bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The removal of radioactive caesium contaminants from simple aqueous solutions
Authors: Davis B. M. , Sebba F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCs ions can be removed from aqueous solutions by forming a precipitate of copper ferrocyanide which, having occluded the Cs ions, can in turn be floated by means of an anionic collector. Collection was achieved with either α‐sulphopalmitic acid or sodium dodecyl sulphate depending on what interfering ions were initially present in the solution. Recoveries of 98–99% were obtained on batch scale experiments and 97.5–98.5% on continuous scale operation. The investigations of the flotation parameters of pH, gas‐rate, concentrations of precipitating reagents and collector, as well as the interference effects of other ions are discussed. Using data obtained in batch scale tests, continuous scale experiments were designed and operated.
Effect of certain hostile environments on adhesive joints
Authors: Kerr C. , Macdonald N. C. , Orman S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of water vapour on aluminium‐aluminium bonded joints, using a Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether epoxide resin cured with bis‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐methane as the adhesive, have been studied. A distinction has been drawn between the effect on joint strength and on polymer strength. The very significant fall in joint strength compared with the change in polymer strength is used to postulate that in adhesive joints of this type, water molecules rapidly enter the boundary region to interfere with the secondary valence forces responsible for adhesion between substrate and organic adhesive. The results are further interpreted as support for the view that the polymer adjacent to the metal substrate is likely to differ in structure and conformation from the main polymer mass, namely a boundary layer. Similar experiments using the less polar ethanol provide further evidence for the hypotheses.
Ternary vapour‐liquid equilibrium: The use of a multi‐stage still
Authors: Butler P. A. , Ridgway K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe construction of a six‐stage vapour‐liquid equilibrium unit based on the Ellis still is described. Its application to the measurement of equilibrium data in the ternary system benzene—cyclohexane—n‐hexane was investigated. Results are presented for this ternary system and for the three associated binary systems. The nature of the resulting ternary distillation lines is discussed.
Polymerisation of dec‐1‐ene. III. The nature of the catalyst species using triethylaluminium and titanium tetrachloride under cationic conditions
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Milne C. B. , Southern D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe polymerisation of dec‐1‐ene, using several combinations of aluminium alkyls and titanium halides, has been studied to try to elucidate the nature of the active catalyst species in the system triethylaluminium/titanium tetrachloride at a molar ratio (AlEt3:TiCl4) of 0.3:1. Polymers similar to those formed by the AlEt3/TiCl4system have been obtained using ethylaluminium dichloride in combination with titanium trichloride and titanium tetrachloride. The complexes formed from these combinations are the most likely catalyst in the AlEt3/TiCl4(0.3:1) system.
Diffusion measurements for ethanolamine‐water systems with a wavefront‐shearing interferometer
Authors: Thomas W. J. , McKnicholl E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe application of a wavefront‐shearing optical interferometer to diffusion measurements in aqueous solutions of mono‐, di‐, and tri‐ethanolamines is described. This technique is extremely accurate in determining diffusivities, and the results are compared with measurements made with a Gouy interferometer. The large differences between the experimentally determined diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution and those predicted by existing semi‐empirical equations are shown to be due in part to the inadequacy of these equations, and in part to the hydration of the ethanolamines in solution. It is recommended that, in the use of the semi‐empirical equations, molecular irregularities in solution be allowed for by recalculation of the solute molecular volume on the basis of a hydrated molecule.
Mechanism for the anti‐redeposition action of sodium carboxy‐methyl cellulose with cotton. I. Radiotracer studies
Authors: Evans P. G. , Evans W. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of a 14C‐labelled sodium carboxy‐methyl cellulose (SCMC) on to textile fibres and soil particles has been investigated. Attempts have been made to relate the amounts of SCMC adsorbed to its anti‐redeposition action. The results show that SCMC is only effective as an anti‐redeposition agent with fabrics on to which it readily adsorbs from detergent solutions.
Mechanism for the anti‐redeposition action of sodium carboxy‐methyl cellulose with cotton. III. Electrophoresis and sedimentation studies
Authors: Johnson G. A. , Bretland R. A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElectrophoresis and sedimentation studies on cotton and on carbon black, and ASTM carbon soil tests on cotton in which two sodium carboxy‐methyl celluloses (SCMC) of differing degrees of substitution and a propane sulphonate ether of cellulose were used, have shown that the anti‐redeposition properties of SCMC in the detergent formulation may be treated by the Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey & Overbeek theory of colloid stability. However, there is a further stabilising force postulated as being due to solvation of the SCMC molecules on the surface of the cotton and also as being dependent on the molecular weight of the SCMC. The evidence suggests that if the degree of substitution of the SCMC is increased, then to retain the same anti‐redeposition properties, the molecular weight must also be increased. It is concluded that the most suitable SCMC to put into detergent formulations is the type at present used.
Electrodialytic transport of inorganic and of organic anions
Authors: Kelman S. , Grieves R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe electrodialysis of monocarboxylic acids and their potassium salts in the series formic acid to valeric acid has been investigated. A laboratory‐scale continuous‐flow unit was operated over the current density range 0·4 to 6·0 mA/cm2 with total feed concentrations of 13·1 and 26·2 meq/1. Initial experiments were conducted with chloride and sulphate, for which the total transport and selectivities are established. At pH values set to assure 95% dissociation of the monocarboxylic acids, the transport (in the presence of chloride) of formate, acetate and propionate was about 20%, but that of butyrate and valerate was less. Acid salt selectivities (transport compared with chloride) ranged from 0·5 for formate through propionate to 0·3 for butyrate and valerate.For butyrate, the percentage transport increased approximately linearly with current density and was a random function of equivalent fraction of butyrate in the feed. Increases in total concentration produced no increases in transport. Butyrate selectivities were somewhat independent of current density and of equivalent fraction.Throughout the study, there was only limited evidence of fouling of the membrane by the organic acids and their salts, although valerate did produce temporary fouling.
Formation and reactivity of oxides and basic salts. II. Radio‐isotope studies of some calcareous materials
Authors: Glasson D. R. , Huff E. G. , Jones J. A. , Sheppard Margaret A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRates of calcium exchange between solid and solution in the ageing of hydrated lime and of calcium carbonate samples have been determined using calcium‐45 radio‐isotope. After a comparatively rapid calcium uptake of about 1 molecular layer at the hydrated lime surface, the exchange rate diminishes as the ions need to diffuse more deeply into the hydrated lime structure. Results for calcium carbonate samples of widely different specific surfaces are compatible with very slow ageing in water.Rates of gypsum precipitation from radioactive calcium chloride and nitrate solutions have been compared in neutral and acidic media and in the presence of albumen. Lower gypsum saturation ratios are established ultimately in neutral rather than acidic media, particularly in solutions containing no salts other than gypsum.Solid hydrated lime reacts rapidly with dilute sulphuric acid, aluminium and magnesium sulpnates, magnesium chloride or sea‐water, releasing calcium ions into solution. The radioactivities of the solutions decrease subsequently as gypsum separates out or calcium ions are adsorbed by the finely‐divided magnesium hydroxide precipitated. At higher magnesium salt concentrations, the calcium‐45 radioactivity does not initially increase so sharply. This is ascribed to basic salt formation preventing all of the lime from going quickly into solution.
Reactions of sulphur‐containing hydrocarbons in an electrical discharge
Authors: Allt P. K. , Datta P. , Macey W. A. T. , Semmens B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made into the effects of a low frequency semi‐corona discharge on carbon disulphide, ethyl mercaptan, amyl mercaptan and thiophene present as 1–2% sulphur/hydrocarbon mixtures. Semi‐corona discharge, which was carried out at atmospheric pressure, has resulted in the partial desulphurisation of the sulphur‐containing hydrocarbon mixtures. The efficiency of the desulphurisation was influenced by the techniques employed and by the nature of the central electrode. In almost all instances the reactions were accompanied by the formation of solid material.
Sulphoxidation of methyl radicals
Authors: Good A. , Thynne J. C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of sulphur dioxide‐oxygen mixtures with methyl radicals, generated by the photolysis of azomethane at Λ 3400 Å, has been studied in the temperature range 50–150° in an attempt to evaluate some of the basic reactions involved in the sulphoxidation of free radicals and hydrocarbons. Addition of sulphur dioxide to a mixture of methyl radicals and oxygen leads, unexpectedly, to an initially increased consumption of oxygen.A rate constant has been determined for the reaction:
equation image
a value of 1·7 × 1016 mole−2 cm6 sec−1 being obtained. Using this value, the rate constant for the reaction:
equation image
has been estimated to be ∼ 7·8 × 107 mole−1 cm3 sec−1.Comparison of the reactions of acetyl and methylsulphonyl radicals with oxygen and with radicals in dicates that in both cases acetyl radicals are much more reactive by ∼ 103 times.
Effect of pH on structure and mechanical properties of electrodeposited iron
Authors: Levy E. M. , Macinnis R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRelationships between the mechanical properties of electrodeposited iron and the pH of the bulk of the solution were obtained for a chloride/fluoborate plating bath. Both ultimate tensile strength and percentage elongation at fracture passed through a maximum over a narrow range of pH. Structural studies using optical and electron microscopy supported the results of the experiments on mechanical properties. A relationship between the average surface‐roughness height of the deposit and the bulk pH was also obtained. The results are explained in terms of hydrogen evolution and hydroxide precipitation.
Oxidation of thiols in gas‐liquid systems. III. Oxidation of ethanethiol in the presence of catalysts containing copper, cobalt and nickel
Authors: Swan C. J. , Trimm D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of the oxidation of ethanethiol in aqueous alkaline solution have been examined in the presence of copper‐, cobalt‐ and nickel‐containing catalysts. The homogeneity of the system and the precise nature of the catalyst are important factors controlling the rate of oxidation. It is suggested that free radical processes are unimportant and that reaction involves electron‐transfer from the thiol anion to the metal, followed by dimerisation of co‐ordinated thiyl entities to produce disulphide.
Thermodynamic functions of disulphur decafluoride
Authors: Pass G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThermodynamic functions of disulphur decafluoride have been calculated over the range 200–1000°k. The results from a possible equilibrium reaction of disulphur decafluoride have been used to calculate an approximate value for the heart of formation of disulphur decafluoride.
Foam separation of complexed cyanide: Studies of rate and of pulsed addition of surfactant
Authors: Grieves R. B. , Bhattacharyya D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experimental investigation is presented of the foam separation of cyanide complexed with ferrous iron, using a cationic surfactant, ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium bromide. With a 25 min. foaming time, an initial iron to total cyanide ratio of 0·351:1 and an initial surfactant to complexed cyanide ratio of about 0·34:1 suspensions containing from 1·54 to 3·08 mM total cyanide can be reduced to about 0·11 mM in complexed cyanide and 0·29 mM in non‐complexed cyanide.The rate of surfactant removal was satisfied by a first‐order relationship, similar to that obtained with colloidal ferric oxide. The rate of complexed cyanide removal was satisfied by a reversible, approximately first‐order relationship eliminating the residual surfactant concentration. The pulsed addition of surfactant in three dosages during the course of an experiment, compared with a single dose at the beginning of an experiment, produced lower residual concentrations of complexed cyanide and higher foam volumes. At an iron to total cyanide ratio of 0·351:1,90% of the complexed cyanide concentration could be removed by one fifth less surfactant, using pulsed addition, compared with a single dose.
Arsenical creosote. VI. Importance of the vicinal hydroxyls in the reaction of phenols with arsenic trioxide
Authors: Johanson R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOnly those compounds with vicinal hydroxyls on the benzene ring reacted extensively with As2O3 when heated at 130–16° in high‐temperature coke‐oven creosote. About two moles of 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene, 1,2‐dihydroxy‐3‐methylbenzene and 1,2‐dihydroxy‐4‐methylbenzene reacted with one mole of As2O3; for 1,2,3‐trihydroxybenzene and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid the ratio was about 2·7 and for 3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoic acid it was still higher. Similar reactions occurred in heavy petroleum, raw linseed, lubricant and paraffin oils.Arsenic derivatives have been synthesised either by gentle fusion of mixtures of the above compounds with As2O3, or by heating the reactants for 75 min in paraffin oil. The products, recrystallised from toluene, petroleum ether or toluene–ethanol are white, odourless, non‐volatile and stable at temperatures of 150–200°.
Diffusion coefficients in strong aqueous amine solutions
Authors: Thomas W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiffusion coefficients measured with a flowing junction cell and a wavefront shearing interferometer are reported. These coefficients were correlated with respect to solution concentration for three liquid systems: monoethanolamine‐water, diethanolamine‐water and triethanolamine‐water at 25°. Equations from fundamental electrolytic theory were used as a basis for correlation.
Effect of radiation intensity on photo‐oxidation of an air‐blown bitumen
Authors: Martin K. G. , Tilley R. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractXenon‐arc irradiation was used to study the influence of a wide range of radiation intensity on the rate of photo‐oxidation of a sample of air‐blown bitumen as determined by infra‐red spectroscopy. The xenon‐arc was monitored to provide information on its rate of decay, and its range of intensity was compared with that of total solar radiation in Melbourne. Thermal (dark) oxidation rates were also determined at various temperatures. The information obtained is discussed in terms of the mechanism of photo‐oxidation of bitumen and the relation to climatological data. Acceleration factors for oxidation of bitumen in the laboratory for prediction of durability were determined by applying the superposition principle to the data.
Kinetics of the formation of diazacyclopropane
Authors: Srihari V. , Viswanath D. S. , Kuloor N. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of formation of diazacyclopropane in hydrazine manufacture was studied, using a 1‐litre three‐necked flask. The temperature effect agreed with thermodynamic calculations. The effect of variables such as temperature (−10 to 25°), stirrer speed (1000–2000 rev/min), and ammonia/chlorine ratio (10: 19), were investigated. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to chlorine, and the activation energy and frequency factor in the Arrhenius equation were found to be 5816 cal/mole and 195 min−1 respectively.
Surface properties of cement hydration products. I. Pore structure of calcium silicate hydrates prepared in a suspension form
Authors: Mikhail R. Sh. , Kamel A. M. , Abo‐El‐Enein S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption–desorption isotherms of water vapour at 30° were determined on preparations of calcium silicate hydrates of different molar ratios of lime/silica before and after free lime and free silica extractions. From these isotherms specific surface areas were measured and total pore structure analysis was evaluated.A surface layer thickness (t) curve for the adsorption of water vapour on calcium silicate hydrates was constructed, based on experimental curves previously published for the number of layers adsorbed on a variety of non‐porous solids with the same heat of adsorption as the calcium silicate hydrates.The existence of both wide pores and micropores was detected in the calcium silicate hydrates. When the samples were free from uncombined lime and silica the micropores were estimated to have an average hydraulic radius of 4–5 Å, whereas the wide pores had an average size of 10 Å. Wide pores up to 200 Å also exist. The pores were predominantly parallel plates.
Sorption of sulphur dioxide by indoor surfaces I. Wallpapers
Authors: Spedding D. J. , Rowlands R. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sorption of sulphur dioxide by PVC wallcoverings and conventional wallpaper samples has been measured at a maximum sulphur dioxide concentration of 150 μg/m3 by use of 35SO2. The sorption was found to be influenced by the surface finish and design pattern of the wallpapers. Sweat deposits on the samples also influenced the pattern of uptake. The conventional wallpapers showed a greater uptake than did PVC wallcoverings in all cases.
Optical resolution of dl‐amino acids by ligand exchange I. A study of the resolution of DL‐aspartic acid with the aid of copper complexes of L(α)‐alanine
Authors: Van Kan J. J. H. , Bachus J. J. P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpectrophotometric studies were made of the reaction of the Cu complexes of L‐alanine with DL‐aspartic acid to give a precipitate of a Cu‐D‐aspartic acid complex, and the effects of stirring, addition of NaClO4as supporting electrolyte, pH and temperature on the quantity of the complex precipitated were determined.The results indicated that both L‐ and D‐aspartic acid react with the Cu‐L‐alanine complex, and the Cu‐D‐aspartic acid complex precipitated is non‐stoicheiometric, with no evidence of Cu‐Cu bonds. After precipitation of the Cu‐D‐aspartic acid complex, a Cu‐L‐aspartic acid complex is precipitated. Resolution occurs only between pH 2.7 and 5.3, and the ‘specificity’ of resolution is determined by kinetics rather than by thermodynamics.
Surface area and pore structure of thorium dioxide
Authors: Fahim R. B. , Gabr R. M. , Sh. Mikhail R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater vapour isotherms at 35° were measured on two samples of thorium dioxide, one crystalline and the other an amorphous gel. Specific surface areas and pore size distributions were estimated and compared with those obtained from nitrogen adsorption at −196°. The effect of thermal treatment on both samples was also investigated at 35–500°. It was shown that the adsorption of water vapour on thoria gel is purely physical in nature, and that the gel surface is characterised by the existence of pores of very particular sizes, namely of hydraulic radii 4–6 Ǎ. On the other hand, water seems to interact chemically with the surface of the crystalline sample. In this case the specific surface area could not be evaluated from the adsorption branch of the isotherm, but was successfully evaluated through the application of the ‘corrected modelless’ method to the desorption branch of the water isotherms. This gave the surface area of the total pore system which was found to be in good agreement with the B.E.T.‐nitrogen area.
Surface area and pore structure of ceric oxide
Authors: Sh. Mikhail R. , Gabr R. M. , Fahim R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption‐desorption isotherms of nitrogen at −196°, and of methanol and cyclohexane vapours at 35°, were determined on a sample of microcrystalline hydrated ceria and its products of dehydration formed in air at temperatures up to 1000°. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms were analysed by the de Boer t‐method. In one particular sample, the Va‐t plot gave a straight line passing through the origin, which continued until near the saturation pressure. This sample is known to be porous, and its pore size distribution curve gave a most probable hydraulic radius of 35 Ǎ. In analysing the pore structure, the corrected modelless method was used, and there is an indication that the pores are most likely to be cylindrical in shape. Sintering seems to take place through material transport from wider pores to fill narrower ones, where the total number of pores is reduced. Adsorption of larger molecules than nitrogen, namely methanol and cyclohexane, gave surface area values which are slightly lower than those calculated from nitrogen adsorption. It seems that slight persorption effects can take place in minor fractions of micropores present. However, the remainder of pores present in all samples investigated are accessible to the three adsorbate molecules.
Low‐temperature dehydration of vermiculite I. Rate of isothermal dehydration
Authors: Sh. Mikhail R. , Guindy N. M. , Hanafi S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of the isothermal dehydration of sheet and powdered vermiculite were studied both in vacuo and in the presence of a constant water vapour pressure. Dehydration of the sheet form followed a first‐order mechanism both in vacuo and in water vapour. The extent of dehydration under constant vapour pressure was greater than in vacuo, and this is believed to be due to inhibition of the collapse of the fine structure of the dehydration product in a certain direction, thus accelerating the extent of dehydration. The energy of activation was calculated to be comparable to the latent heat of vaporisation of water, and it is suggested that this would measure the ‘heat of desorption’ of water from the surface of the dehydration product.For the dehydration of powdered vermiculite in vacuo and in water vapour, the kinetics may be discussed in conjunction with Mampel's theory of the decomposition of powders. The mechanism is interfacial, and the energy of activation is much lower than for the sheets. Diffusion plays a dominant role for powder dehydration, and in the present case it is an ‘activated diffusion’, being mainly ‘surface diffusion’ along the grain boundaries of the dehydration product. Water vapour also increases the extent of dehydration, and this could be interpreted in the same manner as for the sheet form.