bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structures of the Europium and Yttrium Hydroxychromates Eu(OH)(CrO4) and Y(OH)(CrO4); Structural Evolution as a Function of the Ln3+ Ionic Radius
Authors: Phanon Delphine , Gautier‐Luneau Isabelle 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe compounds Eu(OH)(CrO4) and Y(OH)(CrO4) were obtained under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. They are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n (no. 14) with lattice parameters a = 8.278(1) Å, b = 11.400(2) Å, c = 8.393(1) Å, β = 93.76(2)°, V = 790.3(2) Å3, Z = 4, d = 4.79 g·cm–3 for Eu(OH)(CrO4) and a = 8.151(1) Å, b = 11.362(2) Å, c = 8.285(1) Å, β = 94.23(1)°, V = 765.2(2) Å3, Z = 4, d = 3.85 g·cm–3 for Y(OH)(CrO4). The [EuO8] polyhedra form infinite double chains along the a direction, which are connected by common edges and corners. These double chains are related together in the two other directions by the [CrO4]2– tetrahedra to form a three‐dimensional network in which channels appear parallel to the [100] direction. We examine the structural evolution, as a function of the Ln3+ ionic radius, in the series Ln(OH)(CrO4) compounds (with Ln = Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb) and Y(OH)(CrO4). To determine the best coordination number of each lanthanide and yttrium ions, different calculations of bond valence sum were realized.
TheglmSribozyme: use of a small molecule coenzyme by a gene-regulatory RNA
Authors: Ferré-D'Amaré Adrian R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTheglmSribozyme is the first known example of a natural ribozyme that has evolved to require binding of an exogenous small molecule for activity. In Gram-positive bacteria, this RNA domain is part of the messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the essential enzyme that synthesizes glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P). When present at physiologic concentration, this small molecule binds to theglmSribozyme and uncovers a latent self-cleavage activity that ultimately leads to degradation of the mRNA. Biochemical and structural studies reveal that the RNA adopts a rigid fold stabilized by three pseudoknots and the packing of a peripheral domain against the ribozyme core. GlcN6P binding to this pre-organized RNA does not induce conformational changes; rather, the small molecule functions as a coenzyme, providing a catalytically essential amine group to the active site. The ribozyme is not a passive player, however. Active site functional groups are essential for catalysis, even in the presence of GlcN6P. In addition to being a superb experimental system with which to analyze how RNA catalysts can exploit small molecule coenzymes to broaden their chemical versatility, the presence of theglmSribozyme in numerous pathogenic bacteria make this RNA an attractive target for the development of new antibiotics and antibacterial strategies.
Institutions, Rulemaking, and the Politics of Judicial Retrenchment
Authors: Staszak Sarah 
Published: September 2010

This article examines the efforts of political and legal actors to scale back access to the courts and judicial authority in the decades since the rights revolution of the 1950s and 1960s. Despite the importance and consequences that such efforts have had for the judicial system and rights protections in the United States, public law and American Political Development (APD) scholars have only begun to study this phenomenon within existing theories of institutional change. Through an examination of efforts to reform procedural rules that govern courtroom access, adjudication, and potential remedies, this article presents evidence that both builds on and pushes this scholarship in new directions. In contrast to law and APD scholars who have promoted a ‘regime politics’ model of judicial authority that focuses on the interests of national elected officials and Supreme Court majorities, this article finds that actors pursuing retrenchment come from both within and outside the judiciary, evidencing a robust set of individuals and interests (far beyond judges and politicians) who might be considered “judicial” actors. Building on and complicating current understandings of the politics of retrenchment, moreover, I find that the groups involved in judicial retrenchment change significantly over time, are motivated by more than partisan backlash, and that the availability of malleable institutional “rules” enhances the likelihood of their success. Finally, I find that the processes of judicial retrenchment are distinctive but not static, unfolding in a series of methods for attempted change that are not only path dependent, but also path breaking.
Intellectual Property Issues and Europeana, Europe's Digital Library, Museum and Archive
Authors: Purday Jonathan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEuropeana is the focus of a number of IPR issues. The portal provides access to three sets of assets: the Open Source code base, the authority-controlled metadata and the digitised content. Europeana has integrated metadata standards across the heritage domains and will now licence the metadata as a resource for the development of linked data and semantic web applications. The main rights issues concern the digitisation of public domain content and orphan works. Digitisation of out-of-copyright analogue material does not create new rights and the Europeana Public Domain Charter provides guidelines for the sector. An inhibitor to digitisation is the problem of orphan works, now under review by the European Commission.
Influence of fleet renewal and trawl development on landings per unit effort of the Danish northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fishery
Authors: Eigaard Ole Ritzau , Munch-Petersen Sten 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Eigaard, O. R., and Munch-Petersen, S. 2011. Influence of fleet renewal and trawl development on landings per unit effort of the Danish northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 26–31. Recent stock assessments of the Pandalus stock in the Skagerrak (ICES Division IIIa) and the Norwegian Deep (Division IVa east) have relied largely on a time-series of landings per unit effort (lpue) calculated from Danish logbook data. Because of fleet renewal and trawl-size changes, the relationship between nominal effort data as recorded in logbooks (days fishing) and effective effort is likely to have changed, so to standardize the nominal lpue time-series, trawl-size development has been taken into account using generalized linear modelling. As logbooks do not provide trawl-size information, this standardization was made possible by retrieving technical trawl and vessel data from industry order books. These data demonstrated an approximately linear relationship between vessel engine power and Pandalus trawl size, so validated the use of vessel horsepower from the logbooks as a proxy for an unknown trawl size. Standardized lpue time-series for the past 20 years indicated a lesser increase in stock size than nominal lpue, the modelling results demonstrating that vessel lpue increased by 9.5% with each 100 hp of engine power.
The limits of endoscopy in the diagnosis of oesophagitis, gastritis and duodenitis
Authors: WILKINSON S. P. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYEndoscopy alone, without histology, has poor sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing diffuse mucosal diseases of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. Erosive lesions with exudate at the distal end of the oesophagus are a reliable sign of oesophagitis, but are present in only approximately 50% of patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux. Erythema and friability are unreliable are subject to considerable inter‐observer variation. Numerous macroscopic abnormalities of the gastric and duodenal mucosa have been identified, but these show no consistent histological pattern.
Disturbed upper gastrointestinal sensation: an important abnormality?
Authors: MALAGELADA J.‐R. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe relationship between disturbed upper gastro‐intestinal motility and symptoms of heartburn and dyspepsia varies. For example, in some symptomatic patients abnormal motor events are not detected, whereas, conversely, impaired motor patterns may be recorded in patients who are asymptomatic. Nociceptive visceral afferents arising in the gut transmit peripheral sensations to the brain. It has been postulated that variations in sensory afferent activity are responsible for the inconsistent expression of disturbed upper gastrointestinal motility. Several studies have demonstrated that patients with so‐called functional symptoms, which appear to arise from normal gut regions, exhibit a lower perception threshold to stimuli that distend the gut. Such visceral hypersensitivity could explain the occurrence of symptoms in the absence of demonstrable physiological or morphological abnormalities. Evidence that variations in visceral sensory afferent activity constitute an important disease mechanism is not conclusive. In certain conditions such as non‐cardiac chest pain and functional dyspepsia, visceral hypersensitivity provides a useful hypothetical framework. Not only has this framework established a basis for previously unexplained symptoms, but perhaps more importantly it has stimulated research to develop novel pharmacological agents to modulate nociception. The challenge is now to establish putative pathogenetic links between aberrant sensory activity and disturbed upper gastrointestinal motility, and also to locate the neural abnormalities along the gut‐brain axis.
New trials of pharmacological therapy for endoscopy‐negative gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: KAHRILAS P. J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYGastro‐oesophageal reflux disease describes patients with disease due to gastro‐oesophageal acid reflux regardless of the presence or absence of oesophagitis. In patients with endoscopy‐positive reflux disease, symptoms and complications occur due to reflux in association with clear‐cut oesophagitis, that is, mucosal breaks evident in the distal oesophagus with endoscopy. On the other hand, in patients with endoscopy‐negative reflux disease, symptoms and complications due to reflux occur in the absence of clear‐cut mucosal breaks. Most investigations of reflux disease therapy have focused on endoscopy‐positive disease. This is, at least in part, owing to the relative ease and reproducibility of disease staging; both disease severity and resolution can be endoscopically defined and graded. These studies indicate that erosive oesophagitis is a chronic condition, subject to relapse within 6 months following the cessation of healing therapy in as many as 80% of patients. Both the potency of anti‐secretory therapy required for healing and the certainty of relapse are proportional to the severity of endoscopically‐defined oesophagitis. Few reliable data exist on treatment efficacy in endoscopy‐negative disease because of a paucity of data on its natural history and inconsistency in defining outcome measures. Nonetheless, disease morbidity, with its associated impairment in quality of life, is determined by symptoms of reflux disease, irrespective of the presence or absence of oesophagitis, and symptom control is a prime objective of therapy for reflux disease.
Better definition of endoscopy‐negative acid reflux disease
Authors: RUNE S. J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYEndoscopy‐negative acid reflux disease is the term used to define the group of patients experiencing heartburn as the predominant symptom with no visible abnormalities at endoscopy. Such patients are not uncommon, and it is interesting to see what characterizes this disease entity. New data from clinical trials have provided information that gives answers to some very relevant questions, such as: the relationship between endoscopy‐negative heartburn and oesophageal acid exposure; the association between acid exposure and age; gender and body weight index; the association between hiatal hernia and reflux disease; the course of disease during placebo treatment and its association with degree of acid reflux: and, finally, the influence of reflux disease on quality of life.
New information relevant to long‐term management of endoscopy‐negative reflux disease
Authors: LUNDELL L. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYDespite the fact that the endoscopic appearance of the mucosa is normal in the majority of patients who present with moderate to severe symptoms of acid reflux, valid clinical information on both the natural course of endoscopy‐negative reflux disease and the need for and design of long‐term therapy is still lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the natural course of endoscopy‐negative acid reflux disease over a period of 6 months; to determine whether 10 mg omeprazole once daily is sufficient to control symptoms in patients with symptomatic acid reflux disease, when given either as a strict daily dose or at the discretion of the patient (on‐demand therapy); and to compare the efficacy of 10 and 20 mg omeprazole with that of placebo, in resolving symptoms. A total of 495 patients with endoscopy‐negative acid reflux disease were recruited to compare 10 mg omeprazole daily with placebo, the clinical endpoint being unwillingness to continue in the study due to insufficient symptom control (i.e. heartburn). In a parallel study, 424 patients were randomized, after initial treatment with acid inhibition therapy to maintain symptom control during on‐demand therapy, to 10 or 20 mg omeprazole daily, or placebo. The Psychological General Well‐Being Index was used to compare the quality of life of patients in remission with those suffering a relapse. In the study in which continuous treatment with 10 mg omeprazole daily was compared with placebo, 48% of the patients allocated to placebo were in clinical remission after 6 months compared with 73% of those randomized to omeprazole (P < 0.01). Furthermore, heartburn, the predominant acid reflux symptom, was completely controlled in 80% of omeprazole‐treated patients, compared with 51% of those receiving placebo. In the parallel on‐demand study, 56% of patients allocated to placebo (although consuming significantly more antacids) had adequate symptom control and thus remained in the study for 6 months. In patients receiving either 10 or 20 mg omeprazole daily, 69 and 83%, respectively, experienced adequate symptom control (P = 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively, compared with placebo). Mean scores on the Psychological General Well‐Being Index of 105.3 ± 2.0 (S.E.M.) were seen in patients in clinical remission, compared with 98.3 ± 2.6 in those experiencing relapse of reflux symptoms (P < 0.05). When studied over a 6‐month period, about half of endoscopy‐negative reflux patients required drug intervention to achieve symptom control. In these patients continuous maintenance therapy with 10 mg omeprazole daily considerably increased the proportion of those experiencing symptom control. Another viable therapeutic strategy in such patients appears to be on‐demand therapy using 20 mg omeprazole.
Review article: Epithelial disposition of antigen
Authors: LAMM M. E. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYExogenous antigens can impinge upon the luminal surface of mucous membranes and to a limited degree, can even penetrate into the lamina propria. As a result of infection, microbial antigens can be present in mucosal epithelium or lamina propria. At all three levels (lumen, epithelium, lamina propria), locally produced antibodies, principally immunoglobulin A (IgA), can combine with antigens. As a result, antigens can be prevented from attaching to the epithelium, viruses can be neutralized inside epithelial cells and immune complexes in the lamina propria can be excreted into the lumen. As the Fc portion of IgA is specialized to facilitate epithelial transport of IgA rather than to activate inflammatory mediator systems (as is the case with other classes of immunoglobulin), the predominance of IgA among mucosal antibodies serves to limit the degree of local inflammation following antigen‐antibody reactions.
Review article: Intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease
Authors: MEDDINGS J. B. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYMeasurements of intestinal permeability (IP) may help in determining susceptibility for the development of Crohn's disease or for imminent relapse in patients with the disease. It is now apparent that a subset of patients at high risk for the development of Crohn's disease have either increased baseline IP or an exaggerated response to environmental agents that increase IP. These, coupled with observations that increased IP in patients at risk for the development of Crohn's disease is associated with an abnormal immunological phenotype, lend support to the hypothesis that increased IP is a very early event in the genesis of Crohn's disease.
Review article: Local and systemic regulation of mucosal immunity
Authors: MAYER L. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYAn increased interest in mucosal immunity has stemmed from the identification of novel T‐cell populations and developments in oral vaccines and oral tolerance. The development of physiological inflammation is antigen driven. Upon recognition of antigen, the lamina propria (LP) is populated with lymphocytes and activated peripheral cells acquire the capacity to home to the gut. Antigen entry to the gut is via follicle‐associated epithelium or M cells. The antigen now interacts with macrophages or CD4+ cells, and go on to the Peyer's patch where B cells undergo a transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β)‐mediated isotope switch to immunoglobulin (Ig) A. TGF‐β may also play a role in the development of oral tolerance. The intestinal epithelium is seen as the site for the activation of CD8+ suppressor cells. Controlled inflammation is therefore explained by the interaction of LP lymphocytes and intra‐epithelial cells (IEC). IECs are capable of extending processes that express regulatory surface molecules coupled with antigen processed from luminal uptake. CD8+ T‐cell activation is favoured over CD4+ T‐cell activation due to the size of the antigenic binding peptide. The result is suppressed inflammation. Other antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and dendritic cells may also contribute to local immunosuppression.
Review article: Chemokine production by intestinal epithelial cells: a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease?
Authors: VAN DEVENTER S. J. H. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe intestinal epithelium plays an important role in the recognition of pathogenic organisms and in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the mucosa. Epithelial chemokine production may constitute a key target in future therapies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Chemokines are divided into two subfamilies, the C‐C family and C‐X‐C family. Most C‐C chemokines target mononuclear cells and many C‐X‐C chemokines attract neutrophils. Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), a C‐X‐C chemokine, acts as a motor for the recruitment of neutrophils into the non‐inflamed mucosa and is present in both enterocytes and mucosal inflammatory cells. Epithelial cells may be the first to signal the presence of pathogens, as well as contributing to IL‐8 production in IBD. Data have also shown that intestinal epithelial cells are able to respond to IL‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) at concentrations known to occur in the inflamed mucosa. Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), a member of the C‐C chemokine family, is noticeably increased in IBD. These data show that C‐X‐C and C‐C chemokines are equally important properties of mucosal epithelial cells.The effects of two anti‐inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and cyclosporin) on chemokine production are significantly different and this provides a rationale for combination therapy.
Comparative analysis of pyrosequencing and QMC‐PCR in conjunction with high resolution melting for KRAS/BRAF mutation detection
Authors: Ibrahem Salih , Seth Rashmi , O’Sullivan Brendan , Fadhil Wakkas , Taniere Philippe , Ilyas Mohammad 
Published: September 2010

SummaryMutation detection is important in cancer management. Several methods are available of which high resolution melting (HRM) analysis and pyrosequencing are the most versatile. We undertook a comparative analysis of these techniques. The methods are:

To compare the limit of detection (LOD), mutations in KRAS (codon 12/13 hotspot) and BRAF (V600E hotspot) were tested. DNA mixtures containing mutant alleles at a frequency of around 25%/12.5%/6%/3%/ 1.5%/0.8% were analysed.
To compare frequency of mutation detection, 22 DNA samples (nine high quality samples from cell lines, 13 low quality samples from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue) were tested for three hotspots in KRAS (codons 12/13, 61 and 146) and two hotspots in BRAF (V600E and exon 11).

HRM analysis of KRAS (codon12/13) and BRAF (V600E) showed that 3% and 1.5% mutant alleles respectively could be reliably detected whilst pyrosequencing reliably detected 6% mutant alleles in each case. Of 110 tests performed on 22 DNA samples, in 109 cases HRM and pyrosequencing gave identical results. Two of the samples tested had previously been called as wild type for KRAS by direct Sanger sequencing but were found to be mutant by both HRM and pyrosequencing.Both HRM and pyrosequencing can detect small numbers of mutant alleles although HRM has a lower limit of detection. Both are suitable for use in mutation detection and are both more sensitive than Sanger sequencing.
Field test for environmental correlates of dispersal in hedgehogsErinaceus europaeus
Authors: C. Patrick Doncaster , Carlo Rondinini , Paul C. D. Johnson 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe report a field experiment designed to explore the responses by hedgehogs to novel and unfavourable terrain, which they encounter when dispersing between fragmented local populations in farmland. We identified four replicate sites as unused by hedgehogs, but lying between existing populations and containing locally abundant food. At each site, we released six hedgehogs from distant sources at 2‐day intervals and monitored their subsequent dispersals over 20 days by radio‐tracking. We compared movement trajectories under this treatment to those of 29 hedgehogs released at two sites known to support abundant hedgehogs. A third treatment comprised 20 unmanipulated hedgehogs at three sites. We estimated habitat use and proximity to habitats by comparing each observed trajectory to simulated random walks of equal length. We sought differences between treatments in movement and habitat use from nested analysis of variance.No two trajectories of any translocated hedgehogs followed the same route; most involved little change in body weight, and took the animal into or through existing populations. Hedgehogs moved substantially further and faster on average from the unfavourable than from the favourable sites. They showed a significantly stronger attraction to habitat edges, which therefore acted as corridors, and a significant proportion of them stayed closer to roads and to urban habitat than random expectation. Habitat preferences also shifted significantly towards urban and away from arable areas. Six were predated, and two killed by road traffic. At least three returned to their release point, withP < 0·05 of this occurring by chance.In this region, natural dispersals between populations up to 4 km apart are rare events. We have shown, however, that hedgehogs are capable of travelling distances of up to 3·8 km from a release point, and up to 9·9 km in total, compared to an average home range span of 0·8 km, and it appears that none of the local populations in the study area are out of reach of neighbours.