bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultivation During Early Season and Irrigation Influences on Corn Production1
Authors: Sorensen V. M. , Hanks R. J. , Cartee R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEarly season cultivation was shown previously by Cartee and Hanks to influence production of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Preliminary results indicated similar effects on sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Consequently, studies were conducted for another year with sweet corn and later expanded with field corn (Zea mays L.) to include irrigation and variety variables. The “coleoptile” cultivation (seedbed hilling just prior to coleoptile emergence) produced a statistically significant 29 to 40% increase in fresh ear yield in the sweet corn, compared to the “Control” (no cultivation) for 1971 and 1972, respectively. “Coleoptile” cultivation increased yields of dry matter for field corn 6% over the control treatment which was significant at the 0.05 level, but did not affect grain yields. The “blind” cultivation treatment (seedbed hilling at planting time) produced no significant differences in dry matter or grain yields for the field corn. “Blind” cultivation was not used in the sweet corn trial. Ear yields of sweet corn on the “normal” treatment (seedbed hilling when plants are 20 to 25 cm high) were significantly greater than the “control” by 12 to 20% in 1971 and 1972; however, the yields of dry matter and grain of field corn were not significantly greater than the control.An interaction of cultivation and irrigation on dry matter (but not grain) yields of field corn was indicated. Yields tended to be higher for the “coleoptile,” “blind,” and “normal” cultivation compared to the control, only where mild water stress occurred. The effect of cultivation was not evident for the extremely dry or extremely wet irrigation levels.A very high positive correlation (r > 0.95) between evapotranspiration (ET) and yield was obtained during both years of the field corn trial. The relation of relative yields vs. ET was similar for all varieties. Thus, an early cultivation in irrigated sweet corn should result in substantial yield increases. In irrigated field corn, moderate dry matter but little grain yield increases should result from early cultivation. Yield increases due to cultivation appear to be more probable under moderate water stress.
Wet Season Aeration Problems Beneath Surface Mulches in Dryland Winter Wheat Production1
Authors: Rickman R. W. , Klepper B. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDenitrification was a suspected cause of localized poor growth in winter wheat (Triticum oestivum L.) fields in the northwest. Experimental objectives included monitoring soil aeration, soil nitrogen supply and plant growth in field soils with poor and normal plant growth to establish the probability of localized denitrification. Measured anaerobic conditions occurred above and in restricting layers of slowly draining soils supporting poor growth but not in adjacent, unlayered soils supporting good growth. The layered soils were Natrixerolls occuring in a Calcic Haploxeroll which is the major soil of the landscape in experimental area. Laboratory measurements of soil texture and soil and plant N combined with neutron meter field measurements of soil water, platinum microelectrode measurements of soil 02 diffusion rate, and plant dry matter accumulation explained growth and yield differences.Surface mulch of burlap (simulating a heavy straw cover) increased water infiltration in both soils but by doing so, prolonged low 02 levels in slowly draining soils. Although both soils had been fertilized at the same rate and were no more than 3 m apart, plants growing on the slowly draining soil had lower N contents than those on the normal (well drained) soil. Beneath the mulch essentially all of the fertilizer N was lost on the slowly draining soil and yield was 35% lower than that on mulched normal soil. Without the mulch, the slowly draining soil reduced yield by 15%. Loss of N through denitrification was the most probable cause of reduced plant growth and yield. Localized application of N late in the spring or trial of nitrification inhibiting compounds were suggested as remedies to counteract the problem.
Photoassimilate Distribution in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. I. Vegetative and Floral Development1
Authors: Lytle R. W. , Hull R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe halophytic grass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. is a major contributor to the productivity and stability of Atlantic tidal salt marshes. To better understand the reproductive resiliency of this grass, the seasonal energy transfer to vegetative and sexual reproduction was compared under marsh conditions. In most studies, the youngest fully expanded leaf blade of single culms was exposed to 14C02 at selected physiological ages during the 1972 through 1974 growing seasons. Photosynthate distribution was traced by gross radioautography and quantified by radioassay of plant parts. At all developmental stages, current photosynthate was translocated to basal tillers and to shoots originating from attached rhizomes. Even during the boot stage, basal organs including rhizomes, roots, and tillers received 6% of upper leaf photosynthate. The rhizome system became a major sink for assimilated carbon only late in the growing season. Spartina alterniflora partitioned more than 30%, of its current photosynthetic productivity to vegetative reproduction during most ontogenetic phases.
Path Coefficient Analysis of Correlation Between Stress and Barley Yield Components1
Authors: Campbell W. F. , Wagenet R. J. , Bamatraf A. M. , Turner D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater and fertility management practices are needed that will ensure economic crop production on irrigated lands in semi‐arid regions with extremes in drought and salinity. Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., was used as an indicator crop to evaluate the interactive effects of fertilizer (N and P), salinity, and irrigation management on crop yields. Greenhouse experiments with four replications were imposed on a nonsaline nongypsiferous Hunting silty clay loam soil (Aquic Ustifluvent). Nitrogen (0, 112, 224 or 448 kg N/ha) and P (0, 45 or 90 kg P/ha) were applied as urea and calcium superphosphate prior to planting. Six to eight seeds were planted in 576 pots and irrigated with tap water until the plants reached the two‐leaf stage, at which time they were thinned to two plants per pot. Salinity (ECW = 0.5, 1.5> 4.5, or 13.5 mmhos/cm) and water (irrigation interval of 2, 4, or 8 days) management treatments were then initiated. Data were collected on yield components and environmental factors.Regression coefficients (r3) on interactions were low, indicating that a small proportion of the total yield variability was accounted for by the various variables. However, water quality and quantity and N fertilizer interactions exhibited significant (P < 0.01) effects on yield components. Moreover, a negative yield response was produced by decreasing irrigation frequency and increasing water salinity. According to the correlation coefficients, three yield components (main heads, tiller heads, and floret abortion) had comparable effects on yield. In contrast, the path coefficients analysis attributed yield differences to direct and indirect influences of various parameters. Where correlation analysis simply measured mutual association between the various parameters and variables, the path analysis measured the relative importance of each. Although results indicated reduction in yield parameters, if managed correctly, moderately saline water can be used to obtain reasonable (but not maximum) yields. Where maximum yield decisions have to be made, however, better quality land and water should be used for crop production.
Potassium Effect on Protein Formation and Amino Acid Turnover in Developing Wheat Grain1
Authors: Mengel K. , Secer M. , Koch K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEarlier investigations have shown that the potassium ion (K+) promotes grain protein synthesis. It is not yet known whether this K+ effect is directly related to the requirement of K+ for formation of peptide bonds or is more indirectly related to the translocation of amino acids into developing grain. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Kolibri”) was grown in solution culture to study the N transformations in developing grain of wheat. At two K levels (K1:0.3 and K2:2.0 me/liter) plants were treated with 15N labeled ammonium nitrate for 2 days (2 weeks after anthesis) and then grain samples were obtained from both K treatments periodically until full maturation. Initially, grain from the K2 treatment contained almost twice as much free amino acids as grain from the K1 treatment. This treatment difference gradually disappeared with grain development. The 15N label in the free amino acids declined faster in grain from the K2 treatment. Concomitant with this decline the 15N content of the grain proteins increased with the K2 treatment exceeding the K1 treatment.Potassium increased the rate of amino acid translocation into the grain as well as the conversion of amino acids into grain proteins (albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin). The accumulation of free amino acids hi the K2 treated grain suggests the influence of K was stronger on the translocation of amino acids into the grain than the conversion into proteins. The K concentration of the grain was not influenced greatly by K treatment, whereas, stalk and leaf levels showed remarkable differences. It is concluded that an indirect effect of K+ on grain protein formation results from amino acid translocation into the grain and not from the influence of K+ on peptide bond formation. The heaviest 15N label was found in glutamine, whereas glutamate showed the highest rate of N turnover.
Relationships Among Some Biological and Empirical Fertilizer Response Models and Use of the Power Family of Transformations to Identify an Appropriate Model
Authors: Mombiela F. A. , Nelson L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA systematic procedure is often needed to select the best model for representing response to fertilizer input. Several traditional fertilizer response models are shown to belong to a series consisting of the Power Family of transformations of (A‐y) where y is the yield and A is the maximum yield. Transformations of both A‐y and x, the level of added nutrient, also belong to the series. Tukey’s method of plotting the data and trying different transformations of (A‐y) (and perhaps x) to linearize the data is recommended for finding a model which best approximates the relationship. There is a great deal of flexibility in the system so the best model may turn out to be one of the traditional fertilizer response models or it may be a less common member of the series of transformations of (A‐y) in the Power series. Of the traditional models the quadratic model represents the weakest transformation that will linearize the A‐y vs. x plot; Balmukand’s and Nelder’s inverse polynomial models are among the strongest. Mitscherlich’s model represents an intermediate transformation between the quadratic and Nelder’s model.
Yield and N Content of Soybean Seed as Influenced by Rhizobium japonicum Inoculants Possessing the Hydrogenase Characteristic1
Authors: Hanus F. Joe , Albrecht Steve L. , Zablotowicz Robert M. , Emerich David W. , Russell Sterling A. , Evans Harold J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRhizobium japonicum strains possessing the hydrogenase characteristic (Hup+) are capable of forming nodules that recycle the H2 produced during N2 fixation. Experiments were conducted to compare seed yield and N content of soybcan (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) inoculated with Hup+ and Hup‐ strains under field conditions. Hup+ wild‐type strains (USDA 143, USDA 6, USDA 122, USDA 110, USDA 136, and SR), H2 uptake negative (Hup−) wild‐type strains (USDA 117, USDA 135, USDA 120, and USDA 16) and Hup− mutants (SR2 and SR3, derived from Hup+ SR) were used as inoculants. Chehalis silt loam (mesic Cumulic Ultic Haploxeroll) and Ephrata loamy fine sand (mesic Xerollic Camborthid) relatively free of indigenous R. japonicum were used in the experiments. Bacteroid H2 uptake rates and H2 evolution from nodules from inoculated plots indicated no appreciable mixing among treatments. The inoculants applied to these relatively high N soils did not significantly affect seed yield, however, plants inoculated with the Hup+ strains appeared greener, matured later, and in all four experiments produced seed with significantly higher N percentage than plants inoculated with groups of Hup− strains. Average data from all four exepriments showed that Hup+ inoculants increased crude seed protein 8.9%. These results provide further evidence that R. japonicum inoculants for soybeans should possess the capacity to oxidize H2 produced as a by‐product of N2 fixation.
Prediction of Bermudagrass Composition and Digestibility with a Near‐Infrared Multiple Filter Spectrophotometer
Authors: Burdick Donald , Barton Franklin E. , Nelson Billy D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAgronomists, plant breeders, and ruminant nutritionists have long sought a rapid, accurate technique for determining the chemical composition and nutritive value of forages. Recently, near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been proposed as a way to accomplish this. Although monochrometer‐type instruments have been used to predict forage quality, filter‐type instruments have not been used for this purpose. Compared to monochrometer‐type instruments which can scan the entire NIR region, filter instruments have higher relative optical energies and may be more useful for generating quantitative data for certain forage constituents. Filter instruments can scan selected portions of the NIR in about 20 sec instead of the 1 or 2 min required by monochrometers. The relative low cost of filter instruments also permits their use for routine analytical determinations.This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of a NIR multiple filter Spectrophotometer for determining, on a dry matter basis, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, and in vitro and in vivo dry matter digestibilities for three groups of field‐grown bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) cultivars processed as freeze‐dried forage, sun‐cured hay, and drum‐dehydrated pellets. We particularly wanted to determine if the same set of wavelengths could be used for all samples. Primary and secondary wavelengths for predicting each forage constituent were initially selected with a monochrometer type instrument. Corresponding wavelengths were then selected for the filter Spectrophotometer. Samples of known composition and digestibility were run and the resulting reflectance data used to derive a multiple regression equation from which the quality of the unknown samples was determined.The filter spectrophotometer's six “tilting” filters covered selected regions of the NIR spectrum from 1.50 to 2.36 µm. The same filters and wavelengths could be used to predict the composition and digestibility of the freezedried forages and sun‐cured hays. However, new wavelengths had to be selected to determine crude protein in the drum‐dehydrated pellets. Standard errors obtained with the NIR filter instrument were 0.58 to 1.15 for crude protein, 1.39 to 2.77 for neutral detergent fiber, 1.07 to 2.46 for acid detergent fiber, 0.50 to 0.66 for lignin, 1.90 to 3.37 for in vitro dry matter disappearance, and 1.78 to 254 for in vivo digestible dry matter. Generally, these errors compare favorably with those obtained by conventional laboratory methods. Additional research will probably result in standard errors of prediction being lowered even more, which should result in this technique gaining wide acceptance for forage analysis.
Metribuzin Injury in Soybeans as Influenced by Application Timing and Cultivation1
Authors: Moshier L. J. , Russ O. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKansas growers wish to improve broadleaf weed control in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown in sandy soils with high pH or low organic matter content. Metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐tert‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazin‐5 (4H)‐one] applications would effectively control broadleaf weeds on such soils; however, crop injury risk would also be present. Thus, a field experiment was initiated to determne if a 3‐week interval between herbicide application and planting or cultivation after soybean emergence improved tolerance of soybeans grown on a soil with a high pH and low organic matter content. Metribuzin was applied at 0.6 or 1.1 kg/ha and incorporated prior to soybean planting in a Haynie very fine sandy loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, calcareous, mesic Typic Udifluvent) with pH of 7.9 and 0.7% organic matter content in 1978 and 1979. Visual injury of 4‐week‐old plants was less in 1978 but more in 1979 when metribuzin was applied 3 weeks before planting rather than immediately before planting. Injury in 7‐week‐old plants was not significantly affected by time of metribuzin applications in 1978 but was greater from applications immediately before planting compared to applications 3 weeks prior to planting in 1979. Injury differences were attributed to rainfall quantity and pattern. The meribuzin applications at 0.6 or 1.1 kg/ha 3 weeks prior to planting did not affect soybean yields either year even though the higher rate reduced plant stand and plant height. Yields were reduced only when metribuzin was applied at the higher rate immediately before planting. Cultivation at 3 and 7 weeks after soybean planting did not significantly affect soybean tolerance either year.
Phosphorus Uptake and Dry Weight of Stylo and White Clover as Affected by Chlorine1
Authors: Chrisholm Richard H. , Blair Graeme J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCaribbean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata L. Taub, ‘Verano’) and white clover (Trifolium repens L., ‘Ladino’) commonly grow in soils of markedly different available P status. In addition, stylo generally grows on highly leached tropical soils that have low levels of Ca and Cl. Before comparisons can be made of P utilization in these species, it is necessary to characterize their nutrient requirements, including the P × Cl interaction in each species, as this affects P uptake and growth.In this work, the effect of solution Cl level on P uptake by stylo and white clover was investigated in a controlled environment, solution culture study. Four P levels (1, 2, 4, 8 µM) and four Cl levels (10, 20, 30, 40 µM for stylo and 10, 30, 100, 200 µM for white clover) were used. Increases in the Fe, Cu, Mo, Ca, and S levels of a previously used nutrient solution were necessary, under the conditions of our work, to satisfy the requirements for growth of species in this study.Maximum dry matter yield and P uptake were recorded in white clover tops and roots in the 8 µM P/100 µM Cl treatment and in stylo tops in the 8 µM P/30 µM Cl treatment. Maximum root yield in stylo was recorded in the 30 µM Cl treatment, with no significant response to P at this Cl level. Stylo root P uptake was at a maximum in the 8 µM P treatment.The results demonstrate the necessity of adjusting the nutrient solution composition to match the requirements of the species under study before embarking on comparisons of differences in the uptake or utilization of a particular element.
Response of Soybeans in Different Maturity Groups to March Plantings in Southern USA1
Authors: Boote K. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation is lacking on the performance of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars grown under lengthening rather than shortening days. Soybean cultivars in a range of maturity group (MG) were planted in March at Gainesville, Florida (29° 40' N) during 1976 through 1979. The soil type was Kendrick sand (loamy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Paleudult) and Gainesville sand (hyperthermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamment). Cultivars were evaluated with two objectives in mind: I) to determine yield and reproductive performance of cultivars in a range of MGs under short but lenthening days, and 2) to identify high yielding cultivars which matured by late June so that a second warm‐season crop could be planted.Cultivars in MG 000 to I were uniformly early flowering, early maturing, short, and low yielding, but those in MG II, III, and IV were each slightly slower in reproductive development, of later maturity, taller, and higher yielding. Although MG II, III, and IV cultivars flowered within 33 days after emergence, their postflowering development was slower which resulted in more vegetative growth, a longer seed filling period, and better seed yields. With March planting at this location, MG II, III, and IV cultivars normally matured by late June. ‘Williams’ (MG III) was one of the better cultivars, yielding 3,000, 3,200, 2,760, and 2,800 kg/ha in the four seasons. ‘Amsoy 71’ (MG II), ‘Calland’ (MG III), ‘Union’ (MG IV), and ‘Cutler 71’ (MG IV) produced acceptable yields; however, the latter three cultivars had poorer seed quality, matured later, and often retained green stems and a few green leaves at pod maturity.Cultivars of MG V, VI, VII, and VIII flowered about 10 days later than MG 000 to IV and progressed slowly into pod development. Cultivars of MG V matured most of their pods by 1 August but retained many green leaves and exhibited very poor quality seed. Those in MG VI, VII, and VIII were so adversely affected by the long days of May, June, and July that they did not complete reproductive growth until September and October.With selection of soybean cultivars of appropriate maturity, March planting with maturation by late June was Eeasible at this latitude, thus permitting double cropping of soybeans after soybeans.
Nitrogen Utilization by Tall Fescue from Sewage Sludge Compost Amended Soils1
Authors: Tester C. F. , Sikora L. J. , Taylor J. M. , Parr J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe agronomic value of sewage sludge compost as an N source for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Kentucky 31’) was evaluated in a greenhouse pot study. An Evesboro loamy sand (mesic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments) and a Fauquier silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs) soil were amended with four rates of sewage sludge compost (0 to 6% on a dry weight basis) equal to 0 to 135 metric tons/ha, a lime treatment, two rates of N (0 and 195 kg/ha), P (0 and 390 kg/ha), and N plus P in a factorial design. Kentucky 31 tall fescue was grown and harvested at 40, 76, 120, and 167 days. The clippings and one replicate of roots and crowns grown in the Evesboro soil were analyzed for total N.Total N uptake by fescue grown in compost amended Evesboro soil was significantly greater than with Fauquier soil treated similarly. Fescue N content was linearly related to the compost amendment for both soils and was significantly increased by the addition of N and P singly or in combination. The largest fescue N increase was obtained by the addition of N and P. Nitrogen uptake was limited by the mineralization rate of compost organic N. Regression equations describing total N uptake and fescue N concentration as affected by compost amendment, fertilizer addition, and time, required, in most cases, a quadratic term for compost amendment to explain the variation in Fescue N.During 167 days of growth the fescue utilized approximately 8% of the compost N and 80% of the fertilizer N. Based on the N content of fescue grown in Evesboro soil an equivalent fertilizer value of 166 kg N/ha was obtained for the 135 metric tons/ha compost amendment compared with the fertilizer treatments.