bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
United States v. Stevens: Win, Loss, or Draw for Animals?
Authors: Cassuto David N. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Robert Stevens was indicted for marketing dog-fighting videos in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 48, a law criminalizing depictions of animals being "intentionally mutilated, tortured, wounded, or killed..." The law aimed principally at "crush videos," but extended to dog-fighting as well. Stevens challenged the law’s constitutionality and the Supreme Court eventually struck it down. This article explores whether the Stevens decision will have lasting implications for animal cruelty jurisprudence. It argues that the answer is “maybe, but probably not.” In Stevens, the Court skirted the question of whether preventing animal cruelty can rise to the level of compelling state interest. Ironically, its avoidance of the issue may constitute a net positive for animal advocacy.
The Emergence of Veterinary Oaths: Social, Historical, and Ethical Considerations
Authors: Bones Vanessa Carli , Yeates James W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractVeterinary oaths are public declarations sworn by veterinarians, usually when they enter the profession. As such, they may reflect professional and social concerns. Analysis of contemporary veterinary oaths may therefore reveal their ethical foundations. The objective of this article is to contextualize the ethical content of contemporary oaths, in terms of the origin and development of veterinary medicine and wider societal changes such as the intensification of farming and the rise of animal welfare. This informs a comparison of oaths from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Brazil. This analysis suggests some ways in which the oaths might be developed to better reflect contemporary societal values.
Salivary alpha‐amylase activity and stress in Japan air self‐defense force cargo pilots involved in Iraq reconstruction
Authors: Iizuka Naotaka , Awano Shuji , Ansai Toshihiro 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectives:This study aimed to verify whether salivary α‐amylase enzyme activity (Amy) is useful as a biomarker of stress in pilots working in a stressful environment.Methods:The subjects in this study were nine Japan air self‐defense force pilots who participated in Iraq reconstruction support activity in Kuwait. Amy was measured using a portable salivary amylase monitor at preflight, postflight, and on stand‐by day. In addition, the state‐trait anxiety inventory was administered with state scores (STAI‐S) compared to Amy levels.Results:There were greater differences in Amy levels at baseline compared to STAI‐S scores between subjects on the stand‐by day. Amy levels at preflight tended to increase compared to those on stand‐by day as did STAI‐S. The change in Amy level at postflight varied among the pilots. The Amy levels of four subjects at postflight were elevated compared to levels at preflight, while the STAI‐S scores for all pilots at postflight were lower than at preflight.Conclusions:This study suggests that the Amy level of pilots can reflect subtle individual differences in response to the psychological and physiological stress of a flight task. Thus, monitoring Amy level may be useful for stress evaluation of pilots working in a stressful environment, providing data that might be used as an impetus for addressing stress management for this population. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Finite element modeling of the flow of a rubber compound through an axisymmetric die using the CEF viscoelastic constitutive equation
Authors: Ghoreishy Mir Hamid Reza , Bagheri‐Jaghargh Mojtaba , Naderi Ghasem , Soltani Sedigheh 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis work is devoted to the simulation of the flow of a high viscosity NR/SBR rubber compound through the die of a single screw extruder with axisymmetric geometry. An in‐house developed computer code based on the use of continuous penalty finite element method was employed. Three constitutive equations including two generalized Newtonian models namely; power‐law and Carreau and an explicit viscoelastic model named CEF (Criminale‐Ericksen‐Fillbey) were used to reflect the rheological behavior of the material. Using the parameters of the rheological models determined by a slit die rheometry technique, the flow of the compound was simulated through the die and results were compared with experimentally measured mass flow rates. It is shown that for high viscosity rubber compounds the use of generalized Newtonian models which do not take the normal stress in simple shear flow into consideration gives rise to significant errors in prediction of mass flow rates. On the other hand, comparing the simulations results using the CEF equation with experimental data revealed that this model is the best compromise between generalized Newtonian and full viscoelastic models which need high computational costs and effort. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Energy transfer and photoactivity of photozymes included in polyacrylate hydrogels
Authors: Sorochynska L. , Grishchuk S. , Korres S. , Riehn C. , Niedner‐Schatteburg G. , Georgieva V. , Georgiev G. , Karger‐Kocsis J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTwo photozymes poly(vinylnaphthalene/sodium styrenesulfonate) (PZ1) and poly(vinylnaphthalene/sodium styrenesulfonate/N,N′‐dimethyl methacryloyloxyethyl propanesulfonate) (PZ2) were synthesized and used for the modification of hydrogels. The hydrogels were composed of acrylamide and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid monomers, and modified with sodium bentonite (NB). The fluorescence properties and photoactivity of the photozymes were examined. Both photozymes demonstrated high self‐assembly in both aqueous solutions and hydrogel matrices, which is of great importance for the antenna effect. For the NB‐reinforced hydrogel, strong energy transfer from the excited chromophores to the NB was observed and assigned to the high surface conductivity of clay. PZ2 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for the methylene blue (MB) photodegradation than PZ1. This is most likely due to the better self‐assembly and thus enhanced antenna effect of the zwitterionic PZ2. MB absorbed by the hydrogel from aqueous solution was efficiently decomposed in a photozyme‐catalyzed photochemical process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Perioperative all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Comparison with unaffected controls and persons with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Yazdanyar Ali , Wasko Mary Chester , Kraemer Kevin L. , Ward Michael M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) burden similar to that of diabetes mellitus (DM). This risk may warrant preoperative CV assessment as is performed for patients with DM. We aimed to determine whether the risks of perioperative death and CV events among patients with RA differed from those among unaffected controls and patients with DM.MethodsWe used 1998–2002 data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database of the Healthcare Cost Utilization Project (HCUP) to identify hospitalizations of patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. Using established guidelines, surgical procedures were categorized as either low risk, intermediate risk, or high risk of having CV events. Logistic models provided the adjusted odds of study end points in patients with RA, DM, or both relative to patients with neither condition.ResultsAmong 7,756,570 patients undergoing a low‐risk, intermediate‐risk, or high‐risk noncardiac procedure, 2.34%, 0.51%, and 2.12%, respectively, had a composite CV event, and death occurred in 1.47%, 0.50%, and 2.59%, respectively. Among those undergoing an intermediate‐risk procedure, death was less likely in RA patients than in DM patients (0.30% versus 0.65%; P < 0.001), but the difference in mortality rates among those undergoing low‐risk versus high‐risk procedures was not significant. Patients with RA were less likely to have a CV event than were patients with DM for procedures of low risk (3.38% versus 5.30%; P < 0.001) and intermediate risk (0.34% versus 1.07%; P < 0.001). In adjusted models, RA was not independently associated with an increased risk of perioperative death or a CV event.ConclusionRA was not associated with adverse perioperative CV risk or mortality risk, which suggests that current perioperative clinical care does not need to be changed in this regard.
Microflow‐injection chemiluminescence of luminol and hypochlorite enhanced by phloxine B
Authors: Song Xiaoli , Shen Hong , Yin Xuefeng , Wang Xiuzhong , Liu Jinhua 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTWe report for the first time that the sensitivity of the luminol–hypochlorite chemiluminescence (CL) reaction was enhanced approximately 10 times by the addition of phloxine B. The maximum wavelength of CL emission shifted from 431 to 595 nm in the absence and presence, respectively, of phloxine B, suggesting that an efficient chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer occurred between a luminol donor and a phloxine B acceptor in the luminol–hypochlorite–phloxine B system. Based on this observation, a simple, rapid and sensitive microflow injection CL method, using a microchip with spiral channel configurations, was developed for the determination of hypochlorite. Under optimized conditions, a linear calibration curve (R2 = 0.9944) over the range 0.1–10.0 µmol/L was obtained, with a detection limit of 0.025 µmol/L (S:N = 3). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be 4.2% (n = 10) for 2.5 µmol/L hypochlorite. The sample consumption was only 2 μL, with a sample throughput of 90/h. The method has been used for determining trace amounts of hypochlorite in water samples with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycerol‐enhanced detection of a preferential structure latent in unstructured 1SS‐variants of lysozyme
Authors: Noda Yasuo , Narama Kuniaki , Kasai Kenichi , Tachibana Hideki , Segawa Shin‐ichi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFour species of 1SS‐varinats of lysozyme were almost unstructured in water, judged from their near‐UV CD and 1H‐15N‐HSQC spectra. Some preferential structure might exist in such a disordered state, but the population of molecules in such a conformation must have been too small to be detected by spectroscopic methods. Indeed, our previous study showed that the addition of 30% glycerol induced the unstructured 2SS‐variant of lysozyme to form a native‐like structure. To extend this method to more disordered proteins, we attempted to detect some preferential structure latent in unstructured 1SS‐variants by the glycerol‐enhanced detection. Only in one molecular species of the four 1SS‐variants, 1SS[6‐127] containing a single disulfide bridge of Cys6‐Cys127, a preferential structure was found in the presence of 50% glycerol. It was detected by near‐UV CD measurements and the H/D exchange method combined with the NMR spectroscopy. The glycerol‐induced structure in 1SS[6‐127] was not localized only in the vicinity of Cys6‐Cys127, and largely protected regions distributed themselves among A‐, B‐, and C‐helices and Ile55 and Leu56. It was similar to the glycerol‐induced structure in 2SS[6‐127, 64‐80] containing two disulfide bridges of Cys6‐Cys127 and Cys64‐Cys80, although the former was less rigid than the latter. The role of A‐helix (residues 4–15) is proposed as an origin of excellent potential of Cys6‐Cys127 for inducing a tertiary structure in the α‐domain. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97:539–549, 2012.
Experimental determination of thermodynamic equilibrium in biocatalytic transamination
Authors: Tufvesson Pär , Jensen Jacob S. , Kroutil Wolfgang , Woodley John M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe equilibrium constant is a critical parameter for making rational design choices in biocatalytic transamination for the synthesis of chiral amines. However, very few reports are available in the scientific literature determining the equilibrium constant (K) for the transamination of ketones. Various methods for determining (or estimating) equilibrium have previously been suggested, both experimental as well as computational (based on group contribution methods). However, none of these were found suitable for determining the equilibrium constant for the transamination of ketones. Therefore, in this communication we suggest a simple experimental methodology which we hope will stimulate more accurate determination of thermodynamic equilibria when reporting the results of transaminase‐catalyzed reactions in order to increase understanding of the relationship between substrate and product molecular structure on reaction thermodynamics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:2159–2162. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
B1 mapping of liquid NMR transversal RF coils: Analysis of heterogeneity and nonlinearity
Authors: Nagashima Kaz 
Published: February 2012

AbstractB1 fields generated by transversal RF coils in a high‐resolution NMR probe were studied using a nutation experiment combined with gradient echo 1D‐profiling. Signal amplitude, B1 strength, and relaxation time were mapped as a function of longitudinal axial position. Numerical Bloch simulations in a rotating frame could reproduce the overall features of the experimentally observed nutation profiles. The 3D rotating frame trajectories of magnetization during pulsing are presented in spherical coordinates. Nutating magnetization (i.e., sinusoidal oscillation) was detectable even outside the RF coil, although the signal amplitude was low and the spin relaxation during pulsing was fast. As the axial position got closer to the edges of the RF coil, low frequency components began overlapping on the nutating component. At the edge regions, the low frequency magnetizations dominated and the oscillating component almost disappeared, resulting in a cycloidal 3D trajectory of magnetization. Inside the RF coil, the low frequency component increased the frequency of oscillation as the axial position got closer to the center. Only a narrow central region of the RF coil gave a near linear response against pulse width, wherein the highest B1 field strength and very small relaxation were observed. A significant nonlinearity between pulse duration and flip angle was observed in the edge portion of the RF coil and at the outside. The heterogeneity and nonlinearity led to an inaccurate 90° pulse width when the pulse duration at null points (e.g., 180° or 360°) was simply divided by 2 or 4. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 41B: 1–12, 2012
Quadrature RF coil for in Vivo brain MRI of a macaque monkey in a stereotaxic head frame
Authors: Roopnariane Colin A. , Ryu Yeun‐chul , Tofighi Mohammad‐reza , Miller Patti A. , Oh Sukhoon , Wang Jianli , Park Bu SIK , Ansel Lukas , LIEU Christopher A. , Subramanian Thyagarajan , YANG Qing X. , Collins Christopher M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe present a quadrature volume coil designed for brain imaging of a macaque monkey fixed in a sphinx position (facing down the bore) within a stereotactic frame at 3 T, where the position of the monkey and presence of the frame preclude use of existing coils. Requirements include the ability to position and remove the coil without disturbing the position of the monkey in the frame. A saddle coil and a solenoid were combined on a modified cylindrical former and connected in quadrature as to produce a homogeneous circularly polarized field throughout the brain. To allow the loops of the saddle coil to encompass the ear posts, partial disassembly and reassembly were facilitated by embedding pin and socket contacts into separate pieces of the former. Coil design included simulation of the electromagnetic fields for the coil containing a 3D model of a monkey's head. The resulting coil produced adequate homogeneity and signal‐to‐noise ratio throughout the brain. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 41B: 22–27, 2012
Improvement of vitamin D status resulted in amelioration of biomarkers of systemic inflammation in the subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Shab‐Bidar Sakineh , Neyestani Tirang R. , Djazayery Abolghassem , Eshraghian Mohammad‐Reza , Houshiarrad Anahita , Kalayi Ali , Shariatzadeh Nastaran , Khalaji Niloufar , Gharavi A'azam 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundBoth vitamin D deficiency and inflammation have been linked to cardiovascular disease, the major cause of death in diabetes. In this study, the effects of daily intake of vitamin D‐fortified yoghourt drink (doogh) on systemic inflammatory biomarkers in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were investigated.Subjects and methodsIn this 12‐week randomized controlled trial, T2D subjects received either plain doogh (PD; containing 170 mg calcium and no detectable vitamin D/250 mL, n1 = 50) or vitamin D3‐fortified doogh (FD; containing 170 mg calcium and 500 IU/250 mL, n2 = 50) twice a day. Glycemic status, body fat mass and systemic inflammatory biomarkers including serum highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin(IL)‐2, IL‐6, IL‐10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were evaluated at the beginning and after the intervention. Data were expressed as either mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) whenever they had either normal or non‐normal distribution, respectively.ResultsIn the patients receiving the vitamin D fortified drink, compared with those receiving the unfortified drink, a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D was accompanied by significant changes in TNF‐α (−57.9 (−264.6) versus +106.3 (683.2), p = 0.044), IL‐6 (−6.3 (−69.2), p = 0.002), hsCRP (−0.39 (−1.50) versus +0.8 (1.52), p < 0.001), SAA (−14.2 ± 44.5 versus +5.6 ± 37.5 mg/L, p = 0.022) and IL‐10 (+38.7 ± 157.0 versus −51.9 ± 165.2 ng/L, p = 0.013). The between‐group differences of hsCRP, SAA and IL‐6 changes remained significant even after controlling for changes quantitative insulin check index (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively).ConclusionsImprovement of vitamin D status of T2D subjects resulted in amelioration of the systemic inflammatory markers. This may have preventive implications against cardiovascular disease and other diabetic complications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hox transcription factors influence motoneuron identity through the integrated actions of both homeodomain and non‐homeodomain regions
Authors: Misra Mala , Sours Emily , Lance‐Jones Cynthia 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground: Hox transcription factors play a critical role in the specification of motoneuron subtypes within the spinal cord. Our previous work showed that two orthologous members of this family, Hoxd10 and Hoxd11, exert opposing effects on motoneuron development in the lumbosacral (LS) spinal cord of the embryonic chick: Hoxd10 promotes the development of lateral motoneuron subtypes that project to dorsal limb muscles, while Hoxd11 represses the development of lateral subtypes in favor of medial subtypes that innervate ventral limb muscles and axial muscles. The striking degree of homology between the DNA‐binding homeodomains of Hoxd10 and Hoxd11 suggested that non‐homeodomain regions mediate their divergent effects. In the present study, we investigate the relative contributions of homeodomain and non‐homeodomain regions of Hoxd10 and Hoxd11 to motoneuron specification. Results: Using in ovo electroporation to express chimeric and mutant constructs in LS motoneurons, we find that both the homeodomain and non‐homeodomain regions of Hoxd10 are necessary to specify lateral motoneurons. In contrast, non‐homeodomain regions of Hoxd11 are sufficient to repress lateral motoneuron fates in favor of medial fates. Conclusions: Together, our data demonstrate that even closely related Hox orthologues rely on distinct combinations of homeodomain‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms to specify motoneuron identity. Developmental Dynamics 241:718–731, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A method of finding business risk factors using the characteristics of probability distributions of effect ratios on qualitative and quantitative hybrid simulation
Authors: Samejima Masaki , Negoro Keisuke , Mitsukuni Koshichrio , Akiyoshi Masanori 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe propose a method of finding business risk factors in a qualitative and quantitative hybrid time‐series simulation. The effect ratios of qualitative arcs in the hybrid simulation vary the output values of the simulation, so we define the effect ratios causing risks as business risk factors. Finding business risk factors in the entire ranges of effect ratios is time‐consuming. It is considered that the probability distributions of effect ratios at the present time step and those at the previous time step are similar, and thus that the probability distributions at the present time step can be estimated. Our method finds business risk factors effectively in only the estimated ranges. Experimental results show that the precision and recall rate are 86%, and that search time is decreased by at least 20%. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(3): 55–65, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10369
System for precise dissemination of frequency standard via optical fiber
Authors: Amemiya Masaki , Imae Michito , Fujii Yasuhisa , Suzuyama Tomonari , Naito Takashi , Urakawa Junji , Ebihara Kiyokazu , Terunuma Nobuhiro 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA precise frequency dissemination system using optical fiber is studied. The purpose of the system is to transmit a frequency standard with little deterioration to many distant users. It is composed of a phase compensation transmitter, bidirectional optical amplifiers, optical amplified distributor, and receiver. The goal of the system is to achieve stable transmission of hydrogen maser‐class signals. For short‐term stability, the required optical received power to realize an Allan deviation of 1 × 10–13 (average time of 1 s) is shown. For long‐term stability, a new compensation method using a third wavelength transmission is effective to suppress phase fluctuation induced by temperature changes in the fiber. Experimental results show a stability of 8 × 10–17 at 105 s in a fiber link of 160 km in all with one bidirectional amplifier. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(3): 45–54, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10372
Benzyl Ether‐Substituted Phosphido–Borane Complexes of the Alkali Metals
Authors: Izod Keith , Watson James M. , Clegg William , Harrington Ross W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractReduction of {(Me3Si)2CH}PCl(C6H4‐2‐CH2OMe) withLiAlH4, followed by reaction with BH3·SMe2, gives the phosphane–borane {(Me3Si)2CH}PH(BH3)(C6H4‐2‐CH2OMe) (2) in good yield. Compound 2 undergoes rapid deprotonation on treatment with nBuLi, PhCH2Na or PhCH2K to give the corresponding alkali metal phosphido–borane complexes [[{(Me3Si)2CH}P(BH3)(C6H4‐2‐CH2OMe)]ML]2 [ML = Li(THF) (3), Na(tmeda) (4), K(pmdeta) (5)] after crystallization in the presence of the respective co‐ligand L. The exact binding mode of the phosphido–borane ligand depends on the nature of the metal center in each case. However, all three alkali metal complexes crystallize as discrete dimers exhibiting M–P, M–O and M···BH3 contacts.
Discovery of Dipeptide‐Derived Catalysts for the Enantioselective Addition of Dimethylzinc to Aldehydes
Authors: Kang Seock Yong , Park Yong Sun 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA new class of modular chiral catalysts derived from various amino acid‐L‐Pro dipeptides was prepared, and the catalysts were tested for their ability to catalyze the enantioselective addition of dimethylzinc to aromatic aldehydes. Dipeptides derived from L‐Asp‐L‐Pro were identified as effective catalysts for the addition at room temperature with up to 97:3 er and 95 % yield.