bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Diversity and Deepened Uncertainty: Policy Challenges in a Zero‐Inflation Economy*
Authors: Nishimura Kiyohiko G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe world economy today shows ‘great diversity’. There are multiple engines of growth in various regions around the globe. Risks are diversified, as many novel financial products are being introduced and sold to a continuing flow of newcomers to the financial world. This increased diversity seems to deepen uncertainty surrounding monetary policy in two respects. First, coupled with increased competition, it may make prices less responsive to short‐run demand changes than before, thus making monetary transmission mechanism less certain. In fact, Japanese IS and Phillips curves seem increasingly uncertain in the past 15 years. Second, we are in transition between one financial structure of little diversification and another of great diversification. In a transition period, information is scarce and rapidly becomes obsolete, posing real challenges to financial stability. I argue that the flexible gradualism, which the Bank has now adopted, is a prudent way to cope with such deepened uncertainty.
Audio‐visual instruction for the mentally handicapped: a selective review of research, costs and effectiveness
Authors: SPENCER KENNETH A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: For many years now the use of audio‐visual aids in teaching the mentally handicapped has proceeded in an unsystematic manner, with decisions being made concerning media selection without reference to the available research evidence. There has been a misplaced emphasis on realism in audio‐visual aids in general, coupled with an inability to accept that automated teaching aids can instruct as effectively as the traditional class teacher in many, but not all, situations.The research results indicate that automated procedures produce high rates of learning and good retention, in addition to savings in staff time; and that simple automated procedures, with their lower equipment and production costs, can teach as effectively as more complex and costly methods.Also, the evidence suggests that there are advantages to be gained from the use of carefully prepared audio‐visual materials as supplementary aids in class teaching. However, the repetitive capacity of such aids must be exploited for, if it is ignored — as in the case of transient television broadcasts — there will be no lasting effect on the handicapped pupil.
The increasing burden of care experienced by staff in hostels accommodating the severely mentally handicapped
Authors: VAUGHAN P. J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWith the move from institutional to community‐based care, local authority hostels are having to accept the more severely mentally and physically handicapped. A recent evaluation of a short‐stay hostel for severely mentally handicapped children showed that it needed to accept a large proportion of children who had a high degree of disability and dependence. This trend has important implications for the future training and support of hostel staff.
Do mentally handicapped people require specialist community nursing care?
Authors: JONES HILARY 
Published: August 2010

The current trend in the care of mentally handicapped people is to enable them to live in the community alongside their families and friends, rather than banishing them to hospitals miles away from home. However, a family which has to cope with a handicapped member has innumerable problems to face, and it is essential that back‐up services are provided.During the past ten years a specialist community nursing service has developed throughout the country to care for the mentally handicapped within their own homes and other residential accommodation in the community. The following article evaluates the role of the community mental handicap nurse.
The extent and pattern of crime amongst mentally handicapped offenders
Authors: ROBERTSON GRAHAM 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYApart from certain types of minor sexual offences, and to a lesser extent the offence of arson, there is no particular relationship between crime and mental handicap. However, the law allows courts to make mentally disordered offenders — including the mentally handicapped — subject to hospital or guardianship orders, the latter having been used very rarely.The present study presents the results of a 15 year follow‐up of a large group of mentally handicapped offenders who were given hospital orders in 1963–64. The majority of these people re‐offended after discharge from hospital, but very few (3–4 per cent) committed dangerous or violent offences. The pattern of their offending largely resembles a “normal” criminal picture. Most were first convicted in their teens or early twenties, usually for larceny offences. However, there was a disproportionate number of sex offenders in the male group and a small number of women accounted for an abnormally high proportion of the offences committed.The total extent of the criminal careers of the mentally handicapped group was similar to that of the mentally ill, but the pattern of offending and the fundamental relationship between type of mental disorder and crime differed between the two. Both groups differed significantly from the psychopathically disordered group of offenders/patients.It is suggested that any new legislation should take account of these differences and should make separate provision for the ill and the handicapped, at least in so far as the simple (Section 60) hospital is concerned
Training parents of school‐age Down's children in verbal communication
Authors: Bidder Reetta T. , Gray Peter , Pates Richard M. , Beckett Christina 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: The parents of eight school age Down's children attended workshops for guidance in aiding their child's verbal communication in everyday situations. Nine other parents participated as matched controls and attended similar workshops later. All the children were assessed twice, six weeks apart (baseline period), on the Performance, Language, and Practical Reasoning subscales of the Griffiths Mental Development Scales. The parents also recorded the child's speech in various situations during one day at the weekend on an identical time scale.The results show significant changes on all three subscales. The parents' recordings showed an increase in the use of statements with three or more words.The techniques were easily grasped by the parents and could be utilised by other professionals working with Down's children in education or in parent training. They could also be of value to children manifesting problems other than Down's syndrome.
A SMALL NOTE OF CAUTION
Authors: Wardley Michael 
Published: August 2010

Living in a small residential unit within the community should mean a greatly improved quality of life for severely mentally handicapped people. It can, however, mean isolation, regression, severe problem behaviour, and much unhappiness.This article argues for a better understanding of the complex processes involved when residents of large institutions are relocated in a community situation. By concentrating upon factors which mainly concern the educational situation, some of the major problems are discussed in greater detail.It is hoped that, whilst the impetus for community placements continues unabated, we should not, through lack of adequate foresight and planning, relegate the handicapped community resident to the status of a second class citizen.
EVALUATING SERVICES FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE MENTALLY HANDICAPPED USING PROGRAM ANALYSIS OF SERVICE SYSTEMS (PASS)
Authors: Dickens Paul 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYProgram Analysis of Service Systems (PASS) is an assessment tool that evaluates the quality of any agency or system providing services to any human client group. Based on normalisation principles (Wolfensberger, 1972), it looks at not only the efficiency of the service, but also the environment which it provides and the extent to which its ideology approaches that of normalisation. This paper attempts to introduce and describe the features of a PASS evaluation, and to review some of the research findings using PASS in the evaluation of services to people who are mentally handicapped.
Adapting to a new environment: a personal account of the achievements of three people who are mentally handicapped
Authors: Meyers Nancy 
Published: August 2010

This article addresses some of the factors in the environment (as well as problems encountered) affecting the successful transition of three people with mental handicap to an independent living situation.The factors specifically observed for clinical assessment were: the individuals' functional abilities within the “unit” environment, their observable adaptive behaviour, personal accounts by staff who worked closely with them (in both working and living environments), and, finally, some of the individuals' own personal responses.
An experience scheme for student teachers
Authors: Hughes John M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This “on the job” school experience scheme is complementary to a college‐based programme for prospective teachers of children with severe mental handicaps. Much emphasis is placed on helping the children progress to higher levels in the developmental sequence.The 15‐week school experience scheme has three phases. Phase One, orientation and observation, entails a one day a week school visit for six consecutive weeks. Phase Two, the use of assessment procedures, shows how these are an integral part of teaching and entails a half day a week school visit for six consecutive weeks. Phase Three, the use of task analysis and an introduction to behaviour modification techniques, entails an initial half day visit a week for three consecutive weeks. (This teaching is extended later).
Communication and language in mental handicap
Authors: Bell Ian 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYPeople involved in facilitating communication and language in children with mental handicaps often use questions to elicit language from them. Using questions is not always very effective, and their extensive use might even hinder the acquisition of spontaneous, creative, and functional language. This article surveys various types of question and indicates those which might be useful in intervention. The next article in the series argues that short responses to questions are frequently appropriate and should be accepted, examines facilitators' reactions to children's responses, and notes that children need to learn to ask as well as to answer questions.
Accommodating adults with severe and profound mental handicaps:
Authors: Felce David , de Kock Ursula 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis paper compares the capital costs of providing ordinary housing for adults with severe and profound mental handicaps with those of providing larger 24–26 place community‐based units. No increase in costs for the smaller homes was found. The method of acquisition, the NHS purchasing and converting property or building on a vacant site, was found to produce equally high costs in all cases. The need to clarify why NHS costs are high was discussed, as were other property acquisition options.
PLANNING FOR THE ALL‐WALES STRATEGY
Authors: Evans Gerry , Beyer Stephen , Todd Stuart , Blunden Roger 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe article summarises the findings of an independent evaluation of three years' progress in planning for the AWS. Although parental involvement has been high, and joint working between health and social services departments has improved over the three years, involvement of local education authorities and people with mental handicaps must be increased if the ideals of the AWS are to be attained.
Cryogenic vitrification and 3D serial sectioning using high resolution cryo‐FIB SEM technology for brine‐filled grain boundaries in halite: first results
Authors: DESBOIS G. , URAI J. L. , BURKHARDT C. , DRURY M. R. , HAYLES M. , HUMBEL B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe structure of brine films in grain boundaries of halite has been the subject of much controversy over the past 20 years; although a number of innovative methods have been developed to study these structures, much is still unknown and fundamental information is missing. In this study, we investigated different methods of plunge‐freezing to vitrify the brine fill of grain boundaries for natural salt polycrystal. This was followed by a preliminary study of the 3D morphology of a vitrified grain boundary in a natural rock salt sample with a focused ion beam (FIB) excavation system. We have shown that brine‐filled grain boundaries in rock salt can be efficiently well frozen when dimensions are less than about 1 mm. Coupled with an ion beam tool, cryo‐SEM allows 3D observation of the well‐frozen grain boundaries in large volumes and high resolution. Initial results of brine‐filled natural halite grain boundaries show non‐faceted crystal–brine interfaces and unexpectedly low dihedral angles at room temperature and pressure.
The duality of world cities and firms: comparing networks, hierarchies, and inequalities in the global economy
Authors: NEAL ZACHARY P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMuch of the research on globalization conceives of the global economy as structured by networks among places, while separately organizational research has examined the role of networks among firms in structuring competition, collaboration, and cooperation. In both cases, position and centrality within the network confers certain advantages and disadvantages, the distribution of which defines a hierarchy. In this article, I explore the idea of dual networks of world cities and firms, then use Breiger's approach to define two such networks: one among 313 world cities, another among 100 advanced producer service firms. Comparison of the degree of inequality in the hierarchies implied by these networks suggest that world city hierarchies are steeper than firm hierarchies (that is there is greater inequality among cities). Thus, even under conditions of footloose global capitalism, place still matters: where a producer is located has more impact than who provides support services.
Sense of home in a transnational social space: New Zealanders in London
Authors: WILES JANINE 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this article, I explore the ways in which ‘middling’ migrant New Zealanders living in London and New Zealand discuss and identify with home. For these multi‐local individuals, the discursive and material aspects of New Zealand as home form a framework for their everyday life as migrants living in London. Interpretation of the interviews using thematic and narrative analyses works through a conceptualization of home, migration, and identity as interdependent, through three interrelated themes: the symbolic or political nature of home; the importance of family and familiarity for a sense of home; and the role of physical material objects and places. Participants in this study see New Zealand as their home, yet by being away from home they gain new perspectives on home. In London, they engage with or resist a collective imaginary of New Zealand as home that is both self‐perpetuated and externally imposed, and which both reveals and conceals ideas about individual and group identity and community. On returning from London, the idealistic and sometimes simplistic visions of New Zealand as home that structure their lives in London are often disrupted by the more complex yet more mundane version of home and self with which they are confronted.
A critical review of systematic evidence concerning distinctive pedagogies for pupils with difficulties in learning
Authors: Lewis Ann , Norwich Brahm 
Published: August 2010

Recent curriculum initiatives in the UK assume the validity of a broadly common curriculum for all pupils. This paper summarises our review (Lewis & Norwich, 2000) which set out to subject that assumption to critical scrutiny. The review addressed the question: can differences between learners (by particular learning difficulty group) be identified and systematically linked with learners’ needs for differential teaching? We framed the review around notions of the general and unique needs of individual learners.We found little evidence to support the notion of one, or several, SEN‐specific pedagogies. It may be that systematic differences in pedagogic needs do exist between various special educational needs subgroups (for example, in the UK: moderate learning difficulties; specific learning difficulties; profound and multiple learning difficulties) but the research to date has not been designed in ways that reveal these differences. It may also be the case that systematic differences do exist between groups of learners for particular pedagogic inputs, but that the basis for grouping is not consistent with the administrative groupings now operating. Both these positions reflect general pedagogic differences between learners.There is increasing support from within and beyond the special educational needs ‘community’ for the recognition of common pedagogic needs, and the conclusions of our review support that position. However it is tempered by recognition of the unique differences position. That is, that while recognising common pedagogic needs across all learners (for feedback, for example), how this is translated at the level of the individual learner will reflect the capabilities (cognitive, social and emotional) of that individual. We conclude that the notion of continua of teaching approaches is useful as it enables us to distinguish between the ‘normal’ adaptations in class teaching for most pupils and the greater degree of adaptations required for those with more severe difficulties in learning, those designated as having ‘SEN’. These are adaptations to common teaching approaches; what some writers have called specialised adaptations, or ‘high density’ teaching.
Effects of genistein and herbimycin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, on catecholamine release in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells
Authors: Matsumura C. , Kuwashima H. , Soma S. , Kimura T. 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1 The effects of genistein and herbimycin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, on catecholamine (CA) release were examined in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. 2 In intact cells, genistein (10–100 μm) and herbimycin (3–30 μm) inhibited CA release induced by acetylcholine (ACh; 100 μm) or the nicotinic receptor stimulant 1,1‐dimethyl‐4‐phenyl‐piperazinium (DMPP; 10 μm), but did not affect CA release induced by high K+ (40 mm). 3 Genistein and herbimycin inhibited 45Ca2+ uptake induced by ACh (100 μm). 4 Neither genistein nor herbimycin affected [3H]nicotine binding with nicotinic receptors. 5 In β‐escin‐permeabilized cells, neither genistein nor herbimycin affected CA release induced by Ca2+ (1 μm). 6 These results suggest that protein tyrosine kinase plays the facilitatory role in the regulation of CA release induced by nicotinic receptor stimulation in stimulus‐secretion coupling of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
Multifocal ERG changes in glaucoma
Authors: Chan H.L. , Brown B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe multifocal electroretinogram (MERG) can assess regional retinal responses using analysis which gives both first‐order and second‐order nonlinear responses from multiple retinal regions. The retinal responses from both types of analysis showed amplitude reduction in glaucoma, suggesting that the outer and inner retinal layers are affected. These findings are in accord with the damage which has been reported in advanced glaucoma. The macular response showed a larger amplitude reduction in b‐waves (first‐order response) and N2P (second‐order response) than did peripheral retinal responses. This indicates that loss of macular response is an important sign in glaucoma.
Pareto‐optimal solutions for multicriteria optimization of a chemical engineering process using a diploid genetic algorithm
Authors: Mokeddem D. , Khellaf A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn many, if not most, optimization problems, industrialists are often confronted with multi‐objective decision problems. For example, in manufacturing processes, it may be necessary to optimize several criteria to take into account all the market constraints. Hence, the purpose is to choose the best trade‐offs among all the defined and conflicting objectives. This paper presents a multi‐objective optimization procedure based on a diploid genetic algorithm, which yields an optimal zone containing the solution under the concept of Pareto dominance. Pair‐wise points are compared, and non‐dominated points are collected in the Pareto region. Then a ranking is established, and the decision maker selects the first‐best solution. Finally, the procedure is applied to the chemical engineering process of cattle feed manufacture.
Retracted: Relationship Incentives and the Optimistic/Pessimistic Pattern in Analysts' Forecasts
Authors: LIBBY ROBERT , HUNTON JAMES E. , TAN HUN‐TONG , SEYBERT NICHOLAS 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWe examine whether analysts' incentives to maintain good relationships with management contribute to the optimistic/pessimistic within‐period time trend in analysts' forecasts. In our experiments, 81 experienced sell‐side analysts from two brokerage firms predict earnings based on historical information and management guidance. Analysts' forecasts exhibit an optimistic/pessimistic pattern across the two timing conditions (early and late in the quarter), and the effect is significantly stronger when the analysts have a good relationship with management than when their only incentive is to be accurate. Debriefing results indicate that analysts are aware of this pattern of forecasts, and believe that this benefits their future relationships with management and with brokerage clients. The analysts most frequently cite favored conference call participation and information access when describing benefits from maintaining good relationships with management. Our results suggest the following: The optimistic/pessimistic pattern in forecasts is in part a conscious response to relationship incentives, information access is perceived to be a major benefit of management relationships, and recent regulatory changes may have lessened but have not eliminated this conflict of interest source.
SCENEDESMUS MORPHOLOGY AND FLOTATION1
Authors: Conway Karen , Trainor Francis R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYVarious flotation studies were conducted on several strains of Scenedesmus. Inverted microscope flotation experiments run on culture 614 with bristles, culture 614 centrifuged to remove bristles, and bristle‐less strain 76 revealed that bristles aid in flotation.Cultures grown in NH4NO3‐Bristol's compared to cultures grown in Bristol's medium exhibited a positive buoyancy as do cells transferred, to fresh media.Differential centrifugation procedures demonstrate that colonies with bristles and spines exhibit a greater buoyancy than spineless and bristle less colonies, and furthermore that unicells and newly released colonies exhibit greater buoyancy than older cultures and large, granular, dividing cells.
ONTOGENY, HISTOCHEMISTRY AND FINE STRUCTURE OF CELLULAR INCLUSIONS IN VEGETATIVE CELLS OF ANTITHAMNION DEFECTUM (CERAMIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Young David N. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe ultrastructure and histochemistry of developing and mature cell inclusions in vegetative cells of Antithamnion defectum Kylin were examined. Those studied were chloroplast inclusions, cytoplasmic crystals and spherical bodies within the vacuole. Chloroplasts of mature vegetative cells contain an interthylakoidal, apparently noncrystalline deposit of undetermined chemical identity. The bodies are parallel to the long axis of the plastid, are square (0.13 μm) in cross‐section, and up to 3 μm long. Spherical vacuolar bodies (0.5–1.5 μum diam) are formed during early stages of vacuole formation by accumulation of protein deposits in swelling endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae. Swelling of smooth ER contiguous to the ER containing the deposits results in the vacuole enclosing the spherical bodies. In mature cells, vesicles appear to be secreted into the preformed vacuole. Cytoplasmic proteinaceous crystalloids develop without a bounding membrane and may serve as protein reserves.