bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Inter-Reservoir Communication in a Stratified Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Phillips Guerrero Rodolfo J. , Al-Shakhs Mohammed J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper presents the results of pressure transient analysis carried out in several wells in a carbonate reservoir sequence, which has facilitated the assessment of the degree of vertical communication across various flow units on a larger reservoir scale. This enables the reduction of uncertainties in the full field reservoir simulation model, which is a key for the successful reservoir development plans.
One of the major uncertainties that impact any reservoir development of relatively thin flow units, in a stratified carbonate reservoir, is the incomplete knowledge of the vertical inter-reservoir communication. This includes characterisation of vertical and lateral flow barriers such as, horizontal baffles, compartmentalisation and sealing faults. A well testing campaign was implemented in the high uncertainty areas of the reservoir to assess the degree of communication. The paper discusses a few examples of the well tests to demonstrate the approach utilized for the assessment. The testing procedure for the dynamic data acquisition in this study included extended flowing periods followed by extended pressure build-up periods that were analyzed by analytical and numerical modelling methods. The results indicated that there is vertical communication in the vicinity of some wells due to the discontinuity of the natural barriers, whereas for some other wells in the field a complete isolation has been exhibited within their drainage area.
Disproportionate Permeability Reduction With Pore-Filling Gels
Authors: Seright R. S. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
An idealistic goal of water-shutoff technology is that of identifying materials that can be injected into any production well (without zone isolation) and that will substantially reduce the water productivity without significantly impairing hydrocarbon productivity. Although many polymers and gels reduce permeability to water more than to oil or gas, several factors currently limit widespread field applications of this disproportionate permeability-reduction property. Chromium (III)-acetate-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide [Cr(III)-acetate-HPAM] pore-filling gels were investigated to overcome these limitations. For porous media with pregel kw(at Sor) ranging from 120 to 6,500 md, one pore-filling gel consistently reduced kw to about 0.24 md (ranging from 0.12 to 0.37 md). In contrast, in Berea sandstone with kw (at Sor) ranging from 222 to 363 md, a commercially available relative- permeability modifier (i.e., a suspension of gel particles) exhibited a much wider range of post-polymer kw values—from 0.75 to 202 md. Thus, pore-filling gels can provide greater reliability and behavior that is insensitive to the initial rock permeability.
With sufficient oil throughput, Cr(III)-acetate-HPAM porefilling gels dehydrate, thus increasing permeability to oil. Several gel formulations provided water residual-resistance factors (permeability-reduction factors) greater than 2,000 and ultimate oil residual-resistance factors (Frro) values of 2 or less. These results provide hope that our current approach will identify gels that can treat either fractured or unfractured production wells successfully and reliably without zone isolation. Significant oil throughput was required to achieve low Frro values, suggesting that gelant penetration into porous rock must be small (a few feet or less) for existing Cr(III)-acetate-HPAM pore-filling gels to provide effective disproportionate permeability reduction.
Signalment, history, and outcome of cats with gastrointestinal tract intussusception: 20 cases (1986–2000)
Authors: Burkitt Jamie M. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Saunders H. Mark , Washabau Robert J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine signalment, history, and outcome of cats with gastrointestinal tract intussusception and to identify physical examination, diagnostic imaging, surgical, histologic, and necropsy findings in affected cats.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—20 cats with intussusception.
Procedures—Medical records were evaluated for information on signalment; history; physical examination, diagnostic imaging, surgical, histologic, and necropsy findings; and outcome.
Results—Ten cats were < 1 year old, and 9 were ≥ 6 years old. Anorexia (14/17), lethargy (12/17), and vomiting (12/17) were the most common reasons for examination. Dehydration (13/18), poor body condition (12/18), signs of abdominal pain (8/18), and an abdominal mass (8/18) were the most common physical examination findings. Abdominal radiography revealed intestinal obstruction in all 10 cats in which it was performed; abdominal ultrasonography revealed intussusception in all 7 cats in which it was performed. The most common intussusception was jejuno-jejunal (8/20), and no intussusceptions were found proximal to the duodenum. Eleven of 13 cats that underwent laparotomy required intestinal resection and anastomosis. Histologic examination revealed intestinal lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease in 7 of 8 cats ≥ 6 years old and idiopathic intussusception in 7 of 8 cats < 1 year old.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that in cats, intussusception has a bimodal age distribution, is most commonly jejuno-jejunal, often requires surgical resection and anastomosis, is often associated with alimentary lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease in older cats, and is readily diagnosed by means of ultrasonography.
Comparison of clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection
Authors: Ruby Rebecca , Magdesian K. Gary , Kass Philip H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings among horses infected with Clostridium difficile that had toxin A in their feces, horses with evidence of C difficile infection that were negative for toxin A in their feces, and horses with diarrhea that were negative for C difficile infection.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—292 horses and foals with diarrhea.
Procedures—Feces were submitted for microbial culture and tested for the C difficile antigen glutamate dehydrogenase and for toxin A with a commercial ELISA.
Results—Horses with toxin A in their feces had higher band neutrophil count, rectal temperature, hospitalization time prior to the onset of diarrhea, and total hospitalization time than did horses without evidence of C difficile infection, and 32 of the 33 (97%) horses with toxin A in their feces had received antimicrobials prior to the onset of diarrhea. Horses with toxin A in their feces had a significantly higher mortality rate than did horses negative for toxin A in their feces. Sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA for detection of C difficile antigen were 93% and 88%, when assay results were compared with results of microbial culture following direct plating, and 66% and 93%, when assay results were compared with results of microbial culture following broth enrichment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results provided some evidence that horses positive for toxin A had more severe clinical disease than did horses with evidence of C difficile infection that were negative for toxin A and horses with diarrhea without evidence of C difficile infection.
Subsea Pressure Boost/Separation: A Necessity for Deepwater Development?
Authors: Beran W.T. , Hatton G.J. , Stires J.L. , Gunderson R.H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Early in the DeepStar program, both subsea pressure boosting and subseaseparation were identified as potentially necessary components for implementingdeepwater subsea production. The initial goal for the entire DeepStar programwas to have the technical capability to implement a deepwater Gulf of Mexico(GOM) subsea production system by 1996. Thus, the current status of subsea pumpand separator development was reviewed to determine whether such equipmentwould meet DeepStar technical requirements, and could be implemented by the1996 target date. Assessments were made of the system arrangements and costsfor implementing subsea pumps or separators relative to alternativeapproaches.
This paper addresses a number of technical aspects and cost implications ofthese pumps and separators. It notes the field development circumstances thatfavor implementation of subsea pumping and subsea separation, but also suggestspotential system design alternatives to these components.

Introduction
Oil production from deepwater reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico may requirein-field pressure boosting in order to achieve satisfactory flow rates over thelife of the field. Satellite subsea production systems, such as proposed forDeepStar, are prime candidates for pressure boosting, particularly as theoffset distances lengthen and production pipeline friction losses increase.
Subsea multiphase pumps, as well as subsea production separators withliquid-phase pumps and gas compressors, are being developed for satellite fieldpressure boosting applications. The multiphase pump systems are generallysimpler systems than the subsea separators, but face technical problemsinherent in pumping gas-entrained liquids of varying gas content (up to 100%gas in some applications). Subsea separation overcomes these multiphase pumpingproblems and significantly reduces pumping power consumption; it can alsopotentially relieve hydrate problems by separating produced gas from producedwater. However, subsea separators are generally more complex and costly thanmultiphase pumps, and have to demonstrate reliable, low maintenance separationfor site-specific well fluids.
Comparison Between Measured and Simulated Dynamic Responses of a Power Cable
Authors: Kaasen K.E. , Nordsve N.T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A power cable has been instrumented with inclinometers and acoustictransponders for measurement of angular and linear motion. The cable hangs in aU-shape between the fixed and the floating platforms at Veslefrikk. Most of thecable is below the sea surface.
Statistical parameters like standard deviations and power spectra ofmeasured motion responses are compared with similar statistics for responseswhich are simulated with a finite element computer program. The objective wasto verify the models in the simulation program. For some of the responses theagreement between measurements and simulations is very good. Others agree lesswell. Some of the differences can be explained by errors in the measurements, while others could be reduced by improving the simulation model at certainpoints. In particular, replacing the linear model for wave kinematics by anonlinear model and including a diffraction model to account for the movingplatform's influence on the wave field is recommended.

Introduction
In the Veslefrikk field there are two platforms. These are a jacket wellheadplatform and a semisubmersible which carries the processing plant, power plantand living quarters. Oil, gas, drilling fluid and electrical power aretransported through a number of lines (flexible pipes and cables) hanging inalmost parallel U-shapes between the platforms (Fig. 1). The length of eachline is approximately 150 m, and the horizontal distance between the end pointsis about 36 m. The horizontal separation between neighbouring lines is twometres. The larger part of the U is below the sea surface.
Each line is set in motion by two sources: The motion of the end which isfixed to the floating platform and the direct action of moving water'particles' along its submerged part. The motion of a line will set up internaldynamic forces and moments.
Curvature is of special concern, as well as possible bumping of lines intothe platforms or into each other. For the latter reason the units are designedto have as identical dynamic behaviour as possible.
Fiber Optic Telemetry for Deep Sea Robotics
Authors: Grobe Klaus , Amann Hans , Conogan R. , Simeoni P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Teleguided Work in the deep sea requires broad band data transfer in twodirections without crosstalk or other electromagnetic interferences. Furthermore power supply to the seafloor is necessary in the range of tens ofkilowatts. A multipurpose umbilical of 8 – 10 km length represents abottleneck, especially as inertial masses of ROVs and various forces andmoments accompanying deep sea work have to be compensated.
Fiber optic telemetry allows for broad band data and video transfer free ofinterference and over long distances. These systems require a small crosssection in the umbilical, thus giving space for high voltage power supply andstrength members in a cable with an overall diameter in the range of 20 mm. Theperformance of deep sea robotics is increased as high definition multichannelcolour video and sonar transmission becomes possible, telemetry data bandwidthis increased and power supply through the cable can be provided.
The scope, structure and test results of fiber optic telemetry systems fordeep sea robotics are presented.

Introduction: Deep sea robotics
Exploration, control and use of the deep sea increase constantly. The deepsea, with water depth beyond 1000 m, covers 60% of the earth's surface, whereasthe deep sea plains and troughs with an average water depth of 4000 – 5000 mcover almost half of the globe. We learn to understand that global change isalso influenced by deep sea processes, be they geologic, biologic oroceanographic, at least if we concentrate on medium (10 – 103 years)and long term (103 - 106 years) processes. The deep seaoffers in addition a number of eventually attractive uses such as mining ofpolymetallic nodules or clathrates, to give just examples. Or the disposal ofwastes in geologically calm deepsea soils where more long term stable barriersexist than on land. It goes without saying that such uses must be effected inan environmentally acceptable manner. This, in turn, requires extended andcomplicated research and control of the many interdependent aspects of the deepsea.
Comparison of Fatigue Resistance of Various Longitudinal Weld Joints
Authors: Dexter R.J. , Kaufman E.J. , Fisher J.W. , Stout R.D. , Beach J.E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Various types of one-sided and two-sided longitudinal weld joints were madein the web/flange connection of large-scale HSLA-80 I-section beams. Fatigueexperiments were conducted on 78 beams. As expected, there is a decrease in thefatigue strength of the one-sided welds relative to the standard double filletweld. Among the one-sided welds, the differences in the fatigue strength wereslight. The findings show that existing design rules for longitudinal filletwelds in bridges can be used for ships. The data provide a rational basis forthe selection of longitudinal weld joints, fit-up tolerances, and NDErequirements.

Introduction
The Navy is considering advanced (unidirectional) double-hull surfacecombatant ships. A simplified schematic of the advanced double-hull crosssection is contrasted with a conventional stiffened-panel hull cross section inFigure 1. The multiple load paths (redundancy) and improved stiffness inherentin a double-hull design offer potentially improved strength relative toconventional stiffened-panel hull construction [1]. The double-hull design mayhelp contain damage from leaking due to fatigue cracks. A cracking element ofthe double-hull framing system transfers load to adjacent members more easilythan stiffened-panel construction, reducing the probability of catastrophicfailure. These ships are also likely to be fabricated from modern high-strengthlow-alloy (HSLA) steels which offer increased strength and toughness relativeto conventional ship steels.
The unidirectional double hull concept has also been proposed for commercialtankers [2,3]. Concern for the environment has led the Oil Pollution Act of1990, which requires that new oil tankers over 5000 tons built for use in U.S.waters have double hulls [4]. The International Maritime Organization hasrequested that member countries also require these tankers to have double hulls[5]. In commercial tankers and bulk carriers fabricated from high-strengthsteel, fatigue cracking has become a serious problem. For example, betweenJanuary 1990 and September 1991, 36 bulk carriers suffered severe structuralcasualties due to corrosion and fatigue causing the loss of 21 ships and 250lives [6].
Zinc Project: Overview of the Subsea Control System
Authors: Stair M.A. , Clark G.R. , White John 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Zinc Electrohydraulic MultiplexControl System, which provides for monitoring and control of 10 subsea wellsand the subsea manifold functions as well as control and safety monitoringhardware for all Zinc process equipment located on the Alabaster platform. Adescription of the system architecture including support and test equipment anda discussion of the design requirements is provided, with an emphasis on thesubsea template based hardware. A companion paper describes Exxon's maintenanceand remedial action philosophy which resulted in this equipmentconfiguration.

Introduction
Zinc is a subsea production system installed in 1,460 ft of water fordevelopment of the Mississippi Canyon 354 Field in the Gulf of Mexico. Thesubsea template is linked to Exxon's Alabaster platform, located in MississippiCanyon Block 397 approximately 6 miles west of Zinc's location, via separateelectrical and hydraulic control umbilicals.
The Zinc Subsea Production Control System is characterized by a number ofsignificant design features:All subsea control system components located on a self-contained controlskid which is integrated into the production manifold.Control and safety monitoring of all platform-based Zinc process equipmentintegrated with the subsea production control system.Guidewire installed subsea system components using a vessel ofopportunity.Subsea intervention/maintenance by a work class 'ROV of opportunity'.
The control system architecture is implemented as an Electro-HydraulicMultiplexed system with dual electric and hydraulic supplies consolidated intoSubsea Control Pods (SCPs) for Xmas trees and manifold functions. Eachinterchangeable SCP, however, provides control and monitoring functions foreither two trees, or one tree plus the Zinc subsea production manifold. Allsubsea hydraulic and chemical supplies are routed from the umbilical endterminations to the tree and manifold functions via fully welded hard pipedtubing assemblies with metal-to-metal, self-sealing couplings being used at alldisconnection points. Electrical connections between the incoming umbilical anddistribution network to individual Control Pods are via ROVmanipulator-deployed inductive connector assemblies. The entire templateelectrical distribution network with its supporting framework is recoverableusing a simple Running Tool.
Total Quality Management Applications on the Zinc Subsea Production System
Authors: Bednar J.M. , Loes George 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The concepts of early quality planning, and team approach, are key elementsof the Total Quality Management (TQM) program that was applied by ExxonCompany, U.S.A. during the execution of the Zinc Subsea Production SystemProject. This paper describes how these elements were applied during initialdesign and specification development, vendor and/or contractor selection, procurement, detail engineering, documentation and configuration control, manufacturing and fabrication, testing and system integration, and finallysystem installation.

Introduction
Deep water projects necessitate the application of recent advances intechnology and equipment, as well as the utilization of diversified humanresources, both from within the producing company's own organization, as wellas from the multitude of contractor and consulting organizations that alsocontribute to the project. In today's environment, where reduced budgets, enhanced safety, and aggressive schedules are becoming customary, a higheremphasis on procedural and equipment quality and reliability is imperative toensure that the end product will meet the performance standards that arerequired and expected. This emphasis on quality must begin during the earlystages of the project, where quality planning must be stressed over reliance oninspection to find latent defects.
The Zinc Subsea Production System was managed by a Project Team from ExxonU.S.A.'s Offshore Division (now Southeastern Division) based in New Orleans, Louisiana. Under the direction of the Project Leader, the core Team consistedof engineers from the Division's Production Technology group. Other groupswithin the Division, such as Geology, Reservoir Engineering, Operations, Drilling, and Contracts, and other Company groups outside the Division, such asExxon Production Research Co. and Headquarters Purchasing, assisted with expertadvice and services, as required. Consultants were added to the Team to providespecialty services in the areas of cost and schedule control, system interfacecontrol, and ROV (remote operated vehicle) interfacing, as well as to helpdefine and implement the project Quality Assurance program.
The various Zinc contractors included engineering firms, material suppliers, equipment manufacturers, fabricators, hydraulic system and testing specialists, ROV operators, and installation companies. The work was performed in severallocations primarily in the U.S., but also in England, France, and Japan.
Efficient Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Nitrogen Nucleophiles with Aryl Halides in Water
Authors: Teo Yong‐Chua 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA facile and practical strategy has been developed for the N‐arylation of nitrogen nucleophiles with aryl halides catalyzed by a combination of iron(III) chloride [FeCl3] and dimethylethylenediamine (dmeda) in water. A variety of nitrogen nucleophiles including pyrazole, indole, 7‐azaindole and benzamide afforded the N‐arylated products in the presence of the catalytic system (in up to 88% yield).
Total Synthesis of Ciguatoxin
Authors: Hamajima Akinari , Isobe Minoru 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEines der Haupttoxine bei Fischvergiftungen, das Ciguatoxin (siehe Struktur), war Ziel einer Totalsynthese. Der Syntheseweg beruht auf der Kupplung dreier Segmente, und die Schlüsselumwandlungen umfassen eine Komplexbildung zwischen Acetylen und Dicobalthexacarbonyl.magnified image
Gas‐Phase Synthesis and Reactivity of the Lithium Acetate Enolate Anion, −CH2CO2Li
Authors: Meyer Matthew M. , Khairallah George N. , Kass Steven R. , O'Hair Richard A. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAerial pingpong: The lithium acetate enolate anion, the prototypical lithium salt of an α‐deprotonated carboxylate, was prepared in the gas phase by electrospray ionization (ESI) and collision‐induced ionization (CID). Its structure, reactivity, and energetics are presented along with the results of high‐level computations.magnified image
Iron‐Catalyzed Chemoselective ortho Arylation of Aryl Imines by Directed CH Bond Activation
Authors: Yoshikai Naohiko , Matsumoto Arimasa , Norinder Jakob , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNo Fe‐ar: Iron catalyzes an imine‐directed CH bond activation to introduce an ortho‐aryl group to an acetophenone‐derived imine using a diarylzinc reagent (see scheme), whereas palladium catalyzes the conventional substitution reaction . The title reaction features mild and selective CH bond activation in the presence of aryl bromide, chloride, or sulfonate groups, and 1,2‐dichloroisobutane is essential to achieve such selectivity.magnified image