bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industrial Decentralisation : Ideal, Theory and Reality
Authors: Maasdorp Gavin 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The aim of South African industrial decentralisation policy is to facilitate racial segregation by increasing the proportion of Africans resident in the ‘homelands’. Policy implementation is based on the concept of growth centres. There are theoretical deficiences in this concept, the most useful idea being that of an industrial complex of high‐linkage industries at a key location. This suggests that South Africa should have only two or three growth points. Instead, there is a multiplicity of growth points both in the ‘core’ and in the ‘homelands’. Since the theoretical foundations for such a dispersal of industry are weak, it is not surprising that the programme has yielded poor results. It is unlikely to reduce the flow of ‘homeland’ labour to the core or to play a major role in ‘homeland’ employment creation.RÉSUMÉ Décentralisation industrielle : Idéal, théorie et réalitéLe but de la politique de décentralisation industrielle en Afrique du Sud est de faciliter la ségrégation raciale en augmentant la proportion d'Africains résidant dans les ‘homelands’. La mise en place de cette politique est basée sur le concept des centres de développement. Ce concept n'est pas sans faiblesses théoriques; l'idée la plus utile est celle d'un complexe industriel d'industries étroitment apparentées implanté à un emplacement clé. Ceci suggère que l'Afrique du Sud ne devrait avoir que deux ou trois points de développement. Au lieu de cela, il y a une multiplicité de points de développement, tant dans le ‘core’ que dans les ‘homelands’. Etant donné que les fondements théoriques d'un tel dispersement de l'industrie sont faibles, il n'est pas surprenant que le programme ait produit de si mauvais résultats. ll est peu probable qu'il puisse réduire l'afflux de main‐d'oeuvre des ‘homelands’ vers le ‘core’ ou qu'il puisse jouer un rôle important dans la création d'emplois dans les ‘homelands’.RESUMEN Descentralización industrial : ideal, teoría y realidadEl propósito de la política de descentralización industrial de Sudéfrica consiste en facilitar la segregación aumentando la proporción de residentes africanos en los ‘territorios nacionales’. La ejecución de la política se basa en el concepto de los centras de crecimiento. Hay deficiencias teóricas en este concepto, siendo la idea más útil la de un complejo industrial de industries muy vinculadas en una situación clave. Esto sugiere que Sudáfrica debiera tener solamente dos o tres puntos de crecimiento. En su lugar hay múltiples puntos de crecimiento, tanto en el ‘núcleo’ como en los ‘territorios nacionales’. Como los cimientos teóricos para dicha dispersión industrial son débiles, no sorprende que el programa haya conseguido escasos resultados. Es improbable que reduzca el flujo de mano de obra de los ‘territorios nacionales’ hacia el núcleo ó para desempeñar una función importante en la creación de empleo en los ‘territorios nacionales’.
The North‐South Dialogue: the Report of the Brandt Commission1
Authors: Lea David 
Published: August 2010

Summary The Brandt Report makes out an unanswerable case for pursuing common interests in social justice, peace and economic development, and for the urgency of redistributing incomes towards the developing countries. But it fails to give due recognition to the role of trade unions, which have wide support in many developing countries. Democratic trade unionism and democratic development itself are inseparable. The Report should have, for example, urged the worldwide removal of restrictions on trade unions and encouraged the adoption of fair labour standards at the national, if not international, level.Resume Le dialogue Nord‐Sud: rapport de la Commission BrandtLe rapport Brandt prouve irréfutablement qu'il convient de poursuivre nos objectifs communs en matière de justice sociale, de paix et de développement économique et démontre l'urgence d'une redistribution des revenus en faveur des pays en développement. Mais il ne fait pas une place suffisante au rôle des syndicats, qui jouissent d'un soutien très important dans de nombreux PVD. Le syndicalisme démocratique et le développement démocratique vont de pair. Le rapport devrait inciter à la suppression dans tous les pays des entraves au syndicalisme et à l'adoption de mesures adéquates en faveur des travailleurs au niveau national sinon international.Resumen El diálogo de norte a sur: el Informe de la Comisión BrandtEl Informe Brandt presenta un caso incontestable para perseguir los objetivos comunes de la justicia social, la paz y el desarrollo económico y para realzar la urgencia de la redistribución de la riqueza hacia los países en vías de desarrollo. Pero deja de reconocer como es debido la función de los sindicatos, que cuentan con amplio apoyo en numerosos países en vías de desarrollo. El sindicalismo democrático y el desarrollo democrático en sí son inseparables. El Informe debiera haber insistido, por ejemplo, en la eliminación mundial de las restricciones sindicales y apoyado la adopción de normas laborales justas a nivel nacional, si no internacional.
Towards a Framework of Analysis
Authors: Heyzer Noeleen 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Using case studies from several Third World countries, this article argues that the concentration of women, particularly married women with young children, in the informal sector and the form their work takes are the result of the interaction of four factors; the changing requirements of the labour process in different branches of production at certain phases of economic reorganisation; differential labour absorption and the creation of an age‐specific female workforce; the ideological assumptions which determine the economic spaces allocated to women and the value placed on female labour power, the close inter‐relationship between the domestic role of women and their position as specific kinds of wage workers.RESUME Vers un cadre d'analysePartant d études de cas de plusieurs pays du Tiers Monde, cet article soutient que la concentration des femmes, et notamment des femmes mariées ayant de jeunes énfanta dans le secteur informel, et le type de travail qui leur échoit sont fonction de quatre facteurs; l'évolution des besoins en main‐d'oeuvre dans diverses branches de production à certaines étapes de la réorganisation économique; l'absorption différentielle de la main‐d'oeuvre et la création d'une force de travail féminine appartenant à une tranche d âge spécifique; les hypothèses idéologiques qui déterminent les créneaux économiques alloués aux femmes et la valeur attachée à la main‐d'oeuvre féminine; les liens étroits entre le rôle familial des femmes et leur situation particulière en tant que salariées.RESUMEN Hacia una estructure de análisisUtilizando estudios de casos procedentes de varios países del Tercer Mundo, se señala en este artículo que la concentración de mujeres, especialmente mujeres casadas con niños de poca edad, en el sector no oficial y la forma que adopta su trabajo son el resultado de la acción recíproca de cuatro factores: las necesidades cambiantes del proceso laboral en las diferentes ramas de la producción durante determinadas fases de reorganización económica, la absorción de mano de obra diferencial y la creación de una mano de obra femenina de un grupo de edad determinado, las suposiciones ideológicas que determinan los espacios económicos asignados a las mujeres y el valor que se atribuye a la potencia laboral femenina, y la íntima relación interna entre la función de la mujer en el hogar y su posición como tipos concretos de trabajadores asalariadas.
Organising the Annapurna
Authors: Savara Mira 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This article describes how a scattered group of women in Bombay, who cook for male migrant workers in their own homes, organised to improve their working conditions. Although isolated from each other, and with interests in conflict with their worker customers, they have succeeded in freeing themselves from reliance on money‐lenders, and in winning some recognition of their rights as workers.RESUME Organiser l'AnnapurnaCet article décrit comment un groupe de femmes isolées qui font la cuisine à Bombay chez les travailleurs migrants masculins, se sont organisées pour améliorer leurs conditions de travail. Bien qu'isolées les unes autres, et quoique leurs intérêts aillent à l'encontre de ceux de leurs clients, elles ont réussi à ne plus faire appel aux prêteurs sur gages et à obtenir certains droits.RESUMEN Organización del AnnapurnaEn este artículo se describe la manera en que un grupo disperso de mujeres en Bombay, que cocina para trabajadores inmigrantes masculinos en sus propios hogares, se organizó para mejorar sus condiciones de trabajo. Aunque aisladas entre sí, y con intereses conflictivos con sus clientes trabajadores, han conseguido liberarse de su dependencia en los prestamistas y han conseguido cierto reconocimiento de sus derechos como trabajadoras.
Consumerism and the New Orthodoxy in Latin America
Authors: Filgueira Carlos 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The role played by imitative consumption patterns in developing countries has long been studied by Latin American economists; however, the subject has been neglected by sociologists. This article discusses the increase in consumption and the change in its pattern resulting from the application of monetarist models in the Southern Cone of Latin America. In particular, emphasis is placed on the increased demand, for all strata, for modern goods and styles of consumption.RESUMEN El consumismo y la nueva ortodoxia en America LatinaEl rol de la imitación de los patrones de consumo en los países en desarrollo, estudiado desde hace tiempo por los economistas latinoamericanos, es un tema que los sociólogos han descuidado. Este artículo examina el incremento y cambio de estructura del consumo, resultantes de la aplicación de los modelos monetaristas en el Cono Sur de América Latina. En especial, se enfatiza la demanda creciente por bienes y estilos modernos de consumo, en todos los estratos sociales.RESUME L'économie de consummation et la nouvelle orthodoxie en Amérique latineLe rôle joué par les habitudes de consommation imitatives dans les pays en voie de développement est étudié depuis longtemps par les économistes latino‐américains. Ce sujet a toutefois été négligé par les sociologues. Cet article porte sur l'accroissement de la consommation et sur l'évolution entraînée par la mise en oeuvre de modèles monétaristes dans le cône’ sud‐américain (Argentine, Chili). Il souligne l'accroissement de la demande, touchant les couches sociales, pour les produits et styles de consommation modernes.
Phase I Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Biomarker Study of BIBF 1120, an Oral Triple Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Okamoto Isamu , Kaneda Hiroyasu , Satoh Taroh , Okamoto Wataru , Miyazaki Masaki , Morinaga Ryotaro , Ueda Shinya , Terashima Masaaki , Tsuya Asuka , Sarashina Akiko , Konishi Koichi , Arao Tokuzo , Nishio Kazuto , Kaiser Rolf , Nakagawa Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
BIBF 1120 is an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other growth factor receptors. We have done a phase I study to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic biomarkers of BIBF 1120. Patients with advanced refractory solid tumors were treated with BIBF 1120 at oral doses of 150 to 250 mg twice daily. Drug safety and pharmacokinetics were evaluated, as were baseline and post-treatment levels of circulating CD117-positive bone marrow–derived progenitor cells and plasma soluble VEGF receptor 2 as potential biomarkers for BIBF 1120. Twenty-one patients were treated at BIBF 1120 doses of 150 (n = 3), 200 (n = 12), or 250 mg twice daily (n = 6). Dose-limiting toxicities of reversible grade 3 or 4 elevations of liver enzymes occurred in 3 of 12 patients at 200 mg twice daily and 3 of 6 patients at 250 mg twice daily. Stable disease was achieved in 16 (76.2%) patients, and median progression-free survival was 113 days (95% confidence interval, 77-119 d). Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that the maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve for BIBF 1120 increased with the dose within the dose range tested. Levels of CD117-positive bone marrow–derived progenitors and soluble VEGF receptor 2 decreased significantly during treatment over all BIBF 1120 dose cohorts. In conclusion, the maximum tolerated dose of BIBF 1120 in the current study was determined to be 200 mg twice daily, and our biomarker analysis indicated that this angiokinase inhibitor is biologically active. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(10); 2825–33. ©2010 AACR.
Adjunctive treatment with ticagrelor, but not clopidogrel, added to tPA enables sustained coronary artery recanalisation with recovery of myocardium perfusion in a canine coronary thrombosis model
Authors: Zhou Xiaorong , Huang Yanming , Khalil Mazen , Wiktor Dominik , van Giezen J. J. J. , Penn Marc , Wang Kai 
Published: August 2010

SummaryReperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction is limited by significant re-occlusion rates and less-than-optimal myocardial tissue perfusion. It was the objective of this study to assess and compare the effect of ticagrelor, the first reversibly binding oral P2Y12 receptor antagonist, with that of clopidogrel, in conjunction with thrombolytic therapy, on platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, and myocardial perfusion in a canine model. Thrombus formation was induced by electrolytic injury and blood flow was measured with a Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. All animals received tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (1 mg/kg over 20 min); 10 animals received clopidogrel (10 mg/kg IV bolus over 5 min), 10 animals received ticagrelor initiated with a 1-min bolus (75 μg/kg/ min), followed by continuous infusion (10 μg/kg/min) for 2 h, and 10 animals received IV saline. Re-occlusion rate and cyclic flow variation decreased with ticagrelor compared to saline groups (p<0.05). Adenosine phosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation decreased with ticagrelor (1.9% ± 2.67) and clopidogrel (1.11% ± 2.0) vs. saline (26.3% ± 23.5, p<0.05) at the end of adjunctive therapy. Bleeding time increased in the clopidogrel compared to the ticagrelor group (p=0.01). Infarct size was reduced with ticagrelor compared to the clopidogrel and saline groups (p<0.05). Blood flow remained significantly below baseline values at 20 min after tPA administration in the saline and clopidogrel groups but not in the ticagrelor group. In conclusion, in a dog coronary thrombosis model, ticagrelor blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation; prevents platelet-mediated thrombosis; prolongs reperfusion time and reduces re-occlusion and cyclic flow variation; and significantly decreases infarct size and rapidly restores myocardial tissue perfusion.
Haemophilia, human immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis
Authors: Lederman Michael 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn July 1982, the occurrence of three cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in men with haemophilia was an immediate signal to Oscar Ratnoff that AIDS was transmissible through blood products. Work that he led provided important and clear indication that the AIDS agent was transmissible through pooled plasma products and had rapidly infected many men who had haemophilia. Before the blood supply was protected, the risk for infection in haemophilia was related directly to the intensity of therapy with pooled anti-haemophilic factor concentrates. Studies performed among the small proportion of haemophiliacs who remained uninfected despite heavy exposure to these plasma products revealed that the rare protective genotype – homozygosity for the 32 base pair deletion in the CCR5 gene was heavily concentrated in this population. Among those who did not have this protective genotype, a state of diminished immune activation distinguished these high risk uninfected haemophiliacs from haemophiliacs who later acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and from healthy uninfected controls. Immune activation state may not only predict risk for HIV acquisition but also appears to be an important predictor and likely determinant of HIV disease progression. The potential drivers of immune activation in chronic HIV infection include HIV itself, other co-infecting pathogens, homeostatic responses to cytopenia as well as the recently recognised phenomenon of translocation of microbial products across a damaged gut mucosal surface. This latter process is particularly compelling as clinical studies have shown a good relationship between indices of microbial translocation and markers of both immune activation and T cell homeostasis in chronic HIV infection. More recently, we have also found evidence that these microbial products also may drive a heightened tendency to thrombus formation in HIV infection via induction of monocyte tissue factor expression. Thus systemic exposure to microbial elements that are translocated through a gut mucosa damaged in the first few weeks of HIV infection may contribute to the pathogenesis of both immune deficiency and the heightened risk for vascular events that have been noted in persons with HIV infection.
To Whom Was Christ a Slave (Phil 2:7)? Double Agency and the Specters of Sin and Death in Philippians
Authors: Gupta Nijay K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPaul’s so-called “Christ-hymn” in Philippians 2:6-11 regarding its origins, purpose, format, and the theological components of its Christology. One factor in the determination of this Christology is the interpretation of doulos in 2:7 focusing on the question to whom was Christ a slave? While a number of answers have been put forward, it will be argued that the best explanation involves “double agency.” That is, when the hymn is closely examined, as well as the theological character of the whole letter, Christ appears to be a subject and agent of the powers Sin and Death, but Paul knows and communicates the reality that he is really God’s agent who subverts and enervates these hegemonic powers. This not only illuminates Paul’s Christology, but can be identified as a model for other believers discussed in Philippians, including himself.
Cyprian’s Scriptural Hermeneutic of Identity: The Laxist ‘Heresy’
Authors: Wilhite David E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractScholars have widely noted Cyprian as a key figure in the development of the episcopate, a point which too often eclipses his use of scripture in scholarly studies of his writings. Cyprian himself claims a scriptural basis for his episcopal authority and for his teachings on ecclesial unity. His works need to be reread, therefore, in light of his construction of identities, namely his own “orthodox” identity in contrast to the “schismatic” identity of his opponents which he demarcates along the lines of scripturally informed/loyal and scripturally aberrant. The following article explores Cyprian’s social identities as constructed in his early works which address the laxist controversy.
Biobanking, consent, and commercialization in international genetics research: the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Authors: Hall Mark A , King Nancy MP , Perdue Letitia H , Hilner Joan E , Akolkar Beena , Greenbaum Carla J , McKeon Catherine ,   T1DGC
Published: August 2010

Background and Purpose This article describes several ethical, legal, and social issues typical of international genetics biobanking, as encountered in the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC). Methods By studying the examples set and lessons learned from other international biobanking studies and by devoting considerable time and resources to identifying, addressing, and continually monitoring ethical and regulatory concerns, T1DGC was able to minimize the problems reported by some earlier studies. Conclusions Several important conclusions can be drawn based on the experience in this study: (1) Basic international standards for research ethics review and informed consent are broadly consistent across developed countries. (2) When consent forms are adapted locally and translated into different languages, discrepancies are inevitable and therefore require prompt central review and resolution before research is initiated. (3) Providing separate ‘check-box’ consent for different elements of a study creates confusion and may not be essential. (4) Creating immortalized cell lines to aid future research is broadly acceptable, both in the US and internationally. (5) Imposing some limits on the use of stored samples aids in obtaining ethics approvals worldwide. (6) Allowing potential commercial uses of donated samples is controversial in some Asian countries. (7) Obtaining government approvals can be labor-intensive and time-consuming, and can require legal and diplomatic skills. Clinical Trials 2010; 7: S33—S45. http:// ctj.sagepub.com
Functional divergence between 2 chemokines is conferred by single amino acid change
Authors: Dubrac Alexandre , Quemener Cathy , Lacazette Eric , Lopez Fréderic , Zanibellato Catherine , Wu Wen-Guey , Bikfalvi Andréas , Prats Hervé 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 are 2 closely related CXC chemokines that exhibit potent antiangiogenic activity. Because interactions with glycosaminoglycans play a crucial role in chemokines activity, we determined the binding parameters of CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 for heparin, heparan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate B. We further demonstrated that the Leu67/His67 substitution is critical for the decrease in glycan binding of CXCL4L1 but also for the increase of its angiostatic activities. Using a set of mutants, we show that glycan affinity and angiostatic properties are not completely related. These data are reinforced using a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes structural modifications in CXCL4L1 due to the presence of His67 and that blocks its biologic activity. In vivo, half-life and diffusibility of CXCL4L1 compared with CXCL4 is strongly increased. As opposed to CXCL4L1, CXCL4 is preferentially retained at its site of expression. These findings establish that, despite small differences in the primary structure, CXCL4L1 is highly distinct from CXCL4. These observations are not only of great significance for the antiangiogenic activity of CXCL4L1 and for its potential use in clinical development but also for other biologic processes such as inflammation, thrombosis or tissue repair.