bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of community participation in the effectiveness of UNESCO Biosphere Reserve management: evidence and reflections from two parallel global surveys
Authors: STOLL-KLEEMANN S. , DE LA VEGA-LEINERT A. C. , SCHULTZ L. 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYBiodiversity management has traditionally followed two contradictory approaches. One champions ecosystem protection through rigorous law enforcement and exclusion of humans. The other promotes community-based sustainable use of natural resources. Participatory conservation, a major paradigm shift, nowadays strongly guides the concept of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs). In this paper, the rationale for community participation, and the perception of its effectiveness among BR managers are analysed. Within the World Network of BRs (553 sites in 107 countries) diverse participatory approaches are being tried to advance community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). Data from two parallel surveys, involving managers from 276 BRs worldwide, reveal how far this participation paradigm shift has really occurred, and its influence on managers’ self-evaluated effectiveness. There is substantial regional disparity, although in general BR managers endorse inclusive conservation, despite critical implementation hurdles. The process of participatory conservation carries new dangers for effective biosphere reserve management, when the aspirations of communities and other stakeholders do not ‘fit’ with a predetermined interpretation of sustainable development.
The incidence, field performance and heritability of non-dormant seeds in white clover (Trifolium repensL.)
Authors: D'hondt Bram , Brys Rein , Hoffmann Maurice 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMature seeds of many legume species are normally characterized by water-impermeable seed coats, a form of physical dormancy. However, observations have suggested that the incidence of mature but permeable (non-dormant) seeds is sometimes substantial. Yet, the ecological processes associated with this non-dormancy have received little attention by plant ecologists. In white clover (Trifolium repens), we therefore studied: (1) the occurrence of initially permeable seeds in wild populations; (2) the relative performance of non-dormant and dormant seeds in plant establishment and reproduction in a field-sown experiment; and (3) the extent to which the trait is affected by humidity and plant genotype in a greenhouse experiment. No less than 35% of all viable seeds from the wild populations proved to be water permeable at maturity. The proportion of permeable seeds within inflorescences ranged from 0 to 100%. In the field-sown experiment, autumn-germinated non-dormant seeds had almost equally good chances of establishing as spring-germinated dormant seeds. Due to a marked head start in growth, the former yielded more flowers (and thus seeds) in the first flowering season. However, the greenhouse experiment proved that variation in the proportion of permeable seed between inflorescences represented a plastic response to humidity conditions during seed ripening, rather than variation among clones (broad-sense heritability ≤ 0.025). Thus the trait is not easily subject to selection.
Future time reference expressed by be to in Present-day English
Authors: DECLERCK RENAAT 
Published: June 2010

This article argues that be to is primarily a modal auxiliary expressing the necessity of future actualization of the ‘residue-situation’ (= the situation referred to by the clause minus be to). Eight possible ‘M-origins’ (= origins of the necessity) are identified. The ‘futurish’ use of be to in present-day English is closely related to these modal uses, especially to the use in which the M-origin is an official arrangement.The modal interpretation shifts to a futurish interpretation when the emphasis shifts from the present existence of the necessity to the future actualization of the residue-situation. This shift of emphasis is accompanied by a loss of doubt about this future actualization.In other words, the futurish reading comes to the fore when the (strong or weak) origin of the necessity is bleached, so that the hearer's attention is directed to the future actualization of the residue-situation. Various cases of such bleaching are treated. In some cases (e.g. when be to collocates with still or yet, as in He is still to keep the first of his promises), the bleaching of the M-origin is complete, so that only the sense of futurity (and hence of ‘not-yet-factuality’) is left. In some examples there is no clear difference between be to and will any more, so that the two are interchangeable within the same sentence.
The Enquiring Minds Project at Staffordshire University: Integrating Information Literacy into the Curriculum and Assessment
Authors: Pope Alison , Puttick Keith , Walton Geoff 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlison Pope, Keith Puttick and Geoff Walton have been involved in the information literacy aspects of a project to help students improve their research skills and they report on this and the wider current debates on information literacy with an emphasis throughout on legal research skills.
Avoiding Holes in Our Britches – Resources for the Faster, Cheaper, Better Legal Researcher
Authors: Crouch Karen 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the kinds of resources available to support the training of legal researchers and to guide them in their research, so that law librarians can avoid “re-inventing the wheel”. Karen Crouch places her emphasis on practical legal research. She also highlights some work in progress and possible future directions for legal learning resources and reviews some of the online tools that enable legal researchers to work more efficiently. The emphasis is on low cost resources, and those which enable additional value to be extracted from existing legal database subscriptions.
The Impact of Religion on the Space of Competition: The Dutch Case
Authors: Pellikaan Huib 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe political practice of consociational democracies to take religion off the political agenda has led to the idea that religious issues only play a marginal role in the left-right ideological framework. This study demonstrates that religion has more than a marginal effect on the left-right placement of parties and thus on the space of competition. The analysis shows that voters for secular parties and voters for religious parties have different motives and beliefs on which they base the orderings of parties on the left-right scale. In other words, each group of voters defines its own left-right scale. These different left-right scales are individually single-peaked but there is no collective transitivity of orderings of parties. The intransitivity is a clear violation of Downs' condition for placing all parties on a single line in a manner agreed upon by all voters. Instead of having one left-right dimension as some sort of “super issue,” there are at least two left-right scales, one for voters for secular parties and one for voters for religious parties.
The Islamist Trend in Egyptian Law
Authors: Moustafa Tamir 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe past four decades have witnessed profound transformations in the Egyptian legal system and in the Egyptian legal profession. Article 2 of the Egyptian Constitution now enshrines Islamic jurisprudence as the principle source of law, thus establishing an important symbolic marker at the heart of the state and opening avenues for Islamist activists to press litigation campaigns in the courts. Additionally, the Islamist trend gained prominence within the legal profession, a development that is particularly striking given the long and illustrious history of the Lawyer's Syndicate as a bastion of liberalism. Despite these significant shifts, however, Islamist litigation has achieved only limited legal victories. This article traces the political and socio-economic variables that underlie the Islamist trend in Egyptian law, and examines the impact of Islamist litigation in the Egyptian courts.
Preparing Alaskan Speech-Language Pathology Graduates for School-Based Employment
Authors: Young-Campbell Laura , Brigham Ellen 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Alaska, like the rest of the nation, has been experiencing a significant shortage of speech-language pathologists (SLPs). This shortage has been acutely felt in Alaska's public schools. Without an in-state graduate program, Alaska is unable to produce a qualified pool of candidates to fill SLP positions. This article will discuss a collaborative training program between the University of Alaska Anchorage and East Carolina University designed to address the SLP shortage in Alaska schools.
Lack of Increased Colonization with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci during Preferential Use of Vancomycin for Treatment during an Outbreak of Healthcare-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Miller Mark , Bernard Lisa , Thompson Melissa , Grima Daniel , Pepin Jocelyne 
Published: June 2010

Objective.To assess whether use of oral vancomycin for treatment during an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was associated with increased rates of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)..Design.A retrospective analysis of hospital databases.Setting.The Jewish General Hospital in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Methods.We collected data regarding VRE colonization and CDI from November 1, 2000, through September 30, 2007, during which policies of preferential oral metronidazole or vancomycin treatment were implemented to control an outbreak of CDI. Four periods were considered: period 1, the preoutbreak period when metronidazole was used; period 2, the CDI outbreak period when metronidazole was used; period 3, the postoutbreak period when vancomycin was used; and period 4, the postoutbreak period when metronidazole was used.Results.A total of 2,412 cases of CDI and 425 cases of VRE colonization were identified. The rate of CDI increased significantly during period 2 and decreased to preoutbreak levels during period 3. The rate of VRE also increased during period 2 and decreased during the first 18 months of period 3. A clonal outbreak of cases of VRE (VanA) colonization was observed toward the end of period 3 and into period 4. Excluding the period of the clonal outbreak, there was a strong correlation between the number of cases of CDI and VRE colonization (r = 0.736; P = .001) and a negative association between VRE colonization and vancomycin use (r = —0.765; P = .04).Conclusions.Increased vancomycin use was not associated with an increase in VRE colonization over a 2-year period. Restriction of vancomycin use during CDI outbreaks because of the fear of increasing VRE colonization may not be warranted.
DETECT—a Density Estimation Tool for Enzyme ClassificaTion and its application to Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Hung Stacy S. , Wasmuth James , Sanford Christopher , Parkinson John 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Motivation: A major challenge in genomics is the accurate annotation of component genes. Enzymes are typically predicted using homology-based search methods, where the membership of a protein to an enzyme family is based on single-sequence comparisons. As such, these methods are often error-prone and lack useful measures of reliability for the prediction.
Results: Here, we present DETECT, a probabilistic method for enzyme prediction that accounts for the sequence diversity across enzyme families. By comparing the global alignment scores of an unknown protein to those of all known enzymes, an integrated likelihood score can be readily calculated, ranking the reaction classes relevant for that protein. Comparisons to BLAST reveal significant improvements in enzyme annotation accuracy. Applied to Plasmodium falciparum, we identify potential annotation errors and predict novel enzymes of therapeutic interest.
Availability: A standalone application is available from the website: http://www.compsysbio.org/projects/DETECT/
Contact: john.parkinson@utoronto.ca
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Neutral Red Staining for Plant Vacuoles
Authors: Schwab Birgit , Hülskamp Martin 
Published: June 2010

INTRODUCTIONFor almost 100 years, neutral red has been used to stain living cells and fixed tissue. It can be used as a general-purpose stain, a pH indicator (turning from red to yellow, as the medium becomes alkaline), or a nuclear stain. In this protocol, neutral red is used to stain plant vacuoles.
New non‐invasive method for evaluation of the stratum corneum structure in diseases with abnormal keratinization by immunofluorescence microscopy of desmoglein 1 distribution in tape‐stripped samples
Authors: OYAMA Zuiei , NAOE Yoshikazu , KIMURA Hiroko , MASUNAGA Takuji , SEISHIMA Mariko , AOYAMA Yumi , KITAJIMA Yasuo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe corneodesmosomes in the stratum corneum are critical for the maintenance of stratum corneum integrity. To evaluate the normal and diseased keratinization states in the epidermis, we studied the distribution of desmoglein 1 (DSG1), a major component of corneodesmosomes, in samples of the stratum corneum obtained by tape stripping, a non‐invasive method. Samples were collected from lesional skin of four patients with psoriasis and three with lichen planus, and from non‐lesional skin of three volunteers. Upper stratum corneum cells were obtained by tape stripping and skin biopsies were obtained from adjacent sites. Tape‐stripped samples were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy using anti‐DSG1 monoclonal antibody, in combination with histopathology of skin biopsies. In normal human stratum corneum, which shows basket‐woven orthokeratosis, DSG1‐containing fluorescent dots were distributed on the lateral cell–cell contact areas of plasma membrane, but not on the dorsal/ventral plasma membrane, and formed a well‐ordered hexagonal network structure. In psoriatic stratum corneum, fluorescent dots were distributed throughout the cell membrane at ventral aspects of corneocytes as well as at the lateral cell–cell contacts. In lichen planus, fluorescent dots were distributed homogeneously and/or heterogeneously on the ventral surface in some cells. Adjacent cells lacked DSG1 at the lateral cell–cell contacts, but were instead separated by distinctive black‐gap lines. These results suggest that the intercellular adhesion by DSG1 may depend on the lateral plasma membrane in normal human stratum corneum, on the dorsal/ventral plasma membrane in lichen planus, and on both lateral and dorsal/ventral plasma membranes in psoriatic stratum corneum. Tape stripping and DSG1 immunofluorescence visualizes adhesion features of corneocytes and has considerable potential for evaluation of abnormal keratinization and the process of healing in response to treatment.
Single‐dose oral fluconazole versus topical clotrimazole in patients with pityriasis versicolor: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: DEHGHAN Mohammad , AKBARI Negin , ALBORZI Nazila , SADANI Somayeh , KESHTKAR Abas A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study was designed to compare the therapeutic effects of topical clotrimazole and systemic fluconazole in pityriasis versicolor. A double‐blind randomized controlled trial was carried out in the dermatological clinic of Gorgan, northern Iran, between April 2006 and May 2007. All consecutive patients with pityriasis versicolor were included and randomly divided into two groups. In the first group (G1), patients underwent treatment with a single dose of fluconazole capsule (400 mg) and placebo cream. In the second group (G2), patients underwent treatment with clotrimazole cream (twice daily) and placebo capsule. The course of treatment was 2 weeks. All subjects were re‐evaluated 2, 4 and 12 weeks after the end of the therapeutic course. After 2 weeks, the rate of complete resolution of disease was significantly higher in G2 than G1 (49.1% vs 30%). After 4 weeks, 41 patients (81.2%) of G1 and 52 patients (94.9%) of G2 showed complete resolution. After 12 weeks, 46 patients (92%) in G1 and 45 patients (81.8%) in G2 showed complete resolution. Recurrence rate in G1 and G2 were 6% and 18.2%, respectively. No complications were seen in either group. In this study, clinical response at week 4 was greater in the clotrimazole group than the fluconazole group. Recurrence at week 12 after treatment was less with oral fluconazole than clotrimazole cream. So, for better evaluation, more studies need to be done.
Cutaneous Malassezia microbiota of healthy subjects differ by sex, body part and season
Authors: AKAZA Narifumi , AKAMATSU Hirohiko , SASAKI Yasuyuki , TAKEOKA Shiori , KISHI Masataka , MIZUTANI Hiroshi , SANO Akiyo , HIROKAWA Keiko , NAKATA Satoru , MATSUNAGA Kayoko 
Published: June 2010

Abstract Malassezia is a component of normal cutaneous resident microbiota. The aim of this study was to quantitatively clarify the differences in cutaneous Malassezia microbiota in healthy subjects by sex, body part and season. Samples were collected from the forehead, cheek, upper chest and upper back of 20 healthy men and 20 healthy women (average age 32 years) in summer and winter by the swab method. Malassezia DNA was analyzed using a real‐time PCR system. As a result, in sex, body parts and season, men, the upper trunk and summer showed the highest total numbers of cutaneous Malassezia species on average. There were also differences depending on the analytical method. The predominant species were M. restricta on the face of men, M. globosa and M. dermatis on the upper trunk of men, and M. globosa and M. sympodialis on the upper trunk of women. This study clarified that the cutaneous Malassezia microbiota of healthy subjects differed by sex, body part and season.
Coordinated approaches to quantify long‐term ecosystem dynamics in response to global change
Authors: LUO YIQI , MELILLO JERRY , NIU SHULI , BEIER CLAUS , CLARK JAMES S. , CLASSEN AIMÉE T. , DAVIDSON ERIC , DUKES JEFFREY S. , EVANS R. DAVE , FIELD CHRISTOPHER B. , CZIMCZIK CLAUDIA I. , KELLER MICHAEL , KIMBALL BRUCE A. , KUEPPERS LARA M. , NORBY RICHARD J. , PELINI SHANNON L. , PENDALL ELISE , RASTETTER EDWARD , SIX JOHAN , SMITH MELINDA , TJOELKER MARK G. , TORN MARGARET S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMany serious ecosystem consequences of climate change will take decades or even centuries to emerge. Long‐term ecological responses to global change are strongly regulated by slow processes, such as changes in species composition, carbon dynamics in soil and by long‐lived plants, and accumulation of nutrient capitals. Understanding and predicting these processes require experiments on decadal time scales. But decadal experiments by themselves may not be adequate because many of the slow processes have characteristic time scales much longer than experiments can be maintained. This article promotes a coordinated approach that combines long‐term, large‐scale global change experiments with process studies and modeling. Long‐term global change manipulative experiments, especially in high‐priority ecosystems such as tropical forests and high‐latitude regions, are essential to maximize information gain concerning future states of the earth system. The long‐term experiments should be conducted in tandem with complementary process studies, such as those using model ecosystems, species replacements, laboratory incubations, isotope tracers, and greenhouse facilities. Models are essential to assimilate data from long‐term experiments and process studies together with information from long‐term observations, surveys, and space‐for‐time studies along environmental and biological gradients. Future research programs with coordinated long‐term experiments, process studies, and modeling have the potential to be the most effective strategy to gain the best information on long‐term ecosystem dynamics in response to global change.
Dental behaviour management problems: the role of child personal characteristics
Authors: GUSTAFSSON ANNIKA , BROBERG ANDERS , BODIN LENNART , BERGGREN ULF , ARNRUP KRISTINA 
Published: June 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 242–253 Aim.  This study aimed to investigate the role of dental fear (DF) and other personal characteristics in relation to dental behaviour management problems (DBMP).Design.  A study group of 230 patients (7.5–19 years old; 118 girls), referred because of DBMP, was compared to a reference group of 248 same‐aged patients (142 girls) in ordinary dental care. Patients and their parents independently filled in questionnaires including measures of fear and anxiety, behavioural symptoms, temperamental reactivity, and emotion regulation.Results.  Study group patients referred because of DBMP differed from the reference group in all investigated aspects of personal characteristics. In the multivariate analyses, DF was the only variable with consistent discriminatory capacity through all age and gender subgroups. Aspects of anxiety, temperament, and behavioural symptoms contributed, but differently for different subgroups and at different levels of dental fear.Conclusions.  Among older children and adolescents, DF deserves to be re‐established as the single most important discriminating variable for DBMP at clearly lower scores than commonly used. Further research should focus on the different patterns of DBMP development, considering various personal characteristics that may trigger, maintain, or exacerbate young patients’ vulnerability to DF and DBMP.
Detection of oral streptococci with collagen‐binding properties in saliva specimens from mothers and their children
Authors: NOMURA RYOTA , NAKA SHUHEI , NAKANO KAZUHIKO , TANIGUCHI NAHO , MATSUMOTO MICHIYO , OOSHIMA TAKASHI 
Published: June 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 254–260 Background.  Approximately 10–20% of Streptococcus mutans strains have been reported to possess collagen‐binding properties, whereas other species in the oral cavity with those properties remain to be elucidated.Aim.  To identify strains with collagen‐binding properties and analyse their characteristics in comparison with S. mutans.Design.  A total of 110 expectorated saliva specimens were collected from 55 pairs of mothers and their children. Bacterial strains with collagen‐binding properties were isolated and the species specified. In addition, strains with collagen‐binding properties isolated from mother–child pairs were analysed using molecular biological approaches.Results.  The detection frequency of strains with collagen‐binding properties was shown to be 40.9%, among which S. salivarius was the most frequently detected, followed by S. mutans. The collagen‐binding activity of the S. mutans group was the highest, followed by S. salivarius. In addition, S. mutans and S. salivarius strains from 3 and 1 mother–child pairs, respectively, were shown to be the same clones.Conclusions.  Our results indicate that S. mutans and S. salivarius are major species with collagen‐binding properties in the oral cavity, and that strains with such properties may be related to mother–child transmission.