bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of fluctuating low-level chlorine concentrations on valve-movement behavior of the asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea)
Authors: Ham Kenneth D. , Peterson Mark J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) exposed to water from the upstream section of East Fork Poplar Creek (Oak Ridge, TN), a stream receiving chlorine-containing industrial discharges, were monitored for changes in valve movement patterns. Individual clams were attached to an automated valve-movement monitoring apparatus and suspended in flow-through tanks located streamside. Valve-closure behavior of two clams exposed to untreated water was compared to that of two clams exposed to dechlorinated water for two 18-d periods. Chlorine concentrations in untreated water exhibited a pronounced diurnal cycle, fluctuating between a mean daily minimum of 0.02 mg/L total residual chlorine (TRC) during the day and a mean daily maximum of 0.07 mg/L TRC at night during the second monitoring period. In over 2,300 fifteen-minute intervals, clams closed for 0.70 of the intervals while exposed to untreated water, but closed for only 0.22 of the intervals while exposed to dechlorinated water. Treatment differences in valve closure were tested by repeated-measures ANOVA. A significant treatment effect (p = 0.026) on valve closure was found in the first monitoring period. Graphical analysis of valve-closure records revealed die! cycles that differed between treatments. Clams in untreated water usually opened only near midday, when TRC concentrations were lowest. Clams in dechlorinated water opened more often, for longer periods, and appeared to respond to dawn and dusk changes in light. The valve-closure behavior of clams in untreated water effectively minimized tissue exposure to waterborne TRC, presumably reducing toxic effects. Valve-closure monitoring in conjunction with other studies may help estimate the effect of tissue isolation on the toxicity or bioaccumulation of waterborne chemicals. Such estimates could improve prediction of toxicological or ecological consequences of stressful conditions on bivalves.
Differential accumulation of heavy metals by web spiders and ground spiders in an old-field
Authors: Larsen Kirk J. , Brewer Susan R. , Taylor Douglas H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAccumulation of the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn by web spiders (orb weavers: Araneidae) and ground spiders (wolf spiders: Lycosidae) was examined in an old-field that had been subjected to 11 years of nutrient enrichment. The study area consisted of six 0.1-ha plots treated from 1978 to 1988 with municipal sewage sludge (Milorganite®) containing heavy-metal contaminants, urea-phosphate fertilizer, or left as untreated controls. In 1991 and 1992, heavy-metal concentrations in the soil, ground spiders, and web spiders were measured with a flame AA spectrophotometer. Spiders accumulated Cd, Cu, and Zn to concentrations greater than those present in the soil but did not accumulate Pb. Ground spiders contained significantly higher levels of Cd and Cu than web spiders (p &lt; 0.05), whereas web spiders contained slightly greater levels of Pb than ground spiders. No trend between spider guilds was apparent for Zn accumulation. To understand the impact of the application of metal-contaminated municipal sludge on ecosystems, the toxicological effects on the biology and behavior of major biotic components (such as spiders) in terrestrial food webs must be known.
The effects of diflubenzuron (Dimilin®) on selected mayflies (heptageniidae) and stoneflies (peltoperlidae and pteronarcyidae)
Authors: Harrahy Elisabeth A. , Perry Sue A. , Wimmer Mary J. , Perry William B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Two types of laboratory toxicity tests (exposure in water and feeding) were conducted to determine the effects of diflubenzuron (DFB) on nontarget aquatic insects. The mayflies Cynygmula subaequalis, Stenacron interpunctatum, Stenonema meririvulanum, and Stenonema femoratum (Heptageniidae) and the stonefly Peltoperla arcuata (Peltoperlidae) were exposed to DFB in water for 96 h, then transferred to pesticide-free water and observed for 36 d. The mayflies were exposed to 0, 0.6, 5.6, 55.7, or 557.2 ppb and the stoneflies to 0, 1.0, 10.2, 101.5, or 1,015 ppb DFB in water. The mayflies were found to be sensitive to DFB in water at concentrations as low as 0.6 ppb. The stonefly was less sensitive to DFB in water. In our feeding studies, Peltoperla arcuata and Pteronarcys proteus (Pteronarcyidae) were fed DFB-treated yellow poplar leaves for 24 d, then observed for 60 and 90 d, respectively. Survival of treated Peltoperla was significantly different from the controls at day 60. Survival of treated Pteronarcys was not significantly different from the controls during the 90-d test period, although the low number of molts that occurred during that time may have influenced these results. Future studies should use early life stages that coincide with leaf fall, when treated leaves would be introduced to headwater streams. The life histories of many aquatic insects are timed to make maximum use of leaf detritus as a food base. Introduction of DFB-treated leaves to headwater streams may adversely affect these organisms.
A short-exposure, sublethal, sediment toxicity test using the marine bivalve Mulinia lateralis: Statistical design and comparative sensitivity
Authors: Burgess Robert M. , Morrison George E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Over the last 10 years a great deal of research effort has concentrated on determining the effects of contaminated sediments on aquatic organisms. For marine systems, this effort has emphasized acute sediment toxicity tests using amphipods, although a variety of other end points and species have been used. Another candidate species for marine, solid-phase, sublethal sediment toxicity testing is the bivalve Mulinia lateralis. Useful attributes of this euryhaline bivalve include a wide geographic distribution (along the North American Atlantic coast from Prince Edward Island to the Gulf of Mexico), easy lab culture, and amenability to toxicity testing applications (end points are mortality and growth [milligrams per organism dry weight]). Detailed in this paper are organism selection and culture, establishment of statistical design, and an estimate of organism mortality and sublethal response variability. Results of Mulinia lateralis toxicity tests with 65 contaminated sediments from eight sites are reported, as well as results of comparative toxicity tests using two amphipod species, Ampelisca abdita and Eohaustorius estu-arius. Analysis of statistical power indicates treatment weight and survival responses that are 25% different from the site control responses can be detected with a probability of 95%. Results of comparative toxicity tests illustrate that although Mulinia lateralis and amphipod acute end points are relatively similar in sensitivity, utilization of the Mulinia lateralis sublethal growth end point greatly increases test sensitivity. This paper describes a new marine sediment toxicity test that complements the existing suite of marine sediment toxicity assessment techniques.
Aluminum bioavailability to the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa in acidified synthetic soft water
Authors: Parent Lise , Campbell Peter G.C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A unicellular green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, was exposed to inorganic Al under controlled experimental conditions to determine whether the biological response elicited by the dissolved metal could be predicted from the free-metal ion concentration, [Al3+]. The experimental approach involved concurrent measurement of both Al speciation and Al bioavailability (bioaccumulation/growth inhibition) in buffered synthetic solutions of defined composition. The bioassay exposure media, containing neither phosphate nor trace metals, covered the pH range 4.3 to 6. For systems at a given pH, containing only inorganic monomeric Al, aluminum bioavailability varies predictably as a function of the free Al3+ concentration. However, the effect of Al3+ on algal growth is highly pH dependent; [Al3+] needed to inhibit growth by 30% (EC30) increases markedly from 3 μg L−1 (0.1 μM) to 50 μg L−1 (1.8 μM) as the pH is decreased from 6 to 5. This decreased toxicity of Al at low pH is partly explained by an effective competition between the H+ ion and Al3+ for binding sites at the algal surface; the effects of acidification at the biological surface are much more important than are its effects on Al speciation in solution. For systems containing both monomeric and polynuclear Al (the AlO4Al12(OH) 7+24 polycation), polymeric aluminum also contributes to aluminum toxicity.
Chronic effects of the Exxon valdez oil spill on blood and enzyme chemistry of river otters
Authors: Duffy Lawrence K. , Bowyer R. Terry , Testa J. Ward , Faro James B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
River otters (Lutra canadensis) living in marine environments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, and exposed to crude oil from the Exxon Valdez spill in March 1989 showed elevated levels of blood haptoglobins, and interleukin-6 ir, as well as elevated activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase in summer 1991 Stepwise logistic regression, using a subset of these and other blood proteins and enzyme activities as potential independent variables, correctly classified 86 4% of 22 otters as inhabiting oiled or nonoiled areas River otters abandoned latrine sites (an index to their abundance) over three times more often in oiled than in nonoiled areas, suggesting there may have been a delayed response in river otter populations to exposure to crude oil Ours is the first clear model for the long-term effects of an oil spill on blood parameters of a free-rangmg mammal using a nonlethal methodology These effects occurred two years after the spill and following a major effort to clean oil from the shorelines of Prince William Sound
Multivariate characterization and modeling of the chemical reactivity of epoxides
Authors: Eriksson Lennart , Verhaar Henk J. M. , Hermens Joop L. M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The chemical reactivity of epoxides is an important determinant for their toxic effects. The issue of modeling the chemical reactivity toward the nucleophile 4-nitrobenzylpyridine (NBP) of a series of 15 epoxides is addressed. For this purpose a multivariate characterization of their chemical and structural properties is carried out using quantum chemical molecular orbital calculations. By means of partial least-squares projections to latent structures (PLS), a set of nine theoretical descriptors is found to be sufficiently informative for modeling the reactivity with NBP. Two calculated quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) are also shown to exhibit sound predictive capabilities.
House sparrow preferential consumption of carriers used for pesticide granules
Authors: Best Louis B. , Gionfriddo James P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
House sparrows were given pairwise choices between silica granules and five other carrier types heat treated clay, bentomte clay, gypsum, corncob, and cellulose complex The carriers differed in size, shape/surface texture, and color, as well as in composition An outdoor aviary equipped with a video recording system was used to document bird visits to, and pecks within, a tray setup containing the granules The house sparrows strongly preferred the silica granules (≥69% of the trips and &gt;92% of the pecks) over the alternative choice in all experiments Of the five alternative granule carriers tested, the birds were most inclined to consume those made of clay and least likely to pick up those of corncob and especially, gypsum The physical characteristics of granular pesticide carriers influence their attractiveness to birds and should be considered in risk assessments of these products
Energy acquisition and allocation in Peromyscus maniculatus exposed to aldicarb and cool temperatures
Authors: French John B. , Porter Warren P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We hypothesized an energetic effect of the pesticide Aldicarb (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) through its action on gut innervation, and hence digestive efficiency, and tested this in deer mice (Peromyscus mamculatus Rafinesque) exposed to both the pesticide and cold temperature. Growing deer mice were exposed to Aldicarb in their drinking water at concentrations of 0, 10, and 10,000 ppb and housed at 11 and 23°C. There were no changes due to Aldicarb in several measures of physiological energetics, including energy intake (food consumption, digestive efficiency, gut size) or in the allocation of energy to growth or activity. Two of eight measures of gut size (length and weight of the large intestine) increased significantly with exposure to Aldicarb at the high concentration. Also, there was significant interaction effect of exposure to Aldicarb and cool temperatures on the ratio of mucosal to serosal mass in the small intestine, such that mucosal mass increased when mice were exposed to low doses of Aldicarb at low temperatures but not under other conditions. Although increased absorptive area of the gut (i.e., size or mucosal mass) can be a compensatory response to energy shortfalls, there was no indication of that cause in Aldicarb-exposed mice. Cold-temperature treatment did increase energy costs, however, and both food consumption and gut size increased in mice housed at 11°C, so that digestive efficiency and allocation to growth and activity were no different from those of mice housed at warmer temperatures. Thus, Aldicarb is unlikely to produce any chronic effects on these mice in the wild through disruption of digestion or other causes of energetic shortfall.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in federally endangered colorado squawfish exposed to carbaryl and malathion
Authors: Beyers Daniel W. , Sikoski Peter J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Toxicity of technical carbaryl and malathion to endangered Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius) was estimated by 24-h in vivo brain acetylcholinesterase-inhibition tests. Effect concentrations were estimated by ANOVA and an alternative procedure utilizing a linear-plateau regression model. NOECs were 29.3 μg/L carbaryl and 371 μg/L malathion. Threshold concentrations estimated by linear-plateau regression were 7.40 μg/L carbaryl and 150 μg/L malathion. NOECs showed that carbaryl was approximately 13 times more toxic than malathion. Relative potency of the two toxicants was confirmed by linear-plateau regression analysis: Threshold estimates showed that carbaryl was approximately 20 times more toxic than malathion. NOECs for acetylcholinesterase inhibition were 15 times lower for carbaryl, and four times lower for malathion, than NOECs estimated from growth and survival in 32-d early-life-stage tests. The difference between effect concentrations estimated by the two methods was attributed to development of tolerance in 32-d early-life-stage tests and greater sensitivity of biochemical processes compared to whole-organism responses.
Resource and environmental profile analysis of children's diaper systems
Authors: Sauer Beverly J. , Hildebrandt Carol C. , Franklin William E. , Hunt Robert G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Life-cycle assessment is increasingly being recognized as an important tool for determining the environmental impacts of products and packaging. A complete life-cycle assessment consists of three components: life-cycle inventory, impact assessment, and improvement assessment. The impact assessment methodology is still relatively undeveloped and controversial; however, the life-cycle inventory methodology is well established. Life-cycle inventory provides useful information on the quantities of energy and resources consumed and environmental releases associated with product and packaging systems. This article illustrates the types of useful information that are obtained from a life-cycle inventory and shows how the information can be analyzed and used to target areas for improving products in terms of reducing energy usage, resource usage, and environmental releases.
Genotoxic and developmental effects in sea urchins are sensitive indicators of effects of genotoxic chemicals
Authors: Anderson Susanc L. , Hose Jo Ellen , Knezovich John P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) gametes and embryos were exposed to three known mutagenic chemicals (phenol, benzidine, and pentachlorophenol) over concentration ranges bracketing the effect levels for fertilization success Normal development and cytogenetic effects (anaphase aberrations) were assessed after the cultures were allowed to develop for 48 h Using radiolabeled chemicals, we also characterized concentrations in the test water as well as doses in the embryos following 2 and 48 h exposures We observed dose responses for all chemicals and all responses, except for phenol, which showed no significant effect on development Fertilization success was never the most sensitive end point Anaphase aberrations were the most sensitive response for phenol, with an LOEC of 2 5 mg/L exposure concentration Anaphase aberrations and development were equivalent in sensitivity for benzidine within the tested dose range, and an LOEC of &lt;0 1 mg/L was observed Development was the most sensitive response for pentachlorophenol (LOEC 1 mg/L) The LOEC values for this study were generally lower than comparable data for aquatic life or human health protection We conclude that genotoxicity and development evaluations should be included in environmental management applications and that tests developed primarily for human health protection do not reliably predict the effects of toxic substances on aquatic life
Toxic effects of pollutants on the mineralization of 4-chlorophenol and benzoate in methanogenic river sediment
Authors: van Beelen P. , van Vlaardingen P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The toxic effects of pollutants on the mineralization of 2 μg/L [U-14C]-4-chlorophenol and benzoate were studied in microcosms with methanogenic sediment from a little harbor in the Rhine River In contrast with studies using a high sub-strate concentration, no lag time was observed and the half-lives for 4-chlorophenol and benzoate were 1.6 and 0.55 h, respectively The effect of increasing additions of benzene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, pentachlorophenol, and zinc on each mineralization reaction was measured. Toxicity data were fitted with a logistic dose-effect curve. The IC10 is defined as the concentration of a toxicant inhibiting the mineralization rate for 10% The IC10 concentrations of benzene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, pentachlorophenol, and zinc on the benzoate mineralization were 150, 0 04, 71, 6, and 842 mg/kg sediment dry weight, respectively. This latter value includes the background concentration of 800 mg Zn/kg sediment The mineralization of 4-chlorophenol and benzoate showed similarities in the sensitivity to these toxicants. 4-Chlorophenol can be degraded via benzoate, which might explain the similarities in sensitivity of both mineralization reactions. Chloroform proved to be extremely toxic to anaerobic mineralization reactions, which might be attributed to the formation of very toxic and reactive intermediates formed during the slow anaerobic degradation of the chloroform in anaerobic sediments Sediment quality criteria derived solely from standard toxicity tests using aerobic organisms may lead to complete inhibition of several important microbial processes in anaerobic sediments
Chlorinated diphenyl ethers in great lakes fish and their environmental implication
Authors: Niimi A.J. , Huestis S.Y. , Metcalfe C.D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Tetra- to decachlorodiphenyl ether (CDPE) concentrations were measured in lake trout and walleye, fish that represent the higher trophic levels in the North American Great Lakes GC MS analyses indicated the mean total CDPE concentrations were 4, 16, 57, and 126 μg/kg in whole fish from Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, respectively The number of known and unidentified congeners detected above the 0 4 μg/kg detection limit ranged from six to 24 congeners among the lakes, and this number increased with the total concentration of CDPEs The Cl6 homologue represented 46 to 61% of total CDPEs in Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and the Cl5, Cl6, and Cl7 homologues represented 78 to 93% of total CDPE concentrations About 83 to 91% of total CDPEs detected in these samples were identified from analytical standards Rank correlation analyses indicated no significant differences among the relative concentration patterns of congeners in Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron fish A similar congener pattern was not shown in Lake Superior fish because of relatively higher contributions from unidentified Cl8 and Cl9-DPEs
Metabolism and acute toxicity of methyl parathion in pen-reared and wild northern bobwhites
Authors: Buerger Theodore T. , Mortensen Spencer R. , Kendall Ronald J. , Hooper Michael J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Pesticide registration guidelines in the United States accept pen-reared northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) for acute toxicity testing and consider them representative of wild terrestrial birds. It is not known how well the various pen-reared bobwhite strains represent their wild counterpart. The metabolic activation, cholinesterase sensitivity, and toxicity of the or-ganophosphorus insecticide methyl parathion were compared in pen-reared and wild bobwhites. Phosphorothioate insecticides such as methyl parathion are activated to their anticholinesterase oxygen analogues (oxons) by microsomal monooxygenases. Methyl paraoxon 150 values for whole-brain cholinesterase were similar (P &gt; 0.05) for pen-reared and wild bobwhites (60.0-65.1 nM). Activation of methyl parathion to methyl paraoxon by liver microsomes was measured indirectly by inhibition of brain cholinesterase. Microsomal specific activities were similar (P &gt; 0.05) for male and female pen-reared and wild birds (1.15-1.54 nmol min−1 mg protein−1). There were no differences (P&gt; 0.05) in LD50 values between pen-reared (9.84 mg/kg) and wild (10.22 mg/kg) bobwhites. Brain cholinesterase was depressed 70 to 85% in nonsurvivors and 23 to 35% in survivors. Results suggest that pen-reared bobwhites are representative of wild bobwhites. However, comparisons with our previous field research demonstrate that sublethal effects seen in the lab can become lethal under natural conditions. Extrapolations from lab to field must be made cautiously.