bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rearrangement of acetylene, benzene, ethane, ethylene, methane and naphthalene in a microwave discharge
Authors: Vastola F. J. , Wightman J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rearrangement of ethane, ethylene and methane (Group A) and of acetylene, benzene and naphthalene (Group B) was studied in a microwave discharge. Hydrogen was the major gaseous rearrangement product of Group A hydrocarbons with small amounts of low‐molecular weight hydrocarbons. No gases were detectable on rearrangement of Group B hydrocarbons. A film with a characteristic H/C ratio was the rearrangement product of any of the gases. All films took up additional hydrogen from a hydrogen discharge and approached a limiting H/C ratio of 1·6. Films with lower H/C ratios took up proportionally greater amounts of hydrogen. X‐Ray and electron diffraction studies of the films showed that the films were amorphous. Other properties of the films produced from the two groups were markedly different. Infra‐red analyses indicated that the films from Group B were more unsaturated than those from Group A but neither set contained aromatic bonding. The films from Group B exhibited high concentrations of free spins. The results are consistent with a rearrangement mechanism which is independent of the type of bonding in the original hydrocarbon. The mechanism may involve CH.
Equilibrium solubility of calcium sulphate hemihydrate in sodium chloride—magnesium sulphate solutions at elevated temperatures
Authors: Clampett J. B. , Fowler R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults are presented for the equilibrium solubility of calcium sulphate hemihydrate in water containing large quantities of dissolved sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate over the temperature range 200–300°F. The concentrations of sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate in the solution correspond to the quantities of these salts found in sea water.It has been found that the saturation solubility of calcium sulphate is dependent on the content of magnesium ions as well as the sulphate ions and dissolved sodium chloride in the solution. This information is of particular importance in the evaporation of sea water where the degree of prior precipitation of magnesium hydroxide will directly influence the later deposition of calcium sulphate on heat‐transfer surfaces. The use of the results in this connexion is discussed.
The effects of thermal and R.F.‐activated oxidation on the air reactivity of graphite
Authors: Blake A. R. , Hempstead C. A. , Jennings P. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe increase in the chemical reactivity of nuclear graphite towards air following thermal and r.f.‐activated oxidation has been compared and evidence obtained for an enhanced reactivity following the activated oxidation, without change in surface area. The dependence of reactivity on surface area has also been studied for virgin and thermally oxidised samples and a linear relation found between the two quantities.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. XI. Production of dolomitic lime
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe calcination of dolomite has been studied by determining the changes in specific surface and phase composition and crystallite size during decomposition in vacuo or in air at a series of temperatures up to 900°.The overall surface activities of the dolimes are correspondingly greater than those of the ordinary limes obtained in previous investigations. The calcium oxide crystallites are similar in size to those in ordinary limes, but the magnesium oxide crystallites are much smaller. This is due mainly to the greater volume decrease associated with the magnesium oxide formation. However, this oxide is correspondingly less active than that from magnesite. Hence, some of its sintering is evidently enhanced by the presence of the calcium oxide.At lower temperatures, i.e., below 700° in air, some of the carbon dioxide evolved inhibits the decomposition by recombining with the newly‐formed calcium oxide; this reduces the surface activity of the product. At higher temperatures, the surface activity is also reduced by impurities with lower melting points generally enhancing sintering of the dolime.
Rate‐controlling step and rate equation for the reduction of haematite with hydrogen in a fluidised bed
Authors: Venkitakrishnan G. R. , Bhat G. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConsiderable difference of opinion exists regarding the mechanism and the rate‐controlling steps in the reduction of iron oxides. The mechanism of reduction of haematite as such with hydrogen has been investigated using data obtained during reaction in a fluidised bed at 600–900°. The analysis presented indicates that in the early stages of reduction the primary resistance is due to gaseous diffusion through a boundary layer on the particle surface, and most of the reduction and also the overall reaction appears to be controlled by diffusion through the solid oxide body. Based on these observations, a generalised rate equation valid within ± 6% has been proposed.
The effect of water flow on leaching rates of antifouling paints : Consideration of mechanism and preliminary results of laboratory tests
Authors: Wilkie E. T. , Edwards A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of loss of copper from many antifouling paints has been found to be 2–4 times greater from ships while steaming than from raft panels. For paints having relatively high cuprous oxide and low rosin contents, evidence is presented that the effect is due not to erosion, but to accelerated solution made possible by substantial removal of diffusion layers by the turbulent flow conditions over a ship's hull.A apparatus designed to enable leaching rates to be measured at low and high water speeds (1 and 20 knots) is described. Preliminary results show that the usual criteria for turbulent flow and its effect on diffusion to or from a surface do not apply in the case of a paint, the surface layers of which develop into a skeleton of insoluble constituents. With additional turbulence stimulation, an acceleration factor of about 3 is obtained at first, but later the value falls to about 2. It is concluded that further study of turbulence‐development is required.
Manganese in the chlorine dioxide bleaching of kraft pulp
Authors: Press R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese in the pulp during the bleaching process has a marked effect in reducing the reflectance of the pulp. This effect is most notable in the chlorine dioxide bleaching stage. The effect is variable depending on the stage and solubility of the manganese contamination, the final pH of thc pulp, the filter water used in washing the pulp and other unknown and variable factors. The manganese contamination of unbleached pulp is largely removed in the chlorination stage, but subsequent contamination is more difficult to remove although a final acid wash does improve the reflectance.
Oxygen deficiency in perovskite‐type compounds of calcium
Authors: Coates R. V. , McMillan J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReplacement of tetravalent manganese in calcium metamanganate (CaMnO3) by trivalent iron, and of tetravalent titanium in calcium titanate (CaTiO2) by trivalent iron and aluminium has been made. In each case it was found possible to obtain continuous replacement up to a limit of 50%. The pseudo‐cubic perovskite cells of CaMnO2 and CaTiO3 became genuinely cubic for greater than 25% replacement, and the cubic lattice parameters were measured at 50% replacement. Oxygen deficiencies of about one in twelve must exist in the 50% replacement compounds to maintain the ionic charge balance.
Sorption of long chain normal paraffins in molecular sieves
Authors: Burgess C. G. V. , Duffett R. H. E. , Minkoff G. J. , Taylor R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent studies in these laboratories of the sorption of n‐paraffins (in the C4—C20 range) in specially treated 5A molecular sieves have revealed that both temperature and molecular weight have somewhat unexpected effects on the isotherms determined by a McBain spring balance method (at 300–400°). The results do not agree with predictions in the literature that, with increasing carbon number, the isosteric heats of sorption should rise at a constant rate. Above C10, − ΔH decreases, temperature dependence becoming almost zero in the region C15—C20. The results are compared with the limited amount of published data, and discussed in terms of the configuration of the sorbed molecules, and of unusual entropy effects. The deductions are supported by some measurements, also reported, for the sorption of nC8—nC17 in 13X sieves.
The promotion of dropwise condensation by monolayers of radioactive fatty acids I. Stearic acid on copper surfaces
Authors: Tanner D. W. , Pope D. , Potter C. J. , West D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the promotion of dropwise condensation by monolayers of stearic acid‐I−14 C on copper. The desorption of promoter during condensation was followed by 14C counting and by autoradiography, and the accompanying increase in wettability was characterised by changes in heat transfer. Rough surfaces were not promoted by a Langmuir monolayer. On a smoot surface the life of dropwise condensation was 10–100 min. Sulphiding the surface before depositing the monolayer increased the life ten‐fold. It was shown that complete coverage of the surface by promoter is not necessary for the promotion of dropwise condensation. The desorption of promoter was uneven and some promoter invariably persisted after the surface had become completely wettable. Condensation was always accompanied by the dissolution of copper, and the change from dropwise to filmwise condensation is attributed to the combined effects of corrosion and promoter desorption.
Chemical aspects of the production of television‐tube screens. I. Reaction of potassium silicate in solution. Effect of impurities
Authors: Lines F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the manufacture of television‐tube screens, the phosphor powder is attached to the inside of the glass front of the tube by means of soluble silicate adhesive. The usual process uses potassium silicate and an ‘additive’ salt such as barium nitrate to set the binder between particles. The basic barium ion‐colloidal silicate reaction has been investigated using a simple flocculation test to assess reaction rate. For any specified potassium silicate solution, this rate was proportional to [barium]2/[silicate]. Larger colloidal silicate units, i.e., more concentrated solutions, reacted more quickly. Iron and aluminium impurities in the silicate provided nuclei speeding up the reaction, which were sensitive to pH change by dilution, becoming more effective at lower concentrations and with time after dilution. Their effect was proportional to their concentration in the silicate. A flocculation test for silicate purity is suggested.
Reactions of formaldehyde with aromatic amines
Authors: Farrar W. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs a result of the re‐examination of earlier work on these reactions, the following findings are recorded:

Reaction of certain primary arylamines with formaldehyde in neutral solution has given substances of two new types, viz. 3,5,1‐dioxazines and 1,5‐dioxa‐3,7‐diazacyclo‐octanes.
A study of the complex reactions which occur between formaldehyde and para‐substituted primary arylamines in acid solution has led to the revision of some structures in the literature, and the preparation of novel compounds.
Reaction of formaldehyde with o‐tolidine and with o‐dianisidine in concentrated sulphuric acid has given derivatives of dibenz(c,e)oxepin.
Formaldehyde reacts with arylamines having a free para‐position, in the presence of acidified thiosulphate, to give derivatives of dibenzyl sulphide and dibenzyl polysulphides.
New catalysts for the exchange of deuterium between hydrogen gas and liquid ammonia
Authors: Kenyon A. R. , Pepper D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy experimental study of the rate of exchange of deuterium between hydrogen gas and liquid ammonia, in the presence of potassamide, it has been found that certain organic amines have a catalytic effect. Use of pyrrolidine or dimethylamine with potassamide solutions could reduce the cost of heavy water produced by the ammonia‐hydrogen exchange process.
Evaluation of the durability of roofing bitumens
Authors: Martin K. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA wide range of types and grades of roofing bitumen have been subjected to bulk heating, pressure oxidation, solar exposure and water immersion separately, and the resulting changes in rheological properties determined.Particular attention was given to the use of a sliding plate microviscometer and the means of overcoming complexities of non‐Newtonian behaviour and shear rupture to develop evaluations, oxidation resistance and solar exposure resistance, involving initial viscosity, rate of increase of viscosity and a critical viscosity at rupture. Results of these tests are discussed in relation to the performance of the bitumens when exposed outdoors for 2 years as model roofs with various surfacings and evaluated by visual rating, microviscometry, and solvent analysis. Agreement is good and the advantage in durability by using as low a softening point bitumen as possible is indicated except for aluminium‐painted coatings.
The extraction of molybdenum from radioactive wastes
Authors: Jenkins I. L. , Wain A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extraction of molybdenum from aqueous nitric acid containing various fission products has been examined. A separation of molybdenum and of zirconium and niobium from the long‐lived fission products 90Sr, 99Tc, 106Ru, 137Cs, 144Ce and 147Pm is possible with alkyl phosphoric acids. Separation of molybdenum from zirconium and niobium can be achieved by back‐extraction into an aqueous mixture of ammonium fluoride and nitric acid.
The viscosity of coal tar distillates
Authors: Briggs D. K. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractViscosity determinations demonstrate that log (viscosity of tar distillates) varies linearly with reciprocal absolute temperature. Values at 20° for a variety of tar oils vary linearly with average boiling point of the sample and values extrapolated to the average boiling point are approximately constant. Using this information, a nomogram has been constructed which will enable prediction of the absolute viscosity of a tar oil at any temperature if its average boiling point is known, and comparisons are made with data for pure compounds.
The sublimation of granular solids
Authors: Rushton A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sublimation rates of cylindrical pellets of camphor, naphthalene and benzoic acid have been measured at various temperatures and absolute pressures. At a certain temperature‐difference between the pellet and the hot surface beneath, the vapour generation was sufficient to cause the pellet to float and move across the surface. A theoretical examination of this condition has been made, and an equation derived by which the time required for complete sublimation of the pellet may be calculated. Measured and calculated sublimation rates are found to be in close agreement.
Vapour‐liquid equilibria: Systems: (1) Acetone‐ethyl acetate; (2) acetone‐n‐propyl acetate
Authors: Subrahmanyam V. , Murty P. Dakshina 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIsobaric vapour‐liquid equilibrium data have been determined for the binary systems acetone‐ethyl acetate and acetone‐n‐propyl acetate at 760 mm. total pressure using a modified Colburn still. The vapour‐liquid equilibrium data for both the systems are satisfactorily correlated by Wohl's two‐suffix equations. The behaviour of both these systems, as well as that of acetone‐n‐butyl acetate reported earlier is in conformity with Ewell's classification of liquids, in exhibiting positive deviations.
The reaction of sugars with alkyl halogenomethyl ethers
Authors: Ames G. R. , Blackmore Hazel M. , King T. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlkyl chloromethyl ethers react readily with sugars in DMF solution only in the absence of a base, even though the reaction produces an acid‐labile acetal and hydrogen chloride. The effect on the reaction of variations in the alkyl group, halogen, sugar, solvent, temperature and reaction time are described.
Thermal decomposition of hydrated UO3
Authors: Landsperský H. , Sedláková L. , Jakeš D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcination of ammonium polyuranate at temperatures between 350 and 600°, with a rate of temperature increase of 1°/min., yielded amorphous UO3 having surface area of about 30 m.2/g. More rapid increase of temperature gave mixtures of amorphous UO3+β‐UO3 with no reproducible surface area. To obtain pure amorphous UO3, the mixtures were hydrated in water or in steam and then dehydrated. During hydration, the surface area decreased and the decrease continued during subsequent calcination, to give a final surface area between 3 and 5 m.2/g.
Preparation of some novel diphosphorus compounds. I. 1,4‐phenylene‐diphosphorus compounds
Authors: Chantrell P. G. , Pearce C. A. , Toyer C. R. , Twaits R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of p‐phenylenebis(tetraethylphosphonous diamide), and its conversion to the corresponding diphosphonous and diphosphonic acids, is described.
The corrosion of stranded, tinned‐copper cable in aqueous zinc chloride fluxes containing ammonium chloride
Authors: Clarke G. B. , Golden J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of corrosion of stranded tinned‐copper cable by aqueous fluxes based on zinc and ammonium chlorides is critically related to the percentage of the latter present. Below 50% ammonium chloride, the rates for solutions of mixtures of the salts are almost as low as that for zinc chloride solution alone, where the time to destroy the tin coating and attack the underlying copper is generally of the order of 300 days or more. For compositions higher than the range 60—70% ammonium chloride, the time to attack the underlying copper falls to the order of 10 days or less, this time becoming proportionately shorter until, for ammonium chloride solution alone, it is less than 24 h.This phenomenon has been linked with migration of flux solution along the cable via the spaces between strands. Migration for solutions containing less than 50% ammonium chloride is negligible, but for higher concentrations it is appreciable. Supporting work with glass capillaries has shown that at 70% ammonium chloride, the migration is accompanied by the maximum relative enrichment in this salt. It is suggested that this migration‐enrichment is the cause of the steep increase of rate of attack at this range of composition and that attack is initiated by transported material rich in ammonium chloride.
The effect of heat upon inorganic cements
Authors: Rickles R. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of heat on three inorganic phosphate systems (namely aluminium, boron and zirconium) is studied by X‐ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and vapour effusion techniques. The reaction temperatures, products of reaction and the heat associated with the reaction were evaluated. The vapour pressure–temperature relationship of a subliming species was developed using the Knudsen approach.
Effect of surface treatment on the efficiency of stainless steel packings
Authors: King P. J. , Walmsley P. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe separation efficiency of triangular‐pyramid‐type Stedman packing made from stainless steel gauze has been investigated with both organic and aqueous test mixtures at atmospheric and under reduced pressure. For the organic system the packing was found to be most efficient at 310 mm. Hg. With the aqueous test mixture, scatter and irreproducible results were obtained and it has been shown that this was due to the wetting characteristics of the stainless steel gauze. Untreated stainless steel packing is unsuitable for heavy‐water concentration. Improvement in the wetting properties of the gauze by treatment with potassium permanganate led to similar efficiency with both aqueous and organic test mixtures.
Quantitative study of the oxidative discoloration of ethyl linoleate. II. Oxidation on a cotton substrate
Authors: Franks F. , Roberts B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe atmospheric oxidation of ethyl linoleate on a cotton substrate has been studied at 22 and 50°. The concentrations of conjugated diene hydroperoxide, conjugated triene diene ketone, and the development of a yellow coloration were obtained as functions of time by reflectance spectrophotometry at 234, 268/275 and 350 mμ respectively. Both the primary and secondary stages of the oxidation were affected by pretreating the cotton with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium ethylenediaminetetra‐acetate. A qualitative similarity exists between the extinction coefficients obtained from this investigation and those calculated from a bulk‐phase oxidation, but reflectance measurements at 234 mμ indicate that the conjugated hydroperoxide formed in the initial stages of the oxidation is considerably less stable on the cotton substrate than in the bulk‐ester phase.
Correlation of binary vapour‐liquid equilibrium data
Authors: Jonah D. A. , Ellis S. R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA three‐constant conic equation is proposed for correlating and testing the consistency of nonideal and near‐ideal binary vapour/liquid equilibrium data.The conic equation is based on the geometry of excess thermodynamic functions and the constants are simply related to the partial molal excess functions at infinite dilution and to the maximum value of the excess function.
Current density required for cathodic protection
Authors: Sawyer L. J. E. , Routley A. F. , Chapman D. A. , Crennell J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory investigations have been made of the dependence of current demand on cathodic potential, water‐speed and temperature for steel and copper cathodes. At constant water‐speed and temperature, change of potential in the range −0.7 to −1.0 V (compared with Ag/AgCl reference electrode) required small increases in current density. Apart from the large relative increase in current density required to maintain constant potential involved in initial disturbance from the motionless condition, the current‐density requirement was less than doubled for a doubling of the water‐speed. The effect of rise in temperature was to enhance the ratio increase in current density/increase in water flow.The current density requirements of steel and copper were closely similar. Surface preparation of the specimens was found to be critical.