bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrojejunostomy Tube Placement in Healthy Dogs and Cats
Authors: Jergens Albert E. , Morrison Jo Ann , Miles Krisrtina G. , Silverman William B. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Pancreatitis, hepatobiliary disease, and proximal gastrointestinal tract disorders are clinical situations where delivery of nutrients via jejunostomy tube is preferable to a feeding gastrostomy. A through description of the percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy (PEG‐J) technique and practical guidelines for irts use in small animals have not been reported. endoscopic gasrtrojejunosrtomy (PEG‐J technique and practical guidelines for its use in small animals have not been reportedHypothesis:That a simple rtechnique of PEG‐J tube placement in humans would be useful and safe in healthy dogs and catsAnimals:Twelve healthy dogs and 5 healthy carts were included in the studyMaterials and Methods:Commericially prepared PEG‐J tubes were modified for use in animals and positioned in the small intestine by endoscopic guidance. Eight dofgs and 5 cats were bolus fed enteral diets for 14 days. Complicartions associated with the use of the PEG‐J tube and responses to bolus feedings were assessedResults:Jejunostomy tubes were placed disrtal to the caudal duodenal flexure in all dogs and cats. Complicartions associated with PEG‐J tubes occurred in 5/12 dogs and 4/5 cats and inclded J‐tube removal, local pain/inflammation, retrograde tube migration, and diarrhea. Bolus feeding (daily maintenance energy requirement [MER] divided q8h) through the jejunostomy catheter was well tolerated, maintained normal body weight, and was not associated with adverse gasrt rointestinal signsConclusions and Clinical Importance:Placement of a PEG‐J rtube is an effective, noninvasive technique for providing enteral nutritional support of healthy dogs and cats. Bolus‐feeding techniques via PEG‐J tubes maintain normal nutritional status in healthy dogs and carts. This procedure for jejunostomy feeding may be easily adapted for use in clinical practice outside of an intensive care facility
Assessment of Thyroid Function in Dogs with Low Plasma Thyroxine Concentration
Authors: Espineira M.M. Diaz , Mol J.A. , Peeters M.E. , Pollak Y.W.E.A. , Iversen L. , van Dijk J.E. , Rijnberk A. , Kooistra H.S. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Differentiation between hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal illness in dogs poses specific problems, because plasma total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations are often low in nonthyroidal illness, and plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations are frequently not high in primary hypothyroidism.Hypothesis: The serum concentrations of the common basal biochemical variables (TT4, freeT4[fT4], and TSH) overlap between dogs with hypothyroidism and dogs with nonthyroidal illness, but, with stimulation tests and quantitative measurement of thyroidal99mTcO4‐uptake, differentiation will be possible.Animals: In 30 dogs with low plasma TT4concentration, the final diagnosis was based upon histopathologic examination of thyroid tissue obtained by biopsy. Fourteen dogs had primary hypothyroidism, and 13 dogs had nonthyroidal illness. Two dogs had secondary hypothyroidism, and 1 dog had metastatic thyroid cancer.Methods: The diagnostic value was assessed for (1) plasma concentrations of TT4, fT4, and TSH; (2) TSH‐stimulation test; (3) plasma TSH concentration after stimulation with TSH‐releasing hormone (TRH); (4) occurrence of thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs); and (5) thyroidal99mTcO4‐uptake.Results: Plasma concentrations of TT4, fT4, TSH, and the hormone pairs TT4/TSH and fT4/TSH overlapped in the 2 groups, whereas, with TgAbs, there was 1 false‐negative result. Results of the TSH‐ and TRH‐stimulation tests did not meet earlier established diagnostic criteria, overlapped, or both. With a quantitative measurement of thyroidal99mTcO4‐uptake, there was no overlap between dogs with primary hypothyroidism and dogs with nonthyroidal illness.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The results of this study confirm earlier observations that, in dogs, accurate biochemical diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism poses specific problems. Previous studies, in which the TSH‐stimulation test was used as the “gold standard” for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism may have suffered from misclassification. Quantitative measurement of thyroidal99mTcO‐uptake has the highest discriminatory power with regard to the differentiation between primary hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal illness.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type IIIa in Curly‐Coated Retrievers
Authors: Gregory Brittany L. , Shelton G. Diane , Bali Deeksha S. , Chen Yuan‐Tsong , Fyfe John C. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Inborn errors of metabolism impose a significant genetic burden on purebred dogs and cats. The glycogen storage diseases are a category of such disorders that are typed by enzyme analysis, but deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) based carrier tests are needed for definitive, noninvasive diagnosis and to prevent at‐risk matings. Hypothesis: Glycogen storage disease type IIIa (GSD IIIa) is caused by a mutation of the glycogen debranching enzyme gene (AGL) in Curly‐Coated Retrievers (CCR). Animals: Two CCR exhibiting episodic exercise intolerance, collapse, and lethargy, and related dogs were studied. Methods: Structure and amount of glycogen isolated from tissue biopsy specimens was determined by enzymatic digestion, and activities of enzymes of glycogen metabolism were measured. The 33 AGL coding exons and flanking splice sites of an affected dog were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Results: Debranching enzyme activity was undetectable in liver and skeletal muscle of affected dogs, and accumulated glycogen had absent or short outer chains of α1, 4‐linked glucose. A single adenosine (A) deletion in AGL exon 32 of affected dog genomic DNA predicted a frame‐shift and truncation of the protein product by 126 amino acid residues. The mutation was homozygous in affected dogs and heterozygous in both parents. In addition, the deletion mutation was heterozygous in 16 or not detected at all in 31 related but clinically normal CCR. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: GSD IIIa in CCR is an autosomal recessive trait caused by mutation of AGL. A DNA sequence‐based carrier test was developed, and carriers were identified in the United States, New Zealand, Australia, and Finland.
Prognostic Factors in Canine Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency: Prolonged Survival is Likely if Clinical Remission is Achieved
Authors: Batchelor Daniel J. , Noble Peter‐John M. , Taylor Rebecca H. , Cripps Peter J. , German Alexander J. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Response to therapy in canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) varies considerably, making it difficult to determine prognosis for individual patients.Hypothesis: Response to initial treatment (RIT) and survival are affected by signalment, clinical variables, and therapeutic regimen employed.Animals: Client‐owned dogs diagnosed with EPI between 1990 and 2002 were included in this study.Methods: The study comprised a retrospective, questionnaire‐based review.Results: One hundred seventy‐eight completed questionnaires were returned. RIT was good in 60% of treated dogs, partial in 17%, and poor in 23%. On univariate analysis, dogs that received antibiotics (P= .037) or had high serum folate concentration (P= .037) had a poorer RIT. On multivariate analysis, there were no strong predictors of good RIT. Nineteen percent of treated dogs were euthanized within 1 year, but overall median survival time for treated dogs was 1919 days. No clear benefit of changing to a fat‐restricted diet could be demonstrated, but marked hypocobalaminemia (< 100 ng/L) was associated with shorter survival (P= .012). Use of uncoated pancreatic enzyme supplements, antibacterials, or H2 antagonists was not associated with longer survival. Breed, sex, age at diagnosis (≥4 years or > 4 years), and clinical signs at diagnosis also made no difference.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Long‐term prognosis in canine EPI is favorable for dogs that survive the initial treatment period. Although there are few predictors of good RIT or long‐term survival, severe cobalamin deficiency is associated with shorter survival. Therefore, parenteral cobalamin supplementation should be considered when hypocobalaminemia is documented.
Decreased Systolic Function and Inadequate Hypertrophy in Large and Small Breed Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Authors: Borgarelli Michele , Tarducci Alberto , Zanatta Renato , Haggstrom Jens 
Published: March 2010

Background: Systolic dysfunction associated with chronic mitral valve insufficiency (CMVI) has been demonstrated in experimental animal models and large breed (LB) dogs but has been reported as an uncommon finding in small breed (SB) dogs with naturally occurring disease. It has been suggested the myocardial failure could be, in part, because of an insufficient increase in left ventricular mass.Hypothesis: To test if SB and LB dogs with CMVI and moderate heart failure have systolic dysfunction and if they have adequate eccentric hypertrophy.Animals: Data from 38 SB and 18 LB dogs affected with CMVI were compared retrospectively with results from 2 groups of normal dogs (17 SB and 32 LB)Methods: Systolic function was investigated echocardiographically by using percentage fractional shortening (FS), the ratio between observed and expected end‐systolic diameter (ESD/ESDe), and end‐systolic volume index (ESVI). Left ventricular hypertrophy was estimated by using the ratio between the thickness of the left ventricular free wall and the radius in diastole (h/R).Results: Both affected SB and LB dogs had a significantly increased FS and ESVI (FS% SB 45.6 + 8.04 versus 40.06 + 8.9,P< .05; FS% LB 33.64 + 8.61 versus 27.3 + 7.3P< .05; ESVI SB 30.0 ± 2.3 mL/m2versus 21.18 ± 13.9 mL/m2,P< .05; ESVI LB 83.22 ± 43.84 mL/m2versus 36.43 ± 13.30 mL/m2versusP< .001). The h/R in affected animals was decreased (0.53 ± 0.11 versus 0.41 ± 0.12,P< .05 SB; 0.47 ± 0.11 versus 0.38 ± 0.09,P< .05, LB).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Data from this study indicate that dogs with moderate heart failure caused by CMVI have systolic dysfunction. Inadequate hypertrophy of the left ventricle may be, in part, responsible for this finding.
Assessment of Diastolic Function by Doppler Echocardiography in Normal Doberman Pinschers and Doberman Pinschers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: O'Sullivan M. Lynne , O'Grady Michael R. , Minors Sandra L. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Assessment of diastolic function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has the potential to add valuable information regarding hemodynamics, disease severity, and prognosis. The purpose of this study was to determine transmitral flow (TMF), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), pulmonary venous flow (PVF), flow propagation velocity (Vp), and mitral annular velocities by tissue Doppler in Doberman Pinschers with and without DCM. Hypothesis: It was anticipated that normal and DCM Dobermans would differ with respect to these parameters, and that associations with time to congestive heart failure (CHF) or death would be found. Animals: Thirty client‐owned Doberman Pinschers (10 each of normal, occult DCM, and overt DCM) were studied. Methods: Each dog underwent echocardiography with or without thoracic radiography (to confirm CHF) for classification as normal or DCM‐affected, followed by collection of echocardiographic diastolic parameters. Results: The group with occult DCM exhibited features of pseudonormal TMF, reduced systolic to diastolic PVF ratio, and reduced Vp. Shorter early TMF deceleration time (DTE) was associated with shorter time to CHF or sudden death. The group with overt DCM exhibited restrictive TMF, blunted systolic PVF, and reduced early and late diastolic mitral annular velocities. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Doberman Pinschers showed evidence of moderate and severe diastolic dysfunction in occult and overt DCM, respectively. Short DTE may be a useful predictor of onset of CHF or sudden death.
Evaluation of a Novel Tumor Vaccine in Dogs with Hemangiosarcoma
Authors: U'Ren Lance W. , Biller Barbara J. , Elmslie Robyn E. , Thamm Douglas H. , Dow Steven W. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a highly metastatic and often rapidly fatal tumor of dogs. At present, adjuvant chemotherapy is the only proven effective treatment for dogs with HSA, though the benefits from chemotherapy are modest. Administration of immunotherapy together with chemotherapy has also been reported to improve survival in dogs with HSA. Therefore, we evaluated safety and immunologic responses to a novel tumor vaccine administered together with doxorubicin chemotherapy in dogs with different stages of HSA.Hypothesis: That tumor vaccination could be safely and effectively combined with doxorubicin chemotherapy for treatment of dogs with HSA.Animals: Twenty‐eight dogs with various stages of HSA were enrolled in the study.Methods: The HSA vaccine was prepared with lysates of allogeneic canine HSA cell lines mixed with an adjuvant composed of liposome‐DNA complexes. Dogs received a series of 8 immunizations administered over a 22‐week period, and most also received chemotherapy. Clinical adverse effects were noted, immune responses were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry, and survival times were calculated.Results: The most common adverse effects observed in vaccinated dogs also treated with doxorubicin chemotherapy were diarrhea and anorexia. Vaccinated dogs were found to mount strong humoral immune responses against a control antigen and, most dogs also mounted antibody responses against canine HSA cells. Thirteen dogs with stage II splenic HSA that received the tumor vaccine plus doxorubicin chemotherapy had an overall median survival time of 182 days.Conclusions: We conclude that an allogeneic tumor lysate vaccine is safe in dogs with HSA and can elicit humoral immune responses in dogs that are receiving concurrent doxorubicin chemotherapy.
Prophylactic Trimethoprim‐Sulfadiazine during Chemotherapy in Dogs with Lymphoma and Osteosarcoma: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Chretin J.D. , Rassnick K.M. , Shaw N.A. , Hahn K.A. , Ogilvie G.K. , Kristal O. , Northrup N.C. , Moore A.S. 
Published: March 2010

Background: The administration of chemotherapy is associated with risk for morbidity. Management of chemotherapy‐related morbidity in veterinary oncology has been primarily supportive.Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of prophylactic antimicrobial use on chemotherapy‐associated morbidity in dogs with lymphoma or osteosarcoma.Animals: Dogs presenting with histologically confirmed osteosarcoma or lymphoma were eligible.Methods: Patients were randomized to receive placebo or trimethoprim‐sulfadiazine for 14 days after their first doxorubicin chemotherapy. Both owner and clinician were blinded with respect to treatment. Patient assessment included CBC, physical examination and performance, and toxicosis grading on days 7 and 14. Investigated outcomes were hospitalization, suspicion of infection, gastrointestinal toxicity, neutropenia, nonhematologic toxicity, and quality of life.Results: Seventy‐three dogs were enrolled; 34 had osteosarcoma, and 39 had lymphoma. Dogs receiving trimethoprim‐sulfadiazine (n = 36) had a significantly reduced hospitalization rate (P=.03), nonhematologic toxicity (P= 0.039), grade 2–4 nonhematologic toxicity (P< .0001), grade 2–4 gastrointestinal toxicity (P= .007). and altered performance (P= .015). By group, dogs with osteosarcoma (n = 34) that received the antimicrobial experienced fewer occurrences of nonhematologic toxicity (P= .02) and less severe nonhematologic toxicity (P= .038). Dogs with lymphoma (n = 39) had significant reductions in the occurrence of hospitalization (P= .035), severity of nonhematologic toxicity (P= .036), and alterations of performance (P= .015).Conclusions: The use of prophylactic trimethoprim‐sulfadiazine has benefit in reducing morbidity in dogs with osteosarcoma or lymphoma during the first 14 days after treatment with doxorubicin.
Transient Hyperammonemia Due to Urea Cycle Enzyme Deficiency in Irish Wolfhounds
Authors: Zandvliet M.M.J.M. , Rothuizen J. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Irish Wolfhounds frequently have a congenital portosystemic shunt, but a considerable proportion of the 6‐to 8‐wk‐old pups has hyperammonemia in the absence of portosystemic shunting. This hyperammonemia causes no signs and is transient, normalizing at the age of 3–4 months.Hypothesis:Transient hyperammonemia has a metabolic basis in Irish Wolfhounds.Animals:Two related (same sire) litters of Irish Wolfhounds (17 pups) and their parents were studied.Methods:Integrity of the portal circulation was examined by ultrasonography and scintigraphy. Absence of parenchymal liver disease was verified by liver biopsy. Amino acid profiles were measured in 4 pups and repeated in 2 of these pups when ammonia concentrations had normalized. The amino acid profiles were compared with those of healthy Irish Wolfhound pups.Results:Fasting venous ammonia concentrations were high (113–622 μg/dL, 65–345 μmol/L) in all pups, whereas bile acids were within reference range in all but 1. The ammonia and bile acid concentrations from all parents were within reference range. Portosystemic shunting was excluded in all but 1 pup. Liver biopsy excluded significant lesions in all 10 pups examined. Hypercitrullinemia was found and persisted even when ammonia had normalized, at the expense of an increase in glutamine and asparagine.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Citrulline concentrations are controlled by the urea cycle enzymes argininosuccinase and argininosuccinate synthetase, and a defect in either of these enzymes may be responsible for the transient hyperammonemia in Irish Wolfhounds. Resolution of the hyperammonemia is associated with increased activity of alternative metabolic pathways forming glutamine and asparagine. Confirmation requires measurement of enzyme activities in liver tissue.
Flexible Bronchoscopy and Bronchoalveolar Lavage in 68 Cats (2001–2006)
Authors: Johnson Lynelle R. , Drazenovich Tracy L. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Bronchoscopy is an important tool for identifying an underlying etiology for respiratory disease in cats. However, the procedure is challenging, because feline airways are small and prone to bronchoconstriction.Hypothesis:Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are appropriate and safe diagnostic procedures in the cat.Animals:Sixty‐eight cats.Methods:Flexible bronchoscopy was performed in all cats with the cats under propofol infusion with jet ventilation. The procedures were reviewed for BAL volumes instilled and recovered and for the number and type of complications with the use of 3 flexible endoscopes < 5.0‐mm outer diameter. The BAL procedure was compared among scopes by using a one‐way analysis of variance. Complication rates were compared by using chi‐square analysis. Significance was set atP< .05.Results:Clinical diagnoses included inflammatory airway disease in 46 of 68 cats, pneumonia in 10 of 68, neoplastic disease in 8 of 68, and other conditions in 4 of 68 cats. Mean lavage volumes instilled for the 3 scopes were 2.62–5.05 mL/kg (range, 0.77–9.38 mL/kg). Mean percent fluid recovered for the 3 scopes was 51–73%, (range, 0–140%). BAL cell counts were adequate for cytologic assessment (> 300 cells/μL) in 61 of 64 cats (97%), and in 107 of 120 samples (89%) collected. Complications occurred in 38% of procedures; however, these were mild in 24% of cats; 6% of cats died or were euthanized after the procedure. Complications were not associated with fluid volume instilled or recovered, and could not be related to the underlying disease process.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Flexible bronchoscopy with BAL was well tolerated in most cats examined.
Relative Adrenal Insufficiency in Dogs with Sepsis
Authors: Burkitt Jamie M. , Haskins Steve C. , Nelson Richard W. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: March 2010

Background:A syndrome of relative adrenal insufficiency has been identified in septic humans, and is associated with hypotension and death. Relative adrenal insufficiency is generally associated with basal serum cortisol concentration within or above the reference range and a blunted cortisol response to adrenocorticotropic hormone administration. It is unknown whether relative adrenal insufficiency occurs in septic dogs.Hypothesis:That relative adrenal insufficiency occurs in septic dogs, and that relative adrenal insufficiency is associated with hypotension and mortality.Animals:Thirty‐three septic dogs admitted to a small animal intensive care unit.Methods:Dogs were included in the study if they had a known or suspected infectious disease and had systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Dogs were excluded if they had disease or medication history expected to affect the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. Serum cortisol and endogenous plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations were measured before, and serum cortisol concentration measured 1 hour after, intramuscular administration of 250 μg of cosyntropin/dog. The change in cortisol concentration (β‐cortisol) before and after cosyntropin administration was determined in each dog.Results:Hypotension was associated with lower A‐cortisol values (OR 1.3; CI 1.0–1.9;P= .029). A‐Cortisol cutoff of 3.0 μg/dL was most accurate for predicting hypotension, survival to discharge, and 28‐day survival. The rate of death in dogs with A‐cortisol ≤3 μg/dL was 4.1 times that of dogs with A‐cortisol > 3 μg/dL (RR 4.1; CI 1.5–12.3;P= .01).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: β‐cortisol ≤3 μg/dL after adrenocorticotropic hormone administration is associated with systemic hypotension and decreased survival in septic dogs.
Distinguishing Cardiac and Noncardiac Dyspnea in 48 Dogs Using Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Factor, B‐Type Natriuretic Factor, Endothelin, and Cardiac Troponin‐I
Authors: Prošek Robert , Sisson D. David , Oyama Mark A. , Solter Philip F. 
Published: March 2010

Background:It is challenging to differentiate congestive heart failure (CHF) from noncardiac cause of dyspnea.Hypothesis:Circulating concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (NT‐proANP), B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), and cardiac troponin‐I (cTnl) can be used to help distinguish between cardiac and noncardiac causes of dyspnea in dogs.Animals:Forty‐eight client‐owned dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital for respiratory distress.Methods:Blood samples from patients were prospectively obtained. The etiology of dyspnea was determined by using physical examination, thoracic radiographs, and echocardiography.Results:CHF was diagnosed in 22 dogs, and dyspnea of noncardiac origin (noHD group) was diagnosed in 26 dogs. Analyses revealed significant difference between groups for NT‐proANP (geometric mean, 95% confidence [CI]; no HD: 0.26 nmol/mL, 95% CI 0.17–1.09; CHF: 1.38 nmol/mL, 95% CI 1.09–1.74 nmol/mL;P< .0001), BNP (noHD: 12.18 pg/mL, 95% CI 10.91–16.17 pg/mL; CHF: 34.97 pg/mL, 95% CI 23.51–52.02 pg/mL;P< .0001), and ET‐1 (noHD: 0.32 fmol/mL, 95% CI 0.23–0.46 fmol/mL; CHF: 1.26 fmol/mL, 95% CI 0.83–1.91 fmol/mL;P< .0001). Plasma cTnI concentrations were not significantly different between groups (noHD: 0.29 ng/mL, 95% CI 0.12–0.72 ng/mL; CHF: 0.42 ng/mL, 95% CI 0.18–0.97,P= .53). Receiver operating curves indicated areas under the curve for NT‐proANP, BNP, and ET‐1 of 0.946, 0.886, and 0.849, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Plasma NT‐proANP, BNP, and ET‐1, but not cTnI, appear useful for distinguishing between dogs with cardiac and noncardiac causes of dyspnea, with plasma NT‐proANP having the highest sensitivity (95.5%) and specificity (84.6%).