bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface modification of fabrics for improved flash‐fire resistance using atmospheric pressure plasma in the presence of a functionalized clay and polysiloxane
Authors: Horrocks A. R. , Nazaré S , Masood R. , Kandola B. , Price D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractImproving flash‐fire resistance of otherwise flame resistant fabrics is a recognized challenge within the civil emergency and defence communities. Simulation of the flash‐fire condition using cone calorimetry has demonstrated the effectiveness of atmospheric plasma treatments in which either a functionalized clay, a polysiloxane (poly(hexamethyldisiloxane)) or both are deposited on to plasma‐activated fiber surfaces. Textile substrates comprised flame retardant (Proban®) cotton and a poly (meta‐aramid) (Nomex®). Results show that the generated surface layer has a measurable effect on fabric ignition and burning characteristics when exposed in a cone calorimeter at heat flux levels up to 70 kW/m2. Reductions in peak heat release rates (PHRR) are observed for all substrates especially for argon/clay and argon/clay/polysiloxane, plasma‐treated samples, with reductions of over 50% being observed for Proban® cotton and smaller reductions (≤20%) for Nomex® fabrics. Gravimetric, scanning electron microscopic, and cone calorimetric studies show that both original surface deposits and subsequent properties are retained after a simulated washing process including the argon/clay plasma‐treated Proban® and Nomex® fabrics in which no potentially binding polysiloxane was present. This suggests that plasma‐activated fiber surfaces in the presence of a functionalized clay enable relatively strong binding forces to be generated.The results provide further evidence in addition to our earlier reported studies that atmospheric plasma treatment of fabric surfaces in the presence of a functionalized clay produces an inorganic coating that confers reduced flammability at the high heat fluxes used suggesting increased resistance to flash‐fire ignition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lesezeichen im Buch des Lebens. Epigenetik
Authors: Wagner Julia M. , Jung Manfred 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn den 40er Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts führte der englische Entwicklungsbiologe Conrad H. Waddington den Begriff Epigenetik ein. Hierunter versteht man heute vererbbare Änderungen, die nicht auf einer Änderung der Erbsubstanz beruhen.Die Epigenetik ist ein hochaktuelles und stark beforschtes Gebiet in den Naturwissenschaften. Für den Pharmazeuten ist sie speziell deshalb von Interesse, da sie neue Ansätze zur Behandlung von Krankheiten wie Krebs liefert. Erste Arzneistoffe, die über epigenetische Mechanismen wirken, kamen in den letzten Jahren neu auf den Markt. Was genau sich hinter dem Begriff Epigenetik verbirgt, soll im folgenden Artikel dargestellt werden.
HDAC‐Inhibitoren als Therapie für neuronale Erkrankungen. Entdeckung neuer Anwendungsgebiete
Authors: Fischer Andre 
Published: April 2010

AbstractJüngste Daten weisen darauf hin, dass eine deregulierte Histon‐Acetylierung in eine Reihe von neurodegenerativen und kognitiven Erkrankungen involviert ist. Histondesacetylase‐Inhibitoren gelten daher als aussichtsreiche therapeutische Strategie für so unterschiedliche neuronale Erkrankungen wie Chorea Huntington, Morbus Alzheimer oder Schizophrenie. Dieser Artikel stellt die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieses neuen Forschungsgebiets zusammen.
Epigenetische Therapie bei Myelodysplastischen Syndromen (MDS). Therapie mit DNA‐Methyltransferase‐Inhibitoren
Authors: Daskalakis Michael , Blagitko‐Dorfs Nadja , Hackanson Björn , Lübbert Michael 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDerzeit können ältere Patienten mit einer symptomatischen MDS‐Erkrankung entweder supportiv, mit einem DNA‐Methyltransferase‐Inhibitor oder mit Lenalidomid (5q‐Syndrom) behandelt werden. Bei jüngeren Patienten im guten Allgemeinzustand steht als kurative Behandlungsoption die allogene Stammzelltransplantation zur Verfügung.Mit dem Einsatz von 5‐Azacytidin und Decitabine als epigenetische Monotherapie kann älteren Patienten erstmals eine gut verträgliche Behandlung angeboten werden, welche zu einer Verzögerung der Krankheitsprogression, einer Verlängerung der Überlebenszeit und einer Verbesserung der Lebensqualität führt.Derzeit ist es noch zu früh, um den möglichen Nutzen einer kombinierten Therapie aus DNA‐Methyltransferase‐ und Histondesacetylase‐Inhibitoren beurteilen zu können. Hier bleiben die Ergebnisse weiterer klinischer Phase‐II‐ und Phase‐III‐Studien abzuwarten.Interessanterweise zeigen erste Studien einen positiven Effekt von 5‐Azacytidin und Decitabine als Immunmodulatoren im Rahmen der Konditionierungstherapie vor einer allogenen Stammzelltransplantation. Weitere klinische Studien müssen diesen Mechanismus eingehender evaluieren, um langfristig auch älteren Patienten durch nebenwirkungsärmere Konditionierungstherapien die kurative Option einer allogenen Transplantation zu ermöglichen.
Mechanical and thermal properties, morphology and relaxation characteristics of poly(lactic acid) and soy flour/wood flour blends
Authors: Li Yonghui , Venkateshan Karthik , Sun Xiuzhi Susan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer derived from sugar‐based materials, and its applications are varied. PLA blends are commonly employed to overcome certain disadvantages such as poor impact strength, low heat distortion temperature, poor processability and relatively high cost. In this study, blending PLA with soy flour (SF), wood flour (WF) and sodium bisulfite‐modified SF was used to improve the adhesion to PLA. In all cases, 0.5 wt% methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was used as a coupling agent. Mechanical and thermal properties, morphology and relaxation characteristics of the blends were investigated. The results showed that MDI was an effective coupling agent for the WF/PLA system in improving tensile strength and elongation. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that SF and modified SF act as nucleation agents and facilitate the crystallization behavior of PLA by increasing the percentage crystallinity. From mechanical relaxation of the temperature‐variant system, we determined how the mechanical relaxation time evolves during the course of heating and obtained the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts parameter and activation energy (ΔE). PLA and its blends exhibited highly homogeneous relaxational dynamics in their transition from glass to liquid, and ΔE of PLA and its blends is mainly affected by their densities and compositions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Homopolymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate using bis(salicylaldiminate)copper(II)/ methylaluminoxane catalysts
Authors: Raspolli Galletti Anna Maria , Hayatifar Mohammad , Patil Yogesh 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPolymerization catalysts based on copper precursors appear particularly interesting due to the low metal cost, limited toxicity and modest sensitivity to deactivation by polar species. To date, α‐olefin and polar monomer coordination polymerization catalysed using copper catalysts has been scarcely investigated, and a good part of the literature is represented by patents. Here this research has been expanded to the study of the performances of bis(salicylaldiminate)copper(II)/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalysts in the polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate. The study of the catalytic activity of bis(salicylaldiminate)copper(II)/MAO systems in n‐butyl methacrylate polymerization was focused on the relationship between the catalytic behaviour and the main reaction conditions and ligand structures. The electronic and steric characteristics of the chelate ligands play an important role in the catalytic performances. The presence of electron‐withdrawing nitro groups on the chelate ligands increased the catalytic activity which reached 36 kgpolymer mol−1 h−1, the highest value up to now reported for copper systems in methacrylic or acrylic monomer polymerization. These performances were ascribed to copper catalysts activated by MAO: without copper precursor, working in the presence of MAO and free salicylaldimine ligand, complete inactivity was ascertained. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of a high‐protein diet on food intake and liver metabolism during pregnancy, lactation and after weaning in mice
Authors: Kuhla Björn , Kucia Marzena , Görs Solvig , Albrecht Dirk , Langhammer Martina , Kuhla Siegfried , Metges Cornelia C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMajor hepatic metabolic pathways are involved in the control of food intake but how dietary proteins affect global metabolism to adjust food intake is incompletely understood, particularly under physiological challenging conditions such as lactation. In order to identify these molecular events, mice were fed a high‐protein (HP) diet from pregnancy, during lactation until after weaning and compared with control fed counterparts. Liver specimens were analyzed for regulated proteins using 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF‐MS and plasma samples for metabolites. Based on the 26 differentially expressed proteins associated with depleted liver glycogen content, elevated urea and citrulline plasma concentrations, we conclude that HP feeding during lactation leads to an activated amino acid, carbohydrate and fatty acid catabolism while it activates gluconeogenesis. From pregnancy to lactation, plasma arginine, tryptophan, serine, glutamine and cysteine decreased, whereas urea concentrations increased in both groups. Concomitantly, hepatic glycogen content decreased while total fat content remained unaltered in both groups. Consideration of 59 proteins differentially expressed between pregnancy and lactation highlights different strategies of HP and control fed mice to meet energy requirements for lactation by adjusting amino acid degradation, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, citrate cycle, but also ATP‐turnover, protein folding, secretion of proteins and (de)activation of transcription factors.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers containing multiple, pendent plasticizing groups
Authors: Tas Huseyin , Mathias Lon J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractNew ether dimer (ED‐Eh) and diester (EHDE) derivatives of α‐(hydroxymethyl)acrylate, each having two 2‐ethylhexyl side chains, and an amine‐linked di(2‐ethylhexyl)acrylate (AL‐Eh), having three 2‐ethylhexyl side chains, were synthesized and (co)polymerized to evaluate the effects of differences in the structures of the monomers on final (co)polymer properties, particularly glass transition temperature, Tg. The free radical polymerizations of these monomers yielded high‐molecular–weight polymers. Cyclopolymer formation of ED‐Eh and AL‐Eh was confirmed by 13C NMR analysis and the cyclization efficiencies were found to be very high (∼100%). Copolymers of ED‐Eh, EHDE, and AL‐Eh with methyl methacrylate (MMA) showed significant Tg decreases over poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) due to 2‐ethylhexyl side groups causing “internal” plasticization. Comparison of the Tg's of the copolymers of 2‐ethylhexyl methacrylate, ED‐Eh, EHDE, and AL‐Eh with MMA revealed that the impacts of these monomers on depression of Tg's are identical with respect to the total concentration of the pendent groups. This is consistent with an earlier study involving copolymers of monomers comprising one and two octadecyl side groups with MMA. That is, the magnitude of decrease in Tg's was quantitatively related to the number of the 2‐ethylhexyl pendent groups in the copolymers rather than their placement on the same or randomly incorporated repeat units. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2302–2310, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of stimuli‐responsive porous/hollow nanoparticles by self‐assembly of chitosan‐based graft copolymers and application in drug release
Authors: Chuang Chung‐Yang , Don Trong‐Ming , Chiu Wen‐Yen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this research, stimuli‐responsive porous/hollow nanoparticles were prepared by the self‐assembly method. First, chitosan‐graft‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (CS‐g‐PNIPAAm) copolymers were synthesized through polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) monomer in the presence of chitosan (CS) solution using ceric ammounium nitrate as the initiator. Then, the CS‐g‐PNIPAAm copolymers were dissolved in the acetic acid aqueous solution and heated to 40 °C to induce their self‐assembly. After CS‐g‐PNIPAAm assembled to form micelles, a cross‐linking agent was used to reinforce the structure to form nanoparticles. The molecular weight of grafted PNIPAAm on CS chains was changed to investigate its effect on the structure, morphology, thermo‐, and pH‐responsive properties of the nanoparticles. TEM images showed that a porous or hollow structure in the interior of nanoparticles was developed, depending on the medium temperature. The synthesized nanoparticles carried positive charges on the surface and exhibited stimuli‐responsive properties, and their mean diameter thus could be manipulated by changing the pH value and temperature of the environment. The nanoparticles showed a continuous release of the encapsulated doxycycline hyclate up to 10 days during an in vitro release experiment. These porous/hollow particles with environmentally sensitive properties are expected to be used in hydrophilic drug delivery system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2377–2387, 2010
Photoreactive nanomatrix structure formed by graft‐copolymerization of 1,9‐nonandiol dimethacrylate onto natural rubber
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshimasa , Suksawad Patjaree , Pukkate Nanthaporn , Horimai Tatsuya , Wakisaka Osamu , Kawahara Seiichi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFormation of photoreactive nanomatrix structure was investigated by graft‐copolymerization of an inclusion complex of 1,9‐nonandiol dimethacrylate (NDMA) with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) onto natural rubber particle using potassium persulfate (KPS), tert‐butyl hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine (TBHPO/TEPA), cumene hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine (CHPO/TEPA), and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. The graft copolymer was characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR after coagulation. The conversion of NDMA and the amount of residual methacryloyl group were found to be 58.5 w/w % and 1.81 w/w %, respectively, under the suitable condition of the graft‐copolymerization. The morphology of the film specimen, prepared from the graft copolymer, was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after staining the film with OsO4. Natural rubber particle of about 1.0 μm in diameter was dispersed in poly(NDMA) matrix of about 10 nm in thickness. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2418–2424, 2010
Association of hydrophobically α,ω‐end‐capped poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) in water
Authors: Volet Gisèle , Deschamps Anne‐Cécile Lasne , Amiel Catherine 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe α,ω‐end‐capped poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) (Cn‐POXZ‐Cn) have been synthesized by a one‐pot process using cationic ring‐opening polymerization with an appropriate initiator and terminating agent. The polymers bearing different alkyl groups C12 and C18 have molecular weight in the range of 2.4 × 103 to 14 × 103 with a small polydispersity index. The solution behavior of the free chains has been analyzed in a nonselective solvent, dichloromethane, by small‐angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering. These amphiphilic polymers associate in water to form flower‐like micellar structures. Critical micelle concentrations, investigated by fluorescence technique, are in the range of 0.03–0.5 g L−1 and are dependent on the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance. The structural properties of the aggregates have also been investigated by viscometry. Intrinsic viscosities of these polymers are in the same range as that of the precursors poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) (POXZ) and mono‐functionalized polymers. Large viscosity increase corresponding to intermicellar bridging was observed in the vicinity of the micelle overlap concentration. Addition of hydroxypropyl β‐cyclodextrin (HβCD) has dissociated the aggregates and the intrinsic viscosities of the HβCD‐end‐capped chains have become comparable with the ones of POXZ precursor chains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2477–2485, 2010
Disassembly via an environmentally friendly and efficient fluorous phase constructed with dendritic architectures
Authors: Wilson Christopher J. , Wilson Daniela A. , Feiring Andrew E. , Percec Virgil 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTraditionally the fluorous phase is generated with perfluorinated alkyl groups that are usually perfluorooctyl or longer and are bioaccummulative and biopersistent and therefore, are considered environmentally unfriendly. Here we report a new concept for the construction of the fluorous phase. This concept is based on the amplification of the fluorous effect with the help of dendritic architectures containing very short semifluorinated groups on their periphery. This new concept was demonstrated by the convergent synthesis of the first and second generation AB3 and AB2 benzyl ether dendrons functionalized on their periphery via catalytic nucleophilic addition of their phenolates to perfluoropropyl vinyl ether. The resulting dendrons are liquids. Their fluorous phase affinity was analyzed and demonstrated that the dendritic architecture amplifies the fluorous phase at a specific generation by the number of functional groups on the dendron periphery, and at different generations by increasing their generation number. Therefore, this concept is very efficient for the design and synthesis of new fluorous materials. In addition, by contrast with dendrons containing perfluoroalkyl groups on their periphery, the current dendrons mediate the disassembly of their parent building blocks but do not mediate the self‐assembly in a supramolecular architecture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2498–2508, 2010
Structure and function of enzymes in heme biosynthesis
Authors: Layer Gunhild , Reichelt Joachim , Jahn Dieter , Heinz Dirk W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTetrapyrroles like hemes, chlorophylls, and cobalamin are complex macrocycles which play essential roles in almost all living organisms. Heme serves as prosthetic group of many proteins involved in fundamental biological processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and the metabolism and transport of oxygen. Further, enzymes such as catalases, peroxidases, or cytochromes P450 rely on heme as essential cofactors. Heme is synthesized in most organisms via a highly conserved biosynthetic route. In humans, defects in heme biosynthesis lead to severe metabolic disorders called porphyrias. The elucidation of the 3D structures for all heme biosynthetic enzymes over the last decade provided new insights into their function and elucidated the structural basis of many known diseases. In terms of structure and function several rather unique proteins were revealed such as the V‐shaped glutamyl‐tRNA reductase, the dipyrromethane cofactor containing porphobilinogen deaminase, or the “Radical SAM enzyme” coproporphyrinogen III dehydrogenase. This review summarizes the current understanding of the structure–function relationship for all heme biosynthetic enzymes and their potential interactions in the cell.
Prescriber 1990–2010: the changing face of the NHS
Authors: Chaplin Steve 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe past two decades have seen drastic changes to the way the NHS is managed and funded and at both local and national level. Steve Chaplin highlights the key reports, government policies and landmark events that have reshaped the NHS between 1990 and 2010. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Submicron nucleation kinetics during a high‐speed laser assisted surface modification
Authors: Shishkovsky I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Fokker–Planck kinetic equation was solved precisely for a widespread realized in practice a lamellar (dendrite) nucleation in the cases of a laser assisted surface modification including nanofabrication. The expressions for an average size of the crystallizing nucleus were determined, as well as for a relative fraction of the solid phase volume. The submicron particle distribution by sizes, average radius, and density of a new growing phase are evaluated numerically depending on regimes of the laser influence. The effect exerted on morphology, chemical state (to be more precise, catalytic properties), and deformations of the kinetic of phase transformation are considered. A new criterion for the amorphous state obtained after high‐speed laser cooling is proposed.
Low dislocation density nonpolar (11‐20) GaN films achieved using scandium nitride interlayers
Authors: Moram M. A. , Kappers M. J. , Humphreys C. J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis paper reports the properties of low dislocation density a ‐plane 11‐20 GaN films grown on sapphire using 2 – 15 nm ScN interlayers (ILs). Dislocation densities decrease with increasing ScN IL thickness and the surface roughness for coalesced films remains low at 0.7 nm. X‐ray diffraction data show a reduction in ω‐scan FWHMs at all rotational positions and luminescence intensities increase compared to a control sample without a ScN IL. However, a slight increase in the prismatic stacking fault density is observed, compared to the control sample. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Selective growth of InN on patterned GaAs(111)B substrate – influence of InN decomposition at the interface
Authors: Murakami Hisashi , Cho Hyun‐Chol , Kumagai Yoshinao , Koukitu Akinori 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSelective growth of InN on the round opening patterned GaAs (111)B substrate was performed for improving the crystalline quality such as the density of threading dislocations by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. Due to the large sticking coefficient of indium (In) on SiO2, deposition of polycrystalline InN was occurred on SiO2 mask at low temperature around 550 °C. On the contrary, selective growth of InN layer without the deposition on the SiO2 mask could be possible by raising the growth temperature up to 615 °C. It was also found that the decomposition of InN occurred at the interface between InN and GaAs substrate during the growth. Crystalline quality of InN was strongly influenced by the decomposition of InN at the interface due to the mixing of N‐polarity and In‐polarity domains at the interface. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of multiple‐quantum‐well structure on InGaN template using (11$ \bar 2 $2) facet growth and mass transport
Authors: Fujita Daisuke , Miyatake Takaaki , Shinagawa Taku , Abe Yuki , Murakami Kazuma , Li Bocheng , Matsumoto Hiroyuki , Murayama Satoru , Okada Narihito , Tadatomo Kazuyuki 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe succeeded in the fabrication of a thick InGaN template by (11$ \bar 2 $2) facet growth and mass transport. Thick InGaN was grown on a GaN (11$ \bar 2 $2) facet with a stable facet structure. After 20 min annealing under a flow of NH3 and N2, the InGaN with the (11$ \bar 2 $2) facet was perfectly embedded owing to mass transport. Subsequently, a multiple‐quantum‐well structure was fabricated on the InGaN template and characterized using monochromatic cathodeoluminescence measurement. As a result, we found that there were two regions with peak emission wavelengths of 420 and 500 nm because of the compositional pulling effect. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)