bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Mapping for Improvement of Quantitative Traits in Plant Breeding Populations
Authors: Rosyara Umesh R , Joshi Bal K 
Published: January 2012

DNA-based molecular markers have been extensively utilized for mapping of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) of interest based on linkage analysis in mapping populations. This is in contrast to human genetics that use of linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based mapping for fine mapping of QTLs using single nucleotide polymorphisms. LD based association mapping (AM) has promise to be used in plants. Possible use of such approach may be for fine mapping of genes / QTLs, identifying favorable alleles for marker aided selection and cross validation of results from linkage mapping for precise location of genes / QTLs of interest. In the present review, we discuss different mapping populations, approaches, prospects and limitations of using association mapping in plant breeding populations. This is expected to create awareness in plant breeders in use of AM in crop improvement activities.Key words: Association mapping; plant breeding; DNA marker; quantitative trait lociDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v2i1.5686 Nepal Journal of Biotechnology Jan.2012, Vol.2(1): 72-89
Survivorship care plans in research and practice
Authors: Salz Talya , Oeffinger Kevin C. , McCabe Mary S. , Layne Tracy M. , Bach Peter B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends the use of survivorship care plans (SCPs) for all cancer survivors. Developing useful SCPs requires understanding what survivors and their providers need and how SCPs can be implemented in practice. Published studies investigating the perspectives of stakeholders (survivors, primary care providers, and oncology providers) were reviewed regarding the content and use of SCPs. All National Cancer Institute (NCI)‐designated cancer centers were surveyed concerning the extent to which SCPs for survivors of breast and colorectal cancers are in use, their concordance with the IOM's recommendation, and details about SCP delivery. Survivors and primary care providers typically lack the information the IOM suggested should be included in SCPs. Oncology providers view SCPs favorably but express concerns about the feasibility of their implementation. Fewer than one‐half (43%) of NCI‐designated cancer centers deliver SCPs to their breast or colorectal cancer survivors. Of those that do, none deliver SCPs that include all components recommended by the IOM. Survivors' and providers' opinions about the use of SCPs are favorable, but there are barriers to implementation. SCPs are not widely used in NCI‐designated cancer centers. Variation in practice is substantial, and many components recommended by the IOM framework are rarely included. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Improved detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using two independent PCR targets in a tertiary care centre in South India
Authors: Barani Ramya , Sarangan Gopalsamy , Antony Tessa , Periyasamy Soundararajan , Kindo Anupma Jyoti , Srikanth Padma 
Published: January 2012

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide as one of the leading infectious diseases. In India, more than 1.8 million new cases occur every year. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of TB would improve patient care and limit its transmission.This study aimed to evaluate a dual target polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic assay to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis from pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples at a tertiary care centre in South India. Methodology: Samples were collected from patients with a low index of suspicion of TB. Acid-fast smears were performed by Auramine O fluorescent microscopy and PCR was performed by using two site-specific primer pairs targeting IS6110 by nested PCR and TRC4 by conventional PCR. Amplified products for IS6110 and/or TRC4 were indicative of M. tuberculosis.Results: Among 114 (19 pulmonary and 95 extra-pulmonary) samples tested by PCR assay, 12 (11%) were positive for both IS6110 and TRC4, of which 11 (10%) were non-respiratory and one was (1%) respiratory in origin. PCR for TRC4 alone was positive for eight (7%) non-respiratory and two (2%) respiratory samples, while IS6110 alone tested positive for six (5%) non-respiratory samples and one (1%) respiratory sample. Of a total of 29 PCR positive samples, 17 (15 %) were acid-fast smear positive. Conclusion: Although the target site of IS6110 is specific for M. tuberculosis, some strains from South India may lack this region. Therefore, the use of an additional target site (TRC4) is required for improved detection of M. tuberculosis.
Conflits et réconciliation dans la vie éthique selon Hegel
Authors: Soual Philippe 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Chez Hegel, la conflictualité humaine, sociale et politique, relève de la liberté de l’esprit, et elle a quelque chose de nécessaire et de fécond, dans la mesure où elle est l’épreuve de cette liberté. En distinguant collision et conflit, cet article étudie trois points : d’abord le problème de la reconnaissance, du droit et de la violence ; ensuite, les conflits socio-économiques, avec les institutions et les lois nécessaires à leur résolution ; et enfin les conflits proprement politiques. Si l’État s’efforce de prévenir ou résoudre les conflits par ses institutions, en chaque sphère persiste une conflictualité invincible, dans une réconciliation qui reste fragile, comme la liberté.
L'âge de la liberté : Hegel avec Foucault
Authors: Pagès Claire 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Chez Hegel, la liberté ne dépend pas seulement de conditions historiques, politiques ou géographiques, mais aussi de conditions anthropologiques comme celle de l’âge : le degré de liberté dépend de l’âge qu’on a, la liberté ne vient pas avant l’âge ou le bon âge. Hegel développe une analyse parallèle des âges des peuples. Pourquoi la liberté a-t-elle pour condition l’âge de l’homme fait ? Est-ce la liberté du puissant face au jeune homme qui n’a pas le pouvoir et au vieillard qui est affaibli ? Foucault, en commentant l’ Alcibiade de Platon, a pu soutenir lui aussi l’idée d’un âge de la liberté : l’accès à soi permis par un âge critique de la vie conditionne surtout, dans le dialogue et pour Foucault, l’action et la pensée politiques. Revenant à Hegel, nous pouvons alors mieux comprendre que sa thèse de la plus grande liberté de l’homme fait ne dépend pas de sa puissance mais de l’exigence pratique et politique qui caractérise l’âge qui est le sien.
IL-21 Can Supplement Suboptimal Lck-Independent MAPK Activation in a STAT-3–Dependent Manner in Human CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Imataki Osamu , Ansén Sascha , Tanaka Makito , Butler Marcus O. , Berezovskaya Alla , Milstein Matthew I. , Kuzushima Kiyotaka , Nadler Lee M. , Hirano Naoto 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlthough both MHC class II/CD8α double-knockout and CD8β null mice show a defect in the development of MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells in the thymus, they possess low numbers of high-avidity peripheral CTL with limited clonality and are able to contain acute and chronic infections. These in vivo data suggest that the CD8 coreceptor is not absolutely necessary for the generation of Ag-specific CTL. Lack of CD8 association causes partial TCR signaling because of the absence of CD8/Lck recruitment to the proximity of the MHC/TCR complex, resulting in suboptimal MAPK activation. Therefore, there should exist a signaling mechanism that can supplement partial TCR activation caused by the lack of CD8 association. In this human study, we have shown that CD8-independent stimulation of Ag-specific CTL previously primed in the presence of CD8 coligation, either in vivo or in vitro, induced severely impaired in vitro proliferation. When naive CD8+ T cells were primed in the absence of CD8 binding and subsequently restimulated in the presence of CD8 coligation, the proliferation of Ag-specific CTL was also severely hampered. However, when CD8-independent T cell priming and restimulation were supplemented with IL-21, Ag-specific CD8+ CTL expanded in two of six individuals tested. We found that IL-21 rescued partial MAPK activation in a STAT3- but not STAT1-dependent manner. These results suggest that CD8 coligation is critical for the expansion of postthymic peripheral Ag-specific CTL in humans. However, STAT3-mediated IL-21 signaling can supplement partial TCR signaling caused by the lack of CD8 association.
IL-1 Receptor Signaling Is Required at Multiple Stages of Sensitization and Elicitation of the Contact Hypersensitivity Response
Authors: Kish Danielle D. , Gorbachev Anton V. , Fairchild Robert L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a CD8 T cell-mediated response to hapten skin sensitization and challenge. The points at which IL-1R signaling is required during this complex, multistep immune response have not been clearly delineated. The role of IL-1R signaling during 2, 4 dinitro-1-fluorobenezene (DNFB) sensitization to induce hapten-specific CD8 effector T cells and in the trafficking of the effector T cells to the DNFB challenge site to elicit the response were investigated using IL-1R deficient mice. DNFB-sensitized IL-1R−/− mice had low CHS responses to hapten challenge that were caused in part by marked decreases in hapten-specific CD8 T cell development to IL-17– and IFN-γ–producing cells during sensitization. Hapten-primed wild type CD8 T cell transfer to naive IL-1R−/− mice did not result in T cell activation in response to hapten challenge, indicating a need for IL-1R signaling for the localization or activation, or both, of the CD8 T cells at the challenge site. Decreased CD8 T cell priming in sensitized IL-1R−/− mice was associated with marked decreases in hapten-presenting dendritic cell migration from the sensitized skin to draining lymph nodes. Transfer of hapten-presenting dendritic cells from wild type donors to naive IL-1R−/− mice resulted in decreased numbers of the dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes and decreased priming of hapten-specific CD8 T cells compared with dendritic cell transfer to naive wild type recipients. These results indicate that IL-1R signaling is required at multiple steps during the course of sensitization and challenge to elicit CHS.
IL-12Rβ2 Is Essential for the Development of Experimental Cerebral Malaria
Authors: Fauconnier Mathilde , Palomo Jennifer , Bourigault Marie-Laure , Meme Sandra , Szeremeta Frédéric , Beloeil Jean-Claude , Danneels Adeline , Charron Sabine , Rihet Pascal , Ryffel Bernhard , Quesniaux Valérie F. J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA Th1 response is required for the development of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). The role of pro-Th1 IL-12 in malaria is complex and controversial. In this study, we addressed the role of IL-12Rβ2 in ECM development. C57BL/6 mice deficient for IL-12Rβ2, IL-12p40, or IL-12p35 were analyzed for ECM development after blood-stage PbA infection in terms of ischemia and blood flow by noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging and angiography, T cell recruitment, and gene expression. Without IL-12Rβ2, no neurologic sign of ECM developed upon PbA infection. Although wild-type mice developed distinct brain microvascular pathology, ECM-resistant, IL-12Rβ2–deficient mice showed unaltered cerebral microcirculation and the absence of ischemia after PbA infection. In contrast, mice deficient for IL-12p40 or IL-12p35 were sensitive to ECM development. The resistance of IL-12Rβ2–deficient mice to ECM correlated with reduced recruitment of activated T cells and impaired overexpression of lymphotoxin-α, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the brain after PbA infection. Therefore, IL-12Rβ2 signaling is essential for ECM development but independent from IL-12p40 and IL-12p35. We document a novel link between IL-12Rβ2 and lymphotoxin-α, TNF-α, and IFN-γ expression, key cytokines for ECM pathogenesis.
Reconstructive Urethroplasty Using Porcine Acellular Matrix (SIS): Evolution of the Grafting Technique and Results of 10-Year Experience
Authors: Mantovani Franco , Tondelli Elena , Cozzi Gabriele , Rahman Davide Abed el , Spinelli Matteo Giulio , Oliva Isabella , Finkelberg Elisabetta , Talso Michele , Varisco Daniela , Maggioni Augusto , Rocco Francesco 
Published: January 2012

Introduction. Long tract urethral reconstruction still has no other resolution than two-stage techniques or graft and flap procedures, that are neither simple nor trouble-free. Tissue engineering simplifies this surgery using porcine acellular matrix, obtained from small intestine submucosa (SIS): thin but strong, ready for grafting, it is not immunogenic, being deprived of cells. It is a biological bridge for reconstruction, promoting the regeneration of surrounding tissue. We report our experience using SIS for urethroplasty. Materials and Methods. After coronal or perineal-scrotal incision and penile degloving, the urethra is rotated of 180° and opened through the entire restricted tract. The graft is sutured dorsally and reinforced by the contact with the cavernous bodies to prevent pouching. From 1999 to 2005 we performed this grafting procedure in 36 men and 4 women. Afterwards, 16 more surgeries performed were with direct ventral graft procedure, without urethra isolation and rotation, with worthy simplification. RESULTS. A 10–year follow-up shows satisfactory urodynamic and subjective outcomes for both procedures, assessed by voiding urethrography, uroflowmetry International Prostate Symptom Score, and Quality of Life perception. At urethroscopy the graft appears completely homogeneous to the native tissue, as confirmed by the histological examination. The ventral direct graft represents the more consistent innovation: we did not observe pouching and the results remained effective. For penile urethra, in a few patients, periodic dilatations were necessary. Conclusions. SIS can be considered as an alternative to more difficult grafting procedures, which are probably no more indispensable in urethral enlargement, even for critical strictures.
A Model Sophist: Nietzsche on Protagoras and Thucydides
Authors: Mann Joel E. , Lustila Getty L. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
While many commentators have remarked on Nietzsche's admiration for the Greek historian Thucydides, most reduce the affinity between the two thinkers to their common commitments to “political realism” or “scientific naturalism.” At the same time, some of these same commentators have sought to minimize or dismiss Nietzsche's enthusiasm for the Greek sophists. We do not deny the importance of realism or naturalism, but we suggest that, for Nietzsche, realism and naturalism are rooted in a rejection of moral absolutism and its leading advocates, Socrates and Plato. Through careful exegesis of crucial sections from Daybreak, we show that, as early as 1880 (if not earlier), Nietzsche regarded the agonistic, anti-absolutist stance of the sophist Protagoras as an indispensable model both for Thucydides's history and for his own philosophy.
The Object of Therapy:
Authors: Morton Erin 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
This article will examine the career of weaver and occupational therapist Mary E. Black (1885–1988) by using her life as a lens through which to explore the intersection of arts and crafts revivalism with occupational therapy in early twentiethcentury northeastern North America. Born in Massachusetts, Black grew up in and was educated in Wolfville, Nova Scotia. She trained as ward's aide in Montreal in 1919 and worked in a string of hospitals and sanitariums throughout the United States and Nova Scotia. Indeed, Black understood her work as an occupational therapist and what she described as “the therapeutics of weaving” to be intertwined. Like many arts and crafts revivalists of her period, Black saw the teaching of skilled craftmaking as a means to generate self-sufficiency, since it provided a way for displaced and injured people to make salable goods in the face of industrialization, war, and inadequate medical care. In Black's case, the utopian social mission of the new professional field of occupational therapy provided just the institutional means to disseminate the remunerative qualities of craftwork on a broad scale.
One‐Dimensional SDS Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins
Authors: Gallagher Sean R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOne‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins provides information about the molecular size, amount, and purity of a protein sample. Separated proteins can be recovered from polyacrylamide gels for subsequent characterization by a variety of secondary techniques, such as mass spectrometry to determine post‐translational modifications and the amino acid sequence. In addition, one‐dimensional electrophoresis is the standard first step in immunoblotting and immunodetection. Protein separations in vertical slab gels are performed in a variety of formats. Most recently, small format minigels are typical due to their ease of use, low relative cost, and ready commercial availability. Larger gels provide more separation area and thus better resolution for complex samples and continue to be in use for specialized analysis. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 97:10.2A.1‐10.2A.44. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Disease‐stabilizing treatment with all‐trans retinoic acid and valproic acid in acute myeloid leukemia: Serum hsp70 and hsp90 levels and serum cytokine profiles are determined by the disease, patient age, and anti‐leukemic treatment
Authors: Fredly Hanne , Reikvam Håkon , Gjertsen Bjørn Tore , Bruserud Øystein 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHeat shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP90 are released by primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells during stress‐induced spontaneous in vitro apoptosis. The AML cells also show constitutive release of several cytokines and the systemic serum levels of several soluble mediators are altered in patients with untreated AML. In the present study, we have investigated serum levels of HSP70/HSP90 and the serum cytokine profiles of patients with untreated AML and patients receiving AML‐stabilizing palliative treatment based on all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus valproic acid. Patients with untreated AML showed increased HSP90 levels and a distinct serum cytokine profile when compared with healthy controls, and low pre‐therapy HSP90 levels were associated with a prolonged survival during treatment with ATRA + valproic acid + theophyllin. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed a close association between HSP70, HSP90, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels. Furthermore, disease‐stabilizing therapy altered the serum‐cytokine profile, but the correlations between HSP70/HSP90/IL‐1ra/HGF were maintained only when ATRA + valproic acid were combined with theophyllin but not when combined with cytarabine. We conclude that both HSP levels and serum cytokine profiles are altered and may represent possible therapeutic targets or prognostic markers in human AML. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of sickness absence duration after an occupational back injury in the belgian population
Authors: Mazina D. , Donneau A.‐F. , Mairiaux Ph. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed at assessing factors associated to the duration of sickness absence after a back injury in the Belgian working population, with a special emphasis on cultural factors.MethodsThe data were retrieved from the Belgian Fund for Work Accidents database over a 3‐year period (2001–2003). The population source involved all Belgian workers under a job contract in the private sector registered as compensated cases for an accident that occurred at the workplace (n = 558,276). From that database, all back injury cases involving a complete data set and registered during the first 6 months of each year (n = 11,262) were selected and eight factors (gender, age, seniority in the current job, job category, accident regional location, enterprise size, sector of activity, and accident circumstances) were analyzed in relation to the outcome variable, sick leave duration recorded as ordered time intervals between 0 and 183–366 days.ResultsSick leave duration was strongly associated in a multivariate model to age (≥40 years: OR = 2.18), blue‐collar job (1.55), work in building industry (1.32), and enterprise size (>100: 0.85), and to a less extent to seniority (>10y: 0.88), and circumstance of accident (falls: 1.26). Injuries occurring in the French‐speaking part of the country were associated to a longer sick leave (1.07; P = 0.034).ConclusionsThis study shows that besides well‐known risk factors, subtle cultural language‐linked factors and/or regional differences in economic climate may significantly influence the length of disability period after a back injury. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:270–280, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of novel phosphorus‐containing epoxy hardeners and thermal stability and flame‐retardant properties of cured products
Authors: Xiong Yuan‐Qin , Zhang Xu‐Yong , Liu Jia , Li Ming‐Ming , Guo Fei , Xia Xin‐Nian , Xu Wei‐Jian 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTwo novel flame‐retardant curing agents for epoxy resins, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO)‐containing 4‐[(phenylamino)methyl]phenol (P‐Ph) and DOPO‐containing Mannich‐type bases (P‐DDS‐Ph), were synthesized by the condensation of 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde with 4‐aminophenol and DDS, respectively, followed by the addition of DOPO to the resulting imine linkage. Chemical structures of these materials were characterized with FTIR, 1H‐NMR spectra, 31P‐NMR spectra, and elemental analysis. The thermal properties and flame retardancy of o‐cresol novolac epoxy resin (CNE) cured with different contents of the phosphorus‐containing compounds were investigated by nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The obtained results showed that more char was formed while containing lower contents of the phosphorus‐containing compounds in the P‐Ph/CNE and P‐DDS‐Ph/CNE indicating their excellent flame retardancy. Moreover, the P‐DDS‐Ph/CNE exhibited higher Tg (224°C) and better thermal stability (T10%, 330°C) than that of P‐Ph/CNE. Therefore, the developed P‐DDS‐Ph/CNE may be potentially used as environmentally preferable products in electronic fields. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Ultrasonic properties of polystyrene‐based composites
Authors: Oral Imran , Guzel Hatice , Ahmetli Gulnare 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this study, first the pure polystyrenes (PS) with different molecular weights (350 × 103 and 500 × 103) have been modified by the chemical modification with succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), and phthalic anhydride (PhA) and then the polystyrene based composites (CPS) prepared by addition of modified polystyrenes (MPS) into pure PS (with the molecular weight of 230 × 103) in weight % ratios of 90 : 10, 80 : 20, and 70 : 30. Ultrasonic measurements were performed on PS/MPS blends of different weight percent of MPSs by use of pulse echo method with 5‐MHz frequency at room temperature. Elastic properties namely; longitudinal modulus (L), Young's modulus (E), bulk modulus (K) and shear modulus (G), Poisson's ratio (μ), and acoustic impedance (Z) were calculated from the ultrasonic velocities values measured and densities values obtained experimentally. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used for determining the microstructure of composites. The variations of these parameters with increasing MPSs weight percentage content in PS/MPS from 10 to 30 have been discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012