bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Markers of Overcrowding in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Stang Antonia S. , McGillivray David , Bhatt Maala , Colacone Antoinette , Soucy Nathalie , Léger Ruth , Afilalo Marc 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectives:  The objective of this study was to identify markers of overcrowding in pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) according to expert opinion and then to use statistical methods to further explore the underlying construct of overcrowding.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey of all PED directors (n = 12) and pediatric emergency medicine fellowship program directors (n = 10) across Canada was conducted to elicit expert opinion on relevant markers of emergency department (ED) crowding. The list of markers was reduced to those specific to the ED for which data could be extracted from one tertiary care PED from an existing computerized patient tracking system. Data representing 2,190 consecutive shifts and 138,361 patient visits were collected between April 2005 and March 2007. Common factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine the underlying factors that best represented overcrowding as determined by markers identified by experts in pediatric emergency medicineResults:  The main markers of overcrowding identified by the survey included measures of patient volume (25%), ED operational processes (55%), and delays in transferring patients to inpatient beds (13%). Data collected on 41 markers were retained for the CFA. The results of the CFA indicated that the largest portion of variation in the data (48%) was accounted for by markers describing patient volumes and flow through the ED. Measures of admission delays accounted for a smaller proportion of variability (9%).Conclusions:  The results suggest that for this tertiary PED, markers of ED operational processes and patient volume may be more relevant for determination of overcrowding than markers reflecting delays in transferring patients to inpatient beds. This study provides a foundation for further research on markers of overcrowding specific to the pediatric setting.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:151–156 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Earlier versus later continuous Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) for stable low‐birth‐weight infants: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nagai S , Andrianarimanana D , Rabesandratana N , Yonemoto N , Nakayama T , Mori R 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of earlier continuous Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) for relatively stable low‐birth‐weight (LBW) infants in a resource‐limited country.Methods:  A randomized controlled trial was performed in LBW infants at a referral hospital in Madagascar. Earlier continuous KMC (intervention) was begun as soon as possible, within 24 h postbirth, and later continuous KMC (control: conventional care) was begun after complete stabilization (generally after 24 h postbirth). Main outcome measure was mortality during the first 28 days postbirth. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00531492.Results:  A total of 73 infants (intervention 37, control 36) were included. Earlier continuous KMC had higher but no statistically different mortality in the first 28 days postbirth (1 vs. 2; risk ratio, 1.95; 95% CIs, 0.18–20.53; p = 1.00). There were no differences in incidence of morbidities. Body weight loss from birth to 24 h postbirth was significantly less in earlier KMC infants compared with later KMC infants. (−34.81 g vs. −73.97 g; mean difference, 39.16 g; 95% CIs, 10.30–68.03; p = 0.01; adjusted p = 0.02). Adverse events and duration of hospitalization were not different between the two groups.Conclusions:  Further evaluations of earlier continuous KMC including measurement of KMC dose, are needed in resource‐limited countries.
Esthetic Considerations in Interdental Papilla: Remediation and Regeneration
Authors: SHARMA ANITA ANGELA , PARK JAE HYUN 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the etiology and treatment of open gingival embrasures or black triangles. An open gingival embrasure or black triangle occurs as a result of a deficiency of papilla beneath the contact point. The treatment of open embrasures may require restorative, orthodontic and periodontal considerations depending on the underlying etiology. The authors reviewed a total of 42 articles including review of literature, radiographic, cross‐sectional, and retrospective studies in Ovid search engine using the terms “open gingival embrasure,”“interdental papilla,” and “black triangle.” The studies provided information regarding etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of open embrasures. There are several risk factors leading to the development of open gingival embrasures. These factors include aging, periodontal disease, loss of height of the alveolar bone relative to the interproximal contact, length of embrasure area, root angulations, interproximal contact position, and triangular‐shaped crowns. Treatment of open embrasures requires an interdisciplinary approach of orthodontic, periodontic, and restorative treatment.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEOpen gingival embrasures are complex esthetic and functional problems. An interdisciplinary team approach with the general dentist, orthodontist, and periodontist is critical. Management of open embrasures requires careful evaluation of the underlying etiology.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:18–30, 2010)
Correlation between Laser Fluorescence Readings and Volume of Tooth Preparation in Incipient Occlusal Caries In Vitro
Authors: GHANAME EDUARDO S. , RITTER ANDRÉ V. , HEYMANN HARALD O. , VANN, Jr. WILLIAM F. , SHUGARS DANIEL A. , BADER JAMES D. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTObjective:  This study evaluated the correlation between laser fluorescence readings and the extent of incipient occlusal caries as measured by the volume of tooth preparation in vitro.Materials and Methods:  One hundred and three permanent molars and premolars containing incipient occlusal pit‐and‐fissure caries and sound occlusal surfaces (1/4 of the sample, control) were selected. DIAGNOdent (KaVo Dental Corporation, Lake Zurich, IL, USA) readings were obtained according to manufacturer instructions. Caries was removed with 1/4 round burs in high speed. The volume of tooth preparation was measured using a surrogate measure based on the amount of composite needed to fill the preparations. Sensitivity and specificity using different cutoff values were calculated for lesions/preparations extending into dentin. The results were analyzed statistically.Results:  The Pearson correlation for preparation volume and DIAGNOdent reading measurements was low (r = 0.285). Sensitivity and specificity of DIAGNOdent for detection of dentinal lesions were 0.83 and 0.60, and 0.66 and 0.73 for the cutoff values of 20 and 30, respectively.Conclusions:  Within the limitations of this study, laser fluorescence measured with DIAGNOdent does not correlate well with extent of carious tooth structure in incipient occlusal caries.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEClinicians should not rely only on DIAGNOdent readings to determine the extension of incipient occlusal caries.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:31–41, 2010)
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Tooth Color Reproduction on Anterior All‐Ceramic Crowns: Part 1: Analysis and Interpretation of Tooth Color
Authors: ISHIKAWA‐NAGAI SHIGEMI , YOSHIDA AKI , DA SILVA JOHN D. , MILLER LLOYD 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTColor matching of a natural maxillary central incisor is one of the most difficult challenges in clinical dentistry. Accurate color determination and interpretation of tooth color information in ceramic work is an important step in achieving success in ideal color reproduction. In this case study, factors that influence tooth color determination were analyzed, and the process of interpretation of tooth color information was assessed based on scientific color data using a novel dental spectrophotometer system.An all‐ceramic crown for a maxillary right central incisor was the subject of this color assessment. The contralateral incisor was an intact natural tooth that was bleached and then used as the target shade for an all‐ceramic crown. The dental spectrophotometer (Crystaleye, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was used for tooth color measurement and analysis. The target tooth, prepared tooth, maxillary arch, and face images were captured for color information. Tooth color stabilization related to tooth bleaching and tooth dehydration was assessed. Based on tooth color data obtained by the dental spectrophotometer, color was analyzed in several different areas of a tooth using CIELAB (Commission Internationale de l'Eclarirage) color coordinates L*, a*, b*, and color difference ΔE. Interpretation of the tooth color information was made in each of porcelain layers on a blue map, and its intensions for color reproduction were described.Throughout this spectrophotometric assessment, the process of stabilized tooth color determination, tooth color analysis, interpretations, and fabrication of a blue map for porcelain work was clarified with color data as scientific evidence.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe use of a dedicated dental spectrophotometer allows the evaluation and measurement of the color of a bleached tooth. This allows the laboratory technician to more precisely understand the bleached tooth shade as well as when the bleached tooth color has become stable enough to match to a contralateral all‐ceramic crown restoration.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:42–52, 2010)
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Tooth Color Reproduction on Anterior All‐Ceramic Crowns: Part 2: Color Reproduction and Its Transfer from In Vitro to In Vivo
Authors: YOSHIDA AKI , MILLER LLOYD , DA SILVA JOHN D. , ISHIKAWA‐NAGAI SHIGEMI 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTColor reproduction of an anterior tooth requires advanced laboratory techniques, talent, and artistic skills. Color matching in a laboratory requires the successful transfer from in vivo with careful considerations. The purpose of this study was to monitor and verify the color reproduction process for an anterior all‐ceramic crown in a laboratory through spectrophotometric measurements. Furthermore, a crown insertion process using composite luting cements was assessed, and the final color match was measured and confirmed.An all‐ceramic crown with a zirconia ceramic coping for the maxillary right central incisor was fabricated. There was a significant color difference between the prepared tooth and the die material. The die material selected was the closest match available. The ceramic coping filled with die material indicated a large color difference from the target tooth in both lightness and chromaticity. During the first bake, three different approaches were intentionally used corresponding with three different tooth regions (cervical, body, and incisal). The first bake created the fundamental color of the crown that allowed some color shifts in the enamel layer, which was added later. The color of the completed crown demonstrated an excellent color match, with ΔE 1.27 in the incisal and 1.71 in the body. In the cervical area, color match with ΔE 2.37 was fabricated with the expectation of a color effect from the underlying prepared tooth. The optimal use of composite luting cement adjusted the effect from the underlying prepared tooth color, and the color match fabricated at a laboratory was successfully transferred to the clinical setting. The precise color measurement system leads to an accurate verification of color reproduction and its transfer.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe use of a dedicated dental spectrophotometer during the fabrication of an all‐ceramic crown allows the dentist and the laboratory technician to accurately communicate important information to one another about the shade of the tooth preparation, the shade of the contralateral target tooth, and the influence of luting cement on the final restoration, thereby allowing the technician better control over the outcome of their tooth color matching efforts and the final color match of an all‐ceramic restoration.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:53–65, 2010)
Predictors of breastfeeding cessation among HIV‐infected women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Petraro Paul , Duggan Christopher , Msamanga Gernard , Peterson Karen E. , Spiegelman Donna , Fawzi Wafaie 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper examines predictors of breastfeeding cessation among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected women. This was a prospective follow‐up study of HIV‐infected women who participated in a randomized micronutrient supplementation trial conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 795 HIV‐infected Tanzanian women with singleton newborns were utilized from the cohort for this analysis. The proportion of women breastfeeding declined from 95% at 12 months to 11% at 24 months. The multivariate analysis showed breastfeeding cessation was significantly associated with increasing calendar year of delivery from 1995 to 1997 [risk ratio (RR), 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.63], having a new pregnancy (RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.10–1.61), overweight [body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg m−2; RR 1.37; 95% CI 1.07–1.75], underweight (BMI <18.5 kg m−2; RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.00–1.65), introduction of cow's milk at infant's age of 4 months (RR 1.30; 95% CI 1.04–1.63). Material and social support was associated with decreased likelihood of cessation (RR 0.83; 95% CI 0.68–1.02). Demographic, health and nutritional factors among women and infants are associated with decisions by HIV‐infected women to cease breastfeeding. The impact of breastfeeding counselling programs for HIV‐infected African women should consider individual maternal, social and health contexts.
Cerebral motor cortical mapping: Awake procedure is preferable to general anaesthesia
Authors: Chan Danny T.M. , Kan Patricia K.Y. , Lam Joseph M.K. , Zhu Xian‐Lun , Chan Yu‐Leung , Mak Henry K.F. , Wong Tammy Y.Y. , Poon Wai‐Sang 
Published: January 2010

Objective:  To investigate the outcome of surgical resection of cerebral lesions near or at the motor cortex under general anaesthesia or in the awake condition.Methods:  Patients undergoing motor cortical mapping for tumour surgery were recruited. Surgery was carried out according to the cortical mapping protocol of the centre. Tumour location, stimulation threshold, extent of resection and postoperative complications, including neurological deficits and seizure, were recorded. Results were categorized in the awake group and in the general anaesthesia (GA) group for analysis.Results:  From February 2003 to July 2006, 28 patients suffering from brain tumour (24 glioma, two metastasis and two cavernoma) were indicated for motor cortical mapping to facilitate safe tumour removal.Eight patients were in the GA group. Five tumours were subcortical lesions, whereas three were cortical lesions. There were 20 patients in the awake group. Three tumours were subcortical, whereas 17 were cortical lesions. The mean stimulation threshold was 10.75 mA (5–16 mA) in the GA group and 7.7 mA (4–12 mA) in the awake group. There were four early postoperative seizures, two transient (3‐month) deficits and four permanent deficits in the GA group. One early postoperative seizure, five transient deficits and no permanent deficits were recorded in the awake group. All the permanent deficits were associated with subcortical tumours and were in the GA group. Seventy five percent of the patients achieved radiological total removal and an average extent of resection of 94.15% was achieved in the awake group. Only 37.5% of patients achieved radiological total removal and the average of extent of resection was 64.1% in the GA group.Conclusions:  General anaesthesia was associated with high postoperative permanent deficit despite the effort of motor cortical mapping. Higher rate of early postoperative seizure was also found in the GA group. Awake motor cortical mapping was safer and was associated with fewer complications. We suggest that awake motor cortical mapping is preferable to the general anaesthetic technique.
SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF HADDOCK BALLS AFFECTED BY ADDED FISH PROTEIN ISOLATE AND FROZEN STORAGE
Authors: SHAVIKLO GHOLAM REZA , ARASON SIGURJON , THORKELSSON GUDJON , SVEINSDOTTIR KOLBRUN , MARTINSDOTTIR EMILIA 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTFish protein isolate (FPI) made from haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) cut‐offs by the pH‐shift process was added to haddock mince to make two groups of fried fish balls. The proportions (%) of mince to isolate were 100:0 (control group), 75:25 and 50:50. All groups were air packed and kept frozen at −18C. The sample groups were evaluated by sensory evaluation 1 day after processing and after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of storage at −18C. The results indicated that added FPI to mince and frozen storage affected the odor, flavor, texture and appearance of fish balls significantly, possibly because of chemical and biochemical changes of all groups. This study also revealed that most negative features are attributed to the groups containing 50% mince and 50% isolate. The results can be considered for product development of FPI.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFish protein isolate from by‐products is a new source of fish protein to produce ready‐to‐eat or value‐added products. Little information has been published on product development about fish protein isolate and quality and sensory attributes of such products. Therefore, the results of this study could be useful for applying fish protein isolate to food systems.
Effect of UVA or UVB Irradiation on Cutaneous Lipids in Films or in Solution
Authors: Merle Chloé , Laugel Cécile , Baillet‐Guffroy Arlette 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe barrier function of the skin is largely due to the stratum corneum which is essentially composed of lipids. Different external factors, such as UV irradiation, affect this skin layer and are responsible for a destabilization of the supramolecular organization of its constituted lipids. In this work, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy are combined to study the correlation between the formation of oxidative compounds by UV irradiation and the lipid organization. Experiments were carried out on unsaturated lipids in film or solution form, exposed to UVA or UVB irradiation. UV exposure leads to the formation of oxygenated entities in the case of lipids with an unsaturated fatty acid moiety, resulting in a decrease in their packing which is greater when the lipids are in solution. The packing decrease is even greater following UVB irradiation.
Low‐light‐induced Violaxanthin De‐epoxidation in Shortly Preheated Leaves: Uncoupling from ΔpH‐dependent Nonphotochemical Quenching
Authors: Ilík Petr , Kotabová Eva , Špundová Martina , Novák Ondřej , Kaňa Radek , Strzałka Kazimierz 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPlants protect themselves against excessive light by the induction of ΔpH‐dependent nonphotochemical quenching (qE) that is associated with de‐epoxidation of violaxanthin (V) to zeaxanthin (Z) in thylakoid membranes. In this work, we report that low light (12 μmol photons m−2 s−1) is sufficient for a marked stimulation of the V to Z conversion in shortly preheated wheat leaves (5 min, 40°C), but without a substantial increase in qE. Re‐irradiation of these leaves with high light led to a rapid induction of nonphotochemical quenching, implying a potential photoprotective role of low‐light‐induced Z in preheated leaves. On the contrary to low light conditions, preheated leaves exposed to high light behaved similar to nonheated leaves with respect to the V to Z conversion and qE induction. The obtained results indicate that low‐light‐induced lumen acidification in preheated leaves is high enough to activate V de‐epoxidation, but not sufficiently high to induce the formation of quenching centers.
PERSPECTIVE: Underutilized resources for studying the evolution of invasive species during their introduction, establishment, and lag phases
Authors: Marsico Travis D. , Burt Jennifer W. , Espeland Erin K. , Gilchrist George W. , Jamieson Mary A. , Lindström Leena , Roderick George K. , Swope Sarah , Szűcs Marianna , Tsutsui Neil D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe early phases of biological invasions are poorly understood. In particular, during the introduction, establishment, and possible lag phases, it is unclear to what extent evolution must take place for an introduced species to transition from established to expanding. In this study, we highlight three disparate data sources that can provide insights into evolutionary processes associated with invasion success: biological control organisms, horticultural introductions, and natural history collections. All three data sources potentially provide introduction dates, information about source populations, and genetic and morphological samples at different time points along the invasion trajectory that can be used to investigate preadaptation and evolution during the invasion process, including immediately after introduction and before invasive expansion. For all three data sources, we explore where the data are held, their quality, and their accessibility. We argue that these sources could find widespread use with a few additional pieces of data, such as voucher specimens collected at certain critical time points during biocontrol agent quarantine, rearing, and release and also for horticultural imports, neither of which are currently done consistently. In addition, public access to collected information must become available on centralized databases to increase its utility in ecological and evolutionary research.
Governing Antarctica: Contemporary Challenges and the Enduring Legacy of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty
Authors: Dodds Klaus 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article considers the governance of the Antarctic in the light of the 50th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty in December 2009. Created in the midst of the cold war, this treaty provided a mechanism for governing the Antarctic. Science and international collaboration were central to this new regime. Over the next five decades, the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) expanded as new legal instruments were developed and entered into force including the Protocol on Environmental Protection. New issues such as fishing and tourism along with an expanded membership have transformed the politics of Antarctica. Current controversies involving illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, the Law of the Sea and the creation of the ‘coastal state’, tourism and whaling will continue to provoke serious challenges for the governance of Antarctica.
Understanding the Global Dimensions of Policy
Authors: Koenig‐Archibugi Mathias 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBeyond wide agreement that many areas of contemporary policy making are unintelligible if processes that transcend the boundaries of individual states are not taken into account, analysts often disagree on how various ‘global’ and ‘local’ factors interact to produce policies and policy outcomes. The disagreement stems in part from the use of different analytic lenses, and specifically from the choice between ‘state‐centric’ and ‘polycentric’ lenses. This article examines the fundamental assumptions of these general perspectives with regard to the polity, politics and policy dimensions of global policy making, and surveys some of the research questions and findings that resulted from their use. It concludes that scholars and policy makers should treat the two analytical lenses as complementary, as each of them stimulates the analyst to ask questions and look for entities and causal connections that the other lens may miss.Policy Implications

Analysts and policy makers need to be aware of the sometimes implicit assumptions underlying global policy studies.
‘State‐centric’ and ‘polycentric’ lenses provide complementary and valuable perspectives on the global dimensions of policy making.
Systematic data collection and analysis of nonstate mechanisms of policy making should be encouraged and supported.