bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iterated Knowledge
Authors: Goldstein Simon 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Omega knowledge is the strongest kind of knowledge. When you omega know something, you know it. You know that you know it. You possess every iteration of knowledge regarding it. This book is the first systematic treatment of omega knowledge. There are two existing theories of omega knowledge. On the one hand, skeptics say that we omega know hardly anything about the world: infinite iterations of knowledge would require infinitely reliable belief-forming methods. This book begins by arguing against the skeptics, by claiming that omega knowledge is a central concept in philosophy. The book argues that omega knowledge is required for rational assertion and action. For this reason, it is important to develop theories which allow us to have omega knowledge of ordinary claims about the world. The only existing theory that allows this is the KK principle, which says that you omega know everything that you know. But the KK principle faces a wide range of well-known counterexamples and theoretical challenges. The goal of this book is to open up new space in epistemology, by developing and critically comparing several new theories of omega knowledge. One of these theories says that you omega know everything that you know that you know. Another theory says that, whenever you know something, it is consistent with your knowledge that you omega know it. These theories avoid the classic challenges to the KK principle, while also making room for large amounts of omega knowledge. Along the way, the book gives treatments of justified belief, rational certainty, and normative requirements on assertion and action. The book ends by developing mathematical models of knowledge that carefully lay out the differing predictions of the various theories developed in the book.
Fragility
Authors: Goldstein Simon 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the principle of Fragility: if you know p, then for all you know, you omega know p. The chapter develops six benefits of Fragility: it explains how assertion and action could require omega knowledge; it avoids revenge versions of counterexamples to KK; it avoids issues about chains of testimony and iterated factive mental states; it is compatible with systematic anti-luminosity; it explains why KK is attractive, by predicting that it is normally true; it reconciles two theories of justified belief. The chapter then develops six costs of Fragility: it distinguishes higher iterations of knowing; it doesn’t explain why it is strange to ask about second-order knowledge; it makes strange predictions about the unconfident examinee; it does not predict that the margin for error principles is normally true or justifiably believed; it faces a counterexample from cases where you seem to know without being justifiably certain; it implies that when you know p, you can justifiably believe that you know p. The chapter goes on to consider several weakenings of Fragility that retain some of the benefits while avoiding some of the costs.
Variable Margins
Authors: Goldstein Simon 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the principle of Variable Margins, a weakening of the Margin for Error principle: for any height x, there is some margin m &gt; 0 where if you know that the tree is not x – m feet tall, then the tree is not x feet tall. The chapter explains how Variable Margins makes sense of omega knowledge while avoiding many of the costs of Reflective Luminosity and Fragility. The chapter then develops four costs of Variable Margins: it does not apply to cases of digital knowledge; it comes arbitrarily close to allowing cliff-edge knowledge; it predicts that the strongest proposition about a tree’s height that you can assert or rely on is always an open interval; it does not predict that knowledge implies justification.
Introduction
Authors: Thorstad David 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter introduces two turns in the study of human rationality. Taking the procedural turn involves moving away from the study of attitudes toward the study of the processes of inquiry that produce them. Taking the bounded turn involves constructing theories that say explicitly and in detail how bounds bear on rational cognition. Taking both turns together requires developing a theory of rational inquiry for bounded agents—that is, a theory of inquiry under bounds.
There are no epistemic norms of inquiry
Authors: Thorstad David 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAn objection to the reason-responsive consequentialist view is that it answers the wrong question: the view is an account of rationality simpliciter, not epistemic rationality. In this chapter, I argue that the same grounds which led us to posit a distinction between epistemic and non-epistemic norms of belief should make us skeptical of the existence of a distinction between epistemic and non-epistemic norms of inquiry. In the case of belief, we may have good grounds to hold that all reasons for belief are epistemic; that ordinary language tracks a distinct type of epistemic rationality; or that the notion of epistemic rationality is needed to play key theoretical roles associated with the concept of rationality. But none of these arguments generalize to motivate the existence of a distinctively epistemic type of rational inquiry, and in fact, I argue, several of these arguments tell against the existence of epistemic norms governing inquiry. I conclude by sketching an alternative Gibbardian picture of inquiry on which rational inquiry is an all-things-considered affair.
The argument from minimal criteria
Authors: Thorstad David 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe argument from minimal criteria holds that the reason-responsive consequentialist view is our best hope for meeting three minimal criteria on an account of boundedly rational inquiry: sensitivity to tradeoffs made during inquiry; sensitivity to the stakes of inquiry; and explaining the rational impermissibility of many inferences made by stereotyping. I review three existing accounts of boundedly rational inquiry: the Standard Picture, pragmatism, and an account on which inquiry aims at knowledge. I argue that these accounts struggle to satisfy the minimal criteria, while by contrast the reason-responsive consequentialist view performs well by the lights of all three criteria.
Vindicatory epistemology
Authors: Thorstad David 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter takes up the vindicatory project of showing how the right theory of bounded rationality can be used to vindicate the rationality of many observed Standard Picture violations. I set out four desiderata on a vindicatory program and three strategies that can be used to meet those desiderata. Then I use those strategies together with the reason-responsive consequentialist view to show how two types of Standard Picture violations can be vindicated: anchoring biases and errors in conditional reasoning. I use these case studies to illustrate how the reason-responsive consequentialist view grounds a robust program of vindicatory epistemology.
An Evolution- and Compassion-Informed Biopsychosocial Approach to the Challenge of Building an Integrated Science for Psychotherapy
Authors: Gilbert Paul 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The last one hundred years have seen a proliferation of different schools of psychotherapy. While this diversity can be seen as the vitality of the field, it can also be seen as a serious problem of fragmentation. This is partly the result of psychotherapy lacking an agreed upon scientific framework for understanding basic mental processes and functions, and partly due to “individual” focused therapies, that only attend to what happens “inside” an individual, are socially decontextualized and fail to address the social causes of mental health problems and their prevention. This chapter explores a framework for an integrative, evolution informed biopsychosocial science approach and one that forms the basis for compassion focused therapy (CFT) (see Chapter 10), emphasizing four functions of mind: motives, emotions, competencies, and behaviors. Understanding and affecting these functional processes, and their psychophysiological infrastructures, can significantly advance the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
The Most Beautiful Man
Authors: Moss Donald 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Hypnosis and biofeedback techniques are evidence-based psychophysiological therapies that can be applied with a wide variety of medical and mental health disorders. Research shows efficacy for anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, hypertension, fibromyalgia, and a host of other disorders. Hypnosis and biofeedback can also augment the effectiveness of psychotherapy. The author utilizes the case narrative of a thirty-six-year-old woman presenting with post-partum depression and dissociative features to illustrate the integration of biofeedback training, physiological monitoring, self-hypnosis, hypnotic age regression, and affective journaling into dynamic psychotherapy. The hypnotic techniques and the affective journal assisted in the retrieval of critical traumatic events during the patient’s adolescence, and a combination of breath training, self-hypnosis, and biofeedback aided the patient in self-calming.
Infiltration and the Making of Israel’s Emotional Regime in the State’s Early Years
Authors: Rozin Orit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
After the 1948 War, the armistice lines between Israel and its neighbors remained porous. Palestinian refugees crossed the borders. Some returned to cultivate their fields; others to steal. Some intended to murder Israelis and wreak terror. Most of the refugees who made their way into Israel were not violent, but their presence frightened Jewish civilians living in frontier regions. Policy makers and cultural agents from the social elite mobilized to mold the threatened population into Israelis who could display fortitude. The chapter analyzes the way the Israeli emotional regime was instilled in the residents of the frontier. It explores both their adoption of—and their resistance to—these emotional norms, and the desirable and undesirable outcomes of this policy.
Anger and the Thirst for Revenge
Authors: Rozin Orit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Anger and the desire for revenge are considered moral emotions. Policy makers grappled with the political need to channel these negative emotions that many Israelis felt in reaction to violent infiltration, to gain and maintain public confidence in their leadership, and to instill a sense of security. Israeli decision makers believed that it was imperative to respond (often militarily) to attacks by infiltrators, even as they believed that it was incumbent upon them to constitute a moral Israeli state whose citizens believed that their state’s actions were just. During the state’s early years, policy makers led a haltingly slow and ambivalent process of inculcating a culture cognizant of Israel’s international image, while also seeking to instill discipline in IDF troops and construct a liberal national identity. In doing so, they increasingly evinced reservations about the emotional desire for revenge and about actions that could be interpreted as acts of revenge.
Conclusion
Authors: Rozin Orit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Embracing the Israeli emotional regime enabled Israelis to cope with the security challenges Israel faced during its first two decades. This was a flexible set of norms adjusted to changing political and security needs. Even though for some Israelis these emotional norms became part of their cultural habitus, the political echelon was tasked with setting, performing, projecting, and adjusting the emotional norms to fit various needs. Under the pressure of the conflict and due to inadequate leadership skills, cultural, economic and political shifts, the emotional fortitude of Israelis was compromised in May 1967. While the immediate emotional crisis was averted and Israelis were able to manage their emotions and find meaningful ways to overcome their initial trepidation, the emotional experience of the war itself, and its territorial gains, and especially the occupation of Jerusalem, brought on a major cultural-political shift and a new set of political emotions emerged.
Rethinking Democratic Theory in the Global Age
Authors: Ziliotti Elena 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter places the project of the book into the larger context of debates in contemporary political theory and discusses its methodological approach. It illustrates that, despite their cultural and ideological differences, several contemporary Western and East Asian political theorists are debating the value of democratic practices and institutions for industrialized pluralistic societies. It argues that cross-cultural proximity among geographically distant others has revealed pressing common political challenges and explains that meritocratic democracy contributes to developing a more nuanced theoretical framework through which the value of ‘democracy’, ‘political leaders’, and ‘political parties’ can be better understood from a cross-cultural perspective.
The Democratic Functions of Political Leaders
Authors: Ziliotti Elena 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the function of political leaders in a well-functioning democracy. Empirical studies indicate that political leaders have acquired an unprecedented central role in contemporary democratic societies and contributed to the emergence of the so-called ‘personalization’ of democratic politics. The central role of political leaders in democratic politics raises the question of what functions political leaders must carry out in democratic societies to realize democratic goals. This chapter applies an epistemic approach to democratic politics to define the democratic functions of political leaders. It shows that professional political leaders are a critical political agency of real-world democracies. They play at least three crucial epistemic functions in democratic decision-making processes: (1) they can act as a motivational force for citizens’ political engagement; (2) contribute to epistemic formation through their acquired experience and knowledge; and (3) elicit experts’ testimony.
Votes for Women?
Authors: Hendry John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the 1866–7 campaign for female suffrage, in which Davies played a central coordinating role. It explores the differing priorities, principles, politics, and preferred strategies of the women activists involved and the tensions within the women’s movement that resulted and that led soon afterwards to discord and division. While a strong supporter of female suffrage, Davies’s view was that it was not yet a realistic possibility; that more modest steps, especially in female education, were needed before moderate opinion could be won over; and that there was a serious risk that the campaign might stimulate a reaction more harmful than beneficial to women’s causes. Her main aims were to keep control of the politically Radical arm of the movement; to maintain in public a united, moderate and reasonable front; and to avoid association in the public mind with other Radical causes.
Property, Prostitutes, and Public Service
Authors: Hendry John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the broader aims of the women’s movement in the intellectual and political context of the late 1860s and early 1870s. Noting changing attitudes to science and religion, it draws on the reception of Mill’s The Subjection of Women to analyse the spread of opinions on the status of women and the women’s movement. It covers campaigns in respect of female suffrage, married women’s property, and the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. The creation of nationwide school boards brought leaders of the women’s movement into public office for the first time. The creation of the Endowed Schools Commission led to endowments for girls’ schools and the establishment of the Girls Public Day Schools Company. The chapter pays particular attention to the London School Board, to which Davies was elected, and the developments in girls’ secondary education, which she supported as actively as her other commitments allowed.
The Restitution of Conjugal Rights and the Nature of Marriage
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter nine turns from discourse about (the law of) status to the discourse of the law of status. It focuses on the development of one important doctrine—of the so-called restitution of conjugal rights. The chapter demonstrates how at British India’s colonial courts, together with the Privy Council, conjugal restitution was elaborated by building upon a crucial analogy between marriage and contract, thus highlighting the counterintuitive way that arguments from the core of the law of the market were imported into the religious subsystems of the personal law, including through active participation by South Asian lawyers, litigants, and judges involved in familial disputes. Beyond grappling with the dialectic of uniformity and variability in classical legal thought’s globalization, the final chapter pushes for a reconsideration of the relationship between law, religion, and the notion of the personal/domestic with which they are so often linked in the history of modern South Asia.
Fair Trade
Authors: Hirst Samuel J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Bolsheviks and the Kemalists sought to increase bilateral trade in the 1920s, and this chapter argues that, as the two sides pursued different goals, they both intentionally and unintentionally increased state control over international commerce. The process began in the immediate aftermath of the First World War, as the Soviet government attempted to boost “Eastern trade” by lowering tariffs with countries along its southern border. The chapter then shows that the Turkish government was able to appeal to anti-imperialist solidarity and use diplomatic leverage to receive benefits from membership in this emerging regional economy. The most significant institutional outcome of this period was a “net balance” arrangement, which was an early version of the clearing agreements that would become widespread in the 1930s. The story is one of improvisations, as both sides tried to orchestrate trade on the periphery of Western-dominated global markets. The improvisation would prove significant, as the net balance arrangement became the basis for industrial credit agreements in subsequent decades.
Music and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Magaldi Cristina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The book explores the role of music in fostering cosmopolitanism at the turn of the 20th century, focusing on Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil at the time. It explores the aftermath of the 1888 abolition of slavery and the first two decades of the newly established republican government—roughly from 1889 to 1910, when the city also experienced an urban metamorphosis in terms of architecture and overall landscape, promoted by the new government and meant to “modernize” the city. Of particular interest are the various musics performed in new venues that sprawled throughout the city center and its surroundings and how they opened new spaces for artists, musicians, and audiences, who engaged with a variety of musics and performance practices to express, problematize, and ultimately help shape modernity in the fin-de-siècle city. The book explores case studies of opera, operetta, and the music hall songs, while covering an array of spaces of music-making—from the concert hall to the theater and the music hall, from the movies and the circus to the streets. It shows how Rio de Janeiro’s residents shared with residents of many contemporary cities a sense of world connection and disconnection characteristic of their times, focusing on the sociocultural interrelatedness provided by music and music-making. The work offers a story of musical Rio de Janeiro, a city that, like other contemporary cities, grew to become one place containing many worlds.
Diversifying
Authors: Magaldi Cristina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the many musical fashions that shaped the city’s emergent music business. Mlle. Ywonna returns as a protagonist, as she ventures further into Rio de Janeiro’s heterogeneous and cosmopolitan theatrical environment led by entrepreneur Pachoal Segreto. The chapter follows several female performers and entrepreneurs who worked with Ywonna, such as Pepa Ruiz, Aurélia Delorme, and Ana Manarezzi, and shows how they contributed to the diversification and growth of the music business in the Brazilian capital. It discusses the use of “old-fashioned” musics in Ywonna’s café concerts, from composers such as Robert Plaquette, Frederico Chueca, and Louis Varney, and how they were presented as something already part of city culture, alongside local works by Guimarães Passos. The chapter also explores the disconnect between musical and performance styles with the citizenship of the artists and the language used in songs to (re)consider the relation between concepts of “national” and music-making during the period. The chapter further suggests that White female performers of various provenances were instrumental to the solidification of the stereotypical “dancing mulatta” as a part of an urban theatrical and musical network that fed on the commodification of Black female bodies.
Local Cosmopolitanisms
Authors: Magaldi Cristina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the roles played by the artists Geraldo Magalhães and Eduardo das Neves in the building of the city’s multifaceted and heterogeneous entertainment and music business. Magalhães used his skills as a performer and entrepreneur to venture across national borders. He mastered various languages, performances, and musical styles to overcome racial stereotypes and to bridge cultural differences and to eventually become a truly cosmopolitan artist. As a flâneur singer and performer, Neves’s skills as a composer, performer, and businessman allowed him to build a successful career in Rio de Janeiro. As he reflected on the city’s daily experiences, Neves became a key interpreter of the city’s multicultural and cosmopolitan environment. The chapter discusses the restricting contexts in which Black musicians and performers are usually featured in historical accounts of the cosmopolitan city, despite the creative role that they played in shaping the business of music Rio de Janeiro and abroad.