bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community structure and cluster definition of Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, in the Bahamas
Authors: Elliser Cindy R. , Herzing Denise L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFission‐fusion dynamics typical of many delphinid populations allow for a variety of social grouping patterns. Identifying these groupings is crucial before conducting a detailed social structure analysis. This study analyzed the structure of a population of Bahamian spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis. Through long‐term observations and preliminary analysis, three clusters were defined: Northern, Central, and Southern. To quantitatively investigate these delineations, we conducted analysis on 12 yr of sighting data using SOCPROG 2.3. Coefficients of association (CoA) were calculated using the half‐weight index, with individuals sighted six or more times per pooled period (3 yr each). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MD), hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis and Mantel tests were conducted to determine if any divisions were present. Mantel tests and MD plots analysis supported the delineations into the three clusters. Cluster analysis showed cluster groupings, but with less clear distinctions between the clusters. The amount and strength of associations were significantly higher within clusters than between clusters. Based on behavioral and geographic overlap, these clusters did not meet the definition of separate communities and thus were termed social clusters. These fine scale, within community divisions, are biologically and socially important aspects of their community and are crucial in understanding the dolphins’ social structure.
Genetic and family structure in a group of 165 common bottlenose dolphins caught off the Japanese coast
Authors: Kita Yuki F. , Hosomichi Kazuyoshi , Suzuki Shingo , Inoko Hidetoshi , Shiina Takashi , Watanabe Mai , Tanaka Ayumi , Horie Taku , Ohizumi Hiroshi , Tanaka Sho , Iwasaki Toshihide , Ota Masao , Kulski Jerzy K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe biological and genetic structure of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) that migrate seasonally near Japan remains largely unknown. We investigated the genetic and family structure in a group of 165 common bottlenose dolphins caught off the coast of Japan using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and 20 microsatellite DNA markers. Phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNA control region sequences suggested that the dolphins were related more closely to oceanic types from Chinese waters than other geographic regions. The information on sex, sexual maturation and age together with the genetic markers revealed a strong likelihood for 37 familial relationships related mostly to maternity and an under‐representation of juvenile female offspring. The maternal dolphins had a similar offspring‐birth interval as the coastal types from North Atlantic Ocean, but a slightly younger first‐progeny age. The sex bias in the captured group was particularly marked towards an over‐representation of males among the young and immature dolphins, whereas the mature adults had an equal number of males and females. These results should be useful for future comparative biological, genetic and evolutionary investigations of bottlenose dolphins from the North Pacific Ocean with those from other regions.
Comparison of Health‐Relevant Flavonoids in Commonly Consumed Cranberry Products
Authors: Grace Mary H. , Massey Aaron R. , Mbeunkui Flaubert , Yousef Gad G. , Lila Mary Ann 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  The human health benefits from consumption of cranberry products have been associated with the fruits’ unique flavonoid composition, including a complex profile of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. However, when processed by techniques such as pressing, canning, concentrating, or drying, a number of these natural components may be compromised or inactivated due to physical separation, thermal degradation, or oxidation. Fresh cranberries were compared to freeze‐dried berries and individual fruit tissues (skin and peeled fruit). Products examined included cranberry juices (commercial and prepared from concentrate), cranberry sauces (commercial and homemade), and sweetened‐dried cranberries (commercial). Freeze‐drying resulted in no detectable losses of anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins from cranberry fruits. Anthocyanins were localized in the skin. Proanthocyanins were higher in the skin than in the flesh, with the exception of procyanidin A‐2 dimer which was concentrated in the flesh. Anthocyanins were significantly higher in not‐from‐concentrate juice than in reconstituted juice from concentrate (8.3 mg and 4.2 mg/100 mL, respectively). Similarly, proanthocyanidins were markedly higher in not‐from‐concentrate juice compared to juice from concentrate (23.0 mg and 8.9 mg/100 mL, respectively). Homemade sauce contained far higher anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (15.9 and 87.9 mg/100 g, respectively) than canned sauces processed with whole berries (9.6 and 54.4 mg/100 g, respectively) or jelled‐type (1.1 and 16 mg/100 g, respectively). Sweetened‐dried cranberries were quite low in anthocyanins (7.9 mg/100 g), but they still retained considerable proanthocyanidins (64.2 mg/100 g). Commercially processed products contained significantly lower levels of polyphenols as compared to fresh and home‐processed preparations. Anthocyanins were more sensitive to degradation than proanthocyanidins.Practical Application:  As cranberry juices and other products are increasingly consumed for their recognized health benefits (including prophylaxis against urinary tract infection), it is relevant to consider how various degrees of commercial and home processing can alter innate levels of the biologically active flavonoids (especially anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins) characteristic to the intact fruits.
Motor neurone disease in molybdenum‐deficient sheep fed the endogenous purine xanthosine: possible mechanism for Tribulus staggers
Authors: Bourke CA 
Published: June 2012

Background  The occurrence of Tribulus terrestris motor neurone disease (MND) in sheep is linked with grazing Tribulus growing on cultivation paddocks. A previous survey found that the molybdenum (Mo) content of Tribulus growing on uncultivated soils in the Coonabarabran district of New South Wales was 3.03 ppm, but on cultivated soils it was <0.04 ppm. Tribulus contains the purine, xanthosine, which functions as a neuromodulator, and the catabolism of xanthosine is Mo‐dependent.Design  To investigate the relationship between xanthosine ingestion and low Mo concentration, eight sheep were fed Mo‐deficient lucerne chaff (<0.10 ppm), the Mo antagonist, sodium tungstate, and xanthosine (25 mg/kg/day) over 18 weeks and then returned to pasture.Results  Signs of MND developed in two sheep 30 months later and astrocyte degeneration occurred in all sheep.Conclusion  The findings were similar to those observed in sheep with T. terrestris MND, suggesting that the combination of xanthosine ingestion and Mo deficiency may be the cause of this disorder.
Plastic reduction for anatomical gingival fibromatosis
Authors: Ribeiro‐Júnior O. , Borba A.M. , Lemos‐Júnior C.A. , Naclério‐Homem M.G. , Kolokythas A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAim:  Anatomical gingival fibromatosis is an uncommon process involving the palatal gingival and maxillary tuberosity generally in a bilateral and symmetrical manner. Treatment varies from basic periodontal care to surgical removal when the condition causes difficulties with oral hygiene, is associated with secondary periodontal diseases or interferes with prosthesis stability. The authors present a plastic reduction technique modified for tooth‐bearing areas and discuss its application.Material and methods:  The proposed technique was accomplished in three patients presenting with anatomical gingival fibromatosis. Surgery consisted of a three‐step technique that aimed at the reduction of the fibromatosis and the reconstruction of the palatal gingiva.Results:  None of the patients present post‐operative complications during a follow‐up period that varied from 6 to 12 months. After surgery all patients improved their ability to provide proper hygiene for the affected area as well as their periodontal condition.Conclusions:  The present surgical technique is a treatment option with a good result while maintaining periodontal health.
Dentists' attitudes, behaviors, and barriers related to tobacco‐use cessation in the dental setting
Authors: Prakash Preeti , Belek Marilynn G. , Grimes Barbara , Silverstein Steven , Meckstroth Richard , Heckman Barbara , Weintraub Jane A. , Gansky Stuart A. , Walsh Margaret M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjective: This study assessed attitudes, behaviors, and barriers among general dentists in California, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, related to patient tobacco cessation counseling.Methods: From 2004 to 2008, a baseline survey was mailed to 271 study dentists randomly selected from a master Delta Dental Insurance Company provider list in each state who had agreed to participate in a tobacco cessation randomized clinical trial. Four backward logistic regression models assessed correlates of the five As related to tobacco cessation: Asking about tobacco use, Advising users to quit, Assessing readiness to quit, Assisting with quitting, and Arranging follow‐up.Results: Most respondents (n = 265) were male, had practiced dentistry for over 15 years, asked about tobacco use (74%), and advised tobacco users to quit (78%). Only 19% assessed readiness to quit; 39% assisted with quitting; 4% arranged follow‐up; and 42% had formal training in tobacco cessation. Believing that tobacco cessation counseling was an important professional responsibility, practicing <15 years, and asking about tobacco use significantly related to advising users to quit. Providing cessation advice and feeling effective intervening related to assessing readiness to quit. Advising users to quit, assessing readiness to quit, feeling effective intervening, and having had formal tobacco cessation training related to assisting with quitting. Barriers to cessation counseling were perceived patient resistance (66%), lack of insurance reimbursement (56%), not knowing where to refer (49%), and lack of time (32%).Conclusion: Study dentists reported not fully performing the five As. Advising, assessing, having formal training, and feeling effective increased the likelihood of cessation counseling.
Using chlorhexidine varnish to prevent early childhood caries in American Indian children
Authors: Robertson Lawrence D. , Phipps Kathy R. , Oh Junhie , Loesche Walter J. , Kaciroti Niko , Symington John M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectives: To test the efficacy of 10% chlorhexidine (CHX) dental varnish applied to the mothers' dentition in preventing caries in American Indian children.Methods: This was a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized clinical trial. Mother–child pairs were enrolled when the child was 4.5‐6.0 months. Mothers received 4 weekly applications of the study treatment (CHX or placebo) followed by single applications when her child was age 12 and 18 months. Children received caries examinations at enrollment, 12, 18 and 24 months. Analyses were limited to the intent‐to‐treat (ITT) group: children whose mothers received the first study treatment and who received at least one post‐baseline exam. The outcome variable was the number of new carious surfaces (NNCS) at the child's last visit. Wilcoxon nonparametric and Fisher's exact tests were used to test differences between the active and placebo groups.Results: We randomized 414 mother–child pairs, with 367 (88.6%) included in the ITT group (active = 188, placebo = 179). The proportion of children caries‐free at their final exam was 51.1% and 50.8% for the active and placebo groups (P > 0.99). The mean NNCS for the active and placebo groups was 3.82 (standard deviation [SD] = 8.18) and 3.80 (SD = 6.08), respectively (P = 0.54). The proportion with NNCS > 6 was 18.1% for active children versus 27.9% for placebo (relative risk [RR] = 0.65, P = 0.03). The number needed to treat to shift one child from NNCS > 6 to a lower severity was 10.2.Conclusions: In this population CHX varnish did not reduce the mean NNCS or proportion of children with caries, but did reduce the proportion with severe caries.
IVC filter limb penetration of the caval wall during retroperitoneal surgery/lymph node dissection
Authors: Goh Gerard S , Slattery Michael M , Given Mark F , Little David , Lee Michael J 
Published: June 2012

SummaryOptional inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are being increasingly used for protection against pulmonary embolism in patients with deep vein thrombosis where anticoagulation is contraindicated. We describe two cases during retroperitoneal surgery where the IVC filters were found to have perforated the cava wall and were subsequently removed intra‐operatively. Cava wall penetration by filter limbs poses a significant danger during retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and filters should be removed preoperatively.
Extra‐medullary haematopoiesis: A pictorial review of its typical and atypical locations
Authors: Sohawon Dharamraj , Lau Kenneth K , Lau Theodore , Bowden Donald K 
Published: June 2012

SummaryExtra‐medullary haematopoiesis (EMH) occurs in many haematological disorders and is secondary to insufficient bone marrow function or ineffective erythropoiesis. It usually presents as haematopoietic masses in several typical and atypical body locations. This pictorial review briefly discusses the common EMH locations encountered in clinical practice, including the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and paravertebral regions. Unusual presentation as focal hepatic and splenic masses is also discussed. Some atypical EMH locations are then presented together with their pathophysiology and relevant illustrations. These include EMH in the intra‐spinal canal, pre‐sacral region, nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses. Intra‐spinal EMH can cause cord compression and present with neurological symptoms. In these cases, urgent treatment may be required. Haematopoietic masses in the other atypical locations can present with obstructive symptoms or may be diagnosed incidentally on imaging. EMH in unusual locations need to be monitored with follow‐up imaging to ensure their stability. In some circumstances, tissue biopsy is appropriate to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other sinister pathology (e.g. malignancy). Treatment is only required where symptoms are present. Management options include blood transfusion, radiotherapy, hydroxyurea or surgical resection in selected cases.
Case of bilateral non‐traumatic subperiosteal orbital haematomas
Authors: Lee Daniel K , Tran Phillip V , Lau Kenneth K 
Published: June 2012

SummarySubperiosteal orbital haematoma is an uncommon entity, usually unilateral and caused by trauma. We present a unique case of bilateral non‐traumatic subperiosteal orbital haematomas caused by thrombolysis and anticoagulation.
Haemobilia – a rare presentation of intrabiliary hydatid disease
Authors: Lakshminarayan Raghuram , Anuradha Chandramohan 
Published: June 2012

SummaryIntrabiliary hydatid cysts have been known to cause complications. We report a rare case of calcified crumpled intrabiliary hydatid cyst causing massive haemobilia due to a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm, an unusual complication of intrabiliary hydatid cyst. The patient was successfully treated by stenting of the pseudoaneurysm with overlapping stents.
The effectiveness and evaluation of conservation planning
Authors: Bottrill Madeleine C. , Pressey Robert L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInvestment of time and resources in conservation planning has grown exponentially in recent years; yet there has been limited evaluation of the benefits and costs of investing in planning exercises. Without evaluation, investments in planning are not accountable, decisions are not defensible, and learning from past experiences is limited. Bringing together information from published literature, planning documents, and new qualitative data from interviews with planners, we describe an evaluation framework for conservation planning to more fully address the potential range of outcomes, categorized across five types of capital: natural, financial, social, human, and institutional. We review the extent to which evidence supports these types of outcomes, and finish by considering the conceptual, operational, organizational, and policy implications of improved evaluation in planning. If conservation planning seeks to be effective, adaptive, and informative, then systems of evaluation must be considered from the outset of planning processes to support learning and improvement of outcomes.
Increased glutathione and mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphorylation are involved in the induction of doxorubicin resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Ye Cai‐Guo , Yeung John Hok‐Keung , Huang Guo‐Liang , Cui Ping , Wang Jian , Zou Yin , Zhang Xiang‐Ning , He Zhi‐Wei , Cho Chi‐Hin 
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line HepG2 can easily acquire resistance to doxorubicin. However, the mechanism of action is unclear.Methods:  In the present study, we used confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and other methods to reveal the mechanisms by which HepG2 cells acquire doxorubicin resistance.Results:  Our results showed that R‐HepG2 cells, a doxorubicin‐resistant sub‐line of HepG2, exhibited decreased intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin and increased expression of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 when compared with HepG2 cells. R‐HepG2 cells also harbored higher levels of glutathione and increased expression of glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (p38 and c‐jun‐N‐terminal kinases), IkBα and CREB were increased in R‐HepG2 cells. Specific p38 inhibitor SB203580 decreased P‐gp expression. The multi‐kinase inhibitor sorafenib tosylate also significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of these proteins and inhibited the expression of P‐gp.Conclusion:  These findings reveal that the drug resistance could be acquired through mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐dependent upregulation of P‐gp. This mechanism protects R‐HepG2 cells from the anticancer action of doxorubicin.
Impact of mild to moderate elevations of alanine aminotransferase on liver stiffness measurement in chronic hepatitis B patients during antiviral therapy
Authors: Yan Li‐Bo , Zhu Xia , Bai Lang , Liang Ling‐Bo , Chen En‐Qiang , Du Ling‐Yao , Wang Li‐Chun , Chen Li‐Yu , Tang Hong 
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The accuracy of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis is affected by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of mild to moderate elevations of ALT on LSM in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) during antiviral therapy.Methods:  A total of 58 CHB patients with their ALT levels falling into the range of ×2 to ×10 the upper limit of normal (ULN) were recruited. ALT and LSM values were periodically assessed at baseline and 12, 24 and 48 weeks.Results:  The median ALT levels were 153.5 (76–544), 50.5 (11–475), 36.5 (9–265) and 30 (12–239) IU/L at baseline and 12, 24 and 48 weeks, respectively. The corresponding median value of LSM was 8.8 (3.2–47.3), 6.15 (3.2–31.2), 5.9 (3.1–29.1) and 5.5 (2.8–21.5) kpa. However, after the ALT levels were normalized by the treatment, the values of LSM did not vary significantly (6.1 [3.0–17.7] vs 5.25 [2.8–21.5] kpa, P = 0.381). Pretreatment fibrosis stages of liver biopsies corresponded with LSM after ALT normalization rather than baseline LSM (F0–1, 12/27 vs 23/25, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  The LSM values decreased in parallel with the decline in ALT levels in CHB patients with mild to moderate elevation of ALT. LSM became more accurate when applied to document the liver fibrosis or cirrhosis in CHB patients after the elevated ALT level has been treated to normal level.
Regional Entrepreneurial Heritage in a Socialist and a Postsocialist Economy
Authors: Wyrwich Michael 
Published: June 2012

abstractRegions have a distinct entrepreneurial heritage, understood as a historical tradition in entrepreneurial culture. The persistence of that heritage in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) is examined across severe ruptures in economic development. In this article, I argue that regional differences in private‐sector activities under socialism—a system that was hostile toward entrepreneurs—reflect strong entrepreneurial orientations of local populations and regional cultures of entrepreneurship that were presocialist in origin. The empirical analysis suggests that an “entrepreneurial residual,” left over from the socialist experiment, positively affected startup activity after the transformation of the GDR back to a market economy. The results show that an entrepreneurial culture is an important regional resource that endures.
Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin monotherapy and combination therapy in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: Kubota Akira , Maeda Hajime , Kanamori Akira , Matoba Kiyokazu , Jin Yasuyuki , Minagawa Fuyuki , Obana Mitsuo , Iemitsu Kotaro , Ito Shogo , Amamiya Hikaru , Kaneshiro Mizuki , Takai Masahiko , Kaneshige Hideaki , Hoshino Kazuhiko , Ishikawa Masashi , Minami Nobuaki , Takuma Tetsuro , Sasai Nobuo , Aoyagi Sachio , Kawata Takehiro , Mokubo Atsuko , Takeda Hiroshi , Honda Shin , Machimura Hideo , Motomiya Tetsuya , Waseda Manabu , Naka Yoshikazu , Tanaka Yasushi , Terauchi Yasuo , Matsuba Ikuro 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
(J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00221.x, 2012)
Aims/Introduction:  To determine the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin monotherapy and combination therapy in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients after 3 months’ therapy.Materials and Methods:  A retrospective, observational study of 741 type 2 diabetes patients was carried out; 110 received sitagliptin monotherapy, and 631 received combination therapy with sitagliptin when other oral medications were insufficient. The primary outcome measure was glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measured at 0, 4 and 12 weeks of sitagliptin therapy.Results:  In the monotherapy and combination therapy groups, HbA1c decreased significantly after 12 weeks. Target HbA1c (<7%) was achieved in 39.1% overall. On logistic regression analysis, baseline HbA1c was the strongest contributing factor for achieving target HbA1c; baseline body mass index and duration of diabetes were also significant factors. A total of 82 patients (11%) were unresponsive to sitagliptin. These patients’ baseline body mass index was significantly higher and their baseline HbA1c was significantly lower than those of patients who responded to sitagliptin. The most commonly co‐administered drugs were sulfonylureas (508 patients). In these patients, the dose of sulfonylurea decreased with time. In 66 patients whose sulfonylurea dosage was reduced when sitagliptin was started, HbA1c and bodyweight decreased significantly after 12 weeks. A total of 24 patients receiving sulfonylureas had mild hypoglycemia, but none discontinued sitagliptin.Conclusions:  Sitagliptin was effective and safe as both monotherapy and combination therapy in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients. When sulfonylureas were ineffective, sitagliptin improved glycemic control. In patients whose sulfonylurea dose was reduced at the start of sitagliptin, blood glucose improved and bodyweight decreased after 12 weeks.