bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Aquatic Invertebrates in the Assessment of Water Quality
Authors: Gaufin AR 
Published: March 2009

Pollution is essentially a biological phenomenon in that its primary effect is on living organisms. A biological investigation of a polluted lake or stream has several advantages over chemical analyses. It is less time-consuming because a single series of samples can reveal the status of the animal and plant communities which themselves represent the results of the summation of the prevailing conditions. The animals and plants provide a record of the prevailing conditions and are not affected by a temporary alleviation of a polluting effluent.Intensive studies were carried out by Gaufin and Tarzwell in 1952 and 1956 to determine the effects of organic pollution on the aquatic communities of Lytle Creek and the value of these populations as indicators of pollutional conditions. The studies revealed that little reliance could be placed upon the mere occurrence of a single species in a given locality as an indicator of pollution. In the creek the nine species of macroinvertebrates which were most numerous in the septic zone also occurred in the recovery and clean water zones, but in much smaller numbers. The septic zone had less than one fifth as many species as the clean water zone, but the total number of organisms per unit area was many times greater. The septic zone was characterized by species adapted to live in low dissolved oxygen concentrations or those able to secure their oxygen directly from the air.In the clean water zone there was a great variety of invertebrate communities, each consisting of many different species. Most of the species which occurred in the septic and recovery zones were also found in very limited numbers in the clean water zones. In addition, there was also present a wide variety of forms which were intolerant of conditions in the polluted zones. Most of these were the gill-breathing, immature stages of such insects as the mayflies, stoneflies, caddis flies, and alder flies.In evaluating the reliability of aquatic organisms as indicators of pollutional conditions and water quality, one must consider the different indicator organisms not separately but as biological associations or communities. The organisms should be considered as groups according to their morphological adaptations and physiological requirements.Several formal systems for the biological assessment of pollution based on community composition have been suggested. A reduction in community diversity has been noted in a number of rivers polluted by organic wastes. Diversity indices, based on information theory, are very useful for comparing changes in community composition in streams altered by pollution.
Study of Asphalt Viscosity Testing at 60 F
Authors: Evans JV , Gorman JW 
Published: March 2009

A cooperative study among six laboratories has defined test conditions to minimize differences in results obtained by different laboratories using four different instruments for determining the viscosity of asphalt at 60 F (16 C). The methods—cone-plate, falling plunger, sliding plate, and sliding plate at controlled rate of shear—are all currently proposed for the Book of ASTM Standards, Part 11.
The study shows that adhering closely to specified temperatures and times in sample preparation and using a uniform viscosity loading sequence will decrease the variability in results among laboratories and methods. A loading sequence going from low to high gives viscosities about 8 to 9 percent higher than those obtained with a reverse sequence. These results are the groundwork for a future study of precision.
Florida Studies with the Puzinauskas Field Viscosity Cup for Asphalt Cements
Authors: Potts CF 
Published: March 2009

An ASTM base chart is shown in the paper to confirm the linearity of the temperature-viscosity relation for five different asphalts over the temperature range of 60 C (140 F) to 195 C (383 F). These data were run in the laboratory using the procedures in ASTM methods D 2170 and D 2171. All data were corrected to poises for plotting, using densities calculated at the test temperatures.
The viscosity temperature characteristics for different grades of asphalt from several producers are shown in separate charts. Kinematic viscosities, as measured with the Puzinauskas-Asphalt Institute (P-AI) field cup, in the laboratory, are superimposed on these charts to illustrate the agreement of the (P-AI) data with carefully controlled data from ASTM Methods D 2170 and D 2171.
Field data at actual construction sites were compared with check data rerun on the field samples in the laboratory for agreement. It was found that for field tests it is necessary for the cup and the asphalt cement in the cup to be at the test temperature read on the thermometer. With experienced technicians, the field tests readily agree with laboratory data.
Product Appearance as Communication
Authors: Abend CJ 
Published: March 2009

To those in the world of designed objects, most specifically industrial design, it soon becomes evident that the development of form, creation of appearance, and selection of materials, result in product communication. An inherent message always exists and it may be composed consciously or subconsciously; furthermore, it is received and understood without written or verbal intervention and is instantaneous with respect to the impression it evokes. Such responses are subjective but are similar in interpretation within a specific population. The meaning of the communicated product message can create immediate bias or almost unshakeable beliefs with respect to the product observed; frequently, to the extent that it can overshadow intellectual or rational considerations. Automotive design is a good example.
Where communication is negative, it can produce the familiar dichotomy expressed as the complaint, “I know it's good, but I just don't like it.” Rejection or acceptance, it would appear, has much to do with the visually-perceived qualities of the communication established between product and observer. In product design, such communicated attributes as credibility, convenience, prestige, value, usefulness, genuineness, and even masculinity or feminity are largely dependent upon a number of factors not the least of which is the characteristic appearance of materials used in the design context. The question is examined as to why man-made objects attract or repel. Some probable explanations are considered in this paper. These are believed to be correlations that exist between psychological and social factors as they are aesthetically expressed and visually perceived.
It appears likely that all products, as a result of their aesthetic properties, conditioned by visual associations and appearance of materials, influence subjective response in favorable or unfavorable ways. This indicates the presence of communication via a design language, the semantics of which requires more explicit definitions. The groundwork for a vocabulary is suggested, a method for appearance rating is proposed, and areas for future research are identified.
Measurement of Judgmental Responses to Multi-Attribute Marketing Stimuli
Authors: Green PE 
Published: March 2009

A set of three interrelated research designs are presented and solutions are illustrated with synthetic data. The problems include (a) measuring the relative importance of a group of product benefits, (b) selecting a package design that best connotes the psychological imagery of a subset of the selected benefits, and (c) determining what point-of-purchase display materials, brand name, and brand pricing strategy to employ in initial market introduction. Structurally, all three problems involve non-numerical, judgmental responses to multi-attribute marketing stimuli.
All three problems are “solved” by conjoint measurement. This approach, recently developed in mathematical psychology, draws upon previous work in experimental design, unidimensional psychophysics and data theory. The paper concludes with a discussion of current limitations of the approach and potential marketing application areas.
On the Radiation Hardening Mechanism in Fe-C-Mn Type Alloys
Authors: Brumovsky M 
Published: March 2009

Radiation damage in Fe-C-Mn type alloys, chosen as a first approximation to low-carbon pressure vessel steels, was studied after irradiation at two temperature regions [80 to 100 C (176 to 212 F) and 160 to 180 C (320 to 356 F)]. Effect of saturation and “oversaturation” (expressed by softening) on yield strength was confirmed. This effect depends on alloy structure and content of both alloy elements-carbon in the form of pearlite substantially increases the tendency to “oversaturation,” while manganese shifts the saturation dose to higher values. For pure iron a saturation dose equal to about 4 × 1019 n/cm2 (En &gt; 1 MeV) was found. At the same time the presence of carbon results in the suppression of yield strength increase during irradiation, while manganese enhances this yield strength increase if more than approximately 0.5 weight percent manganese is present.
On the basis of the analysis of individual parameter changes in the model of radiation hardening in Fe-C-Mn type alloys, an explanation is proposed of the influence of neutron dose at irradiation temperatures of 80 to 100 C (176 to 212 F) on the change in the tensile stress-strain curve, as well as the influence of carbon and manganese on the saturation and oversaturation effect.
Void Formation in Some Nickel-Aluminum Alloys During 20-MeV C++ and 46.5 MeV Ni6+ Irradiation
Authors: Hudson JA , Francis S , Mazey DJ , Nelson RS 
Published: March 2009

The damage intensity along the ions track during 46.5-MeV Ni6+ irradiations of nickel and nickel-based alloys at void formation temperatures has been calibrated. Swelling versus depth profiles were determined in several nickel foils bombarded to a range of doses with 46.5 MeV Ni6+ at 525 C (977 F). A comparison of these results with previous data on swelling in nickel after 20 MeV C++ irradiation at this temperature was made to calibrate the Ni6+ irradiations.
Void formation in three nickel-aluminum alloys, at 525 C (977 F), to doses up to 60 dpa has been studied. The alloys contained 6, 8.5, and 13.5 atomic percent aluminum respectively and all specimens also contained [10−5] injected helium. They were bombarded with 20 MeV C++ and 46.5 MeV Ni6+. The ‘incubation’ dose for void formation, compared with that for pure nickel, was increased. The void concentration decreased with increasing aluminum content in solution and the presence of Ni3Al (γ) precipitates in the third alloy had little effect on the swelling characteristics. The observations have been interpreted in terms of an interaction between the aluminum in solution and the injected helium which starves many potential void nuclei of gas.
Effects of Fast-Neutron Irradiation on Tensile Properties and Swelling Behavior of Vanadium Alloys
Authors: Carlander R , Harkness SD , Santhanam AT 
Published: March 2009

Fast-neutron-induced void formation in commercial pure vanadium is dramatically reduced by additions of titanium and/or chromium. As little as 1 percent by weight titanium decreases the void number density and void volume fraction by factors of 30 and 100, respectively, compared with pure vanadium after exposure at 525 C (977 F) to a fluence of 1.1 × 1022 n/cm2, En &gt; 0.1 MeV. Additions of 3 percent by weight titanium or greater suppress void formation entirely under the same exposure conditions. Alloys of 10 and 15 percent by weight chromium have also been found beneficial in limiting swelling. Internal-friction measurements show that the reduction in void formation in the vanadium-titanium alloys may be partly related to the removal of interstitial impurities, oxygen, and nitrogen by the titanium to form a coherent precipitate of Ti3O2 or a complex oxynitride. Excess oxygen in the alloy after consumption of the available titanium as a precipitate results in increased void formation and also loss of precipitate coherency.
The tensile properties of V-20Ti alloy are only slightly affected by in-reactor exposures as high as 5.4 × 1022 n/cm2, En &gt; 0.1 MeV. Initial hardening is observed at low fluences and irradiation temperatures that are probably due to point-defect clusters or precipitates nucleating on interstitial impurities. However, the hardening effect saturates after low neutron exposures and is found to be independent of both fluence and temperature. Specimens of V-20Ti irradiated at ∼600 C (1112 F) to the highest fluence of ∼ 6 × 1022 n/cm2, En &gt; 0.1 MeV showed a few voids and a dislocation network. However, under these conditions, swelling is negligible and is not sufficiently severe to cause any noticeable effect on the tensile properties.
Burst Testing of Zircaloy Cladding from Irradiated Pickering-Type Fuel Bundles
Authors: Hardy DG 
Published: March 2009

Closed-end burst tests were conducted on sections of fuel cladding cut from five Pickering-type fuel bundles after exposures of 2.5 to 4.8 × 1024 n/m2 (&gt;1 MeV) at 300 C (572 F). Five batches or heat treatments of Zircaloy-2 and -4 were tested at 22 and 300 C (72 and 572 F). Two of the bundles contained an unfueled element in the center ring. The burst test results obtained from fueled and unfueled sheaths are compared with the same cladding batches irradiated to similar fluences without fuel in a fast neutron facility at 125 to 250 C (257 and 482 F) and to unirradiated controls.
The fueled cladding specimens exhibited higher strength and lower total circumferential elongation than unfueled specimens irradiated in the fast neutron facility. Although the fueled cladding was strained as much as 1.2 percent by thermal expansion of the UO2, the uniform elongation in subsequent burst tests was often higher than that obtained on bursting tubing irradiated in the fast neutron facility. Most of these differences were attributed to the different irradiation temperatures that produced a variation in the size distribution of radiation damage and perhaps a variation in the stability of the defect loops under strain.
While there was no visual or metallographic evidence of interaction between the fuel and the cladding, there was a slight difference in properties between the fueled cladding and unfueled sheaths contained in the same fuel bundles. The slightly lower strength and total circumferential elongation of the fueled cladding were taken as evidence of some mechanical interaction, probably the 0.1 to 1.2 percent plastic strain imposed on the sheath by the thermal expansion of the UO2. There were indications of a texture effect in irradiation hardening with the greater values occurring in instances where deformation took place almost entirely by slip.
Hydrogen concentrations in the range 170 to 719 ppm drastically reduced the 22 C (72 F) strength and ductility, but the 300 C (572 F) properties were significantly reduced only in cladding with a low level of cold work.
In-pile Stress Rupture Strength of Three Stabilized Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Closs KD , Schaefer L 
Published: March 2009

The in-pile stress rupture strength of three different types of stabilized austenitic stainless steels was studied. The materials tested were a 16Cr-13Ni-Cb steel (20 and 5 percent cold worked), a 16Cr-16Ni-Cb steel (5 percent cold worked), and a 15Cr-15Ni-Ti-B steel (15 percent cold worked). Irradiation time was up to 4800 h, corresponding to a maximum fast neutron fluence (E &gt;0.1 MeV) of 8.2 × 1021 neutrons(n)/cm2. The specimens were irradiated at 615 and 720 C (1139 and 1328 F).
Neutron irradiation caused a marked decrease in time to rupture and rupture strain in all the materials tested. The 15Cr-15Ni-Ti-B steel showed the most severe reduction in time to rupture. This reduction was attributed to high-temperature embrittlement and an increase in creep rate. It was shown that the precipitation behavior of this material was changed by neutron irradiation. The reduction in time to rupture was lower for the 16Cr-13Ni-Cb and 16Cr-16Ni-Cb steels. No enhancement in creep rate could be detected. The rupture strains measured were higher than 1 percent for the two columbium-stabilized steels, whereas they were below 1 percent for the 15Cr-15Ni-Ti-B steel.
Environmental Safety Assessment of New Materials
Authors: Kimerle RA , Gledhill WE , Levinskas GJ 
Published: March 2009

A need exists to devise systematic procedures to evaluate the hazard to aquatic organisms of new materials prior to their commercialization. Assessment of hazard implies decision making and risk taking. Now, more than ever before, companies must incorporate environmental safety considerations into that decision-making process of new product development.
A tentative procedure is presented which utilizes environmental fate and aquatic organism toxicity data in the sequential phases of screening, predictive, confirmative, and monitoring studies to arrive at a decision either to continue the toxicity testing, terminate the project because of unacceptable risk, or cease testing because of an acceptable risk. Application of the procedure to a number of potential new products in the past few years has verified the utility of the approach.
The procedure was also tested on three hypothetical materials that varied widely in their use, chemical, physical, and toxicological properties. This analysis demonstrated the flexibility of the system for aquatic hazard evaluation and decision making.
Summary of Proposal Procedures for the Evaluation of Aquatic Hazard
Authors: Maki AW , Duthie JR 
Published: March 2009

The development of generalized programs for the evaluation of hazard to aquatic organisms associated with the use of both existing and new chemicals is a major concern of several organizations currently attempting to establish regulations for chemicals potentially reaching the aquatic environment. Two of these groups actively working toward acceptable hazard evaluation schemes are the Aquatic Organisms Section of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Subcommittee E35.21 on Safety to Man and Environment, and the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) Aquatic Hazards of Pesticides Task Group.
An important ASTM goal is the development of a standard practice for a laboratory testing scheme to evaluate hazard to nontarget aquatic organisms. The current draft of the procedure identifies several key decision points and, depending on resultant data, can consist of as many as three distinct phases: (a) an outline of priority and scope, (b) acute hazard, and (c) overall hazard. The testing scheme has provisions for examination of the usage and disposal patterns of a substance and its biological, physical, and toxicological properties in a stepwise manner using sequential evaluation and feedback to select supplementary tests or implement decision alternatives. The program is intended for general application to any of the wide variety of chemical substances potentially reaching natural surface waters.
The AIBS Task Group for the Aquatic Hazards of Pesticides was formulated at the request of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Pesticide Programs, to assist in the development of an organized and uniform aquatic safety testing program for use in pesticide registration and registration-oriented research. Specifically, the group has been concerned with the development of criteria and rationale for use with the currently required, basic aquatic test data to determine the need for additional testing. A strong emphasis is placed on the development of simple criteria for decision making relative to evaluation of the aquatic hazards of pesticides with the recognition that the criteria ultimately should aid in the exercise of flexible good judgment concerning the need for additional testing.
Current drafts of the respective programs developed by these two groups are summarized here as a basis for an evaluation and discussion of decision criteria employed in aquatic environmental hazard assessments.
Characterization of Composites for the Purpose of Reliability Evaluation
Authors: Halpin JC , Jerina KL , Johnson TA 
Published: March 2009

A philosophy of design based on the prevention of failure is defensible and workable. One such philosophy is reliability based design and is the target of our work. The reliability of a structure depends upon a description of the material system (for example, strength) and the attendant uncertainties in this description (for example, scatter in strengths), along with a description of the structural complexity, expected structural loads, and expected operating environment and their attendant uncertainties.We will discuss, develop, and experimentally verify, wherever possible, models for composite material behavior. These models include a description of static failure resistance by lamination theory combined with energy based fracture mechanics criterion for failure, and a description of wearout via kinetic fracture mechanics. The relationships between the material's capability, as defined by these models, and the anticipated use and misuse reflected by the expected loads and environments will be defined and implemented. Our goal is to define critical technical areas for the development of structural composites; progress can be made only by examining these critical areas and confirming, extending, or redeveloping the tools described here.
Method for Estimating Fracture Strength of Specially Orthotropic Composite Laminates
Authors: Konish HJ , Cruse TA , Swedlow JL 
Published: March 2009

A method is presented for estimating the stress intensity factor characteristic of crack extension in a specially orthotropic advanced fiber composite laminate, based on the elastic properties and ultimate principal strengths of a lamina, the laminate construction, and the experimentally determined value of the characteristic stress intensity factor of an arbitrary angle-plied, midplane symmetric laminate. A comparison of the results obtained from this method with limited experimental data for graphite/epoxy laminates indicates that the method is quite accurate for this particular material system.
The predictive method is also used, in conjunction with experimental data, to estimate the size of a damage zone surrounding the crack tip. The implications of the size of this damage zone are discussed briefly.
High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Spaeder CE , Domis WF , Brickner KG 
Published: March 2009

The present paper summarizes the results of a number of investigations in which the effects of nitrogen on the mechanical properties of an austenitic stainless steel were evaluated. The results of studies on commercially produced plate indicated that increasing the nitrogen content of Type 304L steel to the range 0.10 to 0.13 percent increased the room and elevated temperature strength of this steel such that its strength was equivalent to that of Type 304 steel in both the welded and unwelded condition.
The results of room and elevated temperature tension tests on product from four commercial heats of high-nitrogen (0.12 to 0.16 percent) Type 304 steel indicated that the yield and tensile strength of this steel was significantly increased. Creep-rupture tests were too limited to assess the effect of nitrogen on the creep-rupture strength of the steel. Some failures on punch marks of the creep-rupture test specimens were observed suggesting the possibility of some notch sensitivity in this steel.
The results of a limited study on laboratory heats of Type 316L containing nitrogen in the range 0.02 to 0.19 percent indicated a significant increase in the elevated temperature yield and tensile strength of this steel. The creep-rupture strength at 1300 F also increased with increasing nitrogen content.