bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of reconstructed computed tomography for the assessment of joint spaces in the canine elbow
Authors: Gemmill T. J. , Hammond G. , Mellor D. , Sullivan M. , Bennett D. , Carmichael S. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:To assess the accuracy of reconstructed computed tomography for imaging canine elbow joint spaces.Methods:Computed tomography scans of eight cadaveric elbows were obtained and reconstructed computed tomography images were formatted in the dorsal and sagittal planes. Humeroradial and humeroulnar joint space measurements were obtained from these images. Intra‐observer and inter‐observer variations in joint space measurements were assessed, as was the effect of specimen positioning (inter‐image variation). After freezing, four elbows were sectioned in the dorsal plane and four in the sagittal plane. In addition to visual comparison of the frozen sections with reconstructed computed tomography images, joint space measurements were obtained from frozen sections and compared with those from reconstructed computed tomography images. Variation was assessed using statistical calculations and graphical techniques.Results:Both inter‐image and intra‐observer analyses revealed good agreement and low variation between data sets. Inter‐observer correlation was only moderate, though variation was low. Visually, the reconstructed computed tomography images accurately reflected the frozen section anatomy. Agreement between frozen section and reconstructed computed tomography joint space measurements was good, with minimal variation.ClinicalSignificance:These results indicate that reconstructed computed tomography is capable of accurately imaging elbow joint spaces and precise joint space measurements can be obtained. Reconstructed computed tomography may be useful for determining joint space measurements and detecting elbow incongruencies in dogs with elbow dysplasia.
Currents in Contemporary Ethics
Authors: Rothstein Mark A. 
Published: September 2010

There is widespread concern among public health and emergency response officials that there could be a shortage of health care providers in a public health emergency. At least the following three factors could cause an inadequate supply of physicians, nurses, and other health care providers: (1) the severity of the emergency might greatly increase the demand for health services and outstrip the available supply; (2) health care providers might become unavailable because of their own high rates of illness, as was the case in the SARS epidemic; and (3) many health care providers might not report for duty for personal, family, or professional reasons.One way of addressing the shortage is to encourage health care providers from unaffected areas or parts of the country to volunteer their services. A variety of measures have been enacted to facilitate the use of such volunteers.
The Antiallergic Effect of Kefir Lactobacilli
Authors: Hong Wei‐Sheng , Chen Yen‐Po , Chen Ming‐Ju 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  This study demonstrated that oral feeding of heat‐inactivated Lactobacillus (L b.) kefiranofaciens M1 from kefir grains effectively inhibited immunoglobulin (Ig) E production in response to ovalbumin (OVA) in vivo. The pattern of cytokine production by splenocyte cells revealed that the levels of cytokines produced by T helper (Th) 1 cells increased, and those of cytokines produced by Th2 cells decreased in the heat‐inactivated M1 feeding group. These findings indicated that Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1 in the kefir played an important role in antiallergic activities. By additional analysis using flow cytometry and microarray, the mechanism of suppression of IgE production by oral feeding of the heat‐inactivated M1 probably occurs because of upregulation of the expression of Cd2, Stat4, and Ifnr leading to skewing the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1 dominance, elevation of the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) percentage, and reduction of activated CD19+ B cells. Downregulation of complement system and components was also involved in suppression of IgE production. Practical Application: Kefir has long been considered good for health. Its health benefits include immunoregulatory effects. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the immunoregulatory effects induced by kefir lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Our data clearly demonstrated the antiallergic activity of kefir LAB, Lactobacillus (L b.) kefiranofaciens M1. By additional analysis using flow cytometry and microarray, the possible mechanism of suppression of IgE production by oral feeding of the heat‐inactivated M1 was also elucidated. Our findings indicated that Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1 may have a great potential for utilization in functional food products.
Application of high‐resolution melt curve analysis for classification of infectious bronchitis viruses in field specimens
Authors: Hewson KA , Browning GF , Devlin JM , Ignjatovic J , Noormohammadi AH 
Published: September 2010

Objective  A real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/high‐resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis protocol was developed in our laboratory to differentiate infectious bronchitis (IB) virus reference strains. In the current study, this method was used to detect and classify IB viruses in field submissions.Procedure  Over an 11‐month period samples from 40 cases of suspected IB virus were received and 17 submissions were positive for IB virus by polymerase chain reaction. HRM curve analysis classified each strain as subgroup 1, 2 or 3 strain (12 submissions) or a strain that was unable to be classified (5 submissions). The 3′ untranslated region (UTR) and partial S1 gene nucleotide sequences for the 17 IB virus strains were determined and their identity with those of the relative reference strains compared to confirm the classifications generated using the HRM curve analysis.Results  Of the 12 IB field viruses classified as subgroup 1, 2, or 3 using HRM curve analysis, the 3′UTR and S1 gene nucleotide sequences had identities ≥99% with the respective subgroup reference strain. Analysis of the 3′ UTR and S1 gene nucleotide sequences for the five IB virus strains that could not be classified indicated that four belonged to one of the subgroups, and one was a potential recombinant strain (between strains from subgroups 2 and 3). A novel recombinant strain was also detected.Conclusion  HRM curve analysis can rapidly assign the majority of IB viruses present in field submissions to known subgroups. Importantly, HRM curve analysis also identified variant genotypes that require further investigation.
Holter monitoring in 36 dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease
Authors: Crosara S , Borgarelli M , Perego M , Häggström J , La Rosa G , Tarducci A , Santilli RA 
Published: September 2010

Objective Describe the presence of arrhythmias in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and the potential association with class of heart failure and left atrial enlargement. Compare the standard electrocardiogram (ECG) with Holter monitoring for assessing heart rate (HR).Experimental procedure The study group of 36 dogs weighing less than 20 kg was divided into MMVD and no clinical signs (preclinical) or MMVD and clinical signs (clinical). A standard echocardiogram, ECG and 24‐h Holter recording were obtained in all dogs.Results Minimum and mean Holter HRs were higher in the clinical group than in the preclinical group. Clinical dogs had more ventricular arrhythmias than preclinical dogs. An enlarged left atrium was associated with the presence of more supraventricular arrhythmias.Conclusions Arrhythmias are a common finding in dogs with MMVD and Holter monitoring is a reliable tool for both HR monitoring and diagnosis.
Computed tomography diagnosis of eight dogs with brain infarction
Authors: Paul AEH , Lenard Z , Mansfield CS 
Published: September 2010

Objective  Medical records of eight dogs presenting with acute onset of neurological signs and a diagnosis of brain infarction as determined by computed tomography (CT) imaging were reviewed.Design  Retrospective single‐centre case reviewResults  Ischaemic infarction in the territory of the rostral cerebellar artery was identified in three spaniel‐breed dogs. All cerebellar infarcts were non‐haemorrhagic. Telencephalic infarcts were identified in five dogs, in the territories of the middle cerebral artery (2/5) and rostral cerebral artery (3/5). One of these dogs had an ischaemic infarction, but all other infarctions appeared haemorrhagic. All dogs were geriatric (≥8 years old), with concurrent medical conditions identified in six dogs. One dog was euthanased after diagnosis because of the severity of its neurological signs and one dog was euthanased as a result of associated renal disease 2 months after diagnosis. Six dogs were alive at least 1 year after diagnosis.Conclusions  CT is useful in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident in dogs, which can present as a spectrum of images with early changes in attenuation and subtle mass effects detected after infarction. CT is particularly sensitive for detecting haemorrhagic infarction, but under‐represent ischaemic and lacunar infarctions when compared with MRI.
5‐Aminolevulinic Acid‐induced Protoporphyrin IX Levels in Tissue of Human Malignant Brain Tumors
Authors: Johansson Ann , Palte Gesa , Schnell Oliver , Tonn Jörg‐Christian , Herms Jochen , Stepp Herbert 
Published: September 2010

AbstractProtoporphyrin IX (PpIX) produced from exogenous, orally administered 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) displays high tumor‐selective uptake and is being successfully employed for fluorescence‐guided resection (FGR) of human malignant gliomas. Furthermore, the phototoxicity of PpIX can be utilized for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of brain tumors, which has been shown previously. Here, the absolute PpIX concentration in human brain tissue was investigated following oral ALA administration (20 mg kg−1 b.w.). An extraction procedure was used to quantify PpIX in macroscopic tissue samples, weighing 0.013–0.214 g, obtained during FGR. The PpIX concentration was significantly higher in vital grade IV tumors (5.8 ± 4.8 μm, mean ± SD, range 0–28.2 μm, n = 8) as compared with grade III tumors (0.2 ± 0.4 μm, mean ± SD, range 0–0.9 μm, n = 4). There was also a large heterogeneity within grade IV tumors with PpIX displaying significantly lower levels in infiltration zones and necrotic regions as compared with vital tumor parts. The average PpIX concentration in vital grade IV tumor parts was in the range previously shown sufficient for PDT‐induced tissue damage following irradiation. However, the feasibility of PDT for grade III brain tumors and for grade IV brain tumors displaying mainly necrotic tissue areas without solid tumor parts needs to be further investigated.
The Effectiveness of Canadian Oil‐ and Gas‐Pipeline Price Regulation 1976–82
Authors: Butterworth John E. , Falk Haim 
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the effectiveness of the oil and gas‐pipeline price‐regulation system in Canada during the seven years beginning January 1976. Results for a threefold analysis are reported. When the seven‐year period was considered as a whole, the regulatory system was not found to be ineffective in implementing the “comparable‐earnings” and “capital‐attraction” criteria. This finding also holds for the pre‐October 1980 National Energy Plan‐announcement period. The regulatory system was not effective, however, in achieving its proclaimed goals on a yearly basis. The “consumer‐protection” hypothesis could not be rejected for the Canadian oil and gas‐pipeline regulatory system.RésuméCe mémoire examine l'efficacité de la réglementation relative aux prix d'utilisation des gazoducs et oléoducs au Canada sur une période de sept ans à partir de janvier 1976. Les résultats de cette analyse comportent trois volets. Si l'on tient compte globablement des sept années qui sont évaluées, la réglementation ne se montre pas inefficace du point de vue des profits comparatifs et de la facilité d'obtention de capitaux. Ces résultats s'appliquent à la période précédant la mise en vigueur de la Politique énergétique nationale en octobre 1980. Cependant, la réglementation n'atteint pas les objectifs fixés. L'hypothèse de protection du consommateur ne pouvait ětre rejetée dans le cas de la réglementation relative aux prix d'utilisation des gazoducs et oléoducs au Canada.
Criteria Used in Selecting Vroom‐Yetton Decision Styles
Authors: Field Richard H. G. , Wedley William C. , Hayward Mark W. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn organizational leader confronting a problem needs to make a decision of what to do to resolve it. The Vroom and Yetton (VY) model of leadership and decision making specifies that the leader should analyze the problem according to seven situational criteria, and then determine which of five decision styles is most suited to solving the problem. What we do not know is if the seven criteria specified by the VY model are the most important criteria to be considered. We need to know what information individuals pull out of a decision situation case and the effect it has on their choice of decision style. An experiment was performed in which 155 subjects read two managerial cases each, and without any prompting specified the criteria of importance to them when selecting a Vroom‐Yetton decision style. It was found that the criteria of information availability; subordinate decision acceptance; task relevant experience levels of the leader and subordinates; the importance of decision quality; and the time available to make the decision were most important. Support was found for the VY model's theoretical specification of important problem criteria, though other important decision criteria were also uncovered.RésuméEn milieu organisationnel, un leader, faisant face à un problème, doit prendre une décision pour le résoudre. Le modèle de leadership et de prise de décision Vroom et Yetton (VY) précise comment le leader peut analyser le problème. En se servant de sept critères reliés à la situation et, ensuite, en déterminant le meilleur des cinq styles de décision, le leader peut arriver à résoudre le problème. Ce que nous ignorons, c'est si les sept critères présentés dans le modèle VY sont les plus importants critères à considérer. Nous devons savoir le genre de renseignements que les individus peuvent retenir lors d'une situation de décision et les effets que ces renseignements ont sur leur choix d'un style de décision. L'expérimentation exécutée comprenait 155 sujets. Ces sujets ont lu chacun deux cas de gestion et, sans ětre empressés, ont précisé les critères qu'ils considéraient importants pour leur choix d'un style de décision VY. Les résultats indiquent que la disponibilité de renseignements, l'acceptation des décisions par les subordonnés, les niveaux d'expérience reliés à la ta&#x030c;che du leader et des subordonnés, l'importance de la qualité de décision, et le temps disponible pour la prise de décision sont les critères considérés les plus importants. L'appui pour les précisions théoriques des critères importants de problèmes du modèle VY est en évidence dans les résultats. également, la recherche démontre l'existence d'autres critères importants pour la prise de décision.
Does single cortical spreading depression elicit pain behaviour in freely moving rats?
Authors: Akcali Didem , Sayin Aslihan , Sara Yildirim , Bolay Hayrunnisa 
Published: September 2010

Introduction: Behavioural animal studies are critical, particularly to translate results to human beings. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been implicated in migraine pathogenesis. We aimed to investigate the effects of CSD on the behaviour of freely moving rats, since available CSD models do not include awake animals. Materials and methods: We developed a new model to induce single CSD by applying topical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and employed a combination of an automated behavioural analysis system, video camera and ultrasonic vocalisation (USV) calls for the first time. Electrocorticograms were also studied during CSD in freely moving rats. Behaviour associated with cephalic pain was assessed in a group of rats that received sumatriptan. Cortical c-fos immunoreactivity was performed in order to confirm CSD. Results: NMDA induced single CSD in ipsilateral cortex, evoked freezing behaviour ( P < 0.01) and increased the number of wet dog shakes (WDS; P < 0.01). Grooming, locomotion, eating, drinking, and circling were not significantly altered among groups. Ultrasonic vocalisations compatible with pain calls (22–27 kHz) were only detected in 3 out of 25 rats. Sumatriptan did not significantly reduce the freezing behaviour. CSD induced significant c-fos expression in ipsilateral cerebral cortex and amygdala ( P < 0.01). Conclusions: CSD induces freezing behaviour by invoking anxiety/fear via amygdala activation in freely-moving rats. Single CSD is unlikely to lead to severe pain in freely-moving rats, though the development of mild or vague pain cannot be excluded. The relevance of rat behavioural responses triggered by CSD to migraine symptoms in humans needs further evaluation.
Predictors of outcome of the treatment programme in a multidisciplinary headache centre
Authors: Jensen Rigmor , Zeeberg Peter , Dehlendorff Christian , Olesen Jes 
Published: September 2010

Introduction: Despite the high prevalence of headaches, multidisciplinary headache clinics are few and their efficacy still needs validation. The objective was to characterise patients and treatment results in a tertiary headache centre. Subjects and methods: A systematic review of all referred patients in the Danish Headache Centre in a 2-year period. Outcome results were analysed with respect to diagnoses and sociodemographics. Results: A total of 1326 patients with a mean age of 43.7 years and male : female ratio of 3 : 7 were included. In total, frequency and absence rate from work were reduced from 20 to 11 days ( P < 0.001) and 5 to 2 days/month ( P < 0.001), respectively. Predictors for good outcome were female gender, migraine, triptan overuse and a frequency of 10 days/month, whereas tension-type headache and overuse of simple analgesics predicted a poor outcome. Conclusions: The present analysis provided support for a multidisciplinary approach in a tertiary headache centre. Further evaluation of specific treatment strategies and outcome predictors are important for future planning.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthases prevents and reverses α,β-meATP-induced neck muscle nociception in mice
Authors: Ellrich Jens , Fischer Andreas , Gilsbach Joachim M , Makowska Anna , Spangenberg Peter 
Published: September 2010

Introduction: Tension-type headache (TTH) is associated with noxious input from neck muscles. Intravenous administration of the unspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NMMA in chronic TTH patients caused analgesia and reduction of neck muscle tenderness.Methods: The unspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NMMA was applied in an experimental model for neck muscle nociception in anesthetized mice ( N = 25).Results: Local injection of α,β-meATP into semispinal neck muscles induced sustained facilitation of brainstem nociception as monitored by the jaw-opening reflex. Preceding intraperitoneal administration of L-NMMA (0.05, 0.1, 1 mg/kg) prevented reflex facilitation evoked by α,β-meATP in a dose-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal injection of L-NMMA subsequent to intramuscular α,β-meATP application reversed established brainstem reflex facilitation back to baseline values.Discussion: Both experiments with preceding and subsequent L-NMMA indicate the involvement of nitric oxide synthases in the induction and maintenance of facilitation. However, future experiments will have to address the involvement of various isoenzymes in order to provide for new therapeutic concepts in TTH.
Scaling Up HIV Rapid Testing in Developing Countries
Authors: Parekh Bharat S. , Kalou Mireille B. , Alemnji George , Ou Chin-Yih , Gershy-Damet Guy-Michel , Nkengasong John N. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In the last few years, the use of HIV rapid testing has expanded worldwide in response to the call for universal access to prevention, care, and treatment by UNAIDS and the World Health Organization. HIV rapid testing is performed by people with varied skills in laboratory and nonlaboratory settings. Accurate HIV diagnostic testing is the first step to identifying infected persons for follow-up referral and care. However, there are several challenges related to test kit quality, test selection, testing algorithms, training, quality assurance (QA), quality of new lots, and postmarket performance. We highlight various issues that impact the quality of HIV rapid testing and provide solutions to monitor and improve test accuracy, especially in resource-limited settings. These include the use of validated kits, training with emphasis on QA, use of a standardized log book, dried-tube specimen–based proficiency testing, new kit lot verification, and postmarket surveillance. Systematic implementation of these tools should greatly enhance the quality of HIV rapid testing.
Lack of substrate inhibition in a monomeric form of human cytosolic SULT2A1
Authors: Cook Ian T. , Leyh Thomas S. , Kadlubar Susan A. , Falany Charles N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) frequently show substrate inhibition during the sulfation of increasing concentrations of substrates. SULT2A1, a major human liver isoform responsible for the conjugation of hydroxysteroids, bile acids and aliphatic hydroxyl groups in drugs and xenobiotics, is a homodimer and displays substrate inhibition during the conjugation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Maltose binding protein (MBP)-SULT2A1 fusion protein, produced as an intermediate step in the purification of the SULT2A1 homodimer, elutes during size exclusion chromatography as a monomer. The initial-rate parameters (KmandVmax) of the monomer (MBP-SULT2A1) and native SULT2A1 dimer for DHEA sulfation are extremely similar; however, the monomer is not inhibited by DHEA. Intrinsic fluorescence studies show that two DHEA molecules bind each SULT2A1 subunit, one in the catalytic site and one in an apparent allosteric site. Lack of dimerization in the MBP-SULT2A1 fusion protein decreased theKdfor binding of DHEA at the allosteric site. These results suggest that formation of the homodimer is associated with structural re-arrangements leading to increased DHEA binding at an allo-steric site that is associated with substrate inhibition.
The Birds and the Bees and the Flowers and the Trees: Lessons from Genetic Mapping of Sex Determination in Plants and Animals
Authors: Charlesworth Deborah , Mank Judith E 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The ability to identify genetic markers in nonmodel systems has allowed geneticists to construct linkage maps for a diversity of species, and the sex-determining locus is often among the first to be mapped. Sex determination is an important area of study in developmental and evolutionary biology, as well as ecology. Its importance for organisms might suggest that sex determination is highly conserved. However, genetic studies have shown that sex determination mechanisms, and the genes involved, are surprisingly labile. We review studies using genetic mapping and phylogenetic inferences, which can help reveal evolutionary pattern within this lability and potentially identify the changes that have occurred among different sex determination systems. We define some of the terminology, particularly where confusion arises in writing about such a diverse range of organisms, and highlight some major differences between plants and animals, and some important similarities. We stress the importance of studying taxa suitable for testing hypotheses, and the need for phylogenetic studies directed to taxa where the patterns of changes can be most reliably inferred, if the ultimate goal of testing hypotheses regarding the selective forces that have led to changes in such an essential trait is to become feasible.