bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Professionalism, Sociability and the Liberal Party in the Constituencies
Authors: Koop Royce 
Published: January 2011

Abstract.Studies of the local organizations of Canadian political parties often neglect those organizations' small leadership groups, the local executives. This article explores and develops a classification of constituency association executives. Interviews and participant observation in the Liberal party's constituency associations reveal that executives differ in their personnel, internal relations, organization, leadership and permeability. The result of this analysis is the development of two distinct types of executives: professional and sociable. Preliminary analysis suggests that political factors—local electoral strength and the presence of members of Parliament—play a crucial role in determining the development of professional executives.Résumé.L'étude des organisations locales des partis politiques canadiens tend à négliger le leadership de ces petites organisations, soit les comités exécutifs de comté. Cet article explore le sujet et établit une classification de ces comités. La conduite d'entrevues et une observation participative au sein des associations de circonscription du Parti libéral révèlent que les comités exécutifs diffèrent dans leur gestion des ressources humaines, leurs relations internes, leur organisation, leur leadership et leur perméabilité. Les résultats de ces analyses permettent de dégager deux types de comité exécutif de comté, soit le type social et le type professionnel. Des analyses préliminaires permettent aussi de suggérer que des facteurs politiques – la force du parti dans la circonscription et la présence d'un élu au Parlement – jouent un rôle crucial dans la formation d'un comité exécutif de type professionnel.
Virtual Policy Networks: Where all Roads Lead to Rome
Authors: McNutt Kathleen 
Published: January 2011

Abstract.Public sector websites are heavily invested in influencing policy outcomes through information provisioning and dissemination. Traditionally e-government research has focused on the internal functions of e-government studying service delivery, horizontal information processing integration and levels of implementation maturity. This paper shifts the analytical focus to external-facing e-government to consider the macro presentation of state-sponsored sites on the Web. To evaluate the external face of Canadian e-government this project measures the web-based impact of public sector websites in virtual policy networks. Virtual policy networks are web-based issues networks containing content on a specific policy topic and connected through hyperlinks. It is argued that government's online nodality in these networks is an indicator of public sector websites' authority and influence on the Web.Résumé.Les sites Internet du secteur public sont fortement consacrés à influencer les résultats des politiques publiques en offrant et en disséminant de l'information. Par le passé, la recherche sur l'e-gouvernement s'est concentrée sur ses fonctions internes, en étudiant la distribution des services, l'intégration horizontale du traitement de l'information et les niveaux de maturité de la mise en œuvre. Cet article déplace la focale analytique vers les fonctions externes de l'e-gouvernement, en considérant une macroprésentation de sites étatiques sur la toile. Afin d'évaluer la dimension externe de l'e-gouvernement canadien, ce projet mesure l'impact Internet de sites du secteur public dans des réseaux virtuels de politiques publiques. Les réseaux virtuels de politiques publiques sont des réseaux Internet traitant de questions particulières; ils contiennent des renseignements sur des questions précises de politiques publiques et sont reliés entre eux par des hyperliens. L'auteure soutient que la nodalité en ligne du gouvernement dans ces réseaux est un indicateur de l'autorité des sites Internet du secteur public et de leur influence sur le reste de la toile.
Efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on treatment in sheep naturally infected withDictyocaulus filariaandCystocaulus ocreatus
Authors: Kırcalı Sevimli F. , Kozan E. , Doğan N. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe efficacy of eprinomectin onDictyocaulus filariaandCystocaulus ocreatusin naturally infected sheep was evaluated in the present study. In total, 30 infected sheep were randomly divided into two groups: treated (n = 15) and untreated (n = 15). A single pour-on dose of eprinomectin (0.5 mg/kg) was administered to the treated group. No medication was used in the untreated group. Faecal larval counts were performed on pre-treatment (day 0) and post-treatment (days 7, 14, 21 and 42) days. Eprinomectin was found to be 100% effective againstD. filariaon day 7 post-treatment when compared with the untreated group and it maintained this effect on days 14, 21 and 42. However, the decrease in faecal larval count ofC. ocreatuswas found to be 86, 86 and 91%, on days 14, 21 and 42, respectively.
Abnormal negative feedback processing in first episode schizophrenia: evidence from an oculomotor rule switching task
Authors: Huddy V. C. , Hodgson T. L. , Ron M. A. , Barnes T. R. E. , Joyce E. M. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia are impaired on executive tasks, where positive and negative feedbacks are used to update task rules or switch attention. However, research to date using saccadic tasks has not revealed clear deficits in task switching in these patients. The present study used an oculomotor ‘rule switching’ task to investigate the use of negative feedback when switching between task rules in people with schizophrenia.MethodA total of 50 patients with first episode schizophrenia and 25 healthy controls performed a task in which the association between a centrally presented visual cue and the direction of a saccade could change from trial to trial. Rule changes were heralded by an unexpected negative feedback, indicating that the cue-response mapping had reversed.ResultsSchizophrenia patients were found to make increased errors following a rule switch, but these were almost entirely the result of executing saccades away from the location at which the negative feedback had been presented on the preceding trial. This impairment in negative feedback processing was independent of IQ.ConclusionsThe results not only confirm the existence of a basic deficit in stimulus–response rule switching in schizophrenia, but also suggest that this arises from aberrant processing of response outcomes, resulting in a failure to appropriately update rules. The findings are discussed in the context of neurological and pharmacological abnormalities in the conditions that may disrupt prediction error signalling in schizophrenia.
No mirrors for the powerful: Why dominant smiles are not processed using embodied simulation
Authors: Huang Li , Galinsky Adam D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA complete model of smile interpretation needs to incorporate its social context. We argue that embodied simulation is an unlikely route for understanding dominance smiles, which typically occur in the context of power. We support this argument by discussing the lack of eye contact with dominant faces and the facial and postural complementarity, rather than mimicry, that pervades hierarchical relationships.
Could embodied simulation be a by-product of emotion perception?
Authors: Kiverstein Julian , Zamuner Edoardo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe SIMS model claims that it is by means of an embodied simulation that we determine the meaning of an observed smile. This suggests that crucial interpretative work is done in the mapping that takes us from a perceived smile to the activation of one's own facial musculature. How is this mapping achieved? Might it depend upon a prior interpretation arrived at on the basis of perceptual and contextual information?
Conceptual knowledge: Grounded in sensorimotor states, or a disembodied deus ex machina?
Authors: Morsella Ezequiel , Montemayor Carlos , Hubbard Jason , Zarolia Pareezad 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIf embodied models no longer address thesymbol grounding problemand a “disembodied” conceptual system can step in and resolve categorizations when embodied simulations fail, then perhaps the next step in theory-building is to isolate the unique contributions of embodied simulation. What is a disembodied conceptual system incapable of doing with respect to semantic processing or the categorization of smiles?
Just One of the Goys: Salinger's, Miller's, and Malamud's Hidden Jewish Heroes
Authors: Garrett Leah 
Published: January 2011

In his seminal essay “Jewish-Americans, Go Home” (1964), Leslie Fiedler attacked postwar Jewish writing and its widespread use of what he controversially labeled “crypto-Jewish characters,”who are in habit, speech, and condition of life typically Jewish-American, but who are presented as something else—general-American say, as inDeath of a Salesman.
More on balanced diets
Authors: FRIEDMANN OLIVER , LANGE MARTIN 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDiscrete Interval Encoding Trees are data structures for the representation of fat, i.e. densely populated sets over a discrete linear order. In this paper, we introduce algorithms for set-theoretic operations like intersection, union, etc. on sets represented as balanced diets. We empirically analyse their performance and show that these algorithms can outperform previously known algorithms on sets, such as the ones implemented in OCaml's standard library.
Foregoing Sub‐therapeutic Antibiotics: the Impact on Broiler Grow‐out Operations
Authors: MacDonald James M. , Wang Sun‐Ling 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe use data from a recent national survey to analyze the use of sub‐therapeutic antibiotics (STAs) among broiler growers. We estimate that 42% of growers do not use STAs in their feed or water, and instead rely on a set of other practices, including pathogen testing, expanded sanitary protocols, altered feeding regimens, and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point HACCP plans to maintain production. Suspending STAs has no statistically significant impact on production given other inputs, but producers who forego STAs receive higher contract fees, suggesting that they bear higher costs to realize a given level of output.
Effect of Phosphate Salts on the Pasting Properties of Korean Instant‐Fried Noodle
Authors: Wang Li , Hou Gary G. , Hsu Ya‐Hsuan , Zhou Lirong 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTUp to 15% modified potato starch (MPS) is often added into Korean instant noodle formulas to improve the cooking and eating quality. However, the addition of MPS leads to higher raw material costs. The effect of phosphate salts (PS) on Korean instant‐fried noodle pasting properties was investigated in this research. When 33% of total MPS in the regular Korean instant noodle formula was substituted by a small amount of PS (≤0.3%), the results clearly indicated that all the PS improved the pasting properties of noodle dough and ground instant‐fried noodle powder, especially the peak viscosity of the Rapid ViscoAnalyser (RVA) curves. However, the pasting temperature was affected little by PS except that tripotassium phosphate increased it significantly. The RVA results showed that the pasting properties of ground instant noodle powder were significantly improved when 33% of MPS was substituted by 0.300% dipotassium phosphate. Meanwhile, the pasting properties were close to those of the regular formula ground instant noodle powder when 33% of MPS was substituted by 0.030% monosodium phosphate or 0.300% disodium phosphate. Therefore, we suggest that MPS used in Korea instant‐fried noodle could be partially substituted by the blends of selected PS.
The Pepper Mannose-Binding Lectin Gene CaMBL1 Is Required to Regulate Cell Death and Defense Responses to Microbial Pathogens
Authors: Hwang In Sun , Hwang Byung Kook 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Plant mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) are crucial for plant defense signaling during pathogen attack by recognizing specific carbohydrates on pathogen surfaces. In this study, we isolated and functionally characterized a novel pepper (Capsicum annuum) MBL gene, CaMBL1, from pepper leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Xcv). The CaMBL1 gene contains a predicted Galanthus nivalis agglutinin-related lectin domain responsible for the recognition of high-mannose N-glycans but lacks a middle S-locus glycoprotein domain and a carboxyl-terminal PAN-Apple domain. The CaMBL1 protein exhibits binding specificity for mannose and is mainly localized to the plasma membrane. Immunoblotting using a CaMBL1-specific antibody revealed that CaMBL1 is strongly expressed and accumulates in pepper leaves during avirulent Xcv infection. The transient expression of CaMBL1 induces the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), the activation of defense-related genes, and the cell death phenotype in pepper. The G. nivalis agglutinin-related lectin domain of CaMBL1 is responsible for cell death induction. CaMBL1-silenced pepper plants are more susceptible to virulent or avirulent Xcv infection compared with unsilenced control plants, a phenotype that is accompanied by lowered reactive oxygen species accumulation, reduced expression of downstream SA target genes, and a concomitant decrease in SA accumulation. In contrast, CaMBL1 overexpression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) confers enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato and Alternaria brassicicola infection. Together, these data suggest that CaMBL1 plays a key role in the regulation of plant cell death and defense responses through the induction of downstream defense-related genes and SA accumulation after the recognition of microbial pathogens.
Regulators of G‐protein signalling inFusarium verticillioidesmediate differential host–pathogen responses on nonviable versus viable maize kernels
Authors: MUKHERJEE MALA , KIM JUNG‐EUN , PARK YONG‐SOON , KOLOMIETS MICHAEL V. , SHIM WON‐BO 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYGBB1, a heterotrimeric G‐protein β‐subunit gene, was shown to be a key regulator of fumonisin B1(FB1) biosynthesis in the maize pathogenFusarium verticillioides. In this study, we performed functional analyses of genes that encode putative RGS (regulators of G‐protein signalling) proteins and PhLPs (phosducin‐like proteins) inF. verticillioides. These proteins are known to regulate heterotrimeric G‐protein activity by altering the intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity, which, in turn, influences the signalling mechanisms that control fungal growth, virulence and secondary metabolism. Our aim was to isolate and characterize gene(s) that are under the transcriptional control ofGBB1, and to test the hypothesis that these genes are directly associated with FB1regulation and fungal development inF. verticillioideson maize kernels. We first identified eight genes (two PhLPs and six RGSs) in theF. verticillioidesgenome, and a subsequent transcriptional expression study revealed that three RGS genes were up‐regulated in thegbb1deletion (Δgbb1) mutant and one RGS gene was up‐regulated in the wild‐type. To characterize their function, we generated knockout mutants using a homologous recombination strategy. When grown on autoclaved nonviable kernels, two mutants (ΔflbA2 and ΔrgsB) produced significantly higher levels of FB1compared with the wild‐type progenitor, suggesting that the two mutated genes are negative regulators of FB1biosynthesis. ΔflbA2 also showed a severe curly conidia germination pattern, which was contradictory to that observed in the Δgbb1 strain. Strikingly, when these mutants were grown on live maize kernels, we observed contrasting FB1and conidiation phenotypes in fungal mutants, which strongly suggests that these G‐protein regulators have an impact on howF. verticillioidesresponds to host/environmental factors. Our data also provide evidence that fungal G‐protein signalling is important for modulating the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in maize kernels.
Hospitalisation of and mortality from bleeding peptic ulcer in Sweden: a nationwide time‐trend analysis
Authors: Åhsberg K. , Ye W. , Lu Y. , Zheng Z. , Staël von Holstein C. 
Published: January 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 578–584SummaryBackground  Time‐trend analyses of incidence and mortality in bleeding peptic ulcer show divergent results.Aim  To conduct a detailed national analysis of hospitalisation of and mortality from bleeding peptic ulcer in Sweden.Method  Data from all hospitalisations at departments with primary responsibility for patients with bleeding ulcer in Sweden, with main diagnosis or co‐diagnosis of bleeding ulcer from 1987 to 2005 were retrieved from the Hospital Discharge Register. A validation study was performed due to an uncertainty in diagnostic setting after the introduction of ICD‐10 in 1997. Annual hospitalisation rates per 100 000 inhabitants in relation to gender, age and ulcer location were calculated as well as age‐standardised 30‐day mortality rates.Results  Hospitalisations for bleeding ulcer decreased from 63.9 to 35.3 per 100 000 inhabitants per year during the study period. The decrease was greater among men (men: from 80.4 to 40.9; women: from 47.7 to 29.7) and in younger age groups. Bleeding gastric ulcer decreased in both genders, and bleeding duodenal ulcer decreased most among men, but was stable in a subgroup of elderly women. Median age increased from 70 to 76 years. Standardised 30‐day mortality increased from 5.3% to 6.2%. The increased mortality was found in those aged more than 65 years and with duodenal ulcer disease, whereas mortality remained unchanged in those with bleeding gastric ulcer.Conclusion  Hospitalisation rates for bleeding peptic ulcer have markedly decreased in Sweden in all age groups. The 30‐day mortality is low compared with other nationwide studies in the western world, but has increased among patients with duodenal ulcer disease.
Native herbivores and plant facilitation mediate the performance and distribution of an invasive exotic grass
Authors: Cushman J. Hall , Lortie Christopher J. , Christian Caroline E. 
Published: January 2011

Summary1. Exotic plant species have become increasingly prominent features of ecological landscapes throughout the world, and their interactions with native and exotic taxa in these novel environments may play critical roles in mediating the dynamics of such invasions.2. Here, we summarize results from comparative and experimental studies that explore the effects of two factors – herbivory and facilitation – on the performance and distribution of an invasive South African grass,Ehrharta calycina, in a coastal foredune system in northern California, USA.3. Using a 2‐year exclosure experiment, we show that a native herbivore, black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus), significantly reduced the height, shoot production, fecundity and above‐ground biomass of this exotic grass.4. Data from two comparative studies and a neighbour‐removal experiment revealed thatEhrhartafrequently escaped herbivores by associating with three neighbouring plant species – an exotic perennial grass,Ammophila arenaria, an exotic perennial succulent,Carpobrotus edulis, and a native perennial shrub,Baccharis pilularis.Ehrhartagrowing in association with neighbours was taller, had fewer grazed shoots, produced greater numbers of spikelets and had greater above‐ground biomass than unassociated individuals. Furthermore, removing neighbours generally eliminated these benefits in 7 months, although effects differed among neighbour species.5. An additional neighbour‐removal experiment conducted in the absence of jackrabbits indicated that neighbour removals did not have significant impacts onEhrhartaheight, shoot production, spikelet production or above‐ground dry biomass. These results suggest that the primary means by whichEhrhartabenefits from neighbouring plants is protection from herbivores – either because they are less apparent to herbivores or less accessible – and thatEhrhartalikely incurred minimal costs from associating with neighbours.6. Ehrhartawas more frequently associated with neighbours than expected due to chance, and less frequently found in open dune habitat. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of herbivory and facilitation have been sufficiently strong to shape the local distribution of this invader in the landscape.7. Synthesis. Our research has demonstrated that herbivory and facilitation have jointly influenced the dynamics of a biological invasion, and highlights the importance of evaluating the effects of multiple interactions on invasions in a single system.
Abrupt ombrotrophication of a boreal aapa mire triggered by hydrological disturbance in the catchment
Authors: Tahvanainen Teemu 
Published: January 2011

Summary 1. Hydrological changes due to drainage and climate warming can have great impact on the ecosystem balance of boreal mires. The possibility of ombrotrophication, i.e. the development from fen to bog, in response to altered hydrology has not been previously tested. Here, recent changes in vegetation and surface peat are studied in an aapa mire, a typical boreal mire system dominated by fen vegetation. Drainage in the catchment from 1968 onwards led to the change from richly minerogenous to ombrogenous hydrology, thus providing a long‐term ombrotrophication experiment. 2. A sequence of aerial photographs (1941, 1953, 1965, 1974, 1984, 1995, 2005) revealed a dramatic shift from fen vegetation to the nearly complete dominance of peat mosses (Sphagnum) within two decades after the catchment disturbance. 3. A distinct change from Carex peat to Sphagnum peat at the average depth of 23.3 cm (SE 0.8 cm) was found in 18 peat cores. All of the new Sphagnum peat had accumulated within the last four decades. This was verified by the relationship of age and rooting depth of 37 small pines (Pinus sylvestris) and by two pollen density profiles. The ratio Ca/Mg diminished towards the surface of peat profiles indicating change from minerogenous to ombrogenous hydrology. In accordance, extremely low pH (range 3.8–4.2) and conductivity (average 14.5 μs cm−1) were measured in the surface pore water. 4. The average total dry mass of new Sphagnum peat was 7042 g m−2 (SE 442) and the recent apparent rate of carbon accumulation was 100.6 g m−2 year−1 (SE 6.3), as calculated for a 35‐year period and 50% carbon content. 5. Synthesis. Remarkable potential for vegetation change and increase of peat growth is demonstrated in boreal aapa mires. Ombrotrophication can be initiated within a few decades in response to reduced input of minerogenous water. Future changes in the hydrological cycle, as indicated by climate change models, are similar to the impact of catchment disturbance in aapa mires. Diminished total water budgets during the summer cause a decrease of minerogenous input and a draw‐down of water level, both of which may promote the growth of Sphagnum over fen vegetation.