bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine environment‐based forecasting of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) adult recruitment
Authors: RUPP DAVID E. , WAINWRIGHT THOMAS C. , LAWSON PETER W. , PETERSON WILLIAM T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGeneralized additive models (GAMs) were used to investigate the relationships between annual recruitment of natural coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from Oregon coastal rivers and indices of the physical ocean environment. Nine indices were examined, ranging from large‐scale ocean indicators, e.g., Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), to indicators of the local ecosystem (e.g., coastal water temperature near Charleston, OR). Generalized additive models with two and three predictor variables were evaluated using a set of performance metrics aimed at quantifying model skill in short‐term (approximately 1 yr) forecasting. High explanatory power and promising forecast skill resulted when the spring/summer PDO averaged over the 4 yr prior to the return year was used to explain a low‐frequency (multi‐year) pattern in recruitment and one or two additional variables accounted for year‐to‐year deviations from the low‐frequency pattern. More variance was explained when averaging the predictions from a set of models (i.e., taking the ensemble mean) than by any single model. Making multiple forecasts from a set of models also provided a range of possible outcomes that reflected, to some degree, the uncertainty in our understanding of how salmon productivity is driven by physical ocean conditions.
The effect of curing conditions on the physical properties of tricalcium silicate cement for use as a dental biomaterial
Authors: Formosa L. M. , Mallia B. , Camilleri J. 
Published: November 2011

Formosa LM, Mallia B, Camilleri J. The effect of curing conditions on the physical properties of tricalcium silicate cement for use as a dental biomaterial. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 326–336, 2012.AbstractAim  To investigate the physical properties of tricalcium silicate (TCS) with and without the addition of a radiopacifier and compare them with that of Portland cement (PC) and radiopaque PC in an mineral trioxide aggregate‐like system.Methodology  Tricalcium silicate, PC and radiopacified variants containing 20% bismuth oxide were tested for radiopacity, compressive strength, setting time and dimensional stability. All the testing was performed at 37 °C and under different environmental conditions namely at 100% humidity or immersed in either water or Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS). Testing was performed after both 1 and 28 days.Results  The cements exhibited radiopacity values equivalent to <3 mm. Addition of 20% bismuth oxide resulted in adequate radiopacity. The strength of TCS was independent of the curing conditions. The cements without radiopacifier had improved strength characteristics when immersed in HBSS, whilst the radiopacified cements exhibited higher strengths when soaked in water. Tricalcium silicate demonstrated the shortest setting time. Addition of bismuth oxide increased the setting time of the cements while HBSS inhibited the setting of bismuth oxide‐replaced cements. The PC‐based materials exhibited a net contraction higher than that recorded for TCS‐based cements in all curing conditions. The dimensional change exhibited by the specimens was generally greater in the first few hours of setting, but then stabilized with time.Conclusions  Tricalcium silicate cement required the addition of a radiopacifying agent to make it suitable for use as a dental material. Tricalcium silicate exhibited adequate physical properties and thus was shown to be a suitable replacement for the PC component in MTA. Bismuth oxide drastically increased the setting time of the test cements in phosphate‐containing solutions. Alternative radiopacifiers that do not retard the setting time need to be investigated.
Effects of altering the Si/Ca molar ratio of a calcium silicate cement on in vitro cell attachment
Authors: Shie M. Y. , Chang H. C. , Ding S. J. 
Published: November 2011

Shie MY, Chang HC, Ding SJ. Effects of altering the Si/Ca molar ratio of a calcium silicate cement on in vitro cell attachment. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 337–345, 2012.AbstractAim  To examine the effects of altering the Si/Ca molar ratio (6 : 4, 5 : 5, and 4 : 6) of a quick‐setting calcium silicate cement on in vitro cell attachment.Methodology  Working time and setting time of three different calcium silicate cements were measured. Alamar Blue was used for real‐time and repeated monitoring of cell attachment and proliferation. The Si and Ca ion concentrations of the cell culture medium in the presence of three different calcium silicate cements seeded with MG63 cells were measured. Kinetic immunofluorescent staining of MG63 cells was performed during cell attachment and spreading. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was employed to determine gene expression in MG63 cells cultured on the cements. One‐way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the significance of the differences between the mean values.Results  The working time (4–7 min) and setting time (17–24 min) of the cements were shortened with an increase in the Ca content of the calcium silicate powders after mixing the powder with water. In contrast, the higher the Si content in the cement, the more the MG63 cells attached to the cement at all culture time‐points, accompanying by the formation of more obvious actin stress fibres. Cell proliferation and differentiation increased significantly (P < 0.05) with an increase in the Si content of the calcium silicate cements. Si ion concentration of the culture medium increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing cement Si content and culture time‐points.Conclusions  The higher Si content cement enhanced the higher expression of cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation as compared to the lower Si content cement.
Effects of inclusion on the academic achievement and adaptive behaviour of children with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Dessemontet R. Sermier , Bless G. , Morin D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  While an extensive body of research has examined the outcomes of inclusion for pupils with special needs, in particular learning disabilities, its effects on the development of children with intellectual disabilities (ID) have been less explored. As inclusive practices tend to be more common for this group of children, it is important to acquire more knowledge on this issue.Methods  A comparative study with an experimental group of 34 children with ID fully included in general education classrooms with support, and a control group of 34 comparable children in special schools has been conducted. The progress accomplished by these two groups in their academic achievement and adaptive behaviour has been compared over two school years.Results  Included children made slightly more progress in literacy skills than children attending special schools. No differences were found between the progress of the two groups in mathematics and adaptive behaviour.Conclusions  Inclusive education is an appropriate educational option for primary pupils with ID who require extensive support in school.
Sleep in children and adolescents with Angelman syndrome: association with parent sleep and stress
Authors: Goldman S. E. , Bichell T. J. , Surdyka K. , Malow B. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  Sleep concerns are common in children with Angelman syndrome, with 20–80% of individuals having a decreased sleep need and/or abnormal sleep–wake cycles. The impact of these sleep behaviours on parental sleep and stress is not known.Method  Through the use of standardised questionnaires, wrist actigraphy and polysomnography, we defined the sleep behaviours of 15 children/adolescents with Angelman syndrome and the association of the child/adolescents sleep behaviours on parental sleep behaviours and parental stress.Results  Both children/adolescents and their parents exhibited over 1 h of wake time after sleep onset and fragmented sleep. Prolonged sleep latency in the child was associated with parent insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Additionally, variability in child total sleep time was associated with parental stress.Conclusions  Poor sleep in children/adolescents with Angelman syndrome was associated with poor parental sleep and higher parental stress. Further work is warranted to identify the underlying causes of the poor sleep, and to relate these findings to daytime functioning, behaviour and the family unit.
Police encounters with people with intellectual disability: prevalence, characteristics and challenges
Authors: Henshaw M. , Thomas S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  This study investigated the experiences and perceptions of operational members of Victoria Police in relation to their contacts with people with intellectual disability (ID). Key interests for exploration included how frequently and in what context police reported coming into contact with people with ID, how they made this identification, and the challenges they experienced at this interface.Methods  Participants comprised 229 operational police members who attended mandatory firearms training sessions over a 2‐week period in Melbourne, Australia.Results  Police reported coming into contact with people they believed to have an ID on a regular basis and for a wide variety of reasons. They were most likely to base their knowledge on job‐related experiences and were most likely to identify individuals on the basis of physical and behavioural cues. The most common challenges were communication, and gaining access to assistance and co‐operation from other service providers. While many considered themselves capable in their interactions with those with ID, those who identified that they were most in need of training reported lower confidence in how to respond in these encounters.Conclusions  Future training needs to focus on differentiating between mental illness and ID, techniques for enhancing identification and communication, and the inclusion of hands‐on scenario‐based sessions involving an interdisciplinary approach.
Genomics and transcriptomics across the diversity of the Nematoda
Authors: BLAXTER M. , KUMAR S. , KAUR G. , KOUTSOVOULOS G. , ELSWORTH B. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe diversity of biology in nematodes is reflected in the diversity of their genomes. Parasitic species in particular have evolved mechanisms to invade and outwit their hosts, and these offer opportunities for the development of control measures. Genomic analyses can reveal the molecular underpinnings of phenotypes such as parasitism and thus, initiate and support research programmes that explore the manipulation of host and parasite physiologies to achieve favourable outcomes. Wide sampling across nematode diversity allows phylogenetically informed formulation of research hypotheses, identification of core features shared by all species or important evolutionary novelties present in isolated clades. Many nematode species have been investigated through the use of the expressed sequence tag approach, which samples from the transcribed genome. Gene catalogues generated in this way can be explored to reveal the patterns of expression associated with parasitism and candidates for testing as drug targets or vaccine components. Analysis environments, such as NEMBASE facilitate exploitation of these data. The development of new high‐throughput DNA‐sequencing technologies has facilitated transcriptomic and genomic approaches to parasite biology. Whole genome sequencing offers more complete catalogues of genes and assists a systems approach to phenotype dissection. These efforts are being coordinated through the 959 Nematode Genomes initiative.
Lower crustal melting via magma underplating: Elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic constraints from late Mesozoic intermediate–felsic volcanic rocks in the northeastern North China Block
Authors: LI CHAOWEN , GUO FENG , FAN WEIMING 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAr–Ar dating, major and trace element analyses, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope results of two groups of Lower Cretaceous (erupted at 126 and 119 Ma, respectively) intermediate–felsic lava from the northeastern North China Block (NCB) suggest their derivation from melting of mixtures between the heterogeneous lower crust and underplated basalts. Both groups exhibit high‐K calc‐alkaline to shoshonitic affinities, characterized by light rare earth element (LREE) and large ion lithophile element (LILE) enrichment and variable high field strength element (HFSE, e.g. Nb, Ta and Ti) depletion, and moderately radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd and Pb isotopic compositions. Compared with Group 2, Group 1 rocks have relatively higher K2O and Al2O3/(CaO + K2O + Na2O) in molar ratio, higher HFSE concentrations and lower Nb/Ta ratios, and higher Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios. Group 1 rocks were derived from a mixture of an enriched mantle‐derived magma and a lower crust that has developed radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd and Pb isotopic compositions, whereas the Group 2 magmas were melts of another mixture between the same mantle‐derived component and another type of lower crust having even lower Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios. Shift in source region from Group 1 to Group 2 coincided with a change in melting conditions: hydrous melting of both the underplated basalt and the lower crust produced the earlier high‐Nb and low‐Nb/Ta melts with little or no residual Ti‐rich phases; while the younger low‐Nb and high‐Nb/Ta magmas were melted under a water‐deficient system, in which Ti‐rich phases were retained in the source. Generation of the two groups of intermediate–felsic volcanic rocks was genetically linked with the contemporaneous magma underplating event as a result of lithospheric thinning in the eastern NCB.
Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in indigenous Australians within Central Australia: the Central Australian Ocular Health Study
Authors: Landers John , Henderson Tim , Abhary Sotoodeh , Craig Jamie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground:  To estimate the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) within the indigenous Australian population living in Central Australia.Design:  Clinic‐based cohort study.Participants:  One thousand eight hundred eighty‐four individuals aged ≥20 years living in one of 30 remote communities within the statistical local area of ‘Central Australia’.Methods:  Among those with diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 1040), 432 (42%) were reviewed between 6 months and 3 years (median 21 months) after the initial examination. DR in participants with DM was graded using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification. Baseline results were compared with those at follow‐up.Main Outcome Measures:  The incidence of any DR and vision‐threatening DR (clinically significant macular oedema and/or proliferative DR) in at least one eye.Results:  Of those with DM but without DR at baseline, 8.41% (9.42% of those aged 40 years or older) per year developed DR. Meanwhile, 0.7% (0.92% for those aged ≥40 years) of those with no DR at baseline developed vision‐threatening DR per year, increasing to 8.4% per year for those with minimal or mild non‐proliferative DR, and 28.2% per year for those with moderate or severe non‐proliferative DR at baseline.Conclusion:  Our study has estimated the annual incidence rates of DR among indigenous Australians living within Central Australia. These rates are similar to those from the non‐indigenous population, and highlight the need for good surveillance and service provision in a population where the prevalence of diabetes is very high and the logistics of screening are complex.
Children’s essentialist reasoning about language and race
Authors: Kinzler Katherine D. , Dautel Jocelyn B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAcross four studies, we directly compared children’s essentialist reasoning about the stability of race and language throughout an individual’s lifespan. Monolingual English‐speaking children were presented with a series of images of children who were either White or Black; each face was paired with a voice clip in either English or French. Participants were asked which of two adults each target child would grow up to be – one who was a ‘match’ to the target child in race but not language, and the other a ‘match’ in language but not race. Nine‐ to 10‐year‐old European American children chose the race‐match, rather than the language‐match. In contrast, 5–6‐year‐old European American children in both urban, racially diverse, and rural, racially homogeneous environments chose the language‐match, even though this necessarily meant that the target child would transform racial categories. Although surprising in light of adult reasoning, these young children demonstrated an intuition about the relative stability of an individual’s language compared to her racial group membership. Yet, 5–6‐year‐old African American children, similar to the older European American children, chose the race‐match, suggesting that membership in a racial minority group may highlight children’s reasoning about race as a stable category. Theoretical implications for our understanding of children’s categorization of human kinds are discussed.
Effects of normal and abnormal visual experience on the development of opposing aftereffects for upright and inverted faces
Authors: Robbins Rachel A. , Maurer Daphne , Hatry Alexandra , Anzures Gizelle , Mondloch Catherine J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe used opposing figural aftereffects to investigate whether there are at least partially separable representations of upright and inverted faces in patients who missed early visual experience because of bilateral congenital cataracts (mean age at test 19.5 years). Visually normal adults and 10‐year‐olds were tested for comparison. Adults showed the expected opposing aftereffects for upright and inverted faces. Ten‐year‐olds showed an adultlike aftereffect for upright faces but, unlike the adult group, no aftereffect for inverted faces. Patients failed to show an aftereffect for either upright or inverted faces. Overall, the results suggest that early visual input is necessary for the later development of (at least partially) separable representations of upright and inverted faces, a developmental process that takes many years to reach an adult‐like refinement.
NO CLOSURE ON SKEPTICISM
Authors: AVNUR YUVAL , BRUECKNER ANTHONY , BUFORD CHRISTOPHER T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article is a response to an important objection that Sherrilyn Roush has made to the standard closure‐based argument for skepticism, an argument that has been studied over the past couple of decades. If Roush's objection is on the mark, then this would be a quite significant finding. We argue that her objection fails.
STANDARDS OF EQUALITY AND HUME'S VIEW OF GEOMETRY
Authors: BADICI EMIL 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIt has been argued that there is a genuine conflict between the views of geometry defended by Hume in the Treatise and in the Enquiry: while the former work attributes to geometry a different status from that of arithmetic and algebra, the latter attempts to restore its status as an exact and certain science. A closer reading of Hume shows that, in fact, there is no conflict between the two works with respect to geometry. The key to understanding Hume's view of geometry is the distinction he draws between two standards of equality in extension.
APTNESS OF EMOTIONS FOR FICTIONS AND IMAGININGS
Authors: GILMORE JONATHAN 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMany philosophical accounts of the emotions conceive of them as susceptible to assessments of rationality, fittingness, or some other notion of aptness. Analogous assumptions apply in cases of emotions directed at what are taken to be only fictional or only imagined. My question is whether the criteria governing the aptness of emotions we have toward what we take to be real things apply invariantly to those emotions we have toward what we take to be only fictional or imagined. I argue that what counts as a reason justifying an emotion can differ across real, fictional, and imagined domains.
PRESENTISM, PERSISTENCE AND COMPOSITION
Authors: MAGALHÃES ERNÂNI 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPace Benovsky's ‘Presentism and Persistence,’ presentism is compatible with perdurantism, tropes and bundle‐of‐universals theories of persisting objects. I demonstrate how the resemblance, causation and precedence relations that tie stages together can be accommodated within an ersatzer presentist framework. The presentist account of these relations is then used to delineate a presentist‐friendly account of the inter‐temporal composition required for making worms out of stages. The defense of presentist trope theory shows how properties with indexes other than t may be said to exist at t. This involves an account of how times other than t exist at t, and how times may be multiply located at any given time. Benovsky's objection to bundles of universals is shown to assume that a bundle of properties must have the properties of its element properties.
Colour homogeneity and visual perception of age, health and attractiveness of male facial skin
Authors: Fink B. , Matts P.J. , D’Emiliano D. , Bunse L. , Weege B. , Röder S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground Visible facial skin condition in females is known to affect perception of age, health and attractiveness. Skin colour distribution in shape‐ and topography‐standardized female faces, driven by localized melanin and haemoglobin, can account for up to twenty years of apparent age perception. Although this is corroborated by an ability to discern female age even in isolated, non‐contextual skin images, a similar effect in the perception of male skin is yet to be demonstrated.Objectives To investigate the effect of skin colour homogeneity and chromophore distribution on the visual perception of age, health and attractiveness of male facial skin.Methods Cropped images from the cheeks of facial images of 160 Caucasian British men aged 10–70 years were blind‐rated for age, health and attractiveness by a total of 308 participants. In addition, the homogeneity of skin images and corresponding eumelanin/oxyhaemoglobin concentration maps were analysed objectively using Haralick’s image segmentation algorithm.Results Isolated skin images taken from the cheeks of younger males were judged as healthier and more attractive. Perception of age, health and attractiveness was strongly related to melanin and haemoglobin distribution, whereby more even distributions led to perception of younger age and greater health and attractiveness. The evenness of melanized features was a stronger cue for age perception, whereas haemoglobin distribution was associated more strongly with health and attractiveness perception.Conclusions Male skin colour homogeneity, driven by melanin and haemoglobin distribution, influences perception of age, health and attractiveness.