bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Milankovitch and albedo forcing of the tropical monsoons: a comparison of geological evidence and numerical simulations for 9000 yBP
Authors: Street-Perrott F. A. , Mitchell J. F. B. , Marchand D. S. , Brunner J. S. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTLake-level and palaeoecological evidence from Africa, Arabia and southern Asia for 9000 yBP suggests an intensification and increased poleward penetration of the northern monsoons. The vegetation belts shifted north by 4–6° latitude on the south side of the Sahara. In contrast, the monsoon over southern Africa was weaker than today. Calculations based on the new palaeogeographical map of Mali by Petit-Maireet al.(1988) indicated that the areaaveraged surface albedo decreased by 0·10–0·14 in the zone 16–24°N and that total annual precipitation increased by 150–320 mm north of the inland delta of the Niger (20–24° 15′N). Experiments with atmospheric general-circulation models suggest that this asymmetrical pattern of anomalies in the strength of the tropical monsoons can be explained in broad terms by the different orbital configuration of the Earth at 9000 yBP. Here, we describe a hitherto unpublished sensitivity experiment with the low-resolution (5° × 7·5°) version of the U.K. Meteorological Office 11-layer model, in which the albedo over Africa and Arabia between 15 and 30°N was reduced by between 0·04 and 0·06 to simulate the increase in vegetation cover at 9000 yBP. The results indicate that the surface-albedo change provides a significant positive feedback enhancing the direct climatic effects of Milankovitch forcing in the tropics.
Petrochemistry of late Palaeozoic alkali lamprophyre dykes from N Scotland
Authors: Baxter A. N. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe lower Carboniferous–late Permian dyke swarms of the Scottish Highlands and Islands comprise a mild-strongly alkaline basic series of dolerites, camptonites and monchiquites. Differentiation within the suite was largely controlled by olivine + clinopyroxene fractionation. Major and trace element data indicate that dolerites and camptonites chemically overlap, their mineralogical contrasts resulting from differential loss of an H2O, CO2-rich fluid phase during ascent. By contrast most monchiquites have high Mg-values and are relatively primitive compositions, some being near-primary magmas which have risen rapidly from mantle levels with little chemical modification.HREE-buffered incompatible element profiles imply a garnet–lherzolite source, which must underlie the lithospheric mantle region represented by spinel lherzolite xenoliths found in some monchiquites.C. 0·5–2·0% partial melting can account for the gross incompatible element variation in the suite, but relative fluctuations in K, Ba, Rb, Sr, P and Zr imply chemical heterogeneity controlled either by refractory mantle accessory phases or by modification of magmas during ascent through variably metasomatised lithospheric mantle.
Geodynamic significance of post-Variscan intrusive and extrusive potassic magmatism in SW England
Authors: Leat P. T. , Thompson R. N. , Morrison M. A. , Hendry G. L. , Trayhorn S. C. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTPost-Variscan magmatism in SW England involved the synchronous emplacement of basaltic and potassic lavas, minette dykes and the Cornubian granite batholith at c. 290 Ma. The basaltic and potassic rocks have high contents of Ni and Cr, which suggest that both are not excessively fractionated. The basaltic lavas are moderately enriched in LREE and LIL elements relative to HREE, whereas the chemically-varied potassic lavas are more strongly enriched in LREE and LIL elements, with notable depletions in Nb, Ta and Ti relative to LREE. These features are consistent with the view that these rocks are subduction-related. Possibly the potassic rocks were derived from an ultimate source in lithosphere subducted or downthrust during the Variscan orogeny. The source of the basaltic rocks was probably in the asthenosphere. The minette dykes are chemically similar to the potassic lavas, suggesting that they are genetically related. Most dykes occur in a zone up to 25 km wide around the margin of the granite batholith, in a “shadow-zone” relationship. The granite batholith (c. 48,000 km3) is moderately enriched in Th and HFS elements, but is strongly enriched in Rb. Rb-Th relationships indicate an origin for the granite by fractionation from potassic magma in addition to melting of crust.
The evolution of ecological tolerance in prokaryotes
Authors: Knoll Andrew H. , Bauld John 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe ecological ranges of Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria are constrained by a requirement for liquid water and the physico-chemical stability limits of biomolecules, but within this broad envelope, prokaryotes have evolved adaptations that permit them to tolerate a remarkable spectrum of habitats. Laboratory experiments indicate that prokaryotes can adapt rapidly to novel environmental conditions, yet geological studies suggest early diversification and long-term stasis within the prokaryotic kingdoms. These apparently contradictory perspectives can be reconciled by understanding that, in general, rates and patterns of prokaryotic evolution reflect the developmental history of the Earth's surface environments. Our understanding of modern microbial ecology provides a lens through which our accumulating knowledge of physiology, molecular phylogeny and the Earth's history can be integrated and focussed on the phenomenon of prokaryotic evolution.
What, if anything, is a brackish-water fauna?
Authors: Barnes R. S. K. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe nature of the fauna of brackish-water environments is reviewed. It is concluded that: (a) a specific brackish-water macrofauna does not exist; (b) in salinities of >c. 5-8‰ the fauna is one that also occurs in soft sediments under fully marine conditions when circumstances (possibly the absence of competing species) permit; (c) in salinities of <c. 5‰ the fauna is essentially a freshwater one; and (d) inability to cope physiologically with brackish water is not a factor of major importance in limiting species diversity in these habitats, except in the vicinity of 5‰ salinity. Caution is therefore advised in assigning brackish status to past environments on the basis of their preserved fauna.
Physiological constraints on living and fossil brachiopods
Authors: Curry Gordon B. , Ansell A. D. , James M. , Peck L. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAsh-free-dry-weight determinations for a representative range of living brachiopod genera have revealed that a consistently high proportion of total organic mass is contained within the shell, partly as the organic matrix for biomineralisation and partly as minute extensions of the mantle tissues (caeca) housed within hollow endopunctae permeating the shell. On average 40% to 50% of the total organic mass of both articulate and inarticulate brachiopods is situated within the shell. This is true even for a rhynchonellid brachiopod which does not possess endopunctae, but which has a more dense protein matrix in its shell. The effectively hidden constituent of brachiopod tissue mass which is included in this component has often been overlooked, and as a result total metabolic tissue mass has been underestimated. This throws into question some previous interpretations of brachiopod respiratory and metabolic data.The oxygen consumption rates of several living brachiopods have been measured, and when respiring tissue in caeca in the shell is taken into consideration, it is clear that brachiopod metabolic rates are low when compared with other marine invertebrates (e.g. between 10% and 50% of the oxygen uptake of comparable gastropods and bivalve molluscs held in similar conditions). This low rate cannot be attributed to a slower pumping rate by the brachiopod lophophore, as has been suggested, because the rate of water movement is comparable to that across the bivalve gill.Nitrogen excretion rates have also been measured for a few living brachiopods, allowing a comparison with rates of oxygen consumption and providing an indication of the metabolic substrates used. These data on oxygen: nitrogen ratios suggest that one Antarctic brachiopod utilises exclusively protein as a metabolic substrate, while a temperate latitude species uses mainly protein during winter but lipids and carbohydrates during summer months. Histological observations, particularly of Terebratulina retusa from temperate waters, show that a specialised tissue layer in the brachiopod outer mantle epithelium proximal to the shell may be the site of storage of the protein that is metabolised during winter, and of carbohydrate mobilised during gonadal development in summer. The caeca have also been suggested as sites of storage of metabolites, and the possible relationships between these areas of mantle are discussed. It seems that the ability to store nutrients in the mantle, combined with flexibility of substrate utilisation and an inherently low metabolic rate, have been important factors in brachiopod evolution.
Applying the ecosystem services concept to poverty alleviation: the need to disaggregate human well-being
Authors: DAW TIM , BROWN KATRINA , ROSENDO SERGIO , POMEROY ROBERT 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe concept of ecosystem services (ES), the benefits humans derive from ecosystems, is increasingly applied to environmental conservation, human well-being and poverty alleviation, and to inform the development of interventions. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) implicitly recognize the unequal distribution of the costs and benefits of maintaining ES, through monetary compensation from ‘winners’ to ‘losers’. Some research into PES has examined how such schemes affect poverty, while other literature addresses trade-offs between different ES. However, much evolving ES literature adopts an aggregated perspective of humans and their well-being, which can disregard critical issues for poverty alleviation. This paper identifies four issues with examples from coastal ES in developing countries. First, different groups derive well-being benefits from different ES, creating winners and losers as ES, change. Second, dynamic mechanisms of access determine who can benefit. Third, individuals' contexts and needs determine how ES contribute to well-being. Fourth, aggregated analyses may neglect crucial poverty alleviation mechanisms such as cash-based livelihoods. To inform the development of ES interventions that contribute to poverty alleviation, disaggregated analysis is needed that focuses on who derives which benefits from ecosystems, and how such benefits contribute to the well-being of the poor. These issues present challenges in data availability and selection of how and at which scales to disaggregate. Disaggregation can be applied spatially, but should also include social groupings, such as gender, age and ethnicity, and is most important where inequality is greatest. Existing tools, such as stakeholder analysis and equity weights, can improve the relevance of ES research to poverty alleviation.
Evaluating the environmental impact of payments for ecosystem services in Coatepec (Mexico) using remote sensing and on-site interviews
Authors: SCULLION JASON , THOMAS CRAIG W. , VOGT KRISTINA A. , PÉREZ-MAQUEO OCTAVIO , LOGSDON MILES G. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYOver the last decade, hundreds of payments for ecosystem services (PES) programmes have been initiated around the world, but evidence of their environmental benefits remains limited. In this study, two PES programmes operating in the municipality of Coatepec (Mexico) were evaluated to assess their effectiveness in protecting the region's endangered upland forests. Landsat satellite data were analysed to assess changes in forest cover before and after programme implementation using a difference-in-differences estimator. Additionally, surveys and interviews were conducted with local residents and a subset of PES programme participants to evaluate the programmes’ social and environmental impacts, particularly the effect of the programmes on landowner behaviour. The remote-sensing data show that deforestation was substantially lower on properties receiving PES payments compared to properties not enrolled in the programmes, but the programmes did not prevent the net loss of forests within Coatepec. Moreover, the on-site interviews suggest that the payments may have had little impact on deforestation rates, and that other factors contributed to the conservation of forests in PES properties. These findings suggest that risk-targeted payments, robust monitoring and enforcement programmes, and additional conservation initiatives should be included in all PES schemes to ensure environmental effectiveness.
From racecourse to People's Park and People's Square: historical transformation and symbolic significance
Authors: YUEZHI XIONG 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT:Horse racing ended in Shanghai in 1945, but the public continued for a long time to make its opinion heard on the prohibition of horse racing and on the changing function of the racecourse. In 1951, the dust settled, and the racecourse became People's Park and People's Square. This article describes the ever changing symbolic significance of the racecourse that has played out against a backdrop of changing racecourse functions and varying intellectual currents. Initially, it was a relatively simple place of leisure. It later became a gambling arena where people were cheated of their money and sometimes murdered, a place where Chinese suffered discrimination, and a stage on which imperialism flaunted its military might. It had, in short, become a diabolic symbol of a multitude of evils. The call to change the racecourse merged powerfully with the struggle to oppose imperialism, regain the settlement and struggle towards civilization and democracy. In spite of changes in the ruling party and the replacement of one regime by another, a remarkable ideological and intellectual continuity persisted from the 1930s to the 1950s.
Fleeing from firestorms: government, cities, native place associations and refugees in the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance
Authors: LINCOLN TOBY 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT:This article explores the refugee experiences of three communities in Shanghai during the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. Social and political organizations worked together in different ways to send people safely back to different parts of China. I argue that this shows how migrant identities were trans-local and that urban identity in the first half of the twentieth century in China was never wholly confined within one city. Rather, networks of individuals and institutions worked together to handle the crisis caused by one of the most devastating invasions of World War II.
A simple 1‐D radiative‐convective atmospheric model designed for integration into coupled models of magma ocean planets
Authors: Marcq E. 
Published: November 2011

In order to understand the early history of telluric interiors and atmospheres during the ocean magma stage, a coupled interior‐atmosphere‐escape model is being developed. This paper describes the atmospheric part and its first preliminary results. A unidimensional, radiative‐convective, H2O‐CO2 atmosphere is modeled following a vertical T(z) profile similar to Kasting (1988) and Abe and Matsui (1988). Opacities in the thermal IR are then computed using a k‐correlated code (KSPECTRUM), tabulated continuum opacities for H2O‐H2O and CO2‐CO2 absorption, and water or sulphuric acid clouds in the moist convective zone (whenever present). The first results show the existence of two regimes depending on the relative value of the surface temperature Ts compared to a threshold temperature Tc depending on the total gaseous inventory. For Ts < Tc, efficient blanketing results in a cool upper atmosphere, a cloud cover, and a long lifetime for the underneath magma ocean with a net thermal IR flux between 200 and 280 Wm−2. For Ts > Tc, the blanketing is not efficient enough to prevent large radiative heat loss to space through a hot, cloudless atmosphere. Our current calculations may underestimate the thermal flux in the case of hot surfaces with little gaseous content in the atmosphere.
Temporal and Fine‐Scale Spatial Variation in Fish Assemblage Structure in a Drowned River Mouth System of Lake Michigan
Authors: Bhagat Yakuta , Ruetz Carl R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe examined patterns of fish community composition and the relation to environmental variation in a drowned river mouth system of Lake Michigan. Direct hydrological connections to the Muskegon River and Lake Michigan contribute to a unique ecosystem with large‐lake and riverine influences, thus making Muskegon Lake of particular interest for assessing fish community structure across spatiotemporal scales. Using overnight fyke‐net sets, we sampled the fish community at four littoral sites in Muskegon Lake during spring, summer, and fall of 2003–2009; we also measured a suite of physicochemical variables at each sampling location and event. Among the most abundant species captured were the yellow perchPerca flavescens, round gobyNeogobius melanostomus, and bluntnose minnowPimephales notatus. Results from nonmetric multidimensional scaling showed that fish assemblages varied strongly across seasons and across sites but that annual variation was weak. Canonical correspondence analysis by season showed that temperature was the most important variable in spring, whereas turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and depth were more influential in structuring fish communities during summer. Macrophyte cover played a significant role in explaining community composition in the fall. We observed patterns of seasonal temporal variation in species–environment relationships, similar to patterns observed in purely lacustrine systems. We also observed patterns of fine‐scale spatial variation, which are typically noted in purely riverine systems. As such, our results have implications for predicting and determining patterns in other drowned river mouth lakes and reservoirs that are heavily influenced by both riverine and large‐lake dynamics.
Review article: the benefits of pharmacogenetics for improving thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Chouchana L. , Narjoz C. , Beaune P. , Loriot M.‐A. , Roblin X. 
Published: November 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 15–36SummaryBackground  Thiopurines represent an effective and widely prescribed therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Concerns about toxicity, mainly resulting from a wide inter‐individual variability in thiopurine metabolism, restrict their use. Optimal thiopurine dosing is challenging for preventing adverse drug reactions and improving clinical response.Aim  To review efficacy and toxicity of thiopurines in IBD. To provide pharmacogenetic‐based therapeutic recommendations.Methods  We conducted a query on PubMed database using ‘inflammatory bowel disease’, ‘thiopurine’, ‘azathioprine’, ‘6‐mercaptopurine’, ‘TPMT’, ‘pharmacogenetics’, ‘TDM’, and selected relevant articles, especially clinical studies.Results  Thiopurine metabolism – key enzyme: thiopurine S‐methyltransferase (TPMT) – modulates clinical response, as it results in production of the pharmacologically active and toxic metabolites, the thioguanine nucleotides (6‐TGN). Adjusting dosage according to TPMT status and/or metabolite blood levels is recommended for optimising thiopurine therapy (e.g. improving response rate up to 30% or decreasing haematological adverse events of 25%). Other enzymes or transporters of interest, as inosine triphosphatase (ITPase), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), xanthine oxidase (XO), aldehyde oxidase (AOX), methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and ATP‐binding cassette sub‐family C member 4 (ABCC4) are reviewed and discussed for clinical relevance.Conclusions  Based on the literature data, we provide a therapeutic algorithm for thiopurines therapy with starting dose recommendations depending on TPMT status and thereafter dose adjustments according to five metabolite profiles identified with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). This algorithm allows a dosage individualisation to optimise the management of patients under thiopurine. Furthermore, identification of new pharmacogenetic biomarkers is promising for ensuring maximal therapeutic response to thiopurines with a minimisation of the risk for adverse events.
PRDM16 (1p36) translocations define a distinct entity of myeloid malignancies with poor prognosis but may also occur in lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Duhoux Francois P. , Ameye Geneviève , Montano‐Almendras Carmen P. , Bahloula Khadija , Mozziconacci Marie J. , Laibe Sophy , Wlodarska Iwona , Michaux Lucienne , Talmant Pascaline , Richebourg Steven , Lippert Eric , Speleman Frank , Herens Christian , Struski Stéphanie , Raynaud Sophie , Auger Nathalie , Nadal Nathalie , Rack Katrina , Mugneret Francine , Tigaud Isabelle , Lafage Marina , Taviaux Sylvie , Roche‐Lestienne Catherine , Latinne Dominique , Libouton Jeanne M. , Demoulin Jean‐Baptiste , Poirel Hélène A. ,   on behalf of the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique (GFCH) and of the Belgian Cytogenetic Group for Haematology and Oncology (BCG‐HO)
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe PRDM16 (1p36) gene is rearranged in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with t(1;3)(p36;q21), sharing characteristics with AML and MDS with MECOM (3q26.2) translocations. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization to study 39 haematological malignancies with translocations involving PRDM16 to assess the precise breakpoint on 1p36 and the identity of the partner locus. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in selected cases in order to confirm the partner locus. PRDM16 expression studies were performed on bone marrow samples of patients, normal controls and CD34+ cells using TaqMan real‐time quantitative PCR. PRDM16 was rearranged with the RPN1 (3q21) locus in 30 cases and with other loci in nine cases. The diagnosis was AML or MDS in most cases, except for two cases of lymphoid proliferation. We identified novel translocation partners of PRDM16, including the transcription factors ETV6 and IKZF1. Translocations involving PRDM16 lead to its overexpression irrespective of the consequence of the rearrangement (fusion gene or promoter swap). Survival data suggest that patients with AML/MDS and PRDM16 translocations have a poor prognosis despite a simple karyotype and a median age of 65 years. There seems to be an over‐representation of late‐onset therapy‐related myeloid malignancies.