bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Characteristics of Guodian Texts
Authors: Kenneth W. Holloway 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter outlines general principles of Guodian religion. The focus of the religious system is unification that involves the bringing together of distinct individuals. Maintaining our individuality is underscored by the physical presence of morality in each of our bodies that requires us to recognize minority as well as majority concerns within the society at large; therefore, Guodian texts describe a system that is intended for an entire society of individuals. It also requires a belief in the ability of others to act morally. The transition from the individual to the society requires faith, as it relies on others for its maintenance and propagation. Subsequent chapters will provide a detailed analysis of the important transition between individual ethics and a socially conceived system, which is the foundation of religious sentiment in Guodian texts.
Genesis of an Islamist Agenda
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter looks at the genesis of the Islamist agenda in Malaysia from the perspective of both Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). Using the history of the Islamist opposition PAS and UMNO’s concomitant early responses to its rise as a lens through which to perceive the early tenor of Islamism in the Malaysian context, the chapter demonstrates how the party underwent several metamorphoses as it evolved to locate Islamism at the heart of its social-political agenda.
Open Secrets and Hidden Truths
Authors: Latham Sean 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
By the end of the 19th century, the realist novel’s distinctive mode of organizing social, historical, and aesthetic knowledge came under increasing pressure from the roman à clef. Amidst a rapidly expanding, mass-mediated celebrity, this long suppressed genre abruptly emerged from the margins of culture to play a key role in the founding texts of modernism. Using the work of Oscar Wilde and Sigmund Freud, this chapter contends that these two figures help initiate the onset of modernism precisely by turning toward the roman à clef, releasing narrative powers they quickly realized were well beyond their control. Unlike most of his predecessors, Freud regularly adopted the conventions of the roman à clef for his case studies, using this device as a way to mask (and sometimes mutilate) the identities of his often affluent patients while exploring the fraught boundary between fact and fiction in their psychic lives. Wilde, too, exploits these same ambiguities throughout his work. Like Freud, he attempts to cultivate and to exploit a central, organizing secret in his work that articulates the provisional identities and social practices hovering imprecisely between history and the novel.
The Coterie as Commodity
Authors: Latham Sean 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The continuing expansion of the mass media in the 20th century, and particularly the emergence of mass-mediated celebrity culture, meant that an ever-growing audience imagined they had access to even the most exclusive circles. Uniquely positioned to exploit this fraught tension between the public and the private, the roman à clef became an increasingly popular genre, catering to a market hungry for scandal and snobbery. This chapter focuses narrowly on two such coteries, one in England and the other in Paris. The first organized itself around the imposing figure of Lady Ottoline Morrell, who, despite her generosity, was frequently satirized in romans à clef by D. H. Lawrence, Aldous Huxley, and others. Far from simpleminded acts of revenge, these works deliberately exploit the genre in order to escape the hermetic aestheticism of highbrow modernism and thus reap the considerable rewards of the wider literary marketplace. In expatriate Paris, Jean Rhys deployed the roman à clef in similarly strategic ways, using the masochistic protagonist in Quartet to attack Ford Madox Ford’s misogynistic bohemianism. Poised at the boundary between public and private, the roman à clef thrives at the intersection between gender, genre, modernism, and celebrity.
Supernatural Agents
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book provides a cognitive scientific perspective to beliefs about supernatural agents. First, human intuitions about agents, agency, and counterintuitive concepts are outlined and explained. Second, various kinds of folk beliefs and theological doctrines about souls and spirits are analyzed in the light of the human cognitive architecture, using descriptions of spirit possession and shamanism as materials. Third, scholastic discussions of God’s cognitive capacities as well as folk-psychological God beliefs are analyzed. This analysis combines with a discussion of Buddhist ideas of soullesness and of buddhahood in textual traditions and in folk beliefs. Beliefs about God and buddhas are shown to rest on the same cognitive capacities of understanding agency and intentionality that underlie spirit beliefs. The Buddhist doctrine of soullessness was originally a denial of the self as a separate spiritual entity, not a denial of personal agency. God and buddhas differ from ordinary agents in that they are believed to have open access to all minds. Therefore, they can serve as means of representing what persons believe others to believe. Such divine minds are also used as an explanation for the fact that the whole of reality is intuitively experienced as if intentionally directed by a personal will. The book ends with a discussion of the future of religion and atheism.
God as Supernatural Agent
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe anthropomorphic gods of the Israelite myths were gradually elaborated into the philosophical idea of a triune God. What remains the same in the various folk-psychological and theological representations of God is the idea of personal agency: both El and Yahweh, God the Father in the definition of the council of Chalcedon, and Tillich’s “being itself” are persons. God also has a will and possesses knowledge. God’s omniscience means that s/he has a full access to all possible mental contents. God in a way represents all possible “orders of intentionality” at once (I know that she believes that he wants that she wishes that …). The mind of God thus is a shortcut to the shared knowledge of a group. The Church is regarded as the body of Christ made alive by the Holy Spirit.
A Survey of Family Ties Benefits
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the multiple sites in which a defendant's family status is used as a basis for extending a benefit to that person within the criminal justice system. It explores how jurisdictions offer evidentiary privileges and other exemptions affecting evidence gathering that constrain the state from intruding into familial relationships. It then describes the efforts by some states to shield from prosecution family members who harbor fugitives from law enforcement officials. It also surveys family ties benefits associated with violence in the family, pretrial release, sentencing, and prison administration.
Applying the Framework to Family Ties Burdens
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the various family ties burdens identified in Chapter 4. It offers a basis for how the normative framework in Chapter 5 contributes to a more comprehensive accounting when analyzing each family ties burden. The framework recommends caution about the bulk of the family ties burdens that have been identified and urges creativity in redesigning these burdens to make them less discriminatory.
Context
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter first introduces Hugh of St. Victor’s context as to early 12th-century Paris, the founding of St. Victor by William of Champeaux, and the leadership of Abbot Gilduin. It then surveys what little is known of Hugh’s life and discusses how to approach his many and varied writings. The edition of Hugh’s works supervised by Gilduin provides an order for introducing this corpus.
De Sacramentis, book two
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces and summarizes book 2 of De sacramentis. It covers Incarnation, Christ, church, orders, garments, baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, minor sacraments, simony, marriage, monastic vows, vices and virtues, confession, anointing of the sick, the dying, and the afterlife.
2 Systematic Theology as Analytic Theology
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores a vision of systematic theology as analytic theology, describes in general terms what that might involve, addresses some objections, and illustrates how it might proceed by taking up two loci of systematic theology and shows what analytic theology might look like in practice. The chapter provides some suggestions on the division of labour between analytic theology and the epistemology of theology as this crops up in the place of prolegomenon in systematic theology.
6 Schleiermacher's Theological Anti‐Realism
Authors: Dole Andrew 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the work of Friedrich Schleiermacher as a possible progenitor of contemporary theological anti-realism. It argues that Schleiermacher's treatment of Christian doctrines in The Christian Faith can be usefully compared to reductive anti-realism, and that there are aspects of his approach that mitigate the tendency towards reductivism. Properly understood Schleiermacher can be described as a theological anti-realist but only in a modest sense, and one which is predicated on his distinctive understanding of the duties of the theologian as much as on the nature of religious language. It is further argued that while there are useful lessons to be learned from Schleiermacher's theology, contemporary theologians are under no obligation to adopt his position on either religious language or the parameters of the theological enterprise.
10 The Contribution of Religious Experience to Dogmatic Theology
Authors: Sudduth Michael 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the interrelated contributions of natural theology and religious experience to dogmatic theology. It examines the functional diversity of natural theology, which gives us good reason to view natural theology as an essential part of the discourse of dogmatic theology itself as the latter reaches toward the desiderata of systematicity, explication of biblical motifs concerning general revelation, and Church-world dialogue. It argues that natural theology and religious experience are conceptually and epistemically intertwined to such a degree that any attempt to integrate natural and dogmatic theology forces the dogmatician to consider the nature and deliverances of religious experience.
12 The Problem of Evil
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter argues that one shortcoming of analytic philosophy is hemianopia: a narrow focus on left-brain processing skills. Because of this, analytic philosophers end up ignoring important sources of information, one of which is narrative. Narratives that relate one person's experience of another convey non-propositional information about the person (or about persons generally) that might, in principle, function evidentially in philosophical argument. This is of particular importance in theology; for the Bible is a rich source of narratives relating the experiences of God that have been had by various people.
13 Hermeneutics and Holiness
Authors: Westphal Merold 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
As an alternative to ‘analytic theology’, a ‘continental’ approach is presented in this chapter. The possibility that phenomenology, especially a phenomenology that has taken the hermeneutical turn, can be helpful to theology is explored. An affirmative answer is given both for the hermeneutics of finitude and for the hermeneutics of suspicion. These modes of reflection are especially helpful to theology when they put themselves in the service of theology's own telos, individual lives and communities of holiness.
Counterproliferation Policy
Authors: Joyner Daniel H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter considers the relevance of international law to the policies of states relative to WMD proliferation, with particular consideration of the arguable shifting of some states' policies away from an emphasis on combating WMD proliferation through the facilitating rules and diplomatic networks embodied in these various sources of non-proliferation law, and toward a greater emphasis on combating WMD proliferation through more forceful, proactive, and often unilateral or small-coalition-based counterproliferation policies. An overview of Chapters 7 to 9 is also presented.
The Challenges of Counterproliferation: Law and Policy of the Iraq Intervention
Authors: Joyner Daniel H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents the U.S.-led coalition's 2003 intervention in Iraq as a case study of the implementation of counterproliferation strategy as opposed to non-proliferation strategy. It reviews those principles of international non-proliferation law which applied to the actions both of Iraq and of the coalition forces, respectively, in the context of this intervention, and reaches conclusions regarding the compliance of the actions of the two sides with those legal obligations. It then discusses the implications of the intervention for considerations of the likely effectiveness and general advisability of the shift in emphasis in national policies away from the classic non-proliferation treaties and regimes system and toward more forceful and proactive strategies of counterproliferation, of which the intervention is an example. It is argued that the Iraq intervention of 2003 is a manifestation of this resetting of emphasis in the United States and in a limited number of other countries to favour counterproliferation efforts which, while sharing the classic non-proliferation aim of preventing the development, possession, and use of WMD, differs from traditional non-proliferation approaches in that they prescribe action in situations in which that use is not an imminent reality, but rather perceived to be a serious developing threat.
Fabula, between μῦθος and אגדה: concerning Christian exegesis during the Middle Ages
Authors: Dahan Gilbert 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In providing a model of allegorical interpretation and in condemning the fabula on several occasions, St Paul laid the foundation for Christian exegesis. During the following generations Christian and Jewish exegesis went separate and mutually opposing ways, the former opting for allegorical exegesis, the latter for ‘mythic’ exegesis. However, it appears that any traditional confessional exegesis has need of these two elements — allegory and myth. Under diverse forms, myth reappears in western Christian thought, during the 12th and 13th centuries — first myths of pagan antiquity, then Jewish agadot. The constant occurrences of the expression Iudei fabulantur in 13th-century exegesis seem to respond to this need. By means of a brief linguistic analysis and an examination of commentaries on the pastoral epistles in which Paul condemns myth, this chapter attempts to lay the groundwork for a broader inquiry to ascertain the place of myth or of fabula in Christian exegesis.
The Neo‐Assyrian origins of the canon formula in Deuteronomy 13:1
Authors: Levinson Bernard M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter investigates the so-called ‘canon formula’ found in Deut 13:1. The prohibitions against disloyalty in Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (VTE § 10) have previously been recognized as an influence upon the Deuteronomic apostasy series (Deut 13:2-12). A similar origin for the canon formula of Deut 13:1 is proposed as part of the larger project of creative literary reworking. The implication of this model is that the canon formula, in form-critical terms, represents part of the adjuration to loyalty found in the literary model of the adê.
Traditum and traditio: the case of Deuteronomy 17: 14–20
Authors: Nicholson Ernest 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines Deuteronomy (17:14-20) and its role in shaping identity. It argues against those who would read this passage as an early Deuteronomic source, and demonstrates that these verses of Deuteronomy reflect later Deuteronomistic editorializing.
The Suffering Servant: from Isaiah to the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Knohl Israel 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The radical separation between the world of the living and the realm of the dead is not universal through the Hebrew Bible. The distinctions weaken in the later stages of biblical literature. There is a blurring of the realms in Isaiah 52-3, wherein the prophet describes the figure of the Suffering Servant. Far from being cut off from God after his death, the servant is divinely rewarded. Similarly, the book of Daniel forecasts a reward of eternal life for the righteous: ‘many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life’ (12:2); Daniel identifies these righteous ones with Isaiah's Suffering Servant and goes so far as to assign heavenly status to them. Finally, the Dead Sea Scrolls show a figure who identifies himself with the Suffering Servant and at the same time claims superiority over the angels. This chapter traces the development of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah, Daniel, and the Dead Sea Scrolls, and examines the figure's distinctive combination of suffering and divine exaltation.
The Work of the Chariot and the Work of Creation as mystical teachings in Philo of Alexandria
Authors: Liebes Yehuda 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that Philo of Alexandria considered the Work of the Chariot and the Work of Creation (i.e. Ezek 1 and 10, and Gen 1) to be domains of esoteric knowledge that must be concealed. This claim, if proven, has significance for two central areas of research in Jewish studies. First, in respect of research in Jewish mysticism, it is argued that the rabbinic statements concerning the esoteric nature of the Work of Creation and the Work of the Chariot rest upon an ancient tradition that preceded Philo of Alexandria. Second, this claim will help to substantiate research in which connections have been discovered between Philo, the most prominent representative of Hellenistic Judaism in Egypt, and rabbinic literature, and will even establish the teachings of Philo as continuous with Jewish mysticism and Kabbalah.
‘If the text had not been written, it could not be said’
Authors: Halbertal Moshe 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the inner workings and implications of an unusual rabbinic locution. What at first appears like a simple hedge, when read more deeply, offers profound theological insights in which God is understood counter-intuitively as a slave, a wife, and a victim. While the chapter uncovers the yearning that Israel felt for God and the temple, it reveals the rich and complex emotions that link God to Israel.
On angels and biblical exegesis in thirteenth‐century Ashkenaz
Authors: Idel Moshe 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter continues the theme of esoteric interpretation, considering the Ashkenazic cultural context. The traditions of the Hasidei Ashkenaz, which often build upon the earlier rabbinic traditions of Heikhalot mysticism, emphasize such tools as the use of gematria and the invocation of angelic names, which sets them apart from contemporaneous kabbalistic and philosophical modes of exegesis. Through the delineation of the continuity of tradition from the ancient Near East to medieval German Jewry, the chapter echoes the broad time-span that unifies Fishbane's work on ancient myth and later mythmaking.
Finding the radiance in the text: a Habad hasidic interpretation of the Exodus
Authors: Loewenthal Naftali 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes how transcendently mystical readings can coincide with homiletical and halakhic exegesis in the context of late 18th-century Habad Hasidism. It argues that, for the hasidim, or at least for some of them, all roads lead to Jerusalem, that is, to a sense of contact or even union with the Divine, reaching beyond the finite definitions and limitations of the world. The meaning of the text joins with the radiance beyond the text.
History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America
Authors: Soffer Reba 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This book provides a compelling explanation of the contents and substance of conservative ideas, their intentions and consequences, and the historical contexts that contributed to their formulation and dissemination among a variety of audiences. The book adds a novel, comparative dimension to the study of those ideas that informed conservatism by examining the subjects, motives, and personal and intellectual origins of historians who were also successful, polemical public intellectuals. Until at least the 1960s, in their search for a persuasive and wide appeal, conservatives depended upon history and historians to provide conservative concepts with authority and authenticity. Beginning in 1913 in Britain and 1940 in America, conservative historians participated actively and influentially in debates about the heart, soul, and, especially, the mind of conservatism. Four historians in Britain, F. J. C. Hearnshaw, Keith Feiling, Arthur Bryant, and Herbert Butterfield, and three in America, Daniel Boorstin, Peter Viereck, and Russell Kirk, developed conservative responses to unprecedented and threatening events domestically and internationally. They shared basic assumptions about human nature and society, but their subjects, interpretations, conclusions, and prescriptions were independent and idiosyncratic. Uniquely close to powerful political figures, each historian also spoke directly to a large public, who bought their books, read their contributions to newspapers and journals, listened to them on the radio, and watched them on television. Additionally, the book addresses the dominance of both conservatism and Conservatism in 20th‐century Britain and the delayed development in America, until the Reagan ascendancy, of both a Conservative party and popular conservatism.
Introduction
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
While British conservatism had a 200‐year‐old heritage, its American counterpart appeared in the 19th century largely as a response to the challenges of a post‐Second World War world. In both countries, conservatism was contested, evolving, and amorphous. The Introduction discusses how so intellectually elusive a phenomenon as 19th‐century conservative thought can be studied to reveal the contents and coherence of the concepts, their intentions and effects, their changes and continuities, and the historical conditions to which they belonged. Additionally, the Introduction examines the criteria for discovering the most representative and influential people who held and promoted conservative ideas.
Intellectual History, Political Thought, and Conservatism
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the advantages of intellectual history in comparison with other approaches to political thought generally, and to British and American conservatism particularly, and it explains why, among all the conservatives writing during these inter‐war and post‐war decades, four British and four American historians have been chosen as central figures in the definition, representation, and propagation of conservative thought. These figures were selected because of their coherent and accessible statement of conservative ideas, and because of their demonstrable success in reaching audiences larger and more varied than the small groups accustomed to rehearsing conservative messages.