bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pattern of the thoracic splanchnic nerves as they pass through the diaphragm
Authors: Gest T.R. , Hildebrandt S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe formation and structure of the greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves is highly variable in their intrathoracic as well as their subdiaphragmatic portion. Splanchnicectomies for pain control of otherwise intractable upper abdominal pain and other surgical procedures are dependent on the detailed knowledge of the anatomy of these nerves and their variations. Many commonly used anatomical illustrations depict the passage of the thoracic splanchnic nerves through the diaphragm uniformly as three nerves penetrating the crura in three separate locations along a rough superoinferior line. As this pattern does not correspond with our own sporadic observations, we performed a series of dissections to study the exact anatomy of this area. Dissections of 24 donors revealed that the most common pattern of diaphragmatic passage of these three nerves is through a single location in each crus. From this crural passageway, the three nerves then diverge to reach their targets, with the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve bending anteriorly at nearly 90° to enter the posterolateral edge of the celiac ganglion. Modern anatomical illustrations should depict these most common patterns of the subdiaphragmatic portion of the thoracic splanchnic nerves and mention the great variability of their formation and structure. Clin. Anat. 22:809–814, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catalytic Technology for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas
Authors: Fan Mun‐Sing , Abdullah Ahmad Zuhairi , Bhatia Subhash 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe mitigation and utilization of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, are among the most important challenges in the area of energy research. Dry reforming of CH4 (DRM), which uses both CO2 and CH4 as reactants, is a potential method to utilize the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Natural gas containing high concentrations of CO2 and CH4 could therefore be utilized for hydrogen and synthesis gas (syngas) production in the near future, without need for the removal of CO2 from the source gas. Thus, the DRM reaction is a suitable process to convert CH4 and CO2 to syngas, which is a raw material for liquid fuel production, through the Fischer–Tropsch process. Herein, the development of CO2 reforming for syngas production is reviewed, covering process chemistry, catalyst development, and process technologies as well as the potential future direction for this process.
From Macro Batch to Micro‐conti Manufacturing: A New Eco‐Friendly Production Process for Writing Ink Employing Micro‐process Engineering
Authors: Grundemann L. , Fischer N. , Scholl S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA method is proposed for the transfer from a batch production process for writing ink to continuous manufacturing by employing micro‐process engineering. Special challenges arise from handling reactant streams with solids, high viscosities and flow ratios, which differ significantly from unity. Four different types of micromixers are tested by optimizing mixing effectiveness versus operational robustness. For the best suited mixer, a 48 h continuous production run is performed producing ink within specification at all times. A significant reduction of the plant hold‐up is achieved for the conti manufacturing plant in comparison with the batch process. Initial cleaning experiments suggest that the specific wastewater production may be reduced by a factor of 1000 through micro‐conti manufacturing.
Efficient framework for automated classification of subcellular patterns in budding yeast
Authors: Huh Seungil , Lee Donghun , Murphy Robert F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFluorescent‐tagging and digital imaging are widely used to determine the subcellular location of proteins. An extensive publicly available collection of images for most proteins expressed in the yeast S. cerevisae has provided both an important source of information on protein location but also a testbed for methods designed to automate the assignment of locations to unknown proteins. The first system for automated classification of subcellular patterns in these yeast images utilized a computationally expensive method for segmentation of images into individual cells and achieved an overall accuracy of 81%. The goal of the present study was to improve on both the computational efficiency and accuracy of this task. Numerical features derived from applying Gabor filters to small image patches were implemented so that patterns could be classified without segmentation into single cells. When tested on 20 classes of images visually classified as showing a single subcellular pattern, an overall accuracy of 87.8% was achieved, with 2330 images out of 2655 images in the UCSF dataset being correctly classified. On the 4 largest classes of these images, 95.3% accuracy was achieved. The improvement over the previous approach is not only in classification accuracy but also in computational efficiency, with the new approach taking about 1 h on a desktop computer to complete all steps required to perform a 6‐fold cross validation on all images. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Bi1.4Er0.6O3‐(La0.74Bi0.10Sr0.16) MnO3‐δ Cathodes Fabricated By Ion‐impregnating Method For IT‐SOFCs
Authors: Li J. , Wang S. , Liu R. , Wen T. , Wen Z. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBi1.4Er0.6O3‐(La0.74Bi0.10Sr0.16)MnO3‐δ (ESB‐LBSM) composite cathodes were fabricated by impregnating the ionic conducting ESB matrix with the LBSM electronic conducting materials. The ion‐impregnated ESB‐LBSM cathodes were beneficial for the O2 reduction reactions, and the performance of these cathodes was investigated at temperatures below 700 °C by AC impedance spectroscopy and the results indicated that the ion‐impregnated ESB‐LBSM system had an excellent performance. At 700 °C, the lowest cathode polarisation resistance (Rp) was only 0.07 Ω cm2 for the ion‐impregnated ESB‐LBSM system. For the performance testing of single cells, the maximum power density was 1.0 W cm–2 at 700 °C for a cell with the ESB‐LBSM cathode. The results demonstrated that the unique combination of the ESB ionic conducting matrix with electronic conducting LBSM materials was a valid method to improve the cathode performance, and the ion‐impregnated ESB‐LBSM was a promising composite cathode material for the intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells.
Synthesis of novel chiral Schiff bases and their application in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of prochiral ketones
Authors: Zhou Zhongqiang , Bian Yongjun 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNovel chiral Schiff bases were synthesized from (+)‐camphor, and their application to asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of prochiral ketones is described. The asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reaction could afford excellent conversion rates (up to 97.3%) and up to 27.3% enantiomeric excess. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:682–687, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20494
Mobilization effects of G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, and darbepoetin‐α for allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Kim Shi Nae , Moon Joon Ho , Kim Jong Gwang , Chae Yee Soo , Cho Yoon Young , Lee Soo Jung , Kim Yun Jeong , Lee Yoo Jin , Suh Jang Soo , Lee Kun Soo , Sohn Sang Kyun 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe effects of GM‐/G‐CSF and darbepoetin‐α on stem cell mobilization were investigated. From February 2005 to March 2007, 30 allogeneic sibling donors were randomly assigned to a G‐CSF group (5 μg/kg/day for 5–7 days) or triple group (GM‐CSF 10 μg/kg/day on 1st and 2nd day, G‐CSF 5 μg/kg/day for 5–7 days, and darbepoetin‐α 40 mg on 1st day). The MNCs and CD34+ cells were not different between the two groups, although the doses (×108/kg of recipient body weight) of CD3+ cells (3.64 ± 1.75 vs. 2.63 ± 1.36, P = 0.089) and CD8+ cells (1.07 ± 0.53 vs. 0.60 ± 0.30, P = 0.006) were lower in the triple group. The engraftments, frequency of RBC transfusions, and hemoglobin recovery were not different between the two groups. The cumulative incidence of overall and Grades II–IV aGVHD was 64.3% vs. 61.1% and 25.9% vs. 27.1% in the G‐CSF and triple regimen group, respectively, whereas the cumulative incidence of cGVHD was 20.8 ± 1.3% and 24.4 ± 1.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the triple regimen did not seem to be superior to G‐CSF alone in terms of the CD34+ cell dose, hemoglobin recovery, and GVHD. However, the CD8+ cell count was significantly lower in the triple regimen group. The role of a lower CD8+ cell count in the graft may need to be elucidated in the future. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histological and ultrastructural characterization of the alimentary system of solifuges (Arachnida, Solifugae)
Authors: Klann A.E. , Alberti G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSolifuges are voracious and fast predators. Once having captured a prey item, mostly small arthropods or even small vertebrates, they start feeding on their prey by constant chewing movements with their huge chelicerae. At the same time, they squeeze out the soft tissue that passes the anterior lattice‐like part of the mouthparts. The digestion of the food takes place in the midgut, which is anatomically highly complex. It consists of the midgut tube from which numerous prosomal and opisthosomal diverticula and tubular lateral branches arise. The dimorphic epithelium of the midgut tube and the diverticula is constituted of digestive and secretory cells. The digestive cells are characterized by an apical tubulus system and contain nutritional vacuoles, lipids, spherites, and glycogen. Secretory cells contain a huge amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory vacuoles. The lateral branches are ultrastructurally similar to Malpighian tubules and are likely involved in excretion. In contrast to the midgut, the epithelium of the hindgut consists of only one type of cell overlain by a thin cuticle. Digested residuals are stored in the hindgut until defecation. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface‐activated chemical ionization and cation exchange chromatography for the analysis of enterotoxin A
Authors: Cristoni Simone , Zingaro Lorenzo , Canton Cristina , Cremonesi Paola , Castiglioni Bianca , Morandi Stefano , Brasca Milena , Luzzana Massimo , Battaglia Cristina 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSurface‐activated chemical ionization (SACI) has been widely used in recent years for the analysis of different compounds (e.g. peptides, street drugs, amino acids). The main benefits of this technology are its high sensitivity and its effectiveness under different chromatographic conditions [i.e. ion exchange chromatography and reversed‐phase (RP) chromatography]. Here we used SACI in conjunction with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry to analyze enterotoxin A, which is produced by Staphylococcus aureus, in milk matrix using both RP and ion exchange chromatographies. SACI had increased sensitivity as compared with electrospray ionization. Moreover, the higher quantitation efficiency of this technique, mainly in terms of limit of detection (0.01 ng/ml), limit of quantitation (0.05 ng/ml), linearity range (0.05–50 ng/ml), matrix effect, accuracy (intraday and interday accuracy errors were 9.2% and 10.3%, respectively) and precision (intraday and interday precision errors were 5.3% and 12.8%, respectively), is shown and discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition metals as electron traps. II. Structures, energetics and electron transfer dissociations of ternary Co, Ni and Zn–peptide complexes in the gas phase
Authors: Tureček František , Holm Anne I. S. , Panja Subhasis , Nielsen Steen Brønsted , Hvelplund Preben 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTransition metal cations Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ form 1 : 1 : 1 ternary complexes with 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) and peptides in aqueous methanol solutions that have been studied for tripeptides GGG and GGL. Electrospray ionization of these solutions produced singly charged [Metal(bpy)(peptide − H)]+ and doubly charged [Metal(bpy)(peptide)]2+ ions (Metal = metal ion) that underwent charge reduction by glancing collisions with Cs atoms at 50 and 100 keV collision energies. Electron transfer to [Metal(bpy)(peptide)]2+ ions was less than 4.2 eV exoergic and formed abundant fractions of non‐dissociated charge‐reduced intermediates. Charge‐reduced [Metal(bpy)(peptide)]+ ions dissociated by the loss of a hydrogen atom, ammonia, water and ligands that depended on the metal ion. The Ni and Co complexes mainly dissociated by the elimination of ammonia, water, and the peptide ligand. The Zn complex dissociated by the elimination of ammonia and bpy. A sequence‐specific fragment was observed only for the Co complex. Electron transfer to [Metal(bpy)(peptide − H)]+ was 0.6–1.6 eV exoergic and formed intermediate radicals that were detected as stable anions after a second electron transfer from Cs. [Metal(bpy)(peptide − H)] neutrals and their anions dissociated by the loss of bpy and peptide ligands with branching ratios that depended on the metal ion. Optimized structures for several spin states, electron transfer and dissociation energies were addressed by combined density functional theory and Møller–Plesset perturbational calculations to aid interpretation of experimental data. The experimentally observed ligand loss and backbone cleavage in charge‐reduced [Metal(bpy)(peptide)]+ complexes correlated with the dissociation energies at the present level of theory. The ligand loss in +CR− spectra showed overlap of dissociations in charge‐reduced [Metal(bpy)(peptide − H)] complexes and their anionic counterparts which complicated spectra interpretation and correlation with calculated dissociation energies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the flavonoid casticin from Brazilian Croton betulaster in cerebral cortical progenitors in vitro: Direct and indirect action through astrocytes
Authors: de Sampaio e Spohr Tânia Cristina Leite , Stipursky Joice , Sasaki Adriana Campos , Barbosa Pedro Rocha , Martins Vanessa , Benjamim Cláudia Farias , Roque Nidia Franca , Costa Sílvia Lima , Gomes Flávia Carvalho Alcantara 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases are a major constraint on the social and economic development of many countries. Evidence has suggested that phytochemicals have an impact on brain pathology; however, both their mechanisms of action and their cell targets are incompletely known. Here, we investigated the effects of the flavonoid casticin, extracted from Croton betulaster, a common plant in the state of Bahia in Brazil, on rat cerebral cortex neurons in vitro. Treatment of neural progenitors with 10 μM casticin increased the neuronal population positive for the neuronal marker β‐tubulin III and the neuronal transcriptional factor Tbr2 by approximately 20%. This event was followed by a 50% decrease in neuronal death. Pools of astrocyte (GFAP and S100β), neural (nestin), and oligodendrocyte (Olig2 and NG2) progenitors were not affected by casticin. Neither neuronal commitment nor proliferation of progenitors was affected by casticin, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of this compound. Culture of neural progenitors on casticin‐treated astrocyte monolayers increased the neuronal population by 40%. This effect was reproduced by conditioned medium derived from casticin‐treated astrocytes, suggesting the involvement of a soluble factor. ELISA assays of the conditioned medium revealed a 20% increase in interleukin‐6 level in response to casticin. In contrast to the direct effect, neuronal death was unaffected, but a 52% decrease in the death of nestin‐positive progenitors was observed. Together our data suggest that casticin influences the neuronal population by two mechanisms: 1) directly, by decreasing neuronal death, and 2) indirectly, via astrocytes, by modulating the pool of neuronal progenitors. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chitosan‐modified nanoclay–poly(AMPS) nanocomposite hydrogels with improved gel strength
Authors: Kabiri Kourosh , Mirzadeh Hamid , Zohuriaan‐Mehr Mohammad J , Daliri Morteza 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Making (nano)composite structures is one of the efficient approaches for strengthening hydrogels extended in recent years. The present paper deals with the synthesis and properties of novel nanocomposite hydrogels based on 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane‐1‐sulfonic acid (AMPS). Initially, a bio‐modified clay, chitosan‐intercalated montmorillonite (chitoMMT), was prepared. Then, this was incorporated into the polymerization of AMPS in the presence of a macro‐crosslinker, i.e. poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, to yield super‐swelling nanocomposite hydrogels. The swelling capacity as well as some structural, rheological and thermomechanical properties of the hydrogels were studied and compared with those of the clay‐free counterpart.RESULTS: ChitoMMT exhibited no toxicity, which was confirmed using cell‐culture testing. A chitoMMT content of ca 6% was found to be the most favourable content of the bio‐modified clay for achieving a product with improved properties (i.e. the highest gel content, the highest gel strength and optimal thermal stability). Based on a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis study, an increased glass transition temperature (98.2 °C) and improved rubbery modulus (up to 238% higher than that of the clay‐free counterpart) were recorded. Thermogravimetric analysis verified that the thermal stability of nanocomposite samples was higher than that of clay‐free samples.CONCLUSION: Owing to the non‐toxicity of the incorporated chitoMMT, the strengthened hydrogels may be considered as potential candidates for bio‐applications. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Visibly observed photocrosslinking reaction in indolyl based pendant liquid crystalline polymers: Synthesis and optical property
Authors: Gayathri Kumarasamy , Saravanan Chinnusamy , Kannan Palaninathan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractVisibly observed photocrosslinkable pendant liquid crystalline polymers containing indolyl based chalcone were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization and characterized spectroscopically. The differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy were used to examine liquid crystalline property. The photocrosslinking and luminescence properties were monitored by UV‐Vis spectrophotometer and spectrofluorimeter, respectively. It demonstrates the chalcone unit did not manifest cis ↔ trans‐isomerization reaction along with 2π+2π photodimerization upon irradiation with UV light like other chalcones hitherto reported. The photocrosslinking was visibly monitored in solution through change of fluorescent color to colorless. The spacer lengths play a key role in the reaction. The fluorescence maximum was blue shifted around 70 nm in chloroform solution upon irradiation with UV light confirms the 2π+2π photodimerization of chalcone unit. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5208–5220, 2009
An observation‐space formulation of variational assimilation using a restricted preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm
Authors: Gratton Serge , Tshimanga Jean 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe consider parameter estimation problems involving a set of m physical observations, where an unknown vector of n parameters is defined as the solution of a nonlinear least‐squares problem. We assume that the problem is regularized by a quadratic penalty term. When solution techniques based on successive linearization are considered, as in the incremental four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) techniques for data assimilation, a sequence of linear systems with particular structure has to be solved. We exhibit a subspace of dimension m that contains the solution of these linear systems, and derive a variant of the conjugate gradient algorithm that is more efficient in terms of memory and computational costs than its standard form, when m is smaller than n. The new algorithm, which we call the Restricted Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (RPCG), can be viewed as an alternative to the so‐called Physical‐space Statistical Analysis System (PSAS) algorithm, which is another approach to solve the linear problem. In addition, we show that the non‐monotone and somehow chaotic behaviour of PSAS algorithm when viewed in the model space, experimentally reported by some authors, can be fully suppressed in RPCG.Moreover, since preconditioning and re‐orthogonalization of residuals vectors are often used in practice to accelerate convergence in high‐dimension data assimilation, we show how to reformulate these techniques within subspaces of dimension m in RPCG. Numerical experiments are reported, on an idealized data assimilation system based on the heat equation, that clearly show the effectiveness of our algorithm for large‐scale problems. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Hepatic Expression of Long‐Chain Acyl‐CoA Synthetase 3 is Upregulated in Hyperlipidemic Hamsters
Authors: Wu Minhao , Liu Haiyan , Chen Wei , Fujimoto Yasuyuki , Liu Jingwen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMembers of the mammalian long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetase (ACSL) family are key enzymes for cellular fatty acid metabolism that catalyze the initial step in activation of long‐chain fatty acids. However, the specificity of individual isoforms of ACSL to the lipid metabolic process is not well studied. In addition, the regulation of expression of individual ACSL isoforms under hyperlipidemic conditions is largely unknown. We cloned the hamster ACSL3 cDNA coding region and generated specific antibodies recognizing the ACSL3 protein. We next observed the changes in ACSL3 mRNA and protein expression in hamsters fed a standard chow diet or a high fat and high cholesterol (HFHC) diet. HFHC feeding significantly increased ACSL3 mRNA and protein expression in liver and to a lesser extent in muscle but not in adipose, brain, heart, or testis. Additionally, ACSL3 mRNA abundance was differentially regulated by the nutritional status in different tissues with liver, muscle, and adipose being the most sensitive tissues. Importantly, the hepatic ACSL3 mRNA expression pattern in response to fasting and refeeding in hyperlipidemic hamsters differed from that observed in normal chow‐fed hamsters. Together, these results provide the first in vivo evidence of altered regulation of hepatic ACSL3 expression under hyperlipidemic conditions and suggest important regulatory roles for this enzyme in lipid metabolism.
Correlation for the Lower Palaeozoic
Authors: COCKS L. ROBIN M. , FORTEY RICHARD A. , RUSHTON ADRIAN W. A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe global correlation standards now agreed for the Ordovician and Silurian systems, and partly so for the Cambrian System, are summarized. Correlation of the international series and stages with the traditional and revised British series and stages is reviewed, as well as with those in North America (Laurentia).
‘Born out of crisis’: Assessing the Legacy of the Exmoor Moorland Management Agreements
Authors: LOBLEY MATT , WINTER MICHAEL 
Published: September 2009

AbstractShortly after the designation of Exmoor National Park in 1954 the moorland that the park was charged with maintaining and enhancing came under threat from agricultural improvement. The ensuing ‘moorland conflict’ eventually led to a pioneering system of moorland management agreements. The moorland management agreements have an important place in the transformation of agricultural policy and the development and social acceptance amongst farmers and landowners of the concept that farmers should be paid for their stewardship of the environment. Drawing on published and unpublished documents, as well as extensive interviews, this paper revisits the origins of the problem of moorland reclamation, assesses the role played by key individuals in publicising the problem and promoting management agreements as a solution, considers the risks taken by those entering into management agreements, and identifies some of the tangible and intangible impacts of the moorland management agreement system.