bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Maintenance and Ethnic Self‐Identification: a Model of Cultural Types
Authors: Chiro Giancarlo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe present paper examines from a humanistic sociological perspective (Znaniecki, 1998; Smolicz, 1999) the cultural maintenance and self—identification of a group of mostly second‐generation young adults of Italian ancestry in South Australia. A model of cultural types applicable to multicultural societies such as Australia is proposed by correlating measures of the Italian language and cultural systems activated by the participants with the ideological value orientations they express towards such systems. The two indices produce four general cultural types: Active Italophiles, Inactive Italophiles, Active Italophobes and Inactive Italophobes. Whereas the majority of participants (74 percent) can be defined ‘Italophiles’, this group was almost equally divided between Active Italophiles and Inactive Italophiles. The remaining participants (26 percent) can be distinguished into the 2.6 percent of participants who activate Italian language and culture (the Active Italophobes) and the 23.1 percent who do not (the Inactive Italophobes). Cross—classifications show that the participants' formal study of Italian and their parents' age at migration may be contributing factors in the process of cultural maintenance and identity. The paper argues that the transmission of Italian language and culture to the third generation in Australia will rely mainly on the ‘secure ethnic types’ (Active Italophiles) assisted by the ‘ideational ethnic types’ (Inactive Italophiles) especially if these enter into endogamous life partnerships.
Shi'i Ideology, Iranian Secular Nationalism and the Iran‐Iraq War (1980–1988)
Authors: Farzaneh Mateo Mohammad 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the wake of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and the ensuing Iraqi invasion of the southern province of Khuzestan, one of the most important initiations of Islamic institutions of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was the creation of the Sepâh‐e Pâsdârân‐e Enqelâb‐e Eslâmî (The Islamic Revolutionary Guard) or SPEE (Rafiqdust 1382/2004:173‐4). This revolutionary organisation was Khomeini's answer to the regular standing Iranian army, trained and disciplined under the tight control of the deposed monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to thwart any effort to destroy the much fought for Revolution and a possible coup d'état (Menashri 1999:218–219; Katzman 1993). The Ayatollah ordered its creation in the first week of his victory in February 1979 (Rafuqdust 1383/2004:174). ‘Whoever is armed,’ stated the call, ‘can join the Sepâh’ (Rafiqdust 1383/2004:184). The call was put out to start recruiting those who had taken up arms against the Pahlavi regime during the Revolution. Basîj‐e Enqelâb‐e Eslamî (Islamic Revolution's Mobilisation Force) or Basîj was the organisation born out of SPEE, which was filled with devout, motivated, and faithful Shi'i militants (Globalsecurity.org 2004)). By default, the Iran‐Iraq War (1980–1988) solidified the Islamic Revolution, and Basîj, as a key military body of the new regime, played a major role in this process. This study discusses how the Islamic government of Iran successfully promoted long‐learned religious traditions, in this case, the Karbala paradigm and the martyrdom of Imam Hussein in 680 AD to rally support and receive unconditional loyalty of the Basîji (a Basîj member) during the Iran‐Iraq War. It examines the following two points: first, the idea of self‐sacrifice as part of a religious belief, powerfully energised by the use of Shi'i ideology and history; second, the discussion of the amalgamation of secular and religious nationalism, which Ernest
Abstracts of the CADO workshop on integer factorization
Authors: Thomé Emmanuel 
Published: September 2009

The CADO workshop on integer factorization was held in Nancy, France, on October 7-9th, 2008. The workshop was focused on the Number Field Sieve and its implementation aspects. Fifty participants attended the workshop.
The workshop was organized by Pierrick Gaudry, Emmanuel Thomé and Paul Zimmermann.
Gene networks in Drosophila melanogaster: integrating experimental data to predict gene function
Authors: Costello James C , Dalkilic Mehmet M , Beason Scott M , Gehlhausen Jeff R , Patwardhan Rupali , Middha Sumit , Eads Brian D , Andrews Justen R 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background
Discovering the functions of all genes is a central goal of contemporary biomedical research. Despite considerable effort, we are still far from achieving this goal in any metazoan organism. Collectively, the growing body of high-throughput functional genomics data provides evidence of gene function, but remains difficult to interpret.

Results
We constructed the first network of functional relationships for Drosophila melanogaster by integrating most of the available, comprehensive sets of genetic interaction, protein-protein interaction, and microarray expression data. The complete integrated network covers 85% of the currently known genes, which we refined to a high confidence network that includes 20,000 functional relationships among 5,021 genes. An analysis of the network revealed a remarkable concordance with prior knowledge. Using the network, we were able to infer a set of high-confidence Gene Ontology biological process annotations on 483 of the roughly 5,000 previously unannotated genes. We also show that this approach is a means of inferring annotations on a class of genes that cannot be annotated based solely on sequence similarity. Lastly, we demonstrate the utility of the network through reanalyzing gene expression data to both discover clusters of coregulated genes and compile a list of candidate genes related to specific biological processes.

Conclusions
Here we present the the first genome-wide functional gene network in D. melanogaster. The network enables the exploration, mining, and reanalysis of experimental data, as well as the interpretation of new data. The inferred annotations provide testable hypotheses of previously uncharacterized genes.
Evidence-Based Treatment Options for the Management of Skin Toxicities Associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors
Authors: Tan Eng Hooi , Chan Alexandre 
Published: September 2009

Objective: To compile evidence from randomized controlled trials, case series, and case reports to identify the effectiveness of various therapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of dermatologie effects secondary to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (EGFRI) administration. Data Sources: Literature was accessed through PubMed (2002–May 2009) and Scopus (2002–March 2009), using the terms epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, cetuximab, erlotinib, gefilinib, panitumumab, management, skin toxicity, and cutaneous effects. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: An evaluation of published clinical trials, case series, case reports, and clinical management guidelines that studied the treatment options for EGFRI-induced skin toxicities was performed. Studies that reported dosing regimens and treatment outcomes were included in this review. Data Synthesis: Management of EGFRI-induced skin toxicities has been documented in 2 randomized controlled trials, 3 case series, and 10 case reports in a total of 156 patients. There is strong evidence for the use of topical antibiotics to manage EGFRI skin toxicities. Controversy exists regarding the use of corticosteroids and retinoids for the management of EGFRI-induced rash. Several variables are noted among the number of case series and case reports, such as follow-up duration of the intervention, making any comparisons difficult. Conclusions: Overall, antibiotics are the most common treatment option and have the potential to reduce the severity of skin rash. Well-designed clinical studies with proper recording of relevant data on the management of EGFRI-induced dermatologie effects are needed to properly evaluate the use of various therapeutic agents. Apart from randomized controlled trials, comprehensive case reports are also important for clinical evaluation on a case-by-case basis.
Role of the Second-Phase Particles in Zirconium Binary Alloys
Authors: Barberis P , Ahlberg E , Simic N , Charquet D , Lemaignan C , Wikmark G , Dahlbäck M , Limbäck M , Tägtström P , Lehtinen B 
Published: September 2009

The second-phase particles (SPP) play an important role on the corrosion and hydriding properties of BWR Zircaloy-type materials. It has been proposed that the chemical composition of the SPPs as well as the SPP size distribution strongly affect the in-reactor performance. Zr-Fe, Zr-Cr, and Zr-Ni binary alloys were processed, the size and density of SPP being independently varied through chemical composition and heat treatments.
SEM imaging was used to measure the grain size and the SPP size and distribution. Significant differences between binary alloys with iron, chromium, and nickel were observed. Grain sizes depend primarily on size and volume fraction (VF) of SPP. The SPP kinetic growth varies with the alloying element.
These observations are compared with corrosion and hydriding data obtained from autoclave experiments at 415 and 500°C, which show that besides the SPP size, their volume fraction is an important parameter (increasing the volume fraction decreases the corrosion rate, whatever the nature of the SPP). On the contrary, air oxidation at 415°C shows very slight influence of SPP type, size, and volume fraction on the corrosion resistance of the material. It should, however, be noticed that the considered test was a short-term test (3 days) and that the oxide layer thickness was less than or around 1 μm for all tested materials.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as well as potential sweep and step experiments were used to study the oxidation properties of the binary alloys at room temperature. On samples with large particles, thin compact oxide films are formed. In contrast, on samples with many small particles thick porous oxides are formed.
Based on these results and the SPP volume fraction, a tentative mechanism of corrosion and hydriding is proposed, explaining the differences in uniform and nodular corrosion observed between different Zr-based alloys.
The Effect of Minor Alloying Elements on Oxidation and Hydrogen Pickup in Zr-2.5Nb
Authors: Ploc RA 
Published: September 2009

In CANDU® reactors, fuel and coolant are contained in horizontal pressure tubes made of Zr-2.5 wt% Nb alloy. In the past decade, the effect of more than 20 impurity elements, in various concentrations, on oxidation and deuterium pickup (at 300°C, pD = 10.5, Li2O) have been investigated in over 70 Zr-2.5Nb alloys. The studies were performed using non-consumable arc-melted alloy logs that were rolled and made into corrosion coupons and corroded in autoclaves. This study represents one of the largest collections of previously unpublished data on the effect of impurity elements on oxide film growth and deuterium pickup in a zirconium alloy. Elements such as Al, Ti, Mn, and Pt, to name but a few, were found to significantly accelerate the corrosion process. Some elements, such as tin, had a positive effect on oxidation (lowers the rate of oxide film development) and a negative effect on hydrogen pickup (increases pickup). Three parameters were important to the corrosion process, namely, microstructure, surface finish, and synergistic interactions between the impurity elements.
The above studies culminated in two response surface analyses (RSA). The first was conducted on the effect of C and Fe on oxygen and deuterium pickup in Zr-2.5Nb drop castings corroded at 325°C in CANDU® conditions. The second study was performed in autoclaves at 300°C on the affect of four impurity elements, C, Fe, Cr, and Si, in Zr-2.5Nb micro-tubes, which possess the same microstructure as full-size pressure tubes. The first RSA revealed a quadratic dependence of corrosion on C and Fe concentrations, with an optimum resistance at about 30 ppm (wt) C and 1100 ppm (wt) Fe. This has been partially confirmed by out-reactor corrosion of Zr-2.5Nb-Fe micro-pressure tubes. Trends in-and out-reactor were similar for oxidation but different in magnitude for deuterium pickup. There is no linear dependence on the Fe concentration in-reactor, implying that Fe and C form a complex. The second RSA showed no effect due to Si. Cr weakly influenced oxide film formation, at least for short-term exposures.
Impact of Hydrogen on Dimensional Stability of ZIRLO Fuel Assemblies
Authors: King SJ , Kesterson RL , Yueh KH , Comstock RJ , Herwig WM , Ferguson SD 
Published: September 2009

The high-operating-temperature fuel duty, 18-month and longer-cycle lengths, and higher burnups have put increased demands on PWR fuel during recent years. As a result of these demanding operating conditions, the corrosion and dimensional stability of PWR fuel assembly skeletons are being challenged. To understand the in-reactor performance of fuel assembly skeletons, two hot cell programs were initiated on high duty fuel. Specifically, two Zircaloy-4 skeletons and one ZIRLO skeleton were dimensionally characterized and destructively examined to understand the effect of corrosion on the dimensional stability of guide tubes and grids.
While previous papers have dealt with the effects of fluence and crystallographic texture on the irradiation growth of zirconium alloys, this paper focuses on the effect of corrosion (oxidation and hydrogen uptake) on the dimensional stability of ZIRLO and Zircaloy-4. Laboratory tests were performed to quantify potential dimensional changes resulting from corrosion. Accelerated autoclave tests of ZIRLO and Zircaloy-4 in 589 K water containing 700-ppm lithium revealed that dimensional changes were well correlated to hydrogen content, not oxide thickness. In addition, the dimensional changes for both guide tube and strip (grid) autoclave specimens showed similar dependency upon hydrogen content and no significant dependency on crystallographic texture.
The hot cell evaluation of the irradiated ZIRLO and Zircaloy-4 structural components revealed increasing dimensional changes of grids and guide tubes from the bottom to the top of the assembly. This variation was strongly correlated with increasing hydrogen content as suggested by the autoclave tests. For a given alloy (i.e., ZIRLO or Zircaloy-4), the grid dimensional change is similar to the guide tube diameter change, suggesting that the effects of hydrogen are generic and not related to processing or starting material geometry. Comparison of ZIRLO and Zircaloy-4 dimensional data reveals greater stability of ZIRLO as a result of lower hydrogen uptake, a lower fluence component to growth, and a lower hydrogen component to growth. ZIRLO structural components, thimbles and grids, show an enhanced degree of dimensional stability with the combined effects of irradiation and corrosion/hydriding.
X-Ray and Electron Microscope Studies of Calcined and Sulfated Limestones
Authors: McClellan G. H. , Hunter S. R. , Scheib R. M. 
Published: September 2009

Calcitic limestone and Iceland spar were shock calcined at temperatures in the range 750 to 1300 C, and the products were examined by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction to determine the pore size, structure, and crystallite size of the calcines. The calcination took place in two stages: dissociation of the calcium carbonate and recrystallization of the oxide.
Samples of the same materials, with and without prior calcination, were treated with a gas containing 4 percent sulfur dioxide at 750, 1050, and 1200 C, and examined as before to determine the degree and manner of sulfation. The limestone calcines were consistently more reactive with sulfur dioxide than were those of the Iceland spar; the difference is attributed to the larger crystallite size of the initial Iceland spar and an unfavorable distribution of pores in the spar calcines. Sulfation occurs in two stages: a general surface reaction of the sulfur dioxide and oxygen with the calcium oxide, and a subsequent diffusion-controlled reaction through the sulfatecovered outer surface to the unreacted lime core.
Calcite calcines react best with sulfur dioxide at temperatures below 1050 C. Simultaneous calcination-sulfation, as in the injection into the furnace of a coal-burning power plant, takes place best at temperatures of 1050 C or higher.
The Textural Evolution of Limestone Calcines
Authors: McClellan G. H. , Eades J. L. 
Published: September 2009

A pure limestone and Iceland spar were shock calcined at several constant temperatures in the range 750 to 1300 C in a study of the pore structure of the calcines. The calcines were examined with a scanning electron microscope to follow the development of the pore structure and to correlate changes in the pores and in the related surface area with the properties of the lime and the temperature of calcination.
Limestone calcines prepared at temperatures below 1000 C had larger pores and lower surface areas than Iceland spar calcines prepared at the same temperature. Raising the temperature of calcination caused a decrease in surface area and an increase in pore size of both materials. The decrease in surface area on calcination at 1000 C resulted from the growth of large pores at the expense of smaller pores, but the physical characteristics of the lime were largely unchanged. At temperatures above 1000 C the calcium oxide crystals sintered and grew in size as the pore size continued to increase and the surface area decreased.
The larger initial crystallite size of the Iceland spar resulted in an unfavorable pore size distribution in its calcined products prepared below 1000 C. The limestone calcines prepared at the same temperatures had larger pores and smaller surface areas. Literature reports confirm that there is an optimum temperature of calcination for each stone for producing the proper surface area, pore distribution, and lime condition for maximum solid-fluid reactivity.
The Durability of Polyethylene Piping
Authors: Mruk Stanley A. 
Published: September 2009

A review of the literature on the physical and chemical aging of polyethylene piping has been undertaken. In typical uses the only types of aging mechanism that may limit polyethylene (PE) pipe's durability are photodegradation, oxidative degradation, and slow crack growth under tensile stressing.
Current generation PE pipe grade materials have superior resistance to these forms of aging. This resistance has been confirmed by accelerated aging testing, by fracture mechanics testing, and by evaluating pipes after long service histories.
Appropriate requirements, test methods, and protocols have been incorporated into product standards to adequately protect commercial grade PE piping against aging over the long service life expected in public utility and similar applications.
Compressive Properties of Pyrolytic Graphite from Room Temperature to 5000 F
Authors: Gobble L. P. , Salmen W. J. 
Published: September 2009

The objective of this test was to determine the compressive properties of pyrolytic graphite when loaded parallel to the a-b planes at temperatures from room temperature to 5000 F after heating at rates of 400 F per sec. Loading was programmed at a rate of 1000 psi per sec.
Pyrolytic graphite behaved in a brittle manner at all test temperatures. Average room temperature properties are: compressive strength, 13,500 psi; elastic modulus, 3.5 × 106 psi. The compressive strength decreased 6 per cent and the elastic modulus decreased 13 per cent in the range from room temperature to 3500 F. From 3500 to 5000 F a sharp decrease in compressive strength and elastic modulus occurred. Average properties at 5000 F are: compressive strength, 9700 psi; elastic modulus, 1.5 × 106 psi.
The proportional limit of pyrolytic graphite at a given temperature is approximately 25 per cent of the compressive strength. Typical stress-strain curves for specimens tested up to 5000 F are presented. Special equipment and test techniques used to obtain the required properties are described.
Bafflement in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Buxton R.G.A. 
Published: September 2009

Bafflementin Greek Tragedy (pp. 41-51)
Dans quelle mesure est-il possible de répondre à la question: «Pourquoi ce qui se produit dans une tragédie grecque se produit-il ?». Dans les Perses, la nature de la causalité dramatique est relativement claire. Dans les Trachiniennes, l'explication de la tragédie est plus complexe. Mais dans certains cas -par exemple pour certaines scènes d'Agamemnon et des Bacchantes et pour la totalité d'une pièce comme Héraclès- les arguments qui permettaient de décider pourquoi les événements se produisent sont soit insuffisants, soit contradictoires. En ce cas la réponse la plus honnête au problème de la causalité consiste à prendre acte de l'aporie. C'est peut-être une qualité particulièrement euripidéenne que de déconcerter de la sorte. Et cela pourrait expliquer pourquoi Euripide était dans l'Antiquité perçu comme un ergoteur.
Odysseia or Penelopeia ? [An assessment of Penelope's character and position in the Odyssey]
Authors: Karakantza E. D. 
Published: September 2009

Odysseia or Penelopeia ? (pp. 161-179)
La reine d'Ithaque, à l'encontre des idées reçues qui la veulent immobile dans le palais et à la merci des instincts erotiques des «fiancés», est un personnage actif et habile qui manipule les hommes qui l'assiègent, au moyen de ses charmes erotiques. C'est la femme qui a dirigé les affaires du palais durant l'absence d'Ulysse, et qui a pour longtemps trompé les jeunes gens qui la désiraient grâce à la trouvaille du suaire de Laërce. Faisant preuve de son intelligence, Pénélope désarme ses assaillants en excitant leurs sens et leur imagination, tout en restant pure et inaccessible.
Le titre Penelopeia est d'ailleurs indirectement suggéré par le défunt Agamemnon au chant XXIV de l'Odyssée, quand il déclare que le kleos de la reine deviendra un chant immortel qui la glorifiera pour toujours.
C-Reactive Protein Gene Polymorphisms in Disease Susceptibility and Clinical Manifestations of Korean Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: KIM HYOUN-AH , CHUN HYE-YOUNG , KIM SEUNG-HYUN , PARK HAE-SIM , SUH CHANG-HEE 
Published: September 2009

Objective.C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of inflammation. It is hypothesized that polymorphism of CRP gene contributes to susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We tested this hypothesis by identifying CRP gene polymorphisms in Korean patients with SLE.Methods.Approximately 1.5 kb of CRP promoter region was screened for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) using direct sequencing and 3 SNP in CRP exons by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The basal levels of CRP were measured by immunoturbidimetry. The effect of −390 C>A or T polymorphism on the promoter activity was analyzed by luciferase reporter assay in Hep3B cells.Results.Allele frequency at polymorphisms within CRP promoter and exon in our Korean patients with SLE differed from that of Caucasians. The A allele was a major allele at position 2043 in Korean SLE patients, whereas G is a major allele in Caucasian SLE. Our SLE patients had minor allele in the −390 polymorphism more frequently versus controls (p = 0.033). CRP 1185 polymorphism was associated with thrombocytopenia (p = 0.043). The basal levels of CRP were significantly higher in individuals who had minor allele in −390 and 2043 polymorphisms (p = 0.03. p = 0.024, respectively). Promoter-reporter construct carrying the −390 A or T allele displayed significantly higher promoter activity than that with the −390 C allele (p < 0.001).Conclusion.CRP gene −390 polymorphism plays a role in disease susceptibility of SLE through regulation of serum CRP level. Our results suggest that elevated basal CRP level may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE, even though CRP responsiveness to noninfectious inflammation of SLE is decreased.