bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition Activity of Wild Berry Juice Fractions against Streptococcus pneumoniae Binding to Human Bronchial Cells
Authors: Huttunen Sanna , Toivanen Marko , Arkko Satu , Ruponen Marika , Tikkanen‐Kaukanen Carina 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBacterial adhesion to the cell surface is a crucial step before infection can take place. Inhibition of bacterial binding offers a novel preventive approach against infections. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) juice has been found to have antiadhesive activity against different bacteria. Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen and the most common cause for pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. In this study the inhibitory activity of cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum and Empetrum hermaphroditum L.) juice fractions against pneumococcal binding was tested using human bronchial cells (Calu‐3) as an adhesion model. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the berry juice fractions was tested. It was found that the studied berry juice fractions had antiadhesion activity and cranberry juice was the most active. The adhesion inhibition activity of cranberry juice was nearly 90% at a concentration of 8.7 mg/g of soluble solids. The antimicrobial activity of the studied berry juice fractions was found to be remarkable; pneumococcal growth was inhibited totally at a concentration of ∼86 mg/g. Both antiadhesion and antimicrobial activities were reduced after solid‐phase extraction of the berry juices, which may suggest molecular synergistic effects of the berry juice molecules against S. pneumoniae. The findings indicate that cranberry, bilberry and crowberry juices have potential against pneumococcal infections.
Methods to reduce interference effects in thermal conversion elemental analyzer/continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry δ18O measurements of nitrogen‐containing compounds
Authors: Accoe Frederik , Berglund Michael , Geypens Benny , Taylor Philip 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn‐line determination of the oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O value) in organic and inorganic samples is commonly performed using a thermal conversion elemental analyzer (TC‐EA) linked to a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) system. Accurate δ18O analysis of N‐containing compounds (like nitrates) by TC‐EA‐IRMS may be complicated because of interference of the N2 peak on the m/z 30 signal of the CO peak. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of two methods to overcome this interference which do not require any hardware modifications of standard TC‐EA‐IRMS systems. These methods were (1) reducing the amount of N2 introduced into the ion source through He dilution of the N2 peak and (2) an improved background correction on the CO m/z 30 sample peak integration.Our results show that He dilution is as effective as diverting the N2 peak in order to eliminate this interference. We conclude that the He‐dilution technique is a viable method for the δ18O analysis of nitrates and other N‐containing samples (which are not routinely measured using He dilution) using TC‐EA‐IRMS, since it can easily be programmed in the standard software of IRMS systems. With the He‐dilution technique δ18O values of the nitrate isotope standards USGS34, IAEA‐N3 and USGS35 were measured using the shortest possible traceability chain to the VSMOW‐SLAP scale, and the results were –28.1 ± 0.1‰, +25.5 ± 0.1‰ and +57.5 ± 0.2‰, respectively. An improved background correction was also an effective method, but required manual correction of the raw data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase fragmentation study of novel synthetic 1,5‐benzodiazepine derivatives using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Rida Mohamed , Meslouhi Hamza El , Es‐Safi Nour‐Eddine , Essassi El Mokhtar , Banoub Joseph 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fragmentation patterns of a series of three novel synthesized 3‐hydroxy‐4‐phenyl‐tetrahydro‐1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones (1–3), possessing the same backbone structure, were investigated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. A simple methodology, based on the use of ESI (positive ion mode) and by increasing the declustering potential in the atmospheric pressure/vacuum interface, collision‐induced dissociation (CID), was used to enhance the formation of the fragment ions. In general, the novel synthetic 1,5‐benzodiazepine derivatives afforded, in the gas phase, both protonated and sodiated molecules. This led to the confirmation of the molecular masses and chemical structures of the studied compounds. Exact accurate masses were measured using a high‐resolution ESI‐quadrupole orthogonal time‐of‐flight (QqToF)‐MS/MS hybrid mass spectrometer instrument.The breakdown routes of the protonated molecules were rationalized by conducting low‐energy collision CID‐MS/MS analyses (product ion‐ and precursor ion scans) using a conventional quadrupole‐hexapole‐quadrupole (QhQ) tandem mass spectrometer. All the observed major fragmentations for the 1,5‐benzodiazepines occurred in the saturated seven‐membered ring containing the nitrogen atoms. These formed a multitude of product ions by different breakdown routes. All the major fragmentations involved cleavages of the N‐1–C‐2 and C‐3–C‐4 bonds. These occurred with concomitant eliminations of glyoxal, benzene and ethyl formate, forming the product ion at m/z 119, which was observed in all the studied compounds. In addition, an unique simultaneous CID‐MS/MS fragmentation was noticed for the 1,5‐benzodiazepines 1 and 3, which occurred by a pathway dictated by the substituent located on the N‐1‐position. It was evident that the aromatic ring portion of the 1,5‐benzodiazepines was resistant to CID‐MS/MS fragmentation. Re‐confirmation of the various geneses of the product ions was achieved by conducting a series of precursor ion scans. ESI‐MS and CID‐MS/MS analyses have thus proven to be a specific and very sensitive method for the structural identification of these novel 1,5‐benzodiazepine derivatives. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial Degradation of PCBs in Contaminated Sediments
Authors: Rhee G‐Y. , Cho Y‐C. , Ostrofsky E.B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extent of natural dechlorination varies widely in sediments and fails to reach its maximum potential. Recent laboratory and field studies have suggested that the potential for further dechlorination is low in the Hudson and St. Lawrence Rivers. Laboratory investigations have also indicated that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dechlorination is directly coupled to the growth of dechlorinating microorganisms in that: (a) there was no growth of dechlorinating microorganisms below the threshold concentration, (b) the rate of chlorine removal per gram sediment was significantly correlated to the growth rate of the microorganisms, (c) the negative effect of lower moisture levels on dechlorination was correlated to the microorganism death rate, and (d) the extent of natural dechlorination in the St. Lawrence River appears to be related to the in‐situ population size of dechlorinators. There also appear to be many dechlorinating populations, each with different requirements and competence. Therefore, the growth enhancement of these microorganisms is the key to promoting PCB dechlorination either in situ or ex situ. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk Assessment in Remediation: Accurately Accounting for Uncertainty
Authors: LaGoy Peter K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCleanup levels at hazardous waste sites are typically developed based at least in pan on either generic or site‐specific risk assessments. Risk assessment in its purest form should be a measure of the potential for a site to cause adverse effects and therefore should be used as the basis for cleanup. However, the process of risk assessment continues to be subject to problems, primarily related to inherent uncertainties in the exposure parameters and toxicity criteria that are the building blocks of the risk assessment. Criticism of risk assessments and risk‐based decisions range from comments that the process inadequately protects human health to comments that the process is overly protective, and examples of both ends of the spectrum are readily available. Site remediation professionals should be aware of the issues related to uncertainty and understand the potential problems in order to ensure appropriate and effective site cleanup. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Cost Comparison of Organic versus Inorganic Ion Exchange Resin for Remediation of High‐Level Waste
Authors: DeMuth Scott 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIon exchange (IX) can be used to aid in the remediation of underground storage tank (UST) radioactive waste at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford site in the state of Washington. In particular, IX can be used to concentrate the radionuclides in liquid‐based waste prior to immobilization for final disposal. Concentration of the radionuclides can significantly reduce the final immobilized high‐level waste volume and consequent overall remediation cost. Organic and inorganic IX resins each have unique advantages and disadvantages regarding the remediation process. This study presents a comparison of the remediation cost for UST waste at Hanford for a phenol‐formaldehyde type organic resin versus crystalline silico‐titanate inorganic resin. It was determined that with optimum processing conditions such as waste blending and sludge washing, remediation with the inorganic resin would be less expensive than the organic resin. Assuming baseline remediation conditions, the use of inorganic rather than organic IX resin for UST remediation at Hanford can save approximately $383 million. A limited sensitivity analysis was performed as pan of this study and is reported in the following. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flow characterization of an attraction channel as entrance to fishways
Authors: Green T. M. , Lindmark E. M. , Lundström T. S. , Gustavsson L. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe flow field inside and downstream of an open channel placed near the surface of a free flow (such as the tail water of a turbine) is characterized in detail. The channel cross‐section is U‐shaped and in the downstream end is placed a ramp on the bottom which accelerates the flow passing through the channel. This flow is intended to catch the attention of fish and improve their entrance to fishways, which has also been successfully demonstrated in field tests.The flow through the channel is subcritical and the ramp thus blocks some water from passing through. To find the optimum vertical position of the channel, a down‐scaled model channel is placed in a water flume and flow fields in vertical planes directed along the flow are visualized using particle image velocimetry. Results show that increasing the depth over the ramp has little effect on the maximum velocity while it makes the accelerated water more perceptible downstream the channel. This will most likely improve the channel's ability to attract fish. It is also shown that a recirculation zone is formed in the channel for the small depths tested. Finally, it is shown that a modest tilt of the channel will not affect the flow field in any significant way. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Szemerédi's partition and quasirandomness
Authors: Simonovits Miklós , Sós Vera T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper we shall investigate the connection between the Szemerédi Regularity Lemma and quasirandom graph sequences, defined by Chung, Graham, and Wilson, and also, slightly differently, by Thomason. We prove that a graph sequence (Gn) is quasirandom if and only if in the Szemerédi partitions of Gn almost all densities are ½ + o(l).
The acyclic orientation game on random graphs
Authors: Alon Noga , Tuza Zsolt 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown that in the random graphGnpwith (fixed) edge probabilityp> 0, the number of edges that have to be examined in order to identify anacyclicorientation is θ(n log n) almost surely. For unrestrictedp, an upper bound ofO(nlog3n) is established. GraphsG=(V, E)in which all edges have to be examined are considered, as well.
The number of spanning trees in graphs with a given degree sequence
Authors: Kostochka A. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlon's [1] idea is slightly refined to prove that for each connected graph G with degree sequence 1<k = d1≦d2≦…≦dn the number C(G) of spanning trees of G satisfies the inequality.d(G)k−nO(log k/k) ≦ C(G) ≦ d(G)/(n ‐ 1),.where d(G) = (IIni=1 di). An almost exact lower bound for C(G) for 3‐regular G on n vertices is also given. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Search for the maximum of a random walk
Authors: Odlyzko A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the efficiency of various strategies for searching in an unknown environment. The model is that of the simple random walk, which can be taken as a representation of a function with a bounded derivative that is difficult to compute. Let X1, X2+,. be independent and identically distributed with Prob(Xj = 1) = Prob(Xj = ‐1) = 1/2, and let Sk=X1+X2 + + Xk. Thus Sk is the position of a symmetric random walk on the line after k steps. The number of the Sk that have to be examined to determine their maximum Mn = max{S0, Sn} is ˜n/2 as n→ ∞, but that is a worst case result. Any algorithm that determines Mn with certainty must examine at least (c0 + o(l))n1/2 of the Sk on average for a certain constant co > 0, if all random walks with n steps are considered equally likely. There is also an algorithm that on average examines only (co + o(l))n1/2 of the Sk to determine Mn. Different results are obtained when one allows a nonzero probability of error, or else asks only for an estimate of Mn. It is also shown that a global search (one that can ask for any value Sk at any time) for the exact maximum is faster by a factor of log n (when comparing average running times) than a linear sequential one that can skip through some values but cannot go back. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the size of a random maximal graph
Authors: Erdös Paul , Suen Stephen , Winkler Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLet P be a graph property which is preserved by removal of edges. A random maximal P—graph is obtained from n independent vertices by randomly adding edges, at each stage choosing uniformly among edges whose inclusion would not destroy property P, until no further edges can be added. We address the question of the number of edges of a random maximal P—graph for several properties P, in particular the cases of “bipartite” and “triangle—free.” A variety of techniques are used to show that the size of the random maximal bipartite graph is quadratic in n but of order only n3'2 in the triangle—free case. Along the way we obtain a slight improvement in the lower bound of the Ramsey number r(3, t). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generalized chromatic numbers of random graphs
Authors: Bollobás Béla , Thomason Andrew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLet p be a hereditary graph property. The p‐chromatic number of a graph is the minimal number of classes in a vertex partition wherein each class spans a subgraph with property p. For the property p of edgeless graphs the p‐chromatic number is just the usual chromatic number, whose value is known to be (1/2 + o(1))n/log2 n for almost every graph of order n. We show that we may associate with every nontrivial hereditary property p an explicitly defined natural number r = r(p), and that the p‐chromatic number is then (l/2r + o(1))n/log2 n for almost every graph of order n. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Deconstructing the development paradigm: a post‐structural perspective
Authors: Rajeswar Jonnalagadda 
Published: July 2010

AbstractScienceper sehas always been advocating sustainability. The fundamentals of physical and biological sciences are based on the principles of thermodynamics and emphasize the need for efficiency and conservation. Thus, sustainability is a ‘scientific’ prerequisite, from the systems perspective of development.In studies of sustainable development, the terms ‘science’ and ‘technology’ are often used together – in tandem – as ‘science & technology’. However, if one looks at the advancement of science & technology from a sustainability perspective, it may be said that it is becoming increasingly ‘technological’, but not duly ‘scientific’. Instead of science‐based technology, what we have developed today is a technology‐based science, in our desperation to sustain the unsustainable. Corporate‐funded research in industry as well as in academy is governed by profitability rather than ecological concern or disinterested scientific inquiry. In the guise of a ‘knowledge‐based economy’, what we have constructed is an ‘economy‐based knowledge’ indeed.Sustainability is not a goal but only a means and it is a science by itself, but, unlike conventional sciences, which are supposedly value free and amoral, the science of sustainability is inclusive not only of values and responsibilities but also of the institutions and instruments that stand for sustainability. In the present ‘post‐structural’ or post‐modern era, it is ‘knowledge ecology’ – which goes far beyond ‘knowledge economy’ – that is a prerequisite in striking a right balance between development and sustainability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Design responsibility and sustainable design as reflective practice: an educational challenge
Authors: Leerberg Malene , Riisberg Vibeke , Boutrup Joy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn important element in design education is to prepare students for the reality of the profession. Often these students question their ability and power to influence industry and commerce, especially when it comes to proposing innovative and sustainable solutions. This paper discusses how the notion of design responsibility can be integrated in design education, describing ways of training and encouraging students to become responsible and sustainability‐oriented designers. Using examples from the curriculum of the Kolding School of Design in Denmark, we make a case for employing both practice‐based and theory‐based learning approaches to promote a critical and reflective design practice. Furthermore, we argue for the value of teaching design responsibility to imbue design students with the knowledge and confidence that sustainable design thinking and the designer can make a difference. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Elaboration and quantitative investigation of BCN‐type films by dynamic SIMS using the MCsx+ mode
Authors: Wu Fang , Valle Nathalie , Fitzpatrick Ryan , Ekerdt John G. , Houssiau L. , Migeon Henri‐Noël 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA quantitative SIMS approach using MCs+ mode has been tested on boron carbonitride type films (BCN). Thick amorphous BxCyNz films of different stoichiometries (0.46 ≤ x ≤ 0.68; 0.07 ≤ y ≤ 0.43; 0.01 ≤ z ≤ 0.26), deposited by thermal chemical vapour deposition, were used as standard samples to establish calibration curves between secondary ion intensities derived from in‐depth secondary ion mass spectroscopy analyses and compositions determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The matrix intensity ratios I(CCs+)/I(BCs+) and I(CCs2+)/I(BCs2+) appear linear with the concentration ratios CC:CB; ratios of I(NCs+)/I(BCs+) and I(NCs2+)/I(BCs2+) appear linear with the concentration ratio CN:CB as well. These calibration curves allow the quantification of matrix species in BCN films, in the range of studied stoichiometries and can be employed for compositional determination of unknown BCN films. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A beneficial application of backside SIMS for the depth profiling characterization of implanted silicon
Authors: Fujiyama N. , Hasegawa T. , Suda T. , Yamamoto T. , Miyagi T. , Yamada K. , Karen A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter ion implantation, annealing is needed to activate dopant and recover crystalline. However, in some annealing conditions there is a possibility that activation annealing forms defects in the implanted region, which may cause errors in SIMS depth profiles. The purpose of this study is to make clear the influence of defects generated during annealing on the conventional front‐side SIMS (FSS) depth profiles, and to provide proper measurement condition to get accurate depth profiles using back‐side SIMS (BSS) technique as another beneficial application. In this study, BF2 were implanted into crystalline silicon, and three different samples were treated, respectively, as implanted, 750 and 900° annealing. In an as‐implanted sample, BSS depth profiles of boron confirmed those obtained by FSS. On the other hand, in annealed samples, BSS depth profiles were steeper than those of FSS. This result suggests that the degradation of depth resolution in FSS cannot be explained only by the effect of ion mixing due to primary ions, but may be related with the crystalline structure in the implanted region. Therefore, BSS techniques can also be indispensable for getting more precise depth profiles in the implanted region of silicon. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of Photoshop software to estimate the adhesion and rust‐resistant properties of coating film
Authors: Zhao Yongchao , Wang Jiangang , Cui Xuejun , Wang Hongyan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new method for evaluating the adhesion and rust‐resistant properties of coating film is proposed and validated by Photoshop software. A color scanner and Photoshop processing software are used to scan coatings film and analyze images by this method. The percentage of film area removed calculated by pixels is used to classify adhesion of the cross‐cut test ASTM D3359. The area removed is measured by using the functions of area selection and histogram in Photoshop software. The adhesion of 14 samples about standard classification pictures of crosscut adhesion test of ASTM D3359‐02 and self‐made samples, are classified. The percent area removed given by ASTM standard and the percent pixels removed measured by Photoshop is correlated, with the correlation coefficient being 0.997. On the other hand, the rusty areas of regular and irregular graphics are quantitatively determined using $A' = {X'\over X}\times A$ to estimate the rust resistant properties. The determining error of rusty areas compared with the vernier caliper is under 3.0%. Quantitative evaluation for extent of corrosion of the coating is realized. The method is more scientific and specific than the present method of that evaluated by the human mind. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cold plasma cleaning of copper and aluminum tested by SIMS depth profile analysis
Authors: Konarski P. , Opalińska T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study tests cold plasma purifying as an efficient and economic alternative to wet methods of cleaning metal surfaces. Aluminum and copper substrates, intentionally covered by machine tool coolant, are treated in plasma. The cold plasma is generated in electric discharge which occurs under atmospheric pressure between cleaned surface of metal and electrode covered by ferroelectric ceramics of high (1000) electric permittivity. The process is conducted in argon, air and also in the mixtures of argon and air with water vapor. The film of hydrocarbons is eliminated most effectively when the process of purification takes place in the air or in the mixture of air with water vapor.Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to monitor efficiency of purification. SIMS depth profile analysis is applied to characterize the residual organic layer effectiveness of purification process and estimate layer thickness in the nanometric scale. This analysis shows that the remaining film consists of metal oxides, oxidized hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons at metal surface. Assuming 15 nm/min sputtering rate of the organic film, the thickness of this film at the copper substrate is equivalent to 120–160 nm, and the remaining film at aluminum is equivalent to 250–500 nm, depending on the plasma working gas composition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.