bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High prevalence of hyperglycaemia and the impact of high household income in transforming Rural China
Authors: Fu Chaowei , Chen Yue , Wang Fadi , Wang Xuecai , Song Jiangen , Jiang Qingwu 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
The prevalence of hyperglycaemia and its association with socioeconomic factors have been well studied in developed countries, however, little is known about them in transforming rural China.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out in 4 rural communities of Deqing County located in East China in 2006-07, including 4,506 subjects aged 18 to 64 years. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was measured. Subjects were considered to have impaired fasting glucose (IFG) if FPG was in the range from 5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L and to have diabetes mellitus (DM) if FG was 7.0 mmol/L or above.

Results
The crude prevalences of IFG and DM were 5.4% and 2.2%, respectively. The average ratio of IFG/DM was 2.5, and tended to be higher for those under the age of 35 years than older subjects. After adjustment for covariates including age (continuous), sex, BMI (continuous), smoking, alcohol drinking, and regular leisure physical activity, subjects in the high household income group had a significantly higher risk of IFG compared with the medium household income group (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.11-2.72) and no significant difference in IFG was observed between the low and medium household income groups. Education and farmer occupation were not significantly associated with IFG.

Conclusions
High household income was significantly associated with an increased risk of IFG. A high ratio of IFG/DM suggests a high risk of diabetes in foreseeable future in the Chinese transforming rural communities.
The Governance Deficit: Reflections on the Future of Public and Private Policing in Canada
Authors: Burbidge Scott 
Published: November 2011

The growing presence of private police in our society, and especially the fact that they perform many policing functions traditionally regarded as the preserve of public police, raises fundamental questions of police governance and accountability for a democratic society based on the rule of law and respect for human rights. From the perspective of the rule of law and respect for human rights, this article argues that it is unacceptable that while the public police (at least in theory) are governed by and accountable to democratically elected governmental authority and to the public, private police officers performing the same policing functions as their public police counterparts are not subject to the same form of democratic governance and accountability. Given existing federal and provincial human rights legislation in Canada, and the recent extension of federal privacy and access legislation to the private sector, there would seem to be no insurmountable jurisdictional or constitutional obstacle to extending the notion of a code of conduct incorporating human rights to the private security sector, insofar as they are involved in the exercise of the police powers of investigation, detention, arrest, the gathering and sharing of personal information, and so on. Such a development would constitute significant progress towards achieving comprehensive and effective democratic governance and accountability for both public and private policing in Canada.
Two-Tier Health Care, Education, and Policing: A Comparative Analysis of the Discourses of Privatization
Authors: Cukier Wendy , Thomlinson Neil 
Published: November 2011

While there are similarities in the ways in which the debates on privatization of education, health care, and policing are constructed in the media, there are also differences. The discourses of privatization are often framed in different ways - questions of markets, efficiency, and service on the one hand and issues of equity, access, and social justice on the other. At the same time, a comparison of these discourses of privatization reveals some striking differences in their patterns: 1. There are significant differences in the volume of media coverage. 2. Although there are obvious conceptual parallels, there are significant differences in the argumentation that dominates the media. 3. There is much more evidence of value-laden language in discussions of health care and education than policing. 4. The diversity of stakeholders who participate in the discourses are also quite different and less pronounced in policing.
Competition between cytotypes changes across a longitudinal gradient in Centaurea stoebe (Asteraceae)
Authors: Collins Alexandra R. , Naderi Ruhollah , Mueller‐Schaerer Heinz 
Published: November 2011

• Premise of the Study: Polyploidy resulting from whole genome duplication has contributed to the adaptive evolution of many plant species. However, the conditions necessary for successful polyploid evolution and subsequent establishment and persistence in sympatry with diploid progenitors are often quite limited. One condition thought to be necessary for establishment is a substantial competitive superiority of the polyploid.• Methods: We conducted a pairwise competition experiment using diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Centaurea stoebe L. to determine whether (1) tetraploids have greater competitive ability than diploids, (2) cytotypes from mixed‐cytotype populations have more balanced competitive abilities than single‐cytotype populations, and (3) competitive abilities change along a longitudinal gradient.• Key Results: Across sampling localities, tetraploids did not produce greater aboveground biomass than diploids but suffered from greater intracytotypic competition. Tetraploids allocated greater biomass belowground than diploids, regardless of competition treatment, and had greater performance for traits associated with long‐term persistence (bolted more frequently and produced more accessory rosettes). Competitive ability of tetraploids did not differ between single‐ and mixed‐cytotype populations but varied along a longitudinal gradient. Tetraploids were stronger intercytotypic competitors in Western Europe (Switzerland and Germany) than in Eastern Europe (Hungary and Slovakia), which indicates that cytotype coexistence may be more likely in Eastern Europe, the proposed origin of tetraploids, than in Western Europe.• Conclusions: Our study addresses the importance of examining competitive interactions between cytotypes across their distributional range, as competitive interactions were not consistent across sampling localities.
LiLa Booking System: Architecture and Conceptual Model of a Rig Booking System for On-Line Laboratories
Authors: Mateos Veronica , Gallardo Alberto , Richter Thomas , Bellido Luis , Debicki Peter , Villagrá Dr. Víctor A. 
Published: November 2011

Many educational institutions acknowledged the importance of providing online-access to student laboratories. To optimize the use of the scarce and expensive resources such laboratories depend on, it is advisable to establish and setup a booking system that helps to administer access to them.
This paper reports on the architecture and conceptual model of the rig booking system designed for the LiLa Portal, a web portal that makes virtual and remote experiments available on the Internet. The design of the booking system is based on a requirements analysis carried out by the EC funded LiLa project in cooperation with international partners from the Global Online Lab Consortium, GoLC.
The challenge of success: allowing leaders to lead
Authors: VanVactor Jerry D. 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a collaborative communications model and relate information to succession planning for organizations facing imminent change.Design/methodology/approachUsing a review of existent literature, this work examines and expounds upon the impact of planning effectively for transitions between entities.FindingsThe paper presents a collaborative communications model for a manager that is based on four tenets – condition setting, planning, execution, and process evaluation. Within each of these tenets are elements of communication, mentorship, leader development, and acceptance (trust) among stakeholders to ensure two entities transition appropriately.Practical implicationsKey tenets of leadership are often missed when developing strategies for organizational transition. This work examines how communicating collaboratively is linked to succession management and can aid managers in understanding some implications of ill‐developed planning efforts.Social implicationsIn an applied sense, this model provides health care managers with concepts related to effective change at both the individual and organizational levels. While this work is directed toward managing transition among health care organizations and personnel, the information is equally applicable to a broader audience.Originality/valueWhile there is a dearth of literature examining succession management in a variety of industries, little information is directed specifically toward health care leadership. This paper provides concepts related to effective risk mitigation in succession management.
Who leads?
Authors: Dacombe Rod 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of recent local government reform for political leadership in local authorities. In particular, it investigates the role played by local government officers in shaping and directing the work of politicians serving on overview and scrutiny committees.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on data from five case studies of local councils in England and Wales, the paper suggests that recent reform has done little to clarify decision making and leadership in local government.FindingsThe paper suggests that local councillors need to define their roles under the new system in order to reflect the changing requirements of their work.Originality/valueThe paper investigates the impact of the introduction of overview and scrutiny on the relations between councillors and local government officers. Research on leadership in local government is well established, but this literature needs updating in the light of recent reforms. The paper suggests a complex pattern of leadership in local democratic processes, and suggests that more work needs to be done to ensure that local councillors adapt to their new roles.
An uncertain regression model
Authors: Guo Renkuan , Guo Danni , Cui YanHong 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose an uncertain regression model with an intrinsic error structure facilitated by an uncertain canonical process.Design/methodology/approachThis model is suitable for dealing with expert's knowledge ranging from small to medium size data of impreciseness. In order to have a rigorous mathematical treatment on the new regression model, this paper establishes a series of new uncertainty concepts sequentially, such as uncertainty joint multivariate distribution, the uncertainty distribution of uncertainty product variables and uncertain covariance and correlation based on the axiomatic uncertainty theoretical foundation. Two examples are given for illustrating a small data regression analysis.FindingsThe uncertain regression model is formulated and the estimation of the model coefficients is developed.Practical implicationsThe paper is devoted to a regression model to handle a small amount of data with mathematical rigor.Originality/valueThe theory and the methodology of the uncertain canonical process regression is proposed for the first time. It addresses the practical challenges of small data size modelling.
Dynamic analysis of Bayesian audit strategies with tests of controls and reliability modeling
Authors: Chen Wei , Menzefricke Ulrich , Smieliauskas Wally J. 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to summarize a simulation study that analyzed the performance of Bayesian audit strategies in a novel fashion – dynamically and with varying sample sizes depending on the extent of an auditor's prior information.Design/methodology/approachThe prior information for the Bayesian strategies arises from a set of control tests that are evaluated making use of reliability theory. The entire audit strategy is simulated under systematically different control reliabilities and related amounts of total misstatements in an accounting population.FindingsThe major finding is that robust Bayesian audit strategies that have recently been developed in auditing research are more sensitive to non‐sampling errors than existing strategies of audit practice.Practical implicationsThe authors find that there are differential effects of sampling error vs non‐sampling error on the Bayesian strategies and that controls testing does not need to be extensive to get full internal control reliance.Originality/valueThe paper adds to existing research by examining the performance of various Bayesian audit strategies under more realistic audit conditions of sampling and non‐sampling uncertainty.
Kin encounter rate and inbreeding avoidance in canids
Authors: GEFFEN ELI , KAM MICHAEL , HEFNER REUVEN , HERSTEINSSON PALL , ANGERBJÖRN ANDERS , DALÈN LOVE , FUGLEI EVA , NORÈN KARIN , ADAMS JENNIFER R. , VUCETICH JOHN , MEIER THOMAS J. , MECH L. D. , VonHOLDT BRIDGETT M. , STAHLER DANIEL R. , WAYNE ROBERT K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMating with close kin can lead to inbreeding depression through the expression of recessive deleterious alleles and loss of heterozygosity. Mate selection may be affected by kin encounter rate, and inbreeding avoidance may not be uniform but associated with age and social system. Specifically, selection for kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance may be more developed in species that live in family groups or breed cooperatively. To test this hypothesis, we compared kin encounter rate and the proportion of related breeding pairs in noninbred and highly inbred canid populations. The chance of randomly encountering a full sib ranged between 1–8% and 20–22% in noninbred and inbred canid populations, respectively. We show that regardless of encounter rate, outside natal groups mates were selected independent of relatedness. Within natal groups, there was a significant avoidance of mating with a relative. Lack of discrimination against mating with close relatives outside packs suggests that the rate of inbreeding in canids is related to the proximity of close relatives, which could explain the high degree of inbreeding depression observed in some populations. The idea that kin encounter rate and social organization can explain the lack of inbreeding avoidance in some species is intriguing and may have implications for the management of populations at risk.
Improving care for families where children and parents have concurrent mental health problems
Authors: Robson Julia , Gingell Kate 
Published: November 2011

Background:  When mental illness affects children and parents within the same family there is a need for close professional collaboration between the respective psychiatric teams. However, there is no nationally established precedence for this, and the area has not been investigated within the published literature.Method:  Retrospective case note study of 322 child psychiatric patients to estimate the prevalence of parental mental illness and analyse the degree of professional liaison taking place.Results:  Twenty‐eight children had parents with concurrent mental health problems. Only four of these cases (14.2%) contained evidence of ongoing professional liaison between child and adult mental health teams.Conclusion:  Inadequate liaison between child and adult services is a problem within the UK mental health system and detrimental to patient care. Recent national interest in establishing a more integrated family‐focused service is encouraging, but will take time to implement and will not replace the need for separate specialist services. Efficient clinical collaboration must be developed at local levels to create a more comprehensive management strategy for children and parents with concurrent mental health problems.
Consommation de substances psychoactives et degré de gravité du crime
Authors: Sun Fu , Cousineau Marie-Marthe , Brochu Serge , White Noé 
Published: November 2011

Cet article vise à saisir les liens entre la consommation de substances psycho-actives et le degré de la gravité du crime. Trois aspects sont plus spécialement étudiés : la gravité du crime en lien avec (1) les types de substances consom-mées; (2) l'intensité de la consommation; et (3) la dépendance ou non du consommateur à la substance consommée. La gravité du crime est basée sur le crime le plus grave pour lequel la sentence a été prononcée. L'étude s'effectue à partir d'une banque de données du Service correctionnel du Canada comptant 8 211 individus ayant répondu au Questionnaire informatisé sur le mode de vie (QIMV) lors de leur admission initiale en pénitencier, entre 1993 et 1995. L'étude montre que les consommateurs d'alcool ont commis des crimes plus graves que les consommateurs d'autres types de substances et que les non-con-sommateurs le jour du crime. Les consommateurs de drogues illicites ont pour leur part commis des crimes moins graves que les autres types de consommateurs et que les non-consommateurs. Le changement de l'intensité de la con-sommation semble avoir peu d'effets sur la gravité du crime. Toutefois, les usagers de drogues illicites qui ont consommé plus que d'habitude le jour du crime ont commis des crimes significativement plus graves que les autres. Quant aux analyses sur la dépendance, seule une relation linéaire, soit entre le niveau de dépendance à l'alcool et la gravité du crime s'est avérée significative.
SET‐LRP of acrylonitrile in ionic liquids without any ligand
Authors: Ma Jing , Chen Hou , Zhang Min , Yu Mengmeng 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUse of ionic liquids as reaction media was investigated in the design of an environmentally friendly single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) for acrylonitrile (AN) without any ligand by using Fe(0) wire as catalyst and 2‐bromopropionitrile as initiator. 1‐Methylimidazolium acetate ([mim][AT]), 1‐methylimidazolium propionate ([mim][PT]), and 1‐methylimidazolium valerate ([mim][VT]) were applied in this study. First‐order kinetics of polymerization with respect to the monomer concentration, linear increase of the molecular weight, and narrow polydispersity with monomer conversion showed the controlled/living radical polymerization characters. The sequence of the apparent polymerization rate constant of SET‐LRP of AN was kapp ([mim][AT]) > kapp ([mim][PT]) > kapp ([mim][VT]). The living feature of the polymerization was also confirmed by chain extensions of polyacrylonitrile with methyl methacrylate. All three ionic liquids were recycled and reused and had no obvious effect on the controlled/living nature of SET‐LRP of AN. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis of peroxide‐curable butyl rubber via suzuki–miyaura coupling of halogenated butyl rubber with 4‐vinylphenylboronic acid
Authors: Takenaka Katsuhiko , Suzuki Masumi , Takeshita Hiroki , Miya Masamitsu , Shiomi Tomoo , Tamamitsu Kenji , Konda Toshihiro 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) and/or chlorinated butyl rubber with a mixture of 4‐vinylphenylboronic acid and phenylboronic acid was carried out in THF under various conditions using a di‐μ‐chlorobis [5‐hydroxy‐2‐[1‐(hydroxyimino‐κN)ethyl]phenylκC] palladium(II) dimer, which is a type of cyclopalladated complex, as a catalyst. When BIIR and a small amount (Pd/Br ≈ 1/1000) of complex were used as the substrate and catalyst, respectively, a 4‐vinylphenyl and phenyl group could be introduced to butyl rubber in a high yield. Isomerization of the exo carbon–carbon double bond in BIIR was observed during the coupling reaction to give a cis and trans endo structure. The peroxide curing behavior of the resulting polymer at 170 °C indicated that the polymer could be cured by dicumyl peroxide, and the maximum torque of the resulting material, which reflects the crosslink density, was controllable by the composition of the boronic acids used. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Analysis of the associations between lung function and clinical features in preschool children with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Ren Clement L. , Rosenfeld Margaret , Mayer Oscar H. , Davis Stephanie D. , Kloster Margaret , Castile Robert G. , Hiatt Peter W. , Hart Meeghan , Johnson Robin , Jones Paul , Brumback Lyndia C. , Kerby Gwendolyn S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between lung function measures and clinical features in a cohort of preschool children with cystic fibrosis (CF).MethodsLongitudinal eight‐center observational study of children with CF aged 36–60 months at enrollment, who underwent semiannual pulmonary function tests (PFTs) for up to 2 years consisting of spirometry (all 8 sites), forced oscillometry (FO, 5 sites), and measures of thoracoabdominal asynchrony using respiratory inductive plethysmography (IP, 5 sites).ResultsNinety‐three subjects were enrolled; 181 acceptable spirometry measurements from 71 subjects, 128 FO from 47 subjects, and 142 IP from 50 subjects were available for analysis. Cross sectional analyses did not detect an association between any PFT parameter at enrollment and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) status, CF gene mutation class, Wisconsin cough score, Shwachman score, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, family history of asthma, or nutritional indices. In longitudinal analyses, Pa infection within 6 months preceding enrollment was associated with a significantly greater rate of decline in z‐scores for forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25–75) (−1.3 vs. −0.4 Z scores/year, P = 0.024) and greater thoracoabdominal asynchrony measured by IP (mean phase angle difference 4.6°, P = 0.004). No other significant longitudinal associations were observed.ConclusionsPrior Pa infection is associated with a greater rate of decline in FEF25–75 z‐score and mild thoracoabdominal asynchrony in preschool children with CF. In this multicenter US study, significant associations between other lung function measures and clinical features were not detected. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:574–581. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Challenges of sustainable environmental programs of foreign multinational enterprises in China
Authors: Lai‐Ling Lam Maria 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to explore possible internal and external challenges of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) from developed countries to develop sustainable environmental development programs in China.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on the author's five years' field work (2006‐2010) in China. A total of 30 Chinese executives from 20 different foreign MNEs were interviewed about their companies' corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs.FindingsThe focus of 19 companies' environmental programs (95 percent) is internal production and operation efficiency. Only one of 20 companies is committed to increasing the capacity of local Chinese suppliers to comply with the environmental code of conducts listed in their CSR programs and to enable the entire global supply chain to fulfill the international environment standards. The key challenges for foreign companies not to have “holistic and integrated” approaches in their environmental programs are many: keen price competition among Chinese suppliers that are at the low end of global supply chains, some local governments prefer to have economic growth at the expense of environmental welfare, some companies prefer to pay an environmental fee for polluting the local environment as the fee is not high enough to reflect the cost, and the message given by CSR managers to Chinese suppliers are not implemented by their companies' purchasers.Originality/valueThis paper is the first attempt to examine how foreign MNEs balance their CSR requirements internally while managing the performance of their Chinese suppliers to be up to the CSR standards in the global supply chain.