bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phagocytic Cells in Periodontal Defense: Periodontal Status of Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood
Authors: Cohen Myron S. , Leong Patricia A. , Simpson David M. 
Published: March 2012

Both qualitative and quantitative neutrophil abnormalities have been associated with severe forms of periodontitis. Defects in chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bacterial killing have been reported among both peripheral blood and gingival neutrophils harvested from patients with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis.Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood (CGD) is a rare, inherited disorder associated with the occurrence of severe, life‐threatening, suppurative infections of skin, liver, lymph nodes and other organs. Neutrophils and monocytes from individuals with CGD lack enzymes necessary for the production of oxygen reduction/products such as H2O2 and superoxide anion, and therefore are unable to kill many species of bacteria and fungi. However, no detailed study of the periodontium of these patients has been undertaken. Accordingly, five patients whose ages ranged from 17 to 32 years were included in this study. An additional (sixth) patient was included based on complete dental records. Neutrophils from all patients demonstrated defective O2 metabolism, and all patients had histories of chronic recurrent abscesses consistent with CGD. All patients were receiving antibiotic prophylaxis.Several patients had ulcerative lesions of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. Examination of the periodontium revealed that three patients had gingivitis, one had localized early periodontitis, and one had generalized early‐to‐moderate periodontitis. The severity of periodontal disease was consistent with patient age and local etiologic factors. No patients had evidence of juvenile, severe or rapidly‐progressing disease in spite of their leukocyte defects. These findings suggest the following possibilities: (1) nonoxidative mechanisms of bacterial killing by PMNs are sufficient to protect against periodontal pathogens, (2) organisms of the periodontium make H2O2 in concentrations sufficient to contribute to the function of CGD neutrophils, (3) antibiotic prophylaxis prevents acquisition and/or multiplication of pathogenic oral flora associated with periodontitis and (4) oxidative mechanisms of neutrophils are important in promoting the tissue damage associated with some forms of periodontitis. These observations offer clues to the pathophysiology of periodontitis.
Practice Styles in Periodontics II
Authors: Born David O. , Nevins Myron 
Published: March 2012

In 1980 the American Academy of Periodontology published the results of its first major survey of practice characteristics in the Journal of Periodontology.1 That first study arose from membership concerns about the lack of knowledge about career patterns of periodontists and, more specifically, about employment opportunities for graduating periodontists. Three years later, the Committee on Practice Styles and Opportunities in Periodontics was appointed to replicate the earlier study in order to provide information on recent changes in the practice of periodontics. This decision is commendable since few dental specialty organizations collect data from their membership which can be systematically compared to data from an earlier study.The Academy's Committee contacted David O. Born, PhD, a dental manpower specialist at the University of Minnesota and a technical advisor on the earlier study, for assistance in conducting a replication in 1984. Based on feedback on the first survey and on comments and suggestions from committee members, a revised questionnaire was developed. This questionnaire was, for the most part, a replication of the earlier survey instrument, although several problematic items were deleted or modified and new items, reflecting more recent concerns, were added.The revised questionnaire was distributed in the Spring of 1984 through two mailings to 2937 Active members and 798 Affiliate members. After unusable and undeliverable questionnaires were deleted from the returns, an effective response rate of 55% (N = 2082) was obtained.This report is based on the information supplied by those 2082 members. In the tables and text which follow, the figures reported at the national level refer to “Private practice” periodontists responding to the survey; Academy members who are a part of the Federal services (e.g., Military, Veterans' Administration, Indian Health Service, etc.) are tabulated separately as “District 8” data. While several members from foreign countries responded to the survey, their data have not been included since the information was too dispersed to permit conclusions to be drawn.
Gingival Wound Healing in the Presence of Plaque Induced Inflammation
Authors: Yumet Jose A. , Polson Alan M. 
Published: March 2012

An accelerated loss of connective tissue attachment has been reported following surgery in plaque‐infected dentitions. It was the purpose of the present study to evaluate histologically the healing of incisional wounds in the gingival supracrestal region in the presence and absence of bacterially induced inflammation.In the experimental group, marginal periodontitis was induced around the teeth by tying plaque‐retentive ligatures at the gingival margins and 10 weeks later an incisional wound was made from within the gingival sulcus to the crest of the bone. In the control group, similar incisional wounds were made in normal gingiva. In each group, three specimens were available for histologic and histometric analysis 1, 3, 7 and 21 days after wounding. In the control group, the wound healing sequence in the supracrestal region was similar to that reported following incisional cutaneous wounds. In the experimental group, epithelial continuity across the wound was re‐established earlier, and marked invagination of epithelium occurred into the incision. This invagination was significantly greater than in control specimens at all time points. In addition, within the experimental group a second significant epithelial migration into the wound occurred between 7 and 21 days. The epithelial invagination extended through the major portion of the supracrestal area and terminated near the cementum surface. It is conceivable that marked epithelial invagination into a supracrestal wound may predispose to an accelerated loss of connective tissue attachment.
Hydroxylapatite as an Alloplastic Graft in the Treatment of Human Periodontal Osseous Defects
Authors: Meffert Roland M. , Thomas Jeffery R. , Hamilton Kent M. , Brownstein Carol N. 
Published: March 2012

Twelve patients, 32 to 60 years of age, received a polycrystalline ceramic form of pure dense hydroxylapatite as an alloplastic bone implant material in intrabony defects following reflection of full mucoperiosteal flaps, root planing and defect‐curettment. The defects were measured from an acrylic stent, using an endodontic silver point which was placed to the base of the defect. Similarly, debrided and curetted defects in the same patients were not implanted and served as controls. Recalls for documentation and plaque control were at 1, 2, and 4 weeks, and at 3, 6 and 9 months. Measurements relating to changes in defect‐depth were made upon reentry at 9 months.The twelve defects, serving as controls, showed very little difference between the pretherapy and 9‐month measurements. The initial mean measurement from the base of the defect to the highest alveolar crest was 4.27 mm and the 9‐month mean measurement after curettage only was 3.36 mm. In terms of resolution of the original defect this amounted to 19.49% reduction, but a 0.46‐mm mean loss in height of the alveolar crest provided an actual percentage fill of the original defect of 9.91%.Of sixteen experimental defects, the same initial mean measurement from the base of the defect to the highest alveolar crest was 5.18 mm and the 9‐month mean measurement after grafting was 2.43 mm. In terms of resolution of the original defect, this amounted to a 53.57% reduction, but in contradistinction to the curettage sites, a mean increase in height of the highest alveolar crest of 0.61 mm gave a true percentage fill of the original defect of 66.89%.At the 9‐month reentry, the implanted mass seemed to be partially “calcified” and was resistant to penetration with a probe or removal with a curette. The data and clinical impression strongly suggest that hydroxylapatite has a potential as an alloplastic implant with clinically apparent acceptance by the soft and hard tissues.
A 7‐Month Study of Sulcular Fluid Flow in the Assessment of Healing after Debridement of Deep Pockets
Authors: Hakkarainen Kristiina , Asikainen Sirkka , Ainamo Jukka 
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the value of sulcular fluid flow (SFF) measurements in evaluation of the healing of deep periodontal pockets after scaling and root planing. Fourteen adult patients with advanced periodontal disease received supragingival prophylaxis and instructions in oral hygiene. Immediately after baseline examination, meticulous scaling and root planing were performed. One to five selected pockets per patient were monitored on Days 0, 30, 120 and 210. Subgingival microbial proportions, sulcular fluid flow, probing depth, Gingival Index and bleeding after probing were assessed and recorded. The subgingival microbial proportions were determined with darkfield microscopy.The periodontal conditions were markedly improved by Day 210 as depicted by the microbial proportions. The proportion of motile micro‐organisms was reduced from 51 % at baseline to 9% on Day 30. This result was sustained until Day 210. Healing was also evident from the changes in Gingival Index scores and bleeding after probing. Probing depth was reduced from a mean of 8.3 to 4.5 mm.Correlations between the individual means recorded for the clinical parameters and bacterial proportions were calculated for the pooled data of all four examinations. Sulcular fluid flow did not correlate with the clinical parameters: Gingival Index, bleeding after probing or probing depth. The latter three parameters correlated significantly with the microbial proportions and each other. When the pooled tooth surface recordings of Days 30, 120 and 210 were divided into two groups according to the proportion of motile bacteria (the group with < 18% of spirochetes and motile rods and the group with > 18% of spirochetes and motile rods), a significant difference in the mean amount of sulcular fluid flow (P < 0.01) and mean probing depth (P < 0.001) could be demonstrated between the two groups.
Healing Following Devitalization of Sites within the Periodontal Ligament by Ultralow Temperatures
Authors: Tal Haim , Stahl S. Sigmund 
Published: March 2012

Healing of specific rat periodontal ligament (PDL) sites following freezing injury was monitored histologically to evaluate repair potentials of this tissue. Buccal alveolar plates supporting the first mandibular molar in 15 adult rats were surgically exposed. The coronal 3 mm of plate covering the buccal surface of the mesiobuccal root and underlying periodontal ligament and cementum were subjected to ultralow temperature using a gas expansion micro/cryoprobe, diameter 2 mm, cooled to ‐81°C for 5 seconds. Tissues were repositioned and sutured in layers. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 24 and 72 hours and at 2, 5 and 7 weeks following surgery and mandibles removed for histologic analysis. Microscopic evaluation of 24‐hour specimens showed loss of cellular vitality in the PDL, adjacent bone and cementum at experimental sites. Cellularity of the gingiva coronal to the crest, and of the PDL apical to the experimental zone, appeared to be within normal limits. Transition between experimental and nonexperimental sites was abrupt. After 72 hours cells from the PDL and gingiva appeared to migrate into and repopulate the noncellular PDL. Few capillaries surrounded by mesenchymal cells and limited polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration were observed within the injured PDL site. Marginal gingival inflammation was minimal. At 14 days, collagen lysis, resorption of alveolar bone and root resorption were evident. In the PDL space, nonfunctionally oriented, cellular connective tissue elements were abundant. At 5 and 7 weeks, root resorption was marked. At this time interval, Osteogenesis at seams of nonvital bone, repair cementum at sites of root resorption, and at times, ankylosis, were noted.Thus, cryosurgery devitalizes cells in predetermined areas in the PDL without causing significant morphologic changes in the periodontium. However, since healing following freezing injury may not be identical to that observed after standard surgery, the histologic sequences described in this study must be considered preliminary. On the other hand, freezing injury may be of value to further study PDL repair potential since this insult does not alter the gross morphology at the injured site.
A Clinical Comparison of the Effect on the Gingiva of the Prophy‐Jet and the Rubber Cup and Paste Techniques
Authors: Mishkin David J. , Engler William O. , Javed Tariq , Darby Towles D. , Cobb Russell L. , Coffman Michael A. 
Published: March 2012

This clinical trial compared the effect on the gingiva of the Prophy‐Jet and the rubber cup and paste techniques of stain and supragingival plaque removal. Twenty‐one human subjects with healthy gingiva or slight gingivitis participated. A split mouth design was used. The Prophy‐Jet caused a statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) in gingival irritation immediately posttreatment, but the differences were not deemed clinically significant. There were no statistically significant (P < 0.05) or clinically significant differences in the effect on the gingiva between the two techniques at 7 and 21 days posttreatment.There was no lasting difference in gingival trauma between the two methods of stain and supragingival plaque removal in subjects with healthy gingiva or slight gingivitis.
A Simplified Laboratory Procedure to Select an Appropriate Antibiotic for Treatment of Refractory Periodontitis
Authors: Telsey Bernard , Oshrain Herbert I. , Ellison Solon A. 
Published: March 2012

The feasibility of using a simplified laboratory procedure to select an appropriate antibiotic for treatment of refractory periodontitis was investigated.Six different antibiotics were added to commercially available CDC‐agar plates. Plaque samples from periodontal pockets were inoculated onto the plates. The percentage kill was determined by comparing colony counts on the antibiotic‐containing medium with those on the control plates. The three most effective antibiotics were ranked by visual inspection as well as by colony count. It was determined that visual inspection may be used to determine an effective antibiotic.
Orientation of Gingival Fibroblasts in Simulated Periodontal Spaces in Vitro
Authors: Aukhil Ikramuddin , Fernyhough Will S. 
Published: March 2012

The present study examined the orientation of gingival fibroblasts in simulated periodontal spaces in vitro. Extracted human teeth were root planed followed by root resection and root canal instrumentation. The middle and cervical thirds of each root were cut transversely to create 600‐μm thick sections. Cortical bovine bone was cut, sectioned and contoured to create bone rings 600 μm thick with an internal diameter large enough to accommodate a root slice leaving a circumferential space varying from approximately 0.1 to 1.0 mm. Root slices and bone rings were incubated in a solution of collagenase and hyaluronidase to remove all remaining soft tissue and partially demineralized in EDTA (18%) for 30 minutes. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were plated to confluency in tissue culture dishes. The dentin slices were then gently placed over the HGF monolayer along with bone rings around them to create simulated periodontal spaces. Control root slices were placed without bone rings around them. Cultures were maintained under standard tissue culture conditions. Representative specimens were obtained after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of culture and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM).At 2 weeks, the HGF had formed sheets of cells attached to the periphery of the root slices at one end and to the inner surface of bone rings at the other end. The orientation of cell sheets varied from being perpendicular to the periphery of the slice to oblique. At 3 and 4 weeks, the density and size of cell sheets increased and the orientation was maintained. The control root slices at the different observation periods showed cell attachment around the periphery of root slices but the cell sheets were seen only on isolated spots and were smaller in size compared to the experimentais.The present findings suggest that the spatial relationship of substrata (root and bone) can influence the orientation of cells. The present in vitro model appears to be suitable to study the development of oriented fibers in simulated periodontal spaces.
Localization of Fibronectin in Gingival Connective Tissue of the Beagle Dog
Authors: Cho Moon‐II , Lee Yu Lin , Garant Philias R. 
Published: March 2012

Ferritin and peroxidase‐conjugated antibodies were used in an indirect antibody method to localize fibronectin in gingival connective tissues. Fibronectin was found in the basal lamina beneath the epithelium and endothelium. Collagen fibrils associated with the basement membranes were also heavily coated by fibronectin. Amorphous patches of fibronectin were found adjacent to the plasma membrane of epithelial cells as well as free in the interepithelial spaces.Fibronectin was present throughout the connective tissue in close association with individual collagen fibrils, apparently serving as an interfibrillar cementing substance. Patches of fibronectin were located at the cell surface of fibroblasts, plasma cells, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and neutrophils. These amorphous patches were observed to connect adjacent cells across narrow spaces and to connect cells to collagen fibrils.The heavy labeling for fibronectin visualized by fluorescent microscopy around gingival blood vessels (Cho et al., 1985) can be accounted for by a heavy coating of fibronectin on the collagen fibrils and basal laminas associated with endothelial cells, as well as by the presence of abundant deposits of fibronectin along the cell membranes of endothelial cells and in the intercellular spaces of the vessel wall.
The Effect of Controlled Ascorbic Acid Depletion and Supplementation on Periodontal Health
Authors: Leggott P. J. , Robertson P. B. , Rothman D. L. , Murray P. A. , Jacob R. A. 
Published: March 2012

To determine if systemic levels of vitamin C influence periodontal health, changes in plaque accumulation, gingival health and periodontal probing depth were measured in healthy subjects housed for 3 months in a nutrition suite that provided controlled periods of ascorbic acid depletion and supplementation.Eleven healthy, nonsmoking men, aged 19 to 28 years, ate a rotating 7‐day diet adequate in all nutrients except ascorbic acid. This basal diet, which contained less than 5 mg/day ascorbic acid, was supplemented with 60 mg/day ascorbic acid for 2 weeks, 0 mg/day ascorbic acid for 4 weeks, 600 mg/day ascorbic acid for 3 weeks and 0 mg/day ascorbic acid for 4 weeks. Plasma, urine and leukocyte ascorbate levels, Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Bleeding Index and probing depths were monitored throughout the study. A uniform oral hygiene program was maintained in which oral hygiene instructions were reinforced biweekly.Ascorbate concentrations in body fluids and leukocytes responded rapidly to changes in ascorbic acid intake. No mucosal pathoses or changes in plaque accumulation or probing depths were noted during any of the periods of depletion or supplementation. However, measures of gingival inflammation were directly related to the ascorbic acid status. The results suggest that ascorbic acid may influence early stages of gingivitis, particularly crevicular bleeding.
Endosseous Dental Implantology from the Periodontist's Viewpoint
Authors: Meffert Roland M. 
Published: March 2012

Oral implantology has been a controversial dental therapeutic procedure for many years. Periodontics, as a specialty, did not really get involved until the word, osseointegration, was placed in the implant nomenclature by Dr. Per‐Ingvar Branemark and the attendant success rate for osseointegrated prostheses was presented in a fully documented format.In March 1985, the definition of the scope of periodontics was provisionally changed by the Executive Council of the American Academy of Periodontology to include the discipline of oral implantology. Requirements for Advanced Specialty Education Programs in Periodontics with an effective date of January 1, 1986, include a statement as to the desirability of including implantology in some form in the postdoctoral curriculum.Many implant materials and designs are presently being used in endosseous dental implantology; studies are in progress to evaluate the short‐ and long‐term response of hard and soft tissues to these materials. Continuing, nonbiased research is needed to fully understand and use this promising modality.
Histologic Study of Healing of Human Periodontal Defects after Placement of Porous Hydroxylapatite Implants
Authors: Carranza F. A. , Kenney E. B. , Lekovic Voja , Talamante Enrique , Valencia Javier , Dimitrijevic B. 
Published: March 2012

Two intrabony pockets on teeth that were to be extracted for prosthetic reasons, in two patients, were treated by means of papilla preservation flaps and implantation with porous hydroxylapatite. The teeth, with a portion of their periodontium, were extracted 5 and 6 months after treatment and processed histologically. Both cases showed the implants invaded by connective tissue, which was actively forming bone. There was no inflammatory reaction triggered by the implant material, although there was some recurrence of inflammation in the vicinity of the pocket wall. The junctional epithelium in both cases extended slightly beyond the coronal level of the implant.One of the cases had an abundant new cementum formation with fibrous tissue next to the implant, that appeared to be a rebuilt attachment of collagen fibers.Although some multinucleated giant cells were found in the pores and next to the newly formed bone, the implanted material did not appear to be resorbed in the period of time studied.
Plaque Removing Effect of a Convex‐Shaped Brush Compared with a Conventional Flat Brush
Authors: Thevissen E. , Quirynen M. , van Steenberghe D. 
Published: March 2012

The plaque‐removing effect of a convex‐shaped multitufted brush was compared with that of a conventional flat multitufted brush. Two groups (five and seven dental students, respectively), well instructed in the modified Bass technique, participated in a blind, splitmouth, crossover study during two consecutive experimental periods of 96 hours of undisturbed plaque growth. After each of these periods, a supervised brushing session was performed, followed by toothpick utilization. Plaque removal was evaluated using the modified Navy Plaque Index (MNPI) and planimetry. A 4% erythrosin solution was used as a disclosing agent.Planimetrically, the flat Oral B® brush appeared significantly more effective than the convex shaped Ph® brush (P < 0.001). This superiority was even enhanced after the use of toothpicks (P < 0.0005). The differences between the brushes, however, were too small to be detected by the less discriminating MNPI.Although it has been claimed that the convex brush could assure approximal plaque control, the results indicate that for the convex‐shaped, as well as for the flat brush, an approximal aid is essential for good plaque control. The hypothesis that the design of the convex‐shaped brush could facilitate the modified Bass technique for the average patient could not be proven in this study.