bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The depositional history of the Hackness Coral-Sponge Bed and its associated sediments within the Passage Beds Member of the Coralline Oolite Formation (Corallian Group; Oxfordian) of North Yorkshire
Authors: Wright J. K. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The Passage Beds contain a varied assortment of terrigenous and carbonate sedimentary rocks in which there is the gradual upwards transition from predominantly terrigenous into predominantly carbonate sediment. From an initial widespread quartz-sand sheet covering most of the Cleveland Basin, terrigenous sedimentation later became confined to the southern margin of the basin while in the centre, shallow seas, minimal clastic clay input and substantial nutrient-transporting tidal currents enabled a coral reef to become established. Large amounts of reef-derived sediment were transported eastwards, forming a long ‘tail’ of coral–shell sand. Uplift and erosion of the reef in late Passage Beds times was followed by renewed subsidence. This produced a hardground which was colonised by thickets of a crinoid having pentalobate stem ossicles commonly referred to as ‘
Pentacrinus
’. The ‘
Pentacrinus
’ ossicles, along with further coral debris, were subsequently incorporated into a widespread sheet of ‘
Pentacrinus
’ biosparite.
Palynological evidence for an early Namurian age of the Cornbrook Sandstone Formation, Clee Hill, Shropshire
Authors: Turner N. , Owens B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The formational name Cornbrook Sandstone has been applied to a variable succession of conglomerates and coarse-grained sandstones, with thin mudstone and coal intercalations, which occurs between the Carboniferous Limestone (Dinantian) and Coal Measures (Westphalian) in the Clee Hills area of Shropshire. Previous biostratigraphical investigations have proved inconclusive, suggested ages ranging from Tournaisian to Westphalian B. Palynological investigations on material from surface exposures and from three cored shallow boreholes, which penetrated most of the Cornbrook Sandstone sequence together with part of the underlying Carboniferous Limestone, provide new evidence for the age of the formation. Well preserved miospore assemblages indicate an early Namurian (Pendleian-Arnsbergian) age. The palynological evidence suggests that the base of the Cornbrook Sandstone is younger than the base of the Drybrook Sandstone of Gloucestershire, which exhibits broad similarities in tectonic and depositional settings. The two sandstones may, therefore, represent unrelated sand bodies, located north and south of St George’s Land. Alternatively, if they represent remnants of a more extensive deposit, its base may have been diachronous, becoming younger to the north.
The stratigraphy of the Upper Kimmeridge Clay (late Jurassic) of Golden Hill, Vale of Pickering, North Yorkshire
Authors: Wignall P. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The section at the regionally important Golden Hill site, which exposes up to 25m of Upper Kimmeridge Clay, is detailed and the ammonite faunas assessed. The site has recently been designated an SSSI by English Nature. Comparison with the Dorset type section confirms that it spans the mid-Hudlestoni Zone to the mid-Pectinatus Zone. The vertical ranges of some
Pectinatites
species appear to be more extensive than in Dorset. A species closely similar to
P.(V.) smedmorensis
occurs much higher in the succession of Golden Hill than in Dorset.
Formation and diagenesis of slope limestones within the Upper Permian (Zechstein) Raisby Formation, north-east England
Authors: Lee M. R. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Isolated bodies of bedded limestone, metres in thickness, occur within dolostones of the Zechstein Raisby Formation in north-east England. Carbonate sedimentary rocks, which comprise the Raisby Formation, were deposited as pelagic and hemipelagic mudstones and wackestones on a carbonate slope during cycle 1 of the English Zechstein sequence. A characteristic of the slope environment, especially during its early evolution, was extensive submarine cementation. The intensity of early cementation at any place and time was a function of an interplay between sedimentation rate, the degree of bioturbation, and agitation of the sediment by currents. Early cementation was a significant factor in inhibiting later dolomitisation of some slope sediments by restricting the intergranular movement of dolomitising brines. Dolomitisation of Raisby Formation slope carbonates was additionally influenced by distance from the shelf area of the cycle 1 carbonate wedge, which is inferred to have been the source of dolomitising fluids, and local stratigraphic variations in porosity and permeability.
The Carboniferous dendroid graptolites of Britain and Ireland
Authors: Chapman A. J. , Rickards R. B. , Grayson R. F. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Carboniferous graptolites are rare in Britain and Ireland, occurring most commonly in Lancashire and Yorkshire, and particularly at a few sites on Pendle Hill. Despite this there is a considerable diversity, and the following are described:
Dendrograptus whitewellensis
sp. nov.,
D. rileyi,
sp. nov.,
D. oldhami
sp. nov.,
Dictyonema kittyae
sp. nov.,
Callograptus monensis
(Hind),
C. sevastopuloi
sp. nov.,
Pseudodictyonema heyi
sp. nov.,
P. carboniferus
(Hind),
P. crassum
(Girty),
P.
spp. A. & B.,
Ptiograptus fournieri
Ubaghs, and
Stelechocladia ubaghsi
sp. nov. Three genera,
Pseudodictyonema, Ptiograptus
and
Stelechocladia
are recorded from Britain for the first time. Several species represent the latest record of the genus:
Dendrograptus oldhami, Callograptus monensis, Pseudodictyonema heyi, Ptiograptus fournieri,
and
Stelechocladia ubaghsi. Dictyonema kittyae
is the penultimate record of the genus, and the latest in this region. The graptolites are grouped into three families:
Dendrograptidae (Dendrograptus, Callograptus
and
Dictyonema); Pseudodictyonemidae
fam. nov.
(Pseudodictyonema, Ptiograptus);
and
Stelechocladiidae
fam. nov.
(Stelechocladia).
The graptolites appear to have lived in small, low diversity faunules in shallow, shelf seas or on topographic highs. The Pendle Hill forms occur in turbidites and may be derived from the Central Lancashire High a short distance to the south. Their occurrence is discussed in terms of their palaeoecology. The Pendle Dendroid Bed is formally defined.
The interpretation of gravity and aeromagnetic data for the geological investigation of the Sellafield area, west Cumbria
Authors: Kimbell G. S. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Potential field modelling has been used to test structural models of the Permo-Triassic cover sequence in the Sellafield area. An analysis of rock density data indicated that the main density interfaces occur at the base of the Calder Sandstone and the base of the St Bees Sandstone, and these horizons were employed in 3D gravity stripping. In addition, 2.5D gravity and magnetic modelling was conducted along selected profiles, with structures constrained by boreholes and good quality seismic reflection data, but subject to modification elsewhere. These studies highlighted shortcomings in earlier models for the margins of the Ravenglass Sub-basin and have led to new versions which agree better with available data. Subsequent drilling has confirmed the validity of the re-interpretation. Gravity data provide strong evidence of a north-west-trending fault zone which bounds the north-eastern corner of the Ravenglass Sub-basin. The sharp change in the strike of the basin margin represented by this fault zone probably arose because of the influence of pre-existing basement structures (granites and lines of weakness) on basin evolution. Relatively magnetic rocks within the Borrowdale Volcanic Group can be traced beneath Permo-Triassic cover using aeromagnetic data; the magnetic signature relating to the displacement of these rocks at the margins of the Ravenglass Sub-basin provides corroboration of models based on gravity data.
Seismic reflection data and the internal structure of the Lake District batholith, Cumbria, northern England
Authors: Evans D. J. , Rowley W. J. , Chadwick R. A. , Kimbell G. S. , Millward D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Seismic reflection data across the western margin of the Lake District batholith reveal reflector-poor and reflector-rich areas within components of the intrusion. Synthetic seismograms generated from a series of velocity models have been used to interpret a representative panel of a seismic reflection profile across the western boundary of the batholith. Results indicate that the reflections bounding large, wedge-like reflector-rich zones may be associated with granite/country rock acoustic impedance boundaries. The reflector-rich zones are interpreted as bodies of country rock intruded by the granite and the reflection-poor areas as laccolithic granitic components of the batholith. Reflector-rich areas within the main body of the Lake District batholith may arise from either areas of included country rock, sills or fracture zones within the granite. The areal extent of the wedge-like zones of reflections suggests the intrusion hereabouts comprises a series of laccolithic bodies. It is interpreted that the subsurface western margin of the intrusion has a jagged, ‘cedar-tree’ profile, the intrusive envelope to which is steeper than previous gravity models imply for a ‘simple’ batholith margin. Such a configuration is compatible with observed gravity data.
UK NIREX geological investigations at Sellafield
Authors: Michie U. McL. , Bowden R. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Geological investigations of the Sellafield area, west Cumbria by UK NIREX Ltd are part of a site characterization process to assess its suitability for the construction of an underground radioactive waste repository. The geological characterization is an input to the NIREX post-Closure Safety Assessment. This will address all aspects of post-closure radiological safety of the repository, particularly the potential for radionuclide migration in groundwater back to the surface (the biosphere) through the various geological units (the geosphere). This characterization forms the largest geotechnical investigation in Britain and encompasses scales of study from ‘large scale, regional’, covering north-west England and the East Irish Sea Basin to ‘microscopic’, requiring detailed examination of drill cores and individual rock fractures.
Lithostratigraphical subdivision of the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group in west Cumbria
Authors: Barnes R. P. , Ambrose K. , Holliday D. W. , Jones N. S. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The subdivisions of the Sherwood Sandstone Group, previously recognized on geophysical and lithological criteria in boreholes offshore in the East Irish Sea Basin, can be identified in the onshore exposures and boreholes of west Cumbria. The term St Bees Sandstone Formation is here restricted to the lower, fluvial, fine-grained sandstone, with claystone and siltstone partings, exposed around St Bees. This formation is sharply overlain by softer and coarser grained, aeolian and subordinate fluvial sandstone, which contains abundant, well-rounded aeolian sand grains, referred to the newly defined Calder Sandstone Formation. Higher sandstone has been separated from the Calder Sandstone Formation by its finer grain size and by geophysical log signatures. This is referred to the Ormskirk Sandstone and is dominantly aeolian in origin. Similar divisions of the Sherwood Sandstone Group can be recognized in the Carlisle Basin, and may also be present in other onshore areas, but await formal definition.
The pattern of faulting across the western sector of the Market Weighton Block, Vale of York
Authors: Hawkins T. R. W. , Aldrick R. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The results of recent water well drilling and numerous resistivity depth soundings have shown that the western sector of the Market Weighton Block is intensely faulted. The faulting includes narrow north-east-trending grabens, resulting from re-activation of faults that originated during Variscan movements in the Upper Carboniferous sequences of the concealed Selby and main Yorkshire coalfields. These faults are not directly related to the nearby Howardian-Flamborough Head or Peak Trough fault systems.
Emplacement and diagenesis of gypsum and anhydrite in the late Permian Raisby Formation, north-east England
Authors: Lee M. R. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Cavities, pores and crystal pseudomorphs which are lined or filled by calcite are ubiquitous in Raisby Formation dolostones at outcrop in north-east England. Their distribution in most exposures is random on a metre scale. On a smaller scale, cavities, pores and crystal pseudomorphs are most numerous in bioclastic and resedimented beds. Deep borehole cores of the Raisby Formation contain nodules and euhedral crystals of gypsum and anhydrite of very similar size and shape to the cavities and pseudomorphs. This indicates that calcium sulphates were once abundant in the Raisby Formation at outcrop, but almost all have been removed subsequently.
Calcium sulphate minerals were formed early in the diagenetic history of the Raisby Formation, predominantly by selective replacement of carbonate rocks. Gypsum was precipitated first, probably as a by-product of dolomitization, by brines refluxing basinwards through the Raisby Formation from the hypersaline Zechstein Sea during deposition of the Edlington Formation and the Hartlepool Anhydrite Formation. Later, replacive anhydrite formed following both pressure-solution and dehydration of the gypsum. During further burial, some anhydrite was replaced by barite, dolomite and sphalerite. Upon uplift of the Raisby Formation during the Tertiary, anhydrite rehydrated to porphyroblastic gypsum and this was then dissolved by meteoric groundwaters. The resultant pores were lined or filled by two generations of calcite and also, locally, by kaolinite. The earlier calcite generation is luminescent and was precipitated partly as a passive cement and partly by replacement of surviving gypsum and anhydrite, a reaction thought to have been mediated by sulphate-reducing bacteria. The later calcite generation is predominantly non-luminescent and was precipitated from near-surface meteoric groundwaters.
Palynology of the Dinantian Lower Border Group of the Solway Basin
Authors: Mahdi S. A. , Butterworth M. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Miospore assemblages from the upper part of the Lower Border Group in Tarras Water, near Langholm, Dumfries and Galloway, are assigned to the
Lycospora pusilla
(Pu) Zone and the
Knoxisporites triradiatus–K. stephanephorus
(TS) Zone. Comparisons with similar assemblages from strata dated on their foraminiferal and/or conodont content suggest that the Tarras Water assemblages are early Visean, ranging from Chadian to Holkerian in age. Re-examined samples from the Bewcastle and Cambeck beds in the Bewcastle Anticline of Northumberland are assigned to the upper part of the Pu Zone and to the TS Zone respectively, suggesting that they are of Arundian and Holkerian age. Lycospores are more abundant in assemblages from the more marine Bewcastle sequence than in assemblages from Langholm sequence farther west. Such marked lateral changes of facies result in an eastward and northward reduction in numbers of stratigraphically useful fossils, creating uncertainty over dating and correlation of the Lower Border Group in this area. The present work suggests that the recently published correlations between sections in the Langholm–Newcastleton and Bewcastle areas may need to be revised.

Several species that were not previously known from Britain or north-west Europe, but which may be of stratigraphical value, have been recorded. Two new species are described:
Neoraistrickia variabilis
sp. nov. and
Schopfites claytonii
sp. nov.
Field relationships, geochemistry, and tectonic context of the Tertiary dyke suites in Staffordshire and Shropshire, central England
Authors: Thompson D. B. , Winchester J. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Field and petrographic data relating to the historically important dyke rocks in Shropshire and Staffordshire are reviewed and trace element geochemistry is used to show that separate dyke suites can be differentiated chemically.
The dykes have usually suffered late-stage feldspathization, analcitization, mineralization and weathering, making it difficult to characterize them petrographically. The whole-rock geochemistry described in this paper shows that in Shropshire two tholeiitic suites occur, around Acton Reynald and between Clive and Grinshill, while in Staffordshire alkaline basaltic dykes in the northern Butterton–Swynnerton area are chemically different from those in the southern Yarnfield–Norton Bridge area. These latter suites were derived from different magmatic sources. Chemical comparisons with the nearest suitably aligned Tertiary dyke sets in Anglesey and north Lancashire reveal broad, but not precise, comparability with the Shropshire and Staffordshire dykes respectively. It is argued that dyke emplacements were probably vertical rather than lateral and largely took advantage of pre-existing fracture patterns.

The discovery of distinct geochemical suites permits reinterpretation of fission track dating relating to dyke emplacement in the late Cretaceous–early Palaeocene phase of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. The timing of emplacement of the Shropshire dykes accords well with the existence of a north-east-south-west tensional palaeostress field across the British Tertiary Volcanic Province both before and while the effects (
c.
62 Ma) of the Icelandic mantle plume and dome were first apparent and an abortive Gallic sub-plate was developing. Younger K-Ar and fission track dates in Staffordshire (at 52 and 54 Ma respectively) may relate to resetting of the apatite clock by late-stage hydrothermal alteration. A younger, less reliable K-Ar date in Shropshire (50 Ma) may relate to Cu–Pb–Zn–Co–Ni–V mineralization. The north-north-west–south-south-east Staffordshire dykes may relate generally to emplacement in the same stress field, but their alignment may also have been influenced by inherited upper-crustal Malvernoid fractures in the underlying Midlands microcraton. Post-intrusive normal, oblique and wrench faulting, consistent with later Tertiary and Neogene stress fields, affected dykes in Shropshire, but similar effects in Staffordshire are less well documented.
Pelmatozoan (crinoid?) columnals from the Hirnantian (Ordovician, Ashgill) of Keisley, Cumbria, UK
Authors: Donovan S. K. , Wright A. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Few pelmatozoan faunas have been recorded from the Hirnantian. A Hirnantian columnal fauna from rottenstones above the Keisley Limestone in the Cross Fell Inlier at Keisley, Cumbria, includes a new species of disparid crinoid,
Ectenocrinus britannicus,
the youngest known member of this genus. Columnal morphotaxa include
Bystrowicrinus
(col.) spp.,
Bystrowicrinus?
(col.) sp.,
Cyclocyclicus?
(col.) sp.,
Cyclocharax
(col.) sp.,
Particrinus
(col.) sp. or
Comptocrinus
(col.) sp., and
Pentagonocyclicus
(col.) spp. This fauna shows some similarities with that of the Hirnantian Glyn Formation of Gwynedd, Wales, but is closer to certain Rawtheyan faunas, such as that of the Rawtheyan Rhiwlas Limestone, perhaps emphasizing the relict nature of Hirnantian pelmatozoan faunas.
Effects of a Westphalian channel on coal-seam geometry: a reappraisal of the ‘Dumb Fault’ of north Derbyshire
Authors: Guion P. D. , Jones N. S. , Fulton I. M. , Ashton A. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The ‘Dumb Fault’ is a belt of Westphalian A (Langsettian) disturbed strata, that has been re-examined in an opencast mine in Derbyshire. The Deep Hard Seam is absent beneath the ‘Dumb Fault’, and anomalously thick coals occur on either side of the belt. A swilley, consisting of an elongate depression infilled in its lower part with impure coal, is present in the overlying Deep Soft Seam, and anticlinal folds occur in underlying seams. The ‘Dumb Fault’ is not a fault, but a minor channel system, that was subject to episodes of bank collapse which removed and displaced peat masses, forming the anomalously thick coal. Abandonment of the channel left an unplugged reach, which was filled with plant debris forming the swilley. Burial compacted the thickened displaced peat masses, with the anticlines in the underlying seams developing to accommodate the compaction. The potential adverse effects on mining of the features described include loss of coal tonnage, problems of excavation, highwall failure, difficulties in digging clean coal and changes of seam gradient.
Spectral gamma-ray and palynological characterization of Kinderscoutian marine bands in the Namurian of the Pennine Basin
Authors: Davies S. J. , McLean D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Detailed sedimentological, spectral gamma-ray and palynological sampling of three sections through the Kinderscoutian R
1c
Ammonoid Biozone in a north–south transect across the Pennine Basin allows the recognition of features which are diagnostic of maximum flooding surfaces in diverse depositional settings. Data from ammonoid-bearing marine horizons provide a set of criteria which are applicable to the recognition of maximum flooding surfaces in depositional situations in which marine macrofauna are not necessarily preserved. Spectral gamma-ray data for marine bands include high U (>6ppm), low Th/U (<3.8) and commonly low Th/K (<6). Palynological characteristics reflect basin-wide changes in vegetation related to sea-level fluctuations and are diagnostic regardless of depositional setting. Marine bands are characterized by a peak in ‘hinterland’ microflora associated with coniferalean ‘super-hinterland’ elements and a coincident decline in the lowland ‘forest mire’ and ‘coloniser’ microfloral abundances. These criteria are used to identify candidate correlatives of marine bands in sections representative of a deep basinal setting (Blake Brook, North Staffordshire) and an unstable, turbidite-dominated delta-slope setting (Blackden Brook, North Derbyshire).