOsteoporosis is characterized mainly by low bone mineral density (BMD). Many cytokines and chemokines have been related with bone metabolism. Monocytes in the immune system are important sources of cytokines and chemokines for bone metabolism. However, no study has investigated in vivo expression of a large number of various factors simultaneously in human monocytes underlying osteoporosis. This study explored the in vivo expression pattern of general cytokines, chemokines, and their receptor genes in human monocytes and validated the significant genes by qRT-PCR and genetic association analyses. Expression profilings were performed in monocyte samples from 26 Chinese and 20 Caucasian premenopausal women with discordant BMD. Genome-wide association analysis with BMD variation was conducted in 1000 unrelated Caucasians. We selected 168 cytokines, chemokines, osteoclast-related factors, and their receptor genes for analyses. Significantly, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) gene was upregulated in the low versus the high BMD groups in both Chinese and Caucasians. We also revealed a significant association of the STAT1 gene with BMD variation in the 1000 Caucasians. Thus we conclude that the STAT1 gene is important in human circulating monocytes in the etiology of osteoporosis. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Genome-wide association study for femoral neck bone geometry
Authors: Zhao Lan-Juan , Liu Xiao-Gang , Liu Yao-Zhong , Liu Yong-Jun , Papasian Christopher J , Sha Bao-Yong , Pan Feng , Guo Yan-Fang , Wang Liang , Yan Han , Xiong Dong-Hai , Tang Zi-Hui , Yang Tie-Lin , Chen Xiang-Ding , Guo Yan , Li Jian , Shen Hui , Zhang Feng , Lei Shu-Feng , Recker Robert R , Deng Hong-Wen 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Poor femoral neck bone geometry at the femur is an important risk factor for hip fracture. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of femoral neck bone geometry, examining approximately 379,000 eligible single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1000 Caucasians. A common genetic variant, rs7430431 in the receptor transporting protein 3 (RTP3) gene, was identified in strong association with the buckling ratio (BR, P = 1.6 × 10−7), an index of bone structural instability, and with femoral cortical thickness (CT, P = 1.9 × 10−6). The RTP3 gene is located in 3p21.31, a region that we found to be linked with CT (LOD = 2.19, P = 6.0 × 10−4) in 3998 individuals from 434 pedigrees. The replication analyses in 1488 independent Caucasians and 2118 Chinese confirmed the association of rs7430431 to BR and CT (combined P = 7.0 × 10−3 for BR and P = 1.4 × 10−2 for CT). In addition, 350 hip fracture patients and 350 healthy control individuals were genotyped to assess the association of the RTP3 gene with the risk of hip fracture. Significant association between a nearby common SNP, rs10514713 of the RTP3 gene, and hip fracture (P = 1.0 × 10−3) was found. Our observations suggest that RTP3 may be a novel candidate gene for femoral neck bone geometry. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Prospective assessment of thoracic kyphosis in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
Authors: Roux Christian , Fechtenbaum Jacques , Kolta Sami , Said-Nahal Roula , Briot Karine , Benhamou Claude-Laurent 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We attempt to assess quantitatively thoracic kyphosis and its influence on incident fractures and quality of life over three years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and the effect of strontium ranelate on thoracic kyphosis progression. This study was performed on women with postmenopausal osteoporosis from the Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention (SOTI) and Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) studies. Vertebral fractures were assessed on lateral thoracic radiographs performed at baseline and at three years according to standardized procedure. Kyphosis index (KI, %), was defined as the percentage ratio between the maximum depth of thoracic curvature and the height measured from the T4 to the T12 vertebrae. Baseline characteristics of the 3218 patients (1594 strontium ranelate, 1624 placebo) were mean age 73.3 years, spine bone mineral density (BMD) T-score (L2–4) −3.1, femoral neck T-score −3.0, and KI 25.4%. In the placebo group, patients with the highest baseline KI experienced significantly more vertebral fractures than those with medium KIs [relative risk (RR) = 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–1.96, p &lt; .001) or the lowest KIs (RR = 1.70, 95%CI 1.32–2.21, p &lt; .001), even after adjusting for the presence of prevalent fractures, age, body mass index (BMI), and BMD. There was no difference in the risk of nonvertebral fractures according to baseline KI. Three-year changes in quality-of-life physical scores reflected significantly better status for patients in the lowest tertile of KI compared with those in the highest at baseline. Over three years, the KI increased for all patients, indicating worsening of thoracic kyphosis, whatever the presence of prevalent or incident vertebral fractures. This KI progression was lower in the strontium ranelate group than in the placebo group. Thoracic kyphosis is a risk factor for vertebral fractures over three years and influences physical capacity changes in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Thoracic kyphosis progression over three years is lower in a subgroup of strontium ranelate–treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
A new familial sclerosing bone dysplasia
Authors: Chouery Eliane , Pangrazio Alessandra , Frattini Annalisa , Villa Anna , Van Wesenbeeck Liesbeth , Piters Elke , Van Hul Wim , Coxon Fraser P , Schouten Tabitha , Helfrich Miep , Lefranc Gérard , Mégarbané André 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Osteoscleroses are a heterogeneous group of bone remodeling disorders characterized by an increase in bone density. Here we report on a consanguineous Lebanese family in which two sisters, aged 39 and 36 years, exhibit a severe genu varum, a square-face appearance, high forehead, slight proptosis of the eyes, symmetric enlargement of the jaw, protruding chin, and short stature. Bone X-rays showed the presence of hyperostosis of the cranial base and vault with increased density of the orbits, hyperostosis of the bones, thickening of the cortices, diaphyseal modeling defects, cortical thickening of the medullary cavity, mild enlargement of the medullary cavity of the short long bones, short femoral necks, increased width of the ribs, and narrow interpedicular distances of the lower lumbar spine. Osteodensitometry showed values 200% to 300% above values for age. A cervical MRI revealed the presence of a diffuse osteosclerosis with calcification of the posterior vertebral ligament and a narrow canal between C2 and T2. Blood test results were unremarkable. Serum osteocalcin levels were in the normal range, whereas high values of serum C-telopeptide were noted. A bone biopsy showed only the presence of compact bone and did not allow for histomorphometric analysis. Molecular studies excluded genes known to be involved in sclerosing bone dysplasias as the cause of this condition. In vitro analysis of osteoclast function indicated that contrary to most cases of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, osteoclasts both formed and resorbed but exhibited a small decrease in resorptive activity compared with osteoclasts generated from normal control individuals. Differential diagnoses are discussed, and the possibility that this may be a novel clinical entity is raised. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Changing structure of the femoral neck across the adult female lifespan
Authors: Poole Kenneth ES , Mayhew Paul M , Rose Collette M , Brown J Keenan , Bearcroft Philip J , Loveridge Nigel , Reeve Jonathan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The anatomic distribution of cortical and cancellous bone in the femoral neck may be critical in determining resistance to fracture. We investigated the effects of aging on femoral neck bone in women. In this cross-sectional study, we used clinical multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) of the hips to investigate aging effects in 100 female volunteers aged 20 to 90 years. We developed a clinically efficient protocol to measure cortical thickness (C.Th) and cortical, trabecular, and integral bone mineral density (CtBMD, TrBMD, and iBMD in mg/cm3) in anatomic quadrants of the femoral neck. We used a nested ANOVA to evaluate their associations with height, weight, location in the femoral neck, and age of the subject. Age was the principal determinant of both cortical thickness and BMD. Age had significantly different effects within the anatomic quadrants; compared with young women, elderly subjects had relative preservation of the inferoanterior (IA) quadrant but strikingly reduced C.Th and BMD superiorly. A model including height, weight, and region of interest (and their interactions) explained 83% of the measurement variance (p &lt; .0001). There were marked C.Th and BMD differences between age 25 and age 85 in the already thin superior quadrants. At 25 years the predicted C.Th of the superoposterior quadrant was 1.63 mm, whereas at 85 years it was 0.33 mm [−1.33 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI) of difference over 60 years −1.69 to −0.95]. By contrast, at 25 years mean C.Th of the IA quadrant was 3.9 mm, whereas at 85 years it was 3.3 mm (−0.6 mm, 95% CI −0.83 to −0.10). CtBMD of the IA region was equivalent at 25 and 85 years. In conclusion, elderly women had relative preservation of IA femoral neck bone over seven decades compared with young women but markedly lower C.Th and BMD in the other three quadrants. The IA quadrant transmits mechanical load from walking. Mechanical theory and laboratory tests on cadaveric femurs suggest that localized bone loss may increase the risk of fracture in elderly fallers. It remains to be determined whether this MDCT technique can provide better prediction of hip fracture than conventional clinical dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Minimaxity of the Stein risk-minimization estimator for a normal mean matrix
Authors: Kubokawa Tatsuya , Tsukuma Hisayuki 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper addresses the Stein conjecture in the simultaneous estimation of a matrix mean of a multivariate normal distribution with a known covariance matrix. Stein (1973) derived an unbiased estimator of a risk function for orthogonally equivariant estimators and considered to isotonize the estimator which minimizes the main part of the unbiased risk-estimator. We call it the Stein risk-minimization estimator (RM) in this paper. Although the Stein RM estimator has been recognized as an excellent procedure with a nice risk-performance, it has a complicated form based on the isotonizing algorithm, and no analytical properties such as minimaxity have been shown. The aim of this paper is to fix this conjecture in lower dimensional cases, that is, the minimaxity of the Stein RM estimator is established for the two and three dimensions.
Macronutrient patterns of 19 species of Panamanian fruits from Barro Colorado Island
Authors: Milton Katharine 
Published: July 2009

To attract seed dispersal agents, most Neotropical tree species produce edible fruits. Animals eat the fruits, often swallowing the seeds, which may be deposited away from the parent tree. Data show that not all frugivores in a given habitat are equally attracted to the same fruit species. Though numerous factors can influence fruit choice, the nutrient value of the pulp to the disperser is clearly of key importance. Here data are presented on the macronutrient content (total crude protein, fat and nonstructural carbohydrate) of 19 fruit species collected from a single forest site, Barro Colorado Island in central Panama. The only criterion for analyses was that each species produce fruits consumed by at least two primate species at this site. Though all fruit species contained a measurable amount of each macronutrient class, there were often striking differences in the amount contributed per class. Overall, two species (10.5% of the total sample) were highest in protein, five (26%) were highest in fats and twelve (63%) were highest in nonstructural carbohydrates. Fruit species in the same family or genus did not necessarily show the same macronutrient pattern. Similar data from a range of Neotropical sites could prove useful in formulating hypotheses related to community fruit-disperser relationships.