bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of addressing gender inequality in efforts to end vertical transmission of HIV
Authors: Ghanotakis Elena , Peacock Dean , Wilcher Rose 
Published: July 2012

IssuesThe recently launched “Global Plan towards the Elimination of New HIV Infections among Children by 2015 and Keeping their Mothers Alive” sets forth ambitious targets that will require more widespread implementation of comprehensive prevention of vertical HIV transmission (PMTCT) programmes. As PMTCT policymakers and implementers work toward these new goals, increased attention must be paid to the role that gender inequality plays in limiting PMTCT programmatic progress.DescriptionA growing body of evidence suggests that gender inequality, including gender‐based violence, is a key obstacle to better outcomes related to all four components of a comprehensive PMTCT programme. Gender inequality affects the ability of women and girls to protect themselves from HIV, prevent unintended pregnancies and access and continue to use HIV prevention, care and treatment services.Lessons LearnedIn light of this evidence, global health donors and international bodies increasingly recognize that it is critical to address the gender disparities that put women and children at increased risk of HIV and impede their access to care. The current policy environment provides unprecedented opportunities for PMTCT implementers to integrate efforts to address gender inequality with efforts to expand access to clinical interventions for preventing vertical HIV transmission. Effective community‐ and facility‐based strategies to transform harmful gender norms and mitigate the impacts of gender inequality on HIV‐related outcomes are emerging. PMTCT programmes must embrace these strategies and expand beyond the traditional focus of delivering ARV prophylaxis to pregnant women living with HIV. Without greater implementation of comprehensive, gender transformative PMTCT programmes, elimination of vertical transmission of HIV will remain elusive.
Synthesis, Characterisation, and Biodistribution of Radioiodinated C‐Hydroxy‐Carboranes
Authors: El‐Zaria Mohamed E. , Janzen Nancy , Blacker Megan , Valliant John F. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe synthesis, radiolabelling and biodistribution of iodinated C‐hydroxy‐nido‐carborane ligands is described. Microwave heating by using NaF in aqueous ethanol was used to prepare {sodium [7‐hydroxy‐7,8‐dicarba‐nido‐undecaborate], nido‐carboranol} and {sodium [7‐hydroxy‐7,8‐dicarba‐nido‐undecaborate‐8‐carboxylic acid], nido‐salborin} in 97 and 90 % yield, respectively. Radioiodination of these nido‐carboranes was completed by using both 125I and 123I, and the products were obtained in high radiochemical purity (>99 %) and yield (72 to 87 %). The structures of the radiolabelled products were validated through comparison to authentic standards. Biodistribution studies in BALB/c mice showed low accumulation of the labelled compounds in the liver and intestines, which are sites where labelled carboranes typically localise. The labelled cluster bearing hydroxy and carboxylic acid groups on the two carbon vertices demonstrated preferential clearance through the kidneys and low thyroid uptake. This compound had substantially reduced non‐specific binding than the deshydroxy analogue making it an attractive bifunctional ligand for preparing targeted molecular imaging and therapy agents.
Harvest and dynamics of duck populations
Authors: Sedinger James S. , Herzog Mark P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe role of harvest in the dynamics of waterfowl populations continues to be debated among scientists and managers. Our perception is that interested members of the public and some managers believe that harvest influences North American duck populations based on calls for more conservative harvest regulations. A recent review of harvest and population dynamics of North American mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) populations (Pöysä et al. 2004) reached similar conclusions. Because of the importance of this issue, we reviewed the evidence for an impact of harvest on duck populations. Our understanding of the effects of harvest is limited because harvest effects are typically confounded with those of population density; regulations are typically most liberal when populations are greatest. This problem also exists in the current Adaptive Harvest Management Program (Conn and Kendall 2004). Consequently, even where harvest appears additive to other mortality, this may be an artifact of ignoring effects of population density. Overall, we found no compelling evidence for strong additive effects of harvest on survival in duck populations that could not be explained by other factors. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Unraveling the Uptake Mechanisms of Mannan Nanogel in Bone‐Marrow‐Derived Macrophages
Authors: Ferreira Sílvia A. , Correia Alexandra , Madureira Pedro , Vilanova Manuel , Gama Francisco M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe mechanisms associated with the cellular internalization of nanomedicines must be carefully considered when designing drug‐ and vaccine‐delivery systems. The cellular fate and effects of nanomedicines depend to a large extent on the cell uptake routes. A self‐assembled mannan nanogel is developed as a vaccination platform for antigen and adjuvant delivery. The mannan nanogel uptake by murine bone‐marrow‐derived macrophages is found to be time‐, concentration‐, and energy‐dependent, involving mannose‐receptor‐mediated phagocytosis and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. The nanogel is also visualized in the cytosol suggesting endolysosomal escape. These results indicate that mannan nanogel is a promising versatile carrier for intracellular delivery of vaccines or therapeutic agents.magnified image
Navigating the Road Ahead: Public Health Challenges and the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation
Authors: Noonan Rita K. , Wilson Katherine M. , Mercer Shawna L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPublic health is currently faced with an array of critical challenges and disconnects. Research and evaluation have identified a number of evidence‐based strategies for effecting behavior change at individual, group, organizational, and environmental levels, all of which hold promise for leading to substantial reductions in morbidity and mortality, and increased quality of life. Unfortunately, there is huge variability across the public health system in awareness of the value of using evidence to inform decision making, let alone in capacity to locate, assess, compare, select, justify, adapt, implement, and evaluate evidence‐based strategies, or to participate in building the evidence base for practice‐based innovations. As a result, many communities may not be benefitting from research‐tested and practice‐based strategies that could help them to meet their public health goals more efficiently and effectively. CDC's Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation (ISF), released in 2008, was designed to help close this gap between research and practice. This commentary identifies the ways in which the ISF framework is useful in addressing the research practice gap; revisits the elements of the framework that have continued to guide research and practice in fruitful ways; and highlights areas that need further development to meet current public health challenges.Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
ROOSEVELT, WILSON, AND THE DEMOCRATIC THEORY OF NATIONAL PROGRESSIVISM
Authors: Pestritto Ronald J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe American Progressive Movement argued for both a democratization of the political process and deference to expert administrators. Relying on the work of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, the article endeavors to explore this tension and make some preliminary suggestions as to how it might be reconciled—at least in the eyes of its adherents—into a single democratic theory. Both Roosevelt and Wilson criticize the principles of the original Constitution for being insufficiently democratic and overly suspicious of the popular will, and they want to make public opinion a more direct force in national politics. Yet both are also suspicious of politics and its potential for corruption by “special interests,” and thus look for ways of empowering expert administrative agencies and insulating them from political influence. Wilson seems to understand the potential conflict between these two aims more than Roosevelt does, although both look to a popularized presidency as a means of reconciling consent and expertise.
Different brain potentials evoked at distinct phases of rule learning
Authors: Li Fuhong , Cao Bihua , Gao Heming , Kuang Li , Li Hong 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe neural mechanisms of rule learning are of interest to cognitive neuroscientists, but the time course of rule induction and the related brain potential remain unclear. In this study, event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured during the distinct phases of rule induction. Participants in two experiments were presented with a series of Arabic numbers and were asked to detect the hidden rules. The ERP results revealed that (a) the rule‐discovery trials elicited a larger P3 component than the nondiscovery trials, reflecting the initial identification of the regularity of number series, and (b) when a new instance was incongruent with the previously acquired rule, a larger N2 and enhanced late positive component were elicited, reflecting the process of mismatch detection and the updating of working memory context.
Oral thermal injury associated with puncture of a salbutamol metered‐dose inhaler in a dog
Authors: Mackenzie Shawn D. , Blois Shauna , Hayes Galina , Vince Andrew R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical features, diagnostic work‐up, treatment, and outcome of a dog with oral thermal injury secondary to chewing on a salbutamol metered‐dose inhaler (MDI).Case SummaryA Boxer dog was presented after chewing on a salbutamol MDI. The dog was anxious, tachycardic and had moderate hypokalemia. The dog was treated with potassium supplementation and discharged after 24‐hour hospitalization. Five hours after the discharge, the dog represented for dysphagia, anorexia, cervical pain, and a left‐sided head tilt. Oral examination revealed edematous and erythematous swelling of the soft palate causing airway compromise; histopathology demonstrated vascular necrosis and infarction. The dog was treated with supportive care including the placement of a tracheostomy tube. The dog recovered fully and was discharged 8 days after initial presentation.New or Unique Information ProvidedSalbutamol toxicity has been documented previously in dogs but oral thermal injury associated with a salbutamol MDI has not been reported in dogs. Although a rare complication, dogs who have been exposed to MDIs should have a thorough oral exam and be monitored closely for signs of respiratory compromise.
Multiple Mutations in Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Domain II Are Required To Confer a Significant Level of Resistance to Alisporivir
Authors: Garcia-Rivera Jose A. , Bobardt Michael , Chatterji Udayan , Hopkins Sam , Gregory Matthew A. , Wilkinson Barrie , Lin Kai , Gallay Philippe A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

Alisporivir is the most advanced host-targeting antiviral cyclophilin (Cyp) inhibitor in phase III studies and has demonstrated a great deal of promise in decreasing hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremia in infected patients. In an attempt to further elucidate the mechanism of action of alisporivir, HCV replicons resistant to the drug were selected. Interestingly, mutations constantly arose in domain II of NS5A. To demonstrate that these mutations are responsible for drug resistance, they were reintroduced into the parental HCV genome, and the resulting mutant viruses were tested for replication in the presence of alisporivir or in the absence of the alisporivir target, CypA. We also examined the effect of the mutations on NS5A binding to itself (oligomerization), CypA, RNA, and NS5B. Importantly, the mutations did not affect any of these interactions. Moreover, the mutations did not preserve NS5A-CypA interactions from alisporivir rupture. NS5A mutations alone render HCV only slightly resistant to alisporivir. In sharp contrast, when multiple NS5A mutations are combined, significant resistance was observed. The introduction of multiple mutations in NS5A significantly restored viral replication in CypA knockdown cells. Interestingly, the combination of NS5A mutations renders HCV resistant to all classes of Cyp inhibitors. This study suggests that a combination of multiple mutations in domain II of NS5A rather than a single mutation is required to render HCV significantly and universally resistant to Cyp inhibitors. This in accordance with
in vivo
data that suggest that alisporivir is associated with a low potential for development of viral resistance.
The p38 MAPK–MK2 Axis Regulates E2F1 and FOXM1 Expression after Epirubicin Treatment
Authors: de Olano Natalia , Koo Chuay-Yeng , Monteiro Lara J. , Pinto Paola H. , Gomes Ana R. , Aligue Rosa , Lam Eric W.-F. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
E2F1 is responsible for the regulation of FOXM1 expression, which plays a key role in epirubicin resistance. Here, we examined the role and regulation of E2F1 in response to epirubicin in cancer cells. We first showed that E2F1 plays a key role in promoting FOXM1 expression, cell survival, and epirubicin resistance as its depletion by siRNA attenuated FOXM1 induction and cell viability in response to epirubicin. We also found that the p38–MAPK activity mirrors the expression patterns of E2F1 and FOXM1 in both epirubicin-sensitive and -resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells, suggesting that p38 has a role in regulating E2F1 expression and epirubicin resistance. Consistently, studies using pharmacologic inhibitors, siRNA knockdown, and knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) revealed that p38 mediates the E2F1 induction by epirubicin and that the induction of E2F1 by p38 is, in turn, mediated through its downstream kinase MK2 [mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2; MAPKAPK2]. In agreement, in vitro phosphorylation assays showed that MK2 can directly phosphorylate E2F1 at Ser-364. Transfection assays also showed that E2F1 phosphorylation at Ser-364 participates in its induction by epirubicin but also suggests that other phosphorylation events are also involved. In addition, the p38–MK2 axis can also limit c-jun-NH2-kinase (JNK) induction by epirubicin and, notably, JNK represses FOXM1 expression. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of p38–MK2 signaling in the control of E2F1 and FOXM1 expression as well as epirubicin sensitivity. Mol Cancer Res; 10(9); 1189–202. ©2012 AACR.
Barriers and opportunities for evidence-based health service planning: the example of developing a Decision Analytic Model to plan services for sexually transmitted infections in the UK
Authors: Aicken Catherine R H , Armstrong Nigel T , Cassell Jackie A , Macdonald Neil , Bailey Angela C , Johnson Sandra A , Mercer Catherine H 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundDecision Analytic Models (DAMs) are established means of evidence-synthesis to differentiate between health interventions. They have mainly been used to inform clinical decisions and health technology assessment at the national level, yet could also inform local health service planning. For this, a DAM must take into account the needs of the local population, but also the needs of those planning its services.Drawing on our experiences from stakeholder consultations, where we presented the potential utility of a DAM for planning local health services for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the UK, and the evidence it could use to inform decisions regarding different combinations of service provision, in terms of their costs, cost-effectiveness, and public health outcomes, we discuss the barriers perceived by stakeholders to the use of DAMs to inform service planning for local populations, including (1) a tension between individual and population perspectives; (2) reductionism; and (3) a lack of transparency regarding models, their assumptions, and the motivations of those generating models.DiscussionTechnological advances, including improvements in computing capability, are facilitating the development and use of models such as DAMs for health service planning. However, given the current scepticism among many stakeholders, encouraging informed critique and promoting trust in models to aid health service planning is vital, for example by making available and explicit the methods and assumptions underlying each model, associated limitations, and the process of validation. This can be achieved by consultation and training with the intended users, and by allowing access to the workings of the models, and their underlying assumptions (e.g. via the internet), to show how they actually work.SummaryConstructive discussion and education will help build a consensus on the purposes of STI services, the need for service planning to be evidence-based, and the potential for mathematical tools like DAMs to facilitate this.
Maternal immune markers in serum during gestation and in breast milk and the risk of asthma-like symptoms at ages 6 and 12 months: a longitudinal study
Authors: Soto-Ramírez Nelís , Karmaus Wilfried , Yousefi Mitra , Zhang Hongmei , Liu Jihong , Gangur Venugopal 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe role of breast milk on the risk of childhood asthma is in dispute. The aim of this prospective study is to determine the relationship of immune markers in maternal serum during gestation and breast milk to asthma-like symptoms (AS) in infancy.MethodsPregnant women were recruited in Columbia and Charleston, South Carolina. Blood (median: three weeks before delivery) and breast milk (three weeks after delivery) samples were collected. Concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10), CCL11, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and immunoglobulin (Ig) A in both maternal serum and milk whey were determined via immunoassays. Asthma-like symptoms (AS) of the infant were ascertained at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Generalized estimating equations assessed relative risks (RRs) of immune markers for repeated measurements of AS, considering intra-individual correlations and adjusting for confounders. To provide comparable risk estimates, quartiles of the immune markers were used, except for IL-5 in whey and IgA in serum, which were dichotomized.ResultsOf 178 women, 161 provided blood and 115 breast milk samples. IL-12(p70), IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β, and CCL11 in serum and in whey were not further considered for the statistical analyses since the proportion of non-detectable values was high. Most immune markers in serum and milk whey were moderately or highly correlated; however, IgA was negatively correlated. Infants in the highest quartile of IL-13 in both serum and whey were at a higher risk of AS (RR = 3.02 and 4.18; respectively) compared to infants in the first quartile. High levels of IL-5 in serum and whey was also identified as a risk. In addition, increased secretory IgA and TGF-β1 in breast milk reduced the risks of AS.ConclusionsMaternal serum and whey levels of IL-5 and IL-13 are risk markers for AS; whey IgA and TGF-β1 seem to be protective. Only focusing on breast milk portend that milk cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 have adverse effects. However, similar immune exposures during late gestation and via milk suggest that both may enhance AS among infants.
L’expérience du rien chez Henri Michaux
Authors: Trudel Jean-Sébastien 
Published: July 2012

L’auteur se demande comment sa démarche — fondée sur le manque — peut situer sa lecture de Michaux dans l’idée mouvante de littérature. Il a recours pour ce faire à la notion d’expérience du rien dont il étudie la portée chez Michaux à l’aide de quelques exemples. Un de ceux-ci, Michaux [s’]écrivant sur Rimbaud, l’amène à constater qu’une poétique du mouvement soutient cette expérience dans sa quête de l’ailleurs. Les enjeux inhérents à l’oeuvre de Michaux rejoignent ceux de la littérature se construisant sur son impossibilité : articuler l’ineffable silence. Ces considérations sont-elles conciliables avec la posture propre à la théologie ?
Projet de mobilité interne et carrière organisationnelle : d’un nouveau modèle du projet à une redéfinition de la carrière
Authors: Pralong Jean 
Published: July 2012

Le projet fait désormais partie des « bonnes pratiques » en GRH. Malgré ce consensus parmi les praticiens, il n’existe pas de modèle théorique expliquant la construction des projets de mobilité interne. On propose donc un modèle du projet à partir du paradigme de la construction du sens. Ce modèle est ensuite illustré grâce à l’étude du cas d’une population de commerciaux. Les données recueillies longitudinalement montrent l’influence de l’appréciation des managers et des performances sur la construction des projets. Ils montrent aussi l’influence normative de la carrière organisationnelle traditionnelle. Le modèle présenté et les résultats obtenus permettent de suggérer, en conclusion, une nouvelle définition de la carrière.
Pratiques de déjudiciarisation de la maladie mentale : le modèle de l’Urgence psychosociale-justice
Authors: Morin Daphné , Landreville Pierre , Laberge Danielle 
Published: July 2012

Au Canada, on a constaté un nombre grandissant de personnes ayant des problèmes de santé mentale et qui ont des démêlés avec la justice. La dynamique d'exclusion engendrée par cette intervention pour ces personnes - difficultés d'accéder à des soins et des services, détérioration des conditions de vie, accélération de la judiciarisation avec des retours multiples en prison -, ainsi que l'épuisement des ressources - consultations répétées en urgence psychiatrique, demandes accrues de services auprès des ressources communautaires -, ont montré la nécessité d'examiner la politique de déjudiciarisation. Cette dernière vise l'usage de mesures non pénales ou, lorsque ce n'est pas possible, la diminution ou l'absence de recours à l'incarcération, selon la nature ou la gravité du problème à régler. Cet article documente des pratiques de déjudiciarisation à travers l'exploration d'un nouveau programme d'intervention : l'Urgence psychosociale-justice de Montréal (UPSJ). Après un examen de la thèse de la criminalisation de la maladie mentale, le texte présente quelques résultats préliminaires des 19 premiers mois de fonctionnement du service. En conclusion, s'il apparaît évident que l'UPSJ joue un rôle clé en amont en évitant des entrées dans le système pénal, elle soulève la question de la capacité du milieu à répondre aux besoins d'intervention et de prise en charge des populations ciblées.