bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homologous RXLR effectors from Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and Phytophthora sojae suppress immunity in distantly related plants
Authors: Anderson Ryan G. , Casady Megan S. , Fee Rachel A. , Vaughan Martha M. , Deb Devdutta , Fedkenheuer Kevin , Huffaker Alisa , Schmelz Eric A. , Tyler Brett M. , McDowell John M. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryDiverse pathogens secrete effector proteins into plant cells to manipulate host cellular processes. Oomycete pathogens contain large complements of predicted effector genes defined by an RXLR host cell entry motif. The genome of Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa, downy mildew of Arabidopsis) contains at least 134 candidate RXLR effector genes. Only a small subset of these genes is conserved in related oomycetes from the Phytophthora genus. Here, we describe a comparative functional characterization of the Hpa RXLR effector gene HaRxL96 and a homologous gene, PsAvh163, from the Glycine max (soybean) pathogen Phytophthora sojae. HaRxL96 and PsAvh163 are induced during the early stages of infection and carry a functional RXLR motif that is sufficient for protein uptake into plant cells. Both effectors can suppress immune responses in soybean. HaRxL96 suppresses immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas PsAvh163 induces an HR‐like cell death response in Nicotiana that is dependent on RAR1 and Hsp90.1. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing HaRxL96 or PsAvh163 exhibit elevated susceptibility to virulent and avirulent Hpa, as well as decreased callose deposition in response to non‐pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae. Both effectors interfere with defense marker gene induction, but do not affect salicylic acid biosynthesis. Together, these experiments demonstrate that evolutionarily conserved effectors from different oomycete species can suppress immunity in plant species that are divergent from the source pathogen’s host.
Association of 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of the HLA‐G gene in father with severe preeclampsia in Chinese
Authors: Zhang Z. , Li Y. , Zhang L. L. , Jia L. T. , Yang X. Q. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPreeclampsia (PE), especially severePEincluding early (before 34 weeks' gestation) and late (after 34 weeks' gestation) onsetPE, is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. It is well known that abnormal human leukocyte antigen subtype G (HLA‐G) expression may contribute toPE. In this study, we investigated allelic and genotypic frequencies of the 14 bp deletion/insert polymorphism in the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of theHLA‐G gene in cases (120 pairs of mother–offspring, 82 couples, and 67 pairs of father–offspring with severePE) and controls (158 pairs of mother–offspring, 87 couples, and 75 pairs of father–offspring with normal pregnancy). We found that the frequencies of the +14 bp/+14 bpHLA‐G genotype of the offspring were significantly higher in the severe and early onset severePEcases compared with controls, and the frequencies of the −14 bp/−14 bpHLA‐G genotype of the offspring were significantly lower in the early onset severePEcases compared with controls. The frequency of combined −14 bp/+14 bp mother/ +14 bp/+14 bp offspring genotypes was significantly higher in the severe and early onset severePEcases compared with controls, and the frequency of combined −14 bp/+14 bp mother/ −14 bp/−14 bp offspring genotypes was significantly lower in the early onset severePEcases compared with late onset severePEcases. The frequency of combined −14 bp/−14 bp father/−14 bp/−14 bp offspring genotypes was significantly lower in the early onset severePEcases compared with late onset severePEcases and controls. In overview, theHLA‐G 14 bp deletion/insert polymorphism is associated with severePEin father–offspring, and its distribution is different between the early and late onset severePE.
Assessment of copy‐number variation in the NKG2C receptor gene in a single‐tube and characterization of a reference cell panel, using standard polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Moraru M. , Cañizares M. , Muntasell A. , de Pablo R. , López‐Botet M. , Vilches C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNatural killer (NK) and T‐lymphocytes monitor human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐E expression through CD94:NKG2 heterodimers. Structural polymorphism is not a hallmark for NK‐complex genes on chromosome 12, except for complete NKG2C deletion in some humans. We present a method for fast, simple and accurate assessment of NKG2C copy‐number variation – presence or absence in the genome of an NKG2C gene, in homo‐ or heterozygosis, is detected by a single conventional polymerase chain reaction that yields amplicons of different lengths in each genotype. We have also determined the NKG2C genotypes of a reference cell panel comprising 13 NK‐ and tumour‐cell lines and 39 Epstein‐Barr virus transformed cells from the International Histocompatibility Workshop. Our results should facilitate research on the importance of NKG2C and its deletion for immunity.
Oxygenation index predicts mortality in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients requiring mechanical ventilation
Authors: Rowan Courtney M. , Hege Kerry M. , Speicher Richard H. , Goodman Michael , Perkins Susan M. , Slaven James E. , Westenkirchner David F. , Haut Paul R. , Nitu Mara E. 
Published: June 2012

Rowan CM, Hege KM, Speicher RH, Goodman M, Perkins SM, Slaven JE, Westenkirchner DF, Haut PR, Nitu ME. Oxygenation index predicts mortality in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients requiring mechanical ventilation.Abstract:  The mortality in the ICU for pediatric HSCT recipients remains high. Early pulmonary complications continue to be an obstacle to the survival. We hypothesize OI is a predictor for mortality in critically ill pediatric HSCT recipients. Retrospective review of pediatric HSCT recipients between 2002 and 2010 who required intensive care during the same hospital admission as their transplant. Twenty‐eight patients accounted for 31 ICU admissions. Twenty‐six (84%) admissions required mechanical ventilation. Ten (38%) mechanically ventilated admissions were placed on HFOV. Mortality of those mechanically ventilated was 70%. An OI ≥ 20 at any point during ventilation was associated with 94% mortality, while an OI ≥ 25 had 100% mortality. There was a significant association between maximum OI at any point during mechanical ventilation and ICU mortality, with the odds of dying increasing by 13% for each unit increase of max OI (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01–1.26, p = 0.03). An OI of 20 had a sensitivity of 0.89 and specificity of 0.83 for predicting mortality. OI has a strong association with ICU mortality among pediatric stem cell recipients.
Twelve‐hour days in the brain and behavior of split hamsters
Authors: Butler Matthew P. , Rainbow Megan N. , Rodriguez Elizabeth , Lyon Sarah M. , Silver Rae 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHamsters will spontaneously ‘split’ and exhibit two rest–activity cycles each day when housed in constant light (LL). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the locus of a brain clock organizing circadian rhythmicity. In split hamsters, the right and left SCN oscillate 12 h out of phase with each other, and the twice‐daily locomotor bouts alternately correspond to one or the other. This unique configuration of the circadian system is useful for investigation of SCN communication to efferent targets. To track phase and period in the SCN and its targets, we measured wheel‐running and FOS expression in the brains of split and unsplit hamsters housed in LL or light–dark cycles. The amount and duration of activity before splitting were correlated with latency to split, suggesting behavioral feedback to circadian organization. LL induced a robust rhythm in the SCN core, regardless of splitting. The split hamsters’ SCN exhibited 24‐h rhythms of FOS that cycled in antiphase between left and right sides and between core and shell subregions. In contrast, the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus and orexin‐A neurons all exhibited 12‐h rhythms of FOS expression, in‐phase between hemispheres, with some detectable right–left differences in amplitude. Importantly, in all conditions studied, the onset of FOS expression in targets occurred at a common phase reference point of the SCN oscillation, suggesting that each SCN may signal these targets once daily. Finally, the transduction of 24‐h SCN rhythms to 12‐h extra‐SCN rhythms indicates that each SCN signals both ipsilateral and contralateral targets.
Management and short‐term outcome of malignant colorectal polyps in the north of England1
Authors: Gill M. D. , Rutter M. D. , Holtham S. J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAim  Management of malignant colorectal polyps (MCP) is contentious, with no randomized controlled trials comparing endoscopic with surgical management. This study reviews the management and outcomes of MCPs across a UK region.Method  Patients with a malignant polyp were identified using the NORCCAG (NORthern Colorectal Cancer Audit Group) database between April 2006 and July 2010. All histopathology reports and follow‐up procedures were reviewed.Results  Of 386 patients identified, 165 (42.7%) had the polyp biopsied and 221 (57.3%) had an endoscopic local excision (37 piecemeal excision, 184 polypectomy). All patients having an endoscopic biopsy underwent surgery. 103 (46.6%) having a local excision had follow‐up surgery, of whom 79 (76.7%) had no residual cancer. Of the 118 patients managed endoscopically, none had residual cancer on follow‐up endoscopy. The 21 (5.4%) Dukes C cancers were associated with Kikuchi SM3/Haggitt 4 lesions (χ2 = 10.85, P = 0.005) and lesions with an involved/unsure excision margin (χ2 = 7.44, P = 0.017). Predictors of finding residual tumour at surgery after local excision were Kikuchi SM3/Haggitt Level 4 (χ2 = 17.07, P < 0.001) and an involved/unsure excision margin (χ2 = 20.45, P < 0.001). An excision margin > 0 mm was associated with the finding of no residual tumour (χ2 = 25.21, P < 0.001). There was no difference in survival between surgical and endoscopic management (χ2 = 0.634, P = 0.426) after a mean follow‐up of 25.1 months.Conclusion  Endoscopic management of a subgroup of MCPs appears safe. A clear resection margin (> 0 mm) appears sufficient to avoid surgery, except in locally advanced lesions (Kikuchi 3/Haggitt 4) which have a greater risk of residual cancer at surgery and lymph node metastasis.
A critical analysis of undergraduate students' cultural immersion experiences
Authors: Harrowing J.N. , Gregory D.M. , O'Sullivan P.S. , Lee B. , Doolittle L. 
Published: June 2012

HARROWING J.N., GREGORY D.M., O'SULLIVAN P.S., LEE B. & DOOLITTLE L. (2012) A critical analysis of undergraduate students' cultural immersion experiences. International Nursing ReviewPurpose:  This paper is concerned with the impact of an international health promotion experience on the understanding of culture among university students. Such immersion experiences are often cited as a strategy to prepare nurses for culturally appropriate practice. We describe students' epistemic movements over time with respect to cultural perspectives prior to, during and after a field study in Malawi.Design:  Data were collected at three time points from students in undergraduate nursing (n = 14) and non‐nursing (n = 8) programs at a Canadian university. Two essays narrating participants' understanding of culture were submitted by consenting class members. A subgroup of nine participants (four nursing students, five from other disciplines) completed a third narrative following a subsequent field study course in Malawi.Method:  Using narrative analysis, themes and structures in the participants' writing were identified and located within a constructivist or essentialist paradigm of cultural understanding.Findings:  Overwhelmingly, students' narratives were initially portrayed and informed by an essentialist understanding of culture. Later narratives demonstrated varying degrees of epistemic movement towards more constructivist viewpoints. Narratives that initially exhibited constructivist characteristics tended to display strengthened convictions in that paradigm.Conclusion:  We challenge the claim that an international immersion experience immediately transforms participants into cultural experts; our evidence suggests that students experienced existential growth, but their understanding of culture did not change as a result of their brief stay in a different cultural context. Cultural immersion is a phenomenon that requires more critical analysis and systematic investigation to determine how such experiences contribute to learning about culture among nursing students.
Targeted re‐sequencing of the allohexaploid wheat exome
Authors: Winfield Mark O. , Wilkinson Paul A. , Allen Alexandra M. , Barker Gary L. A. , Coghill Jane A. , Burridge Amanda , Hall Anthony , Brenchley Rachael C. , D’Amore Rosalinda , Hall Neil , Bevan Michael W. , Richmond Todd , Gerhardt Daniel J. , Jeddeloh Jeffrey A. , Edwards Keith J. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryBread wheat, Triticum aestivum, is an allohexaploid composed of the three distinct ancestral genomes, A, B and D. The polyploid nature of the wheat genome together with its large size has limited our ability to generate the significant amount of sequence data required for whole genome studies. Even with the advent of next‐generation sequencing technology, it is still relatively expensive to generate whole genome sequences for more than a few wheat genomes at any one time. To overcome this problem, we have developed a targeted‐capture re‐sequencing protocol based upon NimbleGen array technology to capture and characterize 56.5 Mb of genomic DNA with sequence similarity to over 100 000 transcripts from eight different UK allohexaploid wheat varieties. Using this procedure in conjunction with a carefully designed bioinformatic procedure, we have identified more than 500 000 putative single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). While 80% of these were variants between the homoeologous genomes, A, B and D, a significant number (20%) were putative varietal SNPs between the eight varieties studied. A small number of these latter polymorphisms were experimentally validated using KASPar technology and 94% proved to be genuine. The procedures described here to sequence a large proportion of the wheat genome, and the various SNPs identified should be of considerable use to the wider wheat community.
Bayesian face recognition and perceptual narrowing in face‐space
Authors: Balas Benjamin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDuring the first year of life, infants’ face recognition abilities are subject to ‘perceptual narrowing’, the end result of which is that observers lose the ability to distinguish previously discriminable faces (e.g. other‐race faces) from one another. Perceptual narrowing has been reported for faces of different species and different races, in developing humans and primates. Though the phenomenon is highly robust and replicable, there have been few efforts to model the emergence of perceptual narrowing as a function of the accumulation of experience with faces during infancy. The goal of the current study is to examine how perceptual narrowing might manifest as statistical estimation in ‘face‐space’, a geometric framework for describing face recognition that has been successfully applied to adult face perception. Here, I use a computer vision algorithm for Bayesian face recognition to study how the acquisition of experience in face‐space and the presence of race categories affect performance for own and other‐race faces. Perceptual narrowing follows from the establishment of distinct race categories, suggesting that the acquisition of category boundaries for race is a key computational mechanism in developing face expertise.
Connecting neural coding to number cognition: a computational account
Authors: Prather Richard W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe current study presents a series of computational simulations that demonstrate how the neural coding of numerical magnitude may influence number cognition and development. This includes behavioral phenomena cataloged in cognitive literature such as the development of numerical estimation and operational momentum. Though neural research has begun to describe neural coding of number, it is unclear how specific characteristics of the neural coding may relate to the expansive list of behavioral phenomena in the development of number cognition. The following study considers several possibilities.
Areal Typology of Proto‐Indo‐European: The Case for Caucasian Connections
Authors: Matasović Ranko 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper re‐examines the evidence for early contacts between Proto‐Indo‐European (PIE) and the languages of the Caucasus. Although we were not able to find certain proofs of lexical borrowing between PIE and North Caucasian, there are a few undeniable areal‐typological parallels in phonology and grammar. Some features generally attributed to PIE are not found in the majority of languages of North and Northeastern Eurasia, while they are common, or universally present, in the languages of the Caucasus (especially North Caucasus). Those features include the high consonant‐to‐vowel ratio, tonal accent, number suppletion in personal pronouns, the presence of gender and the morphological optative and, possibly, the presence of glottalized consonants and ergativity.
The Trade and Welfare Impacts of Australian Quarantine Policies: The Case of Pigmeat
Authors: Beghin John , Melatos Mark 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe analyse the trade and welfare impact of quarantine measures imposed by Australia on imports of pigmeat. In particular, we account for changes to Australia’s pigmeat quarantine policy over time including those changes related to the recent resolution of a WTO dispute between Australia and the European Union. Using a random utility model, and applying it to corner solutions in import decisions, tariff equivalents (by major trading partner) are estimated for the different pigmeat quarantine regimes implemented by Australia during the period 1988–2009. The welfare impact on consumers, producers and foreign exporters is computed using a partial equilibrium model calibrated on the econometric estimates. The quarantine regimes had a strong effect on trade and welfare with a tariff equivalent above 113 per cent of average real‐world prices over the period analysed.
Private Standards, Trade and Poverty: GlobalGAP and Horticultural Employment in Senegal
Authors: Colen Liesbeth , Maertens Miet , Swinnen Johan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature that analyses the implications of private food standards for developing countries. Most of this literature has focused on the trade effects of standards and on the effects on exporters and producers. Very few studies have looked at the effect of standards for workers in export supply chains – although this is important for poverty reduction. In this paper, we use original panel data from surveys among workers in the horticultural export industry in Senegal to analyse the effects of GlobalGAP certification of exporter–producer companies on the employment conditions of workers in these companies. The results suggest that GlobalGAP certification is associated with an increase in workers’ daily wages and with longer employment periods. We put forward different explanations for the mechanism through which these effects on employment conditions can emerge.
Uncovering the Benefits of Participatory Research: Implications of a Realist Review for Health Research and Practice
Authors: JAGOSH JUSTIN , MACAULAY ANN C. , PLUYE PIERRE , SALSBERG JON , BUSH PAULA L. , HENDERSON JIM , SIRETT ERIN , WONG GEOFF , CARGO MARGARET , HERBERT CAROL P. , SEIFER SARENA D. , GREEN LAWRENCE W. , GREENHALGH TRISHA 
Published: June 2012

Context: Participatory research (PR) is the co‐construction of research through partnerships between researchers and people affected by and/or responsible for action on the issues under study. Evaluating the benefits of PR is challenging for a number of reasons: the research topics, methods, and study designs are heterogeneous; the extent of collaborative involvement may vary over the duration of a project and from one project to the next; and partnership activities may generate a complex array of both short‐ and long‐term outcomes.Methods: Our review team consisted of a collaboration among researchers and decision makers in public health, research funding, ethics review, and community‐engaged scholarship. We identified, selected, and appraised a large‐variety sample of primary studies describing PR partnerships, and in each stage, two team members independently reviewed and coded the literature. We used key realist review concepts (middle‐range theory, demi‐regularity, and context‐mechanism‐outcome configurations [CMO]) to analyze and synthesize the data, using the PR partnership as the main unit of analysis.Findings: From 7,167 abstracts and 591 full‐text papers, we distilled for synthesis a final sample of twenty‐three PR partnerships described in 276 publications. The link between process and outcome in these partnerships was best explained using the middle‐range theory of partnership synergy, which demonstrates how PR can (1) ensure culturally and logistically appropriate research, (2) enhance recruitment capacity, (3) generate professional capacity and competence in stakeholder groups, (4) result in productive conflicts followed by useful negotiation, (5) increase the quality of outputs and outcomes over time, (6) increase the sustainability of project goals beyond funded time frames and during gaps in external funding, and (7) create system changes and new unanticipated projects and activities. Negative examples illustrated why these outcomes were not a guaranteed product of PR partnerships but were contingent on key aspects of context.Conclusions: We used a realist approach to embrace the heterogeneity and complexity of the PR literature. This theory‐driven synthesis identified mechanisms by which PR may add value to the research process. Using the middle‐range theory of partnership synergy, our review confirmed findings from previous PR reviews, documented and explained some negative outcomes, and generated new insights into the benefits of PR regarding conflicts and negotiation between stakeholders, program sustainability and advancement, unanticipated project activity, and the generation of systemic change.