bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trichostrongylus leiperi sp. nov., a Parasite of the Eland (Taurotragus oryx) in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Leroux P. L. 
Published: June 2009

A new member of the genus Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905, was collected by the writer from the gastric stomach (abomasum) and the duodenum of an old eland bull in 1981. The animal was shot at a spot amongst the Nega Nega Hills to the east of the Great North Motor Road in the Mazabuka Provincial District.Eight males and twelve females were collected from the pyloric end of the abomasum which also harboured a large number of Haemonchus mitchelli LeRoux, 1929, and a few specimens of Ostertagia circumcincta (Stadelmann, 1894). Two more males and four females of the new species were encountered amongst a large number of Cooperia spp. including Cooperia neitzi, Mönnig, 1981.
Control of the Common Poultry Ascarid by Treating the Soil with Sodium Pentachlorophenate
Authors: Shelton G. C. , Magner J. M. , Santmyer P. H. 
Published: June 2009

Chicken pens previously infested with eggs of Ascaridia lineata were sprayed with formulations containing sodium pentachlorophenate, an alkyl polyamine, and 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol.Six-week-old chickens were placed in the treated pens for eight days, then sacrificed. The larval ascarids recovered from the intestines were counted.The ovicidal activity of sodium pentachlorophenate was manifest by almost 65% reduction of worm burden which developed in susceptible young chickens. The other compounds investigated appeared to be relatively ineffective.
Variation in Counts ofHaemonchus contortusEggs in the Faeces of Housed Sheep
Authors: Brambell M. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Evidence is given which confirms the hypothesis of Peters (1941) that nematode eggsin McMaster slides are distributed according to the Poisson series.2. No significant variation in egg counts due to the time of sampling was found in any of four sheep observed over a period of ten days.3. A significant negative correlation of egg concentration with faeces output was found in three of the sheep (in the fourth it was negative but not significant).4. The variation from day to day was relatively much less marked when the counts were expressed as total daily output than when expressed simply as eggs per gram.5. No significant correlation was found between egg concentration and the dry matter proportion of the faeces.6. A table derived from the Poisson formula is given to aid in the determination of the range of populations from which an egg count might reasonably have been drawn.
Susceptibilities of Various Snail Intermediate Hosts ofSchistosoma mansonito Different Strains of the Parasite
Authors: Saoud M.F.A. 
Published: June 2009

In the past two decades, considerable evidence has accumulated in the literature about the differences in the susceptibility of various intermediate hosts ofSchistosoma mansonito different strains of the parasite. Comprehensive studies on this aspect of host-parasite relationship have been published by Files & Cram (1949), Abdel-Malek (1950) and Files (1951). The results of more recent studies have been reported by Wright (1962) and Saoud (1964).In the present paper, the writer has studied the susceptibility of four intermediate hosts ofS. mansonifrom Brazil, Puerto Rico, Egypt and Tanganyika to some strains of the parasite.
Performance in Chickens and Turkeys of Chicken-Adapted Heterakis gallinarum
Authors: Lund Everett E. , Chute Anne M. , Myers Sara L. 
Published: June 2009

1. Helerakis gallinarum recovered from chickens, and apparently having lived exclusively or predominantly in chickens for several years, thrived better in chickens than in turkeys, when several hundred embryonated eggs were given in a single feeding.2. Use of a smaller inoculum reduced the difference in the worm's performance in its traditional host and the new host species.3. Performance in both species of host was the same following the feeding of small numbers of eggs from worms grown 1 generation in turkeys.
On Apharyngostrigea (Apharyngostrigea) simplex (Johnston, 1904) new comb, and A. (Apharyngostrigea) serpentia n. sp. (Strigeidae: Trematoda) with an Evaluation of the Taxonomy of the genus Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1927 by the method of Numerical Taxonomy
Authors: Ukoli F. M. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. The anatomy of Apharyngostrigea (Apharyngostrigea) simplex (Johnston, 1904) new comb, from young cattle egrets is described in detail, involving the reconstruction of its internal organisation from serial sections.2. The relationships of the species within the genus Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1927 is discussed using the method of Numerical Taxonomy by Sneath and Sokal (1902). It is found that the original genus can be split into two genera. The genus Apharyngostrigea comprises two subgenera; Apharyngostrigea (Apharyngostrigea) n. subgen. and A. (Brasiliana) n. subgen. made up of seven species groups. The generic diagnosis of Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1927 and Chaseostrigea n. gen. are given as well as a key for separating the species of the genus Apharyngostrigea.
Nematodes of the GenusCapillariaZeder, 1800 from the Collection of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. II. Capillariids from British Birds
Authors: Wakelin D. 
Published: June 2009

1. Ten species ofCapillariaare recorded from eight species of British birds.C. blomeifrom the pheasant and partridge andC. exilisfrom the rook are new host records.2. The identity ofC. resedaand the systematics ofC. blotnei, C. bursataandC. caudinflataare discussed in the light of observations made upon material in the collection.
Absorption Spectra of Blood Proteins from Intermediate and Non-intermediate Hosts of Schistosomes
Authors: Targett G. A. T. 
Published: June 2009

The absorption spectra of haemoglobins from A. glabratus and P. corneus and from B. (P.) globosus and B. (B.) tropicus angolensis were established. There was no difference between the spectra of snails which transmit Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium and the spectra from related insusceptible species.The snail haemoglobins produced absorption spectra which differed from mammalian pigments only in the position of a single peak.Snail blood occasionally produced additional small peaks in the ultra-violet region, which may have been due to blood proteins other than the respiratory pigment.
Studies onOnchocerca cervicalisRailliet and Henry 1910: IV. Behaviour of the vectorCulicoides nubeculosusin relation to the transmission ofOnchocerca cervicalis
Authors: Mellor Philip S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCulicoides nubeculosus, the vector ofOnchocerca cervicalis, was found to have two daily peaks of activity when attacking horses in South Hertfordshire. The evening peak occurred just before sunset and was 2–2.5 times as great as the morning peak. Most of the attacking midges (85 %) landed on the ventral mid-line of the horse in an area stretching from the front legs to the sheath or mammae. The attractiveness of the ventral surface of the host was found to be related to illumination and to the arrangement of the host's body hair. 42.1 % of the C.nubeculosuslanding on the host were successful in obtaining a blood meal.
Occurrence ofEubothrium crassum(Bloch, 1779) (Cestoda : Pseudophyllidea) in Brown TroutSalmo truttaL., and Rainbow Trout S.gairdneriRichardson, 1836, from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex
Authors: R. Wootten  
Published: June 2009

Both brown trout,Salmo trutta, and rainbow trout,S. gairdneri, from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex, and adjacent rearing channels, harboured Eubothriumcrassumthroughout 1968. There was no seasonal cycle of occurrence or maturation of the cestode.2+ brown trout introduced into the reservoir in the spring acquired heavy infestations during their first summer in the reservoir. Most of these cestodes are apparently lost from fish which have been in the reservoir for a year or more. Possible reasons for this loss are discussed.
Chlorphenol and Related Compounds as Nematicides
Authors: Staniland L. N. , Stone L. E. W. 
Published: June 2009

1. The treatment of clover and teazle seeds with solubilized chlorphenol has been carried out and found to be equally harmless to the seeds, as regards germination, as the ordinary solutions previously described. The mixing of the micellar solution, and its use, is described.2. The use of chlorphenol in bulb baths for the treatment of narcissus bulbs infested with eelworm is reviewed in the light of the solubilization of chlorphenol. The strength of chlorphenol is reduced from 0.25 per cent, to 0.1 per cent., the percentage of detergent remaining at 0.25 per cent. Mixing of the solution and its use, are described.3. Advice is given on the handling of chlorphenol.4. Details are given of the solubilization of several benzene derivatives by means of detergents of the long-chain alkyl sulphate type.
Platyhelminths from the South African Clawed Toad, or Platanna (Xenopus laevis)
Authors: Macnae William , Rock Liebe , Makowski Matthew 
Published: June 2009

Since the discovery by Shapiro and Zwarenstein (1934) that females of Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802) respond to hormones present in the urine of pregnant women, this species of amphibian has proved to be a useful experimental animal. It is easily kept in captivity and can be reared through all its developmental stages without difficulty.This species, the clawed toad or platanna, is commonly used in South African Universities as a type for first year dissection. This has given the opportunity to check large numbers of specimens for the more obvious parasites, i.e. those which live in the gallbladder, the urinary bladder, the peritoneal cavity and the pericardial cavity. A similar large scale survey of intraintestinal parasites has not been feasible, although many alimentary canals have been searched for parasites.
On Dipetalonema manson-bahri n.sp., from the Spring-hare, Pedetes surdaster larvalis, with a Note on its Development in Fleas
Authors: Nelson George S. 
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology of the adult worms and the microfilariae are described of a new species of filarial worm, Dipetalonema manson-bahri.2. Dehpsylla crassipes Jordon, 192G, a flea specific to Pedetes surdasler, was found in nature to contain infective larvae which are believed to be those of D. manson-bahri.3. In the laboratory full development of D. manson-bahri was observed in Ctenocephalides felis and Xenopsylla cheopis.
Fractionation ofFasciola hepaticategument antigens and their application to the serodiagnosis of experimental fascioliasis by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Hillyer George V. , Serrano Adelfa E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAFasciola hepaticategument antigen preparation was obtained from intact adult worms by solubilization with a non-ionic detergent, Nonident P-40. This antigen preparation contains antigens useful for the serodiagnosis of infection with thisparasite. However, the antigen preparation is inadequate for use in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The present work demonstrates that fractionation by demulsification of this antigen preparation with ammonium sulphate results in a soluble aqueous phase which containsF. hepaticaserodiagnostic antigens which can then be applied to the ELISA. ThisF. hepaticategument antigen preparation when used m the ELISA can detect rabbit fascioliasis two weeks after infection, with antibody levels peaking by 10 to 12 weeks of infection.
The morphology ofBothriocephalus scorpii(Müller) (Pseudophyllidea, Bothriocephalidae) from littoral fishes in Britain
Authors: Jones Arlene 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTObservations have been made on the morphology ofBothriocephalus scorpiifrom littoral fishes in Britain, with particular reference to the reproductive system and the ultrastructure of the tegument. Two different kinds of microtriches, and ciliated sense organs, have been found. The shedding of proglottides by pseudoapolysis is described.
Effects of temperature on hatching and development of Nematospiroides dubius in aerated water
Authors: Murua R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFresh eggs obtained from female Nematospiroides dubius were cultured at temperatures ranging from 5°C to 33°C. Hatching occurred between 5°C and 30°C; third stage larvae were obtained between 5°C and 25°C. The minimum time required from hatching to development to the third stage was 3.6 days (at 20°C) and the maximum was seven days (at 5°C). Larvae cultured at higher temperatures were smaller than those cultured at lower ones.
Transformation of cercariae to schistosomula: A quantitative comparison of transformation techniques and of infectivity by different injection routes of the organisms produced
Authors: James E. R. , Taylor M. G. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSix transformation techniques ((i) incubation of cercariae in isotonic; medium; (ii) penetration of isolated skin; (iii) stimulation with crude egg lecithin; (iy) mechanical disruption by passage through a syringe and 21 gauge needle; (v) by whorling of cercariae with a vortex mixer; (vi) syringe transformation followed by incubation) were evaluated. The organisms produced were assessed for infectivity for mice by 6 different routes of infection (percutaneous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal, intravenous and intramuscular). At perfusion the largest numbers of adult worms were recovered from mice injected intramuscularly with organisms produced by the syringe technique and control mice given cercariae percutaneously. The peak for migration of schistosomula (following syringe transformation and intramuscular injection) through the lungs and the appearance of adult worms in the mesenteries was shown to be similar to cercariae administered percutaneously.
The Development of Acquired Resistance and Age Resistance to Nematodirus battus in the Laboratory Rabbit
Authors: Gallie G. J. 
Published: June 2009

Four groups of 8 rabbits were infected with a range of doses of N. bath's larvae. The percentage recoveries of worms from groups receiving 100 and 1000 larvae were significantly greater than those from groups receiving 10000 and 50000 larvae. It is suggested that the worm population density is dependent on the degree of host response stimulated by the initial larval dose.Experience of a chemically abbreviated patent infection of N. batlus gave significant protection to a group of 8 rabbits against establishment of worms from subsequent challenge compared with inexperienced controls.Rabbits aged 5 months and 11 weeks were as susceptible to the establishment of worms as rabbits aged 7½ weeks; but age resistance vas manifested by the greater proportion of worms which developed to the fifth stage in the worm populations of the youngest group than in the other 2 groups.
The Pathogenicity of Nematodirus battus in Weaned and Unweaned Laboratory Rabbits
Authors: Gallie G. J. 
Published: June 2009

The dosing of rabbits with 300 000 or 500 000 larvae of Nematodirus battus produced. pathogenic effects in some rabbits similar to nematodiriasis in lambs. The clinical symptoms observed were diarrhoea, listlessness, anorexia and weight loss. Fourth-stage larvae were responsible for the onset of diarrhoea about one week after infection but immature fifth-stage worms and adult parasites may also have been pathogenic. Several of the clinically affected rabbits died, the others usually recovered during the fourth week of infection. There was no direct relationship between the occurrence of clinical symptoms and the size of the worm populations recovered at death or slaughter.Comparison of two groups of weaned and unweaned rabbits showed that suckled rabbits were less susceptible to the establishment of N. battus infections and possibly to the effects of parasitism.
Pancreatic involvement in schistosomiasis rodhaini of golden hamsters
Authors: Saoud M. F. A. , Omar A. H. , El-Naffar M. K. , Anwar I. 
Published: June 2009

Schistosoma rodhaini is a parasite of rodents and dogs in some parts of Africa, south of the Sahara (Schwetz, 1952; Deramée et aly 1953; Berrie & Goodman, 1962; Nelson et al.f 1962). Occasional human infections have also been reported (Haenens & Santele, 1955).The only comprehensive study reported in the literature on the histopathology of S. rodhaini is that of Thienpont et al. (1953) in naturally infected dogs. Saoud et ah (1966) briefly described the tissue reactions in chronic heavy infections of the Kenya strain in hamsters. It has been found that the pancreas is one of the visceral organs seriously involved in schistosomiasis rodhaini of hamsters.
Immunologically mediated, non-specific interactions between the intestinal phases ofTrichinella spiralisandNippostrongylus brasiliensisin the mouse
Authors: Kennedy M. W. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryInteractions between infections ofTrichinella spiralisandNippostrongylus brasiliensiswere studied in the NIH strain of mouse which is known to react strongly toT. spiralis. The course ofN. brasiliensisinfection in this strain of mouse is described and expulsion is shown to be accelerated in immunized mice and inhibited in cortisone-treated mice. There was no evidence of inter-specific competition between the two species of worm in concurrent infections; the number and location of adults of both species were normal andT. spiraliswas able to grow and reproduce normally. No evidence was found of direct immunological cross-reaction betweenN. brasiliensisandT. spiralisas assessed by the kinetics of adult worm numbers on heterologous challenge of immunized mice 90 days after the initiation of the last of 3 immunizing infections. Interaction was observed only when the timing of concurrent infections was such that one species was established in the intestine immediately before the beginning of expulsion of the second species. Interaction was manifested as a premature loss of worms and, in addition, as impairment of growth and fecundity ofT. spiralis. These effects onT. spiraliswere similar to those observed as a consequence of a specific immune response toT. spiralis. The rapidity of appearance of these effects and the lack of direct cross-immunity between the two species of worm suggest that the events involved in interaction were non-specific in action and possibly due to environmental changes in the gut caused by the immune response. These non-specific effects are therefore analogous, but not necessarily homologous, to the expulsion of these parasites in single species infections.
The life-cycle ofTrypanosoma cobitisMitrophanow 1883
Authors: Letch C. A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe morphology and development ofTrypanosoma cobitisduring its life-cycle in the blood of 6 species of River Lee fish, and also in its invertebrate vector, the fish leechHemiclepsis marginataL., are described in detail.
The diagnosis of malaria infection using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of malaria antigens
Authors: Mackey L. , Perrin L. , Leemans E. , Lambert P. H. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA method has been devised to show that malaria parasites can be detected serologically in infected blood with a high degree of sensitivity. Using a murine malaria model, parasites were demonstrated in a solid-phase radio-immunoassay which measured antibody-binding inhibition. Lysed red blood cells (r.b.c.) were incubated with labelled specific antibody and were then reacted in antigen-coated tubes. The degree of inhibition of antibody binding in the tubes correlated with the level of parasitaemia in the test blood. Using homologous antisera the test detected infection at a level of 1 parasite/million r.b.c. The specificity of the method was shown by comparison of antibody-binding inhibition in normal and infected r.b.c. and in r.b.c. from non-infected mice with induced reticulocytosis. The sensitivity was shownin vitroin tests of serially diluted blood of high parasitaemia andin vivofor the detection of early infection. The presence of antibody in the test blood did not significantly affect the sensitivity of parasite detection.
Thiamine uptake in isolated schizonts ofEimeria tenellaand the inhibitory effects of amprolium
Authors: James S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe uptake of thiamine by isolated second-generation schizonts ofEimeria tenellaand by host intestinal cells was found to consist of two components. One was passive and the other apparently an active process. The kinetic constants of the latter were compared in host (Km= 0·36 μm) and parasite (Km= 0·07 μm) and found to be significantly different. Both systems were competitively inhibited by amprolium but showed different affinities for the drug. (HostKi= 326 μm; parasiteKi= 7·6 μm). Further differences were observed in schizonts of a drug-resistant line ofE. tenella. These findings are discussed in terms of the inhibition of thiamine uptake being the basis of the anticoccidial activity of amprolium.
A trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from the metacestodes ofTaenia pisiformis
Authors: Németh I. , Juhász S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe metacestodes ofTaenia pisiformishave been shown to contain a protease inhibitor capable of inactivating the esterolysis ofN-α-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) andN-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (BTEE) by trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively, of bovine, dog and rabbit origin, but not affecting the hydrolytic activity of subtilisin, elastase, collagenase, pepsin, rennin and papain. This inhibitor has been demonstrated in whole worm extracts and in the incubation medium ofin vitro-maintained, intact living metacestodes. The protease inhibitor which was purified by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, Sephadex G–100 chromatography and affinity chromatography on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B–bovine chymotrypsin conjugate was soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid, withstood heat up to 80°C, tolerated the pH range 1·5 to 9·0, was unaffected by 8 M urea or 0·2m2-mercaptoethanol and had a molecular weight of about 7000 to 7200, as calculated from its gel chromatographic behaviour. Complex formation between the inhibitor and the enzymes required 3–4 min for completion. The enzyme–inhibitor complex was not dissociated by 4mKC1. Activity determinations on bovine TPCK–trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin with BAEE and BTEE assays revealed that the inhibitory actions toward both enzymes are functions of the same or closely adjacent sites of the inhibitor molecule. The supposed function of the inhibitor is discussed.
Sub-cellular fractionation ofTrypanosoma brucei. Isolation and characterization of plasma membranes
Authors: Rovis Luciana , Baekkeskov Steinunn 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA procedure is described for the isolation of sub-cellular fractions from bloodstream forms ofTrypanosoma brucei. The method leaves intact most of the nuclei, mitochondria and microbodies. All the fractions have been chemically characterized and tested for 10 enzymatic markers. About 5% of total cell protein was isolated as a microsomal fraction containing mostly plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Plasma membranes were purified by high-speed centrifugation on magnesium-containing Dextran, and on linear sucrose-density gradients. The yield of membranes was approximately 0·3% of the total cell protein. The purified material had a sucrose density of 1·14 g/cm3and consisted of smooth vesicles. Specific activity of the membrane markers Na+, K+, ouabain-sensitive ATPase and adenylate cyclase were 26-and 20-fold higher, respectively, than in total cells. Neither DNA nor RNA was detected. The sum of the cholesterol and phospholipid content was 0·99 mg/mg protein. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio was 1 : 2.