bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate in Kidney Transplantation: Is the New Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Equation Any Better?
Authors: White Christine A , Akbari Ayub , Doucette Steve , Fergusson Dean , Knoll Greg A 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Background: The new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation was developed to address the systematic underestimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation in patients with a relatively well-preserved kidney function. The performance of the new equation for kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) is unknown.
Methods: We used the plasma clearance of 99mTc–diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid to measure the GFR in a cohort of 207 stable KTRs and estimated the GFR with the new CKD-EPI equation.
Results: The mean bias for the CKD-EPI equation of −4.5 mL · min−1 · (1.73 m2)−1 was lower than that of the 4-variable MDRD Study equation; however, the 2 equations showed similar variation of individual biases around the mean or median bias, so that only modest improvement was seen in the overall percentage of GFR estimates within 30% of the measured GFR (84% vs 77% for the CKD-EPI vs MDRD Study equations, respectively). In the cohort with a GFR &gt;60 mL · min−1 · (1.73 m2)−1 (n = 98), the CKD-EPI bias was much less than that of the MDRD Study equation [−7.4 mL · min−1 · (1.73 m2)−1 vs −14.3 mL · min−1 ·(1.73 m2)−1], and an accuracy of ±30% was seen for 89% of GFR estimates, compared with 77% with the MDRD Study equation. The variation of the individual biases around the mean bias remained substantial [SD = 13.7 mL · min−1 · (1.73 m2)−1].
Conclusions: The CKD-EPI equation shows improved estimation ability, and we recommend that it replace the MDRD Study equation as the currently preferred creatinine-based estimating equation for KTRs. The precision of GFR estimates obtained with the CKD-EPI equation remains suboptimal, however, and we recommend that research on other markers of GFR, such as cystatin C and β-trace protein, be pursued.
Neonatal Salivary Analysis Reveals Global Developmental Gene Expression Changes in the Premature Infant
Authors: Maron Jill L , Johnson Kirby L , Rocke David M , Cohen Michael G , Liley Albert J , Bianchi Diana W 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Background: There is an important need to develop noninvasive biomarkers to detect disease in premature neonates. Our objective was to determine if salivary genomic analysis provides novel information about neonatal expression of developmental genes.
Methods: Saliva (50–200 μL) was prospectively collected from 5 premature infants at 5 time points: before, starting, and advancing enteral nutrition; at the introduction of oral feeds; and at advanced oral feeds. Salivary RNA was extracted, amplified, and hybridized onto whole-genomic microarrays.
Results: Bioinformatics analyses identified 9286 gene transcripts with statistically significant gene expression changes across individuals over time. Of these genes, 3522 (37.9%) were downregulated, and 5764 (62.1%) were upregulated. Gene expression changes were highly associated with developmental pathways. Significantly downregulated expression was seen in embryonic development, connective tissue development and function, hematologic system development and function, and survival of the organism (10−14 &lt; P &lt; 10−3). Conversely, genes associated with behavior, nervous system development, tissue development, organ development, and digestive system development were significantly upregulated (10−11 &lt; P &lt; 10−2).
Conclusions: Comparative genomic salivary analyses provide robust, comprehensive, real-time information regarding nearly all organs and tissues in the developing preterm infant. This innovative and noninvasive technique represents a new approach for monitoring health, disease, and development in this vulnerable patient population. By comparing these data in healthy infants with data from infants who develop medical complications, we expect to identify new biomarkers that will ultimately improve newborn care.
Peculiarities of Graves' disease in children and adolescents with Down's syndrome
Authors: De Luca Filippo , Corrias Andrea , Salerno Mariacarolina , Wasniewska Malgorzata , Gastaldi Roberto , Cassio Alessandra , Mussa Alessandro , Aversa Tommaso , Radetti Giorgio , Arrigo Teresa 
Published: December 2009

ObjectiveTo compare the presentation and clinical course of Graves' disease (GD) in two pediatric populations consisting of 28 patients with Down's syndrome (DS) and 109 controls without DS respectively.Design and methodsThe evolution over time of GD was determined in both groups according to the clinical changes and the variations in TSH, free thyroxine, and TSH receptor autoantibodies serum levels during the entire follow-up.ResultsFemale prevalence (50 vs 81.6%; χ2=12.0, P<0.0005) and average age at GD presentation (9.9±4.4 vs 11.5±3.5 years, P<0.05) were significantly lower in DS group than in controls. Clinical responsiveness to methimazole therapy was significantly better in DS patients, as demonstrated by both the lower relapse rates after the first cycle withdrawal (7.1 vs 31.2%; χ2=7.4, P<0.005) and the higher persistent remission rates after definitive therapy withdrawal (46.4 vs 26.7%; χ2=4.1, P<0.05). Moreover, in DS group, no patients needed surgery or radioiodine ablation, whereas non-pharmacological treatment was necessary in 11% of controls (χ2=3.8, P<0.05). Antecedents of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) were documented in 21.4% of DS patients and in 3.7% of controls (χ2=10.4, P<0.005). Association with other autoimmune diseases was detected in 32.1% of DS cases and in 12.8% of controls (χ2=5.94, P<0.025).ConclusionsGD in DS children and adolescents is characterized by several peculiarities: i) earlier presentation; ii) no gender predominance; iii) less severe clinical course; iv) higher frequency of documented HT antecedents; v) more frequent association with other autoimmune diseases.
Epidemiology of adrenal crisis in chronic adrenal insufficiency: the need for new prevention strategies
Authors: Hahner Stefanie , Loeffler Melanie , Bleicken Benjamin , Drechsler Christiane , Milovanovic Danijela , Fassnacht Martin , Ventz Manfred , Quinkler Marcus , Allolio Bruno 
Published: December 2009

ObjectiveAdrenal crisis (AC) is a life-threatening complication of adrenal insufficiency (AI). Here, we evaluated frequency, causes and risk factors of AC in patients with chronic AI.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 883 patients with AI were contacted by mail. Five-hundred and twenty-six patients agreed to participate and received a disease-specific questionnaire.ResultsFour-hundred and forty-four datasets were available for analysis (primary AI (PAI), n=254; secondary AI (SAI), n=190). Forty-two percent (PAI 47% and SAI 35%) reported at least one crisis. Three hundred and eighty-four AC in 6092 patient years were documented (frequency of 6.3 crises/100 patient years). Precipitating causes were mainly gastrointestinal infection and fever (45%) but also other stressful events (e.g. major pain, surgery, psychic distress, heat and pregnancy). Sudden onset of apparently unexplained AC was also reported (PAI 6.6% and SAI 12.7%). Patients with PAI reported more frequent emergency glucocorticoid administration (42.5 vs 28.4%, P=0.003). Crisis incidence was not influenced by educational status, body mass index, glucocorticoid dose, DHEA treatment, age at diagnosis, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism or GH deficiency. In PAI, patients with concomitant non-endocrine disease were at higher risk of crisis (odds ratio (OR)=2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–3.89, P=0.036). In SAI, female sex (OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.06–4.5, P=0.035) and diabetes insipidus (OR=2.71, 95% CI 1.22–5.99, P=0.014) were associated with higher crisis incidence.ConclusionAC occurs in a substantial proportion of patients with chronic AI, mainly triggered by infectious disease. Only a limited number of risk factors suitable for targeting prevention of AC were identified. These findings indicate the need for new concepts of crisis prevention in patients with AI.
Recommendations on the environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals: Effect characterization
Authors: Schmitt Heike , Boucard Tatiana , Garric Jeanne , Jensen John , Parrott Joanne , Péry Alexandre , Römbke Jörg , Straub Jürg Oliver , Hutchinson Thomas H , Sánchez-Argüello Paloma , Wennmalm Åke , Duis Karen 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The effects testing of pharmaceuticals consists of a tiered investigation of ecotoxicological endpoints. However, effects testing has to be performed only when the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of pharmaceuticals are above certain action limits. To study the appropriateness of these action limits, a literature search was performed for pharmaceuticals with predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) close to or below the action limits. Some human pharmaceuticals showed effects at concentrations ≤100 ng/L, mostly in nonstandard fish or invertebrate tests. In addition, antibiotics and parasiticides sometimes had effects at concentrations &lt;10 mg/kg soil. To help in identifying pharmaceuticals that should undergo effects testing although their PECs are below the action limits, “however clauses” are postulated for pharmaceuticals that are potentially persistent, bioaccumulative, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reproductively toxic. Effects testing should also be performed for pharmaceuticals that 1) affect target structures that are conserved across species, 2) have a high potency or a small therapeutic margin, 3) are from a new therapeutic class, and 4) are structurally similar to compounds with known effects. Furthermore, suggestions for improving the effects testing of pharmaceuticals are made. These include inter alia chronic effects testing as a general approach, the use of invertebrate tests including sexual reproduction, the application of endpoints reflecting the mode of action of the drug or known side effects, and the simulation of more realistic exposure conditions in terrestrial laboratory tests. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:588–602. © 2009 SETAC
Use of Reduced-Order Modeling Procedures for Production Optimization
Authors: cardoso M.A.. A. , Durlofsky L.J.. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The determination of optimal well settings is very demanding computationally because the simulation model must be run many times during the course of the optimization. For this reason, reduced-order modeling procedures, which are a family of techniques that enable highly efficient simulations, may be very useful for optimization problems. In this paper, we describe a recently developed reduced-order modeling (ROM) technique that has been used in other application areas, the trajectory piecewise linearization (TPWL) procedure, and incorporate it in production-optimization computations. The TPWL methodology represents solutions encountered during the optimization runs in terms of Taylor-series expansions around previously simulated states. This requires a small number of preprocessing (training) simulations using the full (high-fidelity) model, during which pressure and saturation states and Jacobian matrices are saved. These states and matrices are then projected into a low-dimensional space using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Simulations in this reduced space can be performed very efficiently; in this work, we observe runtime speedups of a factor of 450. Overall speedups are, however, less because of the preprocessing overhead.
We assess the TPWL representation for simulations of waterflood in a heterogeneous 3D model containing more than 20,000 gridblocks and six wells. The high degree of accuracy of the TPWL model is first demonstrated for several testing simulations in which producer- and injector-well settings differ from those used in the training runs. The TPWL representations are then used in optimizations involving the determination of optimal bottomhole pressures (BHPs) for a reservoir model with four production wells and two injection wells. A gradient-based algorithm is applied for the optimizations. In the first case, the BHPs of the producers and injectors are optimized at six different times (36 control variables) and in the second case at 15 different times (90 control variables). Results for optimized net present value (NPV) using TPWL are shown to be in consistently close agreement with those computed using high-fidelity simulations. Most significantly, when the optimal well settings obtained using the TPWL procedure are applied in high-fidelity models, the resulting NPVs are within approximately 0.5% of the values determined using the high-fidelity simulations. Our overall conclusion is that the TPWL representation may be quite useful in production-optimization problems.
Adipocyte Differentiation, Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Fat Distribution: Differences between Zidovudine and Tenofovir after 6 Months
Authors: Boothby Meg , McGee Kirsty C , Tomlinson Jeremy W , Gathercole Laura L , McTernan Philip G , Shojaee-Moradie Fariba , Umpleby A Margot , Nightingale Peter , Shahmanesh Mohsen 
Published: December 2009

Background Abnormal lipid metabolism and cell oxidative mechanisms are reported in patients on antiretroviral treatment. We compared the expression of several key adipocyte genes in HIV-infected patients randomized to antiretroviral regimens containing zidovudine (AZT) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Methods Subcutaneous fat was sampled from 32 HIV-positive treatment-naive patients before and 6 months after randomization to AZT/lamivudine/efavirenz ( n=15) or TDF/emtricitabine/efavirenz ( n=17) plus 15 HIV-negative matched controls. Expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function and glucocorticoid generation were pro-filed using real-time PCR. Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activity were assessed. Results Before treatment, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression was down-regulated compared with controls. Following 6 months treatment with AZT, there was a significant increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT; P=0.02) and the ratio of VAT to subcutaneous adipose tissue ( P=0.008), down-regulation of cytochrome B ( P=0.003) and cytochrome oxidase (COX)-3 gene expression ( P=0.03), up-regulation of NADH dehydrogenase ( P=0.008) and nuclear-encoded COX-4 (complex IV) gene expression ( P=0.012). Genes involved with adipocyte cortisol generation, fatty acid metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were up-regulated. In the TDF-treated patients, there was no significant change in regional body fat or mitochondrial genes compared with pretreatment values. Changes in the expression of genes involved with cortisol and fatty acid metabolism were less marked with TDF. Conclusions Interference with the mitochondrial electron transport chain appears to occur early in an AZT- containing regimen and occurs at a time when there is increased visceral fat and up-regulation of genes involved with adipocyte differentiation and fatty acid flux.
Basophils Protect against Reinfection with Hookworms Independently of Mast Cells and Memory Th2 Cells
Authors: Ohnmacht Caspar , Voehringer David 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Hookworms infect several hundred million people worldwide, causing malnutrition, anemia, and growth retardation. Infections generally result in a strong type 2 immune response, but the effector mechanisms that mediate worm expulsion remain poorly characterized. In this study, we determined the role of mast cells and basophils in protective immunity against the murine hookworm, Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis, during primary and secondary infection. Mast cell–deficient c-KitW-sh mice had lower serum IgE levels compared with wild-type mice under steady-state conditions and after N. brasiliensis infection. Worm expulsion was delayed during primary but not during secondary infection of c-KitW-sh mice, even in the absence of CD4 T cells. However, protective immunity was lost when basophils were depleted before reinfection of c-KitW-sh mice. We conclude that basophils play a crucial role for worm expulsion during a memory type 2 immune response independently of mast cells and memory Th2 cells.
Authentication and Banking of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Josephson Richard , Auerbach Jonathan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPluripotent human stem cell lines from embryos or reprogrammed adult cells are not all alike. Cell lines differ widely in their propensity for differentiation, their chromosomal integrity and epigenetic state, immunological profiles, and their availability for research. It is important that all pluripotent cell lines be protected from loss by being properly banked and authenticated, which will also protect current experimental data by enabling its future reproducibility. This unit considers basic guidelines for banking and authentication of pluripotent stem cells that should be easily implementable within any laboratory. Cell Banking is the disciplined preservation of a cell stock in the originally obtained state, as well as stocks representing the baseline state for experimental efforts. Each of these stocks must be authenticated appropriately. Authentication of pluripotent lines verifies five properties: the unique identity of the line, its sterility or freedom from contaminating microorganisms and pathogens, the integrity and stability of its genome, its expression of typical markers of the stem cell phenotype, and its pluripotency upon differentiation. This unit lists and compares several assays to verify each of these stem cell line properties. Thanks to recent advances in molecular biology and the availability of state‐of‐the‐art assays from service providers, the time and material costs of banking and authentication are not excessive for the typical research laboratory. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 11:1C.9.1‐1C.9.11. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Activity‐Based Protein Profiling (ABPP) and Click Chemistry (CC)–ABPP by MudPIT Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Speers Anna E. , Cravatt Benjamin F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractActivity‐based protein profiling (ABPP) is a chemical proteomic method for functional interrogation of enzymes within complex proteomes. This unit presents a protocol for in vitro and in vivo labeling using ABPP and Click Chemistry (CC)‐ABPP probes for in‐depth profiling using the Multi‐dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) analysis platform. Curr. Protoc. Chem Biol. 1:29‐41. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Avoiding awareness of betrayal: Comment on Lindblom and Gray (2009)
Authors: Freyd Jennifer J. , Klest Bridget , DePrince Anne P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBetrayal trauma theory (BTT) predicts that unawareness of abuse by someone on whom a victim is dependent may serve to protect a necessary relationship. Lindblom and Gray (2009) contribute to a growing line of BTT studies by measuring narrative detail in a sample of undergraduates who met Criterion A of the PTSD diagnosis and who rated the abuse as their most distressing trauma. Although many core betrayal traumas do not fit Criterion A, Lindblom and Gray found a small effect in the predicted direction. Having found an effect as predicted by BTT, curiously the authors then argue that PTSD Avoidance is a confound for forgetting the abuse to be statistically managed. This is particularly curious since symptom 3 of Criterion C is ‘inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma’. Despite constraining participant selection and other methodological issues, Lindblom and Gray's results add support to BTT. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric meso‐Epoxide Ring‐Opening with Trimethylsilyl Cyanide Promoted by Chiral Binuclear Complexes of Titanium. Dichotomy of CC versus CN Bond Formation
Authors: Belokon Yuri N. , Chusov Denis , Peregudov Alexander S. , Yashkina Lidia V. , Timofeeva Galina I. , Maleev Victor I. , North Michael , Kagan Henri B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the presence of chiral catalysts derived from the same chiral hexadentate ligand and aluminium, zinc or titanium ions, the reaction between cyclohexene oxide and trimethylsilyl cyanide can be controlled to give predominantly either the nitrile (up to 99% ee) or the isonitrile product (up to 94% ee). The metal ion, ligand stereochemistry and base concentration all play a role in determining the product ratio.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Enamines
Authors: Yan Pu‐Cha , Xie Jian‐Hua , Hou Guo‐Hua , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChiral iridium complexes based on spiro phosphoramidite ligands are demonstrated to be highly efficient catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of unfunctionalized enamines with an exocyclic double bond. In combination with excess iodine or potassium iodide and under hydrogen pressure, the complex Ir/(Sa,R,R)‐3a provides chiral N‐alkyltetrahydroisoquinolines in high yields with up to 98% ee. The L/Ir ratio of 2:1 is crucial for obtaining a high reaction rate and enantioselectivity. A deuterium labeling experiment showed that an inverse isotope effect exists in this reaction. A possible catalytic cycle including an iridium(III) species bearing two monophosphoramidite ligands is also proposed.
Multiple measures of laterality in Garnett's bushbaby (Otolemur garnettii)
Authors: Hanbury David B. , Edens Kyle D. , Bunch David A. , Legg Claire E. , Watson Sheree L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBehavioral laterality, a common measure of hemispheric specialization of the brain, has been examined in multiple tasks across several species of prosimian primates; however, there is inconsistency among findings between and within species that leaves many questions about laterality unanswered. Most studies have employed few measures of laterality, most commonly handedness. This study examined multiple measures of laterality within subjects in 17 captive‐born Garnett's bushbabies (Otolemur garnettii) to assess the consistency of lateralized behaviors and to examine possible influences such as age, posture, novelty, and arousal to elucidate the relations between direction and strength of laterality. We measured reaching, turning bias, scent marking, tail wrapping, leading foot, side‐of‐mouth preference, and hand use in prey capture. Because autonomic arousal has been invoked as a determinant of strength of lateralization, we included multiple tasks that would allow us to test this hypothesis. All subjects were significantly lateralized on simple reaching tasks (P<0.01) and tail wrapping (P<0.01). Moreover, the number of animals lateralized on turning (P<0.01), leading limb (P<0.05), mouth use (P<0.01), and prey capture (P<0.01) was greater than would be expected by chance alone. There was consistency in the strength and direction of hand biases across different postures. Tasks requiring hand use were more strongly lateralized than tasks not involving hand use (P<0.001). The data do not support the assumption that arousal (as subjectively categorized) or novelty strengthens lateralized responding. The results of this study are discussed in terms of the effects of arousal, posture, and age on lateralized behavior. Am. J. Primatol. 72:206–216, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.