bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VARIATION IN ARENICOLA MARINA (L.) AND THE STATUS OF ARENICOLA GLACIALIS MURDOCH (POLYCHAETA)
Authors: WELLS G. P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

An account is given of ninety‐four anomalous specimens of A. marina, collected from the Firth of Clyde (sixty‐six specimens) and the Firth of Forth (twenty‐eight specimens).
More than half of the specimens show anomalies of segment number. The commonest is the presence of an incomplete extra (twentieth) segment at the base of the tail. The highest segment number is twenty with an incomplete twenty‐first; the lowest is eighteen of which the last is incomplete.
About 7 per cent of the natural population shows anomalies of segment number.
Variation in segment number may be caused in more than one way. It is not generally correlated with other anomalies, but there is a group of worms with eighteen segments and several other peculiarities, suggesting a genetic condition with manifold effects.
The collection also includes the following anomalies: vestigial gills on segment vi associated with headward displacement of the hearts through one segment; a nephridium opening on segment iii; a nephridium opening on segment x; absence of the usual hindmost pair of nephridia opening on ix; three oesophageal glands.
Fourteen specimens of A. glacialis from Point Barrow, Alaska, were examined. Two had vestigial gills on segment vi with headward displacement of the hearts. The more representative specimens differed from typical A. marina only (a) in lacking segments xviii and xix, and (b) in a forward displacement of the level at which the inner end of the dorsal septal vessel (branchial efferent) moves from the dorsal to the subintestinal vessel. The latter displacement occasionally occurs in A. marina. Several of the anomalous A. marina showed departures from the typical condition that were at least as striking at those of A. glacialis.
It is suggested that A. glacialis should be given subspecific status as A. marina glacialis Murdoch.
A. marina then includes three subspecies differing in segment number and geographical distribution. These are: A. m. marina (L.) Nineteen trunk segments. North Atlantic, north of about 40°, the neighbouring parts of the Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay, the northern part of the western Mediterranean; probably also in cold water on the Pacific Coast of North America.

A. m. schantarica Zachs. Eighteen trunk segments. Sea of Okhotsk. A. m. glacialis Murdoch. Seventeen trunk segments. Point Barrow, Bernard Harbour (N.W. Territories), Bering Strait.

There is evidence that A.m. marina tends to separate into much smaller local populations with some degree of genetic differentiation.
SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO BROOD‐SIZE IN TITS
Authors: LACK DAVID , GIBB JOHN , OWEN D. F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

In most years the mean weight of nestling Great and Blue Tits was lower in larger than smaller broods, but it was similar in 1948, when food was exceptionally abundant.
In most years, the commonest clutch of the Great Tit was nine or ten, and the average number of young surviving per brood was highest from broods of nine or ten. But in 1947 and 1948, when food was unusually abundant, clutches were unusually large and survival was as high from broods of above average size as from those of average size. The results for the Blue Tit seemed similar.
Few Great Tits have late broods, and, as compared with normal broods, the clutches are smaller, the young weigh less, have higher losses in the nest and survive much less well after leaving the nest. Much the same holds for the Blue Tit.
These findings accord with the view that the normal breeding season of the Great and Blue Tits is that when they can raise most young, and that their clutch size is in general adapted to the number of young that they can raise.
PROTEMNODON PARMA(WATERHOUSE) AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF RELATED WALLABIES (PROTEMNODON, THYLOQALE, ANDSETONIX)
Authors: RIDE W. D. L. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe rare and possibly extinct wallaby,Protemnodon parma(Waterhouse), is redescribed and a list is given of all known material; most of which has been examined by the author.Gould's mention of Illawarra, New South Wales, as being the area in which he had observedP. parma, is taken to be a restriction of the type locality.Comparisons are made betweenP. parmaand the speciesP. dorsalis, P. eugeniiandP. billardieriand it is concluded thatP. parmaandP. dorsalisare closely related. Certain apparent structural differences in the teeth are shown to be correlated with difference in skull size.It is concluded that there are three genera of wallabies:Protemnodon, ThylogaleandSetonixand that these genera must be defined on characters other than size of the contained individuals because previous authors, using this criterion, have confused the natural relationships of the forms.Thylogaleis defined in the terms of Gray's original definition;P. parma P. eugeniiandP. billardieriare excluded from this genus.It is suggested thatProtemnodonmay be polyphyletic in that the forms contained therein are merely at a common functional stage in evolution and are therefore not necessarily related.The monotypic genusSetonixis considered, and the possibility that it should be included in Potoroinae is discussed. It is concluded that there is insufficient evidence for such a step to be taken but that the position requires further examination.
PIGMENTED AREAS IN THE UTERUS OF THE ARCTIC FOX ALOPEX LAGOPUS INNVITUS MERRIAM
Authors: McEWEN EOIN H. , SCOTT ALEXANDER 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYDark macroscopic pigmented areas were present in the uterus of the Arctic Fox.The pigment was intracellular and granular, and was concentrated in the basal layer of the endometrium. It was found to consist of haemosiderin together with a lipid component. The pigmented areas, former placental sites, remained in some cases up to ten months after parturition.It is suggested that the number of pigmented areas gives a measure of the number of implantations present during the previous season.
THE BIOLOGY OF CRYPTOLESTES UGANDAE STEEL & HOWE (COLEOPTERA, CUCUJIDAE), A PEST OF STORED PRODUCTS IN AFRICA
Authors: LEFKOVITCH L. P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Cryptolestes ugandae is a pest of cereals and groundnuts and is at present confined to East and West Africa.
To assess the possibility of its becoming a serious pest, the rates of development, mortality and reproduction have been studied in the laboratory at various constant temperatures and humidities.
Development was most rapid at 30°C., 90 per cent r.h. and developmental mortality was least at 25°C.‐27·5°C., 90 per cent r.h.
Males on emergence were heavier than females under most conditions and their weight was more affected by temperature than that of females, being heaviest at intermediate temperatures and high humidities.
Crowding of larvae caused a marked increase in their developmental period.
The intrinsic rates of increase were calculated from the experimental results; at its quickest a population could double its numbers in seven‐and‐a‐half days.
Because of its relatively high humidity requirements, C. ugandae is unlikely to became as widespread a pest as C. minutus or C. ferrugineus.
SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIFORM MICROSPORIDIA PROM CRUSTACEA AND INSECTA
Authors: FANTHAM THE LATE PROFESSOR H. B. , PORTER ANNIE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe occurrence of some bacteriform Microsporidia from certain Crustacea and Insecta in Canada and in England is recorded.The numbers of hosts examined and those that were infected with Pyrotheca incurvata, Octosporea muscae damesticae, Toxoglugea, Spiroglugea and Telomyxa spp. innom., are tabulated.Descriptions of the bacteriform Microsporidia are given and illustrated. Differential diagnoses are given as far as possible.The effects of the parasites on the hosts and their distribution within the hosts are set forth.The lethal potentialities of the Microsporidia are indicated both in natural infections and by experimental ones.The economic importance and possible applications of these bacteriform Microsporidia are considered.
A RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF MASTICATION AND SWALLOWING IN THE DOMESTIC RABBIT: ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS (L)
Authors: ARDRAN G. M. , KEMP F. H. , RIDE W. D. L. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

An analysis has been made of the movements of biting, chewing and swallowing in the domestic rabbit. Techniques employed were dissection, direct observation of rabbits feeding, cinematography, still radiography and cineradiography.
During biting the lower jaw moves forwards so that the anterior and the lower incisors come together edge to edge. This observation casts doubt on Wood's theory that the lower incisor of the lagomorph is the lower homo‐logue of the posterior upper incisor.
Evidence has been given which suggests that the anterior upper incisors are worn and shortened by movement of the lower incisors upwards and backwards against their wear surface during biting. The transverse movement of the lower incisors during the grinding phase of chewing wears the posterior upper incisors and also maintains the chisel edge on the tips of the lower incisors. No movements have been seen whereby the remainder of the wear surface of the lower incisors is abraded: from examination of the teeth it is suggested that the level of this surface is maintained by being passed forwards across the cutting edge of the anterior upper incisors.
During chewing the lower cheek teeth move from without inwards on the side on which chewing is taking place during the grinding phase.
It appears that the tongue is functionally divisible into three parts: the diastemal portion is concerned with the procuring and manipulation of food and its passage backwards to the cheek teeth; the intermediate portion, which has a dorsal shield and lies between the cheek teeth, is responsible for placing the food on the lower cheek teeth and keeping it to the side on which chewing is taking place and passing it progressively backwards; and the posterior portion situated behind the cheek teeth is associated with the soft palate in providing temporary storage for chewed material prior to swallowing, and with the soft palate and pharyngeal musculature in swallowing.
The tongue movements and swallowing mechanism in the rabbit are compared with those in man, lambs and kid goats.
A functional theory to explain the evolution of the long diastema is put forward.
Movements of the temporo‐mandibular joint are also considered.
GROWTH RATES AND AGES OF CRABEATER SEALS, LOBODON CARCINOPHAGUS JACQUINOT & PUCHERAN
Authors: LAWS R. M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The internal growth rings of the teeth of the crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) are described and the annual pattern established.
By examination of near term foetuses, recently weaned pups, half‐year‐old, one‐year‐old and older animals the probable pattern of dentine deposition in the first year is established. The neonatal line is conspicuous; a line marking the time of weaning is present and also a line which probably represents the pup moult. The rate of dentine deposition is discussed and it is suggested that lactation extends over about five weeks.
Using ages determined from the growth rings in the canine teeth, an average growth curve for body length has been constructed and is compared with earlier estimates of the rate of growth in the first few years.
Evidence is given which suggests that the average neonatal length is 45 in. The sizes subsequently attained by the two sexes are similar, though the largest females tend to be slightly larger than the largest males. The mean body length of animals over twelve years old is 89 $2–36 in.
The question of the age at sexual maturity is re‐examined and it is concluded that in the female sexual maturity is usually attained at an age of a few months over two years.
The age distribution of the two samples of crabeater seals is discussed. The oldest animals in the material were 19 years old on the basis of dentine rings.
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN THE MALES OF TWO SPECIES OF GERBIL, TATERA BRANTSII (A. SMITH) AND TATERA AFRA (GRAY)
Authors: ALLANSON MARJORIE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSix hundred and twelve male gerbils, consisting of 357 specimens of Tatera afra and 255 of T. brantsii, were collected in South Africa in 1946. Seasonal changes in the reproductive organs and in the structure of the field population have been compared and contrasted in the two species. Growth of the young male to puberty has been studied in animals from the field and in four litters of T. afra reared in the laboratory.The male T. brantsii tends to be heavier than the male T. afra, but is somewhat shorter. In both species the largest males exceeded the largest females in body weight and length, but there is no significant difference between the mean values of these measurements for the two sexes.The testes have a greater actual and relative weight in T. afra than in T. brantsii. The reproductive tract is remarkably large for the size of the animal in both species, and in T. afra can reach 20‐7 per cent of the body weight.The annual pattern of sexual activity in the males corresponds with that of the females in both species. In T. brantsii fecund males are found in all months of the year: in T. afra reproductive activity is intense from July to December, is slowing down in January and February, and ceases completely in March and April; in May and June there is preparation for the breeding season.Male T. afra become sexually mature at six to eight weeks old if born in spring and early summer, at six to seven months old if born later in the season. In T. brantsii puberty is delayed during the end of the dry season and beginning of the rainy season. In both species the old animals (i.e. those over 150 mm. head‐body length) die out during the early summer and have disappeared from the field by the end of December, for none were caught in the first quarter of the year. It is estimated that T. afra have a possible life span of seventeen months and can experience two breeding seasons. It was not possible to estimate the length of life in T. brantsii owing to the spread of births over the year.
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF MOERISIA LYONS1 BOULENGER, AND THE FAMILY MOERISIIDAE, WITH CAPITATE HYDROIDS
Authors: REES W. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe type material of Boulenger's Moerisia lyonsi has been examined, and the characteristics of the hydroid and its medusa have been compared with those of the lower corymorphines and with other species of the Moerisiidae.An evaluation of the characters of the family reveal that its affinities lie with the suborder Capitata of the Anthomedusae (Athecata), and its nemato‐cyst armature, a tricnidome of stenoteles, desmonemes and atrichous haplonemes, confirms this.A new superfamily, the Moerisioidea is created within the Capitata to take this family; its affinities he with the more primitive Tubularoidea.
THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE FRESHWATER SNAIL PHYSA FONTINALIS (L.)
Authors: Duncan C. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Physa fontinalis is a hermaphrodite gastropod in which the gametes formed in the ovotestis pass down the common hermaphrodite duct to the albumen gland, where the male and female systems separate. The spermatozoa are carried down the vas deferens to the penis and are introduced into the bursa copulatrix of the copulatory partner, whilst the eggs, after fertilisation, pass through the oviduct, where they receive the mucous coverings which form the egg capsule.The morphology and histology of the reproductive system of P. fontinalis have been described, together with an account of the role of each of the genital organs. When mature, the spermatozoa are liberated from the ovotestis and are stored in the hermaphrodite duct, whereas, the eggs are released only immediately before oviposition and pass through the mass of male gametes. It is suggested that the muscle sheath which surrounds the junction of the hermaphrodite duct, vas deferens and oviduct constitutes a regulating mechanism, directing the ova and the majority of the spermatozoa into their correct channels.The vas deferens is a ciliated, non‐glandular duct, but the semen receives secretory additions formed by the prostate follicles, the glandular products being driven out of these diverticula by the action of small, interstitial, ciliated cells. During the breeding season, the characteristic, glandular cells in the penis sheath and praeputial gland become greatly swollen and secrete mucopolysaccharides which probably facilitate the eversion of the penis.The female duct is composed of a glandular oviduct and muscular vagina, the former being divisible into three regions. The bursa copulatrix serves as a receptacle for foreign sperm and its duct opens into the vagina. Unlike the representatives of the other families of the Hygrophila which have been studied, a true albumen gland duct is missing and the ova pass into the albumen gland before entering the oviduct.In P. fontinalis fertilisation occurs in the lower part of the hermaphrodite duct and not in the “fertilisation pockets”. It appears that the animal is largely self‐fertilising, but it is suggested that after several generations have been produced by this means, a physiological barrier to the animal's own sperm is developed, so permitting fertilisation by foreign sperm.The albumen gland secretes galactogen and, after fertilisation, the ova enter this organ to receive a coating of its nutritive secretion. As the eggs pass down the oviduct, they are surrounded by the mucous envelopes which constitute the egg capsule, each portion of the duct having a separate function in the formation of the different investments.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BARNACLE ELMINIUS MODESTUS DARWIN IN FRANCE
Authors: Bishop M. W. H. , Crisp D. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The distribution of Elminius modestus along the coast of France may be divided into four sectors. From the Belgian frontier to Cap de la Hague, it is ubiquitous both on the coast and in harbours wherever suitable surfaces for settlement exist. From Cap de la Hague to the Trieux estuary, it is scarce or absent. From the Jaudy to the Rade de Brest, it is plentiful in all sheltered estuaries but scarce on the open coast. South of the Rade de Brest, only isolated individuals have been met in a few estuaries, the furthest afield being at St. Jean‐de‐Luz close to the Spanish frontier.
The distribution on the Channel coast of France resembles closely that on the coast of southern England
It is suggested that the tidal races and the absence of large bodies of sheltered water form a barrier to its westward spread both at Portland Bill and at Cap de la Hague
Conditions in the Gulf of St. Malo, unlike those in Lyme Bay, are probably not directly unfavourable to the growth and development of individuals, but are probably unfavourable for the initial establishment of a population on account of the large tides that occur there. These may sweep locally developing populations of larvae out of the river systems and so disperse them too widely for reproduction to be possible.
The Brittany population and that of the eastern part of the Channel must have been established independently. Both are now fairly stable and well established
The Brittany population is most likely to have been disseminated from the Rade de Brest; that east of Cap de la Hague either from Cherbourg or more likely from Le Havre, Trouville and the Seine estuary, perhaps at or soon after the Allied invasion in 1944
The populations in Holland and France, though now continuous: probably arose independently. The two populations probably merged on the coast of Belgium approximately in 1949–1950
ADAPTIVE FEATURES IN THE SKULLS OF AFRICAN SUIDAE
Authors: Ewer R. F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe relevance of a functional understanding of the skull architecture of living forms to the study of fossils is pointed out.A brief description of the food and feeding habits of the extant Bushpig (Potamochoerus koiroptamus) and Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) is given, and the muscles of mastication and those controlling the movements of the rhinarium are described. The features in the skull of the Bushpig which are related to the digging habit and those of the Warthog which are related to its grass eating habit are pointed out.The adaptive features in the skull of the Forest Hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) are discussed.The way in which an analysis in terms of the functional basis of skull characteristics may throw light on the modes of life of fossil suids is briefly indicated.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE GIRAFFE, GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS, IN THE EASTERN TRANSVAAL
Authors: INNIS ANNE CHRISTINE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe giraffe in South Africa live entirely in the Eastern Transvaal, a lowveld region primarily of grass or veld with scattered bushes and low trees. The giraffe browse on a wide variety of trees in the spring and fall when few leaves are available, but in summer when all the trees are in foliage they are much more selective. The giraffe spend most of the day and part of the night feeding, especially the early morning and late afternoon. In the summer when food is abundant, the giraffe have more time during the day to chew their cud and lie down.The males spend part of the day fighting with each other. Such matches are seldom serious and often end in sexual play with one male mounting the other. The most common heterosexual activity was the testing of the females' urine by the male. There is no breeding season among giraffe, and the young are born all through the year.Giraffe are usually found in groups or herds, but they do not appear to communicate with each other, although they are capable of making sounds. The herds are loose associations of animals, generally with no definite leadership, and often include both adult males and females. Herds travelled very slowly, and often remained on the farm where they were studied for at least one year.The giraffe on Fleur de Lys farm have become used to farm conditions; they jump fences instead of breaking through them, and drink water from the cattle troughs, often walking among the cattle to do so.
COPEPODA PARASITIC ON BRITISH AMPHIPODA (CRUSTACEA), WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SPHAERONELLA
Authors: GREEN J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Rhizorhina ampeliscae Hansen is recorded from Guernsey and the Clyde area.Five species of the genus Sphaeronella are recorded from British waters for the first time. One of these, S. pikei, is a new species. Sphaeronella elegantula Hansen is shown to be a synonym of S. leuckarti Salensky.The larva of S. danica and the male of S. longipes are described for the first time.The following new hosts are recorded. Aora typica parasitized by S. leuckarti. Erichthonius brasiliensis parasitized by S. danica. Ampelisca tenuicornis parasitized by S. frontalis. Pontocrates arenarius parasitized by S. pikei sp. n.