bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discriminative power of visual attributes in dermatology
Authors: Giotis Ioannis , Visser Margaretha , Jonkman Marcel , Petkov Nicolai 
Published: June 2012

Background/purposeVisual characteristics such as color and shape of skin lesions play an important role in the diagnostic process. In this contribution, we quantify the discriminative power of such attributes using an information theoretical approach.MethodsWe estimate the probability of occurrence of each attribute as a function of the skin diseases. We use the distribution of this probability across the studied diseases and its entropy to define the discriminative power of the attribute. The discriminative power has a maximum value for attributes that occur (or do not occur) for only one disease and a minimum value for those which are equally likely to be observed among all diseases.ResultsVerrucous surface, red and brown colors, and the presence of more than 10 lesions are among the most informative attributes. A ranking of attributes is also carried out and used together with a naive Bayesian classifier, yielding results that confirm the soundness of the proposed method.Conclusionproposed measure is proven to be a reliable way of assessing the discriminative power of dermatological attributes, and it also helps generate a condensed dermatological lexicon. Therefore, it can be of added value to the manual or computer‐aided diagnostic process.
Sulfur mustard cutaneous injury characterization based on SKH‐1 mouse model: relevance of non‐invasive methods in terms of wound healing process analyses
Authors: Cléry‐Barraud Cécile , Nguon Nina , Vallet Virginie , Sentenac Catherine , Four Elise , Arlaud Carine , Coulon David , Boudry Isabelle 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundTo date, sulphur mustard (SM) cutaneous toxicity has been commonly assessed on account of several animal models such as pigs and weanling pigs. Few experiments however, have been carried out on mice so far. In this study, we aimed at quantifying spontaneous wound healing processes after SM exposure on a SKH‐1 mouse model through non‐invasive methods over an extended period of time.MethodsAnimals were exposed to 10 μL net SM in a vapor cup system. Measurements of barrier function (Transepidermal water loss), elasticity, skin color exposed to SM vapors were determined by evaporimetry, cutometer and image analysis on 23 animals up to 28 days. Results were subsequently correlated with histological and biochemical analyses.ResultsThe TEWL parameter stands as a top‐ranking criterion to keep track of skin barrier restoration after SM cutaneous intoxication in our SKH‐1 mouse model. The R2 and R6 elasticity parameters or L° for the skin color exhibited their ability to be restored after 28 days of SM exposure.ConclusionOur findings suggest that bio‐engineering methods are eligible to evaluate new treatments on SM‐induced skin SKH‐1 mouse lesions, thus making an allowance for less invasive methods such as histological, genomic or proteomic approaches.
The Real World Journey of Implementing Fall Prevention Best Practices in Three Acute Care Hospitals: A Case Study
Authors: Ireland Sandra , Kirkpatrick Helen , Boblin Sheryl , Robertson Kim 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTBackgroundGlobally, falls are the second leading cause of unintentional injury. In Canada, falls that occur in hospitals have been ranked second as an area of patient safety concern. Many Canadian hospitals seeking to achieve patient safety, accreditation and resource containment goals are implementing evidence‐based practices in fall prevention. However, best practices are reported to be only variably effective in reducing hospital fall rates, indicating a potential gap in our understanding of the implementation process. This study was designed to provide insight into the real world of implementation of best practices in fall prevention in acute care Canadian hospitals.ApproachUsing case study methodology, ninety‐five administrative and point‐of‐care nurses at three hospitals participated in interviews or focus groups and provided documents and artifacts that described their implementation of a falls prevention guideline.Findings and implicationsFour recommendations with potential to guide others in fall prevention were identified: (1) the need to listen to and recognize the expertise and clinical realities of staff, (2) the importance of keeping the implementation process simple, (3) the need to recognize that what seems simple becomes complex when meeting individual patient needs, and (4) the need to view the process as one of continuous quality improvement.
Supporting the Uptake of Nursing Guidelines: What You Really Need to Know to Move Nursing Guidelines into Practice
Authors: Matthew‐Maich Nancy , Ploeg Jenny , Dobbins Maureen , Jack Susan 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere is a current push to use best practice guidelines (BPGs) in health care to enhance client care and outcomes. Even though intensive resources have been invested internationally to develop BPGs, a gap in knowledge exists about how to consistently and efficiently move them into practice.MethodsConstructivist grounded theory was used to explore the complex processes of a breastfeeding BPG implementation and uptake in three acute care hospitals. Interviews (n = 120) with 112 participants representing clients, nurses, lactation consultants, midwives, physicians, managers, administrators, and nurse educators as well as document and field note analysis informed this study. Data were analyzed using constant comparison and coding steps outlined by Charmaz: initial coding, selective (focused) coding, then theoretical coding. Triangulation of data types and sources were used as well as theoretical sampling. Data were collected from 2009 to 2010.ResultsTwo sites showed BPG uptake while one did not. Factors present in the uptake sites included, ongoing passionate frontline leaders, the use of multifaceted strategies, and processes that occurred at organizational, leadership, individual and social levels. Particularly noteworthy was the transformation of individual nurses to believing in and using the BPG. Impacts occurred at client, nurse, unit, inter‐professional, organizational and system levels.ConclusionsA conceptual framework: Supporting the Uptake of Nursing Guidelines, was developed that reveals essential processes used to facilitate BPG uptake into nursing practice and a process of nurse transformation to believing in and using the BPG.
Habit Displaced: The Disruption of Skilful Performance
Authors: BISSELL DAVID 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper develops ideas in cultural geography around bodily capacities and their limits to think about the sustainability of skilful performance. Taking golf as its empirical moment and affective theorisations of habit as its conceptual lure, the paper outlines how the bodily proficiencies required for skilful sporting performance are acquired through intensive processes of transformation that emerge through repetition, which make bodily movements easier and more intuitive over time. However, a phenomenon known as the yips intrudes on these trajectories of increasing ease and proficiency where, suddenly and inexplicably, skilful performance breaks down. Where current medicalised debates on the etiology of the yips are quick to attempt to separate the apparently psychological from the physical genesis, this paper draws principally on the writings of Félix Ravaisson to consider how the symptoms of the yips signal changes in the brain–body–environment circuits of habit. The bodily thresholds that these changes give rise to invite us to embrace an appreciation of skilful performance that is much more contingent on its immanent disruption, and an apprehension of habit that acknowledges the volatilities inherent to it.
Relationship between composite fracture toughness and bond strengths to enamel and dentine
Authors: Adebayo OA , Burrow MF , Tyas MJ 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground:  This study aimed to evaluate the association between the fracture toughness of two nanofilled‐hybrid resin composites (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic [CME], Kuraray Medical, Japan; Estelite Σ [ES], Tokuyama, Japan) and their bond strengths to enamel and dentine mediated by a self‐etching primer system (Clearfil SE Bond [CSE]; Kuraray).Methods:  Twenty‐four permanent human molars were sectioned into enamel and dentine specimens and finished with 600‐grit silicon carbide paper, bonded with CSE and either CME or ES, for μ‐shear bond strength (μSBS) and μ‐tensile bond strength (μTBS). The specimens were tested until failure at a cross‐head speed of 1 mm/min, failure loads recorded, bond strengths calculated and results analysed using independent samples t‐tests. Eight single‐notched bar‐shaped specimens, 30 mm × 5.2 mm × 2.2 mm, were prepared for each resin composite and fracture toughness measured using four‐point bending at a cross‐head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Results were analysed using independent samples t‐tests.Results:  For μSBS and μTBS, there was no significant difference between the resin composites for enamel or dentine. The fracture toughness of CME was significantly higher than that of ES.Conclusions:  For both enamel and dentine, resin composite fracture toughness affected neither μTBS nor μSBS to enamel or dentine.
Genotyping of Bacillus anthracis Isolated from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Steiner I. , Račić I. , Špičić S. , Habrun B. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryAnthrax is a serious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. Humans can become infected by handling products from infected animals, by breathing spores and rarely by eating undercooked meat from infected animals. The genome of B. anthracis is highly monomorphic and thus shows very low DNA sequence variation. We analysed the molecular characteristics of 12 B. anthracis isolates from outbreaks in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, which have occurred during the past 10 years along with two vaccine strains. Genotyping system based on variable‐number tandem repeat analysis at six loci revealed that six isolates belong to genotype from the A1.a cluster whilst six isolates relate to the B2 cluster, compared to 89 previously described genotypes. The distribution of two evolutionarily distant clusters suggests an introduction of B. anthracis to this area in at least two separate events.
Acute myeloblastic leukemia with associated BCR‐ABL translocation in a dog
Authors: Figueiredo Josely F. , Culver Sarah , Behling‐Kelly Erica , Breen Matthew , Friedrichs Kristen R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old male neutered Labrador Retriever was referred to the University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of leukemia. Hematologic abnormalities included normal neutrophil count with a left shift, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, and circulating immature mononuclear cells. Bone marrow was effaced by immature hematopoietic cells of various morphologic appearances. In addition, large multinucleated cells were observed frequently. Flow cytometric analysis of nucleated cells in blood revealed 34% CD34+ cells, consistent with acute leukemia. By immunocytochemical analysis of cells in blood and bone marrow, some mononuclear cells expressed CD18, myeloperoxidase, and CD11b, indicating myeloid origin; some, but not all, large multinucleated cells expressed CD117 and CD42b, the latter supporting megakaryocytic lineage. The diagnosis was acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation (AML‐M1). To identify genetic aberrations associated with this malignancy, cells from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded bone marrow were analyzed cytogenetically by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Co‐localization of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing BCR and ABL was evident in 32% of cells. This confirmed the presence of the canine BCR‐ABL translocation or Raleigh chromosome. In people, the analogous translocation or Philadelphia chromosome is characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and is rarely reported in AML. BCR‐ABL translocation also has been identified in dogs with CML; however, to our knowledge this is the first report of AML with a BCR‐ABL translocation in a domestic animal.
TH‐A‐BRB‐01: The Radiobiology of Small Fraction Numbers
Authors: Brenner David J 
Published: June 2012

There is much interest in reducing fraction numbers in radiotherapy, both in the context of single‐fraction radiosurgery, and also for hypofractionation ‐ for example for prostate, lung and breast. We will discuss what radiobiology can tell us about the use and optimization of these new approaches in radiotherapy.From 1900 to the 1920s radiotherapeutic practice was dominated by the German Erlangen school, which advocated the use of a single large “castrating” dose, as well as pioneering the “crossfire” technique to spare normal tissue ‐ the two keystones of modern stereotactic radiotherapy. By the 1930s, the classic studies of Regaud and Coutard resulted in widespread use of larger fraction numbers, and this has remained the state of the art in most radiotherapeutic settings. We will review the key biological factors that determine radiotherapeutic response, and discuss their application to single‐fraction radiosurgery ‐ for malignant tumors, for benign tumors, and for vascular lesions. We conclude that, unless the target lesion is very large, vascular lesions and benign tumors can be well treated with a single dose fraction. For malignant tumors, however, fractionated radiotherapy should always result in a better outcome than a single fraction, particular from the perspective of inactivating hypoxic tumor cells, present in almost all tumors. Hypofractionation, typically using 5 to 10 rather than 30 to 35 fractions, is becoming increasingly popular for treating some malignant tumors. In the context of the same radiobiology discussed earlier, we will discuss the rationale for hypofractionation for prostate, for breast, and for lung. We conclude that there is a strong biological rationale for hypofractionation of prostate cancer, relating to the paucity of dividing cells in most prostate tumors, which makes them respond to changes in fractionation very much like surrounding normal tissue. In other sites, one might expect hypofractionation to be a possible option for malignancies which are a) low grade, and b) small, and in a parallel‐type organ. Hypofractionation of small, low‐grade lung / breast tumors meet some of these criteria, and may well be at least non‐inferior to more conventional fractionation regimes.Learning Objectives:1. Understand the radiobiological principles underlying responses to changes in fractionation2. Understand their application to single‐fraction radiosurgery3. Understand their application to hypofractionation
Complete Genome Sequence of an H7N3 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Ducks in Southern China
Authors: Jiao Peirong , Wei Liangmeng , Yuan Runyu , Song Yafen , Cao Lan , Liao Ming 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
We report here the complete genomic sequence of an H7N3 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolate, which was obtained from duck in 1996. This is the first report of this subtype of AIV being isolated from duck in Guangdong of Southern China. Genomic sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that it was highly homologous with the wild bird virus A/ruddy turnstone/Delaware Bay/135/1996 (H7N3) and that all eight genes of this virus belonged to the North America gene pool. The availability of genome sequences is helpful to further investigations of epidemiology and evolution of AIV between waterfowl and wild birds.
Bivalve-enhanced nitrogen removal from coastal estuaries
Authors: Carmichael Ruth H. , Walton William , Clark Heidi 
Published: June 2012

Interest in use of bivalves to remediate estuarine eutrophication has increased in recent years. High variation among data sets, substantial focus on particle removal, and insufficient links to anthropogenic nitrogen (N) sources encouraged this empirical examination of N removal by bivalves from estuaries receiving different N loads. We determined the capacity of the oyster Crassostrea virginica to remove N by comparing N assimilated into tissues with anthropogenic N from land or available in phytoplankton. Oyster growth yielded 0.2–0.4 g N in tissues and depended on estuary-specific conditions. δ15N values confirmed that N in oyster tissues derived from local anthropogenic sources. At representative restoration and aquaculture conditions (≤400 oysters·m–2at 0.5%–1.0% of estuary area), estimated N removal was ≤15% of land-derived loads and <1% of phytoplankton N. N removal via biogeochemical processes was negligible during grow-out, but became important after oysters attained harvestable size. This study explicitly demonstrates that oysters assimilated land-derived N, but suggests that bivalve bioremediation consider trade-offs between intensity of planting, ecological effects, and available space.
Agricultural land use alters trophic status and population density of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on the North American Great Plains
Authors: White A.J. , Poulin R.G. , Wissel B. , Doucette J.L. , Somers C.M. 
Published: June 2012

Habitat conversion is among the most important causes of environmental change worldwide, yet relatively little is known about its potential influence on trophic interactions. We investigated the effects of agricultural land use on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values, trophic status, population density, and body condition of deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner, 1845)) in a grassland ecosystem. Muscle δ15N (cropland = 7.6‰ ± 1.3‰; hay fields = 7.9‰ ± 1.3‰; native prairie = 7.2‰ ± 2.1‰) from deer mice did not vary with land use despite baseline soil and vegetation δ15N differences. Enrichment of deer mice over vegetation (Δδ15N) was, on average, a full trophic level (~2.5‰) higher on native prairie (6.4‰ ± 1.6‰) than on cropland (3.9‰ ± 2.3‰), and intermediate in hay fields (5.9‰ ± 2.0‰). Relative density of deer mice was more than twofold higher in crop and hay fields compared with native prairie, but body condition did not vary with land use. Our results suggest that agricultural activity caused a shift in the trophic level and relative abundance of a generalist grassland omnivore. Soil and vegetation δ15N reflected anthropogenic N inputs to agricultural fields but were not useful as general markers of habitat use in this study.
Characterizing Myocardial Edema and Hemorrhage Using Quantitative T2 and T2* Mapping at Multiple Time Intervals Post ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zia Mohammad I. , Ghugre Nilesh R. , Connelly Kim A. , Strauss Bradley H. , Sparkes John D. , Dick Alexander J. , Wright Graham A. 
Published: June 2012

Background—
Accurate characterization of the longitudinal trends of myocardial edema and hemorrhage has been previously limited by subjective qualitative methods. We aimed to prospectively characterize the evolution of myocardial edema and hemorrhage post acute myocardial infarction using quantitative measures.

Methods and Results—

Sixty-two patients were enrolled post primary percutaneous coronary intervention and underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance on a 1.5-T scanner at 48 hours, 3 weeks, and 6 months. Myocardial edema and hemorrhage were assessed by T2 and T2* mapping, respectively, in both infarct segment (IS) and remote segment (RS). At 48 hours, T2 is higher in IS compared with RS (56.7 ms versus 43.4 ms;
P
<0.01). At 3 weeks T2 remains higher in IS compared with RS (51.8 ms versus 39.5 ms;
P
<0.01), and subsequently equalizes by 6 months (39.8 ms versus 39.5 ms;
P
=nonsignificant). T2 is also increased in RS at day 2 versus 3 weeks (43.4 ms versus 39.5 ms;
P
<0.01). At 48 hours T2* was reduced in IS compared with RS (32.4 ms versus 37.4 ms;
P
<0.01). At 3 weeks (IS, 37.7 ms versus RS, 38.4 ms;
P
=nonsignificant) and 6 months (IS, 37.3 ms versus RS, 38.2 ms;
P
=nonsignificant), T2* values were equal in both segments.

Conclusions—
Quantification of myocardial edema and hemorrhage by T2 and T2* mapping is feasible post acute myocardial infarction and demonstrates that hemorrhage resolves faster than edema. Noninfarcted segments can also demonstrate edema in the acute phase possibly due to global hyperemia.
Pericytes promote selective vessel regression to regulate vascular patterning
Authors: Simonavicius Nicole , Ashenden Matthew , van Weverwijk Antoinette , Lax Siân , Huso David L. , Buckley Christopher D. , Huijbers Ivo J. , Yarwood Helen , Isacke Clare M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBlood vessel networks form in a 2-step process of sprouting angiogenesis followed by selective branch regression and stabilization of remaining vessels. Pericytes are known to function in stabilizing blood vessels, but their role in vascular sprouting and selective vessel regression is poorly understood. The endosialin (CD248) receptor is expressed by pericytes associated with newly forming but not stable quiescent vessels. In the present study, we used the Endosialin−/− mouse as a means to uncover novel roles for pericytes during the process of vascular network formation. We demonstrate in a postnatal retina model that Endosialin−/− mice have normal vascular sprouting but are defective in selective vessel regression, leading to increased vessel density. Examination of the Endosialin−/− mouse tumor vasculature revealed an equivalent phenotype, indicating that pericytes perform a hitherto unidentified function to promote vessel destabilization and regression in vivo in both physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Mechanistically, Endosialin−/− mice have no defect in pericyte recruitment. Rather, endosialin binding to an endothelial associated, but not a pericyte associated, basement membrane component induces endothelial cell apoptosis and detachment. The results of the present study advance our understanding of pericyte biology and pericyte/endothelial cell cooperation during vascular patterning and have implications for the design of both pro- and antiangiogenic therapies.
S1PR1 is an effective target to block STAT3 signaling in activated B cell–like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Liu Yong , Deng Jiehui , Wang Lin , Lee Heehyoung , Armstrong Brian , Scuto Anna , Kowolik Claudia , Weiss Lawrence M. , Forman Stephen , Yu Hua 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
STAT3 plays a crucial role in promoting progression of human cancers, including several types of B-cell lymphoma. However, as a transcription factor lacking its own enzymatic activity, STAT3 remains difficult to target with small-molecule drugs in the clinic. Here we demonstrate that persistent activated STAT3 colocalizes with elevated expression of S1PR1, a G-protein–coupled receptor for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in the tumor cells of the activated B cell–like subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patient specimens. Inhibition of S1PR1 expression by shRNA in the lymphoma cells validates that blocking S1PR1 affects expression of STAT3 downstream genes critically involved in tumor cell survival, proliferation, tumor invasion, and/or immunosuppression. Using S1PR1 shRNA, or FTY720, an antagonist of S1P that is in the clinic for other indications, we show that inhibiting S1PR1 expression down-regulates STAT3 activity and causes growth inhibition of the lymphoma tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that targeting S1P/S1PR1 using a clinically relevant and available drug or other approaches is potentially an effective new therapeutic modality for treating the activated B cell–like subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, a subset of lymphoma that is less responsive to current available therapies.