bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of weather on avian migration at proposed ridgeline wind energy sites
Authors: Thomas Philippe J. , Labrosse Adrienne K. , Pomeroy Andrea C. , Otter Ken A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWith the popularity of wind energy increasing globally, concerns surfaced in the 1980s as to the potential adverse effects of wind turbines on migrating birds. Understanding how weather conditions influence passage rates can help determine the potential for increased avian–turbine collisions. Using vertical and horizontal mounted marine radars, raptor stand watch observations, and portable handheld weather stations, we studied how temperature, cloud cover, barometric pressure, wind direction, and wind speed affected avian passage rates and height of migrants over 3 ridges (Wartenbe, North Dokie, and South Dokie) being developed for wind energy in northern British Columbia. Using an Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), we determined that a reduced model combining wind speed, barometric pressure, and cloud cover was best at explaining and predicting higher passage rates (expressed as no. birds/hr) in the fall migration for both diurnal and nocturnal migrants. Wind speed proved the most important predictor of passage rates for spring nocturnal migrants and a combination of cloud cover, temperature, and wind direction for diurnal spring migrants. Wind speed also predicted decreases in flight altitude among nocturnal migrants but increased altitude in diurnal migrants. This information coupled with migration timing and topographical areas of higher migrant activity can be useful to wind energy proponents who wish to mitigate collision risk with migrating birds. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Elk survival and mortality causes in the Blue Mountains of Washington
Authors: McCorquodale Scott M. , Wik Paul A. , Fowler Pat E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe studied survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) ≥1 yr old and quantified mortality sources in the Blue Mountains of Washington, 2003–2006, following a period of extensive poaching. The population was managed under a spike‐only general hunting season, with limited permits for larger males and for females. We radiomarked 190 elk (82 males and 39 females >1 yr old and 65 males 11 months old), most with rumen transmitters and neck radiocollars; 60 elk only received rumen transmitters. We estimated annual survival using known fate models and explored survival differences among sex and age classes and in 2 potentially different vulnerability zones for males. We found little support for differences in survival between younger (2–3‐yr old) and older (≥4‐yr old) branch‐antlered males or zone differences for yearling males. A model with zone differences for branch‐antlered males was the second ranked model and accounted for 14% of the available model weight. From the best‐supported models, we estimated annual survival for yearling males at 0.41 (95% CI: 0.29–0.53). We estimated pooled adult female survival at 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64–0.93); when an age‐class effect was included, point estimates were higher for prime‐aged females (2–11 yr: S = 0.81 [0.70–0.88]) than for older females (≥12 yr: S = 0.72 [0.56–0.83]), but confidence intervals broadly overlapped. Only 1 of 7 models with a female age effect on survival was among the competitive models. For branch‐antlered males, survival ranged 0.80–0.85, depending on whether zone variation was modeled. We recorded 78 deaths of radiomarked elk. Human‐caused deaths (n = 55) predominated among causes and most were of yearling males killed during state‐sanctioned hunts (n = 28). Most subadult male deaths were from tribal hunting (n = 5), and most mature males died from natural causes (n = 6) and tribal hunting (n = 5). We detected few illegal kills (n = 4). Our results suggest that increased enforcement effectively reduced poaching, that unreported tribal harvest was not a trivial source of mortality, and that spike‐only general seasons were effective in recruiting branch‐antlered males. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Estimating occupancy dynamics in an anuran assemblage from Louisiana, USA
Authors: Walls Susan C. , Waddle J. Hardin , Dorazio Robert M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEffective monitoring programs are designed to track changes in the distribution, occurrence, and abundance of species. We developed an extension of Royle and Kéry's (2007) single species model to estimate simultaneously temporal changes in probabilities of detection, occupancy, colonization, extinction, and species turnover using data on calling anuran amphibians, collected from 2002 to 2006 in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley of Louisiana, USA. During our 5‐year study, estimates of occurrence probabilities declined for all 12 species detected. These declines occurred primarily in conjunction with variation in estimates of local extinction probabilities (cajun chorus frog [Pseudacris fouquettei], spring peeper [P. crucifer], northern cricket frog [Acris crepitans], Cope's gray treefrog [Hyla chrysoscelis], green treefrog [H. cinerea], squirrel treefrog [H. squirella], southern leopard frog [Lithobates sphenocephalus], bronze frog [L. clamitans], American bullfrog [L. catesbeianus], and Fowler's toad [Anaxyrus fowleri]). For 2 species (eastern narrow‐mouthed toad [Gastrophryne carolinensis] and Gulf Coast toad [Incilius nebulifer]), declines in occupancy appeared to be a consequence of both increased local extinction and decreased colonization events. The eastern narrow‐mouthed toad experienced a 2.5‐fold increase in estimates of occupancy in 2004, possibly because of the high amount of rainfall received during that year, along with a decrease in extinction and increase in colonization of new sites between 2003 and 2004. Our model can be incorporated into monitoring programs to estimate simultaneously the occupancy dynamics for multiple species that show similar responses to ecological conditions. It will likely be an important asset for those monitoring programs that employ the same methods to sample assemblages of ecologically similar species, including those that are rare. By combining information from multiple species to decrease the variance on estimates of individual species, our results are advantageous compared to single‐species models. This feature enables managers and researchers to use an entire community, rather than just one species, as an ecological indicator in monitoring programs. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The role of tower height and guy wires on avian collisions with communication towers
Authors: Gehring Joelle , Kerlinger Paul , Manville Albert M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEvery year an estimated 4–5 million migratory birds collide with communication towers in the United States. We examined the relative risks that tower support systems and tower height pose to migrating and other birds. We collected data comparing tower support systems (guyed vs. unguyed) and tower height categories in Michigan during 20 days of the peak of songbird migration at 6 towers in September–October 2003, 23 towers in May 2004, 24 towers in September 2004, and 6 towers in both May and September 2005. We systematically and simultaneously searched for bird carcasses under each tower and measured carcass removal and observer detection rates each season. Of those towers, 21 were between 116 and 146 m above ground level (AGL, medium) and 3 were >305 m AGL (tall). During the five 20‐day sample periods we found a mean of 8.2 bird carcasses per guyed medium tower and a mean of 0.5 bird carcasses under unguyed medium towers. During four 20‐day sample periods we detected a mean of 34.7 birds per guyed tall tower. Using both parametric and nonparametric tests (Mann–Whitney U‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference multiple comparison procedure) we determined that unguyed medium towers were involved in significantly fewer fatalities than guyed medium towers. We detected 54–86% fewer fatalities at guyed medium towers than at guyed tall towers. We found 16 times more fatalities at guyed medium towers than at unguyed medium towers. Tall, guyed towers were responsible for 70 times as many bird fatalities as the unguyed medium towers and nearly five times as many as guyed medium towers. These findings will provide managers and regulators, such as the US Fish and Wildlife Service, with quantitative data; thereby, allowing them to effectively work with the Federal Communications Commission in siting and authorizing tower placement. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Respect your customers
Authors: Quelch John A. , Jocz Katherine E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRespect is a fundamental value in human relationships, important in families, education, governing, the military, and business. Yet, the authors say, the complexities of demonstrating respect are fraught with potential pitfalls. They offer advice on how to assess how well the organization exhibits both respectful attitudes and respectful behaviors toward customers.
Morphology of Lithium‐Containing Diblock Copolymer Thin Films
Authors: Metwalli Ezzeldin , Nie Man , Körstgens Volker , Perlich Jan , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe morphology of block‐copolymer, ion‐conductive, electrolyte thin films is studied. Based on PS‐b‐PEO and the alkali salt Li[N(CF3SO2)2], hybrid structures are probed as a function of Li/PEO ratio. Using optical microscopy, AFM and grazing incidence SAXS, films of 50 nm thickness are probed right after spin‐coating. Below a critical Li/PEO weight ratio of 0.015, the crystallization of PEO is prohibited and nanostructured block copolymer films with Li incorporated in the PEO domains are obtained. In the range of 0.015 > Li/PEO > 0.035, aggregation of Li salt on the polymer film surface occurs. Solvent‐vapor annealing of such films further enriches the Li salt at the surface. For Li/PEO > 0.035, the electrolyte films become unstable and dewet on the surface of the silicon substrate. magnified image
Synthesis of Reactive Amphiphilic Copolymers Based on Oligoglycidol Macromonomers
Authors: Pargen Sascha , Omeis Jürgen , Jaunky Guillaume , Keul Helmut , Möller Martin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractVarious linear and branched oligoglycidol macromonomers are prepared using anionic ring opening polymerization of the monomers ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) and glycidol. Starting with 4‐vinyl benzyl alcohol (VBA), allyl glycol or N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) methacryl amide (HEMAm) oligoglycidol macromomonomers with three to six repeating units are obtained in good yields and characterized with NMR, SEC, DSC and TGA. These macromonomers are versatile tools and can be used as prepolymers for the synthesis of reactive amphiphilic copolymers. The successful conversion of the macromonomers to copolymers via radical polymerization is demonstrated. magnified image
Biocompatible Micelles Based on Comb‐like PEG Derivates: Formation, Characterization, and Photo‐responsiveness
Authors: Chen Chao‐Jian , Liu Gong‐Yan , Shi Ye‐Ting , Zhu Cong‐Shan , Pang Shao‐Peng , Liu Xiang‐Sheng , Ji Jian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA novel comb‐like derivative CPEG‐g‐DNQ was prepared by incorporating light responsive 2‐diazo‐1,2‐naphthoquinone (DNQ) groups into the structure of comb‐like poly(ethylene glycol) (CPEG). DLS and TEM results showed that CPEG‐g‐DNQ self‐assembled into spherical micelles with an average size of about 135 nm in water. Upon exposure to light, the micelles could be disrupted because of the conversion of hydrophobic DNQ to hydrophilic 3‐indenecarboylic acid. Additionally, hydrophobic coumarin 102 was successfully loaded into the micelles and photo‐induced ON‐OFF release was demonstrated by fluorescence spectroscopy. MTT assay revealed that the micelles are biocompatible. These photo‐responsive micelles might have great potential for controlled release of hydrophobic drugs. magnified image
Impact of Structure and Functionality of Core Polyol in Highly Functional Biobased Epoxy Resins
Authors: Pan Xiao , Webster Dean C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHighly functional biobased epoxy resins were prepared using dipentaerythritol (DPE), tripentaerythritol (TPE), and sucrose as core polyols that were substituted with epoxidized soybean oil fatty acids, and the impact of structure and functionality of the core polyol on the properties of the macromolecular resins and their epoxy‐anhydride thermosets was explored. The chemical structures, functional groups, molecular weights, and compositions of epoxies were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). The epoxies were also studied for their bulk viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, and density. Crosslinked with dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), epoxy‐anhydride thermosets were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile tests, and tests of coating properties. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was used as a control. Overall, the sucrose‐based thermosets exhibited the highest moduli, having the most rigid and ductile performance while maintaining the highest biobased content. DPE/TPE‐based thermosets showed modestly better thermosetting performance than the control ESO thermoset.magnified image
Optical characterization of the surface of plasma sprayed stochastic structures
Authors: Hübsch C. , Erne M. , Möhwald K. , Bach Fr.‐W. , Bretschneider M. , Kästner M. , Reithmeier E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag wird die Erzeugung von Oberflächen mit stochastisch verteilten Mikrostrukturen durch thermisches Spritzen mit unterschiedlichen Prozessparametern beschrieben. Diese Oberflächen werden mit einem optischen Rauheitsmessgerät flächenhaft erfasst und weiterverarbeitet, so dass jede einzelne Struktur identifiziert wird. Aus diesen Daten werden Kenngrößen, wie die Fläche, das Volumen und die Tiefe der Strukturen, ebenso wie verschiedene Porositäten berechnet. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird eine Korrelation von Spritzparametern und Oberflächenkennwerten erstellt. Außerdem werden tribologische Experimente mit den Oberflächen durchgeführt und der gemessene Reibwert mit der Fläche, der Tiefe und der mittleren Rauheit abseits der Strukturen korreliert.
Microstructural weld seam characterisation in the as extruded condition for Al‐Mg‐Si‐alloys
Authors: Engelhardt M. , Grittner N. , Bormann D. , Bach Fr.‐W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPressschweißnähte oder auch Längspressnähte entstehen beim Strangpressen mit sogenannten Kammer‐ oder Brückenwerkzeugen. Diese sind bei der Herstellung der industriell relevanten Hohlprofile unvermeidbar, stellen jedoch für mechanisch anspruchsvolle Anwendungen oftmals die kritische Schwachstelle dar. Eine Charakterisierung der Pressnahtqualität, mit den dazugehörigen mechanischen Kennwerten, ist auf Grund der komplexen Profilgeometrien jedoch häufig schwer oder unmöglich. Bisherige Forschungen nutzten hierfür Aufdornproben, Biege‐ oder Zugversuche an Profilen bzw. Profilabschnitten, welche allerdings keine grundlegenden Aussagen zulassen. In den hier dargestellten Untersuchungen wurde dieses Problem durch das Pressen flacher Bänder aus EN‐AW 6060 und EN‐AW 6082 mit einer mittig liegenden Längsnaht umgangen. Die Pressungen wurden mit unterschiedlichen Blockeinsatztemperaturen und Pressgeschwindigkeiten durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der Parameter auf die Pressnahteigenschaften feststellen zu können. Die flachen gepressten Bänder ermöglichen standardisierte Zugversuche zur Ermittlung der mechanischen Kennwerte. Hauptaugenmerk wurde bei den weiterführenden Untersuchungen auf das mikrostrukturelle Gefüge gelegt, um eine visuelle Charakterisierung von Pressnähten zu ermöglichen.
Development of material models to describe the local properties of the heat affected zone of high strength steel sheets
Authors: Wesling V. , Schram A. , Aschermann L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn der Feinblechverarbeitung ist die Betrachtung der gesamten Prozesskette eine wichtige Voraussetzung zur Verbesserung der Festigkeitsbeurteilung an Strukturen und Bauteilen. Insbesondere beim Einsatz hochfester Feinbleche, die einem komplexen Anforderungsprofil genügen müssen, kommt der Eigenschaftsentwicklung und Fertigungsablauf eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Im Rahmen der dargestellten Forschungsarbeiten wurden die Werkstoffreaktionen auf der Basis der thermischen Wirkung unterschiedlicher Fügeprozesse experimentell an Mehrphasenstählen im Bereich der Wärmeeinflusszone untersucht. Die Untersuchungen wurden im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens am HCT600XD, HCT780XD, SZBS800 sowie am LH800 durchgeführt. Exemplarisch werden die Vorgehensweisen und die Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit anhand des HCT600XD und SZBS800 beschrieben.
Microstructure investigations and mechanical properties of an Al‐Al2O3 MMC produced by semi‐solid solidification
Authors: Carrasco C. , Camurri C. , García J. , Montalba C. , Prat O. , Rojas D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe influence of the semi‐solid solidification production parameters (shear rate and agitation time) and the concentration of reinforcing particles on the microstructure formation and mechanical properties of a 520 aluminum alloy reinforced with Al2O3 particles was investigated. Depending on the content of reinforcing particles and the stirring conditions different rosette structures were formed. The type of wear mechanism (delamination or adhesion) depends on the size of the rosettes and the distribution of Al2O3 reinforcements. Best mechanical properties were obtained for metal matrix composites reinforced with 12 wt% of Al2O3 stirred at a shear rate of 2100 s–1 for 1800 s. These samples showed tensile strength and yield stress similar to the commercial A520 alloy. The hardness and wear resistance were improved by the addition of Al2O3 particles, meanwhile the elongation to fracture was reduced.
A cost analysis of intraoperative microelectrode recording during subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease
Authors: McClelland Shearwood 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDeep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is the standard of care for treating medically intractable Parkinson's disease. Although the adjunct of microelectrode recording improves the targeting accuracy of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in comparison with image guidance alone, there has been no investigation of the financial cost of intraoperative microelectrode recording. This study was performed to address this issue. A comprehensive literature search of large subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation series (minimum, 75 patients) was performed, revealing a mean operating room time of 223.83 minutes for unilateral and 279.79 minutes for simultaneous bilateral implantation. The baseline operating room time was derived from the published operating room time for subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation without microelectrode recording. The total cost (operating room, anesthesia, neurosurgery) was then calculated based on hospitals geographically representative of the entire United States. The average cost for subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation implantation with microelectrode recording per patient is $26,764.79 for unilateral, $33,481.43 for simultaneous bilateral, and $53,529.58 for staged bilateral. For unilateral implantation, the cost of microelectrode recording is $19,461.75, increasing the total cost by 267%. For simultaneous bilateral implantation, microelectrode recording costs $20,535.98, increasing the total cost by 159%. For staged bilateral implantation, microelectrode recording costs $38,923.49, increasing the total cost by 267%. Microelectrode recording more than doubles the cost of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease and more than triples the cost for unilateral and staged bilateral procedures. The cost burden of microelectrode recording to subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation requires the clinical efficacy of microelectrode recording to be proven in a prospective evidence‐based manner in order to curtail the potential for excessive financial burden to the health care system. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
An unusual location of ulnar nerve pathology: A perineurioma of the ulnar nerve in the upper arm
Authors: Groeneweg Alexandra J.M. , Hartman Ed H. , Fleischeuer Ruth , Visser Leo H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA young man presented with progressive motor weakness and atrophy of the ulnar muscles of his left hand over a period of more than 2 years. Electrodiagnostic studies indicated an ulnar nerve lesion, but it was not localized. High‐resolution sonography of the ulnar nerve revealed an enlarged and hypoechogenic ulnar nerve at an unusual location, namely 12.5 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle. Histology showed that this was an intraneural perineurioma. High‐resolution sonography of the ulnar nerve is very useful in the discovery of this unusual location of nerve pathology and may assist in its early detection. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Models of inflammation of the lower urinary tract
Authors: Bjorling Dale E. , Wang Zun‐Yi , Bushman Wade 
Published: June 2011

AbstractInflammation of the lower urinary tract occurs frequently in people. The causes remain obscure, with the exception of urinary tract infection. Animal models have proven useful for investigating and assessing mechanisms underlying symptoms associated with lower urinary tract inflammation and options for suppressing these symptoms. This review will discuss various animal models of lower urinary tract inflammation, including feline spontaneous (interstitial) cystitis, neurogenic cystitis, autoimmune cystitis, cystitis induced by intravesical instillation of chemicals or bacterial products (particularly lipopolysaccharide or LPS), and prostatic inflammation initiated by transurethral instillation of bacteria. Animal models will continue to be of significant value in identifying mechanisms resulting in bladder inflammation, but the relevance of some of these models to the causes underlying clinical disease is unclear. This is primarily because of the lack of understanding of causes of these disorders in people. Comparative and translational studies are required if the full potential of findings obtained with animal models to improve prevention and treatment of lower urinary tract inflammation in people is to be realized. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:673–682, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defining cure
Authors: Hilton Paul , Robinson Dudley 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper is a summary of the presentations made as Proposal 2—“Defining cure” to the 2nd Annual meeting of the ICI‐Research Society, in Bristol, 16th June 2010. It reviews definitions of ‘cure’ and ‘outcome’, and considers the impact that varying definition may have on prevalence studies and cure rates. The difference between subjective and objective outcomes is considered, and the significance that these different outcomes may have for different stakeholders (e.g. clinicians, patients, carers, industry etc.) is discussed. The development of patient reported outcome measures and patient defined goals is reviewed, and consideration given to the use of composite end‐points. A series of proposals are made by authors and discussants as to how currently validated outcomes should be applied, and where our future research activity in this area might be directed. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:741–745, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.