bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding is associated with the production of type I interferon in infants infected with influenza virus
Authors: Melendi Guillermina A , Coviello Silvina , Bhat Niranjan , Zea‐Hernandez Johanna , Ferolla Fausto M , Polack Fernando P 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground:  Breast milk‐mediated protection against respiratory viruses is well established. However, protective mechanisms are unclear. Type I interferons (IFN) mediate host defence against respiratory viruses, particularly influenza virus. The relationship among type I IFN, respiratory viral infections and breastfeeding has not been explored.Methods:  Type I IFN responses were studied by ELISA and real time PCR in nasal secretions of infants experiencing their first respiratory infection. Modulation of IFN by breastfeeding and other variables affecting severity during viral infection was explored.Results:  One hundred and twenty infants were positive by RT‐PCR for influenza virus (n = 24), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (n = 30) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n = 66). Type I IFNs were detected more frequently in infants infected with influenza virus than in those infected with RSV or hMPV. Breastfeeding promoted higher rates and levels of type I IFN only in infants infected with influenza virus. No effect on IFN production was observed for age, gender or smoking.Conclusion:  Our study confirms that type I IFN production is detected more frequently in infants infected with influenza virus. Importantly, higher rates and levels of type I IFN in these infants are associated with breastfeeding. These observations suggest that breast milk can protect against respiratory viruses by activating innate antiviral mechanisms in the host.
Analyzing Factors Affecting U.S. Food Price Inflation
Authors: Baek Jungho , Koo Won W. 
Published: May 2010

Since the summer of 2007, U.S. food price inflation has increased dramatically. Given public anxiety over fast‐rising food prices, this study attempts to analyze the effects of market factors—prices of energy and agricultural commodities and exchange rate—on U.S. food prices using a cointegration analysis. Results show that the agricultural commodity price and exchange rate play the key roles in determining the short‐ and long‐run movement of U.S. food prices. It is also found that in recent years, energy price has been a significant factor affecting U.S. food prices in the long run, but has little effect in the short run. This implies the strong linkage between energy and agricultural markets in the long run over the recent years. Depuis l’été 2007, l’inflation des prix des aliments aux États‐Unis a augmenté considérablement. En raison de l’anxiété que la hausse rapide des prix des aliments suscite au sein de la population, nous avons tenté d’évaluer, à l’aide d’une analyse de co‐intégration, les répercussions de certains facteurs de marché– le prix de l’énergie, le prix des produits agricoles primaires et le taux change – sur les prix des aliments aux États‐Unis. Les résultats ont montré que les prix des produits agricoles primaires et le taux de change jouent un rôle important dans la détermination des tendances à court et à long terme des prix des aliments aux États‐Unis. Nous avons également constaté que, au cours des dernières années, le prix de l’énergie a eu une forte influence sur les prix des aliments aux États‐Unis à long terme, mais peu d’influence à court terme. Cette observation montre l’étroit lien à long terme des marchés de l’énergie et des produits agricoles au cours des dernières années.
Antihypertensive Effect of Salt‐Free Soy Sauce, a New Fermented Seasoning, in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Matsui Toshiro , Zhu Xiao‐Lin , Shiraishi Koso , Ueki Tatsuro , Noda Yoshiharu , Matsumoto Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  In this study, we focused on the antihypertensive effect of newly fermented salt‐free soy sauce (SFS) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). A 13‐wk oral administration of SFS was performed daily in 8‐ to 21‐wk‐old SHRs with a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight/d. The systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were measured for each week during the experimental period. As a result, a significant (P < 0.01) BP lowering effect was observed from the 5th d to the end of the experiment in the SFS group compared with the control group (ΔSBP21‐wk: 27 mmHg, ΔDBP21‐wk: 20 mmHg). In contrast to such substantial effect by SFS intake, angiotensin I‐converting enzyme activities in blood and local organs as well as pharmaceutical parameters such as serum Na+ or K+ level did not show any significant difference between in both SFS and control groups. Vasoconstriction experiment using thoracic aorta rings from 21‐wk SHRs provided an interesting result that the rings from the SFS group evoked a >2‐fold higher increase in the angiotensin II‐stimulated constrictive response compared with the rings from the control group (P = 0.012), which suggested that the SFS‐intake would be effective in possessing a higher vessel tone.Practical Application: In this study, we investigated the antihypertensive effect of newly fermented SFS in SHRs. As a result of 13‐wk SFS‐administration, we found a significant antihypertensive effect of the SFS. This finding strongly demonstrates that the developed SFS would be greatly beneficial for health and useful for health‐related industries.
Broccoli‐Derived By‐Products—A Promising Source of Bioactive Ingredients
Authors: Domínguez‐Perles Raúl , Martínez‐Ballesta Maria Carmen , Carvajal Micaela , García‐Viguera Cristina , Moreno Diego A. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT: The regular dietary intake of broccoli on a weekly basis has been related to better health, but industrial use of broccoli by‐products (crop remains) is negligible. Adding value to broccoli by‐products in a country such as Spain, one of the main broccoli producers for the EU, is of scientific and economic interest. The present article is focused on the bioactive compounds (glucosinolates, phenolic acids, and flavonoids) and nutrients (vitamin C, minerals, and trace elements), as well as the in vitro radical‐scavenging capacity (DPPH· test), of the broccoli products (harvest remains) resulting from greenhouse cultivation using 80 mM NaCl treatment, representative of the currently available irrigation water in the production areas of Murcia (SE Spain). The bioactive compounds and nutrient contents varied according to the cultivar, organ (leaves or stalks), and the saline stress (80 mM NaCl), in the cultivars Marathon, Nubia, and Viola. Cultivar Nubia was not affected dramatically by 80 mM NaCl and the contents of phytochemicals and nutrients in the by‐products of Nubia fell within the range of health‐promoting levels of edible commercial parts (inflorescences or flower heads). Therefore, adding value to broccoli agrowaste by obtaining bioactive ingredients and nutrients could benefit the food and drug industry.Practical Application: Many by‐products of the agrifood industry may be useful as sources of nutrients and potentially functional ingredients, giving the opportunity to obtain added‐value products. Previous studies have been focused on edible florets, but in this case we are interested in adding value to broccoli by‐products that represent a real problem in the production sites because no intended use for this material has been envisaged. Therefore, the aim of this study was to add value to the broccoli‐derived by‐products, since recycling all this agrowaste to obtain bioactive ingredients for industry can boost profits and reduce costs and environmental problems.
Basal Cell Carcinoma: What’s New Under the Sun
Authors: Dessinioti Clio , Antoniou Christina , Katsambas Andreas , Stratigos Alexander J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBasal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer in white populations with an increasing incidence worldwide, thereby imposing an important public health problem. Its etiology is still unclear, but existing data indicate that the risk for BCC development is of multifactorial origin and results from the interplay of both constitutional and environmental factors. Yet, UV radiation (UVR) is believed to be the predominant causative risk factor in the pathogenesis of BCC. For years, BCC and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have been grouped together as “nonmelanoma skin cancer.” However, it seems that there are considerable biologic differences between BCC and SCC, and thus each type of epithelial cancer should be addressed separately. The present review provides an overview of the intriguing etiologic link of BCC with UVR and attempts a comprehensive review of recent epidemiologic and molecular evidence that supports this association.
Hydrological Controls and Freshening in Meromictic Soap Lake, Washington, 1939‐20021
Authors: Kallis Jahn , Bodensteiner Leo , Gabriel Anthony 
Published: May 2010

Kallis, Jahn, Leo Bodensteiner, and Anthony Gabriel, 2010. Hydrological Controls and Freshening in Meromictic Soap Lake, Washington, 1939‐2002. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 744‐756. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00446.xAbstract:  The chemically stratified layer of naturally formed meromictic lakes exhibits unusual and often extreme physical and chemical conditions that have resulted in the evolution of uniquely adapted species. The Columbia Basin Irrigation Project appears to have had a marked effect on the hydrology of Soap Lake, a meromictic lake in the Grand Coulee of central Washington. The relation of hydrology to salinity was assessed by analyzing water budgets before and after the introduction of the irrigation project. Before irrigation, water gains were balanced by losses; after irrigation began groundwater gains approximately doubled. To manage lake levels and reduce groundwater influx, wells were installed to intercept groundwater. Although the hydrological cycle has been restored to pre‐irrigation conditions, the meromictic character of the lake continues to change. Interception wells remove 10 to 16 Mm3 of groundwater annually, but influx continues based on change in the monimolimnion. From 1958 to 2003 the chemocline descended 1.1 m and the volume of the monimolimnion from 698,000 m3 to 114,000 m3. Annual loss of volume is occurring at a rate of 1.9% since 1958. Although groundwater interception wells are maintaining the volume of the entire lake, the recession of the chemocline indicates that conditions that have maintained meromixis at Soap Lake are currently not in equilibrium.
The effects of immunosuppressive drugs on CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells: a systematic review of clinical and basic research
Authors: Zhang Chuntao , Shan Juan , Feng Li , Lu Jun , Xiao Zheng , Luo Lei , Li Chengwen , Guo Yingjia , Li Youping 
Published: May 2010

Abstract Objective To review the effects of different immunosuppressive drugs on proliferation and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase (from inception to September 2009), and the Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2009) for clinical and basic research about the effects of various immunosuppressive drugs on Tregs. Data were extracted and methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers. Outcome measures for clinical research included blood Tregs levels, acute rejection episodes, and graft function. Outcomes for basic research included percentage of Tregs proliferation, function, Tregs phenotype, and evidence for possible mechanisms. We analyzed data qualitatively. Results Forty‐two studies, including 19 clinical trials and 23 basic studies, were included. The immunosuppressive drugs studied were calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), Rapa, anti‐metabolism drugs, IL‐2 receptor‐blocking antibodies, T‐cell depleting antibodies, and co‐stimulation blockade antibodies. Most of the studies were on Rapa and CNIs. Eight basic studies on Rapa and CNIs showed that Rapa could promote the proliferation and function of Tregs, while CNIs could not. Five clinical trials involving a total of 158 patients showed that patients taking Rapa had higher blood concentration of Tregs than patients taking CNIs, but no difference was found in graft function (6–42 months follow‐up). Conclusion There is substantial evidence that Rapa favors Tregs survival and function. However, the higher numbers of blood Tregs in patients treated with Rapa do not show any association with better graft function. Larger clinical studies with longer follow‐up are needed to more thoroughly assess the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs on Tregs, and reveal whether a relationship exists between Tregs and graft function.
Gag Mutations Can Impact Virological Response to Dual-Boosted Protease Inhibitor Combinations in Antiretroviral-Naïve HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Larrouy Lucile , Chazallon C. , Landman R. , Capitant C. , Peytavin G. , Collin G. , Charpentier C. , Storto A. , Pialoux G. , Katlama C. , Girard P. M. , Yeni P. , Aboulker J. P. , Brun-Vezinet F. , Descamps D. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTANRS 127 was a randomized pilot trial involving naïve patients receiving two dual-boosted protease inhibitor (PI) combinations. Virological response, defined as a plasma HIV RNA level of <50 copies/ml at week 16, occurred in only 41% patients. Low baseline plasma HIV RNA level was the only significant predictor of virological response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact on virological response of pretherapy mutations in cleavage sites ofgag,gag-pol, and thegag-polframeshift region. The wholegaggene and protease-coding region were amplified and sequenced at baseline and at week 16 for 48 patients still on the allocated regimen at week 16. No major PI resistance-associated mutations were detected either at baseline or in the 26 patients who did not achieve virological response at week 16. Baseline cleavage site substitutions in the product of thegagopen reading frame at positions 128 (p17/p24) (P= 0.04) and 449 (p1/p6gag) (P= 0.01) were significantly more frequent in those patients not achieving virological response. Conversely, baseline cleavage site mutation at position 437 (TFP/p6pol) was associated with virological response (P= 0.04). In multivariate analysis adjusted for baseline viral load, these 3 substitutions remained independently associated with virological response. We demonstrated here,in vivo, an impact of baseline polymorphicgagmutations on virological response in naïve patients receiving a combination of two protease inhibitors. However, it was not possible to link the substitutions selected under PI selective pressure with virological failure.
Antimicrobial Resistance among Respiratory Pathogens in Spain: Latest Data and Changes over 11 Years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007)
Authors: Pérez-Trallero Emilio , Martín-Herrero Jose E. , Mazón Ana , García-Delafuente Celia , Robles Purificación , Iriarte Victor , Dal-Ré Rafael , García-de-Lomas Juan 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

A nationwide multicenter susceptibility surveillance study (Susceptibility to the Antimicrobials Used in the Community in España [SAUCE] project), SAUCE-4, including 2,559
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, 2,287
Streptococcus pyogenes
, and 2,736
Haemophilus influenzae
isolates was carried out from May 2006 to June 2007 in 34 Spanish hospitals. Then, the results from SAUCE-4 were compared to those from all three previous SAUCE studies carried out in 1996-1997, 1998-1999, and 2001-2002 to assess the temporal trends in resistance and the phenotypes of resistance over the 11-year period. In SAUCE-4, on the basis of the CLSI breakpoints, penicillin (parenteral, nonmeningitis breakpoint) and cefotaxime were the antimicrobials that were the most active against
S. pneumoniae
(99.8% and 99.6%, respectively). Only 0.9% of isolates had a penicillin MIC of ≥2 μg/ml. In
S. pyogenes
, nonsusceptibility to erythromycin was observed in 19.4% of isolates. Among the
H. influenzae
isolates, a β-lactamase-positive prevalence of 15.7% was found. A statistically significant temporal decreasing trend over the 11-year period was observed for nonsusceptibility (from 60.0% to 22.9%) and resistance (from 36.5% to 0.9%) to penicillin and for the proportion of erythromycin-resistant isolates of
S. pneumoniae
of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS
B
) phenotype (from 98.4% to 81.3%). A similar trend was observed for the prevalence of ampicillin resistance (from 37.6% to 16.1%), β-lactamase production (from 25.7% to 15.7%), and β-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistance (BLNAR) in
H. influenzae
(from 13.5% to 0.7%). Among erythromycin-resistant isolates of
S. pyogenes
, a significant increasing trend in the prevalence of MLS
B
was observed (from 7.0% to 35.5%). SAUCE-4 confirms a generalized decline in the resistance of the main respiratory pathogens to the antimicrobials as well as a shift in their resistance phenotypes.
Novel Protease Inhibitors (PIs) Containing Macrocyclic Components and 3(
R
),3a(
S
),6a(
R
)-
bis
-Tetrahydrofuranylurethane That Are Potent against Multi-PI-Resistant HIV-1 Variants
In Vitro
Authors: Tojo Yasushi , Koh Yasuhiro , Amano Masayuki , Aoki Manabu , Das Debananda , Kulkarni Sarang , Anderson David D. , Ghosh Arun K. , Mitsuya Hiroaki 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

Natural products with macrocyclic structural features often display intriguing biological properties. Molecular design incorporating macrocycles may lead to molecules with unique protein-ligand interactions. We generated novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors (PIs) containing a macrocycle and
bis
-tetrahydrofuranylurethane. Four such compounds exerted potent activity against HIV-1
LAI
and had 50% effective concentrations (EC
50
s) of as low as 0.002 μM with minimal cytotoxicity. GRL-216 and GRL-286 blocked the replication of HIV-1
NL4-3
variants selected by up to 5 μM saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, lopinavir, or atazanavir; they had EC
50
s of 0.020 to 0.046 μM and potent activities against six multi-PI-resistant clinical HIV-1 (HIV

mPI
r

) variants with EC
50
s of 0.027 to 0.089 μM. GRL-216 and -286 also blocked HIV-1 protease dimerization as efficiently as darunavir. When HIV-1
NL4-3
was selected by GRL-216, it replicated progressively more poorly and failed to replicate in the presence of >0.26 μM GRL-216, suggesting that the emergence of GRL-216-resistant HIV-1 variants is substantially delayed. At passage 50 with GRL-216 (the HIV isolate selected with GRL-216 at up to 0.16 μM [HIV
216-0.16 μM
]), HIV-1
NL4-3
containing the L10I, L24I, M46L, V82I, and I84V mutations remained relatively sensitive to PIs, including darunavir, with the EC
50
s being 3- to 8-fold-greater than the EC
50
of each drug for HIV-1
NL4-3
. Interestingly, HIV
216-0.16 μM
had 10-fold increased sensitivity to tipranavir. Analysis of the protein-ligand X-ray structures of GRL-216 revealed that the macrocycle occupied a greater volume of the binding cavity of protease and formed greater van der Waals interactions with V82 and I84 than darunavir. The present data warrant the further development of GRL-216 as a potential antiviral agent for treating individuals harboring wild-type and/or HIV

mPI
r

.
Identification of
Anaplasma marginale
Proteins Specifically Upregulated during Colonization of the Tick Vector
Authors: Ramabu Solomon S. , Ueti Massaro W. , Brayton Kelly A. , Baszler Timothy V. , Palmer Guy H. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

The transition between infection of the mammalian host and colonization of an arthropod vector is required for the ongoing transmission of a broad array of pathogens, from viruses to protozoa. Understanding how this transition is mediated provides opportunities to disrupt transmission through either chemotherapy or immunization. We used an unbiased proteomic screen to identify
Anaplasma marginale
proteins specifically upregulated in the tick compared to the mammalian host. Comparative mass spectrometric analysis of proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of uninfected and infected ISE6 cells and infected mammalian cells identified 15 proteins exclusively expressed or upregulated in tick cells. All 15 had originally been annotated as hypothetical proteins. We confirmed quantitative upregulation and expression
in situ
within the midgut epithelial and salivary gland acinar cells of vector ticks during successful transmission. The results support the hypothesis that
A. marginale
gene expression is regulated by the specific host environment and, in a broader context, that the core genome evolved in the arthropod vector with differential regulation, allowing adaptation to mammalian hosts. Furthermore, the confirmation of the
in situ
expression of candidates identified in ISE6 cell lines indicates that this approach may be widely applicable to bacteria in the genera
Anaplasma
and
Ehrlichia
, removing a major technical impediment to the identification of new targets for vaccine and chemotherapeutic blocking of transmission.
Utility of sarcoma-specific fusion gene analysis in paraffin-embedded material for routine diagnosis at a specialist centre
Authors: Thway Khin , Rockcliffe Sasha , Gonzalez David , Swansbury John , Min Toon , Thompson Lisa , Fisher Cyril 
Published: May 2010

AimsDiagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas can be difficult. It can be aided by detection of specific genetic aberrations in many cases. This study assessed the utility of a molecular genetics/cytogenetics service as part of the routine diagnostic service at the Royal Marsden Hospital.MethodsA retrospective audit was performed over a 15-month period to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness for soft tissue sarcomas with translocations of fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) in paraffin-embedded (PE) material. Results were compared with histology, and evaluated.ResultsMolecular investigations were performed on PE material in 158 samples (total 194 RT-PCR and 174 FISH tests), of which 85 were referral cases. Synovial sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma were the most commonly tested tumours. Myxoid liposarcoma showed the best histological and molecular concordance, and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma showed the best agreement between methods. FISH had a higher sensitivity for detecting tumours (73%, compared with 59% for RT-PCR) with a better success rate than RT-PCR, although the latter was specific in identifying the partner gene for each fusion. In particular, referral blocks in which methods of tissue fixation and processing were not certain resulted in higher RT-PCR failure rates.ConclusionsFISH and RT-PCR on PE tissue are practical and effective ancillary tools in the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas. They are useful in confirming doubtful histological diagnoses and excluding malignant diagnoses. PCR is less sensitive than FISH, and the use of both techniques is optimal for maximising the detection rate of translocation-positive sarcomas.