bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harnessing the power of BitTorrent for distributed denial‐of‐service attacks
Authors: Wu Lei , Harrington Jerome , Kuwanoe Corey , Zou Cliff C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBitTorrent is a popular peer‐to‐peer (P2P) file‐sharing protocol that utilizes a central server, known as a ‘tracker’, to coordinate connections between peers in a ‘swarm’, a term used to describe a BitTorrent ad‐hocfile sharing network. The tracker of a swarm is specified by the original file distributor and trusted unconditionally by peers in the swarm. This central point of control provides an opportunity for a file distributor to deploy a modified tracker to provide peers in a swarm with malicious coordination data, directing peer connection traffic toward an arbitrary target machine on an arbitrary service port. Although such an attack does not generate huge amount of attack traffic, it would set up many connections with the victim server successfully, which could cause serious denial‐of‐service by exhausting the victim server's connection resource. In this paper, we present and demonstrate such an attack that is entirely tracker‐based, requiring no modifications to BitTorrent client software and could be deployed by an attacker right now. The results from both emulation and real‐world experiments show the applicability of this attack. Due to the skyrocketing popularity of BitTorrent and numerous large‐scale swarms existed in the Internet, BitTorrent swarms provide an intriguing platform for launching distributed denial‐of‐service (DDoS) attacks based on connection exhaustion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on the prevention of sniffing nodes in mobilead hocnetworks
Authors: Su Ming‐Yang , Yeh Sheng‐Cheng 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTraditionally, a sniffing attack is classified as a passive attack, as it follows all regular protocols without generating any forged messages, simply silently sniffing packets and retrieving valuable information. In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), some malicious applications can only work when the resided node is in sniffing mode, and performs the same routing protocol as other normal nodes. This paper proposes a modified Ad hoc On‐demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for the detection and isolation of sniffing nodes in MANETs, so as to prevent such sniffing‐based malicious applications. With the proposed protocol, sniffing nodes in MANETs can be found and isolated by their neighboring nodes, ensuring the failure of follow‐up attacks. In this study, the NS‐2 simulation tool was used to evaluate the designed routing protocol. The results showed that the proposed protocol could effectively detect and isolate sniffing nodes, and would not cause significant network overhead. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medical biometrics in mobile health monitoring
Authors: Agrafioti Foteini , Bui Francis M. , Hatzinakos Dimitrios 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis work investigates the feasibility of ECG‐based identity management in mobile health monitoring applications. A body area network that operates in conjunction with ECG biometric recognition is explored for mobile monitoring of patients, rescuers, pilots, soldiers, or field agents in general. Among the major challenges of this technology is the stability of the signals over the monitoring duration. Time dependency is responsible for ECG destabilization, which becomes a significant issue for reliable monitoring. We propose a novel framework that addresses this inadequacy, by updating a gallery template when feature matching is compromised. In addition, strategies for tackling privacy issues in medical data management are proposed. A protocol level solution is discussed, to deal with the ethical issues of this technology. An automatic way of aggregating and managing personal information is presented, designated to operate on the basis of anonymity. The experimental performance measured over long‐ECG recordings demonstrates promising results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAX–MIN aggregation in wireless sensor networks: mechanism and modeling
Authors: Deng Hanlin , Zhang Baoxian , Li Cheng , Huang Kui , Liu Haitao 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn‐network aggregation is crucial in the design of a wireless sensor network (WSN) due to the potential redundancy in the data collected by sensors. Based on the characteristics of sensor data and the requirements of WSN applications, data can be aggregated by using different functions. MAX—MIN aggregation is one such aggregation function that works to extract the maximum and minimum readings among all the sensors in the network or the sensors in a concerned region. MAX—MIN aggregation is a critical operation in many WSN applications. In this paper, we propose an effective mechanism for MAX—MIN aggregation in a WSN, which is called Sensor MAX—MIN Aggregation (SMMA). SMMA aggregates data in an energy‐efficient manner and outputs the accurate aggregate result. We build an analytical model to analyze the performance of SMMA as well as to optimize its parameter settings. Simulation results are used to validate our models and also evaluate the performance of SMMA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction‐based cluster management for target tracking in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Teng Jing , Snoussi Hichem , Richard Cédric 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe key impediments to a successful wireless sensor network (WSN) application are the energy and the longevity constraints of sensor nodes. Therefore, two signal processing oriented cluster management strategies, the proactive and the reactive cluster management, are proposed to efficiently deal with these constraints. The former strategy is designed for heterogeneous WSNs, where sensors are organized in a static clustering architecture. A non‐myopic cluster activation rule is realized to reduce the number of hand‐off operations between clusters, while maintaining desired estimation accuracy. The proactive strategy minimizes the hardware expenditure and the total energy consumption. On the other hand, the main concern of the reactive strategy is to maximize the network longevity of homogeneous WSNs. A Dijkstra‐like algorithm is proposed to dynamically form active cluster based on the relation between the predictive target distribution and the candidate sensors, considering both the energy efficiency and the data relevance. By evenly distributing the energy expenditure over the whole network, the objective of maximizing the network longevity is achieved. The simulations evaluate and compare the two proposed strategies in terms of tracking accuracy, energy consumption and execution time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind turbine downtime and its importance for offshore deployment
Authors: Faulstich S. , Hahn B. , Tavner P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile the performance and the efficiency of wind turbines and their energy yields have been improved with time, their reliability still needs improvement, particularly when considering their deployment offshore.IWES has been gathering operational experience from wind turbines since 1989, being involved in different projects dealing with the topic of availability and reliability. This paper draws statistical data from Germany's ‘250 MW Wind’ programme, evaluated by IWES. The prime objective of the survey was to extract information about the reliability characteristics of wind turbines. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the frequency of failures and duration of downtimes for different wind turbine subassemblies based on existing onshore experience and point out the likely outcomes when turbines are deployed offshore. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The roles of TTP and BRF proteins in regulated mRNA decay
Authors: Sanduja Sandhya , Blanco Fernando F. , Dixon Dan A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdenylate‐ and uridylate‐rich element (ARE) motifs are cis‐acting elements present in the 3′ untranslated region of mRNA transcripts that encode many inflammation‐ and cancer‐associated genes. The TIS11 family of RNA‐binding proteins, composed of tristetraprolin (TTP) and butyrate response factors 1 and 2 (BRF‐1 and ‐2), plays a critical role in regulating the expression of ARE‐containing mRNAs. Through their ability to bind and target ARE‐containing mRNAs for rapid degradation, this class of RNA‐binding proteins serves a fundamental role in limiting the expression of a number of critical genes, thereby exerting anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer effects. Regulation of TIS11 family members occurs on a number of levels through cellular signaling events to control their transcription, mRNA turnover, phosphorylation status, cellular localization, association with other proteins, and proteosomal degradation, all of which impact TIS11 members' ability to promote ARE‐mediated mRNA decay along with decay‐independent functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of posttranscriptional regulation of ARE‐containing gene expression by TIS11 family members and discusses their role in maintaining normal physiological processes and the pathological consequences in their absence. WIREs RNA 2011 2 42–57 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.28This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Systematic Review of the Use of a Mesh to Prevent Parastomal Hernia
Authors: Tam Ka‐Wai , Wei Po‐Li , Kuo Li‐Jen , Wu Chih‐Hsiung 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundParastomal hernia is a major complication after stoma placement. Surgical procedures for repairing parastomal hernia are difficult and their failure rate is high. The use of a mesh implanted at the primary operation has shown promising results. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the results of the placement of mesh at the time of stoma formation with the aim of preventing parastomal hernia.MethodsThe Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched using the keywords “parastomal or paracolostomy hernia.” Data regarding the incidence of hernia, the operative parameters, including mesh placement and types, and complications, including infection, stoma necrosis, and stenosis, were used and analyzed to evaluate the use of prophylactic mesh at the time of stoma formation.ResultsThree randomized controlled trials, three prospective observational series, and one retrospective study were selected and summarized. During the follow‐up period (observation time of 1–83 months), parastomal hernia was present in 32/58 patients (55%) who did not have mesh placement and in 14/179 patients (7.82%) in whom mesh was used. Meta‐analysis of three randomized controlled trials showed that prophylactic use of the mesh significantly diminished the incidence of parastomal hernia (p < 0.0001). Postoperative morbidity levels were similar whether the mesh was placed or not.ConclusionProphylactic use of mesh at the time of stoma formation is a safe procedure and reduces the risk of parastomal hernia. For more detailed evaluation, additional large, double‐blinded, randomized controlled trials with long‐term follow‐up are necessary.
Monitoring tiger populations using intensive search in a capture–recapture framework
Authors: Sharma Rishi Kumar , Jhala Yadvendradev V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTigers (Panthera tigris) today face multiple threats to their survival in the form of habitat loss, poaching, depletion of wild prey through illegal hunting and loss of connectivity between populations. Monitoring of tigers is crucial to evaluate their status and react adaptively to management problems. Though camera traps are becoming increasingly popular with researchers enumerating cryptic and elusive animals, they have not been embedded in the regular management activities of tiger reserves. Tiger monitoring, though an important part of the management, is usually implemented using the unreliable pugmark approach. Camera trap‐based studies are few, usually of short duration, and are generally conducted by individual scientists and organizations. In this study, we integrate photographic mark–recapture with the routine activity of searching and locating tigers for tourist viewing by the park management in meadows of Kanha Tiger Reserve which form a part of the tourism zone. We validate the density estimates from “tiger search approach” against those obtained from camera trapping and radio‐telemetry conducted in conjunction in the same area. Tiger density ((SE []) per 100 km2for camera traps and tiger search, respectively, was estimated at 12.0 (1.95) and 12.0 (1.76) when effective trapping area was estimated using the half mean maximum distance moved (½ MMDM), 7.6 (1.94) and 7.5 (1.97) using the home range radius, 7.3 (1.49) and 7.5 (1.97) with the full MMDM, and 8.0 (3.0) and 6.88 (2.39) with the spatial likelihood method in Program DENSITY 4.1. Camera trapping, however, was five times more expensive than the tiger search method. Our study suggests that “tiger search approach” can be used as a regular monitoring tool in the tourism zones of tiger reserves, where often most of the source populations are located.
Flying through congested airspaces: imaging of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Farina Davide , Ravanelli Marco , Borghesi Andrea , Maroldi Roberto 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The complex regional anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses makes the interpretation of imaging studies of these structures intimidating to many radiologists. This paper aims to provide a key to interpretation by presenting a simplified approach to the functional anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and their most common (and most relevant) variants. This knowledge is basic for the full understanding of chronic rhinosinusitis and its computed tomography (CT) patterns. As fungal infections may be observed in the setting of chronic rhinosinusitis, these are also discussed. Chronic sinus inflammation produces bone changes, clearly depicted on CT images. Finally, clues to suspecting neoplastic lesions underlying inflammatory sinus conditions are provided.
Epidemiological investigation of aMycobacterium aviumsubsp.hominissuisoutbreak in swine
Authors: ÁLVAREZ J. , CASTELLANOS E. , ROMERO B. , ARANAZ A. , BEZOS J. , RODRÍGUEZ S. , MATEOS A. , DOMÍNGUEZ L. , DE JUAN L. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYMycobacterium aviumsubsp.hominissuis(MAH) infection in swine may cause granulomatous lesions in lymph nodes that must undergo differential diagnosis with those caused byM. tuberculosiscomplex members. Moreover, MAH outbreaks can lead to severe economic losses due to condemnation of carcasses. A number of potential sources of infection for animals can usually be identified in contaminated farms. This report describes the application of several molecular characterization techniques in order to identify the possible environmental sources of MAH infection in an outbreak involving four breeding farms and six fattening farms. Molecular profiles obtained from MAH strains suggested a likely epidemiological link between clinical and environmental isolates cultured from sawdust and cooling systems from one breeding farm. These results highlight the potential risk posed by these environmental elements in the spread of infection and the need for implementation of adequate management practices in order to minimize this risk.
Evaluation of a Large-Scale Quantitative Respirator-Fit Testing Program for Healthcare Workers: Survey Results
Authors: Wilkinson Irene J. , Pisaniello Dino , Ahmad Junaid , Edwards Suzanne 
Published: July 2010

Objective.To present the evaluation of a large-scale quantitative respirator-fit testing program.Design.Concurrent questionnaire survey of fit testers and test subjects.Setting.Ambulatory care, home nursing care, and acute care hospitals across South Australia.Methods.Quantitative facial-fit testing was performed with TSI PortaCount instruments for healthcare workers (HCWs) who wore 5 different models of a disposable P2 (N95-equivalent) respirator. The questionnaire included questions about the HCWs age, sex, race, occupational category, main area of work, smoking status, facial characteristics, prior training and experience in use of respiratory masks, and number of attempts to obtain a respirator fit.Results.A total of 6,160 HCWs were successfully fitted during the period from January through July 2007. Of the 4,472 HCWs who responded to the questionnaire and were successfully fitted, 3,707 (82.9%) were successfully fitted with the first tested respirator, 551 (12.3%) required testing with a second model, and 214 (4.8%) required 3 or more tests. We noted an increased pass rate on the first attempt over time. Asians (excluding those from South and Central Asia) had the highest failure rate (16.3% [45 of 276 Asian HCWs were unsuccessfully fitted]), and whites had the lowest (9.8% [426 of 4,338 white HCWs]). Race was highly correlated with facial shape. Among occupational groups, doctors had the highest failure rate (13.4% [81 of 604 doctors]), but they also had the highest proportion of Asians. Prior education and/or training in respirator use were not associated with a higher pass rate.Conclusions.Certain facial characteristics were associated with higher or lower pass rates with regard to fit testing, and fit testers were able to select a suitable respirator on the basis of a visual assessment in the majority of cases. For the fit tester, training and experience were important factors; however, for the HCW being fitted, prior experience in respirator use was not an important factor.
Use of Gloves and Reduction of Risk of Injury Caused by Needles or Sharp Medical Devices in Healthcare Workers: Results from a Case-Crossover Study
Authors: Kinlin Laura M. , Mittleman Murray A. , Harris Anthony D. , Rubin Michael A. , Fisman David N. 
Published: July 2010

Objective.Standard precautions are advocated for reducing the number of injuries caused by needles and sharp medical devices (“sharps injuries”), but the effectiveness of gloves in preventing such injuries has not been established. We evaluated factors associated with gloving practices and identified associations between gloving practices and sharps-injury risk.Design.Usual-frequency case-crossover study.Setting.Thirteen medical centers in the United States and Canada.Participants.Six hundred thirty-six healthcare workers who presented to employee health clinics after sharps injury.Methods.Structured telephone questionnaires were administered to assess usual behaviors and circumstances at the time of injury.Results.Of 636 injured healthcare workers, 195 were scrubbed in an operating room or procedure suite when injured, and 441 were injured elsewhere. Nonscrubbed individuals were more commonly gloved when treating patients who were perceived to have a high risk of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus infection than when treating other patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.53 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.30-4.91]). Nurses (aOR, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.04-0.32]) and other employees (aOR, 0.24 [95% CI, 0.07-0.77]) were less commonly gloved at injury than were physicians and physician trainees. Gloves reduced injury risk in case-crossover analyses (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.33 [95% CI, 0.22-0.50]). In scrubbed individuals, involvement in an orthopedic procedure was associated with double gloving at injury (aOR, 13.7 [95% CI, 4.55-41.3]); this gloving practice was associated with decreased injury risk (IRR, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.10-0.42]).Conclusions.Although the use of gloves reduces the risk of sharps injuries in health care, use among healthcare workers is inconsistent and may be influenced by risk perception and healthcare culture. Glove use should be emphasized as a key element of multimodal sharps-injury reduction programs.
The first crystal structure of a gramicidin complex with sodium: high-resolution study of a nonstoichiometric gramicidin D–NaI complex
Authors: Olczak A. , Główka M. L. , Szczesio M. , Bojarska J. , Wawrzak Z. , Duax W. L. 
Published: July 2010

The crystal structure of the nonstoichiometric complex of gramicidin D with NaI has been studied using synchrotron radiation at 100 K. The limiting resolution was 1.25 Å and theRfactor was 16% for 19 883 observed reflections. The general architecture of the antiparallel two-stranded gramicidin dimers in the studied crystal was a right-handed antiparallel double-stranded form that closely resembles the structures of other right-handed species published to date. However, there were several surprising observations. In addition to the significantly different composition of linear gramicidins identified in the crystal structure, including the absence of the gramicidin C form, only two cationic sites were found in each of the two independent dimers (channels), which were partially occupied by sodium, compared with the seven sites found in the RbCl complex of gramicidin. The sum of the partial occupancies of Na+was only 1.26 per two dimers and was confirmed by the similar content of iodine ions (1.21 ions distributed over seven sites), which was easily visible from their anomalous signal. Another surprising observation was the significant asymmetry of the distributions and occupancies of cations in the gramicidin dimers, which was in contrast to those observed in the high-resolution structures of the complexes of heavier alkali metals with gramicidin D, especially that of rubidium.
Rapid sequence spinal anaesthesia for category‐1 urgency caesarean section: a case series
Authors: Kinsella S. M. , Girgirah K. , Scrutton M. J. L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryGeneral anaesthesia is the fastest method for anaesthetising a category‐1 caesarean section but is associated with increased maternal morbidity and mortality. We describe the ‘rapid sequence spinal’ to minimise anaesthetic time. This consists of a no‐touch spinal technique, consideration of omission of the spinal opioid, limiting spinal attempts, allowing the start of surgery before full establishment of the spinal block, and being prepared for conversion to general anaesthesia if there are delays or problems. We present a case series of 25 rapid sequence spinal anaesthetics for category‐1 caesarean section. The mean (SD [range]) decision‐delivery interval was 23 (6 [14–41]) min. After excluding cases where there was an identified delay, the median (IQR [range]) time to prepare and perform the spinal was 2 (2–3 [1–7]) min, and time to develop a ‘satisfactory’ block was 4 (3–5 [2–7]) min. The total time to induce spinal anaesthesia was 8 (7–8 [6–8]) min. There were three pre‐operative conversions to general anaesthesia and three women had pain during surgery that did not require treatment. Our data indicate that one might expect to establish anaesthesia in 6–8 min using a rapid sequence spinal. Careful case selection is crucial. While rapid anaesthesia is important, the reduction of the decision‐delivery interval also requires attention to other stages in the pre‐operative process.