bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ergodicity and rapid electron delocalization – The dynamical mechanism of atomic reactivity and covalent bonding
Authors: Nordholm Sture , Eek William 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSurprisingly, the historical development of the understanding of the concept of covalent bonding is incomplete and the physical mechanism responsible for bonding is still the subject of debate among chemists. We argue that this is primarily due to the key role played by quantum mechanics and the peculiarity of the Coulomb interaction operating between the electrons and nuclei in molecules. A study of the simplest molecules Hand H2as well as the π‐electron structure of planar conjugated hydrocarbon molecules leads to the conclusion that delocalization of electron dynamics is the key mechanism of covalent bonding. We find that the new concept of quantum ergodicity defined in terms of the globality of the energy eigenfunctions relates directly to covalent bonding. This is illustrated in the Höckel model of the π‐electrons in polyene molecules. An understanding results associating covalent bonding most fundamentally with the relaxation of nonergodic dynamical constraints upon the electron dynamics in atoms and molecules. The strain energy present due to these constraints can be crudely estimated by the comparison of the results of Thomas‐Fermi (TF) density functional calculations, which can be carried out both with and without these constraints. We present results for the light atoms H through Ar indicating that there is a very considerable strain in most atoms with the exception of the inert gas atoms. For the atoms H through Ne, we can verify this picture by direct comparison of ergodic TF and self‐consistent field‐molecular orbital (SCF‐MO) results. Comparison with atomization energies for some small molecules shows that due to repulsive mechanisms only a small fraction of the covalent strain energy is actually realized as binding energy in most molecules. The hydride molecules appear to be most efficient in utilizing the strain energy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Secreted proteome of the murine multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell line DKmix
Authors: Luecke Nina , Templin Christian , Muetzelburg Marika Victoria , Neumann Detlef , Just Ingo , Pich Andreas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAdministration of the multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) line DKmix improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction and accelerated dermal wound healing due to paracrine mechanisms. The aim of this study was to analyse the secreted proteins of DKmix cells in order to identify the responsible paracrine factors and assess their relevance to the wide spectrum of therapeutic effects. A mass spectrometry (MS)‐based approach was used to identify secreted proteins of DKmix cells. Serum free culture supernatants of DKmix‐conditioned medium were collected and the proteins present were separated, digested by trypsin and the resulting peptides were then analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF/TOF) MS. Overall 95 different proteins were identified. Among them, secretory proteins galectin‐3 and gelsolin were identified. These proteins are known to stimulate cell migration and influence wound healing and cardiac remodelling. The remaining proteins originate from intracellular compartments like cytoplasm (69%), nucleus (12%), mitochondria (4%), and cytoplasmic membrane (3%) indicating permeable or leaky DKmix cells in the conditioned medium. Additionally, a sandwich immunoassay was used to detect and quantify cytokines and chemokines. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐13 (IL‐13), monocyte‐chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), monocyte‐chemoattractant protein‐3 (MCP‐3), monocyte‐chemoattractant protein‐1α (MIP‐1α) and monocyte‐chemoattractant protein‐1β (MIP‐1β) were detected in low concentrations. This study identified a subset of proteins present in the DKmix‐conditioned medium that act as paracrine modulators of tissue repair. Moreover, it suggests that DKmix‐derived conditioned medium might have therapeutic potency by promoting tissue regeneration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On discovering relevant scales in surface roughness measurement—an evaluation of a band‐pass method
Authors: Berglund J. , Agunwamba C. , Powers B. , Brown C. A. , Rosén B.‐G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWhen characterizing surfaces and searching for correlations to functional properties, such as friction, finding the right scale of roughness for evaluation can improve correlations. However, in traditional roughness parameter analysis, a wide range of scales, or all scales of topography in the surface roughness measurements are evaluated together. In this study a multi‐scale method using a series of band‐pass filters is employed for finding scales of topography with strong correlations to friction. SCANNING 32: 244–249, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk‐based multiobjective resource allocation in hierarchical systems with multiple decisionmakers. Part II. A case study
Authors: Yan Zhenyu , Haimes Yacov Y. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper demonstrates an application of the Multiobjective Multi‐decisionmaker Resource Allocation (MOMDRA) risk management framework proposed in Part I. A case study of a pumping system, which is a critical component of the hurricane protection system, in the greater New Orleans area during the Katrina event, is discussed. Based on the MOMDRA methodology, the case study models how pumping capacity might be allocated during the initial construction or subsequent enhancement of a pumping system as a multiobjective resource allocation process for managing hurricane risks. Pareto optimal risk management alternatives are generated, and tradeoff analyses are performed across different levels of decisionmakers. The case study demonstrates the applicability and effectiveness of the MOMDRA methodology in risk‐based modeling and management of real‐world large‐scale systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 17–28, 2011
Neuropathic bladder dysfunction
Authors: Gamé Xavier , Fowler Clare J. , Panicker Jalesh N. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBladder dysfunction is commonly associated with neurological disorders such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, dementia and stroke, and can reduce quality of life and result in potentially life‐threatening complications. The authors describe the presentations, evaluation and management of neuropathic bladder dysfunction. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Synthesis and Characterization of the Intrinsic Properties of Milkweed Polyhydroxy Fatty Acids
Authors: Harry‐O'kuru R. E. , Mohamed A. , Gordon S. H. , Xu J. , Sharma B. K. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSeed oils consist mainly of triglycerides, that is, they comprise a unit of glycerol backbone esterified with three acyl groups (usually but not limited to C16–C18) which may be saturated or unsaturated with one or more olefinic functionalities per acyl group. Very rarely do seed oils contain additional functional groups, such as hydroxyls as in castor and lesquerella seeds. Milkweed seed oil follows the natural triglyceride patterns, but with a difference in being highly poly olefinic. This character allows for the introduction of different reactive groupings into the structure of the oil so as to be amenable to tailoring to a variety of uses. Synthesis of the milkweed polyhydroxy triglyceride (MWPHTG) from the polyoxirane triglyceride derivative of milkweed oil using in situ peroxy acid epoxidation of the oil was previously reported. Subsequent acidolysis of the epoxy derivative gave the MWPHTG. Here the polyhydroxy triglyceride was saponified for glycerol removal thus generating the polyhydroxy fatty acids of milkweed oil. Studies of the physical characteristics, flow and stability of the resulting hydroxylated fatty acids using FTIR, NMR, DSC, Rheometry and TGA indicate a stable material with unique properties that would be useful as additives in many applications such as pharmaceuticals.
Communication channels, innovation tasks and NPD project outcomes in innovation‐driven horizontal networks
Authors: Oke Adegoke , Idiagbon‐Oke Moronke 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInter‐organizational collaborations and horizontal networks are increasingly playing a pivotal role in innovations and new product development among firms. In this study, we investigate the link between the innovation task analyzability and the richness of communications channels used in network arrangements and the link between task analyzability and ties and project development time. We investigated the links based on the data collected from 372 respondents representing ninety three different innovation‐driven horizontal networks. The results of structural equation modeling reveal a negative link from task analyzability to communication channel richness and a positive link from communication channel richness to ties. Communication channel richness was found to partially mediate the influence that task analyzability has on both NPD project outcomes of ties and development time. The implications of our results for theory and practice are discussed.
Genetic structure and dispersal patterns of the invasive psocidLiposcelis decolor(Pearman) in Australian grain storage systems
Authors: Mikac K.M. , FitzSimmons N.N. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMicrosatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure among invasiveL. decolorpopulations from Australia and a single international population from Kansas, USA to determine patterns of dispersal. Six variable microsatellites displayed an average of 2.5–4.2 alleles per locus per population. Observed (HO) heterozygosity ranged from 0.12–0.65 per locus within populations; but, in 13 of 36 tests, HOwas less than expected. Despite low levels of allelic diversity, genetic structure estimated as θ was significant for all pairwise comparisons between populations (θ=0.05–0.23). Due to suspected null alleles at four loci,ENA(excluding null alleles) correctedFSTestimates were calculated overall and for pairwise population comparisons. TheENA-correctedFSTvalues (0.02–0.10) revealed significant overall genetic structure, but none of the pairwise values were significantly different from zero. A Mantel test of isolation by distance indicated no relationship between genetic structure and geographic distance among all populations (r2=0.12,P=0.18) and for Australian populations only (r2=0.19,P=0.44), suggesting that IBD does not describe the pattern of gene flow among populations. This study supports a hypothesis of long distance dispersal byL. decolorat moderate to potentially high levels.
Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Operational Research (OR) Society's Special Interest Group on Agriculture and Natural Resources (SIG-ANR)
Authors: SANDARS D. L. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYThis group, which represents the reformed Operational Research (OR) Society's Agriculture and Related Industries group (http://www.orsoc.org.uk), promotes the use of OR (or the application of the scientific method) in solving management and governance problems within this sector. The theme of this meeting was to look at models concerned with making better decisions for the management or governance of the agricultural and natural resource industries. This first one day meeting was at Reading University, Berkshire, UK on the 2 April when the following papers were read.
A topological lens for a measure-preserving system
Authors: GLASNER E. , LEMAŃCZYK M. , WEISS B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe introduce a functor which associates to every measure-preserving system (X,ℬ,μ,T) a topological system$(C_2(\mu ),\tilde {T})$defined on the space of twofold couplings ofμ, called the topological lens ofT. We show that often the topological lens ‘magnifies’ the basic measure dynamical properties ofTin terms of the corresponding topological properties of$\tilde {T}$. Some of our main results are as follows: (i)Tis weakly mixing if and only if$\tilde {T}$is topologically transitive (if and only if it is topologically weakly mixing); (ii)Thas zero entropy if and only if$\tilde {T}$has zero topological entropy, andThas positive entropy if and only if$\tilde {T}$has infinite topological entropy; (iii) forTaK-system, the topological lens is aP-system (i.e. it is topologically transitive and the set of periodic points is dense; such systems are also called chaotic in the sense of Devaney).
Polymorphisms and adiabatic chaos
Authors: NEISHTADT A. , TRESCHEV D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAt the end of the last century Vershik introduced some dynamical systems, called polymorphisms. Systems of this kind are multivalued self-maps of an interval, where (roughly speaking) each branch has some probability. By definition, the standard Lebesgue measure should be invariant. Unexpectedly, some class of polymorphisms appeared in the problem of destruction of an adiabatic invariant after a multiple passage through a separatrix. We discuss ergodic properties of polymorphisms from this class.
MORAL AMBIGUITIES UNDERLYING THE LAWS OF ARMED CONFLICT: A PERSPECTIVE FROM MILITARY ETHICS
Authors: van Baarda Th.A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe law of armed conflict suffers from an internal ambiguity. The Declaration of St Petersburg (1868) made the ambiguity explicit when it stated that ‘the necessities of war ought to yield to the requirements of humanity’. The Lieber Code (1863) was less explicit, though it suffered from the same ambiguity. The Code received a lengthy critique from the Confederate Secretary of War who stated bluntly: ‘A military commander under this code may pursue a line of conduct in accordance with the principles of justice, faith and honour, or he may justify conduct correspondent with warfare of the barbarous hordes who overran the Roman Empire, or who, in the Middle Ages, devastated the continent of and menaced the civilisation of Europe’. Which of the two considerations, the Confederate Secretary demanded to know, should prevail: humanity or necessity?
PROTECT RESPONSIBLY: THE AFRICAN UNION'S IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 4(H) INTERVENTION
Authors: Kuwali Dan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe concept of ‘the responsibility to protect’ (R2P) was endorsed at the 2005 World Summit by the UN General Assembly. This concept, like the right to intervene under Article 4(h) of theConstitutive Act of the African Union, aims to end mass atrocity crimes in the form of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. Yet the question that remains is: what if the UN Security Council is unwilling or unable to act? Further, there is a continuing unanswered question: ‘should action to prevent large-scale killing in an African country be beholden to a Security Council that has no permanent African membership?’ The High-level Panel indicated that in some urgent situations UN Security Council authorization may be sought after operations have commenced, whereas the World Summit Outcome rejected demands that states or organizations such as the African Union (AU) should be able to act before gaining UN authorization. These are the principal issues addressed in this analysis, which discusses how the AU can implement the right to intervene under Article 4(h) against the background of the prohibition of the use of force regime under the UN Charter. The analysis explores the current thinking of the AU and the international community on the key question of how to proceed in cases where the UN Security Council is deadlocked in using force to prevent mass atrocity crimes. The discussion highlights the intention of the framers of the AU Actvis-à-visthe practice of the Security Council in authorizing enforcement action as well as views of various commentators in this regard.
THE STATUS OF PEACE OPERATION PERSONNEL UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
Authors: Engdahl Ola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCurrent peace operations often include an element of enforcement. Such operations are based upon Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter and are regularly endowed with a right to use ‘all necessary measures’ to fulfil the tasks set down in the particular mandate from the UN Security Council. Such operations, moreover, are often deployed in unstable conditions that border on armed conflict, or in areas of existing conflict. At times, the military forces involved in these operations are also involved in the armed conflict itself.The utilization of military force naturally raises the question of the legal status of personnel in peace operations under international humanitarian law (IHL). They represent the international community and as such are protected personnel. But how should they be treated from the perspective of IHL? Should they, despite their obvious military characteristics, be regarded as civilians? At what point, if any, could they be regarded as combatants? On the issue of change of status under IHL, does the same threshold apply for the operation's military forces as for other military personnel? Does the involvement of peace forces in an armed conflict, made up of contributions from a number of States, automatically cause that conflict to assume an international nature? Are theConvention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personneland IHL, applicable in non-international armed conflicts, mutually exclusive? These dilemmas are well illustrated by the difficulties facing the International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan.
CHANGING THE LANDSCAPE: ISRAEL'S GROSS VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE OCCUPIED SYRIAN GOLAN
Authors: Murphy Ray , Gannon Declan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSuccessive Israeli governments have adopted a number of policies to control and contain the Syrian population since Israel began its occupation. Numerous villages have been destroyed, thousands driven from their homes, private and public property expropriated, the remaining Arab villages have been prevented from expanding and the free movement of people curtailed. In 1981, Israel enacted legislation that purported to annex the territory. This move was widely condemned by the international community and from the perspective of international law, the Syrian Golan remains an occupied territory to which the laws of occupation apply.The northern hemisphere summer of 2008 marked the 41st anniversary of Israel's occupation. This report outlines the background to the occupation and the consequences for the local population. It then examines the action of the Israeli authorities and argues that certain practices by the Israeli Defence Forces constitute war crimes, which in some cases may also amount to grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention governing the protection of civilians.
MISTREATMENT OF THE WOUNDED, SICK AND SHIPWRECKED BY THE ICRC STUDY ON CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
Authors: Benoit James P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn 2005, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) completed a ten-year study on customary international humanitarian law, based on an assessment of the State practice of over 150 nations over the preceding thirty years. Somewhat surprisingly, but perhaps owing to the sheer size of theICRC Study, only two states have officially responded to the ICRC: the United States and Israel. Although an analysis of the US response is beyond the scope of this paper, it generally criticizes theICRC Study'sunorthodox methodology, including both the State practice it considered, and its lack of proof ofopinio juris.The ICRC is a venerable organization, traditionally viewed as the guardian of international humanitarian law. Its study is a monumental work compiling a surfeit of State practice. Nevertheless, theICRC Studyarticulates ‘rules’ that are not sustainable under the traditional theory of customary international law formation, as may be seen by the examination in Section 3 of the three seemingly uncontroversial rules proposed for handling the wounded, sick and shipwrecked.
THE EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS IN THE COURTS OF CAMBODIA AND THE PROGRESS OF THE ‘KHMER ROUGE TRIALS’
Authors: Jørgensen Nina H.B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe world has witnessed many atrocities since the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, better known as the Khmer Rouge, marched into Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975 and unleashed a regime of terror of more than three and a half years on the Cambodian people in which an estimated quarter of the population perished. However, the fate that befell this small South-East Asian nation continues to grip and challenge the imagination. Perhaps it is the notion of the State turning on its own people on such an unprecedented scale that is so difficult to fathom. Perhaps it is the tranquil, smiling populace, forging a space in the modern era against the proud backdrop of the ancient Angkorian temples that makes such a dark recent history so improbable. Or perhaps it is the scales of justice, finally weighing in, more than thirty years after the crimes in defiance of donor countries' ‘tribunal fatigue’, that have refocused the world's attention.The Khmer Rouge takeover had been preceded by a struggle for power which saw Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who had abdicated and governed Cambodia since independence in 1953, overthrown by Prime Minister Lon Nol and Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak on 17 March 1970. The new government was allied to the United States in the Vietnam War, fuelling Khmer Rouge resentment as well as that of Sihanouk who aligned himself with the communists. The Khmer Rouge gradually consolidated its power and control of territory, and when the time was seen to be ripe to institute the planned nationwide ‘agrarian dictatorship’, it easily overpowered the weak and corrupt Lon Nol government.
THEOREMS OF POINTS AND PLANES IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROJECTIVE SPACE
Authors: GLYNN DAVID G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe discuss n4 configurations of n points and n planes in three-dimensional projective space. These have four points on each plane, and four planes through each point. When the last of the 4n incidences between points and planes happens as a consequence of the preceding 4n−1 the configuration is called a ‘theorem’. Using a graph-theoretic search algorithm we find that there are two 84 and one 94 ‘theorems’. One of these 84 ‘theorems’ was already found by Möbius in 1828, while the 94 ‘theorem’ is related to Desargues’ ten-point configuration. We prove these ‘theorems’ by various methods, and connect them with other questions, such as forbidden minors in graph theory, and sets of electrons that are energy minimal.