bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hyperstationary State: Five Walks in Search of the Future in Shanghai
Authors: Hatherley Owen 
Published: January 2012

Shanghai is invariably used in film sets and popular discourse as an image of the future. But what sort of future can be found here? Is it a qualitative or quantitative advance? Is there any trace in the landscape of China’s officially still-Communist ideology? Has the city become so contradictory as to be all-but unreadable? Contemporary Shanghai is often read as a purely capitalist spectacle, with the interruption between the colonial metropolis of the interwar years and the commercial megalopolis of today barely thought about. A sort of super-NEP has now visibly created one of the world’s most visually capitalist cities, at least in its neon-lit night-time appearance and its skyline of competing pinnacles. Yet this seeming contradiction is invariably effaced, smoothed over in the reigning notion of the ’harmonious society’.
This essay is a series of beginners’ impressions of the city’s architecture, so it is deeply tentative, but it finds hints of various non-capitalist built forms – particularly a concomitance with Soviet Socialist Realist architecture of the 1950s. It finds at the same time a dramatic cityscape of primitive accumulation, with extreme juxtapositions between the pre-1990s city and the present. Finally, in an excursion to the 2010 Shanghai Expo, we find two attempts to revive the language of a more egalitarian urban politics; in the Venezuelan Pavilion, an unashamed exercise in ’21st century socialism’; and in the ’Future Cities Pavilion’, which balances a wildly contradictory series of possible futures, alternately fossil fuel-driven and ecological, egalitarian and neoliberal, as if they could all happen at the same time.
The Power of Spectacle
Authors: Greenspan Anna 
Published: January 2012

When people say Shanghai looks like the future the setting is almost always the same. Evening descends and the skyscrapers clustered on the eastern shore of the Huangpu light up. Super towers are transformed into giant screens. The spectacular skyline, all neon and lasers and LED, looms as a science fiction backdrop. Staring out from the Bund, across to Pudong, one senses the reemergence of what JG Ballard once described as an “electric and lurid city, more exciting than any other in the world.” The high-speed development of Pudong – in particular the financial district of Lujiazui – is the symbol of contemporary Shanghai and of China’s miraculous rise.
Yet, Pudong is also taken as a sign of much that is wrong with China’s new urbanism. To critics the sci-fi skyline is an emblem of the city’s shallowness, which focuses all attention on its glossy facade. Many share the sentiment of free market economist Milton Friedman who, when visiting Pudong famously derided the brand new spectacle as a giant Potemkin village. Nothing but “the statist monument for a dead pharaoh,” he is quoted as saying.
This article explores Pudong in order to investigate the way spectacle functions in China’s most dynamic metropolis. It argues that the skeptical hostility towards spectacle is rooted in the particularities of a Western philosophical tradition that insists on penetrating the surface, associating falsity with darkness and truth with light.
In contrast, China has long recognized the power of spectacle (most famously inventing gunpowder but using it only for fireworks). Alongside this comes an acceptance of a shadowy world that belongs to the dark. This acknowledgment of both darkness and light found in traditional Chinese culture (expressed by the constant revolutions of the yin/yang symbol) may provide an alternative method for thinking about the tension between the spectacular visions of planners and the unexpected and shadowy disruptions from the street.
Prediction of Non-Sentinel Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer Patients with Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases: Evaluation of the Tenon Score
Authors: Andersson Y , Frisell J , de Boniface J , Bergkvist L 
Published: January 2012

IntroductionCurrent guidelines recommend completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) in case of a sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis larger than 0.2 mm. However, in 50%-65% of these patients, the non-SLNs contain no further metastases and cALND provides no benefit. Several nomograms and scoring systems have been suggested to predict the risk of metastases in non-SLNs. We have evaluated the Tenon score.Patients and MethodsIn a retrospective review of the Swedish Sentinel Node Multicentre Cohort Study, risk factors for additional metastases were analysed in 869 SLN-positive patients who underwent cALND, using uni- and multivariate logistic regression models. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn on the basis of the sensitivity and specificity of the Tenon score, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated.ResultsNon-SLN metastases were identified in 270/869 (31.1%) patients. Tumour size and grade, SLN status and ratio between number of positive SLNs and total number of SLNs were significantly associated with non-SLN status in multivariate analyses. The area under the curve for the Tenon score was 0.65 (95% CI 0.61–0.69). In 102 patients with a primary tumour <2 cm, Elston grade 1–2 and SLN metastases ≤2 mm, the risk of non SLN metastasis was less than 10%.ConclusionThe Tenon score performed inadequately in our material and we could, based on tumour and SLN characteristics, only define a very small group of patients in which negative non-sentinel nodes could be predicted.
Malignant Struma Ovarii: A Blinded Study of 86 Cases Assessing Which Histologic Features Correlate With Aggressive Clinical Behavior
Authors: Shaco-Levy Ruthy , Peng Ruth Y. , Snyder Matthew J. , Osmond Gregory W. , Veras Emanuella , Bean Sarah M. , Bentley Rex C. , Robboy Stanley J. 
Published: January 2012

Context.—Struma ovarii exhibiting malignant histology are uncommon, and an aggressive clinical course in the form of initial extraovarian spread or recurrence is even more exceptional for these tumors.
Objective.—To determine whether specific histologic features have predictive value in distinguishing clinically benign from clinically malignant struma ovarii.
Design.—Blinded analysis of 19 histologic characteristics of thyroid tumors was performed in 60 clinically benign and 26 clinically malignant struma ovarii cases, with long-term follow-up.
Results.—Except for lack of fibrosis and macrofollicular pattern, which were more common in biologically malignant tumors (P  =  .04 and P  =  .008, respectively), and trabecular pattern, which was associated with a benign clinical course (P  =  .03), none of the other histologic features was found to be correlated with clinical behavior. The presence of the following features was similar in the biologically benign and malignant tumors: papillae, pseudo-papillae, psammoma bodies, nuclear grooves, nuclear overlap, “orphan Annie” nuclei, nuclear pseudo-inclusions, prominent nucleoli, hypercellularity, colloid scalloping, eosinophilic cytoplasm, mitoses, vascular invasion, cytologic atypia, nuclear pleomorphism, and cell size and type. Trabecular pattern and absence of fibrosis were uncommon, and there was considerable overlap of macrofollicular pattern ratio between benign and malignant cases. Thus, their practical usefulness is uncertain.
Conclusions.—The clinical outcome of struma ovarii cannot be predicted based on the microscopic diagnosis of the thyroid tissue or on specific histologic features. The lack of correlation between morphology and outcome in proliferative and histologically malignant struma ovarii is striking, making the behavior of these tumors particularly unpredictable.
Evaluation of Napsin A, Cytokeratin 5/6, p63, and Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 in Adenocarcinoma Versus Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Whithaus Kenneth , Fukuoka Junya , Prihoda Thomas J. , Jagirdar Jaishree 
Published: January 2012

Context.—The distinction of lung adenocarcinoma from other types of primary lung malignancies is important clinically. Accurate morphologic classification is often hindered because 70% of lung cancers are diagnosed on limited fine-needle aspiration or transbronchial biopsy specimens. Although thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) has historically been the most specific marker for lung adenocarcinoma, a relatively new marker, napsin A, has recently been shown to be more sensitive and specific than TTF-1.Objective.—To find the most cost-effective panel to reliably distinguish lung adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma.Design.—A total of 291 lung cancers were evaluated morphologically (197 adenocarcinomas [75%]; 66 squamous cell carcinomas [25%]; 28 cases could not be classified into either and were dropped). Immunohistochemistry for napsin A, Cytokeratin 5/6, p63, and TTF-1 was performed on a formalin-fixed tissue microarray obtained from Toyama, Japan. Cases were scored as positive or negative against a negative control.Results.—Napsin A had 83% sensitivity and 98% specificity and TTF-1 had 60% sensitivity and 98% specificity for adenocarcinoma. Cytokeratin 5/6 had 53% sensitivity and 96% specificity and p63 had 95% sensitivity and 86% specificity for squamous cell carcinoma. A panel of napsin A and p63 has a specificity of 94% and a sensitivity of 96% for distinguishing adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusions.—The source of the antibody is important in avoiding false-negative results. The most cost-effective tissue-preserving panel for small biopsy specimens in the differential diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma is a combination of p63 and napsin A.
Napsin A, a New Marker for Lung Adenocarcinoma, Is Complementary and More Sensitive and Specific Than Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 in the Differential Diagnosis of Primary Pulmonary Carcinoma: Evaluation of 1674 Cases by Tissue Microarray
Authors: Turner Bradley M. , Cagle Philip T. , Sainz Irma M. , Fukuoka Junya , Shen Steven S. , Jagirdar Jaishree 
Published: January 2012

Context.—Differentiation of non–small cell carcinoma into histologic types is important because of new, successful therapies that target lung adenocarcinoma (ACA). TTF-1 is a favored marker for lung ACA but has limited sensitivity and specificity. Napsin A (Nap-A) is a functional aspartic proteinase that may be an alternative marker for primary lung ACA.Objectives.—To compare Nap-A versus TTF-1 in the typing of primary lung carcinoma and the differentiation of primary lung ACA from carcinomas of other sites.Design.—Immunohistochemistry for Nap-A and TTF-1 was performed on tissue microarrays of 1674 cases of carcinoma: 303 primary lung ACAs (18.1%), 200 primary squamous cell lung carcinomas (11.9%), 52 primary small cell carcinomas of the lung (3.1%), and carcinomas of the kidney (n  =  320; 19.1%), thyroid (n  =  96; 5.7%), biliary (n  =  89; 5.3%), bladder (n  =  47; 2.8%), breast (n  =  93; 5.6%), colon (n  =  95; 5.7%), liver (n  =  96; 5.7%), ovaries (n  =  45; 2.7%), pancreas (n  =  48; 2.9%), prostate (n  =  49; 2.9%), stomach (n  =  93; 5.6%), and uterus (n  =  48; 2.9%). Cases were evaluated against a negative control as negative, weak positive, and strong positive.Results.—Nap-A was more sensitive than TTF-1 for primary lung ACA (87% versus 64%; P &lt; .001). Nap-A was more specific than TTF-1 for primary lung ACA versus all tumors, excluding kidney, independent of tumor type (P &lt; .001).Conclusions.—Nap-A is superior to TTF-1 in distinguishing primary lung ACA from other carcinomas (except kidney), particularly primary lung small cell carcinoma, and primary thyroid carcinoma. A combination of Nap-A and TTF-1 is useful in the distinction of primary lung ACA (Nap-A+, TTF-1+) from primary lung squamous cell carcinoma (Nap-A−, TTF-1−) and primary lung small cell carcinoma (Nap-A−, TTF-1+).
Germanium, Tin, and Copper
Authors: Stewart James H. , Macintosh David , Allen Joseph , McCarthy John 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGermanium, tin, and copper have each played a major role in the development of civilization although at distinctly different periods of history . A German chemist Clemens A. Winkler first isolated Germanium in 1886 from the mineral argyrodite, a mixed sulfide of silver and germanium, and named it after his home country Germany. Today germanium is used in the computer industry (as resistors on computer chips), in fiber optics, solar applications, metallurgy, and chemotherapy.In contrast, the archaeological record shows that tin and copper were components of man‐made objects found in Iraq that date back to 9000 BC. The Bronze Age began approximately 3500bcwith the discovery that easily smelted soft copper could be made harder and stronger by alloying with tin. Tin and copper remain important for the manufacture of numerous commercially valuable products including electrical conductors, piping, and antimicrobial agents.Germanium is a semiconducting metal from Group IVA of the periodic table and it forms a series of hydrides, which correspond chemically to the methane series of hydrocarbons and to silanes (silicon series of hydrides). Selected physical and chemical properties of germanium and some of its more common compounds are provided. There are numerous organogermanium compounds. Interest in the organogermanium compounds has centered on their antimicrobial activity and the fact that their mammalian toxicity is considerably lower than the corresponding derivatives of tin or lead. In recent years various germanium compounds, for example, carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide (Ge‐132) and lactate–citrate–germanate, have been sold as nutritional supplements, thereby creating a new exposure pathway for germanium and increasing exposure above levels predicted from industrial uses.Tin is a solid, rather an unreactive metal in Group IVA of the periodic table and has the largest number of stable isotopes of any element. Tin also has a large number of unstable isotopes with half‐lives ranging from 2.2 min to 105years. The physical and chemical properties of tin and some of its compounds are provided. Data are shown for elemental tin, organotin compounds, and some inorganic tin compounds.Copper is located in Group IB of the periodic table and was one of the first metals used by humans. The electrical conductivity and malleability of copper are important commercial properties of the metal. The physical and chemical properties of copper and its related compounds are provided. The adverse health effects associated with copper production may be due to the large amounts of sulfur oxides generated during smelting or because of the impurities, such as arsenic and antimony. Exposure to copper can occur from environmental sources such as food, water from copper pipes, and soil ingestion near copper smelting operations.
Alkaline Materials: Sodium, Potassium, Cesium, Rubidium, Francium, and Lithium
Authors: Jefferson Robert 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Alkaline materials cause irritation and corrosion of body tissues and the most commonly encountered alkaline salts are of potassium and sodium. The hydroxides of potassium and sodium being the most hazardous. The eyes are particularly susceptible to alkaline materials leading to significant tissue damage. Exposures in the workplace should be minimized using appropriate risk assessment protocols and occupational hygiene hierarchy of control measures. It is essential that employees at risk have focused safety training. Lithium compounds (carbonate and citrate) have been used widely for a number of years for the treatment of mania and bipolar disorders. The main industrial use of lithium is in lithium stearatum form, as a lubricant grease thickener in automotive applications. The toxicity of cesium is mainly due to its radioactive isotopes. Sodium metasilicate is markedly corrosive and penetrating and initial clinical manifestations of acute ingestion can include dysphagia, drooling, pain and hematemesis. Trisodium phosphate is used as a cleaning agent, food additive, stain remover and degreaser. Sodium peroxide is used as an oxidizing agent and is used as an oxygen source by reacting with carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sodium carbonate; it is thus particularly useful in scuba gear, submarines, etc. The hazard of sodium hydroxide for the environment is caused by the hydroxyl ion. The chapter discusses properties, uses, toxic effects and standards, regulations, or guidelines of exposure of various alkaline materials.
Intramolecular Homolytic Substitutions in Synthesis
Authors: Kyne Sara H. , Schiesser Carl H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Intramolecular homolytic substitution chemistry offers the synthetic practitioner efficient and convenient methods for the preparation of higher heterocycles that complement existing ionic processes, especially for the preparation of ring systems containing sulfur and selenium, as well as silicon. This article details fundamental principles and important kinetic data for intramolecular homolytic substitution chemistry involving main group heteroatoms and provides examples and illustrative procedures for the application of this chemistry to the preparation of interesting molecules, some of which are of biological significance.
Long‐term outcome of early neuropsychiatric events due to active disease in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Wang Michelle , Gladman Dafna D. , Ibañez Dominique , Urowitz Murray B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveNeuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations attributable to active disease affect up to 30% of individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The short‐term impact of NP events includes increased organ damage, fatigue, and mortality, and lower health‐related quality of life. We investigated the impact of NP events attributable to active SLE at presentation on long‐term disease activity, organ damage, and health‐related quality of life.MethodsSeventy‐two NP cases and 144 matched controls from the University of Toronto Lupus Cohort, enrolled between 1970 and 2005, were included in the study. NP cases had at least 1 NP event attributable to active SLE at the first clinic visit. Controls did not have NP events at the first clinic visit and were matched to cases on age, sex, disease duration, and decade. Paired case–control analyses were performed on measures of disease activity (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000), disease damage (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index), and health‐related quality of life (Short Form 36) at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after the first clinic visit.ResultsNP cases showed greater disease activity than controls at the first clinic visit (P < 0.0001) and greater cumulative organ damage at 1‐year followup (P = 0.01). No statistically significant differences were found on 3‐year or 5‐year outcomes. Mean scores showed a decreasing trend of disease activity, increasing organ damage, and persistently low quality of life for both cases and controls.ConclusionThis study shows that early NP events due to active SLE are not major contributors to long‐term disease activity, accumulation of damage, or health‐related quality of life. The long‐term prognosis and patterns of disease in SLE patients with early NP events are similar to those of SLE patients without these events.
Brief fear of movement scale for osteoarthritis
Authors: Shelby Rebecca A. , Somers Tamara J. , Keefe Francis J. , DeVellis Brenda M. , Patterson Carol , Renner Jordan B. , Jordan Joanne M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveFear of movement has important clinical implications for individuals with osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to establish a brief fear of movement scale for use in OA. Items from the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) were examined.MethodsThe English version of the TSK was examined in a community‐based sample (n = 1,136) of individuals with OA of the hip or knee. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to determine the number and content of the dimensions of fear of movement. Factorial invariance was tested across subgroups of sex, race, education, and OA severity. Convergent validity with measures of pain, physical functioning, and psychological functioning was examined.ResultsFactor analyses identified a single‐factor 6‐item scale that measures activity avoidance due to pain‐related fear of movement (confirmatory factor analysis indices of model fit: root mean square error of approximation = 0.04, standardized root mean square residual = 0.01, comparative fit index = 0.99, and Tucker‐Lewis Index = 0.99). The 6‐item scale demonstrated factorial invariance across sex, race, levels of education, and OA severity, suggesting that this scale performs consistently across diverse groups of individuals with OA. Convergent validity with measures of pain (β = 0.30–0.41), physical functioning (β = 0.44–0.48), and psychological functioning (β = 0.36–0.37) was also demonstrated.ConclusionThe Brief Fear of Movement Scale identified in this study provides a promising and valid approach for assessing fear of movement in individuals with OA. This brief scale demonstrated several important strengths, including a small number of items, sound psychometric properties, and consistent performance across diverse groups of individuals with OA.
Sequence‐Independent Synthesis of π‐conjugated Arylenevinylene Oligomers using Bifunctional Thiophene Monomers
Authors: Shivananda Kammasandra Nanjunda , Cohen Irit , Borzin Elena , Gerchikov Yulia , Firstenberg Michal , Solomeshch Olga , Tessler Nir , Eichen Yoav 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSequence‐independent or “click” chemistry is applied for the preparation of a series of novel and structurally similar π‐conjugated oligomers. The new oligomers are prepared using Wittig–Horner chemistry from bifunctional building blocks that can be interconnected to one another at any desired sequence. The bifunctional building blocks consist of aromatic skeletons with acetal protected aldehyde groups on one side and a phosphonic acid diethyl ester group para to the aldehyde functionality. The first step in the arylenevinylene formation is a Wittig–Horner coupling of a functionalized aldehyde with the methyl phosphonate ester ylide of a bifunctional monomer. A stepwise protection–deprotection process is applied for the preparation of structurally similar π‐conjugated oligo‐phenylene vinylenes. New di‐, tri‐, penta‐, and hepta‐phenylenevinylenes are prepared and characterized. Selected penta‐arylenevinylenes are incorporated as the semiconductor channel in organic field‐effect transistors.
Conductivity of SU‐8 Thin Films through Atomic Force Microscopy Nano‐Patterning
Authors: Martin‐Olmos Cristina , Villanueva L. Guillermo , van der Wal Peter D. , Llobera Andreu , de Rooij Nico F. , Brugger Jürgen , Perez‐Murano Francesc 
Published: January 2012

AbstractProcessing flexibility and good mechanical properties are the two major reasons for SU‐8 extensive applicability in the micro‐fabrication of devices. In order to expand its usability down to the nanoscale, conductivity of ultra‐thin SU‐8 layers as well as its patterning by AFM are explored. By performing local electrical measurements outstanding insulating properties and a dielectric strength 100 times larger than that of SiO2 are shown. It is also demonstrated that the resist can be nano‐patterned using AFM, obtaining minimum dimensions below 40nm and that it can be combined with parallel lithographic methods like UV‐lithography. The concurrence of excellent insulating properties and nanometer‐scale patternability enables a valuable new approach for the fabrication of nanodevices. As a proof of principle, nano‐electrode arrays for electrochemical measurements which show radial diffusion and no overlap between different diffusion layers are fabricated. This indicates the potential of the developed technique for the nanofabrication of devices.