bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo MR elastography of the prostate gland using a transurethral actuator
Authors: Chopra Rajiv , Arani Arvin , Huang Yuexi , Musquera Mireía , Wachsmuth Jeff , Bronskill Michael , Plewes Donald 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConventional approaches for MR elastography (MRE) using surface drivers have difficulty achieving sufficient shear wave propagation in the prostate gland due to attenuation. In this study we evaluate the feasibility of generating shear wave propagation in the prostate gland using a transurethral device. A novel transurethral actuator design is proposed, and the performance of this device was evaluated in gelatin phantoms and in a canine prostate gland. All MRI was performed on a 1.5T MR imager using a conventional gradient‐echo MRE sequence. A piezoceramic actuator was used to vibrate the transurethral device along its length. Shear wave propagation was measured transverse and parallel to the rod at frequencies between 100 and 250 Hz in phantoms and in the prostate gland. The shear wave propagation was cylindrical, and uniform along the entire length of the rod in the gel experiments. The feasibility of transurethral MRE was demonstrated in vivo in a canine model, and shear wave propagation was observed in the prostate gland as well as along the rod. These experiments demonstrate the technical feasibility of transurethral MRE in vivo. Further development of this technique is warranted. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of magnetization transfer effects in myocardial tissue using balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) cine MRI
Authors: Weber Oliver M. , Speier Peter , Scheffler Klaus , Bieri Oliver 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMagnetization transfer imaging (MTI) by means of MRI exploits the mobility of water molecules in tissue and offers an alternative contrast mechanism beyond the more commonly used mechanisms based on relaxation times. A cardiac MTI method was implemented on a commercially available 1.5 T MR imager. It is based on the acquisition of two sets of cardiac‐triggered cine balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) images with different levels of RF power deposition. Reduction of RF power was achieved by lengthening the RF excitation pulses of a cine bSSFP sequence from 0.24 ms to 1.7 ms, while keeping the flip angle constant. Normal volunteers and patients with acute myocardial infarcts were imaged in short and long axis views. Normal myocardium showed an MT ratio (MTR) of 33.0 ± 3.3%. In acute myocardial infarct, MTR was reduced to 24.5 ± 9.2% (P < 0.04), most likely caused by an increase in water content due to edema. The method thus allows detection of acute myocardial infarct without the administration of contrast agents. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radio frequency heating at 9.4T (400.2 MHz): In vivo thermoregulatory temperature response in swine
Authors: Shrivastava Devashish , Hanson Timothy , Kulesa Jeramy , DelaBarre Lance , Iaizzo Paul , Vaughan J. Thomas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn vivo thermoregulatory temperature response to radio frequency (RF) heating at 9.4T was studied by measuring temperatures in nine anesthetized swine. Temperatures were measured in the scalp, brain, and rectum. The RF energy was deposited using a four‐loop head coil tuned to 400.2 MHz. Sham RF was delivered to three swine to understand the thermal effects of anesthesia (animal weight = 54.16 kg, SD = 3.08 kg). Continuous wave (CW) RF energy was delivered to the other six animals for 2.5–3.4 h (animal weight = 74.01 ± 26.0 kg, heating duration = 3.05 ± 0.29 h). The whole‐head specific absorption rate (SAR) varied between 2.71 W/kg and 3.20 W/kg (SAR = 2.93 ± 0.18 W/kg). Anesthesia caused the brain and rectal temperatures to drop linearly. Altered thermoregulatory response was detected by comparing the difference in the temperature slopes before and after the RF delivery from zero. RF heating statistically significantly altered the rate of cooling down of the animal. The temperature slope changes correlated well with the RF energy per unit head weight and heating duration, and the maximum rectal temperature change during heating in heated animals. The temperature slope changes did not correlate well to the whole‐head average SARs. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliable two‐dimensional phase unwrapping method using region growing and local linear estimation
Authors: Zhou Kun , Zaitsev Maxim , Bao Shanglian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn MRI, phase maps can provide useful information about parameters such as field inhomogeneity, velocity of blood flow, and the chemical shift between water and fat. As phase is defined in the (−π,π] range, however, phase wraps often occur, which complicates image analysis and interpretation. This work presents a two‐dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm that uses quality‐guided region growing and local linear estimation. The quality map employs the variance of the second‐order partial derivatives of the phase as the quality criterion. Phase information from unwrapped neighboring pixels is used to predict the correct phase of the current pixel using a linear regression method. The algorithm was tested on both simulated and real data, and is shown to successfully unwrap phase images that are corrupted by noise and have rapidly changing phase. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elastoplastic damage modeling of desaturation and resaturation in argillites
Authors: Jia Y. , Bian H. B. , Su K. , Kondo D. , Shao J. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development of a coupled elastoplastic damage constitutive model for argillites is presented. Emphasis is put on the description of post‐failure and coupled hydromechanical behavior of argillites during the desaturation/resaturation processes. A short summary of experimental investigations is given in the first part, which shows an important plastic deformation coupled with damage and a significant influence of water content on the mechanical behavior of argillites. Based on the framework of poroplasticity and continuum damage mechanics, a general constitutive model is proposed for the poromechanical behavior of argillites in both saturated and unsaturated conditions. Main features observed in experiments are taken into account, in particular the elastic degradation due to microcracks, residual strength, coupling between plastic deformation and induced damage, influence of water content on plastic flow, variation of permeability induced by microcracks as well as the deformation generated in the desaturation/resaturation processes. The performance of the model is examined by comparing numerical simulations with test data in representative load paths. Finally, the model is applied to hydromechanical coupling study of four time‐dependent tests subjected to a step change in relative humidity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Borehole failure analysis in a sandstone under anisotropic stresses
Authors: Papamichos Euripides 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBorehole failure under anisotropic stresses in a sandstone is analyze numerically for various borehole sizes using a nonlinear elastic–plastic constitutive model for a Cosserat continuum. Borehole failure is identified as macroscopic failure of the borehole through the development of shear bands and breakouts. The results compare well both qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental results from polyaxial tests on Red Wildmoor sandstone. They show that the hole size effect of the borehole failure strength is independent of the far‐field stress anisotropy and follows a ⅖ power law of the hole size. A similar scale effect equation with a ⅘ power law is proposed for the scale effect of the maximum plastic shear strain at failure. This equation can be useful for better predicting hole‐size‐dependent failure with standard codes based on classical continua. The effect of stress anisotropy on the borehole failure stress is found to be independent of the hole size. The failure stress decreases linearly to 40% as the stress anisotropy increases. However, the maximum plastic shear strain at failure is stress anisotropy independent and therefore the critical plastic shear strain for failure is only hole‐size dependent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dispelling the myths about major donor fundraising
Authors: Cluff Angela 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

This paper explores some common weaknesses that occur when charities undertake major donor initiatives. It also explodes some common ‘myths’ that can stifle an organisation's major donor work. The basis for identifying these weaknesses and myths comprises of two sources: some original management centre (=mc) research among a number of leading major donor fundraising organisations, and our practical consulting experience over the last 3 years with not‐for‐profit fundraisers running major campaigns in UK, USA and Australia. In the paper, we also explore how by confronting these weaknesses and dispelling the myths within your organisation, you too can develop a successful major donor income stream. These lessons are now being applied in our consulting work in the UK, USA and South America, with some significant success. We believe they hold important general lessons for anyone running major donor‐led capital campaigns.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community fundraising 2.0—the future of fundraising in a networked society?
Authors: Miller Bryan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Over recent years, individual donor fundraisers worldwide have seen the beginnings of a dramatic shift in the way that consumers react to mass fundraising communications, resulting in many of the ‘interruptive’ direct marketing approaches on which individual donor fundraising programmes are traditionally reliant delivering worse and worse returns. This paper examines how the growth of a networked society of increasingly sophisticated and independently informed consumers has contributed to this shift; illustrates how the rise of Web 2.0 has accelerated its impact and considers how individual donor fundraising may have to evolve to more effectively respond to this in the future.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust delay‐range‐dependent stabilization for Markovian jump systems with mode‐dependent time delays and nonlinearities
Authors: Wang Guoliang , Zhang Qingling , Sreeram Victor 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper discusses the robust stabilization problem for a class of Markovian jump systems with nonlinear disturbances and time delays, which are time‐varying in intervals and depend on system mode. By exploiting a new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, which takes into account the range of delay and by making use of novel techniques, mean‐square exponential stability result is proposed. Based on the obtained stability condition, a sufficient condition for state feedback controller, which stabilizes system and maximizes the bound on nonlinear perturbations is derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities involving a convex optimization. Finally, illustrative examples are presented to show the benefits and effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medizinische Chemie der Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer. Verschiedene Therapieoptionen
Authors: Zettl Heiko , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred 
Published: July 2009

AbstractArterielle Thrombosen gelten als Auslöser der meisten Herzinfarkte und von ca. 80 % der Schlaganfälle. Damit sind sie die häufigste Todesursache in den Industrienationen. Zur Prophylaxe von akuten arteriellen Thromboembolien werden in erster Linie Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer eingesetzt. Diese repräsentieren ein breites Spektrum verschiedener Arzneistoffklassen, beginnend mit der Acetylsalicylsäure bis hin zu monoklonalen Antikörpern.
Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer zur peroralen Anwendung. Technologische und biopharmazeutische Aspekte
Authors: Breitkreutz Jörg 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThrombozytenaggregationshemmer zur peroralen Anwendung werden überwiegend als schnell freisetzende Tabletten oder Filmtabletten verabreicht. Es wird aber auch ein hochkomplexes Retardpräparat mit magensaftresistenter Minitablette und Diffusionpellets in einer Hartgelatinekapsel angeboten. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Produkten sind für den Laien oft kaum erkennbar. Zur Protektion der Magenschleimhaut werden bestimmte Acetylsalicylsäuretabletten mit funktionellen Polymerfilmen überzogen. In einigen Tabletten sind Hilfsstoffe enthalten, die zu Unverträglichkeitsreaktionen bei einigen Patienten führen können. Beim Clopidogrel werden aus patent‐ und zulassungsrechtlichen Gründen unterschiedliche Salzformen als wirksamer Bestandteil verwendet. Die Produkte sind wirksam und unbedenklich. Der endgültige Nachweis der Bioäquivalenz steht für die Fachöffentlichkeit noch aus, was in der schwierigen Analytik und der komplexen Pharmakokinetik des Clopidogrels und seiner Metaboliten begründet liegt.
Resistenz gegenüber ASS und Clopidogrel. Diagnostik, Ursachen, Relevanz eines komplexen Phänomens
Authors: Mani Helen , Lindhoff‐Last Edelgard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDie Therapie mit ASS oder Clopidogrel variiert stark. Mit Hilfe verschiedener Thrombozytenfunktionstests konnte gezeigt werden, dass Subgruppen von Patienten unter ASS‐ und/oder Clopidogrel‐Therapie den erwarteten plättchenhemmenden Effekt vermissen lassen. In monozentrischen Studien korrelierte die laborchemische Non‐Response mit dem nachfolgenden Auftreten vaskulärer Ereignisse.Der Mechanismus, welcher einer Resistenz zugrunde liegt, konnte bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt noch nicht erfasst werden und scheint multifaktoriell zu sein. Die Non‐Compliance ist möglicherweise der Hauptgrund für eine ASS‐Non‐Response. Pharmakokinetische und genetische Varianten scheinen für die unterschiedliche Aktivität der Cytochrom‐P450‐Oxygenasen CYP3A4 und CYP2C19, die für die Bildung des aktiven Clopidogrel‐Metaboliten entscheidend sind, für ein mögliches Versagen der Clopidogrel‐Therapie verantwortlich.Erste Ergebnisse von multizentrischen Studien zeigen, dass eine gesteigerte Thrombozyteninhibierung durch individuelle Veränderung der antithrombozytären Therapie bei laborchemisch nachgewiesener Non‐Response zu einer Prognoseverbesserung führt.Es bedarf allerdings noch standardisierter Messmethoden mit einer global einheitlichen Definition einer ASS‐ bzw. Clopidogrel‐Resistenz, denn die Identifikation von Patienten mit inadäquatem Ansprechen auf eine ASS‐ oder Clopidogrel‐Therapie scheint von äußerster Wichtigkeit.
Perioperative Strategie bei ASS/Clopidogrel. Blutungs‐ und thromboembolisches Risiko
Authors: Koscielny Jürgen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEine perioperative Karenz der ASS/Clopidogrel‐Medikation in der Phase der noch nicht endothelialisierten Stents erhöht signifikant das Risiko einer Stentthrombose mit einem plötzlichen Herztod, ihre Fortführung das einer klinisch relevanten Blutung im Operationsgebiet. Bei hohem Thromboserisiko sollten beide Medikamente, zumindest aber Acetylsalicylsäure, bis zum Operationstag gegeben werden. Eine Regionalanästhesie ist fast immer kontraindiziert.Unbeantwortet bleibt, welches perioperative hämostaseologisches Management zu erfolgen hat, wenn z.B. schwere perioperative Blutungen bei ASS/Clopidogrel‐Medikation auftreten oder wenn z.B. ein Patient eine ASS‐Resistenz bei perioperativer Monotherapie mit ASS aufweist oder ob eine perioperative Umstellung (“Bridging”) einer ASS/Clopidogrel‐Medikation durch intravenös applizierbare Glykoprotein‐IIb/IIIa‐Antagonisten mit kurzer Halbwertszeit, z.B. Eptifibatide, als alternative Plättchenhemmung klinisch sicher ist.
Clopidogrel und die Pharmakokinetik. Ein aktuelles Problem für Regulatoren
Authors: Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDer Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer Clopidogrel (Iscover®, Plavix®) ist ein Prodrug, das u.a. durch CYP2C19 in seinen aktiven Metaboliten umgewandelt wird. Da CYP2C19 zu den hoch polymorphen Cytochrom‐P450‐Enzymen gehört, war eigentlich zu erwarten, dass auf kurz oder lang individuelle Probleme im Zusammenhang mit einer Clopidogrel‐Therapie auftreten würden. Diese Erwartungen haben sich mehr und mehr bestätigt, so dass sich die FDA veranlasst sah, Herstellerfirmen aufzufordern, den Einfluss bestimmter genetischer Konstellationen näher zu untersuchen – und dies nicht nur im Bezug auf Clopidogrel alleine, sondern auch im Kontext einer häufig verordneten Kombinationstherapie mit dem Protonenpumpeninhibitor Omeprazol.
Initial testing (stage 1) of lapatinib by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Gorlick Richard , Kolb E. Anders , Houghton Peter J. , Morton Christopher L. , Phelps Doris , Schaiquevich Paula , Stewart Clinton , Keir Stephen T. , Lock Richard , Carol Hernan , Reynolds C. Patrick , Maris John M. , Wu Jianrong , Smith Malcolm A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundLapatinib is a small molecule reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR and ErbB2 that shows in vitro and in vivo activity against a range of EGFR and ErbB2‐dependent adult cancer cell lines and that has clinical efficacy against ErbB2‐overexpressing breast cancer.MethodsLapatinib was tested against the cell lines of the PPTP in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10.0 µM. Lapatinib was tested against the xenografts of the PPTP in vivo panels using a twice‐daily oral administration schedule for 6 weeks (5 days on, 2 days off) at a dose of 160 mg/kg (320 mg/kg/day). Lapatinib pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in scid−/− mice.ResultsThe median IC50 value for lapatinib against the entire PPTP cell line panel was 6.84 µM (range, 2.08 to >10.0 µM). Lapatinib was well tolerated in vivo, with toxicity in only 1.5% of the treated animals. Lapatinib induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to controls in 1 of 41 xenografts tested. No objective responses were observed in any of the solid tumor panels or in the ALL panel. Lapatinib systemic exposure was consistent with previously observed values.ConclusionsLapatinib has little activity against the xenografts of the PPTP's in vivo panel, and its in vitro activity occurs at concentrations above those associated with specific EGFR/ErbB2 inhibition. These results likely reflect lack of ErbB2 overexpression in the models studied and suggest that adult and pediatric cancers may fundamentally differ in the applicability of EGFR family members as therapeutic targets. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:594–598. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in utilisation of anticholinergic drugs after initiation of cholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Robinson M , Rowett D , Leverton A , Mabbott V 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPurposeCholinesterase Inhibitors (CEIs) have been subsidised in Australia since February 2001 for cognitive decline associated with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. The number of people with Alzheimer Disease is expected to increase, with a continuing increase in the number of people receiving CEI's. Many anticholinergic drugs (ACDs) are also prescribed to people receiving CEIs and concerns about the impact of the interaction have been raised. The aim of this study was to describe co‐prescribing of a group of important ACDs in patients initiating treatment with CEIs in Australia.MethodsPharmacy claim data for Australia (Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme) was examined for the period 1 April to 30 June 2006. All selected prescriptions supplied for patients receiving their first supply of any CEIs (initiators) were extracted for 14 weeks prior to and post the first date of supply. The numbers of initiating people co‐administering CEIs and ACDs was examined.Results5797 persons received their first prescription for CEIs between 1 April and 30 June 2006. Thirty‐two per cent of these also received prescriptions for at least one ACD. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of initiators receiving an ACD. The significant increase was in patients receiving atypical antipsychotics. There was a trend towards an increase in patients receiving oxybutynin.ConclusionsExtent of co‐administration of ACDs and CEIs is similar to other international studies however the most significant increase is seen in patients receiving atypical antipsychotics. The implications of adding atypical antipsychotics are potential for worsening disease, increasing adverse effects and increased health resource utilisation in this vulnerable group. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends and determinants of adequate gastroprotection in patients chronically using NSAIDs
Authors: Helsper Charles W. , Smeets Hugo M. , Numans Mattijs E. , Knol Mirjam J. , Hoes Arno W. , de Wit Niek J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPurposeTo identify determinants and trends of gastroprotection in patients chronically using NSAIDs.MethodsDesign: retrospective cohort study. Data source: Agis Health Database (AHD) containing annual prescription records of approximately 1.5 million patients. Patients: All patients using more than 180 daily defined doses (DDD) annually, of any NSAID from 2001 to 2007. Main outcome measures: prevalence of NSAID use, adequate prescription of gastroprotective drugs (PPI, misoprostol or COX‐2 inhibitor use), determinants of adequate gastroprotection.ResultsThe percentage of patients chronically using NSAIDs rose from 7.3% of the total NSAIDs users in 2001 to 7.5% in 2007. The percentage of patients on NSAIDs receiving adequate gastroprotective medication in line with actual guidelines increased from 39.6% in 2001 to 69.9% in 2007. Age over 70, co‐prescription of SSRI, coumarine and steroids and arthritis are the main clinical factors predicting adequate prescription.ConclusionsThe prevalence of NSAID prescription and the risk of gastric complications is increasing steadily. Although the number of patients receiving gastroprotective medication is also increasing, over 30% of the patients at risk for GI complications were left unprotected in 2007. In order to improve protection rates in patients using NSAIDs and to decrease NSAID related hospital admissions in the future, the implementation of gastroprotection guidelines needs to be improved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hospital pharmacists' activities and attitudes regarding the Thai safety monitoring program for new drugs
Authors: Jarernsiripornkul N. , Krska J. , Pongmanachai M. , Nasritha N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPurposeTo determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Thai hospital pharmacists concerning the safety monitoring programme and reporting of adverse drug reactions to the Thai Food and Drug Administration.MethodsPostal questionnaires distributed to 414 Thai hospitals, including all larger hospitals and a proportion of small community hospitals, for completion by the pharmacist responsible for ADR reporting to the Thai FDA.ResultsThe response rate was 63.0% (n = 262) with most respondents (190; 72.8%) being directly responsible for ADR reporting. Most hospitals (251; 96.5%) designated at least one pharmacist as responsible for ADR reporting, but only 164 (62.8%) respondents were aware of the SMP. Only 15 respondents out of the 56 working in hospitals using new drugs had established reporting via the SMP. Uncertainty in ascribing causality, lack of co‐operation between health professionals and lack of staff were identified as barriers to reporting. Most respondents agreed that enhanced co‐operation and improvements needed in hospital systems were required. Less than half agreed that the reporting system was simple and the majority agreed that changes were required to the SMP reporting mechanisms.ConclusionsThai hospital pharmacists have positive attitudes towards reporting of ADRs, but not all are aware of the SMP for new drugs. Few hospitals use new drugs and even less are involved in active reporting of suspected ADRs via the SMP. To increase reporting rates, potential difficulties with the organization of reporting via the SMP and the potential role of hospital pharmacists in ADR identification should be investigated further. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.