bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of Iron‐Efficient and ‐Inefficient Lovegrass Strains to Calcareous Soils1
Authors: Voigt P. W. , Dewald C. L. , Matocha J. E. , Foy C. D. 
Published: July 2010

Iron chlorosis can occur in Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees when cultivars like ‘Morpa,’ ‘Ermelo,’ or common are grown on calcareous soils. As a result, forage yields are greatly reduced and stands are lost in as little as 1 or 2 years. Our objectives were to determine if lovegrass strains found to be iron efficient as seedlings in greenhouse studies were better adapted than inefficient strains to calcareous soils in the field and if genetic differences in iron efficiency were of sufficient importance to consider improving iron efficiency as a worthwhile breeding objective.Iron‐efficient and iron‐inefficient strains were grown on a calcareous soll at Beeville, Tex., and a slightly acid soil (control treatment), a calcareous soil, and the same calcareous soil with all plants follar sprayed with ferrous sulfate at Woodward, Okla. Selections rated as iron inefficient in the greenhouse when grown on calcareous soils in the field were, on the average, more chlorotic, lower in forage production, and less persistent than iron‐efficlent strains grown on the same soils or inefficient strains grown on a noncalcareous soil. However, performance of the strains was not always consistent when grown on different calcareous soils. This was true for both iron‐efficient and iron‐inefficient strains. In tests conducted on calcareous soils, the vigor of iron‐efficient selections was dramatically better than that of iron‐inefficient strains, suggesting that this characteristic could be of economic benefit and should be considered in selecting new weeping lovegrass cultivars intended for use in areas where calcareous soils occur.
Adaptation of Soybean Cultivars to Low‐Yield Environments1
Authors: Walker A. K. , Cooper R. L. 
Published: July 2010

The objective of this research was to determine whether any recently released Maturity Group II soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars were well adapted to low‐yield environments. A regression analysis was conducted on data from the Uniform Group II Northern States Tests in 1978 and 1979. Maturity, height, lodging, and yield data for each of 10 cultivars were regressed onto the environmental mean yield.Only one cv., ‘Amcor,’ had a regression coefficient for yield which was significantly less than one. It also had the highest mean yield. Thus, Amcor was more adapted to low‐yield environments than the other cultivars. Amcor's adaptation to low‐yield environments may be attributed to its greater plant height.
Detection of Identification Errors in Germplasm Collections1
Authors: Porter W. M. , Smith D. H. 
Published: July 2010

A germplasm collection contains seed of many accessions. During nursery increases of accessions, seeds may be mistakenly planted in a row identified as a different accession. When such mistakes are not detected, the value of the collection declines in proportion to the number of wrongly, ldentified accessions it contains. This paper develops methods for calculating estimates of the degree of influence of several factors in detecting identification errors in nurseries; it tests those estimates with data from over 4,000 wheat (Triticum sp.) accessions.For a given descriptor, the probability of detection of an identification error increases as the number of descriptor states increases and as the frequencies of the different states approach equality. When more than one descriptor is used, efficiency of error detection is greatest when the different states of the descriptors are independently distributed. The frequency of error detection was greater in randomized nurseries than in nurseries planted in order of accession numbers.
Leaf Anatomy and Stomatal Characteristics of Four Tall Fescue Selections Differing in Forage Yield1
Authors: Cohen C. J. , Chilcote D. O. , Frakes R. V. 
Published: July 2010

Leaf anatomy and stomatal characteristics of four tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) selections differing in forage yield were examined to determine if selection differences in these characteristics existed that might be important to yield differences. Selections were grown in a greenhouse. Transverse sections of leaf blades that were within 4 days of full expansion and for which CO2‐exchange rate (CER) measurements had been made in a concurrent study were used in the anatomical study. Leaf impressions of fullyexpanded leaves of comparable tiller position of the same genotypes were used to study stomatal characteristics.In all selections, mesophyll cell area was the major fraction and comprised 40 to 44% of total cross‐sectlonal area, while large air spaces comprised 20 to 27 % of the area. Bulliform cells contributed more than 50% of the adaxial epidermal tissue area. The presence of prominent adaxial leaf ridges, lignified vascular bundle fibers, and lignified fiber caps was also noted. While adaxial stomatal frequency was more than 3.5 times greater than abaxial stomatal frequency, adaxial stomatal size (guard cell length) was only about 10% smaller than abaxial stomatal size.The lowest yielding selection in field trials, TFM 16, had approximately 22, 16, and 25% greater fractions of cross‐sectional area consisting of fiber cap tissue, epidermal cell layers, and bulliform cell area within the adaxial epidermis, respectively, compared with other selections. Selection TFM 16 also had 9% smaller abaxial stomata, 44% lower abaxial stomatal frequency, but 10% greater adaxial stomatal frequency, on average.No difference among selections was found for percent cross‐sectional areas of vascular bundle, phloem, metaxylem, and mesophyll tissues or in number of ridges, ridge height, leaf thickness, or metaxylem and mesophyll cell diameters. Mesophyll cell diameter did not appear to be related to CER. while significant differences among selections of CER were found, diameters of mesophyll cells of the same leaves were similar.
Genotype‐Environment Interaction Study of Lock Tenacity in Upland Cotton1
Authors: McCall Lloyd L. , Verhalen Laval M. , McNew Ronald W. 
Published: July 2010

Sixteen upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars were grown in replicated experiments under irrigation and on dryland at each of two Oklahoma locations over a 3‐year period. The storm resistance trait, measured as “lock tenacity”, was studied in genotype ✕ environment interaction analyses over years for all four experiments, for the two irrigated tests, and for the two dryland tests to estimate those interactions and to consider their implications relative to the cotton breeding and cultivar evaluation programs within the state.A number of genotype ✕ environment interaction mean squares for lock tenacity were significant for both observed and log‐transformed data; however, the magnitudes of the interaction variance components were relatively small compared to their respective cultivar components and were concluded to be of minimal importance in the determination of the trait. Classifications into major bolltype categories and selections for the trait in one environment should be relatively stable in other environments. However, because the range of values observed was greater under irrigation than on dryland and because the separation of boll types was more distinct, more effective selections for the trait are probably made under irrigation.
Growth of Spring Wheat Kernels as Influenced by Reduced Kernel Number per Spike and Defoliation1
Authors: Simmons Steve R. , Crookston R. Kent , Kurle James E. 
Published: July 2010

Field studies with the spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars ‘Era’ and ‘OlaF’ were conducted to assess the effects of reductions in kernel number per spike and defoliation of individual culms on kernel growth characteristics. The importance of stage of kernel growth at which treatments were applied was also examined by treating both at anthesis and anthesis + 14 days, the later date being after the beginning of the kernels linear dry matter accumulation period.The effects of the treatments on final weight per kernel depended on the time of treatment and on the relative weights of kernels from the untreated (control) culms. Reduction in kernel number per spike increased final kernel weight, particularly when control weights were low, whereas defoliation always reduced final weight. Treatment at anthesis usually had a larger effect.Growth rates of kernels during the linear dry matter accumulation period were enhanced by kernel removal and depressed by defoliation. Within each genotype, growth rates were highly correlated with final kernel weight. This association, however, differed between years because of variation in length of the grain filling period. No consistent effect of the treatments on grain filling duration was found.The response to early kernel number reduction, as well as the response in additional experiments to spikelet “trimming” suggested that upper limits, or potentials, for both final weight and growth rate were approached. These potential kernel weights and growth rates appeared to depend on genotype, kernel position in a spikelet, and possibly environment.
Inheritance Studies of Bract Size in Cotton1
Authors: Bowman D. T. , Jones J. E. 
Published: July 2010

Bracts in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., have been implicated in byssinosis, a lung disorder associated with textile mill workers. Before initiating a breeding program with the objective of reducing bract trash in machine‐harvested seedcotton, inheritance studies were performed on the trait bract size or bract surface area.In the first study, heritability was calculated from regression of 83 F3 plot means on F2 plant values from a cross involving a small bract parent and a nectariless normal bract breeding llne. Correlation coefficients were calculated to determine herltability in standard units. Highly significant regression and correlation coefficients of 0.69 and 0.75, respectively, were computed for heritability estimates.In the second study a seven parent diallel was used and analyzed by the procedures outlined by Jinks and Hayman. The experiment included the seven parents, their 21 F1's, and their 21 F2's and was performed at two locations for 2 years.Partial failure of the assumptions of no epistatis, no multiple allelism, and independent gene distribution was observed in the three general tests. Epistasis and multiple allelism were tested and considered negligible. Discrepancies were noted between populations for estimates of frequency of alleles and dominance gene effects. Partial dominance was expressed at most loci where dominant alleles governed bract surface area. Narrow‐sense heritability estimates indicated that bract size heritability was primarily additive although dominance gene effects contributed significantly. Parents were identified with bract size and levels of dominance suitable for cultivar breeding programs.
Generation Mean Analyses of Various Allelochemics in Cottons1
Authors: White W. H. , Jenkins J. N. , Parrott W. L. , McCarty J. C. , Collum D. H. , Hedin P. A. 
Published: July 2010

Several secondary plant metabolites are alleged to confer resistance of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., to various insects and mites. At the present time, only the inheritance of the sesquiterpenoid gossypol has been elucidated. This research was conducted to determine inheritance of several inferred/hypothesised allelochemics from cotton, in particular those alleged to confer resistance to the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.).Generation mean analysis (GMA) was used as the genetic design. The following GMA's were evaluated: ‘DES‐24’ × ‘SATU‐65’, DES‐24 × ‘BJA‐592’, and DES‐24 × MOHG. The six populations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BCP1, and BCP2) comprising a GMA were planted as a randomized complete block with four rcplicatlons. Analyses of young cotton leaves for condensed tannins, catechln, total phenols, E1.1, aniline reacting terpenes, and phloroglucinol reactive compounds were obtained at intervals during the growing season. Analysis of variance was conducted on seasonal means.The inheritance of gossypol, as measured by the CHEA extract of the phloroglucinol test, was predominately additive. Gossypol, as detected by the aniline reacting terpene test, was shown to be inherited by predominately dominant gene action. The genetic analysis indicates that the CHEA and aniline reacting terpene tests are measuring gene products which are inherited in different manners. The four tests used for the determination of condensed tannins also appeared to be measuring somewhat diverse genetic products. This was apparent because E1.1 and fresh disc assay tannins, but not tannin and catechin tannins, showed significant variation among populations in the DES‐24 × SATU‐65. E1.1 and catechin tannins, but not the tannin and fresh disc assay tannins, showed significant variation among populations in the DES‐24 × BJA‐592 cross. When condensed tannins as measured by any of these tests were genetically analyzed in a cross, inheritance was highly additive.The high degree of additive gene action for condensed tannins, a flavonoid‐anthocyanin mixture, gossypol by the CHEA test, and total phenolics indicate that it should be possible to fix and select for increased levels of these compounds.
Nitrates in Petioles of Three Cottons1
Authors: Jenkins Johnie N. , Nichols Jim R. , McCarty J. C. , Parrott W. L. 
Published: July 2010

Three cotton strains, Gossypium hirsutum L., were grown with two N levels, 56 (soil applied) and 86 kg N/ha (56 kg/ha soil applied plus 30 kg/ha foliar applied). Foliar applications were based on results from petiole nitrate monitoring. The primary objective was to determine if petiole nitrates and phosphorus levels were affected by cotton strains. We chose three cottons which we knew were different in leaf area and rate of fruiting.Significant differences among ‘Stoneville 213,’ Stoneville 817 frego, and Stoneville 7A nectariless, okra leaf were found for levels of petiole nitrates and P when monitored for 11 weeks during the growing season. No significant differences in levels of petiole nitrates or P were found between two levels of N. There was a significant cotton strain by week interaction for petiole nitrates but not P.Petiole nitrates ranged from 310 to 16,000 ppm during the sea‐son. There was a significant increase in lint yields at the second harvest in foliar‐fed plots and an increase of 47 kg lint/ha in total yield. However, total llnt yields were not significantly different between the two levels of N or among the three strains. Yields ranged from 981 to 1,010 kg lint/ha for the three strains. Strains did not respond differently to the two N levels. Follar feeding did not affect boll size or lint percent. These data illustrate some of the inherent difficulties associated with the use of petiole nitrate monitoring as a useful tool for assessing N application.
Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Plant Germplasm, and Crop Production Scenarios in 2020
Authors: Evenson R. E. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe scope of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has been expanded in recent years to cover plant varieties. Plant breeders' rights (PBRs) provide weak protection to private plant breeders in many countries. The United States and a few other developed countries provide patent protection to plant varieties as well as to some genetic resources. In principle, the strengthening of IPRs for plants should encourage more plant breeding and more variety options for farmers. However, developing countries often lack the institutional setting to enable them to realize these options. A second type of IPR providing for “farmers' rights” has been prepared in the Convention on Biodiversity. Negotiating a payment framework for farmers' rights may result in a period of limited international exchange of genetic resources. Policy simulations based on an international economic model confirm that developing countries will be harmed by weak IPRs while developed countries will not be affected. They also confirm that both developing and developed countries will be harmed by reduced exchange of genetic resources associated with protracted negotiations over farmers' rights.
Maize Genotypes Show Striking Differences for Induction and Regeneration of Haploid Wheat Embryos in the Wheat × Maize System
Authors: Verma Vinesh , Bains N. S. , Mangat G. S. , Nanda G. S. , Gosal S. S. , Singh Kuldeep 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTA number of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes were tested for their influence on induction and regeneration of haploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryos to improve further the efficiency of the wheat × maize system of haploid production. Fifteen maize genotypes were crossed to five diverse wheat F1 hybrids in a line × tester fashion in three replications. Two efficiency parameters, caryopses formation frequency (CFF—number of caryopses/100 pollinated florets) and embryo formation frequency (EFF—number of embryo‐carrying caryopses/100 pollinated florets), were estimated. Analysis of variance revealed that lines (wheat genotypes), testers (maize genotypes), and their interaction showed significant effects on both efficiency parameters, but the effect of maize genotypes was greater than that of wheat genotypes. The EFF of individual maize genotypes ranged from 1.1 to 23.4% and the EFF of individual wheat genotypes ranged from 8.4 to 10.2%. Maize genotypes also showed significant differences for general combining ability estimates. In addition to EFF, maize genotypes had a striking effect on haploid embryo regeneration as analyzed using one of the wheat genotypes. The values ranged from 0.0 to 87.8%. For maize genotypes producing the highest EFFs, the regeneration frequency was not necessarily higher. Hence, we suggest a new index, haploid formation efficiency (HFE—number of haploid plants formed /100 pollinated florets), be used for identification of efficient pollinators. The HFE ranged from 0.0 to 9.9%. In this study, a pop corn cultivar, Pearl Pop Corn, was identified as the best pollinator with an average EFF of 15.1% across five wheat genotypes and an HFE of 9.9% with the one wheat genotype tested.
Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) × Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Hybrids
Authors: Morrison L. A. , Riera‐Lizarazu O. , Crémieux L. , Mallory‐Smith C. A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe ability of the weedy species jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) to form seed‐bearing hybrids with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) raises questions concerning the potential movement of herbicide‐resistance genes from commercial wheat cultivars into the weed population. As a preliminary step for future gene‐flow risk assessments, a study of jointed goatgrass × wheat hybrids collected from infested wheat fields in 1998 and 1999 was undertaken in Oregon. Jointed goatgrass accessions representing the range of variation in its worldwide distribution also were included in this study. The high molecular weight (HMW) glutenins, a group of wheat endosperm storage proteins, were used as genetic markers for characterizing this material. In the Oregon jointed goatgrass accessions, the seed protein analysis identified F1 hybrid seed that was formed at a rate of 0 to 8% on a per field basis. The HMW glutenin patterns in the backcross seed threshed from Oregon hybrids showed a higher proportion of seeds formed from pollination by wheat than by jointed goatgrass. Analysis of the roots for remains of the maternal seed or spikelet indicated that most hybrid plants were of the F1 generation and that either jointed goatgrass or wheat could be the female parent. These analyses suggested a hybridization dynamics in which jointed goatgrass serves as the predominant F1 female parent and wheat as the predominant backcross male parent. Development of introgressed jointed goatgrass forms carrying wheat genes would be dependent on the presence of a continuous hybrid zone located near or within a persistent jointed goatgrass population.
Development of a Visual Method to Quantify the Gossypol Content in Cotton Seeds
Authors: Benbouza H. , Lognay G. , Palm R. , Baudoin JP. , Mergeai G. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTTwelve Gossypium genotypes (species, fertile interspecific allotetraploid and allohexaploid hybrids, backcross progeny of interspecific hybrids) characterized by drastic differences in their seed gossypol content were used to design a visual quantification method of the gossypol concentration in cotton seeds. After developing an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that allowed measurement of gossypol content in single seed samples, the results of 123 HPLC analyses carried out seed‐by‐seed were compared with different parameters characterizing the level of gossypol glands in the seed. A significant correlation was found between the gossypol content %G determined on single seeds by HPLC and the number N of gossypol glands per seed section area (S, expressed in mm2), leading to the establishment of the following model: %G = bi (N/S), where the regression coefficient bi depends on the cotton genotype considered. The estimation of %G directly from N/S is a rapid and accurate method which can be used in breeding programs to screen the progeny of cotton genotypes showing a high segregation for their seed gossypol content.
Development and Mapping of PCR‐Based SCAR and CAPS Markers Linked to Oil QTLs in Oat
Authors: Orr Winson , Molnar Stephen J. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTOat cultivars (Avena sativa L.) are unusually diverse in groat oil content, and breeding for this trait can increase the value of oat in human and livestock diets. Seven random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments closely linked or tentatively linked to quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for oil content in the ‘Terra’ × ‘Marion’ (TM) or the ‘Kanota’ × ‘Ogle’ (KO) hexaploid oat mapping populations were used to develop more robust sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) or cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. Three SCAR and two CAPS markers mapped on the TM population to the same map locations as the corresponding RAPD markers. One SCAR marker mapped to a homeologous TM linkage group (LG). The last two SCAR markers were mapped to regions that are currently not known to be orthologous to the original RAPD locations. All SCAR and CAPS markers were also tested in two additional high × low oil content populations. These SCAR markers have potential utility for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for high and low oil germplasm in oat breeding programs.
Production of Isoflavones in Seeds and Seedlings of Different Peanut Genotypes
Authors: Kirakosyan Ara , Kaufman Peter B. , Duke James A. , Seymour E. Mitchell , Warber Sara , Bolling Steven F. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe present study compares concentrations of medicinally important isoflavones in seeds versus seedlings of 20 selected peanut genotypes derived from widely different geographic sources and compares the total isoflavone concentrations in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with those present in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and kudzu [Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.]. Results of analyses of 20 different peanut genotypes showed that wide variation occurs in isoflavone concentrations both in peanut seeds and peanut seedlings; that peanut seedlings possess 0.8‐fold to 27‐fold higher concentrations of isoflavones than peanut seeds; that peanut seeds and seedlings possess little or no genistein; that peanut seeds contain one‐half the concentrations of isoflavones as soybean seeds, and soybean seedlings contain four times higher concentrations of isoflavones than peanut seedlings; and that kudzu seeds and seedlings, in contrast, contain significantly higher concentrations of isoflavones than either peanut or soybean seeds and seedlings. In conclusion, because peanut seedlings and sprouts are better sources of isoflavones than peanut seeds, we recommend that the former be grown as a vegetable so as to use them in our diet as a good source of isoflavones. Furthermore, the wide variation in isoflavone concentrations in different peanut genotypes, as shown in this study, could be exploited by plant breeders as an easy and reasonable production strategy.