bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Wealden Strata exposed by the Tunbridge Wells Railway
Authors: Prestwich J. , Morris J. 
Published: October 2009

In Dr. Fitton's valuable memoir “On the Strata below the Chalk,” it is incidentally observed, that “the relations of the strata at Tunbridge Wells, and in the tract on the north of it towards the valley of the Weald, are well-deserving of attentive examination.” (Geol. Trans., 2nd Ser., vol. iv. p, 171, note.) At that period no extensive sections were visible by which the superposition of the beds in this district could be accurately traced; but the deep cuttings for the Tunbridge Wells branch railway, traversing some of the longitudinal ridges of the Wealden sandstones, have fortunately afforded some information on the subject, a brief account of which is now laid before the Society, as exhibiting some interesting sections of the Upper Wealden series, as well as a remarkable flexure and fault by which these beds have been affected. Our object in the present communication is simply to record the details of structure and superposition of the strata cut through; and if their correct superposition with reference to any given line can be established, they may then be connected with other deposits whose position with regard to the same base may have been already determined.
The Dover railway traverses the Upper Wealden district from a short distance beyond the Redhill station nearly to Ashford, the branch line proceeding southward to Tunbridge Wells, deviating fi'om it nearly at a right angle about a quarter of a mile beyond the Tunbridge station.
It is well-known that the strata of the Wealden consist
Description of a New Species of Plesiosaurus, in the Museum of the Bristol Institution
Authors: Stutchbury Samuel 
Published: October 2009

The animal about to be described in the following pages was discovered in the grey lias, which is largely quarried throughout Somersetshire for building-stone and other economic purposes.
The remains of Enaliosaurians are distributed through the whole Liassic period, and it has been observed in the majority of cases as relates to the two genera Plesiosaurus and Ichthyosaurus, that specimens of the first-named genus are mostly found lying upon their backs, while the Ichthyosauri are generally lying upon their sides; but in a few instances the parts of the skeletons of both have become dislocated and detached from one another, not even retaining in any manner their relative position.
In the first of these cases I imagine, that after the death of the animal, gases, evolved principally among the abdominal viscera, have been retained by means of the tough dermal covering, aided by the support of the sterno-costal arcs, and the body becoming gradually water-logged, was quietly deposited on the muddy bottom and afterwards silted up.
The fact of the Ichthyosauri possessing a more fish-like form, the depth in their supero-inferior diameter being greater than their lateral width, accounts for their being so constantly found lying upon their sides; and the occasional dislocated condition to which I have alluded results from their tough integuments having held together until the interior of the body was so much macerated as to disunite the whole skeleton, which would then be similar to a number of loose bones held in a bag or sack.
On Foot-marks discovered in the Coal-measures of Pennsylvania.
Authors: Lyell Charles 
Published: October 2009

I intended to draw up a paper on what I have learned and observed respecting the proofs alleged to have been found of the existence of mammalia, birds and reptiles in the Pennsylvania coal-field; but I cannot do this until I receive my specimens, and have had more time to make sections and maps, in order to do the subject justice. I must therefore content myself with this brief notice. The discoveries of the impressions to which I shall refer were made by Dr. King, a physician of this place, whom I have seen, and who has been most anxious to facilitate my investigations, and to give me every help in arriving at the truth, which was his only thought, whether I confirmed or invalidated his conclusions. I shall first speak of the reptilian foot-marks.
The quarry where they were found is about five miles S.E. of Greensburg, in the county of Westmoreland, Pennsylvania. The stone quarried is a sandstone which rises up from beneath the main or Pittsburg seam of coal, which has been worked at its outcrop in the immediate neighbourhood There are several other seams of coal, which lie at lower levels, and impressions of Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, Stigmaria, Calamites, Ferns, and other plants have been found in the beds which lie above and below the sandstone containing the foot-marks. The slabs of sandstone, which are extracted in the quarry for paving, are separated by parting layers of a fine unctuous clay, such as would be admirably fitted
Notice on the existence of Purbeck Strata with remains of Insects and other fossils, at Swindon, Wilts
Authors: Brodie P. B. 
Published: October 2009

The indications of Purbeck deposits in this neighbourhood, although the beds are neither very extensive nor of any great thickness, are more clearly defined than has been generally supposed. There area bout thirteen feet of strata decidedly freshwater, containing Cypris, Paludina, Planorbis, and remains of vegetables, chiefly Thuytes and small seed-vessels. The western end of the great quarry at Swindon presents the following section in descending order:
There can be no doubt therefore that these beds are representatives on a small scale of a portion of the Purbeck formation. The surface of the Portland strata has been greatly denuded previously to the deposition of the overlying group, for in many cases the latter is deposited in hollows and cavities where the Portland sand has suffered erosion by water, on which it reposes at very irregular intervals.

The top of the Portland oolite is composed chiefly of whitish sand containing layers of Trigonia and other marine shells, and this includes harder nodules full of shells, chiefly
Trigonia incurva
,
Lucina Portlandica
,
Cytherea rugosa
and
Nerita angulata
, often retaining their shelly covering though decomposed and friable. These masses too are very unevenly dispersed.

No. 5 in the section, which in its lower part is highly carbonaceous and resembles vegetable mould, is to al appearance a kind of ‘dirt bed,’ and may be considered as the representative of one the dirt beds in the islands of Portland and Purbeck. It also contains numerous small pebbles which are likewise found in it on the coast
Remarks on the Geology of the Island of Samos
Authors: Spratt  
Published: October 2009

The island is divided into two equal parts by a high mountain running transversely across from the north to the south shore, and attaining a height of 4000 feet. The ancient as well as modern name of this range is Ampeloni.
Besides Mount Ampeloni, there are two other conspicuous mountains rising at the two extremes of the island. The western one, Mount Kerki, is the highest point in the island and is 4000 feet above the sea. The eastern mountain is the least in elevation of the three, and does not exceed 1200 feet. Mounts Kerki and Ampeloni are composed of a mass of crystalline limestone overlying mica schists, but whether conformably I had no opportunity of observing; neither can I speak of the amount and direction of the dip of these older rocks; in Mount Kerki however the dip was considerable, whilst in Ampeloni and the eastern mountain it is not great; in the latter indeed the strata are nearly horizontal, so that the schistose rocks do not appear at all.
These mountains are connected together by a series of flat-topped hills and ridges from 400 to 800 feet in height. The deposits forming these are all of freshwater origin, and appear by their fossils to be identical with the lacustrine formations on the shores of the Gulf of Smyrna and the island of Scio, which have been described on a former occasion, and are supposed to be of eocene date.
The portion of the island of Samos described
On Slaty Cleavage
Authors: Sharpe Daniel 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.
During the last few years the subject of slaty cleavage has gradually attracted the attention of geologists, and much valuable information regarding it has been accumulated. Professor Sedgwick's clear description of the leading phænomena connected with cleavage*, leg geologists into the right path, and since the publication of his views in 1835 we rarely meet with those unintelligible descriptions, so common in the earlier writers, in which the cleavage and the stratification are confounded together in hopeless confusion. Subsequent observers have added materially to our knowledge, and various remarks illustrating the subject will be found scattered through the writings of Professor Sedgwick, Sir R. I. Murehison, Professor Phillips, Sir H. T. De la Beche and Mr. Austen, in addition to which Mr. Darwin has just given us a large collection of observations upon cleavage made in various parts of South America, with some important generalizations to which the extended field of his researches gives treat weight. The most valuable of his remarks appear to be those which connect together the cleavage of slates and the foliation of gneiss, mica slate,.&c.
Still we had no knowledge of the general laws which governed the formation of the cleavage and regulated its direction, and without previously discovering these it was idle to speculate upon the causes which had produced it. I have now endeavoured to supply part of this deficiency and to establish some general laws relating to the subject, which have been deduced from new observations and from combining insulatted facts
Observations on the Temple of Serapis, at Pozzuoli, near Naples, with remarks on certain causes which may produce Geological Cycles of great extent
Authors: Babbage C. 
Published: October 2009

The Facts and observations which I have thrown together in the following paper were collected during the month of June 1828, in company with Mr. Head*. They relate to a monument of ancient art, which is perhaps more interesting than any other to the geologist.
I shall first state the facts which came under my own observation, without assuming that they have not been previously noticed, though not aware of their having yet been collected into one point. I shall then suggest an explanation of the singular phænomena which the temple presents, and afterwards briefly sketch those more general views to which I have been led by reflecting on the causes that appear to have produced the alternate subsidence and elevation of the temple of Serapis.
In the year 1749, the upper portions of three marble columns that had been nearly concealed by underwood, were discovered, in the neighbourhood of the town of Pozzuoli. In the following year excavations were made, and ultimately it was found that they formed part of a large temple which was supposed to have been dedicated to the god Serapis.
The temple is situated about a hundred feet from the sea, and its form will be better understood by the accompanying view (see Plate I.), taken with a camera lucida, and by the ground plan (fig. 1 ) which is copied from that in the work of the Canonico Jorio.
The most remarkable circumstance which first attracts the attention of the observer is the state
Notes on the Geological Structure of parts of Sinde
Authors: Vicary N. 
Published: October 2009

Sir,—The following geological notes were written during an excursion from Kurrachee to Sukkur in November and part of December 1845, and as so little is known with respect to the geology of Sinde, I trust that even these rude notes may not prove unacceptable.
The station of Kurrachee, lat. 24° 53′ long. 67° 17′, is situated upon a coarse-grained, dirty yellowish, arenaceous rock, held together by a calcareous cement. In some places this rock is loose-grained and easily worked, in others hard and containing sufficient calcareous matter to afford an impure lime. In all places it contains fossils in abundance. This rock, although conformable, lies higher in the series and is more recent than that which composes the elevated parts of the Ilala range of mountains. It is in many places directly overlaid by a calcareously cemented conglomerate, in other places a sandstone of some thickness intervenes. This sandstone is usually destitute of fossils, but near Kurrachee some of its thin beds, varying from 1 inch to 2 or 3 feet in thickness, are composed almost exclusively of fossil shells.
The pebbles forming the conglomerate are all rounded, and for the most part derived from the nummulitic limestone of the Hala range, and I found some broken remains of oysters and Cerithia in the rock. A conglomerate retaining the same character is found flanking the eastern face of the Hala Range, from Cape Monze to the west Mittun-Kot. In some places it attains sufficient elevation to constitute a distinct and
Observations on the Cystidea of M. Von Buch, and the Crinoidea generally
Authors: Austin Thomas 
Published: October 2009

The following observations are offered with the view to explain, and it is hoped make clear, some hitherto doubtful points as regards the Crinoidea and Cystidea, particularly the geological distribution of the last-mentioned family.
In Baron von Buch's Notice of a new family of Crinoidal Animals, which he has termed Cystidea, published in No. 5 of the Journal of the Geological Society, and also in the more lengthened paper on this subject, a translation of which is given in the same number, some observations are made, which I humbly conceive will not bear the test of close examination. At page 11 it is said, the Cystidea are distinguished “by having the mouth constantly at the apex, and in the centre, which is rarely the case in the Crinoidea.”
Sketch of the Structure of parts of North and South Wales
Authors: Ramsay  , Aveline W. T. 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The fossil evidences here cited indicate—

1.
That the sandstones skirting the Longmynds are the upper beds of the Caradoc.

2.
That they were deposited under peculiar local conditions.

3.
That they were deposited around the margin of land.

4.
That in all probability they were deep-sea deposits around high and steep land.

5.
That the land was of Llandeilo flags or older rocks.

6.
That they are in sequence with the limestone bands at the base of the Wenlocks.

7.
That part of the Meifod fossiliferous beds are in a lower parallel, and probably Middle Caradoc.
On the Distribution of the Superficial Detritus of the Alps, as compared with that of Northern Europe
Authors: Murchison Roderick Impey 
Published: October 2009

R
eferring
to his previous memoir upon the structure of the Alps and the changes which those mountains underwent, the author calls attention to the fact, that as during the formation of the molasse and nagelflue a warmer climate prevailed, so after the upheaval of those rocks an entire change took place, as proved by the uplifted edges of such tertiary accumulations being surmounted by vast masses of horizontally-stratified alluvia, the forms of whose materials testify that they were deposited under water. The warm period, in short, had passed away and the pine had replaced the palm upon the adjacent lands, before a glacier was formed in the Alps or a single erratic block was translated.

Though awarding great praise to the labours of Venetz, Charpentier and Agassiz, which have shed much light on glaciers, and particularly to the work of Forbes for clearly expounding the laws which regulate their movement, Sir Roderick conceives, that the physical phænomena of the Alps and Jura compel the geologist to restrict the former extension of the Alpine glaciers within infinitely less bounds than have been assigned to them by those authors.
True old glacier moraines may, he thinks, be always distinguished, on the one hand, from the ancient alluvia, and on the other from tumultuous accumulations of gravel, boulders and far-transported erratic blocks, as well as from all other subsequent detritus resulting from various causes which have affected the surface. He first shows, from the remnants of the old water-worn alluvia which rise to
Section of the Lower Coal-Measures of the Sydney Coal-Field, in the Island of Cape Breton
Authors: Brown Richard 
Published: October 2009

T
he
coal-measures of Nova Scotia Proper have been carefully examined and described by Sir Charles Lyell. Mr. Logan has also published a “Section of the Nova Scotia Coal-Measures, as developed at the Joggins in the Bay of Fundy,” which appears to have attracted much attention; but the Cape Breton coal-fields, in every point of view the most important in British America, appear to have been almost wholly neglected by geologists. I have been for some years engaged in collecting materials for a description of the Sydney coal-field, but seeing no immediate prospect, amidst the engrossing duties of an arduous profession, of completing such an extensive work, I have concluded to submit to the Society a detailed section of the lower part of the productive coal-measures, as developed on the shores of Sydney Harbour, under the impression that it will furnish many valuable facts and data calculated in an eminent degree to elucidate the origin of the coal beds, and at the same time to assist geologists in instituting a comparison with the Bay of Fundy section, from which it will be found to differ in at least one very important feature, to which I shall refer more particularly in the sequel.

This coal formation, as has been already stated in vol. i. p. 23 of this Journal, consists of the following group of strata :—
4. The productive coal-measures.
3. A thick deposit of sandstone.
2. Limestones and shales, occasionally containing beds of gypsum.
1. A coarse conglomerate.
The lowest
On the Occurrence of Mammalian Remains at Brentford
Authors: Morris John 
Published: October 2009

T
he
discovery of mammalian remains in the vicinity of Brentford has long been well known to geologists. It is more than thirty years since Mr. Trimmer obtained a valuable collection from this district. An account of these remains and of the conditions under which they were found, was published with illustrations in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1813. In 1838 I collected from an excavation, for the reservoir of the water-works near Kew Bridge, numerous horns and bones of the ox and deer, and bones of the elephant; traces of lignite also, but no remains of shells, were observed. I should not, therefore, have laid before the Society the following remarks, had not the progress of the railway-works in that neighbourhood exposed some sections, which not only fully corroborated previous observations, but afforded some new facts connected with the history of the deposit, as well as a considerable number of mammalian bones, for the preservation of which we are indebted to the active zeal of Mr. Thomas Layton, jun.

The sections alluded to occur about 100 yards north of Kew Bridge, where a branch or rather loop line of the South-Western and Windsor Railway passes under the high road at the entrance to Brentford. The section here given occurs north of the bridge, where the entrance to the station is completed.
This section gives the principal features of the deposit, as exposed in the deepest part of the railway cutting, which extended about one-third of a mile, and presented great variations
On the Volcanic Rocks of Northern Mexico
Authors: Ruxton G. F. 
Published: October 2009

I
need
scarcely apologize for drawing your attention to the fact, which I am enabled to state from personal observation, that along the whole ridge of the Sierra Madre and the continuous system of table-lands lying along that ridge which may be said to connect the two great chains of the Andes and Rocky Mountains, there are very many tracts which have been subjected to volcanic agency; and from Durango to the point where the Sierra Madre joins the main chain of the Rocky Mountains, on the ridge itself and the plains contiguous to its eastern base, the tabular formation of the bluffs and hills, called
Mesas
(tables) by the Mexicans, is a characteristic feature of the country; such Mesas being formed of basaltic lava and scoriæ.

At a point nearly 800 miles north of Durango, the Rio Bravo del Norte forces its way for upwards of fifty miles through a volcanic plain, and in the most north-western portion of New Mexico (Proper), but still on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, volcanic districts are frequently met with.
The regions north of Durango having been rarely, if ever, visited by Europeans, the information concerning them must necessarily be exceedingly meagre.
Notice of the Remains of the Dinornis and other Birds, and of Fossils and Rock-specimens, recently collected by Mr. Walter Mantell in the Middle Island of New Zealand; with Additional Notes on the Northern Island
Authors: Mantell Gideon Algernon 
Published: October 2009

T
he
remoteness of New Zealand, and the long period required for the transmission of specimens to England, together with the very limited information we at present possess of the geology and palæontology of that interesting antipodean colony, impart a certain degree of importance to any accession of knowledge, however slight, relating to the physical structure, and the ancient fauna and flora of those distant islands.

These considerations induce me to submit to the Society the following remarks on a large collection of the bones of several species of Dinornis and other birds, of rock-specimens, and of fossil shells, corals, and infusoria, received a short time since from my eldest son, Mr. Walter Mantell, of Wellington; and although the information afforded by this collection respecting the geological structure of the country is but scanty, I would fain hope that this brief communication will not be deemed an uninteresting supplement to the memoir on the Fossil Birds of New Zealand, which I had the honour to lay before the Geological Society in 1848.
The specimens were accompanied by numerous sketches of the country, and a copy of the official report on the colonial capabilities of the eastern coast of the Middle Island, from Kaiapoi to Akaroa in Banks' Peninsula, and thence to the Scotch settlement at Otago, a distance of about 260 miles, made during my son's exploration of that tract in 1848, as Government Commissioner for the final settlement of native claims.
Such parts of this report as throw light on