bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacto de programas educativos sobre condições bucais de escolares de 6 e 7 anos em duas escolas municipais do interior do Estado de São Paulo/Brasil
Authors: Meneghim Marcelo de Castro , Esmeriz Cláudia Elisa de Campos , Boas Patrícia Vilas- , Meneghim Zuleica Maria Pedroso , Pereira Antonio Carlos 
Published: April 2012

Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar as condições de saúde bucal em escolares de dois municípios de diferentes portes populacionais, sob mesmas condições de acesso a flúor e diferentes programas educativos em saúde bucal. Materiais e Métodos: O cálculo amostral baseou-se na experiência de cárie, com margem de erro de 10%, perda amostral de 20% e nível de confiabilidade de 95%, totalizando 95 voluntários. Os critérios utilizados para a avaliação clínica da cárie foram os preconizados pela OMS (1999), bem como o registro clínico de lesões ativas em esmalte (lesões de mancha branca) baseado nos critérios propostos por Nyvad e Fyfee. A avaliação das condições para a presença de placa bacteriana foi verificada pelo Índice de Placa, proposto por Loe. O estudo foi do tipo randomizado, pareado e cego. A análise dos dados foi por meio de estatística descritiva do índice CPO, lesão de cárie inicial em esmalte e níveis de placa, utilizando-se Kruskal-Wallis, análise univariada (Qui-Quadrado) e Odds Ratio, todos ao nível de significância α=0,05. Resultados: O índice ceo-d (desvio-padrão) para os escolares foi de 1,6 (2,27) no município de Iracemápolis e 1,9 (2,4) emPiracicaba, com um Odds Ratio de 0,84 (0,37-1,92), apresentando 47,4% livres de cáries e 71,5% com placa presente na cavidade bucal. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na gravidade de cárie entreos municípios no presente estudo. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram necessidade de avaliar melhor os programas educativos e num maior espaço de tempo da sua aplicabilidade.Descritores: Epidemiologia. Cárie dentária. Educação em saúde bucal.
Chocolate and Cocoa
Authors: Zoumas B. L. , Azzara C. D. , Bouzas J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAll chocolate and cocoa products are derived from the cocoa bean, the seed of the fruit of the cacao tree. The terms cocoa and cacao are often used interchangeably in the literature. In the United States, chocolate and cocoa are standardized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. White chocolate has recently been added to the regulations. The cocoa bean is the basic raw ingredient in the manufacture of all cocoa products. Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana are the two largest grower of the cocoa beans. Organic and Fair Trade cocoa are now making an appearance in the marketplace. This article gives information on the production of the cocoa beans, cocoa powder, chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, sweet and milk chocolate. Theobromine, an alkaloid, and caffeine are present in chocolate. Nutritional properties of chocolate have been reported and include cardiovascular benefits via the antioxidants (polyphenols) in chocolate. The U.S. is one of the world's largest consumers of chocolate products.
Packaging, Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Rosette Jack L. , Yablonski John , Mancuso Sharon , Kale Gaurav 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe packaging industry is continuously evolving as medical and cosmetic companies institute change in the design, development, and manufacture of packaging systems. Cosmetic packaging is used to enhance the image of the product. The evolution of cosmetic and personal care packaging to entice the consumer to buy has now given way to a more dynamic concept: “eco‐friendly” or “green packaging”. Biodegradable packaging materials, ie, ones that can be composted are finding their way into the cosmetic field. Package design should be an integral part of product development. Important design considerations are given. Product tampering is a serious issue and tamper evident features have been incorporated into newer designs. One of the risks of green packaging is the possibility of microbial contamination. Attention is given to bulk products and refill dispensers, cosmetic applicators, and closures and delivery systems. Smart packaging is also included in the design of cosmetic and pharmaceutical packaging, such designs include shelf‐life monitoring, packages with built‐in illumination, and tamper proof tops that discolor upon being opened. The FDA becomes involved for misbranded or adulterated products.
Dentifrices
Authors: Pader Morton 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Dentifrices are compositions used in conjunction with a toothpaste to remove stains from teeth and to leave the mouth feeling clean and refreshed. A dentifrice has little to do with the control of dental plaque by toothbrushing. The toothbrush plays the primary role. Dentifrices have become vehicles for delivery of agents to fulfill specific needs. These agents include fluoride, to inhibit the incidence of dental caries;pyrophosphates and zinc salts to inhibit tartar formation; antimicrobial agents to reduce plaque; potassium nitrate to reduce sensitivity; and whitening agents. Toothpaste contains an abrasive, humectant, surfactant, one or more gums or resins for cohesivenss and structure, color, flavor, and agents for specific results. Dental rinses are adjunctive to toothbrushing with dentifrice and are discussed briefly
Catalytic Fixation of Carbon Dioxide Into Fuel and Chemicals
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Zhen , He Liang‐Nian , Liu An‐Hua , Li Yu‐Nong 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAs an abundant, nontoxic, nonflammable, easily available, and renewable carbon resource, development of catalytic processes for chemical transformation of CO2into useful chemicals/materials/fuel is of paramount importance from the standpoint of green and sustainable chemistry. Great progress has been made in catalytic utilization of CO2as an alternative to phosgene and/or carbon monoxide in organic synthesis, mainly adopting high‐energy starting materials to produce low‐energy synthetic targets including cyclic carbonates, dialkyl carbonates, and polycarbonates (C‐O bond formation); oxazolidinones, quinazolines, urea derivatives, carbamates, isocyanates, and polyurethanes (C‐N bond formation); carboxylic acids and its derivatives (constructing C‐C bond); and formic acid derivatives, methanol and methane (C‐H bond formation via hydrogenation). However, the CO2molecule poses inherent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness because it is the most oxidized state of carbon. In this context, specific methodologies associated with the design of robust catalysts and choice of proper reaction media, such as specially designed transition‐metal containing complexes/ligands, using functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) and organocatalysts like frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) and using supercritical CO2(scCO2), have been developed on the basis of underlying principles of activation of CO2while gaining insight into its mechanism at the molecular level. The challenge is to develop easily prepared, efficient, and recyclable catalysts that are capable of activating CO2under low pressure (preferably at 1 atm) and, thus, incorporating CO2into organic molecules catalytically.
Chemistry in Space
Authors: Rehder Dieter 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The abundance of the elements, their present chemical forms and distribution within the universe is the result of lengthy and complex evolutionary processes. The formation of the elements began with the origin of the universe and has continued in the interiors of stars up to the present. As a result of extensive processing and recycling of material, the relative abundances of the elements do not, in general, vary greatly from one region of the universe to another. Significant exceptions do occur and a prime example is Earth. Most atoms in the universe are currently in environments much too high to permit the existence of stable chemical bonds, but in selected environments, stable bonds do exist and chemistry plays an important role. Examples of such regions are planetary bodies, interstellar clouds, and atmospheres of cool stars. In some of these environments, chemical properties, and the relative abundances of the elements can differ greatly from their original cosmic abundances.
This article gives details on the origin and development of the universe, evolution of stars, the interstellar medium, the Solar System, asteroids and meteorites, and the exoplanets. Life and its beginnings in the universe are discussed.
Space chemistry has a practical aspect in that astrophysical processes determined the composition and environment of Earth and to some extent its evolution. Processes observed on the other planets provide insight into aspects of terrestrial evolution that cannot be deduced from study on Earth alone. Such knowledge of the chemistry of space also is needed for the never‐ending search for extraterrestrial life as well as the commercial projects for space manufacturing and building of the infrastructure needed to make these ventures safe and profitable.
Natural Cosmetics
Authors: Duber‐Smith Darrin C. , Chang Yi Hsin , Olson Amy B. , Rosholt Azalea P. , Api Anne Marie , Vey Matthias , Ugurlayan Annie M. , Srinivasan Viny , Antignac Eric , Troyano Esperanza , Mcmillan Donna , Sarlo Katherine , Li Lijuan , Wimalasena Rohan , Flanagan James , Garrison Mark , Dayan Nava , Kilfoyle Brian E. , Terebetski Jenna L. , Michniak‐Kohn Bozena B. , Bose Sonali , Sivalenka Rajarajeswari , Putrevu Mangathayaru , Schlenoff Ina , Choi Robin , Gafner Stefan , Villinski Jacquelyn R. , He Kan , Roller Marc , Saxe Jennifer K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

The origin of the natural/organic products industry, with its roots in healthy foods and beverages, can be traced back to the beginning of the last century. The difference between natural and organic is that there are no definitions or regulations of natural products; organic products are largely defined and regulated within the United States. There are nongovernmental agencies working on standards and are able to supply eco‐seals to products (ECOCERT and BDIH, for example). Advertising self‐regulation has grown due to the public distrust of advertising claims in general. This article contains information on natural cosmetic formulations using natural fragrances, natural lipids, quercetin, curcumin, ayurvedic ingredients, and traditional Chinese herbs. Natural and organic cosmetic sales are part of the fastest growing sector in the cosmetic industry. Safety of the use of natural products is discussed. Natural does not always mean safe so extensive research is being performed
in re
toxicology, allergy problems, and whether the use of natural preservatives or preservative free can be considered safe. Biodegradability is a central aspect of the sustainability profile and environmental preferability of formulated products.
Triangular Elastomeric Stamps for Optical Applications: Near‐Field Phase Shift Photolithography, 3D Proximity Field Patterning, Embossed Antireflective Coatings, and SERS Sensing
Authors: Bowen Audrey M. , Motala Michael J. , Lucas J. Matthew , Gupta Sidhartha , Baca Alfred J. , Mihi Agustin , Alivisatos A. Paul , Braun Paul V. , Nuzzo Ralph G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe use of a decal transfer lithography technique to fabricate elastomeric stamps with triangular cross‐sections, specifically triangular prisms and cones, is described. These stamps are used in demonstrations for several prototypical optical applications, including the fabrication of multiheight 3D photoresist patterns with near zero‐width features using near‐field phase shift lithography, fabrication of periodic porous polymer structures by maskless proximity field nanopatterning, embossing thin‐film antireflection coatings for improved device performance, and efficient fabrication of substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic sensing. The applications illustrate the utility of the triangular poly(dimethylsiloxane) decals for a wide variety of optics‐centric applications, particularly those that exploit the ability of the designed geometries and materials combinations to manipulate light–matter interactions in a predictable and controllable manner.
Colossal Thermoelectric Power Factor in K7/8RhO2
Authors: Saeed Yasir , Singh Nirpendra , Schwingenschlögl Udo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe thermoelectric properties of the layered oxides KxRhO2 (x = 1/2 and 7/8) are investigated by means of the electronic structure, as determined by ab inito calculations and Boltzmann transport theory. In general, the electronic structure of KxRhO2 is similar to NaxCoO2, but with strongly enhanced transport. K7/8RhO2 exceeds the ultrahigh power factor of Na0.88CoO2 reported previously by more than 50%. The roles of the cation concentration and the lattice parameters in the transport properties in this class of compounds are explained.
A Simple and Efficient Access to New Functionalized 4‐Phenacylideneflavenes#
Authors: Sashidhara Koneni V. , Kumar Abdhesh , Agarwal Shikha , Kumar Manoj , Kumar Bikash , Sridhar Balasubramanian 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAn innovative and efficient approach towards diversity‐oriented synthesis of 4‐phenacylideneflavenes has been developed from substituted salicylaldehydes and acetophenones using iodine under solvent‐free conditions. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical functionalized 4‐phenacylideneflavenes were synthesized in good to excellent yields and their mechanism of formation is discussed.
Neonatal lethal Costello syndrome and unusual dinucleotide deletion/insertion mutations in HRAS predicting p.Gly12Val
Authors: Burkitt‐Wright Emma M.M. , Bradley Lisa , Shorto Jennifer , McConnell Vivienne P.M. , Gannon Caroline , Firth Helen V. , Park Soo‐Mi , D'Amore Angela , Munyard Paul F. , Turnpenny Peter D. , Charlton Amanda , Wilson Meredith , Kerr Bronwyn 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDe novo heterozygous mutations in HRAS cause Costello syndrome (CS), a condition with high mortality and morbidity in infancy and early childhood due to cardiac, respiratory, and muscular complications. HRAS mutations predicting p.Gly12Val, p.Gly12Asp, and p.Gly12Cys substitutions have been associated with severe, lethal, CS. We report on molecular, clinical, and pathological findings in patients with mutations predicting HRAS p.Gly12Val that were identified in our clinical molecular genetic testing service. Such mutations were identified in four patients. Remarkably, three were deletion/insertion mutations affecting coding nucleotides 35 and 36. All patients died within 6 postnatal weeks, providing further evidence that p.Gly12Val mutations predict a very poor prognosis. High birth weight, polyhydramnios (and premature birth), cardiac hypertrophy, respiratory distress, muscle weakness, and postnatal growth failure were present. Dysmorphism was subtle or non‐specific, with edema, coarsened facial features, prominent forehead, depressed nasal bridge, anteverted nares, and low‐set ears. Proximal upper limb shortening, a small bell‐shaped chest, talipes, and fixed flexion deformities of the wrists were seen. Neonatal atrial arrhythmia, highly suggestive of CS, was also present in two patients. One patient had congenital alveolar dysplasia, and another, born after 36 weeks' gestation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A rapidly fatal disease course, and the difficulty of identifying subtle dysmorphism in neonates requiring intensive care, suggest that this condition remains under‐recognized, and should enter the differential diagnosis for very sick infants with a range of clinical problems including cardiac hypertrophy and disordered pulmonary development. Clinical management should be informed by knowledge of the poor prognosis of this condition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spondyloperipheral dysplasia as the mosaic form of platyspondylic lethal skeletal dyplasia torrance type in mother and fetus with the same COL2A1 mutation
Authors: Désir Julie , Cassart Marie , Donner Catherine , Coucke Paul , Abramowicz Marc , Mortier Geert 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe describe a fetus with platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia, Torrance type (PLSD‐T), a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by platyspondyly, extremely short limbs, and mild brachydactyly. Mutation analysis of COL2A1 identified a novel in‐frame deletion c.4458_4460delCTT (p.Phe1486del) in the C‐propeptide region of the molecule, confirming the clinical diagnosis. The phenotype in the mother was compatible with mild spondyloperipheral dysplasia (SPPD). Molecular studies documented somatic mosaicism for the same mutation in the mother. This observation further highlights the causal relationship between PLSD‐T and SPPD and emphasizes the importance of evaluating parents when confronted with a skeletal dysplasia in a prenatal setting. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene variants in the folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism (FOCM) pathway as risk factors for conotruncal heart defects
Authors: Zhu Huiping , Yang Wei , Lu Wei , Etheredge Analee J. , Lammer Edward J. , Finnell Richard H. , Carmichael Suzan L. , Shaw Gary M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe evaluated 35 variants among four folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism pathway genes, MTHFD1, SHMT1, MTHFR, and DHFR as risk factors for conotruncal heart defects. Cases with a diagnosis of single gene disorders or chromosomal aneusomies were excluded. Controls were randomly selected from area hospitals in proportion to their contribution to the total population of live‐born infants. Odds ratios (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for each genotype (homozygous variant or heterozygote, vs. homozygous wildtype) and for increase of each less common allele (log‐additive model). Interactions between each variant and three folate intake variables (maternal multivitamin use, maternal dietary folate intake, and combined maternal folate intake) were also evaluated under the log‐additive model. In general, we did not identify notable associations. The A allele of MTHFD1 rs11627387 was associated with a 1.7‐fold increase in conotruncal defects risk in both Hispanic mothers (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.5) and Hispanic infants (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2–2.3). The T allele of MTHFR rs1801133 was associated with a 2.8‐fold increase of risk among Hispanic women whose dietary folate intake was ≤25th centile. The C allele of MTHFR rs1801131 was associated with a two‐fold increase of risk (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0–3.9) only among those whose dietary folate intake was >25th centile. Our study suggested that MTHFD1 rs11627387 may be associated with risk of conotruncal defects through both maternal and offspring genotype effect among the Hispanics. Maternal functional variants in MTHFR gene may interact with dietary folate intake and modify the conotruncal defects risk in the offspring. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The genetic variability and commonality of neurodevelopmental disease
Authors: Coe Bradley P. , Girirajan Santhosh , Eichler Evan E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDespite detailed clinical definition and refinement of neurodevelopmental disorders and neuropsychiatric conditions, the underlying genetic etiology has proved elusive. Recent genetic studies have revealed some common themes: considerable locus heterogeneity, variable expressivity for the same mutation, and a role for multiple disruptive events in the same individual affecting genes in common pathways. Recurrent copy number variation (CNV), in particular, has emphasized the importance of either de novo or essentially private mutations creating imbalances for multiple genes. CNVs have foreshadowed a model where the distinction between milder neuropsychiatric conditions from those of severe developmental impairment may be a consequence of increased mutational burden affecting more genes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incorporation of guanidine and ethylguanidine into thermosetting resins
Authors: Muirhead Kirsty , Earnshaw Scott , Easton Christopher J. , Philbrook Amy 
Published: April 2012

AbstractGuanidine‐ and arginine‐containing proteins are commonly used in the manufacture of formaldehyde‐based thermosetting resins; however, the polymer structures of these resins were not known. 13C‐NMR spectroscopy has now been applied to demonstrate that guanidine does react and form crosslinks in formaldehyde reactions. Ethylguanidine was used to model arginine in soy proteins, and the NMR analysis indicates that guanidine side chains in proteins also react and form crosslinks in biobased adhesives. Furthermore, these reaction products change with pH demonstrating that the formation of desired polymer species can be controlled and optimized. Finally, the products of the two most widely manufactured amino resins, melamine–formaldehyde and urea–formaldehyde, were then compared with those of guanidine–formaldehyde and ethylguanidine–formaldehyde. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis of chitosan C6‐substituted cyclodextrin derivatives with tosyl‐chitin as the intermediate precursor
Authors: Chen Yu , Ye Yanchun , Wang Liye , Guo Yanwen , Tan Huimin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA novel method was developed for the preparation of chitosan derivative with a high substitution of cyclodextrins at 6‐OH positions. Tosylated chitin at 6‐OH positions (6‐OTs‐Chitin) was prepared and then displaced by a monoamino β‐cyclodextrin derivative (Mono‐[6‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐amino‐6‐deoxy]‐β‐cyclodextrin, CDen) via nucleophilic substitution of the tosyl group to afford the 6‐OH substituted cyclodextrin derivatives (Chitin‐en‐CD). Further removal of acetyl groups on the chitin main chain yielded the C6 substituted cyclodextrin derivatives (CTS‐en‐CD). The structures of the products were characterized by FTIR and their crystallinity properties were studied by XRD. The thermal stability of the product was studied by TGA. The optimal conditions for nucleophilic substitution of CDen to 6‐OTs‐Chitin were evaluated and the highest substitution capacity of Chitin‐en‐CD was found to be 93.97 μmol/g. Substitution capacity of the corresponding CTS‐en‐CD was 128.68 mol/g, which is much higher than the literature value. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Miscibility in cyclic poly(butylene terephthalate) and styrene maleimide blends prepared by solid‐dispersion and in situ polymerization of cyclic butylene terephthalate oligomers within styrene maleimide
Authors: Samsudin Sani A. , Kukureka Stephen N. , Jenkins Mike J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBlends of cyclic butylene terephthalate oligomers (CBT) and styrene maleimide (SMI) were prepared by a solid dispersion technique in various compositions ranging from 90 to 10 wt % of CBT. In situ polymerization of the oligomers in the blend at 190°C produced a blend of cyclic poly(butylene terephthalate) (c‐PBT) and SMI. The blends were characterized by a variety of techniques including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the presence of 30 wt % and above of SMI impeded the crystallization of c‐PBT to such an extent that crystallization could not be detected under the conditions of the DSC experiment. The blend system exhibited a single composition‐dependent glass transition temperature (Tg), which indicated the presence of miscibility. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012